bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Puzzle of Metallism: Searching for the Nature of Money
Authors: Cesarano Filippo
Published: May 2014

From the dawn of coined money to just a few decades ago, the monetary system had been linked, directly or indirectly, to a commodity. The age-long dominance of metallism is puzzling because the conventional character of money, or cartalist theory, had already been grasped in the earliest writings on the subject, notably by Plato. The evolution of the monetary system led to the emergence of metals as the dominant form of money owing to their well-known qualities of durability, homogeneity, divisibility, and the like. Yet, these physical qualities actually relate to market properties underlying the natural selection of media of exchange, enhancing the microeconomic efficiency in performing monetary functions and the macroeconomic effectiveness of maintaining monetary stability. After inquiring about the puzzle of metallism, this article investigates the development of the cartalist hypothesis and the origins of monetary management.
Haavelmo’s Epistemology for an Inexact Science
Authors: Boumans Marcel
Published: May 2014

The first two chapters of Trygve Haavelmo’s Probability Approach provide a very rich epistemological framework for understanding what is involved in finding laws outside the laboratory. Even though these laws will be inexact, a framework was developed to specify for which conditions laws could be found. Therefore, Haavelmo defined two different kinds of influences, potential and factual influences. To decide whether a regression equation represents a law, it is not the strengths of the factual influences that are relevant, but whether the potential influences are significant. Unfortunately, by passive observations only it is difficult to obtain knowledge about potential influences, particularly when they have not revealed their strengths (yet).
Guicciardini’sLa Decima Scalata: The First Treatise on Progressive Taxation
Authors: Regent Nikola
Published: May 2014

Although published for the first time only in 1849, La Decima scalata is the first treatise ever written on progressive taxation. Composed in the 1510s or 1520s, it is set in late fifteenth-century Florence, after the expulsion of Piero de’ Medici: in two discorsi, first in favore, and then in contrario, Guicciardini through the mouth of two unnamed Florentine speakers develops the arguments pro and contra the proposed progressive tax. After an overview of its initial reception in the public finance literature, this article closely examines the treatise. Although apparently using the second speaker as his mouthpiece, Guicciardini offers compelling and complex arguments both for and against the tax, anticipating a number of future arguments on the topic. Examining the relationship between the public and the private in Florence, the tax is attacked/defended with arguments invoking justice and liberty, economic efficiency, commercial interests, corruptive effects on individual and public morality, and political necessity. Distribution of limited resources is discussed in terms of a zero-sum game. In one of the key moments of the treatise, Guicciardini denies that preferences toward the best possible government are unimodal: if the ideal, austere regime such as Sparta (with equal property for all, and focused on virtue-in-arms) is not achievable, one should prefer the given stratified society, partial and non-virtue-directed redistribution being the worst option.
Re-Orientation
Authors: Chen John T.
Published: May 2014

From 1938 to 1947, a Chinese Muslim scholar named Muhammad Tawāḍuʿ Pang (known in China as Pang Shiqian) lived and studied at al-Azhar, Cairo’s famed center of Islamic learning. During his time in Egypt, he produced his Arabic-language magnum opus, China and Islam, published by the Muslim Brotherhood in May 1945. In addition to introducing Arabic-speaking audiences to Chinese Islam, the book exhibited four important features. First, it sought to place Chinese Muslim history firmly within Islamic history generally. Second, it responded to the geopolitical crisis brought upon the Chinese Muslims by the Ottoman Empire’s collapse and by China’s war with Japan. Third, it equated the modern condition of Muslims in both Egypt and China and absorbed otherwise competing intellectual genealogies from al-Azhar and the Muslim Brotherhood. Fourth, it synthesized these genealogies by calling for a return to the principles of the “golden age” of Islam and a revitalization of pre-modern intra-Asian relations as the surest path to modern “progress.” While this body of thought and sentiment had little in common with modern nationalism, elements of it were nevertheless soon co-opted by the nascent Third World movement.

Building on diverse fields including Chinese, Islamic, Middle Eastern, and global history, this essay seeks to decouple Chinese Muslim history from narratives of marginalization and to decouple histories of China and the Middle East from the fraught encounter between “West” and “non-West.” Through its reading of Tawāḍuʿ Pang’s China and Islam, it also attempts to recall a now unfamiliar world in which the nation-state did not yet enjoy the dominance it achieved once decolonization was fully underway.
Revolutionary Journeys, Revolutionary Practice
Authors: Nikpour Golnar
Published: May 2014

