bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La mortalité par blessure non intentionnelle et ses causes externes au Canada entre 2001 et 2007
Authors: Chen Y , Mo F , Yi QL , Jiang Y , Mao Y
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Une bonne compréhension des caractéristiques et des tendances temporelles de la mortalité par blessure non intentionnelle est cruciale pour l'élaboration de stratégies de prévention.

Méthodologie

Nous avons analysé les statistiques de l'état civil au Canada (à l'exclusion du Québec) entre 2001 et 2007. Les taux de mortalité ont été normalisés selon l'âge et le sexe par rapport à la population canadienne de 2001. Un modèle autorégressif a été utilisé pour l'analyse de séries chronologiques.

Résultats

Le taux global de mortalité a diminué régulièrement, alors que le taux de mortalité par blessure non intentionnelle est resté stable durant la période étudiée. Les taux les plus élevés ont été observés dans les trois territoires. Les décès par blessure non intentionnelle étaient moins fréquents chez les enfants que chez les jeunes ou les adultes. Après 60 ans, la mortalité augmentait de façon soutenue avec l'âge. Les hommes étaient plus nombreux à décéder des suites d'une blessure non intentionnelle, et le ratio hommes-femmes culminait dans le groupe d'âge des 25 à 29 ans. Les collisions de véhicules à moteur, les chutes et les empoisonnements étaient les trois causes principales. On a observé une augmentation constante et marquée de la mortalité attribuable aux chutes. Les décès attribuables aux collisions de véhicules à moteur et aux noyades étaient plus fréquents durant les mois d'été, tandis que ceux causés par les chutes et les brûlures étaient plus fréquents durant les mois d'hiver.

Conclusion

La part des blessures non intentionnelles dans l'ensemble des causes de décès et la mortalité attribuable aux chutes ont augmenté au Canada entre 2001 et 2007.
The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada
Authors: Krueger H , Noonan VK , Trenaman LM , Joshi P , Rivers CS
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The purpose of this study is to estimate the current lifetime economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) in Canada from a societal perspective, including both direct and indirect costs, using an incidence-based approach.

Methods

Available resource use and cost information for complete/incomplete tetraplegia and paraplegia was applied to the estimated annual incidence of tSCI, by severity, in Canada.

Results

The estimated lifetime economic burden per individual with tSCI ranges from $1.5 million for incomplete paraplegia to $3.0 million for complete tetraplegia. The annual economic burden associated with 1389 new persons with tSCI surviving their initial hospitalization is estimated at $2.67 billion.

Conclusion

While the number of injuries per year in Canada is relatively small, the annual economic burden is substantial.
Quantifying Canadians' use of the Internet as a source of information on behavioural risk factor modifications related to cancer prevention
Authors: Richardson CG , Hamadani LG , Gotay C
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to quantify the frequency and timing of Canadians' Internet searches for information on modifying cancer prevention-related behavioural risk factors.

Methods

We used the Google AdWords Keyword tool to estimate the number of Internet searches in Canada from July 2010 to May 2011 for content associated with the keywords "physical activity / exercise", "healthy eating / weight loss" and "quit smoking".

Results

For ''physical activity / exercise,'' 663 related keywords resulted in 117 951 699 searches. For ''healthy eating / weight loss,'' 687 related search terms yielded 98 277 954 searches. ''Quit smoking'' was associated with 759 related keywords with 31 688 973 searches. All search patterns noticeably peaked in January 2011.

Conclusion

Many Canadians are actively searching for information on the Internet to support health behaviour change associated with cancer prevention, especially during the month of January. To take advantage of this opportunity, key stakeholders in cancer prevention need to identify knowledge translation priorities and work with health agencies to develop evidence-based strategies to support Internet-facilitated behaviour change.
Mortalité par cause en fonction du niveau de compétence professionnelle au Canada : une étude de suivi sur 16 ans
Authors: Tjepkema M , Wilkins R , Long A
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Les données sur la mortalité par profession n'étant pas facilement accessibles au Canada, nous avons analysé des données issues du recensement pour étudier les taux de mortalité par cause au sein de différents groupes de professions hiérarchisés par niveaux de compétence.

Méthodologie

Un échantillon de 15 % des répondants de 25 ans et plus au recensement du Canada de 1991 avait été précédemment couplé avec 16 années de données sur la mortalité (1991-2006). Notre analyse est fondée sur une cohorte de 2,3 millions de personnes âgées de 25 à 64 ans au début de l'étude, au sein de laquelle 164 332 décès ont été enregistrés au cours de la période de suivi. Les professions ont été classées conformément à la Classification nationale des professions et ont été réparties en cinq groupes de niveaux de compétence. Les taux de mortalité normalisés selon l'âge (TMNA), les rapports de taux (RT), les différences de taux (DT) et la surmortalité ont été calculés par niveau de compétence professionnelle pour différentes causes de décès.

