bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of a New Variant in Outbreak of Bovine Ephemeral Fever in Turkey, 2020
Authors: Arserim Neval Berrin , Gürçay Metin , Sait Ahmed , Türkdoğan Mustafa
Published: January 2022

Background: In this study, partial nucleotide sequence analysis of the G gene was performed for the molecular characterization of the virus that caused the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) epidemic in Turkey in 2020. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences was performed with the virus nucleotide sequences of the epidemics seen in 2008 and 2012. These sequences were announced in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of these nucleotide sequences was performed with the virus nucleotide sequences of the epidemics seen in 2008 and 2012. Methods: The study was conducted in dairy cattle holdings located in Diyarbakır Sur, Çınar and Dicle regions in South-eastern Turkey in August-November 2020. The number of animals in the holdings consisted of 750 (n=750), 150 (n=150) and 200 (n=200) cattle, respectively. Result: Severe respiratory symptoms and high mortality in the affected animals were notable symptoms. As a result of the phylogenetic analysis, it was determined that the virus that caused the epidemic in Turkey in 2020 was formed by a new variant in the Turkey-2 group, which was similar to the Indian isolates, unlike the Turkey-1 group, which was close to the Middle East variants in 2008 and 2012 isolates.
Effect of Mulching on Growth and Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on the Coastal Sandy Land in Nghe An Province, Vietnam
Authors: Minh Tran Xuan , Thanh Nguyen Cong , Thin Tran Hau , Giang Nguyen Thi Huong , Tieng Nguyen Thi
Published: January 2022

Background: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the oil and cash crops in Vietnam. However, owing to the lack of appropriate management practices, the production and the area under cultivation of peanut have remained low. Mulches are the key factors contributing to promoting crop development and early harvest and increasing yields. Methods: The experiment consisted of three mulch treatments, viz., plastic mulch, straw mulch and no-mulch control. All the treatments were replicated thrice in a complete randomized block design. Result: In the conditions of mulch, the plant growth parameters (germination rate, growing time, plant height, number of branches per plant), leaf area index, the number of nodules per plant, dry matter accumulation, yield components and yield of peanut was much higher than that of no-mulch control. Among the mulches, plastic mulch was found superior to straw mulch in the pod yields and water-use efficiency and moisture conservation, thereby can be considered as a reliable practice for increasing the productivity of peanut on the coastal sandy land in Nghe An province, Vietnam.
Importance of Personal Finance Literacy to Overwhelm Financial crisis. (In Case Of Selected Bank Users in Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia)
Authors: Yasin Mesfin
Published: January 2022

This study examines financial literacy level across demographic characteristics of study participants and also finds out financial preparedness to stay financially viable during the unexpected financial crisis of the Covid 19 era. It further seeks to identify and suggests an important hub resource for peoples to manage personal finance in a time of crisis. This study adopted a descriptive study design and purposive sampling method. Data were conveniently collected from 44 bank users in Dire Dawa. The Objective of this study shows that financial vulnerability is particularly severe among specific demographic groups whose income is not regular and those with low income. The study finds out that the ability to understand and use it is knowledge to make a sound financial decision is varies across individualâ€™s demographic character of respondents. Finally, some important resource hubs suggestions are provided to deal with personal finance decisions in times of emergency.
Namādzij Tadrīs Mahārah al-Kalām ‘ala Asās an-Nazhariyyah al-Bināiyyah fi Ma’had Al Muhsinin Kerinci
Authors: Muid Abdul
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to analyze the learning model for speaking Arabic in the perspective of constructivism theory at Al Muhsinin Kerinci Islamic Boarding School and teachers’ effort in supporting the learning model used. This study started from the discussion of the concepts and models of Arabic learning that are used in several Islamic Education Institutions such as Islamic boarding schools that require conventional method. Al Muhsinin Islamic Boarding School provides learning concepts that make learning active and interactive which teach Arabic speaking skills. The research method used by researchers in this study was descriptive qualitative analytic research. The results showed that the learning model of Arabic speaking skills at Al Muhsinin Kerinci Islamic Boarding School studied contextual learning models consisting of daily communication activities using Arabic, quantum learning models related to independent learning activities and further learning, cooperative learning models including activities morning vocabulary learning and Arabic conversation and problem based learning models in Arabic discussion. Which learning model has fulfilled the characteristics of constructivism in the form of renewal, elicitation, approval of ideas and comments. Related to teacher assistance in supporting the learning model at Al Muhsinin Kerinci Islamic Boarding School, namely by requiring Arabic in daily life, preparing language courts, and strategies that support the environment such as the management of the Arabic league, which is related to cultural, relationships, motivation, and contextual matters in learning Arabic, specifically learning Arabic speaking skills.
Brote de COVID-19 en una comunidad indígena urbana en Lima Norte, Perú
Authors: Llanos Zavalaga Luis Fernando , Ramírez Atencio Claudio Willbert , Chura-Centeno Yanet Rocío , Pareja-Palomino Irving Brian , Aguado Taquire Henry Francisco
Published: January 2022

