bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Final stage of reduction of iron ores by hydrogen
Authors: Fruehan R. J. , Li Y. , Brabie L. , Kim E‐J
Published: May 2005

A high degree of reduction or metallization of products, such as hot briquetted iron (HBI), used in steelmaking is desirable. For many ores it is difficult to achieve this goal because the rate of reduction slows significantly after 70–90% reduction. The present study shows that this happens for several types of ores and oxides because a shell of dense iron forms around wustite grains requiring atomic diffusion of oxygen through iron, for reduction to proceed. This rate is slow because of the low driving force and diffusion coefficient. Examination of the rate equations for gaseous reduction and oxygen diffusion indicate that if the wustite grains are about 1 μm, gaseous reduction will govern the rate up to 95% reduction or greater, but for 2‐μm‐sized grains the rate will slow significantly earlier when atomic diffusion controls the rate. The present work also indicates that if the equilibrium gas pressure at the Fe/FeO exceeds 1 atm, the iron shell may fracture allowing for faster gaseous reduction. Also, annealing or holding the ore at magnetite (Fe3O4) can also cause the rate of reduction to slow at lower degrees of reduction.
How Finsen's light cured lupus vulgaris
Authors: Møller Kirsten Iversen , Kongshoj Brian , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Thomsen Vibeke Ostergaard , Wulf Hans Christian
Published: May 2005

In 1903, Niels Ryberg Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for his invention of light therapy for skin tuberculosis (lupus vulgaris). The mechanism of action has not been shown; thus, we wanted to elucidate the mechanism of Finsen's light therapy. We measured radiation that could be transmitted through his lens systems and absorption of the stain solution filters in the lamps, and related the obtained results to the possible biological effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Judged from transmission characteristics all tested lens systems were glass lenses (absorbing wavelength <340 nm). The tested filters likewise absorbed wavelengths <340 nm. The methylene blue solution used to absorb heat, blocked out wavelengths below 340 nm and between 550 and 700 nm. Furthermore, fluorescence of M. tuberculosis indicated the presence of porphyrins and HPLC analysis of sonicated M. marinum showed that coproporphyrin III was present, which highly justified that porphyrins were present in M. tuberculosis. Production of singlet oxygen through radiation of porphyrins with light of e.g. 400 nm seems to be a most plausible explanation why Finsen's therapy worked in spite of the lack of shortwave ultraviolet radiation, which Finsen believed was the most effective radiation for treating skin tuberculosis.
Physiological Mechanisms of Tumor-Cell Invasion and Migration
Authors: Geho David H. , Bandle Russell W. , Clair Timothy , Liotta Lance A.
Published: May 2005

Recent advances in understanding the complex biology of the microenvironment that underlies tumor invasion and migration have revealed novel and promising therapeutic targets. Pharmacological blockade of intra- and extracellular signaling events that regulate migration and survival of multiple cell types may disrupt the host-tumor conspiracy that allows escape from normal developmental regulation.
In vitro Activity of Linezolid against Staphylococcus aureus: A Population Study
Authors: Rodríguez Juan C. , Ðlvarez José M. , Escribano Isabel , Royo Gloria
Published: May 2005

In our study, we aim to determine the existence of microorganisms that are heteroresistant to linezolid among Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in our setting between 1996 and 2002; during this period, linezolid was not used in clinical practice. There was no resistant subpopulation to 4 mg/l of linezolid in 99.4% of the strains. On the other hand, 16.46% of the strains exhibited resistant subpopulations to 4 µg/ml of vancomycin. However, the emergence of strains resistant to this drug has been described and the emergence of resistant strains should be monitored.
Phase I Trial of Intravenous Cisplatin-Topotecan Chemotherapy for Three Consecutive Days in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors: Parallel Topotecan Escalation in Two Fixed Platinum Dosing Schemes
Authors: Pentheroudakis G. , Briasoulis E. , Karavassilis V. , Mauri D. , Tzamakou E. , Rammou D. , Pavlidis N.
Published: May 2005

