bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Cutaneous Mycobacterial Infection in a Patient with Incontinentia Pigmenti
Authors: Senturk Nilgün , Aydin Fatma , Haciomeroglu Pelin , Yildiz Levent , Totan Mehmet , Canturk Tayyar , Turanli Ahmet Yaşar
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Lupus vulgaris is reinfection tuberculosis of the skin and may result from direct extension, or hematogenous or lymphatic spread from a tuberculosis focus. Lupus vulgaris following bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccination is a rare entity. Incontinentia pigmenti is an X‐linked dominant genodermatosis in which vesicular, verrucous, and pigmented lesions are associated with various developmental defects. There is evidence of altered immunologic reactivity in some patients with incontinentia pigmenti. A 12‐year‐old girl hospitalized for pulmonary tuberculosis presented with bizarre‐shaped brown macules following Blaschko lines on the left deltoid area, compatible with incontinentia pigmenti, which had appeared following BCG vaccination at the age of 7 years. Histopathologic examination found noncaseated granulomas in the dermis. Antituberculous treatment for pulmonary and cutaneous tuberculosis was initiated along with genetic counseling. Immunologic abnormalities have been reported in conjunction with incontinentia pigmenti. Simultaneous occurrence of pulmonary and cutaneous tuberculosis in our patient might be either coincidental or indicate derangements in the cellular immune system.
Efficacy of a Reduced Application Time of Ovide Lotion (0.5% Malathion) Compared to Nix Creme Rinse (1% Permethrin) for the Treatment of Head Lice
Authors: Meinking Terri L. , Vicaria Maureen , Eyerdam Deborah H. , Villar Maria Elena , Reyna Susan , Suarez German
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator‐blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5% malathion) compared to Nix (1% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re‐treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20‐minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98%) compared to Nix (55%) at day 15 (p < 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0% with Ovide and 33% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20‐minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8‐ to 12‐hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.
Effects of Herbicide on the Invasive Biennial Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard) and Initial Responses of Native Plants in a Southwestern Ohio Forest
Authors: Carlson Adriane M. , Gorchov David L.
Published: November 2004

Restoration often includes control of invasive plants, but little is known about how native plant communities respond to this control. The biennial Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande (garlic mustard) is one of the most prevalent invasive plants in forests of eastern North America. We investigated the effects of the herbicide Round‐up (glyphosate) on Alliaria and the response of the forest floor plant community to the herbicide and the subsequent decline of Alliaria. In an old‐growth Acer–Fagus stand and a second‐growth Liriodendron‐dominated stand in Hueston Woods State Nature Preserve, Ohio, United States, we spot applied Round‐up in November 2000 and 2001 in 25 1 × 1–m plots and maintained 25 control plots. Herbicide decreased Alliaria density in both stands and reduced the density of other species in leaf during treatment (mostly exotic winter annuals) in the old‐growth stand. Treatment did not affect the initial density of the Alliaria cohort that germinated in the spring of 2001, but decreased the 2002 cohort. Community differences were found in the old‐growth stand after Alliaria reduction, specifically greater cover of spring ephemerals in the herbicide treatment. In the second‐growth stand, herbicide treatment increased reproduction of the late‐summer perennial, Phryma leptostachya. These results indicate that glyphosate reduces Alliaria without negatively impacting native species and that some native species respond positively to a single‐year reduction in this invasive biennial.
An Afforestation System for Restoring Bottomland Hardwood Forests: Biomass Accumulation of Nuttall Oak Seedlings Interplanted Beneath Eastern Cottonwood
Authors: Gardiner Emile S. , Stanturf John A. , Schweitzer Callie J.
Published: November 2004

Bottomland hardwood forests of the southeastern United States have declined in extent since European settlement. Forest restoration activities over the past decade, however, have driven recent changes in land use through an intensified afforestation effort on former agricultural land. This intense afforestation effort, particularly in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, has generated a demand for alternative afforestation systems that accommodate various landowner objectives through restoration of sustainable forests. We are currently studying an afforestation system that involves initial establishment of the rapidly growing native species eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoidesBartr. ex Marsh.), followed by enrichment of the plantation understory with Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttalliiPalm.). In this article, we examine the growth and biomass accumulation by Nuttall oak seedlings to determine whether this species can be established and whether it will develop beneath the cottonwood overstory. After 3 years of growth beneath cottonwood canopies, Nuttall oak seedlings were similar in height (126 cm), but were 20% smaller in root‐collar diameter than seedlings established in open fields. Seedlings established in the open accumulated more than twice the biomass of seedlings growing beneath a cottonwood canopy. However, the relative distribution of accumulated biomass in seedlings did not differ in the two environments. Ten percent of total seedling biomass was maintained in leaf tissue, 42% was maintained in stem tissue, and 48% was maintained in root tissue on open‐grown seedlings and seedlings established in the understory of cottonwood plantations. Though establishment in the more shaded understory environment reduced Nuttall oak growth, seedling function was not limited enough to induce changes in plant morphology. Our results suggest that an afforestation system involving rapid establishment of forest cover with a quick‐growing plantation species, followed by understory enrichment with species of later succession, may provide an alternative method of forest restoration on bottomland hardwood sites and perhaps other sites degraded by agriculture throughout temperate regions.
Insights into Ecosystem Composition and Function in a Sequence of Degraded Semiarid Steppes
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. , Cortina Jordi
Published: November 2004

