bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Medicalization of Sunlight in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: CARTER SIMON
Published: November 2011

This paper traces the emergence of the therapeutic use of sunlight in medicine during the first half of the twentieth century. This was a period of considerable flux in medicine with various strands of practice and theory competing. Drawing on two case studies of sunlight therapy, both artificial (actinotherapy) and natural (heliotherapy), in the treatment of rickets and tuberculosis this paper will explore how medicine was constituted within these regimes. The paper will argue that therapeutic and clinical applications of sunlight helped establish an association between sunlight and health but also defined a particular and specific performance of medicine.
“To Rid Oneself of the Uninvited Guest”: Robert Koch, Sergei Winogradsky and Competing Styles of Practice in Medical Microbiology
Authors: ATTENBOROUGH FREDERICK THOMAS
Published: November 2011

Does an infectious disease have one, singular pathogenic cause, or many interacting causes? In the discipline of medical microbiology, there is no definitive theoretical answer to this question: there, the conditions of aetiological possibility exist in a curious tension. Ever since the late 19th century, the “germ theory of disease”–“one disease, one cause”– has co‐existed with a much less well known theory of “multifactorality”–“one disease, many interacting causes”. And yet, in practice, it is always a singular and never a multifactorial aetiology that emerges once the pathogenic world is brought into the field of medical perception. This paper seeks to understand why. Performing a detailed, genealogical reading of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, it foregrounds a set of links that connect the practical diagnostic tools at work within contemporary, 21st century laboratories to the philosophical assumptions at work within late‐19th century understandings of the “germ theory of disease”.
North Korea's Militant Nationalism and People's Everyday Lives: Past and Present
Authors: KANG JIN WOONG
Published: November 2011

North Korea's anti‐American state power has operated in individuals' everyday practices by focusing on its post‐war militant nationalism. Existing studies have neglected an aspect of North Korea's nationalist power that has been neither necessarily top‐down nor violent, but rather productive and diffusive in people's everyday lives. While the regime's anti‐American mobilization has come from above, people's politics of hatred, patriotism, and emotion have been reproduced from below. Along this line, I examine the historical and social changes in North Korea's militant nationalism and people's ways of life through a comparison between two periods: from the 1950s through the 1980s and from the 1990s through the present. I focus on how the state's anti‐American power was legitimated by people's solid micro‐fascism from the 1950s through the 1980s, and how it has been contested and recreated through both change and persistence in people's micro‐fascism from the 1990s through the present.
Outdoor Brothel Culture: The Un/Making of a Transsexual Stroll in Vancouver's West End, 1975–1984
Authors: ROSS BECKI L.
Published: November 2011

In the mid‐1970s, following a series of police raids on prostitution inside downtown nightclubs, a community of approximately 200 sex workers moved into Vancouver's West End neighborhood, where a small stroll had operated since the early 1970s. This paper examines the contributions made by three male‐to‐female (MTF) transsexuals of color to the culture of on‐street prostitution in the West End. The trans women's stories address themes of fashion, working conditions, money, community formation, violence, and resistance to well‐organized anti‐prostitution forces. These recollections enable me to bridge and enrich trans history and prostitution history – two fields of inquiry that have under‐represented the participation of trans women in the sex industry across the urban West. Acutely familiar with the hazards inherent in a criminalized, stigmatized trade, trans sex workers in the West End manufactured efficacious strategies of harm reduction, income generation, safety planning, and community building. Eschewing the label of “victim”, they leveraged their physical size and style, charisma, contempt towards pimps, earning capacity, and seniority as the first workers on the stroll to assume leadership within the broader constituency of “hookers on Davie Street”. I discover that their short‐lived outdoor brothel culture offered only a temporary bulwark against the inevitability of eviction via legal injunction in July 1984, and the subsequent rise in lethal violence against all prostitutes in Vancouver, including MTF transsexuals.
Post‐tropical/post‐tsunami: Climate and architectural discourse in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Chee‐Kien Lai , Pieris Anoma
Published: November 2011

Following the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004, scenes of destruction overwrote representations of a benign tropical landscape on the eastern periphery of the Indian Ocean. The incongruous coupling of luxury resort hotels with devastated indigent fisher settlements in international media coverage had exposed the global inequities embedded in a tropical tourism industry subscribed to and abetted by states, institutions, developers and architects. As post‐tsunami reconstruction commenced, it became evident that the climatic trope through which regionalist aesthetics had been filtered thus far was incapable of providing expedient solutions to real social problems. In academia and in the profession, the complex discourse of so‐called tropical architecture shaping the debates has yet to be untangled and problematized. Implicating and haunted by colonial, nationalist, developmental and political renderings, and more recently by issues of globalization, such representations continue to undergird architectural debates and production. In the wake of recent reconstruction projects and provoked by related architectural student designs in Sri Lanka, this paper reviews the politics of the tropical agenda in architecture and some considerations for its demise.
What Saved the Indian Banking System: State Ownership or State Guarantees?
Authors: Acharya Viral V. , Kulkarni Nirupama
Published: November 2011

