bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problematizing qualitative educational research: reading observations and interviews through rhizoanalysis and multiple literacies
Authors: Masny Diana
Published: December 2015

This article problematizes conventional qualitative educational research through a process of reading observation and interview in rhizomatic research. Such an approach to doing research brings together Multiple Literacies Theory and rhizoanalysis, innovative practices with transdisciplinary implications. This article contributes to on-going research regarding the emergence of multiple literacies and rhizoanalysis as a way to experiment in disrupting conventional research concepts, in this case, observations and interviews. Rhizoanalysis is proposed because of its non-hierarchical and non-linear perspective to conducting qualitative research. In a similar manner, Multiple Literacies Theory seeks to release school-based literacy from its privileged position and unfold literacy as multiple and non-hierarchical. This theoretical and practical stance to educational research is deployed in an assemblage that includes a study of multiple writing systems with 5- to 8 –year- old multilingual children. Reading observation and interviews through the lens of rhizoanalysis and Multiple Literacies Theory becomes an exploration in reconceptualization of qualitative research.
A Pink Writing Experiment
Authors: Löytönen Teija , Koro-Ljungberg Mirka , Carlson David , Orange Amy , Cruz Joshua
Published: December 2015

This article addresses a collaborative writing experiment that explores spaces of diverse encounters that began at a research conference held in the Flamingo hotel in Las Vegas; spaces where knowings emerge in the (shared) moment, in-between (our)selves, prompted by different (research) questions and entanglements of matter and meaning. Through these multiple and emergent writing encounters we explore ways towards collaborative scholarly writing and accessible ways of working and knowing beyond the immediately known or sensed. In addition, this collaborative writing experiment serves to inspire and engage participants (qualitative researchers and ethnographers alike) to explore, share, and disseminate knowledge across contexts differently. We call for writing in qualitative research that senses, figures out, and “reveals” via moving and sensuous bodies, and emerging embodied encounters within particular spaces.
Orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 inhibits hepatic stellate cell proliferation through MAPK pathway in liver fibrosis
Authors: Chen Pengguo , Li Jie , Huo Yan , Lu Jin , Wan Lili , Li Bin , Gan Run , Guo Cheng
Published: December 2015

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in liver fibrosis, which is a pathological process characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation. NR4A2 is a nuclear receptor belonging to the NR4A subfamily and vital in regulating cell growth, metabolism, inflammation and other biological functions. However, its role in HSCs is unclear. We analyzed NR4A2 expression in fibrotic liver and stimulated HSCs compared with control group and studied the influence on cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis and MAPK pathway after NR4A2 knockdown. NR4A2 expression was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. NR4A2 expression was significantly lower in fibrotic liver tissues and PDGF BB or TGF-βstimulated HSCs compared with control group. After NR4A2 knockdownα-smooth muscle actin and Col1 expression increased. In addition, NR4A2 silencing led to the promotion of cell proliferation, increase of cell percentage in S phase and reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, P38 and JNK in HSCs. These results indicate that NR4A2 can inhibit HSC proliferation through MAPK pathway and decrease extracellular matrix in liver fibrogenesis. NR4A2 may be a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
Quantitative analysis of the interplay between hsc70 and its co-chaperone HspBP1
Authors: Mahboubi Hicham , Stochaj Ursula
Published: December 2015

Background.Chaperones and their co-factors are components of a cellular network; they collaborate to maintain proteostasis under normal and harmful conditions. In particular, hsp70 family members and their co-chaperones are essential to repair damaged proteins. Co-chaperones are present in different subcellular compartments, where they modulate chaperone activities.

Methods and Results.Our studies assessed the relationship between hsc70 and its co-factor HspBP1 in human cancer cells. HspBP1 promotes nucleotide exchange on hsc70, but has also chaperone-independent functions. We characterized the interplay between hsc70 and HspBP1 by quantitative confocal microscopy combined with automated image analyses and statistical evaluation. Stress and the recovery from insult changed significantly the subcellular distribution of hsc70, but had little effect on HspBP1. Single-cell measurements and regression analysis revealed that the links between the chaperone and its co-factor relied on (i) the physiological state of the cell and (ii) the subcellular compartment. As such, we identified a linear relationship and strong correlation between hsc70 and HspBP1 distribution in control and heat-shocked cells; this correlation changed in a compartment-specific fashion during the recovery from stress. Furthermore, we uncovered significant stress-induced changes in the colocalization between hsc70 and HspBP1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Discussion.Our quantitative approach defined novel properties of the co-chaperone HspBP1 as they relate to its interplay with hsc70. We propose that changes in cell physiology promote chaperone redistribution and thereby stimulate chaperone-independent functions of HspBP1.
Enhanced cytotoxic T‐cell function and inhibition of tumor progression by Mst1 deficiency
Authors: Yasuda Kaneki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Ozawa Madoka , Matsuda Tadashi , Kinashi Tatsuo
Published: December 2015

