bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of Pain‐Free® desensitizer on dentine permeability and tubule occlusion overtime, in vitro
Authors: Zhang Y. , Agee K. , Pashley D. H. , Pashley E. L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new resin emulsion (Pain‐Free® Desensitizer) treatment for dentine hypersensitivity, for its ability to decrease dentine permeability. Crown segments were prepared from extracted, unerupted human 3rd molars by horizontal sectioning to remove occlusal enamel and the roots. The specimens were allocated in one of two groups: In group 1, the dentine surface was acid‐etched to simulate the patent tubules of hypersensitive dentine. In group 2, the mineralized dentine surface was polished free of smear layer using a hydroxyapatite paste and ultrasonication. The hydraulic conductance of each specimen was then measured to obtain a pretreatment of control value. After a single treatment with resin desensitizer, the permeability was remeasured at 5 min, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. Between measurements, the specimens were stored in buffer solution to simulate the solubilizing effects of saliva. Parallel specimens were followed by SEM examination. The results showed that a single treatment with resin desensitizer produced large, immediate, reductions in dentine permeability in both acid‐etched and mineralized surfaces. In the acid‐etched (group 1) specimens, the permeability returned to control values within 7 days, while the permeability of the group 2 specimens remained low even after 30 days of soaking. This simple treatment for occluding dentinal tubules may provide sufficient temporary reduction in dentine permeability to permit the development of natural desensitization.
Associations between salivary calcium and oral health
Authors: Sewón Liisi A. , Karjalainen Sára M. , Söderling Eva , Lapinleimu Helena , Simell Olli
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Recently, we have shown positive correlations between high salivary calcium content and periodontitis, and between high salivary calcium level and the number of intact teeth in selected groups of subjects. The aim of our present study was to determine whether these correlations could be seen in a randomized group of healthy adults, A thorough oral examination including orthopantomograms was carried out for a total of 137 healthy subjects, 63 men (35.4±5.6 years) and 74 women (33.2±4.7 years). Paraffin‐stimulated saliva was collected from the subjects and salivary flow (ml min). buffering capacity, calcium (mMol/l) and microbial variables including lactobacilli, yeasts, mutans streptococci. total streptococci, total number of aerobes, and anaerobes were determined. The calcium level of whole saliva had a median of 1.23 mMol/l. Subjects with calcium level below the median were categorized as ‘low’, while those with higher values formed the‘high’salivary calcium group. There were more men than women in the‘High’salivary calcium group (p=0.025), Subjects in the‘high’calcium group showed more bleeding on probing (p= 0.026). had more intact teeth (p=0.045) and lower DMF‐scores (p= 0.025) than their counterparts. No other differences were found between the two groups.

We found clear assosiations between the level of salivary calcium and factors reflecting gingival health on one hand, and dental health on the other in a randomly selected group of healthy subjects, and conclude that salivary calcium may be important with regard to both dental and gingival health.
Porphyromonas gingivalis in an edentulous proband
Authors: Danser M. M. , Bosch‐Tijhof C. J. , van Steenbergen T. J. M. , van der Velden U. , Loos B. G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In a previous study, an edentulous subject showed the presence of P. gingivalis. only in saliva. The present case report is a longitudinal follow‐up on this proband (female, 63 years) and her spouse with periodontitis (67 years). Samples were taken from the proband and the spouse for microbiological analysis at several occasions during a 3‐year period and a 1 ‐year period respectively. In the edentulous proband, P. gingivalis was present in saliva only, at ail times. In the spouse, P. gingivalis was present in the periodontal pocket and on the mucous membranes, but the saliva was culture‐negative for this species at both sampling times. The restriction enzyme analysis (REA) patterns of isolates (n=7) of P. gingivalis from the proband recovered over 3 years showed no differences. This indicated that the same clonal type of P. gingivalis persisted for 3 years in the proband. The P. gingivatis isolates (n=13) from the spouse showed no differences when REA patterns were compared. Comparison of REA patterns from the proband and the spouse also showed no differences. Thus the same clonal type of P. gingivalis can persist over several years in an edentulous subject and at least for 1 year in a subject with periodontal disease.
The use of locally‐delivered metronidazole in the treatment of periodontitis. Clinical results*
Authors: Magnusson Ingvar
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Local delivery of antimicrobials had been investigated as a possible method for controlling and treating periodontal disease. A number of antimicrobial agents have been studied both as adjuctive therapies with scaling and root planing and as stand‐alone chemotherapies. More recent investigations have focused on the delivery of antimicrobials in sustained‐release formulations designed to maintain effective concentrations of drug within the periodontal pocket. This article provides an overview of the development of the use of locally delivered metronidazole in periodontal therapy and the current state‐of‐the‐art of the technique. It is concluded that treatment with local delivery of metronidazole seems to be as effective as sealing and root planning in untreated as well as in recall subjects. However, there are reasons to suggest that local delivery of metronidazole should not be used as a substitute for conventional treatment of periodontal disease. Since side‐effects of long‐term use and repeated use are not known. The antibiotic regimen should preferably be used as an adjunct to surgical and non‐surgical therapy.
