bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Algerian‐Seized Hashish Over Eight Years (2011–2018). Part II: Chemical Categorization
Authors: Boumrah Yacine , Baroudi Salem , Kecir Mohamed , Bouanani Sabrina
Published: August 2020

In Algeria, large quantities of hashish are seized every year. This study aimed to investigate the total content of major cannabinoids in the illicit seized hashish in Algeria over an 8‐year period (2011–2018) in order to establish the chemical profile of North African hashish. A total of 3265 hashish samples were analyzed using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) method, allowing the simultaneous quantification of both the acidic and the neutral forms of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The results revealed a slight upward trend in the mean THC content, from 7.0% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2018, with an overall mean value of 8.4%. The overall means of CBD and CBN content were 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The number of high‐potency hashish samples gradually increased to reach 6% in 2018. Two distinct hashish chemotypes were identified: the highly populated chemotype II, corresponding to the traditional medium‐potency hashish ([THC + CBN]/CBD ~ 2.16), and chemotype I, containing hashish samples of relatively high THC levels and low levels of CBD (ratio ~ 4.90). Both chemotypes I and II were characterized in the ternary plot, and the proportions (THC:CBD:CBN) were about 85%:13%:2% and 60%:35%:5%, respectively.
Impact of patient isolation on emergency department length of stay: A retrospective cohort study using the Registry for Emergency Care
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard M , Mitchell Rob D , Mitra Biswadev , Noonan Michael P , Hiller Ryan , Brichko Lisa , Luckhoff Carl , Paton Andrew , Smit De Villiers , Cameron Peter A
Published: August 2020

Objective

The number of patients with suspected COVID‐19 presenting to Australian EDs continues to impose a burden on healthcare services. Isolation is an important aspect of infection prevention and control, but has been associated with undesirable consequences among hospital inpatients. The aim of the present study was to determine if isolation is associated with an increased length of stay (LOS) in the ED.

Methods

The Registry for Emergency Care Project is a prospective cohort study with a series of nested sub‐studies. The present study was a retrospective analysis of adult patients allocated an Australasian Triage Scale category of 1 or 2 who presented to a tertiary ED between 18 and 31 May 2020. The primary outcome was ED LOS. Regression methods were used to determine the independent association between ED isolation and LOS.

Results

There were 447 patients who met inclusion criteria, of which 123 (28%) were managed in isolation. The median (interquartile range) ED LOS was 259 (210–377) min for the isolation group and 204 (126–297) min for the non‐isolation group, a difference in median ED LOS of 55 min (P < 0.001). Isolation was independently associated with a 23% increase in ED LOS (P = 0.002) and doubled the odds of an ED stay of more than 4 h (adjusted odds ratio 2.2 [1.4–3.4], P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Consistent with the anecdotal experience of Australian ED clinicians, the present study demonstrated an increased ED LOS for patients managed in isolation. Enhanced infection prevention and control precautions will be required during and beyond the current pandemic, creating significant ongoing challenges for emergency care systems.
Stability of vitamin C, color, and garlic aroma of garlic mashed potatoes in polymer packages processed with microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization technology
Authors: Patel Juhi , Parhi Ashutos , Al‐Ghamdi Saleh , Sonar Chandrashekhar R. , Mattinson D. Scott , Tang Juming , Yang Tom , Sablani Shyam S.
Published: August 2020

The U.S. Army and NASA need ready‐to‐eat meals with extended shelf‐life for military operations and future manned space missions. For traditional heat sterilization methods, aluminum foil laminated pouches are used to achieve a shelf‐life of 3 to 5 years at room temperature. However, those packages are not suited for advanced thermal processing technologies based on microwave energy. This research investigated the effect of polymeric packaging materials on storage stability of garlic flavor, vitamin C, and color of garlic mashed potatoes processed with microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) technology. Three types of high‐barrier metal oxide‐coated polymer pouches were used for MATS process, designed to achieve lethality approximately F0 = 6 min. Aluminum foil‐based pouches were used for retort process as control. Results demonstrated that both oxygen and water vapor barrier properties (oxygen transmission rate [OTR] and water vapor transmission rate [WVTR]) of the polymer pouches were affected by MATS processing. OTR increased by three to nine times, while WVTR increased by 5 to 20 times after processing. The MATS process resulted in 13% to 16% vitamin C loss, while retort process resulted in 18% loss in garlic mashed potato. The kinetics of vitamin C indicated that metal oxide‐coated high‐barrier packages (after processing OTR <0.1 cc/m2.day; WVTR <1.0 g/m2.day) could replace aluminum foil‐based pouches for MATS processed shelf‐stable ready‐to‐eat garlic mashed potatoes.

