bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting methane ebullition on thermokarst lake ice using high resolution optical aerial imagery
Authors: R. Lindgren P. , Grosse G. , M. Walter Anthony K. , J. Meyer F.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Thermokarst lakes are important emitters of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. However, accurate estimation of methane flux from thermokarst lakes is difficult due to their remoteness and observational challenges associated with the heterogeneous nature of ebullition (bubbling). We used multi-temporal high-resolution (9–11 cm) aerial images of an interior Alaskan thermokarst lake, Goldstream Lake, acquired 2 and 4 days following freeze-up in 2011 and 2012, respectively, to characterize methane ebullition seeps and to estimate whole-lake ebullition. Bubbles impeded by the lake ice sheet form distinct white patches as a function of bubbling rate vs. time as ice thickens. Our aerial imagery thus captured in a single snapshot the ebullition events that occurred before the image acquisition. Image analysis showed that low-flux A- and B-type seeps are associated with low brightness patches and are statistically distinct from high-flux C-type and Hotspot seeps associated with high brightness patches. Mean whole-lake ebullition based on optical image analysis in combination with bubble-trap flux measurements was estimated to be 174 ± 28 and 216 ± 33 mL gas m−2 d−1 for the years 2011 and 2012, respectively. A large number of seeps demonstrated spatio-temporal stability over our two-year study period. A strong inverse exponential relationship (R2 ≥ 0.79) was found between percent surface area of lake ice covered with bubble patches and distance from the active thermokarst lake margin. Our study shows that optical remote sensing is a powerful tool to map ebullition seeps on lake ice, to identify their relative strength of ebullition and to assess their spatio-temporal variability.
Climatic variability and human impact during the last 2000 years in western Mesoamerica: evidences of late Classic and Little Ice Age drought events
Authors: Rodríguez-Ramírez A. , Caballero M. , Roy P. , Ortega B. , Vázquez-Castro G. , Lozano-García S.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Results are presented from biological (diatoms and ostracodes) and non-biological (Ti, Ca/Ti, total inorganic carbon, magnetic susceptibility) proxy analyses from an 8.8 m long laminated, high resolution (~20 yr sample−1) sediment sequence from lake Santa María del Oro (SMO), in western Mexico. This lake is at a sensitive location between the dry climates of northern Mexico, under the influence of the north Pacific High Pressure Subtropical Cell and the moister climates of central Mexico, under the influence of the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the North American Monsoon (NAM). The sequence covers that last 2000 years and gives evidence of two periods of human impact in the lake, shown by increases in Achnanthidium minutissimum, the first related with the Shaft and Chamber Tombs Cultural Tradition from 100 BC to AD 300 and a second late Postclassic occupation from AD 1100 to 1300. Both periods correspond to relatively wet conditions. The sequence also gives evidence of three dry intervals with high carbonates, ostracodes and aerophilous Eolimna minima concentrations. The first, from AD 500 to 1000 (most intense from AD 600 to 800), correlates with the end of the Shaft and Chamber Tradition after ca. AD 600. This late Classic dry period is the most important climatic signal for the Mesoamerican region during the last 2000 years, as it has been recorded at several sites from Yucatan to the Pacific coast. In the Yucatan area this dry interval has been related with the demise of the Maya culture between AD 850 and 950. The last two dry events correspond with the onset and late Little Ice Age (1400 to 1550 and 1690 to 1770), and follow the Spörer and Maunder minima in solar radiation. The first of these intervals (1400–1550) shows the most intense signal over western Mexico, however this pattern changes at other sites. Dry/wet intervals in the SMO record are related with lower/higher intensity of the NAM over this region.
Miocene–Pliocene stepwise intensification of the Benguela upwelling over the Walvis Ridge off Namibia
Authors: Hoetzel S. , Dupont L. M. , Marret F. , Jung G. , Wefer G.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Upwelling is a significant part of the ocean circulation controlling largely the transport of cold waters to the surface and therefore influences ocean productivity and global climate. The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) is one of the major upwelling areas in the world. Previous reconstructions of the BUS mainly focused on the onset and intensification in southern and central parts, but changes of the northern part have been rarely investigated in detail. Using the organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record of ODP Site 1081 from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene we reconstruct and discuss the upwelling history on the Walvis Ridge with a special focus on the movement of the Angola–Benguela Front (ABF). We show that during the Late Miocene the Angola Current flowed southwards over the Walvis Ridge more frequently than today because the ABF was probably located further south as a result of a weaker meridional temperature gradient. A possible strengthening of the meridional gradient during the latest Miocene to early Pliocene in combination with uplift of south-western Africa intensified the upwelling along the coast and increased the upwelling's filaments over the Walvis Ridge. An intermediate period from 6.2 to 5.5 Ma is shown by the dominance of Habibacysta tectata, cysts of a cool-tolerant dinoflagellate known from the northern Atlantic, indicating changing oceanic conditions contemporaneous with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. From 4.4 Ma on, the upwelling signal got stronger again and waters were well-mixed and nutrient-rich. Also effects of Cunene River discharge into the South Atlantic are recorded since 4.4 Ma. Our results show a northward migration of the ABF and the initial stepwise intensification of the BUS.
Tracing bedload transport in a high-elevation, formerly-glaciated mountain basin
