bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early postembryonic to mature ontogeny of the oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis from the lower Cambrian (Series 2) of southern China
Authors: Hou Jin‐Bo , Hughes Nigel C. , Lan Tian , Yang Jie , Zhang Xi‐Guang
Published: July 2015

Many well‐preserved, articulated exoskeletons recovered from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Mingxinsi Formation in Weng'an, Guizhou Province, southern China, permit reconstruction of the early postembryonic to mature (i.e. protaspid to holaspid) ontogeny of the small oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis Chow. It is likely that the type material is a latest stage meraspis, and the species had nine thoracic segments in the holaspid phase rather than the eight suggested previously. The earliest holaspis is relatively small in size (about 3.00 mm in total length), and the succeeding instars show little size‐related shape change. Striking changes take place in the morphology of the glabella during early ontogeny including forward extension of the axial furrows until they reach the anterior cephalic margin in meraspid degree 0iii, and narrowing of the glabellar mid‐region. This is the first noneodiscid trilobite to show three developmental stages within meraspid degree 0. Documentation of ontogenetic changes demonstrates that both Duodingia hubeiensis and D. taihuensis are junior synonyms of D. duodingensis because they bear characters of particular ontogenetic stages of their senior synonym. The per‐moult growth increment in D. duodingensis was apparently small in this small trilobite. The development of trunk segmentation during the meraspid phase is apparently more complex than in many other trilobites and could include multiple moults within individual meraspid degrees, intraspecific polymorphism in the pattern of segment release, or phenotypic variation among the population in the degree of segment expression. Fluctuations between accumulative moults, in which segments are added to the meraspid pygidium, and depletive moults, in which segments are released into the thorax, if confirmed, would suggest tight coordination between these different aspects of trunk segment development.
Optical and structural properties of hydrophilic CdTe quantum dots in cationic starch polymeric matrix
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem Rezanejade , Hooshyar Zari , Dianatnejad Nastaran
Published: July 2015

In this work, water soluble CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were incorporated into a biopolymeric matrix of polyacrylamide grafted onto cationic starch (CS‐g‐PAAm) to enhance optical properties of QDs. To this aim, the effect of various factors such as AAm concentration, molar ratio of CS‐g‐PAAm/CdTe, reaction temperature and time on optical properties of obtained QDs were investigated via UV‐visible (UV–vis) and fluorescence spectra. Finally, the optimized QDs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo‐gravimetric (TG) analysis, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX).
Effect of native potato starch maltodextrins on stability and rheological properties of albumin foams
Authors: Pycia Karolina , Juszczak Lesław , Gałkowska Dorota
Published: July 2015

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of dextrose equivalent and concentration of potato maltodextrins on stability and rheological properties of egg albumin foams. It was found that maltodextrins can act as stabilising agents for aerated food systems. This characteristic of maltodextrin depends on its DE value and concentration. The foams containing 20 and 30 wt% of maltodextrin of DE 6 did not undergo destabilisation in time, contrary to the foams with maltodextrins of DE 11 and DE 16. All the foams showed viscoelastic properties with a domination of the elastic ones and they exhibited characteristics typical of a weak gel. The foams with maltodextrins were less susceptible to deformation as compared to the foam without maltodextrin. The susceptibility to deformation of the foams decreased with a decrease in the maltodextrin DE value and with an increase in the maltodextrin concentration.
Re: Impact on obstetric outcome of third‐trimester screening for small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses. R. Callec, C. Lamy, E. Perdriolle‐Galet, C. Patte, B. Heude and O. Morel. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 216–220
Authors: Alfirevic Z.
Published: July 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 216–220
Re: Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor and ultrasound parameters to predict the small‐for‐gestational‐age infant in women presenting with reduced symphysis–fundus height. M.Griffin, P. T.Seed, L.Webster, J.Myers, L.Mackillop, N.Simpson, D.Anumba, A.Khalil, M.Denbow, A.Sau, K.Hinshaw, P. von Dadelszen, S.Benton, J.Girling, C. W. G.Redman, L. C.Chappell and A. H.Shennan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 182–190
Authors: Figueras F.
Published: July 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 182–190
The climate of war: violence, warfare, and climatic reductionism
Authors: Livingstone David N.
Published: July 2015

National security agencies and other interested parties now often regard conflict as the inevitable consequence of climate change. This inclination to reduce war to the vicissitudes of climate is not new however. Here, I examine some of the earlier ways in which violence was attributed to climatic conditions, particularly in the United States, and trace links between these older advocates of climatic determinism and the recent writings of those insisting that climate change will usher in a grim world of chronic warfare. It ends by drawing attention to the writings of some critics who are troubled by the ease with which climatic reductionism is capturing the public imagination. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:437–444. doi: 10.1002/wcc.352

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Typed context awareness Ambient Calculus for pervasive applications
Authors: Pasqualin Douglas Pereira , Vizzotto Juliana Kaizer , Piveta Eduardo Kessler
Published: July 2015

