bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Synthesis of Sb2O3 Nanoparticles, Nanowires, and Nanoribbons
Authors: Ye Changhui , Wang Guangye , Kong Mingguang , Zhang Lide
Published: April 2006

Sb2O3 nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanoribbons have
been selectively synthesized in a controlled manner under mild
conditions by using CTAB as a soft template. By adopting as an inorganic precursor and the
concentration of CTAB as an adjusting parameter, morphologies of Sb2O3 nanostructures can be selectively controlled.
Typically, CCTAB < 0.15 mmol favors the formation of
nanoparticles (product one or short form P1); when the
concentration of CATB is in the range 0.15–2.0 mmol,
nanowires (P2) dominate the products; nanoribbons (P3) form above
the concentration of 2.0 mmol, and when the concentration of CTAB
goes further higher, treelike bundles of nanoribbons could be
achieved. The method in the present study has potential advantages
of easy handling, relatively low‐cost, and large‐scale production.
The facile and large‐scale synthesis of varied Sb2O3 nanostructures is believed to be useful for the application of
catalysis and flame retardance.
JAK Inhibitors AG‐490 and WHI‐P154 Decrease IFN‐γ‐Induced iNOS Expression and NO Production in Macrophages
Authors: Sareila Outi , Korhonen Riku , Kärpänniemi Outi , Nieminen Riina , Kankaanranta Hannu , Moilanen Eeva
Published: April 2006

In inflammation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) produces
nitric oxide (NO), which modulates inflammatory processes.
We investigated the effects of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors,
AG‐490 and WHI‐P154, on iNOS expression and NO production in J774
murine macrophages stimulated with interferon‐γ
(IFN‐γ). JAK inhibitors AG‐490 and WHI‐P154 decreased
IFN‐γ‐induced nuclear levels of signal transducer and
activator of transcription 1α (STAT1α). JAK
inhibitors AG‐490 and WHI‐P154 decreased also iNOS protein and
mRNA expression and NO production in a concentration‐dependent
manner. Neither of the JAK inhibitors affected the decay of iNOS
mRNA when determined by actinomycin D assay. Our results suggest
that the inhibition of JAK‐STAT1‐pathway by AG‐490 or WHI‐P154
leads to the attenuation of iNOS expression and NO
production in IFN‐γ‐stimulated macrophages.
Serum IL‐18 Is Increased at Early Postburn Period in Moderately Burned Patients
Authors: Coban Y. Kenan , Aral Murat
Published: April 2006

A severe systemic inflammatory response is usually seen after burn injury. IL‐18 enhances the Th1 immune responses in bacterial andviral infections. In order to evaluate the IL‐18 serum levels as well as IL‐6 and TNF‐α at the 48th hour postburn, serial serum samples of 8 burned patients were analyzed. 8 moderately burned patients were included into the study. Serum samples were taken at admission at the 48th hour of postburn. IL‐6, IL‐18, and TNF‐α serum levels were analyzed. Total mean burned surface area (TBSA) was 24.6 ± 5.7% and mean BMI (body mass index) was 24.5 ± 3.4. The patients′ age ranged from 17 to 38 (mean 26.3 ± 7.4) years. An increase in sera
IL‐6, IL‐18, and TNF‐α was detected at the 48th hour postburn (P < .0001). All patients survived. A marked increase in serum levels of IL‐18 as well as the other cytokines evaluated was observed in the moderately burned patients. These three parameters were highly correlated with each other (r > 0.9 and P < .001). This is the first study that shows an increase in serum IL‐18 levels at the early postburn period.
Nutritional Status and Immune Functions in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Sayarlioglu Hayriye , Erkoc Reha , Demir Cengiz , Dogan Ekrem , Sayarlioglu Mehmet , Oner Ahmet Faik , Dilek Imdat
Published: April 2006

Epidemiological studies suggest various kinds of immune
dysregulation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study
was to investigate the relationship between immune functions and
nutritional status of HD patients. We studied 54 patients with
ESRD on chronic HD, included 34 females and 20 males with mean
age 46.6 ± 16.3 (18–77) years.
We measured the height and dry
weight of all patients. The BMI was calculated by dividing weight
(kg) by height squared (m2). In all patients serum urea,
creatinine, albumin, iron, cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, IgG,
IgM, IgA, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16‐56 lymphocytes were measured. Kt/V
values were calculated according to DOQI guideline. In this study,
a positive correlation between albumin, cholesterol, and
triglyceride levels as nutritional parameters and immune functions
in terms of total and subtype lymphocyte counts was
observed. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the
clinical importance of this finding and the appropriate means of
measurement and effects of nutrition on immune function in
hemodialysis patients.
TLR2 Expression in Relation to IL‐6 and IL‐1β and theirNatural Regulators Production by PMN and PBMC in Patients withLyme Disease
Authors: Jablonska Ewa , Marcinczyk Magdalena
Published: April 2006

