bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of antibiotics resistance in bacteria isolated from retailed eggshell in three major markets in Minna, Nigeria
Authors: Adabara N.U. , Amarachi C.E. , Adedeji A.S. , Usman A. , Maude M. , Sadiq F. U. , F. P. Oloruntoba , Kuta F.A.
Published: December 2020

Food borne disease associated with inappropriately treated or untreated eggs is a major public health problem affecting developing and developed countries. This study isolated, identified and determined the Antibiogram of bacteria isolates from eggshell of eggs obtained from three major markets in Minna, Nigeria. A total of ten (10) duplicate egg samples were purchased from egg retailers. The egg samples were analyzed for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test to prescribed commercially available antibiotic discs was also investigated. The total viable bacteria count (TVBC) ranged from 1.38×104 - 2.52×104 cfu/mL while the total coliform count (TCC) ranged from 8.5×103 - 2.02×104 cfu/mL. Escherichia coli (9.1%), Streptococcus pyogenes (4.5%), Enterococcus sp. (4.5%), Shigella sp. (13.6%), Salmonella sp. (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.4%), Clostridium sp. (9.1%) and Neisseria sp. (9.1%) were isolated and identified from eggshells. Gram positive bacteria showed highest sensitivity to gentamycin (100%) however, resist cloxacillin, ceftadizime and erythromycin (100%). Similarly, there was no ciprofloxacin resistant Gram-negative bacteria though E. coli, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. isolated from eggshells were resistant to augmentin and amoxicillin. Further analysis of result revealed that all the isolated bacteria from eggshells were multidrug resistant except Neisseria sp. with multidrug resistant index greater than 0.2. The fact that these antibiotic resistant bacteria can be transferred to humans is of public health concern. Therefore, stringent use of public health regulations for cleaning eggs before retailing is advocated.
Investigation of the Optical and Dielectric Behaviour of SnO2-CuO Mixed Oxides Thin Films
Authors: L.O. Animasahun , B.A. Taleatu , H.S. Bolarinwa , A.I. Egunjobi , A.Y. Fasasi , M.A. Eleruja
Published: December 2020

The effects of CuO on the optical and dielectric properties of SnO2 thin film were studied to achieve improved
light photon absorption and conversion. The films were deposited using airblast chemical spray pyrolysis.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometric analysis using the Windows SIMNRA software gave the compositions
of as-deposited and annealed films and their thicknesses. The optical and dielectric parameters were evaluated
from the transmittance data obtained from UV – Visible spectrophotometer. The optical band gap of as-deposited
SnO2-CuO film was evaluated to be 3.4 eV. The value of Urbach tail width of the as-deposited mixed oxide is
higher (296 meV) compared to that of the annealed (252 meV) indicating the presence of more disordered states
in the as-deposited film. The analysis also showed that the presence of CuO in the matrix of SnO2 led to a
decrease in optical bandgap, refractive index, and by extension dielectric constants of SnO2. Our investigation
led to the conclusion that the addition of CuO into SnO2 increased its electromagnetic photon absorption and
also delay its speed thereby enhancing photon interaction with free charge carriers in the mixed oxide film. We
opined that the mixed oxide will perform better in photocatalysis, photodegradation of pollutants and other lightharvesting applications since the CuO inclusion has extended its absorption edge towards the visible light range.
Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 IgM among Women of Reproductive Age in Zaria, and Demonstration of its Cytopathogenicity in Whole Egg
Authors: E.R. Ameh , M. Aminu , E. E Ella
Published: December 2020

Egg culture has long been considered the diagnostic gold standard for Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV- 2) and would serve as complementary to Immunoglobulin M determination to establish acute infection in a given population. The study determined the prevalence of HSV-2 IgM and the cytopathology of the virus isolated from women of reproductive age in Zaria. The study recruited 450 consenting women attending selected hospitals from which blood and cervical swab samples were obtained. Sera were analysed for HSV-2 IgM while suspension from swabs were inoculated into 12 days old embryonated chicken eggs. A total of 330 (73.3%) women screened tested positive for HSV-2 IgM and 79 (23.94) out of 330 IgM positive samples produced cytopathic effect. The highest prevalence of 88.7% (133/150) was recorded among women recruited from St. Lukes Anglican hospital, while those attending Gambo Sawaba General Hospital-Kofan Gaya, had the lowest prevalence of 50%. Furthermore, women in age group of 16-20 years, were most infected with a prevalence of 83.5% while those aged 45years and above had the lowest prevalence of 50%. Women who had more than one sexual partner, those that did not use protection during sex and women that were pregnant had higher prevalence of 88.5%, 74.9% and 77.6% respectively and were more at risk, as compared with those with single partner (69.2%), who used protection (61.5%) and that were not pregnant (71.3%). About 22.4% (101) of the women reported to have heard about HSV-2 while 349 (77.6%) were not aware of the virus prior to this study. The symptoms found to be significantly associated with the virus were blisters/ulcers on genital area (p=0.000; OR=3.000) and dysuria (p=0.006; OR=0.504). Fever (OR=1.659), vaginal discharge (OR=1.867) and itching/burning sensation on genital area (OR=1.431) were other symptoms associated with the virus. The study demonstrated a high prevalence of HSV-2 among the women, indicating that, genital herpes is highly endemic in the study area. In addition, a substantial number of the women lacked knowledge of genital herpes and were actively harbouring the virus.
Molecular Characterization of Fungi Associated with Cowdung-impacted Soil
Authors: N. G. Iyanyi , A. E. Ataga , C. E. Akinido , E. Udobong
Published: December 2020

