bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cloud-Resolving Model with an Adaptive Vertical Grid for Boundary Layer Clouds
Authors: Marchand Roger , Ackerman Thomas
Published: December 2010

Accurate cloud-resolving model simulations of cloud cover and cloud water content for boundary layer clouds are difficult to achieve without vertical grid spacing well below 100 m, especially for inversion-topped stratocumulus. The need for fine vertical grid spacing presents a significant impediment to global or large regional simulations using cloud-resolving models, including the Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF), in which a two-dimensional or small three-dimensional cloud-resolving model is embedded into each grid cell of a global climate model in place of more traditional cloud parameterizations. One potential solution to this problem is to use a model with an adaptive vertical grid (i.e., a model that is able to add vertical layers where and when needed) rather than trying to use a fixed grid with fine vertical spacing throughout the boundary layer. This article examines simulations with an adaptive vertical grid for three well-studied stratocumulus cases based on observations from the second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS-II) experiment, the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX), and the Atlantic Trade Cumulus Experiment (ATEX). For each case, three criteria are examined for determining where to add or remove vertical layers. One criterion is based on the domain-averaged potential temperature profile; the other two are based on the ratio of the estimated subgrid-scale to total water flux and turbulent kinetic energy. The results of the adaptive vertical grid simulations are encouraging in that these simulations are able to produce results similar to simulations using fine vertical grid spacing throughout the boundary layer, while using many fewer vertical layers.
Global Sea Surface Temperature Forecasts Using a Pairwise Dynamic Combination Approach
Authors: Chowdhury Shahadat , Sharma Ashish
Published: December 2010

This paper dynamically combined three multivariate forecasts where spatially and temporally variant combination weights are estimated using a nearest-neighbor approach. The case study presented combines forecasts from three climate models for the period 1958–2001. The variables of interest here are the monthly global sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) at a 5° × 5° latitude–longitude grid, predicted 3 months in advance. The forecast from the static weight combination is used as the base case for comparison. The forecasted sea surface temperature using the dynamic combination algorithm offers consistent improvements over the static combination approach for all seasons. This improved skill is achieved over at least 93% of the global grid cells, in four 10-yr independent validation segments. Dynamically combined forecasts reduce the mean-square error of the SSTA by at least 25% for 72% of the global grid cells when compared against the best-performing single forecast among the three climate models considered.
Extratropical Atmospheric Response to the Atlantic Niño Decaying Phase
Authors: García-Serrano Javier , Losada Teresa , Rodríguez-Fonseca Belén
Published: December 2010

The Atlantic Niño or Atlantic Equatorial Mode (EM) is the dominant coupled variability phenomenon in the tropical Atlantic basin during boreal summer. From the 1970s, the mode has changed, evolving in time from east to west and without persisting until the following winter. In a previous observational work, the authors have studied the atmospheric response to the EM during the 1979–2005 period, proposing three main issues along the decaying phase of this mode: 1) the continuous confinement of the anomalous deep convection over northeastern Brazil following the thermal-forcing decay; 2) an increasing dipole-like precipitation anomaly with dry conditions in the Florida–Gulf of Mexico region; and 3) the excitation of Rossby waves forced by the remaining upper-tropospheric divergence that are trapped into the subtropical jet but do not show a robust impact on the European sector.

In this work, a 10-member ensemble simulation for the recent EM with the University of California, Los Angeles AGCM model has been analyzed for assessing the evolution of the atmospheric response to the summer Atlantic Niño decay. Results from the sensitivity experiment support that the former and the latter findings can be interpreted in terms of the Atlantic thermal forcing; while the negative rainfall anomalies in the western subtropical basin require an external forcing outside the tropical Atlantic. Prior studies point at the peaking Pacific El Niño as a potential player.

An important conclusion of this work is that the seasonal atmospheric response to the Atlantic Niño decaying phase is mainly determined by the climatological jet stream’s position and intensity. In this way, this response shows an arching pattern over the North Atlantic region during summer–autumn and a zonally oriented wave train during autumn–winter.
Improved Methods for PCA-Based Reconstructions: Case Study Using the Steig et al. (2009) Antarctic Temperature Reconstruction
Authors: O’Donnell Ryan , Lewis Nicholas , McIntyre Steve , Condon Jeff
Published: December 2010