Résultats

Les TMNA variaient clairement selon le niveau de compétence : ils étaient plus élevés chez les personnes occupant un poste non spécialisé (et chez celles sans emploi) et moins élevés chez celles occupant un poste professionnel. Chez les hommes, les RT toutes causes confondues étaient de 1,16, 1,40, 1,63 et 1,83 à mesure que le niveau de compétence professionnelle diminuait et en référence au groupe des professionnels. Chez les femmes, le gradient était moins prononcé : 1,23, 1,24, 1,32 et 1,53. Nous avons observé ce gradient pour la plupart des causes de décès. Les RT concernant les niveaux de compétence les plus faibles par rapport aux plus élevés étaient supérieurs à 2 pour le VIH/sida, le diabète sucré, le suicide et le cancer du col de l'utérus, ainsi que pour les causes de décès associées au tabagisme et à la consommation excessive d'alcool.

Conclusion

Les gradients de la mortalité par niveau de compétence professionnelle étaient clairs pour la plupart des causes de décès. Ces résultats fournissent des indicateurs de référence détaillés sur la mortalité par cause qui n'étaient pas disponibles au Canada auparavant.
Évolution de la mortalité associée aux chutes chez les personnes âgées au Québec, 1981 à 2009
Authors: Gagné M , Robitaille Y , Jean S , Perron P-A
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Cette étude a pour objectif d'apprécier l'évolution de la mortalité associée aux chutes chez les adultes de 65 ans et plus au Québec et de proposer une définition de cas reposant sur l'ensemble des causes inscrites sur les bulletins de décès.

Méthodologie

L'analyse porte sur les décès survenus entre 1981 et 2009, enregistrés dans le fichier des décès québécois.

Résultats

Bien que le nombre de décès reliés à une chute se soit accru entre 1981 et 2009, le taux ajusté de mortalité associée aux chutes est demeuré relativement stable. Depuis le début des années 2000, cette stabilité camoufle des tendances opposées. Le taux de mortalité associé aux chutes certifiées (W00-W19) s'est accru, alors que celui associé aux chutes présumées (exposition à un facteur non précisé causant une fracture) s'est réduit.

Conclusion

Pour la surveillance des d'indicateurs utilisant le fichier des décès devraient inclure ces deux catégories. Par ailleurs, un glissement possible de la codification des décès dus aux chutes vers les causes secondaires devrait être pris en compte.
Canadian parents' attitudes and beliefs about bicycle helmet legislation in provinces with and without legislation
Authors: Parkin PC , DeGroot J , Macpherson A , Fuselli P , Macarthur C
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The objective of this study was to survey Canadian parents on their attitudes and beliefs about bicycle helmet legislation and to compare responses from parents living in provinces with and without legislation.

Methods

A national survey of 1002 parents of children aged under 18 years was conducted. Chi-square tests were used to compare responses from the surveyed parents in the different jurisdictions.

Results

Responses from parents living in provinces with legislation (n = 640) and without legislation (n = 362) were as follows: concern for injury (63% vs. 68%, nonsignificant [NS]); believe helmets are effective (98% vs. 98%, NS); child always wears a helmet (74% vs. 69%, NS); support legislation for children (95% vs. 83%, p $lt; .001); support legislation for all ages (85% vs. 75%, p $lt; .001); support police enforcement (83% vs. 76%, p = .003); believe legislation decreases the amount of time their child bicycles (5% vs. 8%, NS).

Conclusion

Parents are highly supportive of bicycle helmet legislation in Canada. They believe that bicycle helmets are effective and that legislation does not decrease the amount of time a child spends bicycling. There was also a high level of support for legislation across all ages, and for police enforcement.
Validation of a deprivation index for public health: a complex exercise illustrated by the Quebec index
Authors: Pampalon R , Hamel D , Gamache P , Simpson A , Philibert MD
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Despite the widespread use of deprivation indices in public health, they are rarely explicitly or extensively validated, owing to the complex nature of the exercise.

Methods

Based on the proposals of British researchers, we sought to validate Quebec's material and social deprivation index using criteria of validity (content, criterion and construct validity), reliability and responsiveness, as well as other properties relevant to public health (comprehensibility, objectivity and practicality).

Results

We reviewed the international literature on deprivation indices, as well as publications and uses of the Quebec index, to which we added factual data.

Conclusion

Based on the review, it appears that the Quebec index responds favourably to the proposed validation criteria and properties. However, additional validations are required to better identify the contextual factors associated with the index.
Valider un indice de défavorisation en santé publique : un exercice complexe, illustré par l'indice québécois
Authors: Pampalon R , Hamel D , Gamache P , Simpson A , Philibert MD
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Malgré l'usage répandu d'indices de défavorisation en santé publique, leur validation est rarement abordée de manière explicite ou élaborée, car il s'agit là d'un exercice complexe.

Méthodologie

En nous fondant sur les propositions de chercheurs britanniques, nous avons cherché à valider l'indice québécois de défavorisation matérielle et sociale en utilisant des critères de validité (validité de contenu, validité sur critère et validité de construit), de fiabilité, de sensibilité et d'autres propriétés pertinentes en santé publique (intelligibilité, objectivité et praticabilité).

