bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remission, complications, and overall survival in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery—a Swedish single-center experience of 578 patients
Authors: Bengtsson Ola Fridman , Sunnergren Ola , Segerhammar Ivan , Förander Petter , Olsson Martin , Hulting Anna-Lena , Stjärne Pär
Published: January 2023

Background

Surgical treatment of pituitary lesions causing hormonal overproduction or mass effect is standard procedure. There are few reports on the results and complications related to these surgeries from Northern Europe. Our aim was to evaluate the outcome and complications of a single tertiary surgical center over more than a decade.

Methods

This was a retrospective study on all patients that underwent pituitary surgery from 1st of January 2005 to 31st of December 2017. The analysis included type of lesion, surgical method, pre- and postoperative need for hormonal substitution, hormonal outcome, complications to surgery, survival, need for revision surgery, or stereotactic radiation. Appropriate statistical analyses were made to evaluate surgical results, complications, and survival.

Results

Five hundred seventy-eight patients were included in the study. Remission was achieved in 58% of patients with GH-producing and 94% of ACTH-releasing adenomas. Sixty-six percent had no preoperative hormonal substitution compared to 39% postoperatively. Rhinosinusitis (10%) was the most commonly reported postoperative complication followed by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (8%) and meningitis (4%). Standardized mortality rate for the study population was higher (p = 0.18) when compared to the general population.

Conclusion

Our results regarding remission rates and complications are in comparison with previous studies. Surgery of pituitary lesion can be considered a safe and efficient surgery. We noted lower rates of CSF leakage in the later part of the study period and believe that this, in part, was an effect by the introduction of a multidisciplinary surgical skull base team and increased surgical experience.
Characteristics of behavioural addiction in Parkinson’s disease patients with self-reported impulse control disorder and controls matched for levodopa equivalent dose: a matched case–control study
Authors: Leplow Bernd , Renftle Daniela , Thomas Mareike , Michaelis Katja , Solbrig Susanne , Maetzler Walter , Berg Daniela , Liepelt-Scarfone Inga
Published: January 2023

Impulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) frequently occur, not always as a direct consequence of dopaminergic medication. This study investigated premorbid personality traits and behavioural characteristics in non-demented PD patients with self-reported symptoms of ICD (PD-srICD). From a total of 200 non-demented PD patients who filled out questionnaires assessing symptoms and severity of ICD, those were classified as PD-srICD (n = 32) who reported current occurrence of at least one compulsive behaviour (gambling, sexual behaviour, buying behaviour, or eating). As a control group, 32 patients with no self-reported ICD symptoms were matched for levodopa equivalent daily dose. The demographic, clinical, and premorbid personality profiles were compared between both groups. Frequency of psychological characteristics indicating substance use disorder was evaluated in patients with PD-srICD. Patients with PD-srICD were more frequently male, younger at examination, had earlier PD onset, more depression, higher non-motor burden, less quality of life (p < 0.05, respectively), and more frequently reported premorbid sensation seeking/novelty orientation (p = 0.03) and joyful experience of stress (p = 0.04) than patients in the control group. Of patients with PD-srICD, 90.6% reported at least one behavioural characteristic of substance use disorder, most frequently positive expectations following ICD behaviour and illusional beliefs about its behavioural control. Signs of addiction were common among patients with PD-srICD. Therefore, the profile of psychological characteristics in patients with PD-srICD resembled that of patients with substance use disorder. It can be concluded that dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) alone does not account for PD-srICD and that thorough psychological diagnostics are recommended.
Impacts of wintertime meteorological variables on decomposition of Phragmites australis and Solidago canadensis in the Balaton System
Authors: Anda Angela , Simon Szabina , Simon-Gáspár Brigitta
Published: January 2023

A field experiment was carried out in plant litter decomposition at three sites of the Balaton System (Balaton — Kis Balaton wetland — Zala Mouth) differing in their environment type during winter 2019/2020. The largest freshwater shallow lake in Central Europe (Carpathian Basin) is the Balaton, with a surface area of about 600 km2 and an average depth of 3.25 m. Right around the lake, a nutrient filtering system, the Kis-Balaton wetland, is functioning to avoid water deterioration and eutrophication. The aim of the study was to investigate crop-weather relations in two sample species, the widely distributed native P. australis and the allied S. canadensis incubated beneath the water using leaf-bag technique to characterise plant organ decomposition. Based on our results, the most consistent meteorological variable regarding decomposition process was global radiation (r =  − 0.62* to − 0.91**; r: correlation coefficient; * and ** mean that correlations are significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels), in each treatment. In modelling the decomposition process, out of eight meteorological variables, only the daily mean air temperatures and humidity were excluded from regression equations. On dominatingly windy days, with the increase in water temperature of the Zala Mouth, the sensitivity of the decomposition of S. canadensis litter tended to decrease as compared to P. australis. The remaining litter masses were in a Kis-Balaton > Balaton > Zala order, contrasting the water temperature gradient that decreased from the Zala to the Kis-Balaton wetland under wind-dominated conditions. Considering all sampling places in three aquatic ecosystems, there was a 2.2 and a 2.7% daily mean detritus mass loss in P. australis and S. canadensis, respectively. We concluded that the invasive S. canadensis litter decomposed more quickly than those of native P. australis, irrespective to sampling site. Increase in winter water temperature significantly promoted the litter decomposition of both plant species. The originality of the study is that it quantifies the litter decomposition for an Eastern European wetland, during wintertime.
The Perceived Job Performance of Child Welfare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Axelrad-Levy Tamar , Schwartz Tayri Talia Meital , Achdut Netta , Sarid Orly
Published: January 2023