Authors: Dell'Agnese A. , Brardinoni F. , Toro M. , Mao L. , Engel M. , Comiti F.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In formerly glaciated mountain settings, Pleistocene glaciations are responsible for profound spatial reorganization of the landscape structure. By imposing local channel slope and the degree of hillslope-channel connectivity, glacial macro-forms can exert first-order controls on the downstream strength and continuity of the coarse sediment cascade. To estimate quantitatively these controls we trace bedload transport for three years along the Strimm Creek, Eastern Italian Alps. Specifically, we monitor the travel distance of 490 PIT-tagged particles (b axis: 23–229 mm; weight: 83–6525 g) at two contrasting sites: Upper Strimm Creek (US; 4 km2), which flows through a fluvially-dominated hanging valley, and Lower Strimm Creek (LS; 7.5 km2), located downstream, in a relict glacial trough where it experiences periodic colluvial sediment inputs from lateral tributaries. Tracer positioning within the streambed is periodically tracked in the field with a portable antenna in order to assess progressive travel distances, as well as the extent of the channel active layer, in relation to snowmelt and rainfall-driven peak flows. Cumulatively, tracers in US have travelled across distances (i.e., inner quartiles) shorter than 2 m, which correspond to over two orders of magnitude less than what observed in LS. These figures translate, after calculations of tracer inter-survey virtual velocities, in estimated bedload volumes equal to about 3 m3 in US and 600 m3 in LS, with most of the transport (75% in US, and 93% in LS) occurring during snowmelt. A similar contrast in bedload transport rates, even without considering the additional volumes of material mobilised by mass wasting process in LS, testifies the extent to which the glacial imprinting can still affect contemporary sediment transfer, and thus postglacial landscape evolution, in mountain drainage basins.
IceChrono1: a probabilistic model to compute a common and optimal chronology for several ice cores
Authors: Parrenin F. , Bazin L. , Capron E. , Landais A. , Lemieux-Dudon B. , Masson-Delmotte V.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Polar ice cores provide exceptional archives of past environmental conditions. The dating of ice cores and the estimation of the age-scale uncertainty are essential to interpret the climate and environmental records that they contain. It is, however, a complex problem which involves different methods. Here, we present IceChrono1, a new probabilistic model integrating various sources of chronological information to produce a common and optimized chronology for several ice cores, as well as its uncertainty. IceChrono1 is based on the inversion of three quantities: the surface accumulation rate, the lock-in depth (LID) of air bubbles and the thinning function. The chronological information integrated into the model are models of the sedimentation process (accumulation of snow, densification of snow into ice and air trapping, ice flow), ice- and air-dated horizons, ice and air depth intervals with known durations, Δdepth observations (depth shift between synchronous events recorded in the ice and in the air) and finally air and ice stratigraphic links in between ice cores. The optimization is formulated as a least squares problem, implying that all densities of probabilities are assumed to be Gaussian. It is numerically solved using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and a numerical evaluation of the model's Jacobian. IceChrono follows an approach similar to that of the Datice model which was recently used to produce the AICC2012 (Antarctic ice core chronology) for four Antarctic ice cores and one Greenland ice core. IceChrono1 provides improvements and simplifications with respect to Datice from the mathematical, numerical and programming point of views. The capabilities of IceChrono1 are demonstrated on a case study similar to the AICC2012 dating experiment. We find results similar to those of Datice, within a few centuries, which is a confirmation of both IceChrono1 and Datice codes. We also test new functionalities with respect to the original version of Datice: observations as ice intervals with known durations, correlated observations, observations as air intervals with known durations and observations as mixed ice–air stratigraphic links. IceChrono1 is freely available under the General Public License v3 open source license.
The Met Office Global Coupled model 2.0 (GC2) configuration
Authors: Williams K. D. , Harris C. M. , Bodas-Salcedo A. , Camp J. , Comer R. E. , Copsey D. , Fereday D. , Graham T. , Hill R. , Hinton T. , Hyder P. , Ineson S. , Masato G. , Milton S. F. , Roberts M. J. , Rowell D. P. , Sanchez C. , Shelly A. , Sinha B. , Walters D. N. , West A. , Woollings T. , Xavier P. K.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The latest coupled configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (Global Coupled configuration 2, GC2) is presented. This paper documents the model components which make up the configuration (although the scientific description of these components is detailed elsewhere) and provides a description of the coupling between the components. The performance of GC2 in terms of its systematic errors is assessed using a variety of diagnostic techniques. The configuration is intended to be used by the Met Office and collaborating institutes across a range of timescales, with the seasonal forecast system (GloSea5) and climate projection system (HadGEM) being the initial users. In this paper GC2 is compared against the model currently used operationally in those two systems. Overall GC2 is shown to be an improvement on the configurations used currently, particularly in terms of modes of variability (e.g. mid-latitude and tropical cyclone intensities, the Madden–Julian Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation). A number of outstanding errors are identified with the most significant being a considerable warm bias over the Southern Ocean and a dry precipitation bias in the Indian and West African summer monsoons. Research to address these is ongoing.
Evaluation of soil fertility in the succession of karst rocky desertification using principal component analysis
Authors: Xie L. W. , Zhong J. , Chen F. F. , Cao F. X. , Li J. J. , Wu L. C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Expanding of karst rocky desertification (RD) area in southwestern China is strangling the sustainable development of local agricultural economy. It is important to evaluate the soil fertility at RD regions for the sustainable management of karst lands. The changes in 19 different soil fertility-related variables along a gradient of karst rocky desertification were investigated in five different counties belonging to the central Hunan province in China. We used principal component analysis method to calculate the soil data matrix and obtained a standardized integrate soil fertility (ISF) indicator to reflect RD grades. The results showed that the succession of RD had different impacts on soil fertility indicators. The changing trend of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was potential RD (PRD) > light RD (LRD) > moderate RD (MRD) > intensive RD (IRD), whereas the changing trend of other indicators was not entirely consistent with the succession of RD. The degradation trend of ISF was basically parallel to the aggravation of RD, and the strength of ISF mean values were in the order of PRD > LRD > MRD > IRD. The TOC, MBC, and MBN could be regarded as the key indicators to evaluate the soil fertility.
Book Review: Neoliberalism’s War on Higher Education
Authors: Mann Jessica Lynn
Published: May 2015

