bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When Rights, Markets, and Security Collide
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 6 discusses transatlantic regulatory battles, revealing how the US tech companies and the US government are in a much more tenuous position than widely understood. They have, in fact, over the past years been fighting a two-front battle, not just with China, but also with Europe. One of the most notable areas of transatlantic disagreement relates to data protection, where the EU’s focus on fundamental rights clashes with the US’s focus on national security. This disagreement has become a major obstacle for data flows between the EU and the US. Other dominant conflicts revolve around antitrust policy and digital taxation, both realms where the US government has perceived the EU’s attempts to impose obligations on American tech giants as acts of digital protectionism. However, on many of these issues, the transatlantic gap seems to be gradually closing. The US is conceding that more regulation of the tech industry is needed and thus moving toward the European regulatory approach, paving the way for transatlantic rapprochement and cooperation. What gives an even greater impetus for bridging the remaining transatlantic differences is the EU and US’s shared concern about China’s rise and the impact of that rise on the future of liberal democracy. Both parties acknowledge that their policy differences seem manageable compared to China’s AI-powered mass surveillance, internet censorship, and government propaganda, all of which are antithetical to the values of democracy and freedom that the EU and the US have long embraced at home and championed abroad.
Care-Centered Virtue
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents an interpretation of the Confucian concept of ren in terms of care as a specific virtue and as a care-oriented comprehensive virtue. First, it is argued that the pre-Confucian primary meaning of ren is care and this meaning continues in Confucian ethics. Second, Kongzi’s transformation of ren from a specific virtue to a comprehensive virtue retains the sense of care and makes it an anchoring element of the comprehensive virtue. Third, important similarities and differences exist between Confucian care-oriented ethics of ren and feminist care ethics. This chapter shows that a care-interpretation of ren enables us to better understand the Confucian ren ethics than its alternative interpretations.
Communes
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

This chapter argues that communes were essential spaces for proponents of ethical non-monogamy to develop their countercultural notions of sexuality, and many of polyamory’s core concepts arose from the communal experience. The chapter follows the evolution of the Kerista Commune from the 1960s through the 1980s. Kerista emerged in the 1970s as a new religious movement offering a politically conservative utopian alternative to mainstream life. Its adherents drew their ideas from diverse sources including Ouija boards, Gestalt therapy, and the Kibbutz movement. One of their central ideas was polyfidelity, a version of group marriage which viewed small clusters of closed multipartnered groups as a middle way between free love and monogamy. Though they failed to win many adherents, their thought became highly influential within early polyamory.
A Portrait of the Artist as a Punk
Authors: Henderson Margaret
Published: September 2023

This essay explores authenticity in/and the rock music autobiography by analyzing punk/new wave singer Debbie Harry’s memoir Face It (2019). The chapter aims to see if there is a homology between punk’s version of authenticity and the authenticity encoded (or not) in her autobiography. Considering that this is a woman musician’s autobiography emphasizes the salience and the complexity of the nexus between music, text, and authenticity. A textual analysis of Harry’s punk memoirs allows one to trace the ways in which a white American woman renegotiates gender identity, the music industry, and punk authenticity in the closing decades of the twentieth century, with Harry’s locus in New York punk culture and its “authentic inauthenticity” meaning alternative sources of authenticity. Harry delineates the potential of punk culture for women at that time, as she profits from and transcends her self-appointed persona to become a serious cultural worker.
Conclusion
Authors: Cash Jordan T.
Published: September 2023

The final chapter compares the three cases and identifies many similarities in how the presidents used their constitutional powers, both within the different presidential roles and in ways that cut across the different roles. Looking beyond the presidential roles, this chapter also outlines the major patterns of behavior displayed by each president that could not be classified under one particular role. Overall, the isolated presidents utilized their constitutional authority in similar ways despite their widely divergent personalities, political views, and time periods, indicating that the constitutional components of the presidency form a sensible and cohesive logic that is empirically demonstrable and forms a practical baseline for presidential power. Furthermore, such consistency serves to highlight which components of the constitutional logic are used more often by the isolated presidents. The chapter ends by noting that these insights can be particularly helpful for contemporary presidents in the United States’ current hyper-polarized political climate.
Emotional Saints
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

An emotional saint is someone who thinks we to do something with our negative emotions in order to live a good life. This chapter introduces the first type of emotional saint: the Controlled Emotions Saints. Controlled Emotions Saints are those who think that we’d be better off without our negative emotions. In the history of philosophy, they are represented by the Stoics and Gandhi. The Controlled Emotions Saints are also found in contemporary versions, for example in the rise of neo-Stoicism and mindfulness. The Controlled Emotions think you should get rid of bad feelings by diminishing your attachment to yourself and your life, but this is too high a price to pay. There is no need to be a saint just to avoid negative emotions.
Make Room for the Devil
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