A detailed analysis is presented of a recently published Antarctic temperature reconstruction that combines satellite and ground information using a regularized expectation–maximization algorithm. Though the general reconstruction concept has merit, it is susceptible to spurious results for both temperature trends and patterns. The deficiencies include the following: (i) improper calibration of satellite data; (ii) improper determination of spatial structure during infilling; and (iii) suboptimal determination of regularization parameters, particularly with respect to satellite principal component retention. This study proposes two methods to resolve these issues. One utilizes temporal relationships between the satellite and ground data; the other combines ground data with only the spatial component of the satellite data. Both improved methods yield similar results that disagree with the previous method in several aspects. Rather than finding warming concentrated in West Antarctica, the authors find warming over the period of 1957–2006 to be concentrated in the peninsula (≈0.35°C decade−1). This study also shows average trends for the continent, East Antarctica, and West Antarctica that are half or less than that found using the unimproved method. Notably, though the authors find warming in West Antarctica to be smaller in magnitude and find that statistically significant warming extends at least as far as Marie Byrd Land. This study also finds differences in the seasonal patterns of temperature change, with winter and fall showing the largest differences and spring and summer showing negligible differences outside of the peninsula.
Trend Singular Value Decomposition Analysis and Its Application to the Global Ocean Surface Latent Heat Flux and SST Anomalies
Authors: Li Gen , Ren Baohua , Zheng Jianqiu , Yang Chengyun
Published: December 2010

Given the complexity of trends in the actual climate system, distinguishing between different trends and different trend modes is important for climate research. This study introduces a new method called “trend singular value decomposition (TSVD) analysis,” which is designed for systematically extracting coupled trend modes, albeit small, by performing an eigenanalysis of the inverse-rank covariance matrix between two fields. Applications to simple time series models and annual mean surface latent heat flux (LHF) and SST data for 1958–2006 are presented and discussed. Results show that the TSVD analysis can capture different coherent trends into different leading modes. The first TSVD mode between the global LHF and SST anomalies, similar to the first conventional SVD mode, generally represents a large-scale increasing LHF trend induced by a warming SST trend; whereas, interestingly, unlike the second SVD mode that is mainly associated with the familiar ENSO, the second TSVD mode is mainly associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). TSVD analysis casts the (global) long-term and (Pacific) decadal trends into the leading two modes, respectively. Compared to SVD analysis, the advantages of the TSVD analysis in detecting coupled low-frequency modes are even more evident in the tropical Pacific (TP), where the coherent trend signals (i.e., the long-term trends and the decadal trends) are smaller than the ENSO-related signals. Thus, TSVD analysis performs better than SVD analysis when focusing on trends rather than on maximum covariance patterns, particularly on relatively small coherent trend patterns, such as the coupled long-term trends and decadal trends in the TP.
Drought and Persistent Wet Spells over South America Based on Observations and the U.S. CLIVAR Drought Experiments
Authors: Mo Kingtse C. , Berbery Ernesto H.
Published: December 2010

This study employs observations and the model simulations from the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Drought Working Group to examine extreme precipitation events like drought and wet spells that persist more than one season over South America. These events tend to persist over northeastern Brazil, the Guianas, and the west coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. They are least likely to persist over southeastern South America, which includes Uruguay, southern Brazil, and northeastern Argentina.

The U.S. CLIVAR simulations, particularly those of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model, version 3.5 (CAM3.5), capture satisfactorily the impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the north tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) signals on persistent extreme events and reproduce the mechanisms inducing the teleconnection patterns. The cold (warm) ENSO favors wetness (dryness) over Venezuela, Colombia, and northeastern Brazil and dryness (wet spells) over southeastern South America and southern Argentina. The NTA SSTAs alone tend to have a more local impact affecting mostly over northern South America in March–May.

The simulations show that when the two modes (ENSO and NTA) act in concert, the effects may become noticeable in different and remote areas of the continent, as they shift the probability of drought and persistent wet spells over different regions of South America. The impact is strong when the ENSO and the NTA are in opposite phases. For the cold (warm) Pacific and warm (cold) Atlantic, droughts (persistent wet spells) are intensified over southeastern South America, while persistent wet spells (droughts) are favored over the northern part of the continent. The changes in the patterns are regional and not as intense when both oceans are warm (or cold).
Multipatterns of the National Weather Radar Testbed Mitigate Clutter Received via Sidelobes
Authors: Zhang Guifu , Li Yinguang , Doviak Richard J. , Priegnitz Dave , Carter John , Curtis Christopher D.
Published: December 2010

The phased-array radar (PAR) of the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) has a unique hybrid (mechanical and electrical) azimuth scan capability, allowing weather observations with different antenna patterns. Observations show the standard deviation of the sample mean power of weather echoes received through the main lobe of a set of squinted beams is less than the clutter received via sidelobes. This then allows use of a multipattern technique to cancel sidelobe echoes from moving scatterers, echoes that cannot be filtered with a ground-clutter canceler. Although the multipattern technique was developed to cancel clutter received through sidelobes, results show clutter from objects moving within the beam can also be canceled.
Quality Assessment of a 1985–2007 Mediterranean Sea Reanalysis
Authors: Adani Mario , Dobricic Srdjan , Pinardi Nadia
Published: December 2010

