bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory Skepticism and Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Seay Gary
Published: February 2007

Moral-theory skepticism not an option in any sort of
thinking that could actually be used in resolving dilemmas in
applied ethics, since its characteristic doctrines entail positions
that in practice often will lead to a kind of paralysis in moral
reasoning, where persons faced with having to decide what to do in
particularly difficult cases are unable to rule out the most implausible
conclusions. Moral-theory skepticism thus makes it difficult to formulate
decision-making procedures that will provide guidance in action and,
so, seems not to succeed as a fully coherent account of moral reasoning.
Three Views of Organ Procurement Policy: Moving Ahead or Giving Up?
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey P
Published: February 2007

The supply of organs for transplant remains inadequate to meet
the needs of waiting patients, in spite of many programs and approaches
to increase rates of donation. Over the years there have been numerous
proposals to introduce schemes that would move toward the outright sale
of organs. Three articles in this issue of the Journal
propose methods for increasing organ supply—two by moving
toward a market approach and the third by advocating a change in social
culture. All three suffer from shortcomings, including the endorsement and
encouragement of the exploitation of those who may offer organs. Although
the shortage of organs must be addressed, the social price of a market
in organs is too high, and proposals to encourage a rethinking of social
responsibility are unlikely to be effective.
Persistent Vegetative State, Prospective Thinking, and Advance Directives
Authors: Mappes Thomas A
Published: February 2007

This article begins with a discussion of persistent vegetative
state (PVS), focusing on concerns related to both diagnosis and prognosis
and paying special attention to the 1994 Multi-Society Task Force
report on the medical aspects of PVS. The article explores the impact of
diagnostic and prognostic uncertainties on prospective thinking regarding
the possibility of PVS and considers the closely related question of
how prospective thinkers might craft advance directives in order to deal
most effectively with this possibility.
Should Smallpox Vaccine be Made Available to the General Public?
Authors: May Thomas , Silverman Ross D
Published: February 2007

In June 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP) approved draft recommendations concerning preparation for
potential biological terror attacks that utilize the smallpox virus. ACIP
recommends against both mandatory and voluntary vaccination of the general
public. The present paper examines the moral and political considerations
both for and against each of the general public vaccination options
considered by the ACIP in the context of the state's authority over
vaccination for the purposes of protecting public health. Although it is
clear that compulsory mass vaccination is not justified at this time,
the issues surrounding voluntary vaccination are more complex. Should
smallpox vaccination prior to an outbreak be made available to the
general public? The paper concludes that the vaccine should not be made
available at this time. This conclusion, however, is based upon contingent
features of current circumstances, which would change once an outbreak
occurred. In the event of a terror-related outbreak of smallpox, the
general public's access to voluntary vaccination would become justified,
even in areas beyond where the outbreak has occurred.
Conscription of Cadaveric Organs for Transplantation: Neglected Again
Authors: Spital Aaron
Published: February 2007

The March 2003 issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics
Journal was devoted to cadaveric organ procurement. All the discussed
proposals for solving the severe organ shortage place a higher value on
respecting individual and/or family autonomy than on maximizing recovery
of organs. Because of this emphasis on autonomy and historically
high refusal rates, I believe that none of the proposals is likely
to achieve the goal of ensuring an adequate supply of transplantable
organs. An alternative approach, conscription of cadaveric organs for
transplantation, reverses the rank order of these priorities by placing
greater value on maximizing recovery of organs than on respect for
autonomy. Although conscription of organs initially may appear to be a
radical and even ridiculous proposal, careful consideration reveals that
it might well solve the organ shortage in an ethically acceptable way.
The Ohio Study in Light of National Data and Clinical Experience
Authors: Schmidt Tracy C
Published: February 2007

The Siminoff, Burant, and Youngner study in Ohio is strikingly consistent with data from a national study. Both suggest that there might be significant public acceptance of future policies that violate the dead donor rule, or that further extend the boundary between life and death to include brain-damaged patients short of "brain death." Experience with donation suggests that many individuals would donate their loved ones' organs when they have concluded that the brain injury is not survivable, even if all the criteria for "brain death" are not met. It would be very helpful to have research on those who have gone through a real-life clinical situation. Based on the findings of this study and the increasing demand for organs, it may be appropriate for public policy to allow for ways to increase organ procurement from individuals who are not fully "brain dead" beyond the current method of procurement after cardiac death, but any change in this area should go slowly and with significant public input.
The Dead Donor Rule: Lessons from Linguistics
Authors: Shewmon D. Alan
Published: February 2007