A review of Henry A. Giroux's Neoliberalism's War on Higher Education
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Rabarihoela Razafimandimby R.
Published: May 2015

Editorial Introduction
Kristeva's Reformation
Authors: Oliver Kelly
Published: May 2015

In my brief remarks, I consider what it means to return and rebind—that is to say, the significance of the re for Kristeva’s thought.  Kristeva does not just talk about binding or birth, or unbinding or death, but rather rebinding and rebirth, suggesting that it is a retrospective return rather than an original moment that is crucial.  The most significant moment, then, is not the moment of imaginary plenitude, nor the moment of originary loss, but rather the moment of rebirth that comes through rebinding after the loss of plenitude.  Indeed, Kristeva’s insistence on re-turning suggests that there is no originary moment of plenitude nor of castration or loss, but rather a constant movement of compensation for a recurrent loss.  By emphasizing rebinding and rebirth, she underscores not the loss as cutting wound but rather the healing power of signification, always already inherent within loss.  The flip-side of separation is reattachment.  And rather than just focus on the separation or cut, Kristeva looks to that which allows us to rebind and reattach in order to create relations that sustain us.  Both unbinding and binding are necessary for rebinding.  Thus, by focusing on rebinding, Kristeva insists on the process of unbinding and binding, and the oscillation between them.
Bandages
Authors: Oliver Kelly
Published: May 2015

“The bandages signify death,” says Derrida, “the condemnation to death; when they fall away, out of use, undone, untied, untying, they signify, like a detached signifier, that the dead one is resuscitated." Like a detached signifier, indicating a metaphorical relationship between signification and the bandages.  But, when we follow the metonymy of bandages in Derrida’s Death Penalty seminar volume one, the bandages appear as the figure for figuration itself.  More specifically, they are a sign that needs interpretation; a sign that the bandages are detached from the body; a sign that the word, or sign, is detached from the thing.
The Rhetorical Construction of Corporate Logos
Authors: Llorente-Barroso Carmen , García-García Francisco
Published: May 2015

This research is set in the context of today’s societies, in which the corporate visual symbology of a business, corporation or institution constitutes an essential way to transmit its corporate image. Traditional discursive procedures can be discovered in the development of these signs. The rhetorical strategies developed by the great classical authors appear in the logo-symbols expressing the corporate values of today’s companies. Thus, rhetoric is emerging once again in the sense it had many centuries ago: A repertory of rules that, paradoxically, standardizes the deviations of language and whose control is synonymous with power. The main objective of this study is to substantiate the rhetorical construction of logos using as a model of analysis the classical process of creating discourse. This involves understanding logos as persuasive discourses addressed to a modern audience. Our findings show that the rhetorical paradigm can be considered as a creative model for the con­struction of an original logo consistent with a company’s image.
Sobre lo infame: de lo inmundo del arte y su enfermedad diogénica
Authors: Ranilla-Rodríguez Miguel
Published: May 2015

En el presente artículo, postularemos la relación directa que existe entre la producción de basura y la de objetos artísticos; su sistema de manufactura, consumo y posterior deshecho. Surge en esta relación entonces, un personaje de interés que nos servirá como referencia para cotejar su modus operandi con el lugar de los artistas y las artes en este mundo enfermo, el Diógenes. El obseso que vive entre basura. El absurdo de la conquista del infinito de la ilógica dentro de una lógica. La cantidad nubla y ciega, nada se disfruta, nada se aprecia; lo incontable abandona su lugar en la memoria –memorable- y solo existe acumulación patológica, montañas de basura, deseos de aferrarse a la fe vital de la creencia de estar ha­ciendo Algo por sí mismos. Hacer por hacer y construir castillos de arena, acumulación, detritus y polvo. Una nueva lógica nace, por el disfrute, por la enfermedad y lo vacío, la destrucción en un mundo sin historia. «Artistas del mundo, ¡abandonad! ¡No tenéis nada que perder más que vuestras profesiones!» (Kaprow, 2007, p. 37).
"Cómo pintar el aire". Fundamentos científicos de la perspectiva atmosférica
Authors: López-Vílchez Inmaculada
Published: May 2015

