bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary crude protein level on the performance of cereal fed Holstein bulls
Authors: Marsh S P , Briggs P , Ferguson D
Published: June 2019

It is common practice to give cereal fed bulls a 160g/kg crude protein (CP) diet to 250kg live weight, dropping to 140g/kg CP from 250kg to slaughter. The majority of intensively fed beef cattle are fed home mix rations based on rolled barley with a protein concentrate or ‘protein rich’ straights such as rapeseed meal and soya bean meal. In this latter situation higher protein rations will have increased ration costs. The objective of this experiment was therefore to determine the effect of feeding barley based rations containing 120, 140 or 160g/kg dietary CP on the performance of cereal fed 280kg Holstein bulls through to slaughter.
Effect of zinc sources on haematology, enzyme activity and blood serum zinc concentration in Holstein dairy cattle
Authors: Sobhanirad S , Valizadeh R , Azizi F , Hedayati M , Tahmasebi A
Published: June 2019

Zinc (Zn) has a wide spectrum of biological activities and its deficiency has been related to various dysfunctions and alterations of normal cell metabolism (El Hendy et al., 2001). This element is a central component of hundreds of metalloenzymes which are concerned with the metabolism of feed constituents. Zn requirements of ruminants appear to be affected by dietary factors based on the variable animal responses that were observed after zinc supplementation. Supplemental zinc is usually added to animal diets in the form of zinc oxide or zinc sulphate. Recently, organically bound zinc supplements are using in diets of animals. Some researchers (Wedekind et al., 1992) have reported higher bioavailability for organically bound zinc sources than inorganic forms. Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to comparison the effects of organically bound and inorganic zinc supplements on haematological and biochemical parameters in blood serum.
Effects of organic and inorganic zinc sources on production, composition and zinc concentration of milk in early lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Sobhanirad S , Valizadeh R , Azizi F , Nasserian A , Hedayati M , Tahmasebi A
Published: June 2019

Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for animals, functioning largely or entirely in enzyme systems and being involved in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and many other biochemical reactions (Miller, 1970). This element is important in maintenance of health and integrity of epithelial tissue, such as skin (teats) and mammary tissue, because of its role in cell division and protein synthesis (Cook-Mills and Fraker, 1993). The most widely used products for zinc supplementation are zinc oxide, zinc sulphate and zinc methionine. Knowledge of organic Zn compounds is still incomplete. In particular, there is a lack of reports on the effect of such compounds in roughage based diets and only a limited number of studies have investigated the importance of Zn methionine in dairy cattle. Some research suggest that supplementing certain organic forms of zinc improve animal-production responses compared with those observed in ruminants that are supplemented with inorganic zinc (Spears, 1996). Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare organic and inorganic zinc supplements effects on production and components of milk. A second objective was to determine effects of different zinc sources on zinc concentration of milk.
Investigation on the effects of adding Direct– fed Microbial on total tract apparent nutrient digestibility in sheep
Authors: Khazanehei H , Rezayazdi K , Nikkhah A
Published: June 2019

Growing concern over the use of antibiotics and other growth stimulation in the animal feed industry has increased interest in evaluating the effects of Direct-fed Microbial (DFM) on animal performance (Sullivan and Martin, 1999). Some bacterial direct-fed microbials also seem able to function in the rumen. Depending on the species or combination of species, they can increase digestibility. Modes of action are variable and include native rumen microbiota enhancement through increased substrate breakdown, enhancement of nutrient uptake, stabilising rumen pH and provision of growth factors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of DFM supplementation on total tract digestibility.
In vitrorumen fungi growth in a medium containing sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw using competitive PCR assay
Authors: Sakhavati M H , Mohammadabadi T , Mesgaran M Danesh , Nassiry M R , Maleki A Fani
Published: June 2019

Rumen fungi produce a wide range of polysaccharide degrading enzymes during growth on cell walls and can degrade 0.25 -0.65 of plant tissue dry weight in pure cultures (Orpin, 1983). It has been proposed that sodium hydroxide may break-down hemicellulose and cellulose and expose them to microbial attachment and improve digestibility (Gotoet al., 1993). The aim of the present study was to determinein vitrorumen fungal growth using a quantitative competitive PCR assay (QC-PCR) and dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance from a medium containing untreated (US) or sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw (TS).
A proposed novel breeding system for intensively reared dairy flocks
Authors: Gelasakis A , Valergakis G E , Fortomaris P , Giannakopoulos C G , Arsenos G
Published: June 2019

Dairy sheep production is an important industry in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. The traditional system of lambing once a year, as well as the size of the flocks and the extended lactation period has been an obstacle to implement accelerated breeding systems that could capitalise on the full potential of the ewe (Fahmy and Lavallee, 1990). The objective of this study was to develop a management system which combines an accelerated breeding scheme and grouping of ewes in relation to their milk yield, for large, intensively reared, dairy flocks.
Study of the bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMp15) mutation in Moghani sheep using RFLP method
Authors: Nemati Z , Barzegari A
Published: June 2019

