bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Transference: The Relationship between Freud and Rolland
Authors: Abraham Ada
Published: March 2007

Regardless of the differences in goals and composition, groups operate at many levels of communication as a result of the complex structure of the human psyche and the developmental stages of the human being. Group psychotherapists focus primarily on the transference level because reliving traumatic infantile experiences in the light of new group conditions facilitates the resolution of pathological conflicts. They identify two distinct levels of transference: (1) the oedipal hostile or incestuous feelings (oedipal transference) and (2) the more regressive object relations (pre-oedipal transference). This paper explores the thesis that in groups as well as in dyadic situations more archaic pre-object phenomena are aroused at a level of communication that is not one of transference. The relationship between Sigmund Freud and Romain Rolland serves as an illustration.
The Group-Analytic Model of the Functioning of the Inner World
Authors: Lo Verso Girolamo , Profita Gabriele
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to reach a thorough understanding of the functioning of the inner world, starting from an elaboration and development of the group-analytic concept of the transpersonal. The study also takes into account the results obtained at the metapsychological level of group-analytic research in England and Italy.
Transcultural Group Analysis II. Use and Abuse of Cultural Differences: Analysis and Ethics
Authors: Brown Dennis
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that a moral and ethical viewpoint can help us in analysing cultural differences in transcultural workshops and, by extension, in society at large. A developmental approach, from projection to mutual confrontation and concern, allows us to see these ways as ranging from primitive to more mature. Mature mutual respect for differences can be equated with the psychoanalytic concept of genitality. Some theoretical contributions are adduced to explain the development of this ideal state. The term `transculturality' could be used for it, implying that we can transcend culture-bounded prejudices and see at least some similarities between different cultures, and those processes which cross over and through them.
The Problem of Good and Evil
Authors: Sandison Ronald
Published: March 2007

In my contribution to the Group Analysis Special Section: `Aspects of Religion in Group Analysis' (Sandison, 1993) I hinted that any consideration of a spiritual dimension to the group involves us in a discussion on whether we are dealing with good or evil spirits. But if we say that God is in the group, why is not the Devil there also? Can good and evil coexist in the same group matrix? Is the recognition of evil `nothing but' the ability to distinguish between good and bad? If not, then what is evil? Is it no more than the absence of good?

These and other questions were worked on at a joint Institute of Group Analysis and Group-Analytic Society (London) Workshop entitled `The Problem of Good and Evil'. We considered the likelihood that good and evil coexist in all of us, as well as in the whole of the natural world, not only on earth, but in the cosmos and in God himself What we actually do with good and evil is to split them apart, thereby shelving the problem but at the same time creating irreconcilable opposites. This article examines this splitting and how we can work with it psychoanalytically.
Food that Poisons: The Nutritional Behaviour of a Small Community
Authors: Ferrante Maria Antonia
Published: March 2007

According to the Biblical story the life of mortal Man began with an ambivalent nutritional behaviour wavering between desire and fear of desire:

Which with desire, inclinable now grown to touch or taste, solicited her [Eve's] longing eye.... What fear I then, rather what know to fear under this ignorance of good and evil, of God or death, of law or penalty? (John Milton, 1667: Paradise Lost)

To a large extent the search for food has decided the individual's religious, social, historical and political destiny and likewise his or her fantastic and imaginative destiny. I describe a small community in Central-Southern Italy where the depredations of history and the memory of long periods of famine have given rise to relationships of diffidence.
Museum Group: A Workshop for the Viewing Public
Authors: Vasella Margrit
Published: March 2007

As we go up the Zurich Kunsthaus staircase, in one of the galleries we suddenly come across a group of people who sit in a closed circle round a work of art. At times they argue, at other times they keep silent. At all times, however, they are concentrating hard. What is going on? 7he author describes a new way of using Group-analytic concepts.
A Team is more than a Line-Up of Players: An Anecdote about Handball, Group Observation and Matrix
Authors: Lorentzen Steinar
Published: March 2007

Although a therapeutic group is different from a handball team in its primary task, physical arrangement, constitution, degree of acting versus reflecting and so on, there may be similarities since in both instances a group of human beings are interacting and communicating to reach purposeful goals. The author describes an attempt to apply group-analytic principles to seek out underlying conflicts and motivate a losing team.
Dreaming to Learn: Pathways to Rediscovery
Authors: Hahn Herbert
Published: March 2007