A simulation and two reanalyses from 1985 to 2007 have been produced for the Mediterranean Sea using different assimilation schemes: a reduced-order optimal interpolation [System for Ocean Forecast and Analysis (SOFA)] and a three-dimensional variational scheme (OceanVar). The observational dataset consists of vertical temperature and salinity in situ profiles and along-track satellite sea level anomalies; daily mean fields of satellite sea surface temperature are used for correcting the air–sea fluxes. This paper assesses the quality of the reanalyses with respect to observations and the simulation.

Both the SOFA and OceanVar schemes give very similar root-mean-square errors and biases for temperature and salinity fields compared with the assimilated observations. The largest errors are at the thermocline level and in regions of large eddy field variability. However, OceanVar gives 20% better results for sea level anomaly root-mean-square error.
Gifted Girls’ Passion for Fiction: The Quest for Meaning, Growth, and Self-Actualization
Authors: Stutler Susan Lee
Published: December 2010

To illuminate the nature of the relationship that very able girls have with fiction, this is an interpretive account of the meanings that reading fiction holds for verbally gifted preadolescent girls. Ethnographic field methods were used to uncover the essences of the reading experience in the contexts of their daily lives. Data sources included the researcher’s field notes, the girls’ taped book discussions, parent interviews, and the girls’ reading journals. Major findings were that the girls read and make meaning in and around three interconnected areas of intelligence and intensity: intellectual, imaginational, and emotional. As they read fiction, the girls engage in a process of determined growth in each of these domains of human awareness. The girls challenge themselves with difficult literature, critical and empathic thinking, and problem finding. As the girls read and make meaning, they are involved in constructing their lives’ purpose. They are youthful self-actualizers.

Putting the Research to Use

Educators should understand the powerful place that fiction holds in the lives of young gifted readers. The verbally gifted learners of this report were passionate about fiction. The girls used fiction as they constructed meaning in and around three domains of human awareness: intellectual, imaginational, and emotional. They read with an intensity that led them to choose challenging fiction to gather knowledge and explore issues, create vivid images, and make connections with characters and authors. The girls experienced flow while reading, which led to an inclination as well as a determination to read. Time spent in solitude reading fiction helped the girls overcome adversity, allowed them to resist enculturation, and caused them to question the split between the way things are and they way things should be. The girls used fiction to self-educate as they began to realize their lives’ purpose.
Using Propensity Score Matching in Educational Research
Authors: Fan Xitao , Nowell Dana L.
Published: December 2010

This methodological brief introduces the readers to the propensity score matching method, which can be used for enhancing the validity of causal inferences in research situations involving nonexperimental design or observational research, or in situations where the benefits of an experimental design are not fully realized because of reasons beyond the researcher’s control (e.g., attrition of participants). This brief discusses the rationale of propensity score matching, the major implementation steps and considerations, and illustrates the procedures with a data example. Some limitations and implementation challenges are also discussed.
See It on a Radio Story
Authors: Rodero Emma
Published: December 2010

Radio’s capacity to stimulate the creation of mental images in the mind of its listeners has long been acknowledged. Nevertheless, research into mental imagery has focused principally on the study of visual stimuli, although studies into radio itself have mostly concerned the field of advertising. In this study, we examine the influence of two stimuli associated with auditory processing on radio: sound effects and sound shots. The chosen context for the study is that of a fictional story, or audio drama, through which to measure the role of these stimuli both in creating mental images in the listener’s mind and in maintaining his or her attention. Our findings demonstrate that the inclusion of descriptive sound effects and especially of sound shots in a fictional radio drama increases mental imagery and that a relationship exists between this increase and the degree of listener attention.
From the National-Bourgeoisie to the Dependency Interpretation of Latin America
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: December 2010

In the 1960s and 1970s Latin America experienced a series of modernizing military coups and the shift of its intellectuals from a nationalist to an associated-dependency interpretation of their societies and economies. In the 1950s two groups of public intellectuals, organized around the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, in Santiago, Chile, and the Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, had pioneered thinking about Latin American societies and economies (including Brazil’s) from a nationalist standpoint. The idea of a national bourgeoisie was key to this interpretation. The Cuban Revolution, the economic crisis of the 1960s, and the military coups in the Southern Cone, however, opened the way for criticism of these ideas from a new perspective—that of dependency. By rejecting the possibility of a national bourgeoisie, two versions of the dependency interpretation (the “associated” and the “overexploitation”) also rejected the possibility of a national-development strategy. Only a third version, the “national-dependent” interpretation, asserted the need for and the possibility of a national bourgeoisie and a national strategy. Yet, it was the associated-dependency interpretation that was dominant in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s, and this may explain the subordination of Latin America to the Washington consensus since the late 1980s and the ensuing low rates of growth.
Democracy, State, and Industry
Authors: Diniz Eli
Published: December 2010