La perspectiva aérea o atmosférica es juzgada por los pintores como parte esencial de la pintura, una vez establecidos los presupuestos geométricos de la representación naturalista mediante la perspectiva lineal. Leonardo da Vinci fue el primer autor en definir la perspectiva aérea o atmosférica, conocidos ya a través de L. B. Alberti los fundamentos geométricos de la perspectiva lineal en el tratado De Pictura (1435). Doscientos años después, tras la influyente publicación del Optics de Newton, contextualizadas bajo el espíritu racionalista del siglo XVIII, el artículo estudia las recomendaciones que desde la ciencia y los científicos (específicamente a través de tres figuras relevantes: Brook Taylor, J. H. Lambert y Gaspard Monge) se dan a los pintores con la pretensión de arbitrar una medición exacta del color, en confrontación con el tradicional empirismo del mundo artístico. Este tema puede considerarse un capítulo de gran interés en la larga historia de la pintura y la representación de los fenómenos atmosféricos, cuyos antecedentes teóricos tienen su inicio en el Débat sur le Coloris de la Académie Française del siglo XVII y sus resultados, conducirán hacia el nacimiento de la moderna Teoría del color, en respuesta a una cuestión tan compleja sobre cómo pintar el aire.
Can One Undergraduate Course Increase Cross-Cultural Competence?
Authors: Spitzer Lois
Published: May 2015

The majority of students who took this general education undergraduate course in developing cross-cultural understanding at a state college in the northeastern United States reported that their level of cross-cultural competence and global awareness increased by the end of the course. The primary course objective was to help students better understand their own cultural roots and become more globally aware of other cultural groups. This limited study revealed that this one undergraduate college course was successful in increasing cultural self-awareness, cross-cultural competence, and global awareness among the students who took the course. In addition, it points to the need for more courses to be added to college curricula and for more statistically significant studies to be conducted.
History of Zinc Exploration and Mining in Tennessee
Authors: Fulweiler Robert E. , Hill William T.
Published: May 2015

The mining of zinc in Tennessee dates back to 1854 although the presence of zinc minerals had been reported as early as 1844 by Gerard Troost, the first State Geologist. When the Mossy Creek open pit mine, in what is now Jefferson City, Jefferson County, was opened, it became the first mine in what is now known as the Mascot-Jefferson City Zinc District. In these early years, only the oxidized ore was removed, and mining stopped when the sulfide ore zone was reached because a method to treat “hard ore”, as it was called, had not yet been developed.

Mining continued at the Mossy Creek operation until 1858, then ceased through the Civil War years until 1867, at which time the property was taken over by the East Tennessee Zinc Company. This company built a smelter to manufacture zinc oxide, but after only a few months of operation, the company became involved in litigation and mining ceased.

In 1882, the Mossy Creek property was sold to the Eades, Mixter and Heald Zinc Company which operated intermittently until 1894, becoming the first substantial zinc mining company in Tennessee as well as the first to produce significant amounts of sulfide ore. This latter was made possible by the construction of a zinc smelter at Clinton, Tennessee, some 45 rail-miles to the west. The Mossy Creek mine was operated or prospected only sporadically thereafter, and was closed by its final owner, the American Zinc Company, in 1919.

In the meantime, the discovery of lead and zinc ore in the Powell River area of Claiborne and Union Counties, some 30 miles northwest of Jefferson City, caught the attention of the mine operators.
Zinc Deposits of the Mascot-Jefferson City Zinc District, East Tennessee
Authors: Misra Kula C. , Fulweiler Robert E.
Published: May 2015

The Mascot-Jefferson City zinc district is the most important of the carbonate-hosted, Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn ± Pb districts in eastern Tennessee, all of which are located in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province (Fig. 3). Another producing zinc district in Tennessee, also of the Mississippi Valley-type and with many characteristics similar to those of the M-J district, is the Central Tennessee zinc district (Elmwood-Gordonsville mines) located along the crest of the Nashville Dome, a southwestward continuation of the Algonquin-Cincinnati Arch system. Plans are also under way to resume production in the Idol mine of the Copper Ridge district, which has been inactive since 1981.
Diseases Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Attributable to Ground-Level Ozone in Thailand: Estimates Based on Surface Monitoring Measurements Data
Authors: Pinichka Chayut , Bundhamcharoen Kanitta , Shibuya Kenji
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND: Ambient ozone (O3) pollution has increased globally since preindustrial times. At present, O3 is one of the major air pollution concerns in Thailand, and is associated with health impacts such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of our study is to estimate the burden of disease attributed to O3 in 2009 in Thailand based on empirical evidence.

METHODS: We estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to O3 using the comparative risk assessment framework in the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study. We quantified the population attributable fraction (PAF), integrated from Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based spatial interpolation, the population distribution of exposure, and the exposure-response coefficient to spatially characterize exposure to ambient O3 pollution on a national scale. Exposure distribution was derived from GIS-based spatial interpolation O3 exposure model using Pollution Control Department Thailand (PCD) surface air pollution monitor network sources. Relative risk (RR) and population attributable fraction (PAF) were determined using health impact function estimates for O3.

