bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing region of interest width reduces neonatal circumferential strain
Authors: Mørch Johannes , Kolnes Elisabeth Horne , Greve Gottfried , Omdal Tom Roar , Ebbing Cathrine , Kessler Jörg , Khan Umael
Published: July 2024

Objective

There is growing interest in speckle tracking echocardiography‐derived strain as a measure of left ventricular function in neonates. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding the effect of image acquisition and processing parameters on circumferential strain measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using different region of interest (ROI) widths on speckle tracking derived circumferential strain in healthy neonates.

Methods

Thirty healthy‐term‐born neonates were examined with speckle‐tracking echocardiography in the short‐axis view. Circumferential strain values were acquired and compared using two different ROI widths. Furthermore, strain values in the different vendor‐defined wall layers were also compared.

Results

Increasing ROI width led to a decrease in global circumferential strain (GCS) in the midwall and epicardial layers, the respective decreases in strain being ‐23.4 ± .6% to ‐22.0 ± 1.1%, p < .0001 and 18.5 ± 1.7% to ‐15.6 ± 2.0%, p < .0001. Segmental analyses were consistent with these results, apart from two segments in the midwall. There was no statistically significant effect on strain for the endocardial layer. A gradient was seen where strain increased from the epicardial to endocardial layers.

Conclusion

Increasing ROI width led to a decrease in GCS in the midwall and epicardium. There is an increase in circumferential strain when moving from the epicardial toward the endocardial layer. Clinicians wishing to implement circumferential strain into their practice should consider ROI width variation as a potential confounder in their measurements.
Shifts in elevational distributions of montane birds in an arid ecosystem
Authors: Zillig Martha W. , Brooks Wesley , Fleishman Erica
Published: July 2024

Montane species are generally predicted to respond to climate change via upslope movement. Elevational range shifts of birds rarely have been examined in arid regions. Here, we examine shifts in the elevational distributions of breeding birds from two regions of the Great Basin, a desert in the western USA, over 10 to 20 years. We collected data annually from 2001 to 2020, a relatively long and consistent time series that is uncommon in research on distributional shifts. We used single‐species occupancy models of 32 bird species to examine shifts along the full elevational gradient (1650–3200 m a.s.l.) and within the lowest and highest edges (25%) of the gradient. We then conducted simulations to test whether population stochasticity could confound inferences about shifts. We examined whether temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity (normalized difference vegetation index) were associated with occupancy and shifts. The elevational distributions of 23 species shifted, and simulations indicated that shifts in the distributions of 18 species were unlikely to be stochastic. The majority of shifts in the western Great Basin were downslope, whereas those in the central Great Basin were upslope. More shifts occurred at the edges of the elevational gradient than along the full gradient. Elevational shifts lacked a consistent climate‐response signal, but those of some species appeared to follow changes in primary productivity. We found regional differences in elevational shifts and climate associations, and our work suggests that these desert bird populations may be relatively resilient to climate change.
Identifying personality traits and behavioural syndromes in a threatened freshwater fish (Nannoperca vittata) through comparative analysis with a model species (Poecilia reticulata): Implications for conservation
Authors: Pathirana Nuwandi U. K. , Gleiss Adrian , Beatty Stephen J. , Lymbery Alan J.
Published: July 2024

Animal personalities are differences in behaviour among individuals of the same species that are consistent over time and contexts. The integration of animal personality into conservation actions is hampered by limited understanding of personality traits in non‐model organisms. We estimated repeatabilities and correlations between behaviours in Nannoperca vittata (western pygmy perch), a threatened freshwater fish species endemic to south‐western Australia, and, for comparative purposes, in Poecilia reticulata (guppy), a species frequently used in personality research. Each fish was measured four times for each of seven behavioural variables, presumed to reflect five underlying personality traits. Track length (TL) was used as a measure of activity; time spent in a risky zone (RZ) and time to emergence (ET) for boldness; latency to approach a novel object (LA) and time spent close to the object (TS) for exploration; time spent close to a mirror (CV) for sociability and number of attacks at the mirror (AT) for aggression. Four behavioural variables (TL, RZ, ET and CV) were significantly repeatable in N. vittata and also in P. reticulata. There was a lack of concordance in phenotypic and among‐individual correlations between variables in both species, emphasising the importance of partitioning trait covariances to infer behavioural syndromes. Significant among‐individual correlations were found between activity, boldness and sociability variables in N. vittata, consistent with a proactive‐reactive personality axis, but not in P. reticulata. Personality variation should be considered in conservation actions for N. vittata, particularly with respect to unintended consequences of domestication selection in captive breeding and release.
Navigating school belonging in Qatari schools: A mixed‐methods study of student perspectives
Authors: Allen Kelly‐Ann , McCarthy Shannon , Sawalhi Rania , Berger Emily , May Fiona , Patlamazoglou Lefteris , Gamble Nicholas , Grové Christine , Wurf Gerald , Arango Elisa Jones , Warton William , Reupert Andrea
Published: July 2024