Crevicular fluid prostaglandin E2 levels in periodontitis‐resistant and periodontitis‐susceptible adults
Authors: Heasman P. A. , Lauffart B. L. , Preshaw P. M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a cohort of periodontal disease‐resistant (PDR) adults with chronic gingivitis but with minimal evidence of bone loss, and to compare these data with GCF‐PGE2 levels in patients with untreated chronic adult periodontal disease (CAPD), 20 PDR and 35 CAPD subjects with mean (±se) ages 52. 4 (±2.9) and 43, 7 (±1.2) years respectively, were recruited, GCE was sampled from 6 sites in each PDR subject and 4 sites in each CAPD subject. The GCF‐PGE2 concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay (Assay Designs), Whole mouth medians of sitespecific GCF‐PGE; concentrations were calculated for each subject. The means of the median GCF‐PGE: concentrations were: PDR 54.94±4.06 ng/ml; CAPD 41.57±2.91 ng/ml (p=0.009). We hypothesise that the higher concentrations of PGE; in the PDR group may be associated with the proliferating pocket epithelia of the chronic gingivitis. In the CAPD cohort, there were no differences in GCFPGE: concentrations between subgroups of smokers (n=13), ex‐smokers (n=11) and non smokers (n=11), In the PDR cohort, 19/20 subjects were non‐smokers.
Gingival fluid IL‐1βin postmenopausal females on supportive periodontal therapy
Authors: Reinhardt Richard A. , Payne Jeffrey B. , Maze Connie , Babbltt Monica , Nummikoski PIrkka V. , Dunning David
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Posterior interproximal alveolar bone in 59 women, within 5 years after menopause, was assessed at baseline and after 2 years of supportive periodontal therapy (history of moderate/advanced periodontitis) using digitized image analysis. Baseline lumbar spine bone mineral density, smoking status, and yearly serum estradiol (E2) levels also were obtained to group subjects. An additional 16 non‐periodontitis postmenopausal women were followed 2 years for clinical and estrogen status, 2‐min GCF IL–1β levels averaged from 2 baseline periodontal pockets (in periodontitis subjects) and 2 non‐periodontitis sites (in non‐penodontitis and periodontitis subjects) were determined with an enzyme immunoassay, A progressive and stable site were also monitored every 6 months for GCF IL–1β in 15 patients. Results after 2 years indicated that 17 subjects had no posterior interproximal sites losing ≥0.4 mm of alveolar crest bone height, while 13 subjects had ≥3 such sites. Using analysis of variance, none of the above clinical groupings resulted in a significant difference in mean baseline or longitudinal GCF IL–1≥ levels, However, when subjects who lost alveolar crest bone height were considered. E2‐sufficient subjects had significantly depressed baseline GCF IL‐β (in past‐periodontitis sites) compared to E2;‐deficient patients (9.1 ± 2,1 versus 31,7±10.2 pg/2‐min sample. p<0.05), suggesting E2 influences gingival IL‐lβ production in progressive periodontitis patients.
A 5‐year follow‐up of 16 patients treated with coralline calcium carbonate (Biocoral™) bone replacement grafts in infrabony defects*
Authors: Yukna Raymond A. , Yukna Charlotte N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A resorbable coralline calcium carbonate graft material (BIOCORALTM) (CalCarb) was evaluated as a bone replacement graft in human periodontal osseous defects. Following initial preparation and re‐evaluation, flap surgery was carried out. Bone defects were curetted and root surfaces subjected to mechanical debridement and conditioning with tetracycline paste. The bone defects were grafted with CalCarb, and the host flaps replaced or slightly coronally positioned. Weekly, then monthly deplaquing was performed until surgical reentry at 6–12 months. Patients were then followed on approximate 3 month recalls for ≥5 years. Significant clinical changes included improvement in mean vertical clinical probing attachment level from 5.7 mm at surgery to 4.2 mm at re‐entry to 4.0 mm at 5 years, decrease in mean probing pocket depth from 6.1 mm at surgery to 3.0 mm at re‐entry to 3.3 mm at 5 years, and mean gingival recession from +0.4 mm at surgery to 1,0 mm at re‐entry to 0.7 mm at 5 years (all at least p<0.05 from surgery to re‐entry and surgery to 5 years, N.S. from reentry to 5 years via ANO‐VA) These favorable long‐term results with CalCarb suggest that CalCarb may have a beneficial effect in the long‐term clinical management of infrabony defects.
