bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Steel Treatment with Calcium-Silicon
Authors: Gizatulin R.A. , Efremenkov A.B. , Valuev D.V. , Fedoseev S.N. , Valueva A.V.
Published: June 2015

The method of adding calcium silicon in aluminum containers to a metal when it pours into a ladle from the steelmaking unit has been developed. Industry data were obtained to confirm the possibility of providing a sufficiently high and stable recovery of calcium in the context of production at a particular plant and its effective impact on the composition, physical and chemical condition of a melt and properties of a final product.
Impact of Welded Joint on Cyclic Strength of Low-Alloyed Steels
Authors: Kuskov K.V. , Kovenskiy I.M. , Kuskov V.N.
Published: June 2015

In this paper we considered changing the structure of the metal near the weld joint. The samples were tested under cyclic load with the asymmetry of the cycle of R=0.8 - 0.9. Influence of the weld on the cyclic strength is assessed. A methodology for determining residual life at any operation periods is developed.
Development of the Technique to Simulate Residual Heading Corium Prototype
Authors: Baklanov V.V. , Gradoboev A.V. , Zhdanov V.S.
Published: June 2015

The paper addresses simulating technique of residual energy release inside of corium prototype based on the usage of plasmotron; describes plasmotron design and its manufacturing features; considers research results of plasmotron interaction with the corium prototype.
Nitrogen Alloying of Steel by Blowing in the Ladle through Bottom and Submersible Tuyeres
Authors: Gizatulin R.A. , Kozyrev N.A. , Saprykin A.A. , Sheshukov О.Yu. , Dudikhin D.A.
Published: June 2015

The paper gives consideration to nitrogen behavior when blowing steel with gaseous nitrogen through bottom and submersible tuyeres. Positive effect of nitrogen on physical and mechanical characteristics of rails is determined provided that nitrogen concentration doesn’t exceed 0.025%. This effect is possible due to formation of high-melting vanadium carbides.
On the Design of Composite Active Part of Cutting Tools
Authors: Petrushin S.I. , Gruby S.V. , Galeeva A.A.
Published: June 2015

The paper considers the issue of optimum design of active part of metalcutting tools. Active parts are made of composite full-strength tool materials degrading uniformly. High-quality tools can be manufactured provided that the issue is sold.
Designing Self-Balanced Spatial Mechanisms
Authors: Bituev I.K.
Published: June 2015

This paper summarises the results obtained from a study of the conditions required to achieve self-balanced mechanical systems. The design self-balanced systems composed of single-loop spatial mechanisms with a common drive shaft, is reviewed. The paper explains how the problems are solved by selecting the relative angles of the mechanism's cranks, their number and mutual arrangement. The resulting self-balancing criteria enable the construction of spatial mechanical systems with predetermined levels of residual imbalance.
Peculiarities of Operation of Disc Springs Made of Alloys with Shape Memory Effect
Authors: Tskhay Edyard , Volokitin Gennady , Klopotov Аnatoly
Published: June 2015

The data on the use of alloys with shape memory effect for production of disc springs are represented. Peculiarities of deformation of disc springs made of alloys with shape memory effect when changing the temperature are shown.
Computational Simulation of the Mechanical Equipment’s Dynamic and Strength Characteristics
Authors: Boyarshinov M.G. , Trushkov V.A.
Published: June 2015

The possibility to use the computational modeling as replacement of the natural dynamic testing of mechanical equipment is considered. A useful program tool is selected, initial data are prepared and the set of computational experiments to determine the dynamic and strength characteristics of the engine are performed. To verify the results of computational simulation of mentioned characteristics the data of the engine mechanical testing were used, and satisfactory correspondence was achieved. This investigation showed the dynamic and strength characteristics of the considered engine are complied with the basic regulatory requirements.
Studying Characteristics of Traction Induction Motors for Variable-Speed Mine Electric Locomotive
Authors: Baranov Pavel R. , Kladiev Sergey N. , Borisov Stanislav V. , Filipas Alexander A.
Published: June 2015

The analysis of torque-speed characteristics of induction motors has been carried out in order to choose the base design for variable speed traction electric drives of underground mine electric locomotives. For constant dimensions of active part of series-produced electric motors the influence of the diverse conductivity’s materials for manufacturing the squirrel-cage rotor on speed-torque and speed-current characteristics. The designs are compared according to speed-up dynamics, power indexes and key design features of the studied electric motors.
Modelling of Hydraulic Pulse Systems of Drilling Machines with Pneumatic Spring
Authors: Novoseltseva M.V. , Ziyakaev G.R. , Kvashnina Olga S.
Published: June 2015

The model of a hydraulic pulse system of drilling machines is presented in this paper. Differential equations that characterize the processes run in the system are obtained. A new method for pressing a hydraulic cylinder with a pneumatic feeder is also suggested.
Development Process Design with Effects of Technology Quality
Authors: Ol’khovik Evgeniy
Published: June 2015

