bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IPR Utilization in Optimizing Wells’ Production under Rigorous Flow Conditions
Authors: Albokhari Nooreddeen , Almubarak Tariq
Published: June 2015

IPR is a fundamental equation in production optimization and reservoir simulation modeling. The existing practices mainly rely on bottom-hole pressure measurements. Nonetheless, obtaining such field data is usually costly. Consequently, Production Engineers would favor the implementation of readily available well data such as wellhead pressures (Pwh). This paper will discuss a developed mathematical approach using Vogel/Fetkovich equations to correlate between Pwh and flow rates in oil reservoirs with high bubble point pressure. To illustrate this method, a comparison between implementing Vogel's equation "Rate dependent" and Fetkovich's approximation "PI dependent" will be explicitly clarified. The employed parameters will be explained briefly below.

First, PI is obtained from both flow rates -measured by Multi-Phase Flow Meter (MPFM) – and their corresponding ΔP. Second, reservoir pressure (Pr) and its corresponding bubble point are derived from its unique characteristics. Third, shut-in wellhead pressures (SIWHP) are attained from field‘s safety requirements. Last, the modified Pb (CWHP) –at which the graph curves- is calculated based on a developed empirical correlation that accounts for fluid column pressure and marginalizes temperature role. In addition, an elucidation behind substituting Pr with SIWHP and Pwf with Pwh in Vogel/Fetkovich equations will be discussed. The limitations and assumptions will be meticulously explained.

The results –based on actual field data with two distinct reservoirs– reflect marginal error percentages (around 5%) compared to MPFM testing results at identical Pwh. Furthermore, an adequate prediction of Pwh at which Pr goes below its bubble point (common problem in oil reservoirs with high Pb) is achieved. In conclusion, the field's IPRs will be effectively updated and tracked which will mimic the actual reservoir performance and positively impact both field optimization processes and simulation runs.
Model of Hydraulic Fracture Initiation from the Notched Open Hole
Authors: Aidagulov Gallyam , Alekseenko Olga , Chang Frank F. , Bartko Kirk , Cherny Sergey , Esipov Denis , Kuranakov Dmitry , Lapin Vasily
Published: June 2015

In stimulating tight carbonate formations, the propagation of multiple transverse fractures is highly desirable to contact as much matrix as possible. The application of this method to openhole well environments is challenged by the dominating impact of hoop stresses in the near-wellbore vicinity rather than far-field stress in the producing layer. As a result, even if the open hole is drilled in the direction of minimal horizontal far-field stress, there is a high probability that hydraulic fractures initiate longitudinally and then turn to the preferred fracture plane, creating undesired tortuosity.

One of the approaches towards controlling both the position and direction of fracture initiation is to cut notches in the wellbore wall at specified positions. As pressure increases during fracturing, those notches can locally eliminate the influence of the wellbore hoop stress and develop high tensile stress concentrations initiating transverse hydraulic fractures at lower pressures.

A theoretical model is proposed herein that aims to predict the position, orientation, and pressure at which a fracture initiates. In the model, the 3D stress state around wellbore and notch(es) is analyzed using the brittle fracture criteria. In the numerical implementation, the stresses are efficiently resolved using the boundary element method. The model is used to interpret published laboratory data on fracture initiation including those from hydraulic fracturing block tests. It is shown that the conventional maximum tensile stress (MTS) criterion fails to reproduce the observed trends in initiation pressure and fracture orientation. The nonlocal modification of the MTS criterion based on the stress averaging technique (SAMTS), reveals a good match with initiation pressures in simplified tests. When applied to hydraulic fracturing block test data, SAMTS captures the observed fracture orientations while overestimating the absolute pressure values. The discussion of possible reasons for that overestimate and the way forward concludes the paper.
Feature Selection-Based ANN for Improved Characterization of Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Akande’ Kabiru. O. , Olatunji Sunday. O. , Owolabi Taoreed. O. , AbdulRaheem AbdulAzeez
Published: June 2015

Permeability of hydrocarbon reservoir is an important petrophysical parameter that serves as an indicator of the overall quality and quantity of hydrocarbons present in the reservoir and the rate at which it can be produced. Therefore, its accurate prediction is of fundamental concern to petroleum engineers. In this work, a correlation-based feature selection technique is proposed to improve the performance and accuracy of artificial neural network (ANN) in permeability prediction. The effect of the technique has been investigated using two diverse datasets obtained from a Middle Eastern oil and gas field. The proposed approach employs fewer datasets in substantially improving ANN performance. The results of this work suggest a way to improve the performance of computational intelligence technique in reservoir characterization using fewer datasets which results in less computing time and computational cost. Keywords: Permeability prediction; Feature selection, ANN, Reservoir characterization.
Point-of-use chlorination of turbid water: results from a field study in Tanzania
Authors: Mohamed Hussein , Brown Joe , Njee Robert M. , Clasen Thomas , Malebo Hamisi M. , Mbuligwe Steven
Published: June 2015

