bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opportunity, Democracy, and the Exchange of Political Violence
Authors: Bohara Alok K. , Mitchell Neil J. , Nepal Mani
Published: January 2006

With more than 12,000 deaths in nine years, a homegrown Maoist insurgency, reinforced by ethnic and socioeconomic cleavages, has resulted in high levels of political violence and human rights violations in Nepal. With fresh district-level data and drawing on theoretical insights from both the conflict and human rights literatures, research that has relied primarily on cross-national comparisons, the authors develop and test hypotheses using a subnational research design. They find an exchange of violence between government and opposition forces that depends on the political and geographical opportunities for violence. Their findings contribute new evidence for the importance of geography but also suggest that democracy and social capital influence the selection of violence by both government and opposition.
Linguistic Fuzzy-Logic Game Theory
Authors: Arfi Badredine
Published: January 2006

The author develops a new game-theoretic approach, anchored not in Boolean two-valued logic but instead in linguistic fuzzy logic. The latter is characterized by two key features. First, the truth values of logical propositions span a set of linguistic terms such as true, very true, almost false, very false, and false. Second, the logic allows logical categories to overlap in contrast to Boolean logic, where the two possible logical categories, “true” and “false,” are sharply distinct. A game becomes a linguistic fuzzy logic game by turning strategies into linguistic fuzzy strategies, players’ preferences into linguistic fuzzy preferences, and the rules of reasoning and inferences of the game into linguistic fuzzy reasoning operating according to linguistic fuzzy logic. This leads to the introduction of a new notion of linguistic fuzzy domination and linguistic Nash equilibrium.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Relationships Between Team Design Features and Team Performance
Authors: Stewart Greg L.
Published: January 2006

This article presents a quantitative review of 93 studies examining relationships between team design features and team performance. Aggregated measures of individual ability and disposition correlate positively with team performance. Team member heterogeneity and performance correlate near zero, but the effect varies somewhat by type of team. Project and management teams have slightly higher performance when they include more members. Team-level task meaningfulness exhibits a modest but inconsistent relationship with performance. Increased autonomy and intrateam coordination correspond with higher performance, but the effect varies depending on task type. Leadership, particularly transformational and empowering leadership, improves team performance.
International Market Entry by U.S. Internet Firms: An Empirical Analysis of Country Risk, National Culture, and Market Size
Authors: Rothaermel Frank T. , Kotha Suresh , Steensma H. Kevin
Published: January 2006

Internet firms face somewhat unique challenges when expanding abroad. On what basis do U.S. Internet firms choose the international markets they enter? The authors posit that international market entry decisions are based on balancing perceived risks and returns inherent in a foreign target market. Drawing on a sample of almost 7,000 country entry decisions by 179 U.S. Internet firms, they find that country risk, cultural distance, and uncertainty avoidance reduce the likelihood of international market entry, whereas individualism and masculinity increase it. International market size, however, moderates these relationships by weakening the negative effects, while strengthening the positive effects.
The Effects of Leadership Style and Team Process on Performance and Innovation in Functionally Heterogeneous Teams
Authors: Somech Anit
Published: January 2006

This study focused on leadership style (participative leadership/directive leadership) as a key factor, which has an intervening impact on a functionally heterogeneous team’s process and outcomes. In a study of 136 primary care teams, the author found that in high functionally heterogeneous teams, participative leadership style was positively associated with team reflection, which in turn fostered team innovation; however, this leadership style decreased team in-role performance. The impact of directive leadership was in promoting team reflection under the condition of low functional heterogeneity, whereas no such impact was found under the condition of high functional heterogeneity.
Psychopathology and Tattooing among Prisoners
Authors: Manuel Laura , Retzlaff Paul D.
Published: January 2006

Tattooing has always been associated with criminals. Indeed, it is both an administrative and clinical problem in prisons. This article looks at the relationship between psychopathology and tattooing infractions within prison. Using a sample of 8,574 male inmates in the Colorado Department of Corrections, initial admission personality testing was compared to tattooing infractions within the next 2 years. Personality types more likely to engage in tattooing included Antisocial, Sadistic, Negativistic, and Borderline. Compulsive personality types engaged in relatively less tattooing. Clinical syndromes associated with more tattooing included Mania, Drug Abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress disorder, and Thought Disorder.
Bank Robberies by an Asian Gang: An Assessment of the Routine Activities Theory
Authors: Wang John Z.
Published: January 2006

