bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As distintas faces da intermediação entre capital e trabalho rural no Brasil
Authors: De Moraes María Aparecida , Medeiros de Melo Beatríz
Published: September 2016

En las últimas décadas, Brasil se ha establecido como el mayor productor mundial decommodities (soja, azúcar, maíz, carne, café) y minerales (hierro, oro, plata, aluminio, entre otros). Para esta gran producción, el capital se ha beneficiado de la movilidad laboral en los diferentes niveles-local, regional, nacional e internacional. Históricamente, existen profundas diferencias económicas y sociales entre las regiones. Así, desde hace décadas, vemos los imágenes de miles de migrantes de los estados del noreste y el norte de Minas Gerais, para trabajar en las plantaciones de caña de azúcar, café, naranja, así como la construcción en el centro sur, en la silvicultura, minerales y productos relacionados con la ganadería en el norte y centro del país. En este escenario, los objetivos de este artículo se destinan: A) el análisis de las formas de mediación entre el trabajo y el capital, teniendo en cuenta dos realidades: la existencia del trabajo forzoso, según la interpretación de los datos cuantitativos recogidos por el Ministerio de Trabajo y CPT; el trabajo asalariado en las plantaciones de caña de azúcar del estado de Sao Paulo. B) Análisis de la agencia del Estado en cuanto a la producción de normas jurídicas acerca de una normativa EL Compromisso Nacional sobre el trabajo en la caña de azúcar. Nuestro intento es que estos apuntes traigan contribuciones para las intervenciones del Ministerio Público del Trabajo en el sentido de ejecutar las normativas laborales eliminando las prácticas del trabajo forzoso y las formas degradantes existentes en el campo brasileño.
Esclavitud y libertad en el valle del Río Cauca
Authors: Castaño Rico Alen Felipe
Published: September 2016

Reseña
PEMAKAIAN BILINGUALISME DALAM INTERAKSI SISWA DI KELAS RENDAH DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH NEGERI SINGARAJA BALI
Authors: Rahmi Siti
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Pemakaian Bilingualisme dalam Interaksi Siswa di Kelas Rendah di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali. Tulisan ini mengungkapkan realitas dari implikasi bilingualisme dalam pendidikan dasar. Konteksnya tidak hanya memperhatikan pembelajaran bahasa, tetapi terhadap pendidikan dalam arti luas. Hal ini karena bilingualisme <> para guru untuk mempertimbangkan pengajaran bahasa dalam pembelajaran di kelas. Umumnya, siswa dari Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali -Sekolah Dasar Islam- memiliki latar belakang bahasa Indonesia (L1). Bahasa Indonesia digunakan dengan berbagai dialek dan kosa kata bahasa Bali. Penggunaan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sehari-hari mereka disebabkan orang tua mereka berasal dari latar belakang lingkungan dan masyarakat multi-etnis. Orang tua mereka adalah generasi keempat dan kelima dari nenek moyang mereka, dan hampir tidak menggunakan bahasa asli mereka dalam ranah keluarga. Para keluarga migran ini sebagian besar adalah pedagang, buruh, dan beberapa dari mereka adalah PNS. Bahasa Bali, sebagai L2 diperoleh dalam lingkungan sosial terutama di sekolah menengah. Implikasi dari Bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa pengajaran lebih “mendidik-akomodatif”, disesuaikan dengan latar belakang bahasa siswa dan tingkat perkembangan bahasanya.Kata kunci: bilingualisme, implikasi, bahasa, pembelajaran     Abstract Bilingualism Implications in Primary Classroom Interactive Students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali. This paper reveals the reality of these implications. Its context does not concern only in the language learning, but into the education in broadest sense also. It is because bilingualism “force” teachers to consider language teaching in the classroom instruction. Generally, students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Singaraja Bali-as an Islamic Primary School- have Indonesian language background (L1). Indonesian language used with various dialects of Balinese language and its vocabulary. The use of Indonesian as their everyday language is caused their parents from neighborhood background and the multi-ethnic milieu. Their parents are fourth and fifth generation of their forefather, and almost had not used their native language in family domain. The migrant families were mostly traders, laborers, and some of them are civil servants. Balinese language, as L2 acquired in social domain especially in secondary scholl. The implication of Indonesian as language teaching more “educative-accommodative”; adjusted by students’s language background and their level of language development.Keywords: bilingualism, implication, language, learning
LINGUISTIC ETIQUETTE IN INSTANT MESSAGING TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION IN WRITING CLASS
Authors: Rakhmawati Deny Efita Nur
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Norma Linguistik dalam Komunikasi Berbasis Pesan Pendek pada Kelas Menulis. Komunikasi Instant Messaging (Pesan Singkat) berbasis teks diperkaya oleh fitur linguistik, seperti pemendekan teks, gerak tubuh, isyarat intonasi, though-string, dan isyarat backchannel. Kemudian, penggunaan fitur linguistik ini membentuk strategi kesantunan yang sangat perlu untuk dijaga dalam rangka mencipakan komunikasi yang harmonis. Lebih jauh lagi, metode ini untuk mencapai norma linguistik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan pendekatan kualitatif dimana subjeknya adalah mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Inggris dalam kelas menulis. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan teori fitur linguidstik dalam Instant Messaging, strategi kesantunan, dan etika linguistik. Analisis penelitian ini didukung oleh teknik wawancara sebagai data triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa siswa cenderung menggunakan penyingkatan teks yang mengarahkan mereka untuk menerapkan strategi bald-on-record dan menunjukan bahwa mereka cenderung menghasilkan tingkat kalimat beretika rendah dan ditandai sebagai ungkapan kurang sopan. Akhirnya, dari hasil penelitian ini di harapkan bahwa pengajaran norma linguistik dapat diberikan kepada para siswa.Kata kunci: fitur linguistik, komunikasi pesan singkat, norma linguistik  Abstract Linguistic Etiquette on Instant Messaging Text-Based Communication In Writing Class. Instant Messaging text-based communication is enriched by the linguistic features, such as textual shortening, gestures, itention cues, though-string, and backchannel cause. Then, the use of these linguistic features form the strategy of politeness which is very needed to be kept in order to create harmonious communication. Furthermore, it is the method to achieve the linguistic etiquette. This research is conducted by using qualitative approach in which the subjects are the English department students in writing class. Then the data are analyzed based on the theory of linguistic features in Instant Messaging, politeness strategies, and linguistic etiquette. The analysis is supported by interview method as the triangulation data. The result shows that students tend to use textual shortening which leads them to apply bald-on-record strategy and it indicates that they tend to produce low etiquette sentences level and marked as the impolite highlighed phrase. Finally, it is hoped that the teaching of linguistic etiquette can be given to the students.Keywords: linguistic features, instant messaging communication, linguistic etiquette
Retornos heterogéneos a la Educación en el Mercado laboral Peruano, 2015
Authors: Arpi-Mayta Roberto , Arpi-Quilca Luis
Published: September 2016