RESULT: PAF (%) of COPD attributable to O3 were determined by region: at approximately, Northern = 2.1, Northeastern = 7.1, Central = 9.6, Eastern = 1.75, Western = 1.47 and Southern = 1.74. The total COPD burden attributable to O3 for Thailand in 2009 was 61,577 DALYs. Approximately 0.6% of the total DALYs in Thailand is male: 48,480 DALYs; and female: 13,097 DALYs.

CONCLUSION: This study provides the first empirical evidence on the health burden (DALYs) attributable to O3 pollution in Thailand. Varying across regions, the disease burden attributable to O3 was 0.6% of the total national burden in 2009. Better empirical data on local specific sites, e.g. urban and rural areas, alternative exposure assessment, e.g. land use regression (LUR), and a local concentration-response coefficient are required for future studies in Thailand.
The Dependence on Smokeless Tobacco in the South Asian Communities in East London
Authors: Khaja Amjad Hussain , Ali Zwiad Abdulsalam , Tarakji Bassel , Gazal Giath , Albaba Feras , KalajI Nader , Petro Waleed
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to understand the dependency on smokeless tobacco.

METHODS: The major aspect of the interview was to study the type of chewing tobacco used, frequency of purchase of chewing tobacco, change in attitude and behavior after the use of chewing tobacco. This study was done in 2005 in London. Of the 110 respondents interviewed 88 were used for the data analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: An exploratory study was conducted in East London, United Kingdom. The selected sample was interviewed through a questionnaire, based on the Severson Smokeless Tobacco Dependence Scale.

RESULTS: Cross tabulations report that in a sample of 88 South Asian UK resident men 46.6% used leaf (paan), 43.2% used processed form of chewing tobacco and 10.2% used gutka. Older age (67%) respondents were more likely than the younger age (30%) respondents to chew tobacco. The frequency of purchase of chewing tobacco is reported high (67.2%) in the older age group than the younger age group (50%).

CONCLUSION: This current study used an amended form of the Severson Smokeless Tobacco Scale questionnaire to study the dependency on smokeless tobacco. The study could be developed in the selection of the sample, which would include both males and females to study the dependency on smokeless tobacco.
Outcome Measures in Tele-Rehabilitation and Virtual Reality for Stroke Survivors: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Veras Mirella , Kairy Dahlia , Rogante Marco , Giacomozzi Claudia
Published: May 2015

Despite the increased interest about tele-rehabilitation, virtual reality and outcome measures for stroke rehabilitation, surprisingly little research has been done to map and summarize the most common outcome measures used in tele-rehabilitation. For this review, we propose to conduct a systematic search of the literature that reports outcome measures used in tele-rehabilitation or virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Specific objectives include: 1) to identify the outcome measures used in tele-rehabilitation studies; 2) to describe the psychometric properties of the outcome measures in the included studies; 3) to describe which parts of the International Classification of Functioning are measured in the studies. Methods: we will conduct a comprehensive search of relevant electronic databases (e.g., PUBMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, PSYCOINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial and PEDRO). The scoping review will include all study designs. Two reviewers will pilot-test the data extraction forms and will independently screen all the studies and extract the data. Disagreements about inclusion or exclusion will be resolved by consensus or by consulting a third reviewer. The results will be synthesized and reported considering the implications of the findings within the clinical practice and policy context. Dissemination: we anticipate that this scoping review will contribute to inform researchers and end-users (ie, clinicians and policy-makers), regarding the most appropriate outcome measures for tele-rehabilitation or virtual reality as well as help to identify gaps in current measures. Results will be disseminated through reports and open access journals, conference presentations, as well as newsletters, podcasts and meetings targeting all the relevant stakeholders.
Utilization of the Emergency Department and Predicting Factors Associated With Its Use at the Saudi Ministry of Health General Hospitals
Authors: Dawoud Sundus O. , Ahmad Alaeddin Mohammad K. , Alsharqi Omar Z. , Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
Published: May 2015

Overuse of emergency rooms (ER) is a public health problem. To investigate this issue, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at the ERs of King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, King Fahd Hospital, and Al-Thaghor Hospital in November 2013 with the aims of estimating emergency service utilization for non-urgent cases, identifying the predictors of ER utilization for non-urgent cases, and measuring patients’ knowledge of primary healthcare centers (PHCCs). Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. We recruited 300 patients; males comprised 50.7% of the sample. A higher proportion of patients with non-urgent cases visited the ER three to four times a year (P=0.001). A higher proportion of patients without emergencies had not attempted to visit an outpatient clinic before the ER (P=0.003). Most patients without emergencies thought the ER was the first place to consult in case of illness. Most patients who visited the ER were single, < 15 years, and had lower incomes. Patients requested ER services for primary care-treatable conditions because of limited services and resources as well as limited working hours at PHCCs. Most patients (90.0%) were knowledgeable about PHCCs, with those of lower education being more knowledgeable. Patients reported long ER waiting times (≥ 3 hours), no organization (85.9%), and lack of medical staff. Overall, overuse of ER services is high at the Ministry of Health hospitals in Jeddah. The risk factors for ER overuse are age < 15 years, singlehood, and low incomes. Policy makers and health providers have a challenging task to control ER overuse. We recommend developing strategies to implement policies aimed at reducing non-urgent ER use as well as making healthcare services more available to the population.
On Certain Class of Meromorphic Harmonic Concave Functions
Authors: Aldawish Ibtisam , Darus Maslina
Published: May 2015

