bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Berkeley and Johnson
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: January 2023

The volitional theory of causation makes its first explicit appearance at the beginning of the Early Modern period in the philosophy of George Berkeley. This chapter examines Berkeley’s articulation of that theory, looking at his claim that while ideas are always passive, spirits are always active. His basic position thus outlined, the chapter moves forward to consider the implications of this theory for his conception of science, for his immaterialism, and for his stance respecting bodily movement. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of his American disciple, Samuel Johnson, noting both similarities and differences.
Turn of the century figures
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: January 2023

The second half of the nineteenth century saw the volitional theory of causality enter the mainstream of philosophical thought. The chapter begins with some illustrative examples of the many philosophers who found the theory too obvious to explore further, but moving on to examine those who treated it in more detail, we find considerable diversification in approach. The chapter looks at Alexander Campbell Fraser, whose stance was the result of a return to Berkeley, and then Alfred Russel Wallace, who instead arrived at similar results by reflecting on what he regarded as the implications of modern science. The chapter then moves on to look at Herman Lotze, whose teleological view of causality did much to influence three seminal figures in the development of the volitional theory, Borden Parker Bowne, James Ward, and G. F. Stout. Bowne highlights the connections between volitional causality and personalism, while the work of Ward and Stout highlight the way in which its development was bound up with the growth of the new science of psychology.
From Extermination to Conservation of India’s ‘Wild Life’
Authors: Rashkow Ezra
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 brings the main argument of this book around full circle—showing that concern for endangered tribes and even ‘tribal wildness’ came long before any attempt to protect endangered species of western and central India. Carnivore conservation, in particular, came much later than the idea of tribal protection or preservation. When tribal protectionism was at its peak in the 1930s–1940s, this is when the first official efforts at carnivore conservation were just beginning around the world. Tracing the society-wide paradigm shift from the colonial obsession with sports hunting and vermin eradication through to the love for wildlife conservation that dominates public discourse today, we can see that until the very end of the colonial era in India, tigers and other carnivores were rarely seen as endangered. Indeed, they were seen as endangering the lives of others. Yet biocultural perspectives arguably existed already at this time. In many sources from colonial India, the language used to describe tigers and tribes overlapped and blurred. Tigers were not only referred to as a species, but as the tiger ‘tribe’ or ‘race’. Human tribes were referred to as ‘species of man’, or sometimes directly, as ‘savage beasts’. Whereas ‘wild tribes’ were often described as being ‘hunted’ out of their forest strongholds, there was a ‘war’ on ‘dangerous wild beasts’. Both tigers and tribes were sometimes described as ‘vermin’ to be ‘exterminated’. Both were eventually defended against such campaigns of eradication.
‘The Tribal Problem’
Authors: Rashkow Ezra
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 examines how in mid-twentieth century India, politicians, administrators, anthropologists, activists, and others spent tremendous time and energy in discussing the question of the very ‘existence’ or ‘survival’ of the ‘tribes’. Solutions to this so-called problem usually came down to three competing ideological approaches to these communities: isolation, assimilation, and integration. Whereas isolationists were accused of being ‘no-changers’ who wanted to preserve the aboriginals in a museum or a zoo as specimens, the assimilationists were lambasted as attempting to eradicate tribal culture and religion, and as seeing the tribes merely as ‘backward Hindus’ who ought to be incorporated into ‘the mainstream’. Integrationists emerged in the 1950s as the consensus camp. While claiming they would protect tribal culture, integrationists were often more concerned with economic development, as they sought to politically integrate the tribes into the nation in the name of national unity. Although the contours of the mid-twentieth tribal problem debate are widely known amongst those interested in historical anthropology in India, this chapter provides new insight by contextualizing this debate with the wider intellectual history of tribal endangerment and conservation.
Introduction
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: January 2023

‘Introduction’ explains the aims and reasons behind writing The Unremembered Nation. It provides details of the sources of information and methods used in researching for the book. History and other chronicles of the past were primarily about succession to the top civilian and monastic posts, but such narratives fell short of any record of the myriad traces of lives of the ordinary people long before modernization began in 1960s. The Unremembered Nation attempts to close this gap. ‘Introduction’ sketches the storyline of the book as it unfolds accounts of births and rebirths in a household, making of houses and matrimonies, rearing of children and livestock in a village, and husbandry of lands and forests around a valley. After sketching these fundamental aspects of existence, ‘Introduction’ chalks out the outlines on migration, trade, and travel over different climatic and linguistic areas. Colours, sounds, and other sensory experiences of ordinary people are described. Lastly, ‘Introduction’ summarizes chapters on monumental architecture and administration, authority and power, cosmological concepts and beliefs, religions and rites, fine arts and folk drama that affect the daily life of the people.
Troops of Fierce Deities
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: January 2023

