bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
-ADIC HODGE THEORY FOR RIGID-ANALYTIC VARIETIES
Authors: SCHOLZE PETER
Published: May 2013

We give proofs of de Rham comparison isomorphisms for rigid-analytic varieties, with coefficients and in families. This relies on the theory of perfectoid spaces. Another new ingredient is the pro-étale site, which makes all constructions completely functorial.
ENTRY INTO MOTHERHOOD AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN TWO INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN NAIROBI, KENYA
Authors: BEGUY DONATIEN , NDUGWA ROBERT , KABIRU CAROLINE W.
Published: May 2013

The contribution of adolescents' childbearing to total fertility rates in many sub-Saharan African countries is higher than in other parts of the world. In this paper, data collected from 897 female adolescents aged 15–19 years are analysed to investigate patterns and determinants of entry into motherhood in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression models. About 15% of these adolescents have had a child. The findings show that marriage, being out of school and having negative models in peer, family and school contexts are associated with early childbearing among females aged 15–17 years. For adolescents aged 18–19 years, school attendance considerably delays entry into motherhood while marriage hastens its timing. Furthermore, older adolescents with high levels of social controls (parental monitoring or perceived peer orientation to or approval of prosocial behaviours) and individual controls (high religiosity and positive orientation to schooling) are likely to delay childbearing. Programmes aiming to reduce risky sexual behaviours that could lead to childbearing among adolescents should be introduced very early, and before the onset of sexual activity. Also, the findings underscore the need to identify and address the risky factors and reinforce the protective ones in order to improve sexual and reproductive health outcomes of adolescent girls in Nairobi slum settlements.
Nominal possessive constructions in the early modern Hasidic Hebrew tale
Authors: Kahn Lily
Published: May 2013

This paper constitutes the first linguistic analysis of nominal possessive constructions in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Hasidic Hebrew hagiographic tales. Such analysis is necessary because it sheds much-needed light on the grammatical structure of this prominent but largely unstudied early modern Eastern European form of Hebrew. Hasidic Hebrew possessive constructions exhibit a variety of noteworthy features, namely non-standard uses of the construct chain including definiteness of the construct noun, double definiteness, and split construct chains; construct chains with adjectives in the absolute position; the productiveness and widespread use of the construct chain; the tendency to favour the post-Biblical Hebrew possessive particle שלshelonly in certain syntactic contexts; and the employment of the Aramaic particle ד-de-specifically to express geographical and temporal relationships. These phenomena reflect a mix of various strata of Hebrew as well as Aramaic, Yiddish, and independent elements that combine to form a unique system distinct from other varieties of Hebrew.
Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Belgium: impact on serological markers 3 and 7 years after implementation
Authors: THEETEN H. , HUTSE V. , HOPPENBROUWERS K. , BEUTELS P. , VAN DAMME P.
Published: May 2013

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be eliminated by effective universal vaccination. In Belgium, a free-of-charge HBV vaccination programme in infants with catch-up in adolescents was introduced in 1999. To evaluate the effects in <20-year-olds, seroprotection (anti-HBs >11 mIU/ml, according to the assay) and markers of infection (anti-HBc, HBsAg) were assessed in 2443 residual sera collected 7–8 years after implementation of the programme. The maximal prevalence of a solely anti-HBs seroprotective (‘vaccinated’) serostatus was 82·9% at age 1 year and 60·5% at age 13 years. A clear increase was found in age cohorts targeted by the campaign after a similar serosurvey conducted 4 years earlier. The prevalence of HBV infection remained unchanged at a low level (1·8% in 2006) similar to pre-vaccination data (1993–1994). We conclude that universal HBV vaccination has achieved overall high levels of vaccine-induced immunity, despite regional variations, which may give rise to pockets of susceptible young adults in the future.
Assessing Hospital Preparedness: Comparison of an On-site Survey with a Self-reported, Internet-based, Long-distance Tabletop Drill
Authors: Valesky Walter , Roblin Patricia , Patel Brijal , Adelaine John , Zehtabchi Shahriar , Arquilla Bonnie
Published: May 2013

Background

Methods of defining hospital disaster preparedness are poorly defined in the literature, leaving wide discrepancies between a hospital's self-reported preparedness and that assessed by an objective reviewer.

Objectives

This study compared self-reported surge capacity data from individual hospitals, obtained from a previously reported long-distance tabletop drill (LDTT) prior to the 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament in Cape Town, South Africa, with surge capacity data assessed by an on-site survey inspection team.

Methods

In this prospective, observational study, contact persons used in the prior LDTT assessing hospital disaster preparedness in the lead-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup made surge capacity assessments (licensed bed capacity plus surge capacity beds) for the respiratory intensive care unit (RICU), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), medical intensive care unit (MICU), and general medical/surgical beds in each hospital. Following the 2010 World Cup, this data was then re-evaluated by an on-site survey team consisting of two of the authors.

