bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bending and Buckling Behavior Analysis of Foamed Metal Circular Plate
Authors: Fan Jian Ling , Ma Lian Sheng , Zhang Lu , De Su Hou
Published: June 2016

This paper establishes a density gradient model along the thickness direction of a circular plate made of foamed material. Based on the first shear deformation plate theory, the result is deduced that the foamed metal circular plate with graded density along thickness direction yields axisymmetric bending problem under the action of uniformly distributed load, and the analytical solution is obtained by solving the governing equation directly. The analyses on two constraint conditions of edge radial clamping and simply supported show that the density gradient index and external load may affect the axisymmetric bending behavior of the plate. Then, based on the classical plate theory, the paper analyzes the behavior of axisymmetric buckling under radial pressure applied on the circular plate. Shooting method is used to obtain the critical load, and the effects of gradient nature of material properties and boundary conditions on the critical load of the plate are analyzed.
Low Temperature Properties of UV Aged Asphalts Containing Layered Double Hydroxides Modifier
Authors: Zeng Wenbo , Wu Shaopeng , Xiao Yue , Chen Zongwu , Sun Yihan
Published: June 2016

Background

In recent years, ultraviolet (UV) ageing of asphalt has attracted worldwide attention from researchers in the asphalt field. The UV radiation can result in the ageing of asphalt and thus influence its performance. So far, a variety of UV blocking materials have been investigated.

Aim

In this paper, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were introduced as the UV blocking materials into three different asphalts (S70, S90 and SBS modified asphalt).

Methods

The low temperature properties, such as equivalent breaking point (EBP) and fatigue factor were tested and applied to estimate the UV blocking effects of LDHs on asphalts.

Results

The experimental results demonstrated that LDHs could effectively reduce the ageing index of S70 and S90, and lower the degradation rate of SBS modifier.
Function Investigation of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixture Partly Containing Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Slag
Authors: Chen Zongwu , Wu Shaopeng , Pang Ling , Xie Jun
Published: June 2016

Aims

In this paper, the effect of the size gradations of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag on the functional performances of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture including skid and deformation resistances was investigated.

Methods

The industrially produced BOF slag coarse aggregates (BSCA) with size gradations of 4.75-9.5 mm and 9.5-16 mm were used. SMA mixtures were designed according to Marshall procedure. British pendulum number (BPN), indicating the skid resistance of asphalt mixture, was measured by a British pendulum skid resistance device. Flow number (FN) and Marshall quotient (MQ), reflecting the deformation resistance of asphalt mixture, were determined, respectively, based on the results of dynamic creep test and Marshall test (stability and flow value).

Results

Showed that BSCA with a size gradation of 9.5-16 mm performed better in improving the skid and deformation resistance of SMA mixture than BSCA with a size gradation of 4.75-9.5 mm. Furthermore, BSCA with combined size gradations, namely, 4.75-16 mm, worked the best.

Conclusions

These conclusions would benefit the future extensive utilization of BSCA in asphalt pavement.
Effects of Annealing on the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Fe80B20 Magnetostrictive Fibers
Authors: Zhu Qianke , Zhang Shuling , Geng Guihong , Li Qiushu , Zhang Kewei , Zhang Lin
Published: June 2016

Background

Fe80B20 amorphous alloys exhibit excellent soft magnetic properties, high abrasive resistance and outstanding corrosion resistance. In this work, Fe80B20 amorphous micro-fibers with HC of 3.33 Oe were firstly fabricated and the effects of annealing temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of the fibers were investigated.

Methods

In this study, Fe80B20 amorphous fibers were prepared by the single roller melt-spinning method. The structures of as-spun and annealed fibers were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (PANalytical X,Pert Power) using Cu Kα radiation. The morphology of the fibers was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (HITACHI-S4800). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the fibers were performed on Mettler Toledo TGA/DSC1 device under N2 protection. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM, Versalab) was used to examine the magnetic properties of the fibers. The resonance behavior of the fibers was characterized by an impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A) with a home-made copper coil.

Results

The X-ray diffusion (XRD) patterns show that the fibers remain amorphous structure until the annealing temperature reaches 500°C. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that the crystallization temperature of the fibers is 449°C. The crystallization activation energy is calculated to be 221 kJ/mol using Kissinger formula. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that a few dendrites appear at the fiber surface after annealing. The result indicates that the coercivity HC (//) and HC (⊥) slightly increases with increasing annealing temperature until 400°C, and then dramatically increases with further increasing annealing temperature which is due to significant increase in magneto-crystalline anisotropy and magneto-elastic anisotropy. The Q value firstly increases slightly when the annealing temperature rises from room temperature (RT) to 300°C, then decreases until 400°C. Eventually, the value of Q increases to ∼2000 at annealing temperature of 500°C.

