bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First report of Syphacia vanderbrueli Bernard, 1961 (Oxyuridae) from Micromys minutus in Poland
Authors: Zaleśny G. , Hildebrand J. , Perec-Matysiak A. , Okulewicz A.
Published: November 2006

During the parasitological examination of wild rodents from Wroclaw vicinity 11 female nematodes were isolated from the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus). The helminths were determined as Syphacia vanderbrueli. This is the first report of this parasite in Poland. Complete descriptions of the female individuals are given.
First record of Diplotriaena henryi Blanc, 1919 from the coal tit, Parus ater with new report from the great tit, Parus major in the Middle East
Authors: Mobedi I. , Sehhatisabet M. , Razmjou E. , Shafiei S.
Published: November 2006

Seven males and thirteen female Diplotriaena henryi Blanc 1919 were collected from body cavities (heart, sternum, and chest) of tits (one Parus major and three Parus ater) in plain woodland of Noor, in Northern Iran.
Thin Film Formation Techniques
Authors: Rumaiz Abdul K. , Franklin S. , Buzby S. , Ismat Shah S.
Published: November 2006

A thin film is a surface layer with thickness of a few micrometers. These films have properties much different than that of bulk materials or that of the substrate on which the film is deposited. There are a variety of techniques for thin‐film deposition, generally referred to as vapor deposition processes. Depending on the source of the vapors to be deposited, vapor deposition process can be classified as physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Among the two, PVD technique is more widely used for thin‐film formation. Here, vapors are produced using resistive heating, atomic sputtering, ion plating, magnetron sputtering or lasers, alone or in combination with each other. Most of the PVD processes require a high vacuum. In CVD technique, vapors are obtained from gas, liquid, or solid precursors and involve a chemical reaction for the film formation.
Waste Management, Radioactive
Authors: Murray Raymond L. , Fentiman Audeen W.
Published: November 2006

The sources, treatment, storage and transport, and disposal of nuclear wastes are presented. Regulations are provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The principal sources of waste from nuclear reactors are fission products and neutron activation products. Many treatment methods are available to reduce waste volume whether it involves management of spent fuel or low‐level waste. Most spent fuel is stored in water pools at reactor sites, awaiting completion of a repository. Dry storage is an alternative. Disposal by deep burial is planned for spent fuel, and by enhanced confinement near the surface for low‐level waste. Site characterization is being carried out. Isolation of waste from the public is essential. The future of nuclear power depends in part on successful waste disposal.
Microstructure and Texture Formation during Hot Rolling of Niobium‐Rich γ TiAl Alloys with Different Carbon Contents
Authors: Stark A. , Bartels A. , Gerling R. , Schimansky F.‐P. , Clemens H.
Published: November 2006

Three γ‐TiAl alloys with a base composition of Ti‐45Al‐7.5Nb (at. %) and different carbon contents were used for hot rolling experiments. The alloys were powder metallurgically produced and subsequently hot‐isostatically pressed. Two hot rolling series with different degrees of reduction during the rolling steps have been performed at temperatures in the upper range of the (α + γ) phase field. Samples for texture analysis and metallography were taken from various stages of the rolling process as well as after additional annealing. Light‐optical and scanning electron microscopy images clearly show the influence of the different carbon contents on the recrystallization behaviour. The rolling texture of the γ‐TiAl phase is dominated by texture components, which indicate mechanical twinning as a predominant deformation mechanism. The hot rolling texture of the α‐Ti(Al) phase exhibits components similar to those known from titanium based alloys as well as components probably resulting from co‐deformation with the γ‐TiAl phase.
Atomistic Modeling of Optical Properties of Thin Films
Authors: Puschnig P. , Ambrosch‐Draxl C.
Published: November 2006

It is shown how the combination of ab‐initio electronic structure methods with simulations based on the macroscopic Maxwell theory can be used to compute the optical properties of thin layered media. We apply the theory to a thin film of para‐hexaphenyl, which is a promising canditate for organic electro‐optical semiconductor devices, and obtain results in excellent agreement with experimental observations.
Characterization of Residual Stresses in Compressor Discs for Aeroengines
Authors: Cihak U. , Staron P. , Stockinger M. , Clemens H.
Published: November 2006

Thermal residual stresses in a forged compressor disc and in a thin model plate evolving during water‐quenching were investigated. The thermal residual stresses were calculated by finite element simulation and verified by neutron diffraction. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient was examined by temperature measurements during cooling. It was found that the residual stress state and the temperature can only be reflected satisfactorily with a temperature‐dependent heat transfer coefficient.
The Characterization of Local Deformation and Fracture Properties – a Tool for Advanced Materials Design
Authors: Kolednik O.
Published: November 2006

Novel experimental techniques have been recently developed to measure local deformation and fracture properties. The techniques comprise quantitative fracture surface analysis and in‐situ loading experiments in combination with digital image analysis. Examples are presented, demonstrating how these methods can be used to investigate the damage evolution in materials, to improve tools for the numerical simulation, and for the design of more fracture resistant materials and components.
Mechanical Size‐Effects in Miniaturized and Bulk Materials
Authors: Dehm G. , Motz C. , Scheu C. , Clemens H. , Mayrhofer P. H. , Mitterer C.
Published: November 2006

