bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on pricing
Authors: Shaman Susan , Zemsky Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Rapidly escalating prices have sparked new interest in how tuitions are set and how students and their families manage to pay their bills. To facilitate intelligent discussion, we provide a framework for analyzing college costs and pricing policies.
Priorities, planning, and prices
Authors: Warner Timothy
Published: October 2006

Price setting for tuition and fees is a critical element in college and university budget building. A number of factors influence pricing decisions and suggest different strategies for income generation and resource allocation.
The politics and practicalities of pricing in academe
Authors: Gilmour Joseph E. , Suttle J. Lloyd
Published: October 2006

This chapter describes how pricing decisions are made in public and private higher education, who participates, and what factors are considered.
Reducing the burden of price
Authors: Hansen Janet S.
Published: October 2006

Assessing the impact of pricing in higher education is complicated by widespread price discounting. Both student aid programs and tax policy can reduce the actual costs paid by students and their families.
Bringing the issues together
Authors: Leslie Larry L.
Published: October 2006

The previous chapters provide a broad and integrated treatment of the new financing strategies.
The changing nature of computer‐based information systems
Authors: Brinkman Paul T.
Published: October 2006

Computer‐based information systems have evolved from emphasizing data processing to providing full and flexible support for management.
Using microcomputers for distributed information processing
Authors: Jamieson Derek M. , Mackay Kenneth H.
Published: October 2006

This is an era of technological marvels. Consider the microfiche and the silicon chip. In fact, the 1980s may become known as the “fiche and chip” decade.
Micros, minis, and mainframes
Authors: Chachra Vinod
Published: October 2006

For equivalent computer power, smaller computers are not more expensive than larger computers. The cost of computing in the immediate future will be governed not by hardware costs but rather by personnel, software, and communications costs.
A jump ahead … in which direction?
Authors: Meredith Mark
Published: October 2006

While microcomputers may be easy to acquire and put into use, advance consideration of some pertinent issues will ensure that they are used successfully for planning and management support.
Conclusion: Using microcomputers for planning and management support
Authors: Tetlow William L.
Published: October 2006

Microcomputer technology is direct, personal, and especially well suited for the task of decision support. Perhaps the only thing that exceeds its usefulness is the expectation of a new or potential user.
Telematics and the decision support intermediary
Authors: Sheehan Bernard S.
Published: October 2006

Decision support technology presents institutional researchers with opportunities to build on their experiences with institutional decision making and hence to provide new decision support services that no other professionals can supply.
Proliferation or professional integration: Transition or transformation
Authors: Peterson Marvin W. , Corcoran Mary
Published: October 2006

The current state of the field and the impact of new environmental forces have substantial implications for the practice and profession of institutional research. They suggest that attention needs be given to the development of the profession, not just to the professional development of its members, and that the AIR needs a proactive, transformational leadership strategy.
Assessing and validating the outcomes of college
Authors: Mentkowski Marcia , Loacker Georgine
Published: October 2006

A multifaceted assessment process allows the development of each student to be observed and improved as she moves through the curriculum. A corresponding evaluation process allows the content of curricula to be validated against external, real‐world standards.
Responding to litigation: The roles and strategies of researchers in court cases
Authors: Yancey Bernard
Published: October 2006

The notion that the heyday of discrimination lawsuits occurred in the late 1960s or early 1970s shows a clear lack of understanding of the laws and statutes directed toward discrimination. While the focus of such efforts may have changed, the potential for litigation has, if anything, greatly increased.
Multiattribute utility models and the tenure process
Authors: McCartt Anne Taylor
Published: October 2006

A formal decision model is used to develop a decision support system to assist faculties in making personnel decisions that are systematic, explicit, consistent, and retraceable.
Resource allocation models and the budgeting process
Authors: Milter Richard G.
Published: October 2006

A powerful yet straightfonoard computer‐based approach to university resource allocation has been successfully integrated with group process techniques to assist top‐level administrators in making difficult choices.
Research as a scholarly activity: Context and culture
Authors: Dill David D.
Published: October 2006

Characteristics of the tasks of faculty and contexts in which faculty work strongly shafie and influence faculty research performance.
The environmental context for postsecondary education
Authors: Jonsen Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Changes in six major facets of the environment need the attention of institutional research specialists and institutional policy makers.
Economics and educational planning
Authors: Leslie Larry , Rumberger Russell , Pickens William H. , Callan Patrick M. , Pailthorp Keith G.
Published: October 2006

This chapter records a discussion among several experts
on assessing the economic environment of higher education.
Sources of assistance
Authors: Ahumada Martin M. , Hefferlin J B Lon
Published: October 2006

This chapter offers information on materils regarding environmental scanning, as well as indicators to scan.
Methods for selecting comparison groups
Authors: Brinkman Paul T. , Teeter Deborah J.
Published: October 2006

The analyst can select from a variety of methods for developing institutional comparison groups. Several contextual issues frame the choice of method.
Exploring institutional images through focus group interviews
Authors: Bers Trudy H.
Published: October 2006

The exploration of institutional images is an emotionally charged task often given to researchers. The focus group methodology exposes the richness and complexity of feelings and perceptions.
Positioning and trade‐off analysis
Authors: Straumanis Eric
Published: October 2006

Trade‐off analysis can be a powerful tool in the assessment of market position and exploration of repositioning options.
Developing and implementing a marketing plan
Authors: McCalmon Byron G.
Published: October 2006

This chapter describes the development and implementation of a marketing plan that focuses on the recruitment of new freshmen. A case study based on the University of Colorado at Boulder illustrates the major planning considerations.
Developing office and information center components
Authors: Day Joan
Published: October 2006

