bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEAD STUDIES
Authors: Aub Joseph C. , Reznikoff Paul , Smith Dorothea E.
Published: June 2004

It appears, from the investigations in other laboratories, that the anemia observed in cases of lead poisoning is due to destruction of blood rather than to diminished production of blood. The method of poisoning cells in vitro with lead was adopted in order to study this phenomenon, and distinct effects were thereby obtained, even when only 0.001 mg. of lead is added to approximately 5 billion washed red corpuscles. In order to obtain optimum results the usual dosage employed was ten times this or 0.01 mg. per 5 billion cells. The following changes were observed in cells so treated.

1. Such a marked increase in the resistance to hypotonic salt solution develops that complete hemolysis does not occur until the cells are exposed to a saline solution of 0.05 per cent. Untreated cells are completely hemolyzed in 0.25 or 0.225 per cent saline.

2. This reaction is quantitative and varies with the concentration of lead used. Under the conditions of our experiments this phenomenon seems to be unique. The effects of arsenic are very slight in comparison.

3. While from this reaction it may be concluded that lead increases cellular resistance, it also appears that it shortens the life of blood cells. This may be demonstrated by the much more rapid appearance of hemolysis than normal when the cells are merely allowed to stand in Ringer solution of any dilution.

4. In rabbits with acute lead poisoning these same phenomena may be noted in vivo.

5. Both phenomena may be changed in vitro by varying the time and temperature of the reaction and the concentration of lead, as Fici has already pointed out.

6. If normal cells stand in Ringer solution for 6 hours something diffuses into the solution which largely reduces the action of lead. After repeated washing these cells react with lead in the usual manner.

7. Small amounts of serum react with lead and eliminate its effects. Red blood cells, treated with a mixture of lead and blood serum, show normal hemolysis in hypotonic salt solution.

8. When lead is added to whole blood the only evidence of this neutralization is a marked decrease in the intensity of the reaction. This is probably explained by the fact that since both serum and cells are present together, the lead reacts with both simultaneously. This in turn explains how the reaction may occur in vivo.

9. The change in hemolysis does not appear in the blood of all species of animals. In the species in which it does occur, anemia and stippling of the red cells also tend to develop readily during lead intoxication.

10. In vitro, cells which have been exposed to lead are far more fragile than normal blood cells. Slight trauma causes them to hemolyze. In vivo this is probably an important causal factor in the increased destruction of blood and in the anemia of acute lead poisoning.

11. The serum of a rabbit which has been immunized to human blood, causes more rapid and complete hemolysis in cells treated with lead than in the control cells. No satisfactory explanation for this has been found.
SOME CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACILLUS ABORTUS (BANG) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO2 REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The relative absence of saprophytism in freshly isolated strains of Bacillus abortus is conveniently measured by inoculating a series of agar tubes with. successive dilutions of culture and sealing the tubes. The appearance of films of growth is delayed from 3 to 17 days and suppressed with the increase in the dilutions. As many as 100,000 bacteria per sq. cm. of agar surface are suppressed. When the confined air contains CO2 in a concentration as low as ¼ per cent and up to 10 per cent, the inhibition and suppression do not occur. Concentrations down to 0.1 per cent are still capable, even though in a slightly retarded manner, of bringing high dilutions into growth. In all cases the resulting growth was remarkably vigorous when compared with that in sealed tubes.
THE LESIONS IN RABBITS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED BY A VIRUS ENCOUNTERED IN THE ATTEMPTED TRANSMISSION OF VARICELLA
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

The pathological changes produced by the virus under investigation are similar to those deemed characteristic of a certain well known group of filterable viruses.
PARTIAL OCCLUSION OF THE AORTA WITH SILK SUTURES, AND COMPLETE OCCLUSION WITH FASCIAL PLUGS. THE EFFECT OF LIGATURES ON THE ARTERIAL WALL
Authors: Reid Mont R.
Published: June 2004

1. Partial occlusion of the aorta of dogs may be produced by Halsted mattress sutures of silk. This occlusion persists.

2. A method of completely occluding the aorta of dogs by means of anchoring fascial plugs in the lumen is described.

3. The vessel wall below and at the site of an occluding fascial plug undergoes marked atrophy.

4. Ligatures used for ligating or plicating large arteries cause death of the arterial wall. The same is true for encircling metallic bands.

5. Catgut is dangerous to use for the ligation of large arteries, since it may give way before the necrosed vessel wall becomes completely substituted by fibrous tissue.
A CARDIOVALVULOTOME
Authors: Beck Claude S. , Cutler Elliott C.
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the fibrosed and often calcareous condition present in the mitral orifice in cases of chronic stenosing rheumatic disease demonstrated that a powerful instrument must be developed if we are to apply surgical relief in the treatment of the disease.

