bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Flintstones! Meet the Flintstones!”Cartoons in Prime Time
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Hoyt Curtin, architect of the Hanna-Barbera sound, created indelible theme songs for The Flintstones, Jetsons, Top Cat, and Jonny Quest. TV’s Bugs Bunny Show showcased the greatest curtain-raiser of all with “This Is It!” Jay Ward’s Rocky and Bullwinkle featured fun music. Vince Guaraldi’s piano-based jazz for the Peanuts specials, starting with “A Charlie Brown Christmas,” became iconic. The Simpsons became one of the longest-running prime-time series ever, with a 1960s-inspired theme by Danny Elfman and hundreds of smart scores by Alf Clausen (until he was fired). The animated Batman, Superman, Justice League, and other DC heroes won Emmys for their music. Seth MacFarlane’s Family Guy featured large orchestras and Broadway-style numbers. The Rankin-Bass holiday specials (starting with “Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer”) were distinguished by warm and appropriate scores by Maury Laws.
Digital Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

This book examines digital grooming as a discourse manipulation practice in digital spaces that are situated at, or beyond, the boundaries of law. It identifies and examines in detail the online discourse of adults’ luring of children for sexual abuse and exploitation (digital sexual grooming), extreme ideology groups’ aligning others to their views (digital ideological grooming), and drug dealers’ transactional endeavors in crypto markets (digital commercial grooming). Style and stance analyses of large and varied datasets reveal that digital sexual, ideological, and commercial groomers’ practices have more in common than not. Three stances—expertise, openness, and avidity—scaffold their manipulative work, which relies upon and constructs identity homogenization. Digital groomers’ discourse seeks to construct them and their targets as inhabiting a perfectly aligned ideological, affective, and overall identity space. The better aligned they are, the more likely it is that they will see themselves as being misaligned from other equally homogenously constructed, identities: their opponents. The findings of this book can inform practitioner-based attempts at countering digital grooming, including development of detection software and prevention-focused training resources.
Digital Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

This chapter starts by providing a working definition for digital grooming, informed in part by its etymological evolution. It then maps the conceptual territory of digital grooming across three core features: digital mediation, manipulation, and identity construction. It argues that the “digitalness” of digital grooming is constitutive of it rather than merely contextual. A digital communication context marked by a celebration of sharing, a transformation of the value of trust, and the search for continued engagement/influence within fluid participation frameworks underpin the digital mediation of grooming as a criminal activity. The chapter then reviews key approaches to the broader concept of manipulation, as well as its constitutive features and the crucial part played by identity in digital grooming. This starts by considering the impact of networked publics, vis-à-vis pre-digital conceptualizations of participation frameworks, on how digital groomers position themselves in relation to those individuals and groups they seek to manipulate. Across these spaces, the chapter contends, digital groomers mobilize stances to style their personae and those of their target and perceived opponents in strategic ways that advance their manipulative goals.
Digital Ideological Grooming
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

Chapter 5 critically engages the academic/practitioner debate regarding the religious and/or political motivations of extremists. The chapter contends that these motivations operate symbiotically, which in turn suggests that the digital manipulation strategies of extremist groups across the ideological spectrum can be expected to exhibit similarities as well as differences. Both jihadi and radical-right groups make intelligent use of diverse digital spaces, moving across them in agile ways in response to new opportunities and threats. Jihadi and radical right groups also share high entitativity, and, in both cases polarized ideology is central to this. Indeed, for both jihadi and radical right groups, the dominant objective of their digital modus operandi is community building as the locus for identity construction, specifically the ideological formation of in-groups that are bound together through their active vilification of out-groups. This chapter thus sets the scene for the analysis, in Chapter 6, of the strategic performance of digital ideological grooming, specifically groomers’ styling of themselves, their target and their opponents.
“Let Them Starve, You Idiots!!! Why Feed VERMIN?”
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