Household-based chlorine disinfection is widely effective against waterborne bacteria and viruses, and may be among the most inexpensive and accessible options for household water treatment. The microbiological effectiveness of chlorine is limited, however, by turbidity. In Tanzania, there are no guidelines on water chlorination at household level, and limited data on whether dosing guidelines for higher turbidity waters are sufficient to produce potable water. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination across a range of turbidities found in rural water sources, following local dosing guidelines that recommend a ‘double dose’ for water that is visibly turbid. We chlorinated water from 43 sources representing a range of turbidities using two locally available chlorine-based disinfectants: WaterGuard and Aquatabs. We determined free available chlorine at 30 min and 24 h contact time. Our data suggest that water chlorination with WaterGuard or Aquatabs can be effective using both single and double doses up to 20 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), or using a double dose of Aquatabs up to 100 NTU, but neither was effective at turbidities greater than 100 NTU.
Assessment of a membrane drinking water filter in an emergency setting
Authors: Ensink Jeroen H. J. , Bastable Andy , Cairncross Sandy
Published: June 2015

The performance and acceptability of the NeroxTM membrane drinking water filter were evaluated among an internally displaced population in Pakistan. The membrane filter and a control ceramic candle filter were distributed to over 3,000 households. Following a 6-month period, 230 households were visited and filter performance and use were assessed. Only 6% of the visited households still had a functioning filter, and the removal performance ranged from 80 to 93%. High turbidity in source water (irrigation canals), together with high temperatures and large family size were likely to have contributed to poor performance and uptake of the filters.
Socio-economic factors influencing the spread of drinking water diseases in rural Africa: case study of Bondo sub-county, Kenya
Authors: Rodrigues Anthony Joachim , Oyoo Wandiga Shem , Odundo Francis O. , Wambu Enos W.
Published: June 2015

Socio-economic and medical information on Bondo sub-county community was studied to help establish the relationship between the water quality challenges, community health and water rights conditions. Health challenges have been linked to water quality and household income. A total of 1,510 households/respondents were studied by means of a questionnaire. About 69% of the households have no access to treated water. Although 92% of the respondents appear to be aware that treatment of water prevents waterborne diseases, the lowest income group and children share a high burden of waterborne diseases requiring hospitalization and causing mortality. Open defecation (12.3%) in these study areas contributes to a high incidence of waterborne diseases. The community's constitutional rights to quality water in adequate quantities are greatly infringed. The source of low-quality water is not a significant determinant of waterborne disease. The differences in poverty level in the sub-county are statistically insignificant and contribute less than other factors. Increased investment in water provision across regions, improved sanitation and availability of affordable point-of-use water purification systems will have major positive impacts on the health and economic well-being of the community.
Swimming in the USA: beachgoer characteristics and health outcomes at US marine and freshwater beaches
Authors: Collier Sarah A. , Wade Timothy J. , Sams Elizabeth A. , Hlavsa Michele C. , Dufour Alfred P. , Beach Michael J.
Published: June 2015

Swimming in lakes and oceans is popular, but little is known about the demographic characteristics, behaviors, and health risks of beachgoers on a national level. Data from a prospective cohort study of beachgoers at multiple marine and freshwater beaches in the USA were used to describe beachgoer characteristics and health outcomes for swimmers and non-swimmers. This analysis included 54,250 participants. Most (73.2%) entered the water; of those, 65.1% put their head under water, 41.3% got water in their mouth and 18.5% swallowed water. Overall, 16.3% of beachgoers reported any new health problem. Among swimmers, 6.6% reported gastrointestinal (GI) illness compared with 5.5% of non-swimmers (unadjusted χ2p < 0.001); 6.0% of swimmers and 4.9% of non-swimmers reported respiratory illness (p < 0.001); 1.8% of swimmers and 1.0% of non-swimmers reported ear problems (p < 0.001); and 3.9% of swimmers and 2.4% of non-swimmers experienced a rash (p < 0.001). Overall, swimmers reported a higher unadjusted incidence of GI illness and earaches than non-swimmers. Current surveillance systems might not detect individual cases and outbreaks of illness associated with swimming in natural water. Better knowledge of beachgoer characteristics, activities, and health risks associated with swimming in natural water can improve disease surveillance and prioritize limited resources.
Bacterial growth and biofilm formation in household-stored groundwater collected from public wells
Authors: Burkowska-But Aleksandra , Kalwasińska Agnieszka , Swiontek Brzezinska Maria
Published: June 2015

The research was aimed at assessing changes in the number of bacteria and evaluating biofilm formation in groundwater collected from public wells, both aspects directly related to the methods of household storage. In the research, water collected from Cretaceous aquifer wells in Toruń (Poland) was stored in a refrigerator and at room temperature. Microbiological parameters of the water were measured immediately after the water collection, and then after 3 and 7 days of storage under specified conditions. The microbiological examination involved determining the number of heterotrophic bacteria capable of growth at 22 and 37 °C, the number of spore-forming bacteria, and the total number of bacteria on membrane filters. The storage may affect water quality to such an extent that the water, which initially met the microbiological criteria for water intended for human consumption, may pose a health risk. The repeated use of the same containers for water storage results in biofilm formation containing live and metabolically active bacterial cells.
Risk assessment and water safety plan: case study in Beijing, China
Authors: Ye Bixiong , Chen Yuansheng , Li Yonghua , Li Hairong , Yang Linsheng , Wang Wuyi
Published: June 2015