It was reported for the first time that a series of bank robberies were committed by an Asian gang group in a major southern city. The bank robberies showed a variety of operational methods. The purpose of this descriptive study is to apply the routine activities theory to explain the causal factors of the robberies. The analysis shows that the six Asian bank robberies resulted from a supply of motivated offenders, the availability of suitable targets, and a low level of capable guardians against crime. Findings suggest that crime-specific measures are an appropriate method for examining the merits of the routine activities theory.
Psychopathy among Mexican American Gang Members: A Comparative Study
Authors: Valdez Avelardo , Kaplan Charles D. , Codina Edward
Published: January 2006

High-risk Mexican American males were assessed for levels of psychopathy. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Screening Version was compared in a random sample of gang members with a matched community sample of violent non-gang members and samples of forensic and psychiatric patients and undergraduate students. Analysis involved t-test, chi- square, and Cronbach’s alpha statistics. More than half of the gang sample were categorized as low, 44% as moderate, and only 4% as high on psychopathy. The gang members had higher scores on the total, affective, and behavioral scores than the non–gang members. High scores on adolescent antisocial behavior, poor behavioral controls, and lack of remorse were found in both samples. Gang members scored twice as high as non-gang members on lack of empathy. Both samples were lower on psychopathy than the forensics and higher than psychiatric patients and undergraduates. The results provide grounds for early intervention efforts for this high-risk population.
Altruistic Activity as Correctional Treatment
Authors: Toch Hans
Published: January 2006

This article discusses activities by prisoners that assist underprivileged persons such as the elderly, children, and the disabled. Among benefits of such involvements for the offenders are a sense of accomplishment, grounded increments in self-esteem, meaningful purposiveness, and obvious restorative implications. Altruistic activity can contribute to cognitive restructuring, especially where opportunities to engage in such behavior are diversified and the experiences and feelings of participants are shared in supportive groups.
The Impact of Juvenile Justice Reforms in India
Authors: Kethineni Sesha , Klosky Tricia
Published: January 2006

This article examines changes in the juvenile justice system after passage of the comprehensive Juvenile Justice Act (1986) and the impact those changes have had on juvenile offenders in India. Specifically, this study examines how changes in the juvenile justice system impacted the types of cases brought before the juvenile courts and the types of dispositions imposed on delinquent children. Data were collected from court records in the Southern state of Tamil Nadu, India, from January 1983 to November 1997.
A Drug Court Process Evaluation: Methodology and Findings
Authors: Logan T K , Williams Katie , Leukefeld Carl , Minton Lisa
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this article is to describe results of a process evaluation for a drug court program. In all, 69 different individuals representing 10 different agency perspectives provided information about the drug court program for this study. Results indicated that although this drug court program was relatively new, it was a highly regarded program both nationally and locally. The program has been implemented successfully, fits well into the local community, has served many eligible persons in the community, and has successfully met its goals. The feedback from each of the agencies and perspectives surveyed was overwhelmingly positive. In addition, results of the intake data provided information about characteristics of clients who terminated from the program compared to clients who graduated. The process evaluation approach provided in-depth information from a variety of perspectives on multiple dimensions of the program.
Stigmatizing the Stigmatized: A Note on the Mentally Ill Prison Inmate
Authors: Edwards K. Anthony
Published: January 2006

Stigmatization of ex-offenders has warranted a number of studies; however, even more significant may be the additional stigma placed on inmates transferred to mental facilities. In this study, maximum-security prison inmates were asked to respond to 30 items on a questionnaire previously used to assess attitudes of college students toward ex-convicts and ex-mental patients. This study found a significant and positive correlation between attitudes of college students and prison inmates favoring ex-convicts over ex-mental patients on several items. Conversely, it was found that prison inmates significantly preferred ex- convicts, whereas college students did not. This study has implications concerning the threat of an additional stigma placed against ex-mental patients by prison inmates. Examining present practices of transferring inmates to mental facilities seems imperative. Indeed, society’s willingness to stigmatize others for any reason should be examined.
An Analysis of Predictors of Child Sex Offender Types Using Presentence Investigation Reports
Authors: Danni Kristin A. , Hampe Gary D.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to differentiate between three types of child sexual offenders—pedophiles, hebophiles, and incest offenders. The sample consisted of 168 convicted sex offenders. The data for the study were gathered from presentence investigation reports used by the court for sentencing proceedings. Using multiple discriminant analysis, eight independent variables were found to significantly discriminate between the three types of sex offenders almost 90% of the time. These variables were sexually victimized as a child, prepubertal victim, seduction motive, age-appropriate relationships, stress, own child as victim, social facade, and anger. Suggestions were made to probation and parole officers in the use of this information.
Helping the Mentally Ill in Jails Adjust to Community Life: A Description of a Postrelease ACT Program and Its Clients
Authors: Lurigio Arthur J. , Fallon John R. , Dincin Jerry
Published: January 2006

