bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Free will
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Wilson considers whether free will is either Weakly or Strongly emergent. She starts by drawing on Bernstein and Wilson (2016) to present a framework for connecting positions on the problem of free will with positions on the problem of mental (higher-level) causation. Bernstein and Wilson argue that compatibilist accounts implement a ‘proper subset’ strategy relevantly similar to that implemented by nonreductive physicalists/Weak emergentists; here Wilson extends this result to establish that the compatibilist strategy entails satisfaction of the conditions in Weak emergence. Wilson then argues that libertarian accounts implement a ‘new power’ strategy entailing satisfaction of the conditions on Strong emergence. Wilson goes on to suggest that free will of the compatibilist/Weakly emergent variety is plausibly widespread, and to present a novel argument for taking some instances of seemingly free choice to be Strongly emergent.
Shame as the Proto-Virtue of the Learners
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

This chapter offers an analysis of the main texts on shame in the NE to show that Aristotle has a consistent and unified view of shame as a praiseworthy mean between timidity and shamelessness. The chapter’s analysis confirms that shame is a crucial proto-virtuous emotion because it enables learners of virtue to properly engage in the kinds of practices through which they will become virtuous individuals. Aristotle enjoins us to see shame as a necessary element in our moral development, without which we are condemned to remain merely self-controlled or fearful followers of the law at best, and lawless at worst.
Martin Folkes
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

In 1750, Martin Folkes became the only individual who was President of both the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries of London, and he contributed to efforts to unite both organizations. Although he failed, illness forcing him to resign both offices, this chapter outlines the book’s analysis of the ensuing disciplinary boundaries between the two organizations in the early Georgian era in the context of Folkes’s life and letters. While it is normally assumed that natural philosophy and antiquarianism are disciplines that were fast becoming disconnected in this period, this work will reconsider these assumptions. The Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries were nearly reunited for good reason. Both societies incorporated techniques and affinities from antiquarianism—natural history and landscape—and the ‘new science’—engineering principles, measurement, and empiricism. Using Folkes’s life and letters, this biography will examine the disciplinary boundaries between the humanities and sciences in early Georgian Britain and reassess the extent to which the separation of these ‘two cultures’ developed in this era. It will also consider to what extent Folkes continued the Newtonian programme in mathematics, optics, and astronomy on the Continent. In this manner, the work will refine its definition of Newtonianism and its scope in the early eighteenth century, elucidating and reclaiming the vibrant research programme that Folkes promoted in the period of English science least well understood between the age of Francis Bacon and the present.
Martin Folkes, Antiquary
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

Chapter six continues the intellectual connections between Folkes’s and his contemporaries’ work in natural philosophy, natural history and antiquarianism via two case studies involving Folkes’s work in numismatics and in the Egyptian Society. Just as Folkes promoted Newtonianism, his writing of his Table of Gold and Silver Coins reflected his allegiance to his mentor Newton, Master of the Royal Mint, as his editing did of Newton’s biblical chronologies. Royal Society Fellows were also deriving metrological standards and tables of specific gravities of metals, so these concerns dovetailed in Folkes’s work on the English coinage. Use of material culture to reconstruct the past was inherent to antiquarianism and to natural philosophy at the Royal Society. Fellows attended experimental demonstrations from which axiomatic principles were formulated via discursive practice; members could also access this material by the reading of reports of experiments. The Egyptian Society to which Folkes belonged (1741–3) had the same methodology, to discover principles of sociocultural and religious practices in Egypt, as well as to provide ‘object biographies’ of artefacts that belonged to members that they examined with speculations on their manufacture and use, for instance of ancient enamels and pigments, as well as the practice of mummification.
Martin Folkes and the Royal Society Presidency
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

The Royal Society under Martin Folkes’s presidency not only promoted pioneering experiments in biological vitalism, but embraced new investigations in static electricity, primarily with the use of insulators. This chapter analyses Folkes’s patronage of the electrical work of artist and natural philosopher Benjamin Wilson, and to what extent Wilson was influenced by the Irish natural philosopher and physician Bryan Robinson. Lastly, the chapter delineates the Royal Society’s research in seismology and electricity, precipitated by the the London earthquakes of the 1750s.
The renormalization group in curved space
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

As the main purpose of renormalization is not to remove divergences but to get essential information about the finite part of effective action, this chapter discusses some of the existing methods of solving this problem; such methods can be denoted the renormalization group. First, the minimal subtraction renormalization group in curved space is formulated. Next, the chapter shows how the overall μ-independence of the effective action enables one to interpret μ-dependence in some situations. As an example, the effective potential is restored from the renormalization group and compared with the expression calculated directly in chapter 13. In addition, the global conformal (scaling) anomaly is derived from the renormalization group.
Introduction
Authors: Wyss Marco
Published: April 2021

