bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Oxybutynin Chloride Topical Gel on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Overactive Bladder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Newman Diane K. , Hanno Philip M. , Dmochowski Roger R. , Rudy Delbert C. , Thomas Heather , Caramelli Kim E. , Hoel Gary
Published: November 2010

Objective

Oxybutynin chloride topical gel (OTG) significantly improved overactive bladder (OAB)–related urinary symptoms and was well tolerated in a phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00350636). This study further evaluated the effect of OTG on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with OAB.

Methods

Adults aged 18 years or older with urge-predominant urinary incontinence were assigned randomly to OTG 1 g/day or matching placebo for 12 weeks. HRQoL was measured by the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) and the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) at baseline and at weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12. Between-group differences in IIQ or KHQ score changes from baseline to week 12 or last observation were compared by analysis of covariance.

Results

Of 789 study participants (704 women, 85 men), 389 received OTG and 400 received placebo. Mean age was 59 ± 12 years. IIQ total score improved significantly more in participants treated with OTG ( P = 0.0005) than in those treated with placebo, as did scores on all four IIQ subscales: Emotional Health ( P = 0.0002), Social Relationships ( P = 0.0019), Travel ( P = 0.0068), and Physical Activity ( P = 0.0078). KHQ scores improved significantly more with OTG than with placebo in the more incontinence-specific domains: Incontinence Impact ( P = 0.0023), Symptom Severity ( P = 0.0024), Severity (Coping) Measures ( P = 0.0058), Sleep/Energy ( P = 0.0061), Role Limitations ( P = 0.0133), and Personal Relationships ( P = 0.0489).

Conclusion

Treatment with OTG resulted in significant HRQoL improvements in adults with OAB.
Commentary on “Effect of temperature on a granular pile”
Authors: Coniglio Antonio , Pica Ciamarra Massimo
Published: November 2010

