bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Velocity Distribution on a Polynomial Mean Line and the Converse
Authors: Llewelyn R. P.
Published: July 2016

Interest in sail design has recently stimulated some work, using thin aerofoil theory, to obtain the velocity distribution on simple polynomial mean lines. In particular in reference 1, a solution has been obtained for a cubic mean line. There is an omission in equation (3) of this reference where an x should appear in the numerator outside the curly bracket. (The equation is subsequently used in its correct form).

In the present note a general solution is obtained for polynomial mean lines. It is demonstrated by applying the result to Boyd's equation (3).
Comment on “The Load Distribution on a Polynomial Mean Line and the Converse”
Authors: Angus Boyd E.
Published: July 2016

I am grateful to Mr. Llewelyn for pointing out the slip in equation (3) of reference 1.

In considering a particular case of the polynomial camber line I did have to evaluate a number of integrals of the kind but the process is not as laborious as perhaps Mr. Llewelyn implies for there is a simple recurrence relation between integrals of this kind.
Further Comment on “The Speed of Sound and Mach Number Effects”
Authors: Stratford B. S.
Published: July 2016

In the December issue of the Journal some measure of agreement appears to have been reached between Bragg and Smith and the present writer, at least for the second example. The difference of opinion in the first example centres on whether a propelling nozzle with a thrust efficiency exceeding unity necessarily implies perpetual motion. The argument that it does may be put as follows.
European Co-operation in Space Vehicle Development
Authors: Stephens W. H.
Published: July 2016

It is just three years since the Anglo-French proposals for a European Space Vehicle Launcher Development programme were put before a Conference of Government representatives from 11 countries in the Council of Europe Headquarters, Strasbourg, and slightly more since the Conference of 11 countries at Meyrin in Switzerland where the idea of a European Space Research Organisation was formally introduced. This seems an opportune moment to take stock of the situation in this new field of international co-operation and look ahead to the prospects in the immediate future. At the same time it may be useful to mention briefly the increasing scope of European interests in all aspects of Space and to survey the growth of national space programmes.
A Space Programme for Europe ?
Authors: Cleaver A. V.
Published: July 2016

I felt very honoured when asked to give this lecture in memory of one of the leading figures of the period which saw the greatest British achievements in aeronautics. The contrast between the technical situation of those times, and the uncertainties of today, immediately sprang to mind, especially in regard to British achievement (or lack of it) in space.

So also, very naturally, did those occasions in the 1940's when I used to visit Mr. Chadwick to discuss the propeller problems of various Avro aircraft, both real and projected. During the course of these sessions, we often discussed future propulsion trends, including the relative merits of piston and turbine engines, propellers and jet propulsion, and so forth. I cannot honestly recall that the question of space flight ever came up, although it probably did, because propulsion is even more of a fundamental problem for flight in space than it is within the atmosphere, and even in those days I was what the Americans call “a space cadet.”
Some Views on Legislation and Regulations in Agricultural Aviation
Authors: Maan W. J.
Published: July 2016

In every country where agricultural aviation is done as a private enterprise, some system of rules and regulations is sure to exist and the International Agricultural Aviation Centre has collected data on this subject.

To imagine, however, that a system of regulations, ideally suited to all cases, could be drawn up on a basis of these national rules is an illusion. Every country—and this holds true for many spheres—is blessed or cursed with the laws it deserves. For all these systems of laws and regulations are determined partly by internal and partly by external factors. Let us compare two countries. One is densely populated with intensive agriculture, the other sparsely populated with extensive agriculture. It is obvious that the first country will have a more comprehensive system of regulations in regard to agricultural aviation than the second country. The denser population necessitates a higher grade of protection against the dangers from both the aircraft themselves and the drift of toxic chemicals. Quality agriculture demands quality work from the aerial applicator.
The Upstream Influence of Base Bleed on Surface Pressures and Skin Friction
Authors: Bellhouse B. J , Wood C. J.
Published: July 2016

—Measurements of pressure distribution and skin friction have been made on an 11% thick aerofoil in the presence of a variable base bleed flow. These tests show that the effects of bleed decay rapidly upstream of the base and are measurable only over the rear 40% of the chord. The integrated profile drag values also confirm that wake traverse measurements are subject to error in a strong vortex street.
A Correlation for the Effect of Control Deflection upon Pitching Moment
Authors: Gibbings J. C.
Published: July 2016

The rate of change of the pitching moment coefficient upon an aerofoil with respect to the deflection of a flap control—a quantity denoted by m2—is of interest in its effect upon the torsional twisting of an aerofoil and hence upon the wing reversal phenomenon. The value of m2 is very susceptible both to small aerofoil profile modifications and to boundary layer conditions. As a result this quantity is not very amenable to attempts to correlate experimental values and this is particularly so for the small values of the control chord that are typical of control tabs.
Matrix Displacement Analysis of Anisotropic Shells by Triangular Elements
Authors: Argyris J. H.
Published: July 2016

