bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of measure units on estimating crop LEAF chlorophyll content with remote sensing
Authors: Wang Chao , Bian Changlin , Xing Hongyan , Zhang Xuehong , Shen Yi
Published: October 2019

Vegetation chlorophyll content is very important for monitoring the growth and health status of vegetation. Remote sensing of chlorophyll content holds an important potential for evaluating crop growth status and diseases and insects. The both units can represent the chlorophyll content of leaves, but there are some differences between them. The former reflects the proportion of chlorophyll in the leaf components, while the latter displays the weight of chlorophyll in the unit leaf area. Combining ten representative hyperspectral vegetation indices, the effect of measurement units on estimating crop leaf chlorophyll content was studied with winter wheat and summer corn leaf chlorophyll content data and leaf reflectance data. First, the relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and the ten selected hyperspectral vegetation indices were analyzed. Second, the estimating models of leaf chlorophyll were built. Finally, the accuracies of estimating models were also assessed based on the validating data. The results show that: (i) due to chlorophyll absorption effect at visible bands, vegetation indices were highly correlated with chlorophyll content of crop leaves and it is feasible to estimate chlorophyll with vegetation index, for example, the relative errors for the estimating model based on MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index <14%; (ii) The different measurement units of leaf chlorophyll content can give rise to differences in estimating accuracy. Measurement units of mg g−1 and μg cm−2 can both effectively describe chlorophyll content of vegetation leaves. However, the leaf chlorophyll models based on the former were generally superior to the latter. For instance, the relative errors of summer corn for measurement units of mg g−1 and μg cm−2 are 7.6 and 13.6%, respectively. The reflectance signals of leaves at visible and near infrared regions contain various absorption information on leaf components, especially for pigments. Moreover, the measurement unit of mg g−1 reflects the relative content of chlorophyll in the leaf components. Therefore, the unit of mg g−1 is in agreement with the reflectance signals of leaves. However, the unit of μg cm−2 only represents the absolute weight of chlorophyll in the unit leaf area. Therefore, it is recommended that the measurement unit of mg g−1 should be used as far as possible when estimating chlorophyll of crop leaves or other vegetation leaves with remote sensing.
Monte–Carlo simulation of wall correction factor of graphite cavity ionisation chamber
Authors: Wang Bo , Wu Jinjie , Du Haiyan , Guo Siming , Ren Shiwei
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this article is to discuss the method of determining the wall correction factor of graphite cavity ionisation chamber. The method is the ‘equal effect wall thickness’ simulation and direct calculation of the wall correction factor of the std10cm3 and std30cm3 spherical graphite cavity ionisation chamber in the national air‐specific kinetic energy reference group (National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST), respectively, in the NIST10cm3 and NIST30cm3 spherical graphite cavity ionisation chamber. The calculated results are in agreement with the values released by NIST in 0.1%. Conclusions of the equivalent wall thickness simulation method and the direct calculation simulation method meet each other's requirements, which provide a new idea for the determination of wall correction factor.
Triple buck converter – an efficient low‐distortion switch‐mode power amplifier topology
Authors: Mauerer Mario , Kolar Johann Walter
Published: October 2019

A switch‐mode power amplifier topology that can achieve both a high conversion efficiency and low‐output signal distortion is introduced. Such systems are desirable for ultra‐high precision amplifiers that, for example, drive actuators in nanometre‐accuracy mechatronic positioning applications in integrated semiconductor manufacturing. An efficient Class‐D power stage, which is limited in output signal quality due to its inherent half‐bridge interlock time, is combined through a magnetically coupled inductor with a dual buck conversion stage that does not require interlock time and, due to its circulating bias current that defines the half‐bridge switching waveforms, achieves very low‐harmonic output signal distortion. The control system can seamlessly adjust the current sharing of the two converter stages such that overall conversion efficiencies over 95% and output total harmonic distortion values below −100 dB are achievable at power levels up to several kilowatts. Detailed computer simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the concept.
Effective power analysis of multi‐tone excitation transmitting system
Authors: Wei Maogang , Yang Furong , Huang Haiyan , Shan Kun
Published: October 2019

Inter‐modulation would occur when the transmitting system is under multi‐tone excitation; therefore, the non‐linear response of power amplifier unit should be considered in the system design. Here, by establishing non‐linear theory simulation model of the transmitting system, we introduce the channel consistency factor, put forward the concept of effective jamming power, analyse the effective power of the multi‐channel array transmitting system under multi‐tone excitation, and carry out relevant experiments for verification, thereby providing reference for the design of multi‐signal transmitting system.
Correlation between SAR system resolution and target detection
Authors: Ding Chunmei , Cui Zongyong , Yang Haiyi , Cao Zongjie
Published: October 2019