Digital ideological grooming relies primarily on argumentative polarization of social identities. In-group/out-group boundaries are clear-cut and diametrically opposed. Self-styling in digital ideological grooming supports this through e stances: broad expertise, toxic openness and impatient avidity. Broad expertise enables having a say about any issue, piggybacking on it as a means to present the in-group’s ideology. Toxic openness relies on mythopoesis, specifically first-person storytelling that highlights stereotypically—toxic—masculine emotions of anger. The groomers’ anger is rooted in perceived victimization and supports a logic of retaliation against the out-group. Impatient avidity entails convening a pressing call to action. In digital ideological grooming, groomer and target are regularly constructed as part of the same inner group, one to which the target may already belong or may join. This in-group is styled through stances that complement the groomers’. Overall, the virtues and strengths of in-group as target are profusely extolled. Occasionally, selective dissociation processes are also enacted whereby the target is presented as ideologically lacking. The chapter demonstrates styling of opponents is pervasive and varied. Both jihadi and radical right groups’ messaging construct multiple out-groups, which are othered, primarily via face-oriented and equity rights–oriented impoliteness. Insults, criticism/complaints, and threats are made to serve morality-based drivers such as distributive justice or an imperative to act urgently in the face of long-endured in-group victimization.
“Your DrugBuddy”
Authors: Lorenzo-Dus Nuria
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s analysis shows that Silk Road vendors went to considerable lengths to show keen interest in customers, typically presented as seeking to protect the Silk Road community from being tracked by law enforcement, scammed by other vendors, and subjected to drug-related harm. As part of their self-styling as experts, Silk Road users regularly shared externally (i.e., scientific) and internally (i.e., personal experience) sourced knowledge about drug use and dealing. By constructing a stance of openness, Silk Road users displayed business acumen (especially in the vendor profile pages). Styling of the target relied on stances of drug savviness and pleasantness that, respectively, catered to projected identities of Silk Road customers and fellow community members. Targets of digital commercial grooming were related to via deference (as customers) and interpersonal closeness (as fellow community members). As an illicit digital market, Silk Road was itself the target of efforts to detect and exploit its activity. Law enforcement and fraudulent vendors were constructed as its opponents. Law enforcement represented the state and, as such, constituted a direct challenge to Silk Road’s libertarian ethos. Styling of this enemy was primarily undertaken in the site’s forums, often instigated by the market’s administrator, and generally made use of moderate face-threat. In contrast, fraudulent vendors were othered through impoliteness oriented toward face (insults) and equity (belittling) rights. The strength of expression against these internal opponents was legitimated on community-based grounds, mainly lack of integrity as vendors (e.g., scams) and not being respectful to other market users.
The Priority of Responsibility over Repair
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: January 2023

For more than a generation, normatively inclined tort theory has been forged in the crucible of a struggle between two competing visions of the subject. Legal economists have articulated an uncompromisingly forward-looking conception of tort law as a shadow price system designed to minimize the combined costs of accidents and their avoidance. Tortfeasors and tortious wrongs are imperfect surrogates for cheapest cost-avoiders and avoidable future losses. Corrective justice theory has replied that torts is a law of wrongs and rights, and that the economic account of tort adjudication as a search for cheapest cost-avoiders going forward simply denies the basic features of tort adjudication. We hold defendants liable in tort when and because they have wronged their victims and should therefore repair the harm they have done. The backward gaze of the ordinary tort lawsuit confirms the fact that the law of torts is a law of responsibility for harm wrongly done. Chapter Two argues that the corrective justice critique hits its target but overshoots the mark in doing so. Tort is a law of wrongs, not just a law of redress for wrongs. Repairing harm wrongly done is the next best way of complying with an obligation not to do harm wrongly in the first place. Rights and remedies form a unity in which rights, not remedies, have priority. Corrective justice and civil recourse are thus essential but subordinate aspects of tort. Tort law’s primary norms are the heart and soul of the field.
From Reparation to Regulation
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: January 2023

Tort law safeguards security by requiring reparation for harm wrongly done. Some harms, however, are irreparable. Death is the most vivid case in point. No amount, or form, of compensation can restore the dead to the lives they have lost. The harm of death exposes tort law’s Achilles heel. On the one hand, premature death is the harm that we most wish to be protected against. On the other hand, premature death is the harm against which tort law is least able to protect us. Tort law relies on reparation to enforce its obligations, both prospectively and retrospectively. When wrongful death is at issue, reparation fails. Direct regulation of risk is required to remedy the incompleteness of tort law. Chapter Five therefore takes up regulatory standards which address risks of injury so severe that reparation after the fact cannot restore normal powers of human agency to victims who suffer such harms. Characteristically, these standards prescribe more than efficient precaution. The prevailing academic wisdom is that these standards are irrational because they require inefficiently stringent precaution. The rational way to trade costs off against benefits is to balance them so that we maximize net value and thereby make ourselves as well off as we can be. Taking more than efficient precaution yields less—not more—value. Chapter Five argues that physical harm has special, negative importance because it is an essential condition of effective agency. Harm’s avoidance therefore has special priority; that priority justifies the safety and feasibility standards.
Enterprise Liability: Collective Responsibility and Commutative Justice
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: January 2023