The global financial crisis which began in the fall of 2007 and progressively worsened in 2008, affected the Indian financial sector beginning only in 2008. While Indian financial firms have been fairly resilient compared with their global counterparts, we show that Indian private sector firms faced greater losses compared with public sector firms during the crisis period of 2008–09. We use a stock market‐based measure of systemic risk, marginal expected shortfall (MES), to determine the systemic risk contributed by each Indian financial firm for the period preceding the crisis (January–December 2007) and compare it to its realised returns during the crisis (January 2008–February 2009). Our results show that public sector firms outperformed private sector firms despite having greater systemic risk during the crisis. We conclude that investors rewarded Indian public sector firms with greater systemic risk while penalising private sector firms with similar risk. We attribute this finding to the explicit and implicit government backing of public sector banks. We find that riskier public sector banks with high ex ante systemic risk and low Tier 1 capital received greater capital support from the government.
Are the Direct and Indirect Growth Effects of Remittances Significant?
Authors: Rao B. Bhaskara , Hassan Gazi Mainul
Published: November 2011

Development economists believe that migrant workers’ remittances are an important source of funds for long‐run growth. Therefore, recent studies have investigated the growth effects of remittances but reached different conclusions. In these studies, the rate of growth of output is simply regressed on both remittances and the channels through which remittances affect growth. Thus, no distinction has been made between the indirect and direct growth effects of remittances. Such regressions may give unreliable estimates because the channels may also capture some growth effects of remittances, making the growth effects of remittances insignificant. In this study, we make a distinction between the indirect and direct growth effects of remittances. Our model is estimated with panel data of 40 high remittance recipient countries with the system generalized method of moment. We found that remittances have no direct growth effects but they have small indirect growth effects.
Self‐efficacy in the Workplace: Linking personality to domain‐specific efficacy beliefs
Authors: Burns Gary N. , Christiansen Neil D.
Published: November 2011

Based on a social cognitive approach to personality, the role of domain‐specific efficacy beliefs were examined in two studies. Study 1 developed a measure of expectations about success in 10 different domains of common work activities with domain‐specific expectancy ratings obtained for 157 individuals along with self‐ and peer ratings of personality. Results showed that predictable relationships emerged, with the traits of the five‐factor model being important determinants of construct‐relevant efficacy beliefs. Study 2 focused on expectations about activities related to conscientiousness as a link between personality and performance across jobs. Results (N = 97) confirmed the proposed relationships and found that efficacy beliefs about trait‐relevant tasks functioned as a mediator linking conscientious and supervisor ratings of performance.
Diversity of human hair pigmentation as studied by chemical analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin
Authors: Ito S. , Wakamatsu K.
Published: November 2011

Hair colour is one of the most conspicuous phenotypes in humans, ranging from black, brown, blond to red. This diversity arises mostly from the quantity and ratio of the black‐dark brown eumelanin and the reddish‐brown pheomelanin. To study the chemical basis underlying the diversity of hair colour, we have developed several chemical methods to quantify those two pigments. Alkaline H2O2 oxidation affords pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) as a eumelanin marker and thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) as a pheomelanin marker. Pheomelanin can also be analysed as 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxyphenylalanine (4‐AHP) after hydroiodic acid hydrolysis. Using those methods, we evaluated the contents of eumelanin and pheomelanin (the ‘chemical’ phenotype) in human hairs of black, dark brown, brown, light brown, blond and red colour (the ‘visual’ phenotype). Eumelanin contents decrease in that order, with a trace but constant level of pheomelanin, except for red hair which contains about equal levels of pheomelanin and eumelanin. Thus, the chemical phenotype correlates well with the visual phenotype. The genotype of melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R), a gene regulating the red hair phenotype, is predictive of hair melanin expressed as the log value of eumelanin to pheomelanin ratio, with a dosage effect evident. Hair melanin contents were also analysed in patients with various hypopigmentary disorders including Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, Menkes disease, proopiomelanocortin deficiency, cystinosis, malnutrition and trace metal deficiency. The chemical phenotype helped evaluate the precise effects of each disease on pigmentation. In studies of human hair, the chemical phenotype will find more and more application as an objective measure of pigmentation.
Randomized controlled trial comparing treatment outcome of two compression bandaging systems and standard care without compression in patients with venous leg ulcers
Authors: Wong I.K.Y. , Andriessen A. , Charles H.E. , Thompson D. , Lee D.T.F. , So W.K.W. , Abel M.
Published: November 2011

Background  In Hong Kong, at the time of the study, compression treatment was not considered usual care for venous leg ulcer patients.