Conclusions

In this study, Fe80B20 amorphous fibers with the diameter of 60 μm were prepared by the single roller melt-spinning method and annealed at 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C, respectively. XRD results indicate that the fiber structure remains amorphous when the annealing temperature is below 400°C. α-Fe phase and Fe3B phase appear when the annealing temperature rises to 500°C, which is above the crystallization temperature of 449°C. The recrystallization activation energy is calculated to be 221 kJ/mol. The coercivity increases with increasing annealing temperature, which attributes to the increase of total anisotropy. All the as-spun and annealed fibers exhibit good resonance behavior for magnetostrictive sensors.
ALK Immunohistochemistry for ALK Gene Rearrangement Screening in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pyo Jung-Soo , Kang Guhyun , Sohn Jin Hee
Published: June 2016

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ALK gene rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through systematic review, meta-analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review.

Methods

The current study included 11,806 NSCLC cases in 42 eligible studies. We performed concordance analyses between ALK IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The diagnostic accuracy of ALK IHC was analyzed based on ALK IHC criteria and antibodies.

Results

The overall ALK IHC results were positive in 13.2%. The overall concordance rate between ALK IHC and FISH was 0.950 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.927-0.966). In the ALK IHC-positive and negative groups, the concordance rates were 0.805 (95% CI 0.733-0.861) and 0.985 (95% CI 0.978-0.990), respectively. The ALK FISH-positive rates were 0.009 (95% CI 0.004-0.023), 0.378 (95% CI 0.217-0.572), 0.628 (95% CI 0.420-0.796) and 0.900 (95% CI 0.840-0.939) in the ALK IHC 0, 1+, 2+ and 3+ groups, respectively. In diagnostic test accuracy review for ALK IHC, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.94) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio and the area under the curve on the summary receiver operating characteristic curve were 266.56 (95% CI 110.83-641.14) and 0.983, respectively.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that ALK IHC equivocal (score 1+ and 2+) cases should not be considered as IHC-negative in screening for ALK gene rearrangement. Additional detailed criteria for ALK IHC equivocal cases are necessary to determine how to best apply this approach in daily practice.
Work up of Incidental Adrenal Mass: State of the Art
Authors: Bada Maida , Castellan Pietro , Tamburro Fabiola R. , Berardinelli Francesco , Neri Fabio , Cindolo Luca , Schips Luigi
Published: June 2016

Due to the increasing use of radiological investigations, the detection of incidental adrenal masses has become even more frequent. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the nature of the adrenal mass in order to decide the type of treatment that should be undertaken. Toward this goal, biochemical tests are useful in order to assess catecholamines levels for the presence of a pheochromocytoma or cortisol excess in case of Cushing's syndrome. Furthermore, the dexamethasone suppression test and late-night salivary cortisol may be useful in measuring plasma cortisol, respectively, in the blood and urine. Hyperaldosteronism could be suspected in the presence of arterial hypertension. With regard to imaging modalities, the contrast washout and Hounsfield units estimation might play a role as indicators on computed tomography. In terms of treatment, a surgical approach is most suitable for a hyperfunctioning adrenal mass irrespective of size, and for nonfunctioning masses >4 cm. For indeterminate smaller lesions, with washout >50%, <10 Hounsfield Unit, nonfunctioning, benign-appearing, undergoing a follow-up in regular intervals is more appropriate in order to estimate mass growth. This paper summarizes recent findings on the management of incidental adrenal masses, with a special focus on the use of imaging, surgical management and follow-up modalities in improving patient outcomes.
Sentinel lymph Node Detection during Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: Current Evidence and Results of Our Experience
Authors: Marchioro Giansilvio , Gontero Paolo , De Angelis Paolo , Volpe Alessandro , Frea Bruno , Terrone Carlo
Published: June 2016

Purpose

A sentinel lymph node (SNL) is the primary landing zone of cancer cells that spreads through the lymphatic vessels. The rational of the detection of sentinel node (SLN) during radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa) is the removal of the first nodal stations to provide a restriction of the template of node dissection. A review of the outcomes of SNL detection during RP for PCa was performed.

Materials and methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted, searching on PubMed and Web of Science, using the following keywords: lymph node dissection, prostatic neoplasm, sentinel node.

Results

Twenty articles were selected and analyzed including over 2000 PCa patients. Although promising and technically feasible, many points remain to be clarified before clinical application can be recommended.

