bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism investigation and suppression of self-discharge in active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Libin , Bai Hua , Huang Zhifeng , Li Lei
Published: February 2014

The mechanism of self-discharge (SDC) in active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors was investigated, and two strategies were devised to suppress the SDC process.
Selenoprotein P is the essential selenium transporter for bones
Authors: Pietschmann Nicole , Rijntjes Eddy , Hoeg Antonia , Stoedter Mette , Schweizer Ulrich , Seemann Petra , Schomburg Lutz
Published: February 2014

Hepatic selenoprotein P transports Se to bones and constitutes an essential factor for bone mineral homeostasis.
Effect of Si doping on the electronic properties of BN monolayer
Authors: Gupta Sanjeev K. , He Haiying , Banyai Douglas , Si Mingsu , Pandey Ravindra , Karna Shashi P.
Published: February 2014

Unique electronic and transport properties were predicted for Si-doped BN monolayer consisting of a significant enhancement of current at the dopant site, diode-like asymmetric current–voltage response, and negative differential resistance.
An integrated artificial photosynthesis system based on peptide nanotubes
Authors: Xue Bin , Li Ying , Yang Fan , Zhang Chunfeng , Qin Meng , Cao Yi , Wang Wei
Published: February 2014

A peptide nanotube platform that integrates both light-harvesting and catalytic units was successfully engineered for artificial photosynthesis.
Ultrahigh iodine adsorption in porous organic frameworks
Authors: Pei Cuiying , Ben Teng , Xu Shixian , Qiu Shilun
Published: February 2014

Porous organic frameworks such as PAF-1 and JUC-Z2 exhibit ultrahigh iodine adsorption.
Light and reductive dual stimuli-responsive PEI nanoparticles: “AND” logic response and controllable release
Authors: Huang Qi , Liu Tao , Bao Chunyan , Lin Qiuning , Ma Meixin , Zhu Linyong
Published: February 2014

Novel photo and reduction dual-responsive PEI micelles were fabricated and applied for “AND” logic responsive drug release.
Temperature-triggered shape-transformations in layer-by-layer microtubes
Authors: Sung Choonghyun , Vidyasagar Ajay , Hearn Katelin , Lutkenhaus Jodie L.
Published: February 2014

Freely released microtubes in water transform to ellipsoids and spheres at high temperatures, while microtubes bound to the template surface showed periodic voids suggestive of Rayleigh instabilities.
Multi‐branch current sensing technique for three‐phase current reconstruction with non‐contact‐type current sensor
Authors: Cho Younghoon , Byen Byeng‐Joo , Choe Gyu‐Ha
Published: February 2014

A multi‐branch current sensing technique for three‐phase current reconstruction with a non‐contact‐type current sensor is introduced. In the proposed method, the non‐contact‐type current sensor measures two branches’ current simultaneously in a three‐phase inverter, and all phases’ current information is obtained in a single switching cycle. The proposed method completely takes the advantages of the previous multi‐branch current sensing technique, and even further accuracy improvement is achieved. The proposed method is verified through experiments.
Blind interference alignment tracking for two‐way interference channel
Authors: Ma Shuai , Sun Dechun , Su Yuping
Published: February 2014

In this study, the authors propose a novel blind adaptive minor subspace tracking interference alignment (BAMST‐IA) scheme for slowly fading two‐way interference channel. In this scheme, a new frame structure is designed to exploit the dependency of the channels between consecutive fading blocks. Then, the IA problem is reformulated as a minor subspace tracking problem, and the low computational complexity fast data projection method algorithm is integrated with the BAMST‐IA scheme to update the IA solutions. Moreover, the update uses only observed data without any channel state information, thus requires lower signalling overhead. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed BAMST‐IA scheme is fit for slowly fading channels.
Analysis of frequency chirp of self‐injected nanostructure semiconductor lasers
Authors: Wang Cheng , Even Jacky , Grillot Frederic
Published: February 2014

The frequency chirp of a self‐injected quantum dot (QD) semiconductor laser is studied through the chirp‐to‐power ratio. By taking into account the carrier dynamics in the nanostructures, the effects of the optical feedback conditions as well as of the linewidth enhancement factor are investigated with a semi‐analytical rate equation model. On the one hand, under the long delay case, the simulations show the occurrence of a detrimental parasitic ripple both in the amplitude and the frequency responses. On the other hand, in the short cavity regime, the calculations reveal that the modulation properties can be nicely purified regarding the amplitude and the phase of the delayed field. To this end, substantial improvements in terms of the modulation bandwidth, the relaxation frequency and the frequency chirp are pointed out. Finally, the simulations also show that the linewidth enhancement factor constitutes a severe constraint in the self‐injected QD lasers independent of the cavity regime.
Coherent MUSIC technique for range/angle information retrieval: application to a frequency‐modulated continuous wave MIMO radar
Authors: Belfiori Francesco , van Rossum Wim , Hoogeboom Peter
Published: February 2014

