bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections of Power: Margaret of Anjou and the Dark Side of Queenship
Authors: Lee Patricia-Ann
Published: April 2006

When Margaret of Anjou died at the Chateau of Dampierre, near Saumur, on August 25, 1482 it was as a woman not only retired from the world but almost forgotten by it. She who had been for a time the virtual ruler of Lancastrian England, who had raised armies and intrigued with princes, had not enough money to pay her debts except through the uncertain charity of her uncharitable cousin, the king of France. Crushed by misfortune, bereft of power by the death of her husband and son, picked clean of her remaining rights and possessions by Louis as the price of her ransom from English captivity, she seemed to be of no interest to anybody.
Deception and Marriage Strategy in Renaissance Florence: The Case of Women's Ages
Authors: Molho Anthony
Published: April 2006

Sostrata.Io ho sempre mai sentito dire che egli é uffizio d'un prudente pigliare de' cattivi partiti el migliore.

— Niccoló Machiavelli

In their magisterial work,Les Toscans et leurs families, David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber examined in considerable detail a problem faced by many historians studying late medieval tax censuses such as the Florentinecatasto:how much credence to give to the ages of individuals whose names are included in these documents? Following a lengthy investigation of thecatastoof 1427-1429, they reached the wistful conclusion that “Tuscans in 1427 had only a vague knowledge of their own ages or were loath to report them accurately.“ In the course of their inquiry, Herlihy and Klapisch compared the ages of some individuals recorded in thecatastowith the ages of the same individuals found in other documents.
Probationes Pennae: Some Sixteenth-Century Doodles on the Theme of Folly Attributed to the Antwerp Humanist Pieter Gillis and His Colleagues*
Authors: Goddard Stephen H.
Published: April 2006

Sometime between 1502 and 1509 one of Antwerp's city clerks took time to pen a small drawing and inscription on the flyleaf of a document in his care (fig. 1). His depiction of a naked soul seen from the backside while ascending into the clouds of heaven, succinctly labeled “ascensio,” turns out to be only the first of several dozen doodles preserved in a special class of judicial manuscripts in the Antwerp city archives. Taken as a group, these pictorial and verbal jottings provide a unique opportunity to eavesdrop upon the spontaneous mental meanderings of several Antwerpians in the age of Metsys, Erasmus, Bruegel, and Plantin. The art of doodling is revealing by its very nature, and the possibility that one of the doodlers was the humanist Pieter Gillis provides an additional incentive for the discussion of this material, which is catalogued and translated in the accompanying appendix.
Julia Lombardo, “Somtuosa Meretrize“: A Portrait by Property
Authors: Santore Cathy
Published: April 2006

The examination of the life and times of Julia Lombardo through the inventories of her possessions (Appendices I & II) enhances our understanding of the role of the courtesan in sixteenth-century Venetian society. Conserved in the archives of the Istituzioni di Rico vero e di Educazione, they are the only inventories of a Venetian courtesan from the Renaissance which have come to light. These documents afford an intimate glimpse into the interior of a prostitute's home in a city renowned for such services. Julia herself invites a closer look by what she reveals and conceals in her Condiccion(Appendix III). In composing this statement of her assets, written in her own hand, she puts to use the wiles needed for success in her mestiere. Other documents excluded from the appendices but utilized in the text aid in developing a picture of this woman. The comments of her contemporaries augment the image.
Images of Queen Mary II, 1689-95*
Authors: Schwoerer Lois G.
Published: April 2006

At the time of the Revolution of 1688-89 in England, for the first time since the accession of Queen Elizabeth I one hundred and thirty years earlier, a woman had a claim to the crown of England in her own right—Princess Mary of Orange, wife of Prince William of Orange of the Netherlands and the elder daughter of James II, the Catholic king of England, by his first and Protestant wife. That claim was one possible solution to the question of who should head the new government, but it was finally decided to create a dual monarchy, a constitutional arrangement unique in the nation's history. Under it the prince and princess of Orange became King William III and Queen Mary II of England, with administrative power vested in William alone. Although regarded as a regnant queen, one of only six regnant queens in the nation's history, Mary, in fact, received no substantive regal power.
Marketing a Medici Regime: The Funeral Oration of Marcello Virgilio Adrianifor Giuliano de' Medici (1516)
Authors: McManamon John M.
Published: April 2006

On 17 March 1516, Giuliano De' Medici Died of pulmonary tuberculosis at the Badia of Fiesole. Third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, Giuliano had received the title of duke of Nemours from King Francis I of France four months before his death. By dying, he may have committed his most politically significant act, for the Medici regime mobilized its resources to exploit the opportunities that the occasion presented. On March 19, the governors of the city orchestrated a great public funeral, which intended to celebrate the memory of Giuliano and the restoration of Medici hegemony.
Tommaso Campanella and Jean de Launoy: The Controversy over Aristotle and his Reception in the West
Authors: Headley John M.
Published: April 2006

