bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of economically important weed species in the riparian and roadside vegetation of Serbia
Authors: Anđelković Ana , Tmušić Goran , Marisavljevićna Dragana , Marković Mladen , Cvijanović Dušanka , Anačkov Goran , Radulović Snežana , Pavlović Danijela
Published: December 2021

Transportation corridors such as waterways and road networks serve as an entranceway for invasive and economically important weed species. The unstable environment of riparian areas and nutrient enrichment of road verges promotes the establishment and spread of these species, which may have a negative effect on nearby arable land, leading to severe yield reductions. We aimed to register the presence and frequency of five selected weed species (Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, and Lactuca serriola) within these linear corridors. Sites along waterways were visited during 2013-2016, and road networks during 2018-2019. At each site, studied weed species were registered along 100 m transects, resulting in 250 localities along waterways and 180 near road networks. The most frequent species is C. arvensis, followed by L. serriola and C. album, while less prevalent species are C. arvense and C. dactylon. The main characteristic of studied species is their preference for roadside habitats, except for Chenopodium album, which is more common in riparian areas.
Social deviations and the "black wave" of Yugoslav cinematography: Multiperspectivity of deviance
Authors: Matković Aleksandar
Published: December 2021

The main goal of this paper is to investigate various forms of social deviations that can be related to the phenomenon of the black wave of Yugoslav cinematography. The analysis is structured according to our general typology of possible models of connection between artistic and deviant contents (1. artist as a deviant; 2. presentation of deviance as a theme of a work of art; 3. work of art as a deviant phenomenon or action [Matković, 2017]). The author noticed complex and heterogeneus perspective of the relationship between the black wave and the sphere of social deviance, present at several different levels, which provided a basis for concluding on the multiperspectivity of deviance associated with the aforementioned artistic orientation. Among other conclusions, it was pointed out that the most energetic socio-political reaction was caused by the presentation of social deviations with political connotations, as well as deviations related to the dissatisfaction of various categories of Yugoslav society (i.e. those deviations that directly threatened the survival of the official state ideology and ruling regime), while the cinematographic treatment of socio-pathological phenomena in a narrower sense, although also undesirable, was still more tolerated, being subjected to repressions of lower intensity.
Arrest and prosecution of partisan associates from Pirot, Nišor village and Gradašnica in 1944.
Authors: Lazarević Davor
Published: December 2021

This work is primarily a contribution to the study of the Second World War history from the perspective given in the material of the Central State Archives in Sofia which have been only partially used so far. Based on the completely preserved case of the arrest and prosecution of a group of partisan associates from Pirot and Nisor village, the neglected dimensions of the war on the local level will be presented according to authentic testimonies of the accused in the proceedings but also in relation to the attitude of Bulgarian occupation authorities which determined the context of events to a great extent. Apart from the possibility to look at the reality of war from the point of view of the occupiers and the accused, the research made also provides space for getting a better insight into the fate of an ordinary man, often unsettled in the whirlwind of war. In addition, the mentioned material reveals some new and unknown details about significant names of the partisan movement in the area of Pirot, which could be interesting additional information to the existing biographies.
The first trials of Sofia Military Field Court in the city of Pirot with death sentences
Authors: Vidanović Predrag
Published: December 2021

In the year when we mark the eighty years since the beginning of the Second World War, this study will endeavour to bring one segment of that period closer to the readers referring to the first armed groups of Pirot population which had armed conflict with the Bulgarian occupiers . The paper was written on the basis of the archived material and kept in the Central State Archives in Sofia. These are complete court cases based on which the entire activity of these groups can be seen such as their arrest and the court process itself which had all the legal characteristics. The first group which is dealt with in this paper, was later named in the local historiography as Partisan Group from Visok but was known amongst people as Dzadza's group. These Pirot patriots were written about in local historiography mainly on the basis of the transcripts of the original indictment , as well as on the basis of the narrations and memories of certain people. The novelty in this paper is only the prosecution of the accused who were sentenced to death by shooting. There is no information in the local historiography about the other partisan group mentioned in this paper. No connection was established between these groups although they were active in the same period and operated in different areas of Pirot region. The end of the paper gives the report of the regional police chief, which presents the view of the armed groups as seen by the Bulgarian authorities.
Entities of agricultural production and food culture of the region of Pirot in the magazine "Težak" from 1869 to 1941
Authors: Todorović Arsenije
Published: December 2021