Las poblaciones en condiciones de pobreza, con movilidad social restringida y limitado acceso a servicios de salud, como la comunidad Shipibo-Konibo de Cantagallo (Rímac) son grupos vulnerables a COVID-19. Ante el reporte de 3 casos fallecidos por COVID-19, se desarrolló un trabajo articulado con participación intersectorial (Salud, Interior, Cultura), Municipalidad del Rímac, comunidad y ONG, entre otros; no permitiendo el ingreso ni salida de una persona sin autorización, cercándola y aislándola. Entre el primer y tercer tamizaje, la proporción de pacientes con IgM positivo disminuyó y la proporción de casos IgG positivo aumentó, sugiriendo disminución de la transmisión activa o presencia de casos leves o asintomáticos. La vulnerabilidad de comunidades originarias y nuestros resultados evidencian la necesidad de contar con planes articulados sostenibles, que trascienda del enfoque biomédico abordando los determinantes sociales, con activa participación intersectorial, intergubernamental y de sociedad civil, para hacer a COVID-19 en las comunidades indígenas.
Trend and dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America during the first wave
Authors: Cézar Renan Carrasco , Lira Mateus Lavor , Nogueira Matheus Gama , Freitas Bruno Araújo de , Damasceno Lisandra Serra
Published: January 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the trend and dynamics of COVID-19 in LA. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on data published on the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization websites. Information was collected in three periods: 05/10/2020 (Period A), 06/19/2020 (Period B), and 07/20/2020 (Period C).  Descriptive analysis was performed. Results: In Period A, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in LA had reached 284,521. In the second period, the number of cumulated cases was 1,958,180. In Period C, a total of 4,046,179 cases of COVID-19 had been notified. The highest prevalence and detection rates of COVID-19 in LA was reported in Chile, Panama, Peru, and Brazil. The mortality rate regarding new deaths in Period A was less than 60 deaths/106 habitants in all countries. However, in the second period, Ecuador (232 deaths/106 hab) presented the highest mortality rate. In Period C, the greatest rates were reported in Peru (297 deaths/106 hab) and Chile (248 deaths/106 hab). Brazil being accountable for the highest number of deaths in LA due to COVID-19. Conclusion: The trend and dynamics of COVID-19 spread in LA reveals the heterogeneous distribution and uncontrollability of the epidemic in several countries.
Misdiagnosis of Bacterial Pathogens by the Diagnostic Centers: A Potential Route for Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Bristy Shanaz Fatema , Uddin Md Reaz , Meghla Bushra Ayat , Tisha Taslima Akter , Uddin Md. Aftab , Islam Mohammad Tarequl , Mie Masayasu , Kobatake Eiry , Khondoker Mohib Ullah , Mou Taslin Jahan , Haq Md. Ahsanul , Islam Md. Fokhrul , Islam Zinia , Hossain Sharif , Azmuda Nafisa , Jamiruddin Mohd. Raeed , Haque Mainul , Adnan Nihad
Published: January 2022

Abstract Successful treatment against infectious agents depends on rapid and accurate detection of the causative organisms. Misdiagnosis can hamper such success while leading to improper advising of antibiotics. In Bangladesh, the majority of the diagnostic centers detect and identify pathogens through culture and biochemical test-based methods and suggest antibiotics based solely on the results of disk-diffusion methods. This pilot study tried to validate the identity of the isolates characterized by diagnostic facilities near Dhaka. One hundred and twenty pre-characterized clinical isolates were analyzed biochemically and genotypically. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-PCR, rcsA, and phoA genes-based PCR, and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)-based identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, respectively, followed by 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed misidentification of some clinical pathogens of other genera as Klebsiella spp. and E. coli. According to the antibiotic susceptibility testing guidelines, antibiotic choice, sensitivity pattern, and breakpoint measurement are different for each group of organisms. The lack of adherence to proper standards results in misdiagnosis and may facilitate the development of antibiotic resistance. The pilot study observers misidentification of clinical pathogens identified by the diagnostic centers. Well-characterized rapid molecular techniques like LAMP are suggested in clinical diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis and subsequently circumvent antibiotic resistance development.
CRISPR Therapeutics for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Erkut Esra , Yokota Toshifumi
Published: January 2022

