bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toleration, Skepticism, and Blasphemy: John Locke, Jonas Proast, and Charlie Hebdo
Authors: Tate John William
Published: February 2016

As the recent Charlie Hebdo, Copenhagen café, and Garland, Texas, shootings show, religion has recently reemerged as a source of violence within liberal democracies, particularly in those instances where cases of alleged blasphemy are involved. Although toleration arose, within the liberal tradition, as a means of dealing with such conflict, some individuals, possessed of devout religious belief, when confronted with beliefs or practices profoundly at odds with their faith, cannot conceive of toleration as a possibility. In such situations, the demand that these individuals tolerate that to which their faith is at odds is likely to run up against a more personal and, for its adherents, eternal agenda. This article considers a way in which those with devout religious beliefs might tolerate that which is profoundly at odds with their faith, thereby providing a means to avoid violent outcomes such as those in the “extreme cases” above.
Body mass index curves for Italian preterm infants are comparable with American curves for infants born before 34 weeks of gestational age
Authors: Paviotti Giulia , Monasta Lorenzo , Ronfani Luca , Montico Marcella , Copertino Marco , De Cunto Angela , Demarini Sergio
Published: February 2016

Aim

Body mass index (BMI)‐for‐age curves have been developed in the USA, but not compared with other populations. This study created gender‐specific intrauterine BMI‐for‐age curves for Italian preterm infants and compared them with the USA version.

Methods

Data on 92 262 newborn infants, born at 26–42 weeks of gestational age in the north‐eastern Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia between 2005 and 2013, were analysed to create gender‐specific BMI‐for‐age curves. Gender‐specific and age‐specific BMI Z scores for Italian infants were calculated using the parameters of the USA growth curves and the World Health Organization charts.

Results

Gender‐specific BMI‐for‐age at birth curves were developed for premature Italian infants from 26 gestational weeks. The comparison with the USA charts showed no significant difference in BMI percentiles in Italian infants born at ≤33 gestational weeks, but infants born at ≥34 gestational weeks had a significantly higher BMI than the USA population, by 0.2 standard deviations.

Conclusion

We developed the first European BMI‐for‐age at birth curves for premature infants. According to our findings, the Italian curves were comparable to the USA curves for the subgroup of infants born at ≤33 gestational weeks, but not ≥34 gestational weeks.
Reverse Mortgage as an Income Stabilizer for the Elderly in Korea
Authors: Heo Yong‐Chang , An Seungjae , Hong Baeg Eui
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the features of reverse mortgages in Korea, comparing beneficiary and non‐beneficiary groups in relation to income security for elderly homeowners without sufficient income. In addition, this study estimates how much poverty rates would decrease if all elderly single and couple households joined the program. A reverse mortgage was implemented in 2007 in Korea as a government guaranteed scheme for elderly homeowners. Notwithstanding the contribution of the reverse mortgage program, many elderly homeowners do not utilize the system as a useful means to earn additional income. Given the high elderly poverty rate and incomplete social safety net in Korea, the program should be extended to supplement the insufficient income of elderly “house‐rich but cash‐poor” households. The paper first reviews reverse mortgage policy details. We then investigate key characteristics of the beneficiaries and compare beneficiaries and non‐beneficiaries based on nationwide survey data. Finally, we estimate the potential income‐raising effects of the program and draw implications of the income security policy in Korea and reconfiguration of the welfare state in a broader context.
Protecting Future Children from In‐Utero Harm
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic , Skene Loane , De crespigny Lachlan , Savulescu Julian
Published: February 2016

The actions of pregnant women can cause harm to their future children. However, even if the possible harm is serious and likely to occur, the law will generally not intervene. A pregnant woman is an autonomous person who is entitled to make her own decisions. A fetus in‐utero has no legal right to protection. In striking contrast, the child, if born alive, may sue for injury in‐utero; and the child is entitled to be protected by being removed from her parents if necessary for her protection. Indeed, there is a legal obligation for health professionals to report suspected harm, and for authorities to protect the child's wellbeing. We ask whether such contradictory responses are justified. Should the law intervene where a pregnant woman's actions risk serious and preventable fetal injury? The argument for legal intervention to protect a fetus is sometimes linked to the concept of ‘fetal personhood’ and the moral status of the fetus. In this article we will suggest that even if the fetus is not regarded as a separate person, and does not have the legal or moral status of a child, indeed, even if the fetus is regarded as having no legal or moral status, there is an ethical and legal case for intervening to prevent serious harm to a future child. We examine the arguments for and against intervention on behalf of the future child, drawing on the example of excessive maternal alcohol intake.
The interplay among temperament, neuropsychological abilities, and global functioning in young hyperactive/inattentive children
Authors: Healey Dione M. , Rajendran Khushmand , O'Neill Sarah , Gopin Chaya B. , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2016