Conclusions

The technique of SNL detection is feasible and provides a higher sensitivity and detection rate than standard lymphadenectomy, especially for organ-confined tumors. Larger series and long-term follow-up data are mandatory to assess the oncologic effectiveness of the detection of SNL for PCa.
Retention of Skills After Simulation-based Training in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Atesok Kivanc , Satava Richard M. , Van Heest Ann , Hogan MaCalus V. , Pedowitz Robert A. , Fu Freddie H. , Sitnikov Irena , Marsh J. Lawrence , Hurwitz Shepard R.
Published: June 2016

Simulation-based surgical skills training has become essential in orthopaedic practice because of concerns about patient safety and an increase in technically challenging procedures. Surgical skills training in specifically designed simulation laboratories allows practice of procedures in a risk-free environment before they are performed in the operating room. The transferability of acquired skills to performance with patients is the most effective measure of the predictive validity of simulation-based training. Retention of the skills transferred to clinical situations is also critical. However, evidence of simulation-based skill retention in the orthopaedic literature is limited, and concerns about sustainability exist. Solutions for skill decay include repeated practice of the tasks learned on simulators and reinforcement of areas that are sensitive to decline. Further research is required to determine the retention rates of surgical skills acquired in simulation-based training as well as the success of proposed solutions for skill decay.
A Virtual Vertical File: How Librarians Utilize Pinterest
Authors: Eckert Kate
Published: June 2016

Past presidents of ALSC—some of whom have been interviewed recently by ALSC’s Oral History Committee—probably would not be surprised at how much children’s services have changed since the 1940s, when ALA formed a Division for Children and Young People (a precursor name to ALSC).  But what may surprise many is how computers and the Internet have become omnipresent virtual tools to help children’s librarians with everything from selection to services. Social media—and all its iterations and segments—is a huge part of who librarians are and can be today. Here’s a brief, non-scientific look at how some of our colleagues use one of these tools, Pinterest.
Differentiation and Characterization of Dopaminergic Neurons From Baboon Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Grow Douglas A. , Simmons DeNard V. , Gomez Jorge A. , Wanat Matthew J. , McCarrey John R. , Paladini Carlos A. , Navara Christopher S.
Published: June 2016

The progressive death of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the principal cause of symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cells have potential therapeutic use in replacing these cells and restoring function. To facilitate development of this approach, we sought to establish a preclinical model based on a large nonhuman primate for testing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based transplantation. To this end, we differentiated baboon fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons with the application of specific morphogens and growth factors. We confirmed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons resemble those found in the human midbrain based on cell type-specific expression of dopamine markers TH and GIRK2. Using the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we also showed that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons express PAX6, FOXA2, LMX1A, NURR1, and TH genes characteristic of this cell type in vivo. We used perforated patch-clamp electrophysiology to demonstrate that biPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons fired spontaneous rhythmic action potentials and high-frequency action potentials with spike frequency adaption upon injection of depolarizing current. Finally, we showed that biPSC-derived neurons released catecholamines in response to electrical stimulation. These results demonstrate the utility of the baboon model for testing and optimizing the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD.

Significance

Functional dopamine neurons were produced from baboon induced pluripotent stem cells, and their properties were compared to baboon midbrain cells in vivo. The baboon has advantages as a clinically relevant model in which to optimize the efficacy and safety of stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Baboons possess crucial neuroanatomical and immunological similarities to humans, and baboon pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into functional neurons that mimic those in the human brain, thus laying the foundation for the utility of the baboon model for evaluating stem cell therapies.
Colonising the academy? Organisational mediatisation and public research institutions in Norway
Authors: Nærland Torgeir Uberg
Published: June 2016

Public research institutions increasingly find themselves operating in a media environment. At the same time there is a growing body of research finding that public institutions and organisations are undergoing processes of mediatisation, which potentially threaten their autonomy. Based on interviews with communication staff at six major Norwegian universities and research centres, this study explores the extent to which these institutions have adapted to and internalised media logic. This study finds that the public research institutions to a significant degree are adapting to their media environments in terms of both organisational structure and communication practise. However, in terms of key operational areas such as research dissemination, the execution of research projects and managerial decision making, this study finds little evidence suggesting that public research institutions internalise media logic to such an extent that it critically impinges on their own processes and prioritisations.
Feed the dogs: The case of humanitarian communication in social media
Authors: Knudsen Gry Høngsmark , Bajde Domen
Published: June 2016

In this paper we address the interplay between networked media and humanitarian communication through the lens of meditization theory in order to forward a more balanced understanding of networked humanitarianism. We analyze a case of humanitarian communication that travelled Facebook in unpredictable ways and demonstrate the breakdown between sender and receiver positions. The case shows how communicative practices are challenged and how humanitarian organizations are destabilized in a new and unpredictable communication environment. We argue that in order to deepen the critical perspective on networked humanitarian communication, it is important to better understand how the institutional logic of humanitarianism changes when mediatized through networked media. Further, we suggest that a broader consideration of media amalgamation enables a critical discussion of networked media influence humanitarianism.
Cross-media communication in context: A mixed-methods approach
Authors: Thorhauge Anne Mette , Lomborg Stine
Published: June 2016

In this article, we suggest and discuss a qualitative, multi-methods approach to data collected on smartphones as a way of uncovering a user-centred perspective on cross-media communication. As an individualised multimedia device, the smartphone represents a relevant starting point for studying individual users’ cross-media practices. Moreover, the technological affordances of the smartphone, including built-in sensors and GPS tracker as well as features for capturing photo, audio and video material, enable the collection of a wide range of data. These properties have mainly been approached from a quantitative point of view focusing on automatically logged use data as an alternative to, for instance, survey data. Complementing this evidence, we argue that a qualitative, multiple-method approach to data collected on smartphones provides crucial insight into the contexts and everyday practices of cross-media communication.
Reconstitution of selective HIV-1 RNA packaging in vitro by membrane-bound Gag assemblies
Authors: Carlson Lars-Anders , Bai Yun , Keane Sarah C , Doudna Jennifer A , Hurley James H
Published: June 2016