2. An instrument (cardiovalvulotome) is described which actually excises a segment from the mitral orifice and removes this from the blood stream.

3. The efficacy of the instrument has been tested by its use on the stenotic valves of diseased hearts removed at autopsy. Its feasibility has been shown by operations both upon animals and in a single human case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENCE OF A TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD AND URINE OF PATIENTS WITH SCARLET FEVER
Authors: Trask James D. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

A series of observations on the blood of patients acutely ill with scarlet fever has shown that a toxic substance can be demonstrated in the serum by means of intracutaneous injections of the serum in persons who have not had scarlet fever and whose serums fail to blanch the rash in scarlet fever. The reaction caused by this substance consists of a bright red local erythema, varying from 20 to 70 mm. in diameter, of 1 to 4 days duration. The severer reactions are moderately indurated and tender, and are followed bypigmentation and desquamation. Control injections in persons whose serums blanch the rash in scarlet fever cause no reaction. The toxic substance is not neutralized by mixture with a human serum which gives a negative blanching test but is readily neutralized by a human serum which gives a positive blanching test. It is not neutralized by normal horse serum, but is completely neutralized by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic serum.

In a limited number of observations on the urine of patients with scarlet fever a similar toxic substance has been found in two out of five cases studied.

Since the toxic substance described appears to resemble the toxic substance found in the filtrates of scarlatinal hemolytic streptococcus cultures by Dick and Dick and since it is neutralized not only by a blanching human serum but also by Dochez's scarlatinal antistreptococcic horse serum, the experiments reported support the conception that scarlet fever is a local infection of the throat by a particular type of Streptococcus hæmolyticus capable of producing a toxin which is absorbed and is the cause of the general manifestations of the disease.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMOLYTTC STREPTOCOCCI BY THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H.
Published: June 2004

A method is described for the preparation from hemolytic streptococci of extracts containing a soluble precipitating substance.

By the use of such extracts, it is shown that nearly all members of this family yield a common precipitable substance.

So far, therefore, as concerns the precipitin reaction, the hemolytic streptococci form a practically homogeneous group.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S.
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of immune serum upon the electrical charge on bacteria has been studied.

2. Immune agglutinating serum possesses a specific charge-reducing effect which is quantitatively related to the agglutination titer of the serum. This effect is lost when the serum loses its agglutinating power, that is after adsorption of agglutinin by homologous bacteria; adsorption by heterologous organisms does not affect this property.

3. A highly protective, non-agglutinating serum did not show this specific charge-reducing effect.

4. It is suggested that the reaction may have practical diagnostic application.

5. The findings of Northrop and De Kruif, that unsensitized and sensitized bacteria agglutinate only when the charge on the bacteria has been reduced to a critical potential zone lying between +15 and –15 millivolts, have been confirmed in the case of all electrolytes tested except Na2HPO4.

6. When Na2HPO4or phosphate buffer solutions are used as electrolytes, specific bacterial agglutination occurs at negative charges well above –15 millivolts, and with serum in high dilution, specific agglutination takes place without any observable reduction of charge.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Woo Shutai T. , Cheer Sheo Nan
Published: June 2004

A simplified and compact agitator for growth inhibition tests with serum-leucocyte mixtures has been described.

Several modifications have been made as well in the technique of the test, which have eliminated occasional irregularities that necessitated discarding the results of the individual experiment. Such irregularities were found to be due chiefly to injury of the pneumococci brought about by prolonged suspension in gelatin-Locke's solution which resulted in failure of the organisms to grow in the control serum-leucocyte tubes. This deterioration of the pneumococcus suspension may be greatly lessened or entirely prevented by the addition of a small quantity of a balanced phosphate mixture to the gelatin-Locke's solution. The use of small tubes made of Pyrex glass has also eliminated the former, not infrequent, occurrence of early hemolysis which was sometimes intense enough to disturb the results of the test.

It has been found that washed rabbit leucocytes, suspended in their homologous serum, may be kept in the ice box for as long a period as 2 days without showing any apparent diminution of their functional activity in the serum-leucocyte test.
ATTEMPTS TO TRANSMIT RHEUMATIC FEVER TO RABBITS AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

In a series of attempts to transmit a virus from patients in the acute stages of rheumatic fever, twenty-seven rabbits and fourteen guinea pigs were inoculated with one of the following materials: whole blood, serum, joint fluid, pleural fluid, throat washings, suspensions of tonsil tissue. Subsequent transfer inoculations from animal to animal brought the total number of animals employed in the experiments to 67 rabbits and 40 guinea pigs. Only two animals developed an acute non-bacterial arthritis. No other evidence of successful transmission of the disease was obtained.