Dung is the undigested remains of food taken in by herbivores. It is a combination of faeces and urine at a ratio
of 3:1. It mostly consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Cow dung harbours several microorganisms,
including various species of fungi. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the fungal organisms
associated with cow dung-impacted soil using both traditional cultural techniques and molecular method. DNA
extraction was carried out using Zymo Quick DNA Fungal/Bacterial Mini prep kit. The Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) genes, using the universal primer pair;
ITS4 and ITS5, generated amplicon sizes of 372 and 834 base pairs. The amplicons were sequenced using Sanger
sequencing and the isolates were identified as Lichtheimia ramosa and Galactomyces pseudocandidus.
Phylogenetic analysis showed the relationship that exists between the fungal species and other closely-related
species in GenBank such as: Aspergillus amstelodami, Absidia corymbifera, Mycocladus corymbiferus and
Geotrichum candidum. This study has provided information on some of the fungal organisms harboured by
cowdung-impacted soil which will help predict the possibility for disease transmission to plants or humans
through cow dung.
Sensitivity of Reference Evapotranspiration Computed with FAO CropWat 8.0 Model to Weather Input Variables During Two Irrigation Seasons in Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Onwuegbunam N.E. , Onwuegbunam D.O. , Ameso V.C. , Emeghara U.U. , Zakka E.J.
Published: December 2020

The sensitivity analysis of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) CropWat 8.0 model is aimed at
determining the dominant variable of the model in the study area. Hence, the sensitivity coefficient and the
correlation of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Afaka, Kaduna, Nigeria, with each of the climatic input
variables of the model, namely, maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), humidity (H), wind
speed (WS) and sunshine hour (SSH), were evaluated. A perturbation method was used in the evaluation and the
sensitivity coefficients were obtained in a decreasing order of 0.55, 0.42, 0.22, 0.09 and -0.08 for Tmax, WS, SSH,
Tmin and H, respectively. Also, the correlation of ETo with each of the input parameters, irrespective of the others,
show the following correlation coefficients, r; SSH (r = 0.8675), Tmax (r = 0.6979), Tmin (r = 0.6226), H (r = 0.19)
and WS (r = 0.0742). Hence, radiation and temperature-based estimations of ETo were recommended as useful
tools for ETo estimation in the face of limited or scarce data and are adaptable to areas with similar climate
characteristics. This would also serve as a theoretical basis for future studies on the response of ETo to climatic
change in the study area and other areas with similar climate.
Event Related Potentials and its role as Endophenotypes in Psychiatry
Authors: Khanande Roshan , Sachacher Bhoomika , Das B , Nizamie S H
Published: December 2020

Familial segregation is a norm rather than an exception in psychiatry. Genetic research has failed to provide much anticipated unanimous, if not awaited answers to the complex predispositions to psychiatric disorders. Hence, the concept of endophenotype took birth. Endophenotype is an attribute which is hidden phenotype, which is described as internal phenotypes discoverable by biochemical test or microscopic examination. This concept was immediately picked up by psychiatry, giving a totally new direction to the search for root cause of various psychiatric disorders.Cognitive deterioration is inseparable from psychiatric disorders, known since dawn of psychiatry. However, cognitive deficits in FDRs (First Degree Relatives) of psychiatric patients were one of the first endophenotypes noted. Event Related Potential (ERP), a science known to be electrophysiological counterpart of various cognitive processes, was soon incorporated in search of endophenotypes in psychiatry. In schizophrenia reduced amplitude of MMN(Mismatch negativity), impaired suppression of P50 and reduced amplitude of P300; reduced P300 amplitude, impaired P50 suppression in Bipolar Affective Disorders; reduced P300 amplitude in substance dependence disorders have been reported to have endophenotypic values. Various other ERP waves such as CNV, N400 have been investigated but no conclusive reports are out yet. The ultimate goal of this science is to search for genes governing the cognitive processes responsible for ERP waves identified as Endophenotypes for specific psychiatric disorders, and the search has just started.Keywords : Event Related Potential, Endophenotype, Psychiatric Disorder, Mismatch negativity,P 300, P 50, CNV
Psychotropic Drugs during Lactation
Authors: Jana Amlan Kusum
Published: December 2020

Antipsychotic use during lactation is often for postpartum (1-2/1000)/puerperal psychosis. Children born out of mothers with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder who are symptomatic are at increased risk of developing physiologic, psychological and personality development disturbances in the adulthood (Dellisch 1989; Schubert and McNeil 2003; 2004). To make matters worse, women are at risk of relapse after delivery even if they were remitted during the entire course of pregnancy.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Novel Neuromodulation Technique?
Authors: Sarkhel Sujit
Published: December 2020

