bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Primary Prevention
Authors: Albee George W. , Ryan‐Finn Kimberly D.
Published: December 2011

The historical antecedents of primary prevention are found in the methods of public health, counseling, and psychotherapy. Primary prevention is defined as being proactive and is aimed predominantly at high‐risk groups not yet affected by the condition to be prevented. Its success is measured in a decline in the incidence of a condition that is compared with controls. Only through prevention can we reduce incidence, and it seems that it is the only feasible way to deal with the unbridgeable gap between the enormous number of individuals at risk for emotional disturbance and the limited availability of treatment resources.
HIV Disease: Current Concepts
Authors: Keeling Richard P.
Published: December 2011

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a chronic, progressive, immune deficiency disease, the most severe phase of which is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a newly characterized human retrovirus transmitted only by direct exposure to blood or blood derivatives, certain acts of sexual intercourse, or transfer from infected mother to fetus or infant. In this article the author reviews the most important current epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic information about HIV and HIV disease and provides a factual framework for understanding the issues created by the epidemic.
The Differentially Discriminating Properties of Alcohol Expectancies for Female and Male Drinkers
Authors: Thombs Dennis L.
Published: December 2011

Alcohol expectancies are the anticipated outcomes of consuming alcohol. In this study, a variety of alcohol expectancies were found to discriminate between problem‐ and non‐problem‐drinking college students. In addition, the author discovered that the expectancy profile that distinguished female problem drinkers from female nonproblem drinkers was relatively distinct from the profile that separated these types of drinkers among men. The alcohol expectancy with the strongest discriminating value among the women was “arousal and power,” whereas for the men it was “physical and social pleasure.” The author discusses the implications of these findings for counseling problem‐drinking women and men.
Motivational Components of Client Reactance
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas , Wallbrown Fred
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors attempted to determine the motivational personality characteristics associated with psychological reactance. A total of 251 undergraduate psychology students took the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS), the Questionnaire for Measuring Psychological Reactance (QMPR), and the Personality Research Form (PRF). Results show a personality pattern of the psychologically reactant person as defensive, aggressive, dominant, autonomous, and nonaffiliative. Implications of this pattern for resistance in counseling are discussed.
Conceptual Models in Organizational Consultation
Authors: Fuqua Dale R. , Kurpius DeWayne J.
Published: December 2011

Human organizations are potentially very complex systems operating in even more complex environments. Fundamental to the consultant's effectiveness is his or her ability to conceptualize among these complexities. Several general conceptual models that facilitate the consultant's conceptual work are reviewed. Also, fundamental to the effectiveness of consultation is the consultant's ability to empower consultees conceptually. Several principles related to achieving this objective are presented and discussed. The authors conclude with a discussion targeted to the objective of integrating conceptual models in consultation practice.
Legitimating Clinical Research in the Study of Organizational Culture
Authors: Schein Edgar H.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author argues that the traditional research paradigm used in industrial‐organizational psychology is not useful in understanding the deeper dynamics of organizations, especially those phenomena that we label as “cultural.” The use of data obtained during clinical and consulting work should be legitimated as valid research data. The clinical model is spelled out and illustrated in the study of organizational culture.
Modeling Nontraditional Career Choices: Effects of Gender and School Location on Response to a Brief Videotape
Authors: Van Buren Janis B. , Kelly Kevin R. , Hall Alex S.
Published: December 2011

Effects of an 18‐minute videotape promoting nontraditional career choices of 986 eighth‐grade and 11th‐grade girls and boys from rural and urban schools were examined. Models were women and men in occupations traditionally held by the opposite sex. Posttreatment realistic, investigative, and social interests of the treatment group who viewed the videotape were compared with a control group that received a minimal intervention. There was not a main effect for the brief videotape treatment. Boys in the treatment group expressed significantly higher social interests at posttest than did control group boys. Findings indicate that brief interventions promoting nontraditional careers have limited impact.
The National Board for Certified Counselors: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Thomas Kenneth R.
Published: December 2011

The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) was a good idea whose time has come and gone. It no longer makes sense to promote the National Certified Counselor (NCC) credential when most states now have counselor licensure. It has yet to be established that the National Counselor Examination (NCE) differentiates between good and bad counselors, nor are there any data that suggest that NCCs are any better counselors than are non NCCs. For probably most of the current 16,020 NCCs, NCC status is redundant and useless: for everyone, it is costly. If NBCC is as great as its proponents would like us to believe, how come only 8% of American Counseling Association (ACA) members are also NCCs? Included are suggestions as to how counselors could better spend the money they would save by not becoming or renewing their certification.
Racial Identity Development Among Gifted Black Students: Counseling Issues and Concerns
Authors: Ford Donna Y. , Harris J. John , Schuerger James M.
Published: December 2011

