bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quantum Condition Space
Authors: Hu Zixuan , Kais Sabre
Published: February 2022

The fundamental properties of quantum physics are exploited to evaluate event probabilities with projection measurements. Next, to study what events can be specified by quantum methods, the concept of the condition space is introduced, which is found to be the dual space of the classical outcome space of bit strings. Like the classical outcome space generates the quantum state space, the condition space generates the quantum condition space being the central idea of this work. The quantum condition space permits the existence of entangled conditions having no classical equivalent. In addition, the quantum condition space is related to the quantum state space by a Fourier transform guaranteed by the Pontryagin duality, and therefore an entropic uncertainty principle can be defined. The quantum condition space offers a novel perspective of understanding quantum states with the duality picture. Furthermore, the quantum conditions have physical meanings and realizations of their own and thus may be studied for purposes beyond the original motivation of characterizing events for probability evaluation. Finally, the relation between the condition space and quantum circuits provides insights into how quantum states are collectively modified by quantum gates, which may lead to deeper understanding of the complexity of quantum circuits.
Assessing the range and evidence‐base of interventions in a cluster of schools
Authors: Pegram Jane , Watkins Richard C. , Hoerger Marguerite , Hughes John Carl
Published: February 2022

The last decade has seen an increased focus through policy and research for schools to move towards an evidence‐informed practice. Although some practitioners now access the external research evidence when deciding which interventions to adopt in their school, research suggests many still do not. Instead, approaches to teaching and learning are often informed by trends and the opinions and experiences of practitioners. Little is known about what intervention programmes/approaches are used in schools and whether they are evidence‐based. We conducted this study to assess the range and evidence of interventions used in a school cluster in Wales, which comprised two secondary schools, seven primary schools and one special school. Using questionnaires, we evidenced 242 interventions. Following screening, we included 138 of these in the analysis and categorised them according to the ‘SEN Areas of Need’. We then conducted a rapid systematic review of the literature for these interventions and found that 30% had some evidence of positive impact on pupil outcomes, 67% had no published evidence, and 3% had causal evidence to suggest they were ineffective. One year later, we conducted a follow‐up study to assess if schools’ knowledge of the evidence for the interventions, presented through a summary report, had an impact on their provision. Our data suggest that the reports had very little impact on existing provision, and some schools continued to use the same interventions. The limitations of this study and directions for the cluster, policy and research are discussed.
Counting extensions revisited
Authors: Šileikis Matas , Warnke Lutz
Published: February 2022

We consider rooted subgraphs in random graphs, that is, extension counts such as (i) the number of triangles containing a given vertex or (ii) the number of paths of length three connecting two given vertices. In 1989, Spencer gave sufficient conditions for the event that, with high probability, these extension counts are asymptotically equal for all choices of the root vertices. For the important strictly balanced case, Spencer also raised the fundamental question as to whether these conditions are necessary. We answer this question by a careful second moment argument, and discuss some intriguing problems that remain open.
On a problem of M. Talagrand
Authors: Frankston Keith , Kahn Jeff , Park Jinyoung
Published: February 2022

We address a special case of a conjecture of M. Talagrand relating two notions of “threshold” for an increasing family of subsets of a finite set V. The full conjecture implies equivalence of the “Fractional Expectation‐Threshold Conjecture,” due to Talagrand and recently proved by the authors and B. Narayanan, and the (stronger) “Expectation‐Threshold Conjecture” of the second author and G. Kalai. The conjecture under discussion here says there is a fixed L such that if, for a given , admits with
and
(a.k.a.  is weakly p‐small), then admits such a taking values in
( is ‐small). Talagrand showed this when
is supported on singletons and suggested, as a more challenging test case, proving it when is supported on pairs. The present work provides such a proof.
Antibacterial nanocomposite supporting cell growth and spheroid formation by chemical surface treatment of polymer foil
Authors: Benkocká Monika , Herma Regina , Lupínková Simona , Slepička Petr , Švorčík Václav , Kolská Zdeňka
Published: February 2022

Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) has a wide spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal and virucidal activity. OCT is also newly used in tissue engineering. The aim of this work was to create a new nanocomposite consisting of OCT‐grafted polymer with (i) antibacterial effect and/or (ii) surface for better cell adhesion and proliferation. The polymer foils were chemically activated with Piranha solution and subsequently grafted with OCT. Changes in surface properties before and after modifications were detected by electrokinetic analysis, goniometry, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The final nanocomposite polymer/OCT exhibits antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). The new nanocomposite material has also been shown to support the growth of B14 cell culture on the substrate and to form cell multilayers, which could lead to the formation of spheroids. This behaviour strongly depends on the concentration of OCT grafted onto the polymer surfaces. This new nanocomposite could be used in medicine, for bioapplications, environmental protection.
Quantitative XPS of plutonium: Evaluation of the Pu4f peak shape, relative sensitivity factors and estimated detection limits
Authors: Roussel Paul , Nelson Art J.
Published: February 2022

High‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectra have been acquired from sputter cleaned and in situ oxidized samples of α‐plutonium and a face‐centred cubic δ‐plutonium–gallium alloy. The differences in the Pu4f peak shape in these two materials have been investigated, and the poorly screened satellite peaks have been quantified. Curve fitting parameters for the Pu4p3/2, Pu4d5/2, Pu4f and Pu6p3/2 photoelectron peaks are reported, and relative sensitivity factors have been determined. The Pu4f curve fit model has been applied to data acquired using different spectrometers and alloys. Examples of quantification of the plutonium spectra are provided and minimum detection limits are calculated for common impurities in plutonium metal.
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL): Environment and Pollution—A Systematic Review
Authors: Green Maxwell , Kashetsky Nadia , Feschuk Aileen , Maibach Howard I.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is an objective measurement of skin integrity measured as the amount of water lost across the stratum corneum. TEWL varies greatly across variables such as age and anatomic location, and disruptions in the skin barrier have been linked to inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Impact of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL has yet to be determined. Accordingly, this review summarizes effects of environmental conditions and pollution on TEWL.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on environmental conditions and/or pollution and TEWL.

Results

In total, 15 studies were included, with 11 studies examining environmental and seasonal conditions on TEWL and four examining pollution. All studies examining pollution showed increased TEWL in people exposed to particulate matter or NO2. Contradictory results were found on the effects of season and climate across the 11 studies, with no consensus reached.

Conclusion

Exposure to pollution is reported to cause increases in TEWL, likely through free radical damage. Significant discrepancies exist among current literature as to the effects of season and climate on TEWL. There is a need to continue examining environmental variables other than temperature and relative humidity, such as atmospheric and steam pressure, that may impact TEWL.
Work centrality and recovery experiences in dual‐earner couples: Test of an actor‐partner interdependence model
Authors: Hao Leilei , Meng Weixuan , Xu Mengyang , Meng Hui
Published: February 2022

Work centrality refers to individual beliefs regarding the degree of importance that work plays in their lives. To date, very little is known about the relationship between employees' work centrality and their work recovery. According to the resource allocation theory and spillover‐crossover model, we aim to investigate the effects of work centrality on recovery experiences and explore the mediating role of spousal recovery support. Data from 177 matched dual‐earner couples (N = 354) in China were analysed using the actor‐partner interdependence model (APIM). Results showed that working couples who reported higher work centrality experienced lower levels of psychological detachment and relaxation. The wives' work centrality showed a direct and negative influence on the husbands' relaxation; however, no direct partner effects were found for husbands. Moreover, the wives' work centrality was related to the husbands' relaxation, mastery, and control experience through the husbands' perceived recovery support. Our results also suggested that the wives' perceived recovery support mediated the effects of the husbands' work centrality on the wives' psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control experience when they had two children. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Empirical inquiry without hypotheses: A question‐driven, phenomenon‐based approach to strategic management research
Authors: Graebner Melissa E. , Knott Anne Marie , Lieberman Marvin B. , Mitchell Will
Published: February 2022

Research Summary

Many advances in strategic management have resulted from the application of formal deductive methods, based on tests of specific hypotheses derived from theory. Nonetheless, numerous important research topics involve phenomena that are novel and/or causally complex and so resist basic hypothetico‐deductive logic. As a result, many of the most important findings in strategy research have come from open‐ended studies of relevant phenomena. The special issue of the SMJ on “Question‐Driven and Phenomenon‐Based Empirical Strategy Research” presents innovative ideas for question‐driven research and expands the toolkit of research approaches. In this introduction we describe the twelve articles in the special issue, focusing on how they contribute to continued development of the question‐driven approach to research in strategic management.

Managerial Summary

One of the frustrations managers have with academic research is that it tends to be driven by questions that are theoretically interesting or lend themselves to clever econometrics. Accordingly, the results can lack managerial relevance. We highlight research that takes the opposite approach—identifying important business phenomena and devising empirical approaches to characterize them and derive managerial implications. In this introductory article, we briefly summarize the studies in the special issue, showing how they answer a diverse set of questions using a range of methods.
Highly Conductive Networks of Silver Nanosheets
Authors: Kelly Adam G. , O'Reilly Jane , Gabbett Cian , Szydłowska Beata , O'Suilleabhain Domhnall , Khan Umar , Maughan Jack , Carey Tian , Sheil Siadhbh , Stamenov Plamen , Coleman Jonathan N.
Published: February 2022

