bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Man‐made climatic changes in the Ganges basin
Authors: Adel Miah M.
Published: October 2002

Climate data pertaining to the Ganges basin in Bangladesh were analysed to find any climatic changes in the wake of the upstream water diversion by the Farakka Barrage. Whereas the diversions have been continuing from at least 30 international rivers upstream of Bangladesh, the diversion from the Ganges is the best known and has a wider coverage than all other diversions. The diversion reduced the Ganges' discharge through the delta by about 60% from a pre‐diversion average value of 1932 m3 s−1, decreased water availability in flood plains, ponds, canals, and ditches by about 50%, dropped the groundwater table, and caused changes in surface features. It took about 5 years of diversions beyond the test run year of 1975 for the environment to react to set 1981 as the baseline year. During the post‐baseline era: (1) heating degree days and cooling degree days were respectively 1.33 and 1.44 times more than their counterparts during the pre‐baseline era; (2) the summertime and wintertime average temperatures were respectively 1 °C more and 0.5 °C less than the corresponding values during the pre‐baseline era; (3) the mode 32 °C of summertime maximum temperatures was 1 °C higher and occurred 414 times more, and the mode 25 °C of wintertime temperature was 1 °C less and occurred 17 times less than the corresponding quantities during the pre‐baseline era; (4) the average value of maximum relative humidity has increased by more than 2% and that of minimum relative humidity has dropped by the same amount; (5) the mode 95% and 70% of maximum and minimum relative humidity values have occurred 1322 times and 84 times more respectively than their pre‐baseline counterparts; and (6) the frequency for 100 mm or more rainfall and the monthly average rainfalls have dropped by about 50% and 30% respectively. The solution to the climatic changes lies in the restoration of the virgin Ganges flow, dredging of the Ganges and its distributaries to remove shoals and siltation, and re‐excavation of canals for water discharge to depleted surface water bodies to re‐establish the lost wetland ecosystems. The findings are useful for climate modellers to predict the climatic changes due to changes in surface features, for policy makers of governments of riparian countries constructing dams/barrages on international rivers for unilateral diversion of water, and for donor agencies who finance such projects. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Precipitation and the North Atlantic Oscillation: a study of climatic variability in northern England
Authors: Fowler H. J. , Kilsby C. G.
Published: October 2002

Variations in precipitation in Yorkshire, UK, are linked to large‐scale atmospheric circulation using the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, objective Lamb weather types, and long‐term seasonal and annual precipitation indices at seven sites. Since the 1960s, a significant decrease in summer precipitation has been observed across the region, with increasing winter precipitation at western locations since 1970. At western sites, precipitation is highly correlated to the NAO, with positive and negative winter‐NAO indices producing anomalies from the long‐term winter precipitation average of 112% and 77% respectively. The recent winter half‐year precipitation increase is concentrated in March and related to a large increase in monthly NAO and the increased occurrence of westerly weather types. The decrease in summer precipitation, however, is caused by both declining receipt from westerly weather types and their decreased occurrence. This is significantly correlated to a decreasing summer index for the NAO. The NAO, the frequency of weather types and precipitation totals are all intimately linked on an annual and monthly time scale. Strong connections between winter precipitation and the NAO may prove very important, particularly in western Yorkshire where most surface water supplies are located. If the NAO can be predicted using sea‐surface temperature, it may allow the estimation of winter reservoir replenishment in western Yorkshire a few months in advance. This may provide an important predictor of future hydrological drought episodes and facilitate forward planning and management of water resource systems located in climatologically similar regions of the UK. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
The climatology of sea breezes on Sardinia
Authors: Furberg M. , Steyn D. G. , Baldi M.
Published: October 2002

Hourly wind speed and direction data from 12 coastline stations on Sardinia, Italy, are analysed in order to characterize sea breezes in the region. A set of criteria based on the diurnal reversal of wind direction, and the thermal gradient necessary to drive the circulation, is used to identify sea breeze days. Statistics are presented that describe the occurrence, duration, and strength of the sea breezes. On a stationwide basis, sea breezes are most frequent in the summer months (May–August), when they appear on more than one‐third of the days. Sea breeze occurrence and duration are the greatest for the stations on the east coast of the island. The all‐station average sea breeze duration reaches a maximum of about 9 h in June. The strength of the sea breezes is roughly 3 m s−1 during summer months on average over all stations in the sample.

