bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symmetric or asymmetric: how is Nigeria's bilateral trade balance responding to oil price and exchange rate changes?
Authors: Ogbonna Oliver E. , Ichoku Hyacinth E.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The experience of rising trade imbalance between Nigeria and its key trading partners in recent years motivated this study. Previous studies on this issue either ignored bilateral level or assumed that the effect of crude oil price and/or exchange rate changes on trade balance is symmetric. Consequently, this study investigates whether Nigeria's bilateral trade balance with Belgium, China, United Kingdom (UK) and USA is responding symmetrically or asymmetrically to changes in oil price and exchange rate.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used nonlinear autoregressive-distributed lag (NARDL) model that decomposed oil price and exchange rate into partial sum processes of positive and negative changes over the period 1999Q1–2019Q4.

Findings

The study finds that the effects of oil price hike and plunge asymmetrically influence Nigeria's trade balance with the UK and USA. Further evidence indicated that oil price plunge exerts greater influence than price hike in all the cases, except the UK in the long run. Furthermore, Nigeria's trade balance responds asymmetrically and significantly to changes in exchange rate with China in the long run and with China and the UK in the short run. Specifically, the depreciation effect is more prominent than appreciation.

Originality/value

Significant contributions to the existing literature in Nigeria include the recognition that the effects of oil price and exchange rate changes on trade are asymmetric and the disaggregation of trade into bilateral level to identify country-specific effect.
A two-stage solution approach for unequal area facility layout problem with bi-directional relaxed flexible bay structure
Authors: Hunagund Irappa Basappa , Pillai Madhusudanan , U.N. Kempaiah
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to develop a bi-directional relaxed flexible bay structure (BRFBS) in the layout for the unequal area facility layout problems (UA-FLPs) and test the suitability of the proposed approach using literature data.

Design/methodology/approach

This research adopts a two-stage solution approach for UA-FLPs to form BRFBS in the layout. The solution to UA-FLPs is carried out in discrete space. The proposed heuristic method optimises the layout plan for minimising the material handling cost (MHC), and also, it indirectly optimises the space utilisation by reducing the empty space in the layout. The first stage of layout design assumes that all facilities are equal in size and uses quadratic assignment problem (QAP) model. QAP is solved with a simulated annealing heuristic method. In the second stage, a heuristic method is proposed to find the optimum width for each bay and the dimension for facilities. The proposed heuristic method is tested with numerical data available in the literature. Results are compared with the results obtained by layout planning software, and with the simulated annealing algorithm for flexible bay structure (SA-FBS) heuristic procedure for continuous space UA-FLPs.

Findings

The proposed two-stage solution approach gives the BRFBS for the UA-FLPs. BRFBS helps to create proper aisle structure in the layout plan. The layout configuration and solution of the proposed method is better than the layout planning software solution and SA-FBS solution. The application of the proposed heuristic method to case data gave lesser MHC, better space utilisation and better aisle formation than the existing layout.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed approach has the limitation that it can be applied only to UA-FLPs solved in discrete space. When the UA-FLPs are solved in continuous space, then it is not possible to make application of this approach to form bi-directional relaxed flexible bays in the layout plan.

Practical implications

Most of the modern industries are automated, and they use material handling equipment (MHE) like automated guided vehicles (AGVs). Design of layout plans that help to create proper aisle structure for AGV’s in the layout plan is a challenging to the researchers. The BRFBS configuration is more suitable in the flexible manufacturing system where AGVs are used for material transportation.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a novel two-stage heuristic method for solving the UA-FLPs in discrete space. The proposed approach generates a BRFBS in the layout plan. The BRFBS helps to create a proper aisle structure suitable for better material handling operations. Hence, this type of layout helps in easy interaction of the MHE (e.g. AGVs) with the boundaries of the facilities touching the aisle.
Selecting the right location for sports facilities using analytical hierarchy process
Authors: Erturan-Ogut Esin Esra , Kula Ufuk
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This study aims to adapt analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for choosing the optimal location for sport facilities. The location of a sports facility contributes significantly to its potential success or failure. Therefore, factors affecting such location-related decisions must be carefully studied and prioritized in a systematic fashion.

Design/methodology/approach

This study develops a seven-step framework which may be used to decide on a location from among several alternatives. Through an extensive literature review, this study first determines the factors affecting sports facility location selection and then applies AHP steps by asking several sports facility owners and managers to assess importance of the criteria.

