bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pegylated Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: He Wentian
Published: April 2019

NA
Formulation and development of some BCS Class II drugs
Authors: Marapur SC , Jat Rakesh Kumar , Patil J S
Published: April 2019

The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate liquisolid compacts of Ezetimibe a bcs class II drug. The series of formulations containing Ezetimibe drug were formulated by using aerosil a colloidal silicone dioxide and avicel PH microcrystalline cellulose in different ratios by using suitable solvent. Solubility studies were performed in propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG-200, 400, 600) for the choice of the best non volatile liquid to dissolve Ezetimibe. On the basis of the solubility data PG was chosen as a good solvent for the Ezetimibe. Ezetimibe was dissolved in solvent PG for the preparation of solution of drug. The coating and carrier materials transferred to the drug solution and added 5% of disintegrating agent (Croscarmellose) was mixed completely and the blend is compressed into compacts. Formulated compacts were evaluated for all post compression parameters and the in-vitro drug release study was carried out. All the formulations have shown a very good drug release in  15 min except compressibility problems due to higher812 loading factor of liquid vehicle for the formulations. The selected formulation F11 containing 30% of drug solution has  shown good drug release of 100.01% in 15  min compared to dissolution of  pure drug and marketed tablet which shown 45.5%  and 81.6 % respectively.No interactions were found  between drug and polymers in FITR as well as DSC. XRD of selected formulation shows that drug present in the formulation is in amorphous form.

Keywords: Ezetimibe HCl, Avicel PH, Aerosil 200, Propylene glycol, liquisolid compacts
Synthesis, in-vitro characterization and pharmacological evaluation of conjugates of flurbiprofen and polysaccharides for colon specific drug delivery
Authors: Soni P , Soni K , Choudhary GP
Published: April 2019

The aim of the study was to prepare site specific drug delivery of flurbiprofen using polysaccharides by the formation of glycosidic linkage which is hydrolysed by the microflora present in colon. This approach prevents drug release in the upper gastrointestinal environment. Due to the minimal degradation of conjugates in upper Git, the in vitro drug release in SGF, SIF and SCF was found upto 4.26±0.03%, 12.41±0.08% and 92.72±3.33% respectively.

Keywords: Colon specific drug delivery, Conjugates, Flurbiprofen, Microbial system.
Antibiotic Resistance in Malaysia, and its Public Health Implications
Authors: Meer Ahmad A.M.
Published: April 2019

The World Health Organization (WHO) notes high-rates of resistance among bacteria associated with common illness in all the WHO-regions - both hospital-acquired and community-acquired (WHO 2014). An estimated 2 million cases of antibiotic-resistance are reported in the US annually, causing 23,000 deaths. With reference to such, the US CDC states that about 30% of the total-annual 150 million prescriptions for antibiotics is not justified. There is a need for greater prudence in the use involving joint-efforts in surveillance, public health awareness additionally, and in formulating clear policies on procurement and prudent use.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Public Health, prescriptions
Chemical Modification: A unique solutions to Solubility problem
Authors: Patel M. Siddik N. , Ahmed Mohd Hasib , Saqib Mohammad , Shaikh Siraj N
Published: April 2019

Almost 40% of the new chemical entities at present self find out poorly water soluble drugs. Badly water soluble drugs have solubility and dissolution related bioavailability problems. Solubility is one of the most important parameter to give desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation to get its pharmacological response. Orally administered drugs obtained completely absorb only when they show fair solubility in gastric medium and such drugs shows good bioavailability. The solubility and dissolution properties of drugs perform an valuable role in the process of formulation development. Enhancement of solubility of drug is the most challenging job in drug development process. Solubilization may be affected by co solvent water interaction, micellar solubilization, reduction in particle size, inclusion complexes, solid dispersion, and change in polymorph. This review highlight various techniques of solubility enhancement with special emphasis on Chemical modification methods like Salt formation, Co-crystallization, Co-solvency, Hydrotropy, use of novel solubilizer etc along with physical modification techniques.

Keywords: Salt formation, Co-crystallization, Solubility, particle technologies, Milling solubility enhancement, Cosolvent, physical and chemical methods.
Nanosuspensions as a promising approach to enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs : An update
Authors: Azimullah Stanekzai , Vikrant , , Sudhakar CK , Kumar Pankaj , Patil Akshay , Md. Usman Md. Rageeb , Shaikh Usman Mohammed Zuber
Published: April 2019

Solubility is a vital factor for devloping drug delivery systems for poorly water soluble drugs. Several conventional approaches for enhancement of solubility have limited applicability, especially when the drugs are poorly water soluble. Nanosuspension technology can be used to enhance the solubilty, stability as well as the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Nanosuspensions are biphasic systems comperising of pure drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle, stabilized by surfac active agents. Fabrication of nanosuspension is simple and more advantageous than other approaches. Techniques like high-pressure homogenization, wet milling, emulsification, solvent evaporation, bottom up technology and top down technology have been applicable in the fabrication of nanosuspensions. Nanosuspension delivery is possible by several routes, such as oral, pulmonary, parenteral and ocular routes. Nanosuspension not only solves solubility and bioavailability issue, but improve drug safety and efficacy. In this context, we reviewed the current techniques used to develop nanosuspensions and their recents studies application in drug delivery system.