Practical Application

Garlic mashed potatoes in polymer packages processed in a microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) system had better retention of vitamin C compared to samples packaged in aluminum laminated pouches and processed in retort. Polymer packages combined with MATS processing could potentially provide safe, better quality, and nutritious shelf‐stable food products for military and space missions.
Effect of protein oxidation and degradation on texture deterioration of ready‐to‐eat shrimps during storage
Authors: Li De‐Yang , Liu Zi‐Qiang , Liu Bing , Qi Yan , Liu Yu‐Xin , Liu Xiao‐Yang , Qin Lei , Zhou Da‐Yong , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: August 2020

The impact of protein oxidation and degradation on texture deterioration of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) shrimps during storage was investigated. The deterioration in texture during storage was manifested by decreased instrumental hardness, elasticity, chewiness, and recoverability. The occurrence of protein oxidation was revealed by a significant increase in the contents of free radicals and carbonyls. The increases in trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide (TCA‐soluble peptide) content and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) were also observed, suggesting the degradation of protein. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the decreased instrumental texture parameters were negatively correlated with the increased carbonyl content, TCA‐soluble peptide, MFI, porosity, and pore size as well as the decreased water‐holding capacity (WHC), thus, it was hypothesized that protein oxidation and degradation were responsible for changes in the microstructure and reduction of WHC, which ultimately resulted in texture deterioration of RTE shrimps.
The hypoglycemic effect of extract/fractions from Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice and their active components characterized by LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS
Authors: Xiang Xingliang , Xiang Yi , Jin Shuna , Wang Zhiqiang , Xu Yiqiang , Su Chao , Shi Qingxin , Chen Cheng , Yu Qingsong , Song Chengwu
Published: August 2020

Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea is a postfermented product with the hypoglycemic effect, which is prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. However, the material basis associated with the hypoglycemic effect was not clear. The present research was designed to explore the hypoglycemic effect of extract/fractions from Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea in streptozotocin‐induced type II diabetic mice. Then an ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography along with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the phytochemicals in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea fractions. As a result, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were evidently observed from the serum biochemical indexes and liver pathological examination in type II diabetic mice. In addition, there were total of 20 major components including eight lysophosphatidylcholines (Lyso‐PCs), five fatty acids, and seven novel theophylline derivatives tentatively identified in the active fraction from water extract. Therefore, these components were assumed to contribute partly to the hypoglycemic effect of Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea. These findings also give the evidence that the Lyso‐PCs, fatty acids, and novel theophylline derivatives in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea may provide benefits in ameliorating disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism.

Practical Application

This study suggests that the Lyso‐PCs, fatty acids, and novel theophylline derivatives in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea may provide benefits in ameliorating disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. It can be taken as a beneficial diet additive or nutraceutical.
A chromosome‐scale assembly of the black gram (Vigna mungo) genome
Authors: Pootakham Wirulda , Nawae Wanapinun , Naktang Chaiwat , Sonthirod Chutima , Yoocha Thippawan , Kongkachana Wasitthee , Sangsrakru Duangjai , Jomchai Nukoon , U‐thoomporn Sonicha , Somta Prakit , Laosatit Kularb , Tangphatsornruang Sithichoke
Published: August 2020

Black gram (Vigna mungo) is an important short duration grain legume crop. Black gram seeds provide an inexpensive source of dietary protein. Here, we applied the 10X Genomics linked‐read technology to obtain a de novo whole genome assembly of V. mungo cultivated variety Chai Nat 80 (CN80). The preliminary assembly contained 12,228 contigs and had an N50 length of 5.2 Mb. Subsequent scaffolding using the long‐range Chicago and HiC techniques yielded the first high‐quality, chromosome‐level assembly of 499 Mb comprising 11 pseudomolecules. Comparative genomics analyses based on sequence information from single‐copy orthologous genes revealed that black gram and mungbean (Vigna radiata) diverged about 2.7 million years ago . The transversion rate (4DTv) analysis in V. mungo revealed no evidence supporting a recent genome‐wide duplication event observed in the tetraploid créole bean (Vigna reflexo‐pilosa). The proportion of repetitive elements in the black gram genome is slightly lower than the numbers reported for related Vigna species. The majority of long terminal repeat retrotransposons appeared to integrate into the genome within the last five million years. We also examined alternative splicing events in V. mungo using full‐length transcript sequences. While intron retention was the most prevalent mode of alternative splicing in several plant species, alternative 3' acceptor site selection represented the majority of events in black gram. Our high‐quality genome assembly along with the genomic variation information from the germplasm provides valuable resources for accelerating the development of elite varieties through marker‐assisted breeding and for future comparative genomics and phylogenetic studies in legume species.
Connections between the internal and the external capsules and the globus pallidus in the sheep: A dichromate stain X‐ray microtomographic study
Authors: Murillo‐González Jorge Alfonso , Notario Belen , Maldonado Estela , Martinez‐Sanz Elena , Barrio M. Carmen , Herrera Manuel
Published: August 2020