Results

The contact persons for the individual hospitals from the LDTT underreported their individual hospital's surge capacity in 86% (95% CI, 46%-99%) of RICU beds; 100% (95% CI, 63%-100%) of MICU beds; 75% (95% CI, 40%-94%) of NICU beds; and 71% (95% CI, 35%-92%) of medical/surgical beds compared with the on-site inspection team.

Conclusions

The contact persons for the LDTT overwhelmingly underreported surge capacity beds compared with the surge capacity determined by the on-site inspection team.

ValeskyW, RoblinP, PatelB, AdelaineJ, ZehtabchiS, ArquillaB. Assessing hospital preparedness: comparison of an on-site survey with a self-reported, Internet-based, long-distance tabletop drill. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-4.
OPTIMAL DYNAMIC NONLINEAR INCOME TAXATION UNDER LOOSE COMMITMENT
Authors: Guo Jang-Ting , Krause Alan
Published: May 2013

This paper examines an infinite-horizon model of nonlinear income taxation in which the probability that the government can commit is high, but not certain. In this “loose commitment” environment, we find that even a little uncertainty over whether the government can commit yields substantial effects on the optimal dynamic nonlinear income tax system. This result holds even though separating taxation remains optimal, as in the case of full commitment. Under an empirically plausible parameterization, our numerical simulations show that high-skilled individuals must be subsidized in the short run, despite the government's redistributive objective, unless the probability of commitment is higher than 98%. Loose commitment also reverses the short-run welfare effects of changes in most of the model's parameters, and yields some counterintuitive outcomes. For example, all individuals are worse off, rather than better off, in the short run when the proportion of high-skilled individuals in the economy increases.
Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy. By J. Eric Oliver with Shang E. Ha and Zachary Callen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. 234p. $75.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Sharp Elaine B.
Published: May 2013

In this creative and important book, Eric Oliver and his coauthors offer a comprehensive analysis of a largely overlooked phenomenon, electoral behavior in smaller communities, here defined as jurisdictions with populations under 100,000. In the broadest sense, the central theme of the book is that elections are different in these small jurisdictions from what theories and empirical analyses of national, state, and big-city elections have made familiar. More specifically, they argue that a triumvirate of jurisdictional characteristics—1) population size, 2) scope (i.e., the extent to which institutional arrangements provide government officials with powers on a broad array of matters), and 3) bias (i.e., the extent to which government distributes resources in something other than an evenhanded fashion)—are crucial factors shaping the behavior of voters and candidates and, hence, are the essential character of elections. In separate chapters analyzing who votes, who runs for office, what shapes incumbent advantage, and what shapes voter choice, the authors explore hypotheses developed in their overview chapter about how size, scope, and bias impact each of these aspects of local elections.
Oil Is Not a Curse: Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States. By Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 444p. $95.00 cloth, $31.00 paper.
Authors: Lowi Miriam R.
Published: May 2013

For those scholars who have bemoaned the “commodity determinism” that has characterized much of the resource curse literature, there has been, in recent years, a new crop of studies that has sought to deepen and broaden the scope of inquiry and to highlight variations in features, processes, and outcomes in mineral-rich states. These studies have done so in two ways: first, by demonstrating, via careful empirical work, that despite the supposed uniformity, mineral-rich states in fact exhibit a variety of policy environments, institutional arrangements, and experiences; and second, by tracing the pathways whereby certain variables, and combinations of variables—related to such things as institutional beginnings, leadership decisions, and competing cleavage structures—contribute to particular outcomes, as opposed to merely identifying outcomes.
Politics and Biology
Authors: Alford C. Fred
Published: May 2013

Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics.Edited by Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. 352p. $80.00 cloth, $27.50 paper.

Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott'sMan Is by Nature a Political Animalbrings together some of the most important social scientists working at the intersection of political science, psychology, biology, and cognitive neuroscience. Given recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and given the proliferation of work in political science that draws on these advances, we have decided to invite a range of political scientists to comment on the promise and the limits of this line of inquiry. What can scientific developments in psychology, biology, and neuroscience tell us about “human nature”? Can these discourses reckon with the variation in time and space that has traditionally been at the heart of political science, perhaps even going back to the classic text from which Hatemi and McDermott derive their title, Aristotle'sPolitics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Politics and Biology
Authors: Gunnell John G.
Published: May 2013

Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics. Edited by Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. 352p. $80.00 cloth, $27.50 paper.

Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott's Man Is by Nature a Political Animal brings together some of the most important social scientists working at the intersection of political science, psychology, biology, and cognitive neuroscience. Given recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and given the proliferation of work in political science that draws on these advances, we have decided to invite a range of political scientists to comment on the promise and the limits of this line of inquiry. What can scientific developments in psychology, biology, and neuroscience tell us about “human nature”? Can these discourses reckon with the variation in time and space that has traditionally been at the heart of political science, perhaps even going back to the classic text from which Hatemi and McDermott derive their title, Aristotle's Politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Politics and Biology
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: May 2013

Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics.Edited by Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. 352p. $80.00 cloth, $27.50 paper.

Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott'sMan Is by Nature a Political Animalbrings together some of the most important social scientists working at the intersection of political science, psychology, biology, and cognitive neuroscience. Given recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and given the proliferation of work in political science that draws on these advances, we have decided to invite a range of political scientists to comment on the promise and the limits of this line of inquiry. What can scientific developments in psychology, biology, and neuroscience tell us about “human nature”? Can these discourses reckon with the variation in time and space that has traditionally been at the heart of political science, perhaps even going back to the classic text from which Hatemi and McDermott derive their title, Aristotle'sPolitics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Politics and Biology
Authors: Rasmussen Claire
Published: May 2013

Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics.Edited by Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. 352p. $80.00 cloth, $27.50 paper.

Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott'sMan Is by Nature a Political Animalbrings together some of the most important social scientists working at the intersection of political science, psychology, biology, and cognitive neuroscience. Given recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and given the proliferation of work in political science that draws on these advances, we have decided to invite a range of political scientists to comment on the promise and the limits of this line of inquiry. What can scientific developments in psychology, biology, and neuroscience tell us about “human nature”? Can these discourses reckon with the variation in time and space that has traditionally been at the heart of political science, perhaps even going back to the classic text from which Hatemi and McDermott derive their title, Aristotle'sPolitics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Response to J. Eric Oliver's review ofDoes Local Government Matter? How Urban Policies Shape Civic Engagement
Authors: Sharp Elaine B.
Published: May 2013

One thing our books and mutual reviews show that we very much agree on is the challenge in the study of local politics of adapting data collected for other purposes to the testing of theories of interest. We also clearly agree that local government does matter—that is, that what it does affects the shape and character of local civic engagement. But it is not clear that we see the relevance of policy feedback theory for local government in the same way. Specifically, while J. Eric Oliver's review reveals an appreciation of the ways in which local government action may yield resource effects, the interpretive effects that are arguably the more innovative component of policy feedback theory may be underappreciated. It is likely that this difference links to a deeper, underlying difference in views on what it means for local government to matter.
Ideology, Realpolitik, and US Foreign Policy
Authors: Ehrenberg John
Published: May 2013

Explaining the Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic and Evidence. By Frank P. Harvey. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 360p. $103.00 cloth, $29.99 paper.

The Iraq War initiated by the Bush administration in 2003 was and perhaps continues to be an important episode in world politics, US politics, and the politics of the Middle East. The war also galvanized controversy among public intellectuals and broader publics, and generated strong opposition in many European and Middle Eastern countries. In Explaining the Iraq War, Frank P. Harvey offers an interesting analysis of the war and its causes, and does so in a way that raises broader questions about politics and about the scientific study of politics. We have thus invited a distinguished group of political scientists from a variety of subfields to review the book, both as an account of the Iraq War and as a contribution to political science more generally.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Politics and Biology
Authors: Charney Evan
Published: May 2013

Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics. Edited by Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011. 352p. $80.00 cloth, $27.50 paper.

Peter K. Hatemi and Rose McDermott's Man Is by Nature a Political Animal brings together some of the most important social scientists working at the intersection of political science, psychology, biology, and cognitive neuroscience. Given recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and given the proliferation of work in political science that draws on these advances, we have decided to invite a range of political scientists to comment on the promise and the limits of this line of inquiry. What can scientific developments in psychology, biology, and neuroscience tell us about “human nature”? Can these discourses reckon with the variation in time and space that has traditionally been at the heart of political science, perhaps even going back to the classic text from which Hatemi and McDermott derive their title, Aristotle's Politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Biology, Politics, Creativity
Authors: Connolly William E.
Published: May 2013

I share the view that biocultural connections should become more central to political inquiry. And I appreciate some of the themes Hibbing develops. The approach considered in this response is one in which variable degrees of agency are pushed deeply into simple organisms, into processes of embryological unfolding, and into subliminal elements of cultural relations. Such an approach appreciates the creative element in evolution as well as in subliminal processes in play within and between us. Several practitioners of complexity theory in biology have been exploring such routes. They may contribute to a more layered set of interfaces between biology and cultural interpretation that are even less reductionist in character. And they may carry import for explorations of how the media work on the visceral register of intersubjectivity, still to be developed.
Neurobiology, Intersectionality, and Politics: Paradigm Warriors in Arms?
Authors: Hancock Ange-Marie
Published: May 2013

John Hibbing's “Ten Misconceptions Concerning Neurobiology and Politics” is a plea for greater understanding of an approach he considers marginalized in political science. This is ironic given the lack of serious attention that his neurobiological approach gives to questions of power and marginality in politics. While Hibbing presents neurobiology as a new and exciting paradigm, his piece reads more like yet another rhapsody about the scientific benefits of new techniques than it does like a novel approach to understanding fundamental questions of politics.
“What's That You Say?”
Authors: Marcus George E.
Published: May 2013