Nikpour’s article explores the emergence of new iterations of Islamic universalism in the mid-twentieth century by examining two important 1960s texts that are rarely if ever discussed in the same context: The Autobiography of Malcolm X and a travelogue titled Khasi Dar Miqhat (Lost in the Crowd) by Iranian intellectual Jalal al-e Ahmad. Malcolm X’s famous autobiography was published in 1965, just a few months after both he and Al-e Ahmad had returned to Iran from the hajj trip that is narrated in the 1966 Khasi Dar Mighat. Nikpour argues that these hajj texts signal a new political and ethical imaginary of the anticolonial era. Malcolm X and Jalal Al-e Ahmad were both political thinkers whose lives were marked by restless intellectual and political exploration. Though both men had worldly concerns, they are each more generally read from within the provincial national concerns found in American and Iranian studies respectively. Whereas Malcolm’s sudden death in 1965 is often interpreted as the tragic cutting short of his newfound ethical engagements, Al-e Ahmad’s abrupt death in 1969 is seen as minor footnote in the locomotive momentum of the Islamic ideology of the Islamic Republic he is said to have helped found with his writing. This essay asks whether it is possible to read the ethical horizons imagined by these political theorists without collapsing them into common tropes of black nationalism (for Malcolm) and linear precursors to the 1979 Iranian revolution (Al-e Ahmad).
The Régie Monopoly and Tobacco Workers in Late Ottoman Istanbul
Authors: Nacar Can
Published: May 2014

In 1883, the Ottoman government granted a tobacco monopoly to a foreign company called the Régie. The Régie opened its largest factory in the Cibali district of Istanbul in 1884. Nacar’s study examines strikes and unionization efforts in the Cibali factory at the turn of the century. It argues that the labor movement in the factory reached its peak in 1911 when some 2,000 workers launched what would be one of the longest strikes in late Ottoman history. This long strike was ultimately defeated and the labor movement in the factory quickly lost momentum. A close examination of the strike, however, shows that none of these developments were inevitable. In the spring of 1911, the strikers were so well organized that the Régie’s various attempts to break their ranks remained futile. Moreover, they were not isolated in their battle. Workers in different provinces and sectors and politicians publicly expressed support for the strike. This article suggests that had the efforts of the strikers and their supporters could have resulted in a favorable settlement for workers, both in and outside the Cibali factory, and that the labor movement might have taken a different direction.
Template-free Preparation and Characterization of Novel Hierarchical BiPO4 Six-angular Microcolumns
Authors: Ma Lin , Xu Limei , Xu Xuyao , Zhou Xiaoping , Zhang Lingling
Published: May 2014

A facile template-free route has been employed to synthesize well-dispersed novel BiPO4 six-angular microcolumns with hierarchical architectures. The obtained products were characterized using XRD, EDX, and SEM. The experimental results indicate that the BiPO4 six-angular microcolumns are assembled by numerous nanoparticles in an oriented way. Additionally, the different solvent ratios have a significant influence on the morphology and crystal phase of the final products.
The net return from animal activity in agro-ecosystems: trading off benefits from ecosystem services against costs from crop damage
Authors: Luck Gary W
Published: May 2014

Animals provide benefits to agriculture through the provision of ecosystem services, but also inflict costs such as damaging crops. These benefits and costs are mostly examined independently, rather than comparing the trade-offs of animal activity in the same system and quantifying the net return from beneficial minus detrimental activities. Here, I examine the net return associated with the activity of seed-eating birds in almond orchards by quantifying the economic costs and benefits of bird consumption of almonds. Pre-harvest, the consumption of harvestable almonds by birds cost growers AUD$57.50 ha-1 when averaged across the entire plantation. Post-harvest, the same bird species provide an ecosystem service by removing mummified nuts from trees that growers otherwise need to remove to reduce threats from fungal infection or insect pest infestations. The value of this ecosystem service ranged from AUD$82.50 ha-1–$332.50 ha-1 based on the replacement costs of mechanical or manual removal of mummified nuts, respectively. Hence, bird consumption of almonds yielded a positive net return of AUD$25–$275 ha-1 averaged across the entire plantation. However, bird activity varied spatially resulting in positive net returns occurring primarily at the edges of crops where activity was higher, compared to negative net returns in crop interiors. Moreover, partial mummy nut removal by birds meant that bird activity may only reduce costs to growers rather than replace these costs completely. Similar cost-benefit trade-offs exist across nature, and quantifying net returns can better inform land management decisions such as when to control pests or promote ecosystem service provision.
Quality parameters for a multimodal EEG/EMG/kinematic brain-computer interface (BCI) aiming to suppress neurological tremor in upper limbs
Authors: Grimaldi Giuliana , Manto Mario , Jdaoudi Yassin
Published: May 2014

