bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF GLUCOSE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Authors: Tétreault L. , Beaulnes A.
Published: December 2009

Glucose deprivation was previously shown to favor the induction of ventricular fibrillation in the isolated and perfused rabbit heart. On the other hand, glucose is required for the prolonged maintenance of the induced fibrillation.The mechanism of action of glucose in the maintenance of electrically induced fibrillation was studied in 54 hearts perfused with solutions containing either normal or decreased sources of available energy. Hearts perfused with a normal solution, a low-sucrose solution, or with a glucose-free solution containing lactate or adenosine-triphosphate develop long-lasting fibrillations.It is believed that glucose deprivation acts, initially, by inhibiting the active cardiac mechanism delaying repolarization and by reducing, therefore, the duration of the action potential and rendering the heart more vulnerable to fibrillatory factors. During a second phase, brought about by a decrease in the effectiveness of the sodium pump and by a shift in the sodium and potassium fluxes, glucose deprivation lengthens the duration of the action potential and refractory period and produces an antifibrillatory effect. Dinitrophenol is thought to act in a similar manner, but the fibrillatory action of adenosine triphosphate cannot be explained as satisfactorily.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN NORMAL HUMAN MUSCLE
Authors: Smith J. Crispin , Foldes Vera M. , Foldes Francis F.
Published: December 2009

The intracellular distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in biopsied human rectus abdominis and quadriceps femoris muscles was investigated. Differential ultracentrifugal fractionation showed that the highest specific activity of acetylcholinesterase was associated with the microsomal fraction, this enzyme being concentrated 19-fold compared to the original homogenate. The highest specific activity of butyrylcholinesterase was found in the non-particulate fraction. The mitochondrial fraction showed the lowest specific cholinesterase activity. Wide variation of cholinesterase activity was found in various autopsied muscles, the highest being oculomotor muscle and the lowest cardiac ventricular muscle. About 90% of the cholinesterase activity of skeletal muscle was due to acetylcholinesterase and 10% to butyrylcholinesterase.
AN AROMATIC AMINO ACID TRANSAMINASE FROM MUNG BEAN
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Wetter L. R.
Published: December 2009

A transaminase has been isolated and purified from young mung bean plants (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The enzyme catalyzes the transamination of phenylalanine in the presence of α-ketoglutarate with the production of equimolar amounts of phenylpyruvate and glutamate. Tyrosine and tryptophan also serve as substrates, and relative rate measurements indicate that only one enzyme is involved. In addition to α-ketoglutarate the enzyme also utilizes pyruvate, and to some extent glyoxylate and oxaloacetate as amino acceptors. The enzyme is stable in solution at 0–4 °C for several weeks, and acetone powders of the young plants stored at 0–4 °C retained their activity for several months. The enzyme is inhibited by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, and the activity is lost after freezing.
PITUITARY AND ADRENAL RESPONSIVENESS IN RATS AFTER PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH ACTH
Authors: Stark E. , Fachet J. , Mihály Katherine
Published: December 2009

Prolonged exposure to ACTH considerably increased adrenal responsiveness in the rat both in vivo and in vitro. The last of 5 and 14 daily injections each produced a significantly higher blood corticosterone level than did a single injection. In the presence of ACTH added in vitro, adrenal corticosterone production in animals subjected to prolonged treatment with ACTH significantly exceeded the production per unit of weight and unit of time measured in saline-treated animals. Reduced adrenal responsiveness in the stage of resistance, elicited by formalin as a non-specific stress, cannot be invoked as an explanation for the absence of an increase in corticosterone secretion. The conclusion is that after prolonged exposure to non-specific stress there is no longer any ACTH hypersecretion.Twenty-four hours after the last injection of prolonged ACTH treatment there was inhibition of endogenous ACTH release by the pituitary gland, formalin produced no rise in the corticosterone level of the peripheral blood, and operative trauma caused substantially less ascorbic acid depletion than it did in saline-treated controls, although the plasma corticosterone level was normal or below normal.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE MECHANISM OF DEXTRAN-INDUCED EDEMA IN RATS
Authors: Gözsy B. , Kátó L.
Published: December 2009

In the rat, intravenous injection of minute amounts (7.9 mg/kg) of dextran induced edema formation of the same intensity as high doses (300–600 mg/kg). With the high doses, mast-cell disruption (histamine and serotonin release), vasodilatation, hypothermia, hypotension, hemoconcentration, and edema occurred. Since minute doses of dextran induced only vasodilatation and edema formation, this response is considered as the pure anaphylactoid reaction. The syndrome provoked by high doses is a consequence of conditions created by the physical presence of large quantities of dextran in the blood, rather than an integral part of the proper anaphylactoid sequence. Minute doses of dextran induced edema without mast-cell disruption, hypothermia, hypotension, or hemoconcentration, thus showing that the dextran response in the rat is mediated by factors other than histamine and serotonin of mast-cell origin.
FORMATION OF OIL IN THE SEED OF RICINUS COMMUNIS L.
Authors: Canvin David T.
Published: December 2009