Computer modeling of technological processes has an important role for an assessment of quality of new products and is part of development of the analytical and expert analysis. The purpose of this work is development of methods of an assessment of quality of cast details for mechanical engineering. These data are used further for calculation on durability (service life). Application of the developed method allows making more exact assessment of a technical resource of work for cast details with defects. Are presented in article researches results of heterogeneity of mechanical properties of cast steel, accuracy of the sizes and volume of machining are given. The presented results were received on real production and when carrying out special researches. The offered techniques allow making the directed formation of high mechanical properties when developing technology of foundry production.
Stress State of Disk Tool Attachment Points on Tetrahedral Prisms between Axial Bits
Authors: Khoreshok A.A. , Mametyev L.E. , Borisov A.Yu. , Vorobyov A.V.
Published: June 2015

The paper presents results of simulation of stress-strain state of disk tools attachment points on tetrahedral prisms of working bodies of multipurpose roadheaders while cutting of coal and rock faces.
Effect of Operating Stresses on Elements of Shovel Swing Bearings
Authors: Horeshok A.A. , Bogomolov I.D. , Buyankin P.V. , Vorobyov A.V.
Published: June 2015

Calculations of operating stresses in elements of the shovel swing bearing are submitted and assessment of their impact is presented. Recommendations for reducing the impact of the calculated operating stresses on construction stresses are given.
The Numerical Analysis of Accuracy of Hydraulic Leg Cylinder in Modeling Using Solid Works Simulation
Authors: Buyalich G.D. , Anuchin A.V. , Dronov A.A.
Published: June 2015

The research work on the influence of an angle α at centre and the finite element sizes in modeling a hydraulic leg cylinder has been done to determine the stress-strain state by FEM using SolidWorks Simulation software. Based on the analysis results the reasonable values of the central angle and finite elements for the cylinder and weld have been defined in terms of the smallest error and maximum performance computation.
Computer Simulation of Strain at Drilling with PDC Bits
Authors: Burkov Petr Vladimirovich , Ageev Ruslan Khusenovich , Burkova Svetlana Petrovna
Published: June 2015

The paper focuses on the stress and strain state of the underground main pipeline section using Autodesk Inventor software.
The Compound Hob for Processing Gearbox Pinions Used in Hoist for Well Repairs
Authors: Artamonov E.V. , Kireev V.V.
Published: June 2015

The following article contains simulation modelling of two different types of hobs: the one made according to GOST 9324-80, and a composite hob with progressive cutting method. Also it contains the results of research on deflected mode of removable cutting edges in gear treating cutter, performed with help of simulation modelling and Kompas-3D and ANSYS software.
A Parallel Implementation of 3D Computed Tomography Algorithm
Authors: Kovtanyuk Andrey E.
Published: June 2015

A computed tomography problem as a 3D reconstruction of density distribution is considered. The input data are obtained as a result of irradiations. The solution of the computed tomography problem is presented as a set of cross-section images. The reconstruction in a single cross-section is performed by algorithm of convolution and back projection. The parallelization is fulfilled over a set of cross-sections by use of the MPI technology.
A Method of Industrial Image Processing Based on Enhancement of Object Boundaries
Authors: Antonov L.V. , Orlov A.A.
Published: June 2015

In this work, the necessity of automatic processing of images of micro-and nanostructures is shown. A method for preliminary processing of such images for reliable separation of inseparable structures in them is developed. The method is based on a more accurate calculation of the brightness gradient and enhancement of image boundaries. The results of processing a photograph of a nanostructure are presented.
Methods Local Analysis and Processing of Acoustic Signals in the Diagnosis of Conditions Technical Systems and Telecommunications
Authors: Kropotov Y.A. , Ermolaev V.A.
Published: June 2015

Described the problem of recovering from discrete data in general smooth function. The algorithms of data smoothing, providing a smooth pair of generalized, built according to the linearly independent functions, polynomials defined on the mating intervals analysis. The possibility of using for this purpose the methods of constrained optimization. As the objective function is used the quadratic loss function. The smoothness of the conjugation of polynomials is provided with equality constraints. It was established that in the absence of constraints of inequality type solution of the recovery can be obtained in explicit form. The validity of the developed algorithms on examples of the treatment of special test signals. The results indicate the possibility of their use for the analysis multiextremal dependencies, which include the intensity of the acoustic signals functioning technical systems.
Determination of Load Performance of Two-Bar Girder Lining to Support the Contour Zone
Authors: Aksenov V.V. , Glazkov Yuri F. , Kazantsev Anton A.
Published: June 2015

The article proposes a base-line design of the system in the form of lattice girders to support peripheral rock masses of workings. The design scheme and its parameters of support and loading conditions are given, the simulation results are shown.
Electromagnetic Method for Resonance Tuning of a Mechatronic System
Authors: Tomilin A.K. , Bayzakova G.A.
Published: June 2015

Process of vertical vibrations of the weight suspended on a spring at harmonic kinematic excitation is examined. It is shown that the resonance tuning of a system can be done with the use of magnetic force which occurs if the coil turns while moving cross external magnetic field lines.
Accelerometric Method of Measuring the Angle of Rotation of the Kinematic Mechanisms of Nodes
Authors: Dorofeev N.V. , Kuzichkin Oleg R. , Tsaplev A.V.
Published: June 2015

