bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Birds of Northern Melanesia
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared
Published: November 2023

Speciation is the process by which co-existing daughter species evolve from one ancestral species - e.g., humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas arising from a common ancestor around 5,000,000 years ago. However, many questions about speciation remain controversial. The Birds of Northern Melanesia provides by far the most comprehensive study yet available of a rich fauna, composed of the 195 breeding land and fresh-water bird species of the Bismarck and Solomon Archipelagoes east of New Guinea. This avifauna offers decisive advantages for understanding speciation, and includes famous examples of geographic variation discussed in textbooks of evolutionary biology. The book results from 30 years of collaboration between the evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr and the ecologist Jared Diamond. It shows how Northern Melanesian bird distributions provide snapshots of all stages in speciation, from the earliest (widely distributed species without geographic variation) to the last (closely related, reproductively isolated species occurring sympatrically and segregating ecologically). The presentation emphasizes the wide diversity of speciation outcomes, steering a middle course between one-model-fits-all simplification and ungeneralizable species accounts. Questions illuminated include why some species are much more prone to speciate than others, why some water barriers are much more effective at promoting speciation than others, and whether hypothesized taxon cycles, faunal dominance, and legacies of Pleistocene land bridges are real. These years of study have resulted in a huge database, complete with distributions of all 195 species on 76 islands, together with their taxonomy, colonization routes, ecological attributes, abundance, and overwater dispersal. Color plates depict 88 species and allospecies, many of which have never been seen before. For students of speciation, Northern Melanesian birds now constitute a model system against which other biotas can be compared. For population biologists interested in other problems besides speciation, this rich database can now be mined for insights.
Phage Ecology
Authors: Abedon Stephen T
Published: November 2023

Phage ecology is the study of the interactions between phage and their environments. These interactions are consequential, particularly to the extent that they affect bacteria. During traditional molecular phage characterization, however, only minimal consideration of ecology is made. Contrasting this tendency, here I consider phage organismal, population, community, and ecosystem ecology (Table 5-1).
Filamentous Phage
Authors: Russel Marjorie , Model Peter
Published: November 2023

Filamentous phages constitute a large family of bacterial viruses that infect many Gram-negative bacteria and even a Gram-positive bacterium (18). These long, slender viruses contain a circular, single-stranded DNA genome encased in a somewhat flexible tube composed of thousands of copies of a single major coat protein (figure 12-1). Two minor proteins at one end and two others at the other end Figure 12-1 Filamentous phage f1/M13/fd: genes and gene products. pII binds to a sequence (the strand origin) in the intergenic region (IG) of double-stranded DNA and nicks the (IG) strand; the original (+) strand is displaced by Rep helicase as a new (+) strand is elongated from the 30 end of the nick by host DNA polymerase III, using the (-) strand as template. pX, which is identical to the C-terminal third of pII, is required for the accumulation of single-stranded DNA, as is pV. Dimers of pV bind cooperatively to single-stranded DNA, which collapses the circular genome into a flexible rod with the packaging signal (PS) exposed at one end of the filament. pVII and pIX are small coat proteins located at the tip of the virus that is first to emerge from the cell during assembly. pVIII is the major coat protein, several thousand copies of which form the cylinder that encases the singlestranded DNA phage genome. pIII and pVI are located at the end of the virion where they mediate termination of assembly and release of the virion from the cell membrane. pIII is also necessary for phage infectivity. pI may hydrolyze ATP to promote assembly; pXI is identical to the C-terminal third of pI; it lacks the cytoplasmic domain and may play a structural role as part of an oligomeric pI/pXI complex. pIV is a multimeric outer membrane channel through which the phage exits the bacterium.
A House on Fire
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

If You Don’t Know Me By Now, “The Love I Lost,” “The Soul Train Theme,” “Then Came You,” “Ain’t No Stoppin’ Us Now”--the distinctive music that became known as Philly Soul dominated the pop music charts in the 1970s. In A House on Fire, John A. Jackson takes us inside the musical empire created by Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, and Thom Bell, the three men who put Philadelphia Soul on the map. Here is the eye-opening story of three of the most influential and successful music producers of the seventies. Jackson shows how Gamble, Huff, and Bell developed a black recording empire second only to Berry Gordy’s Motown, pumping out a string of chart-toppers from Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, the Spinners, the O’Jays, the Stylistics, and many others. The author underscores the endemic racism of the music business at that time, revealing how the three men were blocked from the major record companies and outlets in Philadelphia because they were black, forcing them to create their own label, sign their own artists, and create their own sound. The sound they created--a sophisticated and glossy form of rhythm and blues, characterized by crisp, melodious harmonies backed by lush, string-laden orchestration and a hard-driving rhythm section--was a glorious success, producing at least twenty-eight gold or platinum albums and thirty-one gold or platinum singles. But after their meteoric rise and years of unstoppable success, their production company finally failed, brought down by payola, competition, a tough economy, and changing popular tastes. Funky, groovy, soulful--Philly Soul was the classic seventies sound. A House on Fire tells the inside story of this remarkable musical phenomenon.
Storytelling in Medicine
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

In Thasus, early in autumn, the winter suddenly set in rainy before the usual time, with much northerly and southerly winds. These things all continued so during the season of the Pleiades, and until their setting. The winter was northerly, the rains frequent, in torrents, and large, with snow, but with a frequent mixture of fair weather. . . .

