bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rasburicase therapy may cause hydrogen peroxide shock
Authors: Góth László
Published: August 2008

A vér magas húgysav-koncentrációja több megbetegedés (veseelégtelenség, köszvény, tumorlízis- és metabolikus szindrómák) patomechanizmusában játszik szerepet. A tumorlízis-szindróma a tumoros betegeknél spontán vagy kezelés következtében alakul ki, egyik markere a hyperurikaemia. A különböző megbetegedésekben kialakuló hyperurikaemia prevenciójára, illetve terápiájára ma már egyre gyakrabban alkalmazzák a rekombináns húgysavoxidáz- (rasburicas-) terápiát, amely hatékonyan csökkenti a szérumhúgysav-koncentrációt. A terápia során a rasburicas a húgysavat jól oldódó allantoinná alakítja, amely a vese révén eliminálódik. A reakcióban keletkező nagy koncentrációjú hidrogén-peroxid a vörösvértestek oxidatív hemolízisét okozhatja, ha a hidrogén-peroxid-elimináló enzimek (glükóz-6-foszfát-dehidrogenáz, kataláz) aktivitása jelentősen csökken. Ezért ezen enzimek aktivitásának mérése ajánlható a terápia megkezdése előtt. A rasburicasterápia monitorozása a szérumhúgysav-koncentráció mérésével történhet. A Magyarországon végzett húgysav-meghatározások több mint 95%-a szintén az urikázeljárást alkalmazza, és a keletkező hidrogén-peroxidot méri, ezért a monitorozáskor a preanalitikai tényezőket, valamint az aszkorbinsav- és a rasburicasterápia során keletkezett hidrogén-peroxid-interferenciát figyelembe kell venni.
Idade e uso de preservativo na iniciação sexual de adolescentes brasileiros
Authors: Paiva Vera , Calazans Gabriela , Venturi Gustavo , Dias Rita
Published: August 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar a idade e o uso do preservativo na iniciação sexual de adolescentes brasileiros em dois períodos: 1998 e 2005. MÉTODOS: Amostras representativas da população urbana brasileira foram entrevistadas em inquérito domiciliar por duas pesquisas, realizadas em 1998 e 2005. Dentre os entrevistados, 670 jovens (16 a 19 anos) sexualmente ativos foram selecionados para o estudo, 312 de 1998 e 358 de 2005. Para análise dos dados ponderados foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher (±<5%). RESULTADOS: Em 2005, 61,6% dos jovens entrevistados tinham iniciado-se sexualmente, cuja idade média foi 14,9 anos, sem diferenças significativas para os jovens entrevistados em 1998. O uso de preservativo na primeira relação sexual aumentou significativamente em relações estáveis (48,5% em 1998 vs. 67,7% em 2005) e casuais (47,2% em 1998 vs. 62,6% em 2005) em quase todos os segmentos. Persistiram as diferenças relacionadas à iniciação sexual e ao uso de preservativos segundo gênero, cor da pele e escolaridade, tal como observado em 1998. A diminuição no uso de preservativo entre os jovens que se iniciaram sexualmente antes dos 14 anos, em todos os contextos de parceria, foi expressiva na região Sudeste e entre os mais escolarizados. CONCLUSÕES: Como em outros países, observou-se tendência à estabilização da idade da iniciação sexual entre jovens de 15 a 19 anos. O adiamento do início da vida sexual, mais freqüente entre os jovens mais escolarizados, deve ser tema discutido no planejamento da educação dos adolescentes para a sexualidade e prevenção das IST. Quanto à diminuição da vulnerabilidade ao HIV, é relevante e significativo o incremento no uso de preservativo na iniciação sexual.
Liquid‐crystal photoaligning by azo dyes (Invited Paper)
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir G. , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Hasebe Hiroshi , Takatsu Haruyoshi , Takada Hirokazu
Published: August 2008

Abstract— Liquid‐crystal (LC) photoalignment using azo dyes is described. It will be shown that this photoaligning method can provide a highly uniform alignment with a controllable pretilt angle and strong anchoring energy of the LC cell, as well as a high thermal and UV stability. The application of LC photoalignment to the fabrication of various types of liquid‐crystal displays, such as VAN‐LCDs, FLCDs, TN‐LCDs, and microdisplays, on glass and plastic substrates is also discussed. Azo‐dye photoaligned super‐thin polarizers and phase retarders are considered as new optical elements in LCD production, in particular for transflective displays.
Plasma‐beam alignment of passive liquid crystals (Invited Paper)
Authors: Yaroshchuk Oleg , Parri Owain , Kravchuk Ruslan , Satayesh Sepas , Reijme Mireille
Published: August 2008

Abstract— A plasma‐beam process, developed for the alignment of liquid crystals (LC) in electro‐optic applications, has been successfully applied to align “non‐standard” LC, such as crystalline materials with LC phases at elevated temperatures and reactive mesogenes. In addition to the high alignment quality of the materials, there is no need for an intermediate layer between the substrate and the LC layer. Furthermore, the construction of our source simplifies the alignment procedure of large‐area rigid substrates and the roll‐to‐roll processing of flexible films. This method opens new horizons for optical retarders and polarizers, as well as anisotropic semiconducting films for organic electronics.
Nano‐structured liquid‐crystal alignment layers (Invited Paper)
Authors: Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Yeung Fion Sze Yan
Published: August 2008

