bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suggested Modified Aluminon Method for Aluminum Determination
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a modified aluminon method for aluminum determination. The procedure developed by the Subcommittee on Aluminum has been tested in a representative number of laboratories. The comments received have, in general, been favorable, and a modified aluminon method has been developed that is accurate and sensitive and that has reproducible results. The method is based on the fact that dilute aluminum solutions, buffered to a pH of about 4.0, produce with aluminon a red to pink lake that exhibits maximum absorption at about 525 mμ. The intensity of the developed color is influenced by the aluminum concentration, reaction time, temperature, pH, quality of the aluminon used, and concentration of the various accompanying ions in the sample. This article discusses interference, apparatus, general reagents, general procedure, procedure for removal of fluoride interference, calculation, and precision and accuracy.
Proposed Method for Examination of Water for Free‐Living Nematodes
Authors: Chang Shih L.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the development of a method of examining sizable quantities of water for free‐living nematodes, including collection of water samples, concentration of samples, direct microscopic examination of concentrates, and general identification of nematodes. Laboratory apparatus is discussed, along with collection of water samples, concentration of samples, direct microscopic examination, and general identification.
Feasibility of Artificial Recharge at Newark, Del.
Authors: Groot Catharina R.
Published: February 2018

The increased demand for water in the Newark area of northern Delaware has created a growing interest in artificial recharge as a means of increasing the available supply of groundwater. Presumably, water from storm sewers or nearby streams could be directed into spreading basins and allowed to percolate downward into the local groundwater reservoir. To determine the feasibility of this method of artificial recharge, a 24‐day infiltrometer test was made in the vicinity of the city's principal well field. During the test, the infiltration rate, as indicated by the infiltrometer, decreased from an initial maximum rate of 8 ft /day to a minimum of 3 ft /day. Nevertheless, the minimum rate is still well above the acceptable minimum of 2 ft/day, which is considered necessary for the efficient operation of a spreading basin. Consequently, on the basis of the assumption that the infiltrometer rate is a reasonably close approximation of the rate of infiltration from a recharge basin, it appears that the infiltration rate in the vicinity of the well field now in use by the city of Newark is sufficiently high to warrant consideration of water spreading to increase local water supplies.
Organic Fouling of Anion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Frisch Norman W. , Kunin Robert
Published: February 2018

Organic fouling of anion‐exchange resins proceeds by the exchange of large organic acids, the humic acids produced by the decay of vegetable matter. These acids are commonly found in surface water supplies. Accumulation of the acids on resins limits the capacity of the resins for further exchange of the acids and inorganic ions present in raw water. Over a period of time, the acids diffuse into the resin gel and are tightly bound by van der Waal's forces in addition to the normal ion‐exchange forces. The larger acids appear to be too tightly bound or to diffuse too slowly to be efficiently removed in the limited regeneration period, although elution with warm 5 per cent sodium chloride brine appears to remove significant amounts of the more readily released fraction. The most important technique in prevention of fouling and the attendant capacity and quality difficulties appear to be the limiting of organic accumulation on the resins. Thus, frequent brining and the use of scavenger beds appear to be most effective. Flocculation appears to be of limited value in many instances; however, each water supply must be examined individually before the optimum treatment can be deduced.
Circulation of Water in the Hammond Distribution System
Authors: Larson Thurston E. , Guillou John C. , Henley Laurel M.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the Hammond, Illinois, water system, which was installed in 1935 and produced a plant effluent excellent in taste, odor, color, hardness, and sanitary quality. For 24 years, however, red water had occurred at the end loops of the system. The iron content of the raw water had been determined at various times to be 5‐9 ppm with a plant effluent of 0.01‐0.5 ppm. Distribution system samples had shown iron concentrations as large as 4.6 ppm and 7.5 ppm in 1955 and 1956. A number of practices were tried with no real success, before it was decided to try induced velocity, that if economically feasible, would be a decided aid to treatment. Different phases of the problem were studied. Analyses were made of the existing flow pattern, to provide time of travel to various points in the existing system, and of data on relative velocities of flow. It was determined whether it was feasible to recirculate water through the plant for reclarification and thus provide periodic circulation in the dead loops with velocities of 1 fps or 2 fps. Studies were made of an alternate system design in order to obtain minimum time of contact in the mains and still satisfy. The paper discusses system analysis, recirculation analysis, and alternate system design.
Suggested Modified Method for Colorimetric Determination of Selenium in Natural Water
Authors: Magin George B. , Thatcher Leland L. , Rettig Shirley , Levine Harry
Published: February 2018

