bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicity and antibody binding by flow cytometry: A single assay to simultaneously assess two parameters
Authors: Saw Chee L. , Bray Robert A. , Gebel Howard M.
Published: May 2008

Background:

Cell death, as determined by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity or antibody binding, as assessed by flow cytometry, are the two main methods histocompatibility laboratories use to identify HLA antibodies. Conventional cytotoxicity assays, even anti‐human globulin (AHG) enhanced, are relatively insensitive, subjective and require complement fixation. In contrast, antibody binding assays (e.g.: flow cytometry crossmatch, FCXM) are sensitive, objective, and complement independent. When sera from potential transplant recipients test positive by both methods, most centers would not proceed to transplant unless patients undergo desensitization. However, when the CDC crossmatch is negative but the FCXM positive, how or whether to proceed is controversial. Frequently, both assays are performed.

Methods:

In this study, we developed a comprehensive procedure that determines cell death, and antibody binding in a single assay: the cytotoxic flow crossmatch (cFCXM). The assay was validated in parallel studies with two other conventional methodologies, namely AHG and FCXM.

Results:

Using a combination of eight cells and 15 sera, we have determined an optimal method for the simultaneous detection of HLA antibody binding and cytotoxicity using a single platform. Additionally, we have identified three distinct patterns of HLA antibody reactivity: (1) AHGpos/cFCXMpos/FCXMpos, (2) AHGneg/cFCXMneg/FCXMpos, and (3) a previously unrecognized category, namely, AHGneg/cFCXMpos/FCXMpos.

Conclusions:

These studies document that cytotoxicity and antibody binding can be simultaneously assessed and marks the first demonstration of complement‐dependent HLA antibodies undetectable by conventional cytotoxicity. Routine application of this assay may provide new insights regarding transplantation of patients presenting as AHGneg/FCXMpos by classifying them according to their cFCXM status. © 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society
The clinical significance of amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Roberto Christina A. , Steinglass Joanna , Mayer Laurel E.S. , Attia Evelyn , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: May 2008

Objective:

Amenorrhea is a DSM‐IV criterion for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN). Several studies have reported few differences between patients who meet the full DSM‐IV criteria for AN and those who meet all but the amenorrhea criterion. Although this suggests that the absence of menses does not provide critical diagnostic information, many of these studies are limited by small sample sizes. This study aims to examine the clinical utility of amenorrhea as a criterion for the diagnosis of AN.

Method:

A chart review was conducted of 240 consecutive patients admitted for inpatient treatment at the NY State Psychiatric Institute from 1993 to 2006. Menstrual data were collected from the Eating Disorder Examination conducted upon admission. Independent samples t‐tests were performed to evaluate differences in clinical variables, including age, lifetime lowest body mass index (BMI), admission and discharge BMI, previous number of hospitalizations, duration of illness, Beck Depression Inventory total score, Beck Anxiety Inventory total score, and Eating Disorder Examination subscale scores.

Results:

The amenorrheic and menstruating groups differed significantly only on lowest lifetime BMI and admission BMI, with individuals with amenorrhea having lower BMIs on both measures.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that amenorrhea does not distinguish between groups on a number of important measures of clinical severity. It may be that amenorrhea reflects weight and nutritional status, rather than providing useful diagnostic information. Future studies are needed to examine the potential prognostic value of menstrual status. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase at Carbon Nanotube‐gold Colloid Modified Electrode with Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Coating
Authors: Yao Yan‐Li , Shiu Kwok‐Keung
Published: May 2008

Glucose oxidase showed direct electrochemical transfer at glassy carbon electrodes immobilized with carbon nanotube‐gold colloid (CNT‐Au) composites with poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) coatings. The modified electrode (GC/CNT/Au/PDDA‐GOD) was employed for the amperometric determination of glucose. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor displayed linear response to glucose from 0.5 to 5 mM with a sensitivity of 2.50 mA M−1 at an applied potential of −0.3 V (vs. Ag|AgCl reference).
Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Oxalate at a Positively Charged Boron‐Doped Diamond Surface
Authors: Kondo Takeshi , Niwano Yu , Tamura Akira , Ivandini Tribidasari A. , Einaga Yasuaki , Tryk Donald A. , Fujishima Akira , Kawai Takeshi
Published: May 2008

Allyltriethylammonium bromide (ATAB) was covalently attached to the surface of hydrogen‐terminated boron‐doped diamond (BDD) thin films using a photochemical method to fabricate positively charged electrode surfaces. The anodic current for oxalate oxidation both in cyclic voltammetry and in flow‐injection analysis with amperometry was found to be up to two times larger at ATAB‐modified BDD (ATAB‐BDD) than at an unmodified BDD electrode, which may be based on the electrostatic interaction between the oxalate anion and the electrode surface. In addition, the stability of the electrochemical detection of oxalate was improved at the ATAB‐BDD electrode compared to the unmodified electrode.
Valuation of floating range notes in a LIBOR market model
Authors: Wu Ting‐Pin , Chen Son‐Nan
Published: May 2008

