bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anonymous single‐copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) markers for two endemic log‐dwelling beetles:Apasis puncticepsandAdelium calosomoides(Tenebrionidae: Lagriinae: Adeliini)
Authors: SCHMUKI C. , BLACKET M. J. , SUNNUCKS P.
Published: January 2006

Three approaches — microsatellite library screening, consensus primer PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs (SWAPP) — were used to develop single‐copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) markers for log‐dwelling beetlesApasis puncticepsandAdelium calosomoides. We are unaware of other nuclear markers for Adeliini. We tested > 70 primer pairs per species, but despite exhaustive optimization, we obtained only five polymorphic markers. Nonetheless, the markers are valuable in detection of effects of habitat fragmentation.
Scheduling contractors' farm‐to‐farm crop harvesting operations
Authors: Basnet C. B. , Foulds L. R. , Wilson J. M.
Published: January 2006

The harvesting of renewable resources from an operations scheduling viewpoint is introduced, and a harvesting scenario arising in the agricultural context involving a commercial contracting enterprise that travels from farm‐to‐farm harvesting crops is discussed. This paper is an extension of previous work by two of the authors from the one‐farm to the multi‐farm case. In both cases, the duration of each operation is dependent upon the combination of constrained resources allocated to it, equipment and worker allocation is restricted, and minimum or maximum time lags on the start and completion of operations may be imposed. The present case incorporates harvesting at more than one farm and thus the sequence in which the farms are visited and the inter‐farm travel times must be taken into account. We report on a harvesting scheduling model and solution procedures designed specifically for large‐scale versions of the multi‐farm case. The computational times experienced in solving general instances of the model of small‐to‐medium practical size by a commercial integer programming package are encouraging. Greedy and tabu search heuristics, which are capable of solving problems of relatively large dimensions in reasonable computational time are also included. The authors believe that the model and the solution techniques developed represent a useful addition to the farm crop contractor's tool kit.
“Free‐Floating” Desmosomes in Lipoid Proteinosis: An Inherent Defect in Keratinocyte Adhesion?
Authors: Dyer Jon A. , Yu Qian‐Chun , Paller Amy S.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  The classic features of lipoid proteinosis – beadlike papules and hoarseness – result from the accumulation of hyaline material in the mucocutaneous dermis. However, the characteristic manifestation in children – erosive, crusted lesions that lead to scarring – is rarely discussed and poorly understood. Lipoid proteinosis results from mutations in extracellular matrix protein 1, but the function of this protein is largely unknown. We performed ultrastructural studies on lesional epidermis, cultured monolayer keratinocytes, and raft keratinocyte cultures from blistering lesions of a child with lipoid proteinosis. All sections showed the dissociation of relatively intact desmosomes from keratinocytes, with desmosomes that were “free‐floating” in the intercellular spaces or attached by thin strands to the cell membrane. These changes were present in serial sections of both tissue and cultured keratinocytes, suggesting this observation to be an inherent feature of keratinocytes devoid of extracellular matrix protein 1, rather than an artifact. Although additional patients should be studied, the diminished appearance of the inner dense plaque – the region of attachment of keratin intermediate filaments to desmosomal proteins – provides preliminary evidence that extracellular matrix protein 1 may participate in attaching keratin intermediate filaments to desmosomal region protein(s).
Pityriasis Lichenoides and Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Young Girl
Authors: Garcia Barbara , Connelly Elizabeth Alvarez , Newbury Robert , Friedlander Sheila Fallon
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Pityriasis lichenoides is an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythematous, desquamative papules and plaques. An acute form, pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and a chronic form, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, represent the two ends of the spectrum of this disorder. Most commonly seen in children and young adults, its etiology is unknown. We describe a young patient with concurrent pityriasis lichenoides and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, a previously unreported association.
Erythromelanosis Follicularis Faciei et Colli Associated with Keratosis Pilaris in Two Brothers
Authors: Ermertcan Aylin Türel , Öztürkcan Serap , Şahin Mustafa Turhan , Türkdoǧan Peyker , Saçar Tuncer
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli is characterized by well‐demarcated erythema, hyperpigmentation, and follicular papules. Since the original description, it has seldom been reported in the literature. We present two adolescent brothers who had this disorder associated with keratosis pilaris on the shoulders and the extensor surfaces of the arms. Dermatologic examination found brown‐red pigmentation, erythema, and follicular papules on both maxillary, preauricular regions, and the cheeks. The lesions of the older brother were more prominent. Histopathologic examination of skin biopsy specimens taken from both brothers revealed hyperpigmentation of the basal layer, follicular plugging, dermal vascular dilatation and congestion, and perivascular inflammatory infiltration. We suggest that the coexistence of these two conditions in brothers implies a genetic inheritance and a possible relationship between the disorders.