In about one-half of the rabbits and two-thirds of the guinea pigs myocardial lesions were encountered which consisted of interstitial accumulations of lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Similar lesions were found in control animals.
THE BLOOD PLATELETS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

1. A study was made of the behavior of the blood platelets during the course of pneumonia in man, as also in several rabbits experimentally infected with pneumococci.

2. The number of platelets begins to diminish after the infection has become established. A thrombopenia occurs during the febrile period. Immediately following the onset of the crisis in lobar pneumonia or after the temperature begins to fall by lysis, the platelets begin gradually to increase in number. In the postfebrile period, the platelet count increases until the normal number is greatly exceeded, and there is a return to the normal number only after about 2 weeks.

3. Sequelæ, characterized by fever, following pneumonia are accompanied by a renewed diminution in the number of platelets. After subsidence of the temperature their number usually increases until the normal is again exceeded.

4. The platelets in general are smaller and contain more granules during the thrombopenic stage of pneumonia.

5. Intravenous injection of antipneumococcus serum during pneumonia ordinarily produces no variation in the number of platelets.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

A report is given of the results obtained by intratesticular inoculation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit based on a study of the first twenty generations.

The subject is presented from the standpoint of variations in growth and malignancy as they occurred with continued transplantation. Essential features of the experimental conditions and of clinical and postmortem observations are condensed and recorded graphically.

On analyzing the results of these experiments, it was found that many changes had occurred in the behavior of the tumor during transplantation, but that the changes were of a very irregular character and as a rule did not proceed constantly in any given direction. Moreover, the evidence as to the effect of transplantation on the growth and malignancy of the tumor was contradictory in that there was a great deal of evidence to show that there had been a decided increase in the activity and capacity for growth on the part of the tumor cells. But, with the exception of a few generations, there was an apparent reduction in the incidence and percentage distribution of secondary tumors, while the death rate was unaltered or actually diminished.

It was believed that this paradoxical situation afforded a basis for an explanation of the results that had been obtained by transplantation.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

The results of transplantation, as recorded in the first section of the paper, are analyzed from the standpoint of the influence of the factors of serial passage, the material used for inoculation, the age and breed of the animals, and the time or season at which the experiments were carried out.

The material used for the inoculation of different groups of animals appeared to have comparatively little effect on the ultimate results.

The character of the animals used was found to be a factor of more importance in that the tumor displayed definite peculiarities of growth and malignancy referable to age and to breed or color markings. Still, it seemed unlikely that any of these factors would account for the variations in growth and malignancy that had been observed.

After considering the various possibilities presented, it appeared that the principal factors concerned in determining the results of transplantation were adaptation to passage and variations in the conditions of season and weather that prevailed during the time the experiments were being carried out—the one affecting the energy of cell growth and the other affecting animal economy.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRARENAL GLAND ON THE THYMUS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L.
Published: June 2004

1. Regeneration of involuted thymuses of old rats follows double suprarenalectomy in this species with great constancy.

2. Partial thymectomy alone does not induce compensatory secondary hyperplasia in involuting glands.

3. Regeneration of the thymus following suprarenalectomy would appear to be completed in most rats in about 2 weeks; and it probably begins in the medulla.
ON THE NATURE OF THE HEAT-LABILE SUBSTANCE ("V") REQUIRED FOR THE GROWTH OF THE BACILLUS OF PFEIFFER
Authors: Thjötta Th.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown in several experiments that the heat-labile, growth-promoting factor "V" found in the blood of animals does not diminish or disappear when the animals are kept on vitamine B-free diet. The titer of the "V" substance present in the blood of normal animals is undiminished in animals showing severe signs of polyneuritis even to the time of their death.

The antipolyneuritic factor of vegetable food, designated as vitamine B, is found to be considerably more heat-stable than is the "V" substance concerned in promoting the growth of Pfeiffer's bacillus.
THE RELATION OF DOSE OF BACTERIA TO GROUP INFECTION
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L. , Felty Augustus R.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the peritoneal reaction in mice after injection of different bacteria in graded dose. Organisms were employed to which the animals were fairly resistant. Under these conditions it was found that as the dosage was decreased a more or less critical point was reached below which infection failed to be initiated.

