bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoking Reduction Based on a Situational Model of Craving
Authors: O'Connor K. , Physant-Skov M.
Published: August 2011

Eight smokers participated in a smoking-cessation program involving controlled situational reduction and behavioral substitution. Six completed the treatment, and over-all reduction was significant. Reduction was maintained at 12-month follow-up. Ratings of positive images of smoking also changed posttreatment.
Headache Symptomology and Neuroticism in a College Sample
Authors: Kentle Robert L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate headache symptomology in relation to personality as measured by tests derived from use of factor analysis, namely, the Adjective Self-description scales, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and seven questions of headache symptomology. These were administered to 200 male and 200 female university undergraduates. Only measures of neuroticism were related to headache symptomology; no sexual differences in neuroticism were associated with any of the specific symptoms investigated; and neuroticism tended to increase with the number of symptoms affirmed. However, generalization may be limited due to the small number of symptoms investigated as well as by the lack of specialization of the sample.
Attitudes of Faculty toward Unionization
Authors: Rodriguez Carol , Rearden John
Published: August 2011

A scale to measure attitudes of university faculty toward collective bargaining was developed by selecting items along a continuum of favorability toward unions. 262 faculty (49%) at a public midwestern university where collective bargaining has been in effect responded to the scale. The scale readily discriminated between union members and nonmembers and between faculty who did or did not sign a petition to decertify the union. Faculty in fine arts, education, and the library had significantly more favorable attitudes toward unionization. Exploratory factor analysis of the items in the scale produced three interpretable factors: perceived union benefits to faculty, faculty dissonance over the issue of unionization vs professionalism, and faculty perception of union abuse of power. The scale can be used in the study of faculty attitudes toward collective bargaining in higher education.
Attitude toward and Experience of Industry-Based Alcohol Recovery Programmes: A Survey of 161 Scottish Organizations
Authors: O'Donnell P. J. , Wilson M.
Published: August 2011

This paper reports the results of a survey of 161 Scottish organizations which asked questions in four areas: attitudes of employers toward alcoholism, present disciplinary practice on alcohol-related behaviours, structural features of firms relevant to their policy in discipline in this matter, and employers' views on support available in implementing a work-based alcohol-recovery programme. Results indicated (a) favourable attitudes toward the treatment of alcoholism generally but some doubt as to the practicalities of work-based programmes, (b) a proportion of firms (25.5%) with some form of alcoholism policy, (c) written programmes being associated with firms employing a more skilled workforce and possessing a large personnel department, (d) a willingness by employers to use external voluntary agencies in a recovery programme.
Effect of Encouragement on Performance of Young and Old Subjects on a Task Involving Lipreading
Authors: Farrimond Thomas
Published: August 2011

Two tests of lipreading ability were constructed, one using numbers and the other of sentences including visual cues. The tests were given to two groups of men, one older group aged 40 yr. and over ( n = 110) and a younger group of less than 40 yr. ( n = 70). Requests to guess produced a higher mean score for the older subjects on the lipreading tests containing the greater amount of information. It is suggested that differences in the effect of encouragement on performance between young and old may be related to both age and cultural factors.
Self-Esteem and Stress as Factors in Abuse of Children
Authors: Lawson Karen A. , Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

A comparison of stress and self-esteem as made between a group of 23 couples in treatment who had abused their children and 23 control couples who were matched for age, race, sex, education, and occupation. Stress was measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Self-esteem was measured by a synthesis of 38 items selected by mental health professionals from the Clarke Parent/Child Relations Questionnaire and the Self-description and Mate Description Form. Analysis of variance showed that couples who had abused their children had significantly greater stress than control couples. However, there was no significant difference between the groups on the measure of self-esteem. There was also no interaction effect of stress with self-esteem on abuse. While it seems well established that stress is a major contributor in child abuse, the interaction of stress with personality factors of parents who abuse their children remains uncertain.
School Climate and Administrative Power Strategies of Elementary School Principals
Authors: Porter Ann W. , Lemon Donald K. , Landry Richard G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined teachers' perceptions of the use of power tactics by elementary principals. Elementary teachers ( N = 297) in 50 schools in North Dakota and Minnesota reported on the use of power tactics by their principals, using an instrument developed to measure the use of the power strategies of assertiveness, sanctions, ingratiation, rationality, and exchange by school principals. Teachers perceived their principals to use rationality and ingratiation most often and sanctions least often to influence the teachers' behavior.
The Association of Gender Identity Disorder with Parental Separation
Authors: Rekers George A. , Swihart Judson J.
Published: August 2011