Aim  This randomized controlled trial compared quality of life (QOL) aspects in venous leg ulcer patients of over 55‐years of age, of short‐stretch compression (SSB), four‐layer compression bandaging (4LB) and usual care (UC) (moist wound healing dressing, no compression).

Method  Study period was 24‐weeks, the primary outcome was the patient functional status, disease‐specific and generic health‐related QOL measures and ulcer healing rates, comparing week 1 vs. week 24 (end) results. Assessments included photogrammetry, Brief Pain Inventory, SF‐12 Health Survey, Charing Cross Venous Ulcer Questionnaire and Frenchay Activity Index. Data analysis was performed using, where appropriate; Kaplan Meier and log rank chi‐square and the repeated measures analysis of variance test.

Results  A total of 321 patients participated in the study, 45 (14%) withdrew for various reasons. Compression bandaging in both groups significantly reduced pain (P < 0.0001) and improved functional status and QOL. Healing rate at 24 weeks for both compression groups was significant (P < 0.001); for SSB this was 72.0% (77/107) vs. 67.3% in the 4LB group (72/107) and 29.0% (31/107) with usual care. The reduction in ulcer area from weeks 12 to 24 was significant only for SSB (P < 0.047).

Conclusion  Compression was shown to be feasible for elderly community care patients in Hong Kong and is currently implemented as part of standard venous leg ulcer treatment.
Serum soluble CD26 levels: diagnostic efficiency for atopic dermatitis, cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and psoriasis in combination with serum thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine levels
Authors: Miyagaki T. , Sugaya M. , Suga H. , Morimura S. , Kamata M. , Ohmatsu H. , Fujita H. , Asano Y. , Tada Y. , Kadono T. , Sato S.
Published: November 2011

Background  CD26 is a multifunctional type II transmembrane glycoprotein, which also exists as a secreted isoform, soluble CD26 (sCD26). The CD26 expression on circulating T cells is decreased in some skin diseases such as cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) and psoriasis. It remains to be determined whether sCD26 can be used as a marker of skin diseases or not.

Objective  To investigate utility of sCD26 as a diagnostic marker of skin diseases in combination with thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC).

Methods  Serum sCD26 levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 130 participants including 32 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD); 45 patients with CTCL; 26 patients with psoriasis; and 27 healthy controls.

Results  Serum sCD26 levels in patients with CTCL and psoriasis (162.1 ± 80.2 ng/mL and 125.4 ± 82.1 ng/mL respectively) were significantly lower than those of healthy controls (392.6 ± 198.7 ng/mL; P < 0.01 and 0.01 respectively). In patients with CTCL, serum sCD26 levels of patients with advanced stage were 135.0 ± 51.5 ng/mL and they were significantly lower than those with early stage (193.1 ± 96.0 ng/mL; P < 0.05). When we used serum sCD26 and TARC levels for diagnostic criteria, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for AD, CTCL and psoriasis were 65.2–73.7%, 81.4–97.6%, 65.2–94.4%, and 81.4–88.9% respectively.

Conclusion  Serum sCD26 levels, combined with serum TARC levels, are helpful in diagnosis of AD, CTCL and psoriasis.
Myocardial remodelling in left ventricular atrophy induced by caloric restriction
Authors: Gruber Carina , Nink Nadine , Nikam Sandeep , Magdowski Gerd , Kripp Gerhard , Voswinckel Robert , Mühlfeld Christian
Published: November 2011

Changes in body weight due to changes in food intake are reflected by corresponding changes in the cardiac phenotype. Despite a growing body of literature on cardiac hypertrophy associated with obesity, little is known on the atrophic remodelling of the heart associated with calorie restriction. We hypothesized that, besides the cardiomyocyte compartment, capillaries and nerve fibres are involved in the atrophic process. C57Bl6 mice were kept on normal diet (control group) or at a calorie‐restricted diet for 3 or 7 days (n = 5 each). At the end of the protocol, mice were killed and the hearts were processed for light and electron microscopic stereological analysis of cardiomyocytes, capillaries and nerve fibres. Body, heart and left ventricular weight were significantly reduced in the calorie‐restricted animals at 7 days. Most morphological parameters were not significantly different at 3 days compared with the control group, but at 7 days most of them were significantly reduced. Specifically, the total length of capillaries, the volume of cardiomyocytes as well as their subcellular compartments and the interstitium were proportionally reduced during caloric restriction. No differences were observed in the total length or the mean diameter of axons between the cardiomyocytes. Our data indicate that diet‐induced left ventricular atrophy leads to a proportional atrophic process of cardiomyocytes and capillaries. The innervation is not involved in the atrophic process.
A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying
Authors: Shakoor Sania , Jaffee Sara R. , Bowes Lucy , Ouellet‐Morin Isabelle , Andreou Penelope , Happé Francesca , Moffitt Terrie E. , Arseneault Louise
Published: November 2011

Background:  Theory of mind (ToM) allows the understanding and prediction of other people’s behaviours based on their mental states (e.g. beliefs). It is important for healthy social relationships and thus may contribute towards children’s involvement in bullying. The present study investigated whether children involved in bullying during early adolescence had poor ToM in childhood.

