bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The modulating role of gender and aggression in emotional reactions of nursing students: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Fino Edita , Di Campli Serena , Patrignani Giulia , Mazzetti Michela
Published: December 2018

Aims

To examine whether and to what extent emotion reactions of nursing students are affected by emotional features inherent in nursing care situations, focusing on gender and aggression.

Background

How individual characteristics of nurse students interact with emotional demands inherent in nursing practice and modulate the way they are perceived and acted upon may have an impact on quality of patient care.

Design

Cross‐sectional study, conducted from May to September 2013.

Methods

Nursing students (N = 157) of the Nursing Degree Course of School of Medicine, Bologna University, completed self‐report questionnaires assessing individual differences (i.e. aggression, personality traits, empathy) and evaluated emotion‐inducing pictures of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral content.

Results

Gender and verbal aggression level modulate emotional responses of nursing students: females rated negative picture categories as significantly less pleasant than male students; those with high compared to low verbal aggression levels rated negative stimuli as less arousing and more pleasant. Verbal aggression level is positively related to physical aggression and anger and negatively related to emotional stability and empathy in both males and females.

Conclusion

High verbal aggression scores seem to be associated with attenuated arousal in response to emotional stimuli and decreased aversive reaction towards negative content pictures, indicating a potential facilitation of approach and management of adverse events strictly connected to nursing practice. Nonetheless, aggression can represent a risk factor in nursing practice. Negative implications of verbal aggression are highlighted together with the need for tailoring education programs aimed at enhancing emotion regulation and aggression management skills in nursing context.
Self‐management of health by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Friedman Carli , Rizzolo Mary C. , Spassiani Natasha A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Self‐management of health includes people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) playing a key role in health management in collaborating with healthcare professionals.

Methods

This study analysed data from Personal Outcome Measures® surveys (n = 1,341) to explore self‐management of health. We had the following research questions: Who is most likely to be supported to self‐manage their health? How does being supported to self‐manage impact different areas of health? and How does being supported to self‐manage impact other health‐related organizational supports?

Results

Findings revealed the impact of self‐management of health can be wide‐ranging, regardless of impairment severity. When supported to self‐manage their health, healthcare professionals were more likely to address healthcare issues, and interventions were more likely to be effective.

Conclusions

Self‐management represents a paradigm shift for people with IDD because it transforms people from passive recipients to active directors of their health.
Factors that affect the physical and mental health of caregivers of school‐age children and transitioning young adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lee Gloria K. , Shivers Carolyn M.
Published: December 2018

Background

Although studies have examined quality of life (QOL) among family caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about potential differences in QOL based on the age of the individual with ASD, particularly in relation to caregivers’ needs, beliefs and coping mechanisms.

Method

This study investigated 132 caregivers of school‐age children and 61 caregivers of transitioning young adults with ASD on measures of caregiving, strain, coping, family needs and QOL.

Results

The results indicated that there were no significant differences in QOL based on the age of the individuals with ASD, although parents of children reported significantly more caregiving behaviours, with coping, internalized strain and health information needs predicted mental health QOL.

Discussion

Age of the individual with ASD was not significantly related to caregivers’ QOL. More research is needed to determine independent predictors of caregiver QOL across the lifespan.
Recognition versus disclosure of finance leases: Evidence from Japan
Authors: Kusano Masaki
Published: December 2018

This study examines whether credit market participants—bond investors and credit rating agencies—treat recognized and disclosed finance leases differently when assessing firms’ credit risk in Japan. I use firms’ credit risk, measured by bond spreads and credit ratings, to investigate the relations between recognized versus disclosed finance lease obligations and firms’ credit risk following the adoption of Statement No. 13, Accounting Standard for Lease Transactions. For a sample of firms issuing new bonds, I find that, unlike recognized finance leases, disclosed finance leases are not associated with bond spreads. Moreover, the associations between recognized versus disclosed finance leases and bond spreads are substantially different. Conversely, recognized and disclosed finance leases are associated with credit ratings and are processed similarly when credit ratings are determined. Taken together, my results suggest that the sophistication of capital market participants influences their credit risk assessments of recognized versus disclosed finance leases.
Utility of ripple mapping for identification of slow conduction channels during ventricular tachycardia ablation in the setting of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Authors: Xie Shuanglun , Kubala Maciej , Liang Jackson J. , Yang Jiandu , Desjardins Benoit , Santangeli Pasquale , van der Geest Rob J. , Schaller Robert , Riley Michael , Supple Gregory , Frankel David S. , Callans David , PAC Erica Zado , Marchlinski Francis , Nazarian Saman
Published: December 2018

Background

Ripple mapping displays every deflection of a bipolar electrogram and enables the visualization of conduction channels (RMCC) within postinfarction ventricular scar to guide ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. The utility of RMCC identification for facilitation of VT ablation in the setting of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) has not been described.

Objective

We sought to (a) identify the slow conduction channels in the endocardial/epicardial scar by ripple mapping and (b) retrospectively analyze whether the elimination of RMCC is associated with improved VT‐free survival, in ARVC patients.

