bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stock option compensation
Authors: Dhar Satyajit , De Subhabrata
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact on selected financial performance indicators of Indian firms adopting employee stock option (ESO) schemes, if they recognize expenses and adopting fair‐value method of accounting pursuant to International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 2.

Design/methodology/approach

The CMIE Prowess database was searched for Indian firms having stock option schemes and issue of shares pursuant to that scheme during the years ended 31 March 2007 and 31 March 2008. The data on financial performance were hand picked from the annual report of the sample companies. The impact of expense recognition on financial performance indicators were computed by using memorandum disclosures in directors' reports on use of fair value methods for ESO accounting. A non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis test was employed to find out the statistical significance of the impact. The role of firm growth characteristics on impact of expense recognition was also investigated.

Findings

The impact of recognizing expenses associated with stock option compensation varies considerably by entity and such recognition would have a material impact on key performance measure for at least 22 percent of the sample companies. Contrary to expectation, firm growth characteristics were found to have no statistical significance in explaining impact of expense recognition.

Research limitations/implications

The sample is restricted to India and may not be reflective of other countries. Also, this study considers the impact of expense recognition as if the requirements of IFRS 2 were adopted in 2006‐2007/2007‐2008 financial year and accordingly, may not be reflective of the situation that may prevail in 2011 when transition to IFRS set of standards will be applicable to Indian companies, as those entities may have altered their compensation contracts.

Practical implications

Indian firms will be required to prepare financial statements based on IFRS set of standards w.e.f. April 2011. IFRS 2, share‐based payments is not yet adopted in India. Overall, the significance of accounting changes associated with the adoption of IFRS 2 may not be very alarming for Indian companies with ESO schemes.

Originality/value

This study attempts to enrich empirical research in the field and provides an insight into the potential contractual and valuation implication of the adoption of one of the IFRS set of standards on Indian firms and also provides contrary evidence of the role of growth characteristics in explaining the impact of expense recognition.
Customer relationship management implementation
Authors: Akroush Mamoun N. , Dahiyat Samer E. , Gharaibeh Hesham S. , Abu‐Lail Bayan N.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the generalizability of the customer relationship management (CRM) scale originally developed by Sin et al. as well as to investigate the strength of linkages between CRM implementation components and business performance in Jordan's financial service organizations (FSOs).

Design/methodology/approach

Using a quantitative methodology, data were collected through a survey that included FSOs that are operating in the Jordanian market. The original adopted CRM scale was administered to 12 banks and 18 insurance companies that were found to be implementing CRM. An overall number of 320 questionnaires were sent to these banks and insurance companies' top management members who were directly involved in CRM implementation and performance assessments. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the generalizability of the CRM scale developed by Sin et al. Structural path model analysis was also used to test the research hypotheses concerning the relationship between CRM implementation and business performance.

Findings

The results suggest that the CRM implementation scale originally developed by Sin et al. does generalize to a Jordanian FSOs context. The findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between CRM implementation components and FSOs' business performance comprised of financial and marketing performances. CRM organization and technology‐based CRM are the strongest predictors of variations in FSOs' business performance.

Originality/value

This paper is the first systematic research project in Jordan that isdevoted to investigating the scale and components of CRM implementation in Jordan and in the Middle East.
Consumer evaluations on brand extensions: B2B brands extended into B2C markets
Authors: Burnaz Sebnem , Bilgin Pinar
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to examine whether companies in business‐to‐business (B2B) markets can leverage their brands extended into business‐to‐consumer (B2C) markets and how consumers evaluate these extensions.

Design/methodology/approach

A model is developed by combining Aaker and Keller's brand extension model with theories from B2B branding as well as other consumer branding literature, and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively to have an insight about how consumers evaluate brand extensions.

Findings

In the context of B2B brand extensions into B2C markets, consumers use brand concept consistency, product‐level relatedness and transferability of skills and resources as major cues to evaluate extensions. Perceived quality, innovativeness and environmental concerns are also relevant cues.

Practical implications

As a consequence of these findings, branding strategies that stretch B2B brands into the domain of consumer markets can be successful in cases where consumers perceive a fit with respect to skills and resources, brand concept, and existing products, and when the parent brand is perceived as being high quality, innovative and environmentally responsible.