This paper begins by providing a brief overview of the development of methods for the determination of selenium. Results of a study by Cheng in 1956 found that at a pH greater than 5, piazselenol could be quantitatively extracted with toluene, benzene, or xylene, butyl, and amyl alcohols and that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (EDTA) can be used to minimize the interference of polyvalent metals. The objective of the study described in detail in this paper was concerned essentially with reproducing Cheng's results and adapting his method to the field of water chemistry. The modified method presented here can be used for 0‐50 μg selenium with good results. When the single‐extraction technique is used for simplicity, approximately 60 per cent of the selenium is extracted. The results are, therefore, largely empiric, and care must be taken to insure that operating conditions are kept as nearly constant as possible. Experimental apparatus is described, along with reagents used in the study, the procedure, experimental results, calculations, and precision and accuracy. Conclusions indicate that the removal of water from the toluene layer can be accomplished by filtering through 100 mg anhydrous sodium sulfate on No. 40 filter paper. This method is quicker than the centrifuging recommended by Cheng, and a comparison of both methods shows no difference. The diaminobenzidine reagent can be added either in the solid form or as a solution. It is easier to use the reagent in solution, provided only enough is made up for a few days at a time.
Duties and Responsibilities of the Water Utility Manager
Authors: Seeger William R.
Published: February 2018

By far the great majority of water utilities in the United States are small organizations in which men rise from positions as operators to managerial positions as a matter of routine promotion, usually without benefit of special training in the field of management. It is to such men that this article is directed, in the hope of clarifying what it means to be a utility manager, and what a water utility man can do to prepare himself for a position in the management and administrative branches of the industry.
Water Quality Standards
Authors: Symposium A
Published: February 2018

Ray L. Derby, Principle Sanitary Engineer of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, provides an introduction to this symposium on water quality standards, including a brief overview of the development of water quality standards beginning in 1914 with the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and its standards for water used on interstate carriers such as railroads, buses, steamships, and, more recently, airplanes. Revisions of this standard are outlined, along with the USPHS recommendations in regard to sanitary engineering practices. Omar C. Hopkins, Deputy Chief of the Water Supply & Pollution Control Division, U.S. Public Health Service, and Oscar Gullans, Chief Filtration Engineer of the South District Filtration Plant, Chicago, Illinois, discuss revisions and recommendations to the USPHS Drinking Water Standards on the following topics: source and protection; bacteriologic quality; physical characteristics; radiologic quality; chemical characteristics; and, new substances. John R. Baylis, Engineer of Water Purification at the Chicago Department of Water & Sewers, discusses the need for a water quality standard, and as an adjunct, the need for standard methods for testing water quality. The Baylis turbidimeter is discussed, along with the importance of turbidity measurement, the current lack of highly educated chemists and bacteriologists in some water filtration plants, the urgent need for research, a grading system for utilities to promote efficiency, employee training courses, promotion and salary, the need for a performance guide, unfiltered surface water, and the practical value of USPHS limits. Elwood L. Bean, Chief of the Treatment Section of the Philadelphia Water Department, discusses the need for professional standards in addition to government standards, the inadequacy of USPHS standards, the functional objectives of standards, and topics of consideration for a standard. Lastly, Frank E. Maloney, Dean and Professor of Law at the University of Florida's College of Law in Gainesville, Florida, discusses enforceable legal effects of water quality standards. Maloney also discusses public health legislation, fluoridation litigation, liability for negligence, and liability for implied warranty.
Principles of Rate Making for Publicly Owned Utilities
Authors: Baxter Samuel S.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses three published sources of information on the determination of water rates. The first is a book on meter rates written by Allen Hazen that suggests the theory that the only logical and fair way of selling water is by measurement, and that this measurement should be done with water meters. This method involves a service charge or a minimum charge, with or without a water allowance, and a step rate in three phases, in which the unit cost of additional water decreases as the quantity used increases. The second publication discussed in this paper is a joint report on rates and rate structures published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the American Bar Association (ABA). The report made specific recommendations regarding rate structures in the following areas: the need for dual‐rate structures, one rate for users and one for nonusers of facilities, the latter rate requiring the nonusers to pay for some of the cost of the installation of water facilities before they are used; allocating costs between fire protection and general water service; procedures which include a minimum or service charge and three or more steps of quantity rates; a real demand charge be collected in the first block of the output or commodity rate that would be a major portion of the capacity charge; a diminishing quantity of the fixed charges should be collected in the subsequent rate blocks, but noted that no fixed rules should be established for the division into the various blocks; and, the need for a satisfactory type of demand meter, and suggested that in the absence of such a meter, special rates be established for special customers. The third source for determining water rates is AWWA's committee report, “The Determination of Water Rates Schedules”, published in 1953, and which now has become AWWA's manual on water rates. The objective of the report was to point out the basic elements involved in rate‐making, including alternate procedures, and thus permit judgment to be exercised in meeting the local conditions and laws. The report discussed the two principal classifications of revenue determination: the utility basis, used by privately owned and operated companies and by public departments in the eight states that regulate agencies; and, the cash basis, generally used by publicly owned and operated utilities. The AWWA report clearly outlined the three basic cost classifications in use in the United States for some time which are used in the demand basis method, including: customer costs, which include such items as maintenance of service, maintenance of meters, meter reading, billing, and collection of accounts; capacity costs, which arise from the providing plant and keeping it in readiness to serve; and, commodity costs, which vary directly with the amount of water produced.
Microbial Concentration of Iron and Manganese in Water With Low Concentrations of These Elements
Authors: Wolfe Ralph S.
Published: February 2018