A Commentary on the paper by T. Divoux [Pap. Phys. 2, 020006 (2010)].Received: 10 November 2010, Accepted: 12 November 2010; Edited by: I. Ippolito; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.020007
The impact of different nitrous acid sources in the air quality levels of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Gonçalves M. , Dabdub D. , Chang W. L. , Saiz F. , Jorba O. , Baldasano J. M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Hydroxyl radical (OH) is a primary oxidant in the atmosphere and affects both gas-phase pollutants and particulate matter levels. Nitrous acid (HONO) acts as an important source of OH in the urban atmosphere. Therefore it is important to account accurately for HONO sources within air quality models in order to predict air pollution dynamics. HONO observations in urban areas are characterized by high concentrations at night and low concentrations around midday. Existing gas-phase chemical mechanisms do not reproduce the observed HONO levels, suggesting a lack of sources, such as direct emissions or heterogeneous reactions. Specific HONO emission rates, heterogeneous chemical mechanisms leading to its formation and related kinetics are still unclear. Therefore, most air quality models consider exclusively gas-phase chemistry related to HONO. This work applies the WRF-ARW/HERMES/CMAQ modeling system to quantify the effect of the addition of HONO sources in the predictability of HONO profiles, and its subsequent effect on secondary pollutants formation (mainly O3 and PM2.5). The modeling episode is based on a 2004 severe summertime pollution event in the Iberian Peninsula, using high resolution of 4 × 4 km2. Two different parameterizations for emissions and the hydrolysis of NO2 on wet surfaces are added as HONO sources in the atmosphere. Emissions have the largest impact on HONO levels, especially in urban areas, where they can contribute from 66% to 94% to the HONO peak concentration. Additionally, in urban environments, NO2 hydrolysis on building and vegetation surfaces contributes up to 30% to the HONO peak. Both, the available surface area and the relative humidity must be included as parameters affecting the NO2 hydrolysis kinetics. As a result, NO2 hydrolysis is negligible on aerosol surfaces, due to the small surface area available for reaction, and it is more effective in producing HONO below high relative humidity conditions. The addition of HONO sources affects the concentration of secondary pollutants. In particular, major changes are produced in the early morning, due to the higher OH release via HONO photolysis. Significant changes in PM2.5 concentrations are predicted, that can be 16% (2.6 μg m−3) higher in the new scenarios. When accounting for HONO sources, nitrate levels increase especially in urban areas and sulfates in areas downwind from conventional power plants in the Iberian Peninsula. Also, O3 peak concentrations are slightly affected (from 0.7 to 4 ppb, 1% to 4.5%). The improvement of the HONO sources representation within air quality models produces changes in O3 peak predictions and significantly affects the reaction pathways leading to aerosols formation. Therefore, HONO sources other than gas-phase chemistry should be accurately included within modeling frameworks.
Melting-layer modelling at C-Band
Authors: Steinert J. , Chandra M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Stratiform cloud formations, such as a uniform type of precipitating clouds, are sub dividable into layers with different aggregate states. In this way, it is adaptable to measurements with polarimetric radar. An important task here is the detection of the transition zone between the liquid particles (raindrops) below and the frozen particles (ice crystals) above, i.e. the melting-layer. Linked to the physical behaviour of melting, the measured signatures, from this area, include ice crystals and raindrops in different aggregate stages. A given melting-layer model will be analysed and the comparison to models for raindrops and ice particles from earlier studies will be done. Then the results are compared with measured signatures from the C-Band radar, POLDIRAD (Oberpfaffenhofen). So we shall seek an answer to the question whether the results are sufficient to create a melting-layer-class for hydrometeor classification.
Streamflow sensitivity to climate and land cover changes: Meki River, Ethiopia
Authors: Legesse D. , Abiye T. A. , Vallet-Coulomb C. , Abate H.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Impacts of climate and land cover changes on streamflow were assessed using a hydrological modeling. The precipitation runoff modeling system of the US Geological Survey was modified in order to consider wetlands as a separate hydrological response unit. Initial model parameters were obtained from a previously modeled adjacent catchment and subsequent calibration and validation were carried out. The model calibration and validation periods were divided into three. The calibration period was a five years period (1981–1986). The validation period was divided into two: validation 1 (1986–1991) and validation 2 (1996–2002). Model performance was evaluated by using joint plots of daily and monthly observed and simulated runoff hydrographs and different coefficients of efficiency. The model coefficients of efficiency were 0.71 for the calibration period and 0.69 and 0.66 for validation periods 1 and 2, respectively. A "delta-change" method was used to formulate climatic scenarios. One land cover change scenario was also used to assess the likely impacts of these changes on the runoff. The results of the scenario analysis showed that the basin is more sensitive to increase in rainfall (+80% for +20%) than to a decrease (−62% for −20%). The rainfall elasticity is 4:1 for a 20% increase in rainfall while it is 3:1 for a 20% reduction. A 1.5°c increase in temperature resulted in a 6% increase in potential evapotranspiration and 13% decrease in streamflow. This indicates that the watershed is more elastic to rainfall increase than temperature. The proposed land cover scenario of converting areas between 2000 to 3000 m a.s.l. to woodland also resulted in a significant decrease in streamflow (11.8%). The study showed that properly calibrated and validated models could help understand likely impacts of climate and land cover changes on catchment water balance.
Comment on "100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation" by Matthias Huss et al. (2010)
Authors: Leclercq P. W. , van de Wal R. S. W. , Oerlemans J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The paper by Huss et al. (2010) presents a comprehensive set of 100-year specific mass balance series for 30 Swiss glaciers. In the second part of the paper, the authors relate the fluctuations in alpine glacier specific mass balance to climatic changes attributed to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). We believe that the specific mass balance is not the appropriate measure to interpret climatic fluctuations. Due to the dynamic response of glaciers to changes in their climatic forcing, the importance of short-term climatic oscillations is overestimated. Taking the changes in glacier geometry into account, the AMO related climate variations are far less important to the recent mass loss than the trend caused by the gradual warming over the past century.
Blood-Retinal Barrier
Authors: Cunha-Vaz José , Bernardes Rui , Lobo Conceição
Published: November 2010

The blood-ocular barrier system is formed by 2 main barriers: the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The BRB is particularly tight and restrictive and is a physiologic barrier that regulates ion, protein, and water flux into and out of the retina. The BRB consists of inner and outer components, the inner BRB being formed of tight junctions between retinal capillary endothelial cells and the outer BRB of tight junctions between retinal pigment epithelial cells. The BRB is essential to maintaining the eye as a privileged site and is essential for normal visual function. Methods of clinical evaluation of the BRB are reviewed and new directions using optical coherence tomography are presented. Alterations of the BRB play a crucial role in the development of retinal diseases. The 2 most frequent and relevant retinal diseases, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are directly associated with alterations of the BRB. Diabetic retinopathy is initiated by an alteration of the inner BRB and neovascular AMD is a result of an alteration of the outer BRB. Macular edema is a direct result of alterations of the BRB.
Diagnosis and Detection
Authors: Staurenghi Giovanni , Invernizzi Alessandro , De Polo Laura , Pellegrini Marco
Published: November 2010

Purpose.

TO evaluate features of macular edema assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other imaging tools such as infrared, blue retinography and autofluorescence, and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in different pathologic conditions.

Methods.

The principal causes of macular edema were reviewed to evaluate its aspect in each pathology. Correlations between OCT and other imaging techniques were analyzed.

Results.

Optical coherence tomography and other imaging tools allowed the authors to confirm the existence of different macular edema patterns for different pathologies and to describe their characteristics; in particular, some conditions, like idiopathic macular telangiectasias and age-related maculopathy were found to present specific edema patterns.

Conclusions.

Simultaneous use of different imaging techniques allowed a better evaluation and follow-up of conditions causing cystoid macular edema.
Steroids and Macular Edema from Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: lacet-Bernard Agnès G , Coscas Gabriel , Zourdani Alain , Soubrane Gisèle , Souied Eric H.
Published: November 2010

Purpose.