Though I am sympathetic to the program of research that John Hibbing advances, I raise four issues with the claims he presents. I argue that political science has not been slow to adopt an interest in biology. I argue that like all perspectives on how to advance knowledge, neurobiology must win its place by generating demonstrable results central to our understanding of politics. In agreeing with Hibbing that some hold misperceptions, I note that this is hardly uncommon, even if it is unwelcome in a scientific community. And, finally, I note that narratives of explanation often serve a variety of masters. While those derived from science are meant to restrict the consideration of competing narratives to those that are testable with empirical data, even members of scientific communities find that other claimants have some sway. Among the non-scientific purposes that narratives serve are: achieving simplicity; sustaining communities of mutual agreement; and advancing indulgent doctrines of ennoblement.
Who Benefits from Distributive Politics? How the Outcome One Studies Affects the Answer One Gets
Authors: Kramon Eric , Posner Daniel N.
Published: May 2013

Papers in the burgeoning empirical literature on distributive politics often focus their analysis on the pattern of distribution of a single patronage good—for example, cash transfers, roads, education spending, electrification, or targeted grants. Yet because governments can favor constituencies through the targeting of multiple public and private goods, drawing general conclusions about distributive politics by investigating just one (or even a few) good(s) can be misleading. We demonstrate the severity of this problem by investigating a particular manifestation of distributive politics—ethnic favoritism—in a particular setting—Africa—and show that the conclusions one draws about who benefits from government allocation decisions can vary markedly depending on the outcome one happens to study. Our findings suggest the need for caution in making general claims about who benefits from distributive politics and raise questions about extant theoretical conclusions that are based on empirical work that focuses on a single distributive outcome. The findings also provide a foundation for a new research agenda aimed at identifying the reasons why political leaders choose to favor their supporters with some public and private goods rather than others.
God, Gays, and Progressive Politics: Reconceptualizing Intersectionality as a Normatively Malleable Analytical Framework
Authors: Lindsay Keisha
Published: May 2013

I draw on conservative black Christians' claims regarding their co-constitutive racial, religious, class, and sexual subordination to demonstrate that intersectionality is a heuristic that can be used to advance a range of normative arguments. My research rejects traditional understandings of intersectionality as a necessarily progressive analytical framework, as well as recent discussions that suggest that intersectionality's use for conservative ends is evidence of its theoretical underdevelopment. My analysis also reveals that by positing interlocking racism, classism, heterophobia, and anti-Christian bigotry as blacks' “true” experience of oppression, conservative black Christians guide political scientists to consider 1) that intersectional analysis is central rather than antithetical to in-group policing; 2) that we can best interrogate the standards that social groups use to police their boundaries when we adopt a normative-critical conception of power, and 3) that power so defined challenges the erroneous assumption that our role is to either describe or prescribe social reality.
Fighting Hunger: The Cold War and US Foreign Aid
Authors: Clapp Jennifer
Published: May 2013

History holds important insights for political scientists concerned with contemporary international development issues. Michael E. Latham and Nick Cullather's recent historical accounts of US foreign policy toward developing countries provide excellent examples of the significance of understanding the past in order to interpret the present. Both books highlight the ways in which strategic concerns of the US government during the Cold War shaped its international aid policies.
Rurality and agroecosystem sustainability: a case study at farm-field level in Terceira Island (Portugal) and in Viterbo Province (Italy)
Authors: Di Felice Vincenzo , de Jesus Soares Bessa Batista Edite Romana , Mancinelli Roberto , Ferreira Batista João Guilherme , Campiglia Enio
Published: May 2013

Defining the balance between socio-economical and bio-physical aspects in order to promote sustainable development in agriculture is a fundamental challenge for researchers. The aim of this study is to assist in constructing a science of sustainability in agriculture and to assess sustainability in various types of agroecosystem managements characterized by different agricultural and rural developments. This study evaluates sustainability on Terceira Island (Portugal) and in the Province of Viterbo (Italy) by using selected agroecosystem sustainability indicators capable of achieving an energetic and monetary input/output analysis. Overall, results showed two rural and agricultural realities that outline two different responses to world market demand, which are partly due to specific rural histories. In terms of energy supply, Terceira and Viterbo dairy farms use the same amount of input but in monetary terms the level of input is more than double in Viterbo (€1651 ha−1 versus €616 ha−1) which is due to the lower cost of direct energy (e.g., fuel) on the island. The use of direct energy input (fuel, electricity and lubricants) on the farms in Viterbo decreases in mixed farm systems and is at its minimum on dairy farms. On the other hand, the use of indirect energy input (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, seeds and feedstuffs) is greater on Terceira farms compared with those in Viterbo (0.76 versus 0.60, respectively). Generally speaking, the crops grown on Terceira are not diversified and this has caused environmental issues on the island due to the milk production that is mainly exported. In Europe, more intellectual and financial resources for measuring and monitoring sustainability conditions in agriculture are necessary, in order to appropriately inform decision makers at both institutional and individual level.
Effects of caloric intake timing on insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Jakubowicz Daniela , Barnea Maayan , Wainstein Julio , Froy Oren
Published: May 2013

