bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible Influence of Volcanic Activity on the Decadal Potential Predictability of the Natural Variability in Near‐Term Climate Predictions
Authors: Shiogama Hideo , Emori Seita , Mochizuki Takashi , Yasunaka Sayaka , Yokohata Tokuta , Ishii Masayoshi , Nozawa Toru , Kimoto Masahide
Published: June 2010

Initialization based on data assimilations using historical observations possibly improves near‐term climate predictions. Significant volcanic activity in the future is unpredictable and not assumed in future climate predictions. To examine the possible influence of unpredictable future volcanic activity on the decadal potential predictability of the natural variability, we performed a 2006–2035 climate prediction experiment with the assumption that the 1991  Mt. Pinatubo eruption would take place again in 2010. The Pinatubo forcing induced not only significant cooling responses but also considerable noises in the natural variability. The errors due to the Pinatubo forcing grew faster than that arising from imperfect knowledge of the observed state, leading to a rapid reduction of the decadal potential predictability of the natural variability.
On Uniformly Generalized Lipschitzian Mappings
Authors: Imdad M , Soliman AhmedH
Published: June 2010

We consider another class of generalized Lipschitzian type mappings and utilize the same to prove fixed point theorems for asymptotically regular and uniformly generalized Lipschitzian one-parameter semigroups of self-mappings defined on bounded metric spaces equipped with uniform normal structure which yield corresponding results in respect of semigroup of iterates of a self-mapping as corollaries. Our results also generalize some relevant results due to the work of Lim and Xu (1995), Yao and Zeng (2007), and Soliman (2009).
On the Existence of a Weak Solution of a Half‐Cell Model for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Chern Shuh-Jye , Huang Po-Chun
Published: June 2010

A nonlinear boundary value problem (BVP) from the modelling of the transport phenomena in the cathode catalyst layer of a one‐dimensional half‐cell single‐phase model for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, derived from the 3D model of Zhou and Liu (2000, 2001), is studied. It is a BVP for a system of three coupled ordinary differential equations of second order. Schauder′s fixed point theorem is applied to show the existence of a solution in the Sobolev spaceH1.
Structurally Diverse Metal Coordination Compounds, Bearing Imidodiphosphinate and Diphosphinoamine Ligands, as Potential Inhibitors of the Platelet Activating Factor
Authors: Tsoupras Alexandros B. , Roulia Maria , Ferentinos Eleftherios , Stamatopoulos Ioannis , Demopoulos Constantinos A. , Kyritsis Panayotis
Published: June 2010

Metal complexes bearing dichalcogenated imidodiphosphinate ligands (E = O, S, Se, Te), which act as (E,E) chelates, exhibit a remarkable variety of three‐dimensional structures. A series of such complexes, namely, square‐planar , tetrahedral , E = O, S, and octahedral , were tested as potential inhibitors of either the platelet activating factor (PAF)‐ or thrombin‐induced aggregation in both washed rabbit platelets and rabbit platelet rich plasma. For comparison, square‐planar , X = Cl, Br, the corresponding metal salts of all complexes and the (OPPh2)(OPPh2)NH ligand were also investigated. Ga(O,O)3 showed the highest anti‐PAF activity but did not inhibit the thrombin‐related pathway, whereas Zn(S,S)2, with also a significant PAF inhibitory effect, exhibited the highest thrombin‐related inhibition. Zn(O,O)2 and Cu(O,O)2 inhibited moderately both PAF and thrombin, being more effective towards PAF. This work shows that the PAF‐inhibitory action depends on the structure of the complexes studied, with the bulkier Ga(O,O)3 being the most efficient and selective inhibitor.
Inhibition of Melanoma Angiogenesis by Telomere Homolog Oligonucleotides
Authors: Coleman Christina , Levine Danielle , Kishore Raj , Qin Gangjian , Thorne Tina , Lambers Erin , Sasi Sharath P. , Yaar Mina , Gilchrest Barbara A. , Goukassian David A.
Published: June 2010

Telomere homolog oligonucleotides (T-oligos) activate an innate telomere-based program that leads to multiple anticancer effects. T-oligos act at telomeres to initiate signaling through the Werner protein and ATM kinase. We wanted to determine if T-oligos have antiangiogenic effects. We found that T-oligo-treated human melanoma (MM-AN) cells had decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor 2, angiopoeitin-1 and -2 and decreased VEGF secretion. T-oligos activated the transcription factor E2F1 and inhibited the activity of the angiogenic transcription factor, HIF-1α. T-oligos inhibited EC tubulogenesis and total tumor microvascular density matrix invasion by MM-AN cells and ECs in vitro. In melanoma SCID xenografts, two systemic T-oligo injections decreased by 60% (P<.004) total tumor microvascular density and the functional vessels density by 80% (P<.002). These findings suggest that restriction of tumor angiogenesis is among the host's innate telomere-based anticancer responses and provide further evidence that T-oligos may offer a powerful new approach for melanoma treatment.
Professional Skills and Competence for Safe and Effective Procedural Sedation in Children: Recommendations Based on a Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Leroy Piet L. J. M. , Schipper Daphne M. , Knape Hans (J.) T. A.
Published: June 2010

