bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Stable Water Isotopes to Estimate Source Water Contribution in a Tidal Marshland
Authors: Bradach Sophia , Yan Jing , Joshi Sunendra , Afsar Mohammad , Jin Yan
Published: March 2024

Sea level rise due to climate change is exacerbating issues of saltwater intrusion and contamination. Identifying sources of water in coastal marshland under the influences of tides is critical in assessing vulnerability and developing strategies to protect coastal ecosystems. Mixing models such as end-member mixing, allow the contributions of salt and freshwater to be quantified using conservative tracers such as water isotopes. Using stable water isotopes as tracers to assess the impact of saltwater intrusion in coastal environments has been limited compared to their application in catchment hydrology. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using water isotopes to quantify the salt and freshwater dynamics in a tidal salt marsh at the St. Jones Reserve (39.10 ◦N, 75.44 ◦W) in Delaware, USA.  During a full tidal cycle, porewater samples were collected from piezometers (at 30 and 100 cm depths below the surface) at four sampling sites along a saline gradient at St. Jones Reserve.  Samples were taken at specific time intervals to capture the full effect of the tide. The isotope composition of the collected porewater samples was measured using a Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer (LWIA). End member analysis will be used to estimate the relative contributions of salt and freshwater at each point along the salt gradient. By quantifying these contributions, we hope to gain insights into the potential impacts of saltwater intrusion on the tidal marsh ecosystem. The information will allow better understanding of the hydrological conditions of the marshland and aid interpretations of an array of soil physical and chemical properties and processes being studied at the site.
Electrochemical conversion of sulfide mineral-containing mine waste for energy and resource recovery using fuel cell technology
Authors: Ju Won Jung , Nam Kyoungphile
Published: March 2024

Sulfide minerals present in mine waste, upon oxidation by oxygen and water, can lower the pH, leading to increased metal solubility. This study focuses on mine waste containing sulfide mineral, utilizing fuel cell technology to recover valuable resources. The aim is to explore the potential conversion of mining by-products into valuable energy and resources, addressing environmental impact and transforming mining waste into a valuable asset. The electrochemical oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) (ΔG0 = -27.15 kJ/mol) is induced through electrode installation, with the reaction facilitated by employing electrodes. In this process, pyrite acts as an electron donor, and oxygen, mediated by the electrode, acts as an electron acceptor. The cathode is designed to induce the oxidation of pyrite (Pyrite→Fe3+), while the anode, exposed to oxygen in the air, promotes the reduction of oxygen (O2→H2O). Pyrite (150-250 μm in diameter) was placed in the anode cell containing 125 mL of anolyte (distilled water adjusted to pH 2.0 with hydrochloric acid), and the cathode cell was exposed to air. After 4 weeks of reaction 23 mg of pyrite was dissolved leaching 0.73 mM of Fe, and generating 4.1616×10−7 W of power. In the further study the fuel cell technology will be applied to utilize sulfidic mining residues (XRD analysis result: FeS1.6Se0.4 42%, FeS2 14%, Mg2CaWO6 12%, etc.), generated during the ore beneficiation process at a tungsten mine in Yeongwol, Gangwon Province, South Korea, for the recovery of energy and valuable metals.
'Les Sacoches du Climat': An outreach cycling initiative for covering the last mile of climate communication in rural France
Authors: du Climat Les Sacoches , Bernard Juliette , Bierjon Antoine , Carles Julie , Ehret Antoine , Gaillard Rémi , Legay Alexandre , Planchat Alban , Cassou Christophe
Published: March 2024

Rural and medium-sized town populations already regularly face the tangible impacts of climate change, particularly in relation to their professional activities. However, they are often overlooked by the scientific community when it comes to knowledge sharing, even though they equally deserve attentive listening and consideration. 'Les Sacoches du Climat' (i.e. 'The Climate Panniers') is a French scientific outreach initiative led by a collective of young climate researchers specializing in various fields. The initiative was designed to raise awareness of climate issues in such regions, taking on the challenge of reaching the last mile in the large-scale French awareness campaign 'La Tournée du Climat et de la Biodiversité' (i.e. 'The Climate and Biodiversity Tour') — a traveling exhibition in major cities addressing climate and biodiversity issues led by a multidisciplinary team of scientists. Our journey unfolded over a week, navigating the landscapes of rural France on bicycles. During the day, we engaged with secondary school audiences, delivering an introduction to climate challenges followed by interactive discussions and workshops, with a particular emphasis on a sensitive approach. This educational endeavor was seamlessly intertwined with collaborative projects involving teaching staff. In the evening, we engaged adult audiences through conferences and debates, fostering collaboration with local communities and associations. Accompanied by esteemed French climatologists riding tandem with us, our collective presents here a brief retrospective of this journey and the messages derived from it. This initiative serves as an earnest call for climatologists to step beyond the traditional confines of research, immerse themselves in the field, and consider the impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability of territories in all their diversity and specificity in the face of climate change, fostering a responsible societal paradigm shift.
Collaboration at the science-policy interface for effective earthquake risk communication in New Zealand  
Authors: Orchiston Caroline
Published: March 2024