Originality/value

The main contribution of the study is to replicate the analysis of brand extension evaluation in a different context, namely B2B brand extension into the B2C market.
Consequences of consumer trust in PDO food products: the role of familiarity
Authors: Fandos Herrera Carmina , Flavián Blanco Carlos
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This research proposes studying how the moderating role of consumers' familiarity with a food product with a protected denomination of origin (PDO) influences consumer behavior. Past research has ascertained that consumers confuse different brands and PDOs. For this reason, it is important to analyze whether the level of consumers' experience with PDO food products influences their decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equations and multi‐sample models were applied to measure the effect of familiarity on the relations between perceived risk, trust, satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention in a PDO food product. The consumer was asked to indicate his/her level of agreement or disagreement with a series of statements based on a seven‐point Likert scale. After the completion of the fieldwork, an analytic process (exploratory and confirmatory reliability analysis) was performed and 414 valid questionnaires were obtained.

Findings

Results indicate that all the relationships proposed in the structural equation model between perceived risk, trust, satisfaction, loyalty and buying intention of the air‐cured ham “Jamón de Teruel” were accepted. Multi‐sample model results suggest that there are significant differences between consumers with high and low levels of familiarity in the influence of trust on satisfaction, as well as in the influence of satisfaction on loyalty. In consumers with greater familiarity and experience with the PDO, the effects of trust on satisfaction and satisfaction on loyalty are higher.

Research limitations/implications

As a result of the study's findings with respect to the moderating role of greater familiarity with the PDO, managers should design marketing strategies to emphasize two main factors, intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes, of PDO food products that make them unique.

Originality/value

The study emphasizes the importance of investigating the moderating effect of familiarity with a food product certified with a PDO and provides new insight into the necessity of consumers being able to differentiate the PDO from other brands in the food market.
iTunes U: an opportunity for students
Authors: Germany Lisa
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, with a bit of creative thinking, elements of certain university‐wide projects (in this case study, establishing an iTunes U site) can be incorporated into student studies and assessment as real‐world learning opportunities.

Design/methodology/approach

Describes three different approaches adopted by Swinburne University of Technology to provide real‐world learning opportunities for its students through its project to establish an iTunes U presence. Highlights the problems encountered with these approaches and what Swinburne would do differently to overcome these issues.

Findings

iTunes U provides a real opportunity for showcasing student work and talent beyond the university. The key to success lies in embedding what you want the students to do deeply within assessment processes to ensure the work provides a relevant and valid learning experience. Part of this is establishing a realistic client‐service‐provider relationship with the students.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is based on the observations and anecdotal feedback given to the content coordinator for iTunes U at Swinburne. Future research should seek ethics clearance so that students and staff can be interviewed about their experiences in more depth.

Practical implications

This paper offers advice to other institutions looking to engage students in broader university projects, through integration with coursework.

Originality/value

Hundreds of universities have iTunes U sites, or are exploring the use of iTunes U and/or YouTube. Ideas for how to successfully involve students in these broader university initiatives will be of interest to all these institutes.
Recommendations from a virtual community as a catalytic agent of travel decisions
Authors: Ku Edward C.S.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The research goal of this study was to determine how flow experience and perceived behavioral control (PBC) affect participation behavior in the backpackers' forum.

Design/methodology/approach

Subjects were self‐selected by placing messages on over five recommendations members in the backpackers' forum. In total, 2,000 invitation messages were mailed to members of the Taiwanese backpackers' forum, of which 435 were returned completed (a return rate of 21.75 percent).

Findings

As our analysis, flow experience in a virtual community is positively associated with the behavioral intentions to use the virtual community. Perceived enjoyment in a virtual community is positively associated with the behavioral intentions to use the virtual community, and behavioral intentions to visit a virtual community are positively associated with the member's actual participation in a virtual community.

Research limitations/implications

While this study has produced meaningful data for the development of multidimensional measures of factors that influence participation behavior in the Taiwanese backpackers' forum, the validity of an instrument cannot be firmly established on the basis of a single study. All of the data used for tests were collected only from a single backpackers' forum.

Practical implications

Our study shows that travel agencies must become technologically astute to keep up with its customers, should be viewing the internet as a vital distribution channel for marketing, and should be linked to other well‐known reservation web sites.

Social implications

The backpacker community served as a reference group that could significantly influence travelers' beliefs, attitudes, and choices.