After showcasing the discrepancy between Britain’s and France’s postcolonial security roles in Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire, and Africa more generally, the introduction presents the major actors—Britain, France, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire—their underlying motivations and positions, and how they were affected not only by global, but importantly also by local and regional circumstances. Therefore, and to set the scene for the comparative analysis of the making of the Anglo-Nigerian and Franco-Ivorian postcolonial security relationships, the introduction then provides an extensive discussion of Africa’s Cold War and African agency. Thereafter, it provides a discussion of sources and, finally, presents the architecture of the book.
Against Gabriel
Authors: Casati Filippo , Fujikawa Naoya
Published: April 2021

Casati and Fujikawa respond to Markus Gabriel’s view that the world does not exist. They summarize and formalize Gabriel’s argument, show how it does not succeed, and engage with Graham Priest’s contribution to this volume along the way.
How Ordinary Objects Fit into Reality
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: April 2021

This chapter by Bryan Frances argues against sparse compositional nihilism, the view that there are no composite objects, such as tables and trees. Even granting crucial nihilist assumptions, he argues that composite objects can reduce to simples, showing how a table or tree might exist while not being single things.
Looking back and looking forward
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z.
Published: April 2021

After reading this book, what comes next? There is a lot that we decided to leave out of the book that we would have loved to put in. This chapter includes some pointers about what we left out, and what you could now start exploring. We also include a section on reproducibility, which covers the basics of what reproducibility is, why we might care about making our work reproducible, and what practical moves we can make towards achieving this.
The Vertical Imagination and the Crisis of Transatlantic Modernism
Authors: Haacke Paul
Published: April 2021

From the invention of skyscrapers and airplanes to the development of the nuclear bomb, ideas about the modern increasingly revolved around vertiginous images of elevation and decline and new technologies of mobility and terror from above. In The Vertical Imagination and the Crisis of Transatlantic Modernism, Paul Haacke examines this turn by focusing on discourses of aspiration, catastrophe, and power in major works of European and American literature as well as film, architecture, and intellectual and cultural history. This wide-ranging and pointed study begins with canonical fiction by Franz Kafka, Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and John Dos Passos, as well as poetry by Guillaume Apollinaire, Hart Crane, and Aimé Césaire, before moving to critical reflections on the rise of New York City by architects and writers from Le Corbusier to Simone de Beauvoir, the films of Alfred Hitchcock and theories of cinematic space and time, and postwar novels by Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, and Leslie Marmon Silko, among many other examples. In tracing the rise and fall of modernist discourse over the course of the long twentieth century, this book shows how visions of vertical ascension turned from established ideas about nature, the body, and religion to growing anxieties about aesthetic distinction, technological advancement, and American capitalism and empire. It argues that spectacles of height and flight became symbols and icons of ambition as well as indexes of power, and thus that the vertical transformation of modernity was both material and imagined, taking place at the same time through the rapidly expanding built environment and shifting ideological constructions of “high” and “low.”
Critical Suspension
Authors: Haacke Paul
Published: April 2021

This final chapter brings the historical argument to a close by examining forms of immanent critique in post-World War II American novels attempting to grapple with the geopolitics of the so-called “American Century.” Particular attention is paid to motifs of dangling, drifting, and “yo-yoing” in novels by Saul Bellow, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, and Thomas Pynchon as well as relations between the irony of immanence and postmodern, postcolonial, and anti-imperialist re-imaginings of historical narrativization and representation. The chapter concludes by focusing on Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel Ceremony in order to consider how the trope of “ground zero” first emerged in reference to the testing of the atom bomb in the American Southwest, and how the military-industrial development of uranium mining and nuclear power remain closely connected to concerns about American empire and cultural, ecological, and planetary survival in the post-9/11 era.
Dynamics of Monetary Policy in Kenya
Authors: Nyamongo Esman , Maana Isaya , Kamau Anne
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a chronicle of monetary policy phases and outcomes in Kenya since the establishment of the Central Bank of Kenya in 1966. After detailed analysis of historical events and data spanning 50 years, it is found that monetary policy has evolved from an era of rudimentary monetary policy practice, a backward-looking monetary policy to a regime that is forward-looking, best characterized as transitioning to inflation targeting. During the 50 year journey, the Bank has made major milestones in the formulation of monetary policy. However, the interest rate capping law that came into force in September 2016, as the Bank celebrated its 50th anniversary, posed a threat to the achievements. The Central Bank was keen on having it repealed and this was attained in November 2019.
Marks & Spencer
Authors: Murthy Sudhir Rama , Barry Mike , Ellis Justine Esta
Published: April 2021