American society traditionally has assumed a univocal notion of "death," largely because we have only one word for it and, until recently, have not needed a more nuanced notion. The reality of death-processes does not preclude the reality of death events. Linguistically, "death" can be understood only as an event; there are other words for the process. Our death vocabulary should expand to reflect multiple events along the process from sickness to decomposition. Depending on context, some death-related events may constitute a more obvious discontinuity than others and more justifiably may be considered "death" within that context. There is no reason to assume a priori that there must be an overarching, unitary concept of death from which all diagnostic criteria must derive. Regarding organ transplantation, the relevant question is not "Is the patient dead?" but rather "Can organs X, Y, Z . . . be removed without causing or hastening death or harming the patient?"
Abandon the Dead Donor Rule or Change the Definition of Death?
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: February 2007

Research by Siminoff and colleagues reveals that many lay people in Ohio classify legally living persons in irreversible coma or persistent vegetative state (PVS) as dead and that additional respondents, although classifying such patients as living, would be willing to procure organs from them. This paper analyzes possible implications of these findings for public policy. A majority would procure organs from those in irreversible coma or in PVS. Two strategies for legitimizing such procurement are suggested. One strategy would be to make exceptions to the dead donor rule permitting procurement from those in PVS or at least those who are in irreversible coma while continuing to classify them as living. Another strategy would be to further amend the definition of death to classify one or both groups as deceased, thus permitting procurement without violation of the dead donor rule. Permitting exceptions to the dead donor rule would require substantial changes in law—such as authorizing procuring surgeons to end the lives of patients by means of organ procurement—and would weaken societal prohibitions on killing. The paper suggests that it would be easier and less controversial to further amend the definition of death to classify those in irreversible coma and PVS as dead. Incorporation of a conscience clause to permit those whose religious or philosophical convictions support whole-brain or cardiac-based death pronouncement would avoid violating their beliefs while causing no more than minimal social problems. The paper questions whether those who would support an exception to the dead donor rule in these cases and those would support a further amendment to the definition of death could reach agreement to adopt a public policy permitting organ procurement of those in irreversible coma or PVS when proper consent is obtained.
The Nation Exorcised: The Historiography of Collaboration in South Korea
Authors: Ceuster Koen de
Published: February 2007

The cloak of silence surrounding collaboration in South Korea was lifted in the 1980s as
part of the wider political struggle for democratization. Initially, the discourse on collaboration was caught in the same nationalist paradigm as the state-sanctioned narrative
it sought to undermine. By the late 1990s, with democracy firmly established and a new,
less-politicized generation of historians entering the field, the historiography of collaboration moved beyond facile incriminations and judgments toward a more comprehensive understanding of this delicate issue. Historical understanding does not, however,
resolve the enduring demand for (moral) justice.
The Comite de Defense de la Litterature et de la Presse pour la Jeunesse: The Communists and the Press for Children during the Cold War
Authors: Crepin Thierry
Published: February 2007

French children's periodicals underwent some significant changes
between the years 1933 and 1954. French publishing houses and press
agencies came under attack for being unduly influenced by and
saturated with subversive American cartoons and comics. Numerous French
comic strips created and endorsed by different morality leagues and
Communist political groups appeared. The new French comic strips during
this period were modeled after their more popular American counterparts;
however, they were drawn by French authors and displayed Communist
ideals. The strips utilized the brightly colored techniques of the
American strips, trying to capture the imagination and attention of the
children that read them. These French-born strips were designed to combat
the widespread appeal of the American strips. The French comic strips
and comic books were used as tools for the supposed intellectual and
political education of the youths they targeted. American comic strips
during this period were campaigned against, being painted as highly
corruptive, perverse publications that assaulted the morality of the
youth of France. Repeated attempts to get legislation passed that would
enforce the newly created offense of "youth demoralization via the press"
were made but were never entirely successful. The result was that the
influence of American comic strips was never completely
replaced and still had a devoted following among French youth during
this time period.
Control of Literary Communication in the 1945-1956 Period in Poland
Authors: Czarnik Oskar Stanislaw
Published: February 2007

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1944, Polish Communists
created censorship authorities to control literary communication
in the country. Beginning with a censor's office within the
temporary government, several offices were established to control
literary communication through preliminary and secondary control or
censorship. This essay describes these authorities and the control
they exercised over the Polish publishing industry. It lists examples
of preliminary and secondary censorship. Preliminary censorship used
trusted editors and senior officials in publishing and press offices
to assure that books, publications, and entertainment complied with
Communist ideology. Authorities limited the publication of books through
censorship or control of printing houses, paper supplies, copyright,
and importation of books. Secondary censorship limited the distribution
of books and artistic works and sometimes removed undesirable texts
from circulation. Published works that did not represent "Socialist
realism" were removed from circulation. However, the one area of literary
communication the censors could not control was reading. Readers sought
out private libraries and previously published works to escape the
control of the censors.
"With malice toward none": IFLA and the Cold War
Authors: Davis Donald G , Feis Nathaniel
Published: February 2007