Tremor is the most common movement disorder encountered during daily neurological practice. Tremor in the upper limbs causes functional disability and social inconvenience, impairing daily life activities. The response of tremor to pharmacotherapy is variable. Therefore, a combination of drugs is often required. Surgery is considered when the response to medications is not sufficient. However, about one third of patients are refractory to current treatments. New bioengineering therapies are emerging as possible alternatives. Our study was carried out in the framework of the European project “Tremor” (ICT-2007-224051). The main purpose of this challenging project was to develop and validate a new treatment for upper limb tremor based on the combination of functional electrical stimulation (FES; which has been shown to reduce upper limb tremor) with a brain-computer interface (BCI). A BCI-driven detection of voluntary movement is used to trigger FES in a closed-loop approach. Neurological tremor is detected using a matrix of EMG electrodes and inertial sensors embedded in a wearable textile. The identification of the intentionality of movement is a critical aspect to optimize this complex system. We propose a multimodal detection of the intentionality of movement by fusing signals from EEG, EMG and kinematic sensors (gyroscopes and accelerometry). Parameters of prediction of movement are extracted in order to provide global prediction plots and trigger FES properly. In particular, quality parameters (QPs) for the EEG signals, corticomuscular coherence and event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) parameters are combined in an original algorithm which takes into account the refractoriness/responsiveness of tremor. A simulation study of the relationship between the threshold of ERD/ERS of artificial EEG traces and the QPs is also provided. Very interestingly, values of QPs were much greater than those obtained for the corticomuscular module alone.
Astrocytes require insulin-like growth factor I to protect neurons against oxidative injury
Authors: Genis Laura , Dávila David , Fernandez Silvia , Pozo-Rodrigálvarez Andrea , Martínez-Murillo Ricardo , Torres-Aleman Ignacio
Published: May 2014

Oxidative stress is a proposed mechanism in brain aging, making the study of its regulatory processes an important aspect of current neurobiological research. In this regard, the role of the aging regulator insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in brain responses to oxidative stress remains elusive as both beneficial and detrimental actions have been ascribed to this growth factor.

Because astrocytes protect neurons against oxidative injury, we explored whether IGF-I participates in astrocyte neuroprotection and found that blockade of the IGF-I receptor in astrocytes abrogated their rescuing effect on neurons. We found that IGF-I directly protects astrocytes against oxidative stress (H2O2). Indeed, in astrocytes but not in neurons, IGF-I decreases the pro-oxidant protein thioredoxin-interacting protein 1 and normalizes the levels of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, IGF-I cooperates with trophic signals produced by astrocytes in response to H2O2 such as stem cell factor (SCF) to protect neurons against oxidative insult. After stroke, a condition associated with brain aging where oxidative injury affects peri-infarcted regions, a simultaneous increase in SCF and IGF-I expression was found in the cortex, suggesting that a similar cooperative response takes place in vivo. Cell-specific modulation by IGF-I of brain responses to oxidative stress may contribute in clarifying the role of IGF-I in brain aging.
Organizational Obsolescence, Drifting Tastes, and Age Dependence in Organizational Life Chances
Authors: Le Mens Gaël , Hannan Michael T. , Pólos László
Published: May 2014

Various patterns of age dependence in hazards of organizational failure have been documented: liabilities of newness, adolescence, and obsolescence. Prior efforts at providing a unified theory that can accommodate these patterns as special cases have not dealt properly with obsolescence. We tackle this problem by proposing a new model that builds on the most recent unification attempt while integrating the core intuition behind obsolescence: organizations have trouble adapting to drifting environments, which leads to declining performance and, in turn, to decreasing viability. In doing so, we develop a comprehensive representational framework to precisely characterize obsolescence. Our perspective builds on recent theory and research that treats categories as constructions by audiences. We characterize environmental drift as changing audience tastes in a multidimensional feature space and organizational inertia as a decreasing ability for producers to move quickly in that space. This combination creates obsolescence with aging. We then integrate this perspective with prior theory to make novel predictions regarding the age dependence in life chances over the life courses of organizations. We also show how the predictions of our theory can be tested empirically by adapting Levinthal’s random walk model [Levinthal DA (1991) Random walks and organizational mortality. Admin. Sci. Quart. 36(3):397–420] to incorporate the possibility of organizational obsolescence.
The Performance and Properties of Wood–Polypropylene Panels as Affected by Wood Aqueous Extraction
Authors: Nasser Ramadan A. , Aref Ibrahim M.
Published: May 2014

The manufacturing of wood–polymer composites (WPCs) by compounding wood particles with plastic at temperatures above their melting point may cause thermal degradation of the wood, which can lead to undesirable properties, including odor, discoloration, and degradation of the mechanical properties of the panels. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a particle pretreatment (cold-water soaking and hot-water extraction) on the performance and properties of WPC panels made of four lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) and polypropylene (PP), 50/50 by weight. Composites filled with pretreated and untreated particles of three wood species and date palm midrib fronds were manufactured using a melt blending technique followed by compression molding. The physical, mechanical, and dimensional stability properties of the WPC panels were evaluated. The results indicated that the four LCMs are significantly different in all chemical constituents. Pretreating the wood particles by either cold or hot water resulted in significant improvements in the compatibility of each wood species with PP, as was observed by an increase in the mechanical properties and by a decrease in the water uptake and thickness swelling of the composite panels. An enhancement in strand color and a decrease in smoke and excessive odor during the compounding process were also observed, which resulted in an enhancement in the performance of the produced panels, particularly for the date palm midrib fronds.
Manufacturing Particleboard Using Hemp Shiv and Wood Particles with Low Free Formaldehyde Emission Urea-Formaldehyde Resin
Authors: Li Xiaoping , Wang Siqun , Du Guanben , Wu Zhangkang , Gong Yingchun
Published: May 2014