Purpose: We performed a phase I study of two fixed dosing schemes of cisplatin, a DNA cross-linker, with intravenous escalating topotecan, a DNA-topoisomerase I inhibitor. Experimental Design: 40 patients with advanced solid tumors received intravenous cisplatin at a fixed dose of either 25 mg/m2 (schedule A) or 20 mg/m2 (schedule B) daily for 3 days with standard hydration. Topotecan escalation proceeded in 0.75, 0.90, 1.0, 1.15 mg/m2 cohorts in schedule A and 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 mg/m2 cohorts in schedule B, administered intravenously at the end of cisplatin infusion daily for 3 days, repeated every 3 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) consisted of protracted grade IV neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, grade IV thrombocytopenia and any grade III/IV non-hematological toxicity. Epoetin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support was allowed on severe myeloablation. Endpoints were the identification of maximal tolerated dose (MTD), DLT and other toxicity. Results: The MTD was reached in cohort 25/1.15 mg/m2 in schedule A and 20/1.2 mg/m2 in schedule B. All DLT seen consisted of three episodes of febrile neutropenia and two of grade IV thrombocytopenia in schedule A, with three episodes of febrile neutropenia and one of protracted neutropenia in schedule B. Myelosuppression was substantial in all cohorts despite granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and epoetin support, peaked on the third week of treatment and resulted in administration of chemotherapy at a median of every 4 weeks. Non-hematologic toxicity was mild. The response rate was 51% with seven complete responses occurring in patients with ovarian cancer, small cell and non-small cell lung cancer and cancer of unknown primary. The recommended dose was 20/ 1.1 mg/m2 for cisplatin and topotecan on schedule B, as the number of responses and administered topotecan dose were higher in schedule B recommended dose with lower cisplatin dose, minimizing problems of nephrotoxicity and vomiting. Conclusions: The schedule B daily cisplatin-topotecan × 3 combination with secondary cytokine support is associated with promising activity and schedule convenience. However, substantial myelosuppression undermines its applicability in the palliative setting, stressing the need for less toxic regimens.
Effects of Simvastatin on Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: A Role for Glomeruli Protection
Authors: Zhu Bin , Shen Hanchao , Zhou Junfu , Lin Feili , Hu Ying
Published: May 2005

Aims: To study the effects of simvastatin on oxidative stress in rats with early stage diabetic nephropathy. Methods: 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control group (CN), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats group (DM) and STZ-induced diabetic rats group treated with simvastatin (DM+S). The following parameters were measured at weeks 6 and 12 in similar rats chosen randomly from each group: body and kidney weight, 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (UAE), biochemical indexes including blood glucose (GLU), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), serum creatinine (SCr), antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) in plasma, lipid peroxidation production as malondialdehyde in plasma (MDAp) and erythrocytes (MDAe), morphology parameters such as glomerular volume (GV) and mesangial area/total glomerular area (M/T). Results: At weeks 6 and 12, GLU and kidney weight to body weight ratio were notably increased in both of the diabetic groups compared with those in the CN group without significant differences between the two diabetic groups. There were no significant differences of SCr, LDL, HDL and TG among all groups within all the experimental time. MDAp and MDAe were significantly increased in both of the diabetic groups, especially at week 12, while SOD, GST and CAT were significantly decreased compared with those in the CN group. At week 12, GV, M/T and UAE were also increased in the two diabetic groups. However, in the DM+S group, changes of lipid peroxidation production, antioxidant enzymes, UAE and GV were less pronounced than those in the DM group. Pearson’s correlation analysis and regression analysis shown that MDAp was increased while SOD, GST and CAT in plasma were decreased with elevation of UAE, GV and M/T. Conclusion: Increased lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes in plasma may play a role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Simvastatin may ameliorate these changes to protect kidney from oxidative lesion in diabetes even in the absence of lipid abnormalities.
Relationship between peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and chronic Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae infection
Authors: Gutiérrez José , de Dios Luna Juan , Linares José , Rosario Montes María del , Quesada Emilia , Rojas Almudena , Sorlozano Antonio , Soto María
Published: May 2005

We carried out a meta-analysis of observational case-control studies published before May 2004 to assess the degree of association between Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cp) infection and PAOD. A search of the Medline database was performed using atherosclerosis and "Chlamyd* pneumoniae" as keywords. Strict criteria were applied for the selection of case studies, which had to be studies of Cp seroprevalence or of Cp detection in patients versus controls. Forty-three published studies that met these criteria were selected. An association between PAOD and Cp was revealed by immunohistochemical analysis (OR=15.4, 95%CI=5.0–46.9) and nested PCR studies of arterial biopsies (OR=4.3, 95%CI=1.8–10), by PCR study of non-arterial samples (OR=2.9, 95%CI=1.2–7.0), by other direct-detection tests (OR=16.7, 95%CI=7.0–39.8), and by ELISA and MIF tests to detect high IgG (OR=2, 95%CI=1.1–3.5 and OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.0–2.9, respectively) and IgA (OR=1.9, 95%CI=1.1–3.4 and OR=1.5, 95%CI=1.1–2.0, respectively) titers. No significant association was found in simple PCR studies of arterial biopsies, MIF tests to detect low IgG titers or IgM, or ELISA studies to detect IgM. According to this review, the association between Cp infection and PAOD depends on the analytical method adopted. Establishing a relationship between Cp and PAOD will require a case-control study with an adequate number of cases and samples that uses a combination of direct and indirect techniques to identify the presence of the bacterium in different types of sample from the same subjects, correlating the results with the activity of the disease.
The Role of Information in Uganda’s Reduction of HIV/AIDS: individual perceptions of HIV/AIDS information
Authors: Albright Kendra S. , Kawooya Dick
Published: May 2005