Interfaces and surfaces can impose substantial mechanical size‐effects on materials. The deformation mechanisms become increasingly constrained when microstructural and/or geometrical dimensions decrease. This effect can improve, for example, the creep resistance of a bulk lamellar material, but it may cause failure for a miniaturized material component due to high internal stresses. Several dislocation mechanisms causing size‐dependent flow stresses for (sub)micron‐sized metals and metallic thin films are addressed in this paper and the current understanding of size‐effects in miniaturized and bulk materials is reviewed. The beneficial application of mechanical size‐effects is demonstrated for TiAl alloys and nanostructured hard coatings.
In‐Situ X‐ray Diffraction as a Tool to Probe Mechanical Phenomena Down to the Nano‐Scale
Authors: Keckes J. , Eiper E. , Martinschitz K. J. , Boesecke P. , Gindl W. , Dehm G.
Published: November 2006

Several applications of laboratory and in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques to characterize mechanical phenomena in nano‐scale structures are presented. A size dependency of the flow stress in Al thin films is studied by non‐ambient XRD. Moreover, a recovery of the modulus of cyclically strained coir fibres is analysed by in‐situ XRD combined with mechanical tests.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a C/C‐Cu Joint Developed for Plasma Facing Components
Authors: Eidenberger E. , Scheu C. , Hawranek G. , Pippan R. , Schedler B. , Leitner H. , Clemens H.
Published: November 2006

In the interface region of C/C‐Cu joints different microstructures are developed dependent on the amount of wetting agent employed during fabrication. Two C/C‐Cu Joints containing different amounts of wetting agent were investigated by SEM and XRD measurements. Elemental maps were created to further determine the distribution of the occurring phases. To determine the fracture toughness of the samples 3‐point bending tests were performed and the fracture surfaces were examined. The two samples show different crack paths which can be related to the found microstructures.
Precipitation Behaviour of a Complex Steel
Authors: Leitner H. , Bischof M. , Clemens H. , Erlach S. , Sonderegger B. , Kozeschnik E. , Svoboda J. , Fischer F. D.
Published: November 2006

Nanometer‐sized precipitates in tool steels are the most important microstructural constituents determining the mechanical and thermophysical properties. For the improvement of existing steel grades and the development of new tool steels a fundamental knowledge of the precipitation reactions during heat treatments and at application temperature is of vital interest. Thus, a comprehensive characterization of the various precipitates is required. This paper reviews the studies performed on a complex tool steel which hardens by secondary hardening carbides and intermetallic phases using advanced methods for characterizing nm‐sized precipitates, such as transmission electron microscopy, atom probe field ion microscopy and small‐angle neutron scattering. Additionally, computer simulations of the precipitation kinetics were performed using a novel model for nucleation, growth and coarsening of spherical precipitates in multi‐component, multi‐phase systems. It is demonstrated how experiments and simulations fit together and how thoroughly obtained experimental data help to validate and improve the theoretical models.
Inkjet Printing of Luminescent CdTe Nanocrystal–Polymer Composites
Authors: Tekin E. , Smith P. J. , Hoeppener S. , van den Berg A. M. J. , Susha A. S. , Rogach A. L. , Feldmann J. , Schubert U. S.
Published: November 2006

Inkjet printing is used to produce well‐defined patterns of dots (with diameters of ca. 120 μm) that are composed of luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) embedded within a poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) matrix. Addition of ethylene glycol (1–2 vol %) to the aqueous solution of CdTe NCs suppresses the well‐known ring‐formation effect in inkjet printing leading to exceptionally uniform dots. Atomic force microscopy characterization reveals that in the CdTe NC films the particle–particle interaction could be prevented using inert PVA as a matrix. Combinatorial libraries of CdTe NC–PVA composites with variable NC sizes and polymer/NC ratios are prepared using inkjet printing. These libraries are subsequently characterized using a UV/fluorescence plate reader to determine their luminescent properties. Energy transfer from green‐light‐emitting to red‐light‐emitting CdTe NCs in the composite containing green‐ (2.6 nm diameter) and red‐emitting (3.5 nm diameter) NCs are demonstrated.
Biomedical Applications of Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly: From Biomimetics to Tissue Engineering
Authors: Tang Z. , Wang Y. , Podsiadlo P. , Kotov N. A.
Published: November 2006

The design of advanced, nanostructured materials at the molecular level is of tremendous interest for the scientific and engineering communities because of the broad application of these materials in the biomedical field. Among the available techniques, the layer‐by‐layer assembly method introduced by Decher and co‐workers in 1992 has attracted extensive attention because it possesses extraordinary advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation, versatility, capability of incorporating high loadings of different types of biomolecules in the films, fine control over the materials' structure, and robustness of the products under ambient and physiological conditions. In this context, a systematic review of current research on biomedical applications of layer‐by‐layer assembly is presented. The structure and bioactivity of biomolecules in thin films fabricated by layer‐by‐layer assembly are introduced. The applications of layer‐by‐layer assembly in biomimetics, biosensors, drug delivery, protein and cell adhesion, mediation of cellular functions, and implantable materials are addressed. Future developments in the field of biomedical applications of layer‐by‐layer assembly are also discussed.
Inside Front Cover: Preparation of Porous Poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐Based Honeycomb Materials with Hierarchal Surface Features and Their Use as Soft‐Lithography Templates (Adv. Mater. 22/2006)
Authors: Connal L. A. , Qiao G. G.
Published: November 2006