Objectives. To investigate which skills and competence are imperative to assure optimal effectiveness and safety of procedural sedation (PS) in children and to analyze the underlying levels of evidence.Study Design and methods. Systematic review of literature published between 1993 and March 2009. Selected papers were classified according to their methodological quality and summarized in evidence-based conclusions. Next, conclusions were used to formulate recommendations.Results. Although the safety profiles vary among PS drugs, the possibility of potentially serious adverse events and the predictability of depth and duration of sedation define the imperative skills and competence necessary for a timely recognition and appropriate management. The level of effectiveness is mainly determined by the ability to apply titratable PS, including deep sedation using short-acting anesthetics for invasive procedures and nitrous oxide for minor painful procedures, and the implementation of non-pharmacological techniques.Conclusions. PS related safety and effectiveness are determined by the circumstances and professional skills rather than by specific pharmacologic characteristics. Evidence based recommendations regarding necessary skills and competence should be used to set up training programs and to define which professionals can and cannot be credentialed for PS in children.
QML Estimators in Linear Regression Models with Functional Coefficient Autoregressive Processes
Authors: Hu Hongchang
Published: June 2010

This paper studies a linear regression model, whose errors are functional coefficient autoregressive
processes. Firstly, the quasi‐maximum likelihood (QML) estimators of some unknown parameters are given. Secondly, under general conditions, the asymptotic properties (existence, consistency, and asymptotic distributions) of the QML estimators are investigated.
These results extend those of Maller (2003), White (1959), Brockwell and Davis (1987), and so on. Lastly, the validity and feasibility of the method are illuminated by a simulation example and a real example.
Effects of the Voice over Internet Protocol on Perturbation Analysis of Normal and Pathological Phonation
Authors: Zhu Yanmei , Witt Rachel E. , MacCallum Julia K. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: June 2010

Objective: In this study, a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication based on G.729 protocol was simulated to determine the effects of this system on acoustic perturbation parameters of normal and pathological voice signals. Patients and Methods: Fifty recordings of normal voice and 48 recordings of pathological voice affected by laryngeal paralysis were transmitted through a VoIP communication system. The acoustic analysis programs of CSpeech and MDVP were used to determine the percent jitter and percent shimmer from the voice samples before and after VoIP transmission. The effects of three frequently used audio compression protocols (MP3, WMA, and FLAC) on the perturbation measures were also studied. Results: It was found that VoIP transmission disrupts the waveform and increases the percent jitter and percent shimmer of voice samples. However, after VoIP transmission, significant discrimination between normal and pathological voices affected by laryngeal paralysis was still possible. It was found that the lossless compression method FLAC does not exert any influence on the perturbation measures. The lossy compression methods MP3 and WMA increase percent jitter and percent shimmer values. Conclusion: This study validates the feasibility of these transmission and compression protocols in developing remote voice signal data collection and assessment systems.
Myths, Misconceptions and Myopia: Searching for Clarity in the Debate about the Regulation of Consumer Genetics
Authors: Hogarth S.
Published: June 2010

The new wave of companies offering genome scans direct-to-consumer (DTC) has prompted commentary from scientists, clinicians, bioethicists and those interested in the ethical, legal and social issues arising from genomics. It has thus brought a far wider range of actors into a longstanding debate about the regulation of genetic tests. However, some of the recent discussion is characterised by misunderstanding of the regulatory landscape, a failure to grasp the lessons of the past and lack of clarity of thought. In this commentary I challenge a series of myths and misconceptions which plague current academic and policy discussion: the conflation of regulation and proscription; the failure to recognise that DTC companies are gatekeepers; the assumption that requiring a medical intermediary for testing is paternalistic; the belief that online services cannot be regulated; the presumption that we must avoid genetic exceptionalism; the idea that policy is lagging behind science or that it is too soon to act; and finally, the view that DTC genetics is a reality we have to adapt to.
Prospective Evaluation of the Outcome of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Therapy after Simultaneous Double Z-Plasty and Sphincter Pharyngoplasty
Authors: Wójcicki Piotr , Wójcicka Grażyna
Published: June 2010

Objective: One of the main goals in the management of cleft palate is to achieve a good quality of speech. The aim of the prospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency treated by simultaneously performed Furlow and Orticochea operations. Patients and Methods: From May 2007 to May 2008 we treated 14 consecutive patients (6 males and 8 females, mean age 14 years). The indications for surgery were based on nasofiberscopic examination, evaluation of speech quality, nasometry and morphology of the palate. The velopharyngeal closure was below 80% in all the patients; they had pronounced nasality and limited intelligibility of speech. All the palates were short. Results: The final outcome of treatment was based on the combined evaluation of 4 parameters: closure, speech intelligibility, nasality and the nasalance index. Ten patients achieved full recovery (71%), the remaining 4 had improved recovery (29%). Conclusion: A 1-stage Furlow operation and sphincter pharyngoplasty are an effective modality in the therapy of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Indications for posterior pharyngeal flap pharyngoplasty should be limited to the cases in which a simultaneous Furlow operation and sphincter pharyngoplasty are not possible due to a deficit of the palatine tissue.
Neural Respiratory Drive in Patients with COPD during Exercise Tests
Authors: Luo Y.M. , Li R.F. , Jolley C. , Wu H.D. , Steier J. , Moxham J. , Zhong N.S.
Published: June 2010