Disseminated Hyperkeratotic and Granulomatous Nodules in a Child with Fatal Epstein–Barr‐Virus–Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Brinkmeier Thomas , Reuter Thomas , Metze Dieter , Frosch Peter J. , Herbst Rudolf A.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and potentially fatal syndrome associated with a variety of genetic, malignant, autoimmune, or infectious conditions. The importance of cutaneous presentations of this syndrome has only recently been brought forward. We report the first case of Epstein–Barr‐virus–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presenting with papulonodular and granulomatous skin lesions. A girl of African origin developed several umbilicated papules on her extremities and face at the age of 18 months. She was born in Germany, had never visited Africa, and was otherwise healthy. Over the next 5 months the lesions progressed in size and number and became hyperkeratotic. Histopathologic analysis of early lesions revealed a superficial lympho‐ and plasmacellular dermatitis with some features of panniculitis. Later biopsy specimens from nodular lesions showed the formation of tuberculoid granulomas in the deep dermis. At the age of 23 months she became severely ill, rapidly developing high fever, hepatosplenomegaly, icterus, pancytopenia, and ascites. On the basis of bone marrow and lymph node biopsies, the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis was established. However, this phenomenon could not be detected in any of the skin specimens. An active Epstein–Barr virus infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction in blood, lymphoid tissue, and skin. Despite chemotherapy with etoposide and cortisone, the girl expired 14 days after clinical onset of her systemic disease.
Infantile Crohn Disease Presenting with Diarrhea and Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Authors: Dinulos James G. H. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Len Mary K. , Rutledge Joe C. , Murray Karen F.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Cutaneous erosions and ulcerations in the diaper area are common in infancy and usually result from local irritation. We describe an infant with chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive who developed extensive ulcerations in the inguinal folds and perineum that were initially thought to be exclusively caused by local irritation. A cutaneous examination found signs consistent with those of pyoderma gangrenosum, leading to a diagnosis of infantile Crohn disease. Cutaneous signs can lead to the diagnosis of an underlying systemic disease in infants with chronic diarrhea and rash. Prompt diagnosis is especially important in infantile Crohn disease, since many infants require surgical resection of affected bowel, and 60% die from disease complications. This article reports a rare instance of an infant who developed pyoderma gangrenosum due to Crohn disease and reviews cutaneous signs of systemic disease in infants presenting with chronic diarrhea and rash.
Cutaneous Crohn Disease in a Child
Authors: Pinna Anna Luisa , Atzori Laura , Ferreli Caterina , Aste Nicola
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Cutaneous Crohn disease refers to granulomatous skin manifestations not contiguous with gastrointestinal affected areas. It is a very rare condition, especially in children, and is easily misdiagnosed when characteristic gastrointestinal symptoms are absent. We report a 10‐year‐old Caucasian girl with a 6‐month history of erythematous, firm tumescence of the left labium majus pudendi and moist vegetations circumscribing the anal ostium. Histologic analysis of skin biopsy specimens from both types of lesions showed a characteristic granulomatous noncaseating infiltrate throughout the dermis. Endoscopic examination and a colon biopsy specimen showed chronic granulomatous inflammation consistent with Crohn disease. Treatment with prednisolone 20 mg daily, metronidazole 250 mg three times daily, topical corticosteroids, and mupirocin ointment produced marked improvement of the vulvar edema, whereas the perianal lesion had a relapsing course. Early recognition of extra‐intestinal manifestations of Crohn disease, which are extremely rare in children, may be difficult. Coexistence of contiguous and noncontiguous lesions, representing the very first signs of the disease, are further peculiarities in our patient.
One‐Year Survey of Cutaneous Lesions in 1000 Consecutive Iranian Newborns
Authors: Moosavi Zahra , Hosseini Tahereh
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Our objective was to study skin disorders in neonates within the first 48 hours of life in Ahvaz, Iran. One thousand consecutive neonates were examined in a descriptional prospective cohort study for 1 year (2002–03). The rate of skin disorders and their relationship to age of gestation and sex were calculated and analyzed using the computerized program spss version 10 and chi‐squared test (χ2). Our findings were Mongolian spots (71.3%), Epstein pearls (70.2%), sebaceous hyperplasia (43.7%), salmon patch (26.2%), hypertrichosis (25.7%), erythema toxicum (11.1%), milia (7.5%), desquamation (1.9%), hemangioma (1.3%), and miliaria (1.3%). The most frequent skin disorders were Mongolian spots, Epstein pearls, and sebaceous hyperplasia. Differences between our study findings and those of others may be based on racial differences and study method.
Clearance of Generalized Papular Umbilicated Granuloma Annulare in a Child with Bath PUVA Therapy
Authors: Batchelor Rebecca , Clark Sheila
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Papular umbilicated granuloma annulare is usually localized and is relatively asymptomatic. The generalized condition is rarely reported in children and tends to respond less well to treatment than the localized form. We report the first instance of generalized papular umbilicated granuloma annulare in an 11‐year‐old boy, which cleared following bath psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Three Children with Leishmania major Successfully Treated with Itraconazole
Authors: White J. M. L. , Salisbury J. R. , Jones J. , Higgins E. M. , Vega‐Lopez F.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  We report the rare instance of four family members with numerous cutaneous lesions of Leishmania major contracted while on holiday in Algeria. Treatment was successful with oral itraconazole for the children and intralesional sodium stibogluconate for the mother. Cutaneous leishmaniasis should be considered in those with apparently sterile plaques returning from endemic areas. These results suggest that itraconazole, which is ideally suited for use in children, is an effective monotherapy for L. major.
Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal Amphotericin B During Extracorporeal Albumin Dialysis
Authors: Vogelsinger Helene , Joannidis Michael , Kountchev Jordan , Bellmann‐Weiler Rosa , Wiedermann Christian J. , Bellmann Romuald
Published: January 2006