Silenus lived on the Broad-way, near the house of Evalcidas. From fatigue, drinking, and unseasonable exercises, he was seized with fever. He began with having pain in the loins; he had heaviness of the head, and there was stiffness of the neck. On the first day the alvine discharges were bilious, unmixed, frothy, high colored, and copious; urine black, having a black sediment; he was thirsty, tongue dry; no sleep at night. . . . On the third, all symptoms exacerbated; an oblong distension, of a softish nature, from both sides of the hypochondrium to the navel;. . . no sleep at night; much talking, laughter, singing, he could not restrain himself.
The Girondins Of Chile
Authors: Mackenna Benjamin Vicuna , Polt John H R , Gazmuri Cristian
Published: November 2023

The Girondins of Chile tells of the strong influence that the European revolutions of 1848 had in Chile, and how they motivated a young Santiago society with high cultural aspirations but little political knowledge or direction. Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna, a Chilean writer and historian who lived during those days in Santiago relates the events of the time, events in which he was a participant. He pays special attention to how the '1848' revolutions and their attendant ideas influenced the thoughts and actions of a group of young liberals he called 'Chilean Girondins'. When the news of the fall of Philippe d'Orléans and the subsequent installation of the Second Republic reached Chile, there was an explosion of jubilation in Santiago. Now there were no barriers to ideas, Vicuña Mackenna wrote, "much less to the generous ideas proclaimed by the sincere people of France." But it only took a few days for warnings and critiques of French events to surface, and when a proletarian revolution took place in June in France, Chilean public opinion became virulently anti-revolutionary. Except, of course, among the liberal youth--the 'Chilean Girondins', who were headed towards revolution, and sooner than anyone thought. When revolution came in 1851, Vicuña Mackenna found even himself sentenced to death for taking part in the uprising. He escaped, spent some years in exile, and was able to return in 1855. He remained active in politics, yet his account of what happened to the 'Chilean Girondins' in the 1851-2 revolution was not published until 1876.
Emotional Rationality as Practical Rationality
Authors: Jones Karen
Published: November 2023

In this essay I take as my target a messy set of intuitions about the extent to which and the dimensions along which emotions can be assessed for rationality. One strand in commonsense thinking puts emotions entirely outside the scope of rationality assessment. Everyone has heard such statements as, “But, that’s how I feel”—uttered as if that ended the conversation. The view that emotions are out-side the scope of rationality assessment gains strength from the perceived subjectivity of emotion—emotions vary so much from person to person and seem to depend so much on the agent’s history that one can easily think that emotions can’t be subject to rationality assessment, that we can, at most, find emotions understandable (or not).
Other Allergenic Plants
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Rhus dermatitis can be due to many kinds of plants besides toxicodendrons (Mitchell and Rook, 1979; Benezra et al., 1985). Numerous species produce urushioids, including grasses (rice and wheat), vines (philodendron), and large trees such as mango (table 3.1), whereas others contain dermatotoxic quinones, lactones, or terpenes (table 3.2). This chapter deals with both types of plants. Plants whose dermatotoxicity requires sunlight (photo- toxicity), or which contain irritants whose poison ivy-like symptoms do not involve the immune system, are reviewed in the next chapter.
Phototoxic And Irritant Constituents
Authors: Crosby Donald G
Published: November 2023

Many dermatotoxic plant products are not allergens. Diterpene esters from euphorbs, sulfur compounds from mustard oils and garlic, and amines from nettles simply irritate the skin; no allergy is involved. Others, such as furocoumarins in fig latex, require sunlight for their toxic effects. In either case, the physical and chemical properties can reveal their toxic action and environmental fate, allow us to predict other chemicals that might affect skin, and, we hope, help us learn how to protect skin from harm.
Criteria for Selection and/or Design of Green Solvents
Authors: Nelson William M
Published: November 2023

