bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the spurious effect of intergroup friendship on outgroup attitudes in schools: The role of social influence and the positive impact of exposure to outgroup peers
Authors: Zingora Tibor
Published: September 2024

Promoting intergroup friendships in schools is regarded as a powerful strategy for improving outgroup attitudes. However, stochastic actor‐oriented modelling (SAOM) studies have often revealed no association between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes. I investigated whether SAOM studies reported no effect of intergroup friendship on outgroup attitudes, what was responsible for this surprising finding and whether exposure to outgroup peers was positively related to outgroup attitudes. The meta‐analysis of SAOM studies confirms no association between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes. Examining longitudinal social network data of 2700 German students, I found that a positive link between intergroup friendship and outgroup attitudes appeared only when I did not control for social influence. This indicates that intergroup friendship did not automatically improve outgroup attitudes. Instead, the development of outgroup attitudes among students depended on social influence and, thus, the quality of outgroup attitudes among their outgroup friends. Exposure to outgroup peers was, however, positively associated with outgroup attitudes. These findings reframe intergroup contact theory by suggesting that intergroup friendship is not essential for improving outgroup attitudes. Rather, social influence and exposure to outgroup peers could be key factors shaping outgroup attitudes.
Bioavailability of a novel sustained‐release pellet formulation of 5‐flucytosine in healthy‐fed participants for use in patients with cryptococcal meningitis
Authors: Ibnou Zekri Lassout Nabila , Goyal Vishal , Krantz Edrich , Simon Francois , Neven Anouk , Eriksson Johanna , Saayman Amaria , Satam Vijay , Ruffell Carol , Victor Sarika , Chenel Marylore , Celebic Aljosa , Caplain Henri , Gillon Jean‐Yves , Deshmukh Abhijit , Antarkar Amit , Sjögren Eric , Ribeiro Isabela
Published: September 2024

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is an opportunistic fungal infection and a major cause of death among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in sub‐Saharan Africa. 5‐flucytosine (5‐FC) is a unique, brain‐permeable antifungal agent used to reduce mortality from CM and to prevent disease in individuals carrying cryptococcal antigen. 5‐FC has a short plasma half‐life, requiring 6‐hourly oral dosing with an immediate‐release (IR) formulation, a significant challenge in hospital and outpatient settings, risking a lack of compliance. We recently reported the relative bioavailability in fasting conditions of a sustained release (SR) oral pellet formulation of 5‐FC. In this phase I study, we assessed the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of the new 5‐FC SR formulation in a single dose (2 × 3000 mg), relative to 5‐FC IR tablets (Ancotil®; 1500 mg b.i.d.) in healthy participants in fed conditions. This randomized, two‐period crossover study was conducted in South Africa to confirm the dose of the identified 5‐FC SR formulation for a twice‐daily 5‐FC regimen in patients. Thirty‐six healthy participants were included. All treatments were well tolerated and no serious adverse event was reported. Cmax and AUC(0–t) for the SR formulation (49.2 ± 10.49 μg/mL and 640.4 ± 126.4 h.μg/mL, respectively) were significantly higher than for the IR formulation (36.8 ± 7.61 μg/mL and 456.6 ± 72.8 h.μg/mL, respectively). A physiological based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) predicted that under fasting conditions, 6000 mg SR pellets would show a good overlap with the IR product (3000 mg b.i.d), thus 6000 mg SR 5‐FC b.i.d. in fasting conditions is recommended.
Mandatory audit partner rotation and earnings informativeness in the bond market
Authors: Xiao He , Qin Yaohua
Published: September 2024

This study finds that mandatory rotation of engagement partners results in more positive earnings response coefficient (ERC) in the years immediately following rotation than in the years that are not. Further analysis reveals that the positive association is driven by firms that announce bad earnings news and for bonds with longer maturity terms. Furthermore, such positive association is stronger when the incoming engagement partner has more industry expertise than the leaving partner, when the audit firm is a non–Big 6 auditor, and when the client firm is small. Finally, the relationship does not exist for voluntary partner rotation.
Bringing the Submarine Mariana Arc and Backarc Basin to Life for Undergraduates and the Public
Authors: Stern Robert J.
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to better teach about submarine arc and backarc basin volcanic and hydrothermal activity using the ~1400 km long Mariana convergent margin as an example. Four US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) expeditions (2004–2016) equipped with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) have discovered and explored many of submarine volcanoes and associated hydrothermal fields and generated many short (~1 min long) videos about them. Some of these videos would be very useful for teaching about these processes if they were organized and context provided, which is done here. Eighteen short videos about nine sites generated by NOAA are presented and discussed here. These are organized into three categories: volcanic eruptions, magmatic degassing, and hydrothermal activity. Volcanic eruption videos include two about glassy pillow lavas erupted in 2013–2015 and a rare example of a submarine eruption. Four videos about magmatic degassing include an example of sulfur produced by disproportionation of magmatic sulfur dioxide associated with a submarine eruption, two rare examples of molten sulfur lakes, and liquid carbon dioxide venting. Four videos about hydrothermal activity are provided. Suggestions for how this material might be used in the classroom are also given.
Delay discounting and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity are related to weight status in adolescents from the ABCD study
Authors: Overholtzer L. Nate , Ahmadi Hedyeh , Bottenhorn Katherine , Hsu Eustace , Herting Megan M.
Published: September 2024

