bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Agglutinin Associated with the P and the ABO Blood Group Systems
Authors: TIPPETT PATRICIA , SANGER RUTH , RACE R. R. , SWANSON JANE , BUSCH SHIRLEY
Published: March 2009

On décrit les réactions d'un sérum qui agglutine la majorité d'échantillons d'érythrocytes humains. Le donneur de ce sérum est un noir, M. Luke P., qui souffrait de tumeur lymphomateuse; il n'avait jamais été préalablement transfusé.

Il y a trois degrés de réactions: la plupart des échantillons sont Luke(1) ou Luke(w); les réactions Luke(‐) sont présentes chez les erythrocytes des personnes de phénotype rare «p» ou «Pk», et, ceci parmi le 2% des caucasiens pris au hasard. Les réactions Luke(w) et Luke(‐) sont plus fréquentes avec les erythrocytes P2 qu'avec les erythrocytes P1 et, également, plus fréquentes avec les erythrocytes A1 et A1B qu'avec les erythrocytes O, A2, A2B et B. De toute manière, le rapport qui existe entre les erythrocytes P et ABO demeure obscur.

L'agglutinine se trouvant dans le sérum Luke est particulièrement difficile à absorber.

Les réactions Luke sont certainement sous le contróle génétique et le phénotype Luke(—) est probablement de caractère récessif.

Es werden die Reaktionen eines Serums beschrieben, welches die überwiegende Mehrzahl der menschlichen Erythrozyten agglutiniert. Der Serumspender war ein Neger namens Luke P., der an lymphomatösen Tumoren litt; er hatte nie Blut‐transfusionen erhalten.

Es wurden drei Reaktionstypen gefunden: die meisten Blutproben sind Luke(+) oder Luke(w); Luke(—)‐Reaktionen wurden lediglich bei Blutproben der seltenen Phänotypen p oder Pk sowie bei ca. 2% der Blutproben der weißen Durchschnittsbcvölkerung beobachtet. Luke(w)‐ und Luke(—)‐Reaktionen waren hàufiger bei P2‐als bei P1–lutproben; sie waren auch hàufiger bei Blutproben der Gruppen A, und A1B als solchen der Gruppen O, A2, A2B und B. Trotz aller Bemühungen gelang es nicht die Beziehung zu den P‐und ABO‐Gruppen zu klären.

Das im Luke‐Serum enthaltene Agglutinin läßt sich durch Absorption kaum entfernen.

Die Luke‐Reaktionen unterliegen ohne Zweifel einer genetischen Steuerung; der Luke(—)‐Phänotyp ist vermutlich ein rezessives Erbmerkmal.
Double Immunodiffusion with Agar‐Coated Plastic Film Base*
Authors: Cawley L. P. , Eberhardt L. , Wiley J. L.
Published: March 2009

Double immunodiffusion with agar‐coated plastic film base has been found in our laboratories to be an extremely, versatile system. Not only is it possible to use the plastic for immunodiffusion, but as previously reported it is ideally suited for electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. The plastic is clear, resists most the solvents used in histochemistry, is easily photographed, copied with Xerox 914, or Proto‐Printer, and can be stored in binders or loose‐leaf notebooks along with all the important information involving a particular study.

The advantage of using a single sheet to carry out multiple micro immuno‐precipitin tests is emphasized.

Nous avons trouvé que les immunodiffusions doubles en gélose d'agar sur des films en plastic sont des systèmes extrêmement agréables et utiles. Non seulement on peut utiliser ces films plastic revêtus de gélose d'agar pour l'immunodiffusion, mais, comme il l'a été démontré précédemment, on peut les utiliser également, avec beaucoup d'avantages, pour l'analyse électrophorètique et immunoélectropho‐rètique. Ces plastics sont clairs, résistent le plus souvent aux solvants utilisés en histochimie, peuvent être photographiés facilement, peuvent être photocopiés avec le Xerox 914 ou le Proto‐Printer et peuvent être conservés de telle manière qu'ils peuvent donner toutes les informations importantes en ce qui concerne une étude particulière.

Les auteurs discutent de l'avantage de l'utilisation d'une seule feuille comportant toute une série de tests d'immunoprécipitation.

In unseren Laboratorien hat sich die Doppel‐Immunodiffusion auf agarbedeckten Kunststoff‐Filmfolien als äußerst vielfältig verwendbare Methode bewährt. Der Kunststoff kann nicht nur für die Immunodiffusion verwendet werden; er eignet sich, wie bereits mitgeteilt, ebenso sehr für die Durchführung von Elektrophoresen und Immunoelektrophoresen. Der Kunststoff ist durchsichtig und widersteht den meisten in der Histochemie gebrauchten Lösungsmitteln. Die erhaltenen Bilder können leicht photographiert oder mit dem Xerox 914 oder dem Proto‐Printer kopiert werden. Außerdem können sie zusammen mit alien zugehörigen Daten in Ordnern oder Loseblatt‐Notizbüchern aufbewahrt werden. Im weiteren wird auf den Vorteil hingewiesen, daß auf einer einzigen Folie zahlreiche Mikro‐Immun‐präzipitationstests vorgenommen werden können.
Immunologic Studies of Antigenically Modified Lymphocytes from Patients with Leukemia*
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Cohen E. , Neter E.
Published: March 2009

Lymphocytes obtained from patients with chronic leukemia readily take up enterobacterial antigens (O antigen and the common antigen described by Kunin). As a result of this modification, the lymphocytes are specifically agglutinated by the corresponding bacterial antibodies. Intravenous immunization of rabbits with antigenically modified lymphocytes results in the production of bacterial antibodies. Lymphocyte‐attached common antigen engenders the formation of the corresponding antibody, although the soluble antigen fails to do so.

