bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adversity and Advancing Nursing Knowledge
Authors: Reed Pamela G.
Published: March 2008

This column reports the theme of adversity addressed in reference to theoretical and metatheoretical considerations for advancing nursing knowledge. The development and content of three classic nursing theories are presented by Neuman representatives, and by theorists King and Roy. Topics for continued dialogue are identified as derived from the interface between philosophy of science issues and these theories.
Faces of Adversity
Authors: Schmidt Bunkers Sandra
Published: March 2008

This column introduces ideas for a nursing curriculum addressing living with adversity. The question is posed: How do we educate professional nurses to be with others in compassionate and helpful ways at times of calamitous or disastrous experiences? To answer this question the following possibilities for curriculum development are presented: (a) undergird nursing knowledge with value-laden nursing theory, (b) provide “away experiences” for both undergraduate and graduate students in nursing; (c) include theoretical literature on adversity in the curriculum; and (d) develop programs of research addressing phenomena of health experienced by those living with adversity. The column concludes with a personal story of an “away experience” by Vickie Britson.
Exploring the Concept of Listening
Authors: Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: March 2008

The discussion in this column focuses on the idea of listening in theoretical literature and research literature in philosophy, education, medicine, and nursing. A significant gap in information on listening was revealed, pointing to the need for continued examination of this important concept.
Notice Board
Authors: Looseley David
Published: March 2008

French Cultural Studies will be pleased to announce in the Notice Board forthcoming events, and a small number of recent books, involving all aspects of modern French culture. Please contact Dr D. L. Looseley, Department of French, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. e-mail: flldl@leeds.ac.uk
Communication Behaviors, Innovation, and the Maverick Leader
Authors: Ray R. Glenn , Ugbah Steve D. , Brammer Cam , DeWine Sue
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the communication and leadership behaviors of mavericks as they relate to innovation in the organization. We sought to answer the following questions: (1) Can mavericks be identified by other organizational members? (2) What impact do their communicative behaviors have on the process of innovation in the organization? (3) How do they perceive themselves in the organizational context? Since an interpretive approach to studying innovation was used, these questions served as a general framework for our investigation. Qualitative data (in-depth interviews with 32 organizational members), were collected from individuals who had been nominated by others as "organizational mavericks" and a sample of non-mavericks. Organizational mavericks were found to be more eager to communicate than non-mavericks, and less apprehensive about a variety of communication situations. It appears that skillful mavericks do not want to be identified as separate from the group and that the organization which is "loosely coupled" facilitates maverick behavior.
Examining and Confronting the Esoteric Leadership of Militia Groups in the United States
Authors: Katner Garth
Published: March 2008

This particular style of leadership is a reaction to a perceived increase in the already rapid pace of change overtaking the world today. Esoteric Leaders manipulate fears of change by claiming that they can halt, if not completely reverse the impact of such changes. They not only offer a set of simple explanations for understanding the often complex nature of societal change but they also aggressively pursue the re-establishment of a cultural "Golden Age" that in most cases never existed. Such leaders and their followers frequently advocate the use of violence against those diverse individuals, groups, and institutions which they perceive are responsible for extreme societal change or benefit from its impact.
The Local Government Manager as a Transformational Leader
Authors: Abels Michael
Published: March 2008

Local government managers fnd their organizations in an era of unparalleled political chaos. Accentuating this environment, an extremely angry public is the catalyst for the take over of policy making by radical minorities, and is precipitating the election of representatives who believe they must embrace a political philosophy oriented to satisfying the platform of single issue negative minorities.

This vacuum of political leadership requires a new generation of managers. To counteract political negativity mangers must become transformational leaders. Transformational leadership will require that managers mobilize proactive citizen groups to perform legislative intervention with the policy making body.
Ethics and Critical Thinking in Leadership Education
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B.
Published: March 2008

If you want to teach students to be ethical and socially responsible, you have to develop their moral imaginations, critical thinking skills and evoke their emotions or passion to act on what is morally right. Moral learning must reach the body, the head, and the heart. Punishment and rewards act on the body to behaviorally reinforce lessons about right and wrong. Teachers educate the head by giving students information about the world that is necessary for ethical decision making. Educating the heart is perhaps the most difficult and ignored part of teaching ethics, because it is about cultivating the emotions and feelings necessary for morality, and the will or desire to be moral. In this paper I focus on educating the head and the heart. I argue that critical thinking skills are crucial to ethics education and that the point of ethics courses should be to develop moral sentiment, will and imagination. My comments will specifically address the relevancy of these areas to leadership studies, but what I have to say applies in general to the liberal arts.
Leaders, Followers, and the Visioning Process
Authors: Marcus Laurence R. , Smith Richard R.
Published: March 2008

One of the most often cited leadership competencies is the ability to inspire an organizational vision. However, numerous authorities on the topic caution that the vision cannot be the personal construct of the leader. They contend that major stakeholders should be involved in the development of a shared vision that will inspire commitment to organizational goals.

