bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating English Legal Lexical Features into Arabic: Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Altarabin Mahmoud
Published: July 2018

The challenges of legal translation between English and Arabic are not sufficiently investigated despite the impact such challenges can have on the translation product. There is a huge volume of translation between English and Arabic for legal texts such as contracts of various types, wills, articles of association, lawsuits, to name but a few. Notwithstanding the pitfalls of translation between English and Arabic in general, translating legal texts poses certain challenges of critical implications. Such challenges can be attributed to the difference in the structure of the legal texts, types of legal texts, and, most importantly, the difference in the legal system between the Arab countries on the one hand and the English-speaking countries on the other. The present paper aims to discuss the lack of uniformity in legal translation, differences within the same legal system and the translator’s lack of familiarity with legal terms. It also aims to highlight certain challenges such as the contextual meaning and connotative meaning.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: International NGOs and the Dual Pressures of Donors and Host Governments
Authors: Heiss Andrew , Kelley Judith G.
Published: July 2018

Review of:- The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators. By Sarah Sunn Bush. (Cambridge University Press, 2015.)- Help or Harm: The Human Security Effects of International NGOs. By Amanda Murdie. (Stanford University Press, 2014.)- Civil Society under Authoritarianism: The China Model. By Jessica C. Teets. (Cambridge University Press, 2014.)
Queering Outer Space
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

How can queer and other minority or marginalized people stake a claim in human futures in space? This paper reflects on the challenges, opportunities, scenarios, and interventions involved as we try to queer the increasingly corporate and military human exploration of and engagement with outer space. I suggest that we must go further than academically interrogating the military and corporate narratives of space “exploration” and “colonization.” We must also water, fertilize, and tend the seeds of alternative visions of possible futures in space, not only seeking solutions to earthly problems of the moment, but actively queering outer space and challenging the future to be even more queer.Keywords: Queer Theory, Space, Anthropology, Colonialism, Mars, SETIPlease Cite as:Oman-Reagan, Michael P. 2015. “Queering Outer Space.” SocArXiv, Open Science Framework. Manuscript, submitted January 22, 2017. osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/mpyk6/
Efficacy ESP in EFL Context: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia of
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Nazim Mohammad , Hazarika Zoheb
Published: July 2018

The essence of English for Specific Purpose (ESP) is to provide a strong foundation of English required for specific professional disciplines, and the Preparatory Year Programme (PYP) in Saudi universities are designed to achieve the desired proficiency level required for various professional disciplines. The present study aims to delineate the efficacy of ESP vis-à-vis the PYP with special reference to Najran University. It intends to investigate whether PYP students’ English proficiency conforms to ESP standards by analysing teachers’ feedback and expert opinions. The research design makes methodological triangulation using both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (questionnaire) methods. Forty teachers of PYP, teaching various courses of English, Najran University were randomly selected to elicit their feedback and opinion on various aspects of students’ linguistic proficiency vis-à-vis ESP standards. The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions using Likert’s 5 scales (Strongly Agree, Agree, Can’t Say, Disagree, Strongly Disagree). Semi-structured interviews were also used to acquire detailed perceptions of the teachers. Ten teachers were interviewed with four questions pertaining to the relevant research area. Based on the data analysis, it is observed that most of the students at PYP have language proficiency to learn ESP, but not up to the desired level. There is a need to enhance learners’ proficiency level required for various professional disciplines. In the end, this study offers some remedial measures and suggestions aiming not only to raise the compatibility of ESP in the context of PYP in Saudi Arabia, but also to inject more ESP-oriented materials in the curriculum.
修復的少年司法の批判的分析―オーストラリアを事例として― (Critical Analysis of Restorative Juvenile Justice: Case Study on Australia)
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro
Published: July 2018

本稿は以下の構成からなる。まず初めに、オーストラリアにおける修復的少年司法の実践に焦点を当てる。ここでは、オーストラリアにおける修復的少年司法の始まりおよび発展の歴史に関して簡単に触れた後、現在の実務状況および少年司法内への制度化によって生じた弊害に関して論じる。続いて、オーストラリアにおける修復的少年司法の有効性を扱った研究、特に Reintegrative Shaming ExperimentとSouth Australia Juvenile Justiceに着目する。これらの結果の分析を踏まえた上で、オーストラリアにおける修復的(少年)司法研究の今後の方向性について論じる。最後に、以上の批判的分析をもとに、日本への視座に関して言及する。
‘As if nobody’s reading’?: The imagined audience and socio-technical biases in personal blogging practice in the UK
Authors: Brake David R
Published: July 2018

