bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of tyrosine nitration and nitrosylation of angiotensin II and bovine serum albumin with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Soo Jae , Lee Jung Rok , Kim Young Hwan , Park Yoon Shin , Park Sang Ick , Park Hyung Soon , Kim Kwang Pyo
Published: July 2007

Protein tyrosine nitration is one of the important regulatory mechanisms in various cellular phenomena such as cell adhesion, endo/exo‐cytosis of cellular materials, and signal transduction. In the present study, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) with a linear ion‐trap mass spectrometer was applied for identification of nitrated proteins and localization of the modified tyrosine residues. When angiotensin II(DRVYIHPF) was nitrated in vitro with tetranitromethane (TNM), the mass spectrum showed a shift of +45 Da which corresponded to tyrosine nitration. An additional +29 Da mass shift was also detected by ESI‐MS. This differed from nitrated peptide analysis with matrix‐associated laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS), which showed oxygen neutral loss from the nitrated tyrosine residues upon laser irradiation. Hence the +29 Da mass shift of the nitrated peptide observed by ESI‐MS suggested the introduction of an NO group for nitrosylation of tyrosine residues. To confirm this in vitro nitrosylation on the protein level, bovine serum albumin was in vitro nitrated with TNM and analyzed by ESI‐MS/MS. As expected, +29 as well as +45 Da mass shifts were detected, and the +29 Da mass shift was found to correspond to the modification on tyrosine residues by NO. Although the chemical mechanism by which this occurs in ESI‐MS is not clear, the +29 Da mass shift could be a new potential marker of nitrosylated peptides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring quinolone antibacterial residues in bovine tissues: extraction with hot water and liquid chromatography coupled to a single‐ or triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer
Authors: Bogialli Sara , D'Ascenzo Giuseppe , Di Corcia Antonio , Innocenti Giorgiana , Laganà Aldo , Pacchiarotta Tiziana
Published: July 2007

A rapid and sensitive procedure for determining residues of seven quinolone antibacterials in bovine muscle, kidney and liver is presented. The method is based on the matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) technique with hot water as extractant followed by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS) or triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). After dispersing tissue samples on hydrazine sulfate treated sand, target compounds were eluted from the MSPD column by passing through it 4 mL of water heated at 100°C. After pH adjustment and filtration, 200 and 5 µL of the aqueous extracts were respectively injected into the LC/MS and LC/MS/MS instruments. With the former instrument, MS data were acquired in the three‐ion selected ion monitoring mode, while MS/MS data acquisition was performed in the multi‐reaction monitoring mode by selecting two precursor ion to product ion transitions for each target compound. Hot water appeared to be an efficient extracting medium, since absolute recoveries of the analytes were 84–102%. Using norfloxacin (a quinolone not used in veterinary medicine) as surrogate internal standard, the accuracy of the method at three concentration levels equal to 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the european union was 88–109% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) not higher than 7%. The use of LC/MS/MS allowed detection and quantification of the analytes in any tissue considered to be performed at concentrations by far lower than half of their MRLs. Vice versa, the single‐quadrupole MS arrangement, while succeeding in monitoring quinolones in muscle tissue at the 0.5 MRL level, showed to be not sufficiently selective for unambiguous identification of some quinolones in kidney and liver. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low potential for restraint of anadromous salmonid reproduction by beaverCastor fiberin the Numedalslågen River catchment, Norway
Authors: Parker Howard , Rønning Øystein Cock
Published: July 2007

After a long absence, beaverCastor fiberare rapidly returning to Europe. Their dam‐building and tree‐felling behaviour may have consequences for salmonSalmo salarand sea troutSalmo truttamanagement. In 2003 we investigated the parallel use of stream sections by beaver, sea trout and salmon and determined the potential hindrance that beaver dam‐building presented for reproducing salmon and sea trout along 65 km of the Numedalslågen River and tributaries, a major Norwegian catchment. We also surveyed landowner attitude to having beaver on salmon and sea trout streams. Most salmon spawned in the river and most sea trout in 51 tributaries. Nine of these tributaries also hosted spawning salmon. 15 (29%) of the 51 tributaries with spawning sea trout and six (67%) of the nine with spawning salmon had intermittently been occupied by beaver. Though beaver preferred to colonize the same sections of stream used for spawning, only 15% of the stream length navigable by salmon and sea trout on the 51 tributaries had actually been used by beaver, and only three colonies were occupied autumn 2003 (1 colony/25.0 km). Five dams were functioning during autumn 2003 on the 51 tributaries (1 dam/14.3 km). These potentially hindered sea trout and salmon from reaching 18% and 3%, respectively of their potential spawning habitat, though all dams were low (≤0.5 m). Though the autumn density of occupied beaver colonies along the river (1 colony/2.5 km) was 10.0 times the density on the 51 tributaries, no dams were built on the river. Thus most salmon reproduction in the catchment was unhindered by beaver. Nine of 14 landowners were unequivocally positive about having beaver together with salmon and sea trout. We conclude that the presence of beaver on similar catchments will likely have only an insignificant negative impact on the reproduction of sea trout and salmon. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral characteristics and correlation of dynamic wind forces on a super‐tall building
Authors: Fu J. Y. , Li Q. S. , Wu J. R. , Ni Z. H. , Xie Z. N. , Gu M.
Published: July 2007

