bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The polyglot self in the semiotic spheres of language and culture
Authors: Wąsik Elżbieta Magdalena
Published: December 2015

The article focuses on the human individual as a signifying and communicating self whose properties can be detected or assumed on the basis of its language in verbal communication through texts and text-processing activities or, more broadly, in both verbal and non-verbal communication through signs and sign-processing activities in the semiotics of culture. The point of departure is the distinction between the observable self and the inferable self, i.e., a concrete person who transmits and receives verbal and/or non-verbal messages, and a mental subject who is engaged in creating and comprehending them. As a consequence of this distinction, it can be stated that the communicative network of the human life-world consists of two types of collectivities. On the one hand, there are speakers and listeners of particular languages who form interpersonal collectivities of those transmitting and receiving perceivable meaning bearers through physical-acoustic sound waves in the communication channel; on the other hand, there are intersubjective collectivities of those who process and understand intelligible meaning bearers while referring them to an extra-linguistic reality through acts of reasoning and interpreting. Exposing the notion of polyglotism, this paper argues that a multiaspectual typology of selves is possible on the basis of the linguistic and cultural texts that characterize the social roles and pragmatic goals of communication participants in the various domains of the human life-world. Finally, it supports the conviction that interdependencies between language and culture must be primarily explained in terms of psychological, or rather, psycho-semiotic conditionings of humans. Since particular languages are products and components of social and cultural life, constantly being shaped and changed due to personal and subjective activities of human selves, polyglotism as both multilingualism and multiculturalism also implies an inquiry into their multicultural competence and multicultural identity.
Between emotion, imagination and cognition: Play as a hybrid neuro-evolutionary concept in bridging Saussure, Hegel and Alexander von Humboldt
Authors: Chien Jui-Pi
Published: December 2015

This study seeks to discover hidden links between Saussure’s Third Course of Lectures on General Linguistics, Hegel’s Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics / Philosophy of Mind and Alexander von Humboldt’s Cosmos. To begin with, the notion of play is employed to examine the interplay between our emotion, imagination and cognition, and to examine how such a composite of faculties serves to unify conceptualizations of communication-modelling systems, philosophical hermeneutics and moral psychology in our times. At discovering a certain future-oriented and symbiotic scheme of time implied in these theories, the inquiry moves on to engage with certain perspectives on the evolution of our verbal and nonverbal capacities. Further, observations concerning the actual functioning of mirror neurons in humans are introduced to revise our understanding of the enactive power of nonverbal capacities such as feeling and imagining. The hypothesis made by neuropsychologists concerning the correlation between the mirror and sign systems reveals signifi cant connections between Saussure, Hegel and Humboldt: our emotions and imagination are as schematic and extensive as our speech acts in teaming up with diverse beings and pushing for new solutions and deeper understandings. Finally, this study draws on implications of the empowered sign-cum-mirror system for revisiting certain controversial issues such as the emergence of language-ready brain and the urgency of overcoming eeriness in our linguistic and artistic world-making. It is suggested that we employ our capacities as a somatosensory system so as to on the one hand observe the changing coordination between our body and mind, and on the other, generate rewarding strategies for a greater success at dealing with intriguing patterns found in art, nature and culture.
Business reputation of organisation in the context of the notion “social responsibility”: moral and ethical dimensions of management
Authors: Шекелета Владислав , Shekeleta Vladislav , Дмитриева Ирина , Dmitrieva Irina , Кустова Наталья , Kustova Natalya
Published: December 2015

The article is devoted to ethical aspects of reputation management. The authors, bringing together different

research methodology such as categorical and phenomenological analysis, examine the moral categories associated

with the concept of reputation. Therefore, the concept of “image”, “goodwill” reveals its importance

in the context of the ethical categories and moral manifestations of consciousness, such as authority, social

responsibility, honesty, integrity, respect for the interests of another. In the future human dimensions of management,

such as corporate ethics, corporate culture, as well as the position subjectivist approach to research

of the image of the organization is ethical-oriented concept of reputation management. The author defends the

position according to which it’s necessary to examine social entrepreneurship in all its dimensions, which is

designed to assess the activity of the enterprise by connecting scientists, as well as components of civil society,

from the perspective of human values – moral and ethical categories. In this understanding, social expertise

acts as “ethical expertise”. In conjunction with the notion and phenomenon of corporate ethics there are generalizations

in the context of General ethical categories. The authors show that corporate ethics is the basis, the

Foundation for formation of business reputation, corporate image and other ethical components of corporate

reputation. In connection with the concept of ethically-oriented management protected in the article there are

the prospects for use of this methodological approach for its application not only to build a successful business

reputation of the organization, but also in the process of creating a brand, developing a content marketing

strategy.
Innovation management companies in the fuzzy set theory
Authors: Мосалев Антон , Mosalev Anton
Published: December 2015

The problem of management of uncertainties in making business decisions is a relatively new science and practice.

