bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duck production in India-A review
Authors: NAIK P K , SWAIN B K , BEURA C K
Published: August 2022

In India, the contribution of ducks for egg and meat production is next to chicken. There are many advantagesof duck production over chicken. The important available ducks in the country are few exotic breeds and locallyavailable indigenous ducks. Ducks can be reared under intensive, semi-intensive and extensive rearing system.However, in India, ducks are mostly reared in small flock size as subsidiary source of income. The major duck basedintegrated farming system are duck-fish, duck-rice and duck-rice-fish integrated farming system. Feed is the majorfactor in livestock and poultry production system as it accounts about 70-75% of the total cost of production. Tominimize the cost of production, many locally available alternate or unconventional feed ingredients, viz. azolla,cassava, broken rice are used for feeding of ducks. The constraints of duck farming are mainly the unavailability ofsuitable germplasm, scarcity in natural feed resources, drying of natural water bodies, difficulty in the availabilityof vaccines, poor marketing facilities, etc. In India, there is ample scope for duck production to meet egg and meatdemand of the country. Suitable duck breeds or varieties need to be developed for rural backyard duck farming.Comprehensive feeding packages along with scientific management practices for different types of ducks should beformulated for economic production of duck eggs and meat. There is a need for establishment of hatcheries and other infrastructures in rural areas to promote duck farming for sustainable livelihood of the people.
Asthenozoospermic stallions tend to have high acrosome reacted spermatozoa as evidenced by dual fluorescent staining assay
Authors: RAVAL KATHAN , PAUL NILENDU , NAG PRADEEP , K ELANGO , PAL YASH , R A LEGHA , TALLURI T R , KUMARESAN ARUMUGAM
Published: August 2022

Acrosome intactness of spermatozoa is the critical factor for establishing sperm reservoir in oviduct and for fertilizing an oocyte. However, frozen thawed spermatozoa tend to show higher proportion of acrosome reacted spermatozoa thereby compromising the fertility. Conventional staining techniques identify only sperm acrosome integrity and not precisely the acrosome reaction status. In this context, the current study was conducted to assess the acrosome status of cryopreserved spermatozoa using Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated peanut agglutinin and propidium iodide (FITC-PNA+PI) in stallions with varying sperm motility. Stallions were classified into high- (≥45%) and low-motile group (≤30%) based on their post-thaw sperm motility. The proportion of live acrosome intact (LAI) spermatozoa was significantly higher in high-motile group as compared to low-motile group. A significant positive correlation was observed between LAI and post-thaw sperm motility. In conclusion, the present study showed that FITC-PNA+PI combination could be used for rapid and accurate assessment of acrosome reaction status of stallion spermatozoa, and the proportion of LAI population in cryopreserved stallion semen had a strong correlation with sperm motility.
Machine learning algorithms for predicting peak yield in buffaloes using linear traits
Authors: SUNESH  , BALHARA A K , DAHIYA N K , HIMANSHU  , SINGH RISHI PAL , RUHIL A P
Published: August 2022

Various studies have proved that linear traits have strong relationship with milk productivity but no such models are available for selection of animals based on linear traits. The present study conducted during 2020-22, is an attempt to develop an intelligent model using machine learning algorithms to predict peak milk yield based on its linear traits for selection of best dairy animals. A dataset on 14 linear traits of 259 buffalos across 5 lactations with peak milk yield was created and used for developing models. Data was collected from the buffalos having 8 to 26 kg peak milk yield maintained at Animal Farm Section, Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar and also from private farms maintained by farmers. Predictive models were developed using various machine learning algorithms (artificial neural network, support vector regression and random forest) along with multi-linear regression executed on WEKA machine learning platform. Performance of these models was evaluated using evaluation metrics root mean squared error (RMSE). Results revealed that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model performed best with minimum RMSE 2.0308. Rear udder height and Lactation number emerged as the two most important attributes affecting the peak milk yield. Such model will be useful and handy for the stakeholders in selection of best dairy animals based on linear traits in absence of authentic record of peak milk yield.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA FERTILIZACIÓN EN RESPUESTAS MORFO AGRONÓMICAS DE VARIEDADES DE Cenchrus purpureus EN DIFERENTES EDADES DE REBROTE
Authors: Reyes-Pérez Juan José , Méndez-Martínez Yuniel , Luna-Murillo Ricardo Augusto , Espinosa-Coronel Ana Lucía , Triviño-Bravo Josselin Lisseth , Guzmán-Acurio Jenny Alexandra , Ledea-Rodríguez José Leonardo
Published: August 2022

