bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVALIAÇÃO DO EQUILÍBRIO E DO MEDO DE QUEDA EM PACIENTES COM DOENÇA DE PARKINSON
Authors: Lopes Manuela Ramos , Castro Tuanny Lucena , Mucci-Casanova Manuela Amaral , Cannonieri-Nonose Gianna Carla
Published: September 2022

Objetivo: Correlacionar o medo de queda e o distúrbio de equilíbrio em pacientes com Doença de Parkinson (DP) e idosos saudáveis. Para isso, foi avaliada a relação entre a gravidade da DP, o déficit de equilíbrio e o medo de queda. Investigou- se ainda, se a presença de queda nos últimos 6 meses estava relacionada a um pior desempenho. Método: Estudo analítico observacional transversal, aprovado pelo comitê de ética: 4.028.672. Foram selecionados indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de DP  e  idosos saudáveis com idade maior que 60 anos. O desempenho cognitivo (Mini Exame do Estado Mental), risco de queda (escala de equilíbrio dinâmico Time Up and Go) e o medo de queda (Falls Efficacy Scale-International), foram avaliados. O estágio de incapacidade da DP foi determinado pela escala de Incapacidade de Hoehn & Yahr. Resultados: Foram recrutados 19 sujeitos no estudo, 9 com diagnóstico de DP e 10 idosos saudáveis, para compor o grupo controle. Foi possível observar uma diferença significativa em relação ao medo de queda (p<0,005) e ao equilíbrio (p<0,001) quando comparado os grupos. Os participantes com DP possuíram mais medo de queda e desequilíbrio, além disso, o grupo com DP apresentou uma correlação forte (r =0,77) entre o TUG e o número de quedas nos últimos 6 meses. Considerações finais: o estudo demonstrou que os participantes com DP possuíam maior número de queda nos últimos 6 meses, maior déficit de equilíbrio e medo de queda do que os participantes saudáveis de mesma faixa etária.
PERCEPÇÃO DOS PACIENTES A RESPEITO DO ATENDIMENTO RECEBIDO EM UMA UNIDADE DE REFERÊNCIA EM INFECÇÕES SEXUALMENTE TRANSMISSÍVEIS
Authors: Accordi-Bittencourt Arthur Leônidas , Zanette Luiza Caroline Netto , Madeira Kristian , Dimer Liliana Maria
Published: September 2022

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos usuários com o atendimento ofertado por um programa de atenção municipal às DST/HIV/AIDS no extremo sul catarinense. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, com coleta de dados a partir da aplicação de questionário em usuários do Programa de Atenção Municipal às DST/HIV/AIDS com 251 pacientes durante um período de oito meses. Resultados: Usuários com média de idade de 37,86, brancos (78,1%), mulheres (50,6%), heterossexuais (64,9%) e não solteiros (66,1%). O principal motivo de comparecer ao serviço de mais da metade dos usuários entrevistados é para buscar medicação para HIV/AIDS (54,6%) e de modo geral tem sua demanda solucionada completamente (98,4%). A maior parte dos usuários acham a maioria dos quesitos sobre a avaliação do serviço e da estrutura muito bom e bom. Considerações finais: Com o presente estudo foi possível traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que utilizam o serviço, sendo um perfil de uma mulher, de meia idade, branca, heterossexual, sem estar solteira e portadora de HIV/AIDS. Por meio de indicadores foi possível analisar a satisfação dos usuários, a qual de modo geral é muito boa. Também foi visto que dos quesitos avaliados sobre pré e pós teste rápido, existem itens preconizados em um manual do ministério da saúde que não são realizados. Além disso, foi analisado que os usuários de modo geral não sentem preconceito dentro do programa.
The Concept of Public Administration by S.E. Desnitsky (Reconstruction Experience).
Authors: Solovev Konstantin Anatol'evich
Published: September 2022

S.E. Desnitsky's views on public administration occupy a special place in the history of managerial thought in Russia of the XVIII century. This place is determined by the fact that, unlike all those who wrote on management topics in that era, he was not an official. He was an observer and an expert, which gave him the opportunity to system analyze and develop a set of proposals for improving governance in Russia. The subject of the article is the set of views of S.E. Desnitsky, designated here as the "management concept". The purpose of the study is to identify the basic elements of this concept. The reference method is a combination of systematic and semantic analysis of Desnitsky's texts, in comparison with the texts of figures of the European Enlightenment. The main conclusion of the article is the complex of semantic blocks identified by the author, the combination of which makes up Desnitsky's management concept. The author comes to the conclusion that Desnitsky saw the purpose of management in introducing organizational principles into "natural" relations and, first of all, into property relations. Desnitsky supplemented the universal principle of the "common good" with the principles of the welfare of the state and estate management. To solve management problems, he proposed to follow two organizational principles: separation of powers and multi-level management. For each of the "authorities" allocated to him, he defined tasks peculiar only to her and the tools necessary for their solution. The preservation of the unity of governance in the state, according to Desnitsky, is achieved by highlighting the law as the main instrument of governance.
Translating Ideologies in Arabic News: Textual Alterations in Al-Arabiya and Aljazeera’s Discourses
Authors: Ethelb Hamza
Published: September 2022