Mammalian ste‐20 like kinase Mst1 plays important roles during apoptosis, proliferation, cell polarity, and migration. Here, we report a novel role of Mst1 for cytotoxic T‐cell responses and tumor suppression. The defect of Mst1 caused decreased levels of FoxO, and promoted cytotoxicity in vitro. Mst1−/− cytotoxic T cells also exhibited enhanced T‐bet expression that was associated with elevated expression levels of IFNγ and granzyme B. Moreover, Mst1−/− cytotoxic T cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. The data suggest that Mst1 inhibits cytotoxicity via T‐bet suppression by FoxO1 and FoxO3a. Thus, Mst1 is a potential therapeutic target for tumor immunotherapy.
Activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A signalling pathway by coronin 1 is regulated by cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 activity
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , BoseDasgupta Somdeb , Jayachandran Rajesh , Studer Vera , Rühl Sebastian , Stiess Michael , Pieters Jean
Published: December 2015

Coronins constitute a family of conserved proteins expressed in all eukaryotes that have been implicated in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular activities. Recent work showed an essential role for coronin 1 in the modulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in neurons through the interaction of coronin 1 with the G protein subtype Gαs in a stimulus‐dependent manner, but the molecular mechanism regulating coronin 1‐Gαs interaction remains unclear. We here show that phosphorylation of coronin 1 on Thr418/424 by cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 5 activity was responsible for coronin 1‐Gαs association and the modulation of cAMP production. Together these results show an essential role for CDK5 activity in promoting the coronin 1‐dependent cAMP/PKA pathway.
ENSO amplitude changes due to greenhouse warming in CMIP5: Role of mean tropical precipitation in the twentieth century
Authors: Ham Yoo‐Geun , Kug Jong‐Seong
Published: December 2015

This study examines the relationship between the intermodel diversities of the present climate climatology and those of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude change under global warming in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. The models with increased ENSO amplitude under greenhouse warming (i.e., “ENSO‐amplified models”) tend to simulate a twentieth century stronger climatological Intertropical Convergence Zone and South Pacific Convergence Zone over the central‐eastern Pacific that are located farther away from the equator during boreal spring. Moisture budget analysis indicates that those climatological differences lead to stronger positive climatological precipitation change over the off‐equatorial central‐eastern Pacific under greenhouse warming. The stronger positive climatological precipitation change enhances the air‐sea coupling strength over the central‐eastern Pacific, which leads to increase the ENSO amplitude.
Geometric evolution of the Horcones Inferior Glacier (Mount Aconcagua, Central Andes) during the 2002–2006 surge
Authors: Pitte Pierre , Berthier Etienne , Masiokas Mariano H. , Cabot Vincent , Ruiz Lucas , Ferri Hidalgo Lidia , Gargantini Hernán , Zalazar Laura
Published: December 2015

The Central Andes of Chile and Argentina (31–35°S) contain a large number and variety of ice masses, but only two surging glaciers have been studied in this region. We analyzed the 2002–2006 surge of the Horcones Inferior Glacier, Mount Aconcagua, Argentina, based on medium spatial resolution (15–30 m) satellite images and digital elevation models. During the buildup phase the glacier was stagnant, with velocities lower than 0.1 m/d. In the active‐phase velocities reached 14 m/d and the glacier front advanced 3.1 km. At the peak of the active phase (2003–2004), the area‐averaged elevation change was −42 m in the reservoir zone (2.53 km2) and +30 m in the receiving zone (3.31 km2). The estimated ice flux through a cross section located at 4175 meter above sea level was 108 m3 during a period of 391 days, a flux that suggests a mean glacier thickness at this location of ~90 m. The depletion phase showed a recovery of the reservoir zone elevation, the down wasting of the receiving zone (−17 m, 2007–2014), and a return to quiescent velocities. The short active phase, the abrupt change in the velocities, and the high level of the proglacial stream indicate a hydrological switch (Alaska type) trigger. The 2002–2006 and 1984–1990 surges of Horcones Inferior were synchronous with the surges of nearby Grande del Nevado Glacier. These events occurred after periods of positive mass balance, so we hypothesize a climate driver.
Retirement Planning
Authors: Gutierrez Helen C. , Hershey Douglas A.
Published: December 2015