A review of the literature suggests that a paucity of information exists regarding how culture‐specific issues such as being both Black and gifted influence the psychological needs and personality development of gifted Black students. Stellar attempts, however, are currently underway to develop theories and perspectives of racial identity development among Black students. These theories and perspectives are discussed in an attempt to understand and address the psychological and social needs of gifted Black students.
Observers' Perceptions of a Counselor's Treatment of a Religious Issue
Authors: Morrow David , Worthington Everett L. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: December 2011

How a counselor treats a client's religious beliefs may affect perceptions of the counselor. Participants (N =102) of either high or low Christian commitment rated a videotaped excerpt from counseling in which a client's religious belief was either supported, ignored, or challenged. Participants' religious beliefs did not affect participants' ratings of the counselor. Results suggested, however, that most college students expect counselors to support a client's religious beliefs or attend to psychological (rather than religious) beliefs rather than challenge a client's religious beliefs.
Systemic Thinking in a Linear World: Issues in the Application of Interactional Counseling
Authors: Sexton Thomas L.
Published: December 2011

Counseling practitioners are increasingly being exposed to the theoretical ideas and clinical techniques based in systems thinking. Systemic or interactional counseling approaches are based on an alternative view of causality and symptomatic behavior. As a result, several treatment, ethical, and legal challenges await the counselor who attempts to implement these theoretical ideas. Because of these potential problems, practitioners interested in such approaches must recognize and be prepared to deal with the unique diffculties that accompany this method of counseling. Using spouse abuse as an example, the author reviews the basic components of systemic approaches, identifies the potential problems inherent in their implementation, and offers solutions for the interactional counselor.
Unemployment Effects on the Family and the Child: Interventions for Counselors
Authors: Schliebner Connie T. , Peregoy John J.
Published: December 2011

The author examines the effects of long‐term unemployment on the family, the marital relationship, and, finally, the child. The impact of financial hardship, stress, and emotional upheaval are discussed as they affect the family system. Counseling interventions are presented to assist the counselor in addressing the needs of children in these families.
Factors Affecting the Career Aspirations of Asian Americans
Authors: Leung S. Alvin , Ivey David , Suzuki Lisa
Published: December 2011

The authors compared the career considerations of a group of Asian American college students (52 men and 72 women) with a comparison group of Caucasian students (95 men and 151 women) using an Occupations List. The results revealed that Asian American students were more likely to have considered Investigative occupations and less likely to have considered Enterprising and Conventional occupations than were the Caucasian students. There were also differences in the career considerations of the two racial groups in terms of the prestige level and gender traditionality of the occupations. The implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed.
Substance Abuse Prevention and Intervention: An Expanded Perspective for Counselors
Authors: Schmidt John J.
Published: December 2011

A successful “war” on alcohol and other drug abuse must include the cooperative efforts of counselors and other helping professionals. Such cooperation begins first among the professional counselors themselves. What is required is an expanded view of the roles that counselors have in targeting this social issue and an appreciation of the many services necessary to win the war.
College Atmosphere and Eating Disorders
Authors: Kashubeck Susan , Walsh Bethany , Crowl Amy
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated whether different campus environment factors were related to eating disorder symptomatology at two distinctly different colleges. The first campus was conservative, placing an emphasis on appearance and dress, whereas the second campus was liberal, placing an emphasis on political activism and intellectual talent. As hypothesized, the two schools did not differ in regard to overall levels of eating disorders, yet different factors were associated with eating disorder symptomatology at each school. Implications for eating disorder interventions on college campuses are discussed.
Embedding Work Values in Stories
Authors: Krumboltz John D. , Blando John A. , Kim Hyesook , Reikowski David J.
Published: December 2011