This study examines the results of an effort to use a participative model in the visioning process at a publicly supported comprehensive university.
Transformation and Teacher Empowerment
Authors: Moore Rock
Published: March 2008

This article examines the relationship between educational reform in public schools and the classroom teacher. No one view can address the complex nature of school success or failure. Previous reform attempts have been conducted on curriculum, pre-service teaching, and various teaching strategies. In contrast, this construct advocates the empowerment of teachers because transformation will only take place when teachers are empowered to authentically create, monitor, and assess needed change in their individual school site and classrooms.
The Emergence of Leadership Studies: Linking the Traditional Outcomes of Liberal Education with Leadership Development
Authors: Brungardt Curtis L. , Gould Lawrence V. , Moore Rock , Potts Joe
Published: March 2008

Traditional liberal education essentially involves a "just-in-case" learning approach, exposing students to content they might need in the future. The authors argue that while liberal arts education is indeed a needed preparation for leadership education, the traditional approach to liberal learning is insufficient. To foster the learning outcomes intended by leadership educators, students must encounter a liberal learning "dynamic" in which they are active participants in situations that actually engage the content of liberal and leadership education. The Leadership Studies Program at Fort Hays State University is outlined and presented as an example of program design based on this conceptual foundation.
The Incompetent CEO
Authors: Toney Frank , Brown Sandford
Published: March 2008

People become CEOs through a variety of reasons; many of which have little to do with competence in achieving organizational goals. Most CEOs are above average in intelligence, and conscientious in trying to do a good job. Yet, many could be stronger in the areas of governance, analytical skills, and ability to predict impending changes. Some come to the CEO job with psychological flaws or character weaknesses which can undermine their competence. One CEO's honesty may be subject to compromise, while another may focus on personal success to the detriment of organizational goals. All of these components of CEO character and competence are tested by the ego-stroking which a chief executive can expect to receive from subordinates, from associates, from the media, and even the general public. White most CEOs can put obvious flattery in perspective, it is difficult not to fall into the ego trap. Feedback tends to be positive in nature, supportive of the CEO's signaled preconceptions, and addictively complimentary. Personality and character flaws are accepted, reinforced, and copied. Some CEOs begin believing that they are the major force driving the company's success and become susceptible to making bad decisions. They may become personally committed to losing ventures, take on high-risk projects or endeavors that are too large for the organization, and use excessive leverage. The end result of their flawed judgment can range from depressed earnings to the collapse of the company.
Cognitive Differentiation and Organizational Influence Tactics: Findings and Implications for Leaders as Agents of Influence
Authors: Crawford C.B. , Strohkirch C. Sue
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the relationships between cognitive differentiation and three different methods of influence. A brief summary of cognitive differentiation examined the historical formulation, the organizational applications, and the measures and methods involved. Similarly, a review of organizational influence summarizes the important of influence as well as the organizational and leadership applications of influence. Subjects (N=238) completed copies of the Role Category Questionnaire and the Assessment of Influence Behaviors. Findings suggest that people more cognitively differentiated used more charismatic and team influence, but no more reward/punishment/manipulation influence than did less differentiated subjects. Specific conclusions and implications for leadership addressed.
Corporate Entrepreneurial Leadership for the 21st Century
Authors: Kuratko Donald F. , Hornsby Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2008

While numerous authors have advanced the notion of "visionary leadership" during the last twenty years, the concept of "entrepreneurial leadership" has emerged as the critical factor for the 21st century corporation. This article describes the focus and strategy behind corporate entrepreneurship while presenting a framework for professionals to understand the importance of implementing entrepreneurial leadership in these organizations. The organizational dimensions and the specific elements involved with corporate entrepreneurship set the stage for understanding the interactive process of individuals and organizations. It is this understanding that will focus professionals on the leadership of tomorrow-entrepreneurial leadership.
The Influence of Top Management Team Leadership on Corporate Refocusing: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Krishnan Hema A. , Park Daewoo
Published: March 2008

Refocusing has become one of the major strategies pursued by large organizations in the 1990s. Prior research in the area of upper echelons (top management team) leadership has revealed that there is a strong relationship between top management team characteristics and organizational strategies and outcomes. However, researchers have confined their studies to exploring the impact of observable upper echelon characteristics, namely the demographic traits on corporate strategies and performance. In this study we integrate two main sets of upper echelon leadership characteristics, demographic and psychological traits, and build a theoretical framework to study their impact on corporate refocusing.
The Ecology of Leadership: Adapting to the Challenges of a Changing World
Authors: Allen Kathleen E. , Stelzner Stephen P. , Wielkiewicz Richard M.
Published: March 2008