The possibility of applying long-lasting steroids, such as triamcinolone and subsequently dexamethasone implant, directly in the eye, without the systemic side effects observed after their oral or intravenous administration, aroused great enthusiasm among ophthalmologists.

Methods and Results.

The SCORE study, a multicenter clinical trial, compared the efficacy and safety of 1-mg and 4-mg doses of preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone with observation in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) participants with macular edema secondary to perfused CRVO. This study marked a turning point in the management of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), since it was the first report on an effective treatment of macular edema due to CRVO. But in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), the SCORE study showed no difference in visual acuity for the standard care group compared with the triamcinolone groups; however, the rates of adverse events (particularly elevated intraocular pressure and cataract) were highest in the 4-mg group. The authors concluded that laser grid photocoagulation should remain the benchmark against which other treatments should be compared. The Geneva Study, a randomized, controlled, clinical trial, conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intravitreal implant that delivers sustained levels of dexamethasone (Ozurdex™), studied the largest group of RVO patients with macular edema (1267 patients), including 35% CRVO and 65% BRVO. The study demonstrated that this slow-release device could both reduce the risk of vision loss and improve the speed and incidence of visual improvement in eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO and BRVO, with fewer side effects, such as elevation of intraocular pressure or cataract. Other ongoing studies evaluate the safety and efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection; preliminary results showed that these therapies are effective in decreasing macular edema and improving visual acuity, with fewer ocular adverse effects, but their duration of action seems limited.

Conclusions.

These recent studies result in a great change in the management of macular edema from RVO. Unfortunately, long-term studies on safety and efficacy are not yet available, and further studies will have to show whether the short-term benefits are only transient or may finally lead to a long-lasting improvement in vision.
Reproductive toxicity in male mice caused by organic extracts in tap water from the Jialing River in Chongqing, China
Authors: Zhao Qing , Ren Qian , Chen Ji‐An , Qiu Zhi‐Qun , Cao Jia , Shu Wei‐Qun
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Recently, male reproductive disturbances caused by organic pollutants have aroused particular public concern about the safety of drinking water. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of organic extracts (OE) in tap water from the source of the Jialing River in China on the reproductive system of male mice. METHODS: Kunming male mice were randomly divided into four groups, which included a solvent control (dimethylsulfoxide), a low‐, mid‐, and high‐dose of OE (12.5, 25, and 50 l/kg bw/day, respectively) treated groups. Mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of OE at different doses for five consecutive days. On the 15th day, after treatments, the mice were sacrificed. RESULTS: The results showed that the number of epididymal sperm in the high OE group was decreased significantly (p<0.05); however, the frequency of sperm abnormalities in all treated groups were increased significantly (p<0.05). In addition, serum testosterone and follicle‐stimulating hormone levels in the treated groups were also decreased significantly (p<0.05), and mid‐ and high‐doses of OE resulted in a significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase and increased activity of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (p<0.05). Histological changes were observed in the mid‐ and high‐dose OE‐treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that mid and high doses of OE could disturb the male reproductive system in mice. The potential adverse effects of these compounds on the male reproductive system are worthy of further study. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:1–9, 2010. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Gao Mengxiang , Zhang Jialan , Feng Hao
Published: November 2010

The effect of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on citric acid and cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using liquid Charles culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. The cellular suspension was exposed to a magnetic field (t = 4 h, B = 1 mT, and f = 50 Hz). The dependence of yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase on time of exposure and on the value of the magnetic field induction B was measured. Both yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase increased with increasing exposure time and/or induction B, but the quantity of the effect was dependent on the chemical structure of metabolites. The metabolism of citric acid was more sensitive to the magnetic field than that of cellulase. From the measurement of the metabolism dynamics we concluded that the increase in the citric acid and activity of cellulase started immediately after the magnetic field was switched on. Bioelectromagnetics 32:73–78, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed magnetic fields enhance the rate of recovery of damaged nerve excitability
Authors: Gunay Ismail , Mert Tufan
Published: November 2010

Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) have well‐known beneficial effects on nerve regeneration. However, little research has examined the nerve conduction characteristics of regenerating peripheral nerves under PMF. The main goal of this study was to examine the conduction characteristics of regenerating peripheral nerves under PMFs. The sucrose‐gap recording technique was used to examine the conduction properties of injured sciatic nerves of rats exposed to PMF. Following the injury, peripheral nerves were very sensitive to repetitive stimulation. When the stimulation frequency was increased, the amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP) decreased more at 15 days post‐crush injury (dpc) than at 38 dpc. PMF treatment for 38 days after injury caused significant differences in the conduction of CAPs. Moreover, application of PMF ameliorated the abnormal electrophysiological activities of nerves such as hyperpolarizing afterpotentials and delayed depolarizations that were revealed by 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP). Consequently, characteristic findings in impulse conduction of recovered nerves under PMF indicate that the observed abnormalities in signaling or aberrant ion channel functions following injury may be restored by PMF application. Bioelectromagnetics 32:200–208, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicity and complications of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Swellengrebel H A M , Marijnen C A M , Verwaal V J , Vincent A , Heuff G , Gerhards M F , van Geloven A A W , van Tets W F , Verheij M , Cats A
Published: November 2010

Background

Capecitabine is an attractive radiosensitizer. In this study acute toxicity and surgical complications were evaluated in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer following total mesorectal excision (TME) after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with capecitabine.