New Zealand is the second most hazardous country in the world according to the UN, and has had recent experiences of destructive earthquakes that have catalysed efforts to improve societal resilience. The Alpine Fault presents the most significant seismic hazard for the South Island, with a 75% probability of generating a magnitude 8 earthquake in the next 50 years (Howarth et al. 2021). An event of this scale will cause widespread damage, and lead to nationally significant economic and social disruption.  The AF8 [Alpine Fault magnitude 8] programme was established in 2016, as a partnership between science and emergency management to build societal awareness and preparedness for a future Alpine Fault earthquake disaster. The programme has used a scenario-based planning approach to improve readiness across local, regional and national contexts. The compelling ‘science story’ of the Alpine Fault is used as a platform to draw people into improving their individual, community and business preparedness. Since its inception, AF8 has had demonstrable impact on improving resilience, from the grassroots to the highest levels of government, and has been awarded for its collaborative governance by Local Government New Zealand. The programme is considered a leader in risk communication, using human-centred design principles to develop engaging digital education resources and social media campaigns. This paper will explore the key elements of the programme; scenario-based planning and effective risk communication to reveal insights that may support other collaborative, science-based risk reduction efforts globally.
A geoday in our town
Authors: Benito Mª Inmaculada
Published: March 2024

One of the challenges we secondary school teachers face is the difficulty that younger pupils have in imagining how an outcrop or geological structure has formed or explaining why certain geological hazards occur in certain areas. On the other hand, climate change is often associated with rising temperatures, but not with how it affects geologically related aspects, such as the depletion of aquifers through massive water extraction or subsidence. Presenting a field trip as a geoday can motivate pupils to learn geology.A geoday, as explained on their website https://geolodia.es, is an outreach event in which geological field trips are conducted guided by expert geologists, free of charge, and open to the general public. The information about the chosen site, which is of great geological interest, allows us to see and understand how the Earth works and helps us to understand the value of our geological heritage and the need to protect it. The Baix Empordà region, in the province of Girona, is an area where it is easy to locate rocks from different periods, as well as landforms related to orogenies and distensions. Thus, with a simple explanation of the geological history, 3D representations using QGIS software, topographic and geological maps - students will be able to locate and identify the types of materials present in the town and surrounding area. They will also identify deformations and geological structures and discover how this knowledge has been used to exploit mineral resources. For example, a small outcrop allows them to see a fold, erosion, stratigraphic discontinuity, graded stratification, and a quartz dyke. Here students can apply the concepts seen in class and learn to deduce the series of events that gave rise to this set of structures. The teacher's task will be to provide clues to arrive at a good deductive result.Geosciences must be understood in a transversal way. Thus, the geoday will be included in a transversal project -in preparation- on the Gavarres mountain range -https://n9.cl/7vshu-, which relates knowledge about forestry or agricultural exploitation according to the type of soil and climate, historical settlement of populations in high areas due to the incidence of floods, or exploitation of mineral deposits in specific areas. Similarly, geological risks can be studied by associating the massive extraction of groundwater and subsidence that can be detected in some areas of the town using online viewers.  Students will have to discuss whether climate change, which we have been experiencing for years, will bring about any noticeable changes in the management of natural resources and risk prevention. Finally, they should think of possible actions to slow down the loss of natural resources in our area.Subject: Biology and GeologyGrade: 11-14 years oldDuration: 4 hoursObjectives: Students will: learn to identify geological structures, rocks, explain geological history by using topographic and geological maps and 3D printed terrains, and think about climate change and natural resources.The poster presents photos of this activity.
Spatial distribution of Antarctic meltwater governs Southern Ocean deep convection and shelf warming feedback
Authors: Martin Torge , Rhein Janika , Ödalen Malin , Zeller Mathias
Published: March 2024