56 boys diagnosed with gender disturbance, ages 3 to 18 yr. (mean age 8.4 yr.), were classified according to family structure. The proportion of gender-disturbed subjects separated from one or both parents (66%) was significantly higher than the 35% to 48% separated from one or both parents in comparable US general population statistics.
Psychological Aspects of the Nuclear Arms Threat: Annotated Bibliography Update: Iii. M—R
Authors: French Christopher C.
Published: August 2011

This article provides the third section of a four-part update of an annotated bibliography of books, articles and chapters related to the psychological aspects of the nuclear arms threat. This particular section lists some 123 references. The complete bibliography provides details of 596 references.
The Construct Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: Some Data from down under
Authors: Pierce C. Mark B. , Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: August 2011

The Maslach Burnout Inventory has been used to measure burnout among workers in the helping professions. The construct validity of the inventory was examined using a sample of 750 Australian postprimary (high school) teachers. Analyses of teachers' responses confirmed a three-factor structure and showed the inventory to be a reliable instrument.
Decreasing Speech Anxiety of Female Prisoners
Authors: Nickell Eugenie B. , Witherspoon Arnold D. , Long Carolyn K.
Published: August 2011

This study compared self-reported speech anxiety experienced by female prisoners before and after attending a special program within a state vocational facility. With high scores on the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker, 13 women volunteers were treated in a program incorporating various techniques including systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, skills training, and shaping. These components were presented in six 2-hr. sessions. Pre- and posttreatment comparisons showed a significant decrease in speech anxiety. Discussion focuses on basic characteristics relevant to this sample (short attention span and low reading levels) and limitations of an institutional nature such as excessive noise, lack of privacy, and restrictions on possession of study materials.
Selection of Vigilant and Avoidant Coping Strategies among Repressors, Highly Anxious and Truly Low Anxious Subjects
Authors: Fuller Barbara F. , Conner Douglas A.
Published: August 2011

70 female graduate students from a western university were classified as to personality type: Highly Anxious, Truly Low Anxious, and Repressing, using a combination of scores from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scales. Each subject's preference for monitor or blunter coping strategy was assessed via the Miller Behavioral Style Scale. Highly Anxious subjects chose significantly more monitor strategies than did Truly Low Anxious subjects or Repressors. The number of blunter strategies chosen did not differ across personality types. Chi-squared indicated that Highly Anxious subjects were more often classified as monitors than blunters whereas the proportions of monitors and blunters did not significantly differ between Truly Low Anxious subjects and Repressors. Results suggest that the repressor trait is distinct from avoidant and vigilant coping strategies.
Reliability of the WAIS—R Factors
Authors: Kowalski Janice M. , Rossini Edward D.
Published: August 2011

The reliability coefficients of the three normative WAIS—R factors were computed at each age level of the standardization sample from a formula provided by Tellegen and Briggs. Analysis indicated that the two major factors, Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization, possess excellent reliability at all age levels. The third factor, Freedom from Distractibility, possesses adequate reliability at all age levels. A table of reliability coefficients is presented for each age level and for the alternate compositions of the Perceptual Organization and the Freedom from Distractibility factors.
Stability of the Isolation/Disengagement Relationship across Age Groups
Authors: Lumpkin James R.
Published: August 2011

Research has indicated isolated elderly persons are either engaged or voluntarily disengaged. The present assessment was whether this relationship holds across age subgroups. While the general relationship did hold true for all age groups, the 55—64 age group was less engaged than their older cohorts. The level and type of disengagement appears to be dependent upon life situations and can decrease with age.
Comments on Clapp and de Ciantis' Study of Cognitive Style (Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory) in Large Organizations
Authors: Stein Morris I.
Published: August 2011

Clapp and De Ciantis (1989) do no: provide sufficient data to support their conclusions; their criterion for “modification” is questionable; differences between work groups are not tested for statistical significance but are inferred; reported sex differences are not taken into account in the data analysis; and the citation of Stein's work from 1974 and 1975 is erroneous.
Further Validation of the Short Form of the Need for Cognition Scale
Authors: Tolentino Eugenia , Curry Lisa , Leak Gary
Published: August 2011

This research examined the validity of the short form of the Need for Cognition Scale. Contrary to expectation, the scale was not related to private self-consciousness or a self-directed problem-solving strategy. Consistent with expectation, however, the scale was related to preferences for various activities, both intellectual and social, that reflect an underlying need for cognition. These results are seen as supporting the validity of the short form of the scale.
The Protestant Work Ethic and Type A Behaviour: A Pilot Study
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

40 adult subjects completed three measures of the Protestant Work Ethic and a multidimensional measure of the Type A behaviour pattern. The only consistent pattern of correlations was between the “hard-driving” subscale of the Type A measure and all three total PWE scores for Protestant Work Ethic. Results are discussed in terms of the constituent parts of both concepts.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXIV. Was There a Prescott-Rorschach Association?
Authors: Williams R. B.
Published: August 2011