This article explores how the institutional and ideological practices of news media can impact on translating news articles by focusing on the ideological representations in media discourse. It tests the hypothesis that hidden ideologies in news texts are changed/re-presented in the process of reformulation, taking into account the translation practices followed by news institutions. The study applies a Critical Discourse Analysis model to analyse issues relayed to representing people and events in a range of media texts. To do this, it uses a corpus of 63 news articles collated from Aljazeera and Al-Arabiya websites to identify the textual, ideological, and institutional representations and alterations happening through translation. It shows that it is possible for a news translator to carry out minor or major alterations to a news story under translation for the purpose of ideologically reorienting their message or text-focus.
Impact of Parental Migration on Education and Behavioural Outcomes of Children Left Behind in Southern Wollo
Authors: Tesfaw Getnet , Minaye Abebaw
Published: September 2022

The migration of parents is believed to be for the sake of children and families left behind. However, its impact on children left behind has been overlooked in Southern Wollo, Ethioipia. The impact of parental migration on the education and behavioral outcomes of children left behind has to be investigated in the migration-prone area. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the migration of parent(s) on the education and behavioral outcomes of children left behind. A total of 622 children of migrating parents and children living with both parents were selected for this study. Data were gathered by using a strength and difficulty questionnaire (SDQ) from children of non-migrating parents and children whose either one or both parents migrated abroad in two weredas of southern Wollo, Ethiopia through the use of a stratified sampling method. Morover18 teachers were selected for an interview and focus group discussion to explore their perception of the influence of migration on the education and literacy of children. The results found that the mean score of LBC with parental migration was 15.86 (SD= 3.18) as compared to children living with intact families with a mean score of 12.06 (SD=3.20). The results of the study demonstrated that a significant mean difference was found between children of migrating parents and children living with both parents (F(1,620)= 219.25, p.01). Interview and FGD results also demonstrated that children experienced isolation, longing, sadness, and lack of motivation in schooling following their parents’ migration. To mitigate the problem families, government, and non-government organizations that have a stake in children's well-being and education that can be affected by migration should discharge their responsibilities accordingly. It is necessary to look at the hidden costs of parental migration on children left behind.
Examination of Turkish Teacher Candidates’ Critical Thinking Dispositions and Their Attitudes toward Book Reading Habits According to Various Variables
Authors: KOÇER Nazife Elif , YANGİL Muharrem Kürşad
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to determine the levels of Turkish teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions and their attitudes toward book reading habits, examine them according to various variables, and reveal the relationship between Turkish teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions and their attitudes toward book-reading habits. A relational survey model was used in this study. The study sample consists of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-grade Turkish teacher candidates who studied in the Department of Turkish Education in the Faculty of Education of a state university in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The research data were collected using the “Personal Information Form” prepared by the researchers, the “Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale” developed by Akbıyık (2002), and the “Attitude Scale towards Reading Habit” developed by Gömleksiz (2004). The valid 165 questionnaires were analyzed in statistical programs. As a result of analyzes, it was determined that the critical thinking dispositions of Turkish teacher candidates and their total attitudes towards their reading habits were slightly above the level of “I agree”. According to the results obtained, Turkish teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions differ significantly according to the average number of books read monthly and the grade point average variables. Attitudes toward book reading habits also differ significantly according to the average number of books read monthly and grade point average variables. Furthermore, there is a moderately positive and significant correlation between Turkish teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions and their attitudes toward book-reading habits.
Emergency Remote Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Music Teachers in Turkey and England
Authors: Kayaarslan Berkcan , Güzeloğlu Gizem Berrak Taş , Onat Yiğit Alp , Sonsel Omer Bilgehan
Published: September 2022

The biggest and most devastating pandemic of the 21st century began to affect our world, with the Chinese Government reporting that a mysterious respiratory disease of unknown origin was detected in 2019. Education has been one of the areas most affected by this deadly disease, which spread all over the world in a short time. In this process, countries went into lockdown and changed the education model and switched to the “emergency remote teaching” model. Consequently, many students have been deprived of face-to-face education. According to UNESCO data, more than 1 billion students were affected on 13 April 2020 due to the disruption of education due to the pandemic. While face-to-face education is suspended in 7 countries today, approximately 37 million students are affected by this situation. In this research, the opinions of the music teachers working in primary and secondary public schools in Turkey and England during the emergency remote teaching about the process were taken. A sample group was formed with a total of 50 music teachers from Turkey and England. The opinions of the teachers were taken with a Likert-type interview form consisting of 6 sections and 22 questions and open-ended answers. According to these answers, the average duration of a lesson is almost equal in both countries, the lessons are generally taught from the same platforms and devices, the teachers in Turkey have more problems with the internet infrastructure during the process. While teachers’ opinions about the COVID-19 processes were generally negative, it was revealed that they developed themselves in digital literacy after the process. In addition, suggestions were received from the teachers for the development of possible new emergency remote music teaching after the process. It has been seen that teachers working in both countries agree on providing equal opportunities to students. At the same time, one of the most striking suggestions is to keep the online alternative education model always ready. This study is important in order to be better prepared for the new possible emergency distance music education.
Relationship between Social Studies Teacher Candidates’ Digital Literacy Self-Efficacy Levels and Information and Communication Technology Competencies
Authors: ÇETİN Mehmet , İŞÇİ Tuğçe Gamze
Published: September 2022