Increasing Antarctic ice sheet mass loss is anticipated to become a major player in Southern Ocean and global climate change. Since most climate models are lacking an interactive ice sheet, numerous freshwater-release scenarios have been conducted recently, in which the effect of melting of ice shelves and calving of icebergs on the ocean and climate system is studied by prescribing a freshwater flux to the high latitude Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean Freshwater Input from Antarctica (SOFIA, https://sofiamip.github.io) initiative is designed to reconcile these studies and quantify model uncertainty.In the framework of SOFIA we conduct experiments with the Flexible Ocean and Climate Infrastructure (FOCI) model, which consists of NEMO3.6-LIM 0.5˚ ocean-sea ice and ECHAM6.3-JSBACH 1.8˚ atmosphere-land components. We study the effect of freshwater input (0.1 Sv) along the Antarctic coast (antwater) versus a wide-spread, iceberg melt-like input field south of 60˚S (60Swater) under pre-industrial climate control conditions. A small ensemble of eight members each also serves to demonstrate a significant effect by centennial-scale internal variability on the magnitude of the Southern Ocean’s response to the freshwater.Besides responses like surface cooling, sea ice expansion, deep ocean warming, weakening of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which are robust across models and experiments, we find two intriguing differences between antwater and 60Swater experiments: In three of the eight ensemble members of antwater, large-scale open ocean deep convection emerges in the central Weddell Gyre, which is absent from the reference run without freshwater perturbation and the eight ensemble runs of 60Swater. This can be linked to the spin-up of the Weddell Gyre in the experiments, increasing the doming of isotherms, but being counterbalanced by surface freshening in the gyre center in 60Swater. Further, the zonal mean warming of >1˚C at mid depth in the Weddell Sea sector present in all experiments spills onto the continental shelf in antwater whereas it resides below the shelf break in 60Swater. This gives rise to the assumption that the spatial distribution of the freshwater has the potential to drive or limit a positive melt feedback loop associated with warming on the shelf.
New Insights on the Interiors of Coronal Mass Ejections from the WISPR and SoloHI Heliospheric Imagers
Authors: Hess Phillip , Colaninno Robin , Vourlidas Angelos , Howard Russell , Stenborg Guillermo , Shaik Shaheda
Published: March 2024

Much of our current understanding of the internal structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) has been based on either high-resolution, multi-wavelength imaging near the Sun or in-situ crossings of a CME, typically near 1 au. Previous remote sensing instruments, observing the corona and heliosphere from close to 1 au, were able to observe CMEs in Thomson scattered white light but were limited in detail that could be resolved by the constraints imposed by observing from such a large distance. As a result, a thorough understanding of the bulk shape and leading-edge propagation in the heliosphere has been developed, but many open questions about the interior of a CME as well as its overall impact on the corona still remain open. Heliospheric Imager data from the Wide Field Imager for Solar Probe (WISPR) on board the Parker Solar Probe and the Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI) on board Solar Orbiter have provided new high-resolution imaging by observing from within the inner heliosphere and corona.  The unprecedented resolution of these observations allows us to directly address these key physical questions relating to the internal structure, coherency and evolution of coronal mass ejections as they propagate away from the Sun. Utilizing data from both of these instruments, we will show examples of the complex interior structures present in the images and explain the physical implications of these observations.
The influence of the lithosphere on deep-origin volcanism
Authors: Kalnins Lara M , Douglas Amelia K , Cohen Benjamin E , Fitton J Godfrey , Mark Darren F
Published: March 2024

Eastern Australia and the neighbouring Tasman and Coral Seas are home to extensive age-progressive volcanism spanning from ~55 Ma in the north to ~6 Ma in the south. This volcanism forms two offshore seamount trails, the Lord Howe and the Tasmantid Chains, as well as the onshore central volcanoes and leucitites of the East Australian Chain. The three volcanic chains are an average of just 500 km apart, erupted contemporaneously from 35-6 Ma, and share a common age-distance relationship, strongly suggesting a common source, most likely a deep-origin plume. However, they have erupted through lithosphere ranging from oceanic with well-developed seafloor spreading to drowned continental fragments to mainland Australia. How do these diverse settings influence the chemical and physical properties of the resulting mafic volcanism? The East Australian Chain has more fractionated mafic samples, reflecting more complex magmatic plumbing and longer magma residence times in the thick continental lithosphere. However, the most striking result is that the trace element and isotopic ratios remain remarkably similar across the three suites, showing little evidence of crustal or lithospheric assimilation affecting the mafic magmas. 
Eddy Covariance and Artificial Intelligence: a review
Authors: Lucarini Arianna , Lo Cascio Mauro , Marras Serena , Spano Donatella , Sirca Costantino
Published: March 2024

The Eddy Covariance (EC) method allows for the monitoring of carbon, water, and energy fluxes between Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Due to it’s varying interdependent data streams and abundance of data as a whole, EC is naturally suited to Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches. The integration of AI and EC will likely play a crucial role in the climate change mitigation and adaptation goals defined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030.To aid this, we present a scoping review in which the novelty of various AI techniques in environmental science from the past two decades has been collected. Overall, we find a clear positive trend in the quantity of research in this area, particularly in the last five years. We also find a lack of uniformity in available techniques, due to the diverse technologies and variables employed across environmental conditions and ecosystems.We suggest that future progress in this field requires an international, collaborative effort involing computer scientists and ecologists. Modern DL techniques such as Transformers and generative AI must be investigated to find how they may benefit our field. A forward-looking strategy must be formed for the optimal utilization of AI combined with EC to define the future actions in flux monitoring in the face of climate change. Keywords: eddy covariance, artificial intelligence, flux monitoring, machine learning, deep learning, climate change.
A satellite study of the volcanic plumes produced during the April 2021 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent
Authors: Taylor Isabelle A. , Grainger Roy G. , Prata Andrew T. , Proud Simon R. , Mather Tamsin A. , Pyle David M.
Published: March 2024

