bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault creep rates of the Chaman fault (Afghanistan and Pakistan) inferred from InSAR
Authors: Barnhart William D.
Published: December 2016

The Chaman fault is the major strike‐slip structural boundary between the India and Eurasia plates. Despite sinistral slip rates similar to the North America‐Pacific plate boundary, no major (>M7) earthquakes have been documented along the Chaman fault, indicating that the fault either creeps aseismically or is at a late stage in its seismic cycle. Recent work with remotely sensed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series documented a heterogeneous distribution of fault creep and interseismic coupling along the entire length of the Chaman fault, including an ~125 km long creeping segment and an ~95 km long locked segment within the region documented in this study. Here I present additional InSAR time series results from the Envisat and ALOS radar missions spanning the southern and central Chaman fault in an effort to constrain the locking depth, dip, and slip direction of the Chaman fault. I find that the fault deviates little from a vertical geometry and accommodates little to no fault‐normal displacements. Peak‐documented creep rates on the fault are 9–12 mm/yr, accounting for 25–33% of the total motion between India and Eurasia, and locking depths in creeping segments are commonly shallower than 500 m. The magnitude of the 1892 Chaman earthquake is well predicted by the total area of the ~95 km long coupled segment. To a first order, the heterogeneous distribution of aseismic creep combined with consistently shallow locking depths suggests that the southern and central Chaman fault may only produce small to moderate earthquakes (<M7).
Improved scheme for Cross‐track Infrared Sounder geolocation assessment and optimization
Authors: Wang Likun , Zhang Bin , Tremblay Denis , Han Yong
Published: December 2016

An improved scheme for Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) geolocation assessment for all scan angles (from −48.5° to 48.5°) is developed in this study. The method uses spatially collocated radiance measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) image band I5 to evaluate the geolocation performance of the CrIS Sensor Data Records (SDR) by taking advantage of its high spatial resolution (375 m at nadir) and accurate geolocation. The basic idea is to perturb CrIS line‐of‐sight vectors along the in‐track and cross‐track directions to find a position where CrIS and VIIRS data matches more closely. The perturbation angles at this best matched position are then used to evaluate the CrIS geolocation accuracy. More importantly, the new method is capable of performing postlaunch on‐orbit geometric calibration by optimizing mapping angle parameters based on the assessment results and thus can be further extended to the following CrIS sensors on new satellites. Finally, the proposed method is employed to evaluate the CrIS geolocation accuracy on current Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite. The error characteristics are revealed along the scan positions in the in‐track and cross‐track directions. It is found that there are relatively large errors (~4 km) in the cross‐track direction close to the end of scan positions. With newly updated mapping angles, the geolocation accuracy is greatly improved for all scan positions (less than 0.3 km). This makes CrIS and VIIRS spatially align together and thus benefits the application that needs combination of CrIS and VIIRS measurements and products.
Identifying autogenic sedimentation in fluvial‐deltaic stratigraphy: Evaluating the effect of outcrop‐quality data on the compensation statistic
Authors: Trampush S. M. , Hajek E. A. , Straub K. M. , Chamberlin E. P.
Published: December 2016

Stratigraphy preserves an extensive record of Earth‐surface dynamics acting over a range of scales in a variety of environments. To take advantage of this record, we first must distinguish depositional patterns that arise due to intrinsic (i.e., autogenic) landscape dynamics from sedimentation that results from changes in climate, tectonic, or eustatic boundary conditions. The compensation statistic is a quantitative tool that has been used to estimate scales and patterns of autogenic sedimentation in experimental deposits; it has been applied to a few outcrop studies, but its sensitivity to data limitations common in natural deposits remains unconstrained. To explore how the compensation statistic may be applied to outcrop data, we evaluate the sensitivity of the tool to stratigraphic data sets limited in extent and resolution by subsampling an autogenic experimental deposit to create pseudo‐outcrop‐scale data sets. Results show that for data sets more than 3 times thicker than a characteristic depositional element (e.g., channel or lobe), the compensation statistics that can be used reliably constrain the maximum scale of autogenic sedimentation even for low‐resolution data sets. Additionally, we show that autogenic sedimentation patterns may be characterized as persistent, random, or compensational using the compensation statistic when data sets are high resolution. We demonstrate how these measurements can be applied to natural data sets with comparative case studies of two fluvial and two deltaic outcrops. These case studies show how the compensation statistic can provide insight into what controls the maximum scale of autogenic sedimentation in different systems and how landscape dynamics can produce organized sedimentation patterns over long time scales.
PKU mutation p.G46S prevents the stereospecific binding of l‐phenylalanine to the dimer of human phenylalanine hydroxylase regulatory domain
Authors: Leandro João , Saraste Jaakko , Leandro Paula , Flatmark Torgeir
Published: December 2016

Mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) has a potential allosteric regulatory binding site for l‐phenylalanine (l‐Phe), in addition to its catalytic site. This arrangement is supported by a crystal structure of a homodimeric truncated form of the regulatory domain of human PAH (hPAH‐RD1–118/19–118) [Patel D et al. (2016) Sci Rep doi: 10.1038/srep23748]. In this study, a fusion protein of the domain (MBP‐(pepXa)‐hPAH‐RD1–120) was overexpressed and recovered in a metastable and soluble state, which allowed the isolation of a dimeric and a monomeric fusion protein. When cleaved from MBP, hPAH‐RD forms aggregates which are stereospecifically inhibited by l‐Phe (> 95%) at low physiological concentrations. Aggregation of the cleaved dimer of the mutant form hPAH‐G46S‐RD was not inhibited by l‐Phe, which is compatible with structurally/conformationally changed βαββαβ ACT domain folds in the mutant.
Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Humans
Authors: Kulathinal Rob J
Published: December 2016