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los retornos a la educación en el mercado laboral peruano durante el año 2015; según grupo étnico, área de residencia, sexo y categoría ocupacional de las personas; en forma específica se determina el efecto de la inversión en educación y la experiencia laboral sobre el ingreso laboral por hora. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y se estima la ecuación de ingresos de (Mincer, 1974) ampliada, utilizando la propuesta de (Heckman J. , 1979) en dos etapas bajo el marco teórico de (Becker, 1975). Sujeto a las limitaciones de datos y métodos utilizados, se concluye que el ingreso laboral de los peruanos aumenta 10,43% por año adicional de educación, aunque esto es diferenciado; tal es el caso, que el ingreso laboral por hora de los residentes del área urbana se incrementa 13,6% por año adicional de educación en relación a los del área rural (5,89%); los trabajadores asalariados perciben mayor ingreso (14,16%) que los trabajadores independientes (6,07%); los indígenas (8,32%) menos que los no indígenas (10,58%); y los las mujeres (10,62%) menos que las hombres (11,84%). La política educativa y laboral recomendada sería que se apliquen medidas de discriminación (positiva) a favor de las personas que se encuentren en el área rural, a los que trabajan en forma independiente, a los indígenas y a las mujeres.

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

The aim of the study was to determine the returns to education in the Peruvian labor market during 2015; by ethnic group, area of residence, sex and occupational category of people; specifically we determined the effect of investment in education and work experience on hourly labor income. The data come from the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the earnings equation (Mincer, 1974) extended (1974) is estimated using the proposed (Heckman J. , 1979) in two stages under the theoretical framework of (Becker, 1975). Subject to the limitations of data and methods used, it is concluded that the Peruvian labor income increases 10,43% per additional year of education, although this is differentiated; such is the case, the hourly labor income of residents in urban areas increased 13,6% per additional year of education in relation to rural areas (5.89%); salaried workers receive higher income (14.16%) than the self-employed (6.07%); indigenous (8.32%) less than non-indigenous (10.58%); and women (10.62%) less than men (11.84%). The educational and employment policy recommended would be that discrimination measures (positive) been applied for people who are in rural areas, who work independently, indigenous and women.

