bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GraSp: Combining Spatially‐aware Mobile Devices and a Display Wall for Graph Visualization and Interaction
Authors: Kister U. , Klamka K. , Tominski C. , Dachselt R.
Published: July 2017

Going beyond established desktop interfaces, researchers have begun re‐thinking visualization approaches to make use of alternative display environments and more natural interaction modalities. In this paper, we investigate how spatially‐aware mobile displays and a large display wall can be coupled to support graph visualization and interaction. For that purpose, we distribute typical visualization views of classic node‐link and matrix representations between displays. The focus of our work lies in novel interaction techniques that enable users to work with personal mobile devices in combination with the wall. We devised and implemented a comprehensive interaction repertoire that supports basic and advanced graph exploration and manipulation tasks, including selection, details‐on‐demand, focus transitions, interactive lenses, and data editing. A qualitative study has been conducted to identify strengths and weaknesses of our techniques. Feedback showed that combining mobile devices and a wall‐sized display is useful for diverse graph‐related tasks. We also gained valuable insights regarding the distribution of visualization views and interactive tools among the combined displays.
Internal and External Visual Cue Preferences for Visualizations in Presentations
Authors: Kong Ha‐Kyung , Liu Zhicheng , Karahalios Karrie
Published: July 2017

Presenters, such as analysts briefing to an executive committee, often use visualizations to convey information. In these cases, providing clear visual guidance is important to communicate key concepts without confusion. This paper explores visual cues that guide attention to a particular area of a visualization. We developed a visual cue taxonomy distinguishing internal from external cues, designed a web tool based on the taxonomy, and conducted a user study with 24 participants to understand user preferences in choosing visual cues. Participants perceived internal cues (e.g., transparency, brightness, and magnification) as the most useful visual cues and often combined them with other internal or external cues to emphasize areas of focus for their audience. Interviews also revealed that the choice of visual cues depends on not only the chart type, but also the presentation setting, the audience, and the function cues are serving. Considering the complexity of choosing visual cues, we provide design implications for improving the organization, consistency, and integration of visual cues within existing workflows.
The State‐of‐the‐Art in Predictive Visual Analytics
Authors: Lu Yafeng , Garcia Rolando , Hansen Brett , Gleicher Michael , Maciejewski Ross
Published: July 2017

Predictive analytics embraces an extensive range of techniques including statistical modeling, machine learning, and data mining and is applied in business intelligence, public health, disaster management and response, and many other fields. To date, visualization has been broadly used to support tasks in the predictive analytics pipeline. Primary uses have been in data cleaning, exploratory analysis, and diagnostics. For example, scatterplots and bar charts are used to illustrate class distributions and responses. More recently, extensive visual analytics systems for feature selection, incremental learning, and various prediction tasks have been proposed to support the growing use of complex models, agent‐specific optimization, and comprehensive model comparison and result exploration. Such work is being driven by advances in interactive machine learning and the desire of end‐users to understand and engage with the modeling process. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we catalogue recent advances in the visualization community for supporting predictive analytics. First, we define the scope of predictive analytics discussed in this article and describe how visual analytics can support predictive analytics tasks in a predictive visual analytics (PVA) pipeline. We then survey the literature and categorize the research with respect to the proposed PVA pipeline. Systems and techniques are evaluated in terms of their supported interactions, and interactions specific to predictive analytics are discussed. We end this report with a discussion of challenges and opportunities for future research in predictive visual analytics.
Current Status and Open Issues Concerning Global Clinical Trials (GCTs) in Japan and East Asia
Authors: Miyazaki Koichi , Sato Yasunori , Hanaoka Hideki , Uyama Yoshiaki
Published: July 2017

When global clinical trials are carried out, it is important to consider the influence of racial and ethnic differences on the outcome. From this viewpoint, global clinical trials in East Asia, where racial differences are estimated to be small, are now attracting close attention. Under such circumstances, we conducted a survey using the data registered with ClinicalTrial.gov to investigate the status of participation of East Asian countries in global clinical trials and differences in the regions selected for drug development between Japanese enterprises and non‐Japanese enterprises. This survey revealed that about 90% of all global clinical trials and those involving East Asian countries were sponsored by non‐Japanese enterprises. Global clinical trials involving only East Asia have been accepted as one of the development strategies by Japanese enterprises, but this strategy has not spread widely among non‐Japanese enterprises.
Morphologies of Bacillus subtilis communities responding to environmental variation
Authors: Tasaki Sohei , Nakayama Madoka , Shoji Wataru
Published: July 2017