We evaluated changes in ecosystem function in semiarid Stipa tenacissima L. steppes along a degradation gradient in southeast Spain. We used soil surface indicators to obtain surrogates of ecosystem function (resistance to erosion, infiltration, and nutrient cycling) and related these values to the main abiotic and biotic characteristics of the experimental sites. When ranked in an ordered sequence, the trajectory of these indicators showed abrupt changes, providing empirical evidence of discontinuities in ecosystem function along the degradation gradient evaluated. Surrogates of resistance to erosion showed nonlinear relationships with variables defining the spatial structure of patches, the area covered by sprouting shrubs, and species richness. The latter two variables were significantly related to surrogates of nutrient cycling and infiltration. Our results suggest that sprouting shrubs are playing a key role in improving ecosystem function and composition in degraded S. tenacissima steppes. The implications of our results for the optimization of restoration procedures in semiarid degraded steppes are discussed.
Erectile dysfunction as a sentinel symptom of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in heavy drinkers
Authors: Ravaglia Sabrina , Marchioni Enrico , Costa Alfredo , Maurelli Maurizia , Moglia Arrigo
Published: November 2004

Abstract  Because autonomic neuropathy (AN) is not routinely assessed in chronic alcoholism, its features and relationship with other disease parameters remain undefined. The very existence of true alcohol‐related autonomic dysfunction, in the absence of alcoholic hepatopathy, is even controversial. We aimed this study at evaluating the frequency and pattern of AN in a population of heavy drinkers without liver dysfunction. We also investigated the putative risk factors for AN as well as its relationship to peripheral neuropathy (PN). Autonomic function was evaluated in 70 detoxified alcoholics and 70 well‐matched controls by heart‐rate response to deep breathing, heart‐rate response to standing from lying position, and blood pressure response to standing up. PN was assessed by electroneurography (ENG). Detailed information about sensorimotor and autonomic symptoms, nutritional status, and parameters reflecting alcohol intake were recorded. No patients showed signs of caloric/protein malnutrition. PN was found in 74% and AN (abnormal test results in two of three tests performed) in 26%; abnormalities in at least one autonomic test were found in 62%. All patients with PN were symptomatic, mainly due to sensory disturbances. In line with this, ENG abnormalities were more evident at sural nerves. AN was symptomatic in 10 of 18 patients, and its sole clinical expression was impotence: indeed, the pattern of autonomic involvement was mainly parasympathetic. AN did not correlate with PN, nor with any parameter reflecting the amount of alcohol intake; only performances on heart‐rate response to standing from lying position were related to the duration of abuse. The lack of correlation between PN and AN may suggest a different pathophysiology for these two complications. Unlike PN, AN is often asymptomatic. Among symptomatic patients (55%), erectile dysfunction seems to be the sole symptom, in line with the higher degree of parasympathetic damage.
Diabetes‐induced expression of activating transcription factor 3 in mouse primary sensory neurons
Authors: Wright Douglas E. , Ryals Janelle M. , McCarson Kenneth E. , Christianson Julie A.
Published: November 2004

Abstract  Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes that affects the distal terminals of lengthy‐projecting sensory axons. To determine whether diabetes‐induced axonal degeneration induces gene expression similar to nerve injury, the expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) by primary sensory neurons was examined in an experimental mouse model of DN. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin in C57BL/6 mice, and ATF3 expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglia was assessed at different time points and correlated with the markers of unmyelinated and myelinated neuronal populations. ATF expression was first evident 3 weeks after diabetes induction in both small unmyelinated and large myelinated neurons, but it was more prevalent in larger neurons. At 6 weeks, ATF3 was expressed by neurons among smaller size ranges, but this shift occurred principally within myelinated populations. The retrograde labeling of neurons innervating the flank and paw skin using Fluoro‐Gold labeled appropriate percentages of ATF3‐positive neurons at 3 weeks, suggesting ATF3 is expressed by neurons capable of transporting substances. However, the percentage of double‐labeled neurons was substantially reduced at 6 weeks, suggesting this capacity decreases during disease progression. Finally, behavioral responses to noxious cutaneous stimuli were assessed. Although no differences to radiant heat were observed, diabetic mice developed severe mechanical hypoalgesia 4–5 weeks after diabetes induction. These results demonstrate that the diabetes‐induced damage of sensory axons can induce the expression of genes linked to peripheral nerve injury and may identify neurons undergoing nerve damage. Finally, the ability to detect sensory deficits in diabetic mice occurs after the expression of injury‐related gene ATF3, suggesting that nerve damage may be underway prior to the appearance of behavioral deficits.
Amyloid neuropathy: a retrospective study of 35 peripheral nerve biopsies
Authors: Vital Claude , Vital Anne , Bouillot‐Eimer Sandrine , Brechenmacher Christiane , Ferrer Xavier , Lagueny Alain
Published: November 2004