The Moghani is the main fat-tailed type of sheep in north-west of Iran and north-east of Turkey, where it is raised for meat, milk and carpet wool. In sheep, a wide range in litter size has been observed among different breeds and within breeds. Several genes have been recently identified that affect female fecundity in domesticated sheep such as BMP15 gene which encodes bone morphogenic protein 15 (Davis 2005 and Hanrahan et al,. 2004) and is a member of the transforming growth factor b (TGFb) super family (Galloway et al, 2000). The identification of the BMP15 mutation is important for the sheep industry and those involved in the study of mammalian fertility. In this study we investigated mutation of BMP15 gene in Moghani sheep in Iran.
Effect of adding different levels of probiotic on in vitro gas production
Authors: Besharati M , Taghizadeh A , Ansari A
Published: June 2019

Probiotics present an attractive alternative to the use of chemical and hormonal promoters in the livestock growth production industry. Preparations that contain micro-organisms have been safely used for many years and are generally accepted by both the farmer and the final consumer. Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation in ruminant diets can increase DMI, production performance, cellulose degradation, and nutrient digestibility (Callaway and Martin, 1997). The gas measuring technique has been widely used for the evaluation of nutritive value of feeds. Gas measurement provides useful data on digestion kinetics of both soluble and insoluble fractions of feedstuffs (Getachew et al., 1998). In the gas method, kinetics of fermentation can be studied on a single sample and therefore a relatively small amount of sample is required or a larger number of samples can be evaluated at time. The purpose of this study was to study effect of adding different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro gas production from a dried grape by-product.
The effect of silver nano-particles (Nanosilver) on in vitro gas production of barley grain and lucerne hay
Authors: Faramarzi-Garmroodi A , Mesgaran M Danesh , Azizabadi H Jahani , Vakili A
Published: June 2019

It is generally believed that heavy metals react with proteins by combining the thiol (-SH) groups, which leads to the inactivation of the proteins (Cho et al., 2005). Silver nano-particles (Ag-NPs) are being used vastly as a strong anti-germ product. In general, Ag ions, which have antimicrobial activity, are used as an antibacterial agent. The antibacterial activity of Ag ions is inhibits intracellular enzyme activity (Cho et al., 2005). Therefore, the other possibility can be considered that remaining Ag ions in Ag-NPs solution or dissolved Ag ions might affect bacterial growth. Recently, dairy farmers have tended to apply this anti-bacterial for sanitization of the environment (as a disinfectant material) of animals. However, the environmental residual effect of this anti-bacterial on ruminant microbial activity is still questionable. In the present study, a gas production technique was applied in order to determine the effect of silver nano-particles on in vitro gas production of barley grain and lucerne hay.
Evaluation of nutritive value of white mulberry (Morus alba) fruits waste
Authors: Mahdavi A , Hosseini S A , Asl M Mohiti , Lotfolahiya H , Aghashahi A , Hosseini S H , Mirabdolbaghi J , Alemi F
Published: June 2019

The mulberry belongs to the genus Morus of the family Moraceae. Mulberry is found from temperate to subtropical regions and they can grow in a wide range of climatic, topographical and soil conditions. In most countries, including Turkey, Greece and Iran, mulberries are grown for fruit production rather than foliage (Ercisli, 2004; Mulberry fruits can be used as a worming agent, as a remedy for dysentery, and as a laxative, odontalgic, anathematic, expectorant, hypoglycaemic and emetic (Baytop, 1996). Phonemics possess a wide spectrum of biochemical activities such as antioxidant, ant mutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as the ability to modify gene expression (Nakamura, et al., 2003; Mulberry fruit contains essential fatty acids that humans cannot synthesise, and must be obtained through diet. One of the most important points about mulberry fruits is its sensitive to environmental condition in harvesting time and the methods of harvesting that is not suitable. Because of this mentioned problem, mulberry fruits have a lot of waste. In animal feed industry, agricultural by-products were used in animal and poultry nutrition. One of the greatest challenges to a nutritionist is to formulate diets that adequately meet the nutrient requirements of the animal without having to provide excessive quantities of the expensive nutrients. In order to formulate the diets economically, it is essential that nutrient content of candidate ingredients analyzed as detail as possible. There was no information about mulberry fruits wastes nutritive value.
What contributes to differences in phenotypic variation between generations?
Authors: Wolc A , White I , Lisowski M , Hill W G
Published: June 2019

Under the animal model genetic variance is estimated in the base population taking into account inbreeding and is otherwise assumed to remain unchanged over generations. In practice, phenotypic variation differs randomly or systematically over time. Intuitively, such changes would be attributed mostly to environmental effects, and so lower heritability would be expected when variation is inflated. Studies in dairy cattle show contradictory results (e.g. Boldman and Freeman, 1990). Laying hens are kept under environmental conditions intended to be constant, but show substantial heterogeneity in phenotypic variance (VP) over generations. The aim was to investigate how variance components change.
Liquid feed fermented with Lactobacillus salivarius reduces susceptibility of broiler chickens to Salmonella enterica typhimurium Sal 1344 nalr
Authors: Savvidou S E , Beal J D , Brooks P H , La Ragione R M
Published: June 2019