Methods

Between 2004 and 2008, consecutive patients with clinical tumour category (cT) 3–4 (with a threatened circumferential resection margin or cT3 within 5 cm of the anal verge) or clinical node category 2 rectal cancer were treated with preoperative CRT (25 × 2 Gy, capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice daily, days 1–33). TME followed 6 weeks later. Toxicity was scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria (version 3.0) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring systems. Treatment-related surgical complications were evaluated for up to 30 days after discharge from hospital using the modified Clavien–Dindo classification.

Results

Some 147 patients were analysed. The mean cumulative dose of capecitabine was 95 per cent and 98·0 per cent of patients received at least 45 Gy. One patient died from sepsis following haematological toxicity. Grade 3–5 toxicity developed in 32 patients (21·8 per cent), especially diarrhoea (10·2 per cent) and radiation dermatitis (11·6 per cent). There were no deaths within 30 days after surgery. Anastomotic leakage and perineal wound complications developed after 13 of 47 low anterior resections and 23 of 62 abdominoperineal resections. Surgical reintervention was required in 30 patients. Twenty-seven patients (19·6 per cent) of 138 patients who had a laparotomy were readmitted within 30 days after initial hospital discharge.

Conclusion

Preoperative CRT with capecitabine is associated with acceptable acute toxicity, significant surgical morbidity but minimal postoperative mortality.
Pushing the limits forward: Transradial superficial femoral artery stenting
Authors: Trani Carlo , Tommasino Antonella , Burzotta Francesco
Published: November 2010

Percutaneous revascularization of superficial femoral artery (SFA) is increasingly carried out to treat patients with peripheral vascular disease and either intermittent claudication or critical limb ischemia. Transradial vascular access is increasingly adopted for invasive procedures due to reduced access‐site complications and improved patient's comfort, compared with transfemoral. However, compared with coronary interventions, the adoption of transradial access in peripheral procedures is limited. Concerning SFA interventions, transradial access is usually prevented by the distance between the vascular access and the target lesion, which extends over the length of the currently available devices. Thanks to technical improvements, resulting in specifically dedicated low‐profile equipment with adequate shaft length availability, transradial access is now feasible for the treatment of selected SFA lesions. We report the first two cases of SFA stenting performed by transradial access with a new specifically developed self‐expanding nitinol stent with extended delivery system length. This report suggests that, with proper technique and specifically dedicated equipment, transradial SFA stenting is feasible. Treatment of SFA disease by transradial route, allowing for immediate post‐procedure walking and simultaneous bilateral interventions, may represent an alternative for effective treatment of selected patients with SFA lesions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Convergent Assembly and Surface Modification of Multifunctional Dendrimers by Three Consecutive Click Reactions
Authors: Ledin Petr A. , Friscourt Frédéric , Guo Jun , Boons Geert‐Jan
Published: November 2010

Multifunctional dendrimers bearing two or more surface functionalities have the promise to provide smart drug delivery devices that can for example combine tissue targeting and imaging or be directed more precisely to a specific tissue or cell type. We have developed a concise synthetic methodology for efficient dendrimer assembly and heterobifunctionalization based on three sequential azide–alkyne cycloadditions. The methodology is compatible with biologically important compounds rich in chemical functionalities such as peptides, carbohydrates, and fluorescent tags. In the approach, a strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) between polyester dendrons modified at the focal point with an azido and 4‐dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) moiety provided dendrimers bearing terminal and TMS‐protected (TMS=trimethylsilyl) alkynes at the periphery. The terminal alkynes were outfitted with azido‐modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains or galactosyl residues by using CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC). Next, a one‐pot TMS deprotection and second click reaction of the resulting terminal alkyne with azido‐containing compounds gave multifunctional dendrimers bearing complex biologically active moieties at the periphery.
Temperature Response of PNIPAM Derivatives at Planar Surfaces: Comparison between Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Adsorbed Microgels
Authors: Burmistrova Anna , Steitz Roland , von Klitzing Regine
Published: November 2010