In learning and teaching tasks, the unconscious processes at work are often ignored. This contrasts to the analytic perspective where the evidence for underlying dynamics is sought and their elucidation is given a central place. As workers in the Group-analytic field, we are often reminded that each individual and group has to discover and rediscover unconscious processes and that dreams are richly relevant. This paper describes the way in which specific discoveries of underlying dynamics in groups and systems-as-a-whole occurred. It considers the worker's vulnerability to becoming a collusive cog in an antidevelopmental wheel; and focuses on the happy surprises which emerged when a learning group shared their dreaming.
Personal Transformations During Group-Analytic Training: The Rôle of the Large Group
Authors: Lear Terence
Published: March 2007

This paper describes how a Large Group functions in a block weekend Group-analytic training course through the phases of Introductory, Advanced and Diploma years. The author suggests that the Large Group is strategically placed in such a course to assist with the integration of complex personal changes occurring in the course events, culminating in the professional identity of the group analyst.
Staff-Student Relationships in Universities: Boundary Disasters and `Minus K'
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: March 2007

Psychosexual dynamics in academic institutions are characterized using WR. Bion's description of the production of `minus K' and the turn to the individual as a defence at times of boundary crisis. This theoretical account illuminates the importance of the relationship between container and contained, but needs to be contextualized. It is argued that Bion's ideas have been carried to the present day through cultural representations of disaster, and so have a particular resonance with contemporary academic boundary crises. The paper exemplifies a general argument about the importance of psychoanalysis as a culturally specific form of knowledge.
Dialogue and Selfhood: Discovering Connections
Authors: Pines Malcolm
Published: March 2007

Selfhood emerges from the matrix of primary relationships through the infant-care-giver dialogues. Current knowledge of early development clarifies the nature of these dialogues and confirms their significance. The Group-analytic situation is based on dialogical exchanges and in that situation it is possible to recognize and work with disturbed dialogues and exchanges. By its very nature group analysis has considerable power to facilitate the restoration of more sensitive and creative exchanges which will lead to the reemergence and transformation of Self and Self-identity.
Philosophy and Madness: Sass's the Paradoxes of Delusion
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between psychoanalysis and philosophy, through discussion of a recent book in which announced interpretation of Schreber's Memoirs is cross-articulated with Wittgenstein's analysis of philosophical solipsism. It shows how many of the `intellectual diseases' which preoccupied Wittgenstein have strong affinities with the symptoms described by Schreber and questions some basic assumptions which tend to be made within the psychoanalytic field.
The Group Analysis Scenario in Italy: Forty Years of Growth and Development
Authors: Ancona Leonardo
Published: March 2007

The author describes the history of group analysis in Italy and the institution of the Confederazione Organizzazioni Italiane di Ricerca Analitica sui Gruppi as a confederation of nine Group-analytic societies. He gives a short outline of the programmes of the various societies, dealing in greater detail with the Societai Italiana Psicoterapia Analitica Gruppi.
Towards a Group-Analytic Epistemology
Authors: Verso Girolamo Lo
Published: March 2007

A theoretical model can help to make sense of clinical experience: it can also influence its development. The author links epistemological concepts with the Group-analytic model he has developed in recent years, visualizing it as a square with `objective', `method', `theory' and `conducting' at each corner
Thoughts on the Setting of the Large Analytic Group
Authors: Platen Alice Ricciardi von
Published: March 2007

Different dynamics are observed in a Large Group according to the number of conductors employed. The change of setting stimulates different levels of group phantasy, more or less structured, or primitive.
The Introductory General Course in Group Work of the Institute of Group Analysis 1993-4: A Survey of Student Backgrounds and Experience
Authors: Stephenson Matthew , Bums Tom
Published: March 2007

The IGA (London) has a well-established introductory course in group analysis. Over recent years the intake has broadened to include a variety of professional groups. An attempt was made to determine the nature of the intake in a typical year (1993-4) and see if professional background was associated with response to the course. The study was performed by the completion by participants of two questionnaires, one at the beginning, one at the end. The results confirmed the broad range of professional backgrounds but not any clear differential response to the course. Overall there were high levels of satisfaction with the course, the Small Group being the most successful element, the Large Group the least. Overall the IGA introductory course was successful in achieving its aims in offering an introduction to group analysis. Criticism of the Large Group experience suggests that continued work may be required to improve student satisfaction with its role in the course.
An Account of Malcolm Pines's Work with a Demonstration Group
Authors: Rubenfeld Seymour
Published: March 2007