Target detection is an important part of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image interpretation, and its performance directly affects the accuracy of localisation and target recognition results in the region of interest. However, the SAR system resolution largely determines the SAR image index and imaging quality, and the target detection performance is closely related to the SAR system resolution in addition to the detection method. To improve the detection performance, the correlation between system resolution and target detection is investigated in this study. Multiple SAR images are used to test a SAR system with reduced resolution obtained by multi‐look processing. At the theoretical level, the effect of different resolutions on target detection performance is analysed. MSTAR images, containing image chips with centred targets of varying orientation, are used to analyse the accuracy of the results. By comparing the measured experimental data with the simulation results, it can be obtained that the detection performance is the best when the resolution is roughly equal to the target scale.
Meteorological clutter suppression method for ball‐borne radar based on Kalmus filter
Authors: Zhang Xiaohan , Liu Runhua , Wang Feng , Tang Yuwen , Su Wentao
Published: October 2019

Aimed at the problem that the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) target is difficult to be detected in the meteorological clutter because of their close velocity, a new detection method is proposed for the ball‐borne radar based on Kalmus filter. Firstly, the radar echo is compressed by pulse compression. Then, the meteorological clutter is filtered out by the velocity‐corrected Kalmus filter. Finally, CFAR is employed for detection. The simulation results show that this method can effectively suppress the meteorological clutter and improve the detection performance of the ball‐borne radar to UAV target.
Incomplete neighbourhood multi‐granulation decision‐theoretic rough set in the hybrid‐valued decision system
Authors: Chen Jiajun , Yu Shuhao , Wei Wenjie , Shi Zhongrong
Published: October 2019

It is an important subject to mine valuable knowledge from complex and massive data in the era of big data. Rough set theory is a new mathematical tool for dealing with uncertain and inaccurate data, decision‐theoretic rough set model (DTRS), as an extension of classical rough set model, is used to analyze decision information systems and multi‐granulation decision‐theoretic rough set model (MG‐DTRS) can analyze and process target concepts from different angles and levels. However, the classical DTRS model exists some limitations in dealing numerical or hybrid‐valued data. Considering the different influence of numerical features and symbolic features on decision‐making, the paper proposes an incomplete neighborhood multi‐granulation decision‐theoretic rough set model in hybrid‐valued decision system through integrating MG‐DTRS with neighbourhood rough sets, and two types of neighborhood multi‐granulation decision‐theoretic set models are emphatically analysed. Furthermore, taking pessimistic and optimistic neighborhood multi‐granulation decision‐theoretic rough sets as examples, the implementation algorithms and related properties of the two type of models are studied. Finally, the relationship between the proposed model and other models is analyzed through formula derivation. The model proposed in this paper can effectively solve the decision‐making problem of hybrid‐valued incomplete information system through multi‐angle and multi‐level analysis.
Fault classification and location identification in a smart DN using ANN and AMI with real‐time data
Authors: Usman Muhammad Usama , Ospina Juan , Faruque Md. Omar
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a real‐time fault classification and location identification method for a smart distribution network (DN) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). It also describes the development of a testbed for real‐time testing of the proposed approach. The testbed consists of a simulated power system model [running on a digital real‐time simulator (DRTS)] and AMI. The core parts of AMI are smart meters (SMs), a communication network (developed using DNP3 protocol over transfer control protocol/Internet protocol), data concentrator (DC), and a Utility Operations Centre (UOC). Event‐driven data from SMs are collected in the DC and then fed to the UOC for being used as inputs for the novel ANN‐based fault classification and location identification algorithm. On the basis of the data received, the algorithm can classify the fault type and locate it with high accuracy. Both balanced and unbalanced fault types are tested on different nodes and lines throughout a DN modelled in offline and on the DRTS. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Classification accuracy of over 99% is achieved when classifying all fault types, and above 95% accuracy is achieved when identifying the fault location.
Improved estimation for Saleh model and predistortion of power amplifiers using 1‐dB compression point
Authors: Al‐kanan Haider , Yang Xianzhen , Li Fu
Published: October 2019

This paper proposes an improved estimation approach for modelling RF power amplifiers (PAs) using the Saleh behavioural model. The proposed approach is appropriate for solid‐state PA technologies. The 1‐dB compression point of the PA is included in the estimation approach to improve the estimation of the Saleh coefficients. Thus, expressions are derived to describe the relationship between the parameters of the Saleh model and the manufacturing specifications of PAs: gain (G), third‐order intercept point (IP3) and 1‐dB compression point (P 1dB). This method is a simple estimation of a memoryless amplitude‐to‐amplitude (AM/AM) nonlinearity to benefit RF designers evaluating the PA distortion using the PA parameters: P 1dB, G, and IP3, before conducting experimental validation. The linearisation method using digital predistortion (DPD) is derived as a function of G, IP3, and P 1dB, for mitigating the AM/AM nonlinear distortion. Finally, the modelling and DPD techniques are both evaluated using the experimental results of the GaAs PA.
Industrial experiment on electrodialized separation of highly concentrated multicomponent technological solutions at thermal power plants
Authors: Filimonova A. A. , Chichirova N. D. , Chichirov A. A. , Minibaev A. I.
Published: October 2019