Les lymphocytes provenant de patients atteints de leucémie chronique fixent les antigènes entéro‐bactériens (antigène O et l'antigène commun décrit par Kunin). Le résultat de cette modification est que les lymphocytes sont agglutinés spécifiquement par l'anticorps bactérien correspondant. L'immunisation intraveineuse de lapin avec ses lymphocytes modifiés antigéniquement provoque la production d'anticorps bactériens. Les antigènes communs fixés aux lymphocytes provoquent la formation de l'anticorps correspondant, malgré le fait que l'antigène soluble n'est pas capable de le faire.

Lymphozyten von Patienten mit chronischer Leukämie sind befähigt Antigene von Enterobakterien (O‐Antigen und das von Kunin beschriebene Gemeinschafts‐antigen) aufzunehmen. Zufolge der damit verbundenen Modifikation werden die Lymphozyten durch die entsprechenden antibakteriellen Antikörper spezifisch agglutiniert. Wenn man Kaninchen mit solchen antigenetisch modifizierten Lymphozyten immunisiert, bilden sie antibakterielle Antikörper. Das oben erwähnte Gemeinschaftsantigen bewirkt bei Anlagerung an Lymphozyten die Bildung spezifischer Antikörper; gelöstes Antigen ist hiezu nicht imstande.
The Crossreaction of Anti‐N with Type M Erythrocytes*
Authors: Figur A. M. , Rosenfield R. E.
Published: March 2009

The crossreaction of anti‐N with type M erythrocytes that are U‐positive, and the failure of anti‐N to crossreact with type M cells that are U‐negative, have been confirmed. Several possible explanations to account for this crossreaction have been discussed, one of which considered N determinants as all or part of a base or precursor material subject to alteration by M genes, perhaps, in the form of M dependent terminal structural groupings. The possible existence of a serologically apparent MN gene has also been suggested.

La réaction croisée de l'anti‐N avec des érythrocytes de type M qui sont U‐positifs et l'impossibilité de l'anti‐N de réagir avec des érythrocytes de type M, qui sont U‐négatifs a été confirmée. Plusieurs explications possibles pour expliquer cette réaction croisée ont été discutées; une de celles‐ci considèrent les déterminants N comme tout ou partie d'un matériel de base ou d'un matériel précurseur sujet à une altération par les gènes M peut‐être sous forme d'un groupement structural terminal dépendant de M. L'existence possible de gène MN sérologiquement apparent a aussi été suggérée.

Die bekannte Tatsache, daß Anti‐N‐Seren mit U‐positiven M‐Erythrozyten kreuz‐reagieren, während dies mit U‐negativen M‐Zellen nicht der Fall ist, konnte bestätigt werden. Die verschiedenen Erklärungsmöglichkeiten dieser Befunde werden diskutiert, wobei die Möglichkeit in den Vordergrund gestellt wird, daß die N‐Determinanten, ganz oder wenigstens zum Teil, einen Bestandteil jener Strukturen darstellen, die durch die Wirkung der M‐Gene eine M‐Spezifität erhalten, wobei die M‐Spezifität möglicherweise an die Endgruppen gebunden ist. Die Existenz eines serologisch faßbaren MN‐Genprodukts wird ebenfalls zur Diskussion gestellt.
Three Examples of a New Antibody, Anti‐Csa, which Reacts with 98% of Red Cell Samples
Authors: Giles Carolyn M. , Huth M. C. , Wilson T. E. , Lewis H. B. M. , Grove G. E. B.
Published: March 2009

A new antibody, anti‐Csa, is reported to have been found in three patients. An account is given of the serological and genetical study. In a random sample of bloods of European origin 97,5% were Cs(a+).

Un nouvel anticorps anti‐Csa a été trouvé chez trois patients. Les auteurs rendent compte de l'étude sérologique et génétique. Parmi les échantillons de sangs d'origine européenne pris au hasard, 98% sont Cs(a+).

Bei drei Patienten wurde ein neuer, Anti‐Csa benannter Antikörper gefunden. Die damit erhobenen serologischen und genetischen Befunde werden dargelegt. In einer unausgewählten Reihe von Europäerblutproben betrug die Zahl Cs(a+)‐Individuen 98%.
An Embryo Specific Red Cell Antigen in a Dove Species, Streptopelia Risoria*
Authors: Osterhoudt Marjorie S. , Irwin M. R.
Published: March 2009

The erythrocytes of all embryos tested to date of a dove species, Streptopelia risoria, have carried an “embryo antigen” during the first seven days of incubation. It gradually disappeared and was not observed beyond the fourth day after hatching. Peculiarly, this embryo antigen was detected by the use of antisera produced against the cells of backcross hybrids carrying one of the antigenic characters (ch‐4) that differentiate S. chinensis from risoria. One possible explanation is that the antibodies were directed against a contrasting character in risoria to ch‐4, and this character is expressed on the cells of the embryos, not on those of the adults.

Jusqu'à aujourd'hui les erythrocytes de tous les embryons d'une espèce de pigeon, le streptopelia risoria, comportent un antigène embryonnaire pendant les 7 premiers jours d'incubation. Il disparaît graduellement et n'est plus observé 4 jours après l'éclosion. Cet antigène embryonnaire a pu être curieusement décelé en utilisant des anti‐sérums produits contre des erythrocytes d'hybrides comportant un des caractères antigéniques (ch‐4) qui différencie le S. chinensis du risoria. L'explication possible de ce phénomène est que les anticorps sont dirigés contre un caractère contrastant du risoria à l'égard de ch‐4, et ce caractère s'exprime sur les cellules de l'embryon mais non sur les cellules de l'animal adulte.