While the evidence on the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of frontline social workers is emerging, the research on the impact of the pandemic on their performance is scarce. The presented study explores how the relationship between work environment predictors and perceived stress explains the job performance of child welfare social workers during the pandemic using survey responses of 878 child welfare social workers. The findings revealed the mechanism through which environment predictors and perceived stress interacted in explaining job performance during a time of large-scale crisis. We found that C.W. social workers who experienced greater COVID-19-related service restrictions reported poorer job performance, that perceived stress disrupted workers’ supervision and autonomy, and that supervision and job autonomy protected C.W. social workers from the adverse effects of perceived stress and workload on their job performance. Conclusions included the importance of autonomy and supervision in mitigating job-related stressors and the need to adapt and enhance child welfare supervision during times of national crisis.
Artisanal gold mine spoil types within a common geological area and their variations in contaminant loads and human health risks
Authors: Mensah Martin Kofi , Drebenstedt Carsten , Hoth Nils , Ola Ibukun Momoriola , Okoroafor Precious Uchenna , Wiafe Edward Debrah
Published: January 2023

This study answered the question of whether mine spoils occurring in a common geological location had similarities in their contaminant load and associated health risks. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the total contents of Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Zn, Fe, and Al were determined for 110 digested soil samples obtained from underground rock ore (URS), oxide ore (OXS), and alluvial ore (AVS) mine spoils. Independent sample Kruskal–Wallis test and pairwise comparisons of sources were used to ascertain the variation in elemental load between the mine spoil investigated. The results showed that mine spoil contaminations and their ecological and health risk significantly varied (p < 0.01) from each other and fell in the order OXS > URS > AVS > forest soils because of their geochemistry. Determined enrichment and geo-accumulation indices revealed that OXS and URS sites were severely–extremely polluted with Cd, Hg, and As, while AVS mine spoils were only moderately contaminated by Cd and As contents. Children had the highest tendency for developing noncarcinogenic health defects largely due to toxic contents of As, Cd, and Hg in soil materials near them than adult men and women would after obtaining a hazard index of 73.5 and 67.7 (unitless) at both OXS and URS sites. Mine spoils especially where hard rocks and oxide ores were processed are not fit for agricultural use or human habitation. The restriction of human access and sustainable remediation approaches are required to avert health defects. Even so, area-specific potentially toxic elements must be targeted during soil cleaning due to the significant variations in contaminant load between mined sites.
Incidence and long-term outcome of laser pointer maculopathy in children
Authors: Farassat Navid , Boehringer Daniel , Luebke Jan , Ness Thomas , Agostini Hansjuergen , Reinhard Thomas , Lagrèze Wolf Alexander , Reich Michael
Published: January 2023

Purpose

Single center study to evaluate the incidence and long-term outcome of laser pointer maculopathy (LPM).

Methods

Medical records of 909,150 patients visiting our institution between 2007 and 2020 were screened in our electronic patient record system using the keywords "laserpointer," "laser pointer," and "solar."

Results

Eight patients (6/2 male/female, 11 eyes) with a history of LPM were identified by fundoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT), all of whom were children (6/2 male/female). Mean age at injury was 12.1 years (range 6–16). Five children (62.5%) were injured between 2019 and 2020, three (37.5%) between 2007 and 2018. Median best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of affected eyes at first presentation was 20/25 (range 20/50–20/16). Follow-up examination was performed in seven children (10 eyes) with a median follow-up period of 18 months (range 0.5–96). BCVA improved in 4 children (5 eyes; BCVA at follow-up 20/22.5, range 20/40–20/16). Three of these four children were treated with oral steroids. OCT revealed acute signs such as intraretinal fluid to resolve quickly, while outer retinal disruption persisted until the last follow-up in eight of eleven eyes. These lesions resembled lesions of patients with solar retinopathy of which seven cases (11 eyes) were identified between 2007 and 2020.