A story about “A Typical Day in Your Future Worklife” was given to 1,037 high school students who were asked to rate its appeal. Differing work values had been embedded systematically to create 16 versions of the story. Higher pay and supportive supervisor feedback made a job more attractive on the average, but reactions varied by sex and ethnicity. Embedding work values in realistic occupational narratives may provide a more meaningful way of stimulating clients to explore the impact of alternative occupations on their future lives.
The Effects of Gender on Career Decision Problems in Young Adults
Authors: Larson Jeffry H. , Butler Mark , Wilson Stephan , Medora Nilufer , Allgood Scot
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated gender differences in psychological problems in the career decision making (CDM) process of young adults. Specifically, problems with decision anxiety, life‐goal awareness, luck‐fate orientation, authority orientation, and secondary gain motivation were investigated. Methodology involved administering the Career Decision Diagnostic Assessment (CDDA) instrument to 1,006 college students from four universities. Results indicated no gender differences in global levels of problems in CDM. Women reported more problems with life‐goal awareness and authority orientation than did men. Men reported more problems with secondary gain motivations than did women. The results are discussed in terms of implications for gender‐differentiated career counseling.
Setting Minimum Criterion Scores for the National Counselor Examination
Authors: Loesch Larry C. , Vacc Nicholas A.
Published: December 2011

The National Board for Certified Counselors' (NBCC) National Counselor Examination is used in the NBCC counselor certification process and in 36 states as a licensure or registry examination. An important component of its use is the determination of a minimum criterion (i.e., “passing”) score for each form. Presented in this article are descriptions of the procedures used by NBCC to set and equate minimum criterion scores for forms of its examination and discussion of the appropriateness and validity of those procedures.
Counselor Intentions: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Hamer Ronald J.
Published: December 2011

Researchers have become increasingly interested in the role of counselor intentions in the psy‐chotherapeutic process. This interest is rooted philosophically in a recognition that to understand human action, we must also understand motivation and intention. The author traces recent concepts of intentions and proposes a model that locates intentions on a continuum of counselor strategy. Techniques for measuring intentions are discussed, with an emphasis on reliability and validity problems. Published empirical studies are reviewed through 1991; a lack of findings of practical or theoretical significance are traced to methodological and design problems. Implications for practice are discussed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
Letter Therapy: A Model for Enhancing Counseling Intervention
Authors: France M. Honoré , Cadieax Jan , Allen G. Edward
Published: December 2011

Based on 15 letters between a counselor and a female client, this article outlines and discusses a unique letter therapy process, which is loosely adapted from the Morita Therapy approach to counseling. The five‐step Letter therapy approach consists of 1) opening up, 2) focusing on life themes, 3) redirecting toward strengths, 4) reinforcing actions, and 5) affirming a positive attitude toward life. Letter writing has the potential of being used by counselors either in conjunction with face‐to‐face counseling or as a separate therapeutic method.
Gender Differences in College Students' Career Maturity and Perceived Barriers in Career Development
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

Gender differences in 401 college students' career maturity were investigated. Quantitative measures included career‐mature attitudes, career decision‐making skills, and vocational congruence. Analyses revealed that female students scored significantly higher than did male students on each of the career maturity measures (p < .005). Nearly one third of the students (n = 128) were also interviewed. Qualitative analyses of the interviews revealed that the perception of barriers may serve as a motivating force in many students' career development. Findings suggest that current theories of career development may be lacking in their application to many of today's college students. Ideas for future research on the perception of barriers to career attainment are discussed.
A Process and Outcome Study Examining Career Indecision and Indecisiveness
Authors: Heppner Mary J. , Hendricks Frederica
Published: December 2011

Despite the abundance of research on undecided and indecisive students, there is a lack of literature on the actual change process of counseling these individuals. No published studies have applied advances in single‐subject methodology to career research. This study uses both process and outcome measures to investigate the counseling process with an undecided and indecisive college student to examine (a) what specific events were the most significant in each session, (b) counselor intentions in the “best” versus “worst” sessions, (c) role of the working alliance with career clients, and (d) differential counseling outcomes. Participants were two female counselors, one male undecided student, and one male indecisive student. Results (a) support previous speculation about the differential utility of interventions for undecided and indecisive clients, (b) suggest that the relationship may be important to clients in career counseling, and (c) raise questions about previously assumed intervention strategies for career clients.
Exploring University Counselors' Perceptions of Distinctions Between Gifted Black and Gifted White Students
Authors: Ford Donna Y. , Harris J. John
Published: December 2011