Gingival lesions in a patient with dermochondrocorneal dystrophy (François syndrome)
Authors: Sardella Andrea , Carrassi Antonio , Caputo Ruggero , Monti Marcello , Gotte Paolo
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This report is concerned with gingival manifestations associated with a case of dermochondrocorneal dystrophy (DCCD) or François syndrome occurring in a 42‐year‐old woman. Our Department treated this patient for 15 years. Oral examination of (his case revealed a diffuse enlargement and severe inflammation of the attached gingiva. Systemic findings were similar to those reported in the literature for patients with DCCD. Firm papules 3 mm wide, localized on the face and on the dorsal surface of the hands, were associated with corneal involvement and progressive and severe articular disorder. Because they recurred after surgical ablation, the gingival lesions became an important problem in the management of the patient. After 10 years of unsuccessful treatment limited to scaling, oral hygiene control and mouth rinses with 0.2% chlorexidine solution, the patient was submitted to extraction of the remaining teeth, remodeling osteoplasty and cutaneous graft. An acrylic full denture was inserted. In a follow‐up of 7 years, good results for the oral health of the patient were seen.
Microbiota of health, gingivitis, and initial periodontitis
Authors: Tanner A. , Maiden M. F. J. , Macuch P. J. , Murray L. L. , Kent R. L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This study compared the subgingival microbiota in periodontal health, gingivitis and initial periodontitis using predominant culture and a DNA probe, checkerboard hybridization method. 56 healthy adult subjects with minimal periodontal attachment loss were clinically monitored at 3‐month intervals for 12 months. More sites demonstrated small increments of attachment loss than attachment gain over the monitoring period. Sites, from 17 subjects, showing ≥1.5 mm periodontal attachment loss during monitoring were sampled as active lesions for microbial analysis. Twelve subjects demonstrated interproximal lesions, and 5 subjects had attachment loss at buccal sites (recession). Cultural studies identified Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, and Selenomonas noxia as the predominant species associated with active interproximal lesions (9 subjects), whereas Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus oralis, were the dominant species colonizing buccal active sites. A. naesludii, Campylobacter gracilis, and B. forsythus (at lower levels than active sites) were the dominant species cultured from gingivitis (10 subjects). Health‐associated species (10 subjects) included Streptococcus oralis, A. naeslundii, and Actinomyces gerencseriae. DNA probe data identified higher mean levels of B. forsythus and C. rectus with active (7 subjects) compared to inactive periodontitis sites. Porphyromonas gingivalls and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were detected infrequently. Cluster analysis of the cultural microbiota grouped 8/9 active interproximal lesions in one subcluster characterized by a mostly gram‐negative microbiota, including B. forsythus and C. rectus. The data suggest that B. forsythus C. rectus and S. noxia were major species characterizing sites converting from periodontal health to disease. The differences in location and microbiota of interproximal and buccal active sites suggested that different mechanisms may be involved in increased attachment loss.
The distribution and transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in families with localized juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Tinoco Eduardo M. B. , Sivakumar Mathina , Preus Hans R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The prevalence and distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans in families where at least one family member (proband) suffered from localized juvenile periodontitis was investigated. 25 probands with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) and their 78 close family members were screened for the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Among these 25 families, 10 contained at least one additional family member colonized with oral A. actinomycetemcomitans. Genomic DNA from subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans strains from each of the probands and their family members were amplified and characterized by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a single primer known to distinguish A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. The PCR products from each strain were separated by electrophoresis on a 1% submarine agarose gel containing ethidium bromide and visualized by UV light transillumination. The studies showed that 41.2% of the parents and 58% of the siblings in this LJP‐based population harbored the bacterium. Comparison of the PCR generated amplitypes showed that there was a wide distribution of amplitypes among the probands and immediate relatives. No clear transmission paths were observed in this specific population.
Gingival recession and its association with calculus in subjects deprived of prophylactic dental care
Authors: van Palenstein Helderman W.H. , Lembariti B.S. , van der Weijden G.A. , van 't Hof M. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This paper describes the prevalence and severity of gingival recession in Tanzanian adults covering the age range from 20 to 64 years. In addition, it attempts to assess the relationship between the degree of gingival recession and the presence and amount of calculus. In the 20–34 years age group recession occurred in ≥32% of the buccal. ≥25% of the lingual, and ≥13% of the approximal surfaces. These %s increased to ≥64%, ≥52%, and ≥48%, respectively, in the 45–64 years age group. In the 20 34 years age group, lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors and canines followed by buccal surfaces of these teeth were the sites most severely affected with gingival recession. With increasing age, all sites became gradually more severely affected, particularly the buccal and lingual surfaces of the maxillary first molar. The lingual surfaces of mandibular incisors exhibited on an average 1.3 mm. 2.4 mm and 3.2 mm recession in the 20–34 years, 35–44 years and 45–64 years age group, respectively. Most of the correlation coefficients between gingival recession and calculus at the individual tooth surface in three age groups were statistically significant. The highest correlation coefficients (0.50–0.67) were found in the youngest (20–34 years) age group al the lingual surfaces of the mandibular incisors, canine and first premolar and al the buccal surfaces of the mandibular incisors. Based on these findings, the working hypothesis is advanced that longstanding calculus is an important determinant in the onset of gingival recession at sites exhibiting pronounced recession at a young age in populations deprived of prophylactic dental care.