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive neuromuscular disorder with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 3,500-5,000 males. DMD manifests as childhood-onset muscle degeneration, followed by loss of ambulation, cardiomyopathy, and death in early adulthood due to a lack of functional dystrophin protein. Out-of-frame mutations in the dystrophin gene are the most common underlying cause of DMD. Gene editing via the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a promising therapeutic for DMD, as it can permanently correct DMD mutations and thus restore the reading frame, allowing for the production of functional dystrophin. The specific mechanism of gene editing can vary based on a variety of factors such as the number of cuts generated by CRISPR, the presence of an exogenous DNA template, or the current cell cycle stage. CRISPR-mediated gene editing for DMD has been tested both in vitro and in vivo, with many of these studies discussed herein. Additionally, novel modifications to the CRISPR system such as base or prime editors allow for more precise gene editing. Despite recent advances, limitations remain including delivery efficiency, off-target mutagenesis, and long-term maintenance of dystrophin. Further studies focusing on safety and accuracy of the CRISPR system are necessary prior to clinical translation.
Improvement of Fuzzy Graph Drawing Using Partition Tree
Authors: Shiono Yasunori , Yoshizumi Toshihiro , Tsuchida Kensei ,   Organization for Information Strategy and Promotion, Yokohama National University 79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan,   Faculty of Management and Economics, Kaetsu University 2-8-4 Minami-cho, Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8578, Japan,   Faculty of Information Sciences and Arts, Toyo University 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
Published: January 2022

Obtaining useful information from ambiguous information is a necessity in various fields. Ambiguous information can be handled quantitatively by using fuzzy theory, and representing it in an easy-to-understand manner is critical. One solution is to visualize an ambiguous relationship by using fuzzy graph representation, which has the essential characteristic of expressing variable relationships in between its nodes. We previously proposed an algorithm to draw intelligible and comprehensive fuzzy graphs. This study describes an improved drawing method for that graph drawing algorithm. As a result, highly related nodes were arranged closer to one another, and the display area was reduced. This method can be used as an effective means of expressing the results of ambiguous information analysis.
Quantitative Evaluation of Post-Lunch Dip Using Event-Related Potential
Authors: Nagano Kosuke ,   Department of Information Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-shi, Toyama 939-0398, Japan, Kinoshita Fumiya , Touyama Hideaki
Published: January 2022

The sense of sleepiness and fatigue that occurs at around 2 p.m. is known as the “post-lunch dip (PLD).” It causes a transient decline in brain function, including cognitive function, attentiveness, and arousal level. Various research hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism of occurrence of PLD, including explanations involving blood sugar spikes or the inhibition of neuropeptides. However, the evidence for these hypotheses is poorly constructed, and none of them is widely recognized as an explanation for the mechanism. The establishment of quantitative evaluation indicators for the decline in brain function caused by PLD is essential to clarify the mechanism of occurrence of PLD. In this study, a demonstration experiment was conducted focusing on P300 and contingent negative variation (CNV), which are types of event-related potentials (ERP), as evaluation indicators of PLD. The subjects were 14 healthy young people, and the meal load used was two slices of white bread and 285 mL of water. In the experiment, measurements were taken four times in total (preprandial, immediately postprandial, 40 min postprandial, and 80 min postprandial). The Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) and a subjective questionnaire about fatigue using a visual analog scale (VAS) were administered before each measurement. The results confirmed that, at 40 min postprandial, when a significant increase in SSS was observed, there was a reduction in the area of early CNV and late CNV and a prolongation of P300 latency (p<0.05). An evaluation using late CNV also confirmed a reduction in area immediately postprandial that could not be confirmed in the SSS.
Postmodern as a “Non-object”. On Criticism of Ontology and Language of Postmodern Self-identification
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Rubtsov Alexander V.
Published: January 2022

The article considers the internal contradictions of the popular attitude, accord­ing to which postmodernism as such, in principle, “is not an object” (current, style, school, etc.). At best, it is assigned a set of intentions and conditions that characterize the “situation of postmodernism”. However, in postmodernism it­self, which rejects binary oppositions, the concept of an object is generally elimi­nated. In traditional logic, on the contrary, there is nothing that could not be an object in its proper and strict sense. These inconsistencies are generated by the forced mixing of languages – the inevitable inclusion of postmodern dis­course in traditional contexts. The semantic distinctions of the concepts of post­modernity, postmodern, postmodernism are introduced. The invariance of post­modernism as an object is revealed only at the level of form, including the basic characteristics of the language – its syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Language collisions continue in the relationship of the paradigms themselves. Modernity turns out to be a project, not only unfinished (Habermas), but also unfinishable, and postmodernity is a purely secondary phenomenon in its initial reactivity. This sets the limits of what is possible in the new search for a way out of post­modernism into post-postmodernism, neoclassicism, after-postmodernism, etc.
Russian Religious Studies in the Digital Age
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Boytsova Olga Yu. , Krupnik Igor L. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yablokov Igor N. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis and assessment of the modern state of Rus­sian religious studies as a research field, scientific discipline and educational program of higher education in the context of digital transformations of culture and society. The ways of reaction of the religious studies community to the re­thinking of the principles of rationality and the production of scientific knowl­edge are described. The issues of the autonomy of religious studies in relation to other socio-humanitarian disciplines are discussed, it is stated that in the Russian context, it is possible to talk about disciplinary unity only in the educational sphere. The features of the current educational standards in religious studies are considered, the change in the number of budget places, including, in comparison with the direction of “Theology”, a significant reduction in the number of gradu­ating universities is recorded. The problems of professional orientations of reli­gious scholars and the expansion of career trajectories are discussed. Promising areas of religious studies are outlined: cognitive approaches, an appeal to envi­ronmental and bioethical problems. The authors justified the relevance of the de­velopment of the field of mediology of religion as a religious studies analysis of the processes of mediatization of religious ideas and practices in a changing me­dia sphere.
Naturalism and the Normativity of Consciousness
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanov Dmitry V.
Published: January 2022