In den Erythrozyten sämtlicher bisher untersuchten Embryonen einer Taubenart, Streptopelia risoria, gelang es während der ersten sieben Tage der Bebrütung, ein «Embryo‐Antigen» nachzuweisen. Mit zunehmender Entwicklung verschwindet es; spater als vier Tage nach dem Ausschlüpfen kann es nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Eigentümlicherweise wurde dieses Antigen bei Verwendung von Antiseren entdeckt, welche gegen Zellen von Rückkreuzungen gerichtet waren, welche ein Antigen (ch‐4) enthielten, welches die S. chinensis von der risoria unterscheidet. Die Befunde lassen sich am besten dadurch erklären, daß diese Antikörper sich gegen ein Merkmal richten, welches die risoria an Stelle von ch‐4 aufweist, wobei dieses nur in den embryonalen Zellen, nicht aber in denjenigen erwachsener Individuen zur Ausprägung gelangt.
Study of Tolerance to the ABO Blood Group Antigens
Authors: Mayeda K.
Published: March 2009

The antibody titers of 94 type 0 persons of college age were determined from blood taken during a single three‐day period and the A or O blood types of the mothers of these donors were determined. The titers of the offspring of the type O mothers were almost exactly the same as that of the offspring of the type A mothers. It must be concluded from the data obtained, that the self‐marker concept does not explain the variations which are characteristic of the titers of the naturally occurring antibodies in the ABO blood group system.

Le titre d'anticorps de 94 personnes de groupe O âgées entre 18 et 24 ans a été déterminé à partir de sang prélevé dans une période de 3 jours; les sangs de groupe A ou O provenant des mères de ces donneurs ont également été déterminés. Les titres des descendants des mères de type O étaient, pour la plupart, exactement les mêmes que celui des descendants des mères de type A. On peut conclure de ces résultats que le concept auto‐marqueur (self‐marker concept de Burnet) ne permet pas d'expliquer les variations de titre qui sont une des caractéristiques des anticorps naturels du système de groupe sanguin ABO.

Bei 94 Individuen im Studentenalter wurde an Blutproben, die bei dieser Gruppe innert drei Tagen abgenommen worden waren, der Isoagglutinintiter bestimmt. Außerdem wurden die ABO‐Blutgruppen der Mütter dieser Gruppe bestimmt. Der Isoagglutinintiter bei Kindern von O‐Müttern wich in keiner Weise von demjenigen von A‐Müttern ab. Aus diesen Untersuchungsergebnissen geht hervor, daß das Burnetsche «Self‐Marker»‐Konzept die Variationen im Titer der natürlichen Isoagglutinine nicht zu erklären vermag.
Application of the Gc System in 1338 Paternity Cases
Authors: Reinskotj T.
Published: March 2009

In the Norwegian population, the chance of exonerating falsely alleged fathers by means of the Gc system is 15.7%. In 1338 paternity cases 138 men out of 1589 were excluded by the Gc serum types. There was a good agreement between the observed and the expected numbers of exclusions within the different kinds of Gc type constellations, and within the different classes of paternity cases.

The paternity indices of the Gc system were calculated, and the relationship between the Gc paternity index in one‐man cases and the frequency of paternity exclusion by 4 other serological systems was studied. It was found that the higher the Gc index, the less was the frequency of paternity exclusion by these systems.

The confidence of exclusions by the Gc types is of the magnitude of 99–99.9%.

Dans la population norvégienne, les chances d'exclusions de pères présumés accusés à faux au moyen du système Gc est de 15,7%. Dans 1338 cas de paternités, 138 hommes sur 1589 ont été exclus par le facteur sérique Gc. Ceci est un bon rapport entre le nombre d'exclusions observées et attendues entre les différentes espèces de la constellation Gc et dans les différentes classes de cas de paternités.

Les index de paternités du système Gc ont été calculés et le rapport entre l'index de paternité du système Gc dans les cas d'un seul homme et la fréquence d'exclusion de paternité par quatre autres systèmes sérologiques a été étudiée. Il a été trouvé que plus l'index Gc était élevé, plus basse était la fréquence des exclusions de paternité par ces systèmes.

La sécurité des exclusions par le système Gc se situe à 99–99,9%

Die Ausschlußchance für fälschlicherweise als Väter in Anspruch genommene Männer beträgt für das Gc‐System in der norwegischen Bevölkerung 15,7%. In 1338 Vaterschaftsfällen wurden 138 von 1589 Männern durch die Gc‐Bestimmung als Kindesvater ausgeschlossen. Es wurde eine gute übereinstimmung zwischen der berechneten und beobachteten Zahl von Ausschlüssen bei den verschiedenen Gc‐Konstellationen und Ausschlußkategorien festgestellt.

Der Vaterschaftsindex für das Gc‐System wurde berechnet und die Beziehung dieses Index in Ein‐Mann‐Fällen zur Ausschlußhäufigkeit in vier anderen Systemen ermittelt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Zunahme des Index mit einer Abnahme der Ausschlußhäufigkeit in den anderen Systemen einherging.

Die Zuverlässigkeit von Gc‐Vaterschaftsausschlüssen liegt in der Größenordnung von 99–99,9%.
Immunoelectrophoretic and Serologic Study of the Immunologically Active Components of Bromelin with Rabbit Anti‐Bromelin*
Authors: Cawley L. P. , Schneider D. , Eberhardt Lucile
Published: March 2009

Anti‐bromelin antibodies prepared in rabbits were employed for immuno‐electrophoretic analysis and in serologic tests to define more clearly the property of bromelin responsible for agglutination of erythrocytes coated with incomplete antibody. The antiserum defined 9 antigenic components designated a through i. Immunoprecipitin band i had no proteolytic or peroxidase activity but appeared to correspond to an electrophoretic component of bromelin that contains both proteolytic and serologic activity. Antiserum was used to demonstrate that antigenic components of bromelin become attached to the red cell and to show that the proteolytic and the sensitized‐erythrocyte‐agglutinating factor (SEAF) of bromelin were neutralized by the anti‐bromelin antibody.