Background: It was noted in 2012 that the Cenchrus genus absorbed the Pennisetum genus, within which grass varieties that accumulate a large amount of standing dry matter (DM) are currently included, which is favored by the rainfall regime and assistance with fertilizers. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different fertilization variants (NPK, ferti-forage and without fertilization (control)) on the agronomic morpho response in varieties of Cenchrus purpureus (King grass verde, Elefante, Morado, Maralfalfa and Cuba CT-115) in different regrowth ages (45 and 60 days) in the conditions of the Santo Domingo Canton, Ecuador. Methodology: A study was carried out in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement, and its interaction (5x3x2) with five replicates. Yield of green biomass (t YG ha-1), total dry matter, leaves and stems (t DM ha-1) and morphological variables were considered. Results: The interaction of the second degree affected (P≤0.001) the performance of YG in favor of the Maralfalfa variety at 60 days of regrowth with the application of complete formula (83.60 t YG ha-1), also this variety in this same age and fertilizer, provided the highest (P≤0.001) values in the total DM and stem yield (20.90 and 11.71 t DM ha-1, respectively), the highest (P≤0.001) dry leaf yield was provided by the Cuba CT-115 at 60 days with application of ferti-forage (9.49 t DM ha-1). Implications: The use of fertility provides greater accumulation of DM at the leaf level, where, under the conditions in which the study was carried out, it was the CT-115 that showed the best response to this alternative. All the varieties showed at the age of 60 days the greater accumulation of DM. Conclusion: The varieties Maralfalfa, Morado and CT-115 stood out in the productive response and morphology during growth under the combination of the factors of interest in this investigation.
INCIDENCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRAFICA DEL MANCHADO DEL CÁLIZ DE JAMAICA EN GUERRERO, MÉXICO
Authors: Noriega-Cantu David Heriberto , Garrido-Ramirez E.R. , Pereyda-Hernandez J. , Toledo-Aguilar R. , Vasquez-Ortiz R. , Alejo-Jaimes A. , Gonzalez-Mateos R.
Published: August 2022

Background: Roselle calyx spot (MCJ) causes losses of 80% of the yield of this crop. Objective: To know the geographical distribution of the leaf and calyx disease of the roselle in the producing localities and municipalities of the state of Guerrero. Methodology: The recognition area included the Costa Chica region (Ayutla de los Libres, Tecoanapa, San Marcos and Acapulco de Juárez), Costa Grande (Atoyac de Álvarez and Coyuca de Benítez) and the North region (Copalillo). The delimitation of the commercial plots considered a distance> 10 km, for a sampling in five of golds, evaluating the incidence and severity of MCJ. The information was integrated into a database of geographic information systems and the spatial pattern was analyzed. The variables were analyzed in random blocks, with five repetitions, under the procedure with proc rank and an analysis of variance proc glm, the separation of means was used by the Tukey-Kramer procedure and Spearman's linear correlation coefficients were calculated. Results: The disease has a differential geographical distribution, the highest incidence (> 75%) in calyx occurred in the municipalities of Tecoanapa and Ayutla, however, its presence in the leaves can increase the incidence in calyx in Acapulco, San Marcos, Copalillo and Coyuca de Benítez. The highest severity index was presented in Tecoanapa with 2.87, showing differences with Ayutla, Acapulco and San Marcos with 2.24, 2.06 and 1.04 respectively (p <0.05). Atoyac and Copalillo only had leaf spots and Coyuca de Benítez the disease was not detected. The Tecoanapa and Coneja genotypes had leaf and calyx spotting values of 2.85 and 2.17 respectively, with significant differences with the Criollo, Jersey and Sudan genotypes with low values of 1.59, 0.75 and 0.31 respectively (p <0.05); Jersey and Sudan showed symptoms only on leaves. The plantations at altitudes of 19-100 m had severity values with 2.38, followed by> 100 m with 2.09 and 0-18 m with 0.93 (p <0.05). The severity of the MCJ was correlated with the altitude, genotypes and producing municipalities. Implications: The disease distribution maps made it possible to identify municipalities with higher risk, genotypes and altitudes with higher and lower incidence and severity of MCJ. Conclusions: The study shows that the MCJ in Guerrero is influenced by the genotypes and altitudes of the sowing areas, which causes a diverse incidence and severity of the disease among producing municipalities.
PARÁSITOS ZOONÓTICOS Y MICROMAMÍFEROS EN LA PENÍNSULA DE YUCATÁN, MÉXICO: CONTRIBUCIONES DEL CCBA, UADY
Authors: Panti-May Jesús Alonso , Torres-Castro Marco Antonio , Hernández-Batancourt Silvia F.
Published: August 2022

Background. Micromammals are reservoirs of zoonotic parasites such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminths. Objective. To present a review of the published literature on the study of zoonotic (or potential zoonotic) parasites of micromammals in the Yucatan Peninsula (PYU), Mexico, conducted by research groups of the Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CCBA) of the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY). Main findings. Thirty-two scientific contributions published from January 2002 to May 2020 were identified. Parasites such as viruses (Flavivirus spp.), bacteria (Rickettsia spp., Leptospira spp.), protozoans (Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii) and helminths (Hymenolepis spp., Hydatigera taeniaeformis), were studied. These parasites were identified in 15 micromammal species, including rodents Mus musculus, Rattus rattus (Muridae), Heteromys gaumeri (Heteromyidae), Peromyscus yucatanicus, Sigmodon toltecus, Ototylomys phyllotis and Mesocricetus auratus (Cricetidae), Sciurus yucatanensis (Sciuridae), the marsupial Didelphis virginiana (Didelphidae), the coati Nasua narica (Procyonidae), the grison Galictis vittata (Mustelidae), and the bats Artibeus jamaicensis, Chiroderma villosum, Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae) and Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Mormoopidae). Implications. Micromammals from the PYU harbor several zoonotic parasites which represent a public health risk. Conclusion. Thirty-two studies have been published by researchers of the CCBA-UADY that have increased the knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of zoonotic parasites of micromammals in the PYU.  
CONDUCTIVIDAD ELÉCTRICA DE LA SOLUCIÓN NUTRITIVA Y SU EFECTO EN COMPUESTOS BIOACTIVOS Y RENDIMIENTO DE PIMIENTO MORRÓN (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Preciado-Rangel Pablo , Rueda-Puente Edgar Omar , Valdez-Aguilar Luis Alonso , Reyes-Pérez Juan José , Gallegos-Robles Miguel Angel , Murillo Amador Bernardo
Published: August 2022