Philosophers have long argued that our emotions are part of how we value things and bad feelings are no different. This chapter draws on Milton’s Paradise Lost to show that negative emotions are expressions of self-love—not egoism or selfishness, but the felt attachment to ourselves and our lives. We feel negative emotions because our lives matter to us. Some philosophers, such as the Buddhists, argue that living a good life requires us to care less about ourselves. This chapter argues that this is false. Using insights from Nietzsche, this chapter shows that the dangers of negative emotions and self-love are exaggerated. Living well with bad feelings doesn’t require that we weaken them or train them. We just have to feel them honestly and leave them alone.
Nemesis
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the impact of Central Asia's deteriorating political conditions on the lives of Ibn Sina and Biruni. After Mamun's assassination and Mahmud's subjugation of Khwarazam, the upheaval destroyed old patterns of patronage and sent artists and scientists into a maelstrom of the unknown. Ibn Sina fled to Gorgan while Biruni was forced to travel across the region to reach Afghanistan. The chapter elaborates on the rise to power of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. It considers the influence of Abu al Qasem Mansur, who was known by his moniker as Ferdowsi, and his masterpiece, the Shahnameh (Book of Kings).
Ibn Sina’s Adventures
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains Ibn Sina's journey and moves to Rayy after he pulled up stakes in Gorgan. According to Central Asian chronicler Nizami Aruzi, Ibn Sina was contacted to cure the young Majd al-Dawla. Ibn Sina then proceeded to write about the importance and treatment of emotional disorders and mental illness in his work, Cures of the Heart. The chapter notes Ibn Sina's further work into the Canon of Medicine, while also considering his The Destination work reflected Ibn Sina's mature psychology. It looks into his escape to Qazvin, Hamadan, and Isfahan when dynastic conflict raged between Majd al Dawla and Shams al-Dawla.
Biruni’s Masterpiece
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter acknowledges Biruni's India as one of the most significant works in the development of social sciences. It highlights Biruni's fascination with India. The piece of work contributed to fields that ranged between mathematics, astronomy, cultural anthropology, geography, geology, and the comparative study of religions. The chapter also mentions that India played a significant role in building the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni. Mahmud's siege against the fort and Hindu shrine at Somnath resulted in Biruni traveling to the Indus Valley and becoming an expert whose fate was observing atrocities. The chapter mentions how the rise of Islam and the Arab wars of conquest demolished the trade links with Khwarazam.
The Canon of Medicine
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on The Canon of Medicine written by Ibn Sina during his stay in Gorgan and Rayy. It explains how the Canon covers both the theory and practice of medicine and comprises thousands of separate entries. The ancient Greeks’ framework of humors and temperaments enabled Ibn Sina to trace the state of a person’s health to what we now call metabolism, which resulted in his debate with Galen while sticking with Aristotle's teaching. The chapter looks into how Ibn Sina explained the role of the four temperaments in health and sickness and the corresponding bodily organs in each category. It also considers that the Canon became the most important text in the history of medicine, but it did not encourage inquiry and innovation which ultimately resulted in its downfall.
Introduction
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: September 2023

The history of medical debt collection in the United States has been told in pieces, in news articles and on television programs and in journal articles; this book aims to tell it altogether, at once. When the long history is told, it becomes clear just how much has changed. Although nineteenth-century Americans were in debt to their doctors, the means to collect those debts were not nearly so sophisticated or impersonal as they became by the twenty-first century. The rise of debt collection agencies and debt buyers has placed the work of collection in the hands of people without personal connection, or professional medical obligation, to patients. This is a large part of the reason why medical debt has grown into such a major problem in American life. It is also the reason why, even as the problem metastasizes, so few medical professionals are aware of it. The Introduction reviews the statistical evidence on medical debt and the impact it has on patients’ health and financial well-being, and it provides an outline of the book.
Trading in Misery
Authors: Messac Luke
Published: September 2023

Divorced from any clinical or social bonds to patients, collectors and purchasers of debt could be particularly draconian, using harassing phone calls, credit reports, and legal action to secure payment. This chapter profiles Michael Barrist, who focused on medical debt to transform a mom-and-pop business into the nation’s largest debt collector. Eventually, his company was sold to an even more wealthy investor, private equity billionaire Tom Gores. Entrepreneurs in medical debt collection occupy powerful places in American society. One such figure is Congressman Tom Reed, a Republican from New York who spent years denouncing consumer protections while profiting from medical debt collection. This chapter shows the riches to be made from debt collection, and the consequences for real people when patients become prey.
The Fight to Eliminate 14(c)
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: September 2023