The April 2021 explosive eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent, produced plumes of ash and SO2 which were observed with multiple satellite instruments. In this project these were studied with the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the three MetOp satellites.The high temporal resolution of the ABI instrument (1-10 minutes) was used to identify the approximate start and end times of each eruptive event during the 14-day eruption. There were a minimum of 35 explosive events which have been divided into four phases. The first was an initial explosive event, which was followed by a sustained event lasting over nine hours. The eruption then entered a pulsatory phase which consisted of 25 explosive events in a 65.3 hour period. Finally, there was a waning sequence of events. Over the final two phases, the duration of each event and the repose time between them was shown to increase.The IASI instrument has sensitivity to sulfur dioxide (SO2) which can be exploited to flag pixels containing SO2 and then to quantify the amount and height. Using IASI data, the SO2 plume was tracked as it was transported around the globe between –45 and 45° N. The retrievals showed a complex structure to the plume which may reflect the multiple explosive events that occurred. Most of the SO2 was shown to be in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. A peak SO2 mass loading of 0.31 ± 0.09 Tg occurred on 13 April a few days after the eruption began. The total mass values were converted into fluxes, with the highest fluxes occurring in the first few days of the eruption. In total it is estimated that the eruption emitted 0.63 ± 0.5 Tg of SO2.A number of similarities between the 1979 and 2021 eruptions of La Soufrière were observed in this study. These include the sequence of events with both eruptions including a pulsatory phase and the plume heights. These similarities highlight the value of these studies for better understanding eruptive events.
Deformed Holocene coastal notches reinforce the validity of earthquake slip histories implied by in-situ 36Cl exposure fault scarp dating.
Authors: Robertson Jenni , Sgambato Claudia , Roberts Gerald , Mildon Zoe , Faure Walker Joanna , Iezzi Francesco , Mitchell Sam , Ganas Athanassios , Papanikolaou Ioannis , Rugen Elias , Tsironi Varvara , Beck Joakim , Mechernich Silke , Deligiannakis Georgios , Binnie Steven , Dunai Tibor , Reicherter Klaus
Published: March 2024

We report the first example where the timing of earthquake slip from in situ 36Cl cosmogenic exposure dating of an active normal fault scarp can be verified using independently 14C dated Holocene coastal notches which are deformed along the strike of the fault. We have remodelled 36Cl data from the active Pisia-Skinos normal fault, Greece, published by Mechernich et al. (2018), which indicates that the fault slip rate fluctuated through time. We model the expected coastal uplift and subsidence induced by slip on the fault using elastic half-space models and surface ruptures observed following the 1981 Pisia-Skinos earthquakes. Coastal uplift is constrained by elevation measurements of Holocene coastal notches that have previously been dated using 14C by Pirazzoli et al. (1994) and agree with time periods consistent with Holocene climate stability. We mapped the elevations and numbers of notches along the strike of the Pisia-Skinos fault, including measurements made underwater for locations where fault slip has submerged the notches below the present-day shoreline. We show that the spatial patterns and timing of uplift and subsidence from the notches agrees with the timing of periods of high slip associated with earthquake clusters and quiescence associated with anti-clusters from the slip histories derived from 36Cl data, and with the uplift and subsidence derived from elastic half-space modelling. In particular, where modelled subsidence is highest, Holocene notches that formed between 6-2 ka can be preserved but are submerged. Notches could form at this time because the 36Cl data show that the Pisia fault had entered a period of relative quiescence with a slip-rate of
Preliminary estimation of attenuation properties in the High Agri Valley (Southern Apennines, Italy) by the coda attenuation method
Authors: Serlenga Vincenzo , Lucente Salvatore , de Lorenzo Salvatore , Del Pezzo Edoardo , Filippucci Marilena , Ninivaggi Teresa , Stabile Tony Alfredo , Tallarico Andrea
Published: March 2024