In women with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), hyperinsulinaemia stimulates ovarian cytochrome P450c17α activity that, in turn, stimulates ovarian androgen production. Our objective was to compare whether timed caloric intake differentially influences insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in lean PCOS women. A total of 60 lean PCOS women [BMI (body mass index), 23.7±0.2 kg/m2] were randomized into two isocaloric (~1800 kcal; where 1 kcal≈4.184 J) maintenance diets with different meal timing distribution: a BF (breakfast diet) (980 kcal breakfast, 640 kcal lunch and 190 kcal dinner) or a D (dinner diet) group (190 kcal breakfast, 640 kcal lunch and 980 kcal dinner) for 90 days. In the BF group, a significant decrease was observed in both AUCglucose (glucose area under the curve) and AUCinsulin (insulin area under the curve) by 7 and 54% respectively. In the BF group, free testosterone decreased by 50% and SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) increased by 105%. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)-stimulated peak serum 17OHP (17α-hydroxyprogesterone) decreased by 39%. No change in these parameters was observed in the D group. In addition, women in the BF group had an increased ovulation rate. In lean PCOS women, a high caloric intake at breakfast with reduced intake at dinner results in improved insulin sensitivity indices and reduced cytochrome P450c17α activity, which ameliorates hyperandrogenism and improves ovulation rate. Meal timing and distribution should be considered as a therapeutic option for women with PCOS.
A Comparison of Computerized and Paper-Based Language Tests With Adults With Aphasia
Authors: Newton Caroline , Acres Kadia , Bruce Carolyn
Published: May 2013

Purpose

This study investigated whether computers are a useful tool in the assessment of people with aphasia (PWA). Computerized and traditionally administered versions of tasks were compared to determine whether (a) the scores were equivalent, (b) the administration was comparable, (c) variables such as age affected performance, and (d) the participants' perceptions of the computerized and traditionally administered versions of the tasks were similar.

Method

Fifteen PWA were assessed on 2 language tasks—sentence-picture matching and grammaticality judgment—in 3 conditions: computer only, computer with the clinician present, and traditional. The participants also completed questionnaires rating aspects of each condition.

Results

Scores from the traditionally administered tasks were highly correlated with those from the computerized tasks, but scores from the computerized tasks were significantly lower. There was no significant difference in the time taken between the conditions. Whereas some individuals felt comfortable with the computer, overall, participants preferred the traditional assessment method or when another person was in the room. No factors were identified that predicted participants' relative performance in the computer condition.

Conclusion

The results suggest that PWA can be assessed using computerized versions of tasks, but that caution should be exercised when comparing scores to those collected using traditional methods, including norms. The variation in participants' opinions regarding computerized tasks suggests that this method might be more suitable for some participants than others.
Releasing the Constraints on Aphasia Therapy: The Positive Impact of Gesture and Multimodality Treatments
Authors: Rose Miranda L.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

There is a 40-year history of interest in the use of arm and hand gestures in treatments that target the reduction of aphasic linguistic impairment and compensatory methods of communication (Rose, 2006). Arguments for constraining aphasia treatment to the verbal modality have arisen from proponents of constraint-induced aphasia therapy (Pulvermüller et al., 2001). Confusion exists concerning the role of nonverbal treatments in treating people with aphasia. The central argument of this paper is that given the state of the empirical evidence and the strong theoretical accounts of modality interactions in human communication, gesture-based and multimodality aphasia treatments are at least as legitimate an option as constraint-based aphasia treatment.

Method

Theoretical accounts of modality interactions in human communication and the gesture production abilities of individuals with aphasia that are harnessed in treatments are reviewed. The negative effects on word retrieval of restricting gesture production are also reviewed, and an overview of the neurological architecture subserving language processing is provided as rationale for multimodality treatments. The evidence for constrained and unconstrained treatments is critically reviewed.

Conclusion

Together, these data suggest that constraint treatments and multimodality treatments are equally efficacious, and there is limited support for constraining client responses to the spoken modality.
Treatment Fidelity: Its Importance and Reported Frequency in Aphasia Treatment Studies
Authors: Hinckley Jacqueline J. , Douglas Natalie F.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Treatment fidelity is a measure of the reliability of the administration of an intervention in a treatment study. It is an important aspect of the validity of a research study, and it has implications for the ultimate implementation of evidence-supported interventions in typical clinical settings.