Sexual dimorphism describes the suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural phenotypes that distinguishes males and females. In humans, the determination of sex is triggered early in embryogenesis by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome and its SRY locus, prompting a regulatory cascade of genetic, epigenetic and hormonal changes. A distinct male and female genetic state precipitates the development of sexually dimorphic characters including primary and secondary sexual traits. Recent genomic studies have also found sexually dimorphic differences in gene expression across surveyed adult tissues that may be modulated by sex‐specific cis‐regulatory elements, alternative splicing and differentially methylated sites. Such sexual dimorphisms at both phenotypic and molecular levels have important implications in disease onset, progression and treatment. New molecular, genomic and clinical data mining tools are providing novel insight into the emerging field of gender medicine with a focus to understand sex differences in disease. Sexually dimorphic characters, starting with our earliest eukaryotic ancestors, can evolve via sexual conflict with direct and indirect consequences on the patterning of the genomic landscape.

Key Concepts

Anisogamy evolved early in eukaryotic evolution from an isogamous ancestor.

Human sex determination is based on the sex chromosome inherited from the father.

The presence or absence of the Y‐linked SRY locus triggers a cascade of genetic and hormonal signals in the early fetus.

Androgen and testosterone, among the initial hormones produced in the fetus, decide the sexual fate of the early gonads that eventually develop into primary reproductive organs found in the adult.

Secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty distinguish males from females at the morphological level.

Sex‐biased gene expression may be modulated by cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) and sex‐specific alternative splicing.

Differences in the male and female epigenomes include distinct methylated patterns such as imprinting and result in differential gene expression.

Sexual selection and sexual conflict may play a role in the origins and maintenance of sexually dimorphic traits.

Sexual dimorphism at the genetic and cellular levels is becoming an important focus of disease research owing to the recent policy shifts in government funding to address gender health disparities.
Solidarity in Bioethics
Authors: West‐Oram Peter GN , Buyx Alena , Prainsack Barbara
Published: December 2016

The concept of solidarity is frequently cited in discussions about distributive justice and what we owe to other people. In addition, solidarity is increasingly the focus of debates in bioethical theory and practice, where it is treated as a concept of fundamental importance, for example in public and global health contexts. Despite the attention that solidarity increasingly receives, however, an exact definition of the term and its role in bioethics remains elusive. Solidarity is understood as a commitment to accept costs to support others with whom people recognise relevant similarities, a definition that we consider particularly fruitful in using solidarity as a guiding principle for policy and practice.

Key Concepts

Solidarity has recently been gaining more prominence in bioethical, public health and global health debates.

The history of solidarity is patterned. Throughout its history, the concept has been imbued with different meanings, with the common denominator being that solidarity is a prosocial notion.

The authors define solidarity is as a (shared) commitment to accept ‘costs’ (in the wide sense of the word) to support others with whom people recognise relevant similarities.

Defined in this manner, solidarity can be clearly distinguished from related concepts such as altruism or charity.

The threat posed by global climate change demonstrates the importance of a solidaristic response by the governments and citizens of all countries.

The risks of climate change also provide the catalyst for cooperative action by highlighting an important similarity that exists between all persons – common vulnerability to serious harm.

In the context of bioethical policy and practice, solidarity has the potential to ground just, effective public policy and can motivate individuals and governments to participate in programmes intended to alleviate common threats.
Methylomonas
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: December 2016

Me.thy.lo.mo'nas. N.L. pref.methylo‐pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. n.monasunit; N.L. fem. n.Methylomonasmethyl monad or methyl unit.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomonas

Straight or slightly curved rods0.5–1.1 × 0.5–4.0 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Some species form a polysaccharide‐containingcystthat is desiccation sensitive. Some species aremotile by means of a single polar flagellum.Gram‐negative. Most species have a strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism, with oxygen as the electron acceptor.Obligate utilizers of methane and methanol for carbon and energy. No growth occurs on carbon–carbon‐bonded compounds. Some members of the genus can couple denitrification and methane oxidation. Fix formaldehyde by theribulose monophosphate pathway. Ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase activity is absent. Some species fix atmospheric nitrogen via an oxygen‐sensitive nitrogenase. Some species formred, pink, and orange carotenoid non‐water‐soluble pigments. Mesophilic, growing between 10 and 40°C, optimal growth temperatures 25–30°C. Nonhalophilic. Some species are nonhalotolerant. Major fatty acidsinclude C14:0,C16:1ω8c,C16:1ω7c,C16:1ω6c,C16:1ω5c,C16:1ω5t, and C16:0.18‐Methyleneubiquinone‐8 (MQ‐8)is the predominant lipoquinone. Main polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Habitat: Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, activated sludge and wastewater, coal mine drainage waters, and groundwater.

DNA G +C content (mol%): 47–59 (Tm, HPLC, genome sequences).