Background. The electrical conductivity (EC) of a nutrient solution (NS) in hydroponic or soilless systems influences the yield and quality of the fruits. Objective. The aim of this research was to determine the quality and fruit yield of bell pepper in response to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution. Methodology. A completely randomized experimental design with 15 replications was used. The treatments consisted of four nutrient solutions with different electrical conductivity (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 dS m-1) based on the Steiner nutrient solution. Yield, firmness, and bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, vitamin C, lycopene, β-carotene, and the antioxidant activity) were quantified in fruits. Results. The results showed that an electrical conductivity of 2.0 dS m-1 or higher increased the bioactive compounds but decreased the yield and firmness of the fruits. Implications. The correct selection of the EC in the NS is a preponderant factor to get functional foods, with high yields and to avoid unnecessary costs in fertilization Conclusion. The high EC in the NS reduced the yield and the firmness of the fruits. From an EC of 2.0 dS m-1 in the NS, the content of vitamin C, total phenols, lycopene, total capsaicinoids, β-carotene and the antioxidant activity of pepper fruits increased.
CALIDAD BIOLÓGICA EN UN SISTEMA ACUÁTICO CON INFLUENCIA DE ACTIVIDADES MINERAS Y AGROPECUARIAS: RÍO SALITRE, BOYACÁ (COLOMBIA)
Authors: Pérez Johan Hernan , Rocha-Gil Zulma Edelmira , Pérez-Rubiano Claudia Constanza , Bernal-Figueroa Angélica Andrea
Published: August 2022

Background. The study and monitoring of water quality is commonly carried out through the characterization of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. However, the presence of point pollutants that are discharged at times when an exact record of their incidence may not be achieved, has led to the exploration of different methodologies in order to determine the quality of a body of water, one of which is the bioindication through the study of aquatic organisms. Objective. Analyze the biological quality of the Salitre river basin, Boyacá (Colombia) in areas of influence of mining and agricultural activity in the rainy season (April-May 2019) and dry season (September-October 2019). Methodology. The study was conducted by determining the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates present in three stations distributed in the upper (P1), middle (P2) and lower (P3) part of the river. Results. 3573 individuals distributed in eight orders, 28 families and 39 genera were observed, standing out in wealth and abundance: Diptera (79.54%), Ephemeroptera (9.51%) and Odonata (6.07%). Implications. The main limitation of this work was the transfer of the water samples to the laboratory for the physicochemical analysis, for the maintenance of the cold chain during all the samplings. Conclusions. Changes were registered in physicochemical and biological conditions of the system, mainly for the diversity in the three sampling points, which represents a low capacity of this system to take better and better use of nutrients and energy in areas of anthropogenic intervention, affecting self-purification of the river and the biological activities of the ecosystem.
EFECTO FISIOLÓGICO DE LA DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA Y NITRÓGENO EN PLANTAS DE GUAYABA
Authors: Rodríguez Larramendi Luis Alfredo , Salas-Marina M.A. , Hernández-Garcia V. , Campos-Saldana R.A. , Cruz-Macias W.O. , De la Cruz Morales M. , Gordillo-Curiel A. , Guevara-Hernandez F.
Published: August 2022

Background: The water deficit and the low availability of nutrients are factors that limit the growth and productivity of cultivated plants. Objective: To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water availability on growth, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic efficiency of guava plants (Psidium guajava L. var. cuban red dwarf). Methodology: A completely randomized experiment with bifactorial arrangement was designed under greenhouse conditions. Factor A was composed by two levels of nitrogen availability (N1: 1.0 g of nitrogen per plant, N0: no nitrogen application) and factor B by two levels of water availability (A400: 400 mL of water every three days and A200: 200 mL of water every three days). Results: Indicators of photosynthetic structure gain (leaves and branches per plant) were more sensitive to water and nitrogen availability from the early stages of plant development, showing the highest values in treatments with higher nitrogen supply, regardless of water availability. Stem growth was higher in the treatments with higher nitrogen and water supply at 80 ddt, similar to that observed in leaf growth and branch emission, regardless of water availability. Implications: The findings found provide new knowledge about the plasticity of cuban red dwarf guava to the conditions of water and nitrogen availability contrasting with the conditions of the experimental site. Conclusions: Guava plants respond to nitrogen and water limitations in the substrate, increasing root growth as a survival strategy in environments with scarce soil resources, while floods with higher water and nitrogen availability increase their assimilation capacity, proportionally to the chlorophyll content.
CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL Y PRESERVACIÓN DE LA AGRODIVERSIDAD. LOS CASOS DE LA TRINIDAD, EN MEXICO Y KOKONUCO, EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Vaca Pardo Laura Natalia , Reyes Hernández Humberto
Published: August 2022