The main sources of highly concentrated multicomponent technological solutions at thermal power plants (TPPs) are water treatment plants. Analysis of operation of the ion-exchange water treatment plant at the Nizhnekamsk Thermal Power Plant-1 showed that half of alkali supplied to regeneration of the anion-exchange alkali filters is not used, but is discharged for neutralization and then to wastewater. Due to the fact that the cost of alkali used in technological processes is quite high, it is economically feasible to process the alkaline waste with the alkali extraction and its reuse in the production cycle. The article presents the experimental results on the electro-membrane separation of alkaline waste regeneration solutions and wash water after anion-exchange filter regeneration. The revealed differences in the selectivity of various ion transfer through the electrodialysis apparatus membranes, depending on time and amount of transmitted electricity, allowed us to establish the possibility of obtaining an alkaline solution purified from impurities.
Effect of partial discharges on the operating condition of high-voltage insulators
Authors: Golenishchev-Kutuzov A. V. , Golenishchev-Kutuzov V. A. , Ivanov D. A. , Mardanov G. D. , Semennikov A. V. , Ahmetvaleeva L. V.
Published: October 2019

The features of the dielectric rod defects and the rod-electrod defects of polymer insulators were investigated by using the developed complex method of contactless remote diagnostics of high-voltage insulators health, which includes the initial detection of local areas with elevated electric field gradients as well as measurement of a set of partial discharges characteristics. The radiation of extra-large partial discharges was detected and partial discharges features were investigated. According to the measurement results, a diagram was constructed for the electro-physical processes that accompany the emission of extra-large partial discharges; and the reasons for their occurrence were established.
The Implementation Challenges of Zero Carbon and Zero Waste Approaches
Authors: Švecová L. , Ostapenko G. , Veber J. , Valeeva Y.
Published: October 2019

The paper discusses the implementation challenges of approaches with zero carbon emissions and zero waste. Based on the analysis of world statistics of energy sources, environmental policies and plans in the field of decarbonisation and application of renewable energy, the authors highlight challenges and barriers which can be faced during implementation of such plans in the indicated time horizon. Various levels of readiness of countries and global energy players to reduce fossil fuels in energy mix are listed among the main barriers. The paper shows other ways of energy saving, focusing at implementation of circular economy. Based on the results of the Czech Republic experience in the field of circular economy it is identified, that it is slowly embracing the zero waste approach. However, awareness of people and practical applications of new concept of zero waste circular economy are low in business and among the young generation. The practical implication of findings and some recommendations to environmental education and governments are introduced.
Influence of the microresonator nonlinearity on the self-injection locking effect
Authors: Kondratiev Nikita , Gorodnitskiy Alexander , Lobanov Valery
Published: October 2019

The effect of self-injection locking of a laser to a nonlinear microresonator is considered. It is shown that an additional detuning arises in the system, depending on the pump power. This effect can contribute to the generation of optical combs in the pull mode, which will increase the stability of the generated signal.
The coherence of powerful laser diodes and formation of lasing channels
Authors: Rzhanov Alexey
Published: October 2019

The effect of the radiation coherence length on the lasing channels lateral dimensions in a planar laser diode with a wide contact is considered. The relationship between the coherence of high-power laser diode radiation, its spectrum and the nonlinear optical properties of the laser resonator active medium is discussed.
Self-injection locking of a laser diode to a high-Q silicon WGM microresonator
Authors: Shitikov Artem , Tebeneva Tatyana , Kondratiev Nikita , Lobanov Valery , Benderov Oleg , Rodin Alexander , Bilenko Igor
Published: October 2019

The key properties of the self-injection locking regime of a laser diode to a high-Q microresonator with whispering gallery mode made of crystalline silicon are considered. It has been experimentally demonstrated the possibility of the self-injection locking using cavity made of crystalline silicon. This result opens up new possibilities for creating narrow-band highly stable laser sources in midIR, over 2.3 microns, on a new hardware base.
Conceptus “citizen” and “subject”: dynamics and prospects of development
Authors: Bokov Yuri
Published: October 2019

The study revealed the etymology, historical, legal development, the essence and content of the concepts of “citizen” and “subject”, “citizenship” and “allegiance”. An important influence on the content of these terms is derived from the concept of “civic spirit”, which absorbs the political will and attitude of the state towards its citizens, citizens towards the state and society. Citizenship is not static and is a dynamically developing legal and social institution from allegiance to post-national, global, supranational, ecological and digital citizenship, but not to new allegiance. For the concept “citizen”, the democratic vector of development is the enrichment of a person’s status not only with rights but also with the actual content of a citizen-state relationship: from a city dweller to a person who is subject to authority and has full democratic legal status, high index and competences of civic spirit and having a stable legal relationship with the state (as a rule, the republican form of government). In a moral sense, it is obvious that, if a citizen sees democracy in the order that best corresponds to his views, then, from the point of view of an equitable distribution of the burden, everyone should contribute to it.
An Anatomical Study of the Morphometric Differences between Complete Arcuate Foramina and Ipsilateral Foramina Transversaria in Human Atlas Vertebrae: Could these Be Responsible for Vaso-occlusive Symptoms?
Authors: Lalit Monika , Mahajan Anupama , Piplani Sanjay , Kullar Jagdev S.
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims Arcuate foramina (AF), the atlas bridges formed by a delicate bony spicule over the posterior arch of atlas, have been implicated in the compression of the vertebral artery during extreme rotation of head and neck movements. Reduction in the size of arcuate foramina as compared with foramen transversarium (FT) is also an important cause for the compression of vertebral artery. Aim of the present study was to determine the morphometric differences between complete AF and ipsilateral foramina transversaria.