In his first published work, thePhilosophy Demonstrated by the Senses(Naples, 1591), Tommaso Campanella evinced at the outset of his long intellectual career that abiding and most pronounced feature of his entire philosophical position, namely, an opposition to Aristotle. The product of a twenty-one year old man, this book conveys a fresh empiricism and is significantly untainted by the impact of astrology or the occultism of G. B. Delia Porta or the later political religious interests impelled by a personal messianism that would shape his thought.
Law, Death, and Heirs in the Renaissance: Repudiation of Inheritance in Florence
Authors: Kuehn Thomas
Published: April 2006

In traditional Europe, social reproduction rested in good part on inheritance. Property and status passed from generation to generation according to varying schemes of transmission tied to notions of blood descent, filiation, lineage, and affinity. Tracing changes in these schemes has been one of the central concerns of social history. Much of Renaissance social history has also gravitated around inheritance. By establishing magistracies like the Ufficiali dei Pupilli to oversee legal guardianship of minors and providing a public fund for dowries, the Monte delle doti, such cities as Florence indicated how important familial continuity was. Thanks to the work done by David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, William Kent, and others for Florence; of Stanley Chojnacki and others for Venice; and of yet other scholars for other cities, we are in a much better position to understand how important and complex inheritance was, how generally successful it was in preserving property in the hands of a narrow elite, to what degree marital and other practices were geared to inheritance strategies, and how difficult those strategies could be to carry out in the face of demographic and economic realities.
Inigo Jones and the Architecture of Poetry*
Authors: Jordan Elizabeth T.
Published: April 2006

Architecture in England Remained a fledgling science until Inigo Jones's Italianate classicism burst forth in London in the first decades of the seventeenth century. His 1622 Banqueting House at Whitehall with its masterful double-cube interior astounded Londoners accustomed to the rabbit warren of Elizabethan apartments making up the surrounding Whitehall Palace; its rhythmic, subtly articulated marble façade clashed with the eclectic exteriors of neighboring buildings.
Erwin Panofsky and the Renascence of the Renaissance
Authors: Landauer Carl
Published: April 2006

It has long been understood that historians, literary critics, and art historians who write about past cultures use those cultures for present purposes, whether by turning Periclean Athens into an ideal for present-day America or the fall of the Roman empire into an ominous signal for modern empires. German humanists who sought refuge from Nazi Germany had, however, special reasons to use their cultural studies as a strategy of escape. Erich Auerbach in exile in Istanbul and Ernst Robert Curtius in “inner exile” in Bonn provided narratives of European literary history that minimized the contribution of their native culture, and in so reworking the narrative of Western literature, they were able to reshape their own identities. Their reconstructions of past cultures can thus be read as attempts at self-reconstruction. Ultimately, however, the attempt by such scholars to distance themselves from German culture often faltered on the very Germanness of their cultural reconstructions.
Pope Eugenius IV and Jewish Money-Lending in Florence: The Case of Salomone di Bonaventura during the Chancellorship of Leonardo Bruni
Authors: Gow Andrew , Griffiths Gordon
Published: April 2006

In hisEulogy of Florence(Laudatio Florentinae Urbis)Leonardo Bruni praised her constitution for giving first place to justice, “without which no city can exist or deserve the name.” Moreover, he said, “Not only citizens, but aliens as well are protected by this commonwealth. It suffers injury to be done to no man, and endeavors to see to it that everyone, citizen or alien, shall receive the justice that is owing to him.” During Brum's own tenure as chancellor of Florence, however, we hear of a Jewish banker who was ruined by the heaviest fine in the history of the city after a trial that one modern scholar has described as a monstrous miscarriage of justice.
The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy*
Authors: Park Katharine
Published: April 2006

On the 17th of August 1308 Chiara of Montefalco died in the small Umbrian monastery of which she had been the abbess. Her fellow nuns did not take any steps to preserve her body. Nonetheless, for five days it remained uncorrupted and redolent of the odor of sanctity, despite the blazing summer heat. At that point— not wanting to tempt fate further—the community decided to embalm the precious relic. In the words of Sister Francesca of Montefalco, testifying some years later at Chiara's unsuccessful canonization procedure, “They agreed that [her] body should be preserved on account of her holiness and because God took such pleasure in her body and her heart.” They sent to the town apothecary for “balsam and myrrh and other preservatives,” as the apothecary himself testified, and they proceeded to the next step in contemporary embalming practice, which was evisceration.
Cristoforo Landino and Coluccio Salutati on the Best Life
Authors: McNair Bruce G.
Published: April 2006

