bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uicus Augusti : Aoste, Isère
Authors: Jospin Jean-Pascal
Published: July 2011

À l'image de son statut, Aoste présente toutes les fonctions habituelles d'un uicus: administrative (bureau fiscal), carrefour routier, sanctuaires et forte vocation artisanale (verrerie, plomberie, forge, travail du métal en général). Cependant faute d'un programme de fouilles, sa topographie échappe encore à l'analyse. Toutefois, comme l'indique sa titulature, cette probable fondation officielle de l'époque augustéenne est la seule de ce type dans la cité de Vienne. Si les voies importantes d'Aoste qui permettaient de faire communiquer la Gaule à l'Italie par les grands cols alpins sont à peu près repérées sur le terrain, il n'en va pas de même de la position du carrefour routier comme de l'urbanisme en général.
Le travail de l'os et du bois de cerf d'après les fouilles de l'Espace Mangin (Fréjus, Var)
Authors: Lemoine Yvon , Rodet-Belarbi Isabelle
Published: July 2011

Les fouilles de l'Espace Mangin à Fréjus (Var) ont permis la collecte d'un petit lot d'éléments se rapportant au travail de l'os et du bois de cerf. L'étude des objets mis au jour enrichit nos connaissances sur la répartition chronologique de certaines pièces, en particulier des épingles. En revanche, si des déchets de travail ont été découverts, ils n'indiquent nullement l'emplacement d'un atelier en raison de leur position stratigraphique secondaire.
Note sur une tête portrait récemment découverte à Orange, site de la Croix Rouge
Authors: Gaday Robert , Gaggadis-Robin Vassiliki
Published: July 2011

Une tête masculine, en calcaire blanc, a été découverte en juin 2005, à Orange, sur le site de la Croix Rouge, dans un contexte peut- être funéraire. Le traitement de la coiffure sur le front, la forme puissante du visage, le front assez bas, barré d'une ride sous la frange, laissent comparer cette tête à certains portraits de l'empereur Trajan. Il s'agit probablement du portrait d'un défunt anonyme, qui appartient à une statue de grande taille décorant un mausolée. Elle peut dater des premières décennies du IIe siècle de notre ère. Elle constitue un nouveau témoignage de la présence d'ateliers de sculpture, actifs à Orange au cours du IIe siècle de notre ère.
Les mortiers de construction de la ville d'Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône) au Haut Empire
Authors: Coutelas Arnaud , Heijmans Marc
Published: July 2011

Les délais de construction des grands édifices publics pouvant être relativement importants, il se peut que plusieurs bâtiments d'une même agglomération soient en cours d'édification en même temps. Les études de bâti permettent de comparer les matériaux de construction employés sur ces édifices contemporains. En retour, la mise en évidence par l'analyse du bâti de phases contemporaines permet d'avancer dans l'analyse des projets d'urbanisme. Le mortier de chaux est un matériau de construction qui résulte d'un processus technique complexe. Son étude permet d'obtenir des informations sur le chantier. L'étude des mortiers de maçonnerie de plusieurs édifices antiques d'Arles nous a permis de restituer l'histoire de ces monuments, de la période augustéenne (cryptoportiques et théâtre) au milieu du IIe s. ap. J.-C. (cirque).
Vulnerability assessment of storm surges in the coastal area of Guangdong Province
Authors: Li K. , Li G. S.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Being bordered by the South China Sea and with long coastline, the coastal zone of Guangdong Province is often under severe risk of storm surges, as one of a few regions in China which is seriously threatened by storm surges. This article systematically analyzes the vulnerability factors of storm surges in the coastal area of Guangdong (from Yangjing to Shanwei). Five vulnerability assessment indicators of hazard-bearing bodies are proposed, which are social economic index, land use index, eco-environmental index, coastal construction index, and disaster-bearing capability index. Then storm surge vulnerability assessment index system in the coastal area of Guangdong is established. Additionally, the international general mode about coastal vulnerability assessment is improved, and the vulnerability evolution model of storm surges in the coastal area of Guangdong is constructed. Using ArcGIS, the vulnerability zoning map of storm surges in the study region is drawn. Results show that there is the highest degree of storm surge vulnerability in Zhuhai, Panyu, and Taishan; second in Zhongshan, Dongguan, Huiyang, and Haifeng; third in Jiangmen, Shanwei, Yangjiang, and Yangdong; fourth in Baoan, Kaiping, and Enping; and lowest in Guangzhou, Shunde, Shenzhen, and Longgang. This study on the risk of storm surges in these coastal cities can guide the land use of coastal cities in the future, and provide scientific advice for the government to prevent and mitigate the storm surge disasters. It has important theoretical and practical significance.
Process Intensification, 2. Phase Level
Authors: Freund Hannsjörg , Sundmacher Kai
Published: July 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Thermodynamic Methods1.1.Property Shifting by Molecular Design1.1.1.Ionic Liquid Systems1.1.2.Perfluorinated Systems1.1.3.Solid‐Bound Systems1.2.Property Shifting by Pressure, Temperature, and Solvent Composition1.2.1.Supercritical Fluids1.2.2.Thermoregulated Phase‐Transfer Catalysts1.2.3.Thermoregulated Microemulsion Systems1.2.4.Temperature‐Dependent Multicomponent Solvent Systems2.Kinetic Methods2.1.Electromagnetic Tools2.1.1Photochemical Induction2.1.2Microwave Dielectric Heating2.2.Fluid‐Mechanical Tools2.2.1.Acoustic Cavitation2.2.2.Hydrodynamic Cavitation2.2.3.Supersonic Flows2.2.4.Centrifugal Forces
X‐ray and Solution Structures of CuIIGHK and CuIIDAHK Complexes: Influence on Their Redox Properties
Authors: Hureau Christelle , Eury Hélène , Guillot Régis , Bijani Christian , Sayen Stéphanie , Solari Pier‐Lorenzo , Guillon Emmanuel , Faller Peter , Dorlet Pierre
Published: July 2011

