bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Method for Determination of the Diphenylamine (Stabilizer) in Propellants by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer based Carbon Paste Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Hande Pankaj E. , Samui Asit B. , Kulkarni Prashant S.
Published: February 2017

In this work we report efficient molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based carbon paste electrode sensor for the determination of diphenylamine in aged propellant. Initially, diphenylamine (DPA)‐MIP was synthesized by using methacrylic acid (monomer) and ethylene glycol dimethyacrylate (cross‐linker). Developed DPA‐MIP was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The sensor was incorporated as electrode in cyclic voltammetry. The sensor response was linear in the range of 0.5–3 mM DPA concentration. The lower detection limit obtained for sensor was 0.1 mM. The developed sensor was used for the determination of DPA in propellant systems. Same electrode was used for three repeated analysis without significant decrease in efficiency.
Experiments and Numerical Calculations on Laser‐induced Ignition of Single Micron‐sized Aluminum Fuel Particle
Authors: Li Shengji , Huang Xuefeng , Zhou Donghui
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the experiments and numerical calculations on the laser‐induced ignition of single micron‐sized aluminum particle in an atmospheric pressure air flow at low Reynolds number. Experimental results demonstrate that the radiation intensity of single micron‐sized aluminum particle, during ignition, experiences first sharp rising, stable equilibrium and second steep rising stages. A simplified analytical model was built and numerically solved. Numerical results show that the three distinctive stages represent the heating, melting and evaporation, respectively. Laser radiation mainly contributes to heat aluminum particle, leading to phase transition (melting). The heat released from heterogeneous surface reaction (HSR) dominates the temperature rise of the liquid aluminum and accelerate its evaporation. During ignition, the heat loss of natural convection significantly affects the ignition performance of aluminum particle, while the heat loss of radiation toward the surrounding air only affects the evaporation rate. Threshold ignition energy of aluminum particle based on numerical calculations is in good agreement with the experiments, which strongly depends on the particle diameter. Ignition delay time depends on the particle diameter and ignition energy. This study will be beneficial to deeply recognize the ignition mechanism of single micron‐sized aluminum particle, especially in the transition region between nanoscale and microscale.
The influence of sintering additives on the microstructure and material properties of silicon nitride ceramics investigated by advanced simulation tools
Authors: Brockmann Dorothea E. R. , Staab Torsten E. M. , Raether Friedrich G.
Published: February 2017

In multi‐phase bulk ceramics, the separate influence of individual phases on the overall macroscopic properties can often hardly be studied by purely experimental observations. However, once a realistic microstructure model exists, computer simulations allow for that by varying the properties of individual phases and, thus, for studying their role independently. In the present article, the microstructure of liquid phase sintered silicon nitride ceramics was created using a voxel‐based structure generator. These generated microstructures have been meshed with a special tool so that thermal conductivities and elastic properties of these ceramics could be calculated using standard finite element simulations. Variations of the properties of individual phases were considered in a realistic range for the experimental optimization of silicon nitride ceramics and, therefore, their respective influence on macroscopic properties could be studied. It turns out that a high volume fraction of the primary ‐SiN ‐phase has the largest positive impact on both stiffness and thermal conductivity, whereas the effect of grain shape and anisotropic material properties of the ‐SiN ‐grains is rather low. However, the thermal conductivity of the secondary phase plays a significant role in the overall thermal conductivity, provided that it drops beyond 10 W mK−1. Nevertheless, experimentally the thermal conductivity of silicon nitride ceramics is dominated by the thermal conductivity of the ‐SiN ‐grains, where the latter is controlled by impurities which can be incorporated into the silicon nitride lattice during sintering. Thus, inverse simulation can be used as a powerful tool to investigate individual phase properties in multiphase ceramics, for example, estimating a decreased thermal conductivity of the primary phase (‐SiN ‐grains).
Multielement (P‐Yb‐Zr‐Ce‐Al‐Ca) fiber for moderate‐power laser application with enhanced photodarkening resistivity
Authors: Dhar Anirban , Das Shyamal , Reddy Pinninty Harshavardhan , Siddiki Salim H. , Dutta Debjit , Pal Mrinmay , Kir'yanov Alexander V. , Paul Mukul Chandra
Published: February 2017

Multielement (ME) (P‐Yb‐Zr‐Ce‐Al‐Ca) nanophase separated silica‐glass‐based optical fiber is fabricated through a conventional‐modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process, coupled with solution doping technique. The lasing and photodarkening behaviors of this ME fiber have been demonstrated and compared, in terms of its photodarkening (PD) performance at moderate pump powers (tens of Watts), with standard Yb‐doped fiber with phospho‐alumino‐silicate (PAS) glass composition, which clearly reveals that the ME‐Yb doped fiber is a promising candidate for laser applications with enhanced PD resistivity.
Synthesis of γ‐WO3 thin films by hot wire‐CVD and investigation of its humidity sensing properties
Authors: Jadkar Vijaya , Pawbake Amit , Waykar Ravindra , Jadhavar Ashok , Date Abhijit , Late Dattatray , Pathan Habib , Gosavi Suresh , Jadkar Sandesh
Published: February 2017