Résultats

Nous avons passé en revue la littérature internationale sur les indices de défavorisation ainsi que les publications et les utilisations de l'indice québécois et nous avons ajouté des données factuelles.

Conclusion

Après examen, il appert que l'indice québécois répond favorablement aux critères et propriétés de validation proposés. Des validations additionnelles s'imposent toutefois afin de mieux cerner les facteurs contextuels associés à cet indice.
Dossiers des coroners sur la mortalité par suicide à Montréal : limites et incidences sur les stratégies de prévention du suicide
Authors: Houle J , Guillou-Ouellette C
Published: October 2020

Introduction

À Montréal, les caractéristiques des cas de suicide sont susceptibles de varier d'un territoire à l'autre. Les données recueillies par les coroners dans le cadre de leurs investigations sur les suicides pourraient servir à appuyer la planification en matière de prévention du suicide à l'échelle locale.

Méthodologie

Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé tous les dossiers des coroners relatifs aux décès par suicide survenus à Montréal entre 2007 et 2009 afin de déterminer l'utilité des données disponibles, d'établir un profil des cas de suicide et d'examiner les différences à l'échelle locale en comparant deux territoires, celui ayant le taux de suicide le plus élevé et celui ayant le taux le plus faible.

Résultats

Les données recueillies ont révélé qu'il n'existait pas de procédure uniforme et systématique pour la consignation des données sur les décès par suicide. Quoique les taux de données manquantes aient été variables, ils étaient très élevés en ce qui concerne les antécédents de tentative de suicide et les événements récents qui pourraient avoir provoqué le suicide. Nous avons observé des différences dans les caractéristiques des personnes qui s'enlèvent la vie en fonction du territoire de résidence.

Conclusion

L'adoption par les coroners d'une procédure uniforme de collecte de données sur les cas de suicide permettrait aux décideurs d'avoir un portrait plus juste des personnes décédées par suicide au sein de leur territoire. S'adapter à la situation locale pourrait améliorer les stratégies de prévention du suicide.
Prevalence of self-reported hysterectomy among Canadian women, 2000/2001–2008
Authors: Stankiewicz A , Pogany L , Popadiuk C
Published: October 2020

Background

Hysterectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures among Canadian women. The consequence is a population that no longer requires cervical cancer screening. The objective of our analysis was to provide more accurate estimates of eligible participation in cervical screening by estimating the age-specific prevalence of hysterectomy among Canadian women aged 20 to 69 by province and territory between 2000/2001 and 2008.

Methods

Self-reported hysterectomy prevalence was obtained from the 2000/2001, 2003 and 2008 Canadian Community Health Survey. Age-specific prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for Canada and provinces and territories for the three time periods.

Results

Interprovincial variations in hysterectomy prevalence were observed among women in each age group and time period. Among women aged 50 to 59, prevalence was as high as 35.1% (95% CI: 25.8–44.3) (p $lt; .01) in 2008 and appeared to decrease in all provinces from 2000/2001 to 2008.

Conclusion

Interprovincial and time period variation suggest that using hysterectomy prevalence to adjust the population eligible for cervical cancer screening may be helpful to inform more comparable screening participation rates. In addition, both cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates can be adjusted by hysterectomy to ensure estimates across time and provinces and territories are also comparable.
Hospitalisations pour blessures intentionnelles dans les régions à fort pourcentage de résidents d'identité autochtone, 2004-2005 à 2009-2010
Authors: Oliver LN , Finès P , Bougie E , Kohen D
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Cette étude décrit les taux d'hospitalisation pour blessures auto-infligées et pour blessures par agression dans les régions à pourcentage relativement élevé de résidents s'identifiant comme membres des Premières nations, Métis ou Inuits, par cause de blessure, par tranche d'âge et par sexe.

Méthodologie

Tous les dossiers de sortie des hôpitaux de soins de courte durée des provinces et territoires du Canada hors Québec ont été tirés de la Base de données sur les congés des patients. Les aires de diffusion où plus de 33 % des résidents ont déclaré appartenir à un groupe autochtone au recensement de 2006 ont été classées comme « régions à fort pourcentage d'Autochtones ».

Résultats

Dans l'ensemble, dans les régions à fort pourcentage d'Autochtones, les taux d'hospitalisation normalisés selon l'âge (THNA) pour blessures auto-infligées étaient plus élevés chez les femmes, tandis que les THNA pour blessures par agression étaient plus élevés chez les hommes. Comparativement aux résidents des régions à faible pourcentage d'Autochtones, les résidents des régions à fort pourcentage d'Autochtones étaient au moins trois fois plus susceptibles d'avoir été hospitalisés pour blessures auto-infligées et au moins cinq fois plus susceptibles d'avoir été hospitalisés pour blessures par agression.