The Gly‐His‐Lys (GHK) peptide and the Asp‐Ala‐His‐Lys (DAHK) sequences are naturally occurring high‐affinity copper(II) chelators found in the blood plasma and are hence of biological interest. A structural study of the copper complexes of these peptides was conducted in the solid state and in solution by determining their X‐ray structures, and by using a large range of spectroscopies, including EPR and HYSCORE (hyperfine sub‐level correlation), X‐ray absorption and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the structures of [CuII(DAHK)] in the solid state and in solution are similar and confirm the equatorial coordination sphere of NH2, two amidyl N and one imidazole N. Additionally, a water molecule is bound apically to CuII as revealed by the X‐ray structure. As reported previously in the literature, [CuII(GHK)], which exhibits a dimeric structure in the solid state, forms a monomeric complex in solution with three nitrogen ligands: NH2, amidyl and imidazole. The fourth equatorial site is occupied by a labile oxygen atom from a carboxylate ligand in the solid state. We probe that fourth position and study ternary complexes of [CuII(GHK)] with glycine or histidine. The CuII exchange reaction between different DAHK peptides is very slow, in contrast to [CuII(GHK)], in which the fast exchange was attributed to the presence of a [CuII(GHK)2] complex. The redox properties of [CuII(GHK)] and [CuII(DAHK)] were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and by measuring the ascorbate oxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen. The measurements indicate that both CuII complexes are inert under moderate redox potentials. In contrast to [CuII(DAHK)], [CuII(GHK)] could be reduced to CuI around −0.62 V (versus AgCl/Ag) with subsequent release of the Cu ion. These complete analyses of structure and redox activity of those complexes gave new insights with biological impact and can serve as models for other more complicated CuII–peptide interactions.
Bacillus anthracis tubulin‐related protein Ba‐TubZ assembles force‐generating polymers
Authors: Srinivasan Ramanujam , Mishra Mithilesh , Leong Fong Yew , Chiam Keng‐Hwee , Balasubramanian Mohan
Published: July 2011

Pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis depends on the faithful inheritance of plasmid pXO1, in a process that requires the plasmid encoded tubulin‐related protein Ba‐TubZ. Here we show, using heterologous expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, that Ba‐TubZ assembles into a dynamic polymer in the absence of other B. anthracis proteins and can generate force capable of deforming the fission yeast nuclear envelope. The polymer bundles contain 27 ± 15 protofilaments/μm assuming that each protofilament spans the entire length. Thinner appearing buckled and thicker appearing straight filaments of Ba‐TubZ were both capable of inducing nuclear envelope deformation. Unlike the related protein Bt‐TubZ from Bacillus thuringiensis, which undergoes treadmilling upon expression in fission yeast, Ba‐TubZ polymers did not undergo detectable treadmilling. Instead, in fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments, it displayed a different turnover behavior characterized by moderate fluorescence recovery along the entire length of the polymer. Modeling Ba‐TubZ bundles as Euler–Bernoulli beams that buckle under compressive loads when pushed against the nuclear envelope allowed us to estimate that Ba‐TubZ generates forces in the order of 1–10 nN. We propose that polymerization based filament elongation and force generation might aid faithful segregation of the virulence plasmid. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient‐reported outcome measures suitable to assessment of patient navigation
Authors: Fiscella Kevin , Ransom Sean , Jean‐Pierre Pascal , Cella David , Stein Kevin , Bauer Joseph E. , Crane‐Okada Rebecca , Gentry Sharon , Canosa Rosalie , Smith Tenbroeck , Sellers Jean , Jankowski Emilia , Walsh Karyn
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) are measures completed by patients to capture outcomes that are meaningful and valued by patients. To help standardize PRO measures in patient navigation research and program evaluation, the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Working Group (PROWG) was convened as part of the American Cancer Society's National Patient Navigator Leadership Summit.

METHODS:

The PROWG consisted of clinicians, researchers, and program managers from a variety of perspectives who developed a set of recommended PRO measures across the cancer continuum (ie, screening, diagnostic follow‐up, treatment, survivorship, end of life) as well as those useful for assessing family caregivers. Measures were recommended based on face validity, responsiveness to navigation, reliability, and construct validity in relevant populations. Other considerations included readability, existence of multiple language versions, the existence of norm groups, and respondent burden.