This thesis examines the understandings and meanings of personal blogging from the perspective of blog authors. The theoretical framework draws on a symbolic interactionist perspective, focusing on how meaning is constructed through blogging practices, supplemented by theories of mediation and critical technology studies. The principal evidence in this study is derived from an analysis of in-depth interviews with bloggers selected to maximise their diversity based on the results of an initial survey. This is supplemented by an analysis of personal blogging’s technical contexts and of various societal influences that appear to influence blogging practices.Bloggers were found to have limited interest in gathering information about their readers, appearing to rely instead on an assumption that readers are sympathetic. Although personal blogging practices have been framed as being a form of radically free expression, they were also shown to be subject to potential biases including social norms and the technical characteristics of blogging services. Blogs provide a persistent record of a blogger’s practice, but the bloggers in this study did not generally read their archives or expect others to do so, nor did they retrospectively edit their archives to maintain a consistent self-presentation.The empirical results provide a basis for developing a theoretical perspective to account for blogging practices. This emphasises firstly that a blogger’s construction of the meaning of their practice can be based as much on an imagined and desired social context as it is on an informed and reflexive understanding of the communicative situation. Secondly, blogging practices include a variety of envisaged audience relationships, and some blogging practices appear to be primarilyself-directed with potential audiences playing a marginal role. Blogging’s technical characteristics and the social norms surrounding blogging practices appear to enable and reinforce this unanticipated lack of engagement with audiences. This perspective contrasts with studies of computer mediated communication that suggest bloggers would monitor their audiences and present themselves strategically to ensure interactions are successful in their terms. The study also points the way towards several avenues for further research including a more in-depth consideration of the neglected structural factors (both social and technical) which potentially influence blogging practices, and an examination of social network site use practices using a similar analytical approach.
Till Data Do Us Part: Understanding Data-Based Value Creation in Data-Intensive Infrastructures
Authors: Tempini Niccolò
Published: July 2018

Much of the literature on value creation in social media-based infrastructures has largely neglected the pivotal role of data and their processes. This paper tries to move beyond this limitation and discusses data-based value creation in data-intensive infrastructures, such as social media, by focusing on processes of data generation, use and reuse, and on infrastructure development activities. Building on current debates in value theory, the paper develops a multidimensional value framework to interrogate the data collected in an embedded ethnographical case study of the development of PatientsLikeMe, a social media network for patients. It asks when, and where, value is created from the data, and what kinds of value are created from them, as they move through the data infrastructure; and how infrastructure evolution relates to, and shapes, existing data-based value creation practices. The findings show that infrastructure development can have unpredictable consequences for data-based value creation, shaping shared practices in complex ways and through a web of interdependent situations. The paper argues for an understanding of infrastructural innovation that accounts for the situational interdependencies of data use and reuse. Uniquely positioned, the paper demonstrates the importance of research that looks critically into processes of data use in infrastructures to keep abreast of the social consequences of developments in big data and data analytics aimed at exploiting all kinds of digital traces for multiple purposes.
Writing Worlding: Turning to Ontology at the Dead End of “Culture”
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Attention to ontology-oriented theory over the past few decades has been framed as a “turn to ontology” in anthropology. This paper considers the "turn to ontology" as a Derridian deconstruction of the culture concept, and proposes the concept of Writing worlding as an ethnographic practice which makes no claim to translation or to ultimately meaningful signification.Keywords:Anthropology, Philosophy, Ontology, Rhetoric, Culture, Jacques Derrida, Derridean Deconstruction, TranslationPlease cite as:Oman-Reagan, Michael P. 2015. “Writing Worlding: Turning to Ontology at the Dead End of ‘Culture.’” SocArXiv, Open Science Framework. Manuscript, submitted January 23, 2017. osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/mvaev
How Troubling is our Inheritance - A review of genetics and race in the social sciences
Authors: Cohen Philip N.
Published: July 2018

