bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização de fibras de bananeira e de coco por ressonância magnética nuclear de alta resolução no estado sólido
Authors: Albinante Sandra R. , Pacheco Elen B. A. V. , Visconte Leila L. Y. , Tavares Maria I. B.
Published: October 2012

A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear, RMN, de alta resolução no estado sólido permitiu um estudo detalhado da dinâmica molecular de fibras naturais, entre elas duas obtidas a partir do tronco de bananeira e outra, da fruta do coco. Utilizou-se a técnica de relaxação nuclear para avaliar os domínios relacionados às diferentes mobilidades dos componentes dessas fibras, tais como celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Também foram realizados testes para a quantificação do teor de lignina por método químico. A partir dos tempos de relaxação e da curva de domínios, foi possível verificar que as fibras com alto teor de lignina possuem tempos maiores de relaxação, pois esse componente da fibra apresenta uma estrutura, mais rígida, de anéis aromáticos.
Logística reversa dos pneus usados no Brasil
Authors: Lagarinhos Carlos A. F. , Tenório Jorge A. S.
Published: October 2012

Após a aprovação da Resolução CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) nº 258/99, ocorreu um avanço significativo na reciclagem de pneus no Brasil, com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para reutilização, reciclagem e valorização energética. Em 2009, foi aprovada a Resolução CONAMA nº 416/09 que muda a forma de cálculo para a reciclagem, de pneus produzidos para venda no mercado de reposição. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar a logística reversa dos pneus usados no Brasil e comparar com os sistemas implementados no Japão, Estados Unidos e Comunidade Européia. No período de 1999 até 2010, foram destinados 2,44 milhões de toneladas, o equivalente a 487,6 milhões de pneus inservíveis de automóveis.
Produção de membranas híbridas zirconizadas de SPEEK/Copolissilsesquioxano para aplicação em células a combustível do tipo PEM
Authors: Aguiar Kelen R. , Batalha Guilherme P. , Peixoto Mariana , Ramos Airton , Pezzin Sérgio H.
Published: October 2012

Membranas baseadas em poli(aril éter cetona) sulfonada mostraram ser bastante promissoras para aplicação em células a combustível com membrana trocadora de prótons (PEMFC). O poli(éter-éter-cetona) sulfonado (SPEEK), com elevado grau de sulfonação (GS), apresenta alta condutividade de prótons, mas sofre perda de funcionalidade e condutividade em temperaturas altas e umidades baixas. O desenvolvimento de membranas híbridas é uma das possibilidades para melhorar o desempenho destes materiais. Neste trabalho foram preparadas membranas híbridas zirconizadas de SPEEK/copolissilsesquioxano fosfonado (CF) por casting, a partir de SPEEK com GS entre 60% e 70% e soluções de cloreto de zirconila (ZrOCl2) 1, 5, ou 10% (m/m). As membranas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), difratometria de raios-X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), condutividade de prótons (σ) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A análise por energia dispersiva (EDS) confirmou a presença de Zr em domínios esféricos dispersos homogeneamente pelas membranas, enquanto análises de DRX mostraram que os produtos da zirconização são amorfos. Ensaios de impedância eletroquímica indicam aumento da condutividade protônica com a adição de CF e 1 ou 5% de ZrOCl2.
Henry Mayhew: jornalista, investigador social e precursor da pesquisa qualitativa
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: October 2012

Henry Mayhew serviu-se de sua profissão, o jornalismo, para registrar o dia a dia da Londres da segunda metade do século XIX de uma forma que até hoje interessa historiadores e cientistas sociais, como obra precursora da pesquisa qualitativa. Este artigo destaca aspectos metodológicos das investigações de Mayhew e analisa dois de seus relatos: sobre o surto de cólera e sobre uma vendedora de rua. Aborda também trabalhos críticos que tomam sua obra como referência.
Barth e a ilha da Trindade, 1957-1959
Authors: Duarte Regina Horta , Horta Güydo Campos Machado Marques
Published: October 2012

Rudolf Barth participou de duas expedições científicas à ilha da Trindade, Brasil, em 1957 e 1959. Para comentar seus relatórios, este artigo narra a história dessa ilha, assim como o contexto nacional e mundial nos anos 1950. Barth alertou sobre as ameaças ambientais à ilha da Trindade, diagnosticou problemas e propôs soluções. Descreveu espécies endêmicas e invasoras. Consciente dos limites impostos por sua curta estada na ilha, defendeu a realização de investigações em épocas diversas do ano. Práticas científicas contemporâneas corroboram várias de suas análises. Desde fins dos anos 1950, a ilha da Trindade tem sido utilizada não só como metáfora dos desafios ambientais globais, mas também como 'laboratório' de ações conservacionistas.
Rudolf Barth: um cientista pioneiro na ilha da Trindade
Authors: Barth Ortrud Monika , Alvarez Cristina Engel de
Published: October 2012

Em consequência da instituição do Ano Geofísico Internacional, em 1957, a Marinha do Brasil organizou uma expedição à ilha da Trindade, da qual participou Rudolf Barth, pesquisador do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e do Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha, membro da Academia Brasileira de Ciências e do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas. Esse cientista retornou à ilha da Trindade no ano seguinte, em uma segunda viagem com a Marinha brasileira. As pesquisas feitas então resultaram em algumas publicações científicas e em dois relatórios inéditos com observações e dados concernentes a fenômenos zoológicos (terrestres), meteorológicos, climatológicos, geomorfológicos e biológicos. Os relatórios são transcritos a seguir.
Análise das narrativas sobre a menopausa de um site brasileiro da internet
Authors: Separavich Marco Antonio , Canesqui Ana Maria
Published: October 2012