Castor seeds were collected at 3- and 6-day intervals after blossoming until maturity. The seeds were analyzed for protein and oil content and the fatty acid composition of the oil was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Oil formation began 21 days after blossoming and two-thirds of the oil was synthesized in the next 20 days; the remaining one-third was formed in the last 20-day period. Protein synthesis occurred over a longer period of time but was accelerated during the middle 20-day period.Ricinoleic acid, the characteristic component of castor oil, was not present in the very young seed, but appeared when the seed was 12 days old and represented 90% of the fatty acids when the seed was 36 days old. After this time the fatty acid composition of the oil remained constant and characteristic. In the intervening 24-day period, the amount of ricinoleic acid was lower than normal. The amount of each fatty acid component, expressed on a per seed basis, increased over the entire period of development and there was no evidence of substantial conversion of oleic or linoleic acid to ricinoleic acid.
THE VENOM OF THE MUD-DAUBER WASPS: I. SCELIPHRON CAEMENTARIUM: PRELIMINARY SEPARATIONS AND FREE AMINO ACID CONTENT
Authors: O'Connor Rod , Rosenbrook Jr. Wm.
Published: December 2009

Quantitative investigation of Sceliphron caementarium venom, obtained by electrical excitation of the wasp, has shown an unexpectedly small protein fraction of the dried venom. A few percent of the venom consists of the free amino acids histidine, methionine, and pipecolic acid. Three other components have been isolated by paper and thin-layer chromatography and are found to give weak ninhydrin reactions, in addition to certain color tests characteristic of alkaloids.
ANTIALLERGIC ACTIVITY AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AN ANTIHISTAMINE PRINCIPLE IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL TISSUE EXTRACTS
Authors: Francis L. E. , Melville K. I. , Douglas D. E.
Published: December 2009

In continuation of earlier studies it has been observed that extracts prepared from animal and human tissues such as gingiva, colon, brain, lung, breast, rectum, stomach, placenta, exert antihistamine activity in both in vitro and in vivo experiments; gingiva and lung showed the highest potency. It has also been observed that these extracts can protect against both the in vitro anaphylactic reaction (Schultz-Dale reaction) and the in vivo anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs previously sensitized to egg white. This antihistamine activity appears to be due to a relatively simple chemical compound containing hydroxyl and carbonyl groups with characteristic chromatographic and spectral properties, although its exact structure has not been established.In view of the widespread distribution of this antihistamine factor, it is suggested that it might be of physiological significance as an antiallergic substance and warrants further study as a potential new drug for allergic diseases. These and other aspects of the problem are being explored.
GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE TISSUES OF A SALMONOID FISH (SALMO GAIRDNERII GAIRDNERII)
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Jonas R. E. E. , Roberts E.
Published: December 2009

Glycolysis in various tissues of the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii) has been studied in vitro using tissue extracts and homogenates. Of the tissues examined, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, liver and kidney, only heart muscle homogenate was found to be capable of converting free glucose to lactic acid without added hexokinase. Low hexokinase activity or low hexokinase activity coupled with adenosine triphosphatase activity accounted for the failure of the other tissue homogenates to attack glucose.Qualitative and quantitative studies have indicated the presence of hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvic kinase, and lactic dehydrogenase in the various fish tissues examined. Except for hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, the activities of the glycolytic enzymes of skeletal muscle were found to be 10 to 100 times greater than those of the same enzymes in the other tissues tested.Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) and adenosine diphosphopyridine (ADP) were cofactors and iodoacetate and fluoride plus phosphate inhibitors of enzymes of the fish glycolytic systems.It can be concluded from this study that the Embden–Meyerhof glycolytic pathway functions in tissues of the anadromous salmonoid S. gairdnerii gairdnerii.
THE FORMATION OF ACETOACETATE FROM ACETYL COENZYME A, MALONYL COENZYME A, AND PYRUVATE BY WASHED MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG LIVER
Authors: Sauer F.
Published: December 2009

Washed mitochondria isolated from guinea pig liver were capable of synthesizing acetoacetate from pyruvate. Both acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA were incorporated into acetoacetate in the presence of pyruvate. However, without pyruvate, only acetyl-CoA was incorporated to any significant extent. Tracer experiments indicated that although malonyl-CoA was incorporated into acetoacetate, increased acetoacetate synthesis in the presence of pyruvate plus malonyl-CoA resulted primarily from increased pyruvate incorporation.The results of the present experiments indicated that a CO2fixation step was involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetoacetate. Evidence in favor of this was based on the inhibitory effects of avidin (with partial reversal by biotin), stimulation with increasing bicarbonate concentration, and increased acetoacetate synthesis in the presence of malonyl-CoA.Sulphydryl binding agents completely inhibited acetoacetate synthesis from pyruvate. In the formation of acetoacetate, carbon atom 1 of pyruvate was eliminated. This indicated that pyruvate was converted into an active 2-carbon unit.
A PROCEDURE FOR THE CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF ESTRONE AND ESTRADIOL-17β IN THE URINE OF NON-PREGNANT SOWS
Authors: Raeside James I.
Published: December 2009

A detailed procedure for the estimation of estrone and estradiol-17β in the urine of the non-pregnant sow is described. It is based on the methods of Bauld (1956) and Brown (1955), and involves acid hydrolysis; ether extraction; purification by adsorption chromatography on alumina and saponification; separation of estrone and estradiol-17β by column partition chromatography; further purification of the estrone fraction with Girard's reagent; colorimetric measurement with the Kober reaction, and a spectrophotometric correction for interfering chromogenic material. Kober colors given by urinary estrogens are extracted with tetrachloroethane, containing p-nitrophenol, to decrease absorption due to impurities.The reliability of the method has been investigated and data concerning its accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity are presented.
THE SERUM GLYCOPROTEIN RESPONSE FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION AND PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Rittenberg Marvin B. , Nelson Eric L.
Published: December 2009