Method:  Participants were members of the Environmental Risk (E‐Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative sample of 2,232 children and their families. We visited families when children were 5, 7, 10 and 12 years. ToM was assessed when the children were 5 years using eight standardized tasks. Identification of those children who were involved in bullying as victims, bullies and bully‐victims using mothers’, teachers’ and children’s reports was carried out when they were 12 years’ old.

Results:  Poor ToM predicted becoming a victim (effect size, d = 0.26), bully (d = 0.25) or bully‐victim (d = 0.44) in early adolescence. These associations remained for victims and bully‐victims when child‐specific (e.g. IQ) and family factors (e.g. child maltreatment) were controlled for. Emotional and behavioural problems during middle childhood did not modify the association between poor ToM and adolescent bullying experiences.

Conclusion:  Identifying and supporting children with poor ToM early in life could help reduce their vulnerability for involvement in bullying and thus limit its adverse effects on mental health.
Comparative analysis of global consumer behaviour in the context of different manual dishwashing methods
Authors: Berkholz Petra , Kobersky Verena , Stamminger Rainer
Published: November 2011

This laboratory study presents an overview of the global manual dishwashing behaviour. The focus of the investigation was to analyse individual attitudes towards manual dishwashing and to determine the amount of water and energy used, as well as the cleaning performance achieved. Additionally, manual dishwashing was compared with automatic dishwashers. Two hundred eighty‐nine participants from 29 countries took part in this investigation. Each consumer had to wash up a complete soiled dishwasher load consisting of 12 place settings based on both international and local performance test standards for automatic dishwashers. Country‐specific aspects such as tableware, food residues or washing up equipment were considered. In order to analyse individual consumer's behaviour, each participant was recorded on video and had to fill out a questionnaire. The resource consumption for washing up dishes was measured during the tests. At the end of each trial, the cleaning result of the washed up tableware was assessed. To compare manual with automatic dishwashing, country‐specific dishwasher models were tested in parallel with three different programmes with the same soiled dish samples. The study provides comprehensive data about the average resource consumption for manual dishwashing for a specific load for each country. The average water consumption per country reached 34.7 l up to 160.1 l, and individual values ranged from 18.3 l to 472.8 l. The lowest used average heat quantity accounted for 0.9 kWh per country, while the highest amount was five times higher. The cleaning results did not differ much between the countries: the average test results were between 2.2 and 2.8 on a scale between 0 and 5. The automatic dishwasher tests showed differences between both the machines and the programmes. All machines achieved lower water consumption values than the average consumers with about 9.6 l to 26.7 l of water on average. The energy consumption ranged from 0.5 kWh on average up to 2.0 kWh. The cleaning results of the dishwasher tests varied highly ranging from 1.1 in a quick programme to 4.4 in an intensive programme. The study comes to the conclusion that automatic dishwashing is more superior as compared with manual dishwashing in terms of performance and resource consumption under the tested conditions. Furthermore, it points out that washing up dishes under running tap water is the most water‐consuming manual dishwashing method of all investigated ones. A high lack of knowledge about the benefits of automatic dishwashing compared with manual dishwashing can still be identified among consumers.
Microbialites and global environmental change across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a synthesis
Authors: KERSHAW S. , CRASQUIN S. , LI Y. , COLLIN P.‐Y. , FOREL M.‐B. , MU X. , BAUD A. , WANG Y. , XIE S. , MAURER F. , GUO L.
Published: November 2011

Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites (PTBMs) are thin (0.05–15 m) carbonates formed after the end‐Permian mass extinction. They comprise Renalcis‐group calcimicrobes, microbially mediated micrite, presumed inorganic micrite, calcite cement (some may be microbially influenced) and shelly faunas. PTBMs are abundant in low‐latitude shallow‐marine carbonate shelves in central Tethyan continents but are rare in higher latitudes, likely inhibited by clastic supply on Pangaea margins. PTBMs occupied broadly similar environments to Late Permian reefs in Tethys, but extended into deeper waters. Late Permian reefs are also rich in microbes (and cements), so post‐extinction seawater carbonate saturation was likely similar to the Late Permian. However, PTBMs lack widespread abundant inorganic carbonate cement fans, so a previous interpretation that anoxic bicarbonate‐rich water upwelled to rapidly increase carbonate saturation of shallow seawater, post‐extinction, is problematic. Preliminary pyrite framboid evidence shows anoxia in PTBM facies, but interbedded shelly faunas indicate oxygenated water, perhaps there was short‐term pulsing of normally saturated anoxic water from the oxygen‐minimum zone to surface waters. In Tethys, PTBMs show geographic variations: (i) in south China, PTBMs are mostly thrombolites in open shelf settings, largely recrystallised, with remnant structure of Renalcis‐group calcimicrobes; (ii) in south Turkey, in shallow waters, stromatolites and thrombolites, lacking calcimicrobes, are interbedded, likely depth‐controlled; and (iii) in the Middle East, especially Iran, stromatolites and thrombolites (calcimicrobes uncommon) occur in different sites on open shelves, where controls are unclear. Thus, PTBMs were under more complex control than previously portrayed, with local facies control playing a significant role in their structure and composition.
Stipends in Volunteer Civic Service: Inclusion, Retention, and Volunteer Benefits
Authors: McBride Amanda Moore , Gonzales Ernest , Morrow‐Howell Nancy , McCrary Stacey
Published: November 2011

