bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach
Authors: Nelson Daniel B
Published: November 2023

GARCH models have been applied in modelling the relation between conditional variance and asset risk premia. These models, however, have at least three major drawbacks in asset pricing applications: (i) Researchers beginning with Black (1976) have found a negative correlation between current returns and future returns volatility. GARCH models rule this out by assumption. (ii) GARCH models impose parameter restrictions that are often violated by estimated coefficients and that may unduly restrict the dynamics of the conditional variance process. (iii) Interpreting whether shocks to conditional variance “persist” or not is difficult in GARCH models, because the usual norms measuring persistence often do not agree. A new form of ARCH is proposed that meets these objections. The method is used to estimate a model of the risk premium on the CRSP Value-Weighted Market Index from 1962 to 1987.
Semiparametric ARCH Models
Authors: Engle Robert F , Gonzalez-Rivera Gloria
Published: November 2023

This article introduces a semiparametric autoregressive conditional hetero scedasticity (ARCH) model that has conditional first and second moments given by autoregressive moving average and ARCH parametric formulations but a conditional density that is assumed only to be sufficiently smooth to be approximated by a nonparametric density estimator. For several particular conditional densities, the relative efficiency of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator is compared with maximum likelihood under correct specification. These potential efficiency gains for a fully adaptive procedure are compared in a Monte Carlo experiment with the observed gains from using the proposed semiparametric procedure, and it is found that the estimator captures a substantial proportion of the potential. The estimator is applied to daily stock returns from small firms that are found to exhibit conditional skewness and kurtosis and to the British pound to dollar exchange rate.
Modelling the Coherence in Short-run Nominal Exchange Rates: A Multivariate Generalized ARCH Model
Authors: Bollerslev Tim
Published: November 2023

A multivariate time-series model with time-varying conditional variances and covariances, but constant conditional correlations is proposed. In a multivariate regression framework, the model is readily interpreted as an extension of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model allowing for heteroskedasticity. Parameterizing each of the conditional variances as a univariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) process, the descriptive validity of the model is illustrated for a set of five nominal European US dollar exchange rates following the inception of the European Monetary System (EMS). When compared to the pre-EMS free-float period, the comovements between the currencies are found to be significantly higher over the later period.
An Economist’s Perspective on the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver
Published: November 2023

An outsider to the field of economics would probably take it for granted that economists have a highly developed theory of the firm. After all firms are the engines of growth of modern capitalistic economies, and so economists must surely have fairly sophisticated views of how they behave. In fact, little could be further from the truth. Most formal models of the firm are extremely rudimentary, capable only of portraying hypothetical firms that bear little relation to the complex organizations we see in the world. Furthermore, theories that attempt to incorporate real world features of corporations, partnerships and the like often lack precision and rigour, and have therefore failed, by and large, to be accepted by the theoretical mainstream.
Constraints on Multimedia Convergence
Authors: Garnham Nicholas
Published: November 2023

A pervasive, technological determinist perspective has dominated much popular and scholarly discussion on ICT innovations and related policy debates and initiatives. Proponents of this view have argued that developments leading to a digitally based convergence of ICTs are fundamentally restructuring communications and the communication industries as part of the process of ushering in the information society. They claim the challenge for policy makers is to ensure that outdated regulatory structures are not a barrier to economically and socially beneficent change (Bell 1973, 1980; Toffier 1980; de Sola Pool 1990; Negroponte 1995).
The Moral Hazard Problem
Authors: Macho-Stadler Ines , Perez-Castrillo J David , Watt Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the moral hazard model. The model studies those situations in which the agent’s behaviour is not a verifiable variable in the relationship. Therefore, it cannot be included in the terms of the contract and so the systems of payment pro posed by the symmetric information model are no longer adequate. The analysis of the moral hazard model has two simple implications. First, our at tention is directed to the fact that when a contract is offered, it is necessary to take into account the decisions (the effort) that the other party will take if he accepts the relationship. The fact that these decisions cannot be controlled implies an important efficiency loss and it also affects the type of contract that will be signed and the decisions that will be taken. Secondly, the analysis shows that the optimal contract is determined by the trade-off between two conflicting objectives: efficiency (in the optimal distribution of risk between the participants) and the incentives of the agent (additional risk).
Strategies of Cooperation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Strategic alliances are increasingly common, as many organizations look towards various partnering arrangements. This book is a clear and comprehensive survey by two authors with extensive knowledge of alliances in Europe, Asia and America. They present perspectives from economics, strategy and organization theory and blend these with a range of practical examples. This informed and accessible book will be ideal for business students and managers alike wishing to understand the challenges of managing alliances.
Organizational Learning
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

