bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breathing‐in/breathing‐out approach to preparing nanosilver‐loaded hydrogels: Highly efficient antibacterial nanocomposites
Authors: Thomas Varsha , Yallapu Murali Mohan , Sreedhar B. , Bajpai S. K.
Published: October 2008

The key objective of developing novel materials for hygienic living conditions is to lower the risk of transmitting diseases and biofouling. To this end, a number of silver–hydrogel nanocomposite systems are under development. In this study, we attempted a unique strategy to prepare silver‐nanoparticle‐loaded poly(acrylamide‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrolidone) hydrogel composites. To load nanosilver particles into such a nonionic hydrogel, a novel breathing‐in/breathing‐out (BI–BO) approach was employed. As the number of BI–BO cycles increased, the amount of the silver nanoparticles loaded into these hydrogels also increased. This behavior was obvious and was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Furthermore, the hydrogel–silver‐nanoparticle composites were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. Antibacterial studies of these hydrogel–silver nanocomposites showed excellent results against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity increased with the number of BI–BO cycles, and samples that underwent three BI–BO cycles showed optimal bactericidal activity. The degree of crosslinking and the silver content had a great influence on the antibacterial efficacy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of novel thermo‐ and pH‐responsive copolymers based on amphiphilic polyaspartamides
Authors: Moon Jong Rok , Park Young Hwan , Kim Ji‐Heung
Published: October 2008

Novel amphiphilic, thermo‐ and pH‐responsive polyaspartamides showing both double‐responsive (pH and temperature) behavior and a sol‐gel transition were prepared and characterized. The polyaspartamide derivatives were synthesized by the successive aminolysis reactions of polysuccinimide using both hydrophobic N‐alkylamine (laurylamine, octylamine, hexylamine) and hydrophilic N‐isopropylethylenediamine. The composition of each component was analyzed by 1H NMR. At the intermediate composition range, the system showed a lower critical solution temperature behavior in water. The transition temperature (pH dependent) could be modulated by changing the alkyl chain length and graft composition. The temperature dependence of the nanoparticle size distribution of the polyaspartamide derivatives was also examined. The critical micelle concentration of the copolymers in a phosphate‐buffered saline (pH 7.4) solution ranged from 6 to 20 μg/L. In addition, physical gelation, i.e., a sol‐gel transition, was observed in a concentrated solution. These novel double‐responsive and injectable hydrogels have potential biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cluster Formation as a Measure of Interpretability in Multiple Testing
Authors: Shaffer Juliet Popper
Published: October 2008

Multiple test procedures are usually compared on various aspects of error control and power. Power is measured as some function of the number of false hypotheses correctly identified as false. However, given equal numbers of rejected false hypotheses, the pattern of rejections, i.e. the particular set of false hypotheses identified, may be crucial in interpreting the results for potential application.

In an important area of application, comparisons among a set of treatments based on random samples from populations, two different approaches, cluster analysis and model selection, deal implicitly with such patterns, while traditional multiple testing procedures generally focus on the outcomes of subset and pairwise equality hypothesis tests, without considering the overall pattern of results in comparing methods. An important feature involving the pattern of rejections is their relevance for dividing the treatments into distinct subsets based on some parameter of interest, for example their means. This paper introduces some new measures relating to the potential of methods for achieving such divisions. Following Hartley (1955), sets of treatments with equal parameter values will be called clusters. Because it is necessary to distinguish between clusters in the populations and clustering in sample outcomes, the population clusters will be referred to as P ‐clusters; any related concepts defined in terms of the sample outcome will be referred to with the prefix outcome. Outcomes of multiple comparison procedures will be studied in terms of their probabilities of leading to separation of treatments into outcome clusters, with various measures relating to the number of such outcome clusters and the proportion of true vs. false outcome clusters. The definitions of true and false outcome clusters and related concepts, and the approach taken here, is in the tradition of hypothesis testing with attention to overall error control and power, but with added consideration of cluster separation potential.

The pattern approach will be illustrated by comparing two methods with apparent FDR control but with different ways of ordering outcomes for potential significance: The original Benjamini–Hochberg (1995) procedure (BH), and the Newman–Keuls (Newman, 1939; Keuls, 1952) procedure (NK). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The impact of victim‐offender mediation: A cross‐national perspective
Authors: Umbreit Mark S. , Coates Robert B. , Roberts Ann Warner
Published: October 2008

The field of victim‐offender mediation, now in its third decade, has grown extensively throughout North America and Europe, with programs in more than twelve hundred communities. This article reports on results from three related studies on the consequences of participating in victim‐offender mediation, including programs in four of the United States (Umbreit, 1996, 1994a, 1994b; Umbreit and Coates, 1993), four provinces of Canada (Umbreit, 1999, 1995c), and two cities in England (Umbreit and Roberts, 1996). VOM is implemented differently in various places, reflecting cultural norms and mores. Given innumerable ways of doing victim‐offender mediation, are there common experiences shared among participants that can inform program delivery and justice policy?

