bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose transport inAcanthocheilonema viteae
Authors: Hayes D. J. , Selwood D. L.
Published: June 2009

The uptake of glucose byAcanthocheilonema viteaewas studiedin vitro. The process was selective for the D-isomer and saturatable with a Kmof 2 mM. The rate of glucose transport/utilization was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose, mannose, 5-thioglucose and dipyridamole but, unlike mammalian systems, was not impaired by cytochalasin B, phloretin, phloridzin, 3-O-methylglucose and 4, 6-ethylideneglucose. A potential chemotherapeutic advantage of selectively inhibiting filarial glucose transport exists for the following reasons. (1) The glucose transporter present inA. viteaewas shown to be different from the one present in some mammalian systems. (2) Incubation under glucose-free conditions led to glycogen depletion, loss of motility and worm death. (3) Worms maintainedin vitrofor more than 18 h without glucose did not survive when implanted into gerbils.
Migration of the schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoniin mice vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae, and normal mice: an attempt to identify the timing and site of parasite death
Authors: Wilson R. A , Coulson Patricia S. , Dixon B
Published: June 2009

The migration of the schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansonilabelled with [75Se] has been followed from the skin to the hepatic portal system. Parasites were detected in all mouse tissues by compressed organ autoradiography. Two separate experiments were performed to track parasites in normal mice, and in mice previously vaccinated with irradiated cercariae. In normal mice, the profile of numbers of autoradiographic foci detected in the skin, lungs, systemic and splanchnic organs was described with time post-infection. The distribution of parasites to systemic organs, following exit from the lungs, paralleled the fractional distribution of cardiac output. Accumulation of schistosomula in the hepatic portal system was complete by day 21 post-infection. Only 2–3 passes of parasites around the vascular system would be required to produce the hepatic portal population. No significant decline in total foci was detected in the first 12 days post-infection. The majority of parasite elimination appeared to occur in the lungs as late as day 21, with lesser proportions in the systemic organs and skin infection site. The pattern of migration in vaccinated mice was similar to that in normal animals. One difference observed was the longer duration of stay in the skin; however, the majority of parasites eventually reached the lungs. The systemic phase of migration occurred on a reduced scale, as did accumulation of parasites in the hepatic portal system. The decline in total foci in vaccinated mice commenced approximately 7 days earlier than in normal mice and proceeded to a lower end-point. Again the majority of parasite elimination appeared to occur in the lungs with lesser proportions in the systemic organs and skin infection site. It is suggested that resistance to reinfection in vaccinated mice has two additive components which combine to retard the migration of schistosomula within the vasculature, preventing them from reaching the hepatic portal system.
F-10 nuclear binding proteins ofSchistosoma mansoni: structural and functional features
Authors: Giannini A. L. M. , Caride E. C. , Braga V. M. Martin , Rumjanek F. D.
Published: June 2009

By incubating total protein extracts ofSchistosoma mansoniwith 3H-17-β-estradiol and 20-hydroxyecdysone, steroid binding proteins were detected in both male and female worms. The interaction of nuclear proteins with a restriction fragment of the gender and stage-specific gene F-10 was investigated using the ‘band-shift’ technique. Male and female nuclear proteins bound in a distinct way to the fragment of this gene containing putative regulatory consensus motifs. Among the nuclear proteins, only those rich in cysteine residues bound to DNA.In vitroincubation of live worms with the oestrogen antagonist Tamoxifen, altered the pattern of the DNA binding proteins, producing in females a profile similar to that obtained with male worm protein extracts. This effect of Tamoxifen could not be correlated to inhibition of protein biosynthesis. These results suggest that the regulation of transcription of the F-10 gene might involve steroid receptors.
Partial characterization of the carbohydrates of the eggs (oncospheres) of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Pappas P. W. , Durka G. M.
Published: June 2009

The carbohydrate constituents of whole eggs and fractions derived from the eggs of Hymenolepis diminuta were partly characterized. Whole eggs contained 9·6 ng of carbohydrate (phenol-sulphuric acid-positive material) per egg, and 3·6 ng of glucose. Analysis of hydrolysed eggs by HPLC demonstrated the presence of glucose, galactose, glycerol, N-acetylgalactosamine, and 2-deoxyribose. Isolated egg shells and the KOH-stable, ethanol-precipitable fraction (putative glycogen) of eggs contained 26 and 76%, respectively, of the total carbohydrate associated with eggs. Glucose and galactose were present in both of these samples, but only glucose was present in the KOH-stable, ethanol-precipitable fraction isolated from chemically deshelled eggs; thus, the source of the galactose in the KOH-stable, ethanol-precipitable fraction isolated from whole eggs was the egg-shells. These data confirm earlier reports that the shells contain carbohydrate; the data demonstrate further that only two monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) are present in the shells, and that they are present as high molecular weight polymers. The ethanol-soluble fraction of eggs contained 2·5% of the total carbohydrate in eggs, and glucose accounted for < 1% of the ethanol-soluble carbohydrate. Analysis of the ethanol-soluble fraction by HPLC demonstrated that the predominant monosaccharides were glycerol and mannose, with smaller quantities of 2-deoxyribose and 2-deoxyglucose. The absence of a ‘free pool’ of glucose in eggs, and the presence of large amounts of glycerol and mannose, suggest that the pathways of intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in eggs might be very different from those in adult tapeworms.
Immunoprecipitation of malarial acid endopeptidase
Authors: Hempelmann E. , Putfarken B. , Rangachari K. , Wilson R. J. M.
Published: June 2009