However, the question of development strategy innovation for companies in a non-obvious consequences of every decision

is important. It is known that there are uncertainties in the outer, inner and an adjacent environment, furthermore,

installed and timing of their occurrence, and is defined as a regional factor. The question remains open on the management

of innovation processes in the company, taking into account the impact of each specific type of uncertainty.

To solve the identified problem has been specifically developed an approach based on the theory of fuzzy sets. Thus

was created the algorithm processing expert survey of entrepreneurs (more than 6700 units), which are in its production

portfolio of innovative projects. In the framework of each of uncertainty determined by the following parameters:

at what time each uncertainty manifest itself; which will serve as a condition of occurrence of uncertainty

(internal, external, or conjugate organizational environment); is it possible to predict in advance whether or not

this uncertainty; that it will stimulate the appearance of one or another of uncertainty (the nature of occurrence).

For example, to predict the emergence of a situation of uncertainty can only be in the following generating their

nature: the market, the system of relations, technical and technological, legal, financial and timely. In the case of

organizational, informational, labor uncertainty is impossible to predict the nature.

The article also presents the ratio of occurrence of designated parameters uncertainties in the implementation of

innovations in time, the environment, and the possibility of predicting the nature of existence itself uncertainties.

Research study financed from Russian Foundation for Basic Research in the year 2014–2015 as research project

No. 14–06–00051 «The implementation of innovative projects and processes under conditions of uncertainty».
Experience of development of tourism services in polar regions in foreign countries
Authors: Саранча Михаил , Sarancha Mikhail , Мосалев Антон , Mosalev Anton
Published: December 2015

The development of consumer demand in the tourism industry, the complexity of its structure, relationships, and changes forced many countries to create new, sometimes unusual tourist offers. Thus the state pays attention to the potential of the Polar Regions which previously may have seemed problematic areas of farming. A new look at the problem and considering it as a potential for the growth and development of the economy of the territory has allowed to create a solid strategy for the development of tourism in Greenland, Canada, Norway, the USA, Argentina and a number of some other states. The research experience of tourism development in the polar regions of the world has allowed to define features of the development of growth strategies and the development of tourism, the creation of tourist products and projects aimed at long-term development of the tourism sector, such as programs to support education, project financing tourism and hospitality industry, the creation of crowdsourcing projects and areas for informal communication players in the tourism market of the polar regions. Support for the development of tourism in the polar regions of states can solve the most important tasks, including national security, social development, and support for the preservation of indigenous peoples, their identity, culture, development of entrepreneurial initiative among the local population. The article analyzes the experience of government, legislative initiatives, business initiatives, non-profit and professional associations, scientific research in the countries and territories in which tourism in Polar Regions has been in existence for a long period of time, it is extremely important and urgent for the Russian Federation, having significant areas located above the Arctic Circle. The study is the basis for the reference, the system of tourism development in the polar territories of Russia, support social, cultural and entrepreneurial initiatives of the local population, creating conditions favorable economic climate in the tourism-related economic activities. The article was written by the project № 114–15–05–05–02 «Federal Agency for Tourism».
Leading world trends in tourism education
Authors: Сахарчук Елена , Sakharchuk Elena
Published: December 2015

The article is based on the results of the examination of ten national training models for tourism. The author has analyzed the experience of vocational education in Austria, Australia, great Britain, Germany, Canada, Norway, Russia, Finland, France and Switzerland; the results of the analysis of some national models have been published previously [2]. The aim of this work is the generalization of the leading trends of education in tourism; identification of the most typical parameters of educational systems in situation specialized in foreign education which allow more clearly to represent the ratio of global and national in the Russian model of personnel training for tourism, and justify organizational and pedagogical conditions of functioning of a more effective, innovative model of industrial education in the field of tourism. Sustainable system of relations and common characteristics to all studied models of training personnel for tourism identified in the comparative international study are understood as the trends of educational development in the field of tourism. The article made the following conclusions: 1) the invariant of organizational and pedagogical conditions of development of structure and content possess national characteristics, expressed in the identity management and pedagogical technologies, organization and forms of operation; 2) current situation is characterized by the combination in each of the national model of personnel training for tourism biased and specific features that leads to summarizing an assumption about the value of constructive adaptation of the individual who discovered the bias, the mechanisms of formation of effective models in the Russian model of specialized tourism education.
Essence of the concept «educational tourism» and its basic principles
Authors: Гусейнова Алена , Guseynova Alena
Published: December 2015

The article is devoted to theoretical issues in the field of educational tourism. It examines the origins of the concept

of «educational tourism» and provides some options for definitions of key components – «education», «tourism».

The article describes the interpretation of the concept of «educational tourism» domestic and foreign authors.