This study derives an approximate pricing formula of floating range notes (FRNs) within the multifactor LIBOR market model (LMM) framework. The LMM features the ease for calibration procedure, and the resulting pricing formula is more tractable. In addition, since the underlying rate of FRNs is usually the LIBOR rate, the pricing of the FRNs under the LMM is more direct and full of intuition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:697–710, 2008
In search of the convexity adjustment: Evidence from the sterling futures and IMM FRA markets
Authors: Poskitt Russell
Published: May 2008

This study examines daily and intraday data on sterling interest rate futures and IMM forward rate agreement (FRA) contracts for evidence of the convexity adjustment in FRA quotes. The futures/FRA differential is marginally negative, contrary to the predictions of convexity models. Standard statistical tests confirm that the futures/FRA differential does not differ between contract maturities. Regression analysis also fails to find any support for the predicted positive relationships between the differential and the term to settlement and volatility of interest rates. These results suggest that dealers in the sterling FRA market do not price convexity into quotes on FRA contracts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:617–633, 2008
The valuation of inflation‐indexed and FX convertible bonds
Authors: Landskroner Yoram , Raviv Alon
Published: May 2008

This paper derives a valuation model of inflation‐indexed convertible bonds that incorporates the firm's stock price, inflation indexing and the firm's credit risk. The pricing of inflation‐indexed convertible bonds traded on the Tel‐Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) was empirically tested by using a comprehensive database. The study is the first to empirically test the pricing of convertibles in emerging markets. It was found that the theoretical values for the bonds are, on average, 1.94% higher than the observed market prices. Unlike previous studies, it was found that the underpricing increases with the moneyness of the convertible. It was found that as the maturity lengthens, the underpricing increases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:634–655, 2008
Endogenous brain fluctuations and diagnostic imaging
Authors: Kiviniemi Vesa
Published: May 2008

Much of the rising health care costs in aging populations can be attributed to congenital disease and psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Early detection of changes related to these diseases can promote the development of new therapeutic strategies and effective treatments. Changes in tissue, such as damage resulting from continued functional abnormality, often exhibit a time‐delay before detection is possible. Methods for detecting functional alterations in endogenous brain fluctuations allow for an early diagnosis before tissue damage occurs, enabling early treatment and a more likely positive outcome. A literature review and comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about endogenous brain fluctuations is presented here. Recent findings of the association between various pathological conditions and endogenous fluctuations are discussed. A particular emphasis is placed on research showing the relationship between clinical measures and pathological findings to the dynamics of endogenous fluctuations of the brain. Recent discoveries of methods for detecting abnormal functional connectivity are discussed and future research directions explored. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The power of spectral density analysis for mapping endogenous BOLD signal fluctuations
Authors: Duff Eugene P. , Johnston Leigh A. , Xiong Jinhu , Fox Peter T. , Mareels Iven , Egan Gary F.
Published: May 2008

FMRI has revealed the presence of correlated low‐frequency cerebro‐vascular oscillations within functional brain systems, which are thought to reflect an intrinsic feature of large‐scale neural activity. The spatial correlations shown by these fluctuations has been their identifying feature, distinguishing them from fluctuations associated with other processes. Major analysis methods characterize these correlations, identifying networks and their interactions with various factors. However, other analysis approaches are required to fully characterize the regional signal dynamics contributing to these correlations between regions. In this study we show that analysis of the power spectral density (PSD) of regional signals can identify changes in oscillatory dynamics across conditions, and is able to characterize the nature and spatial extent of signal changes underlying changes in measures of connectivity. We analyzed spectral density changes in sessions consisting of both resting‐state scans and scans recording 2 min blocks of continuous unilateral finger tapping and rest. We assessed the relationship of PSD and connectivity measures by additionally tracking correlations between selected motor regions. Spectral density gradually increased in gray and white matter during the experiment. Finger tapping produced widespread decreases in low‐frequency spectral density. This change was symmetric across the cortex, and extended beyond both the lateralized task‐related signal increases, and the established “resting‐state” motor network. Correlations between motor regions also reduced with task performance. In conclusion, analysis of PSD is a sensitive method for detecting and characterizing BOLD signal oscillations that can enhance the analysis of network connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural killer T cell dysfunction in CD39-null mice protects against concanavalin A–induced hepatitis
Authors: Beldi Guido , Wu Yan , Banz Yara , Nowak Michael , Miller Lindsay , Enjyoji Keiichi , Haschemi Arvand , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Candinas Daniel , Exley Mark , Robson Simon C.
Published: May 2008

Concanavalin A (Con A)–induced injury is an established natural killer T (NKT) cell–mediated model of inflammation that has been used in studies of immune liver disease. Extracellular nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate, are released by Con A–stimulated cells and bind to specific purinergic type 2 receptors to modulate immune activation responses. Levels of extracellular nucleotides are in turn closely regulated by ectonucleotidases, such as CD39/NTPDase1. Effects of extracellular nucleotides and CD39 on NKT cell activation and upon hepatic inflammation have been largely unexplored to date. Here, we show that NKT cells express both CD39 and CD73/ecto-5′-nucleotidase and can therefore generate adenosine from extracellular nucleotides, whereas natural killer cells do not express CD73. In vivo, mice null for CD39 are protected from Con A–induced liver injury and show substantively lower serum levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ when compared with matched wild-type mice. Numbers of hepatic NKT cells are significantly decreased in CD39 null mice after Con A administration. Hepatic NKT cells express most P2X and P2Y receptors; exceptions include P2X3 and P2Y11. Heightened levels of apoptosis of CD39 null NKT cells in vivo and in vitro appear to be driven by unimpeded activation of the P2X7 receptor.