Keywords : Solubility, fabrication, Characterization, Applications, Nanosuspension.
Solubility enhancement (Solid Dispersions) novel boon to increase bioavailability
Authors: Pawar Sandip R. , Barhate Shashikant D.
Published: April 2019

The solubility of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a specified temperature. Solubility is one of the important parameter to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for pharmacological response to be shown. Solubility is essential for the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug, independent of the route of administration. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. Poorly soluble drugs are often a challenging task for formulators in the industry Conventional  approaches  for  enhancement  of  solubility  have  limited  applicability,  especially when  the  drugs  are  poorly  soluble  simultaneously  in  aqueous  and  in  non-aqueous  media. Drug with poor water solubility cause slow dissolution rates, generally show erratic and incomplete absorption leading to low bioavailability when administered orally. Solubilization may be affected by cosolvent water  interaction, micellar solubilization, reduction in  particle  size,  inclusion  complexes,  solid  dispersion,  and  change  in  polymorph.  Some  new technologies  are  also  available  to  increase  the  solubility  like  micro emulsion,  self-emulsifying drug  delivery  system  and  supercritical  fluid  technology. This present review details about the different approaches used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs include particle size reduction, nanonization, pH adjustment, solid dispersion, complexation, co‐solvency, hydrotropy etc. The purpose of this article is to describe the techniques of solubilization for the attainment of effective absorption and improved bioavailability.

Keywords: Solubility, Solubility Enhancement, bioavailability, solid dispersion, Solid Dispersion, Solubilization.
THE Drug utilization pattern of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women and complication of gestational diabetes mellitus in mother and newborn in a secondary care hospital: A retrospective study
Authors: Ganesan V , Raju Junitha , Abhraham Nino Mariyam
Published: April 2019

The present study was a retrospective study, carried out by total of 100 cases in the Obstetric And Gynaecology department of a secondary care hospital, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu. There were 100 pregnant women who had gestational diabetes. Increasing gravida (secondary gravida G2 -44% ) shows more prevalence of  GDM than primi (34%).Body Mass Index , family history of  diabetes and previous history of GDM shows more significance in occurring GDM. Among 100 population, 45% patients receiving insulin with medical nutritional therapy (MNT) ,30% patients receiving medical nutritional therapy (MNT) alone , 11% patients receiving medical nutritional therapy (MNT) with metformin, 3% patients receiving medical nutritional therapy (MNT) with Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents (OHA) and insulin , 3% patients receiving insulin alone and 8% patients didn’t receiving any therapy. Overall   96% of women with GDM had one or more complications and 4% had no complication. From this , 35.89% patients shows caesarean delivery with recurrent GDM, followed by 10.25% patients shows caesarean delivery with polyhydramnios, 15.38% patients shows caesarean delivery with Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH).Overall 74% of new-borns had one or more complications and 27% had no complication. 24.32% patients shows macrosomia with neonatal hypoglycaemia, 16.21% patients shows macrosomia with preterm birth, 13.52% patients shows macrosomia with hyperbilirubinemia. Our study concludes that the complications arise from GDM to both mother and new-borns can be resolved and minimised by proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment during the pregnancy.

Keywords: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Utilization Pattern, Complications, Oral Glucose Tolerence Test
Causes of deferrals during blood donation on healthy people of Gurugram: A crossectional study
Authors: Sah Ashok Kumar , Jayaswal Rajesh Prasad , Meenakshi , , Vijyasimha M
Published: April 2019

Blood transfusion is a life-saving process usually indicated for blood loss, surgical procedure, and accidental cases. The supply of blood to the recipients during emergency conditions are expected to be fulfilled by organizing blood donation camps especially at colleges, universities, offices, shopping malls, private/government organizations, army and police stations. Such camps collect essential information from the volunteer donors which may further help to study the causes of donor deferrals in different populations. In the present study, the causes of temporary and permanent deferral among the people of Gurugram was analyzed. In 431 donors registration, total deferrals cases were 110 and the most common reason for deferrals were anemia, low BP, animal bite, typhoid, and menstrual cycle etc. The number of female deferrals was higher than that of males. Our study revealed temporary and permanent deferral causes and motivated temporary deferral cases for future donations while those with permanent deferral conditions were advised for proper medications.