Internal clashes were far fewer than external armed conflicts. The earliest battle in recorded history was between Sindhuraza (alias Kunjom) and Nauche which was brought to an end by Guru Rinpoche as the peace maker. The Immortal Pillar of Peace symbolizing the end of conflict stands to this day. An equally early war was waged by Morum Tsenpo (the banished prince of Emperor Trisong Detsen), known more by his pejorative name Khikha Rathoed, on Tibet. By then Tibet was ruled by his half-brother Motig Tsenpo. Yet again it was Guru who brokered peace by moving King Kikha from Khenpalung located close to Lho-brag border to Bumthang valley. In the Zhabdrung era, using muskets, jingals, matchlocks, chainmail, shields, barbed arrows, swords, helmets, small cannons, catapults, trebuchets, and pelting stones, Bhutanese militias repulsed first Tsang Depa’s armies and later Tibetan Gelugpa-Mongol forces. With the same primitive arms, the Bhutanese faced the British onslaught, with two brigades consisting of 10,000 troops armed with howitzers and other heavy artillery, from 5 to 10 December 1864. The British troops seized all important border defences such as Dhalimkote, Dhumsong, Chamorchi, Tazagong Buxa, Bishensing, and Dewangiri. In the coordinated counter attack launched in the first week of January 1865, Tazagong Buxa and Dewangiri were recaptured. But the counter attack provoked the British who threatened to march against Punakha. Three-quarters of a century passed before the Second King could modernize Bhutanese defence forces at a time when Tibetan refugees flooded in.
Scientific programming with Python
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

Python is the programming language that is used to illustrate a lot of the concepts discussed in this book. Python is a high-level programming language that is used here strictly as a scientific tool. While this is not a comprehensive programing textbook, every scientist can learn this basic scientific programing, and for people who know programing, it outlines how we use it. The main content of this chapter is hence walking through a program that contains most of the commands and constructs used in this book.
Associators and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

This chapter is an important introduction and discussion of synaptic plasticity and learning in networks. Neurons are connected to form networks, and a neural network is not only characterized by the topology of the network, but also by the connection strength between two neurons or two population nodes. This chapter explains how a connection strength can be changed in a usage-dependent way through a biological phenomenon called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is the physical basis of learning in neural systems. This is illustrated with a general discussion of associators, which summarize the essence of plasticity mechanisms and their importance for cognitive brain processing. The chapter then presents the neurophysiological basis of plasticity and some specific models of plasticity. The final part of this chapter discusses some consequences of plasticity rules, in particular weight distributions, and explains some strategies for weight scaling and weight decay. The chapter ends with an application of a basic Hebbian rule with weight decay to principal component analysis.
Constitutional Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: January 2023

This book articulates and defends a principle of public reason (PR), and shows how it is both central and useful for thinking about legitimacy in constitutional law and theory. The principle rests upon a deceptively simple idea, characteristic of political liberalism, that political principles should be suitably acceptable to those whom they are to bind. Some arguments, if present in the minds of legislators or policymakers, are not qualified to figure in the public defence of a law. For all the problems, complications, and shortcomings of this idea, the book takes it seriously. Part I will lay down the philosophical groundwork for the idea: it argues that public reason is a plausible interpretation of a broader concept of the common good, and that it is based on respect for persons, equality, and freedom. Part II provides an overview of the uses of the ideal of public reason in some representative constitutional national systems, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, India, South Africa, and Israel. In doing so, it discusses the idea of motive-based constitutional scrutiny, reflects upon some of the main problems that such scrutiny raises, and studies the uses of public reason in the spheres of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and anti-discrimination law. In Part III of the book, an idea of a ‘supranational public reason’ is articulated, and the book reflects upon the uses of this ideal in those (quasi-) constitutional systems that transcend national boundaries.
Introduction
Authors: Marrs Cody
Published: January 2023