An Important Issue in the study of fifteenth-century Florentine humanism is whether or not later Quattrocento humanists advocate a withdrawal from public life and abandon the “civic” humanism of Salutati, Bruni, and the early Quattrocento humanists. There is no lack of studies on this question using the categories of vita activa and vita contemplativa. In broad terms, the early fifteenthcentury Florentine humanists, reacting against the medieval scholastic world view, are seen as advocating the supremacy of the vita activa though still valuing the vita contemplativa, while the midfifteenth- century humanists, under the influence of the Medici and Marsilio Ficino's Platonic studies, are considered to have reversed the earlier emphasis on the “civic” outlook for the supremacy of the contemplative life and a withdrawal from public affairs.
Visibilis et Invisibilis: The Mistress in Italian Renaissance Court Society*
Authors: Ettlinger Helen S.
Published: April 2006

Fifteenth Century Italy has been called both the “golden age of bastards” and the “age of golden bastards.” But while scholars from Jacob Burckhardt to Lauro Martines have decried princely infidelity and the political problems resulting from the promotion of the inevitable bastards, they have not discussed a central character in the creation of such situations: the mother of those bastards or, more properly, the mistress of the prince. “Golden bastards,” male and female, could not have existed without the tacit cooperation of noble women and the men who protected them – husbands, fathers, and brothers. And herein lies a conundrum. Paternal, spousal, and/or fraternal consent to an illicit relationship which was, at best, a tenuous claim on the generosity of a prince might appear to violate the model constructed by family historians of a society concerned with preserving the honor of their women in order to enhance the family's position through advantageous marital alliances of the virgin daughters.
Women in the Book Trade in Italy, 1475-1620*
Authors: Parker Deborah
Published: April 2006

in his 1569Epistola qua ad multas multorum amicorum respondet de suae typographiae statu nominatimque de suo thesauro linguae graecae, the Parisian printer Henri II Estienne decries the participation of women in the book trade: “But beyond all those evils which have now been brought on by the ignorance of printers, male and female (for this only remains to add to the disgrace of the art, that even the little ladies have been practicing it), who will doubt that new evils are daily to be expected?” As Estienne's comments testify, one of the most unusualfeatures of the Renaissance and Counter Reformation book trade was the existence of several women printers and publishers. While their contemporaries were well aware of the presence of women in the printing profession, bibliographers and historians have largely neglected the history of their labors.
Inertia and Scientific Law in Sixteenth-Century Commentaries on Lucretius
Authors: Hine William L.
Published: April 2006

When Newton was planning a second edition of thePrincipia, he considered adding to the work some passages indicating his belief that the theory of inertia was known in antiquity. He intended to include several selections, ninety verses in all, from Lucretius'sDe rerum naturato illustrate that point. In the end, however, he decided against incorporating the material in the new edition, probably because Richard Bentley, the master of Trinity College Cambridge, considered Epicurean thought, of which Lucretius's work is the chief example, to be an attack on religion. Bentley had written to Newton that he planned to base a refutation of Epicurean atheism on Newton'sPrincipiaand asked him for clarification of several points.
Skirting the Issue: Machiavelli's Caterina Sforza*
Authors: Hairston Julia L.
Published: April 2006

This essay examines the creation of a notorious anecdote about a Machiavellian mother — Caterina Sforza. The adjective "Machiavellian "functions on two levels: first, Sforza often simply appears in her role as mother in Machiavelli's works; second, her behavior in this particular instance might well be characterized as "practising duplicity in state craft. " Yet if one considers the pertinent historical documents and Machiavelli's very first, although virtually forgotten, version of the events, it becomes apparent that Machiavelli "de-Machiavellizes" Caterina Sforza. The historical record offers a narrative in which Sforza provides a localized, targeted political response to undermine her children's would-be assassins. Machiavelli, however, rewrites the episode by altering Sforza's quip to her enemies and adding the audacious gesture of lifting her skirts; as a result, he creates a version in which she no longer responds to the political predicament in which she finds herself. This essay juxtaposes Machiavelli's long-ignored first version of the tale with his other two more well-known prose versions and contextualizes all three in relation to contemporary sources.
Ruling Sexuality: The Political Legitimacy of Isabel of Castile*
Authors: Lehfeldt Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

This article examines the gendered construction of power during the reign of Isabel of Castile (1474-1504). The construction of her political legitimacy was based on her manipulation of her gender and sexuality intended to contrast with the perceived shortcomings of her brother, Enrique IV. Enrique's critics had impugned his sexuality and attacked his inability to deliver Spain into a golden age. By aligning Isabel with sexually chaste models and emphasizing her ability to redeem Spain both because of and despite her gender, Isabel's partisans crafted an image that allowed her to transcend the misogynist tropes that attacked female rule.
Bruni on Writing History
Authors: Ianziti Gary
Published: April 2006