Various microorganisms are known to concentrate iron and manganese in water supplies by depositing hydroxides of these elements in sheaths and stalks or in the slime layer adjacent to the microorganism cell. Iron bacteria are commonly found in waters that provide a continuous supply of ferrous ions and are most troublesome in water supplies in which the iron content is 1 ppm or greater. A large ensheathed bacterium has been studied that concentrates iron and manganese in its sheaths and that flourishes in a water supply containing, by chemical analysis, no detectable manganese and less than 0.02 ppm iron.
Loss in Pipeline Carrying Capacity Due to Corrosion and Tuberculation
Authors: Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the classification of calcium carbonate stability as an adjunct to natural or artificial protective coatings on metals. This is due to the fact that the quantity of an available protective ingredient is limited for any water and may not be sufficient to neutralize or react with the quantity of products resulting from corrosion ‐ that is, the rate of reaction of inhibiting agents may not equal or exceed the rate of production of corrosion products from an unprotected metal. It is also clear that higher velocities of flow, even if induced by the aid of applied energy, improve the efficiency of calcium carbonate stability by bringing the protective ingredients more rapidly and in greater volume (or mass) to the point of corrosion reaction. The saturation index can indicate the quantity of available supersaturation of calcium carbonate. But there is also a need for a numerical parameter that can indicate, more effectively than the saturation index, the latent buffer capacity of water to yield more available calcium carbonate by reaction with the OH‐ corrosion product. Other aids or inhibitors may also be beneficial under certain conditions. These aids should be studied and reported only for specific test conditions or applications.
Production Analysis of Artesian Wells
Authors: Simon A. L.
Published: February 2018

The importance of groundwaters is greater than ever. As surface waters are being more and more polluted and contaminated, the groundwater demand is constantly increasing. Artesian water supply is not unlimited. In almost every civilized country where the water supply is derived largely from artesian wells, artesian heads are generally decreasing. This means not only an increase in pumping expenses, but also a loss of usable groundwater. It should be borne in mind that this loss is largely due to the interconnection and recharge of aquifers by improperly constructed wells, not to proper groundwater development. The waste of water and energy can be eliminated by proper investigation. Discharge‐drawdown analysis is discussed, along with interconnected aquifers, rheometer tests, external interconnection, thermal dilatation, effect of temperature on head, corrosion, and corrosion protection.
Turbidimetric Control of Filter Effluent Quality
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an accurate, sensitive turbidimeter that continuously reads and records data that will be of great value to the water supply industry. The low‐range turbidimeter has been used extensively in plant scale and pilot plant research on high‐rate filtration at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, and at the Ames treatment plant. It has great potential value in filter control. The article discusses calibration of the turbidimeter, along with three important uses of the turbidimeter that include selection of proper time to backwash filter, the feasibility of high filtration rates, and the effect of plant operational practices on effluent water quality.
Effects of Stimulation on Well Operating Costs and Its Performance on Old and New Wells
Authors: Koenig Louis
Published: February 2018