In this study, monoclinic tungsten oxide (γ‐WO3) have been grown in a single step using HW‐CVD method by resistively heating W filaments in a constant O2 pressure. The formation of γ‐WO3 was confirmed using low angle‐XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis. Low angle‐XRD analysis revealed that as‐deposited WO3 film are highly crystalline and the crystallites have preferred orientation along the (002) direction. HRTEM analysis and SAED pattern also show the highly crystalline nature of WO3 with d spacing of ∼ 0.38 nm, having an orientation along the (002) direction. Surface topography investigated by SEM analysis shows the formation of a uniform and homogeneous cauliflower like morphology throughout the substrate surface without flaws and cracks. A humidity sensing device incorporating WO3 is also fabricated, which shows a maximum humidity sensitivity factor of ∼ 3954% along with a response time of ∼14 s and a recovery time of ∼25 s. The obtained results demonstrate that it is possible to synthesize WO3 in a single step by HW‐CVD method and to fabricate a humidity sensor by using it.
Optical modulation using strain tunable metallo‐dielectric films
Authors: Clark J. K. , Kherani N. P.
Published: February 2017

Significant scientific and technological advances in photonics have facilitated the development of plasmonic and metallo‐dielectric devices that rely on metal thin‐films. Metal based devices, however, are limited by the inability to actively tune the optical properties of metals. Recent work has demonstrated the ability to highly strain metal thin‐films on elastomeric substrates without losing electrical continuity in the film. Herein, we examine the optical properties of metal thin‐films deposited on elastomeric substrates under strain. We demonstrate that reversible modulation of the mechanical structure of the pliable metallo‐dielectric film results in a combination of scattering and surface plasmon excitations, that alter the film transmittance and reflectance. Further, it is shown that control over the wavelength of plasmonic resonances of the film can be achieved through variation in metal film thickness and modification of the local refractive index. The ability to actuate the plasmonic resonances of the metal thin‐films using strain represent a novel method of actively tuning the properties of metal thin‐films and will help facilitate the development of strain‐tunable plasmonic and metallo‐dielectric devices.
Photoluminescence studies of cubic GaN epilayers
Authors: Church S. A. , Hammersley S. , Mitchell P. W. , Kappers M. J. , Sahonta S. L. , Frentrup M. , Nilsson D. , Ward P. J. , Shaw L. J. , Wallis D. J. , Humphreys C. J. , Oliver R. A. , Binks D. J. , Dawson P.
Published: February 2017

The luminescence properties of cubic GaN films grown upon 3C‐SiC/Si (001) substrates by MOCVD were investigated. The spectra show luminescence peaks which are associated with donor bound exciton recombination and donor acceptor pair recombination. A reduced peak energy for the D0X emission compared with values reported in the literature suggests a tensile‐strain‐reduced bandgap of approximately 3.27 eV, which is consistent with the absorption edge in photoluminescence‐excitation spectroscopy. The presence of hexagonal material introduces a broad emission band at 3.40 eV with a FWHM of 190 meV, extending to energies up to 3.60 eV. The intensity of this emission scales linearly with excitation power, its peak energy and width remaining unchanged. This band is associated with an absorption edge below 3.70 eV and therefore is not caused by absorption into phase‐pure cubic or hexagonal GaN. The photoluminescence lifetimes measured across this band reduce from 0.40 to 0.20 ns with increasing emission energy. All these observations can be explained by considering a type‐II‐band alignment adjacent to stacking faults within the cubic GaN.
Phytochemical Characterization, Antibacterial, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Properties of Cryptostephanus vansonii, an Endemic Amaryllid
Authors: Moyo Mack , Aremu Adeyemi O. , Chukwujekwu Jude C. , Gruz Jiri , Skorepa Jiri , Doležal Karel , Katsvanga Cuthbert A.T. , Van Staden Johannes
Published: February 2017

Cryptostephanus vansonii I. Verd., an endemic Amaryllidaceae species from Zimbabwe, was evaluated for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and cytotoxicity properties using Ellman's colorimetric method and the tetrazolium‐based colorimetric assay against Vero monkey kidney cells, respectively. The plant extracts were also evaluated for their antibacterial activity against five bacteria. Furthermore, phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. A plant part‐dependent AChE inhibitory activity was observed, in the order, root > rhizome > basal leaf > leaf. Overall, C. vansonii extracts exhibited better antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative compared with Gram‐positive bacteria. Cytotoxic effects were not detected in Vero monkey kidney cell lines suggesting the possible absence of toxophores in C. vansonii extracts. Similar to the trend in biological activity, a distinct plant part‐dependent variation in hydroxybenzoates, hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids was observed in the plant extracts. In addition, 5‐hydroxymetylfurfural and eucomic acid were detected in the different plant parts of C. vansonii. The results of the present study provide valuable AChE inhibition activity, toxicological and phytochemical profiles of C. vansonii. Further studies on isolation of bioactive compounds and their subsequent evaluation in other pharmacological and toxicological model systems are required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and evaluation of a variable stiffness manual operating platform for laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS)
Authors: Li Jinhua , Li Xuejie , Wang Jianchen , Xing Yuan , Wang Shuxin , Ren Xiangyun
Published: February 2017

Background

Most of the existing robotic platforms for LESS have workspace and load capacity weaknesses, because of the limitation of one single incision. We have developed a LESS manual operating platform of which the stiffness of the insertion tube is controllable.