The inside cover shows a library of hierarchically patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces, with a schematic view in the background. These materials are prepared by the ‘breath figure' technique, in work reported by Qiao and Connal on p. 3024, that utilizes a low glass transition temperature star polymer that can form ordered honeycomb materials and contour to nonflat TEM grids. These surfaces are also used as soft lithography masters to create the inverse pattern.
Effect of model formulation on flow‐regime predictions for bubble columns
Authors: Monahan Sarah M. , Fox Rodney O.
Published: November 2006

It is well known that bubble‐column flow‐regime predictions of the Eulerian two‐fluid model depend strongly on the model formulation. However, there is no general consensus on what force models must be included to match experiments for even the simplest flows. The flow simulated in this work corresponds to the bubble‐column experiments of Harteveld with the additional assumptions of: (i) uniform‐size (non‐coalescing) bubbles, (ii) spatially uniform bubble injection, and (iii) non‐deforming (spherical) bubbles. As in Monahan et al.'s 2005 article, the complete set of interphase force models includes drag, added‐mass, lift, rotation, and strain. The simulation results are presented in the form of flow maps parameterized by the bubble Reynolds number and the average void fraction. As expected, the flow maps show a strong dependence on the model parameters; however, qualitatively only two types of flow maps are observed: (1) flows that transition from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous regime at relatively low average void fractions and (2) flows that transition at relatively high average void fractions (0.4–0.6) as are observed in the experiments. Remarkably, type‐2 flow maps are only observed for two‐fluid models that include the complete set of forces. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53, 2007
Conditional moment closure for chemical reactions in laminar chaotic flows
Authors: Vikhansky A. , Cox S. M.
Published: November 2006

We implement conditional moment closure (CMC) for simulation of chemical reactions in laminar chaotic flows. The CMC approach predicts the expected concentration of reactive species, conditional upon the concentration of a corresponding nonreactive scalar. Closure is obtained by neglecting the difference between the local concentration of the reactive scalar and its conditional average. We first use a Monte Carlo method to calculate the evolution of the moments of a conserved scalar; we then reconstruct the corresponding probability density function and dissipation rate. Finally, the concentrations of the reactive scalars are determined. The results are compared (and show excellent agreement) with full numerical simulations of the reaction processes in a chaotic laminar flow. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
The new bone biology: Pathologic, molecular, and clinical correlates
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael
Published: November 2006

Bone and cartilage and their disorders are addressed under the following headings: functions of bone; normal and abnormal bone remodeling; osteopetrosis and osteoporosis; epithelial–mesenchymal interaction, condensation and differentiation; osteoblasts, markers of bone formation, osteoclasts, components of bone, and pathology of bone; chondroblasts, markers of cartilage formation, secondary cartilage, components of cartilage, and pathology of cartilage; intramembranous and endochondral bone formation;RUNXgenes and cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD); osterix; histone deacetylase 4 andRunx2;Ligand toreceptoractivator ofNFκB (RANKL), RANK, osteoprotegerin, and osteoimmunology; WNT signaling,LRP5mutations, and β‐catenin; the role of leptin in bone remodeling; collagens, collagenopathies, and osteogenesis imperfecta; FGFs/FGFRs, FGFR3 skeletal dysplasias, craniosynostosis, and other disorders; short limb chondrodysplasias; molecular control of the growth plate in endochondral bone formation and genetic disorders ofIHHandPTHR1;ANKH, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, and chondrocalcinosis; transforming growth factor β, Camurati–Engelmann disease (CED), and Marfan syndrome, types I and II; anACVR1mutation and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva;MSX1andMSX2: biology, mutations, and associated disorders; G protein, activation of adenylyl cyclase,GNAS1mutations, McCune‐Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy;FLNAand associated disorders; and morphological development of teeth and their genetic mutations. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two years of growth hormone therapy in young children with Prader–Willi syndrome: Physical and neurodevelopmental benefits
Authors: Myers Susan E. , Whitman Barbara Y. , Carrel Aaron L. , Moerchen Victoria , Bekx M. Tracy , Allen David B.
Published: November 2006