The idea of pervasive computing is that information processing will become part of everyday life, and will be available everywhere, making computing so natural to the point of being
invisible
in the ambient. An important concept that arises with pervasive computing is
context awareness
. Context is any information that can be used to characterize an entity. Based on contextual information, applications can dynamically adapt themselves to the environments in which they operate. The Calculus of Context-aware Ambients (CCA) is an untyped formal language used to describe mobile and context-aware pervasive applications. The CCA extends the Ambient Calculus by providing new features, such as context-guarded action and process abstraction, allowing to model contexts and context-aware computations. In this work, we define a type system for the CCA, called
CCA

T

, with the focus in the communication between processes and in the correct use of process abstraction and contexts, extending previous works on the definition of type systems for mobile computing. Moreover, we prove that the proposed type system has the subject reduction property (or type preservation). We also model a hospital scenario using
CCA

T

to demonstrate the use of the proposed type system.
Rates of decomposition and nutrient release of herbivore inputs are driven by habitat microsite characteristics
Authors: Guernsey Noelle C. , Lohse Kathleen A. , Bowyer R. Terry
Published: July 2015

Ungulates use habitat with differential microclimate characteristics; therefore, fecal inputs to a particular habitat may result in vastly different rates of decomposition and nutrient release. We tested this hypothesis and conducted a 1‐year decomposition experiment where we deployed fecal samples from Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) and subsequently measured loss of fecal mass, nutrient release captured with resin bags, and associated consequences for nitrogen (N) cycling in soils. The microhabitat type in which fecal samples were deployed influenced rates of decomposition observed; samples experienced faster rates of decomposition in a riparian habitat type than a conifer site. Cumulative nutrient losses as nitrate (NO3−) measured with anion and cation exchange resin bags were significantly higher in the conifer site (0.08 g N/feces) than the riparian site (0.02 g N/feces), whereas ammonium (NH4+) losses, though higher than nitrate losses, were not significantly different between the riparian site (0.40 g N/feces) and the conifer site (0.26 g N/feces) after 1‐year. Concentrations of soil NH4+and NO3−beneath the fecal samples in the riparian site were significantly higher relative to control soils after 1 year, but no differences were detected in the conifer site. Cumulatively, our findings supported our hypothesis that fecal deposition by large herbivores can strongly influence nutrient releases to the ecosystem through the decomposition of fecal matter. Such nutrient additions may have direct effects on N cycling in soil and provide valuable inputs that are available for plant uptake and subsequent growth.
Childhood Risk of Parental Absence in Tanzania
Authors: Gaydosh Lauren
Published: July 2015

Although parents might not live with their children for a variety of reasons, existing accounts of parental absence often examine one cause in isolation. Using detailed longitudinal demographic surveillance data from Rufiji, Tanzania, this article examines parental absence due to death, migration, child relocation, union dissolution, and union formation from 2001–2011. Employing survival analysis, the article quantifies children’s risk of absence by cause and investigates sociodemographic variation in this risk. Of children born into two-parent households, 25 % experience maternal absence by age 10, and 40 % experience paternal absence by the same age. Roughly one-quarter of children are born into single-mother families with an absent father at birth, and nearly 70 % of these children experience maternal absence as well by age 10. Despite the emphasis on orphanhood in the research and policy communities, parental death is the least common cause of absence. Furthermore, although demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are strong predictors of absence, variation in these relationships across causes underscores the distinctiveness and similarity of different reasons for absence.
Clinical Issues‐August 2015
Authors: Ogg Mary J.
Published: July 2015

This Month

Contraindications to lipid emulsion therapy

Key words: lipid emulsion therapy, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, LAST, local anesthetics, toxicity.

Integrating a music program into the perioperative setting

Key words: music, music therapy, pain, anxiety.

Exposure control plans in the OR

Key words: exposure control plan, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, sharps safety, exposure, sharps selection and evaluation.
The Weight Is Over: RN First Assisting Techniques for Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Wentzell Joanne , Neff Marc
Published: July 2015

Obesity‐related laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a common yet technically challenging bariatric procedure that requires specialized surgical knowledge and training for OR personnel. Critical components of care include an effective preoperative assessment, positioning of the patient, and operation and maintenance of laparoscopic equipment and instrumentation. The purpose of this article is to explain the steps of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and illustrate principles and surgical techniques for the RN who is first assisting during the procedure. Also provided is a perioperative nursing care plan for the patient undergoing bariatric surgery, to aid perioperative nurses in understanding the sequence of events and special considerations for this patient population.
Comparing New‐Technology Passive Warming Versus Traditional Passive Warming Methods for Optimizing Perioperative Body Core Temperature
Authors: Bender Miriam , Self Beverly , Schroeder Ellen , Giap Brandon
Published: July 2015