The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) strengthened
its international character and maintained its political neutrality
throughout the tense years of the Cold War. Literature dealing with this
period in history describes an atmosphere of intercultural understanding,
characterized not merely by tolerance but also by appreciation of
regional differences. However, two global political movements created
suspicion and resentment among members within the organization. First,
the Western members criticized the lack of freedom and openness in the
Soviet Union. At the time of the 1970 IFLA conference in Moscow, the
Western countries accused the Soviet Union of suppressing its literature
and of denying visas to members. Second, IFLA members of the Third World
who felt threatened by Western cultural imperialism expressed feelings
of resentment toward the West. They felt that they were denied equal
opportunity to participate, particularly at international conferences,
all of which were held in Europe. Now, after the collapse of Communism
and the Eastern European bloc, some of these feelings of conflict have
been resolved. In particular, IFLA members from the Soviet Union enjoy
more freedom to access information.
Political Censorship in Finnish Libraries from 1944 to 1946
Authors: Ekholm Kai
Published: February 2007

Ekholm presents an overview of the forms that library censorship took
in postwar Finland when the country was under the auspices of a Soviet
Controlling Commission (Valvontakomissio). He demonstrates that
censorship of library materials followed patterns long established in the
Soviet Union. Most censorship involved the "unshelving" of "politically
incorrect" (i.e., anti-Soviet) books. Nazi materials were also removed
(292 copies of Mein Kampf alone). Ekholm then explores the
context of Soviet "omnicensorship," which was the guiding principle for
Finnish censorship. The most illuminating aspect of this practice was
the formulation
of the spetskhran, or closed collection. A spetskhran
was a collection of
forbidden books that were nonetheless cataloged and stored. The author
postulates that this postwar system was a possible precursor to a long
period of self-censorship throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The essay also
raises some issues in the theory of censorship in libraries first by
discussing a study by Lowenthal of self-censorship at California public
libraries and then by looking at a study by Stieg of prewar censorship
by the Nazi government in German libraries. Ekholm concludes by raising
new
questions about the methodology of research on censorship and argues
for a hermeneutic rather than a moralistic perspective on patterns of
political and self-censorship.
Library Secret Fonds and the Competition of Societies
Authors: Kiraly Istvan
Published: February 2007

The competition between the socialist/Communist social system and the
capitalist social system elicited a need for secrecy. This ideological
battle took place during the Cold War, which is conceptually defined as
"the unarmed development of a competition between antagonistic
social systems" where the goal is to "suppress" or "liquidate" the
competition. This organized secrecy played a part in structuring life
within each of these systems. The secret collections in Romanian libraries
consisting of banned books contributed directly to this secrecy. Library
secret fonds were used to control the circulation of information within
a system or throughout other systems. These prohibited materials were
withdrawn from circulation and kept confidential. Libraries kept lists
of these fonds separate from the regular collection, and these lists
were kept and updated throughout the years. During the Communist regime
in Romania, the lists of forbidden books were considered "an efficient
instrument for the political struggles from the inside of the Communist
party." Library secret fonds are a symbol of the antagonism between the
two political systems of the Cold War.
American Literature in Cold War Germany
Authors: Meyer Martin
Published: February 2007

During the Cold War period following World War II, the United States
made a decision to reestablish culture in Germany rather than risk
Soviet expansion into Western Europe. Due to the atrocities committed
by Germany during the war, it was hard to understand why the United
States switched political partners in the immediate postwar period,
but publishing American views in Germany was regarded as essential to
propagating democratic principles in Europe. The intention was to reach
German intellectuals through literature so they would become mouthpieces
for democratic principles and a market economy. Germans were reeducated
through books and magazines containing scholarly works, fiction, plays,
and poetry. Armed Services Editions (ASE), paperback books shipped to
American soldiers during the war, and Overseas
Editions (OSE), books printed in English and translated into other
languages after the war, were the backbone of American published
materials. In addition, American money was channeled to European
political magazines, such as Der Monat and Encounter,
thought of as
having influence on the intellectual elite of Western European
countries. Several international literary conferences held during the
late 1940s and early 1950s became battlegrounds for words. The conflicts
centered on cultural freedom and the spreading of capitalist and Communist
ideas by the United States and the Soviet Union, respectively.
Leaning to One Side: The Impact of the Cold War on Chinese Library Collections
Authors: Yu Priscilla C
Published: February 2007