Infants with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) typically display failure to thrive and decreased muscle mass with excess body fat for age. Growth hormone (GH) therapy in children with PWS improves, but does not normalize, body composition and muscle strength and agility. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of earlier GH therapy on anthropometric measurements, body composition, and psychomotor development in affected PWS infants and toddlers. Twenty‐five subjects, ages 4–37 months, were randomized to 2 years of GH therapy (1 mg/m2/day) or 1 year of observation without GH treatment and then placed on GH (1.5 mg/m2·day) for 1 year only. Anthropometric measurements were obtained by standard methods: percent body fat, lean body mass, and total body bone mineral density by dual x‐ray absorptiometry; motor constructs of mobility and stability by the Toddler Infant Motor Evaluation; and cognitive and language function by the Capute Scales of Infant Language and Cognitive Development. GH‐treated PWS subjects demonstrated normalization of length/height standard deviation scores (SDS), faster head growth, increased lean body mass accrual, and decreased percent body fat (P < 0.005 for all parameters), as well as improved language (P = 0.05) and cognitive (P = 0.02) quotient Z‐scores compared with similarly aged untreated PWS subjects after 1 year into the study. PWS subjects treated before their first birthday spoke their first words at a mean age of 14.4 ± 2.8 months and walked independently at 23.3 ± 4.8 months. GH therapy was well‐tolerated; however, one PWS subject experienced scoliosis progression. As greater benefits were seen in our study with early treatment, prompt referral to a pediatric endocrinologist for consideration of GH therapy is recommended for PWS at an early age. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A report of pure 7p duplication syndrome and review of the literature
Authors: Papadopoulou E. , Sifakis S. , Sarri C. , Gyftodimou J. , Liehr T. , Mrasek K. , Kalmanti M. , Petersen M.B.
Published: November 2006

We report on a case of a 9‐month‐old female infant with a direct duplication of the 7p13‐p22.1 chromosome region diagnosed by combining conventional cytogenetic, FISH, and multicolor banding (MCB) studies. Traditional G‐banding detected a partial 7p duplication, which was further demonstrated to be entirely of chromosome 7 origin by using a whole chromosome paint for chromosome 7, and derived from 7p13‐p22.1 by MCB. The infant presented with characteristic dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, and generalized hypotonia. The phenotypic manifestations of partial 7p trisomy with or without other chromosome involvement are briefly reviewed. Our observations in combination with other cases confirm that 7p trisomy due to dir dup(7p) can be regarded as a defined chromosome syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A syndrome of holoprosencephaly, recurrent infections, and monocytosis
Authors: Jubinsky Paul T. , Shanske Alan L. , Pixley Fiona J. , Montagna Cristina , Short Mary K.
Published: November 2006

We describe three siblings with holoprosencephaly, recurrent infections, and increased peripheral blood monocytes. These children were born to apparently healthy parents in a family with one unaffected child. Affected individuals had microcephaly, severe developmental delay, failure to thrive, and brachydactyly. The clinical courses were complicated by endocrine dysfunction, multiple respiratory, and skin infections. Laboratory studies showed normal karyotypes, normal lymphocyte function, and a peripheral blood monocytosis with markedly abnormal morphology. Mutation analysis of the seven genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGI, FTDGF1, GLI2, and PTCH) known to be involved in holoprosencephaly was normal. This is the first report demonstrating an association between abnormal mononuclear phagocytes and holoprosencephaly. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Azumamides A–E: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Cyclic Tetrapeptides from the Marine Sponge Mycale izuensis / Total Synthesis of Azumamides A and E (Angew. Chem. 45/2006)
Authors: Nakao Yoichi , Yoshida Satoru , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shindoh Nobuaki , Terada Yoh , Nagai Koji , Yamashita Jun K. , Ganesan A. , van Soest Rob W. M. , Fusetani Nobuhiro , Izzo Irene , Maulucci Nakia , Bifulco Giuseppe , De Riccardis Francesco
Published: November 2006

Inhibitorische Wirkung gegen die Histon‐Desacetylase zeichnet die Azumamide A–E aus. Diese Naturstoffe wurden unlängst aus dem Meeresschwamm Mycale izuensis isoliert, der im Titelbild als Hintergrund dient. Nach einer Totalsynthese der Azumamide A und E gelang die Zuordnung der Stereostruktur der Azumamide. Weitere Informationen zu den Naturstoffen liefern die beiden Zuschriften von N. Fusetani und Mitarbeitern sowie von I. Izzo, F. De Riccardis et al. auf S. 7715 ff. und 7719 ff.
Modern Aldol Methods for the Total Synthesis of Polyketides
Authors: Schetter Bernd , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: November 2006

The aldol reaction is one of the most important methods for the stereoselective construction of polyketide natural products, not only for nature but also for synthetic chemistry. The tremendous development in the field of aldol additions during the last 30 years has led to more and more total syntheses of complicated natural products. This Review illustrates by means of selected syntheses of natural products the new variants of the aldol addition. This includes aldol additions with various metal enolates, as well as metal‐complex‐catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods.
Cover Picture: Azumamides A–E: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Cyclic Tetrapeptides from the Marine Sponge Mycale izuensis / Total Synthesis of Azumamides A and E Z602047 Z602033 (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45/2006)
Authors: Nakao Yoichi , Yoshida Satoru , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shindoh Nobuaki , Terada Yoh , Nagai Koji , Yamashita Jun K. , Ganesan A. , van Soest Rob W. M. , Fusetani Nobuhiro , Izzo Irene , Maulucci Nakia , Bifulco Giuseppe , De Riccardis Francesco
Published: November 2006