This study examined the perceptions of a sample of university counselors relative to social, cultural, and psychological barriers to achievement among gifted Black and gifted White students. Ninety‐three counselors at institutions of higher education throughout the nation participated in the study by responding to a mailed survey questionnaire. Comparisons were made relative to counselors' demographic variables (ethnicity, gender, multicultural training, and geographic locale). The results indicate that the university counselors sampled disagreed with or were undecided about the special dilemmas confronting gifted learners. Moreover, most counselors perceived that gifted Black and gifted White students experience social, cultural, and psychological problems in the same way. The study concludes with recommendations for university counselors working with gifted students in general and gifted Black students in particular
Freud's Psychosexual Stage Conception: A Developmental Metaphor for Counselors
Authors: Garcia John L.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the author conceptualizes the counseling process and its outcome by comparing it metaphorically to Freud's psychosexual stage conception of personality development. Specifically, he focuses on resemblances between the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of both Freud's conception and the counseling process. Suggestive of the heuristic quality of metaphorical comparisons, new meanings can be drawn from these resemblances, leading to fresh insight into the nature of the counseling relationship.
Testing Two Theoretical Explanations for the Attraction‐Enhancing Effects of Self‐Disclosure
Authors: Ellingson Kari Trexler , Galassi John P.
Published: December 2011

The study investigated the differential ability of similarity theory and social exchange theory to predict the effects of self‐disclosure in a counseling versus a friendship encounter The participants were 80 undergraduates. A 2 (counseling or friendship) × 2 (positive or negative disclosure) × 2 (relevant or irrelevant disclosure) design was used in which participants rated the videotaped self‐disclosure of an individual in an initial dyadic encounter. Unequivocal support was not obtained for either of the theories, but relationship context (counselor vs. peer) influenced the effects of disclosure as measured on counselor‐peer and relationship characteristics. A unique feature of the study was the use of the Client Reactions System (CRS) to measure participants' immediate reactions to self‐disclosure. The CRS demonstrated both relationship context and valence of disclosure (positive or negative) effects.
Psychological Separation of Older Adolescents and Young Adults From Their Parents: An Investigation of Gender Differences
Authors: Allen Sandra F. , Stoltenberg Cal D.
Published: December 2011

Gender differences were examined in 182 freshman college students who had completed a packet of questionnaires and inventories to address the impact of separation from their parents and to test the relevance of self‐in‐relation theory. Instruments administered included the Social Support Questionnaire‐Short Form (SSQ‐6); the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales‐Revised (FACES‐R); and the Separation‐Individuation Inventory. A multivariate analysis of variance performed on each instrument administered revealed significant differences between men and women on the SSQ‐6 and the FACES‐R. Differences indicated that, as expected, women reported establishing more of all kinds of support, were better satisfied with its quality, and viewed their families as more cohesive than did men. Unexpectedly, men and women viewed their families as equally socially desirable, and both men and women reported few disturbances in the separation‐individuation process.
The Cost of Client Transfer
Authors: Flowers John V. , Booraem Curtis D.
Published: December 2011

Clients undergoing transfer from one counselor to another were compared on the Generalized Contentment Scale and a DSM‐III‐R measure with clients staying with the same counselor over the same length of treatment. In three 12‐week blocks, the clients with the same counselor made the greatest progress in the first 12 weeks, making less progress in each successive block. The clients who were transferred in the middle of the second 12‐week block also made the greatest progress in the first time block, lost some of the progress in the transfer block, and made significant progress with the new counselor in the third time block, ending with no significant differences in either generalized contentment or DSM‐III‐R outcome from clients who had not been transferred.
Academic and Psychosocial Antecedents of Academic Performance for Minority and Nonminority College Football Players
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Russell Richard K.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effects of academic and psychosocial variables on the academic performance of minority and nonminority college student athletes. Analyses revealed that higher levels of competitive trait anxiety and negative life stress were associated with lower fall‐term grade point averages for certain nonminority athletes. The academic variable was weakly related to the academic performances of minority and not related to nonminority football players' performances. These findings call into question the use of standardized test scores for predicting academic performance and suggest that academic counselors may want to consider the effects of noncognitive variables in their work with student athletes.
A Proposed Alternative to the Licensing of Specialties in Counseling
Authors: Remley Theodore P.
Published: December 2011

Counseling specialties are a natural result of a complex field. Regulation of the counseling profession has been sought and accomplished in most states. Whether the public is protected best by state regulation of the practice of counseling specialties is a question facing the profession. An alternative to governmental regulation of specialties is offered.
Unified Ethical Standards: A Challenge for Professionalism
Authors: Herlihy Barbara , Remley Theodore P.
Published: December 2011

Multiple codes of ethics exist for counseling professionals. This situation creates confusion for consumers and professionals and is counterproductive to the efforts of counseling to establish itself as a true profession. This article describes the relationships among ethics documents of the American Counseling Association and its divisions, national voluntary certification boards, state licensure boards, and counseling specialties; discusses problems inherent in having multiple codes; and suggests actions that might be taken toward the establishment of a single, generally accepted code that would support the goal of becoming a unified profession.
Career Counseling Specialty: History, Development, and Prospect
Authors: Engels Dennis W. , Minor Carole W. , Sampson James P. , Splete Howard H.
Published: December 2011