Method

Aphasia treatment studies published in the last 10 years in 3 journals were reviewed using coding techniques that were adapted from Gresham, Gansle, Noell, Cohen, and Rosenblum (1993). The following items were noted: identifying information, study design, description of both the dependent and independent variables, and whether a measure of treatment fidelity was explicitly included.

Results

Of the aphasia treatment studies published in the last 10 years, 14% explicitly reported treatment fidelity. Most studies reporting treatment fidelity used checking of videotaped sessions by independent raters. Of the reviewed studies, 45% provided sufficient treatment description to support replication.

Conclusion

Treatment fidelity is widely acknowledged as being critical to research validity and is a foundation for the implementation of evidence-based practices, but only a small percentage of aphasia treatment studies published in the last 10 years explicitly reported treatment fidelity. Recommendations for research practices include increased attention to matters of treatment fidelity in the peer review process and explicit incorporation of 3 levels of treatment fidelity in treatment research.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963517
Modified Response Elaboration Training: Application to Procedural Discourse and Personal Recounts
Authors: Wambaugh Julie L. , Nessler Christina , Wright Sandra
Published: May 2013

Purpose

This investigation was designed to examine the effects of a modification of response elaboration training (RET; Kearns, 1985) with speakers with mild to mild–moderate aphasia. The modification entailed application of RET to procedural discourse and personal recounts rather than to narrative discourse.

Method

Three participants with chronic aphasia received modified RET (M–RET) applied sequentially in the context of multiple baseline designs to the conditions of personal recounts and procedural discourse. Production of correct information units (CIUs; Nicholas & Brookshire, 1993) served as the primary dependent variable.

Results

Participants 2 and 3 demonstrated increases in the production of CIUs in response to treatment of procedures. M–RET applied to the personal recount condition was not associated with increased production of CIUs in personal recounts in probes. However, Participant 1 demonstrated increased CIU production for previously treated procedures when treatment was applied to personal recounts. Small effect sizes were obtained for procedural sets for Participant 1, and large effect sizes were obtained for procedural sets for Participants 2 and 3. Maintenance of gains at 3 and 6 weeks post treatment was strong.

Conclusion

Application of M–RET to procedural discourse appears to be a viable treatment option for participants with mild to mild–moderate aphasia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963526
Characterizing Discourse Deficits Following Penetrating Head Injury: A Preliminary Model
Authors: Coelho Carl , Lê Karen , Mozeiko Jennifer , Hamilton Mark , Tyler Elizabeth , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Discourse analyses have demonstrated utility for delineating subtle communication deficits following closed head injuries (CHIs). The present investigation examined the discourse performance of a large group of individuals with penetrating head injury (PHI). Performance was also compared across 6 subgroups of PHI based on lesion locale. A preliminary model of discourse production following PHI was proposed and tested.

Method

Story narratives were elicited from 2 groups of participants, 167 with PHI and 46 non brain–injured (NBI). Micro- and macrostructural components of each story were analyzed. Measures of memory, executive functions, and intelligence were also administered. All measures were compared across groups and PHI subgroups. The proposed model of discourse production was tested with a structural equation modeling procedure.

Results

No differences for the discourse measures were noted across the six PHI subgroups. Three measures distinguished the PHI and NBI groups: narrative length, story grammar, and completeness. The proposed model of discourse production had an adequate-to-good fit with the cognitive and discourse data.

Conclusion

In spite of differing mechanisms of injury, the PHI group's discourse performance was consistent with what has been reported for individuals with CHI. The model tested represents a preliminary step toward understanding discourse production following traumatic brain injury.
What People Living With Aphasia Think About the Availability of Aphasia Resources
Authors: Hinckley Jacqueline J. , Hasselkus Amy , Ganzfried Ellayne
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Obtaining health information and resources can influence an individual's (a) access to services, (b) interactions with health care providers, and (c) ability to manage one's own health needs. The purpose of this study was to gather the perceptions of consumers living with aphasia about resource availability and information needs.

Method

An online survey of consumers in the United States was conducted about the availability of aphasia resources. Analysis of survey responses and comments formed the basis for focus group questions. Four focus groups consisting of persons with aphasia and their caregivers were conducted to explore the survey response themes more deeply.

Results

Survey respondents (
N
= 302) rated aphasia resources as “somewhat difficult to find.” Topics ranked as most important by these respondents were (a) how to keep improving, (b) communication strategies, (c) aphasia treatment techniques, (d) coping strategies, and (e) strategies for caregivers. Survey comments and focus group themes suggested that accessing information is difficult, health care providers are not perceived to know about aphasia resources, and there is a lack of public awareness of aphasia that is a barrier to finding information and resources.