Materials and Methods Eighty dry adult human atlas vertebrae were obtained in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College and Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Measurements were taken of the maximum dimensions of AF and ipsilateral FT and cross-sectional area was also calculated.

Results The following results were obtained.

The AF were seen in total 11 (13.75%) vertebrae, 3 (3.75%) on the right side, 6 (7.5%) on left side, and 2 (2.5%) bilateral.

• The mean ventrodorsal (AFL) and superoinferior (AFH) diameter of AF was 8.79 mm and 5.98 mm, and 8.11 mm and 5.54 mm on the right and left sides, respectively, and the difference was found to be highly significant.

• The mean ventrodorsal (FTL) and mediolateral (FTW) diameter of the FT 8.19 mm and 6.56 mm, and 7.31 mm and 6.86 mm on the right and left sides, respectively, with significant difference on the right side.

• The mean cross-sectional area of AF was 41.32 mm﻿﻿﻿2 and 35.38 mm﻿﻿2, and FT was 42.53 mm﻿﻿2 and 39.71 mm﻿﻿2 on the right and left sides, respectively, and AF has smaller area than ipsilateral FT.

Conclusions Knowledge about the dimensions and cross-sectional area of the AF and ipsilateral foramina transversaria of the atlas vertebra can improve the success rate of surgeries, thus preventing damage to the adjoining vital structures.
Triple-Rule-Out Computed Tomography Scanning for the Diagnosis of a Mediastinal Tumor
Authors: Useini Dritan , Taghiyev Zulfugar , Bechtel Matthias , Strauch Justus
Published: October 2019

Thymomas are rare tumors that commonly lie in the anterior mediastinum. The arteries supplying thymomas branch from the internal thoracic arteries and their collaterals. This report presents a patient with huge mediastinal thymoma, whose sensational vascularization is ensured directly by a single dominant tributary branch of the left internal thoracic artery. After initially performed computed tomography angiography, the tumor was suspect to be vascularized from the right coronary artery. Triple-rule-out computed tomography scan was a key step for accurate radiologic diagnosis.
30.3.7.11 Deprotection of S,S-Acetals (Update 2019)
Authors: Sugamata K. , Sasamori T.
Published: October 2019

The use of S,S-acetals is increasingly popular as a strategy for the protection of carbonyl groups because, in comparison to the analogous acetals, they are chemically inert under many reaction conditions; this is due to the chemical softness of sulfur atoms. In this context, the deprotection of S,S-acetals to reveal the carbonyl group is of great importance. This update describes methods for the deprotection of S,S-acetals published between 2007 and 2017, and provides an update to Section 30.3.7.
38.10 Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of Peroxides
Authors: Gnanaprakasam B. , Chaudhari M. B.
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the application of metal catalysts for the peroxidation, using hydroperoxides, of unactivated hydrocarbons, alkenes, and enynes as well as activated compounds such as various carbonyl compounds.
A geographic relational perspective on the internationalization of emerging market firms
Authors: Deng Ping , Delios Andrew , Peng Mike W.
Published: October 2019

The growth of outward foreign direct investment from emerging markets has led to increased scholarly attention on the internationalization of emerging market firms (EMFs). We break from the recent strategic approach on internationalizing EMFs to develop a problematization approach, which permits us to introduce a geographic relational perspective. We use this perspective to highlight process thinking, complex social realities, and relational practice as means by which to better develop theory on the internationalization of EMFs. Our emergent approach emphasizes the need to view EMF internationalization as deeply situated in multifaceted contextual influences, as influenced by path dependence and as manifested in practice. These three relational tenets (contextuality, path dependence, and practice) are central to our geographic relational approach’s ability to generate new challenging research questions for understanding EMF internationalization. Consequently, we add novelty to the international business domain by bringing space and process to the forefront of the EMF research agenda.
Condom use among young women in Australia using long-acting reversible contraceptives or other hormonal contraceptives
Authors: Nguyen Julie , Williams Henrietta , McNamee Kathleen , Shafeeu Nabreesa , Vaisey Alaina , Hocking Jane
Published: October 2019

