bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface slip distributions and geometric complexity of intraplate reverse-faulting earthquakes
Authors: Yang Haibin , Quigley Mark , King Tamarah
Published: January 2021

Earthquake ground surface ruptures provide insights into faulting mechanics and inform seismic hazard analyses. We analyze surface ruptures for 11 historical (1968–2018) moment magnitude (Mw) 4.7–6.6 reverse earthquakes in Australia using statistical techniques and compare their characteristics with magnetic, gravity, and stress trajectory data sets. Of the total combined (summative) length of all surface ruptures (∼148 km), 133 km (90%) to 145 km (98%) align with the geophysical structure in the host basement rocks. Surface rupture length (SRL), maximum displacement (MD), and probability of surface rupture at a specified Mw are high compared with equivalent Mw earthquakes globally. This is attributed to (1) a steep cratonic crustal strength gradient at shallow depths, promoting shallow hypocenters (∼1–6 km) and limiting downdip rupture widths (∼1–8.5 km), and (2) favorably aligned crustal anisotropies (e.g., bedrock foliations, faults, fault intersections) that enhanced lateral rupture propagation and/or surface displacements. Combined (modeled and observed) MDs are in the middle third of the SRL with 68% probability and either the ≤33rd or ≥66th percentiles of SRL with 16% probability. MD occurs proximate to or directly within zones of enhanced fault geometric complexity (as evidenced from surface ruptures) in 8 of 11 earthquakes (73%). MD is approximated by 3.3 ± 1.6 (1σ) × AD (average displacement). S-transform analyses indicates that high-frequency slip maxima also coincide with fault geometric complexities, consistent with stress amplifications and enhanced slip variability due to geometric and kinematic interactions with neighboring faults. Rupture slip taper angles exhibit large variations (−90% to +380% with respect to the mean value) toward rupture termini and are steepest where ruptures terminate at obliquely oriented magnetic lineaments and/or lithology changes. Incremental slip approximates AD between the 10th and 90th percentiles of the SRL. The average static stress drop of the studied earthquakes is 4.8 ± 2.8 MPa. A surface rupture classification scheme for cratonic stable regions is presented to describe the prevailing characteristics of intraplate earthquakes across diverse crustal structural-geophysical settings. New scaling relationships and suggestions for logic tree weights are provided to enhance probabilistic fault displacement hazard analyses for bedrock-dominated intraplate continental regions.
Supplemental Material: Contribution of an Eastern Indochina-derived fragment to the formation of island arc systems in the Philippine Mobile Belt
Authors: Gong Lin , Chen Huayong
Published: January 2021

Figures S1–S7 and Table S1–S5.
Characterization of microplastics and anthropogenic fibers in surface waters of the North Saskatchewan River, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Bujaczek Taylor , Kolter Sheldon , Locky David , Ross Matthew S.
Published: January 2021

Microplastics are globally ubiquitous contaminants, but quantitative data on their presence in freshwater environments are sparse. This study investigates the occurrence, composition, and spatial trends of microplastic contamination in the North Saskatchewan River flowing through Edmonton, Alberta, the fifth largest city in Canada. Surface water samples were collected from seven sites throughout the city, upstream and downstream of the city, and near potential point sources (i.e., a wastewater treatment plant). Samples were spiked with fluorescent microbeads as internal standards and extracted by wet peroxide oxidation and density floatation. Microplastics were found in all samples, ranging in concentration from 4.6 to 88.3 particles·m−3 (mean = 26.2 ± 18.4 particles·m−3). Fibers were the dominant morphology recovered, and most were of anthropogenic origin and chemically identified as dyed cotton or polyester by Raman microspectroscopy. The majority of fragments were identified as polyethylene or polypropylene. No upstream to downstream differences were found in concentration, size distribution, or morphological composition suggesting nonpoint sources of microplastics to the river. This study represents one of the first investigations into the occurrence of microplastics in the freshwater environment in western Canada and will provide a baseline for future studies.
Quasi-geodesics in relativistic gravity
Authors: Faraoni Valerio , Vachon Geneviève
Published: January 2021

A four-force parallel to the trajectory of a massive particle can always be eliminated by going to an affine parametrization, but the affine parameter is different from the proper time. The main application is to cosmology, in which elements of the cosmic fluid are subject to a pressure gradient parallel to their four-velocities. Natural implementations of parallel four-forces occur when the particle mass changes, in scalar–tensor cosmology, and in cosmic antifriction due to particle production.
Deciphering the recently discovered tetraquark candidates around 6.9 GeV
Authors: Sonnenschein Jacob , Weissman Dorin
Published: January 2021

Recently a novel hadronic state of mass 6.9 GeV, that decays mainly to a pair of charmonia, was observed in LHCb. The data also reveals a broader structure centered around 6490 MeV and suggests another unconfirmed resonance centered at around 7240 MeV, very near to the threshold of two doubly charmed $$\Xi _{cc}$$