This article discusses the use of accelerometers to measure the angle of rotation of the kinematic pairs. The main problems of accelerometer methods and justified phasemetric method of forming the differential signal transducer. The application phase metric method accelerometeric measuring the angle of rotation of the kinematic pair eliminates the multiplicative error at the preliminary stage of the measurement.
Decision Making Models on the Basis of Expert Knowledge for an Engineering Enterprise Strategic Management
Authors: Zakharova Alexandra A.
Published: June 2015

The paper outlines the complex of related models and decision making support methods based on expert knowledge in strategic management of an engineering enterprise. Represented models are considered to be multi-purpose ones; these models can be used for any engineering enterprise. The application of multi-purpose models increase quality and reasonableness of strategic decisions at the stages of strategic analysis, choice and control.
Development of a System of Self-Assessment Indicators and its Optimization with the Help of Rasch Model
Authors: Zavalishina Christina N.
Published: June 2015

The paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of self-assessment of an organization conducted by filling out a reporting form. A questionnaire is suggested as a self-assessment tool together with a self-assessment structural model. It is proved that the process of obtaining more objective data can be regulated by reducing or increasing the number of performance indicators. Consideration is given to the process of self-assessment indicators development as an integral package and its subsequent optimization by means of Rasch model. Advantages of the measuring model are demonstrated and are supported by the results of self-assessments conducted in 7 organizations.
Structural Aspects of Zr+ Ion-Beam Surface Modification and Mechanical Properties of 12CrMoV Steel
Authors: Vlasov Iliya , Panin Sergey V. , Sergeev Viktor , Titkov Vladimir , Maruschak Pavlo
Published: June 2015

Surface modification is an effective way both to protect structural materials and to improve their mechanical properties. However under mechanical loading the distinction of elastic moduli of a modified surface layer and adjacent bulk material causes the stress concentrators to occur, whose relaxation may give rise to localized development of plastic deformation or fracture [1]. Under cyclic loading such distinction of the properties brings to multiple microcracking of strengthened surface layer, to act as structural micronotches [2, 3]. Therefore, optimized modes and parameters for surface layer modification are to be determined being a certain compromise between strength/ductility of the layer and its thickness etc.
Functionalized Composite Coatings Based on Filled Powder Paint Processed in Planetary Ball Mill
Authors: Panin S.V. , Yazykov S.Yu. , Dammer V.Kh.
Published: June 2015

Key stages for providing functional properties to polymeric coatings based on powder paints in order to reduce the rate of electromagnetic radiation due to treatment in planetary ball mill were studied. While varying the time of the treatment, as well as the filler weight fraction, the properties of powder mixtures, as well as the structure and properties of the coatings were investigated. Functionality of the coatings was achieved through adding shielding filler (the powder of Cr17Ni2steel) into powder paint and their subsequent treatment in a planetary ball mill.
The Effect of Controlled Melt-Solidification on the Strain Rate Sensitivity of a Squeeze-Cast Hybrid-Reinforced Aluminum AA 6061 Matrix Composite
Authors: Malomo B.O. , Fadodun Odunayo , Oluwasegun K.M. , Ogunbodede A.T. , Ibitoye S.A. , Adekoya L.O.
Published: June 2015

A framework based on the relationship between variations in cooling rates and volume fraction of reinforcements during solidification processing to enhance the deformation behavior of aluminum alloy AA6061 matrix composite produced with a hybrid system of reinforcements is investigated in this study. The aluminum matrix composite with 5 %, 10 % and 20 % volume fraction of reinforcements (Al2O3-SiC) was synthesized by infiltrating molten aluminum AA 6061 at a pouring temperature of 740 °C into prefabricated preforms of reinforcements at a pressure of 80 MPa, die preheat temperature of 300 °C and pressure holding time of 15 s using the squeeze casting method. By employing water jet spraying at the rate of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 kg/s and taking measurements using a K-type thermocouple, cooling rates were obtained in correspondence with varying volume fractions of reinforcements. The developed composites were sectioned and microstructural features were examined by optical microscopy. Tensile testing was conducted according to ASTM B557 standard using an MTS testing machine. It was observed that cooling rates decreased as the volume fraction of reinforcements was increased and the cooling time also increased accordingly during this process. With respect to deformation behavior, higher cooling rates are associated with an improvement in mechanical properties at 5 % and 10 % additions of hybrid reinforcement particles but this effect diminishes as the volume fraction of reinforcements was increased to 20 %. Also, the strain rate sensitivity (SRS) exponent increased considerably with strain rates and volume fraction of reinforcements, but the tensile elongation values decreased with increasing volume fraction of reinforcements; and the variations in these properties were most significant for samples containing 20% volume fraction of hybrid reinforcements.From the foregoing, it follows that an experimentally-determined optimal solidification range is critical to the enhancement of deformation parameters as the volume fraction of reinforcements is varied in a squeeze casting process.
Distributed Information Retrieval: Developments and Strategies
Authors: Ghansah Benjamin , Wu Sheng Li
Published: June 2015