Background

Despite the growing epidemic of paediatric obesity, questions remain regarding potential neural mechanisms for individual risk. Delay discounting is a cognitive process of comparison of valuation between immediate and delayed reward, which has been inconsistently linked to weight status. Moreover, central to the brain's reward system is the nucleus accumbens, a region structurally and functionally altered in obesity.

Objectives/Methods

This study aimed to examine the relationships between two continuous metrics of weight status, performance on a monetary delay‐discounting task and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity in 10–12‐year‐olds from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

Results

Using multilevel longitudinal linear modelling, we found greater discounting was associated with higher BMI Z‐scores (BMIz) and waist‐to‐height ratio Z‐scores (WHtRz) (N = 3819). Moreover, we observed functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens to the cingulo‐opercular, dorsal attention, fronto‐parietal, salience and ventral attention networks were predictive of BMIz (N = 1817). Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity was not found to mediate the association between delay‐discounting behaviour and BMIz.

Conclusions

Delay discounting and nucleus accumbens functional connectivity are independently related to weight status in a large sample of early adolescents. A better understanding of the relationship between reward and overeating behaviours may better inform obesity interventions.
Species Distribution Models for Mesopelagic Mesozooplankton Community
Authors: Egorova Yulia , Reygondeau Gabriel , Cheung William W. L. , Pakhomov Evgeny A.
Published: September 2024

Aim

We aimed to enhance our understanding of the distribution of mesopelagic mesozooplankton (MM) using species distribution models, assess the performance of various modelling techniques, identify key environmental predictors for MM distribution and compute their habitat suitability indices.

Location

Our study focused on the mesopelagic zone globally, with data analysed from different oceans.

Taxon

Our focus was primarily on mesopelagic mesozooplankton, gathering data on 861 different species from the Mesopelagic Mesozooplankton and Micronekton (MMM) Database.

Methods

We used an ensemble of species distribution models, applying 10 different modelling algorithms and three multi‐model ensemble approaches. We explored two important factors that can affect model performance: subsampling and the choice of background points. We also estimated the relative importance of various environmental conditions such as mixed layer depth, temperature, salinity, net primary productivity, euphotic zone depth and dissolved nitrate concentration on the distribution of these species.

Results

Euphotic zone depth, salinity and dissolved nitrate concentration were identified as the most important variables for explaining the distribution of mesopelagic mesozooplankton. The ensemble modelling results were robust in areas with abundant observational records, but high uncertainty was observed in data‐limited regions. We found a patchy habitat suitability map for zooplankton when modelled within their native range, largely due to uneven sampling. Unrestricted range models yielded smoother patterns but could inaccurately project species in areas where they do not occur.

Main Conclusions

Our study highlights the need for increased sampling effort in data‐limited regions to improve the accuracy of mesopelagic species distribution models. Despite some inaccuracies, unrestricted range models, assuming ecological equivalence (where different species occupying a similar ecological niche in different geographical regions or different ecosystems exhibit similar adaptations and behaviours), provide a reasonable comparison for habitat suitability maps and model performance. It also confirms the significant impact of certain environmental conditions on mesozooplankton distribution.
Applying a trauma‐informed care framework to courtroom practice: An analysis of judges' perspectives
Authors: McKinsey Eva , Heinen Mark , Zottola Samantha A. , Ellmaker Luke , Thorn Amelia
Published: September 2024

Analysis of in‐depth interviews with eight district court judges in North Carolina revealed over 40 practices that judges can adopt to become more trauma‐informed in their work. These practices map onto SAMHSA's framework for a trauma‐informed approach, demonstrating that abstract principles can translate into concrete actions in the courtroom setting. Analysis revealed an additional core principle of trauma‐informed judicial practice—Rehabilitation and Healing—and several areas where judges can deepen their commitment to trauma‐informed care—engagement with peer support programming; greater attention to cultural, historical, and gender issues; and application of trauma‐informed practice in adult criminal court.
The promise of alternatives for youths: An analysis of restorative justice practices in the United States
Authors: Koza Meghan , Kokkalera Stuti S. , Navarro John C.
Published: September 2024

Restorative justice practices are popular alternatives for youth conflict resolutions in the juvenile justice system and in schools. However, we do not know the extent to which states have formalized the use of restorative justice. This study reviews state legislation to identify whether restorative justice has been codified in juvenile justice and public education statutes. Through a content analysis of relevant statutory provisions, we find considerable variation in how restorative justice is defined and implemented in the juvenile justice and public‐school systems. We conclude with policy implications aimed at standardizing the understanding and application of restorative justice.
Visual self‐face and self‐body recognition in a left‐brain‐damaged prosopagnosic patient
Authors: Casati Carlotta , Diana Lorenzo , Casartelli Sara , Tesio Luigi , Vallar Giuseppe , Bolognini Nadia
Published: September 2024