Background
Dual condom and long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) or non-LARC hormonal contraceptive use is the most effective way to protect against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections (STIs). This study aimed to determine whether condom use varied between users of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives and explore their motivations for condom use. Methods: Women aged 16–24 years attending a sexual and reproductive health centre in Melbourne, Australia, completed a survey about contraceptives and sexual practices. The proportion of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users using condoms was calculated and logistic regression compared condom use between the two groups. Condom use was based on frequency of use and coded as a binary variable ‘never, not usually or sometimes’ versus ‘usually or always’. Results: In all, 294 (97%) women participated in the study; 23.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 19.0–29.1%) used LARC and 41.7% (95% CI 36.0–47.6%) used non-LARC hormonal contraceptives. Condom use was reported by 26.1% (95% CI 16.3–38.1%) of LARC users and by 27.8% (95% CI 19.9–37.0%) of non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users. There was no difference in condom use between groups (odds ratio (OR) 0.9; 95% CI 0.4–1.9). Condom use reduced with increasing relationship length (≥6 months vs no relationship: OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1–0.6). Non-LARC hormonal contraceptive users were more motivated to use condoms if worried about pregnancy than LARC users (62.8% vs 47.8%; P = 0.04). Conclusion: Condom use was low and similar between users of LARC and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives, and was associated with the length of the relationship. These results highlight the need to promote condom use when prescribing LARCs and non-LARC hormonal contraceptives to reduce the risk of STIs.
Developing morpho-syntax in non-configurational languages
Authors: Magnani Marco
Published: October 2019

Within the Processability Theory (PT) framework, the Topic Hypothesis (Pienemann et al., 2005) and its recent reformulation as
the Prominence Hypothesis (Bettoni & Di Biase,
2015) have contributed substantially to explaining syntactic development in
non-configurational languages, adding an important discourse-pragmatic component. However,
the role of morphological development cannot be ignored, because in this type of languages
it is morphology that constructs syntactic relations (Nordlinger, 1998). This chapter will look at syntactic development by attempting to
incorporate both morphological and discourse-pragmatic factors in a way that is consistent
with the predictions of PT’s Prominence Hypothesis. Specifically, I will look at the
development of morpho-syntax in Russian L2 and Italian L2 – two languages located towards
the less configurational end of the typological spectrum, the former more dependent-marking,
the latter more head-marking.
Development of English question formation in the EFL context of China
Authors: Li Huifang (Lydia) , Iwashita Noriko
Published: October 2019

This experimental classroom study investigates the effects of two feedback
types on English question formation. Ninety Chinese learners were randomly assigned to
either one of two experimental groups (recasts or prompts) or the control group. Between the
pre- and posttests, the learners in the experimental groups received the assigned type of
feedback that addressed their production of questions during task-based interaction. The
effects of the feedback were measured by calculating whether there was an increase in
production frequency of targeted question types. The results showed that (1) neither
feedback type was effective in increasing the learners’ production of Stage-5 questions, and
(2) both feedback types were valuable in improving the learners’ production of accurate
questions, but recasts yielded a larger effect than prompts. These findings provide further
evidence of feedback usefulness in L2 learning and shed light on English question formation
via the pedagogical tool of corrective feedback.
The role of grammatical development in oral assessment
Authors: Heinonen Maria Eklund
Published: October 2019

Tests today are usually based on a communicative view of language, with less
focus on grammar. In this chapter, a study is presented that investigates whether there is a
difference in terms of grammatical development between a group of test-takers who passed and
a group who failed an oral language test. The study addresses theories of SLA and language
testing, i.e., Processability Theory and the model of Communicative Language Ability, the
construct of the test. Data from learners’ test performances were analysed using PT in order
to see whether there was a consistent relationship between the PT stage analysis and the
results derived from the test. The comparison shows a clear difference between the
test-takers who passed and those who failed in terms of grammatical development. This
implies a correlation between grammatical development and communicative competence in
general which may indicate that PT constitutes a useful basis for oral assessment.
Introduction.
Authors: Schouten A.
Published: October 2019

This chapter gives an overview on the current knowledge about endophytic fungi and bacteria, their diversity, their relationships with pests and pathogens, their distribution and activities inside the plant and their (potential) applications in developing more sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, the identification of chemical constituents synthesized by endophytes or by the endophyte-host plant association is discussed, as they can be most relevant for identifying novel compounds relevant for medicine, such as antibiotics and anticancer drugs, and for agriculture, such as biologically sound pesticides.
Sources, niches and routes of colonization by beneficial bacterial endophytes.
Authors: Compant S. , Vacher C.
Published: October 2019

The plant individual is a holobiont as it hosts diverse microbial assemblages in and on vegetative, reproductive or disseminative organs. All plant compartments - roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds - have been shown to host microorganisms that can influence positively or negatively the plants performance. Some of these microorganisms thrive as endophytes inside plant tissues. Identifying the environmental sources of these microorganisms and the route they take to colonize plant tissues, visualizing their niches within their hosts and understanding how they make intimate associations with plants are of crucial importance in developing biocontrol and biofertilization approaches, both in organic and integrated protection systems. This chapter considers that the plant individual is part of a complex network of biotic interactions influenced by the environment in the phytobiome and provides a comprehensive review on the development of the interactions between plants and beneficial bacterial endophytes.
Study the effect of film thickness on the structural and optical of (ZnO) thin film prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Azara Hussain Saleem , Jabbar Radi Awatif
Published: October 2019