As institutions of higher education attempt to maximize their advantages through today's converging technologies, they recognize that the tools associated with office automation are no longer those of a discrete discipline.
Academic computing: The challenges ahead
Authors: Warren Stanley
Published: October 2006

Changes in academic computing threaten to change the nature of higher education institutions, including their most fundamental activity—classroom instruction.
Evaluating student support services
Authors: Sedlacek William E.
Published: October 2006

The evaluation of student support services employs objectives, strategies, and traditional and nontraditional measures.
Evaluating counseling centers
Authors: Brown Robert D.
Published: October 2006

An evaluation of a counseling center must examine its goals, activities, and impact and determine the balance among preventive, remedial, and developmental objectives.
Faculty motivation and teaching
Authors: Lawrence Janet H.
Published: October 2006

Traditional ideas about improving teaching, which focus on reward systems and teacher preparation, should be augmented by new understandings of faculty self‐perception and motivation.
Critical directions for the future
Authors: Mets Lisa A. , Stark Joan S.
Published: October 2006

By increasing research activities focused directly on teaching and learning issues, institutional researchers are expanding their professional role.
Institutional research and the classical experimental paradigm
Authors: Yancey Bernard D.
Published: October 2006

Statistical analysis must be approached rationally and with intent, using a systematic plan. The random application of statistical analysis is neither efficient nor likely to produce useful results.
Forecasting methods for institutional research
Authors: Jennings Linda W. , Young Dean M.
Published: October 2006

Increasing demand for accurate forecasts in such areas as student enrollment, energy expenditures, and facility capacity are placing new demands on the institutional researcher.
Exploratory data analysis for institutional researchers
Authors: Yancey Bernard D.
Published: October 2006

Testing a hypothesized model is not nearly as difficult as finding the appropriate model to be tested.
Cognitive measures in assessing learning
Authors: Warren Jonathan
Published: October 2006

Documentation of what students learn, instead of only their relative levels of performance, is at the heart of any effective assessment of educational quality.
Critical issues in the assessment of value added in education
Authors: Hanson Gary R.
Published: October 2006

Assessing the value added in education is a complex process that requires a careful research design and an understanding of the complex issues that affect how, when, and in what manner students are influenced by the education they receive.
Managing information on alumni
Authors: Maves Kay K.
Published: October 2006

Coordinated planning and management are the critical ingredients of any successful alumni information system.
Applying alumni research to decision making
Authors: Moden Gary O. , Williford A. Michael
Published: October 2006

Research on alumni can meet needs in program review, curriculum planning, student assessment, resource allocation, student services, and recruiting.
Toward a definition of policy analysis
Authors: Gill Judith I. , Saunders Laura
Published: October 2006

Policy analysis is a real‐world decision‐making tool. The literature is published, most frequently, in public administration studies, but also in political science, philosophy, organizational psychology, economics, and business administration.
The agenda ahead
Authors: Saunders Laura , Gill Judith I.
Published: October 2006

What lies ahead? This chapter presents tips on building an effective policy analysis capability.
Delivering executive information systems to the executive's desk
Authors: Wilcox Jerry
Published: October 2006

Design concepts are presented from a developer's perspective, with applications for financial planning, student retention, and enrollment demand.
Designing executive information systems for enrollment management
Authors: Krotseng Marsha V.
Published: October 2006

The priority given to enrollment management at one university has created demands for better information about student recruitment, retention, adaptation, and graduation rates. The Office of Planning and Institutional Research has taken advantage of fourth‐generation software and microcomputers to build an integrated EIS/DSS that is responsive to the needs of decision makers.
Executive information systems: Current assessment and future agenda for higher education
Authors: Glover Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Considering the problems higher education faces and the potential enterprise‐wide access to information offers, leaders must decide where to invest in information technology support to achieve the maximum benefits in quality improvement and cost containment for their institutions.
Classism and quality
Authors: Carothers Robert L. , Sevigny Mary Lou
Published: October 2006

The introduction of Total Quality Management can create a new awareness of class distinctions among employees and a new demand for respect, dignity, and equity—essential characteristics of a quality organization.
Documenting total quality management projects
Authors: Walter Pam
Published: October 2006

Formal documentation of team activities and solutions can promote communication and understanding of continuous improvement achievements.
On your mark, get set, go!
Authors: Winter Robert S.
Published: October 2006

After the president commits to adopt a quality improvement process, what does one do?
Significant options for primarily instructional institutions
Authors: Simpson William B.
Published: October 2006

The first response to a sudden reduction in resources is defensive, but constructive adjustments for the intermediate period and new directions for the long term are worth exploring.
Facilitating decisions under scarcity
Authors: Bloomfield Stefan D.
Published: October 2006

The institutional research office facilitates the decision‐making process by developing information and analysis, identifying options, and maintaining a forward view.
Challenges for the future
Authors: Simpson William B.
Published: October 2006

This chapter reviews the issues raised in this volume and identifies the challenges that lie ahead.
Studying graduate student retention and degree attainment: Resources for researchers
Authors: Baird Leonard L.
Published: October 2006

Key resources for understanding, researching, and increasing graduate student retention and degree attainment are identified.
Assessing diversity on campus: A resource guide
Authors: Levitan Thomas , Wolf Lisa E.
Published: October 2006

This chapter provides institutional researchers with information about a variety of resources to help them assess diversity on their campuses.
Implications for institutional research
Authors: Kinnick Mary K.
Published: October 2006

Providing useful information for deans and department chairs has major implications for the role and professional preparation of institutional researchers.
Money magazine, U.S. news & world report, and steve martin: What do they have in common?
Authors: Mallette Bruce I.
Published: October 2006