Des immuns‐sérums de lapin contenant des anticorps anti‐broméline ont été préparés; ces sérums ont été utilisés pour pratiquer des analyses immunoélectrophorétiques et des tests sérologiques de façon à déterminer d'une manière plus claire la raison pour laquelle la broméline agglutine les érythrocytes revêtus d'un anticorps incomplet. L'antisérum comportait neuf composants antigéniques désignés de a à i. La ligne de précipitation i n'avait pas d'activité protéolytique ou peroxydasique, mais semblait correspondre à un composant électrophorétique de la broméline contenant l'activité protéolytique sérologique. L'immun anti‐sérum a été utilisé pour démontrer que les composants antigéniques de la broméline pouvaient s'attacher aux érythrocytes et pour démontrer également que l'action protéolytique et le facteur agglutinant de l'érythrocyte sensibilisé (sensitized‐erythrocyte‐agglutinating factor [SEAF]) de la broméline était neutralisé par l'anticorps antibroméline.

Mittels Antibromelin‐Antikörpern vom Kaninchen wurden immunoelektrophoretische und serologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, die daraufhinzielten, nähere Aufschlüsse über jene Bromelinkomponenten zu erhalten, die für die Agglutination von Erythrozyten, die mit inkompletten Antikörpern beladen sind, verantwortlich sind. Das Antiserum erfaßte 9 Antigenkomponenten, die mit den Buchstaben a bis i bezeichnet wurden. Die Präzipitationslinie i zeigte zwar selbst keine proteolytische oder Peroxydaseaktivität; sie scheint aber einer elektrophoretischen Bromelinkomponente anzugehören, die sowohl proteolytische als auch Peroxydaseaktivität aufweist. Das Antiserum wurde weiterhin zum Nachweis von Bromelinkomponenten benützt, die sich an Erythrozyten anlagern. Dabei wurde durch die Antibromelin‐antikörper die proteolytische Aktivität des Bromelins wie auch dessen Agglutinationsfaktor sensibilisierter Erythrozyten (SEAF) spezifisch gehemmt.
Agglutination of Normoblasts with Anti‐D
Authors: Mazumdar Pauline M. H.
Published: March 2009

The presence of D antigen was demonstrated in the earliest morphologically recognizable normoblasts in D‐positive bone marrows. D antigen must therefore be synthetized either by this cell or by a cell type that is not recognizable as a red cell precursor.

Dans les moelles osseuses de sujets Rhésus positif, on a pu mettre en évidence l'antigène D sur les normoblastes morphologiquement les plus jeunes. Par conséquent, l'antigène D doit être synthétisé soit au niveau de cette cellule, soit au niveau d'un type cellulaire qui n'est pas reconnaissable comme un précurseur de la série rouge.

In D‐positivem Knochenmark gelang es, in den frühesten, morphologisch eben als Normoblasten erkennbaren Zellen D‐Antigen nachzuweisen. Das D‐Antigen wird demzufolge von diesen Zellen oder einem noch nicht als Erythrozytenvorläufer erkennbaren Zelltyp synthetisiert.
Exchange Transport of Aldoses in Human Erythrocytes of Different Ages
Authors: Bican P. , Lacko L.
Published: March 2009

Fractions of erythrocytes differing in age were isolated by centrifugation. The course of the exchange transport of aldoses (galactose‐glucose) was evaluated on the basis of the galactose level reached in the apparent steady state. In the young population the level of galactose, entering the erythrocytes from the medium in exchange for glucose, attained a higher level than in the old erythrocytes. The possible relation between this finding and the structural changes in the erythrocytes membrane during the aging has been pointed out.

Des erythrocytes d'äges différents ont été isolées par centrifugation. Le mode des échanges des aldoses (galactose‐glucose) a été évalué sur la base du taux de galactose obtenu dans un état d'homéostase apparent. Dans les populations érythrocytaires jeunes, le taux de galactose entrant dans les érythrocytes à partir du milieu en échange de glucose atteint un niveau plus élevé que parmi les populations d'érythrocytes ägées. Le rapport possible entre cette découverte et les modifications structurales de la membrane des érythrocytes pendant le vieillissement est discuté.

Mittels Zentrifugation werden Erythrozytenfraktionen mit unterschiedlichem Zellalter gewonnen. Der Verlauf des gegenläufigen Aldosentransports (Galaktose‐Glukose) wurde an Hand des Galaktosespiegels unter steady state‐Bedingungen ermittelt. In jungen Zellpopulationen trat im Austausch gegen Glukose mehr Galaktose aus dem Medium ins Zellinnere ein als bei alten Erythrozyten. Die Beziehungen zwischen diesem Befund und den Altersveränderungen der Zellmembran werden diskutiert.
Hematological Changes in Mice Following Freund's Adjuvant Administration*
Authors: Morton JaneI. , Siegel B. V.
Published: March 2009

A single intraperitoneal injection of mice with complete Freund's adjuvant, with and without bovine serum albumin, resulted in transient involution of the thymus and spleen, a wasting syndrome, and an altered peripheral blood picture characterized by lymphopenia and neutrophil granulocytosis. Interestingly, an increased production of antibody was observed during a period of reduced lymphocyte numbers. An analogy has been drawn here to the wasting disease observed in neonatally thymectomized mice.

Lorsqu'on pratique chez les souris une seule injection intrapéritonéale de l'adjuvant complet de Freund, avec ou sans albumine bovine, on provoque transitoirement une atropine du thymus et de la rate, un syndrome de cachexie thymoprive et une modification de l'image du sang périphérique caractérisée par une lymphopénie et une neutrophilic. Durant cette diminution des lymphocytes, il est intcressant de noter une augmentation de production des anticorps. Une analogie existe entre cette maladie cachectique et l'image que donnent les souris chez lesquelles une ablation du thymus fut pratiquée à la naissance.