This article addresses the argument that there is variation between races in the biological basis for social behavior. The article uses Nicholas Wade’s popular book, A Troublesome Inheritance, as the point of departure for a discussion of attendant issues, including the extent to which human races can be definitively demarcated biologically, the extent to which genetics is related to contemporary definitions of race, and the role of natural selection as a possible mechanism for change in modern societies. My critical review of the theory and evidence for an evolutionary view of racial determinism finds that genetics does not explain the relative status and well-being of today’s racially identified groups or their broader societies.
On the justification of intergroup violence: The roles of procedural justice, police legitimacy and group identity in attitudes towards violence among indigenous people
Authors: Gerber Monica M , Gonzalez Roberto , García Héctor Carvacho , Jiménez-Moya Gloria , Moya Cristóbal , Jackson Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Objective: Why do people justify intergroup violence? In this paper we examine attitudes towards violence perpetrated by indigenous activists to claim for rights and violence by pólice officers against indigenous people. We assess the role that perceived pólice legitimacy, procedurally just policing towards the indigenous minority group and group identity play in the justification of intergroup violence. Method: We present findings from two surveys (Study 1, n=1493, Study 2, n=198) and an experiment (Study 3, n=76) conducted among indigenous people in Chile. Studies 1 and 2 measure perceptions of police procedural justice towards indigenous people. Study 3 manipulates the fairness with which police officers treat indigenous people. Effects of procedural justice on police legitimacy (Studies 2 and 3) and attitudes towards violence for social change and social control (Studies 1-3) are analyzed. Result: Higher perceptions of procedurally just policing towards indigenous people predict more support for police violence and less support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists. These effects are mediated by perceived police legitimacy and moderated by identification with the minority group. Among people who identify strongly with their indigenous group, perceiving high procedural justice predicts greater police legitimacy, greater support for police violence, and lesser support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists. Conclusions: Findings contribute to an emerging literature on the roles of procedural justice and legitimacy in violence perceptions. Fair, respectful and neutral treatment of pólice officers may reduce the support for violence among minority group members and increase trust in the violence used by police officers.
Creative methods of teaching accountancy- Its impact
Authors: Panja Sunita
Published: July 2018

Education is a vital process for personality development and social change. The teaching profession is filled with countless opportunities to enrich the academic lives of students. While some concepts and educational objectives will be easy for students to grasp, others will require creativity to ensure that important learning objectives are met. The teaching strategies used must therefore be in line with the contextual learning theory where the aim of education is the integration of content learnt with the real world experiences. Using audio/visual aids in teaching is one way to enhance lesson plans and give students additional ways to process subject information. Therefore, teaching tools such as interactive case studies, simulations and games, group work are widely recommended by several research organizations.In the past, many activities of accounting professors were restricted or confined by their classroom walls. Today, numerous technological advancements in communication infrastructure, equipment and online tools greatly facilitate the initiatives that require effective teachings. Outside experts can now visit the classroom, students can explore or collaborate in distant places and professors can extend the geographical reach of their lessons simply via the means of digital video technology.Presenting accountancy in student-centered and computer-based learning environments can demonstrate the practicality and necessity of the subject, particularly as a foundation for many career options. This article explores various pedagogical approaches that veteran accounting instructors have successfully used to make accounting attractive and enlightening for students, its impact and suggestions.
Effects of Task Repetition and EFL Proficiency on English Speech Act Production
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Ahmadi* Hossein , Ghaemi Farid
Published: July 2018

Interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) studies substantiate the teachability of some aspects of second language (L2) pragmatics. However, there are controversies over the most effective instructional methods. Therefore, following a comparison group design, the present study aims to investigate the relative efficacy of two conditions of output-production task repetition on high- and low-level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ production of speech acts. The main effects of the instructional conditions, EFL proficiency level, and the potential interaction between them are examined. Two classes of English-major students take speech act lessons involving output-generation task repetition as follows: (1) the implicit task-repetition (ITR) group is provided with visually enhanced input plus a consciousness raising task before repeating the output-generation tasks, and (2) the explicit task-repetition (ETR) group is provided with input plus metapragmatic information before repeating the output-generation tasks. The learners’ speech act production is assessed through a written discourse completion test (WDCT) across a pretest and a posttest. The results demonstrate significant gains for both groups from the pretest to the posttest. Moreover, the ETR group significantly outperforms the ITR group in the posttest. Furthermore, EFL proficiency level is found to have a significant effect on learners’ speech act production, with high-level learners outperforming low-level learners. The results reveal no significant interaction between the effects of instructional condition and EFL proficiency level. Regarding pedagogical implications, the findings attest the efficacy of output-generation task repetition in L2 speech acts instruction, particularly when task repetition is coupled with explicit instruction.
American Exceptionalism Revisited: Tax Relief, Poverty Reduction, and the Politics of Child Tax Credits
Authors: McCabe Joshua , Berman Elizabeth Popp
Published: July 2018

