bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of morality in social cognition
Authors: Ray Jennifer Lauren , Mende-Siedlecki Peter , Gantman Ana P. , Van Bavel Jay Joseph
Published: October 2019

Over the past few decades, two-factor models of social cognition have emerged as the dominant framework for understanding impression formation. Despite the differences in the labels, there is wide agreement that one dimension reflects sociability potential, and the other, competence. One way in which the various two-factor models do clearly differ, however, is in the way the dimensions incorporate or produce evaluations of morality. Aristotle saw morality as the most important basis on which to form positive evaluations, because competence and sociability could only be virtuous, sincere, and trustworthy if expressed through a moral character. This chapter highlights research demonstrating the unique and possibly primary role of morality in social cognition. We clarify the dynamic, interactive, and conjoint effects of morality on social perception, and argue morality, competence, and sociability are three influential and interactive dimensions of social perception.
SPK Penilihan Guru Terbaik Dengan Metode WP Pada MAN 1 Pariaman
Authors: Arman Arman , Sundara Tri Aprianto , Stephane Ilfa , Fadli Muammar
Published: October 2019

Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Padang Pariaman proses pemilihan guru terbaik masih mengalami kendala dan untuk saat ini sistem penilaian terhadap guru masih dengan cara memperundingkan dan menyampaikan pendapat dari tim penilai dalam memberi penilaian kepada masing-masing guru, sehingga guru yang bersangkutan tersebut akan protes terhadap nilainya yang tidak realistis. Tentu hal ini mengakibatkan tidak maksimalnya dalam proses penilaian yang sudah terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membantu Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Padang Pariaman dalam memudahkan proses penilaian para guru dengan menggunakan sistem yang terkomputerisasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mencari nilai bobot untuk setiap atribut dengan cara memberikan tim penilai kuisioner, kemudian dilakukan proses perengkingan yang akan menentukan alternatif yang optimal. Metode penelitian menggunakan  Web  Engineering, bahasa pemrograman yang digunakan untuk implementasi PHP dan database MySQL. Alat bantu perancangan menggunakan UML. Sistem dibangun adalah sisitem pendukung keputusan pemilihan guru terbaik berbasis web. metode yang digunakan yaitu Weighted Product (WP). Hasil penelitian ini adalah Merancang sebuah Aplikasi Sistem pendukung dalam pengmbilan keputusan pemilihan guru terbaik, dan diimpimentasikan  terkomputersasi berbasis web, dengan metode weighted product, dan dapat memperoleh dalam pengolahan data lebih cepat dan efektif,dan dapat membantu Kepala Sekolah dalam menentukan kriteria Guru yang terpilih sesuai dengan variabel kriteria dan sub kriteria yang di nilai oleh Kepala Sekolah.
Aplikasi Penyaluran Bibit Perkebunan Berbasis Web Pada Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat
Authors: Nelfira Nelfira , Suardinata Suardinata , Parwati Nunuk
Published: October 2019

Dinas Perkebunan kabupaten Pasaman Barat mempunyai program kegiatan penyaluran bibit perkebunan kepada kelompok tani. Petani mendapatkan informasi penyaluran bibit dari sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Perkebunan tersebut. Sistem yang berjalan saat ini menyulitkan petani mengetahui keberadaan bibit karena kurangnya informasi tentang penyaluran bibit, proses pengolahan data penyaluran bibit di Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat sering mengalami kesalahan dan hasil laporan penyaluran bibit mengalami keterlambatan karena proses pencarian data yang lama. Untuk itu perlu dirancang aplikasi penyaluran bibit perkebunan berbasis web dengan  menggunakan bahasa pemograman PHP dan MySQL sebagai basis data. Perancangan aplikasi menggunakan metode SDLC model waterfall dengan alat bantu perancangan UML. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah terciptanya Aplikasi Penyaluran Bibit Perkebunan Berbasis Web pada Dinas Perkebunan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Dengan aplikasi ini petani bisa mengetahui informasi keberadaan bibit dan proses pengolahan data penyaluran bibit perkebunan menjadi lebih cepat, tepat, akurat, dan relevan.
Filial Violence: A Peculiar Parent-Child Relationship in the Japanese Family Today
Authors: Kumagai Fumie
Published: October 2019

Filial violence is an emerging problem in the Japanese family today, quite alien to the Japanese people in pre-war times. The abusive youth direct their violent acts toward all members of their immediate families: the parents, the siblings, and the grand-parents. These violent children are “lions at home and mice abroad.” Filial violence happens without warning among the intelligent children of upper-middle class families. The battered parents suffer physically and mentally, and are completely at a loss as to the appropriate paths to restore communication with their violent offspring.