The possible clinical bearings of this observation are discussed.
THE RELATION OF VEGETATIVE ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA TO PATHOGENICITY
Authors: Felty Augustus R. , Bloomfield Arthur L.
Published: June 2004

The experiments which have been reported show that distinct differences exist between relatively young cultures of bacteria and the same strains during the period of decline as regards invasive power and pathogenicity, and that these differences must be distinguished clearly from specific alterations in virulence such as those produced by animal passage. The exact interpretation of these observations is not, however, perfectly clear. We were inclined to believe that simple alterations in vegetative activity might account for the differences which have been described, but to what extent the results have been due to injury to the bacteria by products of culture growth it is impossible to say, and further work will be necessary to settle this point.

At any rate the experiments seem to bear definitely on the problem of infection in as far as they show that purely temporary modifications

See PDF for structure

of growth activity whether or not brought about by specific injury lead to changes in invasiveness which are quite analogous to the test-tube phenomenon of lag.

It has previously been shown that there exists in the upper air passages a mechanism by means of which foreign particles and bacteria can be eliminated within a few hours. It seems highly likely on the basis of the present work that bacteria entering in an inactive growth phase—for example dried in dust or perhaps from a chronic carrier—may be disposed of before activity can be resumed, whereas organisms introduced in the stage of active growth—as from a case of acute disease—may be able to take advantage of a portal of entry. It is further possible that these experiments may have some bearing on the genesis of epidemics, especially as regards the preepidemic phase, and these matters will be discussed at another time.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MICE BY THE INHALATION METHOD
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold
Published: June 2004

1. Non-immune mice which are alcoholized and die of septicemia following exposure to a spray of virulent pneumococci rarely show any localization of infection in the lung.

2. Mice which have been partially immunized by previous inhalations of living or killed pneumococci and which while alcoholized are exposed to an atmosphere of virulent pneumococci often develop a pneumococcus lobar pneumonia.

3. Mice which have been rendered relatively immune to one type of pneumococcus may frequently develop lobar pneumonia after the inhalation of pneumococci of another type.
A FILTERABLE VIRUS INFECTION OF RABBITS
Authors: Andrewes C. H. , Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

1. In two, and possibly four, of six transmission series of rabbits inoculated in the beginning with the blood of apparently normal rabbits a virus was recovered having the same properties as that recovered from series originally inoculated with material from rheumatic fever patients. The virus was immunologically identical with Rivers-Tillett Virus III and with that obtained from the rheumatic fever series. In conducting the control series precautions were taken to prevent infection of rabbit stock from known sources of the virus.

2. Treating rabbits with benzene does not appreciably increase their susceptibility to infection with the virus.

3. The virus is probably a parasite of the domestic rabbit but up to the present time the natural course of the infection in that animal is unknown.
STUDIES ON THE TOTAL BILE
Authors: Drury Douglas R.
Published: June 2004

A day to day study has been made of the calcium content of the total liver bile of dogs intubated under sterile conditions. The concentration of this element in the bile is fairly constant under physiological conditions which do not involve wide fluctuations in the secretory output. It follows that the calcium yield for each 24 hour period in general varies directly with the amount of the bile. But when this amount becomes greatly lessened, as the result of fasting, the concentration of calcium becomes markedly increased, though not sufficiently so to compensate for the lessened volume. When the bile amount rises much above the average after the ingestion of food in quantity, the calcium content, unlike that of pigment, does not become correspondingly diminished, but tends to remain the same as ordinarily. Hence when great amounts of bile are put out, so too are relatively great amounts of calcium. This is not because of the increased ingestion of the element. For neither feedings with bone meal, nor the administration of large quantities of calcium salts intravenously or by mouth has any effect to alter the biliary output of calcium.

The normal gall bladder, far from secreting calcium into the bile, as some have supposed, acts to remove this element from the secretion, and removes carbon dioxide as well.

The "white bile," which is a specific secretion of the bile ducts, contains but little calcium, like the mucous secretions from elsewhere in the body. The concentration is only slightly greater than that in the blood plasma, and contrasts significantly with the high concentration to be noted in true bile of the fasting animal. Evidently the greater portion of the bile calcium must be secreted, not by the duct walls, but by the liver itself.

The findings have an evident bearing on the problem of cholelithiasis.
STUDIES ON THE MATURATION OF MYELOBLASTS INTO MYELOCYTES AND ON AMITOTIC CELL DIVISION IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN SUBACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUCEMIA
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Austrian C. R. , Cunningham R. S. , Doan C. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Myeloblasts can be discriminated in the supravital technique by the great numbers of tiny mitochondria in the cytoplasm and the absence of any other vitally stainable substance.

2. There are three stages in the maturation of myelocytes.

3. These three phases can be correlated with three types of the oxidase reaction.

4. One case of myeloblastic leucemia showed such an amount of an abnormal type of amitosis as to suggest the disordered cell division of neoplasms.

