bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production and Characterization of Wood Ash Pozzolan of Melina and Cashew Tropical Woods
Authors: Eric Annune J. , Christiana Nwafor , Caesar Shawon M. , Ahmed Ahmed Yakubu
Published: October 2020

In an attempt to find an alternative binding material for construction industry, this study considered the use of wood ash from two different hardwoods namely: Melina wood ash and Cashew wood ash as a pozzolan in cement production. The study investigates the chemical composition (silica (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), sulphur trioxide (SO3), sodium oxide (Na2O) and potassium Oxide (K2O)) of the ashes and the clinker.
PENGHULU SEBAGAI WALI HAKIM DALAM AKAD NIKAH (Studi Terhadap Penghulu Kantor Urusan Agama di Wilayah Kota Yogyakarta)
Authors: Zamani Saif 'Adli
Published: October 2020

Penghulu is a civil servant posted in the Office or Religious Affairs who has an obligation  to become an marriage registrar. Despite as a marriage registrar, on behalf of the state, penghulu also has a duty to become marriage guardian (wali hakim) of bride candidate who does not have marriage guardian or the guardian refuses to become her guardian (taukil wali) . This paper comes to visit the practice of taukil wali and wali hakim among marriage registrars in Yogyakarta. Based on phenomenological perspective and gocusing on the reasons behind the practice of taukil wali and wali hakim, this  article argued that there are two varians of taukil wali, e.i. tawkīl wali bi al-lisān and tawkīl wali bi al-lisān. Meanwhile, some reasons behind the practice of wali hakim are: the bride candidate does not have lineage guardian, missing guardian (mafqūd), the guardian rejects to wed the bride, and the guardian has legal obstacles.[Penghulu merupakan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bertugas sebagai pegawai pencatat perkawinan yang berada pada Kantor Urusan Agama (KUA) di setiap Kecamatan. Selain bertugas sebagai Pegawai Pencatat Nikah, penghulu juga mempunyai tugas menjadi wali hakim bagi calon mempelai perempuan yang tidak mempunyai wali nasab atau karena sebab tertentu wali nasab tidak dapat menikahkannya. Tulisan ini membahas tentang praktik taukil wali kepada penghulu dan penghulu sebagai wali hakim di KUA Kota Yogyakarta. Fokus utama kajian tulisan ini adalah jenis taukil wali dan alasan para penghulu menjadi wali hakim. Data utama dari tulisan ini adalah hasil wawancara terhadap lima belas penghulu yang ada di empat belas KUA Kota Yogyakarta. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi yang berfokus pada pengalaman individu para penghulu, tulisan ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat dua jenis taukil wali kepada para penghulu di Kota Yogyakarta, yaitu taukil wali dengan ucapan langsung (tawkīl wali bi al-lisān) dan taukil wali dengan tulisan (tawkīl wali bi al-kitābah). Selain itu, terdapat beberapa sebab para penghulu menjadi wali hakim yaitu wali nasab habis, tidak mempunyai wali nasab, wali nasab mafqūd (tidak diketahui keberadaannya), wali nasab adhal (tidak mau menikahkan) atau wali nasab berhalangan secara hukum.]
Biotecnociência, biopolítica e bioética: diálogo necessário para a sobrevivência da humanidade.
Authors: Laurentino dos Santos Ivone
Published: October 2020

A ciência e a biotecnociência que, à princípio, protegem às vidas, também pode gerar riscos às suas sobrevivências. Ao mesmo tempo em que desejamos as benesses de ambas, também as tememos, talvez pelo fato de que no Brasil e no mundo, vivemos tempos sombrios, marcados pelas incertezas de uma “biopolítica da morte” ou “necropolítica”. A revisão crítica de literatura aqui proposta, tem como escopo refletir sobre a relação entre a ciência, a biotecnociência, a biopolítica e a bioética, contribuindo para uma percepção clara, tanto dos efeitos de uma “ciência sem consciência”, como da necessidade de construção de uma biotecnociência, que atenda às demandas sociais em tempos de COVID-19.
Reflexiones éticas y propuestas jurídicas sobre la maternidad subrogada en España
Authors: Emaldi-Cirión Aitziber
Published: October 2020

La maternidad subrogada plantea múltiples conflictos éticos y jurídicos difíciles de resolver: filiación del menor, instrumentalización o mercantilización de la mujer gestante, compra-venta de niños, inseguridad jurídica, etc. En este trabajo se analizarán los aspectos bioéticos en conflicto y la regulación jurídica que existe al respecto.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Papier Joy
Published: October 2020

We once again acknowledge our reviewers for the insight and developmental critique which they so unstintingly offered. Each journal article is anonymised and subjected to ‘blind’ peer review by two reviewers and, in this process, it is inevitable that variations of interpretation and evaluation occurred, at times resulting in a third reviewer being consulted. We are grateful for the grace with which reviewers engaged and attempted to resolve any sticking points on such occasions. This has served to enhance the quality of our articles and strengthen our authors going forward.
Growing the TVET knowledge base in the south: South African postgraduate output, 2008–2018
Authors: Papier Joy , McGrath Simon
Published: October 2020