Conclusion:

CD39 and CD73 are novel phenotypic markers of NKT cells. Deletion of CD39 modulates nucleotide-mediated cytokine production by, and limits apoptosis of, hepatic NKT cells providing protection against Con A–induced hepatitis. This study illustrates a further role for purinergic signaling in NKT-mediated mechanisms that result in liver immune injury. (Hepatology 2008.)
Prenatal ultrasonographic features of Joubert syndrome
Authors: Aslan Halil , Gungorduk Kemal , Yildirim Gokhan , Olgac Yusuf , Ceylan Yavuz
Published: May 2008

We describe the prenatal imaging of 2 fetuses at risk for Joubert syndrome (JS). In the first case, the mother, who had previously given birth to a child with JS, was referred to our hospital at 17 weeks' gestation. The prenatal diagnosis of JS complicated with an encephalocele was made. In the second case, the mother had previously given birth to 2 children with JS. A diagnosis of JS complicated with postaxial polydactyly of the right foot was made. In both cases, the pregnancy was terminated following genetic counseling. Postmortem examinations confirmed the diagnosis of JS. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Sonographic findings of necrotizing fasciitis in the breast
Authors: Hanif Muhammad A. , Bradley Michael J.
Published: May 2008

Necrotizsing fasciitis is a rapidly developing, fatal bacterial infection of deep subcutaneous tissues. It may occur at any site in the body. We describe a case of necrotizing fasciitis in the breast that was diagnosed on the basis of sonographic findings. Sonographic examination revealed fluid collection in deep tissues with bright echoes likely to represent gas microbubbles. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was subsequently confirmed on surgical exploration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Thickness measurements with electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Iakoubovskii K. , Mitsuishi K. , Nakayama Y. , Furuya K.
Published: May 2008

Measurements of thickness using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are revised. Absolute thickness values can be quickly and accurately determined with the Kramers‐Kronig sum method. The EELS data analysis is even much easier with the log‐ratio method, however, absolute calibration of this method requires knowledge of the mean free path of inelastic electron scattering λ. The latter has been measured here in a wide range of solids and a scaling law λ ∼ ρ−0.3 versus mass density ρ has been revealed. EELS measurements critically depend on the excitation and collection angles. This dependence has been studied experimentally and theoretically and an efficient model has been formulated. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐ray imaging of various biological samples using a phase‐contrast hard X‐ray microscope
Authors: Kim Guk Bae , Yoon Yae Jin , Shin Tae Joo , Youn Hwa Shik , Gho Yong Song , Lee Sang Joon
Published: May 2008

In this study, we visualized the internal structures of various bio‐samples and found the optimum conditions of test samples for the 7 keV hard X‐ray microscope of the Pohang light source. From the captured X‐ray images, we could observe the intercellular and intracellular structures of dehydrated human cells and mouse tumor tissues without using any staining materials in a spatial resolution better than 100 nm. The metastasized lung tissue, which was several tens of micrometers in thickness, was found to be very well suited to this hard X‐ray microscope system, because it is nearly impossible to observe such a nontransparent and thick sample with a high spatial resolution better than 100 nm using any microscopes such as a soft X‐ray microscope, an optical microscope, or an electron microscope. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of autoimmune ovarian disease by co‐administration with mouse zona pellucida protein 3 and DNA vaccine through induction of adaptive regulatory T cells
Authors: Li Jinyao , Jin Huali , Zhang Fuchun , Du Xiaogang , Zhao Gan , Yu Yang , Wang Bin
Published: May 2008

Background

Autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) caused by auto‐reactive T cells is considered a major reason for human premature ovarian failure, which affects 5% of women worldwide.

Methods and Results

To develop an effective treatment for AOD, we showed that the co‐administration of mouse zona pellucida protein 3 (mZP3) protein and DNA vaccine encoding the mZP3 was able to meliorate AOD in an AOD murine model induced by the mZP3. We observed that established AOD in mice reverted to a normal ovarian morphology without notable T‐cell infiltration in the co‐administrated group; whereas mice in the control groups developed severe AOD. The amelioration appears to be antigen specific because other co‐administration combinations failed to reverse AOD and correlates with significant reductions of pathogenic T‐cell responses and productions of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ. Furthermore, the melioration is apparently associated with the induction of mZP3 specific regulatory T cells that exhibit a phenotypic CD4+CD25−FoxP3+IL‐10+ in the co‐administrated group, which can be transferred to reverse AOD in vivo.

Conclusions

Thus, co‐administration of mZP3 DNA and protein vaccines can be used to treat established AOD, and may provide a novel immunotherapy strategy to treat other autoimmune diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene delivery of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase prolongs cardiac allograft survival by shaping the types of T‐cell responses
Authors: Yu Guang , Dai Hong , Chen Jie , Duan Lihua , Gong Min , Liu Li , Xiong Ping , Wang Cong‐Yi , Fang Min , Gong Feili
Published: May 2008

Background

We investigated the hypothesis that overexpression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) by a cardiac allograft may result in a survival advantage of the allograft by creating a tolerogenic microenvironment.