The "Težak" magazine, published by the Serbian Agricultural Society from 1869 to 1941, was a scientific, professional and popular science literature considering the field of agriculture, housekeeping and culinary art, where authors used to publish their field data collection based papers and where one part of entire articles included Pirot region as well. Creating a theoretical basis for the important segment of intangible heritage of Pirot region - the gastroheritology, one part of the research represents a review of already published material, which's very important part are articles of the aforementioned magazine. Between 1880. and 1940, nine different-approach articles were published, all of them representing an important theoretical aspect in traditional agriculture and local food culture research. Agricultural production circumstances in Pirot region after liberation from the Turks are depicted in the articles as well as pasturing and the kachkavalj producing practice, manouri and beaten cheese, typical varieties of fruit and cereals and their yields, peasant habits and, at that time, problems of various kinds.
Implicaciones pedagógicas y organizativas de un proyecto de educación alternativo para la etapa de Educación Infantil en España
Authors: Morales Valero Manuel , Amber Montes Diana
Published: December 2021

La escuela, como institución, se encuentra en tela de juicio por parte de algunos sectores críticos de la sociedad que, desde el marco explicativo que ofrecen las denominadas teorías de la desescolarización, son capaces de organizarse y crear redes ciudadanas para proveer de forma privada la educación de sus hijos/as desde unos determinados modelos organizativos y pedagógicos. El propósito de este trabajo es el de identificar, mediante el análisis de un estudio de caso, el modelo organizativo (definido por su misión, visión y valores) utilizado en un proyecto de educación alternativa para la etapa de educación infantil con el objetivo de reflexionar sus implicaciones pedagógicas y organizativas. Concluimos señalando cómo se confía en exceso en el potencial educativo del contexto en base a los intereses y motivaciones de los educados, se minusvalora la capacidad de innovación pedagógica y organizativa del sistema estatal de educación, existe la necesidad de establecer mecanismos capaces de mejorar la participación y se constata la pretensión, quizás irreal, de mantener cierta neutralidad ideológica en el proyecto.

Nowadays the institution of the School is being questioned by some critical sectors of society who, by drawing on the explanatory framework put forward by the so-called deschooling theories, are able to organize themselves and create citizen networks in order to provide privately for the education of their children within specific organizational and pedagogical models. The purpose of this case study is to identify the organizational model (defined by its mission, vision and values) used in an alternative education project for pre-primary school education with the aim of reflecting on its pedagogical and organizational implications. We conclude by pointing out that there exists an excessive amount of confidence in the context’s educational potential based on the interests and motivations of the learners. In addition, the capacity for pedagogical and organizational innovation of the State education system is underestimated. There is, furthermore, a need to establish mechanisms capable of improving participation. Finally, the claim, perhaps unrealistic, of maintaining a certain ideological neutrality in the project is also observed.
The colour-line of journalism
Authors: Dindler Camilla , Blaagaard Bolette B.
Published: December 2021

This article argues that Danish journalistic boundary producing practices and principles uphold a representation of racial disparity. Based on critical theories of race and racism in journalism and a boundary work framework, we conduct a discursive analysis of two collective case studies that encompass 56 articles and 23 Facebook posts. Focusing mainly on 1) the construction of knowledge about potential racism, 2) who are positioned as authorities on the topic of racism, and 3) who are missing among the potential actors in the stories, we identify meta-journalistic discourses and the (re)establishment of journalistic principles and practices. We conclude that journalistic norms and practices, for now, withstand the challenges posed by minority media’s call for the recognition of race as structure by applying discursive strategies of firstly rejecting racism as structure and secondly asserting principles and practices of specific kinds of objectivity, utilising, for instance, elite sources.
“Ignorance is strength”
Authors: Klitgård Ida
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Danish textual news satire constructs its social critique of the many Facebook users whose comments during COVID-19 imitate expert statements in disregard of authoritative health science statements. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, UNESCO has proclaimed a disinfodemic of emotive narrative constructs and pseudo-science on the internet and especially in social media. As with the ruling Party’s paradoxical slogan “ignorance is strength” in George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984, we sense a similar trend of the public disinfodemic, but studies of this paradox in satirical publications are scarce. Thus, the goal here is to scrutinize this enigma exemplified in an article in the Danish spoof news online media of RokokoPosten in which such experts are parodied in a kind of “doublethink” style which begs critical reflection on social media credibility. Hence, such textual news satire may potentially provide a vaccine against post-truth delusions of health science as it provides immunity against the disinfodemic by its own causative agents.
Hibridación relacional del Tercer Sector de Acción Social (TSAS) en la última década. Entre la movilización y las redes vecinales-comunitarias
Authors: Mora Rosado Sebastián , De Lorenzo Gilsanz Francisco Javier
Published: December 2021

