bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter Precipitation Liquid–Ice Phase Transitions Revealed with Polarimetric Radar and 2DVD Observations in Central Oklahoma
Authors: Bukovčić Petar , Zrnić Dušan , Zhang Guifu
Published: January 2017

Observations and analysis of an ice–liquid phase precipitation event, collected with an S-band polarimetric KOUN radar and a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) in central Oklahoma on 20 January 2007, are presented. Using the disdrometer measurements, precipitation is classified either as ice pellets or rain/freezing rain. The disdrometer observations showed fast-falling and slow-falling particles of similar size. The vast majority (>99%) were fast falling with observed velocities close to those of raindrops with similar sizes. In contrast to the smaller particles (<1 mm in diameter), bigger ice pellets (>1.5 mm) were relatively easy to distinguish because their shapes differ from the raindrops. The ice pellets were challenging to detect by looking at conventional polarimetric radar data because of the localized and patchy nature of the ice phase and their occurrence close to the ground. Previously published findings referred to cases in which ice pellet areas were centered on the radar location and showed a ringlike structure of enhanced differential reflectivity ZDR and reduced copolar correlation coefficient ρhv and horizontal reflectivity ZH in PPI images. In this study, a new, unconventional way of looking at polarimetric radar data is introduced: slanted vertical profiles (SVPs) at low (0°–1°) radar elevations. From the analysis of the localized and patchy structures using SVPs, the polarimetric refreezing signature, reflected in local enhancement in ZDR and reduction in ZH and ρhv, became much more evident. Model simulations of sequential drop freezing using Marshall–Palmer DSDs along with the observations suggest that preferential freezing of small drops may be responsible for the refreezing polarimetric signature, as suggested in previous studies.
An Interactive Computer-Based Training System for Electrical Engineering Education
Authors: Li Xin , Pudlowski Zenon J.
Published: January 2017

An interactive computer-based training system for electrical engineering education

A computer learning network including an interactive computer-based training system (ICBTS) for electrical engineering has been developed. This article discusses the integration of instruction design, courseware delivery and students' performance analysis into one flexible system through computer-based learning. It considers the design and development of ICBTS, which is suitable for engineering students at university level.
Static and High Strain Rate Response of a Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic
Authors: Peterson Brenda L. , Pangborn Robert N. , Pantano Carlo G.
Published: January 2017

The mechanical response of an impact-modified, discontinuous fiber reinforced styrene-maleic anhydride (S/MA) polymer has been characterized at static and high strain rates and under both dry and wet test conditions. Five different material configurations were tested, including unreinforced S/MA as a reference material and composites incorporating fiber reinforcement with different average diameters, the presence or absence of an interfacial silane coupling agent, and fibers prepared with an acrylonitrile/butadiene latex coating.

The ultimate tensile strengths, strains to failure, fracture energies, and effective moduli for each of the materials were evaluated as a function of strain rate, which was varied between 1.67 × 10−3 and 6.0 mm/mm·s. The results of the tests performed on the unreinforced S/MA revealed a 60% increase in the ultimate strength and marked reductions of 80% and 50% in the strain to failure and fracture energy, respectively, with increasing strain rate. While all of the composites exhibited on the order of twice the strength, 2.5 times the stiffness, and less than a tenth of the strain to failure compared to the unreinforced S/MA, the dependence of these properties on the strain rate was much weaker. Significantly, the work of fracture more than doubled with the strain rate for all the composite configurations tested due to the comparatively small reduction in fracture ductility of about 25%. All of the materials showed some degradation in the mechanical properties when tested wet, a result that was particularly evident for the composites having no silane coupling agent which suffered about a 15% loss in strength and stiffness.

A simple rule of mixtures calculation revealed that as the rate of testing was increased, more efficient reinforcement by the fibers was realized. Fractographic observations using a scanning electron microscope, viewed in conjunction with the experimental results, indicated that fiber debonding during composite deformation was limited by the inhibition of viscoelastic flow in the matrix material at high strain rates.
Dye Penetrant Induced Micro cracking in High Performance Thermoplastic Polyimide Composites
Authors: Furrow A. Paige Clifton , Dillard David A. , Clair Terry L. St. , Hinkley Jeffrey
Published: January 2017

The possibility of spurious microcracking in three high performance thermoplastic polyimide composite materials due to zinc iodine dye penetrant was studied. The material systems were IM7/LaRCTM-IAX, IM7/LaRCTM-IAX2, and IM7/LaRCTM-8515. Specimens from each material system were subjected to one of three immersion tests. The first immersion test involved soaking composite specimens previously prepared with different polishing techniques in dye penetrant. In the second test, specimens were soaked in the individual components of the dye penetrant. The final test involved soaking the specimens in one of six immersion liquids followed by soaking in dye penetrant. Results showed that the composite materials have sufficiently high thermal residual stresses to drive microcracking in the presence of dye penetrant without external mechanical loading. There was no evidence that the different polishing techniques had an effect on dye penetrant induced stress cracking. The individual components of the dye penetrant did not produce microcracks in the composites. Some combination of the components must be present to induce microcracking. Observations also revealed that polishing had an effect on the microcracking process of the composites that were initially soaked in immersion liquids then dye penetrant.
Comprehensive Study of Homicides in South Delhi, 1969–79
Authors: Dikshit P. C. , Dogra T. D. , Chandra J.
Published: January 2017