Converting waste into products, as Holtapple does, is one way to enhance “greenness.” Another approach is “source prevention,” which Roger L. Garrett believes is the ultimate goal in the field of green chemistry. If you want to avoid the toxic effects of a substance, he said, “don’t generate it in the first place” (Wilkinson, 1997). The use of solvents in the chemical industry and in the chemical-related industries is ubiquitous. Beyond “chemical industries,” solvent use has become an integral part of life in the twenty-first century. In 1991, the production of the 25 most commonly used solvents was more than 26 million tons per year. According to EPCRA section 313 data, of the chemicals and chemical categories tracked by the program in 1994, five of the top 10 chemicals released or disposed of were solvents, and included methanol, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and dichloromethane. The total quantity of these chemicals released or disposed of was over 687 million pounds, which accounts for 27% of the total quantity of TRI-listed chemicals released and disposed of in that year (Sullivan, 1997). Because solvents are required in such high volumes compared to all other materials used in a synthetic transformation, hazards associated with solvents and safety issues associated with their use have always been a consideration in the development and selection of solvents. Some of the earliest and most obvious hazards, that if solvents were found to possess would cause them to be selected against, include properties such as high flammability or explosivity.
Green Solvents for Practical and Ordinary Chemical Usage
Authors: Nelson William M
Published: November 2023

This area is broad and some current work will be highlighted. The chapter culminates by presenting the Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) as a means for individuals and organizations to evaluate solvents. Creating safe indoor environments is an area in need of much basic research. There appears to be very little known about the cumulative effects of the many materials, products, and other environmental impacts of working in office building and living in homes constructed of relatively new materials. Science and technology can contribute by helping define risks to human health and the environment and defining cost-effective solutions to prevent risks or reduce risks to acceptable levels. The study of toxins in the environment grew out of the post–World War II industrial age and the associated increase in use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, detergents and their additives, fossil fuels, derived industrial products, fissionable materials, and their generated waste products. Many innovations in biological and ecological experimentation accompanied this increased awareness; these developments dramatically improved our ability to screen for detrimental toxins in the environment, estimate toxic impacts on biological systems, and assess the risks of toxic exposures to ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. With the advent of these advanced experimental methods has come the need for sophisticated statistical procedures to analyze the data they generate (Piegorsch and Bailer, 1997).
Indications
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

During the heyday of the Master’s test, stress testing was primarily used to identify or confirm the presence of ischemic heart disease. Prior to World War II, it was mainly a research tool applied to problems related to exercise in athletes. More recently, as the method again evolved into a measure of functional capacity as well as a means of diagnosing coronary disease, the applications have been extended to a number of areas previously excluded, such as the prognosis in coronary artery disease and the evaluation of treatment in congestive heart failure, stable angina, and certain arrhythmias.

In spite of the occasional editorials and articles criticizing the usefulness of exercise testing, there has been an enormous increase in its use as cardiologists and other physicians have discovered how helpful stress testing can be in patient management. This chapter lists some of the indications for stress testing and attempts to add perspective to the present controversy.
Contraindications, Risks, and Safety Precautions
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

A good deal of controversy has occurred over the safety of exercise in various population groups. Because Americans have gone on a health binge, with millions jogging and entering in organized runs, some understanding of the risks involved warrant discussion. Some of these same issues pertain to the prescribing of exercise and exercise testing. Shephard, of the University of Toronto, has taken the position that a certain level of risk is involved in initiating an exercise program for a sedentary asymptomatic middle-aged man. He advises against an exercise test because of the evidence that a high percentage of abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) stress tests are falsepositives in this population, and he believes the information may lead to other unnecessary tests, such as angiography.

The American Heart Committee on Exercise, however, recommends stress testing prior to the initiation of exercise programs in normals older than 40 years of age or in others with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fletcher and colleagues and others concur in this decision. Data from the Seattle Heart Watch study clearly indicate that in asymptomatic persons with two or more risk factors, stress testing can identify a cohort with a risk of a coronary event at least 15 times greater than the negative responders.
Stress Testing in Women
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

Since the early days of exercise stress testing, ST-segment depression has been the focus of interest as a marker for ischemia. The increased tendency for a false-positive ST response was first noted in women by Scherlis and associates as early as 1950 and confirmed by Lepeschkin and Surawicz in 1958 and Astrand in 1965. Because the trends in coronary artery disease (CAD) in women seem to parallel those of lung cancer, another disease often induced by smoking, we expect to be treating more women with this problem than ever before. Is there a way to deal with ST changes in women? What is the cause? Is ST depression in women with normal coronary arteries truly a false-positive? Is it due to ischemia?