Although printed networks of semiconducting nanosheets have found success in a range of applications, conductive nanosheet networks are limited by low conductivities (<106 S m−1). Here, dispersions of silver nanosheets (AgNS) that can be printed into highly conductive networks are described. Using a commercial thermal inkjet printer, AgNS patterns with unannealed conductivities of up to (6.0 ± 1.1) × 106 S m−1 are printed. These networks can form electromagnetic interference shields with record shielding effectiveness of >60 dB in the microwave region at thicknesses <200 nm. High resolution patterns with line widths down to 10 µm are also printed using an aerosol‐jet printer which, when annealed at 200 °C, display conductivity >107 S m−1. Unlike conventional Ag‐nanoparticle inks, the 2D geometry of AgNS yields smooth, short‐free interfaces between electrode and active layer when used as the top electrode in vertical nanosheet heterostructures. This shows that all‐printed vertical heterostructures of AgNS/WS2/AgNS, where the top electrode is a mesh grid, function as photodetectors demonstrating that such structures can be used in optoelectronic applications that usually require transparent conductors.
Controllable Fabrication of PdO‐PdAu Ternary Hollow Shells: Synergistic Acceleration of H2‐Sensing Speed via Morphology Regulation and Electronic Structure Modulation
Authors: Li Qian , Yang Shuang , Lu Xingyu , Wang Tieqiang , Zhang Xuemin , Fu Yu , Qi Wei
Published: February 2022

Designing ultrafast H2 sensors is of particular importance for practical applications of hydrogen energy but still quite challenging. Herein, PdO decorated PdAu ternary hollow shells (PdO‐PdAu HSs) exhibiting an ultrafast response of ≈0.9 s to 1% H2 in air at room temperature are presented. PdO‐PdAu HSs are fabricated by calcinating PdAu bimetallic HSs in air to form PdO‐Au binary HSs, which are then partially reduced by NaBH4 solution, forming PdO‐PdAu HSs. This ternary hybrid material takes advantage of multiple aspects to synergistically accelerate the sensing speed. The HS morphology promises high gas accessibility and high surface area for H2 adsorption, and decoration of Au and PdO alters the electronic state of Pd and reduces the energy barrier for hydrogen diffusing from the surface site of Pd into the subsurface site. The content of Au and PdO in the ternary HSs can be simply tuned, which offers the possibility to optimize their promotion effects to reach the best performance. The proposed fabrication strategy sheds light on the rational design of ultrafast Pd‐based H2 sensors by controlling the sensor structure and engineering the electronic state of active species.
Solid/Quasi‐Solid Phase Conversion of Sulfur in Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Li Xiang , Yuan Lixia , Liu Dezhong , Xiang Jingwei , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui
Published: February 2022

The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is considered as one of the most promising options because the redox couple has almost the highest theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh kg−1) among all solid anode‐cathode candidates for rechargeable batteries. The “solid–liquid–solid” mechanism has become a dominating phase transformation process since it was first reported, although this cathode mode suffers from a tough “shuttle” phenomenon due to the dissolution of the soluble intermediate polysulfides generated during the charging‐discharging process, which causes rapid loss of energy‐bearing material and shortened lifespan. For decades, tremendous efforts have been made to restrict the shuttle effect. Changing sulfur conversion to “solid–solid” mode or “quasi‐solid” mode, which successfully exceed the limit of the dissolution of the intermediates, and may address the root of the problem. In this review, the main focus is on the fundamental chemistry of the “solid‐solid” and “quasi‐solid” phase transformation of the sulfur cathode. First, the strategies of sulfur immobilization in “solid–liquid–solid” multi‐phase conversions as well as the pivotal influence factors for the electrochemical conversion process are briefly introduced. Then, the different routes are summarized to realize the “solid–solid” and “quasi‐solid” redox mechanisms. Finally, a perspectives on building high‐energy‐density Li–S batteries are provided.
The Composite‐Template Method to Construct Hierarchical Carbon Nanocages for Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy and Power Densities
Authors: Li Guochang , Chen Yiqun , Yan Lijie , Gong Qinghua , Chen Guanghai , Yang Lijun , Wu Qiang , Wang Xizhang , Hu Zheng
Published: February 2022

3D hierarchical carbon nanocages (hCNC) are becoming new platforms for advanced energy storage and conversion due to their unique structural characteristics, especially the combination of multiscale pore structure with high conductivity of sp2 carbon frameworks, which can promote the mass/charge synergetic transfer in various electrochemical processes. Herein, the MgO@ZnO composite‐template method is developed to construct hCNC and nitrogen‐doped hCNC (hNCNC), which integrates the advantages of the in situ MgO template method and ZnO self‐sacrificing template method. The hierarchical MgO template provides the scaffold for depositing carbon nanocages, while the self‐sacrificing ZnO template helps create abundant micropores while promoting the graphitization degree, so that the microstructures of the products are effectively regulated. The optimized hCNC and hNCNC have an increased specific surface area and conductivity, which can further boost the mass/charge synergetic transfer. As the electrode materials of supercapacitors, the optimal hCNC(hNCNC) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 281(348) F g−1 in KOH and 276(297) F g−1 in EMIMBF4 electrolytes at 1 A g−1. The ultrahigh energy and power densities are realized, accompanied by a high‐rate capability and long cycling stability. The record‐high energy densities of 141.8–71.4 Wh kg−1 are achieved in EMIMBF4 at power densities of 10.0–250.4 kW kg−1.
Electrosynthesis of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Charge‐Selective Separation of Molecules
Authors: Wang Xingyuan , Yang Jingying , Shi Xiansong , Zhang Zhe , Yin Congcong , Wang Yong
Published: February 2022