The case of Marks & Spencer illustrates how a company has used a sustainability scorecard that awards provisional, bronze, silver, and gold ratings to participating suppliers to promote its sustainability programme. The scores are based on environment, human resources and ethical trade, and lean manufacturing. Suppliers undertake self-assessments of the scorecard at least once a year, which are subject to audit and assurance. The programme has delivered substantial savings through waste reduction and environmental efficiency amounting to over £600 million since 2007.
JD.com
Authors: Price Lydia J , Xiaowen Liu , Hua Ni Jing
Published: April 2021

JD.com is one of China’s largest e-commerce companies, capturing more than a quarter of the country’s $600 billion B2C market in 2017. It is seeking to become one of the world’s most trusted companies and is working with local farmers’ cooperatives, the Chinese, and a local internet business owner to create a programme called Running Chicken to source free-range chickens at scale from low-income farmers in Wuyi County in northern Hebei Province. JD buys chickens at three times the average market price provided that strict standards are adhered to and monitored. The result has been increased farmer incomes that have raised hundreds of families out of poverty and removed Wuyi County from the national poverty list. Pilots are underway to replicate the programme in other poverty-stricken counties of China.
Introduction and Background
Authors: Allen QC Robin
Published: April 2021

This introductory chapter provides a background and overview of the Equality Act 2010. The Equality Act 2010 forms part of the law of England and Wales. Apart from section 190 (improvements to let dwelling houses) and Part 15 (family property), it also forms part of the law of Scotland. The provisions stating that the Act forms part of the law of England and Wales and Scotland do not limit the reach of the Act solely to events that occur in one or more of those places. It is sometimes possible to rely on this law in relation to events that have happened geographically elsewhere. The chapter then traces the history and sources of equality law in the United Kingdom, and details the introduction and passage of the Equality Act 2010. It also considers the possible effect of the Brexit withdrawal legislation on the Act.
Competition and IP Policy for AI— Socio-economic Aspects of Innovation
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman
Published: April 2021

With the publication of its White Paper on Artificial Intelligence—A European Approach to Excellence and Trust, the European Commission has set the stage for regulatory measures to ensure that the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) will remain acceptable to market participants, data subjects, and citizens. While recognizing the immense promise that AI holds for economic development, it also points to serious concerns over privacy, accuracy, and equity of automated decision systems, and economic dominance and abuse by platform providers. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have, from the perspective of competition law and policy, always raised questions about the justification of their exercise in light of economic dominance. The use of AI in traditional business models involving sales and online services, but also new applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), digital twinning and AI of Things (AIoT), otherwise known as Edge Computing, is set to create new forms of dominance that is reinforced by intellectual property in relation to data, software, and trade secrecy. This chapter deals with the intellectual property system and how it may have to be adapted for its continued acceptance as instrument to engender trust in the sustainable development of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) platform technologies, and AI in particular. It is argued that competition policy that recognizes and safeguards consumer interests in AI-dominated markets is key to the smooth functioning of such a platform economy.
Empowering professionalism in mission-oriented innovation
Authors: Bugge Markus M. , Siddiq Fazilat
Published: April 2021

In the literature on mission-oriented innovation supply side and tech-oriented approaches have been complemented by broader and more inclusive societal approaches. Here, it is highlighted that both directionality and broad anchoring of diverse stakeholders across private, public, and civic domains are key to successful implementation. Still, it is unclear how these dimensions relate and unfold in practice. Using digital literacy in education as an example of mission-oriented innovation, this paper investigates what prerequisites and capabilities are needed to envision and govern such processes. Based upon a case study of innovative teaching practices in twenty-five classes at ten primary schools in Norway, the paper finds that the motivation, dedication, and engagement of the teachers is not primarily related to the digital technologies themselves, but to the professional and pedagogical anchoring of the digital teaching tools. The mobilization of the professionalism of the teachers is enabled by a process of balanced empowerment.
Diagnosing and managing patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: DiBaise Michelle , Kohn Samantha
Published: April 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory condition that affects about 1% of the world's population. The multifactorial nature of RA has created continuous research discoveries leading to improved identification of specific pathways for the pathogenesis of RA. Improved understanding of the pathways has allowed the development of new targeted drugs. Clinicians must understand the most common pathways for pathogenesis of RA, proper diagnostic techniques, and the appropriate management of this disease given the many possible options at their disposal.
Managing patients with high-risk breast lesions, precursors on the breast neoplasia pathway
Authors: D'Antonio Katherine B. , McGuire Meaghan , Rupert Karlyn
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Imaging abnormalities may be noted on routine breast cancer screenings and require biopsy for further evaluation. Atypia and carcinoma in situ are nonmalignant lesions identified via breast biopsy and are associated with an increased risk of invasive carcinoma. Because of the lack of specialized breast cancer prevention and risk reduction programs, patients may not be able to access optimal management of the various subtypes of atypia and carcinoma in situ. By understanding the pathology of high-risk breast lesions and the resulting elevated cancer risk, healthcare providers, specifically primary care providers, can better counsel, manage, and treat patients to provide comprehensive quality care.
A Conversation with Annette Kennedy
Authors: McSpedon Corinne
Published: April 2021