Methods

High‐density right ventricular endocardial and epicardial electrograms were collected using the CARTO 3 system in sinus rhythm or ventricular pacing and reviewed for RMCC. Low‐voltage zones and abnormal myocardium in the epicardium were identified by using standardized late‐gadolinium–enhanced (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity (SI) z‐scores.

Results

A cohort of 20 ARVC patients that had undergone simultaneous high‐density right ventricular endocardial and epicardial electrogram mapping was identified (age 44 ± 13 years). Epicardial scar, defined as bipolar voltage less than 1.0 mV, occupied 47.6% (interquartile range [IQR], 30.9‐63.7) of the total epicardial surface area and was larger than endocardial scar, defined as bipolar voltage less than 1.5 mV, which occupied 11.2% (IQR, 4.2 ± 17.8) of the endocardium (P < 0.01). A median 1.5 RMCC, defined as continuous corridors of sequential late activation within scar, were identified per patient (IQR, 1‐3), most of which were epicardial. The median ratio of RMCC ablated was 1 (IQR, 0.6‐1). During a median follow‐up of 44 months (IQR, 11‐49), the ratio of RMCC ablated was associated with freedom from recurrent VT (hazard ratio, 0.01; P = 0.049). Among nine patients with adequate MRI, 73% of RMCC were localized in LGE regions, 24% were adjacent to an area with LGE, and 3% were in regions without LGE.

Conclusion

Slow conduction channels within endocardial or epicardial ARVC scar were delineated clearly by ripple mapping and corresponded to critical isthmus sites during entrainment. Complete elimination of RMCC was associated with freedom from VT.
Anticoagulation after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: An unnecessary evil? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Proietti Riccardo , AlTurki Ahmed , Di Biase Luigi , China Paolo , Forleo Giovanni , Corrado Andrea , Marras Elena , Natale Andrea , Themistoclakis Sakis
Published: December 2018

Background

Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently based on clinical parameters (CHA2DS
2‐VASc score) that have been shown to predict cerebrovascular events (CVE). Controversy exists as to whether CVE risk persists unmodified after successful catheter ablation, as observational studies suggest a lower risk of CVE. Current guidelines recommend continued oral anticoagulation (OAC) based on the CHA
2DS
2‐VASc score risk profile.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review of all studies published up to July 31, 2018, that reported CVE after catheter ablation of AF and compared patients on or off OAC. Random‐effects models were used to demonstrate the risk of CVE and major bleeding in on‐OAC vs off‐OAC patients. This analysis was further stratified by CHADS2 and CHA
2DS
2‐VASc score.

Results

We retained 16 studies, 10 prospective cohort and 6 retrospective cohort, that met inclusion criteria, and which enrolled 25 177 patients: 13 166 off‐OAC and 12 011 on‐OAC. No significant difference in the incidence of CVE emerged between on‐OAC and off‐OAC patients after AF ablation (risk ratio, 0.66; confidence interval [CI], 0.38, 1.15). Similar results were found after stratification by CHADS2 and CHA
2DS
2‐VASc score. Off‐OAC patients suffered significantly less bleeding than those on OAC (RR, 0.17; CI, 0.09, 0.34). Of note, the percentage of patients with AF recurrence impacts the treatment effect in the two groups (
P = 0.001).

Conclusions

In this metanalysis, the risk‐benefit ratio favored the suspension of OAT after successful AF ablation even in patients at moderate‐high risk. Whether the reported results can be extended also to non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants warrants further investigations.
Oncogenic comparison of human papillomavirus type 58 E7 variants
Authors: Law Priscilla TY , Boon Siaw Shi , Hu Chenghua , Lung Raymond WM , Cheung Grace PY , Ho Wendy CS , Chen Zigui , Massimi Paola , Thomas Miranda , Pim David , Banks Lawrence , Chan Paul KS
Published: December 2018

Human papillomavirus 58 (HPV58) ranks the second or third in East Asian cervical cancers. Current studies on HPV58 are scarce and focus on the prototype. Previously, we identified the three most common circulating HPV58 E7 strains contained amino acid alterations: G41R/G63D (51%), T20I/G63S (22%) and T74A/D76E (14%) respectively. Among them, the T20I/G63S variant (V1) had a stronger epidemiological association with cervical cancer. We therefore suggested that V1 possessed stronger oncogenicity than the other two variants. Here, we performed phenotypic assays to characterize and compare their oncogenicities with HPV58 E7 prototype. Our results showed that overexpression of V1 conferred a higher colony‐forming ability to primary murine epithelial cells than prototype (P < 0.05) and other variants, implicating its higher immortalising potential. Further experiments showed that both V1 and prototype enhanced the anchorage‐independent growth of NIH/3T3 cells (P < 0.001), implicating their stronger transforming power than the two other variants. Moreover, they possessed an increased ability to degrade pRb (P < 0.001), which is a major effector pathway of E7‐driven oncogenesis. Our work represents the first study to compare the oncogenicities of HPV58 E7 prototype and variants. These findings deepened our understanding of HPV58 and might inform clinical screening and follow‐up strategy.
How Chronic Is Polypharmacy in Old Age? A Longitudinal Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Wastesson Jonas W. , Morin Lucas , Laroche Marie‐Laure , Johnell Kristina
Published: December 2018

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the chronicity of polypharmacy among older adults and to identify factors associated with chronic polypharmacy.