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as potent material platforms for engineering advanced membranes to tackle challenging separation demands. However, the synthesis of COF membranes is currently hampered by suboptimal productivity and harsh synthesis conditions, especially for ionic COFs with perdurable charges. Herein, ionic COFs with charged nanochannels are electrically synthesized on conductive supports to rapidly construct composite membranes for charge‐selective separations of small molecules. The intrinsic charging nature and strong charge intensity of ionic COFs are demonstrated to collectively dominate the membrane growth. Spontaneous repairing to diminish defects under the applied electric field is observed, in favor of generating well‐grown COF membranes. Altering electrosynthetic conditions realizes the precise control over the membrane thickness and thus the separation ability. Electrically synthesized ionic COF membranes exhibit remarkable molecular separation performances due to their relatively ordered and charged nanochannels. With these charge‐selective pathways, the membranes enable the efficient sieving of charged and neutral molecules with analogous structures. This study reveals an electrical route to synthesizing COF thin films, and showcases the great potential of ionic nanochannels in precise separation based on charge selectivity.
Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA
Authors: Antkowiak Philipp L. , Koch Julian , Nguyen Bichlien H. , Stark Wendelin J. , Strauss Karin , Ceze Luis , Grass Robert N.
Published: February 2022

Using DNA as a durable, high‐density storage medium with eternal format relevance can address a future data storage deficiency. The proposed storage format incorporates dehydrated particle spots on glass, at a theoretical capacity of more than 20 TB per spot, which can be efficiently retrieved without significant loss of DNA. The authors measure the rapid decay of dried DNA at room temperature and present the synthesis of encapsulated DNA in silica nanoparticles as a possible solution. In this form, the protected DNA can be readily applied to digital microfluidics (DMF) used to handle retrieval operations amenable to full automation. A storage architecture is demonstrated, which can increase the storage capacity of today's archival storage systems by more than three orders of magnitude: A DNA library containing 7373 unique sequences is encapsulated and stored under accelerated aging conditions (4 days at 70 °C, 50% RH) corresponding to 116 years at room temperature and the stored information is successfully recovered.
Interlayer‐Expanded Titanate Hierarchical Hollow Spheres Embedded in Carbon Nanofibers for Enhanced Na Storage
Authors: Chen Chong , Li Nian Wu , Zhang Xin Yu , Zhang Cai Hong , Qiu Jieshan , Yu Le
Published: February 2022

Layered titanates are of great potential for hybrid Na‐ion capacitors (NICs). However, the poor conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics are the critical issues for the practical applications of titanates. Herein, an approach to synthesize magnesium titanate hierarchical hollow spheres embedded in carbon nanofibers (denoted as MTO@C) by electrospinning coupled with interlayer engineering processes is reported. 3D conductive carbon framework helps to enhance the electronic conductivity for binder‐free electrode, while the expanded interlayer spacing of titanate hierarchical hollow spheres via the incorporation of Mg2+ ions help to reduce the charge transfer resistance and expose more active sites for Na storage. The interconnected hollow spheres can effectively accommodate the volume expansion during the repeated cycles. The results have shown that the MTO@C electrode can deliver a high capacity of 136 mAh g‐1 at 1 A g‐1 with long lifespan. The assembled NIC device with MTO@C as anode and active carbon as cathode produces a high energy density of 110.3 Wh kg‐1 at 112 W kg‐1 and a high power density of 5380 W kg‐1 at 41.9 Wh kg‐1, together with a high capacity retention of 80% after 5000 cycles.
Realization of In‐Plane Polarized Light Detection Based on Bulk Photovoltaic Effect in A Polar Van Der Waals Crystal
Authors: Wu Wentao , Xu Zhijin , Yao Yunpeng , Liu Yi , Long Guankui , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: February 2022