Originality/value

In the present study we found that a basic understanding of the essence of the backpacker community is a prerequisite for any organization operating a travel‐oriented community if they are to be clear about their mission, purpose, and the right direction to take to achieve their goal. That goal will increase the commitment of the members to a virtual community by increasing their helping behavior and active participation.
Virtual store layout effects on consumer behaviour
Authors: Manganari Emmanouela E. , Siomkos George J. , Rigopoulou Irini D. , Vrechopoulos Adam P.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the virtual store layout's perceived ease of use effects on consumer behaviour and the perceived differences of two layout patterns most commonly used in air travel web sites (i.e. grid and freeform layout).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected through a laboratory experiment from a total of 241 students at a business school. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the research model and test the research

Findings

Results confirm and extend available knowledge regarding virtual store layout effects on shopper responses. However, findings imply that layout pattern affects perceived pleasure and not ease of use in the investigated sector. Additionally, the study confirms the moderating role of atmospheric responsiveness.

Practical implications

Managers should consider and apply the optimal level of ease of use at their web stores' virtual layout to facilitate and yet engage consumers during their online trip.

Originality/value

In the context of e‐tailing, past research examined store layout effects on consumer behaviour mostly through a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach. Elaborating on these research insights, the present research attempt employs an environmental psychology approach measuring the effects of perceived layout on consumer behaviour in the online travel industry through the S‐O‐R paradigm perspective.
Impact of national culture on e‐government development: a global study
Authors: Zhao Fang
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The main purpose of this paper is to examine empirically whether national culture has an impact on e‐government development in 84 countries around the world.

Design/methodology/approach

We used statistic methods of correlation and multiple regression to analyze the two sets of indexes – E‐government Development Index from the United Nations E‐government Survey 2010 and Hofstede's culture dimension index scores of 84 countries.

Findings

We found that there is a correlation to a differing degree between e‐government development and the five culture dimensions defined by Hofstede, although only individualism, power distance and long‐term orientation are significantly correlated with e‐government development.

Practical implications

The findings of this study and most importantly, the strategies proposed based on the findings by this paper would help government policy and decision makers design and implement policies and strategies to improve e‐government services and their overall development.

Originality/value

The study not only provides empirical support and validates the findings of previous research but also extends the scope and updates the results of similar studies in the study field.
The Kuznets curve: determinants of its shape and the role of finance
Authors: Rötheli Tobias F.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to study the importance of initial resource endowments, the savings rate, and financing opportunities for growth and the distribution of income.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis is based on a theoretical model of accumulation and applies simulations. The frame of presentation is the so‐called Kuznets curve.

Findings

The paper shows under what circumstances the inverted U‐shaped curve hypothesized by Kuznets emerges and clarifies the role of a functioning capital market for economic growth and the distribution of income. It turns out that when initial income disparities are high and the savings rate is low it cannot be taken for granted that economic growth leads to a more equal income distribution. The paper further shows that with an efficient capital market total income rises faster and further and inequality is always lower than without a functioning capital market.

Research limitations/implications

Future research should help to identify the institutional and regulatory frameworks that promote a stable basic financial infrastructure.

Originality/value

By drawing on the concept of a hydraulic society the interplay of key factors that drive economic growth and income inequality can be clarified.
Reinventing management purpose: the radical and virtuous alternatives
Authors: Allio Robert J.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

One of the lessons of the Great Recession is that managing for shareholder value can result in damage to other stakeholders. This paper seeks to articulate a new purpose for the firm that is more legitimate than maximizing financial returns for shareholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the various management alternatives: modify the shareholder value strategy; become socially responsible; and adopt radical management practices.

Findings

A central question is whether the alternative management models will contribute to corporate longevity. The paper suggests an alternative approach: the virtuous corporate.

Originality/value

The paper looks at the virtuous corporation which would balance the need to reward external stakeholders with relentless attention to internal excellence and virtue.
The content analysis of advergames in Hungary
Authors: Hofmeister‐Tóth Ágnes , Nagy Peter
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess the content of food industry web sites targeting children by advergames with the purpose of granting brand loyalty and trust toward the products of certain companies in Hungary.

Design/methodology/approach

Scientific investigation conducted by two independent researchers included the content analysis of a total of 50 advergames integrated in 11 food company affiliated web sites.