This research aims to determine the relationship between social studies teacher candidates’ digital literacy self-efficacy levels and their information and communication technology competencies. The research was conducted using the relational survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 187 pre-service teachers (137 female and 50 male) studying in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th grades of Social Studies Education Department in the Faculty of Education at Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University. The data of the research were collected through “Digital Literacy Self-Efficacy Scale of Pre-Teacher Teachers” that was developed by Ocak and Karakuş (2018), a Personal Information Form that was prepared by the researchers and “Candidate Information and Communication Technologies Scale” that was developed by Tondeur et al. (2017) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçearslan et al. (2018). It was concluded that there is a positive, moderately significant relationship between social studies teacher candidates’ information and communication technology competencies and digital literacy self-efficacy levels.
EFL Learners’ Perceptions Regarding Peer-Collaboration and Communication in Face-to-Face and Online Classes
Authors: Saraç Mehmet , Doğan Mehmet
Published: September 2022

The study aims to reveal the perceptions of EFL learners regarding peer collaboration and communication in online and face-to-face classes. Online classes were already on the agenda of many educational institutions with the growing interest in utilising various digital platforms; however, with the COVID-19 epidemic, the process accelerated and offering online classes became an urgent necessity for schools and universities. This radical and sudden change presents both opportunities and challenges for universities and students. One of the challenges is fostering the foreign language literacy of the learners and pursuing effective communication and collaboration among students in online classes. The study adopted a qualitative research design with the aim of exploring the phenomenon from the inside out. The students in the participant group are actively learning English at a state university in hybrid education conditions. As the participating students are exposed to both face-to-face and online teaching practices simultaneously, they are expected to have the ability to compare the two types of instruction in terms of peer communication and collaboration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to reveal the perceptions of the EFL learners, and the qualitative data were analysed by utilising the content analysis procedures. The analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the EFL learners found face-to-face classes more effective, and they credited the real classroom setting in that it creates more authentic and sincere communication opportunities for them. On the other hand, some opportunities created by the online classes were also stated by the participating students; in addition, some valuable suggestions were also offered by the participants for the improvement of online classes.
Interelemental osteohistological variation in Massospondylus carinatus and its implications for locomotion
Authors: Chapelle Kimberley EJ , Barrett Paul M. , Choiniere Jonah N. , Botha Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 is an iconic basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa. Over 200 specimens have been referred to this taxon, spanning the entire ontogenetic series from embryo to adult. Consequently, it provides an ideal sample for investigating dinosaur developmental biology, including growth patterns and growth rates, through osteohistological analysis. Massospondylus carinatus was the first early-branching sauropodomorph dinosaur for which a femoral growth series was sampled. Since then, growth series of other non-avian dinosaur taxa have shown that growth plasticity, interelemental variation, and ontogenetic locomotory shifts can complicate our understanding of growth curves and patterns. To investigate these questions further, it is necessary to sample multiple skeletal elements from multiple individuals across a large range of sizes, something that is often hindered by the incompleteness of the fossil record. Here, we conducted a broad, multielement osteohistological study of long bones (excluding metapodials) from 27 specimens of Massospondylus carinatus that span its ontogenetic series. Our study reveals substantial variations in growth history. A cyclical woven-parallel complex is the predominant bone tissue pattern during early and mid-ontogeny, which transitions to slower forming parallel-fibred bone during very late ontogeny. The bone tissue is interrupted by irregularly spaced cyclical growth marks (CGMs) including lines of arrested growth indicating temporary cessations in growth. These CGMs show that the previously recorded femoral growth plasticity is also visible in other long bones, with a poor correlation between body size (measured by midshaft circumference) and CGM numbers. Furthermore, we found that the growth trajectory for an individual can vary depending on which limb element is studied. This makes the establishment of an accurate growth curve and determination of the onset of reproductive maturity difficult for this taxon. Finally, we found no evidence of differential growth rates in forelimb vs hindlimb samples from the same individual, providing further evidence falsifying hypothesised ontogenetic postural shifts in Massospondylus carinatus.
Association of the Home Health Value-Based Purchasing Model With Quality, Utilization, and Medicare Payments After the First 5 Years
Authors: Pozniak Alyssa , Lammers Eric , Mukhopadhyay Purna , Cogan Chad , Ding Zhechen , Goyat Rashmi , Hanslits Katherine , Ji Nan , Jin Yan , Repeck Kaitlyn , Schrager Jillian , Young Eric , Turenne Marc
Published: September 2022

Importance

The original Home Health Value-Based Purchasing (HHVBP) model provided financial incentives to home health agencies for quality improvement in 9 randomly selected US states.