The nature of filial violence is too complicated to identify single cause which would account for the problem. Perhaps the understanding of filial violence can only be accomplished through a macroscopic view of Japanese culture and society today. It is widely acknowledged that the father is generally absent and the mother is dominant in the Japanse family today. As a consequence, the only close-knit tie in the family is between the mother and her children. The historical transformation of the family system from the stem to the nuclear type might be the major force which contributed to the emergence of new types of family interaction. Japanese society today still is characterized as hierarchical-vertical in structure, yet family dynamics have been distorted without the existence of proper authority at home.

Filial violence inflicts upon the battered parents in the violent home agony and anguish. The true victims of filial violence, however, are the abusive children themselves. Hopefully, the realization of the very nature of filial violence will reduce its occurrence in Japanese society in the foreseeable future.
A Comparison of Child-rearing Expectations of Parents in Japan and the United States
Authors: Itoh Fumi , Taylor Clarlbel M.
Published: October 2019

Child-rearing expectations of parents in Japan and the United States for their nine and ten year old children were examined in this study. Parents rated 20 items related to discipline. An overall scale value for each item was determined based on the importance mothers and fathers in each country placed on each item. Parents in both countries agreed upon the importance of telling the truth, being open and honest with parents and obeying traffic and safety rules. American parents emphasized religion more than Japanese parents.
People’s War and the New Democratic Patriarchy in China
Authors: Stacey Judith
Published: October 2019

This case analysis of family revolution in China counters the widespread theoretical misunderstanding of the relationship between family transformation and Communist revolutions. It analyzes the implicit family policy of the land reform, coopcratization, and military policies of the Chinese revolution to illustrate the dialectical nature of family and revolutionary change. It argues that Communist revolution in China played an ironic role in saving peasant family life by restoring and reforming traditional family practices. A unique family system, the “new democratic patriarchy” was created thereby, and this reconstruction process had profound, formative effects on the development of the successful revolutionary strategy of People’s War.
Adolescent Perceptions of Family Cohesiveness, Autonomy and Independence in Australia and Singapore
Authors: Poole Millicent E. , Cooney George H. , Cheong Agnes Chang Shook
Published: October 2019

An important developmental task of adolescents in Western cultures is to become more autonomous and to learn to make decisions. In Eastern cultures, however, autonomy may be seen as less critical than the maintenance of family cohesiveness. In this study, samples of 15-year olds from two contrasting cultures, Australia and Singapore, were asked questions concerning decision ma king in the home, family cohesiveness, and their desire for autonomy and independence. Australian adolescents generally saw themselves as more autonomous and independent, but experienced a lower level of family cohesiveness compared with their Singaporean counterparts. Adolescents in both cultures thought that they played a large role in the decision making process but, as a group, Australian adolescents perceived themselves, as exercising more independence. While there were some gender differences in perception, overall the results suggest that, although gender and culture interact, cultural factors are more significant in the maintenance of family cohesiveness or the emergence of autonomy and independence.
The One-Child Policy in China Today
Authors: Yuesheng Sun , Zhangling Wei
Published: October 2019

Human population control is achieved by either natural adjustment, or by conscious adjustment on the part of society. As the world becomes smaller, the destinies of human beings become more closely inter-twined. Conscious adjustments by particular societies to control the growth of their populations will center around family planning and will be based on the situation faced by individual societies.

China has embarked on an ambitious program to control the growth of its population. The One-Child Policy is a product of Chinese historical development and of policies formulated by the Chinese government since 1949. Furthermore, the policy has developed as a result of urgent social and economic circumstances. It is designed, to relax population pressure and tension in this historical period and is destined to change in the future.

This article presents the achievements of, and prospects for, the One Child Policy. Discussed are the positive and negative effects of the policy. The policy exacts a sacrifice by the Chinese people for the peace, stability and prosperity of China and the world. It is projected that the Chinese population growth rate will be reduced to zero in about 2010. The longevity of the policy will depend upon the effects and speed of national economic development and cultural change throughout China.
The Value of Children in Rural and Urban Iran: A Pilot Study
Authors: Aghajanian Akbar
Published: October 2019

This paper reports on a pilot study of value of children in Iran. Utilizing survey data from currently married women, perceived utilities and costs of children are examined in the context of rural and urban social structure of Iran. Social functions of children, those which reinforce the status of parents in the community, are very important for both rural and urban women. Psychological utilities are expressed more by urban women and economic utilities are highly perceived by rural women. Significant inverse relationship is observed between education, consumption of modern goods, employment out of home and the index of perceived economic utilities of children. Rural urban and socioeconomic differentials in utility of children are discussed in relation to differential fertility in Iran.
Parental Differences in Expectations of Gifted Children
Authors: Strom Robert , Johnson Aileen , Strom Shirley , Strom Paris
Published: October 2019