RESULTS:

The PROWG reached consensus on measures for use in the domains of treatment adherence; perceived barriers to care; satisfaction with cancer care; satisfaction with patient navigation services; working alliance with patient navigator; perceived knowledge/competence/self‐efficacy; functional assessment/symptom burden; global quality of life; specific quality‐of‐life symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety); and perceived cultural competency of the navigator. In domains where validated measures were found lacking, recommendations were made for areas of needed scale development.

CONCLUSIONS:

These measures should guide research and programmatic evaluation of patient navigation. Cancer 2011;117(15 suppl):3601–615. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Redistribution of astrocytic glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus of chronic epileptic rats
Authors: Papageorgiou Ismini E. , Gabriel Siegrun , Fetani Andriani F. , Kann Oliver , Heinemann Uwe
Published: July 2011

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an astrocytic enzyme, which catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. In the central nervous system, GS prevents glutamate‐dependent excitotoxicity and detoxifies nitrogen. Reduction in both expression and activity of GS was reported in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and this reduction has been suggested to contribute to epileptogenesis. In this study, we characterized hippocampal GS expression in the pilocarpine model of TLE in Wistar rats by means of stereology and morphometric analysis. Neither the GS positive cell number nor the GS containing cell volume was found to be altered in different hippocampal subregions of chronic epileptic rats when compared with controls. Instead, redistribution of the enzyme at both intracellular and tissue levels was observed in the epileptic hippocampus; GS was expressed more in proximal astrocytic branches, and GS expressing astrocytic somata was located in closer proximity to vascular walls. These effects were not due to shrinkage of astrocytic processes, as revealed by glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. Our results argue for GS redistribution rather than downregulation in the rat pilocarpine model of TLE. The potential contribution of increased GS perivascular affinity to the pathogenesis of epilepsy is discussed as well. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing survival of native and translocated mountain quail in Idaho and Washington
Authors: Stephenson John A. , Reese Kerry P. , Zager Peter , Heekin Patricia E. , Nelle Pamela J. , Martens Ashley
Published: July 2011

Understanding survival and cause‐specific mortality of native and translocated animals can help biologists design more effective recovery programs. We estimated survival rates for 181 native mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) in west‐central Idaho from 1992 to 1996 and for 199 translocated mountain quail in western Idaho and eastern Washington in 2005 and 2006. Spring–summer survival of native birds over 4 yr ranged from 0.210 (SE = 0.116) to 0.799 (SE = 0.103) and fall–winter survival in 2 yr was 0.523 (SE = 0.089) and 0.244 (SE = 0.084). Annual survival rates were 0.418 (SE = 0.088) and 0.174 (SE = 0.065). Spring–summer survival rate of translocated birds was 0.215 (SE = 0.044) in 2005 and 0.059 (SE = 0.021) in 2006. We modeled biweekly survival as a function of sex, age, movement rate, native versus translocated status, and linear time trend, and then we added year and 3 weather covariates (mean biweekly precipitation and maximum and minimum temperatures). Year and climate variables improved the a priori top model which included movement rate and native versus translocated status. Higher mortality rates due to predation coincided with movements to breeding habitat in late winter, periods of higher temperatures in the spring and summer, and periods of higher precipitation and colder temperatures during the fall–winter seasons. High movement rates of native birds in winter to avoid snow and by translocated birds when dispersing may have led to greater exposure to predators and consequently lower survival rates. Mountain quail can experience low and variable survival, stressing the potential need for multiple years of releases in restoration efforts in the eastern portion of their range. More attention is needed to identify optimal habitat (including nest sites) for restoring mountain quail populations to reduce movements, lower mortality risks, and provide conditions for withstanding periods of unfavorable weather. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
High efficiency and high beam quality 3.467‐μm KTA extracavity optical parametric oscillator
Authors: Sun Qibing , Liu Hongjun , Huang Nan , Ruan Chi , Zhu Shaolan , Zhao Wei
Published: July 2011

An efficient single resonant extracavity optical parametric oscillator is demonstrated based on a Type II noncritical phase matching KTA crystal.Under a pump power of 0.6 W and a pulse width of 13 ns, the average power of 86 mW at 3.467 μm is obtained with the pulse width of 6 ns and repetition rate of 100 Hz, corresponding to a conversion efficiency as high as 14% from 1.064 to 3.467 μm. The beam spatial profile for 3.467 μm is near TEM00 mode. The average power of 123 mW is also obtained with a multitransverse mode at the repetition rate of 200 Hz and an average power of 2.3 W of the pump laser. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2204–2207, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26247
Performances of a mid‐infrared CH4 detection device using an optimized asymmetric ellipse gas‐cell
Authors: Ye Wei‐Lin , Zheng Chuan‐Tao , Yu Xin , Song Zhan‐Wei , Wang Yi‐Ding
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate a mid‐infrared CH4 detection device using a novel fabricated asymmetric ellipse light‐collecting gas‐cell.Structural optimizations are performed for fast gas‐diffusion speed and high detection sensitivity. Detection experiments on standard CH4 samples show that the detection sensitivity is about 9 ppm within the concentration range 8˜1000 ppm, the minimum detection limit is about 8 ppm, and the 10˜90% response time is as fast as 6.0 s. This fabricated device with asymmetric gas‐cell reveals superior performances to the previous reported device with symmetric gas‐cell in our laboratory. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2327–2330, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26282
Correlation chemical shift imaging with low‐power adiabatic pulses and constant‐density spiral trajectories
Authors: Andronesi Ovidiu C. , Gagoski Borjan A. , Adalsteinsson Elfar , Sorensen A. Gregory
Published: July 2011

