bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forage yield and quality estimation by means of UAV and hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Geipel J. , Bakken A. K. , Jørgensen M. , Korsaeth A.
Published: March 2021

This study investigated the potential of in-season airborne hyperspectral imaging for the calibration of robust forage yield and quality estimation models. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a hyperspectral imager were used to capture canopy reflections of a grass-legume mixture in the range of 450 nm to 800 nm. Measurements were performed over two years at two locations in Southeast and Central Norway. All images were subject to radiometric and geometric corrections before being processed to ortho-images, carrying canopy reflectance information. The data (n = 707) was split in two, using half the data for model calibration and the remaining half for validation. Several powered partial least squares regression (PPLSR) models were fitted to the reflectance data to estimate fresh (FM) and dry matter (DM) yields, as well as crude protein (CP), dry matter digestibility (DMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and indigestible neutral detergent fibre (iNDF) content. Prediction performance of these models was compared with the prediction performance of simple linear regression (SLR) models, which were based on selected vegetation indices and plant height. The highest prediction accuracies for general models, based on the pooled data, were achieved by means of PPLSR, with relative root-mean-square errors of validation of 14.2% (2550 kg FM ha−1), 15.2% (555 kg DM ha−1), 11.7% (1.32 g CP 100 g−1 DM), 2.4% (1.71 g DMD 100 g−1 DM), 4.8% (2.72 g NDF 100 g−1 DM), and 12.8% (1.32 g iNDF 100 g−1 DM) for the prediction of FM, DM, CP, DMD, NDF, and iNDF content, respectively. None of the tested SLR models achieved acceptable prediction accuracies.
Concentrate or diversify? The relationship between tenant concentration and REIT performance
Authors: Zheng Chen , Zhu Bing
Published: March 2021

This paper examines how a concentrated tenant base affects the operating performance and market valuations of US REITs. We observe that REITs adopting a concentrated tenant base present higher corporate cash flows and lower expenses. However, we identify a concentration discount effect that REITs with a more concentrated tenant base experience lower market valuations. We argue that this concentration discount is a result of the trade-offs between the impacts of the tenant base on the operating performance, risk levels and growth potentials. We find that a concentrated tenant base is associated with higher liquidity risk and lower dividend growth, resulting in an inflated discount factor. Our findings are not subject to sub-samples of focused or diversified REITs and stay robust after correcting for the selection bias as well as controlling for the lease structure, tenant quality and anchor tenant effect.r
Conflicting roles of researchers in sustainability transitions: balancing action and reflection
Authors: Bulten Ellen , Hessels Laurens K. , Hordijk Michaela , Segrave Andrew J.
Published: March 2021

Process-oriented transdisciplinary research is generally seen as a promising approach to facilitate sustainability transitions. This type of research requires new participatory roles for researchers. These new roles may conflict with traditional, more academic roles that researchers often maintain next to their new roles. Using the Dutch transdisciplinary Knowledge-Action Programme on Water (KAP Water) as a case study, we highlight tensions that researchers adopting these new roles experience. We have observed both practical and more fundamental tensions between roles of researchers in process-oriented sustainability research. In particular, it proved difficult to combine more engaged roles, where researchers are involved in dialogues for change, with knowledge-oriented roles, where researchers focus on knowledge provision and are further removed from ‘real-world action’. Tensions arise from three sources: (1) researchers’ self-perception and expectations; (2) expectations from transdisciplinary partners, funders and researchers’ home institutions; and (3) societal convictions about what scientific knowledge is and how it should be developed. This paper contributes to the literature by enhancing the understanding of the interactions and tensions between the roles of researchers in transdisciplinary research.
Roll forming of a high strength AA7075 aluminum tube
Authors: Suckow Timon , Schroeder Julius , Groche Peter
Published: March 2021

The presented paper provides a modelling strategy for roll forming of a high strength AA7075 aluminum tube. Roll forming allows the cost-effective production of large quantities of long profiles. Forming of high strength aluminum brings challenges like high springback and poor formability due to the low Young’s modulus, low ductility and high yield strength. Forming processes with high strength aluminum, such as the AA7075 alloy, therefore require a detailed process design. Three different forming strategies, one double radius strategy and two W-forming strategies are discussed in the paper. The paper addresses the question whether common roll forming strategies are appropriate for the challenge of roll forming of a high strength aluminum tube. For this purpose, different forming strategies are investigated numerically regarding buckling, longitudinal strain distribution and final geometry. While geometry is quite the same for all strategies, buckling and strain distribution differ with every strategy. The result of the numerical investigation is an open tube that can be welded into a closed tube in a subsequent step. Finally, roll forming experiments are conducted and compared with the numerical results.
Using crime script analysis to understand wildlife poaching in Vietnam
Authors: Viollaz Julie , Long Barney , Trung Cao Tiến , Kempinski Josh , Rawson Benjamin M. , Quang Hoàng Xuân , Hiền Nguyễn Ngọc , Liên Nguyễn Thị Bích , Dũng Cao Tiến , Huyền Hoàng Thương , McWhirter Renée , Dung Nguyễn Thị Thùy , Gore Meredith L.
Published: March 2021

