bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Migration Propensity for Black and White American Men
Authors: Pitcher Brian L. , Stinner William F. , Toney Michael B.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates age, period, and cohort patterns of migration for blacks and whites by applying cohort analysis models to panel data from the young male and older male samples of the National Longitudinal Surveys. The simultaneous inclusion of these four variables represents an important refinement of previous studies that have considered only one or two of them at a time. Principal findings are that age, period, and cohort have independent effects on migration and that the effects differ markedly by race. These findings have significant implications for the development of causal models of migration.
Measurement and the Analysis of Burden
Authors: Montgomery Rhonda J. V. , Stull Donald E. , Borgatta Edgar F.
Published: March 2007

Past research on the concept of burden has failed to place it in the larger context of social interaction and small group analysis. This failure to integrate the concept into a more general area of knowledge prevents researchers from viewing burden as a product of dyadic interaction that is best studied over time. This article moves the concept and measurement of burden into a more general system of variables, showing that the issues of burden relating to the elderly and the mentally impaired are special cases. A model that accommodates the crucial element of time is presented for the conceptualization of burden and the analysis of antecedents and consequences.
Why the Elderly Move
Authors: Serow William J.
Published: March 2007

A great deal of the recent work dealing with aspects of the migration behavior of older persons has considered only the situation for the case of a specific nation. One of the relatively unexplored aspects of elderly migration behavior is the extent to which cross-national similarities and differences may exist. This article is a first step in that direction by considering the cross-national pattern of differences and similarities in the factors that are held to be responsible for migration. An examination of data for nine countries (the United States, Australia, Belgium, Canada, West Germany, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands, and Poland) suggests considerable similarities both in terms of individual characteristics and desires that lead to migration among the elderly (such as retirement and widowhood) and characteristics of places that serve either to repel or attract older persons (such as climate and amenities).
Health as a Reason or a Rationalization for Being Retired?
Authors: Muller Charlotte F. , Boaz Rachel F.
Published: March 2007

Many studies of the decision to retire have found that self-reported poor health increases the probability of retirement. Yet doubts have been expressed as to whether such reported deterioration in health is a reason rather than a socially acceptable justification for not working. This issue has important implications for public policy.
Fictive Kin as a Component of the Social Networks of Older People
Authors: Rae Hazel Mac
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the concept of fictive kinship and presents the findings of a qualitative study that investigated the fictive family ties of elderly women. In-depth interviews with 142 respondents revealed that 40% could actually identify a fictive family member. Moreover, it was found that these relationships appeared to be a salient and meaningful component of the social networks of these elderly women. Evidence was found to support the substitution principle, or the notion that individuals who have no kin tend to substitute for missing relatives by converting close friends into quasi-kin. It is argued that fictive kinship ought to be given more research attention. Because current demographic trends indicate that a sizable proportion of future generations of elderly people will have considerably fewer "real" family ties, fictive kin could become a very relevant research focus for social gerontologists in particular.
Family Structure and Intergenerational Exchanges
Authors: Eggebeen David J.
Published: March 2007

This article documents differentials in patterns of exchange of aid and assistance between elderly American parents and their non-coresidential adult children by marital status and other components of family structure using data drawn from the National Survey of Families and Households. Descriptive results show that overall levels of giving and receiving support between elderly parents and their adult children are not especially high. However, these patterns vary considerably by marital status of the aging parent and of their adult children, with widowed and divorced parents less likely to provide support to their children. In contrast, widowed but not divorced parents are significantly more likely to receive support. Even with controls for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the parents and availability of adult children, parents who are widowed or divorced give less to their children, although there are few marital-status differences for reception of support. The marital status of children appears to be less important to the exchange process. However, the proportion of children who are stepchildren exerts a strong negative influence on giving assistance to children. Among the other characteristics of family structure that exert an effect on exchanges, the number of adult children remains strongly positively associated with both giving and receiving most forms of support.
Introduction: The Uses and Evaluation of Qualitative Research
Authors: Abel Emily K. , Sankar Andrea
Published: March 2007