Consumption of poultry meat is associated with human Salmonella infections (Revolledo etal. 2006). One way to control the presence of these bacteria in broiler flocks is to make chickens less susceptible to colonisation. Fermented liquid feed may be a potential tool to reduce the Salmonella carriage in broiler chickens (Heres etal. 2003). Fermented liquid feed is a moistened feed with high numbers of lactobacilli (=109cfu/gr), high concentration of lactic acid (= 150mM) and a low pH (<4.5) (Brooks etal. 2003). In the present experiment, a strain identified as Lb. salivarius that has been isolated from chicken gut and has been selected for its probiotic and fermentation properties after a screening method, was assessed for its efficacy in reducing the shedding of Salmonellatyphimurium in poultry.
The effect of feeding stearidonic acid enriched soya oil to broilers on the fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of chicken meat
Authors: Rymer C , Givens D I
Published: June 2019

Enriching chicken meat with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) is a viable means of increasing population intakes (minimum recommended 450 mg/d, SACN, 2004) of these essential fatty acids. Feeding broilers fish oil to achieve this causes problems with taint in the meat, whereas feeding an oil rich in C18:3 n-3 (LNA) does not result in the deposition of LC n-3 PUFA (Rymer and Givens, 2006). Stearidonic acid (C18:4n-3) is further down the conversion pathway of LNA to LC n-3 PUFA and appears to be converted much more efficiently by humans to LC n-3 PUFA than LNA (James et al., 2003). Feeding birds an oil rich in C18:4n-3 may therefore result in more enrichment of poultry meat with n-3 PUFA other than LNA, without the taint associated with feeding fish oil. The objective of this experiment was to determine what the effects on meat fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics were when broilers were fed an oil (SDA) derived from soyabean genetically modified to produce high concentrations of C18:4 n-3.
Bayesian estimation of posterior means of heritability for weight at week 8 in Iranian indigenous chickens using an animal model
Authors: Farhangfar H , Rowlinson P , Navidizadeh M E , Mirzaei R A , Nasri M H Fathi , Noghabi R Lotfi
Published: June 2019

Indigenous poultry breeds are of a major importance to supply the rural population with eggs and meat in many developing countries of the world (Esmaelkhanian et al., 2004). A successful animal breeding plan is a continuous process of elimination and searching in a way that breeder could be able to manipulate genetic variation for changing a population to optimise desired phenotypes (Williams et al., 2002). As highlighted by Chambers (1990) animal’s body weight, which could be easily measured, is probably the most frequently used indicator of growth at a specific age. In practical animal breeding programmes, the breeding objective is usually genetic improvement of production and reproduction traits for a population under consideration. Knowledge of genetic parameters is of crucial importance to be implemented for predicting breeding value of candidate animals. The main objective of this study was to estimate heritability of body weight at week 8 for Iranian indigenous chickens through Bayesian statistical approach using an animal model.
Application of a duplex PCR approach for the specific and simultaneous detection of Bifidobacterium spp. and lactobacillus spp. in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum of broilers
Authors: Mirhosseini S Z , Seidavi A , Shivazad M , Chamani M , Sadeghi A A , Pourseify R
Published: June 2019

Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp genera are useful and important microbiota which affect poultry performance. These bacteria are natural inhabitants of the intestine of broilers. These bacteria have a unique hexose metabolism that occurs via the phosphoketolase pathway. Bifidobacterium spp. produces the vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, nicotinic acid and folic acid. Enzymatic hydrolysis by Bifidobacterium spp. increases bioaccessibility of lipids and proteins. Lactobacillus spp. exhibit properties which include the ability to adhere to cells, persist and multiply and produce acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic agents. The ability of Lactobacillus to inhibit bacterial pathogens including E. coli and Salmonella species and to influence parasitic infection including Cryptosporidium parvum, Eimeria acervulina, and Giardia intestinalis (Seidavi et al. 2008). The aim of this study was to develop a method for the direct and simultaneous detection of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.in the intestine by multiplex PCR.
Determination of apparent metabolizable energy of full-fat sunflower seed in broiler chickens
Authors: Salari S , Moghadam H Nassiri , Arshami J , Golyan A , Sari M
Published: June 2019

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most widely cultivated oilseeds in the world and ranks third in importance as a source of vegetable oil. In our experiment, full-fat sunflower seed (FFSS) had 180 g/kg CP, 380 g/kg EE, and 143 g/kg CF. Among the various oilseeds available on the market, FFSS contains more ether extract (EE) and is available at a relatively low price. This high EE content contributes to a high ME per unit or high energy density of feed. The increased production and availability of hybrid FFSS coupled with its oil content make FFSS a potentially desirable ingredient in poultry feeds. In the last few years, unextracted whole seed has been used as a feed ingredient in poultry diets. This experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of FFSS in broiler chickens.
Growth performance of broilers consuming wheat- or barley-based diets with or without enzymes
Authors: Anjum M S , Chaudhry A S , Virk M R
Published: June 2019