Healing response to non‐surgical periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical, microbiological, and immunologic results
Authors: Christgau M. , Palitzsch K.‐D. , Schmalz G. , Kreiner U. , Frenzel S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to monitor clinical, microbiological, medical, and immunological effects of non‐surgical periodontal therapy in diabetics Lind healthy controls. 20 IDDM (insulin dependent. n= l) or NIDDM (non‐insulin dependent. n= 13) diabetic patients (median duration 11.5 years, range of HbA1C: 4.4–10.6%) with moderate to advanced periodontal disease and 20 matched healthy control patients, were subjected to supragingival pretreatment and subsequent subgingival therapy Periodontal examinations (API. PBI, BOP. PPD, PAL), microbiological examinations (culture), medical routine examinations, and immunological examinations (oxidative burst response of PMNs to TNF‐α and FMLP) were performed at baseline, 2 weeks after supragingival, and 4 months after subgingival therapy. 4 months after completion of non‐surgical therapy, the following compared to baseline significant (p≤0.05) changes (Δ) of clinical parameters (median) were found in diabetic patients versus control patients: JAPI (30.4% versus 36.3%), ΔPBI (22.9% versus 24.2%), ΔBOP (39.5% versus 46.9%). The median % per patient of pockets with PPD≥4 mm decreased from 41.9% to 28.3% in diabetics, and from 41.6% to 31.8% in controls. Microbiologically. similar reductions of periopathogenic bacteria were found in diabetics and controls. Neither periodontal data nor the oxidative burst response of PMNs showed any significant difference (p >0.05) between diabetics and control patients. In this study, periodontal therapy had no significant influence on medical data of diabetics. In conclusion, this study indicates that metabolically well‐controlled diabetics might respond to non‐surgical periodontal therapy as well as healthy control patients.
Local and systemic TCR V gene expression in advanced periodontal disease
Authors: Berglundh T. , Liljenberg B. , Tarkowski A. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression of specific α/β T cell receptor (TCR) gene products in relation to some microbiological and immunological features of advanced destructive periodontitis, 21 individuals with advanced periodontal disease (diseased group) and 16 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects (healthy group) were recruited. Following a clinical examination of the diseased group, the 3 deepest interproximal sites in the upper and lower premolar‐ or molar segments (i.e., 12 sites in each individual) were selected for further analysis. Samples from the subgingival microbiota were obtained from the pocket of the selected sites and were prepared for a microbiological examination. The gingival tissue at one of the selected sites was also biopsied. Each excised soft tissue specimen was divided into 2 equal portions. One portion of the biopsy was prepared for histometric and morphometric analyses. The 2nd portion was snap frozen and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis, A sample of peripheral blood was obtained from each individual of the diseased and the healthy group and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. The selected sites of the diseased group harbored varying numbers of microorganisms which have been associated with periodontal disease. The excised gingival tissue contained inflammatory lesions with substantial numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells including T‐ and B‐cells and a TCR Vα/β gene repertoire dominated by Vβ 17. The TCR profile of the lesion, however, differed markedly from that of the circulating blood of the diseased subjects. While only minor differences were observed between the blood samples of the diseased and the healthy subjects regarding the TCR genes, CD5, HLA‐DR and CD5+CD19 positive cells occurred in higher proportions in the blood samples of the subjects susceptible to periodontal disease than in healthy controls. It may be suggested that (i) TCR Vα/Vβ expression in peripheral blood samples of subjects with periodontal disease does not differ from that of healthy individuals, and (ii) the periodontal lesion expresses a unique TCR repertoire in which the Vβ 17 gene dominates.
A plaque index for occlusal surfaces and fissures
Authors: Addy M. , Renton‐Harper P. , Myatt G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Plaque indices have largely been developed for buccal and lingual tooth surfaces. There has been minimal interest in plaque accumulation on occlusal surfaces despite the predilection for caries at these sites. A numerical plaque index (0–5) is described based on the presence and distribution of plaque in the fissures and over the occlusal surfaces of permanent molar and premolar teeth. The repeatability of a single examiner in scoring the index was performed using 4 groups of 10 subjects. Each group of volunteers suspended tooth cleaning for 48 h and the index scored after disclosing plaque deposits. The index was rescored 60–90 min later. Plaque area was also determined by drawing the outline of plaque onto grids. Except for one condition of repeatability for one group, the 4 conditions of repeatability in scoring the index were met for all 4 groups of subjects. The sensitivity of the index and area recordings to detect plaque removed by brushing was then evaluated. A group of 10 subjects had plaque scored by index and area after suspending toothcleaning for 48 h. Subjects were then randomly allocated to brush or not brush their teeth and plaque rescored. The experiment was then repeated and brushing or not brushing crossed over. Highly significant differences between brushing and no brushing plaque indices and areas were determined. In conclusion, the occlusal fissure plaque index was easy to apply, repeat‐able and sufficiently sensitive to detect plaque removed by brushing. The index could find use as an additional measure of oral hygiene, in clinical trials on plaque control and possibly epidemiological studies relating to caries.