Inhibitory activity against histone deacetylase is displayed by the newly discovered natural products azumamides A–E, isolated from the marine sponge Mycale izuensis, shown in the background of the cover picture. The total synthesis of azumamides A and E is reported and has allowed the stereochemical structure of the azumamides to be established. For more information on these natural products, see the Communications by N. Fusetani and co‐workers and by I. Izzo, F. De Riccardis et al. on pages 7553 ff. and 7557 ff., respectively.
Identification of reheat furnace temperature models from closed‐loop data—an industrial case study
Authors: Samyudia Yudi , Sibarani Hatopan
Published: November 2006

This work deals with the application of prediction error (PE) method to identify the furnace temperature models from a set of closed‐loop data. In this study, we gather a set of measurement data of the set points of the furnace zone temperatures as inputs and the furnace sidewall temperatures as outputs under a dynamic change of the slab pace rate. Owing to the complexity of its process dynamics, we assume no knowledge about the nature of the feedback mechanism. By treating the slab pace rate as an additive external signal, we show that the closed‐loop data is informative for applying a direct approach to the closed‐loop identification using the PE method, but only for a particular class of model structures. Model validation results support this analysis, in which the identified ARX, Box–Jenkins, and state‐space models are reasonably better than the identified FIR models, according to the Akaike's index and the one‐step‐ahead prediction criteria. The residual analysis reveals that the identified ARX, Box–Jenkins, and state‐space models do satisfy a 99% confidence region of its auto‐ and cross‐correlation functions. Moreover, we find out that, for the collected data, there is no significant difference in the model predictive quality when applying the MISO and MIMO PE methods using the state‐space model structure. © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should we continue teaching anatomy by dissection when …?
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J. , Stewart William B.
Published: November 2006

The central role that human dissection has long held in clinical education is being reevaluated in many institutions. Despite the impression that many institutions are abandoning dissection, very few have and most of those have reinstated dissection within a few years. What are the inherent qualities that lead institutions back to dissection? In our efforts to redesign a shortened dissection course, our consultations with a broad range of clinicians lead us to understand how the rhythms of clinical practice are modeled and developed in the small‐group setting of the dissection laboratory. Following further consultation with colleagues who have experimented with different models of anatomy instruction, we discuss three themes in support of dissection. First, problem‐solving in the dissection laboratory develops the habits‐of‐mind of clinical practice. Second, relating dissection to imaging modalities develops the spatial reasoning skills needed to understand computer simulations, interpret imaging data, and interact with surgeons, radiologists, and patients. Third, the human face of dissection fosters self‐reflection and integration of the cognitive and affective skills required for medical practice. Through group process, the collaborative effort of dissection teams develops essential of attributes of clinical professionalism. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:215–218, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy meets architecture: Designing new laboratories for new anatomists
Authors: Trelease Robert B.
Published: November 2006

General notions of architecture are familiar to anatomists, and they frequently use the word in describing the functional structures of cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Beyond concepts relating to orderly structure, anatomists infrequently encounter the profession of architecture and practicing architects. Significantly, anatomists can work with architects in the design and building of laboratories and classrooms, efforts that can have sustained effects on the practice of anatomy. In this paper, we consider cooperative interactions between anatomists and architects in designing new laboratories that accommodate educational innovations and increasingly valuable dissection resources. We begin by introducing architecture and architects in their roles in design and building. We next consider essential features and technologies for new laboratories that support a combination of classical dissection, prosection, models, and computer‐based information. Different working conditions are reviewed for designing renovations of existing facilities, long‐term planning for new, same‐institution buildings, and extramural planning and construction for new medical schools. Whatever the project, anatomists work with architects in repeated interactive planning meetings that arrive at working laboratory designs by a process similar to successive approximation. In consulting on designs for extramural institutions, anatomists must balance client administration and faculty needs with objective oversight of practice‐side design features, constraints, and capacity for innovative uses with new curricula. Architects are the key agents in producing laboratories designed for flexible and innovative anatomical education, although client‐favored models for Internet‐based technology can limit future use of cadavers in multiyear teaching of medical and health sciences students. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:241–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Activity of Immobilised and Soluble Metalloporphyrins by NO Release of Oximes by Chemiluminescence
Authors: Lübbe Andrea Nicola , Rickerts Bianca , Duchstein Hans‐Jürgen
Published: November 2006

The ongoing interest in very efficient systems for the imitation of cytochrome P‐450‐dependent monooxygenase reactions, consisting of metalloporphyrin and oxygen donor, prompted us to develop a method to compare the catalytic activity of soluble metalloporphyrins with those which have been immobilised on different silica surfaces. In this article, we describe a method which allows direct comparison between the catalytic activities of soluble and immobilised metalloporphyrins by measuring the NO release of cyclohexanone oxime. We observed that all metalloporphyrins are able to enhance the NO release of cyclohexanone oxime in the presence of iodosobenzene as oxygen donor. In case of cationic metalloporphyrins, no difference in the catalytic activity was determined. In contrast, for perfluorinated metalloporphyrins we ascertained a major loss of activity after immobilisation. These results led us to the assumption that it is not easy to compare quantitative results of NO releases if soluble and immobilised metalloporphyrins were used.
Synthesis, Acute Toxicity, and Analgesic Activity of New Derivatives of Pyrrole
Authors: Danchev Nikolai , Bijev Atanas , Yaneva Diana , Vladimirova Stanislava , Nikolova Irina
Published: November 2006