If ever there was an area of inquiry that should be approached from the perspective of interpretive social science, this is one. It is apparent even to the most casual observer that aging has multiple biological, psycho- logical, and sociological components; that neither the behavior of older people nor the status of older people can be understood otherwise; and that the primary need is for explication of contexts and for multiplicity of methods. It should also be apparent that attention to change over time is fundamental in lay disciplinary approaches to the study of aging, whether it be change in the individual or historical change in social, economic, and political institutions. (p. 294)
Educational Experiences Throughout Adult Life
Authors: Setftersten Richard A. , Lovegreen Loren D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the allocation and nature of educational experiences throughoutadult life. The authors are especially concerned with the opportunities and barriersassociated with the pursuit of educational experiences during the middle years, inwhich work and family roles are typically well formed or at their peak. On the onehand, they explore a set of social factors that suggest there may be new possibilitiesfor educational experiences throughout adult life and for life-course flexibility. Onthe other hand, they put forward another set of social factors that lead them to take amore pessimistic view of these possibilities. They also consider a third set ofindividual-level characteristics that may serve as either opportunities or barriersdepending on their direction. Researchers, educators, and policymakers must turntheir attention to the roles that these factors play in promoting or preventing educational experiences for adults. This will allow them to better facilitate these experiencesand ultimately build more flexible life courses.
Long-Term Care Case Managers’ Out-of-Home Placement Decisions
Authors: Degenholtz Howard B. , Kane Rosalie A. , Kane Robert L. , Finch Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Hierarchical logistic regression was used with the results of a factorial vignette survey of a national sample of case managers for the disabled elderly in Medicaid home- and community-based services waiver programs. The effects of client, case manager, and agency factors on case managers’out-of-home placement decisions in response to hypothetical case studies were estimated. Results show that client preferences, workload, and division of labor affect the probability that a case manager will recommend an out-of-home placement, controlling for client’s physical and cognitive disability and the available resources. Significant variation among individuals was found. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Partisan and the Value-based Component of Left-Right Self-placement: A Comparative Study
Authors: Knutsen Oddbjørn
Published: March 2007

This article takes Ronald Inglehart's and Hans-Dieter Klingemann's (1976) study regarding party and ideological components of left-right identification as a point of departure for a comparative analysis of the relationship between party choice, value orientations and left-right self-placement. The empirical analysis is based on eight and thirteen countries from 1981 and 1990, respectively. Party choice is still the dominant predictor of left-right self-placement although its dominance is not as large as was shown in Inglehart and Klingemann's analysis. However, if value orientations are considered prior to party choice in a causal sense, value orientations have a larger impact than party choice in most countries. Fragmentation of the party system and the division between advanced and less advanced societies are used to explain the cross-national variations. When the explained variance in the left-right scale is decomposed into unique components explained by party choice and value orientations and a compounded component, a strong compounded component is characteristic in advanced societies, while a strong partisan component is found in less advanced societies and in less fragmented party systems.
Paradoxes of Institutional Development: The New Democratic Parliaments of Central Europe
Authors: Olson David M.
Published: March 2007

The parliaments of newly democratic Central Europe face six paradoxes of institutional development: new members in outmoded facilities; from monocentric party to multi-party systems; new conflicts and old rules; committees as structures of expertise and power; executive puzzle of “president, cabinet and parliament”; and active parliament and disbelieving public. These institutional paradoxes result from and are contained within, the grand paradox of the opportunity/capability gap which faces all newly active parliaments, but which is experienced most acutely in the post-communist democracies. This article reviews the experience of the new Central European parliaments in the early years of their post-communist democracy.
Gender Differences in Traditional Attitudes Toward Marriage and the Family
Authors: HOJAT MOHAMMADREZA , SHAPURIAN REZA , FOROUGHI DANESH , NAYERAHMADI HABIB , FARZANEH MITRA , SHAFIEYAN MAHMOOD , PARSI MOHIN
Published: March 2007

This study compares Iranian male and female immigrants in the United States on their attitudes toward marriage and the family. Participants were 160 Iranians in the United States. A 10-item attitude scale measured the degree of traditional attitudes (a stand taken in the prevalent Iranian culture as opposed to that in the mainstream American society) toward premarital sex, marriage, and the family. Results showed Iranian men scored significantly higher than Iranian women on the traditional attitude scale ( p < .05, effect size estimate = .39). Gender difference remained significant after adjusting for participants' age. The attitudinal disparity between Iranian male and female immigrants observed in this study can provide an explanation for a high rate of marital dissolution among Iranians in the United States. Findings can also help in understanding some underlying issues that contribute to intra- and interpersonal tension among the immigrants with implications in marital and family therapy.
Using Bowen Theory to Enhance Understanding of the Intergenerational Transmission of Dating Violence
Authors: ROSEN KAREN H. , BARTLE-HARING SUZANNE , STITH SANDRA M.
Published: March 2007