Conclusion

Les recherches à venir devraient analyser les comorbidités et les conditions socioéconomiques ainsi que les comportements à risque individuels comme facteurs associés à l'hospitalisation pour blessures auto-infligées.
Facteurs de risque et dépistage du cancer chez les membres des Premières Nations vivant hors réserve, chez les Métis et chez les non-Autochtones en Ontario
Authors: Withrow DR , Amartey A , Marrett LD
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Cette étude vise à décrire la prévalence du tabagisme, de l'obésité, des comportements sédentaires et de l'activité physique, de la consommation de fruits et de légumes et de la consommation d'alcool ainsi que la participation au dépistage du cancer du sein, du cancer du col de l'utérus et du cancer colorectal chez les adultes des Premières Nations et métis en Ontario, par rapport à la population non autochtone.

Méthodologie

Nous avons utilisé les données de l'Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes (données de 2007 à 2011 combinées) pour calculer les estimations de la prévalence chez les trois populations ethnoculturelles.

Résultats

Par rapport aux adultes non autochtones, les adultes des Premières Nations et métis étaient beaucoup plus nombreux à déclarer fumer et à être classés comme obèses. Les membres des Premières Nations étaient plus nombreux que la population non autochtone à consommer de l'alcool au-delà des recommandations en matière de prévention du cancer et à consommer insuffisamment des fruits et des légumes. Les femmes des Premières Nations étaient plus nombreuses que les femmes non autochtones à déclarer avoir fait l'objet d'un dépistage par recherche de sang occulte dans les selles au cours des deux dernières années. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les membres des trois groupes ethnoculturels en ce qui concerne le dépistage du cancer du sein et du cancer du col de l'utérus chez les femmes et le dépistage du cancer colorectal chez les hommes.

Conclusion

Si l'on intervient pas, il est probable que les cancers liés au tabagisme et à l'obésité continueront à représenter un fardeau considérable au sein de la population autochtone de l'Ontario.
Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in Quebec: from a 2008 population-based survey
Authors: Canuel M , Lebel G
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of symptoms and the proportion of a lifetime physician-based diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) in the province of Quebec among people aged 15 years and older.

Methods

The 2008 Quebec Population Health Survey provided data on the prevalence of symptoms and proportion of lifetime physician-based diagnoses of AR. The prevalence of symptoms was defined as the proportion of individuals who, in the absence of a cold or the flu, had nasal and ocular symptoms in the 12 months before the survey.

Results

The reported prevalence of AR symptoms was 17%, although 9% did not have a diagnosed condition. Reported prevalence was lowest in those aged 65 years and older (12%) and was more common among women (19%) than men (15%). The estimated prevalence of lifetime physician-based diagnosis was 17%.

Conclusion

AR prevalence is high in Quebec with about 1 in 6 people experiencing symptoms. The condition is underdiagnosed and might also be undertreated.
Health inequalities associated with neighbourhood deprivation in the Quebec population with hypertension in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Vanasse A , Courteau J , Asghari S , Leroux D , Cloutier L
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Although a number of studies look at prevalence, incidence, treatment, mortality and morbidity in relation to hypertension, few have taken into account the effect of residential neighbourhood on these health indicators in the population diagnosed with hypertension.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to measure and compare prevalence, mortality, morbidity, use of medical resources and treatments in relation to the level of material and social deprivation of the area of residence, in a population with a diagnosis of hypertension in primary prevention for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Quebec in 2006-2007.

Methods

This study is based on a secondary analysis of the medical administrative data of the Quebec health insurance board, the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec, for a cohort of 276 793 patients aged 30 years or older who had been diagnosed with hypertension in 2006 or 2007, but who did not have a known diagnosis of CVD. The health indicators adjusted for age and sex are prevalence, death, a cardiovascular event, physician visits, emergency department visits and use of antihypertensives. Twenty-five types of areas of residence were obtained by crossing the material and social deprivation quintiles.

Results

Compared with patients living in materially and socially advantaged areas, those living in deprived areas were at 46% higher risk of a cardiovascular event, 47% higher risk of being frequent emergency department visitors and 31% higher risk of being frequent users of a general practitioner's services, but 25% lower risk of being frequent users of medical specialists' services. Little or no variation was observed in the use of antihypertensives.

Conclusion

This study reveals the existence, in a CVD primary prevention context, of large variations in a number of health indicators among hypertensive patients owing to the material and social deprivation of residential neighbourhood. It is therefore important to take the socioeconomic context into account when planning interventions to prevent CVDs and their consequences.
Multimorbidity disease clusters in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Caucasian populations in Canada
Authors: Kuwornu JP , Lix LM , Shooshtari S
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Patterns of multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more chronic diseases, may not be constant across populations. Our study objectives were to compare prevalence estimates of multimorbidity in the Aboriginal population in Canada and a matched non-Aboriginal Caucasian population and identify the chronic diseases that cluster in these groups.

Methods

We used data from the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) to identify adult (≥ 18 years) respondents who self-identified as Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal Caucasian origin and reported having 2 or more of the 15 most prevalent chronic conditions measured in the CCHS. Aboriginal respondents who met these criteria were matched on sex and age to non-Aboriginal Caucasian respondents. Analyses were stratified by age (18–54 years and ≥ 55 years). Prevalence was estimated using survey weights. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify disease clusters.