A sense of school belonging is essential for adolescent development, though there is limited research investigating ways to improve students' sense of school belonging in Qatar. With 116 Qatari secondary school students, the current study explored student perspectives of ways teachers and schools could improve their sense of school belonging. Students responded to a survey including open‐ended questions and a descriptive scale measuring the usefulness of established belonging strategies during remote learning, in‐person, or all the time (both). Encouragement and support from teachers were found to be useful all the time, with school activities during breaks and opportunities to make friends only being useful during school‐based learning. From the examination of open‐ended responses using a hybrid qualitative approach with inductive and deductive coding, two overarching themes each at the teacher‐level and school‐level were found, defined by several subthemes. Belonging practices at the teacher‐level included caring and supportive teachers and teachers treating students as people. Belonging practices at the school‐level included student engagement and a positive and supportive school environment. For Qatari students practices such as prioritising supportive student–teacher relationships, introducing policies which promote a respectful, fair and safe environment, and offering school wide‐extracurricular activities that encourage peer connections are important to develop their sense of school belonging.
The first documented and characterized Norwegian acid sulfate soils
Authors: Andersson Malin , Hansen Louise
Published: July 2024

Acid sulfate soils (ASS) containing hypersulfidic material (pH >4) can, when drained, transform to ASS with a thionic horizon (pH <4), which can cause environmental effects due to the formation of sulfuric acid and the consequent mobilization and leaching of metals and acid into waterways, as well as cause geotechnical problems. Yet, the occurrence of ASS has till now not been a topic of research in Norway. The present pilot study was carried out on an area along the northern coast of Norway. Thirty‐nine localities were sampled and analysed near Alta. Of these, six were classified as ASS with either hypersulfidic or parahypersulfidic material. ASS is not as widespread as within the Baltic Sea area, but the analyses document the occurrence of ASS with hypersulfidic material with high acidifying potential in certain areas if oxidized. This pilot study shows that ASS occurs in specific areas. Three localities with documented ASS were studied in greater detail. Here, sections were excavated and analysed to help with the understanding of the geological context of these occurrences. In this way, the geological prerequisites considered of importance of soils with ASS with hypersulfidic material are outlined. The prerequisites for ASS occurrence that evolved during this study include young, marine, fine‐grained deposits and a low relief environment subjected to episodic sedimentation but otherwise calm water and little water exchange. The results are a starting point for further studies of ASS occurrences along the Norwegian coast.
Heritability of sudden cardiac death in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Kapusniak Amie , Nath Laura , Hebart Michelle , Franklin Samantha
Published: July 2024

Background

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an important cause of exercise‐associated fatalities in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine deaths share similarities with fatalities in human athletes that result from inherited cardiac disease. Whilst genetic causes have been postulated in horses, these have not been confirmed and heritability of SCD has not previously been estimated in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Objectives

To determine the heritability of SCD in a sample population of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Study design

Retrospective case–control study.

Methods

Steward and post‐mortem reports of Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia between 2007 and 2020 were reviewed to identify horses with SCD. Control horses were randomly selected from races in which SCD occurred or from races on the date of the case fatality. A five‐generation integrated pedigree chart was collected for each horse. Estimates of heritability were obtained using an animal model in the ASReml‐R program with variance components estimated assuming SCD was normally distributed, and on the logit transformed scale. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated and the risk of producing SCD‐affected progeny was calculated for stallions that sired ≥5 individuals in the case–control population.

Results

Ninety‐three horses with SCD and 465 control horses were identified. Heritability on the underlying scale was 0.15 ± 0.09 (logit animal) and 0.24 ± 0.12 (normal animal). Inbreeding coefficients were not significantly different between groups. Of the 16 first generation sires that appeared ≥5 times in the case–control data set, two sires more frequently produced affected progeny (OR 7.95–10.41).

Main limitations

Challenges in definitively confirming SCD may lead to misclassification of some cases. Some control horses may have not been exposed to environmental influences of SCD. Case numbers are low and the studied population may not represent the entire Thoroughbred genetic pool.

Conclusion

The heritability of SCD in this population was relatively low. However, individual stallions appear more likely to produce affected progeny. Further studies are required to understand the genetic and environmental influences that contribute to disease expression.
Adolescent offenders' experiences of father involvement in a South African context
Authors: Labuschagne Louis J. , Koen Vicki , Daniel‐Smit Jessica
Published: July 2024

Objective

The study's aim was to explore and describe adolescent offenders' experiences of their fathers' involvement before and during their own incarceration in a South African context.

Background

Research on father involvement is focused predominantly on adult offenders' experiences of father involvement without emphasis on adolescents' experiences regarding father involvement, including in a South African context.

Methods

A qualitative explorative‐descriptive research design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling technique was used, and the sample size was determined through data saturation. The sample included nine male adolescents between the ages of 17 and 19 years from a correctional center in Pretoria, South Africa. Semistructured individual interviews and drawings made by participants were used as the data collection methods and data were analyzed thematically.