A coherent two‐dimensional (2D) multiple signal classification (MUSIC) processing for the simultaneous estimation of angular and range target positions has been presented. A 2D spatial smoothing technique is also introduced to cope with the coherent behaviour of the received echoes, which may result in a rank deficiency of the signals covariance matrix. The algorithm is analysed with respect to its application to coherent multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) arrays. The extended baseline which is synthesised can indeed be used to further improve the performance of the system. The results of the algorithm are shown for both simulated and experimental data scenarios. In the latter case, the data are collected by a frequency‐modulated continuous wave radar with MIMO functionality that has been designed and realised in cooperation with TNO, the Netherlands.
Analysis of detection range of FM‐based passive radar
Authors: Malanowski Mateusz , Kulpa Krzysztof , Kulpa Janusz , Samczynski Piotr , Misiurewicz Jacek
Published: February 2014

This study presents an analysis of the detection range of a passive bistatic radar (PBR) by using FM radio transmitters as the illuminators of opportunity and the analysis of a required analogue‐front‐end dynamic range. Firstly, the theoretical considerations are presented in which the power budget is analysed, by taking into account the specific features of the PBR such as instantaneous reception of the direct illumination signal and weak target echoes and direct path interference removal. In the second part of this study, measurements performed by using an FM‐based PBR demonstrator PaRaDe (passive radar demonstrator) are presented. The PaRaDe is a deployable system operating in real time, developed at the Warsaw University of Technology, Poland. The measurements include a scan of a typical spectrum in the range of 88–108 MHz, and the analysis of the long range detection of the air targets.
GSM passive coherent location system: performance prediction and measurement evaluation
Authors: Zemmari Reda , Broetje Martina , Battistello Giulia , Nickel Ulrich
Published: February 2014

This study describes the processing scheme of the FKIE (Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics) GSM‐based passive coherent location (PCL) system, which consists of an antenna and signal processing adapted to the GSM waveform and of target tracking based on multi‐hypothesis tracking. To overcome the limitations from a single bistatic transmitter–receiver pair, fusion of the measurements from different geometries is the key component of a GSM PCL system. The authors demonstrate a significant improvement in target position estimation from the tracking process on the basis of real data and theoretical performance bounds. The impact of the transmitter–target–receiver geometry is discussed and the effect of the exploitation of prior context knowledge (e.g. clutter and land maps) on maritime traffic surveillance is shown.
Method of carbon‐based electrode analysis by conductive‐atomic force microscopy
Authors: Majchrzycki Ł. , Nowicki M. , Czajka R. , Lota K.
Published: February 2014

A novel method of the characterisation of composite materials for electrochemical capacitor electrodes by conductive‐ atomic force microscopy is reported. The method allowed the analysis of the structure and the distribution of the non‐ conductive or less conductive additives dispersed in the carbon conductive matrix, which affect the surface conductivity of the electrodes. The composites of activated carbon with nickel (II) oxide, as well as activated carbon or carbon nanotubes with three different conducting polymers – polyaniline, poly(3,4‐ ethylenedioxythiophene) and polypyrrole – were prepared and tested and analysed by the reported method.
Modification of the ferromagnetic anisotropy and exchange bias field of NiFe/CoO/Co trilayers through the CoO spacer thicknesses
Authors: Lin K.-W. , Lan T.-C. , Shueh C. , Skoropata E. , van Lierop J.
Published: February 2014

We have investigated the magnetism of NiFe/CoO/Co trilayers with different CoO spacer thicknesses. The dependence of the coercivity (Hc) and exchange bias field (Hex) on the CoO thicknesses indicated that different pinning strengths from the CoO were acting on the top NiFe and bottom Co layers, respectively. DC susceptibility indicated the different interlayer coupling energies and showed that the anisotropy of CoO layer strongly affected the temperature dependence of the magnetization.
Enhancement of electron mobility in asymmetric coupled quantum well structures
Authors: Das S. , Nayak R. K. , Sahu T. , Panda A. K.
Published: February 2014

We study the low temperature multisubband electron mobility in a structurally asymmetric GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs delta doped double quantum well. We calculate the subband energy levels and wave functions through selfconsistent solution of the coupled Schrodinger equation and Poisson's equation. We consider ionized impurity scattering, interface roughness scattering, and alloy disorder scattering to calculate the electron mobility. The screening of the scattering potentials is obtained by using static dielectric response function formalism within the random phase approximation. We analyze, for the first time, the effect of asymmetric structure parameters on the enhancement of multisubband electron mobility through intersubband interactions. We show that the asymmetric variation of well width, doping concentration, and spacer width considerably influences the interplay of scattering mechanisms on mobility. Our results of asymmetry induced enhancement of electron mobility can be utilized for low temperature device applications.
A thorough study on thermal mass flux of rarefied flow through micro/nanochannels
Authors: Akhlaghi Hassan , Roohi Ehsan , Balaj Mojtaba
Published: February 2014

