bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capromorelin: a ghrelin receptor agonist and novel therapy for stimulation of appetite in dogs
Authors: Rhodes Linda , Zollers Bill , Wofford Jessica A. , Heinen Ernst
Published: November 2017

Ghrelin is a hormone, secreted from cells in the stomach, which is important in the regulation of appetite and food intake in mammals. It exerts its action by binding to a specific G‐protein‐coupled receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS‐R1a) which is found in areas of the brain associated with the regulation of food intake. Ghrelin causes a release of growth hormone (GH) through binding to GHS‐R1a in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. A class of compounds known as growth hormone secretagogues, or ghrelin receptor agonists, were developed for therapeutic use in humans for the stimulation of GH in the frail elderly, and have subsequently been studied for their effects on increasing appetite and food intake, increasing body weight, building lean muscle mass, and treating cachexia. Subsequent research has shown that ghrelin has anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This article reviews the basic physiology of ghrelin and the ghrelin receptor agonists, including the available evidence of these effects in vitro and in vivo in rodent models, humans, dogs and cats. One of these compounds, capromorelin, has been FDA‐approved for the stimulation of appetite in dogs (ENTYCE®). The data available on the safety and effectiveness of capromorelin is reviewed, along with a discussion of the potential clinical applications for ghrelin receptor agonists in both human and veterinary medicine.
A CFD study of coupled aerodynamic‐hydrodynamic loads on a semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine
Authors: Tran Thanh Toan , Kim Dong‐Hyun
Published: November 2017

The prediction of dynamic characteristics for a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is challenging because of the complex load coupling of aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and structural dynamics. These loads should be accurately calculated to yield reliable analysis results in the design phase of a FOWT. In this study, a high‐fidelity fluid‐structure interaction simulation that simultaneously considers the influence of aero‐hydrodynamic coupling due to the dynamic motion of a FOWT has been conducted using computational fluid dynamics based on an overset grid technique. The DeepCwind semisubmersible floating platform with the NREL 5‐MW baseline wind turbine model is considered for objective numerical verification with the NREL FAST code. A state‐of‐the‐art computational model based on the coupled computational fluid dynamics and dynamic structure analysis is constructed and analyzed to solve multiphase flow, 6 degrees of freedom motions of OC4 semisubmersible FOWT. A quasi‐static mooring solver is also applied to resolve the constraint motion of floater because of a 3‐line mooring system. The influence of tower shadow on the unsteady aerodynamic performance and loads is also demonstrated. Finally, complex unsteady flow fields considering blade and tower interference effects among blade‐tip vortices, shedding vortices, and turbulent wakes are numerically visualized and investigated in detail.
Prototype GaAs X‐ray detector and preamplifier electronics for a deep seabed mineral XRF spectrometer
Authors: Lioliou G. , Barnett A.M.
Published: November 2017

Work towards developing a prototype GaAs based X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer focusing on the detector‐preamplifier system for in situ characterisation of deep seabed minerals is presented. Such an instrument could be useful for marine geology and provide insight into hydrothermal processes. It would also be beneficial for deep sea mining applications. The GaAs photodiode was electrically characterised at 4 °C (ambient seawater temperature) and 33 °C. A system energy resolution (full width at half maximum) at 5.9 keV of 580 eV at 4°C, limited by the dielectric noise, broadening to 680 eV at 33°C, was recorded. The spectral performance of the system was characterised across the energy range 4.95 keV to 21.17 keV, at 33°C, using high‐purity X‐ray fluorescence calibration samples excited by a Mo target X‐ray tube. The charge output from the system was found to be linear with incident photon energy. The energy resolution was found to broaden from 695 eV at 4.95 keV to 735 eV at 21.17 keV, attributed to the increasing Fano noise with energy. The same X‐ray tube was used to fluoresce an unprepared manganese nodule (revealing the presence of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, and Mo) and a black smoker hydrothermal vent sample (containing Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mo). Such a spectrometer may also find use in future space missions to study the hydrothermal vents that are believed to exist in the oceans of Jupiter's moon Europa.
Melaminium Lanthanide Oxalate Coordination Compounds –Synthesis and Structural Varieties
Authors: Vella‐Zarb Liana , Baisch Ulrich
Published: November 2017

A crystal engineering approach affords novel crystalline ionic coordination networks occurring in two different compositions. [C3H7N6]6[Ln(C2O4)4][NO3] (1) (Ln = Dy, Ho), which is isostructural to its ytterbium homologue and [C3H7N6][Ln(C2O4)2(H2O)] (2) (Ln = Ce, Gd). The crystal structure of 1 is based on the interaction between isolated monomeric building‐blocks of [Ln(C2O4)4]5– and melaminium cations. The melaminium cations form parallel layers, in which the lanthanide oxalato anion is intercalated. On the other hand, 2 consists of a 2D framework of interconnected lanthanide oxalate units with isolated melaminium cations intercalated between the metal complex layers.
Improved capture of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) by placement of knight stick sticky fly traps protected by electric fence inside animal exhibit yards at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park
Authors: Hogsette Jerome A. , Ose Gregory A.
Published: November 2017