Over the last five years or so both in the USA (especially by the active group at Berkeley under R. W. Clough(7) ) and the UK, there have been a number of attempts to incorporate the plane triangular element under bending and membrane action into a general matrix displacement analysis of shells. All investigators stressed the positive aspects of the triangular element, which arise from its adaptability to any geometrical form of the shell, but noted at the same time some serious shortcomings due to a partial satisfaction of the kinematic compatibility conditions at the boundary. Thus we have within the Matrix Displacement Method the rather unusual example of a type of element whose deficiency with respect to kinematic compatibility does not automatically ensure convergence to the exact result as the number of elements is increased.
Erect and Inverted Spinning with Particular Reference to the Hunter
Authors: Merewether H. C. H.
Published: July 2016

With the introduction of each new generation of combat aircraft it has become popular to assume that they will be operated in a more conservative manner than previously and that less attention, therefore, need be paid to their spinning characteristics. Current experience, however, shows that inadvertent spins will continue to occur, and must be allowed for, if these aircraft are to be operated effectively and to the limit of their capability.

In this connection the Hunter provides an interesting case history, since it has been put to widescale use in a variety of roles and its erect and inverted spinning characteristics have been thoroughly investigated. These characteristics will be described both for their own sake and because of the applicability which they have to current high performance aircraft.
The Use of Aircraft in Forest Inventories in Canada
Authors: Sayn-Wittgenstein L.
Published: July 2016

The task of completing an inventory of Canada's forests is an immense one and it is not surprising that aircraft have been used in Canadian forest inventories ever since they became available in reasonable numbers. As will be seen, the nature of the forest to be surveyed and the characteristics of the organisations engaged in forest inventories provide the strongest argument in favour of aircraft.

Canadian forest inventories, like all forest inventories, are concerned with estimating the area of forest land and the description of the timber on that area. More specifically, one usually seeks an estimate of timber volume by tree species and size classes and information on various characteristics of tree quality, such as extent of decay and tree form.
Fungal and Corrosion Resistance of Several Integral Tank Lining Materials
Authors: Hazzard, C. F. , Kuster, E. C.
Published: July 2016

Ample evidence(1, 2, 3) exists to indicate that, in the presence of contaminated water and microbiological growths, the present widely used nitrile rubber compositions for lining integral fuel tanks of aircraft do not always offer satisfactory protection against corrosion. Failure of the lining sometimes occurs, which leads subsequently to pitting and inter-crystalline corrosion of the underlying aluminium alloy, resulting in structural weakening of the affected members, and in some instances actual perforation of the aircraft skin. In the majority of observed instances, the corrosion occurs beneath a section of the lining which has become deteriorated. This deterioration occurs in areas where water lies in contact with the nitrile rubber lining, especially where micro-biological slimes have developed at the interface of water, fuel and tank lining. Our evidence in kerosine systems indicates that these slimes are essentially fungal in nature, the predominant fungus being Cladosporium resinae (Lindau) de Vries, and that the associated water may range from low levels of electrolyte contamination to about 3500 ppm of salinity. We are not unmindful of the fact that numerous bacterial species have been found in such slimes, and may well contribute to the mechanism of deterioration of the lining, and the subsequent corrosion of the metal.
Flight Refuelling
Authors: Latimer-Needham C. H.
Published: July 2016

The first serious attempt at refuelling in flight was made in the USA in 1923 under the direction of Major (later General) H. H. Arnold, in which two aircraft were equipped as tankers, each with a 50 ft length of hose, and a flight of 37 hr 15 min was achieved. Towards the end of that year the first serious attempt in Europe was made in France.

There was then a lull until January 1929 when the US War Department sponsored some duration flights, the best known being that by the Fokker “Question Mark” under the command of Major (later General) Carl Spaatz which remained airborne for 150 hours. This flight was followed by a spate of US commercial pilots’ attempts until in 1930 the endurance record stood at 647½ hr. Most of these flights in themselves were of little practical value but they aroused the interest of Sqn. Ldr. (later Air Marshal Sir Richard) R. L. R. Atcherley, RAF while taking part in the National Air Races in the USA in 1930. On his return to Transjordan, where he was stationed, he set to work devising an improved method of contact, the results of which were patented. He also planned to demonstrate his new method with an attempt on the duration record but was refused permission by the Air Ministry.
Experiences of Lighter-Than-Air
Authors: Best F. A.
Published: July 2016

My interest in Aviation first developed in 1914 when I was living in Frankfurt opposite the aerodrome learning German. I often witnessed the landings of the German Zeppelin airship, the “Viktoria Louise”, which used to return there from numerous commercial flights throughout Germany. Even in those days sightseers could journey up and down the Rhine in this stately airship, in which every comfort was provided, including a first class dining saloon.

