COVID-19 breakthrough infections in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study by the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) Group
Authors: Panchawagh Suhrud , Ravichandran Naveen , Barman Bhupen , Nune Arvind , Javaid Mahnoor , Gracia-Ramos Abraham Edgar , Day Jessica , Joshi Mrudula , Kuwana Masataka , Saha Sreoshy , Pande Arunkumar R. , Caballero-Uribe Carlo Vinicio , Velikova Tsvetelina , Parodis Ioannis , Knitza Johannes , Kadam Esha , Tan Ai Lyn , Shinjo Samuel Katsuyuki , Boro Hiya ,   COVAD Study Group, Sen Parikshit , Day Jessica , Nikiphorou Elena , Ziade Nelly , Milchert Marcin , Cavagna Lorenzo , Chen Yi Ming , Makol Ashima , Agarwal Vishwesh , Patel Aarat , Pauling John D. , Wincup Chris , Tehozol Erick Adrian Zamora , Serrano Jorge Rojas , La Torre Ignacia García-De , Colunga-Pedraza Iris J. , Merayo-Chalico Javier , Chibuzo Okwara Celestine , Katchamart Wanruchada , Goo Phonpen Akawatcharangura , Shumnalieva Russka , Hoff Leonardo Santos , El Kibbi Lina , Halabi Hussein , Vaidya Binit , Shaharir Syahrul Sazliyana , Hasan ATMTanveer , Dey Dzifa , Gutiérrez Carlos Enrique Toro , Lilleker James B. , Salim Babur , Gheita Tamer , Distler Oliver , Saavedra Miguel A. , Kardes Sinan , Andreoli Laura , Lini Daniele , Schreiber Karen , Vince Melinda Nagy , Singh Yogesh Preet , Ranjan Rajiv , Jain Avinash , Pandya Sapan C. , Pilania Rakesh Kumar , Sharma Aman , M Manesh Manoj , Gupta Vikas , Kavadichanda Chengappa G. , Patro Pradeepta Sekhar , Ajmani Sajal , Phatak Sanat , Goswami Rudra Prosad , Chowdhury Abhra Chandra , Mathew Ashish Jacob , Shenoy Padnamabha , Asranna Ajay , Bommakanti Keerthi Talari , Shukla Anuj , Pande Arunkumar R. , Chandwar Kunal , Ghodke Akanksha , Fazal Zoha Zahid , Cansu Döndü Üsküdar , Yıldırım Reşit , Gasparyan Armen Yuri , Del Papa Nicoletta , Sambataro Gianluca , Fabiola Atzeni , Govoni Marcello , Parisi Simone , Bocci Elena Bartoloni , Sebastiani Gian Domenico , Fusaro Enrico , Sebastiani Marco , Quartuccio Luca , Franceschini Franco , Sainaghi Pier Paolo , Orsolini Giovanni , De Angelis Rossella , Danielli Maria Giovanna , Venerito Vincenzo , Grignaschi Silvia , Giollo Alessandro , Alluno Alessia , Ioannone Florenzo , Fornaro Marco , Traboco Lisa S. , Wibowo Suryo Anggoro Kusumo , Loarce-Martos Jesús , Prieto-González Sergio , Gonzalez Raquel Aranega , Yoshida Akira , Nakashima Ran , Sato Shinji , Kimura Naoki , Kaneko Yuko , Gono Takahisa , Tomaras Stylianos , Proft Fabian Nikolai , Holzer Marie-Therese , Gromova Margarita Aleksandrovna , Aharonov Or , Griger Zoltán , Hmamouchi Ihsane , El bouchti Imane , Baba Zineb , Giannini Margherita , Maurier François , Campagne Julien , Meyer Alain , Langguth Daman , Limaye Vidya , Needham Merrilee , Srivastav Nilesh , Hudson Marie , Landon-Cardinal Océane , Zuleta Wilmer Gerardo Rojas , Arbeláez Álvaro , Cajas Javier , Silva José António Pereira , Fonseca João Eurico , Zimba Olena , Bohdana Doskaliuk , Ima-Edomwonyi Uyi , Dedeke Ibukunoluwa , Airenakho Emorinken , Madu Nwankwo Henry , Yerima Abubakar , Olaosebikan Hakeem , A. Becky , Koussougbo Oruma Devi , Palalane Elisa , So Ho , Ugarte-Gil Manuel Francisco , Chinchay Lyn , Bernaola José Proaño , Pimentel Victorio , Fathi Hanan Mohammed , Mohammed Reem Hamdy A. , Harifi Ghita , Fuentes-Silva Yurilís , Cabriza Karoll , Losanto Jonathan , Colaman Nelly , Cachafeiro-Vilar Antonio , Bautista Generoso Guerra , Ho Enrique Julio Giraldo , González Raúl , Nunez Lilith Stange , M Cristian Vergara , Báez Jossiell Then , Alonzo Hugo , Pastelin Carlos Benito Santiago , Salinas Rodrigo García , Obiols Alejandro Quiñónez , Chávez Nilmo , Ordóñez Andrea Bran , Llerena Alberto Reyes , Sierra-Zorita Radames , Arrieta Dina , Hidalgo Eduardo Romero , Saenz Ricardo , Escalante M Idania , Calapaqui Wendy , Quezada Ivonne , Arredondo Gabriela , Aggarwal Rohit , Agarwal Vikas , Chatterjee Tulika , Gupta Latika 
Published: December 2023

To investigate the frequency, profile, and severity of COVID-19 breakthrough infections (BI) in patients with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to healthy controls (HC) after vaccination. The second COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD-2) survey is a multinational cross-sectional electronic survey which has collected data on patients suffering from various autoimmune diseases including T1DM. We performed a subgroup analysis on this cohort to investigate COVID-19 BI characteristics in patients with T1DM. Logistic regression with propensity score matching analysis was performed. A total of 9595 individuals were included in the analysis, with 100 patients having T1DM. Among the fully vaccinated cohort, 16 (16%) T1DM patients had one BI and 2 (2%) had two BIs. No morbidities or deaths were reported, except for one patient who required hospitalization with oxygen without admission to intensive care. The frequency, clinical features, and severity of BIs were not significantly different between T1DM patients and HCs after adjustment for confounding factors. Our study did not show any statistically significant differences in the frequency, symptoms, duration, or critical care requirements between T1DM and HCs after COVID-19 vaccination. Further research is needed to identify factors associated with inadequate vaccine response in patients with BIs, especially in patients with autoimmune diseases.