This article contains an overview of the historical development of the specialized practice, preparation standards, and credentialing of career counseling. Discussion also focuses on commonalities of career counseling, general counseling, and other specialized forms of counseling, with attention to questions and implications for the future of career counseling practice and standards.
Relations Between Minuchin's Structural Family Model and Kohut's Self‐Psychology Constructs
Authors: Perosa Linda
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relations between S. Minuchin's (1974) structural family model and H. Kohut's (1971) self‐psychology constructs. A total of 164 college women completed the Structural Family Interaction Scale‐Revised (SFIS‐R), the Parental Relations Inventory (PRI), and the Goal Instability and Superiority scales from the Self‐Expression Inventory. Two factors, Proximity‐Differentiation and Generational Hierarchy‐Differentiation, accounting for 90% of the variance, emerged from an exploratory factor analysis of the SFIS‐R and PRI. The results of canonical correlation analysis, with the 2 factors included as predictor variables and the 2 scales measuring self‐expression as the dependent variables, indicated that women raised in families with strong cross‐generational alliances are likely to display narcissistic personality traits and to have difficulty setting goals. Implications for counseling are presented.
Gifted Achievers and Underachievers: A Comparison of Patterns Found in School Files
Authors: Peterson Jean Sunde , Colangelo Nicholas
Published: December 2011

Underachievement in gifted students has perplexed educators and parents for decades. Researchers are continually looking for information about the nature and patterns of gifted underachievers that will enlighten those concerned. Counselors are particularly involved, because they often are asked to provide illumination and interventions. This study demonstrates how information in the cumulative school file, accessible to the school counselor, is a rich resource for understanding the patterns of achievement and underachievement among students identified as gifted and for use in planning interventions for students at risk for underachievement. Participants were gifted students (N = 153) who were determined to be either achievers or under‐achievers, based on their grade point average at graduation. High and moderate achievers and moderate and extreme underachievers were compared on information found in the school file, such as attendance, tardiness, course selection, and onset and duration of underachievement. Results indicate that there are differences between achievers and underachievers on a number of variables found in the school files. Profiles of these groups are presented with suggestions for actions by counselors.
A Harsh and Challenging World of Work: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Jones Lawrence K.
Published: December 2011

The author presents some of the health risks and economic and job insecurities involved in working in the United States. He suggests ways for counselors to amend their practices to accommodate the changing work environment and to help clients prepare for and deal with the economic and physical realities of the job market.
A Description of Career Development Services Within Canadian Organizations
Authors: Bernes Kerry , Magnusson Kris
Published: December 2011

This study explored the scope and nature of career development services within organizations. One human resource/personnel department representative in each of the 30 largest organizations in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was interviewed. The Career Development Questionnaire provided the framework for the structured interviews. Participants outlined their conceptualizations of organizational career development, described the outcomes organizations hoped to achieve through the use of career development services, listed the services provided by their organizations, and rated the effectiveness of each service. Although the descriptions and the intended outcomes for career development services were consistent, specific services were not aligned with specific goals. This finding highlighted the need for practitioners to ensure they align services with their goals and for researchers to evaluate the effects of career development services on the basis of their specific intentions. Overall, results suggest that career development within organizations is still practiced in a part‐time and informal manner.
The Impact of More Fully Implemented Guidance Programs on the School Experiences of High School Students: A Statewide Evaluation Study
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Gysbers Norman C. , Sun Yongmin
Published: December 2011

Relationships between the statewide implementation of comprehensive guidance programs and the school experiences of high school students were explored. Data from 22,964 students attending 236 Missouri high schools were analyzed by using hierarchical linear modeling. Schools with more fully implemented model guidance programs had students who were more likely to report that (a) they had earned higher grades, (b) their education was better preparing them for their future, (c) their school made more career and college information available to them, and (d) their school had a more positive climate. Positive program effects were found after removing differences due to school enrollment size, socioeconomic status, and percentage of minority students in attendance. Results highlight the important roles school counselors play in promoting the central educational goals of their schools and support a comprehensive guidance program focus for university counseling faculty who train school counselors.
Relationship of High‐School Seniors' Perceptions of Parental Involvement and Control to Seniors' Locus of Control
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Lampe Richard E.
Published: December 2011