In order to better use the hemp shiv in manufacturing particleboard panels, tests for determining the mechanical and physical properties of this particleboard were performed according to the Chinese standard for wood-based paneling. The results showed the following. (1) The properties of the particleboard are optimal, with a 1:1 ratio of hemp shiv to wood particles; hemp shiv and wood particles actually strengthen each other when particleboard is made from a mixture of hemp shiv and wood particles. (2) The low density and the low mechanical properties of fiber cell walls were both advantages for the hemp shiv used to manufacture the particleboard panels.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Agrebi Asma , Allouche Fatma , Fetoui Hamadi , Chabchoub Fakher
Published: May 2014

Several new pyrazolopyrimidine compounds were achieved from aminocyanopyarazole 1. The starting material 1 was initially coupled with orthoester at refluxed with various primary amines, ammonia, hydrazines and hydroxylamine to furnish a series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. The reaction of imidate 2a-b with hydrazide derivatives led to the formation of pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines. Some of the synthesized compounds 3a and 4c were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and nociceptive activities. We start by studing the toxicity of these two molecules by measuring the corresponding DL50. The DL50 of 3a and 4c are estimated to 1333.2mg / kg and 1593.5mg / kg respectively. Pharmacological evaluation showed that compounds 3a and 4c at doses (5.5-22.2 mg / Kg, i.p) exhibited anti-inflammatory activities compared to Ibuprofen (150 mg / Kg, i.p), used as a refer ence drug. Further, our study showed that the injection of derived pyrazolopyrimidines on hyperthermic animal leads to a decrease in temperature after 1 hours of treatment compared to paracetamol used as reference. In addition, the injection of derived pyrazolopyrimidines at different doses contains a potent nociceptive activity. This effect is dose-dependent compared to aspirin.
O PIBID enquanto potencialidade para ressignificar a formação inicial
Authors: Hees Luciane Weber Baia
Published: May 2014

Esta pesquisa é o resultado de discussões sobre a formação inicial dos professores. A formação é um desafio para as políticas educacionais apesar das propostas de reformas curriculares. A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar elementos no Pibid (Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência) que articulem teoria e prática na formação inicial e na inserção de professores na docência. O Pibid é um projeto que faz parte da formação inicial dos docentes, incentivando a investigação e a construção de práticas adequadas. A metodologia da pesquisa foi Grupo de Discussão. Esse grupo têm sido utilizado para explorar as percepções dos sujeitos sobre diversas questões. Para Morgan (1990), é um método para estudar o ‘porquê’ e ‘o quê’ nas perspectivas dos participantes. É uma metodologia que pretende aproveitar ao máximo a possibilidade de explorar hipóteses, descobrir os pontos de vista e levantar dados sobre os assuntos que estão sendo explorados (BOWLING, 1997). Os componentes do grupo de discussão foram 18 alunas dos cursos de licenciaturas que participam do Pibid. Através desta análise, buscamos identificar o que consideramos nosso problema de pesquisa: Como a prática através do Pibid pode ressignificar a teoria na formação inicial? Concluímos que o Pibid pode ser uma das maneiras para favorecer a relação entre teoria e prática na formação inicial, assim como, permitir que exista um espaço no qual os futuros professores e professoras identifiquem e discutam suas práticas, favorecendo, dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de uma cultura colaborativa para diminuir as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores iniciantes.
A Páscoa e o Natal: a comemoração dentro da escola
Authors: Mak Denise
Published: May 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo traçar um paralelo entre cultura escolar e memória, tendo como eixo norteador duas datas religiosas, Páscoa e Natal, celebradas anualmente dentro do âmbito escolar. Para tanto, o conceito de memória apresentado por Le Goff (2003) será fundamental para discutir como a religião cristã é tida como uma religião da recordação, sendo que contribui inevitavelmente para uma cultura escolar que, conforme Julia (2001), deve ser pensada conjuntamente com outras culturas, dentre elas a religiosa. A análise será feita especificamente com escolas de EducaçãoInfantil, pois as datas mencionadas são constantemente trabalhadas nelas, possibilitando uma reflexão sobre o tema.
Formação inicial de professores e projetos integradores do curso de Pedagogia: desafios e possibilidades
Authors: Mello Marilice Pereira Ruiz do Amaral , Brito Regina Lúcia Giffoni Luz de
Published: May 2014