Abstract:  Extracorporeal blood purification techniques such as hemofiltration or albumin dialysis can exert a significant, but not easily predictable influence on plasma pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial agents. The effect of albumin dialysis on the pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B (AMB) and other lipid‐formulated drugs has not been investigated so far. Therefore, plasma concentrations of liberated and liposomal AMB were measured in a patient, who obtained liposomal AMB for suspected invasive mycosis and required albumin dialysis because of cholestatic liver failure caused by graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation. Liberated and liposomal AMB were separated by solid phase extraction and measured by high performance liquid chromatography. No excessive AMB elimination took place during albumin dialysis. Plasma levels of liposomal AMB exceeded those of liberated AMB. Pharmacokinetic data were comparable to those obtained previously in patients on hemofiltration and in critically ill patients without extracorporeal blood purification.
ASSESSING PRIMARY PRODUCTION VARIABILITY IN THE NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL GYRE: A COMPARISON OF FAST REPETITION RATE FLUOROMETRY AND 14C MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Corno Guido , Letelier Ricardo M. , Abbott Mark R. , Karl David M.
Published: January 2006

In situ
14C uptake (dawn to dusk) and fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF) measurements at nearly monthly intervals were compared at Station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°00′W) between August 2002 and September 2003 in order to determine the feasibility of using FRRF profiling as a means for estimating primary production (PP). The FRRF and 14C rates were significantly correlated (r2=0.906, P value <0.05, n=70) with slopes of 2.00 and 1.90 for chl a and light normalized data, respectively. However, the relationship between 14C‐ and FRRF‐derived carbon fixation varied vertically and temporally. The FRRF: 14C ratio was >1.5 in near‐surface water (5–25 m depth) and approached 1.0  deeper in the euphotic zone. Vertical variations probably reflected the effect of different physiological processes (i.e. Mehler reaction, dark respiration, and excretion) on overall photoautotrophic respiration. In particular, the decrease in Mehler reaction rates with increasing water depth may have accounted for the decrease in difference between 14C and FRRF measurements with depth. The influence of in situ light field variability in controlling the absorption cross‐section of photosystem II (PSII) (σPSII′) may also have been responsible for some of this difference. When compared with total community respiration (R), the derived light‐driven photoautotrophic respiration (reported here as the difference between FRRF and 14C measurements) represented approximately 50% of R integrated over the euphotic zone. Our results show that FRRF and 14C measurements were well correlated in oligotrophic waters but the exact relationship between the two processes varies both temporally and vertically, such that a unique relationship between these two techniques could not be derived from first‐order principles.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF CYANOBACTERIA IN RELATION TO PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION1
Authors: Mateo Pilar , Douterelo Isabel , Berrendero Esther , Perona Elvira
Published: January 2006

In order to gain a better understanding of the factors responsible for changes in cyanobacterial species composition in the Alberche River (central Spain), which is characterized by spatiotemporal N and P variability, we undertook P‐limitation studies on two isolated N2‐fixing species that are well represented in the river: Calothrix elenkinii (Kosinskaja) UAM 225 and Nostoc punctiforme (Kützing) UAM 220. We examined differences in phosphorus‐storage capacity, phosphate uptake, and phosphatase activity between the two isolates grown under N2‐fixing conditions. Although they shared a similar pattern of phosphate uptake, C. elenkinii cultures had a greater phosphorus storage capacity and greater phosphatase activity than those of N. punctiforme. The former showed a stronger response when cultured under low P concentrations. The two species showed specific differences in the rates of intracellular polyphosphate granule utilization and phosphatase activity. Our results suggest that C. elenkinii might be particularly well suited to river environments in which nutrient concentrations are generally low, but which experience episodic pulses of high P supply (inorganic and/or organic), favoring “luxury uptake” and storage strategies.
PROTEOMICS OF THE RED ALGA, GRACILARIA CHANGII (GRACILARIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Wong Pooi‐Fong , Tan Li‐Jing , Nawi Hannah , AbuBakar Sazaly
Published: January 2006

The application of proteomics in alga research is still quite limited. The present report describes the establishment of the proteome of a red alga of economic importance, Gracilaria changii (Xia et Abbott) Abbott, Zhang et Xia. Initially, four protein extraction methods including direct precipitation by trichloroacetic acid/acetone, direct lysis using urea buffer, Tris buffer, and phenol/chloroform extraction were compared for their suitability to generate G. changii proteins for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). The phenol/chloroform protein extraction method gave the best 2‐DE resolution of the proteins. Using these 2‐DE gels and mass spectrometry, several proteins including pigment proteins, metabolic enzymes, and ion transporters were identified. These findings highlight the potential of using proteomic approaches for the investigation of G. changii protein function.
The Cross‐Section of Volatility and Expected Returns
Authors: ANG ANDREW , HODRICK ROBERT J. , XING YUHANG , ZHANG XIAOYAN
Published: January 2006