In the 1990s, several liberal welfare regimes (LWRs) introduced child tax credits (CTCs) aimed at reducing child poverty. While in other countries these tax credits were refundable, the United States alone introduced a nonrefundable CTC. As a result, the United States was the only country in which poor and working-class families were paradoxically excluded from these new benefits. A comparative analysis of Canada and the United States shows that American exceptionalism resulted from the cultural legacy of distinct public policies. We argue that policy changes in the 1940s institutionalized different "logics of appropriateness" that later constrained policymakers in the 1990s. Specifically, the introduction of family allowances in Canada and other LWR countries naturalized a logic of income supplementation in which families could legitimately receive cash benefits without the stigma of "welfare." Lacking this policy legacy, American attempts to introduce a refundable CTC were quickly derailed by policymakers who saw it as equivalent to welfare. Instead, they introduced a narrow, nonrefundable CTC under the alternative logic of "tax relief," even though this meant excluding the lowest-income families. The cultural legacy of past policies can explain American exceptionalism not only with regard to CTCs but to other social policies as well.
Demographic changes, educational improvements, and earnings in Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Queiroz Bernardo L , Calazans Júlia Almeida
Published: July 2018

This paper estimates the association of demographic and educational changes with earnings and returns to schooling of male workers in Brazil and Mexico. Our analysis takes into account demographic, educational, and economic variations within each country over time, using Demographic Censuses microdata from Brazil and Mexico. Results suggest that demographic and educational transitions are correlated with earnings and returns to education. Proportions of people in age-education groups tend to have negative associations with aggregated earnings. Workers with secondary education completed experience negative effects on their earnings by having lower education than university graduates (education effect) and by representing a bigger share of the population than males with university education completed (cohort size effect). The negative correlations of cohort size have been decreasing in magnitude over time. We also find that the concentration of skilled labor in specific locations has positive associations with individual earnings and that they are greater than those observed in more developed countries. Moreover, in Brazil and Mexico, these effects are observed throughout the income distribution, contrary to what is observed in studies for the United States.
Fair Weather Voters: Do Canadians stay at home when the weather is bad?
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Wigginton Michael
Published: July 2018

What is the relationship between precipitation and the temperature on turnout? Using data on the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, and 2015 Canadian federal elections, we try to answer this question. Through bivariate and multi-variate statistics, we find that each millimeter of precipitation decreases turnout by more than .1 percentage points. When it comes to the temperature our results indicate that that higher temperatures trigger higher turnout. However, we also find that these relationships only apply to spring, summer and fall elections. In the winter 2006 elections, the association was different; warmer temperatures in this election triggered lower turnout, except in the absence of precipitation.
Intellectual Property In the Cathedral
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

A variety of commentators have called for the increased application of liability rules, including compulsory licenses, to intellectual property. Such arguments are well taken, but unfortunately stop short of advocating the full range of potential intellectual property entitlement allocations. Property theory offers a range of allocative structures, including reverse liability rules and "put"-type entitlements that could be beneficially applied to intellectual property. This paper describes several such rules and argues for their consideration in the canon of intellectual property entitlements.
An Evaluation Model of Teaching Practicum of Pre-Service EFL Teachers at the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training in Higher Education
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Syamsudarni  , Sahraini
Published: July 2018

This research generates a product, namely the guiding book for the evaluation of micro teaching of student teachers at the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training of IAIN Palopo (State Islamic Institute) Indonesia, and the instruments used to evaluate the practice of micro teaching at the faculty. The following research questions were addressed: 1. How was the evaluation model of mirco teaching practice at the Faculty of Education and Teaching Training of IAIN Palopo? 2. How were the constructed instruments used to evaluate the practice of micro teaching at the Faculty of Education and Teaching Training of IAIN Palopo? The aim of the study is to produce a guiding book for the evaluation of micro teaching of pre-service teachers at IAIN PAlopo.The book comprises of procedures and guidelines for performing the evaluation of the practice of micro teaching, as well as ways to analyze the results of the evaluation. On the other hand, the instruments generated were employed to evaluate the basic competence of the student teachers’ teaching performance. This book is beneficial for the lecturers teaching micro teaching skills and other related subjects. It can be an ideal handbook for both the lecturers and preservice teachers in that the instruments created have been validated and tested; hence, it is valid and reliable. Also, teaching practice is one of the core topics that the students are supposed to undertake before they jump into the placement, or teaching practicum placed in some schools. Therefore, the provision of this book will significantly help lecturers, students, not to mention the education instution because it can be used either in the classroom or micro teaching lab at the Islamic institute.
The Migration of the Field Code
Authors: Mullen Lincoln A. , Funk Kellen
Published: July 2018

This working paper explains how we detected borrowings among the nineteenth-century US codes of civil procedure called the Field Code using computational methods.
The role of ego in academic profile services: Comparing Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Mendeley, and ResearcherID
Authors: Martín-Martín Alberto , Orduna-Malea Enrique , López-Cózar Emilio Delgado
Published: July 2018