Recently, it has been reported that TLR2 on macrophages plays a unique
role in the inflammatory response and host defense to infection
with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) which is an etiologic agent of
Lyme disease. Experimental studies show that PMNs also play an
essential role in infection control by Bb. However,
there is no available data about TLR2 expression on PMN in the
course of Lyme disease. In the present study, TLR2 expression and
production of IL‐1β and IL‐6 as well as their natural
regulators (sIL‐1RII, IL‐1Ra and sIL‐6Rα, sgp130, resp) by
PMN of peripheral blood in patients with Lyme disease were
examined. For the purpose of comparison, the same activity of
autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was estimated. An
effect of rhIL‐15 on TLR2 and cytokine secretion was also studied.
Increased TLR2 expression in unstimulated neutrophils suggests an
important role of these cells in mechanism recognition of B
burgdorferi in patients with Lyme disease. The relationship
between IL‐1β and IL‐6 as well as their regulators by
unstimulated PMN and PBMC, observed in the present study, may lead
to enhanced IL‐6‐ and to inhibition of IL‐1β‐mediated
reactions in this patient group. Changes in the TLR2 expression
after rhIL‐15 stimulation appear to have a favorable effect on
mechanism recognition of Bb. The relations between IL‐6
and its regulators (sIL‐6Rα and sgp130) as well as between
IL‐1β and its regulators (IL‐1Ra and sIL‐1RII) after rhIL‐15
stimulation may lead to enhanced IL‐1β‐ and IL‐6‐mediated
inflammatory reactions in the course of Lyme disease.
Myeloperoxidase Promoter Polymorphism −463G Is Associated With More Severe Clinical Expression of Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Reynolds Wanda F. , Sermet-Gaudelus Isabelle , Gausson Valérie , Feuillet Marie-Noëlle , Bonnefont Jean-Paul , Lenoir Gérard , Descamps-Latscha Béatrice , Witko-Sarsat Véronique
Published: April 2006

The severity of cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary disease is not directly related to CFTR genotype but depends upon several parameters, including neutrophil‐dominated inflammation. Identification of agents modulating inflammation constitutes a relevant goal. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is involved in both microbicidal and proinflammatory neutrophil activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the −463GA MPO promoter polymorphism is linked to clinical severity of CF‐associated pulmonary inflammation. This polymorphism significantly affects the level of MPO gene expression in leukocytes and the G allele is more expressing than the A allele. We show that MPO genotype significantly influences the severity of pulmonary disease in early stages, prior to the development of chronic lung infections, with GG genotype being associated with more severe CF disease. Our findings indicate that the level of MPO gene expression influences the CF pathogenesis, presumably reflecting cellular damage by MPO‐generated oxidants or other activity of MPO in airway inflammation.
Olopatadine Suppresses the Migration of THP‐1 Monocytes Induced by S100A12 Protein
Authors: Kishimoto Kazuya , Kaneko Satoshi , Ohmori Kenji , Tamura Tadafumi , Hasegawa Kazuhide
Published: April 2006

Olopatadine hydrochloride (olopatadine) is an antiallergic drug
with histamine H1 receptor antagonistic activity.
Recently, olopatadine has been shown to bind to S100A12 which is a
member of the S100 family of calcium‐binding proteins, and exerts
multiple proinflammatory activities including chemotaxis
for monocytes and neutrophils. In this study, we examined the
possibility that the interaction of olopatadine with S100A12
inhibits the proinflammatory effects of S100A12. Pretreatment of
olopatadine with S100A12 reduced migration of THP‐1, a monocyte
cell line, induced by S100A12 alone, but did not affect
recombinant human regulated upon activation, normal T cell
expressed and secreted (RANTES)‐induced migration. Amlexanox,
which also binds to S100A12, inhibited the THP‐1 migration induced
by S100A12. However, ketotifen, another histamine H1 receptor antagonist, had little effect on the activity of S100A12.
These results suggest that olopatadine has a new mechanism of
action, that is, suppression of the function of S100A12, in
addition to histamine H1 receptor antagonistic activity.
The Acute‐Phase Proteins Serum Amyloid A and C Reactive Protein in Transudates and Exudates
Authors: Okino Alessandra M. , Bürger Cristiani , Cardoso Jefferson R. , Lavado Edson L. , A. Lotufo Paulo , Campa Ana
Published: April 2006

The distinction between exudates and transudates is very important
in the patient management. Here we evaluate whether the
acute‐phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA), in comparison with C
reactive protein (CRP) and total protein (TP), can be useful in
this discrimination. CRP, SAA, and TP were
determined in 36 exudate samples (27 pleural and 9 ascitic) and in
12 transudates (9 pleural and 3 ascitic). CRP, SAA, and TP
were measured. SAA present in the exudate
corresponded to
10%

of the amount found in serum, that is, the
exudate/serum ratio (E/S) was
0.10 ± 0.13. For comparison, the
exudate/serum ratio for CRP and TP was
0.39 ± 0.37
and 0.68 ± 0.15, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation
between serum and exudate SAA concentration (r = 0.764; p < 0.0001). The concentration of SAA in transudates was low
and did not overlap with that found in exudates (0.02‐0.21 versus
0.8–360.5 g/mL). SAA in pleural and ascitic exudates results
mainly from leakage of the serum protein via the inflamed
membrane. A comparison of the E/S ratio of SAA and CRP points SAA
as a very good marker in discriminating between exudates and
transudates
Detection of Salivary Interleukin 2 and Interleukin 6 in Patients With Burning Mouth Syndrome
Authors: Simcic Daria , Pezelj-Ribaric Sonja , Gržic Renata , Horvat Jelena , Brumini Gordana , Muhvic-Urek Miranda
Published: April 2006