Ξ

cc

baryons. We argue in this note that these exotic hadrons are genuine tetraquarks and not molecules of charmonia. It is conjectured that they are V-baryonium , namely, have an inner structure of a baryonic vertex with a cc diquark attached to it, which is connected by a string to an anti-baryonic vertex with a $${\bar{c}} {\bar{c}}$$

c

¯

c

¯

anti-diquark. We examine these states as the analogs of the V-baryonium states $$\Psi (4360)$$

Ψ
(
4360
)

and Y(4630)/$$\Psi (4660)$$

Ψ
(
4660
)

which are charmonium-like tetraquarks. One way to test these claims is by searching for a significant decay of the state at 7.2 GeV into $$\Xi _{cc}{\overline{\Xi }}_{cc}$$

Ξ

cc

Ξ
¯

cc

. Such a decay would be the analog of the decay of the state Y(4630) into to $$\Lambda _c{\overline{\Lambda }}_c$$

Λ
c

Λ
¯

c

. We further argue that there should be trajectories of both orbital and radial excited states of the X(6900). We predict their masses. It is possible that a few of these states have already been seen by LHCb.
Thermodynamical phases in a PNJL model at zero temperature
Authors: Mattos O. A. , Frederico T. , Lourenço O.
Published: January 2021

The confinement/deconfinement transition described the Polyakov–Nambu–Jona–Lasinio (PNJL) model is extended to be operative at zero temperature regime. In this study, the scalar and vector channel interaction strengths of the original PNJL model are modified by introducing a dependence on the traced Polyakov loop. In such a way the effective interactions depend on the quark phase and in turn provides a backreaction of the quarks to the gluonic sector, also at zero temperature. On general grounds from quantum chromodynamics this is an expected feature. The thermodynamics of the extended model (PNJL0) is studied in detail. It presents along with a suitable choice of the Polyakov potential, a first order confined/deconfined quark phase transition even at $$T=0$$

T
=
0

. We also show that the vector channel plays an important role in order to allow $$\varPhi \ne 0$$

Φ
≠
0

solutions for the PNJL0 model. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the combined quarkyonic and deconfinement phases to the vector interaction strength and the proposed parametrization of the Polyakov-loop potential at $$T=0$$

T
=
0

allowed to set a window for the bulk values of the relevant parameters.
Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Hyperspectral Microscopy for Molecular Self-Assembled Systems
Authors: Wang Haoyuan , Xiong Wei
Published: January 2021

In this review, we discuss the recent developments and applications of vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) microscopy. This hyperspectral imaging technique can resolve systems without inversion symmetry, such as surfaces, interfaces and noncentrosymmetric self-assembled materials, in the spatial, temporal, and spectral domains. We discuss two common VSFG microscopy geometries: wide-field and confocal point-scanning. We then introduce the principle of VSFG and the relationships between hyperspectral imaging with traditional spectroscopy, microscopy, and time-resolved measurements. We further highlight crucial applications of VSFG microscopy in self-assembled monolayers, cellulose in plants, collagen fibers, and lattice self-assembled biomimetic materials. In these systems, VSFG microscopy reveals relationships between physical properties that would otherwise be hidden without being spectrally, spatially, and temporally resolved. Lastly, we discuss the recent development of ultrafast transient VSFG microscopy, which can spatially measure the ultrafast vibrational dynamics of self-assembled materials. The review ends with an outlook on the technical challenges of and scientific potential for VSFG microscopy.
Ethics of Field Experiments
Authors: Phillips Trisha
Published: January 2021

Political scientists are increasingly conducting field experiments that raise ethical issues that standard review criteria and processes are ill equipped to address. Field experiments can answer important questions, but they can also present various harms to individuals, communities, and political processes; undermine autonomy; introduce partnerships that present complex questions of responsibility; and damage the public's trust in the discipline. This article reviews published empirical and theoretical research, professional guidelines, and media accounts, blog posts, and other sources when appropriate. It characterizes the state of the field regarding the identification of ethical problems, relevant normative guidance, proposed strategies for managing ethical concerns, and issues on the horizon. It concludes that the discipline is making good progress, with robust guidelines and strategies for conducting field experiments ethically. However, there is still much work to be done in refining and expanding current guidance, addressing remaining issues, and promoting norms. This review concludes with some general recommendations for researchers conducting political science field experiments.
Preparation of Fe–Al Binary Thermoelectric Conversion Films by Electrodeposition in AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–FeCl2 Quaternary Molten Salts
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroaki , Koma Yuki , Kishino Risa , Nozaki Ai , Morishita Masao
Published: January 2021