Methods

The system included two dexterous tool manipulators, a stereo‐vision module and a variable stiffness insertion tube (VSIT), which was designed using phase‐change material (mixed indium, gallium and stannum). Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the VSIT were set up. Peg transfer tasks and trajectory tracking tasks were conducted to assess the initial performance of the overall system.

Results

The experimental results for stiffness characteristic suggested that the rigidity of the VSIT with a straight‐forward pose was considerably increased by about four times in the rigid mode. Peg transfer tasks and trajectory tracking tasks were performed successfully with an average time of 97 s and 52 s, respectively.

Conclusions

The experimental results for stiffness characteristic showed that the manual operating platform had great promise for solving large workspace, high manipulation force and stability problems in LESS. The tool manipulators had the ability to achieve basic operations.
Does OCR have authority to investigate emotional support animal housing complaints?
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: February 2017

Campus housing accommodation requests for an emotional support animal continue to rise. Schools may assume the Fair Housing Act is the only federal law that governs requests to keep an ESA in residential housing.
Enabling code transformations with FermaT on simplified bytecode
Authors: Pracner Doni , Budimac Zoran
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a new approach for working with Java bytecode that uses existing tools (FermaT and the wide spectrum language) that have been industrially tested and proven in transforming legacy assembly code. The first step has been a successful translator that works with a subset language (MicroJava) and enables the usage of formal transformations in FermaT to restructure the code from a machine level to human readable high level structures, both automatically and manually. It mostly relies on the existing transformations, but some new ones were introduced in this work, and some old ones were modified.
Clustering hypervisors to minimize failures in mobile cloud computing
Authors: Fekade Berihun , Maksymyuk Taras , Jo Minho
Published: February 2017

Resource virtualization has become one of the key super‐power mobile computing architecture technologies. As mobile devices and multimedia traffic have increased dramatically, the load on mobile cloud computing systems has become heavier. Under such conditions, mobile cloud system reliability becomes a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a new model using a naive Bayes classifier for hypervisor failure prediction and prevention in mobile cloud computing. We exploit real‐time monitoring data in combination with historical maintenance data, which achieves higher accuracy in failure prediction and early failure‐risk detection. After detecting hypervisors at risk, we perform live migration of virtual servers within a cluster, which decreases the load and prevents failures in the cloud. We performed a simulation for verification. According to the experimental results, our proposed model shows good accuracy in failure prediction and the possibility of decreasing downtime in a hypervisor service. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems biology of oxygen homeostasis
Authors: Samanta Debangshu , Prabhakar Nanduri R. , Semenza Gregg L.
Published: February 2017

Metazoan species maintain oxygen homeostasis through the activity of hypoxia‐inducible factors, which are transcriptional activators that regulate the expression of hundreds of genes to match O2 supply and demand. Here, we review the involvement of hypoxia‐inducible factors in the molecular physiology and pathophysiology of cellular O2 sensing, O2 delivery, O2 utilization, and systemic O2 sensing. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1382. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1382

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism

Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease

Physiology > Organismal Responses to Environment
Environmental changes and anthropogenic factors modulate social play in captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Serres Agathe , Delfour Fabienne
Published: February 2017

Social play varies among species and individuals and changes in frequency and duration during ontogeny. This type of play is modulated by environmental changes (e.g., resource availability). In captivity, cetaceans and their environment are managed by humans, and training sessions and/or public presentations punctuate the day as well as other frequent or occasional events. There is a lack of research on the effects of environmental events that occur in captivity and might affect dolphins’ behavior. We studied the context in which nine bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) played socially and the events that could potentially impact this social interaction. The dolphins’ social play behavior was significantly more frequent and lasted longer in the morning than in the afternoon and was present before and after interactions with their trainers with a non‐significant tendency to be more frequent before and after a training session than a public presentation. In an experimental paradigm using familiar environmental enrichment, our results demonstrated that environmental enrichment tended to increase social play duration whereas temporary noisy construction work around the pool and display of agonistic behaviors by members of the group significantly decreased it. These results contribute to better understand the social play distribution in captive bottlenose dolphins and the impact of different events within their daily lives. Since play decreases or disappears when animals are facing unfavorable conditions, the evaluation of social play may relate to the animals’ current well‐being. We suggest that social play has potential to become an indicator of bottlenose dolphins’ current welfare state.
Effects of visitor numbers on captive European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and impacts on visitor experience
Authors: Woolway Eleanor E. , Goodenough Anne E.
Published: February 2017