Stable flies are noxious blood‐feeding pests of exotic animals at zoological parks, inflicting painful bites, and causing discomfort to animals. Stable fly management is difficult because of the flies’ tendency to remain on the host animals only when feeding. Non‐toxic traps can be efficient but traps placed around exhibit perimeters captured fewer‐than‐expected numbers of flies. By surrounding traps with square electric fence enclosures, traps could be placed in the exhibits with the host animals and compared with an equal number of traps placed along perimeter fences. During a 21‐week study, traps inside exhibits captured 5× more stable flies than traps placed along exhibit perimeters. Traps inside exhibits tended to show more fluctuations in fly populations than traps along perimeters. The increased numbers of flies captured using this technique should provide relief from this pestiferous fly and greatly improve animal health and welfare. We believe this to be the first study where traps were used to capture stable flies in exhibit yards at a zoological park.
Mate choice screening in captive solitary carnivores: The role of male behavior and cues on mate preference and paternity in females of a model species, American mink (Neovison vison)
Authors: Noer Christina Lehmkuhl , Balsby Thorsten Johannes Skovbjerg , Anistoroaei Razvan , Stelvig Mikkel , Dabelsteen Torben
Published: November 2017

Mate choice studies suggest that choosy females benefit from increased fecundity, litter size, and offspring survival. Thus, providing females with the opportunity to choose among potential mates, deemed genetically suitable based on studbook data, might improve breeding management in production and zoo animals and thereby the sustainability of captive populations. Investigating mate preference via odor from potential mates before animal transfer is a proposed strategy for incorporating mate choice into breeding management. In this study, we test whether olfactory cues and signals from males can be used to assess and measure female mate preference in American mink. Eighteen females were subjected to a 4‐day stimulus test in which females showed a preference for one of two males’ urine and feces. Subsequently, each female was subjected to a 10‐day mate preference test involving the same two males of the first test. Paternity tests revealed that 13 females had offspring, which could be assigned to only one male, suggesting that these females performed a mate choice. In nine of these females preference during the stimulus test was directed toward the male that fathered their offspring. Our results suggest that even though there was a preference difference in scent stimulus trials from potential mates this preference was not predictive of eventual mate preference or paternity. Other factors such as aspects of male behavior seem to play a role, when the mates are introduced. Our study supports that mate preference and mate choice are complex matters influenced by multiple cues and signals.
Demographic studies enhance the understanding of evolutionarily (mal)adaptive behaviors and phenomena in humans: a review on fertility decline and an integrated model
Authors: Morita Masahito
Published: November 2017

Recently, statistical analyses of demographic datasets have come to play an important role for studies into the evolution of human life history. In the first part of this paper, I highlight fertility decline, an evolutionarily paradoxical phenomenon in terms of fitness maximization. Then, I conduct a literature review regarding the effects of socioeconomic status on the number of offspring, especially in modern developed, (post‐)industrial, and low‐fertility societies. Although a non‐positive relationship between them has often been recognized as a general feature of fertility decline, there actually exists a great deal of variation. Based on the review, I discuss the association between socioeconomic success and reproductive success, and tackle an evolutionary question as to why people seek higher socioeconomic success that would not directly lead to higher reproductive success. It has been suggested that, in modern competitive environments, parents should set a higher value on their investment in children, and aim to have a smaller number of high‐quality children. Also, parents would maintain higher socioeconomic status for themselves so as to provide high‐levels of investment in their children. In the second part, I broadly consider seemingly evolutionarily (mal)adaptive outcomes besides fertility decline, including child abuse, menopause, and suicide. The integration of the major three approaches to human behavioral and psychological research (behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, and cultural evolution) could lead to a deeper understanding. I provide a model for the integrated approach. Rich empirical evidence accumulated in demographic studies, especially longitudinal and cross‐cultural resources, can assist to develop a theoretical framework.
Application of six multiplex PCR's among 200 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the detection of 20 drug resistance encoding genes
Authors: Murugan Nandagopal , Malathi Jambulingam , Therese K Lily , Madhavan Hajib NarahariRao
Published: November 2017