Authorized by Section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, subminum wage vocational programs—traditionally referred to as sheltered workshops—have long been castigated by Disability Rights advocates as “segregated” and “exploitative.” But they remain extraordinarily popular with a subset of cognitively impaired individuals and their families. When the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (UCCR) solicited public comments on this issue in 2020, 98% of the more than 9,700 comments submitted were in favor of keeping 14(c). This chapter examines how the debate is unfolding in Minnesota, where several autistic individuals, their families, and 14(c) providers are scrambling to preserve this option after an eleventh-hour addition to a 2021 omnibus bill mandated its elimination by 2025. The author’s interlocutors describe 14(c) very differently than critics do, emphasizing the meaning that participants find in their jobs and peer groups, and most importantly stressing the right of intellectually and developmentally disabled adults and their families to choose the vocational supports that are most appropriate for them.
The Erosion of Guardianship
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: September 2023

The discourse around guardianship is just as enflamed as that around 14(c), if not more so—in 2017, Theresia Degener, the chair of the United Nations’ Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, called guardianship as gross a violation of human rights as “slavery” and “genital mutilation”—but the author’s research suggests that pressure to eliminate it has been far less effective. Although significant legislative and regulatory hurdles have been implemented in some states, once families find themselves in courtrooms, interlocutors report that they meet little resistance from judges. The author suggests that this is due to the interpersonal nature of guardianship hearings, compared to the more theoretical level at which decisions to eliminate 14(c) are settled with the stroke of a pen: face to face with a severely intellectually and disabled adult, no responsible judge is going to leave such a vulnerable individual unprotected in the name of ideological claims about universal capacity. This finding points to the importance of meaningful interaction with cognitively impaired individuals and their families as policymakers determine the supports and services accessible to them.
Being and Potential Space
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the notions of being and potential space presented by Donald Winnicott. It notes how an infant’s essential aloneness may be viewed as the beginning of the continuity of being. According to Winnicott, mothers create the experience of omnipotence and a new space for the infant through the continuous provision of illusion. The chapter elaborates on the concept of a potential space that becomes a transitional area when the infant feels at ease in possessing their first ‘not-me’ object. It then explains how the true self lies in between the biological and social relations that exist before birth and influences the psychic organization
Morals
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the construction of morals in an infant parallel to the infant’s pleasure in constructing a good relationship with the mother. It details Donald Winnicott’s listed progression on the development of an infant’s capacity for concern. The experience of guilt is associated with anxiety, which also hovers between recognition of the effects of destruction and intense fear of being attacked by the mother. In Winnicott’s essay ‘Morals and education’, the efforts of parents and society to implant morals is a violation of a child’s innate morality. The chapter also elaborates on Winnicott’s vision of adolescents, the responsibility to tolerate aggression and acting out as an indication of hope.
Playing and Creativity
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the importance of playing and creativity. It acknowledges Donald Winnicott’s statement that psychotherapy takes place in the overlap of playing of either the patient or the therapist. Playing takes place initially in a potential space between the infant and the mother wherein a holding environment enables the infant to live from a relaxed, non-reactive kernel of self. The chapter elaborates on the notion that playing is an aim that relates to the drive for freedom in any oppressed person. It also considers Winnicott’s theory of creativity, referencing his session with a male patient that involves penis envy and the capacity to self-reflect.
Almost Liberal
Authors: Anil Pratinav
Published: September 2023

India’s early postcolonial years, the heyday of statist nationalism, were a hard time to be an international Islamist, this chapter shows. The Jama’at-i-Islami Hind had to contend with the community’s reduced position, rethinking key political questions by breaking with the central tenets of the founder Syed Abul Ala Maududi’s corpus to discover that, perhaps, pluralism was not such a bad proposition after all. So was born a postcolonial consensus that ran from the nationalist prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to the Islamist chief Maulana Abul Lais Islahi Nadwi. The chapter also considers the question of Nehruvian secularism, suggesting that both its proponents and detractors, in jousting over its indigeneity, pass over questions of greater import. How did Indian secularism work in practice? How did it appear to India’s minorities? Some preliminary answers are to be found in the Islamist magazine Radiance, whose Muslim writers brought to the fore the authoritarian and Islamophobic impulses of the Congress regime.
India in the Second World War
Authors: Gupta Diya
Published: September 2023