This article examines Leonardo Bruni's ideas on history writing, tracing their evolution from 1404 down to the latter half of 1443. It establishes that Bruni saw history writing as a textual activity closely related to, if not identical with, translation. The various implications of this discovery are explored in relation to several of Bruni's major historical works, including theCicero novus(1415), theCommentarii de primo bello punico(1419), and theDe bello italico(1441). The article concludes by showing how Bruni's views - in their final, extreme formulation - were challenged by his younger rival, Biondo Flavio, in the early 1440s.
"Ché ultima mano!": Tiberio Calcagni's Marginal Annotations to Condivi's Life of Michelangelo
Authors: Elam Caroline
Published: April 2006

This article discusses the authorship and content of a number of marginal annotations made to a copy of Ascanio Condivi's 1553 Life of Michelangelo. The annotations are shown here to be the work of the artist's last assistant, Tiberio Calcagni, and were probably written into the book c. 1563-64, some of them predating and some postdating the master's death. They record Michelangelo's reactions to mistakes in Condivi's account, as well as confirm the veracity of some of the "tall stories" found in the biography.
Taming Anger's Daughters: New Treatment for Emotional Problems in Renaissance Spain
Authors: Flynn Maureen
Published: April 2006

A growing appreciation for the physiological dimensions of human behavorial problems is evident in Renaissance therapeutics. Both physicians and moral philosophers came to admit that passionate impulses like blasphemy and fist-fighting frequently erupted prior to conscious thought. Instead of relying exclusively on ascetic discipline and rational reflection as means to subdue undesirable emotions, post-medieval therapeutics added a number of mood-altering techniques such as music, dance, conversation, baths, and meditation on graphic images. The psychological premise of the new morality of the Renaissance was not flight from the body but respectful acceptance of its passionate interests.
Lotto's Lucretia
Authors: Goffen Rona
Published: April 2006

Lotto's Lucretia is posed in a way that Renaissance viewers would have recognized as masculine and therefore inappropriate for a lady. Moreover, Lucretia holds a fictive drawing, representing the suicide of her Roman namesake. The depiction of a fictive drawing was quite exceptional in the 1530s. Lottos reasons for posing his Lucretia in such an unexpected, masculine way, and his representation of her predecessor's death as a fictive drawing are the means whereby he asserts her virtue. Doing so, Lotto seems to question the traditional patriarchal definitions of woman, female chastity and female sexuality that Lucretia herself had come to embody.
Silvandre's Symposium: The Platonic and the Ambiguous in L'Astrée
Authors: Gregorio Laurence A.
Published: April 2006

Imprecision appears to be the intended effect of the thematic plan of Honoré d'Urfé's L'Astrée, especially where signs of sexual identity are concerned. This study proposes a reading which, on two bases, accommodates the romance's semiotic vagueness. First, the ideological context of Neoplatonism clarifies the work's ongoing "Symposium" on love. The roots of this dialogue may be traced to Plato's Symposium and magnetic theory which foreshadow L'Astreé's tendency toward character self-representation on a middle ground between male and female. Second, evidence of a structure of ambiguity in other areas of the romance's composition corroborates the argument.
Dance and the Garden: Moving and Static Choreography in Renaissance Europe*
Authors: Nevile Jennifer
Published: April 2006

In the Renaissance there were close similarities between the static choreography of the formal gardens of the nobility and the moving choreographies performed by the members of the court. The principles of order and proportion, the expression of splendour, the geometrical forms, were all fundamental principles of both Renaissance court dance and the formal garden. The patterns in both these art-forms were meant to be viewed from above. This close similarity in design principles between the horticultural and kinetic arts existed right through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and continued into the seventeenth century.
Exotic Allies: The Dutch-Chilean Encounter and the (Failed) Conquest of America*
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin
Published: April 2006

How did the Netherlands assimilate the New World? This essay explores the process of cultural geography in the Renaissance by examining the creative appropriation of American "allies" by the Dutch Republic. On three separate occasions, embassies from the United Provinces sought to enlist natives of South America for a proposed brotherhood, or "alliance," meant to challenge the tyranny of Spain and liberate the hemisphere from Habsburg control While this hoped-for Reconquista never did transpire, Dutch efforts — rhetorical as well as real—demonstrate a highly imaginative and vigorously prosecuted response to America. They problematize the paradigm of the New Worlds "blunted" impact on the Old.
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Arsanjani Mahnoush H.
Published: April 2006

The United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (ICC) took place in Rome at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization from June 15 to July 17, 1998. The participants numbered 160 states, thirty-three intergovernmental organizations and a coalition of 236 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The conference concluded by adopting the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by a nonrecorded vote of 120 in favor, 7 against and 21 abstentions. The United States elected to indicate publicly that it had voted against the statute. France, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation supported the statute.
Sexual Violence in Decisions and Indictments of the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals: Current Status
Authors: Askin Kelly D.
Published: April 2006

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Yugoslav conflict; the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established in 1994 to prosecute war crimes committed during the Rwandan civil war. The Yugoslav Tribunal has the competence to try alleged offenders for crimes enumerated in Articles 2-5 of its Statute, namely, grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Similarly, the Rwandan Statute accords the Tribunal authority to try defendants for crimes enunciated in Articles 2-4, namely, genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II. Article 7, paragraphs (1) and (3) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6, paragraphs (1) and (3) of the ICTR Statute grant jurisdiction to these ad hoc Tribunals to try the accused for individual criminal responsibility on the bases of individual culpability and superior authority.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Amann Diane Marie
Published: April 2006

Prosecutor v. Akayesu. Case ICTR-96-4-T.