What is the role of stipends as an institutional facilitator in volunteer civic service? By examining the relationship of stipend receipt to volunteer diversity, time commitment, and perceived benefits from a longitudinal study of older adults serving in Experience Corps, this article assesses stipend status relative to volunteer sociodemographic characteristics, motivations, intensity and duration of time served, and volunteers’ self‐reported benefits. The findings underscore how stipends may promote participant diversity. In particular, stipended older adult volunteers serve for longer periods of time, but their motivations for serving do not differ. Stipended volunteers report higher perceived benefits than nonstipended volunteers. The results suggest that stipends may leverage wider inclusion, increase retention, and contribute to other benefits, but additional research is needed using more controlled and comparative designs.
MITI and the Japanese Miracle Revisited: Reevaluation of the Administrative‐Centered Government
Authors: Nakamura Akira
Published: November 2011

Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982). xvi, 393 pp. $27.95 (paper), ISBN: 9780804712064.
The Financial Crisis: A Retrospective
Authors: Khademian Anne M.
Published: November 2011

Government efforts to manage the financial crisis and to promote economic recovery have been extensive over the past three years. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been distributed—and much of it now repaid—from the Troubled Asset Relief Program. The Federal Reserve holds more than $2 trillion in mortgage‐backed securities, collateralized loans to financial institutions, and other assets and liabilities to maintain liquidity in the financial markets. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act injected more than $600 billion into the economy through tax breaks, loans, contracts, grants, and entitlements. Congress also passed the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2010. Yet economic recovery remains flat. The author examines the reform effort to date, key points of its primary focus, and the politics of implementing the reform as a factor in eventual economic recovery. One component of the reform, the creation of a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, holds the greatest potential for changing the way consumers participate in the financial markets, but also has drawn the greatest debate and opposition. While regulatory reform alone will not revive the economy, a newly conceived and broadly participatory Consumer Financial Protection Bureau could simplify and streamline the complex linkages that contribute to the supply of credit.
Enactment and Implementation of the National Security Personnel System: Policy Made and Policy Unmade
Authors: Brook Douglas A. , King Cynthia L.
Published: November 2011

This case study reviews the enactment and implementation of the National Security Personnel System (NSPS) in the U.S. Department of Defense. Proponents of reform seized the opportunity to enact reform in the aftermath of 9/11, basing their arguments on national security concerns. However, the policy‐making process did not produce a consensus for reform among key stakeholders in the personnel management policy community. Instead, the NSPS angered and alienated the Office of Personnel Management, the public employee unions, and a number of congressional Democrats. Implementation of the NSPS became problematic as Defense Department officials attempted to move quickly and independently to get the new system online, eventually forcing the department to put the system on hold. In the end, Congress imposed limits on its implementation, advocates for the system disappeared, and a new president supported the repeal of NSPS. This case provides useful insights into the formulation of future strategies for personnel management reform.
Federalist No. 10: How Do Factions Affect the President as Administrator‐in‐Chief?
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: November 2011

Federalist No. 10 arguably is the most frequently read of the Federalist Papers, in no small measure because it offers a distinct and often negative image of the polity as a source of conflict. It argues that factions cannot be tamed, but they can be controlled. This essay argues that factions have weakened effective public administration and offers a detailed discussion of the proliferation of interest groups and their role in undermining the system of checks and balances.
Federalist No. 27: Is Transparency Essential for Public Confidence in Government?
Authors: Newbold Stephanie P.
Published: November 2011

One of the great themes of The Federalist Papers is that good government is dependent on good administration. In Federalist No. 27, Publius underscores two important themes. First, he argues that in order to preserve citizen confidence in government, there must be competent administration, and second, he maintains the need for a strong national government to safeguard the republican principles embedded within the Constitution. Publius's contribution to democratic theory and American republicanism proves as enlightening today as it was when he first published this essay in 1787, and it continues to provide important lessons for public administration and the democratic governance process.
Federalist No. 30: What Is to Be Done About the Federal Budget?
Authors: Posner Paul L.
Published: November 2011