Most of the previous works on mass flux due to thermal creep focused on thermal creep due to wall temperature gradient. In this work, we show that even without wall temperature gradient there exists thermal creep mass flux if one applies heat flux over the wall. This heat flux could induce a temperature gradient inside the flow and subsequently leads to a temperature gradient across the channel. Additionally, we deduce that rarefied gas under thermal non-equilibrium conditions is governed by three separate mechanisms, i.e., thermal creep effect and viscosity and density changes. There is a critical Knudsen number, around unity, where the mass flux remains invariant against the heating/cooling wall heat fluxes. Some analytical expressions for all sorts of thermal mass flux, including that due to the heat flux and that due to the wall temperature gradient are derived. Previous works on mass flux due to the thermal creep only considered linearized flow while this work considers arbitrary temperature gradient effects.
Stimulus repetition modulates gamma-band synchronization in primate visual cortex
Authors: Brunet Nicolas M. , Bosman Conrado A. , Vinck Martin , Roberts Mark , Oostenveld Robert , Desimone Robert , De Weerd Peter , Fries Pascal
Published: February 2014

Significance

When a visual stimulus repeats multiple times, visual cortical neurons show decreasing firing rate responses, yet neither perception nor stimulus-related behavior is compromised. We show that stimulus repetition leads to increased neuronal gamma-band (∼40–90 Hz) synchronization within and between early and higher visual areas. The enhanced gamma-band synchronization likely maintains effective stimulus signaling in the face of dwindling firing rates. We also show that synchronization to the gamma rhythm increases for spikes in general and for those of putative interneurons, whereas it decreases for spikes of putative excitatory neurons if they are not strongly stimulus-driven. Thus, inhibitory interneurons might create increasingly precise gamma-band synchronization, and thereby prune the stimulus representation by pyramidal cells to be sparser and more efficient.
Inflection vs. derivation
Authors: Hamari Arja
Published: February 2014

The abessive suffix of the Mordvin languages (Erzya and Moksha) expresses the meaning “without”. Diachronically, the suffix presents an example of a process of grammaticalization in which a derivational ending has developed into a case suffix. However, the process has not been completed, as the derivational meaning has also been maintained in both Erzya and Moksha. Consequently, in contemporary Mordvin languages the abessive form has a twofold character: it can be used both adverbially (as a case form) and adnominally (as an adjective derivation). This article investigates both the derivational and inflectional aspects of the abessive in the Mordvin languages and compares its uses with some other cases.
Discrepancy between form and meaning  in word-formation
Authors: Hathout Nabil , Namer Fiammetta
Published: February 2014

Most word-formation theories assume that derivatives in general tend towards canonicity, i.e. one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning and thus full morphosemantic transparency. However, form-meaning mismatches actually are widespread, both in terms of languages and word-formation rules. These mainly fall into two types: over-marking and under-marking. In this paper we propose a classification of these deviations, distinguishing between a derivational and a lexical level. We illustrate this classification with examples from French and other languages (English, Italian and Dutch). We sketch a unified analysis of these deviations within a word-based framework. We propose to analyse the relative importance of canonicity and discrepancies in word formation from the perspective of the interaction between the speaker and the hearer.
Semantic transparency, compounding, and the nature of independent variables
Authors: Libben Gary , Weber Silke
Published: February 2014

We report on a psycholinguistic study of semantic transparency among English compound words. We employed the P3 technique (Libben et al. 2012), which combines elements of three experimental paradigms: progressive demasking, naming, and word typing. Both the progressive demasking data and the word typing data showed a graded effect of semantic transparency associated with the number and location of semantically opaque constituents in the compound. Typing duration effects were evident at the constituent boundary, supporting observations first made by Sahel et al. (2008). We suggest that these data point to the value of letter typing durations in the analysis of morphological processing and the importance of a psychocentric perspective on lexical processing – one that emphasizes the psychological nature of morphological structures.
On the form and meaning of double  noun incorporation
Authors: Muro Alessio
Published: February 2014

Noun Incorporation Constructions commonly involve one noun root and one verb root, but in some languages the verbal member may be compounded with two nominal roots, which almost always have the semantics of a theme and a non-theme (a problematic fact for Baker’s 1988 theory). Moreover, if the non-theme noun specifies instrument or manner, the linear order in which the two nouns appear may vary, one noun taking scope over the other. This fact too can be a problem for Baker’s theory, as well as for any theory making use of a fixed Thematic Hierarchy. By reviewing the most salient features of Noun Incorporation Constructions in general, a theoretical apparatus is proposed which dispenses with the notion of head movement in favor of XP movement, yet preserves the idea of a Thematic Hierarchy by means of a phase-based model of word formation.
Mimetic verbs and meaning
Authors: Tsujimura Natsuko
Published: February 2014