The present study was undertaken by the Department of Forensic Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) to find out the trends in homicides during the years 1969–79. Out of 4837 medico-legal autopsies conducted during the above-mentioned period, 140 cases (2.8 per cent) were of homicidal deaths. The commonest age group of the victims was 21–30 years (39.25 per cent) followed by 31–40 years (20 per cent). Males were victimized seven times more than females. Winter was the commonest season for the crime and most homicides occurred during the night. Most deaths occurred at the scene of the event. In our series blunt force injury was the commonest type (41.42 per cent) followed by stab injury (31.42 per cent). Defence wounds were present in 28.58 per cent of cases. Robbery and financial gain were the commonest type (37.1 per cent) of motive for the crime.
Displacement of the Nearest Relative under the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Shah Ajit
Published: January 2017

A case of displacing the nearest relative under s.29 of the Mental Health Act 1983 is described. Difficulties in achieving displacement and some ethical dilemmas, particularly in an elderly couple married for nearly 50 years, are discussed. Improvements to the Mental Health Act to avoid delays in displacing the nearest relative and to ensure financial safeguards to the patient are suggested.
Posttraumatic Growth Following the Loss of a Pet
Authors: Packman Wendy , Bussolari Cori , Katz Rachel , Carmack Betty J. , Field Nigel P.
Published: January 2017

The current study examined posttraumatic growth (PTG) experienced by bereaved pet owners following the death of their pet. Using qualitative methodology, we analyzed responses of 308 participants who answered yes to a question about experiencing PTG. Within the five factors model of PTG, the most endorsed included the following: Relating to Others ( n = 76), Appreciation of Life ( n = 52), Personal Strength ( n = 51), Spiritual Change ( n = 32), and New Possibilities ( n = 29). Other themes not captured by the PTG included as follows: relating to animals ( n = 70), continuing bonds ( n = 53), attachment relationship ( n = 44), and unconditional love ( n = 13). Our findings support the notion that PTG occurs for people who have experienced pet loss, with new emergent themes.
The Heart and Art of a Detective Officer: VII
Authors: Lockley Thomas
Published: January 2017

Mr. Lockley's final instalment of his memoirs covers the closing stages of his career and reflects on the principles of successful policing.
Risk Factors for Delay in Age-Appropriate Vaccination
Authors: Dombkowski Kevin J. , Lantz Paula M. , Freed Gary L.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

To estimate the risk factors of children experiencing delay in age-appropriate vaccination using a nationally representative population of children, and to compare risk factors for vaccination delay with those based on up-to-date vaccination status models.

Methods.

The authors compared predictors of delay in age-appropriate vaccination with those for children who were not up-to-date, using a nationally representative sample of children from five years of pooled data (1992–1996) from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Immunization Supplement. Duration of delay was calculated for the DTP4, Polio3, MMR1 doses and 4:3:1 series using age-appropriate vaccination standards; up-to-date status (i.e., whether or not a dose was received) was also determined. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated using multivariate logistic regression for models of vaccination delay and up-to-date vaccination status.

Results.

Absence of a two-parent household, large family size, parental education, Medicaid enrollment, absence of a usual provider, no insurance coverage, and households without a telephone were significantly related to increased odds of a child experiencing vaccination delay ( p≤0.05).

Conclusions.

Many of the risk factors observed in models of vaccination delay were not found to be significant in risk models based upon up-to-date status. Consequently, risk models of delays in age-appropriate vaccination may foster identification of children at increased risk for inadequate vaccination. Populations at increased risk of inadequate vaccination can be more clearly identified through risk models of delays in age-appropriate vaccination.
Age and Race Impact the Association between BMI and CVD Mortality in Women
Authors: Abell Jill E. , Egan Brent M. , Wilson Peter W.F. , Lipsitz Stuart , Woolson Robert F. , Lackland Daniel T.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

In previous studies, we have shown that obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in white women but not in black women. Earlier research suggests that body mass index (BMI) has a greater effect on CVD mortality in younger white females than older white females, whereas this relationship in black women is not as clear. This study examines the effect of age on the association of BMI to CVD in black and white women.

Methods.

The Black Pooling Project includes data on 2,843 black women with 50,464 person-years of follow-up, and 12,739 white women with 214,606 person-years of follow-up. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between BMI and CVD mortality for specific age/race groups. The younger group was <60 years of age and the older group was >60 years of age.