Conclusion

Understanding how people living with aphasia seek information may allow us to better tailor access to resources in the future.
Creepage discharge on pressboards in synthetic and natural ester transformer liquids under ac stress
Authors: Yi Xiao , Wang Zhongdong
Published: May 2013

This study reports experimental studies of creepage discharges on the pressboard (PB) surface in esters under ac divergent electric field. With the help of commercial partial discharges detector, wideband current measurement and high‐speed image recorder, the differences of discharge patterns between open gap and on PB surface were studied in esters as well as in mineral oil. The results show that the presence of PB surface tends to promote discharges, especially negative discharges, and enables more discharges to occur at smaller phase angles. It is believed that the promotion effect of PB surface on discharges is caused by surface charges and bubble residences; because of more intense discharges and higher viscosity of esters, this effect is more significant in esters than in mineral oil.
Palliative plastische Chirurgie im multimodalen
Therapiekonzept
Authors: Kippenhan T. , Hirche C. , Lehnhardt M. , Daigeler A.
Published: May 2013

Hintergrund: Durch Fortschritte in der adjuvanten und neoadjuvanten
Therapie konnten für einige Tumorentitäten die Überlebenszeiten auch in
fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien verbessert werden. Schmerzhafte,
exulzerierende oder blutende Lokalbefunde können die Lebensqualität
allerdings stark beeinträchtigen. Hier können Möglichkeiten der
plastisch-rekonstruktiven Chirurgie eingesetzt werden, um Lokalbefunde zu
sanieren und die den Patienten verbleibende Zeit lebenswert zu gestalten.
Methoden: In der Übersichtsarbeit werden der Stellenwert der
plastischen Chirurgie in der Palliativsituation herausgearbeitet sowie die
operativen Therapien der konservativen Therapie gegenübergestellt. Anhand
des eigenen Patientenguts werden Therapieoptionen in Fallbeispielen
veranschaulicht sowie vor dem Hintergrund der vorhandenen Literatur
bewertet. Ergebnisse: Bisher stehen nur wenige, aussagekräftige
Studien bezüglich einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität durch rekonstruktive
Eingriffe in der Palliativsituation zur Verfügung, wobei einige Arbeiten zu
plastisch-chirurgischen Eingriffen auch bei fortgeschrittenen Tumorleiden
vorliegen. Der Stellenwert der plastisch-chirurgischen Therapie wird nach
Versagen konservativer, wundtherapeutischer Maßnahmen eingeordnet. Die
häufigsten Entitäten sind dabei Weichgewebssarkome, Plattenepithelkarzinome
und Mammakarzinome. Sichere und einfache Lappenplastiken sollten bevorzugt
werden, wobei freie Lappenplastiken und motorische Ersatzoperationen
keineswegs obsolet sind, auch Thoraxwandresektionen sind gerechtfertigt. Die
Indikation zu Majoramputationen und mutilierenden Eingriffen ist
zurückhaltend zu stellen, da die Lebensqualität dadurch stark beeinträchtigt
wird. Durch Gewebeverpflanzungen wird Bestrahlung teilweise erst möglich
bzw. Bestrahlungsschäden können behandelt werden. Diskussion:
Onkologen und Strahlentherapeuten sollte durch die stete Präsenz von
Vertretern der plastischen Chirurgie in Tumorboards, durch das Aufzeigen der
Möglichkeiten und eine realistische Darstellung der Grenzen der
rekonstruktiven Chirurgie der Wert der plastischen Chirurgie für die
Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von Patienten in der Palliativsituation im
multimodalen Konzept nahe gebracht werden. Es gibt sichere
plastisch-chirurgische Verfahren, die bei Versagen der konservativen
Wundtherapie ihren Beitrag zur Lebensqualitätsverbesserung leisten.
Inflammatory Mediators in Intervertebral Disk Degeneration and Discogenic Pain
Authors: Wuertz Karin , Haglund Lisbet
Published: May 2013

Although degeneration of the intervertebral disk has historically been described as a misbalance between anabolic and catabolic factors, the role of inflammatory mediators has long been neglected. However, past research clearly indicates that inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α are expressed at higher levels in “diseased” intervertebral disks. Both disk cells as well as invading macrophages can be the source of the detected cytokines. Importantly, occurrence of inflammatory mediators in the disk can worsen the progress of degeneration by inducing the expression of matrix degrading enzymes as well as by inhibiting extracellular matrix synthesis. In addition, inflammatory mediators play a crucial role in pain development during intervertebral disk herniation (i.e., sciatica) and disk degeneration (i.e., discogenic pain). This review provides information on the most relevant inflammatory mediators during different types of disk diseases and explains how these factors can induce disk degeneration and the development of discogenic and sciatic/radiculopathic pain.
Weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations with $B^{-1(\ln )}_{\infty \infty }+B_{X_r}^{-1+r,\frac{2}{1-r}}+L^2$B∞∞−1(ln)+BXr−1+r,21−r+L2 initial data
Authors: Cui Shangbin
Published: May 2013