Cereal grains, such as wheat, have been regarded as one of the most affordable ingredients to supply dietary energy for fast growing broilers. However, broilers compete with humans for wheat to satisfy their nutritional needs and also they cannot effectively utilise wheat due to the limited ability of their gut enzymes to utilise dietary fibre. The efficiency of wheat utilisation can be increased by adding exogenous enzymes into cereal based diets for these birds (Annison and Choct, 1993). These enzymes can also reduce fermentation in the small intestine and so help maintain the gut health. Therefore, we compared the effect of adding a commercial fibrolytic enzyme to wheat and barley-based diets on the utilisation of either diet by broilers from 0 to 35 days of age.
Immunomodulatory effects of dietary Allium cepa in chicken after immunization
Authors: Hanieh H , Kondo Y , Abe A
Published: June 2019

Although antibiotics treatment has been used as an efficient technique to control infectious diseases in poultry industry, there are intensive studies to decrease the use of antibiotics because of the increase in microbial resistance. Therefore, enhancing protective immunity with immunostimulators by magnifying the capacity of immune response seems to be the most promising and practical approach. Alliums have been reported to possess therapeutic properties often attributed to sulphur-containing compounds (Bonaccorsi et al., 2005). In addition to these compounds, Allium cepa is among the richest dietary flavonoids sources; those flavonoids have shown in mammals in vitro antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities (Block et al., 1992). However, very few studies aimed at examining their effects in poultry have been performed. The objective of this study is to examine if the addition of supplementary Allium cepa to a balanced ration enhances the immune response of chickens after immunization.
Determination of chemical composition and metabolizable energy of wastes of spaghetti, pasta, biscuit, crisp, chickpea pre-cleaning and chickpea screening plants
Authors: Ghezeljeh E Abdi , Mesgaran M Danesh
Published: June 2019

Based on the official statistics of industries and mines organization about 1000 ton wastes of spaghetti, pasta, biscuit, crisp, and about 7500 ton waste of chick pea pre-cleaning plants are produced annually in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. In our country there is little researches on wastes. In one study, ileal amino-acid digestibility of wheat, autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by-products for broiler chicks was determined (Zaghari 2006). The aim of the present study was to determine metabolizable energy and chemical composition of wastes of spaghetti, pasta, biscuit, crisp, chickpea pre-cleaning and chickpea screening plants.
Growth curve models for commercial pullets under severe heat stress condition
Authors: Fayazi J , Ghorbani M R , Nazari M , Momeni J , Jaferian A , Aghaeei A
Published: June 2019

The objectives of our study were to propose a growth curve and to develop a mathematical model to describe the body weight of pullet experiencing severe heat stress (42°C). Poultry producers who raise their own replacement pullets can control their pullet’s growth, condition and development. Many of the problems which occur during the early part of lay can be traced back to insufficient or improper type of body weight attained during the various stages of the growing period. In order to avoid these problems, the body weight of pullets must be controlled. Rearing conditions for pullets vary depending on environmental pressures and can affect growth rate. Without the basic knowledge of the flock grow-out, it is virtually impossible to understand and possibly solve problems which may later occur during the laying period. It must be kept in mind that once egg production begins, it is too late to solve problems resulting from growing period. The two most important criteria of pullet quality are uniformity within the flock and proper body weight at a specific age. Almost anything that adversely affects a pullet will usually be reflected in lower body weights and poorer flock uniformity. High ambient temperatures can be devastating to commercial pullet growth rate; coupled with high humidity they can have an even more harmful effect on proper and recommended body weight. Heat stress interferes with the poultry comfort and suppresses performance efficiency. In order to verify the effect of heat stress on pullet growth rate, many curve modelled, fitted and verified to proposed best one.
“Comfort-foods” chronic intake has different behavioral and neurobiological effects in male rats exposed or not to early-life stress
Authors: Cunha ACA , Dalle Molle R , Laureano DP , Reis AR , Corrêa C , Matte US , Silveira PP , Machado TD
Published: June 2019