Membership in the Soviet Union-led Communist bloc and the economic
embargo imposed by the West led to China's reliance on the Soviet bloc
in library development. To spur economic reconstruction and consolidate
political power after founding the Communist regime, the Chinese
government restructured all libraries to help implement government
objectives. The Chinese learned and adopted principles and practices
of Soviet librarianship. Russian materials on library science, science,
and industry as well as Communist classics were imported or translated
into Chinese. The Soviet Union's strong influence on Chinese library
collections was demonstrated by analyzing foreign language collections
at
Peking University Library and the National Library of China (NLC),
examining data covering developments primarily in the 1950s and the
1960s. Russian language publications dominated the foreign language
collection at Peking University Library from 1953 to 1974. Russian
scientific publications outnumbered humanities and social science
materials by a ratio of 9 to 1, reflecting China's information needs
for its drive toward modernization during its First Five-Year Plan
(1953-57). The Russian
language collection also predominated over other foreign language
materials at the NLC in 1958 and 1959. Besides increased purchasing
efforts, the NLC established exchange programs with the Soviet Union's
libraries and eventually other countries to acquire costly foreign
scientific publications needed for China's economic development. Despite
Soviet assistance in library development, the Cold War denied China equal
access to all foreign language materials and knowledge, thus hindering
China's modernization effort. Chinese libraries can best serve China's
developmental goals through the international free and open flow of
information.
Men of Energy and Snap: The Origins and Early Years of the Billings Public Library
Authors: Ring Daniel F.
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the origins and early years of the Parmly Billings
Public Library. The author considers the creation of the library
in relation to the funding and growth of Billings, Montana. Indeed,
libraries are seen as one aspect of a hierarchy of urban growth along
with schools and churches. Also considered are the reasons, stated and
unstated, that the townspeople wanted a library. Social portraits of
the principals involved are provided.
The Future of Libraries and Humanities Research: New Strategic Directions for the British Library
Authors: Brindley Lynne J
Published: February 2007

The new chief executive officer of the British Library surveys the
new directions for research in the humanities that are both under way
and projected. Digital applications and collaborative partnerships are
key elements.
Pushing Paper: Dealers and Institutional Collectors
Authors: Browar Lisa
Published: February 2007

Several specialists in rare books and manuscripts discuss new developments
in the commodification of manuscripts and archival material and the
implications these have for acquisition, preservation, and broad
utilization.
Keynote Address
Authors: Chace William M
Published: February 2007

The new century brings both a gloomy and a cheerful perspective on the
status of reading within the wide range of literature. The losses and the
gains of past decades are worth noting, and they are seen for what they
are. Though "the book" is not what it once was, the technological promise
of the future can make it more than it was in terms of functionality.
"Only connect!": Institutional Planning and Funding
Authors: Dunlap Ellen
Published: February 2007

In a series of personal reminiscences, the author provides insight into
issues involved in funding and fund-raising at various institutions with
which she has had associations, introducing a panel at the symposium.
The Bridge Beyond
Authors: Gifford Prosser
Published: February 2007

Bringing the scholarly world and the collections of scholarly resources
together is an ongoing challenge that involves providing a variety
of inducements, rediscovering the potential riches of collections,
and encouraging imagination and innovative perspectives in the use of
special collections.
The Impact of Digitization on Special Collections in Libraries
Authors: Hirtle Peter B
Published: February 2007

Digitization has brought significant benefit to the users of special
collections. It will also challenge the relative value given to paper
originals of rare materials as digital holdings increase. Special
collections will need to justify their unique value through a deeper
understanding of their holdings and an extension of their scope.
National Collections, Global Collecting: The Responsibilities of Librarians as Collectors
Authors: Prochaska Alice
Published: February 2007

Sharing knowledge, while not a new concept, is receiving new emphasis in
a global society. National and other research libraries can fruitfully
collaborate to maximize the public value of their materials. The
partnership of the British Library with the Ransom Center is one example
of this.
Special Collections Libraries: Looking Ahead by Looking Back
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: February 2007

The conclusions reached at the conference "Rare Book and Manuscript
Libraries in the Twenty-first Century," convened at the Houghton Library
of Harvard University in 1992, summarized here, provide a context for the
Flair Symposium of 2000. Some issues have changed; others have not. The newer
technologies have produced aids and challenges for scholarly research.
Books for the Use of the United States in Congress Assembled, 1783 and 1800
Authors: Glynn Tom , Hagensick Craig C
Published: February 2007

This essay compares a catalog that James Madison proposed to the
Continental Congress in 1783 as the foundation for a congressional
library with the list of books that were actually purchased in 1800
for the original Library of Congress. While one might assume that
these lists would be fairly similar in scope, we found that they are
surprisingly different in many important respects. After evaluating
and comparing the lists, we offer a number of possible reasons for
the differences.
"The Greatest Librarians of the World. .. Were Not Graduates of Library School"
Authors: Bak Greg
Published: February 2007

Librarians often think of professionalization in terms of standard
training, starting with a gatekeeper degree to regulate entrance to the
profession. Prior to the spread of library schools, however, library
school education was not an option for the majority of librarians
who lived in regions far from the major universities. In such areas,
professional development and professional identity were not perceived
to depend upon academic degrees.