Results.

In younger white women, the relative risk (95% confidence interval [CI]) for CVD mortality was significant in obese women (BMI >30 kg/m2) vs. women of normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) (1.59 [CI 1.20, 2.09]). Similarly, in older white women, the relative risk for CVD mortality in obese women vs. women of normal weight was significant (1.21 [CI 1.04, 1.41]). There were no such associations for black women. Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) was not associated with increased risk in black or white women.

Conclusion.

These findings indicate that obesity is associated with a significantly greater risk of CVD mortality among white women, with the strongest association among white women <60 years of age.
Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program Patients and Infectious Diseases Treated in Emergency Departments: U.S., 2003
Authors: Adekoya Nelson
Published: January 2017

Objective.

Emergency departments (EDs) are a critical source of medical care in the U.S. Information is sparse concerning infectious disease visits among Medicaid entitlement enrollees nationwide. The objective of this study was to describe infectious diseases in terms of Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) as an expected source of payment.

Methods.

Data for 2003 from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) were analyzed for infectious disease visits. NHAMCS is a national probability sample survey of visits to hospital EDs and outpatient departments of nonfederal, short-stay, and general hospitals in the U.S. Data are collected annually and are weighted to generate national estimates.

Results.

Nationally in 2003, an estimated 21.6 million visits were made to hospital EDs for infectious diseases (rate = 76 visits/1,000 people). Medicaid/SCHIP was the expected source of payment for an estimated 6.7 million infectious disease-related visits (rate = 200 visits/1,000 people covered by Medicaid). Children aged <15 years made 39% of visits nationwide (nationwide rate = 139 visits/1,000 people). Of Medicaid visits, 63% were made by children <15 years of age (Medicaid enrollees rate = 255 visits/1,000 people). The rate of visits for Medicaid enrollees was comparable for females and males (198 visits vs. 201/1,000 people). The rate of visits for black Medicaid enrollees was 33% higher than for white Medicaid enrollees (255 vs. 192 visits/1,000 people). Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is the most frequent infectious condition recorded at ED visits. An estimated 47% of ED visits with an expected pay source of Medicaid relate to URTIs (93 visits/1,000 people), compared with 38% of ED visits in general (29 visits/1,000 people).

Conclusion.

Medicaid enrollee-specific ED visit rates for infectious diseases were higher by age group, gender, race, and region, compared with national rates. Because approximately half of visits relate to URTIs for a Medicaid payment group, URTIs should form the basis for development of appropriate control strategies.
Regionalization in Local Public Health Systems: Variation in Rationale, Implementation, and Impact on Public Health Preparedness
Authors: Stoto Michael A.
Published: January 2017

Comparative case studies found that regionalization originated from a crisis or perceived need for a coordinated response, a need to build local public health capacity, or an effort to use federal preparedness funds more efficiently. Regions vary in terms of their congruence with regional structures for partner agencies, such as emergency management agencies, as well as hospital and health services markets and organizational structure. Some focus on building formal organizational relationships to coordinate and sometimes standardize preparedness and response activities or build regional capacity, while others focus on building informal professional networks. Whatever the approach, strong leadership and trust are required for effective planning, emergency response, and sustainability. This article suggests that regionalization improves emergency preparedness by allowing for more efficient use of resources and better coordination and demonstrated progress in terms of planning and coordination; regional capacity-building, training, and exercises; and development of professional networks.
Scope of Rapid HIV Testing in Urban U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Howerton Devery , Lange James , Becker Kirsten , Setodji Claude Messan , Asch Steven M.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

The present study examined the scope of rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in urban U.S. hospitals.

Methods.

In a multistage national probability sample, 12 primary metropolitan statistical areas (three per region) were sampled randomly, with weights proportionate to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) populations. All 671 eligible hospitals within areas were selected. Laboratory staff from 584 hospitals (87%) were interviewed by telephone in 2005.

Results.

About 52% reported rapid HIV test availability (50% in occupational health, 29% in labor and delivery, and 13% in emergency department/urgent care), and 86% of hospitals offering rapid tests processed them in the laboratory. In multivariate models, rapid test availability was more likely in hospitals serving more patients, and located in high-poverty, high-AIDS prevalence areas, and in the South or Midwest vs. West. It was less likely in hospitals serving areas with large percentages of people who were black/African American or Hispanic/Latino ( p<0.05).

Conclusions.

Rapid HIV testing is increasing across urban U.S. hospitals, primarily for occupational exposure and in hospitals with greater resources and need. To achieve routine HIV screening, policies should encourage greater breadth of diffusion of rapid testing at the point of care, especially in smaller facilities, the West, and communities with racial/ethnic diversity.
Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Diabetes-Related Mortality in the U.S.
Authors: Saydah Sharon , Lochner Kimberly
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We examined disparities in diabetes-related mortality for socioeconomic status (SES) groups in nationally representative U.S. samples.