Findings

This study determined the sport facility location selection factors as “ease of access,” “facility features,” “financial issues,” “neighborhood” and “market,” and further divided each factor into its subfactors. To illustrate the framework of using AHP as a tool to select the right location for sport facilities, we chose three candidate locations and scored them according to the calculated weight scores of the criteria, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each location.

Practical implications

This study provides several managerial implications that may guide sport facility investors in choosing the right location.

Social implications

This study presents a method to evaluate different factors for different actors of sport industry in a systematic way. Private investors can use the method for securing sufficient number of potential customers in a well-selected location. Government institutions and public policymakers can use the method, possibly with different sets of factors, to decide on the location of public sports facilities to maximize the number of visitors or to reach disadvantaged or underserved populations.

Originality/value

This framework of AHP method can help private and public investors and policymakers evaluate and make the optimal decision for choosing sports facility locations. This study contributes both to sport management theory and practice as well as to operation management literature. This study also refined the scattered factors in the literature of selecting a sport facility site in a more understandable and adaptable way.
Marketing communications in a time of change: mobility providers, safety and women during the interwar period in the UK and North America
Authors: Gladden Graham
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The interwar period was a time of technological and social change. This paper aims to understand how these changes impacted the marketing communication of mobility through the lenses of safety and of the changing place and role of women in society.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on a review of over 2,000 posters together with visual and textual material from the contemporary specialist press and company brochures, magazine advertisements and promotional film.

Findings

As women’s place in society developed during the interwar period, they became travellers and decision makers in their own right. Companies responded to and influenced these changes by encouraging women to take opportunities previously beyond their reach. However, even within this context, women were seen to retain a priority for safety linked to their more traditional societal roles. This message was set within the context of a wider safety communication dependant on the maturity of the mobility technology. Established modes of transport took a connotative approach whilst the new technologies (cars and airlines) were far more explicit in their claims.

Research limitations/implications

The paper provides an approach to understanding the impact of advertisers’ technologies (new or established) on the style and content of their marketing. As such it can be used in other areas besides those discussed in this paper: for example, in a comparison between traditional car engine technologies and emergent “green” alternatives.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first cross-modal comparison of marketing communications by companies representing the majority of key mobilities. Further, whilst there is considerable discussion on topics such as gender and motoring, other sectors (for example, women airline passengers) have been given scant research attention.
Post-COVID-19 ethics of people analytics
Authors: Bryce Vincent , McBride Neil Kenneth , Cunden Mayen
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of the ethical investigation of the emerging practice of people analytics (PA) within human resource (HR) management through charting the development of PA before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is designed as a short review of the current thinking in the ethics of PA, a practical journey through the progression of PA across the pandemic and a theoretical exploration of PA through three lenses: virtue ethics, critical social theory and actor network theory.

Findings

The authors suggest that PA raises novel ethical issues in terms of personal impact, increased penetration into working and home lives and the punch delivered in terms of organisational and behavioural change.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides a short review of three theoretical approaches to PA. Detailed research and reflection is required to develop and extend an ethics of PA. While engagement with the ethics of PA requires gaining an understanding of the discipline, ideas and jargon of HR management, it is essential that ethicists engage with PA as HR departments take on greater influence and adopt executive roles.

Practical implications

PA is now at the top of the HR management agenda, but there is limited understanding of the technology, the ethics and the new responsibilities it brings for HR management. This paper raises the profile of an ethical agenda, which practitioners should engage with.

Social implications

The ethical consequences of PA have social implications as work practices change and hybrid working becomes prevalent. It has the potential to change the relationship between home and the workplace.

Originality/value

This paper provides a unique synthesis of theory and practice in a new area of ethical importance.
Motives and strategies of CEOs for stimulating sharing and application of knowledge in the care and support for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Kersten Marion , Taminiau Elsbeth , Weggeman Mathieu , Embregts Petri
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Within intellectual disability care organizations (IDCOs), it is vital that professionals share and apply knowledge to improve the quality of care for their service users. Given that chief executive officers (CEOs) play a pivotal role in enabling these processes, this paper aims to investigate both the underlying motives and strategies behind CEOs’ organizational knowledge leadership and their contribution to improving these knowledge processes.

Design/methodology/approach

In this exploratory qualitative study, 11 CEOs from IDCOs in the Netherlands who are actively involved in knowledge management within their organizations were interviewed. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted.