5. In this case transfusions were correlated with a maturation of myeloblasts into myelocytes, with an increase of the oxidase reaction, and with an increase in amitosis.
THE SODIUM CONTENT OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Sodium determinations on the blood of ten dogs after experimental obstruction of the jejunum are reported.

The average sodium content of the plasma of the normal dog is 336 mg. per 100 cc.

There is relatively little change in the sodium content of the blood plasma after the intestine is obstructed, even with marked changes in the chloride and bicarbonate.

The whole blood sodium tends to rise after intestinal obstruction. The increase in bicarbonate ions does not fully compensate for the decrease in chloride ions.

After intestinal obstruction there is a larger amount of sodium in some unknown combination than in the normal dog.

These findings throw no definite light on the mechanism of the increased protein destruction characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE ACTIVE AGENT OF MOSAIC DISEASE IN TOBACCO AND TOMATO PLANTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

The results of the attempts here described to cultivate the incitant of mosaic disease of tobacco and tomato plants give good reason to suppose that this has been accomplished. The agent in the tissues of affected plants induces the disease not infrequently in a dilution of 1:10,000 but only very rarely at a higher dilution. During its transference from tube to tube of the special medium used in the present study it underwent a dilution far beyond these effective limits—in one experiment to 4 x 10–16. Nevertheless, the material of the remote subplants proved effective in inducing the disease, which appeared as rapidly and in as active a form as if the undiluted inoculum had been employed. Material derived from plants in which mosaic developed as result of inoculation with the culture fluid induced the disease in yet other plants, and from these again the agent could be propagated in vitro, or transfers to other plants could be made.

In the course of the experiments a significant fact was noted; namely, that the agent present in remote subplants which can induce the disease was not readily filterable. The nature of the change thus indicated remains to be determined. No formed elements could at any time be distinguished in the medium.

The conclusion seems justified that the incitant of mosaic disease of tobacco and tomatoes is a living microbic body which can be cultivated in an artificial medium.
ON THE NATURE OF BACTERIAL ALLERGIES
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Mueller J. Howard
Published: June 2004

1. There seems no further possibility of questioning the opinion that the development of tuberculin sensitiveness is definitely associated with the development of tissue reactions in the form of inflammatory processes; the mere development of antibodies on the injection of dissolved bacterial materials does not induce allergy.

2. Passive transfer of tuberculin allergy to guinea pigs may be accomplished by injections not only of the tissue extracts of the tuberculous foci of rabbits, but also of the sera of such rabbits, provided multiple, well developed, and not too advanced lesions are present in the rabbits furnishing them. The exact criteria by which such results can be regularly obtained have not yet been ascertained; our results in this respect, though definite, have been irregular and occasional. It is clear, moreover, that the capacity to convey such allergic hypersensitiveness has no relationship to the precipitating capacity of the serum for residue materials.

3. Just as the allergy-conveying power of the serum and its precipitating powers for residue are separable, so, also, the bacterial extracts representing the antigens for these reactions are separable, the residue material being particularly concerned in the specific precipitations with immune serum, the so called nucleoprotein being associated with allergic reactions in the tuberculous animals.
THE RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Davies H. Whitridge , Brow George R. , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

1. A technique for determining the respiratory response to carbon dioxide on the Peabody principle is described.

2. The relation between minute volume of total pulmonary ventilation and percentage of carbon dioxide in the inspired air can be expressed by a simple mathematical formula, viz. Y = K + abz, in which Y is the ventilation rate, X is the CO2 content of the inspired air, and K, a, and b are constants characteristic for the individual.

3. The respiratory response to carbon dioxide as expressed by the total pulmonary ventilation is slightly greater at high oxygen percentages (90 per cent ±) than at normal oxygen percentages in the inspired air.

4. Respiratory fatigue may consist of two elements—one nervous, manifesting itself in increased excitability of the center and a more marked response when the demand for pulmonary ventilation is small, the other muscular and involving an inability to respond when the demand for pulmonary ventilation is great.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Mackenzie George M. ,   With the Assistance of Emily Frühbauer.
Published: June 2004

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power.

2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable.

3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization.

4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection.

5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant rôle in the immunity mechanism.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE "DIAPLYTE" ANTIGEN OF DREYER ON TUBERCULOSIS OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Straub Elmer L.
Published: June 2004

We have prepared "diaplyte" antigen according to Dreyer's procedure and have studied its therapeutic and prophylactic value in experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs. In our hands it has failed to yield beneficial effects. The animals treated with the antigen tended in general to develop lesions more quickly and to die earlier than the controls.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Neill James M. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. The systems responsible for oxidation and reduction in the pneumococcus cell have been shown to consist of two components, the nature of which has been discussed.