Brazilian industrial entrepreneurs have shown a high degree of mobilization and political activity in defense of their specific interests since the beginning of Brazilian industrial capitalist development. They have been characterized by pragmatism, support of different governments and political regimes (dictatorships or democracies), and adaptation to the political instability typical of the country from the proclamation of the Republic until the mid-1980s. For almost half a century they have played a prominent role in sustaining the different phases of national developmentalism by joining diverse political coalitions that upheld the industrial order. The past 10 years have been marked by an important reversal of this pattern that is essentially political: the socialization of entrepreneurs in democratic values, rules, and practices. A thread of continuity is represented by an ideological pragmatism characterized by successive adaptations to positions more or less aligned with a more active role for the state.
Ethically Using Administrative Data in Research
Authors: Stiles Paul G. , Boothroyd Roger A. , Robst John , Ray James V.
Published: December 2010

Ethical standards and issues associated with the access and use of state Medicaid administrative data for research purposes from the data owners’ perspective (i.e., state Medicaid authorities) were examined. Key informants at Medicaid authorities were surveyed regarding their states’ policies and procedures related to the access and use of Medicaid data for research purposes. Results indicate that although a majority of states permit the use of Medicaid data by independent investigators for research purposes (74%), there is substantial variability across states in both the frequency with which access is granted as well as with the policies and procedures governing the access to these data. Literature on existing “best practices” by data owners regarding the use of administrative data in research is combined with survey findings to add the discussion in this highly important area and proposed guiding principles for administrative data owners and custodians are offered.
Parental Divorce and Couples’ Adjustment During the Transition to Parenthood: The Role of Parent-Adult Child Relationships
Authors: Bouchard Geneviève , Doucet Danielle
Published: December 2010

In this study, the authors examined the associations between parental divorce, quality of relationships with parents, and dyadic adjustment during transition of 114 couples to parenthood. Data were collected during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 9 months postpartum. As predicted, the authors found that women from divorced families reported more conflict, less support, and less depth in the relationships with their fathers. However, it was the extent to which their relationships with their mothers were characterized by support that predicted women’s adjustment during their first pregnancy. Also as expected, for men, the link between parental divorce and both prenatal dyadic adjustment and residualized change scores of dyadic adjustment over time was mediated by the quality of their relationships with their fathers.
Readability of Early Intervention Program Literature
Authors: Pizur-Barnekow Kris , Patrick Timothy , Rhyner Paula M. , Cashin Susan , Rentmeester Angela
Published: December 2010

Accessibility of early intervention program literature was examined through readability analysis of documents given to families who have a child served by the Birth to 3 program. Nine agencies that serve families in Birth to 3 programs located in a county in the Midwest provided the ( n = 94) documents. Documents were included in the analysis if they conveyed information about the nature of the program, the financial obligations of the family, intervention planning, and programmatic consent. The analysis indicated that a majority of the documents were written above the recommended fifth-grade reading level. Action steps to improve the accessibility of early intervention documents are discussed.
Rethinking the Dynamics of Abusive Relationships: The Implications of Violence and Resistance for Household Bargaining
Authors: Paterson Stephanie
Published: December 2010

Integrating insights from strategic bargaining analysis with the cooperative conflicts approach, this paper explores the implications of conjugal violence against women and women’s resistance to violence for bargaining processes and outcomes. It is argued that analyses of conjugal violence must situate strategic behavior in social context, thus problematizing theoretical and empirical analyses that point to a direct negative correlation between women’s economic resources and violence. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of policy implications.