The present case study describes the patient N.G., who reported prosopagnosia along with difficulty in recognising herself in the mirror following a left‐sided temporo‐occipital hemispheric stroke. The neuropsychological and experimental investigation revealed only a mild form of apperceptive prosopagnosia, without visual agnosia, primarily caused by an impaired visual processing of face‐parts and body parts but not of full faces. Emotional expressions did not modulate her face processing. On the other hand, N.G. showed a marked impairment of visual self‐recognition, as assessed with visual matching‐to‐sample tasks, both at the level of body‐part and face‐part processing and at a full‐face level, featured by a deficit in the perceptual discrimination of her own face and body, as compared to the others' face and body. N.G.'s lesion mapping showed damage to the left inferior occipito‐temporal cortex, affecting the inferior occipital gyrus and compromising long‐range connections between the occipital/temporo‐occipital areas and the anterior fronto‐temporal areas. Overall, the present case report documents that visual processing of the person's own face may be selectively compromised by a left‐sided hemispheric lesion disconnecting extra‐striate body‐ and face‐selective visual areas to self‐representation regions. Moreover, others' (full) face processing may be preserved, as compared with the impaired ability to discriminate others' body and face parts.
Management of triggering factor effects in sensitive skin syndrome with a dermo‐cosmetic product
Authors: Polena Helena , Fontbonne Arnaud , Abric Elise , Lecerf Guillaume , Chavagnac‐Bonneville Marlène , Moga Alain , Ardiet Nathalie , Trompezinski Sandra , Sayag Michèle
Published: September 2024

Objective

Environmental factors are important in the generation or aggravation of sensitive skin syndrome (SSS). Creams can be useful for patients with SSS, particularly when triggering factors cannot be avoided. Several clinical studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of specific creams in patients with SSS, but the majority were assessed with a single type of triggering factor and were non‐comparative. Therefore, this study's aim was to investigate, the benefit of a specific dermo‐cosmetic product in response to physical and chemical factors in subjects with SSS.

Methods

Three clinical studies were performed on subjects presenting SSS. The physical impact was assessed in a stripping test, and in a randomized intra‐individual study with a newly developed heat–cold stress model. To assess chemical factors, a capsaicin test on the nasolabial fold was performed.

Results

The product significantly reduced the increase in skin microcirculation caused by stripping after 30 min versus. The untreated condition (45.8% vs. 62.0%; p < 0.01). Immediately and at D28, the product induced a significant increase in skin hydration even after a heat–cold stress, while the overall score of unpleasant symptoms significantly decreased compared with the control (8.1 vs. 10.7 and 3.7 vs. 8.0, respectively; p < 0.01). Regarding chemical factors, a significant difference in the sensation intensity (p < 0.001) was observed after capsaicin stress, also in terms of the sensation duration due to the product application versus the control (192 s vs. 403 s; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

These studies show that topical application of a dermo‐cosmetic product can prevent unpleasant symptoms and improve the skin state in SSS exposed to physical and chemical triggering factors.
Profiling the sleep architecture of ageing adults using a seven‐state continuous‐time Markov model
Authors: Jacobs Jonathon , Martin Caitlin E. , Fuemmeler Bernard , Chen Shanshan
Published: September 2024

Sleep is a complex biological process regulated by networks of neurons and environmental factors. As one falls asleep, neurotransmitters from sleep–wake regulating neurones work in synergy to control the switching of different sleep states throughout the night. As sleep disorders or underlying neuropathology can manifest as irregular switching, analysing these patterns is crucial in sleep medicine and neuroscience. While hypnograms represent the switching of sleep states well, current analyses of hypnograms often rely on oversimplified temporal descriptive statistics (TDS, e.g., total time spent in a sleep state), which miss the opportunity to study the sleep state switching by overlooking the complex structures of hypnograms. In this paper, we propose analysing sleep hypnograms using a seven‐state continuous‐time Markov model (CTMM). This proposed model leverages the CTMM to depict the time‐varying sleep‐state transitions, and probes three types of insomnia by distinguishing three types of wake states. Fitting the proposed model to data from 2056 ageing adults in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Sleep study, we profiled sleep architectures in this population and identified the various associations between the sleep state transitions and demographic factors and subjective sleep questions. Ageing, sex, and race all show distinctive patterns of sleep state transitions. Furthermore, we also found that the perception of insomnia and restless sleep are significantly associated with critical transitions in the sleep architecture. By incorporating three wake states in a continuous‐time Markov model, our proposed method reveals interesting insights into the relationships between objective hypnogram data and subjective sleep quality assessments.
Inclusion body myositis coexisting with severe aortic stenosis due to bicuspid aortic valve: A case report and literature review of cardiac involvement in inclusion body myositis
Authors: Ono Ryohei , Iwahana Togo , Aoki Kaoruko , Kato Hirotoshi , Suichi Tomoki , Hirano Yasuki , Ogaya Etsuko , Yoshizaki Satoko , Kuwabara Satoshi , Ito Chihiro , Matsumiya Goro , Nishino Ichizo , Kobayashi Yoshio
Published: September 2024