Results

A total of 1642 Aboriginal respondents were matched to the same number of non-Aboriginal Caucasian respondents. Overall, 38.9% (95% CI: 36.5%–41.3%) of Aboriginal respondents had two or more chronic conditions compared to 30.7% (95% CI: 28.9%–32.6%) of non-Aboriginal respondents. Comparisons of LCA results revealed that three or four clusters provided the best fit to the data. There were similarities in the diseases that tended to co-occur amongst older groups in both populations, but differences existed between the populations amongst the younger groups.

Conclusion

We found a small group of younger Aboriginal respondents who had complex co-occurring chronic diseases; these individuals may especially benefit from disease management programs.
Prévalence et variation de la consommation de tabac à rouler chez les jeunes Canadiens depuis 2008
Authors: Cole AG , Leatherdale ST , Rynard VL
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Les cigarettes roulées représentent une solution de rechange abordable par rapport aux cigarettes industrielles, en particulier pour les jeunes à faible revenu. Cette étude a pour but de caractériser les variations de prévalence de la consommation de tabac à rouler des jeunes Canadiens entre 2008 et 2010 et d'examiner les caractéristiques sociodémographiques associées à cette consommation en 2010.

Méthodologie

Cette étude utilise des données représentatives recueillies chez des élèves de la 9e à la 12e année dans le cadre des cycles 2008-2009 et 2010-2011 de l'Enquête sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes (ETJ).

Résultats

Parmi les fumeurs, 30,5 % consommaient des cigarettes roulées. Les jeunes bénéficiant d'un revenu disponible de plus de 100 $ par semaine étaient moins nombreux à consommer ce type de produit (rapport de cotes [RC] = 0,49; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 0,34 à 0,71). Les consommateurs de tabac à rouler étaient plus nombreux à consommer également de l'alcool (RC=2,01; IC à 95% : 1,09 à 3,72) ou de la marijuana (RC = 2,63; IC à 95 % : 1,73 à 4,01).

Conclusion

Les cigarettes roulées continuent d'être une solution de rechange abordable pour les jeunes fumeurs. Les programmes de prévention ciblant les consommateurs de cigarettes roulées en milieu scolaire pourraient contribuer à réduire la consommation de ce type de cigarettes.
“Germanophilism” of Bishop Dimitri (Abashidze) during the First World War: Bishop’s Answer to “The German Question”
Authors: Kalinovsky V. V.
Published: October 2020

The plot, connected with attacks on the head of the Taurida diocese Dimitri (Abashidze), accused of Germanophilism during the First World War is examined in the article. These events are inscribed in the context of the aggravation of the national question that happened in the wake of the military confrontation between the Russian Empire and Germany. The relevance of this study is due to the insufficient elaboration of the issue of the involvement of the Orthodox clergy in resolving interethnic relations, as well as the participation of the clergy in the Russian nationalist movement. The novelty of the research lies in the introduction of a new corpus of sources into the scientific circulation, which makes it possible to consistently trace how the solution of the regional conflict on ethnic grounds, due to the attention of the capital’s newspapers, reached the state level and was used in the political struggle. It is noted that the appeal of Dimitri (Abashidze) to the priests was the reason for accusing the hierarch of Germanophilism, in which the «Vechernee Vremya» newspaper was most zealous. It is shown that priests and public figures spoke in defense of the bishop. It is proved that the attacks on the Tauride bishop contributed to the intensification of his activities in the right political camp.
Energy Efficiency as a Factor of Modernization in Era of the Industrial Revolution in 18th—19th Centuries in Europe (Sweden and England)
Authors: Kim O. V.
Published: October 2020

The question of the relationship between the processes of modernization and the development of energy in Sweden and England in modern times is considered. The author investigates the problem of regional features of early industrialization in these countries. A review of modern English-language historiography on this topic is carried out. The author’s development of a model of the synergetic relationship of energy consumption, energy efficiency and economic growth in the 18th—19th centuries is presented. The question is raised about the typological similarity of the processes of economic and technological development of Sweden and England in modern times in the context of the capitalist world-system. At the same time, it is shown how the specific natural and socio-economic conditions in these countries influenced the historically determined differences in the use of firewood, coal, steam engines. Particular attention is paid to such factors of Sweden’s development as the early nature of proto-industrialization processes and the country’s semi-peripheral position in the capitalist world-economy. The author reveals the logical connection between the key positions of England in the international system of production and exchange and the dynamic introduction of new energy sources in modern times. It was concluded that factors related to the position of a particular country in the system of center-peripheral relations were of decisive importance for economic growth and energy.
Creation of the Vyatka Brotherhood of the Saint Nicholas the Miracle Worker in the Context of the Interaction of the Secular and Spiritual Authorities of the Vyatka Province
Authors: Polovnikova M. Yu. , Nemchaninova E. N.
Published: October 2020