Serial determinations of total serum glycoprotein, seromucoid hexose, total serum protein and antibody levels were carried out in four groups of adult, male albino rabbits subjected to the following experimental procedures: (a) 400 r whole body X-irradiation, (b) immunization with 10 mg I131BSA, (c) irradiation followed by antigen injection 24 hours later, and (d) bleeding controls. The dose of radiation employed suppressed the antibody response of (c). Significant increases in total glycoprotein and seromucoid hexose occurred 24 hours after exposure in the irradiated groups and persisted for 4 days. Pronounced decreases in total protein were observed in (a), (b), and (c). It was concluded that increases in serum glycoproteins were related primarily to tissue injury.
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF X-IRRADIATED THYMOCYTES
Authors: Araki Kimiko , Myers D. K.
Published: December 2009

The aerobic lactate production of rat thymocyte suspensions incubated at 37 °C for 2 hours was doubled following exposure to approximately 70 r X-radiation. Lower doses down to 18 r also produced a significant increase in aerobic lactate production. Increased lactate accumulation following exposure to 1000 r was observed after incubation for as little as 30–60 minutes, though the rate of accumulation increased still further between 2 and 4 hours incubation. A decrease in pH or temperature during incubation of irradiated thymocyte suspensions minimized the lactic acid accumulation. A comparison of the effects of X-irradiation in different media and of the effects of several metabolic inhibitors suggested that the increase in aerobic lactate production was a sensitive indicator of cell damage associated with the loss of intracellular potassium ions.Respiration and anaerobic glycolysis of the thymus cells were both much less sensitive than aerobic glycolysis to the effects of X-irradiation. The "anaerobic" lactate production of rat thymocyte suspensions in the presence of dinitrophenol was reduced by 50% after exposure to 5000–6000 r of X-radiation.
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Male rats weighing 207 ± 2.38 g were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a period of 7 days during which urine and faeces were collected daily and analyzed for phosphorus. As a consequence of cold exposure, urinary excretion of phosphorus is increased. With free access to food, the increased food (and hence phosphorus) intake of the animals compensates for the increased urinary excretion and a normal phosphorus balance results. Cold exposure was without significant effect upon blood concentrations of acid-soluble, inorganic, organic, or lipid phosphorus. Increased inorganic and decreased organic, non-lipid phosphorus levels were observed in livers of cold-exposed rats. These observations suggest the breakdown of organic phosphates (e.g. hexose and triose phosphates, adenosine phosphates, phosphocreatine) to inorganic phosphorus.
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF THE RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Susheela A. K. , George J. C.
Published: December 2009

The respiratory quotient (R.Q.) of the rat diaphragm has been separately obtained for the three component regions of the diaphragm (dorsal 0.753, ventral 0.941, and lateral 1.143). It is pointed out that the generally accepted value of 0.7 for the rat diaphragm therefore cannot be regarded as a true index indicating the nature of the fuel metabolized in the diaphragm.
THE CONCENTRATION OF FIBRINOLYSIN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING GLYCEROL
Authors: Painter Robert H. , McVicar George A.
Published: December 2009

A simple technique is described for using dry Sephadex G25 to concentrate solutions of fibrinolysin dissolved in a solution containing 50% of glycerol as a stabilizer. It is shown that the percentage concentration of glycerol is not appreciably disturbed by this technique.
SEPARATE RENAL FUNCTION STUDIES IN DOGS WITH CHRONIC UNILATERAL RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION: THE EFFECT OF HYPERTONIC UREA INFUSIONS
Authors: Rapoport A. , Wilson D. R. , Ranking G. N. , White L. W. , Rudd W. W. H.
Published: December 2009

The left main renal artery was constricted in 41 dogs for intervals of 7 to 30 days. Separate urine collections from each kidney were then made during water diuresis and, in 28 of the dogs, during hypertonic urea diuresis.The most sensitive criteria of renal artery obstruction were combinations of urine volume and creatinine concentration ratios or of sodium and creatinine concentration ratios.To demonstrate enhanced water reabsorption by the tubules of a kidney, there is no diagnostic advantage in the use of any one over another of the ratios of urine creatinine, urea, or para-amino hippurate.The filtration fraction of the constricted kidney was the same as that of the control. Thus the simpler measurement of each kidney's endogenous creatinine clearance offers the same assessment of relative kidney function as the technically more difficult measurement of separate para-amino hippurate clearances.When, under water diuresis, the urine concentration ratios of sodium and creatinine, as well as the urine volume ratio, are diagnostic, then urea infusions tend to blunt them. Conversely, when these ratios are not diagnostic, urea infusions tend to enhance them. Thus, for the greatest efficiency in the diagnosis of renal artery obstruction, separate urine collections should be made under conditions of both water and hypertonic urea diuresis.
FORMATION OF UREA IN LIVER HOMOGENATES FROM CITRULLINE AND VARIOUS N-ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF ASPARTIG ACID
Authors: Charbonneau R. , Berlinguet L.
Published: December 2009