The etiology of BMS remains unknown. Role of various cytokines has
been implicated in the development of BMS. The aim of this study
was to evaluate levels of salivary IL‐2 and IL‐6 in patients with
BMS, compared with age‐matched healthy volunteers (control group).
Whole saliva from 30 patients with BMS, age range 55–65, was
tested for the presence of IL‐6 and IL‐2 by enzyme immunoassay.
Control group consisted of 30 healthy participants, aged 55–65
years. Saliva IL‐2 concentrations in BMS were significantly
increased in patients compared to healthy subjects: mean 34.1 ± 9.7 versus 7.3 ± 3.0 pg/mL; P < .001. Patients with BMS had significantly higher concentrations of
IL‐6 compared to control: mean 30.8 ± 5.6 versus 5.2 ± 2.8 pg/mL; P < .001. In patients with BMS, IL‐2 and IL‐6 levels in saliva are elevated, correlating with the severity of illness.
Serum IL‐1β, IL‐2, and IL‐6 in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetic Children
Authors: Dogan Yasar , Akarsu Saadet , Ustundag Bilal , Yilmaz Erdal , Gurgoze Metin Kaya
Published: April 2006

Insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic disease
characterized by T‐cell‐dependent autoimmune destruction of the
insulin‐producing β cells in the pancreatic islets of
Langerhans, resulting in an absolute lack of insulin. T cells are
activated in response to islet‐dominant autoantigens, the result
being the development of IDDM. Insulin is one of the islet
autoantigens responsible for the activation of T‐lymphocyte
functions, inflammatory cytokine production, and development of
IDDM. The aim of this study was to investigate serum
concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in children IDDM. The study
population consisted of 27 children with IDDM and 25 healthy
controls. Children with IDDM were divided into three subgroups:
(1) previously diagnosed patients (long standing IDDM)
(n : 15), (2) newly diagnosed patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
(before treatment)
(n : 12), and (3) newly diagnosed patients
with diabetic ketoacidosis (after treatment for two weeks)
(n : 12). In all stages of diabetes higher levels of IL‐1β and TNF‐α and lower levels of IL‐2 and IL‐6 were detected. Our
data about elevated serum IL‐1β, TNF‐α and decreased IL‐2, IL‐6 levels in newly diagnosed IDDM patients in
comparison with longer standing cases supports an activation of
systemic inflammatory process during early phases of IDDM which
may be indicative of an ongoing β‐cell destruction. Persistence of significant difference between the cases with IDDM
monitored for a long time and controls in terms of IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, and TNF‐α supports continuous activation during the late stages of diabetes.
Serum Leptin Is not a Diagnostic Marker for Familial Mediterranean Fever Attacks
Authors: Toy Bülent , Tarçın Orhan , Bağcı Sait , Üstündağ Yücel , Inal Ali , Tiftikçi Arzu
Published: April 2006

The aim of our study is to determine whether there is a relationship between familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) attacks and serum leptin levels. We enrolled 25 patients (22 males and 3 females) and 25 healthy controls (21 males and 4 females) with a mean age of 24.42 ± 1.22 (Mean ± SEM) years and 24.30 ± 1.19 years (Mean ± SEM), respectively. We investigated serum levels of leptin, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and leukocyte counts before the attack and 8–12 hours after the attack started. The same parameters have been investigated in the control subjects. The mean serum leptin levels before the attacks were 6.45 ± 1.05 (Mean ± SEM) and during the attacks were 7.59 ± 1.3 (Mean ± SEM) in FMF group, respectively. There was a slight increase in serum leptin levels during the attacks but it was not statistically significant (P > .05). The mean serum leptin levels were 6.12 ± 2.81 in the control group which were not different from the mean serum leptin levels before and during the attack periods in the study group (P > .05). However, there were statistical differences in the serum levels of IL‐6, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, and leukocyte counts before and during the attack periods (P < .05). No correlation was found between serum leptin levels and IL‐6, ESR, CRP, fibrinogen, and leukocyte counts (P > .05). Serum leptin levels do not increase during FMF attacks and therefore it is not useful for diagnostic purposes and follow‐up during treatment.
Role of Interleukin‐18 in Modulation of Oral Carcinoma Cell Proliferation
Authors: Nilkaeo Athip , Bhuvanath Suthinee
Published: April 2006

Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), a proinflammatory cytokine, is produced by oral epithelia and carcinoma cells and implicated in tumor regression. Since its direct biological effect on oral cancer cells is not well defined, in this study, we employed a KB cell line to test IL‐18 activity. Recombinant human IL‐18 significantly inhibited KB cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent fashion (P < .05) without increasing cytotoxicity. Analysis of its mode of action showed that IL‐18 induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase; however, it did not trigger apoptotic cell death. Findings in this study indicate that the suppression of KB cell proliferation was attributed to the modulation of cell cycle progression, providing a new role of this cytokine in antitumor mechanisms.
NKT Cells in the Induced Sputum of Severe Asthmatics
Authors: Hamzaoui Agnes , Rouhou Sana Cheik , Graïri Hedia , Abid Hanadi , Ammar Jamel , Chelbi Hanene , Hamzaoui Kamel
Published: April 2006

To determine whether there was a specific inflammatory process in severe asthmatics, the phenotypic characteristics of induced sputum immune cells were analysed among patients with severe asthma. Twenty‐two induced sputa (10 severe asthmatics) were studied. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using immune cells
of the sputum and monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD25, and TCRγδ. The number of NKT (CD3+CD56+) cells was significantly higher in the sputum of severe asthmatics compared with mild asthmatic and healthy control groups (P < .05). CD8+CD56+ cells were the predominant subtype of the increased NKT cells in severe asthmatics. CD3+CD56+Vα24+, TCRγδ+ CD56+, and CD4+CD25+ T cells were significantly increased in severe asthmatic patients. These results suggest that the immunopathogenesis of severe asthmatics vary between severe and mild asthmatics, and that CD8+CD56+
NKT cells may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of severe asthma.
Interleukin‐1 Modulation of Human Placental Trophoblast Proliferation
Authors: Nilkaeo Athip , Bhuvanath Suthinee
Published: April 2006