Using mainly historical-comparative and historical-genetic methods, the question of the interaction of secular power in the person of the governor of the Vyatka province N. A. Troinitsky and the spiritual power in the person of Bishop of the Vyatka and Sloboda provinces Apollos (Belyaev) in terms of resolving the issue of opening a brotherhood in the Vyatka province to work with Old Believers, is raised in the article. In this work, on the basis of archival materials, the process of preparation for the opening of the Vyatka brotherhood of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker in the city of Vyatka in 1882 is considered. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the position of the Bishop of Vyatka and Sloboda Apollos regarding the creation of the Vyatka brotherhood. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that Bishop Apollos was a supporter of the initiative of Archpriest Stephen Kashmensky in terms of creating a brotherhood, but at the same time sought to limit the material base of the brotherhood and create a brotherhood without funding from the consistory. As a result, through the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev, the misunderstanding between the secular and spiritual authorities of the Vyatka province was eliminated, and in the fall of 1882, with the blessing of the Bishop of Vyatka and Sloboda Apollos, the Vyatka brotherhood of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker was established.
Occasional and Rare Lexemes in the Poetic Language of V. A. Zhukovsky (Methodology of Dictionary Interpretation)
Authors: Zhatkin D. N.
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the question of the lexicographic interpretation of the poetic language of V.A. Zhukovsky (1783—1852) in the form of the author’s dictionary, which became possible after the publication of the initial volumes of the “Complete Works and Letters” of the writer. Special attention is paid to poetic neologisms in the works of the first Russian romanticist. The question is raised about the typology of individual author’s lexemes. Occasionalisms properly, rare words and poetry, which became such as a result of the “replication” by many writers of successful and historically promising author’s neologisms of their predecessors are distinguished. The occasional units that are found in Zhukovsky’s translation of Homer’s poem “The Odyssey” and perform specific aesthetic functions are analyzed. The results of a comparative analysis of Zhukovsky’s poetic language with the lexicon of poets of the 18th — 20th centuries (N. M. Karamzin, I. I. Dmitriev, D. V. Davydov, K. N. Batyushkov, P. A. Vyazemsky, N. M. Yazykov , A. I. Polezhaev, D. V. Venevitinov, M. Yu. Lermontov and others) are presented in the article. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time the neological layer of Zhukovsky’s poetic language is comprehended. The relevance of the study is due to the possibility of using the observations, facts and conclusions stated in it in the theory and practice of lexicography — when compiling explanatory, historical and author’s dictionaries.
Investigations of the Working Process in a Dual-Fuel Low-Emission Combustion Chamber for an FPSO Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Serbin Serhiy , Diasamidze Badri , Dzida Marek
Published: October 2020

This investigation is devoted to an analysis of the working process in a dual-fuel low-emission combustion chamber for a floating vessel’s gas turbine. The low-emission gas turbine combustion chamber with partial pre-mixing of fuel and air inside the outer and inner radial-axial swirlers was chosen as the object of research. When modelling processes in a dual-flow low-emission gas turbine combustion chamber, a generalized method is used, based on the numerical solution of the system of conservation and transport equations for a multi-component chemically reactive turbulent system, taking into consideration nitrogen oxides formation. The Eddy-Dissipation-Concept model, which incorporates Arrhenius chemical kinetics in a turbulent flame, and the Discrete Phase Model describing the interfacial interaction are used in the investigation. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of organizing efficient combustion of distillate liquid fuel in a low-emission gas turbine combustion chamber operating on the principle of partial preliminary formation of a fuel-air mixture. Comparison of four methods of liquid fuel supply to the channels of radial-axial swirlers (centrifugal, axial, combined, and radial) revealed the advantages of the radial supply method, which are manifested in a decrease in the overall temperature field non-uniformity at the outlet and a decrease in nitrogen oxides emissions. The calculated concentrations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide at the flame tube outlet for the radial method of fuel supply are 32 and 9.1 ppm, respectively. The results can be useful for further modification and improvement of the characteristics of dual-fuel gas turbine combustion chambers operating with both gaseous and liquid fuels.
Determining the Best Possible Speed of the Ship in Shallow Waters Estimated Based on the Adopted Model for Calculation of the Ship’s Domain Depth
Authors: Rutkowski Grzegorz
Published: October 2020

The purpose and scope of this article is to present the best marine practices used to determine the ship’s domain depth (compared to the safety depth parameter in ECDIS) and the safest and best possible speed (also known as optimal speed) of the ship in restricted sea areas limited by the depth of navigation waters. The author also presents a method that can be used to estimate the safe speed of a ship in shallow waters and the so-called navigational risk factor (specified in the range from 0 to 1), using the safety depth parameter specified in ECDIS based on the analysis of a three-dimensional model of the ship’s domain. The essence of the method proposed in this paper is a systematic approach to the operation of a seagoing ship in the aspect of assessing its navigation safety (navigational risk factor) when manoeuvring in restricted sea areas, in particular in shallow waters including navigable canals and fairways.
Effect of Rotational Speed of a Self-Aspirating Mixer on Oxygen Saturation in Water
Authors: Wróblewski Andrzej , Skotnicka-Siepsiak Aldona
Published: October 2020