El tercer sector de acción social (en adelante, TSAS) es, desde el punto de vista teórico, un concepto elusivo y fluido, especialmente en el ámbito europeo. Los debates y las definiciones de consenso han sido numerosas para construir un concepto medible, compartido, compresivo y comparable. Estos esfuerzos han dado frutos notables en el desarrollo y análisis del TSAS. Ahora bien, el dinamismo de la realidad social en los últimos 10 años ha producido respuestas innovadoras y alternativas de la sociedad civil que han impactado en la cosmovisión compartida de los marcos conceptuales, las funciones y las acciones del TSAS. El TSAS se ha configurado como un espacio relacional híbrido que se desarrolla en tensión dinámica entre la movilización ciudadana, el emprendimiento social, la economía social y las redes comunitarias de apoyo. Esta tensión, que produce múltiples significados y perspectivas de análisis, solo es comprensible desde el análisis de las respuestas plurales que promueve la sociedad civil. El propósito de este artículo es analizar este proceso en el periodo de 10 años entre la Gran Recesión (2009-2012) y el Gran Confinamiento (2020) producido por el Covid-19. Debemos observar esta relacionalidad híbrida desde la intensificación de la presión asistencial que han supuesto ambas crisis para el conjunto de las organizaciones sociales. Esta tensión ha girado desde el dinamismo de los movimientos sociales en la Gran Recesión y el auge de las redes vecinales-comunitarias durante la pandemia.
La relación entre la administración pública y el tercer sector guipuzcoano a debate ¿uno o varios modelos ante la heterogeneidad del sector?
Authors: Izaguirre Choperena Ainhoa , Sánchez Salmerón Víctor , Zuñiga Ruiz de Loizaga Martin
Published: December 2021

El Tercer Sector ocupa un rol central en los Estados de Bienestar europeos contribuyendo a dar respuesta a diversidad de necesidades sociales que se producen en su seno. En el contexto actual, los Estados de Bienestar europeos están convergiendo hacia modelos descentralizados y de gestión multinivel de las políticas sociales, generando que los modelos regionales de bienestar muestren gran variabilidad en su gobernanza y entramado institucional posibilitando la creación de distintos modelos de relación entre la administración pública y el Tercer Sector.En el caso de Gipuzkoa, el papel asumido por los distintos actores da cuenta de las dimensiones sustantivas y operativas de la relación entre la administración pública y el Tercer Sector. Este debate se ha visto además avivado por la necesidad de adecuar las respuestas colectivas ante la brecha social generada por las crisis recientes.Este artículo analiza los discursos y demandas que se formulan desde el propio sector partiendo de la premisa de que las preferencias y posicionamientos sobre cómo debe ser la interrelación entre ambas partes dependen de la percepción en torno a las principales fuentes de tensiones y conflictos.Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo de caso en el que se han realizado 34 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a informantes clave tanto del Tercer Sector como de la administración pública, poniendo especial interés en identificar cuáles son las claves sobre las que se producen las relaciones público-privadas en el territorio de Gipuzkoa y cuáles deberían de ser a futuro.
EQUILIBRIUM MODE DISTRIBUTION IN W-TYPE GLASS OPTICAL FIBERS
Authors: Savović Svetislav , Simović Ana , Djordjevich Aleksandar , Janićijević Aco
Published: December 2021

Power flow equation is used to calculate equilibrium mode distribution in W-type glass optical fibers. It has been shown how the coupling length for achieving the equilibrium mode distribution in W-type glass optical fibers varies with the depth and width of the intermediate layer and coupling strength for different widths of launch beam distribution. W-type optical fibers have shown effectiveness in reducing modal dispersion and bending loss.
THE INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE CHIP FORMING PROCESS
Authors: Kovač Pavel , Savković Borislav , Siđanin Lepa , Lukač Ondrej , Mankova Ildiko
Published: December 2021

For a number of alloys the process of metal cutting is accompanied by extensive plastic deformation and fracture. In the paper we investigate quick stop samples of the chip formation of materials with different chemical composition and microstructure. The type of chip formation is classified according to the mechanism of crack formation and propagation. During cutting, most samples that are used, quasi-continuous chips with built-up edge (BUE) are obtained. The formation of BUE is undesirable since it is a highly deformed body with a semi stable top which periodically breaks away giving rise to poor workpiece surface quality.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA CHARACTERIZATION USING STAINED AND NON STAINED PLATES BY OPTO-MAGNETIC SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Dragičević Aleksandra , Krivokapić Zoran , Marković Velimir , Nikolić Gorana , Matija Lidija
Published: December 2021

