bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operator models for delivering municipal solid waste management services in developing countries: Part B: Decision support
Authors: Soós Reka , Whiteman Andrew D , Wilson David C , Briciu Cosmin , Nürnberger Sofia , Oelz Barbara , Gunsilius Ellen , Schwehn Ekkehard
Published: June 2017

This is the second of two papers reporting the results of a major study considering ‘operator models’ for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in emerging and developing countries. Part A documents the evidence base, while Part B presents a four-step decision support system for selecting an appropriate operator model in a particular local situation. Step 1 focuses on understanding local problems and framework conditions; Step 2 on formulating and prioritising local objectives; and Step 3 on assessing capacities and conditions, and thus identifying strengths and weaknesses, which underpin selection of the operator model. Step 4A addresses three generic questions, including public versus private operation, inter-municipal co-operation and integration of services. For steps 1–4A, checklists have been developed as decision support tools. Step 4B helps choose locally appropriate models from an evidence-based set of 42 common operator models ( coms); decision support tools here are a detailed catalogue of the coms, setting out advantages and disadvantages of each, and a decision-making flowchart. The decision-making process is iterative, repeating steps 2–4 as required. The advantages of a more formal process include avoiding pre-selection of a particular com known to and favoured by one decision maker, and also its assistance in identifying the possible weaknesses and aspects to consider in the selection and design of operator models. To make the best of whichever operator models are selected, key issues which need to be addressed include the capacity of the public authority as ‘client’, management in general and financial management in particular.
Operator models for delivering municipal solid waste management services in developing countries. Part A: The evidence base
Authors: Wilson David C , Kanjogera Jennifer Bangirana , Soós Reka , Briciu Cosmin , Smith Stephen R , Whiteman Andrew D , Spies Sandra , Oelz Barbara
Published: June 2017

This article presents the evidence base for ‘operator models’ – that is, how to deliver a sustainable service through the interaction of the ‘client’, ‘revenue collector’ and ‘operator’ functions – for municipal solid waste management in emerging and developing countries. The companion article addresses a selection of locally appropriate operator models. The evidence shows that no ‘standard’ operator model is effective in all developing countries and circumstances. Each city uses a mix of different operator models; 134 cases showed on average 2.5 models per city, each applying to different elements of municipal solid waste management – that is, street sweeping, primary collection, secondary collection, transfer, recycling, resource recovery and disposal or a combination. Operator models were analysed in detail for 28 case studies; the article summarises evidence across all elements and in more detail for waste collection. Operators fall into three main groups: The public sector, formal private sector, and micro-service providers including micro-, community-based and informal enterprises. Micro-service providers emerge as a common group; they are effective in expanding primary collection service coverage into poor- or peri-urban neighbourhoods and in delivering recycling. Both public and private sector operators can deliver effective services in the appropriate situation; what matters more is a strong client organisation responsible for municipal solid waste management within the municipality, with stable political and financial backing and capacity to manage service delivery. Revenue collection is also integral to operator models: Generally the municipality pays the operator from direct charges and/or indirect taxes, rather than the operator collecting fees directly from the service user.
Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading: An Evaluation of Frequentist and Bayesian Methods to Model Progress Monitoring Data
Authors: Christ Theodore J. , Desjardins Christopher David
Published: June 2017

Curriculum-Based Measurement of Oral Reading (CBM-R) is often used to monitor student progress and guide educational decisions. Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) is the most widely used method to estimate the slope, or rate of improvement (ROI), even though published research demonstrates OLSR’s lack of validity and reliability, and imprecision of ROI estimates, especially after brief duration of monitoring (6-10 weeks). This study illustrates and examines the use of Bayesian methods to estimate ROI. Conditions included four progress monitoring durations (6, 8, 10, and 30 weeks), two schedules of data collection (weekly, biweekly), and two ROI growth distributions that broadly corresponded with ROIs for general and special education populations. A Bayesian approach with alternate prior distributions for the ROIs is presented and explored. Results demonstrate that Bayesian estimates of ROI were more precise than OLSR with comparable reliabilities, and Bayesian estimates were consistently within the plausible range of ROIs in contrast to OLSR, which often provided unrealistic estimates. Results also showcase the influence the priors had estimated ROIs and the potential dangers of prior distribution misspecification.
Greek Version of the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth: Psychometric Evaluation and Gender Multigroup Invariance in Adolescents
Authors: Christodoulou Andria , Michaelides Michalis P. , Karekla Maria
Published: June 2017

The Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth–Eight-Item Short Version (AFQ-Y8) assesses psychological inflexibility in youth. The present study is the first to examine alternative measurement models for the Greek adaptation of the AFQ-Y8, latent associations with the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II), gender-group invariance, and latent mean comparisons between males and females. In total, 432 students from seven high schools in Cyprus participated in the study. Both a unidimensional and a two-dimensional model had excellent fit, although the one-factor solution was substantively superior. The correlation of the latent AFQ-Y8 factor with AAQ-II was strong and positive, indicating good convergent validity. Finally, the unidimensional AFQ-Y8 model was found to be invariant for gender and no latent means difference was detected between males and females.
The Liver Circadian Clock Modulates Biochemical and Physiological Responses to Metformin
Authors: Henriksson Emma , Huber Anne-Laure , Soto Erin K. , Kriebs Anna , Vaughan Megan E. , Duglan Drew , Chan Alanna B. , Papp Stephanie J. , Nguyen Madelena , Afetian Megan E. , Lamia Katja A.
Published: June 2017

Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood glucose. Although metformin is a relatively safe and effective drug, its clinical efficacy is variable and under certain circumstances it may contribute to life-threatening lactic acidosis. Thus, additional understanding of metformin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics could provide important information regarding therapeutic use of this widely prescribed drug. Here we report a significant effect of time of day on acute blood glucose reduction in response to metformin administration and on blood lactate levels in healthy mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while metformin transport into hepatocytes is unaltered by time of day, the kinetics of metformin-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver are remarkably altered with circadian time. Liver-specific ablation of Bmal1 expression alters metformin induction of AMPK and blood glucose response but does not completely abolish time of day differences. Together, these data demonstrate that circadian rhythms affect the biological responses to metformin in a complex manner.
Clinician Response to Child Abuse Presentations in the Vietnamese Hospital Emergency Setting
Authors: Flemington Tara , Fowler Cathrine , Tran Quang Nhat , Fraser Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Ongoing fiscal stability has enabled the National Assembly in Vietnam to turn its attention to improving the health and well-being of women and children. Training pediatric health care professionals in the recognition and response to child abuse presentations in the emergency setting has the potential to improve outcomes for the disproportionate number of vulnerable children presenting to the emergency setting with nonaccidental injuries. This study explored the training needs and expectations of the staff preparing to undertake such a clinical training program. This qualitative study is based on semistructured interviews with 16 clinicians from the emergency setting of a leading pediatric hospital in Vietnam. Interview questions focused on current practice in recognizing and responding to child abuse and neglect presentations, the level of training and experience of participants, and subjective reports of confidence in recognizing abuse. Interviews were conducted in English and Vietnamese, with check-translation of transcripts performed by an independent translator. A culture of collegiality and innovative workplace practices was revealed. Analysis revealed two overarching themes that were related to the need for evidence, forensic analysis, respecting families, and consultation. Despite participant confidence in recognizing and reporting child abuse and neglect presentations, knowledge deficits were found. This article presents a critical analysis of the context within which the first evidence-based clinical training program of its kind in Vietnam was developed and implemented in a pediatric children’s hospital. Clinicians felt a strong moral obligation to protect children from further harm, however encountered a number of barriers inhibiting this process. Findings significantly shaped the Safe Children Vietnam training program and will also contribute to the development of protocols and improvement of community support services at the study site.
Managers’ Assessments of Employees’ Organizational Career Growth Opportunities: The Role of Extra-Role Performance, Work Engagement, and Perceived Organizational Commitment
Authors: Weer Christy H. , Greenhaus Jeffrey H.
Published: June 2017

This study examined the role of perceived organizational commitment on managers’ assessments of employees’ career growth opportunities. Based on a paired sample of 161 legal secretaries and their managers, results indicated that managers used the attitudes and behaviors displayed by employees (strong extra-role performance and enhanced work engagement) as cues from which to base their perceptions of employees’ affective commitment to the organization. In turn, employees perceived as highly committed to the organization experienced enhanced content and structural career growth opportunities. Moreover, the relation between managers’ perceptions of employees’ organizational commitment and content career growth opportunities was stronger for employees perceived as also highly committed to their careers than for employees perceived as less committed to their careers.
‘Unassimilable and undesirable’: News elites’ discursive construction of the American immigrant during the Ellis Island years
Authors: Cabaniss Emily R , Cameron Abigail E
Published: June 2017