Findings

Advergames are successful promotion strategies that reinforce brand recognition and positive associations toward food products.

Practical implications

By influencing and encouraging children's cognitive processes, advergames affect their natural development.

Originality/value

A content analysis of advergames has not yet been conducted in Hungary. By introducing psychological factors, the present paper can contribute to finding additional approaches to understand the effects of advergames on children.
Technique of collage for store design atmospherics
Authors: Dakoumi Hamrouni Amel , Touzi Maha
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the holistic perception of the customer vis‐a‐vis the creation of an ideal store by using the projective technique of collage. In particular, it discusses the role of the factor of atmosphere which a distributor must privilege to satisfy the expectations of current customer.

Design/methodology/approach

To this end, a qualitative exploratory survey based on the technique of collage has been carried out with a sample of 30 individuals. The information were collected through the drawings and the technique of “complete the following sentence”. The collages were analyzed using a holistic approach.

Findings

The results show that the new customer refers to all the stimuli of the environment of purchase in order to satisfy his utility, hedonic and even social needs. The companies, and in particular the distributors, must direct the atmosphere of their store towards the vectors of attraction, gratification and distraction.

Research limitations/implications

The projective technique of collage made it possible to go further than a declaratory matter collected by questions about the concept of the environmental factors. Indeed, in spite of the limited number of the individuals relied upon for the study, the images that were stuck on paper were enriching and made it possible to explain what evokes for the consumer the concept of “ideal store”; his feelings or his hidden emotions.

Practical implications

From a managerial point of view, the noted results can give way to a significant number of actions for the distributors. Indeed, in order to ensure the perennial aspect of their business, the persons in charge should follow this practice by considering the atmosphere as a sum of factors which should be managed in a coherent and harmonious way and not in an intuitive way; thus constituting sources of creation of value for the consumer. In other words, the distributors must implement the factors necessary to generate the comfort of purchase as well as the pleasure of consumption.

Originality/value

This paper is distinguished compared to the majority of the researches undertaken on this subject. It proposes an indirect qualitative study (projective study) making it possible to certify the passage of the consumer from an atomized vision towards a holistic vision including informing the distributors on the atmospheric components most adapted to the new requirements of the current consumer.
Nano‐TiO2‐modified photosensitive resin for RP
Authors: Yugang Duan , Yuan Zhou , Yiping Tang , Dichen Li
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of photosensitive resin for rapid prototyping (RP) by modifying with nano‐TiO2.

Design/methodology/approach

The silane coupling agent was selected to treat the surface of anatase nano‐TiO2 particles. The IR spectrum showed that the hydroxyl (−OH) group on the surface of nano‐TiO2 reacted with the coupling agent effectively. The effects of TiO2 content on the curing depth and viscosity of the photosensitive resin were studied by experiments. The mechanical properties including tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and hardness were tested according to ASTM standards. The thermal stability of modified photosensitive resin was tested by differential scanning calorimetry.

Findings

The comprehensive performance of the modified photosensitive resin was good when TiO2 content was at 0.25 per cent, the tensile strength was increased by 89 per cent from 25.26  to 47.82 MPa, the tensile modulus increased by 18 per cent from 2,001  to 2,362 MPa, the flexural strength and the hardness increased by 6 and 5 per cent, respectively. In addition, the plasticity and heat stability of modified photosensitive resin were also improved obviously.

Originality/value

The paper provides a low‐cost method to greatly improve the performance of photosensitive resin for RP. The modified photosensitive resin prepared according to the formulas in this paper has been successfully employed in RP equipment of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
The sleeping watch dog: aka the Securities and Exchange Commission
Authors: Perri Frank S. , Brody Richard G.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to expose inefficient regulatory policies and organizational weaknesses at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that have contributed to a series of regulatory oversights that have produced some of the largest fraud schemes perpetrated on investors.

Design/methodology/approach

Sources of information consisted of scholarly articles and articles retrieved from the web.

Findings

Findings suggest that although weaknesses that have been exposed at the SEC may not account for any one securities fraud oversight, cumulatively, the weaknesses create negative synergy that increases the probability that a regulatory oversight will occur.