Cognition and emotion have been shown to interact and influence psychological functioning. However, to date these interactions have only been examined cross‐sectionally among inattentive and/or hyperactive/impulsive children. This study investigated the moderating effects of neuropsychological functioning at age 3–4 years on the relation between negative emotionality at age 3–4 years and global functioning 1 year later, at age 4–5 years. Hyperactive/inattentive (H/I; n = 114) preschoolers entered the study (BL: baseline) and were seen again 1 year later (F1). Children's BL scores on a neuropsychological test (NEPSY) and their temperament as rated by parents (Child Behavior Questionnaire) and teachers (Temperament Assessment Battery for Children‐Revised) were obtained, as were clinicians’ ratings of their global functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale) at F1. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that BL temperament variables accounted for significant variance in F1 Global Functioning. Significant interactions indicated that higher Verbal Executive abilities were associated with better child functioning when parent‐rated Effortful Control was high, but not when Effortful Control was low. Additionally, high levels of Nonverbal Executive skills were associated with higher child global functioning when both parent‐ and teacher‐rated negative affect was low, but not when negative affect was high.
Expression of Concern: The Truncated Human Telomeric Sequence forms a Hybrid‐Type Intramolecular Mixed Parallel/antiparallel G‐quadruplex Structure in K+ Solution
Authors: Liu Yuxia , Cheng Dengfeng , Ge Min , Lin Weizhen
Published: February 2016

In 80–90% tumor cells, telomerase becomes active and stabilizes the length of telomeres. The formation and stabilization of G‐quadruplexes formed from human telomeric sequences have been proved able to inhibit the activity of telomerase, thus human telomeric G‐quadruplex structure has become a potential target for the development of cancer therapy. Hence, structure of G‐quadruplex formed in K+ solution has been an attractive hotspot for further studies. However, the exact structure of human telomeric G‐quadruplex in K+ is extremely controversial, this study provides information for the understanding of different G‐quadruplexes. Here, we report that 22nt and 24nt human telomeric sequences form unimolecular hybrid‐type mixed parallel/antiparallel G‐quadruplex in K+ solution elucidated utilizing Circular Dichroism, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and gel electrophoresis. Moreover, individual configuration of these two sequences was speculated in this study. The detailed structure information of the G‐quadruplex formed under physiologically relevant condition is necessary for structure‐based rational drug design.
The effect of fathers’ and mothers’ educational level on adult oral health in Japan
Authors: Murakami Keiko , Kondo Naoki , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Hashimoto Hideki
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Previous studies have shown that childhood socioeconomic status is associated with oral health in adulthood, but these studies have not examined the effects of fathers’ and mothers’ characteristics separately. Our objective was to examine the effects of fathers’ and mothers’ educational level on oral health in adulthood.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted for community‐dwelling adults aged 25–50 years. A total of 4385 agreed to participate and complete the survey. Self‐rated oral health was used to evaluate current oral health. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to determine whether the fathers’ or mothers’ education was associated with current oral health after adjusting for the respondents’ own education, current income, and childhood economic status.

Results

Among respondents, 29.7% of men and 23.0% of women reported their own oral health as fair or poor. Among men, both the fathers’ and mothers’ education were significantly associated with oral health after adjusting for other socioeconomic indicators. After including the fathers’ and mothers’ education into the model simultaneously, a significant association remained only for the mothers’ education; those whose mothers’ educational attainment was junior high school had significantly higher odds ratio for poor oral health (1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.13–3.18) compared with those whose mothers’ educational attainment was university or higher. Among women, neither the fathers’ nor mothers’ education was associated with oral health. Both childhood and current economic statuses were associated with oral health among women.

Conclusions

Parental education was associated with adult oral health only among men. Among men, the association was stronger for the mothers’ education than for the fathers’ education. Further research should explore underlying mechanisms by which parental education, especially the mothers’ education, affects their sons’ oral health in later life.
Diabetic Macular Edema at the time of Cataract Surgery trial: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of intravitreous bevacizumab versus triamcinolone in patients with diabetic macular oedema at the time of cataract surgery – preliminary 6 month results
Authors: Lim Lyndell L , Morrison Julie L , Constantinou Marios , Rogers Sophie , Sandhu Sukhpal S , Wickremasinghe Sanjeewa S , Kawasaki Ryo , Al‐Qureshi Salmaan
Published: February 2016

Background

To compare visual and anatomical outcomes between intravitreous bevacizumab (BVB, Avastin) and triamcinolone (TA, Triesence) when administered at the time of cataract surgery in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME).

Design

Prospective, single‐masked, randomized clinical trial at The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne.

Participants

Patients with clinically significant cataract and either centre‐involving DME or DME treated within the previous 24 months.

Methods

Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive intravitreous BVB 1.25 mg or TA 4 mg during cataract surgery, and at subsequent review if required over 6 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Change in central macular thickness (CMT) and best corrected visual acuity at 6 months.