Bacterial communities exhibit a variety of growth morphologies in constructing robust systems under different environmental conditions. We review the diverse morphologies of Bacillus subtilis communities and their mechanisms of self‐organization. B. subtilis uses different cell types to suit environmental conditions and cell density. The subpopulation of each cell type exhibits various environment‐sensitive properties. Furthermore, division of labor among the subpopulations results in flexible development for the community as a whole. We review how B. subtilis community morphologies and growth strategies respond to environmental perturbations.
The Explanatory Challenge: Moral Realism Is No Better Than Theism
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: July 2017

Many of the arguments for and against robust moral realism parallel arguments for and against theism. In this article, I consider one of the shared challenges: the explanatory challenge. The article begins with a presentation of Harman's formulation of the explanatory challenge as applied to moral realism and theism. I then examine two responses offered by robust moral realists to the explanatory challenge, one by Russ Shafer‐Landau and another by David Enoch. Shafer‐Landau argues that the moral realist can plausibly respond to the challenge in a way unavailable to theists. I argue that Shafer‐Landau's response is implausible as it stands and that once revised, it will apply to theism just as well. I then argue that Enoch's response, to the extent that it is plausible, can be used to defend theism as well.
Introduction to the 2nd Meeting on Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy (IIE2016)
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria , Rüegg Stephan
Published: July 2017

We report about the main topics presented during this meeting which was devoted to discuss the new emerging evidence for a role of immune‐ and inflammation‐related mechanisms in various autoimmune and nonautoimmune forms of epilepsy. Major emphasis was given to novel immune/inflammatory mechanisms contributing to seizures and neurological comorbidities as well as to the discovery and validation of noninvasive biomarkers of brain inflammation which may be used to monitor epileptogenesis and predict the therapeutic effects of treatments. The key question was whether our scientific community is ready for the translation of the results of laboratory research to clinical studies, and how to best design clinical trials of anti‐inflammatory drugs with potential disease‐modifying effects.
Experimentally increased nutrient availability at the permafrost thaw front selectively enhances biomass production of deep‐rooting subarctic peatland species
Authors: Keuper Frida , Dorrepaal Ellen , van Bodegom Peter M. , van Logtestijn Richard , Venhuizen Gemma , van Hal Jurgen , Aerts Rien
Published: July 2017

Climate warming increases nitrogen (N) mineralization in superficial soil layers (the dominant rooting zone) of subarctic peatlands. Thawing and subsequent mineralization of permafrost increases plant‐available N around the thaw‐front. Because plant production in these peatlands is N‐limited, such changes may substantially affect net primary production and species composition. We aimed to identify the potential impact of increased N‐availability due to permafrost thawing on subarctic peatland plant production and species performance, relative to the impact of increased N‐availability in superficial organic layers. Therefore, we investigated whether plant roots are present at the thaw‐front (45 cm depth) and whether N‐uptake (15N‐tracer) at the thaw‐front occurs during maximum thaw‐depth, coinciding with the end of the growing season. Moreover, we performed a unique 3‐year belowground fertilization experiment with fully factorial combinations of deep‐ (thaw‐front) and shallow‐fertilization (10 cm depth) and controls. We found that certain species are present with roots at the thaw‐front (Rubus chamaemorus) and have the capacity (R. chamaemorus, Eriophorum vaginatum) for N‐uptake from the thaw‐front between autumn and spring when aboveground tissue is largely senescent. In response to 3‐year shallow‐belowground fertilization (S) both shallow‐ (Empetrum hermaphroditum) and deep‐rooting species increased aboveground biomass and N‐content, but only deep‐rooting species responded positively to enhanced nutrient supply at the thaw‐front (D). Moreover, the effects of shallow‐fertilization and thaw‐front fertilization on aboveground biomass production of the deep‐rooting species were similar in magnitude (S: 71%; D: 111% increase compared to control) and additive (S + D: 181% increase). Our results show that plant‐available N released from thawing permafrost can form a thus far overlooked additional N‐source for deep‐rooting subarctic plant species and increase their biomass production beyond the already established impact of warming‐driven enhanced shallow N‐mineralization. This may result in shifts in plant community composition and may partially counteract the increased carbon losses from thawing permafrost.
Creativity, Uncertainty, and Automated Model Building
Authors: Marshall Lucy
Published: July 2017

Article impact statement: Automated modeling platforms can improve the ability of scientists to generate multiple model hypotheses, but modelers should still seek out creative modeling solutions.
Forecast First: An Argument for Groundwater Modeling in Reverse
Authors: White Jeremy T.
Published: July 2017

Article impact statement: A simple reordering of the modeling workflow, putting the forecast to the forefront, will improve modeling efficiency and effectiveness.
Phase transformation of molybdenum trioxide to molybdenum dioxide: An in‐situ transmission electron microscopy investigation
Authors: Chen Jian , Wei Qiang
Published: July 2017

