bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Cognitive Performance Following Multi-Stressor Military Training
Authors: Tait Jamie L. , Aisbett Brad , Corrigan Sean L. , Drain Jace R. , Main Luana C.
Published: May 2022

Objective

This project aimed to assess the impact of an 8-day military training exercise on cognitive performance, and track its recovery in periods of reduced training load and partially restored sleep.

Background

Military personnel often work in challenging multi-stressor environments, where sleep loss is inevitable. Sleep loss can impair multiple cognitive domains, which can have disastrous consequences in military contexts.

Method

A total of 57 male and female soldiers undergoing the Australian Army combat engineer Initial Employment Training course were recruited and tracked over a 16-day study period which included an 8-day field-based military training exercise. Cognitive performance was assessed via a computerised battery at seven time points across four sequential study periods; 1) baseline (PRE), 2) military field training exercise which included total sleep deprivation (EX-FIELD), 3) training exercise at simulated base with restricted sleep opportunities (EX-BASE), and 4) a 3-day recovery period (REC). Subjective load, fatigue, and sleep were evaluated continuously via questionnaire and actigraphy.

Results

Psychomotor speed, reaction time, visual tracking and vigilance were impaired following the EX-FIELD period ( p < 0.05). The majority of affected measures recovered 2 days following EX-FIELD, being no different in EX-BASE compared to PRE.

Conclusion

The sensitivity of the cognitive tests to sleep restriction, and recovery, indicates they can help assess operational readiness in military personnel. Future studies should explore other indicators of, and strategies to preserve, operational readiness in military personnel.

Application

This study highlights the impact of work-induced fatigue on cognitive performance, and would interest authorities seeking to preserve operational readiness.
Manually Acquiring Targets From Multiple Viewpoints Using Video Feedback
Authors: Ramesh Bailey , Konstant Anna , Praveena Pragathi , Senft Emmanuel , Gleicher Michael , Mutlu Bilge , Zinn Michael , Radwin Robert G.
Published: May 2022

Objective

The effect of camera viewpoint was studied when performing visually obstructed psychomotor targeting tasks.

Background

Previous research in laparoscopy and robotic teleoperation found that complex perceptual-motor adaptations associated with misaligned viewpoints corresponded to degraded performance in manipulation. Because optimal camera positioning is often unavailable in restricted environments, alternative viewpoints that might mitigate performance effects are not obvious.

Methods

A virtual keyboard-controlled targeting task was remotely distributed to workers of Amazon Mechanical Turk. The experiment was performed by 192 subjects for a static viewpoint with independent parameters of target direction, Fitts’ law index of difficulty, viewpoint azimuthal angle (AA), and viewpoint polar angle (PA). A dynamic viewpoint experiment was also performed by 112 subjects in which the viewpoint AA changed after every trial.

Results

AA and target direction had significant effects on performance for the static viewpoint experiment. Movement time and travel distance increased while AA increased until there was a discrete improvement in performance for 180°. Increasing AA from 225° to 315° linearly decreased movement time and distance. There were significant main effects of current AA and magnitude of transition for the dynamic viewpoint experiment. Orthogonal direction and no-change viewpoint transitions least affected performance.

Conclusions

Viewpoint selection should aim to minimize associated rotations within the manipulation plane when performing targeting tasks whether implementing a static or dynamic viewing solution. Because PA rotations had negligible performance effects, PA adjustments may extend the space of viable viewpoints.

Applications

These results can inform viewpoint selection for visual feedback during psychomotor tasks.
Drivers of career success among the visually impaired: Improving career inclusivity and sustainability in a career ecosystem
Authors: Bhaskar A Uday , Baruch Yehuda , Gupta Seeta
Published: May 2022

Visual impairment, as a form of disability, remains understudied in the context of employment and careers. Drawing on career ecosystem and career sustainability theories, we explore factors that lead to career success and career sustainability of visually impaired individuals. We collected qualitative data from 66 visually impaired individuals from India who had experienced varying degrees of career attainment. We applied grounded theory to study their deep-seated attitudes and ingrained behaviors that help build successful and sustainable careers. High-career-attainment participants were extremely resilient, able to bounce back after rejection, and willing to adopt certain key psycho-social processes such as non-acceptance of rejection, relatability (forging positive relations with the sighted), family support, enabling self through technology, and influence mindset change, which led them to be ‘masters of circumstance.’ Conversely, the characteristics of low-career-attainment participants included their unquestioning acceptance of fate, higher degrees of skepticism, and obligation to support the family, which led them to become ‘victims of circumstance.’ We contribute to the career ecosystems and career sustainability literature by expanding it to wider populations and crystalizing processes that influence careers. The findings have policy implications for visually impaired individuals as well as for other people with disabilities, as well as for organizations and governments. Individuals should challenge conventional norms, be persistent and improve self-efficacy. Organization should think out of the box in order to win the war for talent by employing hidden talent.
Book review: Bimal Prasad and Sujata Prasad, The Dream of Revolution: A Biography of Jayaprakash Narayan
Authors: Rai Dhananjay
Published: May 2022