In previous articles, the results of a nationwide survey of water well stimulation practices were analyzed to evaluate the technical performance of stimulation and the economic performance measured by investment costs. Although the original purpose of the investigation was to ascertain the potential reduction in investment cost for groundwater supply, other ponderable economic advantages came to light during the study. It was decided, therefore, to investigate the savings in operating costs effected by stimulation treatment, as well as to determine whether the age of the well ‐ that is, the length of time in service ‐ has any appreciable effect on the technical and economic performance of stimulation. This article presents the criteria used in both these investigations and the conclusions reached.
Nature and Control of Radioactive Wastes in Pennsylvania Waters
Authors: Lyon Walter A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Pennsylvania program of assessing radioactivity levels and controlling radioactive wastes, which is still in its developmental stage. During 1961, it is hoped that a statewide stream‐sampling network of approximately 150 stations will be established. Analyses for radioactivity will be among those performed on the samples collected in this network. The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) is continuing to expand its national water quality network, and Philadelphia has, for some time, been making analyses of radioactivity found in the water it uses. The article discusses radioactive discharges, discharges to sewerage systems, control of burial, and radioactivity in water supplies.
Determination of Nitrates by Ultraviolet Absorption
Authors: Goldman Eugene , Jacobs Richard
Published: February 2018

An accurate means of determining nitrate, the phenoldisulfonic acid (PDA) method, is reexamined here, and a new method for nitrate based on ultraviolet absorption is presented.
Trends in Water Supply Legislation and Litigation
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

Bold federal claims to water in the western U.S., many of which have been supported by court decisions, have been met with vigorous protests from municipal leaders, the states, and Congress itself. The conflict over water poses fundamental issues of states' rights. The alarm of the few owners of water rights first confronted with demands of the U.S. has spread across the nation. The actions of the federal government and court rulings have awakened many leaders to the urgency of preserving state water rights, and not all federal courts have supported the federal position. The article presents various cases as examples of the threat to state water rights.
Quality Improvements Resulting From Industrial Needs at Hopewell
Authors: Eld Elmer F. , Flentje Martin E.
Published: February 2018

As a result of a request by a large industrial user for a water supply that meets quality standards considerably more stringent than those applied to public drinking water, a 6‐year program involving numerous studies, tests, and plant changes and additions was undertaken by the Old Dominion Water Corporation in Hopewell, Virginia. The high‐quality water requested was to be used in producing a premium grade of nitrocellulose. This article discusses the improvement in water quality from 1955 to 1960 that was brought about mainly by introducing free residual chlorination, pH correction before filtration, the use of activated silica, the development of laboratory control procedures, and the provision of laboratory and plant recording instruments.
Problems of System Expansion by Annexation
Authors: Fisher H. Buford
Published: February 2018

The rapid growth of the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) water service area is typical of the expansion of the service areas of other water utilities throughout California. The methods of planning for and controlling this growth pattern differ somewhat from those of other water service jurisdictions. This article briefly discusses EBMUD's handling of East Bay area expansion, including: establishment of an ultimate service area; requests for annexation to provide water service to large areas in which residential development has already occured; economic aspects of annexation of the proposed areas; county water district procedures; the improvement of district procedure advantages of the financing the area's share of the cost of improving a water system to meet EBMUD standards; determination of area's share and of EBMUD's share; annexation and purchase of the San Ramon Valley from the California Water Service Company; initial problems of annexation; the value of good public relations and open communication with the residents and electorate of the area; problem of customer's water pressure; critical construction areas, and, planning of system takeover.
Manganese Deposits in Western Reservoirs and Distribution Systems
Authors: Myers Henry C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses problems with manganese in water supplies and provides a brief overview of the properties of manganese before presenting various areas in the western U.S. where manganese in the water supply has been found to cause problems.
Water Hardness and Domestic Use of Detergents
Authors: DeBoer Lloyd M. , Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on the results of a study made to correlate varying degrees of water hardness with the detergent consumption of the people who use the water. Detergent savings effected by water softening are compared to the costs of reducing water hardness.
Development and Administration of Los Angeles County Water Ordinance
Authors: Lambie John A.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief overview of the development of the Los Angeles County Water Ordinance, as adopted on August 2, 1960. To accomplish the purposes set forth by the county engineer that administrative details be at a minimum and that the industry be as self‐regulating as possible, four methods of authorization were developed and written into the ordinance draft including: water utility certification; water utility authorization; water service for new subdivisions; and, water service for individual sites. The article discusses the scope of the ordinance, the intent and purpose of ordinance, and the development of a separate “utility manual” to contain the necessary specifications to implement the performance requirements.
Industry's Concern With Off‐the‐Job Safety
Authors: Hoffman S. M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the problem of off‐the‐job accidents as a factor in efficient operations of U.S. corporations. The article briefly outlines some of the reasons for an off‐the‐job safety effort and describes the program of two major companies. Topics covered include: statistical estimate of accidents; application of employee safety programs; causes of off‐duty accidents; safety principles; reasons for off‐duty hazards; industry concern; programs in effect; and, company objectives.
Relationship Between Banks and the Water Industry
Authors: Redlich Milton J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the relationship between commercial banks and various groups that make up the water industry. One of the most obvious relationships is the extension of credit to the manufacturers of materials used in building water facilities. Commercial banks also lend money to public and private entities that supply water, and when private corporations sell bonds, banks act as trustees and paying agents. The article discusses the Federal Banking Act of 1933 as far as allowing banks to underwrite general obligation bonds of municipalities, many of which are sold to finance water utilities. Selection of bond issues, general obligation bonds, revenue bonds, trust agreements, combination bond, bond sale, and interest payment and administration are all discussed.
Supervisory Control Systems with Leased Telephone Circuits
Authors: West R. L.
Published: February 2018