Two typical rural water utilities in Beijing, China were chosen to describe the principles and applications of water safety plans (WSP), to provide a methodological guide for the actual application and improve the quality of rural drinking water quality, and to establish an appropriate method for WSP applied in rural water supply. Hazards and hazardous events were identified and risk assessment was conducted for rural water supply systems. A total of 13 and 12 operational limits were defined for two utilities, respectively. The main risk factors that affect the water safety were identified in water sources, water processes, water disinfection systems and water utility management. The main control measures were strengthening the water source protection, monitoring the water treatment processes, establishing emergency mechanisms, improving chemical input and operating system management. WSP can be feasibly applied to the management of a rural water supply.
Potential health impacts of consuming desalinated bottled water
Authors: Rowell Candace , Kuiper Nora , Shomar Basem
Published: June 2015

This study compared physicochemical properties, anion and carbon content and major and trace elements in desalinated and non-desalinated bottled water available in Qatar, and assessed the potential health risks associated with prolonged consumption of desalinated water. Results indicate that Qatar's population is not at elevated risk of dietary exposure to As (mean = 666 ng/L), Ba (48.0 μg/L), Be (9.27 ng/L), Cd (20.1 ng/L), Cr (874 ng/L), Pb (258 ng/L), Sb (475 ng/L) and U (533 ng/L) from consumption of both desalinated and non-desalinated bottled water types available in the country. Consumers who primarily consume desalinated water brands further minimize risk of exposure to heavy metals as levels were significantly lower than in non-desalinated bottled water. Desalinated bottled water was not a significant contributor to recommended daily intakes for Ca, Mg and F– for adults and children and may increase risk of deficiencies. Desalinated bottled water accounted for only 3% of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) adequate intake (AI) for Ca, 5–6% of the recommended daily allowance for Mg and 4% of the AI for F among adults. For children desalinated water contributed 2–3% of the IOM AICa, 3–10% of the RDAMg and 3–9% of the AIF.
Removal of trace mercury (II) from aqueous solution by in situ MnOx combined with poly-aluminum chloride
Authors: Lu Xixin , Huangfu Xiaoliu , Zhang Xiang , Wang Yaan , Ma Jun
Published: June 2015

Removal of trace mercury from aqueous solution by Mn (hydr)oxides formed in situ during coagulation with poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) (in situ MnOx combined with PAC) was investigated. The efficiency of trace mercury removal was evaluated under the experimental conditions of reaction time, Mn dosage, pH, and temperature. In addition, the ionic strength and the initial mercury concentration were examined to evaluate trace mercury removal for different water qualities. The results clearly demonstrated that in situ MnOx combined with PAC was effective for trace mercury removal from aqueous solution. A mercury removal ratio of 9.7 μg Hg/mg Mn was obtained at pH 3. Furthermore, at an initial mercury concentration of 30 μg/L and pH levels of both 3 and 5, a Mn dosage of 4 mg/L was able to lower the mercury concentration to meet the standards for drinking water quality at less than 1 μg/L. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that the hydroxyls on the surface of Mn (hydr)oxides are the active sites for adsorption of trace mercury from aqueous solution.
Comparison of four β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase-based commercial culture methods used to detect Escherichia coli and total coliforms in water
Authors: Maheux Andrée F. , Dion-Dupont Vanessa , Bouchard Sébastien , Bisson Marc-Antoine , Bergeron Michel G. , Rodriguez Manuel J.
Published: June 2015

The MI agar, Colilert®, Chromocult coliform® agar, and DC with BCIG agar chromogenic culture-based methods used to assess microbiological quality of drinking water were compared in terms of their ubiquity, sensitivity, ease of use, growth of atypical colonies and affordability. For ubiquity, 129 total coliform (representing 76 species) and 19 Escherichia coli strains were tested. Then, 635 1-L well water samples were divided into 100 mL subsamples for testing by all four methods. Test results showed that 70.5, 52.7, 36.4, and 23.3% of the non-E. coli total coliform strains and 94.7, 94.7, 89.5, and 89.5% of the 19 E. coli strains yielded a positive signal with the four methods, respectively. They also yielded a total coliform positive signal for 66.5, 51.7, 64.9, and 55.0% and an E. coli positive signal for 16.1, 14.8, 17.3, and 13.4% of the 635 well water samples tested, respectively. Results showed that Colilert® is the most expensive method tested in terms of reactants, yet it is the easiest to use. Large numbers of atypical colonies were also often observed on Chromocult coliform® and DC with BCIG, thereby challenging the target microorganism count. Thus, the MI agar method seems to be the best option for the assessment of drinking water quality.
Evaluation of an MPN test for the rapid enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital waters
Authors: Sartory David P. , Pauly Danièle , Garrec Nathalie , Bonadonna Lucia , Semproni Maurizio , Schell Christiane , Reimann Annika , Firth Susan J. , Thom Christopher , Hartemann Philippe , Exner Martin , Baldauf Henning , Lee Susanne , Lee John V.
Published: June 2015