Electrophoresis of extracts of schizonts ofPlasmodium knowlesiin non-dissociating polyacrylamide gels, separates several bands of acid endopeptidase activity. A polyclonal antiserum, produced by immunization with purified merozoites, failed to distinguish between different bands of the parasite enzyme, indicating that they are serologically related. Apart from the loss of one minor peak, extraction in Triton X-100 did not reduce the enzyme's electrophoretic heterogeneity. The antiserum did not react with red cell acid proteases.
Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children
Authors: Holland C. V. , O'Lorcain P. , Taylor M. R. H. , Kelly A.
Published: June 2009

The seroprevalence of toxocariasis was investigated in 2129 school children ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. Infection, as measured by titre, was found to be high compared to values obtained from children in other countries, with 31% having a titre of ≥ 1:50 and 3·1% having titres of ≥ 1:800. Relalionships between seroprevalence and host factors including age, sex and location, and risk factors including geophagia, thumbsucking and pet ownership were explored. Age was found to be a significant factor in relation to infeclion withToxocara. Males were significantly more infected than females, as were the inhabitants of rural schools versus urban schools. The percentage of seropositive children varied widely from school to school. Geophagia and pet ownership were found to be significantly associated with toxocariasis. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the relative contribution of these factors to infection wilhToxocara. While this analysis identified factors which were highly significantly associated withToxocaratitre, the odds ratios were generally low indicating ihe low specificity of the model.
The course ofPlasmodium berghei, P. chabaudiandP. yoeliiinfections in β-thalassaemic mice
Authors: Clarebout G. , Gamain B. , Slomianny C. , Camus D. , Dive D.
Published: June 2009

In order to study the effects of acclimatization ofPlasmodiumin β-thalassaemic mice, we used a mouse model of β-thalassaemia (DBA/2J/β-thal/β-thal), similar to that observed in humans. We acclimatized 3 rodent malarias (P. berghei, P. chabaudiandP. yoelii) in DBA/2J and DBA/2J/β-thal/β-thal mice lines, by 4 intraperitoneal serial transfers. All 3 rodent malarias developed in red blood cells of β-thalassaemic mice without losing their virulence. There was no delay in infection and peaks of parasitaemia were similar in β-thalassaemic and normal mice. The mortality occurred earlier in β-thalassaemic mice than in control mice forP. bergheiandP. chabaudi. This difference was more pronounced forP. yoeliiNS where normal mice did not die. These results could be explained by a failure of erythropoiesis in β-thalassaemic mice, which are unable to compensate for the destruction of red blood cells by the parasites, and the mice died of anaemia. Ultrastructural examination of the rodent malaria parasites in β-thalassaemic RBC showed a normal development even in the presence of Heinz bodies. In conclusion, no effective protection against malaria was provided by the β-thalassaemia in this mouse model.
Cholinergic inhibition of muscle fibres isolated from Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Day T. A. , Chen G-Z. , Miller C. , Tian M. , Bennett J. L. , Pax R. A.
Published: June 2009

Cholinergic compounds inhibit FMRFamide-induced contractions in dispersed muscle fibres isolated from adult Schistosoma mansoni. Acetylcholine (ACh) was the most effective cholinergic agonist tested with an EC50 < 100 nM. Less effective were propionylcholine and arecoline with EC50 < 1 μM and butyrylcholine and carbachol with EC50 < 10μM. Choline, muscarine, pilocarpine, nicotine, DMPP (1,1-dimethylphenylpiperazine ) and levamisole were all ineffective. Amongst tested antagonists, d-tubocurarine (100μM), mecamylamine (1 mM), atropine (1 mM), scopolamine (1 mM) and quinuclidinyl benzilate (10 μM) were all ineffective. Bicuculline, picrotoxin and strychnine were also ineffective. However α-bungarotoxin, at 100 nM, was able to block the inhibitory ACh effect. From these data it appears that the cholinergic receptor on the schistosome muscle fibres may be of the nicotinic type, but that its pharmacology is different from that of nicotinic receptors of vertebrates as well as of nematodes or a variety of other invertebrates.
Heterogeneity of metalloprotease expression inTrypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Lowndes C. M. , Bonaldo M. C. , Thomaz N. , Goldenberg S.
Published: June 2009