Bimal Prasad and Sujata Prasad, The Dream of Revolution: A Biography of Jayaprakash Narayan. Gurugram: Vintage Books, 2021, xv+271 pp., ₹799. ISBN: 9780670096176.
Book review: Jeremy Heimans and Henry Timms, New Power: How Anyone Can Persuade, Mobilize, and Succeed in Our Chaotic, Connected Age
Authors: Nanda Samar
Published: May 2022

Jeremy Heimans and Henry Timms, New Power: How Anyone Can Persuade, Mobilize, and Succeed in Our Chaotic, Connected Age (Reprint edition published on 26 February 2019). New York: Anchor Books, Penguin Random House LLC, 2018, 325 pp., ₹1015.00. ISBN-978-1-101-97110-9 (Paperback).
Book review: Sangit Kumar Ragi, RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India
Authors: Shaikh Ekta
Published: May 2022

Sangit Kumar Ragi, RSS and Gandhi: The Idea of India. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2022, 352 pp., $65, ISBN: 9789354792526 (Hardcover).
Cumulative advantages and disadvantages in attainment of higher education: Set-analytic comparison of asymmetric inequalities in six European countries
Authors: Lauri Triin , Saar Ellu
Published: May 2022

This article explores how parental resources work together to secure higher education for their offspring. It does so by, first, mapping the linkages between cumulative advantages and disadvantages of respondents’ parental resources and educational attainment across countries and cohorts. Second, investigating under which institutional setup of education systems these linkages between parental background and educational attainment are the weakest. At both levels, the set-analytic approach is applied. We show that disadvantages tend to cumulate to a much greater extent than advantages and their role in hindering higher educational attainment is much stronger than advantages to enable it. The only configuration of educational system that is sufficient to mitigate linkages between cumulative background and educational attainment in both directions, that is, advantageous background to enable and disadvantageous background to hinder higher educational attainment, combines high levels of standardization and decommodification.
Stigma and mental health problems in an Indian context. Perceptions of people with mental disorders in urban, rural and tribal areas of Kerala
Authors: Raghavan Raghu , Brown Brian , Horne Francesca , Kumar Sanjana , Parameswaran Uma , Ali Ameer B , Raghu Ardra , Wilson Amanda , Svirydzenka Nadia , Venkateswaran Chitra , Kumar Manoj , Kamal Sreedevi R , Barrett Andy , Dasan Chandra , Varma Aarcha , Banu Asha
Published: May 2022

Background:

The concept of stigma has been widely used to understand patterns of discrimination and negative ideas surrounding people with mental health problems, yet we know little of the specific nuances of how this might operate beyond the ‘Global North’.

Aim:

This paper aims to explore the notion of stigma in an Indian context by considering the lived experience of patients, carers and community members.

Methods:

A sample of 204 participants, representing mental health patients, informal carers and community members was recruited from urban and rural areas in Kerala, India. Participants took part in interviews where they were encouraged to talk about their experiences of mental ill health, attitudes towards these problems, barriers encountered and sources of support.

Results:

Experiences akin to the experience of stigma in Europe and the United States were elicited but there were important local dimensions specific to the Indian context. The difficulties faced by people with diagnoses of mental disorders in finding marriage partners was seen as an important problem, leading to marriage proposals being refused in some cases, and secrecy on the part of those with mental health problems. Rather than the ‘self-stigma’ identified in the US, participants were more likely to see this as a collective problem in that it could reflect badly on the family group as a whole rather than just the sufferer.

Conclusions:

In the Indian context, the idioms of stigma emphasised impairments in marriage eligibility and the implications for the family group rather than just the self.
A (Re)interpretation of the #Endsars Movement in Nigeria: Evidence from the Niger Delta Region
Authors: Okpalaeke Patrick Chukwudike , Aboh Romanus
Published: May 2022

Scholarship that has studied the #EndSARS movement in Nigeria remains scanty. In contributing to debates surrounding the #EndSARS movement, we focus on the Niger Delta region and the effect of the movement on the people. Online interview of 20 participants across the region, reports from Amnesty International, the Human Rights Watch and Facebook posts provided data for the qualitative study. Castells’ ‘network society’ enabled us to explain how youths formed a ‘network of protesters’ to resist a repressive police system. The #EndSARS protest was another opportunity for the Niger Delta youths to express their dissonance with an exclusionary political arrangement.
Effect of hybridization on crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, and toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified polypropylene flax fiber composites
Authors: Bahrami Reza , Bagheri Reza
Published: May 2022