Type species:Methylomonas methanicaWhittenbury and Krieg 1984b, 355VP(Effective publication: Whittenbury and Krieg 1984a, 260.)
Diaminobutyricibacter
Authors: Trujillo Martha E.
Published: December 2016

Di.a.mi.no.bu.ty.ri.ci.bac'ter. N.L. n.
acidum diaminobutyricum
, DAB; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Diaminobutyricibacter
, a rod with DAB‐containing peptidoglycan.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Diaminobutyricibacter

Gram‐stain positive,
aerobic
, and
nonsporulating
actinobacterium. Colonies on R2A agar are white, round, and convex. Cells are rod shaped and motile by a monotrichous flagellum. Optimum growth is between 28 and 30°C and pH 7. Tolerates up to 2% (w/v) NaCl. The peptidoglycan
type is B2γ
with

d
‐diaminobutyric acid

as the diagnostic diamino acid. The respiratory quinones detected are MK‐13, MK‐12, and MK‐14. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and several unidentified glycolipids comprise the polar lipid profile. The genus belongs to the family
Microbacteriaceae
and is phylogenetically related to the genera
Cryobacterium
and
Klugiella
.
Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis
is the type and only species representing the genus.
D. tongyongensis
KIS66‐7
T
was isolated from a soil sample collected in Tongyong, South Korea.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 61.4 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Diaminobutyricibacter tongyongensis
Kim, Ahn, Weon, Hamada, Suzuki and Kwon 2014b, 2184
VP
(Effective publication: Kim, Ahn, Weon, Hamada, Suzuki and Kwon 2014a, 531).
Homoserinibacter
Authors: Trujillo Martha E.
Published: December 2016

Ho.mo.se.ri.ni.bac'ter. N.L. neut. n.
homoserinum
homoserine; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Homoserinibacter
[homoserine rod] refers to the presence of Homoserine in the cell wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micrococcales / Microbacteriaceae / Homoserinibacter

Gram‐stain positive,
aerobic
, and
nonsporulating
actinobacterium. Colonies on R2A agar are white, irregular, and flat. Cells are rod shaped and motile by a monotrichous flagellum. Optimum growth is between 28 and 30°C and pH 7. Tolerates up to 2% (w/v) NaCl. The peptidoglycan
type is B2β
with

d
‐diaminobutyric acid

as the diagnostic diamino acid. The respiratory quinones are MK‐14 and MK‐13. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and several unidentified glycolipids comprise the polar lipid profile. The genus belongs to the family
Microbacteriaceae
and is phylogenetically related to the genera
Agrococcus
,
Leifsonia, Microterricola, Phycicola,
and
Schumannella
.
Homoserinibacter gongjuensis
is the type and only species representing the genus.
H. gongjuensis
strain 5GH26‐15
T
was isolated from greenhouse soil in Gongju, South Korea.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 69.3 (
T
m
).

Type genus
:
Homoserinibacter
Kim, Ahn, Weon, Hamada, Suzuki and Kwon 2014b, 2185
VP
(Effective publication: Kim, Ahn, Weon, Hamada, Suzuki and Kwon 2014a, 531).
Drunkenness
Authors: Laes Christian
Published: December 2016

The Graeco‐Roman world from the Homeric world up to Late Antiquity was a permissive drinking society: drinking was very much integrated in daily life as a matter of etiquette and social decorum, and it was learned from a young age on, at least for men. In the Late Antique Christian world, drinking belonged to the ethics of temperance, though the consumption of wine was very much accepted. In this, Christian writers followed Graeco‐Roman and Jewish tradition. The Qur'ān took a different stance. In the modern world, attitudes towards prohibition of alcohol and drunkenness prove to be a major dividing line between the western and the Muslim world.The origins of the division go back to antiquity.
Impotence
Authors: Laes Christian
Published: December 2016

The cultural history of impotence in the Greco‐Roman world is a fascinating theme in which ancient thoughts about sexuality and gender play a crucial role. Men in antiquity had to be potent and virile, but not to such a degree as to lose their self‐control. Virility and sexual performance could surely be worrisome, but procreation was not necessarily a central concern. When in Late Antiquity marriage became a religious duty toward God and mankind, those who for whatever reason could not comply with the procreative expectations of marriage were in a way disabled. The impotent surely were among them.
Donkey
Authors: Willekes Carolyn
Published: December 2016

The donkey played a pivotal, though often underestimated, role in the development of pastoralism, agriculture, and trade in the ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean worlds. The hardiness and strength of the animal allowed it to carry goods across harsh mountains and deserts.
Bitumen, Greece and Rome
Authors: Schwartz Mark
Published: December 2016

Bitumen is a natural petroleum tar or rock asphalt that is abundant in the Near East. In ancient Mesopotamia it was used as a mortar for brick constructions, an adhesive, a waterproofing agent, and an ingredient in medicines. Important sources included Hít near ancient Babylon, and the Dead Sea in the Levant. During the Greco‐Roman period, Egyptians imported it for use as a balm in the mummification process. The modern word mummy derives from one of the Arabic words for bitumen,
mummiya
. Current research conducted by archaeologists and geochemists has employed advanced analytical techniques to determine the source of bitumen artifacts in ancient sites, and examine trade routes through history.
Sheep
Authors: Gaastra J. S.
Published: December 2016