This article recounts the author's observation of Malcolm Pines's work with a demonstration group at the National Group Psychotherapy Institute Conference, the Washington School of Psychiatry, 8-10 November 1996. Dr Pines's interventions demonstrating his application of Group-analytic methods with a three-session process group are described, illustrating clarifications of group function, handling of transference, and attention given to beginning and ending phenomena.
The Internet and the Large Group
Authors: Davidson Ben
Published: March 2007

This article argues that from a Group-analytic perspective, the communication dynamics of the Internet are similar to those of any large group. Personal experiences are recounted, showing how the Internet can enable a large group of 450 members to function effectively. Drawing on Kreeger's seminal work on the large group, comparison is made between the `Internet forum' and the extended matrix, questioning Foulkes's scepticism as to the possibility of ever realizing a healthy, functioning large group. The writer looks towards the increasing use and applications of the Internet as one of the most important contemporary issues in group analysis.
Mobile telecommunications and the management of time
Authors: Jauréguiberry Francis
Published: March 2007

The logic of action for the “wired” is dominated by cost effectiveness and utilitarianism. They want to live faster, better, more intensely, not only by increasing the density of time (better organization of the execution and order of tasks thanks to flexible telecommunications) but by creating a double time (superimposing media time on physical time). Nevertheless, in the face of random, fleeting experiences leading to the dispersion and sometimes aberrations that can be the outcome of such a logic, we see a reaction emerging which is based on a critical logic aimed at enabling individuals to avoid being dispossessed of time of their own, of their own rhythms and history by generalized acceleration. This logic reintroduces the temporal depth needed for maturation, for reflection and for meditation where the clash of immediacy and urgency all too often demands an impulsive response.
What the study of relationships has to say about emotion research
Authors: Gottman John M.
Published: March 2007

Following a brief overview of the history of the study of relationships and marital problems, the author challenges the widespread conclusion from prior research that partners in a distressed marriage are simply more negative toward one another than partners in non-distressed relationships (as well as the implication that it is sufficient to encourage couples in conflictual relationships to be more positive to each other). The author summarizes a large amount of work from his laboratory (conducted in collaboration with Robert Levenson, and using observational methods as well as psychophysiological recording) that shows that the sequential patterns of affective interchange partners show in non-conflict contexts may regulate affect in conflict contexts. The data show that these stable affective interaction patterns predict marital happiness and stability or divorce. Based on these empirical research findings, the author suggests that only a proper “relationship science” can do justice to the complexity of the issues and generate plausible suggestions for policy implementations in the future.
Exploring Biomedical and Ethnomedical Representations of Diabetes in Ghana and the Scope for Cross-professional Collaboration: a Social Psychological Approach to Health Policy
Authors: Aikins Ama de-Graft
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which ethnomedical and biomedical representations of chronic illness and approaches to treatment impact on illness action. Using diabetes care in Ghana as a case study, qualitative interviews were conducted with rural and urban biomedical and ethnomedical practitioners to examine professional representations of diabetes, descriptions of the treatment process and assessment of in-group and out-group knowledge base and practices. The social representations concept of cognitive polyphasia is used as an analytical tool to examine consensus and conflict within and between group narratives. Three major findings are outlined. Firstly, there are more areas of consensus than conflict across professional groups, particularly on the broad themes of health, illness and treatment processes. Secondly, the clash between the two groups is fuelled by internal as well as acrossgroup conflict on notions of cure and the spiritual basis of illness. The function of this clash is to underscore professional legitimacy and expertise in a complex area of illness where individuals are in constant eclectic search for answers to cure. Thirdly and critically, there is strong indication that the function of the clash is constantly undermined by illness action, and it is recognition of this that opens up practical ways for cross-professional collaboration. In the concluding sections, some practical recommendations for improving health policy are outlined and discussed.
The science-society contract in historical transformation: with special reference to “epistemic drift”
Authors: Elzinga Aant
Published: March 2007

This paper locates the discussion around the finalization thesis in a broader science policy context, linking it to the recent discourse on a changing science-society contract. It is argued that the broadening of the Kuhnian concept of the paradigm, making it amenable to science policy studies, was an important move. Further development of this notion, however, standed on the prongs of critique coming from both the worlds of politics and science. At the same time, advances in the cognitive sociology of science undermined the internalist/externalist distinction. Today, with certain changes in the conditions of research due to the introduction of the concept of “strategic research”, politicians are more apt to accept certain points of the thesis; scientific communities, on the other hand, perceive new threats to their autonomy. This paper tries to make sense of this new situation by translating the question of interplay between internal and external dynamics of research into one involving boundary management and epistemic criteria. The notion of “epistemic drift” is introduced and the internalist/externalist distinction refurbished in neo-institutionalist terms, making use of the concept of interfoliating credibility cycles.
The evolutionary study of human family systems
Authors: Emlen Stephen T.
Published: March 2007

Evolutionary biologists seek to understand human behavior by postulating that many of our current social behaviors and emotions represent heritable adaptations that were selectively advantageous during our ancestral (pre-agricultural, pre-industrial) human environment. Studies of animal species that live in societies structured similarly to those of our ancestors (i.e. in multi-generational family groups) may thus provide insights into the genetically influenced behavioral predispositions that may be present in ourselves.