The VOM model was found to be a highly transportable and flexible program in diverse settings. High levels of client satisfaction with both the process and outcome were found, and a high level of fairness was expressed. VOM continues to be a promising model, reflecting the principles of the restorative justice movement and offering a firm foundation of practice wisdom and research from which other newer forms of victim‐offender dialogue, such as family group conferences, circles, and boards, can benefit (Bazemore and Umbreit, 1999).
Visible‐Light‐Excited Singlet‐Oxygen Luminescence Probe Based on Re(CO)3Cl(aeip)
Authors: Liu Yan‐Ju , Wang Ke‐Zhi
Published: October 2008

A new rhenium(I) complex, Re(CO)3Cl(aeip) [where aeip =2‐(anthracen‐9‐yl)‐1‐ethyl‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline], was designed and synthesized as a luminescence probe under visible light excitation at 410 nm for detection of singlet oxygen (1O2) in aqueous media. The new complex can specifically react with 1O2 in neutral and alkaline media, which results in remarkable luminescence enhancements, with 8‐ and 18.7‐fold increases in the luminescence quantum yields, respectively. The visible light excitation may allow the complex to be useful for biosystems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis and characterization of imidazolinium surfactants derived from tallow fatty acids and diethylenetriamine
Authors: Bajpai Divya , Tyagi Vinod K.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes the synthesis of long‐chain dialkylamido imidazolines based on tallow fatty acids and diethylenetriamine, followed by their quaternization. Imidazolines were obtained by non‐solvent microwave synthesis using calcium oxide as support, which were then quaternized by using dimethyl sulfate as a quaternizing agent and iso‐propanol as a solvent, to produce cationic imidazolinium salts. The synthesized cationic imidazoline surfactants were evaluated for yield and cationic content. The instrumental techniques, viz. FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR, verified the formation of imidazolines and their subsequent quaternization. The surface‐active and performance properties of the cationic imidazolines in terms of critical micelle concentration, surface tension, dispersibility, emulsion stability, softening, rewettability and antistatic properties were also reported.
The effects of slope and slope position on local and upstream fluid threshold friction velocities
Authors: Huang Ning , Shi Feng , Pelt R. Scott Van
Published: October 2008

In deserts, dunes are common aeolian landforms, and parallel ridges are common in cultivated land. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to simulate a stable wind blowing over slope beds of varying height and coupled with the slope‐compensating fluid threshold friction velocity formula. The model accurately reproduced patterns of flow deceleration at the slope toe and stoss flow acceleration. Based on the CFD‐based model, quantitative analyses of slope gradient and particle position on the initiation of particle movement are performed. Results indicate that the slope has a great influence on particle saltation in the windward slope, and the initiation of particle movement is particularly sensitive to particle position with respect to the slope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐dimensional analysis on lift‐off velocities of sand grains in wind‐blown sand flux
Authors: Zheng Xiaojing , Cheng Ning , Xie Li
Published: October 2008

This paper focuses on a key problem in wind‐blown sand transport research, the lift‐off velocities of sand grains. A three‐dimensional grain‐bed collision model comprising an impact sand grain, a creeping sand grain and a sustaining grain is presented. Based on this model, the analytical formulae of sand grains' linear and angular velocities are derived. The rebound/ejected coefficient (ratio of rebound/ejected velocity to impact velocity) and angle are numerically calculated using the analytical formulae and they agree well with the experiment results, which indicates that the three‐dimensional model is credible and necessary. Comparisons of our results with the results gained by a two‐dimensional grain‐bed collision model show that all components of both rebound and ejected velocities gained by the three‐dimensional model are lower than the corresponding ones done by two‐dimensional model apart from the horizontal rebound velocity. It also shows the lateral velocity and the lateral angular velocity, as well as the upward angular velocity, cannot be obtained by a two‐dimensional model, and cannot be ignored when the impact velocity is high. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear Galerkin vs mixed finite element 2D flow fields
Authors: Putti Mario , Sartoretto Flavio
Published: October 2008

Numerical velocity fields arising from the solution of diffusion equations by the finite element (FE) and the mixed hybrid finite element (MHFE) schemes display different behaviors. In this paper we analyze the characteristics of the two different velocity fields in terms of both accuracy and mass balance properties. General theoretical findings are mostly concerned with the asymptotic behavior of the numerical schemes, i.e. they look at properties as the mesh size tends to zero. For practical applications, it is necessary to work with a fixed mesh of given size. Thus, we attempt to characterize the numerical flow field accuracy by analyzing the resulting mass balance characteristics on a fixed mesh. The comparison is carried out by using direct local mass balance evaluations and by calculating streamlines. We detail the important differences, advantages, and disadvantages of the two approaches. In particular, we show that both FE and MH are perfectly conservative (up to the residual of the linear system solution) if proper control volumes are used. MH streamlines are admissible, i.e. numerical normal fluxes across cell interfaces are continuous. Since continuity of the normal fluxes is not guaranteed by FE, the resulting streamlines are less accurate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basal cell adenoma with myoepithelial cell‐derived “stroma”: A new major salivary gland tumor entity
Authors: Dardick Irving , Daley Tom D. , van Nostrand A. W. Peter
Published: October 2008