In this study, the performance of a new most probable number (MPN) test (Pseudalert®/Quanti-Tray®) for the enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospital waters was compared with both international and national membrane filtration-based culture methods for P. aeruginosa: ISO 16266:2006 and UK The Microbiology of Drinking Water – Part 8 (MoDW Part 8), which both use Pseudomonas CN agar. The comparison based on the calculation of mean relative differences between the two methods was conducted according to ISO 17994:2014. Using both routine hospital water samples (80 from six laboratories) and artificially contaminated samples (192 from five laboratories), paired counts from each sample and the enumeration method were analysed. For routine samples, there were insufficient data for a conclusive assessment, but the data do indicate at least equivalent performance of Pseudalert®/Quanti-Tray®. For the artificially contaminated samples, the data revealed higher counts of P. aeruginosa being recorded by Pseudalert®/Quanti-Tray®. The Pseudalert®/Quanti-Tray® method does not require confirmation testing for atypical strains of P. aeruginosa, saving up to 6 days of additional analysis, and has the added advantage of providing confirmed counts within 24–28 hours incubation compared to 40–48 hours or longer for the ISO 16266 and MoDW Part 8 methods.
Cutting Properties Analysis of Titanium Alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) Based on Cryogenic Cooling
Authors: Rui Tang , Li Hou , Qi Zhang , Bo Zhou
Published: June 2015

This paper studied the cutting properties of Ti-6Al-4V under cryogenic cooling to find a solution for
improvement in tool load-carrying, thermal stress, tool life and finish quality. Firstly, this paper established a 3D cutting
model of Ti-6Al-4V under cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen, and then set the parameters of material, friction model
and cutting conditions. Based on this model, the results of chips’ shape, cutting forces and temperature distribution were
obtained in the simulation with different cooling approaches. The results revealed that although the cryogenic cooling
with liquid nitrogen can slightly increase the main cutting force, yet it can efficiently cool the cutting area, and the cooling
will contribute to the deformation of chips thereby improving the finish quality.
Vehicle Side Crash Safety Research based on Dynamics Modeling and
Analysis
Authors: Zheng Yao-Jun
Published: June 2015

The safety of vehicle side impact has become an important research content in the field of automotive passive
safety. The nonlinear dynamic explicit finite element method is used to establish the side crashworthiness model of
vehicle and side crash finite element model validation is also given. The finite element model is consistent with vehicle
side stiffness, which can be used in the side crash simulation analysis. The simulation calculation and result analysis of
side crash are carried out for a particular vehicle model to improve the side crash safety performance.
Approximation by complex modified Szász-Mirakjan-Stancu operators in compact disks
Authors: Çetin Nursel
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we establish some theorems on approximation and Voronovskaja
type results for complex modified Sz?sz-Mirakjan-Stancu operators attached to
analytic functions having exponential growth on compact disks. Also, we
estimate the rate of convergence and the exact order of approximation.
Some classes of p-valent analytic functions associated with hypergeometric functions
Authors: Noor Khalida , Khan Nasir
Published: June 2015

We define a linear operator on the class A(p) of p-valent analytic functions
in the open unit disc involving Gauss hypergeometric functions and introduce
certain new subclasses of A(p) using this operator. Some inclusion results, a
radius problem and several other interesting properties of these classes are
studied.
Certain new classes of generalized closed sets and their applications in ideal topological spaces
Authors: Mandal Dhananjoy , Mukherjee M.N.
Published: June 2015

In this paper, a type of closed sets, called *-g-closed sets, is introduced
and studied in an ideal topological space. The class of such sets is found
to lie strictly between the class of all closed sets and that of generalized closed sets of Levine [5]. We give some applications of *-g-closed set and *-g-open set in connection with certain separation axioms.
Notes on Re-nnd generalized inverses
Authors: Liu Xifu , Fang Rouyue
Published: June 2015

Motivated by a recent paper, in which the authors studied Re-nnd
{1,3}-inverse, {1,4}-inverse and {1,3,4}-inverse of a square matrix, in this
paper, we establish some equivalent conditions for the existence of Re-nnd
{1,2,3}-inverse, {1,2,4}-inverse and {1,3,4}-inverse. Furthermore, some
expressions of these generalized inverses are presented.
Computing the (k-)monopoly number of direct product of graphs
Authors: Kuziak Dorota , Peterin Iztok , Yero Ismael
Published: June 2015

Let G = (V,E) be a simple graph without isolated vertices and minimum degree
?(G), and let k ? {1-??(G)/2? ,..., ?(G)/2c?} be an integer. Given a
set M ? V, a vertex v of G is said to be k-controlled by M if ?M(v)? ?(v)/2
+ k where ?M(v) represents the quantity of neighbors v has in M and ?(v) the
degree of v. The set M is called a k-monopoly if it k-controls every vertex
v of G. The minimum cardinality of any k-monopoly is the k-monopoly number
of G. In this article we study the k-monopoly number of direct product
graphs. Specifically we obtain tight lower and upper bounds for the
k-monopoly number of direct product graphs in terms of the k-monopoly
numbers of its factors. Moreover, we compute the exact value for the
k-monopoly number of several families of direct product graphs.
Soft intersection semigroups, ideals and bi-ideals; A new application on semigroup theory I
Authors: Sezer Aslıhan , Çağman Naim , Atagü Akın , Irfan Ali , Türkmen Ergül
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we define soft intersection semigroups, soft intersection left
(right, two-sided) ideals and bi-ideals of semigroups, give their properties
and interrelations and we characterize regular, intra-regular, completely
regular, weakly regular and quasi-regular semigroups in terms of these
ideals.
Exponential convergence for the k-th order statistics
Authors: Yao Suxia , Miao Yu , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: June 2015