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a menacing opportunistic, nosocomial pathogen; become a growing concern as conventional antimicrobial therapy is now futile against it. Multi‐drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) has distinctive resistance mechanisms such as production of β‐lactamases, repression of porin genes and over‐expression of efflux pumps. The focus of this study is to standardize and application of multiplex PCR (mPCR) to detect the presence of betalactamase genes encoding blaTem, blaOXA, blaCTX‐M‐15, blaVim, blaGes, blaVeb, blaDIM, AmpC and Efflux pump genes encoding Mex A,B‐oprM, Mex C,D‐oprJ, Mex X,Y‐oprN, oprD, nfxB, MexR. A total of 200 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were tested for the presence of the above mentioned genes genotypically through mPCR and characterized by phenotypic methods for ESBL and MBL production. Out of 200 isolates, 163 (81.5%) nfxB regulator gene, 102 (51%) MexA, 96 (48%) MexC, 93 (46.5%) MexB, 86 (43%) MexD, 81 (40.5%) OprM, 74 (37%) OprJ, 72 (36%) OprD and MexR, 53 (26.5%) Mex X and OprN, 49 (24.5%) MexY gene. Betalactamase genes 145 (72.5%) blaTem, 67 (33.5%) blaOXA, 35 (17.5%) blaVim, 25(12.50%), 23 (11.50%) blaVeb, 21 (11.5%) blaGes, 14 (7%) Ctx‐m and 10 (5%) AmpC and 5 (2.5%) blaDim‐1 gene were tested positive by mPCR. Phenotypically 38 (19%) and 29 (14.5%) out of 200 tested positive for ESBL and MBL production. Application of this mPCR on clinical specimens is fast, accurate, specific and low‐cost reliable tool for the screening, where culture negative Eubacterial PCR positive cases for an early molecular detection of drug resistance mechanism assisting the clinician to treat the disease with appropriate antibiotic selection.
Artificial bee colony optimised controller for small-scale unmanned helicopter
Authors: Ma R. , Wu H. , Ding L.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, an efficient approach to design and optimize a flight controller of a small-scale unmanned helicopter is proposed. Given the identified helicopter model, the Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) robust control method is applied for trajectory tracking and attitude control of the helicopter with a two-loop hierarchical control architecture. Since the performance of the controller extremely depends on its weighting matrices, the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is introduced to automatically select the parameters of the matrices. Comparative studies between optimal algorithms are also carried out. A series of flight experiments and simulations are conducted to investigate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed optimised controller.
The Experience Machine Objection to Desire Satisfactionism
Authors: LOWE DAN , STENBERG JOSEPH
Published: November 2017

It is widely held that the experience machine is the basis of a serious objection to hedonistic theories of welfare. It is also widely held that desire satisfactionist theories of welfare can readily avoid problems stemming from the experience machine. But in this paper, we argue that if the experience machine poses a serious problem for hedonism, it also poses a serious problem for desire satisfactionism. We raise two objections to desire satisfactionism, each of which relies on the experience machine. The first is very much like the well-known experience machine objection to hedonism. The second asks whether someone who accepts desire satisfactionism should want to form a desire to plug into the experience machine.
The Changing Face of Out-of-home Care in Australia – Developing Policy and Practice for the 21st Century
Authors: Kiraly Meredith , Humphreys Cathy
Published: November 2017

This Opinion Piece traces the rise of statutory kinship care in Australia from the progressive reduction of residential care and the struggle to recruit sufficient foster carers to meet demand for protective care. It outlines identified benefits of kinship care for children and flags concern about the early stage of development of kinship care policy, programs and data systems. It is argued that there are significant risks for children's safety and well-being in failing to assess carers thoroughly and to provide equitable case management and support (both financial and non-financial) to children in kinship care as in foster care.
Toward the Resegregation of Southern Schools: African American Suburbanization and Historical Erasure inFreeman v. Pitts
Authors: Amsterdam Daniel
Published: November 2017

This article reconstructs the story behindFreeman v. Pitts(1992), one of the main US Supreme Court cases that made it easier for school districts to terminate court desegregation orders and that, in turn, helped to propel a widely documented trend: the resegregation of southern schools. The case in part hinged on the question of whether school officials in an Atlanta suburb were responsible for the racial segregation that had developed in the area alongside the rapid settlement of African Americans there in the late twentieth century. Thus, along with shedding new light on how the South transitioned from an era focused on desegregation to one enabling resegregation, the article makes contributions to two areas of increasing scholarly interest: the history of African American suburbanization and the history of suburban school districts. Finally, the article underscores disconcerting patterns in how the Supreme Court utilized history inFreeman.
Education forPax Americana: The Limits of Internationalism in Progressive Era Peace Education
Authors: Threlkeld Megan
Published: November 2017

Fannie Fern Andrews, a Boston educator and reformer, started the American School Peace League (ASPL) in 1908 in order to educate schoolchildren in the principles of what she called “world citizenship.” Through its curriculum,A Course in Citizenship, the ASPL taught students about cooperation, tolerance, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. At the same time, however, they were preparing white, native-born US children to lead the new world and to judge others’ capacity for membership in it—their fitness for world citizenship—according to “civilized,” white American standards. I argue that while Andrews and the ASPL professed a desire for internationalism, theirs was very much a US-dominated internationalism.A Course in Citizenshipcalibrated the standards of progress and civilization by which children were to measure not only themselves but others around the world. Education for peace was also education for the new American empire.
American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: November 2017

The following article documents the expansion of high school exchange programs during the Cold War. It also examines the potential conflicts underlying that expansion, which relied on preexisting networks of government agencies and private philanthropies and sometimes conflated the rhetoric of world peace with a narrower pursuit of American interests. Ultimately, the article contends, experiences abroad prompted teenagers to criticize American foreign policy and to reform their sponsoring organizations along increasingly multilateral, anti-colonial, and socially conscious lines.
Numerical analysis of high speed wind tunnel flow disturbance measurements using stagnation point probes
Authors: Schilden Thomas , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