O presente estudo parte do pressuposto que o currículo pensado para os Cursos de Pedagogia, mesmo depois das orientações das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais –DCNs, não contribui para a superação da fragmentação no processo de formação de professores. Verificou-se possibilidade de integração entre as disciplinas, por meio do componente curricular, Projetos Integradores e aprofundou-se análise sobre os Projetos Integradores do Curso de Pedagogia, da UFAL. Buscou-se refletir sobre a integração formativa de professores de Educação Infantil e anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; oferecer subsídios para a elaboração de Projetos Pedagógicos; contribuir para a ressignificação do currículo de formação de professores; evidenciar o modo como foram contempladas as diferentes dimensões dessa integração. Por meio deste estudo, os Projetos Integradores, enquanto umdos componentes do currículo do Curso de Pedagogia, mostrou-seintegrador e importante auxiliar em um necessário processo de desfragmentação do referido curso.
Production and characterization of physalis vinegar
Authors: Xavier Danniella , Ivanov Raphael Coelli , Cunha Mário Antônio Alves da , Pereira Edimir Andrade
Published: May 2014

Physalis is a fruit rich in vitamins C and A, iron and phosphorus, alkaloids and flavonoids, and also has antioxidant properties. Its production on family-based farms can be a good option because of its simple cultivation and high market value. Although it has aroused great interest in consumers, there are no thorough studies on the applications of the fruit at the industrial level. Thus, in order to take technological advantage of the fruit in a product with higher added value, the production of physalis vinegar has been proposed in this paper. Initially, the juice of the fruit was subjected the alcoholic fermentation using the pure culture of Sacaromyces cerevisiae. The fermented alcohol was then subjected to acetic oxidation in a grapia (Brazilian ash) vinegar barrel, using acetic acid microflora isolated from colonial vinegar and the vinegar obtained had quality parameters adequate to the standards for Brazilian. Vinegar production from physalis could be a promising strategy for taking technological advantage of the fruit and helping to disseminate its cultivation in Brazil.

 

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i1.18
Thermoelectric prototype applied to freezing of gelatin gel under high rates.
Authors: Silva Karla , Gomes Bruno Figueira , Júnior Vivaldo Silveira
Published: May 2014

Small thermoelectric refrigeration systems can reach temperatures under 0 °C in short time periods and keep them with 0.1 °C precision, so they are indicated to freezing studies. In this work a thermoelectric prototype was used to gelatin gel fast freezing. To evaluate the effect of plate inertia on the ice crystal structure were compared the results of two test series: plate-sample set stabilization at 3.0 ± 0.1 °C to application of 24.5 W of electric power; plate stabilization at 24.5 W of electric power (-20 ± 2 °C) to sample insertion. Thermograms were recorded simultaneously to temperature sensors located at four upper edges of the plate-sample interface, characterizing the freezing curves. After freezing the samples were lyophilized allowing the visualization of the ice crystals formed by optical microscopy under ambient temperature. The differences obtained between the plate extremity temperatures of the horizontal plain resulted in the ice structure, emphasizing the importance of the monitoring position specification and the sample lamination to evaluate qualitatively the ice crystals. The obtained images to five cut plains related to the sample center proved that the system inertia to reach the minimum temperature leads to an increase in the size of ice crystals when compared to the procedure started with the frozen plate. The results proved the effectiveness and precision of the device to different studies of freezing curves and subsequent effects on the ice crystals formation.

 

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i1.38
Behavior analysis of an orange juice evaporator using an industrial process simulator
Authors: Candido Neto José Maximiano , Conceição Wagner André dos Santos , Paraíso Paulo Roberto , Jorge Luiz Mario De Matos
Published: May 2014

The process simulators are increasingly used in the activities of design and analysis of industry operations. Recently, several commercial simulators have been developed, including HYSYS, which was initially developed for applications related to petrochemicals, but with modifications can be used to simulate the operating conditions of other areas such as the food industry. The evaporation of orange juice is a processing step that aims to concentrate the separation of water by heating the mixture, with high energy consumption. Therefore, processes modeling and simulation using simulators such as HYSYS becomes very attractive due to the possibility of studies in the plant without the need of experimentation, since the process being modeled it is possible to obtain fast and reliable information. The results of this study showed that hypothetical orange juice modeled in HYSYS through the sucrose solution in water represented well and the real juice obtaining a deviation less than 10% for the property thermal conductivity. The model of falling film evaporator for concentrating orange juice built in HYSYS by the association of the heat exchanger and flash separator vessel proved to be fairly consistent through the simulations with the experimental data of the process which indicates great potential for use as analysis tool, simulation and optimization of the concentration of orange juice in industrial evaporators.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i1.43
Development and acceptance of orange fiber-based breakfast cereal (Citrus sinensis L.).
Authors: Farinazzi Machado Flavia Maria Vasques , Oliveira Alessandra Andrade de , Melo Rosa Maria de
Published: May 2014