The evolutionary approach argues that family groupings have a biological basis. They form under particular ecological and demographic conditions when the reproduction of individuals is enhanced by prolonging the association between parents and young. Because families are comprised of close genetic relatives, a high degree of cooperation is expected between their members. Conflict is also expected, however, because the reproductive interests of parents, offspring, and other family members are rarely identical. Such conflicts are intensified in reconstituted (step) families because replacement mates (stepparents) are unrelated to offspring of the previous pairing, and extant offspring are less related to future young of the new pairing.

I develop a set of predictions specifying when, where, and between whom, conflict is expected in reconstituted family environments. After briefly documenting the robustness of this approach in explaining the behavior of non-human species, I examine its value for interpreting patterns of behavior in human stepfamilies.

I suggest that much of the increased conflict seen in modern human families is due to the recent surge in numbers of stepfamily households. Increased understanding of our behavioral predispositions can help us to design better conflict resolution strategies for human families in crisis. I offer a five point program for incorporating such knowledge into family counselling.

The evolutionary perspective does not challenge or contradict the intellectual frameworks of sociology or psychology. Rather it seeks explanations for human behavior at a different level of analysis. In doing so it provides additional information of a new dimension which should lead to a better understanding of the types and frequencies of human family dysfunction.
Health and identity: the case of the Chinese community in England
Authors: Gervais Marie-Claude , Jovchelovitch Sandra
Published: March 2007

Social representations of health and illness are deeply intertwined with issues of cultural identity. People think of health and illness in relation to their social environment and cultural background. In this paper, we report findings of a study on representations of health among the Chinese community in England. Using focus groups and in-depth interviews with experts and lay members of the Chinese community, we found a hybrid representation which combines Chinese traditions and western biomedical knowledge. This mixed social representation is paradoxical: it both integrates and draws upon the differences inherent in the two knowledge systems. The contradictory nature of the representation is functional: it enables the community both to sustain/defend its cultural identity and to cope with the challenges posed by the host environment. The findings are discussed in relation to the hybridization of identities in the context of globalization.
Tools, techniques and animals: the role of mediations of actions in the dynamics of social behaviours
Authors: Lestel Dominique , Grundmann Emmanuelle
Published: March 2007

The definition of tool proposed by Beck (1980) is still the one referred to in ethology when discussing the question of tool-use in animals, and its pertinence is rarely questioned. However, observations on technical behaviours in animals have multiplied over the last 20 years, and these have profoundly altered our earlier representations. In the present article, we show that Beck's definition is insufficient and that it does not, in fact, work. More generally, we replace a theory of tools with a theory of mediations of actions to account for technical behaviours in animals. We show that a culturally overcharged notion such as that of tool hinders our perception of the diversity and the complexity of tool uses. By speaking of mediations of actions and not of tools, we eliminate the problem of first defining the pertinent object (is it a tool or not?) and are free to concentrate on the means by which the animal externalizes its actions and thus procures greater means of acting on these within a group. In so doing, we prepare the ground for a genuine evolutionary understanding of the dynamics of actions within a given animal population. Whereas, with a few exceptions, ethologists have always separated the question of techniques from that of social behaviour, we emphasize the importance of an ecology of mediations of actions for understanding the structure and dynamics of animal societies, in particular by attempting to rethink such notions as “culture” in the perspective of a general analysis of mediations of actions.
The Other German Dictatorship: Totalitarianism and Modernization in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Meuschel Sigrid
Published: March 2007