Abstract  We performed a retrospective study of 35 peripheral nerve biopsies (PNBs) with amyloid deposits in the endoneurium. In every case, nerve lesions were studied on paraffin‐embedded fragments (PEFs) and by ultrastructural examination (USE). In addition, muscle fragments were taken and embedded in paraffin. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti‐transthyretin (TTR) serum on 19 nerve and 15 muscle PEFs. Direct immunofluorescence with anti‐light‐chain sera was performed on frozen nerve fragments in 19 cases. Endoneurial amyloid deposits were easily identified on routine PEF in 26 cases, after Congo red or thioflavine staining in three, and by USE in six. A dramatic myelinated fiber loss was evidenced in 34 cases (77–2970 per mm2), and features of axonal degeneration were present in every case. Segmental demyelination was observed in 10 cases. A mutation in the TTR gene was present in 14 cases, with Met30 mutation in 10 and Ala49 in four members of the same family. Amyloid deposits were strongly marked by the anti‐TTR serum in 11 other cases, twice in the endoneurium, five around muscle fibers, and four in both locations. In eight patients, light‐chain positivity was evidenced in endoneurial deposits, lambda in six and kappa in two. Two other patients with monoclonal gammopathy did not present any light‐chain fixation. In 17 cases, amyloidosis was disclosed by PNB and 13 had a TTR pathology; eight of them, over 65 years old, correspond to a late‐onset form of familial amyloid polyneuropathy which is an underdiagnosed condition.
Investigating mechanical behaviour at a core–sheath interface in peripheral nerve
Authors: Tillett Rachel L. , Afoke Andrew , Hall Susan M. , Brown Robert A. , Phillips James B.
Published: November 2004

Abstract  As peripheral nerves bend and stretch, internal elements need to move in relation to each other. However, the way in which intraneural components interact is poorly understood. Previous work identified a distinct core and sheath in the rat sciatic nerve and provides a useful model with which to investigate this interaction. Here we have focused on identifying the mechanical and anatomical characteristics of the interface between core and sheath. Nerve samples, 15 and 20 mm long, of rat sciatic nerves were harvested and placed in a purpose‐built jig, and a tensile testing machine was used to pull core from sheath. Mechanical tests of specimens in which core had been previously pulled from sheath by 25% of its initial length achieved a mean pull‐out force approximately six times smaller than that achieved using intact controls. These results are consistent with the proposal that core–sheath interactions involve physical connections rather than a viscous fluid interface. Anatomical features of this interface were characterised using transmission electron microscopy. It appeared that sheath was derived from epineurium and most of the perineurium, whilst core consisted of endoneurium and a small proportion of the perineurium: the plane of cleavage appeared to involve the innermost perineurial cell layer.
A Content Analysis of Violence in American War Movies
Authors: Monk‐Turner Elizabeth , Ciba Peter , Cunningham Matthew , McIntire P. Gregory , Pollard Mark , Turner Rebecca
Published: November 2004

In a content analysis of movie violence, we randomly selected twelve top‐grossing American war films from four decades (1970 to 2002). We coded for implements of violence, length of violence, gore, and violence directed at noncombatants. We hypothesized that recently released war movies would be more violent than those released earlier. We found that films released since 1990 did contain more violence compared to others. Further, the intensity of gore increased in recently released movies.
Psychological Aspects of Predictive Genetic‐Test Decisions: What Do We Know So Far?
Authors: Etchegary Holly
Published: November 2004

Advances in molecular biology are facilitating the elucidation of the genetic basis of disease at an astonishing rate. Consequently, predictive genetic testing of healthy individuals may soon become a routine component of medical care. How and why is the decision to have a predictive genetic test taken? This article reviews some psychological aspects of predictive genetic‐test decisions and discusses the limitations of research to date. A notable limitation is the nontheoretic nature of much of the research. It is argued that theoretical models are needed from which hypotheses about decision making in this context can be derived and tested. Suggestions are offered for future research, and policy implications of research in this area are offered.
The Proportion of Gaming Revenue Derived from Problem Gamblers: Examining the Issues in a Canadian Context
Authors: Williams Robert J. , Wood Robert T.
Published: November 2004