The light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of a unique variant of tubular‐trabecular basal cell adenoma are described. The unusual feature of the six examples reported is the richly cellular “stroma” composed of spindle cells coursing between the anastomosing cords of epithelial tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry of all six cases and electron microscopy of two examples illustrated the biphasic differentiation of the epithelial portion of this form of basal cell adenoma, with a central core of duct luminal cells bordered on either side by one or more layers of modified myoepithelial cells. By light microscopy, the features and arrangement of cells in “stromal” regions of this tumor convey a fibroblastic derivation. However, this population of cells stains strongly for S‐100 protein, ultrastructurally displays excessive external lamina production, intercellular junctions, and a growth pattern unlike fibroblasts, and is involved in the formation of extracellular mucinous materials. Such aspects indicate a second population of neoplastic myoepithelial cells in this tumor. Thus, this form of tubulartrabecular basal cell adenoma displays tricellular differentiation and, perhaps, may be considered either a hybrid basal cell adenoma and myoepithelioma or a cellular pleomorphic adenoma.
The role of the great toe in balance performance
Authors: Chou Shih‐Wei , Cheng Hsin‐Yi Kathy , Chen Jen‐Hua , Ju Yan‐Ying , Lin Yin‐Chou , Wong May‐Kuen Alice
Published: October 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate great toe function in maintaining static and dynamic balance. Correlation among great toe length, body height, and balance performance parameters were also investigated. Thirty females (aged 22.1 ± 1.9 years) were tested in two great toe conditions: unconstrained and constrained. Balance testing was done in the following order: (1) static balance, single‐leg stance with right or left foot, eyes open or closed; (2) static balance, stance with both feet, eyes open or closed; (3) dynamic balance, left/right or forward/backward, rhythmic weight shifting; and (4) dynamic balance, target reaching test, eight targets within 90% limit of stability. Significant differences were found in sway velocity between the two toe conditions with eyes open or closed in single‐leg stance (p < 0.05). No difference was found between the two conditions while standing with both feet. For rhythmic weight shifting, significant differences in sway velocity were found in toe conditions and in weight‐shifting directions (p < 0.05). As to target reaching, significance was only noted in directional control scores. Great toe length was correlated with subject's height (r = 0.553, p < 0.05). Our results indicate that constraining the great toe deteriorated the subjects' single‐leg stance performance and worsened the directional control ability during forward/backward weight shifting. The importance of the great toe in balance may be taken into account in toe amputation or transfer in the future. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 549–554, 2009
Central venous catheter complications in sarcoma patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Israel Robert J. , Magill Cordon B. , Brennan Murray F.
Published: October 2008

As part of a prospective randomized study in patients with high grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS), 47 patients received post‐operative adjuvant Adriamycin. The method of administration was randomized to intravenous bolus (B) or to continuous 72 hour infusion (CI) via a Silastic right atrial catheter. Both groups received 60 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. There were nine hospital admissions for treatment related complications in four of the 26 CI patients compared to none in the 21 B patients (P = 0.03). All of the admissions related to complications involving the central venous catheter (CVC). This apparent increased risk for hospital admission secondary to treatment related complications in patients treated with CI must be considered in the planning of future therapeutic trials.
Expression and regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF‐receptor family members in the macaque corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Peluffo Marina C. , Young Kelly A. , Hennebold Jon D. , Stouffer Richard L.
Published: October 2008

Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐receptor (R) family may be involved in the tissue remodeling that occurs in the primate corpus luteum (CL) during development and regression. As a first step towards addressing this issue, studies assessed TNF ligand‐R expression and regulation in CL collected from monkeys during the early (ECL, Days 3–5), mid (MCL, Days 7–8), mid‐late (MLCL, Days 10–11), late (LCL, Days 14–16), and very late (VLCL, menses) luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. CL were also collected after gonadotropin and/or steroid ablation and replacement (with hLH and the progestin R5020) for 3 days at mid‐late luteal phase. TNF‐α, ‐β, FAS ligand (FASL), and TNF‐R1 mRNA levels were two‐ to sixfold greater (P < 0.05) at the MLCL or LCL phase as compared to earlier (ECL, MCL). In contrast, TNF‐R2 and FAS mRNA levels did not change during the luteal phase. Immunohistochemical staining for TNF‐β, TNF‐R1, TNF‐R2, FAS, and FASL was observed in luteal cells, whereas only TNF‐β staining was observed in endothelial cells. Several TNF‐R components were influenced by LH and/or steroid ablation; notably, steroid ablation reduced (P < 0.05) luteal TNF‐α, but not TNF‐β, mRNA levels, which was prevented by progestin treatment. In contrast, steroid ablation increased (P < 0.05) luteal cell immunostaining for FAS and FASL, which was reduced by progestin treatment. Thus, several members of the TNF R‐ligand family are expressed in the primate CL in an LH‐ and/or progestin‐dependent manner. Peak expression in the late luteal phase may signify a role for the TNF‐R system in death receptor‐mediated apoptosis during luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 367–378, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of thermode application pressure on thermal threshold detection
Authors: Pavlaković Goran , Klinke Ina , Pavlaković Helena , Züchner Klaus , Zapf Antonia , Bachmann Cornelius G. , Graf Bernard M. , Crozier Thomas A.
Published: October 2008

