bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vendor development strategies
Authors: Chakraborty Subrata , Philip Tiny
Published: July 2002

Unprecedented changes sweeping the world during the last few years have given rise to the need for the development and adoption of contingency strategies. This requires firms to have strategic flexibility in every aspect of their operation. Vendor development strategies constitute an important component in achieving this flexibility. Attempts to draw up an explicit conceptual link between generic business unit strategies and generic vendor development strategies. Proposes a vendor structure framework with three dimensions representing vendor structure scope, vendor structure relationship and vendor structure focus. Uses the framework to develop certain generic vendor development strategies. Considers the four generic strategies suggested by Porter, namely industry‐wide cost leadership strategy, industry‐wide differentiation strategy, segment cost leadership strategy and segment differentiation strategy and, for each one of these, proposes appropriate vendor development strategies.
Radically new production systems
Authors: Karlsson Christer
Published: July 2002

Identifies radical changes made by one organization in production principles and managerial issues behind the production system design, over a time period of 25 years. Finds that managerial perspectives moved away from a focus on handling problems (although with visions of work organization), to a focus on strategic, competitive advantages for the production system. Concludes that the short‐cycled workstation has been tied conceptually to the line, and the team to the dock. Finally, points out that the “experimental” plant plays an important role in the development of radically new ideas for production concepts, and that ideas from the solution in one‐step, play important parts in later generations.
Advanced manufacturing technologies
Authors: Udo Godwin J. , Ehie Ike C.
Published: July 2002

Observes that in response to the growing global competition, many manufacturing companies are in the process of adopting advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) to improve their business operations. Notes that, despite the increasing interest in AMT, few empirical studies have been conducted to determine key success implementation factors. Presents the results of an empirical study which surveyed manufacturing companies in the USA to determine the critical success factors in the implementation of AMT. Uses tangible and intangible benefits as indicators of AMT implementation success measures. Classifies the determinants of AMT implementation success under four broad categories: the triple “C” factors (communication, commitment and co‐ordination), the housekeeping factors (action plan, effective team, vendor support, cost justification, functions integration and effective facilitator), the self‐interest factors (employee moral, satisfaction, belief in AMT and appropriate reward), and the literacy factors (understanding of firm’s business, training clarity of goals/objectives of AMT). Reveals from analysis of the responses that about 70 per cent of the variances in the success measures were explained by those determinants of AMT identified in the study.
TQM implementation in LDCs: driving and restraining forces
Authors: Mersha Tigineh
Published: July 2002

Reveals that the available literature on TQM implementation emphasizes the experiences of firms in industrialized nations, and studies dealing with the challenges of implementing TQM in less developed countries (LDCs) are limited. Examines the factors that influence the successful implementation of TQM in LDCs with a particular focus on the countries of Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Using force‐field analysis, identifies the primary environmental factors expected to drive or restrain TQM implementation in SSA and proposes some approaches for enhancing its success. Suggests that advance knowledge of the factors that are likely to promote or obstruct TQM implementation would enable managers in SSA countries to develop more effective strategies that will enhance the chances of implementation success. Asserts that adopting the TQM approach can help to improve the quality of goods and services in SSA countries, increase their export capabilities and facilitate the achievement of their development goals. Cautions that in SSA countries it is not enough that top managers in individual firms commit to the TQM process, noting that, in contrast to industrialized nations, SSA governments play a much more prominent role in economic activity, including direct ownership of major enterprises. Hence, argues that the unwavering support of African governments is crucial if TQM is to be successfully introduced and sustained in private and public organizations in SSA.
Quality costing: the application of the process model within a manufacturing environment
Authors: Goulden Clive , Rawlins Louise
Published: July 2002

Discusses the second implementation phase of a quality costing system in a large engineering company providing capital plant for the nuclear and defence industries. Explains that the system is based on an adapted version of the process model outlined in BS 6143: Part 1: 1992, and was adapted to enable better understanding of business processes and the information provided by the system. Compares the implementation process and the results obtained from the first and second phases of system implementation. Shows that a comparison of process model results between different processes is not straightforward, and comes to a similar conclusion to the literature; that quality costing does not provide for improvement per se. Indicates, however, that the adapted version of the process model can be implemented in different types of company, but suggests that, to make comparisons between different areas, generic processes or quality cost measures must be identified.
Forecasting in US firms: a role for TQM?
Authors: Rice Gillian
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the implementation of forecasting systems and processes by large organizations. Reports the results of a survey of US firms which reveal that, despite advances in computer technology, judgemental forecasting continues to be the method managers prefer. Notes, however, that the incorporation of total quality practices appears to be having some impact on improving systematic approaches to forecasting.
An internal customer service quality data envelopment analysis model for bank branches
Authors: Soteriou Andreas C. , Stavrinides Yiannos
Published: July 2002