Keywords: Blood Donation, Donor, Deferral, Anemia, Transfusion
Formulation and In-vitro evaluation of liposomal drug delivery system of metformin HCl
Authors: L Subbramanian , Anitha Rani M , Rajasekaran T , Ramanathan M , Solairaj P
Published: April 2019

Metformin is widely used for the treatment of diabetes; the intention of the present study was to formulate Metformin HCl liposomes for a sustained drug delivery system. It have the advantages of dose reduction, less dosing frequency, minimize the side effect, prolong the action of drug and thus achieve better patient compliance. The liposomes were prepared by physical dispersion and ether injection method. Soya lecithin and cholesterol were used for encapsulating the drug, it facilitates to release the medicaments in sustained manner. Chloroform, ether and methanol were used as a solvent. Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 was used as a hydration medium for loading the drug. The final liposome was evaluated in various quality parameters of drug entrapment efficiency, morphological analysis, particle size analysis, in-vitro drug release studies and stability studies. In the two methods of metformin liposome formulation the ether injection method showed prolonged action when compared to physical dispersion method. In the parameters of drug entrapment and stability physical dispersion method was shows better results.

Keywords: Physical dispersion, ether injection, soya lecithin, cholesterol, morphological analysis, metformin.
Characterization and Estimation of Harpagoside in Dried Root Extract and Oral Powder Formulations of Harpagophytum Procumbens by Validated RP-HPLC-PDA Method
Authors: Nalluri Buchi N , Sujithkumar S
Published: April 2019

The present investigation was undertaken to perform structural, physicochemical characterization and to estimate the harpagoside in dried root extract and flavoured powder formulations of harpagophytum procumbens (devils claw). The extraction of harpagoside from the root extract was carried out using different solvents and the harpagoside content was estimated using an RP-HPLC-PDA method. The HPLC analysis was carried out using methanol: 0.02% formic acid (60:40 v/v) as the mobile phase, pumped at flow rate of 1mL/min through C18 column (Kinetex XB, 150x4.6mm, 5µ). The structural and physicochemical characterization of the root extract was performed using FT-IR, DSC and SEM analysis. Flavoured powder formulations (effervescent and non-effervescent) of the root extract were prepared and the harpagoside content was estimated by HPLC method. Higher percentage of harpagoside (1.6 %) was extracted with water as extraction solvent when compared to methanol and methanol: water (50:50 v/v). The developed RP-HPLC-PDA method resulted in shorter elution time (harpagoside was eluted at 5.3min) and the method was linear with good regression coefficient (R2>0.998) within the concentration range tested (0.2-4µg/mL). The FT-IR spectra of root extract showed the presence of characteristic peaks corresponding to the harpagoside and the results from photomicrographs and SEM analysis revealed spherical morphology of the particles in the extract. The prepared powdered formulations readily dispersed and dissolved in water and showed more than 98% of harpagoside content even after 6months time period indicating the stability of the formulations. Overall, the results from the present investigation can form basis to establish standardization parameters for formulations containing root extract of devil’s claw.

Keywords: Harpagophytum procumbens, Structural and physicochemical characterization, RP-HPLC-PDA method, FT-IR, DSC, SEM.
Floating type drug delivery system: a review
Authors: Datir S K , Patil P.B. , Saudagar R.B.
Published: April 2019

Floating Type drug delivery system retains the dosage form for a long span. They provide local delivery to specific region like stomach and proximal small intestine and shows better bioavailability and improve therapeutic activity and substantial benefit to patients. FDDS is one of the novel drug delivery system to prolong gastric retention time. Various forms of gastro retentive drug delivery system, such as floating and non- floating.

Keywords: Floating Drug Delivery System, Classification effervescent, non-effervescent, and Factors affecting FDDS.
Stevia (Meethi Patti) as an alternative form of sugar
Authors: Rather Ashaq Hussain , Singh S. , Suhail Basharat , Patel Ghanshyam
Published: April 2019

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a herb. Stevioside, non-caloric sweetener present in the leaves of Stevia are non-nutritive, non-toxic, high-potency sweeteners and being 300 times sweeter than sucrose may be alternate for sucrose as well as other synthetic sweeteners. This review summarizes history of Stevia, nutritional composition of Stevia, cultivation, industrial overview and biological applications.

Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana, Stevioside, Sweetener
Phytopharmacological review of Bunium persicum (Boiss)B. fedtsch.
Authors: SHAH ZAHIDA , Ali Tabasum , Shafi Sabeeha
Published: April 2019

Bunium persicum(BOISS)B.Fedtsch belonging to family Apiaceae is native to the region of the limited zones of the West Asia, Kherman and grows to the areas of North Khorasan and Kheraman, East of the Zagros range to Bandar Abbaas and south area of the Albroz range in Iran. It is also found in North western parts of Himalayas. Bunium persicum is found growing naturally in sub-alpine and alpine habitats of North Western Himalayas. It is a perennial herb, dwarf 30cm to tall 80cm and its flowers are small, white in color.

Keywords: Bunium persicum, Apiaceae, North-Western Himalayas, Perrenial Herb
Formulation development, characterization and assessment of In-Vitro antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of diallyl disulphide liposomal gel using 32 factorial design
Authors: Gupta Sneha Birju , Bhairy Srinivas Rajesham , Hirlekar Rajashree Shreeram
Published: April 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop the diallyl disulphide (DADS) liposomal dispersion and further the dispersion was to formulate into gel.

Methods: The DADS liposomal system was developed using thin film hydration method. 32 factorial design was employed to study the effect of various factors to obtain the optimized liposomal system. Further, it was converted to gel using suitable gelling agent. The optimized liposomal system and gel formulations were evaluated for various parameters. The optimized gel was evaluated for its in-vitro antifungal efficacy. The stability studies for gel were carried as per International conference on harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Results: The optimized liposomal system was having vesicle size of 208.6nm, % entrapment was 91.7±1.16% and loading was 11.12±0.23%. % drug permeation was 61.10±0.85%. The zeta potential showed moderate stability. The optimized DADS liposomal gel showed satisfactory results. Ex-vivo permeation studies showed that DADS liposomal gel possesses sustained release and drug retention study proved better retention of DADS from liposomal gel than conventional gel in skin. The stability studies showed DADS liposomal gel was stable for 30 days at 25℃/60%RH, 40℃/75%RH and refrigeration (5±3℃).

Conclusion:  The results from the present study show that the sustained release profile of optimized DADS liposomal gel. The retention of DADS from liposomal gel was more than from conventional gel which helps in better pharmacological activity with least side effects.

Keywords: Diallyl disulphide (DADS), liposomal gel, permeation, sustained release and antifungal activity.
Inflammation the Kingpin of Chronic Diseases Naturopathy as an alternative source of treatment: An updated overview
Authors: Shah Zahida , Ali Tabasum
Published: April 2019

Inflammation involves a sequence of events which can be categorized under three phases viz. acute transient phase, delayed sub-acute phase and chronic proliferate phase. Inflammatory mediators develop due to enhanced vascular permeability and leads to local edema. It is followed by the migration of leukocytes and phagocytes from blood to vascular tissues which is the second phase, in the third phase, tissue degradation is followed by fibrosis. There is a powerful link between chronic diseases and chronic inflammatory disorders. Chronic low-level inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of these several diseases like Heart disease, Cancer, Chronic lower respiratory disease, Stroke, Alzheimer’s, Diabetes, and Nephritis. The harmful side effects of synthetic drugs are numerous and there stands up the need of herbal drugs which are cost effective and free from side-effects. Several traditional ayurvedic phytomedicines have been used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders like Ocimum sanctum, Hypericum peroratum, Boswellic serrata, Ficus racemosa etc. which act as natural anti-inflammatory agents that can help in reducing the complications associated with chronic diseases.

Key Words: Inflammation, Chronic-low level inflammation, Cancer, Diabetes, Phytomedicines
Design, optimization and evaluation of ibuprofen fast dissolving tablets employing starch tartrate: A new superdisintegrant
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Satya Yagnesh T. Naga
Published: April 2019

The current scenario deals with the study of fast dissolving tablets for the patients suffering from swallowing, sickness ,etc.  The present investigation involves in the evaluation of starch tartrate as a superdintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23factorial design. Starch tartrate was synthesized by esterification process. The synthesized starch tartrate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. All fast dissolving tablets were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant(K1). The starch tartrate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch tartrate exhibited good swelling in water.Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between ibuprofen and starch tartrate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch tartrate were of good quality with regard to drug content (200±5%), hardness (3.6–3.9 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The optimised formulation F2 has the least disintegration time i.e., 9±0. 03s. The in–vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 60s) in optimized formulation F2. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 27.53±0.12 to 69.75±0.18%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F2 was found to be 100.17±0.56% in 5 min. Starch tartrate was found to be a superdisintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency with the ibuprofen and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to bring immediate release of the contained drug within 5 minutes.