The paper examines McDowell’s approach to understanding the normative char­acter of conscious experience. The first part of the work clarifies the normativity of rules, meanings of linguistic expressions and the content of mental states. Based on Searle’s theory of intentionality, it is noted in this part that normativity in conscious experience manifests itself primarily in the connection that is found between the content of intentional states and their conditions of satisfaction, in those obligations that are imposed on the subject of these states to act in ac­cord with these conditions of satisfaction. In the second part of the paper, McDowell’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s solution of the rule-following prob­lem and the interpretations proposed by his opponents such as S. Kripke and C. Wright are analyzed. Explaining normativity of rule-following, McDowell tries to avoid the extremes of unrestricted Platonism regarding this activity and a skeptical reaction to it, on the one hand, and an attempt to explain this activity causally in naturalistic way that ignores the normativity, on the other hand. The third part of the paper notes that McDowell’s understanding of normativity and the space of reasons is incomplete. The article indicates that for a complete understanding it is required to answer the question: How are the conceptual char­acter of conscious experience and the natural processes occurring in us as repre­sentatives of the animal world related to each other?
The history, contemporary state, and metaphilosophy of the opposition “analytic/continental” philosophy
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Skripnik Konstantin D.
Published: January 2022

The aim of the article is to review the literature devoted to the opposition of analytical and continental philosophy. Despite the existence of various typologies of the philosophy of the 20th century, this opposition is a key characteristic of the current state of affairs in the twentieth century’s philosophy. The article describes various characteristics of the op­position and demonstrates that the establishment of its status stimulated the development of research on the history of opposition and the search for common roots of its sides. The emergence of the opposition is associated with Mill’s criticism of Coleridge’s philosophy and Russell’s criticism of Bergson’s ideas, which meant a certain cultural break between the British and continental philosophical traditions. The article also draws attention to the point of view according to which the opposition of analytical and continental philosophy is a manifestation of the opposition of classical and non-classical philosophical traditions. Certain emblems of the establishment of the opposition were the results of the collo­quium at Royaumont in the 50s of the last century and the written discussion between Derrida and Searle regarding Austin’s ideas in the 70s. At the same time, there are gradu­ally more and more works aimed at a dialogue between the two traditions and at the demonstration the mutual interest of philosophers who belong to different philosophical traditions, to each other’s works. Such a dialogue leads to the study of options for the de­velopment of philosophy in the future – the creation of a “synthetic” philosophy, the pro­posal to replace the opposition with other ones, in particular, “post-analytical/metaconti­nental”. An increasing number of philosophers argue for the connection of this opposition with a different understanding of the very nature of philosophy, which leads to statements about the metaphilosophical nature of the opposition. The review includes works by do­mestic and foreign (mostly English-speaking) authors published, with a few exceptions, in the last two decades; works written in line with both philosophical traditions are presented.
Virtual realism, information ontology of consciousness and structural realism in the philosophy of David Chalmers
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Tanyushina Alexandra A.
Published: January 2022

The article presents the main provisions of the theory of virtual realism, described by the contemporary analytical philosopher David Chalmers in his recent articles. In contrast to the proponents of “virtual fictionalism”, who believe that virtual objects are fictional and illusory, the philosopher defends the position that such objects can be regarded as having the same causal and functional qualities as the physical objects familiar to us. Using the concept of “digital object”, Chalmers demonstrates that all the components of a virtual space are nothing more than data structures which have certain virtual properties. Based on the concepts of non-reductive functionalism and minimal computationalism, the philosopher also discusses the status of phenomenal consciousness in virtual worlds, which, in his opinion, can be interpreted in the spirit of epiphenomenalism, computation­alism or Cartesian dualism. The article also presents Chalmers’ well-known argument against the hypothesis of global skepticism, based on the theory of conceptual structural realism: the philosopher believes that there are such natural properties and relations that stand in certain nomic and causal connections with each other and with our experience. It follows that even if the simulation hypothesis is correct, we can count on the truth of some of our scientific theories, which are positive structural statements. The above con­siderations are intended to form the basis of a consistent theory of virtual worlds and in­formational spaces, which the philosopher is currently working on.
Philosophy of science: Interview with Brigitte Falkenburg
Authors:   Technical University of Dortmund, Falkenburg Brigitte , Pris I.E. ,   Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Published: January 2022