The day before war was declared I returned home and joined the Royal Naval Air Service and was eventually commissioned as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in October 1915. I was posted to the Airship Section which had recently been taken over from the Army by the Royal Navy to work in conjunction with destroyers in submarine spotting.
Propulsion for Space Flight
Authors: Hoffman S. K.
Published: July 2016

For centuries, scientists and engineers dreamed of going to the moon or the planets, but the more they learned about the problems involved, the more improbable space flight appeared.

While there were many difficult questions, the principal problem overshadowing all others was how to propel the vehicle free of the earth's gravitation.

When serious attention finally was devoted to the magnitude of the thrust required and the means for obtaining it, space flight became a real possibility. This assurance of adequate propulsion marked the true beginning of the space age, and continues to be the prerequisite for the more ambitious space flights planned for the future.
Circumferential Asymmetry in Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: Doyle M. D. C. , Horlock J. H.
Published: July 2016

In this paper we are restricting our attention to those cases of circumferential inlet distortion where the distortion of the velocity profile is too large to be described as a small perturbation. Thus any theory describing the flow must use a mathematical model which is non-linear.
Some VTOL Powerplant Design and Development Experience
Authors: Davies D. O. , Coplin J. F.
Published: July 2016

As the first British jet-powered aircraft was prepared for its maiden flight almost 25 years ago, the late Dr. A. A. Griffith, then Chief Scientist of Rolls-Royce Ltd, was exercising his mind on the problem of aircraft taking off and landing vertically using jet lift. The lightweight lift jet engines of compact dimensions he predicted are now being produced. Since his classic paper on VTOL to the Aeronautical Research Council in 1941 many of the difficult engineering problems have been overcome and we are now on the threshold of a most exciting era during which we shall see operational V/STOL aircraft using jet lift.
Analysis and Interpretation of Telemetred Results of Blue Streak Flight Trials
Authors: Hickman P. L. V.
Published: July 2016

The technical features of the data acquisition system used in Blue Streak flight trials are summarised briefly. The results obtained from this system, and the design modifications to which they have led, are then discussed under the heading of performance, control, structure and environment and propulsion and pressurisation.
On the Linear Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells Under Asymmetric Axial Compressive Stress Distributions
Authors: Johns D. J.
Published: July 2016

The linear buckling of circular cylindrical shells is considered with particular attention to the cantilever shell subjected to either a pure bending moment (M) or transverse load (P)—see Fig. 1. It is believed that the conclusions reached have wider application to more general loading cases.
The Design and Development of the Thiokol XLR99 Rocket Engine for the X-15 Aircraft
Authors: Davies Harold
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the design and development of the Thiokol XLR99-RM-1 rocket engine for the North American X-15 research aircraft. The engine is a turbopump-driven unit of 58,000 lb. thrust at vacuum conditions utilising liquid oxygen as the oxidiser and anhydrous liquid ammonia as the fuel. The design is notable for a number of features incorporated into a rocket engine of this size, in that it is primarily an aircraft engine with all of the control and safety attributes pertaining to conventional manned flight.

The general development of the engine is reviewed on a component basis with brief digressions into the historical and political background.
Survey Research in Disaster Public Health
Authors: Shoaf Kimberley I. , Peek-Asa Corrinne
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

While much has been learned during the past three decades of research in the disaster field, there still are some major gaps in knowledge. The need for more and better research on the health aspects of disasters is especially noted. Often, research into the health aspects has been anecdotal in nature and suffers from poor documentation of human losses. However, there are valid research methodologies that can be adapted to better document losses, evaluate interventions, and set priorities for investments to reduce the burden on the health of the population caused by disasters.

Methods:

A number of data sources are used to demonstrate the potential uses of surveys in disaster health. The majority of the examples reflect data collected by telephone interviews following earthquakes in California.

Results:

By using comparable instruments, it is possible to track the changes in preparedness levels across time. Similarly, it is possible to compare injury rates or other health impacts across time, place, and disaster type. In addition, risk factors can be identified for health outcomes. For example, in the Northridge earthquake, those over age 60 years were three times more likely to be hospitalized or die as a result of injuries than were those aged 20–59 years. Interventions can be evaluated. Slightlyless than half of the respondents of the El Niño study had heard messages about preparing for the on-coming weather and their preparedness levels were not significantly different from those who had not heard about preparing for the weather.