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, September 2, 1998.

This pioneering opinion marks the first time an international criminal tribunal has tried and convicted an individual for genocide and international crimes of sexual violence. The case arose out of the massacres of perhaps a million Tutsi in Rwanda in 1994. At least two thousand died in Taba, a rural commune where defendant Jean-Paul Akayesu was mayor. A trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda concluded that, although Akayesu may at first have tried to prevent killings, he eventually donned a military jacket and participated in or ordered atrocities. The Tribunal found him guilty of one count each of genocide and incitement to commit genocide and seven counts of crimes against humanity. It acquitted Akayesu of five counts brought under common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Protocol Additional II to those Conventions on the ground that he was not within the class of perpetrators contemplated by them.
Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd.
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Helfer Laurence R.
Published: April 2006

Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd. Case C-249/96. 1998 All England Law Reports (EC) 193.

Court of Justice of the European Communities, February 17, 1998.

Are employers within the European Community (EC or Community) forbidden from discriminating against their employees on the basis of sexual orientation? More generally, does the prohibition of “discrimination based on sex” contained in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome and the Community directive requiring equal pay for men and women (Equal Pay Directive) encompass discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation? In Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd., the European Court of Justice (ECJ) answered both questions in the negative, rejecting a strongly worded recommendation of the Court's Advocate General.
Self-determination—Canada—Quebec—right to secede under constitutional law and public international law—role of international law in Canadian courts
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Toope Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

Re Reference by Governor in Council Concerning Certain Questions Relating to Secession of Quebec from Canada.

Supreme Court of Canada, August 20, 1998.

In an attempt to clarify the legal context in which continuing Canadian constitutional conundrums arise, the federal executive referred three questions to the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality under both Canadian constitutional law and international law of a potential unilateral declaration of independence by the Province of Quebec. The Court declared that unilateral secession is not permitted under either Canadian constitutional law or international law. The “underlying principles that animate” the Canadian Constitution preclude secession, even though there is no specific text prohibiting the dismantling of the Canadian state. However, if Quebecers were to vote yes to secession by “a clear majority on a clear question,” democratic legitimacy would be conferred on the secessionist project and a constitutional obligation to negotiate would arise binding the other provinces and the federal authority.
The Fifth Session of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court
Authors: Hall Christopher Keith
Published: April 2006

The Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (Preparatory Committee or committee) held its fifth session from December 1 to 12, 1997. The Preparatory Committee, chaired by Adriaan Bos (the Netherlands), conducted most of its work in five open working groups to consider (1) definitions of war crimes, (2) general principles of criminal law, (3) penalties, (4) procedural matters, and (5) state cooperation. Three of the working groups were assisted by small drafting groups focusing on particular articles; in the other two working groups, the chairs undertook the task of drafting revised texts in the light of the discussion. The following short summary discusses some of the major decisions adopted by the five working groups; the positions of some of the states, including the United States, that were active on these issues; and the plans of the Preparatory Committee for its final session (March 16 to April 3, 1998) before the five-week diplomatic conference opens in Rome on June 15, 1998.
Is Personal Freedom a Western Value?
Authors: Franck Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

No one must be disturbed because of his opinions, even in religious matters, provided their expression does not trouble the public order established by law.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789

Various forces and tendencies contending in the world of ideas bear directly on the identity of each person. The nation, the tribe, the state, the “ethnie” or sociocultural group, international institutions, and several nongovernmental transnational actors, including the great religions—all contend for adherents. Two things stand out in this cacophony: first, that individuals, nowadays, may have more than one affiliation; and, second, that affiliative choices increasingly can be made by individuals acting autonomously.
Zschernig v. Miller and the Breard Matter
Authors: Kirgis Frederic L.
Published: April 2006

In 1968 the United States Supreme Court decided Zschernig v. Miller, a foreign relations case that has been characterized as unique. An Oregon probate statute provided for escheat of a decedent’s property in preference to a nonresident alien’s claim to inherit it unless the alien’s country (1) allowed United States citizens to inherit under similar circumstances, (2) allowed U.S. citizens to receive payment here of funds inherited there, and (3) gave foreign heirs the right to receive the proceeds of Oregon estates without confiscation. Residents of then East Germany, who were the heirs of an Oregon decedent, challenged the constitutionality of the statute. The Supreme Court struck down the statute, finding that Oregon probate and appellate judges were basing their decisions on “foreign policy attitudes, the freezing or thawing of the ‘cold war.’”
The International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings
Authors: Witten Samuel M.
Published: April 2006