The report of an association between Daniel A. Prescott and Hermann Rorschach is examined for its veracity. Prescott's contemporaries report contexts of his association with Rorschach that are difficult to confirm in the historical documentation available. From this it might be concluded that Prescott's association with Rorschach never happened. One could also speculate that it happened at a time for which we do not yet have documentation or it was a case of mistaken identity, with Prescott believing that someone who purported to be Rorschach was Rorschach.
Psychological Aspects of the Nuclear Arms Threat: Annotated Bibliography Update: IV. S—Z
Authors: French Christopher C.
Published: August 2011

This article provides the final section of a four-part update of an annotated bibliography of books, articles and chapters related to the psychological aspects of the nuclear arms threat. This particular section lists some 120 references. The complete bibliography provides details of 596 references.
Recommended Components for a Definition of the Master Teacher
Authors: Lavely Carolyn , Blackman Joseph , Bullock Donna , Follman John , Harrison Betty , Kromrey Jeff
Published: August 2011

This description indicates five components to be considered in identifying master teachers: expert pedagogy, test demonstrated subject matter mastery, roles and duties, professional activities, demographic data, as well as students' achievement.
Relationship between Using Conceptual Comprehension of Academic Material and Thinking Abstractly about Global Life Issues
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Kamoo Raymond L.
Published: August 2011

The study explored whether more frequent use of conceptual comprehension of academic material generalized to greater use of abstract thinking about global life issues, such as death, goal in life, marriage, AIDS, etc. Undergraduate and graduate students (28 men and 61 women) voluntarily completed a questionnaire which assessed their conceptualizations using three indices. These were an intelligence scale and two learning style indices, namely, Deep Processing and Elaborative Processing of R. R. Schmeck. Also assessed were their levels of abstract thinking about Death Issues and about Other Real Life Issues, and their Denial of Death and their Denial of Dying. All three indices of conceptualization correlated with thinking more abstractly about Other Real Life Issues, but only Elaborative Processing correlated with thinking more abstractly about Death Issues. None of the three indices correlated with Denial of Death or Denial of Dying. It appears conceptualization skills were selectively generalized.
Roles of Managers as Perceived by Business Students
Authors: Sen Joya , Das J. P.
Published: August 2011

Perception of the roles of managers by 77 business students in a Canadian university was studied by using Mintzberg's 10 roles. The 10 roles were put in a questionnaire and administered to the students to determine whether (1) three different kinds of managers, production, staffing and sales, will be ascribed different weights to the roles and (2) if the roles would be perceived to form the three categories, interpersonal, informational, and decisional, as suggested by Mintzberg. A minor objective was to examine whether students with business experience would perceive the roles differently than those who do not have the experience. The results show that (1) the role-questions in sentence form had high reliability as a self-report measure, (2) three roles for the three kinds of managers were shared in common, while on seven other roles the managers were perceived to be different (using χ2 and multivariate analysis of variance), (c) Mintzberg's division of the roles into three classes could not be confirmed (using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), and (4) the students with and without management experience did not seem to differ in their role perception. The results were discussed in terms of the use of the questionnaire for further studies which should focus on psychological aspects such as intellectual competencies of managers as well as nonintellectual ones such as sense of power and self-confidence.
Distorted Body Image as a Risk Factor in Anorexia Nervosa: Replication and Clarification
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Witt Nancy
Published: August 2011

This study replicated the results of an earlier one in which college women showing psychological similarities to anorexics indicated an unrealistically larger body-image relative to controls but only if they were relatively thin. This kind of perceptual enhancement was not found when inanimate objects were rated. The proposal that an enhanced body image plays a dynamic role in motivating food restraint (and may increase the risk of becoming anorexic) was supported by an analysis of dieting strategies.
Correlates of Personal Expenditures for Postsecondary Education: The Case of Religious Affiliation
Authors: Catsiapis George , Vecchio Robert P.
Published: August 2011

In a study of predictors of tuition expenditures on postsecondary education, the role of individual differences in religious affiliation was examined with a national sample of 3,615 individuals. Based on past findings, it was hypothesized that religious affiliation may serve as a moderator of the relationship of tuition expenditures with (a) parental income and (b) prior educational involvement (i.e., type of high school attended). Analysis indicated that religious affiliation may interact with prior educational involvement and so partially account for tuition expenditures.
Development of Creative Talent: Portrait of an Artist as a Middle-Aged Man
Authors: Walker William J.
Published: August 2011