An analysis of mean daily hodographs for the stations in the sample shows clearly the onshore–offshore nature of the sea breeze circulation, and the response of the sea breezes to the local coastline. Sea breezes are shown to develop simultaneously on all coasts of the island under appropriate synoptic conditions. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Structured water in hydrotalcites of formula MgxZn6−xAl2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O: a Raman microscopic study
Authors: Johnson Therese E. , Martens Wayde , Frost Ray L. , Ding Z. , Theo Kloprogge J.
Published: October 2002

Raman microscopy was used to characterize synthesized hydrotalcites of formula MgxZn6−xAl2(OH)16 (CO3)·4H2O. The Raman spectra are conveniently subdivided into spectral features based on (a) the carbonate anion, (b) the hydroxyl units and (c) metal–oxygen units. A model is proposed based on a tripod of M3OH units in the hydrotalcite structure. In a simplified model, Raman spectra of the hydroxyl‐stretching region enable bands to be assigned to the Mg3OH, Zn3OH and Al3OH units. Bands are also assigned to the hydroxyl stretching vibrations of water. Three types of water are identified: (a) water hydrogen bonded to the interlayer carbonate ion, (b) water hydrogen bonded to the hydrotalcite hydroxyl surface and (c) interlamellar water. A model of water in the hydrotalcite structure is proposed in which water is in a highly ordered structure as it is hydrogen bonded to both the carbonate anion and the hydroxyl surface and also forms bridges between the MOH surface and the carbonate anion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of northwest Moroccan honeys by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of their sugar components
Authors: Terrab Anass , Vega‐Pérez José M , Díez María J , Heredia Francisco J
Published: October 2002

Combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyse the sugar composition of honeys from northwest Morocco. This technique allowed the identification and quantification of two monosaccharides, eight disaccharides and three trisaccharides. In addition, characterisation of the main unifloral honeys by principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was carried out. PCA showed that the cumulative variance was approximately 50%, and about 70% of the samples were correctly classified using SDA, with the best results being obtained for the honeydew honeys (100% correct).

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Lipid analysis—a 20th century success?
Authors: Hammond Eugene W
Published: October 2002

Lipid analysis, providing an understanding of chemistry and structure, begins in Continental Europe during the 18th century. However, it necessarily takes until the mid 20th century before methodology develops sufficiently for the production of fast accurate and quantitative data. Up to 1922 analytical methodology relies on good observation and painstaking care, but only achieves bulk properties. Key early workers are Tachen and Scheele, followed by the great Chevreul, while Pelouze and Berthelot later added to his work. Thus by 1900 we had knowledge of the basic structure and composition of fat, enabling Lewkowitsch to publish manuals of data and simple analytical methodology in 1901 and 1922.

Hilditch, in the UK from 1925 to 1952, much improved analytical methods and knowledge, leading to publication of the major work, The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats. In 1951 Martin and James published the key development of gas chromatography. It led to rapid advancement of knowledge in structure, chemistry and biochemistry of lipid. Parallel and future develoments in thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography complemented this. Other developments, in particular NMR and mass spectrometry, have created an exciting completion to the success of 20th century lipid analysis.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Enzymic debittering of Indian grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice
Authors: Prakash S , Singhal R S , Kulkarni P R
Published: October 2002

The present work explores the use of enzymes for debittering grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) juice. The debittering process was optimised using a statistical approach. A full factorial design using enzyme concentration (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g l−1), incubation temperature (25, 30 and 40 °C) and time of incubation (1, 2 and 4 h) as variables gave a regression equation that could predict the extent of debittering. The optimum set of conditions recommended is an enzyme concentration of 1 g l−1 at 40 °C for 4 h. The extent of naringin breakdown achieved under these conditions was 75%.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Cell wall composition of 1B/1R translocation wheat grains
Authors: Selanere Mangala L , Andersson Roger
Published: October 2002