ICN's president discusses COVID's impact and the biggest challenges for nursing going forward.
Cannabis dabbing
Authors: Mullins Mary Frances
Published: April 2021

Cannabis dabbing refers to the recreational inhalation of extremely concentrated tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychotropic cannabinoid derived from the marijuana plant. The practice carries significant health and legal risks. This article discusses what nurses need to know about dabbing and how they can educate patients who may be engaging in risky behavior.
Sacral Fracture Completeness in Lateral Compression Type 1 Pelvic Ring Injuries Has Weak Interobserver Reliability
Authors: Hadeed Michael , Strage Katya , Heare Austin , Stacey Stephen C. , Mauffrey Cyril , Parry Joshua A.
Published: April 2021

Objectives:

To determine the agreement between fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons in evaluating sacral fracture completeness in the setting of minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 pelvic ring injuries.

Design:

Survey study.

Setting:

Urban Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:

This study included 10 fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons reviewing 10 cases of minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 injuries with proven occult instability (≥10 mm of fracture displacement on lateral stress radiographs). Sacral fractures were considered complete (n = 5; fracture line exiting posterior cortex of sacrum) or incomplete (n = 5).

Intervention:

Participants reviewed videos of all axial computed tomography images of the sacrum and were asked if the sacral fracture was complete or incomplete.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Interobserver reliability of completeness of sacral fracture.

Results:

Interobserver reliability among surgeons for completeness of sacral fractures was considered to be weak (k = 0.46) with a 95% confidence interval that ranged from minimal (k = 0.37) to weak (k = 0.55). None of the 5 unstable sacral fractures that were considered to be complete garnered 100% agreement among surgeons. Agreement for each of these cases ranged from 40% to 90%. In contrast, 4 of the 5 unstable sacral fractures considered to be incomplete had 100% agreement.

Conclusions:

Completeness of sacral fractures had weak interobserver reliability among fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Sacral fractures that were considered incomplete by all surgeons did have occult instability. These results highlight the large potential for error created by using sacral fracture completeness as a criterion to rule out occult instability.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Development of the Benefit-Risk Assessment of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in People With Diabetes
Authors: Chang Hsiao-Yun , Lo Chia-Lun , Chang Hwai-Luh
Published: April 2021

This study aimed to develop consensus on a decision-making algorithm for benefit-risk assessment of complementary and alternative medicine use in people with diabetes. Delphi–analytic hierarchy process was used with an anonymous voting scheme, based on a three-round procedure, to achieve consensus regarding the important criteria of decision-making algorithm to assess the benefit-risk ratio of complementary and alternative medicine use in people with diabetes. A total of five criteria were considered, namely, the safety of usage (weightage: 46.6%), diabetes-specific patient data (14.6%), complementary and alternative medicine attributes (14.2%), institutional culture in complementary and alternative medicine use (12.8%), and applicability of complementary and alternative medicine (11.8%). The consistency of this hierarchy structure was computed based on the following indices: λ
max = 5.041, consistency index = 0.01; random consistency index =1.781; and consistency ratio = 0.009. All criteria to optimize decision-making in ensuring safe use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with diabetes should be considered by healthcare professionals.
Evaluation and Management of Colorectal Cancer Hepatic Metastases
Authors: Jacobson Richard A. , Bhama Anuradha R.
Published: April 2021

Case Summary:

A 65-year-old man presents with new liver lesions on surveillance imaging 2 years after a right hemicolectomy for cecal adenocarcinoma. The primary tumor was pT3N1, microsatellite stable, and KRAS wild type. He completed adjuvant FOLFOX. His CEA level is 22 ng/mL. There are two 1.5-cm lesions in the right lobe near the dome of the liver and a 4-cm lesion in segment II. No luminal recurrence is detected endoscopically, and there is no evidence of peritoneal or pulmonary disease.
Global interventions in hypertension: new and emerging concepts
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C. , Reddy Tina K. , Vo Thanh N.
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review

Hypertension (HTN) is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, affecting 1.39 billion people. This review discusses recent literature regarding the global burden of HTN and emerging concepts in prevalence, treatment, and control in different regions around the globe.

Recent findings

Community-based interventions and telemedicine may be useful in increasing access to care and identifying/assisting patients with HTN, especially in populations with geographical and economic barriers to healthcare. Home blood pressure monitoring is beneficial for HTN control in diverse regions. Polypills have proven benefits to decrease HTN and CVD risk. Continuation of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in high risk COVID-19 patients appears appropriate.