This article examined environmental factors contributing to the development of artistic talent. The subject is a 56-yr.-old internationally acclaimed ceramic artist. Interviews with the artist, his family, students, colleagues, and acquaintances provided the main source of data; records, tapes of lectures, photographs, and actual artistic products yielded additional information. The subject was the product of a warm, stable, achievement-oriented home atmosphere where little attention was paid to the arts. His early association with a culturally enriched family, his urban environment, his propitious university experience, and his personal ambition—all contributed to the full realization of his abilities. Gifted in the areas of music, sports, and drawing, he experienced a crystallizing experience at the age of 17 which set the course of further creative productivity. The findings are consistent with prior views expressed by Ammons and Ammons in 1962, by Bloom in 1985 and by Walker in 1986.
Overcoming the Loss of a Love: Preventing Love Addiction and Promoting Positive Emotional Health
Authors: Timmreck Thomas C.
Published: August 2011

Counseling and clinical observations clarify views commonly made about the pain of breaking-up a love relationship. Anecdotal reports as presented in popular music, novels, movies, and television programs illustrate the public's general awareness of the emotional dilemma of ending a relationship. Love is a strong pleasurable emotional state. Behavioral and emotional problems can result from rejection and the pain due to the loss of a love. The term “love addiction” has been applied to persons who obsessively seek to regain the pleasurable love state which existed with a former love relationship. Dysfunctional emotional conditions such as distrust, feelings of rejection, loss of self-worth, deep-seated anger, feelings of failure, loss, and an array of other emotional distress and self-defeating behaviors arise in the emotionally hurt person. Emotional distress must be dealt with. Rational self-counseling and psychotherapy can be effective in helping a jilted person work through periods of distress and may help to reestablish emotional well being and good mental health. Counseling can assist the person in moving into new relationships, help the hurt person abandon dysfunctional behaviors and feelings, and aid the client in resuming a normal life.
Two-Week Prognosis in Problem Drinkers
Authors: Thomas-Dobson Shan , Hughey Brent , Corgiat Mark D. , Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

The predictors of favorable status two weeks after entry into an alcoholism rehabilitation program were measured. Favorable outcome was predicted by lower MMPI Pd Scale, being older, and having been older at time first intoxicated. Implications were discussed for these findings for the shortest prognostic interval apparently reported in the alcoholism literature.
Men's Perception of Premenstrual Changes on the Premenstrual Assessment Form
Authors: Christensen A. P. , Oei T. P. S.
Published: August 2011

Outcome research has shown that partner-spouse support can enhance the therapeutic outcome in a number of clinical problems. In the area of premenstrual tension, studies of treatment have apparently overlooked this issue of partners' support. This study was designed to address how men perceive premenstrual changes. 99 undergraduate men were asked whether they believed that women had premenstrual changes reflected on the 18 unipolar scales of the Premenstrual Assessment Form. Responses suggest that young men acknowledge that some women experience dysphoric features like hostility, mood swings, and low self-esteem as well as physical discomfort and behavioural changes. Clinical implications are outlined.
Differences in Achievement Motivation of College Business Majors as a Function of Year in College and Classroom Seating Position
Authors: Mercincavage Janet E. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: August 2011

58 college freshmen and 56 upperclass business majors were given a test of achievement motivation. When scores were analyzed by the row which the student occupied in class, achievement scores for freshmen declined as they sat in rows farther from the front of the room but were stable across rows for upperclass students.
Effects of Grading Standards Information, Assigned Grade, and Grade Discrepancies on Students' Evaluations
Authors: Perkins David , Guerin Diana , Schleh Jimmie
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the influence of information on grading standards and assigned grades on expected grades and students' ratings of instruction. Introductory psychology students ( n = 117) first viewed a videotaped lecture and completed an examination over the content. Using a 3 × 3 factorial design, students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions of information on instructors' grading (hard, fair, easy) and, based on their examination scores, to one of three conditions of assigned grades (A, B, C). The students were then asked to indicate their expected grades and complete teacher-rating forms. Students who were assigned higher grades rated the instructor higher on three of the four factors than students who were assigned lower grades. Students in the easy grading information condition rated the instructor's grading standards as being more fair. Finally, students who received higher grades than expected rated the instructor more favorably than students who received lower grades than expected. No evidence of an interaction between information on grading standards and assigned grade was found.
Bulimia Nervosa: Group Behavior Therapy with Exposure Plus Response Prevention
Authors: Gray James J. , Hoage Carole M.
Published: August 2011

