bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The predictive value of quantitative nucleic acid amplification detection ofClostridium difficiletoxin gene for faecal sample toxin status and patient outcome
Authors: Davies Kerrie A , Planche Tim , Wilcox Mark H
Published: October 2018

Background

Laboratory diagnosis ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) remains unsettled, despite updated guidelines. We investigated the potential utility of quantitative data from a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) forC. difficiletoxin gene (tg) for patient management.

Methods

Using data from the largest everC. difficilediagnostic study (8853 diarrhoeal samples from 7335 patients), we determined the predicative value of C. difficile tgNAAT (Cepheid Xpert C.diff) low cycle threshold (CT) value for patient toxin positive status, CDI severity, mortality and CDI recurrence. Reference methods for CDI diagnosis were cytotoxicity assay (CTA) and cytotoxigenic culture (CTC).

Results

Of 1281 tgNAAT positive faecal samples, 713 and 917 were CTA and CTC positive, respectively. The median tgNAAT CT for patients who died was 25.5 vs 27.5 for survivors (p = 0.021); for toxin-positivity was 24.9 vs 31.6 for toxin-negative samples (p<0.001) and for patients with a recurrence episode was 25.6 vs 27.3 for those who did not have a recurrent episode (p = 0.111). Following optimal cut-off determination, low CT was defined as ≤25 and was significantly associated with a toxin-positive result (P<0.001, positive predictive value 83.9%), presence of PCR-ribotype 027 (P=0.025), and mortality (P=0.032). Recurrence was not associated with low CT (p 0.111).

Conclusions

Low tgNAAT CT could indicate CTA positive patients, have more severe infection, increased risk of mortality and possibly recurrence. Although, the limited specificity of tgNAAT means it cannot be used as a standalone test, it could augment a more timely diagnosis, and optimise management of these at-risk patients.
Soleus muscle weakness in Cerebral Palsy: muscle architecture revealed with Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Sahrmann Annika S. , Stott Ngaire Susan , Besier Thor F. , Fernandez Justin W. , Handsfield Geoffrey G.
Published: October 2018

Cerebral palsy (CP) is associated with movement disorders and reduced muscle size. This latter phenomenon has been observed by computing muscle volumes from conventional MRI, with most studies reporting significantly reduced volumes in leg muscles. This indicates impaired muscle growth, but without knowing muscle fiber orientation, it is not clear whether muscle growth in CP is impaired in the along-fiber direction (indicating shortened muscles and limited range of motion) or the cross-fiber direction (indicating weak muscles and impaired strength). Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) we can determine muscle fiber orientation and construct 3D muscle architectures to examine along-fiber length and cross-sectional area separately. Such an approach has not been undertaken in CP. Here, we use advanced DTI sequences with fast imaging times to capture fiber orientations in the soleus muscle of children with CP and age-matched, able-bodied controls. Physiological cross sectional areas (PCSA) were reduced (37 ± 11%) in children with CP compared to controls, indicating impaired muscle strength. Along-fiber muscle lengths were not different between groups, but we observed large variance in length within CP group. This study is the first to demonstrate functional strength deficits using DTI and implicates impaired cross-sectional muscle growth in children with cerebral palsy.
Evaluating an Upper Respiratory Disease Panel on the Portable MinION Sequencer
Authors: Lyon Wanda J. , Smith Zachary K. , Grier Brian , Baldwin James , Starr Clarise R.
Published: October 2018

The MinION was used to evaluate upper respiratory disease infections using both whole genome amplification (WGA), targeted sequencing, and was found to have tremendous potential for field use. The MinION nanopore sequencer was been released to community testers for evaluation using a variety of sequencing applications. The MinION was used to evaluate upper respiratory disease infections using both whole genome amplification and targeted sequencing, and was found to have tremendous potential for field use. In this study, we tested the ability of the MinION nanopore sequencer to accurately identify and differentiate clinical bacterial and viral samples via targeted sequencing and whole genome sequencing. The current nanopore technology has limitations with respect to error rate but has steadily improved with development of new flow cells and kits. Upper respiratory disease organisms were successfully identified and differentiated down to the strain level with 87-98% alignment to our reference genome database. The ability to differentiate strains by amplicon and whole genome sequencing on the MinION was accomplished despite the observed average per 100-base error rate averaged 1.2E-01. This study offers evidence of the utility of sequencing to identify and differentiate both viral and bacterial species present within clinical samples.
Open channel droplet-based microfluidics
Authors: Berry Samuel B. , Lee Jing J. , Berthier Jean , Berthier Erwin , Theberge Ashleigh B.
Published: October 2018