This paper will discuss several lexical semantic differences between mimetic verbs and conventional prosaic verbs in Japanese, and show that meaning for mimetic verbs calls for a treatment distinct from that of lexical verbs. Taking into account the notion of ‘affect-imagistic dimension’ (Kita 1997) in which a mimetic base is represented in terms of its images, I will argue that an analysis that incorporates the basic premise of frame semantics and construction grammar can accommodate the seemingly idiosyncratic and unconventional lexical semantic properties of mimetic verbs. The wide range of semantic frames of mimetic verbs is thus fed by the numerous images of the mimetic base and the specific constructions in which they appear.
Mismatch verbs
Authors: Weisser Philipp
Published: February 2014

The term ‘deponent’ traditionally refers to a class of verbs in Latin or Greek which is characterized by a mismatch between their morphological form and their syntactic and semantic context. Deponent verbs appear in passive form but in active syntax/semantics. In this paper, I argue that this mismatch between form and function is not as uncommon as one might expect. In particular, I show that we find the same kind of mismatch with unaccusative verbs in many languages amongst which are English or the Romance languages. The argumentation will be based on a detailed investigation of how deponent and unaccusative verbs behave in all modules of the grammar. Based on the findings of this discussion, I propose a unified morphosyntactic analysis for deponents and unaccusatives. The analysis elegantly captures the particular behavior of these verbs by invoking two principles: Identity Avoidance and Lexical Override.
The Origin of Sino-Korean Coda-l
Authors: Eom Ik-sang
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Among the stop endings of Middle Chinese entering tone, the alveolar stop -t was consistently changed to -l in Sino-Korean while -p and -k remained the same. In his article in the Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Martin (1997) claims that Sino-Korean coda -l was derived from a liquid of a northwestern dialect of the late Tang and Five dynasties, in which Middle Chinese coda -t was changed to -d > -r. This article, however, points out some problems of Martin's view and attempts to present evidence that Middle Chinese coda -t was already changed to -l in Old Sino-Korean even before the lenition of Middle Chinese alveolar stop endings took place in the northwestern dialects of Tang China. Accordingly, this article claims that Sino-Korean coda -l was not an external change but an internal change.
Language Policy in South Korea and the Special Case of Japanese
Authors: Ramsey S. Robert
Published: February 2014

Abstract. At the beginning of the 21st century, South Koreans have embraced foreign languages with almost unbridled enthusiasm. Most of the enthusiasm is directed toward English of course but, for both economic and cultural reasons, Japanese also looms large. Moreover, the decision by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in October 1998 to open up the country to Japanese popular culture has increased the appetite for the Japanese language, especially among the young. Koreans now study Japanese again; they access Japanese Web sites; they travel to Japan. Yet Koreans' enthusiasm for Japanese is qualitatively different from their appetite for English. Japanese may be learned, but it is to be kept out of the Korean language itself. English loans may be adopted "out of necessity," but not Japanese. The South Korean policy of linguistic purism is aimed explicitly at Japanese, and numerous books, manuals, and pamphlets instruct the public on how to recognize and purge Japanese influences from their speech and writing. Newspapers and other media wage periodic campaigns to do the same. The Korean public generally supports and cooperates with these policies and campaigns, which, for the most part, are surprisingly effective. There are numerous problems with Korean linguistic purism, however, and prescriptive intervention in the Korean language by government and media requires a continued investment of research, resources, and public support. How successful these efforts will be in the face of ever-closer ties with Japan remains to be seen.
Language-Purification Movements in the Two Koreas
Authors: Sohn Ho-min
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Ever since Korea was divided into North and South in 1945, the two Koreas have independently launched extensive movements to "purify" the Korean language. Although the two Koreas' movements started with essentially the same nationalistic spirit, the subsequent developments have led to markedly different consequences, mainly due to complete physical separation for over half a century; polarized political, social, and ideological divergence; and the distinct language standardization policies implemented by the two governments, culminating in North Korea's institution of "Cultured Speech" as their standard language as against South Korea's traditional "Standard Speech". This paper examines in what areas purification efforts have been exerted thus far. Specifically, it identifies and discusses the major conceptual goals that motivated the movements: to compare the two Koreas' policies and practices relating to the exclusive use of hankul vis-�-vis the mixed use with characters, arguing somewhat digressively for the importance of character education; to observe the emergence and nature of Cultured Speech vis-a-vis Standard Speech; and to overview the extent of lexical refinements and the degree of divergence. The paper concludes with some general suggestions on methods of linguistic unification.
Mixed Script and Literacy in Korea
Authors: Kim-Renaud Young-Key
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Today, Chinese characters (hanca) and Chinese-based Korean vocabulary (hancae or Sino-Korean) are either embraced or rejected as part of Korean identity. For more than a millennium, Koreans internalized Chinese belles lettres, making Chinese high culture a guiding light for gentlemen. Many Koreans today resent attitudes of satay ('serve the great') or mohwa ('adulate China'). However, others find this cynical self-image distorted or misguided. While the debate about mixed writing continues, the language will take its natural course. Since the "hankul only" policy was adopted in both Koreas, the need for continued use of Chinese has been felt, and policies have fluctuated. Nevertheless, Chinese � slowly coming to be seen as heavy, unclear, and perfunctory � is being abandoned. Hankul is there to stay, although it must keep "reforming" to trace language change. In today's global age, most South Koreans are no longer obsessed with independence. Mixed script with English or other European languages and logography in cyber writing may denote a contemporary educated people, despite strident voices from purists. Such mixed script constitutes an interesting new development in the Korean writing tradition. Whatever may evolve in both spoken and written Korean will be an important manifestation of national identity.
An Experimental Study on the Effect of Argument Structure on VP Focus
Authors: Jun Sun-Ah , Kim Hee-Sun , Lee Hyuck-Joon , Kim Jong-Bok
Published: February 2014