The essay treats the Canadian Maritimes during the 1930s. Although there
was not a library school in the region at this time, the librarians
of the Maritime Library Institute did not view themselves as inferior
to the "trained librarians" of central Canada. Instead, they crafted
a professional identity founded upon mutual support and the sharing
of expertise among a community of librarians, without reference to
university education.
False Optimism: Modernity, Class, and the Public Library in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Black Alistair
Published: February 2007

In the late 1950s, the long-awaited postwar expansion in British public
library services got under way. During the 1960s and 1970s, librarians and
library planners became strongly optimistic about the public library's
"modern" future. In keeping with the principles of egalitarianism and
universalism underpinning the welfare state, a radically new philosophy,
known as "community librarianship," emerged in the 1970s. Its aim was
to encourage the public library to make an irreversible break with its
"conservative" past and to become a truly popular institution. However,
despite jettisoning a great deal of its Victorian image and embracing
much of the modernity of the age, the public library was ultimately
unable to live up to the visions of classlessness that library promoters
had long cherished.
The Spirit of an Age: Iowa Public Libraries and Professional Librarians as Solutions to Society's Problems, 1890-1940
Authors: Goldstein Daniel
Published: February 2007

Iowa public libraries flourished during the twenty-five years after
1890. Their prosperity resulted from the ability of the library
leadership,
working within a national context, to articulate a compelling argument
that public libraries and well-trained librarians were the solution to
a pressing local problem. This essay examines the interaction of three
key institutions: the Iowa Library Association, the Iowa Federation of
Women's Clubs, and the Iowa Library Commission. It demonstrates that the
success of the Iowa library movement at this time resulted from Iowans'
belief that libraries were the best institution to address the
problems of public vice, especially drinking, gambling, and
prostitution. Finally, the essay argues that the values professed
by librarians depend on the particular social problem that is being
addressed at a given time and place.
Forbidden Fruit: The Banning of The Grapes of Wrath in the Kern County Free Library
Authors: Lingo Marci
Published: February 2007

The Kern County, California, board of supervisors' action to ban John
Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath from the Kern County Free Library
shortly after the novel's publication in 1939 was controversial and
unprecedented in the county's history, but so was the influx of migrant
farmworkers into the county. At the height of the Great Depression,
the county's population grew over 63 percent in five years. The board's
action was influenced by powerful economic, social, and political
factors. Caught between the ideological struggles of powers like
the Associated Farmers and the unions and the seemingly contradictory
policies of the American Library Association, librarian Gretchen Knief,
with the advice of California State Librarian Mabel Gillis, complied
with the board's
order. While Knief protested in personal correspondence to the
supervisors, publicly she remained silent, yet she defied the spirit of
the order
by making copies of the books available to other libraries in
California—albeit briefly. Although the ban was lifted when the
political climate in the
county changed, it reflects the ambivalent attitudes about the Okies,
illustrates the power of governing boards to censor public libraries,
and underscores the precarious nature of intellectual freedom in
libraries.
The Semantic Basis of Control in English
Authors: Jackendoff Ray , Culicover Peter W
Published: February 2007

Our intent here,in the face of a persistent tradition of studying control in purely syntactic terms,is to reiterate the fundamental importance of semantics in the control problem, and to articulate some of the semantic factors more precisely than has heretofore been possible. After presenting familiar obstacles to a theory of control based on syntactic binding,we make a threeway distinction between 'unique control' (usually called OBLIGATORY CONTROL),'free control', and 'nearly free control' (the last two falling under traditional NONOBLIGATORY CONTROL). We show that in a very large class of cases of unique control,the controlled VP denotes an action and the controller is the character who has the onus for that action. This analysis is applied to four major classes of control verbs and their nominals,as well as a class of adjectives,showing that semantic role reliably identifies the controller,and syntactic position does not. Through a formalization in terms of CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE,we begin to be able to explain much of control directly from the lexical decomposition of the matrix verb. Several classes of exceptions to the conditions on unique control are treated as cases of coercion,in which extra conventionalized semantic material is added that is not present in syntax.*
Ambiguity Avoidance in English Relative Clauses
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2007

Are syntactic choices influenced by the need to avoid ambiguity? Studies of the use of that with English embedded clauses have reached negative conclusions on this point. It is argued here that these conclusions may be premature. Statistical analysis of another phenomenon of English-use of the optional relative pronoun or complementizer with object relative clauses-in written text suggests that both AMBIGUITY AVOIDANCE and ANAPHORICITY contribute to syntactic choices. Ambiguity avoidance is shown to operate at a 'strategic' level, influenced by general considerations of syntactic structure, but not by lexical distinctions or pragmatic factors.*
Wrapping the Hole in the Middle of It All: Tanizaki's Narrative Packages
Authors: Atkinson William
Published: February 2007