Chapter Seven takes up a distinctive modern form of strict liability, namely, “enterprise liability.” Enterprise liability is a form of collective responsibility found both within and beyond the law of torts. The form itself is constituted by two commitments: (1) that the costs of accidental harms—including especially those harms that should not have been avoided—should be borne by the enterprises responsible for their infliction; and (2) that the enterprises should, in turn, distribute the financial costs of those harms across all those who benefit from their activities. In case rhetoric, the commitments to internalization and wide distribution of accident costs that constitute enterprise liability are supported by appeals to the policies of accident avoidance and loss-distribution, and to the principle that those who benefit from an activity should also bear its burdens. Fairness demands as much. Beneath these justifications lies the unstated assumption that private firms and public entities engaged in activities on a recurring basis—not individuals undertaking isolated risky acts—are the most important source of accidental harm in the modern world. Chapter Seven explicates the enterprise liability conception of strict liability; argues that this conception is instituted in a variety of ways, inside and outside the law of torts; and develops three theses. The first is that enterprise liability is continuous with traditional harm-based strict liabilities. The second is that enterprise liability is distinctive in embodying commutative as well as corrective justice. The third is that enterprise liability is a form of collective responsibility, responsive to the fact that the major risks of the modern world are inflicted by organized activities, not isolated actors.
Meaning Change
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

This chapter deals with polysemy—variation in meaning, which is just as important in word analysis as allomorphy, variation in form. The historical path of words is to acquire new meanings while either retaining or discarding old ones. When older meanings are not discarded, the result is polysemy. While it is hard to predict when a meaning will change and what it will change to, this chapter examines several common paths of meaning change along with issues that arise in speech communities in response to changes. Semantic change comes about as a result of a mental association between the old and new meanings, usually involving metaphor (resemblance) or metonymy (other incidental connection). Changes can be classified according to their outcomes. Narrowing or specialization happens when the meaning becomes more specific, and widening or generalization is the opposite. Melioration happens when a word takes on more positive connotations, and pejoration is the opposite.
Latin and Greek Affixes in English
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