The cell wall composition and total dietary fibre content of 12 different winter wheat cultivars both without and with 1B/1R gene were analysed. Translocation wheat (with 1B/1R gene) had higher contents of extractable xylose and unextractable mannose residues than standard wheat (without 1B/1R gene). Three sieved flours of standard wheat, translocation wheat and rye respectively were used for further detailed studies. Water‐extractable arabinoxylan was isolated and fractionated on a DEAE‐cellulose column. The water‐eluted fraction of translocation wheat had a higher proportion of monosubstituted xylose residues than the same fraction of standard wheat, which is a typical feature of rye arabinoxylan. Molecular weight determination showed that rye water‐eluted arabinoxylans were larger than those of wheat. The molecular weight of translocation wheat arabinoxylan was lower than that of standard wheat and had a high polydispersity. Xylanase‐resistant arabinoxylan was extracted from all three flours, and NMR studies showed that wheat xylanase‐resistant arabinoxylan had a lower amount of monosubstituted xylose residues, while the rye fraction was rich in consecutive disubstituted xylose residues. Translocation wheat xylanase‐resistant arabinoxylan resembled that of standard wheat.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of the theaflavin composition in black tea (Camellia sinensis) for predicting the quality of tea produced in Central and Southern Africa
Authors: Wright Louwrance P , Mphangwe Nicholas I K , Nyirenda Hastings E , Apostolides Zeno
Published: October 2002

A parameter of black tea that correlates with quality is highly desired. Twenty good and 20 poor quality tea clones were selected from the breeding programme at the Tea Research Foundation (Central Africa) (TRF(CA)). The theaflavin (TF) composition of the black tea manufactured from each clone was analysed by capillary electrophoresis and correlated with total scores and valuation from two tea tasters with regression analysis. The significance of the differences between the 20 good and 20 poor quality tea clones was determined with the Student t‐test and the distribution‐free Kruskal–Wallis test. The sum of the TFs of the black tea correlated well (r = 0.785, P = 0.0002) with the value of the tea. Of the individual TFs determined in the black tea, the highest correlation was obtained with TF‐3′‐monogallate (TF‐B) (r = 0.788, P = 0.0016), TF‐3‐monogallate (TF‐A) (r = 0.741, P = 0.0004) and free TF (TF‐f) (r = 0.705, P = 0.0002). TF‐B (m = 24.90) followed by TF‐A (m = 12.48) showed the steepest slopes against value, making them good indicators for value. The TF‐digallate (TF‐dg) content did not show significant correlation with value (r = 0.316, P = 0.358). The individual TF content thus can be used for optimising the black tea manufacturing process in Central and Southern Africa.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxidation of polyphenols in unfermented and partly fermented cocoa beans by cocoa polyphenol oxidase and tyrosinase
Authors: Misnawi  , Selamat Jinap , Bakar Jamilah , Saari Nazamid
Published: October 2002

Unfermented and partly fermented dried cocoa beans have an excessively astringent and bitter flavour owing to their high polyphenol content. Studies on the remaining polyphenol oxidase activity and the oxidation of polyphenols in these beans have been conducted in relation to two factors, ie incubation time (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h) and pH of incubation (3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5). Owing to unsuccessful polyphenol oxidation during incubation of partly fermented beans, incubation–enrichment treatments were carried out by combining incubation time (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h) and addition of crude cocoa polyphenol oxidase and purified tyrosinase from mushroom at 88 and 8800 units g−1 and pH 5.5. Results showed that the remaining polyphenol oxidase activities of unfermented and partly fermented dried beans were 1 and 0.08% with specific activities of 9 and 1% respectively. The polyphenols of unfermented beans were effectively oxidised by incubation at 45 °C and pH 3.5–6.5 without enzyme enrichment; while those of partly fermented beans required enzyme enrichment. Both crude cocoa polyphenol oxidase and tyrosinase could be used for enzyme enrichment, but tyrosinase seemed to be more effective.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of kojic acid monolaurate synthesis with lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepacia
Authors: Chen Chee‐Shan , Liu Kuan‐Ju , Lou Ya‐Hui , Shieh Chwen‐Jen
Published: October 2002