The electrodeposition of Fe–Al alloy in AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–FeCl2 quaternary molten salts was investigated by potentiostatic electrolysis to prepare Fe–Al alloy film with a thermoelectric conversion function. In the AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–FeCl2 molten salts with an AlCl3/FeCl2 mole ratio of 200 (FeCl2: 32.6 mmol l−1), the electrodeposited Al formed a solid solution with Fe in the potential range from 0.5 to 0.2 V vs Al(III)/Al and formed the intermetallic compound of Fe3Al at the potential of 0.1 V. Fe–Al alloys containing 0.8–34.5 mol% Al were obtained by controlling the AlCl3/FeCl2 mole ratio (FeCl2 concentration) in AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–FeCl2 molten salts and the applied potential in the potential range from 0.2 to −0.1 V vs Al(III)/Al. The Fe–Al alloy films prepared in the present study exhibited the p- or n-type thermoelectric conversion, depending on their composition.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Cu (BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2 Composite: A Novel Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor based upon the Bimetallic Complex
Authors: Karami Kazem , Bayat Parvaneh , Khosropour Hossein , Siadatnasab Firouzeh , Rezaei Behzad , Mardaniboldaji Ali
Published: January 2021

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) serves a significant role in biological tissues. Throughout this manuscript, the synthesis of a copper complex on the Fe-MIL-101-NH2 surface functionalized with 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (BHB), Cu(BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2 composite was characterized by various techniques. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the Cu (BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2 heterostructure to prepare Cu (BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2/GCE and used for the electrochemical detection of H2O2. The results showed that it had a good synergetic effect on the reduction of H2O2 in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at the pH level of 7.4, in comparison with the bare GCE. The electrochemical methods were also performed for the characterization of the Cu (BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2, these included cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Chronoamperometry (CA). A quantitative H2O2 detection was found with a wide linear response toward H2O2 concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 3750 μmol l−1, with the limit of detection (LOD) being as low as 10 nmol l−1. Finally, the Cu (BHB)2/Fe-MIL-101-NH2/GCE electrochemical sensor was effectively applied to H2O2 detection, its applicability was investigated in various milk samples, displaying satisfactory results.
Theoretically Quantifying the Effect of Pre-Lithiation on Energy Density of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Liming , Zheng Junsheng , Zheng Jim P.
Published: January 2021

Pre-lithiation plays an increasingly significant role for high-energy Li-ion batteries (LIBs) since it can improve the energy density by compensating the Li loss during the initial cycle. The pre-lithiation related research so far has been focused on the development of materials and methods of pre-lithiation but has lacked theoretical and mathematical descriptions to illustrate the relationship between pre-lithiation and energy density. In this contribution, a series of mathematical formulas are derived to describe the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of LIBs with pre-lithiation, by which the effects of the important parameters, e.g. the Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) of anode, the capacities of Li sources, etc., on the energy densities are well demonstrated. Then, the developed theory and mathematical formulas are applied to practical LIB systems, i.e. the cell using Li nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) as a cathode and silicon-carbon (Si–C) composite as an anode, to identify possible energy density improvement after pre-lithiation. These systematic formulas with great universality have the potential to give significant guidelines for future studies on the pre-lithiation methods and be useful tools for the design of high energy LIBs with imperfect CEs from fundamental and practical perspectives.
Effects of Cuprous Ion on Electrodeposition of Aluminum from AlCl3-BMIC Ionic Liquid
Authors: Wang Shuxian , Pei Qifei , Xu Cunying , Hua Yixin , Zhang Qibo , Li Yan , Ren Xiangyu , Ru Juanjian
Published: January 2021

The effect of Cu(I) ions on electrodeposition of aluminum from AlCl3-BMIC (AlCl3-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) ionic liquid was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry and cathodic polarization analyses showed that Cu(I) ions obviously decreased the nucleation overpotential of Al and promoted the reduction reaction of Al (III). The analysis of thechronoamperometric transients indicated that the presence of Cu(I) does not change the nucleation and growth mode of Al deposition, but affects nucleation rate. Besides, the addition of Cu(I) slightly decreased the cathodic current efficiency (CE), increased the power consumption (PC), and reduced the purity of Al deposit. X-ray diffractogram revealed the presence of Cu(I) ions in electrolyte affected the preferred orientations of the electrodeposited Al by promoting the growth of (220) plane. SEM images showed that the grain of the Al deposit was refined with the increase of Cu(I) ions.
Efficacy and Safety of Guizhi Decoction AssociatedFormulas for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Yang Shasha , Fu Qinwei , Deng Hua , Wu Jing , Zhang Qinxiu , Wang Limin , Yao Xianfeng
Published: January 2021

In this study, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Guizhi Decoction associated formulas for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. A total of seven online databases were searched to collect studies published up to Feb 23rd, 2020. Study quality of each included article was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Systematic reviews were conducted based on the Cochrane systematic review method by using RevMan 5.3 Software. Among the included trials, Guizhi Decoction associated formulas alone (or plus Western medicine, or acupoint-based therapy) were main therapies in experimental groups. Interventions in control groups include Western medicine, Guizhi Decoction associated formulas alone, Chinese patent medicine, and placebo control. Primary outcomes in this study include recovery rate, accumulative marked effective rate, accumulative effective rate, and recurrence rate. Finally, 23 trials involving 2281 participants were included. Results of systematic reviews show that Guizhi Decoction and associated formulas alone, plus Western medicine or plus acupoint-based therapies, were significantly better compared with using Western medicine alone in terms of efficacy. In addition, the formulas plus nasal TCM fumigation therapy could improve effective rate for AR treatment compared to using the formulas alone. More types and cases of adverse events were reported in the control groups (Western medicine alone), but events of included trials were all mild and did not need specific medical intervention. More RCTs of high quality, and large sample size, with appropriate blinding methods or nonblinded pragmatic trials of Guizhi Decoction and associated formulas for AR are needed.
Secure Data Collaborative Computing Scheme Based on Blockchain
Authors: Feng Tao , Wang Xusheng , Liu Chunyan , Fang Junli
Published: January 2021