Since supersonic test facilities have tunnel noise that strongly influences boundary layer transition experiments, the determination of tunnel noise is of great significance to properly evaluate and interpret experimental results. The composition of tunnel noise, which consists of acoustic, entropy and vorticity modes, highly influences the boundary layer receptivity. The measurement of the separate modes is a major goal of ongoing research. In this study, the properties of stagnation point probes for a newly developed modal decomposition method for tunnel noise are investigated by direct numerical simulation. Pressure and heat flux responses of a stagnation point probe to various entropy and acoustic mode input functions are analysed to investigate how tunnel noise is perceived by corresponding sensor types. The interaction of the incident mode and the shock wave upstream of the probe is analysed and the resulting wave pattern in the subsonic region between shock wave and probe is evidenced. It is found that pure incident acoustic or entropy modes cause acoustic and entropy waves downstream of the shock wave whose strengths differ depending on the incident mode. The resulting wave pattern downstream of the shock wave is determined by postshock acoustic waves propagating bidirectionally between shock wave and probe. Formulating a model equation linking pressure and heat flux fluctuations to the initially caused postshock acoustic and entropy wave, a criterion for the applicability of stagnation point probes measuring pressure and heat flux fluctuations in the new modal decomposition method can be deduced: to distinguish between the incident mode types based on their pressure and heat flux signal the perception of initially generated entropy waves downstream of the shock wave by the heat flux sensor is crucial. The transfer function between entropy waves and heat flux is shown to have low pass filter characteristics and the cutoff Strouhal number could be estimated by control theory. The analysis of the frequency response to continuous incident waves corroborated this cutoff Strouhal number.
Robert Boyle and the representation of imperceptible entities
Authors: WRAGGE-MORLEY ALEXANDER
Published: November 2017

In this essay, I examine Robert Boyle's strategies for making imperceptible entities accessible to the senses. It is well known that, in his natural philosophy, Boyle confronted the challenge of making imperceptible particles of matter into objects of sensory experience. It has never been noted, however, that Boyle confronted a strikingly similar challenge in his natural theology – he needed to make an equally imperceptible God accessible to the senses. Taking this symmetrical difficulty as my starting point, I propose a new approach to thinking about the interconnections between Boyle's natural philosophy and natural theology. For the most part, studies of science and religion in the early modern period work by seeking out the influence of explicitly stated religious beliefs on scientific ideas. I argue, by contrast, that we need to focus on Boyle's representational practices, using his attempts to represent imperceptible entities as a means of uncovering metaphysical and theological presuppositions that he did not always articulate when stating his religious beliefs. With new interpretations of bothA Discourse of Things Above Reason(1681) andSome Physico-Theological Considerations about the Possibility of the Resurrection(1675), I show that there were crucial similarities between Boyle's practices for representing both God and atoms. I go on to show, moreover, that Boyle used these practices to enact an ontological stance at odds with one of his most important professed beliefs.
Milk vitamin D in relation to the ‘adequate intake’ for 0–6-month-old infants: a study in lactating women with different cultural backgrounds, living at different latitudes
Authors: Stoutjesdijk Eline , Schaafsma Anne , Nhien Nguyen V. , Khor Geok Lin , Kema Ido P. , Hollis Bruce W. , Dijck-Brouwer D. A. Janneke , Muskiet Frits A. J.
Published: November 2017

Breast-fed infants are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency rickets. The current vitamin D ‘adequate intake’ (AI) for 0–6-month-old infants is 10 µg/d, corresponding with a human milk antirachitic activity (ARA) of 513 IU/l. We were particularly interested to see whether milk ARA of mothers with lifetime abundant sunlight exposure reaches the AI. We measured milk ARA of lactating mothers with different cultural backgrounds, living at different latitudes. Mature milk was derived from 181 lactating women in the Netherlands, Curaçao, Vietnam, Malaysia and Tanzania. Milk ARA and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were analysed by liquid-chromatography-MS/MS; milk fatty acids were analysed by GC-flame ionisation detector (FID). None of the mothers reached the milk vitamin D AI. Milk ARA (n; median; range) were as follows: Netherlands (n 9; 46 IU/l; 3–51), Curaçao (n 10; 31 IU/l; 5–113), Vietnam: Halong Bay (n 20; 58 IU/l; 23–110), Phu Tho (n 22; 28 IU/l; 1–62), Tien Giang (n 20; 63 IU/l; 26–247), Ho-Chi-Minh-City (n 18; 49 IU/l; 24–116), Hanoi (n 21; 37 IU/l; 11–118), Malaysia–Kuala Lumpur (n 20; 14 IU/l; 1–46) and Tanzania-Ukerewe (n 21; 77 IU/l; 12–232) and Maasai (n 20; 88 IU/l; 43–189). We collected blood samples of these lactating women in Curaçao, Vietnam and from Tanzania–Ukerewe, and found that 33·3 % had plasma 25(OH)D levels between 80 and 249·9 nmol/l, 47·3 % between 50 and 79·9 nmol/l and 19·4 % between 25 and 49·9 nmol/l. Milk ARA correlated positively with maternal plasma 25(OH)D (range 27–132 nmol/l, r 0·40) and milk EPA+DHA (0·1–3·1 g%, r 0·20), and negatively with latitude (2°S-53°N, r −0·21). Milk ARA of mothers with lifetime abundant sunlight exposure is not even close to the vitamin D AI for 0–6-month-old infants. Our data may point at the importance of adequate fetal vitamin D stores.
What Explains the Difference in Leverage between Banks and Nonbanks?
Authors: Berg Tobias , Gider Jasmin
Published: November 2017