69

Basic principles of educational tourism. The degree of scientific and practical novelty is taken by the author who

tries to highlight the principles of educational tourism through informative data about the concept and types of

educational tourism in accordance with recognized classifications. The author identifies eight principles, six of

which are directly to consider the directions of tourist activity. Based on the definition of «educational tourism»

a systematic and pedagogical principle provides. According to the existing classifications of this type of tourism,

highlights the layering, are evidence of this assertion. Educational tourism involves learning specific disciplines,

so there is a possibility of extension of the principle of interdisciplinarity. Educational tourism has the gradation

of destination, in accordance with what is determined by the principle of interculturality. Another fundamental

principle of educational tourism is called the principle of carrying capacity. These principles of educational tourism

are illustrated by diagrams. Customer orientation and temporal constraints are considered applicable for all types

of tourism, including educational. The author attempts to bring the methodological principles of implementation

and development of educational tourism, according to the conceptual apparatus of the recognized classifications

and other legislative acts listed in the article documentary sources. This tourist activity is relevant, widely spread in

the world industry and is developing in Russia. A detailed study of the theoretical aspects, highlighted by the author

in this article is required to be examined in practical issues. The article can be useful as introductory material for

novice scientists, undergraduates, students and teachers in the preparation of notes to English classes.
Multiplicative effects of tourism on the economy of the host country
Authors: Караулова Наталия , Karaulova Nataliya
Published: December 2015

This article presents the methods of calculating the tourism multiplier applied to the travel industry. They consider

the impact of tourist flows on the host economy in different directions. The article forms the scheme of redistribution

of expenses of foreign tourists, and on its basis the scheme of multiplicative expansion of incomes of residents

of a tourist destination. The formula multiplier of international tourism, based on the principle of cyclicality of the

economic system is used.
The right way to start
Authors: Lee Maureen , Alcock Kati
Published: December 2015

In the first of a series of articles on effective leadership and management practice, Maureen Lee and Kati Alcock, HR manager at Seymour House Nurseries, reflect on the challenges of recruitment and induction.
Shine a light on language
Authors: Clark Juliet
Published: December 2015

The Robert Mellors Primary and Nursery School Foundation Unit in Nottingham recently won a Shine A Light Award for putting speech, language and communication at the heart of everything they do.
Maximising attendance
Authors: Edmunds Imogen
Published: December 2015

Absenteeism can dramatically impact motivation and team morale. Having to cover for a colleague who is absent can put pressure on other team members, so how do you maximise attendance in your setting?
What we can learn from… Water transport!
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: December 2015

This month, our focus is once again on transport, with ways and means of travelling through water lending us inspiration for our learning activities, taking us from ferries to rafts to cruise ships.
Why less can be more
Authors: England Laura
Published: December 2015

Challenging behaviour from young children can force a staff team to rethink its approaches to play, resources and planning, which can set both practitioners and children on a journey of discovery.
A whole world of books
Authors: Cruickshank Sarah
Published: December 2015

For some children, the most access they have to books will be in your setting, so opening up the world of libraries and the services they offer, can really help to expose young minds to the world around them.
Sparkling everywhere
Authors: Pandit Kalpana
Published: December 2015

For such a versatile and sensory stimulating resource, glitter can also be a very calming substance, which is why it should be a staple of arts and crafts activities and available at all times in your setting.
Morgan hints at fairer funding proposal ‘early in the new year’
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: December 2015

As education secretary indicates action on fairer funding in 2016, desperate schools warn they are facing financial ‘breaking point’
Refugios antiaéreos de la Guerra Civil en Alicante: intervenciones arqueológicas en las plazas de Séneca y Dr. Balmis
Authors: Lozano Olivares Francisco , Lumbreras Voigt Marcos
Published: December 2015

El golpe militar de 1936 conducirá a una dura contienda civil. Durante la misma, la Aviación Legionaria Italiana y, en menor medida, la Legión Cóndor bombardeará duramente numerosas ciudades de la costa mediterránea. Para proteger a la población, las Juntas Locales de Defensa Pasiva llevarán a cabo un programa de construcción de refugios antiaéreos sin precedentes hasta entonces. En Alicante serán numerosos los refugios construidos, entre ellos los situados en las plazas de Séneca y del Dr. Balmis, ambas construcciones salen a la luz, tras años de olvido, a raíz de sendos proyectos de remodelación de las zonas en las que se encuentran enclavados.
Model Reduction of a Nonlinear Crash Model of a Racing Kart
Authors: Fehr Jörg , Grunert Dennis , Holzwarth Philip , Eberhard Peter
Published: December 2015

