bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of the state in resource use decision‐making: the case of the Moomba‐Sydney gas pipeline
Authors: JUVIK SONIA P.
Published: March 2008

The development of a 1300 km natural gas pipeline in Australia in late 1976 is used to unravel some of the more important determinants of state action. The analysis highlights the contradictory position of the state in democratic capitalist societies. The separate actions taken by the state in support of the developer, the environmentalists, or to put into effect political ideals reflect a complex set of determinants of the state's behaviour. It is this fact which makes it difficult always to predict the state's response to individual incidents of conflict over resource use. The analysis also illustrates how time and place influenced the action and reaction of the participants in the debate over the location of the pipeline.
River metamorphosis and environmental change in the Macdonald Valley, New South Wales, since 1949
Authors: ERSKINE WAYNE D.
Published: March 2008

A significant metamorphosis of channel form occurred on the lower Macdonald River between 1949 and 1955; width and width‐depth ratio increased and depth, sinuosity and weighted mean per cent silt‐clay in the channel perimeter decreased. The channel has remained unstable since 1955, exhibiting frequent variations in bed elevation and a recent period of minor channel contraction followed by slight enlargement. Since 1946 there has been an increase in summer and annual rainfall and an abrupt, upward shift of the annual series flood frequency curve. As a result an increased proportion of the total sediment load of the river is now being transported as bed‐material load. The change in sediment load is a result of greater stream competence and the consequent reworking of sandy sediment temporarily stored within the channel as benches. The observed channel changes are a quasi‐adjustment to the increased flood and bed‐material load discharges.
Glacial Stratigraphy of the Upper Mersey Valley, Tasmania
Authors: HANNAN D. G. , COLHOUN E. A.
Published: March 2008

The upper Mersey Valley was glaciated on three occasions during the Pleistocene. The youngest, Rowallan Claciation, probably commenced after 28000 years B.P. The maximum ice limit was attained before 13500 years B.P., and retreat occurred before 10000years B.P. Deposits associated with Rowallan Glaciation are weakly weathered chemically. They overlie moderately weathered deposits that were formed during the Arm Glaciation, which is inferred from relative dating data to have occurred before the Last Interglacial Stage. North of the deposits and ice limits of the Arm Glaciation extremely weathered tills and rhythmites occur. They were formed by ice of the Croesus Glaciation which is inferred to be of Early Pleistocene age or older.
Electron Spin Resonance–A Relative Dating Technique for Quaternary Sediments Near Warrnambool, Victoria
Authors: GOEDE A.
Published: March 2008

An assessment is made of the application of electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis of aragonitic molluscs for chronostratigraphic studies of Late Quaternary marine and estuarine sediments in western Victoria. Evaluation of the gamma equivalent dose (ED) provides a measure of the amount of natural radiation a mollusc has received since its death. In the absence of significant uranium enrichment the ED values of samples collected from similar sedimentary environments provide a reliable measure of relative age The use of 95% confidence limits of ED values enables the discrimination of distinct age groups of molluscs The age groups are referred to here as ED zones. One coastal marine species, the gastropod Turbo (Subninella) undulatus shows a time dependent change in sensitivity to gamma radiation that can also be used to discriminate between ED zones ESR analysis can be used in combination with amino acid racemization studies to correlate Quaternary coastal deposits in southern Australia.
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Dimensions and Regional Patterns
Authors: HOPLEY DAVID , PARNELL K. E. , ISDALE P. J.
Published: March 2008

A mapping programme of all reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park area and compilation of a computer‐based gazetteer containing locational and morphological data have permitted the first comprehensive spatial and morphometric analysis of the Great Barrier Reef. As previously suspected the analysis shows that a degree of organisation exists in the complexity of the Reef and clear regional and latitudinal patterns are recognised Reasons for this, particularly in relation to regional structure and the influence of the pre‐Holocene foundations of the modem reef, are discussed The usefulness of a morphometric approach is suggested and an example related to Acanthaster planci outbreaks presented
Boldness and Caution in the Face of Global Change1
Authors: BROOKFIELD HAROLD
Published: March 2008

Present and prospective global environmental change offers both challenge and opportunity to ‘socially and ecologically responsible geographers’. However, although degradation on the surface, and a warming trend due to trace gases in the atmosphere are well enough established, the amount of hard data available is small and sound bases for prediction of the consequences are lacking. Geographers, like others, should beware of working and writing on the basis of ‘artificial certainties’. A more cautious approach is suggested through risk assessment based on present problems of sensitive environments, since short‐ term future risk –which is as far as we should yet seek to predict–can be deduced from present risk. Two simple examples are outlined ‘Responsibility’ can best be discharged by a cautious and scientifically‐sound approach.
Residential relocation and settlement adjustment of Vietnamese refugees in Sydney
Authors: WILSON WARWICK
Published: March 2008