 KEYWORDS: Returns to education, employment income, investment in education,

 
Habilidades sociales y rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación - Universidad Nacional del Altiplano - Puno Perú.
Authors: Gonzales-Achata Alfredo E. , Quispe-Ticona Pedro L.
Published: September 2016

El objetivo fue determinar el grado de relación que existe entre el nivel de habilidades sociales y rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias y letras de los estudiantes matriculados en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de la ciudad de Puno. Se aplicó el inventario de habilidades sociales para una muestra de 119 estudiantes seleccionados a través del muestreo no probabilístico, utilizando la técnica de la encuesta para encontrar el perfil predominante y relacionarlo con el rendimiento académico mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de la distribución t de Student con un 5% de probabilidad de significancia. Los resultados indican que el nivel de habilidades sociales es de 71.75 puntos que pertenece a la escala de 70 a 79 puntos, equivalente a la categoría media con una desviación estándar de 9.66 puntos; mientras que el nivel de rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias se obtuvo un promedio de 13.82 con una desviación estándar de 2.99 puntos y en el área de letras se registró 14.26 puntos con una desviación estándar de 2.24 puntos, los cuales pertenecen a la categoría regular, por tanto, existe una relación directa de grado medio entre el nivel de habilidades sociales con el de rendimiento académico en el área de ciencias con un valor del coeficiente de correlación de 0.66 y para el área de letras un valor de 0.50.

Palabras clave: Niveles, habilidades sociales, rendimiento académico, aprendizaje.

 

ABSTRACT

The objective was to determine the degree of relationship between the level of social skills and level of academic achievement in the area of science and letters of students enrolled in the Faculty of Education at the National University of Altiplano city Puno. Inventory was applied of social skills for a sample of 119 students selected through non-probability sampling was applied, using the survey technique to find the predominant profile and relate to academic performance by the correlation coefficient Pearson's t-distribution Student with 5% probability of significance. The results indicate that the level of social skills is of 71.75 points belonging to the scale of 70 to 79 points, equivalent to the average category with a standard deviation of 9.66 points; while the level of academic achievement in the sciences a score of 13.82 was obtained with a standard deviation of 2.99 points and in the area of letters 14.26 points recorded with a standard deviation of 2.24 points, which belong to the regular category therefore there is a direct relationship between the average grade level of social skills with the level of academic achievement in the area of science with a value of the correlation coefficient of 0.66 and for the area of letters a value of 0.50

 

 
An Overdetermined System of Transform Equations in Support of Robust DCE-MRI Registration with Outlier Rejection
Authors: Johansson Adam , Balter James , Feng Mary , Cao Yue
Published: September 2016

Quantitative hepatic perfusion parameters derived by fitting dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of liver to a pharmacokinetic model are prone to errors if the dynamic images are not corrected for respiratory motion by image registration. The contrast-induced intensity variations in pre- and postcontrast phases pose challenges for the accuracy of image registration. We propose an overdetermined system of transformation equations between the image volumes in the DCE-MRI series to achieve robust alignment. In this method, we register each volume to every other volume. From the transforms produced by all pairwise registrations, we constructed an overdetermined system of transform equations that was solved robustly by minimizing the L1/2-norm of the residuals. This method was evaluated on a set of 100 liver DCE-MRI examinations from 35 patients by examining the area under spikes appearing in the voxel time–intensity curves. The robust alignment procedure significantly reduced the area under intensity spikes compared with unregistered volumes (P < .001) and volumes registered to a single reference phase (P < .001). Our registration procedure provides a larger number of reliable time–intensity curve samples. The additional reliable samples in the precontrast baseline are important for calculating the postcontrast signal enhancement and thereby for converting intensity to contrast concentration. On the intensity ramp, retained samples help to better describe the uptake dynamics, providing a better foundation for parameter estimation. The presented method also simplifies the analysis of data sets with many patients by eliminating the need for manual intervention during registration.
Combination of an Integrin-Targeting NIR Tracer and an Ultrasensitive Spectroscopic Device for Intraoperative Detection of Head and Neck Tumor Margins and Metastatic Lymph Nodes
Authors: Yoon Younghyoun , Mohs Aaron M. , Mancini Michael C. , Nie Shuming , Shim Hyunsuk
Published: September 2016

Despite major advances in targeted drug therapy and radiation therapy, surgery remains the most effective treatment for most solid tumors. The single most important predictor of patient survival is a complete surgical resection of the primary tumor, draining lymph nodes, and metastatic lesions. Presently, however, 20%–30% of patients with head and neck cancer who undergo surgery still leave the operating room without complete resection because of missed lesions. Thus, major opportunities exist to develop advanced imaging tracers and intraoperative instrumentation that would allow surgeons to visualize microscopic tumors during surgery. The cell adhesion molecule integrin αvβ3 is specifically expressed by tumor neovasculature and invading tumor cells, but not by quiescent vessels or normal cells. Here we report the combined use of an integrin-targeting near-infrared tracer (RGD-IRDye800CW) and a handheld spectroscopic device, an integrated point spectroscopy with wide-field imaging system, for highly sensitive detection of integrin overexpression on infiltrating cancer cells. By using an orthotopic head and neck cancer animal model, we show that this tracer–device combination allows intraoperative detection of not only invasive tumor margins but also metastatic lymph nodes. Correlated histological analysis further reveals that microscopic clusters of 50–100 tumor cells can be detected intraoperatively with high sensitivity and specificity, raising new possibilities in guiding surgical resection of microscopic tumors and metastatic lymph nodes.
Hypoxia Imaging with PET Correlates with Antitumor Activity of the Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug Evofosfamide (TH-302) in Rodent Glioma Models
Authors: Stokes Ashley , Hart Charles , Quarles C. Chad
Published: September 2016