During the second half of the 20th century, retirement planning took on increasing significance both as a concept and as an activity. This is particularly true in more developed countries around the world, where retirement has become an institutionalized and extended phase of life. In this entry a definition of retirement planning is presented and a distinction is made between limited and comprehensive approaches to planning. This is followed by a brief discussion of why it is important for workers to plan for the postemployment period and how retirement planning is typically carried out. Finally, the types of individuals who are most likely to plan are discussed, in addition to the age at which planning characteristically takes place and the ways in which intervention efforts can improve planning practices.
Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Stuart‐Hamilton Ian
Published: December 2015

Alzheimer's disease is the commonest form of dementia. It is mainly found in older adults and increases markedly in prevalence in later life. It is characterized by progressive loss of intellectual function, most notably memory. Causes of Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. At an immediate level it is due to cell loss, but the underlying cause is not known, although genetic susceptibility is suspected and a variety of environmental causes have been suggested.
Death Anxiety
Authors: Anderson Keith A. , Heston Jennifer L.
Published: December 2015

Death anxiety occurs in response to the fear and discomfort that accompany thoughts about one's own death or the deaths of others. Given the universality of death, death anxiety is a common emotional reaction that occurs across the lifespan. Theorists have viewed death anxiety from several perspectives, from a failure of the denial defense mechanism (e.g., the inability to reject the inevitability of death) to issues related to self‐esteem, regret, and the successful resolution of life stages. For some individuals, death anxiety can be problematic and can impact emotional, physical, and social well‐being. Conceptual views, research, measurement instruments, and selected interventions related to death anxiety are reviewed in this entry.
Reminiscence
Authors: Webster Jeffrey Dean
Published: December 2015

Reminiscence, the recall of personally experienced episodes from one's past, has important consequences for many psychosocial outcomes, including our sense of identity, relationship quality, and mental health. It is a key research focus in multiple disciplines including nursing, social work, psychology, and gerontology as only a few examples. Important individual difference variables such as culture, family dynamics, and age modify reminiscence expression and function. A ubiquitous and natural type of memorial recall, reminiscence is often used as a cost‐effective form of therapy demonstrating reliable decreases in disorders such as anxiety and depression. Increasingly sophisticated methodological, experimental, and statistical designs continue to move the field forward.
Intelligence, Crystallized
Authors: Ghisletta Paolo , Lecerf Thierry
Published: December 2015

The psychologist Raymond B. Cattell formulated the “hypothesis of fluid and crystallized abilities” in the 1940s, when standardized intelligence tests started being used frequently for selection and management purposes. While fluid intelligence reflects basic cognitive abilities, such as reasoning, which are independent of learning and experience, crystallized intelligence reflects the abilities to use cultural, educational, and vocational knowledge and experience to learn, partially by relying on one's fluid abilities, and subsequently solve problems. Two distinctive features of this account of intelligence are its explicit developmental predictions and its reliance on factor‐analytic techniques for empirical testing of its structure. Evidence stemming from neuropsychology and neurology also partially supports the distinction between fluid and crystallized abilities. Several tasks have been proposed to assess an individuals' crystallized intelligence (e.g., language development, lexical knowledge, general information). However, those most frequently used rely highly on verbal surface knowledge, rather than reflecting broader knowledge.
Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Models
Authors: Grimm Kevin J. , Helm Jonathan L.
Published: December 2015

Latent class and growth mixture models attempt to separate a sample of individuals into homogenous subgroups based on a set of measured variables. The former refers to analysis of cross‐sectional ordinal data, whereas the latter concerns longitudinal growth data. For example, latent class models have been used to identify different typologies of drinking behavior, child behavior problems, and psychosis. In a similar vein, growth mixture models have been successfully applied to examine different change trajectories of psychopathology and resilience, alcohol use, behavior problems, and academic achievement. These exploratory approaches highlight the importance of within‐sample heterogeneity, and offer insights into both within‐ and between‐person variability of psychological constructs.
Centenarians
Authors: Martin Peter , Poon Leonard W.
Published: December 2015

There is something special about individuals who survive into their second century of life. Research on centenarians typically focuses on two aspects: predictors of longevity and quality of life at or after 100 years of age. Based on the Georgia adaptation model, six different predictors of longevity are highlighted: family longevity (covering genetic and familial aspects of survivorship); environmental support (covering socioeconomic resources); individual characteristics (individual resources such as personality traits); behavioral skills (focusing on health behaviors and coping); nutrition; and, finally, physical, functional, and mental health. These are important components of centenarian survivorship. With an increasing number of centenarians, it is necessary to pay special attention to life quality in advanced old age.
Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Behrman Sophie , Allan Charlotte L. , Ebmeier Klaus P.
Published: December 2015

Parkinson's disease is a common neurological condition affecting movement, and also mental function. This entry provides an introduction to the underlying pathology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. More detailed discussion focuses on the use of neuroimaging to support clinical diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidity and the cognitive changes associated with Parkinson's disease.
Employee–Organization Relationship
Authors: Schauder Max J.
Published: December 2015