During early pregnancy, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) is mainly produced
and secreted by maternal decidua. Yet, its biological function on
placental cells is not well defined. In this study, we employed
JAR choriocarcinoma cell line as a model of human placental
trophoblast to study the effect of IL‐1. Treatment with
recombinant human IL‐1β resulted in significant inhibition
of JAR proliferation (P < .05) paralleled with increased
cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect was blocked by both IL‐1
receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) and antihuman IL‐1β monoclonal antibody. Analyzing the mode of action, IL‐1β was found to induce cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and triggered
apoptotic cell death. These findings demonstrated that IL‐1
regulates human trophoblast growth by induction of cell cycle
delay and cell death.
Interleukin 6 and 8 Levels in Plasma and Fibroblast Cultures in Psoriasis
Authors: Zalewska Anna , Głowacka Ewa , Wyczółkowska Janina , Tchórzewski Henryk , Narbutt Joanna , Sysa-Jȩdrzejowska Anna
Published: April 2006

Fibroblasts have been implicated in psoriatic inflammatory
processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate soluble
interleukin 2 receptor (sIL‐2R), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and
interleukin 8 (IL‐8) plasma levels in psoriatic patients and IL‐6
and IL‐8 levels in fibroblast culture supernatants. Cytokines
levels in plasma and supernatants were measured by ELISA. Plasma
sIL‐2R, IL‐6, and IL‐8 levels were higher before the treatment in
comparison to healthy controls (P < 0.001) and decreased after
treatment. Fibroblasts from healthy controls, psoriatic lesional
skin, and noninvolved psoriatic skin, when stimulated with tumor
necrosis factor alpha, released considerable amounts of IL‐6 and
IL‐8. No significant difference between healthy controls and
psoriatic fibroblasts was observed. Monitoring plasma sIL‐2R
levels could be employed as a reliable method of psoriasis
activity. IL‐8 and IL‐6 plasma levels seem to reflect psoriasis
activity, and treatment response, respectively. Fibroblasts are
not a major source of increased IL‐6 and IL‐8 production in
psoriasis.
Comparison of Effects of Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco “Maras Powder” Use on Humoral Immune System Parameters
Authors: Aral Murat , Ekerbicer Hasan Cetin , Celik Mustafa , Ciragil Pınar , Gul Mustafa
Published: April 2006

Background. The aim of this study is to assess the impacts of “Maras powder” and cigarette smoking on the parameters of the humoral immune system. Material and Methods. One hundred seventy seven subjects were included in the study. The IgA, IgG, IgM, C3 and C4 levels were detected via nephelometric method. Results. In1.4% of the control group IgM levels were below normal where it was 10.8% and 18.6% in Maras powder group and in cigarette smoking group respectively. The IgM levels of both groups were significantly lower compared to the control group (P < .05). Nonetheless, the IgE levels of Maras powder group and smoking group were found to be remarkably higher compared to the control group (P < .01). Conclusion. Effects of Maras powder on humoral immune response were found to be similar to that of smoking.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Deveci Figen , Akbulut H. Handan , Celik Ilhami , Muz M. Hamdi , İlhan Fulya
Published: April 2006

Protection against Mycobacterium
tuberculosis is based on cell‐mediated immunity, most importantly
involving CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subsets. The aim of this study was to evaluate CD4+
and CD8+ T‐cell profiles and CD19+ and CD3-CD(16+56)+ populations in patients with pulmonary
tuberculosis. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B‐lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells were evaluated in 75
active (APTB) and 25 inactive (IPTB) pulmonary tuberculosis cases
and 20 healthy subjects (HCs). The results were compared at
different stages of antituberculosis treatment in the APTB
patients and also according to X‐ray findings in the newly
diagnosed APTB patients. The percentages of
CD4+ T cells were significantly lower (P < .01) and those of
CD3-CD(16+56)+ cells were significantly higher (P < .01)
in APTB patients than in HCs. CD8+ T cells were significantly
decreased (P < .05), and CD3-CD(16+56)+ cells were
significantly increased (P < .01), in IPTB patients compared to
HCs. The percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD3-CD19+, and CD3-CD(16+56)+ cells showed no differences at
different times of the antituberculosis regimen, and different
stages of newly diagnosed APTB patients. APTB
patients have a reduced percentage of circulating CD4+ T cells and an increased percentage of NK cells compared with
healthy individuals. These cells could play important roles in the
immune response to M tuberculosis infection.
Near‐Nash equilibrium strategies for LQ differential games with inaccurate state information
Authors: Jimenez-Lizarraga Manuel , Poznyak Alex
Published: April 2006

ε‐Nash equilibrium or “near equilibrium” for a linear quadratic cost game is considered. Due to inaccurate state information, the standard solution for feedback Nash equilibrium cannot be applied. Instead, an estimation of the players′ states is substituted into the optimal control strategies equation obtained for perfect state information. The magnitude of the ε in the ε‐Nash equilibrium will depend on the quality of the estimation process. To illustrate this approach, a Luenberger‐type observer is used in the numerical example to generate the players′ state estimates in a two‐player non‐zero‐sum LQ differential game.
Reliability for some bivariate exponential distributions
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: April 2006