Let X1,X2,...,Xn be the samples of an arbitrary population having a uniform
distribution on the interval [0,1] and X1,n ? X2,n ?...? Xn,n denote the
order statistics. The moderate deviations, large deviations and Cram?r large
deviations for the k-th order statistics Xk,n are established. Furthermore,
we also discuss the case that the samples come from the general distribution
F.
Semi-abundant semigroups with quasi-Ehresmann transversals
Authors: Wang Shoufeng
Published: June 2015

Chen (Communications in Algebra 27(2), 4275-4288, 1999) introduced and
investigated orthodox transversals of regular semigroups. In this paper, we
initiate the investigation of quasi-Ehresmann transversals of semi-abundant
semigroups which are generalizations of orthodox transversals of regular
semigroups. Some interesting properties associated with quasi-Ehresmann
transversals are established. Moreover, a structure theorem of semi-abundant
semigroups with generalized bi-ideal strong quasi-Ehresmann transversals is
obtained. Our results generalize and enrich Chen?s results.
Organ Weight Measured at Autopsy in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Proulx François , Guilemette Julie , Roumeliotis Nadia , Emeriaud Guillaume
Published: June 2015

We determined whether organ weights at autopsy are correlated with disease acuity leading to pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. The weights of heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, and brain were recorded in 68 pediatric ICU cases. For each organ, weight Z scores were calculated based on reference values previously established in large cohorts of deceased children by Kayser (any organ), or Dekaban and Sadowsky (brain only). Organ weight Z scores in pediatric ICU patients were severely increased (median [range] for heart, +3.2 [−6.3 to +37.7]; lungs, +3.0 [−8.6 to +38.1]; kidneys, +3.6 [−10.0 to +56.3]; liver, +4.2 [−14.9 to +70.5]; and spleen, +1.3 [−11.5 to +155.8]). Conversely, the brain weight Z score was lower compared to any other organ using either set of reference values: Kayser, −1.1 (−10.5 to +10.6; P < 0.0001); Dekaban and Sadowsky, −0.2 (−7.4 to +7.7; P < 0.0001). Pediatric ICU cases were subdivided based on disease acuity: (1) previously healthy with an acute illness ( n = 11), (2) chronic disease due to congenital malformations ( n = 29), and (3) chronic disease without any detectable malformation ( n = 28). Organ weight Z scores were similar among subgroups with the exception of the brain, which was statistically decreased in chronic disease pathologies (groups 2 and 3).

Overall, this study demonstrates the heterogenous distribution of organ weights at autopsy in critically ill children; the weight of heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver, being most frequently increased. The brain is relatively smaller in chronic disease pathologies of pediatric ICU patients.
Riverbank erosion potential and channel stability status of the Kodku River, southern Kathmandu Basin, Central Nepal
Authors: Tamrakar Naresh Kazi , Bajracharya Ramita , Sapkota Sudarshon , Thapa Ishwar , Paudel Prem , Tamang Niraj Bal
Published: June 2015

The Kodku River is a southern tributary of the Manahara River and extends for about 15.86 km with 35.67 sq. km of watershed area. It is quite a potential linkage between the hilly, southern Kathmandu and the urban, inner Kathmandu. The river corridors are frequently subject to bank erosion, slope movements and flash flooding. Riverbank erosion is an important cause of toe erosion of slopes causing landslides and also posing threat on the infrastructures. Stream channel stability is crucial to understand overall river stability. Recognition of existing stability condition of river is to understand nature and behavior of the river, and is important in many ways: (a) to recognize the bank erosion and lateral instability hazard, (b) to develop infrastructure along or nearby the river corridor, (c) to start on where to restore the river, (d) to develop reservoir and exploit natural resources, and (e) to develop safe settlement areas. The Kodku River is a gravelly mixed-load meandering river. Level II classification distinguishes the Badikhel Segment as a ‘B4c’ type stream, the Taukhel Segment as a ‘C6c’ type, and the fifth order segments such as the Arubot, Thaiba and Harisidhi Segments as ‘C4c’ type streams. The ‘B4c’ type stream is entrenched and somewhat laterally confined by steep valley slopes and terrace landforms. It has the highest unit stream power (16.64 Nm/ s/m2), high potential of bed material scouring and tendency of vertical instability. The ‘C6c’ type stream is a meandering stream with shallow channel and wide valley. The ‘C4c’ type streams have shallow and wide meandering channels with well developed flood plains and lateral bars, and have the least unit stream power (in Harishiddi Segment 0.11N-m/s/m2), low potential of river bed material erosion but have tendency of lateral instabilities. The bank erosion hazard map indicates that the upper third order stretch and few downstream stretches lie in low hazard zone, but the overall areas of the Harisidhi Segment, Gwarko, Imadol and some other areas lie in high to very high hazard zone because of devegetation, modification of channels and other anthropogenic activities in addition to the weak nature of the bank materials.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v17i0.12723Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 17, 2014, pp. 1-41
POI Pulse: A Multi-granular, Semantic Signature–Based Information Observatory for the Interactive Visualization of Big Geosocial Data
Authors: McKenzie Grant , Janowicz Krzysztof , Gao Song , Yang Jiue-An , Hu Yingjie
Published: June 2015