High-grade gliomas are often characterized by hypoxia, which is associated with both poor long-term prognosis and therapy resistance. The adverse role hypoxia plays in treatment resistance and disease progression has led to the development of hypoxia imaging methods and hypoxia-targeted treatments. Here, we determined the tumor hypoxia and vascular perfusion characteristics of 2 rat orthotopic glioma models using 18-fluoromisonidozole positron emission tomography. In addition, we determined tumor response to the hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide (TH-302) in these rat glioma models. C6 tumors exhibited more hypoxia and were less perfused than 9L tumors. On the basis of these differences in their tumor hypoxic burden, treatment with evofosfamide resulted in 4- and 2-fold decreases in tumor growth rates of C6 and 9L tumors, respectively. This work shows that imaging methods sensitive to tumor hypoxia and perfusion are able to predict response to hypoxia-targeted agents. This has implications for improved patient selection, particularly in clinical trials, for treatment with hypoxia-activated cytotoxic prodrugs, such as evofosfamide.
Active citizens, good citizens, and insouciant bystanders: The educational implications of Chinese university students' civic participation via social networking
Authors: Ke Lin , Starkey Hugh
Published: September 2016

This virtual ethnographic study explores how Chinese university students use social network sites (SNSs) to participate in civic activities. An ideal of active citizens is contrasted with good citizens (Crick) and insouciant bystanders. We find that students engage with
the civic issues embedded in everyday life; their online civic preferences are often linked to their course of study; their participation may involve overcoming technological controls; and they have difficulty in translating their interest in life-politics (Giddens) from online to offline.
We conclude that in China SNSs do open up space for civic participation by youth, but do not yet constitute an idealized public sphere (Habermas). Thus, there is a need to develop citizenship education that encourages young people to reflect on their online practice and develop critical online
and offline civic participation.
Learning methodology in the classroom to encourage participation
Authors: Luna Esther , Folgueiras Pilar
Published: September 2016

Service learning is a methodology that promotes the participation of citizens in their community. This article presents a brief conceptualization of citizen participation, characteristics of servicelearning methodology, and validation of a programme that promotes service-learning projects.
This validation highlights the suitability of this methodology for the development of citizen participation.
Prisoners' right to education: A philosophical survey
Authors: Vorhaus John
Published: September 2016

Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares: 'Everyone has the right to education.' This implies that the right to education and training applies to all persons, including all persons in prison. This position is considered here from a philosophical point of view
and it will receive some support. Yet it is not obvious that the position is correct, nor, if it is, how it is best explained. I will examine the basis for asserting a right to education on behalf of all prisoners, and consider what is required by way of its defence in the face of common objections.
I illustrate how international conventions and principles express prisoners' right to education, and I look at how this right is defended by appeal to education as a means to an end and as a human right – required by respect for persons and their human dignity.
Measuring the effectiveness of knowledge creation as a means of facilitating evidence-informed practice in early years settings in one London borough
Authors: Brown Chris , Rogers Sue
Published: September 2016

This paper examines our use of knowledge-creation activity as a way of developing evidence-informed practice among a learning community of 36 early years practitioners in one London borough. It also seeks to illustrate how we approached the idea of measuring evidence use and our engagement
with, and adapted use of, two separate measurement scales: the 'ladder of research use' and Hall and Hord's (2015) Levels of Use scale. In doing so we examine the 'trustworthiness' of our approaches to measuring evidence use, which we explored via in-depth semi-structured interviews. Our findings
would appear to be encouraging, suggesting that knowledge-creation activity provides an effective way of communicating research and keeping it top of mind; also that our interview data would appear to support the trustworthiness of our measurement scales as a means to ascertain levels of evidence
use. At the same time the approach we have developed does have its limitations, namely that it is only really applicable to situations where researchers are working regularly with practitioners on areas of practice development, where the general desire is that these areas should become evidence-informed.
However, we suggest that, in school systems such as that in England – where the expectation is that schools or alliances of schools should lead their own professional development activity, often in partnership with universities – it is likely that these instances will soon be increasing
in number.
Socio-emotional empowering through mediation to resolve conflicts in a civic way
Authors: Ibarrola-García Sara , Iriarte Concha
Published: September 2016

Schools are responsible for civic education and for educating the students so they may live together. This means that they need to develop educative processes that take into account the social and affective dimension of the classroom, such as improvements in the atmosphere at school
and the quality of teacher–student relationships. Practical strategies are required to carry out these procedures. Foremost among these strategies is mediation as a conflict resolution procedure in school. This also promotes a wide range of emotional, socio-cognitive, and socio-moral
skills, and can be influential in the development of effective civic behaviour to improve the community. In this study we present and analyse the results of a study conducted in 13 schools in Navarre, Spain, with 50 teacher mediators, 33 peer mediators, and 23 student participants aged between
13 and 18 (x =15.27 and s=1.543), all of whom are involved in mediating processes, in order to perform mediation in a systematic way with the objective of bringing about socio-moral improvement.
The move to quality assurance in Chinese higher education: Tensions between policy and practices
Authors: Huang Xian-Han , Adamson Bob , Lee John Chi-Kin
Published: September 2016