Traditional, mechanistic models of leadership are inadequate for dealing with the serious adaptive challenges facing the modern world. The complex, dynamic systems that result when these adaptive challenges interact requires that we draw upon ecological principles to understand the role that leadership processes can play in creating a sustainable, generative future. Ignoring the systemic nature of leadership processes creates an illusion that traditional positional leaders should be the focus of leadership studies. We propose that a more useful focus is the systemic processes out of which leadership emerges. A theory of leadership derived from principles of ecology calls for a radical shift in our perspectives of leadership. It emphasizes individual responsibility, a long term perspective, developing capacities of individuals within organizations, and harmony with nature, while showing the way toward sustainability for future generations.
The Principal's Role in School Restructuring and Reform: An Examination of Self-Perceived Leadership Styles
Authors: Beyer Bonnie M. , Ruhl-Smith Connie
Published: March 2008

Research and literature has suggested that the school leader be one who empowers others, encourages creativity and flexibility, promotes collaborative planning and shared decision-making in an effort to develop trust throughout the school setting, and utilizes these qualities as a catalyst for successful school resturcturing and reform. A study of the leadership styles of school principals in the Detroit metropolitan area of Wayne County, Michigan was conducted to determine the extent to which principals are applying these recommended styles of leadership for restructurning schools to serve students in the 21 st century. The article includes an examination of responses received from school principals as they relate to leadership training and school reform issues. Recommendations for development and improvement of leadership preparation and professional development programs are presented.
Exposing and Exploring State-wide Community Leadership Training Programs
Authors: Fredricks Susan M.
Published: March 2008

According to the National Association for Community Leadership, there are 650 to 750 community leadership programs in the United States. Furthermore, these leadership programs are growing from the efforts of smaller towns and cities rather than from the state-wide or national levels. Therefore, this study's purpose was: (a) to examine current literature regarding leadership development and training programs and (b) to review state-wide community leadership training program literature. This paper includes the elements of an ideal community leadership training programs while also providing the means for practitioners to educate themselves and to develop assessment tools for similar leadership education activities.
Acordia, Inc
Authors: Kuratko Donald F. , Houk Michael D. , Hodgetts Richard M.
Published: March 2008

Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Indiana embarked on an ambitious corporate transformation in 1986. This strategic journey and the leadership efforts that it took are highlighted in this case. How a huge bureaucratic organization employing 2,800 people and serving one state transformed into a diversified "family" of small companies (Acordia) that now serves 49 states, employs 7,000 people through 140 offices is depicted in this case study. It was an entrepreneurial vision transformed through powerful leadership into entrepreneurial action.
Frequencies of Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Among Military Leaders
Authors: Lea Williams Dianna
Published: March 2008

Psychological type distributions of military leaders at various levels show interesting patterns. Military leaders have yet to fully begin to appreciate the psychological type contributions the staff brings to workforce resources. Human resource, a compilation of the workforce's value and worth, is a capital investment and should be recognized in the motif of human development and management. This sample of 193 military members, in a two-year study found support for highly dynamic contributions between extraversion and introversion, sensing and intuition, thinking and feeling, and judging and perceiving preferences among male and female managers. Military executives differ in their psychological preferences and a study such as this one heightens the future expectations of psychological type.
Charismatic Leadership: The Hidden Controversy
Authors: Gibson Jane Whitney , Hannon John C. , Blackwell Charles W.
Published: March 2008

This article looks at three controversial topics related to charismatic leadership: (1) Is charismatic leadership always a good thing? (2) Are we doomed by nature to be either charismatic or not? (3) Is charisma always an ethical constuct? The literature plus a survey of faculty and graduate students at two universities are used to provide tentative answers to these questions. Conclusions include: (1) There is no proof that charismatic leadership is always a good thing or that world-class companies must have charismatic leaders; (2) The nature/nurture controversy is still an open question; and (3) Charisma can be used in an ethical or unethical manner depending on the leader's intent and the amount of ego involved.
Understanding The Charismatic Leader-Follower Relationship: Promises and Perils
Authors: Dumas Colette , Sankowsky Dan
Published: March 2008

The authors propose a framework for analyzing the dynamics of the leader-follower relationship in a mentoring context. To illustrate their framework, they use personal disclosure and personal case analysis. This framework addresses a power imbalance that can characterize the charismatic leader-follower relatonship, affecting motivational assessment, resource allocation and evaluation processes. The authors conclude with guidelines for follower self empowerment and leader preventive maintenanace to help avoid such power imbalances in the future.