Visitors to zoological collections can have substantial effects on captive animals that vary according to species, enclosure design, visitor proximity, and husbandry methods. One particularly intense form of visitor interaction occurs in immersive exhibits such as walk‐through enclosures. Such enclosures are increasingly common but effects on animal behavior are currently understudied. Here, the behavior of captive European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) is studied in relation to visitor numbers in a walk‐through enclosure. We also quantify the correlation between squirrel encounters and visitor experience. Interaction with humans increased significantly as the number of visitors inside the enclosure increased. The number of children present significantly increased locomotion and decreased eating, possibly due to disturbance and squirrels moving away from busy areas. By contrast, the number of adults significantly increased eating and decreased inactivity due to squirrels approaching visitors. The positive reinforcement training used by the keepers (offering food rewards to the squirrels for coming to them to allow routine medical checks) meant that squirrels associated adults with food opportunities. Squirrel encounter rate (number of squirrels seen by each group of visitors) was significantly affected by the number of adults and visitor duration (positive relationships) and noise as perceived by visitors (negative relationship). Encounter rate was positively correlated with overall visitor experience. Our results indicate that visitors affect behavior but this effect is influenced by husbandry methods. It is vital that visitors, especially children, minimize noise, and move slowly in the enclosure, both for the sake of the animals and their own experience.
Characterization and outcome of 41 patients with beta‐ketothiolase deficiency: 10 years’ experience of a medical center in northern Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Khanh Ngoc , Abdelkreem Elsayed , Colombo Roberto , Hasegawa Yuki , Can Ngoc Thi Bich , Bui Thao Phuong , Le Hai Thanh , Tran Mai Thi Chi , Nguyen Hoan Thi , Trinh Hung Thanh , Aoyama Yuka , Sasai Hideo , Yamaguchi Seiji , Fukao Toshiyuki , Vu Dung Chi
Published: February 2017

Beta‐ketothiolase (T2) deficiency is an inherited disease of isoleucine and ketone body metabolism caused by mutations in theACAT1gene. Between 2005 and 2016, a total of 41 patients with T2 deficiency were identified at a medical center in northern Vietnam, with an estimated incidence of one in 190,000 newborns. Most patients manifested ketoacidotic episodes of varying severity between 6 and 18 months of age. Remarkably, 28% of patients showed high blood glucose levels (up to 23.3 mmol/L). Ketoacidotic episodes recurred in 43% of patients. The age of onset, frequency of episodes, and identified genotype did not affect patient outcomes that were generally favorable, with the exception of seven cases (five died and two had neurological sequelae). Custom‐tailored acute and follow‐up management was critical for a positive clinical outcome. Two null mutations, c.622C>T (p.Arg208*) and c.1006‐1G>C (p.Val336fs), accounted for 66% and 19% of all identifiedACAT1mutant alleles, respectively. Most patients showed characteristic biochemical abnormalities. A newborn screening program could be expected to have a high yield in Vietnam. Investigation findings of haplotypes linked to the most commonACAT1mutation (c.622C>T) are consistent with an ancient common founder of mutation‐bearing chromosomes belonging to the Kinh ethnic population. The direct management and long‐term follow‐up of a large number of T2‐deficient patients enabled us to study the natural history of this rare disease.
The importance of teacher support: Differential impacts by gender and sexuality
Authors: Dessel Adrienne B. , Kulick Alex , Wernick Laura J. , Sullivan Daniel
Published: February 2017

Teachers play an important role in shaping the experiences of high school students with regard to patterns of heteronormativity and binary gender norms, particularly for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) students. A climate survey of high school students (n = 953) in the United States examined the association between students' well‐being and their relationships with teachers. The sample was majority white (65.8%) and multiracial (14.1%). Cisgender (cis)‐girls (49.6%), cis‐boys (41.2%), and trans students (9.2%), as well as heterosexual (78.4%) and LGBQ students (21.6%) were represented. Regression models indicate teachers' use of oppressive language and their intervention in situations of bias and students' trust and comfort with teachers were significantly associated with students' self‐esteem. Teachers' use of biased language was directly associated with student self‐reported grades. Moderation tests indicate teacher relationships are strongly associated with heterosexual and cisgender students' wellbeing. Recommendations for teacher education and future research are discussed.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL'S DRY BEANS BREEDING PROGRAM
Authors: DLAMINI THULA , NALLEY LANIER , TSIBOE FRANCIS , BARKLEY ANDREW , SHEW AARON
Published: February 2017

This study estimates the dry bean yield increase in South Africa that is attributable to genetic improvements through the Agricultural Research Council's (ARC) bean breeding program. Using 32 test plots across South Africa from 1982 to 2014, results indicate that ARC breeding increased average yields by 11.65 kg/ha annually, for a cumulative 43.28% increase. These yield increases were not at the expense of yield variance, an important measure of food security. These findings indicate that the returns on investment are relatively high (an estimated 5.67:1 benefit-cost ratio) and can lead to greater food security though increased and stabilized bean yields.
Assessing the Impact of Field-of-Use Restrictions in Patent Licensing Agreements: The Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States, 1950–1962
Authors: CEBRIÁN VILLAR MAR , LÓPEZ GARCÍA SANTIAGO
Published: February 2017