In the early 1990s, anthropologist Joy Hendry, analyzed the importance of wrapping in Japanese culture, arguing that the meaning of a presentation cannot be properly understood without a careful consideration of its wrapping. The layers of wrapping so refine the object that it is no longer what it was; thus, the apparent signifier (the wrapping) is not pointing to the signified within, but to itself, so the signifier takes precedence over the signified. This paper will undertake a reading of wrapping as both figure and narrative procedure in the fiction of Tanizaki Junichiro. In his early stories, Tanizaki describes a wrapping that is identified with what it wrapped; the later narratives occlude what they wrap and thereby resist monologic interpretation since the narrative wrapping signifies itself without revealing a signified that is separate and other than the narrative itself. What is wrapped is a result of the wrapping process.
"Another name for health": Thoreau and Modern Medicine
Authors: Branch Michael P , Pierce Jessica
Published: February 2007

Branch and Peirce argue that, while the relationship between human health and ecosystemic balance is already part of
scientific discourse, the current Western medical system has not given sufficient attention to the connection between
human health and our dominant narratives of health. The authors bring Henry David Thoreau's writing to bear on the
values of modern hospital care in the U.S. and include a brief history of hospital design to show that patients were not
always isolated from natural surroundings and a healthy diet.
Telling Stories: The Health Benefits of Narrative
Authors: Pennebaker James W
Published: February 2007

Pennebaker summarizes and highlights the work he and his
colleagues from around the world have done over more than ten
years in their studies of the health-promoting qualities of writing.
His essay focuses primarily on the physical health benefits of
writing about traumatic or difficult experience.
Story Language: A Sacred Healing Space
Authors: Saliba Mediha F
Published: February 2007

Saliba locates healing firmly in the revision of writing, in the talk of
spectators after an Indonesian shadow play, in the reading and
rereading of a suffering woman's secrets, and in the sharing of
those secrets with her children, who have never known their
mother's history. Saliba's case study involves an Asian woman who
suffers from, among other things, severe arthritis and agoraphobia.
White Skin, White Mask: Passing, Posing, and Performing in The Great Gatsby
Authors: Goldsmith Meredith
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that The Great
Gatsby may be fruitfully read against
African American models of identity formation of the late teens and Twenties.
Like Gatsby, passing and
Americanization fiction render racial and national identity theatrical.
Gatsby's parties, given minimal attention in Fitzgerald scholarship,
miniaturize the process of identity formation that characterizes the novel as a
whole. Theatrical modes of identity formation are not limited to the novel's
parvenus, however: showing how even the novel's elite are fully implicated in
the culture of imitation, Fitzgerald refutes the possibility of any identity as
"the real thing."
Internalizing Mastery: Jean Rhys, Ford Madox Ford, and the Fiction of Autobiography
Authors: Gilson Annette
Published: February 2007

This essay explores the relationship between Jean Rhys and Ford Madox Ford through the lens of D. W. Winnicott's psychological theories. Specifically, the essay explores the ways in which Rhys turns Ford into a transitional object in her fiction in order to free herself from his dominant role in her life and fiction. The essay also explores the generic complexities of Rhys's negotiation of autobiographical and fictional materials as she attempts to develop and utilize psychological insight about her own dependency on Ford in order to achieve literary freedom for herself.
"What isn't there" in Margaret Atwood's The Blind Assassin: The Psychoanalysis of Duplicity
Authors: Parkin-Gounelas Ruth
Published: February 2007

Atwood's The Blind Assassin has to do with memory as retro- spection, temporality being figured spatio-materially, with the emphasis on vision. In attempting to "fix" time through an obsessive elaboration of material objects, the novel foregrounds the lure and deception of the visual, the way images, like symbols, function, to stand in for what isn't there. Images of duplicity or doubling, encapsulated in the photo of the two often indistinguishable sisters, torn in half, suggest a return to that moment of simultaneous self-identity and self-alienation in the mirror, described by Lacan as a violent "tearing" between self and other, a perpetual (self-)assassination.
Suffrage Burlesque: Modernist Performance in Elizabeth Robins's The Convert
Authors: Winkiel Laura A
Published: February 2007

This essay examines how Elizabeth Robins borrowed from the theater to fashion new forms of modern identities for women. Robins combines melodramatic and burlesque performance genres in ways that alter the conventions of realist narrative and prefigure the cosmopolitan, fluid subjectivities of high modernism. Ranging from anti- and pro-British women's suffrage rhetoric to emergent forms of leisure activities and crowd theories, this essay contextualizes the problems, fears, and advantages of cross-class identifications. While Robins ultimately contains these sexualized, working-class energies, she nonetheless documents a powerful critique of middle-class forms of subjectivity and knowledge that imagines a leveling of class hierarchies.
The Concept of Modernization: Its Relevance for Greece
Authors: Mouzelis Nicos
Published: February 2007