In this paper, a class of meromorphic harmonic functions concave in the unit disc is introduced. Coefficient bounds, distortion inequalities, extreme points, geometric convolution, integral convolution for the functions belonging to this class are obtained.
Ciutat i territori a Mallorca
Authors: Mestre Morey Margalida
Published: May 2015

Una de les conseqüències de la revolució turística iniciada vers a l’any 1960 ha estat la consolidació definitiva del concepte “macrocefàlia” per definir la relació de la ciutat de Palma amb la resta del sistema urbà de Mallorca. Tanmateix, analitzant l’evolució de la població mallorquina a les darreres dècades, ens trobem amb que la hipòtesi de l’excessiva concentració de població està resultant, de cada cop, més difícil de sustentar. L’article aborda la problemàtica mitjançant metodologies clàssiques sobre la jerarquia dels sistemes urbans, com són el model rank-size i l’índex de primacia, complementades amb l’estudi de la dispersió del poblament. L’article conclou que el sistema no es pot seguir analitzant a partir de l’oposició entre la realitat urbana de Palma i la resta de l’illa, sinó que és necessari adoptar una nova perspectiva basada en el reconeixement de la integració del conjunt de Mallorca com un únic sistema integrat i interdependent.
Geografia dels conflictes territorials a València i la seua àrea metropolitana
Authors: Del Romero Renau Luis
Published: May 2015

Aquest article fa una anàlisi territorial sobre els conflictes territorials sorgits en els darrers anys, de principis de la dècada dels 2000 fins 2013 a l’àrea metropolitana de València. Amb aquesta anàlisi territorial volem fer una radiografia sobre la conflictivitat territorial d’aquest espai urbà i avançar hipòtesis sobre les seues causes i connexions espacials, de cara a una posterior formulació de recomanacions per a una millor planificació urbana i territorial i govern de la ciutat. Aquest treball és el resultat d’una recerca sistemàtica sobre conflictes territorials, actors i estratègies en tot tipus de disputes relacionades amb l’ús i gestió de l’espai urbà.
Domingo, Andreu (2014). Catalunya al mirall de la immigració: Demografia i identitat nacional a Catalunya
Authors: Nel·lo i Colom Oriol
Published: May 2015

Domingo, Andreu (2014)Catalunya al mirall de la immigració: Demografia i identitat nacional a CatalunyaBarcelona: L’Avenç, 360 p.ISBN 978-84-88839-81-7
Sobre ciertos lugares comunes del pensamiento geográfico contemporáneo. El interés de la aportación del filósofo Jeff Malpas al pensamiento acerca del lugar
Authors: Puente Lozano Paloma
Published: May 2015

El artículo tiene como objetivo introducir a los geógrafos del ámbito hispano en la obra del filósofo australiano Jeff Malpas, cuya reflexión sobre el concepto de lugar pone de relieve algunas de las principales limitaciones y problemas del modo en que se ha producido la teorización de ciertos conceptos geográficos en el marco del pensamiento geográfico crítico anglosajón. El artículo parte de un balance general, con vocación ciertamente polémica, de las retóricas y los lugares comunes de esa forma de crítica de pensamiento geográfico, para, a continuación, defender la relevancia de la obra de Jeff Malpas en el contexto de dichos debates recientes. Justificamos su aportación filosófica a través de la consideración de dos aspectos de su obra: su reflexión ontológica sobre el lugar y su crítica al predominio de modos constructivistas de razonamiento en la geografía que, precisamente, debilitan cualquier reflexión sobre la noción de lugar que pretenda hacer justicia a la estructura topológica de la experiencia humana. Ambos aspectos, que aquí presentamos poniéndolos en diálogo con las posturas dominantes en el pensamiento geográfico anglosajón, permiten entender y discutir el sentido profundo de la propuesta de Malpas de «pensamiento topográfico».
A functional link between the co-translational protein translocation pathway and the UPR
Authors: Plumb Rachel , Zhang Zai-Rong , Appathurai Suhila , Mariappan Malaiyalam
Published: May 2015

Upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the transmembrane endoribonuclease Ire1α performs mRNA cleavage reactions to increase the ER folding capacity. It is unclear how the low abundant Ire1α efficiently finds and cleaves the majority of mRNAs at the ER membrane. Here, we reveal that Ire1α forms a complex with the Sec61 translocon to cleave its mRNA substrates. We show that Ire1α's key substrate, XBP1u mRNA, is recruited to the Ire1α-Sec61 translocon complex through its nascent chain, which contains a pseudo-transmembrane domain to utilize the signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated pathway. Depletion of SRP, the SRP receptor or the Sec61 translocon in cells leads to reduced Ire1α-mediated splicing of XBP1u mRNA. Furthermore, mutations in Ire1α that disrupt the Ire1α-Sec61 complex causes reduced Ire1α-mediated cleavage of ER-targeted mRNAs. Thus, our data suggest that the Unfolded Protein Response is coupled with the co-translational protein translocation pathway to maintain protein homeostasis in the ER during stress conditions.
Some Remarks on Effect Studies of Physician Dissatisfaction
Authors: Tufte Per Arne
Published: May 2015