DESIGN

Longitudinal cohort study using register data.

SETTING

Nationwide, Sweden.

PARTICIPANTS

All 711,432 older adults (aged 65 years and older) living in Sweden with five or more prescription drugs in October 2010 were included and followed up until December 2013. Mean age at baseline was 77 (SD = 7.8) years, 59% were women, and 7% lived in nursing homes.

MEASUREMENT

Monthly changes in the exposure to polypharmacy. Data regarding prescription drug use were extracted from the Swedish Prescribed Drugs Register.

RESULTS

Overall, 82% were continuously exposed to polypharmacy for 6 months or longer, and 74% for 12 months or longer. The proportion of individuals who remained exposed until the end of the study was 55%. Among the 21,361 individuals who had not been exposed to polypharmacy during the 6‐month period before baseline (ie, with a new episode of polypharmacy), only 30% remained exposed for 6 months or longer. The proportion of older adults who spent at least 80% of their follow‐up time with polypharmacy was substantially higher among prevalent polypharmacy users at baseline than among those with a new polypharmacy episode (80% vs 24%; P < .01). Factors associated with chronic polypharmacy included higher age, female sex, living in an institution, chronic multimorbidity, and multidose dispensing.

CONCLUSION

Polypharmacy is most often chronic, although a substantial share of older adults experience short, recurring episodes of polypharmacy and are thus exposed to its potential harms in a transient rather than persistent manner. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:455–462, 2019.
Effect of Bisphosphonates on Fracture Outcomes Among Frail Older Adults
Authors: Zullo Andrew R. , Zhang Tingting , Lee Yoojin , McConeghy Kevin W. , Daiello Lori A. , Kiel Douglas P. , Mor Vincent , Berry Sarah D.
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

Bisphosphonates are seldom used in frail, older adults, in part due to lack of direct evidence of efficacy in this population and increasing concerns about safety.

OBJECTIVE

We estimated the effects of bisphosphonates on hip fractures, nonvertebral fractures, and severe esophagitis among frail, older adults.

DESIGN

Population‐based retrospective cohort using 2008 to 2013 linked national Minimum Data Set assessments; Online Survey Certification and Reporting System records; and Medicare claims.

SETTING

US nursing homes (NHs).

PARTICIPANTS

Long‐stay NH residents 65 years and older without recent osteoporosis medication use (N = 24,571). Bisphosphonate initiators were 1:1 propensity score matched to calcitonin initiators (active comparator).

MEASUREMENTS

Hospitalized hip fracture, nonvertebral fracture, and esophagitis outcomes were measured using part A claims. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated, controlling for over 100 baseline characteristics.

RESULTS

The matched cohort included 5209 new bisphosphonate users and an equal number of calcitonin users (mean age [SD] = 85 [8] years; 87% female; 52% moderate‐severe cognitive impairment). Over a mean follow‐up of 2.5 (SD = 1.7) years, 568 residents (5.5%) had a hip fracture, 874 (8.4%) had a nonvertebral fracture, and 199 (1.9%) had a hospitalized esophagitis event. Users of bisphosphonates were less likely than calcitonin users to experience hip fracture (HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.71‐0.98), with an average gain in time without fracture of 28.4 days (95% CI = 6.0‐50.8 days). Bisphosphonate and calcitonin users had similar rates of nonvertebral fracture (HR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.80‐1.03) and esophagitis events (HR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.84‐1.47). The effects of bisphosphonates on fractures and esophagitis were generally homogeneous across subgroups, including those defined by age, sex, history of prior fracture, and baseline fracture risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of bisphosphonates is associated with a meaningful reduction in hip fracture among frail, older adults, but little difference in nonvertebral fracture or severe esophagitis. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:768–776, 2019.
Using all‐payer claims data for health surveillance of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Phillips K. G. , Houtenville A. J. , Reichard A.
Published: December 2018

Background

To address limitations and challenges associated with current health surveillance of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), this study investigates the use of all‐payer claims data to identify and characterise this population.

Method

All‐payer claims data from 2010 to 2014 were used to study people with IDD in New Hampshire. Starting with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' algorithm, IDD was defined using ICD‐9 diagnosis codes. Additional ICD‐9 codes for developmental disabilities were included to build the knowledge base begun by recent research conducted on Medicaid claimants in five other states.

Results

Findings showed the enhanced algorithm offers a replicable and feasible way to conduct health surveillance of people with IDD at the state level.