In the area of stress‐strength models, there has been a large amount of work as regards estimation of the
reliability R = Pr⁡(X < Y). The algebraic form for R = Pr⁡(X < Y) has been worked out for the vast majority of the well‐known distributions when
X and Y are independent random variables belonging to the same univariate family. In this paper, forms of R are considered when (X, Y) follow bivariate distributions with dependence between X and Y. In particular, explicit expressions for R are derived when the joint distribution isbivariate exponential. The calculations involve the use of special functions. An application of the results is also provided.
Stability and control synthesis for discrete‐time linear systems subject to actuator saturation by output feedback
Authors: Benzaouia A. , Mesquine F. , Hmamed A. , Aoufoussi H.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents sufficient conditions of asymptotic stability
for discrete‐time linear systems subject to actuator saturations
with an output feedback law. The derived stability results are
given in terms of LMIs. A new proof is presented to
obtain previous conditions of asymptotic stability. A numerical
example is used to illustrate this technique by using a linear
optimization problem subject to LMI constraints.
Levenberg‐Marquardt application to two‐phase nonlinear parameter estimation for finned‐tube coil evaporators
Authors: Bueno S. S. , Dias J. P. , Seixlack A. L. , Aparecido J. B.
Published: April 2006

A procedure for calculation of refrigerant mass flow rate is
implemented in the distributed numerical model to simulate the
flow in finned‐tube coil dry‐expansion evaporators, usually found
in refrigeration and air‐conditioning systems. Two‐phase
refrigerant flow inside the tubes is assumed to be
one‐dimensional, unsteady, and homogeneous. In the model the
effects of refrigerant pressure drop and the moisture condensation
from the air flowing over the external surface of the tubes are
considered. The results obtained are the distributions of
refrigerant velocity, temperature and void fraction, tube‐wall
temperature, air temperature, and absolute humidity. The finite
volume method is used to discretize the governing equations.
Additionally, given the operation conditions and the geometric
parameters, the model allows the calculation of the refrigerant
mass flow rate. The value of mass flow rate is computed using the
process of parameter estimation with the minimization method of
Levenberg‐Marquardt minimization. In order to validate the
developed model, the obtained results using HFC‐134a as a
refrigerant are compared with available data from the literature.
Monotonicity of nonlinear boundary value problems related to deformation theory of plasticity
Authors: Hasanov Alemdar
Published: April 2006

We study nonlinear boundary value problems arising in the deformation theory of plasticity. These problems include 3D mixed problems related to nonlinear Lame system, elastoplastic bending of an incompressible hardening plate, and elastoplastic torsion of a bar. For all these different problems, we present a general variational approach based on monotone potential operator theory and prove solvability and monotonicity of potentials. The obtained results are illustrated on numerical examples.
Oscillatory motion of an electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet in a saturated porous medium with suction/blowing
Authors: Rajagopal K. , Veena P. H. , Pravin V. K.
Published: April 2006

The effect of an oscillatory motion of a viscoelastic fluid over
an infinite stretching sheet through porous media in the presence
of magnetic field with applied suction has been studied. The
surface absorbs the fluid in a porous medium in the presence of
magnetic field and the velocity oscillates depending on the
stretching rate (b). Analytical expressions for the velocity and
the coefficient of skin friction have been studied, first by the
perturbation method and then by power series method. The effect of
viscoelastic parameter k1, porous parameter k2, magnetic parameter Mn, and the vertical distance x in the presence of
suction/blowing on the velocity and the flow characteristics are
discussed. The velocity of the viscoelastic fluid is found to
decrease in the presence of magnetic field and porous media, as
compared to the study of viscous fluid. It is also found that the
effect of unsteadiness in the wall velocity and skin friction are
found to be appreciable in the presence of suction/blowing
parameter.
Linearization method for solving nonlinear integral equations
Authors: Darania P. , Ebadian A. , Oskoi A. V.
Published: April 2006

The objective of this paper is to assess both the applicability and the accuracy of linearization method in several problems of general nonlinear integral equations. This method provides piecewise linear integral equations which can be easily integrated. It is shown that the accuracy of linearization method can be substantially improved by employing variable steps which adjust themselves to the solution. This approach can reveal that, under this method, the nonlinear integral equations can be transformed into the linear integral equations which may be integrated using classical methods. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the preciseness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Modelling and analysis of a network organization for cooperation of manufacturers on production capacity
Authors: Tan Baris
Published: April 2006

We present an analytical model to analyze the operation of a productive cooperation network where producers cooperate on production capacity. Producers have limited capacity and have access to subcontractors at a higher cost. A single‐unit auction‐based allocation mechanism is proposed to allocate an arriving order based on the producers′ cost structures and their current loads to maximize the total profit. We show that when the costs are private information, producers are willing to cooperate in order to increase their expected profit. Furthermore, it is shown that there is an equilibrium where producers bid their actual costs. The cooperation can also generate extra profit to cover a part of its operating expenses with this allocation mechanism. A continuous‐time Markov chain model is utilized to evaluate the performance of the allocation mechanism where producers submit their myopic best response bids. The cooperation case is also compared with the no‐cooperation case and also with the centralized operation of producers.
Bifurcations of planar sliding homoclinics
Authors: Awrejcewicz Jan , Feckan Michal , Olejnik Pawel
Published: April 2006