According to the World Health Organization cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide and on the third place is the most common and dangerous colorectal cancer with the rate of 17.3/100,000 people. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective solutions to improve the quality and speed of diagnostic tools so that they can respond to the challenges of prevention strategies which are an integral part of the rapid diagnosis of a large number of patients. The objectives of the research conducted in this study (in vitro) are: (1) examining the possibilities of application of opto-magnetic imaging spectroscopy for characterization between different types of colon cancer, stained and non-stained plates, (2) method validation, (3) parameters determination for research in in vivo conditions, and (4) application in clinical trial to increase the efficiency and give more reliable diagnosis. In this paper we present Opto-magnetic imaging spectroscopy (OMIS) as a novel optical method for differentiation of different types of colon cancer, significant similarity between stained and non-stained plates based on light-tissue interaction. Results have showed that OMIS can make a difference between colorectal carcinoma and other types of colon cancer, as well as prove that plates staining can be avoided.
Estado e punitividade: problemas de governança penal democrática
Authors: Fonseca David S. , Canêdo Carlos
Published: December 2021

No interior de sociedades democráticas, os limites de atuação do sistema penal sempre provocam intenso debate. O aumento do uso das prisões ao redor do mundo é um dos temas mais espinhosos da atualidade, de forma a demandar respostas que permitam compreender as razões por detrás dessa expansão. Nesse processo, a inter-relação entre democracia e governança penal revela complexos matizes na adoção de modelos de punição e na forma de exercício do controle social formal em diferentes países. Com a presente obra, a análise de diversas regiões permite um amplo esforço comparativo, enquanto também oferece novos métodos e abordagens no estudo desse fenômeno. Ao reunir esses trabalhos, este livro viabiliza caminhos para se discutir a relação entre penalidade e democracia de modo amplo, com a introdução de discussões que ultrapassam a simples atribuição do atual encarceramento em massa ao efeito do punitivismo e do populismo penal. Os artigos aqui reunidos permitem que aspectos estruturais e institucionais de vários contextos democráticos sejam analisados de forma detida e aprofundada, de modo a complementar, quando não subverter, as explicações tradicionais sobre a crise contemporânea do sistema penal. O intuito é, assim, permitir que as discussões sobre esse tema no cenário brasileiro possam incorporar outras perspectivas, refinar os diagnósticos e permitir a elaboração de proposições para melhoria desse campo de atuação estatal.
Can Intralesional Epidermal Growth Factor Reduce Skin Graft Applications in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer?
Authors: Colak Bayram , Yormaz Serdar , Ece Ilhan , Sahin Mustafa
Published: December 2021

Background

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious health problem. Major amputation increases the risk of mortality in patients with DFU; therefore, treatment methods other than major amputation come to the fore for these patients. Graft applications create an appropriate environment for the reproduction of epithelial cells. Similarly, epidermal growth factor (EGF) also stimulates epithelization and increases epidermis formation. In this study, we aimed to compare patients with DFU treated with EGF and those treated with a split-thickness skin graft.

Methods

Patients who were treated for DFU in the general surgery clinic were included in the study. The patients were evaluated retrospectively according to their demographic characteristics, wound characteristics, duration of treatment, and treatment modalities.

Results

There were 26 patients in the EGF group and 21 patients in the graft group. The mean duration of treatment was 7 weeks (4-8 weeks) in the EGF group and 5.3 weeks (4-8 weeks) in the graft group (P < .05). In the EGF group, wound healing could not be achieved in one patient during the study period. In the graft group, no recovery was achieved in three patients (14.2%) in the donor site. Graft loss was detected in four patients (19%), and partial graft loss was observed in three patients (14.2%). The DFU of these patients were on the soles (85.7%). These patients have multiple comorbidities.

Conclusions

EGF application may be preferred to avoid graft complications in the graft area and the donor site, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities and wounds on the soles.
Variabilidad del derecho natural y retención de las Indias
Authors: Garcia-Huidobro Joaquín , Poblete José A.
Published: December 2021

