bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2017
Authors: Hong Seri , Won Young-Joo , Park Young Ran , Jung Kyu-Won , Kong Hyun-Joo , Lee Eun Sook ,   The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries
Published: March 2020

PurposeThis study reports the cancer statistics and temporal trends in Korea on a nationwide scale, including incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality in 2017.Materials and MethodsThe incidence, survival, and prevalence rates of cancer were evaluated using data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database from 1999 to 2017 with follow-up until December 31, 2018. Deaths from cancer were assessed using cause-of-death data from 1983 to 2017, obtained from Statistics Korea. Crude and age-standardized rates (ASRs) for incidence, mortality, and prevalence, and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated and trend analysis was performed.ResultsIn 2017, newly diagnosed cancer cases and deaths from cancer numbered 232,255 (ASR, 264.4 per 100,000) and 78,863 (ASR, 76.6 per 100,000), respectively. The overall cancer incidence rates increased annually by 3.5% from 1999 to 2011 and decreased by 2.7% annually thereafter. Cancer mortality rates have been decreasing since 2002, by 2.8% annually. The 5-year relative survival rate for all patients diagnosed with cancer between 2013 and 2017 was 70.4%, which contributed to a prevalence of approximately 1.87 million cases by the end of 2017.ConclusionThe burden of cancer measured by incidence and mortality rates have improved in Korea, with the exception of a few particular cancers that are associated with increasing incidence or mortality rates. However, cancer prevalence is increasing rapidly, with the dramatic improvement in survival during the past several years. Comprehensive cancer control strategies and efforts should continue, based on the changes of cancer statistics.
A Framework for an Inferential Conception of Physical Laws
Authors: Soto Cristian , Bueno Otávio
Published: March 2020

We advance a framework for an inferential conception of physical laws, addressing the problem of the application of mathematical structures to the relevant structure of physical domains. Physical laws, we argue, express generalizations that work as rules for deriving physically informative inferences about their target systems, hence guiding us in our interaction with various domains. Our analysis of the application of mathematics to the articulation of physical laws follows a threefold scheme. First, we examine the immersion of the relevant structure of physical domains into mathematical structures. Second, we assess the inferential power of laws resulting from the mathematical formalism employed in the immersion step. And third, we provide a suitable physical interpretation for the extant mathematical structures obtained from the inferential step. We demonstrate that a deflationary, empiricist framework for an inferential conception of physical laws delivers both an understanding of the mathematical character of physical laws, and a way of responding to some of the standard philosophical riddles associated with laws.
Compressibility and the Algorithmic Theory of Laws
Authors: Wheeler Billy
Published: March 2020

The algorithmic theory of laws claims that the laws of nature are the algorithms in the best possible compression of all empirical data. This position assumes that the universe is compressible and that data received from observing it is easily reproducible using a simple set of rules. However, there are three sources of evidence that suggest that the universe as a whole is incompressible. The first comes from the practice of science. The other two come from the nature of the universe itself: the presence of chaotic behavior and the nature of quantum systems also suggests that the universe is incompressible. This paper evaluates these sources and argues that none provides a convincing case to reject the algorithmic theory of laws.
UK Newspapers’ Portrayal of Yazidi Women’s Experiences of Violence under ISIS
Authors: Sarac Busra Nisa
Published: March 2020