The effects of various N-alkylated derivatives of aspartic acid on the synthesis of urea by rat liver homogenates have been studied. At 5 × 10−3 M concentration, N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-isopropyl, and N-cyclohexyl aspartic acids are not utilized and have no effect on the formation of urea. At this concentration, N-allyl-DL-aspartic acid inhibits the formation of endogenous urea by 77%. At concentrations of 2.5 to 7.5 × 10−2 M, N-methyl, N-ethyl, and N-isopropyl aspartic acids slightly increase the formation of endogenous urea; this is about 15% of the value obtained when aspartic acid alone is added at the same concentration. In the case of simple N-alkylated aspartic acids, liver homogenates are able to cleave the alkylated chain with the result that a small amount of urea synthesis is possible. N-allylaspartic acid totally inhibits the formation of urea from aspartic acid at a relatively low concentration of 6.2 × 10−3 M. N-cyclohexylaspartic acid has also an inhibitory effect which is ten times less pronounced than that of the N-allyl derivative.Natural amino acids such as DL- and L-valine, DL- and L-leucine, DL- and L-lysine, DL-alanine and glycine, at concentrations of 1.2 to 5 × 10−2 M, also inhibit the formation of urea. This inhibition is probably due to the fact that other metabolic pathways, used by these amino acids, have priority over the formation of urea. Amino acid analogues, such as 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid and 1-amino-2-methylcyclopentane-carboxylic acid, do not have any effect on the synthesis of urea.A free amino group in the aspartic acid molecule seems to be essential for the synthesis of argininosuccinic acid.
THE CHEMICAL ANATOMY OF RAT SKIN
Authors: Sweeny P. R. , Pearce R. H. , Vance H. G.
Published: December 2009

Lyophilization of finely minced rat skin removed the water, and subsequent extraction with light petroleum at 4° removed the fat. An extracellular, extrafibrillar phase ('ground substance') was extracted with isotonic saline, the cells were dispersed by treatment with trypsin, and the collagen was quantitatively converted to gelatin by autoclaving, leaving a negligible residue. The optimal conditions for each step were ascertained and the compositions of the fractions were examined. An appendix describes a device for the extraction of multiple tissue samples.
USE OF I125-LABELED 5-IODO-2′-DEOXYURIDINE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Mak S. , Till J. E.
Published: December 2009

The use of isotopically labeled 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (I125UdR) for determination of the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mammalian cells in vitro has been investigated. The results obtained indicate that for this purpose I125UdR is a suitable substitute for the more commonly used DNA precursor, tritium-labeled thymidine (H3TdR). I125UdR appears to be incorporated specifically into the DNA of cells in culture, and has been demonstrated to compete with H3TdR, although the Kmfor H3TdR was smaller than that of I125UdR by a factor of approximately 4. The amount of label incorporated into DNA of cells increased linearly with time. When the rate of DNA synthesis was reduced by exposure of the cells to various doses of X-rays, the ratio of I125UdR incorporation to H3TdR incorporation into DNA of cells was found to be a constant, which supports the view that uptake of the analogue provides as reliable an indication of effects upon the rate of DNA synthesis as does that of H3TdR. The chief advantage of I125UdR over H3TdR is that I125is a gamma emitter, so that the difficulties encountered in detection of the low energy beta particles from H3may be avoided.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF KREBS CYCLE ACIDS BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Kuksis A. , Vishwakarma P.
Published: December 2009

Carbowax-coated Teflon powder (2–3%, w/w, on Teflon 6, 90–100 mesh) columns (5 ft long, 1/8 in. diam.) were used with the Aerograph Hy-Fi gas chromatograph. Complete separations and symmetric peaks were obtained both isothermally (150 °C) and by temperature programming (100–160 °C) for the methyl esters of succinic, oxalacetic, malic, alpha-ketoglutaric, trans- and cis-aconitic, and citric acids. On account of enolization, the alpha-keto esters gave more than one peak, the proportions of which varied with the chromatographic conditions. The succinic and fumaric esters overlapped. The trans isomers were eluted ahead of the cis isomers.A linear relationship was obtained between the areas recorded and the quantities of the individual esters injected in the range of 0.01–10 μg. The absolute response varied with the oxygen content of each ester. Analysis of polycarboxylic acid mixtures from natural sources gave values comparable to those obtained by the more laborious conventional techniques.
PROPERTIES OF BOVINE Ac-GLOBULIN CONCENTRATES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION
Authors: Aoki Nobuo , Harmison Charles R. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: December 2009