Droplet-based microfluidics enables compartmentalization and controlled manipulation of small volumes. Open microfluidics provides increased accessibility, adaptability, and ease of manufacturing compared to closed microfluidic platforms. Here, we begin to build a toolbox for the emerging field of open channel droplet-based microfluidics, combining the ease of use associated with open microfluidic platforms with the benefits of compartmentalization afforded by droplet-based microfluidics. We develop fundamental microfluidic features to control droplets flowing in an immiscible carrier fluid within open microfluidic systems. Our systems use capillary flow to move droplets and carrier fluid through open channels and are easily fabricated through 3D printing, micromilling, or injection molding; further, droplet generation can be accomplished by simply pipetting an aqueous droplet into an empty open channel. We demonstrate on-chip incubation of multiple droplets within an open channel and subsequent transport (using an immiscible carrier phase) for downstream experimentation. We also present a method for tunable droplet splitting in open channels driven by capillary flow. Additional future applications of our toolbox for droplet manipulation in open channels include cell culture and analysis, on-chip microscale reactions, and reagent delivery.
Sox2 and FGF20 interact to regulate organ of Corti hair cell and supporting cell development in a spatially-graded manner
Authors: Yang Lu M. , Cheah Kathryn S.E. , Huh Sung-Ho , Ornitz David M.
Published: October 2018

The mouse organ of Corti develops in two steps: progenitor specification and differentiation. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling is important in this developmental pathway, as deletion of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) or its ligand,Fgf20, leads to the loss of hair cells and supporting cells from the organ of Corti. However, whether FGF20-FGFR1 signaling is required during specification or differentiation, and how it interacts with the transcription factor Sox2, also important for hair cell and supporting cell development, has been a topic of debate. Here, we show that while FGF20-FGFR1 signaling functions during progenitor differentiation, FGFR1 has an FGF20-independent, Sox2-dependent role in specification. We also show that a combination of reduction inSox2expression andFgf20deletion recapitulates theFgfr1-deletion phenotype. Furthermore, we uncovered a strong genetic interaction betweenSox2andFgf20, especially in regulating the development of hair cells and supporting cells towards the basal end and the outer compartment of the organ of Corti. To explain this genetic interaction and its effects on the basal end of the organ of Corti, we provide evidence that decreasedSox2expression delays specification, which begins at the organ of Corti apex, whileFgf20-deletion results in premature onset of differentiation, which begins near the organ of Corti base. Thereby,Sox2andFgf20interact to ensure that specification occurs before differentiation towards the cochlear base. These findings reveal an intricate developmental program regulating organ of Corti development along the basal-apical axis of the cochlea.

Author summary

The mammalian cochlea contains the organ of Corti, a specialized sensory epithelium populated by hair cells and supporting cells that detect sound. Hair cells are susceptible to injury by noise, toxins, and other insults. In mammals, hair cells cannot be regenerated after injury, resulting in permanent hearing loss. Understanding genetic pathways that regulate hair cell development in the mammalian organ of Corti will help in developing methods to regenerate hair cells to treat hearing loss. Many genes are essential for hair cell and supporting cell development in the mouse organ of Corti. Among these areSox2,Fgfr1, andFgf20. Here, we investigate the relationship between these three genes to further define their roles in development.

Interestingly, we found thatSox2andFgf20interact to affect hair cell and supporting cell development in a spatially-graded manner. We found that cells toward the outer compartment and the base of the organ of Corti are more strongly affected by the loss ofSox2andFgf20. We provide evidence that this spatially-graded effect can be partially explained by the roles of the two genes in the precise timing of two sequential stages of organ of Corti development, specification and differentation.
High-fat diet intake modulates maternal intestinal adaptations to pregnancy, and results in placental hypoxia and impaired fetal gut development
Authors: Gohir Wajiha , Kennedy Katherine M. , Wallace Jessica G. , Saoi Michelle , Bellissimo Christian J. , Britz-McKibbin Philip , Petrik Jim J. , Surette Michael G. , Sloboda Deborah M.
Published: October 2018