The 88‐storey Jin Mao Building located in Shanghai has a height of 420·5m and is the highest building in mainland China. Dynamic wind force components on the super‐tall building were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique in a boundary layer wind tunnel for the cases of an isolated Jin Mao Building and the existing surrounding condition under suburban and urban boundary layer flow configurations. Spectral characteristics of along‐wind and across‐wind components and, in particular, the cross‐correlation and coherence among various wind loading components are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the effects of upstream terrain conditions and surrounding buildings on the spectra, cross‐correlation and coherence are investigated. The experimental results show that such effects are significant. Finally, an empirical formula for estimation of the across‐wind overturning moment spectrum for the super‐tall building is presented. Comparisons of the spectra determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from wind tunnel tests are made to examine the applicability of the proposed formula. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second outrigger at optimum location on high‐rise shear wall
Authors: Hoenderkamp J. C. D.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a simple method of analysis for preliminary design of outrigger braced high‐rise shear walls subjected to horizontal loading. The shear wall has outriggers at two levels. One outrigger has a fixed location up the height of the structure, while the second can be placed at an optimum location. This position will cause a maximum reduction in lateral deflection at the top of the building. A single diagram allows for a rapid assessment of the optimum location for the second outrigger. The suggested method of analysis for use in the initial stages of the design of an outrigger structure for a proposed tall building offers a simple and rapid means of locating a second outrigger at an optimum location up the height of the structure, thereby allowing optimum dimensions for the individual structural members. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evaluation of wind‐induced vibration responses to a tapered tall building
Authors: You Ki‐Pyo , Kim Young‐Moon , Ko Nag‐Ho
Published: July 2007

The mitigation of wind‐induced excitations of tall buildings was investigated. The shape of a building can be aerodynamically modified by changing the taper of the cross‐section. This modification alters the flow pattern around the building, and reduces wind‐induced vibration of tall buildings. A tapered tall building that spreads the vortex‐shedding over a broad range of frequencies more effectively reduces cross‐wind responses. In this paper, to investigate the tapering effect on the reduction of wind‐induced responses of a tapered tall building, a high‐frequency force‐balance test was conducted. Six types of building model of differing taper ratios—2·5%, 5%, 7·5%, 10%, 15%, and a basic building model of square cross‐section—were tested on two typical atmospheric boundary layers representing suburban and urban areas. The effect of wind direction was also considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal directions under lateral loading in multistorey asymmetric buildings
Authors: Athanatopoulou A. M. , Doudoumis I. N.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the problem of evaluating the principal directions under lateral loading in multistorey asymmetric buildings with rigid floor diaphragms. To this purpose a rational criterion is suggested and analytical formulae are developed, with the aid of which the principal directions of these buildings can be determined. The proposed principal directions depend on the vertical distribution of the lateral forces applied at the storey levels, while it is assumed that these forces pass through a vertical loading axis. Several numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. Moreover, the examples verify that the principal directions' properties resulting from the proposed procedure are closer to the principal directions' properties of the single‐storey building's concept than those suggested by other researchers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special VM link element for modeling of shear–flexural interaction in frames
Authors: Kazemi M. T. , Erfani S.
Published: July 2007

In the special zones of frame elements, which are used for seismic energy dissipation, inelastic interaction among the internal forces needs to be considered more precisely. This paper describes a special element called a VM link element for modeling the shear–flexural interaction in the inelastic zones of beam elements. The element may be used in the any inelastic location of frames subjected to the monotonic or cyclic loadings. The inelastic shear and flexural deformations are considered by using the multi‐surfaces plasticity concept with dissimilar yield surfaces. A new kinematic hardening and new non‐associated flow rules are introduced for definition of the plastic deformations and managing the yield surfaces translations, respectively. The special VM link element is examined for some shear links, and it is shown that the proposed model predictions are in good agreement with existing test results. An eccentrically braced steel frame (EBF), subjected to a strong ground motion, is modeled by using the beam and the proposed VM link elements, and shear–flexural interaction is investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐ppm determination of Hg and Cr in water: Cr speciation
Authors: Leyva D. , Estévez J. , Montero A. , Pupo I.
Published: July 2007