This chapter reviews information available bearing on these perplexing problems, suggests some partial answers, and offers guidelines that we have found useful.
Computer Technology and Exercise Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with computerized exercise stress test systems, which have become the method of choice in most stress testing laboratories. The arrival of powerful high-speed desktop microcomputers has led to the development of potent data processing systems at an increasingly more reasonable cost. During the period represented by the four editions of this book, the rapid expansion in digital computer technology has provided the tools for developing large databases of exercise test parameters in subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Such databases are now readily accessible for comparison with other computerized clinical, ECG, hemodynamic, nuclear perfusion/angiographic, and cineangiographic databases. The resting standard 12-lead ECG is ideal for recording and accurately measuring times and voltages of all ECG waveforms with these systems. The body surface ECG is the time history of excitation of the four chambers of the heart.
For the Love of Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

The power of music, the way it works on the mind and heart, remains an enticing mystery. Now two noted writers on classical music, Michael Steinberg and Larry Rothe, explore the allure of this melodious art--not in the clinical terms of social scientists--but through stories drawn from their own experience. In For the Love of Music, Steinberg and Rothe draw on a lifetime of listening to, living with, and writing about music, sharing the delights and revelatory encounters they have had with Mozart, Brahms, Stravinsky, and a host of other great (and almost-great) composers. At once highly personal and immediately accessible, their writings shed light on those who make music and those who listen to it--drawing readers into the beautiful and dangerous terrain that has meant so much to the authors. In recounting how they themselves came to love music, Steinberg and Rothe offer keys for listening. Here you will find the story of a boy discovering a lifelong passion as he huddled in an alley behind a movie theater in World War II England, listening to the Fantasia soundtrack. You will meet the man who created the sound of Hollywood’s Golden Age. You will learn how composers have addressed issues as contemporary as AIDS and the terrorist attacks of September 11. You will sit in on strange and enlightening listening sessions with one of America’s quirkiest music critics. And you will enter a world of mind- and soul-nourishing pleasures. Articulate and impassioned, sophisticated but never esoteric, Steinberg and Rothe offer invigorating reflections on music that will delight both the beginning and the seasoned listener.
Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington, USA: Response to Blister Rust Infection
Authors: Ettl Gregory J , Cottone Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The decline of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) across North America is well documented (Tomback et al. 2001) and is attributed to fire exclusion, insect outbreaks, and various fungal blights and rusts (Arno and Hoff 1990, Hoff and Hagle 1990, Keane and Arno 1993, Keane et al. 1994). White pine blister rust is a major source of whitebark pine mortality throughout western North America, with the heaviest mortality rates in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana (Kendall and Keane 2001). In early 1995, blister rust was present on all sampled sites in Mt. Rainier National Park (Rochefort 1995) and was a likely cause of mortality in many trees (DelPrato 1999). Whitebark pine is in danger of becoming locally extinct. Whitebark pine is a member of the stone pines (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus, subgenus Strobus, section Strobus, subsection Cembrae) that contain species with indehiscent cones and require birds for dispersal (McCaughey and Schmidt 2001). Whitebark pine is almost completely dependent on Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson) for seed dispersal and successful germination (Tomback and Linhart 1990) through their extensive caching of seeds. Because squirrels cache whitebark pine seeds and bears often raid these caches, the decline of whitebark pine has important implicaions for many wildlife species. In Yellowstone National Park, whitebark pine cone crops have been linked to grizzly bear (Ursus arctos L.) sightings at lower elevations; when seeds are abundant, bears feed on seeds in the high country and avoid encounters with humans (Mattson et al. 1992). There is almost a doubling in mortality rates of grizzly bears in non-mast seed years than in mast years as grizzly bear–human conflicts increase, resulting in declining bear populations (Pease and Mattson 1999).
Woodland Brown Butterfly (Lopinga achine) in Sweden: Viability in a Dynamic Landscape Maintained by Grazing
Authors: Kindvall Oskar , Bergman Karl-Olof
Published: November 2023

Landscape changes are one of the most important factors affecting extinction risks among species (Caughley 1994). Despite this, most studies using population viability analysis (PVA) assume constant landscape scenarios in which the quality, size, and existence of habitat patches remain the same throughout the simulated time frame. In fact, there are very few examples of PVA where landscape changes have been considered (Gyllenberg and Hanski 1997, Akşakaya and Raphael 1998, Carlsson and Kindvall 2001, Wahlberg et al. 2002). Many species are associated with certain successional vegetation stages—for example, many butterflies (Thomas 1991, Bergman 2001). Grazing by cattle, sheep, or horses maintains grassland habitats in a successional stage that favors a majority of the butterfly species in Sweden. However, in many European countries the grazing becomes increasingly concentrated within certain areas, leaving huge areas to become overgrown with trees and bushes. Obviously, this landscape change will reduce the amounts of suitable habitat for many species living in pastures.
Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis) in Central Sweden: Modeling Juvenile Reintroduction and Spatial Management Strategies for Metapopulation Establishment
Authors: Berglind Sven-åke
Published: November 2023