This article describes supervisory control systems as equipment for the selective control, automatic indication, and continuous telemetering to or from remotely located units by electrical means over a relatively small number of transmission channels. Applications and advantages are discussed, along with choice of transmission link, typical installations, and economic considerations.
Detergents and Other Contaminants in Water Supplies–1960
Authors: Vaughn James C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the danger of accidental discharge into water supplies of industrial wastes containing a large amount of the cationic detergents that are primarily used in industry. Topics covered include: foaming; effect on septic tank operation; groundwater problems; methods of removal; current action; stream monitoring; and, other contaminants.
Modified Stannous Chloride Reagent for Orthophosphate Determination
Authors: Sletten Owen , Bach Clayton M.
Published: February 2018

An inherent weakness in the stannous chloride method now being used for the determination of orthophosphate is the instability of the stannous chloride reagent. In order to prolong the shelf life of this solution, a number of preservative techniques have been suggested. These include: storage of the reagent in a cool place, in a refrigerator, or in an aspirator bottle; floating the reagent on a layer of mineral oil; and, the addition of mossy tin. The reagent may be modified to give excellent shelf life without the need for preservative techniques.
Bureau of Reclamation Work in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Dominy Floyd E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of water resources in the Colorado River Basin by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The article discusses projects such as the construction of Hoover Dam, the 1948 Upper Colorado River Basin Compact, four storage units authorized by the Colorado River Storage Project (Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River in Arizona and Utah, the Flaming Gorge Dam on the Green River in Utah and Wyoming, the Navajo Dam on the San Juan River in New Mexico and Colorado, and the multiple‐dam Curecanti unit on the Gunnison River in Colorado), and the Central Utah diversion project.
Ground Water Quality and Management in the Great Lakes Area
Authors: Miller Lynn M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses groundwater quality and management in the Great Lakes area of the U.S., and covers the following topics: sources of groundwater; average water quality characteristics; treatment problems; quantity and quality; the legal status of groundwater rights; and, impacts of future development on water quality in the Great Lakes area.
Prevention of Water Source Contamination
Authors: Bolton Paul
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the necessity of preventing the contamination of water resources, and suggests widening the scope of considerations for the production of safe water supplies. A survey of areas of contamination of water reserves is discussed, and based on survey responses from 36 states and the U.S. Public Health Service, the need for an adequate preventive program was recognized. Survey results are presented under the following topics: cases of surface water contamination; cases of groundwater contamination; frequent contamination causes; and, causes of groundwater and surface water contamination. A master plan for preventing the contamination of water resources on a nationwide basis is discussed, along with necessary elements of the master plan, including: laws, rules, and regulations; personnel; well‐drilling codes; plumbing codes; standards; new product control; research and development; and, teamwork.
Forty Years of AWWA Progress
Authors: Wertz C. F.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the progress made by AWWA over the past 40 years, from 1920‐1960. Statistics are given for membership, operating budgets, staff salaries, net receipts and disbursements for the years including 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1950. The growth of sections is discussed, along with control of activities, the Advancement Program, and the Aims and Objectives Committee.
Rates
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This symposium paper discusses the need for an equitable method for determining water rates. The paper discusses rate planning, planning for expansion in population growth, short‐term cash reserves, public recognition of the value of water and financing of water utilities, and reliance on bond sales instead of tax support.
Pressure Zoning and Maintenance in the Los Angeles Distribution System
Authors: Mamrelli Emil S.
Published: February 2018

