bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diamond-Shaped Mini-Craniotomy: A New Concept in Neurosurgery
Authors: Umana Giuseppe Emmanuele , Scalia Gianluca , Fricia Marco , Nicoletti Giovanni Federico , Iacopino Domenico Gerardo , Maugeri Rosario , Tomasi Santino Ottavio , Cicero Salvatore , Alberio Nicola
Published: August 2021

Background We describe, step by step, a modified, less invasive, diamond-shaped mini-craniotomy that optimizes dural opening and can be performed in elderly patients affected by acute subdural or intracerebral hematomas, in therapy with antiplatelets or anticoagulants.

Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 67 patients (mean age of 78.5 years) treated in our institution, during a period of 10 years, with this novel diamond-shaped craniotomy. Seventeen patients were treated for intracerebral hemorrhage and 50 patients for acute subdural hematomas. All the patients were in therapy with antiplatelets or anticoagulants.

Results Approach-related complications were not detected. Ten of 67 patients (14.9%) presented temporal muscle atrophy; there was no scar deformity, paresthesia, hyperalgesia, or ramus frontalis palsy around the scalp incision. Thirty-day mortality was 22%. The mean follow-up was 1.3 years. One-month postoperative brain computed tomography scans showed a satisfactory hematoma evacuation in 57 of 67 patients (85%).

Conclusions The diamond-shaped mini-craniotomy for acute subdural and intracerebral hematomas is safe and effective, and it should be considered as an alternative to traditional approaches, particularly in elderly patients.
An Analysis of the Safety of Medication Ordering Using Typo Correction within an Academic Medical System
Authors: Darby Alaina Brooks , Karas Brittany Lee , Wagner Tina
Published: August 2021

Objectives Spelling during medication ordering is prone to error, which can contribute to frustration, confusion, and, ultimately, errors. Typo correction can be utilized in an effort to mitigate the effects of misspellings by providing results even when no exact matches can be found. Although, typo correction can be beneficial in some scenarios, safety concerns have been raised when utilizing the functionality for medication ordering. Our primary objective was to analyze the effects of typo correction technology on medication errors within an academic medical system after implementation of the technology. Our secondary objective was to identify and provide additional recommendations to further improve the safety of the functionality.

Methods We analyzed 8 months of post-implementation data obtained from staff-reported medication errors and search query information obtained from the electronic health record. The reports were analyzed by two pharmacists in two phases: retrospective identification of errors occurring as a result of typo correction and prospective identification of potential errors with continued use of the functionality.

Results In retrospective review of 2,603 reported medication-related errors, 26 were identified as potentially involving typo correction as a contributing factor. Six of these orders invoked typo correction, but none of the errors could be attributed to typo correction. In prospective review, a list of 40 error-prone words and terms were identified to be added as stop words and 407 medication synonyms were identified for removal from their associated medication records.

Conclusion Our results indicate, when properly implemented, typo correction does not cause additional medication errors. However, there may be benefit in implementing further precautions for preventing future errors.
Approach to and Practice of Disc Fenestration in the Management of Intervertebral Disc Extrusions in Dogs: A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Hall Jessica Falconer , Freeman Paul
Published: August 2021

Objective Intervertebral disc fenestration has been shown to reduce the risk of extrusion in the thoracolumbar region in dogs, but use of the technique varies between individual neurologists and surgeons. Our aim was to investigate opinions and practices regarding disc fenestration amongst those involved in neurosurgery in dogs.

Study Design A web-based survey containing questions relating to the use of fenestration during treatment of intervertebral disc extrusion in dogs was distributed to board-certified neurologists and surgeons. Results were analysed using Microsoft Excel.

Results There were 323 responses from 190 neurologists and 133 surgeons. Seventy-one per cent of respondents routinely used concurrent disc fenestration when performing decompressive surgery in the thoracolumbar region, although the rate was lower amongst surgeons (55%) than neurologists (82%). Only 25% of respondents performed concurrent fenestration in the cervical spine. Forty-five per cent of respondents reported having experienced complications, with haemorrhage being the most common.

Conclusion Fenestration is widely used in the management of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion, but a universally accepted approach does not exist, and differences are seen between neurologists and surgeons.
Anatomy of the Middle Meningeal Artery
Authors: Sant'Anna Marco Aurélio Ferrari , Luciano Leonardo Luca , Chaves Pedro Henrique Silveira , Santos Leticia Adrielle dos , Moreira Rafaela Gonçalves , Peixoto Rian , Barcellos Ronald , Reis Geraldo Avila , Pereira Carlos Umberto , Rabelo Nícollas Nunes
Published: August 2021

Introduction The middle meningeal artery (MMA) is an important artery in neurosurgery. As the largest branch of the maxillary artery, it provides nutrition to the meninges and to the frontal and parietal regions. Diseases, including dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), pseudoaneurysm, true aneurysm, traumatic arteriovenous fistula (TAVF), Moya-Moya disease (MMD), recurrent chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), migraine, and meningioma, may be related to the MMA. The aim of the present study is to describe the anatomy of the MMA and to correlate it with brain diseases.