A procedure is described for retaining bovine plasma Ac-globulin activity as one part of the protein from plasma for every 1000 parts removed. The yields averaged 15%. The procedure involves removal of prothrombin with barium carbonate, isoelectric fractionation, fractionation with ammonium sulphate, chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50, and a second fractionation with ammonium sulphate. The procedure requires 2 days; however, the first day completes up to chromatography and the concentrate at that time is quite useful for many purposes. It is more stable than the product obtained after chromatography and the yields are higher. In absence of salts Ac-globulin is quite insoluble at pH 5.0. The final product usually contained some impurity. With the analytical ultra-centrifuge the S20in 0.1 M potassium chloride solution was found to be 4.2 at a protein concentration of 12.4 mg/ml. The specific activity was 1500 U./mg dry weight. Bovine plasma contains 120 U./ml or about 9 mg/100 ml. Assuming the same specific activity for human plasma the concentration is most likely near 1 mg/100 ml. The best stability conditions found were: 50% glycerol, pH 7.0, and 0.1 M calcium chloride. Under those conditions at room temperature all activity was retained 6 to 7 hours, at refrigerator temperature 24 hours, and at −60 °C for 1 month. In rabbits, antibodies were readily produced. Oxidizing agents destroyed the activity, while reducing agents did not, nor did they tend to stabilize. SH blocking agents destroyed the activity. The loss of activity in the presence of 0.0025 M parachloromercuribenzoate was recovered with 0.04 M cysteine. The molecule deteriorated while attempts were made to obtain physical chemical data; consequently, the molecular weight was calculated from an amino acid analysis and found to be 98,800. The reliability of this value is problematical. Human plasma was analyzed and found to contain 13 U./ml Ac-globulin. After 4 days storage, at room temperature, the prolonged prothrombin time of that plasma was completely restored with 13 units of Ac-globulin, which is equivalent to 8 μg.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND RECTAL TEMPERATURE IN RATS DURING THIAMINE DEFICIENCY AND REPLETION
Authors: Veen M. J. , Russell G. , Beaton G. H.
Published: December 2009

Rectal temperature in male rats fell slowly and gradually from ad libitum and pair-led control levels throughout a thiamine depletion period. During this period, food consumption dropped suddenly and sharply to a minimal level. A single oral dose of 50 μg of thiamine hydrochloride produced, within 4 hours, a significant rise (to less than control levels) in rectal temperature and an increase in food consumption within 24 hours. The increase in temperature was independent of the ingestion of food since diet was withheld during the 4 hours following thiamine administration. Subsequent feeding of control diet (containing thiamine) had not further increased the "4-hour" temperature after 24 hours. With continued feeding of control diet, rectal temperature rose to control levels after 3 days. On subsequent withdrawal of dietary thiamine from the deficient group, temperature and food consumption fell as before. When the animals were again repleted with 50 μg thiamine and deficient diet was continued, temperatures rose to the same level reached after the first thiamine administration. A third deprivation and repletion produced identical results.Food restriction alone, in pair-fed control groups, induced an initial elevation of rectal temperature above ad libitum control levels as temperatures in the deficient group were falling, and an eventual decrease below ad libitum control levels only after prolonged food restriction. It is suggested that the initial fall in body temperature in thiamine-deficient rats is not simply a terminal result of food restriction per se, but may reflect alterations in metabolism due to the deficiency.
ABSORPTION OF INJECTED OXIMES
Authors: Duke E. E. , DeCandole C. A.
Published: December 2009

Concentrations in the blood of rabbits of 1,1′-trimethylene bis (4-formylpyridinium bromide) dioxime (TMB4), of 2-formyl-1-methylpyridinium chloride oxime (PAM Cl), and of 2-formyl-1-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate oxime (P2S) were measured at short intervals during the period immediately following intravenous or intramuscular injection. Dose for dose the concentration in the blood of TMB4 was found to be at least twofold higher than the concentration of either of the others. The rate of absorption from an intramuscular injection was the same for all three oximes, the peak concentration being reached in approximately 9 minutes.Other experiments, in which P2S was injected by the intrapulmonary route, showed no advantage in this species as regards speed of absorption over the intramuscular route.
CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: III. THE EFFECTS OF QUATERNIZATION AND ALTERATION OF ANIONIC FUNCTION ON THE POTENCY OF CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: December 2009

Twenty-one quaternary ammonium salts of cholinolytic drugs have been assessed for potency against Sarin poisoning in mice and rats in a treatment using N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) as a reactivating oxime. Compounds examined included the methylbromides of six cholinolytics of known effectiveness and eight N-alkylbromides of Parpanit. An attempt was also made to assess the effect of different anions in both tertiary and quaternary salts of atropine and Parpanit.None of the quaternary salts exceeded the potency of atropine sulphate by a factor greater than 1.5 in trials with rats when the compounds were examined in combination with P-2-S, although similar tests in mice showed Trasentin methylbromide and Parpanit n-propylbromide to be more than 1.5 times as active as atropine sulphate. In trials where the compounds were used in conjunction with atropine sulphate and P-2-S, 10 raised the activity of atropine in mice by a factor exceeding 1.5, with the highest value (3.6) being obtained with Parpanit methylmethanesulphonate while in the rat trials 16 quaternaries were effective, the greatest increase (7.5-fold) being obtained with Parpanit benzylbromide.No conclusion on the relative effectiveness of quaternary salts versus their tertiary counterparts could be reached since protective capacity of the quaternary salts altered with the species used, the nature of the test, the cholinolytic, the type of alkyl group introduced, and, at least in the case of Parpanit, depended upon the nature of the anionic group present.
THE PURIFICATION OF BEEF THYROGLOBULIN WITH THE USE OF GEL FILTRATION
Authors: Perelmutter L. , Devlin W. , Stephenson N. R.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for preparing a 19 S thyroglobulin component from a saline beef thyroid extract by chromatographic fractionation on Sephadex G-200. By employing Sephadex G-200 it was possible to separate a saline extract of minced beef thyroid gland into several fractions, the first of which (fraction I) contained approximately 60% of the protein and 96% of the iodine. Spectrophotometric, ultracentrifugal, and immunochemical methods revealed that fraction I possessed, in addition to the 19 S thyroglobulin protein, a 25 S component as well as serum proteins. A narrow band of fraction I appeared to be free of both the 25 S component and the serum proteins. The material in this subfraction had a sedimentation constant of S20,w = 19.1 and contained 1.2 mg of iodine per 100 mg of protein.
SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN NERVOUS TISSUE
Authors: MacIntosh F. C.
Published: December 2009