The growth and development of Los Angeles in the semi‐arid west has given rise to a water system with a large number of seasonal regulating reservoirs and one major aqueduct. The varied topography and allowable pressure range for water systems have required the establishment of over 100 pressure zones which are supplied by gravity water, regulated water, pumped water, or a combination of these sources. Several pressure zones are supplied by gravity water that is reduced in pressure at pressure‐reducing regulator stations as successively lower pressure zones are supplied. This article discusses a unique problem that was discovered in flow control stations using regulator‐type valves to control the flow of water, particularly in installations with low downstream pressures. The high velocities produced by throttled valves to control the rate of flow have resulted in a great deal of noise, vibration, and subsequent destruction of lining in the downstream enlarger as the water undergoes reduction in velocity. In an effort to eliminate the noise, vibration, and damage, very long enlargers were installed in the downstream portion of stations, but with no success. Flow control station designs using straight lengths of pipe connected directly to flat heads on large‐diameter pipe, without the use of reducers or enlargers, have been successful in eliminating the problem.
Removal of Algae by Microstrainers
Authors: Berry Albert E.
Published: February 2018

This article reviews the use of microstrainers, and comments on operating problems and the circumstances under which this treatment may be successful. Microstrainers were developed to remove solids in the potable product or industrial supply that tend to choke water filters. A number of installations have been in service for some time in Canada, and the results obtained here are recorded along with comparisons of Canadian installations with units in other parts of the world.
Personal Reminiscences of George Warren Fuller
Authors: Harding James C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the personal reminiscences of James C. Harding, Commissioner of Public Works, Westchester County, White Plains, N.Y., on George Warren Fuller, given at the Fuller Award Breakfast at the 1961 Annual Conference in Detroit, Michigan.
Treatment Application Points for Activated Carbon
Authors: Hyndshaw Albert Y.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing the influence of softening chemicals, lime and soda ash, on the adsorption of taste and odor compounds by activated carbon. Although removal of taste and odor compounds is the primary function for activated carbon, additional benefits include: adsorption of such compounds as organic insecticides, herbicides, and detergents, which are relatively inert to chemical oxidation; removal of color and improvement of coagulation; and, reduction in substances having chlorine demand.
Effect of Water Main Extension Policy on Rates
Authors: Deuel Orville P.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by discussing three basic concepts of water main extension practices for municipal water utilities: the public utility concept; the community improvement concept; and, the property improvement concept. A survey was done on determining which method was used the most, with 17 out of 19 participating utilities using assessment of improved property, and two using the utility financing concept. The article briefly reviews the practices of the Wisconsin municipal utilities on main extension policy.
Economics of Water Softening
Authors: Howson Louis R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the fact that people want soft water and are willing to pay for it. In four major Wisconsin cities, consumers spend more to individually soften about 20 per cent of the water than the cities collect for developing, purifying, and delivering all the water. These cities could soften their entire supplies at a cost considerably lower than the total amount now spent to soften a small percentage. Generally, where the hardness of the public water supply exceeds 250 ppm, more than 50 per cent of the water consumers have individual softeners. For this service they are paying five to ten times as much as it would cost if water was softened in the municipal plant.
Determination of 2,4‐Dichlorophenol in Water
Authors: Faust Samuel D. , Aly Osman M.
Published: February 2018

Ester derivatives of 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid are highly effective aquatic herbicides. Water supply management has indicated some concern, however, about the occurrence in water supplies of 2, 4‐dichlorophenol from commercial formulations or from biologic degradation of 2, 4‐D. In investigating the effect of 2, 4‐D formulations on water quality, it was found that the 4‐aminoantipyrine colorimetric method for the determination of phenolic compounds (Standard Methods) would not detect 2, 4‐ dichlorophenol. Subsequent research revealed that the pH value of the colorimetric reaction was responsible for the failure. The standard method was modified to eliminate the distillation screening procedure. An acid extraction of the water sample with petroleum ether removes the 2, 4‐dichlorophenol from organic and inorganic interferences in the aqueous phase.
In‐Service Training of Public Works Engineering Employees
Authors: Mouring Thornton M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an in‐service training program sponsored by the Baltimore County Department of Public Works to train its engineering aides and draftsmen in the engineering sciences. The four year program was started in 1956 with the purpose of advancing the engineering skills of the students and stimulate their interest for further study. All subjects which are a normal part of a civil engineering course are touched upon, with special emphasis given to municipal engineering. Upon successful completion of each year's course of study, the student would be given credit for a year's experience in his position, thus qualifying him for consideration in the next higher position. The article discusses the curriculum, and describes how instructors are encouraged, after observing/appraising the abilities of the students, to make recommendations for promoting the more competent students to positions of greater responsibility.
Utility Operating Data for Six Cities in Japan
Authors: Seidel Harris F. , Lamson‐Scribner Frank H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses utility operating data collected during a short visit to Japan. It includes data for Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto, Yokohama, and Kobe that were compiled from published reports and from notes taken during interviews with the management of the Tokyo metropolitan utility. The data presented is for water use, water rates, and finances including revenues and expenses.
Corrosion Control Planning in Philadelphia
Authors: Hamilton Hugh L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Philadelphia Water Department's experience with developing and fully integrating a corrosion control program into its design, construction, and operational activities. Corrosion control features were incorporated into all new plans where required; inspectors were specifically trained to make sure that corrosion control facilities were properly installed; and, a programmed study of the existing transmission and distribution system has been undertaken to correct the existing problems. The development, in 4 year's time, of such a broad project in a water system serving the fourth largest city in this country was a major accomplishment.
Selection of Sand Filtration Rates
Authors: Cleasby John L. , Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