Background: traditional knowledge embedded in the memory of communities and related practices gradually are disappearing. Objective: this study analyzes agents and ways of communication of traditional agroecological practices applied to agrodiversity preservation in two territories: La Trinidad, Mexico, and; Kokonuko Indigenous Reserve, Colombia. Methodology: through applying participatory methodologies and a comparative analysis of both contexts, this study was carried out. Results: knowledge and practices are communicated locally through orality and praxis at the family and community-scale; however, they are despairing. Implications: in communities studied, young people's migration threatens the preservation and daily knowledge practice. Conclusions: in both communities, women are fundamental agents in the communication of this knowledge. In Colombia, the Custodios de Semilla group promotes seed recovery, exchange, and conservation initiatives, hence the greater agrodiversity and applied practices compared to Mexico.
MORFOMETRÍA DE Fasciola hepatica COLECTADA EN HIGADOS DE DOS HOSPEDEROS DE LA ZONA CENTRAL DE TABASCO, MÉXICO
Authors: Ojeda-Robertos Nadia Florencia , Flores-Ramírez Samantha Vanesa , Rodríguez-Vivas Roger Iván , Peralta-Torres Jorge Alonso , Chay-Canul Alfonso Juventino , Martínez-Ortiz-de-Montellano Cintli , González-Garduño Roberto , Reyes-Novelo Enrique
Published: August 2022

Background. Fasciolosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease, which affects different ruminant and non-ruminant hosts from tropical and temperate regions around the world. There are reports that parasites of the genus Fasciola, particularly F. hepatica, show morphological variation according to the species of host animal in which it develops. Objective. To explore the morphometric variation of adults and eggs of F. hepatica collected in the liver of cattle and sheep in the central region of Tabasco, in the Mexican tropics. Methodology. A total of 207 adult parasites (96 from 11 cattle livers and 111 from seven sheep livers) were collected to determine their linear measurements, area, proportions of the body, suckers, and pharynx. Additionally, 384 eggs were measured (119 from sheep and 265 from cattle). Morphometric measurements were grouped by host for statistical comparisons. Results. The study found that the parasites of sheep hosts were, on average, larger than those found in bovine hosts. Preliminary findings showed that F. hepatica from bovine hosts produced, on average, more eggs than parasites from sheep hosts, even though the individuals were, on average, longer and wider than those collected from bovines. Morphometric measurements of the eggs from F. hepatica collected in the different hosts showed no differences. Implications. This type of variation could have implications on the host-parasite relationship that have an impact on animal health and parasitosis control. Conclusion. The present study shows the existence of variation in the size of F. hepatica adults and in the number of eggs they produce by naturally parasitizing two ruminant hosts in the same endemic area.
LOS ACEITES ESENCIALES EN LOS PEQUEÑOS RUMIANTES Y SU EFECTO SOBRE LA PRODUCTIVIDAD
Authors: Chávez Soto Dafne Y. , Vázquez Armijo José Fernando , Hernández Meléndez Javier , Martínez González Juan Carlos , Esparza Jiménez Sherezada , Lopez Aguirre Daniel
Published: August 2022

Background. An alternative in animal nutrition, to replace the use of synthetic additives, are essential oils, considered additives of vegetable origin. They are bioactive compounds, that have been shown to improve ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, productivity and animal welfare. Objective. To review the current knowledge on the benefits of essential oils and their active compounds on ruminal fermentation, as well as the results obtained when using them in small ruminant production. Methodology. A search for bibliographic information was carried out using key terms in publications in scientific databases on the Web and electronic journals available on the Internet. Main findings. This paper presents the main essential oils used in animal production, their chemical structure and the results obtained from their use in small ruminants. Emphasis is made on the need to know the specific mode of action of each bioactive compound of essential oils, to optimize a dose without causing adverse effects. Implications. The limited information from in vivo studies on the biokinetics of essential oils in the rumen make it necessary to evaluate the specific mode of action of each bioactive compound, the biokinetics in the animal, as well as the optimal dose. This would provide scientific basis for the prudent and planned management of essential oils as additives commonly used in the feeding of small ruminants. Conclusions. Plant-derived essential oils can be useful in improving animal health and welfare, as well as meat and milk quality, and have potential environmental benefits such as mitigating enteric methane and ammonia nitrogen.
VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE Jatropha curcas SILVESTRE EN EL NOROESTE DE MÉXICO. GENETIC VARIABILITY OF WILD Jatropha curcas IN NORTHWEST MEXICO
Authors: Araiza-Lizarde Nidia , Angulo-Escalante Miguel Ángel , Reynoso-Granados Teodoro , Cruz-Hernández Pedro , Calderón-Vázquez Carlos L. , Alcaraz-Melendez Lilia
Published: August 2022