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a minimally invasive form of brainstimulation that uses direct electrical current to alter cortical excitability. During thisprocess, a weak, direct electrical current (1 to 2 mA) is applied using scalp surface electrodes.Anodal stimulation increases cortical excitability and cathodal stimulation decreases it. Thechanges in cortical excitability probably arise from the depolarization and hyperpolarization ofneurons.1 Interest in this treatment modality had begun way back in the 1960s but graduallywaned. Renewed interest began emerging in the 1990s following spurt in neuromodulationresearch using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Based on the theory of hypoactivityin left prefrontal cortex in depression, anodal tDCS has been applied to the left hemisphere toincrease activity and cathodal tDCS to the right hemisphere to decrease activity in order toresolve depression. Several open label and randomized controlled trials have been conductedto examine the efficacy of tDCS in treating major depression some of which have yieldedpositive results.2, 3, 4, tDCS has also been tried in Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use. 5, 6,7 tDCS is a cheap and non-invasive techniquewith minimal side effects like headache and itchiness and redness at the site of stimulation.It will require few years of systematic research to find out whether tDCS emerges as a cheap,non-invasive and above all, effective method for treatment of psychiatric disorders or it goesinto oblivion as another “fancy” brain gadget!REFERENCES1. Bindman LJ, Lippold OC, Redfearn JW. The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex ofthe rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. J Physiol. 1964; 172 :369-382.2. Boggio PS, Rigonatti SP, Ribeiro RB, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct currentstimulation for the treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008; 11 : 249-254.3. Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressivedisorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 35 : 96-101.4. Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, et al. Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patientswith depression. Depress Anxiety. 2006; 23 : 482-484.5. Kuo MF, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Therapeutic effects of non-invasive brain stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) in neuropsychiatricdiseases.Neuroimage. 2014; 85 : 948-9606. Jansen JM, Daams JG, Koeter MW, etal.Effects of non-invasive neurostimulation on craving : a meta-analysis. Neuroscience BiobehavRev 2013; 37 : 2472-24807. Marin MF, Camprodon JA, Dougherty DD, et al. Device-based brain stimulation to augment fear extinction : implications for PTSDtreatment and beyond. Depress Anxiety 2014; 10 : 1-10
Attempted Suicide : The Process of Change Through Therapy
Authors: Guha Rajlakshmi , Banerjee Mallika , Ghoshal Malay
Published: December 2020

Background : Suicide and suicidal attempts is a public health problem. Very few studies in the Indian context have highlighted the changes in thought patterns brought about by different modalities of treatment of suicidal subjects. Objective: The present study aims to find out the alterations in thought processes with treatment over time and in this context the efficacy of Pharmacotherapy and combined therapy in attempted suicide. Method : Sixty first-time suicide attempters in the age group 18 to 30 years were divided into 2 groups using simple random sampling-(a) the Treatment As Usual group (TAU), maintained on SSRI only and (b) the Combined Therapy group (CBT) receiving SSRI+CBT (8-10 weeks). All subjects were evaluated on Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Inventory, Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire and Cognitive Style Test both before and after the intervention and on a follow up after 6 months. Results and Discussion : Significant change in Hopelessness, Suicidal Ideation and Depression were observed in both groups. After 6 months a significant difference persisted in pre-post scores on all the variables in CBT group. Conclusion: The study explores the changes through the therapeutic process and highlights the superiority of Combined therapy in changing negative thought patterns.Keywords : Attempted suicide, CBT, Suicidal ideation, hopelessness, Cognitive Style
Stigma Experienced By Primary Care Givers of Persons with Epilepsy and Mental Illness : A Comparative Study
Authors: Sahu Kamlesh Kumar , Kumar Arvind , Mukherjee Sudeshna Basu , Sahu Soma , Verma A N
Published: December 2020

Stigma is society’s negative evaluation of particular features or behaviour. Various medicalconditions are stigmatized. The goals of the study were to assess and compare the stigma experienced by Primary Care Givers (PCG) of persons with epilepsy and mental illness and to find out the relationship between stigma and attribution. The study was a cross sectional hospital based study used purposive sampling techniques and sampled 100 caregivers of each group; persons with mental illness and persons with epilepsy from the outpatient department (OPD) of CentralInstitute of Psychiatry (CIP), Ranchi, India. Family Interview Schedule to assess stigma and causal attribution was used. Result reveals that the primary caregivers of persons with mental illness experienced a greater degree of stigma than the primary caregivers of epilepsy. Difference in causal attribution of these two illnesses by the PCG may have important implication in psycho-educational programs of intervention to dispel stigma.Key words : Stigma, epilepsy, mental illness, attitude, discrimination
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy : Overview, Origin, Philosophy and Mediators of Therapeutic Change : Dialectical and Core Strategies
Authors: Chatterjee Rudrani , Das Sanjukta
Published: December 2020

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) has been considered effective evidence based psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder in eight randomized clinical trials. This narrative review provides a brief overview of the treatment and purports to inquire into the dialectical philosophyof DBT and examine the dialectical and core strategies for potential mediators of change: few of those aspects that are unique to this treatment.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Suicide in Children and Adolescents – The Debate goes on
Authors: Garg Sanjay
Published: December 2020

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental illness of immense importance to the society today - more so in children and adolescents. MDD in children and adolescents has significant negative impacts on children’s development, functioning, and risk for suicide.
Antidepressant Induced Hyponatremia
Authors: Acharya Rudraprasad
Published: December 2020