O trabalho analisa as representações e os relatos da experiência com a menopausa contidos no site brasileiro da internet Menospausa - o site da mulher madura, no espaço de interatividade, procurando identificar aspectos do climatério/menopausa, da vivência deste processo e das ações de cuidados. Foram separadas as 48 postagens, das quais dez escolhidas e analisadas conforme o gênero de narrativas, classificadas segundo Michael Bury como: contingentes, progressivas, morais, épicas/heroicas e regressivas/trágicas. Conclui-se que, apesar de a menopausa portar sinais corporais comuns, as representações e experiências narradas sobre corpo, menopausa e cuidados dialogam com os saberes médico e não eruditos, são heterogêneas, não necessariamente negativas, e informadas pelo contexto sociocultural mais amplo de suas protagonistas, e, em particular, filtradas pelas características do site.
Transexualidade: aspectos psicológicos e novas demandas ao setor saúde
Authors: Sampaio Liliana Lopes Pedral , Coelho Maria Thereza Ávila Dantas
Published: October 2012

Os(as) transexuais exibem uma discordância entre sexo biológico e gênero. Em busca de uma adequação, optam por cirurgias, como: neocolpovulvoplastia (mudança do sexo masculino para o feminino), faloplastia (mudança inversa), mastectomia, histerectomia, e hormonioterapia. Este trabalho investigou as situações vividas por essas pessoas na busca de uma harmonia com seus corpos, incluindo os períodos pré e pós-cirúrgicos. Foram entrevistados quatro transexuais que já haviam realizado a cirurgia ou estavam em vias de realizá-la. Observou-se a importância das intervenções cirúrgicas e hormonais, assim como a mudança do nome civil, como condição para uma vida melhor. Constatou-se que a fila de espera no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o protocolo pré-operatório de dois anos, o custo das cirurgias nas clínicas particulares e a falta de regulamentação jurídica para a mudança de documentação são algumas das maiores dificuldades encontradas para a realização do processo transexualizador.
Comensalidade e cuidado: meninas-jovens-mulheres órfãs no contexto de HIV/Aids
Authors: Moreira Sueli Aparecida , França Júnior Ivan , Ayres José Ricardo , Medeiros Michelle
Published: October 2012

O "monopólio da cozinha", histórica e culturalmente, é atribuído às mulheres, mães. Para cuidar da família, elas elegem alimentos, compram, cozinham e os servem. Sustentam a comensalidade. Em contextos de HIV/Aids, onde há perda da mãe, as filhas tornam-se responsáveis por esses cuidados. O que pensam as meninas do papel de cuidadoras com o qual, prematuramente, deparam-se? O que dizem seus irmãos sobre isso? Realizamos entrevistas semidirigidas com 14 jovens órfãos. Os dados foram analisados pela proposta de Mills (2009). As jovens não demonstram insatisfação por executarem novas tarefas, mas deploram o fato de impedirem o estudo e a vida além-casa. Seus irmãos entendem a lida da cozinha como coisa de mulher e, por isso, dificilmente colaboram. Essas jovens necessitam de cuidados direcionados à situação vulnerável em que vivem. As políticas de Saúde Pública poderiam pleitear macroestruturas que atuassem sobre essa demanda.
A visita domiciliar na formação de médicos: da concepção ao desafio do fazer
Authors: Romanholi Renata Maria Zanardo , Cyrino Eliana Goldfarb
Published: October 2012

Desde 2003, desenvolve-se a Interação Universidade Serviço Comunidade (IUSC) na graduação médica de uma universidade pública do interior de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir da necessidade de vivências na Atenção Primária, visando à integralidade do cuidado. A visita domiciliar (VD) destacou-se como possibilidade para o estudante refletir sobre determinantes sociais do processo saúde-doença; desenvolver habilidades comunicacionais, prática educativa dialógica e vínculo com a comunidade; ampliar o raciocínio clínico e contribuir para a compreensão e resolução dos problemas familiares. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar essa proposta da VD na formação médica, utilizando pesquisa documental. Contextualizou-se o desenvolvimento da VD na IUSC, sua importância, abrangência e desafios para sua legitimação e incorporação como prática pertinente à formação médica. Concluiu-se que a VD pode fortalecer e ampliar vínculos, compromissos, e favorecer a comunicação, contribuindo para a mudança da educação médica no Brasil.
O Pró-Saúde e o incentivo à inclusão de espaços diferenciados de aprendizagem nos cursos de odontologia no Brasil
Authors: Silva Marcos Alex Mendes da , Amaral João Henrique Lara do , Senna Maria Inês Barreiros , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e
Published: October 2012