JEL classifications: D13, D19
Suicidal Behavior Among Low-Income, African American Female Victims of Intimate Terrorism and Situational Couple Violence
Authors: Leone Janel M.
Published: December 2010

This study examined risk of suicidal behavior among low-income, African American women ( N = 369) in three types of male intimate relationships— intimate terrorism (IT) (i.e., physical violence used within a general pattern of coercive control), situational couple violence (SCV; i.e., episodic physical violence that is not part of a general pattern of coercive control), and nonviolent (NV; i.e., no physical violence). IT victims had more than double the odds of suicidal behavior compared to SCV victims and this association remained significant after controlling for physical violence severity, depression symptoms, and alcohol and drug abuse. Risk of suicidal behavior was not significantly different for SCV victims compared to women in NV relationships. Findings emphasize the need for researchers and practitioners to distinguish between types of male partner violence when examining its context and consequences for female victims.
Intimate Partner Violence Among Pregnant and Parenting Latina Adolescents
Authors: Sue Newman Bernie , Campbell Caroline
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature and extent of mutual violence among a sample of pregnant and parenting Latina adolescent females and their partners. The sample consisted of 73 Latina adolescent females between the ages of 14 and 20 who were referred to a community-based organization for case management, education, and psychosocial support for pregnant and parenting adolescents. They completed the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) as part of a pretest to evaluate this intervention program. A small number (12 out of 73; 16%) reported no use of aggressive conflict tactics. Eighty-four percent (61 out of 73) of the study respondents reported using at least one form of minor psychological aggression and 62% (45 out of 73) reported using at least one form of minor physical assault over the past 6 months. Mutuality of conflict was high, especially in cases of minor assault by partner. There was no difference in severity or chronicity of conflict between those who were pregnant and those who were not. Female respondents reported that they and their partners engaged in comparable levels of sexual coercion. Discussion of the context of psychological, physical, and sexual aggression in adolescent relationships suggests alternative approaches to prevention of intimate partner violence among adolescents.
Using Strength-Based Approaches to Explore Pretreatment Change in Men Who Abuse Their Partners
Authors: Curwood Susan Eckerle , DeGeer Ian , Hymmen Peter , Lehmann Peter
Published: December 2010

Group work with men who batter has traditionally consisted predominantly of psychoeducational programs that ignore concepts such as self-determination, goal setting, and positive engagement with men. More recently, this paradigm has begun to shift to include cognitive approaches and the utilization of strength-based strategies. The present sample included 42 men who were part of an ongoing batterer intervention program. Information for this study included assessment of each man’s strengths, their goals, and their perceptions of the changes they felt they had already made prior to attending group treatment. Through a grounded theory analysis, a model was developed that highlights the pretherapeutic change processes that men experience due to their being arrested, charged with a misdemeanour domestic charge, and subsequently convicted of domestic violence. Particularly highlighted are changes in the ways that men view and navigate three distinct areas of their lives: their external world (including work and education); their internal world (perception of self, values, and skills); and their interpersonal relationships with their partner and children.
PTSD Symptoms and Sexual Harassment: The Role of Attributions and Perceived Control
Authors: Larsen Sadie E. , Fitzgerald Louise F.
Published: December 2010

Researchers have compiled significant evidence demonstrating that sexual harassment leads to psychological harm, including the full symptom picture of PTSD, but few have examined the psychological processes involved. Research on attributions among trauma victims would suggest that causal attributions and perceptions of control may be important predictors of outcomes. The authors discuss a study involving a path model that used data from 189 women involved in sexual harassment litigation. Results indicate that both self-blame and harasser blame were positively related to PTSD symptoms. Control over recovery and the perception that future harassment is unlikely were both related to fewer PTSD symptoms. Unexpectedly, perceived control over future harassment is related to higher levels of PTSD symptoms. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Normative Beliefs About Aggression as a Mediator of Narcissistic Exploitativeness and Cyberbullying
Authors: Ang Rebecca P. , Tan Kit-Aun , Talib Mansor Abu
Published: December 2010

The current study examined normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator between narcissistic exploitativeness and cyberbullying using two Asian adolescent samples from Singapore and Malaysia. Narcissistic exploitativeness was significantly and positively associated with cyberbullying and normative beliefs about aggression and normative beliefs about aggression were significantly and positively associated with cyberbullying. Normative beliefs about aggression were a significant partial mediator in both samples; these beliefs about aggression served as one possible mechanism of action by which narcissistic exploitativeness could exert its influence on cyberbullying. Findings extended previous empirical research by showing that such beliefs can be the mechanism of action not only in offline but also in online contexts and across cultures. Cyberbullying prevention and intervention efforts should include modification of norms and beliefs supportive of the legitimacy and acceptability of cyberbullying.
Factors Influencing Help-Seeking Behavior Among Battered Korean Women in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Jae Yop Kim  , Ji Hyeon Lee
Published: December 2010