Electrolyte imbalance is a very common cause as well as comorbidity of hospitalization, especially in elderly individuals. It also enhances the morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. Disorders of sodium balance are the most prevalent types of electrolyte disturbance in clinical settings. Among several etiological factors related to disturbed serum sodium concentration, iatrogenic causes are very common. Antidepressants are noteworthy contributors among the drugs causing reduced plasma sodium concentration and as these drugs are quite commonly used in elderly patients due to high prevalence of depression in this age group, here we discuss about antidepressant induced hyponatremia.
Editorial
Authors: Sarkhel Sujit
Published: December 2020

It is a matter of great pleasure to bring out the first issue of Bengal Journal of Psychiatry for the year 2015. Apart from original and review articles, we have included two CME articles: First one on “psychotropics in pregnancy” and the second one on “role of mindfulness in psychiatry”; both are of relevance to current post graduate trainees in psychiatry. We have also launched the long-awaited website for our journal (bengaljournalpsychiatry.org) which will strongly boost up the indexing process. The archiving of old issues of the journal and uploading them in the website is also being done. Once complete, this will help readers to access all issues of the journal from the website and individual articles will be downloadable. I would like to thank all the authors for their valuable contributions without which it would not have been possible to bring the journal in its current shape!
Thiamine and Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Bhattarcharjee Subir
Published: December 2020

Thiamine (C12H17N4OS) or vitamin B1, a sulfurcontaining vitamin, is a vitamin of the family ‘B complex’. An essential nutrients, not synthesized within human body, exclusively has to replaced by dietary source to maintain optimal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is an important coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids. Subacute or chronic deficiencies due to many reasons were evidenced to cause various neuropsychiatric disorders from peripheral neuropathy, beriberi, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Korsakoff’s syndrome to metabolic coma and death. As early deficiency conditions are reversible with thiamine replacement, the preventable and potentially treatable nature of these disorders makes this an important subject.
Cognitive Behavioural Intervention of Avoidant Personality Disorder – A Case Study
Authors: Bhattacharya Bidita
Published: December 2020

Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by pervasive behavioural, emotional and cognitive avoidances. There are evidences that both psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy are effective treatments of personality disorders. In the current case study a 21 year old male with a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder was taken for psychological intervention through cognitive behavioural approach. Total 33 sessions were held over a period of four months. The client reported significant improvement in therapy. His functioning level and social skills were improved and was looking forward to address his problems in more optimistic approach.
Role of Mindfuless in The Current World of Mental Health
Authors: Chatterjee Sreetama
Published: December 2020

Perhaps one of the best advantages that Mental Health Professionals get to enjoy is that they are considered as healers, whose primary aim is to alleviate emotional suffering; whether be it through medication or through psychotherapy or through both.
Professor Ajita Chakraborty
Authors: Ghosal Malay Kumar
Published: December 2020

Professor Ajita Chakraborty was a rare breed of academicians who was also a good human being. These types of people are becoming less and less innumber in the current society, and are an endangered species. Though it may sound flattering but it is true, I haven’t seen any person more intelligent, reasonable and unfeigned.
A cross sectional study among patients with co-morbidities of alcohol dependence and mental illness admitted in Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata
Authors: Halder Ajay , Mandal Uday Sankar , Mukhopadhyay Sikha , Chakraborty Abhijit , Bandopadhyay Tamoghna , Halder Arghya
Published: December 2020

Background : Psychiatric comorbidities are not very uncommon particularly in alcohol dependent patients. They are sometime very difficult to treat and overall prognosis is unpredictable most of the time.Aims : To measure the prevalence of several psychiatric comorbidities in patients with alcohol dependence.Settings and Design : The study assessed the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities among 100 alcohol dependent patients admitted in Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata.Methods and Material : A semistructuredproforma and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) diagnostic tools were used among alcohol dependent patients who met inclusion and exclusion criteria.Statistical Analysis used : Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Results : The psychiatric comorbidities among alcohol dependent patients were depression (32%), Bipolar affective disorder (20%), Anxiety disorder (18%), Personality disorder (10%), Schizophrenia (10%).Conclusions : Most of the patients in this study were males. Those of (V-X) educational standard, male persons of mean age group 25.4 years and having monthly family income of Rs 1,000 - 5,000 were most vulnerable group of alcohol dependence with comorbidities. The most common psychiatric comorbidity was depression (32.5%).Key Message : Alcohol abuse is a great worldwide problem and psychiatric comorbidities arenot uncommon with alcohol dependence. However, the co-morbidity with substance problemsis underreported and understudied. Early detection and prompt intervention to treat alcoholdependence is essentially needed to overcome this burning problem.
Catatonic Disorder due to Wilson’s disease - A rare presentation
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanushree , Debnath Asish , Sarkar Sharmila
Published: December 2020