Despite Melville’s longstanding association with terror and the sublime, he was deeply and persistently interested in beauty. Melville’s writings indicate that beauty is associative, that it inheres in natural forms, and it tends to dissolve and re-form individual identities. This Introduction has three parts. First, it retraces Melville’s reading, elucidating how and why Melville developed this perspective on beauty. Second, it discusses recent trends in Melville studies, connecting this analysis of beauty in Melville to recent scholarship on posthumanism, ecocriticism, postcritical reading, and the philosophical dimensions of Melville’s writing. Third, it provides a revisionary account of the history of American literary studies, arguing that aesthetic considerations have been marginalized in the field ever since its inception in the nineteenth century.
A Life of Contradictions
Authors: Chandra Aparna
Published: January 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated that crises exacerbate and are exacerbated by antecedent inequalities associated with group identity. Addressing such inequalities requires adopting a normative principle—which equality law can supply—that places a positive duty upon the state to redress socio-economic disadvantages arising from group identity. However, as this chapter argues, the Indian Supreme Court has failed to engage with questions of socio-economic disadvantage in conjunction with group inequality. On the one hand, while the Court has understood the Constitution’s equality code as encompassing a substantive vision of equality, by and large, the Court has not read into these provisions any judicially enforceable positive obligation on the state to redress group-based disadvantages. As such, state failure to secure substantive group equality remains non-justiciable. On the other hand, the Court has read in positive obligations of redistribution into its socio-economic rights jurisprudence; however, it has not engaged with questions of group equality in understanding the scope and content of these rights, the concomitant positive obligations on the state, or in the remedial action ordered by the Court. This gap between the constitutional guarantees of equality and of socio-economic justice leaves unaddressed the group-based material disadvantages that lead to exponential inequalities in times of crisis. An argument for bridging this gap would raise the question: should courts adjudicate and enforce positive state obligations at all? The chapter argues that a focus on group equality can actually address some of the concerns with the Court’s extant practices and processes regarding the adjudication of socio-economic rights.
The Divine Action Debate
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the divine action debate and establishes its central category, special divine action (SDA). The chapter begins by examining the historical roots of the debate, a critique of the Biblical Theology Movement, and the initial challenge that sparked the controversy. Next, the chapter delineates two extreme positions in between which the debate has unfolded, uniform and universal divine action, and explains the theological pushback on a particular kind of divine action on the basis of what has come to be known as the ‘liberal modern worldview’. The chapter finishes by carving out the concept of SDA as a reaction to these two positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria
Published: January 2023

The main purpose of this book is to foster a reframing of the doctrine of providence by reconceptualising the notion of divine providence. The standard view in the divine action debate is premised upon two prominent assumptions: that (i) providence is best conceptualised in terms of divine action; and that (ii) divine action is best modelled on human action. On this common view, then, divine providence is, at its core, a specific form of action God performs in the world. The conclusion shows how by challenging this preoccupation with, and at times exclusive focus on, action terms, this book aims to shift the conversation towards an alternative approach conceiving divine providence not primarily on the basis of human action but instead by analogy with the virtue of prudence and human providence. The conclusion summarises the findings of the book and gives three reasons why reframing the doctrine of providence in this manner is significant for the divine action debate.
Personnel Management in India and Worldwide
Authors: Som Rana
Published: January 2023

Personnel management is a business function and business is a value-adding activity. A business, be it agriculture, manufacturing, mining, trading, or any other activity, is a process of conversion for the purpose of satisfying human needs and thereby adding value. Such conversion takes various forms. It may be in terms of quantity, quality, time, or space. All such conversions are done primarily through human effort. Therefore, the need for personnel management arose since the time business activities required organized application of human effort. The history of personnel management is thus very old. Incidentally, persons are generally averse to physical and repetitive work. It had, therefore, been a challenge for those managing other persons to get the work done by them when it was not inspiring in terms of work content or remuneration. This book, from a historical perspective, explains how the personnel managers handled the challenge at different ages, and how the evolving socio-economic environment influenced their approaches and actions. A lot has changed in terms of personnel management over the years. With economic liberalization, personnel management is no longer a job of managing persons. It will also cover the larger activities of organizational management and beyond. In the days to come, personnel managers will have to be messengers of social harmony and growth and an embodiment of trust. And then they will serve the organizations and their employees the best.
Early Years of Man Management
Authors: Som Rana
Published: January 2023

Management of people is associated with the earliest forms of business or organized economic activities. Even when the engagement of slave labour was the norm of business, some form of personnel management did exist primarily with two tasks, how to secure working hands for business and how to make those people work. For about two thousand years or more human or animal muscles were the primary source of power and this had been the prime mover for business, be it agriculture or mining or trade and transportation. Under the circumstances, slave labour, wherever possible, was the most attractive option and physical torture and coercion were the most acceptable methods to make the people work. Despite occasional problems, the system was so time tested that it continued for centuries until the human civilization discovered the self-propelled machines in the 18th century.
War and Empire
Authors: Pohl Dieter
Published: January 2023