This research examines the historical role news elites have played in shaping public perceptions of immigrants as a distinct social group. To that end, we identify the discursive strategies used by The New York Times to construct the ‘American immigrant’ during the Ellis Island years (1892–1924), a pivotal period when some of the nation’s earliest immigration restriction laws were established. Data were collected from front page newspaper articles and analysis was developed using the techniques of critical discourse analysis. Drawing on Foucault’s (1977) theoretical understanding of the enmeshment of power relations in discourse as well as Blumer’s (1958) group position model, we develop and test five hypotheses about the role of news elites in constructing this social group. Finding support for all hypotheses, we show how the article’s discursive choices dehumanized immigrants, trivialized their experiences, silenced their voices and helped legitimate an unequal social hierarchy that positions immigrants beneath non-immigrants.
Preimplantation genetic screening
Authors: Harper Joyce C
Published: June 2017

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was first successfully performed in 1989 as an alternative to prenatal diagnosis for couples at risk of transmitting a genetic or chromosomal abnormality, such as cystic fibrosis, to their child. From embryos generated in vitro, biopsied cells are genetically tested. From the mid-1990s, this technology has been employed as an embryo selection tool for patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation, screening as many chromosomes as possible, in the hope that selecting chromosomally normal embryos will lead to higher implantation and decreased miscarriage rates. This procedure, preimplantation genetic screening, was initially performed using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, but 11 randomised controlled trials of screening using this technique showed no improvement in in vitro fertilisation delivery rates. Progress in genetic testing has led to the introduction of array comparative genomic hybridisation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and next generation sequencing for preimplantation genetic screening, and three small randomised controlled trials of preimplantation genetic screening using these new techniques indicate a modest benefit. Other trials are still in progress but, regardless of their results, preimplantation genetic screening is now being offered globally. In the near future, it is likely that sequencing will be used to screen the full genetic code of the embryo.
Screening organization and recall rate in a regional breast screening programme
Authors: Beruchashwili Tina , Gvamichava Rema , Duffy Stephen W
Published: June 2017

Objective

To use results on recall rates from a regional non-population-based breast screening programme to inform practice in a planned national population-based programme.

Methods

We analysed data on rates of recall for further assessment in 27,327 mammographic screening episodes in 2015–2016 in the breast screening programme in the city of Tbilisi, Georgia. Screening was done by two-view digital mammography with double reading in women aged 40–70, and further assessment took place at the same clinic and during the same visit as the initial screening mammogram.

Results

The recall rates were 46% (3573/7824) in 2015 and 27% (5276/19,503) in 2016. Cancer detection rates were 8 per 1000 in 2015 and 3 per 1000 in 2016. Rates of recall were higher in younger women than in older, whereas the rates of cancer detection were higher in older women.

Conclusions

The recall rates, while lower in 2016 than in 2015, are still too high to manage in a nationwide population programme. The use of same-visit assessment is likely to be contributing to this. The national programme should consider separate assessment clinics and carry out audit of recalls to date.
Are Contact Precautions ethically justifiable in contemporary hospital care?
Authors: Harris Joanna , Walsh Kenneth , Dodds Susan
Published: June 2017

Hospital infection control practices known as Contact Precautions are recommended for the management of people with pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. Background: The patient is isolated, and staff are required to wear gloves, and a gown or apron when providing care. A notice is displayed to remind staff of these requirements and an ‘alert’ message is placed in the patient’s medical record. Objective: The aim of this article is to discuss and explore whether practices used in hospitals to reduce the transmission of endemic antibiotic-resistant organisms are ethically justified in today’s healthcare environment in the developed world. In order to do this, the history of the development of these practices is summarised, and the evidence base for their effectiveness is reviewed. Key bioethics principles are then discussed and contextualised from the perspective of hospital infection prevention and control, and an ethically superior model for the prevention and control of healthcare associated infection is proposed.
Group Accountability: A Review and Extension of Existing Research
Authors: Kou Chia-Yu , Stewart Virginia
Published: June 2017

The group accountability literature over the past two decades is reviewed in this article. Results are organized according to the theoretical accountability framework proposed by London, Smither, and Adsit (1997). The reviewed literature suggests that group accountability is more dynamic than current conceptualizations allow, and that the priority of accountability demands shifts over time. Building on these insights, the authors extend London et al.’s model to accommodate group accountability as a dynamic interpersonal process. Specifically, they propose that group accountability is an emergent state that derives from group interactions as well as from external sources of accountability expectations. In this extended model, both the person within the group who is held accountable as well as other group members play key roles in transforming individual accountability up to the group level. Based on the combined results of the empirical review and expanded conceptual model, the authors identify directions for studies of group accountability.
Forced-Air Warming for Rewarming and Comfort Following Laparoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trail
Authors: Nieh Hsiao-Chi , Su Shu-Fen
Published: June 2017