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, but cardiac involvement has rarely been reported. Although bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases, the relationship between IBM and valvular heart disease remains unknown. We herein report the first case of a 68‐year‐old male patient with IBM coexisting with severe aortic stenosis due to BAV that was successfully treated with aortic valve replacement. To date, only 10 cases of IBM with cardiac manifestation, including our case, have been reported, and we review the current literature on cardiac involvement in patients with IBM.
The starting temperature of high‐flow nasal cannula and perceived comfort in critically ill patients: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial
Authors: Galazzi Alessandro , Gambazza Simone , Binda Filippo , Dossena Chiara , Cislaghi Andrea , Adamini Ileana , Palese Alvisa , Grasselli Giacomo , Laquintana Dario
Published: September 2024

Background

High‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is a non‐invasive respiratory treatment characterized by high tolerability, which largely derives from the patient's comfort.

Aim

The primary aim of this study was to explore whether the patient's perceived comfort was the same regardless of different approaches used to reach the target humidification temperature. The secondary aim was to assess the patient's perceived nasal dryness and humidity.

Study Design

This single‐centre, pragmatic, randomized trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05688189). Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) in need of HFNC therapy were randomly assigned to one of three study arms: a two‐step increase (31 to 34 to 37°C), a one‐step increase in temperature (34–37°C) or no temperature increase (started and remained at 37°C). The patients were asked to rate their perceived comfort, as well as their perceived nasal dryness and humidity on a scale from 1 (lowest value) to 5 (highest value).

Results

We enrolled 21 patients, aged 34–85 years. The mean (±1 standard deviation) comfort level was 3.3 (1.3) for patients who received a one‐step increase, 3.1 (1.3) for those who received no increase and 2.7 (1.7) for those who received a two‐step increase (p = .714). There was also no difference in nasal dryness (p = .05) or humidity (p = .612) across the study arms. Greater comfort was fairly correlated with less nasal humidity (ρ = −0.34, 95% confidence interval −0.68 to 0.07) but not with nasal dryness (ρ = 0.01, p = .94).

Conclusions

After 30 min of HFNC therapy at a target temperature of 37°C, overall comfort was rated similarly in the three study arms. Additional studies are needed to accumulate evidence corroborating the findings of this study.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The temperature of the mixture of air and oxygen is a fundamental component of HFNC therapy. A pragmatic approach irrespective of the initial temperature setting seems to yield a similar comfort score in hospitalized patients with mild respiratory failure because of extrapulmonary causes.
Normative high resolution esophageal manometry values in asymptomatic patients with obesity
Authors: Le Khanh Hoang Nicholas , Low Eric E. , Sharma Priya , Greytak Madeline , Yadlapati Rena
Published: September 2024

Background

Surgical bariatric interventions, while highly effective, can be associated with post‐operative esophageal symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal dysmotility. Whether pre‐operative physiology impacts this risk is unknown, in part because expected values on esophageal manometry in patients with obesity are not well understood. This study seeks to establish normative values on esophageal high resolution manometry (HRM) and the prevalence of esophageal dysmotility in the asymptomatic patient with obesity.

Methods

This retrospective study included adult patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg m−2 without esophageal symptoms undergoing preoperative bariatric surgical evaluation, including HRM, at a single tertiary care center between February, 2019 and February, 2020.

Results

Of 104 asymptomatic patients with obesity, HRM identified normal esophageal motility in 94 (90.4%) with the remaining 10 having ineffective esophageal motility (3.8%), manometric esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (3.8%), distal esophageal spasm (1.0%), and hypercontractile esophagus (1.0%). Mean of median lower esophageal sphincter integrated relaxation pressure (LES IRP) was 10.6 mmHg supine (95th percentile 21.5 mmHg) and 8.5 mmHg upright (95th percentile 21.3 mmHg). 86% of patients had intragastric pressure above 8 mmHg. Mean of mean distal contractile integral (DCI) was 2261.6 mmHg cm s−1 (95th percentile 5889.5 mmHg cm s−1).

Conclusion

The vast majority of asymptomatic patients with obesity had normal manometry. LES IRP and DCI were higher than that observed in non‐obese cohorts. Additionally, BMI correlated to increased intragastric pressure. These data suggest that normative values in patients with obesity should be adjusted to prevent overdiagnosis of EGJOO or hypercontractile esophagus.
A thaumatin‐like effector protein suppresses the rust resistance of wheat and promotes the pathogenicity of Puccinia triticina by targeting TaRCA
Authors: Chang Jiaying , Mapuranga Johannes , Wang Xiaodong , Dong Haijiao , Li Ruolin , Zhang Yingdan , Li Hao , Shi Jie , Yang Wenxiang
Published: September 2024

Thaumatin‐like proteins (TLPs) in plants play a crucial role in combating stress, and they have been proven to possess antifungal properties. However, the role of TLPs in pathogens has not been reported.