The concept of modernization may be explored via the distinction
between the modern and the primitive, the distinction between
industrial and preindustrial societies, the comparison of early
modernization with late modernization, the comparison of
successful and unsuccessful late modernization, and the difference
between the modern and the postmodern. Theoretically, it may be
explored via neo-evolutionist concepts or neo-Marxist dependency
approaches. These modes of exploration relate to Greece, as does
the question of Eurocentrism, which characterizes the overall
discussion of modernization.
European Integration and Prospects of Modernization in Greece
Authors: Moschonas Andreas
Published: February 2007

This paper examines the prospects of modernization in Greece in
the context of European integration. Modernization, understood
either as functional-structural differentiation along Weberian lines or
as radical social and political transformation along Marxist ones,
can take the following forms: market modernization, modernization
of practices, modernization of structures. The policies applied can
be either neoliberal, technocratic, or even democratic in their
conception and implementation. I argue that although the
technocratic form of modernization seems to prevail in Greek
historical circumstances, none of the three forms of modernization
has sufficient social and political support for its implementation.
Mothers-in-law and Daughters-in-law: Politicizing Confrontations
Authors: Vlahoutsikou Christina
Published: February 2007

In a village on mainland Greece, the ideology of virilocality was
being challenged in the mid-1980s by the emergent ideology of the
nuclear household. This ideological contest, which the village
perceived as a struggle between indigenous tradition and the forces
of modernity, was mediated largely through the conflict between
mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. Young women employed the
symbolism of mass consumer goods in order to articulate the
primacy of the conjugal bond over the unity between parents and
sons. In this process, a wide range of "traditional" values and
prescriptions of feminine identity was problematized and
negotiated. Thus, with the aid of the language of consumption, the
mother-in-law and daughter-in-law conflict of interest (often
analyzed as a rift in feminine solidarity that contributes to the
muted condition of women ) functioned as a means through which
women articulated and helped to give concrete shape to a
community-wide struggle over central meanings and values.
The Bottom of The Well: Bloodshed, Ballads, and the Poetry of Miltos Sachtouris
Authors: Ricks David
Published: February 2007

It has been recognized that Sachtouris's poetry is intimately related
to the Greek ballads. This paper aims first to locate Sachtouris
within a long and diverse modern Greek tradition of poetic dialogue
with folk poetry, and then to examine, through close readings of five
diagnostic poems from the period 1945-1956, how the folk tradition
comes to function in the work of an individual poet in a new,
post-World War II context. Affinities in theme, diction, and
versification can be illuminated so as to illustrate Sachtouris's
recourse to the darker side of the ballad tradition, which may be
understood as a form of collective psychotherapy.
A New Role for the Greek Church?
Authors: Alivizatos Nikos
Published: February 2007

With the advent of Archbishop Christodoulos, a new
phase in the relations between the Greek Orthodox
Church and the state appears to have opened. Under
its new leadership, the church is becoming more and
more involved in secular issues, including major
policy decisions. However, the church's new activism
cannot be assessed in the abstract. The conditions
that favored Archbishop Christodoulos's
unprecedented popularity existed long before his
election in April 1998. These conditions may be
understood by examing the institutional framework of
church-state relations in Greece and the treatment of
religious minorities within that framework.
Human Rights in Greece: Twelve Years of Supervision from Strasbourg
Authors: Stavros Stephanos
Published: February 2007

The experience of the first twelve years of European
supervision over the human rights situation in Greece
is on the whole rather positive. Various
deficiencies--lengthy proceedings, excessive
formalism on the part of the courts, the uneasy
relationship between church and state, and an
occasional lack of respect for the autonomy of the
judicial process and the authority of the courts--have
been exposed. Corrective measures have been taken.
Of course, the European supervisory system has
certain limitations; moreover, Greece has not
responded to the findings of violation in Strasbourg by
embarking upon wide-ranging legislative reforms or by
attempting to reshape judges' general perception of
their role in protecting civil liberties. However, as
employment of the complaints mechanism increases,
as Greek governments progressively become more
accustomed to international scrutiny, and as Greek
judges grow more at ease regarding the European
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, the prospects for the future
will improve.
Small Rural Ownership, Subsistence Agriculture, and Peasant Protest in Interwar Greece: the Agrarian Question Recast
Authors: Seferiades Seraphim
Published: February 2007