In this work we introduce the concept of correlation chemical shift imaging (CCSI). Novel CCSI pulse sequences are demonstrated on clinical scanners for two‐dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) imaging experiments. To date there has been limited progress reported towards a feasible and robust multivoxel 2D COSY. Localized 2D TOCSY imaging is shown for the first time in this work. Excitation with adiabatic GOIA‐W(16,4) pulses (Gradient Offset Independent Adiabaticity Wurst modulation) provides minimal chemical shift displacement error, reduced lipid contamination from subcutaneous fat, uniform optimal flip angles, and efficient mixing for coupled spins, while enabling short repetition times due to low power requirements. Constant‐density spiral readout trajectories are used to acquire simultaneously two spatial dimensions and f2 frequency dimension in (kx,ky,t2) space in order to speed up data collection, while f1 frequency dimension is encoded by consecutive time increments of t1 in (kx,ky,t1,t2) space. The efficient spiral sampling of the k‐space enables the acquisition of a single‐slice 2D COSY dataset with an 8 × 8 matrix in 8:32 min on 3 T clinical scanners, which makes it feasible for in vivo studies on human subjects. Here we present the first results obtained on phantoms, human volunteers and patients with brain tumors. The patient data obtained by us represent the first clinical demonstration of a feasible and robust multivoxel 2D COSY. Compared to the 2D J‐resolved method, 2D COSY and TOCSY provide increased spectral dispersion which scales up with increasing main magnetic field strength and may have improved ability to unambiguously identify overlapping metabolites. It is expected that the new developments presented in this work will facilitate in vivo application of 2D chemical shift correlation MRS in basic science and clinical studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct computation of critical equilibrium states for spatial beams and frames
Authors: Mäkinen Jari , Kouhia Reijo , Fedoroff Alexis , Marjamäki Heikki
Published: July 2011

In this paper, explicit formulas for second order derivatives of the residual vector with respect to the state variables for a geometrically exact 3D beam element based on the Reissner's model are presented. These derivatives are required when a direct non‐linear stability eigenvalue problem is solved by the Newton's method. If the external load is parametrized by a single parameter, such an eigenvalue problem consists of solving the critical state variables, the eigenmode, and the critical load parameter from the equation system consisting of the equilibrium equations, the criticality condition, and some auxiliary conditions depending on the type of a critical point. Copyright ©2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐perceived Work‐related Stress and its Relation to Salivary IgA, Cortisol and 3‐Methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl Glycol Levels among Neonatal Intensive Care Nurses
Authors: Fujimaru Chihiro , Okamura Hisayoshi , Kawasaki Miho , Kakuma Tatsuyuki , Yoshii Chiho , Matsuishi Toyojiro
Published: July 2011

This study investigated self‐perceived work‐related stress, along with salivary IgA (s‐IgA), cortisol and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenyl glycol (MHPG) in 38 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses and 26 general ward (GW) nurses. To adjust for sociodemographic characteristics, the two groups of nurses were strictly matched for age, gender (feminine), average work experience and marital status (unmarried). General fatigue and anxiety were significantly higher, and depressive mood tended to be higher, in NICU nurses compared to GW nurses, based on Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index scores (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p = 0.079, respectively). s‐IgA concentrations were also inversely correlated with self‐perceived work‐related stress and were significantly lower in NICU nurses than in GW nurses (p < 0.01). There tended to be a positive association between high cortisol concentrations and the CFSI subscale of depressive mood in both NICU and GW nurses (p = 0.053). Cortisol and MHPG levels were not different between NICU and GW nurses. These work‐related stress markers, both self‐perceived (CFSI) and biological (s‐IgAand cortisol concentrations), highlight the importance of creating and sustaining healthy work environments for NICU and GW nurses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Theory and Analysis of Drama
Authors: Pfister Manfred
Published: July 2011

Manfred Pfister's book is the first to provide a coherent and comprehensive framework for the analysis of plays in all their dramatic and theatrical dimensions. The materical on which his analysis is based covers all genres and periods of drama, from Greek tragedy and comedy to the contemporary theatre, with the plays of Shakespeare providing a special focus. His approach is not historical but systematic, combining more abstract categorisations with detailed and concrete interpretations of specific sample texts. An extensive international bibliography of relevant theatre and drama studies further enhances the practical value of the book.
Diagrammatica
Authors: Veltman Martinus
Published: July 2011