The volume, velocity, and variety of data that are now becoming available allow us to study urban environments based on human behaviour with a spatial, temporal, and thematic granularity that was not achievable until now. Such data-driven approaches open up additional, complementary perspectives on how urban systems function, especially if they are based on user-generated content (UGC). While the data sources, such as social media, introduce specific biases, they also open up new possibilities for scientists and the broader public. For instance, they provide answers to questions that previously could only be addressed by complex simulations or extensive human-participant surveys. Unfortunately, many of the required data sets are locked in data silos that are accessible only via restricted APIs. Even if these data could be fully accessed, their naïve processing and visualization would surpass the abilities of modern computer architectures. Finally, the established place schemata used to study urban spaces differ substantially from UGC-based point-of-interest (POI) schemata. In this work, we present a multi-granular, data-driven, and theory-informed approach that addresses the key issues outlined above by introducing a theoretical and technical framework to interactively explore the pulse of a city based on social media.
Using Hachures to Construct a 3D Doline Model Automatically
Authors: Yang Nai , Wan Lin , Zheng Gui-zhou , Yang Jie
Published: June 2015

All types of relief features are usually represented by a unified digital terrain model on 3D topographic maps. Few studies have considered the differences in relief characteristics and terrain complexity. Hachures are often used to construct the relief symbols on 2D topographic maps, but they are less used on 3D topographic maps. This article uses hachures to construct a 3D doline model and divides them into three types: outlines, ridge lines, and break lines. We present the extraction method for doline outlines, consider the rules of visual perception under different illumination conditions, and study the mathematical models for representing the morphological characteristics of the doline with regard to the following aspects: width, arrangement density, and grey value of hachures. Finally, we introduce a process for 3D modelling of dolines on the basis of the above discussion. Experimental results indicate that the proposed model achieves a good 3D visual representation of dolines. Furthermore, the proposed model can also be used as a reference for the creation of 3D models of other negative relief features.
Impact of Phase Distribution on the Fracture Toughness of High Temperature Resistant Mo-Si-B Alloys
Authors: Becker J. , Krüger M.
Published: June 2015

Due to their high melting point and good creep resistance, Mo-Si-B alloys have the potential to be used as structural materials at extremely high temperatures in the future. Apart from the relatively ductile Mo solid solution, three-phase molybdenum-based alloys including the intermetallic phases Mo3Si und Mo5SiB2, which enable low fracture toughness, especially at room temperature. A promising approach for fracture toughness improvement consists in the production of a microstructure in which the intermetallic phases are embedded in the ductile Mo solid solution matrix. This paper looks at different powder- and ingot-metallurgical production processes and the resulting microstructures. Particular attention will be paid to the impact of structural component size and phase distribution on the fracture toughness at room temperature.
Influence of the Sample Preparation Technique on the μ Phase Fraction Analysis in a Fe-25Co-15Mo Alloy by Means of XRD
Authors: Turk C. , Kellezi G. , Leitner H. , Clemens H. , Primig S.
Published: June 2015

The powder metallurgically processed carbon-free alloy Fe-25Co-15Mo (in m.-%) can be hardened via the precipitation of an intermetallic μ phase (Fe, Co)7Mo6 by solution annealing, quenching and subsequent aging. Solution annealing is carried out in the austenite region which leads to a supersaturation of the matrix with molybdenum and the precipitation of nm sized μ phase particles during subsequent aging. “Primary” μ phase particles that are 1–2 μm in diameter formed during prior hot isostatic pressing are the source of molybdenum for aging. However, during solution annealing, these “primary” μ phase particles also impede grain growth. Therefore, the solution annealing process should be optimized to avoid extensive grain growth while still obtaining sufficient molybdenum contents in the matrix. In order to characterize the solution annealing process as a function of time and temperature, dilatometer experiments were performed to monitor the dissolution kinetics of the μ phase. The remaining μ phase fraction was determined in a complementary way by applying two characterization methods: Quantitative analysis of scanning electron microscope images and X-ray diffraction.
RETRACTED: miR-206 is an independent prognostic factor and inhibits tumor invasion and migration in colorectal cancer
Authors: Sun Pengda , Sun Dong , Wang Xudong , Liu Tianzhou , Ma Zhiming , Duan Liwei
Published: June 2015

This article has been retracted, and the online PDF has been watermarked “RETRACTION”. A retraction notice is available at doi: 10.3233/CBM239005.
Design considerations of winding for low-voltage high-speed permanent magnet motor
Authors: Liu Xiquan , Fang Jiancheng , Zheng Shiqiang
Published: June 2015