Keywords: Fast dissolving, Superdisintegrant, Starch tartrate, Dissolution efficiency.
Role of Roof plate-specific SPONDIN3 Mutation in the Determination of Obesity Phenotypes/Fat Distribution and Susceptibility to Cardiovascular disease in Sudanese Patients in Khartoum State
Authors: Alkinain Ashraf  M.A. , Abdelsalam Kamal Eldin Ahmed , Hassan Mutaz Ibrahim
Published: April 2019

Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. A growing database of clinical evidence implicates intra-abdominal adiposity as a powerful driving force for elevated cardiometabolic risk (1). Addressing intra-abdominal adiposity should play a central role in future strategies aimed at improving cardiovascular outcomes in patients with abdominal obesity and its associated cardiometabolic risk in Sudan.

Objectives: It is to find the mutation in R-SPONDIN3gene and its association to both of fat deposition around the abdomen and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in Sudanese patients in Khartoum State.

Material and methods: Conventional PCR was done to detect R- SPONDIN3 in 300 participants (males and females) classified into three groups. The first group will include one hundred participants with abdominal obesity, the second group will include one hundred participants already diagnosed with CVD entangled with obesity (positive control group), while the third group will include one hundred healthy lean volunteers (negative control group). Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22 software. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: In this study, the results of Conventional PCR were significantly different in (P <0.001) in Heart group subjects as compared to healthy controls and obese group. Comparison between the different studied groups according to gene expression showed significant differences (P <0.001) mean value of gene expression in healthy group subjects was 1.0 ± 0.0, Obesity group was 2.44 ± 0.50 and heart group subjects was 4.54 ± 0.87 respectively .

Conclusion: clinically, detect R- SPONDIN3 mutation in patients with diagnosed with CVD entangled with obesity and amount of the gene expressed cleared different between obese and CVD subjects entangled with obesity.

Keywords: R-SPONDIN3 gene, abdominal Obesity, CVD.
Design of transdermal patch of ketoprofen by full factorial design for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rao Monica RP , Sonavane Vijay , Kulkarni Sayali , Magar Mayuri , Zope Abhishek , Karanjkar Pooja
Published: April 2019

Oral therapy of NSAIDs for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis causes gastric irritation and ulceration. In the present study transdermal patch of ketoprofen was developed using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose E5 and Eudragit S100. Patches were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Optimization was carried out by 32 factorial design with polymer concentration (HPMC E5) and plasticizer concentration (propylene glycol) as independent variables. Patches were evaluated for folding endurance, surface pH, drug content, percent moisture content, water uptake and swelling studies. Ex vivo permeation studies of optimized patch was performed using Franz diffusion cell while bioadhesion force and tensile strength were measured by using texture analyzer. Hydrophilic nature, swelling ability and wettability of polymer and plasticizer were responsible for increase in flux and bioadhesion with increase in their concentrations in the factorial batches. Swelling index of all formulations was in the range of 17.3 ±1.2 to 65.29 ±4.78 up to 3h. Flux obtained from all batches was in the range of 3.37±0.23 to 5.43±0.13µg/h/cm2. Anti-inflammatory studies using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema showed greater paw swelling reduction in case of ketoprofen patch. Cumulative percent drug permeation of optimized patch through nylon 66, Wistar rat skin and cadaver skin was found to be 92.3% >86.28 %>63.42% in 8h, while flux order was 6.073> 5.442 > 2.219 µg/h/cm2 respectively. The study concludes that transdermal patch of ketoprofen will be more efficacious with absence of gastric irritation observed in oral formulations.

Keywords: Ketoprofen, Bioadhesion, HPMC E5, Flux, Backing membrane
Optimisation of aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets employing starch xanthate using 23 factorial design
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Satya Yagnesh T. Naga
Published: April 2019

The present study involves in the evaluation of starch xanthate as a superdintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23factorial design. By using gelatinization process starch xanthate was synthesized. Then the synthesized starch xanthate was evaluated under physical and micromeritic methods. To develop starch xanthate as a superdisintegrant, fast dissolving tablet of aceclofenac was prepared by direct compression method employing starch xanthate in different proportions in each case employing 23 factorial design. All the prepared fast dissolving tablets were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like PD10, DE5 and K1. The prepared starch xanthate was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch xanthate shown good swelling in water. The swelling index was 50% and all micrometric properties shown good flow and compressibility needed for solid dosage from manufacturing. All the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch xanthate were of good quality with regard to drug content, hardness and friability and fulfilled the official (IP/USP) requirements of compressed tablets with regard to the above mentioned physical properties. Starch xanthate was found to be a superdisintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency when combined with croscarmellose sodium, with the aceclofenac and hence it could be utilized in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 10 minutes.