This study used Bowen theory to broaden our understanding of the intergenerational transmission of dating violence. A sample of single, never-married college students completed measures of violence perpetrated or received in their dating relationships, and measures of childhood violence and differentiation of self (a central component of Bowen theory). Using structural equation modeling, three models were compared: family-of-origin violence and current violence; differentiation levels (self and couple) and current violence; and then all variables combined. In the final model, couple differentiation accounted for the most variance in dating violence when controlling for family-of-origin violence. Furthermore, couple differentiation partially mediated the relationship between being the victim of parent-to-child violence and having low levels of differentiation and being a perpetrator or victim of dating violence. Findings support the notion that Bowen's theory of intergenerational transmission adds to our understanding of the intergenerational transmission of violence.
Family Law in the New Millennium
Authors: ANN MASON MARY , FINE MARK A. , CARNOCHAN SARAH
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors review changes in family law over the past 30 years in the following areas: marriage, divorce, child custody, remarriage and stepfamilies, unwed fathers, third-party visitation, nontraditional partnerships, assisted reproduction, and adoption. The authors also discuss the role that the social sciences have had in the family law revolution. Finally, the authors speculate about future changes in family law and the role that the social sciences will play in these legal reforms.
Childlessness and Marital Satisfaction
Authors: POLONKO KAREN A. , SCANZONI JOHN , TEACHMAN JAY D.
Published: March 2007

Utilizing a stratified random sample of respondents married after the age of 21, this article estimates models of marital satisfaction for theoretically relevant groups of women—voluntarily childless wives, undecided wives, postponing wives, and mothers. Results indicate that all three groups of childless wives have higher mean levels of marital satisfaction than do mothers. More important, the results also suggest that the processes generating marital satisfaction for wives differ depending not only on the presence or absence of children, but also on future childbearing intentions among the childless. Specifically, models of marital satisfaction for the voluntarily childless and undecideds are quite different from those for postponers and mothers. These results are discussed in terms of differences in marital structures and differences in the implied systems of reciprocities characterizing marital interaction and bargaining.
Development of a Quantitative Measure of a Family from Self-Reports of Family Members
Authors: WALTERS LYNDA HENLEY , PITTMAN JOE F. , NORRELL J. ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

Researchers have known for decades that the study of individuals is not the same as the study of families. However, combining self-report information from three or more family members to form a score that represents a family has presented conceptual and statistical problems. The purpose of this article is to present a strategy for deriving a measure of a family property that (1) is originally obtained from individuals, (2) is different from the sum of the family members scores, (3) is reflective of the unique contribution of each family member to the score that represents family, and (4) is as idiosyncratic to an individual family as an individual's score on a measure is to the individual.
The Efficacy of a Spouse Abuse Model in Accounting for Courtship Violence
Authors: DeMARIS ALFRED
Published: March 2007

A model consisting of social class, the balance of resources between partners, and experience with violence in the family of orientation—factors that have the greatest salience to spouse abuse—was tested on a sample of 484 white college students, most of whom were currently or previously involved in heterosexual relationships. For males, only being punished harshly as a child was significantly related to inflicting violence on a partner, while being the recipient of violence from a partner was related to both being punished harshly and seeing one's mother hit one's father. For females, the only significant effect was that females who believed that they should have control over the male in a relationship were more likely to be violent with a partner. It is suggested that models based on marital violence may have limited predictive power in accounting for violence during courtship.
Changing Family Structure and Youthful Well-Being
Authors: EDWARDS JOHN N.
Published: March 2007

The vanishing nuclear family constitutes one of the most significant demographic and social transformations in recent history. A voluminous body of theoretical and empirical literature in family studies, proceeding on the assumption that the nuclear family is the optimum child-rearing structure, suggests this change will have dire consequences for the well-being of future generations. The present essay challenges that conclusion, pointing out various methodological and conceptual problems with the extant research on which this prediction is based.
Parental Postdivorce Adjustment In Joint and Sole Physical Custody Families
Authors: COYSH WILLIAM S. , JOHNSTON JANET R. , TSCHANN JEANNE M. , WALLERSTEIN JUDITH S. , KLINE MARSHA
Published: March 2007