Findings

CEOs’ motives for stimulating knowledge processes among professionals in IDCOs arise from the internal (e.g. the CEOs themselves) and external (e.g. policy) contexts. This study also identified four strategies adopted by CEOs to stimulate sharing and application of knowledge: providing organizational conditions for effective knowledge processes; focused attention on talent development; acknowledgment and deployment of knowledge holders; and knowledge-driven participation in collaborative partnerships. These strategies are used in combination and have been shown to reinforce one another.

Practical implications

An overview of strategies for stimulating knowledge processes is now available.

Originality/value

The results display the leadership of CEOs in knowledge strategies. Insights into their perceptions and values are provided while elaborating on their motives to take this role.
Facebook, Meta, the metaverse and libraries
Authors: Fernandez Peter
Published: April 2022

Purpose

By understanding these trends, information professionals can better position themselves to help their patrons as the technology develops, as well as position their organizations for success in the world the metaverse will create.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper defines core concepts of the metaverse, including defining what it is, explaining the narratives surrounding it and exploring its implications for intellectual property and libraries.

Findings

The development of the metaverse is poised to change the parameters by which libraries work, with implications for information accessibility as well as possible technological barriers. The same economies of scale and disconnection that could potentially threaten libraries could also be an opportunity to develop new partnerships and frameworks for cooperation, if information professionals choose to help shape the metaverse instead of only react to it.

Originality/value

Understanding the range of possibilities for how the metaverse might develop helps to navigate the role libraries might play as it emerges.
Meta‐analysis of diazotrophic signatures across terrestrial ecosystems at the continental scale
Authors: Zhu Chen , Friman Ville‐Petri , Li Ling , Xu Qicheng , Guo Junjie , Guo Shiwei , Shen Qirong , Ling Ning
Published: April 2022

Biological nitrogen fixation performed by diazotrophs forms a cornerstone of Earth's terrestrial ecosystem productivity. However, the composition, diversity and distribution of soil diazotrophs are poorly understood across different soil ecosystems. Furthermore, the biological potential of the key diazotroph species in relation to key environmental parameters is unknown. To address this, we used meta‐analysis approach to merge together 39 independent diazotroph amplicon sequencing (nifHgene) datasets consisting of 1988 independent soil samples. We then employed multiple statistical analyses and machine‐learning approaches to compare diazotroph community differences and indicator species between terrestrial ecosystems on a global scale. The distribution, composition and structure of diazotroph communities varied across seven different terrestrial ecosystems, with community composition exhibiting an especially clear effect. TheCyanobacteriawere the most abundant taxa in crust ecosystems (accounting for ~45% of diazotrophs), while other terrestrial ecosystems were dominated byProteobacteria, includingAlpha‐,Beta‐ andGamma‐Proteobacteria(accounting for ~70% of diazotrophs). Farmland ecosystems harboured the highest and crust ecosystems the lowest alpha and phylogenetic diversities.Azospirillum zeae,Skermanella aerolataand fourBradyrhizobiumspecies were identified as key indicator species of potential diazotroph activity. Overall, diazotroph abundances and distribution were affected by multiple environmental parameters, including soil pH, nitrogen, organic carbon, C:N ratio and annual mean precipitation and temperature. Together, our findings suggest that based on the relative abundance and diversity ofnifHmarker gene, diazotrophs have adapted to a range of environmental niches globally.
Mindfulness and culture
Authors: Cook Joanna , Cassaniti Julia
Published: April 2022

Mindfulness, an awareness training practice originating in Buddhism, is simultaneously championed as a mental health tool and critiqued as a form of neo‐liberal subjugation in media representations. Here, anthropology is well positioned to contribute to and meaningfully alter these contemporary debates. Anthropologists' focus on the relationship between psychological categories and culturally embedded ethical practices offers a welcome corrective to celebratory or critical interpretive modes. Through an analysis of sensationalized media reports that ‘mindfulness can make you selfish!’, the authors argue that long‐term qualitative research uncovers ways in which cultural values profoundly influence the effects of mindfulness. In doing so, they suggest the importance of continued ethnographic research into mindfulness and increased public attention to the connections between the culturally patterned ways that we think of our minds and what those minds come to be through mindfulness training.
The gold standard for whom? Schools' experiences participating in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Troyer Margaret
Published: April 2022

Background

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have long been considered the gold standard in education research. Federal funds are allocated to evaluations that meet What Works Clearinghouse standards; RCT designs are required in order to meet these standards without reservations. Schools seek out interventions that are research based, in other words, interventions that have demonstrated effects in RCTs, creating a cycle that incentivises RCT research. However, RCTs pose tremendous obstacles for school‐based participants.