Studies using quantitative sensory testing (QST) often present incongruent results due to intra‐ and intersubject as well as interobserver variability which limit widespread use of the technique. Eliminating or reducing the factors responsible for this variability is of great interest, as it increases reliability and reproducibility of QST. Thermal sensory threshold determination is a crucial part of QST. It was previously suggested that the pressure of the thermode on the skin could influence measurements. To verify this, we developed a new thermode with a built‐in pressure sensor. Thresholds obtained with this thermode were compared to those obtained with a commercially available thermotesting device (Medoc TSA‐II). Heat detection and heat pain detection thresholds were higher, and cold detection thresholds were lower when measured with our thermode than they were with the Medoc thermode. Cold pain detection thresholds did not differ between the thermodes. Analysis of the heat transfer capacity of the thermodes indicated that the material of the skin contact surface of the thermode may play a role in these shifts in threshold values. Altering the thermode pressure on the skin did not affect the thermal thresholds. Furthermore, the intrasubject variability of the measurements (minimal‐to‐maximal range of measured threshold values in individual subjects) was also not influenced by the pressure with which the thermode was attached to the skin. Our results suggest that the pressure with which the thermode is attached to the skin does not significantly affect the intra‐ and intersubject reproducibility of the thermal sensory threshold measurements. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Nonlinear response of laterally loaded piles and pile groups
Authors: Guo Wei Dong
Published: October 2008

In spite of extensive studies on laterally loaded piles carried out over years, none of them offers an expedite approach as to gaining the nonlinear response and its associated depth of mobilization of limiting force along each pile in a group. To serve such a need, elastic–plastic solutions for free‐head, laterally loaded piles were developed recently by the author. They allow the response to be readily computed from elastic state right up to failure, by assigning a series of slip depths, and a limiting force profile. In this paper, equivalent solutions for fixed‐head (FixH) single piles were developed. They are subsequently extended to cater for response of pile groups by incorporating p‐multipliers.

The newly established solutions were substantiated by existing numerical solutions for piles and pile groups. They offer satisfactory prediction of the nonlinear response of all the 6 single piles and 24 pile groups investigated so far after properly considering the impact of semi‐FixH restraints. They also offer the extent to ultimate state of pile groups via the evaluated slip depths. The study allows ad hoc guidelines to be established for determining input parameters for the solutions. The solutions are tailored for routine prediction of the nonlinear interaction of laterally loaded FixH piles and capped pile groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ac–dc Electroluminescence in ZnS (Powder and Single Crystal)
Authors: Cingolani A. , Levialdi A.
Published: October 2008

The enhancement effect (E.E.) of ZnS is measured in a constant electric field superposed on an alternating field. Two cases are considered: a) a conventional sandwich‐type electroluminescent (E.L.) ZnS (Mn, Cu, Cl) micropowder cell; b) a ZnS (Cu, Cl) single crystal (“gap”) cell.

Capacity, current, and δ are simultaneously measured at different temperatures between 88 and 300 °K using frequencies in the range 6 to 20 kHz. The frequency corresponding to Rmax is determined. The variation of R near Rmax is found to be independet of tg δ. The value of the time constant of the E.L. cell is equal to half a period of the optimum applied frequency. The results are consistent with both the Fischer [1] model and the “impactionization” model.
White Line at the LIII and LII Edges of Sm in Metal and Its Compounds
Authors: Kushwaha M. S. , Shrivastava B. D. , Dubey V. S.
Published: October 2008

The L‐absorption spectra of Sm in the metal and some of its compounds have been recorded for the first time. The spectra. have been recorded photographically using a 40 cm bent crystal X‐ray spectrograph, kept inside a vacuum chamber. The white lines have been observed at the LIII and LII edges of Sm in the metal and its compounds and their occurrence have been attributed to the transition from 2p states to the vacant part of 5d bands. The values of the various parameters, used to define the position and size of the white line, have been presented. An empirical relation between these parameters has been established. The effective slit width of the spectrograph has been found to be about 10 eV from this relation.
A Muffin‐Tin Impurity Model and Its Application to 3d Transition Metal Impurities in Aluminium
Authors: Mrosan E. , Lehmann G. , Woittennek H.
Published: October 2008

A muffin‐tin impurity model for the scattering properties of substitutional impurities is applied to 3d transition metal impurities in Al. The relative potential between impurity muffin‐tin and host muffin‐tins is chosen in such a way that a sum rule for the scattering phase shifts is fulfilled to obtain selfconsistent screening of the impurity charge. Calculations of the change in the electronic density of states and residua, l resistivity are presented, which show a characteristic behaviour due to the fact that a virtual bound state is crossing the Fermi level of the host.
Static Lattice Green's Function and Its Asymptotic Behaviour for F.C.C. and B.C.C. Crystals
Authors: Schober H. R. , Mostoller M. , Dederichs P. H.
Published: October 2008

The static lattice and elastic Green's functions (GF) are compared for Born‐von Karman models of Cu, Al, Nb, and Li. If the spectrum for lower frequencies is determined by small q‐values only, the lattice GF agrees quite well with its elastic counterpart outside the effective range of the coupling parameters. This result is in contrast to earlier calculations which did not treat the Fourier integration near q = 0 accurately enough.
Relevance of conditional symmetric instability in the interpretation of wide cold frontal rainbands. A case study: 20 May 1976
Authors: Lemaitre Y. , Testud J.
Published: October 2008

Comparisons are made between the characteristics of rainbands observed in a frontal system using a C‐band Doppler radar and dynamical mechanisms relevant on the mesoscale (∼100 km).

