bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research priorities for the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science
Authors: O'Connor Daryl B. , Aggleton John P. , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Cooper Cary L. , Creswell Cathy , Dunsmuir Sandra , Fiske Susan T. , Gathercole Susan , Gough Brendan , Ireland Jane L. , Jones Marc V. , Jowett Adam , Kagan Carolyn , Karanika‐Murray Maria , Kaye Linda K. , Kumari Veena , Lewandowsky Stephan , Lightman Stafford , Malpass Debra , Meins Elizabeth , Morgan B. Paul , Morrison Coulthard Lisa J. , Reicher Stephen D. , Schacter Daniel L. , Sherman Susan M. , Simms Victoria , Williams Antony , Wykes Til , Armitage Christopher J.
Published: July 2020

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter‐ and longer‐term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high‐quality, open, and rigorous research standards.
Unravelling the widening of the earliest Andean northern orogen: Maastrichtian to early Eocene intra‐basinal deformation in the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia
Authors: Bayona Germán , Baquero Mauricio , Ramírez Catalina , Tabares Manuela , Salazar Ana M. , Nova Giovanny , Duarte Edward , Pardo Andrés , Plata Angelo , Jaramillo Carlos , Rodríguez Guillermo , Caballero Victor , Cardona Agustín , Montes Camilo , Gómez Marulanda Sebastián , Cárdenas‐Rozo Andrés L.
Published: July 2020

The onset of deformation in the northern Andes is overprinted by subsequent stages of basin deformation, complicating the examination of competing models illustrating potential location of earliest synorogenic basins and uplifts. To establish the width of the earliest northern Andean orogen, we carried out field mapping, palynological dating, sedimentary, stratigraphic and provenance analyses in Campanian to lower Eocene units exposed in the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Cocuy region) and compare the results with coeval succession in adjacent basins. The onset of deformation is recorded in earliest Maastrichtian time, as terrigenous detritus arrived into the basin marking the end of chemical precipitation and the onset of clastic deposition produced by the uplift of a western source area dominated by shaly Cretaceous rocks. Disconformable contacts within the upper Maastrichtian to middle Palaeocene succession document increasing supply of quartzose sandy detritus from Cretaceous quartzose rocks exposed in eastern source areas. The continued unroofing of both source areas produced a rapid shift in depositional environments from shallow marine in Maastrichtian to fluvial‐lacustrine systems during the Palaeocene‐early Eocene. Supply of immature Jurassic sandstones from nearby western uplifts, together with localized plutonic and volcanic Cretaceous rocks, caused a shift in Palaeocene sandstones composition from quartzarenites to litharenites. Supply of detrital sandy fragments, unstable heavy minerals and Cretaceous to Ordovician detrital zircons, were derived from nearby uplifted blocks and from SW fluvial systems within the synorogenic basin, instead of distal basement rocks. The presence of volcanic rock fragments and 51–59 Ma volcanic zircons constrain magmatism within the basin. The Maastrichtian–Palaeocene sequence studied here documents crustal deformation that correlates with coeval deformation farther south in Ecuador and Peru. Slab flattening of the subducting Caribbean plate produced a wider orogen (>400 km) with a continental magmatic arc and intra‐basinal deformation and magmatism.
The topology and drivers of ant–symbiont networks across Europe
Authors: Parmentier Thomas , De Laender Frederik , Bonte Dries
Published: July 2020

Intimate associations between different species drive community composition across ecosystems. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary drivers of these symbiotic associations is challenging because their structure eventually determines stability and resilience of the entire species network. Here, we compiled a detailed database on naturally occurring ant–symbiont networks in Europe to identify factors that affect symbiont network topology. These networks host an unrivalled diversity of macrosymbiotic associations, spanning the entire mutualism–antagonism continuum, including: (i) myrmecophiles – commensalistic and parasitic arthropods; (ii) trophobionts – mutualistic aphids, scale insects, planthoppers and caterpillars; (iii) social parasites – parasitic ant species; (iv) parasitic helminths; and (v) parasitic fungi. We dissected network topology to investigate what determines host specificity, symbiont species richness, and the capacity of different symbiont types to switch hosts. We found 722 macrosymbionts (multicellular symbionts) associated with European ants. Symbiont type explained host specificity and the average relatedness of the host species. Social parasites were associated with few hosts that were phylogenetically highly related, whereas the other symbiont types interacted with a larger number of hosts across a wider taxonomic distribution. The hosts of trophobionts were the least phylogenetically related across all symbiont types. Colony size, host range and habitat type predicted total symbiont richness: ant hosts with larger colony size, a larger distribution range or with a wider habitat range contained more symbiont species. However, we found that different sets of host factors affected diversity in the different types of symbionts. Ecological factors, such as colony size, host range and niche width predominantly determined myrmecophile species richness, whereas host phylogeny was the most important predictor of mutualistic trophobiont, social parasite and parasitic helminth species richness. Lastly, we found that hosts with a common biogeographic history support a more similar community of symbionts. Phylogenetically related hosts also shared more trophobionts, social parasites and helminths, but not myrmecophiles. Taken together, these results suggest that ecological and evolutionary processes structure host specificity and symbiont richness in large‐scale ant–symbiont networks, but these drivers may shift in importance depending on the type of symbiosis. Our findings highlight the potential of well‐characterized bipartite networks composed of different types of symbioses to identify candidate processes driving community composition.
Commentary: Taking steps to reduce school exclusions: child and adolescent mental health trajectories in relation to exclusion from school from The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) – a commentary on Tejerina‐Arreal et al. (2020)
Authors: Tutt Rona
Published: July 2020

The mental health of young people and exclusion from school are both topics of current interest. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) brings these two themes together and, in doing so, sheds light on the links between exclusion rates and young people’s mental health.