The prevalence of AIDS in Uganda has decreased from 18.5 percent in 1995 to less than 6 percent in 2003. A multisectoral strategy to disseminate HIV/AIDS information throughout society has been credited, in part, for this success. This paper presents the results of interviews with individuals regarding their knowledge of AIDS from different sources of information. The results suggest that personal sources of information through informal channels most likely contributed to behavioral change. With the exception of information transmitted via radio, information and communication technologies (ICTs) were not considered to play an important role in the dissemination of HIV/AIDS information.
Income-generating Activities and Sources of Information of Rural Women in Botswana
Authors: Mooko Neo Patricia
Published: May 2005

Reports on a qualitative study designed to investigate the sources of income and the sources of information used by the women residing in three small villages in Botswana. An interview schedule was used as the data collection instrument. The subjects of the study were married women and single women who were heads of households. They were chosen for study because of the diverse roles they play in the family. The main sources of income for the women were home-based businesses, monetary gifts and old age pensions. The main sources of information related to their income-generating activities were agricultural demonstrators, friends, relatives, neighbors and women’s organizations. The sources of information were limited largely due the low literacy rates among adult females. Women lacked basic training in how to manage their businesses and skills.
Resource Sharing Services and Constraints in Selected Seventh-day Adventists University Libraries in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Adeogun Margaret
Published: May 2005

Examines reasons why resource sharing is important to Seventh-day Adventist university libraries in Africa. It examines scientifically the resource sharing practices that are unique to each library selected for the study. It also examined the constraints of resource sharing as experienced by the librarians, students and teaching staff of each university. In conclusion, it provides recommendations that will help each library to have greater access to information resources.
Trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine as partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors assessed by [35S]GTPγS binding
Authors: Odagaki Yuji , Toyoshima Ryoichi , Yamauchi Toshio
Published: May 2005

Trazodone is an effective antidepressant drug with a broad therapeutic spectrum, including anxiolytic efficacy. Although trazodone is usually referred to as a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, this pharmacological effect appears to be too weak to fully account for its clinical effectiveness. The present study aimed to elucidate the agonist properties of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine ( m-CPP), at 5-HT1A receptors by means of the guanosine-5′- O-(3-[35S]thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding assay. In membranes prepared from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human 5-HT1A receptors (CHO/h5-HT1A), trazodone behaved as an almost full agonist and m-CPP was also a highly efficacious partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors. The intrinsic activities of both compounds were higher than those of tandospirone and buspirone, which are clinically effective anxiolytics with well-known 5-HT1A partial agonist properties. These effects were replicated in the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated [35S]GTPγS binding assay in native rat brain membranes (at least in hippocampal membranes), although the intrinsic activities of the compounds were low and differently ranked compared to those in CHO/h5-HT1A cell membranes. When considering the implications of 5-HT1A receptors in anxiety and/or depression, as well as the clinical effectiveness of azapirone anxiolytics with partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist properties such as buspirone, it is possible that the agonist effects on 5-HT1A receptors of trazodone and its active metabolite m-CPP presented in this study contribute, at least in part, to the clinical efficacy of the atypical antidepressant trazodone.
Worker Insecurity and U.S. Macroeconomic Performance During the 1990s
Authors: Setterfield Mark
Published: May 2005

A model of macroeconomic outcomes is developed in which money and aggregate demand matter, inflation is the outcome of conflicting nominal income claims, and institutions create relatively enduring “conditional closures” in otherwise open macroeconomic processes. This model is used to hypothesize that U.S. macroeconomic performance during the late 1990s resulted from a combination of relaxed monetary policy and the consolidation of institutional changes in the U.S. labor market that, by the late 1990s, rendered workers' employment and income prospects insecure. Empirical results confirm that increased worker insecurity contributes to explaining U.S. inflation since 1973, and that by the 1990s, the inflation costs of any given rate of unemployment in the United States had been reduced. It is suggested that the supply side of the U.S. economy may now be capable of sustaining low unemployment and inflation outcomes, primarily as a result of labor market institutions that have “zapped” U.S. labor.
“A Most Refreshing Dose of Sanity”: Sidney Pollard's Economic History
Authors: Renton David
Published: May 2005

Sidney Pollard was a labor historian who pioneered the study of economic management in history and the understanding of the economic processes by which regions are formed. This article addresses three key moments in his work: his early studies of the genesis of industrial management, his later interest in the reasons for Britain's relative economic decline, and finally those passages in which Pollard attempted to relate his interests to the history of economic thought. The article concludes by arguing that Pollard is distinguished from other writers, such as Harry Braverman, who addressed similar themes, first by a greater empiricism and second by a greater debt to pre-Marxist socialist theories, including those of Fourier and Saint-Simon.
Postoperative Care Following Pituitary Surgery
Authors: Dumont Aaron S. , Nemergut Edward C. , Jane John A. , Laws Edward R.
Published: May 2005