Ten pyrrole derivatives (including six new compounds) were synthesized and evaluated as potential platform for analgesic agents' development. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity and analgesic activity studies (acetic acid writhing test) were performed on mice with acetylsalicylic acid used as a reference substance. Products 3c, 3d, 3e, and 3h exhibited a dose‐dependant activity demonstrating 1.5 to 2.5‐fold better protections than the reference. The most prospective compounds comprised salicylic acid moieties, whose 4‐substituted derivatives were related to lower acute toxicity and considerable activity. 4‐[3‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(3,4‐dimethoxy‐phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl]‐2‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid 3c was pointed out as the most prospective substance due to its lower acute toxicity (378 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) and highest analgesic activity (up to 89.3% protection) in a dose range of 1/10 to 1/40 parts of LD50.
Titanium and Zirconium Complexes with Non‐Salicylaldimine‐Type Imine–Phenoxy Chelate Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Ethylene‐Polymerization Behavior
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhiko , Tanaka Hidetsugu , Oshiki Toshiyuki , Takai Kazuhiko , Fujita Terunori
Published: November 2006

New Ti and Zr complexes that bear imine–phenoxy chelate ligands, [{2,4‐di‐tBu‐6‐(RCH=N)‐C6H4O}2MCl2] (1: M=Ti, R=Ph; 2: M=Ti, R=C6F5; 3: M=Zr, R=Ph; 4: M=Zr, R=C6F5), were synthesized and investigated as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization. 1H NMR spectroscopy suggests that these complexes exist as mixtures of structural isomers. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the adduct 1⋅HCl reveals that it exists as a zwitterionic complex in which H and Cl are situated in close proximity to one of the imine nitrogen atoms and the central metal, respectively. The X‐ray molecular structure also indicates that one imine phenoxy group with the syn CN configuration functions as a bidentate ligand, whereas the other, of the anti CN form, acts as a monodentate phenoxy ligand. Although Zr complexes 3 and 4 with methylaluminoxane (MAO) or [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 displayed moderate activity, the Ti congeners 1 and 2, in association with an appropriate activator, catalyzed ethylene polymerization with high efficiency. Upon activation with MAO at 25 °C, 2 displayed a very high activity of 19900 (kg PE) (mol Ti)−1 h−1, which is comparable to that for [Cp2TiCl2] and [Cp2ZrCl2], although increasing the polymerization temperature did result in a marked decrease in activity. Complex 2 contains a C6F5 group on the imine nitrogen atom and mediated nonliving‐type polymerization, unlike the corresponding salicylaldimine‐type complex. Conversely, with [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 activation, 1 exhibited enhanced activity as the temperature was increased (25–75 °C) and maintained very high activity for 60 min at 75 °C (18740 (kg PE) (mol Ti)−1 h−1). 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the reaction suggest that this thermally robust catalyst system generates an amine–phenoxy complex as the catalytically active species. The combinations 1/[Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 and 2/MAO also worked as high‐activity catalysts for the copolymerization of ethylene and propylene.
The Analysis of Stratified 2 × 2 Contingency Tables
Authors: Berger Vance W. , Stefanescu Catalina , Zhou Yan Yan
Published: November 2006

We consider the problem of testing for independence against the consistent superiority of one treatment over another when the response variable is binary and is compared across two treatments in each of several strata. Specifically, we consider the randomized clinical trial setting. A number of issues arise in this context. First, should tables be combined if there are small or zero margins? Second, should one assume a common odds ratio across strata? Third, if the odds ratios differ across strata, then how does the standard test (based on a common odds ratio) perform? Fourth, are there other analyzes that are more appropriate for handling a situation in which the odds ratios may differ across strata? In addressing these issues we find that the frequently used Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test may have a poor power profile, despite being optimal when the odds ratios are common. We develop novel tests that are analogous to the Smirnov, modified Smirnov, convex hull, and adaptive tests that have been proposed for ordered categorical data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Directed evolution of the 5'‐untranslated region of the phoA gene in Escherichia coli simultaneously yields a stronger promoter and a stronger Shine‐Dalgarno sequence
Authors: Huang Xu , Zhang Xian‐En , Zhou Ya‐Feng , Zhang Zhi‐Ping , Cass Anthony E. G.
Published: November 2006