Originality/value

This paper serves as a useful guide to alert and educate securities regulators and enforcement, regardless of the country they may operate in, to examine their own regulatory policies and organizational structures for weakness that may be similar to the SEC.
The effectiveness of corporate governance policy in Greece
Authors: Mertzanis Harilaos
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The effectiveness of corporate governance enforcement is a complex issue requiring the understanding of the role of institutional factors. The latter may or may not converge towards best practices, depending upon the extent to which history and politics matter more than purely economic or efficiency‐related considerations for convergence. The appropriateness and effectiveness of corporate governance enforcement mechanisms differ among market economies and cannot be attributed to one single factor nor does any such factor have the same significance in all countries as it depends on the relative state of development of financial intermediation. This paper aims to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A critique is launched on the hypothesis of legal conformity used to explain the deviation of corporate governance practices and enforcement efficiency from is considered as best practice. The critique follows an historical development approach and is substantiated with some new empirical evidence of ownership structures and market views.

Findings

Empirical evidence on ownership structures and on the market views regarding the effectiveness of corporate governance legislation shows that for an understanding of the relationship between financial intermediation and corporate governance broader institutional influences must be taken into consideration.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis of empirical evidence needs detailed expansion and proper association with institutional elements to provide a more comprehensive understanding of corporate governance enforcement efficiency.

Practical implications

The exercise of corporate governance enforcement is an interactive process that goes beyond the role of legal rules and must combine an optimal set of private and public mechanisms properly tailored to each corporate governance regime.

Originality/value

New empirical evidence is provided on ownership structures and on the market view regarding the effectiveness of corporate governance legislation and a broader account is provided on institutional setting for understanding corporate governance policy.
Corporate governance legal and regulatory framework's effectiveness in Greece
Authors: Lazarides Themistokles
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to address the issues raised by the author of the paper “The effectiveness of corporate governance in Greece”.

Design/methodology/approach

The issues are addressed point by point using additional data, references and analysis.

Findings

The paper pinpoints the sources of ineffectiveness of the Law 3016/2002 and states that there is a need for a new set of principles and laws that focus on the real issues of corporate governance in countries like Greece.

Research limitations/implications

To fully comprehend the nature and dynamics of corporate governance issues a survey and analysis broader in scope, more holistic and without any prepossessions must be contacted.

Practical implications

The study provides evidence to policy makers that the previous initiatives were ineffective and a new initiative is imperative in order to establish balance and create the conditions for capital market development.

Originality/value

The paper questions the argument that convergence may be accomplished by the enactment of laws alone and contributes to the growing body of literature that supports the notion that convergence may be accomplished only by the convergence of more fundamental characteristics of a country.
A social network‐based organizational model for improving knowledge management in supply chains
Authors: Capó‐Vicedo Josep , Mula Josefa , Capó Jordi
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to provide a social network‐based model for improving knowledge management in multi‐level supply chains formed by small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs).

Design/methodology/approach

This approach uses social network analysis techniques to propose and represent a knowledge network for supply chains. Empirical experience from an exploratory case study in the construction sector is also presented.

Findings

This proposal improves the establishment of inter‐organizational relationships into networks to exchange knowledge among the companies along the supply chain and to create specific knowledge by promoting confidence and motivation.

Originality/value

This proposed model is useful for academics and practitioners in supply chain management to gain a better understanding of knowledge management processes, particularly for supply chains formed by SMEs.
Pre‐purchase alternative evaluation: prestige and imitation fashion products
Authors: Robinson Tammy , Doss Farrell
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand the pre‐purchase alternative evaluation for prestige and imitation fashion products. The Engel et al. pre‐purchase alternative evaluation process served as the basis for the model.

Design/methodology/approach

A convenience sample of 158 undergraduate female students completed surveys. The final questionnaire consisted of four scales that measured shopping motivation, reference group influence, perceived product risk, and perceived transaction risk.

Findings

When compared with the imitation product, consumers' pre‐purchase evaluation of the prestige fashion product was characterized by higher shopping motivation, higher reference group influence, and lower perceived product and transaction risks. When compared with the prestige product, consumers' pre‐purchase evaluation of the imitation fashion product was characterized by lower shopping motivation, lower reference group influence, and higher perceived product and transaction risks. However, not all variables were significant predictors for both the prestige and imitation fashion product.

Research limitations/implications

Since college students were used, results cannot be generalized to the entire population. Further, respondents' answers were self‐reported, and may not represent actual behaviour. Suggestions for future research include additional studies to determine the validity of the model, and replication of the study using different populations.