Poaching can contribute to the failure of biodiversity conservation efforts and inflict diverse harms on human livelihoods. We applied crime script analysis to the case of snare poaching—an illegal hunting activity—in three Vietnamese protected areas. Our goal was to enhance the understanding about the opportunity structure underlying snare poaching to advance the suite of community-based crime prevention activities. We analyzed crime scripts for three types of poachers across nine stages of the poaching process using expert-based elicitation with 13 workshop participants in Vinh, Vietnam, 2018. Five stages were similar, clustered toward the early stages, and two were different, clustered around middle crime stages. Analysis produced systematic crime-specific insight about the procedural aspects and requirements for poaching from preparation to hunt to selling one’s catch. Stages identify multiple entry points to apply prevention techniques and match techniques with different types of snare poaching or poachers. Although this research focused on protected areas, the interdisciplinary approach applied herein may be adapted to other conservation contexts.
Using a novel genetic algorithm to assess peer influence on willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis in networks of Black men who have sex with men
Authors: Johnson Kara Layne , Walsh Jennifer L. , Amirkhanian Yuri A. , Borkowski John J. , Carnegie Nicole Bohme
Published: March 2021

The DeGroot model for opinion diffusion over social networks dates back to the 1970s and models the mechanism by which information or disinformation spreads through a network, changing the opinions of the agents. Extensive research exists about the behavior of the DeGroot model and its variations over theoretical social networks; however, research on how to estimate parameters of this model using data collected from an observed network diffusion process is much more limited. Existing algorithms require large data sets that are often infeasible to obtain in public health or social science applications. In order to expand the use of opinion diffusion models to these and other applications, we developed a novel genetic algorithm capable of recovering the parameters of a DeGroot opinion diffusion process using small data sets, including those with missing data and more model parameters than observed time steps. We demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm on simulated data and data from a social network intervention leveraging peer influence to increase willingness to take pre-exposure prophylaxis in an effort to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus among Black men who have sex with men.
Characteristical analysis of MHD heat and mass transfer dissipative and radiating fluid flow with magnetic field induction and suction
Authors: Poddar Saykat , Islam Muhammad Minarul , Ferdouse Jannatul , Alam Md. Mahmud
Published: March 2021

This study is conducted on the magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) boundary layer (BL) heat and mass transfer flow of thermally radiating and dissipative fluid over an infinite plate of vertical orientation with the involvement of induced magnetic field and thermal diffusion. The fluid motion is controlled by uniform suction. The constant heat and mass fluxes at the boundary (plate) have been considered to establish the boundary conditions. The foremost prevailing equations are converted into non-linear dimensionless partial differential equations (PDEs) by applying usual transformations. An efficient explicit finite difference method (FDM) has been performed to reckon the solution of the system of non-linear coupled PDEs in a numerical manner. To ensure the converging nature of the solutions, close observation and heed have been given to stability and convergence schemes. The MATLAB R2015a and Studio Developer FORTRAN 6.6a have been employed for numerical simulation of the schematic model equations. To quest steady-state, an experiment is performed on time simultaneously an experiment on mesh size is ascertained to assure a suitable mesh space. Also, a code verification test has been performed. In addition to that, the computational depictions and discussions have been undertaken on the impacts of significant parametric values for the velocity field, induced magnetic field, temperature, and concentration along with current density and shear stress. The reported results for the present numerical schemes have been compared with published papers in tables and plots. The suction parameter tends to pull down the quantitative measurement of velocity, temperature, and concentration. The induced magnetic field is affected decreasingly by the rising estimation of the magnetic parameter.
Does the chemistry of fungal pigments demand the existence of photoactivated defense strategies in basidiomycetes?
Authors: Siewert Bianka
Published: March 2021

The well-known photosensitizers hypericin, harmane, and emodin are typical pigments of certain mushroom species—is this a coincidence or an indication towards a photoactivated defense mechanism in the phylum Basidiomycota? This perspective article explores this hypothesis by cross-linking the chemistry of fungal pigments with structural requirements from known photosensitizers and insights from photoactivated strategies in the kingdom Plantae. Thereby, light is shed on a yet unexplored playground dealing with ecological questions, photopharmaceutical opportunities, and biotechnological potentials.
Integrating Logics in the Governance of Emerging Technologies
Authors: Anderson Derrick Mason , Whitford Andrew
Published: March 2021