In contrast to the home-made Nazi regime, the East German dictatorship was imposed by a foreign power and remained dependent on it. It did not cause a civilizational collapse comparable to Nazism, but it was more totalitarian in its efforts to subordinate all areas of social life to political control. This totalitarian logic resulted in a permanent dilemma: the party-state suppressed the innovative potential which at the same time it needed to achieve its modernizing aims. Various responses to this problem were tried in the course of the history of the GDR: phases of liberalization - loosening of control in various fields - were relatively brief and insignificant. Attempts to reform and rationalize the controlling centre were more characteristic of the East German regime; this strategy, combined with visions of a `scientific-technical revolution', may be seen as the GDR version of reform communism. When the leadership gave up such ambitions in the 1970s, the only alternative left was to pacify society by means of improving living standards and developing a more flexible policy towards the other German state. This minimalist strategy of survival left the regime defenceless when it faced a major crisis at the end of the 1980s.
The Promise of Absolute Wealth: Capitalism as a Religion?
Authors: Deutschmann Christoph
Published: March 2007

In his fragment on `capitalism as a religion', Walter Benjamin characterizes capitalism not only as a phenomenon that is `influenced' by religion, as conventional sociological interpretations assume, but as one of `essentially religious' character. This article takes up and elaborates Benjamin's idea, drawing mainly on Simmel, Marx and the constructivist concept of economic `myths'. Referring to Simmel's idea of money as `absolute means' and Marx's concept of capital, it is argued that money is a non-observable and basically paradox phenomenon, comparable to religion. But capitalism differs from traditional religion in that it is no longer based on a fixed distinction between the mundane and the transcendent world. Rather, the promises of capital have to be redeemed in a continuous process of constructing and deconstructing economic `myths'. The article argues that such an interpretation of capitalism `as' a religion could be capable of synthesizing the results of contemporary research on innovation, entrepreneurship and economic growth.
The Making of a Post-western Europe: a Civilizational Analysis
Authors: Delanty Gerard
Published: March 2007

The enlargement of the European Union to include eventually Turkey and the former communist countries is a major challenge for our understanding of the meaning of Europe as a geopolitical, social and cultural space. It is also a question of the identity of Europe as one shaped by social or systemic integration. With the diminishing significance of national borders within the EU, the outer territorial frontier is also losing its significance and Europe will become more and more postwestern. It thus appears that the eastern frontier is more flexible than was previously thought. The EU is now at the decisive point of moving beyond postnationality to a transnational encounter with multiple civilizational forms. Enlargement is not just about getting bigger but is crucially a matter of cultural transformation and therefore it differs from all previous dynamics of Europeanization. Rather than tell the story of Europeanization exclusively as one of national histories and of closure, a civilizational analytic offers the possibility of multiple modernities and thus of a more appropriate theorization of the current situation.
Novalis, Marx and Parsons: Niklas Luhmann's Search for Modernity
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: March 2007

In an essay on `the modernity of modern society', written after the demise of the Soviet model but against the premature triumphalism of mainstream modernization theory, Niklas Luhmann proposes to broaden the perspectives of sociological analysis by drawing on neglected or misunderstood traditions. A re-reading of Marx and a reconstruction of Romantic insights into the modern condition serve to problematize the conventional functionalist account of modernization. But at the same time, Luhmann re-defines the conceptual framework of systems theory in such a way that the unorthodox inputs can be adapted to a more flexible version of functional analysis. The emphasis on reference and coding as different but interconnected interpretive operations leads to a more radical conception of the autonomy of subsystems; the interepretive aspect is, however, confined within the limits of a closed and uniform model. A comparison with Weber casts doubt on Luhmann's claim to have given a more adequate account of differentiation; the Weberian conception of world orders, although less developed than the functionalist alternative, seems to provide a better starting-point for the understanding of ambivalence and interpretive conflict as constitutive aspects of modernity.
On Glocalization: or Globalization for some, Localization for some Others
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: March 2007

Globalization cuts both ways. Not only does it valorize the local in a cultural sense, it constructs the local as the tribal. Processes of geopolitical fragmentation give those in power even more room to manoeuvre. Glocalization involves the reallocation of poverty and stigma from above without even the residual responsibility of noblesse oblige. Geographical and social mobility are dichotomized; populations are refigured as tourists and vagabonds. Globalization thus reinforces already existing patterns of domination, while globalization indicates trends to dispersal and conflict on neo-traditional grounds. The privileged walk, or fly away; the others take revenge upon each other.
Unrewarding Work, Coworker Support, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: DUCHARME LORI J. , MARTIN JACK K.
Published: March 2007

Beneficial effects of social support in the workplace have received only limited attention from sociologists. Workgroup interactions, especially social support received from coworkers, may significantly contribute to job satisfaction. This article assesses the effects of coworker support on job satisfaction, paying particular attention to the nature and influence of instrumental coworker support both relative to and in conjunction with affective coworker support. The authors expect that both affective and instrumental social support will exert significant and independent effects on these outcomes and that instrumental support will buffer the effects of nonrewarding work on job satisfaction. These hypotheses are tested in a series of ordinary least squares regression models. Data are drawn from a nationally representative sample of 2,505 full-time employees. Study findings are consistent with a main effects model of workplace social support. Suggestions for the absence of buffering effects, implications for industrial policy, and future research efforts are offered.
Gendering the Market
Authors: LEVIN PETER
Published: March 2007