Methods

This paper presents a descriptive case study of an RCT of an adolescent reading intervention implemented in four districts over three years, drawing on interviews and document analysis to illustrate the challenges that participation in an RCT poses for schools.

Results

In two participating districts, the random assignment requirement caused major difficulties with recruitment and retention. Of the 15 schools that began implementation in fall of year 1, 11 left the study by fall of year 2. Of those 11, eight explicitly stated that the random assignment requirement was the reason they withdrew. Stakeholders expressed that they felt it was unethical to withhold the intervention from some students.

Conclusions

This rate of attrition casts doubt on the external validity of the programme evaluation, as these schools are likely to systematically differ from schools that met the requirements of random assignment. Suggestions are offered for alternative methods that may be used to evaluate promising interventions, in ways that are better aligned with real‐world educational contexts.

Highlights

What is already known about this topic

RCTs are considered the gold standard in education research, and research funding is distributed accordingly.

Promising interventions often fail to replicate under effectiveness conditions.

What this paper adds

This paper examines the challenges of participation in an RCT for schools.

Student‐level random assignment presents a barrier to school participation in RCTs.

High attrition rates cast doubt on the external validity of the findings.

Implications for theory, policy and practice

When designing intervention research beyond the efficacy stage, feasibility for practitioners and external validity should be given greater weight.

Alternative methods for evaluating promising interventions are proposed, including switching replications designs, RCTs comparing interventions with no business as usual control group, regression discontinuity, matched non‐random comparison groups, and improvement science approaches.
The Right to ‘Inclusive’ Education
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: April 2022

The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has introduced a new right in international human rights law: the right to inclusive education. What the ‘inclusive’ component of this right stands for is however unclear, with the result that a narrow approach to inclusion has taken priority. In order to counter this narrow approach, this article makes the normative case for advancing a particular understanding of inclusive education that moves beyond existing interpretations of the CRPD's provisions. It constructs a conceptual framework based on Fraser's recognition theory, arguing that the principle of ‘participatory parity’ orientates the right to inclusive education towards stressing the importance of offering all children equal consideration throughout the education system. This has implications not only for the fulfilment of legal obligations but also for how international human rights law can actually be used to combat inequalities.
Sources of nurse‐sensitive inpatient safety improvement
Authors: Dynan Linda , Smith Richard B.
Published: April 2022

Objective

To examine the association of hospital expenditure with continuing nurse education and staffing on improvements in nurse‐sensitive, patient‐safety outcomes.

Data Sources

Data obtained from 12‐year (2007–2018) panel of Florida acute‐care general hospitals.

Study Design

We assess the relationship of hospital expenditure on continuing nurse education and staffing on nurse‐sensitive, patient‐safety outcomes from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: advanced‐stage (stage 3 or 4) pressure injuries/ulcers, central venous catheter‐related blood stream infection, and deep vein thrombosis. We attempt to mitigate expected omitted‐variable bias by (1) exploiting the panel structure of our data, controlling for time and time‐invariant hospital fixed effects and (2) incorporating measurable variables representing four unobserved hospital characteristics underlying hospital safety culture (organizational type, organizational structure, leadership, and market conditions) that are likely associated with both inpatient safety and our key determinants. We include two policy initiatives that took effect during the period under study.

Data Extraction Methods

From our initial sample of 177 acute‐care hospitals we exclude hospitals with missing variables or years of data. Our samples are a balanced panel of 150 acute‐care hospitals (N = 1800) for pressure ulcer and catheter‐related blood stream infection, and 143 hospitals (N = 1716) for deep vein thrombosis.

Principal Findings

A one standard deviation increase in nursing education‐policy interaction is associated with a 16.6% (p < 0.01) reduction in the rate of catheter‐related blood stream infection and associated with an almost 5% (p < 0.05) reduction in the rate of deep vein thrombosis; a one standard deviation increase in staffing per 1000 inpatient days is associated with a 68.5% reduction in pressure‐ulcer rates: 31.4% from direct staffing (p < 0.01) and 37.1% from policy‐staffing interaction (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that there are tradeoffs between funding continuing education and training of existing staff and expanding staff to achieve patient safety objectives.
Cancer care clinicians’ provision of smoking cessation support: A mixed methods study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: DiGiacomo Michelle , Simoes dos Santos Paula , Furestad Erin , Hearnshaw Gemma , Nichols Shirlee , Chang Sungwon , Scott Nicola
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Given the importance of supporting cancer patients to quit smoking, we sought to ascertain cancer care clinicians’ beliefs and practices regarding providing smoking cessation brief interventions.