The governance of emerging technologies does not follow a single governance paradigm because of complex interactions between government, industry, and civil actors. In this Element, we will argue that for emerging technologies, governance is a 'convergent paradigm'. We introduce governance issues associated with emerging technologies generally before turning to the specifics of nanotechnology. We then approach governance theory and practice by considering different perspectives on governance by their different orientations with respect to object and process. Finally, we construct a matrix of object and process oriented governance activities observed in the case of nanotechnology in the United States.
Heavy Metals in Archaeological Soils
Authors: Kennedy Sarah A. , Kelloway Sarah J.
Published: March 2021

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy is commonly used for testing toxic levels of heavy metals in modern industrial waste sites, and it has seen growing applicability in the context of archaeological survey and soils. In this study, we present the results of our pXRF analysis of surface soils at a historic silver refinery located near Puno, Peru, in the western Lake Titicaca Basin. The results of our analysis identified hazardous levels of antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in excavation soils, necessitating the relocation of planned excavation units and the use of personal protective equipment. This study highlights the advantages of rapid, in situ pXRF analysis of surface soils in contaminated industrial archaeology sites to assess potential harm to human health.
On the bead design in LFT structures: the influence of manufacturing-induced residual stresses
Authors: Revfi Sven , Mikus Marvin , Behdinan Kamran , Albers Albert
Published: March 2021

In the design of long fibre reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) structures, there is a direct dependency on the manufacturing. Therefore, it is indispensable to integrate the manufacturing influences into the design process. This not only offers new opportunities for material- and load-adapted designs, but also reduces cost-intensive modifications in later stages. The goal of this contribution is to make the complexity manageable by presenting a method which couples LFT manufacturing and structural simulations in an automated optimization loop. Herein, the influence of linear-elastic, local anisotropic material properties as well as residual stresses resulting from the compression molding of LFT on the stiffness-optimized design of beaded plates is investigated. Based on the simulation studies in this contribution, it can be summarized that the resulting bead height and flank angle, considering anisotropies and residual stresses, are smaller compared to isotropic modelling. As a conclusion, the strength constraint limits the maximum bead height and the flank angle needs to be additionally chosen as a consequence of the local fibre orientations and residual stresses resulting from manufacturing. Optimized bead cross sections are only valid for a specific system under investigation, as they depend on the defined boundary conditions (load case, initial charge geometry and position, fibre orientations, etc.).
Pseudorotations of the -disc and Reeb flows on the -sphere
Authors: ALBERS PETER , GEIGES HANSJÖRG , ZEHMISCH KAI
Published: March 2021

We use Lerman’s contact cut construction to find a sufficient condition for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of compact surfaces to embed into a closed
$3$
-manifold as Poincaré return maps on a global surface of section for a Reeb flow. In particular, we show that the irrational pseudorotations of the

$2$
-disc constructed by Fayad and Katok embed into the Reeb flow of a dynamically convex contact form on the

$3$
-sphere.
Rethinking Qing Manchuria's Prohibition Policies
Authors: Schlesinger Jonathan
Published: March 2021

Historians hold that to preserve the Manchu homeland the Qing court instituted a “policy of prohibition” (Ch: fengjin zhengce), forbidding Han immigrants from settling in the region until the final decades of its rule. Using Manchu-language archives from the garrison of Hunčun (Ch: Hunchun), this article questions whether such a prohibition guided local governance. In some jurisdictions in Manchuria, including in Hunčun, the Qing state did not always have an overarching policy towards Han migrants. Migration, in fact, was often less of a concern to the state than poaching. We can reassess the history of Manchuria accordingly. Modern historians have been preoccupied with the coming of Han migrants to Qing Manchuria; the Qing government in Hunčun was not.
Mafic rocks with back-arc E-MORB affinity from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of India: relicts of a Proterozoic Ophiolite suite
Authors: Ahmad Mansoor , Paul Abdul Qayoom , Negi Priyanka , Akhtar Salim , Gogoi Bibhuti , Saikia Ashima
Published: March 2021

The Proterozoic Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC) at the northern boundary of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ) of the eastern Indian shield preserves relics of fossilized oceanic back-arc crust. We describe the field, petrographical and geochemical characteristics of the mafic rocks comprising pillow basalts and dolerites from the Bathani area of the northern fringe of the CGGC, eastern India. The basalts consist of plagioclase feldspar, hornblende, opaque minerals (Fe–Ti oxide) and chlorite, and the dolerite consists of plagioclase, hornblende and opaque minerals. Our data indicate that the Bathani mafic rocks have tholeiitic to transitional composition and are overprinted by greenschist facies metamorphic conditions; however, REE and fluid immobile elements preserve their primary geochemical signatures. The (La/Sm)N ratios (1.38–2.15) and chondrite-normalized REE patterns point to an enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) mantle source. Geochemical characteristics indicate a mixed signature of MORB and arc tholeiite with enrichment of Ba, Th, Eu and Sr, similar to that of back-arc supra-subduction zone ophiolites. These mafic rocks are the product of MORB-like magma derived from a depleted mantle corresponding to < 2% partial melting of spinel lherzolite, enriched by subduction-induced slab metasomatism and melting. The Bathani mafic rocks are representative of the upper part of a supra-subduction zone columnar ophiolite section, which was emplaced onto the present-day northern margin of the CGGC during suturing of the northern and southern Indian block at c. 1.9 Ga during the Nuna amalgamation.
Natural fractures in tight gas sandstones: a case study of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang gas field, Western Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Yunzhao , Zeng Lianbo , Lyu Wenya , Sun Dongsheng , Chen Shuangquan , Guan Cong , Tang Lei , Shi Jinxiong , Zhang Junhui
Published: March 2021