Methods A literature review was performed using the PubMed, Scielo, Scientific Direct, Ebsco, LILACS, TripDataBase and Cochrane databases, with the following descriptors: neurosurgery, neuroanatomy, meninges and blood supply.

Discussion The MMA is embedded in a cranial groove, and traumatic or iatrogenic factors can result in MMA-associated pseudoaneurysms or arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). In hemodynamic stress, true aneurysms can develop. Arteriovenous fistulas, pseudoaneurysms, and true aneurysms can be effectively treated by endovascular or surgical removal. In MMD, the MMA plays a role in the development and in the improvement of collateral circulation. Finally, in cases of CSDH, when standard surgery and drainage fail, MMA embolization can constitute a great alternative.

Conclusion The MMA is a relevant structure for the understanding of neurosurgical diseases. In conclusion, every neurosurgeon must know the anatomy of the MMA sufficiently to correlate it with the diagnosed pathology, thus obtaining treatment effectiveness and preventing brain lesion.
Underwater mobile gravity measurement data processing using continuous-discrete Kalman filter
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Liu Zhongle , Zhang Hongxin
Published: August 2021

To solve the data fusion problem in underwater mobile gravity measurement, a direct estimation method based on pose information is proposed. First, the state model is established using the continuous evolution equation of the state. Then, to obtain the space model of the state for data fusion of the measured underwater mobile gravity, the measurement model is constructed according to the external measurement equation. To solve the continuous-discrete space model of the state, the numerical integration method for continuous time updates and the virtual sampling iterative method for discrete observation updates are proposed, which can be used for the time update case and the observation update case, respectively. In this way, the continuous-discrete iterative extended Kalman filter for direct pose estimation is formed. The proposed methods are compared and analyzed based on the motion simulation data of different carrier and inertial measurement unit simulation data for different accuracy levels. The method proposed in this paper has been validated by carrying out the experiments on a lake. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can minimize the effect of accuracy of initial alignment on strapdown gravimetric measurement and shows a better dynamic estimation performance.
Influence of dusty plasma on antenna radiation
Authors: Guo Linjing , Guo Lixin , Gan Liping
Published: August 2021

Dust particles generated from the thermal protection layer greatly influence the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the plasma sheath. This paper presents the first calculation of the effects of these dust particles on microstrip antenna radiation. On the basis of an integrated model of the ablation plasma sheath and C-band microstrip antenna, the ray tracing method is used to obtain the disturbed electric field in a traditional plasma and a dusty plasma (with different dust parameters). The results show that the dust particles cause greater attenuation of incident waves, and different dust parameters have different effects on the penetrating electric field. This study reveals that the ablation of the thermal protection layer changes the electromagnetic properties of the plasma sheath, and the generated dust particles should not be ignored in the electromagnetic computation.
A nanopump using carbon nanotube hetero-junction driven by symmetric temperature gradients
Authors: Jin Yakang , Gao Xiang , Zhang Kai , Li Zhigang
Published: August 2021

In this work, we report a thermal pump using a carbon nanotube (CNT) hetero-junction, which is formed by connecting two CNTs of different diameters. Through molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that water flows can be generated by symmetric temperature gradients. The flow velocity and flow rate reach 1.47 m/s and 47.2 μm3/min, respectively, under a symmetric temperature gradient of 7.5 K/nm. It is also demonstrated that the flow direction can be controlled by the direction of the temperature gradient. A theoretical model is developed on the basis of the excess enthalpy of water in the CNT hetero-junction to describe the flow. Furthermore, the effect of CNT chirality on the water flow is also studied. It is found that water transport in armchair CNT hetero-junctions is more favorable than that in zigzag CNT hetero-junctions. The numerical demonstrations in this work provide a new nanoscale design for generating fluid flows by symmetric temperature gradients, which can be used for chip-level cooling.
Motion of a spherical magnetizable body along a layer of magnetic fluid in a uniform magnetic field
Authors: Sharova O. A. , Merkulov D. I. , Pelevina D. A. , Vinogradova A. S. , Naletova V. A.
Published: August 2021

This paper studies how a spherical magnetizable body interacts with a magnetic fluid layer on a horizontal plane in a uniform vertical magnetic field. It is experimentally shown that the body can move along the magnetic fluid layer. A theoretical analysis takes into account gravity and viscous friction. The impact of the problem parameters on the magnetic force acting on the body from the layer is investigated, and it is shown that the body can be either attracted or repelled by the magnetic fluid layer.
Investigation on the internal flow of ventilated partial cavity
Authors: Qin Shijie , Sun Shuai , Yoon Kyungduck , Fang Hezhen , Chen Ying , Wu Dazhuan
Published: August 2021