Results

Forty‐one patients (mean age 66.4 years, 73.2% male) were recruited. Visual acuity and CMT were similar between groups at baseline (P > 0.2).After six months, both groups gained vision (mean +21.4 letters in TA group P < 0.0001, +12.5 letters in BVB, P = 0.002), with no significant difference between groups (P = 0.085). In addition, 60.9% of eyes receiving TA achieved a VA of ≥6/12 compared to 73.3% in the BVB group (P = 0.501). However, only TA was associated with a sustained reduction in CMT (−43.8‐µm reduction TA vs. +37.3‐µm increase BVB, P = 0.006 over 6 months). Following surgery, additional injections were required in 70.6% of participants in the BVB group, compared to 16.7% in the TA group (P < 0.0001). Three patients in the TA group experienced a rise of IOP over 21 mmHg (12.5%) during the 6‐month follow‐up; BVB had no cases (P = 0.130). There were no cases of endophthalmitis in either group.

Conclusions

When administered at the time of cataract surgery in patients with DME, at 6 months both TA and BVB improve visual acuity; however, only TA results in a sustained reduction in CMT. Further follow‐up will determine whether this translates into better long‐term visual outcomes in the TA group.
Grading of follicular lymphoma in cytological samples
Authors: Klopčič U. , Lavrenčak J. , Gašljević G. , Bračko M. , Pohar‐Marinšek Ž. , Kloboves‐Prevodnik V.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) depends on its grade. The current World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues recommends the grading of FL on histological samples according to the Mann and Berard method, taking into consideration the number of centroblasts. There is no generally accepted method for the grading of FL in fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples. The aim of the present study was to devise a grading system for FL in cytological samples.

Methods

Flow cytometry (FC) was performed on 60 FNAB samples of patients with primary FL. We assumed that FL cells larger than reactive T lymphocytes on FC histograms corresponded to centroblasts. The percentage of large cells was calculated and compared with histological grade, proliferative activity and number of centroblasts per high‐power field (HPF) on histological slides, and with survival.

Results

The histological analysis of lymph nodes revealed 20 patients with high‐grade and 40 patients with low‐grade FL. The percentage of large cells in FNAB samples correlated significantly with histological grade (P = 0.02), MIB1 status (P < 0.001) and the number of centroblasts per HPF (P < 0.001). An age over 60 years and a percentage of large cells over 50% in FNAB samples were found to have a statistically significant impact on survival by univariate analysis (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively).

Conclusions

The percentage of large lymphoma cells in FNAB samples of FL determined by FC can be used as a reliable method for FL grading, as it is comparable with the histological grading system.
Factors Affecting Women's Autonomous Decision Making In Research Participation Amongst Yoruba Women Of Western Nigeria
Authors: Princewill Chitu Womehoma , Jegede Ayodele S. , Nordström Karin , Lanre‐Abass Bolatito , Elger Bernice Simone
Published: February 2016

Research is a global enterprise requiring participation of both genders for generalizable knowledge; advancement of science and evidence based medical treatment. Participation of women in research is necessary to reduce the current bias that most empirical evidence is obtained from studies with men to inform health care and related policy interventions. Various factors are assumed to limit autonomy amongst the Yoruba women of western Nigeria. This paper seeks to explore the experience and understanding of autonomy by the Yoruba women in relation to research participation. Focus is on factors that affect women's autonomous decision making in research participation.

An exploratory qualitative approach comprising four focus group discussions, 42 in‐depth interviews and 14 key informant interviews was used. The study permits a significant amount of triangulation, as opinions of husbands and religious leaders are also explored. Interviews and discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was employed for data analysis.

Findings show that concepts of autonomy varied amongst the Yoruba women. Patriarchy, religion and culture are conceived to have negative impact on the autonomy of women in respect to research participation. Among the important findings are: 1) male dominance is strongly emphasized by religious leaders who should teach equality, 2) while men feel that by making decisions for women, they are protecting them, the women on the other hand see this protection as a way of limiting their autonomy. We recommend further studies to develop culturally appropriate and workable recruitment methods to increase women's participation in research.
Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain Measures Independently Predict Chronic Heart Failure Mortality
Authors: Iacoviello Massimo , Citarelli Gaetano , Antoncecchi Valeria , Romito Roberta , Monitillo Francesco , Leone Marta , Puzzovivo Agata , Lattarulo Maria Silvia , Rizzo Caterina , Caldarola Pasquale , Ciccone Marco Matteo
Published: February 2016

The assessment of right ventricular (RV) function still remains a challenge. Two‐dimensional (2D) speckle tracking has recently been proposed to evaluate right ventricular function by analyzing myocardial deformation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of 2D systolic strain measures of RV in predicting mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). We enrolled 332 outpatients in a stable clinical condition and in conventional therapy. A right ventricular–focused four‐chamber view was analyzed by 2D speckle tracking to evaluate the global longitudinal strain of RV (RV‐GLS) and the strain of RV free wall (RV‐fwLS). During a mean follow‐up of 36 ± 26 months, 64 patients died. Both RV‐GLS and RV‐fwLS were associated with all‐cause mortality in univariate (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10–1.23; P < 0.001; C‐index: 0.72; and HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.06–1.15; P < 0.001; C‐index: 0.68, respectively) as well as multivariate analysis (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05–1.21; P:0.001; C‐index: 0.85; and HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02–1.12; P:0.004; C‐index: 0.84, respectively). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the role of RV 2D strain measures to independently predict mortality. These data highlight the clinical usefulness of this echocardiographic approach in the daily management of HF outpatients.
Diversity and specificity of host‐natural enemy interactions in an urban‐rural interface
Authors: PEREIRA‐PEIXOTO MARIA HELENA , PUFAL GESINE , STAAB MICHAEL , FEITOSA MARTINS CELSO , KLEIN ALEXANDRA‐MARIA
Published: February 2016