To improve the instability of kojic acid in food and cosmetic use, the esterification of kojic acid catalysed by lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (Amano PS) to synthesise kojic acid monolaurate (KAML) was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a five‐level/five‐factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to evaluate the effects of synthesis parameters such as reaction time (8–24 h), temperature (35 55 °C), enzyme amount (10–50%), substrate molar ratio of lauric acid to kojic acid (1:1–3:1) and added water content (0–20%) on the percentage molar conversion to KAML by direct esterification. Reaction time and added water content were the most important variables, while substrate molar ratio had less effect on percentage molar conversion. Based on canonical analysis and ridge maximum analysis, optimal synthesis conditions were reaction time 19 h, temperature 44 °C, enzyme amount 38%, substrate molar ratio 2:1 and added water content 10%. The predicted value was 85% and the actual experimental value 82% molar conversion.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Muscle protein solubility of some cephalopods (pota and octopus) during frozen storage
Authors: Moral A , Morales J , Ruíz‐Capillas C , Montero P
Published: October 2002

This study relates to myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein solubility in 5% NaCl and collagen solubility in 0.05 M acetic acid, from muscle and mantle of pota (Todaropsis eblanae) and octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) kept in frozen storage for 12 months. In both species, protein solubility in 5% NaCl remained high, over 60%, throughout the storage period. Solubility was lower in the octopus than in the pota lots. The species also behaved differently in terms of the increase in solubility, which occurred earlier in octopus (after 2 months) than in pota (after 5–6 months). Thereafter, solubility gradually declined. The values for solubility of proteins from mantle of both pota and octopus in 5% NaCl were greater in young specimens than in mature samples. There was no clear gender‐dependent tendency. The acid solubility of collagen also increased in most lots up to the sixth month, after which it characteristically began to decline. Pota collagen was significantly more soluble in mantles than in arms. In octopus mantle, collagen solubility gradually declined. In the sexually developed phases (immature and mature), no gender‐dependent differences were detected in the solubility of collagen from octopus mantle and arms. However, values did tend to be slightly higher in females. The mantles of immature specimens of pota and octopus were more suitable for freezing.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Physical and chemical properties of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L) tubers grown in the Çukurova region of Turkey
Authors: Coşkuner Yalçın , Ercan Recai , Karababa Erşan , Nazlıcan Ahmet Nedim
Published: October 2002

Four lines of chufa (Cyperus esculentus) grown in 1998 and 1999 in the Çukurova region of Turkey were analysed for their physical properties, proximate chemical composition and fatty acid contents. The chufa lines contained on average (g kg−1) 932.8 dry matter, 245.0 crude lipid, 256.8 starch, 14.3 ash, 50.5 protein, 89.1 crude fibre, 17.1 reducing sugar, 154.3 total sugar and 130.4 sucrose. Hunter L, a+ and b+ colour values of ground chufa samples were in the ranges 55.93–60.59, 3.71–5.09 and 15.60–16.85 respectively. Individual chufa tubers weighed between 0.224 and 0.283 g. The fatty acid composition of chufa oil included (g kg−1) 689.2–732.9 oleic acid, 125.5–141.2 palmitic acid and 99.6–154.6 linoleic acid, which is comparable with that of olive oil. After storage for 1 year the differences in mean values were significant (p < 0.05).

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Feasibility of fishmeal replacement by shrimp head silage protein hydrolysate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L) diets
Authors: Plascencia‐Jatomea Maribel , Olvera‐Novoa Miguel A , Arredondo‐Figueroa José Luis , Hall George M , Shirai Keiko
Published: October 2002

This study provides information on the use of shrimp head silage protein hydrolysate (SPH) as an alternative protein source for tilapia feeding. Six diets (28% protein, 12% lipid) were prepared where fishmeal protein was replaced at levels of 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% with the hydrolysate. The diets were supplied to Nile tilapia fry (338 mg initial weight) stocked in plastic recirculating 20 l tanks (10 animals per tank), with three replicates per treatment. After an 8 week experimental period, fish fed the diets containing 10 and 15% SPH showed significantly better performance in terms of final body weight, weight gain (%), mean daily weight gain (mg day−1), specific growth ratio and feed conversion ratio than those fed the control diet (fishmeal as protein source) and higher‐SPH diets. It is concluded that shrimp head hydrolysate is a promising alternative protein source for tilapia feeding, improving growth ratio at dietary inclusion levels as high as 15%. In addition, the diets with added shrimp silage protein were well accepted by the fish, which avidly consumed the feed during the experiment.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoids in pungent and non‐pungent peppers at various developmental stages grown in the field and glasshouse
Authors: Russo V M , Howard L R
Published: October 2002