Patients undergoing surgery for pituitary tumors represent a heterogeneous population each with unique clinical, biochemical, radiologic, pathologic, neurologic, and/or ophthalmologic considerations. The postoperative management of patients following pituitary surgery often occurs in the context of a dynamic state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axis. Consequently, a significant component of the postoperative care of these patients focuses on vigilant screening and observation for neuroendocrinologic perturbations such as varying degrees of hypopituitarism and disorders of water balance (diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone). Additionally, one must be cognizant of other potential complications specific to the transsphenoidal approach for tumor removal including cerebrospinal fluid leakage and meningitis. This review addresses the postoperative management of patients undergoing pituitary surgery with an emphasis on careful screening and recognition of complications.
Role of the Interventional Pulmonologist in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wahidi Momen M. , Ernst Armin
Published: May 2005

Interventional pulmonology is a new field within the pulmonary and critical care medicine specialty with a focus on invasive diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in airway and pleural disorders. The interventional pulmonologist is highly qualified to take a prominent role in the intensive care unit in a consultative fashion to provide assistance with pleural procedures, establishment and care of artificial airways, and management of patients with respiratory failure attributable to structural central airway disorders. The presence of a dedicated operator with advanced skills facilitates access to specialized procedures in an expeditious and safe manner. Clear communication between the interventional pulmonologist and intensivist is vital to ensure a collaborative effort that delivers optimal patient care.
Outcome of Morbid Obesity in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Yaegashi Makito , Jean Raymonde , Zuriqat Muqdad , Noack Sigrid , Homel Peter
Published: May 2005

This was a retrospective chart review of consecutive obese patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit. Patients were divided into 2 groups: mild to moderately obese (group 1, body mass index =30-40 kg/m2) and morbidly obese (group 2, body mass index >40 kg/m2). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Morbidly obese patients (group 2) had higher rates of mortality and nursing home admission. They also showed higher rates of intensive care unit complications including sepsis, nosocomial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, catheter infection, tracheostomy, and acute renal failure. Their median length of mechanical ventilation was longer (2 days, range 2-12 vs 9 days, range 1-37, P = .009). In a logistic regression analysis, morbid obesity remained a significant predictor of death or disposition to nursing home even after controlling for age ( P = .019, odds ratio = 7.60, 95% confidence interval = 1.39-41.6). Morbidly obese patients (body mass index >40 kg/m2) admitted to intensive care units have higher rates of mortality, nursing home admission, and intensive care unit complications and have longer stays in the intensive care unit and time on mechanical ventilation.
Fatal Rapidly Progressive Interstitial Pneumonitis Associated With Amyopathic Dermatomyositis and CD8 T Lymphocytes
Authors: Yokoyama Toshinobu , Sakamoto Teruo , Shida Norihiko , Kinoshita Masaharu , Kunou Yoshifumi , Karukaya Ritsuko , Takamatsu Manabu , Aizawa Hisamichi
Published: May 2005

A patient with amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with fatal rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonitis resistant to therapy is described. Pathologic examination of a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen showed diffuse alveolar damage and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia-organizing pneumonia-like findings. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contained many CD8+ lymphocytes, considered to be cytotoxic T cells. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in this case may provide prognostically and pathogenetically important information.
Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicology
Authors: Hedge Matthew
Published: May 2005

Calcium channel blockers are commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications in the United States and as such are a common presenting ingestion. The pharmacology and mechanism of action of this class of drugs will be discussed. The clinical presentation and therapeutic options will be reviewed.
Current Controversies in Gastrointestinal Decontamination
Authors: Clements Elizabeth A. , Shaskos Jamie B.
Published: May 2005

Most poisonings reported to American poison control centers occur in the home. The most common route of exposure is ingestion, which is responsible for most fatalities. The goal of gastrointestinal decontamination is to prevent absorption of the toxin. Trends in treating poisoned patients have changed over the past few decades in light of a move toward practicing evidence-based medicine. Efficacy and clinical outcome have come into question and have led to position papers published recently regarding syrup of ipecac, gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and whole-bowel irrigation. These different methods of decontamination and the scientific data supporting each one will be reviewed, and the current controversies surrounding each will be discussed.
Race, culture and psychiatry: a history of transcultural psychiatry
Authors: Bains Jatinder
Published: May 2005

The term ‘transcultural psychiatry’ has encompassed changing notions of race, culture and psychiatry and, as a result, it is a difficult concept to define. For a long time psychiatrists and social scientists have been commenting on how the psyches and psychiatric illnesses differ in non-White populations. However, transcultural psychiatry was not created as a distinct discipline until after World War II. This article will attempt to tell the story of transcultural psychiatry, charting its genesis in the aftermath of World War II, and then go on to describe how it has taken different forms in response to developments within psychiatry and wider sociocultural changes.
On the fantastic apparitions of vision by Johannes Müller
Authors: Berrios G. E.
Published: May 2005

The history of the construction of the concept of hallucination remains biased in favour of the French contribution. Important to this history are the first 30 years of the nineteenth century for it was then that it was decided that hallucinations were: (1) primary disorders of perception; (2) the same class of phenomena, regardless of the sense modality in which they occurred; (3) generated by stimulation of brain regions related to perception and hence were mechanical responses with no semantic or informational import; and (4) medical problems.