Abstract— The alignment of liquid crystal by nano‐structured surfaces is investigated. It is shown that reliable pretilt angles of any value between 0° and 90° can be produced with these surfaces. The physics and properties of such alignment layers are studied using a variety of techniques. The anchoring energy and temperature stability of the alignment are also measured. Dependence on various processing conditions is also characterized. It is shown that these nano‐structured alignment layers are useful for the production of high pretilt angles needed for a variety of applications.
Tuning the alignment of liquid crystals by means of nano‐structured surfaces (Invited Paper)
Authors: Komitov Lachezar
Published: August 2008

Abstract— The solid‐surface/liquid‐crystal interactions, defining the field‐free alignment of the liquid crystal in conventional liquid‐crystal displays, are playing a vital role in their optical appearance and performance. Nano‐scale changes in the solid‐surface structure induced by light have been recently shown to affect the anchoring strength and the easy‐axis direction. Fine tuning of the anchoring strength is also demonstrated by nano‐structuring of the Langmuir‐Blodgett monolayer employed as liquid‐crystal alignment layers promoting homeotropic orientation. On the basis of nano‐engineering of the surface alignment properties, two novel alignment concepts have been introduced: electrically commanded surfaces (ECS) and high‐performance alignment layers (HiPAL). Nano‐structured polymers related to these concepts have been designed, synthesized, and used as materials for alignment layers in LCDs. ECS materials belong to the category of active alignment materials designed to mediate switching of the liquid crystal, whereas the HiPAL materials make possible the control of the molecular tilt angle in a broad range, from 0° to 90°, and they seem to enable the control of the anchoring strength as well. The nano‐structured alignment materials are strong candidates for implementation in a new generation of advanced liquid‐crystal displays and devices.
O films with adjustable tilt of optical axis for LCD compensation
Authors: Yaroshchuk Oleg , Dolgov Leonid , Ho Jacob , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Chigrinov Vladimir , Takatsu Haruyoshi , Hasebe Hiroshi
Published: August 2008

Abstract— A method of preparation of positive O films with the tilt angle of the optic axis continuously controlled in the range 0–90° is proposed. It is based on the use of reactive mesogens and alignment materials that provide a wide range of pretilt angles. The method developed allows for further improvement in the viewing‐angle characteristics of LCDs with O compensation films.
Factors affecting the dynamics of a π‐cell (Invited Paper)
Authors: Huang Yi , Bos Philip J. , Kim K. H. , Jang J. K. , Kim H. S.
Published: August 2008

Abstract— The basic factors related to the dynamics of a π‐cell device are reviewed. Specifically, the director dynamics are studied for the case of a periodic drive voltage that is sometimes referred to as “impulse drive.” It is found for this type of drive waveform the desired bend state is more stable against the twisting effect of transverse electric fields found in AMLCD devices. This effect causes the reduction in light transmission due to “impulse drive” to be smaller in π‐cell devices than is expected to be found in other AMLCD modes.
Defect‐free deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid‐crystal mode in a vertically aligned configuration (Invited Paper)
Authors: Kim Dong‐Woo , Jang Eunje , Lim Yong‐Woon , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: August 2008

Abstract— A novel deformed‐helix ferroelectric liquid‐crystal (DHFLC) mode in a vertically aligned (VA) configuration is described. In this configuration, several unique features of display performance such as uniform alignment, fast response, and analog gray‐scale capability are obtained. Particularly, this VA‐DHFLC mode allows for the defect‐free uniform alignment of both the FLC molecules and the smectic layers over a large area without employing additional processes such as rubbing or electric‐field treatment that are generally required for planar FLC modes. Based on the VA‐DHFLC mode, a transflective display having a single‐gap geometry with in‐plane electrodes on two substrates in the transmissive regions and on one substrate in the reflective regions is described.
Fast electro‐optical response at low temperature for metal nanoparticle embedded STN‐LCDs (Invited Paper)
Authors: Toko Y. , Takahashi T. , Miyamoto K. , Yokoyama S. , Takigawa S. , Nishino S. , Toshima N. , Kobayashi S.
Published: August 2008

Abstract— STN‐LCDs embedded with special metal nanoparticles of Ag/Pd are shown to be useful for a direct‐multiplexed dot‐matrix STN‐LCD with 320 × 240 pixels and show a fast response time by 3–5 times compared to those without nanoparticles. This phenomenon is shown to be attributed to the reduction of rotational viscosity by 70% at room temperature and by 30% at a low temperature (−20°C). The alteration of elastic constants by doping nanoparticles could be also essential.
Diffraction on birefringent elements with sine surface microrelief
Authors: Belyaev Victor V. , Novikovich Vadim M. , Denisenko Peter L.
Published: August 2008

Abstract— Light diffraction on optically anisotropic substrates using sine surface microrelief has been calculated by using the OAGSM method. The influence of the microrelief depth and material birefringence on the diffraction intensity on the order of 0–3 is reviewed and discussed. The results are compared with the results of the calculation for a rectangular microrelief. The microrelief depth and material birefringence allows the realization of different polarization states of the light beam transmitted or reflected by the substrate. The approach can be used to control the light‐beam propagation for different applications including LCD backlights.
Measurement of human visual perception for Mura with some features
Authors: Chen Chun‐Chih , Hwang Sheue‐Ling , Wen Chao‐Hua
Published: August 2008