The employee–organization relationship (EOR) is a term that describes the relationship between an employee and an organization. The EOR is generally seen as a series of exchanges between the two parties, along with the employee's views and beliefs about the organization. The EOR deals with the investments that each side makes in the other, as well as the balance within this exchange. Research on the EOR has focused on three main theories: social exchange theory, perceived organizational support, and psychological contracts. The EOR is important in many work‐related situations, such as in dealing with virtual employment, a diverse workforce, older workers, and workers planning for retirement.
Bridge Employment
Authors: Rudolph Cort W. , Toomey Eileen
Published: December 2015

Bridge employment is an emerging phenomenon that serves as an indicator of the changing landscape of the retirement construct. Most generally, bridge employment describes work engagement that occurs after retirement from one's primary career job and “bridges the gap” between one's career and outright workforce withdrawal. Bridge employment serves individual, organizational, and societal needs, and generally positively influences adjustment to retirement.
Protean Career Model
Authors: Haber Ashley , Bertone Agustina
Published: December 2015

The protean career model, developed by Hall in the 1970s, describes the shift of focus from the organization to the individual with respect to career choices. It highlights the fact that the traditional view of career as advancement within organizations was no longer accurate. The definition of career has become a series of work experiences throughout a lifetime, with each experience adding to the whole rather than an ultimate end goal of a single high‐ranking position. Today, the protean person is flexible and able to adapt his or her skills and knowledge to a wide variety of careers.
Language Production
Authors: Kemper Susan
Published: December 2015

Aging affects many aspects of language production while sparing others: speech disfluencies increase yet speech rate decreases; word‐finding problems increase; basic syntax remains intact yet working‐memory limitations constrain older adults' production of complex grammatical forms and dual task demands can severely disrupt older adults' language production; older adults can be skilled storytellers yet their stories may be considered to be off‐target and excessively verbose. Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease, progressively affects language production, especially semantic and lexical retrieval. Recent studies have suggested that the onset and progression of this disease can be assessed by analyzing language production. Fluent language is central to the establishment and maintenance of social relations. Consequently, word‐finding problems, dual task limitations, and language disorders can severely limit older adults' quality of life by resulting in their social isolation and withdrawal.
Narrative Gerontology
Authors: Kenyon Gary
Published: December 2015

Narrative gerontology provides a lens through which to see the storied nature of aging. A basic assumption of narrative gerontology is that the biographical side of human life, that is, biographical aging, is as complicated and as critical to explore as is the biological side. Human beings not only have life stories; we
are
stories. The most important issue centers on how meaning is communicated in the stories of our lives, and the way in which giving voice to that meaning helps us better understand how a life has been lived, how it is lived, and how it can be lived. Narrative gerontologists argue that, in principle, it is always possible for lives to be re‐storied. There are particular theoretical, research, and practice issues, that is,
narrative care
, to which these insights are applied, from wisdom to time to dementia to healthcare.
Driving and Aging
Authors: Reed Maureen
Published: December 2015

Older adults continue to drive. Past research has focused on predictors of safe driving performance as it relates to age‐related losses in vision, attention, mobility, and cognition. As a result of these changes, many older adults self‐restrict their driving. These self‐restrictions require an ability to self‐assess driving performance. However, research shows older adults are not able to accurately assess their own driving errors. Training programs intended to increase older drivers' self‐awareness and improve their driving performance have had only limited success.
Life Regret and
Sehnsucht
Authors: Scheibe Susanne , Epstude Kai
Published: December 2015

Life regret and
Sehnsucht
(life longing) represent cognitions and emotions that occur when people reflect on themselves and their life development. Life regret relates to the insight that an actual developmental state is different from an aspired one, due to one's own actions or inactions in the past. Life longing refers to an idealized expression of life that contrasts with current life realities. Both are accompanied by negative emotions and were found to negatively relate to individuals' concurrent well‐being, especially when uncontrollable. At the same time, they are assumed to serve important self‐regulatory functions: a goal‐ and behavior‐corrective function in the case of life regret, and a directive and compensatory function in the case of
Sehnsucht
. The expression and adaptiveness of these self‐regulatory functions differ across adulthood.
Retirement, Leisure Activities in
Authors: Dorfman Lorraine T.
Published: December 2015