More and more water plants are using higher filtration rates. Several factors should be considered in selecting the design filtration rate. The consequences of higher rates in terms of water quality, filter run length, and percentage of product used in backwashing are important factors. This article, based on 3 years of pilot scale research, attempts to demonstrate how higher filtration rates affect these factors.
Hydrologic Role of the Great Swamp and Other Marshland in Upper Passaic River Basin
Authors: Vecchioli John , Gill Harold E. , Lang Solomon M.
Published: February 2018

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, has been studying the hydrologic regimen of the Passaic River and the effects of the swampland on the streamflow. This paper presents in brief some of the results of this study and describes in a general way the effects the swamplands have on the flow of the river. Data for the Great Swamp are used to illustrate the several factors influencing the discharge of the Passaic River.
Acquiring Needed Capital for Growth
Authors: McKane Leonard H.
Published: February 2018

Water companies, restricted by regulation to certain rates of return and in many cases as to limits of depreciation allowances, must frequently turn to the capital market to meet the growth demands of their communities. When capital budgets are sizable, funds from internal sources – depreciation allowance, retained earnings, and sales of surplus property – are normally able to supply only a small part of the cost of new construction. Water utilities, no matter what their size, can get needed capital if they demonstrate to prospective investors that they are well managed. They should also always be aware that their securities must compete in the market place. Getting needed funds for expansion and improvement is essential to the existence of a utility, so it must do its best to remain attractive to the sources of capital.
Research Needs, Priorities, and Information Services
Authors: Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This article analyzes the broad interests of AWWA to determine which areas are in need of more research. Areas discussed in the article include: source of supply; treatment methods; transmission and distribution; and, management. The article urges more support for research done at the university level. The article goes on to present a discussion of three categories of research information that were considered by the AWWA Committee on Research, and include: research in progress; unpublished research results; and, published research reports. Also considered by the committee was the intermediate step between the discovery and the development of results, and the ultimate application of these results.
Availability and Use of Ground Water in Delaware River Basin
Authors: Graham Jack B.
Published: February 2018

This study describes how the groundwater part of the overall cycle of water conforms to environmental conditions, what its advantages and disadvantages can be to the local water user, and discusses, in general terms, what role groundwater can take in meeting future water supply problems. The groundwater situation in the Delaware Valley region presents some complexities that are discussed in the study.
Determination of Nitrogen Trichloride in Liquid Chlorine
Authors: De Vries Thomas , Savariar C. P. , Chakrabartty Madan M.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a procedure for the determination of nitrogen trichloride in liquid chlorine based on a reaction in which NH4CI is formed, and the NH3 is determined by one of several methods, including the indophenol method as modified by Bolleter and colleagues, and the Nessler colorimetric method which gave less precise results even under carefully controlled experimental conditions.
Water Demand in Sweden
Authors: Quraishi Gulam M.
Published: February 2018

This article provides predictions of the water demand in Sweden during the next 40 years. The maximum‐day and minimum‐day factors are been discussed. Several interesting and uncommon facts have come to light, most of them contrary to what is normally expected, when the maximum‐ and minimum‐day demand factors were correlated with the size of a town or the total annual demand. Limitations of the predicted demand curve are presented. It was difficult to use the usual formulas for projecting future demands because of the conflicting data which a detailed survey of the demand in the past 30 years presented. Thus, forecasting a definite trend with any degree of certainty was not possible.
Design of Steel Pipe Alongside Bridge
Authors: Crawford George B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a 60‐in. steel sewer pipe designed to cross a 160‐ft wide creek at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. To avoid using a siphon, engineers designed the sewer to cross over Etobicoke Creek alongside an existing two‐span highway bridge founded on shale river bottom.
Effectiveness of Water Utility Quality Control Practices
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