A common consequence of habitat loss and fragmentation is the creation of nonequilibrium metapopulations in which the local populations have become so isolated that among-population dispersal no longer occurs (Harrison 1994, Gilpin 1996). Metapopulations that have reached this state are destined to extinction unless the loss and fragmentation of habitat is reversed (Hanski 1997). In this situation, restoration and reintroduction at the scale of metapopulations should be considered (Huxel and Hastings 1999). Since introduced populations in general are small—and thus highly susceptible to environmental fluctuations, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, and inbreeding depression—it is crucial to maximize the efficiency of initial introductions in order to shorten the period during which the populations would be exposed to these risks (Komers and Curman 2000).
Southern Great Barrier Reef Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Stock: Consequences of Local Sex-Biased Harvesting
Authors: Chaloupka Milani
Published: November 2023

The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a marine species with a broad pantropical distribution (Bowen et al. 1992) and is the most abundant large herbivore in marine ecosystems (Bjorndal et al. 2000). The southern Great Barrier Reef (sGBR) green turtle stock is one of the most important breeding populations of green turtles in the western South Pacific region (FitzSimmons et al. 1997) with benthic foraging grounds in Australian, Indonesian, Papua New Guinean, Coral Sea, and New Caledonian waters (Limpus et al. 1992). The Great Barrier Reef and coastal Queensland benthic habitat component of this stock includes a spatially disjunct metapopulation with foraging grounds that span 12° latitude and 1800 km with foraging grounds that range from tropical waters in the northern Great Barrier Reef (nGBR) to warm temperate waters in southern coastal Queensland (Figure 30.1) (Chaloupka 2002a). Pelagic juveniles recruit to these benthic habitat foraging grounds after pelagic development in the western South Pacific Ocean (Limpus and Chaloupka 1997).
Language and Womans Place: Picking Up the Gauntlet
Authors: LIVIA ANNA
Published: November 2023

I read Robin Lakoffs Language and Woman’s Place (LWP) in 1975. I was nineteen years old, studying French at University College London. Before the end of the year, I had formed the London Women and Language Group with fellow linguists Linda Shockey, Trista Selous, and Eva Eberhardt.
Public Discourse and the Private Life of Little Girls: Language and Woman s Place and Language Socialization
Authors: Cook-Gumperz Jenny
Published: November 2023

In Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), Robin Lakoff opens up new pragmatic perspectives on politeness by proposing that talking politely is an essential part of being a woman. Lakoff’s proposition answers a critical question in language socialization: how children create a gendered self through their own language practices. Women recognize the importance of relations with others, and as Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987) point out, politeness provides the essential social mechanism for establishing positive bonds within a group. Politeness thus provides a blueprint for exploring the ways in which children’s early understanding of relations with others leads to an awareness of a gendered self. Children’s spontaneous talk shows how they differentiate life within the intimate relationships of the family from life in the more public domain of their peers and unfamiliar others outside of the home.
Language and Woman’s Place Blueprinting Studies of Gay Men’s English
Authors: LEAP WILLIAM L
Published: November 2023

I own two copies of Robin Lakoff’s Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975). The first is a relatively new edition, part of a book order from a recent course in gender studies. The second copy is much older. Its now- browned pages give off a faint musty smell and the binding makes crackling sounds. This is a first printing, and it was one of the first books on language, sexuality, and gender that I added to my library. Today, it is surrounded by many other volumes addressing similar themes. But in 1975, when I purchased this copy, it occupied a more solitary place on the sociolinguistic bookshelf because of its subject matter and because of the approach to research that it details. Both of these anomalous qualities attracted me to LWP, and, as I explain below, they have continued to provide valuable orientation for my own work with language and sexual sameness.
Surgery of the Injured Peripheral Nerve and Brachial Plexus
Authors: Marzouk Shaden , Hamilton, H Bruce , Kline David G
Published: November 2023

Injury of the peripheral nervous system is common and often requires multiple treatment modalities. Surgical intervention is frequently a necessary step to ensure an optimal outcome in these patients. The neural response to injury, mechanisms, diagnosis, indications, and timing of surgical treatment, as well as some basic surgical options, are addressed in this chapter. A general treatment algorithm is constructed as a guide for the caregivers of these patients. An expanded discussion of injury to the brachial plexus is included, as these lesions are the most debilitating peripheral nerve lesions, the most challenging to manage, and the most frequent cause of questions directed to the peripheral nerve surgeon. The role and limitations of surgery in the successful care of the injured peripheral nerve completes our discussion of these traumatic lesions.
Whiplash Injuries
Authors: Evans Randolph W
Published: November 2023

The late comedian Rodney Dangerfield could have been the spokesman for whiplash injuries with his refrain, “I don’t get no respect.” Controversy is present among physicians57 and the general public4 about the pathology of the injury, cause of persistent symptoms, prognosis, medico-legal aspects, and treatment. As Fontanetta207 notes: The term “whiplash,” once introduced, quickly became a favorite of the legal profession and suitconscious patient. To the orthopedic surgeon, “whiplash” connotes a lack of findings on physical and x-ray examination, an often profuse symptomatology, and prolonged disability. The ubiquitous cervical collar became socially acceptable, and colors other than white made their appearance on some pretty female neck.
Athletic Spine Injury
Authors: Jarrell S Taylor , Chenelle Andrew , Ammerman, Joshua M , Polin Richard s.
Published: November 2023