With the rapid development of information technology, different organizations cooperate with each other to share data information and make full use of data value. Not only should the integrity and privacy of data be guaranteed but also the collaborative computing should be carried out on the basis of data sharing. In this paper, in order to achieve the fairness of data security sharing and collaborative computing, a security data collaborative computing scheme based on blockchain is proposed. A data storage query model based on Bloom filter is designed to improve the efficiency of data query sharing. The MPC contract is designed according to the specific requirements. The participants are rational, and the contract encourages the participants to implement the agreement honestly to achieve fair calculation. A secure multiparty computation based on secret sharing is introduced. The problem of identity and vote privacy in electronic voting is solved. The scheme is analyzed and discussed from storage expansion, anticollusion, verifiability, and privacy.
Novel Systems and Membrane Technologies for Carbon Capture
Authors: Sanni Eshorame Samuel , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Okoro Emeka Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

Due to the global menace caused by carbon emissions from environmental, anthropogenic, and industrial processes, it has become expedient to consider the use of systems, with high trapping potentials for these carbon-based compounds. Several prior studies have considered the use of amines, activated carbon, and other solid adsorbents. Advances in carbon capture research have led to the use of ionic liquids, enzyme-based systems, microbial filters, membranes, and metal-organic frameworks in capturing CO2. Therefore, it is common knowledge that some of these systems have their lapses, which then informs the need to prioritize and optimize their synthetic routes for optimum efficiency. Some authors have also argued about the need to consider the use of hybrid systems, which offer several characteristics that in turn give synergistic effects/properties that are better compared to those of the individual components that make up the composites. For instance, some membranes are hydrophobic in nature, which makes them unsuitable for carbon capture operations; hence, it is necessary to consider modifying properties such as thermal stability, chemical stability, permeability, nature of the raw/starting material, thickness, durability, and surface area which can enhance the performance of these systems. In this review, previous and recent advances in carbon capture systems and sequestration technologies are discussed, while some recommendations and future prospects in innovative technologies are also highlighted.
Knockdown of RhoC Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Invasion and Metastasis via Regulation of HMGA2
Authors: Gao Feng , Yin Panpan , Wu Yanlin , Wen Jinlin , Su Ying , Zhang Xinyan
Published: January 2021

Ras homolog family member C (RhoC) is an important component of intracellular signal transduction and its overexpression has been reported to be involved in regulating tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in various malignant tumors. However, its role and underlying mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remain obscure. In our study, RhoC expression, its relation with clinical stages, and survival rate in OSCC were analyzed using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Next, a RhoC knockdown cell model was established in vitro, and the effects of RhoC knockdown in OSCC cells were detected by the MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell invasion assay, scratch assay, and F-actin phalloidin staining. An in vivo tongue-xenografted nude mouse model was established to measure the effects of knockdown of RhoC on tumor cell growth and lymph node metastasis. A mechanism study was conducted by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. The results of TCGA analysis showed that RhoC was overexpressed in OSCC tumor tissues. In vitro assays indicated that knockdown of RhoC did not have much effect on OSCC cell growth but significantly suppressed cell colony formation, invasion, and migration abilities, and F-actin polymerization was also reduced. The tongue-xenografted in vivo model demonstrated that knockdown of RhoC suppressed OSCC cell growth and inhibited metastasis to the superficial cervical lymph nodes. Further mechanism studies showed that knockdown of RhoC downregulated HMGA2 expression, and HMGA2 expression was highly correlated with RhoC expression in OSCC tumor tissues via the analysis of TCGA datasets. Overall, our study showed that knockdown of RhoC inhibited OSCC cells invasion and migration in vitro and OSCC cell growth and lymph node metastasis in vivo. Moreover, the potential mechanisms involved in these activities may be related to the regulation of HMGA2 expression. The RhoC gene could serve as a promising therapeutic target for OSCCs in the future.
Influence of Cyclic Impact Loading and Axial Stress on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Burst‐Prone Coal
Authors: Gong Shuang , Wang Zhen , Zhou Lei , Wang Wen
Published: January 2021