In 1940s India, revolutionary and nationalistic feeling surged against colonial subjecthood and imperial war. Two-and-a-half million men from undivided India served the British during the Second World War, while three million civilians were killed by the war-induced Bengal Famine, and Indian National Army soldiers fought against the British for Indian independence. This captivating new history shines a spotlight on emotions as a way of unearthing these troubled and contested experiences, exposing the personal as political.Diya Gupta draws upon photographs, letters, memoirs, novels, poetry, and philosophical essays, in both English and Bengali languages, to weave a compelling tapestry of emotions felt by Indians in service and at home during the war. She brings to life an unknown sepoy in the Middle East yearning for home, and anti-fascist activist Tara Ali Baig; a disillusioned doctor on the Burma frontline, and Sukanta Bhattacharya’s modernist poetry of hunger; Mulk Raj Anand’s revolutionary home front, and Rabindranath Tagore’s critique of civilization.This vivid book recovers a truly global history of the Second World War, revealing the crucial importance of cultural approaches in challenging a traditional focus on the wartime experiences of European populations. Seen through Indian eyes, this conflict is no longer the “good” war.
‘The Thing That Was Lost’
Authors: Gupta Diya
Published: September 2023

Extracts from letters, written and received between August 1942 and March 1945 by Indian soldiers stationed along the Middle Eastern and North African fronts, are archived in the British Library as military colonial censorship reports. Chapter One analyzes these letters, alongside colonial photographs and memoirs, highlighting the diverse perspectives of home revealed. The first memoir, Arakan Fronte (On the Frontlines at Arakan, 1946) was written in Bengali by an Indian doctor, Shantilal Ray, serving in the Fourteenth Army in Burma in 1944; the second, The Men from Imphal (1970) by Indian officer Abid Hasan Safrani, was written in English about the Japanese and Indian National Army defeat at the hands of the same Fourteenth Army in 1945. The chapter shows how Arakan Fronte offers us a philosophical understanding of home and its relationship with the earth, while The Men from Imphal establishes an overtly political narrative, where home is equated to the expansive, decolonized nation. These two little-known memoirs work as productive foil to the letters: they reveal how ideas of “home” expand, from reinforcing forms of martial masculinity to including the personal and the intimate, and encompassing both nationalistic and utopian ideas of freedom.
‘An Anguished Heart’
Authors: Gupta Diya
Published: September 2023

The fourth chapter considers elite Indian intellectual responses to the war, written in English and focusing on the Indian home-front. It brings together the well-known writer Mulk Raj Anand with little-studied women writers Muriel Wasi and Tara Ali Baig to examine how staunch anti-fascist feeling in all three rubs against equally intensely realized anti-colonial emotion. Anand’s novel The Sword and the Sickle (1942) highlights the journey of Lalu, the Indian soldier coming home after serving in Europe during the First World War, who begins to find his political voice in the 1920s. The chapter studies why the soldier’s return after the first global war become so important to Anand during the second. It then foregrounds how the rare poetry of the two women writers Wasi and Baig reveals a growing articulation of female political and civic authority, blurring the boundaries between gendered experiences of war. Both Wasi and Baig took up opportunities opening up for women in the Indian public sphere during the war years. The chapter concludes by analyzing how all three writers—men and women—reconfigure ideas of anti-fascism, colonization and nationhood as well as wartime trauma and suffering endured in the Indian home-front.
Alcohol in the Premodern Islamic World (c. 600 to c. 1400)
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