We use in‐situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) to investigate the phase transformation of α‐MoO3 in vacuum. In‐situ selected area electron diffraction (SAED) indicates that α‐MoO3 directly transfers to monoclinic MoO2 without intermediate phase; however, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study reveals that Mo4O11 precipitates on the surface of MoO2 matrix. Judging from the size of Mo4O11 and its orientation relationship with MoO2, we believe that the formation of Mo4O11 is due to the reaction between MoO2 and the untransformed MoO3.
Synthesis and study of ZnO nanoparticles by polymer pyrolysis route using two different polymerization initiators
Authors: Mansour Shehab , Farha Ashraf , Kotkata Mohamed
Published: July 2017

Ammonium persulfate (APS) and sonochemical (SON) as different polymerization initiators were used to obtain ZnO polyacrylate salt via an intermediate stabilized step for the synthesization of zinc oxide nanocrystals (nc‐ZnO). Impurity‐free nc‐ZnO with wurtzite structure was obtained, after calcinating both synthesized ZnO polyacrylic salts. The way by which the polymerization initiation was done greatly affect the morphological nature, shape, and size, of both synthesized samples. The obtained particle size values of the sample range from 15 to 45 nm when using APS (S1) and range from 58 to 120 nm when using sonochemical (S2). This difference in the range of particle size for both samples was reflected on the respective values of their optical energy gaps that found to be 3.33 and 3.26 eV for S1 and S2, respectively. The intensities and shift of the visible emissions of photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed strong correlation with the particle size of both considered samples. The photocatalytic activities (PCA) of the synthesized samples were tested using UV‐VIS irradiation for methyl orange (MO), where the difference in PCA for both samples was discussed in view of their PL spectra as well as their microstructure and morphology features.
Predictors for fatal human infections with avian H7N9 influenza, evidence from four epidemic waves in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China, 2013‐2016
Authors: Ma Wang , Huang Haodi , Chen Jian , Xu Ke , Dai Qigang , Yu Huiyan , Deng Fei , Qi Xian , Wang Shenjiao , Hong Jie , Bao Changjun , Huo Xiang , Zhou Minghao
Published: July 2017

Background

Four epidemic waves of human infection with H7N9 have been recorded in China up to 1 June 2016, including in Jiangsu Province. However, few studies have investigated the differences in patients' characteristics among the four epidemic waves, and the analyses of factors associated with fatal infection lacked statistical power in previous studies due to limited sample size.

Methods

All laboratory‐confirmed A(H7N9) patients in Jiangsu province were analysed. Patients' characteristics were compared across four waves and between survivors and those who died. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictors of death.

Results

Significant differences were found in the lengths of several time intervals (from onset of disease to laboratory confirmation, to onset of ARDS and respiratory failure, and to death) and in the development of heart failure. The proportions of overweight patients and rural patients increased significantly across the four waves. Administration of glucocorticoids and double‐dose neuraminidase inhibitors became the norm. Predictors of death included complications such as ARDS, heart failure and septic shock, administration of glucocorticoids, and disease duration.

Conclusion

Characteristics of H7N9 patients and clinical treatment options changed over time. Particular complications and the use of particular treatment, along with disease duration, could help clinicians predict the outcome of H7N9 infections.
The Taste Question in Animal Ethics
Authors: Kazez Jean
Published: July 2017

Advocates of veganism often assume that food enjoyment has little moral weight, because it involves mere taste pleasure. Because of the triviality of taste pleasure, they consider it obvious that harming animals to secure particular tastes is ‘unnecessary’. After discussing the elements of taste, defending the importance of taste, exploring what ‘unnecessary harm’ means, and introducing a number of taste related thought experiments, I argue that harm to animals is not always unnecessary, when what's at stake is taste. However, by supplementing considerations involving necessity with considerations of character, I conclude that vegans are often, though not always, praiseworthy.
Hydrologic and geologic history of the Ozark Plateau drive phylogenomic patterns in a cave‐obligate salamander
Authors: Phillips John G. , Fenolio Danté B. , Emel Sarah L. , Bonett Ronald M.
Published: July 2017

Aim

Habitat specialization can constrain patterns of dispersal and drive allopatric speciation in organisms with limited dispersal ability. Herein, we tested biogeographic patterns and dispersal in a salamander with surface‐dwelling larvae and obligate cave‐dwelling adults.

Location

Ozark Plateau, eastern North America.

Methods

A population‐level phylogeny of grotto salamanders (Eurycea spelaea complex) was reconstructed using mitochondrial (mtDNA) and multi‐locus nuclear DNA (nucDNA), primarily derived from anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE). We tested patterns of molecular variance among populations and associations between genetic distance and geographic features.