Abstract— The defects of flat‐panel liquid‐crystal display are usually not uniform, and the defects are called as “Mura.” There are many factors that cause the Mura phenomenon. At present, the human eyes define the seriousness of Mura, and different operators define the same Mura phenomenon with different meanings. For this reason, there have been many conflicts between the suppliers of flat‐panel liquid‐crystal display and customers. In order to solve the conflicts between the suppliers and customers, some researchers proposed a regression equation for the luminance contrast threshold and the size of Mura. In addition to the effect of Mura size on luminance contrast threshold, this study investigated the relationship between other factors and luminance contrast threshold. An analysis of the results show that Mura size, polarity of Mura, Mura position, and different color backgrounds significantly affect the visual contrast threshold. However, polarity did not significantly affect visual contrast threshold. In this study, it was found that Mura size was more important than the other factors for visual contrast threshold. The results of this study is expected to be referenced for inspection by the LCD industry.
Effectiveness of Azoxystrobin in the Control of Erysiphe Cichoracearum and Pseudoperonospora Cubensis on Cucumber
Authors: Anand Theerthagiri , Chandrasekaran Angannan , Kuttalam Sasthamoorthy , Senthilraja Govindasamy , Raguchander Thiruvengadam , Samiyappan Ramasamy
Published: August 2008

Effectiveness of Azoxystrobin in the Control ofErysiphe CichoracearumandPseudoperonospora Cubensison Cucumber

The bioefficacy of azoxystrobin (Amistar 25 SC) was tested against cucumber downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases. The two season trials of field studies revealed that the disease progression of cucumber downy mildew and powdery mildew was successfully arrested by azoxystrobin. Spraying of azoxystrobin at various doses (31.25, 62.50 and 125g a.s./ha) revealed that 125 g a.s./ha (500 ml/ha) was considered as the optimum dose for the control of these diseases of cucumber. The treatment also recorded the highest yield of 13.23 and 14.46 tonnes/ha in the first and second season, respectively. No phytotoxic effect of azoxystrobin was observed in the both field trials even at four times of the recommended dose 125 g a.s./ha. The persistence of azoxystrobin at 250 and 500 g a.s./ha was observed up to seven days after last spraying. However, the persistence of azoxystrobin at 31.25, 62.50 and 125 a.s./ha was observed up to three to five days after last spraying. The safe waiting period for the harvest of cucumber fruits was 1.53 days in the first field trial and 2.37 days in the second field trial, respectively at azoxystrobin 125 g a.s./ha. The residues of azoxystrobin were at below detectable level (BDL) in the harvested cucumber fruits.
Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Javanica) and Tomato As Affected By Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Karajeh Muwaffaq
Published: August 2008

Interaction of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Javanica) and Tomato As Affected By Hydrogen Peroxide

The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on root-knot nematode (RKN,Meloidogyne javanica) in tomato was investigated. Soil drenching with exogenous H2O2was done using seven H2O2concentrations (1, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mM) at different application times (24 hours before the time of plant inoculation with the RKN (T1), at the time of inoculation (T2), and 24 hours after the inoculation time (T3). The nematode reproduction rate (eggs/g fresh root) was significantly reduced in all H2O2treatments compared with the untreated control. The lowest reduction in nematode reproduction occurred at 10 mM H2O2. The application times T1 and T2 were significantly higher in reducing the reproduction rate than T3 at 250, 750 and 1000 mM H2O2. The content of endogenous H2O2in the treated plants was significantly higher than in the non-treated plants. Some phytotoxicity was apparent at the higher concentrations of H2O2(≥ 500 mM) in the treated plants due to the accumulation of the endogenous H2O2. The treatments with 1 and 10 mM H2O2did not differ from the untreated control in plant chlorophyll content while the content was significantly reduced at the higher concentrations. Exogenous application of H2O2may have a direct effect on the nematode reproduction and an indirect effect on the treated tomato plants that can be elicited by H2O2to resist the nematode infection.
Effect of Fungicides on Colony Growth of Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Scrib.
Authors: Sartori Juliana , Maringoni Antonio
Published: August 2008