Results

Two main themes with subthemes were identified: Experiences of father absence before and/or during incarceration and desires for and suggestions to improve father involvement.

Conclusion

The findings are primarily indicative of the general lack of father involvement and fatherly support experienced by participants.

Implications

The findings highlight the need for adolescent offenders to have access to counseling or therapy and intervention programs suitable for juvenile correctional centers focusing specifically on providing young, incarcerated, male adolescents with paternal role models that can help foster a sense of ethical and moral guidance and provision of different forms of support. Father intervention programs including men's talks, motivational speaking, and psychoeducational programs to advise fathers on how to be more involved in their children's lives are recommended.
Insufficient and biased representation of species geographic responses to climate change
Authors: Parker Evan J. , Weiskopf Sarah R. , Oliver Ruth Y. , Rubenstein Madeleine A. , Jetz Walter
Published: July 2024

The geographic redistributions of species due to a rapidly changing climate are poised to perturb ecological communities and significantly impact ecosystems and human livelihoods. Effectively managing these biological impacts requires a thorough understanding of the patterns and processes of species geographic range shifts. While substantial recent redistributions have been identified and recognized to vary by taxon, region, and range geometry, there are large gaps and biases in the available evidence. Here, we use the largest compilation of geographic range change observations to date, comprised of 33,016 potential redistributions across 12,009 species, to formally assess within‐ and cross‐species coverage and biases and to motivate future data collection. We find that species coverage varies strongly by taxon and underrepresents species at high and low latitudes. Within species, assessments of potential redistributions came from parts of their geographic range that were highly uneven and non‐representative. For most species and taxa, studies were strongly biased toward the colder parts of species' distributions and thus significantly underrepresented populations that might get pushed beyond their maximum temperature limits. Coverage of potential leading and trailing geographic range edges under a changing climate was similarly uneven. Only 8% of studied species were assessed at both high and low latitude and elevation range edges, with most only covered at one edge. This suggests that substantial within‐species biases exacerbate the considerable geographic and taxonomic among‐species unevenness in evidence. Our results open the door for a more quantitative accounting for existing knowledge biases in climate change ecology and a more informed management and conservation. Our findings offer guidance for future data collection that better addresses information gaps and provides a more effective foundation for managing the biological impacts of climate change.
Upscaling miscanthus production in the United Kingdom: The benefits, challenges, and trade‐offs
Authors: Hodgson E. M. , McCalmont J. , Rowe R. , Whitaker J. , Holder A. , Clifton‐Brown J. C. , Thornton J. , Hastings A. , Robson P. R. H. , Webster R. J. , Farrar K. , Donnison I. S.
Published: July 2024

The UK sixth carbon budget has recommended domestic biomass supply should increase to meet growing demand, planting a minimum of 30,000 hectares of perennial energy crops a year by 2035, with a view to establishing 700,000 hectares by 2050 to meet the requirements of the balanced net zero pathway. Miscanthus is a key biomass crop to scale up domestic biomass production in the United Kingdom. A cohesive land management strategy, based on robust evidence, will be required to ensure upscaling of miscanthus cultivation maximizes the environmental and economic benefits and minimizes undesirable consequences. This review examines research into available land areas, environmental impacts, barriers to uptake, and the challenges, benefits, and trade‐offs required to upscale miscanthus production on arable land and grassland in the United Kingdom. Expansion of perennial biomass crops has been considered best restricted to marginal land, less suited to food production. The review identifies a trade‐off between avoiding competition with food production and a risk of encroaching on areas containing high‐biodiversity or high‐carbon stocks, such as semi‐natural grasslands. If areas of land suitable for food production are needed to produce the biomass required for emission reduction, the review indicates there are multiple strategies for miscanthus to complement long‐term food security rather than compete with it. On arable land, a miscanthus rotation with a cycle length of 10–20 years can be employed as fallow period for fields experiencing yield decline, soil fatigue, or persistent weed problems. On improved grassland areas, miscanthus presents an option for diversification, flood mitigation, and water quality improvement. Strategies need to be developed to integrate miscanthus into farming systems in a way that is profitable, sensitive to local demand, climate, and geography, and complements rather than competes with food production by increasing overall farm profitability and resilience.
Patient preferences for preventive migraine treatments among Canadian adults: A discrete choice experiment
Authors: Bougie Joanna K. , Krupsky Kathryn , Beusterien Kathleen , Ladouceur Marie‐Pier , Mulvihill Emily
Published: July 2024

Objective

To evaluate preferences for key attributes of injected or infused preventive migraine treatments and assess heterogeneity in preferences among Canadian participants with migraine.

Background

Current treatment options for migraine prevention differ in their attributes, including mode of administration, efficacy, and dosing frequency; preferences for such attributes can vary among patients. With the advent of new therapies, evidence demonstrating patient preferences for injected or infused preventive migraine treatments is necessary.