2D van der Waals materials are widely explored for in‐plane polarized light detection owing to their distinctive in‐plane anisotropic feature. However, most of these polarized light‐sensitive devices root in their low symmetry of in‐plane structure and work depending on external power sources, which greatly impedes the simplification of integrated devices and sustainable development. Bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), which separates photoexcited carriers via built‐in electric field without an external power source and shows an angle‐dependence on light polarization, is promising for self‐powered polarized light detection to break through the restriction of in‐plane anisotropy. Herein, a 2D lead‐free van der Waals perovskite (Cl‐PMA)2CsAgBiBr7 (1, Cl‐PMA = 4‐Chlorobenzylamine) is successfully designed through the dimension reduction strategy. 1 exhibits BPVE with an open‐circuited photovoltage up to ≈0.5 V. Driven by the BPVE, self‐powered in‐plane polarized light detection with a large polarization ratio of 1.3 is obtained for 1. As far as it is known, the first in‐plane polarized light detection in hybrid perovskites based on BPVE is realized here. This work highlights the strategy of designing lead‐free hybrid perovskite with BPVE and opens an avenue for exploiting in‐plane highly sensitive polarized light detection in 2D van der Waals materials.
Electrohydrodynamic Pulling Consolidated High‐Efficiency 3D Printing to Architect Unusual Self‐Polarized β‐PVDF Arrays for Advanced Piezoelectric Sensing
Authors: He Lirong , Lu Jin , Han Cheng , Liu Xingang , Liu Jingfeng , Zhang Chuhong
Published: February 2022

Piezoelectric pressure sensors are important for applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, communication devices, etc. The hyperboloid is theoretically predicted to be an unusual 3D structure that allows concerted piezoelectric enhancement owing to its synergistic effects of geometrical stress confinement and stress concentration, but has not been experimentally fulfilled due to a lack of efficient architecting techniques. In this work, a 3D hyperboloidal arrayed self‐polarized PVDF piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is successfully fabricated by incorporating electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pulling technology into fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. This strategy not only simplifies the layer‐by‐layer constructing procedure for arrays, but simultaneously realizes a self‐polarized and high β‐phase (92%) PVDF PEH in a single electric‐pulling step, saving posttreatment such as poling and removing excessive additives. Such a PEH delivers a significantly enhanced piezoelectric potential which is around 8 times that of a 2D flat film sensor. Moreover, this PEH featuring excellent linearity within a wide pressure regime, enables the sensing of human activities in a relatively large force range, which is otherwise difficult for traditional film sensors to differentiate. This work demonstrates a potential roadmap to advanced piezoelectric sensors exploiting unusual 3D structures enabled by the unique EHD pulling coupled 3D printing technique.
Biomimetic Nanochannels: From Fabrication Principles to Theoretical Insights
Authors: Kan Xiaonan , Wu Chenyu , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei
Published: February 2022

Biological nanochannels which can regulate ionic transport across cell membranes intelligently play a significant role in physiological functions. Inspired by these nanochannels, numerous artificial nanochannels have been developed during recent years. The exploration of smart solid‐state nanochannels can lay a solid foundation, not only for fundamental studies of biological systems but also practical applications in various fields. The basic fabrication principles, functional materials, and diverse applications based on artificial nanochannels are summarized in this review. In addition, theoretical insights into transport mechanisms and structure–function relationships are discussed. Meanwhile, it is believed that improvements will be made via computer‐guided strategy in designing more efficient devices with upgrading accuracy. Finally, some remaining challenges and perspectives for developments in both novel conceptions and technology of this inspiring research field are stated.
Macroporous Silica Foams Fabricated via Soft Colloid Templating
Authors: Bergman Maxime J. , García‐Astrain Clara , Fuchs Nathan , Manne Kalpana , Yazhgur Pavel , Froufe‐Pérez Luis S. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Scheffold Frank
Published: February 2022

Macroporous materials with controlled pore sizes are of high scientific and technological interest, due to their low specific weight, as well as unique acoustic, thermal, or optical properties. Solid foams made of titania, silica, or silicon, as representative materials, have been previously obtained with several hundred nanometer pore sizes, by using sacrificial templates such as spherical emulsion droplets or colloidal particles. Macroporous structures in particular are excellent candidates as photonic materials with applications in structural coloration and photonic bandgap devices. However, whereas using spherical building blocks as templates may provide tight control over pore shape and size, it results in materials with an often unfavorable local topology. Templating dry‐foam or compressed‐emulsion structures appear as attractive alternatives, but have not been demonstrated so far for submicron pore sizes. Herein, the use of soft, flexible microgel colloids decorated with silica nanoparticles as templates of macroporous foams is reported. These purposely synthesized core–shell colloids are assembled at ultra‐high effective volume fractions by centrifuging and thermal swelling, thereby resulting in uniform disordered materials with facetted pores, mimicking dry foams. After removal of the polymer component via calcination, lightweight pure silica structures are obtained with a well‐defined cellular or network topology.
How Machine Learning Predicts and Explains the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Yiming , Yan Wensheng , Han Shichuang , Zhu Heng , Tu Yiteng , Guan Li , Tan Xinyu
Published: February 2022