A discussion of the factors involved in the physiological synthesis of acetylcholine in nerve endings, and of the action thereon of hemicholinium No. 3.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL FAILURE IN THE RAT: I. THE COENZYME A CONTENT OF THE COMPARTMENTS OF THE LIVER CELLS OF THE RAT DURING SHOCK
Authors: Loiselle Jean-Marie , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

Shock was produced in the albino rat by means of a standardized method of blood removal. Coenzyme A (CoA) was extracted from the liver and estimated during the reversible and the irreversible phases of shock. The assay procedure was designed so that each animal served as its own "control".The CoA concentration in the liver fell rapidly during the first half hour of shock and thereafter at a progressively slower rate as the state of shock became more severe. Escape of the coenzyme from the mitochondria and the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the liver cells became evident during the reversible phase, and its breakdown in the cytoplasm began with the onset of the irreversible phase. Even at death, however, the CoA concentration of the liver was rarely lower than 35% of the original concentration. It is unlikely, therefore, that the decrease in the CoA content of the liver is a key factor in the initiation of the state of irreversibility in hemorrhagic shock.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF THALIDOMIDE AND ITS METABOLITES ON THE DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Boylen Joyce B. , Horne Helen H. , Johnson Willard J.
Published: December 2009

The teratogenicity of α-N-phthalimidoglutarimide (thalidomide) and related substances was studied in the developing chick embryo. Whereas doses of thalidomide up to 10 mg had little or no effect on the 4-day-old embryo, 0.5 mg injected into the yolk sac just prior to incubation produced micromelia and edema, which were rarely seen in the controls. Other abnormalities observed were rumplessness, cerebral hernia, and defects of the eyes and beak, which were also present, but to a lesser extent, in the controls.Metabolites of thalidomide which are found in the urine of rabbits after oral administration of this drug were also investigated. α-N-Phthaloylglutamine and α-N-phthaloylglutamic acid had little effect, suggesting that hydrolytic cleavage of the glutarimide ring of thalidomide results in decreased teratogenicity. However, increased teratogenicity was shown by hydroxylated derivatives of these compounds and of thalidomide in which the hydroxyl group was located in the 3- or 4-position of the phthalimido group, the 4-hydroxylated derivatives being the more effective.It was found that 4.0 mg of L-glutamine, injected simultaneously with 2.0 mg of α-N-(4-hydroxyphthaloyl)-glutamine, gave complete protection against micromelia and edema and reduced the incidence of other abnormalities almost to the control level. No protection was given by L-glutamic acid, pyridoxal hydrochloride, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, citrovorum factor, nicotinamide, or quinolinic acid. These results suggest that α-N-(4-hydroxyphthaloyl)-glutamine and probably its congeners may interfere with the metabolism of glutamine.
FURTHER STUDIES WITH THE MITOCHONDRIAL INHIBITOR OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

The inhibitory activity of an aqueous extract of liver mitochondria (I.C.S.) was observed with Triton-treated rats. Fractionation of I.C.S. on Sephadex indicated that the active principle comes off the Sephadex with the protein fraction. Inhibitory activity was shown to be present in the 100,000 × g supernate of the liver homogenate of a starved rat, indicating that the active principle moves from the mitochondrion to the surrounding cytoplasm.Electrodialysis of the mitochondrial extract revealed that the inhibitor is permeable and moves to the cathode. The electrodialyzed material was found to be active as an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis in vitro and in vivo.It is concluded that the active principle is associated with protein and may be separated therefrom by electrodialysis.
INOSITOL AND THE PROTECTION OF CELLS: I. THE RELEASE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND VIRUSES FROM BACTERIAL AND MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Webb S. J. , Cook C. A. M. , Bather R.
Published: December 2009

The effect has been studied of inositol on the release of nucleic acids from bacterial cells dried at different relative humidities (R.H.) and from animal cells suspended in inositol solutions. Drying at 60% R.H. or above, or treatment with inositol brings about the release of RNA and active virus, but otherwise does not affect the cell. The release of this nucleic acid appears to enable the cell to withstand adverse drying conditions and it is suggested that cell death results from a malfunction in the activity of specific enzymes concerned in RNA synthesis. Some applications of the findings with respect to the problems of virus spread and tumor formation are discussed.
INOSITOL AND THE PROTECTION OF CELLS: II. THE RELEASE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS FROM NORMAL AND MALIGNANT CELLS
Authors: Bather R. , Sebastian Irene , Webb S. J.
Published: December 2009

