bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presence of Cystic Artery in the Calots Triangle and Its Relation with Common Hepatic Duct  a Postmortem Study
Authors: Rahman Md Khalilur , Anwar Selina
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Most common disease of liver and biliary tree is cholelithiasis which needs surgical intervention. Safe execution of traditional cholecystectomy or laparoscopic surgery needs proper knowledge of the origin, course, branching pattern of the cystic artery and its relation with common hepatic duct. This study was aimed to find the presence of cystic artery in the Calots triangle and its relation with common hepatic duct to prevent any iatrogenic complications especially for newer surgeons in this field. Materials and Methods: This study was done on 60 postmortem gallbladder collected from postmortem dead bodies under the guidance of Forensic Medicine department of Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur. After collection of the specimen, the boundary of the Calot triangle was identified and course of the cystic artery was observed whether it was passing through the triangle or not. The relation of the cystic artery with the common hepatic duct was also noticed. Results: It was found from the result of the present study that out of 60 cases cystic artery was found as a content of Calots triangle in 58 (96.65%) cases. Regarding the relations of the cystic artery, out of 60 specimens, in 54 cases (90%) cystic arteries were observed to pass behind the common hepatic duct. In four cases (6.67%) cystic artery were found crossing over the common hepatic duct and in two cases (3.33%), cystic artery were found crossing below the cystic duct. In one cases, branches of cystic artery (superficial and deep branch) was found. In every specimen a Calots node was found within the Calots triangle. Discussions: The result of the present study was compared with other workers. Though many of the workers found similar results regarding the course of the cystic artery through the Calot triangle but some workers found higher number of cystic artery passing outside the triangle. Also higher percentage of cystic artery passing over the common hepatic duct was found by many workers than the present study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17282 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 50-56
Presence of Hartmanns Pouch in Human Gallbladder
Authors: Nahar Nurun , Ara Shamim , Rahman Mushfika , Shahriah Sunjida , Afroz Halima
Published: December 2013

Context: Hartmanns pouch is an out-pouching of the wall of the gallbladder, at the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct. It may be a site where gall stone impacts, which leads to mucocele of gallbladder. So its identification is useful in delineating biliary anatomy while performing a cholecystectomy. Objective: To identify the presence of Hartmanns pouch in human gallbladder. Study Design: A cross-sectional type of study. Place and period of study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2008 to June 2009. Materials: 70 postmortem gallbladder were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Methods: Formalin fixed gallbladder was washed with plain tap water to remove excess formalin and was kept on metallic tray. On observation Hartmanns pouch in gallbladder was detected and noted. Results: In the present study 70 cadavers gallbladder were observed carefully in the neck region for Hartmanns pouch. The Hartmanns pouch was detected in 4 cases out of 70 (5.7%). Conclusion: Further studies to find out the gross anatomy and histological study of Hartmanns pouch is recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17283 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 57-58
Photographic Estimation of Arch Height of Adult Bangladeshi Male
Authors: Parash M Tanveer Hossain , Naushaba Humaira , Rahman Md Ashfaqur , Shimmi Sadia Choudhury
Published: December 2013

Context: The height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot is commonly thought to be a predisposing factor to injuries. High-arched runners exhibit more bony, ankle and lateral injuries but low-arched runners reveal a higher risk of soft tissue, knee and medial injuries. Moreover high-arched and low-arched people have greater rearfoot eversion excursions than those with normal arch structure. So, it is important to have relatively easy and reliable way to measure the height of foot arch. The most reliable and valid way of measuring the foot arch is by the arch height index measurement system (AHIMS). The AHIMS can be costly to buy or construct for a third world country like Bangladesh. An alternative idea developed recently involved the use of digital photography to assess the arch height. Study design: Cross sectional, analytical type of study. Place and period of the study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from July 2010 to June 2011. Materials and Method: A total number of 110 medical students of 3rd and 4th year were chosen by purposive sampling. Results: The values of arch height were 6.04 cm to 8.78 cm in sitting position and 4.83 cm to 7.03 cm in standing position respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17284 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 59-62
Length, Breadth and Thickness of the Pineal Gland
Authors: Afroz Halima , Ara Shamim , Rahman Mushfika , Nahar Nurun , Ara Anjuman , Fatema Kanij
Published: December 2013