Nowadays, crash simulation with commercial Finite-Element (FE) software is a core area of vehicle
development. Bearing in mind that crash simulation is among the most calculation-time consuming task
in car design, the usage of model reduction for speed-up and data reduction is a logical consequence.
The dynamical behavior of a racing kart, crashing into a rigid pole and exhibiting a plastic deformation, see Fig. 2, should be approximated by a reduced order model in LS-DYNA. The
racing kart is a simple automobile. Hence, its crash behavior is strongly inﬂuenced by the nonlinear
plastic deformation characteristics of the frame. Therefore, the kart frame is an ideal example to
discuss the performance of various model reduction methods for structures in crashes.
In a crash scenario, some parts of the automobile exhibit large deformations, whereas others experience
merely small linear vibrations [1]. In order to determine which parts of the model exhibit deformations
and which can be considered as linear, it is necessary to run multiple simulations with varying para-
meters, e.g. impact velocity, in an oﬄine step. Similar to passenger cars in frontal crashes, the plastic
deformation in the rear of the kart is rather small. As a consequence, this part is an area where an
approximation with linear ansatz functions is suitable. Subsequent to the substructure decision, the
correct modeling and handling of the interfaces between the linearly approximated and nonlinear part,
see e.g. [2], is decisive for good reduction results. For the calculation of the linear ansatz functions,
the nonlinear FE equation MMMe qqq(t) +kkke(qqq, ˙qqq, t) = fff(t) is linearized with the help of the implicit solver
option of LS-DYNA to a second order linear time invariant system MMMe qqq(t)+KKK
tang
e qqq(t) = fff(t) where
the elastic stiﬀness vector kkke(qqq, ˙qqq, t) is approximated by the tangential stiﬀness matrix KKK
tang
e times
the deformations. Afterwards, the linearized model of the nonlinear LS-DYNA model is imported into
MatMorembs and the linear ansatz functions are calculated by model based projection methods, e.g.,
Krylov, Gram, modal. Finally, the reduced model consisting of a linear reduced part and a nonlinear
part is simulated with LS-DYNA in the online step. To evaluate the performance of the applied
approach, the accelerations of the driver calculated with various reduction and parameter settings are
compared with the accelerations measured when the original, unreduced nonlinear model is simulated.
La preservación del patrimonio arqueológico en Brasil: un panorama sobre la actuación del Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico y Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)
Authors: Saladino Alejandra , Moraes Wichers Camila
Published: December 2015

Desde 1937, el IPHAN es el órgano responsable, en instancia federal, por la protección y preservación del patrimonio arqueológico del Brasil. Debido a sus primeras escojas y articulaciones interinstitucionales, pudo seguir por una trayectoria donde las prácticas e instrumentos de protección no lograran con gran eficiencia la preservación de aquella categoría de bien cultural. En este artículo pretendemos presentar un panorama sobre la actuación del IPHAN, bajo la perspectiva del institucionalismo histórico, subrayando los retos y escojas contemporáneos a partir de algunos ejemplos, como la musealización de la Casa de la Princesa, en Pilar de Goiás.
Percepciones e interpretaciones sobre humanismo en el Museo del Hombre Americano.
Authors: Backx Sanabria Isabela Soraia
Published: December 2015

Este artículo presenta un análisis de la exposición permanente del Museo del Hombre Americano (Piauí - Brasil), institución dedicada a la comunicación de los resultados obtenidos en más de cuarenta años de investigaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en el Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Capivara. El parque posee la mayor concentración de sitios arqueológicos de las Américas y fue inscrito por la UNESCO en 1991 en la lista del Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad. En su museo, así como en todos los otros, la articulación de la cultura material en las exposiciones construye varios discursos que son transmitidos al público por medio de recursos visuales, sonoros y táctiles. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de esas prácticas en el Museo del Hombre Americano, analizando los discursos sobre el Hombre y el humanismo producidos en esa institución.
En los Montes de María el museo resiste: aproximaciones a la relación entre Arqueología, comunidad y patrimonio arqueológico desde el Museo Comunitario San Jacinto, Bolívar, Colombia
Authors: Ramírez Corredor Yvonne Rocío
Published: December 2015

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo problematizar las relaciones que emergen entre Arqueología y comunidad a través de la experiencia del Museo Comunitario San Jacinto, localizado en el corazón de los Montes de María, departamento de Bolívar, Colombia. El Museo es el resultado de un proceso comunitario iniciado hace 30 años, y su historia se encuentra atravesada por distintos momentos de violencia vividos en la región durante las últimas dos décadas. En este contexto se observa cómo en el Museo, el patrimonio arqueológico cumple una función social restauradora al legitimar el pasado para fortalecer en el presente la identidad comunitaria debilitada por el conflicto armado.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Patients with Moderate and Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Moghtaderi Ali , Sanei-Sistani S. , Sadoughi N. , Hamed-Azimi H.
Published: December 2015