More than 25 years ago, researchers noted that persons with serious mental illness (PSMIs) were being processed increasingly through the criminal justice system instead of through the mental health system. Nearly 1 of every 15 admissions, or approximately6% of jail detainees, suffers fromsevere mental disorders at the time of arrest. Many PSMIs in jail receive psychiatric services during their incarceration but are usually discharged with no referrals to community treatment and no income or housing. Such persons can be managed effectively with Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) models. Thresholds, a psychiatric rehabilitation center, has funded a 2-year ACT Demonstration Project for PSMIs involved in Cook County’s (Chicago) criminal justice system. The project’s basic goals are to reduce the numbers of rearrests, reincarcerations, and rehospitalizations among project participants. To achieve these goals, project staff assists PSMIs to obtain psychiatric treatment, health care, housing, benefits, and other social services.
Organization of Ownership and Workplace Theft in China
Authors: Zhang Lening , Messner Steven F. , Zhou Dengke , Liska Allen E. , Krohn Marvin D. , Liu Jianhong , Lu Zhou
Published: January 2006

This article examines the relationship between the organization of ownership and workplace theft in China. The authors argue that China offers a particularly useful context for studying this topic because it is one of the few countries in the world where multiple forms of ownership have become common following recent economic reforms. The authors consider two basic forms of ownership: public and private. Using data from a sample of inmates in the Chinese city of Tianjin, the authors assess the effect of these different forms of ownership on perceived levels of theft in the inmates’ organizations prior to incarceration. The results indicate that, contrary to what might be expected on the basis ofWestern theory and research, public ownership is associated with higher levels of workplace theft than private ownership. The authors suggest that public ownership in China has lead to a diffusion of responsibility and an organizational culture that is conducive to workplace theft.
The Treatment of Pedophiles: Clinical Experience and the Implications of Recent Research
Authors: Kear-Colwell Jon , Boer Douglas P.
Published: January 2006

The authors contend that present approaches to treatment of the pedophile are not as effective as they should be. Recent developments in the application of attachment theory and the treatment of the “difficult client” may lead to improvements in the treatment for such individuals. Attention is drawn to some of the characteristics that pedophiles have in common with personality disordered individuals and with the difficult client. One conclusion is that confrontation during treatment could be countertherapeutic if not antitherapeutic with the pedophile and that other more empathic and supportive approaches are needed, at least at the beginning of the treatment process. Ideas presented in this article suggest the development of a therapeutic alliance that would provide a platform for the treatment of pedophilia and the associated behaviors.
Female Gang Affiliation: Knowledge and Perceptions of At-Risk Girls
Authors: Wang John Z.
Published: January 2006

This study attempts to inquire into at-risk female teenagers with regard to their knowledge and perceptions of gang involvement by their peers. Seven youth service–providing organizations in a major southern city participated in a youth survey project. The data collected from the project on at-risk middle school girls (n =216) are analyzed here. Preliminary findings indicate that sexual or physical abuse are not important factors for a female to join a gang. Sex partners and auxiliary members are still the major roles for female gang members to play in a gang. Remedial strategies, including parental education, extracurricular activities (after-school programs), quality of schooling, and job opportunities are the policy implications identified by this study.
Incidence of Law-Violating Behavior in a Community Sample of Children and Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Luiselli James K. , Arons Michelle , Marchese Nina , Potoczny-Gray Andrea , Rossi Erika
Published: January 2006

A survey was conducted with children and adolescents (N = 69) who had traumatic brain injury (TBI) and attended a community-based program of education and neurorehabilitation to determine the incidence of law-violating behavior subsequent to sustaining trauma. Thirteen categories of offenses were identified: alcohol use, animal cruelty, breaking and entering, indecent exposure, fire setting, paraphilia, physical assault, sexual assault, substance use, theft, truancy, vandalism, and vehicular homicide. Approximately one third of the sample had documented violations, and of this group, 72% had two or more incidents. Of the individuals who committed offenses, 90% were male. There were no differences in the type of TBI between the groups who did and did not have a history of law violations. The forensic concerns presented by children and adolescents with TBI are discussed.
Controlling Transnational Corporations: The Role of Governmental Entities and Grassroots Organizations in Combating White-Collar Crime
Authors: Gerber Jurg , Jensen Eric L.
Published: January 2006

Controlling transnational corporations is problematic because of the absence of powerful international regulations and inconsistent national legislation. Corporations that conduct business in several countries can therefore often engage in corporate behaviors that are illegal in one country but not in others. However, efforts to control these corporations are undertaken in spite of such difficulties. Insights from state theory and social movement/ problem theory are used to explain the relative successes of efforts to control corporations active in the infant formula, pharmaceutical, and tobacco industries.
Criminal Thinking Patterns: Are Child Molesters Unique?
Authors: Hatch-Maillette Mary A. , Scalora Mario J. , Huss Matthew T. , Baumgartner Jerome V.
Published: January 2006