It has long been recognized that successful strategies are those which adapt organizations to the opportunities and threats in their environments, and which enhance their internal capacities. Adaptation to external developments and internal enhancement both involve ‘organizational learning’. The term has since the 1970s come to be used to emphasize that organizations, just as individuals, can acquire new knowledge and skills with the intention of improving their future performance. It has indeed been argued that the only competitive advantage the company of the future will have is its managers’ ability to learn faster than its rivals (De Geus 1988: 740). Organizations often adopt cooperative strategies with the specific intention of acquiring new knowledge and know-how. Successful cooperation itself requires a learning process by the partners (Inkpen 1995a).
Technological Collaboration
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

Collaboration, in the form of technology-based joint ventures, strategic alliances, and multi-partner R & D projects, is an increasingly important feature in the generation and diffusion of technology and is therefore a key MTI activity. Technological collaboration essentially involves shared commitment of resources and risk by a number of partners to agreed complementary aims. Vertical collaboration occurs throughout the chain of production for particular products, from the provision of raw materials, through the production and assembly of parts, components, and systems, to their distribution and servicing. Horizontal collaborations occur between partners at the same level in the production process. As we have seen in previous chapters, vertical, user-supplier links play a central role in the innovation process. Horizontal links also assist the innovation process, although firms may be comparatively more reticent to form such collaborations, as these may lead to disputes over ownership of their outcomes, such as intellectual property rights, or to direct competition between collaborating firms. Technological collaboration –with suppliers, users, partners, and universities –was a feature of all the case-study companies in Chapter 1.
Applied Macroeconometrics: An Introduction
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time there was consensus on both the theoretical foundations of macroeconomics and the correct approach to macroeconometric modelling. Such a consensus, built around the Cowles Commission approach to model building, broke down dramatically at the beginning of the 1970s when it became clear that ‘...the models did not represent the data...did not represent the theory... were ineffective for practical purposes of forecasting and policy...’, Pesaran and Smith(1995) .
Intertemporal Optimization and GMM Method
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

The intertemporal optimization approach to macroeconomic theory takes the Lucas critique seriously and relies on the belief that questions like ‘How should a central bank respond to shocks in macroeconomic variables?’ are to be answered within the framework of quantitative monetary general equilibrium models of the business cycle.
Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Zander Udo
Published: November 2023

A fundamental puzzle, as first stated by Michael Polanyi (1966), is that individuals appear to know more than they can explain. That knowledge can be tacit has broad implications for understanding the difficulty of imitating and diffusing individual skills, a problem lying at the heart of artificial intelligence to the competitive analysis of firms. Though the idea of tacit knowledge has been widely evoked but rarely defined-as if the lack of definition is itself evidence of the concept, it represents a dramatically different vantage point by which to analyze the capabilities and boundaries of firms.
Assessment
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

While the assessment and planning stages can feel like you are not getting ‘treatment’, they are essential foundations for successful treatment and can be some of the most important sessions you might have. A skilled therapist will be mindful of taking things at a pace that best suits you. One of the most important areas of the assessment phase is for your therapist to clearly understand your strengths, problems, and therapy goals clearly. Openness is the best policy—this information is to help both of you plan for treatment.
Prioritizing your therapy focus
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

When you first enter therapy, you and your therapist will most probably focus on getting to know one another, clarifying treatment goals and developing a plan for treatment. Your safety and the safety of others, if relevant, will be of paramount importance, as will be the relationship with your therapist. Once safety has been achieved, the next focus will be improving the quality of your life. In therapy sessions, you will be encouraged to be yourself and reflect upon your internal world and your relationships with those external to you.
Is it taking charge of our personal boundaries that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Keys to healthy boundaries persuading ourselves about the need for boundaries; asserting with others the boundaries. Signs to evaluate our boundaries if we regularly lose our power when we are in relationships; if we regularly keep people away and feel lonely, isolated, and empty. Signs that our boundaries are about right when we feel sufficiently safe with and adequately connected to people.
Is it how we relate to ourselves that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

We all have value.

We all have a right to be here.

We need to find ways of recognizing and acknowledging our successes, achievements, and positive qualities, however small.

Our favourite way of working towards improved self-esteem is via the pathway of acceptance of who we are at any single moment.