Background: Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) or physic nut is a potential source for the production of biodiesel as well as its use in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetic and food industries. Genetic variability is of great importance for future selection of elite plants.  Objective: Analyze the genetic diversity of wild Jatropha curcas in Northwest México. Methodology: Young leaves of J. curcas were collected in three different ecotypes in Northern of Sinaloa (El Quelite, Estación Dimas and La Campana). Their diversity was analyzed with 5 primers ISSRs. Results: The ISSR analysis of 27 J. curcas accessions showed an  expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) elevated among in La Campana (He 0.7524, Ho 0.644), Estación Dimas (He 0.7092, Ho 0.5106) and El Quelite (He 0.7956, Ho 0.6660). Implications: The analysis of the genetic variability of wild Jatropha curcas from Sinaloa contributes to be the bases for possible selection of genetic material. Conclusions: The ISSR analysis showed that there is genetic diversity in the wild germplasm of the different regions of Sinaloa, this is important in the selection of plants and the establishment of potential crops for the production of biodiesel, as well as the possibility of improving and identifying new varieties.
ACTIVIDAD ANTIFÚNGICA DE EXTRACTOS VEGETALES CONTRA Erysiphe necator EN EL CULTIVO DE VID EN CONDICIONES DE CAMPO EN LA REGIÓN ICA-PERÚ
Authors: Cáceres Yparraguirre Hanna , Siguas Guerrero Juan José , Sotomayor-Parian Raquel Mercedes , Soto-Cordova Martin Moisés
Published: August 2022

Background. Grape cultivation in Peru is one of the most important fruit activities, and ensuring its safety is essential to keep a successful production. Objectives. The study was focused on implementing a clean technology using plant extracts from Larrea tridentata and Reynoutria sachalinensis to control Erysiphe necator “oidium” in the Italian vine variety under field conditions. Methodology. Two treatments were carried out in parallel. The first treatment consisted in the use of two plant extracts and the second treatment in the exclusive use of chemical products. Applications in both treatments were applied once a week, from the phenological stage of flowering to the maturing and beginning of ripening of the berries. Recorded variables were incidence and severity of powdery mildew on leaves and clusters, total soluble solids, pH, acidity, and yield. Results. The treatment with the use of vegetable extracts showed an average control of the phytopathogen of 74% in the leaves and 88% in clusters. Implications. The cultivation of grapes in Ica is traditional and represents the area with the highest production in Peru, however, the production systems are monoculture with high dependence on chemical phytosanitary inputs that have economic, environmental and social effects for the sustainability of this agroecosystem. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that these two extracts have potential for use in the integrated managemed of Erysiphe necator, being environmentaly safer. To ensure its effectiveness, proper management of the plant canopy and a correct application in the field should be considered.
MILK PRODUCTION AND NITROGEN EXCRETION BY DAIRY COWS IN LATE LACTATION FED CUT PASTURES OF DIFFERENT RYEGRASS – CLOVER SPECIES IN SMALL-SCALE DAIRY SYSTEMS
Authors: Celis Alvarez Maria Danaee , Arriaga Jordán Carlos Manuel , González Ronquillo Manuel , Sainz Ramírez Aurora , Flores Calvete Gonzalo , López González Felipe
Published: August 2022

Background: Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in dairy systems, both in production costs and as an indicator of environmental impact. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effects on milk production and nitrogen excretion by dairy cows fed cut pastures either of perennial ryegrass-red clover (PRG-RCL) or annual ryegrass-white clover (ARG-WCL), complemented with ground maize straw and of commercial concentrate. Methodology: Six dairy cows were used in a double cross-over on-farm experiment with 14-day experimental periods. Milk yield and composition, live weight, body condition score, chemical composition of feeds and N content in faeces, urine, milk and blood were recorded over the last four days of each experimental period. Results: No differences were found (P > 0.05) for milk yield nor composition. Cows on ARG-WCL had a higher N intake and N balance than those on PRG-RCL (P < 0.05); also, there were higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine urea nitrogen (UUN) when cows were fed ARG-WCL than PRG-RCL (P < 0.05). Implications: This work allows us to know the amount of nitrogen excreted in milk production in small-scale dairy systems. Conclusions: It is concluded that PRG-RCL may be a feeding strategy to reduce N excretion and achieve higher efficiency in N use for small-scale dairy systems.
PEDOLOGY, A DISAPPEARING SKILL IN EASTERN AFRICA? A REVIEW
Authors: Karuma Anne Nyambura , Njuguna Joyce Wambui , Gicheru Patrick Thuku
Published: August 2022