There are competing theories on the effects of parental involvement and control on adolescent development. Each theory holds implications for parents, adolescents, and counselors working with parents and adolescents. Using a national data set, this study sought to support or disconfirm theory and research regarding parental involvement with and control over various aspects of highschool seniors' lives. Findings support the contention that parental involvement and parental control are conditional on one another in predicting adolescents' locus of control. From high‐school seniors' perspectives, parental control with parental involvement was related to internal locus of control, whereas control without involvement was related to external locus of control.
Academic Advising: An Approach From Learning Disabilities Research
Authors: Reiff Henry B.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a program designed to improve academic performance of academically at‐risk students at a small liberal arts college. Developed from research on successful adults with learning disabilities, the program emphasizes strategic goal planning and incorporates approaches often found in support services for college students with learning disabilities. Preliminary results indicate that a relation exists between the program and increased grade point average of at‐risk students.
Twenty Years Since and Beyond: An Interview With Roger Aubrey
Authors: Briddick William C.
Published: December 2011

The author and Roger Aubrey talked about Aubrey's early professional influences and significant historical trends in the field of counseling over the 20 years since his landmark 1977 article on the history of guidance and counseling appeared in the Personnel and Guidance Journal. In addition, Aubrey addressed revisions he had made in his contributions to the field of counseling since 1977 and commented on the “search for a system” in counseling. Aubrey also offered implications for the future of the field. On June 20, 1997, Roger Aubrey passed away at his home in Nashville, Tennessee.
Understanding Families of Adults With Cancer: Combining the Clinical Course of Cancer and Stages of Family Development
Authors: Veach Theresa A. , Nicholas Donald R.
Published: December 2011

Since the 1970s, counseling professionals have recommended that cancer be regarded as an illness that affects the entire family. This article combines research on understanding the impact of cancer on the family that relates both to the clinical course of cancer and to the developmental stages of the family system. The combination of these 2 dimensions provides counselors with a template for (a) understanding the current literature regarding cancer's impact on the family, (b) helping counselors formulate intervention strategies for the families of cancer patients, and (c) recognizing future directions for research regarding the needs of family members of cancer patients.
Predicting Work Transition Outcomes for Students With Disabilities: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Fabian Ellen S. , Lent Robert W. , Willis Shari P.
Published: December 2011

This study examined predictors of postsecondary school success by analyzing a 5‐year database of 2,258 students with disabilities participating in the Marriott Foundation's “Bridges…from school to work” internship programs at 6 national sites. Discriminant analysis revealed that acceptance of a job offer was predicted by internship completion, numbers of hours worked, and days absent during the internship. Internship completion and acceptance of a job offer were predictive of follow‐up employment status. The implications of these findings for future research and practice with work‐bound students with disablilities are considered.
Reframing DSM‐IV: Positive Strategies From Developmental Counseling and Therapy
Authors: Ivey Allen E. , Ivey Mary Bradford
Published: December 2011

Professional counselors in educational and mental health settings all must deal with so‐called psychopathology. At issue is how can they work with “disorder” from a positive, developmental perspective? Developmental counseling and therapy (DCT) offers an approach to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) classification systems that enables the reframing of severe client distress as a logical response to developmental history. Included are specific suggestions for positive case management and practice. Special attention is given to the interface of multicultural issues, etiology, and treatment. The authors maintain that if professional counselors take a developmental approach to a so‐called disorder, the positive theoretical and psychoeducational integrity of the American Counseling Association can be maintained while working with the most difficult issues.
Disclosure of Trauma and Psychosomatic Health: An Interview With James W. Pennebaker
Authors: King Dennis J. , Holden Janice Miner
Published: December 2011

This interview with James W. Pennebaker explores the often serendipitous career development of his interest in the relationship between the disclosure or inhibition of traumatic experience and psychosomatic illness. His current research has moved beyond psychosomatic illness to address other aspects of physical and mental health. The importance of Pennebaker's research is reflected in the many books and articles he has written, the continuing grants he has procured, and the awards he has won. His research findings yield several important implications for the counseling process and for counseling professionals themselves.
Standards of Care: Potential Implications for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Granello Paul F. , Witmer J. Melvin
Published: December 2011

The potential implications for development of professionally defined “standards of care” treatment procedures for mental health counseling are presented. The role of xpert witnesses in malpractice cases is examined as one source from which the standards are currently derived. The influence of managed care on the current clinical practices is noted. Finally, the importance of using outcome research as the basis for developing a “best practices” concept of standards of care is discussed. The authors note difficulties and challenges involved in making a commitment to what could be the next major impetus to the mental health movement.
A Review of School Counseling Outcome Research: Implications for Practice
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Sexton Thomas L.
Published: December 2011