In recent years there has been a great consumer interest in foods containing fiber, due to its great potential for beneficial effects in the intestinal tract and prevention of chronic degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to develop a breakfast cereal with dried orange pulp and evaluate its centesimal composition and its acceptability. Analyses were performed to determine moisture at 105 ºC, ashes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble fractions and energy value, there were also carried out microbiological analyses. Sensory analysis was applied to assess attributes appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall impression, by affective test, using hedonic scale with nine points. The values found for total fiber characterized the product, according to Brazilian legislation, as a source of fiber, the levels found were above 3 %. From the microbiological analyses that were carried out, the product proved to be suitable for human consumption, according to current legal standards. There was a statistically significant difference in sensory evaluation of cereal with dried orange pulp, the attributes for appearance, aroma and texture, considering the sex of the tasters. The notes for these characteristics assigned by women were superior to men, being that the acceptability index was 77 %. The enrichment of foods, with the dried orange pulp, collaborates with the reduction of waste generated by the juice industry, in addition, add value to products, as source of fiber with proven beneficial effects to the health of the population.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.64
Effect of acidification of raw milk on psychrotrophic microrganims.
Authors: Shirai Marianne Ayumi , Masson Maria Lucia
Published: May 2014

The contamination of raw milk with psychrotrophic micro-organisms has become a concern because they are able to multiply at refrigeration temperatures and produce heat resistant enzymes that affect the quality of milk and dairy products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidification with CO2 and HCl on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria present in raw milk during cold storage. Raw milk samples were acidified with CO2 and HCl 1N until pH 6,0 and stored at 5 °C for 10 days. The results showed an average reduction of 1 logarithmic cycle in the growth of psychrotrophic and mesophilic microorganisms in samples treated with CO2. Acidification with HCl showed no effect, indicating that inhibitory action was due to CO2 not by pH reduction.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.68
Consumer perceptions toward dietary fiber and their products
Authors: Pimentel Tatiana Colombo , Simões Gislaine Silveira
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the beliefs, attitudes, and habits of consumption of dietary fiber and fiber-enriched products by consumers from the Northern region of Paraná, Brazil. In the present work, a questionnaire was applied to 100 people, which allowed observing a low consumption of these products. The attitude assessment showed that fibers are important for the adequate functioning of the body, because they are not digested by humans, allowing the control of obesity and diabetes, increasing satiety, and reducing cholesterol. In addition, consumers had knowledge of the fiber-rich foods and the need for their daily consumption. However, they were not sure if fiber intake could be related to decreasing the risk of breast cancer and that the fibers do not provide calories. In general, the attitude of consumers was positive in relation to the fibers and their products, however, it is recommended to strengthen the communication to consumer about health and functional properties of the consumption of dietary fiber.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.56
Influence of packing on the acceptance of different brands of cachaça in the region of Salinas/MG
Authors: Santos Darlene Pereira dos , Cardos Danilo Dos Reis , Cardoso Daniela Caetano , Meireles Wesley Antunes
Published: May 2014

Twelve brands of cachaça were donated by Cachaça Producers Association of Salinas, Salinas city, state of Minas Gerais - Brazil, and studied to evaluate the influence of packaging on their acceptance. This study was divided in 3 steps: blind test, packaging test and information test. The tests were applied to 51 consumers using a nine categories hedonic scale. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). In blind test, no significant difference was observed on the acceptance of the majority of the cachaças, except G brand, which presented the lowest score. In the packaging test, it was observed a different situation, the G, B, C, D, F and I cachaças were the most accepted while H brand was the least accepted. In the information test, the J and K cachaças were the most accepted. The results indicated that the packaging influenced the acceptability of cachaças from Salinas.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.63
Action of protease from Aspergillus sojae and pancreatin in the hydrolysis of whey protein concentrate
Authors: Silvestre Marialice Pinto Coelho , Morais Harriman Aley , Silva Mauro Ramalho , Silva Viviane Dias Medeiros , Souza Mariana Wanessa Santana de
Published: May 2014

The preparation of hydrolysates from whey protein concentrate with high contents of di- and tripeptides and free amino acids, and reduced amount of large peptides, was the objective of this study. The actions of a protease from Aspergillus sojae and a pancreatin at six enzyme:substrate ratios, pH 7.0, at 50 °C for 5 h were evaluated. The size-exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography and the method of the Correct Fraction Area were used for the fractionation and quantification of peptides and free amino acids in the hydrolysates. It was observed that the type of enzyme and the enzyme: substrate ratio affected significantly the peptide profile of the hydrolysates. The chromatograms obtained by the action of two enzymes were different and varied according to the specificity or enzymatic activity. The best peptide profile was found for the hydrolysate obtained using pancreatin at an enzyme: substrate ratio of 8:100 that showed the smallest amount of large peptides (41.13%), and the greatest di- and tripeptide (6.46%) and free amino acid (8.22%) contents.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.69
Quantitative evaluation of water content in frozen chicken cuts
Authors: Resem Brizio Ana Paula , Fagundes Gilberto Arcanjo , Prentice Carlos
Published: May 2014