Eine einmalige intraperitoneale Einspritzung von komplettem Freundschen Adjuvans mit und ohne Rinder‐Serumalbumin bewirkte bei Mäusen eine vorübergehende Involution des Thymus und der Milz, ein »Wasting Syndrom« sowie ein verändertes peripheres Blutbild, gekennzeichnet durch Lymphopénie und neutrophile Granulozytose. Interessanterweise wurde zur Zeit der Lymphopenie eine erhöhte Anti‐körperproduktion beobachtet. Die Analogien dieser Befunde mit der »Wasting Disease« thymektomierter neugeborener Mäuse werden besprochen.
Drug‐Induced Haemolytic Reactions due to Antibodies Against the Erythrocyte/Dipyrone Complex*
Authors: Lay W. H.
Published: March 2009

A case of severe haemolytic reaction following ingestion of Dipyrone (Novaldin) is described. Serological investigation revealed an antibody that reacted with human red cells in the antiglobulin test. The reaction occurred only in the presence of Dipyrone. The antibody was specific for the drug and had no blood‐group activity. The antibody appears to be a thermolabile gamma globulin (IgG). It is suggested that the antibody has partial specificity for red cells and the drug.

Un cas d'une réaction hémolytique grave faisant suite à l'ingestion de Dipyrone (Novaldin) est décrit. Les investigations sérologiques ont révélé la présence d'un anticorps qui réagissait avec les érythrocytes humains au test à l'anti‐globuline. La réaction se produisait uniquement en présence de Dipyrone. L'anticorps était spécifique pour le médicament et n'avait aucune activité de groupe sanguin. L'anticorps est apparu comme étant une gamma‐globuline thermolabile (IgG). On suggère que l'anticorps a une spécificité partielle pour l'érythrocyte et pour le médicament.

Es wird eine schwere hämolytische Reaktion nach Einnahme von Dipyrone (Novaldin) beschrieben. Anläßlich der serologischen Untersuchung fand sich ein Antikörper, der mit menschlichen Erythrozyten einen positiven Antiglobulintest zeigte.

Diese Reaktion war nur in Anwesenheit von Dipyrone positiv. Der Antikörper war spezifisch für das Medikament und zeigte keine Blutgruppenaktivität. Der Antikörper erwies sich als thermolabiles Gamma‐globulin (IgG). Offenbar hatte er eine Spezifität, die sich teils gegen Erythrozyten, teils gegen das Medikament richtete.
An Apparently New Bh‐Like Human Blood‐Type
Authors: Kitahama M. , Yamaguchi H. , Okubo Y. , Hazama E.
Published: March 2009

The blood of a normal 38‐year‐old Japanese woman, Mrs. N. exhibited an unusual property in that (1) her red cells were inagglutinable or agglutinable very weakly by various anti‐B sera, (2) her cells failed to react with ordinary anti‐H reagents, (3) a trace of anti‐H was found in the serum, but (4) she secreted both B and H substances in her saliva.

Her husband was group O and three of her children were normal group B and one was group O. To explain this finding, we propose the presence of a new, rare, modifying gene ‘w’ which suppresses, in the double dose, B and H substances in the cells without any effect on the secretor system.
Gm Factors in Non‐Human Primates1
Authors: van Lochem Erna , Shuster J. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Eighteen different primate species have been typed for Gm factors present at the human γ2b and γ2c loci. Gm factors are absent in lower primates. The Gm factors, associated with γ2c molecules, namely, Gm(s), (c5), (b0) evolve first in the Cer‐copithecoidea species. Gm(z) occurs together with Gm(a) on human γ2b molecules, but in baboon sera Gm(z) occurs in the absence of Gm(a). The simultaneous occurrence of Gm(a) and (z) in the same sera is established in Hominoidea. Gm(b3) is present only in gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees, while Gm(b4) and (c3) was detected in chimpanzees. Polymorphism for the factors studied exists only in orangutans and chimpanzees. The data show a close correlation between taxonomic classification and the evolution of Gm factors.
Application of the Ag (x) Antigen in Medico‐Legal Investigations
Authors: Hirschfeld J.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Data are presented showing that the Ag (x) antigen may be a useful marker in genetic studies with particular reference to its application in paternity cases, where it gives a theoretical exclusion rate of 8.14% for the Swedish population.

So far 906 families with 2491 children have been typed for Ag (x) of which 294 families with 815 children are ‘critical’. The only three exceptions to the postulated mode of inheritance where no exceptions in other systems also occurred were found in one and the same family material comprising only 17 ‘critical’ families with 55 children.

An additional advantage of the Ag (x) antigen as a marker in paternity cases is that this antigen appears well‐developed already at birth and does not seem to be passively transferred from the mother to her child. No association was found between the Ag (xy) system and the ABO‐, MN‐, Rh‐, Hp‐, Gc‐ and Gm (Gma and Gmx) systems.
Complement Inactivation by Contaminants of Ethanol‐Precipitated Fibrinogen
Authors: Siegel A. , Lüscher E. F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. 1. Human fibrinogen obtained from ACD‐plasma by ethanol precipitation in the cold is capable of inactivating human and guinea pig complement. This activity is found in crude, as well as in highly purified products, as long as they are prepared by the alcohol procedure; it is absent in salt‐precipitated fibrinogen.

2. After ammonium sulphate precipitation of ethanol‐fibrinogen, the complement‐inactivating activity can be isolated from the supernatant. Two components are thus obtained, which were further purified by ion‐exchange chromatography and gel‐filtration. Both are proteins, one of them precipitates with the euglobulins.