Effect of Fungicides on Colony Growth ofColletotrichum Lindemuthianum(Sacc. & Magn.) Scrib.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum(Sacc. & Magn.) Scrib. is the causal agent of the anthracnose of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), a fungal disease of a great significance in brazilian bean cultures. The goals of this work were to evaluate thein vitrocolony growth and to determine the ED50interval of twentyC. lindemuthianumisolates from different regions of Brazil to five fungicides of different active ingredients and to some blendings (carbendazim, chlorothalonil, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil + thiophanate-methyl, trifloxystrobin, propiconazole and trifloxystrobin + propiconazole), at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/ml, in a potato-dextrose-agar culture medium. The results revealed seven isolates with low sensitivity to carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl (ED50interval greater than 1000 μg/ml) thus suggesting cross-resistance. Isolate sensitivity to chlorothalonil ranged from ED50interval less than 1 μg/ml to greater than 1000 μg/ml. Those isolates with high sensitivity to thiophanate-methyl, ED50interval less than 1 μg/ml, did also show it with respect to chlorothalonil + thiophanate-methyl. Sixteen isolates showed a high sensitivity to trifloxystrobin with a ED50interval less than 1 μg/ml. Nineteen isolates ofC. lindemuthianumshowed high sensitivity to propiconazole and to trifloxystrobin + propiconazole with ED50interval less than 1 μg/ml. Isolates with low sensitivity to carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl were sensitive to propiconazole and to trifloxystrobin + propiconazole. Variability was found in the sensitivity of the colony growth ofC. lindemuthianumisolates from different regions of Brazil to the fungicides evaluated.
Population Dynamics of Sugar-Beet Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii) On Spring and Winter Oilseed Rape Crops
Authors: Dobosz Renata , Kornobis Stefan
Published: August 2008

Population Dynamics of Sugar-Beet Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii) On Spring and Winter Oilseed Rape Crops

The influence of spring as well as winter oilseed rape on the change in population density of H. schachtii was investigated in microplot experiment in the years 2002-2005. The spring oilseed rape caused the increase of nematode population (Pf/Pi were 1.31-1.79), in contrast to winter oilseed rape where the population distinctly decreased (Pf/Pi were 0.49-0.59). No statistically important differences between winter oilseed rape crops and fallow were observed. Comparative observations of the life cycle were carried out in pot experiments outdoors. On spring oilseed rape only one generation was completed. The development of the second generation was interrupted because of crop harvesting. In winter oilseed rape J3 and J4 occurred in roots in the autumn where they probably did not over-winter, except of the years 2006-2007. In the spring there was a second emergence of larvae and adult females were observed in June and July. The development of the second generation was interrupted because of harvesting. In winter oilseed rape sown in the spring one generation was completed.
Mycoflora Associated with Decomposition of Rice Stubble Mixed with Soil
Authors: Pandey Vibha , Sinha Asha
Published: August 2008

Mycoflora Associated with Decomposition of Rice Stubble Mixed with Soil

Fungi inhabiting rice stubble mixed with soil were isolated by dilution plate technique. Moisture content of decomposed rice stubble mixed with soil was 25.32% in the month of August and minimum (5.35%) in the month of April and pH varied between 6.8-7.2. The highest (47.68 x 104) fungal population in 1 g of rice stubble mixed with soil was recorded in the month of October and the lowest (16.88 x 104) in the month of May. A total of twenty-nine fungal species were recorded during the entire period of decomposition. Dueteromycetous fungi constituted 75.86 per cent of total fungal population followed by zygomycetous, oomycetous and ascomycetous fungi. Monthly variation in fungal population was correlated with substrate availability and climatic factors. Dominance ofRhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavusandTrichoderma harzianumwas recorded during the decomposition whilePestalotia mangiferae, Torula graminisandAlternaria solaniwere obtained as rare fungal species.
Book Review: Schumann G. L., D'Arcy C. J. 2006. Essential Plant Pathology. APS Press - The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 338 pp. ISBN 0-89054-342-9
Authors: Lipa Jerzy
Published: August 2008

Book Review: Schumann G. L., D'Arcy C. J. 2006. Essential Plant Pathology. APS Press - The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 338 pp. ISBN 0-89054-342-9
Deciding for Ourselves: Some Thoughts on the Psychology of Assessing Reasonable Expectations of Privacy
Authors: Burkell Jacquelyn
Published: August 2008

Section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees to all Canadians the right “to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure.” Decisions regarding this section of the Charter are typically made in the context of charges against an accused, and the accumulation of these decisions defines the boundaries of the privacy interests of Canadians vis-à-vis governmental action. But while the court is focused on the privacy interests of particular individuals who have been accused of contravening the law, it is also determining the privacy rights of all Canadians. This paper explores the judgmental biases that arise naturally in such a situation. The evidence from psychological literature suggests that the degree to which government actions are viewed as intrusive (and thus compromising privacy) will be reduced to the extent that the decision maker takes a third-party perspective (search of others, not oneself) and to the extent that there is knowledge of irrelevant situational information, including the results of the potential search (i.e., whether evidence was produced) and indication of the guilt or innocence of the subject of the search. In deciding the typical section 8 case, judges find themselves in exactly these positions, and they thus run the risk of attenuated perceptions of intrusiveness. Analysis of the empirical literature suggests strategies for minimizing this bias, including considering intrusiveness from a first-person perspective and adopting an explicitly analytical stance on the specific question of whether the actions in question constitute a search or seizure.
If the Supreme Court Were on Facebook: Evaluating the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Test from a Social Perspective
Authors: Steeves Valerie
Published: August 2008

This article examines the Supreme Court of Canada's position that reasonable expectations of privacy in informational spaces can be protected by focusing on the protection of the information itself. It then measures this position against the findings of social science research studies that have examined the behaviour of young people in online spaces. The author argues that the legal test being advanced by the Court is out of step with what we know about people's online experiences and expectations. As such, the test may limit the Court's ability to protect us from surveillance technologies that negatively affect our dignity, autonomy, and social freedom. Especially as more of our public and private lives migrate to virtual spaces, it is essential that the courts begin to pay attention to the lessons to be gleaned from the social sciences research on privacy and reinvigorate the legal protection of privacy as a social value.
Deeply Personal Information and the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in Tessling
Authors: Matheson David
Published: August 2008