The electrical frequency of high speed permanent magnet motor leads to pronounced parasitic effects, such as skin, proximity and circulating current effects. The parasitic effects result in uneven distribution of currents and the increase of the ac resistance of the winding. Ac resistance is proportional to the winding loss and the ratio of ac resistance of winding to dc resistance of winding is used to characterize the winding loss. The parameters of winding, as well as the parameters of slot dimensions of stator, will affect the degree of parasitic effects. The influences of some design parameters are analyzed in this paper.
The validity and reliability of a problem-based learning implementation questionnaire
Authors: Patria Bhina
Published: June 2015

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of a questionnaire for assessing the implementation of problem-based learning (PBL). This questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of PBL implementation from the perspective of medical school graduates. Methods: A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the validity of the questionnaire. The analysis was based on a survey of 225 graduates of a problem-based medical school in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that the confirmatory factor analysis model had a good fit to the data. Further, the values of the standardized loading estimates, the squared inter-construct correlations, the average variances extracted, and the composite reliabilities all provided evidence of construct validity. Conclusion: The PBL implementation questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable, making it suitable for evaluation purposes.
‘Do you think you're at the Gresham?’: Accepting Imperfection in ‘The Dead’
Authors: Saloman Randi
Published: June 2015

Dublin's Gresham Hotel, where Gabriel and Gretta Conroy end their evening in Joyce's most famous short story, has a fascinating history. It was founded in 1817 by Thomas Gresham, who began life as a foundling rescued from the steps of London's Royal Exchange and was thereby given the name of the Renaissance statesman who built that exchange. This sixteenth-century Thomas Gresham was even better known, however, for his eponymous ‘Gresham's Law’. Both Gresham's Law and the hotel setting and history enter into and help to shape ‘The Dead’. Questions of value and valuing suggested by Gresham's Law are shown to be more complicated than they initially appear, as they intersect with the various forms of hospitality traced in the story. The ‘secondary’ quality of the famous Dublin hotel (built by the second, unknown Thomas Gresham) underscores – and ultimately redeems – the theme of secondariness that runs through ‘The Dead’.
Les estuaires français entre développement économique et protection de l'environnement (French estuaries between economic development and protection of the environment)
Authors: Miossec Alain
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Since a few decades, french estuaries have been exposed to a "new deal" about the perspectives of development. As in the past, the economic interests of the ports have been only considered, it is now necessary to expose that economic development can be sustainable. It is a proof of the emergence of an environmental philosophy which is now also taken into account by port authorities.
Les perspectives de développement des trafics et la restructuration de l'espace portuaire dans l'estuaire de la Loire (The evolution of the traffics and the development of the port area in the Loire estuary)
Authors: Marcadon Jacques
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'évolution positive des trafics de vracs agro-alimentaires et de divers conteneurisés pose à terme le problème de la saturation des terminaux actuels. L'article examine les grands projets d'aménagement du bas estuaire de la Loire.
De la gestion intégrée au développement durable : point de vue (From the coastal management to the sustainable development : a point of view)
Authors: Chaussade Jean
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Que signifie l'expression gestion intégrée des littoraux ? Comment peut-elle s'accorder avec le développement durable ? L'auteur essaye de définir ces expressions en s'appuyant sur l'exemple des pêches maritimes. Il démontre qu'il ne suffit pas de concilier les deux objectifs écologique et économique pour aller dans le sens du développement durable mais qu'il faut y intégrer la dimension humaine dans toutes ses composantes sociale, culturelle et même spirituelle.
La France a-t-elle construit une politique de gestion intégrée de son littoral ? (Did France built an integrated management policy of its coast ?)
Authors: Miossec Alain
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - In spite of difficulties on building the framework of an effective integrated coastal zone management (highlighted by the shifting of a French Ministry of the Sea and by the low efficacity of so-called Schémas de Mise en Valeur de la Mer), it can also be proved that France has made a real effort toward an integrated coastal management. Official reports and modifications in the Administrative organization of the State show the permanence of a coordination effort.
La morphodynamique fluviale, entre la géoarchéologie et la gestion des hydrosystèmes contemporains (Fluvial morphodynamics between geoarcheology and the management of present hydrosystems)
Authors: Bravard Jean-Paul
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'article retrace les développements de la morphodynamique fluviale en France depuis une cinquantaine d'années, ainsi que ceux d'une discipline connexe et plus récente, la géoarchéologie des milieux alluviaux. Cette spécialité a connu un développement rapide en France depuis 20 ans et fait largement appel aux outils et concepts de la dynamique fluviale, dans une perspective très ouverte aux questionnements des sciences humaines. On plaide pour un rapprochement combinant la géomorphologie fluviale, théorique et appliquée à la gestion des hydrosystèmes, et la géoarchéologie, au service d'un projet fédérateur relevant pleinement de la géographie.
Renouveau géopolitique en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas du Niger (Geopolitical renewal in West Africa : the example of Niger)
Authors: Grégoire Emmanuel