Opposed to centralized search where Websites are crawled and indexed, Distributed Information Retrieval (DIR), also known as Federated Search, is a powerful way to comprehensively search multiple databases in real-time simultaneously. DIR is preferred to centralized search environments in a number of ways, characteristically among them are: 1. the diversity of resources that are made available; 2. improving scalability and reducing server load and network traffic; 3. the leverage of accessing the hidden or deep Web.There are three major phases/tasks of a DIR (i) resource description or collection representation (ii) resource selection and (iii) result merging. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review on the various phases of DIR and also some current strategies being recommended in enhancing and improving the smooth implementation of a DIR system.
Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Friction Welding AISI 1020 Grade Steel Joints
Authors: Selvamani S.T. , Divagar S. , Vigneshwar M.
Published: June 2015

In this research work, the friction welding of AISI 1020 grade steel joints are fabricated to predict the minimum Vickers hardness in the joints. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the friction welding parameters in this study. RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques that are helpful for designing a set of experiments, analyzing the optimum combination of input process parameters, developing a mathematical model, and expressing the values graphically. Therefore, the response surface methodology has been utilized to optimize the friction welding process parameter with the help of ANOVA design matrix. The microstructures analyzed were carried out for the optimized condition joint.
Precursor Concentration Dependent Morphology-Tunable Hierarchical TiO2 Nanostructure for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Jin Sheng
Published: June 2015

Dye sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 nanorod suffers from low dye loading and poor light scattering ability, both of which obstacle the improvement of energy conversion efficiency. In this paper, we have successfully synthesized TiO2 rutile nanostructures with tunable morphology on FTO substrates with a one-step hydrothermal synthesis by changing the Ti concentration in the precursor solution. Three different photoanodes, namely, nanorod layer, nanorod layer with flower-like clusters and nanorod layer with densely packed spheres, are obtained without using any surfactants. The photoanode of nanorod layer with densely packed spheres exhibits improved dye loading and enhanced light reflection from 600-800 nm. DSSCs based on such a photoanode exhibits an energy conversion efficiency of 4.08%, achieving a nearly three-fold enhancement compared with dye sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 nanorod array.
Pulsed Electrodeposition of Gold Nanoparticles on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Glass and Absorption-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Evaluation
Authors: Vahdatkhah Parisa , Sadrnezhaad Sayed Khatiboleslam
Published: June 2015

Synthesis and immobilization of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) was performed on transparent fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by pulse electrodeposition method. The method was cost effective, simple and capable of producing nanoparticles strongly attached to the substrate. Effects of several influencing factors such as duty cycle, pulse frequency, current density, solution concentration, deposition period and annealing procedure on the optical properties of AuNPs-FTO electrode were investigated. AuNPs-FTO electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-Vis absorption analysis. Controllability of the plasmon absorption of the electrodeposited film by tuning of the electrodeposition conditions and thermal annealing procedure was important achievements helpful to the progress of the AuNP film applications in the tunable localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (LSPR) manufacturing industry.
Improvement of Power and Performance in NAND and D-Latch Gates Using CNFET Technology
Authors: Vanak Amin , Sabbaghi-Nadooshan Reza
Published: June 2015

In this paper, low power and high speed D-latch and nand gates (as sample of combinational and sequential circuits) are designed based on cnfet and cmos technology. The performance of D-latch and nand is compared in two technologies of 65nm and 90nm in cmos and cnfet technology. The circuit designs are simulated using hspice. Finally, the power consumption and delay and pdp as well as rise and fall time are compared in various voltages and frequencies. The results show that cnfetD-latch and nand gates have better delay and power consumption in comparison to cmos technology.
Optimization of Curcuminoid-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Using Box-Behnken Statistical Design
Authors: Boonyasirisri Praewpun , Nimmannit Ubonthip , Rojsitthisak Pranee , Bhunchu Settapon , Rojsitthisak Pornchai
Published: June 2015

Curcuminoids are a mixture of phenolic compounds isolated from Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) rhizomes that possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and anticancer activities. However, curcuminoids have poor solubility in acid and neutral solutions, rapid decomposition in neutral and alkaline solutions, and low bioavailability that limits their use as therapeutic agents. To overcome these problems, statistical design for preparation and characterization of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles as a carrier for curcuminoids was evaluated in this study. The curcuminoid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by a modified spontaneous emulsification solvent diffusion method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer. The formulations were optimized using three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken experimental design. The independent variables in the formulations were the lactide/glycolide (LA/GA) molar ratio of PLGA (50:50 to 85:15), the curcuminoid concentration (2%-10%, w/v), and the PVA concentration (3%-7%, w/v). The dependent variables were particle size, loading capacity and entrapment efficiency. Statistical evaluation showed that the LA/GA molar ratio of PLGA and the curcuminoid and PVA concentrations all affected the characteristics of the PLGA nanoparticles. To achieve a minimum particle size and maximum loading capacity and entrapment efficiency, the optimal formulation of the curcuminoid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles had a LA/GA molar ratio of PLGA of 50:50, 10% (w/v) curcuminoids, and 3% (w/v) PVA. A sustainable in vitro release profile of curcuminoids was obtained from this optimal formulation.
Pasteurella Multocida Peritonitis after Cat Scratch in a Patient with Cirrhotic Ascites
Authors: Gunathilake Roshan , Verma Ajay , Caffery Michael , Sowden David
Published: June 2015