National Socialism was bent on unleashing war and winning an empire from the very beginning. The prerequisite for this was overcoming the world economic crisis and an extensive armament policy. At the same time, the German leadership managed to outmaneuver international diplomacy. The war that Hitler launched in 1939 was far riskier than it appears in retrospect. It also proceeded differently than originally conceived, with unplanned campaigns in northern and southeastern Europe. The central campaign against the Soviet Union was planned as a ‘Blitzkrieg’, but this concept failed early on. Nevertheless, Germany succeeded in temporarily bringing most of continental Europe under its control. The reconquest of the occupied territories was very protracted and took the Allies over two years. The German empire was also not based on clear concepts; rather, the occupation policy was structured very differently. The central aims of the occupation were the violent securing of the territories, economic exploitation, the murder of the Jews, and, in parts of eastern Europe, the restructuring of societies. Hitler’s rule over Europe was inconceivable without the cooperation of the allied Axis states, but also without the cooperation of millions of collaborators. These societies under occupation were initially paralysed, but increasingly turned against German rule from 1943 onwards.
The ‘Privacy Problem’ in the Digital Age
Authors: Yilma Kinfe
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the unique challenges of securing the right to privacy in the digital age and the imperatives of an international law response. It first lays out the three key dimensions of the ‘privacy problem’ in the digital age, namely the transnationalization, privatization, and sophistication of threats to the right to privacy. The chapter then discusses the imperatives of an international law response to the privacy problem in the light of the boundaries of international law and global privacy initiatives that seek to reimagine international privacy law. Further, it positions the book’s underlying argument for a pragmatic approach to international privacy law in the rather disjointed scholarship in the field. The chapter closes with a discussion on the method and analytical framework adopted in the book.
Virtues of a Dialogical Approach
Authors: Yilma Kinfe
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers virtues of a dialogical approach to privacy as a pragmatic response to the structural and institutional weaknesses of international privacy law. Whilst the human right to privacy framework is overseen by the Human Rights Committee with no strong monitoring authority but also beset by structural constraints, institutional arrangements in the data privacy framework are deeply fragmented and lack adequate monitoring capacity. The chapter proposes a dialogical approach to international privacy law that builds on the United Nations human rights system’s ‘cooperative’ dialogue framework as the most effective way of remedying institutional and structural gaps. It lays out virtues of installing a multistakeholder privacy forum as well as its institutional mission and structure.
Rethinking Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

Excavated plans of roundhouses may compound multiple episodes of activity, design, construction, occupation, repair, and closure, reflecting successive stages of the building’s biography. What does not survive archaeologically can only be inferred from context or comparative evidence. The great diversity in structural components suggests a greater diversity of superstructure than was implied by the classic Wessex roundhouses. Among the stone-built houses of the Atlantic north and west there likewise appears to have been a range of regional and chronological variants in the radial roundhouse series, and probably within the monumental Atlantic roundhouses too. Important though recognition of structural variants may be, morphological classification should not be allowed to override the social use of space for which the buildings were designed. Atlantic roundhouses reveal an important division between central space and peripheral space, and a similar division may be inferred for lowland timber roundhouses, where the surviving evidence is more ephemeral. Some larger houses were evidently byre-houses or barn-houses, some with upper or mezzanine floor levels. Some of these may have functioned as ‘great houses’ serving community needs beyond those of the resident extended family. The increased scale of development-led excavations of recent years has resulted in an increased database that enables evaluation of individual sites in a wider landscape environment than was previously possible. Circumstances of recovery and recording in commercially driven excavations, however, are not always compatible with research objectives, and improvements in standards of environmental investigation are sometimes offset by shortcomings in the publication of basic structural or stratigraphic detail.
Roundhouses in Context
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

Most regions of Southern Britain show a progression of settlement through the first millennium bc and into the Roman period. In the Upper Thames Later Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age settlements are characterized by post-ring roundhouses and four-post granaries, whereas by the Middle Iron Age pits and drainage gullies as roundhouse proxies are predominant. Storage capacity between four-posters and pits was probably comparable, but must be qualified by the time-span represented. In the Midlands too earlier post-rings give way to penannular drainage gullies in ‘modular units’, clusters of four to five ring-gullies in irregular compounds. In west Yorkshire aggregated and incremental enclosure settlements termed ‘washing line’ settlements are akin to the well-known ‘ladder settlements’ of Yorkshire; in them roundhouses may continue to be occupied well into the Roman period. Contrary to former interpretations of the northern pastoral economy, extensive patterns of pits and other evidence for cereal cultivation is now increasingly in evidence. In Northumberland the well-established rectilinear settlement enclosures can now be seen to have been preceded by open settlements from the second quarter of the first millennium bc. By the second century bc ditched enclosures, evidently not primarily defensive, together with pit-alignments, droveways, and corrals were characteristic of pastoral settlements. The pattern of roundhouse occupation in and around hillforts varies widely regionally, but has been successfully investigated by geophysical survey in Wessex and the west of England.
Regional Diversity in Britain and Beyond
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