A sensitive and alternative analytical procedure for the determination of chromium and mercury content in natural waters by coprecipitation with APDC and determination using an absolute thin layer EDXRF method is described. The use of 109Cd and 238Pu annular radioisotope sources, the influence of the chromium oxidation states and the elemental concentration were studied. At pH 4, 100% recovery was found for mercury. The coprecipitation of Cr(VI) was not quantitative (75%) but constant for the selected concentration range (5–100 µg/l). On the other hand, Cr(III) did not precipitate at the same pH. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 9.0% for mercury (10 µg/l) and 5.0% for chromium (50 µg/l). The detection limits (DLs) for mercury and chromium were 0.4 and 0.6 µg/l when the 238Pu source was employed. Nevertheless, higher DL values were achieved using 109Cd (0.6 and 3.3 µg/l). The proposed method was applied to the analysis of surface water samples. An alternative and simple chromium speciation procedure without chemical separation of Cr species is recommended. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The triglyceride composition ofbutea monosperma seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Basu S. P.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acid and triglyceride composition ofButea monosperma seed oil have been determined by a combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperature, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas chromatography. The percentages of individual fatty acids are: myristic 0.2, palmitic 19.3, stearic 7.4, arachidic 1.8, behenic 14.0, lignoceric 6.2, oleic 21.8, linoleic 27.8, and linolenic 1.7.B.monosperma seed oil is constituted of SSS 3.8, SSU 3.9, SUS 40.9, USU 0.9, SUU 40.4 and UUU 10.1%. Chief component glycerides are PLL 5.8, PLB 5.2, POL 4.8, POB 4.2, PLP 4.0, PLO 3.8, BLL 3.6, POP 3.3, PLST 3.2, and POO 3.0%.B. monosperma seed oil, on segregation by low temperature crystallization yielded two major fractions, each representing 30% of the total. One of them is richer in the content of SSS and SUS while the other is richer in UUU and SUU. Compositions of these fractions suggest the possibility of utilization of one as an ointment base and the other as a solvent for drugs.
Preparation of carboxylic acids from hydroxy compounds by oxidation with ozone
Authors: Miyazaki Shoji , Suhara Yasuo
Published: July 2007

Various mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids were obtained with appreciable yields from saturated hydroxy compounds by oxidation in aqueous acetic acid with a mixture of ozone and oxygen followed with oxygen. The starting materials and the mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids obtained were as follows: Primary alcohols RCH2OH → RCOOH; α,ω‐glycols HOCH2(CH2)nCH2OH → HOOC(CH2)nCOOH; secondary alcohols and 12‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid R1CH2CH(OH)CH2R2 → R1COOH + R2CH2COOH + R1CH2COOH + R2COOH; alicyclic alcohols CH2(CH2)nCHOH → HOOC(CH2)nCOOH; 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)7CH(OH)CH(OH) (CH2)7COOH → CH3(CH2)7COOH + HOOC(CH2)7COOH. Small amounts of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids having fewer carbon atoms than those of the carboxylic acids formed as main products were also detected from some of the oxidation products.
Some observations on the behavior of rancid groundnut oil with regard to the thin layer chromatography test for the detection of castor oil
Authors: Wagle N. G.
Published: July 2007

Refined groundnut oils were autoxidized to varying degrees as indicated by the peroxide values. Some autoxidized oils gave spots around the same Rf as that attributed to castor oil in the thin layer chromatography test prescribed by ISI. The molybdic acid test was negative.
Summary of the technology for the manufacture of higher alpha‐sulfo fatty acid esters
Authors: Kapur B. L. , Solomon J. M. , Bluestein B. R.
Published: July 2007