Pasteurella multocida, a zoonotic agent transmitted by canines and felines, has been very rarely reported to cause bacterial peritonitis in humans. Pasteurella multocida peritonitis is associated with high mortality even with appropriate treatment, therefore its early recognition is essential. We report a case of Pasteurella multocida peritonitis following cat scratch in a patient with Child Pugh Class C alcoholic cirrhosis, culminating in multiple organ failure and death.
Using biotite composition of the Devonian Mount Elizabeth Intrusive Complex, New Brunswick, as a proxy
for magma fertility and differentiation in W-Mo-Au-Sb mineralized magmatic hydrothermal systems
Authors: Azadbakht Z , Lentz D R , McFarlane C R M
Published: June 2015

The Early Devonian (418 ± 1 Ma, monazite U-Pb) Mount Elizabeth intrusive complex, New Brunswick, Canada, is a multiphase metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, high K calc-alkaline body that shows within plate affinity. The complex consists of apparently
contemporaneous igneous suites including a mafic suite, an eastern peraluminous granite suite and a western alkali granite suite. The eastern part comprises compositionally and texturally homogenous biotite granite, whereas the western part is mostly heterogeneous and contains five different units.
The most abundant phase of the western suite is medium- to coarse-grained alkaline equigranular granite. This complex poorly exposed so that most of the available data, including inferred contact relationships, is based on geophysical data. It should be added that no mineral occurrences have been
reported so far from this complex.
Fresh biotite from this intrusion was analysed from core to rim by electron microprobe, and laser ablation ICP-MS at the University of New Brunswick to test whether biotite preserves a record of magma evolution in terms of major and trace-element and halogen compositional variations. Subhedral to
elongate biotite phenocrysts are less than 700 ?m long and reddish brown in colour indicative of a reduced I-type source. A calc-alkaline affinity is also suggested by biotite major element classification schemes. Biotite is locally altered to chlorite along cleavage planes, and typically contain
iron oxides, monazite, ilmenite, apatite, xenotime, and zircon as mineral inclusions.
Results of electron microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS studies indicate that biotite grains are homogenous in major elements; however, they show variation in trace elements from core to rim. The biotite grains investigated have the highest Sn, W, Sb, and Mo concentrations recorded thus far among
Devonian-related granitoid intrusions of New Brunswick (130, 40, 1, 3 ppm, respectively). There is no systematic correlation between major elements including FeTot, or FeTot/Ti and any of these trace elements. To further study trace-element distribution, a biotite from each of the phases was mapped
with laser-ablation ICP-MS revealing patchy Ba, Rb, and Cs zoning. These patterns are interpreted to be a result of localized hydrothermal alteration and intracrystalline volume diffusion in these biotite grains. The intracrystalline distribution of Sn, W, Mo and Sb is homogeneous. Furthermore,
halogen contents analysed by EPMA indicate that hydroxyl is the dominant component of hydroxyl site followed by fluorine. It also showed that these biotites formed from strongly contaminated and reduced I-type granite.
As a result, high concentration of Sn in biotite is interpreted to be caused by crustal contamination, and lowtemperature hydrothermal processes (sub-solidus) rather than being magmatic in origin.
Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4: Contributions to the understanding of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit genesis and exploration methods development
Authors: Peter J M , Mercier-Langevin P
Published: June 2015