Conclusion

Readily available consumer laser pointers can damage the retina and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, possibly leading to long-lasting visual impairments. The number of laser pointer injuries has increased over the last years. Therefore, access to laser pointers for children should be strictly controlled.
Intermuscular two-incision technique for implantation of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a 3-year follow-up
Authors: Migliore Federico , Pittorru Raimondo , Giacomin Enrico , Dall’Aglio Pietro Bernardo , Falzone Pasquale Valerio , Bertaglia Emanuele , Iliceto Sabino , Gregori Dario , De Lazzari Manuel , Corrado Domenico
Published: January 2023

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of patients underwent subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation with the intermuscular (IM) two-incision technique during 3-year follow-up.

Methods

the study population consisted of 105 consecutive patients (79 male; median 50 [13–77] years) underwent S-ICD implantation with the IM two-incision technique. The composite primary end point of the study consisted of device-related complications and inappropriate shocks (IAS). Secondary end points included the individual components of the primary end point, death from any cause, appropriate therapy, major adverse cardiac events, hospitalization for heart failure, and heart transplantation.

Results

According to the PRAETORIAN score, the risk of conversion failure was classified as low in 99 patients (94.3%), intermediate in 6 (5.7%).Ventricular fibrillation was successfully converted at ≤65 J in 97.4% of patients. During a median follow-up of 39 (16–53) months, 10 patients (9.5%) experienced device-related complications, and 9 (8.5%) patients reported IAS. Lead-associated complications were the most common (5 patients, 4.7%), including 2 cases of lead failure (1.9%). Pocket complications were reported in 2 patients (1.9%). Extra-cardiac oversensing (3.8%) represented the leading cause of IAS. No T-wave oversensing episodes were recorded. Twelve patients (11.4%) experienced appropriate shocks. Eight patients (7.6%) died during follow-up. IAS or device-related complications did not impact on mortality.

Conclusions

The overall device-related complications and IAS rates over 3 years of follow-up were 9.5% and 8.5%, respectively. According to our findings, the IM two-incision technique allows for optimal positioning of the device achieving a low PRAETORIAN score with a high conversion rate. IM two-incision technique allows low incidence of pocket complications, shifting the type of complications towards lead-related complications, which represent the most common complications. The IM two-incision technique would not seem to impact the occurrence of IAS. Management of complications are safe without impact on the outcome.
Home Alone: Widows’ Well-Being and Time
Authors: Adena Maja , Hamermesh Daniel , Myck Michał , Oczkowska Monika
Published: January 2023

Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, 2004–17) and time diaries from Poland (2013), the U.S. (2006–16), the U.K. (2014–15) and France (2009–10), we examine differences between widowed and partnered older women in well-being and its development in widowhood. Most importantly, our analysis accounts for time use, an aspect which has not been studied previously. We trace the evolution of well-being of women who become widowed by comparing them with their matched non-widowed ‘statistical twins’ and examine the role of an exceptionally broad set of potential moderators of widowhood’s impact on well-being. We confirm a dramatic decrease in mental health and life satisfaction after the loss of partner, followed by a slow partial recovery over a 5-year period. An extensive set of controls recorded prior to widowhood, including detailed family ties and social networks, provides little help in explaining the deterioration in well-being. Unique data from time-diaries kept by older women in several European countries and the U.S. tell us why: the key factor behind widows’ reduced well-being is increased time spent alone.
Renewable, Organic and Related Carbon Aerogel Monoliths from the Polycondensation of Tannin with 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural
Authors: Koopmann Ann-Kathrin , Bartschmid Theresa , Hüsing Nicola , Elsaesser Michael S.
Published: January 2023

As a result of the global demand for sustainable products, a suitable alternative to the resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels, which are frequently used as precursors for carbon aerogels, is searched for. In this study, the replacement of petroleum-derived formaldehyde with a natural, biobased crosslinker, namely 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) is shown, and the synthesis of renewable, monolithic tannin aerogels is demonstrated. Compared to well-known tannin-formaldehyde aerogels, this green alternative shows lower reactivity of the crosslinker associated with lower gelation times as well as lower specific surface areas at the organic stage. Nonetheless, the morphologies and synthesis-structure relationships follow similar trends for both tannin-based aerogels, e.g., the pore size is influenced by the initial pH in the same manner. The turnover to carbon aerogels by a carbothermal treatment results in enhanced high-specific surface areas of the tannin-5-HMF-based carbon aerogels, which are similar and even slightly outperform those obtained from tannin-formaldehyde aerogels. This suggests that they are a convenient alternative for carbon aerogel applications.