Banks have much more leverage than nonbanks. In this article, we use a joint sample of banks and nonbanks between 1965 and 2013 to analyze the determinants of this leverage difference. We find that a single factor, asset risk, is able to explain up to 90% of this difference. Banks’ assets consist of a diversified portfolio of nonbank debt. Therefore, banks have much lower asset risk than do nonbanks. Because asset risk is a major determinant of capital structure choice, this factor is able to explain a large fraction of the difference between bank and nonbank leverage.
Evil and the God of Abraham, Anselm, and Murphy
Authors: DRAPER PAUL
Published: November 2017

Mark Murphy's attempt to solve the problem of evil appeals to the hypothesis, which I call ‘Murphy's hypothesis’, that an Anselmian God only has justifying reasons and not requiring reasons to promote the well-being of Her sentient creatures. Given this hypothesis, the distribution of benefits and harms that we observe in the world is not unexpected on Anselmian theism. I argue that Murphy fails to solve the problem of evil for two reasons. First, he incorrectly equates the probability of the distribution of benefits and harms given theism with the probability of that distribution given theism conjoined with Murphy's hypothesis. Second, he fails to solve the evidential problem of immorality for Christian Anselmian theists and in fact his views make that problem significantly worse.
Intrinsic value and love: three challenges for God's Own Ethics
Authors: WIELENBERG ERIK J.
Published: November 2017

I advance three challenges for the view Murphy advances in God's Own Ethics. The first two challenges target Murphy's claim that God does not have requiring reasons to prevent the suffering of rational creatures. I develop two arguments against that position, one based on the intrinsic value of human beings, the other based on the intrinsic badness of the suffering of rational creatures. My third challenge targets Murphy's account of God's contingent love for humanity. I seek to raise doubts about whether Murphy's picture is one in which it is true to say that God loves all human beings.
Applications of differential subordinations for norm estimates of an integral operator
Authors: Dziok Jacek , Raina Ravinder Krishna , Sokół Janusz
Published: November 2017

By considering the norm of a locally univalent function given by

we obtain such norm estimates for an operator of functions involving a convolution structure of convex univalent functions with a subclass of convex functions (defined by subordination). We also obtain some inequalities concerning this norm for functions under a certain fractional integral operator. Some implications of our results are briefly pointed out in the concluding section.
RESPONDING TO THE INFLATION TAX
Authors: Hu Tai-Wei , Zhang Cathy
Published: November 2017

We adopt mechanism design to study the effects of inflation on output, trade, and capital accumulation. Our theory captures multiple channels for individuals to respond to inflation: search intensity, market participation, and substitution between money and a higher return asset. We characterize constrained efficient allocations and show inflation has nonmonotonic effects on the frequency of trades (extensive margin) and the total quantity traded (intensive margin). The model features monetary superneutrality for low inflation rates, nonlinearities in trading frequencies, and substitution of money for capital for higher inflation rates. While these effects are difficult to capture in previous models, we show how they are intimately related by all being features of an optimal trading mechanism.
Improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in Nepal via peer mobilization
Authors: Singh Akriti , Klemm Rolf DW , Mundy Gary , Pandey Rana Pooja , Pun Bhim , Cunningham Kenda
Published: November 2017

Objective

To evaluate the impact of a peer facilitator (PF) approach for improving mothers’ knowledge and practices relating to maternal and child nutrition.

Design

A quasi-experimental design nested within a large-scale integrated nutrition programme, Suaahara, in Nepal. Suaahara interventions were implemented in all study sites, but peer facilitators were used in only half of the study sites.

Setting

Rural, disadvantaged villages in three districts of Nepal: Bhojpur, Bajhang and Rupandehi.

Subjects

Mothers of children aged 6–23·9 months (n 1890).

Results

Differences over time between comparison (C) and intervention (I) groups show that the PF approach had a significant positive impact on several indicators of mothers’ knowledge and practices relating to maternal and child nutrition: (i) knowing that fruits and vegetables are good for children 6–23·9 months (C: −0·7, I: 10·6; P=0·03); (ii) child dietary diversity (C: 0·02, I: 0·04; P=0·02); (iii) child minimum dietary diversity (≥4 of 7 food groups; (C: 6·9, I: 16·0; P=0·02); (iv) maternal dietary diversity (C: 0·1, I: 0·4; P=0·01); and (v) maternal minimum dietary diversity (≥4 food groups; C: 3·6, I: 14·0; P=0·03). Additionally, exposure to a PF three or more times in the past 6 months was positively associated with a small improvement in maternal (β=0·06, P=0·04) and child (β=0·06, P=0·02) dietary diversity scores. Improvements were not observed in maternal health-seeking behaviours such as number of antenatal care visits.