This study presents investigations on the internal flow behaviors and mechanisms of the ventilated partial cavity created by air ventilation behind a backward-facing step. Both planar particle image velocimetry experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted over a range of freestream velocities (U∞) for varying ventilation rates (QAs). The experimental and numerical internal flows are reasonably concordance, revealing three distinct internal flow regions: the ventilation region, the entrained internal boundary layer region, and the reversed region sandwiched in-between. The three-dimensional internal flow structures and the internal pressure gradients are numerically revealed. The internal recirculation vortex in the ventilation region is found to be induced by the stream-wise adverse pressure gradients, while the transverse airflow near the closure of the cavity is attributed to the presentence of the span-wise pressure gradient. Based on the internal velocity and air flux profiles, and the corresponding internal boundary layer thickness, the entrained and reversed air fluxes are revealed to initially increase, attain a maximum, and then decrease along the cavity. For the increment of U∞, both entrained and reversed air fluxes increase. For the increment of QAs, the entrained air flux rises, while the reversed air flux declines. Such feature is further verified and explained by applying the Couette flow model with adverse pressure gradients, which provides a reasonable estimation of internal flow profiles and offers a theoretical explanation on the change of internal air flux due to the variation of U∞ and QAs.
Precise equilibrium structure of thiazole (c-C3H3NS) from twenty-four isotopologues
Authors: Esselman Brian J. , Zdanovskaia Maria A. , Owen Andrew N. , Stanton John F. , Woods R. Claude , McMahon Robert J.
Published: August 2021

The pure rotational spectrum of thiazole (c-C3H3NS, Cs) has been studied in the millimeter-wave region from 130 to 375 GHz. Nearly 4800 newly measured rotational transitions for the ground vibrational state of the main isotopologue were combined with previously reported measurements and least-squares fit to a complete sextic Hamiltonian. Transitions for six singly substituted heavy-atom isotopologues (13C, 15N, 33S, 34S) were observed at natural abundance and likewise fit. Several deuterium-enriched samples were prepared, which gave access to the rotational spectra of 16 additional isotopologues, 14 of which had not been previously studied. The rotational spectra of each isotopologue were fit to A- and S-reduced distorted-rotor Hamiltonians in the Ir representation. The experimental values of the ground-state rotational constants (A0, B0, and C0) from each isotopologue were converted to determinable constants (A0″, B0″, and C0″), which were corrected for effects of vibration–rotation interactions and electron-mass distributions using coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples calculations [CCSD(T)/cc-pCVTZ]. The moments of inertia from the resulting constants (Ae, Be, and Ce) of 24 isotopologues were used to determine the precise semi-experimental equilibrium structure (reSE) of thiazole. As a basis for comparison, a purely theoretical equilibrium structure was estimated by an electronic structure calculation [CCSD(T)/cc-pCV5Z] that was subsequently corrected for extrapolation to the complete basis set, electron correlation beyond CCSD(T), relativistic effects, and the diagonal Born–Oppenheimer correction. The precise reSE structure is compared to the resulting “best theoretical estimate” structure. Some, but not all, of the best theoretical re structural parameters fall within the narrow statistical limits (2σ) of the reSE results. The possible origin of the discrepancies between the best theoretical estimate re and semi-empirical reSE structures is discussed.
Numerical study of detonation wave propagation modes in annular channels
Authors: Zhang Duo , Yuan Xueqiang , Liu Shijie , Cai Xiaodong , Peng Haoyang , Deiterding Ralf , Ng Hoi Dick
Published: August 2021

Modes of detonation wave propagation in annular channels were investigated numerically by using the adaptive mesh refinement technique. Two-dimensional, reactive Euler equations with a detailed hydrogen/oxygen reaction model were adopted in the computations to simulate the detonation dynamics in the annular geometry. Considering both the decoupling of the detonation wave front and the development of the Mach-stem in reflection, the propagation is divided into unstable and stable propagation modes with different Mach-stem evolutions, namely, a growing, steady, or decaying type. The numerical observations indicate that in the unstable propagation mode, velocity loss and oscillation occur near the inner wall, while the wave front shape and velocity evolution are steadier for the stable propagation mode. The overdriven degree near the outer wall increases as the Mach-stem strength attenuates. The propagation mode diagrams demonstrate that an increase in the initial pressure and wall curvature radius can extend the range of the stable propagation mode, and the Mach-stem is transformed from a growing to steady, and finally a decaying type with the increase in the initial pressure or the decrease in the wall curvature radius to channel width ratio. The limit of wall curvature radius separating the unstable and stable modes is independent of the channel width for the Mach-stem steady and decaying types, while they are positively correlated for the Mach-stem growing type. Finally, a qualitative procedure is proposed to help distinguish different propagation modes based on the formation mechanism of each propagation dynamics.
Strong oblique shock waves in granular free-surface flows
Authors: Cui X.
Published: August 2021