Injuries to the spine from athletic activities frequently come to the attention of the medical practitioner. Because the majority of spine injuries resulting from athletic participation involve the cervical spine, that region is the focus of this chapter. However, injuries to the thoracic and lumbar regions also occur and are mentioned when appropriate. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis and evaluation, management, and prognosis of a variety of sports-related spine injuries. By necessity, it focuses only on the highlights, as entire books have been written on the subject of athletic injury.
Electrical Injuries
Authors: Capelli-Schellpfeffer Mary
Published: November 2023

With power in the extra-low frequency (ELF) 50– 60 Hz range, the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in industrial and public systems support virtually every aspect of daily living. Electricity is pervasive in modern environments and can be simply defined as “any effect resulting from the existence of stationary or moving electric charges.” Charge is an inherent property of electrons (negatively charged) and protons (positively charged). The motion of charge through a conductor is called electrical current.35 Electrical current is described by the units volts (electrical force), amperes (electrical flow), and ohms (electrical resistance).
The Neurologist as Expert Witness
Authors: Weintraub Michael I
Published: November 2023

The American judicial system is sophisticated and complex. Thus, ideally, the courtroom is the arena to determine justice and provide compensation. It is essentially fault-based and adversarial. Injured claimants may bring a lawsuit in order to obtain financial compensation in state or federal courts. Both types of courts rely upon information and opinions provided by expert witness testimony to determine causality, permanence, disability, and so on. These opinions are offered on behalf of both plaintiffs and defendants, and the medical expert plays an indispensable role in determining the outcome of jury claims. Since medical expert testimony assumes such a central position, it is not surprising that testimonial abuse exists and that medical expertise is now a cottage industry. All medical societies have articulated positions and guidelines on the proper behavior and compensation of experts, and even the Supreme Court has attempted to address the issue of flawed and unreliable testimony in the Daubert decision.
Complications of Lumbar Puncture
Authors: Evans Randolph W
Published: November 2023

Although neurologists often evaluate the surgical complications of other physicians, they are responsible for complications of the lumbar puncture, the quintessential neurological procedure. Headache is the most common complication, usually lasting for 1 week or less, occurring in up to 40% of patients after lumbar puncture. Other complications, including headaches lasting for 8 days to 1 year, cranial neuropathies, prolonged backache, nerve root injury, and meningitis, are rare, following perhaps 0.3% of lumbar punctures.163 This chapter reviews historical aspects and the following coplications of lumbar puncture: cerebral and spinal herniation, postdural puncture headache, cranial neuropathies, nerve root irritation, low back pain, stylet associated problems, infections, and bleeding complications (Table 39.1).
Faculty Observations of Student Professional Behavior
Authors: Norcini John
Published: November 2023

Faculty observation of students’ professional behavior can be designed to have many of the characteristics of an effective assessment as described in chapter 1. First, it can incorporate the judgments of multiple experts as they observe an individual’s natural behavior across multiple situations in time. Second, the evaluation will be made in a realistic setting, and this is important given the context-dependent nature of medical practice. Third, this form of evaluation will include the conflicts that arise naturally in an educational setting. Finally, transparency can be assured by including and informing students of the assessment system’s design, implementation, and feedback. In this chapter I address these characteristics by (1) describing approaches to collecting faculty judgments, (2) presenting the issues affecting faculty observation, (3) providing practical examples, and (4) outlining steps in administering a program of faculty evaluation.
Admission to Medical School: Selecting Applicants With the Potential for Professionalism
Authors: Wagoner Norma E
Published: November 2023

Selecting applicants to medical school has been a longstanding endeavor with numerous attempts to make it scientific. Efforts to create a selection process that seeks to choose students who possess the qualities we desire in future physicians has led to a wealth of literature, innumerable discussions, and considerable controversy over valid and reliable selection criteria. Medical school admissions committees have long relied on cognitive measures in their selection. Academic leaders, proponents of humanism and professionalism, and the general public, however, have been advocating for physicians who possess not only cognitive skills but also professional characteristics that include good communication abilities, compassion, respect, empathy, and altruism. Their advocacy has prompted medical schools to search for a means of selecting candidates with the attributes that predispose them to become competent, caring physicians. Over the past several years, they have placed greater emphasis on codifying and employing noncognitive criteria to ensure the admission of more students with the potential for professionalism.
Nuclear Duality and the Genesis of Unusual Genomes in Ciliated Protozoa
Authors: Jahn Carolyn L
Published: November 2023