An examination of popular publications that rate and rank collegiate undergraduate education reveals several methodological concerns. The challenges for consumers and researchers are to know what shortcomings exist in these ratings, what impact these shortcomings have on the rankings, and what methodological changes might improve the evaluations.
Managing the information overload: The case for a standard survey response
Authors: Machung Anne
Published: October 2006

In recent years, colleges and universities have been flooded by surveys from publishers of college guides and from popular newsstand magazines. This chapter describes the response of the higher education community to the burden of these surveys and, in particular, the standard survey response currently being used by the University of California at Berkeley.
Publishers' perspectives: Magazines
Authors: Morse Robert J. , Gilbert Jersey
Published: October 2006

College rankings prepared by popular magazines have generated considerable controversy in the higher education community.

Robert J. Morse of U.S. News & World Report and Jersey Gilbert, formerly with Money Magazine, respond to the critics.
A research agenda
Authors: McLaughlin Josetta S. , McLaughlin Gerald W.
Published: October 2006

This chapter provides a framework and questions for developing a research design to improve college guides and ratings.
Appendix B: Data‐sharing organizations, resources, and opportunities
Authors: Trainer James F.
Published: October 2006

This appendix should serve as an important reference for researchers seeking to learn more about data‐sharing opportunities. Many of the organizations listed here can serve as models for those interested in creating their own data‐sharing endeavors.
Contrasting perspectives on the relationship between teaching and research
Authors: Braxton John M.
Published: October 2006

Empirical support for three contrasting perspectives on the relationship between teaching and research—Null, Conflict, and Complementarity—is assessed. Both the Null and Complementarity perspectives receive modest affirmation, whereas the Conflict perspective garners scant support.
Faculty productivity and the complexity of student exam questions
Authors: Johnson Robert M.
Published: October 2006

The relationship between faculty publication productivity and the cognitive complexity of student examination questions is examined. Results show that scholars who publish books and those who publish fewer articles ask more critical‐thinking questions. Publishing more articles seems to negatively influence the asking of such questions.
Triangulating the relationships among publication productivity, teaching effectiveness, and student achievement
Authors: Gavlick Michael
Published: October 2006

There is some evidence that research productivity is positively associated with teaching effectiveness, as measured by student achievement. In this chapter, the author examines whether research activity actually enhances certain pedagogical skills and thus increases student learning.
A brief history of the fact book as an institutional research report
Authors: Jones Larry G.
Published: October 2006

The early development of the campus fact book parallels the development of institutional research; the fact book, perhaps the most visible of all institutional research reports, reflects much of the accomplishment and status of institutional research as an integral part and essential function of higher education.
Developing the contents of institutional fact books
Authors: Endo Jean J.
Published: October 2006

Fact books can differ in the information they contain and the manner in which it is presented, but there are useful strategies for developing the contents of a general purpose fact book for individual colleges and universities.
The fact book at work and play: Strategies for use
Authors: Tomlinson Ann W.
Published: October 2006

A description of one institutional researcher's use of a fact book with some practical advice on how to make the fact book meet a variety of institutional needs and the needs of a variety of users.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 10‐[3‐(dimethylamino)‐propyl]‐2‐nitrodibenz [b,f] [1,4] oxazepin‐11‐(10 H)‐one (nitroxazepine)hydrochloride
Authors: Maller R. K. , Nagarajan K.
Published: October 2006

For pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies in animals and humans, nitroxazepine, an antidepressant, was labelled with carbon‐14 at the 11‐position of the dibenzoxazepine ring system in an overall yield of 12% starting with potassium [14C] cyanide. The labelled preparation had a specific activity of 0.95 μCi/mg. 14C Label was also introduced in the methyl group of the terminal nitrogen atom in the side chain of nitroxazepine, starting from its des‐methyl derivative and using [14C] paraformaldehyde. In this case the overall yield of the final compound was 20%, and its specific activity 1.84 μCi/mg.
A comparative study of the preparation of radioactive 4‐bromoantipyrine and 4‐iodoantipyrine for the measurement of cerebral blood flow
Authors: Shiue Chyng‐Yann , Wolf Alfred P.
Published: October 2006

4‐[82Br]Bromoantipyrine has been synthesized by three methods:the melt method, the isotopic exchange in acidic medium method and the silica gel catalyzed method. The melt method is the simplest one and gives the highest radiochemical yield (∼ 90%). 4‐[131I]‐Iodoantipyrine has also been synthesized by these three methods with higher radiochemical yield than the bromo analog. The radiochemical yield of 4‐[131I]iodoantipyrine synthesized by the silica gel catalyzed method depends on the reaction time of antipyrine with [131I]NaI solution, but does not depend largely on the contact time between antipyrine‐[131I]NaI solution with silica gel. I2 or I+ was proposed as an intermediate for this reaction.

The mean octanol/pH 7 buffer solution partition coefficient of 4‐[82Br]bromoantipyrine is 9.78.
Préparation de desoxyribonucléosides marqués au 14C sur la base
Authors: Cardinaud R. , Viswanathan K. V.
Published: October 2006

La méthode employée présentant L'avantage de ne pas entraǐner de dilution isotopique, L'activité spécifique des produits obtenus est celle de la base marquée de départ. La technique de purification employée garantit une pureté supérieure à 99,5%.