Although as of early 2019 ISIS has lost all of the territories it occupied, scholarly and media attention has continued to focus on its barbarity and brutal treatment of the women living in its former territories. The extremist group has committed a long list of severe human rights violations since it seized territories in Iraq and Syria. In this article, I aim to illustrate the reporting of this violence against the Yazidi women from 2014 to 2019 by the UK’s national newspapers because the media’s portrayal of these women shapes public opinion and policy towards this group in relation to the violence they have endured. The results indicate that while UK national newspapers give preferential treatment in their coverage of Yazidi women’s experiences of violence, abuse, and torture, they often ignore these women’s agency and activism in terms of the extent to which these women resisted and coped with the atrocities they endured.
Inverse modeling of fire emissions constrained by smoke plume transport using HYSPLIT dispersion model and geostationary satellite observations
Authors: Kim Hyun Cheol , Chai Tianfeng , Stein Ariel , Kondragunta Shobha
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Smoke forecasts have been challenged by high uncertainty in fire emission estimates. We develop an inverse modeling system, the HYSPLIT-based Emissions Inverse Modeling System for wildfires (or HEIMS-fire), that estimates wildfire emissions from the transport and dispersion of smoke plumes as measured by satellite observations. A cost function quantifies the differences between model predictions and satellite measurements, weighted by their uncertainties. The system then minimizes this cost function by adjusting smoke sources until wildfire smoke emission estimates agree well with satellite observations. Based on NOAA’s HYSPLIT and GOES Aerosol/Smoke Product (GASP), the system resolves smoke source strength as a function of time and vertical level. Using a wildfire event that took place in the Southeastern United States during November 2016, we tested the system’s performance and its sensitivity to varying configurations of modeling options, including vertical allocation of emissions and spatial and temporal coverage of constraining satellite observations. Compared with currently operational BlueSky emission predictions, emission estimates from this inverse modeling system outperform in both reanalysis (21 out of 21 days; −27 % average RMSE change) and hindcast modes (29 out of 38 days; −6 % average RMSE change).
Developing the hertz art-science project to allow inaudible sounds of the Earth and Cosmos to be experienced
Authors: Marlton Graeme J. , Robson Juliet
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Earth and atmosphere are in constant motion. Volcanoes, Glaciers, Earthquakes, Thunderstorms and even the Aurora produce powerful low frequency sounds known as Infrasound. Infrasound is constantly passing through our atmosphere but contains frequencies below the range of human hearing, effectively an inaudible symphony. Inspired by wanting to allow physical access to this natural phenomenon, a collaboration between the worlds of contemporary art and meteorology has been developed. This led to a project called hertz, named after the nineteenth century physicist Henirich Hertz whose surname provides the scientific unit (Hz) for frequency. hertz explores the manifestation of the hidden resonances of our own planet and the secret harmonies of our stars. This was principally achieved using furniture adapted to vibrate with infrasonic waves from pre-recorded sources and in real time. The project's motivations are in exploring new methods to experience and re-engage with parts of our planet through this phenomenon. hertz has had a UK national tour in which several thousand people interacted with the piece. This paper describes the concepts, creative ideas, technology and science behind the project. It addresses its development, including the steps to make it accessible for all, and examines its impact on those who interacted with the work.
Seasonally varied hillslope and groundwater contributions to streamflow in a glacial till and fractured sedimentary bedrock dominated Rocky Mountain watershed
Authors: Spencer Sheena A. , Anderson Axel E. , Silins Uldis , Collins Adrian L.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Whereas a lack of streamflow response to significant forest disturbance (e.g., forestry, wildfire, and insect infestation) has been observed at multiple locations in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, a region with sedimentary bedrock overlain by glacial till, mechanisms governing this lack of change remain unclear. Some inferences can be drawn from conceptualizations of runoff generation (e.g., runoff thresholds and hydrologic connectivity) in physically similar watersheds, although much of the focus has been on rainfall-runoff dynamics. Thus, there is a need to describe runoff generation in this snow-dominated area to interpret how forest disturbance may impact streamflow quantity for downstream users. Stream water and source water (snow, rain, hillslope groundwater, till groundwater, bedrock groundwater and seeps) were sampled in four sub-watersheds (Star West Lower, Star West Upper, Star East Lower and Star East Upper) in Star Creek, SW Alberta. Principal component analysis was used to determine the relative dominance and timing of source water contributions to streamflow over the 2014 and 2015 hydrologic seasons. An initial displacement of old water stored in the hillslope over winter occurred at the onset of snowmelt, before the stream responded significantly. This was followed by a dilution effect as snowmelt saturated the landscape, recharged groundwater, and connected the hillslope to the stream. Fall baseflows were dominated by either hillslope groundwater or bedrock groundwater in Star West. Conversely, in Star East, stream water was similar to hillslope water in August but was unlike the measured sources in September and October. Temperature and chemical signatures of groundwater seeps suggest highly complex subsurface flow pathways. Hydrologic resilience in the Rocky Mountain eastern slopes may be, in part, due to these complex subsurface pathways in combination with the slow release of groundwater from glacial till.
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of mud flow from a tailing dam failure across complex terrain
Authors: Yu Dayu , Tang Liyu , Chen Chongcheng
Published: March 2020