High Agri Valley is an intermontane basin of the axial portion of Southern Apennines (Southern Italy), characterized by a very strong seismogenic potential. Indeed, a  Mw=7.0  earthquake occurred in 1857. Currently, the seismic networks managed by ENI Oil Company and INGV, installed in the area, continuously record a low-magnitude natural seismicity. Furthermore, two anthropogenic earthquake clusters are documented in two distinct sectors of the valley, located NE and SW of the artificial Pertusillo lake, respectively. The first cluster is related to the fluid-induced microseismic swarms caused by the injection, through the Costa Molina 2 well, of the wastewater produced by the exploitation of the Val d’Agri oilfield. The second cluster is due to a protracted reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) affected by the combined effects of the water table oscillations of the Pertusillo lake, the regional tectonics and likely the poroelastic/elastic stress due to aquifers in the carbonate rocks.In this study we investigated the attenuation properties of the High Agri Valley crust by the estimation of the S-coda waves Qc-1, as it is widely recognized the role of fluids on this parameter. We selected a dataset of about 1800 events acquired from 2001 to 2015 by the two above mentioned seismic networks, with local magnitude (ML) ranging from 0 to 3.3. We estimated the attenuation of the target area by means of a linear regression analysis of the amplitude decay curves of the envelopes of the seismograms; these were filtered in the frequency ranges centered on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 Hz. The Qc estimates were performed by using different time windows for the envelope fitting, starting from the time T1 to the time TL (the lapse time). In detail, we adopted, as T1, 1.0*Ts, 1.5*Ts and 2.0*Ts (being Ts the S wave arrival time), and as TL 10s, 15s, 20s, 25s and 30 s from the event origin time. Only the components for which the condition T1
Understanding the plant water status of different forest tree species under drought
Authors: Hayat Faisal , Silwal Anupa , Seeger Stefan , Fichtner Thomas , Rimmele Stephan , Maier Martin
Published: March 2024

The water balance is one of the most important factors that regulate growth, yield and quality in trees. Seasonal variations in soil water availability and also climate change play a key role in the water status of plants. Trees developed different physiological strategies in order to cope with environmental stresses. These strategies include the functional relationship between water availability, plant water status, and water consumption, which means the amount of water that is used for transpiration.In the present study, we aimed to investigate (1) the relations between tree water deficit (TWD), transpiration and stem water potential, which both can be used as parameters describing the plant water status, and (2) the functional relationships between these plant water status parameters and the transpiration rate. To analyze differences between (a) the different tree species (Pinus sylvestris, Tilia cordata, Picea abies, Malus domestica) and (b) differences between sites with the same tree species (Pinus sylvestris), we used data from dry spells of approx. 6 weeks in early summer 2023 at 3 experimental sites and one drought experiment in the greenhouse. We hypothesized that tree water deficit closely correlates with stem water potential in all trees. Yet, that tree species show different functional relationships between transpiration rate and plant water status indicators. In each tested species, the data of tree water deficit, stem water potential, and transpiration rate were recorded by automated dendrometer (DRL26D, EMS Brno), Saturas sensor (the StemSenseTM) and sap flow sensor (SFM1, ICT international), in addition to standard climatic data including soil moisture and soil matrix potential. In the preliminary results, it is observed that the functional relationship between tree water deficit, stem water potential and transpiration correlate well with each other but the trend differs between the species. Moreover, it is found that the investigated traits also closely relate to soil and atmospheric variables. However, further research should be conducted to investigate these variables over a longer period by incorporating the wet and dry events under controlled conditions.
Smokers under stress: new insights into the tectonic, magmatic and oceanic modulation of hydrothermal discharge at mid-ocean ridges
Authors: Barreyre Thibaut , Rüpke Lars , Olive Jean-Arthur , Reeves Eoghan , Ottemöller Lars , McDermott Jill , Parnell-Turner Ross , Fornari Daniel
Published: March 2024

Hydrothermal systems along mid-ocean ridges (MORs) are a crucial interface between Earth’s deep interior, the seafloor, and the overlying ocean. Although hydrothermal systems are typically thought of as steady-state flow environments, field-based observations indicate that flow rates and temperatures are highly variable over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These observations show that flow systems respond to sub-surface processes such as earthquakes, magmatic activity, dissolution/precipitation of fluid minerals, and tidal loading of the oceanic crust and sediments. This variability in subsurface phenomena associated with seafloor flow systems directly impacts both the transfer of heat and matter and therefore, productivity of associated hydrothermal ecosystems.Moving beyond an empirical assessment, however, remains challenging because a complete theoretical framework relating tectonic and magmatic fluctuations to hydrothermal output is currently lacking. Understanding the relationship between tectonic- and magma-induced stress and strain transients, crustal permeability, and the thermo-chemical state of hydrothermal fluids before, during and after an earthquake and magmatic emplacement event is particularly crucial. To address this issue, we curated time series of vent temperatures at the Loki’s Castle and EPR 9°50'N hydrothermal systems, and analyzed them alongside microseismicity catalogs, intermittent sampling of vent fluid chemistry, and a large body of geological, geophysical and biological observations, including proxies for crustal permeability.Results suggest that both short-term (sec to hours) and long-term (decadal) variability in hydrothermal venting is controlled by fluctuations in the permeability field of the underlying crust, which can itself be related to changes in the crustal stress regime. We capture co-seismic, dike-induced and inter-eruptions changes in the fluid flow records indicating tectonic and magmatic control on hydrothermal vent temperature and flow discharge. Using simple analytical models for hydrothermal discharge temperature, elastic stress changes, and permeability-stress relations, we argue that temperature fluctuations can result from changes in permeability caused by either passing seismic waves, magmatic reservoir inflation (/deflation), or intrusions. Our observations and models further imply that short- and long-term fluctuations in tectonic and magmatic activity can modulate hydrothermal output, with potential consequences for deep sea ecosystems. This methodology has the potential to track tectonic and magmatic induced deformation transients in the sub-seafloor from hydrothermal flow records. 
A breakthrough of radar remote sensing of the ocean: the  Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission
Authors: Fu Lee-Lueng , Morrow Rosemaary , Farrar J. Thomas , Wang Jinbo
Published: March 2024