Sheep were of significant economic importance in the ancient world, as sources both of food and of valuable wool. The textiles produced from wool were a fundamental part of the economic structure of many ancient state‐level civilizations. The development of specialized wool production systems and of breeds of sheep is seen in tandem with the rise of complex states across the ancient world.
Warfare, Roman and ritual
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: December 2016

The Roman concept of “war” was a spatial one. The city of Rome was
domi
, that is, at home and at peace; the area
militiae
was just outside. The rituals framing and accompanying warfare served to inculcate this borderline (
pomerium
) and to justify its crossing in exceptional circumstances. This monitoring defined a space for the
res publica
and its rules against self‐help sponsored by the clans, and violence in a process of state formation, employing symbols of Etruscan power‐holders, but developing solutions that fitted the Roman context. Many of the rituals served the purpose of constructing a common (“public”) army under the rule of a single commander and regulating the translation of military success into urban prestige. In the long run, the issue of controlling generals, either by the Senate or later by the emperor, became paramount. The status of the individual soldier was hardly ever brought into the orbit of ritual observance.
Cult
Authors: Vecoli Fabrizio
Published: December 2016

“Cult” is an ambiguous word that refers both to the set of actions performed in honor of a superhuman power, as well as any religious movement deemed unfit for the category we call “religion.” In both cases, what is aimed at is the practical and exterior aspect of religion, as opposed to its faith‐based and inner characteristics. But this dichotomy is the product of the typically western history of the concept which has been called into question in recent studies. Recently the notion of cult gave rise to another question about its relation to rituals: although the two words were at times thought to be synonymous, scholars have brought to light a significant number of differences that bear witness to the increasingly problematic status of any category used to understand religious phenomena.
Olympian deities
Authors: Bonanno Daniela
Published: December 2016

The Greek gods are collectively designated in the literary sources as Olympian, with a clear reference to their seat on the top of Olympos mountain, or more generally in heaven. Beginning with nineteenth‐century scholarship, Olympian deities have been considered a monolithic divine category separate from the chthonic deities in a dichotomous understanding of Greek religion.
Karneades of Cyrene
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano
Published: December 2016

Karneades of Cyrene (214/3–129/8
bce
) was head of the Platonic Academy from 167/6
bce
until 137/6
bce,
when he resigned from this position for health reasons. He was an Academic Skeptic, who did not write anything. However, his pupil Kleitomachos of Carthage reports his thoughts in many of his writings. Testimonies for Karneades’ doctrines are also handed down by Cicero, Sextus Empiricus, and other authors.
Xenokrates of Chalkedon
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano
Published: December 2016

Xenokrates of Chalcedon (396/5–314/3
bce
) was the second successor of Plato and became head of the Academy after Speusippos’ death in 339/8
bce
. His writings are entirely lost, but his thought is quite well known due to the testimonies of numerous ancient authors.
Amphiaraos
Authors: Friese Wiebke
Published: December 2016

Amphiaraos was a seer and king of Argos. Fighting against Thebes, he was swallowed up by the earth as he was fleeing, and was subsequently worshiped as a hero and a chthonic god. His main sanctuary was in Oropos on the Boeotian–Attic border, where he was said to appear in dreams. From the fifth century
bce
to the third century
ce
, Oropos was a famous and prosperous healing sanctuary.
Religion in contact, Thrace
Authors: Dana Dan
Published: December 2016

Thracian religion remains a difficult debate, requiring a cautious examination of literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence. The evolving religious beliefs of Thracians, despite their internal diversity, are always considered through the prism of Greek and Roman sources and perspectives. Recent discoveries allow us to clarify the picture of the Thracian area, defined by the will of integration (in Greek or Roman manners) and the expression of a particular cultural identity.
Goetze, Albrecht (1897–1971)
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2016

An overview of the career of the Assyriologist and Hittologist Albrecht Goetze (Götze), 1897–1971.
Güterbock, H. G. (1908–2000)
Authors: van den Hout Theo
Published: December 2016

The life and achievements of Hittitologist Hans Gustav Güterbock.
Haupt, Paul (1858–1926)
Authors: Foster Benjamin R.
Published: December 2016

Paul Haupt (1858–1926), Assyriologist, biblical scholar, and professor at the Johns Hopkins University for over forty years, was a leading exponent of nineteenth‐century German philological and biblical text‐critical scholarship in the United States. His most prominent student and successor at Johns Hopkins was William F. Albright.
High Electric Field Carrier Transport and Power Dissipation in Multilayer Black Phosphorus Field Effect Transistor with Dielectric Engineering
Authors: Ahmed Faisal , Kim Young Duck , Choi Min Sup , Liu Xiaochi , Qu Deshun , Yang Zheng , Hu Jiayang , Herman Irving P. , Hone James , Yoo Won Jong
Published: December 2016