1. Urbanisation and agricultural intensification cause the replacement of natural ecosystems but might also create novel habitats in urban and rural ecosystems promoting some insect communities by providing food and nesting resources.

2. This study investigated how host–natural enemy communities change in urban and rural landscapes and their transitional zone, the urban–rural interface, by using trap nests for cavity‐nesting Hymenoptera in gardens and rapeseed fields that were either isolated or paired in the urban–rural interface.

3. Host dynamics were important for natural enemy occurrence, species richness and parasitism rates, and landscape effects were evident for natural enemy variables except for the richness of bee natural enemies. The number of parasitised brood cells was at its highest in the urban–rural interface, but the highest parasitism rates of bees were observed in isolated gardens. Parasitism rates of bees were negatively affected by host abundance, while parasitism rates of wasps were positively affected.

4. Higher specialisation and lower connectivity of host–natural enemy interactions were found in paired habitats than in isolated habitats. This indicates that paired habitats comprise more specific natural enemies and vulnerable interactions, while isolated habitats comprise more generalist natural enemies, and thus interactions appear more stable.

5. These results confirm that host dynamics play an essential role in the abundance and richness of natural enemies and drive parasitism. However, high habitat heterogeneity found in the urban–rural interface can also have an effect on host–natural enemy communities. This highlights that the provisioning of resources in the urban–rural interface can benefit insect communities in these areas.
Host range of braconid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) that attack Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan
Authors: Matsuo Kazunori , Uechi Nami , Tokuda Makoto , Maeto Kaoru , Yukawa Junichi
Published: February 2016

We reared six idiobiont braconids, Bracon asphondyliae, B. sunosei, B. tamabae, Simplicibracon curticaudis, Testudobracon longicaudis and T. pleuralis from 22 identified species and 11 unidentified segregates of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Japan. A total of 22 cecidomyiid species and segregates were newly recorded as hosts of the braconids. Analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) did not show any evidence of host races among the braconids. Bracon sunosei, which was synonymized with B. asphondyliae, is restored to a valid species. The host range of the braconid species seemed to be related to the lineage of host genera within Asphondyliini.
Small sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) as potential major pollinators of melon (Cucumis melo) in the Mediterranean
Authors: Rodrigo Gómez Sara , Ornosa Concepción , Selfa Jesús , Guara Miguel , Polidori Carlo
Published: February 2016

In the current scenario of a general decline of the honeybee worldwide, studies on the potential of alternative bee species in pollinating cultivated plants are important. Although melon,Cucumis melo, is a crop with great commercial importance, there is very little information on its pollinating fauna in Europe, and none from the southern Mediterranean area. In a locality in central Spain, using both pan‐traps and net collections, we found that melon flowers are visited by 31 species of bees spanning four families, though only four were both dominant and constant. These four species belonged to the family Halictidae (sweat bees) and mostly (three species) to the genusLasioglossum. Five other species could be defined as accessory: honeybee,Apis mellifera, and four other halictids. Individuals of the dominant species were smaller, on average, than those from all the other species. Observations on the frequency of pollen and nectar foraging and on flower visit duration further suggestedL. malachurumas the potential key pollinator. Females of this species started to forage on melon early in the flowering season and exhibited two activity peaks in summer, thus covering the whole season. Although in other sites across continents melon seems to be more heavily pollinated by honeybees, this seems to be not the case in the Mediterranean, where sweat bees seem to be the major pollinators of this crop.
Fatigue induced deformation and thermodynamics evolution in a nano particle strengthened nickel base superalloy
Authors: Huang E‐W. , Chang C.‐K. , Liaw P. K. , Suei T.‐R.
Published: February 2016

In‐situ neutron‐diffraction and temperature measurements were simultaneously applied to investigate low‐cycle‐fatigue behaviour of a nano‐precipitate strengthened nickel‐based superalloy. Two transitions in the temperature‐evolution are observed subjected to cyclic loading. Two models are compared with the measured temperature evolution. One is based on bulk stress, and the other is based on lattice‐strain evolution. The calculated thermoelastic responses in both models qualitatively agree with the measured bulk‐temperature evolution for the first transition. The in‐situ neutron‐diffraction results reveal that the first transition is associated with the cyclic hardening/softening dislocation‐structural transformation. However, the second transition, which is observed at larger number of fatigue cycles during the steady cycles, does not correlate with the dislocation evolution. A phenomenological model is applied to describe the second temperature‐transition stages. The energy dissipation evolutions in the second fatigue stage indicate the initiation and the growth activities of fatigue microcrack. The data reported here may be useful for cohesive zone model.
University Students' Perceptions of Integrated Performance Assessment and the Connection Between Classroom Learning and Assessment
Authors: Zapata Gabriela C.
Published: February 2016