Over the last few years data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been gaining increasing popularity as a performance assessment methodology. DEA has been successfully applied to bank branch performance evaluation. However, most DEA models which have been developed for bank branch performance assessment do not include service quality as an output. Service quality has been considered by many as the key to gaining competitive advantage and customer loyalty. Develops a DEA model that can be used to provide direction for improvement to branches which do not use their resources in the most efficient way to produce service quality. Focuses on internal customer service quality which is sometimes easier to measure. Presents results from an empirical study undertaken at a bank to demonstrate the applicability of the model.
Manufacturing strategy and the concept of world class manufacturing
Authors: Harrison Alan
Published: July 2002

The concept of world class manufacturing is examined in terms of the definitions which have been developed in recent survey based research. A fundamental flaw in such approaches is that they model a fixed notion of manufacturing competitiveness. The paper presents results from case based research which addresses these issues, and shows how, even in relatively compatible environments, forcing different operations facilities to become similar would potentially undermine competitiveness. The unit of analysis is the manufacturing cell, and evidence is provided which describes the relative postions of the four cells studied. The study concludes that the cells have distinct strategic needs, and that a single “lean” mindset would be inappropriate.
Operations management: internationalization and interdisciplinary integration
Authors: Chase Richard B. , Zhang Alex
Published: July 2002

Looks at operations management with a particular focus on the west coast of the USA. Considers two aspects: the first being curriculum development and the second relating to teaching and research. Gives a detailed view of the type of courses offered in the field. Also gives details of research being conducted in the area.
Modelling the impact of reengineering with system dynamics
Authors: Burgess Thomas F.
Published: July 2002

A high level model of the organisation is built using the system dynamics method and an operations management perspective. The organisation is portrayed as a process linking the key competitive capabilities of cost, quality, time and flexibility. Empirical data are used to calibrate the model and predict improvements stemming from business process reengineering (BPR). The model is evaluated and suggestions made for future developments. The study highlights the need for more data on the outcomes of BPR and the need for more knowledge on how competitive capabilities are linked.
Missing links
Authors: Dhondt Steven , Benders Jos
Published: July 2002

The Dutch version of sociotechnical systems design called “modern sociotechnology” stresses that the quality of working life is dependent on the choice for a certain “production structure”, i.e. the physical layout of operations. Two propositions about this relationship are derived from modern sociotechnology, and tested on a sample of Dutch textile companies. No empirical support is found for the propositions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Across the manufacturing‐marketing interface Classification of significant research
Authors: Parente Diane H.
Published: July 2002

This article classifies the significant research in the marketing‐manufacturing interface using a framework in three dimensions: process versus outcome, level of interaction (strategic, tactical, or operational), and consideration of situational dimensions. The classification demonstrates that research is limited in specific areas including the consideration of the situational dimensions. Aggregation of topics at the strategic level of the interaction is needed to further research in this area. In addition, it is noted that customer input or measures of either the interaction or performance are important in this literature.
Managerial implications of the modular consortium model in a Brazilian automotive plant
Authors: Pires Sílvio R.I.
Published: July 2002

Recently, automotive manufacturers have sought to outsource part of their traditional territory in an attempt to gain competitive advantages by decreasing production costs and increasing the speed of the development of new products. In order to do this, the modular consortium model has been introduced as a new and revolutionary approach to outsourcing assembly in automotive manufacturing. In November 1996, VW and seven module suppliers inaugurated a new truck and bus plant in Resende, a greenfield site in Brazil, using a pioneering pure modular consortium. As a radical case of outsourcing in the supply chain, the factory has aroused great interest and become a “laboratory” for the entire automotive industry. This article provides a brief description of the factory and discusses some managerial challenges and new business opportunities which have been introduced on both sides of the partnership with the establishment of the new plant.
Responsiveness of the order fulfilment process
Authors: Kritchanchai Duangpun , MacCarthy B.L.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses evidence from field studies undertaken to investigate the responsiveness of the order fulfilment process in a number of companies. The evidence is analysed in the context of the literature on responsiveness and related areas such as time‐based competition. Similarities and differences are analysed across a number of industrial sectors with respect to order fulfilment processes and the interpretation and significance of responsiveness. Generic factors that influence different types of companies are identified. Four components of responsiveness – stimuli, awareness, capabilities and goals – emerge from an analysis of the literature. The field and case study evidence allows the development of more precise definitions and descriptions of each of these components. The study also allows a generic responsiveness framework to be developed that incorporates both strategic and operational viewpoints. The need for more field studies on responsiveness is noted. More work is advocated on the assessment and measurement of responsiveness and on developing appropriate responsiveness interventions, particularly with respect to the order fulfilment process.
The omitted mathematics of Hans von Mangoldt
Authors: Mosselmans Bert
Published: July 2002