La formation épisodique de substances secondaires radioactives indique que certaines cultures contiennent une désaminase active sur les desoxyribonucléoside puriques. Une activité nucléosidasique agissant sur thymidine et d‐uridine a été mise en évidence.
Synthesis of 2, 4, 7‐triamino‐6‐phenylpteridine (triamterene) labelled with tritium or carbon‐14
Authors: Blackburn D. , Burghard G.
Published: October 2006

The diuretic drug triamterene was labelled with carbon‐14 by condensing the intermediate phenylacetonitrile‐1‐14C with 2,4,6‐triamino‐5‐nitrosopyrimidine.

The tritiated triamterene was prepared by direct synthesis from toluene‐3,4‐3H1/2 and toluene‐3‐3H. The 3H‐toluenes were prepared in excellent radiochemical yield by hydrolyzing the dry Grignard reagent of the appropriate bromotoluene with tritium oxide.
The labelling with tritium of 2‐(dimethylamino)ethanol and of some drugs containing the 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl group as a structural part
Authors: Hespe W. , Nauta W. Th.
Published: October 2006

Orphenadrine hydrochloride and a related ether were labelled with tritium in the 2‐(dimethylamino)‐ethyl moiety, by reduction of the corresponding amides with tritiated lithium aluminium hydride (yields 72 and 51 %, resp., specific radioactivity 57,8 m C/g in both cases). Hydrolysis of one of the labelled ethers afforded tritiated 2‐(dimethylamino) ethanol (yield 80 %, specific radioactivity 146 m C/g).
A synthesis of cytidine‐5‐3H
Authors: van Zanten B. , den Hollander W.
Published: October 2006

Cytidine‐5‐3H was synthesized, by the incorporation of 1.1‐diethoxy 2‐cyanoethane‐2‐3H (cyanoacetal‐2‐3H), using an adaption of the procedure described by Codington (1) for the synthesis of cytidine‐2‐14C. The final step in this procedure was the coupling of the mercuric compound of the base with the blocked chloro‐sugar in a toluene‐benzene solvent. The fact that this reaction can be used indicates that mercuric‐salt catalyzed hydrogen exchange between benzene‐toluene solvent and nucleoside, as described by LePage and Junga (2), does not occur with cytidine at least at the 5‐position. Furthermore the present investigation shows that dimethyl acetamide is an excellent aprotic solvent and can be used as such for reactions involving exchange of labile tritium under alkaline conditions.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled S‐(O, O‐diisopropyl‐phosphorodithioate) of N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide
Authors: Gutman A. D. , Brokke M. E.
Published: October 2006

Labeled 14C‐benzene S‐(O, O‐diisopropylphosphorodithioate) of N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide of a specific activity of 0.1 mC/m mole was prepared for residue and metabolism studies. The overall yield was 60% of a 95% radiochemically pure product.
Synthesis of dl‐erythro and threo‐sphingosine‐4,5‐3H
Authors: Gal Andrew E.
Published: October 2006

DL‐erythro‐sphingosine and DL‐threo‐sphingosine specifically labelled with 3H in positions 4 and 5 were prepared. The synthesis of these compounds was based on a modification of a procedure published by Grob and Gadient. Quantitative separation of the sphingosines from acetylenic impurities was accomplished, and the physical constants of pure DL‐erythro and threo sphingosines were determined. D‐erythro sphingosine was prepared by resolving the DL racemate and it was found identical to the naturally occurring product.
Synthesis of tritium labelled diphenhydramine hydrochloride (benadryl )
Authors: Blackburn C. E. , Ober R. E.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and characterization of tritium‐labelled diphenhydramine hydrochloride is described. An attempt to label diphenhydramine directly with tritium by an exchange reaction (CH3COOH, 10 c 3H2O, Pt) resulted in a mixture of tritiated benzophenone, benzhydrol, diphenhydramine, and other products. A mixture of tritiated benzophenone and benzhydrol was isolated, reduced to benzhydrol‐3H, and then condensed with dimethylaminoethanol to yield diphenhydramine‐3H with the label in the benzhydryl group.
Synthese von Testosteron‐17α‐T und Hydrocortison‐11α‐T
Authors: Christ W. , Wenzel M. , Schulze P. E.
Published: October 2006

For the in vivo‐measurements of the oxidation of steroid‐alcohols to steroid‐ketones testosterone‐17α‐T and hydrocortisone‐11α‐T were synthesized by the reduction of the corresponding 17‐ or 11‐ketones with LiBT4 after ketalization of the other keto‐groups with aethylenglycol. Purification from radioactive by‐products in analytical and preparative scale was easely achieved by thin‐layer‐chromatography combined with automatic scanning of the radioactivity by the 2‐dimensional Berthold‐«Dünnschicht‐Scanner».
The synthesis of L‐14C‐serine ethanolamine phosphate, L‐Serine 1,2‐14C‐ethanolamine phosphate, L‐3H‐Serine 1,2‐14C‐ethanolamine phosphate, and related compounds
Authors: Porcellati G.
Published: October 2006

A procedure for the chemical synthesis of the following labelled phosphodiesters : L‐14C‐serine ethanolamine phosphate, L‐serine 14C‐ethanolamine phosphate, L‐3H‐serine 14C‐ethanolamine phosphate, L‐14C‐threonine ethanolamine phosphate, L‐threonine 14C‐ethanolamine phosphate, L‐14C‐serine L‐14C‐serine phosphate and L‐14C‐threonine L‐14C‐threonine phosphate is reported. The variously labelled forms of these phosphodiesters have been synthesized and purified by a route and a procedure leading to unequivocal structures for the products. The labelled L‐serine L‐serine phosphate and L‐threonine L‐threonine phosphate have been obtained as by‐products in the preparation of the labelled forms of L‐serine ethanolamine phosphate and L‐threonine ethanolamine phosphate, respectively.
Preparation of labelled lipids
Authors: Mangold Helmut K.
Published: October 2006