On December 15, 1997, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (Convention or Terrorist Bombing Convention). The Convention sets forth a broad regime of jurisdiction for international cooperation in connection with the unlawful and intentional use of explosives and other lethal devices, in, into or against various defined public places, with intent to kill or cause serious bodily injury or to cause extensive destruction of the defined public place. It will fill an important gap in international law by expanding the legal framework for states to cooperate in the investigation, prosecution and extradition of persons who engage in such international terrorism. While generally patterned after prior counterterrorism conventions, the Convention contains several important innovations.
Nicolas Caussin's “Spirituality of Communication“: A Meeting of Divine and Human Speech
Authors: Campbell Stephen F.
Published: April 2006

That which is uttered with the mouth of the flesh is the articulate sound of the word… . For our word is so made in some way into an articulate sound of the body … as the Word of God was made flesh.

Augustine

The Following Essay is Presented as a sketch of some significant features of Christian humanism which relate to language and discourse in France during the first half of the seventeenth century. Its central intent is to testify to the early Jesuit conviction that the manifestation of God in the world is profound. And this belief and emphasis on the ability to discover and rediscover God in the world, in its past and present, both nourished and was nourished by the Society of Jesus's involvement in humanism.
Renaissance Misogyny, Biblical Feminism, and Hélisenne de Crenne'sEpistres familieres et invectives
Authors: Nash Jerry C.
Published: April 2006

And truly, I say to you, wherever the gospel is preached in the whole world, whatshehas done will be told inmemory of her.

— Mark 14:9

Je t'admonneste de … te repentir, d'avoir detracté decelles, pour lesquelles extollertous vertueulx se travaillent (K ii).

— Crenne

We will begin where all early modern feminists, from Christine de Pizan to Hélisenne de Crenne and beyond, begin: in the beginning was the word, and the word was misogynist. This is the ideological, literary, and cultural context for reading and appreciating virtually every early modern feminist work.
Italian Scholarship on Pre-Modern Confraternities in Italy
Authors: Elsenbichler Konrad
Published: April 2006

The last fifteen to twenty years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the study of medieval and Renaissance confraternities, those lay religious associations that pervaded the spiritual and social fabric of pre-modern European society. In English-language scholarship, the field was first surveyed by three historians who firmly left their mark on this fertile soil: Brian Pullan examined the place of the Venetianscuole(as local confraternities were called) in the social fabric of the state; Rab Hatfield investigated the social and political influence of the Florentine confraternity of the Magi; and Richard Trexler probed the place of confraternities for youths in Florentine civic ritual.
Ariosto and the “Fier Pastor”: Form and History in Orlando Furioso
Authors: Ascoli Albert Russell
Published: April 2006

This essay explores the formal means (a variant of the medieval romance technique ofentrelacement) by which Ludovico Ariosto'sOrlando Furiosorepresents and comments on contemporary events, particularly the threats posed by French and Spanish invasions and by the interventionist politics of Popes Julius II and Leo X. Ariosto's treatment of the latter figure exemplifies both the specificity of the interplay between form and history in theFurioso Innamoratoand its innovative character with respect to precursors, notably Boiardo'sOrlando Innamorato. A final section considers the changing significance of such topical material between the first edition of 1516 (when Leo was alive) and the final edition of 1532 (long after Leo's death, and under very different historical circumstances).
“Whose Wife Will She Be at the Resurrection?”
Marriage and Remarriage in Early Modern Russia
Authors: Kaiser Daniel H.
Published: April 2006

Although historians and publicists have frequentiy criticized the Orthodox Church for its failure to implant in parishioners much religious sensibility, Daniel H. Kaiser argues that the seventeenth-century church was much more successful than critics have contended. Examining litigation over bigamy and remarriage from the Russian north, Kaiser argues that clerics largely succeeded in articulating and enforcing a doctrine that affirmed the sacramental primacy of first marriage. In prosecuting bigamists and tracking down fugitives, church courts showed themselves fully competent to ascertain the facts surrounding marital disputes and then impose decisions upon the principals, many of whom, even while resisting the church's directives, betrayed knowledge of and appreciation for the church's view. Therefore, Kaiser concludes, we need to revise our estimate of the church's effectiveness in regulating domestic life in early modern Russia.
The Origins of Russian Scenery: Volga River Tourism and Russian Landscape Aesthetics
Authors: Ely Christopher
Published: April 2006