This article describes the effectiveness of water utility quality control practices. There are three premises underlying this article. The first premise is that the data describe the effectiveness of water utility quality control in the broad sense that both the selection and surveillance of the source as well as treatment are a part of quality control. It is the quality of the end product, finished water, which shows how effective the overall process has been. The second premise is that the effectiveness of quality control is assessed by comparing the quality produced with standards. This is done categorically, and the standards chosen are the current U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards. The third premise is that the effectiveness of quality control is assessed from a national viewpoint, as the data come from 139 cities served by 194 sources or treatment plants. These are distributed uniformly across the nation, and plants in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico are also included. As the selection was essentially random, it may be shown that the sampling is large enough to be statistically significant. Of these stations, over 67 per cent are reported here. The types of supplies included: 147 surface water; 39 groundwater; and, 8 groundwater and surface water.
Centralized Load and Quality Control Systems at Philadelphia
Authors: Baxter Samuel S. , Appleyard Victor A.
Published: February 2018

This article describes the Philadelphia Water Department's experience with installing a load control center to efficiently control the pumping, purification and distribution of water to its customers. The system is capable of continuous expansion, the acquisition of new facilities, transfer and/or relocation of present equipment, and the trend toward complete automation by the industry in general. Topics described include: control system; control center; equipment justification; dispatcher; safety and reliability; and, continuous recording.
Diatomite Filtration for Removal of Iron and Manganese
Authors: Coogan George J.
Published: February 2018

This study found that the use of diatomaceous‐earth filters for iron removal was feasible both practically and economically. They will also remove manganese, but with shorter runs. Pressure filters were comparable with vacuum filters in removing iron and manganese. The use of magnesium oxide reduces the chemical and body feed costs considerably. Indicated costs for diatomite and magnesium oxide are $13‐15/mil gal. Filter costs are estimated at $30,000‐$60,000/mgd depending on the degree of automation and the type of filter. John D. Hem follows the article with a discussion on maintaining a sufficiently high oxidation potential (Eh) and pH throughout the treatment system so that iron and manganese will be oxidized and kept that way.
Economics of Ground Water Utilization
Authors: Koenig Louis
Published: February 2018

This article recommends a much greater utilization of groundwater resources. The article discusses concerns over the possible depletion of groundwater resources, but concludes that the current rate of depletion of groundwater reserves is so many times less than the rate of depletion of most other natural resources that the nation, at current rates of consumption, will run out of every other nonrenewable resource thousands of years before it will exhaust its groundwater.
Employee Benefits Paid by Water Utilities in the United States and Canada, 1960
Authors: Report Committee
Published: February 2018

This article presents an AWWA committee report on employee benefits paid by water utilities in the United States and Canada as of 1960. The purpose of the survey was to provide water utility management with information on employee benefits policies in the industry. The committee mailed out 2,198 survey questionnaires to water utilities in the United States, and 493 to Canadian water utilities. From the U.S. water utilities, 412 usable questionnaires were received, along with 73 from the Canadian utilities. This was a return of 19 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. An example of the survey questionnaire is provided in the article.
Lime‐Soda Sludge Recirculation Experiments at Vandenberg Air Force Base
Authors: Lawrance Charles H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study that used jar test and plant scale experiments to determine the feasibility and the desirability of sludge recirculation in order to improve overall softening efficiency at the cold lime‐soda water treatment plant at California's Vandenberg Air Force Base. The jar tests indicated that sludge recirculation would further reduce hardness by 20 per cent, provided that suspended sludge was maintained at 0.6 per cent, and that even greater benefits would be realized for higher concentrations up to 5 or 6 per cent. The plant scale experiments could only achieve a suspended‐solids concentration averaging 0.486 per cent in the flocculator suspension because of equipment limitations, but this sufficed to reduce hardness 20.6 per cent below that experienced without sludge recirculation under otherwise identical conditions. Additional benefits experienced were lower phenolphthalein alkalinity and lower Langelier saturation index. Sludge recirculation showed a higher chemical efficiency in the utilization of lime and soda ash than did plant scale treatment without the recirculation.