Sheep are recognized as useful species for translational neurodegeneration research, in particular for the study of Huntington disease. There is a lack of information regarding the detailed anatomy and connections of the basal ganglia of sheep, in normal myeloarchitectonics and in tract‐tracing studies. In this work, the organization of the corticostriatal projections at the level of the putamen and globus pallidus (GP) are explored. For the first time, the myeloarchitectonic pattern of connections between the internal (IC) and the external (EC) capsules with the GP have been investigated in the sheep. Formaldehyde‐fixed blocks of the striatum were treated with a metallic stain containing potassium dichromate and visualized using micro‐CT (µ‐CT). The trivalent chromium (Cr3+), attached to myelin phospholipids, imparts a differential contrast to the grey and white matter compartments, which allows the visualization of myelinated fascicles in µ‐CT images. The fascicles were classified according to their topographical location in dorsal supreme fascicles (X, Y, apex) arising from the IC and EC; pre‐commissurally, basal fascicles connecting the ventral part of the EC with the lateral zone of the ventral pallidum (VP) and, post‐commissurally, superior (Z1), middle (Z2) and lower (Z3) fascicles, connecting at different levels the EC with the GP. The results suggest that the presumptive cortical efferent and afferent fibres to the pallidum could be organized according to a dorsal to ventrolateral topography in the sheep, similar to that seen in other mammals. The proposed methodology has the potential to delineate the myeloarchitectonic patterns of nervous systems and tracts.
A single nucleotide polymorphism genetic risk score to aid diagnosis of coeliac disease: a pilot study in clinical care
Authors: Sharp Seth A. , Jones Samuel E. , Kimmitt Robert A. , Weedon Michael N. , Halpin Anne M. , Wood Andrew R. , Beaumont Robin N. , King Seema , van Heel David A. , Campbell Patricia M. , Hagopian William A. , Turner Justine M. , Oram Richard A
Published: August 2020

Background

Single nucleotide polymorphism–based genetic risk scores (GRS) model genetic risk as a continuum and can discriminate coeliac disease but have not been validated in clinic. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ gene testing is available in clinic but does not include non‐HLA attributed risk and is limited by discrete risk stratification.

Aims

To accurately characterise both HLA and non‐HLA coeliac disease genetic risk as a single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS and evaluate diagnostic utility.

Methods

We developed a 42 single nucleotide polymorphism coeliac disease GRS from a European case‐control study (12 041 cases vs 12 228 controls) using HLA‐DQ imputation and published genome‐wide association studies. We validated the GRS in UK Biobank (1237 cases) and developed direct genotyping assays. We tested the coeliac disease GRS in a pilot clinical cohort of 128 children presenting with suspected coeliac disease.

Results

The GRS was more discriminative of coeliac disease than HLA‐DQ stratification in UK Biobank (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [ROC‐AUC] = 0.88 [95% CIs: 0.87‐0.89] vs 0.82 [95% CIs: 0.80‐0.83]). We demonstrated similar discrimination in the pilot clinical cohort (114 cases vs 40 controls, ROC‐AUC = 0.84 [95% CIs: 0.76‐0.91]). As a rule‐out test, no children with coeliac disease in the clinical cohort had a GRS below 38th population centile.

Conclusions

A single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS may offer more effective and cost‐efficient testing of coeliac disease genetic risk in comparison to HLA‐DQ stratification. As a comparatively inexpensive test it could facilitate non‐invasive coeliac disease diagnosis but needs detailed assessment in the context of other diagnostic tests and against current diagnostic algorithms.
Obstructive shock caused by right atrial thrombosis secondary to malignant pheochromocytoma in a dog
Authors: Robveille C , Smart L , Boyd CJ
Published: August 2020

Background

Obstructive shock can be caused by any lesion leading to extraluminal compression or intraluminal occlusion of the cardiac chambers or major vessels.

Case Report

A 12‐year‐old, male castrated, Border Collie cross dog presented to a veterinary teaching hospital for collapse. A physical examination revealed severe vasoconstrictive shock and abdominal distension. Abnormalities on blood tests were consistent with systemic hypoperfusion. Cardiac underfilling, hepatomegaly with distended vasculature and ascites were identified by focused ultrasonography, raising suspicion of obstructive shock. This was supported by the radiographic findings of microcardia and a distended caudal vena cava (CVC). There was transient response to fluid therapy for blood volume expansion. Repeat focused ultrasonography during rapid intravenous fluid administration identified a right intra‐atrial mass, assessed as likely to be causing obstruction of venous return. The dog was humanely euthanased given the guarded prognosis. At postmortem evaluation, a malignant pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal gland with tumour thrombus extending to the tricuspid valve through the CVC was found. The extensive thrombus caused the obstructive shock in this case. Metastasis in a peripheral lymph node and neoplastic emboli in the heart and lungs were also visible at the histopathological evaluation.