Context: The pineal gland is capable of influencing or modifying the activity of the pituitary gland, islets of Langerhans, the parathyroid gland, adrenal gland and the gonads. The pineal gland through its hormone, melatonin influences many functions of the human, like circadian rhythm, mood, psychiatric disorder, sexual maturation, reproduction and aging. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant provides protection against damaging free radicals of oxygen. Various clinical problems occur due to abnormal melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. For the perfect and complete evaluation of various clinical conditions of the pineal gland, detailed morphological knowledge is essential. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from July 2009 to June 2010. Materials: 60 postmortem human pineal glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Dhaka. Methods: The samples were divided into four different age groups i.e. Group-A (15-30 years), Group-B (31- 40 years), Group-C (41-50 years) and Group-D (> 50 years). Results: The mean±SD length of the pineal gland were found 8.11±0.83 mm in group A, 7.96±1.06 mm in group B, 7.51±0.55 mm in group C and 7.89±0.14 mm in group D. The mean±SD breadth of the pineal gland were found 4.39±0.34 mm in group A, 4.09±0.46 mm in group B, 4.12±0.58 mm in group C and 3.81±0.34 mm in group D. The mean±SD thickness of the pineal gland were found 2.52±0.64 mm in group A, 2.29±0.54 mm in group B, 2.14±0.32 mm in group C and 2.07±0.18 mm in group D. Conclusion: breadth and thickness of the pineal gland were found to be decreased with advancing age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17286 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 63-67
Variations in the Site of Formation of Basilar Artery
Authors: Sultana Anjuman Ara , Ara Shamim , Rahman Mushfika , Afroz Halima , Fatema Kanij , Nahar Nurun , Alam Md Rafiqul
Published: December 2013

Context: Basilar artery, supplies the anatomical structures within the posterior cranial fossa of brain. The Circle of Willis is the principal arterial anastomotic trunk of brain formed by the anastomosis between the branches of internal carotid arteries and terminal branch of basilar artery. It is responsible for collateral circulation of brain, specially of old people , who have reduced blood supply to brain due to senile arteriosclerosis . Cerebrovascular diseases due to basilar artery is more common in men than women. Anatomy of basilar artery and its branches are very complex and variable. So, detailed morphogical knowledge is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorder. Objective: To identify variations in the site of formation of basilar artery in relation to age. Study Design: A cross-sectional type of study. Place & period of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2010 to December 2010. Materials: 70 postmortem basilar arteries were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Dhaka. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Dhaka Medical College. Methods: The samples were divided into three different age groups i.e. Group A (15 -30 years) Group B (31-45 years) and Group C (46-60 years). Formalin fixed brain was washed with plain tap water to remove excess formalin and was kept on metallic tray. Site of formation of basilar artery was examined carefully by hand magnifying glass and noted. Results: In the present study, 72.2% of basilar artery was formed at pontomedullary junction and 35.7% was formed below pontomedullary junction. Conclusion: In the present study, the commonest site of formation of basilar artery was found at ponto medullary junction and 2nd commonest site was below pontomedullary junction but no formation above pontomedullary junction was found. Further studies to find out the cause and functional / clinical correlations of this variation are recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17288 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 73-75
Variation in the Arrangement of Structures at Hilum of Human Kidney
Authors: Hassan SM Nurul , Khalil Mansur , Khalil Mohsin
Published: December 2013

Context: There is a variation in the arrangement of structures at hilum which may create problem for the surgeon during dissection of hilum of kidney. Moreover, developmental anomalies like, constriction at pelviureteric region, double renal pelvis, accessory renal arteries etc are not uncommon. So, adequate anatomical knowledge of kidney specially at hilum is required for successful surgery of this reason. Objective: To study the variation in the arrangement of renal vessels and renal pelvis at hilum. Study design: Descriptive type. Place and period: Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2004 to June 2005. Materials and methods: A total of 100 fresh human kidneys of both sexes and sides were collected from the morgue of Mymensingh Medical College at postmortem. The selected cases were between 5 to 60 years of age. The samples were preserved to observe the variations in the arrangement of main structures at hilum of kidneys regardless of age groups. Results: When hilum of the kidneys viewed before backwards, anteriorly and at the middle, there was 1% variation in the arrangement of renal vessels but posteriorly renal pelvis was found in variably and it was double in 2% of kidneys. Posterior division of renal artery was present behind the renal pelvis in 12% of kidneys. Conclusion: Variation in the arrangement of structures at hilum was observed in 1% of kidneys. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17322 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 76-79
Morphology of Cervix - A Postmortem Study
Authors: Uddin Md Samir , Rahman Md Muzibur , Begum Nazma , Sultana Zakia
Published: December 2013

Context: Malignant neoplasms of cervix uteri is a major medical condition with aging population. Detailed anatomical knowledge about cervix uteri is important for obstetracian, pathologist and physician for proper diagnosis and management of cervical diseases. Study design: Cross sectional, analytical type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M A G Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: Present study was performed on 50 autopsied human uterus, age ranging from 1 to 65 years. The samples were collected from unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the morgue of the Department of Forensic Medicine of Sylhet M A G Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The samples were divided into four age groups. Group A (1-12 years), Group B (13-24 years), Group C (25-46 years) and Group D (46-65 years). All the samples were studied morphologically. Results: Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and length, breadth and thickness of cervix Conclusion: There were changes in the morphology of cervix in relation to age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i2.17323 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2012, Vol. 10 No. 2 pp 80-83
Characterization of effluents of leather industries in Hazaribagh area of Dhaka city
Authors: Rouf MA , Islam MS , Haq MZ , Ahmed N , Rabeya T
Published: December 2013