In 1826 Johannes Müller published a book on the fantastic phenomena of vision. Therein he proposed new rules for the description and explanation of hallucinations. Although published after Purkinje’s books on an analogous theme, and after Esquirol’s entry for the Panckoucke dictionary, Müller’s book served as one of the foundations for the new nineteenth-century speculative physiology and physiopathology of hallucinations. This way of conceptualizing these phenomena was to culminate in the irritation model proposed by Tamburini in the 1880s. This paper justifies the choice of Müller’s book as a classic text, provides biographical data about its author, and places the book in its historical context.
The Missing Dialogue between Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty: On the Importance of the Zollikon Seminars
Authors: Aho Kevin A.
Published: May 2005

Heidegger’s failure to discuss ‘the body’ in Being and Time has generated a cottage industry of criticism. In his recently translated Zollikon Seminars, Heidegger provides a response to the critics by offering a thematic account of the body that is strikingly similar to Merleau-Ponty’s account in Phenomenology of Perception. In this article, I draw on the parallels between these two texts in order to see how Heidegger’s neglect of the body affects his early project of fundamental ontology and to determine whether or not an account of the body is necessary to complete the project. I defend Heidegger by suggesting that any analysis of the body is ‘ontic’ or regional and is made possible only on the basis of Dasein, understood as a public ‘clearing’ ( Lichtung) or ‘there’ ( Da) of intelligibility that determines in advance the way things emerge-into-presence as the kinds of things that they are. Heidegger’s core concern in Being and Time is to unearth the essential, ‘ontological-existential’, structures of Dasein that make it possible for us to begin regional investigations into the problem of the body in the first place.
Schools as social and learning communities: Scotland and Norway
Authors: Wrigley Terry , Lofsnaes Nina Fjeld
Published: May 2005

This article reports on a pilot study examining the possible impact of the very different structures of Scottish and Norwegian schools. It compares the situation in Scotland, as in other parts of the UK, where lower secondary classes normally have 12–15 teachers, each for one to three hours, and the Norwegian school, where a team of five or six teachers is attached to a year group, providing for the pupils’1personal needs and social development as well as the academic curriculum. It seeks to relate these different structures to a greater level of trust and connectedness between Norwegian pupils and teachers, as well as the pupils’ sense of personal efficacy.
Histories, Logics and Politics: An Interview with Mark Bevir
Authors: Stow Simon
Published: May 2005

Although he has written extensively on a broad array of topics, Mark Bevir is most famous for his influential and controversial book The Logic of the History of Ideas (Cambridge University Press, 1999). In a wide-ranging interview, Bevir responds to a number of criticisms and mischaracterizations of the book, clarifies his aims in writing it, and identifies his relationship of his postfoundationalism to both analytical and continental philosophy. Additionally, Bevir articulates a hitherto unexpected ethical dimension to the work, suggesting that it seeks to provide for a philosophy of the human sciences that incorporates those capacities for agency and reasoning that make us fully human and are thus deserving of respect. As such, he connects the book to the broader web of moral and political beliefs that underpin his work as a whole.
Development of a Worry Questionnaire for Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Hertzsprung Emerenciana A. , Konnert Candace , Brinker Jaylene
Published: May 2005

This paper describes a new measure, the Worry Questionnaire for Nursing Home Residents (WQNHR), designed to assess the frequency of specific worries. It was administered to 67 residents. Psychometric evaluation showed an average item-to-total correlation of 0.20 (range = 0.15 to 0.58), an internal consistency estimate of 0.79, and a test-re-test reliability coefficient of 0.80. The WQNHR showed good convergent validity with other measures of worry obtained from residents, good discriminant validity with measures of health, but poor discriminant validity with self-ratings of depression. Psychometric results also indicated that the WQNHR performed better for residents with higher cognitive functioning. In addition, a collateral form (WQNHR-C) was administered to family or friends; however, it was not significantly correlated with the WQNHR. Overall, the WQNHR is a promising screening instrument for assessing worry in nursing home residents.
The Overseas Service Veteran At Home Pilot: How Choice of Care May Affect Use of Nursing Home Beds and Waiting Lists
Authors: Pedlar David , Walker John
Published: May 2005

In 1999 Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC) implemented the Overseas Service Veterans (OSV) At Home Pilot Project in response to the problem that a growing number of clients were on waiting lists for beds in long-term care facilities. The At Home pilot offered certain clients on waiting lists, who met nursing-level care and military-service requirements, access to home care and treatment services for which they had previously been ineligible. A review of the pilot showed that a large majority of clients preferred to remain at home, with support, rather than accept a long-term care placement, even when a bed became available. The pilot has helped reduce waiting times for nursing home beds and may have important implications for reducing costs and the demand for long-term care beds.
Victor W. Marshall, Walter R. Heinz, Helga Kruger, and Anil Verma (Eds.). Restructuring Work and the Life Course. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: May 2005