The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation is a typical tight gas reservoir in which natural fractures determine the migration, accumulation and production capacity of tight gas. In this study, we focused on the influences of natural fractures on the tight gas migration and production. We clarified characteristics and attributes (i.e. dips, apertures, filling degree and cross-cutting relationships) of the fractures based on image logging interpretations and core descriptions. Previous studies of electron spin resonance, carbon and oxygen isotopes, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions analysis and basin simulation were considered. This study also analysed the fracture sequences, source of fracture fillings, diagenetic sequences and tight gas enrichment stages. We obtained insight into the relationship between fracture evolution and hydrocarbon charging, particularly the effect of the apertures and intensity of natural fractures on tight gas production. We reveal that the bedding fractures are short horizontal migration channels of tight gas. The tectonic fractures with middle, high and nearly vertical angles are beneficial to tight gas vertical migration. The apertures of fractures are controlled by the direction of maximum principal stress and fracture angle. The initial gas production of the vertical wells presents a positive correlation with the fracture abundance, and the intensity and aperture of fractures are the fundamental factors that determine the tight gas production. With these findings, this study is expected to guide the future exploration and development of tight gas with similar geological backgrounds.
ENT trainees’ experience of redeployment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a qualitative study
Authors: Lion P , McClenaghan F , Hall A , Mackinnon S , Navaratnam AV
Published: March 2021

Background

As a response to the acute strain placed on the National Health Service during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 in the UK, a number of junior doctors including ENT trainees were redeployed to other clinical specialties. This presented these trainees with novel challenges and opportunities.

Methods

A qualitative study was performed to explore these experiences, undertaking semi-structured interviews with ENT trainees between 17th and 30th July. Participants were recruited through purposeful sampling. Interview transcripts underwent thematic analysis using Dedoose software.

Results

Seven ENT trainees were interviewed, ranging from specialty trainee years four to eight (‘ST4’ to ‘ST8’) in grade. Six core themes were identified: organisation of redeployment, utilisation of skill set, emotional impact of redeployment, redeployed team dynamics, concerns about safety and impact on training.

Conclusion

The ENT trainees’ experiences of redeployment described highlight some important lessons and considerations for future redeployments.
Successful metabolic control in diabetes type 1 depends on individual neuroeconomic and health risk-taking decision endophenotypes: a new target in personalized care
Authors: Jorge Helena , Duarte Isabel C. , Correia Bárbara R. , Barros Luísa , Relvas Ana Paula , Castelo-Branco Miguel
Published: March 2021

Background

Neurobehavioral decision profiles have often been neglected in chronic diseases despite their direct impact on major public health issues such as treatment adherence. This remains a major concern in diabetes, despite intensive efforts and public awareness initiatives regarding its complications. We hypothesized that high rates of low adherence are related to risk-taking profiles associated with decision-making phenotypes. If this hypothesis is correct, it should be possible to define these endophenotypes independently based both on dynamic measures of metabolic control (HbA1C) and multidimensional behavioral profiles.

Methods

In this study, 91 participants with early-stage type 1 diabetes fulfilled a battery of self-reported real-world risk behaviors and they performed an experimental task, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).

Results

K-means and two-step cluster analysis suggest a two-cluster solution providing information of distinct decision profiles (concerning multiple domains of risk-taking behavior) which almost perfectly match the biological partition, based on the division between stable or improving metabolic control (MC,N= 49)v.unstably high or deteriorating states (NoMC,N= 42). This surprising dichotomy of behavioral phenotypes predicted by the dynamics of HbA1C was further corroborated by standard statistical testing. Finally, the BART game enabled to identify groups differences in feedback learning and consequent behavioral choices under ambiguity, showing distinct group choice behavioral patterns.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that distinct biobehavioral endophenotypes can be related to the success of metabolic control. These findings also have strong implications for programs to improve patient adherence, directly addressing risk-taking profiles.
Oocyte vitrification induces loss of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the resulting embryos derived using ICSI in dromedary camel
Authors: Moulavi F. , Saadeldin I.M. , Swelum A.A. , Tasdighi F. , Hosseini-Fahraji H. , Hosseini S.M.
Published: March 2021