Many English words preserve Latin and Greek inflectional endings unchanged from the original. Most such words are nouns, borrowed in the nominative case; some use the original Latin or Greek ending to express the plural. Classical noun plurals can typically be predicted from the ending of the singular, but many such words have acquired or are acquiring regular English endings, and preferences for the original versus the new ending vary from word to word and often enough from individual to individual. Most Greek and Latin words are formed by adding derivational suffixes to roots, to form noun, adjective, or verb stems, as well as present, perfect, and gerundive participles.
“I’m Sick From Head to Toe”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the health inequities that impact people living with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and other serious mental illness (SMI). Studies documenting the excess mortality and morbidity in people with SMI compared to people in the general population without SMI are synthesized. The most prevalent types of chronic medical illnesses (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer) that disproportionality impact people with SMI and contribute to premature mortality are also reviewed. Several case studies of people living and coping with serious mental illnesses and chronic medical conditions drawn from the author’s work are presented to illustrate how these health inequities impact people’s everyday lives.
Cycles of Unhealthy Behaviors in Unhealthy Environments
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the unhealthy behaviors that disproportionately impact people with serious mental illness (SMI), putting them at increased risk for obesity, chronic medical illnesses (e.g., diabetes), and premature mortality. It reviews existing studies documenting the increased rates of smoking, alcohol and substance abuse, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy diets in people with SMI. These health behaviors do not happen in a vacuum; they are impacted by social, economic, and cultural forces. Case studies drawn from the author’s work illustrate how these unhealthy behaviors interact with complex social conditions like poverty, unhealthy food environments, and unsafe neighborhoods to create and sustain cycles of unhealthy behaviors that are detrimental to people’s health. This chapter illustrates how the cycles of unhealthy behaviors in unhealthy environments contribute to health inequities in people with SMI.
“It Cures You in One Way and It Damages You in Another”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the myriad of cardiometabolic (e.g., weight gain, dyslipidemia) side effects that people with serious mental illness (SMI) face when taking antipsychotic medications. These side effects, if not properly identified, managed, and treated, result in elevated rates of dyslipidemia, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in people with SMI. Case studies drawn from the author’s work describe how these medications and their side effects act as a double-edged sword for people with SMI, as they help treat symptoms of SMI but often result in serious physical health problems linked to premature mortality. Several interventions that are being used to address these health inequities are described.
“They Do Not Get the Care That They Need”
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the health care experiences of people with serious mental illness (SMI) and the inequities they face as they try to access, use, and engage in medical treatments. The chapter presents the constellation of challenges this population faces when they interact with the health care system and how medical care often fails this population when they try to get the care that they need. Results and case studies from several qualitative studies examining the health care experiences of people with SMI and the experiences of medical and mental health professionals are used to illustrate how issues, such as stigmatizations from medical providers, mistrust, fragmentation between the health and mental health service systems, and poor quality of medical care, shape the health care experiences and contribute to health care inequities and poor health outcomes.
The problem of abstraction
Authors: Summerfield Christopher
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins by considering how brains and artificial intelligence (AI) systems encode relational structure—that is, how objects and events relate to one another—including metaphors and analogies. The chapter discusses emerging theories that see spatial cognition and, in particular, the representation of space in the medial temporal lobe, as playing an important role in learning abstractions. It considers how the actions that an object affords may help an agent understand how it relates to other objects, and how this has led to theories of structure learning. Finally, the chapter considers abstract semantic concepts, their representation in the human medial temporal lobe and in foundation models, and considers the role of language in concept formation.
Drinking and driving: prevention and countermeasures
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

The chapter on drinking-driving prevention and countermeasures describes the relationship between drinking and driving and the latest evidence on policy responses and countermeasures to reduce drinking and driving and its harms. The following measures were evaluated as particularly effective: low or lowered maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels (0.00–0.05%); zero tolerance for youth; random breath testing (RBT) ‘anywhere, anytime’; and swift punishment. International evidence suggests that drink-driving countermeasures can consistently produce long-term, population-wide reductions in drink-driving and alcohol-related crashes.
Forced Into the Future
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