Directed evolution has been widely applied for gene improvement through random mutagenesis of coding sequences. Through error‐prone PCR both in the coding sequence and the regulatory sequence of E. coli alkaline phosphatase, the cellular enzyme activity has been efficiently enhanced. Sequence analysis revealed that the resultant mutant 34‐B12, which showed a sevenfold increased enzyme activity at the cellular level, contains three mutations in the regulatory sequence and another three mutations in the coding sequence. Activity assays of the enzyme containing the corresponding amino acid substitutions proved that the amino acid mutations contribute only to a small portion to the increased cellular enzyme activity. So the mutations in the 5'‐untranslated region were analyzed separately and combinationally. The results suggested that one mutation yielded a stronger promoter and the other two mutations both elevated the E. coli alkaline phosphatase expression at the translational level; moreover, a stronger Shine‐Dalgarno sequence was generated.
Development of a vaccine marker technology: Display of B cell epitopes on the surface of recombinant polyomavirus‐like pentamers and capsoids induces peptide‐specific antibodies in piglets after vaccination
Authors: Neugebauer Markus , Walders Birgit , Brinkman Marc , Ruehland Claus , Schumacher Thomas , Bertling Wolf M. , Geuther Eugen , Reiser Christian O. A. , Reichel Christoph , Strich Sandra , Hess Juergen
Published: November 2006

Highly immunogenic capsomers (pentamers) and virus‐like particles (VLPs) were generated through insertion of foreign B cell epitopes into the surface‐exposed loops of the VP1 protein of murine polyomavirus and via heterologous expression of the recombinant fusion proteins in E. coli. Usually, complex proteins like the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) act as standard carrier devices for the display of such immunogenic peptides after chemical linkage. Here, a comparative analysis revealed that antibody responses raised against the carrier entities, KLH or VP1 pentamers, did not significantly differ up to 18 weeks, demonstrating the highly immunogenic nature of VP1‐based particulate structures. The carrier‐specific antibody response was reproducibly detected in the meat juice after processing. More importantly, chimeric VP1 pentamers and VLPs carrying peptides of 12 and 14 amino acids in length, inserted into the BC2 loop, induced a strong and long‐lasting humoral immune response against VP1 and the inserted foreign epitope. Remarkably, the epitope‐specific antibody response was only moderately decreased when VP1 pentamers were used instead of VLPs. In conclusion, we identified polyomavirus VP1‐based structures displaying surface‐exposed immunodominant B cell epitopes as being an efficient carrier system for the induction of potent peptide‐specific antibodies. The application of this approach in vaccine marker technology in livestock holding and the meat production chain is discussed.
Angiogenesis inhibition with bevacizumab and the surgical management of colorectal cancer
Authors: Thornton A D , Ravn P , Winslet M , Chester K
Published: November 2006

Background

Bevacizumab is an angiogenesis inhibitor and a new therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor.

Methods

This review is based on a literature search of Medline, Pubmed, ISI web of knowledge and other published work for original articles, reviews and abstracts relevant to the surgical management of colorectal cancer with bevacizumab.

Results and conclusion

Combined with current chemotherapy regimens, bevacizumab offers a significant survival advantage, making it likely to see widespread use. Despite being generally well tolerated, serious toxicities, including wound complications and gastrointestinal perforation, have been reported that affect surgical management. Consideration should be given to the timing of surgical and adjuvant intervention when using this drug.
BJS—looking back at 2006
Authors: Murie J
Published: November 2006

A successful year
Traditional and virtual microscopy compared experimentally in a classroom setting
Authors: Scoville Sheila A. , Buskirk Trent D.
Published: November 2006

The technology known as virtual microscopy is now widely available to medical students. A number of medical school histology and pathology course directors, including those at the Eastern Virginia Medical School, are exploring the question of how best to make use of this new tool. The current study compared the efficacy of teaching and testing one unit of histology, bone and cartilage, using two technologies, namely, virtual microscopy and traditional microscopy. Additionally, the study examined whether low, moderate, high moderate, or high achieving students perform more effectively in any of the learning/testing formats. In a completely randomized block design, 96 first semester, first‐year medical students were grouped by previous exam quartiles then subsequently randomly assigned to one of four groups. Using identical laboratory exercises with highly comparable slides for each experimental group, half of the subjects learned the exercise with traditional microscopy and half learned with virtual microscopy. Subjects were further randomly subdivided into virtual or actual testing groups. The authors found no significant differences in test scores when they examined effects by learning group or by testing group, nor were there significant interaction effects. Student performance evaluated by previous exam quartile was significant (P < 0.001). That is, students who had scored in a particular quartile on a previous test tended to score in the same quartile on the bone and cartilage test regardless of learning or testing method. In a short opinion survey, students were polled to evaluate their experience. Student preferences for both learning and testing method varied widely. Clin. Anat. 20:565–570, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic Study of Adhesion of Several Alumina‐based Washcoats Deposited on Stainless Steel Microchannels
Authors: Zapf R. , Kolb G. , Pennemann H. , Hessel V.
Published: November 2006

The adhesion of several washcoats deposited on stainless steel microchannels was investigated by performing a mechanical test (drop test) after application‐oriented tests, temperature cycling, and water exposure. For this study alumina washcoats (γ‐Al2O3) and washcoats of commercially available alumina‐based catalyst powders (Pt/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3) were used. The deposited washcoats showed very good adhesion not only for fresh samples but also after the application‐oriented tests.
Nucleoside–Metallacarborane Conjugates for Base‐Specific Metal Labeling of DNA
Authors: Olejniczak Agnieszka B. , Plešek Jaromir , Leśnikowski Zbigniew J.
Published: November 2006