Conclusion:

Surveys are useful tools for identifying and evaluating the health impacts of disasters.
Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 7: Management Leadership Styles and Methods
Authors: Cuny Fred C.
Published: July 2016

This lesson explores the use of different management leadership styles and methods that are applied to disaster management situations. Leadership and command are differentiated. Mechanisms that can be used to influence others developed include: 1) coercion; 2) reward; 3) position; 4) knowledge; and 5) admiration. Factors that affect leadership include: 1) individual characteristics; 2) competence; 3) experience; 4) self-confidence; 5) judgment; 6) decision-making; and 8) style. Experience and understanding the task are important factors for leadership. Four styles of leadership are developed: 1) directive; 2) supportive; 3) participative; and 4) achievement oriented. Application of each of these styles is discussed. The styles are discussed further as they relate to the various stages of a disaster. The effects of interpersonal relationships and the effects of the environment are stressed. Lastly, leadership does not just happen because a person is appointed as a manager – it must be earned.
Analysis of Medical Needs on Day 7 after the Tsunami Disaster in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Asari Yasushi , Koido Yuichi , Nakamura Ken , Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Ohta Muneo
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

Because of great intervening distances, international medical relief activities in catastrophic, sudden-onset disasters often do not begin until days 5–7 after the precipitating event. The medical needs of those affected and what public health problems exist in the community in the week after the tsunami disaster in Papua New Guinea(PNG) were investigated.

Methods:

The Japan Medical Team for Disaster Relief (JMTDR) conducted investigative hearings at the District Office responsible for the management of the disaster, the Care Center, and the Hospitals in Aitape, Vanimo, and Wewak in PNG.

Results:

The numbers of in-patients in the Aitate, Vanimo, and Wewak Hospitals, and in the Care Center in Aitape were 291, >300, 68, and 104, respectively. The exact number of people affected was unknown at the Aitape District Office. There ivas no lack of medical supplies and drugs in the hospital, but the Care Center in Aitape did not have sufficient quantities of antibiotics. No outbreak of communicable disease occurred, despite the presence of risk factors such as the dense concentration of affected people and the constant prevalence of malaria and diarrhea. The water at Wewak General Hospital contained chlorine and was suitable for drinking, but that elsewhere contained bacteria.

Conclusions:

On about the 7th day after the event, the available information still was incomplete, and it was a time to shift from initial emergency activities to specialized medical care. Although no outbreak of communicable disease actually occurred, there was much anxiety about it because of the risk factors present. For effective medical care at this stage, it is essential to conduct a survey of actual medical needs that also include epidemiological factors.
Principles of Management Lesson 8. Motivation
Authors: Cuny Fred C.
Published: July 2016

Motivation is the art of getting people to do things or to do things more efficiently or quickly. Motivation of personnel involved in relief activities differs substantially from similar activities in the business sector as such persons may be: 1) part-time staff without a long-term commitment; 2) volunteers; 3) part of the affected population;Finnish National Training and/or 4) assigned from other organizations. Motivation entails goal-directed behaviors directed at satisfaction of individual needs.

This lesson addresses the hierarchical pyramid of motivation including: 1) physiological; 2) safety; 3) social; 4) esteem; and 5) self-actualization and how an individual's personality affects their level of motivation. In addition, personal goals play an important role in determining a persons behavior. Management programs that can be used to increase motivation are discussed including the use of re-wards for good performance. Lastly, methods for behavior modification are included.
Bogus Doctor Deceptions during Multi-Casualty Events and Disasters
Authors: Nocera Antony , Newton Anne M.
Published: July 2016

Bogus doctors pose a threat to public health and safety, and they present a security threat at disaster and multi-casualty event sites. A “bogus doctor” is an individual who misrepresents him/herself as a registered medical practitioner by their demeanour, actions, dress, or surroundings, while not entitled to be on a register of medical practitioners. There are very few reports in the medical literature, but practitioners have encountered them at the site of a disaster or multi-casualty event. This paper examines the five cases identified in the literature. Secure systems that confirm a health professional's identity and qualifications are required to avoid unnecessary delays and to protect the victims and health professionals providing the care.
Non-Institutional Sources of Assistance following a Disaster: Potential Triage and Treatment Capabilities of Neighborhood-based Preparedness Organizations
Authors: Simpson David M.
Published: July 2016

The following paper presents an argument for enhancing and encouraging the development of neighborhood-based disaster preparedness organizations, particularly as a potential medical triage and treatment resource following a disaster. First, theresearch context for the utility of non-institutional sources of post-disaster assistance is outlined, followed by the more specific instance of medical triage and treatment. An emerging model of community disaster preparedness training is described, noting the modules that address disaster medicine. Positive contributions and limitations are addressed looking to disaster and non-disaster experiences. While the potential for non-traditional resources to aid immediate post-disaster response is becoming both more common and more accepted, there are a number of recommendations that would improve the usefulness and value, including: 1) integration with existing emergency care infrastructure; 2) standardization of training; 3) use of coordinated drills between public safety organizations, hospitals, and voluntary sectors; and 4) dedication of more funding to assist in the creation and maintenance of programs. Because of the relative infancy of these community-based programs, and the infrequency of large-scale disasters, there is little, if any, pre-post research that can demonstrate a measured impact on response. More pre-disaster baseline data-gathering efforts are needed, combined with post-disaster evaluative research to understand the utility of these non-traditional resources in terms of overall response, and in particular the ability to assist in areas of disaster medicine practice. One also expects that under these kinds of [disaster] conditions, family members, fellow employees, and neighbors will spontaneously try to help each other. This was the case following the Mexico City earthquake where untrained, spontaneous volunteers saved 800 people. However, 100people lost their lives while attempting to save others. This is a high price to pay and is preventable through training.
The Ice Storm in Eastern Canada 1998 KAMEDO-Report No. 74
Authors: Riddex Louis , Dellgar Uno
Published: July 2016

This is a report of the impact of the ice storm that struck eastern Canada on 04–09 January 1998. The storm deposited ice some 100 mm thick on the ground and on the electric power lines and eventually left 1.4 million households and much of the infrastructure without electrical power.