Abstract. A tailing dam accident can cause serious ecological
disaster and property loss. Simulation of a tailing dam accident in advance
is useful for understanding the tailing flow characteristics and assessing
the possible extension of the impact area. In this paper, a
three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was
proposed for reasonably and quickly predicting the flow routing and impact
area of mud flow from a dam failure across 3-D terrain. The Navier–Stokes
equations and the Bingham–Papanastasiou rheology model were employed as the
governing equations and the constitutive model, respectively, and solved
numerically in the finite volume method (FVM) scheme. The volume-of-fluid
(VOF) method was used to track the interface between the tailings and air.
The accuracy of the CFD model and the chosen numerical algorithm were
validated using an analytical solution of the channel flow problem and a
laboratory experiment on the dam-break problem reported in the literature.
In each issue, the obtained results were very close to the analytical
solutions or experimental values. The proposed approach was then applied to
simulate two scenarios of tailing dam failures, one of which was the
Feijão tailing dam that failed on 25 January 2019, and the simulated
routing coincided well with the in situ investigation. Therefore, the
proposed approach does well in simulating the flow phenomenon of tailings
after a dam break, and the numerical results can be used for early warning
of disasters and emergency response.
Hidden Hazards: the conditions that potentially enabled the mudflow disaster at Villa Santa Lucía in Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Somos-Valenzuela Marcelo A. , Oyarzún-Ulloa Joaquín E. , Fustos-Toribio Ivo J. , Garrido-Urzua Natalia , Ningsheng Chen
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The evaluation of potential mass wasting in mountain areas is a very complex process because there is not enough information to quantify the probability and magnitude of these events. Identifying the whole chain of events is not a straightforward task, and the impacts of mass wasting processes depend on the conditions downstream of the origin. Additionally, climate change is playing an essential role in the occurrence and distribution. Mean temperatures are continuously rising to produce long term instabilities, particularly on steep slopes. Extreme precipitations events are more recurrent as well as heat waves that can melt snow and glaciers, increasing the water available to unstabilized slopes. In this paper, we present an example that portraits the complexities in the evaluation of the chain of events. On the 16 of December of 2017, a rockslide occurred in the Yelcho mountain range. In that event, 7 million m3 of rocks and soil fell on the Yelcho glacier depositing 2 million m3 on the glacier terminal, and the rest continued downstream, triggering a mudflow that hit Villa Santa Lucia in the Chilean Patagonia, killing 22 people. The rockslide event or similar was anticipated in the region by the National Geological and Mining Survey (Sernageomin in Spanish). However, the effects of the terrain characteristics along the runout area were more significant than what was anticipated. In this work, we evaluate the conditions that enable the mudflow that hits Villa Santa Lucia. We used the information generated by Sernageomin's professional after the mudflow. We carried out geotechnical tests to characterize the soil. We simulated the mudflow using two hydrodynamics software (r-avaflow and Flo-2D) that can handle the rheology of the water–soil mixture. Our results indicate that the soil is classified as volcanic pumices. This type of soil can be susceptible to the collapse of the structure when subjected to shearing (molding), flowing like a viscous liquid. From the numerical modeling, we concluded that r-avaflow performs better than Flo2D. We can reproduce the mudflow satisfactorily using water content in the mixture ranging from 30 to 40 %. Finally, in order to achieve the water content, we need a source of water smaller than 3 million m3 approximately. From the simulations and soil tests, we determined that in the area scoured by the mudflow, there were around 2 789 500 m3 of water within the soil. Therefore, the conditions of the valley were crucial to enhance the impacts of the landslide. This result is relevant because it highlights the importance of evaluating the complete chain of events to map hazards. We suggest that in future hazard mapping, geotechnical studies in combination with hydrodynamic simulation should be included, in particular, when human lives are at risk.
Demographics and District Managers’ Commitment to Inter-organisational Collaboration during Disasters’Management in Ghana
Authors: OWUSU N. Osei
Published: March 2020

This paper aims at examining whether the demographic features of public managers make a difference in terms of their commitment to inter-organisational collaboration in Ghana during disasters’ management. Using quantitative method, questionnaires were distributed to 195 public district managers from Ashanti region but with a return rate of 87%, 170 managers responded to the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (Version, 22). In analysing the data, descriptive frequencies, analysis of variance with Independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA, together with the Pearson’s correlation analysis were employed to present the study results. Additionally, to further understand the extent of the various demographic factors’ influence on managers’ commitment to inter-organisational collaboration the regression analyses were performed. From the bivariate analysis, the demographic variables used were: educational qualifications, age, gender, tenure, and marital status. The empirical results suggested that indeed inter-organisational collaboration is influenced by the demographic characteristics of district managers. In particular, the extent of inter-organizational collaboration was found to be influenced positively by gender, tenure of office, age and educational qualifications but negatively influenced by their marital status. It was therefore recommended that in order to ensure effective inter-organisational collaborative activities amongst public managers during disasters, the individual characteristics should be taken into consideration in the strategic plans of public organizations.
The Power of Political Connections: Review on the Impacts of Audit Committee and Corporate Governance
Authors: Jamil Nurul Nazlia
Published: March 2020

In this paper, the study summarizes the major studies addressing on the power of political connections that have impacts on the role of audit committees and corporate governance in the companies. The question addressed by this paper is how the political connections and audit committee role may influence the corporate governance variables as reflected in audit fees and corporate governance behavior through auditor’s assessment process. This is what has been lacking in the literatures.This paper is an attempt to identify the gaps and contribute to the political connections and corporate governance literature by showing the political connection influences on audit committee especially in an economy in which the government has coercive power in the firms. In the different context, the paper provides avenue to potential research to understand firm’s agency conflicts between the majority shareholder and the management as well as political connections that providing external resources to the firms affect auditor’s decision on audit fees, audit plan and assessment process and audit opinions.
Geographic Influence on Innovation and Entrepreneurship Spillovers
Authors: Buheji Mohamed
Published: March 2020