Graphical Abstract
Circumpolar sampling reveals high genetic connectivity of Antarctic toothfish across their spatial distribution
Authors: Maschette D. , Wotherspoon S. , Polanowski A. , Deagle B. , Welsford D. , Ziegler P.
Published: January 2023

Antarctic Toothfish are a circumpolar species which are targeted in multiple fisheries around Antarctica covering nine statistical areas within the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Despite this, it is still unclear whether the species forms a single stock across its circumpolar distribution, shows a pattern of isolation by distance, or exhibits discrete stock structure between different regions. Recent genetics studies of Antarctic toothfish have shown connectivity between two areas (Ross Sea and Antarctic Peninsula), but earlier studies with smaller number of markers produced inconsistent results with regards to genetic connectivity between other geographic locations. Here we present a range-wide population genetic study of Antarctic toothfish using > 11,000 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms from 715 fish collected. Our results indicate that genetic diversity of the Antarctic toothfish is very low, with only 0.1% of genetic variability associated with geographic location. Multiple clustering methods, both supervised and unsupervised, indicated no distinct breeding populations. These results are consistent with current theories of egg and larval dispersal by the predominant Antarctic currents.
Perceptions of Pay Satisfaction and Pay Justice: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Valet Peter
Published: January 2023

Individual perceptions of pay satisfaction and pay justice are closely related social indicators. Notwithstanding their apparent resemblance, there are essential theoretical differences between those two concepts. Yet, we know little if people merely consider pay satisfaction and pay justice as two sides of the same coin. This paper theorizes two situations in which people’s perceptions of pay satisfaction and pay justice should differ in meaningful ways. First, their pay level should affect people’s self-interest and thus have a stronger effect on their pay satisfaction than on pay justice. Second, pay inequality in the workplace should affect people morally and thus should have a stronger effect on their pay justice perception than on pay satisfaction. These hypotheses were tested with linked employer-employee data collected in Germany (N = 2.695). Results of regression analyses with multiple dependent variables show that people’s pay satisfaction and pay justice perceptions increased with the level of their individual pay and decreased with the degree of workplace inequality. The pay effect was significantly stronger on pay satisfaction than on pay justice while the workplace inequality effects did not differ significantly. These results suggest that people under specific circumstances differentiate between pay satisfaction and pay justice. Consequently, researchers should consider that their results and conclusions might differ if they analyze pay satisfaction instead of pay justice and vice versa.
Implementing post-normal science with or for EU policy actors: using quantitative story-telling
Authors: Blackstock Kirsty L. , Waylen K. A. , Matthews K. B. , Juarez-Bourke A. , Miller D. G. , Hague A. , Wardell-Johnson D. H. , Giampietro M.
Published: January 2023

There is increasing recognition of the wicked nature of the intertwined climate, biodiversity and economic crises, and the need for adaptive, multi-scale approaches to understanding the complexity of both the problems and potential responses. Most science underpinning policy responses to sustainability issues, however, remains overtly apolitical and focussed on technical innovation; at odds with a critical body of literatures insisting on the recognition of systemic problem framing when supporting policy processes. This paper documents the experience of implementing a mixed method approach called quantitative story-telling (QST) to policy analysis that explicitly recognises this normative dimension, as the methodology is part of a post-normal science (PNS) toolkit. The authors reflect on what was learnt when considering how QST fared as a tool for science–policy interaction, working with European Union (EU) level policy actors interested in sustainable agriculture and sustainable development goal 2. These goals—also known as UN Agenda 2030—are the latest institutionalisation of the pursuit of sustainable development and the EU has positioned itself as taking a lead in its implementation. Thus, the paper illustrates our experience of using PNS as an approach to science policy interfaces in a strategic policy context; and illustrates how the challenges identified in the science–policy literature are amplified when working across multiple policy domains and taking a complex systems approach. Our discussion on lessons learnt may be of interest to researchers seeking to work with policy-makers on complex sustainability issues.
Radiolarian cherts and associated siliceous rocks of the Rhenish Massif and Harz Mountains, lower Carboniferous (Mississippian), Germany
Authors: Gursky Hans-Jürgen
Published: January 2023

Siliceous sedimentary rocks are major constituents of the rock succession in the Central European part of the Kulm Basin (Mississippian) and crop out in the eastern Rhenish Massif and the western Harz Mountains. These rocks occur in five lithostratigraphical units: Oberrödinghausen Formation, subdivided into Kahlenberg Subformation (“Untere Alaunschiefer”) and Hardt Subformation (“Schwarze Kulm-Kieselschiefer/-Lydite”), Laisa Formation (“Helle Kulm-Kieselschiefer”) and coeval Hillershausen Formation (“Kulm-Kieselkalke”), as well as Bromberg Formation (“Kieselige Übergangssschichten”); upper Hastarian to Asbian. Biostratigraphically, the formations can be dated by means of radiolarians and, in the upper part of the Kulm succession, also by ammonoids. Various siliciclastic, calcareous and, locally, mafic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks are associated with these strata. Four palaeogeographical facies zones have been identified. Radiolarian chert, spiculitic chert, homogenous chert, and silicified tuff are the main siliceous rock types. These mostly form current-laminated grey, black, greenish or reddish beds rhythmically alternating with layers of siliceous mudstone and are, in places, variably intercalated with grey and black mudstones and siltstones, phosphorites, metabentonites, turbiditic limestones, greywackes and quartz arenites. The depositional area of the Kulm Basin was situated at the northwestern margin of the elongate, relatively narrow tropical Palaeotethys Ocean, a shallow-bathyal sea strait between Gondwana and Laurussia that was successively closed during the Variscan Orogeny. Westbound nutrient-rich currents favoured high fertility of siliceous plankton (radiolarians). The latter gave rise to the formation of relatively pure biosiliceous oozes and muds under temporarily anoxic conditions at the seafloor, when, contemporaneously, terrigenous detrital input and sedimentation rates became low (approx. 2 mm/1000 a) due to relatively high sea level and dry climate. Biosiliceous sedimentation terminated, when, due to the Gondwana–Laurussia collision, terrigenous detrital input multiplied, the basin narrowed and oceanic circulation was restricted resulting in lowering of radiolarian productivity.
Pragmatic GeoAI: Geographic Information as Externalized Practice
Authors: Scheider Simon , Richter Kai-Florian
Published: January 2023