The orientation of these rainbands, nearly aligned with the thermal wind, suggests that symmetric instability may play a role in their formation. This possible explanation of the precipitation is discussed.
The stratospheric major warming of winter 1984/85: observations and dynamical inferences
Authors: Fairlie T. D. A. , O'Neill A.
Published: October 2008

The evolution and dynamics of the major stratospheric warming of 1984/85 are described and discussed using synoptic maps of geopotential height and temperature, fields of Q vectors, isentropic maps of Ertel's potential vorticity, and diagnostics based on zonal averaging and departures therefrom. It is argued that the stratosphere cannot be regarded as being pre‐conditioned before the warming, in the conventional sense of the term, and that an important element of the warming was that the flow was highly asymmetric at the onset of the rapid breakdown of stratospheric westerlies. Nonlinear dynamics was involved as evidenced by an anticorrelation in time between the amplitudes of zonal waves 1 and 2, by the magnitude of a nonlinear term compared with those of linear terms in a governing equation, and by the irreversible rearrangement of potential vorticity. Apparent loss of potential vorticity in the stratosphere is associated in part with differential advection of air in a vertically sheared flow. Salient features of the large‐scale flow in the troposphere during the stratospheric warming are noted.
A simplified squall‐line model revisited
Authors: Fovell Robert G. , Tan Pei‐Hua
Published: October 2008

We revisit the parametrized moisture model of Garner and Thorpe and show it does indeed support realistic multicellular behaviour when an adequate (and commonly available) amount of instability is present in the initial environment. We also consider the dramatic impact that the simplified model's storms have on their upstream environments, and suggest that this is exaggerated by a fundamental shortcoming in the parametrized moisture framework.
Predictability of snow‐depth anomalies over Eurasia and associated circulation patterns
Authors: Corti Susanna , Molteni Franco , Branković Čedo
Published: October 2008

This study investigates the variability and predictability of snow depth anomalies over the Eurasian continent at the end of winter, as represented in 12 ensembles of General Circulation Model simulations performed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Each ensemble includes nine integrations performed with the same prescribed sea surface temperature, but started from time‐lagged initial conditions. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis shows that the leading EOF of Eurasian snow depth in March has a zonally‐oriented dipole structure, with a band of positive anomalies covering northern Europe and Siberia, and negative anomalies over central Europe, the Himalayas and north China. A significant relationship is found between the positive/negative phase of this snow‐depth anomaly and warm/cold El Niño Southern Oscillation events. The positive phase of the snow‐depth EOF1 is associated with a wintertime circulation characterized by a strengthening of the westerly winds over Europe and Siberia; in the upper troposphere, this westerly anomaly is accompanied by negative zonal wind anomalies over Eurasia around 30‐40°N and positive zonal wind anomalies between the equator and 25°N over Africa and south‐east Asia. A good degree of predictability is found in the snow‐related circulation anomalies; considering 500‐hPa height, 850‐hPa zonal wind and 200‐hPa zonal wind, the interannual variations of the ensemble‐mean fields show a correlation of 48%, 56% and 65% (respectively) with the corresponding observed anomalies over the eastern half (0° to 180° E) of the northern hemisphere. The tropical component of the zonal wind anomaly associated with snow‐depth EOF1 is strongly predictable; it shows a marked persistence from winter to the early summer, and affects the large‐scale circulation over south Asia in the early and central periods of the monsoon season.
Estimates of short‐range forecast‐temperature error correlations and the implications for radiance‐data assimilation
Authors: McNally A. P.
Published: October 2008

The importance of an accurate specification of short‐range forecast‐error structures for the successful assimilation of satellite sounding data is discussed, with special emphasis on the role of vertical (inter‐level) error correlations. Two different statistical approaches for estimating these correlations are examined. The first is based on comparing radiosonde profiles with the short‐range forecast. The second compares forecasts of different lengths which verify at the same time. It will be shown that, in some aspects, the two approaches produce consistent results which suggests that significant geographic and seasonal variability exists in the vertical error correlations. The effect of not modelling this variability in the analysis of TOVS (TIROS‐N (Television Infra‐Red Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder) radiance data is simulated using a linear retrieval estimator, and it is shown that it may result in a serious misinterpretation of the information in the observations.
Evaluation of [11C]PipISB and [18F]PipISB in monkey as candidate radioligands for imaging brain cannabinoid type‐1 receptors in vivo
Authors: Finnema Sjoerd J. , Donohue Sean R. , Zoghbi Sami S. , Brown Amira K. , Gulyás Balázs , Innis Robert B. , Halldin Christer , Pike Victor W.
Published: October 2008