A general approach to the synthesis of nucleoside conjugates between derivatives of thymidine (T), 2′‐O‐deoxycytidine (dC), 2′‐O‐deoxyadenosine (dA), and 2′‐O‐deoxyguanosine (dG), and metallacarborane complexes is described. Metallacarborane–nucleoside derivatives are prepared by reaction of the dioxane–metallacarborane adduct with a base‐activated 3′,5′‐protected nucleoside. In the case of T and dG a mixture of regioisomers, which is easily separable by chromatographic methods, is obtained, thus yielding a series of modifications containing metallacarborane groups at the 2‐O, 3‐N, 4‐O and 1‐N, 2‐N, 6‐O locations, respectively; dC and dA are alkylated at the exo‐amino function. The proposed methodology provides a route for the synthesis and study of nucleic acids modified with metallacarboranes at designated locations and a versatile approach to the incorporation of metals into DNA.
Identification of 7,4′‐Dihydroxy‐5‐methoxyflavylium in “Dragon's Blood”: To Be or Not To Be an Anthocyanin
Authors: Melo Maria J. , Sousa Micaela , Parola A. Jorge , de Melo J. Sérgio Seixas , Catarino Fernando , Marçalo Joaquim , Pina Fernando
Published: November 2006

The compound 7,4′‐dihydroxy‐5‐methoxyflavylium (dracoflavylium) was identified as the major red colorant in samples of the resin “dragon's blood”, extracted from the tree Dracaena draco. The complex network of reversible chemical reactions that dracoflavylium undergoes in aqueous solution is fully described; for the first time, all the equilibrium constants that enable a complete characterisation of the system have been obtained (K′a=1.6×10−4, Ka1=1.0×10−4, Ka2=3.2×10−8, KCt1=1.0×10−7, KCt2=1.3×10−10). It is concluded that the red colour is due to a stable quinoid base, A, which is the major species at pH 4–7. It is further shown that this compound does not fit the commonly accepted definitions of anthocyanidin nor 3‐deoxyanthocyanidin. Similarly to synthetic flavylium salts, the natural compound 7,4′‐dihydroxy‐5‐methoxyflavylium gives rise to several species (multistate system) reversibly interconverted by external stimuli, such as pH.
Cover Picture: Preparation and Use of Microarrays Containing Synthetic Heparin Oligosaccharides for the Rapid Analysis of Heparin–Protein Interactions (Chem. Eur. J. 34/2006)
Authors: Noti Christian , de Paz Jose L. , Polito Laura , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: November 2006

Heparin chips were employed to characterize the binding profiles of three heparin‐binding growth factors (FGF‐1, FGF‐2, and FGF‐4). The results, presented in the Full Paper by P. H. Seeberger et al. on page 8664 ff., demonstrate the potential of synthetic heparin‐oligosaccharide microarrays to elucidate the role of defined heparin sequences in biological processes, creating an opportunity for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions for a variety of disease states. (The protein in the cover picture was taken from the RSCB Protein Databank (1FGA.pdb).)
Ln3NS3 (Ln: La—Nd, Sm, Gd—Dy): Structure and Magnetism of 3:1:3‐Type Nitride Sulfides of Trivalent Lanthanides.
Authors: Lissner Falk , Meyer Monika , Kremer Reinhard K. , Schleid Thomas
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
X‐Ray Powder Diffraction Studies and Thermal Behavior of NaK2B9O15, Na(Na.17K.83)2B9O15, and (Na.80K.20)K2B9O15.
Authors: Bubnova R. , Albert B. , Georgievskaya M. , Krzhizhanovskaya M. , Hofmann K. , Filatov S.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ruddlesden—Popper Compounds in a Double‐Perovskite Family Srn(Fe,Ta)nO3n(SrO).
Authors: Li Zhaofei , Li Guobao , Sun Junliang , Wang Yingxia , You Liping , Lin Jianhua
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Pure and Doped Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Tungsten Bronze.
Authors: Massarotti V. , Capsoni D. , Bini M. , Azzoni C. B. , Mozzati M. C. , Galinetto P. , Chiodelli G.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reciprocal CuInS2 + 2CdSe ↔ CuInSe2 + 2CdS System. Part 2. Liquid—Solid Equilibria in the System.
Authors: Parasyuk O. V. , Olekseyuk I. D. , Zaremba V. I. , Dzham O. A. , Lavrynyuk Z. V. , Piskach L. V. , Yanko O. G. , Volkov S. V. , Pekhnyo V. I.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Structure Directing Effect of Organic Cations onto the Crystal Structures of Layered Thioantimonates(III): Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Five New Compounds Containing the 2∞[Sb8S13]2‐ Anion.
Authors: Puls Angela , Naether Christian , Kiebach Ragnar , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Spirobifluorene Diphosphine (SFDP) Ligands.
Authors: Cheng Xu , Xie Jian‐Hua , Li Sheng , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxalic Acid Catalyzed Reaction Between Dithioacetals and Acetals. A Simple and Eco‐Friendly Method for a Conversion of a Dithioacetal to a Carbonyl Compound.
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Nakao Yuichi , Sasaki Mitsuru
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.