Methods.

We analyzed National Health Interview Survey respondents linked to their death records and included those eligible for mortality follow-up who were aged 25 years and older at the time of interview and not missing information on covariates ( n=5527,426). We measured SES by education and family income. There were 5,613 diabetes-related deaths.

Results.

Having less than a high school education was associated with a twofold higher mortality from diabetes, after controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and body mass index, compared with adults with a college degree or higher education level (relative hazard [RH] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.78, 2.35). Having a family income below poverty level was associated with a twofold higher mortality after adjustments compared with adults with the highest family incomes (RH=2.41, 95% CI 2.05, 2.84). Approximately one-quarter of the excess risk among those in the lowest SES categories was explained by adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusion.

Findings from this nationally representative cohort demonstrate a socioeconomic gradient in diabetes-related mortality, with both education and income being important determinants of the risk of death.
Electronic Matching of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C Surveillance Registries in Three States
Authors: Speers Suzanne , Klevens R. Monina , Vonderwahl Candace , Bryant Terry , Daniloff Elaine , Capizzi Jeff , Poissant Tasha , Roome Aaron
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Both HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be transmitted through percutaneous exposure to blood in similar high-risk populations. HCV and HIV/AIDS surveillance databases were matched in Colorado, Connecticut, and Oregon to measure the frequency of co-infection and to characterize co-infected people.

Methods.

We defined a case of HCV infection as a person with a reactive antibody for hepatitis C, medical diagnosis, positive viral-load test result, or positive genotype reported to any of three state health departments from the start of each state's hepatitis C registry through June 30, 2008. We defined a case of HIV/AIDS as a person diagnosed and living with HIV/AIDS at the start of each state's respective hepatitis C registry through June 30, 2008. HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C datasets were matched using Link King, public domain record linkage and consolidation software, and all potential matches were manually reviewed before acceptance as a match.

Results.

The proportion of reported hepatitis C cases co-infected with HIV/AIDS was 1.8% in Oregon, 1.9% in Colorado, and 4.9% in Connecticut. Conversely, the proportion of HIV/AIDS cases co-infected with hepatitis C was consistently higher in the three states: 4.4% in Oregon, 9.7% in Colorado, and 23.6% in Connecticut.

Conclusions.

Electronic matching of registries is a potentially useful and efficient way to transfer information from one registry to another. In addition, it can provide a measure of the public health burden of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C co-infection and provide insight into prevention and medical care needs for respective states.
Social security for the elderly in India
Authors: Kumar S. Vijaya
Published: January 2017

Much needed special policies to deal with the problems of health, housing, legal securities etc. of the most disadvantaged segment of society-the elder people-are discussed and highlighted in this paper.
The intoxication defense and theories of criminal liability: a praxeological approach
Authors: Shain Martin , Higgins Gillian
Published: January 2017

This paper applies an emerging method of research, “legal praxeology,” to the study of decisions concerning intoxication as a defense to criminal charges. This method is based on the observation that judges import their own values, attitudes and beliefs into their decisions in identifiable ways. We observed this phenomenon in 40 cases and deduced that judicial views about the intoxication defense are organized around two major constructs that themselves are drawn from the substrate of judicial views concerning the basis of criminal liability in general. The resulting two-dimensional analytic framework was then applied to the leading Canadian case, R. v. Daviault [1994]3 SCR 63. We observe that majority and minority opinions of the Supreme Court in Daviault fall out along the dimensions extracted from the 40 cases, as does the text of the legislative amendment introduced in the wake of the decision (Bill C-72, now S.33.1 of the Criminal Code of Canada). In Daviault, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms plays a significant role in challenging the judges of the Supreme Court to identify their fundamental values and beliefs. We conclude that the Charter is a benign catalyst to the development of legal praxeology in that it calls for a more declarative, and thus public, jurisprudence. Charter-assisted legal praxeology goes some way toward revealing the great social value tensions locked up in what at first appear to be purely legal doctrinal disputes concerning the scope and application of the intoxication defense.
Zinzendorf and the Early Moravians
Authors: Gallagher Robert L.
Published: January 2017

Beginning with the Herrnhut community in 1722, Nicholaus von Zinzendorf created a methodology for missionary leadership selection and training that developed and expanded over the course of his 38-year ministry. Through the far-reaching impact of this methodology, 18th century Moravian missionaries successfully carried the gospel to many nations and established a missiological perspective that would inform God's people for centuries to come.
The Amber Alert: The Appropriate Solution to Preventing Child Abduction?
Authors: Zgoba Kristen
Published: January 2017