Expression of metalloprotease activities during metacyclogenesis of a series of strains and clones ofTrypanosoma cruziwas investigated using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a range of different co-polymerized proteolytic substrates. A complex pattern of metalloprotease expression, with considerable quantitative and qualitative variability between strains and life-cycle stages, was apparent. This is in contrast to previously published data, and data presented in this study, which demonstrate a high degree of conservation of expression of cysteine proteases in different strains and clones ofT. cruzi. All the metalloprotease activities identified partitioned into the detergent phase of a Triton X-114 extract, suggesting that they are membrane-bound. Developmental regulation of expression during metacyclogenesis, either in terms of quantity, or in terms of difference in relative amounts of different isoforms, was apparent for all isolates studied except CL14. However, a clearly metacyclic-specific/metacyclic-enriched metalloprotease was detected only inT. cruziDm28c and 383, and our results demonstrate that a metacyclic-specific metalloprotease common to all isolates of the parasite could not be detected, at least at this level of analysis.
The effect of cattle infection by Trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes
Authors: Baylis M. , Nambiro C. O.
Published: June 2009

An incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. The numbers of fed and unfed Glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. There was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to G. pallidipes. However, the feeding success of G. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75 % greater than on uninfected cattle. This suggests that certain effects of T. congolense on cattle behaviour or physiology act to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite by increasing the feeding success of the vector. The nature of the effects of T. congolense on cattle which caused this result is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed.
A new genus and species of ascaridoid nematode from the marsupial wolf (Thylacinus cynocephalus)
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

An ascaridoid nematode Cotylascaris thylacini is described from the thylacine or Tasmanian marsupial wolf. Only female specimens were available. The new genus is distinguished by two cup-like structures on the anterior margin of each lip. It is suggested that these structures may comprise an adaptation to the unusual form of the intestinal wall in the thylacine. The significance of the ascaridoid nematodes of marsupials is discussed in relation to the possible route of entry of marsupials into Australia.

Financial assistance for this study was provided under grant No. 16 from the Australian Research Grants Committee.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica XIII. Subuluridae, Thelaziidae and Ascaridiidae of birds
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

Some species in Subuluridae, Thelaziidae and Ascaridiidae are discussed. Subulara helicospicula sp.nov. from malcohas and a bulbul from Borneo is described. It differs from other species in having long, unequal spicules which are helical throughout their distal half. Allodapa suctoria (Molin, 1860) Seurat, 1914, is reported from several species of birds from Taiwan, Borneo and Palawan. A. turnicis (Maplestone, 1931) Inglis, 1958, was found in the button quail, Turnix sustator on Palawan.

Thelazia digiticauda Schuurmans-Steckhoven, 1937, is redescribed from specimens recovered from the eyes of a ruddy kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda from Taiwan. Ceratospira inglisi sp.nov. from a cockatoo in Palawan and a pigeon in Borneo differs in spicule size from the three species so far described. Oxyspirura {Y.) mansoni (Cobbold, 1879) Skrjabin, 1931, was recovered from bamboo partridges, Bambusicola thoracica, from Taiwan, and Oxyspirura (0.) popawi Skrjabin, 1929, was found in the eyes of a swallow, Hirundo daurica in Taiwan.

Ascaridia columbae (Gmelin, 1790) Travassos, 1913, was common in a variety of pigeons in Borneo and Palawan, and A. subaequalis (Wehr, 1930) was found in the lesser coucal, Centropus bengalensis in Taiwan and in a common coucal, C. sinensis in Palawan.
Necator americanus in inbred mice: a re-evaluation of primary infection kinetics
Authors: Timothy L. M. , Behnke J. M.
Published: June 2009

The course of a primary Necator americanus infection was studied in the lungs and small intestines of syngeneic mice. Following percutaneous infection no difference in initial larval establishment in the lungs was found between male BALB/c, NIH or B10.G mice. However, significant differences in the subsequent kinetics of infection were demonstrated between the BALB/c and NIH strains. Lung worm burdens declined more slowly in NIH mice than in BALB/c strain. Surprisingly, however, a greater proportion of larvae remaining in the lungs of BALB/c mice, 9 days p.i., were trapped than in NIH mice. Nevertheless, establishment in the small intestines of the BALB/c strain was consistently greater than in NIH mice. Host immunosuppression resulted in increased larval retention in the lungs of both the BALB/c and NIH strains as well as in the small intestines of BALB/c mice. Treatment with hydrocortisone acetate did not increase intestinal worm burdens in NIH mice. The data presented suggest that, in this complex, dynamic model system, designation of ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ strains is inappropriate. The factors underlying the observed strain differences in resistance to infection are discussed.
Experimental infection of athymic mice with the human microsporidianNosema corneum
Authors: Silveira H. , Canning E. U. , Shadduck J. A.
Published: June 2009

Athymic mice (BALB/c nu/nu/Ola/Hsd) were experimentally infected intraperitoneally withNosema corneumspores. Infection was monitored in the first and second weeks post-infection. The liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, lung, heart, brain and eye were collected. Quantification of infection in each organ using three different techniques gave approximately the same pattern of infection. Infection increased with time. Histological observations were made on the sites of infection in each organ. All organs were infected, the liver being the most heavily infected. The eye was infected in the retina in contrast to the cornea which was the site of infection in the original host. The present study ofN. corneumin athymic mice has shown that this system could also be used to study host-parasite relationships and serve as a model for testing therapeutic agents. Previously the only microsporidian serving as a suitable model for human microsporidiosis wasEncephalitozoon cuniculi.
Notes on some species of Nematoda from kangaroos and wallabies, including a new genus and three new species
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