Oocyte cryopreservation has become an important component of assisted reproductive technology with increasing implication in female fertility preservation and animal reproduction. However, the possible adverse effects of oocyte cryopreservation on epigenetic status of the resulting embryos is still an open question. This study evaluated the effects of MII-oocyte vitrification on gene transcripts linked to epigenetic reprogramming in association with the developmental competence and epigenetic status of the resulting embryos at 2-cell and blastocyst stages in dromedary camel. The cleavage rate of vitrified oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection was significantly increased compared with the control (98.2 ± 2 vs. 72.7 ± 4.1%, respectively), possibly due to the higher susceptibility of vitrified oocytes to spontaneous activation. Nonetheless, the competence of cleaved embryos derived from vitrified oocytes for development to the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst was significantly reduced compared with the control (7.7 ± 1.2 and 11.1 ± 11.1 compared with 28.1 ± 2.6 and 52.4 ± 9.9%, respectively). The relative transcript abundances of epigenetic reprogramming genes DNMT1, DNMT3B, HDAC1, and SUV39H1 were all significantly reduced in vitrified oocytes relative to the control. Evaluation of the epigenetic marks showed significant reductions in the levels of DNA methylation (6.1 ± 0.3 vs. 9.9 ± 0.5, respectively) and H3K9 acetylation (7.8 ± 0.2 vs. 10.7 ± 0.3, respectively) in 2-cell embryos in the vitrification group relative to the control. Development to the blastocyst stage partially adjusted the effects that oocyte vitrification had on the epigenetic status of embryos (DNA methylation: 4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 6.2 ± 0.6; H3K9 acetylation: 5.8 ± 0.3 vs. 8 ± 0.9, respectively). To conclude, oocyte vitrification may interfere with the critical stages of epigenetic reprogramming during preimplantation embryo development.
La Reprise: Histoire(s) du théâtre (I)
Authors: Rau Milo ,   Ensemble
Published: March 2021

Through the story of Ihsane Jarfi’s murder, Milo Rau suggests there are shades of gray between the actual event and the staged event, and between murder and performing murder. This performance text was developed by Rau and his Ensemble of professional and amateur actors.
Dances with Robots
Authors: Cuan Catie
Published: March 2021

What does it feel like to dance with a robot? How do you choreograph one? Working with robots during three artistic residencies and two research projects has raised questions about agency and generative processes, revealing how dancing with robots may provoke a more interanimate everyday world.
To Applied Theatre, with Love
Authors: Thompson James
Published: March 2021

A violent event in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the loss of a friend created a path for re-engaging with applied theatre and love for the field of applied theatre. In a singularly loveless world, theatre practitioners, performance scholars, and activists need to renew a sense of passion, joy, and commitment to their work.
Profound Connectivity
Authors: Bell Gelsey
Published: March 2021

Online musical performances in the first few months of the pandemic and lockdown in New York City bring to light the sonic and temporal challenges, unique acoustic space, and aesthetic possibilities of performing on Zoom. The social connection gained through these performance events is the key to their efficacy.
Forced Migration and Protection: Turkey’s Domestic Responses to the Syrian Refugees
Authors: Çelik Çetin , White Holly
Published: March 2021

This article investigates how Turkey implements its responsibilities of an international refugee protection regime at policy level, and it focuses specifically on empirical scholarship about the domestic responses to Syrian refugees. While refugee protection draws on the principles of humanitarianism and non-refoulement in general, how it is understood and delivered is complex and situation-specific. In the exponentially growing literature on Syrian refugees in Turkey, the scholarship often takes for granted the policy responses without highlighting their relations with practices. With situational analysis of the secondary documents, this article introduces refugee protection policies and regulations and makes an analysis of domestic responses in different fields concerning Syrian refugees. This critical appraisal finds that Turkey’s responses mostly include humanitarian social protection and lack rights-based legal protection. This pushes Syrian refugees into exploitative situations.
Deservingness in Judicial Discourse. An Analysis of the Legal Reasoning Adopted in Dutch Case Law on Irregular Migrant Families’ Access to Shelter
Authors: Slingenberg Lieneke
Published: March 2021

In September 2012, the Dutch Supreme Court upheld a judgment of the Hague Court of Appeal that the eviction from basic shelter of a mother and her minor children, who did not have legal residence in the Netherlands, was unlawful. This ruling was instigated by a radically new interpretation of the European Social Charter’s personal scope and caused a major shift in Dutch policy.