Separate consideration is given to what has been happening in the United Kingdom as regards mental health and education; education and exclusion; and alternative provision (AP) and excluded pupils, before these strands are drawn together. The ramifications of the government’s plans for improving provision for young people’s mental health are seen in a positive light as it gives schools a pathway from support in the classroom through to access to CAMHS. It is suggested that closer working between health and education should lead to earlier intervention and that this should include pupils being placed in specialist or AP without the need to be excluded before this happens.
Baicalein inhibits non‐small‐cell lung cancer invasion and metastasis by reducing ezrin tension in inflammation microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Xiaolong , Ruan Qinli , Zhai Yiqian , Lu Dandan , Li Chen , Fu Yahan , Zheng Zihui , Song Ying , Guo Jun
Published: July 2020

Baicalein, a flavonoid phytochemical, has been shown to be effective as an anti‐metastatic agent for various cancers, especially for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the underlying mechanism of how baicalein targets cellular processes during NSCLC cell invasion and metastasis remains elusive. In this study, we found that non‐cytotoxic concentrations of baicalein still retained anti‐dissemination activity both in vitro and in vivo. Using a genetic encoding tension probe based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory, baicalein was shown to significantly decrease ezrin tension by downregulating cellular ezrin S‐nitrosylation (SNO) levels in NSCLC cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. Decreased ezrin tension inhibited the formation of an aggressive phenotype of NSCLC cell and leader cell in collective migration, and subsequently suppressed NSCLC dissemination. Baicalein restrained SNO‐mediated ezrin tension by decreasing iNOS expression levels. Overall this study demonstrates the novel mechanism used by baicalein to suppress NSCLC invasion and metastasis from a mechanopharmacology perspective and illustrates a new direction for drug development.
CCAR1 and CCAR2 as gene chameleons with antagonistic duality: Preclinical, human translational, and mechanistic basis
Authors: Johnson Gavin S. , Rajendran Praveen , Dashwood Roderick H.
Published: July 2020

Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 1 (CCAR1) and Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 2 (CCAR2) have emerged as key players in physiology and pathophysiology, with critical roles in the DNA damage response, nuclear receptor function, and Wnt signaling, among other activities. Contradictory reports exist on the functional duality of CCAR1 and CCAR2 as either tumor promoters or suppressors, suggesting that CCAR1 and CCAR2 have the hallmarks of gene chameleons. We review herein the mechanistic, preclinical, and human translational findings for CCAR1 and CCAR2, based on available RNA and protein expression data from human studies, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data mining, gene knockout mouse models, and cell‐based assays. Multiple factors contribute to the divergent activities of CCAR1 and CCAR2, including tissue type, mutation/genetic background, protein‐protein interactions, dynamic regulation via posttranslational modifications, and alternative RNA splicing. An array of protein partners interact with CCAR1 and CCAR2 in the context of tumor promotion and suppression, including β‐catenin, androgen receptor, p21Cip1/Waf1, tumor protein p53 (p53), sirtuin 1, and histone deacetylase 3. Genetic changes frequently found in cancer, such as TP53 mutation, also serve as critical determinants of survival outcomes in cancer patients. This review seeks to provide the impetus for further investigation into CCAR1 and CCAR2 as potential master regulators of metabolism, aging, and cancer.
An advanced prediction model for postoperative complications and early implant failure
Authors: Feher Balazs , Lettner Stefan , Heinze Georg , Karg Florian , Ulm Christian , Gruber Reinhard , Kuchler Ulrike
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Risk prediction in implant dentistry presents specific challenges including the dependence of observations from patients with multiple implants and rare outcome events. The aim of this study was to use advanced statistical methods based on penalized regression to assess risk factors in implant dentistry.

Material and methods

We conducted a retrospective study from January 2016 to November 2018 recording postoperative complications including bleeding, hematoma, local infection, and nerve damage, as well as early implant failure. We further assessed patient‐ and implant‐related risk factors including smoking and diabetes, as well as treatment parameters including types of gaps and surgical procedures. Univariable and multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were estimated to assess predictor effects, and a prediction model was fitted using L1 penalized estimation (lasso).