The ability of “comfort-food” (CF) diet to revert long-term effects of early-life stress (ELS) is less well known. The objective of this study was to verify if the chronic exposure to CF diet in animals submitted to ELS could relief the stress response at behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurobiochemical levels, via differences in glucocorticoid receptors expression in brain areas involved in the stress response. From the second day of life, litters of Wistar rats and their mothers were submitted to the reduced nesting material protocol (ELS). In adult life, ELS and a control group were exposed chronically to two diet schemes: standard rat chow only or both “CF” diet, containing fat (34%) and sugar (20%) and a diet similar to the standard diet. Anxiety-like behavior, neuroendocrine response stress, leptin, GR, SOCS-3, pSTAT3, and the abdominal fat were evaluated. The anxiety-like behavior results showed that ELS group when exposed to comfort food were not different from the others groups. Chronic exposure to CF diet induced an anxiety-like behavior in the control group. Groups chronically exposed to CF diet had lower levels of corticosterone over time independent of the neonatal group. The ELS group exposed to the “CF” diet had higher levels of hippocampal GR, lower levels of hypothalamic SOCS-3 and greater accumulation of abdominal fat. Chronic CF diet consumption is able to reduce corticosterone levels independent of the neonatal history, but is associated with anxiety-like behavior in animals without previous history of trauma. Metabolic disturbances like increased adiposity and altered SOCS-3 seem to be a result of multiple insults (neonatal trauma followed by chronic CF diet). We highlight that the Control-chow and ELS-chow data were previously published, and are included in this study for comparative analysis.
Breastfeeding duration is associated with offspring’s adherence to prudent dietary pattern in adulthood: results from the Nutritionist’s Health Study
Authors: Eshriqui Ilana , Folchetti Luciana Dias , Valente Angélica Marques Martins , de Almeida-Pititto Bianca , Ferreira Sandra Roberta G.
Published: June 2019

Little is known about the long-term effect of breastfeeding on dietary habits. We examined the association between breastfeeding duration and adherence to current dietary patterns of young women. This was a cross-sectional analysis of 587 healthy women aged ≤45 years, undergraduates or nutrition graduates. Maternal characteristics and breastfeeding duration [<6; 6–<12; ≥12 months (reference)] were recalled. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and patterns were identified using factor analysis by principal component. Adherence to patterns was categorized in tertiles; the first (T1 = reference) was compared to T2 + T3 (moderate-to-high adherence). Logistic regression was performed considering the minimal sufficient adjustment recommended by the directed acyclic graph. Median age was 22 (interquartile range (IQR) 20; 27) years and body mass index (BMI) 22.2 (IQR 20.4; 25.0) kg/m2. The four dietary patterns identified (Processed, Prudent, Brazilian and Lacto-vegetarian) explained 27% of diet variance. Women breastfed for <6 months showed lower chance of moderate-to-high adherence to the Prudent pattern (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, p = 0.04). Breastfeeding was not associated with the other patterns. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was directly associated with moderate-to-high adherence to the Processed pattern (OR = 2.01, p = 0.03) and inversely to the Prudent pattern (OR = 0.52, p = 0.02). Higher adherence to the Brazilian pattern was associated with proxies of low socioeconomic status and the Lacto-vegetarian pattern with the opposite. Confirmation in prospective studies of the association found in this study between breastfeeding with the Prudent pattern in adult offspring could suggest that early feeding practices influence long-term dietary habits, which could then affect the risk of nutrition-related diseases.
The Changing Form of the International Law Commission’s Work
Authors: Cogan Jacob Katz
Published: June 2019

Sean Murphy’s report on the sixty-fifth session of the International Law Commission (ILC) describes and analyzes the Commission’s activities and decisions from last summer. He focuses his attention, as the Commission did, on the draft articles proposed by the Special Rapporteurs on the topics “immunity of state officials from criminal jurisdiction” and “the protection of persons in the event of disaster,” as well as the Special Rapporteur’s reported draft conclusions on the topic “subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties.” Consideration of these proposals took up a significant amount of the Commission’s time, and they will garner much commentary inside and outside governments, as befits their importance.
The Fall and Rise of Peace Treaties
Authors: Fazal Tanisha M.
Published: June 2019

When the United States terminated its seven-year occupation of Japan in 1954, it did so having signed a peace treaty. By contrast, the United States tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade Hamid Karzai to sign a Bilateral Security Agreement to accompany the drawdown of U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Even if Karzai had agreed to sign, the draft agreement bears much stronger resemblance to an alliance than to a peace treaty; it does not reference hostilities between the United States and Afghanistan, nor does it include any version of the term “peace treaty.”
TheBondCourt’s Institutional Truce
Authors: Hakimi Monica
Published: June 2019

As many readers are aware,Bond v. United Statesis a quirky case. The federal government prosecuted under the implementing legislation for the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) a betrayed wife who used chemical agents to try to harm her husband’s lover. The wife argued that, as applied to her, the implementing legislation violated the Tenth Amendment. She thus raised difficult questions about the scope of the treaty power and of Congress’s authority to implement treaties through the Necessary and Proper Clause. TheBondCourt avoided those questions with a clear statement rule: “we can insist on a clear indication that Congress meant to reach purely local crimes, before interpreting the statute’s expansive language in a way that intrudes on the police power of the States.” This resolution betrays the Court’s ambivalence about the appropriate limits of the treaty power and about the Court’s own capacity to define those limits.
How Compliance Understates Effectiveness
Authors: Meyer Timothy
Published: June 2019