Methods

An adenoviral vector encoding for murine IDO cDNA (AdIDO) was transfected into murine allogeneic cardiac allografts, and transplantation was performed for evaluation of the effects of local AdIDO transfection on allograft survival. Intragraft IDO expression and lymphocytes infiltration were measured by immunohistochemical and histological analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays, mixed lymphocyte reaction and flow cytometric analysis were employed to determine the expression of mRNA for Foxp3, IDO, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, allogeneic T‐cell proliferation and the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from graft‐infiltrating lymphocytes and splenocytes of recipients, respectively.

Results

Cardiac allografts transfected with AdIDO showed a significant prolonged survival compared to the control groups. Hearts treated with AdIDO exhibited considerable up‐regulation of IDO expression, whereas contained significantly reduced transcript levels for interleukin (IL)‐2, interferon‐γ and IL‐17. These T cells isolated from allografts pre‐treated with AdIDO displayed a dramatic reduction of proliferation capacity to alloantigen stimuli and had a significant higher proportion of Tregs compared to the control, as demonstrated by an increase of Foxp3 expression in allografts pre‐treated with AdIDO compared to control groups.

Conclusions

Overexpression of IDO significantly delays cardiac allograft acute rejection by shaping the types of T‐cell responses elicited by alloantigen stimuli. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of gene therapy using CTLA4Ig/silica‐nanoparticles on canine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Choi Eun Wha , Shin Il Seob , Lee Chang Woo , Youn Hwa Young
Published: May 2008

Background

The present study aimed to determine the effect of canine CTLA4Ig on canine autoimmune thyroiditis. In a previous study, we established a canine model of autoimmune thyroiditis by immunizing normal dogs with bovine thyroglobulin. An in vitro study using recombinant CTLA4Ig revealed that this protein can inhibit the expression of Th1‐type cytokines and the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tested.

Methods

As a result of the in vitro study, we constructed therapeutic CTLA4Ig/silica‐nanoparticles and applied them to the treatment of experimentally induced canine autoimmune thyroiditis.

Results

Gene therapy resulted in significant reductions in anti‐canine‐thyroglobulin autoantibody titer, anti‐T4 antibody titer and T‐cell proliferation against thyroglobulin and in the mRNA expressions of interleukin‐18 in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from all dogs. There was also a significant reduction compared to day 0 in tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ levels in the supernatant from cultured PBMC.

Conclusions

The CTLA4Ig‐induced suppression of Th1 cytokines is relatively more significant than it appears because autoimmune thyroiditis is a Th1‐polarized disease. Thus, CTLA4Ig can improve Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in autoimmune thyroiditis by downregulating Th1 cytokines. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of iron‐gall inks with near‐infrared Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Lee Alana S. , Otieno‐Alego Vincent , Creagh Dudley C.
Published: May 2008

The identification of iron‐gall inks on a number of 18th, 19th, and 20th century documents and a 12th century manuscript has been conducted using near‐infrared Raman microspectroscopy. These historic iron‐gall inks were found to display characteristic Raman bands generally occurring around 1475 cm−1, between 1310 and 1350 cm−1 (variable), 490–640 cm−1 (combined broad band), and 400 cm−1. These bands have promise as analytical spectroscopic markers for in situ non‐destructive Raman identification of iron‐gall ink on historic collections and were in good agreement with Raman data collected for laboratory‐prepared iron‐gall ink complexes and inks prepared following traditional iron‐gall ink recipes. All historic ink spectra contained a fluorescent background, the degree of which varied between samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the schmiederite Pb2Cu2[(OH)4|SeO3|SeO4]
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Keeffe Eloise C.
Published: May 2008

Raman spectroscopy lends itself to the studies of selenites, selenates, tellurites and tellurates as well as related minerals. The mineral schmiederite Pb2Cu2[(OH)4|SeO3|SeO4], is interesting, in that, both selenite and selenate anions occur in the structure. Raman bands of schmiederite at 1095 and 934 cm−1 are assigned to the symmetric and antisymmetric mode of the (SeO4)2− anions. For selenites, the symmetric stretching mode occurs at a higher position than the antisymmetric stretching mode, as is evidenced in the Raman spectrum of schmiederite. The band at 834 cm−1 is assigned to the symmetric (SeO3)2− units. The two bands at 764 and 739 cm−1 are attributed to the antisymmetric (SeO3)2− units. An intense, sharp band at 398 cm−1 is assigned to the ν2 bending mode. The two bands at 1576 and 1604 cm−1 are assigned to the deformation modes of the OH units. The observation of multiple OH bands supports the concept of a much distorted structure. This is based upon the four OH units coordinating the copper in a square planar structure. A single symmetric Raman band is observed at 3428 cm−1 and is assigned to the symmetric stretching mode of the OH units. The observation of multiple infrared OH stretching bands supports the concept of non‐equivalent OH units in the schmiederite structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative studies of solid‐state synthesized poly(o‐methoxyaniline) and poly (o‐toluidine)
Authors: Jamal Ruxangul , Abdiryim Tursun , Nurulla Ismayil
Published: May 2008