Background: It is unknown whether neural drive is comparable in constant rate and incremental exercise tests. Few data have previously been available to address this question because of the lack of reliable methods to assess neural respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: The aims of this study are to determine whether neural respiratory drive during constant rate exercise differs from that during incremental exercise and to determine whether neural respiratory drive was maximal at the end of exhaustive exercise tests. Methods: We studied sixteen patients with moderate-severe COPD (mean ± SD FEV1 29 ± 10%). Both diaphragmatic electro-myogram (EMG) and transdiaphragmatic pressure were recorded with a combined multipair electrode balloon catheter during incremental and constant (80% of maximal oxygen consumption derived from a prior incremental exercise test) treadmill exercise. Minute ventilation and oxygen uptake were also measured. Results: Root mean square (RMS) of the diaphragmatic EMG increased gradually without a plateau during incremental exercise, whereas the RMS increased initially and reached a plateau during constant work rate exercise. The RMS of the diaphragmatic EMG at the end of exercise was similar for both incremental and constant work rate exercise (176 ± 42 µV vs. 184 ± 39 µV); these values were 70 and 73% of maximal values recorded over the study. Conclusions: The pattern of increase in neural respiratory drive during incremental exercise is different to that observed during constant work rate exercise, but both exercise protocols are terminated when the patients achieve a similar but submaximal drive.
Theoretical Convergence Guarantees for Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Panait Liviu
Published: June 2010

Cooperative coevolutionary algorithms have the potential to significantly speed up the search process by dividing the space into parts that can each be conquered separately. However, recent research presented theoretical and empirical arguments that these algorithms tend to converge to suboptimal solutions in the search space, and are thus not fit for optimization tasks. This paper details an extended formal model for cooperative coevolutionary algorithms, and uses it to explore possible reasons these algorithms converge to optimal or suboptimal solutions. We demonstrate that, under specific conditions, this theoretical model will converge to the globally optimal solution. The proofs provide the underlying theoretical foundation for a better application of cooperative coevolutionary algorithms. We demonstrate the practical advantages of applying ideas from this theoretical work to a simple problem domain.
Computer-Automated Evolution of an X-Band Antenna for NASA's Space Technology 5 Mission
Authors: Hornby Gregory. S. , Lohn Jason D. , Linden Derek S.
Published: June 2010

Whereas the current practice of designing antennas by hand is severely limited because it is both time and labor intensive and requires a significant amount of domain knowledge, evolutionary algorithms can be used to search the design space and automatically find novel antenna designs that are more effective than would otherwise be developed. Here we present our work in using evolutionary algorithms to automatically design an X-band antenna for NASA's Space Technology 5 (ST5) spacecraft. Two evolutionary algorithms were used: the first uses a vector of real-valued parameters and the second uses a tree-structured generative representation for constructing the antenna. The highest-performance antennas from both algorithms were fabricated and tested and both outperformed a hand-designed antenna produced by the antenna contractor for the mission. Subsequent changes to the spacecraft orbit resulted in a change in requirements for the spacecraft antenna. By adjusting our fitness function we were able to rapidly evolve a new set of antennas for this mission in less than a month. One of these new antenna designs was built, tested, and approved for deployment on the three ST5 spacecraft, which were successfully launched into space on March 22, 2006. This evolved antenna design is the first computer-evolved antenna to be deployed for any application and is the first computer-evolved hardware in space.
Spatially Variable Advection Correction of Radar Data. Part I: Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Willingham Katherine M. , Potvin Corey K.
Published: June 2010

Radar data–based analysis products, such as accumulated rainfall maps, dual-Doppler wind syntheses, and thermodynamic retrievals, are prone to substantial error if the temporal sampling interval is too coarse. Techniques to mitigate these errors typically make use of advection-correction procedures (space-to-time conversions) in which the analyzed radial velocity or reflectivity field is idealized as a pattern of unchanging form that translates horizontally at constant speed. The present study is concerned with an advection-correction procedure for the reflectivity field in which the pattern-advection components vary spatially. The analysis is phrased as a variational problem in which errors in the frozen-turbulence constraint are minimized subject to smoothness constraints. The Euler–Lagrange equations for this problem are derived and a solution is proposed in which the trajectories, pattern-advection fields, and reflectivity field are analyzed simultaneously using a combined analytical and numerical procedure. The potential for solution nonuniqueness is explored.
The Role of Linear Interference in the Annular Mode Response to Extratropical Surface Forcing
Authors: Smith Karen L. , Fletcher Christopher G. , Kushner Paul J.
Published: June 2010