High in‐situ stress and frequent dynamic disturbances caused by the mining process in deep coal mines can easily induce dynamic disasters such as coal burst. We conducted laboratory experiments to assess the effects of the axial stress loading and dynamic cyclic impact loading on the dynamic mechanical properties of burst‐prone coals by using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Comparisons were made using two types of burst‐prone and burst‐resistant coal samples. The mineral components, organic macerals, and dynamic mechanical features of both burst‐prone and burst‐resistant coal samples were comparatively analyzed based on the obtained X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope observations, and dynamic compressive stress‐strain curves, respectively. The results of the microstructure analysis indicated a larger difference between the minimum and maximum reflectances of vitrinite for burst‐prone coal. Compared to the burst‐resistant coal samples, the burst‐prone coals contained less corpocollinite and fusinite. While applying a high axial static load combined with cyclic impact load, the coal samples showed the characteristics of fatigue damage. The results also demonstrated that preaxial stress affected the burst resistance of coal samples. The greater the preaxial stress was, the less the coal samples could withstand the dynamic cyclic impact load. In comparison to the burst‐resistant coal sample, the burst‐prone coal sample showed a larger dynamic compressive strength and a lower deformation. They were also more positively capable of the propagation and activation of the coal burst. We believe that the results of the study are conducive to further understanding of the distribution of microcomponents of burst‐prone coals. The results are also beneficial for realizing the dynamic mechanical characteristics of burst‐prone coals under the impact of cyclic dynamic load.
Assessment of Bacterial Load in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottled Water Marketed in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Gautam Bikram , Gyanwali Gaumani , Ussery David Wayne
Published: January 2021

In recent years, we are having mixed feelings regarding the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for storing water. The aim of this study is to determine any associations between bacterial load and the physical condition of the water bottle. For this study, bottled water was purchased, and parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliform count, and Pseudomonas spp. count were determined as per the American Public Health Association, 2005. The pH value of water samples tested ranged from 5.2 to 6.8. The majority of samples (96%) were found to contain pH values that were unacceptable as per the Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) guideline. Value of electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 5 to 199 μS/cm. HPC revealed that, out of 100 samples, 48 (48%) samples were found to be acceptable as per the DFTQC guideline value (<25 cfu/mL). Among 100 samples, Pseudomonas spp. was found to be present in 23% of bottled water. Acidic pH and elevated concentrations of TDS and EC may lead to the survival of extremophiles present in HPC which may lead to degradation of PET. Extremophile bacteria that survive in bottled water for a long time rely on several survival mechanisms including evolutionary development (evo-devo) and solely survive on complex polymers like PET.
Fractures around Trochanteric Nails: The “Vergilius Classification System”
Authors: Toro Giuseppe , Moretti Antimo , Ambrosio Daniele , Pezzella Raffaele , De Cicco Annalisa , Landi Giovanni , Tammaro Nicola , Florio Pasquale , Cecere Antonio Benedetto , Braile Adriano , Medici Antonio , Siano Antonio , Di Maggio Bruno , Calabrò Giampiero , Gagliardo Nicola , Di Fino Ciro , Bruno Gaetano , Pellegrino Achille , Negri Giacomo , Monaco Vincenzo , Gison Michele , Toro Antonio , Schiavone Panni Alfredo , Tarantino Umberto , Iolascon Giovanni
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The fractures that occurred around trochanteric nails (perinail fractures, PNFs) are becoming a huge challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon. Although presenting some specific critical issues (i.e., patients’ outcomes and treatment strategies), these fractures are commonly described within peri-implant ones and their treatment was based on periprosthetic fracture recommendations. The knowledge gap about PNFs leads us to convene a research group with the aim to propose a specific classification system to guide the orthopaedic surgeon in the management of these fractures. Materials and Methods. A steering committee, identified by two Italian associations of orthopaedic surgeons, conducted a comprehensive literature review on PNFs to identify the unmet needs about this topic. Subsequently, a panel of experts was involved in a consensus meeting proposing a specific classification system and formulated treatment statements for PNFs. Results and Discussion. The research group considered four PNF main characteristics for the classification proposal: (1) fracture localization, (2) fracture morphology, (3) fracture fragmentation, and (3) healing status of the previous fracture. An alphanumeric code was included to identify each characteristic, allowing to describe up to 54 categories of PNFs, using a 3- to 4-digit code. The proposal of the consensus-based classification reporting the most relevant aspects for PNF treatment might be a useful tool to guide the orthopaedic surgeon in the appropriate management of these fractures.
Traffic Flow Characteristics and Lane Use Strategies for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Conditions
Authors: Zhong Zijia , Lee Joyoung , Zhao Liuhui
Published: January 2021