This study examined the ability of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) to reliably differentiate between men with and without histories of child molestation crimes at a maximum-security state hospital forensic mental health unit. Results showed that as hypothesized, molesters (n = 28) were less likely than non-sex offenders (n = 35) to exhibit thinking errors captured by the Cutoff, Entitlement, and to a lesser extent, the Cognitive Indolence, Discontinuity, and Power Orientation scales of the PICTS. The findings support its use in targeting general criminal thinking errors for treatment in mixed-offender populations, as well as its use in sex offender populations to augment other sex offense cognitive distortion measures when designing treatment.
When Parents Kill: An Analysis of Filicides in Fiji
Authors: Adinkrah Mensah
Published: January 2006

Despite the burgeoning literature on filicide, little research exists on parental murders in small, non-Western societies. This study adds to the scant extant information and contributes to a full understanding of the topic by examining offense patterns and victim and offender characteristics in the South Pacific island of Fiji. The findings indicate that filicidal parents were overwhelmingly female, young, and of low socioeconomic background. Filicide offenses were the culmination of excessive corporal child-control strategies, unwanted pregnancy, and stresses and strains associated with severe marital disharmony. Posthomicidal suicide attempts occurred in 10% of the cases. These findings are discussed in relation to the growing literature in the field. The author concludes that further research in other societies is necessary if we are to understand the full range of factors that contribute to parents’ homicidal assaults on their offspring.
Personality Characteristics and Adaptive Strategies to Cope with Negative Emotional States and Deviant Sexual Fantasies in Sexual Aggressors
Authors: Lussier Patrick , Proulx Jean , McKibben André
Published: January 2006

Research has shown that personality is related to strategies used to cope with stressful situations. No study, however, has investigated the link between personality and coping strategies learned in treatment programs. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine whether the personality of sexual aggressors was related to the strategies used to cope with negative emotional states and deviant sexual fantasies. Personality was assessed using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–I and coping strategies with the Coping Strategy Report. Two personality profiles were identified: dramatic and anxious. Results showed that respondents with an anxious profile were less likely to use strategies to cope with conflicts and were less effective in coping with deviant sexual fantasies. Moreover, respondents with an anxious profile reported avoidance strategies as most effective to cope with negative moods, whereas those with a dramatic profile reported approach strategies as most effective.
Victimological Developments in the World during the Past Three Decades (I): A Study of Comparative Victimology
Authors: Schneider Hans Joachim
Published: January 2006

During the past three decades, 10 international symposia on victimology have taken place at the following locations: Jerusalem (1973); Boston (1976); Muenster, Germany (1979); Tokyo and Kyoto (1982); Zagreb, Croatia (1985); Jerusalem (1988); Rio de Janeiro (1991); Adelaide, Australia (1994); Amsterdam (1997); and Montreal (2000). In the two parts of this article, a comprehensive overview of the discussion results of these symposia and of the most important literature contributions to criminological victimization research over the past three decades will be presented. In the first part of this article, empirical victim research, international risk of victimization, and national risk in Germany will be discussed. Four groups of victims, serving as examples, will be analyzed in more detail: foreigners, women (rape), children (sexual abuse), and older persons (physical abuse). The causes of victimization will be explored: These comprise socialstructural, cultural, and institutional victimization. The concept of victim precipitation, the lifestyle-routine-opportunity model, and the routine-activity theory will be described.
Multidimensional Assessment of Young Male Offenders in Penal Institutions
Authors: Hinrichs Günter
Published: January 2006

On the assumption of psychotherapy indication, a multidimensional assessment was carried out in a study group consisting of 103 imprisoned male offenders (mean age 20.8 years). It included a demographic and personal history inventory, psychological tests, and diagnosis according to the multiaxial classification. In addition, psychotherapy adherence was categorized, and therapy objectives were formulated. Participants showed multiple developmental risk factors and average-to-good results in language-free IQ-test scores. Furthermore, they displayed a more-pronounced negative attitude to life and higher rates of aggression toward themselves. Main ICD-10 disorders included personality and behavior disorders, substance use disorders, conduct disorders, and emotional disorders. The spectrum of psychiatric morbidity within the psychotherapy group was largely comparable with that of imprisoned and forensic populations, whereas the total prevalence was slightly higher. A quarter of the original sample failed after five test sessions to fulfill the final indication for a subsequent psychotherapeutic treatment.
Criminality and Moral Dysfunctions: Neurological, Biochemical, and Genetic Dimensions
Authors: Martens Willem H. J.
Published: January 2006