Data were obtained through non-structured interviews of those involved. Most of the larger hospitals were equipped with emergency generating equipment and were able to provide most essential services. For most hospitals, non-emergency services were compromised. Many other medical facilities, including clinics had to be shut down, and smaller hospitals were forced to transfer some patients to larger institutions. In addition, hospitals experienced a marked increase in the number of emergency department visits including an increase in the number of persons with injuries, respiratory tract infections, or heart problems. A marked increase in carbon-monoxide intoxication was observed: 50 persons required the use of hyperbaric oxygen and six persons died of CO poisoning.

Prehospital services not only experienced a marked increase in the number of emergency responses, but also were utilized to provide transportation of non-ill or injured persons, equipment, and supplies. Home care was interrupted and many patients dependent upon power had to be transported to hospitals. Many hospitals opened their buildings to provide shelter to the families of many of their employees and medical staff. This helped to keep staffing at a better level than if they had to find shelter and essential services elsewhere.

The transmission and sharing of information was severely limited due in part to the loss of power and inability to access television. This led to the distribution of misleading or incorrect information.

This storm was exemplary of our dependence upon electrical power and that we are not prepared to cope with the loss of electricity.
Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 13. Organizational Development
Authors: Cuny Fred C.
Published: July 2016

Change in any organization is difficult. Relief organizations constantly are evolving and changing form to adapt to different needs, demands, and environment. As the phases of a disaster evolve, adjustments must be made by relief organizations to meet the changing needs. The sequential processes used to manage change include recognition and diagnosis of the problem, identification of alternatives, recognition of limiting conditions, selection of a strategy for change, and implementing and monitoring the change. The techniques used to effect change may be classified as structural, management, or technological. Changes can occur in division of labor, content of the work, relationships with other workers, supervisory and/or technical skills, operations, and decision-making hierarchy. Approaches can be mandated from the top, worked out jointly by management and personnel, or implemented by the affected personnel. Implementation of changes has two dimensions: timing and scope. Whenever changes are implemented, the impact of the changes must be monitored and the effects compared with what was expected.
Assessment of the EMT-P Medications Used by Baltimore County Fire Department EMS Supervisors/EMT-Ps
Authors: Cohen Harold C.
Published: July 2016

Many authorities in EMS have cited the lack of data concerning the efficacy of medications administered by prehospital providers. This paper reports the results of a prospective assessment of the efficacy and safety of certain medications used by emergency medical technician-paramedics (EMT-Ps) in a three-tiered response system. Data were collected for six months using forms that were completed by the EMT-P at the conclusion of an incident. Medication efficacy was measured for: bretylium tosylate, 14 patients/3 conversions to a sustaining rhythm (21 %); diazepam, 20 patients/17 stopped seizing or converted to focal motor seizure (85 %); dopamine hydrochloride, 14 patients/9 experiencing increase of blood pressure (64%); furosemide, 49 patients/28 instances of decreased respiratory distress (57%); and terbutaline sulfate, 46 patients/34 instances of decreased respiratory distress (74%). Serious side effects were rare and well managed by the EMT-Ps. These data indicate that these medications are effective and safe when used in the prehospital environment. Analysis of more data from different delivery profiles is necessary prior to drawing appropriate scientific conclusions. Data collected should include patient follow-up through hospital discharge.
Back from the USSR
Authors: Seaton H. , Winter R. , Manara A. R.
Published: July 2016

The increasing openness (glastnost) of the Soviet authorities has brought about a new era of accountability but sadly has coincided with a series of disasters, both natural and manmade. Chernobyl, the Armenian earthquake, and recently a gas explosion which involved two passenger trains have been reported widely and medical teams from the West were invited to assist with the care of the injured. We were part of a multidisciplinary team involved in the care of victims of the train disaster.
A Prospective Evaluation of Prehospital Patient Assessment by Direct In-field Observation: Failure of ALS Personnel to Measure Vital Signs
Authors: Spaite Daniel W. , Criss Elizabeth A. , Valenzuela Terence D. , Meislin Harvey W. , Hinsberg Paul
Published: July 2016

We prospectively evaluated the frequency with which advanced life support (ALS) personnel fail to attempt to measure blood pressure (BP) and/or pulse (P) during prehospital patient assessment. A single in-field observer rode on ALS rescue vehicles from 20 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies throughout Arizona during a one-year study (1/89–12/89). Data were collected from urban, suburban, and rural systems. Statistical evaluation was performed by Chi Square analysis with p <0.05 considered significant.