This comparative study was conducted to identify similarities and differences in the expectations of families whose capable children have traditionally been under represented in gifted education programs. The Parent as a Teacher Inventory was administered to a sample of 69 rural Hispanic and Anglo parents. Responses served as the basis for shaping a differentiated curriculum to help mothers and fathers support their potentially gifted four to eight year old children who attended a summer training institute. Extraordinary abilities of the youngsters were identified using a nontraditional set of screening procedures. The methodology of child selection and outcomes of the summer instructional program were highly successful.
The Marriage Squeeze and the Rise of Groomprice in India’s Kerala State
Authors: Billig Michaels.
Published: October 2019

There has been a widespread shift toward the giving of groomprice (as distinct from dowry) in Kerala over the past two decades. It is argued here that Sanskritiza-tion, of seeking social advancement through the emulation of high-caste practices, has been only a minor factor in causing this shift. The most important proximate cause has been change in the Keralan marriage market effected by both demographic and sociocultural developments. The rapid population growth of the 1950’s and ‘60’s led to a shortage of available grooms of appropriate age. The largescale acceptance of the importance of individual achieved status led to a shortage of grooms by educational and employment criteria. Giving and accepting groomprice has been a predictable response to these changing market forces. In the cultural context of Kerala, the shift to groomprice will probably not cause the type of anti-female practices characteristic of north India.
Is there a Socioeconomic Dimension to Household Extension in Latin America?
Authors: Vos Susan De
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates whether urban/ rural residence or husband’s occupation is related to household extension in six Latin American countries in the middle 1970s. Since urban households were more likely to be extended than rural households among the less well educated, the urban/rural differences appeared more consistent with a world-system perspective than with a “modernization” view. It is important to note, however, that the existence of a difference was not universal, being absent in Mexico and Peru. Also, husband’s occupation was only important among the urban dwellers of three of the six countries, perhaps suggesting that a sizable urban/ industrial economy must exist for there to be a relationship. The paper ends by noting a number of study limitations which could be addressed in future research.
Ethnic Cultural Retention and Transmission Among First Generation Hindu Asian Indians in a Canadian Prairie City
Authors: Dhruvarajan Vanaja
Published: October 2019

Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire method in Winnipeg in 1986 and analyzed using multiple regression technique. The findings are as follows: Among first generation male and female Asian Indian immigrants, those who rank high on religiosity are more likely to retain and transmit both normative and behavioural aspects of ethnic culture; in addition, those who rank low on occupational and educational hierarchy are more likely to promote some normative and behavioural aspects of ethnic culture while those in Canada for a shorter time tend to adhere to some behavioural aspects of ethnic culture.
Kinscripts
Authors: Stack Carol B. , Burton Linda M.
Published: October 2019

This paper introduces kinscripts, a framework for exploring how families as multigeneration collectives, and individuals embedded within them, negotiate the life course. Kinscripts comprises three closely -woven, culturally-defined family domains: kin-work, kin-time, and kin-scription. Kin-work is the tasks that families need to accomplish to survive over time. Kin-time directs the temporal scheduling of family transitions. Kin-scription is the active recruitment and conscription of family members to take on kin-work. The kin-scripts framework emerged from ethnographic studies of multigeneration low-income black families in the United States. We argue, however, that the framework is relevant to the study of the life course of mainstream families as well.
“Here Comes the Bride”: The Making of a “Modern Traditional” Wedding in Western Culture
Authors: Currie Dawn H.
Published: October 2019

Against the trend of increasing divorce rates and the acceptability of alternatives to established family formations, Canadians continue to marry and to remarry. Given the apparent success of feminism over the past few decades and a rise in consciousness about gender equality, researchers are perplexed over the persistence of traditional family practices. This paper explores one component of these practices: the traditional white wedding. Through interviews with a small nonrandom sample of 13 brides and grooms, Currie explores why traditional wedding ceremonies remain popular, and examines the role which they play in reproducing patriarchal marital relations. In this study she contrasts the symbolism of getting married to the practice of wedding planning. In doing so, she highlights weddings as primarily women’s work, occurring through consumption. Explaining how weddings assume this specific form, the author explores the importance of mass culture, perpetuated in part by bridal magazines. Ironically, although weddings entail up to a year of planning and preparatory work, the transient nature of celebrations helps to make weddings appealing. As one day of indulgence, weddings did not require participants to feel that they were compromising their expectations for egalitarian marital relations, despite the fact the work of making the work of making weddings happen was based on an unequal division of labour.
Dowry-Related Violence: A Content Analysis of News in Selected Newspapers
Authors: Prasad B. Devi
Published: October 2019