In 1928, 67% of the Greek population resided in villages and small
provin-cial towns with less than 5,000 inhabitants, while 53.2% of the
economically active were employed in agriculture and animal husbandry. It
is not surprising, then, that the "agrarian question" should constitute
the cornerstone of modern Greek historiography and social science. Despite
all the attention Greek agriculture has attracted, however, the exact
nature of the adversities faced by the peasant smallholder still escapes
us. Indeed, in recent years, earlier schematic accounts portraying Greek
peasants as invariably tyrannized at the hands of "feudal landlords"
have been replaced by what can be construed as the "rosy image of the
countryside." Both approaches, however, are misleading. Contrary to a
widespread view, the Greek countryside was far from peaceful. Rural
contention involved occupations of Church lands, hunger marches,
and, above all, the full-fledged rebellion of the Peloponnesian
currant growers in 1934-1935. In an attempt to trace the roots
of peasant unrest to prevailing material conditions, the argument is
advanced that the interwar agrarian reform was not equitable; nor did it
guarantee the majority of smallholders a minimum of purchasing power. The
article includes an appendix listing rural mobilizations in the period
1919-1936 and a quantifi-cation of peasant militancy.
Toward a Regional Study of the Origins of the Cold War in Southeastern Europe: British and Soviet Policies in the Balkans, 1945-1949
Authors: Sfikas Thanasis D
Published: February 2007

What is missing from the literature on the origins of the Cold
War is a synthesis discussing the interaction between the Balkan policies
of the Big Three and regional developments in the Balkan Peninsula. A
useful starting point for such a discussion is the examination of the
policies of two historic rivals in the region, Britain and the Soviet
Union. Moscow's Balkan policy was motivated by considerations of national
security and was aimed at the shaping of spheres of influence that
would correspond with Stalin's overall European objectives. British
interests stemmed from traditional considerations of imperial defense and
the need to pursue a great-power policy in the era of superpowers. As the
Balkans continued to be a battleground for the clash between British and
Soviet imperialisms, the period 1945-1949 witnessed a new imperial
division of the Peninsula--a division that was seen with contentment by
its architects, despite their high-minded protestations.
On the Sociolinguistics of Popular Films: Funny Characters, Funny Voices
Authors: Georgakopoulou Alexandra
Published: February 2007

This paper illustrates the need for, as well as the benefits of,
language-centered approaches to Greek film studies. It focuses on the
linguistic codes of popular comedy films of the 1960s, and it shows
how these films index sociocultural processes. It is argued that,
despite the diglossic situation of the period, the linguistic choices in
these films are not register-based but character-derived. In other
words, the choices capitalize on variation that exists between speakers
on the social dimension. The discussion foregrounds the patterned
relationship between a set of social varieties (sociolects) and the
representation of character-types. This relationship is well-suited to
genre requirements, forming a vehicle for the creation of humor. The
interpretation of the choice of sociolects in these films is
attempted within a Bakhtinian framework of analysis that acknowledges the
conflictual (heteroglossic) relations between the sociolects, as well
as the ideological and cultural standpoints that each of them encodes.
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained: Cacoyannis's Stella
Authors: Peckham Robert Shannan , Michelakis Pantelis
Published: February 2007

This paper focuses on Cacoyannis's film, Stella (1955), and
the conflicts of Athenian society in the 1950s as represented by the
characters who frequent the bar Paradise. The film is punctuated by
violent attempts to invade Paradise and by the heroine's determination to
resist these external pressures. Stella both embodies and "narrativizes"
the space of the bar that she protects. In Cacoyannis's film, conflicts
are articulated through the mediating presence of artifacts (namely, the
car and the piano), which both divide and connect the different worlds
that the characters inhabit. The possibility of reconciling antagonistic
social viewpoints is also suggested in the attempt to assimilate diverse
musical styles in the film. The final section of the paper focuses on
the ways in which Stella resists the controlling male gaze. In so doing,
the heroine is associated with a dynamic model of reciprocity that holds
out the possibility of reconciliation.
Margarita Papandreou: Bearing Gifts to the Greeks?
Authors: Margarita Papandreou
Published: February 2007

This article reassesses the little known work of Margaret Papandreou,
the American-born widow of Andreas Papandreou, in the context of the post-junta Greek
women's movement. It highlights her Western background, her proactive global-minded feminism,
and her public role as the socialist prime minister's wife (1981­1989).
The article is based on published scholarship and other documentation that exists in the
public domain but also draws from personal interviews with Margaret Papandreou and from
an original study of her unpublished papers of 1972­1991. Given this variety of
sources, it paints a fuller yet "historically" different picture enriched with
biographical elements and statements of (self-)justification which respond to Greek
journalistic slurs and attacks. In 1975 Margaret Papandreou founded the Women's Union of
Greece and during the following decade she and other feminists rallied for the most urgent
amendments to be made to Greek women's legal status in the family and in the labor force.
She was a master at organizing, raising awareness, and directing the Union's exchange
with the international women's movement.