Este estudo objetivou conhecer a situação dos cursos de Odontologia no Brasil envolvidos com o Programa Nacional de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde - Pró-Saúde, em relação aos diferentes espaços de aprendizagem. Foi realizada análise documental dos relatórios dos cursos contemplados com o Pró-Saúde I. O item "atividade de ensino na rede de serviços" e a carga horária (CH) de estágio foram os critérios de inclusão, e, dos vinte relatórios, 18 foram incluídos. Verificou-se uma diversidade entre as CH das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) destinadas ao estágio nos serviços da rede básica, embora todas apresentassem alunos neste cenário, cinco cursos incluíssem, ainda, os Hospitais/CEO (Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas), e 11 agregassem os projetos comunitários. A incorporação dos serviços de saúde como cenário diversificado de aprendizagem varia, refletindo as diferentes interpretações dadas a sua importância, com consenso na expectativa gerada pelo incentivo do Pró-Saúde.
Apoio matricial: um estudo sobre a perspectiva de profissionais da saúde mental
Authors: Ballarin Maria Luisa Gazabim Simões , Blanes Lara de Sousa , Ferigato Sabrina Helena
Published: October 2012

O apoio matricial constitui parte dos novos arranjos organizacionais e metodologia para a gestão do trabalho em saúde, objetivando a integração dialógica entre distintas especialidades e níveis de atenção. Este trabalho analisa o apoio matricial sob a ótica de profissionais que atuam na saúde mental em diferentes serviços do município de Campinas, SP, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, envolvendo entrevistas junto a profissionais de diferentes especialidades. Os dados obtidos foram tratados com base na metodologia da análise do discurso. Os resultados evidenciam que a proposição do apoio matricial não foi incorporada com clareza por todos os profissionais, mas viabilizou: a troca de conhecimentos, interdisciplinaridade, construção de estratégias de intervenção e corresponsabilização no campo da clínica. O êxito desses novos arranjos organizacionais exige articulação e trabalho coletivo de todos os atores que buscam a integralidade da atenção.
Formação inovadora em Terapia Ocupacional
Authors: Barba Patrícia Carla de Souza Della , Silva Roseli Ferreira da , Joaquim Regina Helena Vitale Torkomian , Brito Cristiane Miryam Drumond de
Published: October 2012

As instituições de Ensino Superior enfrentam o desafio de implementarem propostas pedagógicas traduzidas no desempenho satisfatório do estudante para uma formação de qualidade. Ainda, as políticas públicas ressaltam a necessidade de mudança na formação de profissionais de saúde voltada para as necessidades da população. Descreve-se a construção do projeto pedagógico do curso de Terapia Ocupacional (TO) da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, no qual se propõe a formação reflexiva, levando o formando a interagir com o conhecimento de forma autônoma, flexível e criativa. O currículo é integrado, interdisciplinar e orientado por competência, no qual a prática profissional é fundamentada em capacidades voltadas para o enfrentamento de situações em diferentes contextos. A concepção pedagógica adotada é a socioconstrutivista, e são utilizadas metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem, tais como a aprendizagem baseada em problemas e problematização.
Elimination of some unknown parameters and its effect on outlier detection
Authors: Hekimoglu Serif , Erdogan Bahattin , Tunalioglu Nursu
Published: October 2012

Outliers in observation set badly affect all the estimated unknown parameters and residuals, that is because outlier detection has a great importance for reliable estimation results. Tests for outliers (e.g. Baarda's and Pope's tests) are frequently used to detect outliers in geodetic applications. In order to reduce the computational time, sometimes elimination of some unknown parameters, which are not of interest, is performed. In this case, although the estimated unknown parameters and residuals do not change, the cofactor matrix of the residuals and the redundancies of the observations change. In this study, the effects of the elimination of the unknown parameters on tests for outliers have been investigated. We have proved that the redundancies in initial functional model (IFM) are smaller than the ones in reduced functional model (RFM) where elimination is performed. To show this situation, a horizontal control network was simulated and then many experiences were performed. According to simulation results, tests for outlier in IFM are more reliable than the ones in RFM.
Applications of Voronoi and Delaunay Diagrams in the solution of the geodetic boundary value problem
Authors: Quintero C. A. B. , Escobar I. P. , Ponte-Neto C. F.
Published: October 2012

Voronoi and Delaunay structures are presented as discretization tools to be used in numerical surface integration aiming the computation of geodetic problems solutions, when under the integral there is a non-analytical function (e. g., gravity anomaly and height). In the Voronoi approach, the target area is partitioned into polygons which contain the observed point and no interpolation is necessary, only the original data is used. In the Delaunay approach, the observed points are vertices of triangular cells and the value for a cell is interpolated for its barycenter. If the amount and distribution of the observed points are adequate, gridding operation is not required and the numerical surface integration is carried out by point-wise. Even when the amount and distribution of the observed points are not enough, the structures of Voronoi and Delaunay can combine grid with observed points in order to preserve the integrity of the original information. Both schemes are applied to the computation of the Stokes' integral, the terrain correction, the indirect effect and the gradient of the gravity anomaly, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil area.
Ecosystem‐level consequences of symbiont partnerships in an N‐fixing shrub from interior Alaskan floodplains
Authors: Ruess Roger W. , Anderson Michael D. , McFarland Jack M. , Kielland Knut , Olson Karl , Taylor D. Lee
Published: October 2012

In long‐lived N‐fixing plants, environmental conditions affecting plant growth and N demand vary at multiple temporal and spatial scales, and symbiont assemblages on a given host and patterns of allocation to nodule activities have been shown to vary according to environmental factors, suggesting that hosts may alter partner choice and manipulate symbiont assemblages based on shifting plant needs. This study assessed economic trade‐offs among N‐fixing symbionts of thin‐leaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia) by examining whether alder–Frankia associations change in response to the up‐regulation (P fertilization) and down‐regulation (N‐fertilization) of N‐fixation activities, and whether these changes are associated with differences among Frankia partners in their relative C cost and/or N benefit to A. tenuifolia.