Throughout the 1975‐85 decade, most of Australia's Vietnamese refugees were housed initially in migrant centres located in major urban areas. In this study, the locations of the migrant centres in relation to subsequent relocation processes and patterns of settlement were examined The majority of secondary residential movements within the metropolitan area were within an 11 km radius of the migrant centre through which the Vietnamese entered Sydney. Patterns of visiting and shopping behaviour reinforced the strong consolidation of resettlement and activity behaviour within Sydney's southwestern metropolitan corridor, especially those areas with existing multi‐ethnic concentrations of people. The growth of earlier clusters of settlement continues, accompanied by some reconcentration in the inner west and some emerging dispersal It is suggested that this sample study may reflect similar trends within the total Vietnamese community in Sydney.
A Comparison of Past and Present Episodes of Gully Erosion at Wangrah Creek, Southern Tablelands, New South Wales
Authors: Prosser Ian P.
Published: March 2008

Erosion gullies at Wangrah Creek expose walls of at least two previous episodes of gully erosion. Past gullies were of a similar size to those of today but were not as widespread across the region at any particular time. The causes of past and present erosion are examined by mapping points of gully initiation and comparing the geomorphic history with an independent palaeo‐environmental history. Past gullies were the result of intrinsically unstable conditions, possibly caused by the expansion of swampy deposits increasing runoff. In contrast, the present gully erosion is the result of major environmental change caused by European settlement, which had a greater effect on gully erosion than any other environmental change over the last 10,000 years. At Wangrah Creek, sites of gully initiation indicate that the present erosion was caused by localised disturbances to the valley floor.
Aboriginal Councils and Natural Resource Use Planning: Participation by Bargaining and Negotiation
Authors: DALE A.P.
Published: March 2008

While the Federal and Queensland governments promote self‐management and self‐determination policies, many Queensland Aboriginal Councils are still unable to participate fully in the development planning processes that affect their land and marine resources. Aboriginal Councils are often over‐worked, under‐resourced and inappropriately structured, limiting their control over natural resource use planning in their own communities and participation in regional development planning processes. This has serious implications for the long term future of Aboriginal communities. Thus, in line with recent developments in planning theory, this paper outlines the need to assist Aboriginal Councils to bargain effectively and to negotiate with government agencies and resource developers.
Caravan Parks and the AprWMay 1988 New South Wales Floods
Authors: LAMBLEY DES , CORDERY IAN
Published: March 2008

Caravan parks are an important component of the tourist industry. They serve as the dormitory and the focal point for the immediate environs at places of interest. This paper investigates the characteristics and the occupancy of parks which were inundaled by water during the April/May floods of 1988 in New South Wales. It looks at the number of people at risk, and the appropriateness of caravan parks occupying land liable to flood. This form of accommodation offers people a great flexibility in their holidaying patterns but when long‐term or permanent caravans are concentrated in parks on floodprone land they pose a number of problems. In addition to human elements such as personal property damage and social disruption, substantial disaster relief payments from public funds are required. It appears quite inappropriate 10 allow floodprone caravan parks to have sites occupied on a long‐term basis.
Environmental response to land use at Lake Curlip, East Gippsland, Victoria
Authors: BOON S. , DODSON J.R.
Published: March 2008

A palaeoecological approach was undertaken to investigate the last 400 years of change in vegetation, fire, nutrient mobility, lake productivity and erosion associated with Aboriginal and European land‐use practices in a forested environment in eastern Victoria. Melaleuca ericifolia scrub, although present prior to European settlement, has expanded around Lake Curlip in the last 200 years, primarily due to the action of fire on a forest already weakened by drought. A fern understorey has declined in extent and a more open aspect has developed in the forest. Fire has been a major component of vegetation dynamics in the historical period. Erosion rates were comparatively low and associated with fire during prehistoric times, but after European settlement its increase is more closely related to land clearance and flooding than fire. The response of vegetation to both anthropogenic and natural influences changed during the historical period. Although fire is an integral part of vegetation change, it is not an over‐riding effect at Lake Curlip. Drain construction in the swamp has reduced the impact that any accumulation of pasture improvement chemicals may have had on eutrophication of the lake.
Maximising Response Rates in Mail Surveys
Authors: AITKEN C.K. , FINLAYSON B.L. , McMAHON T.A.
Published: March 2008

Many studies in geography and other disciplines require data to be collected from human subjects. Survey techniques are routinely employed but as expense and time impose powerful constraints there is much interest in methods of making the data collection process as efficient as possible, particularly when the numbers of subjects involved are large. The surveys described here were conducted to collect data for a study of residential water use in Melbourne. A previous analysis of demographic. physical and economic data (Aitken et al., 1991) had revealed the need for additional data to be used in explaining variability in residential water consumption. A theoretical basis was established for the relevance of attitudes, habits and values to water use, and a survey was planned with the primary aim of measuring these psychological constructs. It was conducted in early 1991. and the water consumption of participating households was recorded over winter of that year. The survey instrument also targeted demographic and physical data relevant to water use in the home. Dillman's Total Design Method (TDM — Dillman, 1978) offers an integrated and detailed methodology for survey design. and it was from the TDM that most of the methods for these surveys were derived. The elements of Dillman's methodology most relevant to these surveys are those concerning the presentation of the questionnaire package and its distribution.
Hydraulic Resistance by the River Red Gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, in Ephemeral Desert Streams
Authors: GRAEME D. , DUNKERLEY D.L.
Published: March 2008

Channel roughness in desert streams is generated by the colonisation of beds and banks by trees including the river red gum, Eucalyptus carnaldulensis. Often growing densely over the bed surface, these trees contribute channel roughness which is distributed through the flow; the effects are heightened by substantial barriers of flood‐transported debris which lodge against trunks and branches, offering additional obstruction to water movement. Bed scour often occurs around such obstacles.