The essential idea of landscape, that a section of terrain can be appreciated as a visual or aesthetic object, is largely a phenomenon of modern history, tied to processes such as urbanization and the development of tourism. Although the appreciation of landscape in Russia was influenced by European aesthetics, Russia developed a unique approach to its own natural environment, and the Volga River played an important role in that process. When steamship tourism appeared on the Volga in the late nineteenth century, the river became a crucial location for the articulation of a new, scenic aesthetic. But this aesthetic competed with earlier views of Russian landscape, which held that the simple and unspectacular character of the native countryside contrasted favorably with the overly picturesque and inauthentic landscapes of western Europe. Images of the Volga that emerged in guidebooks, travelogues, and visual media took shape in attempts to negotiate between the touristic impulse to appreciate beautiful scenery and more established conceptions of Russian nature as appealing precisely in its lack of picturesqueness.
“Face-to-Face”: The State, the Individual, and the Citizen in Russian Taxation, 1863-1917
Authors: Kotsonis Yanni
Published: April 2006

From the 1860s to 1917, direct taxation provides a window onto the paradoxes of reform in late imperial Russia. The new systems of assessment that culminated in the income tax of 1916 aimed to individualize government in a regime still ordered by legal estate and collective identity; to recognize the autonomy of the individual while disassembling and reintegrating the person by way of comprehensive assessment; and to promote a sense of citizenship, participation, and individual responsibility while still defending autocracy. Yanni Kotsonis suggests that these tensions were borrowed, along with the new techniques of taxation and of government, from European and transatlantic practice, but Kotsonis also locates the distinctiveness of the Russian case in the historical context and the set of ideological premises into which the practices were introduced.
The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology
Authors: Roberts Andrew
Published: April 2006

Scholars use a variety of terms to refer to the regimes of the former Soviet bloc. Some prefercommunist, while others usesocialistorstate socialist. In this article, Andrew Roberts argues thatcommunismis the better choice. Usingsocialismorstate socialismto refer to these regimes stretches the concept unnecessarily, making one label refer to two regimes with little in common. This conceptual stretching has two negative consequences. First, it impedes efficient scholarly communication. Second, it impoverishes political debate by diminishing the achievements of democratic socialists. A solution to this problem is to use the termcommunistto refer to Soviet-style regimes.
Thermoluminescence Dating in Architectural History: Venetian Villas
Authors: Goedicke Christian , Slusallek Klaus , Kubelik Martin
Published: April 2006

Thermoluminescence (TL) is the name given to an effect observed when certain minerals give off light created by natural radiation. Some of these minerals are contained in clay, and the effect occurs upon firing of the clay. The time elapsed between such firings can therefore be measured and serves as a reliable dating method. It is well established in the fields of archaeology (where it is used extensively for authenticity testing) and geology. Until recently this method has not been used in the discipline of architectural history. Here we propose specific adaptations of this method to this discipline and demonstrate the inherent limits in its accuracy. We examined a number of Venetian villas dating from the 15th to the 17th centuries, with three goals in mind: 1. To establish this method in architectural history by cross-checking it against well dated buildings. 2. To try and date buildings of unknown age. 3. To try and distinguish individual building phases of one and the same building. The results obtained confirmed all hopes placed in the method. In this paper we discuss in detail, some of these results exemplifying all three goals cited above; and we give a brief explanation of the scientific background and the sampling procedure.
Monumentality versus Suitability: Viollet-le-Duc's Saint Gimer at Carcassonne
Authors: MacClintock Lucy
Published: April 2006

One of Viollet-le-Duc's first original neo-Gothic designs was the small parish church of Saint Gimer at Carcassonne, built from 1852 to 1859. Here, Viollet-le-Duc eschewed monumentality and grandeur in favor of a simple, plain, and inexpensive design which would be suitable to a working-class neighborhood. Contrary to criticisms of his restorations as being insensitive to regional Gothic styles, in Saint Gimer the architect demonstrated an acute concern for fidelity to local building traditions. In addition, he recognized the historical importance of the Cistercian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders in southern France, by adopting certain elements of plan, proportions, and articulation from monastic types. Thus the church of Saint Gimer reveals the principles which Viollet-le-Duc thought must govern 19th-century church building: economy, austerity, and the creation of a gracious sense of space.
Bernini's S. Andrea al Quirinale: Payments and Planning
Authors: Connors Joseph
Published: April 2006

S. Andrea al Quirinale was Bernini's architectural masterpiece. A detailed account in the Jesuit Archives now allows a more exact chronology and shows how the design evolved over a fourteen-year period, 1658-1672. The church, which is often compared to a jewelbox, is used as the starting point for a discussion of various attitudes to wealth on the part of baroque architects and patrons. The issue of Bernini's classicism as an architect is discussed with reference to his use of geometry and his development as a designer of church façades. The famous rivalry between Bernini and Borromini is seen as a result of fundamental differences of principle, though some examples are presented from the late 17th and early 18th centuries which show attempts to reconcile the styles and approaches of the two unfriendly geniuses.
The Beginnings of Provincial Renaissance Architecture in Boston, 1690-1725. Current Observations and Suggestions for Further Study
Authors: Cummings Abbott Lowell
Published: April 2006