Characterizing the electrical parameters of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) usually requires a lot of time to fabricate complete devices. Here, machine learning (ML) is used to reduce the device fabrication process and predict the electrical performance of PSCs. Using ML algorithms and 814 valid data cleaned from 2735 peer‐reviewed publications, ML prediction models are built for bandgap, conduction band minimum, valence band maximum of perovskites, and electrical parameters of PSCs. These prediction models have excellent accuracy, and the root mean square error of the prediction models for bandgap and power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaches 0.064 eV and 1.58%, respectively. Among the many factors that affect the performance of PSCs, those factors play a major role in the lack of comprehensive explanation. Through the prediction model of electrical parameters and Shapley Additive explanations theory, the factors affecting the PCE of PSCs are explained and analyzed. It can not only verify the objective physical laws from the perspective of ML, but also conclude that among the 13 features, the content of formamidinium/NH2CHNH2+ plays the most important role in improving the PCE of PSCs. These results show that ML has great application possibilities in the PSC field.
Cross: A generic framework for system integration and its adaption in hospitals
Authors: Sun Wen‐Lin , Huang Yu‐Lun
Published: February 2022

Advances in healthcare systems require faster data transmission between medical instruments and hospital information systems (HISs) and cloud migration for better computing capability and scalability. Old medical instruments should be integrated with modern HISs to provide real‐time examination service to patients. Still, such integration carries some problems, especially when novel services are involved, such as real‐time fall detection and mobile healthcare. Some hospitals have formulated standard operating procedures (SOPs) in response, requiring the electronic health record generated by an old instrument to be manually converted and uploaded to the HIS by medical personnel. However, such SOPs may compromise the real‐time performance and increase medical personnel workload and complexity. Thus, this article proposes a framework named Cross, which comprises an embedded bridging module, CrossBridger, and a server‐side software program, CrossServer, to integrate old instruments into a modern HIS using an edge computing paradigm. With Cross, users can solve system integration problems and deploy more protective strategies in existing HISs to fulfill the demands of novel services relatively cheaply. Based on the proposed framework, we implement a solution that can automate most existing SOPs and lighten the workload of medical personnel so that they can provide better care and service to patients. We summarize the practical experience of the implementation based on the solution. As a case study, we deploy the implementation to a real‐world hospital to demonstrate the feasibility of Cross. Furthermore, we evaluate Cross's efficacy under various network statuses in three experiments.
The risks brought by blockchain applications to the safe operation of power grids
Authors: Cai Baorui , Zhang Bin , He Jinding , Zhang Rongkui , Yan Wenlin
Published: February 2022

The continuous progress of science and technology has promoted the rapid development of information technology and Internet technology. In this context, the blockchain came into being and became an important part of information technology, representing that the information age has entered a new stage of development. This article aims to study the risk analysis of the application of blockchain to the safe operation of the power grid. This paper studies the general situation of the development of blockchain technology and the development of China's power grid. In the method part, it also introduces the improvement of the analytic hierarchy process, historical vulnerability measurement (HVM) and HVM to analyze the security of the power grid. Finally, the risks brought by the application of blockchain to the safe operation of the power grid are introduced, and effective suggestions are given to ensure the safe operation of the power grid. We also conducted a satisfaction survey on the blockchain. From the results of the survey, it can be concluded that everyone's satisfaction with the intelligentization of the blockchain reached 91%.
A Novel Method of Recovery Vanadium from Vanadium Slag through CaO2‐Briquetting Roasting Process
Authors: Yue Hongrui , Cheng Gongjin , Liu Jianxing , Xue Xiangxin , Zhang Weijun
Published: February 2022

This study proposes a clean and effective routine and aims to solve the problems of material accumulation and hypoxia during roasting vanadium slag. The vanadium slag and CaO2 powders are mixed, briquetted, and roasted at different parameters. The generated phases are Fe2O3, Fe–Mg oxides, Fe–Ti oxides, Ca3(VO4)2, silicate, and SiO2 after roasting. The solid reaction between V2O5 and CaO is described using the vacancy diffusion mechanism. Ca2+ (or V5+) jumps and diffuses through the Ca2+ (or V5+) vacancies in the Ca3(VO4)2 layer and subsequently to the Ca3(VO4)2/V2O5 (or Ca3(VO4)2/CaO) interface and reacts with V2O5 (or CaO) and O2 (decomposed from CaO2 or transported from the air) to generate Ca3(VO4)2. The vanadium leaching rate is very sensitive to the roasting parameters of CaO/V2O5 molar ratio, temperature, time, and briquetting pressure. A maximum vanadium leaching rate of 98.31% is achieved with a CaO/V2O5 molar ratio of 3/1, with temperature, time, and briquetting pressure being maintained at 900 °C, 50 min, and 10 MPa, respectively. The present routine, which greatly shortens the roasting time, can be realized through a rotary hearth furnace, and is likely to be accepted by both iron works and the environment due to its effective and clean characteristics.
Generic reversed‐phase ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography methodology developed by using computer‐assisted modeling for streamlined performance evaluation of a wide range of stationary phase columns
Authors: Ahmad Imad A. Haidar , Losacco Gioacchino Luca , Figus Margaret , Korani Deepa , Gunsch Matthew J. , Lhotka Hayley R. , Hullen Kari , Hartman Robert , Lohani Sachin , Hamilton Simon , Mangion Ian , Regalado Erik L.
Published: February 2022