There are a number of strategies employed by companies to limit price competition, including patenting. This article investigates patent licensing restrictions as a strategy to erode price competition, using mainly information gleaned from the 1960–1962 Kefauver Committee hearings. The article deals with the pharmaceutical industry, which is one of the few sectors in which patents are essential to the development and introduction of innovations. The current study adds to a body of literature that has yielded mixed results with respect to the role of patents in this industry. The main contribution of this research is that restrictive licensing clauses, specifically field-of-use restrictions, are found to be relevant in eroding price competition in the institutional market. However, in the retail ethical market, price competition was absent even when no field-of-use restrictions were included in licensing contracts, although product competition was relevant between patented drugs.
Lithium monitoring patterns in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Can shared care agreements play a role in improving monitoring quality? A systematic review
Authors: Aubry R. E. , Scott L. , Cassidy E.
Published: February 2017

Background

The appropriate monitoring of patients on lithium therapy has been the subject of extensive research in the form of clinical audits and surveys culminating in the development of specific guidelines to help clinicians provide optimal care for patients on lithium. The concept of ‘shared care’ has also gained attention in the literature with various types of shared care interventions being introduced as potential ways of improving communication between primary and secondary care.

Objectives

This article aims to (1) review the literature evaluating lithium monitoring practices in the United Kingdom and Ireland in the last 25 years and (2) determine whether locally agreed shared care agreements have the potential to improve monitoring quality.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and PsychInfo. A total of 12 studies were selected for review including 11 audits/prospective chart reviews and one qualitative study using semi-structured interviews.

Conclusions

Overall, the quality of lithium monitoring seems to be improving throughout the years. However, none of the studies reviewed revealed complete adherence to monitoring guidelines. This may be due to a lack of effective communication between primary and secondary care. Several shared care interventions have been described in the literature but there is a paucity of studies concerned with the effects of local shared care arrangements designed for the specific purpose of lithium monitoring. Nonetheless, the extant data suggests that such agreements may help improve monitoring standards by allowing the responsibilities for managing the prescribing and monitoring of lithium to be more clearly defined and shared between primary and secondary care.
THE LEGACIES OF STATE CORPORATISM IN KOREA: REGULATORY CAPTURE IN THE SEWOL FERRY TRAGEDY
Authors: You Jong-sung , Park Youn Min
Published: February 2017

Regarding the causes of the Sewol ferry accident that claimed 304 lives in April 2014, some scholars have blamed neoliberal reforms such as deregulation and privatization for the safety regulatory failure. Others have highlighted the role of industry influence and corruption. Our analysis shows that regulatory capture was the crucial causal factor; moreover, this capture was institutionalized from the state-corporatist arrangements of the authoritarian period rather than reflecting new arrangements under the democratic era or corruption per se. The delegation of the critical safety regulation enforcement to the shipping industry association was not introduced as a neoliberal reform but in the context of state corporatism of the Park Chung-hee regime. Democratic governments continued to protect the monopoly of the lucrative Incheon–Jeju ferry business, contrary to neoliberal logic. The legacies of state corporatism persist despite post-financial crisis reform.
Genesis and evolution of velocity gradients in near-field spatially developing turbulence
Authors: Paul I. , Papadakis G. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the dynamics of velocity gradients for a spatially developing flow generated by a single square element of a fractal square grid at low inlet Reynolds number through direct numerical simulation. This square grid-element is also the fundamental block of a classical grid. The flow along the grid-element centreline is initially irrotational and becomes turbulent further downstream due to the lateral excursions of vortical turbulent wakes from the grid-element bars. We study the generation and evolution of the symmetric and anti-symmetric parts of the velocity gradient tensor for this spatially developing flow using the transport equations of mean strain product and mean enstrophy respectively. The choice of low inlet Reynolds number allows for fine spatial resolution and long simulations, both of which are conducive in balancing the budget equations of the above quantities. The budget analysis is carried out along the grid-element centreline and the bar centreline. The former is observed to consist of two subregions: one in the immediate lee of the grid-element which is dominated by irrotational strain, and one further downstream where both strain and vorticity coexist. In the demarcation area between these two subregions, where the turbulence is inhomogeneous and developing, the energy spectrum exhibits the best$-5/3$power-law slope. This is the same location where the experiments at much higher inlet Reynolds number show a well-defined$-5/3$spectrum over more than a decade of frequencies. Yet, the$Q{-}R$diagram, where$Q$and$R$are the second and third invariants of the velocity gradient tensor, remains undeveloped in the near-grid-element region, and both the intermediate and extensive strain-rate eigenvectors align with the vorticity vector. Along the grid-element centreline, the strain is the first velocity gradient quantity generated by the action of pressure Hessian. This strain is then transported downstream by fluctuations and strain self-amplification is activated a little later. Further downstream, vorticity from the bar wakes is brought towards the grid-element centreline, and, through the interaction with strain, leads to the production of enstrophy. The strain-rate tensor has a statistically axial stretching form in the production region, but a statistically biaxial stretching form in the decay region. The usual signatures of velocity gradients such as the shape of$Q{-}R$diagrams and the alignment of vorticity vector with the intermediate eigenvector are detected only in the decay region even though the local Reynolds number (based on the Taylor length scale) is only between 30 and 40.
Lissajous trajectories in electromagnetically driven vortices
Authors: Figueroa Aldo , Cuevas Sergio , Ramos Eduardo
Published: February 2017