We examine the pricing of aggregate volatility risk in the cross‐section of stock returns. Consistent with theory, we find that stocks with high sensitivities to innovations in aggregate volatility have low average returns. Stocks with high idiosyncratic volatility relative to the Fama and French (1993, Journal of Financial Economics 25, 2349) model have abysmally low average returns. This phenomenon cannot be explained by exposure to aggregate volatility risk. Size, book‐to‐market, momentum, and liquidity effects cannot account for either the low average returns earned by stocks with high exposure to systematic volatility risk or for the low average returns of stocks with high idiosyncratic volatility.
Preservation of Ventricular Capture by Anodal Stimulation After Dislodgment of an Epicardial Electrode
Authors: RÖMERS HANS , BRACKE FRANK A. , MEIJER ALBERT , VAN GELDER BERRY M.
Published: January 2006

A 58‐year‐old man had a bipolar epicardial left ventricular (LV) implanted for cardiac resynchronization therapy after a failed transvenous approach. The system was programmed in an LV tip‐right ventricular coil configuration, but during follow‐up loss of LV capture with recurrence of symptoms occurred. Changing to an LV tip‐LV ring configuration restored LV pacing through anodal capture. Loss of cathodal capture was caused by dislodgment of the cathodal electrode due to a broken fixation suture. Anodal capture was used to reinstall resynchronization therapy, which resulted in clinical improvement. There were no adverse effects from anodal stimulation in a follow‐up period of 6 months.
Importance of Initiation Pattern of Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: GORENEK BULENT , KUDAIBERDIEVA GULMIRA , BIRDANE ALPARSLAN , CAVUSOGLU YUKSEL , GOKTEKIN OMER , UNALIR AHMET , ATA NECMI , TIMURALP BILGIN
Published: January 2006

Background: Stored intracardiac electrograms (ICEGs) are helpful in understanding the initiation mechanisms of sustained ventricular arrhythmias and in determining the appropriateness of the therapy delivered by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs).

Aim: We investigated the initiation pattern of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and the features of the therapy delivered by ICDs.

Methods: Sixty‐six patients (mean age of 67 ± 8 years) with 97 stored ICEGs showing PVT were evaluated. Cardiovascular diagnosis included coronary artery disease in 72.7% of the patients. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 33±6%.

Results: Nonsudden onset episodes were more common than sudden onset episodes (63 episodes, 65% vs 34 episodes, 35%, P < 0.001). More PVT episodes were required multiple shock delivery if they had nonsudden onset initiation (28.6% vs 23.6%, P < 0.01). The mean shock energy delivered for arrhythmia termination was higher in PVT with nonsudden onset (20 ± 4 vs 14 ± 5 J, P < 0.01).

Conclusions: The stored ICEGs demonstrate that PVT is most often preceded by ventricular ectopy. To be reverted, nonsudden onset episodes require higher levels of shock energy and more frequently multiple shock achievements than sudden onset episodes.
Suboptimal Glycemic Control, Independently of QT Interval Duration, Is Associated with Increased Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmias in a High‐Risk Population
Authors: CHEN‐SCARABELLI CAROL , SCARABELLI TIZIANO M.
Published: January 2006

Background: Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in diabetic patients, little is known about the impact of glycemic control on ventricular tachycardia (VT).

Objective: To investigate whether hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is associated with increased incidence of VT.

Methods: A retrospective study of 336 implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator patients (both diabetes mellitus (DM) and non‐DM) was conducted.

Results: HbA1c levels between 8% and 10% had a significant association with spontaneous VT, but not with QT/QTc.

Conclusions: Glycemic index is a significant predictor of spontaneous VT, independently of QT interval. Optimal glycemic control may help reduce occurrence of VT and sudden cardiac death in high‐risk DM patients.
Myocardial Contractility and Cardiac Filling Measured by Impedance Cardiography in Patients with Nitroglycerine‐Induced Vasovagal Syncope
Authors: MITRO PETER , HIJOVÁ EMÍLIA
Published: January 2006

Objective: Increased myocardial contractility and inadequate cardiac filling leading to activation of the Bezold‐Jarisch reflex were proposed as possible triggering mechanisms of vasovagal syncope (VVS). In the present study noninvasive hemodynamic measurements were performed in order to examine the role of myocardial contractility and cardiac filling in pathogenesis of VVS.

Methods: Hemodynamic parameters were measured during head‐up tilt test (HUT) by impedance cardiography in 46 patients with unexplained syncope. Myocardial contractility was measured as index of contractility (IC), acceleration index (ACI), and ejection fraction (EF). Afterload was measured as systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and preload was expressed as end‐diastolic index (EDI). Serial measurements were done 1 minute before HUT, during HUT at 1‐minute intervals, and 1 minute after completion of HUT.