The industrial cooling of poultry carcasses is commonly performed by immersion in cold water (chillers). This step results in a water absorption by the carcasses, and in Brazil the average quantity absorbed is governed by regulation. The fraud occurrence by excessive absorption as a result of this immersion has been the subject of a special deterrence program of Brazilian governments, which includes the analysis of samples collected in the industries and markets. The aim of this study was to quantify the amounts of water absorbed in frozen chicken cuts collected in an industry of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. From June 2011 to June 2012, thirty (30) samples were analyzed according to Brazilian Official Method of Normative Instruction n° 08.  The parameters analyzed were moisture (%), protein content (%), and the ratio moisture/protein (M/P). The content of absorbed water was in agreement with the Brazilian law (IN n° 32), suggesting no economic fraud to consumer. The results also showed that in the industry where the study was conducted, the cooling process was controlled accordingly. This step involves a complex and simultaneous heat and mass transfer, which must be carefully adjusted to ensure the quality of final product.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.72
 
Microbiological and physicochemical evaluation of the pasteurized milk stemming from dairy from COMCAM region
Authors: Rodrigues Vanessa Carvalho , Marques Leila Larisa Medeiros
Published: May 2014

Microbiological and physicochemical analyses are important parameters to determine the shelf life and food safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of 101 samples of pasteurized milk collected from dairies located in COMCAM region, Brazil. For microbiological analyzes, coliforms at 35°C and 45°C, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts were performed. The physicochemical parameters investigated were alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, and cryoscopic index. According to the results, 21% of the samples were above the limit established by the Brazilian legislation for mesophilic bacteria counts, and 1% for coliform counts at 45°C. For the physicochemical parameters, the analyses of peroxidase and cryoscopy index were not in accordance for 2% and 17% of the samples, respectively. The microbiological and physic chemical results showed that the quality conditions of some pasteurized milks was not adequate, possible due errors during their handling, processing and storage. These factors could result in potential health risks for consumers.
Bactericidal activity of starch films containing albumin, collagen and eggshell membrane
Authors: Silva Jéssica F. da , Gon Renan Luiz Romano , Kwiatkowski Angela , Silva Regiane Da
Published: May 2014

The need for materials resistant to bacterial action has led to increases in biomaterials field research in food and pharmaceutical industry, particularly with regard to obtaining low cost materials. In this study, starch films easily obtained were used. The application is favorable to their application as biomaterials and studying the bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the films were capable to release about 6 mmols of nitric oxide (NO) per gram of film and that they had potential antibacterial action against S. typhimurium and S. aureus, showing no significant results against E. coli. These results indicate that nitric oxide has bactericidal action and the starch films containing eggshell membrane, collagen and albumin can be used as packaging materials in contact with food or compounds which must be preserved from the bacterial action.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.92
Optimized Multilayer perceptron for the geographical and genotypic classification of four genotypes of arabica coffee
Authors: Varaschim Link Jade , Guimarães Lemes André Luis , Pereira Sato Herily , Dos Santos Scholz Maria , Bona Evandro
Published: May 2014

The climatic conditions of the coffee crop give special attributes to the beverage and could increase its value. However, it is essential to prove the geographical and genotype origin of the cultivar using reliable methods. Several statistical methods have been developed in an attempt to reproduce the human capability of pattern recognition. The multilayer perceptron (MLP) is an artificial neural network (ANN) with supervised learning that is widely used for pattern classification. This study aimed to develop a MLP to classify the geographic origin and the genotypic of the arabica coffee. For this purpose, spectra obtained in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were analyzed using MLPs optimized by sequential simplex. The networks that used the range 1900-800 cm-1 of the raw spectrum had lower mean squared error (MSE) and a higher percentage of correct classification for geographical (100%) and genotypic (77,74%) segmentation. After the results it was concluded that the optimized multilayer perceptrons were able to classify the samples of arabica coffee geographically. However, for genotypic classification the performance was not satisfactory. Also, the MLP developed for genotypic classification has a high number of synaptic weights, thus a large degrees of freedom database is necessary to produce a network with generalization capability. Therefore, to improve the genotype classification performance the authors suggest the use of other type of ANN and information from the near infrared.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i1.96
The effect of addition of different concentrations of sugar and honey in physical, chemical and sensory parameters of low-fat frozen yogurt.
Authors: De Oliveira Renata Rodrigues , Sereia Maria Josiane , Oliveira Thaise Pascoato , Santos Adriele Rodrigues , Azevedo Alexandre Santa Barbara
Published: May 2014

The appeal of consumers for different products is a reflex of much information about alimentary market. The present work had as objective to produce low fat probiotic frozen yogurt in different concentrations of honey to substitute part of sugar in order to find out the effect of this variable in the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the final product. In order to prepare the frozen yogurt, skimmed milk, glucose, sugar, honey, skimmed powder milk, powder whey, modified starch, thicken additive, neutral mixture, emulsifier and blended culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium ssp and Lactobacillus casei were used. From a central rotational delineation compound, eleven formulas were defined for the study, having as variables the addiction of sugar and honey in two treatments, base and sauce, using the response surface methods. The samples were examined for the concentrations of total solids, fat, proteins, pH, acidity, simpler carbohydrates, overrun and sensorial evaluation to be checked through the acceptance tests and purchase intention of the consumers. Among all the analysis, only reducing simpler carbohydrates and the sensory tests differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05), proving the influence of honey in the evaluated parameters. It is possible to produce icy edible food with reduced fat value without interfering in the identity and quality standards established by the Brazilian legislation. The honey performed negative effect in the acceptance of the product showing to be doable only when added in the sauce with a maximum proportion of 2.0 %.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v3i2.79
Synthesis of New Multiple Layered Dion-Jacobson Perovskites
Authors: Gustin Léa , Lefebvre Jérôme , Davis-Wheeler Clare , Pressley Amy K. , Wiley John B.
Published: May 2014