Federalist Nos. 12 and 30–36 describe the benefits of a national fiscal system with independent revenues, arguing that a strong national government cannot exist for long without the means to raise revenues on its own. This essay examines the national fiscal policy process during this period of economic crisis and rising national debt. It provides a detailed assessment of needed reforms in the budget system that would meet the tests imposed by an increasingly uncertain global economy.
Federalist No. 41: Does Polarization Inhibit Coordination?
Authors: Bertelli Anthony M.
Published: November 2011

Federalist Nos. 41–43 provide a unified justification for the powers granted to the national government by posing a series of questions about the four classes of responsibilities, such as declaring war. This essay examines the role of polarization in limiting the coordination of powers needed for effective administration and uses ideology estimates for four states to illustrate the difficulties embedded in shared power between national and state governments.
Federalist No. 51: Is Liberty Guaranteed by Structures?
Authors: Lynn Laurence E.
Published: November 2011

Federalist No. 51 can be read as a statement of the national government’s dual responsibility to serve the public interest and to preserve liberty. It is built on James Madison’s belief in checks and balances as a method for keeping government’s parts in their proper places. This essay asks whether this gridlock has gone too far in rendering the constitutional design obsolete. Drawing on previously unpublished fragments of Federalist No. 51, the author argues that Madison fully anticipated these problems, and he offers the unpublished text as a salutary appendix to this iconic defense of liberty.
Federalist Nos. 67–77 How Would Publius Envision the Civil Service Today?
Authors: Bilmes Linda J.
Published: November 2011

Federalist Nos. 67–77 offer a strong defense of the “energetic executive” embedded in the new constitution, which is perhaps best captured in Alexander Hamilton’s famous conclusion that “the true test of a good government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good administration.” This essay places this basic definition into historical context by reviewing the erosion of the national government’s emphasis on public duty as a prerequisite for effectiveness. Reading widely across the Federalist Papers, the author argues that the founders would be taken aback by the national government’s sheer scale and complexity and would strongly restate their basic principles of a government well executed.
Federalist No. 70: Can the Public Service Survive in the Contest Between Hamilton’s Aspirations and Madison’s Reality?
Authors: Arnold Peri E.
Published: November 2011

Federalist No. 70 is widely viewed as a sweeping description and defense of the need for energy in the executive. This essay begins this detailed examination of Federalist No. 70 by comparing Alexander Hamilton’s ideals with James Madison’s more cautionary exposition on separated powers. According to the author, Hamilton’s notion of a public service driven by honor eventually was undermined by partisanship and congressional prerogatives expressed in the rise of a “businesslike” path away from corruption and waste. The essay concludes with a brief description of a “counterfactual” revision to Federalist No. 70 containing a conception of good public service with a capacity to resist the incursions of expanding democratization and political parties.
Federalist No. 71: Can the Federal Government Be Held Accountable for Performance?
Authors: Radin Beryl A.
Published: November 2011

Federalist No. 71 and Federalist No. 76 focus on the level of authority in the executive. This essay reviews the recent history of efforts to measure government performance as a way to control executive performance and then proceeds to a discussion of the weakness inherent in past approaches. The author uses the Government Performance and Results Act and the George W. Bush administration’s Program Assessment Rating Tool as examples in making the case.
FederalistNo. 72: What Happened to the Public Service Ideal?
Authors: Perry James L.
Published: November 2011

FederalistNo. 72 is an oft‐neglected defense of the president’s reeligibility for election. However, the paper goes well beyond this issue to basic models of human nature and motivation. James L. Perry’s essay confronts this broad issue as a guide to “a public service ethic.” Like other authors in this special issue, Perry reads broadly through the Federalist Papers in search of a deeper definition of public service motivation as a balance between the potency of passion and the limits of reason. Controlling passion was no doubt important to the founders, but it may have drowned out the greater good envisioned in public service commitments to acting on behalf of the people.
Prices or Knowledge? What Drives Demand for Financial Services in Emerging Markets?
Authors: COLE SHAWN , SAMPSON THOMAS , ZIA BILAL
Published: November 2011

Financial development is critical for growth, but its microdeterminants are not well understood. We test leading theories of low demand for financial services in emerging markets, combining novel survey evidence from Indonesia and India with a field experiment. We find a strong correlation between financial literacy and behavior. However, a financial education program has modest effects, increasing demand for bank accounts only for those with limited education or financial literacy. In contrast, small subsidies greatly increase demand. A follow‐up survey confirms these findings, demonstrating that newly opened accounts remain open and in use 2 years after the intervention.
Information Disclosure, Cognitive Biases, and Payday Borrowing
Authors: BERTRAND MARIANNE , MORSE ADAIR
Published: November 2011