Hay un aspecto de la famosa disputa que tuvo lugar en los siglos XVI y XVII sobre los justos títulos, que no ha recibido un adecuado tratamiento filosófico. Se trata de la posibilidad de que, en caso de que la conquista hubiese sido injusta, hubiese algún título que permitiera o incluso obligara a la Corona a retener esas tierras. En este artículo se muestra la forma en que este tema fue abordado por Vitoria, el Licenciado Falcón y Solórzano Pereira. El argumento de estos autores, inspirado en la idea aristotélica de que lo justo natural está sujeto a cambio, es que, incluso si se hubiese hecho en contra de la justicia, el abandono de las Indias traería consigo para los nativos más daños que beneficios. Por lo mismo, la potencial obligación de restituir las tierras conquistas cesaría o, al menos, quedaría en suspenso mientras la situación no cambiara sustantivamente.
Naturaleza jurídica de las multas en la contratación administrativa: Algunas reflexiones sobre la autoridad administrativa y el principio de legalidad
Authors: Aguilera Medina Cristobal
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo intenta resolver la pregunta sobre la naturaleza jurídica de la multa en la contratación administrativa. La respuesta que se ofrece es que se trata de una sanción administrativa, desechando la tesis según la cual se trataría de una cláusula penal. Los argumentos que se exponen se enmarcan en dos reflexiones. Primero, sobre la naturaleza de la autoridad administrativa y el carácter potestativo de su obrar. Segundo, sobre la potestad de multar y el principio de legalidad. El contexto normativo en el que se desenvuelven las reflexiones es la Ley Nº 19.886.
La titularidad de derechos fundamentales de las personas jurídicas en el sistema constitucional chileno: prolegómeno para una dogmática
Authors: Pardo-Álvarez Diego
Published: December 2021

Este prolegómeno expone la discusión sobre la personalidad jurídica de los colectivos de personas y su impacto en el problema de la titularidad de derechos fundamentales de las asociaciones y las personas jurídicas. Estas consideraciones permiten mostrar dónde se encuentra reconocida la titularidad de derechos fundamentales de los grupos intermedios en el sistema constitucional chileno, así como sus importantes limitaciones.
Chevron Thailand's use of ICS (Incident Command System) in assisting with the 2018 Thailand Cave Rescue Operation
Authors: Amornruji Nipa , Pholbud Parinya
Published: December 2021

Abstract number: 1141175

Chevron Thailand commenced using a form of the Incident Management System (ICS) for response to emergency incidents and conducted ICS training and hosted a large scale oil spill response exercise in 2017 and 2018 to increase Crisis Management Team (CMT), Asset Management Team (AEMT) and On-site Response Team (ORT) competency and team readiness, including maintaining relationships with organizations that provide emergency response support i.e. Thai government agencies, association and contractors.

On 23 June 2018, 12 members of a Thai boys soccer team along with their coach became trapped in a cave in northern Thailand when flood waters cut them off from the entrance. Chevron Thailand Management in Bangkok was contacted by the US Embassy Bangkok requesting Chevron Thailand to assist with providing personnel and resources for the rescue operations. Separately, the Thai Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) also called for industry support in the rescue mission.

This paper will present details of how Chevron Thailand utilized their preparedness training using ICS in responding to risks within Chevron Thailand's operations to take a leading role in assisting the Royal Thai Governments rescue of the 13 trapped soccer team members. The paper will also show how collaboration with Government officials in Company training and exercise events lead to not only a good working relationship but also better knowledge of the capabilities that Chevron Thailand can bring to the table in responding to any emergency incident.
Effect of long term natural weathering on oil composition: study of the 41-years-old Amoco Cadiz and 20-years-old Erika oil spills
Authors: Jézéquel Ronan , Guyomarch Julien , Receveur Justine , Le Floch Stéphane
Published: December 2021

On 16 March 1978, the oil tanker the Amoco Cadiz, transporting 223,000 tons of crude oil and 4,000 tons of bunker fuel oil, suffered a failure of her steering mechanism and ran aground on Portsall Rocks, on the Breton coast. The entire cargo spilled out as the breakers split the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km of French shoreline from Brest to Saint Brieuc. This was the largest oil spill caused by a tanker grounding ever recorded in the world. The consequences of this accident were significant, and it caused the French Government to revise its oil response plan (the Polmar Plan), to acquire equipment stocks (Polmar stockpiles), to impose traffic lanes in the Channel and to create Cedre.

On 12 December 1999, the tanker Erika broke up and sank off the coast of Brittany (France) leading to the spill of 20,000 tons of a heavy fuel oil. 400 km of the French Atlantic coastline were polluted. Because of the characteristics of the oil (a very heavy fuel oil with a high content of light cracking oil) and the severe weather conditions (a centennial storm with spring tides) when the oil came on shore, the Erika spill was one of the most severe accidental releases of oil along the French coastlines. All types of habitat were concerned, and pollution reached the supratidal zone affecting terrestrial vegetation and lichens.

