bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of different carrier gases and their flow rates on the growth of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tewari Aarti , Sharma Suresh C.
Published: April 2015

The present paper examines the effect of different carrier gases and their flow rates on the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A theoretical model is developed incorporating the charging rate of the carbon nanotube, kinetics of all the plasma species, and the growth rate of the CNTs because of diffusion and accretion of ions on the catalyst nanoparticle. The three different carrier gases, i.e., argon (Ar), ammonia, and nitrogen, are considered in the present investigation, and flow rates of all the three carrier gases are varied individually (keeping the flow rates of hydrocarbon and hydrogen gas constant) to investigate the variations in the number densities of hydrocarbon and hydrogen ions in the plasma and their consequent effects on the height and radius of CNT. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that Ar favors the formation of CNTs with larger height and radius whereas ammonia contributes to better height of CNT but decreases the radius of CNT, and nitrogen impedes both the height and radius of CNT. The present work can serve to the better understanding of process parameters during growth of CNTs by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process.
A transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of annealing induced γ-phase nucleation, clustering, and interfacial dynamics in reactively sputtered amorphous alumina thin films
Authors: Kumar A. K. Nanda , Prasanna S. , Subramanian B. , Jayakumar S. , Rao G. Mohan
Published: March 2015

Pure α-Al2O3 exhibits a very high degree of thermodynamical stability among all metal oxides and forms an inert oxide scale in a range of structural alloys at high temperatures. We report that amorphous Al2O3 thin films sputter deposited over crystalline Si instead show a surprisingly active interface. On annealing, crystallization begins with nuclei of a phase closely resembling γ-Alumina forming almost randomly in an amorphous matrix, and with increasing frequency near the substrate/film interface. This nucleation is marked by the signature appearance of sharp (400) and (440) reflections and the formation of a diffuse diffraction halo with an outer maximal radius of ≈0.23 nm enveloping the direct beam. The microstructure then evolves by a cluster-coalescence growth mechanism suggestive of swift nucleation and sluggish diffusional kinetics, while locally the Al ions redistribute slowly from chemisorbed and tetrahedral sites to higher anion coordinated sites. Chemical state plots constructed from XPS data and simple calculations of the diffraction patterns from hypothetically distorted lattices suggest that the true origins of the diffuse diffraction halo are probably related to a complex change in the electronic structure spurred by the a-γ transformation rather than pure structural disorder. Concurrent to crystallization within the film, a substantially thick interfacial reaction zone also builds up at the film/substrate interface with the excess Al acting as a cationic source.
Vortex dynamics in a pipe T-junction: Recirculation and sensitivity
Authors: Chen Kevin K. , Rowley Clarence W. , Stone Howard A.
Published: March 2015

In the last few years, many researchers have noted that regions of recirculating flow often exhibit particularly high sensitivity to spatially localized feedback. We explore the flow through a T-shaped pipe bifurcation—a simple and ubiquitous, but generally poorly understood flow configuration—and provide a complex example of the relation between recirculation and sensitivity. When Re ≥ 320, a phenomenon resembling vortex breakdown occurs in four locations in the junction, with internal stagnation points appearing on vortex axes and causing flow reversal. The structure of the recirculation is similar to the traditional bubble-type breakdown. These recirculation regions are highly sensitive to spatially localized feedback in the linearized Navier–Stokes operator. The flow separation at the corners of the “T,” however, does not exhibit this kind of sensitivity. We focus our analysis on the Reynolds number of 560, near the first Hopf bifurcation of the flow.
Grain refinement in heavy rare earth element-free sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets by addition of a small amount of molybdenum
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Lee Won Suk , Byun Jong Min , Kim Se Hoon , Kim Young Do
Published: April 2015

We employed a modified refractory-metal-addition method to achieve higher coercivity and remanence in heavy rare earth element (HREE)-free Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets. This process involved inducing the formation of a homogeneous secondary phase at the grain boundaries during sintering, making it possible to control the intergrain diffusion by adding small amounts of Mo, a refractory metal. To control the microstructure of the secondary phase effectively, a metal organic compound of the refractory metal was coated on the surfaces of the particles of an HREE-free Nd–Fe–B powder. The average grain size after this process was 5.60 μm, which was approximately 1.8 μm smaller than that of the HREE-free sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets (7.4 μm). The coercivity of the magnets prepared through this process could be increased from 11.88 kOe to 13.91 kOe without decreasing their remanence.
A transition between bistable ice when coupling electric field and nanoconfinement
Authors: Mei Feng , Zhou Xiaoyan , Kou Jianlong , Wu Fengmin , Wang Chunlei , Lu Hangjun
Published: April 2015