When pandemics sweep through societies, they upend critical structures, such as health systems and medical treatments, economic life, socio-economic class structures and race relations, fundamental institutional arrangements, communities, and everyday family life. Experts foresee significant change that will worsen economic inequality, as those who are highly connected and the tech-savvy pull further ahead of those who have less access to digital tools and less training or aptitude for exploiting them and as technological change eliminates some jobs. It will also enhance the power of big technology firms as they exploit their market advantages and mechanisms such as artificial intelligence in ways that seem likely to further erode the privacy and autonomy of their users. Other experts express hope that changes spawned by the pandemic will make things better for significant portions of the population. The improvement is because of changes that inaugurate new reforms aimed at racial justice and social equity, as critiques of current economic arrangements and capitalism gain support and policymakers’ attention. Such changes will enhance the quality of life for many families and workers as more flexible workplace arrangements become permanent and communities adjust to them.
The Business of Disruption
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The business environment across the globe is animated by technology that is evolving faster than ever. The projection is to continue accelerating, breaking down global boundaries, changing the way people work, how supply chains work, and how customers are approached. Work no longer has the constraint of geography. Globalisation has affected workers anywhere connecting to jobs and projects regardless of location, time zone, language, or culture. This is the new way work gets done. Commerce continues to happen. The partners, methodologies, and processes will change, but the objectives and definitions remain the same. It is about solving customer problems by providing a replicable solution applicable to a market. Technology has enabled productivity and connected the whole world. Industries and individuals will adapt or adopt and find new ways of doing things because the alternative is to disappear. They will reinvent by unlearning and relearning as the only option for staying relevant.
Continuous Learning, Deep Work, Deep Thinking
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The weaponisation of the ‘technologies of mass distraction’ has destroyed people’s ability to focus. They have attention deficit syndrome. At the same time, work requires a focus that necessitates bringing more emotional energy, focus, and creativity to the table. The future human worker needs to learn key skills and develop the ability to do deep work, continually unlearn and relearn, and cultivate a mastery of deep thinking. The ability to stay focused is the first skill of the age. The ability to stay engaged is the next skill. In some schools of thought, success was driven by the victory of the head over the heart. The new age requires a return to the heart where meaning lives and deep reservoirs of purpose-driven energy exist.
Universities as Culture Hubs
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The 925-year-old Oxford University shows us how universities must perform a dual role—one of transferring functional knowledge or technical skills, and another as seats of cultural learning. Education institutions must innovate on their roles as culture and values bearers for their societies. Unlearning through peer dialogue is critical in these times of rapid change. The transfer of cultural values is not merely about transmitting facts but also about emotion, intrigue, and rhetoric. Even as other technical disciplines are automated by technology, philosophy and ethics will remain domains for humans. Shaping the future society requires educating the workforce to reflect, think, value, reason, and learn. These are enduring human values that education institutes must continue to instil. How will universities innovate in this role?
Dance of Disruption
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The history of humanity is intertwined with the history of our technology. From fire to stone axes to speech, the evolution in technology has coincided with or perhaps caused the evolution as a species. Humans are biotech hybrids. While the time frame is too short for genetic evolution, the last several centuries have continued to evolve technologically in a formerly unimagined way. Technically, accelerated cultural evolution from agriculture to the wheel, roads, cities, and superhighways has struggled to keep pace. As technology evolves in even shorter cycles, the inability of culture to adjust quickly enough proves to be a dance of disruption. Part of moving forwards is looking backwards. Cultural patterns that have historically succeeded might be re-used in the modern world.
A New Math Built on Belief
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Wall Street is familiar with companies setting and meeting expectations. All too often, companies that play this fail-safe game have begun to fail. What is going on? The new conversation is about a new kind of math and how today’s leaders should have the ability to build ‘belief’ in a yet unseen future. This requires having the power to suspend scepticism. Leaders must have the ability to believe in a future that is different from today, to make that future happen. Belief overproof is a big cultural change and one that is most prone to be misused by hucksters and cheats. How does the ethical leader cultivate self-belief and influence customers, users, voters, and supporters to see what only the leaders can see for now? There will be data-driven decision-making, but the deluge of data will swing the attention to narrative making and storytelling more than ever.
Distraction Is the New Addiction
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Distraction is big business. This is the Age of Distraction, and there is no end in sight. Technology-driven waves of connection and information constantly wash over almost every aspect of life. As change rides those waves, it brings opportunity, access, and creative innovation that have disrupted business, organisations, the workforce, and lifestyle. The bright side of this brave new world is that these changes have the prospect of affecting equity, climate, poverty, and global relationships that humans have struggled with for millenniums. The dark side is buried in the curious human psyche where we are prone to focus on whatever new curiosity is presented. The human mind is easily distracted. In an age where distraction is everywhere, it is having a heyday. The result of humans’ innovative nature is a system built to use distraction to garner attention and thereby gain access to billions of minds. Distraction has been weaponised and is pervasive. It is highly corrosive to individuals, societies, economics, politics, and businesses. As the intensity of distraction continues to increase, its impact becomes more evident. It becomes highly corrosive and threatens to damage some of the basic systems and sectors that sit at the foundation of society. The process, however, is completely reversible. Humans can reverse the effects of distraction. It involves reaching back into the basics of our cognitive facilities and applying the initiative of self-discipline.
Leadership in an Age of Destruction and Distraction
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

The old world is being destroyed. Whether in politics, technology, business, or economics, distraction poses a significant threat to performance and productivity. Distracted by constant change, the frantic cycles and weaponisation of the technologies of mass distraction are constantly vying for attention. Discussions of the quantum speed of change in lifestyle, business, and environment are widespread. The world’s new technological innovations and business models attract existing legacy business players from Buffalo to Beijing. These legacy businesses were not weak, they were strong, and there was little thought that anything could change; however, as big change entered the world, those who did not pay attention paid the price. If vigilance was not a common trait and no one was watching, when the disruption came, the ramifications were inevitable. The amount of data is enormous in the current environment, and the intensity of destruction and distraction is still prevalent.
Reinventing by Looking Forward
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