Field mapping of channels in the Barrier Range, western NSW, where E. camaldulensis growth is common, has permitted the quantification of channel roughness. Results suggest that just under half of the total channel roughness may be contributed by in‐channel vegetation, the remainder coming from boundary friction effects. Site‐to‐site variations in vegetation density are great and assessment of flood discharges and sediment fluxes in these streams without due incorporation of a roughness correction could result in substantial errors of overprediction.
The Sky Canopy Gap Irradiance (SCANGIR) Model: a technique for the estimation of ‘effective gap’ solar radiation regimes in closed‐canopy forests
Authors: TURTON S.M.
Published: March 2008

There is now widespread consensus among researchers that treefall gaps play a key role in the structure and function of closed‐canopy forests, such as rain forests, with virtually all canopy tree species requiring growth in a gap to reach maturity. Until recently many believed that latitude and the size of treefall gaps were the main factors determining the availability of solar radiation in gaps and associated microclimates and vegetation dynamics. However, if solar radiation availability is the main limiting resource in such forests, then studies of gap dynamics need to take into account the other factors affecting the penetration and distribution of direct and diffuse irradiance within gaps. As a consequence, this is the first attempt to develop a universal model for the estimation of ‘effective gap’ solar radiation regimes that, along with latitude and gap size, incorporates factors such as slope angle, slope aspect, height of surrounding vegetation, sky conditions and daily and seasonal variation in the position of the sun. Results of three computer simulations are presented to demonstrate how latitude, topography and sky conditions affect solar radiation availability beneath circular canopy gaps of various configurations. Finally, the implications of these simulations for forest regeneration, reforestation and forest management are discussed.
The Future Population of Australia's Coastal Lands
Authors: MCDONALD W.S. , COCKS K.D. , WOOD N.H. , IVE J.R. , YAPP G.A.
Published: March 2008

In 1986 about 26 per cent of the Australian population lived in the country's coastal fringe. In recent decades coastal fringe population has increased at the same rate as the population elsewhere and, if this proportion holds as total population grows towards a projected level of 27 million by 2051, plausibly there could be another three million people living in the coastal fringe by then. This paper examines, in synoptic fashion, and within the limits of available data, the capacity of the coastal fringe to absorb such population increments.
The Vietnamese Concentration in Cabramatta: Site of Avoidance and Deprivation, or Island of Adjustment and Participation?
Authors: DUNN KEVIN M.
Published: March 2008

The Vietnamese over‐representation around Cabramatta in western Sydney has been unfavourably looked upon by politicians, the public and academics. Both inclusionary and exclusionary forces of ethnic concentration have contributed to the concentration of Vietnamese in Cabramatta, in a reflexive and inter‐related way that often makes a taxonomy of agency and structure difficult. Evidence from informal interviews with key informants of the Vietnamese communities and from documented international experiences are drawn upon to show us that ethnic concentration is not necessarily a negative phenomenon. The positive aspects of Vietnamese concentration in Cabramatta should be capitalised upon and social theorists should not be so quick always to damn ethnic concentrations.
Changes in the Ice Boundary of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, 1947 to 1990
Authors: GORE D.B.
Published: March 2008

The position of the ice boundary around the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica (68°30'S, 78°00'E) was observed using a 43 year record of aerial photography from 1947 to 1990. The southern boundary, formed by Sørsdal Glacier, showed two main areas of ice retreat and no areas of advance. Stagnation and retreat of this boundary is interpreted to be contraction to former limits following the Chelnok Glaciation which occurred 7lt; 700 years BP. The eastern or continental ice sheet boundary showed five sites of rapid, localised incision and downwasting around supraglacial gullies. While no area of continental ice was noted to advance, continued accumulation and firnification of wind‐drifted snow in the proglacial zone of the ice sheet in the southeastern corner of the hills may signify a locally positive ice mass balance. Until ice mass balance studies are carried out in the ablation zone surrounding the hills, evidence concerning whether the ice sheet boundary is retreating, stable or advancing will remain equivocal.
Gullying and Tunnel Erosion in Victoria
Authors: BOUCHER S.C. , POWELL J.M.
Published: March 2008