This paper critically reviews the role of geography and location on the spread and the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship. Since innovation is highly related to geographic competition, sources of geographic advantage are reviewed with a focus on the work of Gråsjö et al. (2018).The research defines the requirement for shifting towards innovation geographic concentration and how it might lead to both resilient economies that benefit from the spillovers. The paper concludes with recommendations on building future strategies based on the foresighted future spillovers.
A Response to the End of the Bob Era
Authors: Neville Robert Cummings
Published: March 2020

This is a response to essays on the thought of Robert Cummings Neville written by Wesley J. Wildman, Bin Song, David Rohr, Michael Raposa, Andrew Irvine, and Nancy Frankenberry.
Dwelling in Craft: Introduction: A Call for Studies about Craft
Authors: Torell Viveka , Palmsköld Anneli
Published: March 2020

Craft is a sphere of activities where humans as cultural beings can dwell, a place in people’s lives where processing of thoughts and feelings regarding everyday life and political events can take place. Craft as cultural heritage can also be directed toward the future, since understanding of handmade processes is a base for industrial production. It is a space for dreaming and planning as well as for material encounters between body and matter—in both ways changing the world. Dwelling in craft must not be idealized, though. Its manifold expressions and opposite features have to be studied critically.

Craftwork can be apprehended in various ways: calming but also frustrating, creative, and innovative, as well as boringly routinized. People can earn their living through craft, or they can reside in craft contexts like educational workshops, the DIY or DIT movement, and maker spaces for recreational purposes. Craft can be about healthy people’s creative self-expressions, but it can also be used as a tool in therapeutic processes or in reminiscence work with persons who have dementia. Craft is social when learned and shared but often individually performed with personal bodily knowing as its prerequisite. Thus, it connects people and fosters self-esteem, but it also pinpoints differences regarding bodily performances and may lead to competition and envy. An ethnological “double glance” at the phenomenon is needed. We invite scholars to theorize on craft/making as cultural activities or to present empirical findings from the field.
Handspinning Tradition in the United States: Traditionalization and Revival
Authors: Lind Mathilde Frances
Published: March 2020

This paper provides a cultural history of handspinning in the United States and examines some of the functions of the craft that have led to its increased vitality in the present day. Handspinning has previously taken on symbolic associations with independence, piety, feminine domesticity, and nostalgia for an idealized past. Contemporary handspinning often thrives in a less symbolic context for fiber artists and seems to have achieved longevity and increased relevance from reduced traditionalization while allowing spinners to critically engage with the history of women’s domestic labor.
Unraveling Knitting: Form Creation, Relationality, and the Temporality of Materials
Authors: Arantes Lydia Maria
Published: March 2020

In this article, I draw attention to form creation in knitting, and by doing so, I challenge Tim Ingold’s favoring of the morphogenetic over the hylomorphic model. Drawing on research on knitting in Austria, I further argue that in addition to following the materials—which Ingold rightfully advocates for—it is worthwhile to also follow the property of materials.
DIRECT SALES AS AN EXAMPLE OF A DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL WITHIN THE MAŁOPOLSKIE REGION
Authors: Wojcieszak-Zbierska Monika , Bogusz Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the study was to attempt to present examples of projects related to direct sales within the Małopolskie Province aimed at selling and promoting certified organic products. Direct sales are one of the best forms of a distribution channel between a food producer and a consumer. Direct contact gives measurable benefits on both sides of this chain, fosters raising the quality of offered products and ecological awareness among consumers. The offer proposed by producers often includes certified organic products. The Małopolskie Province is characterised by high agricultural fragmentation. In order to survive on the market, small farms change the profile of their farms, often to organic plant production. Growing awareness of customers with regard to ecology causes producers to strive to certify their farms. This is certainly connected with quality and food security. The analysis covered two types of projects that are characterised by an innovative approach: the Odrolnika.pl project and Targ Pietruszkowy (Parsley Market) in Cracow. The research tool was an interview questionnaire, and the research method was a case study. The research was conducted among the leaders of both projects in 2018. The Odrolnika.pl project and Targ Pietruszkowy in Cracow are very good examples of direct sales and the promotion of certified organic food with the simultaneous familiarisation of customers with the values of such products. This is possible due to direct contacts of food producers with consumers.
SELECTED ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY IN POLAND IN THE UPCOMING DECADE
Authors: Firlej Krzysztof , Mierzejewski Mateusz
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is to present selected aspects of food industry development, in Poland, in the upcoming decade. The food industry, as one of the most important sectors of Polish agribusiness, year by year is becoming a point of interest for many institutions that would like to indicate its achievements as well as suggest the most appropriate development options. The article deals with discussion issues concerning finding an optimal development path for possibilities of using intellectual capital, techniques and technology as well as the benefits resulting from these for the food industry in Poland at the beginning of the 2020s. Selected development paths with their advantages and drawbacks are presented, and broadly defined restrictive conditions. Quantitative methods, such as ARIMA type models and the Ward method were used in carrying out the studies. Two methods, the MV/BV method and the q-Tobin method, were used to calculate intellectual capital. A search for existing domestic and international literature and reports was also conducted.
LEVEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTIES IN POLAND
Authors: Mikuła Aneta
Published: March 2020