Background. Pedology is the study of soil genesis in its natural state. One way to assess the strength and productivity of a scientific field is to measure the number of publications over time. The number of soil papers published worldwide has almost doubled in the last ten years. However, that has not been the case in Eastern Africa, where this review is conducted. The scarcity of research in pedology motivates this study. Objectives. To review and analyze trends of publications in pedology/soil survey for the last ten years in (2010 - 2019) in Eastern Africa. Methodology. A search of scientific literature using Google and Google Scholar was conducted from 2010 - 2019. The search terms used were - soil survey, soil characterization, pedological characterization, and each of the Eastern African countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Sudan). We then scrutinized the abstracts to find quantitative data on geographical locations. Additional articles were reviewed by checking through the reference lists of relevant studies in the peer-reviewed articles. Results. 56 scientific articles, 3 MSc/PhD theses reports, and 4 project reports/ proceedings were included for the full review. Out of this, 39 journal papers were identified and reviewed based on the years they were published, and the countries where they were published. Most articles were published in 2018. The data was then split into two segments, from the years 2010 - 2014 and 2015 - 2019. Between the years 2015 to 2019, a total of 36 articles were published compared to the years 2010 to 2014 where a total of 15 articles were published. This shows a slight increase in publications for the years under study. From the 56 articles, Ethiopia records the highest number of published articles from various journals having a total of 25 papers constituting 45% closely followed by Tanzania, having 27% equivalent to 15 papers. Kenya comes third in the overall ranking at 13% with 7 papers. The last three countries are Sudan, Rwanda, and Uganda with 10%, 3%, and 2% respectively. Implications. The results suggest that pedology seems to be a disappearing skill in the Eastern Africa region. Though there has been a spike in publications from 2015-2018, the current situation must be improved as there are limited publications from 2010 - 2019. Conclusion. The study shows that there have been a low number of publications in Eastern African countries. Ethiopia which has the highest number of publications shows the most promise in soil pedology publications. There is a need for an increase in pedology research which is important for agricultural production and land use planning.
COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA-NUTRICIONAL DE REBROTES DE Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone DURANTE LA ESTACIÓN LLUVIOSA
Authors: Ledea Rodríguez José Leonardo , La O-León Orestes , Verdecia-Acosta Dani , Benítez-Jiménez Diocles Guillermo , Hernandez-Montiel Luis Guillermo
Published: August 2022

Background: The rainfall regime and its distribution define the productivity and quality of the pastures for use as forage. Objective: Evaluate changes in the chemical-mineral composition and nutritional value of Cenchrus purpureus sprouts in the rainy season. Methodology: A study was developed in a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement, with varieties of C. purpureus (CT-601; 603 and 115 as control) at different regrowth ages (60, 80, 100 and 120 days) and their interaction 4 x 3, for a total of twelve treatments with four repetitions. Results: The second degree interaction affected the structural composition of the cell wall in leaves, increasing (P≤0.001) the fiber concentration in acid detergent (FAD) as the age of the plant advanced, while lignin (LAD), cellulose (Cel) and hemicellulose (Hcel) showed erratic behaviors at different ages in the three varieties (P≤0.001). In the whole plant (WP), the FAD and FND decreased (P≤0.001) as a function of the increase in age, LAD, Cel and Hcel showed the same pattern as in leaves, differing (P≤0.001) between varieties with respect to the control in the different ages. The highest in vitro degradability’s of dry matter (IDDM) and organic (IDOM) in leaves were centered at the age of 60 days in the varieties CT-603 and 115, respectively, in WP at 100 days in CT-601 and 603 (P≤0.001) compared to CT-115. Implications: The varieties CT-601 and CT-603 do not show affectations in the structure of the cell wall that affect the nutritional value with respect to the control treatment (variety CT-115). Conclusions: Varieties, depending on DR, modify the structure of the cell wall, without affecting their nutritional value.
TENDENCIAS EN LA BIOGEOQUÍMICA DEL AGUA SUBTERRÁNEA EN LA REGION AGROINDUSTRIAL DEL NORESTE DE YUCATÁN]
Authors: Cupul Caamal Felix Antonio , Smith Daniel Nathan Isaiah , Ortega Camacho Daniela , Cervantes Cocom Grisel Anahí , Cejudo Eduardo
Published: August 2022

Background: The state of Yucatan has a significant amount of groundwater, but it is vulnerable to pollution due to agro-industrial contamination given the characteristics of thin soil and calcareous rocks that allow rapid infiltration of water, making easy for dissolved substances to reach the aquifer. The agro-industrial activities in the northeast of the peninsula of Yucatán promote changes in the geochemistry of groundwater in the region. Objective: Hereby, we present the observed changes in the geochemistry of groundwater by comparing three years of groundwater measurements from the agroindustrial area of Yucatan. Methodology: We measured physicochemical parameters, nutrients and ions during three years (2017 - 2019) in 14 wells of the municipalities of Sucilá, Panabá and Tizimín (east Yucatán). Results: Our results of three years show that ammonium, sulfate, chloride and calcium had an increasing trend; whereas nitrate and phosphate show a slight decrease. The agronomic indices SAR, CROSSf and RSC were evaluated to identify risk of sodification or alkalinization of the soil for irrigation. The water-rock interaction imparts special characteristics to groundwater that should be considered for its use in irrigation. Implications. This research updates information on the quality of water for irrigation and provides useful agronomic indices for better agro-industrial practices in the northeast region of Yucatán. Conclusion: The grouping of wells did not completely respond to the spatial location; rather, it might be a combination of seasonal effects, livestock, animal feeding operations and the use of manure and fertilizers, among others. With this research, we propose to establish the groundwater monitoring of the agro-industrial region of the northeast of Yucatan in the medium (5-10 years) and long term (> 20 years).
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED PROTEASES OF THE “TIGER FLOWER” (Tigridia pavonia) L.F. DC
Authors: Piña Escutia José Luis , Norman Mondragón Thomas Héctor , Arzate Fernández Amaury Martín
Published: August 2022