Methods

We used a cross‐sectional sequential explanatory mixed method design, including a survey of multidisciplinary cancer care clinicians and semistructured interviews.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐five cancer care clinicians completed the survey and 21 participated in interviews. Over half of survey respondents (53%) said they do not regularly undertake smoking cessation brief interventions and 40% rarely or never advise quitting. Nonmetropolitan clinicians were more likely to discuss medication options and refer to the Quitline. Physicians were more likely to do brief interventions with patients and radiation therapists were least likely. Barriers were lack of training and experience, lack of knowledge of the Quitline referral process, lack of role clarity, lack of resources and systems, and perceived psychological ramifications of cancer for patients.

Conclusion

There is a need to upskill cancer clinicians and improve systems to provide smoking cessation brief interventions as part of routine clinical practice. All cancer care clinicians should complete brief intervention smoking cessation training relevant to the cancer context, including making referrals to Quitline, and be supported by systems to record and follow‐up care.
Metformin: A promising option for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus – Exploring the benefits, challenges and clinical needs in the current management of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bastian Beenu , Smithers Lisa Gaye , Davis Warren , Pape Alexia , Francois Monique E.
Published: April 2022

The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing. One in three women require insulin to achieve glycaemic targets in GDM. However, it is unclear whether insulin therapy alone is the most effective treatment for all women in achieving glycaemic control and preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although no oral hypoglycaemic agents are approved for pregnancy in Australia, recent research indicates that metformin is effective in preventing adverse perinatal outcomes and may even have possible benefits in the long term. Furthermore, there appears to be a specific role for both metformin and insulin among the GDM population. Metformin provides an option to offer an individualised approach to treat GDM.
Disruptive pandemic effects on telecommuters: A longitudinal study of work–family balance and well‐being during COVID‐19
Authors: Hu Xinyu (Judy) , Subramony Mahesh
Published: April 2022

We examined the disruptive influence of COVID‐19 pandemic rates in the community on telecommuters' satisfaction with balancing their work and family roles and consequently their well‐being. Utilizing event system theory and adaptation theory, we proposed that the rate of increase in proportion of confirmed COVID‐19 cases in telecommuters' residential communities would predict a lower rate of increase in their satisfaction with work–family balance over time, thereby indirectly influencing two key aspects of well‐being—emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction. Results from latent growth curve modeling using objective community data, as well as survey responses from a three‐wave (N = 349) panel study of telecommuters in the United States, indicated that rate of increase in the proportion of confirmed COVID‐19 cases in communities was negatively associated with the rate of increase in satisfaction with work–family balance, which translated into decreasing levels of well‐being over time. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Letter: potential selection bias in real‐world comparison of ustekinumab versus vedolizumab as a second‐line treatment for Crohn’s disease—authors’ reply
Authors: Selinger Christian P. , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , De Silvestri Annalisa
Published: April 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Lenti et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16742 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16871
Corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic drug‐ or herb‐induced liver injury achieves biochemical and histological improvements: a randomised open‐label trial
Authors: Wang Jia‐Bo , Huang Ang , Wang Yijin , Ji Dong , Liang Qing‐Sheng , Zhao Jun , Zhou Guangde , Liu Shuhong , Niu Ming , Sun Ying , Tian Hui , Teng Guang‐Ju , Chang Bin‐Xia , Bi Jing‐Feng , Peng Xiao‐Xia , Xin Shaojie , Xie Huan , Ma Xiong , Mao Yi‐Min , Liangpunsakul Suthat , Saxena Romil , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Xiao Xiao‐He , Zhao Jingmin , Zou Zhengsheng
Published: April 2022

Background

Treatment of chronic drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) or herb‐induced liver injury(HILI) is an important and unresolved challenge. There is no consensus regarding the indications for corticosteroids for chronic DILI/HILI.

Aims

To investigate the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin for patients with chronic DILI/HILI.

Methods

This was a randomised open‐label trial. Eligible patients with causality assessment using the updated RUCAM were randomly assigned (1:1) either to the steroid treatment group (48‐week stepwise dose reduction of methylprednisolone plus glycyrrhizin) or control group (glycyrrhizin alone). Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and at the end of the 48‐week treatment period. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with sustained biochemical response (SBR). The secondary outcomes were improvement in liver histology, time to biochemical normalisation and safety.