In 2019, respectively 41 years and 20 years after these major oil spills affecting the French shoreline, a sampling round was conducted at two sites recorded to present some residual traces of oil. Samples of weathered oil were collected, extracted with methylene chloride and then purified through an alumina-silica microcolumn. SARA fractionation and GC-MS analyses were performed in order to assess respectively the total degradation of the weathered oil (amount of saturates, aromatics and polar fraction) and the specific degradation of nalkanes from n-C9 to n-C40, biomarkers (such as terpanes, hopanes and steranes) and PAHs (parents and alkylated derivatives).
Ecosystem recovery at hypersaline salt marsh remediation projects impacted by the Gulf War Oil Spill
Authors: Weaver Jennifer L. , Hale Jason A. , Cotsapas Linos , Fravel Hal
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141405

The 1990 Gulf War Oil Spill was the largest marine oil spill in history, spilling an estimated 6–11 million barrels of crude oil into the Arabian Gulf and impacting approximately 800 km of shoreline in Saudi Arabia between the border with Kuwait and Abu Ali Island near Jubail. Many intertidal areas were heavily oiled, severely damaging salt marsh ecosystems and facilitating the growth of thick algal mats, which, in turn, created a physical barrier that restricted tidal exchange and prevented recolonization of marsh flora and fauna at these sites. Remediation projects have been ongoing since early 2010 at 19 project areas throughout the area of impact. Remediation activities are focused on refreshing existing or creating new tidal channels to restore hydrology and tilling the substrate to expose moderately oiled sediment and enhance the degradation of oil and break up laminate algal mats. Additional activities include removal of heavily oiled sediments, re-use of excavated unoiled and lightly oiled sediments to create additional topography in restored marshes, and vegetation planting in selected areas.

Monitoring plots for long-term study were established at remediation sites, impacted but untreated sites (set-asides), and nearby reference (comparison) sites. Initial monitoring data were collected before and after remediation activities, which were primarily undertaken between 2010 and 2013. Biannual (spring and fall) monitoring was resumed in fall 2018 and will continue through spring 2022 to characterize ecosystem recovery at these sites. Based on results from fall 2018 and spring 2019, most remediation sites show some level of recovery, indicated by the return of annual vegetation and resident marsh invertebrates in lower elevation plots, and thinner algal mat types and insect burrowing activity at the upper elevations. While the lower portions of untreated sites are beginning to show recruitment of annual vegetation and invertebrates (e.g. crabs), thick, laminated algal mat cover occurs in the middle-upper elevations at untreated sites. Multimetric indices (MMIs) summarizing ecosystem health and stressors were developed to summarize recovery of these projects and evaluate progress at remediation sites relative to set-aside and comparison sites. MMI results indicate that remediation work was effective at reducing stressors in remediation sites compared to set-asides; however, the level of ecosystem recovery is variable across sites, in part depending on the time since restoration.
Evaluating Surface Washing Agent Performance
Authors: Grosser Robert , Conmy Robyn , Sundaravadivelu Devi , Burkes Andrea , Holder Edith , Webster Emma , Venkatapathy Raghu
Published: December 2021

Surface washing agents (SWAs) can be used to enhance removal of spilled oil from shoreline surfaces and structures. There are two classes of SWA products, “lift and float” products which remove the oil from the surfaces to create an oil slick which can be recovered mechanically and “lift and disperse” products which emulsify and disperse the oil into the water column, which are more difficult to remove mechanically. Therefore, information regarding the ability of a product to lift oil from a surface and its mechanism of action once the oil has been removed is important for oil spill responders.

The SWA effectiveness (SWAE) of 15 products (conducted and reported blind) listed on the NCP Product Schedule was evaluated by applying oil to a sand substrate, allowing time for the oil to adhere to the substrate, treating with SWA, and washing with artificial seawater to release any oil that has been lifted from the substrate surface. The efficiency of SWAs is calculated based on the mass of oil remaining on the substrate relative to the total mass of oil applied. The Dispersant Effectiveness (DE) of SWA products was determined using the Baffled Flask Test and was used to sort products based on their mechanism of action (“lift and disperse” rather than “lift and float”).

Using a sand basket approach, the amount of oil remaining in sand varied from 10 to 95% for the various products tested, where a lower percent signifies a better SWA. The DE varied between 8 and 81%. Though previous studies have concluded that good SWAs are poor dispersants and vice versa, the results from this study demonstrate that this is not a general rule. A stoplight decision framework was developed that considers the relationship between DE and SWAE, and serves to identify products whose primary mechanism is “lift and disperse” rather than “lift and float.” Results suggest that regardless of which test is used to evaluate SWAs, coupling findings with DE can provide useful information for decisions during response operations.
Determination of Oil Spill Chemical Concentrations in Nearshore Matrices
Authors: Montas Larissa , Ferguson Alesia , Mena Kristina , Solo-Gabriele Helena , Paris Claire B.
Published: December 2021

Marine oil spill incidents create concerns about human health risks, particularly in nearshore locations such as beaches used for recreation. To improve the timeliness of risk estimates during an oil spill, we need to expand modelling capacity for oil spill chemicals (OSCs) from predictions for chemical bulk measurements such as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) to predictions of individual concentrations of the more toxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)s.