Results

Divergence time estimates suggest rapid formation of three major lineages in the Middle Miocene. Contemporary gene flow among divergent lineages appears negligible, and mtDNA suggests that most populations are isolated. There is a significant association between phylogenetic distance and palaeodrainages, contemporary drainages and sub‐plateaus of the Ozarks, as all features explain a proportion of genetic variation. However, the greatest proportion of genetic variation is explained by the combined effects of palaeodrainages and sub‐plateaus.

Main conclusions

The geologic and hydrologic history of the Ozark Plateau has influenced lineage diversification in the grotto salamander, leading to genetic isolation among populations. Limited gene flow and strong phylogeographic structure in this complex may result from the restriction of highly specialized adults to caves.
The historical connections between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest revisited
Authors: Ledo Roger Maia Dias , Colli Guarino Rinaldi
Published: July 2017

Aim

To assess ancient biotic connections between the Amazon Forest (AmF) and the Atlantic Forest (AtF) based on environmental niche modelling (ENM), palaeobiological, and molecular evidence; to test Por ()'s hypothesis of the south‐eastern—north‐western (SE—NW) route as the most important route in terms of frequency and duration; to evaluate past climatic conditions associated with the routes.

Location

South America.

Methods

We generated random points in climate space of AmF and AtF and identified two major climatic groups in the shared environmental space (colder and warmer) with a K‐means cluster analysis. We modelled each climatic group using eleven algorithms of ENM and selected the best model, projecting the results back to 120 ka. We used published data on South American palaeopalynology, speleothem and travertine chronology for model validation. We also accessed vertebrate molecular studies and extracted the split timing of lineages distributed both in the AmF and the AtF to test Por ()'s hypothesis in more ancient times.

Results

Palynological and speleothem studies supported the results of our ENM models, indicating expansion of cold‐adapted species along the SE—NW and NE routes in the LGM. The SE—NW route was also supported in the LIG, however, involving warm‐adapted species. Our results support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE—NW was established more than once in the past, involving different plant communities each time, adapted to different temperature conditions. Vertebrate molecular studies also support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE—NW route was established since the Andean uplift.

Main Conclusions

The SE—NW route is the most ancient connection route between the AmF and the AtF and probably was established since the Andean uplift and the formation of the South American monsoon system. This route was established many times in the past, alternating by the distribution expansion of cold‐adapted and warm‐adapted plant communities.
Interlead heterogeneity of R‐ and T‐wave morphology in standard 12‐lead ECGs predicts sustained ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and arrhythmic death in patients with cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tan Alex Y. , Nearing Bruce D. , Rosenberg Michael , Nezafat Reza , Josephson Mark E. , Verrier Richard L.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Nonuniformities in depolarization and repolarization morphology are critical factors in ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

Methods and results

We assessed interlead R‐wave heterogeneity (RWH) and T‐wave heterogeneity (TWH) in standard 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) using second central moment analysis. This technique quantifies variance about the mean morphology of beats in adjoining precordial leads, V4, V5, and V6 in this study. The study was conducted in 120 consecutive patients without an apparent reversible trigger for ventricular tachycardia (VT), recent myocardial infarction, or active ischemia, who presented for electrophysiologic study, implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement, or generator change at our institution from 2008 to 2011. Primary outcome was sustained VT/ventricular fibrillation (VF) or appropriate ICD therapies. Secondary outcome was arrhythmic death or resuscitated cardiac arrest. Cutpoints for elevated RWH (>160 μV) and TWH (>80 μV) identified 67% of primary outcome cases and 85% of secondary outcome cases. Cardiomyopathy patients who met the primary outcome (n = 42) had significantly higher TWH than those who did not (n = 28) (TWH: 95 ± 11 μV vs. 44 ± 9 μV, P < 0.002). Likewise, cardiomyopathy patients who met secondary outcome (N = 13) had VT/VF during follow‐up and also had significantly higher TWH than survivors (N = 57) (TWH: 105 ± 24 μV vs. 67 ± 8 μV, P < 0.002). Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed significant differences in arrhythmia‐free survival (P = 0.012) and total survival (P = 0.011) among cardiomyopathy patients with (n = 37) compared to without (n = 33) elevated RWH and/or TWH independent of age, sex, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Conclusion

Interlead RWH and TWH in 12‐lead ECGs predict sustained ventricular arrhythmia, appropriate ICD therapies, and arrhythmic death or cardiac arrest in cardiomyopathy patients independent of LVEF and other standard variables.
Minimizing imbalances on patient characteristics between treatment groups in randomized trials using classification tree analysis
Authors: Linden Ariel , Yarnold Paul R.
Published: July 2017

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Randomization ensures that treatment groups do not differ systematically in their characteristics, thereby reducing threats to validity that may otherwise explain differences in outcomes. Large observed imbalances in patient characteristics may indicate that selection bias is being introduced into the treatment allocation process. We introduce classification tree analysis (CTA) as a novel algorithmic approach for identifying potential imbalances in characteristics and their interactions when provisionally assigning each new participant to one or the other treatment group. The participant is then permanently assigned to the treatment group that elicits either no or less imbalance than if assigned to the alternate group.