Hypothermia puts surgical patients at risk for adverse outcomes. Traditional passive warming methods are mostly ineffective in reducing hypothermia. New‐technology passive warming holds promise as an effective method for promoting and sustaining normothermia throughout surgery. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the effectiveness of new‐technology passive warming with traditional methods. We measured core body temperature at anesthesia induction and at the end of surgery for patients undergoing robotic‐assisted prostatectomy/hysterectomy in the lithotomy position who received either new‐technology passive warming (n = 30) or traditional linens and gel pads (n = 35). The traditionally warmed cohort had no change in temperature (35.9° C ± 0.6° C presurgery vs 35.9° C ± 0.7° C postsurgery; t = 0.47; P = .66). The intervention cohort showed a significant increase in temperature (35.75° C ± 0.52° C presurgery vs 36.30° C ± 0.53° C postsurgery; t = 4.64; P < .001). A repeated‐measure analysis of variance adjusting for surgery duration and fluid administration confirmed the significance (F = 17.254; P < .001), suggesting that new‐technology passive warming may effectively complement active warming to reduce perioperative hypothermia.
Winning the War on Surgical Site Infection: Evidence‐Based Preoperative Interventions for Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: McDonald Lisa T. , Clark Alexander Martin , Landauer Alexander K. , Kuxhaus Laurel
Published: July 2015

Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common cause of expensive and debilitating revision surgeries. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement has introduced a three‐intervention package, titled Project JOINTS, which attempts to control preoperative and perioperative factors contributing to postoperative SSI in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The three interventions are preoperative screening for Staphylococcus aureus, decolonizing the skin and nares, and intraoperative administration of combined antimicrobial and alcohol agents to the skin. Canton‐Potsdam Hospital was an early adopter of the Project JOINTS protocol, and this quality improvement project has demonstrated a reduced SSI rate throughout the two years of implementation. Before implementation, 596 TJAs were performed with an S aureus SSI rate of 1.8%. During Project JOINTS, 305 TJAs were conducted with a significantly (P = .050) lower S aureus SSI rate of 0.66%. Thus, Project JOINTS is effective at reducing the postoperative incidence of S aureus SSIs in patients undergoing TJA.
A sweet code for glycoprotein folding
Authors: Caramelo Julio J. , Parodi Armando J.
Published: July 2015

Glycoprotein synthesis is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen upon transfer of a glycan (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) from a lipid derivative to Asn residues (N‐glycosylation). N‐Glycan‐dependent quality control of glycoprotein folding in the ER prevents exit to Golgi of folding intermediates, irreparably misfolded glycoproteins and incompletely assembled multimeric complexes. It also enhances folding efficiency by preventing aggregation and facilitating formation of proper disulfide bonds. The control mechanism essentially involves four components, resident lectin‐chaperones (calnexin and calreticulin) that recognize monoglucosylated polymannose protein‐linked glycans, lectin‐associated oxidoreductase acting on monoglucosylated glycoproteins (ERp57), a glucosyltransferase that creates monoglucosylated epitopes in protein‐linked glycans (UGGT) and a glucosidase (GII) that removes the glucose units added by UGGT. This last enzyme is the only mechanism component sensing glycoprotein conformations as it creates monoglucosylated glycans exclusively in not properly folded glycoproteins or in not completely assembled multimeric glycoprotein complexes. Glycoproteins that fail to properly fold are eventually driven to proteasomal degradation in the cytosol following the ER‐associated degradation pathway, in which the extent of N‐glycan demannosylation by ER mannosidases play a relevant role in the identification of irreparably misfolded glycoproteins.
“[My] Family Has Gone through That”: How High School Students Determine the Trustworthiness of Historical Documents
Authors: Harris Lauren McArthur , Halvorsen Anne-Lise , Aponte-Martinez Gerardo J.
Published: July 2015

This mixed-methods study explores how high school students ( n=35) enrolled in a school with a high Latino/a population evaluate the trustworthiness of documents in two historical reasoning tasks: one about the Dust Bowl in the 1930s and the other about the experiences of Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the 1920s. Students indicated whether they trusted each document, provided a rationale for their trust (or distrust) of each document, and ranked the trustworthiness of the documents. We also interviewed 10 focal students to explore students’ reasoning in more in-depth ways than the written responses allowed. We found that students tended to trust the secondary source documents more than the primary source documents because, as they argued, the secondary source documents contained more facts. In contrast, students were less likely to trust the primary source documents, particularly the songs, arguing that they were more opinion-based than factual. We also found that some students had an emotional response to the content of some of the documents, and in some cases, these emotional responses shaped how they viewed the documents’ trustworthiness. Additionally, students’ heritage may have played a role in some students’ trust justifications for some documents in the experiences of Mexicans and Mexican Americans task. We conclude with implications for curriculum and instruction.
When “Culture Trumped Safety”, Developing a Protective Weave in Child Welfare Organisations: A Case Study
Authors: Menzies Karen , Stoker Lyn
Published: July 2015