Interest in α‐sulfonated higher molecular weight (up to C20) fatty esters has increased in recent years in the surfactant industry due to the advent of economical sulfonation processes and methyl esters of fatty acids. In this paper, the authors present a review of the chemistry of the sulfonation of fatty esters and the two‐step mechanism leading to α‐sulfonation. Laboratory and pilot plant scale preparation of long chain fatty acid α‐sulfoesters with vaporized SO3 without the use of solvents are also summarized. Work on the falling film equipment with hydrogenated methyl tallowate with vaporized SO3 is described along with procedures for neutralization and bleaching. Analytical methods for defining the α‐sulfonates are discussed. A larger scale unit to continuously manufacture α‐sulfo fatty esters from long chain fatty acid is described. A review of the commercially available continuous processes for sulfonation of the fatty acid esters with vaporized sulfur‐trioxide have also been included. The properties of the salts of α‐sulfo fatty esters including the hydrolytic stability, aqueous solubility, lime soap dispersing ability, and biological properties have been tabulated. Uses of these surfactant range α‐sulfo esters are included in this discussion.
Crambe processing: Glucosinolate removal by water washing on a continuous filter
Authors: Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C. , Sohns V. E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Crambe seed was dehulled and screw pressed to remove approximately two‐thirds of the oil, and then it was hexane‐extracted to remove the rest. The defatted meal was toasted in the presence of moisture to form a crisped meal possessing fast drainage characteristics required for continuous filtration. The crisped meal was slurried with four parts of water, filtered, and washed on a continuous pilot‐plant filter. Water washing removed about one‐fourth of the meal solids, which contained 92–96% of the glucosinolates. Estimated processing costs for water‐washing crambe meal are 22–23 dollars per ton of unwashed defatted meal, in addition to the cost of crushing the seed to oil and meal.
Utilization of mathematical models to characterize functional properties of selected emulsifiers in continuous mix bread
Authors: Gawrilow Llija
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Research conducted to determine the functional properties of food emulsifiers encompassed by the Bread Standards facilitated the development of mathematical models. Areas of functional utility are characterized by this mechanism. Emulsifiers were investigated individually and in combination with a complementary softener or conditioning agent. The evaluation resulted in classified functionality and ranked responses for specified areas of: (a) bread softness retention, (b) shock tolerance, and (c) specific bread volume. Mathematical techniques employed to describe the models consist of equations having the form: {ie397–01} Binary mixture experiments utilizing interaction modeling to describe functional properties were employed. Regression equations were developed to define staling‐softness effects for the investigated emulsifiers. Synergistic responses are also identified. Potential commercial applications via computerization are discussed to assist in selecting emulsifier systems for specific functional applications.
Quantitative analysis of cyclopentadiene compounds
Authors: Totani N. , Totani Y. , Matsuo N.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A quantitative color reaction of cyclopentadiene was examined when cyclopentadiene was contained in a mixture of benzene, 1,3‐cyclohexadiene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane, cyclopentene, or cyclopentane. It was found that cyclopentadiene could be determined in the following manner. A sample was weighed to 1.38 x 10‐5 mole in a test tube, while a mixture of 10 ml ethyl alcohol plus 4 ml sulfuric acid was cooled in an ice bath. The mixture was poured into the test tube and the tube was heated in a water bath at 95 C for 30 sec followed by immediate cooling. Then the absorbance at 580 nm was measured and the content of cyclopentadiene was calculated with a calibration curve. The color reaction was tested with ethyl linoleate cyclic monomer (11 cm), ethyl linolenate cyclic monomer (mem), and photoisomerized tung oil fatty acid ethyl ester cyclic monomer (βcm), which were prepared from each purified fatty acid or from photo‐isomerized tung oil by cyclization with sodium hydroxide. It was found that cyclopentadiene compounds were formed from ethyl linolenate, but not from ethyl linoleate or from β‐eleostearate, which was a main component of photo‐isomerized tung oil.
“Zerotrans” margarines: Preparation, structure, and properties of interesterified soybean oil‐Soy trisaturate blends
Authors: List G. R. , Emken E. A. , Kwolek W. F. , Simpson T. D. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summar