Dowry, though legally proscribed, is still a culturally sanctioned and socially structured practice in India. In dowry-related violence, not only the husband but his family members take part in the victimization of the woman. This study is based on a content analysis of newspapers to discover the perceptions of the mass media regarding dowry-related crimes against women. The paper explores the content of the news items, with reference to the characteristics of the victims and their spouses, the duration of marriage at the time of the violence, the nature of dowry demands, violence towards the victims, reporting of the incident, and the outcomes. The paper concludes that in more than 80% of the cases, the outcome is the wife’s death, preceded by physical and mental torture. In almost all the cases, the victimized woman is young, not highly educated, and dependent. The incidents are mostly confined to the early years of marriage and the victim’s husband tends to be the main tormentor. At the time of death, in almost all the cases, the woman was residing at her in-laws’ residence.
Group Work with African American Men Who Batter: Toward more Ethnically Sensitive Practice
Authors: Williams Oliver J.
Published: October 2019

The literature on counseling the African American man who batters is sparse. Some researchers have noted an underrepresentation of this population in domestic violence treatment programs. One possible explanation may lie in the extent to which such programs utilize ethnically sensitive approaches. Group treatment, an approach often used with men who batter, has been identified as an effective treatment method with African American male clients. The present paper outlines how practitioners can integrate ethnically sensitive approaches with traditional group treatment in order to enhance the participation of African American men who batter.
Immigrant Kinship Networks: Vietnamese, Salvadoreans and Mexicans in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Menjivar Cecilia
Published: October 2019

Whereas the majority of immigrants obtain substantial assistance from their kinship networks at the place of destination, there are instances when these networks do not lend such support. The experiences of recent Salvadorean immigrants to San Francisco exemplify this case. Although the majority of these Salvadoreans received a great deal of help from kinfolk to make the journey north, these networks often failed to provide assistance at the point of destination. Based on 80 intensive interviews and ethnographic observations, this article seeks to explain instances of network breakdown amon eo, Salvadoreans through a comparison with the experiences of Vietnamese and Mexicans, among whom kinship networks do not break down in the same manner-as they do among Salvadoreans. The analysis in this study suggests that macro-structural forces in the receiving context shapes network dynamics among immigrants in significant ways. The forces in the receiving context include immigration policies, the oscillations of the local economy, and the characteristics of the immigrant community such as its resources and its migratory history.
Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ghanaian Women in Polygynous Marriages
Authors: Klomegah Roger
Published: October 2019

This paper tests hypotheses regarding the association of socio-economic factors with type of marriage (monogamy and polygyny) in Ghana using a sample of 1797 wives from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) data (1988). It is shown that the sample is characterized by general p9lygyny. The prevalence of polygyny is also estimated in tei:ms of its incidence, intensity and general index. The data reveal a significant association between education and type of marriage. Education is positively related to monogamy and negatively to polygyny. No significant association is found between women’s occupation and the type of marriage in which they are Place of resisdence and type of marriage are also significantly related. More rural women than urban women are found in polygynous marriages, and more urban women than rural women are found in monogamous marriages. Religion is significantly related to type of marriage. Orthodox Western religion is positively related to monogamy but negatively rehted to polygyny. Moslems, and traditional religion practitioners seem to be highly represented in polygyny.
Family Life Among El Salvadorans, Guatemalans And Nicaraguans: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kulig Judith C.
Published: October 2019

A qualitative study was conducted with El Salvadoran, Guatemalan and Nicaraguan families to ascertain family life changes after resettlement in Canada. Comparisons between the participants’ homeland and Canada and between the female and male participants are discussed. In total,. 44 participants were interviewed; the demographic information indicated that the majority of the participants were married with children. Women had less education than men with the latter usually working as accountants and teachers.

Within the interviews, the participants were asked about their family life in their homeland and family life changes since resettlement including alterations in parenting, spousal relationships and family life in general. Family life in their homelands emphasizes traditional roles of women and men; restrictions are placed on women’s behavior while a double standard exists for the men. Since resettlement the men, in particular, note undesirable changes among the women. The latter desire an opportunity for education, employment and less restricted life. Simultaneously, the children are losing their Spanish fluency and some exhibit disinterest in their heritage. Emotional and physical abuse is not uncommon and family disintegration has occurred in some cases. Understanding family life among diverse groups such as those described here adds to the growing knowledge base of family life in a cross-cultural context.
Preserving Multiple Ancestry: Intermarriage And Mixed Births In Hawaii
Authors: Laboy Teresa , Jacobs Jerry A.
Published: October 2019