Managed lanes, such as a dedicated lane for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), can provide not only technological accommodation but also desired market incentives for road users to adopt CAVs in the near future. In this paper, we investigate traffic flow characteristics with two configurations of the managed lane across different market penetration rates and quantify the benefits from the perspectives of lane-level headway distribution, fuel consumption, communication density, and overall network performance. The results highlight the benefits of implementing managed lane strategies for CAVs: (1) A dedicated CAV lane significantly extends the stable region of the speed-flow diagram and yields a greater road capacity. As the result shows, the highest flow rate is 3400 vehicles per hour per lane at 90% market penetration rate with one CAV lane. (2) The concentration of CAVs in one lane results in a narrower headway distribution (with smaller standard deviation) even with partial market penetration. (3) A dedicated CAV lane is also able to eliminate duel-bell-shape distribution that is caused by the heterogeneous traffic flow. (4) A dedicated CAV lane creates a more consistent CAV density, which facilitates communication activity and decreases the probability of packet dropping.
Evaluation of Palatal Furcation Groove and Root Canal Anatomy of Maxillary First Premolar: A CBCT and Micro‐CT Study
Authors: Liu Xiaojing , Gao Meili , Bai Qingxia , Ruan Jianping , Lu Qun
Published: January 2021

Objectives. This study is aimed at investigating the root and root canal morphology by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and palatal furcation groove of the buccal root by microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) of maxillary first premolars in a Chinese subpopulation. Methods. This study assessed CBCT images of 440 patients aged 14‐80 years. Based on Vertucci’s classification, the number of roots and the canal configuration were determined. Forty‐eight maxillary first premolars with furcation grooves were analyzed by micro‐CT in patients aged 18‐25 years. Results. Based on the CBCT assay, 70.22% and 29.32% of maxillary first premolars were 1 root and 2 roots, respectively. The configuration indicated statistical difference (P < 0.05) between male and female patients. The most common canal type was type IV and was found in 44.32% of cases, followed by type I in 27.84%, and then type II in 20.57%. Root bifurcations had 40.13% prevalence which was distributed more in the middle third than in the cervical and the apical third. For the micro‐CT study, 95.83% of the furcation groove configuration was found in the bifurcated maxillary first premolars. The length varied from 1.02 to 7.63 mm. The mean depth of this groove was 0.57 mm in the root coronal, 0.47 mm in the root middle, and 0.22 mm in the root apical level. Palatal dentin width was smaller than 1 mm. Conclusion. The anatomy of the root and root canal system and the irregular wall width of maxillary first premolars with furcation grooves may help dentists to understand the anatomical morphology and improve the outcomes of endodontic treatment.
A Gaussian Process Latent Variable Model for Subspace Clustering
Authors: Li Shangfang
Published: January 2021

Effective feature representation is the key to success of machine learning applications. Recently, many feature learning models have been proposed. Among these models, the Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM) for nonlinear feature learning has received much attention because of its superior performance. However, most of the existing GPLVMs are mainly designed for classification and regression tasks, thus cannot be used in data clustering task. To address this issue and extend the application scope, this paper proposes a novel GPLVM for clustering (C‐GPLVM). Specifically, by combining GPLVM with the subspace clustering method, our C‐GPLVM can obtain more representative latent variable for clustering. Moreover, it can directly predict the new samples by introducing a back constraint in the model, thus being more suitable for big data learning tasks such as analysis of chaotic time series and so on. In the experiment, we compare it with the related GPLVMs and clustering algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed model not only inherits the feature learning ability of GPLVM but also has superior clustering accuracy.
Fenofibrate Protects Cardiomyocytes from Hypoxia/Reperfusion- and High Glucose-Induced Detrimental Effects
Authors: Cortes-Lopez Fabiola , Sanchez-Mendoza Alicia , Centurion David , Cervantes-Perez Luz G. , Castrejon-Tellez Vicente , del Valle-Mondragon Leonardo , Soria-Castro Elizabeth , Ramirez Victoria , Sanchez-Lopez Araceli , Pastelin-Hernandez Gustavo , Garcia-Niño Wylly Ramses , Sanchez-Aguilar Maria , Ibarra-Lara Luz
Published: January 2021

Lesions caused by high glucose (HG), hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R), and the coexistence of both conditions in cardiomyocytes are linked to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing irreversible damage to macromolecules in the cardiomyocyte as well as its ultrastructure. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, promotes beneficial activities counteracting cardiac injury. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the potential protective effect of fenofibrate in cardiomyocytes exposed to HG, H/R, and HG+H/R. Cardiomyocyte cultures were divided into four main groups: (1) control (CT), (2) HG (25 mM), (3) H/R, and (4) HG+H/R. Our results indicate that cell viability decreases in cardiomyocytes undergoing HG, H/R, and both conditions, while fenofibrate improves cell viability in every case. Fenofibrate also decreases ROS production as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) subunit expression. Regarding the antioxidant defense, superoxide dismutase (SOD Cu2+/Zn2+ and SOD Mn2+), catalase, and the antioxidant capacity were decreased in HG, H/R, and HG+H/R-exposed cardiomyocytes, while fenofibrate increased those parameters. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) increased significantly in treated cells, while pathologies increased the expression of its inhibitor Keap1. Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage was lower in fenofibrate-exposed cardiomyocytes. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase was also favored in cardiomyocytes treated with fenofibrate. Our results suggest that fenofibrate preserves the antioxidant status and the ultrastructure in cardiomyocytes undergoing HG, H/R, and HG+H/R preventing damage to essential macromolecules involved in the proper functioning of the cardiomyocyte.
To Breathe or Not to Breathe: The Role of Oxygen in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Senescence
Authors: Gala Dhir Niren , Fabian Zsolt
Published: January 2021