In total, 123 battered Korean women who used domestic violence agencies were asked where they had turned for assistance in response to intimate partner violence. This study examined the factors related to use of formal and informal resources by these women. Formal resources included police, medical, legal, and shelter; informal were family or neighbors. Findings revealed that (a) the women studied used a variety of resources and that (b) income, violence-related injuries, and partner child abuse were related to whether they contacted police. Injury and partner child abuse were related to contacting a medical doctor/medical facility. Income, relationship status, and partner child abuse were related to approaching family or neighbors. The key finding was that partner child abuse increased the likelihood of battered Korean women seeking help from formal service resources and informal networks. This suggests the need for integrative services that link women’s and children’s protective services in order to meet the needs of both victims and children.
Spousal Concordance in Attitudes Toward Violence and Reported Physical Abuse in African Couples
Authors: Alio Amina P. , Clayton Heather B. , Garba Madeleine , Mbah Alfred K. , Daley Ellen , Salihu Hamisu M.
Published: December 2010

Purpose: We examined the potential association between African couples’ concordance on attitudes toward violence (ATV) and risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Method: Analyses included 13,837 couples from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2007, from six African countries. Concordance on ATV was defined as both spouses justifying physical abuse, and IPV was defined as incidence of a physically violent act against the wife. We constructed a concordance measure from the surveys to assess overall and country-level differences in couple’s ATV concordance rates and assessed the association between concordance in ATV and IPV using hierarchical regression modeling that adjusted for multilevel influences on risk estimates. Negative concordance (perfect agreement in negative ATV) was used as referent category in all analyses. Findings: Overall, spousal ATV concordance was associated with higher likelihood for IPV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.01, 2.56]). The level of wealth, educational attainment, rural/urban residence, presence of a cowife, religion, maternal age, and parity were characteristics that predicted the occurrence of IPV within couples. Spousal ATV concordance was significantly associated with violence in every African nation included in the analysis except Rwanda. Conclusions: African couples with high rates of ATV concor- dance experience higher risks for IPV, with some variation in magnitude of risk across countries. In African settings, ATV positive concordance could serve as a supplemental screening tool to detect spousal violence. Understanding ATV could potentially enhance our ability to formulate public health intervention to detect and prevent spousal abuse.
Sexual Assault Perpetrators’ Tactics: Associations With Their Personal Characteristics and Aspects of the Incident
Authors: Abbey Antonia , Jacques-Tiura Angela J.
Published: December 2010

Past theory and empirical research have consistently associated a number of risk factors with sexual assault perpetration. This study extends past research by considering if the tactics which perpetrators use to obtain sex are associated with these risk factors or with characteristics of the sexual assault. Audio computer-assisted self-interviews were completed with a community sample of young, single men. Few participants reported using physical force as a tactic to obtain sex, thus this article focuses on 457 participants who used verbal coercion ( n = 152) or the victim’s impairment ( n = 39) to obtain sex or who were nonperpetrators ( n = 266). Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 70% of participants. As hypothesized, analysis of covariance indicated that both groups of perpetrators scored higher than nonperpetrators on measures of negative attitudes toward women, positive attitudes about casual sex, personality traits associated with nonclinical levels of psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and alcohol problems. As compared to nonperpetrators describing their worst date, perpetrators knew the woman longer, used more isolating and controlling behaviors, misperceived her sexual intentions for a longer period of time, and engaged in more consensual sexual activities with the woman. Perpetrators who used impairment tactics did not usually consume more alcohol than other participants; however, they consumed much more alcohol during the incident. Although verbal coercion and taking advantage of an impaired victim are sometimes viewed as less serious tactics than the use of force, these findings demonstrate that perpetrators who use these strategies have personality, attitude, and experience profiles that distinguish them from nonperpetrators.
Older Women and Intimate Partner Violence: Effective Interventions
Authors: Tetterton Summer , Farnsworth Elizabeth
Published: December 2010

Women above the age of 60 who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) have specific needs compared with younger victims. More research is emerging that assists counselors and other helping professionals with identification of these needs and aids to promote the mental health and well-being of this population. Professionals must consider the generational values held by older IPV victims and understand how values may impact decision making. Integrating safety planning and risk assessment into the counseling process is vital. Older IPV victims may seek counseling for posttraumatic stress or depressive symptoms as a result of the abuse. Others may participate in counseling for issues unrelated to IPV. Therefore, a thorough assessment process should include questions related to relationship dynamics so that the counselor has a complete understanding of all factors impacting the client’s functioning. Helping professionals must also have an understanding of available community resources, as well as barriers that these clients face as they take steps toward recovery from trauma. This research uses qualitative analysis of case studies to assist helping professionals in understanding the most effective interventions when working with this population.We found that a contextual approach focusing on the restoration of self-confidence is a constructive means of initiating recovery from trauma.
Constructions of Leadership at the Intersection of Discourse, Power, and Culture
Authors: Hall Maurice L.
Published: December 2010