In the present review emphasis is placed on the description of advances made in the synthesis and biosynthesis of labelled neutral lipids as well as phosphatides and other complex ionic lipids. Methods applicable to the analysis and purification of these compounds are described briefly. In addition observations related to the autoradiolysis of labelled lipids during storage are discussed.
Die Herstellung von 14C markiertem β‐Chloräthyl‐trimethylammonium‐chlorid (CCC)
Authors: Chwala Ch.
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Herstellung von β‐Chloräthyl‐trimethylammoniumchlorid (Methyl‐14C) = CCC‐(Methyl‐14C) und CCC‐1,2‐14C beschrieben. Das Verfahren zur Markierung der CH3‐Gruppe ist gegenüber bereits bekannten durch seine Einfachheit ausgezeichnet. Für die Markierung der beiden CH2‐Gruppen des CCC gingen wir von Athylenoxyd‐1,2‐14C aus. Die Ausbeuten betrugen in beiden Fällen, auch betreffend die eingesetzte Aktivität, über 90 %. Die Aktivitätsmessung wurde nach katalytischer Verbrennung zu CO2 in Gaszählrohren im Proportionalbereich ausgeführt. Es wird die Reinigung und Prüfung der radiochemischen Reinheit der erhaltenen Substanzen beschrieben.
Isotopic labelling studies in irradiated organic solutions
Authors: Burr J. G. , Cher M. , Yang J. Y.
Published: October 2006

Non‐linear interactions between solvent and solute are observed in the radiolysis of binary organic mixtures. The use of labelled molecules to diagnose both the nature of the excited solvent species and also the nature of the interaction between these excited secties and the solute molecules will be described.

The particular systems discussed in detail will be: 1. cyclohexane + 14C‐benzene; 2. tritiated cyclohexane + 14C‐benzene; 3. tritiated cyclohexane + benzoquinone; 4. tritiated cyclohexane + cyclopentene; 5. cyclohexane + 14C‐cyclohexene; 6. cyclohexane or cyclohexane d12 + benzene or benzene‐d6; 7. cyclohexane‐d12 + cyclopentane; 8. various mixture of cyclohexane, cyclopentane and deuterated analogs with corresponding olefins and the deuterated olefins; 9. mixtures of light and heavy water vapor with cyclopentane, methane, cyclohexane and other hydrocarbons.

Analysis of the products obtained in the irradiation of these systems has been informative about the nature of the quenching and scavenging processes wich take place and also about the nature of the, reactive species involved.
The simple preparation of mevalonic‐3′, 4‐D Acid and ‐3′, 4‐T Acid
Authors: Matsuo Mitsuyoshi , Kasida Yosihiko
Published: October 2006

Mevalonic‐3′, 4‐D acid and –3′, 4‐T acid were synthesized by using deuterated and tritiated Ivater and the total yield of the labelled MV A was 6.5 %. The specific activity of the tritiated MV A, which was derived from 2.3 g. of tritiated water (250 mCi), was 1.77 mCi./mM.
The production of 15N‐labelled S‐adenosylmethionine and adenine by yeast biosynthesis
Authors: Zappia V. , Salvatore F. , Zydek C. R. , Schlenk F.
Published: October 2006

A method for the biosynthesis of 15 N‐labelled S‐adenosylmethionine from 15 NH4+ and L‐methionine by yeast is reported. Culture conditions suitable for economy in the utilization of the isotope were developed, and the use of γ‐irradiated yeast (1 Mrad) for this purpose was explored. The irradiated yeast proved as effective as non‐irradiated yeast, but it did not offer any advantage. 15 N‐Adenine was obtained from S‐adenosylmethionine by hydrolysis; its isolation by ion exchange chromatography is described.
Préparation de l'acide succinique (14C‐1) par oxydation de l'acide allylacétique (Carboxyle 14C)
Authors: Herbert M. , Pichat L. , Fabignon Mlle C.
Published: October 2006

Allylacetic acid 1‐14C prepared by carbonation of 3‐butenyl‐magnesium bromide is oxidized into succinic acid 1‐14C by periodic acid and a catalytic amount of K MnO4. After purification by chromatography on a column of Dowex 1 × 10 Cl−, succinic acid 1‐14C is secured with an over all yield of 66 % based on Ba 14CO3 specific activity 37.4 mCi /mM. This method is more convenient than those of the literature because it avoids the preparation of K 14CN and affords a better yield.

L'acide allylacétique (carboxyl14C) obtenu par carbonatation du bromure de butène‐3 ylmagnésium est oxydé en acide succinique (14C‐1) par l'acide periodique en présence de quantités catalytiques de permanganate de potassium. Après purification par chromatographie sur résine échangeuse Dowex 1 × 10 Cl−, l'acide succinique (14C‐1) est obtenu avec un rendement global de 66 % calculé sur 14CO3Ba; activité spécifique 37,4 mCi/mM. Les avantages de cette méthode sur celles de la littérature sont d'éviter la préparaation du cyanure de potassium (14C) et un meilleur rendement global.
Synthèse de la DL‐ Arginine (14C ‐ 1)
Authors: Pichat L. , Guermont J. P. , Liem Phung Nhu
Published: October 2006

DL Arginine (14C‐1) is prepared by a Strecker reaction with γ‐guanidobutyraldehyde and K14CN. Radioactive and chemical yields are 60 % based on K14CN.