Relative to control plots, alder in +P plots had significantly higher nodule biomass and N‐fixation rates; these parameters were significantly lower in +N plots, translating to stand‐level N inputs that were more than an order of magnitude greater in +P than +N plots. Nodule respiration and N‐fixation rates were positively correlated, and analyses revealed that alder employs mechanisms to increase the efficiency of C use when N fixation is up‐regulated. Of the eight Frankia OTUs (operational taxonomic units) identified, two were dominant, with significant differences in Frankia OTU composition across samples being explained by fertilization treatment. Dominant OTUs had similar up‐ and down‐regulatory responses to treatments but differed in C costs of N fixation, while the most abundant sub‐dominant failed to up‐regulate N‐fixation rates in +P plots. Differences among Frankia OTUs in traits relevant to plant performance may form the basis for host choice and explain successional shifts in alder–Frankia assemblages. We suggest that manipulation of Frankia assemblages is an adaptation for a species such as A. tenuifolia that maintains a high dependence on atmospheric N across radically different growth environments. Because of the strong effects of thin‐leaf alder on soil N contents, it appears that host changes in C partitioning to nodule activities, including the physiological consequences of host specificity for Frankia assemblages, results in alder both driving and responding to environmental heterogeneity at small to large spatial scales.
Effects of reactive filters based on modified zeolite in dairy industry wastewater treatment process
Authors: Kolakovic Srdjan , Stefanovic Dragoslav , Milicevic Dragan , Trajkovic Slavisa , Milenkovic Slobodan , Kolakovic Slobodan , Andjelkovic Ljiljana
Published: October 2012

Application of adsorbents based on organo-zeolites has certain advantages
over conventional methods applied in food industry wastewater treatment
process. The case study presented in this paper examines the possibilities
and effects of treatment of dairy industry wastewater by using adsorbents
based on organo-zeolites. The obtained results indicate favorable filtration
properties of organo-zeolite, their high level of adsorption of organic
matter and nitrate nitrogen in the analyzed wastewater. This paper concludes
with recommendations of optimal technical and technological parameters for
the application of these filters in practice.
Lead sulphate leaching by sodium chloride solution
Authors: Conic Vesna , Pesovski Branka , Cvetkovski Vladimir , Stanojevic-Simsic Zdenka , Dragulovic Suzana , Simonovic Danijela , Dimitrijevic Silvana
Published: October 2012

Bioleaching treatment of complex multi-metallic Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au mineral
concentrates leds to the formation, besides easily soluble zinc and cooper
sulphates, of hardly soluble lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4) sludge. To determine
the leaching parameters of PbSO4 with NaCl in the bioleaching residue, lead
sulphate solution was synthetically prepared. The effect of process
parameters, namely NaCl concentration, solid:liquid phase ratio, processing
time, temperature and Cl ions was examined. It was found that 100% Pb by
leaching can be achieved with NaCl concentration of 250 g/dm3, time 20 min,
temperature 353 K and solid:liquid phase ratio =1:20.
Lindane sorption and desorption behaviour on sediment organic matter
Authors: Trickovic Jelena , Ivancev-Tumbas Ivana , Kragulj Marijana , Prica Miljana , Krcmar Dejan , Nikolic Aleksandar , Dalmacija Bozo
Published: October 2012

The work is concerned with the sorption and desorption behaviour of lindane
on four humic acid fractions (HAs) and two humin fractions, sequentially
extracted from Ludas lake sediment. All sorption isotherms, fitted to a
Freundlich model, were nonlinear. The isotherm linearity increased from 0.757
for the first extracted HA to 0.944 for the ninth HA showing a positive
correlation with atomic H/C ratio, while a negative correlation between
sorption coefficient and aliphaticity of the isolated HAs was observed. It
has been shown that the sorption processes may be strongly influenced by the
physical conformation of and accessibility to sediment organic matter (SOM),
as demonstrated by high Koc and low n values of humin samples. Despite
exhibiting the most nonlinear sorption isotherms, humin samples did not show
a pronounced sorption-desorption hysteresis, while the most significant
hysteresis was observed for three HA samples. These results support the
hypothesis that the aromatic domains in SOM influence strongly the sorption
and desorption behaviour of lindane. Our findings may be helpful in
understanding the distribution, transport and fate of lindane in soils and
sediments.
Humoral immunity of pregnant bitches, vaccinated with inactivated vaccine against parvoviral infections in dogs
Authors: Bacic Dragan , Obrenovic Sonja , Trailovic Dragisa
Published: October 2012