Palmar plantar keratosis and unusual periodontal findings
Authors: Fardal Ø. , Drangsholt E. , Olsen I.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The connection between palmar plantar hyperkeratosis and severe periodontal disease was first reported in 1924 by Papillon and Lefévre. The 2 major components of this syndrome (PLS) can also occur as distinct entities. The literature describes a number of cases which do not fit the classical disease descriptions. In this paper, we report on a family with an atypical PLS. The father had marked palmar plantar hyperkeratosis but a very late onset of destructive marginal periodontitis. The son also had palmar plantar hyperkeratosis, but despite the fact that he initially harboured Actinobacillus aetinomycetemeomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. he did not develop periodontal disease over a seven‐year observation period when improved oral hygiene and professional tooth cleaning were instituted.
Influence of smoking on the outcome of periodontal surgery
Authors: Boström Lennart , Linder Lars E. , Bergström Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The 5‐year outcome following periodontal surgery was evaluated in 57 patients that had received regular maintenance care throughout the follow‐up period. The study population included 20 smokers, 20 former smokers and 17 non‐smokers in the age range 37–77 years. The clinical characteristics evaluated were supragingival plaque, gingival bleeding and pocket probing depth. The region assigned for surgery was, in addition, radiographically evaluated in terms of periodontal bone height. Furthermore, the occurrence of the periopathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) were assessed at follow‐up. Plaque index was 28.5% at baseline and 32.9% at follow‐up, indicating a good standard of oral hygiene, and gingival bleeding 31.7% and 24.9%, respectively, suggesting a low to moderate level of gingival inflammation. In regions assigned for surgery, pocket probing depth decreased significantly from on average 5.6 mm to 4.3 mm (p<0.0001) and periodontal bone height increased significantly from on average 62.5% to 67.5% (p<0.0001). In terms of bone height, the outcome was less favorable among smokers compared with non‐smokers. There was a predominance of smokers among patients exhibiting loss of bone height after the 5 years of maintenance. No significant associations were found between the therapeutical outcome and supragingival plaque or subgingival occurrence of periopathogens. The associations between GCF levels of TNF‐α and probing depth and bone height were unclear, whereas the level of TNF‐α was significantly elevated in smokers.
Gingival inflammation and subgingival calculus as determinants of disease progression in early‐onset periodontitis
Authors: Albandar Jasim M. , Kingman Albert , Brown L. Jackson , Löe Harald
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that gingival inflammation and dental calculus are important determinants of the development and progression of early‐onset periodontitis. The study sample included 156 individuals who were 13–20 years old at baseline and who were examined 2× during 6 years to assess the attachment loss, gingival state and the presence of dental calculus. 33 (21%), 62 (40%), and 61 (39%) individuals were classified as having localized, generalized, or incidental EOP, respectively. The results showed an increase in the % of teeth with overt gingivitis and subgingival calculus, and also an increase in the % of teeth showing attachment loss during the 6‐year period in ail classification groups. Of teeth with 0–2 mm attachment loss at the beginning of the study and which developed ≥3 mm attachment loss during the following 6 years, there were 2× as many teeth with overt gingival inflammation, and 4× more teeth with subgingival calculus at baseline than teeth without. Gingivitis and subgingival calculus when present at both examinations resulted in a stronger association with the development of new lesions than presence of these variables at baseline. Teeth with gingivitis at baseline had a significantly higher mean attachment loss during 6 years than teeth without gingivitis (p<0.0001), and teeth with subgingival calculus at baseline had a significantly higher mean attachment loss than teeth without subgingival calculus (p<0.0001), The presence of gingivitis and subgingival calculus at baseline and 6 years later was associated with the occurrence of even higher disease progression during this period. The association between gingival inflammation and subgingival calculus and the development and progression of attachment loss during the study period in the generalized and the localized EOP groups was significantly higher than the association in the incidental EOP group. In an appreciable % of the sites in all 3 groups, however, the presence of the 2 factors was not associated with attachment loss during 6 years. The results suggest a significant association between gingival inflammation and subgingival calculus and the development and progression of early‐onset periodontitis.