Extensive research demonstrates that early screening/treatment, lifestyle modification, and pharmacotherapy are essential to control HTN worldwide. This review highlights recent research and novel concepts on effective interventions being used globally.
AUTOMATED QUANTIFICATION OF VITREOUS HYPERREFLECTIVE FOCI AND VITREOUS HAZE USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS
Authors: Lee Hyungwoo , Kim Seungmin , Chung Hyewon , Kim Hyung Chan
Published: April 2021

Purpose:

Development of an automated method to quantify the count of vitreous hyperreflective foci (vHF) and intensity of vitreous haze in patients with uveitis by optical coherence tomography.

Methods:

A method based on deep learning to automatically segment the vHF, vitreous, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in optical coherence tomography was developed using 1,058 scans from 88 optical coherence tomography volumes of 33 patients with intermediate, posterior or panuveitis. Based on segmented images, the vHF count and the relative intensity of vitreous to RPE (VIT/RPE-relative intensity) were quantified. Dice coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated between ground truth and the trained network.

Results:

The segmented area of vHF, vitreous, and RPE by the deep learning-based model showed good agreement with the clinicians' results, yielding a Dice coefficient of 0.69, 0.99, and 0.88, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the vHF count and the VIT/RPE-relative intensity per scan was 0.99 and 1.00, respectively. In eyes of test set, changes in vHF and VIT/RPE-relative intensity during treatment did not show similar patterns.

Conclusion:

Automated segmentation of the vHF, vitreous, and RPE in optical coherence tomography images of patients with uveitis was accomplished by a deep learning approach. The vHF count and VIT/RPE-relative intensity could be quantified with high reliability.
The translocator protein gene is associated with endogenous pain modulation and the balance between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in fibromyalgia and healthy subjects: a multimodal neuroimaging study
Authors: Fanton Silvia , Sandström Angelica , Tour Jeanette , Kadetoff Diana , Schalling Martin , Jensen Karin B. , Sitnikov Rouslan , Ellerbrock Isabel , Kosek Eva
Published: April 2021

A cerebral upregulation of the translocator protein (TSPO), a biomarker of glial activation, has been reported in fibromyalgia subjects (FMS). The TSPO binding affinity is genetically regulated by the Ala147Thr polymorphism in the TSPO gene (rs6971) and allows for a subject classification into high affinity binders (HABs) and mixed/low affinity binders (MLABs). The aim of the present multimodal neuroimaging study was to examine the associations of the TSPO polymorphism with: (1) conditioned pain modulation, (2) expectancy-modulated pain processing assessed during functional magnetic resonance imaging, and (3) the concentration and balance of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in FMS (n = 83) and healthy controls (n = 43). The influence of TSPO on endogenous pain modulation presented in the form of TSPO HABs, as opposed to MLABs, displaying less efficient descending pain inhibition and expectancy-induced reduction of pain. Translocator protein HABs in both groups (FM and healthy controls) were found to have higher thalamic glutamate concentrations and exhibit a pattern of positive correlations between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, not seen in MLABs. Altogether, our findings point to TSPO-related mechanisms being HAB-dependent, brain region-specific, and non–FM-specific, although in FMS the disadvantage of an aberrant pain regulation combined with an HAB genetic set-up might hamper pain modulation more strongly. Our results provide evidence for an important role of TSPO in pain regulation and brain metabolism, thereby supporting the ongoing drug development targeting TSPO-associated mechanisms for pain relief.
Beyond T Staging in the “Treat-All” Era: Severity and Heterogeneity of Kaposi Sarcoma in East Africa
Authors: Freeman Esther E. , Semeere Aggrey , McMahon Devon E. , Byakwaga Helen , Laker-Oketta Miriam , Regan Susan , Wenger Megan , Kasozi Charles , Ssemakadde Matthew , Bwana Mwebesa , Kanyesigye Michael , Kadama-Makanga Philippa , Rotich Elyne , Kisuya Job , Wools-Kaloustian Kara , Bassett Ingrid V. , Busakhala Naftali , Martin Jeffrey
Published: April 2021

Background:

Although many patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in sub-Saharan Africa are diagnosed with AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) T1 disease, T1 staging insufficiently captures clinical heterogeneity of advanced KS. Using a representative community-based sample, we detailed disease severity at diagnosis to inform KS staging and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods:

We performed rapid case ascertainment on people living with HIV, aged 18 years or older, newly diagnosed with KS from 2016 to 2019 at 3 clinic sites in Kenya and Uganda to ascertain disease stage as close as possible to diagnosis. We reported KS severity using ACTG and WHO staging criteria and detailed measurements that are not captured in the current staging systems.