Objective

To evaluate quality, utilization, and Medicare payments for home health patients in HHVBP states compared with those in comparison states.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was conducted in 2021 with secondary data from January 2013 to December 2020. A difference-in-differences design and multivariate linear regression were used to compare outcomes for Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries who received home health care in HHVBP states with those in 41 comparison states during 3 years of preintervention (2013-2015) and the subsequent 5 years (2016-2020).

Exposures

Home health care provided by a home health agency in HHVBP states and comparison states.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Utilization (unplanned hospitalizations, emergency department visits, skilled nursing facility [SNF] visits) for Medicare beneficiaries within 60 days of beginning home health, Medicare payments during and 37 days after home health episodes, and quality of care (functional status, patient experience) during home health episodes.

Results

Among 34 058 796 home health episodes (16 584 870 beneficiaries; mean [SD] age of 76.6 [11.7] years; 60.5% female; 11.2% Black non-Hispanic; 79.5% White non-Hispanic) from January 2016 to December 2020, 22.6% were in HHVBP states and 77.4% were in non-HHVBP states. For the HHVBP and non-HHVBP groups, 60.4% and 61.0% of episodes were provided to female patients; 10.0% and 13.6% were provided to Black non-Hispanic patients, and 82.4% and 75.2% were provided to White non-Hispanic patients, respectively. Unplanned hospitalizations decreased by 0.15 percentage points (95% CI, –0.30 to –0.01) more in HHVBP states, a 1.0% decline compared with 15.7% at baseline. The use of SNFs decreased by 0.34 percentage points (95% CI, –0.40 to –0.27) more in HHVBP states, a 6.9% decline compared with the 4.9% baseline average. There was an association between HHVBP and a reduction in average Medicare payments per day of $2.17 (95% CI, –$3.67 to –$0.68) in HHVBP states, primarily associated with reduced inpatient and SNF services, which corresponded to an average annual Medicare savings of $190 million. There was greater functional improvement in HHVBP states than comparison states and no statistically significant change in emergency department use or most measures of patient experience.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, the HHVBP model was associated with lower Medicare payments that were associated with lower utilization of inpatient and SNF services, with better or similar quality of care.
Mechanical Stability of Nano‐Coatings on Clinically Applicable Electrodes, Generated by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Ramesh Vaijayanthi , Stratmann Nadine , Schaufler Viktor , Angelov Svilen D. , Nordhorn Ilona D. , Heissler Hans E. , Martínez‐Hincapié Ricardo , Čolić Viktor , Rehbock Christoph , Schwabe Kerstin , Karst Uwe , Krauss Joachim K. , Barcikowski Stephan
Published: September 2022

The mechanical stability of implant coatings is crucial for medical approval and transfer to clinical applications. Here, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a versatile coating technique, previously shown to cause significant post‐surgery impedance reduction of brain stimulation platinum electrodes. However, the mechanical stability of the resulting coating has been rarely systematically investigated. In this work, pulsed‐DC EPD of laser‐generated platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) on Pt‐based, 3D neural electrodes is performed and the in vitro mechanical stability is examined using agarose gel, adhesive tape, and ultrasonication‐based stress tests. EPD‐generated coatings are highly stable inside simulated brain environments represented by agarose gel tests as well as after in vivo stimulation experiments. Electrochemical stability of the NP‐modified surfaces is tested via cyclic voltammetry and that multiple scans may improve coating stability could be verified, indicated by higher signal stability following highly invasive adhesive tape stress tests. The brain sections post neural stimulation in rats are analyzed via laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). Measurements reveal higher levels of Pt near the region stimulated with coated electrodes, in comparison to uncoated controls. Even though local concentrations in the vicinity of the implanted electrode are elevated, the total Pt mass found is below systemic toxicologically relevant concentrations.
Thermoresponsive and Injectable Hydrogel for Tissue Agnostic Regeneration
Authors: Calder Dax , Fathi Ali , Oveissi Farshad , Maleknia Simin , Abrams Terence , Wang Yiwei , Maitz Joanneke , Tsai Kevin Hung‐Yueh , Maitz Peter , Chrzanowski Wojtek , Canoy Ivan , Menon Vivek Ashoka , Lee Kenneth , Ahern Benjamin J. , Lean Natasha E. , Silva Dina M. , Young Paul M. , Traini Daniela , Ong Hui Xin , Mahmoud Rasoul Seyed , Montazerian Hossein , Khademhosseini Ali , Dehghani Fariba
Published: September 2022