Shifts in maternal intestinal microbiota have been implicated in metabolic adaptations to pregnancy. In this study we investigated how high-fat diet intake impacts the maternal gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation and gut barrier integrity, placental inflammation, and fetal intestinal development at E18.5. High-fat diet (HFD) was associated with decreased relative abundancesof SCFA producing genera during pregnancy. These diet-induced shifts paralleled decreased maternal intestinal mRNA levels of SCFA receptor Gpr41, modestly decreased cecal butyrate, and altered mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cell markers in the maternal intestine. Maternal HFD resulted inimpaired gut barrier integrity, with corresponding increases in circulating maternal levels of LPS and TNF.Placentafromhigh-fat fed damsdemonstrated blood vessel immatu-rityand hypoxia, decreased freecarnitine, acylcarnitine derivatives, TMAO, as well as altered mRNA levels of inflammation, autophagy and ER stress markers. HFD exposed fetuses had increased activation of NF-κB and inhibition of the unfolded protein response in the developing intestine. Together, these data suggest that high-fat diet intake prior to and during pregnancy shifts the composition of the maternal gut microbiota and impairs gut barrier integrity, resulting in increased maternal circulating LPS, which may ultimate contribute to changes in placental vasculariza-tion and fetal gut development.

Funding information

Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute (KMK); Canadian Institute of Health Research (CJB); Canada Research Chairs Program (MGS, DMS); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Genome Canada (PBM).
From the cage to the wild: Introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico
Authors: Falcón Wilfredo , Tremblay Raymond L.
Published: October 2018

Introduced psittacine birds can become highly invasive. In this study, we assessed invasions of Psittaciformes in Puerto Rico. We reviewed the literature, public databases, citizen science records, and performed in situ population surveys across the island to determine the historical and current status and distribution of psittacine species. We used count data fromEbirdto determine population trends. For species whose populations were increasing, we modelled their potential distribution using niche modeling techniques. We found 46 Psittaciformes in Puerto Rico, of which 26% are only present as pets, at least 29 species have been reported in the wild, and of those, there is evidence that at least 12 species are breeding. Our results indicate that most introduced species which have been detected as established still persist, although mostly in localized areas and small populations. Clear evidence of invasiveness was found forBrotogeris versicolurusandMyiopsitta monachus, which have greatly expanded their range in recent years.Psittacara erythrogenysandEupsittacula canicularisalso showed population increases, although to a lesser degree. The niche models predicted suitable areas for the four species, and also indicate the potential for range expansion. We discuss the factors leading to invasion success, assess the potential impacts, and we discuss possible management strategies and research prospects.
MetaCell: analysis of single cell RNA-seq data using k-NN graph partitions
Authors: Baran Yael , Sebe-Pedros Arnau , Lubling Yaniv , Giladi Amir , Chomsky Elad , Meir Zohar , Hoichman Michael , Lifshitz Aviezer , Tanay Amos
Published: October 2018

Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has become the method of choice for analyzing mRNA distributions in heterogeneous cell populations. scRNA-seq only partially samples the cells in a tissue and the RNA in each cell, resulting in sparse data that challenge analysis. We develop a methodology that addresses scRNA-seq’s sparsity through partitioning the data into metacells: disjoint, homogenous and highly compact groups of cells, each exhibiting only sampling variance. Metacells constitute local building blocks for clustering and quantitative analysis of gene expression, while not enforcing any global structure on the data, thereby maintaining statistical control and minimizing biases. We illustrate the MetaCell framework by re-analyzing cell type and transcriptional gradients in peripheral blood and whole organism scRNA-seq maps. Our algorithms are implemented in the new MetaCell R/C++ software package.
Heterotrimeric G proteins promote FLS2 protein accumulation through inhibition of FLS2 autophagic degradation
Authors: Miller Jimi C. , Lawrence Stacey A. , Clay Nicole K.
Published: October 2018

FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) is a plant immune receptor that binds bacterial flagellin to activate immune signaling. This immune signal is transduced by a heterotrimeric G protein complex at the plasma membrane and activates downstream signaling. However, it is unknown whether the heterotrimeric G proteins have functions at other subcellular locations away from the plasma membrane. Here, we show that components of the heterotrimeric G protein complex stabilize FLS2 protein levels by inhibiting the autophagic degradation of FLS2. Using genetic analysis, we determined that mutations of G protein components resulted in reduced immune signaling in part due to decreased FLS2 protein levels. Furthermore, reduction of FLS2 protein levels was caused by elevated proteasomal and autophagic degradation of FLS2. Genetic inhibition of autophagy in G protein mutants rescued FLS2 levels and immunity. Our findings suggest that the heterotrimeric G protein components, in addition to being part of the heterotrimeric G protein complex that transduces signals at the plasma membrane, also function away from the plasma membrane to control FLS2 protein levels. These results expand the functional capacity of the heterotrimeric G protein complexes in plant immunity.
A comparison of parametric and integrative approaches for X-ray fluorescence analysis applied to a Stroke model
Authors: Crawford Andrew M. , Sylvain Nicole J. , Hou Huishu , Hackett Mark J. , Pushie M. Jake , Pickering Ingrid J. , George Graham N. , Kelly Michael E.
Published: October 2018

Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging enables visualization and quantification of microscopic distributions of elements. This versatile technique has matured to the point where it is used in a wide range of research fields. The method can be used to quantitate the levels of different elements in the image on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Two approaches to X-ray fluorescence image analysis are commonly used, namely, (i) integrative analysis, or window binning, which simply sums the numbers of all photons detected within a specific energy region of interest; and (ii) parametric analysis, or fitting, in which emission spectra are represented by the sum of parameters representing a series of peaks and other contributing factors. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between these two methods of image analysis using X-ray fluorescence imaging of mouse brain-tissue sections; it is shown that substantial errors can result when data from overlapping emission lines are binned rather than fitted. These differences are explored using two different digital signal processing data-acquisition systems with different count-rate and emission-line resolution characteristics. Irrespective of the digital signal processing electronics, there are substantial differences in quantitation between the two approaches. Binning analyses are thus shown to contain significant errors that not only distort the data but in some cases result in complete reversal of trends between different tissue regions.
An improved hybrid flower pollination algorithm for assembly sequence optimization
Authors: Mishra Atul , Deb Sankha
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Assembly sequence optimization is a difficult combinatorial optimization problem having to simultaneously satisfy various feasibility constraints and optimization criteria. Applications of evolutionary algorithms have shown a lot of promise in terms of lower computational cost and time. But there remain challenges like achieving global optimum in least number of iterations with fast convergence speed, robustness/consistency in finding global optimum, etc. With the above challenges in mind, this study aims to propose an improved flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and hybrid genetic algorithm (GA)-FPA.

Design/methodology/approach

In view of slower convergence rate and more computational time required by the previous discrete FPA, this paper presents an improved hybrid FPA with different representation scheme, initial population generation strategy and modifications in local and global pollination rules. Different optimization objectives are considered like direction changes, tool changes, assembly stability, base component location and feasibility. The parameter settings of hybrid GA-FPA are also discussed.

Findings

The results, when compared with previous discrete FPA and GA, memetic algorithm (MA), harmony search and improved FPA (IFPA), the proposed hybrid GA-FPA gives promising results with respect to higher global best fitness and higher average fitness, faster convergence (especially from the previously developed variant of FPA) and most importantly improved robustness/consistency in generating global optimum solutions.

Practical implications

It is anticipated that using the proposed approach, assembly sequence planning can be accomplished efficiently and consistently with reduced lead time for process planning, making it cost-effective for industrial applications.

Originality/value

Different representation schemes, initial population generation strategy and modifications in local and global pollination rules are introduced in the IFPA. Moreover, hybridization with GA is proposed to improve convergence speed and robustness/consistency in finding globally optimal solutions.
Analysis and optimization of morphing wing aerodynamics
Authors: Klimczyk Witold Artur , Goraj Zdobyslaw Jan
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a method for analysis and optimization of morphing wing. Moreover, a numerical advantage of morphing airfoil wing, typically assessed in simplified two-dimensional analysis is found using higher fidelity methods.

Design/methodology/approach

Because of multi-point nature of morphing wing optimization, an approach for optimization by analysis is presented. Starting from naïve parametrization, multi-fidelity aerodynamic data are used to construct response surface model. From the model, many significant information are extracted related to parameters effect on objective; hence, design sensitivity and, ultimately, optimal solution can be found.

Findings

The method was tested on benchmark problem, with some easy-to-predict results. All of them were confirmed, along with additional information on morphing trailing edge wings. It was found that wing with morphing trailing edge has around 10 per cent lower drag for the same lift requirement when compared to conventional design.

Practical implications

It is demonstrated that providing a smooth surface on wing gives substantial improvement in multi-purpose aircrafts. Details on how this is achieved are described. The metodology and results presented in current paper can be used in further development of morphing wing.