Method

Using data on participant characteristics from a clinical trial, we compare 3 different treatment allocation approaches: permuted block randomization (the original allocation method), minimization, and CTA. Treatment allocation performance is assessed by examining balance of all 17 patient characteristics between study groups for each of the allocation techniques.

Results

While all 3 treatment allocation techniques achieved excellent balance on main effect variables, Classification tree analysis further identified imbalances on interactions and in the distributions of some of the continuous variables.

Conclusions

Classification tree analysis offers an algorithmic procedure that may be used with any randomization methodology to identify and then minimize linear, nonlinear, and interactive effects that induce covariate imbalance between groups. Investigators should consider using the CTA approach as a real‐time complement to randomization for any clinical trial to safeguard the treatment allocation process against bias.
Rates of Delirium Diagnosis Do Not Improve with Emergency Risk Screening: Results of the Emergency Department Delirium Initiative Trial
Authors: Arendts Glenn , Love Jennefer , Nagree Yusuf , Bruce David , Hare Malcolm , Dey Ian
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To determine whether a bundled risk screening and warning or action card system improves formal delirium diagnosis and person‐centered outcomes in hospitalized older adults.

Design

Prospective trial with sequential introduction of screening and interventional processes.

Setting

Two tertiary referral hospitals in Australia.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older presenting to the emergency department (ED) and not requiring immediate resuscitation (N = 3,905).

Intervention

Formal ED delirium screening algorithm and use of a risk warning card with a recommended series of actions for the prevention and management of delirium during the subsequent admission

Measurements

Delirium diagnosis at hospital discharge, proportion discharged to new assisted living arrangements, in‐hospital complications (use of sedation, falls, aspiration pneumonia, death), hospital length of stay.

Results

Participants with a positive risk screen were significantly more likely (relative risk = 6.0, 95% confidence interval = 4.9–7.3) to develop delirium, and the proportion of at‐risk participants with a positive screen was constant across three study phases. Delirium detection rate in participants undergoing the final intervention (Phase 3) was 12.1% (a 2% absolute and 17% relative increase from the baseline rate) but this was not statistically significant (P = .29), and a similar relative increase was seen over time in participants not receiving the intervention

Conclusion

A risk screening and warning or action card intervention in the ED did not significantly improve rates of delirium detection or other important outcomes.
Finding genes and lineages under selection in speciation
Authors: Hart Michael W. , Guerra Vanessa
Published: July 2017

What are the genes and traits that respond to selection and cause prezygotic reproductive isolation between species? This question has been hard to answer because genomes are large, the targets of selection may be scattered across the genome (Sabeti et al., ) and different genes may respond to the same selective pressure in different populations (Scheinfeldt et al., ). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Weber et al. () use a clever comparative approach and leading‐edge transcriptomic methods to identify the species and genes under positive selection for divergence between brittle stars (the echinoderm class Ophiuroidea) in the Ophioderma longicauda species complex. They found convincing evidence of positive or diversifying selection acting on two genes encoding ion channels that form part of the signal transduction cascade within the sperm in response to pheromones. Evidence for selection was concentrated in genes from one species (called C5, with internal fertilization and female parental care of brooded juveniles and not in the other species (called C3, with more conventional broadcast spawning and planktonic development of embryos and larvae). That analysis greatly extends the range of taxa, life history traits and molecules that are associated with positive selection in speciation. It also illustrates some of the current limitations on the application of RNAseq methods in the search for the targets of selection in nonmodel organisms like brittle stars. From both points of view, the new work by Weber et al. () has important implications for our understanding of speciation in the ocean.
Resveratrol derivatives as a pharmacological tool
Authors: Biasutto Lucia , Mattarei Andrea , Azzolini Michele , La Spina Martina , Sassi Nicola , Romio Matteo , Paradisi Cristina , Zoratti Mario
Published: July 2017

Prodrugs of resveratrol are under development. Among the long‐term goals, still largely elusive, are (1) modulating physical properties (e.g., water‐soluble derivatives bearing polyethylene glycol chains), (2) changing distribution in the body (e.g., galactosyl derivatives restricted to the intestinal lumen), (3) increasing absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., derivatives imitating the natural substrates of endogenous transporters), and (4) hindering phase II metabolism (e.g., temporarily blocking the hydroxyls), all contributing to (5) increasing bioavailability. The chemical bonds that have been tested for functionalization include carboxyester, acetal, and carbamate groups. A second approach, which can be combined with the first, seeks to reinforce or modify the biochemical activities of resveratrol by concentrating the compound at specific subcellular sites. An example is provided by mitochondria‐targeted derivatives. These proved to be pro‐oxidant and cytotoxic in vitro, selectively killing fast‐growing and tumor cells when supplied in the low micromolar range. This suggests the possibility of anticancer applications.
Attitudes Toward Delegation to Presidential Commissions
Authors: Miller David R. , Reeves Andrew
Published: July 2017