Both recent and past reported crimes against children have led the public to demand further safeguards for children. Media broadcasts of a rash of child abductions, molestations and homicides have led to a nationwide moral panic concerning the safety of children. The Amber Alert is the most recent form of legislation that has resulted from the public's concerns over child molestation and abduction. This paper outlines the history and activation process of the Amber Alert, as well as the challenges and advantages experienced by the agencies involved. A review of the Amber Alert provides the reader with information about the recently enacted legislation and answers questions on its applicability at the municipal, state and federal levels. Exposing both the practical drawbacks and the advantages allows both practitioners and academics to decide whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
Community Response to Sex Offenders
Authors: Beck Victoria Simpson , Clingermayer James , Ramsey Robert J. , Travis Lawrence F.
Published: January 2017

Sex offender community notification statutes have been enacted to provide community members with relevant information for assessing risk of sexual victimization and to guide precautionary behavior. Prior research has found that community members receiving sex offender notification are significantly more likely to engage in precautionary measures to prevent crime victimization to themselves and household members, and has indicated that sex offender notification is significantly related to self-fear of victimization. Research has not, however, taken into consideration the relationship between protective behavior, fear of victimization, and perceived risk of victimization. This study expands the literature on notification statutes by comparing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions of community members who have received sex offender notification with the reactions of community members who have not. Drawing upon survey analysis from Hamilton County, Ohio, we find that receiving notification that a sex offender has moved into a community significantly influences perceived risk of victimization and the behaviors individuals engage in to protect household members from crime victimization, but does not produce a significant effect on fear of victimization.
The Independent Lawyer Consultation: A Practicum of Ethics for the Forensic Mental Health Expert
Authors: Brakel S. Jan , Goldstein Diane S. , Wilson Rodgers M.
Published: January 2017

The opportunity to obtain an independent legal consultation on a case protects the forensic mental health expert against being manipulated by the retaining lawyer. Such manipulation—also articulated as attorney seduction/intimidation—presents a serious threat to the integrity of the forensic process. A case study is presented to show how the independent legal consultation can save the forensic expert from being misled. The case comes from a workplace in which the availability of a legal consultant is built in. Some speculations are offered regarding the extension of this concept to settings not so endowed.
Psychological Consultation in Cases Involving Interrogations and Confessions
Authors: DeClue Gregory
Published: January 2017

Scientific investigation, including naturalistic observation and empirical research, is advancing our understanding of the psychology of interrogations and confessions. Psychological science enhances our understanding of why some people who initially claim innocence respond to interrogation procedures by confessing—sometimes to crimes they did not commit. Legal procedures allow three opportunities for a defendant to challenge confession evidence: whether there was a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary Miranda waiver; whether the confession was coerced (involuntary); and whether the confession is unreliable. Expert psychological or psychiatric testimony can assist courts in each of these determinations.
Reducing School Violence: The Corporal Punishment Scale and its Relationship to Authoritarianism and Pupil-Control Ideology
Authors: Bogacki David F. , Armstrong Deborah J. , Weiss Kenneth J.
Published: January 2017

Prevailing research indicates that corporal punishment in schools may aggravate the risk of violence among students. The authors hypothesized that personality characteristics of educational personnel may contribute to the risk that corporal punishment will be applied. Study 1 investigates the relationship between attitudes toward corporal punishment and two personality variables: authoritarianism and pupil-control ideology. Data were collected from 20 public schools and three parochial schools in Pennsylvania, Texas, and New Jersey. A total of 387 school personnel served as research participants for the study. The Corporal Punishment Scale (CPS) was used to measure the attitudes of school personnel toward corporal punishment. The CPS correlated positively with authoritarian personality traits (r = .78), and pupil-control ideology (r = .76). These findings support the convergent and concurrent criterion validity of the CPS. The predictive validity of the CPS is supported by a correlation with self-report of actual use ofcorporal punishment in Study 2 (r =.71). The authors conclude that the use ofthe CPS in screening school personnel may be important in preventive risk management with violent students.
Etiologic and Phenotypic Similarities between Medication-Induced Syndromes and Courts' Customary Interpretation of Mental Disease in Exculpatory Defenses
Authors: Maddux Jemour A.
Published: January 2017

There is a great deal of similarity between psychological disorders generally accepted by the courts as potentially exculpatory conditions, and the psychological syndrome often experienced by Parkinson's patients taking dopaminergic medications. A successful exculpatory defense must provide evidence of a mental disease or defect and sufficient cognitive or volitional impairment at the time of the offense. This medication-induced dopaminergic syndrome is consistent with courts' typical interpretation of a mental disease, and has key similarities (including pathophysiology and clinical presentation) with schizophrenia disorders, which courts generally consider exculpatory. All together, there is strong evidence that suggests medication-induced dopaminergic psychological conditions that are causally related to a crime could form the basis of a successful exculpatory defense considering courts' current interpretation of these criminal defenses.
Setting Standards for Custody Evaluators
Authors: Martindale David A.
Published: January 2017