Carotenoids in edible portions of plants can provide health benefits to humans. How growing conditions affect levels of carotenoids in pepper fruits as they mature is not well known. Five cvs of bell pepper (Bell Captain, Melody, North Star, Ranger, Red Beauty) and five cvs of pungent‐type peppers (Anaheim, Ancho, Cayenne, Pimento, Red Cherry) were grown in a glasshouse and in the field. Fruits were harvested at the green, turning (50% green) and mature red stages and analysed for levels of the carotenoids β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, capsanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin and totals of these carotenoids. Levels of provitamin A: retinol equivalents (RE) were derived from levels of β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene and β‐carotene. Levels of most carotenoids and RE were significantly higher in glasshouse‐grown plants, and most were higher in fruits at the red stage. Fruits of Ancho type had the most β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, total carotenoids and RE, while fruits of Red Cherry type had the most capsanthin and zeaxanthin, and fruits of Bell Captain had the most lutein. Interactions of the main effects variables, ie location of production (field vs glasshouse), stage of development and cultivar, indicated differences in patterns of carotenoid levels and RE. The data indicated that growing conditions influenced carotenoid levels. The more consistent and protected conditions in the glasshouse may have caused carotenoid levels to be increased, especially at the red stage.

Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Determination of selenium concentration in rice and the effect of foliar application of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite on the selenium content of rice
Authors: Hu Qiuhui , Chen Licheng , Xu Juan , Zhang Yanling , Pan Genxing
Published: October 2002

Atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to determine the selenium (Se) concentration in 30 rice products of different species from Southern China. The Se level ranged from 0.015 to 0.046 µg g−1. Considering the average daily individual consumption of rice products in Southern China, the average dietary intake of Se supplied by this source is only 6–18 µg day−1 for an adult. This low Se intake from rice products is mainly responsible for the low total Se intake of inhabitants in Southern China. Foliar spraying of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite with 14–18 g Se ha−1 in the heading stage of rice growth increased the Se content to 0.178–0.421 µg g−1 in rice products. The concentration and amount of Se‐enriched fertiliser can be varied to achieve an optimum concentration of Se in rice products. The authors suggest that these Se‐enriched rice products can contribute an increase in Se intake of 50–100 µg day−1 on average if their Se concentration is controlled in the region of 0.15–0.50 µg g−1.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of processing conditions on some functional characteristics of extrusion‐cooked cassava starch/wheat gluten blends
Authors: Hashimoto Jorge Minoru , Nabeshima Elizabeth Harumi , Cintra Helio Spinelli , Guerra Dias Álvaro Renato , Bustos Fernando Martínez , Chang Yoon Kil
Published: October 2002

Extrusion‐cooked blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat gluten (WG) were studied. The data were analysed using response surface methodology. The results showed the formation of new structures characterised by lower radial expansion (RE) and specific volume (SV) when gluten was added to CS. WG content was the most important variable affecting RE, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), SV and difference in colour (ΔE) of the extruded products, but feed moisture content and barrel temperature also influenced RE. WAI was affected by a significant interaction between WG content and barrel temperature. The extruded products had lower WAI values and higher WSI values than WG‐free products. Heat, high shear rate and high pressure during extrusion cooking caused mechanical destruction or denaturation of the WG and gelatinisation and dextrinisation of the starch components. The extruded blends could have diverse applications.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
An EPR study of free radical generation during maceration of uncooked vegetables
Authors: Goodman Bernard A , Glidewell Sheila M , Arbuckle Catriona M , Bernardin Sylvie , Cook Timothée R , Hillman John R
Published: October 2002