Perhaps there needs to be a label announcing that "having a charismatic mentor may be hazardous to your mental health." While there is great appeal in working with someone of charisma, subtle forces at work within the relationship may undermine the follower's sense of self. In this article, we present a framework for analyzing the dynamics of the leader-follower relationship in a mentoring context. This framework addresses a power imbalance that can characterize the charismatic leader-follower relationship, and which affects motivational assessment, resource allocation, and evaluation processes. Following along a newly established path of scholarly disclosure (Neck, Godwin & Spence, 1996; Sankowsky, 1997; Gould, 1989), the authors will illustrate this framework using examples from their experiences with charismatic mentors.
Academic Health Care: Leadership in Time of Change
Authors: Froeschle Mary Lynn , Donahue Patrick M.
Published: March 2008

Health care today is between paradigms. This state of fluctuation places extraordinary challenges on leaders of academic health care facilities. New leadership skills are needed to overcome this dilemma. Communicating a vision and persuading others to work toward this ideal is the responsibility of an effective leader. Prevailing over adversities unique to academic medical centers requires strong leadership and stakeholder support.
New Leadership: The Directory Assistance Project
Authors: Terrell Ken
Published: March 2008

Precise Telecommunications has an opportunity to develop an operator services offering which will position it as a leading provider of Directory Assistance with Call Completion (DACC) information services. The strategic plan is to build this market leadership in stages by first improving the scope and/or quality of directory listings including call completion. In addition, Precise Telecommunications would continue to build its position of market strength by pursuing other wireless services and enhancements. This product will bring Precise a leading position in the marketplace in terms of quality and service.
Some aspects about food, genes, and legislation Algunos aspectos relacionados con los alimentos, genes y legislacion
Authors: Calvol M.D. , Peris J. , Ramón D.
Published: March 2008

During the last few years, several novel foods produced by genetic engineering techniques have appeared on the market raising various social and ethical problems. Questions related to the safety, legislation and labelling of these novel foods and also the attitude of the consumer against them are discussed here.
Influencia de las condiciones de elaboración sobre la proteolisis durante la maduración del jamón ibérico Influence of the processing conditions of Iberian ham on proteolysis during ripening
Authors: Martín L. , Antequera T. , Ruiz J. , Cava R. , Tejeda J.F. , Córdoba J.J.
Published: March 2008

Non-protein nitrogen and its fractions (peptides, amino acids and volatile basic nitrogen) were determined in biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles of two homogeneous groups of Iberian dry-cured ham in different stages of maturation, and ripened in two different factories under different environmental conditions. A progressive increase in non-protein nitrogen was observed during ripening in all groups, being especially intense during the drying stage, when the temperature was the highest during maturation. During the first stages of processing, the proportion of peptides and free amino acids remained similar while free amino acids increased more markedly from the drying stage, representing the largest fraction at the end of the process. Volatile basic nitrogen was the least abundant fraction of non-protein nitrogen during ripening. Hams kept at higher temperature during longer periods, and with lower salt content, produced larger amounts of all three fractions of non-protein nitrogen in fully ripened dry-cured Iberian ham.
Heat and NaOH penetration during chemical peeling of potatoes Penetración de calor e hidróxido de sodio durante el pelado químico de patatas
Authors: Garrote R.L. , Bertone R.A. , Silva E.R. , Coutaz V.R. , Avalle A.
Published: March 2008

The effect of NaOH concentration (40-200g/kg), process temperature (55-95°C) and time (1-7 min) on heat and NaOH penetration during a one stage chemical peeling of potatoes was studied using response surface methodology. The progression of starch gelatinization within potato was followed microscopically on potato tissue histologically prepared and coloured by the PAS method, meanwhile NaOH penetration was read on tissue coloured with phenolphthalein using a magnifying glass. The statistical models developed were adequate for heat ring penetration thickness and tangent of NaOH penetration thickness, and showed no significant lack of fit. The effect of independent variables on NaOH penetration and heat ring characteristics are analysed, estimating process conditions that determine equal NaOH and heat ring penetration thickness. Adequacy of the model equations obtained were tested and no statistical differences were found between predicted and experimental results. Analysis was also performed using time-temperature simulation to determine potato starch gelatinization temperature at maximum heat ring penetration thickness; a value of 57.16 ± 1.95°C was obtained (p < 0.01).
Sport tourism: Joint marketing — A starting point for beneficial synergies
Authors: Standeven Joy
Published: March 2008

This paper argues that the joint marketing of sport touristic experiences is needed to enable aspirant sport tourists to access the increasingly wide range of opportunities and to engage the beneficial synergies the sport tourism relation promises. Recognised as a growing sector of the vacation tourism market, the symbiosis between sport and tourism is increasing. Yet sport tourism remains a special interest sector that attracts only a minority of the overall vacation market. The distinctive characteristics of sport tourism define the reasons and the scope for new marketing actions. The author identifies a range of tasks amenable to joint marketing initiatives in order for sport tourism to deliver its full tourism potential.
Health spa development in the US: A burgeoning component of sport tourism
Authors: Spivack Sheryl Elliott
Published: March 2008