Methods

Canadian adults self‐reporting a diagnosis of migraine completed a cross‐sectional, internet‐based survey that included a discrete choice experiment. Participants were presented with attributes of preventive migraine treatments, including speed of onset, durability of efficacy, mode of administration, administration setting, and dosing frequency. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of patients who differed in their treatment preferences.

Results

In total, 200 participants completed the survey. Participants’ treatment preferences were most sensitive to improvements in the durability of effectiveness from “wears off 2 weeks before next dose” to “does not wear off before the next dose” (absolute difference in weights = |−0.95 to 1.07| = 2.02) and improvements from “cranial injections” to “intravenous infusions” (|−1.04 to 0.58| = 1.62); participants equally preferred self‐injection and intravenous infusion from a health‐care provider (mean weight = 0.58 and 0.47, respectively) as a route of administration over cranial injections (mean weight = −1.04). Three subgroups were identified with LCA: group one (n = 103) prioritized fast‐acting and durable therapies, group two (n = 54) expressed aversion to cranial injections, and group three (n = 43) favored treatments administered in a health‐care provider setting.

Conclusions

In this sample of Canadian adults with migraine, we showed that durability of effectiveness and mode of administration are key attributes influencing patient preferences for preventive migraine treatments; however, certain groups of patients may differ in their treatment priorities. Our results highlight the need for patient–provider discussions regarding treatment attributes and consideration of patients’ preferences when selecting a preventive migraine treatment.
Development and Evaluation of a Framework for Authentic Online Co‐Design: Partnership‐Focussed Principles‐Driven Online Co‐Design
Authors: Coulston Free , Spittle Alicia , McDonald Cassie , Toovey Rachel , Cameron Kate L. , Attard Kimberley , Binstock Loni , Fletcher Isaac , Delaney Adie , Murphy Tayla , Keating Caroline , Sellick Kath
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Co‐design in health research involves patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in intervention or service design. Traditionally, co‐design is undertaken in‐person; however, exploring online delivery is warranted. PPIE in co‐design must be considered carefully, and assumptions that in‐person approaches will transition automatically to an online environment should be avoided. Currently, there are a lack of evidence‐informed approaches to facilitating co‐design online. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a framework for authentically adapting health research co‐design into an online environment.

Materials and Methods

The initial framework was developed through a literature review, synthesis of in‐person co‐design principles, and alignment of online strategies. The framework was then applied to a co‐design project with 10 participants across relevant PPIE groups (end‐users [n = 4], clinicians [n = 2], coaches [n = 2] and clinician−researchers [n = 2]). Participants' experiences of the online co‐design process were evaluated via a mixed‐methods design using surveys and semi‐structured interviews. Evaluation data were analysed using descriptive statistics and reflexive thematic analysis to inform a revised framework.

Results

The developed framework, Partnership‐focussed Principles‐driven Online co‐Design (P‐POD) was used to design eight 90 min online co‐design workshops. Evaluation data involved 46 survey responses, and eight participants were interviewed on project completion. Survey data indicated that the process was satisfying, engaging and adhered to the P‐POD framework. Themes derived from interview data describe a respectful and collaborative online culture, valuing of diverse perspectives and space for healthy debate, how power was perceived as being shared but not equal and multiple definitions of success within and beyond the process. A final, refined P‐POD framework is presented.

Conclusion

With evaluation of the initial P‐POD framework showing evidence of adherence to co‐design principles, positive participant experiences and goal achievement for both the project and the participants, the refined P‐POD framework may be used and evaluated within future intervention or service design.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study involved the participants (end‐users, clinicians and service providers) in the co‐design process described, interpretation of the results through member‐checking interview responses, assisting in development of the final framework and as co‐authors for this manuscript.
Exploring access cavity through non‐carious cervical lesions: Impacts on instrumentation, obturation, and fracture resistance in mandibular incisors
Authors: Silva Emmanuel J. N. L. , Vianna Patrícia S. , Lima Carolina O. , Barbosa Ana Flávia A. , Vieira Victor T. L. , Versiani Marco A.
Published: July 2024

Aim

To compare the effects of Cervical Access Cavity (CervAC) and Traditional Access Cavity (TradAC) on root canal preparation, root canal filling, and fracture resistance in mandibular incisors.

Methodology

Twenty recently extracted and intact mandibular incisors were initially scanned using a micro‐CT device. The specimens were anatomically matched to create two groups (n = 10). A wedge‐shaped non‐carious cervical lesion (NCCL) was created on the buccal aspect of all teeth using a double‐faced segmented diamond disc. In group 1, a TradAC was prepared, whilst in group 2, access was created through the simulated NCCL using a round diamond bur 1012. After root canal preparation with Rotate instruments sizes 15/0.04, 20/0.04, and 25/0.04, the teeth were scanned again and evaluated for root canal volume and surface area, static voxels, volume of removed dental tissue, and dentine thickness. After that, the root canals were filled using the single‐cone technique, teeth were restored with composite resin, and subsequently rescanned to calculate the volume of filling materials and voids. Then, the restored teeth were subjected to fracture resistance tests using a universal testing machine. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed with the Mann–Whitney test or the Student's t‐test, with a statistical significance level of 5%.