Results

In a total of 1,132 patients (mean age: 50.6 ± 16.5 years, 55.4% female) and 2,413 implants, postoperative complications occurred in 71 patients. Sixteen implants were lost prior to loading. Multivariable GEE models showed a higher risk of any complication for diabetes mellitus (p = .006) and bone augmentation (p = .039). The models further revealed a higher risk of local infection for bone augmentation (p = .003), and a higher risk of hematoma formation for diabetes mellitus (p = .007) and edentulous jaws (p = .024). The lasso model did not select any risk factors into the prediction model.

Conclusions

Using novel methodology well‐suited to tackle the specific challenges of risk prediction in implant dentistry, we were able to reliably estimate associations of risk factors with outcomes.
Weight loss in adults following bariatric surgery, a systematic review of preoperative behavioural predictors
Authors: Kourounis Georgios , Kong Chia Yew , Logue Jennifer , Gibson Simon
Published: July 2020

Bariatric surgery is effective in treating obesity in many cases, yet as many as 50% of patients may not achieve the desired weight reduction. Preoperative modifiable behavioural factors could help patient selection and intervention design to improve outcomes. Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and PsychINFO were searched to identify studies published between 1 January 2008 and 14 February 2019 reporting on preoperative modifiable behavioural factors associated with postoperative weight loss, with minimum 2 years follow‐up. A total of 6888 articles were screened, 34 met the inclusion criteria. Maladaptive eating behaviours (MEB), preoperative weight loss (PWL), and tobacco use were reported 21, 18, and 3 times respectively. Physical activity and substance abuse were each reported once. Most articles on PWL (72.2%) and MEB (52.4%) reported no association. Positive associations were reported in 22.2% and 14.3% of articles for PWL and MEB respectively. Negative associations were reported in 5.6% and 33.3% of articles for PWL and MEB, respectively. Marked heterogeneity in outcome reporting hindered quantitative synthesis. The current paucity of evidence amenable to synthesis leads to ongoing uncertainty regarding the size and direction of association between PWL and MEB with outcomes following bariatric surgery. Long‐term studies with common reporting of outcomes are needed.
Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework for investigating skin sensitization potential of nanomaterials using new approach methods
Authors: Bezerra Soraia F. , dos Santos Rodrigues Bruna , da Silva Artur C. G. , de Ávila Renato I. , Brito Hallison R. G. , Cintra Emílio R. , Veloso Danillo F. M. C. , Lima Eliana M. , Valadares Marize C.
Published: July 2020

Background

Currently, considerable efforts to standardize methods for accurate assessment of properties and safety aspects of nanomaterials are being made. However, immunomodulation effects upon skin exposure to nanomaterial have not been explored.

Objectives

To investigate the immunotoxicity of single‐wall carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, and fullerene using the current mechanistic understanding of skin sensitization by applying the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP).

Methods

Investigation of the ability of nanomaterials to interact with skin proteins using the micro‐direct peptide reactivity assay; the expression of CD86 cell surface marker using the U937 cell activation test (OECD No. 442E/2018); and the effects of nanomaterials on modulating inflammatory response through inflammatory cytokine release by U937 cells.

Results

The nanomaterials easily internalized into keratinocytes cells, interacted with skin proteins, and triggered activation of U937 cells by increasing CD86 expression and modulating inflammatory cytokine production. Consequently, these nanomaterials were classified as skin sensitizers in vitro.

Conclusions

Our study suggests the potential immunotoxicity of nanomaterials and highlights the importance of studying the immunotoxicity and skin sensitization potential of nanomaterials to anticipate possible human health risks using standardized mechanistic nonanimal methods with high predictive accuracy. Therefore, it contributes toward the applicability of existing OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) testing guidelines for accurate assessment of nanomaterial skin sensitization potential.
Salvage endoscopic submucosal dissection for local residual/recurrent colorectal tumor after endoscopic resection: Large multicenter 10‐year study
Authors: Tanaka Hidenori , Oka Shiro , Tanaka Shinji , Nagata Shinji , Kunihiro Masaki , Kuwai Toshio , Hiraga Yuko , Mizumoto Takeshi , Okanobu Hideharu , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: July 2020

Objectives

For local residual/recurrent and endoscopic resection (ER) interrupted colorectal tumors, endoscopic retreatment is often difficult due to severe submucosal fibrosis. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) can achieve en bloc resection, even for tumors with severe submucosal fibrosis, although it is a risk factor for incomplete resection and perforation. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of colorectal ESD for local residual/recurrent tumors including ER interrupted tumors from a large multicenter study.

Methods

From January 2008 until December 2018, 3,937 colorectal tumors were resected by ESD at the Hiroshima GI Endoscopy Research Group. From this group, 81 local residual/recurrent tumors and 21 ER interrupted tumors were included. We analyzed ESD outcomes, particularly the difference between the early and late phases and re‐recurrence after ESD for local residual/recurrent tumors.

Results

For local residual/recurrent tumors, en bloc and R0 resection rates were 95% (77/81) and 90% (73/81), respectively. The intraoperative perforation rate was 6% (5/81), and one patient required surgery. The delayed perforation rate was 2% (2/81), and one patient required surgery. For ER interrupted tumors, both the en bloc and R0 resection rates were 86% (18/21), with no major adverse events. For local residual/recurrent and ER interrupted tumors, the intraoperative perforation rate was significantly lower in the late phase compared with the early phase. Following curative resection for local residual/recurrent tumors, no local re‐recurrences occurred.