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Depuis quelques années, on assiste à une renaissance des relations entre l'Afrique de l'Ouest et le monde arabe (Maghreb et péninsule Arabique). Ces liens qui sont à la fois marchands, humains (migrations), politiques, culturels et religieux, montrent que des pays africains comme le Niger opèrent un renouveau géopolitique au profit de nouvelles sphères d'influence.
L'Ethiopie : «l'Empire du milieu» de la corne de l'Afrique (Ethiopia : the Empire of the Middle in the African horn)
Authors: Gascon Alain
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - For centuries Ethiopia has been firmly entrenched on the Highlands in the middle of the Horn of Africa. According to the Salomonic legend Ethiopia is a new Holy Land and the Ethiopians a chosen People. King Menilek II annexed a vast empire and drove the European colonialists back, far to the Lowlands. Nevertheless Negus Menilek conceded to Italy a marche on the Northern Highlands. This territory which is today Eritrea has fought for more than 30 years to be seceded from Ethiopia. May Holy Land be divided ?
Un Sud qui perd le Nord ? Les récents rejeux de la fracture tchadienne ("South" straying away from "North" ? A recent reactivation of the Chadian fault)
Authors: Magrin Géraud
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - In Chad as in many sahelo-sudanese countries, the North/South divide, opposing muslim and non muslim areas, is a major geopolitical data. However, it doesn't explain by itself the complexity of the Chadian scene. Coming from the pre-colonial history, this opposition has been widen during the civil war affecting the country (1979-1982), when Northern leaders took over power from people of the South. Since then, the South is in crisis. The strengthening of islam affects the inter-religious relationships. In the Southern region of the country, the political change of 1979 goes with migrations from the north to the south. It results in conflicts, especially between peasants and pastors. By increasing the South 's weight in the national gross product, the oil exploitation project of Doba will be as much a threat for national unity as a chance for national development.
Les Kalenjin du Kenya : entre ethnicité et territoire (The Kalenjin of Kenya : between ethnicity and territory)
Authors: Médard Claire
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The Kalenjin people of Kenya likes to remind us that they are a minority group. Still president D. Arap Moi, a Kalenjin, has been in power for the last 25 years. The invention of a Kalenjin tribe is related to a territorial claim (both for land and an administrative unit) on the Rift Valley province. Kalenjin minority tribes have come up with numerous land and administrative claims during the Kalenjin rule, and in turn threaten the tribe's unity.
Le Congo (RDC) entre guerre et pillage (The Congo (DRC) amid war and plunder)
Authors: Pourtier Roland
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Depuis août 1998, la République Démocratique du Congo est déchirée par une guerre «continentale » impliquant une dizaine de pays africains, alliés les uns de Kinshasa, les autres des rébellions qui contrôlent le nord-est du pays. Cette guerre ne semble plus avoir d'autre objectif que le pillage des ressources minières au profit des groupes dirigeants des pays impliqués dans le conflit et de réseaux financiers internationaux. Prospérant sur les décombres de l'Etat, elle représente la forme exacerbée d'une l'économie de prédation qui règne, depuis ses origines, sur le Congo.
Le phénomène des Gated communities à Pékin, ou les nouvelles cités interdites (The gated communities in Beijing, or the new forbidden cities)
Authors: Giroir Guillaume
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - This study presents the typical aspects of gated communities in China, particularly in Beijing. It also analyses the mechanisms of development and the significance of this segregation phenomenon. Finally, it proposes a typology of Beijing 's gated communities.
Climat urbain et qualité de l'air : approches géographiques et collaborations pluridisciplinaires (Urban climate and air pollution : geographical approaches and pluridisciplinary collaborations)
Authors: Kergomard Claude , Bigot S. , Charabi Yécine , Leriche Pierre
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - Urban climate and air pollution in big cities provide a new field of research for geographers interested in climate studies. In order to efficiently contribute to research works with strong social implications, they have to collect fine-scale meteorological data and adapt their traditional knowledge in meteorological data processing for new kinds of data. Mapping the urban climate or air pollution requires specific methods of spatial interpolation, using statistical relationships between atmospheric parameters and urban descriptors ; in the near future, models of physical and chemical processes in the urban atmosphere will probably become the most useful tool in that purpose.
Simulation des pluies annuelles et saisonnières en Grèce par une approche des types de circulation (Simulation of annual and seasonal precipitations in Grece by a regional circulation model)
Authors: Maheras Panagiotis
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Est ici présenté un modèle empirique destiné à reproduire la variabilité des données météorologiques quotidiennes. La mise en relation du fonctionnement aérologique et des éléments climatiques se fonde sur une classification des types de circulation à l'échelle régionale. La comparaison entre valeurs simulées par le modèle et valeurs observées montre, en dépit de menues imperfections, le bien fondé de la méthode.
Chiroptical properties of 1,3-diphenylallene-anchored tetrathiafulvalene and its polymer synthesis
Authors: Hasegawa Masashi , Endo Junta , Iwata Seiya , Shimasaki Toshiaki , Mazaki Yasuhiro
Published: June 2015

A novel tetrathiafulvalene dimer, bridged by a chiral 1,3-diphenylallene framework, has been prepared as an optically active compound having strong chiroptical properties. Although a chiral allene bearing strong electron-donating group(s) often undergoes slow photoracemization even in daylight, the present allene is totally configurationally stable under ordinary conditions. Each isomer possesses pronounced chiroptical properties in its ECD spectra reflecting the chiral allene framework. Moreover, the elongation of the chiral main chain was also carried out by direct C–H activation of the TTF unit, and the chiroptical properties of the resulting polymer were also investigated.