Conclusions

Peer mobilization is a potential approach for improving health- and nutrition-related knowledge and behaviours among women in hard-to-reach communities of Nepal.
Layering Rights: The Case of Disability Policies in France (2006-2016)
Authors: Baudot Pierre-Yves
Published: November 2017

In France, public policies in the field of disability was transformed by the law in 11 February 2005 on ‘Equal Rights and Opportunities, Participation, and Citizenship of People with Disabilities’. The law was framed as the introduction in France of the international ‘social model of disability’, in order to combat discrimination. Yet international references in parliamentary debates leading to the adoption of this law were all but absent. How do we explain this paradox? This article aims to answer this question by showing how the newly introduced measures reflected the needs of different stakeholders involved in this public policy to maintain their positions and reform their mutual agreements. This transfer was not characterised by a thorough rethinking of the public policy subsystem, but rather resulted in layering of new rights on top of old frameworks. How then did the organisations promoting these measures manage to implement public policies despite clear contradictions between old and new goals? This article suggests that the organisational regulation of political conflict (conflict avoidance and circumvention of obstacles) and the safeguarding of embedded interests (by limiting possibilities for compromise and administrative obstruction of legal disputes) played a decisive role in this process.
Contracts and trust: complements or substitutes?
Authors: MCCANNON BRYAN C. , ASAAD COLLEEN TOKAR , WILSON MARK
Published: November 2017

Social preferences and third-party enforcement of formal contracts are two mechanisms that facilitate performance of an agreement. The standard argument is that formal, enforceable contracts substitute when the social preferences of trust and trustworthiness are lacking. We explore the alternative hypothesis that trust and contract enforcement are complements. We measure social preferences from both a Trust Game and a social values survey, using them as explanatory variables in a Contract Game. We find that both increased contract enforcement and high trusting preferences lead to enhanced rates of contract formation and larger investments. There is an important interaction effect, where trusting individuals enter into agreements at a greater rate and make larger investments when enforcement is greater. Thus, contracts and trust complement one another.
Subedi Receives 2017 Donald L. Turcotte Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2017

Prachanda Subedi will receive the 2017 Donald L. Turcotte Award at the 2017 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, to be held 11–15 December in New Orleans, La. This award is given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for “outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to nonlinear geophysics.”
Glycolysis gatekeeper PDK1 reprograms breast cancer stem cells under hypoxia
Authors: Peng F , Wang J-H , Fan W-J , Meng Y-T , Li M-M , Li T-T , Cui B , Wang H-F , Zhao Y , An F , Guo T , Liu X-F , Zhang L , Lv L , Lv D-K , Xu L-Z , Xie J-J , Lin W-X , Lam E W-F , Xu J , Liu Q
Published: November 2017

Glycolysis is critical for cancer stem cell reprogramming; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) is enriched in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), whereas depletion of PDK1 remarkably diminishes ALDH+ subpopulations, decreases stemness-related transcriptional factor expression, and inhibits sphere-formation ability and tumor growth. Conversely, high levels of PDK1 enhance BCSC properties and are correlated with poor overall survival. In mouse xenograft tumor, PDK1 is accumulated in hypoxic regions and activates glycolysis to promote stem-like traits. Moreover, through screening hypoxia-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in PDK1-positive tissue, we find that lncRNA H19 is responsible for glycolysis and BCSC maintenance. Furthermore, H19 knockdown decreases PDK1 expression in hypoxia, and ablation of PDK1 counteracts H19-mediated glycolysis and self-renewal ability in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, H19 and PDK1 expression exhibits strong correlations in primary breast carcinomas. H19 acting as a competitive endogenous RNA sequesters miRNA let-7 to release Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, leading to an increase in PDK1 expression. Lastly, aspirin markedly attenuates glycolysis and cancer stem-like characteristics by suppressing both H19 and PDK1. Thus, these novel findings demonstrate that the glycolysis gatekeeper PDK1 has a critical role in BCSC reprogramming and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for breast malignancy.
DNA methylation at enhancers identifies distinct breast cancer lineages
Authors: Fleischer Thomas , Tekpli Xavier , Mathelier Anthony , Wang Shixiong , Nebdal Daniel , Dhakal Hari P. , Sahlberg Kristine Kleivi , Schlichting Ellen ,   Oslo Breast Cancer Research Consortium (OSBREAC), Sauer Torill , Geisler Jürgen , Hofvind Solveig , Bathen Tone F , Engebraaten Olav , Garred Øystein , Geitvik Gry Aarum , Langerød Anita , Kåresen Rolf , Mælandsmo Gunhild Mari , Russnes Hege G , Sørlie Therese , Lingjærde Ole Christian , Skjerven Helle Kristine , Park Daehoon , Fritzman Britt , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Borgen Elin , Naume Bjørn , Eskeland Ragnhild , Frigessi Arnoldo , Tost Jörg , Hurtado Antoni , Kristensen Vessela N.
Published: November 2017