This research included preparation of (ZnO) thin films. On glass substrate using pulsed laser deposition method in room temperature. The structural properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The film grown have a polycrystalline wurtizte structure. It can be seen that the highest texture coefficient was in (101) plane.
New π-Conjugated Materials Based on Thienopyrazine As Organic Dye Sensitizers for Organic Photovoltaic Device Applications
Authors: AL-Temimei Faeq A , Salih Abbas Faiz , Alaboodi Azhar S
Published: October 2019

In this work, new organic donor-π-acceptor molecules based on thienopyrazine is designed and reported. Diverse side based electron groups were presented to evaluate their impacts on the electronic and photovoltaic properties. The calculations of ground state were done by employing the DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and the TD-DFT method for the excitation properties of the produced molecules. The results indicated that the “HOMO” and “LUMO” level are slightly changed and this suggests that there are different structures, playing important roles in improving the electronic and photovoltaic properties and in improving the electron accepting ability. The attained values of band gap together with the open circuit voltage are parameters that can be manipulated to improve the quality of solar cell applications. Moreover, the results showed that these molecules can be used for a solar cell as organic sensitizers due to probability of the electron injection process from the molecules to the conduction band of PC60BM, PC70BM or TiO2, in addition to the help of the compounds in designing more effective functional photovoltaic organic materials.
Estimation Hartree - Fock’s energy for the carbon atom and the ions are similar
Authors: Trier Saleem H , Kadhim Shaymaa A , Mousa Hamza Zahra , Shamkhi AL-Khafaji Qassim
Published: October 2019

In this paper, was used the technique of fragmentation to analyze the systems studied based on the energy of repulsion between electronic pairs. The energy of Hartree - Fock was calculated for the carbon atom (C) and the similar ions (N+1) and (O+2), When the results of the energies compared with the global publications we found a large agreement also studied the atomic properties by using atomic units.
Estimation of Radiological Hazards due to Natural Radioactivity in Shampoo Samples Used in Iraqi Markets.
Authors: Alabood Azhar S , Hadi Kadhim Suha , Hamead Harjan Allawi , Qasim Ahmed Anwar , Yahya Hadi Mohammed
Published: October 2019

In this work, The levels of natural radioactivity (238U, 232Th and 40K) in (25) samples of shampoo have been measured. The radioactivity of these samples were determined using Gamma–ray spectrometry with( NaI ((Tl)) detector. The specific activity of the radionuclides varied from (67.00±5.86) Bq Kg−1 to (163.00±17.42) Bq Kg−1 for 40K with a mean of (108.76±15.11) Bq Kg−1, from (1.84±0.38) Bq Kg−1 to (8.64±2.42) Bq Kg−1 for 238U having a mean of (4.80±0.87) Bq Kg−1 and also for 232Th activity ranged from (0.23±0.03)Bq Kg−1 to Bq Kg−1 with a mean of (1.34±0.43) Bq Kg−1. The equivalent activity of radium(Raeq) and external hazard index(Hex) for the sample of the study have normal values ranging around (15.109)Bq kg−1 and (0.0408), respectively. The values of (Ra) and (Hex) in the present work were below the action level which is recommended around (370Bq/kg and 1). This safe level is considered by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and International Commission on Radiological Protection. It is found that the radiation levels of the samples studied from shampoo used in local markets were within natural rates of permissible limits and don’t cause any danger to human different uses.
Numerical simulations of the pulsatile blood flow in narrowing small vessels using different rheological models
Authors: Achab L
Published: October 2019

The study of the blood flow through the circulatory system vessels depends on the rheological properties of the blood, the pulsatile nature of the blood flow and the vessel diameter. Blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid in small vessels, in situations of complex geometry and in certain cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery diseases, etc.In this article, we present two-dimensional computational simulation of blood flow in an axisymmetric narrowed small vessels (stenosis artery) taking into consideration the non-Newtonian fluid properties. The study is based on the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for Pulsatile flow using three constitutive relations for modeling the rheological blood behavior, ie; the Cross law; the Generalized power law; Gpl, and the Herschel-Bulkley law. We examined the flow characteristics particularly the velocity, shear rate distribution, wall shear stress and time-dependent vortex structures with respect to critical flow conditions in small vessels. Results indicate that the instantaneous flow characteristics are significantly affected by the blood rheological models considered, especially, in zones of important shear rate.
Some feebly Separation Properties
Authors: Khalaf Hussain Al-Hachami Ali
Published: October 2019

This paper considers feebly separation axioms for topological spaces, especially their relationship to the semi-separation properties of the associated ∝ −topologies, by using ∝ − open and feebly open sets. At the same time it also established that semi-R
0 and feebly-R
0 spaces.
On Estimates Of Statistically Characteristics Of The Almost Periodic Function Of Control System
Authors: Alaa Hussein Hammadi , Shani Hassan Kurdi Alia , Hussain Kalil Alaa
Published: October 2019