La DL‐Arginine (14C‐1) a été obtenue par réaction de Strecker à partir de l'aldéhyde γ‐guanido butyrique et du cyanure de potassium (14C) avec des rendements chimiques et radioactifs de l'ordre de 60 % par rapport à K14CN.
14C‐labelled 4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives. II. Synthesis of 3‐n‐hexyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarin‐10‐14C
Authors: Susan A. B. , Avramescu A. , Dinescu M.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and characterization of 3‐n‐hexyl‐4‐hydroxycoumarin‐10‐14C is described. This new labelled substance was prepared by starting from phenol‐1‐14C which was transformed in a single step into the final product by a ZnCl2 and POCl3 catalysed condensation with n‐hexyl‐malonic acid.
Preparation of tritium labelled L‐phenylalanine
Authors: Gerday Ch. , Verly W. G.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated N‐chloracetyl‐DL‐phenylalanine, obtained by reduction of the N‐chloracetyl‐dehydrophenylalanine with tritiated hydrogen, is hydrolysed by carboxypeptidase A. The method gives L‐phenyl‐alanine‐2,3‐3H of high optical purity and with any specific activity up to 60 curies per millimole.
Preparation of ethynyloestradiol‐4‐14C
Authors: Cooley G. , Harris I. A.
Published: October 2006

Oestrone‐4‐14C in dimethyl sulphoxide solution has been treated with lithium acetylide (ethylene diamine complex) to give ethynyloestradiol‐4‐14C.
The preparation and stability of DL‐α‐tocopherol labelled with tritium at high specific activity
Authors: Evans E. A. , Phillips R. F.
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen‐tritium exchange labelling methods proved to be unsatisfactory for the preparation of tritiated DL‐α‐tocopherol at high specific activity. The preparation of α‐tocopherol specifically labelled in the 5‐methyl hydrogen positions is described : the method permits specific activities in the curies per millimole range to be readily achieved. The synthesis is also suitable for preparing tocopherol doubly labelled with tritium and carbon‐14. The stability of the tritiated vitamin on storage is discussed.
Labelling of synthetic oestrogens of the trans‐stilbene and symmetrical diphenylethane series by catalytic exchange on heterogenous platinum
Authors: Claringbold P. J. , Garnett J. L. , O'Keefe J. H.
Published: October 2006

Synthetic oestrogens of the trans‐stilbene and sym. diphenyl‐ethane series have been labelled by catalytic exchange with isotopic water in the presence of heterogeneous platinum. Experiment showed that platinum oxide pre‐reduced with sodium borohydride produced a more suitable catalyst for the exchange than the alternative of self‐activation. Self‐activated catalysts accentuated degradation of the substrate. The labelling method was suitable for the tritiation of all ten substances studied and also for their deuteration with the exception of 4,4′‐dimethoxy‐α‐chloro‐α‐methyl stilbene. Methoxy groups on the aromatic rings sterically hinder exchange in adjacent positions. Steric hindrance to labelling of hydrogens on the bridge carbon atoms was also noted. The results are shown to be consistent with a π‐complex adsorption mechanism.
Enzymatic degradation of sugars
Authors: Sturani E. , Cocucci S.
Published: October 2006

A quick and convenient procedure for the degradation of sugars has been worked out. The quantitative conversion of glucose to lactic acid by the use of commercially available enzymes, followed by the chemical degradation of the latter compound, allows to discriminate between the carbons 1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4 of the molecule. Moreover the enzymatic conversion of glucose to glycerol‐1‐phosphate and to 3‐phosphoglyceric acid allows to separate the glucose molecule into the two moieties, that is to discriminate between carbons 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6.

The problems and the results of this degradation procedure are discussed.
Specific 3H‐labelling by diimide reduction of unsaturated bonds. II. Methods and applications of labelling
Authors: Koch G. K.
Published: October 2006

Methods for specific labelling of alkyl groups on a mCi/mmole level are described, in which double bonds are hydrogenated with labelled diimide and in which tritiated water is used as the source of the label. In one method, labelled diimide is obtained by exchange labelling and oxidation of hydrazine in acetonitrile and in the other, potassium azodicarboxylate is decomposed with labelled hydrogen ions in a pyridine medium. Molar specific activities of 8 and 20 % of the original water are obtained. The latter method is preferred for reproducible quantitative conversions of unsaturated fatty acids and methyl esters on a 10–100 mg scale.

By partial oxidation with permanganate in acetone, both the specificity of diimide labelling and the usefulness of permanganate degradation for the localization of tritium labels in fatty acids were demonstrated. The possible application of a combination of diimide labelling and oxidative degradation for the determination of the structure of polyunsaturated acids is illustrated for arachidonic acid.
Synthese und Reinheitskontrolle des 1,3,5‐ Trimethyl‐2,4,6‐tris‐(3,5‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐benzyl‐14C) benzols
Authors: Figge K.
Published: October 2006

Die Synthese des markierten Antioxydans 1,3,5‐Trimethyl‐2,4,6‐tris‐ (3,5‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐benzyl‐14C) benzol und die radiodünnschichtchromatographische Reinheitskontrolle des Zwischenund Endproduktes auf Kieselgel H mit verschiedenen Fließmittelsystemen werden beschrieben. Ausgehend von Paraformaldehyd‐14C und 2,6‐Di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol über 2,6‐Di‐tert.‐butyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl‐14C‐phenol und anschließende Friedel‐Crafts‐Alkylierung von 1,3,5‐ Trimethylbenzol wird das reine Antioxydans in einer radiochemischen Ausbeute von 47,6 % d. Th., bezogen auf Paraformaldehyd‐14C, und einer chemischen Ausbeute von 49,0 % d.Th., bezogen auf Paraformaldehyd bzw. 2,6‐Di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol, erhalten. Zwei weitere, radiochemisch einfachere Reaktionswege über das 4‐Cyano‐2,6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenol scheitern an der Einführung der Cyanogruppe; es entsteht als Hauptprodukt das 3,3′,5,5′‐Tetra‐tert.‐butyl‐4,4′‐diphenochinon.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 2‐aminothiazole, 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazole, 2‐chloro‐5 nitrothiazole, and 1‐(5‐nitro‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2‐imidazolidinone (active substance of ambilhar®)
Authors: Faigle J. W. , Keberle H.
Published: October 2006