In 2013, Integrated Performance Assessment (IPA) was adopted at all levels of instruction at a private university in southern California. The study reports the opinions of 1,236 Novice, Intermediate Low, and Intermediate Mid Spanish students concerning IPA and their perceptions of the way in which classroom instruction was reflected in the content of those assessments. As a group, participants offered positive opinions of IPAs, although these varied somewhat depending on participants' proficiency level, previous assessment experiences, and reasons for taking Spanish, and the characteristics of the students' individual instructors and classes. Pedagogical issues that may influence IPA implementation in second language classes are also considered.
Group affiliation in self‐management: support or threat to identity?
Authors: Bossy Dagmara , Knutsen Ingrid Ruud , Rogers Anne , Foss Christina
Published: February 2016

Background

Self‐management is considered important in chronic illness, and contemporary health policy recommends participation in support groups for individuals with chronic conditions. Although withdrawal from or non‐participation in support groups is an important problem, there is limited knowledge about individuals' own motivation for participation in or withdrawal from self‐management support groups.

Objectives

To investigate how individuals with type 2 diabetes perceive participation in group‐based self‐management support.

Design

This is a qualitative focus group study using a semi‐structured interview guide.

Setting and participants

Sixteen participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were included in the study. Individuals with and without group affiliations were mixed in three focus groups to trigger discussions. In the analysis, reoccurring themes of engagement and discussions between participants were focused within a theoretical frame of institutional logic. The focus groups are seen as social spaces where participants construct identity.

Results

Both participation and non‐participation in group‐based self‐management support are associated with dealing with the stigma of having type 2 diabetes. Negotiations contribute to constructing an illness dignity as a response to the logic of moral responsibility for the disease.

Discussion and conclusion

Contemporary policy contributes to societal understandings of individuals with type 2 diabetes as morally inadequate. Our study shows that group‐based self‐management support may counteract blame and contribute in negotiations of identity for individuals with type 2 diabetes. This mechanism makes participation in groups beneficial for some but stigma inducing for others.
Prebreeding survival of Roseate Terns Sterna dougallii varies with sex, hatching order and hatching date
Authors: Nisbet Ian C. T. , Monticelli David , Spendelow Jeffrey A. , Szczys Patricia
Published: February 2016

Unequal sex ratios can reduce the productivity of animal populations and are especially prevalent among endangered species. A cohort of 333 Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii chicks at a site where the adult sex ratio was skewed towards females was sexed at hatching and followed through fledging and return to the breeding area, and subsequently during adulthood. The entire regional metapopulation was sampled for returning birds. Prebreeding survival (from fledging to age 3 years) was lower in males than in females, but only among B‐chicks (second in hatching order). Prebreeding survival also declined with hatching date. The proportion of females in this cohort increased from 54.6% at hatching to 56.2% at fledging and to an estimated 58.0% among survivors at age 3 years. This was more than sufficient to explain the degree of skew in the sex ratio of the adult population, but changes in this degree of skew during the study period make it difficult to identify the influence of a single cohort of recruits. Many studies of prebreeding survival in other bird species have identified effects of sex, hatching order or hatching date, but no previous study has tested for effects of all three factors simultaneously.
ASYMMETRY OF CUSTOMER LOSS AND RECOVERY UNDER ENDOGENOUS PARTNERSHIPS: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*
Authors: Fujiwara‐Greve Takako , Greve Henrich R. , Jonsson Stefan
Published: February 2016

This article is inspired by real‐world phenomena that firms lose customers based on imprecise information and take a long time to recover. If consumers are playing an ordinary repeated game with fixed partners, there is no clear reason why recovery happens slowly. However, if consumers are playing an endogenously repeated game, a class of simple efficient equilibria exhibits the asymmetry of fast loss and slow recovery of customers after a bad signal. Exit is systematic, but formation of a new partnership is random. We also give empirical evidence of our equilibria at an individual‐firm level.
EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF EQUILIBRIUM FOR A SPATIAL MODEL OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS*
Authors: Blanchet Adrien , Mossay Pascal , Santambrogio Filippo
Published: February 2016

We extend Beckmann's spatial model of social interactions to the case of a two‐dimensional spatial economy with a large class of utility functions, accessing costs, and space‐dependent amenities. We show that spatial equilibria derive from a potential functional. By proving the existence of a minimizer of the functional, we obtain that of spatial equilibrium. Under mild conditions on the primitives of the economy, the functional is shown to satisfy displacement convexity. Moreover, the strict displacement convexity of the functional ensures the uniqueness of equilibrium. Also, the spatial symmetry of equilibrium is derived from that of the primitives of the economy.
BUBBLES, CRASHES, AND ENDOGENOUS UNCERTAINTY IN LINKED ASSET AND PRODUCT MARKETS*
Authors: Jaworski Taylor , Kimbrough Erik O.
Published: February 2016