The Third International Conference on TVET (technical and vocational education and training), held by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Shanghai in 2012, resolved that growing research on TVET had to be an integral part of the overall strategy to strengthen the sector. Historically in South Africa, much of the targeted TVET research has been conducted by agencies outside of the university, but the last ten years have seen an increase in the number of TVET studies being undertaken by postgraduate students at universities, largely due to national policies that have encouraged higher education to take a greater interest in TVET research and development. Given the policy focus on TVET and the increased support for research in the field, this article reflects on the growth of postgraduate research on TVET in South Africa in the past ten years. Government targets for postgraduate outputs have prioritised doctoral studies, and, while TVET-related doctoral graduates are relatively few in number, there are signs of an emerging community of researchers and also of an expanding, though localised and highly contextual, knowledge base on TVET. The authors identify a number of aspects observed across the research outputs which could aid further reflection on the kind of contribution that postgraduate TVET research is making. Finally, attention is drawn to the nascent cadre of TVET intellectuals who can – indeed, must – provide much-needed supervisory capacity in this field.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo armed conflict 1998-2004: Assessing excess mortality based on factual and cournter-factual projection scenarios
Authors: Kapend Richard , Bijak Jakub , Hinde Andrew
Published: October 2020

To document the scale and scope of the 1998–2004 armed conflicts in the Democrat­ic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the current study combined four different data sources: the 1984 DRC Population Census, the 1995 and 2001 DRC Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the 2007 DRC Demographic and Health Survey, to reconstruct missing demographic estimates and assess the level of excess mortality associated with the conflict, going from 1998 to 2007. Findings from this study do not corrobo­rate previous estimates on the same armed conflict and for the same period: these range from excess mortality of 5.4 million population according to Coghlan et al. (2009), to 0.2 million according to Lambert and Lohlé-Tart (2008).

The cohort component projection method as used in this study is a cost-effective approach as it allows the analysis of a complex issue, that is excess mortality associat­ed with an armed conflict, with relatively modest resources. This study highlights that the choice of baseline rates is a key factor in determining the level of excess mortality when data points are scarce. This study produced a range of plausible estimates of excess mortality between 1 and 1.9 million population rather than a single best estimate. The range of excess mortality produced in this study is narrower and less extreme when compared to previous studies on the same conflict. As a further contribution to the debate in this field, the current study advocates producing a range of plausible estimates rather than a single best estimate of excess mortality. This is justified by the uncertainties associated with the scarcity of the data, the statistical modelling and the overall analysis process.
PENERAPAN PIDANA MATI TERHADAP TERPIDANA KASUS KORUPSI
Authors: Anjari Warih
Published: October 2020

Korupsi sebagai extraordinary crime memberikan pengaturan mengenai pidana mati bagi pelakunya. Namun, faktanya ketentuan  tersebut belum pernah diterapkan oleh Hakim dalam mengadili kasus korupsi. Oleh karena itu, korupsi tetap terjadi dan mengalami perluasan baik modus maupun pelakunya. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengapa ancaman pidana mati terhadap terpidana korupsi berdasarkan Pasal 2 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (UUTPK) sulit diterapkan? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, perumusan Pasal 2 ayat (2) UUTPK yang berkaitan dengan “kondisi darurat” sulit dipenuhi unsurnya. Rumusan kata “dapat dipidana mati”, memberikan peluang kepada hakim untuk menjatuhkan alternatif pidana terberat lainnya yang bukan berupa pidana penghilangan kesempatan hidup yaitu pidana penjara dengan jangka waktu tertentu; atau maksimum 20 tahun atau pidana seumur hidup.
URGENSI PEMBENTUKAN NATIONAL ASSET MANAGEMENT CREDIT DALAM PENYELESAIAN KREDIT MACET BANK BUMN
Authors: Nuryuaningdiah Agnes Pembriarni
Published: October 2020

Pengaturan penghapusan kredit macet Bank BUMN yang tidak harus melalui Panitia Urusan Piutang Negara seharusnya membuat Bank BUMN leluasa untuk menyelesaikan kredit macet. Namun direksi Bank BUMN masih risau ketika harus mengambil langkah penghapusan kredit macet melalui mekanisme Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham karena berisiko berseberangan dengan Aparat Penegak Hukum dengan paradigma bahwa sebagai bagian dari keuangan negara maka sudah semestinya penghapusan kredit Bank BUMN juga mengikuti aturan dalam penghapusan kekayaan negara. Karena itu dibutuhkan mekanisme penyelesaian kredit macet yang mempunyai ruang gerak lebih luas untuk fleksibilitas namun dalam koridor ketentuan yang berlaku. Dalam penelitian ini dikemukakan salah satu cara yang dapat ditempuh adalah dengan pembentukan National Asset Management Credit yaitu lembaga independen berwenang mengambil alih dan menyehatkan kredit bermasalah dalam bentuk pendanaan program restrukturisasi perbankan.
Англофонный диптих о России и русских Вирджинии Вулф и Джона Стейнбека
Authors: Weretiuk Oksana
Published: October 2020

The paper deals with the reception of the Russian character (mind and soul) by two prominent anglophone writers: Virginia Woolf and John Steinbeck. Virginia Woolf recognizes the Russians and their soul through the perception of the great Russian masterpieces of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov (The Russian Point of View, essay, 1925); Steinbeck’s A Russian Journal, 1948, presents the Russians as they were observed by the American author in their everyday life, rebuilding their country after WWII. The genre specificity of each work, the differences of time, emotions and purpose of writing, the Russian “experience” of each author, determine a certain heterogeneity of understanding of Russia and Russians; nevertheless, both form a heterogeneous whole of the Anglophone perception.
Polsko-, niemiecko- i rosyjskojęzyczny obraz „innego” i „obcego”. Analiza porównawcza pól asocjacyjnych
Authors: Gawarkiewicz Roman
Published: October 2020

The article is concerned with reconstructing the cultural meanings included in the Polish signs “inny” (“different”) and “obcy” (“foreign”) and comparing them with their Russian and German counterparts, i.e. “другой” and “чужой”, “der Andere” and “der Fremde” respectively. The data for the comparative analysis were collected by means of the free association method. The features indicated by the respondents reflected culture-specific and language-specific associative profiles of images of the lexical items “different” and “foreign”, characteristic of the representatives of the Polish, Russian and German cultures. The results of the association test confirm that there exist numerous criteria which the Polish, Russian and German respondents referred to while specifying the meaning of “different” and “foreign”. The questionnaire allowed for establishing a hierarchy of the criteria as well as for indicating significant similarities and differences between the Polish, Russian and German associative definitions of both terms.
Вызовы современному русскому литературному языку
Authors: Медведев Владимир
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the study of some active processes affecting the system of the modern Russian language. The result of the study is the identification of factors that negatively affect the dynamics of the Russian language, which are presented in socio-political and linguistic aspects. The socio-political reasons are caused by the active reduction of the Russian-language information space in the near and far abroad area under the influence of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Unsuccessful phenomena in the current state of the Russian language consist in the intentional violation of the language norms in the Internet space, the substitution of normative vocabulary for meaningfully and stylistically belittled expressions of rural life, the clogging of the Russian literary language with words and verbal turns of slang origin, the dissemination of obscene vocabulary, the saturation of the language with words and expressions of foreign origin, and the unjustified euphemization of speech, leading to the erosion of the meaning of words. The general conclusion is the need for the serious efforts of the whole society against the simplification and the purity of the Russian literary language.
The use of the auxiliary verb in 2nd person singular perfect verbal forms in Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries
Authors: Waraczewski Maciej
Published: October 2020

The article analyses 2nd person singular perfect forms in a collection of Old Russian documents of the 14–16th centuries. The main focus is placed on their formal aspects and the transition from an analytic to synthetic form. The process itself is well-known, yet it still lacks a detailed description and fully explained reasons for its occurrence. The author, providing statistical data on the use of the auxiliary verb byti and explicitly expressed subject, proves its great regularity. There is a strong dependence between the two items and usually only one of them is applied with perfect constructions. This shows that the function of the auxiliary verb has been completely changed and in the period described it played only the role of a person indicator. Thus, it became redundant when the use of personal pronouns was increased. All the exceptions to this rule are scarce and can be explained with factors of a syntactical or extra-linguistic character. The author’s assumptions are confirmed with statistical data and examples taken from spiritual and contractual charters of grand princes and appanage princes in the XIV–XVI centuries.
Structure of n-quasi left m-invertible and related classes of operators
Authors: Duggal Bhagwati Prashad , Kim In Hyun
Published: October 2020

Given Hilbert space operators T,S\in B( {\mathcal H} ), let \text{Δ} and \delta \in B(B( {\mathcal H} )) denote the elementary operators {\text{Δ}}_{T,S}(X)=({L}_{T}{R}_{S}-I)(X)=TXS-X and {\delta }_{T,S}(X)=({L}_{T}-{R}_{S})(X)=TX-XS. Let d=\text{Δ} or \delta . Assuming T commutes with {S}^{\ast }, and choosing X to be the positive operator {S}^{\ast n}{S}^{n} for some positive integer n, this paper exploits properties of elementary operators to study the structure of n-quasi {[}m,d]-operators {d}_{T,S}^{m}(X)=0 to bring together, and improve upon, extant results for a number of classes of operators, such as n-quasi left m-invertible operators, n-quasi m-isometric operators, n-quasi m-self-adjoint operators and n-quasi (m,C) symmetric operators (for some conjugation C of {\mathcal H} ). It is proved that {S}^{n} is the perturbation by a nilpotent of the direct sum of an operator {S}_{1}^{n}={\left(S{|}_{\overline{{S}^{n}( {\mathcal H} )}}\right)}^{n} satisfying {d}_{{T}_{1},{S}_{1}}^{m}({I}_{1})=0, {{T}_{1}=T}_{\overline{{S}^{n}( {\mathcal H} )}}, with the 0 operator; if S is also left invertible, then {S}^{n} is similar to an operator B such that {d}_{{B}^{\ast },B}^{m}(I)=0. For power bounded S and T such that S{T}^{\ast }-{T}^{\ast }S=0 and {\text{Δ}}_{T,S}({S}^{\ast n}{S}^{n})=0, S is polaroid (i.e., isolated points of the spectrum are poles). The product property, and the perturbation by a commuting nilpotent property, of operators T,S satisfying {d}_{T,S}^{m}(I)=0, given certain commutativity properties, transfers to operators satisfying {S}^{\ast n}{d}_{T,S}^{m}(I){S}^{n}=0.
Should society accept sex robots?
Authors: Hancock Eleanor
Published: October 2020

In early 2015, Kathleen Richardson announced the arrival of the world’s largest, organised resistance group against the production of sex robots in society: The Campaign Against Sex Robots (CASR). Since the birth of the CASR, Richardson and other feminists have manipulated a combination of radical feminist rhetoric and sex industry abolitionist narratives, in order to promote the criminalisation of sex robots. Moreover, the CASR and Richardson have also made some rather unique claims regarding the “similarities” between sex workers and sex robots, which have not previously surfaced within the narratives of radical feminists in recent years. This article seeks to analyse if their analogous reference to sex workers and sex robots has credibility and viability in the context of the digitalised sex industry and in the wider teledildonic and sex robot market. Furthermore, this article will also formulate solutions for the ethical and social contentions surrounding the merge of sex dolls and robots within the contemporary sex industry. In order to disentangle the radical feminist arguments surrounding sex robots and the sex industry, the following contentions will be addressed:

Is moral objection to female sex robots using client-sex worker analogies from feminists justified?

Is opposition to sex robots based on informed opinion about the digitalised sex industry?

To what extent are the positive considerations around sex robots/dolls and sex-technology ignored in the narratives of radical feminists and the CASR?

What practical applications recommendations can be made to the sex robot industry from the stipulations of the CASR and the current state of sex dolls/robots in the sex industry?
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-aided Disease Prediction
Authors: Liu Chenxi , Jiao Dian , Liu Zhe
Published: October 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in clinical medicine, and it is witnessing increasing innovations in the fields of AI-aided image analysis, AI-aided lesion determination, AI-assisted healthcare management, and so on. This review article focuses on the emerging applications of AI-related medicine and AI-assisted visualized medicine, including novel diagnostic approaches, metadata analytical methods, and versatile AI-aided treatment applications in preclinical and clinical uses, and also looks at future perspectives of AI-aided disease prediction.
Descending Modulation of Laryngeal Vagal Sensory Processing in the Brainstem Orchestrated by the Submedius Thalamic Nucleus
Authors: Mazzone Stuart B. , Bautista Tara G. , Verberne Anthony J. M. , Trewella Matthew W. , Farrell Michael J. , McGovern Alice E.
Published: October 2020

The nodose and jugular vagal ganglia supply sensory innervation to the airways and lungs. Jugular vagal airway sensory neurons wire into a brainstem circuit with ascending projections into the submedius thalamic nucleus (SubM) and ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO), regions known to regulate the endogenous analgesia system. Here we investigate whether the SubM–VLO circuit exerts descending regulation over airway vagal reflexes in male and female rats using a range of neuroanatomical tracing, reflex physiology, and chemogenetic techniques. Anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing confirmed the connectivity of the SubM and VLO. Laryngeal stimulation in anesthetized rats reduced respiration, a reflex that was potently inhibited by activation of SubM. Conversely, inhibition of SubM potentiated laryngeal reflex responses, while prior lesions of VLO abolished the effects of SubM stimulation. In conscious rats, selective chemogenetic activation of SubM neurons specifically projecting to VLO significantly inhibited respiratory responses evoked by inhalation of the nociceptor stimulant capsaicin. Jugular vagal inputs to SubM via the medullary paratrigeminal nucleus were confirmed using anterograde transsynaptic conditional herpes viral tracing. Respiratory responses evoked by microinjections of capsaicin into the paratrigeminal nucleus were significantly attenuated by SubM stimulation, whereas those evoked via the nucleus of the solitary tract were unaltered. These data suggest that jugular vagal sensory pathways input to a nociceptive thalamocortical circuit capable of regulating jugular sensory processing in the medulla. This circuit organization suggests an intersection between vagal sensory pathways and the endogenous analgesia system, potentially important for understanding vagal sensory processing in health and mechanisms of hypersensitivity in disease.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTJugular vagal sensory pathways are increasingly recognized for their important role in defensive respiratory responses evoked from the airways. Jugular ganglia neurons wire into a central circuit that is notable for overlapping with somatosensory processing networks in the brain rather than the viscerosensory circuits in receipt of inputs from the nodose vagal ganglia. Here we demonstrate a novel and functionally relevant example of intersection between vagal and somatosensory processing in the brain. The findings of the study offer new insights into interactions between vagal and spinal sensory processing, including the medullary targets of the endogenous analgesia system, and offer new insights into the central processes involved in airway defense in health and disease.
Risk factors and management of pasireotide-associated hyperglycemia in acromegaly
Authors: Gadelha Mônica R , Gu Feng , Bronstein Marcello D , Brue Thierry C , Fleseriu Maria , Shimon Ilan , van der Lely Aart J , Ravichandran Shoba , Kandra Albert , Pedroncelli Alberto M , Colao Annamaria A L
Published: October 2020

Pasireotide, a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog with highest affinity for somatostatin receptor subtype (SST) 5, has demonstrated superior efficacy over the SST2-preferential somatostatin analogs octreotide and lanreotide. The safety profile is similar to those of octreotide and lanreotide, except for a higher frequency and degree of hyperglycemia. This analysis investigated baseline characteristics and occurrence and management of hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment in patients with acromegaly treated in two prospective clinical studies, SOM230C2305 (C2305) and SOM230C2402 (C2402; PAOLA). One hundred and seventy-eight patients naïve to medical therapy at baseline (C2305) and 125 uncontrolled on first-generation somatostatin analogs at baseline (C2402) received long-acting pasireotide in these studies. Of patients treated with pasireotide in studies C2305 and C2402, respectively, 75.3 (134/178) and 65.6% (82/125) developed hyperglycemia or experienced worsening of existing hyperglycemia. Occurrence of hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment was less frequent in patients with lower age (<40 years, C2402; <30 years, C2305), normal glucose tolerance, and no history of hypertension or dyslipidemia at baseline. Thirteen (4%) patients discontinued pasireotide because of hyperglycemia-related adverse events. Metformin alone or in combination with other oral antidiabetic medications controlled elevations in glucose levels in most pasireotide-treated patients; 78% of C2305 patients and 73 (pasireotide 40 mg) and 60% (pasireotide 60 mg) of C2402 patients achieved the ADA/EASD goal of HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol) at the end of the core phase. Not all patients develop hyperglycemia, and it is reversible upon pasireotide withdrawal. Close monitoring, patient education and prompt action remain key elements in addressing hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment.
Simvastatin profoundly impairs energy metabolism in primary human muscle cells
Authors: Mäkinen Selina , Datta Neeta , Nguyen Yen H , Kyrylenko Petro , Laakso Markku , Koistinen Heikki A
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Simvastatin use is associated with muscular side effects, and increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). In clinical use, simvastatin is administered in inactive lipophilic lactone-form, which is then converted to active acid-form in the body. Here, we have investigated if lactone- and acid-form simvastatin differentially affect glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in primary human skeletal muscle cells.

Methods

Muscle cells were exposed separately to lactone- and acid-form simvastatin for 48 h. After pre-exposure, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were measured using radioactive tracers; insulin signalling was detected with Western blotting; and glycolysis, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production were measured with Seahorse XFe96 analyzer.

Results

Lactone-form simvastatin increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, whereas acid-form simvastatin did not affect glucose uptake and decreased glycogen synthesis. Phosphorylation of insulin signalling targets Akt substrate 160 kDa (AS160) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was upregulated with lactone-, but not with acid-form simvastatin. Exposure to both forms of simvastatin led to a decrease in glycolysis and glycolytic capacity, as well as to a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production.

Conclusions

These data suggest that lactone- and acid-forms of simvastatin exhibit differential effects on non-oxidative glucose metabolism as lactone-form increases and acid-form impairs glucose storage into glycogen, suggesting impaired insulin sensitivity in response to acid-form simvastatin. Both forms profoundly impair oxidative glucose metabolism and energy production in human skeletal muscle cells. These effects may contribute to muscular side effects and risk for T2D observed with simvastatin use.
La defensa del orden constitucional y la sumisión de las Fuerzas Armadas al pueblo
Authors: Vásquez Hincapié Daniel José , Téllez Navarro Román Francisco
Published: October 2020

El presente artículo, contempla, en su inicio, la comprensión del concepto de orden constitucional, seguido de una breve explicación sobre la posición de garantes de los militares; estos dos elementos permiten conocer y entender mejor la definición de la función militar de defensa. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis de la defensa del orden constitucional en referencia a la rebelión, la sedición y la asonada. El entendimiento de las funciones y las responsabilidades del militar en la defensa nacional permitirá sacar conclusiones para determinar si la sumisión al pueblo, en su condición de soberano, es o no definitivamente posible. Palabras clave: asonada, defensa, rebelión, orden constitucional, sumisión.
Direito social e tecnologias digitais
Authors: Koerner Andrei , Perafán del Campo Eduardo Andrés Perafán Del Campo
Published: October 2020

Este artigo explora os desafios para a reflexão crítica sobre o direito postos pelas mudanças trazidas pela combinação das tecnologias digitais e racionalidade governamental neoliberal para os modos de governo dos viventes nas sociedades contemporâneas. Essa combinação tem efeitos sobre o próprio modelo do direito social, tal como elaborado pelo constitucionalismo democrático, e central para o projeto neocosmopolita de direitos humanos.

O direito social é impactado de duas formas: as novas modalidades técnicas de operação do direito e a reviravolta das condições sócio-políticas para a sua realização. Vemos a reconfiguração do que é o direito na nossa sociedade e se colocam em questão os seus princípios, conceitos, teorias e técnicas. Assim, a discussão se coloca nas fronteiras entre direito, política e sociedade, na confluência de problemas como as relações entre direito e usos sociais da tecnologia, entre direito constitucional e democracia; entre os direitos humanos e o sistema político internacional.

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão teórica e contextual sobre os efeitos dessa combinação para a ordem constitucional democrática e social, e analisa o seu impacto direto e as mudanças possíveis que se deverão produzir no nível do direito para responder às novas realidades sociais. A análise se concentra nos temas da inteligência artificial e transhumanismo porque eles se situam nas fronteiras entre o biológico e o numérico, e colocam a questão do humano e das suas regras nos planos do programa político e dos dispositivos da vida cotidiana.
Comprehensive Synthetic Genetic Array Analysis of Alleles That Interact with Mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RecQ Helicases Hrq1 and Sgs1
Authors: Sanders Elsbeth , Nguyen Phoebe A , Rogers Cody M , Bochman Matthew L
Published: October 2020

Most eukaryotic genomes encode multiple RecQ family helicases, including five such enzymes in humans. For many years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was considered unusual in that it only contained a single RecQ helicase, named Sgs1. However, it has recently been discovered that a second RecQ helicase, called Hrq1, resides in yeast. Both Hrq1 and Sgs1 are involved in genome integrity, functioning in processes such as DNA inter-strand crosslink repair, double-strand break repair, and telomere maintenance. However, it is unknown if these enzymes interact at a genetic, physical, or functional level as demonstrated for their human homologs. Thus, we performed synthetic genetic array (SGA) analyses of hrq1Δ and sgs1Δ mutants. As inactive alleles of helicases can demonstrate dominant phenotypes, we also performed SGA analyses on the hrq1-K318A and sgs1-K706A ATPase/helicase-null mutants, as well as all combinations of deletion and inactive double mutants. We crossed these eight query strains (hrq1Δ, sgs1Δ, hrq1-K318A, sgs1-K706A, hrq1Δ sgs1Δ, hrq1Δ sgs1-K706A, hrq1-K318A sgs1Δ, and hrq1-K318A sgs1-K706A) to the S. cerevisiae single gene deletion and temperature-sensitive allele collections to generate double and triple mutants and scored them for synthetic positive and negative genetic effects based on colony growth. These screens identified hundreds of synthetic interactions, supporting the known roles of Hrq1 and Sgs1 in DNA repair, as well as suggesting novel connections to rRNA processing, mitochondrial DNA maintenance, transcription, and lagging strand synthesis during DNA replication.
LC-MS/MS determination of glimepiride in human plasma with a high recovery at picogram scale: Pharmacokinetic study after oral administration
Authors: Kammoun Ahmed K. , Awan Zuhier Ahmed , Elawady Tarek , Khedr Alaa , El-Awady Mohamed I.
Published: October 2020

Although glimepiride (GLM) is the first-line treatment of Type II diabetes, low extraction recovery is still a significant limitation in previous plasma analysis methods. An optimized solid-phase extraction method of GLM in human plasma with excellent extraction recovery, 100 ± 0.06%, was achieved using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and Gliclazide (GLZ) as an internal standard. GLM was extracted from 100 µL plasma sample using Sep-Pak® vac 1cc (100 mg) C18 column and methylene chloride: methanol (2: 1, v/v) as eluant. Both GLM and GLZ were monitored by a triple quad mass spectrometer applying positive multiple reaction monitoring mode (+MRM). The protonated precursor ions and product ions of GLM and GLZ were m/z 491(352), and m/z 324 (127), respectively. The detection and measurement of low levels of GLM in human plasma reached to picogram range (limit of detection (LOD) = 60 pg/mL, limit of quantification (LOQ) = 200 pg/mL). The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, recovery, accuracy, and precision. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of GLM following oral administration of 1 mg GLM tablets to 12 healthy volunteers.
Do e-athletes move? A study on physical activity level and body composition in elite e-sports
Authors: Bayrakdar Akan , Yıldız Yağmur , Bayraktar Işık
Published: October 2020

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of e-sports on physical activity level and body composition.

Material and Methods.  The athletes who participated in the study were 19.92± 2.21 years of age, 1.73±0.04 m body height and 78.35±6.52 kg body weight. A total of 137 athletes participated in the study, including 27 from Turkey, 47 from South Korea and 63 from the United States (USA). The data was collected by e-mail from the sports clubs. The athletes who representing their country in international competitions involved in the study. The data obtained were evaluated in the SPSS program.

Results.  According to the findings of the study, the body mass index (BMI) of e-sport athletes is 26.03±1.85, the number of physical activity steps is 6646±3400 and the daily e-sport hours are 9.34±1.12. The BMI was determined as USA 26.12, South Korea 26.02 and Turkey 25.84 respectively. The number of physical activity steps was identified as 5255 steps in the US, 7785 steps in South Korea and 7909 steps in Turkey. The daily e-sports hour is set at US 9.63 hours, Turkey 9.29 hours and South Korea 8.97 hours. In comparison of country-based athletes, there was a significant difference between physical activity level and daily e-sports hours at p<0.05. The value of BMI is not different. Although it is not statistically related to the physical activity level and BMI. There was no statistically significant relationship between daily e-sports hours and BMI and physical activity step counts. However, as the time of e-sports increases, BMI increases and the number of physical activity steps decreases.

Conclusions.  As a result it is seen in the findings of the research that athletes dealing with e-sports are included in the fat group as a body composition and their daily physical activity steps are low. In addition, according to the results of the research, e-sports are thought to have negative effects on physical health. Thanks to the physical activity programs to be applied to these athletes, it is thought that their body composition and physical activity levels can be improved.
Determinants of investment expenditure of local government (voivodeships)
Authors: Zawora Jolanta
Published: October 2020

Investments of the local government are an important determinant of development both for the regions and for the whole society. The aim of the article is to evaluate the possibility of financing investment activities by the local governments at voivodeship level in Poland. The scope of investment expenditures of these units was also analysed. The adopted time scope of the study covers the period 2012-2018. Among the levels of the local government units, voivodeship allocated the largest part of funds for investment. The level of investment expenditure of local governments varied greatly from region to region.
Quantification of the influence of rolling stock failures on track deterioration
Authors: Ye Yun-guang , Shi Da-chuan , Poveda-Reyes Sara , Hecht Markus
Published: October 2020

This study focuses on the quantification of the influence of rolling stock failures (RSFs) on railway infrastructure. Taking the wheel flat, a common RSF, as an example, we introduce four quantification indexes to evaluate the influence on the following four deterioration mechanisms: track settlement (TS), track component fatigue (TCF), abrasive wear (AW), and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Our results indicate that TS, TCF, and AW increase sharply with the increase of the wheel flat length and the vehicle speed, and this increasing trend becomes more acute with the increase of the wheel flat length and the vehicle speed. At low speeds, RCF increases gradually as the wheel flat length increases; at high speeds, it increases sharply at first and then decreases gradually. The influence of the wheel flat on TCF and AW is the most obvious, followed by TS and RCF. These findings can help infrastructure managers (IMs) to better understand infrastructure conditions related to RSFs and can aid them in managing problems with vehicle abnormality in track access charging.
Transcriptomes of Major Proximal Tubule Cell Culture Models
Authors: Khundmiri Syed J. , Chen Lihe , Lederer Eleanor D. , Yang Chin-Rang , Knepper Mark A.
Published: October 2020

Significance Statement

Transformed cultured cell lines are widely used for research on the physiology, pathophysiology, toxicology, and pharmacology of the renal proximal tubule. The lines most appropriate for a given use depend upon the set of expressed genes. The authors have used RNA-sequencing techniques to identify the gene expression profiles of 14 different cell lines, representing six species, plus primary cultures of mouse proximal tubule and compared them with transcriptomes of native mouse kidney proximal tubule. None of the cell lines fully matched transcriptomes of native proximal tubule cells, but all expressed certain gene groups that make them suitable for studying specific cellular processes that occur in the proximal tubule. An online resource allows researchers to identify optimal cell lines to address specific experimental goals.

Background

Cultured cell lines are widely used for research in the physiology, pathophysiology, toxicology, and pharmacology of the renal proximal tubule. The lines that are most appropriate for a given use depend upon the genes expressed. New tools for transcriptomic profiling using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) make it possible to catalog expressed genes in each cell line.

Methods

Fourteen different proximal tubule cell lines, representing six species, were grown on permeable supports under conditions specific for the respective lines. RNA-Seq followed standard procedures.

Results

Transcripts expressed in cell lines variably matched transcripts selectively expressed in native proximal tubule. Opossum kidney (OK) cells displayed the highest percentage match (45% of proximal marker genes [TPM threshold =15]), with pig kidney cells (LLC-PK1) close behind (39%). Lower-percentage matches were seen for various human lines, including HK-2 (26%), and lines from rodent kidneys, such as NRK-52E (23%). Nominally, identical OK cells from different sources differed substantially in expression of proximal tubule markers. Mapping cell line transcriptomes to gene sets for various proximal tubule functions (sodium and water transport, protein transport, metabolic functions, endocrine functions) showed that different lines may be optimal for experimentally modeling each function. An online resource (https://esbl.nhlbi.nih.gov/JBrowse/KCT/) has been created to interrogate cell line transcriptome data. Proteomic analysis of NRK-52E cells confirmed low expression of many proximal tubule marker proteins.

Conclusions

No cell line fully matched the transcriptome of native proximal tubule cells. However, some of the lines tested are suitable for the study of particular metabolic and transport processes seen in the proximal tubule.
A model of education and a new culture of learning
Authors: Głębocki Rafał
Published: October 2020

The reality of the early decades of the 21st century affects the participants of educational processes – students, their parents and teachers. Network societies are subject to constant change under the influence of information technology (IT). The existing model of education seems to be outdated. It does not answer the challenges of modern times. There is a need for a design, implementation, evaluation and improvement of new educational models. They should be flexible, that is easily adapted to the abilities and needs of students – digital natives. A new culture of learning can constitute the content of such models – at a pedagogical metalevel. Operationally, interactive (including online) and activating methods of teaching and learning will be needed.
Teacher – dilemmas related to performance of a professional role
Authors: Detyna Beata
Published: October 2020

In the course of the research carried out by the author, taking into account the extremely complex and multifaceted nature of teachers’ work, the thesis was accepted that regardless of the type of schools in which teachers work, they struggle with various dilemmas. However, the number and “strength” of these dilemmas increases with the need for the implementation of the teacher to fulfill the role of educator. Presentation of dilemmas chosen by the author related to the teacher’s professional role was accepted as the main goal of this study. In confirmation of the accepted thesis, they allowed the author: literature review on pedeutology, own experience related to work as an academic teacher and interviews with many teachers of primary, middle and high schools. Numerous conversations with teachers have confirmed the correctness that the higher the level of education, the teachers report fewer dilemmas regarding the implementation of their professional role. Reflections on dilemmas concerning the role of teachers are interdisciplinary in the author’s opinion –they are inseparably connected with transformations of economic, legal, cultural, social, demographic and psychological nature, etc.
Opportunities and threats in the process of education and upbringing of a child of the social welfare system
Authors: Retmańczyk Andżelika
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to a child of the social welfare system; it shows opportunities and threats in the process of education and upbringing. Among the threats indicated in the article and listed in the catalogue of social welfare, there is another group of inhibitors, i.e. some macro-social (outside a family) and micro-social (inside a family) threats, the influence of which on a child is often not perceived and sometimes even underestimated. An element being often beyond a family system, and which results from effects of a macro-system, was shown in the part of the discussion concerning opportunities in the process of education and upbringing of children and youth. Culture, because it is discussed here, was identified as a tool that favours an internal tendency for development, for growth, for a productive life of a child. Own observations and conclusions that were drawn on the basis of direct contacts with clients of social welfare were the material basis. Only those threads have been selected that directly influence the functioning of children at schools and in the environment.
Education of Children and Adolescents with Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome. Selected problems
Authors: Szafrańska Anida
Published: October 2020

Children and adolescents with autism and Asperger syndrome are a diverse group in terms of their social, emotional, cognitive and communicative functioning. In every child and young person, dis-orders manifest themselves in different ways and with different intensity; therefore, the choice of the best form of education should be considered individually. The present article deals with education of children and adolescents with autism and Asperger syndrome. Moreover, attention has been drawn here to the growing interest of parents in inclusive education. What is more, the principles of creating optimal learning conditions have been discussed.
Meaningful and procedural peculiarities of family advising (on the example of the activity of advising centers (poradnia) at Ukrainian Greek and Catholic churches of Lviv)
Authors: Мищишин Ірина
Published: October 2020

The main historical branches, technological peculiarities and meaningful aspects of the activity of psycho-pedagogical advising centers at Greek and Catholic churches of Lviv are analyzed in the article. These institutions are the regenerated experience of the Ukrainian society. Under the nowadays conditions, concerning the affiliation of such institution to church, Ukrainian people trust them more than state organisations of the same direction. The specific technological approaches concerning the organisation of advising are worked out in these centers. The bunch of problems which are being solved is also determined. Taking into account the foreign works in the sphere of advising, the professionals of the church advising centers achieve a great success in giving a consultative help and support to those who need it.
From the Experience to Bearing Witness; From the Authority to Trust. Testimony, Historical Truth and Trust in Contemporary Collective Memory
Authors: Pleskaczyńska Maria
Published: October 2020

The last decades are the time of significant interest in the problem of witnesses and their testimonies, both in interdisciplinary discourse and practical activities and institutions. An important philosophical category of testimony, is gaining growing practical importance. New forms of collection and distribution of testimonies, significant increase of their quantity and release to the public discussion and a group of witnesses new participants, creates some new problems requiring reflection. The growing problem of institutionalization may disrupt the natural availability of bearing witness. Connecting testimonies with the historical truth and factual knowledge may lead to devaluation of testimonies and bearing witness. Ethics admits witnesses specific authority based on the personal experience and validity of the moral evaluations; this authority may explain who can (should) to bear witness. Meanwhile, the category of trust seems to explain the witnesses selection much better. The risk of numerous manipulations of testimonies is an important problem that has a negative impact on the reception of the social reception of testimonies and the situation of witnesses. In order to adequately respond to the experiences and needs of witnesses, an atmosphere of social trust should be build.
Historical Politics and the Obligation of Memory in a Philosophical Perspective
Authors: Szklarska Anna
Published: October 2020

The paper follows the epistemic and ethical consequences of various models and assumptions of politics of memory. The author tries to answer the question about the relations between historical truth and politics of memory in the context of common good and respect towards ancestors and the events they were a part of. The paper also touches upon the issues of testimony, forgiveness and patriotism.
The Master’s Albert Miracle: Notes about the Medieval Culture of Memory
Authors: Milcarek Paweł
Published: October 2020

The Middle Ages takes over from antiquity the perception of memory as primarily a rhetoric skill needed for composing. Both the memory of the canon authors and the memory of mnemotechnics are a testament to the enormous significance that education and science were attached to remembering and reminding themselves. Unfortunately, so far we don't know enough about the great role played by monastic inspiration – deriving from liturgy and meditation – in shaping the culture of memory.
Why Is the Culture of Our Times Reminiscent of Lot’s Wife? Causes of the Late-Modern Turn to the Past
Authors: Wasiewicz Jan
Published: October 2020

In the first part of the article, the author describes the polymorphic phenomenon of return to the past, which occurs in various areas of culture, social and political, as well as private and family life. Then he points to several key interlocking causes of this phenomenon, such as: working through traumas, democratization of history and memory, compensation of high costs of modernization, uncertainty of the future, searching for an antidote to the progressing identity deficit, commodification of history/memory combined with the emotionalization of the attitude towards the past, decline of the idea of progress, disappearance of utopias and an increase of post-secular tendencies.