Health spa tourism development in the US has shown rapid growth during the past two decades. Much of the development has been stimulated by a growing consumer interest for products that contribute to notions of fitness and wellness, including the type of vacations purchased. A demand-side model is presented for analysing the fit of health tourism to overall tourism, and in particular sport tourism. A supply-side model presents health tourism development in two branches: traditional medical institutions and health spas. A qualitative assessment of spa evolvement in the US is presented for the purpose of determining the implications this type of development may have for other countries desiring to diversify their own tourism product. Based on a review of guidebooks, interviews with spa owners and mallagers and inspections of the services and facilities of various types of spa segments, the article concludes that health tourism development may have many beneficial consequences, both economic and environmental, for a destination. The article points to a need for more quantitative research in terms of the number of people travelling for health reasons as well as the performances of different spa segments in order better to assess the future impact of this burgeoning tourism sector.
An analysis of travel behaviour and event-induced expenditures among American collegiate championship patron groups
Authors: Irwin Richard L. , Sandler Matthew A.
Published: March 2008

The topic of economic impact has been frequently explored by scholars and practitioners alike. Generally, the thrust of these investigations has been directed toward the magnitude of expenditures made by visitors to the host community as well as methodological critiques. Disappointingly, an assessment of visiting event patrou expenditure behaviours based on participating team affiliation type has been omitted from these analyses. Furthermore, limited research at best has been conducted on the travel planning behaviour of team-oriented sporting event patrons as well as its impact on the event-induced expenditures of the traveller. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of this paper was to explore vacation planning and subsequent event-induced expenditure behaviour patterns of team-affiliated patron sub-groups. An analysis incorporating 1,646 visiting event patrons was conducted at ten American collegiate national championships over the course of a six-mouth period. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures identified several significant statistical differences existing among expenditure behaviours of the team-affiliated event patron groups under investigation yielding valuable information for event managers and communities hosting team-oriented sporting events.
Latex Backcoatings for Automotive Interior Trim
Authors: Devry William E. , Quint Jack M.
Published: March 2008

Acrylic latex polymers which are widely used as backcoatings for fabrics dielectrically heat sealed in automotive interior trim constructions can cause arcing on nylon-containing fabrics during heat sealing. Arcing causes fabric charring. Most nylon fabrics, because of their polar and hydroscopic nature, are prone to arcing. A latex backcoating can aggravage this problem further. This talk discusses several new acrylic latexes developed for arc resistant backcoatings for nylon fabric, presenting comparative dielec tric heat sealing data on several nylon-containing fabrics. The role of the nonwoven plumper pad adhesive (usually a preplasticized PVC latex) used in the interior trim construc tions is also discussed.
The Effect of Backcoatings and Dyes On the Toxicity of Gases From Cotton and Nylon Fabrics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2008

Differences in the relative toxicity of the gases evolved from the thermal decomposition in air of cotton and nylon fabrics without and with backcoatings and without and with dyes were determined. There appeared to be no significant effect of backcoating on the toxicity of gases from cotton fabrics, nor of dye on the toxicity of gases from nylon fabrics. Increased backcoating may increase the toxicity of gases from nylon fabrics, and Direct Yellow 4 and Direct Red 28 dyes appeared to reduce the toxicity of gases from cotton fabrics under these particular test conditions.
Styrene-Butadiene Latexes in Adhesives
Authors: Hutchinson B.J.
Published: March 2008

Economic, regulatory and safety considerations have led to an increased emphasis on water-based systems in the adhesives industry. Significant contenders for growth in the use of water-based polymers are a range of styrene-butadiene latexes which give an optimum balance of cost and perfor mance in a wide range of applications. These latexes offer compounding flexibility and are capable of accommodating extensive modification with tackifying resins. Styrene- butadiene latexes are dominant in construction adhesives and are increasingly being used in such high performance applica tions as pressure sensitive adhesives.
Fire Resistant Cotton Blends Without Fire Retardant Finish
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Summers Teresa A.
Published: March 2008

Cotton, a modacrylic (SEF), and polyester fibers were ground, blended, and made into pads weighing the equivalent of 4.8 oz. per square yard. The pads were treated with a durable press resin (DMDHEU), Sb2O3 or a combination of the two. The purpose was to develop technology for producing fire resistant durable press cotton blend textiles without the use of fire retardant chemical finishes. The pads were analyzed with and without the finishes for ease of ignition, rate of burning in the horizontal position, and Oxygen Index (01).