Abstract. It has been claimed that a focused word may project its focus to a syntactic constituent larger than the focused item, under what are known as Focus Projection principles (Selkirk 1995; Rochemont 1998). Engdahl and Vallduvi (1996) rejected this purely syntax-based approach and proposed considering the interactions between the grammatical function and the types of an argu-ment. Chung, Kim, and Sells (to appear) applied Engdahl and Valduvi's theory to Korean and claimed that in Korean only a theme argument, but not an oblique argument (1.O or Locative PP), can project its focus to the Verb Phrase. This paper examines how VP focus is realized in Korean and tests Chung et al.'s claim that the types and the order of arguments can affect the focus projec-tion (especially 'VP focus'). The results show that there is no sensitivity to argument type, word order, or the length of VP in projecting the domain of focus to VP in Korean. Regardless of these factors, VP focus was prosodically marked by boosting the prominence of all words inside the VP, with the VP-initial word being the most prominent. Our data suggest that focus projection rules can be eliminated as proposed in Buring (2003).
Conversation and Grammar
Authors: Kim Haeyeon
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The last decade has seen considerable research on conversation and grammar, influenced by the conversation-analytic research of Sacks et al. (1974). Inspired by that line of research, some Korean linguists have examined conversation by adopting the assumptions and methodology of conversation analysis (CA) into discourse analysis. This study introduces basic assumptions and research topics relating to CA, and explores the possibility of adopting CA methodology into dis-course analysis in Korean linguistics. This paper first provides a brief overview of basic assumptions, methodology, and major research topics of CA and the development of conversation-analytic dis-course studies. Then it provides a brief overview of some major findings and research topics in the interaction-based studies which have dealt with conversational data in Korean linguistics in terms of: (i) turn-taking, turn-constructional units, and turn increments, (ii) interactional functions of certain clausal connectives and sentence-ending suffixes, and (iii) other interaction-based studies on such topics as repair, demonstratives, reported speech, and so on. This research discusses how interaction-based research can provide a new way of viewing language functions; it explores: (i) turn-taking and co-construction; (ii) word-order variability, turn increments, repair, and retroactive elaboration; (iii) a conversation-analytic approach to the clausal connective -nuntey, and (iv) an interactional ap-proach to the verbal affixes -ese and -nikka in conversation, among others. Overall, this paper shows what has been, and needs to be, studied regarding the relationship between conversation, social action, and grammar in conversation in Korean linguistics.
Strong and weak adjectives in Old Swedish
Authors: Stroh-Wollin Ulla , Simke Rico
Published: February 2014

In modern Swedish, weakly inflected adjectives are obligatory in definite noun phrases. However, strong adjectival forms in definite contexts are still rather common in early mediaeval manuscripts. But this fact has attracted surprisingly little attention by linguists, and the classic handbook on language history rather conveys the idea that strong adjectives in general were restricted to semantically indefinite noun phrases already in the first written records. This article presents empirical evidence that strong adjectival forms appear in semantically definite noun phrases to a considerable – but decreasing – extent in Old Swedish texts. It is also argued that weak adjectives only appear together with formal definiteness markers, which means that strong adjectival forms are not ruled out from semantically definite noun phrases until obligatory definiteness marking is fully established.
Inside and outside – Before and after
Authors: Pfaff Alexander
Published: February 2014