Stem cell-based cellular therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of pathological conditions with underlying severe tissue damage or malfunction like in chronic cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or inflammatory conditions. One of the biggest technical challenges of the use of natural stem cells, however, is the prevention of their premature senescence during therapeutical manipulations. Culturing stem cells under hypoxic conditions is believed to be a possible route to fulfill this goal. Here, we review current literature data on the effects of hypoxia on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, one of the most popular tools of practical cellular therapy, in the context of their senescence.
Clinical Proteomics of Metastatic Melanoma Reveals Profiles of Organ Specificity and Treatment Resistance
Authors: Beck Lir , Harel Michal , Yu Shun , Markovits Ettai , Boursi Ben , Markel Gal , Geiger Tamar
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

Treatment of metastatic melanoma has dramatically improved in recent years, thanks to the development of immunotherapy and BRAF-MEK–targeted therapies. However, these developments revealed marked heterogeneity in patient response, which is yet to be fully understood. In this work, we aimed to associate the proteomic profiles of metastatic melanoma with the patient clinical information, to identify protein correlates with metastatic location and prior treatments.

Experimental Design:

We performed mass spectrometry–based proteomic analysis of 185 metastatic melanoma samples and followed with bioinformatics analysis to examine the association of metastatic location, BRAF status, survival, and immunotherapy response with the tumor molecular profiles.

Results:

Bioinformatics analysis showed a high degree of functional heterogeneity associated with the site of metastasis. Lung metastases presented higher immune-related proteins, and higher mitochondrial-related processes, which were shown previously to be associated with better immunotherapy response. In agreement, epidemiological analysis of data from the National Cancer Database showed improved response to anti-programmed death 1, mainly in patients with lung metastasis. Focus on lung metastases revealed prognostic and molecular heterogeneity and highlighted potential tissue-specific biomarkers. Analysis of the BRAF mutation status and prior treatments with MAPK inhibitors proposed the molecular basis of the effect on immunotherapy response and suggested coordinated combination of immunotherapy and targeted therapy may increase treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

Altogether, the proteomic data provided novel molecular determinants of critical clinical features, including the effects of sequential treatments and metastatic locations. These results can be the basis for development of site-specific treatments toward treatment personalization.
Modified Loop Myopexy (Yokoyama’s Procedure) for High Myopic Strabismus Fixus
Authors: Lee Patricia Ann L. , Kono Shinjiro , Kakizaki Hirohiko , Takahashi Yasuhiro
Published: January 2021

In the classic loop myopexy (Yokoyama) procedure, muscle belly union in the deep orbit is technically difficult, particularly in patients with deep-set eyes and narrow palpebral fissures. Our modified procedure includes a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis and upper conjunctival fornix incisions to facilitate this step.
Laparoscopic Liver Resection versus Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for Small Single Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparison of Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Lee Dong Ho , Kim Jing Woong , Lee Jeong Min , Kim Jong Man , Lee Min Woo , Rhim Hyunchul , Hur Young Hoe , Suh Kyung-Suk
Published: January 2021

Background: Treatment outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (p-RFA) for small single hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) have not yet been fully compared. The aim of this study was to compare LLR and p-RFA as first-line treatment options in patients with single nodular HCCs ≤3 cm. Methods: From January 2014 to December 2016, a total of 566 patients with single nodular HCC ≤3 cm treated by either LLR (n = 251) or p-RFA (n = 315) were included. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and cumulative incidence of local tumor progression (LTP) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and compared using the log-rank test. Treatment outcome of 2 treatment modalities was compared in the subgroup of patients according to the tumor location. Results: There were no significant differences in overall survival between LLR and p-RFA (p = 0.160); however, 3-year RFS was demonstrated to be significantly higher after LLR (74.4%) than after p-RFA (66.0%) (p = 0.013), owing to its significantly lower cumulative incidence of LTP (2.1% at 3 years after LLR vs. 10.0% after p-RFA, p < 0.001). The complication rate of p-RFA was significantly lower than that of LLR (5.1 vs. 10.0%, p = 0.026). LLR also provided significantly better local tumor control than p-RFA for subscapular tumors (3-year LTP rates: 1.9 vs. 8.8%, p = 0.012), perivascular tumors (3-year LTP rates: 0.0 vs. 17.2%, p = 0.007), and tumors located in anteroinfero-lateral liver portions (3-year LTP rates: 0.0 vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in LTP rates between LLR and p-RFA for non-subcapsular and non-perivascular tumors (p = 0.482) and for tumors in postero-superior liver portions (p = 0.380). Conclusions: LLR can provide significantly better local tumor control than p-RFA for small single HCCs in subcapsular, perivascular, and anteroinferolateral liver portions and thus may be the preferred treatment option for these tumors.
COVID-19, Social Media, and the Role of the Public Physician
Authors: Topf Joel M. , Williams Paul N.
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an avalanche of information, much of it false or misleading. Social media posts with misleading or dangerous opinions and analyses are often amplified by celebrities and social media influencers; these posts have contributed substantially to this avalanche of information. An emerging force in this information infodemic is public physicians, doctors who view a public presence as a large segment of their mission. These physicians bring authority and real-world experience to the COVID-19 discussion. To investigate the role of public physicians, we interviewed a convenience cohort of physicians who have played a role in the infodemic. We asked the physicians about how their roles have changed, how their audience has changed, what role politics plays, and how they address misinformation. The physicians noted increased audience size with an increased focus on the pandemic. Most avoided confronting politics, but others found it unavoidable or that even if they tried to avoide it, it would be brought up by their audience. The physicians felt that confronting and correcting misinformation was a core part of their mission. Public physicians on social media are a new occurrence and are an important part of fighting online misinformation.
Efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract and hypertonic saline solution as intratesticular chemical sterilizing agents in dogs
Authors: Ali Moazam , Ijaz Misbah , Manzoor Asad , Mohy-Ud-Din Muhammad Tahir , Hassan Faiza , Tabassum Rubby , Bhutta Zeeshan Ahmad , Ali Wajid , Muneeb Muhammad , Mehtab Ujala , Zafar Muhammad Arif
Published: January 2021