2. The oxidizing and reducing power of active extracts of pneumococci is inactivated by exposure to air. This loss in activity is due to an inactivation of the thermolabile cellular component consequent on secondary reactions analogous to those which under similar conditions destroy the hemotoxin and enzymes in pneumococcus extracts.
ALLERGIC IRRITABILITY
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Loomis Dorothy
Published: June 2004

Inbred lines of guinea pig which have previously been observed to differ in their susceptibility to tuberculosis differ in their anaphylactic responses as well. The families that are relatively resistant to tuberculosis appear also to be somewhat more resistant to some one or more of the phases of the anaphylactic reaction complex.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The present paper is the first of a series of reports on the relative reaction of living tissues as determined by vital staining with indicators. It is possible to bring about a localized and a general coloration of living rats and mice with litmus. The animals remain in good health and the coloration of some of the tissues persists for months. Much of the dye is stored in cell granules, especially in those of the reticulo-endothelial elements, but a diffuse staining of certain tissues occurs, notably of bone, epidermis, cartilage, and connective tissue everywhere. In the intensity and localization of the bony coloration litmus has resemblances to madder. Diffuse staining with it renders blue most, if not all, of the tissues affected, while a granular staining causes others to become notably pink, owing to the fact that the indicator, though introduced into the organism in the blue form and circulating as such in the body fluids, is ordinarily red when stored in cells. The polymorphonuclear elements and macrophages of a peritoneal exudate, may become so laden with material colored red by litmus that the blue color of the fluid constituent is masked and the exudate appears a deep, turbid red. The phenomenon is but one manifestation of a notable acidity within cell granules throughout the organism. Like many another in the stained animals it would appear to be of physiological import. Some of the questions suggested by the work will be dealt with in the paper immediately following.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN-TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The acidity of the macrophage granules in which litmus comes to be stored during life is considerable. It has proved possible to stain these granules in vivo with some of the phthalein indicators and the results, had they been obtained under controlled conditions, would indicate a pH of 3.0 or less. The amount of acid material which may accumulate within the cells of animals stained with litmus is great, sufficient in the case of the elements of a peritoneal exudate for the acid reaction to prevail when they are gathered together and crushed. The material is derived, not from the dye, but from living elements responding characteristically to a stimulus far from unique. Such responses may well play a rôle in normal physiological activities and in the cellular defense against microorganisms.

Vital staining with litmus demonstrates anew that the intracellular reaction during life is independent of that of the body fluids. By means of color changes in the stored indicator one can distinguish sick as well as dead cells of certain sorts and follow their distribution and fate within the organism. There are data to suggest that with the aid of the indicator the normal period of survival of certain elements at least can be determined.

By the indicator method, of which the foregoing observations afford a crude illustration, much should be learnt in the future about body processes. The present paper is the second of a series upon the theme.
FOCAL INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS IN THE CALF FOLLOWING INTERFERENCE WITH THE NORMAL INTAKE OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

An interstitial focal nephritis found in young calves during the 1st or later months of life, associated with or preceded by the invasion of a special, virulent type of Bacillus coli, may be produced by postponing the feeding of colostrum 24 to 36 hours, or by withholding it altogether. In the presence of a virulent type of Bacillus coli few calves completely deprived of colostrum survive the 1st week. Among the survivors, the spotted kidney, the result of Bacillus coli bacteriemia, is frequently encountered. Calves normally fed have not shown the spotted kidney, and such as have been killed early have had uniformly sterile kidneys.
ON THE ANTIGENS OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer James
Published: June 2004

Erythrocytes contain more than one substance responsible for the production of lysins and agglutinins.

By injections of alcoholic extracts of horse erythrocytes mixed with a foreign serum, hemolysins and agglutinins can be more readily obtained than by the same quantities of extract alone. The immune sera reacted on horse and donkey blood but not on the blood of other species.

The antibodies obtained differ from those prepared in the usual way with unchanged red blood corpuscles. The differences involve the ratio lysin: agglutinin, the specificity, the inhibition of hemolysis by alcoholic extracts, and the flocculation of these extracts.

Ordinary anti-horse sera give flocculation reactions with emulsions of alcoholic extracts of corpuscles but to a lesser degree and not so regularly as those produced by means of extracts.

The specific substances present in alcoholic blood extracts are probably not proteins. According to this view, species specificity in animals depends not alone on proteins but also on another group of substances.
ON BIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIPOIDS ON THE CHROMOCYTES OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Gorter E. , Grendel F.
Published: June 2004

We have examined the blood of man and of the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, sheep, and goat. There exists a great difference in the size of the red blood cells of these animals, but the total surfaces of the chromocytes

See PDF for Structure

from 0.1 cc. blood do not show a similarly great divergence, because animals having very small cells (goat and sheep) have much greater quantities of these cells in their blood than animals with blood cells of larger dimensions (dog and rabbit).