Retired people participate in a large number and variety of leisure activities that take place in a range of settings. These include participation in informal activities with family and friends; formal participation in clubs, other organizations, and volunteer work; and individual, solitary activities. Leisure activities can provide meaning and direction in retirement as well as personal growth, relaxation, a sense of achievement, and opportunities to give back to the community. Retirees both adopt new leisure activities and continue their preretirement leisure activities, thus supporting several theoretical perspectives in aging and adult development. Factors such as health, age, gender, socioeconomic status, and residential location influence the type and amount of leisure participation. Participation in leisure activities is associated with psychosocial and physical well‐being in retirement, although the direction of causality is unclear. Suggested directions for future research include investigations of racial, ethnic, and cultural variations, residential differences, and longitudinal and cohort analyses.
Career Theory
Authors: Olson Deborah A. , Shultz Kenneth S.
Published: December 2015

A definition of careers and career theories is first presented. Then, the evolution of career theory, particularly as it pertains to mid and late careers, is briefly outlined. Next, traditional and contemporary career theories most relevant to mid and late careers are discussed. Several contemporary career theories are then briefly highlighted, with an emphasis on the lifespan developmental model of careers. What constitutes subjective and objective career success is linked to the evolution of career theory, specifically as it pertains to mid and late career workers. The entry concludes with recommendations for future research on career theory.
Filial Responsibility
Authors: Chappell Neena L.
Published: December 2015

Filial responsibility, an attitude about the support adult children should provide their aging parents when the needs arises, is of both practical and theoretical interest. Earlier assumptions that strong attitudes of filial responsibility were important for the provision of actual care are being debunked while support from adult children is being documented as close to universal. Questions therefore arise concerning the importance of the attitudes and under what circumstances they are related to behavioral action. With baby boomers entering old age, governments are increasingly concerned with this area, as they worry over the potentially escalating costs of formal healthcare. As the area grows in interest and diversity, its complexity is more and more evident.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren
Authors: Smith Gregory C.
Published: December 2015

Grandparents raising grandchildren are of increasing interest to researchers and practitioners. There are three categories of grandparent caregivers: custodial, living‐with, and day‐care. Custodial grandparents are the least prevalent, but receive disproportionate attention because they face numerous emotional, physical, financial, and social challenges. While early studies emphasized the well‐being of custodial grandparents, attention has shifted to the grandparent–grandchild relationship. Grandchildren raised by custodial grandparents have more psychological difficulties than children in the general population, and parenting is now considered the central responsibility of their custodial grandparents. Although diverse services exist for custodial grandfamilies, they are often fragmented and fail to serve the entire family. Research on grandparents raising grandchildren is in its infancy and key issues such as identifying evidenced‐based interventions, investigating transitions among grandparent caregivers, studying the impact of grandparent caregiving on the entire family, and exploring resilience among children raised by grandparents have yet to be fully examined.
Legal Intervention in Family Ties
Authors: Kapp Marshall B.
Published: December 2015

Family ties generally are a private matter involving personal relationships. However, there are times when family relationships invite the involvement of governmental authority. Different forms of legal intervention, including legislation, regulation, and judicial decisions, influence family dynamics and address family problems. Legal interventions defining the institution of marriage, encouraging joint or substitute decision making, and facilitating family caregiving may be appropriate to proactively respect and empower loving families in their proper functioning. Conversely, legal interventions pertaining to abuse and neglect, filial responsibility, guardianship, and recognition of personal service contracts may be necessary to step in and regulate certain dysfunctional family relationships to protect vulnerable individuals from possible family‐inflicted harm.
Gender Differences in Physical Health
Authors: Revenson Tracey A. , Marín‐Chollom Amanda M.
Published: December 2015

There is a gender paradox in health across the lifespan: Men have higher mortality (death) rates than women, but women experience higher morbidity (symptoms and disability). This paradox is complex and includes many physiological, psychological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors that contribute individually or synergistically, to explaining these gender differences in physical health.
Relocation Adjustment in Older Adults
Authors: Bekhet Abir K.
Published: December 2015

Among older adults, relocation is frequently a stressful event, accompanied by major losses including losses of possessions, social support systems, and mobility. However, relocation can be positive or negative depending on older adults' physical and mental health, movement preparation, the voluntary or involuntary nature of the move, social support, premove life circumstances, and older adults' coping resources such as positive thinking and resourcefulness. The process of relocation adjustment has been examined from multiple perspectives, yet interventions to facilitate relocation adjustment are still limited. In recent years researchers have tested some interventions to help older adults adjust to relocation. More collaboration between researchers and practitioners is critical to harmonize research agendas with the development and testing of interventions in long‐term care facilities.
Multigenerational Differences
Authors: Alterman Valeria , Stefanova Slaviana , Abberger Claire
Published: December 2015