We examine attitudes of the pubic toward delegation to presidential commissions. In four survey experiments across a range of contexts, we compare the public response to the creation of a commission to that of a direct presidential action. We find that there is no significant difference in the approval garnered for taking action alone or delegating the decision to a presidential commission. This is true whether this is at the policy formulation stage or implementation stage. Additionally, we do not find that policies formed by commissions are seen as any more effective than those policies formed by the president alone.
Regulatory behavior and frontal activity: Considering the role of revised‐BIS in relative right frontal asymmetry
Authors: Gable Philip A. , Neal Lauren B. , Threadgill A. Hunter
Published: July 2017

Essential to human behavior are three core personality systems: approach, avoidance, and a regulatory system governing the two motivational systems. Decades of research has linked approach motivation with greater relative left frontal‐cortical asymmetry. Other research has linked avoidance motivation with greater relative right frontal‐cortical asymmetry. However, past work linking withdrawal motivation with greater relative right frontal asymmetry has been mixed. The current article reviews evidence suggesting that activation of the regulatory system (revised Behavioral Inhibition System [r‐BIS]) may be more strongly related to greater relative right frontal asymmetry than withdrawal motivation. Specifically, research suggests that greater activation of the r‐BIS is associated with greater relative right frontal activity, and reduced r‐BIS activation is associated with reduced right frontal activity (greater relative left frontal activity). We review evidence examining trait and state frontal activity using EEG, source localization, lesion studies, neuronal stimulation, and fMRI supporting the idea that r‐BIS may be the core personality system related to greater relative right frontal activity. In addition, the current review seeks to disentangle avoidance motivation and r‐BIS as substrates of relative right frontal asymmetry.
Risk Prioritization in the Food Domain Using Deliberative and Survey Methods: Differences between Experts and Laypeople
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Hübner Philipp , Hartmann Christina
Published: July 2017

This study examined how experts and laypeople using both a deliberative and a survey method prioritized 28 hazards related to food and everyday items. To enable them to make deliberative decisions, participants received detailed descriptions of the hazards. The participants prioritized the hazards before and after a group discussion, in which the group's average prioritization was discussed. The rankings of the hazards before and after the group discussion were highly correlated. However, laypeople and experts differed significantly in their rankings for 18 of the 28 hazards. Trust and confidence were important predictors for laypeople's risk rankings. To test the influence of the deliberative method (e.g., providing detailed information about each hazard), data from a second group of laypeople were collected with a no‐information survey. This group did not receive specific information about the hazards. The risk rankings of the laypeople who received information were highly correlated with the risk rankings of laypeople who did not receive information. Overall, the results suggest that deliberative methods of risk‐ranking or no‐information survey methods with no information about hazards provide similar results among laypeople. The conclusion is that government agencies should not only base their risk prioritization on evidence from risk assessments but also need to consider laypeople's hazard rankings. This procedure may result in an efficient and publicly accepted risk management strategy.
Formation of bed‐scale spatial patterns in dolomite abundance during early dolomitization: Part I. Mechanisms and feedbacks revealed by reaction–transport modelling
Authors: Budd David A. , Park Anthony J.
Published: July 2017

Dolomites of varied ages exhibit metre‐scale nested patterns of lateral periodic variation in permeability and porosity and, by inference, dolomite abundance as most examples are 100% dolomite. Two‐dimensional reaction–transport modelling simulations of bed‐scale dolomitization were used to assess whether those patterns in dolomite abundance could form during near‐surface replacement dolomitization. Simulations used a 2 m high and 18 m long model domain, a low‐Mg calcite grainstone precursor and an evaporated Mississippian seawater brine (430 parts per thousand salinity) as the dolomitizing fluid. The domain was initially populated with random variations in porosity and/or grain size. Results reveal that spatial patterns in dolomite abundance emerge when there is as little as 1% dolomite formed, with similarities between the modelled patterns and outcrop‐documented patterns. The nested patterns include a near‐random component that constitutes ≤40% of the total variance, short‐range correlation ranging from 1·5 to 3·3 m and a longer‐range periodic trend with a wavelength up to 6·5 m. The emergence of pattern in dolomite abundance is the result of an autogenic self‐organizing phenomenon. It is triggered by variation in initial calcite reactive surface area that occurs due to the random heterogeneities in initial porosity and/or grain sizes. The pattern develops due to a combination of kinetic disequilibrium reactions (dolomite precipitation and calcite dissolution) and positive feedbacks between dolomite growth, calcite dissolution and fluid flow. Flow is around loci of higher dolomite, lower porosity and higher reactive surface areas, but through loci of lower dolomite, higher porosity and lower reactive surface areas. The resulting less porous/more dolomite and more porous/less dolomite structures at the metre‐scale arise from those localized interactions. This self‐organizing mechanism for pattern formation constitutes a new model for geochemical self‐organization during dolomitization and is the only self‐organization model that is proven applicable to the formation of metre‐scale patterns during early, near‐surface dolomitization.
Association of perceived physical health and physical fitness in two Swedish national samples from 1990 and 2015
Authors: Olsson S. J. G. , Ekblom‐Bak E. , Ekblom B. , Kallings L. V. , Ekblom Ö. , Börjesson M.
Published: July 2017