The objective of this study is to determine cut-off points for the crosssectional areas of the median nerve proximal and distal to carpal tunnel in moderate and severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) and compare the results of our study with those available in the literature. Forty-three patients with upper limb pain other than CTS and 36 patients with idiopathic CTS enrolled into the study. The diagnosis and categorization of CTS were based on electrophysiologic criteria of the American Academy of Neurology. Median nerve cross-sectional areas were measured. Arithmetic mean values and standard deviation of each variable were measured. Student t-test and chi-squared test were applied to compare continuous and dichotomous variables between CTS and non-CTS control groups. Ultimately the diagnostic performances of the test characteristics including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were measured. Mean cross-sectional area of the nerve is higher in moderate than severe CTS proximal and distal to carpal tunnel. We accepted cut-off points of 11.5 mm2 and 13.5 mm2 for cross-sectional areas of the proximal and distal portions of carpal canal respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the proximal inlet are 83%, 90.7%, 65.5% and 55.7%; and for the distal outlet are 36.1%, 93%, 81.2% and 63.4% respectively. We suggest that ultrasound is a good diagnostic modality for patients referred to tertiary care centers which categorized as moderate CTS.
Antidiabetic and Neuroprotective Effects of Trigonella Foenum-graecum Seed Powder in Diabetic Rat Brain
Authors: Kumar P. , Kale R. K. , McLean P. , Baquer Najma Zaheer
Published: December 2015

Trigonella foenum-graecumseed powder (TSP) has been reported to have hypoglycemic and hyperinsulinemic action. The objective of the study was to examine the antidiabetic and neuroprotective role of TSP in hyperglycemiainduced alterations in blood glucose, insulin levels and activities of membrane linked enzymes (Na+K+ATPase, Ca2+ATPase), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), calcium (Ca2+) levels, lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity and neurolipofuscin accumulation in the diabetic rat brain. Female Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 220 g were made diabetic by a single injection of alloxan monohydrate (15 mg/100 g body weight), diabetic rats were given 2 IU insulin, per day with 5% TSP in the diet for three weeks. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in diabetic brain. The increased lipid peroxidation following chronic hyperglycemia was accompanied with a significant increase in the neurolipofuscin deposition and Ca2+levels with decreased activities of membrane linked ATPases and antioxidant enzymes in diabetic brain. A decrease in synaptosomal membrane fluidity may influence the activity of membrane linked enzymes in diabetes. The present study showed that TSP treatment can reverse the hyperglycemia induced changes to normal levels in diabetic rat brain. TSP administration amended effect of hyperglycemia on alterations in lipid peroxidation, restoring membrane fluidity, activities of membrane bound and antioxidant enzymes, thereby ameliorating the diabetic complications.
Blockade of the Ganglion Impar (Walther), Using Ultrasound and a Loss of Resistance Technique
Authors: Johnston P. J. , Michálek Pavel
Published: December 2015

The ganglion impar is an unpaired sympathetic structure located at the level of the sacrococcygeal joint. Blockade of this structure has been utilised to treat chronic perineal pain. Methods to achieve this block often involve the use of fluoroscopy which is associated with radiation exposure of staff involved in providing these procedures. We report a combined loss of resistance injection technique in association with ultrasound guidance to achieve the block. Ultrasound was used to identify the sacrococcygeal joint and a needle was shown to enter this region. Loss of resistance was then used to demonstrate that the needle tip lies in a presacral space. The implication being that any injectate would be located in an adequate position. The potential exception would be a neurodestructive procedure as radiographic control of needle tip in relation to the rectum should be performed and recorded. However when aiming for a diagnostic or local anaesthetic based treatment option we feel that this may become an accepted method.
»Alle 600 Jahre kam der deutsche Geist sozusagen wieder dran.«
Authors: Knapp Fritz Peter
Published: December 2015

Theodor Vennemann’s hypothesis 1995 proposing an impact of prosodic change on German versification has not been taken enough into consideration by literary historians up to this day. The best evidence of this impact can be found in the usage of masculine dissyllabic ending in Middle High German strophes, which is provable occasionally till the fourteenth century, but obliterated gradually in the different dialects of the ›theodisc‹ area already since the twelfth century in different speed, but not always according to the very speed linguists found out for the lengthening of short vowels in the open syllable. But the crash of the MHG versification postulated by Vennemann is quite confirmed. Replacing it with the Latin-Romance principle of counting syllables does not help really, but causes only confusion until the reform of versification combines it with strict alternation of lift and dip. Only this new beginning permits, but not earlier than during the eighteenth century, again a blossom of verse poetry as at the end of the twelfth century.
Xanthogranulomatous urethritis and cystitis: a rare clinical and pathological entity
Authors: Lewkowicz Dorota , Wronecki Lech , Pasnik Iwona , Bialek Waldemar , Walczyna Beata , Fronczek Agnieszka
Published: December 2015