The Australian environments have been subjected to severe and extensive onslaught since 1788 and there appears to be a large potential for combining specific process‐oriented descriptions and broader historical insights. A small selection of the findings of field and laboratory‐oriented studies distinguishes the presence or absence of sodic soils as an important contributing factor in explaining much of the state‐wide distribution of gully and tunnel erosion. Established historical accounts suggest that the detailed sequence of non‐Aboriginal management was locally implicated in the initiation or accentuation of these types of erosion. These abbreviated commentaries present a case for an improved articulation between technical and non‐technical research traditions.
Defining the ‘Environmental Problem’: Local Conservation Strategies in Metropolitan Victoria
Authors: MERCER DAVID , KEEN MEG , WOODFULL JACKY
Published: March 2008

Although the three tiers of government in Australia are becoming much more aware of environmental issues, it is frequently up to local government to implement policies impacting on the land, water and air. In Victoria, Local Conservation Strategies are one mechanism to have been utilised by local government to decentralise environmental management and enable a greater community contribution to environmental decision‐making and management. This paper considers the effectiveness of these strategies.
How Many Carrots and What Kind of Stick? Policy Mechanisms and Rangeland Management Practices
Authors: KNIGHT LAURENCE O.P. , HOLMES JOHN H.
Published: March 2008

The extent to which the rangelands are used sustainably depends on the management practices adopted by pastoralists. The administrative challenge is to develop a balanced mix of policy mechanisms that encourage sustainable land use. Conventional administrative mechanisms that operate independently of land tenure are regulations, education and extension, and financial incentives. Each of these mechanisms has its limitations. Lease conditions and management agreements are presented as useful alternatives where property‐specific action is required. A prescriptive regulatory approach focussing on means rather than ends is likely to prove counterproductive. A system that enhances managerial flexibility while making pastoralists responsible for the outcomes of their management practices is likely to be more effective.
Wholesalers' Location Patterns within Metropolitan Areas
Authors: SIMONS PETER L.
Published: March 2008

Wholesaling is an important marketing and urban function which has been neglected in the literature. Yet wholesaling is a key distribution function, similar to retailing. A theory which explains links between merchandising strategies and location strategies is outlined. Limited empirical testing of the theory using three types of independent wholesalers tends to support the existence of the strategies and of the resulting aggregate location patterns.
Coast Versus Inland: Two Different Queenslands?
Authors: HOLMES JOHN
Published: March 2008

To a degree unparalleled in any other major nation, Australia's society and economy shows a spatial dichotomy between a restricted but relatively well‐endowed coastal strip and a vast, under‐endowed interior. Much of the nation's economic history has been shaped by alternating phases of convergence and divergence in the relative fortunes of coast and interior. Queensland is the state which most clearly typifies this Australian dichotomy, the more so because of the high expectations placed on inland development and the recent strong impulse towards coastal growth and inland decline. The persistent and severe decline of the inland has been overshadowed by economic and demographic growth along the coast. The fortunes of the state are increasingly tied to the future of its coastlands.
Is Von Thunen Alive and Well? A Transport‐Cost Surface for South Australian Wheat
Authors: HILL RON , SMITH DEREK L.
Published: March 2008

Economic geography has undergone a number of paradigm shifts since the Von Thunen model was at the peak of its popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. This study examines the cost of moving wheat from farm to ship in South Australia and constructs a transport‐cost surface for the season 1991/92. Transport costs still exert a very important influence on farm returns and land values. Governments and other authorities, when making decisions in the name of rationalisation, or microeconomic reform, should examine very carefully the spatial consequences of their actions. In the short‐run at least, the farmer's world is very much a normative and partial equilibrium one. At least in respect of a significant Australian agricultural enterprise, normative and partial equilibrium models should not be seen as obsolete.
The Impact of Urbanisation on Water Quality in the Lane Cove River, Sydney New South Wales: a Comparison of Urban and Non‐Urban Catchments
Authors: PRESTON CATHERINE A.
Published: March 2008

The Lane Cove River drains an established urbanised catchment and is impacted by urban runoff, point sources of pollution from sewer overflows and leachate from a refuse tip. The Sydney Water Board conducted a three year water quality monitoring programme assessing the impacts of pollution. The findings are presented and the impact of urbanisation evaluated by comparing water quality in urban and non‐urban catchments. Water quality in a near‐pristine control creek was consistently better than the urban catchment in all weather conditions. During wet weather, water quality in urban creeks deteriorated significantly, although the control creek generally remained in a near‐pristine condition. Poor water quality in urbanised reaches of the catchment has degraded the aquatic ecosystem, encouraged and sustained weed infestation of the riparian environment and restricted recreational use of the river.
The Impact of Urbanisation on the Bed Sediments of South Creek, New South Wales
Authors: THOMS MARTIN , THIEL PETER
Published: March 2008

The textural and geochemical characteristics of the bed sediments in South Creek are examined. The bed substratum in the urbanised reaches differs from that of the rural reaches, in terms of the volume and size of the fine matrix sediment and the concentration of heavy metals. The impact of urbanisation on the river‐bed sediment is variable, with less matrix than ‘expected’ within the substratum of the urban reach and more than ‘expected’ in the below urban reach. The urban matrix sediment is also significantly finer in comparison to the rural reach matrix sediment. Heavy metal concentrations within the urbanised matrix sediment are up to 800 times greater than background levels and are considered to be indicative of extreme contamination despite only SO years of urbanisation.
Geographical Perspectives on Producer Service Industry Research in Australia
Authors: DANIELS P. W. , LANGDALE J. V.
Published: March 2008