Originality/value

No studies have examined the pre‐purchase alternative evaluation process for prestige and imitation products. Most research has focused on counterfeit fashion products. Findings from this study can be used by educators, manufacturers, and retailers to help understand, and explain consumer preferences, and pre‐purchase alternative evaluations of fashion products.
Fashion value brands: the relationship between identity and image
Authors: Ross Jill , Harradine Rod
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This study seeks to develop previous research into value branding by investigating potential misalignments between brand identity as intended by the brand owner, and the way in which the brand image is perceived by young consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

Kapferer's model was used to create a detailed brand identity for a value fashion brand. A survey of 150 business students provided a map to identify any gaps between the intended and perceived brand image. Theoretical concepts underpinning the paper include value branding and the relationship between brand identity and brand image.

Findings

A marked difference was observed in the way in which value brands are intended and how they are perceived; these misalignments may have significant implications. In particular, young consumers' perceptions of value brands' fashion content could create barriers during decision making. However, the relationship facet indicates potential for developing lifelong loyalty from the sample.

Research limitations/implications

The research provided a visual map of perceived brand image to allow comparison between identity and image. A longitudinal study could identify how attitudes might change throughout the purchasing life of the sample group.

Practical implications

It was found that the brand owner needed to develop and effectively communicate the reflection element of brand identity to improve the perception of how the typical customer is viewed by others.

Originality/value

The relationship between brand identity and brand image is particularly important in the value fashion sector. Although some research has been undertaken in this field, it mainly relates to how corporate brands are perceived, while this study focuses on the product level.
The origins and early developments of public relations in post‐war Italy, 1945‐1960
Authors: Bini Elisabetta , Fasce Ferdinando , Muzi Falconi Toni
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the emergence and development of public relations in Italy between 1945 and 1960. Its aim is to examine the main actors (corporate and political) involved in the process, how they were influenced by the USA and the emergence of professional associations devoted to expanding the field

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on research conducted in US and Italian archives and libraries. It analyzes primary sources concerning corporations, government agencies and professional associations involved in promoting public relations in post‐war Italy, such as the United States Information Service, Standard Oil (NJ), Fiat, Piaggio, Olivetti, Pirelli, Intersind.

Findings

This paper argues that the introduction of public relations in postwar Italy was strongly influenced by US companies and government agencies, which had a considerable impact on the emergence of professional associations. It also looks at the specific Italian definitions of public relations and points out that in Italy the field of public relations emphasized the importance of “style” and culture over that of marketing, and was often carried out by an array of “humanists” (poets, graphic designers, and writers).

Originality/value

This paper is one of the first studies about the history of public relations in Italy. It points out the peculiarity of the Italian case, by showing the intersection between the terms “propaganda” and “public relations” in a country that had experienced 20 years of Fascist rule.
History and development of public relations education in North America
Authors: Wright Donald K.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the history and development of public relations education in the USA and Canada.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology used for this paper is the historical/critical analysis approach.

Findings

This paper finds more differences than similarities between public relations educational development in the two countries. The first PR course at a US university was taught at the University of Illinois in 1920 and the first US degree program was offered by Boston University in 1947. The first Canadian university PR course was taught at McGill University n 1948 and the first university degree was offered by Mount Saint Vincent University in 1977. Although PR courses and degrees are offered at a small number of élite US universities, the greatest recent PR curriculum development has been at smaller, second‐ or third‐tier institutions. While a few Canadian universities offer courses and degree programs in the field, most of Canada's recent PR program growth has been at colleges rather than at universities.

Practical implications

Rightly or wrongly, academic institutions often look to North America for direction when it comes to establishing and developing public relations education programs. A number of factual inaccuracies about public relations education history have frequently surfaced in books and journal articles. This paper corrects a number of those inaccuracies and in doing so improves public relations scholarship.

Originality/value

A thorough review of the literature suggests that this paper represents the only journal‐length piece about the history and development of public relations education in Canada and the USA.
Knowledge retention: minimizing organizational business loss
Authors: Levy Moria
Published: July 2011

Purpose

Knowledge retention is becoming a main challenge in many countries, as knowledge becomes a main asset of organizations. The research questions the challenge of how can organizations minimize the loss of important knowledge while experiencing high levels of retiree? The research aims to suggest a framework for knowledge retention initiatives in organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology is multi‐case research. The unit of analysis is organization (eight organizations analyzed, overall more than 30 retiree knowledge retention mini projects). Data linkage to the propositions and method of interpretation – explanation building technique.