Customarily one begins a discussion about the effectiveness of international law by quoting Louis Henkin’s famous remark that “almost all nations obey almost all principles of international law and almost all of their obligations almost all of the time.” For some, this empirical claim supports the notion that international law is a vital tool for furthering international cooperation across a broad range of issue areas. For others, the implicit suggestion that international law’s mere existence might be driving states’ behavior is a calamity of causal inference. Even if Henkin’s claim is empirically correct, effectiveness does not follow from compliance. For a third group, Henkin’s claim may not even be empirically correct. In at least some areas of international law, noncompliance may be relatively high. Deploying the same suspect causal reasoning that the second group worries about, international law skeptics have sometimes suggested that we might infer ineffectiveness on the basis of such noncompliance.
What Does the Uniting for Peace Resolution Mean for the Role of the UN Security Council?
Authors: Miluna Ieva
Published: June 2019

The Uniting for Peace resolution together with the UN Charter prescribes a certain role for the General Assembly with regard to international peace and security. Larry Johnson addresses that role, but he does not consider a second question: how does the Uniting for Peace resolution affect the UN Security Council? The normative role of the Council is influenced not only by the Charter, but also by general international law. In this comment, I explore the normative role of the Council in fulfilling the Charter’s purpose to maintain international peace and security. I argue that the text of the Charter and the prior practice of both the Assembly and the Council help to determine the proper division of these organs’ respective tasks within the Charter system. I conclude that the Council alone exercises the constant control needed to enforce measures of collective security effectively, and that the Assembly is limited to recommending the consequences for states when threats or breaches of the peace occur.
The Legalizing and Legitimizing Function of UN General Assembly Resolutions
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: June 2019

In his essay on the “Uniting for Peace” resolution, Larry Johnson suggests that the General Assembly can recommend non-use of force collective measures when the Security Council is blocked because of a permanent member casting a veto. He rightly points out that today there is no longer any need to use Uniting for Peace for such recommendations. The General Assembly can and has recommended so-called “voluntary sanctions” in cases where it found a threat to international peace and security to exist. For example, in resolution 2107 (XX) of December 21, 1965 concerning the Question of Territories under Portuguese Administration, the Assembly, making no reference to Uniting for Peace, urged “Member States to take the following measures, separately or collectively:

(a)

To break off diplomatic and consular relations with the Government of Portugal or refrain from establishing such relations;

(b)

To close their ports to all vessels flying the Portuguese flag or in the service of Portugal;

(c)

To prohibit their ships from entering any ports in Portugal and its colonial territories;

(d)

To refuse landing and transit facilities to all aircraft belonging to or in the service of the Government of Portugal and to companies registered under the laws of Portugal;

(e)

To boycott all trade with Portugal.”
Aligning Frames for Elephant Extinction: Towards a New Role for the United Nations
Authors: Nollkaemper André
Published: June 2019

The development of rules and institutions relating to protection of elephants demonstrates the cardinal role of issue framing for international law. Frames are lenses that we use to highlight parts of reality and to promote particular policies over others. Over the past few decades, a wide variety of treaties and institutions addressing threats to elephants has developed, reflecting as wide a variety of frames. Some of these have helped elephants more than others.
Introduction to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on Recognition of Governments and Customary International Law
Authors: Gathii James
Published: June 2019

In the lead essay in this symposium, Professor Erika de Wet contends that notwithstanding all of the post-Cold War enthusiasm for a right to democratic governance and the non-recognition of governments resulting from coups and unconstitutional changes of government, a customary international law norm on the nonrecognition of governments established anti-democratically has not emerged. De Wet’s position, primarily based on state practice in Africa, is vigorously debated by six commentators.

Jure Vidmar agrees with de Wet that the representative legitimacy of governments still lies primarily in effective control over the territory of the state. Vidmar, in his contribution, examines recent collective practice when neither the incumbent government nor the insurgents control the territory exclusively, arguing that in such cases states may apply human rights considerations. Like de Wet, however, Vidmar regards state practice as ambivalent and unamenable to ideal-type distinctions between coups (against a democratically legitimate government) and regime changes (to a democratically legitimate government).
Consensus Analysis, State Practice, and Majoritarian Activism in the WTO
Authors: Moon William J. , Sweet Alec Stone
Published: June 2019

World Trade Organization (WTO) judges regularly assess aggregate state practice and international standardswhen they adjudicate claims under Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and Art. XIV of the General Agreement on Trade inServices (GATS). How they do so has helped to determine the institutional evolution of the WTO, given the paralysis of its legislative organs. In this comment, we con-sider the reports in the EC—Seal Products dispute in light of this view, as well as theory and evidence of a comparative nature.
Indigenous Interests and the Chapeau of Article XX: Equality of What?
Authors: Herwig Alexia
Published: June 2019

My analysis focuses on a limited aspect of the Appellate Body’s (AB) EC—Seal Products decision under the chapeau of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It is revelatory for the kind of discrimination at issue under the chapeau in surprising ways.