New multiple layered perovskites with general formula RbLaNaxNb2+xO7+3x, x = 1 and 2, were synthesized via a ceramic method. While the triple layered compound could be obtained by simple direct reaction, the quadruple layered one was synthesized using a two-step solid state approach. The compounds were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction; the newly obtained compounds appear to be isostructural with the previously reported RbCa2Nb3O10 and RbCa2NaNb4O13 for RbLaNaNb3O10 and RbLaNa2Nb4O13, respectively. Preliminary results show that the new compounds can undergo ion exchange reactions involving alkali metals and transition metal chlorides.
Structural and Optical Properties of Thin Metal-Oxide Films (ZnO and SnOx) Deposited on Glass and Silicon Substrates
Authors: Tokmoldin Serekbol Zh. , Mukashev Bulat N. , Beisenkhanov Nurzhan B. , Aimagambetov Azamat B. , Ovcharenko Irina V.
Published: May 2014

Thin ZnO films deposited on silicon and glass substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering were exposed to a sequence of thermal treatments at 400°C in vacuum, then in air, then in vacuum again. Photoluminescence studies of these ZnO films exited at 325 nm by He-Cd laser revealed an appearance of a photoluminescence band around 380 nm upon the annealing in vacuum.

Thin SnOx films were deposited on glass substrates by ion-beam sputtering using pure oxygen as a working gas. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that as-deposited films consist of textured SnO2- and Sn2O3-crystallites which are transformed into polycrystalline SnO2 phase at a moderate temperature near 200°C. It is shown that the growth of the SnO2 crystallite size upon the annealing is mainly due to the disappearance of an amorphous phase at 400°C and coalescence of crystallites at 600°C.
The Structures of Polynuclear Th(IV) Hydrolysis Products
Authors: Wilson Richard E. , Skanthakumar S. , Soderholm L.
Published: May 2014

The hydrolysis chemistry of the tetravalent actinides is discussed based on recent studies with thorium. The coupling of high energy x-ray scattering and single crystal diffraction has provided insight into the structures of the polynuclear complexes formed by hydrolytic reactions of the tetravalent actinides. The success of these experiments with thorium presents many opportunities for the elucidation of the structures and thermodynamic quantities describing the dissolved polynuclear complexes of the heavier actinides.
Model Systems for Metal-Ceramic Interface Studies
Authors: Wagner M. , Wagner T. , Carroll D.L. , Marien J. , Bonnell D.A. , Rühle M.
Published: May 2014

Metal-ceramic composite applications range from electronic devices such as electronic packaging, thin-film technology in microwave circuitry, and magnetic storage media to catalyst supports, protective coatings, and high-temperature structural components. These applications rely heavily on the ability to engineer the mechanical and electronic properties of metal-ceramic interfaces. To understand fundamental aspects of these interfaces, a variety of experimental and theoretical studies on “model systems” have been performed, correlating macroscopic material behavior and microscopic characteristics. The results serve as a guide to more complex systems, with a closer relationship to technological applications.
High-Resolution-Electron-Microscopy Investigation of Nanosize Inclusions
Authors: Dahmen U. , Johnson E. , Xiao S.Q. , Johansen A.
Published: May 2014

The behavior of solids in the nanometer size regime, as their dimensions approach the atomic scale, is of increasing fundamental and applied interest in materials research. Electronic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, or thermodynamic properties all may depend on the size and shape of the solid. As a result, in the nanoscale regime, size and shape may be used as design variables to tailor a material's properties such as giant magnetoresistance in multilayer films, or the optical properties in semiconductor nanocrystals. In most cases, the size dependence of properties is not well-understood. Nanophase materials constitute a new frontier in materials science, and accurate nanoscale characterization is extremely important in exploring this new frontier. In this area, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) plays a key role. Because of its unique ability to provide information on the structure and composition of internal interfaces in solids, TEM is particularly important in cases of buried nanophase structures such as small solid inclusions—that is, solid particles embedded within another solid.

Nanoscale inclusions have recently been shown to exhibit unusual melting behavior that depends strongly on their size and the embedding matrix. For example, small inclusions of Pb in SiO exhibit melting-point depressions of several hundred degrees, whereas similarsized Pb inclusions in aluminum have shown large increases in melting point. Although a full understanding of these effects is still lacking, it appears that they are related not just to inclusion size but also to their shape and interface structure.