Results: HUT was positive in 30 patients (10 men, 20 women, mean age 36 ± 16 years) and negative in 16 patients (8 men, 8 women, mean age 31 ± 14 years). No significant differences were observed between HUT(+) and HUT(−) groups in hemodynamic parameters at supine rest and during HUT until the development of syncope. SVRI was lower in HUT(+) than in HUT(−) group at syncope (122.7 + 66.3 vs 185.6 + 51.4 dyn sec cm−5/m2, P = 0.002) and after syncope (117.0 + 61.1 vs 198.0 + 95.7 dyn sec cm−5/m2, P = 0.007). ACI, IC, EF, and EDI did not differ between groups at syncope. After syncope EF was higher in HUT(+) group compared to HUT(−) group (59.2 + 6.1 vs 52.7 + 9.4%, P = 0.02).

Conclusion: The role of increased myocardial contractility and decreased cardiac filling is not confirmed in the present study.
Systenostrema alba Larsson 1988 (Microsporidia, Thelohaniidae) in the Dragonfly Aeshna viridis (Odonata, Aeshnidae) from South Siberia: Morphology and Molecular Characterization
Authors: SOKOLOVA YULIYA Y. , KRYUKOVA NATALIYA A. , GLUPOV VIKTOR V. , FUXA JAMES R.
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT. An octospore microsporidium was found in the nymphs of Aeshna viridis, collected in intermittent streams near Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia in 2003. Spores were uninucleate and measured 6.1±0.07 × 3.0±0.04 μm on fresh smears. The polar filament was anisofilar having 10–11 anterior coils (thicker filament diam.) and 10–11 posterior (thinner filament diam.) coils. Sporophorous vesicles were persistent and measured 12.3±0.23 × 11.9±0.20 μm. The infection was restricted to the adipose tissue and caused the formation of whitish “cysts” containing mature octospores. Based on ultrastructural similarity we consider this Siberian isolate to be Systenostrema alba, a species described from Aeshna grandis collected in Sweden (Larsson 1988). Maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and maximum parsimony analyses of the small subunit rDNA all placed Systenostrema alba (Accession no. AY953292) as the sister taxon to a clade consisting of Thelohania solenopsae, Tubulinosema ratisbonensis, and Tubulinosema acridophagus.
Correlation Between Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency and Tetragonality Ratio
Authors: Choi Ji‐Won , van Dover R. B.
Published: January 2006

We show that the temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency of the tetragonal ceramics, τf, correlates to the measured tetragonality ratio (c/a). This is based on a previously established relation between c/a and the oxygen positional parameter u. As the c/a ratio approaches its ideal value, the value of u also approaches its ideal value and the distortion of the oxygen octahedral decreases, leading to an increase of τf to a positive value. Theses relations were confirmed by experimental measurements using three dielectric compositions, with varying c/a ratio near ideal.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the biological potential of odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Kolář Zdeněk , Geierová Marie , Bouchal Jan , Pazdera Jindřich , Zbořil Vítězslav , Tvrdý Peter
Published: January 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the usefulness of detecting important apoptosis and proliferation markers in assessing the biological potential of odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) and thus selecting the optimal diagnostic algorithm for these lesions.

Methods: Indirect immunohistochemistry and relevant statistical methods were used for analysis of formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded samples from 98 patients.

Results: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) keratocysts were characterized by higher expression of Bcl‐2, p27Kip1and c‐erbB‐2 as well as by lower proliferative activity measured by Ki‐67 in basal cell epithelium and by a lower inflammatory response in comparison with sporadic keratocysts. Dentigerous, radicular and non‐specified odontogenic cysts differed from both NBCCS and sporadic keratocysts in a wide spectrum of apoptosis and/or cell cycle‐related protein expressions, higher proliferation in the basal cell layer, and vice versa, lower proliferation in the suprabasal cell layer.

Conclusions: The NBCCS keratocysts have a different immunophenotype from sporadic keratocysts and both types are distinguishable from dentigerous, radicular and non‐specified odontogenic cysts. These findings confirm the separate biological potential of these lesions and the results of the immunohistochemical analysis have diagnostic and prognostic implications.
Levamisole can modulate the serum tumor necrosis factor‐α level in patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations
Authors: Sun Andy , Wang Jeng‐Tzung , Chia Jean‐San , Chiang Chun‐Pin
Published: January 2006

Background:  Recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) are common oral inflammatory lesions. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is an important inflammatory mediator and a critical cytokine for adequate host defense. Our previous studies have shown that 14–43% and 59–63% of patients in the ulcerative stage of major, minor or herpetiform RAU have significantly higher than normal serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8, respectively. In this study, we examined whether RAU patients in the ulcerative stage had a significantly higher than normal serum level of TNF‐α and assessed whether treatment with levamisole can modulate serum TNF‐α levels in RAU patients.

Methods:  This study used a solid phase, two‐site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assay to determine the baseline serum levels of TNF‐α in 146 patients with RAU, nine patients with traumatic ulcers (TU), and 54 normal control subjects. Fifty‐five RAU patients with serum TNF‐α levels higher than 5.0 pg/ml were treated with levamisole for 0.5–4 months and their serum TNF‐α levels were measured after treatment.