Remote sensing of Earth’s surface water is crucial to the study of climate change and its impact to society.  Radar remote sensing is particularly important because it penetrates cloud cover, providing observations under all weather conditions.  Forty years ago, Seasat, the first satellite designed for studying the ocean from space, laid the foundation of radar remote sensing of the ocean with radar altimeter, scatterometer, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The first two have become the pillars of a global observing system that has revolutionized oceanography. Precise measurement of sea surface height by radar altimetry has provided a modern record of global sea level change and the state of ocean circulation, but its spatial resolution is limited by the large radar footprint (~20 km) and measurement noise, making it difficult to study small-scale, rapidly changing ocean processes, especially near coasts.While SAR provides high-resolution images of many features of the ocean and land waters, it is difficult to derive quantitative information to study the underlying dynamics. Using the phase differences of consecutive SAR observations (a technique called radar interferometry) has allowed determination of the slow movement of ice sheets since the early 1990s. In the early 2000s, a mission was conducted onboard the Space Shuttle to map the earth’s land topography. The concept of applying radar interferometry onboard a satellite for oceanography and land hydrology was developed in the 2000s. Twenty years later the global mission called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) was launched in December 2022.We will present early results from SWOT with a focus on the ocean. The fundamental advancement of SWOT is the capability of observing the elevation of the ocean surface and with the resolution of SAR.  The spatial resolution of the resolved ocean dynamics more than an order of magnitude better than in conventional altimetry, enabling the study of small-scale ocean eddies and fronts that are essential to the ocean’s heat and carbon uptake from the atmosphere. The increased resolution will also advance the study of near shore processes to assess the coastal impact of sea level rise and severe weather. 
Magnetic Field Observations During the Juno Spacecraft’s Close Passages of Io
Authors: Connerney Jack , Gershman Daniel , jorgensen john , Herceg Matija , Kotsiaros Stavros , Saur Joachim
Published: March 2024

The Juno spacecraft, in extended mission, explores the environments of the Galilean satellites as it passes through Jupiter’s equator plane prior to periJove. Two close passages of Io with a minimum altitude of ~1500 km were targeted to occur on orbits 57 and 58, providing a wealth of information on Io’s interior (gravity), geologic processes, atmosphere, and interaction with Jupiter’s magnetosphere. Juno’s magnetometer investigation samples the vector magnetic field in Io’s vicinity at 64 samples/s. Here we discuss Io’s interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere and the detection of ion cyclotron waves at ~0.5 Hz, ~1 Hz, and ~2 Hz, associated with Io-genic SO2, S, and O.
Do Grenzgletscher's Dynamics Shift? Insights from Terrestrial Radar Interferometry and Comparative Analyses
Authors: Muhle Leah Sophie , Wild Christian Thomas , Drews Reinhard , Mantelli Elisa
Published: March 2024

We present surface velocity maps of Grenzgletscher (Swiss Alps) obtained by terrestrial radar interferometry and compare them to velocity maps derived in earlier field campaigns to examine changes over time. To obtain recent velocity maps, we installed a Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer (GPRI) near Rotenboden Station facing the Grenzgletscher and collected data for five days in October 2023 with a three-minute sampling interval. From the resulting interferograms, the line-of-sight velocities can be calculated for various time intervals after averaging, which corrects for atmospheric noise. We find high line-of-sight velocities in the area of a steep ice fall, which suggests that the glacier is sliding in this area. We validate with concurrent GPS measurements and compare our velocity maps with those obtained in previous field campaigns, including a similar GPRI survey in 2008 and a survey utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles in 2017. This comparative analysis aims to identify temporal dynamic changes in areas where the various surveys overlap, ranging from sub-daily, to seasonal and yearly time intervals. This work will provide important observational boundary conditions to better understand mechanisms for the onset of basal sliding beneath glaciers in alpine and polar environments.
Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Ground Motion Prediction: A Comparison with the Traditional functional form Approach in Central Italy
Authors: Zaragoza Alonzo Abel Daniel , Zambrano Miller , Luzi Lucia , Tondi Emanuele
Published: March 2024