Generational cohort theory refers to the distinct generations that are created by common social experiences. These generations include veterans (born 1925–1944), baby boomers (born 1945–1964), generation X (born 1965–1981), and generation Y (born 1982–2000). While veterans are characterized by their honesty and loyalty, baby boomers are seen as independent and optimistic. Generation X are typically cynical and pessimistic, and generation Y are known for their confident and optimistic personalities. This entry describes multigenerational differences in motivation, politics, education, family views, health behaviors, work ethic, and religion.
Retirement, Adjustment To
Authors: van Solinge Hanna
Published: December 2015

Retirement is an important life course event that marks the start of a new life stage in which work is no longer dominant. Thus, employees have to adjust to the significant life changes that accompany the transition and seek to achieve psychological comfort with their retirement life. This entry provides an overview of theoretical and empirical research on the retirement adjustment process, as well as the changes that have occurred in the socioeconomic and policy context of retirement. Given that there exists considerable variety in conceptualizations, theoretical frameworks, and methodologies in this literature, it is difficult to directly compare results across studies. However, some general conclusion can be drawn. First, the adjustment process is not uniform: Retirement may have greater impact on some individuals than on others. Second, a lack of agency (i.e., personal control) is among the most powerful predictors of adjustment problems.
Workplace Age Discrimination
Authors: Zacher Hannes , Steinvik Henriette R.
Published: December 2015

Workplace age discrimination, also referred to as ageism, involves employees being disadvantaged or treated unfairly on the basis of their age or membership in a certain age group. Even though both younger and older employees can become victims of age discrimination, most research has focused on discrimination against older employees. Workplace age discrimination can occur in the form of biased decision making, negative evaluations, and unfair behaviors in contexts such as recruitment, personnel selection, performance appraisal, promotion decisions, and training. Workplace age discrimination can lead to negative outcomes for employees (e.g., low job attitudes and performance), employers (e.g., turnover, lawsuits), and the employee–employer relationship. Key predictors of workplace age discrimination are negative stereotypes about employees from different age groups. Workplace age discrimination is a major concern in organizations facing an aging and increasingly age‐diverse workforce. Consequently, future research and practical interventions addressing workplace age discrimination are imperative.
Old‐Age Style in Art and its Implications for Late‐Life Changes
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: December 2015

The old‐age style in long‐lived painters and other artists refers to sharp and unexpected changes in the subject matter, treatment, and other features of later works, a phenomenon that also bears on late‐life creativity, aging, and interdisciplinary study. In this entry, two approaches are described, one centered on qualitative case studies of artists and a few seminal works selected because of their of special status, the other on empirical and quantitative investigations of sets of artists and many examples.
Critical Gerontology
Authors: Ranzijn Rob
Published: December 2015

Critical gerontology is an approach to aging research, policy, and practice which questions the assumptions underpinning the biomedical model of aging and the notion that older people are a burden on society. It takes a sociological approach to aging issues and argues that many of the so‐called problems associated with aging are not the result of inherent individual declines and disabilities but rather are due to social structures which limit the ability of older people to express their strengths and continue to make contributions to society as full citizens.
Career Planning
Authors: Frick Sarah , Gillain Rusty , Kim Amber
Published: December 2015

Career planning is the process of goal setting and goal attainment in regard to one's career course. There are multiple benefits of career planning, including organizational commitment, career commitment, and career effectiveness. Certain factors may influence the process of career planning, such as an individual's locus of control, need for achievement, gender, education, and age. Organizational factors can also affect career planning, such as the availability of career planning programs and personnel practices.
Attentional Resources Theory
Authors: Blanchet Sophie
Published: December 2015

In 1982, Craik and Byrd proposed that aging is associated with an age‐related decline in attentional resources which impacts the cognitive tasks generally requiring the most effort. This entry considers the age‐related effects on various components of attention and other cognitive processes. It reviews age‐related effects on attention and on episodic memory through dual‐task paradigms using both verbal and nonverbal materials. In everyday situations, attention plays an important role in locomotor activities, especially the most complex ones. It has been shown that the attentional resources demand is greatest in older adults at a strategic point when descending the steps of a staircase. This may explain why stair descent, which often requires performing concomitant tasks, is associated with a high risk of falling in older adults. The entry concludes by underscoring that attentional resources availability can be increased in aging by changing some aspects of daily lifestyle.
Disablement
Authors: Janke Megan C. , Chen Tuo‐Yu , Young Tiffany L.
Published: December 2015

Disablement can be described as the process of moving from ability to inability to perform tasks and activities as a result of a physical or mental health condition. Several conceptual models have been proposed to explain the disablement process. This entry reviews the Nagi scheme; the International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicaps; the Disablement Process Model; and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. The models describe the pathway to disablement, and identify factors that can inhibit or promote this process. This entry examines characteristics of these models and discusses how they have contributed to the current discourse on disability.
Dyadic Analysis
Authors: Iida Masumi
Published: December 2015