Results:  We found that 29% (42 of 146) RAU patients as well as 39% (24 of 61) major type, 20% (14 of 69) minor type, and 25% (four of 16) herpetiform type RAU patients had a serum level of TNF‐α greater than the upper normal limit of 7.4 pg/ml. The mean serum level of TNF‐α in patients with RAU (9.1 ± 1.0 pg/ml, P < 0.001), major type RAU (11.6 ± 1.9 pg/ml, P < 0.001), minor type RAU (6.9 ± 0.9 pg/ml, P < 0.005), or herpetiform type RAU (9.6 ± 2.7 pg/ml, P < 0.001) was higher than that (3.8 ± 0.2 pg/ml) in normal control subjects. The mean serum TNF‐α level was significantly higher in patients with major type RAU than in patients with minor type RAU (P < 0.05) and was significantly higher in major type RAU patients in the exacerbation stage than in the post‐exacerbation stage (P < 0.05). In 55 RAU patients with serum TNF‐α levels higher than 5.0 pg/ml, treatment with levamisole for a period of 0.5–4 months could significantly reduce the serum TNF‐α level from 16.4 ± 1.9 to 5.8 ± 0.6 pg/ml (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  We conclude that a significantly higher than normal serum level of TNF‐α can be detected in 20–39% of patients in the ulcerative stage of major, minor or herpetiform RAU. The serum TNF‐α level may be associated with the severity and the stage of RAU. Levamisole can modulate serum TNF‐α levels in RAU patients.
HPV detection in primary intra‐oral squamous cell carcinomas – commensal, aetiological agent or contamination?
Authors: Boy Sonja , Rensburg Estrelita Janse Van , Engelbrecht Susan , Dreyer Leonora , van Heerden Marlene , van Heerden Willie
Published: January 2006

Background:  High‐risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) are reported to be significant independent risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The prevalence of HPV in OSCC in a South African population sample was evaluated comparing three different HPV detection methods.

Methods:  Tumour and adjacent morphologically normal oral mucosa of 59 resections of primary OSCC were evaluated for the presence of HPV using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), conventional in situ hybridization (ISH), and a signal amplification ISH technique (Dako GenPointTM).

Results:  HPV18 DNA was detected in seven cases using real‐time PCR. No positivity was found with the other two ISH techniques.

Conclusions:  We support the view that HPV is probably unimportant in the pathogenesis of OSCC and hypothesize HPV detection techniques as the main reason for the positive results in many studies. Real‐time PCR was confirmed as the most sensitive technique, but researchers are urged to incorporate strict internal controls when using this detection method.
Paired comparison of bathwater versus oral delivery of 8‐methoxypsoralen in psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for chronic palmoplantar psoriasis
Authors: Hofer A. , Fink‐Puches R. , Kerl H. , Quehenberger F. , Wolf P.
Published: January 2006

Background: Both bath psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) and oral PUVA with 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) have been successfully used for the treatment of recalcitrant palmoplantar psoriasis. This trial was designed to assess the efficacy and side effects of the different treatment modalities in a randomized half‐side comparison.

Methods: Eight patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis on soles (n=6) and/or palms (n=8) were randomly assigned to receive bath PUVA treatment on one side and oral PUVA on the other. Initial treatment dose was 50% of the minimal phototoxic dose evaluated for bath PUVA and oral PUVA. Treatment was given three times a week for 4 weeks. Before treatment and every week a severity index (SI) was assessed by summing the scores of erythema, infiltration, scaling and vesicles evaluated on a scale from 0 to 4. After 4 weeks of treatment the half‐side trial was finished and the treatment was continued on both sides with the more effective treatment regimen.

Results: Both bath PUVA and oral PUVA achieved a reduction of the mean initial SI from 5.9 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 4.5–8.0) to 3.3 (1.8–6.0) (44% SI reduction, P<0.005, Student's paired t‐test) and 6.0 (5.0–7.8) to 2.9 (1.8–4.0) (52% SI reduction; P<0.005), respectively. The statistical comparison of the entire 4‐week study period revealed a significant better effect in lesions treated with oral PUVA compared with bath PUVA (P=0.033). However, at 4 weeks, there was no significant difference between the achieved SI reduction of oral PUVA and bath PUVA. Systemic side effects (nausea and/or dizziness) were only observed after oral PUVA.

Conclusion: This study gives evidence that in the first 4 treatment weeks oral PUVA is slightly more effective than bath PUVA but the former has more systemic side effects.
Protection by Turmeric and Myrrh against Liver Oxidative Damage and Genotoxicity Induced by Lead Acetate in Mice
Authors: El‐Ashmawy Ibrahim M. , Ashry Khalid M. , El‐Nahas Abeer F. , Salama Osama M.
Published: January 2006