Conclusion

Substantive and significant differences between Medicaid and commercial claimants suggest that using all‐payer claims provides a richer and more complete method for health surveillance of people with IDD.
State‐Dependent Transmission of Monetary Policy in the Euro Area
Authors: BURGARD JAN PABLO , NEUENKIRCH MATTHIAS , NÖCKEL MATTHIAS
Published: December 2018

We estimate a logit mixture vector autoregressive model describing monetary policy transmission in the euro area over the period 1999–2015. In contrast to other classes of nonlinear vector autoregressive models, regime affiliation is neither strictly binary, nor binary with a transition period, and based on multiple variables. We show that monetary policy transmission in the euro area can be described as a mixture of two states. In both states, output and prices are found to decrease after contractionary monetary policy shocks. However, the effects of monetary policy are less enduring in the “crisis state.”
Multi‐institutional phase II study of neoadjuvant irinotecan and nedaplatin followed by radical hysterectomy and the adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced, bulky uterine cervical cancer: A Kansai Clinical Oncology Group study (KCOG‐G1201)
Authors: Mori Taisuke , Makino Hiroshi , Okubo Tomoharu , Fujiwara Yoichiro , Sawada Morio , Kuroboshi Haruo , Tsubamoto Hiroshi , Murakoshi Homare , Motohashi Takashi , Kitawaki Jo , Ito Kimihiko
Published: December 2018

Aim

A multi‐institutional phase II trial was conducted to determine the efficacy and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with irinotecan and nedaplatin followed by radical hysterectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced, bulky stage IB2‐IIB cervical cancer.

Methods

Patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB2‐II, bulky type (>4 cm in diameter) squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were enrolled. Irinotecan (60 mg/m2) was administered intravenously on days 1 and 8 and nedaplatin (80 mg/m2) was also administered on day 1 of every 21‐day cycle. After two cycles of chemotherapy, a radical hysterectomy was performed. Until 6 weeks after the surgery, three to five cycles of the regimen were added as adjuvant chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was the 2‐year relapse‐free survival rate. The response rates and toxicities were evaluated as secondary endpoints.

Results

Thirty‐two patients from seven institutions were enrolled in this study. The median age was 48 years (range 25–75 years). The average follow‐up period was 37.8 months (15–71 months). Twenty‐three patients completed the regimen as planned. The objective response rate (complete response + partial response) for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen was 81.2%. The 2‐year and 5‐year relapse‐free‐survival rates were 87.5% and 78.8%, respectively. The incidence of grade 3/4 neutropenia was 6.3% and 34.4% during neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment, respectively. All other toxicities were well tolerated.

Conclusion

Our treatment showed efficacy and tolerability for patients with locally advanced, bulky stage IB2‐IIB cervical cancer. This suggests that treatment has the potential to improve the prognosis compared to concurrent chemo‐radiotherapy.
Accounting for Divorce in Marital Research: An Application to Growth Mixture Modeling
Authors: Kanter Jeremy B. , Proulx Christine M. , Monk J. Kale
Published: December 2018

Objective

The goal of this study was to understand the implications of omitting versus retaining individuals known to eventually divorce in the longitudinal modeling of marital quality trajectories.

Background

Change in marital quality has been the focus of basic and applied research as well as policy initiatives for the past several decades. Scholars have used group‐based modeling techniques to better understand how enduring marriages develop over time. Previous studies, however, have not directly examined the implications of including versus excluding individuals who go on to divorce for shape or number of identified marital development trajectories.

Method

The present study used growth mixture modeling and the Marital Instability over the Life Course data set to examine patterns of marital happiness. Analyses were first conducted only on continuously married men (n = 269) and women (n = 438). Identical analytic procedures were then used with combined samples of those who were continuously married plus those who eventually divorced (n = 358 men; n = 588 women).

Results

The results indicated that retaining those who go on to divorce increased the number of classes reported and changed the composition of class membership and patterning of marital quality over time for both men and women.

Conclusion

The study concludes with a recommended three‐step procedure for modeling marital change when samples include individuals who divorce following a baseline assessment.
Designing social action: The impact of reflexivity on practice
Authors: Caetano Ana
Published: December 2018

The main goal of this article is to analyse the relationship between reflexivity and action along three axes. The first entails the discussion of a reflexive action model that explores the combination of factors, processes and mechanisms which explain the guiding role reflexivity can play with regard to practices, in specific circumstances. The second axis concerns situations in which reflexivity does not act as an orientation mechanism and may even have the opposite effect, as a source of disorientation and paralysis of practices. The third relates to the production of social change and reproduction that may arise from the exercise of reflexivity. The whole discussion points to the mediation role that reflexivity assumes in the relationship between structure and agency, i.e. in the way structural enablements and constraints are received, filtered and mobilised by subjects in the subjective definition and reflexive implementation of their personal projects.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain‐gauge transducers
Authors: Sturges Beverly K. , Dickinson Peter J. , Tripp Linda D. , Udaltsova Irina , LeCouteur Richard A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical component in the management of intracranial hypertension. Safety, efficacy, and optimal location of microsensor devices have not been defined in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objective

Assessment of ICP using a microsensor transducer is feasible in anesthetized and conscious animals and is independent of transducer location. Intraparenchymal transducer placement is associated with more adverse effects.