Results

Statistical comparisons indicated no significant differences between groups in terms of root canal volume, surface area, static voxels, removed root dentine, root canal filling volume, percentage of voids, or fracture resistance load (p > .05). Conversely, teeth prepared with TradAC showed a significantly higher percentage of dental tissue removed from the crown (p = .001) and a greater volume of filling material remnants in the pulp chamber (p < .001) compared to the CervAC group. A significantly lower percentage reduction in dentine thickness was observed only on the mesial aspect of root at Level 1 in TradAC group (p = .008).

Conclusions

CervAC can be considered a viable alternative approach in the presence of NCCL in mandibular incisors.
ICBSpecial Feature: Highlights of 2023
Authors: Reed Joanne H
Published: July 2024

In this Special Feature, we bring you the “Highlights of 2023”, a collection of short articles that discuss key research findings published in 2023 that advanced a specific research area of immunology.
The puzzle of loneliness: A sociostructural and transnational analysis of International Chinese Students' networks in Germany
Authors: Bilecen Başak , Diekmann Isabell , Faist Thomas
Published: July 2024

The experience of loneliness is common among international students who study in a foreign country, away from their home. Loneliness refers to the difference between the actual and desired social relationships highlighting not only the quantity but also the quality of relationships. We argue for a perspective on loneliness that emphasizes its social context rather than relying mainly on individualistic or psychological interpretations prevalent thus far. In this article, we explore network predictors of loneliness among Chinese international students in Germany. Through our analysis of a unique data set, we show that when compared to the local students, international students tend to feel lonelier. Surprisingly, when we discover that when international students have the same network size, those with more emotionally supportive ties tend to experience more loneliness compared to those with fewer emotionally supportive ties. Not surprisingly, having a romantic partner is associated with lower levels of loneliness, especially when they also live in the country of education. Additionally, we find that international Chinese students who struggle to form cross‐national friendships report higher levels of loneliness. By delving into these findings, our research offers a sociological account of loneliness among international Chinese and local students in Germany.
Measurement of basic psychological needs for physical activity participation for college students with intellectual disabilities: A validation study
Authors: Sur Myung Ha , Shapiro Deborah R. , Li Hongli
Published: July 2024

Background

Measurement instruments to understand self‐determined motivation towards physical activity among college students with intellectual disabilities are needed to develop programs to support physical and psychological health and well‐being. The purpose of the current study was to validate a modified questionnaire measuring basic psychological needs towards physical activity among college students with intellectual disabilities.

Methods

A total of 108 college students with intellectual disabilities completed the modified questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was examined.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a six‐factor model had good model fit. Cronbach's alpha values showed acceptable reliability evidence of the instrument as a whole, although some alpha values in subdomains of the instrument were below acceptable values.

Conclusion

The modified questionnaire was found to have acceptable validity evidence. Further studies are needed with refinement of answer options and the addition of more questions to increase reliability.
Integrating otolith and genetic tools to reveal intraspecific biodiversity in a highly impacted salmon population
Authors: Willmes Malte , Sturrock Anna M. , Cordoleani Flora , Hugentobler Sara , Meek Mariah H. , Whitman George , Evans Kimberly , Palkovacs Eric P. , Stauffer‐Olsen Natalie J. , Johnson Rachel C.
Published: July 2024

Intraspecific biodiversity is vital for species persistence in an increasingly volatile world. By embracing methods that integrate information at different spatiotemporal scales, we can directly monitor and reconstruct changes in intraspecific biodiversity. Here we combined genetics and otolith biochronologies to describe the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Yuba River, California, comparing cohorts that experienced a range of hydroclimatic conditions. Yuba River salmon have been heavily impacted by habitat loss and degradation, and large influxes of unmarked hatchery fish each year have led to concern about introgression and uncertainty around the viability of its wild populations, particularly the rarer spring‐run salmon. Otolith strontium isotopes showed that Yuba River origin fish represented, on average, 42% (range 7%–73%) of spawners across six return years (2009–2011, 2018–2020), with large interannual variability. The remainder of adult Chinook salmon in the river were primarily strays from the nearby Feather River hatchery, and since 2018 from the Mokelumne River hatchery. Among the Yuba‐origin spawners, on average, 30% (range 14%–50%) exhibited the spring‐run genotype. The Yuba‐origin fish also displayed a variety of outmigration phenotypes that differed in the timing and size at which they left the Yuba river. Early‐migrating fry dominated the returns (mean 59%, range 33%–89%), and their contribution rates were negatively correlated with freshwater flows. It is unlikely that fry survival rates are elevated during droughts, suggesting that this trend reflects disproportionately low survival of larger later migrating parr, smolts, and yearlings along the migratory corridor in drier years. Otolith daily increments indicated generally faster growth rates in non‐natal habitats, emphasizing the importance of continuing upstream restoration efforts to improve in‐river growing conditions. Together, these findings show that, despite a long history of habitat degradation and hatchery introgression, the Yuba River maintains intraspecific biodiversity that should be taken into account in future management, restoration, and reintroduction plans. The finding that genotypic spring‐run are reproducing, surviving, and returning to the Yuba River every year suggests that re‐establishment of an independent population is possible, although hatchery‐wild interactions would need to be carefully considered. Integrating methods is critical to monitor changes in key genetic, physiological, and behavioral traits to assess population viability and resilience.
Exploring the potential of omega‐3 fatty acids in acne patients: A prospective intervention study
Authors: Guertler Anne , Neu Katharina , Lill Diana , Clanner‐Engelshofen Benjamin , French Lars E. , Reinholz Markus
Published: July 2024