A large number of nematodes from Protemnodon rufogrisea, P. bicolor, P. dorsalis, and Macropus canguru, from southern Queensland, M. robustus from Western Australia, and Megaleia rufa (? locality) have been examined. The species described in this paper are: Pharyngostrongylus macropodis Yorke & Maplestone, P. kappa, sp.nov. (syn. P. macropodis in part), P. eta Johnston & Mawson, P. lambda, sp.nov., Rugopharynx epsilon (J. & M.), R. delta (J. & M.), R. zeta (J. & M.) (syn. R. longibursaris (Kung)), R. theta (J. & M.), Coronostrongylus coronatus J. & M.; a new genus is proposed, Oesophagonastes, with type O. kartana syn. Spirostrongylus kartana Mawson to include O. parma syn. Pharyngostrongylus parma J. & M., O. gallardi syn. P. gallardi J. & M., and O. leptos, sp.nov.

Most of the parasites were sent for examination by Dr M. J. Mackerras, then of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research. Those from Western Australia were from Dr T. Ealey of the Zoology Department, Monash University, Victoria, who was working on Macropus robustus in the north of that state. I am most grateful to both of these helpers.
The dynamics of the host-parasite relationship
Authors: Dineen J. K. , Donald A. D. , Wagland B. M. , Turner J. H.
Published: June 2009

The present studies were designed to characterize the response of sheep infected with N. spathiger to challenge infection with the same species.

The results showed that: (1) the level of worm counts attained on secondary infection with the parasite was much reduced compared with the counts recorded following initial infection; (2) the relative fecundities of parasite populations which developed in individual hosts following challenge infection, ranked in magnitude in an order which was similar to that established following initial infection; (3) as fecundity was highly correlated with the number of egg-laying females and the number of males and females was nearly equal in individual specimens, it was concluded that worm burdens were also ranked for individual animals on primary infection and following challenge; and (4) the animals of the control group remained as susceptible as the animals of groups 1 and 3 at the time of their primary infection; consequently, in the absence of previous immunological experience due to infection, there was no apparent change in susceptibility of the animals due to an effect of age during the course of the 17 weeks of the experiment.

We are greatly indebted to Dr Michael Tallis, Division of Mathematical Statistics, C.S.I.R.O., for advice and assistance with the statistical analyses, and to Dr D. F. Stewart for his interest and constructive criticism during the course of these studies. Our thanks are also due to Mr E. Teleki and Misses Helen Giller and Lindy Stothart for their valuable technical assistance.
Trypanosomes of African fresh-water fish: an addendum
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: June 2009

In a paper recently published in Parasitology (Baker, 1960), I referred to the description of trypanosomes from the fish Malapterurus electricus and Labeo macrostoma by Rodhain (1908). Most regrettably, I was unaware until after my paper was printed of the existence of a later publication by Rodhain (1942) in which these trypanosomes were named Trypanosoma malopteruri (sic.) and T. gandéi, respectively. Rodhain's descriptions are rather brief, and it is difficult to compare them with those of earlier authors, which are often also lacking in detail: however, in the light of present knowledge of the morphological variability of these large trypanosomes and their wide host-ranges (in the few cases in which these are known), there seems to be no sure ground for regarding T. malopteruri and T. gandéi as valid species: possibly both are synonyms of T. toddi Bouet (1909), if it be assumed that Bouet saw only the larger forms of a pleomorphic species.
A note on the behaviour of an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii in some B-vitamin deficient chicks
Authors: Kulasiri C. , Prasad H.
Published: June 2009

No differences in susceptibility or parasite distribution of avirulent Toxoplasma was observed between biotin-, pantothenic acid-, nicotinic acid-, riboflavin- and heat-labile vitamins-deficient chicks and their controls. Ordinary diet supplemented with cod-liver oil did not have any effect either. Avirulent Toxoplasma were readily isolated from the brains of all the animals at the end of 1 month.

We are grateful to Professor P. C. C. Garnham for his interest.
The effects of host sex and age on the host-parasite relationship of the third-stage larva of Amplicaecum robertsi Sprent & Mines, 1960, in the laboratory rat
Authors: Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

Male rats were more susceptible than female rats to experimental infection with Amplicaecum robertsi. This sex difference first appeared at the time of puberty, i.e. about 50 days of age.

Suckling rats were less susceptible to infection than weanlings. This was attributed to the cumulative effects of intestinal structure, the indirect effects of milk on the physio-chemical factors in the gut, and the direct effects of milk on the worms themselves.

The rat showed an age resistance to A. robertsi: this was greatest in the female host.

The larvae recovered from females were shorter than those recovered from male rats except in immature animals.

The longest larvae were recovered from suckling rats: in old rats the length of the larvae recovered became progressively shorter as the animals aged.

This investigation was carried out during the tenure of a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wool Research Council of Australia. I should like to thank Professor J. F. A. Sprent for his help and Mr C. Wilkinson for his technical assistance.
Observations on Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782) (Acanthocephala) from a wildfowl reserve in Kent
Authors: Crompton D. W. T. , Harrison J. G.
Published: June 2009

Observations are described on Polymorphus minutus in its final and intermediate hosts from a wildfowl reserve in Kent. The appearance of the parasite in the reserve followed the alteration of the course of the River Darent, an operation which created a suitable habitat for the intermediate host, Gammarus pulex.