An experimental and theoretical study of laminar vortical flows driven by oscillating electromagnetic forces that act in orthogonal directions in a shallow electrolytic fluid layer is presented. Forces are generated by the interaction of the field of a dipolar permanent magnet and two imposed alternating electric currents perpendicular to each other with independent frequencies varying in the range of 10–30 mHz. Velocity fields of the time-dependent flow are obtained using particle image velocimetry, while particle tracking allows exploration of the Lagrangian trajectories and time maps. An approximate two-dimensional analytical solution is obtained for the laminar creeping regime so that Lagrangian trajectories are integrated explicitly. These trajectories resemble Lissajous figures with the usual property that, when the ratio of the frequencies of the imposed currents is rational, closed paths are found, while non-closed paths occur when this ratio is irrational. Deviations of this regime that account for slight increase of inertial effects are explored through a quasi-two-dimensional numerical simulation. In this case, non-closed paths are found even for rational frequency ratios. This case was observed in the experiment. Lagrangian trajectories calculated numerically show a qualitative agreement with experimental particle tracking. Furthermore, numerical time maps obtained for increasing inertial effects and rational frequency ratios reveal a chaotic behaviour. Some features of the Lagrangian trajectories are validated experimentally. In particular, topological properties of the calculated and observed time maps are in qualitative agreement. In a characteristic case, a partial time map calculated numerically is compared with the section acquired from the experimental tracking of one particle.
Accurate Age Estimation Using 14C Content in Japanese Human Teeth
Authors: Kunita Keisuke , Nakamura Toshio , Kato Kazuo
Published: February 2017

We investigated age estimation of persons using 45 Japanese human teeth that consisted of mainly the third molar. We measured the radiocarbon content in tooth enamel hydroxyapatite from the crown as well as those in collagen and bioapatite in the root of the same tooth. Age estimations from tooth enamel apatite yielded an absolute age shift of 1.7±1.4 yr from the true age. This value suggests that estimating the age of Japanese people from tooth enamel is as accurate as the previous studies conducted in Europe and the USA. The 14C analysis of roots suggested that bioapatite is formed slightly later than collagen in the same tooth roots. The appropriate formation age ranges suggested by the tooth enamel analysis can be optimized and confirmed by using the additional F14C values of the root samples. We also noticed a characteristic trend of enamel δ13C values in comparison with the formation ages of the crowns of the teeth. The δ13C value tends to increase gradually from –13.0‰ to –11.5‰ from the 1960s to the 1970s, probably being caused by changes in the Japanese diet. This trend may support the selection of proper tooth formation age as supplemental data in addition to 14C content analyses.
Free and esterified fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in adult malesand its effect on the doubly-labelled water method
Authors: Haggarty P. , Shetty P. , Thangam S. , Kumar S. , Kurpad A. , Ashton J. , Milne E. , Earl C.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the present study was to estimate whole-body fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in weight-stable adults and to determine the likely effect on the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method for measuring energy expenditure. Synthesis was measured by2H incorporation over 14 d in six adult males in approximate energy balance following noradrenaline infusion to maximize mobilization of free fatty acid from adipose tissue. The inter-individual variation in synthesis rates was large and in one subject the proportion of free fatty acid synthesized was ten times that of the mean of the rest of the group; the fasting concentration of esterified fatty acid in this subject was five times that of the rest of the group indicating likely violation of the assumptions underlying the calculation of whole-body synthesis. After 14 d of labelling in the other five subjects, 0·9 (SEM 0·3) % OF THE CIRCULATING FREE FATTY ACID, 9·3 (sem 3·0) % of the esterified fatty acid, 14·6 (sem 2·4) % of the free cholesterol and 28·3 (sem 3·7) % of esterified cholesterol had been synthesizedde novo. A high rate of synthesis correlated with a low pre-dose2H abundance both within and between lipid classes suggesting that natural2H abundance variations in some lipid classes may be used to determine their metabolic origin. Whole-body synthetic rates were 8 g/d for fatty acid and 0·3–0·5 g/d for cholesterol. These values correspond to very small errors on DLW-derived estimates of CO2production; -2·5 litres/d for fatty acid and -0·1 to -0·2 litres/d for cholesterol. These results, obtained in subjects typically consuming a diet with a lower fat and cholesterol content that the typical Western diet, suggest that the DLW method is unlikely to be affected by fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in subjects in energy balance consuming a typical Western diet.
Intestinal trehalase activity in a UK population: establishing a normal range and the effect of disease
Authors: Murray Iain A. , Coupland Kathryn , Smith Julie A. , Ansell I. David , Long Richard G.
Published: February 2017