Discusses the economic thought of Hans von Mangoldt (1824‐1868). We discuss how this German classical author seems to anticipate later “neoclassical” ideas, such as Schumpeter’s theory of the entrepreneur, Marshall’s partial price analysis and the graphical representation of supply and demand. We discuss these graphical representations and conclude that Mangoldt does not take the role of time into account. Investigates why Mangoldt’s contemporaries did not pay much attention to these theoretical developments and describes how Mangoldt’s most interesting mathematical theories were omitted in the posthumous editions of his principal work.
Comment on “Hermann Heinrich Gossen: a Wirkungsgeschichte of an ignored mathematical economist” by Yukihiro Ikeda
Authors: Meijer Gerrit
Published: July 2002

Comments on Ikeda’s Wirkungsgeschichte of Hermann Heinrich Gossen. Calls for a more thorough exposition of Gossen’s work.
Measuring the change in productive efficiency in telecommunications in the USA
Authors: Uri Noel D.
Published: July 2002

Incentive regulation has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA. The issue explored here is whether incentive regulation has resulted in an increase in productive efficiency. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple‐output/multiple‐input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988‐1999 period indicate that, in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988‐1990 and the 1991‐1999 periods, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.
Interactions among Private Investors and Government Policies
Authors: Fountas Stilianos
Published: July 2002

Models fiscal policy interactions between fiscal authorities and private
investors in the foreign exchange market in a game‐theoretic framework.
Using a two‐period game, I consider the credible and noncredible
announcements of the domestic fiscal authority with respect to the
stance of its future fiscal policy. Each country faces a trade‐off
between its current account and budget deficit objectives and
time‐inconsistency arises due to lack of a sufficient number of policy
instruments. For this game I derive explicitly the time consistent and
precommitment policies for the domestic fiscal authority and explain
that precommitment is welfare improving relative to the time‐consistent
policy. In a two‐country framework, both precommitment with respect to
the private sector and co‐operation between the two policymakers tend to
improve welfare.
On Designing an Institutional Infrastructure for Economies
Authors: Grossekettler Heinz G.
Published: July 2002

Explains and outlines the ideas of the Freiburg School. Points to the fact that the constitutive (structurizing) and regulative principles for economic policy developed by this school need operationalization in order to serve as a compass for economic policy. Presents a checklist to test policy proposals as to their effectiveness, necessity and cost appropriateness.
Entry Effects under Classical Oligopoly
Authors: Molho Ian
Published: July 2002

Sets out a version of a standard conjectural‐variations oligopoly model,
and investigates the properties of that model with respect to the
effects of entry. Shows within this context that entry unambiguously
reduces incumbents′ margins and output, while raising industry output.
Also shows that higher degrees of collusion in an industry may induce
entry at increased levels of output.
Do devaluations improve or worsen the terms of trade?
Authors: Als Janardhanan , Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen
Published: July 2002

Attempts to shed new light on the relation between the terms of trade and effective exchange rate using cointegration analysis and data from 25 countries. Findings could be summarized by saying that there is no long‐run relation between exchange rate and the terms of trade.
A market in action
Authors: Paul Hallwood C.
Published: July 2002

The invited tender‐bid procurement auction used by oil companies to procure intermediate inputs into oil gathering has to find solutions to several problems. Assesses the nature of these problems and the peculiarities of the operating rules designed to solve them. Develops an economic rationale for the rules, and discusses various advantages and disadvantages of the price‐discovery arrangement. Utilizes the transaction‐cost paradigm, some standard results from auction theory, and the concept of fuzzy information.
Export promotion: the role of transportation subsidies
Authors: Tokarick Stephen
Published: July 2002