In the future, staying employed will be about reinventing self. It will be the single most important strategy. It is like the ouroboros, an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its tail, often interpreted as a symbol for eternal cyclic renewal. The speed of innovation in business used to be slow but has now accelerated and the introduction of new products is increasing dramatically. Everyone and every industry are feeling the heat from the transformations. Obsolescence comes from every angle and without notice. These changes are complex, even for techies themselves. It is hard to keep pace with changes and requires conscious reinvention. The key to the new game is to ride ahead of technical obsolescence. It involves awareness of the signs and signals of subtle changes and being flexible and aggressive in becoming the next relevant need in the market. Success can be a source of fragility. Previous success can get in the way of future success.
Humans in the Future Workforce
Authors: Joshi Mahesh , Rastogi Gaurav , Klein J.R.
Published: January 2023

Advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are ushering in a new age of automation, as machines match or outperform human performance in various work activities, including ones requiring cognitive capabilities. The global workforce has changed dramatically, and technological transformation has spawned exponential freelancing that has overturned the nature of employment and talent management. Workers must be exposed to newer technologies and new learning to remain relevant. The stability of micro- and macro-tasking in the business world has been a staple for a long time. The axiom of ‘change, changes, changing’ has become prevalent with virtual corporations, automation, and online opportunities spilling through the front door. The challenge of humanity is to remember we are human.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

The Introduction to Life in Groups explains the central focus of the book: a range of everyday concepts relating to our collective psychology, such as those expressed when people talk about what they, collectively, think, feel, intend, and so on. It introduces the core of the author’s accounts of such concepts—joint commitment—and reviews some central aspects of joint commitments, their genesis and functioning, including the distinction between basic and non-basic cases, the possibility of their obtaining among people who do not know each other personally, and their grounding rights of the parties to each other’s conforming action. The author’s understanding of a group for the purposes of this book is clarified, as are other aspects of her approach to the topics in question, including her use of the phrase “plural subject” for any set of jointly committed persons. The opening discussion is followed by a preview of the sections and chapters of the book.
The Nature of Agreements
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

This chapter first presents, and then solves, six puzzles by reference to a joint commitment account of everyday agreements. The first five puzzles concern claim-rights, which are generally agreed to be a central kind of right. After elaborating a particular understanding of what a claim-right amounts to, it presents these puzzles. The sixth puzzle concerns joint (also known as shared, or collective) intention. The chapter then argues that given a particular, plausible understanding of everyday agreements, each of the puzzles is solved. According to this understanding, the core of an agreement is a joint decision of the parties, and, in terms that are explained, a joint decision is a joint commitment to endorse as a body a certain plan of action. Authors discussed include David Hume on promises and Michael Bratman on joint intention.
Belief, Acceptance, and What Happens in Groups
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

This chapter, co-authored with Daniel Pilchman, addresses the question: how should an account of collective belief or other collective cognitive state be assessed? In particular, to what extent should such accounts be assessed by reference to accounts and distinctions developed with a focus on the beliefs and other cognitive states of individual human beings? With special reference to collective belief, the chapter argues that one’s development of an account of collective cognitive states should be relatively unconstrained by such accounts and distinctions. It argues, more positively, for the development of a field of general epistemology which subsumes both collective epistemology and individual epistemology. In developing this argument it focuses on a debate as to whether collective belief according to Margaret Gilbert’s joint commitment account is really an account not of belief, but rather of a distinct cognitive state, namely, acceptance.
Collective Remorse
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

Speaking on behalf of a group, someone may say, “We feel remorse over what we did.” What is it, though, for “us” to feel remorse? This chapter pursues that question. It is of more than theoretical interest: in general, remorse can be an important stimulus to forgiveness, and hence to reconciliation between wrongdoers and their victims. Three possible accounts of a group’s remorse are carefully considered. Two are aggregative. The first of these takes group remorse to involve the members’ personal remorse over acts of their own that contributed to the relevant act of the group. Three versions of this account are considered. A crucial problem for all of them is that no member of the group, on any version of the account, has to feel remorse over an act of the group. The second aggregative account invokes the members’ personal remorse over the group’s act. The intelligibility of such remorse is defended in light of doubts from philosopher Karl Jaspers and others. It is argued that, in spite of the intelligibility of membership remorse, generalized membership remorse does not suffice for the remorse of a group. Finally, an account of collective remorse in terms of joint commitment is proposed, and its practical importance emphasized.
Introduction: The Great Chasm
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