Chapter Two addresses the drinking habits of Muslim elites in the “classical” period, the seventh to the thirteenth century, encompassing the reign of the Umayyads, the Abbasids, Islamic Spain, and dynasties that ruled Egypt and the eastern, Persianate half of the Muslim world. Occasional bans notwithstanding, many caliphs and sultans drank, rather blithely, without compunction, surrounded by their boon companions.
Alcohol in the Modern Age
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the ways alcohol fared in three countries that in the twentieth century turned from secular to Islamist: Turkey between Atatürk and Erdoǧan, Iran as the Islamic Republic replaced the Pahlavi regime, and Pakistan since Zia al-Haq. It documents how alcohol became marginalized under the new order and how drinking became “privatized,” continuing in the shadows via subterfuge, smuggling, bootlegging, and clandestine venues.
Political Leadership
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the leadership challenges that Republican Afghanistan encountered; it notes that what leaders could achieve was constrained by structural and political factors, which often had deep roots. It opens with a discussion of the nature of political leadership in general, and then moves on to discuss some of the forms of political leadership that could be exercised or attempted in Afghanistan. The chapter notes that the skills required for effective political leadership in Afghanistan are complex and multifaceted, and that it would be optimistic to expect that any one individual might possess them all. The chapter illustrates this point by discussing in more detail the leadership strengths and weaknesses of both President Hamed Karzai and President Ashraf Ghani.
The Hijacking
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter begins with a description of a man walking across an airport apron toward a Boeing 727, carrying a briefcase that contains a wig, a pair of rubber gloves, a smoke grenade, and two guns. The man had booked a round-trip plane ticket under the name Robert Wilson to Tulsa. It details the man’s flight, Flight 119, which had left LaGuardia Airport in New York at 12:50 p.m., bound for Los Angeles, with stops in St. Louis, Tulsa, and Phoenix. The chapter highlights how the man initially hesitated about what he wanted to do on the flight. When the plane was about to descend in Tulsa, the man finally decided to go through with his original plan, donned his disguise, and armed himself while in the bathroom. When he came out, only a stewardess noticed him and told him in a whisper not to hurt anyone.
Mohawk Airlines Flight 452
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts Heinrick von George’s hijacking of Mohawk Airlines Flight 452. It describes Eileen McAllister, who had joined Mohawk Airlines in 1961 and was the stewardess von George had held a gun to when he announced the hijacking. McAllister did her best to defuse tension and establish a connection with the hijacker, convincing von George she should still serve drinks to the passengers so as not to raise suspicion. The chapter details the landing and release of the unsuspecting passengers at LaGuardia, including the process of von George waiting for the $200,000 he’d demanded while the plane stayed at the airport. When von George received the money, he ordered the plane to go to Poughkeepsie and tried to escape in a car with McAllister, but he was stopped by the FBI agents.
The Parachutes
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the FBI special agents who converged on the St. Louis Airport after news of the hijacking of American Flight 119 came out. These agents had federal authority to make arrests across state lines. The chapter mentions Master Sergeant Frank Oestereich, who collected five chest parachutes and five harnesses, which were delivered to the plane along with the money, an altimeter, two folding Army shovels, and a pair of goggles that the hijacker had demanded. The chapter recounts how the hijacker ordered one of the passengers, Aubrey Mallory, to go out and bring all the items onto the plane. Once everything was on board, the hijacker disappointed that the ransom contained one-dollar bills, gave about $1,300 to stewardesses Sharon Wetherley and Jane Furlong.
Richard McCoy
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter features Richard McCoy, a Mormon Sunday-school teacher and Vietnam veteran, who hijacked United Airlines Flight 855 to Los Angeles. When McCoy was changing into his disguise in the lavatory of the Boeing 727, he overheard the announcement that the manila envelope containing his hijacking notes had been found in the boarding area. Senior stewardess Diane Surdam was suspicious after McCoy suddenly rushed to get the manila envelope. During the flight, Surdam received a note saying the plane was being hijacked and that McCoy was armed, and he wanted a fuel truck, $500,000 in cash, and four parachutes waiting in San Francisco. The chapter details how McCoy was able to jump and parachute out of the plane in midflight with the money. McCoy would have gotten away with the hijacking if his sister-in-law did not tell his National Guard friend that she suspected McCoy.
Chase Planes
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes how agent Clifford Spingler raced to the airport when word of the Flight 119 hijacking broke, joining nearly every FBI agent in St. Louis at the American Flight Operations Center. Someone handed Spingler a shotgun and told him to join two other agents in one of the chase planes that would follow the hijacked airliner. As Spingler was boarding the Cessna, agents Don Jones and Ben Weaver drove to Scott Air Force Base to board a C-9. Meanwhile, agent Richard Herman was aboard the Learjet that Tom Parker had been bumped from, which took off from St. Louis to follow the hijacked Boeing 727. Unlike the C-9, the Learjet, known for its speed, high cruising altitudes, and skittish handling, was not ideal for following the slow-moving 727.
The Money, the Guns, and the Pants
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the search for the hijacker of American 119, which included about 150 FBI agents and 50 state police, five helicopters, and several planes. As the search on the ground stalled, a couple of farmers and a guy mowing his lawn found the first significant evidence. On Sunday, June 25, Bob Cassel was mowing his lawn when he found a pistol loaded with six shells. It was just after noon the next day, June 26, when Lowell Elliott found the money. About five hours after, two and a half miles southwest of where the money was found, Ronald Miller found a .45-caliber machine gun with the clip missing. On Sunday, a teenager named David Stover found a pair of pants in a pumpkin patch near his home. A straight line about eight miles long, running from the corner of Grissom Air Force Base to John Vettel’s field on New Hope Cemetery Road, connected the locations where the machine gun, clip, pistol, and money had been found. The nearest point on this line was several miles west from where the FBI had been searching, near the lake.
Tell Me Your Name
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts Peru chief of police Richard Blair’s encounter with a young man who said his name was Patrick McNally. The search for the hijacker of American 119 was in full swing by Saturday night, when Blair took a drive to clear his head. Blair pulled up behind the young man, got out of his car, and asked him who he was and where he was going. The young man did not fit the description of the hijacker, but he was not a local, and his face was bruised and scraped. He replied that he was hitchhiking and showed Blair a driver’s license with the name Patrick Clarence McNally. Blair then took him to the Peru Motor Lodge to check in with the night clerk. On Sunday, Blair heard about the pistol being found almost exactly where he had picked up the hitchhiker the night before. He then contacted Captain Rex Dillman, who had charge of the Indiana State Police side of the investigation. Given Blair’s description of the man, Dillman agreed that it was unlikely he was connected to the case.
The Parachute
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