The classical problem of predicting the atmospheric circulation response to extratropical surface forcing is revisited in the context of the observed connection between autumnal snow cover anomalies over Siberia and wintertime anomalies of the northern annular mode (NAM). Previous work has shown that in general circulation model (GCM) simulations in which autumnal Siberian snow forcing is prescribed, a vertically propagating Rossby wave train is generated that propagates into the stratosphere, drives dynamical stratospheric warming, and induces a negative NAM response that couples to the troposphere. Important questions remain regarding the dynamics of the response to this surface cooling. It is shown that previously unexplained aspects of the evolution of the response in a comprehensive GCM can be explained by examining the time evolution of the phasing, and hence the linear interference, between the Rossby wave response and the background climatological stationary wave. When the wave response and background wave are in phase, wave activity into the stratosphere is amplified and the zonal-mean stratosphere–troposphere NAM response displays a negative tendency; when they are out of phase, wave activity into the stratosphere is reduced and the NAM response displays a positive tendency. The effects of linear interference are probed further in a simplified GCM, where an imposed lower tropospheric cooling is varied in position, strength, and sign. As in the comprehensive GCM, linear interference strongly influences the response over a realistic range of forcing strengths. The transition from linear to nonlinear behavior is shown to depend simply on forcing strength.
The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond
Authors: Capoccia Giovanni , Ziblatt Daniel
Published: June 2010

This article lays the theoretical and methodological foundations of a new historically minded approach to the comparative study of democratization, centered on the analysis of the creation, development, and interaction of democratic institutions. Historically, democracy did not emerge as a singular coherent whole but rather as a set of different institutions, which resulted from conflicts across multiple lines of social and political cleavage that took place at different moments in time. The theoretical advantage of this approach is illustrated by highlighting the range of new variables that come into focus in explaining democracy’s emergence. Rather than class being the single variable that explains how and why democracy came about, scholars can see how religious conflict, ethnic cleavages, and the diffusion of ideas played a much greater role in Europe’s democratization than has typically been appreciated. Above all, the authors argue that political parties were decisive players in how and why democracy emerged in Europe and should be at the center of future analyses.
Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections
Authors: Bermeo Nancy
Published: June 2010

Why do actors in transitional governments choose to hold fair elections when so many other options are available? The answer to this question is key to understanding an essential element of democracy’s institutional collage. This essay explores the choice of fair elections through the comparison of two episodes in Portuguese history: the elections held at the founding of the First Republic (which were unfair) and the elections held after the fall of the Salazar—Caetano dictatorship (which were fair instead). The findings challenge arguments strictly based on the socioeconomic and class-based determinants of democratization: Although collective actors pursued outcomes on the basis of the expected distributional consequences of their choices, the author shows that cross-class political actors were more important than class actors and that the distribution of institutional power was more important than the distribution of wealth. The author also shows that illusions and misperceptions were highly consequential for important institutional choices. If scholars seek to explain democratization on the basis of structural realities alone, they risk overrating the power of wealth and underrating the power of the imagined.
Fluoride and Chlorhexidine Release from Filled Resins
Authors: Shen C. , Zhang N.-Z. , Anusavice K.J.
Published: June 2010

Resin-based materials that release either fluoride or chlorhexidine have been formulated for inhibiting caries activity. It is not known if the two agents, when incorporated into one material, would interact and affect their release potential. We hypothesized that the ratio of fluoride to chlorhexidine incorporated into a resin, and the pH of the storage medium, will affect their releases from the material. The material investigated contained 23 wt% of filler, and the ratios of calcium fluoride to chlorhexidine diacetate were 8/2, 5/5, and 2/8. The release was conducted in pH 4, 5, and 6 acetate buffers. The results showed that release of either agent increased as the pH of the medium decreased. The presence of fluoride salt substantially reduced the chlorhexidine release, while the presence of a specific quantity of chlorhexidine significantly increased fluoride release. This interaction can be utilized to optimize the release of either agent for therapeutic purposes.
Efficacy of a Tin/Fluoride Rinse
Authors: Ganss C. , Neutard L. , von Hinckeldey J. , Klimek J. , Schlueter N.
Published: June 2010

Concentrated tin- and fluoride-containing mouthrinses are effective erosion inhibitors in enamel and dentin. To test whether this is also true for solutions with lower concentrations, we conducted a randomized double-blind three-cell crossover in situ study with extra-orally performed erosive impacts (citric acid, 6 x 5 min/day) and an intra-oral rinsing protocol (1 x 30 sec/day) in 24 volunteers. The mouthrinses were a placebo, a NaF (500 ppm F-), and an amine fluoride (AmF)/NaF/SnCl2 mouthrinse (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+). Compared with the placebo, the NaF mouthrinse reduced substance loss by 19% in enamel and 23% in dentin (p ≤ 0.01 each); the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 mouthrinse reduced this parameter by 67% in enamel and 47% in dentin (p ≤ 0.001 each). AmF/NaF/SnCl2 was significantly more effective than NaF in both tissues (p ≤ 0.01). The mouthrinse containing Sn and F exhibited good efficacy, even under severe erosive conditions.
A candle in the wind or a beacon for the future? Professional associations - facing an uncertain future?
Authors: Newgass Oriole
Published: June 2010

The current uncertainty among information professionals over jobs, qualifications and future prospects has caused some loss of faith in their professional associations’ ability or willingness to do anything to halt the downward trends, or to respond to their members’ needs for visible and persuasive championship. Perhaps these traditional bodies need to be replaced with active and positive alternatives — but how, where and with what? An analysis of successes and failures focusing particularly on the associations important to those working in business, industry and consultancy organizations might help to clarify the way ahead.
Elderly bias, new social risks and social spending: change and timing in eight programmes across four worlds of welfare, 1980-2003
Authors: Tepe Markus , Vanhuysse Pieter
Published: June 2010