Originality/value

Most of literature describing morphing airfoil design, optimization or calculations, performs only 2D analysis. Furthermore, the comparison is often based on low-fidelity aerodynamic models. This paper uses 3D, multi-fidelity aerodynamic models. The results confirm that this approach reveals information unavailable with simplified models.
Hidden hunger? Experiences of food insecurity amongst Pakistani and white British women
Authors: Power Maddy , Small Neil , Doherty Bob , Pickett Kate E.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Foodbank use in the UK is rising but, despite high levels of poverty, Pakistani women are less likely to use food banks than white British women. The purpose of this paper is to understand the lived experience of food in the context of poverty amongst Pakistani and white British women in Bradford, including perspectives on food aid.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 16 Pakistani and white British women, recruited through community initiatives, participated in three focus groups (one interview was also held as a consequence of recruitment difficulties). Each group met for two hours aided by a moderator and professional interpreter. The transcripts were analysed thematically using a three-stage process.

Findings

Women in low-income households employed dual strategies to reconcile caring responsibilities and financial obligations: the first sought to make ends meet within household income; the second looked to outside sources of support. There was a reported near absence of food insecurity amongst Pakistani women which could be attributed to support from social/familial networks, resource management within the household, and cultural and religious frameworks. A minority of participants and no Pakistani respondents accessed charitable food aid. There were three reasons for the non-use of food aid: it was not required because of resource management strategies within the household and assistance from familial/social networks; it was avoided out of shame; and knowledge about its existence was poor.

Originality/value

This case study is the first examination of varying experiences of food insecurity amongst UK white British and Pakistani women. Whilst the sample size is small, it presents new evidence on perceptions of food insecurity amongst Pakistani households and on why households of varying ethnicities do not use food aid.
A comparative study of the effects of different factors on firm technological innovation performance in different high-tech industries
Authors: Zhu Jinwei , Wang Yangyang , Wang Changyu
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the different impacts of six variables on firm technological innovation performance in different high-tech industries in China. Through a comparative analysis of data about growth enterprises market board (GEM)-listed companies, this study attempts to get some conclusions, to help firms in different high-tech industries use resources more rationally and to improve technological innovation performance more effectively.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper constructs semi-parametric models based on the relevant data of GEM-listed companies during 2010 to 2015 for different high-tech industries. These models can ensure that the influencing factors of firm technological innovation performance are no longer restricted to a particular aspect but can provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of the effects of factors on firm technological innovation performance in different high-tech industries.

Findings

The empirical results show that R&D expenditures have a significant positive impact on firm technological innovation performance in most high-tech industries, but not in electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry; R&D personnel investment and government subsidies have significant positive impacts on firm technological innovation performance in knowledge-oriented industries; technology diversity has a significant positive impact on firm technological innovation performance in technology-oriented industries; the proportion of exports shows an inverted U-shaped relationship with firm technological innovation performance in electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry, while firm size shows an inverted U-shaped relationship with firm technological innovation performance in general equipment manufacturing industry; and the effect of semi-parametric model fit is superior to the general parameters model.

Originality/value

Drawing on the resource dependence perspective, this paper is the first to consider a comprehensive treatment of differential effects of internal resources (R&D personnel, R&D expenditure), external resources (government subsides) and firm characteristics (firm size, export ratio) on firm technological innovation performance in different high-tech industries in an emerging country, in particular in contrast to previous studies that have focused on a single industry or taken the type of industry as a control variable. In addition, most studies about the determinants of firm innovation performance are based on survey questionnaires, which may introduce large subjective errors. Setting the relationship between variables in advance may also introduce fit error when using a general-parameter model. Semi-parametric regression which is used in this paper is able to prevent this shortcoming effectively. When constructing a regression model, this can be exempted from the formal constraints, thus estimating data more accurately and ensuring superior fit.
Implementation of electrical impedance tomography for analysis of building moisture conditions
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Sikora Jan , Tchórzewski Paweł
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The paper aims to present an innovative solution for evaluation study of the dampness level of walls and historical buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

Electrical tomography enables one to obtain a distribution pattern of wall dampness. The application of modern tomographic techniques in conjunction with topological algorithms will allow one to perform very accurate spatial assessment of the dampness levels of buildings. The proposed application uses the total variation, Gauss–Newton and level set method to solve the inverse problem in electrical tomography.