In the landmark privacy case of R. v. Tessling (2004 ), the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the respondent did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to information about him that officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police were able to acquire by the warrantless use of infrared imaging directed at his home. In an effort to understand the cogency of the Court's ruling, this paper explores the question of what sort of personal information in general can be said to be covered by a reasonable expectation of privacy, that is, of what constitutes “deeply personal information.” One prominent account in the privacy literature suggests that deeply personal information is tied to sensitivity: what distinguishes deeply personal information from other sorts of information about individuals, on the sensitivity account, has essentially to do with how sensitive they are to widespread knowledge of it. After raising some problems for this account, I go on to the articulate a novel one: on my “self-narrative” account, whether personal information counts as deeply personal depends on whether open access to it would seriously undermine the individual's ability to tell her own unique story about herself to others – for herself and on her own terms. The upshot of this novel account is that we may have to concede that the Supreme Court got it at least partly right in R. v. Tessling: the respondent did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to the relevant information acquired by the RCMP's warrantless infrared search. Even so, I suggest, it does not follow that the warrantless search failed in any way to violate the respondent's section 8 Charter rights. It is perhaps time to stop trying to make the reasonable expectation of privacy do all the work required by the Charter's protection against unreasonable search and seizure.
Tesslingon My Brain: The Future of Lie Detection and Brain Privacy in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Kerr Ian , Binnie Max , Aoki Cynthia
Published: August 2008

The criminal justice system requires reliable means of detecting truth and lies. A battery of emerging neuro-imaging technologies makes it possible to gauge and monitor brain activity without the need to penetrate the cranium. Bypassing external physiological indicators of dishonesty relied upon by previous lie detection techniques, some neuro-imaging experts believe in the possibility of reliable brain-scan lie-detection systems in the criminal justice system. Because future generations of neuro-technology will become smaller and sleeker, will have greater read ranges, and could one day interface with implantable microchips, some of those experts also believe in the possibility of remote, surreptitious brain surveillance. In this article, the authors examine such possibilities and assert that Canadian courts’ current approach to protecting privacy cannot easily accommodate the challenges caused by these emerging technologies. The article commences with an examination of the “reasonable expectation of privacy” standard adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada, arguing that various courts across Canada have misunderstood and misapplied the R. v. Tessling decision by way of an inappropriate analogy. After a description of brain-scan lie-detection systems, the authors then examine the courts’ use of the Tessling analogy in the context of brain privacy. In addition to demonstrating the danger in a generalized judicial proposition that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in information emanating from a private place into a public space, the authors conclude that a more robust account of brain privacy is required and speculate about possible sources of law from which this might derive.
Addendum: A Brief Note on Privacy from a Technological Perspective
Authors: Adams Carlisle , Piñero Verónica B.
Published: August 2008

The Supreme Court of Canada's judgment in R. v. Tessling (2004) has become a paradigmatic decision because of its implications for technology and privacy. In this article, we contend that Tessling could have had a reasonable expectation of privacy about the heat emanating from his house if a technological point of view had been applied. In particular, we argue, from a description of the technological perspective aimed at an audience who do not primarily have a technological background, that if heat emanations escaping through the walls of an individual's house are considered a “communication network,” privacy could be imposed upon them through technological and/or societal mechanisms. In other words, if the heat emanations are considered an element or part of a given communication those heat emanations can be protected through privacy procedures. For this discussion, we first provide a brief introduction to basic communication technology and then explore the implications of effective communication. Finally, we describe a classification scheme for techniques that can help to achieve privacy in a given communication.
Highly Efficient and Reusable Polyaniline‐Supported Palladium Catalysts for Open‐Air Oxidative Heck Reactions under Base‐ and Ligand‐Free Conditions
Authors: Likhar Pravin R. , Roy Moumita , Roy Sarabindu , Subhas M. S. , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Sreedhar B.
Published: August 2008

Oxidative Heck reactions of arylboronic acids and alkenes are carried out in the presence of polyaniline‐supported palladium catalysts using air as a co‐oxidant to afford the Heck products with excellent yields and selectivities under base‐ and ligand‐free conditions. The catalyst was recovered by simple filtration and used for several cycles with consistent activity.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Optically Active Alkanephos‐ phonates via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated Phosphonates with Ferrocene‐Based Monophosphoramidite Ligands
Authors: Duan Zheng‐Chao , Hu Xiang‐Ping , Wang Dao‐Yong , Huang Jia‐Di , Yu Sai‐Bo , Deng Jun , Zheng Zhuo
Published: August 2008

A series of chiral β‐substituted alkanephosphonates was synthesized in high enantioselectivities via the first rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding β‐substituted‐α,β‐unsaturated phosphonates using a ferrocene‐derived monophosphoramidite ligand, with which up to 99.5% ee have been achieved for the hydrogenation of (E)‐substrates and 98.0% ee for (Z)‐substrates.
Consensus statement on iron overload in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Bennett John M.
Published: August 2008