Breast cancers exhibit genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation patterns. To investigate how these affect the transcriptome and which changes are linked to transformation or progression, we apply genome-wide expression–methylation quantitative trait loci (emQTL) analysis between DNA methylation and gene expression. On a whole genome scale, in cis and in trans, DNA methylation and gene expression have remarkably and reproducibly conserved patterns of association in three breast cancer cohorts (n = 104, n = 253 and n = 277). The expression–methylation quantitative trait loci associations form two main clusters; one relates to tumor infiltrating immune cell signatures and the other to estrogen receptor signaling. In the estrogen related cluster, using ChromHMM segmentation and transcription factor chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data, we identify transcriptional networks regulated in a cell lineage-specific manner by DNA methylation at enhancers. These networks are strongly dominated by ERα, FOXA1 or GATA3 and their targets were functionally validated using knockdown by small interfering RNA or GRO-seq analysis after transcriptional stimulation with estrogen.
Multicolor lineage tracing reveals clonal architecture and dynamics in colon cancer
Authors: Lamprecht Sebastian , Schmidt Eva Marina , Blaj Cristina , Hermeking Heiko , Jung Andreas , Kirchner Thomas , Horst David
Published: November 2017

Colon cancers are composed of phenotypically heterogeneous tumor cell subpopulations with variable expression of putative stem cell and differentiation antigens. While in normal colonic mucosa, clonal repopulation occurs along differentiation gradients from crypt base toward crypt apex, the clonal architecture of colon cancer and the relevance of tumor cell subpopulations for clonal outgrowth are poorly understood. Using a multicolor lineage tracing approach in colon cancer xenografts that reflect primary colon cancer architecture, we here demonstrate that clonal outgrowth is mainly driven by tumor cells located at the leading tumor edge with clonal axis formation toward the tumor center. While our findings are compatible with lineage outgrowth in a cancer stem cell model, they suggest that in colorectal cancer tumor cell position may be more important for clonal outgrowth than tumor cell phenotype.
Organocatalytic enantio- and diastereoselective cycloetherification via dynamic kinetic resolution of chiral cyanohydrins
Authors: Yoneda Naoki , Fujii Yuki , Matsumoto Akira , Asano Keisuke , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: November 2017

Enantioselective approaches to synthesize six-membered oxacycles with multiple stereogenic centres are in high demand to enable the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Here we present a concise organocatalytic cycloetherification for the highly enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans involving simultaneous construction of two chiral centres, one of which is fully substituted. This method involves dynamic kinetic resolution of reversibly generated chiral cyanohydrins. A chiral bifunctional organocatalyst selectively recognizes a specific chair-like conformation of the intermediate, in which the small steric effect of the linear cyano group as well as its anomeric effect play important roles in controlling stereoselectivity. The products offer additional utility as synthetic intermediates because the cyano group can be further transformed into a variety of important functional groups. This strategy provides a platform to design efficient approaches to obtain a wide range of optically active tetrahydropyrans, which are otherwise synthetically challenging materials.
KSRP specifies monocytic and granulocytic differentiation through regulating miR-129 biogenesis and RUNX1 expression
Authors: Zhao Hongmei , Wang Xiaoshuang , Yi Ping , Si Yanmin , Tan Puwen , He Jinrong , Yu Shan , Ren Yue , Ma Yanni , Zhang Junwu , Wang Dong , Wang Fang , Yu Jia
Published: November 2017

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) integrate the processing of RNAs into post-transcriptional gene regulation, but the direct contribution of them to myeloid cell specification is poorly understood. Here, we report the first global RBP transcriptomic analysis of myeloid differentiation by combining RNA-seq analysis with myeloid induction in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. The downregulated expression of the KH-Type Splicing Regulatory Protein (KSRP) during monocytopoiesis and up-regulated expression during granulopoiesis suggests that KSRP has divergent roles during monocytic and granulocytic differentiation. A further comparative analysis of miRNA transcripts reveals that KSRP promotes the biogenesis of miR-129, and the expression patterns and roles of miR-129 in myeloid differentiation are equivalent to those of KSRP. Finally, miR-129 directly blocks the expression of Runt Related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1), which evokes transcriptional modulation by RUNX1. Based on our findings, KSRP, miR-129, and RUNX1 participate in a regulatory axis to control the outcome of myeloid differentiation.
Semisynthetic fluorescent pH sensors for imaging exocytosis and endocytosis
Authors: Martineau Magalie , Somasundaram Agila , Grimm Jonathan B. , Gruber Todd D. , Choquet Daniel , Taraska Justin W. , Lavis Luke D. , Perrais David
Published: November 2017

The GFP-based superecliptic pHluorin (SEP) enables detection of exocytosis and endocytosis, but its performance has not been duplicated in red fluorescent protein scaffolds. Here we describe “semisynthetic” pH-sensitive protein conjugates with organic fluorophores, carbofluorescein, and Virginia Orange that match the properties of SEP. Conjugation to genetically encoded self-labeling tags or antibodies allows visualization of both exocytosis and endocytosis, constituting new bright sensors for these key steps of synaptic transmission.
Orthogonal navigation of multiple visible-light-driven artificial microswimmers
Authors: Zheng Jing , Dai Baohu , Wang Jizhuang , Xiong Ze , Yang Ya , Liu Jun , Zhan Xiaojun , Wan Zhihan , Tang Jinyao
Published: November 2017