Academic profiling services are a pervasive feature of scholarly life. Alberto Martín-Martín, Enrique Orduna-Malea and Emilio Delgado López-Cózar discuss the advantages and disadvantages of major profile platforms and look at the role of ego in how these services are built and used. Scholars validate these services by using them and should be aware that the portraits shown in these platforms depend to a great extent on the characteristics of the " mirrors " themselves.
Using Habits of Mind to Develop EFL Writing Skills and Autonomy
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Koura Aly A. , Zahran Faten A.
Published: July 2018

The main purpose of this study was to determine the impact of habits of mind (HoM) based strategies on students’ writing skills and autonomy. Questions formulated to achieve the purpose of the study focused on. (1) Determining the habits of mind suitable for EFL students. (2) Finding out differences in both English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ writing performance test regarding experimental and control group. (3) Finding out differences in both EFL students’ autonomy scale of experimental and control group. Thirty three EFL students constituted the sample for this study and four instruments-designed by the researchers- were used for data collection. Results indicated that students of experimental group outperformed their counterparts of the control group in EFL writing performance test and autonomy scale scores. The effect of using HoM on students writing skills and autonomy was profound and significant.
Interpretive Asymmetry, Retrospective Inquiry and the Explication of Action in an Incident of Friendly Fire
Authors: Mair Michael , Elsey Chris , Watson Patrick G. , Smith Paul V.
Published: July 2018

In this article, we examine a controversial friendly fire incident that took place during the early stages of the Iraq war. Our focus is on how a cockpit video of the incident was used post facto in a military inquiry to arrive at an understanding of the actions of the pilots involved. We shall concentrate specifically on a series of interpretive difficulties that highlighted the problematic status of the video as evidence and explore what their resolution might tell us about military practice, and the place of friendly fire within it more broadly.
JChain: A new way to look inside the firm
Authors: Cervellera Gian Piero , Amabile Francesco , Napolitano Alessio , Parenti Daniele , Mauro Kenneth , Lazzi Francesca
Published: July 2018

JChain takes advantage of the blockchain mechanism to measure all activities into the firm. The idea is that to create a large database where all activities are masured and recorded by means of a Eurocoin-based-payment system.
Digital food activism: Values, expertise and modes of action
Authors: Eli Karin , Schneider Tanja , Dolan Catherine , Ulijaszek Stanley
Published: July 2018

New information and communication technologies (ICTs) increasingly enable social action and civic organisation, on both local and global scales. Ranging from social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, to mobile apps such as Buycott, and to data sharing wiki platforms and hacktivist projects, the activist landscape is rapidly shifting, collapsing geographic boundaries to form new issue publics and fast, sometimes mercurial, collective action. Within these emerging digital platforms for activism, food-related consumer action is gaining new contours and publics. In this paper, we explore the emerging field of digital food activism. Focusing on three case studies – a mobile app, a wiki platform, and an online-centric activist organization – we examine how activist–ICT interactions generate new knowledges and practices in relation to consumer-based food activism. Specifically, we critically analyse how consumer activists and social entrepreneurs use ICTs to facilitate new or alternative forms of engagement with food, and how ICTs, in turn, shape possibilities for action. Bridging anthropology and science and technology studies, our paper develops new understandings of alternative food networks, social movements, activist leadership, and expertise in the digital age.
Collectors on illicit collecting: Higher loyalties and other techniques of neutralization in the unlawful collecting of rare and precious orchids and antiquities
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

Trafficking natural objects and trafficking cultural objects have been treated separately both in regulatory policy and in criminological discussion. The former is generally taken to be ‘wildlife crime’ while the latter has come to be considered under the auspices of a debate on ‘illicit art and antiquities’. In this article we study the narrative discourse of high-end collectors of orchids and antiquities. The illicit parts of these global trades are subject to this analytical divide between wildlife trafficking and art trafficking, and this has resulted in quite different regulatory structures for each of these markets. However, the trafficking routines, the types and levels of harm involved, and the supply–demand dynamics in the trafficking of orchids and antiquities are actually quite similar, and in this study we find those structural similarities reflected in substantial common ground in the way collectors talk about their role in each market. Collectors of rare and precious orchids and antiquities valorize their participation in markets that are known to be in quite considerable degree illicit, appealing to ‘higher loyalties’ such as preservation, appreciation of aesthetic beauty and cultural edification. These higher loyalties, along with other techniques of neutralization, deplete the force of law as a guide to appropriate action. We propose that the appeal to higher loyalties is difficult to categorize as a technique of neutralization in this study as it appears to be a motivational explanation for the collectors involved. The other classic techniques of neutralization are deflective, guilt and critique reducing narrative mechanisms, while higher loyalties drives illicit behaviour in collecting markets for orchids and antiquities in ways that go significantly beyond the normal definition of neutralization.
Morpho-Syntactic Complexity in the Translation of the Seven Suspended Odes
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Eddin Eyhab Abdulrazak Bader
Published: July 2018