This article provides a case study into the legal reasoning adopted by the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. It argues that, instead of relying on legal doctrinal reasoning for justifying the outcome, both courts referred to factors that the general public relies on to assess people’s deservingness of welfare. This finding raises fundamental questions about the relationship between human rights law and deservingness; and calls, therefore, for further research into the relevance of deservingness criteria in judicial discourse.
Perceptions of Local versus National Factors in Religious and Tribal Conflict: Evidence from a Survey in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Vinson Laura Thaut , Rudloff Peter
Published: March 2021

Does the ethnic dimension of violence—religious versus tribal—shape whether individuals perceive national versus local issues as central? Based on survey data collected in Jos, Nigeria—a site of recurring ethnic violence since 2001—this paper argues that attribution to local versus national causes varies depending on whether individuals perceive the violence as religious or tribal. We also show that this has implications for peacebuilding, as views of the ethnic dimensions of violence also distinctly shape attitudes regarding national- versus local-level solutions. Broadly, this paper demonstrates the importance of a more nuanced approach to the study of ethnic conflict—specifically, the need to interrogate how perceptions of identity, conflict, and the locus of conflict interrelate.
Freedom of assembly under attack: General and indiscriminate surveillance and interference with internet communications
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: March 2021

Every day across the world, as people assemble, demonstrate and protest, their pictures, their messages, tweets and other personal information are amassed without adequate justification. Arguing that they do so in order to protect assemblies, governments deploy a wide array of measures, including facial recognition, fake mobile towers and internet shutdowns. These measures are primarily analyzed as interferences with the right to privacy and freedom of expression, but it is argued here that protest and other assembly surveillance should also be understood as an infringement of freedom of assembly. This is necessary not only to preserve the distinct nature of freedom of assembly that protects collective action, but also to allow for better regulation of surveillance and interference with internet communications during assemblies.
The camera and the Red Cross: “Lamentable pictures” and conflict photography bring into focus an international movement, 1855–1865
Authors: de Laat Sonya
Published: March 2021

Henry Dunant's appeal for a neutral and impartial organization to provide care to wounded combatants aligned with growing criticism of mid-nineteenth-century European and North American conflicts. This article discusses the important convergence of Dunant's “lamentable pictures”, laid out in his Memory of Solferino, with spectators’ passionate responses to them and to battlefield photographs that circulated between 1855 and 1865. Through these images and reactions, there emerged a shared, expanded vision of humanity worth caring for, which brought into focus an international humanitarian movement.
Biases in machine learning models and big data analytics: The international criminal and humanitarian law implications
Authors: Milaninia Nema
Published: March 2021

Advances in mobile phone technology and social media have created a world where the volume of information generated and shared is outpacing the ability of humans to review and use that data. Machine learning (ML) models and “big data” analytical tools have the power to ease that burden by making sense of this information and providing insights that might not otherwise exist. In the context of international criminal and human rights law, ML is being used for a variety of purposes, including to uncover mass graves in Mexico, find evidence of homes and schools destroyed in Darfur, detect fake videos and doctored evidence, predict the outcomes of judicial hearings at the European Court of Human Rights, and gather evidence of war crimes in Syria. ML models are also increasingly being incorporated by States into weapon systems in order to better enable targeting systems to distinguish between civilians, allied soldiers and enemy combatants or even inform decision-making for military attacks.

The same technology, however, also comes with significant risks. ML models and big data analytics are highly susceptible to common human biases. As a result of these biases, ML models have the potential to reinforce and even accelerate existing racial, political or gender inequalities, and can also paint a misleading and distorted picture of the facts on the ground. This article discusses how common human biases can impact ML models and big data analytics, and examines what legal implications these biases can have under international criminal law and international humanitarian law.
Media and compassion after digital war: Why digital media haven't transformed responses to human suffering in contemporary conflict
Authors: Hoskins Andrew
Published: March 2021

There is a persistent belief in the power of media images to transform the events they depict. Yet despite the instant availability of billions of images of human suffering and death in the continuous and connective digital glare of social media, the catastrophes of contemporary wars, such as in Syria and Yemen, unfold relentlessly. There are repeated expressions of surprise by some in the West when the dissemination of images of suffering and wars, particularly in mainstream news media, does not translate into a de-escalation of conflict.

In this article I consider today's loosening of the often presumed relationship between media representation, knowledge and response under the conditions of “digital war”. This is the digital disruption of the relationship between warfare and society in which all sides participate in the uploading and sharing of information on, and images and videos of, conflict.

Is it the case that the capacity of images of human injury and death to bring about change, and the expectation that they would stir practical intervention in wars, is and has been exaggerated? Even if we are moved or shocked upon being confronted by such images, does this translate into some form of action, individual or otherwise? In this article I contend that the saturation of information and images of human suffering and death in contemporary warfare has not ushered in a new era of “compassion fatigue”. Rather, algorithmically charged outrage is a proxy for effects. It is easy to misconstrue the velocity of linking and liking and sharing as some kind of mass action or mass movement.