Dyadic analysis refers to statistical methods used to analyze data that have a dyadic design, which is when responses from both members of dyads are collected. Although dyadic data analyses could pose some challenges, such as violation of the independence assumption, many of the phenomena studied by researchers with the adult and aging population is dyadic in nature. Dyadic data allow researchers to move beyond intrapersonal processes to examine interpersonal processes. This entry will describe some of the challenges as well as rewards of dyadic data analysis and review some of the statistical methods that are used in empirical research.
Mortality Rate
Authors: Utz Rebecca L. , Quinn Tom
Published: December 2015

Mortality rates are demographic measures used to describe the number of deaths that occur in a given population relative to the size of that population. While mortality (death) is distinct from morbidity (illness), mortality rates are often used to describe the general health and well‐being of a population. This entry discusses the types of data required to calculate mortality rates, the different types of mortality rates that can be calculated, and the challenges of comparing mortality rates across populations and time.
Memory Training and Mnemonics
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul
Published: December 2015

Memory training in older adults has been proven to be effective, with long‐term effects on memory performance (noticeable even about five years after training) and smaller but reliable effects on subjective appraisal of memory functioning. Training regimens that include multiple strategies and/or skills and explicitly discuss transfer effects are likely to have broader effects than regimens that do not. Including other types of interventions (such as attention training), training subjects in groups, and keeping sessions relatively short appears to be beneficial. Typically, individuals with more cognitive resources at their disposal benefit most from training.
Family Care Policies
Authors: Stewart Mahala Dyer , Gerstel Naomi
Published: December 2015

Family care policies are those policies that both directly and indirectly influence the ways in which family members are able to provide care to one another. In the United States, these policies include a variety of state and federal laws and regulations in such areas as work–family leave, welfare, same‐sex marriage, health insurance, immigration, and childhood education and care policies. These policies often use a narrow definition of family that maintains, or even heightens, inequalities by age, race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, and citizenship status.
Retirement
Authors: Wang Mo , Koopmann Jaclyn
Published: December 2015

Retirement has been conceptualized in four distinct ways: retirement as decision making, retirement as an adjustment process, retirement as a career development stage, and retirement as a part of human resource management. Moreover, retirement research has drawn on psychological models to more fully understand the antecedents and outcomes of the retirement process. These psychological models include: the temporal process model of retirement, the multilevel model of retirement, and the resource‐based dynamic perspective of retirement. Empirical support exists for antecedents of the retirement process across individual, organizational, and societal levels. Future research on retirement should consider applying the person–environment fit approach, more fully use the resource‐based dynamic perspective, and adopt a dynamic perspective on bridge employment.
Motivation
Authors: Dunlop William L. , McCoy Tara P.
Published: December 2015

This entry outlines the nature of human motivation—explaining what people want and how these goals, hopes, and desires change across the lifespan. Motivation itself can be parsed into its implicit (not consciously self‐attributed) and explicit (self‐attributed) components. The former is often assessed using projective tests and the analysis of narrative material (e.g., interviews, speeches) whereas the latter is commonly tapped via the ratings of predefined, or the coding of self‐generated, goals. Implicit motivations of achievement, affiliation/intimacy, and power have a long academic history, and show relative stability throughout the adult lifespan. In contrast, explicit motivation is often considered in terms of approach/avoidance and intrinsic/extrinsic emphases. These and other explicit motivations show considerable change over the lifespan. Inseparable from context and life stage, motivation is crucial for a complete understanding of human development.
Gender and Parent Care
Authors: Choi Heejeong , Kang Sunwoo
Published: December 2015

Gender difference is a significant characteristic of parent care. Two thirds of filial caregivers are daughters and daughters‐in‐law, and their care practice differs from that of sons. Daughters are more often primary caregivers, extending direct, hands‐on assistance with instrumental activities of daily living and activities of daily living. Theories maintain that caregiving may be more central to women's identity (psychodynamic theory), that sociocultural norms help women internalize the caregiver role (socialization theory), or that women are forced into caregiving by gender inequities that permeate public and private spheres (feminist theory). Caring for an older parent is more detrimental to mental health for daughters compared to sons, although findings on physical health are equivocal. Roles concurrent with caregiving and socioeconomic circumstances are significant moderators affecting parent caregiver health. Given sociodemographic changes in the 21st century, gender differences in the prevalence and nature of parent care may decrease.
Subjective Life Expectancy
Authors: Nicholls Nicky , Zimper Alexander
Published: December 2015