Among 227 patient encounters, BP and/or P measurements were omitted in 84 cases (37.0%). BP and/or P were omitted in 50.0% of children (age <18 years) compared to 26.5% of adults (p=0.023). Among patients who were transported to a hospital, 19.4% had BP omitted compared to 49.1% of those not transported (p=0.00003). Seven of 58 patients in whom TVs were attempted (12.1 %) had BP omitted compared to 54 of 169 patients without IV attempts (32.0%, p=0.0055). Blood Pressure was omitted in 21.9% of patients transported Code 3 and in 24.2% of patients with Glasgow Coma Scale ≤13. Omission of BP occurred more frequently in non-urban agencies (33.9%) than in urban ones (20.0%, p=0.027).

In a statewide evaluation of prehospital patient assessment, failure to measure vital signs (VS) occurred on a frequent basis. Our data indicate that a concerning lack of attention to the most basic details of patient assessment is common. It is possible that failure to measure VS might even happen more frequently during routine patient encounters without an observer present. Medical control physicians must emphasize to EMS personnel the paramount importance of careful assessment to ensure optimal patient care.
The Role of Aeromedical Transportation in Global Disaster Health Care
Authors: Yancey Arthur H.
Published: July 2016

There are several unique aspects of aeromedical transportation that render it vital to the overall management of disaster emergencies. Valuable time can be saved in moving medical expertise, supplies, and equipment into the disaster area as well as in moving victims out of the hazardous area quickly and in large numbers. Chaotic ground traffic at and near the disaster scene as well as environmental obstacles en route often may be avoided. Large numbers of disaster victims can be cared for efficiently en route by proportionately fewer health care personnel than is possible using traditional land carriers due to the concentration of many patients in one aircraft. Patients with similar injuries (e.g., burns) can be routed to and concentrated in centralized institutions that specialize in the care of those specific injuries. The plans for execution of the foregoing should include the use of military troop-transport aircraft that may be converted easily for patient transport. Also, military personnel should be involved, as they are part of a highly organized structure that can be mobilized more easily and swiftly than can most civilian organizations. The United States Air Force aeromedical evacuation policies and management structure is reviewed with attention directed toward additions and adaptations of this system needed to allow it to serve global disaster response. Such a highly evolved system will require a governing body with global reach for purposes of coordination and management. The resources for such a system currently exist but such an organization has yet to be formed.
Hospital Disaster and Evacuation Planning
Authors: Smith J. Stanley
Published: July 2016

The world population is becoming increasingly reliant upon nuclear fission for the generation of electric power. In the wake of this activity, there have been two major accidents: Three Mile Island (TMI), near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States, in 1979; and Chernobyl, near Kiev, Ukraine, Soviet Union, in 1986. It is noteworthy that both of these accidents were related to human error and not to malfunction of the emergency back-up systems. So far, nuclear energy production plant accidents have occurred when either the data were misinterpreted or systems misguided by human function.

The major problem associated with a nuclear energy generating plant accident is the release of radiation. Even though the medical facilities may not be destroyed physically, they may be rendered useless because of contamination by radiation. Unfortunately, in the event of such an accidental release of radiation, all of the health-care facilities in the area will be contaminated. Therefore, all patients in hospitals and nursing homes will need to be evacuated to facilities outside of the contaminated area and not just relocated within the contaminated area.
Short-Term Crystalloid Fluid Resuscitation in Uncontrolled Intra-abdominal Bleeding in Swine
Authors: Riddez Louis , Hjelmqvist Hans , Suneson Anders , Hahn Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

Fluid therapy in uncontrolled bleeding is controversial. In a previously used experimental animal model of aortic injury, the outcome often was impaired by re-bleeding that began at least 20 minutes after crystalloid fluid resuscitation was initiated. Therefore, it was hypothesized that re-bleeding might be avoided if volume loading is carried out for 20 minutes and then disconstinued.

Methods:

Ten minutes after a 5 mm laceration was produced in the infra-renal aorta on eight anesthetized pigs, they received a 20-minute intravenous infusion of Ringer's solution in the ratio of 1:1 to the expected blood loss. Hemodynamics were studied for 120 minutes using arterial and pulmonary artery catheters and blood flow probes placed proximal and distal to the aortic lesion and around the left renal artery and portal vein.

Results:

The bleeding stopped between three and four minutes after the onset of bleeding. The blood flow rate dropped to 38% (mean) of baseline in the splanchnic region, to 31% in the upper aorta, and to 13% in the kidney. The flow rates and the oxygen consumption increased transiently during fluid resuscitation, but never reached baseline levels. Re-bleeding amounted to about 15% of the initial bleeding and occurred in only three of the animals. Four of the pigs died of shock within 90 minutes (range 47–85 minutes) after the aortic injury.