We investigated the efficacy of a forced-air warming (FAW) system on postoperative rewarming and comfort in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. In this randomized controlled trial, a total of 127 participants were randomly divided into the FAW group ( n = 64) and control group ( n = 63). The esophageal temperature was measured every 30 min during surgery, and the tympanic temperature and comfort levels were measured preoperatively and in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Data analysis used the generalized estimating equation. We found that there was a lower incidence of postoperative hypothermia in the FAW group compared with the control group, as well as a higher body temperature between 30 and 180 min in the PACU, a shorter time for rewarming, and a higher comfort level. Taken together, these results suggest that FAW is an effective rewarming technique for laparoscopic patients during surgery and in the PACU that improves comfort levels.
Mechanical characterization of craters induced by impacting foreign objects on Inconel718
Authors: Farahani Hamed K , Ketabchi Mostafa , Zangeneh Shahab
Published: June 2017

In this study, foreign object damage on aircraft high pressure compressor blades made of Inconel718 nickel-based superalloy was experimentally simulated at the working temperatures of the blades. Steel balls (as a foreign objects) with velocities of 292, 208, 133 m/s were impacted on the surface of Inconel718 flat specimens at various temperatures (400, 475, 550, and 625℃). In order to characterize induced craters, impact sites were studied by scanning electron microscopy to identify mechanical features such as microcracks and notches. Then, the specimens were 3D scanned to measure the depth of each crater. It was found that variation of stress concentration factors and induced damages (including microcracks and notches, loss of material, and shear bands) could occur as a result of steel ball impact with velocities of 292 and 133 m/s at temperatures of 625 and 400℃, respectively.
The Student Risk Screening Scale: A Reliability and Validity Generalization Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kilgus Stephen P. , Eklund Katie , Maggin Daniel M. , Taylor Crystal N. , Allen Amanda N.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study was to conduct reliability and validity generalization meta-analyses of evidence regarding the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), a universal screener for externalizing behavior problems. A systematic review of the literature resulted in the identification of 17 studies inclusive of evidence regarding SRSS score (a) internal consistency reliability (i.e., alpha coefficients), and/or (b) criterion-related validity (e.g., correlations between the SRSS and various outcomes). Multilevel meta-analyses indicated that across studies, SRSS scores were associated with adequate internal consistency (α = .83). Analyses further suggested the SRSS was a valid indicator of both social and behavioral outcomes ( r = .52) and academic outcomes ( r = .42). Follow-up analyses suggested that in accordance with theory-driven expectations, the SRSS was a stronger indicator of externalizing problems and broad behavior outcomes relative to alternative outcomes (e.g., internalizing problems). Limitations and directions for future research are discussed, including recommendations for the collection of additional SRSS diagnostic accuracy evidence.
Developmental Course of ADHD Symptoms Based on Multirater Report in Girls and Boys With or Without a Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Authors: Lapalme Mélanie , Déry Michèle , Dubé Maxime , Lemieux Annie
Published: June 2017

The developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity) from childhood to adolescence was described and compared based on parent and teacher report as a function of co-occurring conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder (CD/ODD) over 6 years. The moderating effect of gender was investigated. Participants were 291 children (6–13 years old; 79 girls) with ADHD: 91 with ADHD only and 200 with ADHD+CD/ODD. At study entry, boys and girls in the ADHD+CD/ODD group presented significantly more hyperactivity symptoms based on parent report and more impulsivity symptoms based on teacher report than did those in the ADHD-only group. ADHD symptoms, however, diminished on average over time in both groups, according to both parent and teacher report. However, as children in the ADHD+CD/ODD group, particularly girls, presented more symptoms at study entry, they tended to remain above the diagnostic threshold 6 years later. This suggests an association exists between co-occurring CD/ODD and ADHD persistence.
Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial mRNAs: A Powerful Force in Axonal Growth and Development
Authors: Gale Jenna R. , Aschrafi Armaz , Gioio Anthony E. , Kaplan Barry B.
Published: June 2017

Axons, their growth cones, and synaptic nerve terminals are neuronal subcompartments that have high energetic needs. As such, they are enriched in mitochondria, which supply the ATP necessary to meet these demands. To date, a heterogeneous population of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs has been identified in distal axons and growth cones. Accumulating evidence suggests that the local translation of these mRNAs is required for mitochondrial maintenance and axonal viability. Here, we review evidence that suggests a critical role for axonal translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial mRNAs in axonal growth and development. Additionally, we explore the role that site-specific translation at the mitochondria itself may play in this process. Finally, we briefly review the clinical implications of dysregulation of local translation of mitochondrial-related mRNAs in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Follow-Up of Young Adults With ADHD in the MTA: Design and Methods for Qualitative Interviews
Authors: Weisner Thomas S. , Murray Desiree W. , Jensen Peter S. , Mitchell John T. , Swanson James M. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Wells Karen , Hechtman Lily , Molina Brooke S. G. , Arnold L. Eugene , Sorensen Page , Stehli Annamarie
Published: June 2017