Strong oblique shock waves of granular flow are a steady-state solution formed when a granular free-surface flow deflects around a wedge-shaped obstacle at a supercritical speed, but they do not usually occur because their formation requires specific conditions to be satisfied downstream of the shock wave. This paper discusses the method of generating the strong oblique shock wave in a laboratory experiment and numerical simulation. The experiment is conducted on a plexiglass chute inclined at an angle to the horizontal, in which a dry granular material is released from a hopper at the top of the chute to form a channelized flow that passes a wedge at a downslope location. In order to generate a strong oblique shock wave, a second gate is established at the downstream of the wedge to control the material to flow out only at the designed time and height. Such a granular flowing process is simulated with a depth-averaged granular flow model, where the above two-gate system is mirrored into the inlet and outlet boundaries, respectively. The formation of the strong oblique shock is investigated through the transient solution of the flow field, and a good agreement is observed between the experiment and the simulation. Then, the steady-state solution of the interaction between the weak and strong oblique shocks is analyzed in the experiment and simulation. This result can be regarded as the third solution of granular shock because it can be formed by just changing the opening time of the second gate. With the dramatic change in flow thickness and velocity across the strong oblique shock, the bulk inertial number, used to quantify the rheological relation of granular materials, becomes extremely small, but it does not seem to affect the behavior of the flow discussed in this paper.
Physical mechanisms of fluid flow and joint inhomogeneity in variable-polarity plasma arc welding of thick aluminum alloy plates
Authors: Xu Bin , Tashiro Shinichi , Tanaka Manabu , Jiang Fan , Chen Shujun
Published: August 2021

A variable-polarity plasma arc (VPPA) is an effective energy source for the welding of thick aluminum alloy plates. However, the mechanisms influencing the fluid flow and the inhomogeneous distribution associated with thick-plate VPPA welding remain unclear, restricting the application of this technology in welding of thick aluminum alloys. Here, the relationship between the microstructure of the weld bead, energy transfer, and fluid flow is clarified by combining in situ three-dimensional x-ray imaging and multi-physics modeling. We find that heat conduction at the keyhole wall is the main factor influencing the morphology of the weld pool. The plasma arc pressure hinders the upward flow of liquid metal, while shear forces promote this flow. This causes the metal close to the weld pool surface to flow slowly, while that inside the weld pool has much higher velocity. It is also concluded that the large crystal size observed in the lower layer of the weld is partly caused by heat treatment from the upper layer of the thick plate. An eddy with a high flow velocity to the rear of the weld pool destroys the crystal-growth process, and this is considered to be one of the reasons for fine crystals appearing in the upper part of the weld. The mechanisms revealed here will help us to guide the use of VPPA technology in the production of stable, high-quality welding of thick aluminum alloys.
Hydrodynamic interaction and coalescence of two inline bubbles rising in a viscoelastic liquid
Authors: Yuan Wenjun , Zhang Mengqi , Khoo Boo Cheong , Phan-Thien Nhan
Published: August 2021

In this paper, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the inline rise of a pair of three-dimensional (3D) air bubbles in a viscoelastic liquid using the volume-of-fluid approach with an adaptive mesh refinement technique. The exponential Phan-Thien–Tanner model is used as the non-linear viscoelastic constitutive equation for the liquid. The numerical model has been validated by comparison with previously published results, including the terminal velocity jump discontinuity of an isolated bubble rising in a viscoelastic fluid, when its volume exceeds a certain critical value. Focusing on the inline rising bubble pair in such a viscoelastic medium with different configurations, we found that the wake of the small leading bubble attracts a larger trailing bubble, whereas for a supercritical bubble in front of a subcritical bubble, they tend to further separate. Before reaching a critical volume, the two subcritical bubbles remain close to each other after approaching each other, forming a stable chain. For pairs containing a supercritical trailing bubble, however, a drafting–kissing scenario occurs before the bubble–bubble coalescence. The long-range repulsion and the short-range attraction due to fluid elasticity are critical to the aforementioned bubble pair interactions. Interestingly, the terminal rise velocities of the stable bubble chain and the coalesced bubble both increase with the initial spacing. The squeezing flow near the growing bubble neck seems to delay the coalescence process. The capillary wave propagating down to the coalesced bubble tip together with the extensional flow behind the stretched bubble determines the generation of satellite microdroplets along the tail of the coalesced bubble. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first 3D DNS on a bubble pair ascending in viscoelastic fluids.
Electric-field response of polar nanodomains in BaTiO3
Authors: Morikawa D. , Tsuda K.
Published: August 2021

In this study, we have investigated the electric-field response of polar nanodomains in the ferroelectric tetragonal phase of BaTiO3. Polar nanodomains were observed by a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED). By applying an electric-field, significant changes in the distributions of nanometer-size domains were observed, besides the changes in the configurations of mesoscopic 90° and 180° ferroelectric domains. The obtained CBED patterns are categorized into three. One has higher tetragonal symmetry, and the other two show a deviation from tetragonal symmetry and exhibit a left-right reversal relation with each other. We propose a structural model of the rhombohedral nanodomain redistribution to reproduce the observed CBED patterns. The model consists of a balanced change in volume and size of rhombohedral nanodomains.
The separation of ions and fluxes in nonlinear ion-acoustic waves
Authors: Dubinov A. E. , Kitayev I. N. , Kolotkov D. Y.
Published: August 2021