In this review, the authors summarize school counseling outcome research published between 1988 and 1995. Gysbers and Henderson's (1994) comprehensive developmental guidance model served as the organizing model through which the status of empirical literature regarding school counseling is examined. Results indicated that research focused more on remediation activities as compared to preventive interventions. This review found tentative support for career planning, group counseling, social skill training activities, and peer counseling. Practical implications and future research direction are drawn from these conclusions.
Patterns of Expectations About Counseling: Relations to the Five‐Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Schaub Michael , Tokar David M.
Published: December 2011

The authors sought to identify groups of students who differed in their patterns of expectations about counseling, and then to relate those groups to personality, as organized in the 5‐factor model (FFM). Results of cluster analysis of 150 female and 96 male students' responses to the Expectations About Counseling‐Brief form (EAC‐B; H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982) questionnaire revealed 5 distinct clusters. Results of discriminant analysis identified 2 FFM personality functions (A Neuroticism and Closedness and Optimism) that meaningfully discriminated among the 5 clusters. A brief interpretation is offered of each cluster that integrates information based on EAC‐B factor scores and the significant personality functions.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1997–1998
Authors: Shumate Stephen , Espina Michael R.
Published: December 2011

This report summarizes the activities of the American Counseling Association's (ACA) Ethics Committee for 1997–1998. Summary data of the complaints fled and the inquiries received are presented along with a discussion of the other activities of the committee.
Counseling Women in Midlife: An Integrative Approach to Menopause
Authors: Huffman Shirley B. , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

Menopause is a normative life transition that is experienced by virtually all women, yet remains poorly understood. The dominance of the biomedical model results in a unidimensional definition of menopause as a biological event, ignoring the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors. Counselors who use an integrative approach can not only provide accurate biomedical information but also conceptualize menopause as a normative midlife transition. The purpose of this article is to provide a foundation in biomedical issues and to consider how these independently, and in interaction with cultural and psychosocial factors, influence the experience of menopause.
Toward a Constructivist and Developmental Identity for the Counseling Profession: The Context‐Phase‐Stage‐Style Model
Authors: McAuliffe Garrett J. , Eriksen Karen P.
Published: December 2011

The constructivist and developmental metatheories offer foundations for prevention‐ and health‐oriented counseling approaches that target the whole population. In the assessment model proposed here, the counselor is directed toward 4 specific dimensions of human construction and development. They are the following: social context, life phase, constructive stage, and personality style. It is proposed that such assessment be infused into everyday counseling practice in schools, mental health settings, and colleges while also being a ground for the counselor education curriculum.
Group Psychotherapy for Women With a History of Incest: The Research Base
Authors: Marotta Sylvia A. , Asner Kimberly K.
Published: December 2011

Although group psychotherapy for women with incest histories has a long tradition as an intervention, the research base on which it rests is in an early stage of development. This integrated literature review demonstrates the wide range of adequacy of current studies. Because the studies differed considerably in methodology and reporting, they were categorized and assessed by 6 criteria (Haynes, Taylor, & Sackett, 1979): design, sample, inclusion criteria, replicability, analysis, and outcome. Twenty‐one studies met the criteria and could be rated. Most of these studies (n = 14) were descriptive or a case study in nature. Implications for both researchers and practitioners are addressed.
Needs and Preferred Style of Supervision Among Israeli School Counselors at Different Stages of Professional Development
Authors: Shechtman Zipora , Wirzberger Amira
Published: December 2011

The study aimed to identify differential needs for supervision and preferred roles and style of supervision among 202 Israeli school counselors with varied experience levels. Results of multivariate analysis of variance procedures indicated that counselors with 7 or fewer years of experience consistently expressed significantly higher needs on all but one of the items studied, compared with more experienced counselors and counselor supervisors. The counselor supervisors were also different from the more experienced counselors. By contrast, in respect of roles and style of supervision, there was more agreement across all 4 levels of experience; all counselors placed important values on the counseling, process, and personalization components, suggesting a basic need for growth‐oriented supervision.
The Wheel of Wellness Counseling for Wellness: A Holistic Model for Treatment Planning
Authors: Myers Jane E. , Sweeney Thomas J. , Witmer J. Melvin
Published: December 2011