Animals

Seven adult, bred‐for‐research dogs.

Methods

In a prospective investigational study, microsensor ICP transducers were inserted into subdural and intraparenchymal locations at defined rostral or caudal locations within the rostrotentorial compartment under general anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and ICP were measured continuously during physiological maneuvers, and for 20 hours after anesthesia.

Results

Baseline mean ± SD values for ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure were 7.2 ± 2.3 and 78.9 ± 7.6 mm Hg, respectively. Catheter position did not have a significant effect on ICP measurements. There was significant variation from baseline ICP accompanying physiological maneuvers (P < .001) and with normal activities, especially with changes in head position (P < .001). Pathological sequelae were more evident after intraparenchymal versus subdural placement.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Use of a microsensor ICP transducer was technically straightforward and provided ICP measurements within previously reported reference ranges. Results support the use of an accessible dorsal location and subdural positioning. Transient fluctuations in ICP are normal events in conscious dogs and large variations associated with head position should be accounted for when evaluating animals with intracranial hypertension.
Clinical and histologic outcome in a dog surviving massive hepatic necrosis
Authors: Kook Peter H. , Baumstark Miriam , Ruetten Maja
Published: December 2018

This report describes the clinical and histologic recovery of a 2‐year‐old mixed‐breed dog presented with hypovolemic shock, markedly increased serum alanine amino transferase activity, and hemoabdomen. Emergency exploratory surgery revealed a friable liver with multiple capsule hemorrhages necessitating removal of the left lateral lobe. Histologic evaluation showed acute massive hepatic necrosis with centrilobular and midzonal distribution. The dog survived, and all monitored laboratory values normalized within 7 weeks. A liver biopsy taken 8 weeks after presentation revealed normal hepatic architecture with a few, randomly distributed neutrophilic foci. Follow‐up included intermittent determination of liver variables including liver function tests for a period of 7 years. The dog's health status, and all test results remained normal during this time. Complete recovery and good long‐term quality of life after life‐threatening acute liver failure secondary to massive hepatic necrosis is possible in dogs.
Autoimmune hepatitis: Is the autoimmunity in the family?
Authors: Sebode Marcial , Lohse Ansgar W.
Published: December 2018

See Article on Page 205
Identification of a metallothionein gene in honey bee Apis mellifera and its expression profile in response to Cd, Cu and Pb exposure
Authors: Purać Jelena , Nikolić Tatjana V. , Kojić Danijela , Ćelić Anđelka S. , Plavša Jovana J. , Blagojević Duško P. , Petri Edward T.
Published: December 2018

Metallothioneins are ubiquitous proteins important in metal homeostasis and detoxification. However, they have not previously been identified in honey bees or other Hymenoptera, where metallothioneins could be of ecophysiological and ecotoxicological significance. Better understanding of the molecular responses to stress induced by toxic metals could contribute to honey bee conservation. In addition, honey bee metallothionein could represent a biomarker for monitoring environmental quality. Here we identify and characterize a metallothionein gene in Apis mellifera (AmMT). AmMT is 1,680 bp long and encodes a 48 amino acids protein with 15 cysteines and no aromatic residues. A metal response element upstream of the start codon, coupled with numerous cis‐regulatory elements indicate the functional context of AmMT. Molecular modelling predicts several transition metal binding sites, and comparative phylogenetic analysis revealed five putative metallothionein proteins in three other hymenoptera species. AmMT was characterized by cloning the full‐length coding sequence of the putative metallothionein. Recombinant AmMT was found to increase metal tolerance upon overexpression in Escherichia coli supplemented with Cd, Cu or Pb. Finally, in laboratory tests on honey bees, gene expression profiles showed a dose‐dependant relationship between Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations present in food and AmMT expression, while field experiments showed induction of AmMT in bees from an industrial site compared to those from an urban area. These studies suggest that AmMT has metal binding properties in agreement with a possible role in metal homeostasis. Further functional and structural characterization of metallothionein in honey bees and other Hymenoptera are necessary.
The effect of screen advertising on children's dietary intake: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Russell Simon J. , Croker Helen , Viner Russell M.
Published: December 2018

Evidence indicates that screen advertising for unhealthy food results in significant increases in dietary intake among children. This review was undertaken with the main aim of estimating the quantitative effect of screen advertising in experimental and nonexperimental conditions on children's dietary intake.

Systematic searches were undertaken of interdisciplinary databases. Studies from 1980 to April 2018, all geography and languages, were included; participants were children and adolescents aged between 2 and 18 years; the intervention was screen advertising; and the outcome was dietary intake. Meta‐analyses were conducted for measured and nonmeasured outcomes.