Most studies of intermarriage and mixed births rely on census and vital statistics data that allocate individuals among a set of mutually excl usive categories. This practice of assigning each individual to a single ethnic group unfortunately erases history twice for persons of multiple ancestry: it suppresses the mixed parentage of the children and it suppresses the fact that many parents were themselves of mixed parentage. We provide a simple method for incorporating estimates of the effect of mixed ancestry in analyses of mixed births and mixed marriages. We offer estimates of the actual rate of mixed births and mixed marriages in Hawaii by taking into account mixed racial and ethnic ancestry. Our estimates show that the rate of social and biological mixing in Hawaii has increased even faster than official data indicate. We develop the hypothesis that the presence of a sizeable group of individuals with mixed ancestry creates a momentum toward further mixing of the population, and show that our results are consistent with this hypothesis.
The Trajectory Of Family Change In Nigeria
Authors: Heaton Tim , Hirschl Tom A.
Published: October 2019

Using data from the 1990 Demographic and Health Survey at Nigeria, this study examines ethnic differences in demographic characteristics of the family. Age differences are used to assess interethnic differences in the rate of change. Age patterns suggest fundamental change including delayed marriage, lower rates of polygamy, shorter delays in the interval between birth and the resumption of sexual intercourse, growing acceptability of contraceptive use, a less fateful approach to family size, and a decline in ideal family size. These changes are notably absent in one major group, however. The Hausa, who are the dominant group in Northern Nigeria, appear relatively immune from forces sweeping the remainder of the country. Structural changes such as educational expansion and urbanization which influence family change are also not evident among the Hausa. These differences imply growing ethnic and regional cleavage in p. country that is already deeply divided.
Privacy in the Family: Its Hierarchical and Asymmetric Nature
Authors: Chan Ying-Keung
Published: October 2019

This article examines the nature of privacy in the family. It provides an empirical illustration of privacy zonings within the private sphere of the family that is based on survey data from 4 I 4 Chinese residents in Hong Kong. The results of the analysis point to two main features in the respondents’ conception of privacy: first, the permeability of interpersonal boundaries shows a hierarchical pattern linked to the intimacy hierarchy between the individual and the other family members; second, the level of desire for privacy is different between counterparts in ‘dyad relationships, such as husband-wife, parent-child, brother-sister. Although differences do not occur across all privacy components, they appear to be connected to the asymmetric power structure in the traditional Chinese family.
Status Exchange in Intermarriage Among Hawaiians, Japanese, Filipinos and Caucasians in Hawaii: 1983-1994
Authors: Fu Xuanning , Heaton Tim B.
Published: October 2019

Intermarriage is one of the most salient demographic features of Hawaii. Between 1983 and 1994, 46% of all marriages contracted in Hawaii were racially exogamous. Over 80% of these intermarriages were formed among four major ethnic groups in the islands: Caucasians, Japanese, Filipinos and Hawaiians. This paper examines socioeconomic status exchange in outgroup marriage. Status homogamy emerges as the most important pattern of mate selection. In a broad sense, people choose their mate on the basis of equal socioeconomic status, either within or across boundaries of race and ethnicity. Gender differences are very small, indicating that status is equally important for both men and women in choosing a marital partner. However, these patterns suggest that groups of very high and very low stat us have a very restricted marriage market. Continued intermarriage also raises questions about how to measure race and ethnicity in the islands.
Flexible Families: Capitalist Development and Crisis in Rural Peru
Authors: Vincent Susan
Published: October 2019

In the Peruvian peasant community of Mata Chico, participation in the national economy over the twentieth century has transformed family relations. As people first adapted to an emerging capitalist economy, and then to a crisis in that economy, a family “community of interest” in farming gave way to “complementary interests” among parents and children, women and men. In pursuing complementary interests, younger family members undertake economic activities that lead them away from the farm but family ties, though significantly changed, remain strong.
Social Capital, Intergenerational Transmission and Intercultural Contact in Immigrant Families
Authors: Nauck Bernhard
Published: October 2019

This study investigates the process of value transmission in Turkish immigrant families. Intergenerational transmission is the process that provides cultural continuity. Under contextual conditions of migration, however, rapid and deep cultural changes occur. Major research questions regarding transmission in these special circumstances were (1) the selective contents, (2) the effective means and (3) the differential intensity of value transmission across gender. More specifically, this study aims at clarifying these issues: Which parental values are most readily transmitted? ls value transmission mediated or enhanced by the intended socialisation goals of Turkish immigrant parents? Does intensity of value transmission vary as a function of gender and school careers of the children? To address these questions Lisrel-type (multi-sample latent-level) causal models of value transmission were tested for 400 parent-child dyads from Turkish families in Germany. Applying Campbell’s (1975) theory of group survival to the development of family-oriented achievement values in Turkish youth, it was expected and found that parental collectivism and achievement values - not individualism - are effectively transmitted. In line with Kagitcibasi’s (1996) model of family change, value transmission was mediated by intended socialisation goals, so that collectivistic and aspiring Turkish immigrants parents stress conformity and achievement goals, though only conformity goals appeared to enhance effective transmission. Finally, the transmission models were fully replicated for male and female dyads, but Turkish immigrant parents were found to stress achievement values more for children in non-vocational tracks as opposed to children in vocation school tracks and for sons as compared to daughters. The role of value transmission for family-based adaptation strategies in Turkish migration is discussed.
“Chaemyoun-saving (Face saving)” due to Korean Job Loss: Listening to Men’s Voices
Authors: Yang Sungeun
Published: October 2019