Conclusion

To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first report of severe obstructive shock secondary to extension of caval tumour thrombus into the right atrium in a dog with malignant pheochromocytoma. Tumour thrombus from a malignant pheochromocytoma should be included as a differential diagnosis of obstructive shock, with or without a visible right intra‐atrial mass, in dogs. Serial focused ultrasonography during intravenous fluid administration can aid diagnosis.
Histological study of the thin skin of a migratory song bird
Authors: Yadav Garima , Majumdar Gaurav , Singh Namram S.
Published: August 2020

Avian skin is remarkably different from common mammalian and much less studied in comparison. In the absence of recent studies on clear histological structure of avian skin, we undertook this study to see the thin skin structure of migratory song bird red‐headed bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). The seasonal changes in photoperiod results in significant changes in the colour, texture, fat content and external plumage, and as of yet no reports exist on how it effects the structure of integument itself. As a primary report, we find that thin section of skin of the migratory buntings in breast region is very lightly attached to the underlying muscle tissue while supporting a major plumage transition. There exists an extensive network of blood vessels beneath the loosely attached skin raising a possibility of the role of blood to bring nutrients/factors for seasonal changes seen in the external features of these birds. Cresyl violet staining of skin also indicates the presence of nucleic acid in skin‐muscle pockets. Finally, we show the arrangement of small muscle pockets in such loosely attached skin which holds a repertoire of feathers. Our results provide the first histological view of a migratory avian species.
Hypoxia‐inducible hexokinase‐2 enhances anti‐apoptotic function via activating autophagy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Ikeda Sho , Abe Fumito , Matsuda Yuka , Kitadate Akihiro , Takahashi Naoto , Tagawa Hiroyuki
Published: August 2020

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematopoietic neoplasm derived from plasma cells, and existing in the bone marrow. Recent developments in the field of myeloma onco‐biology have enabled the use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) as key drugs for MM. PIs can increase cell sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to apoptosis of myeloma cells. PI cannot kill all myeloma cells, however; one reason of this might be activation of autophagy via hypoxic stress in the bone marrow microenvironment. Hypoxia‐inducible gene(s) that regulate autophagy may be novel therapeutic target(s) for PI‐resistant myeloma cells. Here, a hypoxia‐inducible glycolytic enzyme hexokinase‐2 (HK2) was demonstrated to contribute by autophagy activation to the acquisition of an anti‐apoptotic phenotype in myeloma cells. We found that hypoxic stress led to autophagy activation accompanied by HK2 upregulation in myeloma cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HK2 knockdown inhibited glycolysis and impaired autophagy, inducing apoptosis. The cooperative effects of a PI (bortezomib) against immunodeficient mice inoculated with HK2‐knocked down myeloma cells were examined and significant tumor reduction was observed. An HK2 inhibitor, 3‐bromopyruvate (3‐BrPA), also induced apoptosis under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions. Further examination of the cooperative effects between 3‐BrPA and bortezomib on myeloma cells revealed a significant increase in apoptotic myeloma cells. These results strongly suggested that HK2 regulates the activation of autophagy in hypoxic myeloma cells. Cooperative treatment using PI against a dominant fraction, and HK2 inhibitor against a minor fraction, adapted to the bone marrow microenvironment, may lead to deeper remission for refractory MM.
A detailed appraisal of renal manifestations in primary hyperparathyroidism from Indian PHPT registry: Before and after curative parathyroidectomy
Authors: Agrawal Kanhaiya , Arya Ashutosh Kumar , Sood Ashwani , Kumari Poonam , Singh Priyanka , Sapara Mohin , Rastogi Ashu , Behera Arunanshu , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar
Published: August 2020

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a systemic disorder characterized by hypercalcaemia and inappropriately elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). Renal manifestations are one of the main presenting features both in symptomatic and asymptomatic PHPT patients.

Objectives

We aimed to compare demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters of PHPT patients with and without renal manifestations and also analysed the influence of curative parathyroidectomy on renal functions.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the data of PHPT patients from the last 25 years (1995‐ March 2019) and compared the demographic and clinical presentation and biochemical measurements between patients with and without renal manifestations and evaluated the changes in renal functions after 1 year of curative parathyroidectomy.

Results

Of the total 544 PHPT patients, 299 (55%) including 91 out of 141 (65%) males had renal manifestations. Among renal manifestations, nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis were found in 41.7% and 27.6% PHPT patients, respectively. PHPT patients with renal manifestations had significantly higher creatinine (109.7 vs 79.6 µmol/L; P < .0001) and lower eGFR level (78.8 vs 93.9 mL/min/1.73 m2; P < .0001) compared to patients without renal manifestations. Parathyroidectomy resolved the clinical symptoms with biochemical cure in the patients from both the groups. Patients with renal manifestations showed improvement in creatinine and eGFR levels after 1 year of curative parathyroidectomy; however, patients without renal manifestations showed no change in creatinine and eGFR levels.

Conclusion

Young age and male gender are predictors of renal manifestations in PHPT. Curative parathyroidectomy improves renal functions in PHPT patients with renal manifestations compared to PHPT patients without renal manifestation.
Topology‐Aware Surface Reconstruction for Point Clouds
Authors: Brüel‐Gabrielsson Rickard , Ganapathi‐Subramanian Vignesh , Skraba Primoz , Guibas Leonidas J.
Published: August 2020

We present an approach to incorporate topological priors in the reconstruction of a surface from a point scan. We base the reconstruction on basis functions which are optimized to provide a good fit to the point scan while satisfying predefined topological constraints. We optimize the parameters of a model to obtain a likelihood function over the reconstruction domain. The topological constraints are captured by persistence diagrams which are incorporated within the optimization algorithm to promote the correct topology. The result is a novel topology‐aware technique which can (i) weed out topological noise from point scans, and (ii) capture certain nuanced properties of the underlying shape which could otherwise be lost while performing surface reconstruction. We show results reconstructing shapes with multiple potential topologies, compare to other classical surface construction techniques, and show the completion of real scan data.
Occurrence and clustering of complications in implant dentistry
Authors: Karlsson Karolina , Derks Jan , Wennström Jan L. , Petzold Max , Berglundh Tord
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The aim was to evaluate the overall occurrence and potential clustering of biological and technical complications in implant dentistry.