HIV-1 Gag selects and packages a dimeric, unspliced viral RNA in the context of a large excess of cytosolic human RNAs. As Gag assembles on the plasma membrane, the HIV-1 genome is enriched relative to cellular RNAs by an unknown mechanism. We used a minimal system consisting of purified RNAs, recombinant HIV-1 Gag and giant unilamellar vesicles to recapitulate the selective packaging of the 5’ untranslated region of the HIV-1 genome in the presence of excess competitor RNA. Mutations in the CA-CTD domain of Gag which subtly affect the self-assembly of Gag abrogated RNA selectivity. We further found that tRNA suppresses Gag membrane binding less when Gag has bound viral RNA. The ability of HIV-1 Gag to selectively package its RNA genome and its self-assembly on membranes are thus interdependent on one another.
Mia40 is a trans-site receptor that drives protein import into the mitochondrial intermembrane space by hydrophobic substrate binding
Authors: Peleh Valentina , Cordat Emmanuelle , Herrmann Johannes M
Published: June 2016

Many proteins of the mitochondrial IMS contain conserved cysteines that are oxidized to disulfide bonds during their import. The conserved IMS protein Mia40 is essential for the oxidation and import of these proteins. Mia40 consists of two functional elements: an N-terminal cysteine-proline-cysteine motif conferring substrate oxidation, and a C-terminal hydrophobic pocket for substrate binding. In this study, we generated yeast mutants to dissect both Mia40 activities genetically and biochemically. Thereby we show that the substrate-binding domain of Mia40 is both necessary and sufficient to promote protein import, indicating that trapping by Mia40 drives protein translocation. An oxidase-deficient Mia40 mutant is inviable, but can be partially rescued by the addition of the chemical oxidant diamide. Our results indicate that Mia40 predominantly serves as a trans-site receptor of mitochondria that binds incoming proteins via hydrophobic interactions thereby mediating protein translocation across the outer membrane by a ‘holding trap’ rather than a ‘folding trap’ mechanism.
v-SNARE transmembrane domains function as catalysts for vesicle fusion
Authors: Dhara Madhurima , Yarzagaray Antonio , Makke Mazen , Schindeldecker Barbara , Schwarz Yvonne , Shaaban Ahmed , Sharma Satyan , Böckmann Rainer A , Lindau Manfred , Mohrmann Ralf , Bruns Dieter
Published: June 2016

Vesicle fusion is mediated by an assembly of SNARE proteins between opposing membranes, but it is unknown whether transmembrane domains (TMDs) of SNARE proteins serve mechanistic functions that go beyond passive anchoring of the force-generating SNAREpin to the fusing membranes. Here, we show that conformational flexibility of synaptobrevin-2 TMD is essential for efficient Ca2+-triggered exocytosis and actively promotes membrane fusion as well as fusion pore expansion. Specifically, the introduction of helix-stabilizing leucine residues within the TMD region spanning the vesicle’s outer leaflet strongly impairs exocytosis and decelerates fusion pore dilation. In contrast, increasing the number of helix-destabilizing, ß-branched valine or isoleucine residues within the TMD restores normal secretion but accelerates fusion pore expansion beyond the rate found for the wildtype protein. These observations provide evidence that the synaptobrevin-2 TMD catalyzes the fusion process by its structural flexibility, actively setting the pace of fusion pore expansion.
Can slip heterogeneity be linked to earthquake recurrence?
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Chen Iyin , Kim Ahyi
Published: June 2016

The rupture process of two M4 repeating earthquake sequences in eastern Taiwan with contrasting recurrence behavior is investigated to demonstrate a link between slip heterogeneity and earthquake recurrence. The M3.6–3.8 quasiperiodic repeating earthquakes characterized by 3 years recurrence interval reveal overlapped slip concentrations. Inferred slip distribution for each event illustrates two asperities with peak slip of 47.7 cm and peak stress drop of 151.1 MPa. Under the influence of nearby M6.9 event, the M4.3–4.8 repeating earthquakes separated only by 6–87 min, however, reveal an aperiodic manner. There is a distinct rupture characteristic without overlap in the slip areas, suggesting that shortening of the recurrence interval by the nearby large earthquake may change the slip heterogeneity in a repeatedly ruptured asperity. We conclude that the inherent heterogeneity of stress and strength could influence the distribution of coseismic slip, which is strongly tied to the recurrence behavior.
Rapid enhancement of low‐energy (<100 eV) ion flux in response to interplanetary shocks based on two Van Allen Probes case studies: Implications for source regions and heating mechanisms
Authors: Yue Chao , Li Wen , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Zong Qiugang , Ma Qianli , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. , Kletzing Craig A. , Wygant John R. , Nicolls Michael J.
Published: June 2016