One of the major topics in the study of nonlinear partial differential equations of the evolutionary type is to look for as large as possible initial value spaces so that as many as possible solutions of such equations can be obtained. In the book “Recent Developments in the Navier-Stokes Problems,” Lemarié-Rieusset proved that the Navier-Stokes equations have global weak solutions for initial data in the space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B_{\widetilde{X}_r}^{-1+r,\frac{2}{1-r}} (\mathbb {R}^N)+L^2(\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}BX̃r−1+r,21−r(RN)+L2(RN) (0 < r < 1), where Xr is the space of functions whose pointwise products with Hr functions belong to L2, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\widetilde{X}_r$\end{document}X̃r denotes the closure of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$C_0^\infty (\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}C0∞(RN) in Xr, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B_{\widetilde{X}_r}^{-1+r,\frac{2}{1-r}}(\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}BX̃r−1+r,21−r(RN) is the Besov space over \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\widetilde{X}_r$\end{document}X̃r. In this paper we partially extend this result of Lemarié-Rieusset to the larger initial value space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B^{-1(\ln )}_{\infty \infty } (\mathbb {R}^N)+B_{\widetilde{X}_r}^{-1+r,\frac{2}{1-r}}(\mathbb {R}^N)+ L^2(\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}B∞∞−1(ln)(RN)+BX̃r−1+r,21−r(RN)+L2(RN) (0 < r < 1), where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B^{-1(\ln )}_{\infty \infty }(\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}B∞∞−1(ln)(RN) is a logarithmically modified version of the usual Besov space \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$B^{-1}_{\infty \infty } (\mathbb {R}^N)$\end{document}B∞∞−1(RN).
Hole-blocking titanium-oxide/silicon heterojunction and its application to photovoltaics
Authors: Avasthi Sushobhan , McClain William E. , Man Gabriel , Kahn Antoine , Schwartz Jeffrey , Sturm James C.
Published: May 2013

In contrast to the numerous reports on narrow-bandgap heterojunctions on silicon, such as strained Si1−xGex on silicon, there have been very few accounts of wide-bandgap semiconducting heterojunctions on silicon. Here, we present a wide-bandgap heterojunction—between titanium oxide and crystalline silicon—where the titanium oxide is deposited via a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process at substrate temperatures of only 80–100 °C. The deposited films are conformal and smooth at the nanometer scale. Electrically, the TiO2/Si heterojunction prevents transport of holes while allowing transport of electrons. This selective carrier blocking is used to demonstrate a low-temperature processed silicon solar cell.
Fast ignition: Dependence of the ignition energy on source and target parameters for particle-in-cell-modelled energy and angular distributions of the fast electrons
Authors: Bellei C. , Divol L. , Kemp A. J. , Key M. H. , Larson D. J. , Strozzi D. J. , Marinak M. M. , Tabak M. , Patel P. K.
Published: May 2013

The energy and angular distributions of the fast electrons predicted by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations differ from those historically assumed in ignition designs of the fast ignition scheme. Using a particular 3D PIC calculation, we show how the ignition energy varies as a function of source-fuel distance, source size, and density of the pre-compressed fuel. The large divergence of the electron beam implies that the ignition energy scales with density more weakly than the ρ−2 scaling for an idealized beam [S. Atzeni, Phys. Plasmas 6, 3316 (1999)], for any realistic source that is at some distance from the dense deuterium-tritium fuel. Due to the strong dependence of ignition energy with source-fuel distance, the use of magnetic or electric fields seems essential for the purpose of decreasing the ignition energy.
Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective flows past circular and square cylinders
Authors: Hasan Nadeem , Ali Rashid
Published: May 2013

Vortex-shedding suppression in two-dimensional mixed convective flows past circular and square cylinders is investigated numerically at two supercritical Reynolds numbers, Re = 60 and 100, at a fixed Prandtl (Pr) number of 0.71. The Richardson number (Ri) and free-stream orientation (α) are varied in the range [0, 1.6] and [0, π/2], respectively. The investigations involve the numerical solutions of mass, momentum, and energy equations subject to Boussinesq approximation in generalized curvilinear body-fitted coordinates. The critical Richardson numbers corresponding to the onset of suppression of vortex-shedding are determined for different free-stream orientations using the numerical data and the Stuart-Landau theory. For the case of circular cylinder, the critical Richardson number exhibits a “cosine-law” with respect to the free-stream orientation, while a non-monotonic trend is observed for the case of the square cylinder. By examining the near critical steady flow field data, two distinct components of the baroclinic vorticity generation rate are identified that appear to control the shedding suppression laws (relationships between the critical Richardson number and free-stream orientation) in theRi-α parametric space for the circular and the square cylinders. Supported by numerical experiments, the plausible roles of these baroclinic vorticity generation rate components are identified and utilized to theoretically deduce the functional forms of the shedding suppression laws that agree with the laws observed in the numerical experiments.