Relationship between smoking and dental status in 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐old individuals
Authors: Axelsson P. , Paulartder J. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine the dental status and smoking habits in randomized samples of 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐old subjects (n= 1093), recruited for a cross‐sectional epidemiological study in the County of Värmland, Sweden. The following clinical variables were recorded by 4 well‐calibrated dentists: number of edentuolous subjects, number of missing teeth, probing attachment level, furcation involvement, CPITN scores, DMF surfaces, plaque and.stimulated salivary secretion rate (SSSR). In addition, the subjects reported in a questionnaire their tobacco habits, oral hygiene habits, dietary habits etc. The percentage of smokers in 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐olds was 35%, 35%, 24% and 12%, respectively. In 75‐year‐olds, 41% of the smokers were edentulous compared to 35% of non‐smokers. The difference in number of missing teeth between smokers and non‐smokers was 0.6 (p=0.15), 1.5 (p=0.013), 3.5 (p=0.0007) and 5.8 (p=0.005) in the 4 age groups. Smokers had the largest mean probing attachment loss in all age groups. The differences between smokers and non‐smokers in mean attachment level were 0.37 (p=0.001), 0.88 (p=0.001), 0.85 (P=0.001) and 1.33 mm (p=0.003) in the 35‐, 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐olds, respectively. Treatment need assessed by CPITN was in all age groups greatest among smokers. The number of intact tooth surfaces was fewer in 35‐, 50‐, and 75‐year‐old smokers than in non‐smokers. The number of missing surfaces (MS) was higher in 50‐, 65‐, and 75‐year‐old smokers than in non‐smokers. In addition, 35‐year‐old smokers exhibited a significantly larger number of decayed and filled tooth surfaces (DFS) than non‐smokers. Male smokers had significantly higher SSSR than non‐smoking males (p=0.012). Plaque index and oral hygiene were similar in smokers and non‐smokers. Smokers reported a more frequent intake of sugar containing soft drinks (p=0.000) and snacks (p=0.003) than non‐smokers. The opposite was reported for consumption of fruit (p=0.003). It was concluded that smoking is a significant risk indicator for tooth loss, probing attachment loss and dental caries.
Protease activity in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Figueredo C. M. S. , Gustafsson A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Our aim was to study protease activity in GCF from inflamed sites with or without tissue destruction. 19 patients with both periodontitis and gingivitis sites and 12 patients having gingivitis alone participated in the study. GCF samples were collected by an intracrevicular washing method. The protease activity was measured as degradation of FITC‐conjugated casein. To obtain a semiquantitative estimate of the harvested GCF volume, we measured the transferrin concentration in the wash‐fluid. The protease activity was significantly higher in the deep pockets in periodontitis patients than in shallow pockets in the same patients. This difference was still higher when the ratio of protease activity to the amount of transferrin in the sample was plotted. Although protease activity was lower in samples from gingivitis patients than in the deep pockets in periodontitis patients, the difference was not significant. About 90% of the activity could be inhibited by the addition of an excess amount of α‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT). This study shows that protease activity is higher in inflamed sites with tissue destruction than in inflamed sites without. Most of this activity could be inhibited by A1AT, which suggests that the activity is due to an imbalance between protease and antiprotease rather than to proteases insensitive to A1AT.
Short chain carboxylic acids decrease human gingival keratinocyte proliferation and increase apoptosis and necrosis
Authors: Sorkin Barbara C. , Niederman Richard
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Epithelia are key barriers to infections. In periodontal disease, the gingival sulcular epithelium becomes ulcerated. In this report, we test the hypothesis that short‐chain carboxylic acids (SCCA) inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, increase necrosis and apoptosis, and may thus promote ulceration. SCCA produced by bacteria are present at millimolar concentrations in the periodontal pockets of subjects with periodontal disease. SCCA concentrations are higher in subjects with severe disease than in those with mild disease, and are not detectable in healthy subjects. Cell proliferation is critical for maintenance of epithelial barrier function. All SCCA tested, when neutralized, decreased epithelial cell proliferation (as measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation) in a dose‐dependent manner. We found that epithelial cell viability decreased with increasing SCCA concentrations, accounting at least partly for the decreased 3H‐thymidine incorporation. For all conditions we tested. SCCA‐induced apoptosis preceeded and exceeded necrosis. While the molecular mechanism(s) for these effects remain to be determined, the results indicate that SCCA derived from caries‐ or periodontal disease‐associated bacteria could alter gingival barrier function.
The effectiveness of a magnetized water oral irrigator (Hydro Fioss®) on plaque, calculus and gingival health
Authors: Johnson Karen E. , Sanders John J. , Gellin Robert G. , Palesch Yuko Y.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a magnetized water oral irrigator on plaque, calculus and gingival health, 29 patients completed this double‐blind crossover study. Each patient was brought to baseline via an oral prophylaxis with a plaque index ≤1 and a gingival index ≤1, Subjects used the irrigator for a period of 3 months with the magnet and 3 months without the magnet. After each 3 month interval, data were collected using the plaque index, gingival index, and accretions index. The repeated measures analysis on plaque, gingival and calculus indices yielded a statistically‐significant period effect for Pll (p=0.0343), GI (p=0.0091), and approached significance for calculus (p=0.0593). This meant that the effect of irrigation resulted in a decrease of all indices over time. Therefore, the treatment effect on each index was evaluated using only the measurements obtained at the end of the first period (i.e., assuming a parallel design). Irrigation with magnetized water resulted in 64% less calculus compared to the control group. The reduction was statistically significant (p≤0.02). The reduction by 27% in gingival index was not statistically significant. The reduction in plaque was minimal (2.2%), A strong positive correlation between the plaque index and the Watt accretion index was observed. The magnetized water oral irrigator could be a useful adjunct in the prevention of calculus accumulation in periodontal patients, but appears to have minimal effect on plaque reduction. The results indicated a clinical improvement in the gingival index, but this was not a statistically significant finding.