Results:

We performed rapid case ascertainment within 1 month for 241 adults newly diagnosed with KS out of 389 adult patients with suspected KS. The study was 68% men with median age 35 years and median CD4 count 239. Most of the patients had advanced disease, with 82% qualifying as ACTG T1 and 64% as WHO severe/symptomatic KS. The most common ACTG T1 qualifiers were edema (79%), tumor-associated ulceration (24%), extensive oral KS (9%), pulmonary KS (7%), and gastrointestinal KS (4%). There was marked heterogeneity within T1 KS, with 25% of patients having 2 T1 qualifying symptoms and 3% having 3 or more.

Conclusion:

Most of the patients newly diagnosed with KS had advanced stage disease, even in the current antiretroviral therapy “treat-all” era. We observed great clinical heterogeneity among advanced stage patients, leading to questions about whether all patients with advanced KS require the same treatment strategy.
Analysis of Complication in Mandibular Angle Fracture: Champy Technique Versus Rigid Fixation
Authors: Sakong Yong , Kim Yong-Ha , Chung Kyu Jin
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

The mandibular angle endures tension and compression during mastication, and proper internal fixation is essential when a fracture occurs. The authors analyzed the complication rate between Champy technique and rigid fixation, used in the treatment of mandibular angle fracture.

Methods:

The retrospective study included patients with mandibular angle fracture in single center, from January 2003 to December 2019. The patients were categorized into 2 groups by fixation method of angle fracture: Champy technique which uses single miniplate and rigid fixation which uses multiple miniplate, reconstruction plate, compression plate, lag screw, and wire. Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze the complication rates.

Results:

A total of 64 patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty-four patients had isolated angle fractures and 30 patients had multiple mandibular fractures. In isolated angle fracture, there were no significant differences in all complications between the Champy technique group and rigid fixation group. In multiple mandibular fractures, there were no significant differences in all complications between 2 groups.

Conclusions:

For isolated angle fractures, Champy technique is a reliable treatment method. Additionally, in case of multiple mandibular fractures, Champy technique is an effective fixation method in angle fractures when proper rigid fixation is performed for accompanying fractures.
Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI
Authors: Yendiki Anastasia , Aggarwal Manisha , Axer Markus , Howard Amy F. D. , van Cappellen van Walsum Anne-Marie , Haber Suzanne N.
Published: April 2021

Despite the impressive advances in diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition and analysis that have taken place during the Human Connectome era, dMRI tractography is still an imperfect source of information on the circuitry of the brain. In this review, we discuss methods for post mortem validation of dMRI tractography, fiber orientations, and other microstructural properties of axon bundles that are typically extracted from dMRI data. These methods include anatomic tracer studies, Klingler’s dissection, myelin stains, label-free optical imaging techniques, and others. We provide an overview of the basic principles of each technique, its limitations, and what it has taught us so far about the accuracy of different dMRI acquisition and analysis approaches.
Reduced visitation to the buzz-pollinatedCyanella hyacinthoidesin the presence of other pollen sources in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Kemp Jurene E. , Telles Francismeire J. , Vallejo-Marin Mario
Published: April 2021

Many plant species have floral morphologies that restrict access to floral resources, such as pollen or nectar, and only a subset of floral visitors can perform the complex handling behaviours required to extract restricted resources. Due to the time and energy required to extract resources from morphologically complex flowers, these plant species potentially compete for pollinators with co-flowering plants that have more easily accessible resources. A widespread floral mechanism restricting access to pollen is the presence of tubular anthers that open through small pores or slits (poricidal anthers). Some bees have evolved the capacity to remove pollen from poricidal anthers using vibrations, giving rise to the phenomenon of buzz-pollination. These bee vibrations that are produced for pollen extraction are presumably energetically costly, and to date, few studies have investigated whether buzz-pollinated flowers may be at a disadvantage when competing for pollinators’ attention with plant species that present unrestricted pollen resources. Here, we studiedCyanella hyacinthoides(Tecophilaeaceae), a geophyte with poricidal anthers in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, to assess how the composition and relative abundance of flowers with easily accessible pollen affect bee visitation to a buzz-pollinated plant. We found that the number of pollinator species was not influenced by community composition. However, visitation rates toC. hyacinthoideswere negatively related to the abundance of flowers with more accessible resources. Visitation rates were strongly associated with petal colour, showing that flower colour is important in mediating these interactions. We conclude that buzz-pollinated plants might be at a competitive disadvantage when many easily accessible pollen sources are available, particularly when competitor species share its floral signals.
Pyroptosis-related gene signatures can robustly diagnose skin cutaneous melanoma and predict the prognosis
Authors: Ju Anji , Tang Jiaze , Chen Shuohua , Fu Yan , Luo Yongzhang
Published: April 2021