This author provides an easily accessible introduction to quantum field theory via Feynman rules and calculations in particle physics. His aim is to make clear what the physical foundations of present-day field theory are, to clarify the physical content of Feynman rules. The book begins with a brief review of some aspects of Einstein's theory of relativity that are of particular importance for field theory, before going on to consider the relativistic quantum mechanics of free particles, interacting fields, and particles with spin. The techniques learnt in the chapters are then demonstrated in examples that might be encountered in real accelerator physics. Further chapters contain discussions of renormalization, massive and massless vector fields and unitarity. A final chapter presents concluding arguments concerning quantum electrodynamics. The book includes valuable appendices that review some essential mathematics, including complex spaces, matrices, the CBH equation, traces and dimensional regularization. An appendix containing a comprehensive summary of the rules and conventions used is followed by an appendix specifying the full Lagrangian of the Standard Model and the corresponding Feynman rules. To make the book useful for a wide audience a final appendix provides a discussion of the metric used, and an easy-to-use dictionary connecting equations written with different metrics. Written as a textbook, many diagrams, exercises and examples are included. This book will be used by beginning graduate students taking courses in particle physics or quantum field theory, as well as by researchers as a source and reference book on Feynman diagrams and rules.
Human Organic Memory Disorders
Authors: Mayes Andrew R.
Published: July 2011

Brain damage can cause memory to break down in a number of different ways, the analysis of which can illuminate how the intact brain mediates memory processes. After first considering the problems involved in assessing memory, this book provisionally advances a taxonomy of elementary memory disorders and, for each in turn, reviews both the specific processes that are disrupted and the lesions responsible for the disruption. These disorders include short-term memory deficits, deficits in previously well-established memory, memory decifits caused by frontal lobe lesions, the organic amnesias, the disorders of conditioning and skill acquisition. Particular attention is paid to the organic amnesias, about which we know the most, and to the contributions of animal models to our knowledge. Andrew Mayes argues that the memory deficits found in several neurological and psychiatric syndromes comprise co-occurring elementary memory disorders. Finally, he outlines the implications of his taxonomy for our understanding of normal memory. A wide audience of researchers and students will find Human Organic Memory Disorders a helpful guide to a complex problem area.
Advocacy
Authors: Ross David
Published: July 2011

Advocacy, first published in 2007, explains how to win cases in court. Focusing on the techniques and methods of successful advocates, David Ross QC shows how to prepare a case for court. Writing in simple, clear language he gives the benefit of his many years of local and international experience. This second edition features new advice about how to prepare for, and run, an appeal, as well as how to write effective submissions to court. It also describes:
• how to hold a court's attention
• how to start and stop a witness
• how to cross-examine all types of people, from liars to experts
• the methods of taking objections to questions
• how to address a jury
• how to follow etiquette and behave ethically
• how to win impossible cases
All the principles of advocacy are explained, from the striking start to knowledge of human affairs, and Advocacy is rich with examples taken from real cases.
Sanctified Violence in Homeric Society
Authors: Kitts Margo
Published: July 2011

In Sanctified Violence in Homeric Society, originally published in 2006, Margo Kitts focuses on oath-making narratives found in the Iliad through which she articulates a theory of ritualized violence. She analyzes ritual paradigms, metaphors, fictions, and poetic registers as oath-making principles, which she then traces through Homeric references and texts from the ancient New East. Discussing ritual features that are common to acts of religious violence throughout the world, Kitts makes use of the theory of ritual performance as communication.
Modernising Civil Liability Law in Europe, China, Brazil and Russia
Authors: Brüggemeier Gert
Published: July 2011

Non-contractual liability, stemming from damage accountably caused to another, has been the subject of the PETL and DCFR VI European reform initiatives. Gert Brüggemeier, however, proposes alternative reforms which, instead of trying to overcome the differences between civil law (delict) and common law (torts), are restricted to civil liability. The focus is on the grounds of accountability, and stricter forms of liability are at the fore. Quasi-strict enterprise liability is introduced to fill the lacuna between personal fault and forms of strict liability. A commentary is included on recent legislation on civil liability in China, Brazil and Russia to demonstrate how these large countries try to come to grips with the challenges of 'risk society'.
NSC 68 and the Political Economy of the Early Cold War
Authors: Cardwell Curt
Published: July 2011

NSC 68 and the Political Economy of the Early Cold War re-examines the origins and implementation of NSC 68, the massive rearmament program that the United States embarked upon beginning in the summer of 1950. Curt Cardwell reinterprets the origins of NSC 68 to demonstrate that the aim of the program was less about containing communism than ensuring the survival of the nascent postwar global economy, upon which rested postwar US prosperity. The book challenges most studies on NSC 68 as a document of geostrategy and argues instead that it is more correctly understood as a document rooted in concerns for the US domestic political economy.
The Will to Learn
Authors: Covington Martin V.
Published: July 2011