Current artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to handle geographic information (GI) reveal a fatal blindness for the information practices of exactly those sciences whose methodological agendas are taken over with earth-shattering speed. At the same time, there is an apparent inability to remove the human from the loop, despite repeated efforts. Even though there is no question that deep learning has a large potential, for example, for automating classification methods in remote sensing or geocoding of text, current approaches to GeoAI frequently fail to deal with the pragmatic basis of spatial information, including the various practices of data generation, conceptualization and use according to some purpose. We argue that this failure is a direct consequence of a predominance of structuralist ideas about information. Structuralism is inherently blind for purposes of any spatial representation, and therefore fails to account for the intelligence required to deal with geographic information. A pragmatic turn in GeoAI is required to overcome this problem.
Pre-service teachers becoming researchers: the role of professional learning groups in creating a community of inquiry
Authors: Zeivots Sandris , Buchanan John Douglas , Pressick-Kilborn Kimberley
Published: January 2023

Contemporary schools seek to employ teachers who are curious learners, who can employ practitioner inquiry skills to investigate, inform and grow their own classroom practice, responsive to their circumstances. As a profession, the question we must ask is how do we best prepare and continue to equip teachers with the necessary research skills to investigate and inform their own practice? In this study, we share our pedagogical stance and features of our approach in a new core undergraduate subject for pre-service teachers (PSTs). We discuss professional learning groups (PLGs) for initial teacher education students as the main intervention in the subject, and, more specifically, we elaborate how regular participation in PLGs formed in an on-campus subject can help PSTs to become researchers. We draw on 183 student exit tickets and student feedback surveys to consider broader implications for how to engage teachers in research. This study poses questions about the nature of practitioner research and investigates the role that PLGs play in disrupting the challenges universities face in preparing teachers to engage in and with research.
Comparing consumer preferences for sustainable dairy activities among countries
Authors: Aizaki Hideo , Takeshita Hironobu
Published: January 2023

This study measures consumer preferences for 11 sustainable dairy activities and examines the differences in preferences among five countries: the UK, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Japan. A case 1 best–worst scaling is used to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer application, soil management, water management, biodiversity, working environment, animal care, wastes, market development, rural communities, and product safety and quality. Consumers across countries have diverse preferences for sustainable dairy farming activities, which may be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and social attention toward the environment and agriculture. Preferential differences for some activities were also revealed by gender and age. When discussing the priorities of some activities, conflicts between gender and generations could arise. Information on consumer preference can help various stakeholders discuss how to improve the sustainability of the dairy sector.
The People's Dictatorship
Authors: Steinweis Alan E.
Published: January 2023

In this up-to-date, succinct, and highly readable volume, Alan E. Steinweis presents a new synthesis of the origins, development, and downfall of Nazi Germany. After tracing the intellectual and cultural origins of Nazi ideology, the book recounts the rise and eventual victory of the Nazi movement against the background of the struggling Weimar Republic. The book details the rapid transformation of Germany into a dictatorship, focusing on the interplay of Nazi violence and the readiness of Germans to accommodate themselves to the new regime.  Steinweis chronicles Nazi efforts to transform German society into a so-called People's Community, imbued with hyper-nationalism, an authoritarian spirit, Nazi racial doctrine, and antisemitism. The result was less a People's Community than what Steinweis calls a People's Dictatorship – a repressive regime that acted brutally toward the targets of its persecution, its internal opponents, and its foreign enemies even as it enjoyed support across much of German society.
Truthmaking
Authors: Asay Jamin
Published: January 2023

Truthmaking is the metaphysical exploration of the idea that what is true depends upon what exists. Truthmaker theorists argue about what the truthmaking relation involves, which truths require truthmakers, and what those truthmakers are. This Element covers the dominant views on these core issues in truthmaking. It also explores some key metaphysical topics and debates that are usefully approached by employing the tools of truthmaker theory: the debate between presentists and eternalists over the existence of entities from the past, and the debate between actualists and possibilists over merely possible states of affairs. In the final section, the Element explores how to think about truthmakers for truths involving social constructions.
The Correspondence of Charles Darwin
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: January 2023