Poly(o‐methoxyaniline) (POMA) and poly(o‐toluidine) (POT) salts doped with different acids (methanesulphonic acid (MeSA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and hydrochloric acid (HCl)) were synthesized by using solid‐state polymerization method. The polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and conductivity measurements. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was done to study the morphologies of POMA and POT salts. The FTIR and UV‐Vis absorption spectra revealed that the reduced phase was predominant in POMA salts, and the pernigraniline phase was predominant in POT salts. It was found that POMA salts displayed higher doping level and conductivity. In contrast, POT salts were lower at doping levels and conductivity. In accordance with these results, the electrochemical activity was also found to be lower in POT salts. The XRD patterns showed that the POMA salts displayed higher crystallinity than POT salts. The results from TEM revealed that the morphologies of POMA salts were different from those of POT salts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retardancy mechanisms of metal phosphinates and metal phosphinates in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass‐fiber reinforced poly(1,4‐butylene terephthalate): the influence of metal cation
Authors: Braun Ulrike , Bahr Horst , Sturm Heinz , Schartel Bernhard
Published: May 2008

The pyrolysis and fire behavior of glass‐fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT/GF) with two different metal phosphinates as flame retardants in combination with and without melamine cyanurate (MC) were analyzed by means of thermogravimetry, thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy, flammability, and cone calorimeter tests as well as scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In PBT/GF, dosages of 13–20% of the halogen‐free flame retardant aluminum phosphinate or aluminum phosphinate in combination with MC fulfill the requirements for electrical engineering and electronics applications (UL 94 = V‐0; LOI > 42%), whereas the use of the same amount of zinc phosphinate or zinc phosphinate in combination with MC does not improve the fire behavior satisfactorily (UL 94 = HB; LOI = 27–28%). The performance under forced flaming conditions (cone calorimeter) is quite similar for both of the metal phosphinates. The use of aluminum and zinc salts results in similar flame inhibition predominantly due to the release of the phosphinate compounds in the gas phase. Both metal phosphinates and MC interact with the polymer changing the decomposition characteristics. However, part of the zinc phosphinate vaporizes as a complete molecule. Because of the different decomposition behavior of the metal salts, only the aluminum phosphinate results in a small amount of thermally stable carbonaceous char. In particular, the aluminum phosphinate‐terephthalate formed is more stable than the zinc phosphinate‐terephthalate. The small amount of char has a crucial effect on the thermal properties and mechanical stability of the residue and thus the flammability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormalities in glucose tolerance are common in children with fanconi anemia and associated with impaired insulin secretion
Authors: Elder Deborah A. , D'Alessio David A. , Eyal Ori , Mueller Robin , Smith Franklin O. , Kansra Alvina R. , Rose Susan R.
Published: May 2008

Background

To determine prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in Fanconi Anemia (FA).

Procedure

Thirty‐nine children with FA underwent 2‐hr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Reference lean adolescents (REF) were older than FA patients (mean ± SD: FA 8.6 ± 3.9 years, REF 19.8 ± 0.3 years, P < 0.001), but comparable in BMI Z‐scores (FA 1.25 ± 0.58, REF −0.02 ± 0.24; P = 0.24). Patients had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM) by American Diabetes Association Criteria. Insulinogenic index estimated β‐cell function. Insulin resistance estimation used homeostatic model assessment (HOMA‐IR). Insulin secretion estimation relative to insulin sensitivity used disposition index (DI).

Results

Among FA patients, 46% had AGM. Compared to REF, there were significant differences in glycemic responses (area under curve: FA‐NGT 344 ± 42, FA‐AGM 596 ± 35, REF 208 ± 25 mM, P < 0.0001) and insulinogenic index (FA‐NGT 105 ± 29, FA‐AGM 44 ± 8, and REF 173 ± 41 pM/mM, P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity did not differ among NGT, AGM, and REF (HOMA‐IR: FA‐NGT 1.9 ± 0.4, FA‐AGM 2.2 ± 0.5, REF 1.3 ± 0.2, P = NS). However, DI was significantly lower in both FA groups than REF [NGT 63.6 ± 16.5 vs. AGM 26.4 ± 3.5 (P < 0.048); REF 132.6 ± 24.5 (NGT and AGM vs. REF, both P < 0.0002)].

Conclusion

Abnormalities in glucose metabolism are frequent in young FA patients without prior diagnosis of diabetes, and are associated with marked defects in insulin secretion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:256–260. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The comparison of outcome and cost of three protocols for childhood non‐high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China
Authors: Luo Xue‐Qun , Ke Zhi‐Yong , Guan Xiao‐Qing , Zhang Ying‐Chuang , Huang Li‐Bin , Zhu Jia
Published: May 2008

Objective

To compare the outcome and treatment cost of three protocols for childhood non‐high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and evaluate the feasibility of less intensive treatment protocol for low income families.