Nano/microswimmers represent the persistent endeavors of generations of scientists towards the ultimate tiny machinery for device manufacturing, targeted drug delivery, and noninvasive surgery. In many of these envisioned applications, multiple microswimmers need to be controlled independently and work cooperatively to perform a complex task. However, this multiple channel actuation remains a challenge as the controlling signal, usually a magnetic or electric field, is applied globally over all microswimmers, which makes it difficult to decouple the responses of multiple microswimmers. Here, we demonstrate that a photoelectrochemically driven nanotree microswimmer can be easily coded with a distinct spectral response by loading it with dyes. By using different dyes, an individual microswimmer can be controlled and navigated independently of other microswimmers in a group. This development demonstrates the excellent flexibility of the light navigation method and paves the way for the development of more functional nanobots for applications that require high-level controllability.
Author Correction: Chemically intuited, large-scale screening of MOFs by machine learning techniques
Authors: Borboudakis Giorgos , Stergiannakos Taxiarchis , Frysali Maria , Klontzas Emmanuel , Tsamardinos Ioannis , Froudakis George E.
Published: November 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this article.
Coculture of meniscus cells and mesenchymal stem cells in simulated microgravity
Authors: Weiss William M. , Mulet-Sierra Aillette , Kunze Melanie , Jomha Nadr M. , Adesida Adetola B.
Published: November 2017

Simulated microgravity has been shown to enhance cartilaginous matrix formation by chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Similarly, coculture of primary chondrocytes with MSCs has been shown as a strategy to simultaneously retain the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes and enhance cartilaginous matrix formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of simulated microgravity on cocultures of primary human meniscus cells and adipose-derived MSCs. We used biochemical, qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays to conduct our investigation. Simulated microgravity significantly enhanced cartilaginous matrix formation in cocultures of primary meniscus cells and adipose-derived MSCs. The enhancement was accompanied by increased hypertrophic differentiation markers,COL10A1andMMP-13, and suppression of hypertrophic differentiation inhibitor, gremlin 1 (GREM1).
Food for thought: how nutrition impacts cognition and emotion
Authors: Spencer Sarah J. , Korosi Aniko , Layé Sophie , Shukitt-Hale Barbara , Barrientos Ruth M.
Published: November 2017

More than one-third of American adults are obese and statistics are similar worldwide. Caloric intake and diet composition have large and lasting effects on cognition and emotion, especially during critical periods in development, but the neural mechanisms for these effects are not well understood. A clear understanding of the cognitive–emotional processes underpinning desires to over-consume foods can assist more effective prevention and treatments of obesity. This review addresses recent work linking dietary fat intake and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary imbalance with inflammation in developing, adult, and aged brains. Thus, early-life diet and exposure to stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction throughout life and there is potential for early nutritional interventions (e.g., with essential micronutrients) for preventing these deficits. Likewise, acute consumption of a high-fat diet primes the hippocampus to produce a potentiated neuroinflammatory response to a mild immune challenge, causing memory deficits. Low dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can also contribute to depression through its effects on endocannabinoid and inflammatory pathways in specific brain regions leading to synaptic phagocytosis by microglia in the hippocampus, contributing to memory loss. However, encouragingly, consumption of fruits and vegetables high in polyphenolics can prevent and even reverse age-related cognitive deficits by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding relationships between diet, cognition, and emotion is necessary to uncover mechanisms involved in and strategies to prevent or attenuate comorbid neurological conditions in obese individuals.
Erratum: Resonant microwave fields and negative magnetic response, induced by displacement currents in dielectric rings: theory and the first experiments
Authors: Shvartsburg A. B. , Pecherkin V. Ya. , Vasilyak L. M. , Vetchinin S. P. , Fortov V. E.
Published: November 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Lensless Photoluminescence Hyperspectral Camera Employing Random Speckle Patterns
Authors: Žídek Karel , Denk Ondřej , Hlubuček Jiří
Published: November 2017

We propose and demonstrate a spectrally-resolved photoluminescence imaging setup based on the so-called single pixel camera – a technique of compressive sensing, which enables imaging by using a single-pixel photodetector. The method relies on encoding an image by a series of random patterns. In our approach, the image encoding was maintained via laser speckle patterns generated by an excitation laser beam scattered on a diffusor. By using a spectrometer as the single-pixel detector we attained a realization of a spectrally-resolved photoluminescence camera with unmatched simplicity. We present reconstructed hyperspectral images of several model scenes. We also discuss parameters affecting the imaging quality, such as the correlation degree of speckle patterns, pattern fineness, and number of datapoints. Finally, we compare the presented technique to hyperspectral imaging using sample scanning. The presented method enables photoluminescence imaging for a broad range of coherent excitation sources and detection spectral areas.