Results

Of 80 participants, 70 (87.5%) completed the trial. The patients were predominantly female (77.5%), aged >40 years (77.5%) and had a hepatocellular injury pattern of DILI (71.2%). Compared to the control group, the treatment group showed a higher proportion of SBR (94.3% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.023), shorter biochemical normalisation time and histological improvements in both histological activity and fibrosis. The DILI and HILI subgroups, as well as the autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)‐like DILI and non‐AIH‐like subgroups, showed comparable responses. No severe adverse events were observed during the trial.

Conclusion

This study provides the first clinical evidence that corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic DILI with or without AIH‐like features can achieve both biochemical response and histological improvements with good safety. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT 02651350).
Measuring leadership development in workplace learning using automated assessments: Learning analytics and measurement theory approach
Authors: Barthakur Abhinava , Kovanovic Vitomir , Joksimovic Srecko , Zhang Zhonghua , Richey Michael , Pardo Abelardo
Published: April 2022

Technological affordances have shown promising potential in advancing the delivery of corporate learning programmes designed for professional leadership development. However, there is a considerable challenge in evaluating learners' skill acquisition, with most of the past research relying on pre‐ and post‐tests or other forms of self‐reports to measure leadership development. In that sense, these approaches measure leadership development before and after the programme, while being inefficient for measuring the development during the learning process. This study collected self‐reflection answers from a professional development MOOC that allows learners to express their stepwise learning and reflect on their professional experience on leadership fronts. We developed a novel methodology and an automated system for the evaluation of leadership skills' mastery based on the depth of reflection exhibited during the learning process. We identified four groups of learners based on their course content mastery and explored the differences within groups. The results also highlight relevant insights about instructional design and provide promising avenues for future research.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Professional leadership programmes have become increasingly common in workplace learning.

Programmes mainly use manual/introspective measures to assess skill acquisition.

What this paper adds

An automated assessment system to evaluate leadership skill mastery.

Evidence‐based and leadership driven inferences about skill acquisition.

Use of a novel multidisciplinary methodology for complex skills assessment.

Implications of practice and/or policy

Assessing leadership development should include more than course grades.

Assessing differences in content mastery requires evaluation of various skills.

Developed assessment system provides promise for other similar domains.
The Canadian income taxation: Statistical analysis and parametric estimates
Authors: Kurnaz Musab , Yip Terry A.
Published: April 2022

Using the administrative tax return database, we document the Canadian income and tax statistics in 2000 and in 2016 and compare them with those of the US. Also, we estimate parametric tax specifications used in applied macroeconomic and public finance studies. Although these specifications are, in general, good fits for average tax rates, their estimates yield large residuals for high‐income earners. We introduce a new parametric tax specification, which fits the data well and captures the rates of high‐income earners better than existing tax functions. The new specification can provide better quantitative analysis because most of the tax budget is financed by high‐income earners.
High‐resolution satellite imagery meets the challenge of monitoring remote marine protected areas in the Antarctic and beyond
Authors: LaRue Michelle , Brooks Cassandra , Wege Mia , Salas Leonardo , Gardiner Natasha
Published: April 2022

Remote, high‐latitude oceans can prove challenging for the designation and implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), partly due to issues in monitoring inaccessible localities and large spatial scales. A lack of protection combined with damage from growing human activities has contributed to the degradation of some of the Earth's richest marine biodiversity and highlights the urgent need to support improved marine conservation. High‐resolution satellite imagery (VHR; 0.3–0.6 m spatial resolution) provides a much‐needed tool for monitoring sentinel species in remote oceans, which would strengthen current and future MPA research and monitoring programs across the globe. This perspective specifies how recent advances in VHR studies have contributed to knowledge regarding occurrence, habitat suitability, and abundance of mesopredators in the Southern Ocean. We demonstrate how knowledge gained through VHR offers a cost‐effective and easily accessible method for collecting previously unobtainable data to inform a representative network of Southern Ocean MPAs, and how the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) could utilize this technology. As VHR and automated detection algorithms continue to improve, we showcase a promising opportunity to use these methods to complement current research and monitoring efforts, thus strengthening MPA efforts in the Southern Ocean and beyond.
Estimating alcohol‐attributable liver disease mortality: A comparison of methods
Authors: Sherk Adam , Esser Marissa B. , Stockwell Tim , Naimi Timothy S.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Alcohol is a leading contributor to liver disease, however, estimating the proportion of liver disease deaths attributable to alcohol use can be methodologically challenging.