Nowadays, the significance of sustainability has urged composite manufacturers to replace traditional synthetic fibers with eco-friendly natural alternatives due to their environmental and economic benefits. This work aims to fabricate hybrid polypropylene (PP) composites with short flax fibers, octene-ethylene copolymer (POE) rubber particles, and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) compatibilizer. The main goal is to gain an insight into the combined effect of toughening mechanisms induced by the short fibers and rubber particles at the crack tip and wake of composites, which is a crucial step in reaching a balance between toughness and rigidity. In this regard, a novel microscopy strategy is taken to elucidate the operating mechanisms at the crack tip and crack wake of composites. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile, and Charpy impact tests were employed to investigate the effect of hybridization on the crystallization behavior, tensile, and impact properties of composites. The experimental results showed that the combined effect of encouraging matrix plastic deformation and synergistic work of toughening mechanisms at the crack tip and wake in the MAPP-modified hybrid composites containing 30% flax fibers and 10% POE rubber particles yielded an optimal improvement of 315%, 135%, and 37% in impact strength, elastic modulus, and ultimate tensile strength, respectively, over the neat PP formulation.
Translaminar mode-I fracture toughness experiment of pultruded GFRP laminates using extended compact tension specimen
Authors: Xiong Zhihua , Meng Yang , Zhao Chenyu , Liu Yuqing
Published: May 2022

This paper conducted experiments and theoretic analysis of the fracture performance of pultruded GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers) laminates. The mode-I fracture toughness of pultruded GFRP laminates was evaluated by the eccentrically loaded, Extended Compact Tension (ECT) specimen. The geometry of specimen and experimental procedure refer to ASTM E1922. A total of 16 specimens were tested, which included 0° and 90° roving orientation. Finite element analysis with the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) was implemented to calibrate the experimental results. A correction function for normalized notch length was proposed for pultruded GFRP translaminar fracture toughness. Carpet plot was designed to discuss the relationship between fiber volume ratio and fracture toughness, which demonstrated that the fracture toughness strongly correlated with the fiber volume ratio. Also, the effect of fraction of 0° layers on fracture toughness and material orthotropy was studied. The relationship of material orthotropy parameter and fracture toughness was discussed.
Getting to the Root of the Issue(s): Expanding the Study of Issues in MIDs (the MID-Issue Dataset, Version 1.0)
Authors: Jackson Joshua , Owsiak Andrew P. , Goertz Gary , Diehl Paul F.
Published: May 2022

Because existing issue classification schemes omit prominent issues (e.g., domestic armed conflict) or contain significant within-category heterogeneity, theorizing about the role of issues in international conflict processes has stagnated. Our project jump-starts it again, by independently—and systematically—reconceptualizing and gathering data on five issues connected to dyadic militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) during the period 1900–2010: land (borders), maritime (borders), islands, civil conflict, and coups. After conceptually introducing these issues and embedding them within a larger framework, we describe and apply our MID-Issue data. These efforts show that (i) the MID dataset’s issue classification scheme does not systematically capture our issues, (ii) events in 37.58% of dyadic MIDs connect to domestic armed conflict—a prevalence not on the field’s radar, (iii) some factors promote issue-based international conflict, but only via indirect channels, and (iv) significant value even derives from a further conceptualization of “territorial issues” (broadly defined).
Sources of Teacher Efficacy Related Attributes Alongside Bandura’s Perspectives
Authors: Lawrent Godlove
Published: May 2022

This article investigates how the secondary education expansion policy shapes the construction of teacher efficacy. Bandura’s self-efficacy theory underlies this article, and qualitative case study was the main approach. Around 12 and 16 teachers, respectively, participated in individual and group interviews. Findings indicate that the inadequate implementation of the policy affected the sources of teacher efficacy. The study identified that social persuasion is one of the most social self-efficacy contributors. It also pointed out factors which support a view of mastery experience as the most powerful source of self-efficacy, and the causes of teachers’ negative emotional states beyond school context.
Casual truths: What do the data on casual employment really mean?
Authors: Peetz David , May Robyn
Published: May 2022

We draw on mostly unpublished ABS data to address three related questions: (1) How can we approximate the number of genuinely flexible casual employees? (2) What are the characteristics of work where employees are, or are not, likely to be genuinely flexible casuals? and (3) How many employees are compensated for the disutility of casual employment? Only 6 per cent of leave-deprived workers (1.4% of all employees) are ‘narrowly-defined casuals’. The majority of leave-deprived workers have been with their employer for over a year. The majority expect to be with the same employer over a year into the future. Around half have stable hours from one week to the next and are not on standby. The characteristics of leave-deprived employees do not appear to be those of flexible, casual employment relationships. The common feature appears to be low power. Employers may have the ability to deploy them in all sorts of flexible ways, but often do not need to utilise that flexibility. The popular term ‘permanent casual’ is more accurately phrased as ‘permanently insecure’. The high rate of ‘casual’ employment enables Australia to have an internationally low level of leave coverage.
Rate of Stuttering and Factors Associated With Speech Fluency Characteristics in Adult Struggling Readers
Authors: Choo Ai Leen , Greenberg Daphne , Li Hongli , Talwar Amani
Published: May 2022