Material and Methods

596 patients provided with implant‐supported reconstructions were evaluated for the occurrence of (a) technical complications, (b) peri‐implantitis and (c) implant loss during a period of 9 years. Time and type of event were scored, and potential risk factors were explored through parametric modelling of survival and hazards. Clustering of complications was assessed at the patient level, and patient satisfaction was evaluated by questionnaire completed at the 9‐year examination.

Results

42% of patients were affected by technical and/or biological complications during the 9‐year observation period. Extent of therapy (Hazard Ratio 2.5: patients with partial jaw restorations; HR 3.9: patients with full jaw restorations) and a history of periodontitis (HR 1.6) were identified as risk factors. While technical complications occurred mostly as isolated events, 41% of subjects identified with peri‐implantitis and 52% of subjects with implant loss also presented with other complications. The hazard for technical complications and implant loss peaked at 0.7 years and 0.2 years, respectively, while the hazard for peri‐implantitis was consistent throughout the observation period. The overall proportion of satisfied patients at 9 years was high (95%), and only minor differences between individuals with and without complications were noted.

Conclusions

Complications following implant‐supported restorative therapy were common findings. Extent of therapy and periodontitis were identified as risk factors. While technical complications occurred in an isolated pattern, peri‐implantitis and implant loss demonstrated clustering with other types of complications.
Poldip2 mediates blood‐brain barrier disruption and cerebral edema by inducing AQP4 polarity loss in mouse bacterial meningitis model
Authors: Gao Meng , Lu Weitian , Shu Yue , Yang Zhengyu , Sun Shanquan , Xu Jin , Gan Shengwei , Zhu Shujuan , Qiu Guoping , Zhuo Fei , Xu Shiye , Wang Yiying , Chen Junhong , Wu Xuan , Huang Juan
Published: August 2020

Background

Specific highly polarized aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) expression is reported to play a crucial role in blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity and brain water transport balance. The upregulation of polymerase δ‐interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) was involved in aggravating BBB disruption following ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether Poldip2‐mediated BBB disruption and cerebral edema formation in mouse bacterial meningitis (BM) model occur via induction of AQP4 polarity loss.

Methods and Results

Mouse BM model was induced by injecting mice with group B hemolytic streptococci via posterior cistern. Recombinant human Poldip2 (rh‐Poldip2) was administered intranasally at 1 hour after BM induction. Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) targeting Poldip2 was administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 48 hours before BM induction. A specific inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), UK383367, was administered intravenously at 0.5 hour before BM induction. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real‐time PCR, neurobehavioral test, brain water content test, Evans blue (EB) permeability assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and gelatin zymography were carried out. The results showed that Poldip2 was upregulated and AQP4 polarity was lost in mouse BM model. Both Poldip2 siRNA and UK383367 improved neurobehavioral outcomes, alleviated brain edema, preserved the integrity of BBB, and relieved the loss of AQP4 polarity in BM model. Rh‐Poldip2 upregulated the expression of MMPs and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and downregulated the expression of β‐dystroglycan (β‐DG), zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), occludin, and claudin‐5; whereas Poldip2 siRNA downregulated the expression of MMPs and GFAP, and upregulated β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5. Similarly, UK383367 downregulated the expression of GFAP and upregulated the expression of β‐DG, ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐5.

Conclusion

Poldip2 inhibition alleviated brain edema and preserved the integrity of BBB partially by relieving the loss of AQP4 polarity via MMPs/β‐DG pathway.
Delafloxacin––A novel fluoroquinolone for the treatment of ciprofloxacin‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Millar Beverley Cherie , McCaughan John , Rendall Jacqueline C. , Moore John E.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, namely ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, play an important role in treating infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) and ciprofloxacin remains the last widely used and orally available antipseudomonal agent. Recently, a new fluoroquinolone, delafloxacin, has been approved by the FDA for the indication of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections (ABSSSI). This antibiotic is a novel dual‐targeting anionic fluoroquinolone and differs from previous agents in its class, as it lacks a protonatable substituent. To date, there are no reports of its use or activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF. Alarmingly, fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing among CF P aeruginosa isolates. The aims of the study were to (a) examine in vitro susceptibility of delafloxacin against a population of P. aeruginosa (n = 52) isolated from adult CF patients at our CF centre, (b) to compare delafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in vitro susceptibilities against CF P. aeruginosa and (c) to evaluate where delafloxacin may add benefit in treating CF P aeruginosa.