Conclusions

Colorectal ESD is an effective treatment for local residual/recurrent and ER interrupted tumors.
An investigation of the shape of the hoof capsule in hindlimbs, its relationship with the orientation of the distal phalanx and comparison with forelimb hoof capsule conformation
Authors: Kalka K. , Pollard D. , Dyson S. J.
Published: July 2020

There is limited information documenting hind foot conformation. The objectives of the study were to describe the shape of the hoof capsule of hindlimbs from the lateral aspect in horses of variable breeds, and, within horses, to compare the conformation of the hoof capsule of forelimbs and hindlimbs and determine the orientation of the distal phalanx within the hoof capsule in hindlimbs. Lateral photographs of the fore and hind feet (n = 225) and lateromedial radiographs of the hind feet (n = 29) were obtained. Differences among breed and shoeing status groups were assessed using multivariable mixed‐effects linear regression models. Angular parameters and ratios of linear measurements were compared between fore and hind feet; angular radiological variables and photographic parameters of the hind feet were compared. The mean dorsal hoof wall angle for hind feet (50.9°±3.7°) was smaller than forefeet (51.8°±3.9°) (P = 0.04). The mean heel angles for hind feet (36.4°±9.6°) were smaller than forefeet (40.1°±9.3°; P < 0.001). Dorsal hoof wall (P < 0.001) and heel (P = 0.002) angles were larger in unshod than shod feet. In the hind feet, the dorsal hoof wall was parallel to the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx. The median angle of the distal phalanx to the horizontal (angle S) was 0.6° (interquartile range: −1.4, 2.3°). There was a positive relationship between angle S and the hoof wall angle (W); each 1° increase in angle S was associated with 0.6° increase in angle W (P < 0.001). Angle S was also positively associated with photographic heel angle; each degree increase in the angle S was associated with 1.8° increase in the heel angle (P < 0.001). It was concluded that the angle of the distal phalanx to the horizontal in hindlimbs is smaller than published values for forelimbs. The orientation of the distal phalanx in hindlimbs is correlated with external characteristics of the hoof capsule.
A framework for modelling soil structure dynamics induced by biological activity
Authors: Meurer Katharina , Barron Jennie , Chenu Claire , Coucheney Elsa , Fielding Matthew , Hallett Paul , Herrmann Anke M. , Keller Thomas , Koestel John , Larsbo Mats , Lewan Elisabet , Or Dani , Parsons David , Parvin Nargish , Taylor Astrid , Vereecken Harry , Jarvis Nicholas
Published: July 2020

Soil degradation is a worsening global phenomenon driven by socio‐economic pressures, poor land management practices and climate change. A deterioration of soil structure at timescales ranging from seconds to centuries is implicated in most forms of soil degradation including the depletion of nutrients and organic matter, erosion and compaction. New soil–crop models that could account for soil structure dynamics at decadal to centennial timescales would provide insights into the relative importance of the various underlying physical (e.g. tillage, traffic compaction, swell/shrink and freeze/thaw) and biological (e.g. plant root growth, soil microbial and faunal activity) mechanisms, their impacts on soil hydrological processes and plant growth, as well as the relevant timescales of soil degradation and recovery. However, the development of such a model remains a challenge due to the enormous complexity of the interactions in the soil–plant system. In this paper, we focus on the impacts of biological processes on soil structure dynamics, especially the growth of plant roots and the activity of soil fauna and microorganisms. We first define what we mean by soil structure and then review current understanding of how these biological agents impact soil structure. We then develop a new framework for modelling soil structure dynamics, which is designed to be compatible with soil–crop models that operate at the soil profile scale and for long temporal scales (i.e. decades, centuries). We illustrate the modelling concept with a case study on the role of root growth and earthworm bioturbation in restoring the structure of a severely compacted soil.
Rapid U‐Pb Geochronology by Laser Ablation Multi‐Collector ICP‐MS
Authors: Sundell Kurt E. , Gehrels George E. , Pecha Mark E.
Published: July 2020

Detrital zircon (DZ) U‐Pb laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) has revolutionised the way geologists approach many Earth science questions. Although recent research has focused on rapid sample throughput, acquisition rates are limited to 100–300 analyses h−1. We present a method to acquire zircon U‐Pb dates at rates of 120, 300, 600 and 1200 analyses h−1 (30, 12, 6 and 3 s per analysis) by multi‐collector LA‐ICP‐MS. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method by analysing twelve zircon reference materials with dates from ~ 3465 to ~ 28 Ma. Mean offset from high‐precision dates increases with faster rates from 0.9% to 1.1%; mean random 1s uncertainty increases from 0.6% to 1.3%. We tested this new method on a sandstone sample previously characterised by large‐n DZ geochronology. Quantitative comparison shows increased correspondence among age distributions comprising > 300 dates. This new method holds promise for DZ geochronology because (a) it requires no major changes to hardware, but rather modifications to software; (b) it yields robust age distributions well‐suited for quantitative analysis and maximum depositional age calculations; (c) there is only a minor sacrifice of accuracy and measurement uncertainty; and (d) there is less burden to researchers in terms of time investment and analytical cost.
Prostate cancer growth patterns beyond the Gleason score: entering a new era of comprehensive tumour grading
Authors: van Leenders Geert J L H , Verhoef Esther I , Hollemans Eva
Published: July 2020