The effects of an electric field on the phase behavior of water confined inside a nanoscale space were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of water reaches its maximum when value of the surfaces’ charge is at the threshold, qc = 0.5e. This unexpected phenomenon was attributed to the intermediate state between two stable ice states induced by nanoconfinement and the electric field generated by charged surfaces, respectively. Our finding is helpful to understand electromelting and electrofreezing of water under nanoconfinement with the electric field.
Laterally patterned spin-valve superlattice: Magnetometry and polarized neutron scattering study
Authors: Brüssing F. , Toperverg B. P. , Devishvili A. , Badini Confalonieri G. A. , Theis-Bröhl K. , Zabel H.
Published: April 2015

The magnetization reversal of magnetic multilayers with spin-valve like characteristics, patterned into an array of parallel stripes, was structurally and magnetically analyzed, in detail, via x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and polarized neutron reflectivity. Each stripe contains a multiple repetition of the layer sequence [Fe/Cr/Co/Cr]. X-ray and neutron scattering maps of the patterned multilayer show rich details resulting from the superposition of Bragg peaks representing the lateral in-plane periodicity and the out-of-plane multilayer period. Detailed analysis of specular and off-specular polarized neutron intensity was used to ascertain the antiparallel alignment of the Co and Fe magnetization within the kink region of their combined hysteresis loop between the coercive fields of Fe and Co layers. This includes also an examination of domain formation and inter- as well as intra-stripe correlation effects upon magnetization reversal. Our combined study shows that the shape induced anisotropy via patterning is capable of overriding the four-fold crystal anisotropy but is unable to eliminate the ripple domain state of the Co layers, already present in the continuous multilayer.
Study of electron transport in hydrocarbon gases
Authors: Hasegawa H. , Date H.
Published: April 2015

The drift velocity and the effective ionization coefficient of electrons in the organic gases, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, C2H5OH, C6H6, and C6H5CH3, have been measured over relatively wide ranges of density-reduced electric fields (E/N) at room temperature (around 300 K). The drift velocity was measured, based on the arrival-time spectra of electrons by using a double-shutter drift tube over the E/N range from 300 to 2800 Td, and the effective ionization coefficient (α − η) was determined by the steady-state Townsend method from 150 to 3000 Td. Whenever possible, these parameters were compared with those available in the literature. It has been shown that the swarm parameters for these gases have specific tendencies, depending on their molecular configurations.
High-efficiency, flexible CdTe solar cells on ultra-thin glass substrates
Authors: Mahabaduge H. P. , Rance W. L. , Burst J. M. , Reese M. O. , Meysing D. M. , Wolden C. A. , Li J. , Beach J. D. , Gessert T. A. , Metzger W. K. , Garner S. , Barnes T. M.
Published: March 2015

Flexible, high-efficiency, low-cost solar cells can enable applications that take advantage of high specific power, flexible form factors, lower installation and transportation costs. Here, we report a certified record efficiency of 16.4% for a flexible CdTe solar cell that is a marked improvement over the previous standard (14.05%). The improvement was achieved by replacing chemical-bath-deposited CdS with sputtered CdS:O and also replacing the high-temperature sputtered ZnTe:Cu back contact layer with co-evaporated and rapidly annealed ZnTe:Cu. We use quantum efficiency and capacitance-voltage measurements combined with device simulations to identify the reasons for the increase in efficiency. Both device simulations and experimental results show that higher carrier density can quantitatively account for the increased open circuit voltage (VOC) and Fill Factor (FF), and likewise, the increase in short circuit current density (JSC) can be attributed to the more transparent CdS:O.
Analyzing the kinetic response of tin oxide-carbon and tin oxide-CNT composites gas sensors for alcohols detection
Authors: Kamble Vinayak , Umarji Arun
Published: March 2015

Tin oxide nanoparticles are synthesized using solution combustion technique and tin oxide – carbon composite thick films are fabricated with amorphous carbon as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and porosity measurements show that the as-synthesized nanoparticles are having rutile phase with average crystallite size ∼7 nm and ∼95 m2/g surface area. The difference between morphologies of the carbon doped and CNT doped SnO2 thick films, are characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption-desorption kinetics and transient response curves are analyzed using Langmuir isotherm curve fittings and modeled using power law of semiconductor gas sensors.
Raman scattering of single crystal Cu2MoS4 nanosheet
Authors: Chen Haiping , Zhang Ke , Chen Wenxing , Ali Irfan , Wu Peng , Liu Daibin , Song Li
Published: March 2015

Polarized Raman spectra were recorded under parallel and perpendicular configurations in back scattering geometry for a single crystal Cu2MoS4 nanosheet of c-plane (001) faced orientation. The angular dependence of Raman peaks intensity for different phonon modes were studied by rotating from 0 to 180 degree around the c-axis of the ternary layered crystal. In combination with the theoretical calculations, the experimentally observed Raman peaks were assigned to four active Raman modes accordingly.
Production of a magnetic material with the ability to change from very soft to semi-hard magnetic
Authors: Zhang Yan , Sharma Parmanand , Yodoshi Noriharu , Makino Akihiro
Published: April 2015