The legitimacy of government‐sponsored gambling and its continued expansion depends in part on the impact that gambling has on society and the extent to which gambling revenue is derived from vulnerable individuals. The purpose of the present article is to try to establish a valid estimate of the proportion of gaming revenue derived from problem gamblers in Canada. Using recent secondary data collected in eight Canadian provinces, we estimate this proportion to be 23.1%, compared to a problem gambling prevalence rate of 4.2%. This estimate must be seen as tentative, however, as self‐reported expenditures are 2.1 times higher than actual provincial gaming revenues.
Alcohol Promotional Clothing Items and Alcohol Use by University Students
Authors: Workman Jane E.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine ownership, visibility, and association with alcohol use of alcohol promotional clothing items (APCIs). Participants were 180 male and 140 female university students; 96.3% had tried drinking alcohol. Almost 45% of participants owned an APCI with t‐shirts and hats being the most commonly owned items. Participants who owned APCIs differed in alcohol use from non‐owners. Participants who had received an APCI from their parents were likely to perceive that their parents approved of them drinking. The presence of alcohol promotional clothing items contributes to the already saturated pro‐drinking social context prevalent on college campuses. Empirical studies establishing a link between alcohol use and APCIs can support proposals to restrict production and distribution of APCIs.
Watershed Pollution and Preservation: The Awareness–Appraisal Model of Environmentally Positive Intentions and Behaviors
Authors: Forsyth Donelson R. , Garcia Margot , Zyzniewski Linda E. , Story Paul A. , Kerr Natalie A.
Published: November 2004

A two‐factor awareness‐appraisal model suggests that individuals' reactions to threatening circumstances are shaped by their awareness of the threat and their appraisal of the degree of threat the circumstances pose to them. This approach, applied to watershed conservation, predicts that individuals will be willing to clean up the rivers and streams of their watershed if they are familiar with local water features (rivers, streams, ponds, lakes) and if they consider these features of the watershed to be degraded. We tested the model by measuring watershed knowledge, appraisal of watershed quality, value assigned to protecting the watershed, and behavioral intentions regarding watershed preservation in a survey of 1,128 residents of two urban watersheds. The results supported the awareness‐appraisal model: Those residents who were aware of their watershed and considered it polluted expressed the strongest pro‐preservation behavioral intentions. These relationships were held in both watersheds, but were stronger for those who resided in the more degraded watershed.
Capital Constructions: Newspaper Reporting in Death Penalty Cases
Authors: Haney Craig , Greene Susan
Published: November 2004

This study evaluates aspects of newspaper reporting about death penalty cases and capital defendants. In a content analysis of newspaper coverage of a representative sample of 26 death penalty‐eligible defendants who were brought to trial in California, we found that articles tended to cite primarily from law enforcement and prosecutorial sources, focused very heavily on the characteristics of the crime, and omitted or de‐emphasized most other aspects of the case. News coverage generally failed to place the criminal behavior of the defendant in any social historical or contextual framework from which readers (as potential voters and jurors) could grasp the potential mitigating elements of the case. We conclude that newspaper coverage of capital crimes may influence public support for the death penalty, and undermine public appreciation of the role of social contextual factors in crime causation in general. It also may bias the perspective with which potential jurors approach specific capital trials and even contribute to the lack of instructional comprehension that has been found to plague the death sentencing process.
Media and Professional Interest in Homelessness over 30 Years (1974–2003)
Authors: Buck Philip O. , Toro Paul A. , Ramos Melanie A.
Published: November 2004

Media and professional interest in homelessness represent important sources of data that may be useful in understanding broader societal factors influencing this pressing social issue. The present study examined the volume and content of coverage of homelessness in four major newspapers and the professional literature indexed in PsycINFO over the past 30 years. Media coverage showed a steep increase during the mid‐1980s, a steady decline throughout the late 1980s and into the 1990s, and a plateau since the mid‐1990s. Professional coverage demonstrated a less pronounced and delayed pattern of growth, with no sign of decline during the past decade. Content analysis of 574 newspaper articles revealed a sympathetic focus on deinstitutionalization and other structural causes of homelessness during the period of increasing coverage in the mid‐1980s, as well as positive media coverage in terms of an emphasis on critical programs and services during more recent years. Content analysis of 324 professional journal articles showed that deficits and deviant characteristics of homeless people were discussed to a significantly greater extent than the structural causes of homelessness over the entire 30‐year time period. Possible interactions among media coverage, professional interest, public opinion, the prevalence of homelessness, and policy initiatives are discussed.
Meaningful Voices: How Psychologists, Speaking as Psychologists, Can Inform Social Policy
Authors: Frost David M. , Ouellette Suzanne C.
Published: November 2004

Kitzinger and Wilkinson (2004) posit that social advocacy can be argued for within both a discourse of equal rights and a discourse of mental health. They suggest that psychological evidence, because it is bound to a discourse of mental health, is currently not useful in advancing the campaigns for equal marriage rights. In our response to their argument, we (1) agree that the currently available psychological evidence is limited; (2) make the case that it is still important for psychologists to produce evidence that speaks to this debate; and (3) suggest how psychologists, still speaking as psychologists, can produce evidence that speaks to this debate through underutilized theoretical and methodological approaches to relevant issues. The authors analyze a key statement by United States President George W. Bush on the meaning of marriage and the available psychological literature on same‐sex relationships to support their position.
Retirement villages: companionship, privacy and security
Authors: Graham Vicki , Tuffin Keith
Published: November 2004

Objective:  This study investigated the experience of 12 persons living independently in a retirement village.

Method:  These experiences were examined discursively with interviews being conducted and transcribed to form the data.