Individuals' subjective life expectancy, as elicited in large‐scale surveys, shows underestimation of survival chances at young versus overestimation at old ages. These distorted perceptions of objective survival chances may cause young people to save too little and old people to accumulate too much wealth late in life with respect to the rational expectations benchmark model. Alternative explanations for these differences between perceived and objective survival chances include cognitive shortcomings and/or preference‐based (motivational) reasons. To know the exact nature of these differences would be relevant for judging policy interventions that aim at influencing people's savings behavior.
Adult Foster Care Homes
Authors: Horsford Christina , Zimmerman Sheryl
Published: December 2015

Adult foster care homes in the United States are small residential care settings typically smaller than six beds that provide long‐term services and supports to one or more persons in a communal setting. Residents are most often dependent older adults with limited financial resources. Adult foster care homes are a hybrid of informal care usually provided by relatives, with supportive care instead provided by formal (paid) caregivers. They are considered a type of residential care/assisted living setting, most notably distinguished from other assisted living settings by their smaller size. These homes aim to help residents safely age in place and offer 24‐hour oversight in addition to room and board. Adults who live in adult foster care homes require assistance with activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. Most homes are private pay and many accept Medicaid. Presently, more than 19,000 adult foster care homes provide care for more than 64,000 persons.
Social Convoy Model
Authors: Sherman Carey Wexler , Wan Wylie H. , Antonucci Toni C.
Published: December 2015

The convoy model has guided a rich field of multidisciplinary research examining the nature of social relationships and their influence on health and well‐being over the life course. A convoy is conceptualized as a protective, dynamic network of close social ties that provides personal, familial, cultural, and even professional supports and linkages for an individual. Convoy structure (i.e., size and composition) is assessed, as are personal (i.e., age, gender, race) and contextual characteristics (i.e., marital status, immigration), and relationship and support quality. New research on caregiving, retirement, and immigration is presented to highlight the dynamic nature of convoys and illustrate the model's contribution to the study of interpersonal relationships and support in adulthood and aging. Future research integrating the convoy model can inform the development of social policy and practice that addresses the social support needs among diverse adults or underexamined populations.
Activity Theory
Authors: Shellae Versey H.
Published: December 2015

Over the past several decades, a substantial body of research has attempted to describe aging by identifying specific factors that optimize life satisfaction and well‐being in older age. Activity theory was one of the first theories in recent history to frame aging as an adaptive process that could be achieved through activity. The initial ideas of activity theory shaped the current framework of healthy aging that emphasizes both productivity and positive health outcomes in older age.
Behavioral Management in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Yu Fang
Published: December 2015

Behavioral and psychological symptoms are common in long‐term care residents, but did not receive extensive research attention until the 1990s. The causes for these symptoms are multifactorial, and include unmet needs, staff reinforcement, progressively lowered threshold to stress, vulnerability to environmental influences, sensory deficits, idleness, and boredom. Effective management for these symptoms needs to be individualized for each resident and capitalize on the resident's abilities. The initial approach should be nonpharmacological therapy delivered by trained long‐term care staff and including behavioral, environmental, sensory, and social therapies, structured activities, medical/nursing interventions, or a combination of these treatments. Pharmacological treatments such as atypical, second‐generation antipsychotic agents should be considered if nonpharmacological interventions are ineffective and started after a drug exit plan is established.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory/Future Time Perspective
Authors: Charles Susan T. , Urban Emily J.
Published: December 2015

Socioemotional selectivity theory is a lifespan theory that describes how a person's temporal perspective guides his or her motivational goals. These goals, in turn, influence daily thoughts, behaviors, and emotional experiences. According to the theory, when people perceive an expansive time horizon, they prioritize information‐ and knowledge‐related goals. When temporal horizons decrease, the importance of emotion‐related goals increases and assumes priority. Because age is often integrally linked to time perspective, socioemotional selectivity theory posits that emotion‐related goals grow in importance with age. As a result, older adults attend to more positive information and less negative information and remember events more positively than younger adults, a phenomenon referred to as the positivity effect. Socioemotional selectivity theory has been supported by a large number of studies and has been the basis for additional theory and models in the field of emotion and aging.
Living Wills, Durable Power of Attorney, and Advance Directives
Authors: Klein Mariette L. , Coogle Constance L.
Published: December 2015

Advance directives (ADs) are legal documents that include both a living will and a durable power of attorney for healthcare, allowing adults to make choices about medical treatment in advance, in preparation for the possibility that physical or cognitive impairment might impair their ability to choose at a later date. They are important because they keep the voice of the patient central to the decision‐making process for treatment. They are powerful tools that help individuals and families navigate the challenges of illness and shape the dying process to honor patients' wishes. Major dimensions of ADs are discussed in this entry, including the historical and social context, the importance of ADs, the process of completing ADs and critical issues doing so, current trends and emphases in research and theory, and future directions.