This book introduces the basic principles of motivation as they apply to classroom learning and management in a readable, non-technical form. Covington argues against the popular notion that the problems existing in schools today stem primarily from a lack of student motivation. Instead, he asserts that students are motivated, sometimes even overly motivated, but often for the wrong reasons. Traditional teaching methods, including conventional grading procedures and an emphasis on competition, can contribute to student demoralization, and Covington identifies the ways in which students respond to misguided incentives. For some students, motivation is directed at avoiding failure by avoiding participation. For others, demoralization leads to withdrawal from an educational system that they believe to be irrelevant to their lives. Still other students are driven to prove their worth by outperforming fellow students. The book suggests practical, concrete ways that teachers can use classroom incentives to inspire a desire to learn.
Essential Anesthesia
Authors: Euliano T. Y. , Gravenstein J. S. , Gravenstein N. , Gravenstein D.
Published: July 2011

Essential Anesthesia is a concise, accessible introduction to anesthetic practice. Now in its second edition, it provides a thorough overview of the science and practice of anesthesia. Part I describes the evaluation of the patient, the different approaches to anesthesia, and the post-operative care of the patient in pain. Part II introduces the essentials of physiology and pharmacology and their role in understanding the principles of anesthesia. The final part presents a step-by-step description of 14 clinical cases. These clinical vignettes give a very real introduction to the practicalities of anesthesia and will give the non-anesthetist physician an idea of how to prepare a patient for a surgical procedure. All chapters have been expanded and updated and an entirely new chapter on safety in healthcare has been added. This is the perfect introductory text for medical students, junior doctors and all operating theatre and critical care staff.
Peirce and the Threat of Nominalism
Authors: Forster Paul
Published: July 2011

Charles Peirce, the founder of pragmatism, was a thinker of extraordinary depth and range - he wrote on philosophy, mathematics, psychology, physics, logic, phenomenology, semiotics, religion and ethics - but his writings are difficult and fragmentary. This book provides a clear and comprehensive explanation of Peirce's thought. His philosophy is presented as a systematic response to 'nominalism', the philosophy which he most despised and which he regarded as the underpinning of the dominant philosophical worldview of his time. The book explains Peirce's challenge to nominalism as a theory of meaning and shows its implications for his views of knowledge, truth, the nature of reality, and ethics. It will be essential reading both for Peirce scholars and for those new to his work.
Soil Ecology in Northern Forests
Authors: Lukac Martin , Godbold Douglas L.
Published: July 2011

Forest soils form the foundation that underpins the existence of all forests. This book encapsulates soil ecology and functioning in northern forests, focusing on the effects of human activity and climate change. The authors introduce the fundamental principles necessary for studying forest soils, and explain the functioning and mutual influence of all parts of a forest soil ecosystem. A chapter is dedicated to each of soil acidity and heavy metal pollution, elevated carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition and climate change, highlighting the most important anthropogenic factors influencing forest soil functioning and how these soils are likely to respond to environmental change. With its unique view of the functioning of the soils found under temperate and boreal forests in today's rapidly changing world, this book is of interest to anyone studying forestry and forest ecology in European, North American and North Asian contexts.
The introduction of lung stereotactic body radiotherapy in the UK… it’s now a reality!
Authors: Needham A , Hutton D , Baker A
Published: July 2011

Lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a novel and effective technique for the treatment of early stage non small cell lung cancer which is rapidly becoming the radiotherapy regime of choice for those patients unable or unwilling to undergo surgical resection.

Although introduced almost 20 years ago, it was not until the wider establishment of image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) techniques that many UK departments first considered and then succeeded in implementing lung SBRT. Many have been assisted in this through membership of the national UK SBRT consortium which aims to facilitate local introduction and to provide guidelines and practical support for the wider radiotherapy community.

This article will seek to place the introduction of SBRT within a broad historical context, outline basic principles for safe and effective practice and describe how such principles are currently being pursued in an era of IGRT. Additionally, the role of the UK SBRT consortium in implementation will be reported alongside the results of its first national survey on the subject.
Automatic imitation in a strategic context: players of rock–paper–scissors imitate opponents' gestures
Authors: Cook Richard , Bird Geoffrey , Lünser Gabriele , Huck Steffen , Heyes Cecilia
Published: July 2011

A compelling body of evidence indicates that observing a task-irrelevant action makes the execution of that action more likely. However, it remains unclear whether this ‘automatic imitation’ effect is indeed automatic or whether the imitative action is voluntary. The present study tested the automaticity of automatic imitation by asking whether it occurs in a strategic context where it reduces payoffs. Participants were required to play rock–paper–scissors, with the aim of achieving as many wins as possible, while either one or both players were blindfolded. While the frequency of draws in the blind–blind condition was precisely that expected at chance, the frequency of draws in the blind–sighted condition was significantly elevated. Specifically, the execution of either a rock or scissors gesture by the blind player was predictive of an imitative response by the sighted player. That automatic imitation emerges in a context where imitation reduces payoffs accords with its ‘automatic’ description, and implies that these effects are more akin to involuntary than to voluntary actions. These data represent the first evidence of automatic imitation in a strategic context, and challenge the abstraction from physical aspects of social interaction typical in economic and game theory.
Between HIV diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy: assessing the effectiveness of care for people living with HIV in the public primary care service in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Scott Vera , Zweigenthal Virginia , Jennings Karen
Published: July 2011

Objective  To assess the quality of pre‐antiretroviral therapy (ART) care in Cape Town and its continuity with HIV counselling and testing (HCT) and ART.