Trehalose is a disaccharide, the main dietary source being mushrooms. It has been approved as an additive in the preparation of dried food. Isolated intestinal trehalase deficiency is found in 8 % of Greenlanders, but is rare elsewhere. The normal range of trehalase activity and the incidence of isolated trehalase deficiency in the UK have not been reported. Patients (n400) were investigated for suspected malabsorption. Endoscopic distal duodenal biopsies were taken for histological assessment and maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase estimation. Disaccharidase activities were determined by Dahlqvist's technique (). Most patients (n369) had normal duodenal histology. In these, square root transformation of trehalase activity produced a normal distribution. The normal range (mean ± 2 SD) was 4·79–37·12 U/g protein. One patient had an isolated borderline trehalase deficiency. The thirty-one patients with villous atrophy had significantly reduced disaccharidase activities. With ingestion of a gluten-free diet, maltase, sucrase and trehalase activities recovered to normal in most patients, whereas lactase activity did not. The normal range and very low incidence of isolated enzyme deficiency is comparable with that described in populations from the USA and mainland Europe. Activity is significantly reduced in untreated coeliac disease and recovers with treatment with a gluten-free diet. There is no place for routine determination of trehalase activity in the UK population and there should be no concern over the introduction of trehalose-containing dried foods.
Ontogeny of the expression of leptin and its receptor in themurine fetus and placenta
Authors: Hoggard Nigel , Hunter Leif , Lea Richard G. , Trayhurn Paul , Mercer Julian G.
Published: February 2017

Leptin is a 167-amino acid protein that is secreted from adipose cells and expressed in placental tissues. It is important nutritionally in the regulation of energy balance, but also has other functions such as a role in reproduction. To investigate the function of the leptin system in fetal development we examined, primarily by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the expression (both mRNA and protein) of leptin and its receptor (including the signalling splice variant) in tissues from 11·5, 13·5, 16·5 and 18·5 d postcoitus murine fetuses and associated placentas. We detected leptin mRNA (at low levels) and protein predominantly in the cytotrophoblasts of the labyrinth part of the placenta, an area of nutrient exchange between the developing fetus and the placenta, and in the trophoblast giant cells situated in the junctional zone at the maternal interface. In addition, leptin was strongly expressed in the fetal cartilage–bone and at a lower level in the hair follicles, heart, and liver of the murine fetus at differing stages of development. The leptin receptor, including the signalling splice variant, was also identified in specific fetal tissues. The physiological importance of expression of both leptin and the leptin receptor (OB-R and OB-Rb) in the placenta remains to be determined. In addition, the high levels of expression of leptin and its receptor in discrete areas of the murine fetus suggest that leptin has a critical role in fetal development.
Holding Up the Empire: Colombia, American Oil Interests, and the 1921 Urrutia-Thomson Treaty
Authors: Duran Xavier , Bucheli Marcelo
Published: February 2017

Why did the United States subsidize American multinationals' entry into countries treated as informal colonies? We study a classic case of American imperialism, the 1903 U.S. support of Panama's secession from Colombia and subsequent U.S. payment of the 1921 reparations that opened Colombia's oil fields to Standard Oil. We test Noel Maurer's (2013) empire trap hypothesis quantitatively. Archival and econometric evidence documents Colombia's threat to Standard Oil's sunk investment, which induced the multinational to build a supermajority coalition in the U.S. Senate to back a reparations treaty. Results support the empire trap hypothesis but point out important qualifications.
Women's Income and Marriage Markets in the United States: Evidence from the Civil War Pension
Authors: Salisbury Laura
Published: February 2017

Under the Civil War pension act of 1862, Union Army widows were entitled to pensions; however, they lost these pensions if they remarried. Using a database compiled from widows' pension files, I estimate the effect this had on widows' remarriage decisions. I find that receiving a pension lowered the hazard rate of remarriage by 25 percent, which implies an increase in the median time to remarriage of 3.5 years. Among older women, the effect is greater. These results suggest that many Union Army widows faced highly unfavorable marriage prospects.
The National Rise in Residential Segregation
Authors: Logan Trevon D. , Parman John M.
Published: February 2017

Exploiting complete census manuscript files, we derive a new segregation measure using the racial similarity of next-door neighbors. The fineness of our measure reveals new facts not captured by traditional segregation indices. First, segregation doubled nationally from 1880 to 1940. Second, contrary to prior estimates, Southern urban areas were the most segregated in the country and remained so over time. Third, increasing segregation in the twentieth century was not strictly driven by urbanization, black migration, or white flight: it resulted from increasing racial sorting at the household level. In all areas—North and South, urban and rural—segregation increased dramatically.
Wealth-Income Ratios in a Small, Developing Economy: Sweden, 1810–2014
Authors: Waldenström Daniel
Published: February 2017