Periodontal effects of a biobehavioral prevention program
Authors: Persson Rigmor E. , Persson G. Rutger , Powell L. Virginia , Klyak H. Asuman
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present study tested preventive regimens in older subjects using dental services sporadically. 297 persons aged 60–90 (mean age 72.8; 43% ethnic minorities), were randomly assigned to either a control group or (bur interventions with incrementally more complex preventive strategies; behavioral training (group 2), added weekly chlorhexidine rinse (group 3), added semi‐annual fluoride varnish (group 4), and added semi‐annual prophylaxis (group 5). The control group received dental care as they preferred, primarily emergency care. All subjects were re‐examined annually for 3 years. At baseline, 190 (64%) of the subjects were considered at risk for future periodontal disease progression. At baseline there were no group differences for any clinical parameter studied, Gingival bleeding varied between 19% and 23% over time and with no group differences, After 1 year, the greater decrease in probing depth for group 5 approached significance compared to the control group (p<0.06). Clinical attachment levels (CAL) improved in group 5 compared to the control group (p<0.01 for mesio‐buccal, p<0.05 for mid‐buccal tooth surfaces). The group differences did not persist at year 3. At year 3 in group 1.92% and in group 5, 4.9% subjects lost ≥2.0 mm CAL. 310 teeth (6.5%) were extracted during the study period, A 21% increased risk for tooth loss was found in group 2, a 15% reduced risk in group 3. a 28% reduced risk in group 4, and a 44% reduced risk in group 5 compared to the control group (Wald‐statistics robust P‐value 0.12), At year 3. the tooth mortality rate in groups 3, 4 and 5 combined was reduced to 59% and significantly lower than groups 1 and 2 together (p<0.04). Self‐efficacy was the best predictor of periodontal disease progression (F=7.02, p<0.01). Thus older persons benefited from a preventive oral health care program.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as bilateral eosinophilic granulomata in the molar region of the mandible A case report
Authors: Saunders J. G. C. , Eveson J. W. , Addy M. , Bell C. N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Eosinophilic granuloma represents one of a triad of lesions encompassing a disease under the generic name, histiocytosis X or Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Localised eosinophilic granuloma, muitifocal eosinophilic granuloma, Hand‐Schüller‐Christian disease, and the most malignant form of histiocytosis, Letterer‐Siwe disease, can all present as destructive bony lesions of the jaws. The present case was a 30‐year‐old man who presented with almost total destruction of the periodontal support to the left and right mandibular, 1st and 2nd molars. Whereas the radiographic features were typical of eosinophilic granuloma, the clinical appearance and mirror image presentation were unusual.
Subgingival microbiota in healthy, well‐maintained elder and periodontitis subjects
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Cugini M.A. , Tanner A. , Pollack R. P. , Smith C. , Kent R. L. , Socransky S. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This investigation compared the site prevalence of 40 subgingival species in 30 periodontally healthy (mean age 36±9 years). 35 elders with a well‐maintained periodontium (mean age 77±5) and 138 adult periodontitis subjects (mean age 46± 11). Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth (up to 28 samples) in the 203 subjects at baseline. The presence and levels of 40 subgingival taxa were determined in 5003 plaque samples using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments including dichotomous measures of gingival redness, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration, as well as duplicate measures of pocket depth and attachment level, were made at 6 sites per tooth. The % of sites colonized by each species (prevalence) was computed for each subject. Differences in prevalence and levels among groups were sought using the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Commonly detected species, such as Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus oralis did not differ significantly among subject groups. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, 4 species were significantly elevated and at greater prevalence in the periodontitis group. Mean % of sites (±SEM) colonized by Bacteroides forsythus was 10±3, 12±2 and 40±2 (p<0.001) for healthy, elder and periodontitis groups respectively. The odds ratio was 14.4:1 that a subject had periodontitis when B. forsythus was detected at ≥5% of sampled sites. Mean prevalence for Porphyromonas gingivalis in healthy, elder and periodontitis subjects was 4±2, 5±2 and 23±2 respectively (p<0.001); for Treponema denticola 12±4, 10±3 and 30±2 (p<0.001) and for Selenomonas noxia 6±2, 7±2 and 19±2 (p<0.01). Similar differences among subject groups were observed when only sites with PD 0‐4 mm were analyzed. The data suggest an etiologic role for B. forsythus, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and S. noxia in adult periodontitis.
Instrumentation of furcation with modified sonic sealer inserts: study on manikins, Part I
Authors: Kocher Thomas , Gutsche Claus , Plagmann Hans‐Christian
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of different scaling instruments for the debridement of furcations. 12 upper and 12 lower replicated molars with through‐and‐through furcutions were instrumented 3 × with 5 different types of instruments: (i) hand instruments; (ii) hand instruments in conjunction with diamond burrs: (iii) a conventional ultrasonic sealer insert: (iv) a conventional sonic sealer insert; (v) a set of 2 modified diamond coated sonic sealer inserts with different angulated shafts. The plastic replicas were fixed in a manikin head without replicated soft tissues. Following debridement, weight loss and % of instrumented furcation area were assessed. In the ease of lower molars, it made little difference whether they were treated with hand instruments, hand instruments combined with diamond burrs, or diamond‐coated sonic sealer inserts. On upper molars, however, significantly more area was instrumented with the diamond‐coated inserts than with the other instruments. Substance removal was greater with diamond‐coated inserts than with the other devices. In conclusion, an effective debridement of the furcation seems possible only with an odontoplasty, in which a furcation is fitted to the instrument by means of intensive instrumentation, thus leading to substance loss. To improve results with these instruments, further research is necessary.