Background: Tigridia pavonia is a Mexican native ornamental plant that displays great beauty and color of its flower. However, its quick senescence limits its use as cut flower, since these open in the morning and close in the afternoon of the same day exhibiting wilting of tepals. Objective: In this study flower senescence process of T. pavonia was analyzed. Methodology: The expression of several proteases during senescence of tepals, ovaries and anthers was measured by SDS-PAGE and their identification was through mass spectrometry. Results: Five proteases of apparent molecular weight of 130, 90, 65, 35 and 30 kDa were expressed during flower senescence process. The 65 kDa protease was identified as cysteine-protease and had a good homology score with early responsive to dehydration protein (ERD) besides their expression coincided with the onset of visible symptoms of tepals senescence. Implications: The preliminar sequence found belonging to ERD gen indicates that it could act as the main transcription factor integrating signaling pathways that trigger flower senescence in T. pavonia. Conclusion: Flower senescence of T. pavonia is mainly associated with the expression of cysteine-proteases. One of them is possibly associated with programmed cell death in tepals.
LAND COVERS ANALYSES DURING SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE BY USING MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY OBTAINED WITH UNATTENDED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs
Authors: Ponvert-Delisles Batista Dámaso R. , Estrada-Medina Hector , Gijón-Yescas Gonzalo N. , Álvarez-Rivera Oscar O.
Published: August 2022

Background. The Milpa is one of the traditional agricultural systems of Yucatan, Mexico; it is implemented by using the agricultural procedure called “Slash & Burn”. Quality and quantity of forest fuel (i.e. biomass) are two of the main factors related to burn severity. Burning affects soil properties related to fertility and crop production. The use of new approaches of remote sensing technologies such as Unattended Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), can allow studying the importance of fire in agriculture to improve productivity in slash & burn agricultural systems. Objective. Analyze the land covers and its influence on the severity of the agricultural burning in a "Milpa" agroecosystem with multi-spectral images acquired by UAVs. Methodology. The study site was located in the municipality of Tzucacab, Yucatan, Mexico. Two plots were selected [10-15 and 20-25 years of fallow]; land cover was characterized before and after slash & burn. Three multispectral sensors [Red, Green, Blue (RGB); Near Infrared (NIR) and; Thermal Infra-Red (TIR)] were mounted on UAVs, to obtained multispectral imagery and generate orthomosaics for later analyses. Results. With the imagery, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI] was calculated and its spectral behavior evaluated. The imagery was used to analyze the fire intensity. On RGB imagery, patterns of areas with greater dry biomass cover associated to high burn severity and, areas with green vegetation or naked soil associated to low burn severity were observed. Land covers with high fuel potential showed low NDVI index values. Implications. The analyses of the multispectral imagery taken by drones allow the quick evaluation of the land covers and the intensity of agricultural fires, with the pertinent adjustments, in the near future this could become a standard methodology to accomplish this kind of evaluations. Conclusions. This approach allowed to analyze the state of land covers to visually assess the quality of fuel and its influence on the intensity of an agricultural fire. The RGB and NIR imagery obtained by UAVs can be a good tool to predict the intensity of an agricultural fire, TIR imagery could be used to find mathematical relations between land covers and fire intensity.
KARST EN LA CIUDAD: PLANIFICACIÓN DEL ESPACIO URBANÍSTICO DE LA CIUDAD DE COZUMEL, MÉXICO
Authors: Frausto - Marti­nez Oscar , Colín Olivares Orlando , Rodríguez - Castillo Francisco
Published: August 2022

Background: The growth of the urban slick represents one of the most significant challenges to territorial planning in karst territories. This growth undermines the city's planning systems, generating irregular settlements, disarticulated human settlements, lack of services, coupled with ignorance of ecosystems, a situation that is typical of cities in the northeast of the Yucatan peninsula. The absence of a knowledge system of the physiographic characteristics of the territory has overlooked the karst characteristics of this region, adapting the buildings to a highly complex urban system. Objective: This work aims to develop a model for the recognition of karst depressions and its assessment based on the use of urban land in order to guide karst action policies in the city. Methodology: The study was carried out in the city of Cozumel, Mexico. For this, the cartographic bases were developed in order to recognize the depression units in the city, which were derived from data from seven INEGI LiDAR datasets, with a resolution of 5 m in the horizontal axis, constructing a mosaic dataset that covers the urban stain of the city. Through a management of the original LAS data, an altitude contour map (from 0 to 17 meters) was modeled with an equidistance of 0.25 cm in the vertical axis and with polygons of 25m2 of resolution; subsequently, the positive and negative level contours (depressions) were differentiated. Which were characterized and differentiated by their origin (natural or anthropogenic), type (sinkhole, uvala or polje), depth (from 0.25 to 4.5 m), land use and population density at the city block level. Results: 1,219 depressions were recognized, of which 59% are orbed and orbed to oval sinkholes with less than 1 m depth. Four sectors of the city are distinguished with medium and high housing density, high population density and high density of depressions (between 50 and 90%). Implications: The identification of the units is based on the principles of remote perception and geographic information systems, so that some spatial units will be over-estimated in their number or underestimated in their territorial context of the urban area of the city of Cozumel. Conclusions: Most of the sinkholes and uvalas are located in private and business properties (mainly nurseries, ornamental gardens and water vending), government (in the form of theme parks, within land and public parks) and in vacant lots (most are characterized by being open-air dumps) and about 30% is located in the road system. The present analysis model can be implemented in all the northern cities of Quintana Roo under an ecosystem services scheme of these karst units.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN AGRICULTURE: THE MEXICAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Rosales-Martínez Verónica , Casanova-Pérez Lorena
Published: August 2022