Exposure plus response prevention has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. However, when done individually, it is labor intensive and cost-ineffective. In the present study exposure plus response prevention was used in the context of a 6-wk., 12-session behavioral group. In addition to the exposure plus response-prevention component, other techniques included self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, eating-habit stabilization and problem-solving. Eight bulimic women, vomiting a minimum of five times per week for at least a year, participated in the group. At the end of treatment significant reductions in bingeing and vomiting behaviors were reported by all but one subject, substantiated by significantly lower depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory) and binge-eating scores (Binge Eating Scale). At 6 mo. and 1 yr. posttreatment, 6 of 8 subjects reported averaging less than one binge-purge episode per week, one subject continued unchanged, and one subject had relapsed. A group of wait-list control subjects reported essentially no change in binge-purge frequency over the treatment period. Exposure plus response prevention conducted in a behavioral group context appears to be a cost-effective alternative to individual treatment.
Family Interaction and Child Outcome in a High-Risk Sample
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

This study hypothesized that the quality of family interaction would predict longitudinally children's follow-up functioning. The subjects were 97 boys, functioning on the average within the normal range but considered to be at risk for psychopathology because one parent had previously been hospitalized for psychiatric illness. Family measures of deviant and healthy communication and of activity, balance, and warmth related significantly to children's competent social/emotional/cognitive functioning at a 3-yr. follow-up. The findings suggest the importance of considering multiple predictors of outcome for children and of employing clinical interventions that attend to more than one aspect of family functioning.
Parental Divorce during Childhood and Use of Violence in Dating Relationships
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Gilbert Kathleen R.
Published: August 2011

355 women and 173 men university students between the ages of 17 and 23 yr. completed a questionnaire which included Straus's Conflict Tactic Scales, and from which whether the respondents had experienced the divorce of their parents could be assessed. Two hypotheses were tested. First, individuals from divorced families would be more likely to report that violence existed in their current relationship than would individuals from intact families. Second, in those relationships which included violence, individuals from divorced families would report higher levels of violence than would individuals from intact families. Analyses indicated that individuals from divorced families were no more likely to report themselves as experiencing violence in their current relationship than were their cohorts from intact families. However, when the conflict tactic scores for men from divorced, men from intact, women from divorced, and women from intact families were compared, differences were found. Men from divorced families reported levels of violence for themselves that approached significance. Also, men from divorced families reported that their partners' verbal aggression approached significance and that their partners' use of violent behavior reached significance when compared to those of the other groups. These results indicate that having experienced a divorce in one's family may have a greater effect on later relationships for men than for women.
Overcoming Resistance to Persuasion VIA Contiguous Reinforcement and Repetition of Message
Authors: Burgoon Michael , Miller Michael D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of a contiguity learning model which posited one-trial learning based upon accurate knowledge of results as a reinforcer. A reconceptualization of reinforcing stimuli in the resistance to persuasion paradigm is experimentally tested. Repetition of the persuasive message was tested as part of the developed learning model and as a replication of earlier research. Knowledge of correct results and message repetition were manipulated to overcome resistance to persuasion created by pretreatment inoculation. Inoculation and persuasive attack messages were carefully created to control for a number of important message variables. A pilot study with 219 subjects tested effectiveness of the message. The actual experiment included 162 subjects in a three-way factorial analysis of variance design with inoculation, reinforcement, and repetition of message as predictor variables. Predicted main effects for each independent variable on posttest attitudes were found. Moreover, the pattern of posttest attitude means was exactly as posited. Discussion centered on the use of this learning model in research on persuasion.
Effect of Exposure to Humorous Stimuli on Induced Depression
Authors: Danzer Amy , Dale J. Alexander , Klions And Herbert L.
Published: August 2011

In testing the hypothesis that exposure to humor may be used to relieve the symptoms of depression, 38 female undergraduates were shown depressive slides of the Velten (1968) mood statements and then assigned to one of three groups. One group heard a humorous audiotape, the second group heard a nonhumorous tape, while a third waiting control heard no tape. Heart rate and zygomatic (smile) and corrugator (frown) muscle tensions were recorded during slide and tape presentations. The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, administered before and after slide and tape presentations, showed depression induction was successful. Only the humor group decreased depression scores to the preexperimental baseline, although both the humor and waiting groups showed significant decreases in depression scores after the treatment. Zygomatic muscle tension was greater during the humor treatment than other treatments. Heart rate decreased across depression induction for the waiting control only, but increased during the humor and nonhumor treatments. Seven women, who were not included in the above analysis because their initial MAACL depression scores were at least one SD above the mean, showed a paradoxical decrease in depression scores after the depression induction. Implications of the results as they relate to possible interventions for depression are discussed.
Relationships between Indices of Neuroticism, Attitudes toward and Concepts of Death, and Religiosity
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Brackney Barbara E.
Published: August 2011