Methods  The scale‐up of the HCT, pre‐ART and ART service platform and programmatic support in Cape was described. Data from the August 2010 routine annual HIV/TB/STI evaluation, which included interviews with 133 facility managers and folder reviews of 634 HCT clients who tested positive and 1115 clients receiving pre‐ART HIV care, were analysed.

Results  Historically, the implementation and management of pre‐ART care has been relatively neglected compared with the scale‐up of HCT and ART. CD4 counts were carried out for 77.5% of positive HCT clients, and 46.6% were clinically staged – crucial steps that determine the care path. There were gaps in quality of care (32.2% of women had a PAP smear), missed opportunities for integrated care (67% were symptomatically screened for tuberculosis) and positive prevention (48.3% had contraceptive needs assessed). Breaks in the continuity of care of pre‐ART clients occurred with only 47.2% of eligible clients referred appropriately to the ARV service.

Conclusion  While a package of pre‐ART care is clearly defined in Cape Town, it has not been fully implemented. There are weaknesses in the continuity and quality of service delivered that undermine the programme objectives of provision of positive prevention and timely access to ART.
EFFICACY OF ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL RESECTION WITH A LIGATION DEVICE FOR REMOVING SMALL RECTAL CARCINOID TUMOR COMPARED WITH ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION: ANALYSIS OF 100 CASES
Authors: KIM HYUNG HUN , PARK SEUN JA , LEE SANG HEON , PARK HEE UG , SONG CHUL SOO , PARK MOO IN , MOON WON
Published: July 2011

Aim  Conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of carcinoid tumors is often associated with involvement of the resection margin, which necessitates further intervention. Endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device (ESMR‐L) is a novel technique for the removal of carcinoid tumors. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical usefulness of endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device with that of EMR for the complete resection of rectal carcinoid tumors.

Methods  Between January 2001 and October 2010, a total of 100 patients with 100 rectal carcinoid tumors that were estimated to be 10 mm or less in diameter and that were resected either using ESMR‐L or EMR were recruited for this study. The complete resection rate and complications associated with these two procedures were analyzed.

Results  Forty‐five out of 100 lesions were resected using ESMR‐L, and 55 lesions were resected using EMR. Histopathologically, all tumors were free from lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The overall ESMR‐L complete resection rate was higher than that of EMR (93.3% vs 65.5%, respectively, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the location of the tumors had no influence on the complete resection rate when ESMR‐L was carried out, in contrast to the results of EMR. The procedure‐related variables of procedure time and complication rate were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion  ESMR‐L is a significantly superior modality to EMR for the complete removal of small rectal carcinoid tumors that are 10 mm or less in diameter.
Vibrato and tremor extent spectrum: Algorithm and applications
Authors: Vieira Maurílio N. , de C Silva José Eduardo , Yehia Hani C.
Published: July 2011

This work investigated the measurement of vibrato and tremor extent values. Related works have not explored the possibility of measuring extent in the spectra of fundamental frequency (f0) low-frequency undulations. It is shown here that by canceling average (DC) values and baseline drifts of f0 contours, as well as weighting the respective spectra by the time window DC value, extent measures can be promptly obtained in the frequency domain. The method is illustrated with measurements from synthetic and human data.
JET RESULTS AND JET RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN p+p AND THEIR PROSPECTS IN Pb+Pb COLLISIONS IN CMS
Authors:   FOR THE CMS COLLABORATION, SALUR SEVIL
Published: July 2011

Copious production of very energetic jets is expected at the LHC due to the large increase in collision energy. Jet reconstruction at these high center of mass energies will provide crucial leverage to map out the QCD evolution of parton energy loss and a unique insight into the nature of the hot QCD matter. This article presents jet reconstruction techniques and the preliminary jet results in p + p collisions at [Formula: see text] collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Jet reconstruction prospects for the heavy ion collisions are also discussed.
DI-JET MEASUREMENTS IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS AT STAR
Authors:   FOR THE STAR COLLABORATION, BRUNA ELENA
Published: July 2011

Jets are produced from hard scatterings in the early stages of heavy-ion collisions. It is expected that these high-pT partons travel through the hot and dense medium before fragmenting. Therefore they are expected to suffer energy loss in the QGP via gluon radiation and elastic collisions along their path. Measurements of fully reconstructed jets help understand the effect of the energy loss on the jet structure and energy profile. A data-driven characterization of the background in Au + Au is needed in order to compare the results to p + p . The full azimuthal coverage of STAR Time Projection Chamber and Electromagnetic Calorimeter allows measurements of fully reconstructed di-jets, defined by jets that match the online trigger and recoil jets on the away side. A tight selection of the trigger jets allows for a selection of those coming from the surface. Hence, the population of jets on the recoil side is biased towards a maximal energy loss because of the extreme in-medium pathlength. We present measurements of di-jets, exploring their structure and properties in Au + Au and p + p at [Formula: see text] in the STAR experiment.
FIRST LOOK AT BEAUTY AND BEAUTY-JET TAGGING VIA SECONDARY VERTEXING WITH ALICE IN p+p COLLISIONS AT $\sqrt{S} = 7\,\, \rm{TeV}$
Authors:   FOR THE ALICE COLLABORATION, KWEON MINJUNG
Published: July 2011