Cette collection d'essais donne un aperçu des transitions professionnelles qui influent sur le trajet de vie, et traite également de problèmes liés au sexe, aux liens familiaux et à l'éducation. Le but de cet ouvrage est de présenter des approches interculturelles sur les diverses transitions ponctuant le trajet de vie. Les principaux thèmes examinés sont : premièrement, les facteurs qui influencent l'entrée sur le marché du travail; deuxièmement, les transitions qui marquent le passage de la vie professionnelle à la retraite; troisièmement, les relations existant entre les orientations personnelles et les contextes structurels au sein desquels s'inscrivent les biographies. Les essais forment un ensemble de travaux de recherche quantitative et qualitative, où abondent les contributions du secteur de la politique sociale. L'ouvrage présentera un intérêt particulier pour les chercheurs qui s'intéressent au trajet de vie et les décideurs.
Time, Story, and Wisdom: Emerging Themes in Narrative Gerontology
Authors: Randall William L. , Kenyon Gary M.
Published: May 2005

Narrative approaches in the field of aging are receiving increasing attention by theorists and practitioners alike. This article draws on recent thinking innarrative gerontologyto look at three aspects of aging on which a narrative perspective can shed further light. In relation to thetemporalaspects, the notion ofstorytimeis examined. Concerning itspoeticalaspects, the article considers the stages, styles, genres, contexts, and selves of self-storying. Underspiritualaspects, the topics of meaning and identity are explored. A discussion of these aspects may be seen to converge on the theme ofwisdomand the possibility ofwisdom environments.
Miracle Magazine in the Sixties: Mass Media Narratives of Healings and Blessings
Authors: Baker Ronald L.
Published: May 2005

This article examines typical narratives of healings and blessings that appeared in Miracle Magazine during the 1960s under evangelist editor A. A. Allen to show how mass media preachers exploit folk beliefs. The testimonies in Miracle Magazine included, among other miracles, accounts of exorcizing bosom serpents, miracle fillings, supernatural healings of invalids, divine cures of cancer, and blessings received for pledging money to Allen's ministry. Features in the magazine also dealt with visions, divine voices, prophecies, and the evils of other evangelists and denominations. Studying these printed narratives, as Linda Dégh suggests, "opens an untrodden path" for folk narrative scholars.
"Celebrating Arabs": Tracing Legend and Rumor Labyrinths in Post-9/11 Detroit
Authors: Langlois Janet L
Published: May 2005

This article examines one instance of a widely spread rumor (incipient legend) circulated via e-mail in northwest Detroit that Arab employees at a Middle Eastern restaurant cheered when they saw television footage of the planes crashing into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. It argues that rumor and legend scholars, especially those examining alternative communication paths including Internet transmission, should work to retain the complexity of performance-oriented studies in their comparative analyses. It takes "the middle road" in building a case for examining, whenever possible, the complex intertwining of localized and globalized "folkloric space" for readings that are richly textured and evocative of a variety of social conditions.
Ostensive Healing: Pilgrimage to the San Antonio Ghost Tracks
Authors: Lindahl Carl
Published: May 2005

Linda Dégh's concept of ostension—the process through which people enact legend—has been generally applied to criminal activities, yet there is substantial evidence that ostension can also transcend horror and inspire a sense of wonder in those who bring legends to life. One legend-teller's account of a group "pilgrimage" to a legend site in San Antonio, Texas, reveals the complexity and depth of her community's relationship with the supernatural. The haunted railroad crossing, often simply a "gravity hill" phenomenon when experienced or narrated by non-Hispanics, becomes for one narrator and many members of her Mexican-American community a site where beliefs concerning the dead, the innocence of children, and the necessity of reverent behavior intertwine as legend-trippers both imitate and interact with the ghostly victims of a railroad-crossing wreck.
Image-Thinking and the Understanding of "Being": The Psychological Basis of Linguistic Expression
Authors: Yuasa Yasuo , Nagatomo Shigenori , Fasan Jacques
Published: May 2005

This essay investigates why and how East Asian thought, particularly Chinese thought, has traditionally developed differently from that of Western philosophy by examining the linguistic differences discerned in the Chinese language and Western languages. To accomplish this task, it focuses on the understanding of "being" that relates to the theoretical thinking of the West and the image-thinking of East Asia, while providing a psychological basis for the latter.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Mediates Neurotoxin-Induced Degradation of the Transcription Factor Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Wang Xuemin , Gong Xiaoming , Tong Ming , Park David , Xia Zhengui , Mao Zixu
Published: May 2005