Professor Dr. Brigitte Falkenburg is one of the leading philosophers of science, a representative of the German school of philosophy of science. She wrote or edited about twenty books, and published more than hundred articles on the most topical issues of philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy of consciousness. Her work is attractive for its clarity, precision and depth of scientific and philosophical analysis. Some of her prominent books include: “Particle metaphysics: A critical account of subatomic reality” (2007), “Kant’s cosmology: From the Pre-Critical System to the Antinomy of Pure Reason” (2020) etc. In this interview, Prof. Falkenburg talks about her career path, main directions of her research, her books and new projects. Topics such as neo-Kantian philosophy of physics, scientific realism, interpretations of quantum mechanics, reality of virtual particles, the hard problem of consciousness, inductive metaphysics, the limits of scientific knowledge and others are discussed.
Reflexivity in social systems control (philosophical and methodological analysis)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lepskiy V.E.
Published: January 2022

The paper substantiates, in the context of the development of ideas about scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical), an increase in the role and variety of types of reflexive activity (reflexivity) in management. Philosophical and methodological analysis using three types of scientific rationality identified the basic approaches in control (activity, subject-activity, subject-oriented), basic paradigms (“subjectobject”, “sub- jectsubject”, “subjectmeta-subject”), cybernetics of the first, second and third order. This made it possible to identify the dominant types of reflexive activity corresponding to them. The convergence of basic approaches is within the framework of post-non-classical scientific rationality based on the cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments. The trend of transition from control to self-regulation and self-development of reflexive activity in self-developing reflexive-active environments has been substantiated. Ontologies and principles of organizing a self-developing reflexive-active environment predetermine the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-development. The analysis contains the specifics of reflexivity in the control of various types of social systems (economics, politics, education, the military sphere, information wars and confrontation, etc.). The article substantiates the priority of Russian science in the study of reflexivity in the control of social systems, which is largely due to the specifics of Russian philosophical and methodological research.
Digital transformation and technology assessment
Authors:   Institute of Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O, Grunwald Armin , Efremenko D.V. ,   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the possibilities of using the technology assessment as a special area of complex interdisciplinary research of the long-term consequences of the development of new technologies in the context of the digital transformation of modern society. Assessment of digital technologies allows supporting the political decision-making process, as well as finding options for resolving conflicts of social actors caused by digitalization processes. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the institutional effects of the development of digital technologies. Integration of the principles of ethics and social responsibility into the process of social control of digital transformation is of fundamental importance. Particular attention is paid to such areas of digital transformation as the development of Industry 4.0, the widespread introduction of autonomous driving and care robots.
Anti-realistic and Non-classical Theories of Analysis and Synthesis
Authors:   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Levin Georgy
Published: January 2022

The article shows that three antirealistic theories of classical analysis and synthesis are logically possible: presentationistic, solipsistic and Kantian, but only the latter is actually being developed. Revealed its specific features and features shared with other, logically possible antirealistic theories. The correlation of the Kantian theory of analysis and synthesis of knowledge with his theory of analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is analyzed. Gnoseological problems that forced Kant to assert that new knowledge is provided only by the synthesis of knowledge, and analysis only clarifies the results of synthesis, are characterized. The Kantian solution to these problems is correlated with their realistic solution. The role that the Kantian "Copernican revolution in philosophy" plays in his interpretation of the analysis and synthesis of subjects of knowledge is investigated. The Kantian theory of analytical and synthetic judgments is considered. It is shown that the Kantian question "how are synthetic judgments a priori possible?" is essentially a question about the nature of theoretical knowledge, which was historically formed in ancient geometry precisely as the unity of analysis and synthesis. A qualitative difference is shown between classical and geometric (by origin) analysis and synthesis. Three historical stages of their formation are described. The assertion of I. Newton that the natural science experiment arose as a result of the extension of the method of geometric analysis and synthesis to the natural sciences is investigated.
Cohen Hermann
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Sokuler Zinaida
Published: January 2022