The paper reports on a qualitative analysis of ten personal interviews with unemployed men in Korea who lost their jobs due to the national economic crisis. The study design was exploratory in considering the unique sociocultural context of job loss in Korea. The following question was asked: “What were your greatest concerns after the job loss?” The findings of the study showed that the Korean unemployed men’s greatest concern was “chaemyoun-saving (facesaving)” due to job loss, and that they were doing their best to restore chaemyoun using various coping strategies. The holistic view of the study highlights the importance of understanding experiences of job loss by examining interactions between the sociocultural context and individuals.
Divorce: Process and Correlates A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Rangarao A.B.S.V. , Sekhar K.
Published: October 2019

This study examines the process of divorce; especially the pre-divorce stage, using data from a family court in the city of Visakhapatnam, India. It examines the process of divorce along with the correlates and other determinants. Basing on the information provided by court records, only women divorcees were interviewed. Some of the findings like shorter marriages resulted in divorce and majority of the divorcees were young, comply with the universally acknowledged research findings. However, absence of association between wife’s education and divorce are some of the crucial findings that do not corroborate the established theory. This cross-cultural study calls for evolving a socially approved ritual to mark the transition from marriage to divorce; in order to facilitate the separation in a cordial atmosphere. In view of the linguistic and socio-cultural diversity of the Indian society the study conducted in this part of the country (state of Andhra Pradesh) which is first of its kind, assumes significance. It is also expected to contribute substantially to the discussion on gender related issues.
The Nature and Extent of Recurring Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the United States
Authors: Rand Michael R. , Saltzman Linda E.
Published: October 2019

Physicians play a key part in society’s response to violence against women. Their professional role affords them the opportunity to talk privately with women, identify victims of abuse, and offer support. However physicians’ own history of victimization may undermine their ability to assist battered women. We used an anonymous, selfreport survey to describe the violence history of students enrolled at a medical school, and explore the relationship between students’ violence history, current well being, help seeking, and expected future impact on education and clinical care of patients. Valid surveys were returned by 472 of 810 students. 53% reported experiencing one or more forms of severe violence (30% reported severe child physical abuse; 6% child sexual abuse by a family member; 13% child sexual abuse by a non-family member; 22% severe partner violence; 7% adult sexual assault). Participants with a history of severe violence were more likely to report feeling downhearted and blue. Some participants with a severe violence history reported that these experiences would interfere with their ability to feel good about themselves (32%), develop relationships (38%), work effectively (11%), participate in courses dealing with violence and abuse (15%), and assist patients with experiences similar to their own (18%). Women students experienced more severe physical and sexual violence, and expected more future difficulties in their personal and work life. Results are discussed in the context of the history of gender discrimination in medicine, and the need for new methods for training physicians to identify and assist victims of partner violence.
A Cross-cultural Comparison of Mate Preferences among University Students; The United States Vs. The People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Authors: Toro-Morn Maura , Sprecher Susan
Published: October 2019

In this study, college students from both North America (n = 648) and People’s Republic of China (n = 735) completed a questionnaire that asked about their preferences for characteristics in a mate. Drawing from both social and evolutionary theoretical perspectives, we predicted that traditional gender differences in mate preferences, such as men preferring physical attractiveness to a greater degree than women, would be found in both samples. We also explored other differences between the two cultures, including in the relative importance of the various traits. In both cultures, men emphasized physical attractiveness to a greater degree than women, whereas women emphasized characteristics associated with status (earning potential, social status, wealth) to a greater degree than men. Additional gender differences were found in the Chinese sample which may be associated with China’s more traditional emphasis on gender roles. Further analyses suggested that there was similarity between the two cultures in traits most and least desired but also differences in the relative importance of many of the traits. The greatest cross-cultural differences were found in preferences for “wants children” (desired more in the American sample than in the Chinese sample), “creative and artistic” and “good housekeeper” (both more important in the Chinese sample than in the American sample).
The Social and Demographic Contours of Contemporary Grandparenthood: Mapping Patterns in Canada and the United States
Authors: Kemp Candace L.
Published: October 2019