This study addresses high electric field transport in multilayer black phosphorus (BP) field effect transistors with self‐heating and thermal spreading by dielectric engineering. Interestingly, a multilayer BP device on a SiO2 substrate exhibits a maximum current density of 3.3 × 1010 A m−2 at an electric field of 5.58 MV m−1, several times higher than multilayer MoS2. The breakdown thermometry analysis reveals that self‐heating is impeded along the BP–dielectric interface, resulting in a thermal plateau inside the channel and eventual Joule breakdown. Using a size‐dependent electro‐thermal transport model, an interfacial thermal conductance of 1–10 MW m−2 K−1 is extracted for the BP–dielectric interfaces. By using hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a dielectric material for BP instead of thermally resistive SiO2 (κ ≈ 1.4 W m−1 K−1), a threefold increase in breakdown power density and a relatively higher electric field endurance is obtained together with efficient and homogenous thermal spreading because hBN has superior structural and thermal compatibility with BP. The authors further confirm the results based on micro‐Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, and observe that BP devices on hBN exhibit centrally localized hotspots with a breakdown temperature of 600 K, while the BP devices on SiO2 exhibit hotspots in the vicinity of the electrode at 520 K.
Singlet Fission: Progress and Prospects in Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Jianlong , Sanders Samuel N. , Cheng Wei , Low Jonathan Z. , Liu Jinping , Campos Luis M. , Sun Taolei
Published: December 2016

The third generation of photovoltaic technology aims to reduce the fabrication cost and improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells. Singlet fission (SF), an efficient multiple exciton generation (MEG) process in organic semiconductors, is one promising way to surpass the Shockley‐Queisser limit of conventional single‐junction solar cells. Traditionally, this MEG process has been observed as an intermolecular process in organic materials. The implementation of intermolecular SF in photovoltaic devices has achieved an external quantum efficiency of over 100% and demonstrated significant promise for boosting the PCE of third generation solar cells. More recently, efficient intramolecular SF has been reported. Intramolecular SF materials are modular and have the potential to overcome certain design constraints that intermolecular SF materials possess, which may allow for more facile integration into devices.
Chiral Superstructure Mesophases of Achiral Bent‐Shaped Molecules – Hierarchical Chirality Amplification and Physical Properties
Authors: Le Khoa V. , Takezoe Hideo , Araoka Fumito
Published: December 2016

Chiral mesophases in achiral bent‐shaped molecules have attracted particular attention since their discovery in the middle 1990s, not only because of their homochirality and polarity, but also due to their unique physical/physicochemical properties. Here, the most intriguing results in the studies of such symmetry‐broken states, mainly helical‐nanofilament (HNF) and dark‐conglomerate (DC) phases, are reviewed. Firstly, basic information on the typical appearance and optical activity in these phases is introduced. In the following section, the formation of mesoscopic chiral superstructures in the HNF and DC phases is discussed in terms of hierarchical chirality. Nanoscale phase segregation in mixture systems and gelation ability in the HNF phase are also described. In addition, some other related chiral phases of bent‐shaped molecules are shown. Recent attempts to control such mesoscopic chiral structure and the alignment/confinement of HNFs are also discussed, along with several examples of their fascinating advanced physical properties, i.e. huge enhancement of circular dichroism, electro‐ and photo‐tunable optical activities, chirality‐induced nonlinear optics (second‐harmonic‐generation circular difference and electrogyration effect), enhanced hydrophobicity through the dual‐scale surface morphological modulation, and photoconductivity in the HNF/fullerene binary system. Future prospects from basic science and application viewpoints are also indicated in the concluding section.
Nitride Dielectric Environments to Suppress Surface Optical Phonon Dominated Scattering in High‐Performance Multilayer MoS2 FETs
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shubhadeep , Ganapathi Kolla Lakshmi , Chandrasekar Hareesh , Paul Tathagata , Mohan Sangeneni , Ghosh Arindam , Raghavan Srinivasan , Bhat Navakanta
Published: December 2016

The ultrathin channel in 2D semiconductors, although playing host to several interesting properties, also renders strong interactions (scattering) of charge carriers with the surrounding medium. The over‐arching dominance of surface (interfacial) optical phonons in 2D charge transport and engineering ideal nitride‐based dielectric environments for large performance gains is reported. Charge transport in MoS2 field effect transistors (FETs) fabricated on three conventional substrates, SiO2, Al2O3, and HfO2, is contrasted with a newly introduced, CMOS‐compatible nitride‐based dielectric: aluminum nitride (AlN) by employing semi‐classical models which account for charged impurity, surface optical phonon, and intrinsic phonon scattering. Unlike previous reports focused on charge impurity scattering, this work presents a new paradigm of utilizing high optical phonon energies intrinsic to “stiff” nitride bonds. This results in substantially lower surface optical phonon scattering in 2D FETs which directly influences peak field effect (FE) mobility, high field mobility degradation, and temperature‐dependent mobility. Leveraging on these insights, high‐performance sulfur‐passivated MoS2 FETs with an optimum all‐nitride environment (hexagonal boron nitride/MoS2/AlN) are demonstrated with FE mobility up to 72.8 cm2 V−1 s−1. This work is envisioned to address important issues in design of dielectric environments for a host of applications based on 2D materials.
Theoretical Investigation on the ClBcat‐Promoted Synthesis of Heterocyclic Boronic Esters
Authors: Jiang Julong , Zhang Zhenqi , Fu Yao
Published: December 2016