This volume is part of the definitive edition of letters written by and to Charles Darwin, the most celebrated naturalist of the nineteenth century. Notes and appendixes put these fascinating and wide-ranging letters in context, making the letters accessible to both scholars and general readers. Darwin depended on correspondence to collect data from all over the world, and to discuss his emerging ideas with scientific colleagues, many of whom he never met in person. The letters are published chronologically. Darwin died in April 1882, but was active in science almost up until the end, raising new research questions and responding to letters about his last book, on earthworms. The volume also contains a supplement of nearly 400 letters written between 1831 and 1880, many of which have never been published before.
Teaching Young Multilingual Learners
Authors: Oliveira Luciana C. de , Jones Loren
Published: January 2023

This Element provides an overview of research focusing on language teaching practices for young multilingual learners in primary classrooms in English-speaking contexts. The term 'young multilingual learner' refers to primary school children, with ages ranging from approximately 5 to 12 years old at various English language proficiency levels. Pedagogy-informed research studies conducted in K-5 classrooms are used to develop research-informed pedagogies for young multilingual learners in primary classrooms. The authors use the notion of culturally sustaining teaching practices to provide examples from pedagogy-informed research studies. The focus on early (K-3) and intermediate (4-5) grades provides a range of illustrations of such practices. The Element concludes with implications for teacher education and the preparation of teachers of young multilingual learners.
The Court of Justice of the European Union and International Dispute Settlement: Conflict, Cooperation and Coexistence
Authors: ODERMATT Jed
Published: January 2023

One of the significant changes in the landscape of international law in recent decades has been the increase in the number of international courts and other forms of international dispute settlement. The EU has pushed for the inclusion of dispute settlement chapters in its trade and investment agreements, it has joined multilateral treaties that include dispute settlement mechanisms, and it has proposed the establishment of multilateral investment court. The Court of Justice of the European Union has shown a more guarded approach in recent years towards international dispute settlement. This article explores the potential ways to address these sources of conflict and allow the CJEU to coexist with other international courts.
The vertical atmospheric structure of the partially glacierised Mittivakkat valley, southeast Greenland
Authors: Hansche Iris , Shahi Sonika , Abermann Jakob , Schöner Wolfgang
Published: January 2023

Air temperature inversions, a situation in which atmospheric temperature increases with height, are key components of the Arctic planetary boundary layer. The present study investigates the spatial and temporal variations of temperature inversions over different surface types (rock, gravel, snow, ice) along the Mittivakkat valley (southeast Greenland). For this purpose, 113 vertical profiles with high spatio-temporal resolution of air temperature and relative humidity were collected with unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) during a 13-day field campaign in summer 2019. Air temperature inversions were present in 83% of the profiles, of which 24% were surface-based inversions and 76% were elevated inversions. The proglacial area covered with bare rock and gravel induces surface heating and convection during the day and, through interaction with local circulation patterns, leads to the frequent formation of elevated inversions. In contrast, the glacier surface itself acts as a persistent cooling surface and leads to the formation of surface-based inversions. A low-level fog layer that forms under the inversion layer may be causing non-linear vertical ablation gradients on Mittivakkat Gletsjer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that atmospheric measurements using UAVs can better capture small-scale processes than other products like radiosonde or modeled reanalysis data.
Expanding the boundaries of interdisciplinary field: Contribution of Network Science journal to the development of network science
Authors: Kuskova Valentina V. , Zaytsev Dmitry G. , Khvatsky Gregory S. , Sokol Anna A. , Vorobeva Maria D. , Kamalov Rustam A.
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we examine the contribution of Network Science journal to the network science discipline. We do so from two perspectives. First, expanding the existing taxonomy of article contribution, we examine trends in theory testing, theory building, and new method development within the journal’s articles. We find that the journal demands a high level of theoretical contribution and methodological rigor. High levels of theoretical and methodological contribution become significant predictors of article citation rates. Second, we look at the composition of the studies in Network Science and determine that the journal has already established a solid “hard core” for the new discipline.
Methoprene treatment and its effect on male reproductive organ size and female remating in a fruit fly
Authors: Giudice L. A. , Díaz V. , Moyano A. , Pérez-Staples D. , Abraham S.
Published: January 2023

Methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, is used to accelerate sexual maturation in males of species of economic importance in support to the sterile insect technique (SIT). In the SIT, mass-reared sterile males are released into the field and need to survive until they reach sexual maturation, find a wild female, mate with her and then induce female sexual refractoriness, so she will not remate with a wild counterpart. The use of methoprene shortens the time between release and copulation. However, in South American fruit flies, Anastrepha fraterculus, the ability of methoprene-treated males to inhibit female remating has been shown to be lower than wild males, when methoprene was applied by pupal immersion or topical application. Here we evaluated the possibility of incorporating methoprene into the male diet at different doses and the ability of those males to inhibit female remating, as well as the effect of methoprene on male reproductive organ size, due to the possible correlation between male accessory gland size and their content, and the role of male accessory gland proteins in female inhibition. We found that A. fraterculus males fed with methoprene in the adult protein diet at doses as high as 1% were less likely to inhibit female remating, however, at all other lower doses males had the same ability as untreated males to inhibit female remating. Males fed with methoprene had bigger male accessory glands and testes compared to methoprene-deprived males. We demonstrate that the incorporation of methoprene in adult male diets is possible in this species and potentially useful as a post-teneral, pre-release supplement at doses as low as 0.01%. Even at higher doses, the percentage of females remating after 48 h from the first copulation is sufficiently low in this species so as not compromise the efficiency of the SIT.
Hamlet after Genocide: The Haunting of Soghomon Tehlirian and Empirical Fabulation
Authors: Parla Ayşe
Published: January 2023

Soghomon Tehlirian was acquitted in Berlin in 1921 for the killing of Talat Paşa, Ottoman minister and architect of the Armenian Genocide. Complicating clear-cut distinctions between truth and fabulation, and personal revenge and legal justice, this paper examines the 1921 trial in light of Tehlirian’s 1953 memoir, to show the legal, moral, and epistemological work done by the ghost of Tehlirian’s mother. I move beyond the usual designations of Tehlirian as mere political assassin or self-evident moral witness and consider him instead as an “empirical fabulist.” My coinage of the term empirical fabulation is animated by Saidiya Hartman’s (2008) call for “critical fabulation,” and my reading of Tehlirian as an empirical fabulist recognizes him as a genocide survivor who aspired for collective justice, a son haunted by his mother’s ghost, and a historical actor who gave a fabricated testimony that was nonetheless based on the empirical facts of genocide. This paper is an invitation to explore the political and ethical potential, and perhaps even the necessity, of fabulation in recounting acts of genocidal violence that strain or defy straightforward representation, especially in cases when the existing rule of law does not rise to the demands for justice.
Structural analysis of Ba0.8Sr0.2Ti0.6Zr0.3Mn0.1O3 ceramics
Authors: Murugesan G. , K. R. Nandhan , Maruthi N. , Muthuraja A. , Bhaskar Saraswathi , Manigandan M.
Published: January 2023

Polycrystalline Ba0.8Sr0.2Ti0.6Zr0.3Mn0.1O3 was synthesized by solid-state reaction at 1600°C. The single phase formation of the compound without any impurities was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction technique. The prepared compound crystallized to a cubic structure with a space group of Pm-3m and the refined lattice parameters were a = b = c = 4.0253 Ǻ, α = β = γ = 90°. Rietveld refinement was carried for the powder XRD data using GSAS software and the experimental data peaks were indexed by Powder X software.
COVID-19 and non-communicable diseases in complex vulnerable populations: evidence from Jordan
Authors: Bellizzi Saverio , Muthu Nazeema , Khader Yousef , Boukerdenna Hala , Darwish Dana , Al-Sheikh Ala’a , Santoro Alessio , Alonso-Garbayo Alvaro
Published: January 2023

More than three in 10 people living in Jordan are immigrants, with the majority being Palestinian and Syrian refugees, who have a very similar non-communicable diseases (NCDs) profile to the hosting Jordanian community. We conducted a rapid review of the literature of studies, reports, and documents on the evidence of the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in Jordan with regard to NCD during the first year of the pandemic. COVID-19-related mobility constraints and often lack of awareness of NCDs put additional burden on vulnerable populations like refugees and migrants, in particular on non-registered migrants. COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation measures led to disruption in routine health services, significantly impacting people living with NCDs. Ensuring to deliver a people-centered and inclusive approach that works well during COVID-19 is of paramount importance toward Universal Health Coverage (all people have access to the health services they need, when and where they need them, without financial hardship).
Multiparticle collision simulations of dense stellar systems and plasmas
Authors: Di Cintio P. , Pasquato M. , Barbieri L. , Bufferand H. , Casetti L. , Ciraolo G. , di Carlo U. N. , Ghendrih P. , Gunn J. P. , Gupta S. , Kim H. , Lepri S. , Livi R. , Simon-Petit A. , Trani A. A. , Yoon S.-J.
Published: January 2023