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been used to study free radicals formed in a range of plant tissues as a result of physical damage, with the objective of gaining some insight into the free radical chemistry that is initiated when uncooked vegetable products (eg salads) are eaten. Chemical spin traps were used to aid the detection of unstable free radicals; more stable radicals were detected directly. Commonly observed ‘stable’ species were the monodehydroascorbate radical, which has a characteristic doublet spectrum, and a single‐peak resonance, which is presumed to come from free radical centres stabilised in macromolecules. In mushrooms (Agaricus spp), spin‐trapping experiments using either α‐(4‐pyridyl‐1‐oxide)‐N‐t‐butyl‐nitrone (4‐POBN) or phenyl‐t‐butyl‐nitrone (PBN) showed the formation of large quantities of adducts of the radical from 4‐hydroxymethylbenzene diazonium salts. Pleurotus species, in contrast, gave signals consistent with the formation of unidentified C‐centred radicals. With other foodstuffs, reaction with 4‐POBN was complex and signals from 4 − POBN· and ${\bf CO_{2}^{\cdot -}}$ adducts were observed along with the t‐butylhydronitroxide radical (an adduct breakdown product). Investigation of carrot hypocotyl rootstock in the presence of 5‐(diethoxyphosphoryl),5‐methyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DEPMPO) revealed adducts of ·OH and unidentified C‐centred radicals. Free radical interactions between food components were demonstrated by the suppression of the signal from the 4‐POBN adducts of lettuce by onion, garlic, satsuma or vinaigrette, but not by olive oil. In addition, an appreciable decrease in spectral intensity of the 4‐POBN adduct from lettuce was observed in the presence of saliva, which suggests that saliva contains free radical scavengers which are able to compete successfully with the spin trap.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of gene expression in Egr‐1 transfected human fibrosarcoma cells
Authors: Liu Ya‐Guang , Gano Jacob , Huang Ruochun , Lin Ying , Wang Shen‐Ming , Huang Ruo‐Pan
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

It has been shown previously that transcription factor Egr‐1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene. This study was conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for this function.

Methods

A cDNA microarray technique was applied to study differential gene expression between Egr‐1‐transfected cells and control‐transfected cells.

Results

A number of genes differentially expressed were identified. Among 5,184 genes examined by cDNA microarray technique, 53 were up‐regulated in Egr‐1 transfected cells, and 276 were down‐regulated in Egr‐1 transfected cells by at least two times or more; 13 genes were independently confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Of these 13 genes, 11 were in agreement with cDNA microarrays in terms of gene expression levels.

Conclusions

Egr‐1 regulated almost every category of genes according to gene ontology system, and repressed more genes than it induced. The identification and further characterization of genes regulated by Egr‐1 should provide valuable information to understand Egr‐1 tumor suppressor action and the role of Egr‐1 as a transcription factor in general. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:190–196. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Zinc and copper in breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk fed to urban infants from low‐income families
Authors: Dórea José G.
Published: October 2002

When prepared in the home, differences in mineral concentrations between human and cow's milk can be further increased due to water supply and utensils. Comparisons were made between the concentrations of zinc and copper and their caloric densities of breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk. Samples of breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk representative of the milk feedings of the first 6 months were analyzed for zinc and copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The initial high levels at the first day (8 μg/mL) decrease 47% during the first week, and are decreased by 59% at day 15. By the first, second, and third months, the respective decreases are 67%, 84%, and 85%. At 6 months, the breast‐milk zinc concentration is only 12% (0.93 μg/mL) of its initial value. In the analyzed samples of breast‐milk, the patterns of changes in zinc and copper concentrations were comparable to values in literature. However, in home‐prepared milk consumed by infants who are 1–6 months old, no systematic pattern of change was observed. Relatively higher concentrations of zinc and copper in home‐prepared milks resulted in metallocalorie ratios comparable to breast milk. The zinc to copper ratio varied relatively less in human milk. Reconstitution of powdered milk products, which comprise the main food item of babies during early weaning, may result in trace‐element nutrition unbalance. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:123–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser‐tattoo removal—a study of the mechanism and the optimal treatment strategy via computer simulations
Authors: Ho Darwin D.‐M. , London Richard , Zimmerman George B. , Young David A.
Published: October 2002

Background and Objective

The physical mechanisms for laser‐tattoo interactions and the tattoo particle breakup process are not well understood. This study investigates whether the mechanism of the breakup process can be identified via computer simulations and proposes a treatment strategy that can potentially minimize the collateral damage to the surrounding tissues. Note that the “removal” of tattoo particles is defined here as breakup of particles into smaller ones with sizes approaching or smaller than the visible wavelength of light so that they become less visible.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The radiation‐hydrodynamics code LATIS is used for the modeling. We first identify the magnitude of the tensile stress generated inside graphite tattoo particles as functions of laser pulse length and particle size. We then calculate the relationship between the surface laser fluence (defined as the time integrated energy flux) and the tensile strength of the tattoo particle at a given depth.