Ciliated protozoa have two kinds of nuclei, micronuclei and macronuclei, which are functionally distinct. The genome of the macronucleus is derived from the micronuclear genome by a highly controlled developmental process of DNA rearrangements. In contrast to developmentally regulated genome rearrangements studied in other organisms, the ciliate rearrangements are global and occur throughout the genome. The diversity of rearrangement mechanisms apparent in different ciliates indicates that nuclear duality provides an unusual “playing field” for genome evolution. The characterization of genome remodeling in ciliates offers a completely different view of how genomes function and challenges our understanding of what a genome is. The biology of ciliates has spurred remarkable discoveries in the area of RNA splicing (the self-splicing rRNA intron of Tetrahymena), telomere biology (the first telomeres sequenced and the identification of telomerase in Tetrahymena), and the “histone code” (the functions of histone acetylation and methylation in transcription). The seemingly “bizarre” nature of their genome processing holds equal promise.
Editing Informational Content of Expressed DNA Sequences and Their Transcripts
Authors: Smith Harold C
Published: November 2023

A preliminary annotation of eukaryotic genomes has suggested that there are far fewer genes encoding mRNA than predicted from the number of proteins expressed in cells (the proteome). In fact, the coding capacity of genomes is expanded through conditionally activated mechanisms. These mechanisms are regulated in species- and tissue-specific manners and include, for example, mutation and recombination of DNA, use of alternative promoters, alternative pre-mRNA splicing, RNA editing, alternative polyadenylation, and mRNA turnover. It is likely that a substantial fraction of the genome encodes processes that diversify expressed sequences. The increasing awareness and acceptance that a simple linear analysis of DNA sequences is not sufficient to annotate the genome’s full coding capacity represents a significant change in the scope of hypotheses that will drive research in the twenty-first century.
Neurogenesis, Neuronal Migration, Maturation, and Function: Insights into Learning and Memory
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

Neurons transmit signals and are in turn modified through this transmission. Activity-dependent changes in synapses and neurons underlie information storage in the brain. Problems at any step in the formation or function of neural circuits may lead to mental retardation. In this chapter, we will explore steps in the development of the nervous system: the generation of neurons, migration from place of origin, and maturation, including development of axons and dendrites and establishment of synaptic contacts. While synaptogenesis occurs primarily in prenatal life, it continues throughout childhood into puberty. There is evidence that neurogenesis continues at some level during adult life. Neurons are generated from stem cells that occur at a number of different locations in the adult brain. These neurons then become integrated into neuronal circuits.
Structural Brain Anomalies and Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Smith Moyra
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on neural tube defects and structural brain defects associated with mental retardation where, in each case, an underlying gene defect in a specific biochemical pathway occurs. The brain malformations discussed include defects due to homeotic gene mutations, structural defects due to mutations in genes involved in protein glycosylation, and X-linked hydrocephalus associated with spastic paraplegia due to defects in the adhesion molecule LI CAM. Also described are structural brain defects due to mutations in genes in a signaling pathway known as the sonic-hedgehog pathway. Joubert’s syndrome serves as an interesting example of a specific brain malformation associated with other variable malformations and genetic heterogeneity. This disorder maps to three different chromosomal regions; the disease gene at one of these loci was defined in 2004 and will be discussed here.
A Life Worth Living
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly , Csikszentmihalyi Isabella Selega
Published: November 2023

A Life Worth Living brings together the latest thought on positive psychology from an international cast of scholars. It includes historical, philosophical, and empirical reviews of what psychologists have found to matter for personal happiness and well-being. The contributions to this volume agree on principles of optimal development that start from purely material and selfish concerns, but then lead to ever broader circles of responsibility embracing the goals of others and the well-being of the environment; on the importance of spirituality; on the development of strengths specific to the individual. Rather than material success, popularity, or power, the investigations reported in this volume suggest that personally constructed goals, intrinsic motivation, and a sense of autonomy are much more important. The chapters indicate that hardship and suffering do not necessarily make us unhappy, and they suggest therapeutical implications for improving the quality of life. Specific topics covered include the formation of optimal childhood values and habits as well as a new perspective on aging. This volume provides a powerful counterpoint to a mistakenly reductionist psychology. They show that subjective experience can be studied scientifically and measured accurately. They highlight the potentiality for autonomy and freedom that is among the most precious elements of the human condition. Moreover, they make a convincing case for the importance of subjective phenomena, which often affect happiness more than external, material conditions. After long decades during which psychologists seemed to have forgotten that misery is not the only option, the blossoming of Positive Psychology promises a better understanding of what a vigorous, meaningful life may consist of.
Substance Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Cunradi Carol B
Published: November 2023