We give all the results of our experiments, omitting only those in which we were unable to avoid losses in the procedure of evaporation of the acetone.

It is clear that all our results fit in well with the supposition that the chromocytes are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick.
THE INFLUENCE OF A LOW ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ON THE ELECTROPHORESIS OF LYMPHOCYTES OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Abramson Harold A.
Published: June 2004

1. Small lymphocytes in serum at 37°C. migrate toward the anode under experimental conditions described.

2. The electromotive force of 0.8 volt per cm. under the same conditions produced a straight line velocity which approximated that reported by McCutcheon for spontaneous velocity after his preparation had been studied over 5 hours.

3. Keeping the lymphocytes on ice up to 30 hours did not produce an appreciable difference in velocity of straight line migration from that speed determined if the cells were studied immediately.

4. The possible relationships between the type and order of magnitude of the electromotive force passing between injured and normal tissues and the electromotive force used experimentally are briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Methods are presented for the development of clear fluorescent solutions from urobilin-containing urine, feces, and bile obtained from the dog. Conversion of the urobilinogen to urobilin is accomplished during the procedures. Measurement of the urobilin content is effected by comparing its fluorescence at great dilution with a standard containing acriflavine, calibrated in turn against pure urobilin.

Means have been found to avoid the influence of the factors responsible in part for the inaccuracy of urobilin determinations. The method will quantitate exceedingly small amounts of urobilin and estimations on the same material agree within 10 per cent.

Though designed for experimental procedures on the dog, the methods would seem adapted for clinical uses as well.
STUDIES ON UROBILIN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Elman Robert
Published: June 2004

Methods have been developed whereby animals can be totally, partially, and intermittently deprived of their bile, without infection of this secretion or of the duct system. In all the instances considered the bile remained sterile throughout the period of the experiment. With this aid we have studied urobilin physiology.

We have been able to show that the normal presence of urobilin in the bile and feces of dogs depends on the passage of bile pigment to the intestine, either through the normal channels, or by abnormal ones, as when it is fed by mouth. Complete loss of the bile from the body resulted in the total disappearance of urobilin and urobilinogen from the bile, feces, and urine. Rarely very faint traces remained in the feces, the origin of which has been discussed. Partial loss of the bile resulted in a corresponding reduction in the urobilin of the dejecta.

Feedings of sterile urobilin-free dog bile to intubated dogs losing all of their bile and having no urobilin in it, or in feces or urine, were followed by the appearance of the pigment in the hepatic bile secreted shortly thereafter. When the feedings were stopped the urobilin soon disappeared.

Total obstruction of the bile flow caused disappearance of the urobilin of the bile and stool. Later as the animals became heavily jaundiced the pigment appeared again in very small quantity in the feces. Autopsy at this time showed that the intestinal mucosa was deeply tinted with bilirubin some of which undoubtedly had passed into the lumen of the bowel and had there been changed to urobilin.

Employment of the "altercursive intubation," by which an intermittent diversion of the bile stream of animals from the intestine to a collecting apparatus could be effected, showed that while bile pigment still reached the intestine urobilin was present in the bile secreted by the liver but that almost at once after the bile had been diverted from the gut urobilin disappeared from it. In relation to this finding it was noticed that in animals from which merely a small fraction of the bile was collected, that from a single liver lobe, while the greater portion reached the intestine there was most urobilin in the bile at times when most bilirubin was entering the intestine.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The oxidation-reduction systems of anaerobic bacteria manifest their action upon the blood pigments by marked deoxygenation of oxyhemoglobin, prompt reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, and to a less marked degree oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

The action of sterile plant tissue upon oxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, and methemoglobin has been studied. The oxidations and reductions of the blood pigments which are induced by sterile plant tissue are similar to the reactions which are brought about by pneumococci and by anaerobic bacteria.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin by products formed during the oxidation of a number of different substances. With some of these substances, both oxygen consumption and hemoglobin oxidation are accelerated by thermolabile constituents of pneumococci; with others of the easily oxidized substances, neither reaction seems to be influenced by the presence of the bacterial substances.

The same substances which in the presence of air induce the oxidation of hemoglobin bring about the reverse reaction if molecular oxygen is excluded.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacterium lepisepticum, Type D, inoculated in small amounts into meat extract broth, pH 7.4, under aerobic conditions failed to grow. Larger inoculations underwent a period of lag before the logarithmic growth phase began.