3. The two components have the following properties:

Component A. α1‐globulin; devoid of esterolytic activities; heat labile (30 min at 56°C); sedimentation constant similar to albumin (4.6S); inactivates preferentially C'4.

Component B. α2‐globulin; sedimentation constant (uncorr.) 5S; hydrolyses TAMe as well as ATEe; stable for 30 min at 56°C; inactivates predominantly C'2.

4. The possible significance as well as the origin of these substances and their possible relationship to certain components of the C'1 complex are discussed.
The Anti‐D Content of IgG Preparations for Use in the Prevention of Rh Haemolytic Disease
Authors: Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Stevenson Mary
Published: March 2009

Summary. Anti‐D concentrations in IgG preparations for use in the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn have been estimated by direct labelling of the IgG with 125I and by an indirect method using 125I‐labelled antiglobulin.

The concentrations ranged from 50–2000 μg anti‐D/ml for total protein concentrations of 10–16 g/100 ml in the IgG preparations.
Contributions to the Study of Plasminogen: High Purification of Human Plasminogen
Authors: Stoian Florica Ionescu , Istrati Maria
Published: March 2009

Summary. By means of series chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 gel columns the authors have prepared highly purified human plasminogen from human plasma. Initially, the plasma proteins are fractionated on Sephadex G‐100 columns utilizing 0.002 M alkaline arginine solution pH 9 as eluent; enzyme‐active effluents are precipitated at pH 6 with 1% solution of acetic acid; partly purified plasminogen precipitate is dissolved in 0.15 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.6.

The plasminogen solution is further submitted to chromatography on two series of Sephadex G‐100 columns, using 0.15 M saline phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.6, as eluent.

The highly purified plasminogen resulting from the effluents which form the descending slope of the elution curves on the last column series is lyophilized, and has a specific activity of 18 cas. U/mg of protein.

The lyophilized preparation is immunoelectrophoretically and electrophoretically homogeneous; acrylamide‐agarose mixed gel electrophoresis shows a single band. Tiselius free electrophoresis of the plasminogen 0.8% solution in saline phosphate buffer pH 7.6 shows a single sharp peak.

The plasminogen preparation is soluble at neutral pH, and at acid pH in saline buffer solutions. The preparation possesses the required characteristics for structural studies.
Demonstration of Leucocyte Isoantigens on Skin Cells by Means of Immune Adherence1
Authors: Melief C. J. M. , van der Hart Mia , Engelfriet C. P. , Eysvoogel V. P. , van Loghem J. J.
Published: March 2009

Summary. By means of the immune adherence assay it was shown that specific leucocyte isoantigens present on lymphocytes, granulocytes and fibroblasts are also demonstrable on epidermal cells. This suggests that the transplantation antigens of lymphocytes are present on all nucleated cells.

The immune adherence assay with epidermal cells is a simple and sensitive method and can, therefore, be used for the selection of donors for organ transplantation.
Erythrophagocytosis in vitro.
Authors: Lee C. L. , Zandrew F. , Kornhauser M. , Davidsohn I.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A factor inducing erythrophagocytosis and producing anemia was found in IgG fractions of rabbit anti‐hamster erythrocyte sera after varying periods of immunization. Agglutinins and hemolysins were demonstrated mainly in IgM fractions after brief immunization and in IgG fractions after prolonged immunization.
Clinical Experience with Three Examples of Anti‐Yta1
Authors: Dobbs Joan V. , Prutting D. L. , Adebahr Margot E. , Jr. F. H. Allen , Alter A. A.
Published: March 2009

Summary. During a three‐year period we have had the opportunity to study three patients who had anti‐Yta antibodies in their serum. Two of the antibodies developed during pregnancy but did not result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. A third patient, although sensitized to Yta by transfusions, received many subsequent transfusions of Yt(a +) blood without any apparent reaction.
Study of Two Anti‐β‐Lipoprotein Isoantibodies Detected in Multitransfused Patients
Authors: Delmas‐Marsalet Y. , Goudemand M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The systematic study of 160 multitransfused patients immunization has permitted the detection of two precipitating antilipoprotein antibodies, one of them in a patient suffering from haemophilia, the other one in a child with congenital anaemia. The specificity of the first antibody is not determined. The second one is an anti Ag (x) antibody.
Sj, a New Antigen in the MN System, and Further Studies on Tm1
Authors: ISSITT P. D. , HABER JANE M. , ALLEN F. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A serum containing antibody activity within the MN blood group system is described. Absorption studies showed that the serum detects two new antigenic determinants that have been named Tm and Sj. The results obtained when 1,400 bloods, 500 from Negroes and 900 from Caucasians, were tested for ten antigens in the MN system — M, M1, N, S, s, U, Hu, He, Tm and Sj — are presented. Unlike most of the recently described new antigens in the MN system both Tm and Sj are of fairly high frequency in Caucasians and Negroes. Calculations of gene frequencies from these data are published in an accompanying paper [7].
Serological Findings in ABO Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: VLAHOVIC V. , BELEZNAY O. , JURETIC M.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Isohemagglutinating activity of sera from group 0, Rh‐positive pregnant women were tested against infant's father erythrocytes using two agglutination techniques.

Isohemagglutinin titers obtained by the dextran technique are considerably higher than those obtained by agglutination in saline. In samples of sera treated with mercapto‐ethanol this difference is even more marked.

The presence of high isohemagglutinins titer in maternal pre‐partum sample of serum occurring together with a lower titer or absence of free isohemagglutinins in the corresponding umbilical cord serum has been found to be closely related to the severity of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn.
The Serological Specificity of the Sensitising Antibodies in ABO Heterospecific Pregnancy of the Group 0 Mother
Authors: Voak D.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The use of absorption and elution studies on the eluates from the sensitised red cells of group A and group B infants of group O mothers revealed that some of the eluates contained mixtures of antibodies with varying affinities for A and B cells.