An important objective of recent General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) rounds of trade negotiations has been to urge member countries to adopt trade policies that are more transparent in their effects. One example in this regard has been the move towards tariffication of non‐tariff barriers in an effort to make the price effects of trade barriers more readily discernible. This goal remains largely unfulfilled, as many countries continue to implement barriers that are often complicated and “disguised” in their effects. Instead of adopting direct export subsidies, for example, some countries subsidize the use of a specialized input into the production of a final product. While the effect of this subsidization is similar to a direct export subsidy, the effects are not transparent in that the subsidy applies to an input and the effect that the subsidy has on trade depends on the importance of the input in the cost of producing the final product. Furthermore, there is often no way of calculating the effects of these disguised barriers in a straightforward manner.
Irish macroeconomic performance under different exchange rate regimes
Authors: Kavanagh Ella
Published: July 2002

Reveals that Ireland has experienced six major changes in exchange rate regimes over the period 1797 to today. Provides a historical perspective on this experience. Indicates that Irish nominal variables have been affected by the exchange rate regime and that membership of exchange rate regimes has both affected and has been used to justify policies followed by the Irish government. States that, structurally, the Irish economy has undergone dramatic change, one of the reasons being government policy, which has altered the exchange rate options open to Ireland. Notes however, that continued labour market and trade linkages with the UK have implications both for the transition and membership of a future European Monetary Union.Johansen (1988) cointegration testing procedure and error correction modelling on annual data for the period 1958‐1990. These modern techniques produce empirical results which do not support the public capital hypothesis. Suggests several reasons to explain this outcome, and outlines possible policy implications.
Structural change in Ireland
Authors: Doyle Eleanor
Published: July 2002

The secular transformation in Irish sectoral employment shares, which has been stimulated by the change in focus of both Irish industrial and trade policies, mirrors the significant changes that have occurred in international structures of production. Estimates the contribution of changes in Ireland’s sectoral employment structure to labour productivity convergence between Ireland and the EU average from 1970‐1990. Identifies the variation in Irish sectoral employment distribution over time as a significant source of labour productivity convergence. Ireland’s labour productivity convergence was 0.3 per cent per annum higher as a result of shifts in Irish employment distribution than would have occurred without changes in the structure of Irish employment.
Altruism, union utility and outsiders
Authors: Drakopoulos Stavros A. , Skåtun John D.F.
Published: July 2002

Provides a general approach for the incorporation of the influence of insiders and outsiders in the union utility. In particular, the specification is such that the weight of the influence of the outsiders can vary; and this makes it possible to consider different degrees of union altruism and also to embrace all the previous work on the subject. Examines both the monopoly union and the efficient bargain cases. Comparative statics analysis provides some interesting results, such as that wages are more inflexible downwards.
Effects of antitrust enforcement on aggregate concentration
Authors: Nissan Edward
Published: July 2002

Four indexes are employed to measure trends in asset concentration of large business in the United States between 1967 and 1992 using the Fortune 500 data. The paper also investigates whether the merger wave of the 1980s was statistically significant. For all the 500 and the top 100 firms, each of the indexes confirmed that concentration trends were on the increase for the whole period and that the increase in the level of concentration due to the mergers of the 1980s was statistically significant. However, on both counts, not all indexes were in agreement for the bottom 300 firms when examined by subsets of 100 firms.
Sector‐specific sticky wages and wage subsidy: a note
Authors: Bhattacharya Prabir C.
Published: July 2002

This note sketches out the likely effects of a wage subsidy in a model of LDC which systematically incorporates an Informal sector. It is seen that the effects of a wage subsidy in this model differ considerably from those derived in the Harris‐Todaro‐type frameworks. Also, the ranking policies to improve welfare is likely to be considerably different in this model compared to this in the Harris‐Todaro‐type models.
Young’s increasing returns, the factory system and Kaldor’s admonition
Authors: Shropshire William O.
Published: July 2002

Nicholas Georgescu‐Roegen’s analysis of the factory system is used to show how an expanded market makes possible increasing returns in manufacturing, which can in turn lead to the kind of cumulative growth process envisioned by Allyn Young. The analysis is then extended to take into account Nicholas Kaldor’s admonition to pay attention to the fact that manufacturing is a process that uses inputs that are the products of nature. It is found that the inability to use the factory system in agriculture limits the extent of increasing returns in manufacturing. Increasing returns in manufacturing and an accompanying pattern of cumulative growth require a continuing infusion of exogenous technological innovation in agriculture.
Low friction rotating devices using fluid assisted levitation
Authors: Leonard Mark , Dhariwal Resh
Published: July 2002

Describes the fabrication of MEMS micro bearings and the benefits that they provide. Uses the LIGA process with UV light and SU‐8 photoresist to create the structures. A fluid passing through the cavity is used to lift up and levitate the rotor within the confines of the cavity.
Quality assessment of collection development through tiered checklists: can you prove you are a good collection developer?
Authors: Dennison Russell F.
Published: July 2002