Interactions between interplanetary (IP) shocks and the Earth's magnetosphere manifest many important space physics phenomena including low‐energy ion flux enhancements and particle acceleration. In order to investigate the mechanisms driving shock‐induced enhancement of low‐energy ion flux, we have examined two IP shock events that occurred when the Van Allen Probes were located near the equator while ionospheric and ground observations were available around the spacecraft footprints. We have found that, associated with the shock arrival, electromagnetic fields intensified, and low‐energy ion fluxes, including H+, He+, and O+, were enhanced dramatically in both the parallel and perpendicular directions. During the 2 October 2013 shock event, both parallel and perpendicular flux enhancements lasted more than 20 min with larger fluxes observed in the perpendicular direction. In contrast, for the 15 March 2013 shock event, the low‐energy perpendicular ion fluxes increased only in the first 5 min during an impulse of electric field, while the parallel flux enhancement lasted more than 30 min. In addition, ionospheric outflows were observed after shock arrivals. From a simple particle motion calculation, we found that the rapid response of low‐energy ions is due to drifts of plasmaspheric population by the enhanced electric field. However, the fast acceleration in the perpendicular direction cannot solely be explained by E × B drift but betatron acceleration also plays a role. Adiabatic acceleration may also explain the fast response of the enhanced parallel ion fluxes, while ion outflows may contribute to the enhanced parallel fluxes that last longer than the perpendicular fluxes.
Challenges associated with near‐Earth nightside current
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Ilie Raluca , Welling Daniel T.
Published: June 2016

Every magnetic field of solar and planetary space environments is associated with a current of differentially flowing charged particles. Electric potential patterns in geospace and near other planets are also closely linked with currents. Close to the Earth, particularly in the near‐Earth nightside magnetosphere, several current systems wax and wane during periods of space weather activity. The velocity‐dependent drift, energization, and loss processes in this region complicate current system evolution. There is a discrepancy about the magnitude, timing, and location of these currents, however, and this Commentary pitches the case for a concerted community effort to resolve this issue.
On theories dealing with the interaction of surface waves and ocean circulation
Authors: Mellor George
Published: June 2016

The classic theory for the interaction of surface gravity waves and the general ocean circulation entails the so‐called wave radiation stress terms in the phase‐averaged momentum equation. The equations of motion are for the combined Eulerian current and Stokes drift. On the other hand, a more recent approach includes the so‐called vortex force term in the momentum equation wherein the only wave property is Stokes drift. The equations of motion are for the Eulerian current. The idea has gained traction in the ocean science community, a fact that motivates this paper. A question is: can both theories be correct? This paper answers the question in the negative and presents arguments in favor of the wave radiation theory. The vortex force approach stems from an interesting mathematical construct, but it does stand up to physical or mathematical scrutiny as described in this paper. Although not the primary focus of the paper, some discussion of Langmuir circulation is included since the vortex force was first introduced as the basis of this oceanic cellular phenomenon. Finaly the paper explains the difference in the derivation of the radiation stress theory and the vortex force theory: the later theory entails errors related to its use of curl and reverse‐curl [or uncurl] processes.
Isentropic transport and the seasonal cycle amplitude of CO2
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Parazoo Nicholas , Orbe Clara , Denning A. Scott
Published: June 2016

Carbon‐concentration feedbacks and carbon‐climate feedbacks constitute one of the largest sources of uncertainty in future climate. Since the beginning of the modern atmospheric CO2 record, seasonal variations in CO2 have been recognized as a signal of the metabolism of land ecosystems, and quantitative attribution of changes in the seasonal cycle amplitude (SCA) of CO2 to ecosystem processes is critical for understanding and projecting carbon‐climate feedbacks far into the 21st Century. Here the impact of surface carbon fluxes on the SCA of CO2 throughout the Northern Hemisphere troposphere is investigated, paying particular attention to isentropic transport across latitudes. The analysis includes both a chemical transport model GOES‐Chem and an idealized tracer in a gray‐radiation aquaplanet. The results of the study can be summarized by two main conclusions: (1) the SCA of CO2 roughly follows surfaces of constant potential temperature, which can explain the observed increase in SCA with latitude along pressure surfaces and (2) increasing seasonal fluxes in lower latitudes have a larger impact on the SCA of CO2 throughout most of the troposphere compared to increasing seasonal fluxes in higher latitudes. These results provide strong evidence that recently observed changes in the SCA of CO2 at high northern latitudes (poleward of 60°N) are likely driven by changes in midlatitude surface fluxes, rather than changes in Arctic fluxes.
Decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking control for Markovian jump uncertain nonlinear systems with input saturation
Authors: Chang Ru , Fang Yiming , Liu Le , Li Jianxiong
Published: June 2016

A decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking control problem is investigated for Markovian jump uncertain nonlinear interconnected large‐scale systems. The considered interconnected large‐scale systems contain unknown nonlinear uncertainties, unknown control gains, actuator saturation, and Markovian jump signals, and the Markovian jump subsystems are in the form of triangular structure. First, by defining a novel state transformation with the performance function, the prescribed performance control problem is transformed to stabilization problem. Then, introducing an intermediate control signal into the control design, employing neural network to approximate the unknown composite nonlinear function, and based on the framework of the backstepping control design and adaptive estimation method, a corresponding decentralized prescribed performance adaptive tracking controller is designed. It is proved that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are bounded, and the prescribed tracking performances are guaranteed. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Characterization of BSCF, a Prospective Perovskite Material for Oxygen Separation Membrane: A Brief Review
Authors: Sikder Bablu , Chanda Abhijit
Published: June 2016

Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSCF) is a mixed ionic electronic conducting membrane (MIEC) material which can be used for the separation of oxygen from air in both coal gasification and oxy‐fuel power plants. It shows the best oxygen separation performance at elevated temperatures (>800 °C). In this review paper, its mechanical behavior over a wide range of temperature is addressed. From the studies done so far, it is evident that BSCF shows a unique pattern in the temperature dependence of fracture toughness and Young's modulus. It poses a problem from the view point of structural stability of oxygen separation membrane, particularly during start‐up period or thermal cycling. Number of possible explanations have been put forward in recent past but most of them are speculative in nature and lacks in experimental support.
Designing an Artificial Golgi reactor to achieve targeted glycosylation of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Klymenko Oleksiy V. , Shah Nilay , Kontoravdi Cleo , Royle Kate E. , Polizzi Karen M.
Published: June 2016

The therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is dependent on their glycosylation patterns. As the largest group of currently approved biopharmaceuticals, the microheterogeneity in mAb oligosaccharide profiles deriving from mammalian cell production is a challenge to the biopharmaceutical industry. Disengaging the glycosylation process from the cell may offer significant enhancement of product quality and allow better control and reproducibility in line with the Quality‐by‐Design paradigm. Three potential designs of an Artificial Golgi reactor implementing targeted sequential glycosylation of mAbs are proposed including a (1) microcapillary film reactor, (2) packed bed reactor with nonporous pellets, and (3) packed bed reactor with porous pellets. Detailed mathematical models are developed to predict their performance for a range of design and operational parameters. While all three reactor designs can achieve desired conversion levels, the choice of a particular one depends on the required throughput and the associated cost of enzymes and co‐substrates. © 2016 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2959–2973, 2016
Spectrum of SMPD1 mutations in Asian‐Indian patients with acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)‐deficient Niemann–Pick disease
Authors: Ranganath Prajnya , Matta Divya , Bhavani Gandham SriLakshmi , Wangnekar Savita , Jain Jamal Mohammed Nurul , Verma Ishwar C. , Kabra Madhulika , Puri Ratna Dua , Danda Sumita , Gupta Neerja , Girisha Katta M. , Sankar Vaikom H. , Patil Siddaramappa J. , Ramadevi Akella Radha , Bhat Meenakshi , Gowrishankar Kalpana , Mandal Kausik , Aggarwal Shagun , Tamhankar Parag Mohan , Tilak Preetha , Phadke Shubha R. , Dalal Ashwin
Published: June 2016

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)‐deficient Niemann–Pick disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the SMPD1 gene. To date, around 185 mutations have been reported in patients with ASM‐deficient NPD world‐wide, but the mutation spectrum of this disease in India has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to ascertain the mutation profile in Indian patients with ASM‐deficient NPD. We sequenced SMPD1 in 60 unrelated families affected with ASM‐deficient NPD. A total of 45 distinct pathogenic sequence variants were found, of which 14 were known and 31 were novel. The variants included 30 missense, 4 nonsense, and 9 frameshift (7 single base deletions and 2 single base insertions) mutations, 1 indel, and 1 intronic duplication. The pathogenicity of the novel mutations was inferred with the help of the mutation prediction software MutationTaster, SIFT, Polyphen‐2, PROVEAN, and HANSA. The effects of the identified sequence variants on the protein structure were studied using the structure modeled with the help of the SWISS‐MODEL workspace program. The p. (Arg542*) (c.1624C>T) mutation was the most commonly identified mutation, found in 22% (26 out of 120) of the alleles tested, but haplotype analysis for this mutation did not identify a founder effect for the Indian population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study on mutation analysis of patients with ASM‐deficient Niemann–Pick disease reported in literature and also the first study on the SMPD1 gene mutation spectrum in India. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theory of the Robin quantum wall in a linear potential. I. Energy spectrum, polarization and quantum‐information measures
Authors: Olendski O.
Published: June 2016