Injectable hydrogels can support the body's innate healing capability by providing a temporary matrix for host cell ingrowth and neovascularization. The clinical adoption of current injectable systems remains low due to their cumbersome preparation requirements, device malfunction, product dislodgment during administration, and uncontrolled biological responses at the treatment site. To address these challenges, a fully synthetic and ready‐to‐use injectable biomaterial is engineered that forms an adhesive hydrogel that remains at the administration site regardless of defect anatomy. The product elicits a negligible local inflammatory response and fully resorbs into nontoxic components with minimal impact on internal organs. Preclinical animal studies confirm that the engineered hydrogel upregulates the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues by providing a temporary matrix to support host cell ingrowth and neovascularization. In a pilot clinical trial, the engineered hydrogel is successfully administered to a socket site post tooth extraction and forms adhesive hydrogel that stabilizes blood clot and supports soft and hard tissue regeneration. Accordingly, this injectable hydrogel exhibits high therapeutic potential and can be adopted to address multiple unmet needs in different clinical settings.
Instant and Tough Adhesives for Rapid Gastric Perforation and Traumatic Pneumothorax Sealing
Authors: Liu Xiaowei , Yang Ying , Yu Haojie , Wang Li , Sheng Yan , Huang Zhikun , Yang Jian , Ni Zhipeng , Shen Di
Published: September 2022

Hydrogel adhesives are hot spots due to their ubiquity and practical relevance. However, achieving a robust wet adhesion is still a challenge due to the preferential formation of hydrogen bonds between interfacial fluids and bulk hydrogel, as well as targeted substrates. Herein, a half‐dry adhesive consisting of a silk fibroin (SF) semi‐interpenetrating network and poly(acrylic acid) covalent network, which can allow a rapid liquid adsorption and repulsion process encountering a wet tissue, is reported. The remaining water enables excellent hydrogel flexibility to a dynamic surface, while the β‐sheet fold endows its tough bulk strength under the peeling‐off process. Notably, the wet adhesion energy versus porcine skin is 1440 J m−2 due to the combination of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and chain entanglement derived from SF. In particular, both in vitro and in vivo outcomes indicate excellent hemostatic effects and result in incision closure of skin, artery, gastric perforation, and lung. After the first‐stage closure, polyacrylic‐silk fibroin adhesive (PSA) sealants can detach from the lung surface, fitting well to the healing period. By virtue of the reliable adhesion and good noncytotoxicity, PSA may be a prospective candidate for tissue sealant and drug carrier applications.
Narrowband Emissive Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials
Authors: Kim Hyung Jong , Yasuda Takuma
Published: September 2022

Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have attracted significant research interest in the field of organic electronics because of their inherent advantage of 100% exciton utilization capability in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) without the use of noble metals. However, despite their high internal electroluminescence quantum efficiencies approaching unity, broad emission spectra with sizable full width at half maxima (FWHM; 60–100 nm) present a critical issue that must be solved for their application in ultrahigh‐definition OLED displays. Recently, a new paradigm of TADF materials featuring the multiple resonance (MR) effect based on heteroatom‐doped polycyclic aromatic frameworks, referred to as MR‐TADF materials, has emerged and garnered considerable research interest owing to their remarkable features of efficient narrowband emissions with extremely small FWHMs (≤30 nm). Currently, MR‐TADF materials occupy a prominent position in the cutting‐edge research on organic light‐emitting materials from both chemical and physical perspectives. This review article focuses on recent progress in narrowband emissive MR‐TADF systems from the perspective of molecular design, photophysical properties, and electroluminescence performance in OLEDs. The current status and future prospects of this advanced material technology are discussed comprehensively.
Is the Bandgap of Bulk PdSe2 Located Truly in the Far‐Infrared Region? Determination by Fourier‐Transform Photocurrent Spectroscopy
Authors: Nishiyama Wataru , Nishimura Tomonori , Nishioka Masao , Ueno Keiji , Iwamoto Satoshi , Nagashio Kosuke
Published: September 2022

2D bulk PdSe2, a group 10 noble metal dichalcogenide, is recognized as a newly found far‐infrared material with a bandgap energy (E
G) of ≈0.05 eV and thus has attracted much attention as an optoelectronic material. However, the bandgap energy of bulk PdSe2 is the subject of a controversial debate as a middle bandgap of ≈0.3 eV is also reported by electrical transport measurements. Although determining E
G by optical absorption measurement is essential, the difficulty lies in the weak absorption caused by indirect transition. Herein, it is quantitatively estimated that the indirect E
G of bulk PdSe2 is indeed 0.5 eV at 40 K based on the highly sensitive spectroscopic method of Fourier‐transformation photocurrent spectroscopy. Herein, it is suggested that the potential application of PdSe2 should be properly selected.
Electrical Detection of Magnetic Skyrmions in a Magnetic Tunnel Junction
Authors: Guang Yao , Zhang Like , Zhang Junwei , Wang Yadong , Zhao Yuelei , Tomasello Riccardo , Zhang Senfu , He Bin , Li Jiahui , Liu Yizhou , Feng Jiafeng , Wei Hongxiang , Carpentieri Mario , Hou Zhipeng , Liu Junming , Peng Yong , Zeng Zhongming , Finocchio Giovanni , Zhang Xixiang , Coey John Michael David , Han Xiufeng , Yu Guoqiang
Published: September 2022