The most widely used collection assessment tool is checklisting. Interpretation of checklist studies has usually been by comparison to other libraries or by a subjective response to the ownership percentage. Using or creating tiered checklists and subjecting the results to a goodness of fit statistical test provides an analysis of the selection quality. If more highly rated materials are selected at a significantly higher rate, then the selector(s) is shown to be prudent, even if the total amount selected in the subject area appears to be inadequate. This separates the performance of the selector from the amount of resources allocated to the selector.
Which journal? The politics of where to publish
Authors: Sandelands Eric
Published: July 2002

In 1994, Anbar Electronic Intelligence and the British Library collaborated to produce the definitive source of management material. The result is the launch of the Anbar Management Intelligence (AMI) Service in 1996. Outlines the development of the journal accreditation process created to ensure high quality coverage for AMI.
Identifying objects: five categories
Authors: Baxter Paula A.
Published: July 2002

Acknowledges that research on objects belonging to the categories of furniture, glass and stained glass, metalware, pottery and porcelain, or rugs and carpets involves the consultation of specific handbooks and guides. Lists, with a brief description, various decorative‐art reference books as sources for research in these categories, and offers relevant subject headings so that the New York Public Library’s catalogs can be checked for similar holdings.
A survey of faculty use of a reserve collection for class readings
Authors: Banks Julie
Published: July 2002

The automation of the reserve system at Southeast Missouri State University prompted a call for determining usage patterns of the reserve collection and services by the faculty. Reports the findings of the survey used to collect this information. Examples of questions are: whether the faculty knew the reserve system had been automated; whether the computerized list of a faculty’s reserve material was beneficial; and which semester the faculty used reserves the most? Presents raw data, along with comments about answers to several of the questions, conclusions that can be drawn from the survey, and a recommendation.
Not just housewives and old maids
Authors: Flesch Juliet
Published: July 2002

The Romance Fiction Collection in the University of Melbourne Library is the only collection of its kind in an Australian academic library. It includes a representative sample of romance novels from all countries published in English, while concentrating on titles by Australasian authors or set in the Australasian region. Describes the content of the collection, the reasons for its establishment and some special aspects of its housing and bibliographical control. Also suggests some of the uses to which it may be put.
Contemporary poetry: a rich landscape
Authors: Coy Catherine , Ludwig Marni
Published: July 2002

Contemporary poetry is a rich landscape of voices and visions. With over 1,300 new poetry titles to choose from each year, how can librarians make the best acquisitions for their communities? Two resource lists from Poets House ‐ a 35,000 poetry library and literary center ‐ offer a starting point. “1996 Poetry Publication Showcase Suggested Titles” highlights a wide variety of selections from Poet House’s annual exhibit of all the year’s new poetry books. “Where To Find Poetry Reviews” gathers information on directories, literary journals and Web sites that review poetry on a regular basis. These materials were originally distributed at the 1997 American Library Association Conference, where Poets House exhibited the entire 1996 showcase and presented poetry readings and a panel discussion entitled “Building Poetry Audiences in Community Libraries”.
Web tools for collection managers
Authors: Arlen Shelley , Lindell Ann , Nanji Razia , Seale Colleen
Published: July 2002

Collection management grows more complicated each day. The steady growth of publications, publishers and formats coupled with a corresponding decline in budgets requires that librarians make more judicious purchasing decisions. In addition to traditional selection aids, the Web now offers up‐to‐the‐minute tools such as reviews, publisher catalogs and bibliographies. This article identifies and describes various Web‐based resources that can help librarians make more informed selection decisions.
Collection patterns of selected disciplines of Latin American print and non‐print materials
Authors: Rodriguez Ketty
Published: July 2002

Literature loss refers to the declining ability of US libraries to maintain a comprehensive book collection in the face of extraordinary growth in publications and price inflation. Another possible explanation of literature loss might be that libraries might be shifting the emphasis from collecting books to collecting alternative formats such as non‐print materials, or depending more on access to materials rather than ownership. This study attempted to: identify the collection patterns for print ( books) and non‐print
Native American literature: expanding the canon
Authors: Kratzert Mona , Richey Debora
Published: July 2002

Over the past 30 years there has been a growing interest in fiction by Native American authors. An increasingly diverse crop of Indian writers have produced innovative and sometimes controversial works, but often critics, readers and the book publishing community have concentrated their attention on older, more established writers. This article identifies younger and up‐and‐coming Native American authors, many of whom are producing major literary works, but have not received the attention they deserve. The article also discusses ways researchers and those involved in collection development can track down information on rising Indian authors and their novels.
Revisiting library mission statements in the era of technology
Authors: Svenningsen Karen , Cherepon Lois
Published: July 2002