Stuttering is a disorder that affects about 1% of the population and manifests as speech disfluencies. Reading difficulties and disabilities are commonly found in this population. Nonetheless, speech disfluencies have not been explored in adult struggling readers (ASRs). In the current study, we examined the rate of stuttering in ASRs as well as the relationships between their speech fluency and reading skills. A total of 120 participants were interviewed about their experiences with reading and administered standardized reading and reading-related assessments. Speech fluency and the criterion for stuttering were based on the interview. About 18.3% of the sample met the criterion for stuttering. ASRs who stutter (ASRs-S) and ASRs who do not stutter (ASRs-NS) did not differ in their reading and reading-related skills. ASRs-S had higher rates of negative correlations between reading and reading-related skills compared with ASRs-NS. Correlation patterns between performance on standardized assessments point to higher rates of uneven skills or dissociations in ASRs-S. These findings may have implications for the assessment and instruction for ASRs.
Foreign interests and state repression: Theory and evidence from the Armenian genocide
Authors: Lehmann M Christian
Published: May 2022

Existing work seeks explanations for state repression mainly in domestic factors such as ethnic/religious cleavages, poverty and inequality, struggle for power, regime type and quality of state institutions, lack of loyalty, demand for scapegoats, and cultural or psychological traits of perpetrators. How foreign influences shape state repression has been given less attention. Furthermore, the focus of the empirical literature has been largely cross-country, leaving much local variation unexplained. In this article, I examine how far foreign interests can explain the local (spatial) variation of deportations and massacres during the Armenian genocide. Between 1915 and 1917 the Ottoman Empire carried out a massive campaign of state repression (deportations and massacres) against its Armenian population. There was meaningful variation across Ottoman provinces in the intensity of this campaign, that is, some provinces experienced more repression than others. I investigate the determinants of this spatial variation. My empirical analysis is guided by a rationalist (economic) model where deportation is a tool to stifle Armenian calls for independence, but the benefit and cost of deportation vary spatially. For example, deportation is costlier (i.e. the risk of foreign intervention is greater) in locations where foreign economic and military interests are threatened by the departure of Armenians. In line with the model’s predictions, my empirical analysis indicates that there were fewer deportations in places where Armenians worked for the German-owned railway.
Why the Church Says “Yes” to Life and “No” to IVF
Authors: McTavish James
Published: May 2022

This article presents the principal Church teachings regarding in vitro fertilization (IVF). Since the birth of Louise Brown, the world’s first “test-tube” baby in 1978, around eight million IVF babies have been born. The Magisterium has pronounced her main teachings on IVF in Donum Vitae (1987), Evangelium Vitae (1995), and Dignitas Personae (2008). The Church says “no” to IVF due to the massive destruction of embryonic life, the assault on the meaning of the conjugal act and the treatment of the child as a product not a gift. She continues to announce a loud “yes” to life, endeavoring to take care of the human embryo, the least of our brothers and sisters (see Matthew 25:40).
Nurses’ Perceptions on Good Death and Their Attitudes Towards the Care of Dying Individuals
Authors: Türkben Polat Hilal
Published: May 2022

This study was conducted to determine the good death perceptions of intensive care and oncology inpatient unit nurses, their attitudes toward care of the dying and the correlation between them. The sample of this study consisted of 134 intensive care and oncology inpatient unit nurses. The data were collected using the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale and the Good Death Scale. As the results of the study, the nurses had high good death perceptions. They had moderately positive attitudes toward care of the dying patients. As their good death perceptions increased, their positive attitudes toward care of the dying individual also increased. It is recommended to organize programs to raise awareness of nurses about good death and attitudes toward the dying patients and to strengthen their communication and coping methods.
A Longitudinal Study of the Psychological State of Teachers Before and During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Mexico
Authors: Cortés-Álvarez Nadia Yanet , Garduño Alicia Saldívar , Sánchez-Vidaña Dalinda Isabel , Marmolejo-Murillo Leticia Gabriela , Vuelvas-Olmos César Rubén
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 outbreak significantly impacted people’s lives. Within the education system, the teaching mode drastically changed to adapt to the social distancing restrictions due to the pandemic. Consequently, teachers have been facing challenges associated with remote learning in addition to those of the pandemic. The aim of the present study was to assess the psychological state among teachers at two stages: pre-pandemic (November 2019) and during the pandemic (June-July 2020 and June-July 2021). Information regarding demographic data, depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), and burnout syndrome (MBI-ES) was collected using validated questionnaires. Results showed a significantly higher scores as well as a higher prevalence in the DASS-21 and the MBI-ES scales, on the second measurement taken during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period and the first evaluation during the pandemic. During the second evaluation on pandemic stage, female teachers of ≥45 years of age with a college-level of education, 11 years of teaching experience, and currently teaching at preschools and primary schools were significantly associated with higher anxiety, stress, EE, and burnout scores. In addition, female teachers aged ≥45 years reported higher PD and PA scores. Finally, an association between burnout syndrome and depression was identified in the evaluations carried out during the pandemic considering both the total sample and the analysis per gender. The study shows that teachers’ mental health has been negatively affected by the pandemic. Efforts from the education system and health authorities are crucial to design and implement strategies to improve teachers’ mental health during the fight against COVID-19.
Land Grabbing in Common Property Resources: How Women Social Positions Intersect Access to Natural Resources
Authors: Naz Farhat
Published: May 2022