Magnetic skyrmions are promising information carriers for dense and energy‐efficient information storage owing to their small size, low driving‐current density, and topological stability. Electrical detection of skyrmions is a crucial requirement to drive skyrmion devices toward applications. The use of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is commonly suggested for this purpose as MTJs are key spintronic devices for large‐scale commercialization that can convert magnetic textures into electrical signals. To date, however, it has been challenging to realize skyrmions in MTJs due to incompatibility between standard skyrmion materials and highly efficient MTJ electrodes. Here, a material stack combining magnetic multilayers, which host 100 nm scale skyrmions, with a perpendicularly magnetized MTJ, is reported. The devices are designed so that the skyrmions in the multilayer are imprinted into the MTJ's free layer via magnetostatic interactions. The electrical response of a single skyrmion is successfully identified by employing simultaneous imaging of the magnetic texture and the electrical measurement of the MTJ resistance. The results are an important step toward all‐electrical detection of skyrmions.
Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years
Authors: de Souza Júnior José Olimpio , da Silveira Felipe Gomes Frederico , da Silva Pereira Bruno Laecio , Mateus‐Rodríguez Julian Fernando , Baligar Virupax Chanabasappa , Ahnert Dário
Published: September 2022

Occurrence of more frequent events of prolonged periods of low rainfall (drought) in worldwide cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production zones has not only compromised productivity of small farmers but also crop survival. This study aimed to evaluate how and to what extent cacao tree mortality in dry years is related with variations in soil and physiographic features. The rate of mortality of cacao trees cultivated under an agroforestry system was evaluated over three periods (1994–1995, 2009–2013, and 2015–2019) on 36 plots of a farm in Bahia, Brazil, which has a wide diversity of soils and is established in a region with a subhumid to dry climate. Correlation analyses (single and multiple), cluster analysis, and Tukey tests were performed. The explanatory variables studied were the attributes of two soil layers (physical, mineralogical, and chemical), the diagnostic horizon, and the physiographic attributes (slope, terrain orientation in relation to the sun, and crop shading). The edaphic attributes most related to cacao tree mortality were physical (granulometry, porosity, and density) and mineralogical (Ki), mainly in the subsurface layer. The lowest mortality was observed in Oxisols and on slopes facing south and east. It was possible to establish recommend limits of the most suitable edaphic attributes to ensure greater survival of cacao trees cultivated in regions subject to recurrent water deficit similar to the conditions of this study. These findings can be used to guide farmers on how to mitigate the effect of drought.
[FeFe]‐Hydrogenase In Vitro Maturation
Authors: Pagnier Adrien , Balci Batuhan , Shepard Eric M. , Broderick William E. , Broderick Joan B.
Published: September 2022

The [FeFe]‐hydrogenase H‐cluster is a complex organometallic cofactor whose assembly and installation requires three dedicated accessory proteins referred to as HydE, HydF, and HydG. The roles of these maturases and the precise mechanisms by which they synthesize and insert the H‐cluster are not fully understood. This Minireview will focus on new insights into the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation process that have been provided by in vitro approaches in which the biosynthetic pathway has been partially or fully reconstructed using semisynthetic and enzyme‐based approaches. Specifically, the application of these in vitro, semisynthetic, and fully defined approaches has shed light on the roles of individual maturation enzymes, the nature of H‐cluster assembly intermediates, the molecular precursors of H‐cluster ligands, and the sequence of steps involved in [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation.
A Synthetic Cycle for Heteroarene Synthesis by Nitride Insertion**
Authors: Kelly Patrick Q. , Filatov Alexander S. , Levin Mark D.
Published: September 2022

Recent interest in skeletal editing necessitates the continued development of reagent classes with the ability to transfer single atoms. Terminal transition metal nitrides hold immense promise for single‐atom transfer, though their use in organic synthesis has so far been limited. Here we demonstrate a synthetic cycle with associated detailed mechanistic studies that primes the development of terminal transition metal nitrides as valuable single‐atom transfer reagents. Specifically, we show [cis‐terpyOsNCl2]PF6inserts nitrogen into indenes to afford isoquinolines. Mechanistic studies for each step (insertion, aromatization, product release, and nitride regeneration) are reported, including crystallographic characterization of diverted intermediates, kinetics, and computational studies. The mechanistic foundation set by this synthetic cycle opens the door to the further development of nitrogen insertion heteroarene syntheses promoted by late transition metal nitrides.
Dually responsive biodegradable drug releasing 3D printed structures
Authors: Dutta Sujan , Cohn Daniel
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to develop temperature and pH‐responsive biodegradable 3D printed drug‐releasing constructs using the Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing technique. The printable molecules, named “inks” throughout this study, comprised polyethylene oxide–polypropylene oxide–polyethylene oxide (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblocks and acrylic acid (AAc) that rendered them reverse thermo‐responsive (RTR) and pH‐sensitive, respectively. Additionally, the inks' biodegradability was imparted to them by incorporating lactide (LA) and ε‐caprolactone (CL) units into their composition, while their printability was achieved by end‐capping them with 2‐Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEMA). By fine tuning the LA/CL composition, a broad range of inks displaying different water absorption behavior, biodegradation as well as bovine serum albumin (BSA) release profiles at different conditions. All the hydrogels showed a fast and reversible swelling–deswelling response, as they fluctuated between pH 2.0 and pH 7.4 or between 10 and 37°C. The resultant hydrogels showed good water uptake capacity (6340%) at pH 7.4 and 10°C temperature. BSA release from the loaded 3D printed hydrogel showed a maximum (80.5%) at pH 7.4 and 10°C in comparison to pH 7.4 and 37°C (65%). The proposed dual responsive 3D printed biodegradable hydrogels objects will shed light as a drug carrier.
Polybutadiene derived allophanate as the crosslinker for Diels–Alder type self‐healing polyurethane networks
Authors: Liu Ningning , Zhang Minghao , Yang Rongjie , Wang Bingyu , Yang Wei , Yang Fanzhi , Xia Min , Luo Yunjun
Published: September 2022