Objective: Qualitative interviews with 183 young adults (YA) in the follow-up of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With and Without ADHD (MTA) provide rich information on beliefs and expectations regarding ADHD, life’s turning points, medication use, and substance use (SU). Method: Participants from four MTA sites were sampled to include those with persistent and atypically high SU, and a local normative comparison group (LNCG). Respondents were encouraged to “tell their story” about their lives, using a semistructured conversational interview format. Results: Interviews were reliably coded for interview topics. ADHD youth more often desisted from SU because of seeing others going down wrong paths due to SU. Narratives revealed very diverse accounts and explanations for SU-ADHD influences. Conclusion: Qualitative methods captured the perspectives of YAs regarding using substances. This information is essential for improving resilience models in drug prevention and treatment programs and for treatment development for this at-risk population.
Measuring Stress in Young Children Using Hair Cortisol: The State of the Science
Authors: Bates Randi , Salsberry Pamela , Ford Jodi
Published: June 2017

Extensive literature suggests that adverse experiences in early childhood may deleteriously impact later health. These effects are thought to be related to the impact of persistent or chronic stress on various biological processes, mediated by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and ultimately irregularities in cortisol levels. Ameliorating persistent stress in young children requires accurately measuring the chronicity of physiologic stress, which is difficult in young children because of unreliable self-report and the burden and inaccuracy associated with using invasive acute-stress biomeasures. A better way to approximate persistent stress in young children is measuring hair cortisol concentration (HCC), as it only requires one noninvasive collection to measure months of HPA-axis activity or experienced stress. However, few studies measure HCC in young children despite wide use in adult stress research. This article reviews and synthesizes research that uses HCC to approximate persistent stress in healthy children, 12–60 months of age. Reviewed studies indicate that HCC is elevated in young children who are experiencing forms of persistent stress such as low socioeconomic status and maternal distress. Hair cortisol is thus a promising measure of early childhood persistent stress, but due to the limited use of HCC in this population, much research is still needed. Specifically, nurse researchers may need to measure several factors associated with early childhood persistent stress and HCC to identify which children are at risk for stress-related disease.
Using Visual Aids to Enhance Physician-Patient Discussions and Increase Health Literacy
Authors: Pratt Michelle , Searles Gordon E.
Published: June 2017

Health literacy refers to the comprehension required to make well-informed decisions regarding one’s health. It is a critical component in helping patients to understand how to take their medications appropriately. However, many patients do not possess the comprehension necessary for medication adherence. The result of poor literacy is a higher incidence of misunderstanding medication instructions. Visual aids have the ability to transcend language and numeracy barriers and can therefore improve the effectiveness of communication and broaden target audiences. To enhance communication that is language independent, a template was created to provide instructions for proper use and explanation of risks for adverse events. This template is designed to fit on a single double-sided page. This template can be adapted for use in explaining any medication using universal pictograms available from online resources. This would enable any practitioner to design information sheets for their unique use.
Associated Hematolymphoid Malignancies in Patients With Lymphomatoid Papulosis: A Canadian Retrospective Study
Authors: AbuHilal Mohanad , Walsh Scott , Shear Neil
Published: June 2017

Background:

Lymphomatoid papulosis is one of the primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Although considered a benign disease, lymphomatoid papulosis has been associated potentially with an increased risk of secondary hematolymphoid malignancies.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics and histologic subtypes of lymphomatoid papulosis, identify the prevalence and types of secondary hematolymphoid malignancies, and determine the potential risk factors for development of these hematolymphoid malignancies.

Methods and Materials:

A retrospective chart review was performed for all histologically confirmed cases of lymphomatoid papulosis between 1991 and 2016.

Results:

Seventy patients with lymphomatoid papulosis were identified. Thirty patients (43%) experienced a secondary hematolymphoid malignancy. Twenty-four (80%) of the hematolymphoid malignancies occurred after the onset of lymphomatoid papulosis. Older age at diagnosis of lymphomatoid papulosis, male sex, histology type B, and the presence of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement are associated with higher risk of developing hematolymphoid malignancy.