The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has uncovered evidence that organisations sometimes provide opportunity for the sexual abuse of children. How do organisations go about preventing this? The authors of this paper consider the case of an out-of-home care (OOHC) agency which failed to protect children. By identifying gaps in practice and culture in this case, the authors suggest that protecting children in OOHC requires a “weave” of organisational structures, staff development and cultural competence. In this case, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the organisation was able to create an opportunity for access to vulnerable young people by using strategies we can now identify as grooming behaviours. He did this by using his positional power. He ignored standards, isolated protective adults and therefore children and young people, rewarded compliance, discouraged reflective practice, used his culture to avoid scrutiny from funding and oversighting agencies, and created an organisational culture of fear and secrecy. In effect, he used culture to trump safety. Even in the stressful conditions of managing an OOHC service, good practice is important, not only because it meets the standards and legislation, but because this is how services maintain the safety of children and young people in care.
Ambulance Dispatches From Unaffected Areas After the Great East Japan Earthquake: Impact on Emergency Care in the Unaffected Areas
Authors: Hagihara Akihito , Onozuka Daisuke , Nagata Takashi , Abe Takeru , Hasegawa Manabu , Nabeshima Yoshihiro
Published: July 2015

Objective

Although dispatching ambulance crews from unaffected areas to a disaster zone is inevitable when a major disaster occurs, the effect on emergency care in the unaffected areas has not been studied. We evaluated whether dispatching ambulance crews from unaffected prefectures to those damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake was associated with reduced resuscitation outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases in the unaffected areas.

Methods

We used the Box-Jenkins transfer function model to assess the relationship between ambulance crew dispatches and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) before hospital arrival or 1-month survival after the cardiac event.

Results

In a model whose output was the rate of ROSC before hospital arrival, dispatching 1000 ambulance crews was associated with a 0.474% decrease in the rate of ROSC after the dispatch in the prefectures (p=0.023). In a model whose output was the rate of 1-month survival, dispatching 1000 ambulance crews was associated with a 0.502% decrease in the rate of 1-month survival after the dispatch in the prefectures (p=0.011).

Conclusions

The dispatch of ambulances from unaffected prefectures to earthquake-stricken areas was associated with a subsequent decrease in the ROSC and 1-month survival rates in OHCA cases in the unaffected prefectures. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:609–613)
An Inconvenient Truth: Arbitrary Distinctions Between Organizational, Mechanical Turk, and Other Convenience Samples
Authors: Landers Richard N. , Behrend Tara S.
Published: July 2015

Sampling strategy has critical implications for the validity of a researcher's conclusions. Despite this, sampling is frequently neglected in research methods textbooks, during the research design process, and in the reporting of our journals. The lack of guidance on this issue often leads reviewers and journal editors to rely on simple rules of thumb, myth, and tradition for judgments about sampling, which promotes the unnecessary and counterproductive characterization of sampling strategies as universally “good” or “bad.” Such oversimplification, especially by journal editors and reviewers, slows the progress of the social sciences by considering legitimate data sources to be categorically unacceptable. Instead, we argue that sampling is better understood in methodological terms of range restriction and omitted variables bias. This considered approach has far-reaching implications because in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology, as in most social sciences, virtually all of the samples are convenience samples. Organizational samples are not gold standard research sources; instead, they are merely a specific type of convenience sample with their own positive and negative implications for validity. This fact does not condemn the science of I-O psychology but does highlight the need for more careful consideration of how and when a finding may generalize based on the particular mix of validity-related affordances provided by each sample source that might be used to investigate a particular research question. We call for researchers to explore such considerations cautiously and explicitly both in the publication and in the review of research.
The Assessment of 21st Century Skills in Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Complex and Collaborative Problem Solving
Authors: Neubert Jonas C. , Mainert Jakob , Kretzschmar André , Greiff Samuel
Published: July 2015

In this article, we highlight why and how industrial and organizational psychologists can take advantage of research on 21st century skills and their assessment. We present vital theoretical perspectives, a suitable framework for assessment, and exemplary instruments with a focus on advances in the assessment of human capital. Specifically, complex problem solving (CPS) and collaborative problem solving (ColPS) are two transversal skills (i.e., skills that span multiple domains) that are generally considered critical in the 21st century workplace. The assessment of these skills in education has linked fundamental research with practical applicability and has provided a useful template for workplace assessment. Both CPS and ColPS capture the interaction of individuals with problems that require the active acquisition and application of knowledge in individual or group settings. To ignite a discussion in industrial and organizational psychology, we discuss advances in the assessment of CPS and ColPS and propose ways to move beyond the current state of the art in assessing job-related skills.
Fifty Days an MTurk Worker: The Social and Motivational Context for Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers
Authors: Schmidt Gordon B.
Published: July 2015