The postdivorce adjustment of 149 men and 149 women with joint or sole physical custody of their children was examined along two dimensions: parents' individual adjustment and their relationships with ex-spouses. A multivariate multiple regression analysis was employed to assess the relative impact of custody arrangements in the context of men's and women's pre- and postseparation psychological, social, and occupational functioning. Shared custody arrangements (whether joint or sole physical custody), and access of parents to their children had no significant relationship to parents' postdivorce adjustment or relationships with their ex-spouses. However, there was strong evidence for a marked continuity in parents' functioning before and after divorce; that is, prior levels of individual functioning were indicators of postdivorce adjustments and relationship to the ex-spouse. Also, it was estimated that the quality of relationship with a new partner had different effects on men's and women's postdivorce adjustment.
Marital Disruption and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: DOHERTY WILLIAM J. , SU SUSAN , NEEDLE RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This study offers prospective data on the psychological well-being of men and women before and after a marital separation, in comparison with a control group who remained married during the same period. Data were gathered as part of the Minnesota Family Health Study on a primarily middle-class White sample. Primary variables were current psychological well-being, self-esteem, mastery, substance use, and family income. Findings were quite different for men and women. Prior to separation, men in the disrupted group had lower psychological well-being scores than the continuously married group had, but showed no declines in any of the measures in the follow-up period. Separated women scored lower than did women from continuing marriages on psychological well-being prior to the separation, and they declined further afterwards. Separated women also increased their use of alcohol and other substances, and experienced a decline in family income. Findings are discussed in terms of the social causation hypothesis and the social selection hypothesis for understanding the relationship between divorce and mental health in adults.
Economic Need and Wives' Employment
Authors: EGGEBEEN DAVID J. , HAWKINS ALAN J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the meaning of the economic motive for White married mothers' labor force participation has changed over the past 30 years. The growth in White married mothers' labor force participation has come from mothers whose husbands earn a relatively “adequate” income rather than from mothers whose husbands earn “inadequate” incomes. For most White married mothers, the decision to work outside the home is best characterized as a personal choice to seek an ideal life-style combining family and employment rather than economic necessity. Broad structural forces will continue to influence couples' decisions about maternal employment, but these forces may weaken as they are increasingly mediated by personal value systems about how we should live our lives rather than real economic exigency.
A Study of Perceptions of the Stepparent Role
Authors: SCHWEBEL ANDREW I. , FINE MARK A. , RENNER MAUREENA A.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to test whether there is a lack of social consensus about how stepparents should and will act as parents, and whether individuals in society perceive stepparent roles as similar to or different from the roles of biological and adoptive parents. Two-hundred and forty introductory psychology students were randomly assigned to complete one of three versions (biological parent, adoptive parent, and stepparent) of the Family Role Questionnaire and a demographic instrument. The Family Role Questionnaire consists of 16 vignettes describing a variety of situations calling for some degree of parental behavior. As hypothesized, there was greater variability in subjects' responses to how stepparents, in contrast to biological and adoptive parents, would actually respond and how they should behave in the situations in the vignettes. In addition, respondents thought that stepparents were less obligated and less likely than were biological and adoptive parents to engage in the supportive parental behaviors called for in the situations. Implications for future research and for interventions with members of stepfamilies are discussed.
The Economic Context of Labor Allocation
Authors: BERGEN ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the process by which married women and men allocate their labor between employment and housework. The two forms of labor are conceptualized as economically productive and subject to economic determinants at three levels: the macroeconomic structure, the family economy, and individual human capital characteristics. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics indicate that both women's market and domestic labor are highly sensitive to the family economy, whereas men's market labor is subject to the macroeconomic structure and men's domestic labor is little affected by its economic context. Implications of these patterns for the process of gender stratification are described.
Choices and Constraints in a Two-Person Career
Authors: MEDERER HELEN J. , WEINSTEIN LAURIE
Published: March 2007

The structure of the submariner officer career, with heavy demands placed on the wife, is examined to describe the extent to which wives' attitudes and behavior conform, and the extent to which women are satisfied with their role. Using Janet Saltzman Chafetz's model of gender stratification, it was hypothesized that wives with traditional gender attitudes would be more involved and exhibit higher personal well-being, satisfaction with the Navy, and life satisfaction. The results support the hypothesis, especially with regard to satisfaction with Navy life, where women with more traditional attitudes are more involved in and more satisfied with Navy life. Less traditional wives evaluated their involvement less positively, as involvement was not associated with well-being outcomes. The suggestion is made that for satisfied, involved, and less traditional wives, the structure of the submariner career might allow women more control over resources in exchange for gendered division of labor, which may be a motivation to perform the labor. In general, the results support Chafetz's attention to micro and macro processes in the maintenance of gender stratification.
Intergenerational Transmission
Authors: BENSON MARK J. , ARDITTI JOYCE , DE ATILES JULIA T. REGUERO , SMITH SUZANNE
Published: March 2007