This study was conducted at leather industries of Hazaribagh, Dhaka to evaluate the tannery effluent quality. The samples of effluent were taken from seven leather industries and three places around the area of leather industries. The pH, Temperature, Colour, Odour, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Cl-, NO2-, Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), chromium ion (Cr3+), Suspended Solid (SS), phosphorous, sulphate (SO42-) were analyzed .The odour of the samples were more or less pungent. The colour of the samples was blackish blue, violet, brown, black etc. The values of pH, temperature, EC, alkalinity, DO, COD, BOD, Cl-, Cr3+, SS, TDS, NO2-, NO3-, phosphorous and SO42- of the samples were found in the range of 3.00-9.10, 26.4-30.27 oC , 897-1084 ?s/cm, 275-1410 mg/L, 0.34-4.10 mg/L, 510-2555 mg/L, 220-1010 mg/L, 820-1930 mg/L, 1.02- 20.32 mg/L, 1310-2010 mg/L, 2910-3740 mg/L, 0.74-3.15 mg/L, 6.31-23.49 mg/L, 7.45-9.35 mg/L and 125-510 mg/L respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17324 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 155-166, 2013
Chemical composition of bambara groundnut (V. subterranea L. Verdc) seed parts
Authors: Olaleye AA , Adeyeye EI , Adesina AJ
Published: December 2013

The levels of proximate composition, minerals, antinutrients, fibre components and calculated parameters for mineral bioavailability were determined in the testa, dehulled and whole seeds of Bambara groundnut on dry weight basis. Proximate levels were (g/100 g): ash (2.46- 4.36); crude fat (2.47-6.99); crude protein (15.2-22.2); crude fibre (1.03-22.9) and carbohydrate (51.6-61.9). The non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) components were (%): ADF, 7.13-29.0 (or 16.1 %-65.5 %); NDF, 1.77-23.6 (or 6.28 %-83.7 %); ADL, 6.15-28.0 (or 14.9 %-67.8 %); cellulose, 1.36-23.3 (or 5.02 %-86.0 %) and hemicellulose, 0.84-26.5 (or 2.86 %-90.1 %). In minerals (mg/100 g): Mn, Co and Cu were not detected; Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and P were low in values whereas Zn was high at 11.2-40.2. These parameters were also good for human health: Na/K (0.47-0.51) and Ca/Mg (2.58-4.36). Antinutrient values showed that Phy was high (14.4-29.2 mg/g); oxalate was high (5.02- 8.59 mg/g) and unavailable phosphorus as Pp % of P (10.2-49.3 %). The mineral bioavailability showed Ca/Phy to be good at 0.20-0.89 and [Ca] [Phy]/[Zn] to be good at 0.09-0.23 thereby making Zn bioavailable in all the samples. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17325 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 167-178, 2013
Assessment of antimicrobial effectiveness of natural dyed fabrics
Authors: Datta S , Uddin MA , Afreen KS , Akter S , Bandyopadhyay A
Published: December 2013

There is an increasing interest in adding value to textiles by the use of natural products. Many of the plant materials, from which natural dyes are obtained, found to have some medicinal values. In the current study, dyeing materials were prepared from pomegranate (Punica granatum), wild mangosteen (Diospyros peregrine), myrabalan (Terminalia chebula), arjun (Terminalia arjuna), betel nut (Areca catech), onion (Allium cepa), tea (Camellia sinensis), neem (Camellia sinensis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and dye flower (Coreopsis basalis). Cotton fabrics were dyed with the extracted colouring materials and were tested for their wash fastness to ensure the durability of the colour on the fabrics. Finally, the antimicrobial property of ten different natural dyed fabrics was tested against Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). The cotton fabrics dyed with extracts of arjun, betel nut, pomegranate, tea and onion were found to have antimicrobial activity against both the test bacteria at varying efficiency. The dyed fabrics also showed reasonably good wash fastness; hence have practical potential for adding antibacterial properties along with vibrant colours to textiles of medical and other delicate uses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17327 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 179-184, 2013
Microbiological analysis of pasteurized and fresh fruit juice sold in Rawalpindi of Pakistan
Authors: Batool SA , Tahir SS , Rauf N , Kalsoom R
Published: December 2013

Freshly prepared and pasteurized fruit juices sold by vendors in local market of Rawalpindi city from 10 locations were analyzed for the microbiological quality. Total viable count (TVC), total coliform, faecal coliform, molds and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and fungi like Aspergillus, Pencillum, Rhizopus were determined .In open fruit juices available in city were highly contaminated with bacteria and fungi. E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas were isolated with different frequency. Aspergillus, Pencillum and Rhizopus were also found in juices especially Aspergillus was with high percentages. The pasteurized juices have less contamination as compared to the fresh juices samples. The number and type of microorganisms recovered from the freshly squeezed fruit juices made them unsafe for drinking. The results of this study demonstrate the unhygienic quality of popular types of market vended freshly squeezed fruit juices and their risk to the consumers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17329 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 185-192, 2013
Phytochemical screening of some Bangladeshi medicinal plants
Authors: Haque MM , Ahsan MA , Akbor MA , Rashid MM , Sultana N
Published: December 2013

Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, starch, tannins, terpenoids and Vitamin-C distributions in four medicinal plants from different places of Bangladesh were assessed. Fifteen samples of four medicinal plants were investigated namely Adhatodha vasica Nees, Andrographis peniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal and Asparagus racemosus Willd. These plants are locally known as Basak, Kalomegh, Ashagandha and Sotomuli. Leave samples contain alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and Vitamin-C except starch. In root samples alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and Vitamin-C were present except tannins. Terpenoids were present in sotomuli root, but absent in ashagandha root. Starch was absent in sotomuli root but present in ashagandha root. All of the plants were collected from different districts of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17330 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 193-196, 2013
Chemical and functional properties of roasted spitting cobra (N. nigricollis)
Authors: Ogungbenle HN , Adaraniwon PT
Published: December 2013

The proximate, nutritionally valuable minerals, amino acids and functional properties of roasted spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) were studied. The results show that the sample contains 6.36% moisture, 79.45% crude protein, 6.35% fat and 2.96% carbohydrate. The highest mineral was phosphorus with 160.96mg per 100g and the sample was low in copper, chromium and cobalt. The protein solubility was minimum at pH 4.0 and maximum at pH 8.0. The total amino acid in the sample was 76.84g/100g protein while the total essential amino acid in the sample was 35.53g/100g protein. The sample also exhibits 9.28% water absorption capacity, 118.83% oil absorption capacity, 11% foaming capacity, 2% foaming stability, 30% emulsion capacity, 70% emulsion stability, 30% of least gelation concentration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17331 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 197-200, 2013
Production of potato breads
Authors: Rupa AZ , Hussain I , Goni O
Published: December 2013

This study conduct to produce nutritious bread using locally abundant and available raw materials such as wheat, potato, soybean flour & oil. Potato ranks third in Bangladesh behind rice and wheat, in terms of total production. Potato is commonly used as a vegetable in Bangladesh, but in many other areas potato is treated as a staple food. Policy makers and administrators realize that, to meet the country's growing food requirements, the dependence on cereals must be reduced. A bounty production of potatoes in Bangladesh should channelize to product diversification to legitimize the price of Potatoes will help the potato farmers. It is relatively labor-intensive and land-intensive and would combine well with other crops in cropping systems to use land that would otherwise be idle. A sharp revenue earning will be enjoyed for the Government provided potato diversified use occurs here in Bangladesh. This study was dedicated to very high share use of potatoes in various frequently used foods like bread. Trying to use upto 50% of potato to make various products like bread, cakes & potato flakes. The proximate analysis test or laboratory test shows containing protein 2.26% comparing with market breads 1%. The taste of bread produced in our laboratory was compared with other five company wheat breads, available in market. The product showed extraordinary softness & flavor relative to other market available breads. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17332 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 201-204, 2013
Development of electroplating process for plating polyamides
Authors: Kulkarni MV , Elangovan K , Reddy KH
Published: December 2013

We report a method of converting non-conductive plastic surfaces into conductive by coating with copper based conductive paints onto polyamide6 (Nylon6) plastics to create a conducting surface for a subsequent copper deposition and thus for electroplating them. Nylon6 are basically hygroscopic materials and difficult to plate and hence conductive painting procedure has been adopted for electroplating them. The electroless plating procedure that is normally followed in plating of plastics has been avoided and thus a new method of plating on plastics has been presented in this research paper. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17333 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 205-212, 2013
Production and characterization of iron-chromium-zinc pigment based ceramic stain colour of red-brown shade
Authors: Parveen S , Jahan SA , Ahmed S
Published: December 2013

Considering the demand of ceramic stain colours in Bangladesh, an attempt has been taken to develop iron-chromium-zinc pigment based ceramic stain colour of red-brown shade which could be used as an import substitute material in the local ceramic industries. The desired shade of red-brown stain was synthesized from an equimolar mixture of pure chromium oxide (Cr2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The developed stain was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The characteristic of the stain complied with the chemical durability. Moreover, chromium leaching was below the permissible exposure limit which makes it as a promising ceramic stain to be used in our ceramic industries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17334 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 213-216, 2013
Compositions of the essential oils from two types of ocimum basilicum introduced in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury JU , Bhuiyan MNH , Saha GC , Nada K , Rahim M
Published: December 2013

Essential oils from two types of Ocimum basilicum introduced in Bangladesh were analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituents found in the oil collected from Indian variety were methyl chavicol (78.2), citral (3.7%) and tau-cadinol (2.49%). Introduced variety from Thailand contains anisole, p-propenyl (93.99%) as major compound. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i3.17335 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(3), 217-220, 2013
Prevalence of COPD and Tobacco Smoking in Tunisia — Results from the BOLD Study
Authors: Daldoul Hager , Denguezli Meriam , Jithoo Anamika , Gnatiuc Louisa , Buist Sonia , Burney Peter , Tabka Zouhair , Harrabi Imed
Published: December 2013