Collection building in today’s technologically rich library environment should include library mission statements that embody all types of formats. It has become the role of the librarian to revisit mission statements and collection development policies periodically and examine the contents for the latest in technology. All library resources formats should be encompassed in the statements developed. The library mission statement should be clear and concise. It is important that the document should project the university’s and library’s goals and objectives. Working in conjunction with the university’s goals, the mission statement should become a foundation for the collection development decision process.
Book reviews and faculty book selection
Authors: Jenkins Paul O.
Published: July 2002

Compares the results of a faculty survey regarding importance of book reviews to the selection process to the actual percentage of reviewed titles requested. The survey found that faculty recognize the importance of book reviews to the selection process, but sometimes must recommend unreviewed titles owing to uneven coverage of Choice, the major review journal used for selection.
Lighting for industrial inspection
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: July 2002

This paper provides a review of commercially available lighting systems for industrial inspection applications, including the underlying technology and optical behaviour.
Managing by values
Authors: Dolan Shimon L. , Garcia Salvador
Published: July 2002

The system of beliefs and values that shaped the model for management and organizations during the twentieth century is just not good enough today. In order to keep a business functioning well and competing successfully in markets that are increasingly more global, complex, professionally demanding, constantly changing and oriented towards quality and customer satisfaction a new model is needed. In this paper, we will propose that both management by instructions and management by objectives today give notoriously inadequate results. By contrast, description of a new approach, labeled management by values (MBV), seem to be emerging as a strategic leadership tool. The paper outlines this approach and discusses the implementation of MBV as a tool to redesign culture in organizations and prepare them for the next millennium.
Codes of ethics
Authors: Farrell Brian J. , Cobbin Deirdre M. , Farrell Helen M.
Published: July 2002

Presents a literature review of reported findings on the analyses of the contents of codes of ethics in corporations and the various strategies, processes, procedures and resources that accompany and support them. The starting point is the seminal paper by Cressy and Moore. In the literature a distinction is drawn between inspirational and prescriptive code types, and this classification becomes a focal point on what is the appropriate subject matter for a code of ethics. The issue remains an unresolved feature of research articles. For some researchers a document that prescribes behaviours is not a code of ethics because it precludes empowerment of addressees to make the ethical decisions. Others consider prescriptive documents to be “best practice” for codes of ethics. The latter authors propose the perspective that the only satisfactory contents for codes are clear and precise behavioural dictates that lend themselves to a supporting disciplinary function. In practice the managers of corporations continue to publish the types of code they favour.
Pro‐growth small businesses: learning “architecture”
Authors: Morrison Alison , Bergin‐Seers Sue
Published: July 2002

Internationally, a certain market failure has become apparent in terms of the effective engagement of small business owner‐managers in business support programs, and in the wider concept of life long learning. There exists a cultural gap between support agencies and the small business sector’s perceptions of the utility of formal support and learning interventions to the business performance of their business. Therefore, this paper extends knowledge and understanding within this context relative to what constitutes small business owner‐managers’ learning disposition, means, obstacles and organisation to be confronted and what form of new ’architecture’ needs to be designed to support learning. A theoretical framework supports the analysis of findings from a research project based in Melbourne, Australia, which serves to illuminate pertinent issues towards informing more sensitised support interventions. Specifically, the attribute of a learning culture was identified as a factor contributing to growth in small businesses, and may represent a distinguishing characteristic between effective and non‐effective economic performers.
A Spanish Acquisition in Eastern Germany: Culture Shock
Authors: Frederick W. Richard , de la Fuente Rodriguez Adolfo
Published: July 2002

Describes the Spanish acquisition of a construction company in East
Berlin from the Treuhandanstalt (the East German privatization agency)
as well as the contentious renegotiation of the sales contract. Also
describes the relationship between the Spanish senior management of the
enterprise and the East German workers after the acquisition. The
interaction between members of a Western “capitalist management
culture” and the Eastern “social management culture” is shown. Should be
of interest to those managers and consultants who have made or plan to
be involved in acquisitions in Eastern European countries.
Intercultural Management Training: An Interview with Asma Abdullah
Authors: Schermerhorn John R.
Published: July 2002