Methods

In vitro susceptibilities were examined on 52 non‐mucoid P. aeruginosa and P. aeruginosa ATCC™ 27853 reference strain, by employing Etest® gradient test strips for delafloxacin (range:0.002 ‐ 32 mg/L) and ciprofloxacin (0.002 ‐ 32 mg/L), as per manufacturer's instructions (Biomerieux).

Results

MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90 for delafloxacin were 0.064 → 32 mg/L, 0.56 mg/L and 2.19 mg/L, respectively. For ciprofloxacin, these were 0.047 → 32 mg/L, 1.69 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. Overall, isolates were statistically more sensitive to delafloxacin (p = 0.0005) than ciprofloxacin. Of note, 4/12 (33.3%) isolates with intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin were sensitive to delafloxacin. Similarly, 10/28 (35.7%) isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin were sensitive to delafloxacin, with only 17.9% isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, resistant to delafloxacin.

Conclusion

Given similar breakpoints of these fluoroquinolones, these data show that delafloxacin has greater activity than ciprofloxacin. While delafloxacin and ciprofloxacin were equally effective with sensitive isolates, the value of delafloxacin was noted with more resistant isolates to ciprofloxacin. While ciprofloxacin should remain the first line fluoroquinolone for treating CF P aeruginosa, delafloxacin shows potential in treating ciprofloxacin‐resistant P aeruginosa.
Nuclear morphometry as an adjunct to cytopathologic examination of endometrial brushings on LBC samples: A prospective approach to combined evaluation in endometrial neoplasms and look alikes
Authors: Norimatsu Yoshiaki , Irino Satoshi , Maeda Yoshinobu , Yanoh Kenji , Kurokawa Tetsuji , Hirai Yasuo , Kobayashi Tadao K. , Fulciniti Franco
Published: August 2020

Objective

In this study, we aimed to retrospectively investigate and confirm whether atypical nuclear findings in endometrial cytology are useful when assessed by image morphometry in liquid‐based cytology (LBC) and compared with microscopic evaluation.

Methods

In total, 53 cases were selected for this study, including 11 presenting proliferative endometrium, 12 with surface papillary syncytial change with endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown (EGBD‐SPSC), 10 endometrioid carcinoma grade 1 (G1‐EEC), 10 EEC grade 3 (G3‐EEC), and 10 endometrial serous carcinomas (ESC). Nuclear image morphometry for nuclear geometric features (area, grey value, aspect ratio, internuclear distance, nucleolar diameter) was performed using ImageJ computer software. For assessing nucleoli, 3861 nuclei were measured, and for nuclear findings, except for nucleoli, 4036 nuclei were measured in total.

Results

(a) Compared with G1‐EEC, G3‐EEC and ESC presented a marked increase in all six parameters (nuclear enlargement, anisonucleosis, nuclear shade, nuclear shape, irregularity of nuclear arrangement, and nucleolar size). (b) EGBD‐SPSC presented a marked increase in two parameters (nuclear shade, nuclear shape) when compared with G1/G3‐EEC and ESC. (c) Compared with EGBD‐SPSC, EEC and ESC demonstrated a marked increase in nucleolar size (≥2.0 μm). (d) ESC presented a marked increase in nucleolar size (≥3.0 μm) when compared with G3‐EEC.

Conclusions

Here we confirmed that atypical nuclear findings evaluated by image morphometry are as useful as microscopic evaluations in endometrial cytology. We believe that the objective evaluation of nucleolar size could contribute to an accurate diagnosis of endometrial‐LBC samples.
Predicting spatiotemporal abundance of breeding waterfowl across Canada: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach
Authors: Adde Antoine , Darveau Marcel , Barker Nicole , Cumming Steven
Published: August 2020

Aim

Our aim was to develop predictive statistical models for mapping the abundance of 18 waterfowl species at a pan‐Canadian level. We refined the previous generation of national waterfowl models by (a) developing new, more interpretable statistical models that (b) explicitly account for spatiotemporal variations in waterfowl abundance, while (c) testing for associations with an updated suite of habitat covariates.

Location

All of Canada, excluding the Northern Arctic ecozone.

Methods

Our response variables were annual species counts on 2,227 aerial‐survey segments over a period of 25 years (1990–2015). Combining machine‐learning and hierarchical regression modelling, we devised an innovative covariate selection strategy to select for each species the best subset of a panel of 232 candidate habitat covariates. With the selected covariates, we implemented hierarchical generalized linear models in a Bayesian framework, using the integrated nested Laplace approximation and stochastic partial differential equation approaches.

Results

On average, our models explained 47% of the observed variance for spatiotemporal predictions and 74% for temporally averaged spatial predictions. The 18 species models included 94 significant waterfowl‐habitat associations involving 42 distinct habitat covariates, with an average of 5.3 covariates per model. Covariates for forest attributes were the most represented in our models. The proportional biomass ofPopulus tremuloideswas the most frequently selected covariate (10/94 associations in 10/18 species). Model predictions generated spatial and spatiotemporal maps of species abundances over almost all of Canada.