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a chronically malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Pyroptosis, a kind of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death, has been linked to cancer in recent studies. However, the value of pyroptosis in the diagnosis and prognosis of SKCM is not clear. In this study, it was discovered that 20 pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) differed in expression between SKCM and normal tissues, which were related to diagnosis and prognosis. Firstly, based on these genes, nine machine-learning algorithms were shown to perform well in constructing diagnostic classifiers, including K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), logistic regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost. Secondly, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was applied and the prognostic model was constructed based on 9 PRGs. Subgroups in low and high risks determined by the prognostic model were shown to have different survival. Thirdly, functional enrichment analyses were performed by applying the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and results suggested that the risk was related to immune response. Finally, immune infiltration analysis was carried out, which showed that fractions of activated CD4+ memory T cells, γδ T cells, Ml macrophages, and M2 macrophages were significantly different between subgroups. In conclusion, the expression signatures of pyroptosis-related genes are effective and robust in the diagnosis and prognosis of SKCM, which is related to immunity.
Is coagulation-protein consumption upon admission linked to COVID-19 severity and mortality?
Authors: Ceballos Francisco C. , Ryan Pablo , Gómez-Casero Rafael Blancas , Martin-Vicente María , Vidal-Alcántara Erick Joan , Peréz-García Felipe , Bartolome Sofía , Churruca-Sarasqueta Juan , Virseda-Berdices Ana , Martínez-González Oscar , Brochado-Kith Oscar , Rava Marta , Vilches-Medkouri Carolina , Blanca-López Natalia , Martinez-Acitores Ignacio Ramirez , Moreira-Escriche Patricia , De Juan Carmen , Resino Salvador , Fernández-Rodríguez Amanda , Jiménez-Sousa María Ángeles
Published: April 2021

The link between coagulation system disorders and COVID-19 has not yet been fully elucidated. With the aim of evaluating the association of several coagulation proteins with COVID-19 severity and mortality, we performed a cross-sectional study in 134 patients classified according to the highest disease severity reached during the disease. We found higher levels of antithrombin, prothrombin, factor XI, factor XII and factor XIII in asymptomatic/mild and moderate COVID-19 patients than healthy individuals. Interestingly, decreased levels of antithrombin, factor XI, XII and XIII were observed in those patients who eventually developed severe illness. Additionally, survival models showed us that patients with lower levels of these coagulation proteins had an increased risk of death. In conclusion, COVID-19 provokes early increments of some specific coagulation proteins in most patients. However, lower levels of these proteins at diagnosis might “paradoxically” imply a higher risk of progression to severe disease and COVID-19-related mortality.
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency killsMycobacterium tuberculosisin vitro and during infection
Authors: Beites Tiago , Jansen Robert S , Wang Ruojun , Jinich Adrian , Rhee Kyu , Schnappinger Dirk , Ehrt Sabine
Published: April 2021

The human pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) devotes a significant fraction of its genome to fatty acid metabolism. Although Mtb depends on host fatty acids as a carbon source, fatty acid β-oxidation is mediated by genetically redundant enzymes, which has hampered the development of antitubercular drugs targeting this metabolic pathway. Here, we identifyrv0338c, referred to asetfDMtb, to encode a membrane dehydrogenase essential for fatty acid β-oxidation in Mtb. AnetfDdeletion mutant (ΔetfD) was incapable of growing on fatty acids in vitro, with long-chain fatty acids being bactericidal, and failed to grow and survive in mice. The ΔetfDmetabolome revealed a block in β-oxidation at the step catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs). In many organisms, including humans, ACADs are functionally dependent on an electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and cognate dehydrogenase. Immunoprecipitation identified EtfD in complex with FixA (EtfBMtb). FixA (EtfBMtb) and FixB (EtfAMtb) are homologous to the human ETF subunits. Our results demonstrate that EtfBAMtbconstitutes Mtb’s ETF, while EtfDMtb, although not homologous to human EtfD, functions as the dehydrogenase. These findings identify Mtb’s fatty acid β-oxidation as a novel potential target for TB drug development.
Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid as a quantitative bait marker for small mammals
Authors: JACOBLINNERT Kyra , IMHOLT Christian , SCHENKE Detlef , JACOB Jens
Published: April 2021