The Gleason grading system is one of the most important factors in clinical decision‐making for prostate cancer patients, and is entirely based on the classification of tumour growth patterns. In recent years it has become clear that some individual growth patterns themselves have independent prognostic value, and could be used for better personalised risk stratification. In this review we summarise recent literature on the clinicopathological value and molecular characteristics of individual prostate cancer growth patterns, and show how these, most particularly cribriform architecture, could alter treatment decisions for prostate cancer patients.
A laboratory study of the impact of ultraconservative access cavities and minimal root canal tapers on the ability to shape canals in extracted mandibular molars and their fracture resistance
Authors: Augusto C. M. , Barbosa A. F. A. , Guimarães C. C. , Lima C. O. , Ferreira C. M. , Sassone L. M. , Silva E. J. N. L.
Published: July 2020

Aim

To evaluate the influence of ultraconservative endodontic access cavities (UEC) and the use of instruments with various tapers (.03 or .05) and tip diameters (25 or 40) on the ability to shape canals in mandibular molars and their fracture resistance in comparison with traditional endodontic access cavities (TEC).

Methodology

Thirty‐two intact extracted mandibular molars were scanned in a micro‐computed tomography device, matched based on similar anatomical features and assigned to UEC or TEC groups and to subgroups according to mechanical canal preparation with Bassi Logic™ rotary NiTi instruments with .03 or .05 taper (n = 8 per group). The teeth were mounted onto a mannequin head, and the pulp chambers were accessed and the root canals subjected to instrumentation. In the first stage, size 25 endodontic instruments were used, with .03 or .05 tapers. The teeth were re‐scanned. Subsequently, a second canal instrumentation was performed with the size 40 instruments with .03 or .05 tapers and scanned again. The root canals were filled and then the teeth restored before being subjected to fracture resistance tests. The data on untouched canal areas, canal transportation, centring ability, the percentage of removed dentine and maximum load at fracture were analysed. One‐way anova and Tukey's tests were performed for inter‐group analysis. The paired‐samples t‐test was performed on the results between size 25 and size 40 apical preparations for each individual specimen (P < 0.05).

Results

No significant difference was observed for the percentage of untouched canal area when comparing UEC and TEC groups or between the .03 and .05 tapers with the same instrument tip size (P > 0.05). There was a significantly lower percentage of untouched canal area after instrumentation with size 40 instruments when compared to size 25 (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the percentage of dentine removed was observed between the access cavities or the different tapers (P > 0.05). Size 40 apical preparations removed significantly more dentine than size 25 preparations (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in canal transportation, centring ability and fracture resistance in any of the tested groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Ultraconservative endodontic access cavities did not offer any advantages in comparison with traditional endodontic access cavities on the ability to shape canals, nor the fracture resistance of mandibular molars. No differences were observed in shaping ability and fracture resistance between .03 and .05 taper canal preparations. Apical preparation with larger instruments resulted in significantly less untouched canal area in all groups.
Preparation and characterization of microporous magnesia‐based refractory
Authors: Hou Qingdong , Luo Xudong , Xie Zhipeng , Li Yongzhi , An Di , Li Jijia
Published: July 2020

In recent years, there was a huge demand for basic lightweight insulation materials in the metallurgical industry, especially magnesia‐based refractories with low thermal conductivity. Therefore, the preparation of microporous magnesia‐based refractory products through the synthesis of lightweight aggregate and the different grain compositions to meet the supply of light basic refractories is discussed in this paper. The microstructure, pore size distribution, phase composition, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and sintering properties of the microporous magnesia‐based refractory products sintered at 1600°C were characterized. The results indicated that the original salt pseudomorph produced by the thermal decomposition of magnesite fine powder (porogenic agent) provides a uniform microporous structure for the synthesis of lightweight aggregates. The microporous morphology of the periclase phase was controlled by adjusting the content of the porogenic agent. The average pore size of microporous magnesia‐based refractory ranged from 1.5 to 4.2 μm, and the apparent porosity increased from 29.88% to 32.46%. In the same time, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.037 to 0.217 W/(m K), indicating that the introduction of homologous porogenic agents could produce lightweight alkaline refractories with high porosity and low thermal conductivity.
Effects of added aluminum chromium slag on the structure and mechanical properties of colored zirconia ceramics
Authors: Luo Pan , Zhang Jin , Lin Tong , Ran Xuelin , Liu Yuhong
Published: July 2020