N‐(4‐Fluorobenzyl)‐4‐[3‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)indole‐1‐sulfonyl]benzamide] (PipISB,3) is a selective and high‐potency cannabinoid subtype‐1 (CB1) receptor inverse agonist. We have previously reported radiosyntheses of [11C]3and [18F]3. Here, we aimed to evaluate the uptake and CB1receptor‐specific binding of each radioligand in monkey brain in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). [11C]3or [18F]3was injected intravenously into rhesus or cynomolgus monkey, respectively, and examined with PET at baseline or after pretreatment with a receptor‐saturating dose of CB1receptor‐selective ligand (3for [11C]3or8for [18F]3). In one PET experiment, the dose of3was administered at 100 min after [11C]3. Relative plasma concentrations of radioligand and radiometabolites were concurrently measured in baseline experiments with high‐performance liquid chromatography. Brain radioactivity uptake was highest in striatum and cerebellum, and it reached 170–270% standardized uptake value (SUV) at 120 min after injection of [11C]3and 180% SUV at 240 min after injection of [18F]3. Radioactivity was well retained in all CB1receptor‐rich regions. No reference region could be identified for nonspecifically bound radioligand. Under CB1receptor pretreatment and displacement conditions, initial brain uptakes of radioactivity were similar to those at baseline. Regional brain radioactivity concentrations then became homogeneous and diminished to between 70 and 80% SUV at 120 min after injection of [11C]3and to 25% SUV at 240 min after injection of [18F]3. [18F]3was not defluorinated but was metabolized to less lipophilic radiometabolites, as was [11C]3. Hence, [11C]3and [18F]3showed high CB1receptor‐specific binding in monkey brain in vivo and merit further investigation as prospective PET radioligands in humans. Synapse 63:22–30, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coping behavior causes asymmetric changes in neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Authors: Stalnaker Thomas A. , España Rodrigo A. , Berridge Craig W.
Published: October 2008

When faced with an inescapable stressor, animals may engage in ‘coping’ behaviors, such as chewing inedible objects, that attenuate some physiological responses to the stressor. Previous evidence indicates that dopamine neurotransmission in the right prefrontal cortex is modulated by coping processes. Here we tested whether medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) neuronal activation, as measured by Fos‐immunoreactivity (Fos‐ir), was altered in rats chewing inedible objects during exposure to novelty stress. We found that chewing caused an increase in Fos‐ir that was selective for the right hemisphere of the mPFC along with a decrease in Fos‐ir that was selective for the right central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a region that may regulate dopamine neurotransmission in mPFC. These observations suggest that coping during stress engages mPFC and CeA neuronal activity asymmetrically. Synapse 63:82–85, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Pro]passio Doloris: Early Dominican Conceptions of Christ's Physical Pain
Authors: TREMBINSKI DONNA
Published: October 2008

In the thirteenth century Dominican theologians studying and teaching at the University of Paris began to debate how Christ experienced physical pain during his crucifixion. Drawing upon patristic arguments these considerations culminated in the conclusions of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas that Christ's physical pain was the most severe that had ever been experienced in the history of humanity. The reasons for Dominican concern to emphasise the unique severity of Christ's pain are complex and not always complimentary. The debate can be understood as part of the high medieval revival of interest in humanity and human achievement, but it can also be read as a challenge to Cathar beliefs and as a form of resistance to increasingly popular modes of affective piety.
Small talk, high stakes: Interactional disattentiveness in the context of prosocial doctor-patient interaction
Authors: MAYNARD DOUGLAS W. , HUDAK PAMELA L.
Published: October 2008

The literature on “small talk” has not described the way in which this talk, even as it “oils the social wheels of work talk” (Holmes 2000), enables disattending to the instrumental tasks in which one or both participants may be engaged. Small talk in simultaneity can disattend to the movements, bodily invasions, and recording activities functional for the instrumental tasks of medicine. Small talk in sequence occurs in sensitive sequential environments. Surgeons may use small talk to focus away from psychosocial or other concerns of patients that may focus off the central complaint or treatment recommendation related to that complaint. Patients may use small talk to disattend to physician recommendations regarding disfavored therapies (such as exercise). Overall, small talk often may be used to ignore, mask, or efface certain kinds of agonistic relations in which doctor and patient are otherwise engaged. We explore implications of this research for the conversation analytic literature on doctor–patient interaction and the broader sociolinguistic literature on small talk.
On the origins of urban Wolof: Evidence from Louis Descemet's 1864 phrase book
Authors: MC LAUGHLIN FIONA
Published: October 2008