Wilson disease (WD) is a relatively rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by the mutation of ATP7B gene, resulting in impaired transportation of copper in the body which is then deposited in various organs such as liver, brain and kidney. Catatonia at first presentation in WD has rarely been reported. Here we report a case of a 14 year old boy who presented with catatonia among other neuropsychiatric features and who was later diagnosed with Wilson's disease. He responded well to treatment with Copper chelators, olanzapine and lorazepam. Though uncommon, a diagnosis of Wilson's disease should be considered in the evaluation of adolescents and young adults presenting with psychiatric manifestations &/or neurological features.
Psychotropic Drugs and Glaucoma - A Brief Overview
Authors: Bhattacharjee Subir
Published: December 2020

Glaucoma is a group of diseases that damage the eye’s optic nerve and can result in vision loss and blindness. This “silent thief of vision” is the second most common cause ofblindnessworlwide, currently affecting 60 million people with 8.4 million blind, and projected to rise to 80 million by 2020 with 11.2 million blind. 1Though various eye pathologiesplay role in this commonest cause of irreversible blindness, various medications, including sychotropic medicines and ECT, can cause secondary glaucoma in susceptible patients.
Mental Hygiene and Mental Health
Authors: Chakraborty Kali Kinkar
Published: December 2020

Modern world is facing a crisis of existence including those of global warming, ecological imbalance, weather changes, ideological intolerance, purewater crisis, threat of nuclear war, psychological crisis and many more. Never have harder blows hit us than at the present time, never was competition keener, never were men so cruel to their fellow men as now. But more is yet to come in near future. We are undergoing the economic crash holocaust, persecution and disillusionment.
Editorial
Authors: Sarkhel Sujit
Published: December 2020

Technological advancements in the last two decades have brought about major changes in our lifestyle. Along with several positive changes, we have also faced several negative consequences. Addiction to Internet, online gaming and social media through either computers or smartphones are examples of the adverse consequences of technology. Opinions of mental health professionals are being sought on many such cases of addiction to Internet and various social media, which have been classified under the broad rubric of “Behavioral Addiction”. In our current issue, we have a review article on the neurobiological basis of such addictions.We intend to bring forth reviews on other aspects of this topic in future issues. Happy Reading!
Cognitive Therapy for OCD – Beyond ERP
Authors: Bhattacharya Bidita
Published: December 2020

Delivering cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) requires a detailed understanding of the phenomenology and the mechanism by which specific cognitive processes and behaviours maintain the symptoms of the disorder. A cognitive–behavioural model of OCD begins with the observation that intrusive thoughts, doubts or images are almost universal in the general population and their content is indistinguishable from that of clinical obsessions(1). The difference between a normal intrusive thought and an obsessional thought lies both in the meaning that individuals with OCD attach to the occurrence or content of the intrusions and in their response to the thought or image.
Girindra Sekhar Bose : A forgotten genius of psychoanalysis in India
Authors: Brahma Arabinda
Published: December 2020

Professor Girindrasekhar Bose, D. Sc., M.B., F.N.L., was born on 30th January, 1887 in Darbhanga district of Bihar. The Bose family had the reputation of rich cultural excellence. Girindrasekhar’s father Sri Chandrasekhar Bose was the then Dewan of the Darbhanga Raj Estate. One of his brothers, Sri Rajsekhar Bose, was a famous writer of Bengali literature. Girindrasekhar was the youngest of the four sons and five daughters. Since childhood, amiable in his behaviour and inquisitive by nature, he was very much liked by his teachers and peer group.
Dr Nagendra Nath De
Authors: Mondal Nikhiles
Published: December 2020

Dr Nagendra Nath De is an important figure in the history of Indian Psychiatry though little is known about him. Even before reading this article I am sure many of us only knew a single phrase ‘first editor’ of Indian Journal of Psychiatry’ about him. I have tried to highlight many untold contributions of Dr De.
Professor Ajita Chakraborty
Authors: Ghosal Malay Kumar
Published: December 2020

Professor Ajita Chakraborty belonged to a rare breed of individuals who was an academician and a good human being at the same time. She was born in preindependent India on 31st October, 1926. She went to study medicine and graduated from Medical College, Bengal. She went to England to get her higher studies and got her DPM and MRCP, FRCP. She came back to India after spending almost a decade in England. She was the first qualified female psychiatrist in India.
Thinking Styles, Social Problem Solving and Self-Efficacy in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: A Comparative Study
Authors: Justine P.C. Raj , Bhattacharjee Dipanjan , Khess CR J
Published: December 2020

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A dissection of Satyajit Ray’s famous creation - ‘Pratidwandi’
Authors: Chakraborty Aparajita , Chatterjee Sreetama
Published: December 2020

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Socio-demographic Factors in Dysthymia and D[C]D
Authors: Rathi Megha , Bhattacharya Bidita
Published: December 2020

Context : Social factors related to an individual play a key role in the development of any mental illness. Dysthymia and Dissociative [Conversion] Disorder are two important psychiatric disorders precipitated by stressful social factors and life events. Prior research has indicated significant stressors associated with both the disorders, but, however, there is a lack of comparative studies assessing the two disorders.Aims : This study aims to explore the significant differences in socio-demographic factors among adults with Dysthymia, Dissociative [Conversion] Disorder and a group matched control group.Setting and design : The comparative study included 60 individuals aged 18-45 years. 20 individuals had Dysthymia, 20 individuals had Dissociative [Conversion] Disorder and 20 individuals were belonging to normal control group. Semi structured clinical data sheet was administered to each subject to elicit the social factors. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, General Health Questionnaire and M.I.N.I International Neuro-Psychiatric Interview was usedas a screening tool. All subjects were included in the study after obtaining their consent.Statistics : Chi-Square was done to see significant difference in socio-demographic variables. Result & Discussion : Results indicated significant difference within the three groups in terms of area, family type and marital status. Majority of patients with Conversion disorder belonged to rural area, were married and had extended families. Whereas, patients with Dysthymia mostly belonged to urban area, were unmarried or divorced and belonged to nuclear family.Conclusion : The results of the study are significant and can be used for planning intervention programs for both the groups.