In contrast to the situation in North America and Europe, producer services research in Australia has largely focused on their international role rather than their domestic one. The growing internationalisation of the Australian economy in the last decade has been closely interrelated with the progressive internationalisation of producer service industries. International banking and finance as well as trade‐related services have had significant urban impacts in major cities. Australia's growing linkages with East Asia are having impacts on the geography of service industries. However, little is known about the urban and regional implications of economic restructuring in these industries. There are important urban and regional implications resulting from the externalisation of services from manufacturing, as well as from the shedding of labour on the part of large service industry organisations. Similarly, little attention has been given to urban and regional implications of producer services by policy makers either at a federal or state government level.
Deregulation and Restructuring of the Australian Cane Sugar Industry
Authors: ROBINSON GUY M.
Published: March 2008

The growing and processing of sugar cane was one of the most tightly regulated industries in Australia until the recent introduction of a series of deregulating measures. This paper outlines the nature and historical development of controls in the various sectors of the sugar industiy, and focuses upon deregulation as introduced during the last decade. Restructuring of the industry, partly in response to deregulation and partly through the continuing international farm crisis, is seen as favouring large growers, some penetration of the processing sector by foreign capital, and inter‐state rivalry amongst processors. It is likely that growth of production by international competitors will continue to depress sugar prices and restrict any short‐ and medium‐term benefits from deregulation accruing to Australian growers and processors.
Taking Part in Mutawintji: Aboriginal Involvement in Mootwingee National Park
Authors: LARRITT CATRIONA S.
Published: March 2008

Aboriginal involvement in the management of parks was conceived as a means by which Aboriginal and conservationist interests could be reconciled. Participation in the management of parks increases Aboriginal control over land deemed to be of conservation value. Involvement in the management of parks as a means of empowering Aborigines is examined through a case study of Mootwingee National Park, in far western NSW. The management history of the park reveals that Aboriginal involvement has been facilitated by a policy commitment to consultation. Participation premised only on policy provisions has resulted in Aboriginal interests being underestimated or ignored. Aborigines will truly be empowered if their involvement is based on Aboriginal ownership of parks and a formal commitment to joint management.
Do We Really Understand Our Rivers? or Rivers in the Pooh ‐ Semper in Excreta!
Authors: WARNER ROBIN F.
Published: March 2008

This address is concerned with the lack of detailed understanding we have of rivers. It is argued that to manage river systems for environ‐ mental and ecological sustainability, there must be understanding of riverine biophysical processes. These are explored through a consideration of: (1) channel airspace and water; (2) the perimeter conditions of the channel as the boundary between erosional channel and depositional floodplain, both of which occupy the valley‐floor trough; (3) ecological components of channels and (4) the human components where human interactions with catchment environments have such impacts on the biophysical systems. Finally, the implications of these four components for understanding the systems for more sustainable management are discussed.
Perspectives on an Invasion of Paradise: Rhizophora stylosa on Moorea, French Polynesia
Authors: SMITH J.M.B.
Published: March 2008

The mangrove Rhizophora stylosa is believed to have been introduced to Moorea, French Polynesia, in about 1946, and has since spread to form dense single‐species forests in former saltmarsh and lagoon fringing shrubland. Although it is having a significant ecological impact, it is possible to see this biological invasion as being of ecological benefit. There is even some evidence to suggest it may in fact represent a reintroduction (or even survival) of a native taxon. Some general issues arising from this local example are discussed.
Estimations of Koala Habitat Loss on the Tilligerry Peninsula, NSW, 1954–1992
Authors: WORTH GARRY D.
Published: March 2008

The Tilligerry Peninsula on the central NSW coast supports a significant Koala population. By 1992 residential and mining developments had reduced the identified Koala habitat on this peninsula to less than half of what was apparent in 1954. A major part of the habitat loss was caused by mining for silica and heavy mineral sands in the corridors connecting the forests of the peninsula to other areas of Koala habitat. The degree of habitat loss in three types of land use over four periods between 1954 and 1992 is examined.
The Gaze In The City: Video Surveillance In Perth
Authors: HILLIER JEAN
Published: March 2008

The gaze is a technique of power/knowledge that creates and exploits a new kind of visibility, of organising people so that they can be seen, known, surveilled and controlled. There is a complex interaction between the gaze and power, power and space, space and social subjectivity. Examples from Perth, Western Australia, illustrate how techniques of surveillance are used to gaze on the public, inviting consequent redefinition of what is public and private in the city. The possibilities of resistance to the gaze are outlined. There is a need to rethink the apparatus of the gaze, to debate publicly its enabling and oppressive aspects.
Land Classification: Providing an Explanation for the Decision Making Process
Authors: KIRKBY S.D. , BAMFORD E. , LONGMORE M.E.
Published: March 2008