The parasite has been found to occupy the same region of the intestine in the Mallard as in domestic ducks, but it occupies a more anterior region in the Tufted Duck. Worms of varying age have been shown to be present in natural infections of wildfowl.

P. minutus and a cestode, Dicranotaenia coronula, appear to compete for attachment sites in the intestine of Mallard. This competition may be a factor which causes the attachment zone of P. minutus to be extended anteriorly.

The presence of the parasite in the reserve appears to be causing the population of G. pulex to decrease.

It is suggested from the observations made on the birds of the reserve, from the results of infecting domestic ducks and from a consideration of the list of final hosts of the parasite, that there exist strains of P. minutus, adapted to development in different species of birds.

We wish to thank Dr P. Tate for helpful discussions, and Dr I. C. Williams, Department of Zoology, University of Hull, for the identification of the cestodes and criticism of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Drs J. M. and D. L. Harrison, Mr G. Wallis and Mr A. Meikle for assistance with the population studies and the collection of some of the material.
Antigenic relationships amongTrypanosoma lewisi—complex cells
Authors: Lincicome David Richard , Watkins Roy Chester
Published: June 2009

Cells of six isolates ofTrypanosoma lewisifrom the United States, England, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, and Singapore were matched against antiserum to the ‘L’ isolate in microagglutinin chambers. Antisera were prepared in Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum protein determinations were made by the biuret reaction; electrophoretic fractionations of serum proteins were done with a semi-closed horizontal system (Evans & Stirewalt, 1947) at 4°C for 24 h, 120 V, and 8 mA with paper strips. Electrolyte was veronal buffer, pH 8·6 and μ 0·058. Agglutinin absorptions were carried out using inactivated anti-‘L’ sera.

Total protein (mg/ml) values were higher in all infected animals (60vs.54). Albumin values (%) were higher in controls (47vs.40);α-1 fractions were essentially unchanged (15%) as were α-2 values (6%). β Fractions were elevated in infected groups (21vs.17%), as were the γ globulins (19vs.12%).

Three protocols employing agglutinin reactions were completed. In two protocols 3+ agglutinin end-points were obtained with four isolates using 1·45–1·47 μg of immune γ globulin. Two of the isolates (Puerto Rico and Singapore) required 10 times this amount of immune globulin for the same end-point. In two other tests all isolates gave reaction end-points that required greater quantities (by a factor ofca.500) of immune γ globulin than obtained in the first two tests, and there was further evidence that the Costa Rican isolate was quantitatively different from the others. These facts are interpreted to mean that all six geographic isolates show close qualitative relationships to each other, but that the relationships for the Puerto Rican, Singapore and Costa Rican isolates are quantitatively different. Agglutinins could not be absorbed from immune serum by any of the cells.
A revision of Nosomma monstrosum (Nuttall and Warburton, 1908) Ixodoidea: Ixodidae
Authors: Arthur Don. R. , Chaudhuri R. P.
Published: June 2009

Nosomma monstrosum was originally described from a male specimen under the name of Hyalomma monstrosum by Nuttall & Warburton (1908), and the female was described some ten years later by Warburton (1918). Three other males were also seen by him at this time, and he was somewhat hesitant to assign these ticks to the genus Hyalomma. The genus Nosomma was proposed by Schulze (1919) to accommodate this monotypic species, but this appears to have been done without seeing the species and his reasons for establishing the genus appear to be insufficient. Chodziesner (1924) and Sharif (1928) concur on the validity of the genus and the latter defines the genus as follows: ‘eyes flat, scutum, legs and dorsal surface of the capitulum ornate, festoons present, palps short and broad, basis rectangular dorsally in both sexes, coxae I bifid, other coxae with two short spurs on each, ventral shields in the male represented by adanal, accessory and trilobed subanal shields; spiracles short, comma-shaped in the male and subtriangular in the female’. Delpy (1936) agreed in the separation of Cosmiomma and Nosomma from Hyalomma, and in respect of Nosomma stated that ‘Caractérisé par des palpes dont l'article III est plus large que long et par des ecussons subanaux tres volumineux’. Generic status was also accepted by Toumanoff (1944) and Santos Dias (1954).
Studies on the protein metabolism of cestodes
Authors: Mettrick D. F. , Munro H. N.
Published: June 2009

The dry weight and nitrogen content of Hymenolepis diminuta were studied after a period of 15 days‘ growth in rats receiving different diets. The special diets were fed during the last 7 days of this period, that is, while the major part of growth is occurring but before shedding proglottids.

Replacement of all the protein (casein) of the diet by carbohydrate resulted in greater development of the worm. However, replacement of casein by fat had no effect on worm development, indicating that removal of protein is not a significant factor, whereas addition of carbohydrate is effective.

Since exchange of casein by the nutritionally incomplete protein zein did not affect worm development significantly, protein quality appears not to be a factor in growth of H. diminuta.