Young and middle-aged adults (79 men and 132 women) filled out a questionnaire which measured their fear of death, neuroticism (guilt-proneness, ego strength, impulsivity, and free-floating anxiety scales from the 16 PF), religiosity, and frequency of thinking about, denial of, and concept of death. Fear of death was associated with denial of death and denial of dying but not with free-floating anxiety, suggesting that fear of death is not a neurotic but a very specific fear. Guilt-prone individuals feared death more, thought about it more, and believed it to be more unnatural. This suggests that guilt-prone individuals may anticipate death as punishment. Those with low ego-strength feared death less if older, but independently of age they thought about it more frequently. Fear of death was much more strongly associated with religiosity and concept of death than any of these variables with the personality traits measured; so it seems that early religious socialization may be more influential for fear of death and concept of death than the specific neurotic characteristics of the person.
Health Education and Health Psychology: A Comparison through Content Analysis of Representative Journals
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

A comparison of the content of four journals representing health in education and in health psychology over 2 years shows some interesting similarities and differences.
The Status of Expectancy-Arousal Theory: Comparative Credibility of Systematic Desensitization and Rational-Emotive Therapy in the Treatment of Anxiety about Study
Authors: Dryden Windy , Dancey Christine , Goldsmith Peter
Published: August 2011

96 university students were asked to imagine that they were suffering from study anxiety to the point of wishing to receive help with the problem. They were then asked to read a booklet detailing either (a) the rationale for systematic desensitization or Rational-Emotive Therapy and (b) told that counselling lasted for 5 or 15 weeks. They then assessed the credibility of the therapy using Borkovec's credibility rating method. Meta-analysis has shown that systematic desensitization has superior outcomes when compared to other treatments, but this could be attributed to the different expectations of benefit that the therapies arouse. This notion has been called the expectancy-arousal hypothesis. Results from the present experiment did not support Shapiro's 1981 findings that systematic desensitization was more credible than Rational-Emotive Therapy, which disconfirms the expectancy-arousal hypothesis, but the basis for this remains unclear.
Dropping Out and Absenteeism in High School
Authors: Bond Karla , Beer John
Published: August 2011

The data were collected from a north central Kansas rural high school district. Correlations support prior evidence regarding variables. More students drop out of school when the number of absences, the number of days in a school year, and the size of the student body increase. The 5% drop-out rate in the small town sampled was well below the 13% of the smaller cities.
Patients' and Spouses' Religious Problem-Solving Styles and Their Physiological Health
Authors: Yelsma Paul , Montambo Lila
Published: August 2011

From 55 patients after myocardial infarctions and their spouses, responses—metabolic entry and exit scores (1 to 48 mo. postinfarct) and scores on three religious problem-solving styles—showed no problem-solving styles were associated with patients' early improvement but, as time passed, scores on collaboration with God decreased as did those on deferring to God, while self-direction increased. Patients scored lower on collaboration and higher on self-direction than spouses.
Psychometric Study of Forms a and B of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Cooper Douglas , Fraboni Maryann
Published: August 2011

Forms A and B of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales were included in a battery of preworkshop measures at a program on back care for staff at a psychiatric hospital ( N = 82). Lack of extensive reports regarding alternate-form reliability of the health forms led to this study. Factor analytic results, item-by-item correlations, alpha coefficients, and Pearson correlations between forms are reported. Through these procedures the authors found discrepancies between Forms A and B, particularly for Scale P.
Shyness and Perceptions of Parental Behavior
Authors: Eastburg Mark , Johnson W. Brad
Published: August 2011

Previous research has indicated that parental behavior affects development of shyness in children. Specifically decreased levels of parental acceptance tend to foster social anxiety and shy behavior. The present study examined the relationship between 56 female college students' perceptions of their parents' behavior and their own reports of shyness or social reticence. Confirmation of the hypothesis that shyness decreases as parents are perceived as accepting and supportive and that shyness is related to perceived parental control was tested. This study examined differences in daughters' perceptions of their mothers and fathers in relation to their own shyness. Shyness correlated negatively with perceived maternal acceptance (−.28 to −.35) and positively with perceived maternal psychological control (.26 to .44).
Alternative Approaches to Assessment of Vacation Discrepancy: A Reply to Lounsbury and Franz
Authors: Utecht Kathleen M. , Aldag Ramon J.
Published: August 2011