Various normal mouse or chicken cell types or Ehrlich ascites cells were incubated for periods of up to 3 hours in either Hanks' balanced salt solution (BSS) or 5% inositol solution. Cells incubated in inositol invariably showed better viability as judged by erythrosin staining than those incubated in BSS. Ehrlich cells incubated in BSS showed a reduced ability to take up oxygen after 90 minutes incubation while those in inositol did not. Mouse embryo and chick embryo cells were able to grow in tissue culture even after prolonged treatment with 5% inositol.Maintenance of cell viability was accompanied by a greater loss of RNA from the cell in inositol compared with BSS. This loss appeared to be relatively greater from normal cells than from Ehrlich cells, and in the case of chicken spleen the loss of RNA after 2 hours incubation in inositol was 10 or more times greater than in BSS. Purification and base composition data are presented for inositol-extracted RNA from normal chicken spleen cells, Ehrlich cells, and a subline of Ehrlich. Differences in base composition are apparent for each cell type. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
STEROID HORMONES IN THE PLASMA OF SPAWNED ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) AND A COMPARISON OF THEIR DETERMINATION BY CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSAY METHODS
Authors: Idler D. R. , Freeman H. C. , Truscott B.
Published: December 2009

11-Ketotestosterone, cortisone, and Cortisol were isolated and identified as the principal steroid hormones in spawned male Atlantic salmon plasma and the dihydroxyacetone steroids in spawned male and female Atlantic salmon plasma were determined.A large plasma sample from spawned female Atlantic salmon was analyzed for adrenocorticosteroids using both the mouse liver glycogen deposition bioassay and the Porter-Silber chemical method. The results were in agreement and it was thus shown, contrary to a previous suggestion, that the major steroids have the dihydroxyacetone structure in the side chain and there is no indication of large quantities of steroid lacking the hydroxyl group at C-17.
PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOLUBLE ESTERASES OF HUMAN KIDNEY
Authors: Ecobichon D. J. , Kalow W.
Published: December 2009

Water-soluble proteins and enzymes of human kidney were separated by vertical zone electrophoresis in starch gel and compared with those of human serum and liver. In most individuals 11 bands of proteins were detected with the aid of amido black B; some individuals had one additional band. Various substrates and inhibitors were used in efforts to identify enzymes. Five zones of esterase activity were found. One zone, characteristic of serum cholinesterase, was believed to be due to serum contained in the tissue. A zone of isozymic esterases was found to be common to both human liver and kidney and reacted like acetylesterase. Another zone, migrating at a rate approximating that of serum albumin, reacted like an aliesterase. Three small esterase bands, showing a marked hydrolysis of α-naphthyl butyrate, were found to be characteristic of renal tissue on comparison with hepatic tissue and serum. Observations on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, lactic dehydrogenase, and catalase were recorded for comparison with the data on esterases.
UTILIZATION OF LIPIDS BY FISH: II. FATTY ACID OXIDATION BY A PARTICULATE FRACTION FROM LATERAL LINE MUSCLE
Authors: Bilinski E. , Jonas R. E. E.
Published: December 2009

The fatty acid oxidizing system present in lateral line muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was studied by using subcellular particles, having the sedimentation characteristics of mitochondria. The rate of oxidation of K-myristate-1-C14, K-octanoate-1-C14, and Na-hexanoate-1-C14was determined at 25 °C by measuring the formation of C14O2. Oxidation was stimulated by adenosine triphosphate Mg++, coenzyme A and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, but not by cytochrome c. It was optimum at pH 7.5–8.5.The data are consistent with the assumption that in the lateral line muscle fatty acid oxidation takes place through the known mechanism involving CoA derivatives.
NEUTRALIZATION OF AUTOPROTHROMBIN C ACTIVITY WITH ANTITHROMBIN
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Cole Edmond R. , Harmison Charles R. , Monkhouse Frank C.
Published: December 2009

A concentrate of antithrombin was made from bovine plasma. When examined with an analytical ultracentrifuge it was found to contain a main component and a small amount of more rapidly sedimentating material. For the main component [Formula: see text] was 4.01 S. The antithrombin concentrate destroyed the activity of purified autoprothrombin C, and most likely antithrombin and antiautoprothrombin C are one and the same substance. The antithrombin preparation was limited in its capacity to destroy autoprothrombin C activity, and equilibrium conditions were reached in 3 to 4 hours. At equilibrium the quantity of autoprothrombin C destroyed was proportional to the antithrombin added to an "excess" of autoprothrombin C. The last traces of the latter activity could only be neutralized with difficulty. Under optimum conditions 1 ml of plasma can neutralize the autoprothrombin C that might generate from 27 ml of plasma. About 0.83 ml of oxalated bovine plasma can neutralize the activity in 1 mg of purified autoprothrombin C.
THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING A RICE DIET WITH LYSINE, METHIONINE, AND THREONINE ON THE DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENT, BIOLOGICAL VALUE, AND NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION OF THE PROTEINS AND ON THE RETENTION OF NITROGEN IN CHILDREN
Authors: Parthasarathy H. N. , Joseph Kantha , Daniel V. A. , Doraiswamy T. R. , Sankaran A. N. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M. , Sreenivasan A. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: December 2009