We study bifurcations from sliding homoclinic solutions to bounded solutions on ℝ for certain discontinuous planar systems under periodic perturbations. Sufficient conditions are derived for such perturbation problems.
A finite difference solution of the regularized long‐wave equation
Authors: Kutluay S. , Esen A.
Published: April 2006

A linearized implicit finite difference method to obtain numerical
solution of the one‐dimensional regularized long‐wave (RLW)
equation is presented. The performance and the accuracy of the
method are illustrated by solving three test examples of the
problem: a single solitary wave, two positive solitary waves
interaction, and an undular bore. The obtained results are
presented and compared with earlier work.
Voltage collapse in power systems: Dynamical studies from a static formulation
Authors: Mello Luis Fernando , Zambroni de Souza Antonio Carlos , Yoshinari Gerson Hiroshi , Schneider Camila Vasconcelos
Published: April 2006

This paper addresses the problem of voltage collapse
in power systems. More precisely, we exhibit a voltage collapse in
a power system with two buses. This study is carried out with the
help of two approaches. The first is a dynamical approach where a
saddle‐node bifurcation is analyzed and the second is an algebraic
approach. Both approaches deal with the static behavior of the
power system, but some dynamic aspects may be observed. An
equivalence between the algebraic and dynamical approaches is
obtained. The need to use both models comes from the fact that
they are usually exploited in the literature, but a deep
theoretical justification is still pending. Such a justification
is meant in this work.
The effect of service level constraint on EPQ model with random defective rate
Authors: Chiu Yuan-Shyi Peter
Published: April 2006

We study the effect of service level constraint on the economic
production quantity (EPQ) model with random defective rate. We
first prove that the expected overall cost for imperfect quality
EPQ model with backlogging permitted is less than or equal to that
of the same model without backlogging. Secondly, the relationship
between “imputed backorder cost” and maximal shortage level is
derived for decision‐making on whether the required service level
is achievable. Then an equation is proposed for calculating the
intangible backorder cost for the situation when the required
service level is not attainable. By including this intangible
backorder cost in the mathematical analysis, one can derive a new
optimal lot‐size policy that minimizes expected total costs as
well as satisfies the service level constraint. Numerical example
is provided to demonstrate its practical usage.
Endoscopic Release of Limb Constriction Rings in utero
Authors: Ronderos-Dumit D. , Briceño F. , Navarro H. , Sanchez N.
Published: April 2006

Amniotic band syndrome is a sporadic condition that may result in constriction bands, amputation and multiple craniofacial, visceral and body wall defects. It occurs in 1/1,200 to 1/15,000 live births. Most cases present with multiple congenital anomalies that are incompatible with life. A small group of fetuses shows isolated limb constrictions that may cause severe limb dysfunction or limb amputation if left untreated. Successful in utero surgical lyses of constriction rings have been reported. We report a case of constriction amniotic bands involving both legs and compromising blood flow to the distal extremity. The constriction ring was successfully released by a minimally invasive endoscopic surgical technique avoiding severe limb dysfunction or foot amputation.
An Audit of Outcome in Intravascular Transfusions Using the Intrahepatic Portion of the Fetal Umbilical Vein Compared to Cordocentesis
Authors: Somerset David A. , Moore Alison , Whittle Martin J. , Martin William , Kilby Mark D.
Published: April 2006

Introduction: Maternal red cell alloimmunization is a potential cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The outcome of severe disease has been transformed by the use of in-utero and particularly, fetal intravascular transfusion. In the majority of instances this is performed by cordocentesis. However, this cohort study represents the experience in a large tertiary referral centre in performing fetal intravascular transfusions via the intrahepatic vein (IHV). Methods: Over an 8-year period, 1997–2004, 221 in-utero transfusions (IUT) were performed for rhesus disease in 66 pregnancies. 86% had severe fetal anaemia caused by anti-D, 10.6% by anti-Kell and 3.4% by anti-c. The median maternal age of the cohort was 31 years (range 19–43). The median gestation at initial IUT was 25 weeks (interquartile range (IQR) 23–29 weeks). Results: A median number of three IUT were performed in each fetus (IQR 2–5) with a median haemoglobin at first fetal blood sampling of 7.3 g% (IQR 4.6–8.8 g%) (73% ≤5 SD and 27% ≤2 SD). Of the total intravascular transfusions, 170 were performed via the IHV (71.7%), 33 via cordocentesis (13.9%) and 1 by intracardiac puncture (0.5%). There were ‘transient’ bradycardias complicating 4.1% of all transfusions and amniorrhexis following 1.4%. 92% of babies were live born at a median gestation of 34 weeks (range 21–38) with a birth weight centile of 50 (range 3–90). There was no significant difference in intravascular transfusion complication rate when the procedure was performed via the IHV (7.6%) as compared to cord root puncture (3.0%) (Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.47). Conclusion: IUT performed by fetal IHV puncture is safe and carries no excess morbidity when performed for severe rhesus disease.
Successful Treatment of Post-Cesarean Hemorrhage Related to Placenta Praevia Using an Intrauterine Balloon
Authors: Ferrazzani Sergio , Guariglia Lorenzo , Triunfo Stefania , Caforio Leonardo , Caruso Alessandro
Published: April 2006