In May 2005 at the 8th International Symposium on Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), a consensus meeting was held on iron overload in MDS (Seymour, Hematol Oncol Clin 2005; Suppl 1:18–25). The recommendations of the 2005 consensus meeting were discussed in the context of currently available evidence at the 9th International Symposium on Myelodysplastic Syndromes in Florence Italy, May 2007. The recommendations of the consensus working group are presented here. The recommendations are a continued refinement of the outcome of the 2005 consensus meeting and the ground‐breaking work of others in this area (Seymour, Hematol Oncol Clin 2005; Suppl 1:18–25; Gattermann, Int J Hematol 2008;88:24–29; Alessandrino et al., Haematologica 2002;87:1286–1306; NCCN practice guidelines: Myelodysplastic Syndromes, version 2.2008). Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation in the serotonin 2A receptor and suicidal ideation in a sample of 270 Irish high‐density schizophrenia families
Authors: Fanous Ayman H. , Chen Xiangning , Wang Xu , Amdur Richard , O'Neill F. Anthony , Walsh Dermot , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: August 2008

Genetic variation in the serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) has been associated with both schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. Our sample comprised 270 Irish high‐density schizophrenia families (n = 1,408 subjects, including 755 with psychotic illness). Diagnoses were generated using a modified SCID. All patients who had at least one episode of psychosis were rated on the Operation Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT). Lifetime history of suicidal ideation was determined from medical records and psychiatric interviews and was scored in the OPCRIT. Twelve SNPs were selected for study. Ten of these were tagSNPs derived from HapMap data, along with His452Tyr and T102C. We tested for association with psychotic illness as a whole, as well as stratified by the presence of suicidal ideation, using FBAT and PDTPHASE. Single‐marker as well as haplotype‐based tests using a “sliding window” approach were performed. We observed several 2, 3, and 4 marker haplotypes near the 3′ end of the gene that were over‐transmitted to psychotic subjects (0.02 ≤ P ≤ 0.04). His452Tyr was included in these haplotypes but was not itself significant. We also observed modest over‐transmission of a 2‐marker haplotype that included T102C (0.04 ≤ P ≤ 0.08), which was also not itself significant in single‐marker analyses. There was no significant association in the subgroup of the sample with suicidal ideation. Because of multiple testing, these results do not provide support for HTR2A as a susceptibility gene for psychotic illness, or for suicidal ideation within psychotic illness. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artificial neural network modeling of O2 separation from air in a hollow fiber membrane module
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Zahedi G. , Aminnejad M.
Published: August 2008

In this study artificial neural network (ANN) modeling of a hollow fiber membrane module for separation of oxygen from air was conducted. Feed rates, transmembrane pressure, membrane surface area, and membrane permeability for the present constituents in the feed were network input data. Output data were rate of permeate from the membrane, the amount of N2 in the remaining flow, and the amount of O2 in the permeate flow. Experimental data were obtained from software developed by Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI). A part of the data generated by this software was confirmed by experimental results available in literature. Two third of the data were employed for training ANNs. Based on different training algorithms, radial basis function (RBF) was found as the best network with minimum training error. Generalization capability of best RBF networks was checked by one third of unseen data. The network was able to properly predict new data that incorporate excellent performance of the network. The developed model can be used for optimization and online control. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of various parameters on the solid circulation rate in a liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Natarajan P. , Velraj R. , Seeniraj R. V.
Published: August 2008

A liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) is operated at high liquid velocity, where particle entrainment is highly significant, and between the conventional liquid fluidized bed and the dilute‐phase liquid transport regimes. In the present work, systematic experiments were carried out in a 0.094 m i.d. and 2.4 m height laboratory‐scale LSCFB apparatus by using various solid particles and tap water as fluidizing medium to study the hydrodynamics. The effects of operating parameters, i.e. primary liquid flow rate in the riser (jf), auxiliary liquid flow rate (ja), total liquid flow rate (jl), particle density (ρs), particle diameter (dp) and solid feed pipe diameter (do) on the solid circulation rate were analyzed from the experimental data. Finally, a correlation was developed from the experimental data to estimate solid velocity (solid circulation rate), and was compared with the present experimental and available data in the literature. They agree well with a maximum root mean‐square (RMS) deviation of 12%. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shadow price of capital and the Furubotn–Pejovich effect: Some empirical evidence for Italian wine cooperatives
Authors: Maietta Ornella Wanda , Sena Vania
Published: August 2008

We test the underinvestment hypothesis (the so‐called Furubotn–Pejovich effect) from the specialized literature on co‐ops by comparing the shadow price of capital and the dual capacity utilization index for a panel of Italian cooperative and conventional firms, 1996–2003. The results do not show any difference between co‐ops and conventional firms in this respect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain function and gaze fixation during facial‐emotion processing in fragile X and autism
Authors: Dalton Kim M. , Holsen Laura , Abbeduto Leonard , Davidson Richard J.
Published: August 2008