Icelandic has four (definite) article – adjective – noun patterns. In this paper, I present novel data, and put “old” data in a new perspective. I will argue that weakly inflected adjectives (patterns I – III) are merged inside the DP below the definite article, whereas strongly inflected adjectives (pattern IV) are merged outside DP, at least above the definite article. What distinguishes the weak patterns visibly is whether the adjective/(adjective plus) noun occurs before or after the article. Some researchers surmise that “non-restrictive adjectives are only direct modifiers and restrictive ones only indirect modifiers” (Cinque 2010: 140). Strong pattern (IV) adjectives are never restrictive, whereas certain weak adjectives may be. Against expectations, I will argue that weak adjectives in Icelandic are direct modifiers, whereas strong adjectives are indirect modifiers. I suggest that the criterion ± restrictive as such may not be relevant to properly characterize Icelandic adjectival patterns.
Adjectives in German and Norwegian
Authors: Roehrs Dorian , Julien Marit
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we demonstrate that adjective endings in the Germanic languages do not pattern uniformly. We illustrate this with nine syntactic contexts: possessives involving proper names and pronominals, embedded and unembedded proper names, “disagreeing” pronominal DPs, appositives, definite adjectives, vocatives, and discontinuous noun phrases. We show that German is subject to lexical and structural conditions but Scandinavian is semantic in nature. In German, the weak endings are feature-reduced forms, which always have a specific local relation to a certain type of determiner, which triggers the relevant feature reduction. Adopting Distributed Morphology, this reduction in features is implemented by Impoverishment. In Scandinavian, the weak endings are an agreement reflex of a semantic feature. We follow others in that adjectives are in – what is traditionally called – Spec,AgrP. We propose that the relevant semantic feature is on Agr and the adjective agrees with it. Given the language-specific conditions, the strong endings surface in the remaining contexts in both types of languages as the elsewhere case.
Negotiating a passage to the meal in four cultures
Authors: Beeman William O.
Published: February 2014

Food plays a central role in hospitality in virtually every culture on earth. Eating together – “commensality” is perhaps one of the most basic human social acts, and is imbued with a special ritual quality.  In this paper I show that there are several stages that participants in commensality pass through from the outside world to the communal meal. The passage from stage to stage is effected through the use of linguistic/ behavioral routines that I call “pragmemic triggers.” The form of these triggers is different for different societies, but their structure and use is the same. To demonstrate this, I compare the passage to the meal in four widely dispersed cultures: Middle East, Japanese, German and American.
It's delicious!
Authors: Noda Mari
Published: February 2014

Analysis of 105 Japanese taste descriptions gathered from observation of conversations at a potluck party and responses on written surveys at the party and in a workplace shows that speakers go beyond the common oisii ‘(it)’s tasty’ in their socialization through food sharing. The descriptions included specific descriptions of flavor, texture, and references to personal experiences related to food. The use of the word hutuu ‘ordinary’ had a more positive connotation than has been traditionally associated with this word. Results validated Ohashi’s (2010) market research finding that onomatopoeic expressions have been replacing more traditional clausal descriptions of food texture. This research suggests the pedagogical usefulness of the strategy of relating food being shared to personal experiences and concrete sensory expressions.
Food experiences and categorization in Japanese talk-in-interaction
Authors: Koike Chisato
Published: February 2014

This study investigates how categorization of food is formed around participants’ experiences in their daily lives in spontaneous face-to-face conversations between Japanese native speakers. Building on previous studies on categorization in conversation analysis and cognitive psychology, this study examines how participants collaboratively share, negotiate, and create categories through talk about familiar and unfamiliar food in the emerging interaction. The analyses demonstrate that participants deploy socio-culturally categorized food in order to co-construct their temporal/ spatial concepts, identity, and personal/ social events, and that they utilize categorized food in order to achieve mutual understanding on unfamiliar food in talk-in-interaction. This study sheds light on the cognitive and interactional processes involved in the activity of categorization for group solidarity through conversational practices in social interaction.
Family mealtimes, yuckiness and the socialization of disgust responses by preschool children
Authors: Wiggins Sally
Published: February 2014