Abstract: The effects of lead acetate in the diet (0.5% w/w) on reduced GSH, activity of phase II metabolizing enzyme glutathione S‐transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate and bone marrow chromosomes of mice simultaneously supplemented with powdered turmeric and myrrh for 8 weeks were investigated. Five groups of Swiss male albino mice, each of 30 mice, the first group received a basal diet and served as negative control, the second group received basal diet supplemented with lead acetate only and served as positive control. The other three groups received basal diet supplemented with lead acetate and 1% or 5% turmeric powder and 1% myrrh powder, respectively. Results revealed a significant decrease in the amount of GSH in all treated groups compared with negative control. Also, the activity of GSH S‐transferase was significantly decreased in positive control compared with other groups. However, co‐administration of the protective plants resulted in a significant increase in the activity of GST compared with both positive and negative control groups. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in positive control alone, while cotreatment with the protective plants resulted in reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation by 31% and 49% in mice receiving 1% and 5% turmeric powder respectively and 45% in 1% myrrh treated when compared with their respective positive control group. Lead genotoxicity was confirmed through significant reduction in the number of dividing cells, increased total number of aberrant cells and increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Simultaneous treatment with these plants significantly reduced the genotoxicity induced by lead administration and the powerful protection was observed with 5% powdered turmeric. It may be concluded that turmeric and myrrh are useful herbal remedies, especially for controlling oxidative damages and genotoxicity induced by lead acetate intoxication.
Antihyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Effect of Rutin, a Polyphenolic Flavonoid, in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
Authors: Kamalakkannan Narasimhanaidu , Prince Ponnaian Stanely Mainzen
Published: January 2006

Abstract: Flavonoids are non‐nutritive dietary components that are widely distributed in plants. The present study investigated the antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of rutin, a polyphenolic flavonoid in normal and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes as induced in rats by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rutin was orally administered to normal and diabetic rats for a period of 45 days. Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides were significantly (P<0.05) increased, whereas insulin, C‐peptide, total haemoglobin, protein levels, non‐enzymic antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E and ceruloplasmin) were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic rats. Oral administration of rutin to diabetic rats significantly (P<0.05) decreased fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and increased insulin, C‐peptide, haemoglobin and protein levels. Administration of rutin also decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides and increased the non‐enzymic antioxidants significantly (P<0.05). Treatment of normal rats with rutin did not significantly (P<0.05) alter any of the parameters studied. These results show that rutin exhibits antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activity in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats.
Consequences of Long‐Term Proton Pump Blockade: Insights from Studies of Patients with Gastrinomas
Authors: Jensen Robert T.
Published: January 2006

Abstract:Proton pump inhibitors are being increasingly used and for longer periods of time, especially in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Each of these trends has led to numerous studies and reviews of the potential risk‐benefit ratio of the long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors. Both long‐term effects of hypergastrinaemia due to the profound acid suppression caused by proton pump inhibitors as well as the effects of hypo‐/achlorhydriaper sehave been raised and studied. Potential areas of concern that have been raised in the long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors, which could alter this risk‐benefit ratio include: gastric carcinoid formation; the development of rebound acid hypersecretion when proton pump inhibitor treatment is stopped; the development of tolerance; increased oxyntic gastritis inH. pyloripatients and the possibility of increasing the risk of gastric cancer; the possible stimulation of growth of non‐gastric tumours due to hypergastrinaemia; and the possible effect of the hypo/achlorhydria on nutrient absorption, particularly iron and vitamin B12. Because few patients with idiopathic gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease/peptic ulcer disease have been treated long‐term (i.e., >10 years), there is little known to address the above areas of potential concern. Most patients with gastrinomas with Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome have life‐long hypergastrinaemia, require continuous proton pump inhibitors treatment and a number of studies report results of >5–10 years of tratment and follow‐up. Therefore, an analysis of Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome patients can provide important insights into some of the safety concerns raised above. In this paper, results from studies of Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome patients and other recent studies dealing with the safety concerns above, are briefly reviewed.
The missing metals problem – II. How many metals are in z ⋍ 2.2 galaxies?
Authors: Bouché Nicolas , Lehnert Matthew D. , Péroux Céline
Published: January 2006

In the context of the ‘missing metals problem’, the contributions of the ultraviolet-selected z ⋍ 2.2‘BX’ galaxies and z ⋍ 2.5‘distant red galaxies’ (DRGs) have not been discussed previously. Here we show that: (i) DRGs make only a marginal contribution to the metal budget (∼5 per cent); (ii) BX galaxies contribute as much as 18 per cent to the metal budget; and (iii) the K-bright subsample (K < 20) of the BX sample (roughly equivalent to the ‘BzK’ selected samples) contributes roughly half of this 18 per cent, owing to both their larger stellar masses and higher metallicities, implying that the rare K-bright galaxies at z > 2 are a major source of metals in the budget. We showed in the first paper of this series that submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) brighter than 3 mJy contribute ∼5 per cent (≲9 per cent as an upper limit) to the metal budget. Adding the contribution of SMGs and damped Lyα absorbers to the contribution of ultraviolet-selected galaxies implies that at least 30 per cent of the metals (in galaxies) have been accounted for at z ⋍ 2. The cosmic metal density thus accounted for is ρZ,galaxies ⋍ 1.3 × 106 M⊙ Mpc-3 or, in terms of the closure density, ΩZ= 9.6 × 10−6. This is a lower limit given that galaxies on the faint end of the luminosity function are not included. An estimate of the distribution of metals in local galaxies as a function of luminosity suggests that galaxies with luminosity <L⋆ contribute about half of the total mass of metals. If the metals in galaxies at z ∼ 2 are similarly distributed then faint galaxies alone cannot solve the ‘missing metals problem’. Galaxy populations at z ∼ 2 account for only about 50 per cent of the total metals predicted.
The Contribution of Bioenergy to a New Energy Paradigm
Authors: De La Torre Ugarte Daniel
Published: January 2006