Can psychology‐guided information disclosure induce borrowers to lower their use of high‐cost debt? In a field experiment at payday stores, we find that information that makes people think less narrowly (over time) about finance costs results in less borrowing. In particular, reinforcing the adding‐up dollar fees incurred when rolling over loans reduces the take‐up of future payday loans by 11% in the subsequent 4 months. Although we remain agnostic as to the overall sufficiency of better disclosure policy to “remedy” payday borrowing, we cast the 11% reduction in borrowing in light of the relative low cost of this policy.
Coronary Artery Fistula: 64‐Slice Computed Tomographic Delineation and Correlation with Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography and Surgical Findings
Authors: Joshi Jonathan K. , Beache Garth M. , Slaughter Mark S. , Sobieski Michael A. , Schneider William , Stoddard Marcus F.
Published: November 2011

A 49‐year‐old female who presented with 3 weeks of exertional chest pain had an abnormal mediastinal finding at chest x‐ray imaging. Conventional, nongated computed tomography of the chest revealed a “mass” in proximity to the right atrium. 64‐slice, cardiac gated computed tomographic coronary angiography, and transesophageal echocardiography delineated the “mass” as a coronary artery fistula structure. The fistula originated from the left main as a tubular vessel that continued into an aneurysmal sac‐like cavity that emptied into the superior vena cava near the right atrium. Computed tomographic coronary angiography showed otherwise normal coronary arteries. Findings were ultimately confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Coronary steal was clinically diagnosed and she underwent surgical ligation and resection of the fistula and aneurysm. Her subsequent course was uncomplicated. (Echocardiography 2012;29:E69‐E71)
The decay of parasite community similarity in ring‐billed gulls Larus delawarensis and other hosts
Authors: Locke Sean A. , Levy Michael S. , Marcogliese David J. , Ackerman Sol , McLaughlin J. Daniel
Published: November 2011

The similarity of parasite communities often decays with increasing geographic distance. Here, geographic distance decay is evaluated in parasite communities of 145 ring‐billed gulls from six localities in Quebec, Canada, among both individual gulls and gull populations. Spatial decay in similarity is compared to temporal decay, using host age differences as a distance measure. The similarity of parasite communities of individual gulls from localities spanning 300 km within Quebec is more strongly associated with host age differences than with geographic distance. Among gull populations in Quebec, only geographic distance is significantly related to parasite community similarity. The explanatory power of geographic distance is higher still when data from Quebec are combined with those from a study conducted 3000 km away, indicating an effect of spatial scale on geographic distance decay. The rate at which parasite community similarity decays with distance in gulls is compared with that of 17 other host species using data from published studies. Spatial scale explains two thirds of the variance in distance decay rates, and some of the remaining variance is explained by latitude. The rate of decay in parasite community similarity with distance is greater in larger scale studies and further away from the equator. Traits of host species traits such as vagility, body weight and trophic level have little or no effect on distance decay rates.
Improving the energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys fed under long‐term laboratory conditions
Authors: Mitura A. , Liebert F. , Schlumbohm C. , Fuchs E.
Published: November 2011

Background  Current knowledge about the optimal energy and nutrient supply for common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) is scarce, and more information is needed for establishing the underlying nutritional concepts for facilitating longevity of this species as laboratory animals for biomedical research.

Methods  Two feeding experiments were conducted to yield fundamental data about feed acceptance, real feed intake, and feed preferences under laboratory conditions. Newly developed feeding concepts for marmoset monkeys were also examined in preliminary investigations to compare the outcomes with those of a commercial pelletized mixed feed.

Results  The first experiments showed preferences for main protein sources in the diets studied, specifically that plant proteins are more accepted than fish meal or egg protein as the main protein source. Several aroma supplements did not modify the acceptance and feed intake markedly.

Conclusions  The newly developed feeding concept yielded promising preliminary data for long‐term studies of energy and nutrient supply under laboratory conditions. However, studies of the fundamental requirements are still needed.
The antimicrobial effect of Iseganan HCl oral solution in patients receiving stomatotoxic chemotherapy: analysis from a multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, phase III clinical trial
Authors: Elad Sharon , Epstein Joel B. , Raber‐Durlacher Judith , Donnelly Peter , Strahilevitz Jacob
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 229–234

Background:  Cytotoxic chemotherapy induces changes in the oral microflora that may cause oral and systemic infections in myelosuppressed cancer patients. These complications prompted us to assess the antimicrobial activity of a topical Iseganan HCl mouthwash vs. placebo on the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic oral flora in these patients.

Methods:  Two hundred and twenty‐five chemotherapy patients were recruited into a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, conducted at multiple centers. The study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of Iseganan HCl vs. placebo (95% of the Iseganan and 97% of the control group received myeloablative chemotherapy). Iseganan HCl 9 mg/3 ml was administered as a swish and swallow solution, six times daily for 21–28 days. Microbial cultures were made before and after the daily Iseganan mouth rinse on the first and final days of chemotherapy.