The focal article of Landers and Behrend (2015) persuasively argues that universally condemning potential convenience data sources outside of traditional industrial–organizational (I-O) samples such as college students and organization samples is misguided. This author agrees that instead we need to consider the context, strengths, and weaknesses of more recently recognized potential data sources. This commentary will focus on understanding the context of one particular potential data source, Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk; https://www.mturk.com/). While some existing research has looked at the demographic characteristics of Amazon MTurk workers and how those workers’ answers compared with more traditional samples (Casler, Bickel, & Hackett, 2013; Goodman, Cryder, & Cheema, 2013; Paolacci & Chandler, 2014), for this commentary I decided to take a primarily different tack. For the space of approximately 50 days, I acted as an MTurk worker on the site and participated in online communities at which MTurk workers congregate. The purposes of this were to experience the MTurk worker environment firsthand and observe how MTurk workers interact with each other and the site. This was done in the spirit of participant-observer research. Stanton and Rogelberg (2002) argue that online communities might be a particularly fruitful avenue for such participant-observer research within the field of I-O psychology. I am quick to note here that I don't see my efforts here as anywhere near as extensive as much of the participant-observer work of the past, and I did my time on MTurk in the spirit of such work rather than as a match for their methodological and analytical rigor. The observations I make in this commentary will be couched in my own experiences as well as the existing literature base on Amazon MTurk.
The New Fruit Fly for Applied Psychological Research
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Zhang Don
Published: July 2015

Landers and Behrend (2015) present yet another attempt to limit reviewer and editor reliance on surface characteristics when evaluating the generalizability of study results (see also Campbell, 1986; Dipboye & Flanagan, 1979; Greenberg, 1987; Highhouse, 2009; Highhouse & Gillespie, 2009). Most of the earlier treatments of sample generalizability, however, have focused on the use of college students in (mostly) laboratory studies. Many industrial–organizational (I-O) scholars have experienced the hostility with which studies using students as participants receives. For instance, Jen Gillespie and I observed, “Reviewers and editors commonly assert that students should not be used to study workplace phenomena as though such a declaration requires no further explanation” (Highhouse & Gillespie, 2009, p. 247). The difference this time, however, is that Landers and Behrend (2015) are reacting to dismissals of research using Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers to make inferences about behavior in organizations. Landers and Behrend (2015) make the important point thatanyresearch population is likely to be atypical on some dimensions and that all samples are samples of convenience (see also Oakes, 1972). We agree. Furthermore, we make two observations about MTurk: (a) We believe that it should be met with less resistance than student samples have historically faced, and (b) we suggest that it provides a unique opportunity to bring back randomized experimentation in I-O psychology.
External Validity and Multi-Organization Samples: Levels-of-Analysis Implications of Crowdsourcing and College Student Samples
Authors: Newman Daniel A. , Joseph Dana L. , Feitosa Jennifer
Published: July 2015

Here, we expand on Landers and Behrend's (2015) discussion of the external validity of convenience samples. In particular, we note that their focal article failed to mention one important limitation of multi-organization convenience samples (e.g., MTurk samples, student samples): Multi-organization convenience samples tend to confound levels of analysis, which affects the external validity of these samples. Specifically, between-organizations phenomena (i.e., organization-level) and within-organizations phenomena (i.e., individual-level) are distinct and separable (Ostroff, 1993; Robinson, 1950). Unfortunately, multi-organization samples such as those found in MTurk or MBA student samples can confound these two sets of phenomena. The current commentary uses a levels-of-analysis framework to expand on Landers and Behrend's discussion of what external validity is, and then the commentary illustrates how the diversity of convenience samples can actually harm external validity under some common circumstances.
Sampling in Industrial–Organizational Psychology Research: Now What?
Authors: Fisher Gwenith G. , Sandell Kyle
Published: July 2015

We agree with the authors of the focal article that too little attention is paid to sampling in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology research. Upon reflection and in response to the focal article by Landers and Behrend (2015), we answer three primary questions: (a) What is it about our training, science, and practice as I-O psychologists that has led to less focus on sampling issues? (b) Does it matter? (c) If so, then what should we do about it?
Employability in the 21st Century: Complex (Interactive) Problem Solving and Other Essential Skills
Authors: De Fruyt Filip , Wille Bart , John Oliver P.
Published: July 2015