We identified a effector protein, Pt9029, which contained a Thaumatin domain in Puccinia triticina (Pt), possessing a chloroplast transit peptide and localized in the chloroplasts. Silencing Pt9029 in the Pt physiological race THTT resulted in a notable reduction in virulence and stunted growth and development of Pt hypha in near‐isogenic wheat line TcLr2b. Overexpression of Pt9029 in wheat exerted a suppressive effect on H2O2 production, consequently impeding the wheat's disease resistance mechanisms.

The TLP domain of Pt9029 targets the Rubisco activase (TaRCA) in chloroplasts. This interaction effectively inhibited the function of TaRCA, subsequently leading to a decrease in Rubisco enzyme activity. Therefore, this indicates that TLPs in Pt can inhibit host defense mechanisms during the pathogenic process of Pt. Moreover, TaRCA silencing resulted in reduced resistance of TcLr2b against Pt race THTT.

This clearly demonstrated that TaRCA positively regulates wheat resistance to leaf rust. These findings reveal a novel strategy exploited by Pt to manipulate wheat rust resistance and promote pathogenicity.
Do plants respond to multi‐year disturbance rhythms and are we missing the beat?
Authors: Vermeire Lance T. , Reinhart Kurt O. , Ott Jacqueline
Published: September 2024

Disturbance seasonality and return interval can create complex interactions of direct and indirect effects on species and ecosystems. Fire is a key grassland disturbance, yet long‐term research examining seasonality and return intervals is limited. A 15‐year experiment testing combinations of fire seasonality (summer, fall, spring) and return interval (2, 3, 6‐year) plus non‐burned controls was conducted in northern mixed prairie to evaluate effects on the plant community. Hesperostipa comata is a native C3 bunchgrass and dominant species in northern mixed prairie and previously observed to be fire‐sensitive. Current‐year aboveground biomass results were generally counter to expectations based on short‐term research. Fire increased H. comata biomass with a strong, rhythmic response pattern to a specific fire seasonality‐return‐interval combination (fall fire at 3‐year return intervals) that periodically increased biomass to more than three times that with no fire. Through the first four post‐fire growing seasons, biomass with summer, fall and spring fire across return intervals was 41, 89 and 93% of that with no fire. Afterward, no fire combination produced less biomass than no fire and recurring patterns emerged with large increases in biomass, particularly with fall fire at 3‐year intervals. Peak biomass years were regularly two growing seasons after 3‐year fall fire and occurred across wet, near‐average and dry conditions. We hypothesize that productivity responses were driven by the combination of demographic processes of seedling recruitment and synchronization of multiple tiller age classes. Because short‐term negative effects were reversed and regular patterns only emerged 5 years after study initiation, more long‐term research evaluating fire regimes is recommended to expand upon tests of individual factors over short periods. This suggestion is based on fire research, but likely applies to multiple forms of disturbance and demonstrates how demographic processes can inform responses for individual species and larger ecosystem functions, such as productivity.
Comparison between a Novel Knee Arthrometer and Simultaneous Stress Radiography for the Diagnosis of Complete and Partial Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Authors: Li Junqiao , Zhang Jiayao , You Mingke , Yang Xiaolong , Ma Wenjing , Deng Qian , Chen Gang , Tang Xin , Fu Weili , Xiong Yan , Li Qi , Li Jian
Published: September 2024

Objectives

The type of ligamentous tear and the degree of knee laxity have important guiding significance for the diagnosis and management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Instrumental measurement is necessary for ACL tears since physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cannot provide an objective and quantitative assessment of knee laxity. This study aimed to compare the application of a novel knee arthrometer and simultaneous stress radiography in differentiating between complete and partial acute ACL tears, and further assess the correlation between the two measurements.

Methods

A total of 106 patients with complete acute ACL tears and 52 patients with partial acute ACL tears were included in the study. Preoperative arthrometry and simultaneous stress radiography were performed using the Ligs arthrometer at 90, 120, and 150 N to assess side‐to‐side difference (SSD) in anterior knee laxity. The optimal threshold was determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to assess the diagnostic value of the measurement. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the two measurements.