Background

Omega‐3 fatty acids (ω‐3 FA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential nutrients known for their anti‐inflammatory properties, which involve reducing pro‐inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1. This suggests their potential to alleviate acne severity, especially when deficits are present.

Aims

To elevate EPA/DHA levels in acne patients through dietary intervention and supplementation, observing subsequent clinical effects.

Methods

Over 16 weeks, 60 patients without prescription medication (n = 23 acne comedonica [AC], n = 37 acne papulopustulosa [AP]) adhered to a Mediterranean diet, incorporating oral algae‐derived ω‐3 FA supplementation (600 mg DHA/300 mg EPA week 1–8, 800 mg DHA/400 mg EPA week 8–16). At four visits (V1–V4), blood EPA/DHA levels were tracked using the HS‐omega 3 index® (EPA/DHA (%) of total identified fatty acids in erythrocytes; target 8%–11%, deficit <8%, severe deficit <4%), alongside clinical assessments and standardized questionnaires.

Results

At baseline, 98.3% of patients had an EPA/DHA deficit, with the mean HS‐omega 3 index® rising from 4.9% at V1 to 8.3% at V4 (p < 0.001). AC showed significantly higher indices than AP at V4 (p = 0.035). Objective improvements in both inflammatory and non‐inflammatory lesions were observed (p < 0.001). While self‐reported appearance worsened in four patients, overall quality of life improved (p < 0.001), particularly in AP. Dietary triggers were more clearly defined than beneficial foods. Intake of cow's milk and dairy products reduced (p < 0.001). Compliance was good; no adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Many acne patients have a ω‐3 FA deficit. The HS‐omega 3 index® can be increased by a Mediterranean diet and oral supplementation with algae‐derived ω‐3 FA. Acne severity improved significantly in patients with target ω‐3 FA levels.
Animism, Eco‐Immanence, and Divine Transcendence: Toward an Integrated Religious Framework for Environmental Ethics
Authors: Haring James W.
Published: July 2024

It is intuitive to think that divine transcendence is incompatible with the sacredness of nature, especially when transcendence is combined with the idea that God alone is valuable. Divine transcendence seems to demote this‐worldly values in favor of union with God in a disembodied afterlife. Divine transcendence also seems to legitimize hierarchies, including male–female and human‐nature hierarchies. Divine immanence seems a better alternative. This set of intuitions about transcendence appears regularly in the field of Religion and Ecology, sometimes as an implicit backdrop rather than an explicit position. This backdrop needs to be thematized and evaluated. For those with ecological concerns, divine transcendence and divine immanence need not be mutually exclusive. Rather, divine transcendence (understood non‐contrastively) complements divine immanence and is compatible with both animist and polytheist cosmologies. The extent of this mutual compatibility and its importance for environmental concerns has yet to be fully articulated.
Melatonin Ameliorates Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability by Regulating PPARδ‐Associated Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching
Authors: Chen Sy‐Jou , Chien Hung‐Che , Tsai Shih‐Hung , Jheng Yu‐Sin , Chen Yi , Hsieh Po‐Shiuan , Tsui Pi‐Fen , Chien Shu , Tsai Min‐Chien
Published: July 2024

Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque rupture, the leading cause of fatal atherothrombotic events, is associated with an increased risk of mortality worldwide. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor delta (PPARδ) has been shown to modulate vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching, and, hence, atherosclerotic plaque stability. Melatonin reportedly plays a beneficial role in cardiovascular diseases; however, the mechanisms underlying improvements in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability remain unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of melatonin in regulating SMC phenotypic switching and its consequential contribution to the amelioration of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and explored the mechanisms underlying this process. We analyzed features of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability and markers of SMC phenotypic transition in high‐cholesterol diet (HCD)–fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice and human aortic SMCs (HASMCs). Melatonin reduced atherosclerotic plaque size and necrotic core area while enhancing collagen content, fibrous cap thickness, and smooth muscle alpha‐actin positive cell coverage on the plaque cap, which are all known phenotypic characteristics of vulnerable plaques. In atherosclerotic lesions, melatonin significantly decreased the synthetic SMC phenotype and KLF4 expression and increased the expression of PPARδ, but not PPARα and PPARγ, in HCD‐fed ApoE−/− mice. These results were subsequently confirmed in the melatonin‐treated HASMCs. Further analysis using PPARδ silencing and immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PPARδ plays a role in the melatonin‐induced SMC phenotype switching from synthetic to contractile. Collectively, we provided the first evidence that melatonin mediates its protective effect against plaque destabilization by enhancing PPARδ‐mediated SMC phenotypic switching, thereby indicating the potential of melatonin in treating atherosclerosis.
Stewards, defenders, progenitors, and collaborators: Courts in the age of democratic decline
Authors: Dichio Michael A. , Logvinenko Igor
Published: July 2024

In this introductory essay to the special issue of Law & Policy, “Global Perspectives on Judicial Politics and Democratic Backsliding,” we critically examine the paradoxical role of courts during episodes of democratic backsliding. Despite operating without direct democratic accountability—relying instead on legal precedents and doctrinal interpretations—courts are pivotal in defending democratic integrity during episodes of backsliding. This issue, featuring 10 articles by 15 scholars, offers a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of judicial politics of autocratization. Half of the articles deal directly with the U.S. judiciary, highlighting its unique standing that allows it to both enable and resist democratic backsliding. The other half of the issue explores case studies from Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, highlighting a great deal of variability of tactics, approaches and outcomes. Published during a critical electoral year in 2024, this collection emphasizes the need for ongoing research into the judiciaries' dual capacity to both safeguard and undermine democratic norms.
Assessment of hepatitis B virus relapse in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with prophylactic nucleos(t)ide analogues: Implications for overall mortality
Authors: Wang Chih‐Wen , Huang Chung‐Feng , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Liang Po‐Cheng , Jang Tyng‐Yuan , Wei Yu‐Ju , Hsu Po‐Yao , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Yi‐Hung , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

We aimed to explore the risk factors associated with virological and clinical relapse, as well as their impact on overall mortality, in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) therapy prior to chemotherapy initiation.

Methods

From 2010 to 2020, we conducted a prospective cohort study involving patients with HBV infection undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. We utilized the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression models to assess risk factors.

Results

We observed that TDF or TAF (HR: 2.16, 95% CI 1.06–4.41; p = .034), anthracycline (HR: 1.73, 95% CI 1.10–2.73; p = .018), baseline HBV DNA (HR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.33–1.81; p < .001) and end‐of‐treatment HBsAg titre >100 IU/mL (HR: 7.81, 95% CI 1.94–31.51; p = .004) were associated with increased risk of virological relapse. Additionally, TDF or TAF (HR: 4.91, 95% CI 1.45–16.64; p = .011), baseline HBV DNA (HR: 1.48, 95% CI 1.10–1.99; p = .009) and end‐of‐treatment HBsAg titre >100 IU/mL (HR: 6.09, 95% CI .95–38.87; p = .056) were associated with increased risk of clinical relapse. Furthermore, we found that virological relapse (HR: 3.32, 95% CI 1.33–8.32; p = .010) and clinical relapse (HR: 3.59, 95% CI 1.47–8.80; p = .005) significantly correlated with all‐cause mortality in HBV patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy with prophylactic NUCs therapy.

Conclusions

The risk of virological and clinical relapse was linked to baseline HBV DNA, end‐of‐treatment HBsAg levels and TDF or TAF for prophylaxis; additionally, experiencing relapse heightens the risk of all‐cause mortality. Further research is warranted to explore potential strategies for preventing virological and clinical relapse in high‐risk patients.
Combined genome and transcriptome provides insight into the genetic evolution of an edible halophyte Suaeda salsa adaptation to high salinity
Authors: Cui Bing , Liu Ranran , Yu Qiong , Guo Jianrong , Du Xihua , Chen Zixin , Li Chenyang , Wang Tong , Liu Ru , He Rui , Song Congcong , Liu Yue , Sui Na , Jia Guifang , Song Jie
Published: July 2024