In Tunisia, there is a paucity of population-based data on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) prevalence. To address this problem, we estimated the prevalence of COPD following the Burden of Lung Disease Initiative. We surveyed 807 adults aged 40+ years and have collected information on respiratory history and symptoms, risk factors for COPD and quality of life. Post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed and COPD and its stages were defined according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Six hundred and sixty one (661) subjects were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of GOLD Stage I and II or higher COPD were 7.8% and 4.2%, respectively (Lower Limit of Normal modified stage I and II or higher COPD prevalence were 5.3% and 3.8%, respectively). COPD was more common in subjects aged 70+ years and in those with a BMI < 20 kg/m2. Prevalence of stage I+ COPD was 2.3% in <10 pack years smoked and 16.1% in 20+ pack years smoked. Only 3.5% of participants reported doctor-diagnosed COPD. In this Tunisian population, the prevalence of COPD is higher than reported before and higher than self-reported doctor-diagnosed COPD. In subjects with COPD, age is a much more powerful predictor of lung function than smoking.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Plant Height and Seed Weight in Soybean
Authors: Liu Yu‐lin , Li Ying‐hui , Reif Jochen C. , Mette Michael F. , Liu Zhang‐xiong , Liu Bo , Zhang Shan‐shan , Yan Long , Chang Ru‐zhen , Qiu Li‐juan
Published: December 2013

For clarifying the genetic base of the variation of yield‐related traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height and seed weight using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Chinese elite line Zhongpin03‐5373 and cultivar Zhonghuang13. We detected 11 QTLs for plant height and 18 QTLs for seed weight across six diverse environments. These included three pairs of plant height‐ vs. seed weight‐related QTLs located in close proximity to each other, with two pairs, qPH‐7 vs. qSW‐7‐2 and qPH‐19‐2 vs. qSW‐19, sharing the same direction of additive effects. Individual QTLs explained 2.02 to 47.60% of the variation in plant height and 2.13 to 14.35% in seed weight. Two and five of the major QTLs discovered for plant height and seed weight, respectively, that were stable across environments in our study have been reported previously. Among them, four QTLs, qPH‐13, qSW‐11, qSW‐12‐2, and qSW‐18, were not involved in digenic epistatic interaction in our biparental population, indicating that these QTLs will be useful for marker‐assisted selection and should be targeted for the future identification of candidate genes. Moreover, eight QTLs for both plant height and seed weight were newly identified in our population.
Prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen among human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus co-infected patients in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Iroezindu Michael O , Daniyam Comfort A , Agbaji Oche O , Isa Ejiji S , Okeke Edith N , Imade Godwin E
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negatively impacts the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including replication. We determined the prevalence of HBeAg in HIV/HBV co-infected patients compared to HBV mono-infected controls and further investigated the relationship between HBeAg seropositivity and the degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression in co-infected patients. Methodology: The study design was cross-sectional. One hundred HBsAg-positive HIV-infected adults and 100 age and sex matched HBsAg-positive HIV negative controls were consecutively recruited between May and November 2010. Relevant demographic and HBV-related information was obtained. HBeAg was assayed by semi-quantitative third generation ELISA. The HIV/HBV co-infected patients also had CD4+ cell and HIV viral load quantification measured using flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction techniques respectively. Results: In each group, the mean age was 34 ± 8 years and the majority (61%) was female. The prevalence of HBeAg was significantly higher among co-infected patients (n = 28; 28%) than in the controls (n = 15; 15%; p = 0.03). HBeAg seropositivity was independently associated with age < 40 years (AOR = 2.83, 95% = CI 1.29-6.17) and HIV seropositivity (AOR = 2.44, 95% C.I = 1.17-5.07). The prevalence of HBeAg was significantly higher in co-infected patients with CD4 cell count < 200 cell/µL (41.3%) compared to those with 200-499 cell/µL (18.6%) and  ≥500 cell/µL (9.1%), p = 0.006. Conclusion: HIV/HBV co-infected patients have a significantly higher prevalence of HBeAg than HBV mono-infected individuals. HBV-infected patients should be routinely assessed for HBeAg, especially if they are co-infected with HIV.
Long term effect of infection control practices and associated factors during a major Clostridium difficile outbreak in Costa Rica
Authors: Wong-McClure Roy A , Ramírez-Salas Elenita , Mora-Brenes Nury , Aguero-Sandí Lorena , Morera-Sigler Maritza , Badilla-Vargas Xiomara , Hernández-de Merzerville Marcela , O’Shea Michele , Bryce Elizabeth
Published: December 2013