This paper attempts at bringing a new degree of precision into the analysis of the translation problems encountered in Arberry’s Translation of the Seven Suspended Odes, i.e. morpho-syntactic complexity. Because the pair of languages under investigation is genetically and thus typologically different, it calls into question how to tackle complexity in morphology and syntax in translation. The paper brings into focus Arabic inflections which indicate ‘emphasis, duality and gender’, and how they may be properly approached. Additionally, the syntactic constituents of Cognate Accusative Object, Causative Object, Accusative of State and Substitute are examined in Arabic and how they can be overcome in translation. Evidence from the Holy Quran has been adduced for illustration and elucidation purposes as necessity demands. Last but not least, pleonasm and paronomasia have been linguistically pulled apart, to be followed by an approach to grappling with such phenomena in translation. Some strategies have been referred to, or devised in cases of the above constituents and the like.
What is Educational Entrepreneurship? Strategic Action, Temporality, and the Expansion of US Higher Education
Authors: Kindel Alexander , Stevens Mitchell
Published: July 2018

The massive expansion of US higher education after World War II is a sociological puzzle: a spectacular feat of state capacity-building in a highly federated polity. Prior scholarship names academic leaders as key drivers of this expansion, yet the conditions for the possibility and fate of their activity remain under-specified. We fill this gap by theorizing what Randall Collins first called educational entrepreneurship as a special kind of strategic action in the US polity. We argue that the cultural authority and organizational centrality of universities in the US national context combine with historical contingency to episodically produce conditions under which academic credentials can be made viable solutions to social problems. We put our theorization to the test by revisiting and extending a paradigmatic case: the expansion of engineering education at Stanford University between 1945 and 1969. Invoking several contemporaneous and subsequent cases, we demonstrate the promise of theorizing educational expansion as an outcome of strategic action by specifically located actors over time.
The Anthropocene, Resilience and Post-Colonial Computation
Authors: McQuillan Dan
Published: July 2018

What forms of politics come with the contested ideas of the Anthropocene and resilience? Rather than taking these ideas as a given and looking at their political consequences, I will ask what politics enters at their points of construction, where they are understood as being constructed computationally. This allows me to read across from the Anthropocene and resilience to the other forms of computational anticipation that are becoming pervasive at the level of everyday life. As truth claims that depend on algorithms, I will argue that all of these constructions derive their authority from an entanglement of computation and science. Under current conditions, this entanglement brings it's own political tendencies, which can be characterised as colonial. To counter this implicit colonialism I will draw on the feminist and post-colonial approaches of standpoint theory. I believe this offers an alternative to the current entanglements of anticipatory computation, and allows us to re-work it into a post-colonial politics of algorithms and atmospheres.
Translating Idiomatic Expressions from English into Arabic: Difficulties and Strategies
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , OUALIF Mostafa
Published: July 2018

An idiom is a form of speech or an expression that is peculiar to itself. Grammatically, it cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. Culture plays an important role in the course of the idiom interpretation. Only by having a solid foundation of the culture of the target language, the translator can catch the implied meaning. It, therefore, requires enhancing cross-cultural awareness and needs open-minded understanding of the culture of the second language from different aspects. Moreover, the difference between the source language and the target language as well as variations in their cultures makes the process of translating a real challenge. The present paper tries to investigate and identify firstly some existing obstacles in the process of translating idiomatic pairs, and then suggests some theoretical strategies to overcome such difficulties. Following Baker’s (1992) classification of difficulties and strategies and the related sub-categories, the findings show that there are number of factors which should be considered in order to translate idiomatic expressions correctly. The most important of such factors include socio-linguistic elements, cultural aspects, linguistic and stylistic considerations.
Using legislative speech to unveil conflict between coalition parties
Authors: Bergmann Henning , Geese Lucas , Koss Christian , Schwemmer Carsten
Published: July 2018