Over the past decades, all affluent welfare states have been coping with two major new trends: population ageing and new social risks resulting from de-industrialization. How have these demand-side trends, and their timing, affected welfare spending? We investigate up to 21 OECD democracies with respect to eight separate programmes and two composite indicators of aggregate welfare spending bias towards the elderly and new social risks. We find that welfare regime logics still matter crucially in accounting for variation between countries, as does the timing of the large-scale arrival of new social risks. Both Southern European welfare states and countries that entered the post-industrial society comparatively late spend less on programmes such as education and family allowances, and more on survivor pensions. However within countries, contemporaneous levels of new social risks conspicuously fail to affect spending on programmes that deal with these risks. These findings defy simple neo-pluralist expectations of social policy responsiveness: on their own, even dramatic demand-side trends influence welfare spending relatively little in advanced democracies.
Military Diplomacy in the Dual Alliance: German Military Attaché Reporting from Vienna, 1906—1914
Authors: Hadley Tim
Published: June 2010

This article examines the reporting record of the German military attaché in Vienna from 1906 to the outbreak of the First World War. The reporting provided Berlin with a steady flow of information on the weaknesses of Austria-Hungary’s armed forces. These weaknesses stemmed from the character and structure of the Dual Monarchy, and were responsible for its chronically debilitated combat-effectiveness. The reporting contradicts claims of contemporary German memoirists, and the belief of historians since the war, that neither Austria’s military weaknesses nor their underlying causes were known at the highest levels of the German military prior to the war.
Expression and Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) in Hippocampal Formation
Authors: Zechel Sabrina , Werner Sandra , Unsicker Klaus , von Bohlen und Halbach Oliver
Published: June 2010

Among the 23 members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF-2 is the most abundant one in the central nervous system. Its impact on neural cells has been profoundly investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies as well as by gene knockout analyses during the past 2 decades. Key functions of FGF-2 in the nervous system include roles in neurogenesis, promotion of axonal growth, differentiation in development, and maintenance and plasticity in adulthood. From a clinical perspective, its prominent role for the maintenance of lesioned neurons (e.g., ischemia and following transection of fiber tracts) is of particular relevance. In the unlesioned brain, FGF-2 is involved in synaptic plasticity and processes attributed to learning and memory. The focus of this review is on the expression of FGF-2 and its receptors in the hippocampal formation and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of FGF-2 in this region during development and adulthood.
Computer-assisted robotic renal surgery
Authors: Petros Firas G. , Rogers Craig G.
Published: June 2010

Computer-assisted robotic renal surgery (CARRS) is a minimally invasive surgical treatment option for renal tumors. We review the literature regarding techniques and outcomes and the potential advantages of CARRS. We retrospectively reviewed the literature regarding techniques and outcomes of CARRS, with specific analysis on robotic radical nephrectomy (RRN) and robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN). Multiple papers on RRN and RPN were found where the techniques were performed with either a transperitoneal or a retroperitoneal approach. Preliminary outcomes with RRN and RPN were at least comparable to those of a laparoscopic approach, with some parameters of RPN improved over the laparoscopic approach (warm ischemia time, length of hospital stay and estimated blood loss). CARRS is an emerging field with preliminary outcomes at least comparable to the laparoscopic approach. Large prospective, randomized trials are needed to assess the benefit of CARRS compared with current methods.
Measurement of the Extreme Ankle Range of Motion Required by Female Ballet Dancers
Authors: Russell Jeffrey A. , Kruse David W. , Nevill Alan M. , Koutedakis Yiannis , Wyon Matthew A.
Published: June 2010

Female ballet dancers require extreme ankle motion, especially plantar flexion, but research about measuring such motion is lacking. The purposes of this study were to determine in a sample of ballet dancers whether non—weight-bearing ankle range of motion is significantly different from the weight-bearing equivalent and whether inclinometric plantar flexion measurement is a suitable substitute for standard plantar flexion goniometry. Fifteen female ballet dancers (5 university, 5 vocational, and 5 professional dancers; age 21 ± 3.0 years) volunteered. Subjects received 5 assessments on 1 ankle: non—weight-bearing goniometry dorsiflexion (NDF) and plantar flexion (NPF), weight-bearing goniometry in the ballet positions demi-plié (WDF) and en pointe (WPF), and non—weight-bearing plantar flexion inclinometry (IPF). Mean NDF was significantly lower than WDF (17° ± 1.3° vs 30° ± 1.8°, P < .001). NPF (77° ± 2.5°) was significantly lower than both WPF (83° ± 2.2°, P = .01) and IPF (89° ± 1.6°, P < .001), and WPF was significantly lower than IPF (P = .013). Dorsiflexion tended to decrease and plantar flexion tended to increase with increasing ballet proficiency. The authors conclude that assessment of extreme ankle motion in female ballet dancers is challenging, and goniometry and inclinometry appear to measure plantar flexion differently.
Schwannoma of the Tibial Nerve
Authors: Pino Chelsea , Ghazle Hamad , Bhatt Shweta , Dogra Vikram
Published: June 2010