Based on evidence from a French-Wolof phrase book published in Senegal in 1864, this article makes the case that urban Wolof, a variety of the language characterized by significant lexical borrowing from French, is a much older variety than scholars have generally claimed. Historical evidence suggests that urban Wolof emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries in the coastal island city of Saint-Louis du Sénégal, France's earliest African settlement and future capital of the colonial entity that would be known as French West Africa. The intimate nature of early contact between African and European populations and the later role played by themétisor mixed-race population of the island as linguistic brokers contributed to a unique, urban variety of Wolof that has important links to today's variety of urban Wolof spoken in Dakar and other cities throughout the country.
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

In this issue, THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some neologisms that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries. Readers' comments and additions are invited.
Checking the spellers
Authors: Bolton Whitney
Published: October 2008

Following Jane Dorner's article on grammar checkers in ET32, an assessment of some spelling-checker software currently on the market
A Texan Fowler?
Authors: Garner Bryan A.
Published: October 2008

Answering the critics of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
Continental pun-dits
Authors: Görlach Manfred
Published: October 2008

MANFRED GöRLACH describes a selection of English-language puns in German-language advertising over the last decade.
Where is the Language Going?
Authors: Swan Michael , Urdang Laurence
Published: October 2008

Many people ask this question – out of curiosity, fascination or rage against change. Can we hope to know the answer? Two specialists in the language as it is used today – one in Britain, one in the United States, risk some comments and prognoses.
The Language of High Tech
Authors: Illingworth Valerie
Published: October 2008

Supermicros, video nasties, robotics, geostationary satellites, kilobytes and megatrends…Modern technology is a turmoil of ideas generated by, and generating, new techniques, new equipment and – inevitably – new language
Literary murder at 5¢ a word: pitfalls for translators
Authors: Skvorecky Josef
Published: October 2008

What happens when people translate ‘works of literature’? Do we lose more than we gain whenever a text is rendered from one language into another, or is accessibility in any form better than no translation at all?
The stress factor in spoken English
Authors: Alexander James D
Published: October 2008

Like Russian and Arabic but unlike French and Japanese, spoken English is a flow of stronger and weaker syllables. Usually the stronger syllables are ‘obvious’, but sometimes they are not – and foreign learners always have problems. The stress patterns of English are complex – they shift with the passing of the years and are by no means the same everywhere.
Jargon or dialect?
Authors: Parrot Fred
Published: October 2008

When is ‘jargon’ simply necessary technical language, and when does technical language blur into unnecessary jargon? Teachers of English can help their students not only to deal with questions like these, but also to identify authentic bafflegab when they come across it.
English on the Mayflower
Authors: Wakelin Martyn
Published: October 2008

When the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth in 1620 they took with them not just their genes and their ideas but also the local dialects that they spoke. Can their styles of speech be reconstructed, much as the original ‘Plimoth Plantation’ has recently been reconstructed?
The English teacher's dilemma
Authors: Czerniewska Pam
Published: October 2008

In England and Wales, the debate on the English curriculum, between the concerned public and Her Majesty's Inspectors, moves into a second phase that is likely to be as controversial as the first.
Yes, but WHICH dictionary?
Authors: Hartmann Reinhard , Bailey Richard W , McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

Dictionaries of English today draw upon a tradition that is almost 400 years old. Depending on your point of view, this is a tradition of competition and cross-fertilization, of plagiarism and lexicographical incest, or something that has wavered and wandered between high originality and low theft. Some commentators have even argued that many English dictionaries are just variations on a common text that has been evolving since the 17th century.
Doublespeak at large
Authors: Lutz William
Published: October 2008

The editor of a quarterly devoted to the analysis and exposure of doublespeak describes some prize specimens and how his organization counters them.
Models and monuments
Authors: Sinclair John
Published: October 2008

Is British English a historical and cultural monument, or can it – indeed should it – still serve as a model for international use?
A contemporary Bible
Authors: Coleman Roger
Published: October 2008

A report on how Oxford and Cambridge have prepared a Bible for the end of the 20th century.
Turning a dictionary inside out
Authors: Barker William
Published: October 2008

In the last issue, an editor of the new OED described his work. Here, an observer looks in on the OED2e being prepared.
Grammatical overkill?
Authors: Christensen Torkil
Published: October 2008

Why do some foreign users of English make certain, almost predictable ‘mistakes’?
Yeah, well, anyway, um…
Authors: Wajnryb Ruth
Published: October 2008

As the mother of a 10-year-old boy as well as the language teacher of adult migrants, I am often in a position to wonder at the glib, confident, oral fluency of my child in contrast to the hesitant, halting, broken, jerking, unassured, more-miss-than-hit staccato of my language students. Many a time have I, on their behalf, envied my boy his brash, native fluency, wishing some of it would blow their way, onto their fractured lives which could be so transformed but for the barrier that is language. There must be many a language teacher yearning to facilitate this kind of verbal flow and confidence in their students.
English elements in Japanese advertising
Authors: Takashi Kyoko
Published: October 2008

It is often reported that English elements are abundant in Japanese television commercials and print advertising and that the primary function of English words, phrases, and sentences used in advertising texts seems to give the product or service a modern touch.
Valentine's Day Party in Buckinghamshire
Authors: Urdang Laurence
Published: October 2008