Regulation of the process of neuronal death plays a central role both during development of the CNS and in adult brain. The transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) plays a critical role in neuronal survival. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) mediates neurotoxic effects by phosphorylating and inhibiting MEF2. How Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation reduces MEF2 transactivation activity remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which Cdk5, in conjunction with caspase, inhibits MEF2. Using primary cerebellar granule neuron as a model, our investigation reveals that neurotoxicity induces destabilization of MEF2s in neurons. Destabilization of MEF2 is caused by an increase in caspase-dependent cleavage of MEF2. This cleavage event requires nuclear activation of Cdk5 activity. Phosphorylation by Cdk5 alone is sufficient to promote degradation of MEF2A and MEF2D by caspase-3. In contrast to MEF2A and MEF2D, MEF2C is not phosphorylated by Cdk5 after glutamate exposure and, therefore, resistant to neurotoxin-induced caspase-dependent degradation. Consistently, blocking Cdk5 or enhancing MEF2 reduced toxin-induced apoptosis. These findings define an important regulatory mechanism that for the first time links prodeath activities of Cdk5 and caspase. The convergence of Cdk5 phosphorylation-dependent caspase-mediated degradation of nuclear survival factors exemplified by MEF2 may represent a general process applicable to the regulation of other survival factors under diverse neurotoxic conditions.
Variation in an Annual Movement Cycle of Flathead Catfish within and between Two Missouri Watersheds
Authors: Vokoun Jason C. , Rabeni Charles F.
Published: May 2005

Flathead catfish from the main stems of the Grand River and Cuivre River were implanted with 400-d radio transmitters to determine an annual movement cycle. Substantial variation was observed within and between watersheds. Flathead catfish displayed annual movement that consisted of three main periods punctuated by brief migrations. The first, a period of overwintering was followed by migration from wintering areas in early spring, followed in turn by the prespawn/spawning period, which is characterized by increased activity, including longer movements (up to 187.6 km) during spates. After another short migration period came a third period of postspawn summer/fall restricted movement, which was followed by fall migration back to overwintering areas. Within this framework, individual fish displayed at least three variations of this annual pattern. Some individuals entered Grand River and Cuivre River watersheds during the prespawn/spawning period only, returning to the Missouri River or the Mississippi River during summer/fall, overwintering there, and reentering the tributary the following spring. Other individuals entered tributary watersheds for the prespawn/spawning period and remained there for the summer/fall period, returning to the big rivers to overwinter. In the Grand River, all individuals moved downstream (9–45 km) to the Missouri River and overwintered. Finally, some individuals in Cuivre River remained throughout the year, migrating short distances within the river to spawn, feed, and overwinter. The finding that fish were harvested at locations tens of kilometers from the areas where they spent considerable time suggests a larger scale for management than has previously been proposed.
The Substitutability of One Type of Fishing for Another
Authors: Sutton Stephen G. , Ditton Robert B.
Published: May 2005

We investigated the willingness of saltwater anglers in Florida and Texas to substitute other types of fishing for the type of fishing they most preferred. Anglers were asked if there was a suitable substitute for their most preferred species and, if so, what species would provide them with the same satisfaction and enjoyment as their most preferred species at the same cost. Most anglers (86%) reported that other species would provide acceptable substitutes for their preferred species and were able to identify acceptable substitutes from a list of common saltwater species in Texas and Florida. Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of demographic and fishing participation variables on willingness to substitute. Willingness to substitute was positively related to years of education and negatively related to age and the importance placed on trophy-seeking experiences. Also, females were more willing to substitute than males. Results suggest that for some species substitution behavior in response to biologically or managerially imposed constraints on fishing activity could result in increased effort for other species in the saltwater fisheries of Texas and Florida.
Reactions of Silicon Atoms with Cyanogen: Generation and Matrix‐Spectroscopic Identification of Five C2N2Si Isomers
Authors: Maier Günther , Reisenauer Hans Peter
Published: May 2005

The reactions of silicon atoms with cyanogen 12 in an argon matrix at 10 K have been studied. In the initial step a triplet n adduct T‐13 is formed between a silicon atom and 12. The next step needs photochemical activation. Long‐wavelength irradiation yields 3‐cyanoazasilacyclopropenylidene 14, which upon irradiation with 254 nm light is transformed into three isomeric silylenes: dicyanosilylene 15, cyano(isocyano)silylene 16, and di(isocyano)silylene 17. The structural elucidation of all new species is based on comparison of the experimentally obtained IR and UV/Vis spectra with the results of density functional theory calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Some Properties of Aryl‐ and Aryloxy‐Substituted Phthalocyanines and Their Metal Complexes: A Comparison with Porphyrazine and Naphthalocyanine Analogues
Authors: Vagin Sergej , Hanack Michael
Published: May 2005

On the basis of new results from a study with more phthalocyanines, the assignments of some 13C NMR signals of the two phthalocyanines, given in Figure 5 of the original article,[1] must be changed. Thus, signals assigned as 3, 7 and 6 for compound 7b should be assigned as 7, 6 and 3, respectively. Similarly, for compound 7a the assignment of 3 and 7 should be inverted.
Transferrin receptor co‐localizes and interacts with the hemochromatosis factor (HFE) and the divalent metal transporter‐1 (DMT1) in trophoblast cells
Authors: Gruper Yaron , Bar Jacob , Bacharach Eran , Ehrlich Rachel
Published: May 2005