Development and magnetic properties of an alloy that can change from very soft to semi-hard magnetic are reported. We found that as quenched ribbons of Fe75.3Pt8B12P4Cu0.7 alloy are amorphous by X-ray. Heat treatment in the temperature range of 400–450 °C causes formation of many α-Fe grains in the amorphous matrix. Hard magnetic L10 FePt grains appear at ∼520 °C. This alloy shows a high saturation magnetic flux density [Bs (≈ Ms) > 1.55 T] along with the ability to vary coercivity (Hc) from ∼25 A/m to 11 000 A/m. The Hc can be increased further to more than 21 000 A/m, but at the expense of a significant decrease in Bs. The ability to control magnetic properties lies in a precise control over the soft and hard magnetic phases, which are strongly exchange coupled.
Reintroduced burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) scatter hoard sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) seed
Authors: Chapman Tamra F.
Published: April 2015

Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) has been almost entirely removed from the agricultural regions of Australia. Remaining stands, in the rangelands of Western Australia, are characterised by poor recruitment due to grazing of seedlings and lack of seed dispersal. The aim of this study was to determine whether reintroduced burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) would disperse sandalwood seed as part of a rangeland-restoration project. The bettongs removed most of the experimental seed within two days, scatter hoarded and cached seed near potential host plants. No broad conclusions can be made from this short-term study, but it has established that burrowing bettongs carry out an important ecosystem service, because moving sandalwood seeds away from the parent plant and close to a host plant is the primary means of promoting recruitment.
Constructional tolerance
Authors: Perek Florent , Hilpert Martin
Published: March 2015

The present paper investigates the question whether different languages can be categorized into ‘constructionally tolerant’ languages, which grant speakers considerable freedom to combine syntactic constructions with lexical items in non-conventional ways, and ‘valency-driven’ languages, which impose stronger restrictions on the way in which constructions and lexical items can be combined. The idea of such a typological distinction is sketched for instance by Rostila (2014). In order to explore possible effects of constructional tolerance, a grammaticality judgment task is administered to speakers of English and French, which are two languages that differ with regard to this phenomenon: English verbs can be used across different argument structure constructions with relative ease, French verbs are more constrained. Both populations of speakers are exposed to stimuli sentences of varying creativity in a second language, namely German. The paper advances the constructional tolerance hypothesis, which states that speakers of a constructionally tolerant language should judge non-conventional examples in an L2 with more lenience than speakers of a valency-driven language. The experimental results are in line with this hypothesis, but they also suggest that grammaticality judgments are influenced by the availability of a productive L1 construction that shows functional overlap.
Where do all the motion verbs come from?
Authors: Verkerk Annemarie
Published: March 2015

The last four decades have seen huge progress in the description and analysis of cross-linguistic diversity in the encoding of motion (Talmy 1985, 1991, Slobin 1996, 2004). Comparisons between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages suggest that satellite-framed languages typically have a larger manner of motion verb lexicon (swim, dash), while verb-framed languages typically have a larger path of motion verb lexicon (enter, cross) (Slobin 2004, Verkerk 2013, 2014b). This paper investigates how differences between the motion verb lexicons of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages emerge. Phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology and an etymological study are used to investigate manner verb lexicons and path verb lexicons in an Indo-European dataset. I show that manner verbs and path verbs typically have different types of etymological origins and that manner verbs emerge faster in satellite-framed subgroups, while path verbs emerge faster in verb-framed subgroups.
How do modelled gestures influence preschool children’s spontaneous gesture production?
Authors: Child Simon , Theakston Anna , Pika Simone
Published: March 2015

Around the age of nine months, children start to communicate by using first words and gestures, during interactions with caregivers. The question remains as to how older preschool children utilise the gestures they observe into their own gestural representations of previously unseen objects. Two accounts of gesture production (the ‘gesture learning’, and ‘simulated representation’ accounts) offer different predictions for how preschool children use the gestures they observe when describing objects. To test these two competing accounts underlying gesture production, we showed 42 children (mean age: 45 months 14 days) four novel objects using speech only, or speech accompanied by either movement or physical feature gestures. Analyses revealed that (a) overall symbolic gesture production showed a high degree of individual variability, and (b) distinct observed gesture types influenced the children’s subsequent gesture use. Specifically, it was found that children preferred to match movement gestures in a subsequent communicative interaction including the same objects, but not physical feature gestures. We conclude that the observation of gestures (in particular gestures that depict movement) may act to change preschool children’s object representations, which in turn influences how they depict objects in space.
Publication type and discipline variation in published academic writing
Authors: Egbert Jesse
Published: March 2015

This study uses Multi-Dimensional analysis to describe linguistic variation in a corpus of published academic writing across three publication types in two disciplines. The resulting five dimensions were labeled: “Affective synthesis versus specialized information density”, “Definition and evaluation of new concepts”, “Author-centered stance”, “Reader-friendly narrative”, and “Abstract observation and description”. Factorial ANOVAs were used to test for significant interactions between publication type and discipline on each of the five linguistic dimensions. Statistical interactions were discovered for four of the five dimensions. The appropriate tests for statistical differences, either for main effects or simple effects, were performed, and publication type and discipline patterns were interpreted for all five dimensions. This paper highlights the importance of accounting for all of the independent factors in a corpus, using factorial ANOVAs where appropriate, in order to appropriately analyze and interpret patterns of linguistic variability.
Evaluating reliability in quantitative vocabulary studies
Authors: Miller Don , Biber Douglas
Published: March 2015