Veteran FBI agent Henry Latini and his squad were ordered to look for a body attached to an unfurled parachute. After a few days of unsuccessful searching through the woods and the lake, Latini got access to a helicopter to have a broader search, but this did not reveal anything useful. The chapter explains that Latini achieved the assistance of special agent Jim Martin, case agent Bob Braver, agent David Binney, and Marcus Kaspar for the search. According to Binney, the hijacker jumped thirty seconds before the transponder’s emergency code was activated, sending the search off target by two and a half miles.
A Ride Home
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the aftermath of Martin McNally’s hijacking of American Flight 119. McNally called Walt Petlikowsky to pick him up in Peru, Indiana, but he was unable to, so McNally hitched a ride with a police officer. Amy Martin, the night clerk at the Peru Motor Lodge, witnessed McNally walk into the hotel with another man; half a dozen FBI agents were staying at the hotel. Later on, senior agent Henry Latini discovered McNally had stayed in the room next to his, not realizing it because they were operating under the assumption that the hijacker had died. The chapter notes how D.B. Cooper understood that the key to a perfect crime was keeping the details to oneself, which was a lesson McNally learned the hard way after telling the story to his buddy, Jim Petty.
Security
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the security changes surrounding airline hijacking. Hijackings to Cuba had mostly been a problem for airlines that serviced the East Coast and the South. The calculus of air piracy changed after the first death of a passenger and the unpredictably violent potential of extortion hijacking. In 1972, airlines were still mostly relying on the FAA’s behavioral profile to detect hijackers, but this proved to be of little use against the new wave of extortion-minded air pirates. The chapter highlights the establishment of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to provide airline and airport security.
Arrivals
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the era of parachute hijacking, which began with D.B. Cooper and ended with Martin McNally. It notes how these cases fit the cultural moment and symbolized the chaos gripping the nation. Airline hijackings were a product of the jet age, which brought bigger planes that could fly farther. When things turned violent in the second half of 1972, everyone agreed that better security was needed. The chapter explains how better airport security led to a steep decline in hijackings after 1972, referencing the use of metal detectors, X-ray machines, and bomb-sniffing dogs. It also considers how most hijackers from Cuba faced lengthy prison sentences.
The Tumultuous 1990s
Authors: Ramani Samuel
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the collapse and resurgence of Russian influence in Africa during Boris Yeltsin’s tumultuous presidency. During the early 1990s, Russia’s influence in Africa precipitously declined due to Soviet-era debt disputes and Moscow’s wariness about engaging with anti-Western authoritarian regimes. As a fallen superpower, Russia’s sole silver lining was its rapprochement with post-Apartheid South Africa. Russia’s disengagement from Africa triggered fierce backlash from anti-Western opposition parties, the Ministry of Economic Development, and internationalist intellectuals. These voices were empowered by Andrei Kozyrev’s unceremonious dismissal as Foreign Minister in 1996 and replacement by Yevgeny Primakov. Under Primakov, the playbook for Putin’s Africa strategy was developed. Its hallmarks included debt forgiveness, strident opposition to Western sanctions, human rights-blind arms sales and engaging African leaders on Russia’s vision for a multipolar world order.
Conservation, Development and Wildlife
Authors: Trefon Theodore
Published: September 2023

Chapter 3 offers an historic analysis of conservation efforts in Africa with a focus on protected areas. These spaces have become highly politicized arenas in which actors with different visions and agendas compete over access and resource rights.
Belarus in Crisis
Authors: Hansbury Paul
Published: September 2023