We study some properties of the statistical characteristics of the function, almost periodic in the sense of Bohr. Obtained statistical evaluation for different control systems. Also we study the external and internal parallel sets of convex M in the Euclidean space.
Neural networks in business applications
Authors: Hadi Issa Alrammahi Atheer , Jawad Radif Mustafa
Published: October 2019

In this paper shows a present vision of neural systems that are propelled by neural frameworks to give viable models to measurable examination. Their most essential part in neural system is the capacity to “learn”, depend in a set number of observation. With regards to neural systems, The articulation “Picking up” subsidizing that the learning picked up from the example can be outlined as tactile reconnaissance. In this regard, fake neural systems are regularly alluded to as the learning machine. In that capacity, counterfeit neural systems might be considered as images for operators who take in the reliance of their condition and make their conduct techniques subject to a predetermined number of perceptions. This exploration does not have to finish up from the natural sources of neural systems. Be that as it may, this is an absolutely scientific model and factual application. ever after the comming of PC insight, The craft of working together needs to experience uncommon changes. After some time, numerous information based registering frameworks have entered a substantial number of organizations and their utilization has turned out to be progressively across the board. With the colossal advances in innovation, the administration of data identified with cutting edge counterfeit neuroscience has turned into a basic part of business insight. In this article, we portray the key of neural systems and in addition We will audit the work done in counterfeit neural systems applications in numerous organizations. The association of this diary is as per the following. The initial segment exhibits a general prologue to neural systems. The second part features the business utilizations of neural systems. The third part takes a gander at work done in the field of insolvency determining, trailed by work in the zones of Mastercard extortion identification. The fourth part investigate the Back spread calculation – a numerical methodology and work done in the zones of securities exchange forecast, trailed by a survey of money related bookkeeping work. Area five examines The connection among ANN and Statistical strategies, Finally, we finish up this article in segment 6th pursued by references and the glossary.
QoS Prediction for Web Services Using User Based Classification
Authors: Sabah Naser Roaa , Naji Nawaf Huda
Published: October 2019

With the development of technology, the web services increase dynamically with using of the internet. In order to avoid the time consuming and the expensive selection for selecting the best web service, it is becoming more important to design effective approaches for the selection and recommendation of the internet web services. This paper proposed a new collaborative for web service QoS prediction by using user-based classification technique, specifically the voting method. The experimental result shows the effectiveness and efficient QoS prediction of our approach. For comparison purpose, we employ real-world web service QoS datasets (namely DS-DREAM datasets). In sum, the experimental results compete with the recent related works.
Spectrophotometric method for designation of nitrobenzene by using o-chloranil so application in Diyala River and waterproof case
Authors: Abdulwhaab Abdulateef H
Published: October 2019

A reproducible, critical and simple spectrophotometric method for assay of RNB was investigated is based on (charge transfer complex) formation reaction of RNB with O-Chloranil reagent in the presence of sodium bicarbonate in ethanol to give a highly coloured species with maximal absorption at 440 nm, As well Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of (5-50) µg.mL with a molar absorptivity of 1.21×104 L.mol−1.cm−1 and the limit of detection and quantitation were 0.059 and 0.242 µg.mL respectively. The (average recovery rate) was 101.65% and relative standard deviation (RSD) was better than 0.55%. In addition, it was ratio of 1:1. The method was successfully applied to assay of RNB in Diyala river water and waterproof case.
Modification of silica with sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid for cellulose hydrolysis
Authors: Mohammed Hello Kasim , Kadhim Hlial Elham
Published: October 2019

Different percentages (5, 10, 15, and 20 %) of sulfuric and phosphoric acids were successfully loaded with Silica. Both phosphate and sulfate groups were observed onto silica in different spectroscopic techniques. Oxigene, silicon, and sulfur were shown during the analysis of silica-sulfuric catalyst by photoelectron peaks (XPS). The main functional groups of Brønsted acid sites at the expected range in the FT-IR were confirmed by Pyridine test. Cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose in 9 h over a silica-sulfuric catalyst, and 10 h over the silica-phosphoric catalyst. The recycle experiment shows both catalysts were stable during the hydrolysis and many times at the same catalytic activity.
Adsorption of Malachite Green Dye by Bio- micro-adsorbent from Aqueous Solution at Different Temperatures
Authors: Ahmed Jasim Mohammed , Mohammed Abbas Ahmed
Published: October 2019