Results and conclusion:  Discursive analysis revealed two key discourses. The discourse of companionship and privacy suggested that both companionship and privacy were important in a retirement village, requiring the careful management of relationships. The discourse of security suggested that the retirement village offered a worry‐free environment where residents were able to relax security measures that were burdensome in the wider community.
The Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine and the Pen-ts'ao
Authors: Hou Joseph P.
Published: November 2004

Chinese medicine employs complex mixtures of remedies and does not appreciate the advantage or effectiveness of a single drug entity. Chinese herbal remedies are derived from animal, mineral, as well as arboreous and herbaceous sources. At least, 1,500 different herbal drugs have been tested, analyzed, and used in Chinese medicine; this is well documented in more than 50 different or revised editions of Pen-ts'ao. Both Sheng-nung Pen-ts'ao Ching, the earliest Chinese materia medica books, and the latest Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu are well-known and valuable compendia of herbal drugs.
Endorphin Release: A Possible Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia
Authors: PENG C. H. LEE , YANG M. M. P. , KOK S. H. , WOO Y. K.
Published: November 2004

The action of acupunture stimulation on analgesia has been investigated. The brain and serum extracts of acupuncture rabbits injected into rabbits produced a marked analgesic effect on the recipient, as shown by a great increase of their pain threshold. This effect is counteracted by a specific opiate anatagonist, naloxone. The data suggest that the release of the endogenous substances with morphine-like biological properties, endorphins, is increased by acupuncture stimulation, thus inhibiting pain perception.
Cultural Problems in Psychiatric Therapy: Nine Years Later
Authors: STAPLES FRED , YAMAMOTO JOE , WOLKON GEORGE , KLINE FRANK , BURGOYNE RODNEY , HATTEM JACK , RICE ROGER
Published: November 2004

This article presents the clinical experiences of a unique intercultural psychiatric treatment setting in Los Angeles, California. Information regarding treatment modality and outcome is reviewed.
Nosology and Therapy of Mental Illness of Ayurveda
Authors: DUBE K. C.
Published: November 2004

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, is described in Atharva Veda and in subsequent treatises by Charak, Susrut, and Vagbhatt, containing the details of etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapy of afflictions in humans and animals. The science of mental disorders (Bhoot-Vidya) describes extensively conditions from mild anger and greed to severe psychoses. This paper presents a synoptic overview comparing the clinical conditions described in Ayurveda with clinical conditions decribed in the International Classification of Diseases.

The symbiotic relationship between 'psyche' and 'soma' was recognised in Ayurveda, attributing the highest importance to psychic energy as the propulsive power of creation - the orginal force.

According to Vedic concepts, personality is composed of three elements (gunas): i. Satva (pure qualities), ii. Rajas (pleasure-seeking propensities and emotions). iii. Tamas (animal-like behavioural tendencies leading to deterioration). Abnormalities result from the excess of Tamas and Rajas.

The main therapies are i. suggestion, auto-suggestion, hynotism, assurance, persuasion, and ritualistic therapy; ii. transferring of symptoms; iii. confession, penance, and sacrifice; iv. use of natural elements; v. medicine and endocrine therapies; and vi.l tantric and yogic practices.
Chinese Acupuncture in Italy
Authors: Roccia L.
Published: November 2004

The introduction and development of acupuncture to Italy since the time of Marco Polo is discussed. Instead of opposition, acupuncture is gaining some recognition in Italy among academic and clinical circles. The modern society SIRAA is composed of medical faculty members who are engaged in acupuncture research. A second society SIA, founded by a group of practitioners, is also in existence.
Medicine in China: New Discoveries, New Concepts and New Frontiers
Authors: Kao Frederick F.
Published: November 2004

This article concerns observations made by the author during the course of two recent tours of medical facilities in China. It discusses the new and significant archeological discoveries in China of a 50 year-old woman who had been buried over 2,000 years ago. The detailed autopsy description of this woman revealed a surprisingly advanced level of medical understanding in the China of the Han dynasty. The current integration of Western with Chinese traditional medicine has resulted in China in the discovery of acupuncture anesthesia and Chinese pharmacology. The development of a new and comprehensive health-care delivery system has had a great deal to do with the development of the concepts of barefoot doctors, mobile teaching and research units and health stations which all facilitate the delivery of medical care to the public. New medical attitudes in China include the shortening of the medical school curriculum and the reorganization of teaching materials to reflect the current integration of Eastern with Western medical concepts and the emphasis upon the delivery of primary health care.
The Use of Sonopuncture in Some Common Clinical Syndromes
Authors: Rossman Martin L. , Wexler Jesse , Oyle Irving
Published: November 2004

The application of an ultrasound stimulus to the acupuncture meridian system has been found safe and effective in many common clinical entities for which no such treatment exists. Comparison of 150 treatments with sonopuncture compare favorably with 900 cases treated with needle acupuncture. The method offers several advantages to the Western physician — familiarity with the equipment, greater patient acceptability, and a wider treatment surface than needles. Treatment regimens for cervical and low back pain syndromes and dysmennorrhea are presented.
Application of Serum Alpha Feto-Protein Assay in Mass Survey of Primary Carcinoma of Liver
Authors: The Co-ordinating Group For The Res
Published: November 2004