This study examined the attributions of young adults about their relationships with their parents and intimate others. In addition to their attributional reports, participants also provided information about the quality of their intimate relationships. The findings indicated that higher relationship quality was related to attributions in ways that were consistent with attributional theory. In addition, attributional differences between current and past relationships suggested relationship-sustaining versus relationship-terminating attributional patterns. Attributions about intimate relationships also were associated with attributions about relationships with parents. Specifically, (a) the attributions that individuals made about the positive aspects of their relationships with their mothers and (b) and the attributions about the negative aspects of their relationships with their fathers were related to their attributions in their intimate relationship. The findings suggest some refinements in attribution theory regarding close relationships and introduce the value of exploring the intergenerational transmission of attributional patterns.
Reshaping Fatherhood:
Authors: DALY KERRY
Published: March 2007

One of the reasons that the “conduct” of fatherhood has been slow to change is lack of exposure to appropriate paternal role models. This research was designed to examine how fathers of young children (one child < 6 years of age) shaped fatherhood roles according to various models in their lives. Following the qualitative research principles of grounded theory and comparative analysis, three key themes emerged. First, there was a void with respect to identifiable and meaningful role models. Their own fathers were not seen as good role models. Second, these fathers tended not to model their behavior after a particular individual, but, rather, their models were fragmented as they selected particular behaviors to incorporate into their roles. A third theme to emerge was the emphasis that was placed by these men on providing a role model to their children, in the absence of role models in their own lives.
Black Men's Perceptions of Divorce-Related Stressors and Strategies for Coping With Divorce
Authors: LAWSON ERMA JEAN , THOMPSON AARON
Published: March 2007

The divorce rate among Blacks in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. Consequently, an increasing number of Black men confront problems associated with adjusting to divorce. Using data from in-depth interviews, we identify factors that working-class/middle-class Black men perceive to cause significant stress following divorce and we examine strategies that they use to reestablish their lives. The results show that Black men confront the following divorce-related stressors: (a) financial strain, (b) noncustodial parenting, (c) child-support stressors, and (d) psychological as well as physiological distress. The findings suggest that divorced Black men experience profound postdivorce psychological distress. The data further indicate that Black men employ the following strategies to cope with the stress of marital dissolution: (a) reliance on family and friends, (b) involvement in church-related activities, (c) participation in social activities, and (d) establishment of intimate heterosexual relationships 1 year after divorce. These findings indicate that postdivorce adjustment should be scrutinized within relevant social-cultural contexts.
Youth Residential Independence and Autonomy
Authors: CORDÓN JUAN ANTONIO FERNÁNDEZ
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates the situation of young people in terms of residential independence (living with parents vs. living outside the parental home) and the relationship with the labor market, the two factors that create the most difficulty in the transition to adulthood. Using data from the Labour Force Surveys (from 1983 to 1994), conducted in all European Union countries, some descriptive comparisons concerning residential trends and work status among three southern European countries (Spain, Greece, and Italy) and three central European countries (France, Germany, and the United Kingdom) are presented. Main aspects of recent trends are an increase in the nonactive population, with a majority living with their parents; stability in the proportion unemployed and their residential status; and a significant increase of young people with a job still living with their parents in the southern countries, especially those ages 25 to 29. In particular, the situation of young adults in the southern countries appeared to deteriorate between 1986 and 1994, with the failure to achieve full social integration as adults. Cultural and economic factors that explain this situation are discussed.
Still in the Nest
Authors: NAVE-HERZ ROSEMARIE
Published: March 2007

By way of introduction, a synopsis of empirical research on young people in Germany will be given to enable a better understanding of the statements that will be made in this article, particularly of the sets of data that will be used to verify the thesis—still in the nest—that is implied in the title. This will be followed by a presentation of demographic developments during the past 45 years, which will elucidate the quantitative importance of young people with respect to other age groups. Subsequently, the questions of when and why young people move out of the parental home and why some continue to live there will be tackled. The data analyzed in this article were collected in various distinctly different empirical surveys on the subject.
Available But Not Accessible
Authors: MEDJUCK SHEVA , KEEFE JANICE M. , FANCEY PAMELA J.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the extent to which existing workplaces assist women to balance employment and elder care responsibilities. Two sources of data are used in this article. Interview data of 246 women who are caregivers to elderly kin and who work in 37 workplaces in Nova Scotia, Canada are analyzed to obtain the employee's perception of elder care policy. In addition, content analysis of the 80 policy documents in these workplaces is conducted. Findings reveal a child care bias in family-friendly policies, a gender bias in policy formulation, and a focus on workplace productivity rather than employee well-being. This analysis suggests that current workplace policy does not take into consideration the complex needs and diverse situations of employed women providing care for elderly kin.
Promoting a Healthy Environment for College Admissions Testing
Authors: Schmeiser Cynthia B.
Published: March 2007