Dating the transition from timber to stone roundhouses in Wales is fraught with similar issues as in Northern Britain, not least the poverty of material remains and lack of pottery. In south-west Wales, roundhouses occur in precipitous promontory fort locations, as they do in Cornwall. Cornwall also has distinctive settlements in ‘rounds’ and courtyard houses (some with ‘fogous’), both of which have origins in the pre-Roman Iron Age, but continue into the Roman period. In Ireland hillforts are now demonstrably Bronze Age, with some evidence for hierarchy of buildings in the Baltinglass sites. Late Bronze Age villages are now known in Ireland and in northern France, the key Irish sites including post-ring and ring-ditch construction. Sites formerly termed ‘royal’ in Ireland from historical associations are now deemed to be communal, possibly for Iron Age communities that were more mobile and pastoral. The northern French and Breton villages of the later Bronze Age commonly show axial symmetry, porches, and central posts, the latter perhaps constructional or supporting upper floor levels. Iron Age roundhouses in northern France are still relatively few, and are progressively superseded by rectilinear plans. Like Scotland, Brittany has roundhouses (and rectangular) with integral souterrains. In the peninsular North-West, castros are now dated from the early first millennium, but urban layout of round and rectilinear houses does not appear on major sites until the Augustan period. Familial courtyard groups, however, including roundhouses suggest a division of functions from the pre-Roman Iron Age.
Chronology, Origins, and Aftermath
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

Monumental and monolithic stone circles of the Neolithic, or their timber counterparts, can hardly provide a template for later domestic architecture. The earliest domestic roundhouses include ring-bank hut-circles of the earlier Bronze Age, and stake-walled roundhouses from unenclosed platform settlements of the second millennium bc. By the Middle Bronze Age a fuller range of timber roundhouses was in evidence in Northern and Southern Britain, some displaying a full range of architectural features such as post-ring, ring-groove, double-walls, and porches. In southern England, key sites like Shearplace Hill and Black Patch of the Middle-Late Bronze Age have been subject to reinterpretation. There has been a major review of Roman rural settlement, prompted by the scale of development-funded excavation, resulting in a diversification of recognized site categories, and superseding the older polarized town vs villa division. Problems of the transition to rectilinear domestic building are partly caused by visibility of building methods, and even the transition to stone foundations is more probably a change of materials than architectural innovation. In some regions roundhouses survive well into the Roman period, though not necessarily as a result of site continuity, and even in the late Roman period roundhouses on villa sites were complementary rather than subordinate to their rectilinear counterparts.
Voters Under Pressure
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth
Published: January 2023

In many established democracies, vote choices are growing more volatile over time. This book assesses how changes in voters’ decision making process have contributed to this change. The first part of the book examines the evidence for the claim that the increase in volatility results from a shift in weight from long-term to more short-term determinants of the vote choice. This overview and the analyses that are presented highlight the limitations of existing theories of electoral change and call for novel explanations for voter volatility. The second part of the book makes the argument that group-based cross-pressures are an important source of volatility. Such cross-pressures, that results from the fact that citizens’ socio-demographic characteristics and group-memberships pull them in different partisan directions, imply voters’ decision making process lacks constraint, ultimately making the vote choice more volatile. The book tests this argument by means of longitudinal election survey data from eight established democracies, which allows tracing changes in the vote choice process since the 1950s. The over-time increase in levels of group-based cross-pressures provide a first indication of their importance for explaining over-time changes in voting behaviour. The empirical analyses that are presented next provide more evidence that is in line with this theoretical argument. The results show that group-based cross-pressured voters are less likely to be partisan, are less guided by short-term determinants when choosing a party, make their vote choice later and switch parties more. Analyses that make use of panel survey data confirm these key findings.
The impact of cross-pressures
Authors: Dassonneville Ruth
Published: January 2023