Main conclusions

We showed that it is possible to efficiently combine machine‐learning, variable selection and hierarchical Bayesian methods that exploit high‐dimensional covariate spaces. Our approach yielded powerful and easily interpretable species distribution models with very few covariates, while accounting for residual autocorrelation. Possible applications of the resulting models and maps include the development of biodiversity indicators, the evaluation and execution of conservation planning strategies, and ecosystem services monitoring.
Novel temperature‐responsive, biodegradable and injectable collagen sol for the endoscopic closure of colonic perforation holes: Animal study (with videos)
Authors: Uraoka Toshio , Yunoki Shunji , Kinoshita Satoshi , Takatori Yusaku , Hirai Yuichiro , Tanaka Hirohito , Narita Takefumi , Shimoda Masayuki
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) poses a risk of intraprocedural perforation. We have developed a biodegradable injectable collagen sol that undergoes a liquid‐to‐gel formation in response to body temperature. Here, we investigated the feasibility of this novel collagen sol for the endoscopic closure of iatrogenic perforation holes.

Methods

In two experiments, 12 and 5 colonic perforation holes (3–5 mm) were made using an ESD knife in four and three live pigs under general anesthesia, respectively. In Experiment 1, collagen sol was delivered to the perforation holes using an endoscopic catheter. When the colon was expanded by CO2 insufflation, endo‐clips were applied to the perforation holes. For Experiment 2, Collagen sol adjusted based on the Experiment 1 results was delivered to the perforation holes in the same manner. A leak test was performed for every colon after the pigs were killed, and the histology of the perforation sites was evaluated.

Results

In both experiments, collagen sol was smoothly delivered to the target area and fixed as a gel on the perforation holes. Experiment 1, 83% (10/12) of the perforation holes were completely closed, and all endo‐clips were placed with composure. Experiment 2, all perforation holes were completely closed with collagen gel. There was no leak from the perforation holes. Histology revealed a fixation of the collagen gel as an embolus agent in the perforation holes.

Conclusions

This novel collagen sol may be used for the endoscopic closure of intraprocedural perforation. Further studies will determine this collagen sol's clinical feasibility and safety.
Complications and sequelae of concussion and subluxation in permanent teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Darley Rodrigo Moreira , Fernandes e Silva Caroline , Costa Francine dos Santos , Xavier Cristina Braga , Demarco Flávio Fernando
Published: August 2020

Background/aim

The overall prognosis for teeth that have suffered concussion and/or subluxation is not yet known. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify the incidence of sequelae or complications associated with concussion and subluxation of permanent teeth.

Methods

Four databases were used as follows: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Lilacs. The search for studies was carried out up to March 31, 2019, to identify studies evaluating patients diagnosed with dental trauma classified as concussion or subluxation and reporting their respective sequelae and/or complications. No restrictions were made for gender, follow‐up period, and the year of publication or language. The selection of studies and data extraction were carried out independently by two researchers. The studies were grouped according to the type of trauma. A random‐effect model was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals for each type of trauma.

Results

Thirteen articles were included in the systematic review, and six were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled incidence of unfavorable outcomes (any sequel or complication) in teeth with concussion was 12% by the end of 1 year of follow up (0.12; CI95% 0.00‐0.26). The pooled incidence of unfavorable outcomes in teeth with subluxation was 18% (0.18; CI95 % 0.07‐0.29) by the end of 1 year of follow up.

Conclusion

Concussion and subluxation showed sequelae and/or complications by the end of 1 year, including pulp necrosis. Patients who have suffered mild supportive tissue injuries should be monitored.
Characteristic changes of traumatic dental injuries in a teaching hospital of Wuhan under transmission control measures during the COVID‐19 epidemic
Authors: Yang Yu‐Ting , Zhang Wei , Xie Long , Li Zu‐Bing , Li Zhi
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan City, and a retrospective analysis is necessary to provide clinicians with the characteristics of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the characteristics of TDIs under the transmission control measures in Wuhan City utilizing an epidemiologic investigation.

Materials and method

In this retrospective study, epidemiologic information, including the number of patients, gender, age, and TDI parameters such as time since injury to the clinic visit, etiology, tooth location, and the type of injury was extracted from the records of patients in the hospital from two periods: period 1 (between January 23, 2020, and April 7, 2020) and period 2 (between January 23, 2019, and April 7, 2019). The data from the two periods were compared and analyzed.

Result

A total of 158 patients were treated for TDIs (120 in 2019 and 38 in 2020). Males were more likely to suffer from TDIs than females with a ratio of 1.5:1, both in 2020 and 2019. Other than that, there were characteristic changes in TDIs during the transmission control measures in the COVID‐19 epidemic, which included the number of patients, age, time since injury to the clinic visit, etiology, tooth location and the type of TDI.