This paper investigates quality assurance in Chinese higher education by looking at the Evaluation of the University Baccalaureate Programmes Project (EUBPP) conducted in China. It analyses factors that bring about tensions between policy and practice in this area through a study of
two contrasting tertiary institutions. The results show that the aims of the EUBPP have been partly achieved through the interaction of policy-making and implementation. In the process, contextual factors connected to institutional status and stages of development have led to varying degrees
of tension between policy and practices.
Education policy and governance in England under the Coalition Government (2010–15): Academies, the pupil premium, and free early education
Authors: West Anne
Published: September 2016

This paper explores the governance of school-based and early education in England under the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition Government (2010–15). It draws on three prominent Coalition policy areas – the academies programme, the pupil premium, and free part-time
early education – and focuses on changes to the role played by central government in governance; in so doing, it also makes contrasts with Wales and Scotland. An analysis of the funding and regulatory framework reveals that the role of central government in England increased under the
Coalition Government and that of local government declined. These changes to governance have served to centralize power on the one hand, and to facilitate and sustain markets in school-based and free early education on the other; the same cannot be said of governance in either Scotland or
Wales, where democratically elected local government continues to play a highly significant role.
What has the Coalition Government done for the development of initial teacher education?
Authors: Golding Jennie
Published: September 2016

The past five years have seen significant changes to the structures and content of routes to Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) in this country, and to the balance of contributions to these routes between schools and higher education (HE). Such developments do not always address emerging
knowledge about the needs of beginner teachers; further, changes have implications for teacher further professional development as well as for the health of education research in this country. However, changes have catalysed overdue evaluation of more established routes and a priori thinking
about how such needs could best be met. The Carter Review (DfE, 2014b) offers some useful ways forward that should be complemented by rigorous evaluation of the range of outcomes of initial teacher education over short, medium, and long terms, making full use of the evidence base.
Early childhood education and care policy in England under the Coalition Government
Authors: Lloyd Eva
Published: September 2016

This paper reviews developments in policy on early childhood education and care – early years – under the Coalition Government in England. Three factors came to define the Coalition's performance and record in this area: ambivalence about the rationales for the two areas
of early education and childcare; a disconnect between early years and other social welfare policy approaches; and the dominant influence on policy of a political belief in market operations as the favoured delivery model for early years services. Successive early years policy documents also
reflected the Coalition's shifting position on young children's rights and interests in relation to early childhood education and care (ECEC).
Developing the foundations for dialogic feedback in order to better understand the 'learning gap' from a pupil's perspective
Authors: Dann Ruth
Published: September 2016

This paper details a pilot study with 9–10-year olds who are not adequately progressing in their learning. The study explores pupils' own understandings and articulation of their 'learning gap' (the gap between learning now and next) through discussions centred on their feedback
and targets from teachers in both numeracy and literacy. A one-to-one dialogic approach is developed that reveals that pupils have very different articulations of their future learning than their teachers in literacy (predominantly writing) and very little notion of any future learning in
numeracy. By further understanding ways in which pupils understand their 'learning gap' this study points to ways in which teachers and pupils may use dialogic approaches to more successfully align their differing perceptions to more effectively promote learning.
Policymaking and the politics of change in higher education: The new 1960s universities in the UK, then and now
Authors: Filippakou Ourania , Tapper Ted
Published: September 2016

Through an analysis of the foundation of the so-called 'new universities' in the UK, this article offers an interpretation of the change process in higher education. The argument is that although change is driven by economic and social forces, it is the political interpretation of these
forces that steers the change process and, therefore, determines the shape of new institutional structures and how they are supposed to perform their tasks. The article contrasts the original steering of the change process by state and quasi-state institutions with the more recent emergence
of state-regulated market pressure as the force for change in higher education.
Managing the student experience in English higher education: Differing responses to market pressures
Authors: Temple Paul , Callender Claire , Grove Lyn , Kersh Natasha
Published: September 2016

This paper reports on recent research aimed at assessing how the management of the undergraduate student experience in English higher education is changing in the light of the new tuition fee regime introduced in 2012, as well as other government policies aimed at creating market-type
pressures within the higher education sector. A distinction was observed between the research-intensive universities studied – defined here as institutions where research income comprised 20 per cent or more of total turnover, with correspondingly strong positions in published research-based
rankings – and universities largely dependent on income from teaching, with weaker market positions. Broadly speaking, the latter group were responding to market pressures by centralizing services, standardizing procedures, and strengthening management controls over teaching processes.
The research-intensive universities tended to work within existing institutional cultures to respond to students' needs. Organizational change here usually took the form of creating more coherent functional groupings of student services, rather than comprehensive reorganizations. It appears
to us that these different responses to a changed environment point to the creation of two distinct English university types, one strongly managerial with 'student as customer' orientations, and a smaller group with less centralized, more collegial cultures.
Further education colleges and leadership: Checking the ethical pulse
Authors: Dennis Carol Azumah
Published: September 2016