Drawing on ethnographic data collected on the trading floor of a large, Midwestern commodities exchange, I show how attention to variations in the pace of work within an overwhelmingly male-dominated workplace reveals different repertoires of gender. During periods of market activity, gender is constituted within a language of competence. Seemingly gender-neutral categories such as handling pressure, being aggressive, and being physical mask a gendered logic. By contrast, during downtime in the market, gender reemerges as a more overtly sexualized form of difference. Jokes and references to women's bodies make gender a more overtly salient characteristic of the trading floor. More careful attention to the meanings of gender draws attention to both overt and covert gendered logics in the construction of a gendered workplace.
Pay Me Now or Pay Me Later
Authors: ELVIRA MARTA M.
Published: March 2007

Building on agency and power theories, this study addresses the relationship between bonuses and promotions. The author tests whether these incentives are traded off, reflecting a balance between insurance and incentive provisions in employment contracts. Analyses of data for 8,549 employees of a financial firm support no trade-off: Individuals' who earn bonuses are more likely to be promoted than those paid on a salary-only basis, after controlling for performance. This finding holds across different occupations and is especially strong for managers. Because employees in higher levels benefit most from multiple rewards, power explanations best describe the incentive mix observed here.
The Quality of Work and Youth Mental Health
Authors: MORTIMER JEYLAN T. , HARLEY CAROLYN , STAFF JEREMY
Published: March 2007

According to one prominent perspective, part-time work places adolescents at risk because it confronts them with stressors for which they are unprepared and limits participation in more developmentally beneficial activities. However, if working signifies progress in moving toward adulthood, it could promote psychological well-being. Although the controversy surrounding teenage work is focused on employment status and intensity, research on adults indicates that it is the quality of work experience that matters for psychological functioning. This research examines key features of work experience and adolescents' depressive affect and well-being, including both selection and socialization processes. Based on data from the St. Paul Youth Development Study, the analysis indicates that the quality of high school work experience does have significant contemporaneous consequences for the mental states of young people but has little effect on their long-term mental health.
Advisory and Coercive Functions in Psychiatry
Authors: Daniels Arlene Kaplan
Published: March 2007

Two questions about professional practice rarely arise: the use of control in expert-client relations and the effect of different settings on the styles of practice. This paper presents the historical development of the mandates, for both control and advice, which pervade psychiatric practice. Though the presence of expertise always implies an element of control, usage varies according to opportunities and constraints provided by each setting. An analysis of control functions exercised by psychiatrists in coercive settings-institutions-leads to recognition of the application of control elements in the supposedly advisory setting of private practice. Patients meeting psychiatrists in different settings require differing kinds of protection against misuse of professional expertise.
Encounters with Danger
Authors: Mayer John E. , Rosenblatt Aaron
Published: March 2007

The social services, especially today, are intent on providing ghetto dwellers with adequate care. But this mission cannot be accomplished unless service workers are willing to enter ghetto areas and to incur risks to their physical safety. This paper describes some of the sociopsychological and structural influences which induced and later enabled a group of social workers to expose themselves to physical harm. On a more general level, it bears on the following question: how do organizations ensure that undesirable positions are filled?
The Hospital Volunteer
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo , Nutt Larry E.
Published: March 2007

Specialization of medical practice in bureaucratic settings has created a situation where the individual is often treated according to universalistic and impersonal criteria. The hospital volunteer enters this health care system with a radically different expertise and organizational relationship compared to the salaried workers. The mandate of "helping" the patient and vague organizational ties create a problematic but necessary role for this lay person in a bureaucratic setting.
Urban Women in the Labor Force
Authors: Peil Margaret
Published: March 2007