Some of these antibodies gave agglutination reactions with only A or B cells although they would combine with both cells as demonstrated by absorption and elution studies.

The case examples studied demonstrate the heterogeneity of the antibodies that may be implicated with ABO H.D. Thus some eluates contained only specific antibodies while others contained mixtures of specific and crossreacting or just cross‐reacting antibodies.

The excess of group O mothers associated with the occurrence of ABO H.D. appears to be due to the quantity of antibodies capable of crossing the placenta rather than with the serological specificity of these antibodies.
HL—A Antigens and Genes
Authors: Thorsby E.
Published: March 2009

Summary. To obtain information about the genetic basis of the HL‐A system, 299 unrelated Norwegians were examined with HL‐A antisera. The results indicated that the HL‐A antigens are determined by multiple mutually exclusive genes at two sub‐loci, the LA sub‐locus and the 4 sub‐locus. Four alleles could be identified at the LA sub‐locus: LA1, LA2, LA3 and LA‐BS. Additional alleles exist at this sub‐locus, with a frequency of 0.2572 in this material. Five alleles were found at the 4 sub‐locus: MH, TT, HN, 7C and 7D. Additional alleles also exist at this sub‐locus; the frequency of this ‘null’ allele was calculated to be 0.4565.
HL‐A Antigens and Genes
Authors: Thorsby E. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Eight skin graft donor‐recipient pairs were selected by lymphocyte typing for production of HL‐A typing antisera. After the second or third skin graft from the same donor, antibodies appeared in the sera of five of the recipients. The antibodies were directed against antigens which seem to be determined by alleles of the LA and 4 sub‐loci, and the specificity showed close correlation to the HL‐A incompatibility between donor and recipient. By re‐immunization with intradermal leucocyte injections, two additional recipients produced antibodies against donor cells. One of these antisera seemed to detect a new HL‐A antigen of the 4 sub‐locus (called FJH). It is concluded that skin grafting and leucocyte injections is a simple and efficient method for production of HL‐A typing antisera of desired specificity. The results also indicate that the remaining alleles of the HL‐A system may be identified by antisera obtained by this method.
Treatment of Shock with Dextrans and Gelatins
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen P.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The effects and side effects of dextran and gelatin plasma substitutes relevant to the treatment of shock are reviewed. The physico‐chemical characteristics give the dextrans a certain lead over the gelatins with respect to molecular weight, intravascular volume effect and retention period. Experimental studies and clinical experience, however, have failed to demonstrate any difference of their therapeutic value, as revealed by survival data and suppression of shock‐induced metabolic alterations. Severe allergic reactions may occur with dextrans, but have not so far been recorded with gelatins. Hemostatic impairment limits the tolerated dose of clinical dextran, the risk of renal damage that of low molecular weight dextran. Similar side effects of the gelatins have not been documented. The risk of overtransfusion is greater with dextrans than with gelatins. The lower potency of the gelatins would appear, therefore, to be at least outweighed by their freedom from side effects, which enlarges the therapeutic margin of safety for shock treatment with artificial colloids.
The Pathogenesis of ABO Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Voak D.
Published: March 2009

Summary. A study of the pathogenesis of ABO HD is essentially a study of the interrelationships of the maternal IgG anti‐A/anti‐B antibodies with the various components of the ‘protective mechanism’.

There is an equilibrium of IgG antibodies across the placenta and thus, ABO HD occurs more frequently in cases with high titre IgG antibodies than in cases with low titre IgG antibodies.

The foetal blood group substance ‘protects’ the infants by competing with the red cells for the incompatible antibodies. Small amounts of the homologous blood group substance reduce the IgG anti‐A/anti‐B reaction with A/B red cells and the degree of inhibition increases as the antigenic strength of the red cells decreases.

Possible reasons for the difference in combining power of the various adult and foetal red cells are discussed.

A small deficiency of non‐secretor infants and fathers was observed and the possible roles of secretor status in ABO HD are discussed.
Autoradiographic Studies of Human Chromosomes
Authors: German J. L. , Walker M. E. , Stiefel F. H. , Allen F. H.
Published: March 2009

Summary. Cytogenetic analysis combined with blood grouping in a phenotypically abnormal child and his family suggest that the MN locus is in the long arm of either chromosome No. 2 or chromosome No. 4. The propositus, who is type M, appears to be hemizygous at the MN locus, or has a condition that cannot be distinguished from hemizygous by serological methods. The father, who is type N, is homozygous N/N by dosage estimations. The caryotype of the propositus is 46,XY,t(2q‐; 4q +). About one‐half of the distal part of the long arm of a No. 2 has been translocated to the distal end of the long arm of a No. 4.
The Automated Screening of Irregular Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: MyhrE R. A. , Keilly F. Camille
Published: March 2009

Summary. Antomated antibody screening has been performed on donor bloods for six months, using a filter paper model Antoanalyzer and a specially built automatic pooler for an antiglobulin technie. This combined system screens donor blood for antibodies which react by either enzymes or anti‐human globulin methods. The method appears to be fast and sensitive and to be adaptable to the procedures at a large blood center.
Complement‐Fixing Platelet Iso‐Antibodies
Authors: Svejgaard A. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen F.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The reliability of the complement (C') fixation technique with platelets in HL‐A typing was studied by parallel platelet and Iymphocytotoxie typings of 1098 Scandinavians. With good typing sera the reproducibilities of the two techniques were equal and higher than 99.7%. The following HL‐A antigens was demonstrated on platelets by means of C'‐fixing (C'F) iso‐antibodies: HL‐A1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9. Ba*, ILN*, FJH, and BB. The corresponding antibodies were used in the platelet typing of between 20 and 525 unrelated Scandinavians and the results were compared with those obtained by means of Iymphocytotoxic typing. Most of the specificities were detected identically or almost so in the two techniques. Preliminary studies of a new HL‐A specificity, EL, are reported.
Action of Pronase and Neuraminidase on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Erythrocytes from Normal Cats and those with Spontaneous Tumours
Authors: Mehrishi J. N.
Published: March 2009