Cotton and cotton/PE blends easily ignited, readily burned and ex hibited low Ols. The presence of SEF had a highly significant effect on all of the fire resistant test results. DMDHEU, Sb2O3 or DMDHEU plus Sb2O3 increased fire resistance of cotton and all blends. Considerable fire resistance, as measured by ignition, rate of burning, and 01 was obtained by application of the durable press resin to cotton/SEF and cotton/SEF/PE blands.
Non Woven Substrates for Coating
Authors: Upton George V.
Published: March 2008

The market for non-woven substrates for coating has grown to be a large and complex industry. Of the various non-woven materials available for use, the largest volume is produced by needle punching. This method offers the widest range of variables for consideration by the fabric engineer and user.

In the selection of fiber from which the non-woven fabric will be needled there are a range of variables to be considered. The first is the polymer to be used, with polyester and polypropylene being the two principle products for coating substrates. The staple fibers are available in deniers from 1 to 110, and lengths from 1 ½ "to 7½ ". The fibers can be of various cross sections, receive various lubricant and anti stat coatings, and be crimped in a variety of configurations to aid in anchoring into the fabric.

Once all the decisions on fiber are made, the process of needling the fiber to make fabric can begin. The bales are unbundled, the fibers are carded to align and orient, crosslapped to build up the thickness, and needled under precise control with specific needle selection to pro duce the desired finished fabric.

Several examples illustrate how the proper selection and control of fiber and process can provide coaters with exactly the substrate needed for specific applications. Extensive taxi and police car trials in Baltimore and Chicago proved the superiority of non-woven over knit goods, and led to the use over the past 10 years of non-wovens in General Motor cars. Styling changes demanded fabrics of entirely dif ferent character which was achieved using needle punched fabric by a dramatic change in variable selection. Many problems in the attach ment and use life of auto vinyl roofs were solved with a foam non- woven combination incorporating various inhibitors in the fabric preparation before vinyl coating.

Other examples from golf bags to pond liners illustrate the benefits of non-wovens as coating substrates.
Technology, Uses, Comparisons, Trouble Shooting
Authors: Eighmy G.W.
Published: March 2008

Classic and Recent Calender Technology, function, usage, limitations, deficiencies and corrections are discussed.
Research on Polymers as Sizing Agents—Laboratory to Loom
Authors: Moreau Jerry P.
Published: March 2008

Earlier research on the development of durable polymeric sizing agents for room temperature application to cotton yarns has been expanded to full warp slashing and weaving evaluation. Weaving of yarns treated with high concentra tions of a low-temperature-cure polyacrylate, with a glass transition temperature of 0°C, were unsuccessful. Trials using a similar polyacrylate with Tg, 33°C and/or a polyurethane with film forming temperature of 28°C have been much more en couraging. Film properties of various formulations have been described and treated yams have been evaluated for breaking strength, elongation, and abrasion resistance.
High Performance Coated Fabric Structural Materials
Authors: Sallis R.
Published: March 2008

The manufacture, properties, fabrication techniques, and applications of a range of coated fabrics, intended for use as permanent building materials, are discussed. The materials are constructed from woven glass fabrics coated with filled fluorocarbon polymers. Particular reference is made to the unique combina tion of properties which can be achieved with these materials. Complex shapes can be fabricated and an indication of the types of structures in which these fabrics have already been used, is given.
The Degradative Effect of Boiling Water on Polyester Fibres in a PVC-Coated Fabric
Authors: Ansell M.P.
Published: March 2008

Polyester-fibre fabrics coated with PVC (poly(vinyl chloride)) are commonly used as architectural tension-structure membranes, but they have a limited lifetime of approximately ten years. Fibre and coating embrittlement occurs, par ticularly in hot, moist environments. In order to elucidate fibre-breakdown pro cesses, coated-fabric samples were subjected to accelerated weathering by boiling in distilled water. Tensile stress-strain characteristics show a progressive embrittle ment of the polyester (poly(ethylene terephthalate)) fibres and coating, confirmed by electron micrographs of fracture morphology. A characteristic "stake-and- socket" fracture is observed after five weeks' exposure, which is marked by the ap pearance of two endothermic DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) peaks. It is proposed that boiling initially increases the crystallinity and brittleness of the polyester fibres before hydrolysis/oxidation leads to disruption of the polyester molecules and a reduction in their crystallinity.
Woven Fabrics for Coating and Laminating
Authors: Smith William C.
Published: March 2008

Woven fabrics continue to dominate as coating and laminating substrates, offering great flexibility and a wide variety of properties. This paper reviews the development and contribution of various fibers, particularly polyester and nylon; the role of different yarn types: the affect and attributes of various weaves; and the role of new weaving equipment. Even greater use of polyester, the emergence of polypropylene as a substrate fiber, and greater use of textured yarns are presented as trends. The point is stressed that if we are to survive and prosper in the face of imports, we must be innovative, creative leaders, not followers.
Mechanical Parameters Influencing Coating Adhesion of Fabrics
Authors: Haddad Roger H. , Black J. Duncan
Published: March 2008