The article presents a sketch of the biography and work of Hermann Cohen, head of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism. It shows how wrong it is to think that Cohen reduced all philosophy to a theory of knowledge. At the same time, the theory of knowledge really occupied an important place in Cohen's system, and by knowledge he meant first of all mathematized natural science, although he paid attention to the notion of goal and its importance both for biology and philosophical system, contributing to unification of the doctrine of knowledge and ethics. A peculiarity of Cohen's understanding of idealism is shown: the latter becomes fruitful only when it does not lose sight of that which is distinct from reason, constitutes a difficulty for it, and thus sets a task for it, namely sensual data. It is analyzed how Cohen saw such idealism in Plato and Kant, as well as in the scientific revolution of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in particular in the crisis of mechanistic understanding of matter and in A. Einstein's theory of relativity. The origins of Cohen's understanding of continuity, reality and their connection, as well as his understanding of the thing-in- itself are considered. Attention is drawn to the connection between Cohen's understanding of the infinite task of knowledge (approximation to the thing-in-itself) and his idea of humanity. The development of this idea in Cohen's ethics and aesthetics is presented. Transcendental freedom (as a thing-in-itself in general), from his point of view, cannot be a given distinctive feature of the subject, but remains an infinite task facing humanity as a whole. More details is given on Cohen's philosophy of religion, which became the final part of his system. Cohen defines his own notion of the religion of reason and explains its distinction from ethics. Religion of reason recognizes the irreducible self of the Other, repentance, redemption, and renewal. Although the religion of reason belongs to all humanity, it first begins to form and develop in Judaism. The Cohenian understanding of God, the religion of reason as ethical monotheism and the idea of the correlation between God and man are analyzed. It is shown that ethical monotheism in Cohen's understanding culminates in the idea of messianism.
Le Roy Edouard
Authors:   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Blauberg Irina
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the concept of Edouard Le Roy (1870–1954), a French mathematician and evolutionary philosopher, a representative of spiritualism and Catholic modernism, a follower of H. Bergson and an associate of P. Teilhard de Chardin. Le Roy defined his views as idealism, emphasizing the etymological connection of this term with both the idea and the ideal. He considered the "need for idealism", which asserts the identity of thinking with being and the primacy of spiritual activity, to be a characteristic feature of genuine metaphysics. One of the central concepts of Le Roy's philosophy is "acting thought", or "thought-action", understood as an infinite supraindividual reality, dynamic continuity, a flow of creative energy that directly flows from God and is intuitively comprehended. The article examines Le Roy's ideas about science, philosophy, religion, as well as the theory of evolution, in the context of which Leroy, together with Teilhard, developed the doctrine of the noosphere.
The Lifebuoy of Culture
Authors:   RAS Institute of Philosophy, Syrodeeva Asya
Published: January 2022

How can our contemporaries psychologically stand firm under the pressure of communication battles in the public space? And how not to contribute to such type of confrontation, even if acting only as a passive participant — an observer, the number of whom in the information world is so significant? The author of the article connects the answers to these questions with the daily work of an individual to comprehend both positive and negative experience in terms of its effectiveness. The significant help for this kind of effort comes from culture since it is eclectic (M. Gasparov), open to the difference. The support of culture contrasts with the impact of ideological intentionality, which is considered to be a fairly common attitude in society, inherent not only to the social subjects of the "ideological front". Particular attention is given to the building of bridges between one’s own inner and outer worlds, what allows a person to help himself/herself and the Others to work with diversity as the ends and means. A differentiated approach, tolerance, attention to positive experience support our contemporary in solving both individual and social problems debated in the space of communication.
The Forth International Conference “Great Eurasia”: supranational and civilizational aspects of development and cooperation
Authors:   Lomonocov Moscow State University, Krukova Olga S. , Kuleshova Olga V. ,   Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lutovinov Vladimir I. ,   Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Published: January 2022

The conference was attended by more then 450 people, more then 350 reports were repre­sented including the correspondence reports. Among the speakers were the leading ex­perts from 23 subjects of the Russian Federation and from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ar­gentina, Belarus, Brazil, DPR, Italy, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, LPR, Mexico, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, USA, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Finland, France, Sweden, Ecuador. The main content of the conference was the constructive discussion of the key issues of civilized, cultural-historical, socio-economic, political and innovative and technological development of the states of Greater Eurasia, strategies, mechanisms, directions and forms of interaction and cooperation between them, integration and disintegration processes, ma­jor events including crisis situations and conflicts taking place in the contemporary world, analysis and comprehension of the results and prospects of further development.
Civilizational identity: a socio-cultural phenomenon or a geopolitical construct?
Authors:   V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Senyushkina Tatiana A.
Published: January 2022