Recent methodological advances have been used to create word lists based on large corpora. The present paper explores whether these corpora — and the associated lists — are unequivocally more representative. Corpus design considerations have usually focused on issues of external representativeness (representing the target discourse domain), while disregarding issues of internal representativeness (whether the corpus permits reliable descriptions of linguistic variation). This disregard may be especially problematic for studies of lexical variation, where it is difficult to achieve stable, reliable results from corpus analysis. The present paper illustrates these challenges through experiments based on analysis of a corpus representing a highly restricted discourse domain: university-level introductory psychology textbooks. The results indicate that corpus design and composition has a much greater influence on lexical variation than previously recognized, highlighting the need to evaluate internal representativeness in quantitative corpus-based research.
Automatic analysis of thematic structure in written English
Authors: Park Kwanghyun , Lu Xiaofei
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes and describes a computational system for the automatic analysis of thematic structure, as defined in Systemic Functional Linguistics, in written English. The system takes an English text as input and produces as output an analysis of the thematic structure of each sentence in the text. The system is evaluated using data from The Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al. 1993) and the British Academic Written English corpus (Gardner & Nesi 2013). An experiment using these data shows that the system achieves a high degree of reliability in regard to both identifying theme-rheme boundaries and determining several of the linguistic properties of the identified themes, including syntactic nodes, theme function, markedness, mood types, and theme roles. To illustrate how the system is used, we describe an example application designed to compare collections of novice and expert academic writing in terms of thematic structure.
Gloss annotations in the Swedish Sign Language Corpus
Authors: Mesch Johanna , Wallin Lars
Published: March 2015

The Swedish Sign Language Corpus (SSLC) was compiled during the years 2009–2011 and consists of video-recorded conversations with 42 informants between the ages of 20 and 82 from three separate regions in Sweden. The overall aim of the project was to create a corpus of Swedish Sign Language (SSL) that could provide a core data source for research on language structure and use, as well as for dictionary work. A portion of the corpus has been annotated with glosses for signs and Swedish translations, and annotation of the entire corpus is ongoing. In this paper, we outline our scheme for gloss annotation and discuss issues that are relevant in creating the annotation system, with unique glosses for lexical signs, fingerspelling and productive signs. The annotation guidelines discussed in this paper cover both one- and two-handed signs in SSL, based on 33,600 tokens collected for the SSLC.
Chinese Deaf viewers’ comprehension of sign language interpreting on television
Authors: Xiao Xiaoyan , Chen Xiaoyan , Palmer Jeffrey Levi
Published: March 2015

Over 200 television channels in China broadcast news with signed language interpreting, making this one of the most visible forms of public accessibility for Deaf citizens. However, previous surveys have reported that most viewers have difficulty understanding the sign language interpreter. This experimental study examines how well a group of 49 Deaf individuals do, comparing their level of comprehension with that of twenty hearing viewers whose medium of access to program content is spoken Mandarin. All participants completed simple comprehension questions, in written form, after viewing twenty short news clips. These were shown once to the hearing viewers, and twice to Deaf viewers so as to compensate for any intrinsic difficulty related to the limited visual clarity of televised signed language interpreting. Results show that, even with interpretation, the Deaf viewers do not benefit equally from the news clips. Analysis of the interpretations suggests that the interpreters’ lack of Chinese Sign Language fluency might have contributed to the Deaf viewers’ lesser comprehension. In addition to insufficient training, the high pressure the interpreters experience in relation to interpreting in media settings might have a negative effect on the quality of their interpretation.
Over the monochrome rainbow
Authors: Paiz Joshua M.
Published: March 2015

This exploratory study examines the reflection of heteronormativity in English as a Second Language (ESL) reading texts and textbooks aimed at a college-aged audience and a range of proficiency levels. Heteronormativity is the portrayal of the heterosexual sexual identity as the only acceptable and/or normal sexual identity option (Dalley & Campbell 2006). This is often realized through the presentation of only heterosexual relationship structures, while also lacking any alternative relationship structures. The sample for this study consisted of forty-five reading texts/textbooks (ntext = 14;ntextbook = 31). These sample materials were examined by looking for examples of normative relationships and family structures exhibited in the main prose, textual examples, visual elements, and question/discussion activities. After examining the samples, each sample was given a numerical rating on 1–3 nominal level scale; 1 being non-heteronormative, 2 being low-heteronormative, and 3 being heteronormative. The data were then broken down to examine heteronormativity ratings by publisher, text-type, proficiency level, and year of publication. Average heteronormativity ratings were then calculated for each category of the data. These averages were then compared for the types of materials (texts and textbooks) and publishers examined. Changes in the average heteronormativity rating for each 5-year period are also reported. This paper will conclude by highlighting the need for less heteronormative ESL reading materials as these materials often function as valuable identity resources for language learners, and they often allow instructors to create a more diverse classroom environment by queering the classroom discourse.
Development of a multi-epitope antigen of S protein-based ELISA for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus
Authors: Ding Meng-die , Wang Hong-ning , Cao Hai-peng , Fan Wen-qiao , Ma Bing-cun , Xu Peng-wei , Zhang An-yun , Yang Xin
Published: April 2015