Bait markers are indispensable for ecological research but in small mammals, most markers are invasive, expensive and do not enable quantitative analyses of consumption. Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid (Et‐IPA) is a non‐toxic, quantitative bait marker, which has been used for studying bait uptake in several carnivores and ungulates. We developed a bait with Et‐IPA, assessed its palatability to common voles (Microtus arvalis), and determined the dose‐residue‐relation for this important agricultural pest rodent species. Et‐IPA concentrations of 40 to 1280 μg Et‐IPA per g bait were applied to wheat using sunflower oil or polyethylene glycol 300 as potential carriers. In a laboratory study, common voles were offered the bait and blood samples were collected 1, 7, and 14 days after consumption. The samples were analyzed with LC‐ESI‐MS/MS for blood residues of Et‐IPA. Sunflower‐oil was the most suitable bait carrier. Et‐IPA seemed to be palatable to common voles at all test concentrations. Dose‐dependent residues could be detected in blood samples in a dose‐dependent manner and up to 14 days after uptake enabling generation of a calibration curve of the dose‐residue relationship. Et‐IPA was present in common vole blood for at least 14 days, but there was dissipation by 33–37% depending on dose. Et‐IPA meets many criteria for an “ideal” quantitative bait marker for use in future field studies on common voles and possibly other small mammal species.
Destinations of nursing and allied health graduates from two Australian universities: A data linkage study to inform rural placement models
Authors: Sutton Keith , Depczynski Julie , Smith Tony , Mitchell Eleanor , Wakely Luke , Brown Leanne J. , Waller Susan , Drumm Daniel , Versace Vincent L. , Fisher Karin , Beauchamp Alison
Published: April 2021

Objective

Combined, nursing and allied health constitute most of the Australian health workforce; yet, little is known about graduate practice destinations. University Departments of Rural Health have collaborated on the Nursing and Allied Health Graduate Outcomes Tracking to investigate graduate entry into rural practice.

Design

Data linkage cohort study.

Setting

Monash University and the University of Newcastle.

Participants

Graduates who completed their degree in 2017 across seven disciplines.

Main outcome measure(s)

The outcome variable was Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency principal place of practice data. Explanatory variables included discipline, age, gender, location of origin, and number and duration of rural placements.

Result

Of 1130 graduates, 51% were nurses, 81% females, 62% under 21 years at enrolment, 23% of rural origin, 62% had at least one rural student placement, and 23% had over 40 cumulative rural placement days. At the time of their second Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency registration, 18% worked in a ‘Rural principal place of practice.’ Compared to urban, rural origin graduates had 4.45 times higher odds ratio of ‘Rural principal place of practice.’ For graduates who had <20 cumulative rural placement days, compared to zero the odds ratio of ‘Rural principal place of practice’ was the same (odds ratio = 1.10). For those who had 20‐40 rural placement days, the odds ratio was 1.93, and for >40 rural placement days, the odds ratio was 4.54).

Conclusion

Rural origin and more rural placement days positively influenced graduate rural practice destinations. Outcomes of cumulative placements days may compare to immersive placements.
Patient, surgical and hospital factors associated with the presence of a consultant surgeon during hip fracture surgery. Do we know the answer?
Authors: Fajardo Pulido Diana , Ryder Tayhla , Harris Ian A. , Close Jaqueline C. T. , Chehade Mellick J. , Seymour Hannah , Harris Roger , Armstrong Elizabeth , Mitchell Rebecca
Published: April 2021

Background

Provision of quality care can help to reduce adverse health outcomes following hip fracture. While surgical management by either a consultant or junior surgeon has shown inconclusive differences in patient outcomes, consultant presence is often recommended, yet little is known about the factors that influence whether a consultant surgeon is present during hip fracture surgery. The aim of this study is to examine patient, surgical and hospital factors associated with having a consultant surgeon present during hip fracture surgery.

Methods

An examination of hip fracture surgeries of adults aged ≥ 50 years admitted to hospitals in Australia and New Zealand between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018 using data from the Australia and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with the presence of a consultant surgeon during hip fracture surgery.

Results

There were 29 530 hip fracture surgeries 58.1% had a consultant surgeon present (range 8.5–100% by hospital). Patients were more likely to have a consultant surgeon present during surgery if they had private health insurance, were operated on after hours, required total hip replacements or were operated on in hospitals that conducted ≤150 surgeries per year.

Conclusion

There is variation in the presence of consultant surgeons within Australia and New Zealand during hip fracture surgery, potentially associated with the complexity of surgery and hospital factors. However, further research is needed to determine the optimum level of supervision required based on patient factors and surgical complexity.
What reduces support for civil liberties: Authoritarianism, national identity, and perceived threat
Authors: Mužík Michal , Šerek Jan
Published: April 2021

Although civil liberties are considered to be one of the pillars of democracy, their support among people is far from unconditional. The aim of this article is to examine the predictors of people's willingness to trade off their civil liberties for a more restrictive form of government. We hypothesize that civil liberties trade‐off is positively predicted by individuals’ authoritarianism and national identity and that the effects of both variables are mediated by perceived threat. Our sample came from the Czech Republic and consisted of 309 respondents who participated in an online survey. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Our results supported all of our hypotheses. Perceived threat had the strongest effect on civil liberties trade‐off. At the same time, perceived threat partially mediated the effect of authoritarianism and completely mediated the effect of national identity on civil liberties trade‐off.