The multispecies plasma of natural or laboratory origin is often considered to host nonlinear ion-acoustic waves. We present calculations of ion fluxes induced by nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in a plasma consisting of multiple ion populations, electrons, and dust. The following plasma models are considered: an electron-ion plasma with cold ions, a bi-ion plasma with two types of warm positively charged ions, and a dusty bi-ion plasma. It is found that in the electron-ion plasma, the wave-induced ion flux is directed oppositely to the phase speed of the nonlinear ion-acoustic wave. In the bi-ion plasma, there are two modes of ion-acoustic waves which are fast and slow waves. In the nonlinear fast ion-acoustic wave, the fluxes of both types of ions are found to be codirected and drift against the wave. In a slow wave, the nonlinear fluxes of ions are directed in opposite directions. This result demonstrates the possibility to use these nonlinear wave-induced ion fluxes for effective separation of ions in the plasma. In a dusty bi-ion plasma, the ion separation process can be intensified by a supernonlinear regime of slow ion-acoustic waves.
Translational–rotational coupling during the scattering of a frictional sphere from a flat surface
Authors: Wang Yueran , Harrowell Peter
Published: August 2021

At a macroscopic level, concepts such as “top spin,” “back spin,” and “rolling” are commonly used to describe the collision of balls and surfaces. Each term refers to an aspect of the coupling of rotational motion during the collision of a spherical particle with a planar surface. In this paper, we explore the mechanisms of energy transfer involving the collision of a rotating sphere and a surface using a model of frictional interactions developed for a granular material. We present explicit analytical treatments for the scattering and derive expressions for two important limiting classes: energy conserving collisions and collisions subject to rapid transverse dissipation.
Productivity of French and Dutch (semi-)copular constructions and the adverse impact of high token frequency
Authors: Van Wettere Niek
Published: August 2021

This paper examines the productivity of the subject complement slot in a set of French and Dutch (semi-)copular micro-constructions. The presumed counterpart of productivity, conventionalization in the form of high token frequency, will also be taken into account in the analysis of the productivity complex. On the one hand, it will be shown that prototypical copulas generally have a higher productivity than semi-copulas, although there are some semi-copulas that can rival the productivity of prototypical copulas. On the other hand, it will be demonstrated that high token frequency is in general detrimental to productivity, on the level of the entire subject complement slot and on the level of the different semantic classes. However, the shape of the frequency distribution also seems to play a role: multiple highly frequent types are in my data more detrimental to productivity than one extremely frequent type, although the semantic connectedness of the types in the distribution might also be an explanatory factor.
William R. Brinkley: A giant in biomedical research and public policy
Authors: Gerbi Susan A. , Palazzo Robert E. , Earnshaw William C. , Schrader William T.
Published: August 2021

Susan A. Gerbi, Robert E. Palazzo, William C. Earnshaw, and William T. Schrader discuss the life and achievements of William R. Brinkley, who passed away on November 10, 2020.
A newly characterized malaria antigen on erythrocyte and merozoite surfaces induces parasite inhibitory antibodies
Authors: Michelow Ian C. , Park Sangshin , Tsai Shu-Whei , Rayta Bonnie , Pasaje Charisse Flerida A. , Nelson Sara , Early Angela M. , Frosch Anne P. , Ayodo George , Raj Dipak K. , Nixon Christina E. , Nixon Christian P. , Pond-Tor Sunthorn , Friedman Jennifer F. , Fried Michal , Duffy Patrick E. , Le Roch Karine G. , Niles Jacquin C. , Kurtis Jonathan D.
Published: August 2021

We previously identified a Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) protein of unknown function encoded by a single-copy gene, PF3D7_1134300, as a target of antibodies in plasma of Tanzanian children in a whole-proteome differential screen. Here we characterize this protein as a blood-stage antigen that localizes to the surface membranes of both parasitized erythrocytes and merozoites, hence its designation as Pf erythrocyte membrane and merozoite antigen 1 (PfEMMA1). Mouse anti-PfEMMA1 antisera and affinity-purified human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies inhibited growth of P. falciparum strains by up to 68% in growth inhibition assays. Following challenge with uniformly fatal Plasmodium berghei (Pb) ANKA, up to 40% of mice immunized with recombinant PbEMMA1 self-cured, and median survival of lethally infected mice was up to 2.6-fold longer than controls (21 vs. 8 d, P = 0.005). Furthermore, high levels of naturally acquired human anti-PfEMMA1 antibodies were associated with a 46% decrease in parasitemia over 2.5 yr of follow-up of Tanzanian children. Together, these findings suggest that antibodies to PfEMMA1 mediate protection against malaria.
Proof of concept of a fast surrogate model of the VMEC code via neural networks in Wendelstein 7-X scenarios
Authors: Merlo Andrea , Böckenhoff Daniel , Schilling Jonathan , Höfel Udo , Kwak Sehyun , Svensson Jakob , Pavone Andrea , Lazerson Samuel Aaron , Pedersen Thomas Sunn
Published: August 2021