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method based on a novel multi-epitope antigen of S protein (SE) was developed for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The multi-epitope antigen SE protein was designed by arranging three S gene fragments (166–247 aa, S1 gene; 501–515 aa, S1 gene; 8–30 aa, S2 gene) in tandem. It was identified to be approximately 32 kDa as a His-tagged fusion protein and can bind IBV positive serum by western blot analysis. The conditions of the SE-ELISA method were optimized. The optimal concentration of the coating antigen SE was 3.689 μg/mL and the dilution of the primary antibodies was identified as 1:1000 using a checkerboard titration. The cut-off OD450 value was established at 0.332. The relative sensitivity and specificity between the SE-ELISA and IDEXX ELISA kit were 92.38 and 89.83%, respectively, with an accuracy of 91.46%. This assay is sensitive and specific for detection of antibodies against IBV.
Historiography as a political battlefield (1956–1989): Italian left-wing historians on early German Social Democracy
Authors: D'Elia Nicola
Published: April 2015

The debate surrounding German Social Democracy during the era of the Second International represents an important chapter in the historiography of post-Second World War Italy. At the same time, it also marks some crucial moments in the political and intellectual life of Republican Italy. This article aims to show the close relationship between the investigation of the past and the ongoing political struggle that has characterised research on this issue. Study of the topic was practically monopolised by left-wing historians, who, in dealing with the history of German Social Democracy, aimed also to direct the political strategy of workers’ parties. Considering the studies appearing after the 1956 crisis and in the mid-1970s, such a goal seems evident. It was only during the 1980s that the research opened itself to different perspectives – no longer influenced by ideological controversies.
Improving Accuracy of Risk Prediction for Violence: Does Changing the Outcome Matter?
Authors: Coid Jeremy W. , Yang Min , Ullrich Simone , Zhang Tianqiang , Sizmur Stephen , Farrington David P. , Freestone Mark , Rogers Robert D.
Published: April 2015

Accuracy of risk assessment instruments in predicting violence may appear poor if substantial numbers of study participants subsequently reoffend non-violently instead of violently as predicted. This study examined effects of changing the violent outcome on predictive accuracy of five instruments (OGRS, RM2000(V), VRAG, PCL-R, HCR20) for 1,353 male and 304 female released prisoners in England and Wales. Adding self-reported violence to criminal convictions resulted in a moderate increase in violent outcome among women, but was small among men. After removing offenders who subsequently reoffended non-violently, significant improvement in accuracy was found on all instruments for men, but not women. We concluded that risk assessment instruments for violence may be more accurate than previously described, but improvement can only be achieved with certain samples. Instruments relying heavily on previous criminal history for predictive power can demonstrate improved accuracy, but only after removing non-violent offenders from samples with extensive previous offending.
Use of Copepods during Early Feeding Stages of Spotted Rose Snapper Larvae in a Scale-Up System
Authors: Puello-Cruz Ana C , Flores-Rojas Aldo A , Almazán-Rueda Pablo , García-Ortega Armando
Published: April 2015

Growth but not survival of Spotted Rose Snapper Lutjanus guttatus larvae was improved when calanoid copepods Pseudodiaptomus euryhalinus were included as early feed in a pilot-scale production system. Production of P. euryhalinus that were fed microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata was stable through the snapper spawning season (May–September; 21.4–29.5°C), providing 6,200–9,400 copepods/L with higher nutritional quality than rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis. To evaluate the influence of including P. euryhalinus as a first feed, three dietary treatments were administered to larvae from 3 to 15 d posthatch: (1) P. euryhalinus only, (2) a mix of both P. euryhalinus and B. rotundiformis, and (3) B. rotundiformis only. Use of P. euryhalinus as live feed produced significant differences in larval specific growth rate, which was 48.4% of body weight (BW)/d for treatment 1; 17.5% BW/d for treatment 2; and 7.3% BW/d for treatment 3. However, survival was significantly higher for Spotted Rose Snapper larvae that received B. rotundiformis as feed; survival was 5.2% for treatment 3, whereas it was 2.2% for treatment 2 and 1.4% for treatment 1. Larvae that were given P. euryhalinus as feed also had better biochemical content than larvae that were fed only B. rotundiformis.
Motor imagery and cortico‐spinal excitability: A review
Authors: Grosprêtre Sidney , Ruffino Célia , Lebon Florent
Published: April 2015