There are two categories of gas-liquid mixers: conventional and special-purpose. In theory, any conventional mixer can be applied to aerate a liquid, but fast-rotating devices are generally preferred. Special-purpose mixers (tubular, prismatic, cylindrical) have a hollow shaft, and operate by drawing gas from above the surface of the liquid and dispersing it inside the liquid. This process is referred to as aspirated aeration. In contrast, conventional mixers increase the pressure of the aspirated gas. Gas drawn from above the surface of the liquid flows through channels bored inside the shaft and the impeller, and is introduced to the liquid in this way. This article presents the results of an experiment investigating the aeration efficiency of a six-tube self-aspirating mixer at different rotational speeds. The experiment was conducted in a flow tank. The results indicate that self-aspirating mixers are effective devices for water aeration and mixing.
Physiological Performance of a Coastal Marsh Plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris in Natural Conditions in Relation to Mineral Nutrition and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
Authors: Druva-Lūsīte Ieva , Karlsons Andis , Andersone-Ozola Una , Ieviņa Baiba , Nečajeva Jevgeņija , Samsone Ineta , Ievinsh Gederts
Published: October 2020

Fluctuating soil salinity and competition for light are the main factors affecting plant distribution and performance in coastal salt marshes. The aim of the present study was to assess plant performance by means of non-destructive instrumental methods in a highly heterogeneous natural habitat. More specifically, environmental factors affecting growth and physiological performance of a clonal plant Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. were investigated. Changes in soil salinity, soil mineral characteristics, leaf nutrient concentrations, morphological parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and mycorrhizal symbiosis were analysed in different experimental plots of naturally growing H. vulgaris plants. The dynamic nature of interaction between sea water flooding-affected changes in soil salinity and competition-dependent changes in light availability led to micro-environmental heterogeneity differentially affecting physiological performance and growth of H. vulgaris in natural conditions. Plant growth was mostly affected by intensity of photosynthetically active radiation in the respective plots. Increased growth rate in shaded conditions specifically pointed to shade tolerance strategy of H. vulgaris. High heterogeneity of mineral nutrients between the plots was established. However, considerable plasticity of metabolism in respect to highly variable soil concentration of mineral nutrients together with effective mineral adaptation mechanisms ensured optimal supply of material for growth. Photochemistry of photosynthesis was only marginally affected by differences in microenvironmental conditions as shown by respective changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Mycorrhizal symbiosis was stimulated by moderately increasing soil salinity and suppressed by relatively high salinity. When the effect of soil salinity was omitted, intensity of mycorrhizal symbiosis was positively associated with intensity of photo-synthetically active radiation. In general, a relatively high stable level of photosynthetic performance across a wide range of micro-environmental conditions indicates an adequate level of physiological adaptation of H. vulgaris to conditions of a coastal salt marsh. The present data clearly reflect complex interactions between environmental factors and plastic physiological responses of H. vulgaris.
Attitudes of the General Public and Hunters Towards Wolves in Latvia; Its Predictors and Changes Over Time
Authors: Žunna Agrita , Bagrade Guna , Ozoliņš Jānis
Published: October 2020

A survey was carried out to determine the attitudes of the general public and of hunters towards wolves (Canis lupus) in Latvia. Today wildlife conservation depends on effective management practices; however, these are often influenced by public opinions and attitudes. Our aim was to understand the causes behind these attitudes and to compare our results with previous research done in Latvia. Questionnaires were distributed through schools and hunter organisations. The attitudes of both the general public and hunters were mostly neutral or positive. Older people and women were generally less positive. Respondents with less positive attitudes were more likely to say that wolf numbers in the country should be decreased. Significant associations between attitudes, beliefs of wolves causing damage and financial losses and what should be done with wolf numbers in Latvia were found. Three attitude predictors were established.
Convective Instability of a Steady Flow in an Annulus Caused by Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Kolyshkin Andrei , Koliskina Valentina , Volodko Inta , Iltins Ilmārs
Published: October 2020

Linear stability of convective motion in a tall vertical annulus was analysed in the paper. The base flow was generated by a non-uniform distribution of heat sources in the radial direction. The base flow velocity and temperature were obtained analytically solving the system of Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation. The linear stability problem was solved for axi-symmetric and asymmetric perturbations by a collocation method based on the Chebyshev polynomials. Numerical results showed that there were three destabilising factors: (1) increase of the gap between the cylinders, (2) increase of the density of internal heat sources towards to the outer boundary of the annulus and (3) increase of the Prandtl number.
Novel Stacked Modular Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Biomass Cultivation in Biogas Plants: Preliminary Design and Modelling
Authors: Romagnoli Francesco , Ievina Baiba , Perera Weerasuriya Arachchige Anton Rayan Priyasad , Ferrari Davide
Published: October 2020