Introduction: The C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain has been responsible for the nosocomial outbreaks in several countries. The present study describes the infection control strategies utilized to achieve outbreak control as well as the factors associated with a C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain outbreak in Costa Rica. Methodology: A descriptive analysis of the C. difficile outbreak was completed for the period of January 2007 to December 2010 in one affected hospital. An unmatched case-control study was subsequently performed to evaluate the association of exposure factors with C. difficile infection. Results: The pattern of the outbreak was characterized by a sharp increase in the incidence rate during the initial weeks of the outbreak, which was followed by a reduction in the incidence curve as several infection control measures were implemented. The C. difficile BI/NAP1 infection was associated with the prescription of antibiotics, in particular levofloxacin (OR: 9.3; 95%CI: 2.1-40.2), meropenem (OR: 4.9, 95%CI: 1.0-22.9), cefotaxime (OR: 4.3, 95%CI: 2.4-7.7), as well as a medical history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 1.5-5.8). Conclusions: The infection control strategies implemented proved to be effective in achieving outbreak control and in maintaining the baseline C. difficile incidence rate following it. The reported C. difficile outbreak was associated with the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics and a medical history of diabetes.
Cytomegalovirus reactivation following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sharma Sanjeev Kumar , Kumar Suman , Agrawal Narendra , Singh Lavleen , Mukherjee Anjan , Seth Tulika , Mishra Pravas , Mathur Sandeep , Dar Lalit , Mahapatra Manoranjan
Published: December 2013

Introduction: There is a high prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity in developing countries. An apparent risk of CMV reactivation increases following hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. With effective surveillance and timely treatment using anti-viral therapy, morbidity and mortality associated with CMV reactivation can be reduced. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and morbidity associated with CMV reactivation following hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Methodology: We retrospectively analysed 136 hematopoeitic stem cell transplant recipients at our centre for CMV reactivation and their complications. Quantification of CMV-DNA was done by PCR. CMV disease was confirmed histologically via CMV inclusion bodies or immunostaining of biopsy of the affected organ, mainly the gastrointestinal tract. Results: A total of 13 out of 136 patients (9.56%) had CMV reactivation. 6 out of 13 patients had CMV disease, 3 of which died (23.1% of patients with CMV reactivation). CMV reactivation occurred at a median duration of 52.5 days post transplantation (range 35-178 days). The gastrointestinal tract was the organ most commonly affected by CMV. The median follow-up was 14 months (range 6 - 64 months). Conclusion: Through a higher rate of sero-prevalance in developing countries, the incidence of CMV infection following hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation is comparable to that reported in Western literature. Oral valganciclovir was an effective pre-emptive therapy for CMV disease.
Etiological diversity of diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh
Authors: Das Sumon Kumar , Ahmed Shahnawaz , Ferdous Farzana , Farzana Fahmida Dil , Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Latham Jonathan Ross , Talukder Kaisar Ali , Rahman Mustafizur , Begum Yasmin Ara , Qadri Firdausi , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: December 2013

Background: This study compared the diversity of common diarrhoeal pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in four hospitals in Bangladesh. Methodology: A total of 13,959 diarrhoea patients, comprising rural Mirzapur [2,820), rural Matlab (2,865), urban Dhaka (5,287) and urban Mirpur (2,987) were included under the diarrhoeal disease surveillance system of icddr,b during 2010-2011; stool specimens were tested for Shigella spp., Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. Results: Rotavirus was highest in Mirzapur (28%) followed by Dhaka (24%), Matlab (19%) and Mirpur (18%). Overall, Shigella was significantly more prevalent in rural sites (Mirzapur 13% and Matlab 7%), than in urban sites (Dhaka 3% and Mirpur 3%). Vibrio cholerae was more common in the urban sites of Dhaka (14%) and Mirpur (12%). 72% of Shigella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in Mirzapur, and 88% to mecillinam. In Dhaka, the figures for Shigella were 65% and 50%, in Matlab 65% and 85%, and in Mirpur 59% and 92% respectively. Susceptibility of Shigella to azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Dhaka was 74% and 95%, and in Mirpur 88% and 92% respectively.  Vibrio cholerae showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100% in Mirpur) and lowest resistance to ciprofloxacin (0% in Dhaka, Matlab and Mirpur) and azithromycin (30% in Dhaka to 7% in Mirzapur). Multidrug resistance (≥ 3 antibiotics) for Shigella were: Mirzapur (50%); Dhaka (36%); Matlab (23%) and Mirpur (37%); and for V. cholerae it was 26%, 37%, 49% and 23% respectively. Conclusion: The isolation rates and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella spp. and V. cholerae along with rotavirus differed significantly in certain geographical sites.
A case of brucellosis displaying Parkinsonian-like tremor
Authors: Jin Ke , Liu Yuan , Chen Nian , Kong Lianhua , Jiang Longfeng , Li Jun , Huang Zuhu
Published: December 2013