A metal‐free oxyboration reaction, in which no acidic proton is involved and no intermediates bearing B−O σ‐bond were observed, was recently reported by the Blum group. Since it showed potential as a general strategy to synthesize heterocyclic boronic esters, understanding the mechanistic details is very important. Two possible pathways of this oxyboration reaction were examined. Moreover, three key processes were highlighted in the pathway, including borylative cyclization, chloride shift, and demethylation. According to the calculations, the early demethylation (which leads to a formal O−B bond) was found to be slightly exergonic, but to have an inaccessible barrier, whereas demethylation after the cyclization step was feasible. The rate‐determining step (RDS) was identified as the intramolecular cyclization for the oxyboration. Further theoretical investigation on the model reaction, in which an indole boronic ester is the product, revealed some interesting differences of reactivity between oxygen and nitrogen. Based on our calculation results, the N−C bond, which is usually treated as inert, can be cleaved in this case. Moreover, the there is a strong tendency for the RDS to shift from cyclization (as observed in the former oxyboration) to demethylation. Experiments were also conducted to confirm the calculations.
Keimvermitteltes Wachstum kolloidaler Metallnanokristalle
Authors: Xia Younan , Gilroy Kyle D. , Peng Hsin‐Chieh , Xia Xiaohu
Published: December 2016

Beim keimvermittelten Wachstum handelt es sich um eine leistungsfähige und vielseitige Vorgehensweise zur Synthese kolloidaler Metallnanokristalle. Der große Reiz dieser Methode resultiert aus dem erstaunlichen Ausmaß an Kontrolle, das über die Größe, Form, Zusammensetzung und Struktur von Nanokristallen erzielt werden kann. Diese Parameter kontrollieren nicht nur die Eigenschaften von Nanokristallen, sondern entscheiden auch über deren Relevanz und Leistungsfähigkeit in diversen Anwendungen. Das keimvermittelte Wachstum bietet hervorragende Aussichten für die Erweiterung zahlreicher Anwendungen und öffnet zugleich Türen für neue Entwicklungen. Dieser Aufsatz veranschaulicht die schier endlos erweiterbare Diversität von Metallnanokristallen auf Basis von Keimen mit genau definierten und kontrollierbaren internen Strukturen in Verbindung mit einer geeigneten Kombination aus Bedeckungsmittel und Reduktionskinetik. Darüber hinaus werden neue Einsatzmöglichkeiten und zukünftige Richtungen aufgezeigt.
Orthogonal Cysteine Protection Enables Homogeneous Multi‐Drug Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Authors: Levengood Matthew R. , Zhang Xinqun , Hunter Joshua H. , Emmerton Kim K. , Miyamoto Jamie B. , Lewis Timothy S. , Senter Peter D.
Published: December 2016

A strategy for the preparation of homogeneous antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) containing multiple payloads has been developed. This approach utilizes sequential unmasking of cysteine residues with orthogonal protection to enable site‐specific conjugation of each drug. In addition, because the approach utilizes conjugation to native antibody cysteine residues, it is widely applicable and enables high drug loading for improved ADC potency. To highlight the benefits of ADC dual drug delivery, this strategy was applied to the preparation of ADCs containing two classes of auristatin drug‐linkers that have differing physiochemical properties and exert complementary anti‐cancer activities. Dual‐auristatin ADCs imparted activity in cell line and xenograft models that are refractory to ADCs comprised of the individual auristatin components. This work presents a facile method for construction of potent dual‐drug ADCs and demonstrates how delivery of multiple cytotoxic warheads can lead to improved ADC activities. Lastly, we anticipate that the conditions utilized herein for orthogonal cysteine unmasking are not restricted to ADCs and can be broadly utilized for site‐specific protein modification.
Widely Controllable Syngas Production by a Dye‐Sensitized TiO2 Hybrid System with ReI and CoIII Catalysts under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Lee Jong‐Su , Won Dong‐Il , Jung Won‐Jo , Son Ho‐Jin , Pac Chyongjin , Kang Sang Ook
Published: December 2016

Visible‐light irradiation of a ternary hybrid catalyst prepared by grafting a dye, an H2 evolving CoIII catalyst and a CO‐producing ReI catalyst on TiO2 have been found to produce both H2 and CO (syngas) in CO2‐saturated N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF)/water solution containing a 0.1 m sacrificial electron donor. The H2/CO ratios are effectively controlled by changing either the water content of the solvent or the molar ratio of the ReI and CoIII catalysts ranging from 1:2 to 15:1. The controlled syngas formation is discussed in terms of competitive electron flow from TiO2 to each of the CO2‐reduction and hydrogen‐evolving sites depending on the efficiencies of the two catalytic reaction cycles under given reaction conditions.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Aza‐[4+3] Cycloaddition of Vinyl Aziridines and Dienes: Atom‐Economical Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched Functionalized Azepines
Authors: Zhu Chao‐Ze , Feng Jian‐Jun , Zhang Junliang
Published: December 2016

A new synthetic application of vinyl aziridines as N‐containing three‐atom components in a rhodium‐catalyzed [4+3] cycloaddition reaction is described. The reaction proceeds well with various silyl dienol ethers and vinyl aziridines, and enables the efficient synthesis of highly functionalized azepines in an enantioselective manner with net inversion of absolute configuration. The salient features of the transformation include the use of readily available substrates, high selectivity, and mild reaction conditions, as well as the versatile functionalization of the products.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Mediated Oxidative Fluorination of Alkylsilanes by Fluoride Ions
Authors: Xu Peng , Wang Feng , Fan Guilan , Xu Xiufang , Tang Pingping
Published: December 2016