Intrinsic self‐healing materials have drawn great interest in recent years. The design of novel building blocks is essential for developing polymer networks with different properties. Allophanate is usually regarded as a side product during the preparation of polyurethanes. During the research of self‐healing polyurethane networks, we have studied the terminal functionalization of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene with furfuryl isocyanate and occasionally obtained the furan‐terminated polybutadiene allophanate. The tetra‐branched molecule is employed as the crosslinker in the construction of a series of Diels–Alder type polyurethane networks. These polyurethane networks exhibit good mechanical performance and excellent self‐healing ability. Damages can be healed via the thermo‐promoted dissociation and recombination cycle, giving good to excellent recovery of tensile strength within three cycles of “damage‐repair” processes.
Comparative study using design experiment to assess an anionic dye degradation in aqueous solution through the application of different advanced oxidation processes
Authors: Dadou Salima , Berrama Tarek , Tizi Hayet , Beriber Assia , Zekkaoui Chemseddine
Published: September 2022

This study aims to compare the anionic dye degradation (Titan yellow dye: DY9) in synthetic solution using three advanced oxidation processes, namely, Fenton process (FP) (H2O2/Fe2+), photo‐Fenton process (PhFP) (UV/H2O2/Fe2+), and photocatalytic process (PhCP) (TiO2/UV). To perform this study, design of experiments methodology was applied. A full factorial design was used to investigate the effect of operating parameters on the degradation yield. For each process, four parameters were considered, for “FP” and “PhFP,” the initial dye concentration ([DY9]0), the ratio R1 = [H2O2]/[Fe2+], the ratio R2 = [DY9] / [Fe2+], and the pH of solution and for “PhCP,” the initial dye concentration (([DY9]0), initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], dose of titanium oxide [TiO2], and the pH of solution. The averages of degradation yield obtained are 47.1%, 56.7%, and 68.5% for “FP,” “PhFP,” and “PhCP,” respectively. Main and interaction effects plots were constructed. An interaction index (In (%)) was defined, which allowed to quantify the impact of the interaction on the response. Three regression models were proposed and validated on basis of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and statistical criteria as corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), Mallows Cp statistic, coefficient of determination (R2), and adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj). These models showed that the “PhCP” model was the most statistically significant, including more interaction effect terms. Iso‐responses curves were plotted to predict the optimal conditions for each process. To achieve a full degradation of DY9, the predicting optimal conditions were expressed on intervals.
DNA repair pathways as a novel therapeutic strategy in esophageal cancer: A review study
Authors: Kheyrandish Mohammad Reza , Mir Seyed Mostafa , Sheikh Arabi Mehdi
Published: September 2022

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignancy with a poor prognosis worldwide. There are two core pathways that repair double‐strand breaks, homologous recombination (HR) and non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) and numerous proteins are recognized that affect the occurrence of HR and NHEJ. Altered DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are associated with cancer susceptibility and affect therapeutic response and resistance in cancers. DDR pathway alterations in EC are still poorly understood. Therefore, the identification of alterations in specific genes in DDR pathways may potentially result in novel treatments for resistant cancers, especially EC. In this review, we aimed to focus on different aspects of DNA damage and repair processes in EC. Also, we reviewed new therapeutic strategies via targeting DNA repair machinery components.
Cost Effectiveness of Pharmacogenetic Testing for Drugs with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guidelines: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morris Sarah A. , Alsaidi Ashraf T. , Verbyla Allison , Cruz Adilen , Macfarlane Casey , Bauer Joseph , Patel Jai N.
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the evidence on cost‐effectiveness of pharmacogenetic (PGx)–guided treatment for drugs with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. A systematic review was conducted using multiple biomedical literature databases from inception to June 2021. Full articles comparing PGx‐guided with nonguided treatment were included for data extraction. Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) was used to assess robustness of each study (0–100). Data are reported using descriptive statistics. Of 108 studies evaluating 39 drugs, 77 (71%) showed PGx testing was cost‐effective (CE) (N = 48) or cost‐saving (CS) (N = 29); 21 (20%) were not CE; 10 (9%) were uncertain. Clopidogrel had the most articles (N = 23), of which 22 demonstrated CE or CS, followed by warfarin (N = 16), of which 7 demonstrated CE or CS. Of 26 studies evaluating human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing for abacavir (N = 8), allopurinol (N = 10), or carbamazepine/phenytoin (N = 8), 15 demonstrated CE or CS. Nine of 11 antidepressant articles demonstrated CE or CS. The median QHES score reflected high‐quality studies (91; range 48–100). Most studies evaluating cost‐effectiveness favored PGx testing. Limited data exist on cost‐effectiveness of preemptive and multigene testing across disease states.
Amorphization‐Activated Copper Indium Core‐Shell Nanoparticles for Stable Syngas Production from Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Shen Jieyi , Wang Lishuang , He Xuedong , Wang Shun , Chen Jiadong , Wang Juan , Jin Huile
Published: September 2022