The article reveals the dual nature of civilizational identity, which is manifested in the fact that it reflects the objective socio-cultural reality of the living space of the indi­vidual and society and, at the same time, can act as an cognitive construct which is used to achieve geopolitical goals. To substantiate this position, the author consistently solves problems that correspond to the main thematic blocks of the study. The first block deals with theoretical and methodological issues that arise in the study of the relationship be­tween civilizational and geopolitical processes in an interdisciplinary subject field. The methodology uses the theoretical provisions of the civilizational approach, critical geopolitics and constructivism. In the second block, the traditional East – West di­chotomy for Russian culture is considered through the prism of the key idea of the study. The author comes to the conclusion that the constituent elements of the paired concept of “East – West” are very vague in terms of their exact description, binding to specific countries and peoples and have a historically temporary character. In addition, the East – West dichotomy has a different refraction in the worldview of different generations, de­pending on historical experience or “collective fate”, according to the terminology of K. Manheim. Using the example of ancient civilizational processes in the Crimea, the geopolitical status of Chersonesos, which can be attributed to the “West” in its Hellenic sense, and the Bosporan Kingdom, where two civilizational elements – Hellenic and Ira­nian-intersect, is compared. It is concluded that Crimea is a meeting place of East and West, which can be applied to Russia as a whole, from the point of view of intercivi­lizational mutual influences that form the Russian cultural code, ready for periodic iden­tity change. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis formulated at the beginning of the article. It is concluded that the civilizational identity is characterized by a dual na­ture – on the one hand, it reflects the objective socio-cultural reality of the living space of the individual and society. On the other hand, civilizational identity is subject to con­struction, which makes it easier to use it as a tool for achieving geopolitical goals.
The emergence of virulence via the collective action of bacterial effectors
Authors: Guttman David ,   Tatiana Ruiz-Bedoya1, Wang Pauline , Desveaux Darrell
Published: January 2022

Eukaryotes continuously interact with diverse microbial populations and communities, forming relationships spanning a continuum from beneficial to pathogenic. Pathogenic effectors are central to these associations since they directly target host cellular components to promote microbial fitness 1,2. Although effectors are necessary for virulence and well-studied from the context of single pathogenic strains 3,4, the extent to which they can modulate population or community dynamics is largely unknown. Here we show that type III effectors of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae act as public goods to promote the emergence of collective virulence in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We disaggregated the effector suite of a P. syringae strain highly virulent on A. thaliana into a coisogenic population with each strain carrying only one effector, (i.e., a metaclone), and showed that while each coisogenic strain in the metaclone is individually unfit, the metaclone cooperates mutualistically to fully restore virulence. We also show that this state of collective virulence emerged irrespective of the microbe’s genetic background, being capable of transforming the rhizosphere-inhabiting, beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 into a foliar pathogen. These results expand our knowledge of the mechanisms available to polyclonal populations and polymicrobial communities to exploit hosts. They also raise potential evolutionary routes for the emergence of new host-specific pathogens and expand the ecological scale at which disease may be attributed.
Acute Effects of Whey Protein, Alone And Mixed With Other Macronutrients, On Blood Pressure And Heart Rate In Older Men
Authors: Oberoi Avneet , Giezenaar Caroline , Lange Kylie , Jones Karen L , Horowitz Michael , Chapman Ian , Soenen Stijn
Published: January 2022

Background: Caloric supplements are increasingly used by older people, aiming to increase daily protein intake. These high caloric drinks, rich in glucose and whey-protein in particular, may result in potential harmful decreases in blood pressure (BP). The effect of ingesting whey-protein with glucose and fat is unknown. It has been assumed that the maximum fall in systolic blood pressure occurs within 2 hours of a meal. Methods: This study aimed to determine the effects of whey-protein, alone and mixed with other macronutrients, on systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in older men for 3 hours. Thirteen older men (age 75±2yrs; body mass index (BMI) 25.6±0.6kg/m²) ingested a study drink on separate study days: (i) 70g whey-protein (P280); (ii) 14g whey-protein, 28g carbohydrate, 12.4g fat (M280); (iii) 70g whey-protein, 28g carbohydrate, 12.4g fat (M504); or (iv) a non-caloric control drink (C). Results: SBP decreased after all three nutrient drinks compared to the C, with the greatest reduction after the M504 drink (P=0.008). Maximal decreases in SBP (C: -14±2mmHg, P280: -22±2mmHg, M280: -22±4mmHg, M504: -24±3mmHg) occurred about 2 hours after drink ingestion and persisted thereafter (120-180min: P280 and M504 vs. C P<0.05). Maximum DBP decreases and HR increases occurred after M504, with no differences between the effects of the P280 and M280 drinks. Conclusions: The effects of whey-protein containing drinks to lower BP and increase HR may persist for at least 3 hours after ingestion, and appear to be dependent on their energy content rather than macronutrient composition. Pure whey-protein drinks may represent the best approach to maximize protein intake while minimizing the potential for deleterious BP falls in older people.Trial registration: ACTRN12614000846628, 14/03/2019
Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Hybrid Maize Seeds With Genetic Correlation and the Strain of Bacillus Mojavensis Isolated as a Potential Microorganism Capable of Vertical Transmission
Authors: Wu Xianyu , Wang Zhishan , Zhang Ruyang , Xu Tianjun , Zhao Jiuran , Liu Yang
Published: January 2022