Alcohol and substance abuse are very prevalent in society, especially among males and young adults. In 2003, approximately half of all Americans 12 years of age or older were current drinkers, and nearly one in 10 were current drug users. The etiologic role of alcohol in the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has not yet been established. However, high rates of hazardous drinking have been noted among perpetrators and victims of IPV; high rates of IPV perpetration and victimization have been found in individuals who drink at hazardous levels. Studies have shown that alcohol and drug use are associated with the level of severity of IPV and injury.
Amylose
Authors: Zhao W Brooke , Kadla John F , Braun Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Adhesives, food, pharmaceutical, gels and foams, coating, and biodegradable packaging films. Properties of Special Interests The linear glucan chains in amylose are responsible for its film-forming ability. Preparative Techniques Fractionation of starches. Native starches contain about 20–30% amylose. Genetic modification can result in high amylose content (up to 80%).
Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
Authors: Xu Ping
Published: November 2023

Acronyms, Trade Names EVOH; Eval® (Eval); Soarnol® (Nippon Gohei); Clarene® (Mitsui) Class Chemical copolymers
Nylon MXD6
Authors: Lee Seung Woo , Sur Gil S
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Blow molded bottles. Extruded film and sheets for food packing, including blend, multilayer, and laminate with nylon 6, PET, and polyolefins. Monofilament for bristle and filter cloth. Glass fiber reinforced injection molding materials used to make parts for automotive, machine, electrical /electronic, civil engineering, sports, and other industries as a metal substitute. Properties of Special Interest Relatively low cost. High mechanical strength, modulus, and heat resistance. Very low oxygen permeability in humid atmosphere.
Poly(bis maleimide)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Printed circuit boards, laminating powder, carbon-fiber composites for aero-engines and military aircraft parts such as flap inboard cover, forward nozzle, gun pack, ammunition pack, blade choke, deep choke, speed brake, and ventral fin1. Properties of Special Interest BMI resins are generally brittle. They can be toughened with additives such as aromatic diamines (chain extension via Michael Addition reaction), divinylbenzene, or bis(allylphenyl) compounds (chain extension via Diels-Alder reaction and ene reaction, respectively), benzocyclobutene derivatives (chain extension via Diels-Alder reaction), low molecular weight rubber, and thermoplastics (linear and hyperbranched polymers). Certain bismaleimides are liquid-crystalline.
Poly(phosphazene), Elastomer
Authors: Magill Joseph H
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Low molecular weight atactic polypropylene is used as a component of hot melt adhesive and sealant formulations,(1) laminations, bitumen modification, as well as wire and cable filling and flooding. “Atactic” polypropylene which is produced as a by-product of isotactic PP production is not ideally atactic or completely amorphous.(2,3) Ideally atactic polypropylene has been prepared by hydrogenation of poly(2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene), that is, poly(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenylene) or PDMB.(4) Directly synthesized atactic polypropylene and other amorphous poly(á-olephins) (APAO or APO) have been developed.(1,2,3,5,6) Lower molecular weight versions are commercial products.(1,6,7) Atactic polypropylenes with higher molecular weight have also been developed using metallocene catalysts.(8,9)High molecular weight versions are being evaluated as elastomers and as blend components for modification of isotactic polypropylene.(2,3,5,6)
Polypropylene, elastomeric (stereoblock)
Authors: Myers Charles L , Dimeska Anita
Published: November 2023

Properties of Special Interest Strength, modulus/flexibility, mechanical recovery, high transparency, degree of thermal resistance, and solubility/extractability. Mechanical properties in the following table are intended to represent best published examples of the respective types.
Poly(propylene sulfide)
Authors: Masamoto Junzo
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Poly(propylene sulfide) is an elastic material that compares with styrene-butadiene rubbers. However, this polymer has not yet achieved commercial production, although the PPS elastomer offers a combination of good solvent and weather resistance. Low molecular weight functional PPS is suitable for use in sealants, adhesive, etc.(1)
Poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng
Published: November 2023

Synthesis Poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) is generally prepared from polycondensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4t-oxydianiline followed by either thermal or chemical (in the presence of acetic anhydride and triethylamine) cyclodehydration of the polyamic acid precursor. Major Applications Kapton films are used as wire and cable wrap, formed coil wrap, motor-slot liners, substrates for flexible printed circuit boards, insulation for aircraft and spacecraft wiring, automotive applications such as switches and diaphragms, and in seat heaters and airbag seat sensors, magnet-wire insulation, and in transformers and capacitors, pressure-sensitive tapes, bar code labels, and in applications such as the solar array for thermal management.(1)
Poly(rotaxane), Example 2
Authors: Harada Akira
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Potential use for curing of polyesters. Properties of Special Interest Stable under ambient conditions. Soluble in organic solvents.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Sundararajan P R , Islam Molla Rafiquel
Published: November 2023

Major Applications Paper and textile sizing, oxygen resistant films, adhesives, emulcifiers, colloid stabilizers, base/coatings for photographic films, food wrappings, desalination membranes, electroluminescent devices, and cement coatings, Gels and composites.