This article intends to showcase that land grabbing of gauchar (pastureland) at the village level affects women and men in differing ways, along the variables of gender and caste. The article uncovers the notion that the link among gender, caste and access to common property resources (CPRs) are deeply rooted in the power dynamics of the caste-based operating system at the informal level. Drawing on intersectionality perspective, the article explains through ethnographic data collected over a period of time, in a small rural community in Gujarat, India, that women’s social location/standing leads them to have multiple identities, which defines and alters their gender relations, norms, negotiations and access to resources, in context to land grab of CPRs. Consequently, the article argues that group-based social differences and power structures ultimately determine access to natural resources and institutional base for women from different strata of society wherein the governance structure may fall short of addressing these issues.
The future of data ownership: An uncommon research agenda
Authors: Hicks Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

Responding to the current data monopoly by Big Tech firms, there is increasing interest in the potential for collective ownership of data in a ‘data commons’. This article aims to introduce the topic to non-specialists, highlight the broader social significance of data ownership, and reframe the data commons as a problem of social interaction rather than regulatory design. It critically engages with existing work on the data commons to suggest alternative directions for research which draw on humanities and interpretive social science approaches. It recommends the addition of research that (1) includes knowledge from non-Western legal traditions to overcome objections to the possibility of data ownership, (2) studies existing social relations of data governance rather than seeks to design ideal regulations, (3) prioritises a focus on the social and communicative practices involved in a data commons rather than seeing it as a solution to a specific problem, and (4) analyses the meaning-making practices of people as they engage in their own data governance, and the evolving narrative around what constitutes a data commons. The purpose of this alternative research agenda is to provide discursive scaffolding for the ongoing regulatory work on the data commons, while ensuring that its full potential remains imaginatively open.
Enacting the ‘consuming’ brain: An ethnographic study of accountability redistributions in neuromarketing practices
Authors: Schneider Tanja , Brenninkmeijer Jonna , Woolgar Steve
Published: May 2022

The figure of the brain has continued to rise in prominence for at least 30 years. This development continues to raise important questions: in particular, to what extent and in what ways does the brain supplant the person as the presumed origin of human behaviour? Whereas it has previously been discussed in general terms, here we address this question through an ethnographic study of the experimental articulation of the brain in neuromarketing research. Drawing on analytical themes from science and technology studies, we argue that it is crucial to investigate the enactment of the brain in situated practice and to understand the effects on prevailing accountability relations. We analyse the enactment of the ‘consuming’ brain in neuromarketing experiments and in experts’ communication of experimental results. We show how the consuming brain emerges from reconfigured sets of socio-material relations (between e.g. consumers, brains, brain scanning operators, consultants) and how this entails a redistribution of accountability relations. This results in an ontological respecification of the consumer, who is no longer deemed accountable for his/her actions. Instead spokespersons on behalf of the brain – neuromarketing technologies and experts – assume accountability for revealing why consumers buy what they buy. We conclude that the putative shift from person to brain is in fact characterised by a redistribution of accountability relations in neuromarketing practices. We call for further studies of accountability redistributions in practice, so as better to situate novel explanations of human behaviour.
Cultural repertoires of school choice: Intersections of class, race and culture in Pretoria and Amsterdam
Authors: Foli Afra , Boterman Willem R.
Published: May 2022

In school choice literature, class-based strategies for social reproduction of the middle classes are often the central explanatory framework. While race, ethnicity and other social categories are increasingly included in the analysis, they are often treated as secondary to class. Drawing on interviews from a racially and socio-culturally mixed sample of middle-class parents in Pretoria and Amsterdam, this study aims to contribute to existing theories on school choice and social reproduction through a comparison of contrasting cases. It takes the dominant theoretical framework of middle-class strategizing as a starting point to explain parental practices of school choice. The comparative analysis finds some remarkable homologies of school choice in Pretoria and Amsterdam, but also points to specific local and historical complexity and specificity of parents’ motivations. In both contexts, parents call on intersecting aspects of their identity beyond their classed position. While we acknowledge the relevance of social class, we suggest that middle-class parents’ school choice should be understood as ‘strategies of action’ emanating from classed and racial (dis)positions but also cultural and religious repertoires rooted in a multidimensional tool-kit.
Thwarted or Facilitated? The Entrepreneurial Aspirations and Capabilities of New Migrants in the UK
Authors: Villares-Varela María , Ram Monder , Jones Trevor
Published: May 2022