The aim of the study was to determine and evaluate the level of sustainable development of counties in Poland. Counties were divided into four types – voivodship cities, other cities, land counties in the immediate vicinity of voivodship cities and other land counties. Statistical data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of Poland for 2018 were applied. A set of indicators of sustainable development was defined. Using methods of multidimensional comparative analysis, synthetic indicators of economic, social and environmental development were determined. The measure of cohesion was used to assess the level of sustainable development of counties. It enabled dividing counties into five groups: a very low, low, medium, high and very high level of sustainability. The results show that only 20% of counties in 2018 was classified as a very high level of sustainable development class. Relatively, the highest level of sustainability was observed in land counties, both those bordering large cities and other ones. It was found that the environmental aspect may be a barrier in shaping the sustainable development of counties.
DILEMMAS OF MEASURING AND EVALUATING INCOME IN AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Runowski Henryk
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is to outline problems related to the measurement and assessment of income in European Union agriculture. Research shows that measuring agricultural income, as well as assessing differences in income between EU countries are a matter of many doubts. They not only result from problems of a methodical nature, but also from specific solutions of a cultural nature (e.g. sale of a successor farm or free family transfer). The methodology used to determine income in agriculture currently used in the European Union only takes income resulting from agricultural production and the processing of agricultural products as well as other activities directly related to agricultural production into account. Other sources of farmer income are ignored. This applies, for example, to remuneration for work outside the farm, social allowances and revenues from the lease or rental of property resources. Thus, the methodology used to determine the income of persons related to agriculture prevents or at least hinders the full assessment of the income situation of farmers in the EU and in individual countries, including Poland. The current way of measuring farmer income causes certain economic and social repercussions and is often criticized. The conclusion is that there is a need to improve the methodology of measuring income in agriculture.
EVALUATION OF DIMENSIONS OF FARMER ATTITUDES IN PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)
Authors: Domagalska-Grędys Marta
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article was to identify leading relationship attitudes among farmers keeping animals of conservative breeds. The practical justification for the adopted analyses was to identify factors that foster desirable relations (attitudes) in agriculture based on ties. The research was conducted among 145 farms using an interview questionnaire in the poviats of three voivodships (Malopolskie, Podkarpackie, Lubelskie), where operations with livestock conservation breeds occurred. Collective selection was deliberate, meeting the criteria for the use of the extended diversity of breeds of farmed animals in 3 categories (cows, sheep and pigs). On the basis of the PCA test and analysis, 2 types of attitudes were selected: bonded and opportunistic. In the implemented accounts represented by farms according to three species of animals of conservative breeds, the opportunistic attitude was more prevalent than the prison attitude. The opportunism of pig and cattle breeders was particularly valued. In addition, the distribution of attitudes in groups was analysed, among others, due to the characteristics of farmers (age, sex, education and professional experience) and the presence of a successor on the farm. What was confirmed, among others, was the impact of a lack of professional experience of farmers on pro-bonding attitudes. In addition, in the groups, the distribution of attitudes was analysed, among others, according to the characteristics of farmers (age, gender, education, professional experience) and the presence of a successor on the farm. The influence of the lack of professional experience of farmers on relationship-oriented attitudes was confirmed. The younger generation of farmers may be more effective in implementing programmes of genetic biodiversity of farm animals. Small-scale farms, developed by better-educated farmers, with short work experience in agriculture and less experience in keeping animals of conservative breeds, prove to be developmental. The obtained results are illustrative of purposely selected objects, with restrictions, they can be related to the population of all Polish farms keeping animals of conservative breeds.
AGRICULTURAL LAND AFFORESTATION IMPLEMENTED UNDER THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN POLAND BETWEEN 2007-2013 AND 2014-2020
Authors: Klepacka Anna Maria
Published: March 2020

This article focuses on afforestation of agricultural land and reviews agricultural land afforestation changes in Poland implemented by beneficiaries (natural or legal persons) of the RDP, with special regard to regional differences. Furthermore, the study distinguished between trends in afforestation for separate EU budgetary periods: 2007-2013 and the current financing period 2014-2020. The study applies data published by the Central Statistical Office for 1995-2018, concerning the size of the forest cover by ownership type and spatial distribution, the forest area in the total land area of a farm, and the average price of arable land. Additionally, data concerning the afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land have been obtained from the Agency for the Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture for 2007-2018. Results show that the afforestation of privately-owned agricultural land was 33,053.53 ha in Poland between 2007-2013, whereas it was 6,742.06 ha between 2014-2018. In both periods, the largest land area was afforested in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Mazowieckie voivodships, while the smallest in the Śląskie and Małopolskie voivodships. Although the current financing period will expire in 2020, available data suggest that the total afforested area of agricultural land area in the current period will be smaller than in the previous period. The comparison of both afforestation periods shows that only in the case of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Opolskie voivodships, the average percentage share of forest cover in total land area owned by a farm slightly increased, but both voivodships, are of little significance in afforestation efforts. The most significant decrease in the newly afforested area was in the Małopolskie Voivodship, which is likely related to average farm size and land location as well as related natural conditions.
THE PROBLEM OF WEED RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES AND THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT PROTECTION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A LARGE-SCALE AGRICULTURAL FARM
Authors: Głowicka-Wołoszyn Romana , Kozera Agnieszka , Stanisławska Joanna
Published: March 2020