The best way to prepare for college admissions tests is for students to enroll and excel in rigorous high school courses. This article offers six recommendations to principals for promoting a positive atmosphere in which students can successfully take tests and make the transition to college.
Learning Teams for Classroom Assessment Literacy
Authors: Arter Judith
Published: March 2007

This article describes the preferred delivery method of effective professional development, called learning teams. The rationale for and logistics of setting up and conducting learning teams on classroom assessment are included.
School Texts for Tomorrow's Buyers
Authors: Amberson Rosanne
Published: March 2007

The following article, reprinted by permission of the author from PRINTERS' INK, January 11, 1946, shows how business and education have co-operated in the development of consumer study units for the use of pupils in the secondary school. This article is exceedingly interest ing especially in view of the fact that the reactions here given come from one in the business world.
E. Science Education in a Large School System
Authors: Baker Arthur O.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Dr. Baker discusses some of the outstanding problems and possi bilities associated with science instruction in a typical large city school system. As a background, he summarizes a basic philosophy of science education and outlines current curriculum practices for the entire public school sequence of kindergarten through the twelfth grade. He concludes by outlining broader horizons for science instruction and by spelling out the implications of this enriched program in terms of the need for better prepared teachers of science.
B. Trends in High School Biology
Authors: Fitzpatrick Fred
Published: March 2007

Prof. Fitzpatrick opens this article with a brief statement of the role which bio logical science plays in modern living, and the role which it plays in today's concept of general education. Most of the article is devoted to an examination of the ante cedents and origins of the present courses in high-school biology. In this treatment, the writer gives special emphasis to the scientific, social, and educational changes which have brought about corresponding developments in the teaching of life science. He closes his article with a series of brief statements about the forces which are affecting present and future trends in biology teaching. These forces include new findings in biology, experimentation in teaching methods, demonstration techniques in teaching, the use of field excursions, the emphasis on functional content in high- school science, and the nature of modern teacher education.
C. Trends in High School Chemistry
Authors: Jaffe Bernard
Published: March 2007

In this article, Mr. Jaffe discusses some of the recent, current, and future trends in the instruction of chemistry in high schools. He begins his discussion with an analysis of the forces which tend to produce these changes—forces such as changes in college requirements, the decline of a psychology based on mental discipline, the increasing scope of chemistry, and the growing social significance of chemical processes and products. Among the changes which are discussed are the emergence of the applied chemistry course, the struggle between classroom demonstrations on the one hand and individual laboratory experimentation on the other, trends in high- school chemistry textbooks, and new developments in the historical approach to teaching and learning chemistry.
E. Trends in High School Courses in Integrated Physical Science
Authors: Emmett Brown H.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Dr. Brown turns his attention to a relative newcomer in the field of science instruction—the course in integrated physical science. Statistically, he de scribes the present occurrence of courses of this kind in this country, and then at tempts to account for the fact that its occurrence, although small, seems quite defi nitely to be increasing. Turning to the physical science course itself, he outlines typical objectives, characteristics, and content of such courses with specific examples, typical methods used in these courses, and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the courses. Finally, the problems of the textbook in integrated physical science are brought to focus, and certain specific suggestions for the preparation of such a test are offered. The article is concluded with a summary.
B. Learning in the Laboratory
Authors: Stollberg Robert
Published: March 2007