Methods

Two hundred forty‐three children were newly diagnosed ALL in a university hospital from May 1999 to August 2006. Three protocols were offered to the patients: China‐98 protocol, or modified ALLIC BFM2002 protocol, or an in‐house Reduced Intensity Protocol (or also known as Economic Protocol).

Results

Among 243 patients, 19 abandoned treatment, 3 transferred to other hospitals, 48 were high‐risk and were treated with the high risk protocol, and 4 had mature B‐ALL. A total of 169 cases were enrolled on non‐high risk protocols: 46 treated on China‐98 protocol, 73 on modified ALLIC BFM2002 and 50 from low income families on Economic Protocol. The event‐free survival (EFS) at 4 years was 80.4% (95%CI, 68.8–92.2%), 83.5% (95%CI, 73.5–93.5%), and 72.8% (95%CI, 59.3–86.3%) for China‐98 protocol, modified ALLIC BFM2002, and Economic Protocol respectively. The hospitalization costs (range and median) were significantly different between protocols: US$ 8,700–25,500 (12,500), US$ 6,900–16,400 (9,900), US$ 3,100–6,800 (4,300) for China‐98 protocol, modified ALLIC BFM2002, and Economic Protocol respectively.

Conclusion

This report from China has systematically reviewed the outcome and costs of protocols for ALL having different dose intensity. The reduced intensity protocol appears to achieve reasonable EFS (72.8% at 4 years) for non‐high risk ALL at a much lower cost. This is especially important for low income families in developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:204–209. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristic photocurrents in InGaN epitaxial layers coherently grown on GaN: a photovoltaic detector for 400 nm band
Authors: Ohsawa Jun , Kozawa Takahiro , Ishiguro Osamu , Kachi Tetsu
Published: May 2008

Detailed bias dependences of the dark and photo currents are described for InGaN layers on n‐GaN/sapphire structures. InGaN layers of 20 nm thick and 30 nm thick are compared. Psuedomorphic growth was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Piezoelectric field in these thin layers is quite effective in controlling the characteristics of GaN Schottky diodes. This effect combined with a back‐incidence configuration was successfully used to realize a photovoltaic detector, which has a practical responsivity and a sufficiently low dark current with a large detecting area. Using a circular Schottky electrode of 1 mm diameter, the 30 nm thick device gave a responsivity of 0.1 A/W at zero bias condition with sharp cutoffs at the wavelengths of 365 nm and 425 nm. Optical transmittance measurements revealed that the strained layer has a large absorption coefficient on the order of 105 cm–1. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variable range hopping in oxygen‐exposed single‐wall carbon nanotube networks
Authors: Morgan C. , Alemipour Z. , Baxendale M.
Published: May 2008

It is shown that the dominant conduction mechanism in single‐wall carbon nanotube networks at room temperature is variable range hopping. Thin networks follow a variable range hopping law throughout the temperature range 4 K < T < 300 K, thick networks display variable range hopping characteristics in the range 50 K < T < 300 K, with deviation to Bloch–Grüneisen behaviour at lower temperatures. The adsorption state of these materials is shown to determine the sign of change in conductance upon subsequent exposure to oxygen. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of the magnetic anisotropy in the magnetocaloric effect for a superparamagnetic nanoparticle system: a Monte Carlo study
Authors: Baldomir D. , Serantes D. , Pereiro M. , Rivas J. , Vázquez‐Vázquez C. , Buján‐Núñez M. C. , Arias J. E.
Published: May 2008

The magnetocaloric properties of a fine magnetic particle system are studied by means of a Monte Carlo technique, focusing on the role played by the magnetic anisotropy. By varying the anisotropy of the particles, keeping fixed their size and magnetization, we have found that for a fixed concentration the entropy grows for smaller values of the anisotropy. It is also observed that, when comparing different concentrations, the entropy change for low anisotropy is larger at low concentrations, while for high anisotropy it follows the opposite trend. It is also observed that the blocking temperature increases with increasing values of the anisotropy, as it is expected with the enhancement of the anisotropy energy barriers of the particles. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of biological condition below hydropower dams on west slope Sierra Nevada streams, California, USA
Authors: Rehn Andrew C.
Published: May 2008

Over 50 hydropower dams in California will undergo relicensing by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in the next 15 years. An interpretive framework for biological data collected by relicensing studies is lacking. This study developed a multi‐metric index of biotic integrity (IBI) to assess biological condition below hydropower diversion dams on west slope Sierra Nevada streams based on benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Ten streams were sampled above the upstream influence of peak reservoir storage and at five downstream sites sequentially spaced 500 m apart. Reference conditions were defined by screening upstream study sites and 77 other regional streams using quantitative GIS land use analysis, reach‐scale physical habitat (PHAB) data and water chemistry data. Eighty‐two metrics were evaluated for inclusion in the IBI based on three criteria: (1) good discrimination between reference and first downstream sites with some indication of recovery over the distance sampled; (2) sufficient range for scoring; (3) minimal correlation with other discriminating metrics. The IBI showed good discrimination between reference and downstream sites with partial recovery as distance downstream increased, and was validated with an independent dataset. Individual metrics, IBI scores and multivariate ordination axes were poorly correlated with PHAB variables across sites. When only reference and first downstream sites were evaluated, decreased IBI scores were related to lower habitat variability and substrate coarsening below dams. Lower IBI scores below dams were most strongly associated with altered hydrologic regime, especially non‐fluctuating flows as defined by the flow constancy/predictability index. Flow restoration experiments would be valuable in developing management actions that achieve a sustainable balance between conflicting human and ecological needs for freshwater. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The order of the largest complete minor in a random graph
Authors: Fountoulakis Nikolaos , Kühn Daniela , Osthus Deryk
Published: May 2008