Food advertising was found to increase dietary intake among children (age range 2‐14, mean 8.8 years) in experimental conditions for television (TV) advertising and advergames. Meta‐analysis revealed that children exposed to food advertising on TV (11 studies) and advergames (five studies) respectively consumed an average 60.0 kcal (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1‐116.9) and 53.2 kcal (95% CI, 31.5‐74.9) more than children exposed to nonfood advertising. There was also an effect by body mass index (BMI). Findings from nonexperimental studies revealed that exposure to TV food advertising was positively associated with and predictive of dietary intake in children.

Short‐term exposure to unhealthy food advertising on TV and advergames increases immediate calorie consumption in children.
Validation of the Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observation Scale in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Boerlage Anneke A. , van Rosmalen Joost , Cheuk‐Alam‐Balrak Juanita M. , Goudzwaard Jeannette A. , Tibboel Dick , van Dijk Monique
Published: December 2018

Background

The Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observation Scale (REPOS) has been proven useful to assess pain in noncommunicative and cognitively impaired nursing home residents. We evaluated whether the REPOS is also reliable and valid for pain assessment in the hospital setting.

Methods

In this prospective multicenter observational study, surgical patients were observed perioperatively at bedside and internal medicine patients were filmed during a possible painful moment and at rest. Pain behavior was assessed from the video recordings with the REPOS and the Pain Assessment Checklist for seniors with Severe Dementia—Dutch language (PACSLAC‐D). Longitudinal associations between REPOS score and numeric rating scale pain ratings from observers and nurses (NRSobs and NRSproxy) corrected for patients’ gender were assessed with linear mixed models.

Results

In total, 72 patients were included; 118 observations of surgical and 68 observations of internal medicine patients were analyzed. Interobserver reliability between the researcher and 2 other observers was good, with Cohen's kappa values of 0.71 (confidence interval [CI] 0.59 to 0.83) and 0.84 (CI 0.74 to 0.94), respectively. The intraobserver reliability of the principal investigator was good, with Cohen's kappa 0.82 (CI 0.67 to 0.91). Linear mixed modeling revealed correlation values between the REPOS and NRSobs of 0.67 and the REPOS and NRSproxy of 0.73. Optimal sensitivity (78%) and specificity (90%) for the detection of pain were found with a REPOS cutoff score of ≥3, using an NRS score of ≥4 as the reference value.

Conclusions

The REPOS is reliable and valid for the assessment of postoperative and chronic pain in hospital patients who cannot self‐report pain.
A large nested association mapping population for breeding and quantitative trait locus mapping in Ethiopian durum wheat
Authors: Kidane Yosef G. , Gesesse Cherinet A. , Hailemariam Bogale N. , Desta Ermias A. , Mengistu Dejene K. , Fadda Carlo , Pè Mario Enrico , Dell'Acqua Matteo
Published: December 2018

The Ethiopian plateau hosts thousands of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum) farmer varieties (FV) with high adaptability and breeding potential. To harness their unique allelic diversity, we produced a large nested association mapping (NAM) population intercrossing fifty Ethiopian FVs with an international elite durum wheat variety (Asassa). The Ethiopian NAM population (EtNAM) is composed of fifty interconnected bi‐parental families, totalling 6280 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that represent both a powerful quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping tool, and a large pre‐breeding panel. Here, we discuss the molecular and phenotypic diversity of the EtNAM founder lines, then we use an array featuring 13 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to characterize a subset of 1200 EtNAM RILs from 12 families. Finally, we test the usefulness of the population by mapping phenology traits and plant height using a genome wide association (GWA) approach. EtNAM RILs showed high allelic variation and a genetic makeup combining genetic diversity from Ethiopian FVs with the international durum wheat allele pool. EtNAM SNP data were projected on the fully sequenced AB genome of wild emmer wheat, and were used to estimate pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures that reported an LD decay distance of 7.4 Mb on average, and balanced founder contributions across EtNAM families. GWA analyses identified 11 genomic loci individually affecting up to 3 days in flowering time and more than 1.6 cm in height. We argue that the EtNAM is a powerful tool to support the production of new durum wheat varieties targeting local and global agriculture.
Conditional Heresies
Authors: Cariani Fabrizio , Goldstein Simon
Published: December 2018

The principles of Conditional Excluded Middle (CEM) and Simplification of Disjunctive Antecedents (SDA) have received substantial attention in isolation. Both principles are plausible generalizations about natural language conditionals. There is however little discussion of their interaction. This paper aims to remedy this gap and explore the significance of having both principles constrain the logic of the conditional. Our negative finding is that, together with elementary logical assumptions,CEMand SDA yield a variety of implausible consequences. Despite these incompatibility results, we open up a narrow space to satisfy both. We show that, by simultaneously appealing to the alternative‐introducing analysis of disjunction and to the theory of homogeneity presuppositions, we can satisfy both. Furthermore, the theory that validates both principles resembles a recent semantics that is defended by Santorio on independent grounds. The cost of this approach is that it must give up the transitivity of entailment: we suggest that this is a feature, not a bug, and connect it with recent developments of intransitive notions of entailment.
Relating the Approximability of the Fixed Cost and Space Constrained Assortment Problems
Authors: Feldman Jacob , Paul Alice
Published: December 2018