The Introduction presents an overview of the book. It addresses the following fundamental questions: What is the central thesis of the book? What is its purpose? What is its scholarly approach? How does it differ from other scholarly works on U.S. higher education? Why should American colleges and universities strive to bridge the Great Chasm?” The first part of the Introduction describes the current domestic context of American higher education, forces that strengthen international demand for it, and institutional obstacles in the way of meeting this demand. The second part offers a few compelling reasons for “going global.” The next parts explain the approach, purpose, and aims of the book, and how it can be differentiated from other scholarly works on American higher education. The last part presents a preview of key points to be made in each chapter.
A Higher Education Sector on the Edge: Part II
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses major risks to the economic foundation of the U.S. higher education sector. They include a drop in the aggregate levels of personal disposable income, student financial aid, private donations, investment income, and public funding. As noted earlier, these sources are the financial pillars of American higher education. The chapter also discusses adverse trends that are symptomatic of a general malaise in the sector. Among them are flat enrollments, intensifying competition, slackening economic growth, deteriorating financial ratios, and declining financial surplus. The discussion is relevant to the question, “What has contributed to the abundance of American higher education talent since the start of the New Millennium?”
Global Markets beyond the Horizon: Part II
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on higher education markets in the Arab World, East and Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Latin America. In addition, it discusses the growth in the number of branch campuses in emerging markets, the expansion of the global market for internationally mobile tertiary education students, and the responsiveness of a handful of U.S. colleges and universities to the immense foreign demand for American higher education talent. Lastly, the chapter identifies potential competitors in various higher education export markets, based on the national origin of branch campus sponsors, and the principal countries of destination for internationally mobile tertiary education students.
Ethical Dilemmas in International Expansion
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on a key challenge facing U.S. colleges and universities in their effort to “go global”: how to preserve their academic integrity, while generating the financial resources needed to support their activities in the realm of ideas. Associated with this challenge are four ethical dilemmas that occasionally arise in the course of international expansion: namely, the righteousness of (1) providing international higher education services only to those who can afford them; (2) engaging in foreign practices that contravene U.S. normative standards; (3) providing services in countries whose policies conflict with American liberal values; and (4) compromising academic freedom to remain in good standing with a repressive regime. The chapter offers a few thoughts on how the dilemmas can and should be addressed. It concludes by placing academic freedom in a broader philosophical context.
Parting Thoughts: Relevance for Other Western Institutions
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

These closing remarks summarize key points made in the book. They also place them in a broader perspective. In this section, the book explores the possibility of extending the conclusion to other Western colleges and universities by analogy. To do so soundly, one must establish that like their American counterparts, (1) their financial condition is precarious; (2) international demand for their services is robust, and (3) their institutional culture, organizational structure, and system of governance pose obstacles in the way of international expansion. Therefore, to bridge the gap between the abundance of Western higher educational talent and the immense foreign demand for it, fundamental reforms in their institutional culture, organizational structure, and governance systems may be necessary. Without these reforms, their financial viability will be at risk, as will be the economic foundation of Western higher education in general.
Prevention
Authors: Boswell John
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 examines the pursuit of prevention, with a case study of the long-running flagship NHS Health Check programme. Drawing on documentary sources, I chart the strange persistence of an unloved programme in early intervention despite scepticism and doubt even among the officials and professionals most centrally involved in its rollout. I show that the common commitment to prevention works to justify this programme (and its subsequent extensions and expansions) while also giving space for other actors in public health to question the programme and push for more radical measures. I link these findings to important new work on anticipatory governance, horizon-scanning and foresight initiatives in relation to the environment and technology to flesh out understandings of the power and impact of long-term thinking in policymaking.
European Union Policy on Capacity Mechanisms
Authors: Ziegler Clemens
Published: January 2023