In this article, Dr. Stollberg explores the role of the laboratory in secondary-school science education, pointing out why laboratory education is due for a thorough re- examination and suggesting objectives for laboratory learning. Next he discusses fifteen features which he feels characterize desirable modern laboratory procedures. He concludes the article with a list of specific ways in which high-school adminis trators can promote improved learning in the science laboratories of their schools.
B. The Contribution of American Industry to Science Teaching
Authors: Stark Louis M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Mr. Stark briefly outlines the development of relations between business-industry and education, and then describes some of the educational functions of the industry he knows best, the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. In this connec tion, he discusses the School Service Department, with its offerings of teaching aids in the form of pamphlets, charts, kits, etc., he points out the policy of no advertising in such materials and describes some of the detail which goes into the preparation of such aids. This industry's series of educational radio programs is brought under discus sion, as are its Science Talent Search and its program of scholarships and fellowships. In conclusion, the writer discusses the formation of two special groups of N.S.T.A., the Advisory Council on Industry-Science Teaching Relations, and the Business- Industry Section, with its well-known "packet service" to N.S.T.A. members.
C. Improved Teaching Through the Use of Audio Aids
Authors: Broderick Gertrude G.
Published: March 2007

Miss Broderick begins her article with a brief statement of the role of audio-visual materials in modern education. Next she discusses teaching techniques which can well improve the effectiveness of audio-visual materials in the classroom. The re mainder of the article emphasizes the use of broadcast programs and recorded teach ing aids, with particular attention to preparatory and follow-up activities. The writer closes with valuable information concerning the availability of recorded programs and scripts for same.
D. Science Education Through Radio
Authors: Henderson John , Armacost Richard R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Henderson and Armacost describe two series of radio programs through which the Purdue University Radio Station helps enrich high-school science education in the surrounding area. They also discuss the sorts of preparation which classrooms should make for school broadcasts and suggest ways in which the pro grams themselves can be planned and produced more effectively. The writers also propose the wide use of magnetic tape-recordings as a means of increasing the flexibility and value of using this form of audio aid to science education.
G. Science Fairs—Science Education in the Community
Authors: Jones Norman R.D.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Mr. Jones discusses two kinds of learning activities which can greatly broaden the scope of science education. The first of these is the science fair, which he describes as an extensive project involving an entire community. The writer also describes the organization and operation of a summer course for high-school pupils based largely on field trips and camping experiences centered around points of scientific interest in the community. A plan for a county-wide science fair is included at the end of the article.
H. Evaluation of High School Science Instruction
Authors: Read John G.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Professor Read points out some of the ways in which the adminis trator can judge the science program in his school through a carefully planned pro gram of evaluation. He discusses three basic levels of evaluation in science and indi cates how careful evaluation can help locate unusual science talent among pupils. Turning to sources of evaluation implements, the writer commends evaluation pro grams built up at the local level, and also considers some of the recent endeavors of the College Entrance Examination Board. He points out the importance of testing for problem solving ability and for attitudes related to science. He provides sample items aimed at these two areas of science instruction. The article is concluded with a list of commercial and institutional organizations which distribute secondary-school evaluating materials.
A. Teaching Scientific Attitudes and Methods in Science
Authors: Darrell Barnard J.
Published: March 2007

In this article, Professor Barnard examines the rationale underlying the frequent inclusion of scientific attitudes and methods among the objectives of science educa tion. After discussing the nature of the scientific method(s), he outlines research evidence on the extent to which education along these lines is actually occurring in today's schools. He concludes that one reason teachers do not do better in these areas is that they are unclear concerning the objectives— in terms of behavior— of learning related to scientific attitudes and methods.

The writer next proposes ten statements which describe behavior pupils will ex hibit as they improve in their possession of scientific attitudes and ability to use scien tific methods. Finally, he describes the kind of teaching we should have, as compared to that we should not have, if our science pupils are to make progress toward the realization of these objectives.
Athletes as Entertainers
Authors: Zimmer Martha Hill , Zimmer Michael
Published: March 2007

In recent years, one of the most widely discussed social issues in American sports has been the compensation of professional athletes. Public perceptions tend to view athletes as overpaid. This article offers empirical evidence based on a representative sample of athletes taken from the U.S. Census. Comparing athletes with other professional entertainers, regression analysis indicates that athletes are relatively low paid and that their earnings deficiencies cannot be fully explained by differences in personal characteristics between them and other entertainers.
New Sports Stadiums, Community Self-Esteem, and Community Collective Conscience
Authors: Eckstein Rick , Delaney Kevin
Published: March 2007

Sports economists have created a sizable literature on the costs and benefits of publicly funded major-league sports stadiums. This research suggests a growing consensus that stadiums provide little economic advantage for local communities. In response, some stadium supporters have modified their tactics to increasingly avoid claims of tangible economic benefits. Instead, they insist that new stadiums offer communities more intangible social benefits. These alleged intangible benefits can take many specific forms but usually have something to do with a community’s self esteem or its collective conscience. This article draws on the authors’ primary research in 10 U.S. cities that are involved in different stages of new stadium construction. The authors demonstrate how local elites socially construct ideas such as community self-esteem and community collective conscience to help them reap large amounts of public dollars for their private stadiums.
Toward an Applied Sociology of Sport
Authors: Melnick Merrill J.
Published: March 2007