Conclusion:

Lymphomatoid papulosis is associated with increased risk of developing secondary hematolymphoid malignancies, particularly mycosis fungoides and cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Electronic consultation system demonstrates educational benefit for primary care providers
Authors: Kwok Jonas , Olayiwola J Nwando , Knox Margae , Murphy Elizabeth J , Tuot Delphine S
Published: June 2017

Background

Electronic consultation systems allow primary care providers to receive timely speciality expertise via iterative electronic communication. The use of such systems is expanding across the USA with well-documented high levels of user satisfaction. We characterise the educational impact for primary care providers of a long-standing integrated electronic consultation and referral system.

Methods

Primary care providers’ perceptions of the educational value inherent to electronic consultation system communication and the impact on their ability to manage common speciality clinical conditions and questions were examined by electronic survey using five-point Likert scales. Differences in primary care providers’ perceptions were examined overall and by primary care providers’ speciality, provider type and years of experience.

Results

Among 221 primary care provider participants (35% response rate), 83.9% agreed or strongly agreed that the integrated electronic consultation and referral system provided educational value. There were no significant differences in educational value reported by provider type (attending physician, mid-level provider, or trainee physician), primary care providers’ speciality, or years of experience. Perceived benefit of the electronic consultation and referral system in clinical management appeared stronger for laboratory-based conditions (i.e. subclinical hypothyroidism) than more diffuse conditions (i.e. abdominal pain). Nurse practitioners/physician assistants and trainee physicians were more likely to report improved abilities to manage specific clinical conditions when using the electronic consultation and/or referral system than were attending physicians, as were primary care providers with ≤10 years experience, versus those with >20 years of experience.

Conclusions

Primary care providers report overwhelmingly positive perceptions of the educational value of an integrated electronic consultation and referral system. Nurse practitioners, physician assistants, trainee physicians and less-experienced primary care providers report the greatest clinical educational benefit, particularly for conditions involving lab-based diagnosis and management.
Childhood maltreatment and its link to borderline personality disorder features in children: A systematic review approach
Authors: Ibrahim Jeyda , Cosgrave Nicola , Woolgar Matthew
Published: June 2017

Background:

Borderline personality disorder has repeatedly been associated with a history of maltreatment in childhood; however, research on maltreatment and its link to borderline features in children is limited.

Method:

The aim of this review is to synthesise the existing data on the association between maltreatment and borderline features in childhood. In total, 10 studies were included in this systematic review.

Results:

Studies indicated that children with borderline features were more likely to have a history of maltreatment, and that children who had been maltreated were more likely to present with borderline features. Other risk factors such as cognitive and executive functioning deficits, parental dysfunction and genetic vulnerability were also identified across studies.

Conclusion:

This review adds to the literature by highlighting maltreatment as a risk factor for borderline features in childhood. Longitudinal research is required to establish the link between childhood borderline features and adult borderline features. Implications for early identification, prevention and intervention services are discussed.
The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review
Authors: Biber David D , Ellis Rebecca
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this review was to systematically review the published research on the effect of self-compassion interventions on health behaviors. A self-regulation intervention was defined as participants engaged in goal-setting behavior, goal-directed behavior, monitoring, and/or adjusting health behavior. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this review. Self-compassion interventions were just as effective as other behavior change techniques at improving self-regulation of health behavior. The review discusses sample characteristics, study design, health behavior measures, self-compassion intervention implementation, and the theoretical frameworks of the studies, along with limitations of the research and suggestions for future researchers.
The rapid expansion of (mainstream) health psychology in France: Historical foundations
Authors: Santiago-Delefosse Marie , del Rio Carral Maria
Published: June 2017

This article traces the historical evolution of ongoing theoretical debates in psychology in France from the 1940s until today. Its aim is to show how the conjunction of certain conditions led to a rapid expansion of American-derived mainstream health psychology during the 1980s. The authors describe the French context in the post-World War II period and outline the implementation of ‘clinical psychology in health settings’ in the 1950s, under the influence of Daniel Lagache. The strong critiques of the new psychology profession in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s are examined. Our conclusion reflects upon future implications of ongoing rivalries between different approaches to psychology.
Racial centrality may be linked to mistrust in healthcare institutions for African Americans
Authors: Cuevas Adolfo G , O’Brien Kerth
Published: June 2017

Evidence suggests that racial identity is an important component to African Americans’ self-concepts and therefore may be relevant to patients’ trust in healthcare, yet little is known as to how racial identity may influence trust or mistrust. African American adults ( N = 220) in the greater Portland, Oregon, area provided survey reports of healthcare-related attitudes and experiences. Those who reported higher racial centrality had lower trust in healthcare institutions. Based on these findings, clinicians employing patient-centered care approaches should recognize racial identity as an important component to patients’ experiences when they seek to deliver equitable care to African American patients.
Performing Brexit: How a post-Brexit world is imagined outside the United Kingdom
Authors: Adler-Nissen Rebecca , Galpin Charlotte , Rosamond Ben
Published: June 2017