In ET (Jul 89), Peter Williams reviewed ‘A Dictionary of Surnames’ by Patrick Hanks & Flavia Hodges (Oxford, 1988). One possibility not envisaged in that review, and probably not in the dictionary either, is the use to which LAURENCE URDANG has put surnames in the following poem, an echo of Longfellow composed to ‘celebrate’ St Valentine's Day, 1990. As part of his work, the writer alternates between Old Lyme, Connecticut, and Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, where every name italicized in the poem can be found in the local telephone directory.
One poem or two?
Authors: Cowan Judith
Published: October 2008

Judith Cowan, who lives and works in Quebec, has cast the same poem in Canada's two official languages. We persuaded her to add something on how such bilingual artistry can come about.
Heteronyms
Authors: Bergeron David
Published: October 2008

An innovative analysis of special kinds of lexical ambiguity
The perfected language
Authors: Pandharipande Rajeshwari
Published: October 2008

The history and nature of Sanskrit and its complex relationship with English in present-day India
A meditation on the varieties of English
Authors: Algeo John
Published: October 2008

Are all linguistic varieties of English simply convenient fictions?
From Blazonry to PoliceSpeak
Authors: Lee Humphreys R.
Published: October 2008

A consideration of communication in a multilingual Europe, past and present, including such ‘sublanguages’ as Air Traffic Control Language, Seaspeak, PoliceSpeak, flag language and heraldry
Indian English
Authors: Bakshi Raj N.
Published: October 2008

Kachru (1965, 1966) has presented a detailed analysis of the idiosyncratic vocabulary items of Indian English (hereafter IE). He observes that “in India an idiom of English has developed which is Indian in the sense that there are formal and contextual exponents of Indianness in such writing, and the defining-context of such idiom is Indian setting” (1965:396). To illustrate how IE has become culture bound in India, he mentions many formations, such as confusion of caste, dung wash, saltgiver, rape-sister, etc., drawn from IE fiction, and calls them Indianisms.
Crossworld
Authors: Palmer Frank
Published: October 2008

Frank Palmer's crossword is intended as a cosmopolitan challenge. Prizes will be awarded for the first five correct solutions opened. Solutions should be sent to: F.R. Palmer, ‘Whitethorns’, Roundabout Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham RG11 5AD, England, to arrive before 15 June 1992 (to allow for worldwide distribution). If you do not wish to cut up your copy of ET, a photocopy or other facsimile is acceptable. The prize for April-June is a copy of ‘Cambridge Guide to Literature in English’, ed. Ian Ousby, 1992, paperback, £14.95.
Communicative peace
Authors: Freudenstein Reinhold
Published: October 2008

A proposal for a new objective for the teaching of English as a foreign language in the 21st century
Hypertext and multimedia
Authors: Davis Stephen Boyd
Published: October 2008

The evolution and potential of linked aspects of the electronic revolution that could radically change perceptions of the printed word
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Roberts Dale
Published: October 2008

In this issue, DALE ROBERTS considers a range of recent, especially American usages.
Who needs IPA?
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

A lexicographer questions the usefulness of phonetic symbols as aids to pronunciation in dictionaries, and offers an alternative approach
Artichokes and sequins: the legacy of Arabic
Authors: Bennett Martin
Published: October 2008

A thematic survey of the contribution of the Arabic language to the everyday vacabulary of English
Information design
Authors: Orna Elizabeth , Stevens Graham
Published: October 2008

An analysis of the relationships between design and text, to show how the physical shape given to information can affect its impact.
Towards OED3
Authors: Paton Bernadette
Published: October 2008

BERNADETTE PATON, Senior Assistant Editor of ‘The Oxford English Dictionary’, issues a call for research materials for the next phase in the life of a remarkable work
The Learner Corpus: a revolution in applied linguistics
Authors: Granger Sylviane
Published: October 2008

A report on ICLE (the International Corpus of Learner English), a project that collects written work from, and analyses the usage of, advanced adult EFL learners
Pronouncing Estuary English
Authors: Rosewarne David
Published: October 2008

A development of the article ‘Estuary English – tomorrow's RP?’ (ET37, Jan 94) which considers the salient features of this ‘new’ accent in terms of institutional descriptions of Received Pronunciation
The English of Nigerian newspapers
Authors: Jowitt David
Published: October 2008

A description of the ‘vigorous and variegated’ English-language press in Africa's largest anglophone country
Queen Elizabeth's English: a response to Katie Wales
Authors: Jowitt David
Published: October 2008

I may not be alone among readers of ET in finding Katie Wales' article ‘Royalese: the rise and fall of “The Queen's English’” (July 1994) frequently muddled, misleading, and inaccurate.
Lexicon
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more new words and senses that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
The nature of Australian
Authors: Courtney Neil
Published: October 2008

Following the articles by Pam Peters (‘Australian Style’) and Arthur Delbridge and Colin Yallop (‘The Macquarie Dictionary’) in ET45, a consideration of what makes English in Australia distinctive
Cutting deals and striking bargains
Authors: Jones Bruce William
Published: October 2008

A present-day American colloquialism appears to have very ancient roots and implications