The main purpose of the article is to assess the economic efficiency of wheat protection in conditions of the occurrence of weed resistance to herbicides in a selected large-scale farm (case study). In modern agriculture, especially in large-scale farms using monoculture, zero tillage and intensive chemical protection, the emerging phenomenon of weed resistance to herbicides is a cause of ecological and economic losses. In Poland, as well as the world, the problem of weed resistance is mainly noted in the case of wheat cultivation, which is ranked first in terms of sown area. Therefore, more and more often attempts are being made to answer the question, what is the profitability of performed weed control operations with the simultaneous occurrence of herbicide resistance. Empirical research was conducted on the basis of data recorded in the book of profits and losses recorded by the farm owner in 2014-2018. The collected data was developed using economic analysis and statistical methods. It was found that, in the examined period, due to the growing problem of the presence of resistant weeds, the use of products to control them increased and the costs of protecting wheat cultivation also increased. The low effectiveness of chemical weed control treatments resulted in a change in the structure of crops in the researched farm in the last year of the study.
Working time of a Polish professional driver
Authors: Przystupa Krzysztof , Gil Leszek , Niewczas Andrzej , Pieniak Daniel
Published: March 2020

According to the Central Statistical Office in Poland, for the last 10 years (2009 - 2018), the number of trucks has increased by as much as 25%. More than 6 million trucks drive in the European Union, and Poland, followed by Italy, boasts of the largest fleet (over one million trucks) . For some time, freight transportation companies have been signaling the problem of lack of staff. The Polish Road Transport Inspectorate and the National Labor Inspectorate supervise the transportation sector. All issues related to drivers’ working time are law-regulated. The main objective of introducing regulations on drivers’ working time is to improve road safety and drivers’ working conditions. The top-down imposition of break and rest periods prevents drivers’ fatigue and serves to regenerate forces. Fatigue reduces psychomotor skills, and the speed of reaction is particularly important in this profession. The practical goal of this article is to show how drivers perceive these problems, this scientific problem but in a different approach was also presented in the works. The analyzed results come from research conducted by the authors of the article. The research was conducted in the form of a multidirectional survey, 100 people (professional trucks drivers) answered each question. Each of them declared that they are a driver and work in Poland. The study was conducted in December 2018.
Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease
Authors: Targońska-Stępniak Bożena
Published: March 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide and is a major ca use of joint
pain and disability. Traditionally OA was considered primarily as a disease determined by progressive articular
cartilage breakdown, caused by exposure to different mechanical and biological factors. The contemporary
concept of OA emphasizes the complex pathogenesis of the disease, as a disorder of the joint as a whole
organ, which involves not only hyaline cartilage, but also underlying bone and synovial tissue (synovium).
Histological examination of synovial membrane have shown in most OA patients, infiltration of inflammatory
cells into the synovium (synovitis), thickening of the synovium, increased production of pro-inflammatory
cytokines. Significant inflammatory changes might be observed in the synovium even before evident cartilage
damage occurs, however synovitis is present in all stages of OA. The histopathological and molecular
examinations a well as modern imaging modalities (magnetic resonance, ultrasound) support the relevance
of synovitis in OA. Synovial inflammation seems to be pivotal in the pathogenesis of OA, it is significantly
associated with clinical symptoms (pain, morning stiffness), impairment of physical function. Synovitis could be an independent risk factor indicating progressive structural damage of OA and associated radiological
changes. The goal of OA therapy is the reduction of pain and at least in some patients it is achie ved with
anti-inflammatory treatment, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or intra-articular
glucocorticosteroid injections. The research of other treatment is in progress, looking for therapeutics of
long-term anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the low-grade inflammation and the progress of degenerative
change.
Arbeidstekster i utforskende arbeidsmetoder
Authors: Bjørkvold Tuva
Published: March 2020

Inquiry learning depends on a variety of writing in order to plan, collect data and keep track of the information. In school science, however, writing to document teacher initiated experiments, following a setup, is widespread. This article follows a class of students during inquiry learning. Most of the student texts are so called working texts, texts used to gather and process their data. Thus the students writing practice is closer to that of scientists, as opposed to the praxis characterizing scientific literacy in school, as reproducing and concerning the schooled text culture, such as text books. This article argues that the term working texts can pose a useful contribution to the view of writing in school science.
Ski lifts, bowling balls, pipe system or waterfall? Lower secondary students’ understanding of analogies for electric circuits.
Authors: Mogstad Erik , Bungum Berit
Published: March 2020