This paper considers the impact of technology on methods used to classify land potential. With developments in new technologies such as Expert Systems (ES) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), McKeown (1987) proposes a new method by which to explain the decision making process for land classification to an end user. Consideration is given to McKeowns' concept and the literature reviewing both traditional land classification methods and ES and GIS systems.
Nurturing Culture Through Country: Resource Management Strategies and Aspirations of Local Landowning Families at Napranum
Authors: SUCHET SANDRA
Published: March 2008

In the context of generations of living in the ‘long and terrible shadow’ (Berger, 1991) cast by hostile political structures, mission influences and industrial resource management systems, the culture and identities of the local Aboriginal landowning families of the Weipa area have survived. These families actively nurture their culture through the development of resource management strategies. Local landowners' experiences of colonisation and the ways in which they sense their history and geography are explored and various cultural maintenance and transmission practices centred on country and resources are described. Active engagement with wider scale processes is contributing to more effective outcomes for the landowning families.
LES ETUDES DE SOCIOLOGIE RURALE EN EUROPE1
Authors: MENDRAS HENRI
Published: March 2008

Les Etudes De Sociologie Rurale En Europe

Grâce aux réponses a un questionnaire envoyé aux spécialistes de vingt pays européens, il a êté possible de faire un premier recensement de l'état de l'enseignement et de la recherche dans ces pays. L'enseignement spécialisé de la Sociologie rude, sanctionné par un diplôme particulier n'existe que dans deux pays. Dans de nombreux pays la Sociologie Rude est considérée comme me discipline annexe à un autre enseignement (sociologie générale, économie rurale). Les organismes de recherches sont encore très peu nombreux, par contre dans presque tous les pays quelques recherches sont en cours, et il a été possible d'en établir une liste.

Lehre Und Forschung Der LÄNdlichen Soziologie in Europa

Um einen ersten Überblick uber die Lage der Lehre und Forschung in der ländlichen Soziologie zu gewinnen, wurde ein Fragebogen an geeignete Persönlichkeiten versandt. Dank der erhaltenen Antworten ist es möglich, eine Darstellung der Situation in zwanzig europäischen Ländern zu geben. Ein Spezialstudium der ländlichen Soziologie mit Diplomabschluss gibt es nur in zwei Ländern. In zahlreichen Ländern wird die lädliche Soziologie nur im Abschluss an andere Disziplinen gelehrt z.B. Allgemeine Soziologie und Agrarwirtschaftslehre. Besondere Forschungsinstitute sind nur wenige vorhanden. Dennoch sind in fast allen Ländern Forschungsarbeiten im Gange, die in einem Anhang aufgefühft sind.

Studies in Rural Sociology in Europe

Thanks to replies to a questionnaire from specialists in twenty European countries it has been possible for the first time to give an account of teaching and research work in rural sociology in these countries. In two countries only there exists an academic course of instruction in this discipline leading to a specific diploma. In most of the other countries rural sociology is treated as a subsidiary subject to others, for instance, to general sociology and agricultural economics. Very few specialized Research Institutes have been established but some research work is being carried out in nearly all countries. A list of these studies is given in an appendix.
CONFLICT OF NORMS AND THE BEHAVIOUR OF RECIPIENTS OF SOCIAL WELFARE ASSISTANCE IN FINLAND
Authors: JYRKILÄ FAINA
Published: March 2008

Conflict of Norms and the Behaviour of Recipients of Social Welfare Assistance in Finland

Through the ages to be on poor relief has meant degradation and humiliation for the recipient. A pilot study was carried out in Finland to find out if these old attitudes and values in relation to poor relief still survive despite the vast expansion of welfare provision in this century. A number of recipients of assistance in country and town were observed and interviewed when applying for relief. The tentative conclusion reached is that a severe norm and value conflict exists in the minds of people in need of welfare assistance.

Conflit De Normes Et Comportement Des Bénéficiaires De Prestations Sociales En Finlande

Resume

Depuis toujours dépendre de la charité publique a entraîné une certaine humiliation. Une enquête‐pilote a été menée en Finlande pour voir si ces attitudes et ces valeurs traditionnelles survivent malgré le développement des services sociaux de toutes sortes depuis le début du siècle. Un certain nombre de personnes furent interrogées au moment où elles déposaient une demande de secours. La conclusion de la recherche semble être qu'il existe un réel conflit de valeur dans l'esprit des gens qui s'adressent aux services sociaux.