Humanitarian catastrophes slowly unfold in an age of continuous and connective digital glare, and yet they are unseen. If the imploded battlefield of digital war affording the most proximate and persistent view of human suffering and death in history cannot ultimately mobilize radically effective forms of public response, it is difficult to imagine what will.
The Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Executive Function
Authors: Laborde S. , Allen M. S. , Borges U. , Hosang T. J. , Furley P. , Mosley E. , Dosseville F.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The aim of this experiment was to test the immediate effects of slow-paced breathing on executive function. Slow-paced breathing is suggested to increase cardiac vagal activity, and the neurovisceral integration model predicts that higher cardiac vagal activity leads to better executive functioning. In total, 78 participants (41 men, 37 women; Mage = 23.22 years) took part in two counterbalanced experimental conditions: a 3 × 5 min slow-paced breathing condition and a television viewing control condition. After each condition, heart rate variability was measured and participants performed three executive function tasks: the color-word match Stroop (inhibition), the automated operation span task (working memory), and the modified card sorting task (cognitive flexibility). Results showed that performance on executive function tasks was better after slow-paced breathing compared to control, with higher scores observed for Stroop interference accuracy, automated operation span score, and perseverative errors, but not Stroop interference reaction times. This difference in executive function between experimental conditions was not mediated by cardiac vagal activity. Therefore, findings only partially align with predictions of the neurovisceral integration model. Slow-paced breathing appears a promising technique to improve immediate executive function performance. Further studies are recommended that address possible alternative underlying mechanisms and long-term effects.
Motherhood Specificities With the Rorschach Method
Authors: Belot Rose-Angélique , Pheulpin Marie-Christine , Roman Pacal , Bouteloup Margaux , Pointurier Mathilde , Paez Diane , Mottet Nicolas , Mellier Denis
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Motherhood, listed by the World Health Organization as a period of fragility and vulnerability, involves significant changes at the individual, family and social level. Becoming a mother entails a number of risk factors to take into account. It is therefore necessary to carry out studies on general populations not suffering from psychopathological disorders to better understand these risk factors linked to motherhood. This study was carried out in France with a nonconsulting population in the postnatal phase ( N = 30) using the Rorschach test, as it presents numerous advantages to appreciate the psychic and corporeal transformations linked to birth. The quantitative results of the test were compared with recently updated norms ( De Tychey et al., 2012 ). Eight values of the psychogram remained normative (F%, F+%, W%, Dd%, M, C, H%, P) reflecting the characteristics of a general population; conversely, eight other values of the psychogram (R, D%, S%, A%, RC%, m, E, Anguish Index%) differed significantly from general population norms. These results increase knowledge to help appreciate the complexity of the psychic processes at work during the postnatal period, and to prevent psychopathological disorders. It is thus possible to distinguish these disorders from those that are transitory and classically linked to the upheaval caused by the onset of motherhood.
Teaching the Rorschach Comprehensive System
Authors: Fouques Damien , Castro Dana , Mouret Marion , Le Chevanton Tristan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The administration process of the Rorschach test is of utmost importance as it influences both the coding and the interpretative procedures. Performing it appropriately requires complex skills, knowledge, and solid training. The aim of the study is to describe students’ interests in and difficulties with administering the Rorschach (Comprehensive System) for the first time. A two-phase methodology, including an analysis of questionnaire responses followed by a study of students’ written narratives, using Iramuteq textual analysis software, was implemented with two different samples of third-year undergraduates (including 63 and 253 participants, respectively), recruited from a French psychology school. Our results show that students have a strong interest in understanding the test and wish to use it in their future practice. When administering the Rorschach for the first time, students find it difficult to cope with the complexity of the procedures at a technical, emotional, and relational level.
Concurrent Validity of the Sixty-Second Drawing Test in Measuring High-Schoolers’ Close Relationships and Depression
Authors: Kövi Zsuzsanna , Hittner James B. , Mirnics Zsuzsanna , Grezsa Ferenc , Smohai Máté , Jakšić Nenad , Mészáros Veronika , Rózsa Sándor , Vargha András , Tanyi Zsuzsanna , Vass Zoltán
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Although clinicians have a long history of using drawings for personality and emotional assessment, the empirical validation of the drawings has been inconsistent. The goal of this study was to examine the validity of the Sixty-Second Drawing Test (SSDT) in predicting close relationships and depression. The sample consisted of 2,883 Hungarian students. The SSDT required participants to draw a series of circles, where the circles represented the self, significant others, different moods, and God. Standardized questionnaires (the Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised and the Children’s Depression Inventory) were also administered. Generally speaking, small distances and relatively smaller self-circles were associated with better relationships. Depression was indicated by drawing large bad-mood circles that were close to one’s self-circle, along with small happiness-circles that were distant from one’s self-circle. The magnitudes of all associations were small to moderate, with explained variances ranging from 7.6% to 21.9%. The results suggest that using drawings of circles to represent important object-relations can, to some extent, predict interpersonal relations and depressive symptoms. Although we do not advocate using the SSDT as a clinical diagnostic measure, it can serve as a useful screening tool for identifying potential relational and affective difficulties.
A New Model for Formation of Lacustrine Primary Dolomite by Subaqueous Hydrothermal Venting
Authors: Yang Zhe , Whitaker Fiona F. , Liu Runchao , Phillips Jeremy C. , Zhong Dakang
Published: March 2021