This chapter tests a key part of the theoretical argument: that the presence of group-based cross-pressure leads to a vote choice process that is less ‘constrained’. The core idea is that when long-term factors do not offer clear guidance for the vote choice, this lack of constraint will trickle down in the funnel of causality – leading to a decision process that lacks constraint. In a first section, evidence of trickle-down effects are found on party attachments. The empirical analyses of longitudinal election survey data from eight countries provide clear evidence that individuals who are more cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, are less likely to identify with a party. A next section shows that group-based cross-pressures are positively associated with cross-pressure based on citizens’ economic attitudes and evaluations of the leaders. In a third section, these findings are complemented with an analysis of EES data, that allow assessing cross-pressure based on issue positions. The results of these analyses provide further evidence for the expectation that voters who are cross-pressured, based on their socio-demographic characteristics, are also more cross-pressured based on their more short-term political attitudes and preferences.
Proverbs through Fairytale
Authors: Masud Noreen
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 investigates The Holiday’s (1949) treatment of proverb in light of the fairytale narratives which fascinated Smith, situating it alongside her ‘proverbial’ poems such as ‘The Fool’. Drawing on theorizations of the fairytale, and unpublished material from the Smith archive, it argues that fairytale provides an instructive lens for understanding the proverb in Smith’s writing. As an anonymous, thoroughly-known alternative to the aphorism, proverb survives in Smith’s writing in the form of vivid images rather than moral messages, in a dynamic which marginalizes practical use-value. The chapter’s findings illuminate how proverb and cliché may in some cases offer a space for delight, suspended utility and productive forgetting.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Offshore Energy Sector
Authors: Trevisanut Seline
Published: January 2023

The offshore energy sector is regulated by a plethora of international instruments at the global and regional levels. There is no framework convention, nor is there one competent international organization that shapes and monitors its coherent development. Moreover, many of the applicable instruments are the outcome of unconventional lawmaking processes, and have a non-binding nature. The result is a fragmented and potentially weak legal framework. The present chapter recognizes the role of unconventional lawmaking processes in guaranteeing flexibility, and the necessary timeliness of some regulatory efforts, but it also submits that unconventional lawmaking contributes to the weaknesses and incoherencies of the legal framework, which already suffers from a sectoral and geographical fragmentation. This chapter also submits that it is, at times, difficult to distinguish unconventional lawmaking in the offshore energy sector from conventional law interpretation.
Nonideal Social Ontology
Authors: Burman Åsa
Published: January 2023

This book argues for the use of nonideal theory in social ontology. The central claim is that a paradigm shift is underway in contemporary social ontology, from ideal to nonideal, and that this shift should be fully followed through. To develop and defend this central claim, the first step is to show that the key questions and central dividing lines within contemporary social ontology can be fruitfully reconstructed as a clash between two worlds, referred to as ideal and nonideal social ontology. Ideal social ontology is characterized by consensus and cooperation, while nonideal social ontology is characterized by conflict and contestation. The second step is to show that, when taken together, objections to the standard model of ideal social ontology (the dominant version of ideal social ontology) imply that this model needs to be given up in favor of nonideal social ontology. In other words, we should look to nonideal, rather than ideal, social ontology for core concepts. The third step is to offer a positive account, called the power view, of nonideal social ontology. This account places the concept of social power at the core of a general theory of the social world and replaces the flat and narrow conception of power in ideal social ontology with a richer and more extensive conception. In addition, it rectifies a shortcoming in nonideal social ontology by attending to class, which has been notably and oddly overlooked in the literature.
How Sonata Forms
Authors: Greenberg Yoel
Published: January 2023