In laboratory asset markets, subjects trade shares of a firm whose profits in a linked product market determine dividends. Treatments vary whether dividend information is revealed once per period or in real time and whether the firm is controlled by a profit‐maximizing robot or human subject. The latter variation induces uncertainty about firm behavior, bridging the gap between laboratory and field markets. Our data replicate well‐known features of laboratory asset markets (e.g., bubbles), suggesting these are robust to a market‐based dividend process. Compared to a sample of previous experiments, both real‐time information revelation and endogenous uncertainty impede the bubble‐mitigating impact of experience.
FAIR RETIREMENT UNDER RISKY LIFETIME*
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Leroux Marie‐Louise , Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory
Published: February 2016

A premature death unexpectedly brings a life and a career to their end, leading to substantial welfare losses. We study the retirement decision in an economy with risky lifetime and compare the laissez‐faire with egalitarian social optima. We consider two social objectives: (1) the maximin on expected lifetime welfare, allowing for a compensation for unequal life expectancies, and (2) the maximin on realized lifetime welfare, allowing for a compensation for unequal lifetimes. The latter optimum involves, in general, decreasing lifetime consumption profiles as well as raising the retirement age. This result is robust to the introduction of unequal life expectancies and unequal productivities.
MONETARY POLICY REGIME SWITCHES AND MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS*
Authors: Foerster Andrew T.
Published: February 2016

This article considers the determinacy and distributional consequences of regime switching in monetary policy. Although switching in the inflation target does not affect determinacy, switches in the inflation response can cause indeterminacy. Satisfying the Taylor principle period by period is neither necessary nor sufficient for determinacy when inflation responses switch; indeterminacy can arise if monetary policy responds too aggressively to inflation in the active regime. Inflation target switches primarily impact the level of inflation, whereas inflation response switches primarily impact the volatility. Expecting an inflation target switch has minor effects on volatility, whereas expecting an inflation response switch raises volatility more substantially.
RATIONAL CONSUMERS*
Authors: Kubota Kohei , Fukushige Mototsugu
Published: February 2016

The life cycle/permanent income hypothesis (LCPIH) entails two postulates: People have rational expectations and people do not have problems with self‐control. If either or both of these postulates do not apply, we cannot obtain a testable implication for the LCPIH. We use Japanese representative panel data that include responses to self‐reported and retrospective questions in order to elicit behavior such as forward‐looking and self‐control problems. We test the rational expectations hypothesis and the LCPIH implication and find that rational consumers do not change their expenditure in response to expected income changes, which we restrict to fit the two LCPIH postulates.
Translation Theory ‘Translated’: Three Perspectives on Translation in Organizational Research
Authors: Wæraas Arild , Nielsen Jeppe Agger
Published: February 2016

Translation theory has proved to be a versatile analytical lens used by scholars working from different traditions. On the basis of a systematic literature review, this study adds to understanding of the ‘translations’ of translation theory by identifying the distinguishing features of the most common theoretical approaches to translation within the organization and management discipline: actor–network theory, knowledge‐based theory and Scandinavian institutionalism. Although each of these approaches already has borne much fruit in research, the literature is diverse and somewhat fragmented, but also overlapping. The authors discuss the ways in which the three versions of translation theory may be combined and enrich each other so as to inform future research, thereby offering a more complete understanding of translation in and across organizational settings.
The use of public health e-learning resources by pharmacists in Wales: a quantitative evaluation
Authors: Evans Andrew , Evans Sian , Roberts Debra
Published: February 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine how communicable disease e-learning resources were utilised by pharmacy professionals and to identify whether uptake of the resources was influenced by disease outbreaks.

Method

Retrospective analysis of routine data regarding the number of individuals completing e-learning resources and statutory notifications of communicable disease.

Results

A high proportion of pharmacy professionals in Wales (38.8%, n = 915/2357) accessed the resources; around one in six completed multiple resources (n = 156). The most commonly accessed were those where there had been a disease outbreak during the study period. There was a strong positive correlation between e-learning uptake and number of disease cases; this was observed both for measles and scarlet fever.

Conclusions

Communicable disease e-learning appears to be an acceptable method for providing communicable disease information to pharmacy professionals. Study findings suggest that e-learning uptake is positively influenced by disease outbreaks this reflects well both on pharmacy professionals and on the e-learning resources themselves.
Exploring the process of professional socialisation and development during pharmacy pre-registration training in England
Authors: Jee Samuel D , Schafheutle Ellen I , Noyce Peter R
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To explore the process of professional socialisation in pharmacy trainees during pre-registration training.

Methods

A prospective, longitudinal qualitative design was used. A purposive sample of 20 trainees from community and hospital pharmacy in North West England was recruited. A total of 79 semi-structured interviews were conducted with trainees on three occasions during training and once four months after training. Data were analysed thematically using template analysis.