In the last decade complaints against evaluators have increased dramatically as have malpractice actions. There is much controversy concerning the qualifications and methods employed by evaluators. It is proposed that legislatures and court systems develop standards to be used in regulating the professional preparation of and conduct of those who perform child custody evaluations. Professional organizations representing specific disciplines are torn by competing responsibilities—an obligation to the public and accountability to their members. They are pressured by their own members not to create practice-related documents that may complicate the lives of practitioner-members. It is recommended that courts, legislatures, and regulatory agencies use the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts' Model Standards of Practice for Child Custody Evaluation in developing appropriate standards and regulations. The process by which the model standards were developed is described.
Oral Miranda Warnings: A Checklist and a Model Presentation
Authors: Declue Gregory
Published: January 2017

Although the U.S. Supreme Court requires that police advise suspects of their Constitutional rights prior to custodial interrogation, the Court has not delineated a specific format for presentation of those rights (Miranda, 1966). To use any subsequent statement, the state must show that the suspect waived his Miranda rights, and that the waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Gradually, more police interrogators are electronically recording the entire interrogation, including the Miranda warning. That creates the opportunity for a police interrogator to elicit verbal responses from a suspect that show whether and to what extent the suspect understands the Miranda warnings and makes a knowing and intelligent waiver of them.

Did the suspect show that he or she understood the Miranda warnings? Did the suspect give a knowing and intelligent waiver? This article presents a new checklist designed to help answer those questions.

How can a police officer create a record that clearly shows whether a suspect understands and knowingly waives Miranda warnings? This article presents a new model oral Miranda warning that encourages suspects to show that they understand their rights. This presentation uses clear and unambiguous language that should be understandable at a second-grade level. The presentation is designed to elicit responses showing how well the suspect understands each right. The presentation addresses important issues often left off of written forms: clear statements that there is no penalty for exercising one's rights, and clear descriptions of exactly how to decline or terminate questioning should the subject so choose.
Speaking Up for Qumran, Dalman and the Son of Man: Was Bar Enasha a Common Term for 'Man' in the Time of Jesus?
Authors: Owen Paul , Shepherd David
Published: January 2017

Biblical scholars have offered a number of competing theories concerning the best linguistic explanation of the expression ó υιος του ανθρωπου ('the Son of Man') which occurs on the lips of Jesus 82 times in the Gospels. This article argues that— contrary to the claims of many scholars—the Aramaic expression was not in fact a generic term for 'man', although this term was used on occasion in the absolute state as a way of referring to 'a man/someone' when the contextual register required it.
Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in Cantonese–English bilingual children: The case of right-dislocation
Authors: Ge Haoyan , Matthews Stephen , Cheung Lawrence Yam-leung , Yip Virginia
Published: January 2017

This corpus-based study demonstrates a case of bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of right-dislocation by Cantonese–English bilingual children and interprets the results in relation to Hulk and Müller’s hypothesis for cross-linguistic influence. Longitudinal data reveal qualitative and quantitative differences between bilingual and monolingual children in the development of right-dislocation in English and Cantonese. While right-dislocation lies at the syntax–pragmatics interface, both delay and acceleration are observed in bilingual development. The article’s findings in general support Hulk and Müller’s hypothesis for cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition, but the bidirectional influence observed is not predicted by their formulation of the hypothesis. Moreover, the results suggest that language dominance may influence the directionality of cross-linguistic influence.
Language-Reduced Screening for Giftedness
Authors: Gray Rebecca , McCallum R. Steve , Bain Sherry K.
Published: January 2017

Based on data from a sample of 106 students in grades 2 through 8, we explored the psychometric integrity of the Universal Academic, Cognitive, Creativity, Emotion Screening Scale (Universal ACCESS; R. S. McCallum & B. A. Bracken, in press). We obtained Cronbach's alphas ranging from .95 to .98 across the eight scales of the Universal ACCESS. Concurrent validity, based on comparisons of the eight scales with “like” constructs from the Gifted Rating Scales (S. I. Pfeiffer & T. Jarosewich, 2003), the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (J. D. Bar-On & R. Parker, 2000), and the Terra Nova Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTB, 1996), produced correlations ranging from .46 to .85 (p <.001). All Universal ACCESS scale means were significantly higher (p < .001) for 53 students participating in a gifted and talented program than for matched nongifted peers. We discuss implications for screening gifted students using an instrument that deemphasizes language abilities.
Revision Stapedectomy Surgery
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , McKennan Kevin X. , Levine Samuel C.
Published: January 2017

Eighty‐two revision stapedectomies were analyzed to determine causes of primary and revision stapedectomy failure. The specific cause of failure can often be anticipated preoperatively by analysis of the patient's audiogram, symptoms, type of prosthesis initially used, and the duration of time between initial surgery and the onset of symptoms. Guidelines for performance of revision stapedectomy are discussed.
The Surgical Treatment of Skull‐Base Tumors with Intracranial Extension
Authors: Jackson C. Gary , Glasscock Michael E. , McKennan Kevin X. , Koopmann Charles F. , Levine Samuel C. , Hays James W. , Smith Harold P.
Published: January 2017