Keywords : Dysthymia, Dissociative [Conversion] Disorder, Socio-demographic factors
A ssessment of Suicide Risk : Practical Issues
Authors: Chatterjee Seshadri Sekhar
Published: December 2020

Suicide is a major public health problem worldwide with complex multifactorial origins. More than 800,000 lives worldwide are lost to suicide every year, and Asia accounts for more than 60% of such deaths. India has seen a steady increase in the incidence of suicidal deaths in the last five decades.1 The estimated suicide-related death rate in India is 21/100,000, which is nearly twice the global average (11.4/100,000) and translates into more than 230,000 lives lost annually.2 Assessment of suicide risk is of utmost importance and is considered one of the key area and responsibilities of a consultant psychiatrist.
COVID 19 and Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: Sarkhel Sujit
Published: December 2020

The COVID 19 virus was first identified in Wuhan in China in 2019. It spread to the entire world subsequently and gave rise to a global pandemic. Although the virus is primarily known to cause respiratory symptoms, there are instances of gastrointestinal symptoms as well as neurological sequelae. The main route of neurotropism is ACE2 receptors expressed in neurons and neuroglia. The SARS-CoV-2, similarly to other respiratory viruses, could gain access to CNS through several routes, for example by migrating through axons of the olfactory nerve.[1]The virus infects and damages the brainstem where respiratory center is located. The inflammatory response, so commonly described in COVID 19 infections, also damages the blood brain barrier causing further destruction to central nervous system through inflammatory chemicals. These massive changes to the brain milieu may be responsible for various neuropsychiatric sequelae like delirium, dementia, stroke as well as form the organic basis of psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and reactive psychosis. Similarly, massive psychosocial upheavals caused by the overwhelming global pandemic including change in lifestyle and socialization, being forced to stay indoors for weeks together due to lockdowns, financial consequences of unemployment and downslide of economy have all lead to increase in anxiety, depression and even suicidality. This is bound to increase further as time passes and economy takes a further beating. Prolonged stay in intensive care units, fear of imminent death, loss of loved ones all of a sudden- all these have caused increased incidences of post traumatic stress disorder. Overall, the COVID 19 is poised to increase the burden of neuropsychiatric conditions manifold. Longitudinal studies must be undertaken to gain clarity and further understanding on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID 19 and their mechanism.
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Acute Intermittent Porphyria – A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Sen Aratrika , Bandyopadhyay Tamoghna , Bhattacharyya Ranjan
Published: December 2020

Porphyrias are a group of inherited or acquired disorders of certain enzymes in the heme bio-synthetic pathway (also called porphyrin pathway). They are broadly classified as acute (hepatic) porphyrias and cutaneous (erythropoietic) porphyrias, based on the site of the overproduction and accumulation of the porphyrins or their chemical precursors. They manifest with either neuropsychiatric complications or skin problems or occasionally both. A clinically induced and histologically identical condition is called pseudo porphyria which is characterized by normal serum and urine porphyrin levels.
Stigma, COVID-19 and mental health: where do we stand?
Authors: Chatterjee Seshadri Sekar , Vora Mansi , Malathesh Barikar C , Mukherjee Abir
Published: December 2020

As the world grapples with the Covid-19 pandemic, along with the obvious health challenges, imposed restrictions and associated economic consequences, the socio-cultural aspects need to be addressed too. Though it is true that increased awareness is essential, to endure the pandemic, it is coming with other unacceptable consequences, as well. Stigma is one of them.
Psicoterapia centrada na pessoa de psicopatologia
Authors: Madeira Luís
Published: December 2020

O âmbito da psicopatologia como uma disciplina, o seu método e metas são importantes para entender transtorno mental, bem como definir o que deve ser avaliada no exame do estado mental. Por mais de um século a pedido de objectividade e de confiança para a pesquisa, apólices de seguro rigorosas eo aumento da carga de trabalho clínico ter imposto categorização e operacionalização dos fenômenos psicopatológicos. Este movimento foi culpado de ter levado psicopatologia em um beco sem saída, minando a presente pesquisa e diagnóstico clínico. Ao revisitar a alguns dos erros do século XXI psicopatologia encontramos predicados fenomenológicas e ontológicas variados que podem ter contribuído para esses danos. Eles incluem mudanças na natureza da abordagem necessária para o acesso e recolher fenômenos psicopatológicos, bem como um reducionismo na dimensão do significado que é relevante para a psicopatologia.
Este ensaio sugere que as pedras fundamentais da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) são uma formação relevante, abordando a maioria dos escrúpulos anteriores. É nossa convicção que psicopatologistas treinados em PCA poderia melhorar a sua estrutura relacional e adquirir os preceitos ontológicos para acessar e avaliar uma ampla gama de fenômenos mentais corretamente.
Funcionamento e satisfação pessoal e social com a vida em pacientes com esquizofrenia com e sem distúrbios do sono
Authors: Afonso Pedro , Brissos Sofia , Bobes Julio , Cañas Fernando , Fernandez Ivan Bernardo
Published: December 2020