In parliamentary democracies the survival of a government is primarily dependent on its legislative majority. A high level of disagreement across and within government parties can lead to legislative stalemate and early dissolution of the parliament. This paper provides a new approach to capture legislative conflict dynamically across the electoral term. We use topic modelling and the scaling method Wordscores to estimate the disagreement across government parties in legislative debate over time. We analyse two German coalition governments that were faced with votes of confidence in 2001 and 2005, namely Chancellor Schröder’s cabinets composed of Social Democrats and Greens. We assume two specific policy areas (‘defence’ and ‘labour market/social policy’) to be substantial in describing the main conflict lines that led to life-threatening government crises. Our findings suggest that analysing speech across the electoral term contributes to the understanding of inter-party conflict dynamics. Therefore, this novel time-variant indicator should be considered as an explanatory variable in future research on cabinet survival.
The HathiTrust Federal Documents Program: Towards a Digital U.S. Federal Documents Library at Scale
Authors: Christenson Heather
Published: July 2018

HathiTrust includes about 1,045,000 items identified as US federal documents, possibly the largest existing publicly-accessible digital collection of these materials. This article describes the HathiTrust Federal Documents Program, which is focused on building the digital collection, and enriching discovery and access for end users.
Does Curriculum Help Students to Develop Their English Competence? A Case in Indonesia
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Poedjiastutie Dwi , Akhyar Fida , Hidayati Deviy , Gasmi Fajriyah Nurul
Published: July 2018

To sustain its future competitive employment both at national and international level, Indonesia Government needs to invest more in its human resources. Therefore, education is the critical aspect to prepare highly educated and well-trained human resources for an innovation driven global competitiveness. In education, when curriculum fails to provide sufficient skills and competence for learners, human resources will not likely to move up to higher development level. This article aims at exploring the issues and challenges encountered by Indonesia government in improving the most crucial aspect needed for global competitiveness that is English communication competence. English communication level of Indonesian learners is considered low and satisfactory. Since Indonesian students obtain English from schools and classroom teaching, curriculum objectives should help them achieving the target of learning. However, there are three major issues found in Indonesia curriculum: top-down approach, the absence of Needs Analysis (NA) studies, and no curriculum evaluation. In nutshell, those three factors are suspected to contribute the underdeveloped English communication competences of Indonesian learners. In view of this, Indonesian can learn from other countries that have succeeded in reforming and developing English curriculum while taking into account the uniqueness of its own context.
Dimensions of Job Quality, Mechanisms, and Subjective Well-Being in the United States
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan
Published: July 2018

How does job quality predict subjective well-being in the United States? Prior research suggests that various job quality dimensions such as job security and individual task discretion affect subjective well-being, but the theoretical mechanisms are implied rather than tested and aspects of job quality are rarely tested together. I use structural equation modeling and General Social Survey data to assess the impact of five job quality dimensions-individual task discretion, monetary compensation, job security, low work intensity, and safe work conditions-on subjective well-being. Then, I show that job quality influences subjective well-being by improving social life, altering class identification, affecting physical health, and increased amount of leisure time. Finally, while I find that job quality dimensions do have statistically significant effects on subjective well-being, the way in which job quality affects subjective well-being differs by job dimension. In other words, job quality has a statistically significant impact on subjective well-being, but different job quality domains are connected to subjective well-being in different ways.Keywords: work, job quality, subjective well-being, happiness
A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

What is the state of the literature in respect to Crowdsourcing for policy making? This work attempts to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating the extant research investigating Crowdsourcing for policy, within the broader Crowdsourcing literature. To do so, the work first extends the Crowdsourcing literature by introducing, defining, explaining, and using seven universal characteristics of all general Crowdsourcing techniques, to vividly draw-out the relative trade-offs of each mode of Crowdsourcing. From this beginning, the work systematically and explicitly weds the three types of Crowdsourcing to the stages of the Policy cycle as a method of situating the extant literature spanning both domains. Thereafter, we discuss the trends, highlighting the research gaps, and outline the overlaps in the research on Crowdsourcing for policy, stemming from our analysis.Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., & Melton, J. (2014). A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - IPP 2014 - Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy.
The Expansion and Contraction of the Journalistic Field and American Online Citizen Journalism, 2000-2012
Authors: Lindner Andrew Micah , Larson Ryan P.
Published: July 2018

While previous research has considered patterns of homogeneity and heterogeneity in the journalistic field, existing literature has largely ignored the factors that contribute to the growth and contraction of the field. Using citizen journalism (CJ) as a case study, we examine how four forces – organizational population dynamics, technological innovations, exogenous political events, and endogenous disruptions elsewhere in the field – shaped the growth of CJ over time and, consequently, the journalistic field. Using a snowball sampling method, we collected a “near-population” of U.S.-based, English-language CJ sites (n=1829) to measure yearly density and rates of foundings and mortalities. The population of CJ sites increased through most of the period, foundings declined after a spike in 2005, and mortalities rose dramatically after 2010. The results provide evidence that organizational population and technological change affected the size of the population of CJ sites, while political upheaval and disruptions within professional journalism held less sway.
Income Inequality and Household Labor
Authors: Schneider Daniel , Hastings Orestes P
Published: July 2018