Castration refers to induced sterility via physical, chemical, or hormonal methods. Chemical castration is an efficient and reliable technique in contrast to other sterilization procedures as it is less painful to physical methods and cost‑effective to hormonal methods. Azadirachta indica (neem), is a charismatic plant as its leaves possess anti-inflammatory, anti‑microbial, and anti-androgenic chattels. To abate the escalating human population in South Asia, neem oil and neem leaf extract have been effectively used as a contraceptive agent. The key determinant of the current study was to evaluate Neem as a chemical sterilizing agent, (either necrotic or apoptotic), in dogs injected intratesticular in comparison to a hypertonic saline solution. Pre- and post-injection testicular width size and blood samples for serum testosterone levels were collected on alternative days. Results disclosed substantial changes in testicular width size, histopathological profile, and serum testosterone level. A non-significant (P > 0.05) pre-injection testicular width readings in contrast to a significant increase (P < 0.05) three days post-injection was noted in all the competitive groups. The mean values recorded for testicular width size at the end of the trial study via neem leaf extract, 30% HSS and, control groups were 27.7362 ± 2.3315mm, 30.9594 ± 4.6861mm, and 24.5023 ± 2.5387mm, respectively. A declining trend, regarding serum testosterone level being statistically significant (P < 0.05) was recorded in treated groups (A, B) in contrast to the control group (C) as the values were 1.5357 ± 0.7819ng, 1.2669 ± 0.9095ng, and 2.4517 ± 0.1827ng in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Histopathological findings advocated the presence of apoptotic bodies in the neem treated group whereas the presence of degenerated interstitial cells, necrosed seminiferous tubules, damaged germinal epithelium, and ceased spermatogenesis was also studied in both competitive groups. Thus, the apoptotic effect and anti-inflammatory property of neem leaf extract resulted in less painful castration and verified Azadirachta indica as a better substitute for chemical castration in contrast to hypertonic saline solution.
Perspectivas de avaliação nas/das bibliografias na formação inicial em Educação Física
Authors: Stieg Ronildo , Vieira Aline de Oliveira , Frossard Matheus Lima , Mello André da Silva , Ferreira Neto Amarílio , Santos Wagner dos
Published: January 2021

Este estudo objetiva dar visibilidade ao modo como o debate da avaliação da aprendizagem na formação inicial de professores de Educação Física, de seis Universidades Federais brasileiras, têm se articulado com a perspectiva de formação desses cursos. De caráter qualitativo e utilizando a metodologia crítico-documental1 , faz uma análise das ementas das disciplinas de avaliação e das 17 bibliografias de autores da Educação Física nelas referenciadas. A textualidade das obras expressa maior preocupação com teorias da aprendizagem cognitiva e motora e sua relação com o ensino da Educação Física escolar, deixando a discussão sobre avaliação em segundo plano. A pesquisa indica que os autores das bibliografias se apropriam dos debates produzidos no campo da Educação, fazendo uma releitura das concepções avaliativas bem como dos instrumentos por elas sinalizados. Como resultado, apresenta uma variedade de registros avaliativos comuns a diferentes componentes curriculares, considerando também a especifi cidade da Educação Física.
Surveys and Registries on Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Cappato Riccardo , Ali Hussam
Published: January 2021

Surveys and registries are widely used in medicine as valuable tools to integrate the information from randomized and observational studies. Early after its introduction in daily practice and parallel to its escalating popularity, catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation has been the subject of several surveys and registries. Over the years, relevant aspects associated with atrial fibrillation ablation have been investigated using these tools, including procedural safety and efficacy, discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy and risk of stroke postablation, and outcomes in special populations. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the contributions offered by surveys and registries in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation over the past 15 years.