In this paper, I check the ethical pulse of further education (FE) at the moment of its coming of age. Using a philosophical lens, I select and review post-2010 literature, to argue that FE colleges persist in a diminished form within a learning economy. In response to the managerial
onslaught, the sector has adopted an ethics of survival, a necessary response to austerity and deregulation. Twenty-one years after incorporation, ethical fading has purged ethical desire from educational discourse, while the endless banality of college life has corroded the language with
which it might be possible to speak about educational purpose, value, utopia, democracy, equity, and vision.
Girls in the UK have similar reasons to boys for intending to study mathematics post-16 thanks to the support and encouragement they receive
Authors: Mujtaba Tamjid , Reiss Michael
Published: September 2016

This paper focuses on the aspirations of 13- and 15-year-olds to continue with mathematics after the age of 16 and the association with perceptions of their mathematics education during the academic year 2008/9. A quantitative analysis was undertaken on the views of 12,176 UK students,
obtained through surveys, with qualitative case studies on two of these students lending support to the quantitative findings. This paper also places a focus on a sub-set of 1,476 London students. The analysis indicates that girls and boys with high mathematics aspirations had similar responses
towards their mathematics teachers and lessons, and had comparable extrinsic mathematics motivation. However, girls, regardless of mathematics aspirations, were less likely than boys to be encouraged by their families and others within their social circles to study mathematics post-16. Many
of the London findings are similar to those we found across the UK, although girls within London schools with high mathematics aspirations perceived their mathematics education to be more equitable. Low aspiring girls across the UK and in London still reported less support and encouragement,
and described their mathematics education less favourably than did boys.
The London Geography Alliance: Re-connecting the school subject with the university discipline
Authors: Standish Alex , Hawley Duncan , Willy Tessa
Published: September 2016

The London Geography Alliance was established to provide a network of subject-based support to primary and secondary schools, by linking teachers and university lecturers. Workshops and fieldwork were conducted over a 17-month period to address different aspects of the geography curriculum.
The effects of the project were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative methods. Primary school teachers improved their knowledge of geography and their confidence to identify and facilitate geographical learning. Secondary school teachers enhanced their subject knowledge, developed new
ideas, schemes of work and resources for teaching, and improved their use of fieldwork techniques. The project showed how teaching in schools can be improved through making links to university disciplines.
SISTEMA DE POSICIONAMIENTO DE UNA ANTORCHA UTILIZADA EN LA APLICACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS POR PROYECCIÓN TÉRMICA
Authors: Torres Barahona Edgar Absalón , Moreno Téllez Carlos Mauricio , Pinto Salamanca María Luisa , Cárdenas Leydi Julieta , Fuentes Mojica Juan David
Published: September 2016

Se presenta el diseño, construcción y evaluación del desempeño de un sistema de posicionamiento utilizado para la deposición de recubrimientos con partículas fundidas o memifundidas, mediante el empleo de una antorcha CastoDyn Ds 8000 de proyección térmica con combustión de oxiacetileno. El diseño se ha hecho con parámetros obtenidos en el laboratorio de materiales de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, y la información determinada a partir de la evaluación del dispositivo, permite controlar las principales variables del proceso como la distancia de proyección,el flujo de polvo, la velocidad de la antorcha y la velocidad de rotación del porta muestras; esto se ha visto en los recubrimientos realizados en las pruebas de aplicación de circona/níquel sobre un sustrato de acero al carbono y analizados con Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido – MEB.
Fausto Hernández Trillo y Alejandro Villagómez Amezcua, El enigmático sistema bancario mexicano contemporáneo, México, Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias, 2013, 222 pp.
Authors: Sánchez González Manuel
Published: September 2016

Esta reseña resume y comenta las principales tesis del libro El enigmático sistema bancario mexicano de Alejandro Villagómez y Fausto Hernández.  Se trata de un diagnóstico bien sustentado de la situación actual y las oportunidades de desarrollo de la banca mexicana. En este análisis se señala que, pese a los avances normativos y operativos logrados tras la crisis de 1995, México aún enfrenta retos para consolidar un sistema financiero más profundo y eficiente.  Para lograr este objetivo, entre otros aspectos, los autores mencionan la necesidad de clarificar y proteger los derechos de propiedad, así como promover una mayor competencia entre los intermediarios.  De acuerdo a esta reseña, un gran mérito del libro es que, sin dejar de ser riguroso, utiliza un lenguaje accesible y contribuye a brindar elementos de juicio, no solo para el especialista, sino para el conjunto de la sociedad.
The Challenging Shift to a Circular Economy: The Relevance of Social Ecology in Effective Transition
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: September 2016