Neubert, Mainert, Kretzschmar, and Greiff (2015) plea to integrate the 21st century skills of complex problem solving (CPS) and collaborative problem solving (ColPS) in the assessment and development suite of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists, given the expected increase in nonroutine and interactive tasks in the new workplace. At the same time, they promote new ways of assessing these skills using computer-based microworlds, enabling the systematic variation of problem features in assessment. Neubert and colleagues’ (2015) suggestions are a valuable step in connecting differential psychologists’ models of human differences and functioning with human resources professionals’ interest in understanding and predicting behavior at work. We concur that CPS and ColPS are important transversal skills, useful for I-O psychologists, but these are only two babies of a single family, and the domain of 21st century skills includes other families of a different kind that are also with utility for I-O psychologists. The current contribution is meant to broaden this interesting discussion in two important ways. We clarify that CPS and ColPS need to be considered in the context of a wider set of 21st century skills with an origin in the education domain, and we highlight a number of crucial steps that still need to be taken before “getting started” (Neubert et al., 2015, p. last page of the discussion) with this taxonomic framework. But first, we feel the need to slightly reframe the relevance of considering 21st century skills in I-O psychology by shifting the attention from narrow task-related skills to the broader domain of career management competencies.
Incorporating “Soft Skills” Into the Collaborative Problem-Solving Equation
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. , Saggi Karan
Published: July 2015

In only a very few places, Neubert, Mainert, Kretzschmar, & Greiff (2015) mention the role of communication and coordination among team members in collaborative problem solving. Although complex and collaborative problem solving is indeed an imperative for team and organizational success in the 21st century, it is easier said than done. Collaborative problem solving is critically dependent on the communication and interaction skills of the team members and of the team leader. The intent of this commentary is to shine a light on the critical role of interpersonal and communication skills in complex and collaborative problem solving.
From the Editor
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: July 2015

The goal of focal articles in Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice is to present new ideas or different takes on existing ideas and stimulate a conversation in the form of comment articles that extend the arguments in the focal article or that present new ideas stimulated by those articles. The two focal articles in this issue stimulated a wide range of reactions and a good deal of constructive input.
Influence of galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (B-GOS) on gut microbiota, immune parameters and metabonomics in elderly persons
Authors: Vulevic Jelena , Juric Aleksandra , Walton Gemma E. , Claus Sandrine P. , Tzortzis George , Toward Ruth E. , Gibson Glenn R.
Published: July 2015

It is recognised that ageing induces various changes to the human colonic microbiota. Most relevant is a reduction in bifidobacteria, which is a health-positive genus. Prebiotics, such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), are dietary ingredients that selectively fortify beneficial gut microbial groups. Therefore, they have the potential to reverse the age-related decline in bifidobacteria and modulate associated health parameters. We assessed the effect of GOS mixture (Bimuno (B-GOS)) on gut microbiota, markers of immune function and metabolites in forty elderly (age 65–80 years) volunteers in a randomised, double-blind, placebo (maltodextrin)-controlled, cross-over study. The intervention periods consisted of 10 weeks with daily doses of 5·5 g/d with a 4-week washout period in between. Blood and faecal samples were collected for the analyses of faecal bacterial populations and immune and metabolic biomarkers. B-GOS consumption led to significant increases in bacteroides and bifidobacteria, the latter correlating with increased lactic acid in faecal waters. Higher IL-10, IL-8, natural killer cell activity and C-reactive protein and lower IL-1β were also observed. Administration of B-GOS to elderly volunteers may be useful in positively affecting the microbiota and some markers of immune function associated with ageing.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Khater Akram , Culang Jeffrey
Published: July 2015

The cover image for this issue, from Moroccan artist Mounir Fatmi's installation Modern Times, depicts architectural structures and the cogs of a machine filled in with Arabic calligraphy, representing rapid architectural development and industrialization across the modern and contemporary Middle East. The title derives from the eponymous 1936 Charlie Chaplin film in which Chaplin's character Little Tramp is a factory worker during the Great Depression who, trying to keep up with the acceleration of the assembly line, is quickly overcome and succumbs to a nervous breakdown. Like the film, Fatmi's installation critiques unbridled development and draws attention to its human toll. It also explores two related features of the modern epoch: ceaseless motion and the acceleration of time.
DEVELOPMENT, COUNTERINSURGENCY, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE IRAQI MARSHES
Authors: Ahram Ariel I.
Published: July 2015

Following the 1990–91 Gulf War and the subsequent March 1991 uprising, the Iraqi government launched a brutal counterinsurgency campaign in the marshes of southern Mesopotamia. Alongside mass killing and forced population resettlement, the state used hydrological infrastructure to divert water from the wetlands, permanently desiccating the area. Using newly available Iraqi government archives, this paper argues that the destruction of the marshes was the result of a complex interplay between sectarianism, development planning, and security imperatives. Inhabited by peripatetic Marsh Arabs (Maʿdan), the marshlands stood out as an impenetrable wilderness. Baʿth policies in the marshes combined measures meant to promote social and economic modernization with counterinsurgency tactics meant to achieve control over the marsh region. After 1991, the regime set out to obliterate a terrain it deemed a strategic liability and a population that seemed an obstacle to modernization.
TROUBLED WATERS: CITIZENSHIP AND COLONIAL ZIONISM IN NAZARETH
Authors: Dallasheh Leena
Published: July 2015