Parvoviral infections are a big medical and economic problem, in particular in large dog-breeding facilities. Having in mind the manner in which this infection is spread (fecal-oral pathways), and the strong resistence of parvoviruses to the outer environment, general and immunoprophylaxis have a significant role in the control of this dangerous disease. This work examines the humoral immunological response of pregnant bitches, vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine against parvoviral infection in dogs. An experiment was performed on 10 pregnant bitches which were vaccinated on the 42nd day of gravidity with an inactivated vaccine, and an IHA test proved the lowest titer of antibodies was 1:1280, and the highest 1:20480. The titer of pregnant bitches before vaccination ranged from 1:80 to 1:320. These investigations indicate that puppies of vaccinated bitches receive the corresponding level of immunoglobulin through colostrum, and are protected from parvoviral infection in the first 6-7 weeks of life.
Frequency of orthopedic diseases in horses: A retrospective study
Authors: Kovac Milomir , Nowak Michael , Küpers Silke , Tambur Zoran
Published: October 2012

This retrospective study determined the frequency of orthopedic diseases in horses. It was possible to establish 141 specific orthopedic diagnoses in 1955 horses with lameness. In 14.58 % horses, multiple pathologic orthopedic changes were determined. In 61.84 % cases, the pathologic changes were present on the thoracic limb, 28,86 % on the pelvic limb and other parts of the oganism (neck, spine, muscles) in 9.29 % cases. Pathologic changes on the tendons, ligaments, tendon sheats, bursae and muscles were determined in 31.51 % cases. Diseases of the hoof were present in 25.82 % cases. According to our investigation the most frequent orthopedic diseases are: podarthritis (acute, chronic, septic) (5.04 %), navicular disease (4.69 %), tendinitis m. flexor digitalis superfacialis (4.51 %), kissing spine syndrom (4.30 %) periarthritis et osteoarthrosis tarsi (3.30 %), distal metacarpal/metatarzophalengeal tendovaginitis (3.30 %) and high suspensory ligament desmitis (3.12 %). Most frequent fractures were diagnosed on the metacarpal/metatarsal bone II and IV (2.56 %). Osteochondrossis dissecans was most frequently determined in the tarsocrural (1.26 %) and the metacarpophalengeal joint (1.56 %).
HACCP and risk analysis in global
Authors: Uhlenhopps Eldon
Published: October 2012

Recent public concern regarding food safety, and the implementation of Global regulations and agreements on trade, have given rise to questions regarding the veterinarian?s role and expertise in formally assessing and mitigating these risk. The objective of this work is to demonstrate latest knowledge on Risk Analysis as a process, to review HACCP with regard to food safety and defense against introduction of infectious agents.
On Governing Collaborative Information Technology (IT): A Relational Perspective
Authors: Prasad Acklesh , Green Peter , Heales Jon
Published: October 2012

Organizations today invest in collaborative IT to engage in collaborative alliances to sustain or improve their competitive positions. Effective use of this collaborative IT in an alliance requires a deeper understanding of their governance structures. This effort is to ensure the sustainability of these alliances. Through the relational view of the firm, we suggest relational lateral IT steering committees, relational IT operational committees, and relational IT performance management systems as IT governance structures for collaborative alliances. We then incorporate these structures, develop a model for approaches to governing collaborative IT, and evaluate the effectiveness for such governance structures in the IT-dependent alliances. We suggest that IT governance efforts of an alliance should contribute to their collaborative rent. We also suggest that the collaborative rent of an alliance would relate to the business value of its alliance partners. Field survey data containing 192 responses indicate a positive influence of the suggested IT governance efforts of the alliance on the collaborative rent of the alliance. The results also suggest a positive impact of the collaborative rent of the alliance on the business value of the alliance partners.
Perivascular Adipose Tissue Control of Insulin-Induced Vasoreactivity in Muscle Is Impaired in db/db Mice
Authors: Meijer Rick I. , Bakker Wineke , Alta Caro-Lynn A.F. , Sipkema Pieter , Yudkin John S. , Viollet Benoit , Richter Erik A. , Smulders Yvo M. , van Hinsbergh Victor W.M. , Serné Erik H. , Eringa Etto C.
Published: October 2012

Microvascular recruitment in muscle is a determinant of insulin sensitivity. Whether perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is involved in disturbed insulin-induced vasoreactivity is unknown, as are the underlying mechanisms. This study investigates whether PVAT regulates insulin-induced vasodilation in muscle, the underlying mechanisms, and how obesity disturbs this vasodilation. Insulin-induced vasoreactivity of resistance arteries was studied with PVAT from C57BL/6 or db/db mice. PVAT weight in muscle was higher in db/db mice compared with C57BL/6 mice. PVAT from C57BL/6 mice uncovered insulin-induced vasodilation; this vasodilation was abrogated with PVAT from db/db mice. Blocking adiponectin abolished the vasodilator effect of insulin in the presence of C57BL/6 PVAT, and adiponectin secretion was lower in db/db PVAT. To investigate this interaction further, resistance arteries of AMPKα2+/+ and AMPKα2−/− were studied. In AMPKα2−/− resistance arteries, insulin caused vasoconstriction in the presence of PVAT, and AMPKα2+/+ resistance arteries showed a neutral response. On the other hand, inhibition of the inflammatory kinase Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in db/db PVAT restored insulin-induced vasodilation in an adiponectin-dependent manner. In conclusion, PVAT controls insulin-induced vasoreactivity in the muscle microcirculation through secretion of adiponectin and subsequent AMPKα2 signaling. PVAT from obese mice inhibits insulin-induced vasodilation, which can be restored by inhibition of JNK.
Maternal and Neonatal Circulating Markers of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) Trial
Authors: Barrett Helen L. , Gatford Kathryn L. , Houda Candice M. , De Blasio Miles J. , McIntyre H. David , Callaway Leonie K. , Dekker Nitert Marloes , Coat Suzette , Owens Julie A. , Hague William M. , Rowan Janet A.
Published: October 2012

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to compare glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin and in cord plasma of their offspring and to examine how these markers relate to infant size at birth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to metformin or insulin in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes trial. Fasting maternal plasma glucose, lipids, and CRP were measured at randomization, 36 weeks’ gestation, and 6–8 weeks postpartum as well as in cord plasma. Women with available cord blood samples (metformin n = 236, insulin n = 242) were included.