The development of the academic sub-discipline sociology of sport over the past 15 years, while noteworthy in many respects, has been characterized by a noticeable disinterest in an applied perspective. In this essay, arguments which support the initiation of such a research paradigm are juxtaposed with a discussion of selected counterforces which make such a possibility problematic. Specifically, it is suggested that (1) the "court ship" of sociology, (2) the professional training which prospective sport sociologists presently receive, and (3) the value system and style of scholarship extant within the oc cupational subculture of academic sport sociologists collectively serve the latent func tion of discouraging a serious commitment to an action-oriented, applied perspective. The future development of an applied sociology of sport is further discussed in relationship to the accompanying adoption of a more humanistic commitment, one which welcomes speculation, prediction and theorizing about the future. It is further argued that if an ap plied perspective is to truly emerge from sociology of sport, then alternative work roles will need to be developed to guide the efforts of those sport sociologists so inclined. Last ly, specific suggestions in the form of a generalized curriculum are offered for the formal training of applied sport sociologists.
SPECTATOR ENJOYMENT OF AGGRESSION IN INTERCOLLEGIATE HOCKEY GAMES
Authors: DeNeui Daniel L. , Sachau Daniel A.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to examine how player aggression in intercollegiate hockey games is related to spectator enjoyment of the games. The study tested the hypothesis that enjoyment of hockey is as highly related to aggressive aspects of the game as equally dramatic but nonaggressive aspects of the game. Six hundred twenty-four male and female spectators rated how enjoyable they found 16 games. Measures of enjoyment were correlated with a variety of game statistics. Results of the study indicated that aggression-related indexes, such as penalty minutes, were more highly related to enjoyment of the game than were nonaggression indexes such as score difference, shots on goal, and saves. However, power play minutes, which are related to both aggression and competition, were also highly related to enjoyment of the game.
A Randomization Procedure for "Trickle-Process" Evaluations
Authors: Goldman Jerry
Published: March 2007

This note suggests a solution to the problem of achieving randomization in experimental settings where units deemed eligible for treatment "trickle in, " that is, appear at any time. The solution maximizes assurance of true random assignment and minimizes costs in administration. It also permits replication of the experiment in order to test for time- dependent effects.
Evaluation and Case Study of a School-Based Delinquency Prevention Program
Authors: Higgins Paul S.
Published: March 2007

The Program emphasized ounseling and advocacy for returnees from correctional insti tutions. Grades, attendance, offenses, and institutionalization were compared for 66 E returnees to Advocate-served schoot-attendance areas and 40 C returnees to non-Advocate areas Both groups showed similar community-adjustment gains and school-adjustment dec lines. At study 's end. how ever, Es more than Cs were school-enrolled (often in "alterna tive schools") and outside institutions (p < 05) The Program probably had a small post tive impact on delinquents. Suggested Program improvements include policy changes, greater Advocate "follow-through." and greater attention to returnee anxiety differences The Program's 1972-1976 development was guided by funding availabylity, Advocate- administrator relations, and lobbying effectiveness, not by evaluations
Strategies for Dealing With the Issue of Subjectivity in Evaluation
Authors: Goodrich Thelma Jean
Published: March 2007

Our customary strategies for protecting ourselves against the charge of subjectivity in our reports often prevent us from addressing phenomena of central importance: the expec tations, fears, beliefs, and motivations of both the evaluated and the evaluator. We need new strategies that will support our commitment to science and at the same time preserve the integrity of our endeavor. The article discusses three strategies: one dealing with our philosophical foundations, one with the subjectivity of the "objects" of our studies, and one with the subjectivity of the observer.
Using Administrative Data Banks for Research and Evaluation
Authors: Roos Leslie L. , Nicol J. Patrick , Johnson Cynthia F. , Roos Noralou P.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses methods of organizing and checking administrative data banks to increase their usefulness for research and evaluation. Examples are drawn from the studies using the Manitoba Health Services Commission data bank. The various uses of both manual and computerized checks are explained. A problem profile is presented for the Manitoba data bank; this profile summarizes different specific problems, incor porating new threats to internal validity associated with the use of data banks. The improvements in data collection represented by data banks are discussed in terms of developing multiple control group designs.