We report a rare case of brucellosis with Parkinsonian-like tremor and simple partial motor seizure. This patient worked as a sheep butcher and the sheep were imported from brucellosis-endemic areas. He presented with classical manifestations of brucellosis; infection was confirmed using the Rose Bengal Plate and Standard Tube Agglutination tests. The patient also suffered from headache, partial seizures, changes of personality and static tremor of both upper limbs. After anti-infection therapy, but without the use of anti-Parkinson drugs, the patient fully recovered and remained free of Parkinsonian-like tremor. Brucellosis can present with atypical symptoms, clinicians should widen their diagnostic view of brucella infection.
Efficacy of artemisinin combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children
Authors: Ojurongbe Olusola , Lawal Olubunmi A , Abiodun Oyindamola O , Okeniyi John A , Oyeniyi Ayobami J , Oyelami Oyeku A
Published: December 2013

Introduction: The development and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most commonly used antimalarials remain a major challenge in the control of malaria. Constant monitoring of drug efficacy is an important tool in establishing rational antimalarial drug policies. Methodology: A randomized comparative study was conducted at the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria between February 2010 and September 2011 comparing the efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) and fixed dose of artesunate plus amodiaquine (Larimal) in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in children betweem 6 and 144 months of age. P. falciparum malaria parasitemia was assessed by microscopy and rapid diagnostic test. Drugs were administered according to age for three days under supervision. The primary efficacy endpoint was a day 28 PCR-corrected parasitological cure. Results: A total of 182 patients were enrolled in the two treatment groups, Coartem (n = 101) and Larimal (n = 81), and tested after 28 days. In the intention-to-treat population, Coartem (n= 101) and Larimal (n= 81) had a PCR-corrected cure rate of 98% and 100% respectively, while in the per-protocol population, Coartem (n = 89) and Larimal (n = 71) both had a PCR-corrected cure rate of 100% at day 28. Although parasite and fever clearance time was faster in the Larimal group, no significant difference was observed between the two drugs. No serious adverse effects  were reported. Conclusion: Five years after being introduced in Nigeria, both Coartem and Larimal have been shown to be safe and highly effective in the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in children.
Poor compliance with the antibiotic policy in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Banerjee Tuhina , Anupurba Shampa , Singh Dinesh K
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Most developing countries are adopting antibiotic policies to contain the acute problem of drug resistance; however, several obstacles prevent their fulfillment. This study was undertaken to prospectively determine the compliance with the antibiotic policy in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital and possible reasons for non-compliance. Methodology: Compliance with the newly introduced antibiotic policy was studied for a period of six months. A total of 170 cases from the ICU were included. Relevant information regarding patient characteristics, treatment details, infection control, and antibiotic prescribing practices in the ICU with reference to the antibiotic policy was collected. Reasons for non-compliance were studied. Results: The rate of compliance with the antibiotic policy was 21.18%. Heavy use of antibiotics prior to the time of admission in the ICU was the major cause of non-compliance. Microbiological investigation had been sent in only 51.17% of the cases and change in treatment protocol based on culture report was done in 53.3%. The rate of use of third-generation cephalosporins was 76.78%. Conclusions: We found non-compliance with the antibiotic policy in the ICU mainly due to improper and inappropriate antibiotic usage in other indoor units of the hospital. In our case, a policy covering the entire hospital is required to meet the goals of antibiotic usage restriction. An effective surveillance, review, and evaluation process should be an integral part of the policy, even in developing countries, to measure the effects of such policies.
Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial utilization in oncology patients
Authors: Hammuda Arwa , Hayder Sara , Elazzazy Shereen , Black Emily
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Point prevalence surveys have been used internationally to characterize the use of antimicrobial agents. The primary objective of this study was to determine prevalence of antimicrobial use in the oncology population in Qatar. Methodology: Data was collected from the National Center for Cancer Care and Research hospital over 3 separate days during a two week period. Adults admitted on the day of audit were included. Results: Prevalence of antimicrobial use during the audit was 43% (25/58). The most commonly prescribed class of antimicrobial agents was penicillin/Beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations 39.4% (13/33). Conclusions: Findings demonstrate frequent antimicrobial consumption of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents which highlights the importance of expanding antimicrobial stewardship programs in this population.
Molecular evaluation of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Pakistan
Authors: Afzal Amna , Sarwar Yasra , Ali Aamir , Maqbool Abbas , Salman Muhammad , Habeeb Muhammad Asif , Haque Abdul
Published: December 2013