The results of AFP screening by Ouchterlony double diffusion method and counter current electrophoresis in 343,999 persons for mass survey of primary liver cancer are presented. Through the observation that while AFP was positive, the results of other examinations were largely negative, and the appearance of obvious signs was found later than AFP screening, it is suggested that AFP screening has some significance in early detection of primary liver cancer. In endemic areas of primary liver cancer, repeated AFP screenings are recommended.
Half a Century of Ephedrine
Authors: Chen K. K.
Published: November 2004

This presentation is a nostalgic account of ephedrine, an alkaloid of Ma Huang, Ephedra sinica. In 1923 C.F. Schmidt and I initiated the investigation on the product of our own isolation at Peking Union Medical College, and shortly concluded that we were dealing with one of the sympathomimetic amines. Clinical studies followed in the U.S., Canada and Europe. Thousands of patients with bronchial asthma have been benefitted by taking ephedrine per os. Similarly, hay fever sufferers derive symptomatic relief after oral doses and nasal spray. In spinal anesthesia, intramuscular injection of ephedrine before introduction of the local anesthetic into the spinal canal regularly prevents the fall of blood pressure. The drug by mouth can overcome the hangover of a phynotic. It is my earnest hope that present scholarly exchange (1) will reveal more developments from China.
Auriculotherapy: Micro-Current Application on the External Ear—Clinical Analysis of a Pilot Study on 57 Chronic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Chun Sae-il , Heather Arthur J.
Published: November 2004

The French neurophysiologist, Paul Nogier, developed a micro-current therapy called "Auriculotherapy" in which the stimulation of the loci of the external ear by electrical currents of various frequencies is applied in order to alleviate pain syndromes or cure certain diseases. For this paper, 46 cases with 57 chronic pain syndromes of various natures were treated with auriculotherapy and the results were analyzed. 20 males and 26 females were treated. The mean age of the patients was 48.3 years and the mean duration of the pain syndromes was 7.7 years. 18 out of 46 patients had undergone from one to five surgical operations to alleviate the same pain syndrome in the past. The "punctoscope" was used for detection of loci to be treated and the "P-type therapuncteur" with a frequency of 1 Hz was used for treatment. The micro-current was applied for a period of 15 seconds on each point per treatment at weekly intervals. One of the criteria used in assessing the degree of pain relief was the subjective description of pain in regard to severity, frequency of attack of pain and necessity of taking analgesics comparing that of pre-treatment to post-treatment. After an average of 7 treatments on 57 chronic pain syndromes: 9 (15.5% of the cases) showed no improvement, 11 (19.3%) showed slight improvement (25% relief of the original pain), 6 (10.5%) showed moderate improvement (50% relief of the original pain), 13 (22.8%) showed good improvement (75% relief of the original pain), and 18 (31.5%) showed excellent improvement (over 75% relief or complete relief).
A Study of the Mechanism of the Hypotensive Effect of Acupuncture in the Rat
Authors: Chiu Daryl T. J. , Cheng Kwok-kew
Published: November 2004

In the rat, stimulation of the acupuncture locus Fung-Lung produced the most notable hypotensive effect, followed by Tsu-San-Li. Stimulation of Fung-Lung did not affect the cardiac output but caused a singificant to decrease of peripheral resistance. Since the stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve which runs near Fung-Lung and to the central end of the cut superficial peroneal nerve caused hypotension, the hypotensive effect of the stimulation of Fung-Lung is apparently neurogenically induced, resulting in a depressor response with an inhibition of tonic vasoconstrictor fiber activity and dilatation of resistance vessels.
The Treatment of Headaches Employing Acupuncture
Authors: Cheng Andrew C. K.
Published: November 2004

Thirty-three patients have been treated by acupuncture since July 8, 1974, using body loci, ear points and electrical stimulation. Of the 33 cases, 18 were female and 15 were male, ranging in age from 25 to 77 years. Sixteen patines suffered from migraines, 12 from tension headaches, 2 from cluster headaches, 1 from vascular headaches, and for 2 patients the etiology was uncertain. The duration of the headaches ranged from 3 months to 40 years. The patients received from 3 to 16 treatments. Of the 33 cases, 5 patients had only 3 treatments and 10 patients had 5 or less treatments. Eighteen patients had good results, i.e., no headaches at all. Tweleve patients had fair results, that is they sometimes had headaches, but they could be controlled with a few repetitions of treatment or by analgesics at a lesser dosage than they were taking at the beginning of treatments. Three patients had no response at all or poor results; however, these discontinued treatment before the author could evaluate whether they were actual absolute no-response cases. Of the 33 patients, 2 patients had a good response after only 2 treatments; 4 had a good response after 10 treatments. However, most of the patients had a good response after 6-8 treatments. A course of treatment usually requires 10 to 14 visits before definitive evaluation of the result can be made. It was observed that patients with fair or particularly poor results usually discontinued treatment too early and/or had concomitant conditions as well. Even though a longer period of time for follow-up is necessary before drawing any conclusions, results have already shown that acupuncture, perhaps, can be a valuable form of treatment for headaches.
Effect of Acupuncture on Allergic Rhinitis: Clinical and Laboratory Evaluations
Authors: Lau Benjamin H. S. , Wong Douglas S. , Slater James M.
Published: November 2004