This study uses new data on Swedish national wealth over the last two hundred years to examine whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) extend to small and less developed economies. The findings reveal both similarities and differences. During the industrialization era, Sweden's domestic wealth was relatively low because of low saving rates and instead foreign capital imports became important. Twentieth-century trends and levels are more similar, but in Sweden government wealth grew more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. Overall, the findings suggest that initial conditions and economic and political institutions matter for the structure and evolution of national wealth.
Effectiveness of extensive sinus surgery with post-operative medical management for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Wood A J , Zhou L , Wilkinson S , Douglas R G
Published: February 2017

Objective:

To prospectively assess treatment outcomes of chronic rhinosinusitis patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery and post-operative medical treatment over a prolonged follow-up period.

Methods:

Patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the tertiary referral practice of a single surgeon were studied prospectively. Symptoms were scored by patients pre-operatively and over a minimum follow-up period of 12 months.

Results:

The study comprised 200 non-consecutive patients. The median pre-operative symptom score was 16 (out of a maximum of 25) (95 per cent confidence interval = 15 to 17). Symptom scores reduced to a median of 7 (95 per cent confidence interval = 6 to 8) after 12 months of follow up (p< 0.0001). The median symptom score improved for all symptoms and across all patient subgroups.

Conclusion:

Extensive functional endoscopic sinus surgery offers significant and durable symptom improvement in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical treatment. This improvement extends to all patient subgroups. Prolonged medical therapy is recommended after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
Colliding Alfvénic wave packets in magnetohydrodynamics, Hall and
kinetic simulations
Authors: Pezzi O. , Parashar T. N. , Servidio S. , Valentini F. , Vásconez C. L. , Yang Y. , Malara F. , Matthaeus W. H. , Veltri P.
Published: February 2017

The analysis of the Parker–Moffatt problem, recently revisited in Pezzi
et al. (Astrophys. J., vol. 834,
2017, p. 166), is here extended by including Hall magnetohydrodynamics and two
hybrid kinetic Vlasov–Maxwell numerical models. The presence of dispersive and
kinetic features is studied in detail and a comparison between the two kinetic codes
is also reported. Focus on the presence of non-Maxwellian signatures shows that
– during the collision – regions characterized by strong temperature
anisotropy are recovered and the proton distribution function displays a beam along
the direction of the magnetic field, similar to some recent observations of the solar
wind.
Detecting hybridization in African schistosome species: does egg morphology complement molecular species identification?
Authors: BOON NELE A. M. , FANNES WOUTER , ROMBOUTS SARA , POLMAN KATJA , VOLCKAERT FILIP A. M. , HUYSE TINE
Published: February 2017

Hybrid parasites may have an increased transmission potential and higher virulence compared to their parental species. Consequently, hybrid detection is critical for disease control. Previous crossing experiments showed that hybrid schistosome eggs have distinct morphotypes. We therefore compared the performance of egg morphology with molecular markers with regard to detecting hybridization in schistosomes. We studied the morphology of 303 terminal-spined eggs, originating from 19 individuals inhabiting a hybrid zone with natural crosses between the human parasite Schistosoma haematobium and the livestock parasite Schistosoma bovis in Senegal. The egg sizes showed a high variability and ranged between 92·4 and 176·4 µm in length and between 35·7 and 93·0 µm in width. No distinct morphotypes were found and all eggs resembled, to varying extent, the typical S. haematobium egg type. However, molecular analyses on the same eggs clearly showed the presence of two distinct partial mitochondrial cox1 profiles, namely S. bovis and S. haematobium, and only a single nuclear ITS rDNA profile (S. haematobium). Therefore, in these particular crosses, egg morphology appears not a good indicator of hybrid ancestry. We conclude by discussing strengths and limitations of molecular methods to detect hybrids in the context of high-throughput screening of field samples.
Art. XVIII.—On the Present State of the River Indus, and the Route of Alexander the Great, by Lieutenant William Pottinger, of H.M. 6th Regiment of Infantry
Authors: Pottinger W. , Burnes Alexander
Published: February 2017

Much discussion having arisen as to whether the Eastern or Western branch of the Indus was formerly the grand stream of the river, and likewise as to the route pursued by Alexander the Great through Sindh, a few remarks from me may perhaps be excused, although the subject is one from which little profit can be derived, and on which it behoves every one to speak with caution and diffidence. Having, however, travelled over a considerable portion of the country, and by personal observation and inquiry made myself acquainted with many circumstances bearing on this topic, I am induced to offer the following facts and surmises for the consideration of those who are in any way interested in the question affecting the route of the Macedonian conqueror; but before entering on this discussion, it will be as well to describe the general features of the Indus as they now exist, in its course through Sindh.