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns and genetic elements related to drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) from the Faisalabad region of Pakistan. Methodology: The drug resistance status of 80 isolates were evaluated by determining antimicrobial susceptibility, MICs, drug resistance genes involved, and the presence of integrons. Nalidixic acid resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were also investigated by mutation screening of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes. Results: Forty-seven (58.7%) isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Among the different resistance (R) types, the most commonly observed (13/80) was AmChStrTeSxtSmzTmp, which is the most frequent type observed in India and Pakistan. The most common drug resistant genes were blaTEM-1, cat, strA-strB, tetB, sul1, sul2, and dfrA7. Among the detected genes, only dfrA7 was found to be associated in the form of a single gene cassette within the class 1 integrons. Conclusions: MIC determination of currently used drugs revealed fourth-generation gatifloxacin as an effective drug against multidrug-resistant S. Typhi, but its clinical use is controversial. The Ser83→Phe substitution in gyrA was the predominant alteration in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates, exhibiting reduced susceptibility and increased MICs against ciprofloxacin. No mutations in gyrB, parC, or parE were detected in any isolate.
Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG and IgM antibodies among pregnant women in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Abiodun Iyanda , Opaleye Oluyinka Oladele , Ojurongbe Olusola , Fagbami Ademola Hezekiah
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Human parvovirus B19 causes a wide range of complications in pregnant women including abortion, severe fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops fetalis, and even intrauterine fetal death. However, there is a dearth of information on the prevalence of the virus among pregnant women in southwestern Nigeria. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from 231 pregnant women and screened for antibodies to human parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG using an enzyme immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Of the 231 women, 31 were in their first trimester, 146 were in their second trimester, and 54 were in their third trimester. Forty-five (20%) were positive for parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies, 10 (4%) were positive for parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies, and 176 (76%) had no detectable parvovirus B19 antibodies. Twenty-eight (19%) of the 146 pregnant women in their second trimester were positive for parvovirus B19 IgG antibody while three (2%) of the 146 were positive for parvovirus B19 IgM antibody. Conclusions: It is evident that there is a high prevalence of human parvovirus B19 among pregnant women in south-western Nigeria. This suggests that there is an active transmission of the virus in the community; it is therefore necessary to conduct more studies on the virus in pregnant women in Nigeria to ascertain its effect on the fetus.
Anaemia and severe malarial anaemia burden in febrile Gabonese children: a nine-year health facility based survey
Authors: Bouyou-Akotet Marielle Karine , Mawili Mboumba Denise Patricia , Kendjo Eric , Mbadinga Fanckie , Obiang-Bekale Nestor , Mouidi Pacome , Kombila Maryvonne
Published: December 2013

Introduction: Anaemia remains a major cause of poor health in children and pregnant women living in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is one of the main causes of anaemia in endemic countries. At the time of decreasing Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence among children, it was essential to analyze the evolution of anaemia and severe malarial anaemia (SMA), the most frequent clinical manifestation of severe malaria, in Gabon. Methodology: Yearly recorded haemoglobin levels of febrile children aged below11 years, who benefitted from microscopic malaria diagnosis, were retrospectively analyzed to determine the evolution of anaemia and SMA prevalence throughout a nine-year period between 2000 and 2008. Results: Anaemia prevalence remained high both in P. falciparum-infected children (between 87.6% and 90.7%) and in uninfected children (between 73.5% and 82.6%). Although the risk of developing severe anaemia ranged between 1.9 [0.9-3.8] in 2000 and 3.0 [1.3-6.5] in 2007, SMA prevalence did not significantly change during the study period, varying from 6.0% to 8.0%. From 2001, the frequency of SMA was comparable between children younger than five years of age and children older than five years of age. Conclusions: The decreasing malaria prevalence previously observed in Gabon between 2000 and 2008 was not associated with a significant reduction of anaemia and SMA burden among children. Furthermore, other factors such as nutritional deficiencies, which may not be negligible, must be investigated in this vulnerable population
Serological evidence of West Nile Virus infection among humans in the southern Provinces of Morocco
Authors: El Rhaffouli Hicham , Lahlou-Amine Idriss , Loutfi Chafiqua , Laraqui Abdellilah , Bajjou Tahar , Fassi-Fihri Ouafaa , El Harrak Mehdi
Published: December 2013

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus infection in the southern provinces of Morocco. Methodology: A total of 250 sera, collected during 2012 in the province of Dakhla, were analyzed by microneutralisation assay. Results: WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 13 samples (5.2%). The participants with WNV-specific antibodies were significantly younger than the rest of the population (p = 0.009). The positivity rate was higher among women (6.3%) than men (3.6%) (p = 0.26). Conclusions: This is the first serological evidence of WNV infection among humans in the southern provinces of Morocco.
A cluster of cholera among patients in a Vietnamese district hospital in 2010
Authors: Vo Thuan Huu , Le Ninh Hoang , Nuorti J. Pekka , Phan Lan Trong , Tran Minh Nguyen Nhu
Published: December 2013

On July 20, 2010, three cases of cholera were reported from a district hospital in Ca Mau province, Vietnam. We investigated the likely source and mode of transmission of the outbreak. All hospitals in the province were requested to notify cases of acute watery diarrhoea. Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Between July 12 and 22, seven cases with positive culture for Vibrio cholera were identified. Six cases were epidemiologically linked to the index case. Basic infection control practices were not in place at the hospital. Clinicians and public health staff should consider the possibility of nosocomial cholera transmission even in non-endemic areas.
Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. from animal sources in China
Authors: Yin Jianhai , Yuan Zhongying , Shen Yujuan , Zhang Jing , Jiang Yanyan , Cao Jianping
Published: December 2013

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ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: antibiotic susceptibility and prevalence of blaSHV and blaTEM
Authors: Alsultan Abdulrahman A , Aboulmagd Elsayed , Amin Tarek T
Published: December 2013

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