The sodium methoxide‐catalyzed random interesterification of liquid soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends was explored as a possible route to zerotrans margarine oils. Lipase hydrolysis of the rearranged fats showed that with 0.2% catalyst, interesterification is complete within 30 min at 75–80 C. The glyceride structures of natural and randomized soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends are presented, and relationships between their structure and physical properties are discussed. Organoleptic evaluations showed that randomization of the glyceride structure had no adverse effects on flavor and oxidative stability. Flavor evaluations made against a commercially hardened tub margarine oil showed that interesterified oil had comparable initial and aged flavor scores. X‐ray diffraction studies demonstrated that randomized soybean oil‐soy trisaturate blends possess the beta‐prime crystal structure desirable for use in margarine production. Dilatometric data indicate that random interesterification of 20% by weight of soy trisaturate into the glyceride structure of soybean oil provides a product having a solid fat index suitable for use in a soft tub margarine.
Mackerel skin lipids as an unsaturated fat model system for the determination of antioxidative potency of TBHQ and other antioxidant compounds
Authors: Ke P. J. , Nash D. M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A comparative study on the activity of antioxidation of butylhydroxy anisole, (BHA), butylhydroxy toluene (BHT),tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), α‐tocopherol, and tempeh oil has been investigated by using the readily oxidizable mackerel skin lipids as the tested model system. The oxidation rate of the tested lipids was mainly followed by measuring the weight gain, but some peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and free fatty acid (FFA), and the changes of composition of fatty acids and carbonyls were also determined and used for some practical evaluation of the various influences of these antioxidatns. Overall, the order of effectiveness for inhibiting the oxidation in mackerel skin lipids has found to be TBHQ > α‐tocopherol > tempeh oil > BHA > BHT at the concentrations of 0.02% for all synthetic compounds, and 0.1% and 5% for α‐tocopherol and tempeh oil, respectively. In addition, TBHQ has demonstrated not only to be the most powerful antioxidant for the unsaturated marine lipids but also to retard the formation of FFA and carbonyls from lipid hydrolysis and secondary oxidation reactions. The superior effectiveness of TBHQ in the highly unsaturated mackerel skin lipids is especially noteworthy in order to improve oxidative stability of marine oils and some fatty fishes.
A simplified gas liquid chromatographic determination for vitamin E in vegetable oils
Authors: Hartman Kenneth T.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A simple and rapid procedure has been developed for the isolation, concentration, esterification, and gas liquid Chromatographic (GLC) quantitation for the Vitamin E content of vegetable oils. Vitamin E is determined by saponification of the oil, ether extraction of the saponified mixture, drying and evaporation of the extract, followed by closed tube esterification and quantitation of the butyrate ester using a gas Chromatograph equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. This technique eliminates the conventional thin layer Chromatographie isolation of Vitamin E normally used prior to direct or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative GLC quantitations. Oils fortified with Vitamin E in the 5 to 40 milligrams per 100 grams range showed recoveries of 93.4 to 98.6%.
Lactose‐ derived surfactants(III): Fatty esters of oxyalkylated lactito
Authors: Scholnick F. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Lactitol was oxyalkylated with propylene or ethylene oxide. The resulting ether‐alcohols were transesterified with a series of fatty acid esters in order to produce long chain ether‐esters of lactitol. These compounds were found to be more water soluble than related lactitol derivatives prepared by transesterification prior to oxyalkylation. Improved lime soap dispersant requirements (LSDR) and emulsification times were obtained from the new derivatives.
Evaluation of cottonseed aflatoxin testing programs
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Whitten M. E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A computer model was developed to simulate cottonseed aflatoxin testing programs. By use of the model, probabilities of obtaining certain aflatoxin test results for various lot concentrations and sample sizes were determined. Also, the effects of sample size and the definition of good and bad sample quality on the probability of lot acceptance were demonstrated.
Analysis of vegetable oils for flavor quality by direct gas chromatography
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. , Legendre M. G.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Recently, a direct gas Chromatographic method for examining volatiles in vegetable oils was reported [Dupuy et al., JAOCS 50:340 (1973); and Dupuy et al., Ibid. 53:628 (1976)]. The procedure stimulated the development of instrumental techniques for determining odor and flavor characteristics of vegetable oils. This symposium paper describes modifications of the original direct gas Chromatographie procedure that substantially enhance its sensitivity and applicability. Profiles of volatiles for several experimental oils obtained by the modified system are presented, together with mass spectral data characterizing significant flavor‐related peaks. Regression analysis of the instrumental data, with oil flavor scores, indicates that reliable flavor characteristics of high‐ and low‐quality vegetable oils may be obtained rapidly and efficiently by instrumentation.
Measuring flavor deterioration of fats, oils, dried emulsions and foods
Authors: Fioriti Joseph A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

In fats, oils, and simple systems such as model dried emulsions, conventional measurements such as peroxide values and oxygen absorption measurements usually give a valid measure of sample flavor. In real food systems, this is often not the case. Measures of volatile (CO2, pentane) and nonvolatile (anisidine reactive compounds) peroxide decomposition products often give a better picture of the organoleptic status of a sample. Unusually large amounts of CO2 are liberated when fats and oils oxidize in the presence of proteins. The implications of this phenomenon are discussed.
Correlation of the flavor scores of vegetable oils with volatile profile data
Authors: Williams J.L , Applewhite T. H.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

One of the most important quality parameters to users of commercial vegetable oils is the flavor. For years, taste panels have been used to rate the overall quality of oils in terms of flavor scores. However, flavor scores are subjective, vary considerably among individuals and laboratories, and are not really diagnostic. The need for more adequate quality evaluation of oils has focused attention on chemical changes and sensitive instrumental methods which can be used to differentiate the stage of freshness or deterioration. Dupuy's direct gas Chromatographic method for the examination of the volatile profile of vegetable oils has been applied to 23 fresh soybean oils, and the same 23 oils aged 5 wk in the light at 22 C. High correlation between the volatile profile data and the flavor scores was found. The most significant peaks which were positively correlated with flavor score and those which were negatively correlated were obtained, and a prediction equation of flavor score was calculated from the volatile profile data.
Chemical stimulus determinants of cat neural taste responses to meats
Authors: Boudreau J. C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The cat taste system was studied by recording single unit pulse signals from neurons innervating chemoreceptors on the fungiform papillae on the tongue. On the basis of neurophysiological measures, these units have been divided into three separate functional groups. Group I units respond to acids in general, but at neutral pH the most effective stimuli are certain nitrogen compounds. Compounds with an imidazole ring such as L‐histidine, 1‐methyl imidazole, anserine and carnosine prove to be effective group I stimuli. Group II units are responsive to amino acids, especially L‐proline and L‐cysteine, to the di‐ and triphosphate nucleosides, and to some inorganic salts. Group III unit stimuli are less well defined but these units are among those maximally discharged by nucleotides. The most effective compounds for stimulating both Group I and Group II units are certain nitrogen heterocycles.
Phase equilibrium data pertaining to the extraction of cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: July 2007

Basic phase relation data have been obtained relative to the extraction of cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol, especially as affected by water in the solvent. Mutual solubility diagrams have been constructed for cottonseed oil with ethanol and 2‐propanol of various aqueous concentrations. Tie‐line data at 30° C. have been obtained for the ternary ethanol‐cotton‐seed oil‐water and 2‐propanol‐cottonseed oil‐water systems. These combined data will be of assistance in the selection of the most desirable temperatures and moisture concentrations in the solvent extraction of cottonseed with these alcohols. Comparison with results previously published for soybean oil suggests that the mutual solubility data for cottonseed oil and aqueous ethanols are applicable to other vegetable oils over a wide range of iodine values.