The first example of a hypervalent iodine(III)‐mediated oxidative fluorination of alkylsilanes by fluoride ions without the use of transition metals is demonstrated. This reaction is operationally simple, scalable, and proceeds under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a single‐electron transfer resulting from the interaction of an organopentafluorosilicate and aryliodonium difluoride, which were generated in situ from the corresponding alkylsilane and iodosobenzene, respectively, in the presence of fluoride ions.
A UPLC/MS/MS method for determination of protosappanin B in rat plasma and its application of a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ying , Zhou Xian‐Zhen , Wu Li‐Lan , Wu Yun‐Shan , Wang Shu‐Mei , Liu Bo , Guo De‐An
Published: December 2016

Caesalpinia sappan L. is a traditional medicinal plant which is used for promoting blood circulation and cerebral apoplexy therapy in China. Previous reports showed that the extracts of Caesalpinia sappan L. could exert vasorelaxant activity and anti‐inflammation activity. Protosappanin B is a major constituent of C. sappan L., and showed several important bioactivities. The separation was achieved by an Acquity UPLC BEH Symmetry Shield RP18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm) column with the gradient mobile phase consisting of 5 mm ammonium acetate aqueous solution and acetonitrile. Detection was carried out by using negative‐ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring. Plasma samples were preprocessed by an extraction with ethyl acetate, and apigenin was used as internal standard. The current UPLC–MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, accuracy, intraday and interday precisions, stability, matrix effects and extraction recovery. After oral and intravenous administration, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: peak concentrations, 83.5 ± 46.2 and 1329.6 ± 343.6 ng/mL; areas under the concentration–time curve, 161.9 ± 69.7 and 264.9 ± 56.3 μg h/L; and half‐lives, 3.4 ± 0.9 and 0.3 ± 0.1 h, respectively. The absolute bioavailability in rats of protosappanin B was 12.2%. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of protosappanin B in rats.
Aorto‐Ostial Lesions: Battling an Old Foe
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Albertal Mariano
Published: December 2016

Key Points

Aorto‐ostial lesions (AOLs) entail several diagnostic and treatment challenges.

The Flash Ostial System enables flaring of the overhanging stent, optimizing stent deployment in AOLs.

Careful planning is essential to achieve optimal stent implantation and avoid early and late complications during the treatment of AOLs.
A helping hand: GuideLiner use to facilitate stent delivery
Authors: Brown Brian J. , Abbott J. Dawn
Published: December 2016

Key Points

The GuideLiner catheter system is a tool that can be used to increase procedural success in complex percutaneous coronary intervention.

The safety profile of the device has improved with successive generations and with increased operator experience.

Methods to utilize the GuideLiner safely and effectively are described in this article.
Chryseobacterium indologenes, a possible emergent organism resistant to carbapenem antimicrobials after stem cell transplantation
Authors: Imataki Osamu , Uemura Makiko
Published: December 2016

Key Clinical Message

A 64‐year‐old female was diagnosed with adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma. She then underwent an unrelated allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with a reduced‐intensity regimen. She achieved engraftment followed by HHV‐6 encephalopathy. This was complicated by Chryseobacterium indologenes pneumonia. Chryseobacterium indologenes is now a possible emergent organism resistant to carbapenem after transplantation.
Hematite Nanorod Electrodes Modified with Molybdenum: Photoelectrochemical Studies
Authors: Cots Ainhoa , Cibrev Dejan , Bonete Pedro , Gómez Roberto
Published: December 2016

The preparation of hematite nanorod electrodes modified with molybdenum and their photoelectrochemical behavior for water photooxidation have been addressed in the quest for improved electrodes for water splitting. The hematite nanorods were synthesized through chemical bath deposition, and Mo was added by following two variants of a drop‐casting method based on ammonium heptamolybdate solutions. FE‐SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS were employed for electrode structural and morphological characterization. The reported results reveal that the impregnation method does not cause significant changes in the hematite structure and nanorod morphology. Importantly, the modification with Mo triggers a significant improvement in the photoactivity of the electrodes, obtaining a photocurrent increase of up to 43×. A specific Mott−Schottky analysis applicable to nanostructured electrodes was performed, revealing that the modification with Mo leads to an increase in electron concentration and to a shift of the flat band potential toward more positive values. A second role of Mo as a passivating agent needs to be invoked to explain the experimental observations. It is worth noting that this modification method allows precise control of the amount of Mo contained in the samples while maintaining the morphology of the electrode.
OFF‐ON‐OFF Red‐Emitting Fluorescent Indicators for a Narrow pH Window
Authors: Cidlina Antonin , Miletin Miroslav , Fathi‐Rasekh Mahtab , Nemykin Victor , Zimcik Petr , Novakova Veronika
Published: December 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Victor Nemykin (University of Manitoba), and Petr Zimcik and Veronika Novakova (Charles University in Prague). The image depicts how tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines can be controlled by two switches. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201604978.
Two‐Color Three‐State Luminescent Lanthanide Core–Shell Crystals
Authors: Balogh Cristina M. , Veyre Laurent , Pilet Guillaume , Charles Cyril , Viriot Laurent , Andraud Chantal , Thieuleux Chloé , Riobé François , Maury Olivier
Published: December 2016