Biomass is a widely available resource that is receiving increased consideration as a renewable substitute for fossil fuels. Developed sustainably and used efficiently, it can induce growth in developing countries, reduce oil demand, and address environmental problems. The potential benefits include: reduction of greenhouse gases, recuperation of soil productivity and degraded land, economic benefits from adding value to agricultural activities and improving access to and quality of energy services. The production of bioenergy involves a range of technologies, including solid combustion, gasification, and fermentation. These technologies produce energy from a diverse set of biological resources ‐ traditional crops, crop residues, energy‐dedicated crops, dung, and the organic component of urban waste. The results are bioenergy products that provide multiple energy services: cooking fuel, heat, electricity and transportation fuels. It is this very diversity that holds the potential of a win‐win‐win for the environment, social and economic development. Bioenergy has to be viewed not as a replacement for oil, but as an element of a portfolio of renewable sources of energy. Coherent and mutually supportive environmental and economic policies may be needed to encourage the emergence of a globally dispersed bioenergy industry that will pursue a path of sustainable development.
Novel application of flow propagation velocity and ischaemia‐modified albumin in analysis of postexercise cardiac function in man
Authors: Middleton Natalie , Shave Rob , George Keith , Whyte Gregory , Forster Jan , Oxborough David , Gaze David , Collinson Paul
Published: January 2006

The present study employed novel echocardiographic tools and cardiac markers to obtain a greater understanding of the aetiology and time course of altered cardiac function and cardiac damage following prolonged exercise and, in particular, the possible role of transient ischaemia within these phenomena. Fourteen runners in the 2004 London Marathon were assessed pre‐, immediately post‐, 1 h post‐ and 24 h postcompletion of the race. Left ventricular function was examined echocardiographically using 2‐D, M‐mode, tissue Doppler imaging and flow propagation velocity (Vp). Venous blood samples were analysed for N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (proBNP), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and ischaemia‐modified albumin (IMA). Left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling was altered on completion of the race, as indicated by significant decreases in mean early to late diastolic myocardial wave (E′:A′) ratio and Vp (from 1.82 ± 0.9 to 1.32 ± 0.32, and from 67.5 ± 9.3 to 60.2 ± 8.2 cm s−1, respectively, P < 0.05), accompanied by an increase in proBNP (from 21.6 ± 11 to 47.08 ± 19.5 pg l−1, P < 0.05). The observed reduction in LV diastolic filling following completion of a marathon, unrelated to changes in heart rate or loading parameters, indicates an intrinsically mediated change in diastolic filling. Exercise‐induced elevations in cTnT in nine individuals (range, 0.023–0.37 μg l−1) were indicative of minor cardiac damage. A significant reduction in IMA was observed after the marathon (from 63.68 ± 9.83 to 44.94 ± 16.13 Um l−1, P < 0.05), unrelated to the alterations in cardiac function, proBNP or cTnT. The absence of an elevation in IMA suggests that exercise‐induced myocardial ischaemia did not occur and therefore could not explain the changes in cardiac function or biomarkers. Future studies in this area should investigate alternative diagnostic tools for the detection of transient ischaemia, and other potential mechanisms, in order to extend the understanding of this phenomenon.
Lack of effect of metyrapone and exogenous cortisol on early porcine conceptus development
Authors: Klemcke H. G. , Vallet J. L. , Christenson R. K.
Published: January 2006

A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of maternal cortisol on early conceptus development in pigs (Sus scrofa). The corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor metyrapone was injected daily during days 14–19 of pregnancy, without (n= 6) and with commensurate administration of cortisol (n= 6). Blood samples were taken via an indwelling jugular catheter on days 14 and 18, and conceptuses were harvested during surgery on day 20. Compared with vehicle‐injected control dams (n= 7) plasma cortisol and aldosterone concentrations were decreased (P< 0.01) by 52 and 29%, respectively, by metyrapone treatment. Cortisol administration reversed decreases in plasma cortisol by day 18. There were no treatment‐associated effects on conceptus survival or size. Nor were there treatment‐associated effects on allantoic fluid volume or content. Trophodermal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression decreased by 34% (P< 0.05) in metyrapone‐treated pigs, and was not further influenced by concomitant administration of cortisol, thereby suggesting an influence of aldosterone on GR mRNA expression. Also, when all pigs were considered, there were treatment‐independent second‐order polynomial regressions (P< 0.05) between maternal plasma cortisol concentrations and embryonic weight, allantoic size and allantoic glucose concentrations, and between plasma aldosterone concentrations and trophodermal GR mRNA expression. Such biphasic corticosteroid concentrationversustissue parameter curves are noteworthy, but difficult to interpret validly. They may suggest that an appropriate corticosteroid environment is necessary for optimal porcine embryonic development during this stage of gestation, but cannot overshadow the absence of treatment effects on the porcine embryonic measures evaluated.