Findings

This research suggests that successful knowledge retention can be achieved in three primary stages: defining scope; documenting (planning and implementation); and integrating knowledge back into the organization. Special care must be dedicated throughout the process to: retaining best practices and unexpected situations; structuring the process of knowledge retention; structuring retained documentation.

Research limitations/implications

Academic implications are two‐fold. First, it suggests that assessment projects, which estimate knowledge loss risk, and described in most academic researches, should be eliminated in knowledge retention models; second, research should continue, developing more models regarding detailed planning and implementation stages, as initiated in Hofer‐Alfeis DeLong and here. Further research should be conducted in order to discover how effective the suggested methods are in retrospect (after years, and not only after months).

Practical implications

Business implications do exist. The case studies described, using the proposed framework, show that knowledge retention is not only important, but also applicable. Structuring the process and results, as described above, may provide organizations with guidelines how to conduct such projects.

Originality/value

Its value is in changing the suggested known frameworks for knowledge retention, enabling more effective and efficient knowledge retention, and therefore less knowledge loss in organizations.
Was the recent global financial crisis symptomatic from the challenges of liberalisation of financial markets in Uganda?
Authors: Mugarura Norman
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The recent global financial crisis has demonstrated the susceptibility of local economies to the global market system and its idiosyncrasies. While liberalisation of financial markets was initially deemed essential to ease access to cheap capital, it has demonstrated the potential to engender instabilities in the regulatory system. With reference to financial markets regulatory challenges in Uganda, this paper aims to explore how a liberalised market economy can also be exploited to perpetuate corruption and other financial malpractices.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explores the challenges to financial markets liberalisation in the absence of effective oversight institutions. Specifically, it draws on experiences of liberalisation of financial markets in Uganda to examine how that country's experience and its antecedents in the wider financial system could have signposted the threat of another financial crisis.

Findings

While acknowledging the importance of financial markets to development, this paper contends that opening markets should be preceded by tailored requisite reforms locally, to caution local economies against destabilising spontaneous movement of capital in and out of the system. Similarly, a liberalised financial market system and under‐regulation in financial markets can potentially engender a fluid environment inimical to the stability of global markets.

Originality/value

The paper has examined these issues in the narrow context of the challenges of financial markets liberalisation in Uganda. It will be inferred that the recent global financial crisis should have been foreseen from the earlier antecedents, and economies cautioned against it properly.
Effects of intellectual capital information disclosed in annual reports on market capitalization
Authors: Abdulrahman Anam Ousama , Hamid Fatima Abdul , Rashid Hafiz Majdi Abdul
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the effects of intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in the annual reports of listed companies in Bursa Malaysia (BM) on their market capitalization (MCAP).

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses secondary data for listed companies on BM for the years 2002 and 2006. A disclosure index was used to measure the extent of IC information disclosed in the annual reports. The MCAP data were obtained from the Bloomberg database. The data were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses.

Findings

The paper finds that the extent of IC disclosure by Malaysian‐listed companies has a positive significant effect on their MCAP. In addition, the paper found that there is significant positive impact of the control variables (i.e. book value, net profit, firm size and leverage) on the MCAP.

Research limitations/implications

Although the paper was focused on the IC information and MCAP data for two years (i.e. 2002 and 2006), it provides empirical evidence that IC disclosure does affect the MCAP of companies. Hence, it means that the IC information is picked up by the market. Future research may incorporate more control variables and years.

Practical implications

The findings provide empirical evidence that IC information disclosed by the Malaysian‐listed companies positively affects their MCAP. These findings can be considered to be useful for these companies and work as a signal towards the need for more IC disclosure. In addition, the findings could be useful for the regulatory bodies, e.g. the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board and BM, perhaps to develop guidelines on IC disclosure to enhance transparency and increase confidence in the capital market.