This paper contributes to research on the socialization of disgust responses by examining the ways in which preschool children (up to and including 5-year-olds) and their parents enact disgust in video recordings of family mealtimes in England and Scotland using a discursive psychological approach. I demonstrate that, in this context, preschool children predominantly use the disgust marker yuck whereas adults most commonly utter eugh. Preschool children’s yuck utterances are typically ignored by parents, treated as humorous or as attention-seeking behavior. I argue that preschool children are not treated as having the right to “know” disgust. The paper aims to stimulate debate in research on food and disgust, and of the role of language and social interaction in children’s eating practices.
Establishing social groups in Hebrew
Authors: Dori-Hacohen Gonen
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores the Hebrew anaxnu (‘we’) in Israeli political radio phone-in programs. Using the ‘we,’ participants create or refer to seven social groups: the conversation ‘we’; the program ‘we’; the delimited social ‘we’; the opposing general ‘we’, the open general ‘we’; the humanity ‘we’; and the vocal ‘we’. The functions of ‘we’ differ by participant: hosts use the conversation ‘we’ to manage interactions whereas callers use the general ‘we’ to create a public sphere. Using an extended excerpt, we illustrate a variant of the “fluidity of ‘we’” and its significance to the participants’ identity-displays. The first person plural therefore creates social groups in media interactions, both on the micro and macro societal levels.
“Nail polish – We’ve chosen the nicest shades for you!”
Authors: Temmerman Martina
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyses the discursive strategies text producers of a Flemish women’s magazine adopt by using the first person plural pronoun. The analysis shows that in some instances, exclusive ‘we’ is used to create a distance between the editorial voice and the readers. The editorial voice gets an advisory or even compelling overtone in these cases. In other cases, inclusive ‘we’ is used to create a sisterly ‘we’-collectivity. However, in the inclusive category, some instances of a pragmatically equivocal use can be found. This use seems to attribute the status of a role model to the editorial voice. On the whole, exclusive as well as inclusive uses of ‘we’ most often contribute to the persuasive and directive style this magazine adopts.
On the use of ‘we’ in Flemish World War II interviews
Authors: Van De Mieroop Dorien
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on the ‘we’-form and its relation to identity construction in fifteen World War II narratives elicited by interviews. First, I address this issue from a quantitative perspective by mirroring the pronominal usage of the interviewer and the interviewee and by executing a contextual referent analysis of the ‘we’-form. Second, I shift to a qualitative perspective to demonstrate the central position of the ‘we’-form in the interviewees’ construction of the collective identity of the group of deported prisoners of war. The use of the ‘we’-form is only avoided when taboo topics are being discussed. The findings thus illustrate the importance of the ‘we’-form as a marker of identity.
“Judge us on what we do”
Authors: Fetzer Anita
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the referential domain, communicative function and perlocutionary effect of the first person plural pronoun we in dialogic and monologic British political discourse. Its methodological framework is an integrated one, combining interactional sociolinguistics, in particular co-occurrence and conversational inference, with quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis. The first part presents the methodological framework, focussing on the two types of discourse and the genre-specific distribution of self-references expressing collectivity considering the pronoun we and possible juxta-positioning of self and others. Particular attention is given to the construction of more generalized and more particularized types of collectivity. The second part presents the micro-analysis, distinguishing between local contexts in which collectivity is entextualized and others where the referential domains of the indexicals are left underspecified.
Emotions
Authors: Godart-Wendling Béatrice
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to point out that the semantic analysis of the language of emotions contributed from the thirties onwards to the emergence of analytic philosophy. Based on Wittgenstein’ s thought that fuelled this return to the observation of ordinary language, this study shows that the specificity of his approach was to examine the expression of emotions through their learning in order to undermine the idea that the use of emotional terms and utterances would allow us to perform acts of reference, to describe a mental state or to inform another of what we feel. Furthermore, this analysis aims at highlighting that the expression of each kind of emotion (exclamation, fear, pain, etc.) is governed by different grammatical rules, so that the structure of emotional language has to be thought of as being composed of various language-games which, while finding their common origin in our form of life, are nevertheless only related by their family resemblance. By thus focusing on the singularity of grammatical rules, the paradigm of emotions contributes not only to establishing the fundamental concepts of a new approach to  meaning, but authorizes the affirmation of the primacy of Grammar as being the place in which the meaning is “prepared” by constraining the possibilities of word uses.
Patterns of allocentric emotional expressions, a contrastive study*
Authors: Cislaru Georgeta
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to propose a detailed analysis of allocentric emotional expressions (AEE) like I am happy for you; She worries for him in English, French, Romanian and Russian. Joy, sadness, fear, and shame are the four emotional domains concerned by these constructions. The formal description of the AEE pattern within the frame of Construction Grammar is followed by a corpus-based study that highlights its semantic profile and pragmatic use. From a contrastive point of view, this pattern seems to obey the same constructionist constraints and to develop similar pragmatic functioning in the four languages, even though cultural and linguistic differences may be noted. Finally, this research questions the relationship between the pattern and the emotion-terms it selects, between constructions and cultural specificities.
Bad feelings in context
Authors: Baider Fabienne H.
Published: February 2014

This article reevaluates Wierzbicka’ s definition (1998) for anger, and includes a proposal regarding cross-cultural data collection in the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage model (see Wierzbicka 1991 and 1999). Since in order to write a NSM definition, it is imperative to identify the most pertinent semantic associations of a concept, we suggest using the socio-cognitive approach (SCA), based on Giora’ s concept of saliency (2003). As a case in point, we study the two concepts hatred and anger as socio-culturally and linguistically defined in two different linguistic and cultural communities (in Franco-French and Cypriot Greek communities). We collected both oral and written data in order to define the salient features of both concepts. When the two corpora are contrasted, some differences regarding the referential dimension have been noted. However semantically a similar categorization for anger and hatred can be drawn from the data in both communities. This study hightlights the fact that revenge occurs by default with hatred, but not with anger as previously suggested.1
Emotions and prosodic structure
Authors: Martin Philippe
Published: February 2014