The addition of tryptophan and lysine to the meal containing zein, in order to raise its nutritional value to that of casein, did not influence the growth of the parasite. However, the feeding of the same amounts of these two amino acids at times other than those of giving zein depressed the growth of the parasite. This was not due to type of protein (zein) fed in the rest of the diet, since a similar phenomenon occurs when casein is the dietary protein, or when a protein-free diet rich in carbohydrate is given. Addition of these amino acids, singly, either to diets containing protein or deficient in protein, had significant actions on worm growth, which was sometimes stimulated and in other circumstances reduced.

The nitrogen balance of the host was unaffected by the worm burden.

We are deeply indebted to Dr C. A. Hopkins for providing facilities, for infection of rats with the cestode, and for his helpful advice. Miss M. Cowan provided skilled technical assistance during the feeding of the animals and analysis of the host and parasite tissues. One of us (D.F.M.) gratefully acknowledges the Award of a Commonwealth Bursary from the Royal Society and the Nuffield Foundation.
A histochemical study of the distribution of glycogen and oxidoreductase activity in Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782) (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Crompton D. W. T.
Published: June 2009

The distribution of glycogen has been studied in P. minutus by means of histochemical methods. The strongest staining for glycogen was detected in the proboscis, the radial layer of the body wall and the non-contractile parts of the muscles.

Histochemical methods have also been used to study the localization of the activity of ten oxidoreductase enzymes. The enzymes are situated in the mitochondria of P. minutus, the distribution of which corresponds closely with that of glycogen.

I am grateful to Dr P. Tate for helpful discussions, and to Drs D. L. Lee and F. P. B. Wooding for criticizing the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Mr D. Barnard for technical assistance.
The bionomics and parasitic development of Tripius sciarae (Bovien) (Sphaerulariidae: Aphelenchoidea), a nematode parasite of sciarid flies (Sciaridae: Diptera)
Authors: Poinar George O.
Published: June 2009

After penetrating through the body wall into the haemocoel of Bradysia paupera, the fertilized female of Tipius sciarae increased in size and slowly expelled the enlarging uterine cells through the vulva.

Within 7 days of penetration, the females were mature and began laying eggs into the haemocoel of the host. The eggs hatched in 3 days and, within 2 weeks, the host–s body was swarming with juvenile nematodes. The juveniles moulted three times in the body cavity of the host and 4th-stage forms emerged through ruptures in the intestine or body wall (in larval hosts) or were deposited on the surface of the soil (by adult female flies). They then moulted to adult forms while remaining ensheathed in their last juvenile cuticle, mated, and the fertilized infective females were ready to enter a new host.

Most parasitized fly larvae died before reaching the pupal stage but some emerged as adults, still carrying the nematodes within them. All parasitized adult flies were sterile. Infested larvae had smaller fat bodies and adult histoblasts than normal larvae and took twice as long to develop.

Preliminary tests suggested that this nematode may be useful in controlling sciarid gnats in glasshouses.

T. sciarae (Bovien) and T. gibbosus (Leuckart) were compared.

This work was done at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England, while the author held a postdoctoral grant from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. I thank Mr F. G. W. Jones for a place in the Nematology Department, Dr Audrey Shepherd for supplying the New Blue R stain, Dr J. B. Goodey for advice, and Dr K. Lindhardt, Denmark, for the loaning of the late Dr Bovien–s slides of T. sciarae.
On the bionomics ofCrepidostomum metoecus(Braun, 1900) andCrepidostomum farionis(Müller, 1784) (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae)
Authors: Awachie J. B. E.
Published: June 2009

The life-cycles of the two species ofCrepidostomumoccurring in a stream in North Wales are investigated. Both species share the same arthropod and definitive hosts, viz.Gammarus pulexandSalmo trutta, respectively, but have different molluscan hosts, viz.:Lymnaea peregraforC. metoecusandPisidium casertanumforC. farionis.

C. metoecusandC. farionishave annual cycles, hence periodicity of occurrence in their hosts. InC. metoecusthe dynamics of occurrence in the three hosts are correlated. The inverse relationship inG. pulexandS. truttaas well as the existence of a time-lag of 3–4 months between the establishment of this worm inG. pulexand inS. truttaare discussed.

Neither premunition nor age-resistance occurs in the parasitization ofS. truttaandG. pulexbyC. metoecus. The increase in the rate and degree of infestation with the age and length of fish, except in the oldest and longest group, is shown to be due to trophic factors.

C. metoecusis more abundant and widely distributed in the stream thanC. farionis. This fact is associated with the occurrence of their molluscan hosts.

Experimental observations were made on the stages in the life-history ofC. metoecus, including the mode of emergence of the cercaria, invasion of shrimps and encystment, as well as development of the metacercariae inG. pulex.

More cercariae are shed by day and at higher temperatures, and they live for about 5 days at 8 °C. The metacercaria undergoes considerable development before becoming infective.C. metoecusdoes extensive damage toL. peregra, has no observed ill-effect on trout, and apparently affects the life-span of shrimps adversely only in cases of very heavy infestations.