Research on topical aspects of the genesis of, and exploration for, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits was formulated and carried out under the auspices of the Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Ore System of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4 Program.
Research activities were focussed on addressing two main themes: 1) development of innovative, new, and unconventional detection and vectoring methodologies for VMS exploration; these studies were conducted at the Izok Lake deposit, Nunavut, and regionally throughout the Bathurst Mining Camp,
northern New Brunswick, as well as at numerous VMS deposits and prospects regionally throughout the Slave Province, Nunavut and Northwest Territories; and 2) understand the controls on precious metal (gold, silver) endowment or enrichment in VMS deposits. These studies were conducted at several
deposits: Lalor Mine, Manitoba; Lemarchant deposit, Newfoundland; Ming Mine, Newfoundland; and the Lemoine deposit, Quebec. Detection and development of vectoring methods focussed on the application of optical reflectance spectrometry (airborne, ground, laboratory), oxygen isotope geochemistry,
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric analysis of volatile elements, multiple sulphur isotope geochemistry, till geochemistry and indicator minerals, and integration of rock properties and geophysics. Each of these research activities produced results that influence
exploration strategies for VMS deposits in Canada and elsewhere. Studies focussed on determining the controls on precious metal endowment or enrichment in VMS deposits employed geology, volcanology/volcanic architectural analysis, lithogeochemistry, chemostratigraphy, geodynamic setting analysis,
geochronology, hydrothermal alteration systematics, petrography, mineralogy and mineral chemistry (mineralization, alteration, host rock), oxygen isotope geochemistry, sulphur isotope geochemistry, lead isotope geochemistry, and metallogenic considerations. Collectively these studies demonstrate
that in all cases, gold enrichment was primary (not late/secondary; i.e., seafloor and aerial weathering, overprinted unrelated mineralizing systems) and was the result of one or more of the following processes: 1) magmatic input, as evidenced by the presence of complex mineral assemblages that
include sulphosalts and native elements, anomalous trace element signatures (e.g. epithermal suite: Au-As-Sb-Ag- Hg; felsic magma-associated: Bi-W-Te-In-Sn); and 2) boiling in a shallow-water setting. Only minimal remobilization of gold occurred in deposits in response to greenschist- and
amphibolite-facies metamorphism.
‘Cut in two’, Part 1: Exposing the Seam in Q 12:42−46
Authors: Howes Llewellyn
Published: June 2015

This publication argues for the existence of a seam between verses 44 and 45 of the parable in Q 12:42–46. In the process, a case is also made for identifying the second half of the parable (Q 12:45–46) as a redactional addition to a more original first half (Q 12:42–44). The arguments that make up this article form the basis for a follow-up article on the redaction of Q 12:42–46 within the context of the Sayings Gospel as a whole.
Reading the Bible in the 21st century: Some hermeneutical principles: Part 2
Authors: Van der Merwe Dirk
Published: June 2015

This essay is to be an extension of the essay �Reading the Bible in the 21st century: Some hermeneutical principles: Part 1�. Two more �hermeneutical aspects� are proposed and discussed in this essay: the aspects of spirituality and embodiment. These two aspects are presented in this essay to supplement and compliment the hermeneutical process. A few remarks on the idiosyncrasy of texts pave the way for the legitimate exploitation of spiritualities (lived experiences) embedded in biblical texts which should be regarded as an addition to �biblical hermeneutics� and which have to serve as a catalyst for the embodiment of the �reading texts�.
Toda la ciudad era un Paisaje. Naturaleza, arquitectura y pintura en la obra de Wang Shu
Authors: Bigas Vidal Montserrat , Bravo Farré Luis , Fernández-Morales Angélica , Font Baste Gloria , Li Gaoli , Quan Liyuan , Recasens Marta
Published: June 2015

Según Wang Shu, su arquitectura produce una experiencia análoga a la que ofrece la contemplación de la pintura tradicional china. Esta se diferencia del arte occidental en que no trata de expresar la sensibilidad visual de su autor a través de la descripción de la luz, el espacio y los objetos. No define los temas a través del color sino perfilándolos con líneas oscuras y unas pocas tonalidades. El pintor no trabaja del natural; normalmente es, también, filósofo y poeta, además de dominar muchas otras disciplinas técnicas y humanísticas; vive aislado en los parajes elegidos antes de pintarlos, para captar el funcionamiento estructural del mundo natural del que forma parte y compartir después, a través de su arte, ese conocimiento. Provocar ese mismo tipo de vivencias es también para Wang Shu el principal propósito de su arquitectura.
Olvidados discursos formalistas
Authors: Jordá Such Cármen
Published: June 2015

Un documentado artículo de Javier Monedero (La forma como molde. La forma como proceso) recorría, primeramente y bajo un principio evolutivo, la historia del pensamiento hasta la Gestalt, para luego detenerse en aquellas teorías contemporáneas que fundamentan un carácter procesual –y en cierto modo espontáneo– tanto en el arte como en la arquitectura de las últimas décadas. Ahora, en Olvidados discursos formalistas se contempla la relevancia filosófica de otras reflexiones en torno a la naturaleza, además de las focalizadas en la disciplina de la estética. De hecho, la línea argumental que vamos a explorar está organizada a partir de dos grandes relatos: uno conectado a la biología, que tendría su origen en el concepto de morfología de Goethe; mientras el otro estaría relacionado con la escuela de la pura visualidad, cuyas raíces se sitúan en las ideas de Kant, llegando a constituir una de las vertientes más importantes del formalismo.
De la teoría de los colores de Goethe a la interacción del color de Albers
Authors: Franco Taboada José Antonio
Published: June 2015

En este artículo se plantea un hilo conductor básico entre la Teoría de los Colores, de Goethe y la Interacción del color, de Albers. Para Goethe, el color tenía un efecto sensible-moral y podía ser puesto al servicio de los más elevados fines estéticos, como más tarde ejemplificó magistralmente Albers en su serie Homenaje al cuadrado, de una forma que se ha definido como “medios mínimo, efecto máximo”, en su última y más completa exposición retrospectiva. La vertiente académica de Albers llega a su máxima expresión en la obra citada, cuya evolución de lo analógico a lo digital seguramente supondrá una nueva difusión, lastrada hasta ahora por lo limitado de las versiones de bolsillo y lo inalcanzable de las versiones completas impresas
Dilemas de autenticidad: la restauración de la Casa Freeman de Frank Lloyd Wright
Authors: Chusid Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2015