Of 22 subjects with allertic rhinitis who received a series of 6 acupuncture treatments, 11 (50%) were virtually symptom-free by the end of the series, 8 (36%) experienced a moderate reduction in symptoms, and 3 (14%) recieved no significant relief. Clinical assessment of symptoms was made on a 6-point scale before the first treatment and before each subsequent session. Laboratory tests included absolute blood eosinophils, percentage of nasal eosinophils, and radioimmunoassy of serum IgE, performed before the first treatment, at the end of the series, and 2 months later. A siginificant decrease in subjective clinical rating symptoms correlated with a concurrent drop in absolute numbers of blood eosinophils and percentage of nasal eosinophils. IgE levels decreased in 64% of the subjects by completion of treatment and in 76% at 2-month follow-up.
Initiating Contractions of the Gravid Uterus Through Electro-acupuncture
Authors: Kubista E. , Kucera H. , Müller-Tyl E.
Published: November 2004

This a report on 35 patients on whom electro-acupuncture was tested as a method of initiating contractions. In all cases the membranes remained intact up to the end of the electro-acupuncture. Before the electro-acupuncture none of the patients had experienced any labor pains. The subjective reports were checked by planimetric evaluation of the tocogram curves. A statistical comparison of the values before and after electro-acupuncture was undertaken. Thirty-one cases evideneced certain increase in the intensity of labor contraction frequency (p <0.01). Amniotomy was performed immediately after the electro-acupuncture on 31 cases. In a control group likewise consisting of 35 gravidae with intact membranes, no electro-acupuncture was performed. In this control group no significant increase in labor activity could be observed. If amniotomy was performed on gravidae with contractions induced by electro-acupuncture, there was no latent period to be observed. Through avoidance of a lengthened latent period after amniotomy, fetal jeopardy during labor induction can be reduced.
Cardiovascular Effects of Gardenia Florida L. (Gardeniae Fructus) Extract
Authors: Chow Hoo-yuen , Wang J. C. C. , Cheng K. K.
Published: November 2004

Intravenous injection of Gardeniae Fractus extract in rats significantly lowered the systemic arterial pressure which was related to a decreased cardiac output with decreased stroke volume. Gardeniae Fructus extract decreased in myocardial contractility of perfused isolated rat heart. Electrocardiogram revealed evidence of myocardial damage and atrioventricular block after a large dose of the extract.
A Historical Study of Chinese Drugs for the Treatment of Jaundice
Authors: Miyasita Saburō
Published: November 2004

In the People's Republic of China, a unique method based on Chinese drugs, including yin-ch'en and chih-tzu, has been established for the treatment of acute cholelithiasis, which is based on traditional Chinese knowledge concerning the treatment of jaundice. Through the many Chinese drugs appearing in prescriptions of jaundice found in standard medical collections in Chinese history, clarification of the classical Chinese jaundice cure is attempted in the following paper.
Extraction of Hypotensive Principles from Seeds of Cassia Tora
Authors: Koo Anthony , Wang J.C.C. , Li K.M.
Published: November 2004

Seeds of Cassia tora Linn. (Leguminosae) are known in Chinese medicinal herbal practice as Chueh-ming-tzu. Aqueous and methanol extracts from the these seeds elicit hypotensive effects on anesthetized rats. Preliminary phytochemical studies show that the active hypotensive principles are derived from the kernel of the seed and consist of mainly glycosides.
Theoretical Foundation of Chinese Medicine: A Modern Interpretation
Authors: Wei Ling Y.
Published: November 2004

The theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine as laid down in Hwang Ti Nei Ching is presented and interpreted here in modern language and conception. Our attempt is to bring Chinese medicine in harmony with Western science. Three Yin-Yang laws are formulated based on I Ching and Nei Ching are justified from physics, mathematics and biology. The Wu-Hsing dynamic model is explained on the basis of dynamic interactions rather than static elements. The Ching-Lo doctrine is stressed upon its apparent correlations with the autonomic nervous system. Finally, the Chi is taken to play a role in life as the fields (gravitational, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, etc.) do in the physical world.
Isolation of the Uterotonic Principle from Leonurus Artemisia, the Chinese Motherwort
Authors: Kong Y. C. , Yeung H. W. , Cheung Y. M. , Phil M. , Hwang J. C. , Chan Y. W. , Law Y. P. , Ng K. H. , Yeung C. H.
Published: November 2004