This article draws on biographical interviews with migrants to assess their aspirations and capabilities to become entrepreneurs. By augmenting mixed embeddedness emphasis on contextual factors with Sen’s capabilities framework, we contribute to extant sociological debates on the interaction of structure and agency, the conceptualisation of aspirations, the non-pecuniary aspects of entrepreneurship and the role of institutions in neoliberal Britain. We argue that structural barriers drive the formation of aspirations to become entrepreneurs while at the same time limit their capabilities to do so. Entrepreneurial agency must be seen as relative autonomy, effective in strategic decision making but limited to the weak financial position in which migrant entrepreneurs operate.
The Burden of Conviviality: British Bangladeshi Muslims Navigating Diversity in London, Luton and Birmingham
Authors: Redclift Victoria , Rajina Fatima , Rashid Naaz
Published: May 2022

This article considers the convivial turn in migration and diversity studies, and some of its silences. Conviviality has been conceptualised by some as the ability to be at ease in the presence of diversity. However, insufficient attention has been paid to considering who is affectively at ease with whose differences or, more particularly, what the work of conviviality requires of those marked as other vis-a-vis European white normativity. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews with British Bangladeshi Muslims in London, Luton and Birmingham, we argue that a focus on ‘ease in the presence of diversity’ obscures the ‘burden of conviviality’ carried by some, but not others. We discuss three key types of burden that emerged from our data: the work of education and explanation, the work of understanding racism, and quite simply the work of ‘appearing unremarkable’.
School Closures and the Gentrification of the Black Metropolis
Authors: Pearman Francis A. , Marie Greene Danielle
Published: May 2022

Largely overlooked in the empirical literature on gentrification are the potential effects school closures have in the process. This study begins to fill this gap by integrating longitudinal data on all U.S. metropolitan neighborhoods from the Neighborhood Change Database with data on the universe of school closures from the National Center for Educational Statistics. We found that the effects of school closures on patterns of gentrification were concentrated among black neighborhoods. School closures increased the probability that the most segregated black neighborhoods experienced gentrification by 8 percentage points and increased the extent to which these neighborhoods experienced gentrification by .21 standard deviations. We found no evidence that school closures increased the likelihood or extent that white or Latinx neighborhoods experienced gentrification. Substantive conclusions were consistent across multiple measures of gentrification, alternative model specifications, and a variety of sample restrictions and were robust to a series of falsification tests. Results suggest school closures do not simply alter the educational landscape. School closures are also emblematic of a larger spatial and racial reimagining of U.S. cities that dispossesses and displaces black neighborhoods.
Influence of microscopic features on the self-cleaning ability of textile fabrics
Authors: Atwah Ayat Adnan , Khan Muhammad A
Published: May 2022

In the presented review, the past investigations have been complied and critically analyzed to highlight the influence of microscopic features on self-cleaning ability. In addition, challenges and research gaps that currently exist are discussed. This review concludes the current methods and processes to obtain self-cleaning ability using the surface features of textile fabrics manipulated with the help of the coatings and nanoparticles. However, no research was conducted to explore the self-cleaning potential of microscopic geometrical features of fabric at the woven structural level.
Biblical narratives and the ecological crisis: an argument for hope
Authors: Hogg Emily
Published: May 2022

As one of the most pressing issues of our time, the ecological crisis has recently attained unprecedented prominence in the public psyche. The significance of the ecological crisis can, however, instil fatalism, reducing the potential for positive, engaged action. This article employs scholarly interpretations of popular Christian biblical narratives to provide an alternative, hopeful path by which we might gain fresh perspective on the ecological crisis and inspire popular action. This contradicts views of Christian religion as counterproductive to ecological debate. Three categories of interpretations are explored: Christianity and anthropocentrism, Christianity and the more-than-human and Christianity and ecocentrism. This article concludes that biblical narratives create a familiar, tangible means through which individuals can engage with the ecological crisis. Furthermore, the combined use of scientific and biblical narratives could constitute a deontological incentive, inspiring action. This piece concludes that biblical narratives, when used appropriately, can inspire optimism and hope in the face of the ecological crisis.
Systemic Inequities in Identification and Representation of Black Youth with Gifts and Talents: Access, Equity, and Missingness in Urban and Other School Locales
Authors: Gentry Marcia , Whiting Gilman , Gray Anne M.
Published: May 2022