Konflikt Von Normen Und Das Verhalten Von Unterstützuncsempfängern in Finland

Stets wurde es von den Betroffenen als degradierend und demütigend empfunden, auf Armenunterstützung angewiesen zu sein. Eine Voruntersuchung wurde in Finnland durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob diese alte Einstellung zur Armenunterstützung und deren Wert‐schätzung noch besteht ‐ trotz der grossen Ausdehnung von Wohl‐fahrtseinrichtungen in diesem Jahrhundert. Eine Anzahl von Unter‐stützungsempfägern wurde wägrend der Entgegennahme der Beihilfen beobachtet und befragt. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Menschen sich durch die Abhägigkeit von Wohlfahrtsbeihilfen in einen ernsten inneren Konflikt der Normen und Wertungen gezogen fühlen.
PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY SERVICES ‐ A CASE STUDY OF THE HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: ABMA ERNST
Published: March 2008

Participation in Community services ‐ A Case Study of the Health Service

The effects of the transfer of the care of the sick from the individual members of the village community to voluntary associations in the Netherlands, the “Green Cross Societies”, has been studied. It was found that attendance at the annual meetings of the local chapters was very small. Some of the reasons for this lack of participation are given. This phenomenon is seen as only one of the many indications that the bonds which formerly tied the village community together have been gradually broken.

Participation Aux Services Collectifs Du Village ‐ Le Cas Du Service Mbdical

Resume

Les malades étaient autrefois soignés par leurs proches; actuellement des associations, les »Sociétés Croix Vertes«, ont été spécialement organisées à cet effet aux Pays‐Bas. On a étudié l'effet de ce transfert, et recherché d'autre part les causes de l'assistance très réduite aux réunions des associations locales. Ce phénomène est interprété comme l'un des nombreux signes d'une rupture progressive des liens qui unissaient autrefois les membres de la communauté villageoise.

Die Teilnahme an Gemeindlichen Sozialdiensten ‐ Eine Fallstudie Über Den Gesundheitsdienst

Die Folgen des Übergangs der Krankenfürsorge von den einzelnen Mtgliedern der Dorfgemeinschaft auf eine spezialisierte Vereinigung in den Niederlanden, auf das «Grüne Kreuz“, wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass die Anteilnahme an den Generalversammlungen der lokalen Vereine verschwindend war. Einige der Gründe für das Nichtvorhandensein von Interesse sind aufgeführt. Diese Tatsache wird als eines der vielen Anzeichen dafür angesehen, dass die Bande, die früher die Dorfgemeinschaft zusammenknüpften, sich nach und nach gelöst haben.
LA BASE DE L'ACTIVITE PROFESSIONNELLE DES AGRICULTEURS
Authors: GALESKI BOGUSLAW
Published: March 2008

THE BASIS OP THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF FARMERS

This study is based on the results of opinion research with farmers in Poland, concerning their wishes and needs in relation to farm‐income. An analysis of the answers received, shows, that because of an identification of the farm both as a commercial enterprise and as an extension of the family's property, the professional activity of farmers is guided in such a way that the stimuli for increasing production are not exclusively to be found in a wish to have a higher income. When the actual income is considered as being satisfactory more money would be welcome to improve the farm and its equipment.

MOTIVE WIRTSCHAFTLICHEN HANDELNS DER LANDWIRTE

Die Studie basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer Untersuchung, in der polnische Landwirte auf ihre Einkommenswunsche und ‐nöte befragt wurden. Die Analyse der Antworten läßt erkennen, daß das beruf‐liche Handeln der Landwirte nicht ausschließlich von dem Wunsch nach Einkommenssteigerung (zum Zweck einer Erhöhung des Lebensstandards) bestimmt wird. Der landwirtschaftliche Betrieb wird nicht nur als kommerzielles Unternehmen, sondern auch als ein Mittel zur Erhaltung beständigen Familieneigentums betrachtet. Auch wenn das augenblickliche Einkommen als befriedigend ange‐sehen wird, erstreben deshalb die Landwirte höhere Einnahmen zur Verbesserung ihrer Betriebe und Betriebseinrichtungen.
THE ORGANIZATION OF EXTENSION EVALUATION
Authors: BAN ANNE WILLEM VAN DEN
Published: March 2008

THE ORGANIZATION OF EXTENSION EVALUATION

In order to enable extension services to change human behaviour most effectively it is necessary to develop the theory of human behaviour and to have an understanding of the ways in which this theory can be applied in the extension situation. Therefore a well‐integrated programme of extension evaluation should include basic research as well as applied research. In order to get basic research the research worker should have much freedom and not too close ties with the action agency. For applied research on the other hand supervised team work and closer relations with action agency are more effective. Some of this applied research can even be done by the extension officers themselves. The listening to the farmers which this evaluation involves may have an important educational value for the extension officers. It is advocated that the money spent on extension research should bear the same relation to the extension budget as that spent on agricultural research bears to the gross agricultural production. The research techniques which can be used in extension evaluation are not discussed in this article.