The authors report a positive experience in controlling severe postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section performed for placenta praevia by using an inflated intrauterine balloon and avoiding any further invasive surgery.
Solutes in Maternal Circulation and Gestational Sac Compartments during Early Human Development
Authors: Santolaya-Forgas Joaquin , De Leon-Luis Juan , Espinoza Jimmy , Gonçalves Luis F. , Romero Roberto
Published: April 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review previous work reporting the concentration of solutes measured in maternal circulation, extra-embryonic celomic fluid, and amniotic fluid, to gain insights into the mechanism that could lead to compartmentalization of fluid and solutes within the gestational sac prior to the 12th week of pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a Medline and PubMed literature search from January 1990 through March 2004 using the key words amniotic fluid, celomic fluid, coelomic fluid, celocentesis, coelocentesis, amniocentesis, yolk sac and embryonic cavities. We selected those articles describing solutes that had been measured in the same patient in samples obtained prior to 12 weeks’ gestation from maternal circulation, celomic fluid and amniotic fluid. Information extracted from these publications included: gestational age at sampling, number of samples evaluated, mean concentration of the solutes in each of the three fluids and bibliographic citation. Results: We found 73 publications with the key words and selected 13 that met the inclusion criteria. The concentration of 31 solutes reported in each of the three compartments was documented and gradients among compartmental interfaces calculated. Conclusion: This study describes the concentration of solutes measured in maternal circulation, extracelomic fluid and amniotic fluid early in human development. Analysis of calculated gradients across the compartmental interfaces suggests that the shift of fluid may depend on the biophysical properties of the placenta and yolk sac and on graded changes in hydrostatic pressures across compartments.
Hypothesis: The Placental ‘Steal’ Phenomenon – A Possible Hazard of Amnioreduction
Authors: Rodeck Charles H. , Weisz Boaz , Peebles Donald M. , Jauniaux Eric
Published: April 2006

The twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) complicates approximately 15% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. Severe TTTS is associated with poor neonatal outcome and a relatively high rate of neurological abnormalities. Some studies have suggested this outcome to be more severe in cases treated by amnioreduction. In this paper we present a hypothesis that radical amnioreduction performed after 24 weeks of gestation might cause a shift of blood from the fetus into the placenta. This could explain some of the severe neurological outcomes, such as hypoxic ischemic brain damage, seen in these cases.
Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Patients Presenting with Biochemical Progression after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy for Pathologically Organ-Confined Prostate Cancer
Authors: Pinto F. , Prayer-Galetti T. , Gardiman M. , Sacco E. , Ciaccia M. , Fracalanza S. , Betto G. , Pagano F.
Published: April 2006

Introduction: To identify risk factors for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with pathologically organ-confined (OC) prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: Clinical and pathological features of 350 consecutive patients with pathologically OC PCa treated only with RP and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were analyzed, retrospectively, to identify predictor parameters of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure (PSA ≧0.4 ng/ml). The median follow-up was 58.6 months (range: 3.9–183 months). All pathological specimens were step sectioned at 4-mm intervals. Kaplan-Meier progression-free survival rates and χ2 test were adopted for statistical analyses. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to test the association between pathological Gleason score and surgical margin status. Results: 67 patients (19.1%) failed at a median follow-up of 40.2 months (range 1.9–123.3). Age and preoperative PSA failed to reveal significance also in patients with serum PSA ≧20 ng/ml (p = 0.46). Patients with T3 clinical stage had a higher progression rate compared to T1C and T2 (43.5 vs. 27.8 and 17.3%, respectively) even if no high statistical significance was pointed out. Presence of perineural infiltration (p = 0.04) and prostatic apex infiltration (p = 0.74) in the prostatectomy specimens failed to reveal significance. A high pathological Gleason score (≧7; p = 0.0003) and surgical margin status (p < 0.0001) were shown to be the most powerful predictive parameters of biochemical progression. Conclusions: In patients with pathologically OC PCa the presence of a high pathological Gleason score and positive surgical margins appear to represent the most important factors for prediction of outcome following RP.
Erectile Function after Non-Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Borchers Holger , Brehmer Bernhard , Kirschner-Hermanns Ruth , Reineke Thorsten , Tietze Lothar , Jakse Gerhard
Published: April 2006

Objective: To evaluate the potency in patients after radical perineal prostatectomy with wide excision of both neurovascular bundles. Material and Methods: In this prospective study, a quality-of-life questionnaire was completed by 128 patients at the preoperative stage, and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Ten questions concerning the patient’s sexuality were included on the pre- and both postoperative questionnaires. In addition, 6 patients who recorded some erectile function were sent a separate questionnaire containing eight more detailed questions. Results: Preoperatively, 74/128 (57.8%) patients reported erections sufficient for sexual intercourse, and of these 74, 6 (8.1%) described having spontaneous erections 1 year postoperatively. These spontaneous erections occurred 1–5 times per week. The reply to the separate mailing made clear that the reported erections were insufficient for intercourse. Conclusions: Patients undergoing standardized radical prostatectomy with wide excision of the neurovascular bundle have a very small chance of spontaneous erections sufficient for intercourse postoperatively.
Predictive Ability of Partin Tables 2001 in a Welsh Population
Authors: Ayyathurai Rajinikanth , Ananthakrishnan Krishnan , Rajasundaram Ramanan , Knight Ross J. , Toussi Hamid , Srinivasan Vaikuntam
Published: April 2006