RESULTS

Maternal plasma triglycerides increased more from randomization to 36 weeks’ gestation in women treated with metformin (21.93%) versus insulin (9.69%, P < 0.001). Maternal and cord plasma lipids, CRP, and neonatal anthropometry did not differ between treatments. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounders, the strongest associations with birth weight >90th centile were maternal triglycerides and measures of glucose control at 36 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

There were few differences in circulating maternal and neonatal markers of metabolic status and no differences in measures of anthropometry between the offspring of women treated with metformin and the offspring of women treated with insulin. There may be subtle effects of metformin on maternal lipid function, but the findings suggest that treating gestational diabetes mellitus with metformin does not adversely affect lipids or CRP in cord plasma or neonatal anthropometric measures.
Large-Dose Epinephrine Reduces Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow Under General Anesthesia in Rabbits
Authors: Terakawa Yui , Ichinohe Tatsuya
Published: October 2012

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of an epinephrine continuous infusion on muscle blood flow in rabbits. Sixteen male Japan White rabbits were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 groups: epinephrine continuous infusion at 0.01 μg/kg/min (Ep-0.01 group, n = 8) and at 0.1 μg/kg/ min (Ep-0.1 group, n = 8). The observed variables were heart rate, femoral artery blood pressure, common carotid artery blood flow (CCBF), masseter muscle blood flow (MBF), and quadriceps muscle blood flow (QBF). In the Ep-0.01 group, CCBF, MBF, and QBF were increased by 14, 22, and 21% from respective control values. In contrast, in the Ep-0.1 group, CCBF, MBF and QBF were decreased by 10, 30, and 27% from respective control values. There were no differences in the percentage change between MBF and QBF during epinephrine continuous infusion. Positive correlations were observed between CCBF and MBF and between CCBF and QBF. In conclusion, skeletal muscle blood flow was increased during the small-dose epinephrine infusion, whereas it was decreased during large-dose infusion.
Making Mas: TruDynasty Carnival Takes Josephine Baker to the Caribbean Carnival
Authors: Taucar Jacqueline
Published: October 2012

Over a million spectators descend on Lakeshore Avenue each year to watch Mas Bands create a kinaesthetic landscape of colour with elaborate costumes as they parade in Toronto's Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival Festival. Despite the importance of costumes to carnival, Canadian scholarship of Toronto's Caribbean Carnival overlooks the material and aesthetic elements. However, by focusing upon the costume as the subject of study, we can begin to evaluate and connect to the critical discourses surrounding Caribbean Carnival from another perspective that foregrounds the interconnectedness of objects to ideas and social practices. In particular, the design and performance of TruDynasty Carnival's Queen Mas, “Josephine Dancing at the Market,” illustrates the role of re-imagining as a potential strategy of re-presenting Josephine Baker's historical and cultural body within a carnival(esque) aesthetic to be read and performed in a new way for a Toronto audience.
For Show Only—No Performers!
Authors: Smith Jerrard , Smith Diana
Published: October 2012

Designers Jerrard and Diana Smith reflect on their collaboration with R. Murray Schafer on the complete Patria Cycle since 1981. Their extreme design had to fit with Schafer's conceptions of both time of day and duration. Costumes had to withstand conditions of performance on lakes, in forests, in ravines and several international tours. In 2011 they mounted exhibitions of the costumes and other artifacts from these productions at the Clarington Museum and Archives (Bowmanville, Ontario) and at Design at Riverside Gallery (Cambridge, Ontario). In this critical discussion they consider how their design can move indoors and be appreciated by the spectators.
“The first time I put on a Maggie Smith ...”: The Role of Costuming in the Artistic Process of Actresses at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival
Authors: Topham Sara , Schweitzer Marlis
Published: October 2012

This article investigates the role of costuming in the lives of actresses at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival. Although there have been numerous sociological studies of the role of clothing in women's lives, few of these have examined the complex, shifting relationship that develops between actors and their costumes, from first sketch to fittings to opening night and beyond. Taking a cue from recent investigations of how rehearsal environments and other offstage spaces affect theatre artists in unexpected, even surprising ways, this article weaves together three conversations with actresses from the Stratford Shakespeare Festival (Lucy Peacock, Andrea Runge, Sara Topham) to better highlight the similarities as well as the differences in the three women's lived experiences.
The “Stuff” That Games Are Made Of: Sharon E. Secord’s Work for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Opening and Closing Ceremonies
Authors: Kovacs Sasha , Secord Sharon E.
Published: October 2012