Selection of column and mobile phase eluent/buffer is a crucial step in chromatographic method development. The introduction of new column technologies requires a continuous performance evaluation enabling the deployment of improved chromatographic screening workflows. Consequently, the development of a universal method that could be used across different column chemistries and mobile phase pH ranges would be highlighted as advantageous. Herein, we introduce a single generic probe developed via software‐based modeling that delivers excellent results for the separation of a standard multicomponent mixture across a wide range of stationary phases under different pH and temperature conditions. This approach has been applied to interrogate the performance and stability of multiple columns (C18, Cyano, Phenyl Hexyl, PFP, Polar‐embeded, and other stationary phases) using an automated ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography screening system illustrating its practicality and effectiveness.
Development of a validated liquid chromatography–diode array detection method for simultaneous determination of olanzapine and fluoxetine in their combined formulation: Application to greenness assessment
Authors: Panda Sagar Suman , Behera Aswini Kumar , Bera Ravi Kumar Venkata Varaha , Jammula Sruti
Published: February 2022

Olanzapine and fluoxetine hydrochloride are two promising drugs recommended for use in combination to treat bipolar psychotic disorders. In the present study, a green liquid chromatographic method is reported for simultaneous quantification of the said combination by employing analytical eco‐scale principles. The penalty point scoring process revealed an excellent greener nature of the current method than the reported methods. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C‐18 column employing methanol and phosphate buffer of pH 3.5 as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 227 nm. Both the analytes were separated with resolution > 2.0. Method validation revealed apt linearity (r2 = 0.999), accuracy (> 99%), and precision (overall % relative standard deviation < 1%) for quantification of the analytes. The limits of detection and quantitation were compliant as per study intent. Further, a systematized chemometrics approach using risk assessment and design of experiments revealed the influence of critical method variables on the method's robustness. Optimum system suitability and assay results confirmed selectivity and revealed the specific nature of the method. Overall, a robust and greener analytical method is established for the routine simultaneous quantification of the two antipsychotics in their combined tablet dosage form.
Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Saliva Digestion of Enzymatically Modified Octenylsuccinate Starch‐Methol Inclusion Complex
Authors: Chen Xingyu , Hu Zhongshan , Wang Kai , Chen Da , Feng Tao
Published: February 2022

Menthol is a well‐known antibacterial, anticancer, and cooling agent, but its low water solubility, poor stability, and high volatility have limited its applications. In the present study, octenyl succinate starches (OSAS) are hydrolyzed using pullulanase to acquire glucans with different molecular weights and substitution degrees. They are used to encapsulate menthol by formation of inclusion complexes (Enzymatically hydrolyzed OSA Starch complex with Menthol [E‐OSAS‐MEN]). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows the inclusion complexes have higher thermal stability than those of glucans. The smaller the particle size and polydispersity index of the menthol inclusion complexes, the larger the absolute value of the zeta potential. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry shows that E40‐OSAS‐MEN possesses the highest encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of all inclusion complexes. The inclusion complex is stable against pH and temperature (4°C–100°C), and the released menthol in inclusion complexes ranges from 5% to 25%. The inclusion complex is released faster in simulated saliva containing α‐amylase, and menthol is completely released 5 h after enzymolysis. In contrast, only 18% of menthol is released in the absence of α‐amylase in simulated saliva. The present study provides valuable information as a guidance to develop chewing gums for controlled release of menthols.
Feasibility Study of Starch‐Based Biomass Incorporated 3D Printed Beef
Authors: Liu Peng , Dang Xugang , Woo Meng Wai , Chattha Sadaqat Ali , An Jingxian , Shan Zhihua
Published: February 2022

Food additives are one of the essential components in 3D food printing, which can be used to improve the processability performance of printed foods. In this study, five types of soluble starch‐based additives (Soluble starch (Ss), gelatinized soluble starch, gelatinized starch powder, oxidized starch powder (OSp), oxidized starch‐gelatin powder (OS‐Gp)) are added to ground beef in order to enhance its flowability during the extrusion process and improve the quality of 3D printed products. Beef products are made with 1% formulation for each starch‐based additives and are compared with control (no additives) samples. All additives enhance the cooking yield of samples significantly. Among all treatments, diameter reduction is not significant compared to the control except for the addition of gelatinized Ss and OS‐GP. The addition of starch‐based additives results in significant changes in the texture of the samples, with most of the hardness, chewiness, and viscosity decreasing. Treatment of starch‐based additives brings a lighter color to the samples except for the addition of OSp, and all the additives reduce the redness and yellowness value significantly.
Evaluating the strength of grade 10.9 bolts subject to multiaxial loading using the micromechanical failure index: MCEPS
Authors: Xin Haohui , Li Jie , Veljkovic Milan , Liu Yuqing , Sun Qing
Published: February 2022