In this article, the author attempts to demonstrate a relationship between neurobiological dysfunctions and/or genetically determined deviant behavior and personality traits as well as moral abnormalities. Data from neuroscience show that a number of neurological dysfunctions are linked to cognitive and emotional disturbances. Cognitive and emotional abnormalities, in turn, are frequently related to moral dysfunctions. Moreover, neurological disorders can produce dramatic psychological and social problems, personality changes, and behavioral problems in patients. Those mental, emotional, and psychosocial problems and related moral dysfunctions are frequently linked to violence and/or criminal behavior. Genetic research found evidence of inheritability of antisocial traits, which interfere with moral development and activities. This information has consequences for any assessment and disposition within the legal system. More research on the interrelationship between neuro(bio)logical, genetic, emotional, and mental aspects of moral dysfunctions is needed for the development of adequate treatment, prevention, and intervention programs.
Extent and Characteristics of Woman Batterers among Federal Inmates
Authors: White Robert J. , Gondolf Edward W. , Robertson Donald U. , Goodwin Beverly J. , Caraveo L. Eduardo
Published: January 2006

Efforts to identify men who batter women in clinical settings have increased in recent years, but batterer research in United States federal prisons is lacking; low security federal prisons are logical places to consider batterer screening and treatment given the number of men, the domestic violence “risk markers” associated with these men and the likelihood they will be released and return to female partners. This study examined intake assessment data for 115 low security federal inmates. The inmates evidenced high levels of risk markers for woman battering, one in three (33%) acknowledged recent physical violence against women partners, 1 in 10 (13%) admitted severe violence, and the self-identified batterers showed more substance use and personality problems than other inmates. The findings suggest that batterer screening and treatment may be needed in federal prisons and that more research is warranted with a burgeoning male population that ultimately returns to society.
Community Service: Its Use in Criminal Justice
Authors: Harris Robert J. , Lo T. Wing
Published: January 2006

Community service has been perceived as a desirable alternative to the use of shortterm imprisonment as a response to increasing crime rates. Although heavily used inWestern Europe and the Old Commonwealth, its adoption in the United States has been localized and patchy. Use in Asia, South America, and Africa is limited. This article reviews the use of community service in selected countries around the world. It concludes that community service can be used as a pretrial diversion, as a condition of probation or parole, or as an option to work off a fine by an impoverished offender. Very often, it is itself a stand-alone sentence, but it can also be used in addition to other sentences. Some countries give community service a secure place in the sentencing tariff, whether as retributively oriented “hard end” penalties or as rehabilitative and/or restorative endeavors. Others leave usage, within broad qualification criteria, to the discretion of sentencers.
The Forgotten Issue in Effective Correctional Treatment: Program Implementation
Authors: Gendreau Paul , Goggin Claire , Smith Paula
Published: January 2006

Of all the issues critical to the development of effective correctional treatment programs, program implementation has been relatively ignored. The authors present 32 guiding principles that will be of use to policy makers, program developers, and clinicians in ensuring that a useful intervention has a greater probability of being accepted. The guidelines are organized under four general categories: general organizational factors, program factors, change agent activities, and staffing.
Forensic Medicine in the Next Century: Some Ethical Challenges
Authors: Taborda José G. V. , Arboleda-Flórez Julio
Published: January 2006

The authors, after having defined the concepts of ethics, morality, and legality, debate the main ethical problems that forensic medicine will face in the next century. The authors foresee that the technological advancement will present imposing challenges, including those concerning genetic manipulation and the keeping of confidentiality regarding electronic files. On the other hand, old problems will recur, the most important being the vital question of research with prisoners and the use of torture by agents of the state. The authors also discuss the role of the forensic physician in these contexts and conclude that there is a need for international legislative mechanisms that would establish a set of explicit rules of behavior, thus diminishing the possibility of ethical dilemmas.
Factors Affecting Length of Stay on Maximum Security in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Moran Marianne J. , Fragala M. Richard , Wise Beverly F. , Novak Tammy Lynn
Published: January 2006

Forensic hospitals are responsible for both the custody and treatment of patients, including treatment that will minimize the risk of future violence to the community. This study examined factors that affected length of stay (LOS) in Maryland’s only maximum-security forensic hospital for mentally ill patients who were adjudicated not criminally responsible (NCR) for serious violent crimes. The current study focused on the combined effects of demo-graphic, legal, and clinical variables on LOS in NCR patients who had been approved for transfer to a less restrictive environment to determine what, if any, variables should be targeted for services during hospitalization. The results of the study indicated that, in addition to gender, history of employment prior to the offense was the strongest predictor of LOS. Three other variables contributed less significantly to the prediction model. These findings have pro-grammatic implications for forensic psychiatric facilities treating the seriously mentally ill.
What Works in Adult Sex Offender Treatment? A Review of Prison-and Non-Prison-Based Treatment Programs
Authors: Polizzi Danielle M. , MacKenzie Doris Layton , Hickman Laura J.
Published: January 2006