Colored zirconia ceramic samples were prepared via pressureless sintering with yttria‐stabilized zirconia as a raw material and aluminum chromium slag (ACS) as an additive. Then, the effects of added ACS (0‐15.0 wt%) on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the ceramic were investigated. The addition of ACS changed the apparent color of zirconia ceramics from white to pink, and the color deepened as the ACS content increased. In addition, more pores appeared in the sintered ceramic substrate as the content of ACS increased, and the relative density of samples declined from 97.7% to 91.1% with an increase in ACS content. However, the microhardness and bending strength each reached their maximum values (1887.2 HV and 433.5 MPa, respectively) when the content of ACS was 5.0 wt%. Fracture surface analysis of the samples showed that intergranular fractures were the main features of sintered samples with no added ACS, whereas numerous transgranular fractures occurred in sintered samples to which ACS had been added. The XRD results revealed that the prepared mainly composite ceramics were composed of t‐ZrO2, m‐ZrO2, and chromium‐corundum, and the content of the t‐ZrO2 gradually increased as the ACS content increased.
The influence mechanism of environmental anxiety on pro‐environmental behaviour: The role of self‐discrepancy
Authors: Gao Jian , Zhao Jing , Wang Jianguo , Wang Jianming
Published: July 2020

Environmental anxiety (EA) caused by environmental pollution has prompted consumers to change their behaviour towards greener, lower‐carbon and environmentally friendly. However, its boundary conditions and internal mechanisms are still unclear. With two experiments based on attentional control theory and self‐discrepancy theory, this study aimed to explore the influence mechanism of EA on PEB. In Experiment 1, it was found that environmental anxiety can directly and significantly affect Pro‐environmental behaviour intention (PEBI). In Experiment 2, it was found that at high levels of self‐discrepancy, EA can directly and significantly affect compensatory PEBI, and guilt can play a significant mediating role in the effect of EA on compensatory PEBI. However, EA does not significantly affect promotional PEBI. At low levels of self‐discrepancy, EA can directly and significantly affect promotional PEBI but cannot affect compensatory PEBI. Therefore, we concluded that the same PEB could have different psychological mechanisms in different contexts.
Edible packaging from hydroxypropyl thermoplastic cassava starch, agar and maltodextrin blends produced by cast extrusion
Authors: Wongphan Phanwipa , Harnkarnsujarit Nathdanai
Published: July 2020

Edible packaging from hydroxypropyl cassava starch with different degrees of substitution (DS), agar and maltodextrin films was produced by conventional cast extrusion. Microstructures showed hydrophobic agar aggregates (100–200 µm) dispersed in film matrices, giving nonsmooth surfaces that enhanced wettability (17%–31%). Higher DS increased interaction between agar and maltodextrin via hydrogen bonding due to greater plasticisation and enhanced formation of agar networks. Lower DS starch showed instability with lower tensile strength (23% of higher DS), giving poor processability that was greatly improved by agar (20%). Water vapour and oxygen permeability depended on microstructures and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of the matrices which were decreased by 25% and 58% with combined agar and maltodextrin, respectively. Crystallinity of the films depended on plasticisation, with enhanced mobility that reduced transparency. Agar and maltodextrin inhibited recrystallisation of starch. Findings suggested that higher DS starch and agar enhanced extrusion processability, while maltodextrin increased plasticisation and reduced network strength.
Two‐year outcomes of Whānau Pakari, a multi‐disciplinary assessment and intervention for children and adolescents with weight issues: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Anderson Yvonne C. , Wynter Lisa E. , O'Sullivan Niamh A. , Wild Cervantée E. K. , Grant Cameron C. , Cave Tami L. , Derraik José G. B. , Hofman Paul L.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To determine whether 12‐month BMI SDS reductions persisted at 24 months in a multi‐disciplinary assessment and intervention program for children and adolescents with obesity, and whether secondary outcomes improved.

Methods

This was a community‐based 12‐month RCT in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Eligible participants were aged 5 to 16 years with BMI ≥98th centile or BMI >91st centile with weight‐related comorbidities. The low‐intensity control received comprehensive home‐based baseline assessments and advice, and 6‐monthly follow‐up. The high‐intensity intervention received the same assessments and advice, but also weekly multidisciplinary sessions. Primary outcome was BMI SDS at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular and metabolic markers.

Results

121 participants (60% of participants at baseline) were assessed at 24 months. BMI SDS reduction at 12 months was lost at 24 months in the modified intention‐to‐treat analysis [Control −0.03 (95%CI −0.14, 0.09) and Intervention −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08); P = .93]. However, sweet drink intake was reduced, water intake increased, and there were improvements in cardiovascular fitness in the high‐intensity intervention. ≥70% attendance in the high‐intensity intervention resulted in a persistent BMI SDS reduction of −0.22 after 24 months (95%CI −0.38, −0.06).