As a discipline, skull‐base surgery via the transtemporal route has matured since 1975. Previously considered unresectable, skull‐base tumors with intracranial extension can now be successfully removed by means of modification of contemporary exposures with neurosurgical collaboration. Between September 1970 and February 1986, 126 skull‐base tumors have been operated on by The Otology Group, P.C. Of these, 49 had intracranial extension. In this article, techniques for tumor removal and dural defect reconstruction are outlined. A single‐staged procedure is advised. The advantages of and exceptions to this format are described. Techniques that will prevent postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage are highlighted. Results and complications of this surgical series are discussed, and team aspects of this surgery are emphasized.
Hydroxylapatite Ossicular Replacement Prostheses: A Four‐Year Experience
Authors: Goldenberg Robert A.
Published: January 2017

Between 1987 and 1991, I have used 215 hydroxylapatite middle ear implants, in various styles, for hearing reconstruction. The first such implants were composed entirely of hydroxylapatite. Because of intraoperative difficulties in shaping and trimming these prostheses, hybrid prostheses using Plasti‐Pore were developed. For each of four implant designs (incus, incus‐stapes, PORP, and TORP), the head is constructed from hydroxylapatite and the shaft from Plasti‐Pore. Extrusion rate for the hybrid prostheses is low (4.3%). Hearing results from 47 patients with the hybrid hydroxylapatite prostheses, 140 patients with total hydroxylapatite prostheses, and 75 control group patients with homograft bone or Plasti‐Pore prostheses were compared. A “successful” hearing result was achieved in 51.1%, 51.4%, and 60.0% of the three groups, respectively. Surgical technique for use of the new hybrid hydroxylapatite prostheses is described.
Ergonomic Aspects of Development of Means of Contact Vibration Protection
Authors: Onischenko Victor Yakovlevish
Published: January 2017

Development of means of contact vibration protection requires specific approaches to the choice of materials and construction methods. Their location in the man-machine system is strictly limited by their mass, size, position and determined by anthropometric and psycho-physiological characteristics of a man. In the paper we give a mathematical description of the ergonomic factors and examples of a new means of contact vibration protection such as vibroprotective stands, tips, casings and mittens.
Language assessment in a snap: Monitoring progress up to 36 months
Authors: Gilkerson Jill , Richards Jeffrey A , Greenwood Charles R , Montgomery Judy K
Published: January 2017

This article describes the development and validation of the Developmental Snapshot, a 52-item parent questionnaire on child language and vocal communication development that can be administered monthly and scored automatically. The Snapshot was created to provide an easily administered monthly progress monitoring tool that enables parents to better recognize language milestones and offers professionals prompt information to fine-tune intervention strategies. Initial items were piloted by 15 families; refinement and further development of the instrument was conducted with parents of 308 typically developing children. Reliability and criterion validity metrics were examined on subsets of approximately 60 children who completed the Snapshot on a monthly basis and who were evaluated on standard assessments administered by speech language pathologists (SLPs). Divergent validity was also examined for samples of children diagnosed with language delays related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ( n = 77) or not ( n = 49). Results supported the criterion validity ( r = .67–.97) and test–retest reliability claims of the Snapshot ( r = .95). Sensitivity and specificity for language delay detection also were good at 87%. Potential applications for progress monitoring, fidelity of intervention, and enhancing parents’ awareness of their child’s language and vocal communication changes are discussed.
Seasonal variation in occurrence of ischemic colitis: a retrospective study
Authors: Yamanouchi Satoshi , Ogawa Sayaka , Kusunoki Ryusaku , Miyaoka Youichi , Fujishiro Hirofumi , Kohge Naruaki , Kinoshita Yoshikazu
Published: January 2017

Objectives

We aimed to identify the clinical characteristics of ischemic colitis (IC) and to investigate the occurrence of seasonal variation.

Methods

From January 2008 to December 2014, 368 had IC as the reason for their admission. A total of 364 patients were enrolled in this study. We investigated patient characteristics and seasonal variations in incidence.

Results

The mean age (±standard deviation) of patients with IC at diagnosis was 66.8 (±16.9) years. Most patients had abdominal pain (341 cases), hematochezia (337 cases), and diarrhea (199 cases) as their chief complaints. The clinical courses of the disease were classified as transient (294 cases), stricture (17 cases), gangrenous (2 cases), and indeterminate types (51 cases). Although IC tended to occur less frequently in winter, the seasonal difference was not significant.