In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union’s border. But where many thought Belarus’s dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus’s political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? And how has Russia’s war with Ukraine affected Belarusians’ views of their dictatorship and the cause of democracy in their country?
A White Space on the Map
Authors: Hansbury Paul
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the geography and history of Belarus. It discusses the territory’s history as part of successive polities—the Kyivan Rus’, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. It argues that this varying history affords the materials for two competing nation-building projects in post-Soviet Belarus. One nation-building project, which the book labels “west-oriented,” emphasizes historical ties to polities in the north and west of contemporary Belarus. This nation-building project is closely associated with the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic (1918) and since 1994 has been associated with the opposition to autocratic leader Alyaksandr Lukashenka. The other, an “east-oriented” project, emphasizes continuity with the polities in the east, above all Russia, and the role of Belarusians in the Soviet partisan resistance during World War 2; this project has been adopted by the political regime of Lukashenka.
Operation Z1
Authors: Hansbury Paul
Published: September 2023

In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine from three directions, including from Belarusian territory. This led Western leaders to label Belarus as a “co-aggressor” in the Russia–Ukraine war. Belarus became embroiled in yet another crisis: it not only provided a staging area for the invasion, but Russia also fired missiles across the border into Ukraine from Belarus. This chapter assesses the situation as of mid-2022, looking at how Belarus appears to have ceded its sovereignty to Russia. It also looks at public opinion in Belarus about the war in Ukraine and explains why prospects look bleak for both the regime and the oppositional democracy movement, with both sides resorting to increasingly militant strategies. The Belarusian state continued to repress its citizens, not allowing anyone to express support for Ukraine.
Beyond Color-Blind National Security Law
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: September 2023

Unlike much of mainstream national security law scholarship, this chapter shows how critical approaches to national security law, especially by African Americans and Third World intellectuals, make the case that foreign affairs, colonialism, imperialism, and race are and have always been closely and intimately connected. This chapter also traces the enduring legacies of colonialism in modern national security law doctrine, especially in the United States. In doing so, the chapter traces the parallels and precedents established in “national” security case law on habeas in British colonies to contemporary habeas cases like the 2004 U.S. Supreme Court case, Rasul v. Bush. Ultimately, this chapter makes the case for overcoming the disciplinary silos that are characterized by the study of national security law without taking into account its intimate relationship to race, colonial-era doctrines, and imperialism.
Black Guilt, White Guilt at the International Criminal Court
Authors: López Rachel
Published: September 2023