Luminescent core–shell crystals based on lanthanide tris‐dipicolinate complexes were obtained from the successive growing of two different lanthanide complex layers. Selective or simultaneous emission of each part of the crystal can be achieved by a careful choice of the excitation wavelength.
ascatNgs: Identifying Somatically Acquired Copy‐Number Alterations from Whole‐Genome Sequencing Data
Authors: Raine Keiran M. , Van Loo Peter , Wedge David C. , Jones David , Menzies Andrew , Butler Adam P. , Teague Jon W. , Tarpey Patrick , Nik‐Zainal Serena , Campbell Peter J.
Published: December 2016

We have developed ascatNgs to aid researchers in carrying out Allele‐Specific Copy number Analysis of Tumours (ASCAT). ASCAT is capable of detecting DNA copy number changes affecting a tumor genome when comparing to a matched normal sample. Additionally, the algorithm estimates the amount of tumor DNA in the sample, known as Aberrant Cell Fraction (ACF). ASCAT itself is an R‐package which requires the generation of many file types. Here, we present a suite of tools to help handle this for the user. Our code is available on our GitHub site (https://github.com/cancerit). This unit describes both ‘one‐shot’ execution and approaches more suitable for large‐scale compute farms. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enriching s4U‐RNA Using Methane Thiosulfonate (MTS) Chemistry
Authors: Duffy Erin E. , Simon Matthew D.
Published: December 2016

Metabolic labeling of cellular RNA is a useful approach to study RNA biology. 4‐Thiouridine (s4U) is a convenient nucleoside for metabolic labeling because it is cell permeable and is incorporated into newly transcribed RNA, and the sulfur moiety provides a handle for biochemical purification. However, a critical step in the purification of s4U‐RNA is the efficiency of the chemistry used to enrich s4U‐RNA. Here, we present a protocol for s4U‐RNA enrichment that includes efficient and reversible covalent chemistry to biotinylate s4U‐RNA using the activated disulfide methane thiosulfonate conjugated to biotin (MTS‐biotin), followed by enrichment on streptavidin beads. The efficiency of this chemistry reduces enrichment bias and requires less starting material, thereby expanding the utility of s4U to study RNA biology. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biochemical, Biophysical and Cellular Techniques to Study the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, GIV/Girdin
Authors: Ghosh Pradipta , Aznar Nicolas , Swanson Lee , Lo I‐Chung , Lopez‐Sanchez Inmaculada , Ear Jason , Rohena Cristina , Kalogriopoulos Nicholas , Joosen Linda , Dunkel Ying , Sun Nina , Nguyen Peter , Bhandari Deepali
Published: December 2016

Canonical signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is spatiotemporally restricted, i.e., triggered exclusively at the plasma membrane, only by agonist activation of G protein‐coupled receptors via a finite process that is terminated within a few hundred milliseconds. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed a noncanonical pathway for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins via the nonreceptor guanidine‐nucleotide exchange factor, GIV/Girdin. Biochemical, biophysical, and functional studies evaluating this pathway have unraveled its unique properties and distinctive spatiotemporal features. As in the case of any new pathway/paradigm, these studies first required an in‐depth optimization of tools/techniques and protocols, governed by rationale and fundamentals unique to the pathway, and more specifically to the large multimodular GIV protein. Here we provide the most up‐to‐date overview of protocols that have generated most of what we know today about noncanonical G protein activation by GIV and its relevance in health and disease. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organic Multilayer Films Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: He Yang , Kröger Jörg , Wang Yongfeng
Published: December 2016

This Minireview focuses exclusively on work with scanning tunneling microscopy to study the self‐assembled multilayer films (SAMTs) of organic molecules. The π‐conjugated organic molecules form different structures within different monolayers on various substrates. The interplay between molecule–substrate and intermolecular interactions plays a key role in determining the stacking mode of organic multilayer films. Different substrates strongly influence the organic‐film growth and electronic properties of the organic molecules. Geometric and electronic structures of SAMTs are important factors that may determine device performance. In addition to the inorganic interface, this Minireview addresses the organic–organic interface. Homo‐ and hetero‐SAMTs of organic molecules are also considered. The subtle interplay between structural and electronic characteristics, on one hand, and functionality and reactivity, on the other hand, are highlighted.
Pore Topology Effects in Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy of Zeolites
Authors: Zubiaga Asier , Warringham Robbie , Mitchell Sharon , Gerchow Lars , Cooke David , Crivelli Paolo , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: December 2016

Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is a powerful method to study the size and connectivity of pores in zeolites. The lifetime of positronium within the host material is commonly described by the Tao‐Eldrup model. However, one of its largest limitations arises from the simple geometries considered for the shape of the pores, which cannot describe accurately the complex topologies in zeolites. Here, an atomic model that combines the Tao potential with the crystallographic structure is introduced to calculate the distribution and lifetime of Ps intrinsic to a given framework. A parametrization of the model is undertaken for a set of widely applied zeolite framework types (*BEA, FAU, FER, MFI, MOR, UTL), before extending the model to all known structures. The results are compared to structural and topological descriptors, and to the Tao–Eldrup model adapted for zeolites, demonstrating the intricate dependence of the lifetime on the pore architecture.