Conclusion:

Short-term crystalloid fluid therapy in uncontrolled aortic hemorrhage transiently improved the hemodynamic status and the oxygen consumption following the initial bleeding. Furthermore, the infusion did not cause re-bleeding of more than 100 ml, which occurred in previously conducted experiments when the infusion was continued for more than 20 minutes.
Methodological Aspects of the Medical Examination of Special Contingents in the All Russian Service of Disaster Medicine
Authors: Preobrazhenskij Victor N. , Matveyev A. A.
Published: July 2016

The tasks required for the preservation of the health of rescuers can be accomplished with the creation of a system for medical examinations and rehabilitation that functions with commonly used methodological and organizational principles. Absence of such a common methodological platform often results in the disqualification of members of the special contingent and a mistake in the evaluation process that gives birth to serious medical and social problems. The specific character of the rescuers' activities during conditions associated with extraordinary situations necessitates the development of criteria-based evaluation systems for determining the prognosis, and the clinical, diagnostic, normative, and legal, medical, and social criteria that include methodological approaches that define the criteria to be used in the examinations. We propose that the concept of the professional health examinations becomes the methodological basis used for the medical examinations and rehabilitation of the rescuers.
The International Search and Rescue Response to the US Embassy Bombing in Kenya: The Medical Team Experience
Authors: Macintyre Anthony G. , Weir Scott , Barbera Joseph A.
Published: July 2016

On 07 August, 1998, a terrorist's bomb exploded outside of the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. The explosion caused severe damage to the Embassy and surrounding structures, including almost complete collapse of the Ufundi building adjacent to the Embassy. The U.S. response to this tragedy included the deployment of medical, rescue, and law enforcement personnel to assist the Kenyan government. An integral component of this response was the deployment of an Urban Search and Rescue Task Force to aid in the location, extrication, and rescue of entrapped victims. This Task Force was sponsored by the Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), a branch of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The Task Force included a medical team composed of two physicians and four paramedics, whose purpose was to define, create, and provide a medical care system for rescuers and victims in the austere environment at the bombsite. As an international event involving a multinational response, the characteristics and requirements of this event differed in some respects from domestic disaster emergency responses, and the medical team adjusted their operating procedures accordingly.
Chemical Weapons: The United Nations Team of Experts in the Iran-Iraq War
Authors: Imobersteg U.
Published: July 2016

This report from a member of the United Nations (UN) team of experts describes the investigations of the use of chemical weapons during the Iran-Iraq War. The UN-sponsored team of experts discovered evidence that clearly showed the use of three chemical weapon substances during that conflict—Yperite (Mustard Gas), Tabun (nerve gas), and Phosgene (respiratory irritant). The effects of these chemical agents and some means of treatment for victims are described.
A Method to Reduce Rural EMS Response Times
Authors: Johnson David R. , Maggiore W. Ann , Davis David Ralph
Published: July 2016

Prolonged EMS response times are a significant problem in rural areas. In this study, VHF radios and personal medical kits were placed in the private vehicles of rescue squad members. By coordinating the responses using radios, higher level EMTs were sent directly to the scene to initiate patient assessment and other procedures while others proceeded to an unstaffed station to pick up the rescue truck.

Using this response system, EMTs arrived at the scene prior to the rescue vehicle on 30 of 35 calls (85.7%). In 25 of 35 calls (71.4%), the first person at the scene was at an advanced EMT level even though the majority of responses (56%) were made by Basic EMTs (p<0.001). The mean response time for EMTs using privately owned vehicles was 9±4 minutes (means±SD) compared with 16±9 minutes for the rescue truck (p<0.01). There also was a significant difference in response times between the privately owned vehicles and the rescue truck when the time between the receipt of the call and the initial acknowledgement of response was measured (1±1 minutes vs. 7±3 minutes; p<0.01).

An effective EMS response can be made in rural areas by sending EMTs directly to a scene in private vehicles. Providing EMTs with VHF radios and personal medical kits enhances this response.
Heat Exhaustion
Authors: Oakley E. Howard N.
Published: July 2016

The various disorders resulting from heat stress can be understood and treated from an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Broadly speaking, they can arise as a result of excessive heat production from the body, or impairment of heat loss to the environment. The normal responses of the body to attempt to lose heat, peripheral vasodilation and sweating, are the root causes of the main disorders. In the tropics, the high environmental heat load leads to a spectrum of illnesses ranging from chronic exhaustion to acute and lethal heat stroke. Cooling and correction of fluid and electrolyte disturbances are the key to their treatment. In temperate climates, variants seen commonly occur in those imposing a metabolic heat load by endurance exercise. In these cases, there is some evidence that hyperventilation plays a role in their development, and this merits paper-bag rebreathing in addition to cooling and rehydration, during treatment. Those assisting at sporting events should attempt to stop competitors as soon as they show signs of heat exhaustion, and must be aware that almost all competitors will be hyperthermic towards the finish, and should be cooled and rehydrated as soon as possible.
Introduction to Fluorocarbons
Authors: Erdmann W. , Faithfull N.S.
Published: July 2016