All but one defendant convicted at the International Criminal Court (ICC) has been a Black man. This is not a happenstance. This chapter elucidates how the jurisdictional and substantive law that governs the ICC systematically results in Black guilt being heightened, while White guilt is minimized. With these convictions, the ICC builds on a long history of criminalizing Blackness. Still, there is something particularly invidious about this in the context of international criminal law that this chapter seeks to expose. Because the ICC ostensibly prosecutes only “the most serious crimes of international concern,” these convictions express the not-so-subtle suggestion that the “worst of the worst” criminals on the planet are Black men. More troubling still, given the long-standing characterization of international crimes as evil, it perpetuates well-documented stereotypes of darker skin being associated with evil, thereby building on a pernicious narrative of the “evil Black body.” This international criminalization of Black men results in a shallow understanding of the root causes of atrocity, thereby undermining international criminal law’s potential for contributing to collective peace and security.
Farewell
Authors: Bridges Emma
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines military departures, and in particular wartime farewells between serving soldiers and their spouses/partners. After a brief discussion of large-scale military departures, the primary focus is on intimate goodbye scenes between husband and wife. The main example under discussion is the Homeric goodbye scene between Andromache and Hector in Iliad 6; this is compared with wartime farewells in contemporary settings. The discussion considers the emotional aspects of such scenes as well as highlighting ways in which they serve to reinforce conventional gender roles. Consideration is also given to the brief references that are made in the Odyssey to the parting of Odysseus and Penelope, as well as to bereavement, in connection with the scene in Iliad 22 where Andromache learns of Hector’s death.
Reunion
Authors: Bridges Emma
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the process of reunion for military couples, noting that the idealized image of military homecoming perpetuated by the modern media is far removed from the complexities of reunions after services personnel have been deployed away from home for a long period. Through an analysis of Penelope’s reunion with Odysseus in the Odyssey, it examines the challenges faced by many military couples as they try to reconnect; Odysseus’ disguise acts as a metaphor for the difficulties which partners may face in recognizing one another after time apart. The chapter also considers thwarted homecomings in the Trojan War tradition, including in particular the ways in which Aeschylus’ representation of Clytemnestra’s ‘welcome’ of Agamemnon distorts many of the rituals associated with a successful homecoming (nostos).
Introduction
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the book. It sets out the book’s subject, namely, the effects of non-hierarchical architectures on actual policy processes and policy outcomes. It also seeks to advance contemporary debates on regulatory governance through an analytical framework that builds on them but also responds to their limitations. That framework seeks to address: an over-narrow focus on (experimentalist) institutional architectures; a view of political factors as antithetical to functional ones, if not neglected altogether; rival but untested predictions about the long-term trajectory of non-hierarchical governance; and currently unfalsifiable arguments about allegedly rival mechanisms underpinning non-hierarchical governance. Instead, it gives due weight to actors’ choices on which governance processes to employ, underlines the mutually supportive role of functional and political pressures, challenges conservative views that non-hierarchical governance is doomed to be unsustainable, and shows that it is precisely a combination of positive (shadow-of-hierarchy) and negative (penalty-default) mechanisms that typically helps non-hierarchical processes to deliver policy outcomes effectively. The introduction ends by setting out the book’s research design and (comparative and process-tracing) methods and summarizes the chapters that follow.
Experimentalist Architectures, Processes, and Outcomes
Authors: Rangoni Bernardo
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses how and why experimentalist structures—notably the Florence Forum—were used extensively to regulate European electricity market integration (namely, network access and tarification) from the late 1990s to the present date. It shows that far from gradually declining, experimentalist processes persisted across multiple policy cycles. It argues that functional and legal as well as political factors—specifically, steadily multipolar distributions of power and recurring uncertainty as well as opposition—placed major pressures on key actors to use experimentalist structures actively and continuously. To deliver policy outcomes effectively despite the notoriously well-entrenched interests characterizing the domain, experimentalist governance did not exclusively rely on any single mechanism. Instead, its carriers threatened the imposition of both specific positive rules—as distinctive of the shadow of hierarchy—and negative prohibitions and fines—as characteristic of penalty defaults.
Healers and Healing in the First Age of Party
Authors: Elmer Peter
Published: September 2023

The English Revolution left a legacy of a divided nation which only became fully manifest after 1660. The return to the religious and political status quo brought with it the creation of a new nonconformist sub-culture in which many of the ‘winners’ of the 1640s and 1650s now found themselves excluded from office in church and state. This chapter examines how medicine became a refuge for many nonconformists, especially among the ejected puritan clergy and their children. Many opted to study medicine abroad in the ‘progressive’ medical schools of Holland which also provided a convenient base for plotting against the restored state. Others sought shelter under the aegis of the London College of Physicians, which was dominated by old puritans and nonconformist sympathizers between 1660 and 1688. By the end of the century, the continuing politicization of medicine was creating two distinct medical cultures, one of which, indebted to Dissent and Whiggism, found itself in growing competition with its Anglican and Tory rival.
A Primer on Stable Isotopes in Ecology
Authors: Cotrufo Francesca , Pressler Yamina
Published: September 2023

A Primer on Stable Isotopes in Ecology is a concise and foundational reading for anyone interested in acquiring theoretical and practical knowledge for the application of stable isotopes in ecology. This book is designed for students and scientists from different backgrounds who share a common interest in stable isotopes. Readers will gain an in-depth and complete knowledge of stable isotopes and are invited to explore isotopic methods in their research. The text guides readers to think “isotopically” to better understand research conducted using stable isotopes. The book also provides basic practical skills and activities to apply stable isotope methods in ecological research. Chapters include in-depth descriptions of stable isotope notation, measurement, and ecological processes that control the natural abundance of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur stable isotopes in the environment. The book also covers critical concepts for the appropriate application of stable isotopes in ecology including understanding isotope fractionation, applying isotope mixing models, and working with heavy isotope enrichment. The book describes how to quantify stable isotopes through mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy.
Stable Isotopes, Notations, and Standards
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Pressler Yamina
Published: September 2023

“Stable Isotopes, Notations, and Standards” reviews the foundational concepts necessary for understanding and reporting stable isotopes data using appropriate notation and reference standards. The chapter defines stable isotopes and describes the isotopic composition of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Isotopocules are described as molecules differing in their isotopic composition, known as isotopologues, or for having different isotopic substitution, known as isotopomers. Isotones and isobars are also defined. Stable isotope data are examined using delta, fractional, and atom percent notations. Formulae to convert isotope data across notations are described. The chapter examines the history and use of international reference standards for isotopic analysis.