The non-parasitization ofCottus gobioby the two flukes is probably due to the prevailing ecological factors.

My thanks are due to Professor H. B. N. Hynes and Dr J. C. Chubb for many helpful criticisms at all stages of this study; to Miss Joan Venn for helping with the sampling programme; and the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom for financial support.
Undulatory locomotion of the plant parasitic nematodeMeloidogyne javanica
Authors: Wallace H. R.
Published: June 2009

A hypothesis is developed to explain how the nematode propels itself around in the egg before hatching. The normal reactions at the ends of the egg to the pressure exerted by the nematode are each equivalent to a force propelling the nematode around inside the egg and to a displacement force. A diagram of forces that satisfies the requirements for undulatory locomotion has an asymmetrical egg with ends of variable curvature. In such an egg the only effective forces acting on the nematode are the propulsive forces along the longitudinal axis of the nematode and frictional forces between the nematode and egg shell. A steady glide occurs when these two forces are equal. As the nematode moves around the ends of the egg, the muscles in contact with the shell come under tension and owing to the change in curvature of the shell they contract and release the potential energy necessary for propulsion.

Measurements on the shape of eggs, the configurations of actively moving nematodes in the egg, ciné film of eggs and a model of a nematode in an egg do not disprove the hypothesis.

Prior to hatching the surface area of the egg increases and increased force by the head of the nematode at one end of the egg produces a protuberance which eventually bursts under the influence of the mouth stylet which punctures the shell and the pressure from the nematode's head. Propulsive forces within the egg enable the larva to hatch.

Nematodes at a root surface form waves of large amplitude with the result that the head and stylet often meet the root at right angles. The nematode then attaches itself to the root and active use of the mouth stylet makes the initial puncture in the plant's epidermis. Penetration to a depth of 100 μm occurs under the influence of propulsive forces developed by that part of the body outside the root. Thereafter, the section of the body within the root develops the necessary forces and the posterior part outside the root remains almost stationary. The nematode penetrates the root intermittently to a depth of 40–60 μm every 20–40 min corresponding to the penetration of a series of cell walls.

The relationships between egg shape, movement in the egg, mode of hatching and site of hatching present a further interesting problem because it is possible that nematodes that hatch into an environment outside the host require some pre-hatch movement to bring the muscular system to a high level of efficiency. Nematodes that hatch within the host may not need such an adaptation.

Thanks are due to Mr I. R. Dick for his help and useful discussion, to Mr K. W. J. Crocker for technical help and to Miss Colleen Hill who made the drawings.
The feeding processes of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)
Authors: Tatchell R. J. , Moorhouse D. E.
Published: June 2009

The development of the feeding lesions of the ixodid tick Boophilus microplus was followed throughout the parasitic life-cycle on cattle of both Zebu and European breeds, using histological techniques.

The feeding lesion of this tick must be the result of an interaction between the tick and its host as it is neither the result of simple mechanical trauma, nor of lysis of the host tissues by salivary secretions of the tick alone, nor is it solely a result of an inflammatory response.

The histological evidence suggests that the diet of the tick in each instar changes as the lesion develops; first, tissue fluids are available, then tissue fluids along with leucocytes which have infiltrated the lesion, and finally these two components along with whole blood.

An early intense infiltration of eosinophils into the area of the mouthparts, typical of an immediate hypersensitive or anaphylactic response, was noted with European cattle on secondary and subsequent exposures to larvae. Hypersensitivity to tick infestation, which has been equated with resistance to infestation, was seen as an extreme of a normal spectrum of sensitization which results in an abnormal susceptibility.

The definitive lesion was similar with all hosts studied. It consisted of a cavity containing leucocytes, predominantly neutrophils, some lymphocytes and erythrocytes in an area of heavily infiltrated collagen.

It is concluded that this host-parasite relationship illustrates the concept of adaptation tolerance as proposed by Sprent (1962).

It is with much pleasure that we acknowledge the continued generous financial support by the Australian Meat Research Committee (formerly the Australian Cattle and Beef Research Committee), which has made possible this project.
A new genus, Alainchabaudia (Nematoda: Spirurinae), from coraciform birds in Australia
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

A new genus, Alainchabaudia, is proposed, apparently close to Hartertia, but differing in the presence of modifications of the anterior end of the buccal capsule, which is prolonged dorsally and ventrally and ends in four submedian teeth. Two species are included: the type species, C. alcedinis sp.nov., from Halcyon sanctus (Queensland and South Australia) and Dacelo gigas (New South Wales); and A. aegotheles (Johnston & Mawson) syn. Habronema aegotheles J. & M., from Aegotheles cristata (South Australia).

The specimens from Queensland were lent by Dr John Pearson of the School of Parasitology of the University of Queensland. The bodies of the other two birds were sent to me for dissection, Dacelo gigas by Mr H. J. de S. Disney, Curator of Birds in the Australian Museum, Sydney, and Halcyon sanctus by Mr H. Condon, Curator of Birds in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. I am most grateful to these gentlemen for their assistance.
The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D.
Published: June 2009

The size and shape of the trophozoite ofNyctotherus ovalisin different species of cockroaches was found to vary considerably, and this was attributed chiefly to the presence or absence of large paraglycogen granules within the ciliate.