An evaluation of 21 sex offender prison-and non-prison-based treatment programs was undertaken using the format of the University of Maryland’s 1997 report to the U.S. Congress. Eight of the studies were deemed too low in scientific merit to include in assessing the effectiveness of the treatment. Of the remaining studies, approximately 50% showed statistically significant findings in favor of sex offender treatment programs. Of six studies that showed a positive treatment effect, four incorporated a cognitive-behavioral approach. Non-prison-based sex offender treatment programs were deemed to be effective in curtailing future criminal activity. Prison-based treatment programs were judged to be promising, but the evidence is not strong enough to support a conclusion that such programs are effective. Too few studies focused on particular types of sex offenders to permit any type of conclusions about the effectiveness of programs for different sex offender typologies.
Profiling Killers: A Revised Classification Model for Understanding Sexual Murder
Authors: Keppel Robert D. , Walter Richard
Published: January 2006

Generally, murder classifications have failed to be useful for investigators in identifying perpetrators of murders. Based on the experience of the authors, this article extends the definitions of four previously recognized rape-offender typologies (power-assertive, power- reassurance, anger-retaliatory, and anger-excitation) into classifications for sexually oriented killers. These types of murderers and their crime scenes are described through the dynamics of their behaviors, homicidal patterns, and suspect profiles. Each typology is followed by an actual case example that fits that particular type of killer. By identifying crime scene and behavioral factors of these killers, the homicide investigator will be more equipped to process murder scenes, prioritize leads, and apprehend killers. Unlike earlier efforts at crime scene classification, the present work addresses the behaviors, motivational continuum, and the effects of experiential learning by the perpetrators. The relative frequency of the four types within a population of murderers at the Michigan State Penitentiary is revealed.
Suicide in Italian Prisons in 1996 and 1997: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study
Authors: Tatarelli Roberto , Mancinelli Iginia , Taggi Franco , Polidori Gabriella
Published: January 2006

This study analyses the suicides in Italian prisons in 1996 and 1997, formulates hypotheses regarding possible risk factors for such suicides, and suggests possible preventive measures. The data come from the anonymous records on prison suicides provided by the Italian Prison Administration Department. Data were collected and elaborated according to statistical-epidemiological criteria using the World Health Organization Epi 6 programme. In 1996, there were 45 suicides in Italian prisons among a prison population of 48,528 (93/100,000 inmates/year). In 1997, there were 55 suicides among 49,306 inmates (112/100,000 inmates/year). Some of the suicide risk factors found were: mental disorders, drug addiction, previous incarceration, and the lack of objective assessment of the suicide risk. On the basis of possible risk factors identified in this study and the results of the reported international studies, the authors suggest guidelines for the prevention of prison suicides integrated on three levels: environmental, diagnostic, and therapeutic.
Changing My Mind
Authors: Knight Louise W.
Published: January 2006

In writing a half-life biography of Jane Addams, the author faced the difficult decision of choosing a point of view from which to interpret her life. She knew that somehow she would have to find a way to be wiser than Jane Addams—at least the adult Jane Addams—and she was not sure, given the narrowness of her life when compared to hers, that she could. Eventually, however, the author realized she could compare Addams to herself. By 1899, when the biography ends, after 10 years at Hull House, Addams’s ideas about the morality of the labor movement, the adaptability of social ethics to their times, and about her own class’s presumed superiority to working-class people had changed from what she had believed in 1889. Addams’s continuing determination to face her own moral confusions and revise her ideas shaped her life and offers an example from which many can learn.
Taking Women Professionals Out of the Office
Authors: Morgan Laurie A. , Martin Karin A.
Published: January 2006

Many women professionals traverse settings beyond the office in their work, but research on women professionals rarely follows them out of the office. Using a large, archived data set of focus groups with sales professionals, the authors ask how work in out-of-the-office settings affects women’s careers. The authors distinguish between two types of settings. In “heterosocial” settings, interaction rules are traditionally and normatively gendered; women and men are understood by others as heterosexually linked pairs, women (and men) become targets of gossip, and some women report sexual advances and sexual harassment. In “homosocial” settings such as golf courses and strip clubs, women’s disadvantage takes the form of exclusion.
Perceptions of the Religion-Health Connection Among African American Church Members
Authors: Holt Cheryl L. , McClure Stephanie M.
Published: January 2006