A description is given of the preparation of 1‐(5‐nitro‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2‐imidazolidinone (active substance of the antiparasitic drug AMBILHAR®) in labelled form. By introducing 14C into the molecule, at position 4 of the imidazolidinone ring in one case and at position 2 of the thiazole ring in the other case, two differently labelled preparations were produced. The specific aetivities were 2.5 mCi/mmole and 0.33 mCi/mmole respectively. As intermediate products and by‐products of the syntheses, three further derivatives of 14C‐thiazole which have not hitherto been described were obtained, i.e. 2‐aminothiazole‐2‐14C, 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazole‐2‐14C, and 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrothiazole‐2‐14C.
Synthesis of farnesylacetic acid‐14C and its geraniol ester (Gefarnate‐14C)
Authors: Hazue Masaaki , Miyake Kunio , Endo Michio
Published: October 2006

Farnesylacetic acid and its geraniol ester (gefarnate) labelled with 14C at the carbon‐chain were prepared via methyl cyclopropyl ketone‐14C. The intermediate, ketone‐14C was obtained in 63 % radiochemical yield from barium carbonate‐14C and from this ketone‐14C, farnesylacetic acid‐14C and gefarnate‐14C having a specific radioactivity of 1.0 mCi/mmole were prepared in 48.4 % and 37.2 % yield, respectively.
Preparation of 5‐halogeno derivatives of deoxyuridine labelled in the base with 14C
Authors: Filip J. , Nejedly Z.
Published: October 2006

5‐Halogeno derivatives of deoxyuridine labelled in the base with 14C were prepared by a single‐step enzymatic synthesis. When using the dicyclohexylammonium salt of 2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐ribose‐1‐phosphate, an enzyme preparation isolated from Escherichia coli B and 5‐halogenouracil‐2‐14C the corresponding deoxyribonucleosides were obtained in a fine yield. The time course of enzymatic reactions and the dependence of yield on concentration of the enzyme preparation and of 2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐ribose‐1‐phosphate were examined. Likewise, the transfer of the deoxyribosyl group between thymidine and 5‐halogenouracil was investigated and it was found that with the reactions studied the reaction equillibrium is approximately independent on type of halogen. For isolating the 5‐halogeno derivatives of deoxyuridine‐2‐14C from the reaction mixture we used preparative paper chromatography and obtained compounds of radiochemical purity exceeding 99 %.
The chemical synthesis of glutamic acid specifically labelled with deuterium or tritium in the alpha or 2 position
Authors: Hochreiter Margaret C. , Schellenberg Karl A.
Published: October 2006

Glutamic acid specifically labelled with isotopic hydrogen in the 2 position was produced by exchange equilibration with labelled protons during the reaction of acetylglutamic acid with acetic acid and acetic anhydride. The position of label was established by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry of the deuterium‐labelled compound, and by transaminase‐catalyzed exchange with protons in the case of tritium‐labelled compound. The specific and complete exchange obtained in our experiments contrasts with the previously reported virtual nonlabelling under somewhat different conditions in which the presumed azlactone enolized and hydrolysed in an aqueous medium.
The prospects for stable isotopes. Applications involving nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
Authors: Jones J. R.
Published: October 2006

Recent developments particularly in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry suggest that there is a growing demand for compounds labelled with stable isotopes. In particular the isotopes H2, C13, N15 and O17 offer in some circumstances several advantages over the comparable radioactive isotopes and in this article we show how some workers have grasped the opportunities afforded. The availability of such compounds together with the problems associated with labelling and detection are discussed.
Preparation of riboflavin (UL)‐14C
Authors: Lowry L. K. , Herman Y. F. , Sauberlich H. E.
Published: October 2006

Uniformly labeled riboflavin‐14C was synthesized by the organism, Ashbya gossypii. Riboflavin with a specific activity of 79.0 mCi/mmole was obtained after extensive purification. Degradation of riboflavin with light and NaOH indicated that the 14C label was present in both the isoalloxazine ring and in the side chain. Radioautographs of the chromatographed vitamin showed that a single radioactive band was found that coincided with authentic riboflavin.
The synthesis and purification of pentylenetetrazole‐10‐14C
Authors: Stiver J. F. , Data J. B. , Christian J. E.
Published: October 2006

Pentylenetrazole‐10‐14C was synthesized by reacting hydrazoic acid with cyclohexanone‐1‐14C. Purification was carried out using sublimation and thick layer chromatography. Proof of radiochemical purity was determined using thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. The specific activity was found using liquid scintillation counting.
Sur une amélioration de la synthèse de l'acétamino‐2 fluorène 14C‐9
Authors: Nguyen‐Hoang‐Nam  , Hoellinger H. , Herbert M. , Nguyen‐Dat‐Xuong  , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