I present a few general comments on the study of causality from the viewpoint of research methodology and philosophy of science. Researchers should notice that there are several conceptions of causality implicating diverse research strategies. I argue that a mechanism approach to causality is most adequate and that this approach calls attention to the level of explanation and the importance of context and intervening causal mechanisms.
The Iron Cage and the Gaze: Interpreting Medical Control in the English Health System
Authors: Exworthy Mark
Published: May 2015

This paper seeks to determine the value of theoretical ideal-types of medical control. Whilst ideal types (such as the iron cage and gaze) need revision in their application to medical settings, they remain useful in describing and explaining patterns of control and autonomy in the medical profession. The apparent transition from the cage to the gaze has often been over-stated since both types are found in many contemporary health reforms. Indeed, forms of neo-bureaucracy have emerged alongside surveillance of the gaze. These types are contextualised and elaborated in terms of two empirical examples: the management of medical performance and financial incentives for senior hospital doctors in England. Findings point towards the reformulation of medical control, an on-going re-stratification of the medical profession, and the internalisation of managerial discourses. The cumulative effect involves the medical profession’s ability to re-cast and enhance its position (vis-à-vis managerial interests).

Keywords: medical profession, medical control, iron cage, gaze
Beyond Binaries: Reflections and a Suggestion on the Subject of Medical Professional Satisfaction
Authors: McDonald Ruth
Published: May 2015

This article notes the tendency in the sociological literature to frame studies of medical professionals in terms of a series of binaries (e.g. control/resistance, powerful/powerless professionals, medicine/management). It suggests that moving away from this approach to acknowledge a more nuanced perspective would be helpful. The article draws on recent empirical studies to support this view.Keywords: Doctor satisfaction, sociology, control, resistance
Evidence for reduced export productivity following the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction
Authors: Esmeray‐Senlet Selen , Wright James D. , Olsson Richard K. , Miller Kenneth G. , Browning James V. , Quan Tracy M.
Published: May 2015

The Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction was associated with a collapse in the carbon isotopic (δ13C) gradient between planktonic and benthic foraminifera and a decrease in bulk carbonate δ13C values. These perturbations have been explained by several hypotheses: global collapse of primary productivity (Strangelove Ocean), greatly reduced export but not primary productivity (Living Ocean), little or no reduction in export productivity (Resilient Ocean), and geographic heterogeneity in the change of export productivity (Heterogeneous Ocean). We tested primary versus export productivity changes in the paleoshelf of New Jersey, where δ13C values and organic carbon accumulation rates can distinguish among different ocean responses. On the shelf, the K/Pg boundary is associated with a ~2.5‰ δ13C decrease in bulk carbonate, a ~0.8‰ δ13C decrease in organic carbon, a collapse of the surface to bottom δ13C gradient, and a drop in organic carbon accumulation rates. We interpret an early Danian ~1.0‰ planktonic foraminiferal δ13C gradient, a ~0.75‰ cross‐shelf benthic foraminiferal δ13C gradient, and a drop in carbon accumulation rates to reflect the presence of active primary but limited export productivity, consistent with the Living Ocean hypothesis. We evaluated interbasinal deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal δ13C gradients between the Pacific (Site 1210) and Atlantic (Site 1262) oceans as a proxy for changes in export productivity. The interbasinal δ13C gradient was reduced after the mass extinction, suggesting a reduction in global export productivity. Although our data support the Living Ocean hypothesis, evidence from paleoupwelling zones shows significant export productivity, indicating spatial heterogeneity in the wake of the K/Pg mass extinction (Heterogeneous Ocean).
Evidence for sea level and monsoonally driven variations in terrigenous input to the northern East China Sea during the last 24.3 ka
Authors: Chang Fengming , Li Tiegang , Xiong Zhifang , Xu Zhaokai
Published: May 2015

Geochemical and sedimentological analyses of core PC‐1 recovered from the northern East China Sea (ECS) provide insights into variations in terrigenous input associated with sea level and climate changes over the past 24.3 ka. Based on high‐resolution multiproxy records, our results suggest that the competing processes of sea level and monsoonally driven precipitation determined terrigenous input to the northern ECS. Dominance of terrigenous material, along with relatively light Globigerinoides ruber δ18O, indicates that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) lowstand of sea level has occurred during the period 21.5–19.6 ka, not suggesting an early slow rise but supporting the conventional LGM age of 21 ka. This LGM lowstand was terminated by the rapid sea level rise of 19 ka meltwater pulse (MWP), which is well expressed by the nearly synchronous decreases in both terrigenous detritus and mean grain size from 19.6 to 18.9 ka. MWP‐1A is clearly marked in our records by a sharp reduction in terrigenous input and pronounced maxima of G. ruber δ18O at 15.3–14.8 ka, given the considerable age uncertainties of deglacial marine radiocarbon samples. A slightly increasing input of terrigenous matter is noted after 13.4 ka, potentially pointing to a sea level fall following the Inter‐Allerød Cooling Period, which was seldom reported previously. Although MWP‐1B did not leave robust signatures in terrigenous input, it is explicitly captured by the heavy δ18O of G. ruber and decline in mean grain size at 11.5–10.9 ka. MWP‐1c probably occurred in a broad millennial interval with multiple peaks, which are robustly marked by the abrupt variations in terrigenous input and marine organic matter at 9.7–9.3 and 9.1 ka, respectively. During the late Holocene, the effect of continuously weakening monsoon precipitation overwhelmed that of stable sea level resulting in a uniform increase in the proportion of marine‐derived organic matter after 5.5 ka.
On the optimal design of experiments for conceptual and predictive discrimination of hydrologic system models
Authors: Kikuchi C. P. , Ferré T. P. A. , Vrugt J. A.
Published: May 2015