In magnetic confinement fusion research, the achievement of high plasma pressure is key to reaching the goal of net energy production. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to self-consistently calculate the effects the plasma pressure induces on the magnetic field used to confine the plasma. Such MHD calculations—usually done computationally—serve as input for the assessment of a number of important physics questions. The variational moments equilibrium code (VMEC) is the most widely used to evaluate 3D ideal-MHD equilibria, as prominently present in stellarators. However, considering the computational cost, it is rarely used in large-scale or online applications (e.g. Bayesian scientific modeling, real-time plasma control). Access to fast MHD equilibria is a challenging problem in fusion research, one which machine learning could effectively address. In this paper, we present artificial neural network (NN) models able to quickly compute the equilibrium magnetic field of Wendelstein 7-X. Magnetic configurations that extensively cover the device operational space, and plasma profiles with volume-averaged normalized plasma pressure ⟨β⟩ (β =

2

μ

0

p

B

2

) up to 5% and non-zero net toroidal current are included in the data set. By using convolutional layers, the spectral representation of the magnetic flux surfaces can be efficiently computed with a single network. To discover better models, a Bayesian hyper-parameter search is carried out, and 3D convolutional NNs are found to outperform feed-forward fully-connected NNs. The achieved normalized root-mean-squared error, the ratio between the regression error and the spread of the data, ranges from 1% to 20% across the different scenarios. The model inference time for a single equilibrium is on the order of milliseconds. Finally, this work shows the feasibility of a fast NN drop-in surrogate model for VMEC, and it opens up new operational scenarios where target applications could make use of magnetic equilibria at unprecedented scales.
Effect of Reaction Time on the Morphology of CuO Nanostructured Electrode for Pseudocapacitor Application
Authors: Orgen Salvacion B. , Balela Mary Donnabelle L.
Published: August 2021

CuO nanostructured electrodes were successfully synthesized via a chemical bath deposition at room temperature for pseudocapacitor application. Changing the reaction time leads to the formation of different morphological nanostructures such as uniformed nanoneedles, nanotubes, nanosheets, and microflowers during oxidation. The electrodes were electrochemically characterized via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge using 6 M KOH electrolyte at different scan rates of 2-50 mV/s and current densities of 2-5 mA/cm2, respectively. The electrodes exhibited good electrochemical performance with specific capacitance ranging from 88-231 mF/cm2 at 2 mV/s.
Economic Evaluation of a Time of Use Tariff for the Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sector in Cortés, Honduras
Authors: García Febe , Escobar Gretta , Villatoro Héctor
Published: August 2021

The implementation of a time of use (TOU) tariff is a new stage, resulting from the modernization of the electric subsector in Honduras. The economic repercussions of a TOU tariff for the residential, commercial, and industrial sector are currently unknown. In this investigation, a TOU tariff will be compared to a fixed tariff through the calculation and comparison of electric bills, establishing in this way, which tariff is more convenient for the consumer. The electricity consumption data was obtained from two different circuits for each consumption sector. These were processed to know the monthly consumption. The prices for the TOU tariff were obtained by extrapolating the prices established in a 2016 tariff schedule for each of the tariff categories. The results have shown that the implementation of a TOU tariff would represent an average saving for the residential sector of 28.635% and for the industrial sector of 5.405% compared to a fixed tariff. On the other hand, in the commercial sector an average increase of 0.38% has been identified. This investigation aims to be used as a reference to get the consumers of each consumption sector to know the impact they would have on their bills with a TOU tariff.
Rapidly expanding lake heatwaves under climate change
Authors: Woolway R Iestyn , Anderson Eric J , Albergel Clément
Published: August 2021

Lake heatwaves—prolonged periods of hot surface water temperature in lakes—have recently been shown to increase in intensity and duration, with numerous potential implications for aquatic ecosystems. However, an important physical attribute of lake heatwaves that has not yet been investigated is their spatial extent, and how it varies within a warming world. Here, we show that the spatial extent of lake heatwaves, defined as contiguous regions within a lake that simultaneously experience extreme warm conditions, is increasing in the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, The Laurentian Great Lakes. We show that the maximum spatial extent of lake heatwaves is sensitive to inter-annual variations in winter ice cover and the timing of stratification onset in spring. Notably, we find that a lengthening of the warm summer season and, in turn, an overall increase in surface water temperature, stimulates the development of larger lake heatwaves. On average, our results suggest that the mean spatial extent of lake heatwaves has increased two-fold since 1995. We anticipate this rapid expansion of lake heatwaves to have widespread implications for heat-related impacts on aquatic species.
A review on the contemporary innovations & advancements in the field of green concrete
Authors: Saran Divyam , Singh Sanjeew K.
Published: August 2021