The general exceptions in Article XX serve to justify measures infringing other GATT provisions that have a close nexus to a list of types of public policies. The list of public policies is exhaustive. The chapeau prohibits application of those measures that arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between countries where the same conditions prevail or that constitute a disguised restriction on international trade.
Paleoneurology: Reconstructing the Nervous Systems of Dinosaurs
Authors: Giffin Emily B.
Published: June 2019

The most tangible clues to the existence and lifestyle of extinct vertebrates are the fossilized bones preserved in sedimentary rocks. During the past two hundred years, scientists have excavated, prepared and reassembled the often fragmentary remains of dinosaurs, enabling them to reconstruct the size, proportions and general anatomy of these Mesozoic reptiles. However, the information available from the bones is not restricted to details of the hard tissues themselves. Bone is a living tissue that interacts with the soft tissues of the body and retains evidence of this interaction after death. As a result, paleontologists are able to use preserved bones and other hard tissues to predict traits of physiological processes and of soft tissues. Prime examples of this approach have been the attempts to predict the thermal regime of dinosaurs. Histological structure of bone has been shown to vary with thermal regime in living vertebrates (Ricqles, 1976; Reid, 1987), and the preserved fine-structure of fossilized dinosaur bone has allowed direct comparison with the bone of living vertebrates. Other examples of reconstruction of lifestyle and soft tissues from bony remains include use of the muscle scars on dinosaur bone to predict size and orientation of muscles (Gatesy, 1990), and of dentition and jaw geometry to predict dietary regime (Weishampel and Norman, 1989).
Will the Dinosaurs Rise Again?
Authors: Schweitzer Mary Higby , Cano Raúl J.
Published: June 2019

The movie Jurassic Park has engendered much excitement and some speculation among both the general public and the scientific community as to the possibilities of genetic research and molecular preservation.

But will the dinosaurs “rise” again? Will scientists be able to ‘clone’ a dinosaur out of bits of genetic material and once again unleash these great beasts to walk the earth? If it is possible, should it be attempted? If not, why are time, money and effort being expended by several groups of investigators in attempts to isolate and characterize the DNA of these extinct creatures, if such DNA can possibly still exist? What can we hope to learn from these efforts, should they be fruitful?
Biological Classification - Organizing Organisms
Authors: Hedegaard Claus
Published: June 2019

This is a personal, guided tour of biological classification, not a quick-and-dirty manual, nor a comprehensive account of the history of systematic biology. This a reflection on why and how we classify extinct and extant organisms. I wish to explore alternative views of hierarchy, permanence and delineation of categories, and the use of data. I hope to convince you that biological classifications are necessary tools, but also strong ideological statements. The prevailing approach to classification at any time reflects distinct views on nature, how it is organized, and how you use information.
The Origin and Early Evolution of the Craniata
Authors: Peterson Kevin J.
Published: June 2019

The origin of the Craniata (hagfish + Vertebrata [Vertebrata = lamprey + Gnathostoma]—Janvier, 1981), one of the three subphyla of the Phylum Chordata, has generated more controversy in terms of numbers of likely ancestors than the origin of any other metazoan group. The primary difficulty with the origin of craniates, as opposed to the origin of birds, for example, is the bauplan dichotomy that separates craniates from all other “invertebrates.” This dichotomy results in the almost equal plausibility of deriving craniates from any “invertebrate” ancestor. The first attempt at trying to understand the bauplan differences between “invertebrates” and craniates was by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1822, who envisioned craniates as arthropods lying on their backs. Since then, many bilaterian phyla have been hypothesized as either direct ancestors or sister groups to the craniates with some recent notable examples being: arthropods (Raw, 1960); nemertines (Willmer, 1975); molluscs (Sillman, 1960; Løvtrup, 1977); urochordates (Jefferies, 1986); and cephalochordates (Gans and Northcutt, 1983).
Bony Fishes
Authors: Patterson Colin
Published: June 2019

Bony fishes or osteichthyans comprise two main monophyletic groups: the actinopterygians (rayfins, including the staples of the fish market and aquarium) and sarcopterygians (lobefins, fringefins or tasselfins, including lungfishes, coelacanths, and, perhaps unexpectedly or inconveniently, all land vertebrates or tetrapods). In the broadest terms, the two groups have similar histories, each with beginnings in the late Silurian or earliest Devonian, each with a primary radiation in the late Devonian and Mississippian, a secondary radiation in the Mesozoic, and a major Tertiary radiation, and each with an extant diversity of roughly 25,000 species (Nelson, 1994, p. 2). The remainder of this course (eight topics) is devoted to sarcopterygians, so I shall give almost all my space to the other half of bony fish diversity, the actinopterygians.
Linguistische Fairness und differentielle Validität des Auditiven Wortlisten Lerntests (AWLT) bei Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ
Authors: Hessler Johannes Baltasar , Brieber David , Egle Johanna , Mandler Georg , Jahn Thomas
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der Auditive Wortlisten Lerntest (AWLT) ist Teil des Test-Sets Kognitive Funktionen Demenz (CFD; Cognitive Functions Dementia) im Rahmen des Wiener Testsystems (WTS). Der AWLT wurde entlang neurolinguistischer Kriterien entwickelt, um Interaktionen zwischen dem kognitiven Status der Testpersonen und den linguistischen Eigenschaften der Lernliste zu reduzieren. Anhand einer nach Alter, Bildung und Geschlecht parallelisierten Stichprobe von gesunden Probandinnen und Probanden ( N = 44) und Patientinnen und Patienten mit Alzheimer Demenz ( N = 44) wurde mit ANOVAs für Messwiederholungen überprüft, inwieweit dieses Konstruktionsziel erreicht wurde. Weiter wurde die Fähigkeit der Hauptvariablen des AWLT untersucht, zwischen diesen Gruppen zu unterscheiden. Es traten Interaktionen mit geringer Effektstärke zwischen linguistischen Eigenschaften und der Diagnose auf. Die Hauptvariablen trennten mit großen Effektstärken Patientinnen und Patienten von Gesunden. Der AWLT scheint bei vergleichbarer differenzieller Validität linguistisch fairer als ähnliche Instrumente zu sein.
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Angular Variation of Surface Spectral Polarized Reflectance Relationships: Improvements on Aerosol Remote Sensing Over Land
Authors: Wang Han , Yang Leiku , Zhao Meiru , Du Weibing , Liu Pei , Sun Xiaobing
Published: June 2019