Perceived health and physical fitness have been shown to correlate, and low levels of either variable increase the risk for future illness and mortality. However, risk factors and their interrelationship may vary between societies and over time. In this study, the associations of physical fitness and perceived health were therefore assessed in two Swedish national samples 25 years apart. Perceived physical health, dichotomized as “good” or “bad,” maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), counter movement jump (CMJ), balance (one‐legged 60 second stance), and self‐reported demographics and lifestyle were recorded in two cross‐sectional samples (sample size, number of eligible participants) of Swedish adults, aged 20‐65 years, in 1990‐1991 (2203, 1365), and 2013‐2015 (3357, 422). The odds for good perceived physical health increased by 5% per mL·kg−1·min−1 of VO2max, 3% per cm CMJ height, and decreased by 4% per 1 time of overbalancing, in both samples. Mutually adjusted regression models showed that perceived physical health was best predicted by VO2max and chronic illness in 1990 and by age, BMI, and educational level in 2015. Conclusion: Perceived physical health was related to physical fitness in two samples of Swedish adults from 1990 and 2015. However, multivariate and mutually adjusted models indicate that the most important covariates of perceived physical health may have changed from VO2max and chronic illness in 1990, to age, BMI, and educational level in 2015.
Kinematic chain‐related risk factors in the development of lower extremity injuries in women: A prospective study
Authors: Verrelst R. , Van Tiggelen D. , De Ridder R. , Witvrouw E.
Published: July 2017

The link between dynamic range of motion (dROM) parameters within the kinematic chain and the development of lower extremity (LE) injury has gained attention; however, very few longitudinal studies have been conducted. Therefore, we wanted to prospectively determine dROM‐related risk factors for the development of LE injury. Within this study, 90 female physical education students aged 19.33±0.87 years were tested. Full‐body kinematic and vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) parameters were measured during a triple hop jump (THJ). Cox regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for the development of LE injury. The injury follow‐up was assessed using a weekly online questionnaire and a tri‐monthly retrospective control questionnaire. Lower extremity injury was diagnosed by an experienced medical doctor. During the follow‐up, 39 percent of the participants were diagnosed with a LE injury. Decreased dROM of the pelvic segment (P=.043) and increased dROM of the knee and ankle joint (P=.041 and P=.028, respectively) in the sagittal plane during landing phase were identified as predictive parameters for the development of LE injury in women. No VGRF parameters were identified as predictive variables. It can be concluded that an altered dROM within the LE kinematic chain was observed within the group at risk for LE injury. More specifically, this group showed reduced proximal dROM that was coupled with increased dROM in the distal segments during a THJ. The THJ can be seen as a practical screening tool for LE injury.
Situating interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap: A framework for recruiting nonconscious processes for behaviour change
Authors: Papies Esther K.
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a situated cognition framework for creating social psychological interventions to bridge the intention–behaviour gap and illustrates this framework by reviewing examples from the domains of health behaviour, environmental behaviour, stereotyping, and aggression. A recurrent problem in behaviour change is the fact that often, intentions are not translated into behaviour, causing the so‐called intention–behaviour gap. Here, it is argued that this happens when situational cues trigger situated conceptualizations, such as habits, impulses, hedonic goals, or stereotypical associations, which can then guide behaviour automatically. To be effective in changing such automatic effects, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change situational cues through cueing interventions such as priming, nudging, upstream policy interventions, or reminders of social norms. Alternatively, behaviour change interventions can attempt to change the underlying situated conceptualizations through training interventions, such as behavioural inhibition training, mindfulness training, or implementation intentions. Examples of situated behaviour change interventions of both types will be discussed across domains, along with recommendations to situate interventions more strongly and thus enhance their effectiveness to change automatic behaviour. Finally, the discussion addresses the difference between tailoring and situating interventions, issues of generalization and long‐term effectiveness, and avenues for further research.
Selves in contact: how integrating perspectives on sociocultural selves and intergroup contact can inform theory and application on reducing inequality
Authors: Brannon Tiffany N. , Taylor Valerie Jones , Higginbotham Gerald D. , Henderson Kyshia
Published: July 2017