In this qualitative study, the authors examine perceptions of the religiosity-health connection among African American church members. They conducted 33 interviews with members of predominately African American churches. The clergy and members from each congregation completed semistructured interviews. Participants described the religiosity-health connection in their own words and talked about whether and how their religious beliefs and practices affect their health. The authors derived an open coding scheme from the data using an inductive process. Themes that emerged spontaneously and consistently included but were not limited to spiritual health, mental health’s effects on physical health, importance of the church family, giving problems up to God, and the body as a temple of God. These religion-health themes might hold promise for integration into church-based health promotion interventions for this population.
Men’s Voices: Postnatal Depression From the Perspective of Male Partners
Authors: Davey Sarah J. , Dziurawiec Suzanne , O’Brien-Malone Angela
Published: January 2006

Postnatal depression (PND) is a serious and debilitating condition that is recognized as being disruptive to women’s lives at a time when they are already under stress adapting to the demands that a new baby creates. What has not always been fully acknowledged is that PND is linked with elevated levels of depression in male partners. In this article, the authors report on men’s experiences of PND and of participation in a 6-week group treatment program specifically designed for male partners. The men experienced their partners’ PND as overwhelming, isolating, stigmatizing, and frustrating. Coping with PND was assisted by participation in the men’s group. Men reported lowered levels of depression and stress, and higher levels of social support, as a result of their participation. The men valued highly the opportunity to share experiences with peers, to hear strategies for engaging in their relationship, and to gain factual information.
Promoting Vitality in Health and Physical Education
Authors: Smith Stephen J. , Lloyd Rebecca J.
Published: January 2006

Vitality draws together the interests of health and physical education. Already these fields of education have come together, with health, fitness, wellness, and active and healthy living as shared curricular concepts. Vitality furthers these conjunctions by having us rethink prevailing views of the body of knowledge in health and physical education. More than a concept, vitality is promoted phenomenologically in terms of the essential movements of the body. It is explicated as vitality affects, specifically identifiable motions and developmental patterns of movement that provide curricular structure for teaching health and physical education. The promotional implications of this analysis relate to enlivening the baseline criteria currently used in health and physical education assessments; revitalizing the curricular concepts of body awareness, space, time, and relationships on which provincial programs are based; and expanding the reach of these programs to mental, emotional, spiritual, and, particularly, environmental health.
Regulation of Cortical Interneurons by Neurotrophins: From Development to Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Woo Newton H. , Lu Bai
Published: January 2006

Parvalbumin-positive interneurons, which include basket and chandelier cells, represent a unique class of interneurons. By innervating the soma and the axonal initial segment of pyramidal cells, these interneurons can elicit powerful control on the output of pyramidal cells and consequently are important for a number of physiological processes in the mammalian brain. Recent evidence indicates that neurotrophins regulate the development and functions of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Disruption of neurotrophin-mediated regulation of interneurons is thought to contribute to the pathological processes underlying CNS dysfunction. This review brings together recently described roles of neurotrophins in migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis during development, and acute effects of neurotrophins in transmission at inhibitory synapses, Cl- homeostasis, and network activity of cortical interneurons. The authors also discuss the importance of neurotrophin regulation of GABAergic neurons in schizophrenia and epilepsy.
Governing the Design Economy in MontrÉal, Canada
Authors: Leslie Deborah , Rantisi Norma M.
Published: January 2006

Cultural industries have assumed an increased importance to urban economic development. However, little attention has been paid to accommodating the complex set of activities—both cultural and economic—implicated in cultural production. A recognition of this complexity, however, has significant implications for policy. This paper considers the design sector in Montréal, a sector which has attained international visibility in recent years. We analyze the role played by four public and nonprofit institutions in regulating this sector and illuminate their mechanisms for reconciling commercial and aesthetic imperatives. An examination of such initiatives lends insight into the opportunities and the challenges within policy circles for accommodating a conceptualization of cultural industries that recognizes their irreducibly hybrid nature.
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue–primed CD4+ T cells display CCR9-dependent and -independent homing to the small intestine
Authors: Stenstad Hanna , Ericsson Anna , Johansson-Lindbom Bengt , Svensson Marcus , Marsal Jan , Mack Matthias , Picarella Dominic , Soler Dulce , Marquez Gabriel , Briskin Mike , Agace William W.
Published: January 2006