The ground motion intensity measures are often obtained using Ground-Motion-Prediction-Equations (GMPEs) or more in general referred to Ground Motion Models (GMMs), which are empirical mathematical equations that relate the ground motion toseismological parameters (e.g., magnitude, source-to-site distance,focal depth and the average shear-wave velocity in the uppermost 30 m, Vs30). GMPEs are worldwide used as a tool for seismic hazard assessment and seismic design, usually derived from past earthquakes records through linear regression and predefined functional forms.In the last 20 years, the application of artificial intelligence in earth sciences has been significatively applied to solve nonlinear problems that cannot be explained by empirical approaches.The last seismic events in central Italy, including the earthquakes in L'Aquila (2009) and the Amatrice-Visso-Norcia sequence (2016-2018), have provided a substantial dataset comprising approximately 34,000 waveforms, contributing to the creation of a robust and accurate database(central Italy dataset).In this work, we leverage the valuable data compiled by their work for the calibration of prediction models based on supervised Machine Learning (ML) to predict and evaluate the ground motion intensity measures and comparison the result with an existing GMPE currently used in Italy (ITA18).Several ML regression algorithms are systematically examined and validated, the XGBoost algorithm is identified as the optimal choice, offering a balanced performance in terms of error minimization, interpretability, and computational efficiency. The evaluation encompasses the estimation of diverse Intensity Measures (IMs), such as Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), and Acceleration Response Spectra at 5% damping (SA) across different time periods (e.g., 0.1 second, 1.0 second, and 2.0 seconds). The ML model developed in this research demonstrates high accuracy, exhibiting notable improvements compared to the Italian Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE). These advancements suggest the model's efficacy in enhancing seismic hazard assessment. Moreover, the versatility of this model extends beyond the study area, as it can be applied to various worldwide geological contexts, provided seismic data is available. The outcomes of this work not only contribute to refining local seismic risk evaluations but also offer valuable insights for seismic studies in diverse global regions.
Evaluation of several meteorological models by comparison with qualified Air-Sea observations
Authors: Benjeddou Saïd , Bourras Denis , Luneau Christopher
Published: March 2024

Meteorological models are important simulation tools to improve our understanding of the climate behavior on seasonal, annual, decadal and centennial scales. Their complexity has increased considerably since 1990. The output fieds of several widely available meteorological such as GFS, ECMWF, WRF, ARPEGE and MERRA are evaluated, by comparing the output fields to in situ data performed during six campaigns with the wave-following platform OCARINA (Ocean Coupled with the Atmosphere, Research on the Interface on Annex Ship) developed at MIO. Following a recent comparison for wind and SST by Benjeddou et al. (2024), emphasis will now be laid on the comparison of heat fluxes and associated bulk variables, in open sea conditions, versus close to the shore line.
Data2Resilience: Data-driven Urban Climate Adaption – A Biometeorological Sensor Network for Dortmund, Germany
Authors: Hüser Charlotte , Weickhmann Luise , Sismanidis Panagiotis , Kittner Jonas , Bechtel Benjamin
Published: March 2024

Extreme heat endangers human health and well-being and impairs the use of public spaces. Dortmund’s Integrated Climate Adaption Master Plan prioritizes actions and measures to improve heat resilience. This project supports the city of Dortmund (Germany) in attaining this goal, by deploying a state-of-the-art biometeorological sensor network and developing a nowcasting service for monitoring thermal comfort across the city. The project aims to pioneer the integration of thermal comfort data in smart-city ecosystems and provide actionable insights for the development of Dortmund’s Heat Action Plan. Modeled, remotely sensed, and in-situ data will be used to provide near-real-time information regarding the outdoor thermal conditions. City-officials of Dortmund are involved in the design of the dashboard, and the weather station network, ensuring they meet their needs. The collected data will be used in a series of on-ground actions, supporting the evaluation of existing climate adaption measures, and the design of new ones. These actions include the mapping of areas with high potential for planting trees , the investigation of changes in human behavior during hot days, and the assessment of backyard greening strategies. To engage with the local stakeholders, promote the role of citizen scientists, and disseminate the project, a series of workshops and on-site events are planned, such as climate comfort labs, mobile measurement campaigns, or climate walks with citizens. The overall goal of the project is for the city of Dortmund to adopt and integrate the developed network and nowcasting service into its smart-city ecosystem.
The impact of protected areas on biodiversity conservation under different climate and land use change projections
Authors: Hari Chantal , Fischer Markus , Davin Édouard
Published: March 2024