Fluorocarbons, which strictly speaking should perhaps be termed perfluorocarbons or perfluorochemicals (PFCs), are organic compounds produced by extensive fluorination of relatively simple alphatic and aromatic chemicals. They have, over the last thirty or forty years, been used for a wide variety of purposes in both industrial and domestic fields. As a consequence of one of their physical properties, namely their high solubility for respiratory gases, they are being developed as constituents of oxygen transporting plasma substitutes. Preliminary trials are being carried out in Japan and the United States and PFCs may well be on the verge of entering routine clinical medicine.
Nuclear War the Ultimate Disaster
Authors: Chazov Eugene I.
Published: July 2016

Everyday humanity witnesses an opportunity to take a new step forward. Every morning millions of people enter a new day hoping for happiness and joys of life, and believing in a cloudless future. In everyday life with its troubles and problems, most people forget that their future wellbeing and happiness are endangered by thousands of missiles and nuclear warheads aimed at mankind itself. According to United Nations Reports, there are 50,000 nuclear warheads on Earth today. Their explosive energy is equal to over one million bombs of the kind dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. Unfortunately, some politicians and some members of the lay public do not know (or rather do not want to know) the simple truth that mankind has produced and keeps in store a power that can annihilate its creators. Let me recall Jolio Curie's words: “People should not allow the forces they have managed to discover and learned how to handle now be the cause of their destruction.”
Military Concepts and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Portugal
Authors: Rocha Da Silva F.F.
Published: July 2016

Wars have contributed to the progress of emergency medicine. Napoleon's surgeon Larrey introduced a new era in surgical skills. During World War I, blood transfusions and anesthesia were introduced, and during World War II, penicillin. Neither in war nor in civilian disasters can one predict the number of casualties. Thus planning should be similar.
Military-Civilian Collaboration for Disaster Medicine in the USSR (Discussion Comment)
Authors: Alexejev Gueorgui
Published: July 2016

The efficiency of EMS, especially resuscitation of the severely wounded, depends upon speed and skills. This requires well-organized military-civilian collaboration, as shown during recent earthquakes in Ashkhabad and Tashkent. Reasons include the great mobility of military medical units, including field hospitals; communication facilities; specialized means of transportation; readiness of equipment and supplies; as well as skillled military medical personnel.
Air Force Rescue at the MGM Hotel Fire in Las Vegas
Authors: Wallace David M.
Published: July 2016

One of the worst hotel fires in the USA occurred at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada, on November 21, 1980. This tragedy claimed 84 lives and injured 300 others. The toll might have been higher were it not for Air Force assistance.

Nine U.S. Air Force helicopters responded swiftly to the scene in answer to the city of Las Vegas plea for help. The call came from the Metropolitan Police Department at 7:38 a.m. and got an immediate response from the Nellis Air Force Base (AFB) Consolidated Command Post. By 7:55 a.m., the first Huey helicopter was airborne. Less than 20 minutes later it was hovering over the MGM Grand Hotel. Evacuation of survivors began immediately, according to Major Larry B. Doege, commander of Detachment 1, 57th Fighter Weapons Wing.
Helicopter Ambulance Missions in Stockholm, Sweden
Authors: Brismar Bo , Alveryd Alv
Published: July 2016

In the county of Stockholm with 2 million inhabitants and an area of 6,500 km2 , a trial project with a helicopter ambulance, staffed by physicians, was carried out during the summer seasons of 1978 to 1980. A total of 507 missions were accomplished.

The Trial Project. During the summer a large number of tourists visit the Stockholm archipelago. For these people there is a problem in the event of acute illness or accident to get qualified medical care without delay. A Bell 206 Long Ranger was based at Barkarby airport just outside the city of Stockholm. This was manned by doctors, ambulance personnel and a pilot, and was supplied with an emergency kit, intubation equipment, a portable ECG apparatus and a defibrillator.
Medical Attendance in Air Transportation of Patients
Authors: Durner Peter , Frey Rudolf , Kassuhlke M.
Published: July 2016

Air transportation missions of seriously ill or injured patients are subdivided into rescue missions and medical evacuation missions. In 1981, for rescue missions, 29 stationed rescue helicopters were available with an operation radius of 50 km. Their task consisted of securing the primary care for vital risk patients as soon as possible. Medical evacuation missions were realized by helicopter, ambulance aircraft, and airliner. Before take-off a medical briefing was held to diminish the transport-trauma. Patients with cardiopulmonary insufficiency are at risk as simultaneous appearance of acceleration, climbing rate, falling cabin pressure and emotional stress may produce serious complications. Additional education of the medical crew is required.