In general, the results indicate that 2‐propanol is the more desirable solvent since complete miscibility with the oil can be attained at temperatures below its normal boiling point even at moisture contents as high as 10% by weight whereas ethanol can tolerate only about 1.5% of water. High moisture contents result in more effective separation of the oil from the solvent when the miscella is cooled after extraction. Constant boiling aqueous ethanol and 2‐propanol present the disadvantage of requiring greater than atmospheric pressure during extraction in order to attain complete miscibility with the oil.
The compositions of some unhydrolyzed naturally occurring waxes, calculated using functional group analysis and fractionation by molecular distillation, with a note on the saponification of carnauba wax and the composition of the resulting fractions
Authors: Wagner Findley Thomas , Brown J. B.
Published: July 2007

Methods for the determination of acid, ester, hydroxyl, and ketone (or aldehyde) groups and of mean molecular weights of small samples of natural waxes are reported. Complete analyses can be made on 0.5 g. of sample. A simplified procedure for quantitative separation of acid and unsaponifiable fractions of a wax is also reported.

Molecular distillations of beeswax, caranda wax, crude and refined candelilla wax, and ouricury wax, have fractionated these complex mixtures into simpler ones. Hydrocarbons and free unsubstituted alcohols and acids, if present, distil readily at 150°C. A pot still suitable for convenient molecular distillation of up to 100‐g. charges of waxes or other high melting materials is described.

A method for the calculation of composition of unhydrolyzed waxes based upon function group analysis of molecular distillation fractions is described. Results of application of this method to the waxes distilled are reported and show the ubiquitousness of hydroxy acids. All of the above waxes and carnauba wax contain major proportions of esters of the hydroxy acids, and none contains as much as one‐half simple esters of unsubstituted acids and alcohols.
Discrete Choice Models for Ordinal Response Variables: A Generalization of the Stereotype Model
Authors: Johnson Timothy R.
Published: July 2007

In this paper I present a class of discrete choice models for ordinal response variables based on a generalization of the stereotype model. The stereotype model can be derived and generalized as a random utility model for ordered alternatives. Random utility models can be specified to account for heteroscedastic and correlated utilities. In the case of the generalized stereotype model this includes category-specific random effects due to individual differences in response style. But unlike standard random utility models the generalized stereotype model is better suited for ordinal response variables and can be interpreted as a kind of unidimensional unfolding model. This paper discusses the specification, interpretation, identification, and estimation of generalized stereotype models. Two applications are provided for illustration.
Development and evaluation of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis during growth
Authors: Giglio Carlos Alberto , Volpon Jose Batista
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The aim of this study was to establish ranges of angular variation in lordotic and kyphotic curves in normal male and female children and adolescents.

Methods

We developed a pantograph to measure dorsal curves. It consisted of a tripod-supported vertical strut to which an articulated bar was fixed and which had an arm that was able to follow the dorsal surface while moving up and down. This arm was positioned over the C7 spinous process and followed spinous processes to L5 at constant speed. A laser beam was used to ensure the proper positioning of the pantograph and the subject. The motion was recorded using software so that the dorsal outline was represented on a computer screen, and lordotic and kyphotic curves were automatically measured. Before performing the population study, the pantograph was validated in 20 normal subjects by comparing the pantograph measurements with lateral spine radiographs. There were no statistically significant differences in the measurements. There were 718 subjects with no race selection, of whom 350 were males and 368 females ranging in age from 5 to 20 years and presenting normal weight and height. Individuals with generalized ligament laxity, trunk asymmetry, muscle retraction, or any orthopedic anomaly were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed according to age and gender. Student's t tests and regression analysis were performed.

Results

Kyphotic curves increased linearly from 25° at 7 years of age to 38° at 19 years of age (kyphotic angle = 25° + 0.58 × age). Lordotic curves increased linearly from 22° at 5 years of age to 32° at 20 years of age (lordotic angle = 24° + 0.51 × age). There were no differences between males and females.