Schwannoma is a benign, well-defined, and solitary nerve sheath tumor and accounts for 5% of all soft tissue tumors. It can occur anywhere along the peripheral nervous system. It is a slowly growing tumor and usually presents as a painless, discrete, and firm swelling before being diagnosed, unless it grows in a confined place. Preoperative diagnosis of schwannoma is often difficult. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and sonography are useful imaging modalities in the preoperative assessment of nerve sheath tumors. Although imaging may not be reliable in distinguishing nerve sheath tumors from each other, certain imaging characteristics should raise the suspicion of schwannoma.
Assessment of disease severity and outcome in patients with systemic light-chain amyloidosis by the high-sensitivity troponin T assay
Authors: Kristen Arnt V. , Giannitsis Evangelos , Lehrke Stephanie , Hegenbart Ute , Konstandin Matthias , Lindenmaier David , Merkle Corina , Hardt Stefan , Schnabel Philipp A. , Röcken Christoph , Schonland Stefan O. , Ho Anthony D. , Dengler Thomas J. , Katus Hugo A.
Published: June 2010

Cardiac biomarkers provide prognostic information in light-chain amyloidosis (AL). Thus, a novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-TnT) assay may improve risk stratification. hs-TnT was assessed in 163 patients. Blood levels were higher with cardiac than renal or other organ involvement and were related to the severity of cardiac involvement. Increased sensitivity was not associated with survival benefit. Forty-seven patients died during follow-up (22.3 ± 1.0 months). Nonsurvivors had higher hs-TnT than survivors. Outcome was worse if hs-TnT more than or equal to 50 ng/L and best less than 3 ng/L. Survival of patients with hs-TnT 3 to 14 ng/L did not differ from patients with moderately increased hs-TnT (14-50 ng/L), but was worse if interventricular septum was more than or equal to 15 mm. Discrimination according to the Mayo staging system was only achieved by the use of the hs-TnT assay, but not by the fourth-generation troponin T assay. Multivariate analysis revealed hs-TnT, NT-proBNP, and left ventricular impairment as independent risk factors for survival. hs-TnT and NT-proBNP predicted survival, even after exclusion of patients with impaired renal function. Plasma levels of the hs-TnT assay are associated with the clinical, morphologic, and functional severity of cardiac AL amyloidosis and could provide useful information for clinicians on cardiac involvement and outcome.
Thymic and peripheral microenvironments differentially mediate development and maturation of iNKT cells by IL-15 transpresentation
Authors: Castillo Eliseo F. , Acero Luis F. , Stonier Spencer W. , Zhou Dapeng , Schluns Kimberly S.
Published: June 2010

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are an innate type of T cells, which respond rapidly on activation. iNKT cells acquire these innate-like abilities during development; however, the signals driving development and functional maturation remain only partially understood. Because interleukin-15 (IL-15) is crucial for iNKT development and is delivered by transpresentation, we set out to identify the cell types providing IL-15 to developing iNKT cells and determine their role at the various states of development and maturation. We report here that transpresentation of IL-15 by parenchymal cells was crucial for generating normal number of iNKTs in the thymus, whereas both hematopoietic and parenchymal cells regulated iNKT cell numbers in the periphery, particularly in the liver. Specifically, dendritic cells contributed to peripheral iNKT cell numbers by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and promoting extrathymic iNKT cell ex-pansion and their homeostatic proliferation. Whether IL-15 affects functional maturation of iNKT cells was also examined. In IL-15Rα−/− mice, CD44HighNK1.1+ iNKT cells displayed decreased T-bet expression and in response to α-galactosylceramide, had deficient interferon-γ expression. Such defects could be reversed by exogenous IL-15 signals. Overall, these studies identify stage-specific functions of IL-15, which are determined by the tissue microenvironment and elucidate the importance of IL-15 in functional maturation.
Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Ani Agatha , Bruvik Torbjørn , Okoh Yetunde , Agaba Patricia , Agbaji Oche , Idoko John , Dahle Ulf R
Published: June 2010

Background

Nigeria has a high tuberculosis incidence, and genotyping studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTC) in the country are necessary in order to improve our understanding of the epidemic.

Methods

Isolates of MTC were isolated from cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Jos, North Central region of Nigeria during 2006-2008. Drug susceptibility test (DST) was performed on 77 of 111 isolates by proportion method on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) slope while genotyping of mycobacterial DNA was performed by spoligotyping. The SpolDB4 database and the model-based program 'spotclust' were used to assign isolates to families, subfamilies and variants.

Results

A total of 111 pulmonary isolates from consecutive tuberculosis patients in the city of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria were spoligotyped. A total of 84 (76%) of the isolates belonged to the Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) family. Of these, 78 isolates were assigned to the LAM10 lineage. Among these, 66 exhibited identical spoligopatterns. Drug susceptibility profiles obtained were not consistently associated with any spoligopattern.

Conclusions

The dominance of few M. tuberculosis lineages suggests either a high rate of transmission, frequent import of closely related strains, or a highly conserved genotype. It remains to be confirmed whether the predominance of identical LAM10 represent an outbreak.