The effect of supplementing a rice diet providing about 1.3–1.4 g protein per kg body weight with lysine, methionine, and threonine individually or together on true digestibility coefficient (DC), biological value (BV), and net protein utilization (NPU) of the proteins has been studied in girls aged 8–9 years. The retention of nitrogen on the rice diet was very low (9.5% of intake in the first series and 8.5% in the second series). The BV and NPU of the proteins of rice diet were 64.1 and 52.9 in the first series and 66.6 and 54.9 in the second series. Supplementation of the rice diet with lysine or methionine or lysine + methionine brought about a significant improvement in N retention (12.6, 12.0, 13.5% of intake) and in the BV (68.3, 66.3, 69.3) and NPU (54.8, 55.7, 55.8). When the rice diet was supplemented with lysine and threonine, a highly significant improvement in the N retention (18.9% of intake) and in the BV (77.4) and NPU (63.4) was observed. Addition of methionine to rice diet containing lysine and threonine resulted in a further improvement in N retention, BV, and NPU of the diets. The net available protein (g/kg body weight) from the different diets were as follows: rice diet, 0.71; rice diet + lysine, 0.76; rice diet + methionine, 0.74; rice diet + lysine + methionine, 0.77; rice diet + lysine + threonine, 0.85; rice diet + lysine + threonine + methionine, 0.91; and skim milk powder diet, 0.96–0.98.
FORMATION OF NORNICOTINE AND OTHER METABOLITES FROM NICOTINE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Papadopoulos Nick M.
Published: December 2009

Nornicotine and formaldehyde were formed from nicotine by an enzymatic preparation from rabbit liver. Nornicotine was identified by paper chromatography and was isolated and characterized by physical and chemical methods. Incubation of nornicotine with the same test system gave rise to demethylcotinine. Demethylcotinine was also found in chromatograms of liver extracts following the intravenous administration of nornicotine to the rabbit. Chromatograms from liver, kidney, and urine extracts showed the formation of nornicotine, cotinine, demethylcotinine, and nicotine-1′-oxide, following the intravenous administration of nicotine to the intact rabbit. These metabolic studies indicated that nicotine is demethylated to nornicotine which is further oxidized to demethylcotinine.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PSYCHROPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC SERRATIA SPECIES
Authors: Kates M. , Hagen P.-O.
Published: December 2009

Growth of Serratia marcescens at 10° resulted in a decrease in the amounts of cyclopropane and palmitic acids, relative to those at 30°, and corresponding increases in monoenoic (hexadecenoic and octadecenoic) acids. A Serratia-like psychrophile grown at 5° or 10° had large proportions of monoenoic acids (chiefly hexadecenoic acid but not octadecenoic acid) but no cyclopropane acids. When grown in media containing L-methionine or S-adenosyl methionine (known cofactors for biosynthesis of the cyclopropane ring), the psychrophile still did not produce any cyclopropane acids. The phosphatide composition of the psychrophile was similar to that of S. marcescens with respect to the presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, and other acidic phosphatides, but the lipo-amino acids found in S. marcescens were not detected in the psychrophile.The present data support the classification of the psychrophile as a species of Serratia, but suggest that it has lost the ability to synthesize cyclopropane acids, perhaps as a result of adaptation to growth at low temperatures.
STUDIES ON ϵ-PROTOTOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE D
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2009

Purified prototoxin of Clostridium perfringens type D was separated by column chromatography on CM-cellulose or DEAE-cellulose into two and three fractions respectively. The fractions exhibited prototoxin activity and showed immunochemical identity. The purified prototoxin gave a single component in the ultracentrifuge with a sedimentation constant of 2.85 S. The molecular weight was 25,100 ± 1500 and 23,200 when determined by the Archibald method and from sedimentation and diffusion constants respectively. Although the prototoxin was homogeneous by paper electrophoresis and moving boundary electrophoresis at pH 4.5, its heterogeneity was demonstrated on moving boundary electrophoresis at pH 8.6; 72% of material had a mobility of −1 × 10−5 cm2/v sec and 28% with a mobility of −2.7 × 10−5 cm2/v sec. The electrophoretic heterogeneity was also demonstrated on starch gel and disc electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of hydroxyproline and four uncommon amino acids; two of the latter were identified tentatively as hydroxylysine and allohydroxylysine.
SEPARATION OF AN α-GALACTOSIDASE FROM WATERMELON SEEDS
Authors: Ahmed Moin Uddin , Cook F. S.
Published: December 2009

An α-galactosidase from watermelon seeds has been separated from invertase and β-galactosidase by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by elution from a DEAE-cellulose column with phosphate buffers. This enzyme is capable of hydrolyzing galactose residues from melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. The pH optimum with the three substrates is close to 4.2. The enzyme is inhibited by the products of the reaction, and, in the case of melibiose, by the substrate itself.
THE EXCRETION OF TAURINE-S35AND SULPHATE-S35IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH TWO CORTICOIDS
Authors: Pentz E. Irene
Published: December 2009

Taurine excretion levels of sham-operated and adrenalectomized female Sprague–Dawley rats maintained on three different commercial laboratory animal diets have been determined. No significant difference in taurine excretion was found between similarly operated animals consuming the three diets. The specific activity of taurine-S35excreted by sham-operated animals given a tracer dose of methionine-S35was significantly different from that excreted by adrenalectomized rats. The administration of 16α-methyl-9α-fluoroprednisolone to adrenalectomized rats that have been given a tracer dose of methionine-S35results in the excretion of taurine-S35having a specific activity which is not significantly different from sham-operated controls. The specific activity of sulphate-S35excreted by sham-operated and adrenalectomized rats differs significantly. Administration of 9α-fluorohydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats restores the specific activity of the excreted sulphate-S35to normal. Administration of 16α-methyl-9α-fluoroprednisolone to adrenalectomized rats having a tracer dose of methionine-S36does not, at the dosage level employed here, influence the specific activity of the excreted sulphate. These two corticoids influence the metabolism of methionine at different points in its oxidation.