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the urethra and the urinary bladder is a very rare pathological condition characterized by a chronic inflammatory infiltration composed mainly of foamy macrophages, with the presence of multinucleated giant cells. In a clinical examination, it can mimic urinary bladder carcinoma. This report presents the extremely rare case of a co-existing xanthogranulomatous urethritis and cystitis in a 64-year-old woman with recurrent dysuria, and with the suspicion of malignancy - as indicated on the basis of a cystoscopic examination. The standard treatment of this disorder is surgical resection, but in the presented case, only a diagnostic biopsy was performed. Because of the persistence of clinical symptoms, a cystoscopic examination and biopsy was repeated three times in a two year period. There was no malignancy seen in the repeated biopsies.
The significance of the adenosinergic system in morphine dependence
Authors: Lupina Malgorzata , Listos Joanna
Published: December 2015

Addiction is a chronic and recurrent disease. In its pathology, neuroadaptive changes within the dopaminergic pathways inside the mesolimbic system play a predominant role. Of note, the manner in which various neurotransmitters act on their receptors, may modulate the addictive process. Adenosine, an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system, is able to modify the opioid dependence, doing so mainly by its activity on the adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. In the present manuscript, the actual state of knowledge on the relationships between adenosinergic receptors and opioid dependence has been described. Various literature data on the involvement of adenosine ligands, mainly in the signs of morphine withdrawal, as well as morphine-induced sensitization, were also collected. Additionally, in this paper, some important interactions between adenosine and other neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine, glutamate) are described. It is put forward that these connections are the major mechanism of involvement of the adenosinergic system in morphine addiction. The repeatedly confirmed effectiveness of adenosine ligands in morphine dependence, as seen in various experimental protocols, suggests that adenosine ligands may be useful tools for developing new strategies for attenuating morphine dependence.
The influence of montelukast on the autonomic nervous system activity in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
Authors: Dobrek Lukasz , Skowron Beata , Baranowska Agnieszka , Thor Piotr Jan
Published: December 2015

The complex pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis involves arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediators, among them leukotrienes. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is reported to exert an alleviatory effect in the course of cystitis associated with overactive bladder symptoms. The aim of this study was to verify whether the effect of montelukast is also associated with its influence on autonomic activity. The experiment included 20 rats with cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (75 mg/kg, four doses every second day), among them, 10 treated with oral montelukast (10 mg/kg for 8 days) and 10 controls. Time and frequency domain analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) were conducted in all the rats as an indirect measure of their autonomic activity. The montelukast-treated animals showed an increase in root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), as well as an increase in HRV spectrum total power (TP) and power of very low (VLF) spectral component. This suggests that due to its anti-inflammatory and its anti-leukotriene effect, montelukast improves overall autonomic activity, with no preferential influence on either the sympathetic or parasympathetic part. Furthermore, the increase in VLF corresponds to attenuation of inflammatory response. In conclusion, this study showed that aside from its antagonistic effect on leukotriene receptors, montelukast can also modulate autonomic activity.
Omentin - a new adipokine with many roles to play
Authors: Halabis Magdalena , Dziedzic Marcin , Warchulinska Joanna , Kaznowska-Bystryk Iwona , Solski Janusz
Published: December 2015

Adipose tissue is at a point of high interest in medical research, not only as an energy depot, but also because it secretes nearly more than 600 cytokines. These are termed‚ adipokines’. Human adipokines are involved in numerous metabolic processes, including the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Thus, these could be clinically important as a markers of adipose tissue function and increased metabolic risk. The search for novel adipokines linking obesity to related co-morbidities has become a major topic in obesity research. In such work, there is an increasing need to define their function, their molecular targets and their potential clinical relevance as biomarkers or in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases.

Omentin (34 kDa) is a recently identified fat deposition-specific adipokine with multiple interactions. Concentrations of omentin have been shown to be decreased in patients with obesity and impaired glucose regulation, in patients afflicted with diabetes type 1 and 2, and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. These are all diseases commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this study was to show and compare the latest information about omentin and its relationships with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammation, cardiac problems, sex hormone imbalances and cancer.

The association of omentin with particular metabolic indexes may suggest that an elevation in omentin level may be seen as being a marker for leanness, while a decreased level will underline possible situations of overweight and obesity along with their comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and even cancer). However, a challenge for the future is to fully understand the multiple role played by omentin. Thus, more studies in these matter are required.
TLC-densitometric analysis of α-escin in bulk drug substance and in pharmaceutical dosage forms
Authors: Dolowy Malgorzata , Pyka-Pajak Alina , Filip Katarzyna , Zagrodzka Joanna
Published: December 2015