Theresa May’s claim that ‘Brexit means Brexit’ demonstrates the malleability of the concept. The referendum campaign showed that ‘Brexit’ can be articulated to a variety of post-Brexit scenarios. While it is important to analyse how Brexit gives rise to contestation in the United Kingdom, Brexit is also constructed from the outside. Brexit signifies more than the technical complexities of the United Kingdom withdrawing from the European Union. It works both as a promise of a different future and performatively to establish a particular past. Brexit works as a frame with potential to shape perceptions in three domains. The first is identity. How does ‘Brexit’ shape national and European identities in distinct national environments? The second is how Brexit shapes understandings of geopolitical reality and influences conceptions of what is diplomatically possible. Third is the global economy. How does ‘Brexit’ work within intersubjective frames about the nature of global economic order?
The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016
Authors: Vargo Chris J , Guo Lei , Amazeen Michelle A
Published: June 2017

This study examines the agenda-setting power of fake news and fact-checkers who fight them through a computational look at the online mediascape from 2014 to 2016. Although our study confirms that content from fake news websites is increasing, these sites do not exert excessive power. Instead, fake news has an intricately entwined relationship with online partisan media, both responding and setting its issue agenda. In 2016, partisan media appeared to be especially susceptible to the agendas of fake news, perhaps due to the election. Emerging news media are also responsive to the agendas of fake news, but to a lesser degree. Fake news coverage itself is diverging and becoming more autonomous topically. While fact-checkers are autonomous in their selection of issues to cover, they were not influential in determining the agenda of news media overall, and their influence appears to be declining, illustrating the difficulties fact-checkers face in disseminating their corrections.
Politically incorrect participatory media: Racist nationalism on r/ImGoingToHellForThis
Authors: Topinka Robert J
Published: June 2017

This article examines how racism and nationalism flourish in participatory media spaces by analyzing user comments and images posted on the reddit community r/ImGoingToHellForThis in the week following widespread news coverage of the photograph of Alan Kurdi, a Syrian boy whose dead body was photographed on a beach in Turkey. The community is dominated by racist nationalist discourse that combines textual commentary with photographs and other visual media that have been remediated into offensive visual jokes, which “cloak” the racism. Through an in-depth study of user-submitted comments and visual jokes, this article argues that the “cloaks” that obscure online racism can be at once highly obvious and highly effective. Rather than unmasking obscured racist online ideologies, scholars must also examine how racism flourishes while hiding in plain sight by tracing how racist discourses assemble in participatory media communities.
Multi-body engine simulation including elastohydrodynamic lubrication for non-conformal conjunctions
Authors: Meuter Matthias , Offner Günter , Haase Gundolf
Published: June 2017

The evaluation of lubricated contacts is an essential step in modern internal combustion engine simulation to estimate run-time behaviour. A thorough investigation of the occurring thin oil films is critical to estimate friction, wear, noise, vibration and harshness and the overall dynamic behaviour. The prediction of contact pressure and oil film height poses a complex task, especially in non-conformal conjunctions, such as between a cam and a follower. This paper introduces a generic algorithm to solve the elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem and integrates it into a multi-body simulation environment. A focus is put on the versatile integration of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication model into the multi-body framework to create a basis for a full engine simulation. The Reynolds equation and the film thickness equation are treated as modular decoupled systems and, therefore, allow a modular structure of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication algorithm. The method introduced here incorporates existing relaxation techniques and uses them in a decoupled elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver for flexible multi-body dynamics simulation. The contact between a cam and a follower of an internal combustion engine is used as an exemplary contact to test the derived elastohydrodynamic lubrication model. A four-cylinder full engine model with 16 valves and two flexible camshafts is investigated as an example to outline effects of an oil film lubricated cam follower conjunctions in valve train simulation.
Return to the east: Tourism promotion as legitimation in Qiandongnan, China
Authors: Bratt Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This article analyzes encounters with tourism promotional materials as acts of legitimation. I argue that legitimation constitutes an integral part of tourism promotion as communicative act. Through legitimation, producers of promotional materials affect and persuade the viewers of those materials, transforming desires and engendering tourism activities. Tourism promotion therefore constitutes a micro-social interaction between producer, viewer, and materials, and much of the “work” done through this interaction can be analyzed as legitimation. Drawing on recently developed frameworks for semiotic and discourse analysis, I examine a set of promotional brochures and websites published in Qiandongnan, a region in southwest China.
Liminal learning: Social practice in seasonal settlements of western Ireland
Authors: Costello Eugene
Published: June 2017