Spoligotyping was useful to gain an overall understanding of the local TB epidemic. This study demonstrated that the incidence of TB in Jos, Nigeria may be caused by a few successful M. tuberculosis families, dominated by the LAM10 family.
Methylation-mediated silencing and tumour suppressive function of hsa-miR-124 in cervical cancer
Authors: Wilting Saskia M , van Boerdonk Robert AA , Henken Florianne E , Meijer Chris JLM , Diosdado Begoňa , Meijer Gerrit A , le Sage Carlos , Agami Reuven , Snijders Peter JF , Steenbergen Renske DM
Published: June 2010

Background

A substantial number of microRNAs (miRNAs) is subject to epigenetic silencing in cancer. Although epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes is an important feature of cervical cancer, little is known about epigenetic silencing of miRNAs. Since DNA methylation-based silencing of hsa-miR-124 occurs in various human cancers, we studied the frequency and functional effects of hsa-miR-124 methylation in cervical carcinogenesis.

Results

Quantitative MSP analysis of all 3 loci encoding the mature hsa-miR-124 (hsa-miR-124-1/-2/-3) showed methylation in cervical cancer cell lines SiHa, CaSki and HeLa as well as in late passages of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 immortalised keratinocytes. Treatment of SiHa cells with a demethylating agent reduced hsa-miR-124 methylation levels and induced hsa-miR-124 expression. In HPV-immortalised keratinocytes increased methylation levels were related to reduced hsa-miR-124 expression and higher mRNA expression of IGFBP7, a potential hsa-miR-124 target gene. Ectopic hsa-miR-124 expression in SiHa and CaSki cells decreased proliferation rates and migratory capacity. Combined hsa-miR-124-1 and/or hsa-miR-124-2 methylation analysis of 139 cervical tissue specimens showed an increasing methylation frequency from 0% in normal tissues up to 93% in cervical carcinomas. Increased methylation levels of hsa-miR-124-1 and hsa-miR-124-2 were significantly correlated with reduced hsa-miR-124 expression in cervical tissue specimens. Combined hsa-miR-124-1 and/or hsa-miR-124-2 methylation analysis of 43 cervical scrapes of high-risk HPV positive women was predictive of underlying high-grade lesions.

Conclusions

DNA methylation-based silencing of hsa-miR-124 is functionally involved in cervical carcinogenesis and may provide a valuable marker for improved detection of cervical cancer and its high-grade precursor lesions.
Prognostic value of HMGB1 overexpression in resectable gastric adenocarcinomas
Authors: Bao Guoqiang , Qiao Qing , Zhao Huadong , He Xianli
Published: June 2010

Introduction

HMGB1(High mobility group box 1), originally described as a nuclear protein, is now regarded as a multifunctional protein with a paradoxical dual effect in tumors. In the present study, HMGB1 overexpression and its correlation with the clinicopathologic characteristics and recurrence-free survival were evaluated in gastric adenocarcinomas.

Methods

76 gastric adenocarcinomas surgically removed entered the study. The immunohistochemical staining was used to assess HMGB1 expression through tissue microarray procedure. The clinicopathologic characteristics of all patients were recorded, and the regular follow-up was made for all patients.

Results

Almost all the gastric adenocarcinomas showed HMGB1 positive staining mainly in the nucleus, and the overexpression of HMGB1 was found in cancerous tissues with higher strong reactivity rate, compared with non-cancerous tissues (total expression score ≥ 9, 42.0% vs. 9.0%, P < 0.001). Survival analysis revealed that tumor stage negatively correlated with cancer-free survival (P = 0.022). Furthermore, HMGB1 overexpression positively associated with cancer-free survival of resectable gastric adenocarcinomas (P = 0.023).

Conclusions

The overexpression of HMGB1 protein indicates that HMGB1 may play a role in the tumorigenesis of gastric adenocarcinomas. And the overexpression of HMGB1 may be a marker of good prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma given curative resection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Acute camptocormia induced by olanzapine: a case report
Authors: Robert Florence , Koenig Martial , Robert Aurélie , Boyer Stéphane , Cathébras Pascal , Camdessanché Jean-Philippe
Published: June 2010

Introduction

Camptocormia refers to an abnormal posture with flexion of the thoraco-lumbar spine which increases during walking and resolves in supine position. This symptom is an increasingly recognized feature of parkinsonian and dystonic disorders, but may also be caused by neuromuscular diseases. There is recent evidence that both central and peripheral mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of camptocormia. We report a case of acute onset of camptocormia, a rare side effect induced by olanzapine, a second-generation atypical anti-psychotic drug with fewer extra-pyramidal side-effects, increasingly used as first line therapy for schizophrenia, delusional disorders and bipolar disorder.

Case presentation

A 73-year-old Caucasian woman with no history of neuromuscular disorder, treated for chronic delusional disorder for the last ten years, received two injections of long-acting haloperidol. She was then referred for fatigue. Physical examination showed a frank parkinsonism without other abnormalities. Routine laboratory tests showed normal results, notably concerning creatine kinase level. Fatigue was attributed to haloperidol which was substituted for olanzapine. Our patient left the hospital after five days without complaint. She was admitted again three days later with acute back pain. Examination showed camptocormia and tenderness in paraspinal muscles. Creatine kinase level was elevated (2986 UI/L). Magnetic resonance imaging showed necrosis and edema in paraspinal muscles. Olanzapine was discontinued. Pain resolved quickly and muscle enzymes were normalized within ten days. Risperidone was later introduced without significant side-effect. The camptocormic posture had disappeared when the patient was seen as an out-patient one year later.