Boston during the first 50 years of its existence remained architecturally a community of mostly wooden buildings in an English-derived post-medieval tradition. About 1680, however, there began to be a significant influx of new building artisans, many of them with London backgrounds. These men became the "carriers" of stylistic ideas then fashionable in English urban centers among the mercantile middle class, ideas which can best be defined as a blending of English Renaissance forms, derived ultimately from Inigo Jones and his successors, with contemporary material and stylistic borrowings from the Lowlands. Patronized by Boston's own growing mercantile elite, the immigrant builders were responsible for the transplantation in provincial terms of a new "high" style, while at the same time introducing into Boston for a more modest clientele of artisans and small shopkeepers current urban vernacular forms, representative of the simplest two- and three-story brick houses of post-Fire London.
Alexander Parris, B. Henry Latrobe, and the John Wickham House in Richmond, Virginia
Authors: Zimmer Edward F. , Scott Pamela J.
Published: April 2006

The work of Alexander Parris (1780-1852) in Richmond, Virginia, has not been previously studied, yet it forms the crucial link between his better known early and mature work in New England. This article focuses on his most important Richmond commission, the John Wickham house, built in 1811-1812, and now part of the Valentine Museum. Traditionally attributed to Robert Mills, the house is reassigned to Parris on the basis of a letter by him claiming the design, four drawings in his hand for the house, and correspondence between the client and B. Henry Latrobe about the initial Parris design. The Parris drawings and Latrobe letters also provide the basis for tracing the sources for, and the evolution of, the design. Parris' preliminary plan includes several features identifiable from his previous work in Portland, Maine, as well as elements derived more directly from English architectural books. Latrobe's blistering critique of that initial design is examined to identify the sources of Latrobe's architectural theories and the impact of his comments on Parris' Wickham project. A second Parris study for the house shows his reaction to that critique, while the final form of the house demonstrates Parris' successful synthesis of his own early work, Latrobe's critique and buildings in Richmond and Philadelphia, and published English sources. Overall, the Wickham project was a critical episode in Parris' development as a designer and in his evolution from housewright to architect. It is the key to understanding the imprint of Latrobe on the remainder of Parris' architectural career.
The Grant Monument
Authors: Kahn David M.
Published: April 2006

The Grant Monument, popularly known today as Grant's Tomb, was comparable in sheer size and costliness to only two other memorials erected in 19th-century America-the Washington Monument and the Statue of Liberty. When General Grant died in the summer of 1885 it was anticipated that a shaft of some kind would be built over his grave. This had been the usual choice for the nation's major memorials in the post-Civil War period. The issue was widely debated and other suggestions were advanced. In an official competition for the monument in 1888/1889 a shaft was selected. The results of the competition were subsequently set aside and John Hemenway Duncan's very different proposal for a classical mausoleum was chosen in a second, decisive competition in 1890 (Fig. 1). The Grant Monument thus became the most significant of a growing number of memorials to be modeled after classical sources, indicating in part the development of more sophisticated architectural tastes, as well as the rising sense of nationalism in the last decades of the 19th century. Within this framework, classical monuments, with their aura of ancient glory, seemed to express forcefully and didactically the importance of the nation's heroes and the grandeur of its history.
The Meaning and Significance of the Human Analogy in Francesco di Giorgio's Trattato
Authors: Lowic Lawrence
Published: April 2006

This paper examines Francesco di Giorgio's use of the human analogy to explain the values and objectives of architectural design. It traces the changing significance of the analogy and its treatment in the different versions of his treatise. In the process it evaluates the influence of Vitruvius and other possible sources in the shaping of his thought. By placing Francesco's use of the analogy in the context of a continuing tradition of speculative thought and the intellectual climate of his own day, it seeks to demonstrate more fully the meaning and function of the human analogy in his architectural theory.
The Church of S. Maria di Tremiti and Its Significance for the History of Romanesque Architecture
Authors: McClendon Charles B.
Published: April 2006

During the 11th and 12th centuries, S. Maria di Tremiti was one of the most important monasteries on the Adriatic coast of Italy. While its historical significance has long been recognized, little attention has been paid to the abbey as an artistic center. In the early 1960s, a restoration campaign by the local Superintendency of Monuments revealed the original, medieval fabric of the abbey church, but the results of this discovery were left largely unstudied. This essay attempts to place the design of the church in the context of the architectural developments of its day, thereby providing an insight into the creative forces that contributed to the formation of Romanesque architecture.