The chapter sets out with a historical perspective on the EU’s policy on capacity mechanisms, discussing the early cases linked to the 2003 Electricity Directive, the Commission’s 2012/13 public consultation on resource adequacy to its 2015/16 state aid sector inquiry, and the 2019 electricity market reform. The analysis shows that, at least in theory, there is a growing tendency to limit the use of capacity payments, owing to their potentially distortive effects. That said, the discussion of the case law shows how difficult it is for third parties to challenge the Commission’s state aid assessments of capacity mechanisms, especially when these mechanisms are likely to be used for subsidizing fossil fuels. In this connection, the chapter also considers the most recent discussion regarding state aid policy and sustainability, including the Commission’s draft state aid guidelines for climate, energy, and environmental protection.
Resource Adequacy in Decarbonizing Power Systems
Authors: Batlle Carlos , Mastropietro Paolo , Rodilla Pablo , Pérez-Arriaga Ignacio J.
Published: January 2023

Resource adequacy mechanisms are becoming a pillar of power sector regulation during the energy transition. In this chapter, we identify, review, and discuss the key design elements of resource adequacy mechanisms, extracting guidelines from international experiences on both sides of the Atlantic. Among the topics analysed in this chapter, there are the identification of the buying and the selling sides in the market, the level of centralization, the definition of the reliability product, the identification of scarcity conditions, the design of de-rating methodologies, the lag period and duration of capacity contracts, and performance incentives. Based on this analysis, the chapter provides guidelines for all the countries where similar mechanisms are currently under discussion and presents high-level recommendations.
Capacity Mechanisms and State Aid Control
Authors: Hancher Leigh
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the application of the Treaty state aid rules to scrutinize funding of national capacity remuneration mechanisms. State aid control has been a key instrument to ensure national financial support to ensure generation adequacy does not frustrate the over-riding objective of completing the internal energy market. The Commission’s has used its powers to launch a sector- wide inquiry into support for CRMs, and has subsequently adopted detailed ‘soft law’ guidelines to assess the compatibility of national support measures to promote generation adequacy and reliability. Since 2014, it has adopted several controversial decisions—some of which have now been subject to challenge before the CJEU. The role of the guidelines to harmonize national approaches to the need for CRMs have to some extent been overtaken by legislation but many open questions remain—even following the recent adoption of a new set of guidelines at the end of 2021.
Austria
Authors: Starlinger Thomas , Wielinger Elisabeth , Kröpfl Harald
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on generation adequacy in Austria. It starts by outlining the current situation of the electricity market in Austria and its regulatory environment, followed by an analysis of the network reserve and its compatibility under EU rules on state aid. In January 2021, Austria introduced a regulatory framework for the establishment of a network reserve, which received approval by the European Commission in June 2021 under EU state aid rules until end of 2025. Austria has an energy-only market. The legal basis is enshrined in section 23 paragraph 2 lit 5 ElWOG 2010 (Austrian Electricity Act). Under this regulation, the control area manager has to identify congestions in transmission systems. If necessary, the control area manager must tender the conclusion of contracts with producers and other market participants under which the latter are obliged to provide congestion management services (increase or reduce their output or demand). In order to be able to participate in the tender, operators of generating plants with a capacity of more than 20 MW are obliged to notify the control area manager of any temporary, temporary seasonal and final shutdowns of their power plant.
Ireland
Authors: Byrne Seamus
Published: January 2023

This chapter concerns the introduction of a capacity mechanism in Ireland which was implemented in 2018 as part of a revision to the overall single electricity market arrangements. The mechanism replaced the previous capacity payment mechanism and since then, seven capacity auctions have taken place for delivery years between 2018 and 2019 and 2024 and 2025. While the mechanism aims to address the adequacy concerns, the TSO has identified resource constraints expected in the coming years which are largely being driven by significant demand increases. Initially, such resource issues were focused in the Dublin area; however, this is now being expanded to the rest of Ireland, signalling that while cost reductions have been delivered following the introduction of the mechanism, it has not fully addressed adequacy issues.
Spain
Authors: Guayo Iñigo del
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyses capacity mechanisms in Spain. It tries to explain why they were introduced in 1997, at the time of liberalization, and how they have developed until the entry into force of a new Electricity Act in December 2013. After explaining the regulatory context and the key features of capacity mechanisms, the chapter discusses the reasons for the reductions and partial suppressions of payments between 2012 and 2013, and the suppression of the availability service in 2018. The content of the 2021 draft order regulating the future capacity market is also analysed. The chapter also highlights the relevance of the Spanish capacity payments in the European context, taking into account the 2019 Electricity Regulation’s requirements.