Asma Abdullah is a corporate trainer and specialist in intercultural management, training and education in Esso Production Malaysia Inc., Kuala Lumpur. She designs and conducts training courses in the human resource area for both national and expatriate employees. She is also a popular trainer and guest speaker on various aspects of intercultural management training in Malaysia and elsewhere. The purpose of this interview is to explore further Asma′s experiences and perspectives which have shaped her career in intercultural management training. The interview is organized into five parts dealing with Asma as a corporate trainer; her intellectual roots; the Malaysian culture; the influence of the American multinational; and cultural challenges for the intercultural management trainer.
Development Centres: Design Generation and Effectiveness
Authors: Goodge Peter
Published: July 2002

Presents the findings of a major survey comparing alternative
development centre designs. Aims to understand which designs are most
effective; results suggest that “third generation” centres generally
address common problems better than earlier models. Presents new data on
centre use and content, and concludes with practical guidance for users.
Strategies for developing women managers: how well do they fulfil
their objectives?
Authors: Lewis Andrea E. , Fagenson Ellen A.
Published: July 2002

Examines the effectiveness of management development programmes for
women to determine if these programmes are achieving the three
objectives that they intend to serve: developing knowledge and skills
necessary for effective leadership; reducing negative prejudice against
women; and helping women to advance into and through the ranks of
management. Three types of programme are considered: single sex
management training programmes, mixed‐sex management training programmes
and mentoring programmes. Concludes that some programmes are making more
meaningful contributions towards these objectives than others. Offers
recommendations for the most appropriate use of each type of programme.
Building organizations that learn: the MIT Center for
Organizational Learning
Authors: Fulmer Robert M.
Published: July 2002

Describes the work of the Center for Organizational Learning and
observes the centre′s underlying premiss that individuals and
organizations must alter both thinking and management practices in order
to thrive in an increasing dynamic and interdependent world. Outlines
the structure of the centre and discusses the centre′s current research
agenda. Explains how organizations participating in the centre enrich
the research process by focusing on critical management issues,
providing field research sites, bringing practical know‐how of leading
organizations.
Applying new science theories in leadership development activities
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A.
Published: July 2002

The University of Tampa Center for Leadership offers extensive
leadership development activities, many of which are based on concepts
derived from theories collectively referred to as “new
science”. New science – those discoveries in the physical
and biological sciences during the twentieth century that have
challenged us to consider our world from the perspectives of quantum
mechanics, self‐organizing systems, and chaos theory – have been
translated into specific leadership development activities. Examples
include: (1) a focus on heuristic models to guide leader behaviour; (2)
the assessment of leadership competence from multiple, non‐averaged,
perspectives in contrast to a top‐down or an “average”
perspective; and (3) the use of live practice fields which incorporate
many complex relationships among both issues and issue advocates to
diagnose and learn about leadership effectiveness within organizations.
The Singapore executive: stress, personality and wellbeing
Authors: Ho Janice T.S.
Published: July 2002

Examines the Singapore executive in the service sector –
insurance, financial and banking – in terms of the level of stress
experienced, coping styles, and personality (Type‐A/Type‐B). Tests the
relationship between personality type, perceptions of stress and
psychological wellbeing. Also examines the level of stress and
psychological wellbeing across the three industries. Although Type‐A
executives reported a significantly higher level of stress than Type‐B
executives, they were not psychologically less healthy than their Type‐B
counterparts. Executives across the three industries did not differ in
terms of reported stress; executives in the finance sector tended to be
more worn out and uptight than executives in the banking and insurance
sectors. Work overload, role ambiguity and relationships with colleagues
were cited to be the major stressors, while “switch‐off”,
exercise and quiet control were the most common coping techniques.
Discusses interventions aimed at changing work and task variables and
changing characteristics of executives.
Management development under adversity?
Authors: Redman Tom , Keithle Don , Szalkowski dam
Published: July 2002

Examines the nature of management training in Poland, which has
been largely technical and production oriented with little emphasis on
strategic or behavioural aspects. Presents case studies of two companies
in Poland which are typical of management development in general.
Concludes that although there is a need for more professional and
entrepreneurial managers at all levels, the economic, political and
social changes that are under way are creating pressure to survive and
are diminishing organizations′ capacity to commit resources to
management development, should they even recognize its significance.
People as sculptors versus sculptures
Authors: Giles Melanie , West Michael
Published: July 2002