The objective of this study is to establish a relationship for TPH and PAH nearshore sampling concentration values with the oil mass landing and TPH hindcast from a 3D Hydrodynamic Fate and Transport Model (3D-FTM) for a past oil spill. The overall goal is to use this information to expand current modeling capacities to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs as a starting point for health risk assessment.

During Phase I of this study, historic sampling data for various matrices (weathered oil, seawater and sediments) were used to evaluate PAH concentration distributions within time-space specific categories. The categories corresponded to samples collected prior to nearshore oiling, post nearshore oiling and at no time impacted by oil as predicted by historic oil spill trajectories. For matrices within each category, concentration frequency distributions and concentration patterns were generated for a subset of PAHs. Results show differences in PAH concentration patterns within each matrix and for each category. Concentration frequency distributions for most PAHs in each category were log-normally distributed.

Phase II is ongoing. Here we analyze PAH and TPH concentrations measured from surface weathered oil slick samples collected at the time of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Preliminary results show that concentrations for a subset of PAHs in weathered oil slicks correlate well with TPH concentrations (R2=0.76).

We are collocating the historic environmental sampling data with the output from the Oil-Connectivity Modelling System (Oil-CMS). The relationship between measured and model predicted TPH is explored by comparing values for samples that coincide in time and space with the model's particles. A subsequent step is to use output of the oil-CMS in combination with the physical and chemical properties for each PAH to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs. The overarching goal is to improve risk estimates and, therefore, better guide public health decision-making.
Step by Step to Implement SCAT during an oil spill response operation in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Fernandez Mauro Puime , Esteves Rodrigo Cochrane , Kammradt Patricia Bastos
Published: December 2021

Despite the best efforts of an on-water response to a large oil spill at sea, the likelihood is that at least some of the spilled oil will eventually reach the shoreline. When shoreline impact occurs, or is likely to occur, shoreline assessment is a critical component of the response and provides essential information for setting objectives, priorities, constraints and endpoints for an effective shoreline response.
Continuous Oil Spill Remote Sensing and Autonomous Monitoring
Authors: Chenault David B. , Vaden Justin P.
Published: December 2021

The Pyxis camera is a polarized thermal infrared sensor that provides area detection at all times of day in a variety of conditions. It exploits the difference in oil and water material properties rather than temperature differences and is therefore far more robust for detection and false alarm rejection. It is small and has been integrated with drones, mounted at fixed sites, and used as a handheld for spill detection and monitoring. Pyxis has been tested extensively at Ohmsett and successfully demonstrated for oil detection at the MC20 site and at Santa Barbara in both manned and unmanned aircraft.

Pyxis has now been integrated into the Polarization Oil Detection System (PODS) for autonomous oil spill detection and monitoring. PODS essentially operates as a web camera and continuously monitors the user defined area for oil entering the scene while adapting to changing environmental conditions. PODS is well-suited for monitoring fixed sites at processing or transfer points, unmanned rigs and platforms, and along waterways and pipelines.
Statistical analysis of the oil and HNS spill incidents occurred in NOWPAP region from 1990 to 2017
Authors: Kang Seong-Gil , Joung Tae-Hwan , Lee Siyeon , Lee Joung-Yun , Won Haemin , You Young
Published: December 2021

Abstract and Introduction

This analysis has been implemented firstly under the project of ‘Development of information Sharing Platform on oil and HNS spills in the NOWPAP region' which was propose at the 18th MERRAC Focal Points meeting (August 2015) and approved by the 20th NOWPAP Intergovernmental meeting (November 2015). The detailed information on scope of data collection used in this analysis is as follows; Data used in this analysis was scoped from the year of 1990 to 2017Incidents of oil spillage with over 10 tons were only collected from the member states on a regular basisMERRAC established the guidelines to clear the terms and meanings to analyzeFrom 1990 to 1997, incidents of oil spill with over 50 tons were collectedThe incident data provides incident dates, locations, vessel types, incident types, pollution types and pollution quantities
Integration of lessons learned from 30 years of oil on water exercises, testing and training in an improved industry oil spill contingency framework
Authors: Skeie G. M. , Kristoffersen I. S. , Engen F. , Sævik P. M. , Lura H. , Johnsen G. H.
Published: December 2021