This article explores the perception and practice of everyday life at transhumant settlements in western Ireland during the period, c.1750–1920 AD. Small-scale summer transhumance to upland pastures was once widespread in Ireland. Dairy cows would be sent by families to hill and mountain commonages, with herders milking the cows and making butter. Recent archaeological and oral historical research has shown that these people dwelled in small structures known as booley houses, which have a high degree of variability in construction, distribution, and use. Unlike Continental European pastoralism, but similar to Scandinavia, it seems to have been mostly young people who occupied booley sites. With oral tradition and field evidence, this article addresses the social implications of seasonal re-location to liminal landscapes, and how it functioned as a didactic rite of passage. Furthermore, it demonstrates the flexibility of pastoral communities as work routines changed over time at both home and booley.
Higher education governance in Central and Eastern Europe: A perspective on Hungary and Poland
Authors: Tarlea Silvana
Published: June 2017

This paper seeks to answer the question of what motivates governments to introduce and implement reforms in higher education (HE). The political and economic reasons why some governments in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), for the period 1990 and 2015, have invested resources in order to facilitate cooperation between employers and universities, and have introduced quality criteria in HE finance while others have not, are identified. Use of a comparative perspective on Poland and Hungary revealed important differences in HE regulations in these seemingly otherwise very similar cases, showing that what drives regulations, at least in part, is the governments’ responses to the labour market, i.e. the dynamic between students – future workers – and employers – largely multinational companies. Moreover, differences in HE regulations in the two countries are responsive to voters’ concerns. The paper thus contributes to the literature on skill formation in Central and Eastern Europe and to the literature on political economy focusing on this part of the world.
Exploring higher education governance in Poland and Romania: Re-convergence after divergence?
Authors: Dobbins Michael
Published: June 2017

This analysis focuses on changes in higher education governance in Poland and Romania in the post-communist era. The author applies a theoretical framework based on institutional isomorphism and historical institutionalism and maps the policy trajectories of both systems on the basis of three governance ideal-types. The public higher education systems of both countries initially took a markedly different reform path after 1989. Polish higher education by and large returned to its historical model of ‘academic self-rule’ and has resisted pressures for stronger marketization, even during the Bologna Process, while Romania has been characterized by an early and strong isomorphic orientation towards higher education models primarily of Anglo-American inspiration. The main argument of the paper is that – after a period of marked divergence – both systems are visibly ‘re-converging’ towards a new hybrid governance model. The new governance model aims to (re-)embed the research mission of universities to foster homegrown research and innovations. These new hybrid constellations enable both countries to simultaneously deal with global pressures for change and liberate themselves from economic dependence on the West, while not throwing historical institutions entirely overboard.
Hybridization of practices in teacher–researcher collaboration
Authors: Hamza Karim , Palm Ola , Palmqvist Jenny , Piqueras Jesús , Wickman Per-Olof
Published: June 2017

In this paper we present experiences from a joint collaborative research project which may be described as an encounter between a school science teaching practice and a university science didactics research practice. We provide narratives which demonstrate how the encounter between these two communities of practice interacted to produce hybridization between the two in terms of mutual influences, resulting in the conceptual and practical development of both communities of practice. We argue that what happened in the project suggests one way of reducing the gap between educational research and teaching through the emergence of practices where the roles of teachers and researchers become blurred.
The Southeast Asian higher education space: Transnational, international or national in new ways?
Authors: Cheng Mien W
Published: June 2017

In the last 20 years, reforms of higher education have produced a Southeast Asian higher education space. It resembles the European educational space in being a supra-national development and some scholars suggest it is inspired by Europeanization. These reforms include credit transfer, twinning, distance learning, and academic mobility programmes. But, researchers are divided about the character of these reforms. Some scholars describe these developments as ‘transnational higher education’ but others suggest that dual degree programmes, such as those between Britain and Malaysia, are ‘international’ initiatives. Is the ‘dual degree’ an international or transnational space of higher education? Using the concept of ‘curriculum making’ to understand the cultural character of dual degree programmes, this paper reports on an interview-based study of curriculum writing in Malaysia to understand the character of Malaysian–British dual degrees. The experiences of two Malaysian curriculum writers are drawn upon to explain the process of curriculum making, how discussions about content and organization of curriculum are resolved, and the complexities of these curriculum decisions. I argue that the dual degrees are neither strictly transnational nor international in character but a novel intersectional education space where ‘Europeanization’ and ‘transnational’ influences inflect historic understandings of Malaysian higher education.