Research within cultural psychology and intergroup relations represent two, often separate and distinct, approaches to examining social groups—including outcomes and experiences that define and distinguish group membership and its consequences. Often, social group membership (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, and social class) is tied to persistent and pervasive divides—separations that mark the difference in who attends college, stays in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, and even views personal and societal events (e.g., microaggressions, police‐involved shootings) as involving bias. Addressing such complex and often divisive issues, psychological science has contributed theoretical and applied insights to mitigate social differences and inequalities experienced by historically disadvantaged social groups. The present paper integrates research on cultural psychology and intergroup relations by (a) reviewing empirical findings on sociocultural selves and intergroup contact and (b) considering how merging approaches from these literatures, using a selves in contact framework, can inform and elaborate theoretical perspectives and applications aimed at reducing inequality.
Elementary methods for computation of quartiles
Authors: Žerovnik Janez , Rupnik Poklukar Darja
Published: July 2017

Quartiles are usually introduced early, often in primary school together with box‐and‐whisker plots. Various methods are used, and in lack of explanation in many textbooks at elementary level, this leads to unnecessary confusion. We discuss some elementary methods that are consistent with the most common definition and are also easy to understand.
Non-Invasive Detection of Vortex Street Cavitation
Authors: Botero Francisco  , Castro Peralta Adriana Milena
Published: July 2017

Objective: This paper introduces a methodology for the non-intrusive detection of von Kármán vortex street cavitation. It is based on the cyclostationary analysis of the airborne noise radiated by the collapsing bubbles.

Materials and methods: A hydrodynamic profile is mounted in the test section of a high-speed cavitation tunnel and the phenomenon is reproduced under controlled conditions of flow and pressure. The angle of incidence is kept constant. Flow velocity is varied to regulate the vortex generation frequency and pressure is adjusted to control the cavitation onset. High-speed photography is used to confirm the occurrence of cavitation in the core of the vortices. A laser vibrometer pointing to the upper surface of the profile validates the fluid-structure interaction due to the vortex shedding. A microphone is used to sense the sound produced by the phenomenon and transmitted to the environment.

Results and discussion: The cyclic coherence showed out uncoupled evidence of the periodic detachment of vortices and the presence or absence of cavitation in their cores, reaching values close to 0.7 for specific frequencies.

Conclusion: A non-intrusive monitoring approach along with a statistical indicator were implemented to allow the diagnosis of such phenomena.
Production and characterization of the mechanical and thermal properties of expanded polystyrene with recycled material
Authors: Barrera Castro Gina Paola , Olaya Florez John Jairo , Ocampo Carmona Luz Marina
Published: July 2017

Three materials were made with mixtures of virgin expanded polystyrene (EPS) grade S3 and recycled material from multipurpose EPS packaging. The latter was subjected to washing and grinding in a blade mill, with percentages by weight of recycled material 10, 15, and 20%. The mechanical properties of these materials were evaluated by testing compressive strength and flexural,  impact, and thermal properties using the techniques of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Hot plate and steady state temperature profiles in a non-steady state were simulated with Octave 3.6.4. The results obtained for the three mixtures showed little variation in the properties of compression, impact, glass transition, and thermal diffusivity with respect to the reference material. The regularity of the decline in mass loss as a function of temperature evidences homogeneity in the samples. The flexural strength decreased the maximum failure load compared to the virgin material, and the thermal conductivity exceeded 0.06W/mK, reducing their insulating capacity. These materials can be industrially manufactured in order to produce packaging, caissons, and spheres, among other things.
An sparsity-based approach for spectral image target detection from compressive measurements acquired by the CASSI architecture
Authors: Boada David Alberto
Published: July 2017

Hyperspectral imaging entails data typically spanning hundreds of contiguous wavebands in a certain spectral range. Each spatial point in hyperspectral images is therefore represented by a vector whose entries correspond to the intensity on each spectral band. These images enable object and feature detection, classification, or identification based on their spectral characteristics. Novel architectures have been developed for the acquisition of compressive spectral images with just a few coded aperture focal plane array measurements. This work focuses on the development of a target detection approach in hyperspectral images directly from compressive measurements without first reconstructing the full data cube that represents the real image. Specifically, a sparsity-based target detection model that uses compressive measurement for the detection task is designed and tested using an optimization algorithm. Simulations show that it is possible to perform certain transformations to the dictionaries used in traditional target detection, in order to achieve an accurate image representation in the compressed subspace