A search in ancient Chinese medicinal literature and modern phytochemical reference indicates that the therapeutic value of Leonurus artemisia (I-mu ts'ao, the Chinese motherwort) might reside in a uterotonic principle present in leaves. Leonurine (4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate) was isolated from fresh and dry leaves of Leonurus artemisia. The uterotonic effect of leonurine was demonstrated in rat uterus in vitro. Results from this study suggest that functional phytochemistry based on ethnobotanical experience could lead to development of new and effective drugs from Chinese medicine.
Use of Acupuncture Anesthesia for Normal Delivery
Authors: Hyodo Masayoshi , Gega Osamu
Published: November 2004

In order to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture anesthesia for normal delivery, 32 parturients were selected and studied. Definite subjective as well as objective relief of labor pain was produced in about 60% of 16 primapara and about 90% of multipara after acupuncture. The sedation of the patients was significant. The duration of the delivery, particularly in the second and third stages was shortened. No adverse or harmful effect was noticed on either mother or child. It was concluded that acupuncture anesthesia is useful for delivery, especially because of its safety, despite more erratic and less potent results than conventional anesthetic techniques.
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Tu-chung — Eucommia Ulmoides
Authors: Hu Shiu-ying
Published: November 2004

Tu-chung is an officinal herbal drug of traditional Chinese medicine. It is obtained from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. Since time immemorial the Chinese people have used it as a revitalizing and rejuvenating agent. Modern investigators in China found its antihypertensive action and this property has been confirmed by scientists outside of China. In this article, basic information for an understanding of tu-chung obtained from ancient Chinese records and modern reports of various investigators in several disciplines of plant sciences, and of physiologists, pharmacologists, physicians, and phytochemists, is presented. The author suggests that eucommia should be used only for the common name of the plant, and tu-chung be used for the drug.

Eucommia is now widely cultivated in arboreta and botanical gardens as a rare plant outside of China. In China and the Soviet Union, plantations of eucommia are operated under government management for the production of gutta-percha. The author advocates that eucommia should be taken out of gardens and research laboratories and be put into plantations for the production of a safe antihypertensive natural drug. As by-products of the manufacture of the hypotensive product, a useful gum for industry, fine quality wood suitable for wooden shoes and clogs, and a high grade oil from the seed will make the cultivation of eucommia very rewarding.
Scientific Advance in Acupuncture
Authors: Y. Wei Ling
Published: November 2004

In this paper we present scientific advance in acupuncture based on electrical, neurophysiological, biochemical and therapeutic studies made inside and outside China since the early fifties. New modalities other than traditional needling techniques notably developed in Japan, France and Germany are described. For future prospects, efforts by making use of systems approach, field-body interaction, self-defense, self-strategy and circadian rhythm are likely to produce great fruition in medicine. Possibilities of making advances in "three P's" medicine (preventive medicine, precision medicine and people medicine) by acupuncture are discussed.
Laplace Plane Analysis of Impedance on the H Meridian
Authors: Reichmanis Maria , Marino Andrew A. , Becker Robert O.
Published: November 2004

The AC impedance of a length of the H meridian not containing any acupuncture points was studied by means of Laplace plane analysis of the time domain response to an input voltage pulse. The ensuing frequency domain data were compared to the results of an identical analysis for two anatomically similar controls on either side of the meridian. The resistance of the meridian was significantly lower than either control.
Immunoassayable Beta-Endorphin Level in the Plasma and CSF of Heroin Addicted and Normal Subjects Before and After Electroacupuncture
Authors: Wen H. L. , Ho W. K. K. , Ling N. , Mehal Z. D. , Ng Y. H.
Published: November 2004

The present study was undertaken to evaluate if plasma or CSF β-endorphin level can be induced to rise during the treatment of heroin addiction by electroacupuncture. Based on the examination of 30 addicts, we obtained no evidence indicating an increase of β-endorphin level in either the plasma or the CSF after 30 min of acupuncture. In spite of this, the majority of the addicts experienced a reduction of withdrawal symptoms during treatment. Since electroacupuncture may only induce a highly localized secretion of β-endorphin in the brain, our results cannot unequivocally exclude the possibility that this peptide is involved in mediating the action of acupuncture.
Postoperative Pain Relief by Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Authors: Sodipo Joseph O. A. , Adedeji S. A. , Olumide O.
Published: November 2004

In prospective, random assignment of 2 groups of 15 patients, relief of postoperative pain with narcotic medications was evaluated and compared with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for 2 days immediately following surgery. Presence of ileus and hospital stay were identifical in both groups. Patients on TENS demonstrated a marked significant decrease in the amount of narcotics administered. There was favorable nursing, physician and patient acceptance to these devices. Further clinical evaluation is, therefore, in progress.
China's Health System: Determinants
Authors: Lyle Katherine Ch'iu
Published: November 2004

This paper seeks to examine and explain the changes in China's health policy since 1949. It attempts to clarify the role of various determinants in the health policy-making process in various stages of China's development and discover what forces propelled the shifts in health policies and campaigns. Various social, economic and political forces are discussed as they bear on the evolution of China's health policies, and the fate of Maoist vs. pragmatic tendencies in assessed.