This study uses discursive leadership as a framework for analyzing the sense-making narratives of managers in the Caribbean island of Jamaica. The study analyzes whether or how these Jamaican managers see themselves as acting to develop organizations that are culturally indigenous in the context of dominant national colonial and neocolonial cultural Discourses that seek to marginalize local forms of cultural expression and innovation. Data from the study suggest that asking managers to make sense of the cultural context in which they practice leadership reveals connections between culture, leadership, and communication. The study also reinforces the important role control and agency play in our understanding of leadership.
Bridging Corporate and Organizational Communication: Review, Development and a Look to the Future
Authors: Thøger Christensen Lars , Cornelissen Joep
Published: December 2010

The theory and practice of corporate communication is usually driven by other disciplinary concerns than the field of organizational communication. However, its particular mind-set focusing on wholeness and consistency in corporate messages increasingly influence the domain of contemporary organizational communication as well. We provide a formative and critical review of research on corporate communication as a platform for highlighting crucial intersections with select research traditions in organizational communication to argue for a greater integration between these two areas of research. Following this review, we relax the assumptions underlying traditional corporate communication research and show how these dimensions interact in organizational and communication analysis, thus, demonstrating the potential for a greater cross-fertilization between the two areas of research. This cross-fertilization, as we will illustrate, enriches the theorization of corporate and organizational communication and may better link micro- and macro level analyses.
Emotion Regulation in Older Age
Authors: Urry Heather L. , Gross James J.
Published: December 2010

Older age is normatively associated with losses in physical, cognitive, and social domains. Despite these losses, older adults often report higher levels of well-being than do younger adults. How can we explain this enhancement of well-being? In this article, we consider one possible explanation, namely, that older adults show enhanced emotion regulation. Specifically, we propose that older adults achieve well-being by selecting and optimizing particular emotion regulation processes to compensate for changes in internal and external resources. With this framework in mind, we suggest several directions for future research.
Gaining Insight Into the “Aha” Experience
Authors: Topolinski Sascha , Reber Rolf
Published: December 2010

The literature on insight lists four main characteristics of this experience: (a) suddenness (the experience is surprising and immediate), ease (the solution is processed without difficulty), positive affect (insights are gratifying), and the feeling of being right (after an insight, problem solvers judge the solution as being true and have confidence in this judgment). Although this phenomenology is well known, no theory has explained why insight feels the way it does. We propose a fluency account of insight: Positive affect and perceived truth and confidence in one’s own judgment are triggered by the sudden appearance of the solution for a problem and the concomitant surprising fluency gain in processing. We relate earlier evidence on insight concerning the impact of sudden fluency variations on positive affect and perceived truth and confidence.
Pathways Linking Positive Emotion and Health in Later Life
Authors: Ong Anthony D.
Published: December 2010

Numerous changes in physiological functioning accompany the aging process. Gradual declines in fundamental aspects of the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems contribute to increased risks for morbidity and mortality. Importantly, alterations in physiological processes are not invariant with age but are influenced by individual differences in vulnerability and resilience that accrue across the life span. In this review, I focus on what is known about positive emotion as a contributing factor in lowering morbidity and mortality in older adults. I describe plausible pathways that may underlie the association between positive emotion and health and review illustrative studies examining these pathways. The findings point to new research questions that pose important research opportunities.
Propositions for the Study of Moral Personality Development
Authors: Hill Patrick L. , Roberts Brent W.
Published: December 2010

Most of us have at one point speculated about why one individual grew up to be honest and fair while another became wicked and untrustworthy. In the current review, we present the case that new directions in the empirical study of moral personality development are needed. We set the stage for this future work by presenting six propositions that should serve as the foundation for future research in the field. We conclude by providing an example of how using a more integrative and inclusive framework for studying personality can readily incorporate these propositions.
Tobacco Dependence
Authors: Piasecki Thomas M. , Piper Megan E. , Baker Timothy B.
Published: December 2010

The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) assesses 13 theoretically derived dimensions of smoking motivation. These 13 subscales were intended to index comprehensively the severity of tobacco dependence and provide insight into the disorder. Recent studies indicate that four subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance) represent the core features of tobacco dependence, and these have been dubbed the primary dependence motives (PDM). The remaining nine subscales, the secondary dependence motives (SDM), may be clinically relevant but index nonessential or auxiliary features of dependence.
Cognitive Strategy Variations During Aging
Authors: Lemaire Patrick
Published: December 2010