Focused on the contest over water management in Nazareth during the early years of Israeli statehood (1948–56), this article traces the negotiations that took place between Palestinian residents of Nazareth and Israeli state authorities. I argue that the struggle over this vital natural resource, in a region where it is in short supply was in some measure a matter of fulfilling practical needs, but it was also part of the process of negotiating citizenship. The story of Nazareth's water in the early Israeli period is thus a microcosm of the incorporation of Palestinians as undesired and marginalized citizens into a self-defined Jewish state. Challenging the Palestinian resistance/collaboration dichotomy and the notion of a monolithic Israeli state, I show how both Palestinian citizens and Israeli authorities adopted wide-ranging positions on water management and its broad political implications. Although Palestinian citizens were able to use the space made available through citizenship to further their collective interests, they were ultimately unable to overcome the exclusions inherent to a political system that maintained the dominance of a Jewish majority over a Palestinian minority.
FROM PROPERTY TO CIVIL SOCIETY: THE HISTORICAL TRANSFORMATION OFVAKIFS IN MODERN TURKEY (1923–2013)
Authors: Zencirci Gizem
Published: July 2015

In this article, I argue that shifting development discourses have shaped the meaning and function ofvakıfs (religious endowments) in Turkey since the establishment of the republic in 1923. I identify three periods defined by their distinctive development discourse, and show how each of these discourses madevakıfs into both an object and a site of development. In the etatist discourse of the 1930s,vakıfs were articulated as national treasures tasked with financing state-led economic development. With the shift to a mixed economy discourse in the 1960s,vakıfs were reconfigured as private philanthropic foundations expected to create a skilled labor force. The neoliberal development discourse of the 1980s transformedvakıfs into welfare organizations focused on poverty. This article shows that in all three of these periods, the relationship between state, Islam, economy, and society was articulated, legitimized, and consolidated with reference to a seemingly stagnant but in fact malleable institution inherited from the Ottoman Empire—thevakıf. I refer to this process as the “local production of development,” a conceptualization emphasizing how global discourses of development are formed and transformed at the local level.
Engineering Heterotopia
Authors: Ismail Shehab Fakhry
Published: July 2015

My starting point is the present—certainly a critical and loaded moment for scholars of the modern Middle East. It is incumbent upon us to take a step back and to rethink how to create new concepts, new narratives, new explanatory schemes, new historicities, and new visions of the future. An engagement with science studies, understood broadly, is one possible way to begin such critical rethinking. It is an exercise that could also be mutually illuminating, as scholars of science studies have been debating the global nature of science and technology for the last decade, undoubtedly in reaction to the once European-dominated narrative of the history of science. The field of science studies has moved well beyond “diffusion” and “core-periphery” models toward more eclectic examinations of various processes of epistemic encounters, translations, mediations, and conflicts that shaped societies. These processes also shaped science and technology. Here, I would like to provide a brief outline of one mutual engagement inspired by the injunction to follow scientists, doctors, and engineers and to probe what was at stake in the knowledge they produced and how they “made society.”
Territoriality and the Technics of Drylands Science in Palestine and North America
Authors: Tesdell Omar Imseeh
Published: July 2015

At the turn of the 20th century, agricultural experts in several countries assembled a new agro-scientific field: dryland farming. Their agricultural research practices concomitantly fashioned a new agro-ecological zone—the drylands—as the site of agronomic intervention. As part of this effort, American scientists worked in concert with colleagues in the emerging Zionist movement to investigate agricultural practices and crops in Palestine and neighboring regions, where nonirrigated or rainfed agriculture had long been practiced. In my larger manuscript project, I consider how the reorganization of rainfed farming as dryfarming is central to the history of both the Middle East and North America, where it was closely related to modern forms of power, sovereignty, and territoriality. I suggest that American interest in dryfarming science emerged out of a practical need to propel and sustain colonization of the Great Plains, but later became a joint effort of researchers from several emerging settler enterprises, including Australia, Canada, and the Zionist movement. In contrast to a naturally ocurring bioregion, I argue that the drylands spatiality was engineered through, rather than outside, the territorialization of modern power.
Towards a History of Preservation Practices: Archaeology, Heritage, and the History of Science
Authors: Brusius Mirjam
Published: July 2015

My roundtable contribution inevitably starts with a critique of the field the scholarly utility of which we as contributors wish to defend. The study of the antique sciences (including the history of archaeology and heritage) still has marginal standing in science studies. So does the Middle East as a geographical region, which until recently enjoyed little scholarly interest in the field. The persistent Eurocentric research agenda of science studies has been questioned, however, with the recent call for a “global history of science.” This ambiguous term has triggered new methodological challenges, but it has also created new trenches.
Science Studies and Early Modern Ottoman Science
Authors: Harun Küçük B.
Published: July 2015