Motor imagery (MI) has received a lot of interest during the last decades as its chronic or acute use has demonstrated several effects on improving sport performances or skills. The development of neuroimagery techniques also helped further our understanding of the neural correlates underlying MI. While some authors showed that MI, motor execution and action observation activated similar motor cortical regions, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies brought great insights on the role of the primary motor cortex and on the activation of the cortico‐spinal pathway during MI. After defining MI and describing the TMS technique, a short report of MI activities only at cortical level is provided. Then, a main focus on the specificities of cortico‐spinal modulations during MI, investigated by TMS, is provided. Finally, a brief overview of sub‐cortical mechanisms gives importance to the activation of peripheral neural structures during MI.
Influence of early romantic relationships on adolescents’ sexism / Sexismo en la adolescencia: influencia de las primeras relaciones de pareja
Authors: Montañés Pilar , Megías Jesús L. , De Lemus Soledad , Moya Miguel
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of romantic relationships on adolescents’ sexism. We primed some of the participants with their past and/or present relationship experiences before assessing their sexism. A sample of 130 adolescents (67 boys and 63 girls) from Spanish high schools participated in the study. Half of them were asked to report on their relationship experience first before responding to an ambivalent sexism inventory. The other half of the sample responded first to the sexism inventory and then reported on their relationship experience. The results of this study showed that when participants’ relationship experiences were primed, they reported higher endorsement of sexist beliefs: boys reported higher BS and HS, whereas girls reported higher BS.
A little sugar goes a long way: The cell biology of O-GlcNAc
Authors: Bond Michelle R. , Hanover John A.
Published: March 2015

Unlike the complex glycans decorating the cell surface, the O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a simple intracellular Ser/Thr-linked monosaccharide that is important for disease-relevant signaling and enzyme regulation. O-GlcNAcylation requires uridine diphosphate–GlcNAc, a precursor responsive to nutrient status and other environmental cues. Alternative splicing of the genes encoding the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) yields isoforms targeted to discrete sites in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. OGT and OGA also partner with cellular effectors and act in tandem with other posttranslational modifications. The enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling act preferentially on intrinsically disordered domains of target proteins impacting transcription, metabolism, apoptosis, organelle biogenesis, and transport.
Mixed problem for the Laplace equation outside cuts in a plane with setting Dirichlet and skew derivative conditions on different sides of the cuts
Authors: Krutitskii P. , Sgibnev A.
Published: April 2015

The mixed problem for the Laplace equation outside cuts in a plane is considered. The Dirichlet condition is posed on one side of each cut and the skew derivative condition is posed on the other side. This problem generalizes the mixed Dirichlet-Neumann problem. Integral representation for a solution of the boundary value problem is obtained in the form of potentials. The densities in the potentials satisfy the uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and index zero. Uniqueness and existence theorems for a solution of the boundary value problem are proved. Singularities of the gradient of the solution of the boundary value problem at the tips of the cuts are studied. Asymptotic formulas for singularities are obtained. The effect of the disappearance of singularities is discussed.
SH-waves in laminated plates
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergey
Published: April 2015

A mathematical model for analyzing horizontally polarized shear surface (SH) waves propagating in laminated plates is presented. All the layers are assumed to have monoclinic symmetry. Three types of boundary conditions imposed on the outer surfaces of a plate are considered. A variant of the modified transfer matrix (MTM) method is developed. Closed form dispersion relations are obtained for plates consisting of one or two orthotropic layers. Asymptotic solutions for orthotropic two- and three-layered plates are derived.
Convergence to equilibrium for the damped semilinear wave equation with critical exponent and dissipative boundary condition
Authors: Wu Hao , Zheng Songmu
Published: April 2015

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the solution to the following damped semilinear wave equation with critical exponent:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="u Subscript t t Baseline plus u Subscript t Baseline minus normal upper Delta u plus f left-parenthesis x comma u right-parenthesis equals 0 comma left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis element-of normal upper Omega times double-struck upper R Superscript plus">

u

t
t

+

u
t

−
Δ
u
+
f
(
x
,
u
)
=
0
,

(
x
,
t
)
∈
Ω
×

R

+

\begin{equation} u_{tt} + u_t -\Delta u + f(x,u) = 0, \qquad (x,t) \in \Omega \times \mathbb {R}^+ \end{equation}

subject to the dissipative boundary condition

∂
ν

u
+
u
+

u
t

=
0
,

t
>
0
,
 
x
∈
Γ

\begin{equation} \partial _\nu u+ u + u_t = 0, \qquad t > 0, \ x \in \Gamma \end{equation}

and the initial conditions
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="u StartAbsoluteValue equals u 0 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis comma u Subscript t Baseline EndAbsoluteValue Subscript t equals 0 Baseline Subscript t equals 0 Baseline equals u 1 left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis comma x element-of normal upper Omega comma">