The objective of this study is to test the ability of algae bio adsorbent to absorb green malachite (MG) from aqueous solutions. The properties of the bioadsorbent surface have been diagnosed through several spectral techniques such as FTIR and SEM / EDX. The batch adsorption system was used to study the effect of both temperature and equilibrium time parameters on the adsorption capacity of the algal biomass. The percentage of adsorption of dye was obtained at a concentration of 80 mg L−1, biosorbent size 150 μm, 0.02 g dose, and 60 min of equilibrium time by Biomass reached to (100%). The adsorption kinetics were tested using several kinetics models. The results showed that malachite green adsorption by algae biomass follows pseudo-second order model with a high coefficient (R2=0.99). We conclude from this study that algal biomass is highly efficient in cationic dyes adsorption from aqueous solutions.
Preparation and Spectral Characterization of Some Novel Heterocyclic ligands Derivative from 2,4,6-tri oxo tetra hydro pyrimidine and their complexes with Pd(II)
Authors: Kadhim Kareem Ibtihal , Faleh Mohsein Hanan , Sadiq Majeed Nadia
Published: October 2019

The Novel Heterocyclic ligands N-phenyl-4-{[(2,4,6-trioxotetrahydro pyrimidin-5(2H)ylidene)methyl]amino}benzene sulfonamide (L1) and 5-{[(3-hydroxy phenyl)amino]methylene}pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (L2) were prepared to give the final poly dentate Heterocyclic with different donor atom system. All the synthesized ligands were characterized using 1H,13CNMR, Mass Spectra, C.H.N. microanalysis and studied by FTIR, UV.-Vis. techniques. with TLC technique for each steps of prepare reactions and melting points.

New complexes of the general formulae [Pd (L1)2] and [Pd (L2)2], have been isolated. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibilities and spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR and UV-Vis ) studies and melting points. All the data are discussed in terms of the nature of the bonding and the possible structural types. All preparation of complexes of Pd (II) ion were deduced according to the molar ratio (2:1) (L:M) depending on the Micro elemental Analysis (C.H.N.S). The Ligands behaves as a Didentate ligand in the monomeric complexes.

According to the results obtained, Square Plainer structure suggested for the prepared complexes.
Synthesis, Characterization and biological Study of some new derivatives from Pregnenolone via McMurry reaction
Authors: Abed Abdul-Reda Nabeel , Abed Muhee Aqeel
Published: October 2019

A series of some new Pregnenolone derivatives have been synthesized by McMurry reaction which include using of (Low-Valent) titanium from (TiCl4) with (Zn-dust) as catalyst and (THF) as a solvent to convert the (ketonic carbonyl group) of Pregnenolone with a new aldehyde or ketone compound to a new aliphatic double bond connected each other. All the new synthesized derivatives were monitored by (TLC) and assigned by elemental analysis, melting points, FT-IR and (1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D-NMR) spectroscopy. The anti-bacterial and anti-fungi activity of these derivatives were also determined.
Bioadsorption of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) onto Iraqi Rice Husk as Adsorbent
Authors: Abass Ahmed K , Kadhim Zeina M
Published: October 2019

The present study enclosed the employment of low cost industrial waste rice husk for the removal of Eriochrome Black T by adsorption technique. The impact of some parameters was studied like agitation time, biosorbent dose and temperature. The bioadsorption information were analyzed by langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models at equilibrium. The adsorption capacities (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 40.00, 39.68, 38.91 and 38.00 mg/g respectively at pH adequate to of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50and 60 C°. The study of the temperature diversity incontestible that the EBT adsorption is endothermicand spontaneous with distended irregularity at the solid-solution interface. thermodynamic quantities as change in (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°) and change in free energy (ΔG°) were additionallyinvestigated. Free energy change showed that bioadsorption of Eriochrome Black T was spontaneous in any respect studied temperatures (30–60 C°).It was implicit that rice husk could also be appropriate as an adsorbent for removal of Eriochrome Black T.
Synthesis and characterization of some metals complexes with new heterocyclic azo dye ligand 2-[2- - (5- Nitro thiazolyl) azo]-4- methyl -5- nitro phenol and their biological activities
Authors: Al-Khateeb Ziyad T , Karam Faiq F. , Al-Adilee Khalid
Published: October 2019

A series of Cu(II), Fe(III), Pb(II), Mn(II) metals complexes have been synthesized with the new thiazole azo dye containing tridentate [N.N.O] donor ligand 2-[2− -(5-nitro thiazolyl) azo]-4-methyl-5-nitro phenol (5-NTAMNP) derived from 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol by the diazotization operation and the adizonium chloride salt solution of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole reacting with 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol as a coupling compound in alkaline alcoholic solution. The structures of synthesized novel ligand was identified and confirmed via resorting to various spectroscopic techniques which included, 1H NMR, Mass spectrum, UV–visible, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-Rays diffraction (XRD), the surface nature and morphology and size average and elemental composition of individual ligand particles were examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDX), in addition to above the physical properties of ligand have been studied via check its melting point and the purity of the ligand also was checked by TLC in presence of a certain solvent system. As for the consistency positions available in (5-NTAMNP) and the manner of its association with these metallic ions it’s likely that the pattern of complexity as a tridentate chelating agent with the formation of a coordination number for all metallic ions found equal to six and have Octahedral shape for all metallic ion. The optimal condition for complexation have been studied, the prepared metallic complexes were identified via UV–visible & FT-IR spectra. All metallic complex and (5-NTAMNP) ligand were screened for their biological activities.