Experimental design and data collection constitute two main steps of the iterative research cycle (aka the scientific method). To help evaluate competing hypotheses, it is critical to ensure that the experimental design is appropriate and maximizes information retrieval from the system of interest. Scientific hypothesis testing is implemented by comparing plausible model structures (conceptual discrimination) and sets of predictions (predictive discrimination). This research presents a new Discrimination‐Inference (DI) methodology to identify prospective data sets highly suitable for either conceptual or predictive discrimination. The DI methodology uses preposterior estimation techniques to evaluate the expected change in the conceptual or predictive probabilities, as measured by the Kullback‐Leibler divergence. We present two case studies with increasing complexity to illustrate implementation of the DI for maximizing information withdrawal from a system of interest. The case studies show that highly informative data sets for conceptual discrimination are in general those for which between‐model (conceptual) uncertainty is large relative to the within‐model (parameter) uncertainty, and the redundancy between individual measurements in the set is minimized. The optimal data set differs if predictive, rather than conceptual, discrimination is the experimental design objective. Our results show that DI analyses highlight measurements that can be used to address critical uncertainties related to the prediction of interest. Finally, we find that the optimal data set for predictive discrimination is sensitive to the predictive grouping definition in ways that are not immediately apparent from inspection of the model structure and parameter values.
Inverting interpolated receiver functions with surface wave dispersion and gravity: Application to the western U.S. and adjacent Canada and Mexico
Authors: Chai Chengping , Ammon Charles J. , Maceira Monica , Herrmann Robert B.
Published: May 2015

We use P wave receiver functions from the western U.S. and adjacent regions to construct a receiver function wavefield interpolation scheme that helps to equalize the lateral sampling of the receiver functions and the surface wave dispersion and to greatly simplify the receiver functions. Spatial interpolation and smoothing suppress poorly sampled and difficult to interpret back azimuthal variations and allow the extraction of the first‐order features in the receiver function wavefield, including observations from several ray parameter ranges. We combine the interpolated receiver functions with Rayleigh wave dispersion estimates and surface gravity observations to estimate the 3‐D shear wave speed beneath the region. Speed variations in the 3‐D model correlate strongly with expected geologic variations and illuminate broad‐scale features of the western U.S. crust and upper mantle. The model is smooth, self‐consistent, and demonstrates the compatibility of the interpolated receiver functions and dispersion observations.
The Arctic is becoming warmer and wetter as revealed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
Authors: Boisvert L. N. , Stroeve J. C.
Published: May 2015

Over the past decade, the Arctic has seen unprecedented declines in the summer sea ice area, leading to larger and longer exposed open water areas. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder is a useful yet underutilized tool to study corresponding atmospheric changes and their feedbacks between 2003 and 2013. Most pronounced warming occurs between November and April, with skin and air temperatures increasing on average 2.5 K and 1.5 K over the Arctic Ocean. In response to sea ice loss, evaporation rates (i.e., moisture flux) increased between August and October by 1.5 × 10−3 g m−2 s−1 (3.8 W m−2 latent heat flux energy), increasing the water vapor feedback and cloud cover. Although most trends are positive over the Arctic Ocean, there is considerable interannual variability. Increasing specific humidity in May and corresponding downward moisture fluxes cause earlier melt onset; warming skin temperatures and radiative responses to increased water vapor and cloud cover in autumn delay freeze‐up.
A new 3‐D thin‐skinned rock glacier model based on helicopter GPR results from the Swiss Alps
Authors: Merz Kaspar , Green Alan G. , Buchli Thomas , Springman Sarah M. , Maurer Hansruedi
Published: May 2015

Mountainous locations and steep rugged surfaces covered by boulders and other loose debris are the main reasons why rock glaciers are among the most challenging geological features to investigate using ground‐based geophysical methods. Consequently, geophysical surveys of rock glaciers have only ever involved recording data along sparse lines. To address this issue, we acquired quasi‐3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data across a rock glacier in the Swiss Alps using a helicopter‐mounted system. Our interpretation of the derived GPR images constrained by borehole information results in a novel “thin‐skinned” rock glacier model that explains a concentration of deformation across a principal shear zone (décollement) and faults across which rock glacier lobes are juxtaposed. The new model may be applicable to many rock glaciers worldwide. We suggest that the helicopter GPR method may be useful for 3‐D surveying numerous other difficult‐to‐access mountainous terrains.