We study the classic assortment optimization problem in which a retailer seeks the revenue maximizing set of products to offer to each arriving customer. This study relates two variants of this assortment problem: the space constrained assortment problem, in which the retailer has a limit on the total space of the offered assortment, and the fixed cost assortment problem, in which the retailer incurs a fixed cost for each offered product. In particular, we develop an approximation scheme for the space constrained problem for any random utility choice model that only relies on the ability to solve the corresponding fixed cost assortment problem. We then apply this technique to give a constant factor approximation scheme for the space constrained assortment problem under a classical model for vertically differentiated products. Last, we present computational results to show the efficacy of this approach.
X¯ Chart with Estimated Parameters: The Conditional ARL Distribution and New Insights
Authors: Jardim Felipe S. , Chakraborti Subhabrata , Epprecht Eugenio K.
Published: December 2018

Performance measures of control charts with estimated parameters are random variables and vary significantly across reference samples. In this context, a recent idea has been to study the distribution of the realized (or conditional) in‐control average run length ( CARL 0) [or, equivalently, the conditional false‐alarm rate ( CFAR)] for a set of estimates from a given reference sample and apply the exceedance probability criterion ( EPC) to design control charts that ensure a desirable in‐control performance. Under the EPC, the probability that the CARL 0 (or the CFAR) is at least (or at most) equal to a specified value is guaranteed with a high probability, which helps prevent low in‐control ARL's (or high false‐alarm rates) from occurring. In order to apply the EPC, the c.d.f. of the CARL 0 (or the CFAR) is necessary. For the two‐sided Shewhart Xbar control chart, under normality, we derive the exact c.d.f. of the CARL 0 and the CFAR, currently not available in the literature. Using these key results, we calculate the minimum number of Phase I samples required to guarantee a desired in‐control performance in terms of the EPC. Since the required amount of data can be prohibitively large, we also provide exact formulas for adjustments to the control limits for a given amount of Phase I data; some tables are provided. Our adjustment formulas give more accurate results compared to some available methods. The impact of these adjustments on the out‐of‐control performance of the chart is examined in detail. A summary and some recommendations are provided.
Limited use of bat boxes in a rural landscape: implications for offsetting the clearing of hollow‐bearing trees
Authors: Rueegger Niels , Goldingay Ross L. , Law Brad , Gonsalves Leroy
Published: December 2018

Bat boxes frequently form part of hollow‐bearing tree offsets; however, their effectiveness is poorly documented. We investigated the effectiveness of a bat box program designed to partially offset tree hollow loss from clearing for a coal mine. During the first year of monitoring, we detected bats in 5% of 1,308 box checks. Only 3 of 13 local tree cavity‐roosting bat species/species groups used boxes and occupancy was not strongly associated with modeled box and site attributes. In the second year, we tested two hypotheses that may explain the relatively low box use: (1) solar exposure of boxes was inadequate for heterothermic bats and (2) available box designs were of low suitability. Relocating boxes to increase solar exposure did not increase use, or enhance the temperature profiles of relocated boxes. Introduction of a new box design led to 11 times higher use compared with existing designs forNyctophilusspp. (long‐eared bat). Overall, our data suggest that the bat box program was ineffective due to few bat species using boxes, infrequent box use by three species, and rarity of maternity roosting. The knowledge gap of species‐specific box designs and roosting ecology limits the effectiveness of boxes to offset cleared hollow‐bearing trees. Lack of knowledge and the widespread use of bat boxes to offset lost tree hollows highlights the need to (1) rigorously protect hollow‐bearing trees and (2) advance our understanding of species‐specific roost ecology, box design preferences and mechanical hollow creation into trees, before artificial hollows can be considered a meaningful offset measure.
Volume‐targeted pressure support and automatic EPAP for chronic hypoventilation syndromes: An advance in‐home ventilation or just more noise?
Authors: McArdle Nigel
Published: December 2018

Early in the history of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) for disorders of hypoventilation, treatment was provided by volume‐limited (VL) devices. Currently, NIV is commonly provided by pressure‐limited (PL) devices because of greater portability, lower cost and studies showing increased patient comfort. There are now volume‐targeted (VT) devices, which aim to combine the advantages of more stable ventilation associated with VL and greater comfort of PL mode. VT devices automatically adjust pressure support, within a defined range, to target a preset level of ventilation. This review focuses on current evidence, as provided by clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT) data, for the effectiveness of VT devices. The RCT data have significant methodological limitations, including lack of study blinding, recruitment of patients who are not naïve to NIV and failure to optimize PL settings with recent polysomnography (PSG) titration. However, the data broadly show that VT has similar short‐term clinical outcomes to standard PL mode with regard to measures of nocturnal and daytime ventilation and sleep quality. The literature has not clearly identified if there are subgroups that benefit from VT. Recently, automatic expiratory positive airway pressure (AutoEPAP) algorithms, which aim to automatically control the upper airway during sleep, have been added to VT devices which may obviate the need for PSG to manually titrate EPAP. VT mode has the potential to reduce reliance on PSG and so save on healthcare costs; however, to date, a clear benefit of VT over PL NIV has not been demonstrated.
Health‐related quality of life in peritoneal dialysis patients: A narrative review
Authors: Aguiar Rute , Pei Ming , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Lindholm Bengt
Published: December 2018

Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important aspect of patients´ health that should be an integral part of the evaluation of patient‐centered outcomes, not least because HRQOL associates with patients´ morbidity and mortality. This applies also to chronic kidney disease patients, including those dependent on renal replacement therapies, the type of which may influence patients´ perception of HRQOL. Several studies have addressed HRQOL in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing renal replacement therapies, especially transplanted patients and hemodialysis patients, while publications concerning peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are scarcer. This review describes some of the methods used to assess HRQOL, factors influencing HRQOL in PD patients, HRQOL in PD vs hemodialysis, and the relation between HRQOL and patient outcomes. We conclude that assessment of HRQOL–often neglected at present–should be included as a standard measure of patient‐centered outcomes and when monitoring the quality and effectiveness of renal care including PD treatment.
Behavioral and Imaging Studies of Infant Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Gervain Judit , de la Cruz‐Pavía Irene , Gerken LouAnn
Published: December 2018

Artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigms have proven to be productive and useful to investigate how young infants break into the grammar of their native language(s). The question of when infants first show the ability to learn abstract grammatical rules has been central to theoretical debates about the innate vs. learned nature of grammar. The presence of this ability early in development, that is, before considerable experience with language, has been argued to provide evidence for a biologically endowed ability to acquire language. Artificial grammar learning tasks also allow infant populations to be readily compared with adults and non‐human animals. Artificial grammar learning paradigms with infants have been used to investigate a number of linguistic phenomena and learning tasks, from word segmentation to phonotactics and morphosyntax. In this review, we focus on AGL studies testing infants’ ability to learn grammatical/structural properties of language. Specifically, we discuss the results of AGL studies focusing on repetition‐based regularities, the categorization of functors, adjacent and non‐adjacent dependencies, and word order. We discuss the implications of the results for a general theory of language acquisition, and we outline some of the open questions and challenges.
The Flatland Fallacy: Moving Beyond Low–Dimensional Thinking
Authors: Jolly Eshin , Chang Luke J.
Published: December 2018

Psychology is a complicated science. It has no general axioms or mathematical proofs, is rarely directly observable, and is the only discipline in which the subject matter (i.e., human psychological phenomena) is also the tool of investigation. Like the Flatlanders in Edwin Abbot's famous short story (), we may be led to believe that the parsimony offered by our low‐dimensional theories reflects the reality of a much higher‐dimensional problem. Here we contend that this “Flatland fallacy” leads us to seek out simplified explanations of complex phenomena, limiting our capacity as scientists to build and communicate useful models of human psychology. We suggest that this fallacy can be overcome through (a) the use of quantitative models, which force researchers to formalize their theories to overcome this fallacy, and (b) improved quantitative training, which can build new norms for conducting psychological research.
Epidemiology of taeniosis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Iran: A systematic review
Authors: Moazeni Mohammad , Khamesipour Faham , Anyona Douglas N. , Dida Gabriel O.
Published: December 2018

Background

The aim of this review was to establish the current epidemiology of taeniosis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis among humans and animals in Iran by carrying out a comprehensive assessment of published articles reporting on these foodborne zoonotic diseases across the country.

Methods

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used in the search for relevant published articles reporting on cysticercosis, taeniosis and trichinellosis in Iran using a number of appropriate key words. The search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, SCOPUS, WHOLIS, FAO and CDC. Published scientific articles including journals, books and book chapters reporting on cysticercosis, taeniosis and trichinellosis in Iran for the period between 1967 and 2018 were selected.

Results

A total of 37 articles met the search criteria and were incorporated in this review. Of these, 10 (27%) reported on human taeniosis, 15 (40.5%) on cysticercosis (10 on Taenia saginata and five on Taenia spp. cysticercosis) and 12 (32.5%) on trichinellosis. T. saginata was implicated in all human taeniosis cases. All Taenia spp. cysticercosis cases were reported among domesticated pigs and wild animals. A case of neurocysticercosis was reported in a male patient at Shohada Hospital in Tehran. Eleven (91.7%) of the 12 studies reported on trichinellosis among wild animals, while one (8.3%) study detected anti‐Trichinella IgG in 8 (2.2%) of the 364 at‐risk human beings tested. Nevertheless, most of these studies were carried out in northern Iran.

Conclusion

This review found T. saginata to be the most prevalent and of greater economic and public health significance in Iran. However, T. solium and Trichinella spp. were of little significance to human health. More studies should focus on other regions besides northern Iran.