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) refers to the conversion of carbon dioxide into compounds with added value through electrolysis. It is still a great challenge to design and manufacture efficient CO2RR catalysts for desired products. Producing syngas via CO2RR is an environmentally friendly way to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere and the dependence on fossil fuels. Herein, a new class of Cu/In2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled phases and structures were successfully prepared as superior electrocatalysts for CO2RR, where the CO/H2 ratios in syngas on Cu/In2O3 NPs/C−H2 remained about 1 : 2 at a broad potential range and the total faradaic efficiency of H2 and CO always remained about 90 %. Electronic structural analysis revealed that the excellent performance was attributed to the electronic interaction between amorphous In2O3 and Cu. This work broadens the horizons for designing and preparing fascinating electrocatalysts for CO2RR.
Facile Chemical Vapor Modification Strategy to Construct Surface Cyano‐Rich Polymer Carbon Nitrides for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Wang Ruirui , Cao Xiaohua , Huang Huanan , Ji Xingtao , Chen Xiudong , Liu Jinhang , Yan Ping , Wei Shunhang , Chen Liang , Wang Yawei
Published: September 2022

The surface grafting of electro‐negative cyano groups on polymer carbon nitrides (PCNs) is an effective way to tail their electronic structure. Despite the significant progress in the synthesis of cyano group‐enriched PCN, developing a simple and efficient method remains challenging. Here, a facile strategy was developed for fabricating surface cyano‐rich PCN (PCN‐DM) with a porous structure via chemical vapor modification using diaminomaleonitrile. The cyano groups of diaminomaleonitrile substituted the amino groups on PCN surface via a deamination. The hydrogen production rate of the PCN‐DM was approximately 17 times higher than that of pristine PCN. This significant increase in photocatalytic performance could be assigned to the fusion of cyano groups in the surface of PCN, forming new gap states that broadened the visible‐light harvesting and accelerated charge separation for photoredox reactions. This study unveils a promising approach for incorporating functional units in the design of novel photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production.
Mean height increase in saplings of a keystone woody savanna species over 15 years similar to that over a single season
Authors: Seymour Colleen L. , Joseph Grant S. , Calitz Wynand , Henschel Joh R. , Ramaswiela Tshililo , van der Merwe Helga
Published: September 2022

Woody structure, particularly that created by large trees, is crucial to savanna biodiversity pattern and process. We assessed changes in vertical and horizontal canopy over 15 years of saplings of Vachellia (Acacia) erioloba (camelthorn), a keystone species and one of the only trees to grow large in arid savanna on low rainfall areas of Kalahari sands, southern Africa. We also assessed whether the fastest growing saplings over the 2003–2004 growing season were also the fastest growing over the following 15 years. We measured height, canopy extent, and diameter of largest stem at ground level of 120 saplings of V. erioloba in November 2003, remeasuring these in March 2004. In November 2019, we were able to find 67 of these saplings, and we measured them again to assess growth between 2004 and 2019. We modeled interindividual explanatory variables for growth (i.e., measures taken in 2004 of height, diameter, number of stems, evidence of fire, and largest stem diameter). We also compared residuals of growth between 2003 and 2004 with those between 2004 and 2019, to assess whether individuals showed similar progress relative to their peers over the two periods considered. Height increase was extremely variable, but mean increase over 15 years was only 45.4 mm, similar to that measured for the 2003–2004 growing season (43.1 mm). Mean horizontal canopy showed far greater growth (mean 120.2 mm over 15 years, compared with 7.12 mm over 2003–2004) than vertical growth. Individuals that had shown the fastest increase in horizontal canopy in 2003–2004 tended to be the same individuals that grew fastest over the following 15 years, but even the highest “achievers” showed increases of only 47.2 mm and 37.5 mm year−1 in average horizontal canopy extent and height, respectively. This study demonstrates how crucial long‐term studies are, particularly in arid systems. Many individuals may be trapped in the “sapling” class and could take decades to become large trees. Woody sapling growth was not cumulative, and modeling studies in savannas should be cautious in extrapolating growth from one season to several years.