We summarize a series of numerical experiments of collisional dynamics in dense stellar systems such as globular clusters (GCs) and in weakly collisional plasmas using a novel simulation technique, the so-calledMulti-particle collision (MPC) method, alternative to Fokker-Planck and Monte Carlo approaches. MPC is related to particle-mesh approaches for the computation of self consistent long-range fields, ensuring that simulation time scales with N log N in the number of particles, as opposed to N2 for direct N-body. The collisional relaxation effects are modelled by computing particle interactions based on a collision operator approach that ensures rigorous conservation of energy and momenta and depends only on particles velocities and cell-based integrated quantities.
Informed Consent in Onlinestudien
Authors: Schröder Annette , Proll Lukas , In-Albon Tina
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung: Theoretischer Hintergrund: Für eine Studienteilnahme ist das Einverständnis der Teilnehmer_innen notwendig. Dazu ist es wichtig, dass Teilnahme- und Einverständniserklärungen gelesen und verstanden werden. Fragestellung: In einer Onlinestudie mit Studierenden wurde untersucht, inwieweit die zum Einholen eines Informed Consent (IC) verwendeten Dokumente gelesen und verstanden werden und welchen Einfluss die Gestaltung der Formatvorlage hat. Methode: Die Teilnehmenden ( N = 214) wurden randomisiert einer von drei Bedingungen (zwei unterschiedliche Teilnehmer- und Einverständniserklärungen und eine Kontrollbedingung) zugeteilt. Das Lesen dieser Dokumente wurde mittels Selbstbericht sowie über die Lesezeit erfasst. Das Verständnis der gelesenen Texte wurde mit Multiple-Choice-Fragen erhoben. Ergebnisse: Der Großteil der Proband_innen las die IC-Dokumente nicht vollständig und zeigte ein unzureichendes Verständnis relevanter Inhaltsbereiche. Hinsichtlich der Gestaltung der IC-Dokumente zeigte sich, dass beide Testversionen im Vergleich zum Kontrolldokument zu einer höheren Leserate führen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse liefern Anhaltspunkte für eine optimierte Gestaltung von Einverständniserklärungen.
“‘Cause We Are the Champions of the World”
Authors: Główczewski Michał , Wojcik Adrian D. , Cichocka Aleksandra , Cislak Aleksandra
Published: January 2023

Abstract. National narcissism is a defensive form of group identity that is contingent on external validation and involves unrealistic belief in the nation’s greatness. Those high in national narcissism are susceptible to ingroup-enhancing narratives. In two pre-registered studies, conducted in Poland ( N = 1,134) and the United Kingdom ( N = 501), we hypothesized and found that national narcissism predicts support for historical policies that emphasize the great achievements and past dominance of one’s own group. Furthermore, we found that the relationship between national narcissism and support for ingroup-enhancing historical policies can be accounted for by the perceived contribution of one’s own country to the world’s history. We discuss implications for research on collective narcissism and historical policies.
The Relationship Between Predominant Promotion Focus and Spontaneous Mental Contrasting
Authors: Tamim Muhaned , Gai Xiaosong , Wang Guoxia , Ma Yuanchun
Published: January 2023

Abstract. Previous research found mental contrasting to be an effective self-regulatory strategy. This study explored whether motivational features such as regulatory focus, as promotion focus and prevention focus, could affect people’s spontaneous use of a mental contrasting strategy. The present study hypothesized that promotion focus positively predicts spontaneous mental contrasting. Across the correlational (Study 1) and experimental (Study 2) designs, predominantly promotion-focused university students spontaneously employed more mental contrasting strategies. The implications and suggestions for future research have been discussed.
Near Surface Atmospheric Temperatures at Jezero From Mars 2020 MEDA Measurements
Authors: Munguira A. , Hueso R. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , de la Torre‐Juarez M. , Martínez G. M. , Newman C. E. , Sebastian E. , Lepinette A. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. , Chide B. , Lemmon M. T. , Bertrand T. , Lorenz R. D. , Banfield D. , Gómez‐Elvira J. , Martín‐Soler J. , Navarro S. , Pla‐García J. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Romeral J. , Smith M. D. , Torres J.
Published: January 2023

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument on Mars 2020 has five Atmospheric Temperature Sensors at two altitudes (0.84 and 1.45 m) plus a Thermal InfraRed Sensor that measures temperatures on the surface and at ∼40 m. We analyze the measurements from these sensors to describe the evolution of temperatures in Jezero up to mission sol 400 (solar longitude LS = 13°–203°). The diurnal thermal cycle is characterized by a daytime convective period and a nocturnal stable atmosphere with a variable thermal inversion. We find a linear relationship between the daytime temperature fluctuations and the vertical thermal gradient with temperature fluctuations that peak at noon with typical values of 2.5 K at 1.45 m. In the late afternoon (∼17:00 Local True Solar Time), the atmosphere becomes vertically isothermal with vanishing fluctuations. We observe very small seasonal changes in air temperatures during the period analyzed. This is related to small changes in solar irradiation and dust opacity. However, we find significant changes in surface temperatures that are related to the variety of thermal inertias of the terrains explored along the traverse of Perseverance. These changes strongly influence the vertical thermal gradient, breaking the nighttime thermal inversion over terrains of high thermal inertia. We explore possible detections of atmospheric tides on near‐surface temperatures and we examine variations in temperatures over timescales of a few sols that could be indicative of atmospheric waves affecting near‐surface temperatures. We also discuss temperatures during a regional dust storm at LS = 153°–156° that simultaneously warmed the near surface atmosphere while cooling the surface.