How Sonata Forms presents the case for a bottom-up view of musical form, particularly sonata form. Instead of the traditional, holistic view, which views form as a whole that conditions its parts, How Sonata Forms asks whether we can assume less: could form have arisen on its own, through the chance meeting of elements? And could the initial appearance of those elements have had nothing to do with sonata form? Relying on an extensive corpus study, How Sonata Forms demonstrates that such a chance meeting of elements was not only possible, but also plausible. Moreover, under such assumptions, traditional challenges to sonata theory, such as its flexibility in practice and unclear historical limits, become obvious properties of the sonata-form system. Without holistic assumptions, a wide variety of interactions between hitherto local formal elements may arise. When formal elements are compatible with one another, the result of their interaction is the emergence of higher-level formal elements, the highest level of which is form itself. When formal elements contradict or rival one another, form becomes unstable. Change occurs, and some formal elements disappear, while others prevail. The resulting view of form is as a dynamic system, which is frequently more of a compromise and a challenge than a convenience for the composer. The recognition that form is constantly in flux requires that we adopt a diachronic outlook, one in which change is part and parcel of the vocabulary of the study of form.
Black Caribbean Immigrants and the Legacies of Empire
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the influences of British and US colonialism on Caribbean schooling, and how this in turn shaped immigrant parents’ perceptions of what schooling would be like in London and New York City. For Caribbean parents in London, British schooling was a distinct model of “excellent” schooling, which these parents had experienced in modified form in the postcolonial Caribbean but anticipated their children would encounter the best of in the “mother country.” In New York City, in contrast, Caribbean parents considered schooling ‘back home’ more academically rigorous than the American educational system. They assumed that New York City’s public high schools were of generally low quality, with lax grading and a lack of appropriate discipline. Popular assumptions about the crisis of urban schools based on Hollywood movies broadcast by US cable networks in the Caribbean made parents protective of their children before they even arrived in New York.
Deference and the Gendered Rewards of ‘Good’ Behavior
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the shared ethnic purpose yet different gendered practice of deference as a cultural strategy to counter ethnic expectations and escape the culture trap. Black Caribbean students in New York marshaled deference as a strategy for damage prevention, to limit the spoiling of their positive reputation and to shore up positive ethnic expectations. However, for Black Caribbean youth in London, deference was an exercise in damage reduction, attempts to redeem their stigmatized ethnic identities through ‘good’ behavior. But despite the shared ethnic purpose of deference among Black Caribbean youth in their respective cities, this chapter shows that Black Caribbean girls and boys are unequally rewarded for it. On both sides of the Atlantic, Black Caribbean boys who practiced deference were often publicly praised. When Black Caribbean girls practiced deference, their good behavior was often taken for granted: they were “just being girls.”
The Dignity of Humanity
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that the normative significance of humanity is not to be understood in axiological terms (and that it is hence somewhat misleading to speak of the “value of humanity”) but is instead to be construed in distinctly deontological terms (and that it is accordingly preferable to speak of the “status of humanity”). It argues, in particular, that humanity has dignity insofar as humanity is the ground of being a member of the domain over which maxims have to be universalizable. Since the domain of universalization would be empty if there should not be anything having dignity, humanity classifies as the ground of the categorical imperative.
Learning from Love: Reasoning, Respect, and the Value of a Person
Authors: Ebels-Duggan Kyla
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that we learn the moral attitude and grasp the reasons that support it through experience of loving individuals. We have good reason to affirm that each person has the incomparable worth that Kant calls dignity, as well as reason to treat each person in accord with this value. But we cannot arrive at these commitments just through argument or reasoning. The experience of interpersonal love is our normal way of coming to understand the value of a person, or grasping the content of the concept of dignity. Though we can then reason to the belief that each person has this value, there are further obstacles to arriving at a robust moral outlook that reasoning is not well-suited to address. Along with interpersonal love, singular respect and witnessing the love of others can provide resources for addressing these obstacles. In fact, the idea that we could establish the authority of our moral commitments just by reasoning is itself in tension with these commitments. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the implications for the practice of moral philosophy.
The Readable Darwin
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

Charles Darwin published the first edition of The Origin of Species in 1859, explaining the morphological and behavioral diversity of life on Earth and the roles that selection and extinction have played in shaping that diversity over huge amounts of time. It is fair to say that the world hasn’t been the same since. The book is also an outstanding example of logical and completely honest scientific thinking. However, the book is rarely read now, even by biologists. Many of Darwin’s sentences and paragraphs are long and unwieldy, and he refers to a great many people and organisms that most readers are not familiar with. The final edition (the sixth) was published in 1872, and it includes Darwin’s responses to the many arguments that were advanced against his propositions about evolutionary changes over time. To make it easier for people to read this wonderful and important book, the editor of this volume has edited all 15 chapters into more readable prose and has added many footnotes to facilitate understanding and explain Darwin’s thinking. The editor has also indicated where Darwin was correct and where he was wrong.
A Singing Approach to Horn Playing
Authors: Douglass Grana Natalie
Published: January 2023

“A Singing Approach to Horn Playing” trains hornists to play with greater accuracy and musicality by developing the ear. Horn players learn to actively hear the notes on the page through singing and playing the instrument. Each example includes solfège, inner hearing, transposition, and rhythmic training as well as polyphonic exercises for learning to hear and read in multiple parts. These exercises can be done independently or with a partner. The book begins with folk songs to develop fundamental pitch and solfège skills, starting with three and four note melodies. These songs are followed by canons, solfeggio (vocal etudes transcribed for horn), and standard horn literature. The horn selections enable hornists to apply their musicianship skills to performance, with examples from standard etudes, orchestral excerpts, and solos. The horn parts also include significant orchestral and accompaniment lines to sing and play on horn, so that horn players can perform with practical knowledge of the score.
Voting Rights
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