Almost 230 years after it was first described, formation of the mineral dolomite remains enigmatic. Dolomitic rocks are abundant throughout the geological record, and most are thought to form by replacement of limestone. Recent work has identified substantial volumes of high‐temperature primary dolomite deposited in Cretaceous lacustrine rift basins in Northern China. Here we provide the missing conceptual understanding of the fundamental processes that may have formed such dolomitic sediments by combining an analysis of the physics and chemistry of sub‐lacustrine hydrothermal systems with new data on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the dolomites. This novel mechanism accounts for systematic changes in the characteristics of the dolomite sequence that intimately link with the evolution of convection within the fault damage zone and venting of brine‐rich mixtures to the lake basin, and provides a new model to be tested against dolomitic sediments in high‐enthalpy settings such as rifting basins.
Seafloor Geodetic Pressure Measurements to Detect Shallow Slow Slip Events: Methods to Remove Contributions From Ocean Water
Authors: Watts D. Randolph , Wei Meng , Tracey Karen L. , Donohue Kathleen A. , He Bing
Published: March 2021

Shallow slow slip events (SSEs) provide a mechanism for strain release in the shallow part of subduction zones, with fundamental implications for fault mechanics and tsunami hazards. Despite their importance, SSEs are challenging to monitor. They occur under the ocean far from land‐based GPS stations, and while seafloor pressure sensors can detect SSE vertical seafloor movements, the measured bottom pressure includes “ocean noise” signals from pressure variations within the water column. Seeking to improve techniques to remove ocean noise, a pilot study offshore Oregon collected seafloor pressure and near‐bottom current measurements at four sites from April to November 2017. Three methods were applied to reduce ocean noise: 1) subtract a reference pressure, 2) apply complex empirical orthogonal function analysis to pressure measurements, and 3) combine pressure and current measurements with optimal interpolation (OI). All three methods are established techniques from either geodesy or oceanography. Each method produced residual standard deviation, σ < 1 hPa. No SSE was detected during this study. For illustration purposes synthetic SSEs of 2 cm amplitude and 7‐days duration were added and detected, one at a time at different spots. Because currents are unaffected by a SSE, the combination of currents and pressures with the dynamical constraint of geostrophy in OI reduced the false interpretation of the synthetic SSEs as oceanic. OI produced the most reliable detection. Future seafloor geodesy field projects should consider adding current sensors and using OI methods to reduce ocean noise and to reveal tectonic signals.
Focal Mechanisms of Intraslab Earthquakes: Insights From Pseudotachylytes in Mantle Units
Authors: Hosseinzadehsabeti E. , Ferré E. C. , Andersen T. B. , Geissman J. W. , Bilardello D. , Di Toro G.
Published: March 2021

Devastating seismic events occur mainly in subduction zones, and a significant percentage of them are intraslab earthquakes. The geologic record of these events holds valuable information that needs to be investigated for a comprehensive seismic risk assessment. Here we investigate pseudotachylytes formed in oceanic peridotites and that are interpreted to result from intraslab seismic rupture. Each vein has recorded the seismic slip direction and slip sense of a single coseismic shear‐heating event. The well‐preserved exposures, showing individual veins up to 7 m in length and about 3 cm in width, of Cima di Gratera, in the Schistes Lustrés ophiolitic units of Corsica, offer unparalleled opportunities to investigate intraslab rupture kinematics in mantle rocks. The principal ferromagnetic phase in these rocks is a Ti‐poor magnetite. We use the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) recorded in pseudotachylyte generation veins (bulk susceptibilities range from 600 to 20,000 × 10−6 [SI] volume, with P′ ranging from 1.05 to 2.5) to reconstruct the co‐seismic deformation parameters, that is, fault plane attitude, direction and sense of slip. These new results, internally consistent at the vein level, span across oblate and prolate symmetries and reveal that seismic deformation recorded in these veins was kinematically diverse and included mostly normal mechanisms acting along the same subduction zone. In addition, our investigations show that the magnetic fabric of peridotite‐hosted pseudotachylytes provides key information bearing on the complex dynamics of frictional melts at a unprecedently high spatial resolution.