u

|

t
=
0

=

u
0

(
x
)
,

u
t

|

t
=
0

=

u
1

(
x
)
,

x
∈
Ω
,

\begin{equation} u|_{t=0} = u_0(x),\quad u_t|_{t=0}=u_1(x), \qquad x \in \Omega , \end{equation}

where

Ω
\Omega

is a bounded domain in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

with smooth boundary

Γ
\Gamma

,

ν
\nu

is the outward normal direction to the boundary, and

f
f

is analytic in

u
u

. In this paper convergence of the solution to an equilibrium as time goes to infinity is proved. While these types of results are known for the damped semilinear wave equation with interior dissipation and Dirichlet boundary condition, this is, to our knowledge, the first result with dissipative boundary condition and critical growth exponent.
Hilbert formulas for 𝑟-analytic functions and the Stokes flow about a biconvex lens
Authors: Zabarankin Michael , Ulitko Andrei
Published: April 2015

The so-called

r
r

-analytic functions are a subclass of

p
p

-analytic functions and are defined by the generalized Cauchy-Riemann system with

p
(
r
,
z
)
=
r

p(r,z)=r

. In the system of toroidal coordinates, the real and imaginary parts of an

r
r

-analytic function are represented by Mehler-Fock integrals with densities, which are assumed to be meromorphic functions. Hilbert formulas, establishing relationships between those functions, are derived for the domain exterior to the contour of a biconvex lens in the meridional cross-section plane. The derivation extends the framework of the theory of Riemann boundary-value problems, suggested in our previous work, to solving the three-contour problem for the case of meromorphic functions with a finite number of simple poles. For numerical calculations, Mehler-Fock integrals with Hilbert formulas reduce to the form of regular integrals. The 3D problem of the axially symmetric steady motion of a rigid biconvex lens-shaped body in a Stokes fluid is solved, and the Hilbert formula for the real part of an

r
r

-analytic function is used to express the pressure in the fluid via the vorticity analytically. As an illustration, streamlines and isobars about the body, the vorticity and pressure at the contour of the body and the drag force exerted on the body by the fluid are calculated.
On a two-point free boundary problem
Authors: Guo Jong-Shenq , Hu Bei
Published: April 2015

We study a two-point free boundary problem for a quasilinear parabolic equation. This problem arises in the model of flame propagation in combustion theory. It also arises in the study of the motion of interface moving with curvature in which the studied problem is confined in the conical region bounded by two straight lines and the interface has prescribed touching angles with these two straight lines. Depending on these two touching angles, there are three different cases, namely, area-expanding, area-preserving, and area-shrinking cases. We first give a proof of the global existence in the expanding and preserving cases. Then the convergence to a line in the preserving case is derived. Finally, in the shrinking case, we show the finite-time vanishing and the convergence of the solution to a self-similar solution.
The study of dynamic behavior of functionally graded piezoelectric materials and an application to a contact problem
Authors: Singh B. , Rokne J. , Dhaliwal R.
Published: April 2015

In the present paper, the dynamic behavior of functionally graded piezoelectric materials is investigated when it is under anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane electrical loading. It is assumed that the shear modulus, the piezoelectric modulus, the dielectric modulus and mass density of FGPM vary continuously as functions of

X
X

and

Y
Y

. By using Fourier transforms the solution of equilibrium equations is obtained in closed form. The expressions for displacement and electrical potential are obtained in terms of one unknown function. Finally the results are applied to obtain a solution of the moving contact problem on the surface of the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM).
On the intersection of sets of incoming and outgoing waves
Authors: Ditkowski Adi , Sever Michael
Published: April 2015

In the neighborhood of a boundary point, the solution of a first-order symmetric homogenous hyperbolic system is conveniently decomposed into fundamental waves solutions that are readily classified as outgoing, incoming, and stationary, or tangential.

Under a broad hypothesis, we show that the spans of the sets of outgoing and incoming waves have nontrivial intersection. Under these conditions, local, linear, perfectly nonreflecting local boundary conditions are shown to be an impossibility.
A blow-up criterion for a degenerate parabolic problem due to a concentrated nonlinear source
Authors: Chan C. , Boonklurb R.
Published: April 2015

Let

q
q

,

a
a

,

b
b

, and

T
T

be real numbers with

q
≥
0

q\geq 0

,

a
>
0

a>0

,

0
>
b
>
1

0>b>1

, and

T
>
0

T>0

. This article studies the following degenerate semilinear parabolic first initial-boundary value problem,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartLayout 1st Row x Superscript q Baseline u Subscript t Baseline left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis minus u Subscript x x Baseline left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis equals a delta left-parenthesis x minus b right-parenthesis f left-parenthesis u left-parenthesis x comma t right-parenthesis right-parenthesis for 0 greater-than x greater-than 1 comma 0 greater-than t less-than-or-equal-to upper T comma 2nd Row u left-parenthesis x comma 0 right-parenthesis equals psi left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis for 0 less-than-or-equal-to x less-than-or-equal-to 1 comma u left-parenthesis 0 comma t right-parenthesis equals u left-parenthesis 1 comma t right-parenthesis equals 0 for 0 greater-than t less-than-or-equal-to upper T comma EndLayout">