Whereas for a long time many papers studying the correlates between emotions and intonation have been published, few, if any discuss the effects of speaker s emotions on the realizations of linguistic units, such as syllables, syntactic and prosodic structures, etc., as perceived and decoded by the listener. Research on intonation and emotions deals essentially with global characteristics of acoustic parameters, such as fundamental frequency, syllabic duration, rhythm and intensity. By contrast, this study deals specifically with the interactions between specific emotional states and the realization of a phonological phenomenon: the sentence’ s prosodic structure, denoted in French by melodic contours located on stressed syllables. Since the prosodic structure is the first kind of linguistic information decoded by the listener, the effect of emotions on the overall decoding process of the sentence is also discussed.
‘I must do everything to eliminate my negative attitude’
Authors: Sowińska Agnieszka
Published: February 2014

The objective of this paper is to explore Polish general practitioners’ (GPs) language of emotions used with regard to patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Specifically, the study focuses on the linguistic expressions and discursive strategies drawn upon in the communication of emotions and value judgments towards this group of patients. This study is part of the larger research project on challenges Polish GPs face while dealing with patients with MUS (cf. Czachowski et al. 2011). The investigation of 4 focus groups revealed, inter alia, that the doctors frequently use labels and metaphors, such as maruda [‘whinger’] or święta krowa [‘sacred cow’] to refer to and evaluate these patients. Such expressions communicate doctors’ negative emotions. These emotions influenced the doctors’ behaviour during the consultation: the doctors admitted to referring patients with MUS to secondary care or shortening the visit.
Language learning and making  the mundane special
Authors: Coffey Simon
Published: February 2014

In this article I examine ways in which emotional distance is narrated in autobiographical accounts of language learning and then I suggest how these insights might inform the pedagogic goal of integrating creativity and emotion in language teaching. Citing extracts from autobiographical interviews (with British adults who had learnt French or German) I show how learners valorize the language learning experience, both linguistically (through ludic engagement with new semiotic resources) and culturally (through self-positioning as cosmopolitan outsiders). My claim is that this type of narrative analysis may help us to understand how some learners construct and negotiate interactions with foreign language, not based on communicative efficacy but on engagement with the symbolic aspects of wordplay and reconfiguring one’ s relationship with language.
Grammaticalisation of the Finnish stance adverbial muka, ‘as if, supposedly, allegedly’
Authors: Nordlund Taru , Pekkarinen Heli
Published: February 2014

This article discusses the evolution of the Finnish stance adverbial muka, ‘as if, allegedly, supposedly’, in light of diachronic corpus pragmatics. The particle muka currently always implies a dubitative stance adopted by the speaker, and it is used as an evaluative response to a former discourse. Muka appeared in written Finnish as late as in the nineteenth century, since it is an element that is typical of eastern dialects, while the earlier texts were mainly based on western dialects. Nineteenth-century corpora and dialect data from recorded interviews show that the current meanings of muka can be traced back to causal and reportative contexts. The article also demonstrates that a parallel analysis of both written and spoken data has methodological advantages especially with phenomena that are rather recent or pragmatically complicated.
On the development of the Italian truth adverbs davvero and veramente
Authors: Ricca Davide , Visconti Jacqueline
Published: February 2014

The article compares the meanings and uses of the two main Italian adverbs of truth and truthfulness, namely davvero and veramente, across the whole documented history of the language. The investigation is carried out by inspection of two large corpora, Opera del Vocabolario Italiano (OVI; Old Italian) and Letteratura Italiana Zanichelli (LIZ; literary Italian from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century), supplemented by oral data from corpora of contemporary spoken Italian. While both items display a wide and overlapping polysemy, which includes objective and subjective uses, since the beginning of their documentation, veramente alone develops a new mitigation function when occurring in a confutational context. This represents a further evolution from subjectification to intersubjectification, in the perspective of Traugott’s model (Traugott and Dasher 2002; Traugott 2010a, 2010b), and arguably shows the relevance of interactional factors in semantic change, pointing in particular to the strong intersubjective potential of the turn-taking position, in which veramente occurs much more frequently than davvero.
Tracing the history of deontic NCI patterns in Dutch
Authors: Colleman Timothy , Noël Dirk
Published: February 2014

While the so-called “nominative-and-infinitive” (NCI) is no longer a productive construction in Dutch, the grammar of Present-day Dutch still contains a small set of lexically substantive NCI patterns, most notably geacht worden te and verondersteld worden te. Like their English formal equivalent be supposed to, these Dutch patterns can instantiate both evidential and deontic constructions, the latter being the most frequent one in Dutch. This study focuses on the history of these deontic uses. We show that, with both patterns, the deontic use did not really take off until well into the second half of the twentieth century, and argue against an analysis in terms of grammaticalization along an (unlikely) “evidential to deontic” path. Instead we present a language-contact hypothesis which attributes the development of the deontic uses of Dutch geacht worden te and verondersteld worden te to polysemy copying or distributional assimilation, English be supposed to providing the model. Additional evidence for the influence of English on this domain of Dutch grammar comes from the newly emerging lexically substantive NCI pattern verwacht worden te ‘be expected to’.