Bolted joints in steel structures are generally subject to combined actions. The research on ultimate capacity of bolted joints under combined tension and shear actions, twin shear actions, and combined tension‐twin shear actions is relatively limited. The aim of this paper is to calibrate the fracture locus of grade 10.9 bolts using the mesoscale critical equivalent plastic strain (MCEPS). We use ductile fracture simulation to numerically evaluate the ultimate resistance of bolts subject to multiaxial loading and compare the results with the current design standards. The results show that predictions for grade 10.9 bolts subject to multiaxial loading in Chinese code GB 50017 and American code AISC‐360 are not on the safe side, while predictions in European code EN1993‐1‐8:2005 are slightly on the conservative side. We propose two modification factors to improve prediction of bolt strength subject to multiaxial loading; namely the multiaxial loading factor for shear resistance ξv and the multiaxial loading factor for tensile resistance ξt.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 72
Authors: Applequist Wendy L.
Published: February 2022

The following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Bulbostylis against Nemum, Lorinseria C. Presl against Lorinsera Opiz, Pirea Vavrdová against Pirea T. Durand, Selaginella against Didiclis, and Senega against Senegaria, Anthallogea, Corymbula, Leptrochia, Pylostachya, and Sexilia. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation because the proposed action is considered to be unnecessary: Hoodia against “Monothylaceum” and Chiropetalum against Desfontaena. The subgeneric name Littorella subg. Xamotris is recommended for rejection. The following 16 species names are recommended for conservation: Allium rotundum with conserved type, Arctotis calendula against A. tristis, Cereus eriophorus with conserved type, Commelina erecta with conserved type, Costus globosus against C. roxburghii, Grewia asiatica with conserved type, Grewia tiliifolia against G. damine, Hedyotis pentandra Schumach. against H. pentandra (Retz.) Forsyth f., Lycopodium intermedium against L. atroviride, Polypodium parasiticum with conserved type, Scabiosa caucasica with conserved type and against S. caucasea, Senecio peregrinus with conserved type, Senecio saluenensis with conserved type, Thymus glabrescens with conserved type and against T. odoratissimus, Veronica capitata Royle ex Benth. against V. capitata Fisch. ex Colla, and Veronica minuta C.A. Mey. against V. minuta Krock. The following four species names are not recommended for conservation: Citrosma schottiana against C. umbellata, Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus against N. lawii (because action is considered to be unnecessary), Ophioglossum parvifolium with conserved type, and Salix wallichiana against S. disperma. The following 11 species names are recommended for rejection: Arctotis ludwigii, Carex wazmanni, Limonium oleifolium, Littorella flexuosa, Littorella spicata, Poa amabilis, Poa virginica, Salsola caroliniana, Selaginella flagellifera, Solanum frutescens, and Tradescantia decora. The species name Potamogeton nerviger is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that Scilla L. and Squilla Steinh. not be treated as homonyms. The Committee recommends against making a binding decision on whether Kalanchoe rosea and K. rosei, or Oxalis kuhlmannii and O. kollmannii, should be treated as homonyms, considering them not confusable. The Committee also recommends that Desfontainia Ruiz & Pav. and Desfontaena Vell. and Lorinsera Opiz and Lorinseria C. Presl be treated as homonyms.
The effectiveness of an integratedSTEMcurriculum unit on middle school students' life science learning
Authors: Anwar Saira , Menekse Muhsin , Guzey Selcen , Bryan Lynn A.
Published: February 2022

Recent calls for reform in K‐12 science education and the National Academy of Engineering's Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century emphasize improving science teaching, students' engagement, and learning. In this study, we designed and implemented a curriculum unit for sixth‐grade students (i = 1305). The curriculum unit integrated science and engineering content and practices to teach ecology, water pollution, and engineering design. We investigated the designed integrated STEM unit's effectiveness in students' science learning outcomes on pre‐, post‐, and delayed post‐assessments. We collected pre‐and post‐assessment data of students' science learning outcomes for both the baseline group (taught via existing district‐adopted curriculum) and an intervention group (taught with integrated life science and engineering curriculum). We used a quasi‐experimental research design and examined differences between baseline and intervention groups. We used ANCOVA to explore differences in students' learning in baseline and intervention groups. Furthermore, for students in the intervention group, we conducted repeated‐measures ANOVA to investigate knowledge retention. Our analyses also accounted for students' gender and People of Color (POC) status. We conducted multiple regression analyses to explore the relationship between students' gender, POC status, and their learning outcomes. The results indicated that the intervention group students performed significantly better than the students in the baseline group. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that students in the intervention group retained science knowledge after 8 weeks of instruction. Finally, the regression analysis for the baseline group showed that gender and POC status were not significant predictors of their post‐assessment scores. However, POC status was a significant predictor of post‐assessment scores and knowledge retention for the intervention group. Overall, this study provides valuable findings on how an integrated STEM curriculum designed with engineering design and practices improves students' science learning outcomes.