Increasing conservation efforts are required to avert biodiversity decline caused by climate and land use changes.In a recent study (Hari et al. in prep), we combined climate change scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP6.0) and land use change projections to assess their impact on future species distribution for a large number of mammals, birds and amphibians. Future projections of land use change were derived from the Land Use Harmonization dataset v2 (LUH2), which does not make any explicit assumptions about the area under protection in these scenarios.Here, we extend the scope of our future biodiversity projections by adding new land use scenarios explicitly accounting for different “Nature Futures” in the sense of different levels of biodiversity conservation (i.e., current protected areas or 30x30 target). In the first conservation scenario, we fix the protected areas based on the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), thereby assuming that protected areas will remain the same in the future as it is today. In a second category of scenarios, we create land use scenarios compatible with the Global Biodiversity Framework’s “30x30” target based on the spatially optimized dataset by Jung et al. (2021) combined with LUH2.We then quantify how incorporating different levels of protected areas for conservation change the future species richness based on our land use filtering approach. We also analyze how these two scenarios of land management for conservation interfere with different levels of global warming and what are the implications for the climate resilience of different biodiversity conservation choices.
Detection of underwater volcanic activity at stations belonging to the International Monitoring System - case of Izu Islands sequence
Authors: Bittner Paulina , Ali Sherif Mohamed , Qorbani Ehsan , Kasmi Ali , Villarroel Marcela , Rambolamana Gerard
Published: March 2024

In October 2023, a sequence of shallow seismo-acoustic events occurred in Izu Islands archipelago, south of Honshu, Japan’s main island. The sequence started on October 1, and within a span of 8 days, approximately 70 events with magnitudes of 4.0 (International Data Centre mb) or higher were reported in the Reviewed Events Bulletin (REB) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). An unusual tsunami of up to 60 cm was reported on October 09 by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The authorities suggested that it was triggered by a relatively small magnitude earthquake, however, other related phenomena were also considered. An underwater volcano eruption or quake-triggered seabed landslide could have caused the tsunami. In this work, we show features of signals recorded at the hydrophone stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS), which indicate that the tsunami might have originated from volcanic activity. In addition, hydroacoustic signals were also observed at island seismic stations. This presentation demonstrates how IMS data may contribute to the identification of underwater events, such as volcanic activity, which may result in catastrophic phenomena. Even though the IMS was built to detect nuclear explosion tests, the data are available for civil applications and are distributed to tsunami warning centres.
A quantum gradiometry mission concept for the improvement of Mars gravity field models
Authors: Reguzzoni Mirko , Rossi Lorenzo , Migliaccio Federica
Published: March 2024

The excellent performances of quantum accelerometers, due to their very good behaviour in the low frequency measurement bandwidth and to their intrinsic stability, which does not call for periodic calibration of the sensors, foster their application to extra-terrestrial investigations. In particular, the study of Mars and of its planetary composition, evolution, density and surface properties is going to be of great importance in the next decades for many reasons, both for the enhancement of the scientific knowledge and for applications in future missions.So far, the gravity models of Mars have been derived from tracking data of different missions. Preliminary simulations performed at POLIMI considering a one-arm gradiometer pointing in the radial direction, flying on a polar orbit and acquiring data for a time span of two months show that a significant improvement in the knowledge of the gravity field of Mars could be achieved by launching a dedicated mission collecting gravity gradiometry observations by means of a quantum sensor. Even taking into account a degradation of the solution due to more realistic conditions, allowing for a possible mission lifetime of a few years (which is feasible under Mars conditions) would mean that the already available CAI technology could lead to very high benefits in terms of the scientific knowledge of the Martian gravity field.
The influence of deep impact cratering on Martian intraplate faults
Authors: Rich Jonathan , Heron Phil , Crane Kelsey
Published: March 2024

Martian tectonic structures such as wrinkle ridges and lobate scarps exhibit differences in fault morphology and spacing across the Martian crustal dichotomy. On Earth, inherited structures from ancient tectonic activity may act as primary control in intraplate deformation. This hypothesis is yet to be explored for intraplate settings on other terrestrial planets, such as Mars. Large impact events during the Late Heavy Bombardment may have deeply fractured the Martian crust and mantle-lithosphere creating weakened inherited structures. Here, we hypothesize that Martian fault morphology may be controlled by subsurface deep impact cratering, and test using lithospheric-scale numerical models.In this study, we use the open-source geodynamic code ASPECT (Advanced Solver for Planetary Evolution, Convection, and Tectonics) to investigate the role of impact-related inherited structures on intraplate fault morphology in different lithospheric settings. We present a suite of 2-D numerical lithospheric models under horizontal shortening comparable to that of global contraction. Model parameters are constrained by past Martian modelling efforts and seismic data from the recent InSight mission. However, given the uncertainty in thermal and rheological model parameters for the Martian lithosphere, we extensively test appropriate ranges to analyze their potential role and focus on the lithospheric thickness across the Martian dichotomy. Our modelling results show appropriate faulting at the surface that may be related to Martian wrinkle ridge and lobate scarp morphology and also offer potential subsurface scenarios of deep lithosphere fault networks on Mars. Similar to Earth tectonics, we indicate that deep lithospheric inheritance may provide control over surface fault morphology and spacing, providing new insight into the growth of intraplate faults across the Martian crustal dichotomy.