Information‐theoretical concepts are employed for the analysis of the interplay between a transverse electric field applied to a one‐dimensional surface and Robin boundary condition (BC), which with the help of the extrapolation length Λ zeroes at the interface a linear combination of the quantum mechanical wave function and its spatial derivative, and its influence on the properties of the structure. For doing this, exact analytical solutions of the corresponding Schrödinger equation are derived and used for calculating energies, dipole moments, position and momentum quantum information entropies and their Fisher information and and Onicescu information energies and counterparts. It is shown that the weak (strong) electric field changes the Robin wall into the Dirichlet, (Neumann, ), surface. This transformation of the energy spectrum and associated waveforms in the growing field defines an evolution of the quantum‐information measures; for example, it is proved that for the Dirichlet and Neumann BCs the position (momentum) quantum information entropy varies as a positive (negative) natural logarithm of the electric intensity what results in their field‐independent sum . Analogously, at and the position and momentum Fisher informations (Onicescu energies) depend on the applied voltage as () and its inverse, respectively, leading to the field‐independent product (). Peculiarities of their transformations at the finite nonzero Λ are discussed and similarities and differences between the three quantum‐information measures in the electric field are highlighted with the special attention being paid to the configuration with the negative extrapolation length.

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Desulfonative pd‐catalyzed coupling of aryl trifluoroborates with arylsulfonyl chlorides
Authors: Wei Zhen , Xue Dazhong , Zhang Haisheng , Guan Jinyu
Published: June 2016

A Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl trifluoroborates with arylsulfonyl chlorides has been successfully achieved. This transformation is a new method for the Suzuki–Miyaura‐type reaction of aryl trifluoroborates via the cleavage of C S bond, thus providing an alternative synthesis of biaryls. The reported cross‐coupling reactions are tolerant to many common functional groups regardless of electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing nature, making these transformations attractive alternatives to the traditional Suzuki–Miyaura coupling approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new nano‐Fe3O4‐supported organocatalyst based on 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine: an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Pirhayati Mozhgan , Kakanejadifard Ali , Veisi Hojat
Published: June 2016

A simple and practical strategy for the synthesis of a novel nano‐Fe3O4‐supported organocatalyst system based on 3,4‐dihydroxypyridine (Fe3O4/Py) has been developed. The prepared catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Accordingly, the Fe3O4/Py nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property with a saturation magnetization of 61 emu g−1, indicating potential application in magnetic separation technology. Our experimental results reveal that the pyridine‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are an efficient base catalyst for the domino condensation of various aromatic aldehydes, Meldrum's acid and 5‐methylpyrazol‐3‐amine under very mild reaction condition and in the presence of ethanol solvent. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst was used for one‐pot, three‐component condensation of aromatic aldehydes with barbituric acid and malononitrile to produce 7‐amino‐2,4‐dioxo‐5‐phenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6‐carbonitriles. All reactions are completed in short times and all products are obtained in good to excellent yields. Also, notably, the catalyst was reused five times without significant degradation in catalytic activity and performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guns and Violence in the International Arena
Authors: Volkan Vamık D.
Published: June 2016

This paper illustrates how psychoanalyst should consider an interdisciplinary approach in examining the gun violence in the United States. Besides offering individualized and shared psychological causes it is necessary to understand environmental, cultural, and historical influences. By providing examples for other countries, this paper describes how grasping on one's large‐group identity and being exposed to entitlement ideologies and malignant propaganda influence people to commit murders.
Going, going, gone? Loss of genetic diversity in two critically endangered Australian freshwater fishes, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis and Chlamydogobius squamigenus, from Great Artesian Basin springs at Edgbaston, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Faulks Leanne K. , Kerezsy Adam , Unmack Peter J. , Johnson Jerald B. , Hughes Jane M.
Published: June 2016

Artesian springs are particularly sensitive freshwater ecosystems, characterized by specialized flora and fauna which, owing to their isolation, are often endemic. Thus, protection of spring habitats and endemic spring biota is important for biodiversity conservation, particularly because human impacts such as invasive species, habitat destruction, and fragmentation can have such devastating effects.

This study investigated the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity and structure of two critically endangered (IUCN) freshwater fish species: red‐finned blue‐eye Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and Edgbaston goby Chlamydogobius squamigenus, with the aim of assisting management agencies to establish relocated populations that conserve the genetic integrity and evolutionary potential of both species.

2862 bp from multiple mtDNA genes were amplified from 111 red‐finned blue‐eye individuals (17 from the 1990s and 94 from 2010), and a 660 bp segment of mtDNA cytochrome b was amplified from 111 Edgbaston goby individuals (from 2010). In total, 14 concatenated mtDNA haplotypes were identified in red‐finned blue‐eye and three cytb haplotypes were identified in Edgbaston goby.