This interview with Sharon E. Secord (Head of Wardrobe for the Opening, Victory, and Closing Ceremonies of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games) took place on the two-year anniversary of her participation in the event (12 February 2012). The article presents excerpts that have been edited and reorganized with an effort to develop a vocabulary for what Sharon articulates as the “stuff” of her work. Three broad categories related to the labour conditions of Secord's efforts (contracts, space, and collaboration) take the focus in this conversation, and mark an attempt to shift scholarly emphasis away from the aesthetic artifact and towards the development of a language that can discuss the politics implicit in the means of producing large-scale events like the Olympic ceremonies.
Negotiating Tensions betwixt Presence and Absence amidst a Big Sadness: Cultural Reclamation, Reinvention, and Costume Design
Authors: Carter Jill
Published: October 2012

A conversation with Cree Designer Erika Iserhoff about beauty, spectacle, and coming home. Carter and Iserhoff consider the responsibility of recovering, carrying, and transmitting the material culture of other Indigenous nations upon whose stories she finds herself an artistic collaborator.
Peeking through the Racks: Shedding Light on Working Conditions of Costume Designers
Authors: Viczko April
Published: October 2012

This article takes a look at challenges facing costume designers with particular attention focused on the working conditions of designers. Along the way, technical support, relationships with producers, and fee structures are examined.
Comparing Tests for Near-Grazing-Incidence Noise Reduction and Sound Absorption Tests for Hot-Mix Asphalt
Authors: Dare Tyler , Woldemariam Wubeshet , McDaniel Rebecca S. , Olek Jan , Bernhard Robert
Published: October 2012

Sound absorption measurements have been used as a simple, cost-effective way of assessing pavement noise properties in the laboratory. However, tire–pavement noise (TPN) is emitted close to the pavement at shallow angles of incidence between the tire and a roadside receiver. Absorption properties can be used to predict oblique incidence noise properties, provided that certain assumptions are met. Near-grazing-incidence predictions of noise vary widely, and the assumptions involved may not be applicable to porous asphalt pavements. A method of directly measuring near-grazing-incidence noise reduction of hot-mix asphalt pavements was designed. It was found that the results of the proposed test could not be predicted from absorption data alone except for dense-graded pavement. For porous or thin, gap-graded pavements, the near-grazing-incidence test gave additional useful information about the acoustic performance of the pavement samples. The test can be used to supplement absorption and other laboratory tests for more accurate predictions of TPN.
Evaluation of Temperature Effects for Onboard Sound Intensity Measurements
Authors: Lodico Dana M. , Donavan Paul R.
Published: October 2012

As a portion of the overall research work for NCHRP Project 1–44, an examination of temperature effects on the onboard sound intensity method of measuring tire–pavement noise at the source was conducted. The study focused on whether a single, average normalization would be beneficial when applied to a full range of pavement types. Testing was conducted over 10 months, over a temperature range of more than 60°F (16°C), and on 10 pavements representing a variety of both asphalt and portland cement concrete design categories and covering a range in noise level of about 10 dB. On the basis of a statistical approach, temperature normalization was found to reduce uncertainty of the data and is recommended to be included in the method of test. Linear air temperature normalization is recommended, since a logarithmic regression did not further improve the fit of the data. Less scatter and improvements in the data were seen with the correlation to air temperature as opposed to pavement temperature. Theoretical and empirical assessments of the air density correction found the air density correction did not reduce uncertainty in the data and was not needed.
Determining Location and Design of Cost-Effective Wildlife Crossing Structures along US-64 in North Carolina
Authors: Smith Daniel J.
Published: October 2012

U.S. Highway 64 is a primary transportation route from the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The road bisects a network of federal, state, and privately managed conservation areas that provide habitat for black bear, red wolf (a federally endangered species), migratory birds, a diverse assemblage of herpetofauna, and numerous other species. The North Carolina Department of Transportation has plans to widen the highway from two to four lanes. The effects of increased habitat fragmentation and projected sea-level rise were significant concerns. Wildlife surveys were conducted from April 2009 to July 2010 to assess existing highway impacts. Roadkill and track surveys provided data on successful and unsuccessful road crossings. Roadkill data included 27,877 individuals of 113 species. From 31 track stations, 18 different species or taxa from 7,477 tracks were recorded. Spatial analysis of roadkill and track data revealed significant hot spots of wildlife activity. Results of field surveys and landscape analysis were used to determine candidate locations for wildlife crossings and other measures to reduce adverse effects of the proposed widening of the road. Recommendations included type of structure and design specifications according to site specifics and target species requirements.
MOVES and AERMOD Used for PM2.5 Conformity Hot Spot Air Quality Modeling
Authors: Vallamsundar Suriya , Lin Jie (Jane)
Published: October 2012

On March 10, 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published a final rule requiring transportation conformity analysis of project-level particulate matter (PM) in nonattainment and maintenance areas for projects of air quality concern. Since then the agency has released a public draft on transportation conformity guidance for quantitative hot spot analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 nonattainment and maintenance areas in which MOVES and EMFAC in California are designated as the official mobile emission models. The official air quality models are AERMOD and CAL3QHCR. The public draft requires detailed handling of emission and air quality data, which is a new requirement for state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations. The use of MOVES and AERMOD for transportation conformity analysis is showcased with priority given to the setup and running of the models with their respective data inputs in accordance with the transportation conformity guidance. Details of the input data preparation for MOVES and AERMOD, MOVES emission factor generation, sensitivity test results from MOVES, and the importance of interagency consultation process are presented. This showcase is an extended effort toward better understanding of the conformity process and setup of the models. Results from a real-world case study are presented as examples of the conformity process.
Concrete versus Tailpipes
Authors: Bernardin Vincent L. , Grovak Michael , Miquel Roberto
Published: October 2012