This short essay focuses on three issues: how science studies may facilitate the rapprochement between the philological study of scientific texts and Middle East history; how it may help us reconsider ambiguous if not “black-boxed” terms such as the “state,” “Islam,” and the “West”; and finally, how it may build thematic and theoretical bridges with other histories and geographies of science currently emerging from a more global, and not merely local, perspective.
Three Questions for Historians of Science in the Modern Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: July 2015

What was science, who was involved in it, and where did it unfold in the modern Middle East and North Africa? These are the three questions raised in this piece. The following notes echo my past research on the growth and societal relevance of biomedical sciences in Iran, and are also informed by a new interest in social sciences and, more particularly, in the establishment in 1927 of the Social Science Research Section at the American University of Beirut (AUB; called Syrian Protestant College until 1920) and its subsequent work. A handful of social scientists led by the American Stuart Dodd and financed by the US Rockefeller Foundation, which was active worldwide, helped turn AUB into a hub not only of education, but more than before, of research too. Covering wide swathes of the “Near East,” these social scientists framed that region as an extraordinary “laboratory” for social science research.
A review of sarcocystosis in camels and redescription of Sarcocystis cameli and Sarcocystis ippeni sarcocysts from the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , HILALI M. , VAN WILPE E. , CALERO-BERNAL R. , VERMA S. K. , ABBAS I. E.
Published: July 2015

There is considerable confusion concerning Sarcocystis species in camels. Five species: Sarcocystis cameli, Sarcocystis ippeni, Sarcocystis camelicanis, Sarcocystis camelocanis and Sarcocystis miescheri were named with inadequate descriptions and no type specimens. Here, we review literature on sarcocystosis in camels worldwide and redescribe structure of S. cameli and S. ippeni sarcocysts by light- and transmission electron microscopy (LM and TEM). Eight sarcocysts from the oesophagi of two camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Egypt were studied. By LM, all sarcocysts were thin-walled with barely visible projections on the cyst walls. By TEM, two structurally distinct sarcocysts were recognized by unique villar protrusions (vp) not found in sarcocysts from any other host. Sarcocysts of S. cameli had vp of type 9j. The sarcocyst wall had upright slender vp, up to 3·0 µm long and 0·5 µm wide; the total thickness of the sarcocyst wall with ground substance (gs) layer was 3·5 µm. On each vp, there were rows of knob-like protrusions that appeared to be interconnected. The vp had microtubules that originated at midpoint of the gs and continued up to the tip; microtubules were smooth, without any granules or dense areas. Bradyzoites were approximately 14–15 × 3–4 µm in size with typical organelles. Sarcocystis ippeni sarcocysts had type 32 sarcocyst wall characterized by conical vp with an electron dense knob. The total thickness of the sarcocyst wall (from the base of gs to vp tip) was 2·3–3·0 µm. The vp were up to 1·2 µm wide at the base and 0·25 µm at the tip. Microtubules in vp originated at midpoint of gs and continued up to tip; microtubules were criss-crossed, smooth and without granules or dense areas. Bradyzoites were 12·0–13·5 × 2·0–3·0 µm in size. Sarcocystis camelicanis, S. camelocanis and S. miescheri are considered invalid.
Generational Solidarity in Europe and Israel
Authors: Katz Ruth , Lowenstein Ariela , Halperin Dafna , Tur-Sinai Aviad
Published: July 2015

Cette étude a exploré différentes dimensions des relations générationnelles entre les parents âgés et leurs enfants adultes, utilisant la deuxième vague de SHARE (Enquête sur la santé, le vieillissement et la retraite en Europe), et a comparée cela aux analyses de Dykstra et Fokkema (2011) de la première vague. Puis on a effectué un autre comparaison avec l'étude OASIS (Vieillesse et l'autonomie: le rôle des systèmes de service et de la Solidarité). Le modèle de la solidarité intergénérationnelle a servi de cadre conceptuel principale. Les analyses ont donné quatre types de relation familiale présentes dans tous les pays, mais avec des fréquences différentes. Environ la moitié des personnes interrogées dans 11 pays ont été identifiés avec des liens intimes et un flux de soutien. Les quatre résultats suivants: (1) l'importance des ressources personnelles; (2) les différences culturelles et les significations pour les familles; (3) soulignant les différences nationales; et (4) la force de la solidarité intergénérationnelle. L'importance de comprendre les relations générationnelles est soulignée et expliquée dans le contexte actuel de la longévité et de la modification des structures familiales.
Exploratory movement and affordances in design
Authors: Stoffregen Thomas A. , Mantel Bruno
Published: July 2015

The design community has growing familiarity with the concept of affordances and with the utility of this concept in many areas of design. Less emphasis has been placed on natural processes by which people acquire knowledge about affordances. Consequently, little is known about how design might be optimized to enable users to detect the actions that are available in a given human–machine system. We review scientific research about what people do to obtain information about affordances. We discuss implications of this research for design.