Findings

Research shows that electrical tomography can provide effective results in damp buildings. This method can provide 2D/3D moisture distribution pattern.

Research limitations/implications

The impact of this technique will be limited to inspection of the facility after floods or assessment of historical buildings.

Practical implications

The presented method could eventually lead to a much more effective evaluation of moisture in the walls.

Social implications

The solution has commercial potential and could result in more cost-effective monitoring of historical buildings, which have an economic impact on society.

Originality/value

The authors propose a system for imaging spatial moistness of walls and historic buildings based on electrical tomography and consisting of a measuring device, sensors and image reconstruction algorithms.
Optimal reconfiguration/distributed generation integration in distribution system using adaptive weighted improved discrete particle swarm optimization
Authors: Subramaniyan Manikandan , Subramaniyan Sasitharan , Veeraswamy Moorthy , Jawalkar Viswanatha Rao
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to address not only technical and economic challenges in electrical distribution system but also environmental impact and the depletion of conventional energy resources due to rapidly growing economic development, results rising energy consumption.

Design/methodology/approach

Generally, the network reconfiguration (NR) problem is designed for minimizing power loss. Particularly, it is devised for maximizing power loss reduction by simultaneous NR and distributed generation (DG) placement. A loss sensitivity factor procedure is incorporated in the problem formulation that has identified sensitivity nodes for DG optimally. An adaptive weighted improved discrete particle swarm optimization (AWIDPSO) is proposed for ascertaining a feasible solution.

Findings

In AWIDPSO, the adaptively varying inertia weight increases the possible solution in the global search space and it has obtained the optimum solution within lesser iteration. Moreover, it has provided a solution for integrating more amount of DG optimally in the existing distribution network (DN).

Practical implications

The AWIDPSO seems to be a promising optimization tool for optimal DG placement in the existing DN, DG placement after NR and simultaneous NR and DG sizing and placement. Thus, a strategic balance is derived among economic development, energy consumption, environmental impact and depletion of conventional energy resources.

Originality/value

In this study, a standard 33-bus distribution system has been analyzed for optimal NR in the presence of DG using the developed framework. The power loss in the DN has reduced considerably by indulging a new and innovative approaches and technologies.
Female underrepresentation in project-based organizations exposes organizational isomorphism
Authors: Baker Marzena , French Erica
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural career barriers in project-based construction and property development organizations in Australia, and explore how these affect women and their project careers. It applies the insights of the institutional theory to explain how the process of normative isomorphism continues to reproduce female underrepresentation in those organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on an exploratory interpretive approach, this study consisted of 16 in-depth interviews with female project managers from the Australian construction and property industry.

Findings

The research shows that organizational practices may contribute to the ongoing female underrepresentation in the Australian construction and property development industries. The structural career barriers unique to project organizations include work practice, presenteeism, reliance on career self-management and the “filtering of personnel” in recruitment and promotion practices.

Research limitations/implications

The results support the institutional theory as an explanation for the factors that influence women’s’ perceptions of their project management careers. Addressing inequity between men and women is perceived as an organizational choice.

Practical implications

To achieve a substantive change in the numbers of women in project management, organizational leaders in male dominated industries such as construction and property development are encouraged to think strategically about how to overcome the access and opportunity that affect women’s career progress.

Originality/value

Drawing on the institutional theory, this study explores how the process of normative isomorphism may reproduce female underrepresentation and gender segregation in traditional project-based organizations.
Fostering workplace respect in an era of anti-Muslimism and Islamophobia
Authors: Sekerka Leslie Elizabeth , Yacobian Marianne Marar
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The marginalization of Muslims can foster anxiety, anger, or fear in the workplace. Such negative reactions may prompt incivility among coworkers, denigrating a thoughtful regard for others. While legal protections are intended to promote fairness, mandates do not always prevent discrimination. As a result, management needs to frame anti-Muslimism as an ethical issue and proactively cultivate environments that support respect. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

To understand how anti-Muslimism may emerge in organizational settings, this work defines Islamophobia and examines how it manifests as workplace discrimination. The extant literature on the subject and a sample of anti-Muslim discrimination cases are studied to better understand this phenomenon.

Findings

An analysis of representative Equal Employment Opportunity Commission cases shows that a lack of accommodation for religious practices is a major ethical issue. Management can proactively address value tensions by creating safe spaces for organizational learning. Balanced experiential inquiry is offered as a process to help employees reveal their embedded biases through personal reflection and collective inquiry.