Objectives: Partin tables are widely used to select and counsel patients prior to radical surgery for prostate cancer. However, Partin tables have been developed in the USA which has a different ethnic mixture from that of North Wales. We aimed to assess Partin tables’ predictive ability in a Welsh population. Materials and Methods: 193 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate between April 1993 and July 2004 in a single institution in North Wales. Complete preoperative clinical staging information was available in 177 patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used. Results: The mean patient age was 64 (48–73) years. Preoperative clinical staging distribution was: T1c 46.6% and T2 53.4%. 75% had organ-confined disease (TNM 1992). Extracapsular extension without seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement was seen in 13.5%. Nine percent had seminal vesicle invasion without lymph node involvement. Lymph node metastasis was found in 2.2%. The predictive effectiveness of the Partin table was high with an area under ROC curve of 0.733 for organ confinement, 0.738 for seminal vesicle invasion and 0.780 for lymph node involvement (CI 95%). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the predictive ability of Partin tables for prostate cancer is also applicable to a Welsh population.
Is Free/Total PSA Predictive of Pathological Stage and Gleason Score in Patients with Prostate Cancer and Serum PSA ≤10 ng/ml?
Authors: Pepe Pietro , Panella Paolo , Pietropaolo Francesco , Pennisi Michele , Allegro Rosalinda , Aragona Francesco
Published: April 2006

Introduction: To evaluate whether percent free prostate-specific antigen (%-fPSA) could be predictive of pathological stage and Gleason score in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and serum PSA of 10 ng/ml or less. Materials and Methods: In 100 patients with total PSA≤10 ng/ml who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy as primary treatment of PCa, %-fPSA levels in organ-confined vs. non-organ-confined PCa and in patients with Gleason score ≤/>7 were compared. Results: 32 patients had an organ-confined and 68 a locally advanced PCa. Median %-fPSA level was 15%; Gleasonscore was <7 in 49 patients, equal to 7 in 40 and >7 in 11. Median %-fPSA levels in PCa with Gleason score ≤/>7 was 14, 15.5 and 15%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis did not show any correlation between %-fPSA in organ-confined vs. non-organ-confined PCa (p = 0.4991) either between Gleason score <7 vs. equal to 7 (p = 0.588) or >7 (p = 0.547). Conclusions: %-fPSA cut-off does not seem to be useful for preoperative staging of patients with PCa and serum PSA ≤10 ng/ml.
Retroperitoneoscopic Radical Nephrectomy in Obese Patients: Outcomes and Considerations
Authors: Inoue S. , Mita K. , Shigeta M. , Mochizuki H. , Tanabe T. , Moriyama H. , Usui T.
Published: April 2006

Objective:To determine whether obesity is associated with surgical outcome in Japanese patients undergoing retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RRN). Patients and Methods: Between November 1999 and March 2005, we performed 98 RRN procedures for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 or more were defined as obese (group A, n = 33) and those with a BMI of <25.0 were defined as non-obese (group B, n = 65), in accordance with the criteria of the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity. Patient background, degree of surgical invasiveness, and period of convalescence were compared between groups A and B. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of age, gender, tumor laterality, tumor size, and time until resumption of oral intake and ambulation. However group A had a significantly longer insufflation time (172.1 vs. 137.4 min), greater blood loss (195.3 vs. 48.4 ml) and higher renal specimen weight (440.0 vs. 306.0 g) than group B. Conclusion: Obesity is not a factor that affects patient eligibility for RRN, but is a risk factor for longer insufflation time and greater blood loss.
The Immediate Effect of Castration on Female Rabbit Bladder Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation
Authors: Badger William J. , Whitbeck Catherine , Kogan Barry , Chichester Paul , Levin Robert M.
Published: April 2006

Background: The female urinary bladder is a target organ for estrogen. Reductions in circulating estrogen have been associated with urothelial and vaginal atrophy and bladder disorders including incontinence and increased incidence of bladder infections. We determined the effect of short-term ovariectomy on sex hormones, bladder blood flow, and tissue oxygenation in the rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Female New Zealand White rabbits were ovariectomized and evaluated on 1, 3, and 7 days after ovariectomy. Tissue oxygenation (pO2) and blood flow were measured with oxylab system of real time measurements. Serum estrogen and progesterone were determined at sacrifice. Tissue hypoxia was localized histologically using Hypoxyprobe-1 immunohistochemistry. Results: Short-term ovariectomy caused rapid decreases in serum estrogen and progesterone, significant decreases in urothelial oxygenation and blood flow. No significant decreases in blood flow or oxygenation were noted for the detrusor smooth muscle. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of urothelial hypoxia at all times after ovariectomy. Bladder muscle did not demonstrate significant levels of hypoxia. Conclusion: The bladder urothelium is extremely sensitive to short-term ovariectomy, with significant urothelial hypoxia seen by post-ovariectomy day 1. Urothelial hypoxia may play a significant role in pelvic pain syndromes, incontinence, and increased susceptibility to bladder infection.
Irinotecan as a New Agent for Urachal Cancer
Authors: Kume Haruki , Tomita Kyoichi , Takahashi Sayuri , Fukutani Keiko
Published: April 2006

The urachal carcinoma, in a 64-year-old male with multiple lung metastases, had shown the resistance to several anti-neoplastic agents including cisplatinum, methotrexate, 5-FU, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and mitomycin C. Because the tumor was adenocarcinoma producing mucin and serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) increased, which resembled colorectal carcinoma, we administrated Irinotecan, which was very effective as the CEA decreased from 98.3 to 38.7 ng/ml and the pulmonary metastatic lesions were reduced by 60%. To our knowledge, this is the first case with urachal carcinoma in which Irinotecan was effective.