Let ccl(G) denote the order of the largest complete minor in a graph G (also called the contraction clique number) and let Gn,p denote a random graph on n vertices with edge probability p. Bollobás, Catlin, and Erdős (Eur J Combin 1 (1980), 195–199) asymptotically determined ccl(Gn,p) when p is a constant. Łuczak, Pittel and Wierman (Trans Am Math Soc 341 (1994) 721–748) gave bounds on ccl(Gn,p) when p is very close to 1/n, i.e. inside the phase transition. We show that for every ε > 0 there exists a constant C such that whenever C/n < p < 1 ‐ ε then asymptotically almost surely ccl(Gn,p) = (1 ± ε)n/
$ \sqrt{\rm {log}_{b}(np)} $, where b := 1/(1 ‐ p). If p = C/n for a constant C > 1, then ccl(Gn,p) = Θ($ \sqrt{n} $). This extends the results in (Bollobás, Catlin, and P. Erdős, Eur J Combin 1 (1980), 195–199) and answers a question of Krivelevich and Sudakov (preprint, 2006). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Reinforcement of rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Faruk Omar , Matuana Laurent M.
Published: May 2008

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) were compounded with PVC by a melt blending process based on fusion behaviors of PVC. The effects of CNT content on the flexural and tensile properies of the PVC/CNT composites were evaluated in order to optimize the CNT content. The optimized CNT‐reinforced PVC was used as a matrix in the manufacture of wood‐plastic composites. Flexural, electrical, and thermal properties of the PVC/wood‐flour composites were evaluated as a function of matrix type (nonreinforced vs. CNT‐reinforced). The experimental results indicated that rigid PVC/wood‐flour composites with properties similar to those of solid wood can be made by using CNT‐reinforced PVC as a matrix. The CNT‐reinforced PVC did not influence the electrical and thermal conductivity of the PVC/wood‐flour composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Analysis of thermally abused soybean oils for cyclic monomers
Authors: Meltzer J. B. , Frankel E. N. , Bessler T. R. , Perkins E. G.
Published: May 2008

Cyclic monomers derived from the intramolecular condensation of the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to elicit toxic responses when fed to laboratory animals at low dietary levels. This study was undertaken to quantitate the cyclic monomers formed by thermal oxidation induced during deep fat frying to assess the potential toxicity of commonly used vegetable oils. Two separate experiments were designed to study the effects of unsaturation and both intermittent and continuous heating on cyclic monomer formation. Both lightly hydrogenated soybean oil (iodine value [IV]=107) and refined, bleached and deodorized soybean oil were studied. The heated oil sustained substantial chemical and physical alterations, as indicated by IV decreases from 10–15 units, increases in free fatty acids of 5–10‐fold and in noneluted material of 18–21%. Selected samples were completely hydrogenated and analyzed for cyclic monomers by gas chromatography. Under chromatographic conditions sufficiently sensitive to detect a cyclic monomer standard at less than 0.5% by weight, no cyclic monomers were detected in any of the heated oil samples. However, after concentration by low temperature crystallization of the hydrogenated samples to remove a major portion of the saturated components interfering in cyclic monomer resolution, about 0.3–0.6% cyclic acids, as well as 0.4–0.9% polar materials, were detected in the heated soybean oils. Components appearing in the gas chromatogram with the same retention time as those in a cyclic monomer standard were further identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as disubstituted cyclic C‐18 acids.
Nickel‐catalyzed hydrogenation of soybean oil: I. Kinetic, equilibrium and mass transfer determinations
Authors: Susu Alfred A. , Ogunye A. F.
Published: May 2008

The kinetic and equilibrium constants were determined for the hydrogenation of soybean oil on a commercial nickel catalyst in a 300‐ml Parr batch reactor. These constants were used to calculate the hydrogen gas absorption coefficients by coupling mass transfer with reaction rate based on a Langmuir Hinshelwood model. The activation energy for the rate‐determining step was 23 kcal/g mol whereas the adsorption energy for hydrogen was −12.5 kcal/g mol. The gas absorption coefficients varied between 0.3 to 0.7 min−1 as the temperature ranged between 140–180 C.
Investigations on the conditions for hydrogenation of fatty oils with polymer anchored pd‐phosphine complexes
Authors: Andersson C. , Larsson R.
Published: May 2008