Mechanical adhesion parameters are vital in many coating applications. A test proce dure is outlined to check this type of adhesion, expressed as peel strength. The peel and tensile (breaking) strengths of two series of fabrics made with different yarns, and the possible effect of shrinkage of false twist textured yarns on peel adhesion, are reviewed and discussed.
Thermally Active Fabrics Containing Polyethylene Glycols
Authors: Bruno Joseph S. , Vigo Tyrone L.
Published: March 2008

Polyethylene glycols (PEG) of low molecular weight (300-1,000) can be durably bound to cotton, cotton-polyester blends, and most commercially available fabrics (such as wool, acrylic and nylon) by a pad-dry-cure method utilizing a polyfunc tional crosslinking agent. The extent to which the PEGs react with and are bonded to the fabrics is dependent on the molecular weight of the polymer, the type and con centration of the crosslinking agent and the catalyst. The resultant fabrics release heat when the temperature drops and absorb heat when the temperature rises. The ther mal activity and the temperature at which the modified fabrics are thermally active are dependent on the molecular weight of the polyol and on the type and concentra tion of crosslinking agent and catalyst, but appear to be relatively independent of fiber type. Thermal storage and release properties were calculated and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, and were reproducible after ten heating and cooling cycles and after five machine launderings. Other textile properties such as soil release, antistatic behavior and water absorbancy appear to be beneficially affected.
Applications of Computers in Coatings Research and Development
Authors: Wu D.T.
Published: March 2008

The use of computers in coatings research and development is reviewed using suc cessful applications in our own laboratory as examples. We examine the use of com puters in recipe calculation, polymer design, polymer process development, and sol vent formulation. Benefits and limitations are reviewed, followed by a discussion of factors which in the opinion of the author contribute to successes in using computers in coatings research and development.
A Comparison of Apparatus Used to Measure Water Vapour Resistance
Authors: Dolhan Patricia A.
Published: March 2008

Various methods of determining the pemeability of textile fabrics to the passage of water vapour have been developed and described. An investigation was undertaken to compare the Canadian General Specifications Board (CGSB) Control Dish Method, the apparatus and method described by Farnworth and Dolhan (the DND Method) and two procedures from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method E96, and to determine the accuracy of the first two.
Effects of Differential Foam Application of Durable Press and Fluorochemical Finishes to Cotton Fabric
Authors: Wadsworth Larry C. , Wey Pi-Shin
Published: March 2008

In this study, the effects of differential foam application of durable press (DP) and fluorochemical (FC) finishes to cotton fabrics were investigated. Two different degrees of preparatory finishing of 100% cotton print cloth were evaluated: bleach ing only (BL), and bleaching followed by caustic mercerization and liquid ammonia treatment (BL-CM/AT). The two pretreated fabrics were finished separately by one- and two-sided foam applications at 25% wet pick-up with various levels of FC (0 75, 1.00, and 1.25%) and fixed DMDHEU resin (4.00%) add-on, and at 21% wet pick up with 1.00% FC/3.80% DMDHEU add-on. Performance properties (water and oil repellency, wrinkle recovery, and durable press appearance rating) of foam finished cotton fabrics were examined.
Crosslinked Cationic Cotton via Ethoxylated Quaternaries
Authors: Harper Robert J. , Lambert Allan H.
Published: March 2008

Ethoxylated quaternaries were found to be useful reactive additives for durable press finishing. Durable press fabrics with these quaternary grafts can be dyed subse quent to finishing, thus providing an attractive route to garment dyeable smooth drying fabrics. These glycol additives can be used as components of a finish to yield smooth drying cotton fabrics with enhanced strength retention.
SUNBEAM PROCESS™ Microporous Membranes; A High Performance Barrier for Protective Clothing
Authors: Gregor Edward C. , Tanny Gerald B. , Shchori Ehud , Kenigsberg Yitzhak
Published: March 2008

Through UV/E-Beam polymerization, microporous membranes with high per formance properties will be commercially available in the near future This paper details the technical development and physical properties of the SUNBEAM PRO- CESS™ for use as protective barriers. A particular material designated REPEL will be highhghted.
Investigation of the Effect of Water Repellent Finishes on the Mechanical Properties of Textiles Using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics
Authors: Carr Christopher M.
Published: March 2008

The KES-F system has been used to study the "handle" of a range of water repellent fabrics. Variations in the behaviour of the dry and wet mechanical proper ties of water repellent fabrics was observed. The effect of a water repellent/softener on the handle of a cotton fabric was examined and the effectiveness of the "permanent softener" to laundering evaluated.
Anomalous Diffusion in a Water Vapour Permeable, Waterproof Coating
Authors: Osczevski R.J. , Dolhan P.A.
Published: March 2008