We need to try be compassionate with ourselves, recognizing that we are doing the best that we know how—nobody we have met has said, ‘I am going to get up today and deliberately make some poor decisions!’
Do National Systems Converge?
Authors: Tomlinson Mark
Published: November 2023

There has been much debate in recent years about the question of the convergence of economic systems. This has tÅn on a new importance in European economies in the light of European integration. Not least with the accession of ten new countries to the Union. The more recent debates have to some extent blurred the discussion about convergence and what it actually means. The chapter proceeds as follows. First of all, after a general discussion of the importance of convergence, different definitions of convergence will be briefly explored. While it is not possible here to go into all the details and nuances of the debates, the concept of convergence will be set within the context of the European Commission’s enduring fascination with international benchmarking and the use of various unidimensional indicators and league tables to assess the progress of member states (e.g. the Innovation Scoreboard or ‘Trendchar’.
Science–Technology–Industry Links and the ‘European Paradox’: Some Notes on the Dynamics of Scientific and Technological Research in Europe
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Llerena, Patrick , Labini Mauro Sylos
Published: November 2023

We originally began this work simply meaning to address what is known as the ‘European Paradox’. Such a paradox—which sounds quite similar to an earlier ‘UK paradox’, fashionable around thirty years ago—refers to the conjecture that EU countries play a leading global role in terms of top-level scientific output, but lag behind in the ability of converting this strength into wealth-generating innovations. However, we soon realized, first, that the paradox mostly appears just in the flourishing business of reporting to and by the European Commission itself rather than in the data.
European Universities Under the Pressure of Globalization
Authors: Cohendet Patrick , Mailhot Chantale , Schaever Véronique
Published: November 2023

The debate on the role of the university in the modern society is a growing one among policymÅrs, scientists as well as industrialists (Etzkowitz and LeydesdorV 2000: 109). This debate reflects a general concern with the profound changes in the mode of production of knowledge and in the organization of science that are seen as characterizing the knowledge-based economy. A polyphony of academic voices from various Welds and disciplines (including sociology of innovation, social anthropology of learning, evolutionary economics, economic history, economic geography, cognitive psychology, and competence- or resource-based approaches to enterprise strategy) have proposed a diversity of models (Triple Helix, Mode 2, sociology of networks, etc.) aiming at throwing light on public policy and academic strategy (Rip 2002: 125).
For National Strategies of Transition to a Knowledge Economy in the European Union—Learning, Innovation, and the Open Method of Coordination
Authors: Rodrigues Maria Joā
Published: November 2023

We are going through a great transformation which can be called a transition to knowledge-intensive economies. We can say that we are entering a new mode of knowledge creation, diffusion, and use due to three main factors: the acceleration of information and communication technologies; the increasingly sophisticated procedures to codify, learn, and manage knowledge; and the social perception of knowledge as a strategic asset of companies, nations, and people. This broad transformation involves new patterns of behaviour, values, social relationships, and institutional forms.
Compositionality as an Empirical Problem
Authors: Dowty David
Published: November 2023

Gottlob Frege (1892) is credited with the so-called “principle of compositionality”, also called “Frege’s Principle”, which one often hears expressed this way: Frege’s Principle (so-called) “The meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of the words in it and the way they are combined syntactically.” (Exactly how Frege himself understood “Frege’s Principle” is not our concern here; rather, it is the understanding that this slogan has acquired in contemporary linguistics that we want to pursue, and this has little further to do with Frege.)
Balkanizing the Balkan Sprachbund A Closer Look at Grammatical Permeability and Feature Distribution
Authors: Friedman Victor A
Published: November 2023

The Balkan sprachbund2 was the first area of contact-induced language change to be idented as such (Leake 1814: 380; Kopitar 1829: 86). Owing perhaps to this pedigree, it has been described as ‘the most studied’ and ‘most famous’ example of its kind, but, owing to the known antiquity and com-
Cantonese Grammar in Areal Perspective1
Authors: Matthews Stephen
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of language contact in the development of the Yue dialect group, of which Cantonese represents the prestige and de facto standard variety as spoken in Hong Kong and the provincial capital, Guangzhou (Canton). The chapter begins with the historical background and a survey of the linguistic stocks which have been in contact with Cantonese. In §2, Cantonese is situated within the linguistic area constituted by mainland South-east Asia. §3 focuses on some features of Cantonese grammar which are shared with non-Sinitic languages rather than with Chinese as a whole, and which implicate effects of contact. In §4, mechanisms of contact-induced change are discussed in relation to these features, and conclusions are drawn regarding Cantonese as a layered language in the sense of Chapter 1.
How asthma affects us
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K
Published: November 2023