Differences in approach, in findings and their context are commented on. These may serve as complements, providing guidance for different purposes.
Comparing Scores on the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition with the Wisc-R for Exceptional Children
Authors: Hollinger Constance L. , Baldwin Carla
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the performance of a sample of 19 exceptional children on both the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (Stanford-Binet IV) and the WISC—R. Construct validity studies of the Stanford-Binet IV with the WISC—R have yielded results which provide only partial support for predictions derived from the theoretical model underlying this new measure. The results obtained for the naturally occurring sample of exceptional children indicate nonsignificant differences in performance between Stanford-Binet IV and WISC—R Full Scale IQ. As with prior studies, results provide only partial support for the predictions derived from the theoretical model. Explanatory hypotheses for the observed discrepancies are discussed.
Levels of Reflective Judgment among Noncollege Trained Adults
Authors: Liberto Joseph C. , Kelly Francis J. , Sapiro Clary , Currier Shanni
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed the influence of life experiences upon reasoning among three known groups with no college background. Sample 1 is from rural USA, had limited life experiences and were learning independent living skills (all are within the normal range of intelligence). Sample 2 includes working women (semi-skilled, skilled and mid-management) from rural USA with a high school education or less. Sample 3 is from urban Brazil and was made up of nontraditional students working in a high school equivalence program. Samples 2 and 3 were judged to have greater conflict in life experience. Three ill-defined issues were used in a structured interview with a modified reflective judgment format. Samples 2 and 3 scored relatively high on Kitchener and King's Reflective Judgment scale, and on some issues their scores were comparable to college juniors reported in previous studies. The results are consistent with Piaget's notion that density of cognitive conflict provides the condition for cognitive growth.
Teaching Styles and Class Size in Japanese and Korean Primary Schools
Authors: Ito Atsushi
Published: August 2011

Factor analyses and coefficients of congruency for factor loadings between Japanese and Korean teachers in primary schools indicated “student-centered” and “teacher-centered” styles were significant dimensions. Analyses of data suggested that “student-centered” instruction decreases and “teacher-centered” instruction increases as classes become larger, especially over 50 students.
Relation of Scores on Rotter's I-E Scale to Short-Term and Long-Term Control Expectancies and Fatalism
Authors: Boone Christophe , De Brabander Bert , Gerits Pol , Willeme Peter
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present research was twofold. First, we analysed whether expectancies of personal control versus nonpersonal control could reliably be assessed by structured interviews recorded on videotape. Second, by means of factor analysis, we analysed the relation between the interview locus-of-control scores and the scores obtained by Rotter's I-E scale. Analysis showed that the scores on Rotter's I-E scale are correlated with short-term expectancies but not with long-term expectancies or fatalism. Possible explanations for these findings are suggested.
An Economic Theory of Choice and its Implications for Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

An economic model of decision making was examined for its implications for suicide. The model would focus on what permits the suicidal impulse to become manifest rather than what motivates a person to commit suicide
Relationship among Self-Esteem, Psychological Reactance, and other Personality Variables
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

69 women and 42 men responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale, and the Famous Sayings test. Also, subjects rated their happiness using a Likert scale. Men scored significantly higher than did women on the UCLA Loneliness, Hostility, and Psychological Reactance measures, and lower on the Conventional Mores and Social Acquiescence measures. Loneliness scores positively correlated with Psychological Reactance scores and negatively with Self-esteem and Conventional Mores scores and with happiness self-ratings for both sexes. Men who scored higher on Psychological Reactance tended to score lower on Conventional Mores. Happiness ratings correlated negatively with Psychological Reactance for all subjects and positively with Conventional Mores for men subjects only. Women's self-esteem scores correlated positively with self-ratings of happiness and negatively with Psychological Reactance, Hostility, and Fear of Failure. Finally, women's Psychological Reactance scores correlated positively with those on Bass's Fear of Failure scale.
Structuring and Anxiety Reduction Prior to Myelography
Authors: Davis Linda , Soper Barlow , Rosenthal Gary T.
Published: August 2011

A form of structuring (providing specific procedural and sensory information, in combination) was effective in lessening anxiety of medical patients scheduled to undergo myelography. Myelography is a complex diagnostic x-ray procedure used to assess nerve damage of the spinal cord which may be serious enough to warrant surgery. Not only was structuring shown to be therapeutically significant, but it was suggested that structuring may provide an additional means of adequately meeting the informed consent requirement prior to medical intervention.
Psychological Defense Mechanisms and Manifest Anxiety as Indicators of Secondary Psychosomatic Body Pain
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Källmén Håkan
Published: August 2011

13 men and 27 women patients from an outpatient pain unit participated in the study. Blind to the research worker they were diagnosed by the responsible physicians as suffering from either primary somatic or secondary psychosomatic pain. The study explored whether manifest anxiety and number of primitive psychological defense signs could be used to classify patients into the two categories. Analysis indicated that with respect to manifest anxiety this was possible for the women but not for the men in that psychosomatic women exhibited raised manifest anxiety. Both men and women, diagnosed as psychosomatic, exhibited more primitive defense signs than patients diagnosed as somatic. Theoretical and clinical implications were discussed.
The Two Faces of Freedom and Dignity: Credit or Extenuation
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Rosen Ellen F.
Published: August 2011