Data from sample censuses and interviews in eight West African towns are used to examine the importance of various factors in women's participation in the urban labor force. Participation is shown to vary considerably with local values and opportunities. Of the personal variables, marital status and education (especially secondary edu cation) are the most important, followed by age; husband's socioeconomic position appears to be relatively unimportant. Differences in income between men and women at the same occupational level and the implications of the expansion of female educa tion for increasing competition for wage employment are discussed.
Professional Socialization and Attitudes Toward Collective Bargaining
Authors: Stern Robert N. , Murphy Kevin R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the basis of hostility toward collective bargaining by professionals as attitudes develop during professional training. Comparisons are made among law students in different class years within a school. Data on the relationship between background, motivation to enter law, careerplans, stage of legal training, and attitudes toward bargaining show that hostility toward professional collective bargaining increases with training. Background factors, motivation, and career plans are initially important predictors of hostility, but become insignificant by the third year of law school. The ability to distinguish the activity of unions from that of professional associations becomes more important as background effects attenuate.
Organizational Analysis of Stress
Authors: BACHARACH SAMUEL B. , BAUER SCOTT C. , CONLEY SHARON
Published: March 2007

This article is an organizational analysis of stress in 42 elementary school organizations and 45 secondary school organizations. Organizational stress is operationalized as the aggregate average response to survey questions on the teachers' level of general stress on the job. The predictors of stress differ for elementary school organizations and secondary school organizations. Among the independent variables emerging as important are role ambiguity, the rationality of promotion, and supervisory behavior.
Plant Shutdowns and Union Decline
Authors: Cornfield Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

The unprecedented secular decline in U.S. unionization has been attributed to plant shutdowns stemming from capital mobility out of the unionized Northern industrial regions to the “Sunbelt.” The effects of local union environment and structure on local union turnover and aging—increasing mean local union age—are examined with a study of 168 local labor unions of the United Furniture Workers between 1963 and 1981. The results suggest that local union size, more than geographical location, affects the chances of a local union closing due to a plant shutdown. Based on population ecology and resource dependence perspectives, the study suggests that the declining capacity of unions to charter large locals, more than geographical capital redistribution, has led to local union aging and union decline.
Obstacles to Unionization in High-Tech Industries
Authors: ROBINSON J. GREGG , McILWEE JUDITH S.
Published: March 2007

Explanations for the difficulty faced by unions in their attempts to organize workers in high-tech firms in the Sunbelt are examined. We located our discussion within the theoretical debate regarding the decline of unions in the United States. Our focus is on 125 workers in two high-tech firms in a large Texas city. Based on survey data, personal interviews, and field observations, we describe the work and nonwork experiences of employees as they relate to the unionization process. We argue for a multicausal explanation for the lack of unionization. An authoritarian work environment, disorganized work lives, and an antiunion political climate combine to make unionization an unlikely alternative for these workers, despite the fact that they are not inherently antiunion in their attitudes.
The Status of Black Lawyers
Authors: CAPPELL CHARLES L.
Published: March 2007

Two decades have passed since the Great Society programs ostensibly widened the doors of opportunity in the United States, including the opportunity to practice law. This article examines the current status of the black bar and evaluates several contemporary theories of professional labor market segmentation. Findings show that the absolute number of black attorneys has increased over the past 15 years, the rate of growth is slowing, the proportion of blacks enrolled in law school has been relatively stable over this period, and that other minorities and women have increased their presence within the bar more than blacks. The evidence establishes the importance of the public sector as a source of employment for black and other minority lawyers. A comparison of the proportions of black lawyers and judges found within several large cities reveals the influence of the black electorate on the racial composition of the bar. The practice of law has generally been opened to blacks, but their distribution across specialties and settings suggests that they may be particularly vulnerable to policies that reduce the size and scope of the public sector.
Three Models of Job Mobility in Labor Markets
Authors: HACHEN DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines job mobility patterns in the United States through the analysis of job mobility rates. Utilizing event history analysis and retrospective job history data, a variety of job mobility rates are modeled. Besides the overall rate of job exiting, this study also examines rates of voluntary and involuntary exits, within- and between-employer moves, and upward job shifts. Informed by three theoretical models of job mobility—the reward-resource model, the limited opportunity model, and the vacancy competition model—hypotheses concerning the effects of education, occupational status, supervision, time in the labor force, gender, race, and economic sector on various job shift rates are formulated and tested. Among the major conclusions are (a) education increases job mobility, but does not uniquely determine the paths; (b) gender and racial differences pertain more to differences in mobility channels than to differences in the overall rate of job moving; and (c) dualistic accounts of labor market structures are problematic in that they tend to conflate several basic dimensions of job mobility patterns.
The Japanese Permanent Employment System
Authors: CHENG MAN TSUN
Published: March 2007

Using the 1975 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey work history data, the author examines the extent to which Japanese male workers stay with their first employers and how retention rates differ in sectors of the economy. Findings suggest that beside firm type, which has been widely regarded as the primary factor in determining the work career in Japan, industrial sector and occupation are also important.
Interrelationships of Work Commitment Constructs
Authors: RANDALL DONNA M. , COTE JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2007