In asthma, the single most important abnormality is inflammation of the airways (breathing tubes) This inflammation results in narrowing of the airways, which causes asthma symptoms Appropriate treatment can revert the airways back to a healthy state Untreated inflammation over a period of years causes permanent damage
Ezafe and the deep position of nominal modifiers
Authors: Larson Richard , Do Hiroko Yamaki
Published: November 2023

In languages exhibiting the Ezafe construction, such as Modern Persian, nominal modifiers generally follow the noun, and a large class of nominal modifiers, including APs, NPs, some PPs, but not relative clauses, require a “linking” element, referred to as Ezafe. Thus in (1a), the noun otaq ‘room’ is modified by the adjective phrase besyar kuchik ‘very small.’ The Ezafe vowel e appears in between, suffixed to the noun. In (1b), the noun xune ‘house’ is followed by a restrictive PP, kenar-e cfa:rya ‘on the beach.’ The two are connected by Ezafe, which also appears internally, between the preposition and its object. finally (1c) shows the noun otaiz modified by the relative clause i-ke bozorg ast ‘that is big.’ No Ezafe appears in this case; the relative clause initial -1 is a distinct morpheme.
Death and memorials
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

In January 1616 Shakespeare summoned his lawyer, Francis Collins, to draft his will. The decision was probably provoked by the impending marriage of his other daughter, Judith, to Thomas Quiney, son of Richard Quiney who had sought a loan from Shakespeare in 1598. Thomas was five years younger than Judith and Shakespeare had good reason to distrust him. The marriage took place in February 1616 in the middle of Lent without a special licence, an ecclesiastical offence for which Quiney was excommunicated.
Romantic Shakespeare
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

English Romanticism produced its own particular, immensely powerful and influential versions of Shakespeare. At its greatest, in the criticism of Hazlitt and Coleridge or in the poetry of Keats and Wordsworth, Shelley and Byron, and at its weakest, in their plays, Shakespeare became the touchstone for a new kind of writing, the original genius who embodied the natural rather than the educated, the denier of conventions rather than their slave, the creator of a whole world of characters whose individual consciousnesses explored the full extent of the human mind.
Modernist and multinational Shakespeare
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

The opposition to these theatrical excesses came first from William Poel, who replaced one form of historical authenticity with another in his search to reproduce early modern theatrical conditions, complete with extras dressed as nobles to sit on stage as if members of the audience. His productions were much affected by the discovery of the De Witt drawing of the Swan Theatre: the first reliable depiction of an Elizabethan theatre interior.
H
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

The Hawthorne experiments take their name from the Hawthorne works of Western Electric, a company producing telephone equipment in the outskirts of Chicago. These experiments were carried out over a number of years in the 1920s and 1930s and left a strong legacy on the his- tory of management and management thought, leading to the emergence of a tradition known as Human Relations. The most detailed exposition of the experiments themselves is offered by Roethlisberger and Dixon, while a leading figure associated with them was psychologist Elton Mayo. The experiments themselves highlighted the importance of informal groups and group processes for the behaviour of people at work. In particular, they strongly suggested that people’s motivation at work was fundamentally shaped by group norms of what a fair day’s work represented. Such norms were distinct from management targets and ensured that each worker’s output was roughly in line with that of the others, no one working too hard or too slackly. Deviant behaviour was discouraged, initially through hints and whispers, later on through ridicule and ostracism. In this way, groups controlled the behaviour of their members. Mayo concluded that productivity depends on motivation of the social unit, not on motivation of individual workers. People are social beings, not just individual economic ones.
M
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