A quite simple and rapid TLC-densitometric method for the identification of α-escin (Aescin) in bulk drug substances was developed. In so doing, different chromatographic conditions, including various mobile and stationary phases, were tested. A TLC densitometric determination of the examined compound was performed without using visualizing reagent, yet with the use of appropriate dipping reagents, in order to obtain reliable UV-densitometric measurements of α-escin - a substance which has weak chromophore groups. Herein, the application of a mobile phase containing n-butanolacetic acid-water in volume composition 30:7:13, the use of silica gel 60F254 plates with concentrating zone, and subsequent application of 10% sulphuric acid in ethanol or 5% vanillin in methanol/sulphuric acid, respectively, provided the best results in a TLCdensitometric study of α-escin. The described method was successfully employed to identify α-escin in commercial samples that were in an oral dosage form (tablets) and also in the form of gel containing 20 mg of α-escin.
The use of gold and gold alloys in prosthetic dentistry – a literature review
Authors: Oleszek-Listopad Justyna , Sarna-Bos Katarzyna , Szabelska Anna , Czelej-Piszcz Elzbieta , Borowicz Janusz , Szymanska Jolanta
Published: December 2015

Gold is a noble metal with very good chemical resistance. It also does not become oxidized in water or air. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and shine, and it is a heavy, but soft metal with huge plasticity and ductility. For many years, gold and its alloys have been recognized as being great prosthetic material in dental practice. In current dentistry, the progress in materials science and galvanoforming techniques have made it possible to create precise restorations utilizing this metal. This pertains both to fixed and removable dentures. Galvanized gold has a range of advantages, among these being biocompatibility, proper marginal tightness, endurance, its esthetic design and the fact that it boasts bacteriostatic features.
A comparison of the traditional casting method and the galvanoforming technique in gold alloy prosthetic restorations
Authors: Sarna-Boś Katarzyna , Batyra Agata , Oleszek-Listopad Justyna , Piórkowska-Skrabucha Beata , Borowicz Janusz , Szymańska Jolanta
Published: December 2015

Gold is a dental material with very good mechanical properties. It is also aesthetic and biocompatible with the tissues of the oral cavity even at 100% purity. Prosthetic restorations made of pure gold or its alloys can be practiced either through a normal casting, as well as through using the galvanoforming technique. The electrolytic method was first introduced into dentistry about 20 years ago and it allows for producing “pure” gold (which means 99.99% Au). The lack of additions of other metals improves the properties of dental prostheses, such as marginal tightness, esthetics, biocompatibility, and it helps in eliminating any allergic reactions. The literature review presented in this paper is a comparison of the traditional casting method with the newer galvanoforming technique.
Organ and prenatal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Dyndor Katarzyna , Dworzanski Wojciech , Pliszczynska-Steuden Małgorzata , Cendrowska-Pinkosz Monika , Chroscicki Tomasz , Dyndor Przemyslaw , Dworzanska Anna , Piasek Ewa , Piech Piotr , Ruchala Marcin , Golec Katarzyna , Hermanowicz-Dryka Teresa
Published: December 2015

Non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, commonly referred to as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are among the most taken pharmaceuticals. In adults, they can have a series of side effects, including especially gastroenterotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, chondrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, and they can induce allergic reactions. Any exacerbation of symptoms depends on the chemical structure of the drug, its dosage and duration of exposure, individual sensitivity, comorbidities and the degree of inhibition of basic COX isoenzymes - the constitutive (COX-2) and induced (COX-1) expressions. However, data on prenatal toxicity are inconsistent. Classic nonselective COX inhibitors do not result in an increase in the risk of developing significant congenital defects; however, if used in the late-pregnancy period, they can have an adverse effect on the foetus, by inducing the premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and by producing a tocolytic effect. Individual reports also indicate the increased risk of developing heart and anterior abdominal wall defects, as well as hypospadias.
Synergistic interaction of levetiracetam with gabapentin in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model – a type II isobolographic analysis
Authors: Wlaz Aleksandra , Kondrat-Wrobel Maria W. , Zaluska Katarzyna , Kochman Ewelina , Rekas Anna R. , Luszczki Jarogniew J.
Published: December 2015