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most commonly known genetic disorder associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Overlapping features in these populations include gaze aversion, communication deficits, and social withdrawal. Although the association between FXS and ASD has been well documented at the behavioral level, the underlying neural mechanisms associated with the social/emotional deficits in these groups remain unclear. We collected functional brain images and eye‐gaze fixations from 9 individuals with FXS and 14 individuals with idiopathic ASD, as well as 15 typically developing (TD) individuals, while they performed a facial‐emotion discrimination task. The FXS group showed a similar yet less aberrant pattern of gaze fixations compared with the ASD group. The FXS group also showed fusiform gyrus (FG) hypoactivation compared with the TD control group. Activation in FG was strongly and positively associated with average eye fixation and negatively associated with ASD characteristics in the FXS group. The FXS group displayed significantly greater activation than both the TD control and ASD groups in the left hippocampus (HIPP), left superior temporal gyrus (STG), right insula (INS), and left postcentral gyrus (PCG). These group differences in brain activation are important as they suggest unique underlying face‐processing neural circuitry in FXS versus idiopathic ASD, largely supporting the hypothesis that ASD characteristics in FXS and idiopathic ASD reflect partially divergent impairments at the neural level, at least in FXS individuals without a co‐morbid diagnosis of ASD.
Clusters of sirenomelia in South America
Authors: Orioli Iêda M. , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo , López‐Camelo Jorge S. , Saldarriaga Wilmar , Isaza Carolina , Aiello Horacio , Zarante Ignacio , Castilla Eduardo E.
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND

One hospital in the city of Cali, Colombia, of the ECLAMC (Latin‐American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) network, reported the unusual occurrence of four cases of sirenomelia within a 55‐day period.

METHODS

An ECLAMC routine for cluster evaluation (RUMOR) was followed that included: calculations of observed/expected ratios, site visits, comparison with comprehensively collected local, South American, and worldwide data, cluster analysis, and search for risk factors.

RESULTS

All four Cali sirenomelia cases were born to mothers living in a 2 km2 area, in neighboring communes, within the municipality of Cali. Considering the total births of the city of Cali as the denominator, and based on ECLAMC baseline birth prevalence rates (per 100,000) for sirenomelia (2.25, 95% CI: 2.66, 3.80), the cluster for this congenital abnormality was unlikely to have occurred by chance (observed/expected ratio = 5.77; 95% CI: 1.57–14.78; p = .002). No consistent common factor was identified, but vicinity to an open landfill as the cause could not be rejected. Another ECLAMC hospital in San Justo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, reported three further cases but these did not seem to constitute a nonrandom cluster.

CONCLUSIONS

The methodology used to evaluate the two possible clusters of sirenomelia determined that the Cali sirenomelia cluster was unlikely to have occurred by chance whereas the sirenomelia cluster from San Justo seemed to be random. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing and Analyzing the Fitness Landscape of an Experimental Evolutionary Process
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Sanchis Joaquin
Published: August 2008

Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) is a promising approach to more efficient directed evolution, especially for enhancing the enantioselectivity and/or thermostability of enzymes. This was demonstrated previously for an epoxide hydrolase (EH), after five sets of mutations led to a stepwise increase in enantioselectivity. This study utilizes these results to illuminate the nature of ISM, and identify the reasons for its operational efficacy. By applying a deconvolution strategy to the five sets of mutations and measuring the enantioselectivity factors (E) of the EH variants, ΔΔG≠ values become accessible. With these values, the construction of the complete fitness‐pathway landscape is possible. The free energy profiles of the 5!=120 evolutionary pathways leading from the wild‐type to the best mutant show that 55 trajectories are energetically favored, one of which is the originally observed route. This particular pathway was analyzed in terms of epistatic effects operating between the sets of mutations at all evolutionary stages. The degree of synergism increases as the stepwise evolutionary process proceeds. When encountering a local minimum in a disfavored pathway, that is, in the case of a dead end, choosing another set of mutations at a previous stage puts the evolutionary process back on an energetically favored trajectory. The type of analysis presented here might be useful when evaluating other mutagenesis methods and strategies in directed evolution.
PP Bond Cleavage of Tetraphenyltetraphosphane‐1,4‐diide Facilitated by Nickel(0)
Authors: Gómez‐Ruiz Santiago , Zahn Stefan , Kirchner Barbara , Böhlmann Winfried , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: August 2008

One equivalent of [Na2(thf)5(P4Ph4)] (1) reacts with one equivalent of [Ni(cod)2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) to give the unexpected ionic compound [Na(Et2O)3][Na3(Et2O)2Ni3(μ‐P2Ph2)2(P2Ph2)3] (2), whereas the reaction of [Ni(cod)2] with the less reactive [K2(pmdeta)2(P4Ph4)] (3) leads to the formation of [K(pmdeta)]2[Ni(P4Ph4)(P2Ph2)] (4) (PMDETA=NMe(CH2CH2NMe2)2), in which KNi interactions are observed. The calculations for 4 confirm the structural parameters obtained by X‐ray diffraction studies. A shared electron number (SEN) analysis was applied to investigate the K⋅⋅⋅Ni interactions. These studies indicate a SEN value of a typical three‐center, two‐electron bond for K1‐Ni‐K2 indicating a covalent contribution in the interaction between nickel and potassium.
Efficient dominant eigensystem computation using nodal equations
Authors: Expósito Antonio Gómez , Bachiller Soler Alfonso , Macías José Antonio Rosendo
Published: August 2008