Palladium chloride has been anchored to phosphinated, cross‐linked polystyrene by substitution of the pyridine ligand in Cl2Pd‐(NC5H5)2with the polymeric phosphine. By analytical and infrared studies of the prepared catalyst, it has been shown that the main species formed in the matrix is the half‐substituted complex Cl2Pd‐(NC5H5)P‐PS (P‐PS=polymeric benzyldiphenylphosphine). This polymer‐bound palladium complex has been tested together with two other preparations, both of which are bisphosphine complexes, as catalysts for hydrogenation of soybean oil. The results show that the presence of the mixed phosphine‐pyridine complex is necessary for catalytic activity under ambient conditions. The monoene fraction of the oil is hydrogenated very slowly, but the polyene fraction is reduced quickly. Relatively large amounts oftrans‐isomers are formed, however, in the reaction. It has been noted that the activation of the catalyst is coupled to a release of pyridine from the catalyst. It is proposed that after the release of pyridine, further reactions take place inside the polymer which cause the catalyst to be active under mild conditions.
Rapeseed meal in animal nutrition: II. Nonruminant animals
Authors: Clandinin D. R. , Robblee A. R.
Published: May 2008

On the basis of our present knowledge regarding the use of rapeseed meal in rations for swine and poultry, it would appear that the usage levels for high glucosinolate and low glucosinolate rapeseed meals discussed in this paper should give excellent results in terms of performance.
Racial Bloc Voting and Political Mobilization in South Carolina
Authors: Loewen James W.
Published: May 2008

Over the last quarter century, major changes in Southern social structure have been accompanied by more positive white attitudes on racial issues. Has voting behavior reflected these changes? The question has important consequences. The degree of racial bloc voting and political mobilization often determines outcomes not only of elections but also of voting rights lawsuits. Data from 130 black/white elections in South Carolina were used to determine rates of racial polarization and mobilization. Bloc voting remained high. Other variables had little explanatory power. Some secondary factors helped explain variations in the generally high levels of polarization by race.
Political Instability and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Recent Evidence
Authors: Mbaku John M.
Published: May 2008

Political instability has become endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa. Since the early 1960s, when most of the African countries began to achieve independence, more than fifty coups have taken place in the continent. This rise in political decay has significantly affected economic development. This study examines the relationship between elite political instability and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes that lack of political stability has contributed significantly to economic stagnation in the continent of Africa.
Licochalcone A inhibits the formation and bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts
Authors: Kim Soon Nam , Kim Myung Hee , Min Yong Ki , Kim Seong Hwan
Published: May 2008

Licochalcone A on the formation and bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts up to 5 μM significantly inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL)‐induced activity of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and formation of osteoclasts without any effect on cell viability. Interestingly, licochalcone A was shown to inhibit the RANKL‐induced activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, translocation of NF‐κB into nucleus and mRNA expression of Fra‐2. Licochalcone A also inhibited the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts and the expression of bone resorption‐related genes. Inhibitory effects of licochalcone A on the formation and bone resorptive activity of mouse bone marrow macrophage‐derived osteoclasts were also observed. In conclusion, licochalcone A has the potential to inhibit the formation of osteoclasts as well as the bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts.
Effects of small interfering RNAs targeting MAPK1 on gene expression profile in HeLa cells as revealed by microarray analysis
Authors: Huang Chen , Liu Li‐Ying , Li Zong‐Fang , Wang Pei , Ni Lei , Song Li‐Ping , Xu De‐Hui , Song Tu‐Sheng
Published: May 2008

The mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling cascade plays an important role in cell life. We proved that small interfering RNAs targeting MAPK1 (siRNA‐2) could inhibit HeLa cell growth, but the effects of siRNA‐2 on gene expression profile were unclear. Using Affymetrix GeneChip HG‐U133A 2.0, we identified the long‐term changes for 48 h in gene expression profile in HeLa cell treated by siRNA‐2. The results showed that expressions of 181 genes were altered by siRNA‐2 and were divided into two groups: (i) one group showed downregulation by siRNA‐2, including the proliferation associated genes, small G protein, cytoskeleton associated protein and extracellular matrix associated protein; and (ii) the other group showed upregulation by siRNA‐2, including interferon response genes, OAS family, TRIM family and apoptosis associated genes. The results of Real‐time quantitative PCR for MAPK1, NUP188, P38, STAT1, STAT2, MPL and OAS1 were consistent with that of gene chip. Two networks were found to react substantially to the downregulation of MAPK1 by siRNA‐2. One of the networks regulates cell growth through cell‐cycle control, apoptosis and cytoskeleton. The other network is related to interferon‐like response. Our findings suggest that siRNA‐mediated downregulation of MAPK1 could be an attractive strategy for cancer therapy.
Interhemispheric compensation: A hypothesis of TMS-induced effects on language-related areas
Authors: Andoh Jamila , Martinot Jean-Luc
Published: May 2008

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied over brain regions responsible for language processing is used to curtail potentially auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia patients and to investigate the functional organisation of language-related areas. Variability of effects is, however, marked across studies and between subjects. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of rTMS are poorly understood.

Here, we reviewed different factors related to the structural and functional organisation of the brain that might influence rTMS-induced effects. Then, by analogy with aphasia studies, and the plastic-adaptive changes in both the left and right hemispheres following aphasia recovery, a hypothesis is proposed about rTMS mechanisms over language-related areas (e.g. Wernicke, Broca). We proposed that the local interference induced by rTMS in language-related areas might be analogous to aphasic stroke and might lead to a functional reorganisation in areas connected to the virtual lesion for language recovery.