Results

If the laser pulse length is sufficiently short, strong acoustic waves with tensile strengths exceeding the fracture thresholds for graphite are generated. The strength of the wave decreases with particle size and increases as the laser pulse length decreases. Simulation results are in general agreement with clinical studies. Although temperatures of the tattoo particles never reach the melting point, a cavitation bubble around the particle can be formed. The steam generated can get into the cracked particles and induce steam‐carbon reactions. Laser energy density decreases rapidly with the skin depth. Therefore, the minimum surface laser fluence, for a given pulse length, required for breaking up tattoo particles at a given skin depth, increases with particle depth.

Conclusions

Computer simulations confirm that the breakup of tattoo particles is photoacoustic. For the same amount of laser energy, a shorter pulse is more efficient. The optimal pulse length is approximately 10–100 picosecond to minimize the laser fluence and the collateral damage. It is more difficult to break up the smallest tattoo particles that have diameters smaller than 10 nm; however, smaller particles are less important because they are less visible. Tissue surrounding the tattoo particles can be damaged by cavitation bubbles. These bubbles could be the cause of the empty vacuoles in the ash‐white lesions throughout the dermis seen after treatment. Steam‐carbon reactions can be induced. Particles then become grossly transparent because of this reaction. Different laser intensity should be used for pigments at different depths in order to minimize the collateral damage to the dermis. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:389–397, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recall and recognition of brand names: A comparison of word and nonword name types
Authors: Lerman Dawn , Garbarino Ellen
Published: October 2002

Despite the common recommendation that brand names be memorable, little is known about the effect of brand name type on various forms of memory processing such as recall and recognition. As such, this article extends prior research by comparing recall and recognition for three sets of brand names: words versus nonwords, relevant (i.e., related to a product attribute) words versus irrelevant (i.e., unrelated to a product attribute) words, and relevant words cuing an advertised attribute versus relevant words cuing an unadvertised attribute. The results of an experimental study indicate that memory for these brand name types depends on whether it is accessed via recall or recognition. Based on these results, implications for naming new products are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marked inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by the hepatotoxin nodularin due to apoptosis of Leydig cells
Authors: Park Tae Jun , Song Kye Yong , Sohn Son Hyang , Lim In Kyoung
Published: October 2002

We previously observed that the serum testosterone level was greatly reduced in the course of diethylnitrosamine‐nodularin–induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Fischer 344 male rats (Lim et al., Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, 1999). As an extension of this observation, this study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanism of downregulation of testosterone and its effect on target organs in Fischer 344 male rats treated with the hepatotoxin nodularin. After treating the rats with nodularin, a marked reduction of the testosterone level was noted in both serum and testis, with an accompanying accumulation of cholesterol in serum. Reduction of serum testosterone was not due to increased degradation of testosterone in the liver but to impaired biosynthesis in the testes, reduced activities of the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme and 17α‐hydroxylase, and decreased expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene, all of which constitute rate‐limiting steps for testosterone biosynthesis in the testes. Intraperitoneal injection of nodularin into rats induced cuboidal changes of glandular epithelium in ventral prostates and apoptotic changes of spermatogonium, for example, nuclear chromatin condensation, shrinkage, and detachment from Sertoli cells, which included many lysosomal granules. Leydig cells also showed evidence of chromatin condensation and significant induction of peroxisome proliferation. In conclusion, the potential causes of impaired testosterone biosynthesis might have been apoptosis of Leydig cells induced by direct toxicity of the hepatotoxin on testes or hypothalamopituitary dysfunction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradoxical response to apomorphine in a case of atypical parkinsonism
Authors: Cicarelli Giulio , Pellecchia Maria Teresa , De Michele Giuseppe , Pizzolato Gilberto , Barone Paolo
Published: October 2002

We describe a patient with clinical signs of parkinsonism showing a paradoxical response to apomorphine injection. We discuss possible pathogenetic mechanisms with regard to the literature and suggest the diagnosis of a striatonigral degeneration at an early stage. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Fetal neural grafts for Huntington's disease: A prospective view
Authors: Bachoud‐Lévi Anne‐Catherine , Hantraye Philippe , Peschanski Marc
Published: October 2002