Electric circuits are challenging for students to understand, and a wide range of analogies are developed in order to support their learning. This article investigates how lower secondary students understand four analogies presented in teaching material for science for Norwegian schools. The analogies compare electric circuits to a ski lift, a water pipe system, a waterfall and moving bowling balls, respectively. Data in the study consist of group interviews with 12 students in lower secondary school, about how they understand the analogies. Results show that students are able to reason about continuity and the concept of current in circuits based on all the analogies, but that the concept of voltage remains a challenge. It seems from the results that analogies relating voltage to energy transfer as an effect of height difference in a gravitational field are constructive, despite the need for the more abstract concept of field. In addition, the results demonstrate that weaknesses in how the analogies are presented may cause major problems for students in building a fruitful understanding. This kind of weaknesses are prevalent in the teaching material studied.
Pedagogical considerations when educators and researchers design a controversy-based educational programme in a science centre
Authors: Eikeland Ingrid , Frøyland Merethe
Published: March 2020

This article reports from a 1,5 yearlong co-design process where mainly one researcher and four science centre educators collaboratively designed a controversy-based educational programme for upper secondary school in a Norwegian science centre. Its aim was to contribute to our understanding of the transition in science centres from embracing neutral, science facts, to invite visitors to discuss and think critically about contemporary issues. The data for this study consists of sound recordings from one group interview, eight workshops and three informal meetings. In the analysis, we identified barriers related to both choosing a controversial issue and choosing pedagogical activities. For example, to address an issue that was both science and society based, and finding ways to engage students in discussion. Based on our findings, we recommend paying special attention to the role of sparking students’ emotional engagement, the aspect of no right or wrong answer, and the balance between hands-on activity and dialogue when designing controversy-based activities in these institutions.
Análise de desempenho do Planejamento Módulo Teorias para um novo domínio usando recursos e tempo
Authors: Ivanchechen Danielle , Castilho Marcos
Published: March 2020

À medida que a busca por planos se torna mais relevante para aplicativos no mundo real, aumenta as demandas de expressão na linguagem de modelagem. Em particular, há um novo formalismo de planejamento para o uso de novas teorias para aumentar o poder da modelagem. Este artigo mostra como a teoria dos módulos de planejamento (PMT) cumpre esse papel, analisando seu desempenho em comparação com o planejador Metric-FF. Além disso, é apresentado um novo domínio no qual o tempo e os recursos são usados ​​simultaneamente, capazes de tornar a PMT capaz de resolver problemas que estão fora dos domínios existentes.
Predição de gêneros musicais utilizando técnicas de aprendizado de máquina
Authors: Dim Cleyton , Alves Luiz , Sousa Pedro
Published: March 2020

A Internet disponibiliza uma enorme quantidade de arquivos de áudio espalhados por inúmeros serviços, muitas vezes identificar e organizar estes arquivos por gênero musical é fundamental para traçar um perfil de usuário e disponibilizar um serviço personalizado. Este trabalho pretende criar um método de classificação capaz de identificar 6 classes diferentes de gêneros musicais (música clássica, jazz, blues, pop, rock e heavy metal) de forma automática. A solução proposta apoia-se em técnicas de aprendizado de máquina, utilizando a combinação de um modelo de base (Random Forest) com modelos específicos para os gêneros Metal, Rock e Pop. A acurácia máxima alcançada pelo modelo combinado foi de 80,64%.
Comparação de Atributos Estilométricos para Identificação de Autoria de Escrita: Um Estudo de Caso de Guimarães Rosa versus Clarice Lispector
Authors: Galina Raido , Flores Diego , Komati Karin
Published: March 2020

Quando um escritor se expressa, deve se decidir entre uma série de escolhas, tais como quais palavras/expressões usar ou como deve ser a pontuação da leitura. Essas escolhas definem as características individuais do escritor e a estilometria é o estudo quantitativo desse estilo de escrita. A proposta deste trabalho é conseguir identificar os livros de dois escritores com estilos bem definidos, Guimarães Rosa e Clarice Lispector, por meio dos atributos léxicos de seus textos: frequência de letras, frequência de palavras e TF-IDF. A comparação dos atributos é feita pela distância euclidiana, similaridade cosseno e similaridade de Jaccard. Os resultados mostram que o uso do conjunto de palavras com similaridade de Jaccard foi possível separar os livros por sua autoria.
Sequenciamento de algoritmos de amostragem para aumentar o desempenho de classificadores em conjuntos de dados desequilibrados
Authors: Barbosa Gian , Miranda Péricles De , Mello Rafael , Silva Ricardo
Published: March 2020