The last two decades of research in cognitive aging have seen a shift from simply describing age-related changes in cognitive performance to determining the mechanisms underlying these changes. Recent findings on variations in the use of cognitive strategies during aging further our understanding of how these changes in performance occur during adulthood. Data show age-related differences in strategy repertoire, strategy distribution, strategy execution, and strategy selection. I illustrate these findings in cognitive domains as varied as episodic memory, working memory, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, and language. I discuss how strategic variations are best studied both conceptually and methodologically and how investigating strategic variations helps us make significant progress in the study of cognitive aging. As I also show in this article, whichever the cognitive domain being studied, there are no restrictions that would prevent us from adopting a strategy perspective.
Moderators of the Relationship Between Group Helping Norms and Individual Helping
Authors: Naumann Stefanie E. , Ehrhart Mark G.
Published: December 2010

Researchers have recently devoted increasing attention to employee helping behavior at the work group level of analysis. Despite this surge in interest, possible moderators of the relationship between group helping norms and individual helping behavior have not been empirically examined. In a study of 147 employees and their supervisors working in 30 groups of a telecommunications company, we found that when individuals are more attracted to the group, group helping norms were more strongly related to individual helping. Contrary to expectations, when individuals’ role ambiguity is lower, employees are more likely to align their behavior with group norms, but when ambiguity is higher, they exhibit an intermediate level of helping regardless of the norms. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
“Oh Yes, Robots! People Like Robots; the Robot People Should do Something”: Perspectives and Prospects in Public Engagement With Robotics
Authors: Wilkinson Clare , Bultitude Karen , Dawson Emily
Published: December 2010

Governmental and institutional policy making in a number of countries has embedded public engagement strategies as a primary channel to connect citizens with scientific and technological innovation. Robotics is emerging as a key site for such new technological activity and its applications are likely to be increasingly notable in our lives in coming years. Robotics researchers are investing considerable time and effort in “engaging” publics. Concentrating on the findings of 24 qualitative interviews with those actively organizing or engaging publics, across 11 public engagement activities focused on the robotics field within the United Kingdom, this article explores their conceptions of “public engagement” and its benefits and constraints. The results suggest that while the language of engagement has been embraced there remain practical, conceptual, and individual influences on the level of engagement which is experienced.
How Well Can We Identify the High-Performing Hospital?
Authors: Shwartz Michael , Cohen Alan B. , Restuccia Joseph D. , Ren Z. Justin , Labonte Alan , Theokary Carol , Kang Raymond , Horwitt Jedediah
Published: December 2010

Sharing lessons from high-performing hospitals facilitates quality improvement. High-performing hospitals have usually been identified using a small number of performance measures. The objective was to analyze how well 1,006 hospitals performed across a broader range of measures. Five measures were developed from publicly available data: adherence to processes of care, 30-day readmission rates, in-hospital mortality, efficiency, and patient satisfaction. For a subset of hospitals, the authors included two survey-based assessments of patient care quality, one by chief quality officers and one by frontline clinicians. In general, there was little correlation among the publicly available measures ( r ≤ .10), though there was notable correlation between objective measures and survey-based measures ( r = .23). Hospitals that performed well on a composite measure calculated from the publicly available measures were often not in the top quintile on most individual measures. This highlights the challenge in identifying high-performing hospitals to learn organizational-level best practices.
What Were They Thinking? Men Who Murder an Intimate Partner
Authors: Emerson Dobash R. , Dobash Russell P.
Published: December 2010

The focus is on cognitions of men who murder an intimate partner and includes thinking prior to and after the murder. Based on the Murder in Britain Study, the qualitativ e accounts of v arious professionals included in the casefiles of 104 men conv icted of murdering a woman partner are used to examine beliefs about intimate relationships, orientations toward v iolence and prev ious v iolence to the v ictim, as well as subsequent denials, rationalizations, and justifications. We conclude that these and other cognitions are important elements of intimate partner murder and must be challenged and changed in efforts to eliminate nonlethal abuse and murder.
Exploring dialogic engagement with readers in multimodal EFL textbooks in China
Authors: Yumin Chen
Published: December 2010

This article examines, from a social semiotic perspective, how multimodal resources in EFL textbooks are deployed to enable dialogic engagement with readers. A range of multimodal features in the textbooks, including illustrations and the labelling on illustrations, dialogue balloons, incomplete jointly-constructed texts, and highlighting, are identified as enabling editor voice to negotiate meanings with character and reader voice. Drawing upon and interrogating the appraisal systems of engagement and graduation, it shows how these semiotic resources function to realize various kinds and degrees of heteroglossia. It is also found that the way in which a certain engagement value can be scaled is strongly associated with the intrinsic property of a given multimodal resource, such as the projective structure of dialogue balloons, the co-constructedness of jointly-constructed texts, and the supporting role of illustrations. The findings are hoped to shed light on the understanding of dialogic process in a pedagogic context.