Originality/value

The paper is considered the first empirical study to examine the effects of IC disclosure in the annual reports of Malaysian‐listed companies on their MCAP.
Labour cost disclosures: have IFRSs made a difference?
Authors: Ho Kim Sang , Taylor Dennis
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate changes in corporate disclosures of labour‐related costs in financial statements arising from a change in the accounting regime from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPs) to international financial reporting standards (IFRSs) in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

An archival empirical approach is taken. Data are sampled for 160 listed companies in Australia over seven years covering Australian GAAPs (2003‐2005) and Australian IFRSs (2006‐2009) periods. To measure disclosures, a classification and count is made of line items for labour‐related costs found on the face of and in the notes to financial statements. These disclosures are analysed against firm‐specific characteristics and industry categories.

Findings

Results reveal companies disclosing “total labour costs” rose from about 60‐85 per cent, and the discretionary disaggregation of “total labour costs” became more prevalent. Companies providing disaggregated information in the post‐IFRSs period are characterized by lower total assets, lower sales and lower labour costs. Their return on equity and labour intensity are not found to be differentiating characteristics. Reasons for these phenomena are addressed.

Originality/value

Previous studies have not analysed the effect of IFRSs adoption on disclosures of labour‐related information. This study provides new evidence about the types of firms that have responded to IFRSs with new or enhanced labour‐related financial disclosures. It points to new opportunities for research and financial analysis from the enhanced availability of corporate‐level labour cost data.
Universalization of telecommunications services
Authors: Rauen Cristiane V. , Hiratuka Célio , Fracalanza Paulo S.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the regulations and public policies for the universalization of telecommunications services taken by OECD countries and by Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach

This analysis was mainly based on OECD reports, on the legislation of the Brazilian telecommunication sector and on scientific articles and news related to the theme.

Findings

In accordance with the initiatives taken by OECD countries and with recent innovations arising from next generation networks, mainly based on internet protocols platforms, Brazil has also included broadband services in its universalization regulatory agenda. At the same time, the country has established several public programs aimed at expanding access to those services.

Practical implications

Nevertheless, it is pointed out that there are still many challenges to an increase in Brazilian broadband penetration rates.

Social implications

Therefore, it is suggested that, in Brazil's case, some of these problems could be overcome through a direct government intervention in association with competition and industrial policies.

Originality/value

The paper emphasizes that, although in line with the regulatory measures taken by developed countries, Brazilian telecom policies must be adapted taking into consideration the idiosyncrasies of this underdeveloped country.
Interest rate pass‐through in Kenya
Authors: Misati Roseline N. , Nyamongo Esman M. , Kamau Anne W.
Published: July 2011

Purpose

This study aims to quantitatively measure the size and speed of monetary policy interest rate transmission to long‐term interest rates in Kenya.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses autoregressive distributed lag specification re‐parameterized as an error correction model and mean adjustment lag methods.

Findings

The study finds incomplete pass‐through of policy rates both in the short and the long run. The study also shows that it takes approximately between 11 months to two years for policy interest rate to be fully transmitted to long‐term rates.

Originality/value

The study is novel as it is the first attempt the authors are aware of that empirically investigates the interest rate pass‐through in Kenya using high‐frequency data. Measuring the speed and size of interest rate pass‐through provides policy makers with insights on how long it takes for a particular policy action to yield desired results on the real economy. The findings of this study will therefore inform policy makers of the effectiveness of their policy decisions and facilitate timely monetary policy actions.
Manipulating an IRB model: considerations about the Basel II framework
Authors: Kosmidis Kosmas , Terzidis Konstantinos
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the current economic crisis and to highlight the importance of the counter‐party credit risk, which was surprisingly neglected by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in its proposed enhancements to the Basel II framework. The paper supports the proposition that there is an incentive for synergy between bank management, corporate management and auditors as long as all these parties' remuneration schemes are based on the same principles.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper an advanced IRB corporate credit‐rating system is constructed in accordance with the Basel II framework and the current literature. The impact of common creative accounting and banking practices on the manipulation of that system is explored.

Findings

The paper shows how creative accounting and banking practices can be used in manipulating an advanced IRB corporate credit‐rating system, and thus presenting a high‐risk corporation as a highly attractive (low‐risk) bank customer.

Practical implications

The regulatory authorities should take into consideration the inability of rating agencies to ascertain the risk associated with the US sub‐prime mortgage market and the decline of auditors' independence.

Originality/value

The contribution of the paper is the propositions made to the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in order to enhance the Basel II framework, and avoid repetition of the current economic crisis in the future.