McDonaldization is a term used by George Ritzer to describe a more advanced stage of Taylorism that extends the principles of Scientific Management (especially standardization and divorce of conception from execution) and Fordism to service industries and seeks to control not only behaviour but also the emotional displays of employees at the work- place. McDonaldization represents a culmination of the rationalization of production and consumption that has unfolded throughout the twentieth century. It involves (a) the careful planning of standardized products and work routines, (b) escalating deskilling and, correspondingly, greater reliance on emotional labour, and (c) the homogenization of consumption and simultaneous proliferation of market niches and consumer choice.
N
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Narcissism is a term coined by Sigmund Freud that has proven remarkably useful in discussions of individual and clinical psychology as well as in cultural and organizational studies. Inspired by Narcissus, the beautiful adolescent of Greek mythology who fell in love with his own image reflected in the clear waters of a lake, narcissism involves a range of phenomena in which love is directed towards a person’s own ego. This ‘self- love’ can assume many different forms ranging from excessive preoccupation with self-image and beauty to burning ambition to a need to be constantly the centre of attention.
R
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Race is a difficult, dangerous, and contested concept. Unlike nations and ethnic groups, races are usually thought of as involving some inherited physical characteristics, most notably skin colour. Yet, physical differences between human groups tend to be far less significant in terms of biology than in terms of the political and symbolic meanings attached to them and particularly assumptions of supposed superiority and inferiority. Thus, the Nazis developed bio- logical ‘theories’ of race and genetic purity, mainly as the basis for racist ideology and racist practices—genetic screening, genetic cleaning, and eventually genocide. Using race as a scientific concept has since been tainted as is evident from the furious controversies surrounding periodic attempts by psychologists to link it in some objective way to intelligence, another highly contested concept.
T
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Teams are particular types of group in which the successful completion of a task depends as much on the interaction between the team members as on how well they each perform their individual tasks. A football team, like Real Madrid’s ‘galacticos’, may include the most gifted foot- ballers in the world and yet it may lose a match to a less brilliant but better-coordinated, better- balanced, and better-motivated team. Being a team player who values the performance of the team above individual excellence is often seen as a desirable characteristic when applying for a job. Teamwork has come to be viewed as one of the most desirable qualities for organizational success. This is particularly due to the synergy and creativity that successful teamwork can stimulate.
The Sexual Offences Referencer
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

An easy to follow guide and references which contains all the technical information needed in sexual offences cases. The law in this area has expanded greatly in recent decades; ‘historic’ cases are currently tried under the law existing at the time the offence was committed (and if the abuse was lengthy, this will often straddle several pieces of legislation). Current editions of legal textbooks do not include the old laws that these historic cases fall under, so practitioners have to resort to a mix of old editions and new. This book sets out the correct indictments and sentencing provisions for the different sexual offences dating back to 1943, to cover all cases which might be prosecuted. Anyone looking up a particular offence will find all the necessary technical information in one place. Each chapter sets out an offence (giving its historic and current description) and all that relates to it in terms of indictments and sentence, including current sentencing guidelines and relevant case law. The book also includes model indictments; the latest material from the Sentencing Guidelines Council; the Notification Requirements as they have been amended; and specified offences under the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
Indictments
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to provide some helpful tips on drafting indictments in sex cases, although some of the advice will apply generally. As long as the Indictment Rules are not offended, the contents of an indictment are largely a matter of style; this obviously will apply more to the Particulars. For any case which is sent, transferred, or committed to the Crown Court on or after 2.4.2007, the Indictment Rules are the new Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007; for cases prior to that the Indictment Rules 19712 will still apply. The 2007 Rules represent the 3rd amendment to the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005. The Indictment Rules 1971 are revoked by the 2007 Amendment Rules and are now consolidated with the procedural rules about indictments which were already included in Part 14.
Prostitution and Trafficking
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

Before the SOA 1956 was passed, several offences relating to prostitution and trading in prostitution existed, in particular under the Vagrancy Act 1898. Taking into account the rarity of these pre 1.1.1957 offences being prosecuted, only one, procuration of women under 21 into prostitution, has been included.

After 1.1.1957 a great number of offences were created to deal with prostitution and the exploitation of prostitutes.

Until the passing of the SOA 2003 there were few statutory offences dealing with the exploitation of male prostitutes. Such offences as did exist dealt primarily with adult males/females living off the earnings of male prostitution (except the offence of Solicitation by Men, contrary to SOA 1956, s 32 see paras 8.96–8.101).
Obscene Publications
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

The Protection of Children Act (PCA) 1978 consolidated the law on child pornography, essentially legislating against the taking, showing, distribution, and publishing of indecent photographs of children under 16. Before 1978 these categories of offences were prosecuted under obscenity laws, customs and excise legislation, offences of indecent assault and gross indecency with children. This Act is still in force. Section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 1988 extended the PCA 1978 offences to include an offence of simple possession of such a photograph. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994 extended these offences to computer data and computerized images of children.
Verbal and nominalized finite clauses in Turkish
Authors: Kornfilt Jaklin
Published: November 2023