Conclusions

The pantograph that was developed for this study was successfully used to establish the normal ranges and progression of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in the studied population. Both curves increased linearly with age, with no differences between males and females.
Identification of structural determinants for substrate binding and turnover by glucosyltransferase R supports the permutation hypothesis
Authors: Swistowska Anna Maria , Gronert Sabine , Wittrock Sabine , Collisi Wera , Hecht Hans-Jürgen , Hofer Bernd
Published: July 2007

Segments that may crucially influence the catalytic behaviour of glucosyltransferases of the glucansucrase type were selected for modification. This was done by sequence alignments, followed by structural modelling of the putative catalytic domain, based on a permuted form of the glucosyltransferase R (GtfR) ofStreptococcus oralis. Five selected regions, located in the C‐terminal half of the potential catalytic domain, were replaced by segments found at equivalent positions in other glucosyltransferases. The exchanges of four of these regions significantly affected catalysis by GtfR. This identified C‐terminal determinants for substrate binding and turnover and supports the so‐called permutation hypothesis with respect to enzymes of the glucansucrase type. Based on the model, roles are proposed for specific residues. Major effects appear to involve a re‐positioning of the C‐terminal Tyr965 that very likely serves as a hydrophobic platform for the substrate.
Quinsy trainer
Authors: Murphy J , Murphy J T , Sama A
Published: July 2007

The implementation of the European Working Time Directive, from the Council of the European Union (93/104/EC), in August 2004 has provoked a change in the working hours of junior doctors in the United Kingdom. With the evolution of the subsequent cross-cover arrangements combined with the modernising of medical careers, training is becoming increasingly important. Here we present a simple method of teaching junior doctors the skills and competencies required to aspirate a peritonsillar abscess or ‘quinsy’. The model is easy to construct, low cost and reusable.
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensisinfection and dissemination in mice inoculated with stationary-phase or with purified metacyclic promastigotes
Authors: FELIZARDO T. C. , TOMA L. S. , BORGES N. B. , LIMA G. M. C. A. , ABRAHAMSOHN I. A.
Published: July 2007

Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensisis a protozoan of the American Continent that causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and, rarely, the diffuse cutaneous form of disease in humans. It has become clear in recent years that the course ofLeishmania majorinfection in the mouse model differs when low numbers of purified metacyclic forms are used as inocula in comparison with the traditionally hitherto studied infection models that used large numbers of stationary-phase (SP) promastigotes. The low-number metacyclic inocula are thought to reproduce more closely the natural infection transmitted by the vector. In the present study the course ofL. amazonensisinfection, its local and distant dissemination patterns, and parasite load were compared in susceptible BALB/c and relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice infected in the footpad with inocula of 107SP-promastigotes or with 104purified metacyclic forms. Longer lag-phases were observed for infection with purified metacyclics but the characteristic patterns of disease susceptibility and cytokine production for either mouse strain were similar to those observed for SP-promastigote inocula. An inoculation dose of the order of 104metacyclics was required to obtain consistent infections; 10- or 100-fold lower doses resulted in variable infection rates. Characteristically,L. amazonensisinfection spread to distant organs and persisted there also in the relatively resistant C57BL/6 mice examined after 6 months of infection.
‘SI QUIS MANUS NON HABEAT’: CHARTING NON-HEXACHORDAL MUSICAL PRACTICES IN THE AGE OF SOLMISATION
Authors: Mengozzi Stefano
Published: July 2007

Our picture of musical training in the Middle Ages and Renaissance is frustratingly generic and fragmentary. The musicians of that era – it is often stated – were well versed in the method of the so-called Guidonian hand, by which the twenty pitches of the gamut (often referred to as claves) were mapped onto the joints of the left hand along with the six voces ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, dating back to Guido of Arezzo’s Epistola ad Michahelem (c. 1033). Professional singers learnt how to group the claves into overlapping hexachords in the early stages of musical training and referred to the musical hand as a mnemonic aid while sight-singing. By the early fourteenth century at the latest, a sophisticated set of rules of behaviour was in place that allowed practical musicians and theorists to connect the six syllables to the claves and to perform hexachordal mutations smoothly and effectively.
‘SOUSPIRANT EN TERRE ESTRAINGE’: THE POLYPHONIC RONDEAU FROM ADAM DE LA HALLE TO GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: July 2007

The appearance of a consistent repertory of polyphonic settings of single vernacular texts, governed by a coherent set of conventions and a shared understanding of compositional ambition, was one of the lasting achievements of the composers of the fourteenth century. Although fully formed products of this accomplishment did not emerge until the century’s fourth decade, the concept of the marriage of a single vernacular poem to the type of polyphonic music previously associated with the caudae of conducti, clausulae and polytextual motets had by then been a topic for exploration for at least fifty years. It is not too much to claim that the period from Adam de la Halle to Guillaume de Machaut saw a series of changes in the relationship between vernacular poetry and polyphony that had consequences for the history of music at least up to and probably beyond Le nuove musiche (1601).
‘The bigger the better’ – mothers' social networks and child nutrition in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Moestue Helen , Huttly Sharon , Sarella Lydia , Galab Sheik
Published: July 2007

Objective

It is hypothesised that mothers' social networks can positively affect child nutrition through the sharing of health knowledge and other resources. The present study describes the composition of mothers' networks, examines their association with child nutrition, and assesses whether health knowledge is shared within networks.