Background: Mexican primary sector needs a repositioning to meet the challenges associated with society's demands in the new millennium. Understanding the past is paramount to learn from mistakes and adapting more swiftly to upcoming demands. Objective: This review aimed to describe a historical overview of economic developmental models and technology transfer strategies to modernize Mexico's primary sector. Additional information on economic development and technology transfer policies from other Latin American countries provides a contextual perspective. Results: Mexican economic models as early as the XIX century provide the importance of technology transfer to the primary sector. However, they did not support scientific research as a source of innovation. From the 1950s onward, the need for scientific research to generate innovation and adaptation of new foreign technologies becomes evident in technology transfer schemes. Similar scenarios are found in several other Latin American countries. Implications: as a reaction to this need for innovation, Institutes of scientific research and extension were created in a global economic scenario dictated by the neoliberal economic model. Despite such progress, research and extension institutions have met with continued pressure from economic and political sources. Therefore, Mexican research and extension institutions need more financial support and long-term goals for improved outcomes. Conclusions: technology transfer strategies in Mexico have historically adapted to shifts in economic developmental models. There is a need for investing in scientific innovation, enhancing such investments with focused long-term goals. All these might meet the rapidly changing demands posed by the new millennium.
MORFOMETRIA DE DEPRESIONES KÁRSTICAS A ESCALA DETALLADA: EL CEDRAL, COZUMEL - MÉXICO
Authors: Frausto - Marti­nez Oscar , Rodríguez Castillo José Francisco , Colín Olivares Orlando
Published: August 2022

Background. The morphological study of the relief allows an adequate classification of the shape and structure of the karst relief developed over time. Nowadays, there is a classification of the karstic relief that differentiates the units according to the dimension of its X, Y axis, in 3 main categories: poljes, uvala and doline (compactness index). Objective. Analyze and classify the karst depressions of the area known as El Cedral, located on the island of Cozumel, Mexico, as an alternative in understanding the evolution of the insular relief of the Caribbean. Methodology. The karstic relief was analyzed from the construction of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from the construction of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data mosaic, derived from the nearest neighbor interpolation method applied to a cloud of points generated from the LAS. This model has a data resolution of 5 m for the X, Y axes, and 0.50 cm for the z axis; 45 cenotes were georeferenced from the field database and another 190 depressions were identified through remote sensing, taking as a criterion a minimum depth of 1m; in addition, the longitudinal profiles were generated by interpolating altitude data through the X axis of the depression, and the longitudinal profile was visualized and interpreted, which was drawn manually in 232 depressions. Results. Thus, a typological of the depressions is presented, based on the morphology of the profile in plan (in "V", "U" and " LI " forms), the depth and the gradient of the slopes. The main results are: The major axis oscillates from 31 to 434 m, with an average of 106 m; the maximum depth is 10.75 m and the minimum is 1.45 m, being the average 7.60 m; In the configuration, it is recognized that 56% corresponds to depressions of type V, 27% of type U and 17% to box type profiles; these last one’s present bottom in contact with the phreatic mantle and 70% with processes of permanent flooding. Implications. Geomorphological analyses of this type applied to places of low altitude contrast are scarce, many applied on a larger scale, adapting to the inputs available. The closest classification to this type of study, based on the profiles, is done in valleys, where the scale is larger and the altitude contrast is much greater. Conclusions. The distribution of these depressions is of a radial nature, which highlights the dissolution process associated with the original geological structure.
EVALUATION OF Annona muricata LEAVES AS POTENTIAL NUTRACEUTIC SUPPLEMENT IN GROWING KIDS
Authors: Fernandez-Vera J.A. , Gonzalez-Pech P.G. , Capetillo-Leal C.M. , Torres-Acosta J.F.J. , Sandoval Castro C.A.
Published: August 2022

Background. Annona muricata has been reported as a potential nutraceutical based mainly on in vitro studies. Objective. to determine potential toxicity and nutritional value of Annona muricata leaf flour using in vitro gas production (IVGP), dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD) as well as in vivo voluntary intake and apparent digestibility on Criollo kids. Methodology. In vitro trials were carried out with and without the tannin blocking agent polyethylene glycol (PEG). Kids (n=22) were fed with 0% (control, n=5), 2.5% (T2, n=6), 5% (T3, n=6) and 10% (T4, n=5) of A. muricata flour, intake and hepatic function were monitored. Results. The IVGP was lower (P<0.05) with increasing A. muricata inclusion, but without difference on the IVDMD or IVOMD (P>0.05). PEG inclusion had no effect (P>0.05). The T4 caused 100% feed refusal. Intake was 396a, 379a and 203b g DM (S.E.D. 0.038) for control, T2 and T3 respectively (P<0.05). The IVGP of A. muricata was low but not associated to the presence of condensed tannins. Implications. Due to reduced feed intake further studies are needed to identify the compound responsible of such effects. Conclusion. Although based on chemical composition and IVDMD and IVOMD A. muricata leaves can be qualified as medium quality fed, its use can only be recommended up to 2.5% diet inclusion, above such level toxicity might arise in growing goats.