Although there exists a growing body ofliterature dedicated to understanding the complexities of grandparenting, few researchers have documented the demographic patterns and social trends that encompass contemporary grandparenthood. Concomitantly, in instances where researchers have described such patterns, data are largely derived from studies profiling American populations. This paper, therefore, first establishes social patterns in Canadian grandparenthood and outlines the demographic context_ within which individuals participate in grandparent-grandchild relation ships. Then, placing these findings in a North Americau context, this paper offers a comparative examination of grandparenthood in Canada and the United States . This research explores grandparents’ rates of survival, the prevalence of grandparenthood, multiple generation families, step-grandparenthood and the ava ilability of grandchildren, in addition, analysis considers rates of intergenerational cohabitation and surrogate parenting as well as grandparents’ participation in additional social roles. Ultimately, while national similarities emerge, there are noteworthy differences between Canada and the United States including: the tuning of grandparenthood; the preva lence of grandparenthood ; multiple generation families; and rates of intergenerational cohabitation.
Age, Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Socialization Preferences In Guyana
Authors: Wilson Leon C. , Wilson Colwick M. , Berkeley-Caines Lystra
Published: October 2019

Studies of child socialization in the Caribbean are rare and the knowledge of such issues are at best fragmented. This study responds to the need for additional studies of the interactional features of Caribbean families and investigates the cognitive bases of socialization practices in the Caribbean region. Specifically, the study investigates the hierarchy of thirteen socialization values and the factors that differentiate their relative ranking. Using a sample of adults in the greater Georgetown area in Guyana, N=654 and a split ballot quasiexperiment, socialization values preferred for I 0 year-old, 13 year-old, and 16 year-old children are described . Though a clear pattern of generalized values emerged, the study uncovered subtle and important gender of child, gender of respondent differences as well as variation along a developmental continuum. Though not consistent as hypothesized, some socio-economic differences were also observed in socialization preferences. The need for further investigation of socialization values and practices are noted.
Time to Read: Family Resources and Educational Outcomes in Britain
Authors: Cheung Sin Yi , Andersen Robert
Published: October 2019

This paper explores the role of the family-in particular family background, family structure and social and cultural resources-in explaining educational achievement in Britain. We use extensive panel data to track the relationship between family characteristics and factors associated with educational attainment for individuals from birth to age 33. Our results show that although social class is an important predictor of academic ability and educational outcomes, cultural and social resources in the family also play an independent role. Social resources in the family have direct and lasting positive effects on academic success and also play an indirect role by affecting childhood reading habits, which in tum affect educational success. Parental cultural practices are less important to early academic success, though they are positively related to the eventual likelihood of obtaining a university degree. In contrast,- family size and structure are related to academic achievement early in life but have no direct effect on final educational outcomes. We conclude that the role of cultural and social resources in the family should not be dismissed when attempting to explain educational outcomes.
Fatherhood in Urban Mexico
Authors: Garcia Brigida , Oliveira Orlandina de
Published: October 2019

This paper analyzes the practice of fatherhood in urban Mexico today. Our objective is to identify the socio-demographic factors which can be associated with the participation of men in children’s care and recreation. Data come from a probabilistic survey of 1644 men residing in Mexico City and Monterrey in 1998-1999. Our results indicate that more participation of men in childcare is associated with higher schooling, urban childhood residence, children’s age and holding egalitarian views on care, but not with income or a younger father’s age. It is middle-age men the ones that stand out from the rest (younger or older men) in their fatherhood practice. On the whole, our study helps to identify the nature of fatherhood changes in Mexico, the characteristics of those who are at the forefront of these transformations, as well as the stage of the lifecycle in which they are taking place.
The Influence of “Family” on Agrarian Structure: Revisiting the Family Farm Debate in Bulgaria and Southern Russia
Authors: Small Lee-Ann
Published: October 2019

This paper presents an exploration of the influence of “family” on structural changes in agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe. In the study, the term “family” is used as a metaphor for two fundamental aspects of Western family farming: access to resources through kinship ties and the reproduction of the joint farm and family unit across generations. The discussion is based on findings from inductive field research into agrarian livelihood strategies in Bulgaria and southern Russia. One hundred and fifty one interviews were conducted with co-operative farm employees and independent farmers in Dobrich and Plovdiv regions in Bulgaria, and Pavlovsky and Krimsk regions of Krasnodar Territory. Russia. Although family-operated farm enterprises are the clear minority of agrarian forms in the study sites, “family” is found to play a significant role in the evolution of agrarian structures, particularly through dynamics of land access and entrepreneurialism. In questioning the influence of “family” on agrarian development, the author argues that elements of the Western family farm debate are useful in understanding the resilience of large-scale, co-operative farming in Central and Eastern Europe. Further, she argues that the analysis of the emergent agrarian forms in the study sites can be used to challenge assumptions embedded in Western thinking about the persistence of the family farm.
Medically Assisted Conception: Revolutionizing Family or Perpetuating a Nuclear and Gendered Model?
Authors: Baker Maureen
Published: October 2019