Results

The optimal differential SSD thresholds in the Ligs arthrometer were 2.7 mm at 90 N, 3.8 mm at 120 N, and 4.6 mm at 150 N. Similarly, the optimal differential SSD thresholds in simultaneous stress radiography were 3.8 mm at 90 N, 5.1 mm at 120 N, and 5.6 mm at 150 N. The AUC analysis revealed that the Ligs arthrometer was fairly informative at 90 N (AUC = 0.851), 120 N (AUC = 0.878), and 150 N (AUC = 0.884), and simultaneous stress radiography was highly informative at 90 N (AUC = 0.910), 120 N (AUC = 0.925), and 150 N (AUC = 0.948). Moreover, the AUC of the combined measurements was 0.914 at 90 N, 0.931 at 120 N, and 0.951 at 150 N. A significantly strong correlation was found between the two measurements at 90 N (r = 0.743, p < 0.001), 120 N (r = 0.802, p < 0.001), and 150 N (r = 0.823, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The Ligs arthrometer and simultaneous stress radiography proved to be valid diagnostic tools to differentiate between complete and partial acute ACL tears, with a strong correlation between the two measurements in SSD values. Compared with single instrumental measurement, the combination of the two measurements can further improve the diagnostic value in this regard.
Freedom of thought
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: September 2024

This paper develops a novel conception of freedom of thought as the right to epistemic self‐realization. The recognition of this right is characterized here as a modally robust normative status that I think one has as a potential knower in an epistemic community. It is a status that one cannot enjoy without a specific form of institutionalized intellectual respect and support. To explain and defend this conception of freedom of thought, it is contrasted here with more traditionally “negative” conceptions of freedom of thought, in terms of not being interfered with. It is also contrasted here with a “positive” conception of freedom of thought derived from a recently prominent account of doxastic agency as grounded in the rational capacity to self‐determine one's own response to reasons. In both cases, the crux of the argument in this paper is that a conception of freedom of thought as a right to epistemic self‐realization makes better sense of why we fear the counter‐liberatory forces of propaganda and regulated thinking, and also why we hold out hope for the liberating potential of education and critical engagement with expertise in the public sphere.
How emotions grasp value
Authors: Kauppinen Antti
Published: September 2024

It's plausible that we only fully appreciate the value of something, say a painting or a blameworthy action, when we have a fitting emotional response to it, such as admiration or guilt. But exactly how and why do we grasp value through emotion? I propose, first, that a subject S phenomenally grasps property P only if what it is to be P is manifest in the phenomenal character of S's experience. Second, following clues from the Stoics, I argue that the phenomenal character of emotional experience is constitutively linked with its having directive content. More precisely, emotional experience directs us both to adopt a maxim for action – take certain characteristic kinds of action for an emotion‐specific end – and to treat something about the object as a presumptively decisive reason to take such action for such end. If we assent to what the experience proposes (or rational control gets bypassed), we are motivated to take the relevant action and have a corresponding evaluative belief. This picture of emotional cognition yields a natural conception of the evaluative fittingness conditions of emotions without the problematic assumption that they have a presentational phenomenology. Instead, it is precisely in virtue of the directive and valenced phenomenology of emotion that values are only fully manifest in emotional experience, since values are essentially action‐ and attitude‐guiding properties.
Longitudinal relationship between loneliness and cognitive function among unmarried older adults in Malaysia: exploring gender disparities
Authors: Foong Hui Foh , Ibrahim Rahimah , Abdullah Siti Farra Zillah , Bagat Mohamad Fazdillah
Published: September 2024

Background

The status of being unmarried is commonly associated with a higher tendency for loneliness and cognitive impairment. However, it has yet to be determined whether there is a link between loneliness and cognitive function among unmarried older people. Therefore, this study used longitudinal data to determine the link between loneliness and cognitive function, and the subjects were unmarried community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

The study follows up a sample of 733 unmarried older adults who were either never married, widowed, divorced or separated, from waves one and two of the ‘Neuroprotective Model for Healthy Longevity among Malaysian Older Adults’ study. The main statistical analysis used to answer the research question was the PROCESS macro (model 1) for SPSS.

Results

The study found that increased loneliness was associated with a decline in cognitive function over a 3‐year period. Additionally, gender moderated the link between loneliness and cognitive function, with this association being particularly prominent in older men.

Conclusions

Loneliness among unmarried older people should be given attention as it could lead to deteriorating cognitive function. Notably, older men experience a more substantial impact of loneliness on cognitive function than women. Therefore, special attention should be focused on this population, and more social services should be developed to reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment, improve their quality of life, and promote successful ageing.
Advancing consensual non‐monogamy in psychological research, practice, and policy: A guide for psychologists
Authors: Moors Amy C. , Vaughan Michelle Denise , Flicker Sharon M. , Matsumura Kaiponanea T. , Schechinger Heath A.
Published: September 2024

In this article, we present a brief overview of the topic of consensual non‐monogamy (CNM) as a scientific inquiry, including reviews related to stigma, relationship functioning, and health and well‐being. Next, we discuss how psychologists can be more responsive to people who engage in CNM, by (1) conducting research that is inclusive of CNM, including challenging mononormativity in theory and measurement; (2) training clinicians to be more knowledgeable about CNM, including expanding diversity requirements and evidence‐based clinical practice; (3) working in advocacy to help shape law and policy, including future directions for research to inform marital/family and antidiscrimination law. Our goal is to discuss challenges while providing actionable recommendations for how psychologists can move forward in their respective domains to be inclusive of people engaged in CNM.
Model‐based clustering in simple hypergraphs through a stochastic blockmodel
Authors: Brusa Luca , Matias Catherine
Published: September 2024