Practical implications

If managers intend to encourage equity and inclusion, they need to foster organizational learning that tackles emerging forms of discrimination like Islamophobia. A sustained focus on moral development becomes an imperative toward establishing an ethical climate and a workplace that fosters respect for all organizational members.

Social implications

Because organizations are at the intersection of business and society, it is incumbent upon managers to create environments that reject hostilities toward those who may be perceived as different.

Originality/value

In today’s sociopolitical climate, the concern of discrimination toward Muslims is a mainstream ethical issue. A compliance-based approach to advance organizational ethics is not enough. The authors present a way forward, building moral strength through moral competency.
The intelligence explosion revisited
Authors: Jebari Karim , Lundborg Joakim
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The claim that super intelligent machines constitute a major existential risk was recently defended in Nick Bostrom’s book Superintelligence and forms the basis of the sub-discipline AI risk. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the philosophical assumptions that are of importance to the argument that AI could pose an existential risk and if so, the character of that risk.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper distinguishes between “intelligence” or the cognitive capacity of an individual and “techne”, a more general ability to solve problems using, for example, technological artifacts. While human intelligence has not changed much over historical time, human techne has improved considerably. Moreover, the fact that human techne has more variance across individuals than human intelligence suggests that if machine techne were to surpass human techne, the transition is likely going to be prolonged rather than explosive.

Findings

Some constraints for the intelligence explosion scenario are presented that imply that AI could be controlled by human organizations.

Originality/value

If true, this argument suggests that efforts should focus on devising strategies to control AI rather strategies that assume that such control is impossible.
The unsaintly behaviour of Mary Mackillop: her early teaching career at Portland
Authors: Hooper Carole
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Mary Mackillop, the only Australian to have been declared a “saint” by the Roman Catholic Church, co-founded the Institute of the Sisters of St Joseph, a religious congregation established primarily to educate the poor. Prior to this, she taught at a Common School in Portland. While she was there, the headmaster was dismissed. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the narrative accounts of the dismissal, as provided in the biographies of Mary, are supported by the documentary evidence. Contemporary records of the Board of Education indicate that Mary played a more active role in the dismissal than that suggested by her biographers.

Design/methodology/approach

Documentary evidence, particularly the records of the Board of Education, has been used to challenge the biographical accounts of Mary Mackillop’s involvement in an incident that occurred while she was a teacher at the Portland Common School.

Findings

It appears that the biographers, by omitting to consider the evidence available in the records of the Board of Education, have down-played Mary Mackillop’s involvement in the events that led to the dismissal of the head teacher at Portland.

Originality/value

This paper uses documentary evidence to challenge the account of the Portand incident, as provided in the biographies of Mary Mackillop.
Solving shallow water equations with crisp and uncertain initial conditions
Authors: Karunakar Perumandla , Chakraverty Snehashish
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to deal with the application of variational iteration method and homotopy perturbation method (HPM) for solving one dimensional shallow water equations with crisp and fuzzy uncertain initial conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

Firstly, the study solved shallow water equations using variational iteration method and HPM with constant basin depth and crisp initial conditions. Further, the study considered uncertain initial conditions in terms of fuzzy numbers, which leads the governing equations to fuzzy shallow water equations. Then using cut and parametric concepts the study converts fuzzy shallow water equations to crisp form. Then, HPM has been used to solve the fuzzy shallow water equations.

Findings

Results obtained by both methods HPM and variational iteration method are compared graphically in crisp case. Solution of fuzzy shallow water equations by HPM are presented in the form triangular fuzzy number plots.

Originality/value

Shallow water equations with crisp and fuzzy initial conditions have been solved.
Effective talent retention approaches
Authors: Ott Dana L. , Tolentino Julia Louise , Michailova Snejina
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to review the talent management literature to identify ways in which organizations can practically and effectively improve talent retention.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper defines talent and talent retention and explains why retaining talent is so important and why talent leave. Then, it reviews existing literature from scholarly journals and practitioner reports and identifies and discusses means by which organizations can improve their talent retention. Finally, this paper outlines some important lessons that are relevant to all organizations when considering talent retention.

Findings

The review of the talent management literature identifies four ways that organizations can improve their talent retention: developing a solid organizational culture and strong values, providing applicable and dynamic training, fostering an engaging work environment, and offering clear and suitable career advancement opportunities.