Iron uptake and storage are tightly regulated to guarantee sufficient iron for essential cellular processes and to prevent the production of damaging free radicals. The placenta is the entry site for iron, which is delivered to the developing embryo. Iron is taken up by syncytiotrophoblast cells and is transported unidirectionally from mother to fetus against a concentration gradient. Several iron transporters and regulators were recently characterized, including DMT1 and ferroportin/Ireg1 that transport iron through membranes, and HFE that regulates TfR‐mediated iron uptake. In this study we demonstrate that in a differentiated choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo, HFE, and TfR are localized mainly in recycling endosomes and a small percentage of these complexes is observed in late endosomes with DMT1 while in trophoblast cells, the level of TfR is significantly lower and it is detected with HFE and DMT1 mainly in late endosomes. Most interestingly, TfR and HFE, as well as TfR and DMT1 interact in placental trophoblast cells. Based on previous and these data we suggest that the level of intracellular iron may regulate both TfR expression (on the post‐transcriptional and the post‐translational levels) and TfR trafficking/transcytosis in polarized cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Proteomics Initiative
Authors: Schachte Margaret
Published: May 2005

No abstracts.
Lower bounds to the Weizsäcker energy
Authors: Marmorino M. G.
Published: May 2005

Gram determinants can be used to obtain lower bounds to the Weizsäcker energy for an N‐particle density using expectation values of a wide variety of functions of position. This work focuses on expectation values of radial moments to easily derive many previous bounds and some new bounds and to show that improved bounds are easily obtained by increasing the size of the determinant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Principles of antimicrobial prophylaxis
Authors: Burdon Douglas W.
Published: May 2005

The most important principle in surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is to ensure high blood levels of antibiotic at the time of anticipated wound contamination. This is best achieved by intravenous administration commenced at the time of induction of anesthesia. The continued efficacy of prophylaxis depends on the implementation of policies that minimize the opportunities for bacteria to acquire resistance to antibiotics. Prophylaxis should, therefore, be used judiciously and restricted to operations for which it is of established benefit. These are mainly operations in which a viscus colonized by bacteria is opened and in which bacterial contamination is unavoidable. Prophylaxis is also used for certain cardiovascular and orthopedic implant operations in which septic complications are a major threat to a successful outcome and to the life of the patient. The choice of antibiotic should be based on knowledge of the bacterial species likely to contaminate the wound and cause infection. The duration of prophylaxis should be short, and should not be extended beyond the minimum period known to be effective. Controlled trials have established that a single dose of antibiotic is sufficient for many operative procedures and that there is no benefit in prolonging prophylaxis beyond the period when the open wound is exposed to bacterial contamination.
The microbiology of postoperative bacteremia
Authors: Eykyn Susannah J.
Published: May 2005

The results of a 10‐year prospective survey of postoperative bacteremia are presented. The majority of episodes of bacteremia occurred after urological instrumentation or gastrointestinal operations. Most episodes of bacteremia were due to aerobic gram‐negative organisms, principallyEscherichia coli.Bacteremia carried an overall mortality rate of 29%, but this was much higher (59%) in patients with bacteremic shock. In view of the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates from blood cultures in this series, a combination of gentamicin and ampicillin is still advised for therapy. More important, perhaps, is the prevention of this complication by appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis in urological and gastrointestinal surgery.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in urology and transplantation
Authors: Chisholm Geoffrey D.
Published: May 2005

The main source of infection in urological practice is from the presence of an indwelling catheter. The risk of catheteracquired infection is determined by the duration of catheterization, the adequacy of free drainage, and the efficiency of the closed drainage system. Many catheter‐acquired infections are due to multiresistant strains ofEscherichia coli, Klebsiella sp.,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., and Providentia sp. Antibiotic prophylaxis has no place in the prevention of catheter‐acquired infections, and prophylaxis should be achieved by scrupulous aseptic technique and reducing the duration of drainage. The problems of catheters in the paraplegic are discussed. Septicemia and endotoxemia are the most feared complications of cystoscopy and retropubic prostatectomy if the urinary tract is infected and of transrectal biopsy of the prostate. For this reason, antibiotic cover is generally advised for these procedures.

Sepsis is still a major cause of death in patients who have received a renal transplant. These infections are not only bacterial, but viral, protozoal, and fungal. The severity and frequency of these infections have been reduced by less aggressive immunosuppression. There is probably a place for perioperative antibiotic cover, but long‐term antibiotics should be avoided.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in appendectomy patients
Authors: Gottrup Finn , Hunt Thomas K.
Published: May 2005

Infection commonly follows removal of the gangrenous or perforated appendix. However, if the appendix is normal or simply acutely inflamed, the rate of infection is low. The organisms most frequently isolated from the wound after appendectomy are Bacteroides (especiallyB. fragilis) andEscherichia coli. A combination of chemoprophylaxis effective against these 2 groups of organisms is the most rational choice of antimicrobial cover. Such antimicrobial cover should be given to all patients with a gangrenous or perforated appendix and to all other patients with appendicitis who have compromised immune systems. Prophylaxis is probably unnecessary in patients with a normal immune system who present with uncomplicated appendicitis.