Antecedentes: Os pacientes com esquizofrenia muitas vezes apresentam queixas de sono que têm sido relacionados com a má qualidade de vida do paciente.
Sono fisiológico, compatível com rotinas de trabalho é necessário, e pode se traduzir em um melhor funcionamento social, o empenhamento nas estratégias de reabilitação e satisfação com a vida.
Métodos: Neste estudo transversal, não-intervencionista, 811 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença (ou ausência) de distúrbios do sono, e avaliados através de medidas de gravidade dos sintomas,qualidade e padrões de sono (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index - PSQI), o funcionamento pessoal e social, e satisfação com a vida.
Resultados: Os pacientes com distúrbios do sono foram significativamente mais sintomáticos, e revelou pior qualidade do sono em todos os Componentes do IQSP (p
Avaliação de patologia psiquiátrica pelo instrumento ChA- PAS (versão para crianças e adolescentes da PAS-ADD) numa população de crianças e jovens com deficiência intelectual grave e profunda
Authors: Albuquerque João
Published: December 2020

Resumo: A Deficiência Mental, aqui designada por Perturbação de Deficiência Inteletual (PDI), de acordo com o grupo
de trabalho da CID 11, apresenta grande prevalência de morbilidade psiquiátrica associada, insuficientemente diagnosticada.
A perspectiva do Diagnóstico Duplo na PDI procura clarificar esta realidade no quadro global das dificuldades
apresentadas pela pessoa com PDI. Este artigo apresenta os dados resultantes da aplicação de um instrumento desenhado
para a pesquisa de patologia psiquiátrica em crianças e jovens com PDI, a ChA-PAS (Child Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment
Schedules), e avalia a consistência dos resultados deste com os diagnósticos psiquiátricos previamente realizados
clinicamente.
Nos resultados, a grande maioria da população estudada (91%) apresenta patologia psiquiátrica associada à PDI, com predomínio
da Perturbação do Espectro do Autismo (PEA) e a Perturbação de Hiperactividade e Défice de Atenção (PHDA).
A patologia prevalecente nas pessoas com PDI profunda é a PEA, enquanto nas pessoas com PDI Grave a PHDA é a mais
representada. O grau de concordância com os diagnósticos clínicos prévios foi de 100%, o que apoia a hipótese de a ChA-
-PAS ser um instrumento com interesse na avaliação desta população.
Concluímos que mesmo com instrumentos adaptados, a avaliação de pessoas com PDI, sobretudo de nível Grave e Profundo,
é sempre um desafio. A exploração de novos instrumentos e a sua tradução, aferição, e validação para a população
portuguesa poderá ser uma mais-valia para as pessoas com PDI.
Aspetos psiquiátricos dos tumores do sistema nervoso central
Authors: Madeira Nuno , Oliveira Pedro , Santos Tiago , Albuquerque Emília
Published: December 2020

Resumo: A incidência de tumores cerebrais tem crescido nos últimos anos. Representam a segunda causa de morte mais frequente atribuível a doença neurológica. Embora as lesões cerebrais expansivas conduzam frequentemente a observação por neurologia ou neurocirurgia, não é raro que sejam os sintomas ditos psiquiátricos a motivar o contacto inicial com os cuidados médicos. Os tumores cerebrais podem apresentar-se sob a forma de sintomatologia semelhante às perturbações psiquiátricas ditas primárias, ou funcionais. No entanto, contrastando com o que ocorre a propósito de doença psiquiátrica noutros tipos de cancro, em que predominam as perturbações da adaptação, as síndromas ditas orgânicas são o diagnóstico mais frequente nos doentes com tumores do SNC.
A localização anatómica representa um de vários fatores contribuintes para a natureza e a gravidade dos quadros psiquiátricos.
Os tumores do lobo frontal associam-se mais frequentemente a alterações da função executiva, síndrome amotivacional e alterações da personalidade. Os tumores temporais podem provocar sintomas psicóticos como alucinações e delírios.
O tratamento da sintomatologia passará essencialmente pela remoção da lesão, sempre que possível. Não obstante, o tratamento sintomático das manifestações psiquiátricas deverá ter sempre lugar. A psicofarmacologia, a psicoterapia e a psicoeducação aos cuidadores apresentam-se como as modalidades de tratamento com melhores resultados.
O Impacto do Trabalho por Turnos no Sono e Saúde Psíquica
Authors: Bastos João , Afonso Pedro
Published: December 2020