The concept of a "circular economy" needs a more cogent theoretical anchor which will allow for transference of its goals and methods of attainment across cases. Tensions between ecological goals of this concept and the social implications of its implementation need to be addressed. This paper attempts to provide a theoretical framework for harnessing the strengths of a circular economy. Building on theories of social ecology which are predicated in Murray Bookchin's notion of "dialectical naturalism", the analysis presented here addresses some of the criticism of circular economic paradigms, such as their potential for stifling innovation or a neglect of human development challenges. A model for managing human "need" and "greed" within a circular economy framework is presented that also incorporates consumer choice and innovation. Planned obsolescence as a means of livelihood generation is also problematized with a view towards balancing durability of products on the one hand and ensuring throughput for manufacturing employment and innovation incentives on the other. Finally, the need for governance systems is considered to ensure that a planetary vision for a circular economy can be realized that efficiently harnesses local initiatives rather than an atomized and insular view of circularity.
Remote Sensing of Perennial Crop Stand Duration and Pre‐Crop Identification
Authors: Mueller‐Warrant George W. , Whittaker Gerald W. , Trippe Kristin M.
Published: September 2016

Crop sequence history both describes results of on‐farm decision‐making processes and signals potential environmental impacts across landscapes. Remote sensing classifications for 11 yr in western Oregon identified multi‐year production of established perennial crops and successive plantings of annual crops, quantified durations, and defined frequencies of pre‐ and post‐crops for multi‐year production periods. Measuring duration of continuous production of specific crops and characterizing crop sequence patterns required: (i) optimizing year‐to‐year landuse consistency and within‐year landuse classification accuracy, (ii) sufficiently detailed landuse classes to capture 99% of all crops grown in the diverse agriculture of this region, and (iii) enough years of data that majorities of fields experienced at least one full cycle of planting new stands of perennial grass seed crops (or successive plantings of specific annual crops), maintaining those fields in production until their eventual termination, and subsequent planting of new crops. Averaged over all possible starting and ending years between 2004 and 2014, continuous production of the same crop on the same field ranged from highs of 2.9, 4.6, 3.7, and 5.9 yr for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.)], and Italian ryegrass [L. perenne L. subsp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] grown for seed to lows of 2.4 and 1.5 yr for clovers grown for seed and cereal grains. With very few exceptions, pre‐crop frequencies were stable over the period of the study. Variability in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue stand duration included strong local components in which fields with much longer or shorter than average stand durations were often found in close proximity to one another.

Core Ideas

Crop rotation history can be derived from landuse classifications over multiple years.

Perennial grass seed crop stand duration variability localized to individual fields.

Frequency at which specific crops followed each other was mostly stable over time.
Surfactant and Polymer‐Coated Sand Effects on Deficit Irrigated Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Alvarez Guillermo , Sevostianova Elena , Serena Matteo , Sallenave Rossana , Leinauer Bernhard
Published: September 2016

Sand topdressing and soil surfactants are commonly applied to turfgrass areas but it is unclear whether these practices improve visual appearance or reduce hydrophobicity under deficit irrigation. A study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, NM, to evaluate two topdressing materials and a soil surfactant on deficit irrigated Princess 77 bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) grown on a loamy sand (mixed, thermic Typic Torripsamment). Treatments consisted of monthly applications of a polymer‐coated hydrophilic sand (ACA 3114) or straight sand with or without the soil surfactant and an untreated control. Plots were mowed at 2.0 cm and irrigated at either 70 or 50% of reference evapotranspiration for short grass (ETos). When results were averaged over the research period, plots irrigated at 50% ETos and receiving ACA 3114 or sand topdressing and the soil surfactant exhibited greater green coverage (85.3 and 88.2%, respectively) and better turfgrass quality (6.6 and 6.5, respectively, with 1 = worst, 9 = best) than control plots (71.6% green coverage, quality = 5.1) or plots receiving sand topdressing only (74.7% green coverage, quality = 5.3). Soil repellency in the upper root zone was detected only in 2011, and applications of both ACA 3114 and straight sand topdressing with the soil surfactant on plots irrigated at 50% ETos resulted in lower water drop penetration times (7s and 1s) compared to sand topdressing (12s) only. Our results suggest that bermudagrass quality can be maintained under deficit irrigation if either topdressed with a hydrophilic sand or with straight sand combined with a surfactant.

Core Ideas

We describe the use of a novel, polymer coated, hydrophilic sand for topdressing bermudagrass turf in an arid climate.

We examined if the coated sand affects bermudagrass quality differently than a commercially available surfactant or topdressing with sand only.