Based on the assumption that employees want more personal control
over their career development, organizations are currently pursuing the
implementation of career development programmes at an unprecedented
rate. In reality, however, employees appear reluctant to assume
increased responsibility for their careers. Explores general
satisfaction with a career development programme currently in operation.
Determines what underlying factors both internal to employees and within
their work environment tend to facilitate or impede the tendency to
become proactive in shaping career opportunities. Semi‐structured
in‐depth interviews were conducted with 72 salaried personnel randomly
selected from an international organization. Some support was provided
for the role of both individual and situational characteristics in
predicting uptake of the career development programme. Particular
importance was attributed to the lack of organizational support for the
process. The implications of these findings are discussed and
recommendations for the successful implementation of career development
programmes are made.
How do we measure the effectiveness of team building? Is it good enough? Team Management Systems ‐ a case study
Authors: Rushmer Rosemary K.
Published: July 2002

Looks at the use of the Team Management Index (TMI) as a team building intervention in a programme of organizational development (OD). Attempts to assess the instrument’s effectiveness using a variety of measures (including the taxonomy of De Meuse and Liebowitz, 1981). In so doing, raises wider methodological and epistemological issues as to the whole nature of data collection, validity and proof in measuring the effectiveness of OD interventions. Discovers that, according to the measurement criteria, set out by De Meuse and Liebowitz, the TMI can be considered to be an effective OD instrument. However, finds that these measurement techniques are “blunt” and, by their very nature, lacking in academic rigour. Argues, therefore, that all levels of data collection and evidence gathering can never constitute 100 per cent proof of a causal link between OD interventions and resultant changes in the organization. Concludes that what will be deemed to count as adequate evidence or proof of an intervention’s effectiveness ultimately will be a personal choice; that in concentrating on comparing before and after measures of a team’s effectiveness theorists have ignored the change process which is taking place as a team begins to become effective, and have treated teams at the end of a team building intervention as if they were finished products; and finally that research time should be devoted to studying the process of change which a team undergoes during its development (of which team building is just the beginning) in order to highlight the ways in which an organization could nurture, support and facilitate this process to ensure the effective development of its work teams.
University‐industry partnerships in management development
Authors: Keithley Don , Redman Tom
Published: July 2002

Examines the factors which underpin the success of industry‐academic partnerships in management development. Uses data drawn from an in‐depth case study of Cummins Engine Company Limited. Reviews the literature on company‐university partnerships and work‐based learning in management development and provides information on the background of the case‐study organization. Reports on the experience of developing management training programmes for supervisors and middle managers. Concludes by discussing the practical implications of forging closer links between industry and academia.
Implications of the response‐shift bias for management
Authors: Mann Sandi
Published: July 2002

The so called “response‐shift bias”, which comes into effect when self‐report measures are used to enable people to judge their own level of ability, may be responsible for underestimation by training managers of the effects of their training programmes. Outlines the implications for management of being aware of and countering the effects of the response‐shift bias when evaluating training endeavours or in other situations that rely on employees’ self‐report measures. Demonstrates, by describing a study undertaken in Europe and America, how the magnitude and direction of the response‐shift can provide valuable information to management as well as pointing out organizational situations other than in training evaluation when awareness of response‐shift is relevant.
The empowerment squeeze ‐ views from the middle management position
Authors: Klagge Jay
Published: July 2002

Empowerment has been added to the long list of environmental hazards facing the organizationally endangered species known as “middle managers”. For the sake of balance and interest, the author asked middle managers for their views regarding empowerment. This article presents the views of middle managers along with those found in the literature. Definitions are set forth, pros and cons are covered, and dos and don’ts are delineated. The author closes with the following advice for those seeking to implement empowerment: organizations should set the unifying vision for empowerment at the top management level; organizations should train and develop their line employees prior to giving them full empowerment; and organizations should rely on middle managers to provide two‐way communication and coaching for line employees as they are trained for empowerment. The article concludes that organizations should view middle managers as “bridges” rather than “blockages” to the implementation of empowerment.
Women entrepreneurs in a developing economy
Authors: Hisrich Robert D. , Ayse Öztürk Sevgi
Published: July 2002

While research on women entrepreneurs is extensive in developed countries, little has been done in this area in non‐OECD and developing economies. This research focuses on the characteristics, performance, and problems of women entrepreneurs in one developing economy – Turkey. The results indicate that while the women entrepreneurs exhibited many similarities with their counterparts in other countries they differed in other aspects such as in their reasons and motivation for starting a venture and problems encountered. These differences reflect in part the effect of a different social structure in a developing economy, particularly the impact of occupational segregation, wage disparity, and participation in a non‐supported sector of the economy. These findings suggest that the theories regarding women entrepreneurs based on developed economies need to be carefully examined before being applied to non‐OECD and developing economies.