Une amélioration de la synthèse de l'acétamino‐2 fluorène 14C‐9 est décrite. Le produit marqué est purifié par chromatographie sur colonne d'adsorption‐silicagel. Le rendement radioactif global est de 63 % par rapport à Ba14CO3, activité spécifique : 27 mCi/mM.
Synthesis of β‐sitosterol‐3‐14C
Authors: Otto P. P. H. H. L. , Besemer A. C. , Wientjens W. H. J. M.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of β‐sitosterol‐3‐14C, specific activity 5 mCi/mM, radiochemical purity ≥98 %, is described. Starting from stigmasterol, the complete synthesis consists of eleven reaction steps. It is based on methods described in the literature. For some of the steps, a considerable improvement in yield has been achieved. The actual labelling step is the condensation of 4‐oxa‐Δ5‐stigmasten‐3‐one with phenyl acetate‐14C in the presence of sodium hydride. β‐Sitosterol‐3‐14C has been obtained with a chemical yield of 23 %, based on 4‐oxa‐Δ5‐stigmasten‐3‐one. The radiochemical yield was 10.3 %. Chemical and radiochemical purities of β‐sitosterol‐3‐14C have been determined by means of thin‐layer chromatography, gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
The synthesis of specifically 14C‐labelled 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid and its higher homologues
Authors: Hanuš J. , Vereš K.
Published: October 2006

D,L‐2,6‐Diaminopimelic‐(2‐14C) acid was prepared by alkylation of diethyl acetamidomalonate‐(2‐14C) with 5‐bromo‐N‐phthaloyl‐L‐norvaline methyl ester and hydrolysis of the condensation product. Depending on the alkylation conditions, partial or complete racemisation takes place and therefore the L,L‐form of diaminopimelic acid had to be isolated by paper chromatography. Alkylation of diethyl acetamidomalonate‐(2‐14C) with diethyl 4‐bromobutyl‐ or 5‐bromopentyl‐ or 6‐bromohexylacetamidomalonate and subsequent hydrolysis of the condensation products gave D,L‐2,7‐diamino‐suberic‐(2‐14C), D,L‐2,8‐diaminoazelaic‐2‐14C, and D,L‐2,8‐diaminosebacic‐(2‐14C) acids respectively.
Synthesis of ascorbic‐6‐14C acid
Authors: Karr Dale B. , Baker Eugene M. , Tolbert Bert M.
Published: October 2006

L‐ascorbic‐6‐14C acid with a specific activity of 3.25 μCi/mg was prepared from D‐glucose‐1‐14C in an overall yield of 10 %. Synthetic steps were : glucose to sorbitol, sorbose, diisopropylidene sorbose, potassium diisopropylidene 2‐ketogulonate, 2‐ketogulonic acid and ascorbic acid. In a similar manner L‐ascorbic‐5‐14C acid was prepared from D‐glucose‐2‐14C. Conversion of 2‐keto‐L‐gulonic acid to ascorbic acid was done in 0.5 M trifluoroacetic acid solution at 115°C with 2 % acetone as a decomposition inhibitor. The reaction probably proceeds via an enediol intermediate.
32P and 51Cr labelled sodium polyphosphates: Preparation and stability
Authors: Anghileri Leopoldo J.
Published: October 2006

The preparation and stability of 32P and 51Cr labelled sodium polyphosphates have been studied. The influence of the chromium concentration on the solubility of the chromium‐sodium polyphosphate indicates that its effects are more critical in the preparation of the cross‐linked variety. Both polyphosphates showed a very good stability to the storage.
A study of the stability and radiochemical purity of some radiopharmaceuticals. 2. Labelled chlormerodrin
Authors: Buriánek J. , Cífka J.
Published: October 2006

The chromatographic behaviour of chlormerodrin and its radiochemical impurities was studied in various solvents. The main product of thermal decomposition of chlormerodrin was identified as 3‐chloromercuri‐2‐hydroxypropylurea. The thermal decomposition of chlormerodrin is accelerated by the presence of theophylline and suppressed by sodium chloride. The main product of radiation decomposition of chlormerodrin is inorganic mercury. The yield of radiation decomposition was studied as a function of the concentration of chlormerodrin. The radiation decomposition of chlormerodrin is not essentially influenced by the presence of some other substances, however these substances can under certain circumstances support the formation of 3‐chloromercuri‐2‐hydroxypropylurea as the product of the radiolysis.
Synthesis of dexamethasone labeled with carbon‐14 and tritium
Authors: Mertel H. E. , Gerber A. M. , Meriwether H. T.
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of dexamethasone‐16α‐(methyl)‐14C and dexamethasone‐16β‐3H are described. Tritium labeling was achieved by catalytic addition of tritium to 3‐acetoxypregn‐16‐ene‐11,20‐dione, followed by bromination and dehydrobromination to give 3α‐acetoxy‐16‐3H‐pregn‐16‐ene‐11, 20‐dione. The stereochemistry of this sequence of reactions has been studied in detail. Carbon‐14 was introduced into the steroid nucleus by reaction of methyl‐14C‐magnesium iodide with 3α‐acetoxypregn‐16‐ene‐11,20‐dione. These tritium and carbon‐14 labeled intermediates were then carried through to the corresponding labeled dexamethasone by parallel reaction sequences.
Ethyl chlorocarbonate‐14C and its application to the synthesis of N‐methyl‐14C‐amines
Authors: Marshall F. J. , McMahon R. E.
Published: October 2006

A convenient method for the preparation of ethyl chlorocarbonate‐14C is described. This has led to a facile synthesis of N‐methyl‐14C secondary amines by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of an intermediate 14C‐carbamate. The reaction has also been employed in the preparation of N‐methyl‐2H3‐ and N‐methyl‐3 H‐amines by using lithium aluminum hydride‐2 H4and lithium aluminum hydride‐3H.