Conclusion

There is currently no evidence for seasonal variation in hospital admissions for IC.
Caffeine Bitterness is Related to Daily Caffeine Intake and Bitter Receptor mRNA Abundance in Human Taste Tissue
Authors: Lipchock Sarah V. , Spielman Andrew I. , Mennella Julie A. , Mansfield Corrine J. , Hwang Liang-Dar , Douglas Jennifer E. , Reed Danielle R.
Published: January 2017

We investigated whether the abundance of bitter receptor mRNA expression from human taste papillae is related to an individual’s perceptual ratings of bitter intensity and habitual intake of bitter drinks. Ratings of the bitterness of caffeine and quinine and three other bitter stimuli (urea, propylthiouracil, and denatonium benzoate) were compared with relative taste papilla mRNA abundance of bitter receptors that respond to the corresponding bitter stimuli in cell-based assays ( TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38, TAS2R43, and TAS2R46). We calculated caffeine and quinine intake from a food frequency questionnaire. The bitterness of caffeine was related to the abundance of the combined mRNA expression of these known receptors, r = 0.47, p = .05, and self-reported daily caffeine intake, t(18) = 2.78, p = .012. The results of linear modeling indicated that 47% of the variance among subjects in the rating of caffeine bitterness was accounted for by these two factors (habitual caffeine intake and taste receptor mRNA abundance). We observed no such relationships for quinine but consumption of its primary dietary form (tonic water) was uncommon. Overall, diet and TAS2R gene expression in taste papillae are related to individual differences in caffeine perception.
Study Examines Daily Public Journalism at Six Newspapers
Authors: Choi Young
Published: January 2017

Comparisons of online newspapers reveal few differences between public and non-public online papers. Also, online and print editions of the public journalism newspapers did not show that public journalism is better practiced online.
Digital Camera Use Affects Photo Procedures/Archiving
Authors: Bossen Howard , Davenport Lucinda D. , Randle Quint
Published: January 2017

While digital cameras are used on most assignments and more images are shot, a lower proportion of those images are archived compared to images shot with film cameras in years past.
Facebook Interactivity Rare on Community News Sites
Authors: Carey Michael Clay
Published: January 2017

An analysis of Facebook posts of 10 community newspapers found that online discussion that included “give and take” among multiple readers was rare. Posts about crime, disasters and the weather were more likely to generate responses than any other subjects.
The Japanese-American Encampment
Authors: Chiasson Lloyd E.
Published: January 2017

Loyal opponent to government, or its willing servant? Editorial positions of 27 West Coast newspapers on the internment of 110,000 Japanese-Americans during World War II indicate press loyalty to government in times of crisis sometimes outstrips newspapers' watchdog function.
Influence of Text & Graphics in Increasing Understanding of Foreign News Context
Authors: Griffin Jeffrey L. , Stevenson Robert L.
Published: January 2017

Given Americans' general ignorance about other nations and lack of understanding of events beyond U.S. borders, foreign news accounts should offer more background information. This experiment shows that background material in both graphic and textual forms effectively increases reader understanding of complex world events.
Growth of Electronic Media Has Made Newspapers Better
Authors: Morton John
Published: January 2017

Electronic media have enforced a form of survival of the fittest on the press and the fittest newspapers who have survived are stronger because their weaker competition is gone. But they still face challenges.
Understanding & Serving Readers: The Problem of Fuzzy Market Structure
Authors: Lacy Stephen
Published: January 2017

Newspapers exist in markets that are difficult to define and serve. Market structures are beyond their control, but not beyond their understanding – and their survival will depend on how well newspapers understand.
Newspaper Liability for Age Discrimination
Authors: Stevens George E.
Published: January 2017

The newspaper can be vulnerable to age discrimination suits if there are indications of preference for younger employees in the way hiring and firing are handled.
Discriminatory Advertising: Do Large Dailies Comply with Fair Housing Act in Portrayal of Minorities in Housing Ads?
Authors: Williams Wendy Swallow
Published: January 2017

Analysis of housing advertisements in 30 metropolitan daily newspapers finds only a third complying with the Fair Housing Act.
The Impact of Gender and Race upon Armed Victim Resistance: Some Findings from the National Crime Survey
Authors: Marshall Chris E. , Webb Vincent J.
Published: January 2017

A sample of NCS personal victimization incidents was analyzed in order to identify the correlates of victims' armed resistance to attack. In order to assess whether the correlates of victims' use of a gun were different from those of victims' self-protective use of another weapon, two dependent variables were employed: (1) use of a gun, and (2) use of weapon other than a gun. A separate analysis of the correlates of self-defensive weapon use for males and females, whites and non-whites was conducted. The results of the logistic regression suggest that gender and presence of an offender's weapon were related to self-defensive weapon use. Additional significant predictors were distance from home and victim income for gun use only; number of recent moves, whether the attack took place in the dark or during daylight, and time of day that incident took place for other weapon use only. Furthermore, the predictors for whites and non-whites, females and males varied, suggesting the need for continued exploration of separate models for these specific subgroups.