ORGANISATION DER EVALUATION DES BERATUNGSDIENSTES

Wenn man den Beratungsdienst in die Lage versetzen will, mensch‐liches Verhalten wirkungsvoll zu ändern, ist es notwendig eine Theorie des menschlichen Verhaltens zu entwickeln und das Verständnis dafür zu wecken, auf welche Weise diese Theorie in der Beratungssituation angewendet werden kann. Daher sollte ein gut integriertes Programm der Beratungsevaluation sowohl Grundlagenforschung als auch angewandte Forschung einschließen. Hinsichtlich der Grundlagenforschung sollte der Forscher viel Freiheit haben und nicht allzu eng mit der praktisch arbeitenden Organisation verbunden sein. Fiir die angewandte Forschung ist teamwork und engere Beziehung mit der Praxis wesentlich wirkungsvoller. Ein Teil der angewandten Forschung kann durch die Beratungsfachleute selbst durchgeführt werden. Die Unterhaltung mit den Landwirten, die einen wesentlichen Teil der Evaluation darstellt, kann einen bedeutenden erzieherischen Wert für die Berater haben. Es wird gefordert, daß die finanziellen Mittel für Beratungsforschung ungefähr in derselben Relation zum Budget für Beratung stehen sollen, wie die Mittel für landwirtschaftliche Forschung zur landwirtschaftlichen Produktion. Forschungstechniken, die in der Beratungsevaluation angewandt werden, werden in diesem Artikel nicht diskutiert.
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGISTS AND ITALIAN PEASANT SOCIETY: WITH REFERENCE TO THE BOOK OF BANFIELD
Authors: MARSELLI GILBERTO A.
Published: March 2008

AMERICAN SOCIOLOGISTS AND ITALIAN PEASANT SOCIETY: WITH REFERENCE TO THE BOOK OF BANFIELD

After stressing the valuable contribution that a number of USA scholars (Friedmann, Moss, Thomson, Lopreato, Redfield, Pitkin) have made to the development of rural sociology in Italy, the author subjects to ample criticism the recent work of E. C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, high‐lighting a number of contradictions. In particular he denies that the ethics of the southern community studied by Banfield can be reduced to so‐called ‘amoral familism’.

Some examples of community development effected in recent years in some of the most depressed zones of the country, allow one to arrive at far less pessimistic conclusions.

AMERIKANISCHE SOZIOLOGEN UND DIE ITALIENISCHE BÄUERLICHE GESELLSCHAFT: MIT BEZUG AUF DAS BUCH VON BAN FIELD

Der Autor betont zunächst den wertvollen Beitrag, den eine Anzahl von Gelehrten aus den USA (Friedmann, Moss, Thomson, Lopreato, Redfield, Pitkin) für die Entwicklung der ländlichen Soziologie in Italien geleistet haben. Er unterwirft jedoch sodann die neue Arbeit von E. C. Banfield, “The Moral Basis of a Backward Society” einer ausgedehnten Kritik, indem er eine Reihe von Widersprüchen hervor‐hebt. Besonders bestreitet er, dass man die Ethik dieser südlichen Gemeinde, die Banfield untersucht hat, auf einen sogenannten ‘amo‐ralischen Familismus' reduzieren konne.

Einige Beispiele der Gemeindeentwicklung, die in den letzten Jahren in einigen der rückständigsten Gebiete des Landes durchgeführt wurden, erlauben es, zu Schlussfolgerungen zu kommen, die bei weitem weniger pessimistisch sind.
CHANGEMENT SOCIAL EN MILIEU RURAL
Authors: LALOUX JOSEPH
Published: March 2008

SOCIAL CHANGE IN RURAL ENVIRONMENT

In a sociological investigation, of a more anthropological than statistical nature, the author studies the mechanisms of change, the aptitude and willingness to change of the rural population, in fifteen Belgian villages.

He finds leadership to be of primary importance as a change agent, but discovers also that the leader has to cope with difficulties caused by the social structure of the rural society, which, confronted with the urban society, tends to give changes dysfunctional aspects.

Therefore a development policy for a rural area should take this situation into account and should, basing itself on the principles of community development, try to associate ‘élite’ and rural population in a shared effort, should make use of an accumulating cultural and civic education, and should integrate in a comprehensive long‐term plan external and internal factors, in such a way that a rural‐urban equilibrium results.

SOZIALER WANDEL IM LÄNDLICHEN RAUM

An Hand einer soziologischen Untersuchung mehr anthropologischer als statistischer Art in 15 belgischen Dörfern stellt der Verfasser die Form des Wandels und die Neigung und Befähigung der ländlichen Bevölkerung zur Anpassung dar.

Die Führungsschicht ist als treibende Kraft von primärer Bedeutung; jedoch wird ersichtlich, daß sie Schwierigkeiten, die sich aus der Sozialstruktur der ländlichen Gesellschaft ergeben, überwinden muss. Die ländliche Gesellschaft, konfrontiert mit städtischen Gesellschaftsformen, neigt dazu, Veränderungen eine dysfunktionale Richtung zu geben.

Deshalb sollte eine Entwicklungspolitik in ländlichen Gebieten diese Tatsachen beachten und auf den Grundsätzen des Community Development basierend versuchen, die Elite und die Gesamtbevölke‐rung zu einer gemeinsamen Anstrengung zu veranlassen; sie sollte die kulturelle und staatsbürgerliche Erziehung verstärken und in einer um‐fassenden, langfristigen Planung exogene und endogene Faktoren mit einbeziehen, und zwar so, daß sich ein Stadt‐Land‐Gleichgewicht ergibt.