Microalgae hold great potential as a source for renewable energy due to their high photosynthetic efficiency, high growth rates and independence from fertile agricultural lands. However, large-scale cultivation systems of microalgae biomass are still not economically viable mainly due to the difficulties with maintaining optimum growth conditions of microalgae in open pond systems and high costs of biomass cultivation and harvesting. Here we propose the Novel Stacked Modular Open Raceway Ponds (SMORPs) system for microalgae biomass cultivation to be integrated in biogas production plant. The proposed technological solution will eliminate the drawbacks of current microalgae cultivation technologies, mainly, will reduce the land use, improve lighting conditions and reduce the cost of cultivation as a result of the application of waste products from biogas production, i.e. anaerobic digestion effluent and flue gas. In this study we propose the initial design of the SMORP concept and a microalgae biomass kinetic model as a simple approach to screen microalgae strains potentially applicable for large-scale ponds. The developed tool is also useful to evaluate the potential benefit of additional artificial LED light sources and to assess the maximum biomass growth rate with minimal light intensity.
Bioeconomy Investments: Market Considerations
Authors: Zihare Lauma , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: October 2020

The introduction into the forestry sector of a bioeconomy has led to the search for new high value-added bio-products that can be produced using the woody biomass residue from timber harvesting. Any introduction of new bio-products must be justifiable from economic, socio-economic, and technological points of view. For successful commercialization, one important consideration is the market potential for such products. In this paper, a methodology for decision-making to evaluate three existing forest by-products for market potential in Latvia has been developed using the GE-McKinsey Nine-Box Matrix, considering market attractiveness and product competitive advantage. The methodological algorithm has been modified to include different factors such as process and product sustainability as well as competitive advantage. The analysis calculates the market attractiveness and competitive advantage of a specific product. As well, the application of this methodology makes a clear and presentable way of determining the viability of investing in new bio-products possible.
Clean Coal Technologies for Electricity and Synthetic Liquid Fuel Production for Distributed Generation
Authors: Tyurina Elina , Mednikov Aleksandr , Zharkov Pavel
Published: October 2020

The paper presents energy technology installations for combined production of methanol and electricity for distributed generation. The technical and economic study is based on mathematical modeling using a system of computer-aided construction of programs and optimization with the models. The results of the effect of fuel composition on methanol and electricity production are presented. The competitiveness of the obtained methanol is assessed. The studies were carried out for various electricity and coal costs. The thermal efficiency of such installations is more than 60 %. At present methanol produced at energy technology installations is competitive with expensive diesel fuel delivered from other areas.
Education for Advancing the Implementation of the Bioeconomy Goals: An Analysis of Master Study Programmes in Bioeconomy
Authors: Pubule Jelena , Blumberga Andra , Rozakis Stelios , Vecina Anita , Kalnbalkite Antra , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: October 2020

Bioeconomy in Europe has become one of the leading courses for sustainable and resource-efficient development. Main aspects of bioeconomy: development of new technologies and processes, development of markets and competitiveness for bioeconomy can be implemented through higher education and transformative knowledge for building a sustainable bioeconomy. Over the past year, new bioeconomy-related Master study programmes have been created and have integrated bioeconomy goals into their research, programme aims and learning outcomes. During the research the set of competences based on sustainable development competences and bioeconomy competences have been created. The integration of competences for bioeconomy development in higher education can be seen as an important step in transformation towards knowledge-based bioeconomy. On this basis, 10 Master study programmes across Europe were analysed in order to find out the actual integration of competences in different study programmes for bioeconomy. Results of the analysis show that transdisciplinary competence, learning competence, interdisciplinary competence and system-thinking competence are strongly integrated into the study programmes. The analysis also shows that the integration of other competences, like anticipatory competence, normative competence, strategic competence and interpersonal competence can be improved in the future.
Assessment of Energy Sustainability in Statistical Regions of Latvia using Energy Sustainability Index
Authors: Slišāne Dzintra , Gaumigs Gatis , Lauka Dace , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: October 2020

The Single Energy Sustainability Index combines three key sustainability indicators: environmental, social and economic. The use of indicators makes it possible to create an overall index that shows not only how green the region is, but also includes the well-being and economic situation of its population. The study uses a universal formula that is adapted to the case study of Latvia. The energy sustainability index formula combines 12 weighted indicators. The multi-criteria analysis method AHP was used to determine criteria weights for this purpose. Latvia’s overall sustainability index was calculated at 0.48 and only the Riga region (0.65) exceeds the index value for Latvia as a whole. Using this sustainability development index, it is also possible to analyse possible future development scenarios for energy sustainability in Latvia and its regions. To assess the potential for future development and sustainability of regions in Latvia and other countries, it is necessary to continue the study.
Co-Firing of Natural Gas with Wood Dust Experimental Test Runs
Authors: Klose Maximilian , Vigants Girts , Vigants Edgars
Published: October 2020

Co-Firing biomass in the form of wood dust or sawdust with natural gas is a new concept, which was performed in a specialized burner from the Riga Technical University. In order to test the burner, primary experimental test runs were performed to get an overview of flue gas behaviour. The addition of sawdust increased CO values but O2 values remained very low in the flue gases. This was due to technical problems with the fuel. Co-Firing has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions of energy production and wood dust is an abundant by-product of forestry, therefore the potential has to be explored in future research.