Two strategies for the design of thermosensitive coatings based on poly‐N‐isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAM) derivatives are presented: 1) polyelectrolyte multilayers containing a diblock copolymer with a large PNIPAM block and 2) adsorption of PNIPAM microgels. The multilayers show only a small but irreversible response to the increase of outer temperature due to the strong interdigitation between the charged part and the temperature‐sensitive block, while the adsorbed microgels show a pronounced and reversible response. It will be shown that the microgel number density can be easily controlled at the substrate. The swelling and shrinking of two extremes in density are characterized: densely packed microgels, which are considered as a film, and individual microgels, which are able to swell and shrink also lateral to the surface.
Influence of N‐Alkyl Substituents and Counterions on the Structural and Mesomorphic Properties of Guanidinium Salts: Experiment and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Butschies Martin , Sauer Sven , Kessler Elena , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Claasen Birgit , Fischer Peter , Frey Wolfgang , Laschat Sabine
Published: November 2010

A series of N‐4‐(4′‐alkoxybiphenyl)‐N′,N′,N”,N“‐tetramethylguanidinium salts was synthesized with varying alkoxy chain lengths and additional N‐alkyl substituents, each with a number of different counterions. X‐ray crystal‐structure analyses of 1b I, 1b PF6, 2a I, and 4a I reveal bilayer structures in the solid state and, for the 1b and 1b PF6 salts, a hydrogen‐bond‐type connectivity between the guanidinium N‐H group and the anion is found. For the N‐alkyl homologues 2a I and 4a I the anion is still oriented close to the head group, although at a larger distance. Ion pairs are present also in solution, as demonstrated by 1H NMR: the N‐H chemical shift shows a good linear correlation with the radius, and hence the hardness, of the anion. The intramolecular conformational flexibility of 1b I, 2b I, 3b I, and 4b I was studied by temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy and discrete activation barriers were determined for rotations about each of the three CN partial double bonds of the guanidinium core. The relative heights of the individual barriers change between the N‐H and the N‐alkylguanidinium salts. A fourth barrier is observed for the rotation about the Nbiphenyl bond. DFT calculations of charge densities show that the positive charge resides primarily on the central carbon atom. Rotational barriers were calculated for N′‐substituted 2‐amino‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolidinium cations as models, and are in qualitatively good agreement with the NMR data. Mesomorphic properties were studied by differential‐scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (WAXS/SAXS). All liquid‐crystalline guanidinium salts exhibit smectic A mesophases. Clearing temperatures show a linear correlation with the anionic radius. Substitution of the N‐H group with methyl, ethyl, or propyl results in decreasing mesophase widths and a concomitant shrinkage of the layer spacings.
Endothelial Cell Energy Metabolism, Proliferation, and Apoptosis in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Xu Weiling , Erzurum Serpil C.
Published: November 2010

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by impaired regulation of pulmonary hemodynamics and excessive growth and dysfunction of the endothelial cells that line the arteries in PAH lungs. Establishment of methods for culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells from PAH lungs has provided the groundwork for mechanistic translational studies that confirm and extend findings from model systems and spontaneous pulmonary hypertension in animals. Endothelial cell hyperproliferation, survival, and alterations of biochemical‐metabolic pathways are the unifying endothelial pathobiology of the disease. The hyperproliferative and apoptosis‐resistant phenotype of PAH endothelial cells is dependent upon the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, a fundamental regulator of cell survival and angiogenesis. Animal models of PAH, patients with PAH, and human PAH endothelial cells produce low nitric oxide (NO). In association with the low level of NO, endothelial cells have reduced mitochondrial numbers and cellular respiration, which is associated with more than a threefold increase in glycolysis for energy production. The shift to glycolysis is related to low levels of NO and likely to the pathologic expression of the prosurvival and proangiogenic signal transducer, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1, and the reduced mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). In this article, we review the phenotypic changes of the endothelium in PAH and the biochemical mechanisms accounting for the proliferative, glycolytic, and strongly proangiogenic phenotype of these dysfunctional cells, which consequently foster the panvascular progressive pulmonary remodeling in PAH. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:357‐372, 2011.
Functional connectivity and neurological recovery
Authors: Corbetta Maurizio
Published: November 2010

Modern theories of brain function emphasize the importance of distributed functional networks and synchronized activity within and between networks in mediating cognitive functions. This view highlights the importance of considering brain‐behavior relationships after focsal lesions not only as the result of local structural damage but also as a more widespread alteration of the physiological state of networks connected to the lesion. Recent findings demonstrate coherent activity in large‐scale brain networks not only during task performance, but also, surprisingly, at rest in the absence of stimuli, tasks, or overt responses. Moreover, breakdown of coherent activity at rest, even in regions that are structurally intact, correlates with behavioral deficits and with their recovery after injury. This network perspective is fundamental to understand not only healthy brain function, but also the pathophysiology of brain injuries, mechanisms of functional recovery, and the basis for novel interventions for therapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:239‐253, 2012.
Effects of maternal breathing rate, psychiatric status, and cortisol on fetal heart rate
Authors: Monk Catherine , Fifer William P. , Myers Michael M. , Bagiella Emilia , Duong Jimmy K. , Chen Ivy S. , Leotti Lauren , Altincatal Arman
Published: November 2010