Conclusions

This trial was negative in terms of primary outcome at 24 months. However, high engagement led to sustained treatment effect, and there were multiple improvements in health measures.
A hermeneutic phenomenological exploration of ‘last resort’ in the use of restraint
Authors: Riahi Sanaz , Thomson Gill , Duxbury Joy
Published: July 2020

Restraining patients is a practice that dates back at least three centuries. In recent years, there has been a mandate and advocacy in various countries for organizations to shift towards the minimization of restraint, whereby its use is only as a ‘last resort’. There is growing evidence internationally indicating the negative impact of the use of restraint. However, to date there is no research specifically focusing on trying to understand the concept of ‘last resort’. Further insights to explore this concept among mental health nurses are therefore warranted. The empirical research comprised a hermeneutic phenomenological study. By recruiting and interviewing thirteen mental health nurses from across Canada who had experiences of restraint use, the research aimed to generate a deeper understanding of the meanings and lived experiences of the concept of ‘last resort’. Data were collected through fifteen in‐depth interviews. Data analysis was undertaken through a hermeneutic phenomenological framework based on van Manen’s approach and Heideggerian philosophy. Five Heideggerian concepts were used to illuminate ‘last resort’ in restraint use by mental health nurses – temporality, inauthenticity, thrownness, leaping in and leaping ahead, and mood (fear). Key findings highlight the influence of nurses’ past experiences, how nursing staff adopt a collective (rather than individual) approach, and the dependency on knowledge and skills of others in using restraint as a ‘last resort’. Overall, the lived experience of ‘last resort’ is comprised of many elements. This study provides insights and an initial understanding, which is hoped to advance the field of restraint minimization.
Improvement of critical current density of MgB2 bulk superconductor processed by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Noudem Jacques G. , Xing Yiteng , Bernstein Pierre , Retoux Richard , Higuchi Masaki , Arvapalli Srikanth S. , Muralidhar Miryala , Murakami Masato
Published: July 2020

Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is a promising rapid consolidation technique that allows a better understanding and optimization of the sintering kinetics and therefore makes it possible to obtain MgB2 bulk superconductor with tailored microstructures consisting of grains with either spherical or elongated morphology. In this contribution, the role of the precursor powders on the superconducting properties of MgB2 is investigated. Three sets of bulk MgB2 material were processed from: (i) a commercially available MgB2 powder; (ii) a mixture of Mg metal and amorphous B using a single‐step solid‐state reaction process and (iii) a mixture of amorphous boron coated with carbon and Mg metal. The samples were prepared in the same SPS processing conditions. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, SEM and TEM and correlated to their superconducting properties. The critical current density of the best sample at 20K was Jc = 500 kA/cm2 in self‐field, which is one of the highest critical current density reported for MgB2 bulk superconductors.
Effect of pH on the detailed chemical nature and metal‐carbonate species in as synthesized zirconia alumina composites
Authors: Pathan Ruhi H. , Modi Chetan K. , G. Basrur Arun
Published: July 2020

Zirconia was deposition precipitated on γ‐alumina in pH range 7‐10 from zirconium oxy‐nitrate and soda ash. Zirconium formed its hydroxycarbonate as deduced from ICP‐EOS, CHN, and TGA‐MS. Higher pH favored formation of carbonate species of zirconium over its hydroxide. TGA‐MS indicated formation of three different types of carbonate species. FTIR results corroborated this. Monodentate metal carbonate was observed irrespective of pH of preparation. In addition, bridged bidentate species formed at pH ≤ 8 which changed to chelating bidentate at pH > 8. XRD indicated that all the samples formed tetragonal‐zirconia upon calcination irrespective of pH of preparation. Higher pH resulted in smaller crystallites of t‐ZrO2. Changes in chemical moiety with pH reflected on acidity and the deactivation rate for 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol which decreased by two orders of magnitude in samples prepared at higher pH. Surface area and pore volume benefited from deposition precipitation. SEM‐EDAX showed reasonable distribution of zirconia over γ‐Al2O3.
The role of perceived vulnerability to disease in political polarization on climate change
Authors: Anderson Evan , Zebrowitz Leslie
Published: July 2020

Climate change presents a serious threat to the planet. Previous research reveals an ingroup–outgroup effect in support for climate policies, with greater support by U.S. participants for policies ostensibly endorsed by their own political party, despite acceptance of climate change among most Republicans and Democrats. We investigated moderation of this effect by the behavioral immune system (BIS), a suite of psychological mechanisms that cause individuals to avoid pathogens. This system has been linked to more negative responses to outgroup members. We extended previous research examining effects on group polarization to political polarization. We predicted that support for climate change policies would show stronger effects of own‐versus other‐party endorsement among people higher in BIS, as indexed by perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD). We found that the ingroup–outgroup endorsement effect on policy support was moderated by PVD. However, the effect was opposite to prediction. Whereas low PVD participants showed less support for climate policies endorsed by the other party than their own, high PVD participants supported climate policies regardless of endorser. This unexpected result may be construed as consistent with high PVD individuals feeling heightened vulnerability to environmental threats, which fosters support for protective policies, regardless of endorser. We also found less support for climate policies among Republican than Democrat low PVD participants, but no party effect among high PVD participants. This suggests that feeling vulnerable to environmental threats may lead Republicans to deviate from the party norm in their support for climate policies.
Hepatic31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified the impact of melatonin‐pretreated mitochondria in acute liver ischaemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chen Yi‐Ling , Sung Pei‐Hsun , Chiang John Y. , Chu Yi‐Ching , Huang Chung‐Cheng , Huang Chi‐Ruei , Yip Hon‐Kan
Published: July 2020