This chapter reconstructs the US Supreme Court’s racial progress argument in Shelby County. It also raises concerns about ways of answering it that merely replace a conservative narrative about racial progress with a liberal one. Although the latter narrative is compelling, and the Court’s overall argument for striking down the coverage formula is deeply flawed, it is unwise to rest the entire case for saving the Voting Rights Act and defending the right to vote—moving forward—on winning the racial progress argument. This is especially true in a nation so smitten by the view that we have reached the “postracial” promised land, and where this fanciful outlook is arguably now entrenched in Supreme Court equal protection doctrine. This chapter proves further evidence of the limits of race-first reasoning—this time to stave off a retreat from racial progress—when faced with a conservative judiciary.
Collective Responsibility
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues for a forward-looking basis for grounding the shared political responsibility to address unjust racial inequality. This is attractive given what is known from empirical research in social psychology. This knowledge includes the limits of playing the blame game and how majority in-group members frame inequality as a problem of minority disadvantage rather than majority privilege to avoid blame and collective guilt. Also included is how placing blame on the majority can be an obstacle to majority members forging the political solidarity with the minority that is necessary for collectively changing unjust social institutions. This argument is developed by drawing upon the role that basic societal institutions—on which everyone depends and has a stake in sustaining—play in shaping the distributive outcomes that stem from a unified system of social cooperation.
Making Voting Easier
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents an argument for making voting easier for the masses that does not turn on flying the race-first flag. It draws on a central idea in philosopher John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness, namely, the idea that basic political liberties should be afforded fair value in a just, liberal, democratic society. An important guideline for guaranteeing the fair value of voting rights, that is, the usefulness to citizens of their right to vote, is to make it easier, not harder, to exercise this basic political liberty. This entails that just societies with a constitutional commitment to equal protection, and the value of equality more broadly, have a prima facie duty to secure unencumbered access to the ballot absent narrowly tailored compelling state interests for restricting it. And where there are such interests, the burden imposed on voting must accord with the basic priority of voting rights.
The Antarctica Peninsula, the Falklands, and South Georgia
Authors: Summerhayes Colin
Published: January 2023

The Antarctic Peninsula is an island arc flanked by a deep ocean trench. Volcanism is active in the Bransfield Strait, a back-arc basin. The arc is a continuation of the Andes, broken by the Drake Passage. Lying north of the Antarctic Circle, the peninsula is the warmest part of the continent, largely because it is bathed by warm winds from the north that circulate around the Amundsen Sea low pressure center. In 1950–2000 the peninsula warmed by c.2.5°C (4.5°F). It cooled slightly in 2000–2014, when local winds turned easterly, but is now warming again. Glaciers are shrinking and sea ice is disappearing down the west coast; ice shelves are disappearing down the east coast. Where sea ice disappeared, Adélie penguins declined; other species thrived, including Elephant and Weddell seals. Easterly winds blow icebergs into the Southern Ocean through Iceberg Alley along the peninsula’s east coast, but icebergs are rare on its west coast north of 65°N.
Rising Seas
Authors: Summerhayes Colin
Published: January 2023

Sea level changed with CO2 over the past 500 million years in response to plate tectonic forcing (abundant mid-ocean ridges provide CO2, and raise sea level). Sea level is thus a barometer of Earth’s climate states, falling as ice sheets grow. Following Milankovitch Cycles of insolation, it fluctuated with ice volume and CO2 throughout the Pleistocene ice age. During the Anthropocene, deltas (human breadbaskets) are being flooded (1) by meltwater contributions, and (2) due to subsidence caused by the cutting off of their supply of silt by dams upstream. The rate of global sea level rise has accelerated to 4 mm/yr (c. 3/16 of an inch/yr). Rises of up to c.1.8 m (5.9 ft) are expected by 2100 as the world warms, possibly reaching 10–14 m (33–46 ft) in the 300-year time frame, as occurred in Pliocene times. Where ice is melting, sea level will fall as the land rises, relieved of its icy burden.
Our Future
Authors: Summerhayes Colin
Published: January 2023

The warming of the air by CO2 emissions began in the mid 1800s, rose slowly at first then rapidly after 1950, when >90% of fossil fuels were burned. Global overheating is now melting the reflective snow and ice forming Earth’s refrigerator. 90% of the warmth from global warming lies in the ocean, where it is penetrating to greater depths. Melting land ice and ocean warming are raising sea level. Greenland and West Antarctica are the main sources of meltwater, supplemented by melting ice in mountains. Melting ice and rising seas lag temperature rise, but will come into equilibrium with it over some hundreds of years. Ceasing CO2 emissions at a level that maintains warming at 1.5°C (2.7°F) or more above its level in 1900 guarantees continued ice melt and sea level rise. To stop this we must reduce CO2 to 300 ppm. Only governments can do this, with the aid of current and new technologies. Individuals can help by changing their habits. We need intentional planetary engineering.