2. In this medium, dissociation of Microbe D to the variant G occurred readily.

3. A lowered oxygen tension in this broth resulted in growth of small numbers of Type D with no lag and great inhibition of the type dissociation process.

4. Similar optimum growth conditions were obtained by adding to extract broth, under aerobic conditions, autoclaved or unautoclaved rabbit blood in very small amounts, 0.0003 per cent, just sufficient to give a positive benzidine test.
PNEUMONIA ASSOCIATED WITH BACILLUS ABORTUS (BANG) IN FETUSES AND NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

A pneumonic condition in fetuses and new-born calves due to Bacillus abortus is pointed out for the first time, and its character, extent, and bearing on the epidemiology of pneumonia discussed.
SKIN REACTIONS TO SIMULTANEOUS TREATMENTS WITH RADIANT HEAT AND SOFT X-RAYS
Authors: Hawkins James A. , Clark Harry
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs have been exposed to suberythema doses of soft x-rays, to radiant heat of intensity about critical for producing slight burns, and to both radiations simultaneously. No erythema was produced in the skin of the animals exposed to x-rays alone and only slight burns resulted in 50 per cent of the animals exposed to heat radiation alone. The animals exposed to heat and x-radiation simultaneously developed well marked burns which healed much more slowly than those produced by heat alone.
THE LIVER AS A SOURCE OF BACTERIAL AGGLUTININ
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

Serum and tissues containing agglutinin for the hog cholera bacillus may be dried in vacuo over sulfuric acid without appreciably injuring the antibody. The desiccated material when extracted with appropriate amounts of distilled water offers a basis for accurate comparison of antibody content. The greatest concentration of agglutinin occurred in the liver, provided the animals injected with small amounts of antigen were killed within a short period. The serum of those more highly immunized contained the greatest concentration of antibody. A single injection of antigen into a radicle of the mesenteric vein resulted in a considerable concentration of agglutinin in the liver. Other experiments indicated that the liver does not act as a reservoir for the antibody. It has also been shown that this concentration of agglutinin cannot be ascribed to the blood left within the liver, since the blood serum was relatively poor in antibody. The experiments indicate that the agglutinin was produced within the liver.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF TAR SARCOMAS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Landsteiner Karl
Published: June 2004

Two spindle cell sarcomas have developed as the result, of injection of coal tar into induced embryomas in chickens. One of these, transplanted to other chickens for eleven generations, is highly invasive in character, and metastasizes freely. Attempts to transmit this neoplasm by a filtrate or desiccate of the tumor have failed of success.
A GROUP OF MICROORGANISMS TRANSMITTED HEREDITARILY IN TICKS AND APPARENTLY UNASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

1. Pleomorphic, bacterium-like, Gram-negative, intracellular microorganisms, which stained much less intensely with ordinary dyes than most bacteria were found in sixteen species of ticks comprising examples of the Argasidæ and the Ixodidæ.

2. In six of these species studied intensively slight differences in the microorganisms were detected, sufficient to permit identification of the vectors by microscopic examination of the microorganism alone.

3. No evidence was seen of injury to the tissues of the arachnid hosts of the microorganisms other than that incident to mechanical distention of the cells containing them.

4. The detection of the microorganisms in the eggs of ten species, in the unfed larvæ of eight species, and at nearly related stages throughout the life cycle of three others leads to the conclusion that they are transmitted hereditarily.
BLOOD SUGAR STUDIES
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Goodell Helen
Published: June 2004

A rapid rise in the blood sugar level of rabbits was produced by intravenous injections of killed Bacillus proteus, Bacillus coli, and Bacillus paratyphosus B, which returned to nearly the previous level in a few hours time.

A less pronounced rise in blood sugar was produced by killed Bacillus paratyphosus A and Bacillus enteritidis.
BLOOD SUGAR STUDIES
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Goodell Helen
Published: June 2004

1. During bacterial anaphylaxis there is a gradual rise in the blood sugar level, which attains an extremely high value at the time of death.

2. The curve of blood sugar is quite similar whether anaphylaxis is induced by organisms which affect the blood sugar in the unsensitized animal or by organisms which have no such effect.

3. No instances occurred in which there was not a marked hyperglycemia in anaphylaxis.
DRAINAGE OF THE THORACIC DUCT IN EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard
Published: June 2004

1. When care is taken to produce a peritonitis, which in itself is almost uniformly fatal, drainage of the thoracic duct in dogs has no favorable influence upon the course or result of the peritonitis.

2. Under the conditions of my experiments the thoracic duct did not serve in any important way as a drainage tract for bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity.