bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multifunctional composite hydrogel that sequentially modulates the process of bone healing and guides the repair of bone defects
Authors: Lu Kun , Wang Dongliang , Zou Guoyou , Wu Ya , Li Feng , Song Qunshan , Sun Yongming
Published: February 2024

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which exhibits excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, is a well-established bone filling material for bone defects. Here, we synthesized CaCO3 microspheres (CMs) to use as an intelligent carrier to load bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Subsequently, drug-loaded CMs and catalase (CAT) were added to methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels to prepare a composite hydrogel for differential release of the drugs. CAT inside hydrogels was released with a fast rate to eliminate H2O2 and generate oxygen. Constant BMP-2 release from CMs induced rapid osteogenesis. Results in vitro indicated that the composite hydrogels efficiently reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species, preventing cells from being injured by oxidative stress, promoting cell survival and proliferation, and enhancing osteogenesis. Furthermore, animal experiments demonstrated that the composite hydrogels were able to inhibit the inflammatory response, regulate macrophage polarization, and facilitate the healing of bone defects. These findings indicate that a multi-pronged strategy is greatly expected to promote the bone healing by modulating pathological microenvironments.
Health cost impacts of extreme temperature on older adults based on city-level data from 28 provinces in China
Authors: Yu Yan-Yan , Liang Qiao-mei , Hou Juan-juan , Fujii Minoru , Qian Ta-na , He Zi-yan , Wang He-jing
Published: February 2024

Extreme temperature exposure can have a considerable impact on the health of older adults. China, which has entered a deeply aging society, may be obviously threatened by extreme weather. Based on data obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we apply a panel fixed effect model to investigate the impact of extreme temperature on medical costs for older adults. The results reveal a U-shaped relationship between temperature and older adults’ medical costs. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that medical costs for older adults in the South and older adults in rural areas are more significantly affected by low temperatures, mainly due to lower per capita heating facilities. Furthermore, the medical costs of older people with lower education levels are also more susceptible to temperature fluctuations. Our simulated prediction indicates that the medical costs of older adults in 2050 will be 2.7 trillion Chinese yuan under the RCP8.5 scenario, but can be reduced by 4.6% and 7.4% following RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 scenarios, respectively. Compared with base period, the medical costs of older adults in western provinces such as Guangxi and Sichuan will more than triple by 2050. Policymakers should prioritize addressing the health needs of these vulnerable groups and less developed regions with less adaptive capacity.
Role of external forcing in the time-varying trends of global-mean surface temperature under current and future climates
Authors: Gu Pingting , Gan Bolan , Cai Wenju , Wu Lixin
Published: February 2024

The decadal-scale global-mean surface temperature (GMST) trend fluctuates between rapid-warming, slow-warming and cooling under the combined action of external forcing (EX) and internal variability. However, the principal contributors to the time-varying trends of GMST across decadal scales in current and future climates remain elusive. Here, by leveraging observations and initial-condition large ensembles, we unravel that historical GMST trend fluctuations are predominantly driven by EX on timescales exceeding ∼9 years within the current climate, with anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols being the primary drivers. However, in the warming climate, the significant contribution of EX on decadal scales is projected to decrease. This is primarily due to anthropogenic aerosol mitigation efforts and the absence of unpredictable volcanism. Despite the continuous increase in greenhouse gases, these factors are expected to delay the emergence of EX-dominance to ∼14-year timescale. Our results quantitatively underscore the pivotal role of the EX in modulating GMST trend fluctuations and its potential weakening at decadal scales in the warming climate, indicating that predicting near-term changes in GMST may become less certain in the future.
Lagged effect of Southern Annular Mode on chlorophyll-a in the mid-latitude South Pacific and Indian Oceans
Authors: Yoon Jae-Seung , Park Keyhong , Park Jisoo , Park Taewook , Kim Tae-Wook
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the influence of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) on chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations and the underlying mechanisms governing their associated environmental variations in the mid-latitude (35–50° S) ocean from 1998 to 2021. The intensification of westerly winds during positive SAM phases influences meridional water transport and mixed layer depth (MLD), which are both critical factors that affect surface nutrient availability. A marked contrast in the relationship between the meridional current anomaly and the SAM was observed, with reduced northward transport of nutrient-rich water in regions north of 50° S during positive SAM phases. This reduction could be attributed to the poleward migration of the westerly winds, which impeded the meridional current from reaching the mid-latitudes. The relationship between SAM and MLD south of 50° S was positive whereas that in the mid-latitude eastern (60–110° E) South Indian Ocean and eastern (90–140° W) South Pacific Ocean was negative or weak. The immediate effect of a more positive SAM on Chl-a in the mid-latitude ocean was reduced productivity caused by enhanced nutrient depletion. However, in the mid-latitude eastern South Pacific Ocean, the northward migration of the zonal mean meridional current anomaly closely aligned with the lagged correlation pattern between SAM variability and Chl-a over time, suggesting that the delayed northward transport of nutrient-rich waters may partially counterbalance the immediate effects of the SAM on ocean productivity. This mechanism was not present in the mid-latitude eastern South Indian Ocean, implying that future climate change may variably affect these regions. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering regional differences and temporal lags when evaluating the influence of SAM variability on ocean productivity and nutrient dynamics in the context of climate change.
Eurasian mid-latitude jet stream bridges an Atlantic to Asia summer teleconnection in heat extremes
Authors: Nie Yu , Ren Hong-Li , Zuo Jinqing , Wu Jie , Scaife Adam A , Dunstone Nick J , Hardiman Steven C
Published: February 2024

Northern Europe and Northeast Asia, which are climatologically mild and temperate in early summer, both witnessed record-breaking heat extremes in June 2023. With a focus on the subseasonal time scale, this study highlights a teleconnected relationship in historical early-summer heat extremes between Northern Europe and Northeast Asia. By diagnosing the thermal budget and wave activity flux, we show that over one third of historical Northeast Asian heat extremes are initialized by Eurasian mid-latitude Rossby wave packets. The wave packets manifest as strong anticyclonic anomalies over subpolar North Atlantic, cyclonic anomalies over Ural region and anticyclonic anomalies over Northeast Asia, which directly cause coexisting heat extremes in Northern Europe and Northeast Asia. Such wave packets are strongly modulated by the Eurasian jet stream. By carrying out numerical experiments, we further explain why the wave packet is significant in early summer. We find that the quasi-stationary response of the Eurasian midlatitude Rossby wave packets to a specified heating in subpolar North Atlantic is dependent on the background jet structure. In early summer, the double-jet state over Eurasia favors Rossby wave propagation. This is of great practical importance for accurate prediction of Northeast Asian heat extreme amplitude and location.
Observation on local high-yielding stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni L.) clone specific to Bandung District, West Java
Authors: Heliyanto B , Murianingrum M , Hartati R S , Hapsari B W , Purwati R D , Suhara C , Parnidi  , Amien S
Published: February 2024

The use of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni L.) as a natural sweetener shows great potential. However, in Indonesia, the lack of superior and highly productive varieties has been a major challenge in its development. Nukita Co-op has developed a promising stevia clone which we evaluated in this study for its readiness to be proposed as a new and improved variety. Our research was conducted in August 2023 through primary and secondary data collection. Primary data comprised the clone development process and morphological variations observed in farmers’ fields, while secondary data included crop productivity and types of stevia-based products made. Our findings revealed that the CM3 clone, derived from a Vietnamese variety, has been cultivated by farmers in Bandung district since 2010. It has high yields (up to 7-ton dry leaves/ha/year) and is marketed as simplisia (unprocessed ingredients) and various tea variants. However, we noted high morphological variations in farmers’ fields. Therefore, stevia clone CM3 is not ready for direct release. With breeding efforts, this clone could be improved through the selection process and released as a high-yielding variety to support stevia’s development as an alternative sweetener.
Types of land use in Sei Nahodaris Village, Panai Tengah District, Labuhanbatu District using the Horton infiltration model
Authors: Harahap F S , Walida H , Nasution A P , Purnama I , Munthe I R
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to establish an infiltration rate model for land uses including smallholder rubber plantations, rice fields, and shrubs. The infiltration rate data was analyzed using the Horton equation model. Every ten minutes, the water level drops. The results of the research show that the infiltration rate model on smallholder rubber plantation land is is f = 7.2 + (10 – 7.2) e2.64t, whereas on small oil palm plantation land it is It is f = 7.98 + (10 – 7.98) e−2.68 ton smallholder latex plantation land; f = 9.13 + (10 – 9.13) e−5.20 ton rice fields; and f = 4 + (10 – 4) e−2.96 ton bush land. In smallholder rubber plantations, the infiltration rate is classified as moderate at 2.06 cm/hour; in rice fields and smallholder plantations, it is relatively slow, namely 0.87 cm/hour and 1.87 cm/hour, respectively. The infiltration rate in bush land is relatively fast, namely 6.56 cm/hour. With an infiltration rate of 1.87 cm/hour on smallholder oil palm plantations and 0.87 cm/hour.
Report of diplodia stem rot disease in SoE-Mollo-Citrus in Timor Tengah Selatan Regency, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Hahuly M V , Simamora A V , Henuk J B D , Nenotek P S
Published: February 2024

SoE-Mollo-Citrus is prominent in East Nusa Tenggara. However, a consortium of pathogens infects citrus plants, causing symptoms of broken stems with peeled bark associated with or without gum production. These symptoms could be caused by Lasiodiplodia sp. or Phytophthora sp. Considering the importance of SoE-Mollo-Citrus for society and the Government, actual and accurate information is profound regarding the presence of primary diseases that threaten it. This research aimed to determine disease intensity in central SoE-Mollo-Citrus production villages and to identify pathogens isolated from stem rot symptoms. Stratified purposive sampling method was applied to select seven Districts and ten Villages having large SoE-Mollo-Citrus populations. In each village, one orchard was randomly chosen for observation. SoE-Mollo-Citrus showing symptom of wet and dry diplodia were present in every observation village. The incidence and severity of the disease ranged from 30% in Mnelalete village to 75% in Oelbubuk village and between 21% in Tubuhue village to 51% in Oelbubuk village, respectively. Seventy percent of the collected isolates were pathogenic. Morphological and molecular identification using Primers ITS2 and ITS5 confirmed that the stem rot pathogen was Lasiodiplodia theobromae Pat. Syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae. Good agricultural practices are mandatory so this disease does not harm citrus production.
Salicylic acid’s effect and mycorrhiza on Vetiveria zizanioides L. growing in salty soil
Authors: Novita A , Siregar L A M , Rosmayati
Published: February 2024

Salinity is a crucial problem that causes land degradation and reduces the production of various plants in different parts of the world. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza on vetiver development in salty soils by delivering the appropriate salicylic acid and mycorrhizal concentrations in order to get maximum growth. The methodology used a randomized block design with three replications and three components, namely the level of salinity (A), salicylic acid concentration (B) and mycorrhizal dose (C). The findings revealed a relationship between salicylic acid content and mycorrhizal dosage in saline soil and plant height, total number of leaves, and number of tillers. Plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers all responded significantly to salinity level. Salicylic acid’s response to growth was discovered to have a considerable effect on the quantity of leaves and tillers. Mycorrhizal dose has an impact on plant height, number of leaves, and number of tillers. Therefore, finding results for sustainable agriculture while reducing land and environmental degradation.
Utilization azolla liquid organic fertilizer with goat manure to enhance organic okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) production
Authors: Meiriani  , Tarigan D M
Published: February 2024

Azolla is found abundantly in rice fields in Indonesia, therefor potentially as a source of biological nitrogen derived from natural biological bodies that are renewable. The use of a combination liquid fertilizer from fermented azolla with goat manure which is used as a source of nutrients and to improve soil quality as an effort in developing and implementing sustainable agriculture in cultivation of okra plants, needs to be studied. Okra is a vegetable that has many benefits for health which can be consumed in fresh or processed form. This research was carried out on Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, from August to December 2022, using a randomsized block design with two factors, the first factor is azolla liquid organic fertilizer (75, 150, 225, and 300 ml/polybag) and the second factor is goat manure (0, 100, and 200 g/polybag). The application of 200 g/polybag goat manure with150 ml/polybag azolla liquid organic fertilizer or 100 g/polybag goat manure application with 300 ml / polybag azolla liquid organic fertilizer in okra plants can substitute the use of inorganic fertilizer for increased yield and environmental preservation.
The agronomic pattern of wetland rice with different timings of gibberellic acid (GA3) application treatment
Authors: Hanum C , Ginting J , Barus R K
Published: February 2024

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an exogenous plant growth hormone that influences plant physiological processes, ultimately affecting plant growth, development, and yield. This study aimed to investigate the agronomic performance of several rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated with different timings of GA3 application. The research was conducted in Lengau Seprang Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, at an elevation of 80 meters above sea level from April to September 2021. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with two treatment factors. The first factor was rice varieties, including Inpari 32, Ciherang, and Siporang. The second factor was the timing of gibberellic acid application, which included 0, 1, 2, and 3 applications (at 20, 45, and 60 days after transplanting). The research results indicated that the different timings of GA3 application did not significantly affect all observed parameters. Siporang exhibited the highest average values for plant height, panicle length, and flag leaf area. However, it produced the lowest grain weight per hill compared to the other two varieties. The highest grain weight was obtained from the Inpari 32 variety.
Potential of Johnius belangerii and Thryssa hamiltonii as fishmeal in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Siregar G A W , Karo E S D , Daulay A H , Trisna A , Yunilas  , Ramadhani R
Published: February 2024

An increasing problem in the Indonesian fishing industry is the scarcity of fish feedstuffs due to limited availability of raw materials, rising production costs, and climate change. Fishmeal are crucial in farms as they contain high-quality nutrients that are easily digestible by livestock. This study aims to observe the potential of the region as a producer for layer feedstuffs from fishmeal. This research used 10 kg of fresh Johnius belangerii’s fish and Thryssa hamiltonii’s fish with 5 kg each. The heads of both types of fish were collected to calculate their rendement. The results showed that the rendement percentage of Thryssa hamiltonii’s fish heads was 38.64%, while the yield percentage of Johnius belangerii fish heads was 36.83%. Based on the results it can be concluded that this region has significant potential in fishmeal from fisheries waste. 3 warehouses, Deli Serdang Regency, particularly Pantai Labu, can produce 19,108 kg of Thryssa hamiltonii fish in a year, utilizing 615.1 kg of head waste, 299 kg of offal waste, and 30.14 tons of protein. Johnius belangerii fish, weighing 20,299 kg with 623 kg of waste and 20.8 tons of protein content, are also produced in Deli Serdang Regency.
Fishing industry potential as resources broiler feed’s fishmeal from bycatch in Teluk Nibung, Tanjung Balai
Authors: Siregar G A W , Elmasyah A , Mirwandhono R E , Trisna A , Yunilas  , Ramadhani R
Published: February 2024

Tanjung Balai was the sources of fish production in north sumatera, Indonesia. Total fisheries production in Tanjung Balai City more than This study aims to describe the potential of areas on the east coast of North Sumatera. This research method used survey, descriptive analysis from quantitative data which the calculation of fish population, rendement and proximate test. Proximate tests such as protein, fiber, fat, water and ash. The results showed that Upeneus sulphureus’s fishmeal (head), Upeneus sulphureus’s fishmeal (offal) and mix (head and offal) have different results rendements. Protein (%) level of head; offal; mix = 45.4; 43.3; 33.0. The proximate test of Upeneus sulphureus’s fishmeal (head), Upeneus sulphureus’s fishmeal (offal) and mix (head+offal) can use to broiler (starter and finisher) feeds based on SNI standards. The one warehouse for 3 highest catch periods was produced 1,904 tons of Upeneus sulphurous fish, 587 tons of waste and 38 tons protein. Teluk Nibung have fishmeal potentials to broiler feed.
The relationship between water quality and aquatic organisms in tidal lakes, Medan-Indonesia
Authors: Muhtadi A , Leidonald R
Published: February 2024

Siombak Lake is a tidal lake in Indonesia. The dynamics of the lake’s waters experience two high tides and two low tides within 24 hours (except during neap water). Groups of freshwater, brackish, and marine organisms make up Siombak Lake’s aquatic biota, which varies with the seasons and tidal conditions. The purpose of this study is to clarify how aquatic biodiversity in lakes is impacted by tidal dynamics. This research was conducted at Lake Siombak, Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Data collection was carried out from September 2018 to August 2019. The analysis carried out was a multivariate PCA analysis assisted by Microsoft Excel 2016 and Minitab. The research results show that tidal dynamics cause fluctuations and dynamics in lake water quality and lake biological communities. Plankton are aquatic organisms greatly influenced by water dynamics and water quality. Phytoplankton abundance is influenced by sunlight and nutrient levels, while TSS, salinity and phytoplankton abundance influence zooplankton abundance. The abundance and presence of fish are closely related to their food sources, namely zooplankton, crustaceans, and mollusks. The existence of these tidal dynamics provides sustainability and stability to the environment and ecosystem of Siombak Lake
Abudance of demersal fish by longline fishing gear in Sentang Waters, Serdang Bedagai Regency, Sumatera Utara
Authors: Fadhilah A , Manalu J F , Hasibuan J S , Manurung V R
Published: February 2024

Demersal fish is the main catch for traditional fishermen using longline fishing gear in Sentang Beach waters located in Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. The high economic value of demersal fish is the focus of traditional fishermen to make it the main catch. This study aims to determine the composition of the catch and the abundance index of demersal fish caught by longline in the waters of Sentang Beach. The method used in this research is to use a random sampling method with the mechanism of joining fishermen to go to sea for one month every time fishermen go to sea in November 2022. The data analysis technique uses abundance index value analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the composition of demersal fish caught using longline fishing gear consisted of 5 species of fish namely Snapper (Lates calcarife), Threadfins (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), Pomfret (Pampus argenteus), Sagor catfish (Hexanematichthys sagor) and Mullet (Valamugil saheli) with the highest abundance index obtained by the mullet species. Obtained the highest relative relative abudance of fish found in Senangin species which is 100% and the lowest relative relative abudance of fish in the species of Snapper which is 1.14%.
An environmentally conscious waste management system in an effort to create a sustainable city (study of waste management systems at Syiah Kuala University)
Authors: Munandar A , Arahman N , Ramli I
Published: February 2024

Final Processing Site (TPA) is a place designated as a final stage waste management location. The increasing accumulation of waste can result in an increase in the volume and discharge of leachate generated through landfill management. Waste management can be implemented, one of which is supported by the existence of waste bank activities. Waste banking is a method implemented through the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce and Recycle). This research aims to determine the waste management system at the Universitas Syiah Kuala Waste Bank, as well as supporting factors and strategies for increasing waste reduction. Improvements in waste bank management are analyzed using statistical tests, correlations and so on. The method used to determine whether waste bank management has improved is material flow analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) testing. The results of the material flow analysis show that based on the mass balance the reduction potential of waste that can be managed by the Universitas Syiah Kuala Waste Bank is 45.4%. The results of statistical tests show that the waste management system at the Universitas Syiah Kuala waste bank, Banda Aceh is quite good, seen from the knowledge factor reaching 90.6%, attitude at 88.4% and waste bank behavior at 91.3%.
Investigating the stability of encapsulated phycocyanin at acidic conditions using whey protein isolate as a wall material
Authors: Tedjakusuma F , Widyaningrum D
Published: February 2024

Phycocyanin is a natural blue pigment derived from cyanobacteria and is usually used as a food colorant. However, phycocyanin is unstable in acidic conditions. In this research, we investigated the effect of encapsulation of phycocyanin using whey protein isolate (WPI) as the wall material to improve the stability at various pH and storage periods. Phycocyanin was extracted from dried Spirulina using a cold maceration method and subsequently encapsulated with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00% of WPI. Results showed that microencapsulation with WPI significantly reduced phycocyanin degradation compared to the control sample under acidic conditions ranging from pH 3.0 to 6.0. The control sample had 81.51±0.70% concentration degradation at pH 3.0. While 0.50% WPI had 50.48±1.27% degradation. Furthermore, microencapsulation exhibited a protective effect against phycocyanin degradation for 10 days of storage at 4°C in pH 4.0 and 5.0. Samples with 1.00% WPI demonstrated a lower concentration degradation each day compared to the control. WPI also demonstrated its efficacy in delaying concentration degradation at pH 4.0 and 5.0 for 8 to 10 days. Our result concluded that microencapsulation using WPI could improve the stability of phycocyanin in acidic conditions and storage periods.
Utilization of the tiwai plant (Eleutherine americana merr) as a functional instant drink containing antioxidant
Authors: Saragih B , Simamora A A B , Purba M O P , Rahmadi A , Saragih M
Published: February 2024

Utilization of the tiwai plant as a functional instant drink containing antioxidants, one of the product diversifications to increase farmers’ income. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of tiwai extract and palm sugar on physical properties, organoleptic, antioxidant activity, and glucose response. This study used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 levels of treatment and 3 replications. The data obtained were analysed using variance, if it had an effect, a further test of Honest Significant Difference (HSD) was carried out, while the glucose response data was carried out by the T-test. The results showed that the comparative treatment of tiwai extract and palm sugar had no significant effect on hedonic taste, water content, ash content, Brix degree, precipitate, and glucose response. The water content obtained ranged from 3.67%-5.17%. The antioxidant activity values obtained ranged from 60.77 ppm to 153.81 ppm (strong to weak categories). Instant tiwai drink does not increase blood glucose levels, does not interfere with systolic and diastolic responses, and does not trigger an increase in heart rate.
Urease from Vigna umbellata seeds: isolation, partial purification, characterization and antifungal activity
Authors: Siregar N A , Choudhary M I , Wahab A T , Salar U , Munir E
Published: February 2024

Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) hydrolyzes urea to produce ammonia and carbamate. Urease can be synthesized by plants, fungi and bacteria. In agriculture, urease is needed efficiently to play a major role in the urea cycle as source of plant nitrogen in the soil. Rice beans (Vigna umbellata) are leguminous plants from the Fabaceae family that contain high urease activity. This study isolated urease from the seed coat and without the seed coat of rice beans. The urease activity in rice beans without seed coat was higher than that of the activity with seed coat. The amount of ammonia produced with the addition of 1 µL of urease enzyme of rice beans without seed coat was 13 µg which was higher than the amino produced from the seed coat sample (8.8 µg). The concentration of urease enzyme from rice beans was obtained at 7.238 mg/mL. Analyses of gel electrophoresis indicated that urease from rice beans are composed of four polypeptide chains with molecular weights of about 52, 33, 22 and 10 kDa. Then rice beans urease exhibited no antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium oxysporum subsp. lini, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida glabrata and Candida albicans.
Utilization of composite flour (red bean, catfish, oyster mushroom and tempeh formula flour) in making cookies
Authors: Bakara T L , Julianti E , Sinaga H , Lubis Z
Published: February 2024

Local food ingredients can be used as alternative ingredients for cookie products to help ending hunger and overcome malnutrition are the objectives of SDG 2 and 3. This study aims to obtain the optimum cookie formula using composite flour from local food ingredients consisting of red bean flour, catfish flour, oyster mushrooms flour, and tempeh formula flour using the design expert program v.13 Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Box Behnken Design/BBD. Independent variables are different levels of red bean flour (20-45 g), catfish flour (10-45 g), oyster mushroom flour (5-25 g), and tempeh formula flour (5-35 g) with 29 (twenty-nine) different runs of 4 (four) similar center points. Using goal settings for each response based on proximate composition achieved from the best definition of each response to achieve high-quality cookies, an optimum formulation of cookies was obtained at 44.21% red bean flour, 34.39% catfish flour, 7.46% oyster mushroom flour, and 20.52% tempeh formula flour, with a desirability level of 1.00.
Performance of greenhouse effect-hybrid type tray dryer in drying cloves
Authors: Khathir R , Nelwan L O , Sucipta M
Published: February 2024

The open sun drying method needs to be improved. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the greenhouse effect hybrid (GHE-hybrid) type tray dryer using solar and biomass energy in drying cloves as a sustainable dryer for future. The dryer has 10 series of thin layers at gap of 10cm and each layer contains of 4 separated trays by 0.80m x 0.75m cross-section. We had run 2 experiments at capacity of 72 and 244kg, respectively. Results showed that increasing the drying capacity will prolong the drying time. The low solar irradiation will also increase the use of biomass energy and the input energy in the system was dominated by biomass energy at level of 75%. The drying temperature ranged from 37 to 46°C. The humidity was relatively high while the air velocity in drying chamber was lower than 0.68m/s and non-uniformly distributed. The moisture of cloves was reduced below 14% in both experiment after 3 and 6 days drying, respectively. The thermal efficiency was about 14 to 15% and the drying efficiency was 17%. The use of GHE-hybrid dryer is promising to be used by farmers sustainably. However, the dryer needs some improvement on air circulation system.
Study on the Load Cell Utilization for Dynamic Torque Measurement in 3-Blade Savonius Wind Turbine Design
Authors: Rizaldi T , Limit F
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the design and analysis of a Savonius wind turbine. Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity, presenting a renewable and clean alternative to traditional power sources. This savonius wind turbine is a type of wind turbine that can rotate even at relatively low wind speeds, so it is necessary to develop a measuring instrument that has high accuracy and is affordable to evaluate the performance of this turbine. In this research, a load cell with an affordable price with a percentage error of approximately 15%, is used as a dynamic torque measurement tool on wind turbines, this torque parameter can be used as an important performance determinant of the wind turbine in generating power. This research was conducted in the Agricultural Machinery Workshop and Integrated Laboratoryy, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan from March to August 2022. The research is performed in several phases, which are 3D design, simulation, schematic design, prototype making, collecting actual data, analyzing actual data, and simulation data. The simulation results are compared with the actual data from the loadcell that has been tested, from the results of the comparison the accuracy value and deviation value of the instrument will be obtained.
Performance Analysis of 2 U-Type Savonius Blades for Vertical Rotor Wind Turbine
Authors: Rizaldi T , Brahmana N S
Published: February 2024

Renewable, unlimited and environmentally safe, wind energy is referred to as renewable energy. In Indonesia, wind speeds between 3 to 7 m/s are considered moderate wind speeds. Wind turbines can be used to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The Savonius rotor is cylindrical and has two or more blades attached. The purpose of this study is to determine the power, torque, and rotation per minute produced by a Savonius rotor wind turbine with a blade radius of 50 cm and a blade height of 100 cm. Wind speeds of 3 m/s, 5 m/s, 7 m/s, 9 m/s, 11 m/s, 13 m/s, and 15 m/s were used for testing. A tachometer was used to measure rpm, while a loadcell sensor measured torque and power data. Based on the research findings, it was found that each wind speed variation produced a different average rotor rotation per minute. The rotor speed, torque, and power increased with increasing wind speed.
Sustainability of the cassava processed agro industry business after covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Indriawan S R , Maria
Published: February 2024

Cassava is a food plant that has many advantages and can be processed into various kinds of processed foods. Salatiga City is one of the areas that has the potential to develop the sustainability of cassava processing businesses. At the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, sales of processed cassava experienced a decline. Business sustainability starts from the increase in income and sales volume after Covid-19. This research aims to find out (1) a portrait of the success of cassava processing businesses after the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) analyse the stage of managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour of processed cassava agro-industry entrepreneurs;(3) the impact of managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour on the achievement of cassava processing businesses in Salatiga City. Purposive sampling is the sample strategy employed in this study. This research uses analysis of partial least squares (PLS) with the help of the app SmartPLS4.0. The results show (1) Currently, the average cassava agro-industry business has experienced an increase in income and sales volume of 41% since the Covid-19 pandemic period; (2) Forming managerial skills are implementation, organization, and supervision. Entrepreneurial behaviour is risk-taking, and creative and innovative; (3) Managerial ability and entrepreneurial behaviour have a significant influence on business success.
Impact of climate change on cayenne pepper availability in Sleman District, Yogyakarta with dynamic system modelling
Authors: Puspitaningrum D A , Reka W Y , Widayanto B
Published: February 2024

The availability of cayenne pepper in Sleman District is influenced by cayenne pepper production factors and demand of consumers. Climate change greatly affects the demand and supply of cayenne pepper. The value of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) in the dynamic system model is 5.18%. The simulation of Cayenne Pepper availability scenarios in the Sleman District that was made scenarios by rule of the Government to increase of planting area by 20 ha per year. The other scenarios were changing a temperature increase 1 degree Celsius and increase of 2 degrees Celsius. The result of the research showed that first scenario made the supply of cayenne pepper decrease 15 %/year. The second scenario made the supply of cayenne pepper will be decrease up to 30 %/year in 2024-2030. It means that the temperature change can influence significantly with the supply of cayenne pepper in Sleman District. Moreover, the supply has not been fulfil to the very high demand by consumers of households, Industries and Horeca (Hotel, restaurant and catering) in this district.
Household employment of potato farmers with allocation of working time and gender theory
Authors: Putri D D , Shabila R A , Sutanto A , Kusnaman D , Wijayanti I K E , Suyono  , Mulyani A , Satriani R
Published: February 2024

Potato farming is affected by the amount of time which the farmers spend. The more labors spend the time, the more potato agricultural production. Potato farmers both male and female spend their time to potato farming together, but gender inequality often occurs between male and female farmers, so a research is needed on male and female potato farmers. The aims of this study are: 1) to analyze the factors that influence the outpouring of farmer household work, 2) to compare the difference in wages between male and female farmers. The Karangreja Sub-District’s Kutabawa Village and Serang Village served as the research sites. There is a quantitative descriptive used in the research approach. Document analysis, questionnaires, observations, and interviews are the methods used in the research to acquire data. The t test and multiple linear regression analysis were employed in the data analysis. Types of sample selection using purposive sampling. The results of the study show that: 1) the factors that influence male’s work outpouring are land area, farming experience and family responsibilities, while female’s work outpouring is influenced by age. 2) there is a difference in wages between male and female farmers in potato households in Karangreja Sub- District, Purbalingga Regency.
Optimizing sustainable cocoa supply chains: A Closed-loop model considering a profit-sharing policy and value loss during storage
Authors: Fauza G , Saputri P , Hisjam M , Prasetyo H , Rahayu M
Published: February 2024

In various cocoa-producing nations, cocoa stands as a vital commodity, serving as the generates significant waste in the form of husks, which could potentially be repurposed into organic fertilizers. Unfortunately, most existing studies on cocoa supply chains overlook the management of cocoa waste through a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) framework. This study addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive model for a cocoa CLSC system that considers value loss within the supply chain. Moreover, a profit-sharing strategy is introduced to foster sustained collaboration among stakeholders. Through the optimization of decision variables e.g. the size of transfer batch, this model aims to maximize total profit within the cocoa supply chain. The result shows that the optimal size of transfer batch is 459 units which leads to 44,782,000 IDR total profit. Additionally, by reusing cocoa husks as organic fertilizers within a closed-loop supply chain, this model also contributes to reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability within the cocoa industry.
Persimmon fruit downstream prospects: a promising solution to increase farmer income in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Asmy A E , Rauf A , Rahmawaty  , Badaruddin  , Khasanah U
Published: February 2024

This study explores the potential and benefits of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki) for human health and the prospects for producing and downstream this fruit in Indonesia. Persimmons have rich nutritional content, including vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and vitamin K, as well as essential minerals such as potassium. This content has been known to have various benefits, including its ability to lower blood cholesterol levels, maintain eye health, and even potentially as an antiviral agent. In Indonesia, persimmons are less popular, but some regions such as Malang (East Java) and Toba (North Sumatra) produce them to increase farmers’ income. This research also explores the downstream potential of persimmon fruit products. This step is part of the community’s economic empowerment strategy by utilizing the potential of environmentally sound natural resources in East Java, Indonesia. This study uses the SWOT analysis method to determine internal and external factors that can see the prospects of persimmon farmers and factors that affect the downstream development of persimmon fruit products. This study aims to identify the prospects of persimmon farmers and components that affect farmers’ income through sustainable downstream of persimmon fruit products.
Impact of incorporating FeNbC into weld flux on the abrasive wear resistance of coatings produced by SAW in a microalloyed steel
Authors: Pollnow Edilson N , Cardoso Frantchescole B , das Neves Ederson B , Santos Rodrigo B , Osorio Alice G
Published: February 2024

Owing to the global shortage of raw materials and an increase in their prices, there is a growing demand for engineering solutions to increase the lifespan and durability of equipment and components. Therefore, this study aims to combine surface engineering and welding engineering to produce a niobium-rich coating using submerged arc welding (SAW) deposition. SAW is a cost-effective technique that allows high deposition rates and technical simplicity, which can enhance mechanical properties and resistance to abrasive wear of components. This research involves the addition of a FeNbC powder alloy in percentages of 5, 10, and 15 wt% to a neutral commercial SAW flux, as an alternative to adding Nb to the microstructure of the deposited coating. The coating was characterized by optical microscopy to analyze the microstructure, such as the presence of phases; microhardness through a Vickers micro-durometer, and resistance to abrasive wear through the loss of mass using a rubber wheel-type abrasometer. The wear mechanisms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a Nb-rich coating can be deposited via SAW, and the coatings successfully increased microhardness by up to 110% and resistance to abrasive wear to values higher than the base metal used (microalloyed steel). The microstructure formed was rich in Fe2Nb and NbC, proving the formation of Nb-rich phases. Additionally, the mechanism of abrasive wear was predominantly plastic for the base metal and changed to micro-cutting and micro-plowing after the addition of up to 15% of FeNbC.
High entropy ceramics for applications in extreme environments
Authors: Ward T Z , Wilkerson R P , Musicó B L , Foley A , Brahlek M , Weber W J , Sickafus K E , Mazza A R
Published: February 2024

Compositionally complex materials have demonstrated extraordinary promise for structural robustness in extreme environments. Of these, the most commonly thought of are high entropy alloys, where chemical complexity grants uncommon combinations of hardness, ductility, and thermal resilience. In contrast to these metal–metal bonded systems, the addition of ionic and covalent bonding has led to the discovery of high entropy ceramics (HECs). These materials also possess outstanding structural, thermal, and chemical robustness but with a far greater variety of functional properties which enable access to continuously controllable magnetic, electronic, and optical phenomena. In this experimentally focused perspective, we outline the potential for HECs in functional applications under extreme environments, where intrinsic stability may provide a new path toward inherently hardened device design. Current works on high entropy carbides, actinide bearing ceramics, and high entropy oxides are reviewed in the areas of radiation, high temperature, and corrosion tolerance where the role of local disorder is shown to create pathways toward self-healing and structural robustness. In this context, new strategies for creating future electronic, magnetic, and optical devices to be operated in harsh environments are outlined.
Recent advancements in magnetic abrasive finishing: a critical review
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Komma Venkateswara Rao
Published: February 2024

Many engineering applications require components with a good surface finish. It is difficult to get the surface finish in the micro/nano level range with conventional finishing processes for materials such as super alloys, composites, and ceramics. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the processes for achieving superior surface finish. However, the processes efficiency is affected by its operational variables. Even a slight change in a processing parameter may lead to dimensional inaccuracies and poor surface quality of the workpiece. In this paper, recent trends in the magnetic abrasive finishing process are presented along with a critical review. The review includes MAF principles, tools, hybridization, modeling, and simulation of the process. Apart from plane MAF, the principle of MAF for cylindrical workpieces, the mechanism of material removal and the effect of different types of abrasives are also discussed. Various machine tools used for MAF of plane and cylindrical workpieces for external and internal surfaces are also discussed. In hybridization, different processes combined with MAF, like ultrasonic-assisted MAF, chemo-assisted MAF, and electrochemical-assisted MAF, etc, are discussed to increase material removal rate and obtain surface finish at the micro/nano level. The paper also covers mathematical and statistical modeling, simulation, and optimization techniques to predict and optimize the set of input process parameters. Lastly, challenges and conclusions of the MAF process are presented.
The purity locus of matrix Kloosterman sums
Authors: Erdélyi Márton , Sawin Will , Tóth Árpád
Published: February 2024

We construct a perverse sheaf related to the the matrix exponential sums investigated by Erdélyi and Tóth [Matrix Kloosterman sums, 2021, arXiv:2109.00762]. As this sheaf appears as a summand of certain tensor product of Kloosterman sheaves, we can establish the exact structure of the cohomology attached to the sums by relating it to the Springer correspondence and using the recursion formula of Erdélyi and Tóth.
Waves and Waves in Fluids
Authors: Davidson P A
Published: February 2024

Waves are an essential part of rotating fluid dynamics. This chapter provides an introduction to the general theory of waves, with an emphasis on waves in fluids. It covers such topics as the wave equation and d’Alembert’s solution, surface gravity waves, dispersive versus non-dispersive waves, the concept of group velocity, and dispersion in three dimensions. The concepts are developed from first principles. The discussion is necessarily brief, but suggestions for further reading are provided for those readers who are relatively new to these concepts. The emphasis throughout is on physical ideas rather than mathematical rigour.
Ekman Boundary Layers
Authors: Davidson P A
Published: February 2024

Ekman boundary layers play an important role in most rotating flows. This chapter introduces Ekman layers, starting with the exact solutions of Kármán and Bödewadt. The importance of Ekman layers is then illustrated using the simple examples of meandering rivers, secondary flows in ducts, and spin-down in a stirred cup of tea. This is followed by a careful analysis of spin-down and spin-up in cylindrical containers. The chapter closes by discussing the flow between differentially rotating spheres. Some of the concepts involved are surprisingly subtle, and so particular emphasis has been placed on providing a clear physical interpretation of events.
Inertial Waves I
Authors: Davidson P A
Published: February 2024

Inertial waves are supported by the Coriolis force and they lie at the heart of rotating fluid dynamics. Indeed, they underpin the formation of Taylor columns and the maintenance of quasi-geostrophic flow. The chapter starts by discussing the physical origins of inertial waves, before going on to describe their formal mathematical structure. There follows a detailed discussion of how inertial waves support Taylor columns and, more generally, spontaneous disperse to form columnar structures. The chapter closes with a discussion of near-inertial waves in the oceans, evanescent inertial waves, and the reflection of inertial waves from plane surfaces. Many of the topics discussed are surprisingly subtle.