Different test methods give widely varying values of water vapour re sistance for materials with hydrophilic coatings. An experiment was performed con firming that anomalous diffusion occurs in such materials, providing a mechanism by which to explain the various test results.
Rethinking the generation gap
Authors: Pearson Geoffrey , Shiner Michael
Published: March 2008

This article presents data from a secondary analysis of two public opinion surveys that were commissioned by the Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of Drugs Act, which reported in 2000. It is largely concerned with how young people and adults assess the harms associated with different illicit drugs. The first survey indicates that children aged 11 years see all illicit drugs as equally harmful, but as they grow into their teenage years they come to distinguish cannabis from the rest. The second survey canvassed the opinions of adults aged 16—59 years, and finds fundamental agreement between adults of all ages that cannabis is the least harmful of drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of these findings for policy and for sociological understanding of the place and meaning of illicit drugs in modern Britain.
Policing, securitization and democratization in Europe
Authors: Loader Ian
Published: March 2008

We have witnessed over recent decades the extension across Europe of an enhanced policing capacity—one comprising a complex, ever-shifting mix of informal professional networks, inter-governmental co-operation, and nascent supranational institutions (notably Europol). These developments have been accompanied— and justified—by a set of public narratives that highlight the threat posed by various `criminal' and `alien' Others (migrants, drug traffickers, organized crime syndicates and so forth) to Europe, its borders and its citizens. How though can we best account for these developments and assess their likely trajectories? What do they signify about the kind of political order that is being constructed within the European Union? Is Europe today being governed through security and, if so, with what effects? In taking up these questions this article has two aims. First, to develop a heuristic framework that can help us make better sociological sense of both the meanings and interests that are competing to shape the field of European policing, and the processes of securitization that presently dominate it. Second, to consider the problems of authorization and legitimation raised by the onset of thinly accountable police processes and institutions at the European level, and to offer a sketch of the issues that must be addressed, and the criteria that might orientate us, in seeking to advance—in the policing domain—a project of postnational democracy.
Women's imprisonment in England and Wales
Authors: Gelsthorpe Loraine , Morris Allison
Published: March 2008

Receptions into women's prisons have more than doubled in the last 10 years. A number of explanations have been offered for this: changes in the nature and seriousness of women's crime, moves towards dealing with male and female offenders more `equally', changes in sentencing patterns, changes in the `type' of women sentenced to imprisonment and increases in the length of women's prison sentences. This article shows that, in the main, these explanations are inadequate. It also identifies the paradox which exists between this increasing penality and women's pathways into crime. Women who commit crime, including women in prison, tend not to commit serious crime, and continue to be drawn from those who experience economic and social deprivation. The Government recognizes this disjuncture to a degree (especially through the activities of its Social Exclusion Unit) but this article argues that more radical shifts in sentencing policy and practice are required to stem the increasingly rapid flow of women being sent to prison.
Prisoner-on-prisoner violence
Authors: Kury Helmut , Smartt Ursula
Published: March 2008

This article will discuss new findings relating to prisoner-on-prisoner violence from Germany. The juxtaposition of victim and victimizer, deeply embedded in the prisonization culture, will be given careful consideration. It will be argued that victimology has largely concentrated on `conventional crime', which, in turn, has created and generated certain limitations regarding the concepts of `good' and `evil' and `acceptable' and `non-acceptable' victims. While there are a number of studies concentrating on prison violence per se, research of this kind has been limited in Germany, particularly studies that focus on young offender institutions. Previously under-researched fear of victimization among prisoners will also be discussed, supported by results from a study at the North German Young Offender Institution Hamlin ( Jugendanstalt Hameln). This article will focus, inter alia, on non-consensual sexual assaults, which remains a taboo subject in prison managerial cultures.
Countering crime and corruption
Authors: Kenney Dennis Jay , Godson Roy
Published: March 2008

The Border Project was a 36-lesson course developed by Mexican and US teachers to build support for a culture of lawfulness and further the rule of law. The conclusion of the project's evaluation was, simply put, that the students learned the lessons taught. While the impact on their attitudes and behaviors was more mixed, participation did appear to strengthen overall belief in rules among some groups of San Diego students and the sense of interpersonal competency among students in Tijuana. These positive findings were reinforced by an increased awareness among students in both settings of the importance of self-esteem in resisting bad behavior, the difficulties encountered in rejecting criminal associations and the gradual erosion that often leads individuals into crime and corruption. In addition, the legal reasoning skills of Tijuana students appeared to have been enhanced as a result of their participation in the project. Self-reported behavior, however, was unchanged.