A holistic model of wellness and prevention over the life span was presented by T. J. Sweeney and J. M. Witmer (1991) and J. M. Witmer and T. J. Sweeney (1992). Recent advances in research and theory related to wellness support modifications of the original model. The foundation for the model is examined, research related to each component is explored, and implications for use of the model as a basis for counseling interventions are presented.
The Mental Status Examination: Its Use by Professional Counselors
Authors: Polanski Patricia J. , Hinkle J. Scott
Published: December 2011

Although not a formal psychometric instrument, the mental status examination (MSE) has been used predominantly in psychiatry, clinical psychology, and social work for several decades, but is being increasingly used by counselors in work settings requiring assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. The MSE is used to obtain information about the client's level of functioning and self‐presentation. Generally conducted (formally or informally) during the initial or intake interview, the MSE can also provide counselors with a helpful format for organizing objective (observations of clients) and subjective (data provided by clients) information to use in diagnosis and treatment planning.
Adlerian “Encouragement” and the Therapeutic Process of Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy
Authors: Watts Richard E. , Pietrzak Dale
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the overlooked similarities between the therapeutic process of solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT) and the Adlerian process of therapeutic encouragement. SFBT and Adlerian therapy share common perspectives, albeit using different nomenclature, on maladjustment, the client‐counselor relationship, and methods of facilitating change. The authors also present conclusions regarding the continuing relevance of Adlerian therapy for contemporary counseling practice.
Adult Attachment, Self‐Efficacy, Perspective Taking, and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Corcoran Kathleen O'Connell , Mallinckrodt Brent
Published: December 2011

Parents (N= 124) completed surveys assessing their adult attachment style, conflict resolution style, social self‐efficacy, and perspective taking. Findings supported hypothesized relationships between secure attachment and mutual forms of conflict resolution. More equivocal support was obtained for hypothesized pairings of specific nonsecure attachment styles and nonmutual conflict styles. Findings suggested mediating effects for social competencies (social self‐efficacy and perspective taking), which accounted for some of the negative association between attachment avoidance and mutual conflict style. Follow‐up analyses identified mediating effects of social competencies on specific combinations of attachment and conflict styles–thus suggesting avenues for counseling interventions.
Increasing Career Self‐Efficacy for Women: Evaluating a Group Intervention
Authors: Sullivan Kate Roy , Mahalik James R.
Published: December 2011

The study evaluated whether women participating in a career group designed to increase career‐related self‐efficacy would make gains on career decision‐making self‐efficacy and vocational exploration and commitment compared with women in a control group. Thirty‐one women participated in a 6‐week treatment group, and 30 women participated in a no‐treatment control group. Results indicated that, compared with the control group, women in the treatment group improved on career decision‐making self‐efficacy and vocational exploration and commitment, and maintained those gains at 6‐week follow‐up. The discussion focuses on implications for counseling, limitations of the study, and future research.
Counseling Latino University Students: Psychosociocultural Issues for Consideration
Authors: Gloria Alberta M. , Rodriguez Ester R.
Published: December 2011

Salient issues for Latino students on predominately White university campuses are identified and discussed. In particular, university counseling center (UCC) service providers can help diminish or diffuse educational and social difficulties of Latino students by considering psychosociocultural issues in counseling, such as university cultural environment, ethnic identity, acculturation, and social support from family and mentors. These concepts are illustrated and discussed through vignettes. Specific strategies for UCC service providers are also presented. Finally, attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and skills necessary to provide competent psychosociocultural services to Latino students are identified.
Person‐Centered Counseling: The Culture Within
Authors: Glauser Ann Shanks , Bozarth Jerold D.
Published: December 2011

The variables most related to success in counseling outcome research are the client‐counselor relationship and the personal and situational resources of the client (extratherapeutic variables). When these variables are compromised, a “specificity myth” is endorsed purporting that there are specific treatments for particular groups of people. This myth is a direct result of a shift in focus from the client to the counselor as the expert who focuses on “doing” counseling rather than “being” a counselor. Person‐centered counseling cuts to the core of therapeutic success: the relationship of the counselor‐client and the utilization of the client's resources.
The Professional Identity of Contributors to the Journal of Counseling & Development: Does It Matter?
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Thomas Kenneth R. , Chan Fong
Published: December 2011

R. K. Goodyear (2000) criticized the methodology and results of a study which demonstrated that during the editorial terms of Goodyear (1984–1990) and Claiborn (1990–1993) there was a trend toward publishing articles written by psychologists as opposed to counselors in the Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD). The issue of journal content goes to the heart of professional identity. The authors assert that professional affiliation of contributors matters less than the content of the articles published in JCD (i.e., articles must “speak” the language of counselors and not the language of some other mental health professional).