Summary. The electrophoretic mobility of cat erythrocytes has been determined and compared to the mobility of erythrocytes from some other animal species. The cellular mobility decreases by 53 to 70% on treatment with neuraminidase and increases with Pronase treatment of cells from normal cats by 18 to 36% and increases by about 18% in the case of cells from cats with spontaneous tumours (mammary and tongue carcinoma). This remarkable behaviour of Pronase‐treated erythrocytes has not been observed with Pronase‐treated erythrocytes from humans or other animal species and supports the model of the cat erythrocyte membrane with the extraordinary arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids proposed by Uhlenbruck.
Australia Antigen, Transfusion and Hepatitis
Authors: Okochi K. , Murakami S. , Ninomiya K. , Kaneko M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Nearly one fifth of patients transfused with blood containing Australia antigen(Au(1)‐positive blood) produced antibodies against the Au(1) antigen. The antibodies were also found in recipients of Au(1)‐netagive blood, although less frequently. A plasma product, heat‐treated (60°C, 10 h) plasma protein solution, may also be an antigenic stimulus for antibody production. After transfusion the Au antigen became demonstrable in the serum of 18 of 55 recipients of Au(1)‐positive blood and in the serum of 10 of 99 recipients of Au(1)‐negative blood. Almost all of them developed hepatitis. In some patients, the antigen appeared before the elevation of SGPT level. The prevalence of post‐transfusion hepatitis in the recipients of Au(1)‐positive blood was higher than in the recipients of Au(1)‐negative blood, and the difference was most significant between the groups who received less than five units of blood. The recipients who produced antibodies against the Au(1) antigen seemed less susceptible to the development of post‐transfusion hepatitis. Since the majority of recipients of Au(1)‐positive blood developed post‐transfusion hepatitis, the transfusion of Au(1)‐positive blood should be avoided. However, eliminating Au(1)‐positive blood evidently will not completely prevent the occurrence of post‐transfusion hepatitis. The need to develop more sensitive techniques than double diffusion in agar for detecting the antigen and to investigate other agents than the Au(1) antigen is discussed in order to establish a screening procedure of carriers of hepatitis virus.
New Variants in the ABOH Blood Group System due to Interaction of Recessive Genes Controlling the Formation of H Antigen in Erythrocytes: the ‘Bombay’‐Like Phenotypes OHm, OBHm and OABHm
Authors: Hrubiško M. , Laluha J. , Mergancová Olga , Žákovicová Soňa
Published: March 2009

Abstract. New variants of the ABOH blood group system are described which are similar to the ‘Bombay’ phenotype, but differ from it by Le(a‐b+) erythrocytes and secretion of ABH and Lea and Leb antigens. The erythrocytes of the proposita and members of her family are group O, negative with anti‐H; agglutinins if the ‘Bombay’ type, active also at 37°C, but weakened owing to interference by the secreted antigens, were found in the sera. The genetic background of the observed phenotypes is discussed. It appears likely that the atypical blood groups are due to a pair of recessive genes at a locus designated as Z/z and responsible for biosynthesis of H antigen in erythrocytes. The Z/z locus very probably belongs to the operator/regulator gene complex for the structural gene H, and has a position similar that of the Y/y pair in relation to A gene. The homozygous combination zz causes suppression (modification) of the H phenotype in erythrocytes. As a result, the expression of the blood groups, as determined by the structural gene A or B, is also suppressed. It is suggested that these variants (phenotypes) be given the symbols OHm, OAHm, OBHm and OABHm if the genetic information O, A, B or AB can be demonstrated only indirectly, and symbols AHm and BHm if the phenotype can be demonstrated by specific agglutination reactions.
Re‐stimulation of Anti‐D in Donors
Authors: Holburn A. M. , Cleghorn T. E. , Hughes‐Jones N. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 30 D‐negative subjects immunised by pregnancy or transfusion all had anti‐D concentrations of less than 4 μg/ml. Following re‐stimulation with D‐positive cells 14 of the 30 achieved anti‐D concentrations of over 40 μg/ml. The rise in antibody concentration was accompanied by a small rise in the average equilibrium constant.
Positive Direct Coombs Tests with Anti‐IgA Antiserum
Authors: MACKENZIE M. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Six patients with hemolytic anemia were found to have positive direct antiglobulin tests with antisera to IgA, in addition to positive reactions with anti‐IgG, ‐IgM or C3 antisera. Absorption studies suggest that IgA exists as a complex with other immunoglobulins. IgA found on such erythrocytes may be a true auto‐antibody but may represent absorption of this immunoglobulin by antigen‐antibody complexes.
Comparative Studies of the Anti‐A Agglutinins from Dolichos biflorus and Certain Snails
Authors: UHLENBRUCK G. , SPRENGER I. , LESENEY A. M. , FONT J. , BOURRILLON R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Heterophile anti‐A reagents from Dolichos biflorus and several snails were compared with each other by immunodiffusion and immunelectrophoresis. The differences between the lectin and the snail agglutinins were pointed out. Fewer dissimilarities were obtained in hemagglutination inhibition tests using several compounds with α or β‐linked N‐acetyl‐D‐ galactosamine. In general it was found, that the crude snail anti‐A reagents reacted much better with the A determinant, either cellular or soluble, than the purified lectin.