Women's experiences during pregnancy are predictive of variation in neurobehavioral profiles in their children. Few studies have assessed these relationships during the prenatal period. In 113 women in the 36th –38th gestational week (mean age 26.3 ± 5.4 years), electrocardiogram, blood pressure, respiration, salivary cortisol, and fetal heart rate (HR) were measured during baseline, a psychological challenge (Stroop color–word matching task), and a standardized paced breathing protocol. Subjects underwent the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV prior to testing and were grouped as: depressed, co–morbid for depression and anxiety, anxiety disorder only, and control. There was a significant main effect of maternal diagnostic group on fetal HR only during the Stroop task: fetuses of women in the co–morbid group had a greater HR increase compared to controls (p < .05). Overall, fetuses showed robust increases in HR during paced breathing (p < .0001), and there was no significant difference by maternal diagnosis. For both tasks, changes in fetal HR were independent of women's concurrent cardiorespiratory activity. Finally, although cortisol was higher in the co‐morbid group (p < .05), across all participants, there was a trend for maternal baseline cortisol to be positively associated with average fetal HR (p = .06). These findings indicate that variation in fetal HR reactivity—an index of emerging regulatory capacities—is likely influenced by multiple acute and chronic factors associated with women's psychobiology. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:221–233, 2011.
Ti8O8(OOCR)16, a New Family of Titanium–Oxo Clusters: Potential NBUs for Reticular Chemistry
Authors: Frot Théo , Cochet Sébastien , Laurent Guillaume , Sassoye Capucine , Popall Michael , Sanchez Clément , Rozes Laurence
Published: November 2010

The reactions of titanium alkoxides with a large excess of different carboxylic acids under nonhydrolytic conditions leads to the reproducible formation of well‐defined nano‐building units (NBUs) with the formula [Ti8O8(OOCR)16] [R = C6H5, C(CH3)3, CH3]. The structures of these titanium–oxo–carboxylate clusters have been determined by crossingdifferent characterization techniques and methodologies (single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy). These NBUs are obtained in high yields and, since all the alkoxo ligands have been removed by using solvothermal‐synthesis conditions, they present better stability upon hydrolysis than the often reported alkoxo–carboxylate–titanium–oxo clusters [TinO2n–x/2–y/2(OR′)x(OOCR)y] (n ≥ 2; x ≥ 1; y ≥ 1). In addition, the solubility and transferability of these clusters in common solvents can be tuned by selecting the nature of the organic ligand. Moreover, we also report for the first time, a robust post‐modification of the carboxylate ligands by transesterification reactions on the titanium–oxo clusters. These reactions keep the integrity of the octameric titanium–oxo core intact, while completely exchanging the organic shell of the cluster. This family of [Ti8O8(OOCR)16] clusters, which present 16 points of extension, a symmetric shape, and the ability to be post‐modified with conservation of the core structure, can therefore be considered as interesting NBUs to form new metal–organic frameworks.
Synthesis of azelaic acid from vegetable oil‐based feedstocks
Authors: Köckritz Angela , Martin Andreas
Published: November 2010

A multitude of synthesis methods for azelaic acid is evaluated in terms of feasibility and sustainability. Up to now, no alternative to industrially employed ozonolysis of oleic acid was developed.
Allele frequency distribution for D11S1304, D11S1998, and D11S934 and metabolic syndrome in TLGS
Authors: Daneshpour Maryam Sadat , Alfadhli Suad , Houshmand Massoud , Zeinali Sirous , Hedayati Mehdi , Zarkesh Maryam , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: November 2010

Different variant frequencies may lead to different frequencies of the same variants in individuals with drugs resistance and disease susceptibility at the population level. In this study, the allele frequency of three STRs loci including D11S1304, D11S1998, and D11S934 was analyzed on a representative sample of 563 individuals from the capital city of Tehran. The sample included four different ethnic groups. In this sample, 130 individuals were affected with metabolic syndrome (Mets). Calculated parameters on the whole sample were: allele frequency, polymorphic information content values, observed and expected heterozygosity, discrimination power, matching probability, power of discrimination, power of exclusion, and paternity index. For all markers, no significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found in observed allele frequencies except D11S1998. There were no significant differences in the allele frequencies in short, medium and long alleles between the metabolic affected subjects and controls. The most significant findings of this study report allele frequency of some STRs on chromosome 11 for the first time in Iran and the observed differences between subjects affected with Mets as opposed to subjects in the control group.
New Highly Diastereoselective Perkin/Michael Addition Domino Reaction between Homophthalic Anhydride and Aromatic Aldehydes: A Facile Approach to Blue‐Fluorescent Dibenzo[c,h]chromenones
Authors: Bogdanov Milen G. , Mitrev Yavor , Tiritiris Ioannis
Published: November 2010