Waste management and environmental preservation are some of the hot topics the world is trying to address today. In the pursuit to achieve these goals, researchers and stakeholders all over the globe are researching and developing sustainable technologies. In the area of the construction industry, concrete is considered to be one of the most dynamic construction materials ever developed and utilized practically, and thus concrete is hugely utilized in construction practices all over the world. With the growing demand in infrastructure because of the increase in the global population, concrete would be needed to be produced in billions of tons. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is considered to be the main binder of concrete. It leads to approximately 8% of the global carbon dioxide emission contributed by human beings. Also, the production of concrete has led to a huge danger on natural deposits of raw materials. Thus, the growing demand for concrete and its sustainability-related issues have made it critical for researchers to consider other alternatives for concrete production, where OPC and aggregates can either be partially or fully replaced as the main binding material of concrete. One such highly anticipated alternative is green concrete. The paper highlights contemporary innovations & advancements in the field of green concrete by exploring the various advantages one can achieve by utilizing alternative binding materials such as alkali-activated binders, supplementary cementitious materials, and recycled materials like wastewater in concrete. The incorporation of these alternative and more sustainable materials into concrete not only helps us to achieve the aim of green buildings and environmental conservation, but research has shown that the incorporation of these alternatives also leads to the enhanced properties of concrete as compared to the conventional one. Even if we explore the economic aspects of utilizing these alternatives, the new binders are found to be having better results than the conventional ones.
Seismic Assessment of a Hospital Building: A Case Study
Authors: Hooda Yaman , Goyal Pradeep K.
Published: August 2021

Presently, the occurrence of frequent earthquakes worldwide is becoming a noteworthy problem. Hospital buildings are one of the important structures in the living society as they aid to be the caring as well as curing unit in the human society whenever any hazardous situation arises. There are three components of a hospital building including Structural Component, Non – Structural Component and Functional Component, which directly or indirectly affects the operation and the management of the hospital building. Each time, if any portion of the world experiences any causality: Natural or Non – Natural, a good amount of damage and destruction is experienced. Hospital buildings plays a dynamic role in such situations: 1. Treating the victims and injured people, and 2. Act as a temporary accommodation for those people who lost their homes in the hazards. Therefore, the hospital buildings should be designed and constructed to have adequate stiffness and strength to not only withstand the disaster, but also can be used as a shelter or accommodation units during post – disaster conditions. This study includes the analysis of a hospital building located in the North – Eastern Region of high seismicity. The existing hospital structure is analyzed for determination of the weak structural members. The Northern Region of India falls in the Zone IV of Earthquake According to the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. The analysis tool considered for determining the behaviour of hospital building when subjected to seismic forces is ETABS 2019. The analysis considered for determining the effect of the lateral forces on the hospital building is Pushover Analysis. Indian Standard Codal Provisions of IS 1893: 2016 has been considered while applying the different loading conditions on the hospital building. Later, different materials for bracing have been compared to determine the best possible material or section for the hospital building to resist the seismic forces. After the conduction of the study, it as been observed that angle section of different dimensions of the legs are found to be the most efficient section.
Comparison of response of building against wind load as per wind codes [IS 875 – (Part 3) – 1987] and [IS 875 – (Part 3) – 2015]
Authors: Suthar Naveen , Goyal Pradeep K.
Published: August 2021

A comparison of wind loads to make a G+11 building in staad and design the building against wind load is presented in this paper. The importance of this study is to calculate the wind load for a structure by the two different wind loading code and compare them for better analysis. In the present scenario high rise structures have advantages in the populous area and to make more space to live and provide better accommodation in the highly populated area around the world. To make the building cost-effective and proper design should have to do for more area for living purpose and reduce the cost of structure and safety of structure should be considered in this design. In recent times, there had been so many catastrophic damages caused by high wind speed in the coastal regions of India which prove that many buildings that are currently in use are not fully wind resistant. In this paper, we have calculated the wind load using the static method by the old code [IS: 875 – (Part 3) – 1987] and as per the new code [IS: 875 – (Part 3) – 2015] for zone 4 with terrain category 3 and the building is analyzed using STAAD PRO Software. The aim of this paper is comparing the deflection and storey shear on the G+11 building by the previous and new IS 875 code.
Reliability based design of Standing Seam Metal Roofing System
Authors: Koshy Mini
Published: August 2021