Suaeda salsa L. is a typical halophyte with high value as a vegetable. Here, we report a 447.98 Mb, chromosomal‐level genome of S. salsa, assembled into nine pseudomolecules (contig N50 = 1.36 Mb) and annotated with 27,927 annotated protein‐coding genes. Most of the assembled S. salsa genome, 58.03%, consists of transposable elements. Some gene families including HKT1, NHX, SOS and CASP related to salt resistance were significantly amplified. We also observed expansion of genes encoding protein that bind the trace elements Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, and genes related to flavonoid and α‐linolenic acid metabolism. Many expanded genes were significantly up‐regulated under salinity, which might have contributed to the acquisition of salt tolerance in S. salsa. Transcriptomic data showed that high salinity markedly up‐regulated salt‐resistance related genes, compared to low salinity. Abundant metabolic pathways of secondary metabolites including flavonoid, unsaturated fatty acids and selenocompound were enriched, which indicates that the species is a nutrient‐rich vegetable. Particularly worth mentioning is that there was no significant difference in the numbers of cis‐elements in the promoters of salt‐related and randomly selected genes in S. salsa when compared with Arabidopsis thaliana, which may affirm that plant salt tolerance is a quantitative rather than a qualitative trait in terms of promoter evolution. Our findings provide deep insight into the adaptation of halophytes to salinity from a genetic evolution perspective.
Decision making for health‐related research outcomes that alter diagnosis: A model from paediatric brain tumours
Authors: Pickles Jessica C. , Aquilina Kristian , Chalker Jane , Dahl Christine , Devadass Abel , Mankad Kshitij , Merve Ashirwad , Ahmed Munaza , Nicoll James A. R. , Bloom Tabitha , Hilton David A. , Sebire Neil J. , Hargrave Darren , Jacques Thomas S.
Published: July 2024

Aims

The question of how to handle clinically actionable outcomes from retrospective research studies is poorly explored. In neuropathology, this problem is exacerbated by ongoing refinement in tumour classification. We sought to establish a disclosure threshold for potential revised diagnoses as determined by the neuro‐oncology speciality.

Methods

As part of a previous research study, the diagnoses of 73 archival paediatric brain tumour samples were reclassified according to the WHO 2016 guidelines. To determine the disclosure threshold and clinical actionability of pathology‐related findings, we conducted a result‐evaluation approach within the ethical framework of BRAIN UK using a surrogate clinical multidisciplinary team (MDT) of neuro‐oncology specialists.

Results

The MDT identified key determinants impacting decision‐making, including anticipated changes to patient management, time elapsed since initial diagnosis, likelihood of the patient being alive and absence of additional samples since cohort inception. Ultimately, none of our research findings were considered clinically actionable, largely due to the cohort's historic archival and high‐risk nature. From this experience, we developed a decision‐making framework to determine if research findings indicating a change in diagnosis require reporting to the relevant clinical teams.

Conclusions

Ethical issues relating to the use of archival tissue for research and the potential to identify actionable findings must be carefully considered. We have established a structured framework to assess the actionability of research data relating to patient diagnosis. While our specific findings are most applicable to the pathology of poor prognostic brain tumour groups in children, the model can be adapted to a range of disease settings, for example, other diseases where research is dependent on retrospective tissue cohorts, and research findings may have implications for patients and families, such as other tumour types, epilepsy‐related pathology, genetic disorders and degenerative diseases.
Skeletal muscle involvement in systemic amyloidosis is often overlooked
Authors: Xu Jingwen , Zhou Xiaoyu , Wang Yingxin , Liu Wenzhu , Shan Yi , Zhang Dong , Lv Huixia , Zhao Dandan , Dai Tingjun , Zhao Yuying , Li Wei , Liu Fuchen , Yan Chuanzhu
Published: July 2024

Aim

Systemic amyloidosis is a condition in which misfolded amyloid fibrils are deposited within tissues. Amyloid myopathy is a rare manifestation of systemic amyloidosis. However, whether skeletal muscle involvement is underestimated and whether such deposition guarantees clinical and pathological myopathic features remain to be investigated.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients with systemic amyloidosis, in whom skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at our centre between January 2018 and June 2023. In total, 28 patients with suspected systemic amyloidosis were included. Among these, 21 presented with cardiomyopathy but lacked myopathic symptoms. The clinical and pathological data of these patients were further analysed. The amyloid type was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients with suspected systemic amyloidosis underwent muscle biopsy. Amyloid deposition in the skeletal muscle was confirmed in 24 patients, including 22 with light‐chain amyloidosis (AL) and two with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). Among the 24 patients, seven presented with muscle weakness and decreased muscle strength (Group 1, symptomatic myopathy), whereas the remaining 17 exhibited normal muscle strength (Group 2, asymptomatic myopathy). Group 1 included four patients with AL‐λ, one with AL‐κ and two with ATTR. Group 2 included 15 patients with AL‐λ and two patients with AL‐κ. In Group 1, six patients exhibited neuropathy, whereas only one patient in Group 2 presented with subclinical neuropathy on nerve conduction studies. Amyloid deposition in the interstitium was the most obvious change, observed in all 24 patients. Neuropathic changes, including denervation atrophy and muscle fibre grouping, were also common. Except for type 2 fibre atrophy, the other myopathic changes were mild and nonspecific. No sarcolemmal disruption was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked positivity for MAC and MHC1 expression in the regions with amyloid deposits. Clinicopathological analysis revealed no significant differences in the extent of muscular amyloid deposition between the two groups. Nevertheless, patients in Group 1 displayed more pronounced neurogenic atrophy on skeletal muscle biopsies.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that amyloid deposition in skeletal muscle is commonly observed but rarely causes symptomatic myopathy in systemic amyloidosis.