A series of new trans‐11‐aryl‐6‐oxo‐6H‐dibenzo[c,h]chromene‐12‐carboxylic acids has been synthesised through anew Perkin/Michael addition domino reaction between homophthalic anhydride and aromatic aldehydes. The synthesis is straightforward and gives good overall yields by taking into account the concomitant formation of four C–C, C–O and C=C bonds. The structures of the newly synthesised compounds were established by spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR) and X‐ray diffraction analysis, and the fluorescent properties were investigated. A probable reaction mechanism including three proven intermediates is proposed.
From the Decks to the Bridges: Optoelectronics in [2.2]Paracyclophane Chemistry
Authors: Elacqua Elizabeth , MacGillivray Leonard R.
Published: November 2010

In this microreview, we highlight optical properties of [2.2]paracyclophanes (pCps). We demonstrate how the spectroscopic properties that stem from the strained and π‐stacked structure have resulted in pCps being incorporated in materials science and polymer synthesis. As a result of chromophore substitution, internal charge transfer (ICT) between the two rings of the cyclophane core produce frameworks with unique optical properties. Deck‐substituted molecules and polymers have beensynthesized that possess donor and acceptor groups that affect internal charge transfer (ICT). We also demonstrate that bridge‐substituted [2.2]paracylophanes, although not well studied in this context, display unexpected optical properties owing to nonconventional ICT. A highlight is a recent templated solid‐state synthesis that affords a pCp that exhibits dramatic red‐shifted fluorescence.
Synthesis of Fused Oxa‐Aza Spiro Sugars from D‐Glucose‐Derived δ‐Lactone as Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: John Pal A. P. , Gupta Preeti , Suman Reddy Y. , Vankar Yashwant D.
Published: November 2010

Four conformationally constrained fused oxa‐aza spiro sugars have been synthesized from perbenzylated D‐gluconolactone involving C‐glycosylation of ketoses by using Me3SiCN, ring‐closing metathesis, and diastereoselective dihydroxylation as key steps. Two of the four spiro sugars were found to be highly selective but moderate inhibitors of α‐mannosidase.
Molecular weight determination of high molecular mass (glyco)proteins using CGE‐on‐a‐chip, planar SDS‐PAGE and MALDI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Müller Roland , Marchetti‐Deschmann Martina , Elgass Helmut , Breiteneder Heimo , Kratzmeier Martin , Allmaier Günter
Published: November 2010

The molecular weights (MW) of seven (glyco)proteins, of which five were plasma‐derived, with MWs higher than 200 kDa were determined with three techniques: CGE‐on‐a‐chip, SDS‐PAGE and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. While the analysis of medium to high MW proteins with SDS‐PAGE was an already well‐established technique, the usefulness of MALDI‐TOF‐MS for the exact MW determination of high mass proteins was only partly described in literature so far. CGE‐on‐a‐chip is the newest of all three applied techniques and was so far not applicable. Therefore, it was not evaluated for high MW (glyco)proteins. All proteins were analyzed under nonreducing as well as reducing conditions. In this work, it was demonstrated that all three described techniques were capable of determining the MW of all high molecular weight (glyco)proteins. The noncommercial CGE‐on‐a‐chip assay allowed for the first time the electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 to 1000 kDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS‐PAGE and 660 kDa in the case of the high MW CGE‐on‐a‐chip assay. With the proper matrix and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI‐TOF‐MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa.
Prediction and validation of sidesway collapse of two scale models of a 4‐story steel moment frame
Authors: Lignos D. G. , Krawinkler H. , Whittaker A. S.
Published: November 2010

A research program is summarized in which collapse of a steel frame structure is predicted numerically and the accuracy of prediction is validated experimentally through earthquake simulator tests of two 1:8 scale models of a 4‐story code‐compliant prototype moment‐resisting frame. We demonstrate that (1) sidesway collapse can occur for realistic combinations of structural framing and earthquake ground motion; (2) P−Δeffects and component deterioration dominate behavior of the frame near collapse; (3) prediction of collapse is feasible using relatively simple analytical models provided that component deterioration is adequately represented in the analytical model; and (4) response of the framing system near collapse is sensitive to the history that every important component of the frames experiences, implying that symmetric cyclic loading histories that are routinely used to test components provide insufficient information for modeling deterioration near collapse. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐based earthquake engineering assessment of a self‐centering, post‐tensioned concrete bridge system
Authors: Lee Won K. , Billington Sarah L.
Published: November 2010