Keywords: Fast Dissolving, Superdisintegrant, Starch xanthate, Dissolution efficiency
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC-PDA Method for the Analysis of Diclofenac Sodium in the In Vitro Transdermal Permeation Samples
Authors: Valluru Saisrianusha , Nalluri Buchi N
Published: April 2019

A new analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo diode array detection was developed and validated for the quantification of Diclofenac (DIC) from in vitro skin permeation samples. Analysis was performed using a Phenomenex C18 column (150 x 4.6mm, 5µm) with 10mM ammonium acetate: Acetonitrile (62:38% v/v) as the mobile phase in isocratic mode and eluents were monitored at 276nm. DIC was eluted at 3.1min and showed a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.2-3µg/mL with a correlation coefficient >0.999. The validation parameters, such as specificity, linearity, accuracy and limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, robustness fulfilled the regulatory requirements. The developed HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of DIC in samples obtained from transdermal diffusate samples.
Effect of regimenal intervention by nutool (irrigation) in a case of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Authors: Ansari Shabnam , Ahmad Minhaj , Sultana Asia , Maaz Mohammad , ----- Fasihuzaman , Siraj Mantasha Binth
Published: April 2019

Background

‘Nutool’ is one of the regimenal therapy used in Unani medicine since centuries in various inflammatory and painful conditions. Chronic prostatitis (Warm-e- Gudda Mazi Muzmin) is associated with ‘chronic pelvic pain syndrome’ (CP/CPPS), is a chronic pain condition of non-bacterial origin in men with mixture of other symptoms such as lower urinary tract voiding, ejaculatory ailments and negative impact on quality of life (QOL), which almost lacks uniform effective therapy in conventional medicine.

Objectives

The purpose of our case study was to assess the impact of nutool in CP/ CPPS refractory to standard therapies and collect data to warrant further research in this area.       

Case study 

A 30 yrs. old Asian male admitted with symptoms of pelvic pain and pain during ejaculation from 6 month in absence of lower urinary tract symptoms with negative thoughts, diagnosed as CP/ CPPS on the protocols of NIH. Nutool of anti-inflammatory Unani drugs was given as the main therapy, daily for two weeks. Thus we report our case experience with the integrated short, review of literature and validated assessment, based on 1) VAS, 2) NIH-CPSI which includes pain index, urinary, and QOL score.

Results

Results were validated over the pain on the basis of VAS (visual analogue scale) and NIH-CPSI (standard questionnaire of the national institute of health—chronic prostatitis symptom index) which showed significant improvement after 2 weeks of therapy.

Conclusion

The preliminary findings, although limited, suggest the potential therapeutic role of Nutool in the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Design, optimization and evaluation of aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets employing starch glutarate: A new superdisintegrant
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Satya Yagnesh T. Naga
Published: April 2019

In solid dosage forms, fast dissolving tablets has proven the best way for ease of administration for the pediatrics and geriatric patients. The current study involves in the evaluation of starch glutarate as a superdintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23factorial design. Starch glutarate was synthesized by esterification process. The synthesized starch glutarate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. To establish as starch glutarate as a superdisintegrant, fast dissolving tablet of aceclofenac was prepared employing starch glutarate in different proportions in each case by direct compression method employing 23 factorial design. All fast dissolving tablets prepared were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), Dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant (K1). The starch glutarate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing amorphous powder. Starch glutarate exhibited good swelling in water. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between aceclofenac and starch glutarate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch glutarate were of good quality with regard to drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The optimized formulation F8 has the least disintegration time i.e., 30±0.02s. The in vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F8. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F8 was found to be 99.15±0.56% in 15 min. Starch glutarate was found to be a superdisintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency when combined with crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, with the aceclofenac and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 15 minutes.

Keywords: Fast dissolving, Superdisintegrant, Starch glutarate, Dissolution efficiency.
Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B in Majeedia Unani Hospital, New Delhi.
Authors: Ansari Shabnam , Siddiqui Mohammad Akhtar , Malhotra Sharad , Maaz Mohammad
Published: April 2019

India has HBV carrier rate of 3.0% approximately with a high prevalence rate in the villages and remote areas. The variation in social, ethnic, economic, habits and other health conditions in different areas may explain the difference in outcomes of the disease. High-risk groups (especially tribals) also harbor significant disease burden and have a high prevalence of occult infection, supporting the potential of unknowingly spreading the disease. Hence identifying and targeting those population for public healthcare measure is the necessity to control the disease and promoting hepatitis B vaccination around the country. The present study was carried to out to elucidate epidemiology of chronic hepatitis B in the patients of Majeedia Unani Hospital New Delhi to locate high risk groups and areas for health education regarding lifestyle, preventive measures, early disease detection and proper adherence to drugs and of health care workers on adoption of proper precautions while carrying out their duties, and aggressive vaccination strategies thereafter.
Formulation and optimization of carbamazepine floating tablets by 23 - factorial design employing Starch-Urea-Borate: A new floating polymer
Authors: Santosh Kumar Rada , Chowdary K.P.R.
Published: April 2019