Design and setting

Cross-sectional data for mothers of young children from Andhra Pradesh (south India) were combined with existing data from the Young Lives study, in which the mothers were participating (n = 282).

Results

The composition of social networks varied between urban and rural areas, with urban networks being larger, more female, more literate and with a greater proportion of members living outside the household and being non-family. There was a positive association between child's height-for-ageZ-score and mother's network size and network literacy rate. The association with network literacy was stronger among the poorest households. Women commonly reported seeking or receiving health advice from network members.

Conclusion

Big and literate social networks are associated with better child nutrition, especially among the poor. The dissemination of health knowledge between network members is a plausible way in which social networks benefit child nutrition in India. Further research into the underlying mechanisms is necessary to inform the development of interventions that channel health information through word of mouth to the most excluded and vulnerable families.
Sediment pumping by tidal asymmetry in a partially mixed estuary
Authors: Scully Malcolm E. , Friedrichs Carl T.
Published: July 2007

Observations collected at two laterally adjacent locations are used to examine the processes driving sediment transport in the partially mixed York River Estuary. Estimates of sediment flux are decomposed into advective and pumping components, to evaluate the importance of tidal asymmetries in turbulent mixing. At the instrumented location in the estuarine channel, a strong asymmetry in internal mixing due to tidal straining is documented, with higher values of eddy viscosity occurring during the less‐stratified flood tide. As a result of this asymmetry, more sediment is resuspended during the flood phase of the tide resulting in up‐estuary pumping of sediment despite a net down‐estuary advective flux. At the instrumented location on the adjacent shoal, where no pronounced tidal asymmetry in internal mixing was found, both the pumping flux and advective flux were directed down‐estuary. The down‐estuary pumping of sediment on the shoal appears to be driven by asymmetries in bed stress. The impact of tidal asymmetries in bed stress at the channel location was negated because the amount of sediment available for resuspension was limited. As a result, the pumping flux was dominated by the overlying asymmetries in internal mixing. The asymmetries in stratification appear to exert an important control on the vertical distribution of sediment by both impacting the eddy diffusivity as well as the fall velocity. During the more turbulent flood tide, the fall velocities are smaller suggesting the Kolmogorov microscale is setting the upper bound on floc diameter.
On the relationship between fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and surface chlorophyll concentrations in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Sokolov Serguei , Rintoul Stephen R.
Published: July 2007

We reexamine the relationship between circulation, bathymetry, and surface chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean, using new high‐resolution maps of the frontal structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) derived from satellite altimetry. The maps reveal that the ACC consists of multiple filaments or jets. By averaging surface chlorophyll measurements along streamlines, we show that the fronts define the limits of zones with similar concentrations and seasonality of surface chlorophyll. The overall pattern of surface chlorophyll is consistent with strongest upwelling of nutrient‐rich deep water south of the Polar Front (PF). However, the distribution of chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean is concentrated in a number of persistent blooms, observed downstream of islands and bathymetric features. In contrast to previous studies, we find little evidence that the fronts of the ACC are associated with enhanced productivity, at least where the fronts are distant from topography. Rather, we find that most regions of elevated chlorophyll in the open Southern Ocean can be explained by upwelling of nutrients (both macronutrients and micronutrients) where the ACC interacts with topography, followed by downstream advection. The upwelling is shown to be the consequence of the bottom pressure torque established by the large‐scale flow, rather than being due to small‐scale instabilities of the jets. The interaction of the flow with the topography therefore establishes both the large‐scale dynamical balance of the ACC and determines the productivity of the open Southern Ocean.
Role of stratigraphy in governing pore water seepage from salt marsh sediments
Authors: Gardner Leonard Robert
Published: July 2007

Numerical modeling experiments have been used to study the effects of marsh stratigraphy on the seepage of pore water into tidal channels. If the mud‐sand contact lies at the elevation of the channel bottom and the hydraulic conductivity of the basal sand is at least an order of magnitude greater than the overlying mud, the locus of maximum seepage shifts from the tide line, as in a purely mud marsh, to the toe of the creek bank. The ratio of creek bank seepage to bottom seepage also shifts from greater than to less than one. Furthermore, as the ratio of the hydraulic conductivities of sand to mud increases, the ratio of the total seepage from the sand‐mud marsh to that from a pure mud marsh increases in a nonlinear fashion, reaching an asymptotic limit of about 20 at a conductivity ratio of about 1000. If the mud‐sand boundary is progressively lowered so that mud also lies beneath the channel, the seepage dynamics gradually revert toward those of a purely mud marsh. The ecological implications of these results for regularly flooded, low marshes are discussed.