Originality/value

The four practical ways to effectively improve talent retention discussed in this paper demonstrate that retaining talent requires more than just a competitive salary package. Talent want to work for and stay at an organization that has similar values, provides training opportunities, fosters engagement and offers career advancement.
Examination of knowledge hiding with conflict, competition and personal values
Authors: Boz Semerci Anil
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was to examine knowledge hiding behaviours with perceived conflict types, competition and personal values of employees.

Design/methodology/approach

Two studies were carried out and structural equation modelling and moderated regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Study I, with employees from software development companies, revealed that task conflict and relationship conflict have additive effect on knowledge hiding behaviour. Additionally, task conflict is positively related to employees’ perceived competition. However, no mediation role of perceived competition was found between conflict types and knowledge hiding. Study II, with employees from the banking sector, indicated that employees’ individualistic or collectivistic values play a moderating role between perceived task conflict and knowledge hiding behaviours. The negative effect of task conflict on knowledge hiding behaviour is higher if the individuals have individualistic personal values.

Practical implications

This study contributes to managers by offering some guidance on what can be the results of conflict and competition between employees and how employees’ personal values can affect conflict and knowledge hiding relation.

Originality/value

To the challenges of knowledge hiding behaviour outcomes for businesses, many managers should first consider the predictors of knowledge hiding and then find some solutions against the negative consequences. This study is one of the first to examine knowledge hiding with regard to conflict types, perceived competition between employees and personal values of employees.
Sustainable management practices in UAE hotels
Authors: Alameeri Amal , Ajmal Mian M. , Hussain Matloub , Helo Petri
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Sustainability has become an important objective for most organizations, as it is emerging as a competitive necessity. This study aims to develop a framework for the identification, categorization and prioritization of sustainable management practices (SMPs) in the hotel sector.

Design/methodology/approach

An extensive literature review was conducted to identify SMPs in the service sector, and a survey tool was used to categorize and prioritize the most important practices based on expert opinion. An analytical hierarchical process (AHP) was used to prioritize the main criteria and sub-criteria of SMPs. The study is composed of 8 main criteria and 33 sub-criteria relevant to the hotel sector.

Findings

It is observed that employee management and government management take top priority under the main criteria, and policy requirements, customer culture and education and training were determined to be the three most relevant sub-criteria as SMPs for hotels in UAE. The results indicate that hotels mostly focus on economic sustainability; however, the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability are ignored in management practices.

Research limitations/implications

The results are derived from four- and five-star hotels and therefore cannot be generalized. In addition, future research on specific categories of hotels is needed in other countries. The current research model can be also applied in different types of companies in tourism and other sectors.

Practical implications

Hotel managers should exert greater effort with regard to the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability practices, as they are highly important. Internationally, there has been considerable debate with regard to these issues, and at present, customers are well aware of such social and environmental efforts.

Originality/value

This study offers original insights into the area of SMP in UAE, especially in the hotel sector.
Mapping built environment professionals’ educational needs to international policy frameworks for disaster risk reduction – community stakeholder perspective
Authors: Perera Srinath , Adeniyi Onaopepo , Babatunde Solomon Olusola , Ginige Kanchana
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Disaster risk reduction is prominent in the international policy agenda, and the year 2015 brought together three international policy frameworks that contribute to disaster risk reduction (i.e. the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction, the Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Climate Change Agreement – COP21). However, there is a dearth of effort at identifying and aligning the specific educational needs of built environment professionals with the three policy frameworks. This is needed to facilitate the incorporation of the contents of the policy frameworks into built environment professionals’ training. Therefore, this study aims to map the educational needs of built environment professionals with the core areas of the three international policy frameworks.

Design/methodology/approach

This study utilized CADRE (Collaborative Action towards Disaster Resilience Education) research project outcomes alongside the earlier mentioned three international policy frameworks. A comprehensive desk review was done to map the educational needs identified in the CADRE project with the core priority areas of the three policy frameworks.

Findings

The study revealed the educational needs that are significant towards an effective implementation of the core priority areas of the three international policy frameworks.

Practical implications

This study would be beneficial to the built environment professionals involved in disaster risk reduction. They will be aware of the specific knowledge areas that would aid the successful implementation of the aforementioned three international policy frameworks.

Originality/value

The outcomes of the study would be beneficial to higher education providers in disaster risk reduction and sustainable development. It has identified the knowledge and competency gaps needed to be bridged in the curricula to meet the demands created by the international policy frameworks.