Several approaches are currently used to retain the dosage form in the stomach. These include bioadhesive systems, swelling and expanding systems, floating systems   and other delayed gastric emptying devices. The principle of floating tablets offers a simple and practical approach to achieve increased gastric residence time to enhance the bioavailability and to obtain controlled release. Floating tablets are designed based on gas generating principle. Design of floating tablets needs a strong matrix forming polymer. Though several polymers are available for floating tablets, there is a continued need to develop new, effective and efficient polymers for controlled release floating tablets. The major objective of the investigation is to evaluate starch-urea-borate, a new modified starch as a floating matrix former in the design of controlled release floating tablets.

Keywords: Optimisation, Carbamazepine, Starch-Urea-Borate, Floating Tablets
Cancer (Sartan) amongst women and its preventive approach in Unani system of medicine
Authors: Anjum Rubi
Published: April 2019

Cancer has been defined as, malignant growth characterized by the uninhibited proliferation of cells, often affecting healthy tissues locally or throughout the body. Cancer is not a new disease some of the cancers that most often affect women are breast, colon, endometrial, lung, cervical, skin, and ovarian cancers. The most significant risk factor for cancer is age; two-thirds of all cases were in those older than age 65 years, Owing to its high incidence in nature, it is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular aetiology. Unani or Greek-o-Arab medicine originated in Greece about 2500 years back and is based upon the four humours theory, Unani scholars believed that the body contained four humours (Akhlaat) any imbalance of these fluids will result in disease and excess of  black bile (Sauda) in a particular organ site was thought to cause cancer (Sartan). The world’s oldest recorded case of breast cancer hails from ancient Egypt in 1500 BC and it was recorded that there was no treatment for the cancer, only palliative treatment. According to inscriptions, surface tumours were surgically removed in a similar manner as they are removed today. So it is an effort through this paper to highlight the preventive measures mention in the classical Unani literature for cancer prevalent amongst females and some of the cancers can be prevented by avoiding the accumulation of abnormal humours inside the body.

Keywords: Akhlaat, Sartan, Preventive measures, sauda
PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES OF THE MODERN MEKTEB OF THE SPIRITUAL ADMINISTRATION OF MUSLIMS OF REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Authors: Sayakhov R. L.
Published: April 2019

Analysis of the characteristics of the teaching staffof modern Mektebs the Spiritual administration of Muslims of Republic of Bashkortostan, carried out on the basis of processing data the latest certification allows to identify the social role and the degree of compliance with the objectives of the operation as well as to identify the possible prospects of development of this level of the national system of Islamic education.
КАЗАХСТАН И ЕГО НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ОБРАЗ: МЕЖДУ «МЯГКОЙ СИЛОЙ» И «СТРАНОЙ-БРЕНДОМ»
Authors: Atanova S. A.
Published: April 2019

Образ страны подразумевает одновременно проекцию, восприятие и самопредставление. В его создании каждое государство имеет собственные приоритеты и следует определенной стратегии. На постсоветском пространстве Казахстан предпринимает наиболее активные шаги в проекции собственного национального образа. С начала 1990-х гг. республика утверждает свои позиции на международной арене. Диапазон казахстанской стратегии включает широкий спектр инициатив — от «мягкой силы» до «национального брендинга»: Всемирная выставка ЭКСПО-2017 «Энергия будущего», VII зимние Азиатские игры, председательство в ОБСЕ в 2010 году и открытие международного финансового центра в Астане в 2018 году. Исходя из концептуальных подходов теории международных отношений, данная работа призвана рассмотреть многовекторную стратегию Казахстана по созданию национального образа в категории проекции.
THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION: FORMULATING THE CONCERTED INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF THE UMMA
Authors: Akhmedova F. M. , Kornilov A. A.
Published: April 2019

The article relates to how common international position of Islamic Umma is formulated by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Some problems of the OIC key decision-making bodies functioning are considered. Political contradictions impeding the process of formulating the concerted Umma position are analyzed. Decisions of the Islamic summits and of the OIC Councils of Foreign Ministers are explored. Much attention is paid to the issue of the Russian Federation and OIC cooperation to settle diffi cult international problems.
HASSAN HANAFI: NEOMODERNISM AS LIBERATION THEOLOGY
Authors: Mukhetdinov D. V.
Published: April 2019