O trabalho por turnos pode ser definido como qualquer regime fora do horário laboral usual, cujo objetivo se centre no asseguramento de uma continuidade dos serviços prestados. O setor da saúde é particularmente afetado por este tipo de trabalho. O objetivo do presente estudo é rever a literatura corrente relativa aos efeitos do trabalho por turnos no sono e saúde psíquica dos trabalhadores, dando particular ênfase ao seu impacto nos profissionais de saúde. Foi revista a literatura em inglês entre 1984 e 2017 integralmente disponível no PubMed/MEDLINE que avaliasse o impacto do trabalho por turnos no sono e saúde psíquica dos trabalhadores, através das palavras‑chave: shiftwork disorder, sleep, mental health, medical errors, doctors. Foram identificados efeitos deletérios do trabalho por turnos ao nível do sono, saúde psíquica, desempenho cognitivo e laboral dos trabalhadores. Ao nível do sono, este regime laboral aumenta a sonolência excessiva diurna e a insónia. No que que diz respeito à saúde psíquica, o trabalho por turnos potencia o aparecimento de patologia ansiosa, depressão e abuso de substâncias, produzindo ainda alterações cognitivas significativas. Estas alterações cognitivas assumem particular relevância nos profissionais de saúde, podendo aumentar o número de erros médicos cometidos no horário por turnos. O trabalho por turnos produz efeitos significativos no sono, saúde psíquica e desempenho cognitivo dos trabalhadores. É importante a implementação de medidas institucionais e individuais que possam reduzir o impacto do trabalho por turnos nos trabalhadores, particularmente na área da saúde.
Marchiafava‑Bignami Disease: The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Treatment by a Multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Melo Ana Luzia , Barata Sara Pires , Rodrigues David , Serra Madalena
Published: December 2020

Marchiafava‑Bignami disease is a rare condition associated with chronic alcohol consumption and/or malnutrition, characterized by demyelination of the corpus callosum, generally attributed to a deficiency in B complex vitamins. We report the case of a 34‑year‑old male with a 10‑year history of alcohol dependence who was admitted to the hospital, after having been found lying on the floor of his house, malnourished and with pressure ulcers on his chest and knees. On clinical observation he was found to be alert but mute. He followed some simple orders. Generalized spastic hypertonia was present. Magnetic resonance imaging showed demyelination of the corpus callosum, suggesting the diagnosis of Marchiafava‑Bignami disease. He was admitted to the Psychiatry Inpatient Unit and evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. He received thiamine, corticosteroids and rehabilitation. After a week, his speech was slurred but comprehensible and he could walk with aid; magnetic resonance imaging findings had improved. After three months in a Convalescence Unit, he was discharged with total autonomy.
Pandemia COVID‐19: Quais são os Riscos para a Saúde Mental?
Authors: Afonso Pedro , Figueira Luísa
Published: December 2020

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Dismorfia Muscular e Uso de Esteroides Androgénios‑Anabolizantes: Uma Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Correia Susana Amaral , Coentre Ricardo
Published: December 2020

Introdução: A dismorfia muscular (DM) é um subtipo de perturbação dismórfica corporal, que ocorre em indivíduos que, apesar de apresentarem um físico muscularmente desenvolvido, se consideram magros e fracos. Presentemente, supõe‑se que o uso de esteroides androgénios‑anabolizantes (EAAs) poderá ser um fator perpetuante desta perturbação, mas também que a DM poderá predispor ao uso de EAAs, fármacos utilizados frequentemente pelos seus efeitos na composição corporal, nomeadamente o aumento de massa muscular, mas com efeitos secundários vastos. Esta revisão sistemática pretendeu explorar a atual evidência acerca da associação entre a DM e o uso de EAAs.

Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura mais recente, com inclusão de artigos publicados entre junho 2009 e janeiro 2019.

Resultados: Foram incluídos 12 artigos, sendo que a maioria dos estudos estabeleceram uma associação entre as duas variáveis estudadas, sendo que os resultados oscilaram entre a ausência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas e uma forte associação, sendo o último o que mais frequentemente se encontrou.

Conclusão: A evidência existente da associação entre a DM e o uso de EAAS é ainda pouco consistente, podendo dever‑se à heterogeneidade das ferramentas utilizadas para comparação das mesmas variáveis. Assim, é importante que se estabeleça um modelo ótimo de recolha de informação mais sensível, e que se estabeleçam escalas de avaliação de DM melhor validadas, para que a recolha de dados e a sua análise possam ser as mais corretas possíveis.
Palmitato de Paliperidona num Adulto com Síndrome de Asperger
Authors: Antunes-Duarte Tiago , Fernandes-Órfão Filipa
Published: December 2020

A síndrome de Asperger éuma perturbação caraterizada pelo compromisso da interação social e um padrão de comportamentos estereotipados. Estes incluem comportamentos repetitivos, irritabilidade, agressividade, hiperatividade e desatenção. O tratamento dos sintomas comportamentais constitui um desafio, com escassos estudos acerca da eficácia das diferentes abordagens terapêuticas. Este artigo é a primeira descrição do uso bem‑sucedido de palmitato de paliperidona mensal no tratamento de sintomas comportamentais num adulto com síndrome de Asperger.
Consentimento Informado na Eletroconvulsivoterapia: Reflexões sobre o Impedimento de Consentir
Authors: Vilaverde Daniela , Morgado Pedro
Published: December 2020

Perspetiva sobre a competência para dar consentimento informado, livre e esclarecido para a realização de eletroconvulsivoterapia na presença de doença mental grave com indicação para este tratamento.