x

q

u

t

(
x
,
t
)
−

u

x
x

(
x
,
t
)
=
a
δ
(
x
−
b
)
f

(
u
(
x
,
t
)
)

 for 
0
>
x
>
1
,
 
0
>
t
≤
T
,

u
(
x
,
0
)
=
ψ
(
x
)
 for 
0
≤
x
≤
1
, 
u
(
0
,
t
)
=
u
(
1
,
t
)
=
0
 for 
0
>
t
≤
T
,

\begin{gather*} x^{q}u_{t}(x,t)-u_{xx}(x,t)=a\delta (x-b)f\left ( u(x,t)\right ) \text { for }0>x>1,\text { }0>t\leq T,\\ u(x,0)=\psi (x)\text { for }0\leq x\leq 1\text {, }u(0,t)=u(1,t)=0\text { for }0>t\leq T, \end{gather*}

where

δ

(
x
)

\delta \left ( x\right )

is the Dirac delta function, and

f
f

and

ψ
\psi

are given functions. It is shown that for

a
a

sufficiently large, there exists a unique number

b

∗

∈

(
0
,
1

/

2
)

b^{\ast }\in \left ( 0,1/2\right )

such that

u
u

never blows up for

b
∈

(
0
,

b

∗

]

∪

[
1
−

b

∗

,
1
)

b\in \left ( 0,b^{\ast }\right ] \cup \left [ 1-b^{\ast },1\right )

, and

u
u

always blows up in a finite time for

b
∈
(

b

∗

,
1
−

b

∗

)

b\in (b^{\ast },1-b^{\ast })

. To illustrate our main results, two examples are given.
On a contact problem in thermoelasticity with second sound
Authors: Sprenger Jan
Published: April 2015

We investigate the existence and stability of a thermoelastic contact problem with second sound. Previous results established the existence and stability of a solution of the corresponding classical system in the case of radial symmetry. However, recent works have shown that sometimes stability can be lost when the classical Fourier heat conduction is substituted by Cattaneo’s Law. We show that also in this case this substitution does indeed lead to a loss in regularity that proves to be a major problem prohibiting the transfer of the existence proof for the classical problem to the problem with second sound, leaving the existence of a solution an open question. We then prove that, if a viscoelastic term is added to the equations, providing additional regularity, then existence and exponential stability (the second, as can be expected, only in the case of radial symmetry) will follow.
The mathematics of the Thomson effect
Authors: Cimatti Giovanni
Published: April 2015

The paper deals with the elliptic system of the thermistor problem in 3 dimensions taking into account the Thomson effect. Existence and uniqueness results are presented. The proofs are based on a reduction to a two-point problem for an ordinary differential equation.
Multiplicative finite difference methods
Authors: Riza Mustafa , Özyapici Ali , Misirli Emine
Published: April 2015

Based on multiplicative calculus, the finite difference schemes for the numerical solution of multiplicative differential equations and Volterra differential equations are presented. Sample problems were solved using these new approaches.
Numerical solution of a singular integral equation with Cauchy kernel in the plane contact problem
Authors: Capobianco M. , Criscuolo G.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes a collocation method for solving numerically a singular integral equation with Cauchy and Volterra operators, associated with a proper constraint condition. The numerical method is based on the transformation of the given integral problem into a hypersingular integral equation and then applying a collocation method to solve the latter equation. Convergence of the resulting method is then discussed, and optimal convergence rates for the collocation and discrete collocation methods are given in suitable weighted Sobolev spaces. Numerical examples are solved using the proposed numerical technique.
Precise bounds for finite time blowup of solutions to very general one-space-dimensional nonlinear Neumann problems
Authors: Bryan Kurt , Vogelius Michael
Published: April 2015

In this paper we analyze the asymptotic finite time blowup of solutions to the heat equation with a nonlinear Neumann boundary flux in one space dimension. We perform a detailed examination of the nature of the blowup, which can occur only at the boundary, and we provide tight upper and lower bounds for the blowup rate for “arbitrary” nonlinear functions

F
F

, subject to very mild restrictions.
Lack of contact in a lubricated system
Authors: Ciuperca Ionel , Tello J.
Published: April 2015

We consider the problem of a rigid surface moving over a flat plane. The surfaces are separated by a small gap filled by a lubricant fluid. The relative position of the surfaces is unknown except for the initial time

t
=
0

t=0

. The total load applied over the upper surface is a known constant for

t
>
0

t>0

. The mathematical model consists of a coupled system formed by the Reynolds variational inequality for incompressible fluids and Newton’s Second Law. We study the steady states of the problem and the global existence and uniqueness of the time-dependent problem. We assume one degree of freedom for the position of the surface. We consider different cases depending on the geometry of the upper surface.