The article is devoted to Hassan Hanafi(born 1935), a Philosophy professor in Cairo University, an Egyptian intellectual and one of the key members of the renovationist movement in Islam. Considering Hanafi’s life serves to trace his formation as a thinker. The main componentsHanafi ’s philosophical project are underlined, as well as its background and main sources. It is demostrated that this project might be categorised as a kind of liberation theology. Especially the emphasis is given to such concept of this Egyptian intellectual as ‘occidentalism’. The author’s critical analysis of occidentalist program goes to show its weak points and the ambiguity of its basic assumptions. In conclusion the author summarises three primary aspects of Hanafi’s theoretic position which characterize its unique place in the context of Islamic neomodernism.
THE DIVINE REVELATION ACCORDING TO IBN ‘ARABI AND IMAM KHOMEINI
Authors: Asgariyazdi A.
Published: April 2019

Revelation is a concept that has historically sparked many discussions due to its relationship with the metaphysic, its perception of its meaning and its truth. So, throughout the history, subject of metaphysics has faced many challenges. There are different views about the truth and the way of revelation. Ibn Arabi believes that revelation is the descent of the immaterial and rational meanings in the sensual forms on the level of the power of imagination. And he also believes that if man is elevated from the level of humanity to the level of spirituality, God himself speaks to him without intermediary. Imam Khomeini (peace be upon him) believes that understanding the essence of revelation is specific to divine special servants; having self-purity, it is necessary to receive the revelation truths.
FORECASTING DISCIPLINITY OF COURSES OF MILITARY HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Yatmanov A. N.
Published: April 2019

Introduction. Discipline is the basis of the army. The study of personal characteristics of servicemen with low discipline will allow to find effective methods of increasing discipline. The purpose of the work: to develop a model for predicting the discipline of cadets of the Naval Academy named after N. G. Kuznetsov. Materials and methods. 102 cadets of the Naval Academy named after N. G. Kuznetsov were examined in 2–3 courses of study at the age of 18–23 years. According to the level of expert assessment, the commanders of the level of discipline are divided into two groups with high and low discipline. Methods are used: the level of correlation of value and accessibility in various life spheres, the scale of psychological wellbeing, the test of reflexivity, the semantic differential. Results of the study. Mathematical modeling of the forecast of discipline of cadets of the Naval Academy named after N. G. Kuznetsov using discriminant analysis. Predictors of discipline of military cadets are a combination of personal emotional attitude to concepts: material well-being and the future, the value of such concepts as love and interesting work, the discrepancy between value and availability of material well-being, reflexivity. Conclusions. The mathematical model of forecasting the discipline of cadets of a military higher educational institution can be used in the framework of medical and psychological support for cadets of military universities.
MORDERN APPROACHES TO THE COMPLETE AND ORGANIC EQUIPMEN OF SHIPS AND BOATS OF NAVY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Grachev V. A. , Panov P. В. , Krasnova Yu. V. , Umnikov E. V. , Kazakova E. Yu.
Published: April 2019

Ensuring timely emergency medical service and implementation of actions for first-aid treatment the most significant making organization seamen health protection. The first-aid kits, a bag of the doctor and the paramedic developed for ground forces and which are available on supply not fully conform to requirements imposed to complete organic equipment of the ships and boats of Navy. Medical equipment modernization and introduction of new and innovative complete and organic equipment for first-aid treatment is a need of real time. Improvement of this type equipment characteristic allows to increase efciency of the provided medical care at the initial stage and to provide maintenance of the Navy ship forces, by decrease in incidence of the personnel. The main directions of development of medical equipment of providing first and emergency medical care, designed for the provision ships and boats of Navy. Critical parameters that must be considered in the process of modernization available and developing new kits of medical equipment. A short characteristic of the ship first-aid kits and medical emergency and urgent aid bags offered for the development, taking into account the specifics of the daily and combat activities of the personnel of the underwater and surface ship of the Navy.
Assessment of pollen viability and germination in Swainsona formosa (G.Don) J.Thompson
Authors: Z Zulkarnain
Published: April 2019

The work presented here was aimed at investigating the proper time (after spreading) for viability assessment and the effect of various sucrose concentrations on pollen germination in Swainsona formosa.  The rate of pollen tube formation was determined for freshly shed pollen grains of glasshouse-grown plants at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60 and 120-minute intervals after being plated on Brewbaker and Kwack (BK) medium.  The results indicated that within 60 minutes pollen germination reached 63.70%, after which remained steady at 120 minutes (63.71%).  Under the effect of various concentrations of sucrose, i.e. 0.5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/v), the germination rate of pollen grains was assessed at 60 minutes following germination.  The results showed that sucrose concentration of 10 – 15% (w/v) produced better germination rate (64.14%) compare to lower concentrations (19.64 and 43.58% at zero and 5% sucrose, respectively).  Sucrose concentration above 15% was also found to inhibit pollen germination (48.92% at sucrose concentration of 20%).