As técnicas de amostragem desempenham um papel essencial na ajuda aos classificadores que aprendem com conjuntos de dados desbalanceados, uma vez que essas técnicas retornam uma versão mais balanceada do conjunto de dados desbalanceados. Under sampling reduz o número de exemplos da classe majoritária para equilibrar o número de exemplos de cada classe. Isso pode fazer com que exemplos relevantes sejam excluídos. Over sampling geralmente usa todos os exemplos disponíveis na classe minoritária para sintetizar novas instâncias, que podem incluir dados ruidosos ou outliers. Assim, dependendo da natureza dos dados, o uso de um algoritmo de um tipo ou outro pode impactar negativamente o desempenho do classificador. Este artigo propõe o 'Sequenciamento de Algoritmos de Amostragem', que permite a composição de diferentes algoritmos de amostragem em um pipeline, para o balanceamento de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a proposta foi capaz de obter acurácia e F1 score médios estatisticamente maiores quando comparados aos das abordagens de amostragem tradicionais e híbridas, na maioria dos problemas desbalanceados selecionados.
A Binary Water Wave Optimization Algorithm Applied to Feature Selection
Authors: Macêdo Fagner , Barbosa Gabriel , Rocha Neto Ajalmar Da
Published: March 2020

Neste trabalho, o problema de seleção de características é abordado através da introdução de uma nova versão binária para o algoritmo Water Wave Optimization (WWO), chamada Binary Water Wave Optimization (BWWO). O WWO, em sua versão original, é utilizado apenas para resolver problemas de otimização contínuos. O método aqui proposto combina as características de otimização presentes no WWO juntamente com a velocidade de treinamento do algoritmo Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) a fim de providenciar um framework capaz de resolver problemas de seleção de características, que são problemas discretos, de forma eficaz. Para avaliar o desempenho do BWWO, uma análise comparativa é feita com métodos clássicos de redução de dimensionalidade, mais especificamente com Principal Component Analysis (PCA) e Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Com base nos experimentos, pode-se afirmar que BWWO é uma alternativa válida para problemas de seleção de características.
Deep Learning para Geração Automática de Legenda de Imagem
Authors: Scoparo Maynara , Serapião Adriane
Published: March 2020

A geração automática de legenda de imagem é uma tarefa que consiste em decifrar uma imagem e descrevê-la em frases em linguagem natural. Combina Processamento de Linguagem Natural e Visão Computacional para gerar legendas. Recentemente, os métodos de Deep Learning estão obtendo resultados muito promissores para o problema de geração de legendas. O presente trabalho propôs, com base no modelo NIC (Neural Image Caption), uma combinação de redes neurais convolucionais sobre imagens e rede neural recorrente sobre frases, alinhando-as a um objetivo estruturado de criar a descrição textual das imagens. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo neural proposto foi capaz de aprender o modelo da linguagem sobre o conteúdo da imagem, produzindo descrições precisas na maioria das imagens.
Comparative Study of Neural Networks Techniques in the Context of Cooperative Observations
Authors: Costa Leonardo , Araújo Matheus , Silva Thayanne , F. Junior Raimundo , Andrade João , Campos Gustavo
Published: March 2020

No problema de Observação Cooperativa de Alvos (CTO), um grupo de observadores em movimento deve monitorar um grupo de alvos em movimento para maximizar o número médio de alvos observados. A maioria das abordagens computacionais do CTO considera que os observadores são agentes racionais e que os alvos são apenas agentes ingênuos. Este trabalho incorpora um modelo de comportamento dos observadores no sistema de tomada de decisões dos alvos, considerando quatro modelos básicos de redes neurais treinadas, para melhorar seu desempenho. Os resultados mostraram que o desempenho da equipe-alvo aumentou quando eles foram modelados como agentes racionais, principalmente quando o modelo incorpora modelos básicos de redes neurais recorrentes em comparação com as abordagens clássicas de feed-forward.
Classificação da temperatura do anodo de um metal líquido em um Forno Elétrico a Arco usando o método kNN
Authors: Ferreira Tiago , Figueiredo Karla , Vellasco Marley
Published: March 2020

As indústrias metalúrgica e siderúrgica adotam, em seus processos, fornos elétricos a arco para o refino da composição química de metais líquidos. Para tanto, faz-se necessário controlar a temperatura de anodo destes reatores, de modo que a mesma não entre em faixas excessivamente elevadas ou baixas, o que leva a perda do banho metálico ou ao desgaste precoce do refratário dos fornos. Assim, esse trabalho apresenta técnicas de Mineração de Dados e Machine Learning que solucionam o problema de classificação da temperatura do anodo em temperaturas baixas, normais e altas. Os modelos de Aprendizado de Máquina se valeram do algoritmo KNN (k-Nearest Neighbors). Três diferentes abordagens são utilizadas para criação dos modelos KNN e os resultados de cada uma delas são apresentados e discutidos.