This study was aimed at characterizing the anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model. Herein, psychomotor seizures were evoked in male albino Swiss mice by a current (32 mA, 6 Hz, 3 s stimulus duration) delivered via ocular electrodes. Type II isobolographic analysis was used to characterize the anticonvulsant interactions between the drugs in combination, for fixed-ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10. The type II isobolographic analysis revealed that the combinations of levetiracetam with gabapentin for the fixed-ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 were supra-additive (synergistic; P<0.05) in terms of seizure suppression, while the combinations for the fixed-ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were additive in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model. We conclude that, as the combinations of levetiracetam with gabapentin for the fixed-ratios of 1:5 and 1:10 exerted supra-additive (synergistic) interaction in the mouse 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model, this may be considered as particularly favorable combinations in further clinical practice.
The influence of the viscosity of the ointment vehicles magisterial topical preparations, on the speed transfer of biologically active substances
Authors: Glogowski Adrian , Kolodziejska Justyna , Kolodziejczyk Michal K. , Zgoda Marian M.
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological parameters (viscosity, viscous elasticity and the rate of volatile component loss) of salicylic and boric acid-containing magisterial formulae (ointments). Moreover, the effects of these parameters on the diffusion rate of a therapeutic agent (salicylic acid) to an in vitro external compartment were analyzed. Finally, the applicatory properties of the ointments prepared by way of a conventional technique (in a mortar) and with the aid of an unguator, were compared. The rheological parameters of the analyzed ointments suggest that the preparations made with an aid of an unguator, irrespective of the physicochemical characteristics of their vehicles, are characterized by higher values of diffusion coefficient (D). In addition, conventionally-prepared formulae containing salicylic were shown to be characterized by better viscous elasticity. Surprisingly, irrespective of the preparation technique, the ointments based on an absorptive vehicle (containing lanolin) were characterized by similar viscous elasticity. The rate of volatile (water) component loss from ointments containing a 3% solution of boric acid suggests that such formulae lose no more than 2.3% of their mass when exposed at 37℃. Therefore, the viscosity of such ointments applied onto a patient’s skin should remain relatively stable.
A CFD Study on Two-Phase Frozen Flow of Air/Water Through a Safety Relief Valve
Authors: Alshaikh Moftah , Dempster William
Published: December 2015

The air-water two phase critical flows through a safety relief valve commonly used in the refrigeration industry is examined with particular emphasis on the prediction of the critical mass flowrates using CFD based approaches. The expansion of the gas through the valve and the associated acceleration is coupled to the liquid phase and results in changes to the velocity slip with the possibility of influencing the choking conditions and the magnitude of the critical mass flows. These conditions are poorly reported in the literature for safety valves. This paper presents a study where the ability of established two phase multi-dimensional modelling approaches to predict such conditions are investigated. Comparison with the simplified mixture model will show that this model tends to underestimate mass flowrates for medium to high liquid mass fraction. However, the two fluid model can adequately account for the thermal and mechanical non equilibrium for these complex flow conditions with the use of simplified droplet sizing rules.
On the Lie structure of zero row sum and related matrices
Authors: Boukas Andreas , Feinsilver Philip , Fellouris Anargyros
Published: December 2015

We study the structure of zero row sum matrices as an algebra and as a Lie algebra in the
context of groups preserving a given projection in the algebra of matrices. We find
the structure of the Lie algebra of the group that fixes a given projection. Details for the zero row sum matrices
are presented. In particular, we find the Levi decomposition and give an explicit unitary equivalence
with the affine Lie algebra. An orthonormal basis for zero row sum matrices appears naturally.
Political Re-Performances of Tragedy in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC
Authors: Duncan Anne
Published: December 2015

Tragedies written by or performed for absolute rulers, such as Hieron of Syracuse, Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Dionysius of Syracuse, and Alexander of Pherai, were intended to advance the prestige and goals of the ruler’s regime. Re-performances of “classic” plays in Athens could be interpreted to critique or support political positions of the day.
Drama Outside Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC
Authors: Csapo Eric , Wilson Peter
Published: December 2015

This chapter surveys evidence for the spread, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, of drama and theatrical culture around the eastern Mediterranean from Sicily to Babylon and from the Black Sea to Cyrene. 116 sites are examined with some attention given to the chronological, social, political and festival context of the reception of theater and, where specifically attested, of drama.
Annotierte Korpora für die Historische Syntaxforschung: Anwendungsbeispiele anhand des Referenzkorpus Mittelhochdeutsch
Authors: Dipper Stefanie
Published: December 2015

This article addresses the use of annotated corpora for research in historical German syntax, introducing the Reference Corpus of Middle High German (REM) as a showcase. The article shows how to search the corpus with the corpus tool ANNIS. It takes up a range of popular research questions from historical syntax, in particular inflection of predicative adjectives, pre- and postnominal genitive constructions, relative order of pronouns and of verbs and auxiliaries. It is shown in detail how REM can be exploited to retrieve corpus evidence of these phenomena. The article also discusses challenges and opportunities of using annotated corpora. It argues that use of annotated corpora opens up new ways for research in historical syntax.
Automatically generated periodic graphs
Authors: McColm Gregory
Published: December 2015

A crystal structure may be described by a periodic graph, so the automatic generation of periodic graphs satisfying given criteria should prove useful in understanding crystal structure and developing a theory for crystal design. We present an algorithm for constructing periodic graphs, based on a discrete variant of “turtle geometry,” which we formalize using isometries represented as affine transformations. This algorithm is given information about the putative orbits (kinds) of vertices and edges and produces a finite graph which is then collapsed into a unit cell of a periodic graph. We verify that this algorithm will generate any periodic graph.