In their 1989 refutation of Skinner's 1971 practical argument against the concepts of freedom and dignity, Harcum, Rosen, and Burijon overlooked an inconsistency in his argument which is based on the fact that society awards credit or blame because intentionality in prosocial and antisocial behaviors is assumed. By explaining antisocial behaviors in terms of environmental factors, science shows that the actor's behavior is not intentional, thereby reducing the amount of blame attributed to the actor and protecting his dignity. Because scientific progress in understanding antisocial behaviors protects or promotes the perception of human dignity instead of threatening it, Skinner's interpretation of why society opposes his behavioristic formulations is actually incorrect. The cultural value of beliefs in freedom and dignity, as agents of social progress, rather than barriers to it, is strongly affirmed.
Use of Vicarious Punishment to Offset Effects of Negative Social Cues
Authors: Schnake Mel E. , Dumler Michael P.
Published: August 2011

This research experimentally investigated whether negative social cues decreased behavioral and affective responses on a simple clerical task among 88 undergraduates in co-acting groups. Vicarious punishment was examined as a strategy to offset the effects of negative social cues. Analysis shows that negative social cues have a deleterious effect on output but not on motivation or satisfaction with the social aspects of the work environment. Support for the use of vicarious punishment as a strategy for offsetting the deleterious effects of negative social cues was obtained.
Provisional Normative Data for a Credibility Scale for Assessing Personal Injury Claimants
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary normative data are presented for an experimental scale to assess credibility of personal injury claimants. The distinction between credibility and malingering and the need for credibility assessment in personal injury claims are discussed. Recommendations are made for use of the Credibility Scale.
Treating Drunk Drivers with Moral Reconation Therapy: A Two-Year Recidivism Study
Authors: Little Gregory L. , Robinson Kenneth D. , Burnette Katherine D.
Published: August 2011

115 DWI-convicted male inmates were treated with Moral Reconation Therapy during incarceration. Nearly two years after their release, subjects' postrelease arrest records were collected. Treatment group data were compared to a control group of 65 inmates who applied but did not enter treatment as bed space was limited. Analysis showed that 10.4% of the treatment group obtained additional DWI arrests after release compared to 15.6% of the control group. 14.3% of treated subjects received additional sentences compared to 21.5% of nontreated controls. Results were also analyzed for a group of 24 treated subjects who continued to participate in treatment after release. This aftercare group showed a postrelease DWI rate of only 4.2% and reincarceration rate of 8.3%.
Rational Suicide: A Test of the Prescriptions of Epicurus concerning Suicide
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that the individual who believes death is the end and who expects to experience more displeasure than pleasure over the remainder of his life will choose suicide. College students ( N = 272) completed questionnaires measuring their beliefs about after-life, expectations of pleasure and displeasure should certain negative events happen to them, and expectations of suicide should these negative events happen to them. Support was not found for the hypothesis. The students who believed that death was the end stated that they would choose to live even if negative events promised them a life of greater displeasure than pleasure.
Overlearning and Speeded Practice in Spelling Instruction
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis , Spivey Norman R.
Published: August 2011

The effects of overlearning (practice beyond mastery) and speeded practice in spelling instruction were examined in a sample of 93 undergraduates. Spelling instruction that included speeded practice during overlearning trials facilitated spelling performance on both immediate and 3-wk. delayed posttests.
Frequency of Testing in Criterion-Based Learning
Authors: Cone Al L.
Published: August 2011

174 students completed a criterion-based General Psychology course identical to Cone's 1988 course except for the testing scheme used for each of the four sections. Infrequent (three-chapter) testing was so inferior to daily (one-half chapter) testing that it was abandoned. Daily tests served the dual purpose of formative or summative evaluations in which daily mastery produced free cuts while nonmastery could be redeemed by two- to four-chapter summative examinations. This led to an average performance by A students equal to that for senior psychology majors who score at the 42nd percentile on a nationally standardized senior exit examination in psychology.
Reliability and Separation of Factors on the Assertiveness-Responsiveness Measure
Authors: Richmond Virginia P. , McCroskey James C.
Published: August 2011

Assertiveness and responsiveness of 102 men and 122 women in college were internally reliable (.88 and .93) and uncorrelated (−.027) factors of self-reported personality style.
Self-Actualization of Gifted Youth as Measured on the Reflections of Self by Youth
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: August 2011

The self-actualization of 74 intellectually gifted youth in Grades 4 through 8 was studied through the administration and data analysis of Reflections of Self by Youth. Scores for boys and girls were similar and more like those of bright youth of a prior study than like those of the subjects of normal intelligence.