We propose a model to address the overlooked problem of node clustering in simple hypergraphs. Simple hypergraphs are suitable when a node may not appear multiple times in the same hyperedge, such as in co‐authorship datasets. Our model generalizes the stochastic blockmodel for graphs and assumes the existence of latent node groups and hyperedges are conditionally independent given these groups. We first establish the generic identifiability of the model parameters. We then develop a variational approximation Expectation‐Maximization algorithm for parameter inference and node clustering, and derive a statistical criterion for model selection. To illustrate the performance of our R
package HyperSBM, we compare it with other node clustering methods using synthetic data generated from the model, as well as from a line clustering experiment and a co‐authorship dataset.
Kids in limbo: War, uncertainty, and the school experiences of Ukrainian refugee students in Poland
Authors: Franczak Iwona B. , Lutz Amy C.
Published: September 2024

Russia's invasion of Ukraine begun on February 24, 2022. By December 2022, approximately 8 million Ukrainians left their homes seeking safety in other countries. One million Ukrainian refugees (mostly mothers and children) settled in Poland and 200,000 Ukrainian refugee children attended Polish schools in July 2023. Based on the interviews conducted with Polish speaking teachers and Ukrainian mothers in Poland, this research examines educational experiences of Ukrainian school‐age children who fled the war and enrolled in Polish schools. This study draws on the recent literature on refugee education and related fields, adapts Horst and Grabska's theory of “radical uncertainty”, and expands on the social demographic lens on refugee migration by including educational experiences of refugee youth. Findings suggest that changes to family and school routines caused by the war hindered academic performance and social–emotional well‐being of some Ukrainian school‐age refugees regardless of mothers' advantageous socio‐economic backgrounds. Although some Ukrainian students experienced educational inequalities because of their refugee status, the uncertainty caused by the war was the driving force behind the changes in students' educational lives. We also find that schools are crucial in creating a sense of familiarity and restoring a sense of stability among refugee students.
Kitkińike of recognition: In the direction of bibliographies as cultural landscapes
Authors: Stolte Gretchen
Published: September 2024

This project explores bibliographies as cultural landscapes. Taking the Nez Perce term kitkińike (in the direction of) as a gesture that offers new theoretical grounds for considering the categorical power of bibliographies, I argue that bibliographies are more than just sources cited at the end of a publication. A dynamic and interactive interface performatively animates an existing list of texts about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture and history with anticolonial purpose, so countering the thinking that Indigenous, Black and Queer authors are objects to be studied rather than academics to be cited. The exegesis defines a bibliography and its many manifestations and provides background on how this project came to being, giving credit to the people and institutions working to combat the erasure of Black, Queer, Indigenous and minority voices. The written piece argues that we need to move in the direction of (kitkińike) including a variety of voices in our citations while the web interface allows for the physical exploration of these concepts. Together, the paired research outcomes invite a novel journey across the cultural landscapes of bibliographic productions.
Does inward FDI improve the labour‐allocation efficiency of local firms? Evidence from China
Authors: Shi Qing , Tan Yong , Zhao Xin , Zhu Linke
Published: September 2024

This article estimates labour‐allocation efficiency at the firm level in China and studies whether inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to its improvement. We construct a city‐level FDI intensity measure and identify the causal effect of FDI entry on labour‐allocation efficiency. The results indicate that when FDI increases by 10%, the average labour‐allocation efficiency increases by 7.2%. The mechanism analysis further implies that the alleviation effect of FDI entry on firm‐level labour‐allocation efficiency prefers the agglomeration learning rather than the agglomeration matching channel, that is, firm‐level labour‐allocation efficiency increases only when they are more exposed to the agglomeration of foreign capital and more related industries. The heterogeneity analysis further reveals that firms located in less segmented regions, facing higher training costs, of private‐ or foreign‐owned ownership types, having a higher ratio of high‐skilled labours increase labour‐allocation efficiency more upon FDI entry.
Effects of intracameral tissue plasminogen activator injection on posterior capsular opacification, fibrin formation, and intraocular pressure in dogs after phacoemulsification
Authors: Kim Kyulee , Kang Young‐Sun , Kim Joon Young
Published: September 2024

Objective

To evaluate whether intracameral tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection is effective in regulating posterior capsular opacification (PCO), fibrin formation and intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery.

Animal Studied

Prospective study involving 30 eyes of 21 dogs that underwent phacoemulsification.

Procedures

Thirty eyes were randomly divided into two groups of 15 eyes (control and tPA groups). Intracameral tPA (25 μg/0.1 mL) was injected into tPA group eyes before corneal incision closure but not into the eyes of the control group. The grades of anterior fibrin formation and PCO were compared based on slit lamp biomicroscope examination at 1 and 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2–3 months postoperatively. IOP was measured using applanation tonometry every 30 min for 4 h immediately after operation and on the following morning. The IOP of the two groups at each time was compared.