Conclusion

The transmission control measures during the COVID‐19 epidemic had a significant impact on the epidemiology and etiology of TDIs in Wuhan City.
Applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord
Authors: Tian Ting , Li Xiaoguang
Published: August 2020

The locomotor networks in the spinal cord coordinate muscle contractions and govern limb movements, ensuring postural body stability and smooth locomotion at different speeds. Dissecting the organization and connection of spinal motor networks is crucial to interpret their functional roles and thus can help to design more specific interventions for motor system diseases. Traditional two‐dimensional (2D) histological sectioning is inadequate to accurately dissect complex architecture of the spinal cord as it provides only partial spatial information about spinal neural circuits. It is particularly difficult for quantitative analysis of axon regeneration after injury with 2D tissue sections, because it shows axonal fragments rather than spatial trajectory of regenerating axons. Therefore, three‐dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis are extremely necessary for investigations of spinal cord structure and function. Although 3D spatial structure of the spinal cord can be reconstructed by serial sectioning, this approach is laborious and prone to image distortion. The recently emerging tissue clearing technique enables 3D imaging of the entire spinal cord at cellular resolution without tissue sectioning. The development of tissue clearing contributes to revealing the organization and function of spinal circuits and elucidating associated mechanisms underlying certain behaviours in health and disease. In this paper, we give an overview of the current clearing methods and introduce available labelling and imaging techniques as well as data processing software. Finally, we demonstrate the recent applications of tissue clearing in the spinal cord. Tissue clearing technique provides a novel tool for 3D imaging and quantification of the spinal cord, and benefits investigations of structure–function relationship of spinal networks. This review might help researchers to find the potential of tissue clearing in the studies of spinal cord and select appropriate clearing protocol for their experimental schemes.
Quantifying impacts of plastic debris on marine wildlife identifies ecological breakpoints
Authors: Marn Nina , Jusup Marko , Kooijman Sebastiaan A. L. M. , Klanjscek Tin
Published: August 2020

Quantifying sublethal effects of plastics ingestion on marine wildlife is difficult, but key to understanding the ontogeny and population dynamics of affected species. We developed a method that overcomes the difficulties by modelling individual ontogeny under reduced energy intake and expenditure caused by debris ingestion. The predicted ontogeny is combined with a population dynamics model to identify ecological breakpoints: cessation of reproduction or negative population growth. Exemplifying this approach on loggerhead turtles, we find that between 3% and 25% of plastics in digestive contents causes a 2.5–20% reduction in perceived food abundance and total available energy, resulting in a 10–15% lower condition index and 10% to 88% lower total seasonal reproductive output compared to unaffected turtles. The reported plastics ingestion is insufficient to impede sexual maturation, but population declines are possible. The method is readily applicable to other species impacted by debris ingestion.
Fluid transport from the dental pulp revisited
Authors: Berggreen Ellen , Wiig Helge , Virtej Anca
Published: August 2020

In the dental pulp surrounded by rigid dentinal walls, an increase in fluid volume will be followed by a rapid increase in interstitial fluid pressure. To maintain pressure homeostasis, a fluid drainage system is required. The dental pulp and apical periodontal ligament lack lymphatic vessels, and the questions are how the transport can take place inside the pulp and where the lymphatic vessels draining fluid from the apical periodontal ligament are located. The drainage of fluid within the pulp must be governed by a tissue pressure gradient (driving pressure) and the fluid is likely transported in loose connective tissue (gaps) surrounding vessels and nerve fibers. We suggest that aging of the pulp tissue characterized by fibrosis will reduce the draining capacity and make it more vulnerable to circulatory failure. When the fluid leaves the pulp, it will follow the nerve bundles and vessels through the periapical ligament into bone channels, where lymphatic vessels are found. In the mandibular canal, lymphatic vessels are localized and the fluid washout rate from the canal is slow, but chewing may speed it up by increasing the fluid pressure. In acute apical periodontitis, inflammatory mediators and bacterial components can be spread to regional lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels inside the jaw bone.
Impacts of undernutrition and maternal oral health status on dental caries in Korean children aged 3‐5 years
Authors: Kim Han‐Na , Kwon Yong‐Bong , Lee Jung‐Ha , Kim Jin‐Bom
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The association between nutrition and oral health has been studied in the elderly. This study aimed to examine the impacts of undernutrition and the mothers’ socioeconomic and oral health statuses on the incidence of dental caries in Korean preschool children.

Methods

Data of 610 children aged 3‐5 years and their mothers who underwent oral examinations and responded to the questionnaires in the 6th KNAHNES were used. Caries prevalence was measured by dft and dt among the primary teeth in children and DMFT among mothers. Dietary reference intake values were used to evaluate nutritional status, a nutritional quality index and the mean nutrient adequacy ratio. Complex sample correlation analysis was performed by using children's dft and dt statuses as dependent variables. Multilevel linear regression was applied to investigate the impacts of undernutrition and mothers’ socioeconomic and oral health status on children's dft and dt statuses. Statistical significance was set as P < .05.

Results

Factors significantly related to dft in children were age and food. Food insecurity was the only factor significantly associated with dt in children. Children's sex and mother's DMFT were likely to be relevant to dft in children. Children's age and a nutritional quality index value less than 1 were also likely to be relevant to the dt of children.

Conclusions

Children with an undernourished status had a higher caries experience. A comprehensive community dental health promotion programme should be developed to prevent the incidence of dental caries in vulnerable undernourished children.