The heavy flavour single electron data from RHIC indicate strong coupling of heavy quarks to the medium. The LHC extends greatly the kinematic range to high transverse momentum which enables new tests of heavy quark jet dynamics. Jets containing beauty hadrons have distinctive properties from other types of jets, which enhance their clear identification. We first introduce a method to preferentially select electrons from beauty hadron decay by reconstructing secondary vertices and show the results of this approach on simulated data. A preliminary look at the heavy flavour electron analysis and the beauty analysis in p + p collisions at [Formula: see text] is also presented.
OPEN CHARM ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY LOSS STUDIES WITH ALICE AT LHC
Authors:   FOR THE ALICE COLLABORATION, BIANCHIN CHIARA
Published: July 2011

In high energy Pb - Pb collisions at LHC a deconfined QCD medium is expected to be produced. The open charm and beauty mesons are a powerful probe to investigate the medium properties and its effects on particle production since they experience all the deconfined phase. The ALICE experiment is well suited to perform open charm analysis thanks to the excellent tracking system, its high resolution secondary vertex reconstruction capabilities and particle identification performance. In this proceeding the status of the analysis of p - p collisions at [Formula: see text] and the perspectives for Pb - Pb measurements will be presented.
JET MEASUREMENTS IN p+p AND D+Au COLLISIONS WITH STAR AT RHIC
Authors:   FOR THE STAR COLLABORATION, KAPITÁN JAN
Published: July 2011

Full jet reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions is a promising tool for the quantitative study of properties of the dense medium produced at RHIC. In addition to baseline measurements in p + p , results from d + Au collisions are needed to disentangle initial state nuclear effects from medium-induced k T broadening and jet quenching. We present mid-rapidity inclusive jet p T spectra and di-jet correlations (k T ) in 200 GeV p + p and d + Au collisions from the 2007-2008 RHIC run.
Gammarus-Microbial Interactions: A Review
Authors: Nelson Daniel
Published: July 2011

Gammarusspp. are typically classified as shredders under the functional feeding group classification. In the wild and in the laboratory,Gammarusspp. will often shred leaves, breaking them down into finer organic matter fractions. However, leaf litter is a poor quality food source (i.e., high C : N and C : P ratios) and very little leaf material is assimilated by shredders. In freshwater habitats leaf litter is colonized rapidly (within ∼1-2 weeks) by aquatic fungi and bacteria, making the leaves more palatable and nutritious to consumers. Several studies have shown thatGammarusspp. show preference for conditioned leaves over nonconditioned leaves and certain fungal species to others. Furthermore,Gammarusspp. show increased survival and growth rates when fed conditioned leaves compared to non-conditioned leaves. Thus,Gammarusspp. appear to rely on the microbial biofilm associated with leaf detritus as a source of carbon and/or essential nutrients. Also,Gammarusspp. can have both positive and negative effects on the microbial communities on which they fed, making them an important component of the microbial loop in aquatic ecosystems.
The Forgotten Cultures of the Qur'an
Authors: Grandguillaume Gilbert
Published: July 2011

This paper brings to the attention of the reader some examples of how the words of the Qur’an, when examined in their literal sense, appear to connect with languages or cultures other than those acknowledged by traditional muslim apologetics. as such, they may be echoing origins that these apologetics have dismissed from their discourse. In fact, whereas traditional exegesis has generally tended to limit the Qur’an exclusively to the arabic language as sufficient guarantee by itself of its authenticity, the words of the text reveal a linguistic and cultural multiplicity which demonstrates the richness of its roots. In pursuing this repression exerted on outside contextual influences, the author focuses on three avenues: the pre-Islamic culture of the nomadic arabs, the Judeo-Christian culture and the hellenic culture. Those languages which go wilfully unrecognized, those practices whose recollection is passed over, prove to be of great assistance to understanding the sense of certain verses of the Qur’an.
Mists and Turbulence in the ‘Sunni’ Ocean
Authors: Seddik Youssef
Published: July 2011

This paper focuses on the concept of sunna, and its great theoretical and historical complexity. The term “sunna” seems nowadays to be a label for the whole set of behaviors adopted by believers, from simple details of dress or diet to the most elaborate of ritual and cultural attitudes. The daily lifestyle of the prophet is invoked so as to imitate the way he washed, how he lay down to sleep, or “sat at table”, not to mention his ritual gestures during prayer, what he preferred to eat after breaking fasts, his slightest movements over the nights and days of pilgrimage. The author intends to show on the contrary, through an unprecedented study, that the Islamic society of a very large city, that of 10th century Baghdad, was for a considerable period of time completely disengaged from such obsessive scrupulousness of religious observance. It gives large evidence of this phenomenon, and tries to outline the historical reasons how the sunna eventually evolved into a rule defining the coercive power of the Islamic faith.