Results

The grade of anterior fibrin formation and that of PCO were not significantly different between the two groups at any time point (p > .05). However, the IOP of the tPA group was significantly lower than that of the control group at each point on the day of surgery (p < .05). No complications were observed with tPA injection, except for temporary hyphema (for 3 days) in one eye.

Conclusions

Although the intracameral tPA injection did not affect anterior fibrin formation and PCO, it effectively maintained normal IOP immediately after phacoemulsification. Thus, our findings provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of intracameral tPA injection in achieving immediate IOP control after phacoemulsification.
НОВАЯ ВАКЦИНА POLLENVAX ДЛЯ ИММУНОТЕРАПИИ АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКОГО РИНИТА И АСТМЫ, ВЫЗЫВАЕМЫХ ПЫЛЬЦОЙ ПОЛЫНИ
Authors: Табынов К. , Нурпеисов Т.Т. , Бабаева М.Е. , Тайлакова Э.Т. , Рахматуллаева Г.Т. , Болатбеков Т.Д. , Фомин Г.И. , Табынов К.
Published: September 2024

Распространенность IgE-опосредованных аллергических заболеваний среди населения промышленно развитых стран достигло 35%, и, по оценкам экспертов прогнозируется их дальнейшее увеличение уже в следующем десятилетии. Пыльца полыни (Artemisia) входит в десятку ведущих мировых аэроаллергенов, вызывающих аллергический ринит и бронхиальную астму. Аллерген-специфическая иммунотерапия (АСИТ) представляет собой единственный специфический и болезнь-модифицирующий метод лечения аллергии, опосредованной IgE. АСИТ заключается во введении постепенно возрастающих количеств аллергена пациенту с целью облегчения симптомов, возникающих при последующем контакте с причинным аллергеном. Существенным недостатком для АСИТ является слишком продолжительный курс терапии (от 3 до 5 лет) с многократными приемами аллергенов. Следствие чего, образуется те только проблема комплаентности (не завершение полного курса терапии), но и риска проявления нежелательных явлений от АСИТ.
Разработана новая вакцина для иммунотерапии аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы, вызываемых пыльцой полыни, которая потенциальна способна решить вышеизложенные недостатки традиционной АСИТ. Вакцина приготовлена на основе рекомбинантного мажорного белка пыльцы полыни Art v 1, формулированного масляным адъювантом ISA-51, и получила название PollenVax. Уникальностью вакцины PollenVax является то, что она в отличие от зарубежных аналогов способна в ультракоротком режиме (общая продолжительность курса один месяц) с четырьмя подкожными десенситизирующими иммунизациями обеспечивает выраженную терапевтическую эффективность на лабораторных моделях (Tabynov K. et al. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:828690). Также установлено, что вакцина PollenVax в режиме ультракороткого пре- и косезонной АСИТ при применении высоко- и низко дозовых схем иммунизации обеспечивают существенное снижение как признаков аллергического ринита, так и бронхиальной астмы у сенситизированных мышей. При этом важно отметить, что терапевтическая эффективность отечественной вакцины существенно превосходила коммерческий препарат ROXALL Medizin GmbH, Германия (Babayeva M. et al. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:983621). Вакцина успешно прошла доклинические исследования безопасности в Национальном центре экспертизы лекарственных средств и медицинских изделий МЗ РК (регуляторный орган; отчет №ДИ-2022/07 от 28 октября 2022 г.) и рекомендована регуляторным органом Казахстана для дальнейших клинических исследований. В 2024–2026 годах планируется дальнейшее продвижение отечественной разработки путем масштабирования технологии ее производства на GMP-заводе, а также проведение I-II фаз клинического исследования.
Таким образом, разработана новая вакцина PollenVax для ультракороткого режима иммунотерапии аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы, вызываемых пыльцой полыни, которая ввиду своих технологических и потребительских преимуществ в сравнении с аналогами может найти широкое применение на практике.
Programmable Supratransmission in a Mechanical Chain with Tristable Oscillators
Authors: Wang Yuqi , Zhu Shuze
Published: September 2024

Supratransmission refers to a phenomenon that nonlinear medium allows large-amplitude waves to transmit energy through the band gap, which has been extensively studied in many nonlinear models. Recently, controlling supratransmission using bistable nonlinearities has gained growing attentions. Nevertheless, the general principles of controlling supratransmission using multistable nonlinearities have remained elusive. As a first step to address such challenge, this work presents programmable supratransmission using tristable nonlinearities. Through numerical simulations, we demonstrate that a mechanical chain consisting of tristable oscillators can achieve rich programmable features of supratransmission by simply tuning the tristable potential energy curve, providing new insights into how supratransmission can be controlled. The current work deepens the understanding of programmable supratransmission using multistable nonlinearities.