In this paper, alternative methods are developed for computing the smallest, the largest and a given subset of the largest eigenvalues associated with linear time‐invariant circuits. The proposed methods resort to the solution of DC or AC adjoint circuits, for which conventional nodal analysis can be adopted. Experimental results obtained with test cases comprising over 500 state variables show substantial computational savings with respect to standard algorithms, based on the system matrix A arising in the state‐space formulation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust acinar cell transgene expression of CreErT via BAC recombineering
Authors: Ji Baoan , Song Jian , Tsou Lilian , Bi Yan , Gaiser Sebastian , Mortensen Richard , Logsdon Craig
Published: August 2008

Pancreatic acinar cells are critical in gastrointestinal physiology and pancreatitis and may be involved in pancreatic cancer. Previously, a short rat pancreatic elastase promoter has been widely utilized to control acinar cell transgene expression. However, this partial sequence does not confer robust and stable expression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a transgene employing bacterial‐artificial‐chromosome (BAC) technology to express a tamoxifen‐regulated Cre recombinase from a full‐length mouse elastase gene (BAC‐Ela‐CreErT) would be more robust and stable. When founders were crossed with Rosa26 reporter mice nearly 100% of acini expressed β‐galactosidase after tamoxifen treatment. The expression was specific for pancreatic acinar cells and these characteristics have remained stable for 2 years. However, because of high levels of expression in differentiated acinar cells, this construct is tamoxifen independent in ∼50% of adult acinar cells. This model of pancreatic acinar specific Cre expression is a powerful tool for future transgenic and knockout studies. genesis 46:390–395, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Synthetic Equivalent of a Germanone Derivative
Authors: Bonnefille Eric , Mazières Stéphane , Bibal Christine , Saffon Nathalie , Gornitzka Heinz , Couret Claude
Published: August 2008

Reaction of two molar equivalents of 2,6‐bis(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenyllithium (ArLi) with tetramethoxygermane afforded the colourless crystalline dimethoxy bis[2,6‐bis(diisopropylaminomethyl)phenyl]germane Ar2Ge(OMe)2 (1) in good yield. Treatment of 1 with AgF/H2O led to the fluorohydroxy derivative Ar2Ge(F)OH (2), which was characterized, among other techniques, by single‐crystal structure analysis. The corresponding lithio compound Ar2Ge(F)OLi (3) obtained from 2 by reaction with tBuLi behaves as a synthetic equivalent of the heavier analogue of ketone[Ar2Ge=O, 5]. Germanone 5 could not be isolated even at low temperature due to the impossibility of dissociating it from LiF. Treatment of 3 with various reactants on the basis of the known reactivity of ketones led to the expected products. The reaction of 3 with H2O led, as expected, quantitatively to the germanium gem‐diol Ar2Ge(OH)2 (6) as colourless crystals. Such gem‐diols are scarce compounds and only a few are structurally known; in our case, 6 is stabilized by a hydrogen linkage between the hydrogen atoms of the alcohol functionalities and the nitrogen atoms. Other trapping reactions of 3 were investigated with tBuLi and methanol, and the corresponding germanols Ar2Ge(tBu)OH (7) and Ar2Ge(OMe)OH (8) were isolated after hydrolysis in good yields. Attempts to eliminate LiF from 3 by using the chelating agent 1,4,7,10‐tetraoxacyclododecane (12‐crown‐4) allowed us to isolate lithio complex 9. Generation of germanones from fluorohydroxygermanes and their lithio derivatives appears to be a new promising method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
New polymers by copolymerization of olefins with bio oil components
Authors: Kaminsky Walter , Fernandez Mercia
Published: August 2008

Oleic acid methyl ester can be converted by metathesis reaction in the presence of ethene into 1‐decene and 9‐decenoic acid methyl ester. Both components are suitable comonomers for the synthesis of polyolefin specialties by copolymerization with ethene or propene. For this copolymerization, metallocene/methylaluminoxane catalyst or other single‐site catalysts are more active than classical Ziegler‐Natta catalysts because they insert higher amounts of longer‐chain α‐olefins or olefins with polar groups. The microstructure of these copolymers can be tailored in a great variety using metallocene complexes with different symmetries.
Oxidative stability of sunflower oil bodies
Authors: Fisk Ian D. , White Daniel A. , Lad Mitaben , Gray David A.
Published: August 2008

This study investigates the oxidative stability of sunflower oil body suspensions (10 wt‐% lipid). Two washed suspensions of oil bodies were evaluated over 8 days at three temperatures (5, 25 and 45 °C) against three comparable sunflower oil emulsions stabilized with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), polyoxyethylene‐sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (17 mM). The development of oxidation was monitored by measuring the presence of lipid hydroperoxides and the formation of hexanal. Lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in the DTAB, SDS and Tween 20 emulsions were consistently higher than in the oil body suspensions; furthermore, hexanal formation was not detected in the oil body emulsions, whereas hexanal was present in the headspace of the formulated emulsions. The reasons for the extended resistance to oxidation of the oil body suspensions are hypothesized to be due to the presence of residual seed proteins in the continuous phase and the presence of a strongly stabilized lipid‐water interface.