Safety of metal roof is vital to the survival of steel buildings in cyclone. Loss of weather protection will lead to water damage to building interiors. In order to protect the roof cladding, it is essential to enhance the hold down capacity of the panel connectors, especially at the edge zones. In through fastened roof system, this is achieved by reducing the screw spacing at the critical zones. But it is not possible to reduce the connector spacing in Standing Seam Metal Roofing (SSMR) system, as it is limited by the panel width. Experimental studies have been made to systematically study the performance of a standing seam metal roof system in the event of wind uplift. The safety of current construction practice has been examined by a reliability analysis of the experimental results. A reliability analysis is carried out using the non-uniformity of wind pressure on roof surface. Critical zones are identified based on reliability index values. Redesign is suggested by varying the halter length and reducing purlin spacing, based on the concept of ‘adjustable halter length in critical zones.
Drainage Morphometric Analysis of Shope watershed, Rift Valley, Ethiopia: Remote sensing and GIS-based approach
Authors: Jothimani Muralitharan , Abebe Abel , Duraisamy Radhakrishnan
Published: August 2021

The quantitative drainage morphometric analysis at the watershed level is essential for understanding its geo-hydrological nature. Drainage morphometric evaluation has been conducted to identify the predominant geological divergence, topographical details, structural arrangement, and interrelationship in the Shope watershed Rift Valley, Ethiopia. The Remote Sensing Data and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools have delineated the Shope Watershed and calculated various morphometric attributes. The Shope watershed exhibits a dendritic drainage pattern very clearly. The watershed’s drainage pattern also suggested that the region lacked geological structural control over the drainage pattern growth. Shope watershed is categorized as a 5th order drainage watershed. The bifurcation ratio ranges between 1.11 and 2.28 (with an average of 1.72) between various stream orders. Low bifurcation values area is more prone to flooding. Mean drainage length and length ratio values indicating the present study area’s undulating topography and steep slope. The Shope watershed’s circularity and elongation ratio values are 0.7 and 0.63. Both values indicate that the present watershed is elongated and has steep slopes, and more prone to erosion and flooding. The higher drainage density values 6.75 km/km2 indicating low infiltration and high runoff. The Shope watershed’s relative relief value is 1757 m, and this high value indicating the study area’s proneness to the flooding and soil erosion. The results of the current drainage morphometric analysis of the Shope watershed are essential for assessing and managing soil and water resources and selecting suitable sites for artificial recharge structures and soil conservation structures for future soil and water management in the present study area.
Smart Parking Management System
Authors: Krishna Chaitanya Vemula , Sri Harsha Mamidi , Maneesh Kumar Lanka , Rahul Vankadari , Goutham Kumar Reddy Palem , Kumar Abhishek
Published: August 2021

The demand for parking and security has increased in public areas which led us to bring this system into existence. The presented system guides the user to find a free parking slot without any effort and keeps the vehicle secure. Arduino-based systems control the movement of the toll gate to permits entry and exit vehicles to and through parking spaces. A camera in front captures the image of a vehicle passing through the toll gate and automatically stores the number plate text of a vehicle and other essential information like time and the parking slot, which is preserved in the database for security purposes. The system consists of a display that guides a user to a free parking slot. The systems also have a feature to send alerts to registered users.
Safety Enhancement of Unsignalized Intersection Using Microsimulation and Surrogate Safety Measures
Authors: Mohamed Hasain N , Ali Ahmed Mokaddes
Published: August 2021

Road safety is deteriorating due to the complex driver behaviour in the road network, especially in developing countries like India. Surrogate safety measures for traffic safety assessment is getting attention due to their advantages over traffic accident data. The time-based proximal indicator, Post-Encroachment Time (PET), have been used in this study. Two unsignalized intersections were simulated using VISSIM with proper calibration and validation. The effectiveness of various preventive measures was tested using the simulated model. It was found that implementing a raised table in the major road is increasing the safety of the intersection by increasing the PET value.
Effect of different types of Waste as Binder on Durability Properties of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review
Authors: Sikder Ankita , Saha Purnachandra
Published: August 2021

Large amount of waste ash are produced by various industries. Some of the major waste ashes produces by industries include fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), Red mud (RM), ferrochrome slag (FS), Metakaolin (MK). Waste ashes also include agricultural residues like rice husk ash (RHA), sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA)andpalm oil fuel ash (POFA). These waste ashes plays an enormous challenge while it comes to the dumping of these materials. On other hand, conventional cement concrete consumes huge amount of cement which generates huge amount of CO2 during the production phase. To overcome these problems, utilization of these waste materials is necessary. Thus geopolymer concrete has been developed as a substitute to conventional cement concrete, where alkali activators react with the binder along with fine and coarse aggregates. The binder for geopolymer concrete can be any industrial or agricultural wastes which are rich in silica and alumina that collectively not only lead to the reduction in the environment pollution and waste management problem but also in enhancement of the properties of concrete. The purpose of this paper is to review the durability performance (like Sorptivity, Water absorption, Acid attack, Chloride attack, Wetting-drying cycles) of geopolymer concrete utilizing waste materials like FA, GGBFS, MK, VA, POFA, RM, FS, SBA and RHAetc. as binder to determine its suitability in the construction industry. The durability of geopolymer concrete utilizing fly ash and slags as binder have shown good resistance than other binder combinations and therefore proves to be better replacement to the conventional cement concrete.