El artículo expone una breve descripción histórica ilustrativa del proceso de encargo, diseño y construcción de la casa con los bloques prefabricados característicos de la etapa californiana de Wright y de la vida posterior del edificio, centro neurálgico de la actividad de vanguardia artística de Los Ángeles, con sustanciales modificaciones llevadas a cabo por otros arquitectos afamados como Rudolph Schindler, Gregory Ain and John Lautner. En el texto se refleja no solo la tremenda complejidad técnica de restaurar esta casa erigida con un sistema constructivo sugerente pero tremendamente frágil y problemático y la dificultad añadida de su presencia en zona sísmica y los daños sufridos por el terremoto de Los Ángeles de 1994, sino también el dilema que surge a la hora de escoger eventualmente qué fase restaurar del edificio entre toda la estratificación de intervenciones de arquitectos estrella que caracteriza a este edificio.
Seasonal variability of atmospheric nitrogen oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons at the GEOSummit station, Greenland
Authors: Kramer L. J. , Helmig D. , Burkhart J. F. , Stohl A. , Oltmans S. , Honrath R. E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Measurements of atmospheric nitrogen oxides NOx (NOx = NO + NO2), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), NOy, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were taken at the Greenland Environmental Observatory at Summit (GEOSummit) station, Greenland (72.34° N, 38.29° W; 3212 m a.s.l.), from July 2008 to July 2010. The data set represents the first year-round concurrent record of these compounds sampled at a high latitude Arctic site. Here, the study focused on the seasonal variability of these important ozone (O3) precursors in the Arctic troposphere and the impact from transported anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. Our analysis shows that PAN is the dominant NOy species in all seasons at Summit, varying from 42 to 76 %; however, we find that odd NOy species (odd NOy = NOy − PAN − NOx) contribute a large amount to the total NOy speciation. We hypothesize that the source of this odd NOy is most likely alkyl nitrates and nitric acid (HNO3) from transported pollution, and photochemically produced species such as nitrous acid (HONO). FLEXPART retroplume analyses and black carbon (BC) tracers for anthropogenic and biomass burning (BB) emissions were used to identify periods when the site was impacted by polluted air masses. Europe contributed the largest source of anthropogenic emissions during the winter months (November–March) with 56 % of the total anthropogenic BC tracer originating from Europe in 2008–2009 and 69 % in 2009–2010. The polluted plumes resulted in mean enhancements above background levels up to 334, 295, 88, and 1119 pmol mol−1 for NOy, PAN, NOx, and ethane, respectively, over the two winters. Enhancements in O3 precursors during the second winter were typically higher, which may be attributed to the increase in European polluted air masses transported to Summit in 2009–2010 compared to 2008–2009. O3 levels were highly variable within the sampled anthropogenic plumes with mean ΔO3 levels ranging from −6.7 to 7.6 nmol mol−1 during the winter periods. North America was the primary source of biomass burning emissions during the summer; however, only 13 BB events were observed as the number of air masses transported to Summit, with significant BB emissions, was low in general during the measurement period. The BB plumes were typically very aged, with median transport times to the site from the source region of 14 days. The analyses of O3 and precursor levels during the BB events indicate that some of the plumes sampled impacted the atmospheric chemistry at Summit, with enhancements observed in all measured species.
On measurements of aerosol–gas composition of the atmosphere during two expeditions in 2013 along Northern Sea Route
Authors: Sakerin S. M. , Bobrikov A. A. , Bukin O. A. , Golobokova L. P. , Pol'kin Vas. V. , Pol'kin Vik. V. , Shmirko K. A. , Kabanov D. M. , Khodzher T. V. , Pavlov A. N. , Potemkin V. L. , Radionov V. F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We presented the results of expedition measurements of the set of physical-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol in water basins of Arctic and Far East seas, performed onboard RV Akademik Fedorov (17 August–22 September 2013) and RV Professor Khljustin (24 July–7 September 2013). The specific features of spatial distribution and time variations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere in the wavelength range of 0.34–2.14 μm and boundary layer height, aerosol and black carbon mass concentrations, and disperse and chemical composition of aerosol are discussed. Over the Arctic Ocean (on the route of RV Akademik Fedorov) there is a decrease in aerosol and black carbon concentrations in northeastern direction: higher values were observed in the region of Spitsbergen and near the Kola Peninsula; and minimum values were observed at northern margins of the Laptev Sea. Average AOD (0.5 μm) values in this remote region were 0.03; the aerosol and black carbon mass concentrations were 875 and 22 ng m-3, respectively. The spatial distributions of most aerosol characteristics over Far East seas show their latitudinal decrease in the northern direction. On transit of RV Professor Khljustin from Japan to Chukchi Sea, the aerosol number concentration decreased, on the average, from 23.7 to 2.5 cm-3, the black carbon mass concentration decreased from 150 to 50 ng m-3, and AOD decreased from 0.19 to 0.03. We analyzed the variations in the boundary layer height, measured by ship-based lidar: the average value was 520 m, and the maximal value was 1200 m. In latitudinal distribution of the boundary layer height, there is a characteristic minimum at latitude of ∼ 55° N. For water basins of eight seas, we present the chemical compositions of water-soluble aerosol fraction (ions, elements) and small gaseous impurities, as well as estimates of their vertical fluxes. It is shown that substances are mainly (75–89 %) supplied from the atmosphere to the sea surface together with small gaseous impurities. The deposited ions account for from 11 to 24.5 %, and trace elements account for 0.2–0.4 %. The average vertical fluxes of aerosol substance are a factor of 4–7 larger in the Japan Sea than in the water basins of Arctic seas.