CD4+ T-cell entry to the intestinal mucosa is central to the generation of mucosal immunity as well as chronic intestinal inflammation, yet the mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly defined. Here we show that murine small intestinal CD4+ lamina propria lymphocytes express a heterogeneous but restricted array of chemokine receptors including CCR5, CCR6, CCR9, CXCR3, and CXCR6. CD4+ T-cell receptor transgenic OT-II cells activated in mesenteric lymph nodes acquired a distinct chemokine receptor profile, including expression of CCR6, CCR9, and CXCR3 that was only partially reproduced in vitro after priming with mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. A subset of these effector CD4+ T cells, expressing CD69 and α4β7, entered the intestinal lamina propria and the majority of these cells expressed CCR9. CCR9–/– OT-II cells were disadvantaged in their ability to localize to the intestinal lamina propria; however, they were readily detected at this site and expressed α4β7, but little CCR2, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8, CCR10, CXCR3, or CXCR6. Thus, whereas CD4+ T cells activated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue express a restricted chemokine receptor profile, including CCR9, targeting both CCR9-dependent and CCR9-independent entry mechanisms is likely to be important to maximally inhibit accumulation of these cells within the small intestinal mucosa.
Genome scan linkage analysis comparing microsatellites and single-nucleotide polymorphisms markers for two measures of alcoholism in chromosomes 1, 4, and 7
Authors: Chen Guanjie , Adeyemo Adebowale , Zhou Jie , Yuan Ao , Chen Yuanxiu , Rotimi Charles
Published: January 2006

Background

We analyzed 143 pedigrees (364 nuclear families) in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) data provided to the participants in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14) with the goal of comparing results obtained from genome linkage analysis using microsatellite and with results obtained using SNP markers for two measures of alcoholism (maximum number of drinks -MAXDRINK and an electrophysiological measure from EEG -TTTH1). First, we constructed haplotype blocks by using the entire set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in chromosomes 1, 4, and 7. These chromosomes have shown linkage signals for MAXDRINK or EEG-TTTH1 in previous reports. Second, we randomly selected one, two, three, four, and five SNPs from each block (referred to as Rep1 – Rep5, respectively) to conduct linkage analysis using variance component approach. Finally, results of all SNP analyses were compared with those obtained using microsatellite markers.

Results

The LOD scores obtained from SNPs were slightly higher but the curves were not radically different from those obtained from microsatellite analyses. The peaks of linkage regions from SNP sets were slightly shifted to the left when compared to those from microsatellite markers. The reduced sets of SNPs provide signals in the same linkage regions but with a smaller LOD score suggesting a significant impact of the decrease in information content on linkage results. The widths of 1 LOD support interval of linkage regions from SNP sets were smaller when compared to those of microsatellite markers. However, two linkage regions obtained from the microsatellite linkage analysis on chromosome 7 for LOG of TTTH1 were not detected in the SNP based analyses.

Conclusion

The linkage results from SNPs showed narrower linkage regions and slightly higher LOD scores when compared to those of microsatellite markers. The different builds of the genetic maps used in microsatellite and SNPs markers or/and errors in genotyping may account for the microsatellite linkage signals on chromosome 7 that were not identified using SNPs. Also, unresolved map issues between SNPs and microsatellite markers may be partly responsible for the shifted linkage peaks when comparing the two types of markers.
Covariate linkage analysis of GAW14 simulated data incorporating subclinical phenotype, sex, population, parent-of-origin, and interaction
Authors: Hamshere Marian L , MacGregor Stuart , Moskvina Valentina , Nikolov Ivan N , Holmans Peter A
Published: January 2006

Background

We evaluate a method for the incorporation of covariates into linkage analysis using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data. Focusing on a randomly chosen replicate (42) we investigated the effect of the 12 subclinical phenotypes, sex, population, and parent-of-origin on the linkage signal from a model-free linkage analysis of Kofendrerd Personality Disorder.

Results

We detected a linkage peak on chromosome 1, at about 175 cM, which varied depending upon individuals' status for subclinical phenotype b. A linkage peak on chromosome 3 (310 cM) was found not to depend upon subclinical phenotype status. Further peaks were found on chromosomes 5 (12 cM), 9 (4 cM), and 10 (95 cM), depending on the status of subclinical phenotypes a, k, and c/d/g, respectively.

Conclusion

Retrospective comparison of our results with the simulation model showed correct identification of disease loci D1-5 on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 9 and 10, respectively.
The role of parametric linkage methods in complex trait analyses using microsatellites
Authors: Badzioch Michael D , Goode Ellen L , Jarvik Gail P
Published: January 2006

Many investigators of complexly inherited familial traits bypass classical segregation analysis to perform model-free genome-wide linkage scans. Because model-based or parametric linkage analysis may be the most powerful means to localize genes when a model can be approximated, model-free statistics may result in a loss of power to detect linkage. We performed limited segregation analyses on the electrophysiological measurements that have been collected for the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. The resulting models are used in whole-genome scans. Four genomic regions provided a model-based LOD > 2 and only 3 of these were detected (p < 0.05) by a model-free approach. We conclude that parametric methods, using even over-simplified models of complex phenotypes, may complement nonparametric methods and decrease false positives.