Increase in gingival inflammation under academic stress
Authors: Deinzer Renate , Rüttermann Stefan , Möbes Ole , Herforth Armin
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Several correlational questionnaire studies have observed a positive relationship between psychological stress and periodontal diseases. This paper analyses the effects of academic stress on periodontal health in a prospective quasi‐experimental design. 26 medical students participating in a major exam and the same number of medical students not participating in any exam throughout the study period volunteered for the study. Bleeding on probing was assessed 4 weeks prior to the exam period (baseline) and at the last day of the exam. Severe deteroriation in gingival health from baseline to the last exam day were observed more frequently in exam students than in controls (p=0.014). 6 exam students but only 1 control person developed a severe gingivitis at at least one formerly healthy tooth throughout the study period. These results further support the hypothesis that psycholgical stress is a significant risk factor for periodontal inflammation. Future studies should examine factors mediating this relationship.
Radiographic periodontal findings in an elderly Finnish population
Authors: Soikkonen Kari , Wolf Juhani , Närhi Timo , Ainamo Anja
Published: December 2005

Abstract. By means of panoramic radiography and additional intraoral radiographs, the occurrence of calculus, the extent of horizontal bone loss, the depth and number of infrabony pockets, the number of furcation lesions, and the number of interproximal restoration overhangs were studied in 169 dentate 76‐, 81‐, and 86‐year‐old subjects (54 male and 115 females) living al home. Alveolar bone loss (horizontal or vertical) among the participants was common, and in only 8 subjects (5%) was it judged non‐existent. It was slight in 30 subjects (18%), moderate in 53 (31%). and advanced in 78 (46%). Infrabony pockets were found in 51% of the subjects and furcation lesions in 28%. The presence of calculus did not correlate with the other parameters. The number of interproximal overhangs was associated with the number of infrabony pockets and of furcation lesions (R=0.3. p<0.001 and p<0.0001) and the number of infrabony pockets with the number of furcation lesions (R=0.4. p<0.001). Our study shows that peridontal findings are common in the dentate elderly, and associations recently found between periodontal infections and several serious diseases make radiographic examination an integral part of the oral examination of the elderly patient.
Serum IgG2 level, Gm(23) allotype and FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb receptors in refractory periodontal disease
Authors: Colombo A. P. , Eftimiadi C. , Haffajee A. D. , Cugini M. A. , Socransky S. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the levels of serum IgG2, the frequency of detection of Gm(23)‐negative allotype and frequency of detection of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb receptor haplotypes in 32 refractory, 54 successfully treated and 27 periodontally healthy individuals. Refractory subjects showed mean full mouth attachment loss and/or > 3 sites with attachment loss > 2.5 mm within 1 year after both scaling and root planing, and surgery plus systemically administered tetracycline. Successfully treated subjects showed mean attachment level gain and no sites with attachment loss > 2.5 mm 1 year post‐therapy. Periodontally healthy subjects exhibited no pocket depth or attachment level > 3 mm. and no evidence of progressing disease during 1 year of monitoring. Blood was obtained from each subject al baseline. Serum IgG2 and Gm(23) allotype were determined using radial immunodiffusion. DNA was extracted from whole blood and the FcγR genotypes determined using PCR and allele specific oligonucleotide probes. Significance of differences among clinical groups were sought using the Kruskal‐Wallis or chi‐square tests. Associations between 2 or more variables were tested using regression analysis. Refractory subjects exhibited higher mean attachment loss and pocket depth than successfully treated or periodontally healthy subjects. Smoking status did not differ significantly among groups. No significant differences in serum IgG2 levels and frequency of detection of Gm(23)‐negative allotype were observed among the clinical groups. Serum IgG2 level was positively associated with the number of serum antibody responses to subgingival species (r‐0.51.P<0.001). Subjects with the Gm(23)‐ negative allotype exhibited lower mean levels of serum lgG2 (3.06±0.3 versus 3.9±0.2. p<0.01) and mean number of serum antibodies to subgingival species (17.7±1.7 versus 23.3±1.4, p<0.05) than allotype positive individuals. No significant differences in FcγR haplotype distribution were observed among the 3 clinical groups. Associations of serum IgG2 level. Gm(23) allotype. FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb receptor haplotypes and smoking status were weakly related or not related to clinical status. This lack of relationship may have been due to a reality of no relationship, or the inadvertent pooling of subjects where these factors were of primary importance with subjects in whom these factors played a less important role.