Income inequality has increased dramatically in the United States since the mid 1970s. This remarkable change in the distribution of household income has spurred a great deal of research on the social and economic consequences of exposure to high inequality. However, the empirical record on the effects of income inequality is mixed. In this paper, we suggest that previous research has generally overlooked a simple but important pathway through which inequality might manifest in daily life: inequality shapes the ability of women to outsource domestic labor by hiring others to perform it. One important venue where such dynamics might then manifest is in time spent on housework and in particular in the time divide in housework between women of high and low socio-economic status. We combine micro-data from the 2003-2013 American Time Use Survey with area-level data on income inequality to show the class divide in housework time between women with a college degree and from high earning households and women of lower socio-economic status is wider in more unequal places. We further assess whether this gap can be explained by domestic outsourcing by combining micro-data from the 2003-2013 Consumer Expenditure Survey with area-level inequality and show that the gap in spending for household services between households of high and low socio-economic status also increases in contexts of higher inequality.
Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *We analyzed nearly 900 DMCA (17 USC 512) takedown notices from a variety of sources, including all notices received by Google through 2006. Our findings comprise a rather negative snapshot of the ways in which the Section 512 process is being used, and reveal little benefit to some of the constituencies it was intended to support.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2210935
Are Women Bad at Orgasms? Understanding the Gender Gap
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

Women who have sex with men have about one orgasm for every three her partner enjoys. We call this the “orgasm gap,” a persistent average difference in the frequency of orgasm for men and women who have heterosexual sex. In this paper, I discredit one common explanation for this gap—the idea that women are somehow bad at orgasms—and offer alternative explanations for the gendered asymmetry in this one type of sexual pleasure: a lack of knowledge, the de-prioritization of female sexual pleasure, sexual objectification and self-objectification, and the coital imperative in the sexual script.
The Superior Perspective for Management Thinking
Authors: Omoregie Uyiosa
Published: July 2018

Two types of thinking/perspectives are contrasted: reductionist and holistic. The superior of the two is highlighted by its effectiveness in the management of complex phenomena ranging from business management to social policy. Reductionist thinking has its benefits when dealing with simpler phenomena but has severe limitations and can be a blind-spot for managers. As the world we live in now is characterized by increasing complexity, managers must switch from reductionist to holistic thinking in order to make the right interventions in complex issues.
OSMnx: New Methods for Acquiring, Constructing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Complex Street Networks
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Urban scholars have studied street networks in various ways, but there are data availability and consistency limitations to the current urban planning/street network analysis literature. To address these challenges, this article presents OSMnx, a new tool to make the collection of data and creation and analysis of street networks simple, consistent, automatable and sound from the perspectives of graph theory, transportation, and urban design. OSMnx contributes five significant capabilities for researchers and practitioners: first, the automated downloading of political boundaries and building footprints; second, the tailored and automated downloading and constructing of street network data from OpenStreetMap; third, the algorithmic correction of network topology; fourth, the ability to save street networks to disk as shapefiles, GraphML, or SVG files; and fifth, the ability to analyze street networks, including calculating routes, projecting and visualizing networks, and calculating metric and topological measures. These measures include those common in urban design and transportation studies, as well as advanced measures of the structure and topology of the network. Finally, this article presents a simple case study using OSMnx to construct and analyze street networks in Portland, Oregon.
Contextualizing Public Stigma: Endorsed Mental Health Treatment Stigma on College and University Campuses
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael , Ramirez Daniel , Hernandez Erik
Published: July 2018

Scholars suggest that public mental health stigma operates at a meso-level and is associated with severity of symptoms, disclosure, self-esteem, and treatment-seeking behavior. However, the operationalization of public stigma nearly always comes from an individual-level generalization of what others believe. Using data from over 60,000 students on 75 U.S. college and university campuses between 2009-2015, we contextualize public stigma by creating a school-level measure of students’ individual-level endorsed mental health treatment stigma. We present multilevel logistic regression models for 21 different dependent variables. We find that even after controlling for individual-level stigma scores, school-level stigma is negatively associated with self-reports of suicidal ideation and self-injury, although not associated with screens for depression or anxiety. Moreover, school-level stigma is negatively associated with medication use, counseling and therapy visits, and to a lesser degree, informal support. We suggest that future research should continue to examine the contextual environment of public stigma, while policymakers may be able to implement changes to significantly reduce stigma at this level.