Conclusions

Camptocormia is a heterogeneous syndrome of various causes. We believe that our case illustrates the need to search for paraspinal muscle damage, including drug-induced rhabdomyolysis, in patients presenting with acute-onset bent spine syndrome. Although rare, the occurrence of camptocormia induced by olanzapine must be considered.
Chemistry in Calixarenes and Radicals: Inclusion, Spin Label, Reaction, and ESR Studies
Authors: Li Yong , Yang Haijun
Published: June 2010

Due to inclusion function and easy chemical modification of calixarenes, they should be able to form inclusion complexes with free radicals, spin labeled calixarenes, and polyradicals based on calixarene skeletons. It is therefore important not only to utilize radicals as spin probes to investigate inclusion function and conformational changes of calixarenes, but also to develop potentially new molecular magnetic devices and materials. Recent research advances, especially using ESR technique, in interdiscipline of calixarene and radical, are briefly reviewed.
Novel Synthesis of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 from Natural Ilmenite
Authors: Wu Ling , Li Xinhai , Wang Zhixing , Wu Feixiang , Wang Xiaojuan , Fang Jie , Guo Huajun , Li Lingjun
Published: June 2010

A new process for comprehensively utilizing ilmenite is studied. FePO4·xH2O, and Ti-containing precursors are prepared from the iron-rich lixivium and titanium hydrolysate, which are obtained from ilmenite by mechanical activation and leaching. ICP analysis confirms that the FePO4·xH2O contains small amounts of Al and Ti (Fe:Al:Ti = 100:1.69:1.09) and that the Ti-containing precursor contains a small amount of Si (Ti:Si = 100:0.86). LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 synthesized from the as-prepared precursors exhibit well-crystallized structure, nanoscale particles, and excellent electrochemical properties.
Oxidative Coupling of N,N-Dialkylanilines Using Iodic Acid and Sodium Nitrite
Authors: Huddar Sameerana N , Mahajan Ulhas S , Akamanchi Krishnacharya G
Published: June 2010

A new reagent system, a combination of iodic acid and sodium nitrite has been investigated for oxidative coupling of N,N-disubstituted anilines. A facile para-selective coupling occurs to give benzidines at room temperature in water as a solvent. A tentative mechanism is proposed with some supporting experiments.
Surface Reorganization of Thin Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films Induced by Water
Authors: Horinouchi Ayanobu , Fujii Yoshihisa , Yamada Norifumi L , Tanaka Keiji
Published: June 2010

Neutron reflectivity revealed that the surface aggregation states of poly(methyl methacrylate) film can be altered by water, which is a typical nonsolvent, in a relatively large scale.
Preparation of a Water-based Al/Fe/Mo Catalyst Using a Microfluidic System
Authors: Moon Hyoseung , Jeong Seok Jae , Lee Yun Tack , Sohn Daewon
Published: June 2010

We adapted a microfluidic system using water drops in an oil phase to make an Al/Fe/Mo catalyst with a well-defined shape, with the assistance of UV polymerization on the microfluidic channel.
Near-infrared Reflecting Yellow Inorganic Pigments Based on Molybdenum-doped Yttrium Cerate: Synthesis, Characterization, and Optical Properties
Authors: Vishnu Viswanadhan Sarasamma , Reddy Mundlapudi Lakshmipathi
Published: June 2010

A new series of yellow inorganic pigments possessing high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance (91–96% at 1100 nm), based on molybdenum-doped yttrium cerate was synthesized by traditional solid-state route. The band gap of the designed pigments changes from 3.01 to 2.44 eV, displaying colors ranging from ivory-white to yellow. The coloring mechanism is attributed to the O2p–Mo4d charge-transfer transition. The pigments are environmentally benign and effectively confer their NIR reflectance properties to a roofing material like asbestos.
Ion-exchange-induced Phase Separation and Preparation of Porous Glass
Authors: Kadono Kohei , Hattori Yuki , Wakasugi Takashi , Shiomi Haruhisa , Nishii Junji
Published: June 2010

Utilizing the difference in the size of the immiscibility regions with alkali ions, phase separation was induced at the surface of 70SiO2·15B2O3·15Na2O (mol %) glass by ion exchange in which Na+ ions were replaced by Li+ ions in molten LiNO3 salt at 400 °C. The heat treatment after the ion exchange made the phase separation proceed and formed phases which can be dissolved by acid treatment. Through the ion-exchange-induced phase separation, we prepared monolithic glasses, in which only the surface region is porous and the rest is homogeneous and transparent.
Diastereoselective [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Chiral Cyclic Enone and Cyclopentene Using a Microflow Reactor System
Authors: Tsutsumi Ken , Terao Kimitada , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Yoshimura Syogo , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Fukuyama Takahide , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: June 2010

Diastereoselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of chiral cyclohexenone 1 with cyclopentene was conducted using a continuous microflow reactor. This reaction led to photoadducts 2 and 3 in a shorter reaction time and with a higher diastereoselectiviy than the corresponding reaction in a batch reactor. The effect of temperatures on the selectivities of both reaction systems is also discussed.