On behalf of the operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, the Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) has the responsibility for providing a documented and verified level of oil spill response, fulfilling the requirements set by the regulatory authorities for each individual production and exploration activity. To meet this responsibility and document the established oil spill preparedness, a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary project has been undertaken, integrating results and lessons learned from oil on water exercises and test facilities in the period 1985 to 2018. The structured results feed into standardized algorithms for system capability and operational windows, applicable across all combat methods in the NOFO toolbox. Through gap and sensitivity assessments, topics for R & D area prioritisation are identified. Data and information are structured in order to fit into the assessment methodology for Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA) and Spill Impact Mitigation Assessments (SIMA), and a step by step methodology for oil spill response assessments (OSRA) was developed as part of the project, facilitating standardised and comparable oil spill response plans. In addition to this standardisation and documentation process, templates for presentation of key data for oil spill response planning purposes are developed, and disseminated to a dedicated web site, as well as the NOFO Common Operating Picture GIS. In this way, a cohesive set of data and standards are available for use in assessments, planning, authority assessment and in incidents.
Pollution From Commercial Vessels Machinery Space Bilges
Authors: Ortiz LT Jordan , Schrayshuen LT Lynn
Published: December 2021

Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges.

New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018).

In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.
The Oil Spill Science Triad: Viewpoint on the Coexistence and Optimization of Models, Laboratory Tests, and Empirical Field Observations and Data for Natural Resource Damage Assessments
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Haddad Robert I.
Published: December 2021

667037 ABSTRACT

This paper provides a viewpoint on ways to blend and optimize the use of various scientific tools to address information needs as part of oil spill natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs). Oil spills are complex events of multidisciplinary interest, requiring the application of a blend of established, generally accepted approaches to answer the many scientific questions related to oil spill response and NRDAs arising during and after each spill. Each spill scenario is unique and demands different information, but central to all assessment strategies are questions around the needs for and the feasibility of collecting adequate representative field data versus (or more productively in concert with) the application of spill models, remembering that models alone can't create facts. Useful information also comes from considering the degree to which the processes and ambient measures in a new spill can be represented by extrapolations of data and information from prior spills. Through a discussion of a three-part “toolkit” or “triad” applied to different types of oil spill NRDAs, this discussion offers insights and suggestions, largely from a strategic scientific perspective, for optimizing the blend of these tools to sufficiently address the assessment of injuries to natural resources so restoration can be appropriately evaluated, scaled, planned, and implemented.
Swift Water Oil Spill Response Techniques
Authors: Gunter Tim , Farrell Ty
Published: December 2021

Swift water oil spill response (SWSR) has many different aspects that present more of a challenge than slow moving or static water oil spills. The American Petroleum Institute (API)/Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) Emergency Response Work Group's inland SWSR Guide will be a compilation of industry best practices describing initial spill response management and operational tactics in these uniquely challenging conditions. This paper will summarize the API Guide which focuses on the highest priorities of spill response including people, environment, and assets. The intended audience for this paper are responders that have baseline spill response knowledge. Operations managers will be able to use the API Guide to develop timely Incident Command System (ICS) 201 briefs, organizational structures, and Incident Action Plan (IAP) operational work assignments. Safety of responders will be emphasized, particularly site safety, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Site safety and job specific hazard identification best practices will inform responders, managers, and Incident Commanders of the important aspects of overall safety management. Site evaluation topics will cover the following areas: access, staging area, boat launches, shoreline composition, and wildlife considerations. Response strategies involving equipment for containment and recovery will be described for effective SWSR. Additional factors that must be considered include riverbed composition, current velocity, flow pattern, water depth, water course width, and obstructions. There is a limited amount of literature on the unique response techniques of SWSR developed by industry groups or governmental agencies.
Integration of a Shoreline Response Program (SRP) and SCAT
Authors: Owens Ed , Santner Richard
Published: December 2021

The Shoreline Response Program (SRP) is an adjustment within an Incident Management System (IMS) intended to improve current practices. An SRP builds on the recognized strengths of an IMS-based organization and of a SCAT program that utilizes an integrated and focused approach to streamline and better coordinate the decision and planning processes and the operational implementation activities. An SRP is an extension of the traditional SCAT program but with a broader focuses on strategic and tactical planning to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of oil on shorelines, the efforts and costs involved in a shoreline response, and the volumes of waste that would be generated. The inclusion of an SRP concept in drills, exercises and preparedness training can directly improve the ability to respond quickly and effectively during the initial response phase. Not implementing an SRP at the very outset of a spill response, when typically the best opportunities exist for the removal of bulk oil, can have significant long-term consequences. Shifting an emphasis on management and physical resources from, often only partially successful, on-water activities to onshore shoreline activities when oil can be picked up more rapidly and effectively can significantly reduce i) the footprint of the response, ii) the duration and scale of the shoreline operation, iii) the exposure of shore zone resources to the oil, and so accelerate environmental recovery, and iv) waste generation.