The diversity of endophytic bacteria in the progeny is related to the parental lines. In this study, the traditional separation method was used to study the dominant endophytic bacteria of the shared paternal line and its pollen, different maternal lines and their F1 progeny. And the results showed that the dominant endophytic bacteria in maize seeds and the pollen were Bacillus and Pantoea. The Bacillus diversity of the progeny JMC121 and JN728 were the same as both the paternal line and the maternal line, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus mojavensis, and Bacillus licheniformis. The Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis in JN828 were the same as both the paternal line and the maternal line, while Bacillus licheniformis was only the same as the paternal line. Through the RAPD molecular typing, there was the same strain of Bacillus mojavensis existed in the paternal line J2416, the pollen and the progeny JN728, this meant that the paternal line passed its dominant endophytic bacteria to the progeny might through pollen in vertical transmission. This study showed that the dominant endophytic bacteria in maize seeds and the pollen were Bacillus, and the diversity of F1 progeny was related to both the paternal line and the maternal line.
Assessment and Monitoring of Achilles Tendinopathy in Clinical Practice: A Qualitative Exploration of the Barrier’s Clinicians Face.
Authors: Murphy Myles C , Debenham James , Bulsara Caroline , Chivers Paola , Rio Ebonie K , Docking Sean I , Travers Mervyn , Gibson William
Published: January 2022

Background: A plethora of different assessment tools exist to diagnose and monitor Achilles tendinopathy, however there is little consensus within the literature and what is performed in clinical practice is unknown. The aims of this study were: 1) Describe the assessments employed by clinicians in their own practice to aid with a) diagnosis and b) monitoring progress in Achilles tendinopathy, 2) explore which ICON health domains clinicians believe to be the most, and least important when managing patients with Achilles tendinopathy, and 3) explore the barriers preventing clinicians from implementing what they think is ideal practice as it relates to utilising tools to aid diagnosis and monitor progress in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy.Methods: We employed a Qualitative Descriptive study design to capture the clinical assessments and ICON health domains participants deemed important when assessing and monitoring mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy over time. Thirteen participants (eight female, five male) from across Australia, consisting of two junior physiotherapists, five senior physiotherapists working in private practice, four senior physiotherapists working within elite sports organizations and two Sport and Exercise Medicine Doctors were included and one-on-one interviews were performed. Audio was transcribed then entered into NVIVO for coding and analysis.Results: Assessments related to Function, Pain On Loading, Pain Over A Specified Timeframe And Palpation are commonly used to assist diagnosis. Assessments related to Disability, Pain On Loading, Pain Over A Specified Timeframe and Physical Function Capacity are used to monitor progress over time. Furthermore, Pain On Loading and Pain Over A Specified Timeframe were considered the most important core health domains for assisting diagnosis whereas Pain On Loading, Patient Rating Of The Condition and Physical Function Capacity were the most important health domains for monitoring progress. Finally, four main themes were perceived as barriers to implementing ideal practice of assessment and monitoring in people with Achilles tendinopathy: Financial Constraints, Time Constraints, Access To Equipment and Patient Symptom Severity.Conclusions: A number of barriers exist that prevent clinicians from implementing what they view as ideal assessment and monitoring for Achilles tendinopathy. These barriers should be considered when developing new assessments and in clinical practice recommendations.
Simulation Analysis and Experimental Research on Mechanical Properties of Water-Hydraulic Ball Valve
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhang Zengmeng , Chen Yinglong , Gong Yongjun
Published: January 2022

The working performance of a hydraulic system depends on the control valves, and the working performance of the control valves depends on their mechanical properties. Compared with the oil-hydraulic control valves, the water-hydraulic control valves are featured by strict sealing requirements, poor lubricity, and more complicated friction properties . In order to precisely control the valves, the fluid force and friction acting on the valve core are investigated through the methods of finite element analysis and experimental research. The results show that the realizable k-ε turbulence model with an appropriate wall roughness height could accurately reflect the state of fluid force. The fluid force increases as the valve opening and the pressure difference increase. Moreover, the friction is affected by the motion state of the valve core, and the reason is investigated. In addition, the phenomenon of mechanical properties variation is discussed, and an assumption is presented to explain the causation. This research can help understand some mechanical properties of water hydraulic valves and establish a more accurate mechanical model. Furthermore, the study also has guiding significance for controlling water hydraulic valves.