Results:  The reduction in total microbial load after the first day of treatment was statistically significant (1.59 vs. 0.18 log10 CFU for the Iseganan HCl and placebo groups, respectively, P < 0.0001). Iseganan HCl rinse had a cumulative effect demonstrated by the significant difference between the two groups on the last day of the study (i.e. completion of Iseganan daily treatment) (P < 0.05). The reduction was mainly due to decreased densities of viridans streptococci, non‐hemolytic streptococci, and yeasts. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Iseganan HCl remained the same throughout the course of treatment.

Conclusions:  Topical Iseganan HCl significantly reduces the total oral aerobic bacterial, streptococcal, and yeast load. Its potential as an oral antimicrobial agent in preventing these types of infections is clear.
Reappraisal of KIT mutation in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the salivary gland
Authors: Sung Ji‐Youn , Ahn Hee Kyung , Kwon Ji‐Eun , Jeong HanSin , Baek Chung‐Hwan , Son Young‐Ik , Ahn Yong Chan , Park Keunchil , Ahn Myung‐Ju , Ko Young‐Hyeh
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 415–423

Background:  While overexpression of KIT protein has been well documented in adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs), mutation of KIT gene has been a controversial issue. We wanted to evaluate clinical value of the KIT mutation and protein expression in ACC.

Methods:  We analyzed 33 cases of ACC. Gene mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 were analyzed using paraffin‐embedded tissue, and two different sets of primers with direct sequencing after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for exon 9, 11, 13, and 17, and cloning of PCR products for exon 11. KIT protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between clinicopathological findings and these biomarkers was analyzed.

Results:  No KIT mutation was observed in all of the 33 cases. With one primer set, KIT mutation was found in nine of 33 cases (27.3%). However, these mutations were not reproducible in the experiment using another primer set. KIT protein overexpression was detected in 22 of 33 patients (66.7%). KIT protein expression was not statistically correlated with either clinicopathological factors or survival. Patients with metastasis showed a tendency of longer progression‐free survival (P = 0.052) and overall survival (P = 0.080) when the tumor overexpressed KIT protein.

Conclusion:  This study supports that mutational study using paraffin‐embedded tissue should be interpreted with great caution. KIT gene mutation is very rare in ACC, and gene mutation is not the cause of protein overexpression. KIT protein expression may have a potential value for better prognostic factor in patients with metastasis.
Predictors of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienists
Authors: Hayes MJ , Taylor JA , Smith DR
Published: November 2011

To cite this article:   Int J Dent Hygiene10, 2012; 265–269  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2011.00536.x

Hayes MJ, Taylor JA, Smith DR. Predictors of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienists.

Abstract:  Objectives: Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) have been recognized as a considerable problem for the dental hygiene profession, with the majority of professionals reporting musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate which risk factors may help predict MSD among Australian dental hygienists. Methods: A modified version of the Standardised Nordic questionnaire was distributed to registered hygienists throughout Australia. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed a variety of work‐related and psychosocial factors that correlate with reported MSD, including scaling tasks, type of practice and work interference in home life. Statistical predictors for non‐reporting of MSD included wearing loupes, ergonomics education and wage satisfaction. Concerning is the impact on the profession, with an association between MSD and hygienists considering reducing working hours or even alternate careers. Conclusions: In general, it appears as though the causes of MSD among dental hygienists may be multifactorial, as may be the solutions to this problem. Further research is required to objectively examine whether controllable variables can be implemented as preventive strategies or interventions for MSD.
Relationships between Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index scores and general physical status in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Moriya Shingo , Tei Kanchu , Murata Ayumi , Muramatsu Masumi , Inoue Nobuo , Miura Hiroko
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00597.x

Relationships between Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index scores and general physical status in community‐dwelling older adults

Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and general physical status among community‐dwelling older adults.

Background:  Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index is a patient‐centred assessment of oral health for older adults. We hypothesised that GOHAI is a significant indicator of general physical status of older adults.

Methods:  This study included 354 adults (age, ≥65 years) living independently. Body mass index, handgrip strength and one‐leg standing time with eyes open were used to evaluate the general physical status. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between the GOHAI scores, its three subdivided categories (physical function, psychological function and pain and discomfort) and each physical status measurement. A stepwise linear regression model was applied with each physical status measurement as the dependent variable and the GOHAI scores and its subdivisions as the principal independent variable.

Results:  Positive correlations were found between the GOHAI scores, its three subdivided categories and handgrip strength. The physical function category positively correlated with one‐leg standing time. The GOHAI and the pain and discomfort category scores were retained in the final models of stepwise regression for handgrip strength, and significant relationships persisted after adjustments for demographic, psychosocial, medical and dental status.

Conclusion:  The GOHAI scores and its pain and discomfort category score may be significant indicators of body muscle strength.