Recognizing civil unrest linked to systemic institutional inequity and gentrification of urban centers, this study examined access to, equity in, and missingness from gifted education of Black youth. With more than 80% of Black youth educated in cities and suburbs, underrepresentation in gifted programs plague urban centers. Examination of OCR Data by Title I School status revealed 45% fewer Black students identified in Title I Schools. Additionally, in every state and school locale, Black youth were underidentified on average by 50%. In 2016, 276,840 Black students were identified as gifted, with as many as 771,728 (73.60%) missing from identification.
Population density and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Comparing the geography of different waves in the Netherlands
Authors: Boterman Willem
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted public and scholarly debate about the relationship between infectious disease and the urban. Cities are considered contagious because they are hubs in (inter)national networks and contain high densities of people. However, the role of the urban and population density in the spread of pathogens is complex and is mediated by the wider bio-social environment. This paper analyses the role of population density in the outbreak of COVID-19 in the densely and highly urbanised context of the Netherlands. It compares the geography of the different phases in the epidemic and assesses when and where density plays a role. Using municipal data on the rate of infections and hospitalisations, this paper reveals that spatial patterns differ substantially in time, which does not appear to be simple diffusion. Using panel regressions, it is demonstrated that population density plays a role in those stages in which containment and mitigation measures were least strict, while in periods of lockdown other factors such as household size are associated with higher infection rates. It concludes that lockdowns may have greater effect in urban areas as key urban elements are temporarily cancelled out.
Parental Modeling and Normative Influence in Shaping Teenagers’ Phubbing: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Liu Ke , Wang Jing , Wei Xinyi , Lei Li
Published: May 2022

Phubbing, the ignoring of one’s companions to pay attention to one’s phone, is ubiquitous. Yet far less is known about its interpersonal transmission. Based on the social learning theory and the theory of normative social behavior, this cross-sectional study tested the associations between perceived parental phubbing and teenagers’ phubbing. Two hundred ninety-nine Chinese teenagers ( M = 14.03, SD = 0.87) answered questions about perceived parental phubbing, descriptive norms and injunctive norms of phubbing, and phubbing of themselves. The regression analyses showed that perceived parental phubbing was positively associated with teenagers’ phubbing and descriptive norms. The conditional process analyses showed that higher levels of perceived parental phubbing predicted higher levels of descriptive norms, which in turn predicted higher levels of teenagers’ phubbing. Moreover, the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and teenagers’ phubbing was greater as injunctive norms became greater.
The Triangular Axes of Universal Health Coverage Achievement: The Success Factors Behind Korean Community-Based Health Insurance Expansion
Authors: Kim Yanghee , Kang Minah
Published: May 2022

Though it has passed over 30 years, Korea’s community-based health insurance (CBHI) expansion can provide useful policy implications to developing countries with similar conditions, that is, lack of fiscal resources, health infrastructure, and medical resources to expand coverage to the informal sector. We summarized three groups of success factors through in-depth interviews and narrative analysis: system design, system operation, and public perception of the system. Korean CBHI could expand to the informal sector with the same system design as the formal sector such as mandatory enrolment, compulsory designation of medical service providers along with the low-benefit, low-contribution, and a low-payment system. However, expansion to the informal sector was somewhat different, as the CBHI exercised and operated the scheme with flexibility, semi-autonomy and leadership to fit for local context in terms of operation. Moreover, cultural factors that encouraged public awareness and increased participation significantly contributed in appealing to the informal sector. Overall, the systemic, operational, and cultural factors interacted with each other and created a synergy effect that local members in the informal sector found attractive.
Combining omental plug and patch: a simple adjunct to safer repair of Giant Prepyloric Perforation
Authors: Vineet Dwivedi , Patel Atul , Wadiwa Yogendra , Saxena Arjun , Agarwal Pawan , Sharma Dhananjaya
Published: May 2022

Giant prepyloric perforation ( i.e size > 2 cm) is a challenging surgical problem; options include repair with an omental patch or an omental plug. Alternative methods are more complicated. However, the leak rate and mortality is unacceptably high. This prompted us to combine the omental plug and patch for an effective repair. We present a case series of five patients repaired in this fashion, all of whom had an uneventful recovery, except for one who had a superficial abdominal wound dehiscence, but there was neither post-operative leak nor mortality. The mean hospital stay was 12 days.
A Preliminary Exploration of the Multimedia Principle’s Applicability for Improving Comprehension of Youth Interrogation Rights
Authors: Lively Christopher J. , Snook Brent , Luther Kirk , Mccardle Meagan I. , House John C.
Published: May 2022

We examined the extent to which presenting youth interrogation rights using different combinations of three multimedia elements (Animation, Audio, and Caption) improved comprehension. A 2 (Animation: Present, Absent) × 2 (Audio: Present, Absent) × 2 (Caption: Present, Absent) between-participants design was employed using samples of adults (Experiment 1: N = 207) and youth (Experiment 2: N = 193). Participants in both experiments were shown one of eight multimedia presentations and asked about their understanding of the presented youth interrogation rights. In both experiments, the multimedia presentation that contained animation and caption led to the highest level of comprehension. Implications of these findings for protecting youth and the use of technology during interrogations are discussed.
The Open Marxism of José Carlos Mariátegui
Authors: Kline Curtis
Published: May 2022

The contextual and challenging Marxism of José Carlos Mariátegui allowed for the opening of a theory often considered rigid and closed. Likewise, the current project of open Marxism resists a theory that accepts the limits found in a given world as its own theoretical limits. Engagement with some of the ideas of Mariátegui might help elucidate the openness of his Marxism and offer different perspectives and theoretical directions to that project.