Acute liver ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI), commonly encountered during liver resection and transplantation surgery, is strongly associated with unfavourable clinical outcome. However, a prompt and accurate diagnosis and the treatment of this entity remain formidable challenges. This study tested the hypothesis that31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) findings could provide reliable living images to accurately identify the degree of acute liver IRI and melatonin‐pretreated mitochondria was an innovative treatment for protecting the liver from IRI in rat. Adult male SD rats were categorized into group 1 (sham‐operated control), group 2 (IRI only) and group 3 (IRI + melatonin [ie mitochondrial donor rat received intraperitoneal administration of melatonin] pretreated mitochondria [10 mg/per rat by portal vein]). By the end of study period at 72 hours,31P‐MRS showed that, as compared with group 1, the hepatic levels of ATP and NADH were significantly lower in group 2 than in groups 1 and 3, and significantly lower in group 3 than in group 1. The liver protein expressions of mitochondrial‐electron‐transport‐chain complexes and mitochondrial integrity exhibited an identical pattern to31P‐MRS finding. The protein expressions of oxidative stress, inflammatory, cellular stress signalling and mitochondrial‐damaged biomarkers displayed an opposite finding of31P‐MRS, whereas the protein expressions of antioxidants were significantly progressively increased from groups 1 to 3. Microscopic findings showed that the fibrotic area/liver injury score and inflammatory and DNA‐damaged biomarkers exhibited an identical pattern of cellular stress signalling. Melatonin‐pretreated mitochondria effectively protected liver against IRI and31P‐MRS was a reliable tool for measuring the mitochondrial/ATP consumption in living animals.
The in vivo preventive and therapeutic properties of curcumin in bile reflux‐related oncogenesis of the hypopharynx
Authors: Doukas Sotirios G. , Doukas Panagiotis G. , Sasaki Clarence T. , Vageli Dimitra
Published: July 2020

Bile at strongly acidic pH exerts a carcinogenic effect on the hypopharynx, based upon recent pre‐clinical studies that support its role as an independent risk factor. We recently demonstrated in vitro that curcumin can prevent oncogenic profile of bile in human hypopharyngeal cells, by inhibiting NF‐κB. We hypothesize that topically applied curcumin to the hypopharynx can similarly block early oncogenic molecular events of bile, by inhibiting NF‐κB and consequently altering the expression of genes with oncogenic function. Using Mus musculus (C57Bl/6J), we topically applied curcumin (250 μmol/L; three times per day; 10 days) to the hypopharynx, 15 minutes before, 15 minutes after or in combination with bile acids (pH 3.0). Immunohistochemical analysis and qPCR revealed that topically applied curcumin either before, after or in combination with acidic bile exposure significantly suppressed its induced NF‐κB activation in regenerating epithelial cells, and overexpression of Rela, Bcl2, Egfr, Stat3, Wnt5a, Tnf, Il6, Ptgs2. Akt1 was particularly inhibited by curcumin when applied simultaneously with bile. We provide novel evidence into the preventive and therapeutic properties of topically applied curcumin in acidic bile‐induced early oncogenic molecular events in hypopharyngeal mucosa, by inhibiting NF‐κB, and shaping future translational development of effective targeted therapies using topical non‐pharmacologic inhibitors of NF‐κB.
Combined analysis of RNA‐sequence and microarray data reveals effective metabolism‐based prognostic signature for neuroblastoma
Authors: Meng Xinyao , Feng Chenzhao , Fang Erhu , Feng Jiexiong , Zhao Xiang
Published: July 2020

The relationship between metabolism reprogramming and neuroblastoma (NB) is largely unknown. In this study, one RNA‐sequence data set (n = 153) was used as discovery cohort and two microarray data sets (n = 498 and n = 223) were used as validation cohorts. Differentially expressed metabolic genes were identified by comparing stage 4s and stage 4 NBs. Twelve metabolic genes were selected by LASSO regression analysis and integrated into the prognostic signature. The metabolic gene signature successfully stratifies NB patients into two risk groups and performs well in predicting survival of NB patients. The prognostic value of the metabolic gene signature is also independent with other clinical risk factors. Nine metabolism‐related long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also identified and integrated into the metabolism‐related lncRNA signature. The lncRNA signature also performs well in predicting survival of NB patients. These results suggest that the metabolic signatures have the potential to be used for risk stratification of NB. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) reveals that multiple metabolic processes (including oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid cycle, both of which are emerging targets for cancer therapy) are enriched in the high‐risk NB group, and no metabolic process is enriched in the low‐risk NB group. This result indicates that metabolism reprogramming is associated with the progression of NB and targeting certain metabolic pathways might be a promising therapy for NB.