Finiteness is a term used very often in traditional, typological, and formal literature in linguistics. Yet it is not completely clear whether this term expresses a discrete formal feature or even a unique phenomenon to which such a feature would correspond, or if finiteness is an epiphenomenon resulting from certain other properties of language, thus in need of formal analysis as a combination of features (see discussion in Adger, Chapter 2 above, as well as the contribution of Cristofaro, Chapter 4 above, where the view that finiteness is not one single, discrete phenomenon is also defended).
Irish Nouns
Authors: Carnie Andrew
Published: November 2023

This book presents the first comprehensive reference on noun declensions in Modern Irish. Whereas traditional descriptions of noun inflection are notoriously complex and filled with exceptions and irregularities, this reference guide provides a systematic and straightforward characterization of nominal paradigms, which also captures important generalizations about the inflection of nouns. Andrew Carnie proposes ten declension classes instead of the traditional five and separates off seven major types of plural formation. He provides fully inflected paradigms for 1200 nouns, and a reference list of 10,000 Irish nouns annotated with their new declension class, their plural type and the form of the genitive singular and common case (nominative) plural. The book also includes parallel information on the inflection of adjectives and prepositions. This unique reference tool will be invaluable not only to language researchers and authors, but to teachers and students of the language, whether they are native speakers or beginners.
The possibility of political order
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

Can the European experiment in political organization and governance give a better general understanding of how political order is possible and what factors influence the rise and decline of voluntary cooperative efforts across established entities and boundaries? Can it shed light on why sovereign states voluntarily join a larger political unit, such as the European Union, and what consequences there are for the component units when they become part of a larger entity? Can we learn something about the significance of democratic institutions and actors for the dynamics of change in political orders? These themes are elaborated in the rest of the volume.
The legacy: nationalization of political life
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

In contrast to studies of European integration that identify institutionalism with strong European-level institutions (Puchala 1999), the institutional approach used here assumes considerable robustness and resilience in the constituent institutions at the domestic level as well. Faced with such standard issues in the study of political development as how territorial systems of government arise and disintegrate, how different types of political order are fostered, maintained and lost, and which factors structure political life, institutionalists expect well-entrenched institutions and identities such as the modern territorial state to change slowly. Existing institutional arrangements and how they have emerged and evolved are also believed to influence the direction and pace of change.
Reformers as pawns, engineers and gardeners
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

Ordinary language makes a distinction between the utopian dreamer and the visionary political leader. The utopian offers an ideal system of governance and community. Yet, he presents no clear ideas about how and under what conditions the polity can be moved towards the ideal. Or, if he does, the ideas, together with the prescribed institutional arrangement, are generally viewed as impractical or impossible fantasies. The visionary leader has a better understanding of the relationship between human action, institutions and the flow of history.
Strangeways: A Decade of Change?
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper provides a personal assessment of what was achieved over the intervening decade since the publication of the Strangeways Report in 1991. It considers the 12 principal recommendations and examines the extent they have been implemented. It concludes that while in almost every area covered by the recommendations there have been some improvements, and in many the progress has been significant, the picture is disappointing when judged against what should have been achieved. It identifies management and overcrowding as the causes of the shortcomings. A discussion follows on the measures which might improve the prospect for the future to ensure there is adequate security and control of prisons, justice and fairness, and a constructive regime for prisoners.
A Justice System the Community Owns
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper emphasises the need for English courts to have closer links with the community. It highlights the current centralised nature of the courts and describes the Red Hook Project in Brooklyn, USA, where Judge Calabrese has dealt with cases that can blight a local community. No court in the UK has the facilities to play a community role in the same way as the Red Hook Court, where it is much easier to respond constructively to an offender ‘s individual circumstances and find practical solutions to offending behaviour so that offenders leave court knowing exactly what they are supposed to do next. It concludes that were such a strategy to be implemented in the UK it would save years of adult offending and reduce the enormous costs to the state.
Do We Need a New Approach to Penal Policy?
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper provides a detailed account of the numerous reforms implemented over recent years in the English Criminal Justice System. It suggests that while the government has made a huge commitment in trying to reduce crime and increase public confidence in sentencing, its efforts have been thwarted by the problem of prison overcrowding and rising costs of keeping prisoners in custody. It discusses the efforts that have been made to coordinate the different criminal justice agencies, such as the establishment of a Criminal Justice Board, the National Offender Management Service, and the Sentencing Guidelines Council, and focuses upon where the Criminal Justice System should be heading if it is to prevent the present situation from getting worse.
Environmental Law and Sustainable Development
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Abstract This paper identifies the dramatic scale of the changes that have taken place in environmental law in the intervening years since the 5th Garner Lecture was delivered in 1991 [see Chapter 22 above]. It discusses how the threat to the environment has increased, recognising that development must be restricted to that which is environmentally sustainable. It calls for a judicial system that meets the needs of the environment as encapsulated in the Johannesburg principles on the role of law and sustainable development, and advises how this could be achieved. It concludes that we need a global legal framework to restrict development to that which is sustainable backed by a global means of enforcement. Until this is achieved, however, it could be sensible to consider having specialised environmental courts at the regional level.
Media Law & Human Rights
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

The incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights in UK Law, has made the principle of free speech a positive right. But what is the law of freedom of expression and privacy and how does it affect the media? This new edition of Media Law and Human Rights provides practical coverage of the impact of human rights principles in media law. Providing a comprehensive guide to the Strasbourg case law as it affects the media, this book also examines how the UK courts have grappled with the concepts of privacy and freedom of expression as developed by the European Court. It considers the potential for further influence and looks at the special provisions in the structure of the Human Rights Act and how, if the UK courts still do not provide a remedy, a case can be taken to Strasbourg. This new edition offers comprehensive and up to date coverage of the all the important English case law and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that have occurred since the publication of the first edition, including key cases on libel, such as Steel and Morris v UK (McLibel), privacy such as Douglas v Hello, Campbell v MGM Ltd and Mosley v News Group Ltd and political advertising such as R(Animal Defenders) v Secretary of State for Culture. This edition also covers major developments outside the UK and Europe including decisions of the US, and Canadian Supreme Courts. This title particularly investigates the issues concerning Article 10 as regards its guarantee of freedom of expression. The right is not absolute, but judgements of the European Court of Human Rights have illustrated how valuable the Convention has been in maintaining freedom of expression. The Contempt of Court Act, rights of appeal against reporting restrictions, and the new approach to privilege in libel have all been the product of Article 10. The authors also consider hhow the courts have responded to the Human Rights Act, in particular the way in which the interrelationship between the right to respect for privacy and freedom of expression. Barristers and solicitors who specialise in media law and who need to understand the implications of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act will find this an essential purchase.
Obscenity And Blasphemy
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Millar Gavin , Sharland Andrew
Published: November 2023

Obscene and blasphemous speech (together with racist speech, discussed in depth in chapter 7) are regulated, at least in part, because of their ability to offend and shock some or all of the population. Indeed, the protection of individuals from offence as a result of attacks on their religion is really the only justification for prohibiting blasphemous speech.
Queen regnant
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

Mary was not left alone to govern, for although the Regency Act made no mention of a council, William appointed one consisting of nine of the principal ministers of state. He clearly gave her his opinion of them, for in July she wrote to him ‘I thought you had given me wrong characters of men, but now I see they answer my expectation of being as little of a mind as a body’ (Dalrymple, vol. 2, appendix, part 2, 143). Their failure to arrive at a consensus was due to the fact that five were tories while four were whigs. Mary was not impressed by any of the nine, her own comments on each of them being negative.
Theatre in Management and Organization Development A Critique of Current Trends
Authors: Coopey John
Published: November 2023

This Chapter presents a preliminary critique of the recent growth in the use of theatre in management education and training and organization development. It is preliminary in the sense that, because little empirical work seems to have been published on the use of theatre in this way, the review presented here draws mainly on journal and newspaper articles, claims made in theatre company brochures, and two case studies written up by the author.
Becoming Better Consultants through Varieties of Experiential Learning
Authors: Neumann Jean E
Published: November 2023

Organizational consultants help their clients understand difficulties, address problems, and anticipate challenges by applying social science theory and methodology. Depending on their consultancy domain and requests brought by their typical clients practitioners evolve approaches that work sufficiently to enable continued practice (Neumann 2004). At some point in their careers, most consultants experience frustration and dissatisfaction with the state of their own consultancy.
Working with Experiential Learning A Critical Perspective in Practice
Authors: Trehan Kiran , Rigg Clare
Published: November 2023

This Chapter reflects on experiences of running a management development programme where the pedagogical process is as significant as the content for participants’ learning. The programme works through an approach to experiential learning that incorporates insights from Critical Management Learning, integrating action learning and critical reflection with a central focus on the notions of power, empowerment, and openness that have been pivotal to the aspirations of experiential learning.
Choosing a surgeon
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Ensure your surgeon is trained and qualified to perform your procedure. Beware of inducements (gift vouchers, ‘two for one’ deals) to proceed with surgery. Always meet your surgeon before the operation (not a ‘counsellor’ or company agent). Check that the hospital where you will be treated has all the necessary facilities and staff.