El marxismo contextual y desafiante de José Carlos Mariátegui permitió la apertura de una teoría a menudo vista como rígida y cerrada. Del mismo modo, el actual proyecto del marxismo abierto se resiste a una teoría que acepte los límites de un mundo dado como sus propios límites teóricos. La interacción con algunas de las ideas de Mariátegui podría ayudar a dilucidar la apertura de su marxismo y ofrecer diferentes perspectivas y direcciones teóricas a dicho proyecto.
The application of nano silica as a potential, cost-efficient green filler in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates containing carboxy-terminated liquid natural rubber
Authors: Sudhakaran Gopika , Avirah Shanti A
Published: May 2022

The challenge of sustainable development demands renewable natural sources. Natural rubber is one of the major plantation crops in the equatorial region, where there is a tremendous scope for tapping solar energy. The carboxy-terminated liquid natural rubber (CTNR) was commercially prepared by the sunlight irradiation of a solution of maleic anhydride and masticated natural rubber. Carboxy-terminated liquid natural rubber (CTNR) can be used as a polymeric plasticizer in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) vulcanizates. As a reinforcing filler in rubber products, bio compatible green silica is rapidly replacing carcinogenic carbon black. This paper describes the cost-effective application of eco-friendly nano silica, which can improve the tensile properties, rebound resilience, compression set, ageing and oil resistance and reduce the heat build-up of the NBR vulcanizates. The properties of nano silica–filled NBR vulcanizates containing CTNR (NS NBR -CTNR) were compared with those containing amorphous silica. The enhancement in properties, exhibited by NS NBR-CTNR vulcanizates, may be attributed to the increased bound rubber content resulting from the large surface area of the nano-sized filler. The superior retention of properties after ageing and oil extraction shown by NS NBR-CTNR vulcanizates may be due to the better rubber filler interaction, ionic crosslinking and co–cross-linking of CTNR to NBR. The use of a combination of a conventional plasticizer and CTNR in nano silica–filled NBR is found to be promising.
Chitin nanocrystal based aqueous inks for 3D printing via direct ink writing
Authors: Gu Shaohua , Ji Hengying , Liang Kai , Ji Yali
Published: May 2022

Chitin nanocrystal (ChiNC), a kind of rod-like nanoparticle, exhibits a high elastic modulus, high mechanical strength, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Its aqueous dispersion behaves with a prominent shear thinning and concentration-related sol-gel transition characteristics, which has feasibility of extrusion-based 3D printing, that is, direct ink writing (DIW). Based on this, herein, ChiNC was chosen as matrix material to explore its printability via DIW. A kind of waterborne polycitrate prepolymer (pre-POFC) was introduced into the ChiNC aqueous dispersion inks. On the one hand, pre-POFC was as rheology modifier to tune the flow behavior of the inks; on the other hand, the cured POFC component was as adhesive agent to glue ChiNC nanoparticles, aiming to improve water-stability and remove brittleness of the ChiNC-based materials. The results showed the optimal loading ratio of POFC component was 30–50 wt% determined via water-stability tests. The rheological analyses showed that the ChiNC/pre-POFC aqueous inks exhibited a prominent shear thinning behavior, thixotropy, modulus recovery ability, and higher dynamical yield stress ( σy), meaning such systems had a good DIW printability theoretically. Actually, DIW results showed that only ChiNC/pre-POFC-6/4–30wt% and ChiNC/pre-POFC-5/5–30wt% inks exhibited optimal printability, in consideration of minimal contraction and superior shape retention after dehydration and thermocuring. However, the mechanical properties of printed films were weaker than that of cast films due to the limited printing precision and lower density.
Capturing what remains: A commentary on Kidd and Garcia (2022)
Authors: Slobin Dan
Published: May 2022

Kidd and Garcia remind us of the urgency of gathering comparable child language data across languages and cultures. They provide useful guidelines, and more are suggested here. Languages used for comparative analysis should be picked with regard to precise typological contrasts, pinpointing structures that promise to reveal processes of acquisition. Our knowledge gap may not be as severe as it seems to the authors; nevertheless, we are faced with daunting tasks of collecting data and preparing them for detailed analysis.