Key findings

Early on in training, non-pharmacists played a significant role in socialising trainees into the work setting; pharmacists played the stronger role towards the end. Pre-registration tutors were strong role models throughout training. Training experiences differed between settings, where services provided and patient mix varied. Hospital trainees learnt about specialist medicines on ward rotations. Community trainees developed knowledge of over-the-counter, and less complex, medicines. In hospital, trainees were exposed to a range of role models in comparison to community where this was generally limited to a small pharmacy team. Newly qualified pharmacists were challenged by having full responsibility and accountability.

Conclusion

This study showed the experiences encountered by trainees that affect their professional socialisation. More standardisation across training sites may reduce the variation in experiences and professional socialisation and development. Formal training for pre-registration tutors and support staff that play a key role in supporting trainees could be considered. Support for newly qualified pharmacists may allay the challenging transition they face when entering practice.
Critical role of CCL22/CCR4 axis in the maintenance of immune homeostasis during apoptotic cell clearance by splenic CD8α+CD103+ dendritic cells
Authors: Hao Shengyu , Han Xiaolei , Wang Dan , Yang Yang , Li Qiuting , Li Xiangzhi , Qiu Chun‐Hong
Published: February 2016

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in murine spleen are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis by elimination of blood‐borne foreign particles and organisms. It has been reported that splenic DCs, especially CD8α+ CD103+ DCs, are responsible for tolerance to apoptosis‐associated antigens. However, the molecular mechanism by which these DCs maintain immune homeostasis by blood‐borne apoptotic cell clearance remains elusive. Here, we found that the CCL22/CCR4 axis played a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis during apoptotic cell clearance by splenic CD8α+ CD103+ DCs. The present results revealed that systemic administration of apoptotic cells rapidly induced a large number of CCL22 and CCR4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the spleen of C57BL/6J mice. Further study demonstrated that CD8α+ CD103+ DCs dominantly produce much higher CCL22 than CD8α+ CD103− DCs. Moreover, the transient deletion of CD8α+ CD103+ DCs caused a decrease in CCL22 levels together with CCR4+ Treg cell percentage. Subsequently, the levels of some pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐17 and interferon‐γ in the spleen with the absence of CD8α+ CD103+ DCs increased in response to the administration of apoptotic cells. Hence, intravenous injection of apoptotic cells induced a subsequent increase in CCL22 expression and CCR4+ Treg cells, which contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis at least partially by splenic CD8α+ CD103+ DCs.
Looking back, looking forward: Recovery journeys in a high secure hospital
Authors: McKeown Mick , Jones Fiona , Foy Paul , Wright Karen , Paxton Tracey , Blackmon Mike
Published: February 2016

A qualitative study of staff and service users’ views of recovery was undertaken in a UK high secure hospital working to implement recovery practices. 30 staff and 25 service users participated in semi‐structured interviews or focus groups. Thematic analysis identified four broad accounts of how recovery was made sense of in the high secure environment: the importance of meaningful occupation; valuing relationships; recovery journeys and dialogue with the past; and recovery as personal responsibility. These themes are discussed with an emphasis on service user strategies of cooperation or resistance, respectively advancing or impeding progress through the system. In this context the notion of cooperation is, for many, commensurate with compliance with a dominant medical model. The policy framing of recovery opens up contemplation of treatment alternatives, more participatory approaches to risk management, and emphasise the value of relational skills, but may not elude the overarching bio‐psychiatric episteme.
Assertive community treatment (ACT) case managers’ professional identities: A focus group study
Authors: Lerbæk Birgitte , Aagaard Jørgen , Andersen Mette Brændstrup , Buus Niels
Published: February 2016

Assertive community treatment (ACT) case managers provide healthcare services to people with severe and persistent mental illness. These case managers take on generic roles in multidisciplinary teams and provide all‐around services in the clients’ private homes. This focus group study aimed to gain insight into Danish ACT case managers’ professional identity work by examining their discussions of ethical dilemmas and collaboration in their everyday practice. Data were collected during five focus groups at three ACT teams in the North Denmark Region and subjected to discourse analysis emphasizing how identity work was accomplished through talk. The findings indicated that the case managers constructed professional identities by actively positioning themselves and the particular ACT approach in relation to other mental healthcare professionals and clients. They represented themselves as achieving better client‐related outcomes by being more assertive and persistent, and as responsible caregivers who provided the help that their clients needed when other services had failed to do so. They depicted their services as being focused on the clients’ well‐being, and their persistent efforts to establish and sustain interpersonal relationships with clients were an important part of their service. Basic nursing tasks were described as an important part of their everyday work, and even though such tasks were not distinctive for ACT case managers, the representations of their work seemed to give them a sense of worth as professionals and legitimized a unique role in the community mental healthcare services.
Extended‐release guanfacine hydrochloride in 6–17‐year olds with ADHD: a randomised‐withdrawal maintenance of efficacy study
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Harpin Valerie , Huss Michael , Lyne Andrew , Sikirica Vanja , Johnson Mats , Ramos‐Quiroga Josep Antoni , van Stralen Judy , Dutray Benoit , Sreckovic Sasha , Bloomfield Ralph , Robertson Brigitte
Published: February 2016

Background

Extended‐release guanfacine hydrochloride (GXR), a selective α2A‐adrenergic agonist, is a nonstimulant medication for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This phase 3, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised‐withdrawal study evaluated the long‐term maintenance of GXR efficacy in children/adolescents with ADHD.