New reproductive technologies have the potential to radicalize family life, as they could blur kinship lines, separate biological and social parenthood, and encourage couples to create ‘designer babies’. On the other hand, these technologies could help more married couples create socially-acceptable nuclear families and reduce unwanted childless marriages. This article uses the ‘stories’ from qualitative interviews with couples seeking fertility treatments in New Zealand to interrogate motives for treatment, gendered experiences with procedures, and views about the future of marriage without children. The interviews show that, despite the potential of medically assisted conception, these participants use reproductive technologies as a vehicle to normality and social acceptance. The results of this study, combined with overseas research, suggest that medically assisted conception could reinforce pronatalism and patriarchal families rather than lead to a future revolution in family life.
Post-Familial Families and the Domestic Division of Labour
Authors: Baxter Janeen , Hewitt Belinda , Western Mark
Published: October 2019

This paper examines independent living among elderly Brazilians age 65+ of different racial groups using 1980 and 2000 census microsamples. Although there was an overall increase in independent living among Brazilian elders, that increase mainly reflects change among Whites whereas there was little change among Browns or Blacks. Since Whites tend to have higher socioeconomic status than Browns or Blacks in Brazil, one might suppose that a racial disparity merely reflects socioeconomic differences. That is a common argument anyway. But if that were so, then after controlling for socioeconomic factors there should be 1) no racial difference in the likelihood of independent living, and 2) no racial difference hi the change in that likelihood. However, we find 1) net racial differences in independent living in both 1980 and 2000, and 2) a net racial difference in change among unmarried men. Our findings suggest that social, cultural or minority status factors not captured in our statistical models may explain these differences. Additional study is needed to confirm or negate this that will ideally include information about non-coresident as well as coresident kin.
Kin Network and its Effect on the Psychological Well-being of the Youth: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ying-Hwa , Yi Chin-Chun , Lin Kuei-Hsiu
Published: October 2019

In the course of fast economic development, a significant concomitant impact on the family system in Taiwan is the weakening of kinship relationships. Nevertheless, denser interactions among kin compared to western societies are still documented. Kin remains one of the major sources of social support in Taiwan. In the paper, we explore the effect of kin networks on the psychological well-being of adolescents based on survey data from the Taiwan Youth Project in 2001 and 2005. We first delineate the composition and boundary of kin networks and then analyze factors accounting for variation in intimate kin networks of adolescents, using the number of intimate kin as the indicator. The major findings are as follows. Intimate relationships between the youth and their grandparents imply a bilateral pattern. The kin network of the youths is limited mostly within the third degree relatives of their parental generation or the fourth degree relatives of their own generation, and reflect also a bilateral pattern but with a little more matrilineal inclination . Adolescents in the most disadvantaged families tend to have a smaller number of intimate kin. As expected, intimate relationships with parents and grandparents lead to larger numbers of intimate kin. In addition, the number of intimate kin significantly affect the psychological wellbeing of the youth; somewhat weak but independent of parental relationships (although it is a weak association, but has achieved independent statistical significance after control for the effect of parental relationships) . Although kin relations or kin networks remain prevalent in contemporary Taiwan, the relationships are more significant in early adolescence, and may decline along the course from adolescence to adulthood.
The Impact of Migration on Marital Relationships: A Study of Ethiopian Immigrants in Toronto
Authors: Hyman Ilene , Guruge Sepali , Mason Robin
Published: October 2019

Little research has examined how migration affects marital relationships, or the processes by which immigrant couples adapt to their new circumstances. This paper presents data from a research project conducted with newcomer Ethiopians in Toronto, both married and divorced or separated. The objective of this paper is to document post-migration changes in the lives of newcomer couples and to examine the impact of post-migration changes on marital relationships. The study sample consisted of 25 participants, all of who were Ethiopian immigrants to Toronto. Both individual and focus group interviews were conducted. The major types of post-migration changes described by study participants were losses of household help, emotional support, income and status, and changes in gender roles. The impacts of these change on marital relationships were described as increased marital conflict, increased autonomy for women, increased mutual dependence, more joint decisionmaking, and changes in communication and intimacy. Study findings challenged the notion that the impact of post-migration changes on marital relationships is all negative. Recognising the potential for positive and negative changes in marital relationships following migration can inform the practices of settlement organizations and the development of violence prevention strategies for newcomer couples and communities. Findings also have implications for the development of theory on the etiology of IPV. However, future research is necessary to confirm study findings with other immigrant communities representing different migration and resettlement experiences to identify commonalties and synthesize results across communities.