Methods

We compared three approaches for estimating alcohol‐attributable liver disease deaths (AALDD), using the USA as an example. One involved summing deaths from alcoholic liver disease and a proportion from unspecified cirrhosis (direct method); two used population attributable fraction (PAF) methodology, including one that adjusted for per capita alcohol sales. For PAFs, the 2011–2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and per capita sales from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System were used to derive alcohol consumption prevalence estimates at various levels (excessive alcohol use was defined by medium and high consumption levels). Prevalence estimates were used with relative risks from two meta‐analyses, and PAFs were applied to the 2011–2015 average annual number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis and unspecified cirrhosis (using National Vital Statistics System data) to estimate AALDD.

Results

The number of AALDD was higher using the direct method (28 345 annually) than the PAF methods, but similar when alcohol prevalence was adjusted using per capita sales and all alcohol consumption levels were considered (e.g. 25 145 AALDD). Using the PAF method, disaggregating non‐drinkers into lifetime abstainers and former drinkers to incorporate relative risks for former drinkers yielded higher AALDD estimates (e.g. 27 686) than methods with all non‐drinkers combined.

Discussion and Conclusions

Using PAF methods that adjust for per capita sales and model risks for former drinkers yield more complete and possibly more valid AALDD estimates.
High flow nasal oxygen versus conventional oxygen therapy in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation: Systematic review and meta‐analysis with trial sequential analysis
Authors: Gu Wan‐Jie , Wang Hao‐Tian , Huang Jiao , Pei Jun‐Peng , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Abe Masanobu , Zhao Zhe‐Ming , Zhang Chun‐Dong
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Although conventional oxygen therapy (COT) is widely used, hypoxemia frequently occurs in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation and can lead to life‐threatening consequences. High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has been applied to improve oxygenation in clinical entities. However, its efficacy to prevent hypoxemia in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation has not been evaluated.

Methods

We searched databases to identify randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of HFNO with COT in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation. The primary outcome was hypoxemia. Meta‐analyses with trial sequential analysis were performed using a random‐effects model.

Results

Eight trials with 3212 patients were included. Compared with COT, HFNO significantly reduced the risk of hypoxemia (eight trials; 3212 patients; risk ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.70). Trial sequential analysis showed that the cumulative Z curve did not cross the monitoring or futility boundaries, nor reach the required information size line, indicating that more trials are needed to reach a definitive conclusion. Subgroup analyses indicated the superiority of HFNO over COT with respect to hypoxemia in patients at low risk and high risk. HFNO further improved the lowest oxygen saturation (four trials; 459 patients; mean difference 2.30, 95% CI 0.84–3.77).

Conclusions

Compared with COT, HFNO can reduce the risk of hypoxemia and improve the lowest oxygen saturation in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity and limited evidence. Further studies are needed to verify the preliminary findings.
Effects of breeding resource and environmental temperature on adult locomotor activity in cactophilic Drosophila
Authors: Crespo José E. , Divito Franco , Pueyrredón Juan , Hasson Esteban , Soto Eduardo M.
Published: April 2022

The evolution of insects inhabiting arid environments is heavily shaped by resource scarcity and temperature. Ecological interdependence could be tight and complex as in the model cactus–yeast–Drosophila. Cactophilic species of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) differ in their preference for the type of breeding resources and life‐history traits that respond to variation in environmental temperature. Adult flies feed and breed on rotting cacti but they are physiologically limited to cope with temperature changes. However, flies can behaviourally avoid such stressful conditions by actively seeking benign microhabitats. We investigate how alternative breeding resources (cactus species) and thermal environment affect the spontaneous adult locomotor activity in two species, Drosophila buzzatii Patterson & Wheeler and Drosophila koepferae Fontdevila & Wasserman, adapted to semi‐arid environments. Locomotor activity of D. buzzatii was more affected by the breeding resource, whereas D. koepferae showed a clear ‘bell shape’ activity curve in response to a wide range of temperatures, independent of the breeding resource. These idiosyncratic responses suggest that the selective pressures that shaped life‐history evolution in these Drosophila species were different, with the breeding resource and environmental temperature contributing to the development of diverging survival strategies in arid environments.
Unraveling the population structure of the sugarcane borer,Diatraea saccharalis, in Argentina
Authors: Fogliata S.V. , Perera M.F. , Alves‐Pereira A. , Zucchi M.I. , Murúa M.G.
Published: April 2022