Overall assessment of the genetic diversity and structure of the endemic fish fauna from the Edgbaston springs revealed low levels of diversity in both species and a loss of haplotypes in red‐finned blue‐eye over time. In addition, both species displayed significant genetic structure: at the spring scale for red‐finned blue‐eye and at the spring group scale for Edgbaston goby. It is concluded that without the appropriate management of relocated populations, such as considering genetic structure and diversity and selecting high quality habitats, these species are at a severe risk of losing evolutionary potential and becoming extinct. This study provides a valuable example for conservation managers of the contribution that population genetic studies can make regarding the adaptive management of endangered species.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical Properties of the Peripheral Neurons Projecting to the Pig Bulbospongiosus Muscle
Authors: Botti Maddalena , Ragionieri Luisa , Cacchioli Antonio , Panu Rino , Gazza Ferdinando
Published: June 2016

Retrograde neuronal tracing and single labelling immunofluorescence methods were used to define the neurochemical content of the peripheral autonomic and sensitive neurons projecting to the male pig striated bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM). The retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the left bulbospongiosus muscle of four intact impuberal pigs. After a 10‐day survival time, the ipsilateral sacral sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG), and the sacral spinal ganglia (SGs) were collected from each animal. In FB+ neurons of these ganglia, the presence of cathecolamine‐ (tyrosine hydroxylase‐TH), acetylcholine‐ (vesicular acetylcholine transporter‐VChAT), or nitric oxide‐synthesizing (neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase‐nNOS) enzymes and of some biologically active peptides (calcitonine gene‐related peptide‐CGRP, Leu‐Enkephaline‐LENK, Neuropeptide Y‐NPY, Substance P‐SP and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide‐VIP) were studied. The ipsilateral STGs FB+ neurons showed immunoreactivity principally for TH and NPY and in decreasing order for VIP, VChAT, SP, CGRP, nNOS, and LENK. The left CMG FB+ neurons were immunoreactive to TH and NPY, and in smaller proportions for VIP, LENK, VChAT, CGRP, nNOS, and SP. The ipsilateral SGs FB+ neurons resulted immunoractive for CGRP, LENK, NPY, nNOS, SP, and VChAT. The heterogeneous neurochemical content of the peripheral neurons projecting to the pig BSM allows us to hypothesize the involvement of autonomic ganglia in the activity of both blood vessels and striated fibers of the muscle and the involvement of sensory ganglia in the afferent transmission from the muscle to spinal cord and in antidromic mechanisms that causes the relaxation of the BSM blood vessels. Anat Rec, 299:1192–1202, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Myology and Evolution of Marsupials and Other Vertebrates, With Notes on Complexity, Bauplan, and “Scala Naturae”
Authors: Diogo Rui , Bello‐Hellegouarch Gaelle , Kohlsdorf Tiana , Esteve‐Altava Borja , Molnar Julia L.
Published: June 2016

Opossums are frequent subjects of developmental studies because marsupials share developmental features not seen in placentals and because Didelphimorpha is the sister‐group of other extant Marsupialia. But is the adult marsupial muscular system markedly different from that of placentals or is it, like the skeletal system, very similar? We provide, for the first time, a brief description of all head and limb muscles ofDidelphis virginianabased on our dissections and using a unifying nomenclature by integrating the data gathered in our long‐term project on the development, homologies, and evolution of the muscles of all major vertebrate taxa. Our data indicate that there were many more muscle synapomorphic changes from the last common ancestor (LCA) of amniotes to the mammalian LCA (63) and from this LCA to the LCA of extant therians (48) than from this latter LCA to the LCA of extant placentals (10 or 11). Importantly,Didelphisis anatomically more plesiomorphic (only 14 changes from LCA of extant therians) than are rats (37 changes) and humans (63 changes), but its musculature is more complex (193 muscles) than that of humans (only 180 muscles). Of the 194 muscles ofDidelphis, 172 (89%) are present in rats, meaning that their adult muscle anatomy is indeed very similar. This similarity supports the existence of a common, easy recognizable therian Bauplan, but one that is caused by developmental constraints and by evolutionary change driven by the needs of the embryos/neonates, rather than by a “goal” toward a specific adult plan/“archetype,” as the name Bauplan suggests. Anat Rec, 299:1224–1255, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Third‐order harmonic expansion of the magnetoencephalography forward and inverse problems in an ellipsoidal brain model
Authors: Alcocer‐Sosa Mauricio , Gutiérrez David
Published: June 2016

We present a forward modeling solution in the form of an array response kernel for magnetoencephalography. We consider the case when the brain's anatomy is approximated by an ellipsoid and an equivalent current dipole model is used to approximate brain sources. The proposed solution includes the contributions up to the third‐order ellipsoidal harmonic terms; hence, we compare this new approximation against the previously available one that only considered up to second‐order harmonics. We evaluated the proposed solution when used in the inverse problem of estimating physiologically feasible visual evoked responses from magnetoencephalography data. Our results showed that the contribution of the third‐order harmonic terms provides a more realistic representation of the magnetic fields (closer to those generated with a numerical approximation based on the boundary element method) and, subsecuently, the estimated equivalent current dipoles are a better fit to those observed in practice (e.g., in visual evoked potentials). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.