Surface polarized reflectance is related to its optical properties and observation geometry. It disturbs remote sensing of aerosol. In this study, we differentiated the polarized reflectance of a natural surface based on the normalized difference vegetation index and scattering angle, and the interband correlation coefficients were generally higher than that without differentiation. The spectral relationship was determined based on normalized difference vegetation index and scattering angle and then employed for aerosol retrieval from polarization and anisotropy of reflectances for atmospheric sciences coupled with observations from a lidar measurements. The retrieved aerosol optical depths (AODs) were contrasted with Aerosol Robotic Network results. The correlation coefficient between the retrieved and Aerosol Robotic Network AODs increased from 0.723 to 0.836, and the root‐mean‐square error reduced from 0.348 to 0.245 after considering the differentiated relationship. Thus, the accuracy of the retrieved AOD values was improved.
Eruption in El Salvador Was One of the Holocene’s Largest
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: June 2019

Roughly 1,500 years ago, the Tierra Blanca Joven eruption blanketed Central America in ash and likely displaced Maya settlements, new research shows.
Low Frequency Radio Pulses Produced by Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Cummer Steven A. , Lyu Fanchao , Briggs Michael , Mailyan Bagrat , Stanbro Matthew , Roberts Oliver
Published: June 2019

Do terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) produce their own radio signatures? To explore this question, we analyze TGF data from the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor, independent lightning geolocation data from the National Lightning Detection Network, and low‐frequency (LF) magnetic field waveforms, to determine the relationship between TGF generation and LF waveforms. LF waveforms associated with six TGFs are found to contain a clear and isolated slow pulse (~80‐μs duration) within a sequence of multiple fast pulses (<10‐μs risetime). We find that the slow LF pulse is produced simultaneously with the observed gamma rays, with an uncertainty as small as 7 μs. Simultaneity implies a consistent TGF source altitude range of approximately 10–15 km, which is consistent with previous estimates. These findings provide important evidence that the slow LF pulse, when observed, is associated with TGF production and perhaps produced by the electron acceleration itself.
Morphology of Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer Intensity Based on COSMIC Occultation Data in the Midlatitude and Low‐Latitude Regions
Authors: Niu J. , Weng L. B. , Meng X. , Fang H. X.
Published: June 2019

Ionospheric sporadic E layer is thin irregularity with much higher plasma density in the ionospheric E region (~90‐120 km). Morphology of sporadic E intensity is investigated by using the COSMIC radio occultation data during 2007‐2012. Maximum gradient value of total electron content fluctuation is defined as Smax index, and it shows good linear relationship with the sporadic E intensity parameter (ordinary critical frequency, foEs) in the low‐latitude and midlatitude regions. By using this Smax index as the sporadic E layer intensity, distribution of sporadic E intensity is obtained. Some known features are confirmed such as the hemisphere summer enhancement, diurnal and semidiurnal behavior, and intensity depression anomaly regions. New findings are also obtained, especially the different behavior pattern in the low‐latitude region. (1) Both positive and negative correlations exist between sporadic E intensity and solar activity, and this correlation also shows complex magnetic latitude dependency. (2) Weaker seasonal variation is found in the low‐latitude region. Besides, hemisphere asymmetries of sporadic E intensity/location are also found during the equinox. (3) Longitudinal wave number‐4 feature of sporadic E intensity is prominent in the lower latitude region, which may be related to the diurnal eastward wave number‐3 tide. In a word, it is feasible to investigate the sporadic E layer intensity distribution based on radio occultation data, which also allows for a global morphology analysis.
The 2019 National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan and Beyond
Authors: Knipp Delores J. , Gannon Jennifer L.
Published: June 2019

We review, summarize, and comment on the 2019 National Space Weather Strategy and Action Plan.