Methods

Children/adolescents (6–17 years) with ADHD received open‐label GXR (1–7 mg/day). After 13 weeks, responders were randomised to GXR or placebo in the 26‐week, double‐blind, randomised‐withdrawal phase (RWP). The primary endpoint was the percentage of treatment failure (≥50% increase in ADHD Rating Scale version IV total score and ≥2‐point increase in Clinical Global Impression‐Severity compared with RWP baseline, at two consecutive visits). The key secondary endpoint was time to treatment failure (TTF).

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01081145; EudraCT 2009‐018161‐12.

Results

A total of 528 participants enrolled; 316 (59.8%) entered the RWP. Treatment failure occurred in 49.3% of the GXR and 64.9% of the placebo group (p = 0.006). TTF was significantly longer in GXR versus placebo (p = 0.003). GXR was well tolerated.

Conclusions

Guanfacine hydrochloride demonstrated long‐term maintenance of efficacy compared with placebo in children/adolescents with ADHD. Implications of the placebo substitution design and findings with different ADHD medications are discussed.
Hyperkeratosis in human lower limb lymphedema: the effect of stagnant tissue fluid/lymph
Authors: Domaszewska‐Szostek A. , Zaleska M. , Olszewski W.L.
Published: February 2016

Background

Hyperkeratosis of skin in lower limb lymphedema is one of the sequelae of tissue fluid/lymph (TF/L) stasis, but its mechanisms remain unknown. It is noteworthy, nonetheless, that human TF/L contains high levels of growth factors and cytokines, and may serve as the physiological environment for keratinocyte (KC) proliferation.

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of human TF/L on human KC proliferation, differentiation and on the expression of epidermal stem cell markers on them.

Methods

KC were isolated from lymphedema and normal skin, and cultured for 1–14 days in TF/L with neutralized Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) or tumour growth factor β (TGF‐β). Alternatively, KC receptors for these factors were blocked.

Results

The number of KC cultured in TF/L was increased, as was the percentage of mitotic figures. There was a higher percentage of p63, CD29, Ki67, PCNA, CK6, CK17, CK16 and a lower of CK10, CK14, filaggrin and involucrin‐positive KC. Neutralization of TF/L IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α and KGF as well as blockage of their receptors resulted in decreased percentage of mitotic KC. TGF‐β had a limited effect on KC proliferation.

Conclusion

Hyperkeratosis in lymphedema may be the effect of a high concentration of cytokines in the stagnant TF/L tissue, but not because of presumed changes in the KC.
A review of estuarine fish research in South America: what has been achieved and what is the future for sustainability and conservation?
Authors: Blaber S. J. M. , Barletta M.
Published: February 2016

Estuarine fish research in South America began in the early 20th Century, but it is only within the last 40 years that detailed studies have been undertaken. This review firstly summarizes research results from South American estuaries by geographic area, starting with the temperate south‐east, then the temperate–sub‐tropical transition zone in Brazil, then the semi‐arid and tropical estuaries of north and north‐east Brazil including the Amazon complex, then the north and Caribbean coasts and finally down the Pacific coast of the continent. They include almost all types of estuarine systems, from large open systems (e.g. the temperate Rio de La Plata and tropical Amazon) to extensive coastal lakes (e.g. the temperate Patos Lagoon and tropical Cienega Grande de Santa Marta). They encompass a broad range of climatic and vegetation types, from saltmarsh systems in the south‐east and fjords in the south‐west to both arid and humid tropical systems, dominated by mangroves in the north. Their tidal regimes range from microtidal (e.g. Mar Chiquita, Argentina) through mesotidal (e.g. Goiana, Brazil) to macrotidal in the Amazon complex where they can exceed 7 m. The review uses where possible the recent standardization of estuarine fish categories and guilds, but the ways that fishes use tropical South American systems may necessitate further refinements of the categories and guilds, particularly in relation to freshwater fishes, notably the Siluriformes, which dominate many north and north‐east South American systems. The extent to which South American studies contribute to discussions and paradigms of connectivity and estuarine dependence is summarized, but work on these topics has only just begun. The anthropogenic issue of pollution, particularly in relation to heavy metals and fishes and fisheries in estuaries is more advanced, but the possible effects of climate change have barely been addressed. Studies around conservation and management are briefly reviewed and the extent to which key factors are being addressed is examined. Although there have been major advances in knowledge of estuarine fishes in South America, information is patchy, with most data from relatively few systems in Argentina and Brazil.