A novel approach for absolute radar calibration: formulation and theoretical validation
Authors: Merker C. , Peters G. , Clemens M. , Lengfeld K. , Ament F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The theoretical framework of a novel approach for absolute radar calibration is presented and its potential analysed by means of synthetic data to lay out a solid basis for future practical application. The method presents the advantage of an absolute calibration with respect to the directly measured reflectivity, without needing a previously calibrated reference device. It requires a setup comprising three radars: two devices oriented towards each other, measuring reflectivity along the same horizontal beam and operating within a strongly attenuated frequency range (e.g. K or X band), and one vertical reflectivity and drop size distribution (DSD) profiler below this connecting line, which is to be calibrated. The absolute determination of the calibration factor is based on attenuation estimates. Using synthetic, smooth and geometrically idealised data, calibration is found to perform best using homogeneous precipitation events with rain rates high enough to ensure a distinct attenuation signal (reflectivity above ca. 30 dBZ). Furthermore, the choice of the interval width (in measuring range gates) around the vertically pointing radar, needed for attenuation estimation, is found to have an impact on the calibration results. Further analysis is done by means of synthetic data with realistic, inhomogeneous precipitation fields taken from measurements. A calibration factor is calculated for each considered case using the presented method. Based on the distribution of the calculated calibration factors, the most probable value is determined by estimating the mode of a fitted shifted logarithmic normal distribution function. After filtering the data set with respect to rain rate and inhomogeneity and choosing an appropriate length of the considered attenuation path, the estimated uncertainty of the calibration factor is of the order of 1 to 11 %, depending on the chosen interval width. Considering stability and accuracy of the method, an interval of eight range gates on both sides of the vertically pointing radar is most appropriate for calibration in the presented setup.
Sources of interannual yield variability in JULES-crop and implications for forcing with seasonal weather forecasts
Authors: Williams K. E. , Falloon P. D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. JULES-crop is a parametrisation of crops in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). We investigate the sources of the interannual variability in the modelled maize yield, using global runs driven by reanalysis data, with a view to understanding the impact of various approximations in the driving data and initialisation. The standard forcing dataset for JULES consists of a combination of meteorological variables describing precipitation, radiation, temperature, pressure, specific humidity and wind, at subdaily time resolution. We find that the main characteristics of the modelled yield can be reproduced with a subset of these variables and using daily forcing, with internal disaggregation to the model timestep. This has implications in particular for the use of the model with seasonal forcing data, which may not have been provided at subdaily resolution for all required driving variables. We also investigate the effect on annual yield of initialising the model with climatology on the sowing date. This approximation has the potential to considerably simplify the use of the model with seasonal forecasts, since obtaining observations or reanalysis output for all the initialisation variables required by JULES for the start date of the seasonal forecast would present significant practical challenges.
Towards observation-based gridded runoff estimates for Europe
Authors: Gudmundsson L. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Terrestrial water variables are the key to understanding ecosystem processes, feed back on weather and climate, and are a prerequisite for human activities. To provide context for local investigations and to better understand phenomena that only emerge at large spatial scales, reliable information on continental-scale freshwater dynamics is necessary. To date streamflow is among the best-observed variables of terrestrial water systems. However, observation networks have a limited station density and often incomplete temporal coverage, limiting investigations to locations and times with observations. This paper presents a methodology to estimate continental-scale runoff on a 0.5° spatial grid with monthly resolution. The methodology is based on statistical upscaling of observed streamflow from small catchments in Europe and exploits readily available gridded atmospheric forcing data combined with the capability of machine learning techniques. The resulting runoff estimates are validated against (1) runoff from small catchments that were not used for model training, (2) river discharge from nine continental-scale river basins and (3) independent estimates of long-term mean evapotranspiration at the pan-European scale. In addition it is shown that the produced gridded runoff compares on average better to observations than a multi-model ensemble of comprehensive land surface models (LSMs), making it an ideal candidate for model evaluation and model development. In particular, the presented machine learning approach may help determining which factors are most relevant for an efficient modelling of runoff at regional scales. Finally, the resulting data product is used to derive a comprehensive runoff climatology for Europe and its potential for drought monitoring is illustrated.