We also investigated if the polymer coated sand is useful in preventing drought stress when irrigation is applied at reduced evapotranspiration replacement.
Utility Assessment of Published Microsatellite Markers for Fiber Length and Bundle Strength QTL in a Cotton Breeding Program
Authors: Hugie Kari L. , Fang David D. , Smith C. Wayne , Li Ping , Hinze Lori L. , Hague Steve S. , Jones Donald C.
Published: September 2016

Numerous DNA markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for cotton (Gossypium spp.) fiber quality traits have been identified in the literature, but there are still significant challenges regarding the use of these QTL in marker‐assisted selection. While one of the primary limitations to the application of marker‐assisted selection for fiber quality traits has been the inconsistency of marker–trait associations, more recent studies have reported numerous marker–trait associations and colocating of QTL in different genetic backgrounds and environments. The objectives of this study were to assess the published microsatellite markers linked to upper‐half mean fiber length (UHML) and fiber bundle strength (Str) QTL in different genetic backgrounds and to characterize the utility of stable marker–trait associations in selection for improved fiber quality within the context of an applied breeding program. Using the results of 32 published QTL mapping studies, six stable marker–trait associations each for UHML and Str were detected. For each trait, the mean of F3:4 progeny rows that were grouped based on the six marker genotypes was compared with the mean of F3:4 progeny rows that were grouped based on phenotype. In all but one case, the mean UHML and Str of F3:4 progeny rows with the majority of alleles (i.e., four to six alleles) in the desirable state was similar to the mean of F3:4 progeny rows derived from F3 plants in the top 20% for UHML and Str. Our results indicate that, after proper validation, published QTL for UHML and Str could be utilized in selection for improved fiber quality.
Quantifying Leaf Area Development Parameters for Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers]
Authors: Hissene Halimé Mahamat , Vadez Vincent , Michelangeli José Clavijo , Halilou Oumarou , Ndoye Ibrahima , Soltani Afshin , Sinclair Thomas
Published: September 2016

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers] is a major crop legume for the Sahelian zone in Africa. An accurate simulation of the growth and yield for cowpea that considers the environment would be a robust tool for evaluating improved management and plant genetics. The objective of this study was to parameterize a simple model framework to describe cowpea leaf area development. To obtain field data in divergent environments, leaf area development was measured for four genotypes at two sites: Patancheru, India, and Bambey, Senegal. In addition, the effect of plant density was tested at Patancheru. Leaf area development was considered in two steps: the increase in main stem node number as a function of temperature (i.e., phyllochron) and plant leaf area as a function of main stem node number. The difference in phyllochron values among genotypes was not significant at Bambey, but one genotype at Patancheru significantly diverged from the others. Also, there was a plant density effect at Patancheru, especially for genotype Suvita‐2. An allometric power function, used to calculate plant leaf area based on the number of nodes, required two parameters: PLAPOW, the exponent in the function, and PLACON, the linear multiplier of the equation. Determination of the two parameters at Patancheru showed a genotype effect in both site and plant‐density effect. To examine the practical impact of genotypic differences and density effects in light interception and shading, estimated leaf development parameters were used to calculate light interception. There was very little variation in light interception resulting from the observed range in leaf phyllochron, PLAPOW, and PLACON and in density responses among the cowpea genotypes. The results of these experiments showed that, in most cases, a single set of parameters can be used to describe light interception by cowpea leaf canopies.
Hydraulic Properties Affected by Topsoil Thickness in Switchgrass and Corn–Soybean Cropping Systems
Authors: Zaibon Syaharudin , Anderson Stephen H. , Kitchen Newell R. , Haruna Samuel I.
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas

Growing a cellulosic bioenergy crop on degraded soils helps restore soil function.

Switchgrass improved hydraulic properties of degraded claypan landscapes.

Depth to claypan horizon was the main factor controlling these hydraulic properties.

Loss of productive topsoil by erosion with time can reduce the productive capacity of soil and can significantly affect soil physical and hydraulic properties. This study evaluated the effects of reduced topsoil thickness and perennial switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.) vs. a corn (Zea maysL.)–soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation on soil bulk density (ρb), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil water retention, and pore size distributions. The experiment was conducted at the University of Missouri South Farm on a Mexico silt loam (a Vertic Epiaqualf). Plots with the corn–soybean rotation and switchgrass were established in 2009 with four replicates. Twenty‐seven years after establishment, plots with selected topsoil thickness were grouped into four treatments (TopA [4 cm], TopB [11 cm], TopC [22 cm], and TopD [36 cm]). Undisturbed soil cores, 76 by 76 mm, were collected by 10‐ cm depth increments from the surface to the 40‐cm depth. Results showed that soil under switchgrass had 53 and 27% higher macroporosity (>1000‐ μm diameter) and coarse mesoporosity (60–1000‐μm diameter), respectively, than row crop management. This led to 73% greaterKsatand 11% higher water content at saturation than row crop management. Thicker topsoil treatments (TopC and TopD) had consistently lower ρband greaterKsatthan the shallow topsoil treatments (TopA and TopB) for all sampling depths. These results imply that switchgrass production systems significantly improve soil hydraulic properties, particularly in eroded claypan landscapes.