The methodology and the results pertain to developing a carbon footprint from a feasibility study for the addition of dedicated truck lanes to I-70 in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Ohio. A complete method is provided for carbon accounting in roadway infrastructure projects by integrating both greenhouse gases from vehicle emissions and embodied carbon from the construction and maintenance of the facility. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's MOVES model was used to estimate vehicle emissions, with off-model adjustments for hypothetical higher-productivity vehicles (HPVs) (longer or heavier trucks). Embodied carbon was estimated per unit of construction activity and material based on the quantities in the construction cost estimates. The results confirmed the importance of a holistic approach that incorporated both vehicle emissions and construction and maintenance. For some scenarios, embodied carbon from construction and maintenance offset operational benefits from congestion relief. In other scenarios, especially those with allowances for HPVs (such as longer double-trailer or triple-trailer trucks), decreases in vehicle emissions far outweighed emissions from construction and maintenance. Under the proper circumstances, dedicated truck lanes could be an infrastructure solution that would decrease the carbon footprint of freight transportation, but a true reckoning of their net carbon impact can be given only by incorporating embodied carbon.
Inclusion of Regional Transit Emissions in Local Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Authors: Gallivan Frank , Sall Elizabeth , Hesse Eric , Salon Deborah , Ganson Chris
Published: October 2012

Methods to attribute greenhouse gas emissions from transit vehicles across cities in a multijurisdictional region are explored. Four methods and one submethod are proposed, tested, and evaluated with real-world data from the Bay Area Rapid Transit District, serving the San Francisco Bay Area, California, and the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon, serving the Portland area. Each methodology is evaluated on the basis of the likely availability of necessary data, ease of calculation, policy implications, and accuracy. Method 1 allocates emissions on the basis of each jurisdiction's total population and employment as a share of population and employment from all of the region's jurisdictions that have transit access. Method 2 allocates emissions on the basis of each jurisdiction's share of vehicle revenue miles traveled within the jurisdiction. Method 3 allocates emissions on the basis of each jurisdiction's share of linked transit trip origins and destinations weighted by trip distances. Method 4 allocates emissions on the basis of each jurisdiction's share of boardings and alightings. The methods have clear differences in the amount and type of data and the complexity of calculations required. These differences can be readily compared with the data and analytical resources available to a region to provide a partial ranking of methods. Questions of fairness, accuracy, and policy incentives are complicated by theoretical challenges in assigning responsibility for transit service as well as by the unique urban and transportation contexts of each region. Each region will need to select the method that is most appropriate for its unique circumstances in order to achieve intraregional consistency.
Determinants of In-Vehicle Exposure to Traffic-Induced Emissions
Authors: Abi-Esber L. , El-Fadel M.
Published: October 2012

The past two decades have witnessed a growing concern about in-vehicle air quality with an emphasis on passenger cars, with greater levels of exposure to traffic-induced emissions recorded of all transport modes. In this study, in-vehicle exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) is examined under eight ventilation modes on a 2,333-m circuit in the Hamra–Bliss Area of Beirut, Lebanon, and the influence of ventilation mode, outdoor CO concentrations, and wind speed on in-vehicle exposure is assessed. The highest mean CO exposure was experienced for ventilation settings with the windows closed and vents closed and the windows closed and air conditioning on recirculation, with mean CO levels of 37.4 and 30.8 ppm, respectively, exceeding the 1-h air quality guidelines. In-vehicle CO levels revealed moderate to good correlation with out-of-vehicle CO levels for ventilation modes allowing outdoor air intake and no correlation with ambient CO levels and wind speed. A mass balance modeling with measured out-of-vehicle CO levels and a trip-specific movement record as boundary conditions ascertained a contribution to in-vehicle exposure of self-pollution, or the ingression of a vehicle's own engine fumes into the vehicle compartment.
Revisiting Decomposition Analysis for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Car Travel
Authors: Mishina Yoshinori , Muromachi Yasunori
Published: October 2012

Decomposition analyses are helpful to policy makers and analysts who aim to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from car travel. So far, a large number of decomposition methods have been proposed. However, there is still no consensus about the best decomposition method because each method has certain advantages and disadvantages. Which method is valid for the decomposition of the changes in CO2 emissions from car travel? This study revisited the refined Laspeyres index (RLI), logarithmic mean Divisia Index I (LMDI I), and modified Laspeyres index (MLI) methods. After a discussion of theoretical issues, period, time-series, and cross-regional decompositions of the changes in CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Japan were conducted with the three methods. Although the RLI and LMDI I methods have been most widely used by researchers and analysts, these methods contain theoretical problems with the attribution and distribution of inter action terms, particularly when some factors change positively but others change negatively. The recently proposed MLI method helps in resolving those issues by attributing and distributing the inter action terms to related factors according to the changes in each factor. The case studies showed that the differences in the attribution of the inter action terms to the related factors of the three methods affected the decomposition results significantly. The MLI method generates more valid decomposition results than do the RLI and LMDI I methods because of the reasonable attribution and distribution of the MLI method's interaction terms.