For anyone considering a cosmetic procedure, the process of choosing a surgeon can be convoluted and confusing. Unlike most other branches of medicine, the traditional role of the general practitioner in recommending a specialist has been eroded in the field of cosmetic surgery. Many people feel that they shouldn’t bother their GP for advice about cosmetic surgery because it is not ‘serious’ and may be a waste of their time. Regrettably, some GPs may indeed be unsympathetic or not know who to recommend.
Building a Theory
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the theory building activities illustrated in Figure 4.1 of the engaged scholarship process. The central objective of theory building is to develop plausible and interesting conceptual models that answer a question about the problem as formulated in the last chapter. A central theme of engaged scholarship is the close interplay between theory and reality. In the last chapter this theme emphasized that formulating a research problem requires robust theories and concepts. This chapter applies the theme to theory building. Building a theory requires intimate familiarity with the problem domain. Problem formulation and theory building go hand in hand. Another theme is engagement. Just as problem formulation requires involvement of those who experience and know the problem domain, theory building is greatly enhanced by engaging knowledge experts in relevant disciplines and functions.
Communicating and Using Research Knowledge
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

The problem formulation, theory building, and research design activities discussed in previous chapters set the stage for problem solving in the engaged scholarship model, as shown in Figure 8.1. Problem solving entails a variety of activities undertaken to communicate and apply research findings with an audience. Presumably these findings provide empirical answers to the research questions about the problems that motivated the research. Let us also assume that these study findings meet the dual hurdles of relevance and rigor and have the potential to advance knowledge for science and practice.
The interaction between Asia and the West, 1500–2003
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

Direct maritime contact between western Europe and Asia was initiated by Vasco da Gama in 1497. The European impact on Asia was important but much more modest than what happened in the Americas in the centuries following 1492. Asia’s population was five times that of western Europe and 14 times as big as the Americas in 1500. The technological level in Asia was much more sophisticated than in the Americas, and its major states—the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, the Moghul Empire, China, and Japan—were infinitely better equipped to resist conquest than the Aztecs, Incas, and tribes of the Americas.
The Nineteen-Sixties: ‘You ‘ve Never Had it So Good ’
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

In April 1966

Time Magazine ’s cover story was ‘Swinging London ’, and it editorialized: ‘Every decade has its city, and for the Sixties that city is London. ‘ But it wasn ‘t only London that was swinging. For the first time in Britain ’s history there was widespread private affluence (combined admittedly with public squalor, in J. K. Galbraith ’s plangent phrase). In the 1960s Britain witnessed an unparalleled explosion of innovation in almost every sphere of culture. This was the natural reaction to thirty years of depression and gloom. It was the decade when the contraceptive pill transformed women ’s lives—with incidental and immeasurable longterm consequences for advertising—and also transformed both sexes ‘ attitudes to . . . sex. It was also, perhaps partly as a result, the decade when young creativity supplanted the old, and disrespect for the past supplanted respect.
Remedies
Authors: Hondius Professor Dr. Ewoud , Heutger Dr. Viola , Jeloschek Dr. Christoph , Sivesand Dr. Hanna , Wiewiorowska Aneta
Published: November 2023

If a party fails to perform an obligation under the contract, the other party may exercise the remedies provided in Chapters 8 and 9 of the Principles of European Contract Law, except as other-wise provided in this Chapter. The starting point for the Sales Principles is that, in the event of the non-performance of any obligation by either party under the contract, the aggrieved party may resort to the remedies contained in Chapters 8 and 9 of the Principles of European Contract Law. In essence, this Article therefore merely repeats Article 1:201, which sets out the general relationship between these two sets of Principles. However, the wording (‘except as otherwise provided’) also makes it clear that the present Principles provide for sales-specific rules on remedies that deviate from the general regime contained in the Principles of European Contract Law (for the differences, see Article 4:201 Comments B and Y). This Chapter addresses two kinds of deviations from the rules on remedies contained in the Principles of European Contract Law. Both have been deemed necessary since the remedial regime of the Principles of European Contract Law provides solutions that are, at times, too general and thus do not to solve all the specific problems in the context of remedies under a sales contract. Section 1 contains modifications of, or additions to, the general remedial regime of the Principles of European Contract Law as such. It is important to note that these salesspecific rules apply in the case of a breach of any obligation under the contract, unless the parties have agreed otherwise, rather than the relevant provisions of the Principles of European Contract Law.