Highway bridges in highly seismic regions can sustain considerable residual displacements in their columns following large earthquakes. These residual displacements are an important measure of post‐earthquake functionality, and often determine whether or not a bridge remains usable following an earthquake. In this study, a self‐centering system is considered that makes use of unbonded, post‐tensioned steel tendons to provide a restoring force to bridge columns to mitigate the problem of residual displacements. To evaluate the proposed system, a code‐conforming, case‐study bridge structure is analyzed both with conventional reinforced concrete columns and with self‐centering, post‐tensioned columns using a formalized performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework. The PBEE analysis allows for a quantitative comparison of the relative performance of the two systems in terms of engineering parameters such as peak drift ratio as well as more readily understood metrics such as expected repair costs and downtime. The self‐centering column system is found to undergo similar peak displacements to the conventional system, but sustains lower residual displacements under large earthquakes, resulting in similar expected repair costs but significantly lower expected downtimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of triclosan on soil microbial respiration
Authors: Butler Emma , Whelan Michael J , Ritz Karl , Sakrabani Ruben , van Egmond Roger
Published: November 2010

The antimicrobial substance triclosan has widespread use in personal care products and can enter the terrestrial environment if sewage sludge is applied to soil. The inhibitory effects of triclosan on basal and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of three different soils were investigated. Soils were dosed and later redosed with four nominal triclosan concentrations, and respiration rates were measured over time. In each soil, a significant depression in basal respiration was noted after initial dosing, followed by a recovery. The initial extent of respiration inhibition was positively related to the triclosan dose, i.e., respiration was most inhibited at highest triclosan concentration. Differences in respiration inhibition between soils at equivalent dose were inversely correlated with organic matter and clay content, suggesting that the bioavailability of triclosan might have been reduced by sorption to organic carbon or by physical protection in micropores. Substrate-induced respiration was also reduced by the addition of triclosan and subsequently recovered. After redosing with triclosan, basal respiration was enhanced in all soils, suggesting that it was acting as a substrate. However, redosing resulted in SIR inhibition in all treatments above 10 mg triclosan kg−1 in all three soils, although all soils appeared to be more resistant to perturbation than following initial dosing. The present study suggests that triclosan inhibits soil respiration but that a subsequent acclimation of the microbial community occurs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:360–366. © 2010 SETAC
Use of gene expression, biochemical and metabolite profiles to enhance exposure and effects assessment of the model androgen 17β-trenbolone in fish
Authors: Ekman Drew R , Villeneuve Daniel L , Teng Quincy , Ralston-Hooper Kimberly J , Martinović-Weigelt Dalma , Kahl Michael D , Jensen Kathleen M , Durhan Elizabeth J , Makynen Elizabeth A , Ankley Gerald T , Collette Timothy W
Published: November 2010

The impact of exposure by water to a model androgen, 17β-trenbolone (TRB), was assessed in fathead minnows using an integrated molecular approach. This included classical measures of endocrine exposure such as impacts on testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2), and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations in plasma, as well as determination of effects on the hepatic metabolome using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the rates of production of T and E2 in ovary explants were measured, as were changes in a number of ovarian gene transcripts hypothesized to be relevant to androgen exposure. A temporally intensive 16-d test design was used to assess responses both during and after the TRB exposure (i.e., depuration/recovery). This strategy revealed time-dependent responses in females (little impact was seen in the males), in which changes in T and E2 production in the ovary, as well as levels in plasma, declined rapidly (within 1 d), followed shortly by a return to control levels. Gene expression measurements revealed dynamic control of transcript levels in the ovary and suggested potential mechanisms for compensation during the exposure phase of the test. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a number of hepatic metabolite changes that exhibited strong time and dose dependence. Furthermore, TRB appeared to induce the hepatic metabolome of females to become more like that of males at both high test concentrations of TRB (472 ng/L) and more environmentally relevant levels (33 ng/L). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:319–329. © 2010 SETAC
Resuspension of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated field sediment: release to the water column and determination of site-specific KDOC
Authors: Friedman Carey L , Lohmann Rainer , Burgess Robert M , Perron Monique M , Cantwell Mark G
Published: November 2010

Sediments from the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Superfund site (Massachusetts, USA), contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were resuspended under different water column redox conditions: untreated, oxidative, and reductive. The partitioning of PCBs to the overlying water column was measured with polyethylene samplers and compared to partitioning without resuspension. Greater concentrations of total aqueous (freely dissolved + dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-associated) PCBs were found in all resuspended treatments for PCBs with mid-range KOWs, but no difference was observed in total aqueous concentrations among different redox conditions. The magnitude of increased concentrations depended on resuspension time and congener KOW, but ranged from approximately one to eight times those found without resuspension. In a parallel study, DOC was flocculated and removed from smaller-scale NBH sediment resuspensions. In situ KDOCs were determined and used to calculate freely dissolved and DOC-associated fractions of the increase in total aqueous PCB concentrations due to resuspension. The importance of DOC-associated PCBs increased with increasing KOW. In situ KDOCs were approximately one to two orders of magnitude greater than those calculated with a commonly used linear free energy relationship (LFER). The present study demonstrates that resuspension of contaminated sediments releases PCBs to the water column, of which a significant fraction are DOC-associated (e.g., 28, 65, and 90% for PCBs 28, 66, and 110, respectively). Results also imply that site-specific PCB KDOCs are superior to those calculated with generic LFERs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:377–384. © 2010 SETAC