The size and shape of the cysts ofN. ovaliswhich were passed in the faeces of the host on successive days were found to fluctuate around means which were more or less constant over a long period. The constants varied according to the species of the host: the largest and fattest cysts were found in the faeces fromBlatta, the smallest and most slender fromBlattella. Those fromBlaberuswere of theBlattella-type, butPeriplanetaharboured populations which gave rise either to theBlatta-type of cysts or to theBlattella-type.

The constant size and shape of the cysts was not altered when the host moulted, but there was always a decrease in size and sometimes a change of shape when an infection was established in a new host. The cause of these changes is unknown. An increase in size was induced by an increase in environmental temperature, but the size declined during a subsequent period at lower temperatures. The work of other authors on changes in the sizes of protozoan cysts is discussed.

The cyst wall ofN. ovalisconsists of four separate layers plus an outer membrane. They all seemed to be proteinaceous in nature. Treatment with various inorganic reagents and proteolytic enzymes revealed that the knob is the most easily destroyed part of the wall. A histochemical test for keratin showed that this is the chief constituent of the wall. The keratin appeared to be least organized in the knob, and hence the knob is the least impermeable part of the wall.

This work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I am deeply indebted to Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and counsel at all stages of the work.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis). II. The effect of sex on experimental infections in the rat (an abnormal host)
Authors: Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

1. The male rat is more susceptible to infections ofNematospiroides dubiusthan the female. As the rat grows older the resistance of the female rat to infection increases at a greater rate than that of the male.

2. The course of the infection is modified by the sex of the host.

3. More larvae penetrated the intestinal mucosa to encyst in the male than in the female. More larvae, however, formed cysts in the female than in the male rat by the fifth day.

4. The male harboured more adult worms than the female rat, although this difference was not significant in the immature animals.

5. The sex resistance of the rat toN. dubiusinfections was removed by bilateral gonadectomy. Castration decreased the susceptibility of the male rat, while spaying increased it in the female compared with the susceptibility in the respective normal hosts.

6. Subsequent replacement of the homologous sex hormone in the gonadectomized rat restores the sex resistance, and may even increase it (particularly in the immature animals). Oestradiol increased the resistance of the spayed female rat, while testosterone increased the susceptibility of the castrate male rat to infection.

7. Oestradiol implanted in castrate male rats increased the resistance of these hosts to a greater level than was shown in the normal male rat.

8. The rat shows a marked age resistance over which the sex resistance is superimposed.

9. The relationship between the sex of the host and its resistance to infection is discussed.

This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship of Nematospiroides dubius (Baylis). III. The effect of a milk diet on experimental infections in the adult male mouse
Authors: Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

1. The suckling 10-day-old mouse harboured fewer worms than the weanling 15-day-old mouse after both 5 and 10 days' infection.

2. The adult male mouse, however, harboured significantly more worms when fed on milk than when fed on rat cake after both 5 and 10 days' infection.

3. These results were discussed in relation to the effects of diet and gut length on the susceptibility of the host.

This work was done during the tenure of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Studentship. My thanks are due to Dr E. T. B. Francis for his helpful and critical supervision, and to Professor I. Chester Jones, in whose department the work was done, for the facilities he provided.
Rejection of the generic name Dendrocystis Rees, 1962, and its replacement by Arborocystis nov.nom. Protozoa: Gregarinomorpha
Authors: Rees B. , Howell M. J.
Published: June 2009

Arborocystis nov.nom. is proposed to replace Dendrocystis Rees, 1962, a junior homonym of Dendrocystis Bather, 1889.

The authors wish to thank Dr David L. Pawson, Division of Marine Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for furnishing data from Barrande (1887).
Activity and the orthokinetic response of larval Trichonema to light
Authors: Croll N. A.
Published: June 2009

Dark-adapted third-stage Trichonema larvae were orthokinetically stimulated by light. The response soon reached a maximum and then gradually decreased, the larvae then being inactive as long as they were kept in light. The rate of response was independent of intensity, and was a constant for any one age. Inactive larvae were activated by a mechanical stimulus, and were therefore only insensitive to light.

The larvae needed 3 h adaptation in darkness before responding fully to a further light stimulus. Dark-adaptation required continuous darkness; larvae exposed to a flashing light responded as if in continuous light. The presence of a light-sensitive mechanism is postulated.

I thank Professor B. G. Peters for discussion of this work, and for reading the manuscript.
The fine structure of the intestine and hind gut of the larva of Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Bruce R. G.
Published: June 2009

The brush border of the intestinal cells of the infective larva of Trichinella spiralis is shown to consist of microvilli. It is suggested that large vesicular complexes in association with Golgi complexes may be responsible for the production of the mucopolysaccharide or mucoprotein filling the lumen of the intestine. Indirect evidence of a latent intranuclear virus infection is presented. The cuticle lining the hind gut, although continuous with the external cuticle, is not similar in structure.

I would like to thank Dr D. L. Lee for instruction in all aspects of this work, Professor Boyd for the use of the Anatomy Department electron microscope and the Agricultural Research Council for financial support.