Diatraea saccharalis(Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the major lepidopteran pests throughout the Western Hemisphere. In Argentina, it causes significant losses mainly in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.) and corn (maize,Zea maysL.) (both Poaceae). Previous studies determined the existence of reproductive incompatibilities between populations from Buenos Aires and Tucumán from different host plants; however, the genetic basis of this incompatibility is still unknown. As the effectiveness of pest control programs mainly depends on strategies that minimize the risk of favoring insecticide‐resistant genotypes, estimating the level of mating between genotypes is important to monitor and manage resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic structure ofD. saccharalispopulations collected from various hosts and regions in Argentina, comparing with those from Brazil, through cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) analysis and next‐generation sequencing (NGS). The COI analysis showed a haplotypic diversity of 0.8 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.0058. Analysis of molecular variance revealed greater variation within populations than among them. The 17 haplotypes detected were linked in a single parsimony network that did not reveal clusters based on geography or host plants. In total, 4549 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) were obtained through NGS. Out of the 2349 outlier loci, 84 showed similarities with previously characterized proteins. The coefficient of inbreeding showed evidence of random matings as well as some degree of selection. The fixation index values showed high genetic variation between Argentinean and Brazilian populations; however, there was no clear trend based on distance or hosts. Similarly, the discriminant analysis of principal components revealed three separate groups: one Brazilian and two Argentinean. Results generated important clarification of the population genetic structure ofD. saccharalisin South America, which provides information about routes of dispersal and the development of suitable management strategies.
Kant's Schematism of the categories: An interpretation and defence
Authors: Stang Nicholas F.
Published: April 2022

The aim of the Schematism chapter of the Critique of Pure Reason is to solve the problem posed by the “inhomogeneity” of intuitions and categories: the sensible properties of objects represented in intuition are of a different kind than the properties represented by categories. Kant's solution is to introduce what he calls “transcendental schemata,” which mediate the subsumption of objects under categories. I reconstruct Kant's solution in terms of two substantive premises, which I call Subsumption Sufficiency (i.e., that subsuming an object under a transcendental schema is sufficient to subsume it under the corresponding category) and Real Possibility (i.e., that it is really possible to subsume objects under each of the transcendental schemata). These two principles, together with a trivial modal one (the Subsumption‐Possibility Link), entail that it is possible to subsume objects under categories; in other words, the argument of the Schematism is valid. The main work of the paper consists in reconstructing Kant's arguments for, and explanations of, these premises. I argue that they hinge on Kant's claim that transcendental schemata are “time‐determinations,” which I interpret to mean: rules for reflexively representing the temporal relations among our own representational states. On the basis of this reading, I reconstruct Kant's argument for Subsumption Sufficiency, category by category. I also explain why Real Possibility follows almost immediately. Granting Kant the argument up to this point in the Critique, the argument of the Schematism is sound.
Challenges and complexities in designing cluster headache prevention clinical trials: A narrative review
Authors: Dodick David W. , Goadsby Peter J. , Ashina Messoud , Tassorelli Cristina , Hundemer Hans‐Peter , Bardos Jennifer N. , Wenzel MD Richard , Kemmer Phebe , Conley Robert , Martinez James M. , Oakes Tina
Published: April 2022

Objective

To provide a review of challenges in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of cluster headache (CH) and highlight considerations for future studies.

Background

Current guidelines for preventive treatment of CH are largely based on off‐label therapies supported by a limited number of small randomized controlled trials. Guidelines for clinical trial design for CH treatments from the International Headache Society were last issued in 1995.

Methods/Results

Randomized controlled clinical trials were identified in the European and/or United States clinical trial registries with a search term of “cluster headache,” and manually reviewed. Cumulatively, there were 27 unique placebo‐controlled prevention trials for episodic and/or chronic CH, of which 12 were either ongoing, not yet recruiting, or the status was unknown. Of the remaining 15 trials, 5 were terminated early and 7 of the 10 completed trials enrolled fewer patients than planned or did not report the planned sample size. A systematic search of PubMed was also utilized to identify published manuscripts reporting results from placebo‐controlled preventive trials of CH. This search yielded 16 publications, of which 7 were registered. Through critical review of trial data and published manuscripts, challenges and complexities encountered in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of CH were identified. For example, the excruciating pain associated with CH demands a suitably limited baseline duration, rapid treatment efficacy onset, and poses a specific issue regarding duration of investigational treatment period and length of exposure to placebo. In episodic CH, spontaneous remission as part of natural history, and the unpredictability and irregularity of cluster periods across patients present additional key challenges.

Conclusions

Optimal CH trial design should balance sound methodology to demonstrate efficacy of a potential treatment with patient needs and the natural history of the disease, including unique outcome measures and endpoint timings for chronic versus episodic CH.