Bivariate correlations have typified research on interrelationships of work commitment constructs. A model of work commitment is presented which specifies multivariate relationships among organizational commitment, career salience, work group attachment, job involvement, and the Protestant work ethic. Data from a sample of university employees reveal that multivariate findings are generally consistent with reported bivariate correlations. While four of the five hypothesized relationships in the theoretic model are supported, the study highlights the need for further conceptual and empirical work to improve the model's fit.
The Legal Profession in the United States and Australia
Authors: ANLEU SHARYN L. ROACH
Published: March 2007

Over the past 2 decades, the legal profession in the United States and Australia has undergone critical changes including growth, specialization, the entry of women, increasing salaried employment, and the relaxation on advertising constraints. Many argue that these developments undermine the profession's autonomy, self-regulation, and control over the terms and organization of work and suggest that the law is becoming deprofessionalized. By accepting, albeit implicitly, the attribute model of the professions, these theorists necessarily interpret change as “profession damaging.” This article examines the implications of recent developments for the status of the legal profession in both societies and questions whether they diminish professional control and prerogative or constitute new forms of organization. It concludes that recent changes demonstrate that various segments within the profession are making jurisdictional claims and strengthening their positions vis-à-vis employers, competing occupational groups, clients, and other segments of the profession. Increasing heterogeneity within the legal profession enables greater flexibility and versatility in the long term. For the most part, short-term conflicts are contained within the profession.
The Affective Consequences of Service Work
Authors: WHARTON AMY S.
Published: March 2007

Understanding the social-psychology effects of frontline service work requires attention to the emotional labor performed by incumbents of these positions. Using Hochschild's 1983 classification of jobs requiring emotional labor, this study examines the effects of emotional labor on workers employed in the banking and hospital industries. The results suggest that performance of emotional labor does not have uniformly negative consequences for workers, as some accounts imply. Instead, the effects of emotional labor are conditioned by workers' level of job autonomy and job involvement, and their self-monitoring abilities. The conditions under which emotional labor has negative and positive social-psychological consequences are discussed.
Union Presence, Class, and Individual Earnings Inequality
Authors: LEICHT KEVIN T. , WALLACE MICHAEL , GRANT DON SHERMAN
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to expand our understanding of the effects of unions on the earnings of workers by examining several dimensions of union presence simultaneously. Specifically, the authors examine the direct effects of unions (union membership) and the indirect effects of intraindustry union threats (union density) and interindustry union threats (upstream and downstream unionization) on earnings inequality. The authors examine how these dimensions of union presence affect earnings of workers in different locations in the class structure using class distinctions developed by Wright (1985). They find that union presence has a complicated relationship to earnings of workers in different locations in the class structure. Although union membership positively affects the earnings of all workers, the positive effects of union density are confined to proletarians. Downstream unionization positively affects the earnings of both unionized and nonunionized managers and credentialed workers in a linear fashion. However, its positive effects on the earnings of proletarians are confined to the nonunionized and they are nonlinear. These results are interpreted in light of prior research on union threat effects and are compared to research on positional power by Wallace, Leicht, and Grant (1993).
The Effect of Occupational Growth on Labor Force Task Characteristics
Authors: SZAFRAN ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how changes from 1950 through 1990 in the relative size of 495 detailed occupations have altered the frequency with which certain kinds of tasks are encountered by members of the labor force. Shifts in the distribution of employment across occupations in the post-World War II era in the United States have resulted in increased likelihood that workers will encounter tasks characterized by high levels of substantive complexity and social interaction but decreased likelihood that their jobs will require fine motor skills, gross motor skills, or be performed in harsh climatic conditions. The results also indicate that labor force jobs have become polarized on the need for fine motor skills and on the level of social interaction but not on the other 3 task characteristics. Explanations for these shifts in occupational employment are sought in theories emphasizing the role of technology, market competition, and the relative power of groups within the labor force.
Cohort Differences in Men's Late-Life Labor Force Participation
Authors: HENRETTA JOHN C. , LEE HYUNKEE
Published: March 2007

This article uses the 1964 to 1992 March Current Population Survey data to examine cohort differences in men's late-life labor force participation for the 1895-1934 birth cohorts. Results using an age-period-cohort model indicate that a substantial portion of cohort differences may be attributed to changing levels of social security benefits, the proportion of workers receiving disability benefits, and the unemployment rate. The results also indicate larger cohort differences among Blacks and rural residents.