Intrastriatal transplantation of striatal neuroblasts from human fetuses is a promising approach for treatment of Huntington's disease, on the basis of many experimental animal studies and, most recently, pilot clinical trials. Technically, several issues remain to be resolved (e.g., the precise site of dissection of the fetal tissue; the number and location of the fetal striatal implants; or the use of immunosuppressive therapy), and await larger‐scale trials and purposely designed protocols. Further clinical data must also be obtained, and preliminary promising results must be replicated in a patient group large enough to provide conclusive results. It is important to establish (1) the amount of clinical benefit provided to the patient by the grafted cells; (2) the anticipated duration of clinical benefits; and (3) the secondary rate of decline after the benefit of the graft has been overbalanced. Evaluation of these parameters will require very long‐term follow‐up of the patients involved, over several years after grafting, before the technique can eventually be proposed widely to patients. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Folded meandered‐patch monopole antenna for low‐profile GSM/DCS dual‐band mobile phone
Authors: Chang Fa‐Shian , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: October 2002

A novel low‐profile monopole mobile phone antenna capable of GSM and DCS dual‐band operations is proposed. The monopole antenna is easily constructed by folding a planar meandered patch into a rectangular‐tube‐like structure, and has a compact size of 9 × 9 × 34 mm3 for achieving 900‐ and 1800‐MHz operations. Details of the proposed antenna design are described, and experimental results of a constructed prototype are presented and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 84–86, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10380
Shot noise in actual urban and industrial environments
Authors: Sánchez Manuel García , Cuiñas Iñigo , Alejos Ana Vázquez
Published: October 2002

Shot noise has been measured in three different environments: an urban street, a factory, and a train station, and the results are presented in this Letter. The measurement system was designed to operate at UMTS band and to provide both phase and envelope of the shot noise. It has been found that the train station is not a very noisy environment. In the factory shot‐noise events are less frequent than on the urban street; however, noise pulses appear more grouped in bursts. Noise pulses exhibit a larger amplitude and shorter duration in the factory than in the street measurements. In both cases, shot‐noise pulses have very high amplitude and duration compared to the limits for UMTS signals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 112–115, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10389
The hybrid FEM–MOL approach for the analysis of scattering problems
Authors: Xiao Ying , Lu Yilong
Published: October 2002

In this Letter a hybrid approach combining the finite‐element method and the method of lines is presented for solving the scattering problems of irregular geometry and inhomogeneity. In this approach, the FEM is used to treat the region with complicated geometry and inhomogeneous material profile, and the MoL acts as a radiation boundary condition for the FEM. The MoL can also treat layered regions. Because of the flexibility of the FEM and the semianalytical nature of the MoL, the flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy of these two methods are maintained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 134–138, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10395
Performance of YAGI‐UDA elements in planar array antennas for limited‐scan applications
Authors: Skobelev Sergei P.
Published: October 2002

It is shown that the optimized Yagi elements in planar arrays provide flat‐topped radiation patterns of good quality in the limited‐scan E plane. Better wide‐angle scan performance is found for a triangular lattice than for a rectangular one in the H plane, where the sharp dips in the element patterns can occur. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 141–145, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10397
Experimental evaluation of the phase of the field scattered by microstrip patches for reflect‐array design
Authors: Venneri F. , Angiulli G. , Di Massa G.
Published: October 2002

The determination of the phase of the field scattered from microstrip patches is a key factor in the design of reflect‐array antennas. Although the problem has been treated in a number of theoretical articles, an experimental characterization of a such an important parameter has never been considered. In this Letter an experimental study of the phase of the field reradiated from small arrays of patches is presented. As a result a diagram of the phase of the scattered field versus the size of the patches is obtained. Results have been compared with the ones obtained with a commercial MoM package. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 163–164, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10403
A waveguide shutter using electromagnetic crystals
Authors: Kim M. , Sung Y. , Higgins J. A. , Xin H. , Hacker J. B.
Published: October 2002

A new waveguide component that controls RF power flow with variable‐surface impedance electromagnetic (EM) crystals is proposed. To prove the concept, two fixed‐impedance EM crystals were tested separately inside a standard Ku‐band waveguide. The measurements show one EM crystal passing RF power with less than 2 dB of insertion loss from 14.5 to 16.6 GHz, and the other EM crystal reflecting the RF power with better than 60 dB of isolation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 186–187, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10412
An approach to determining parasitic elements for laser diodes
Authors: Jianjun Gao , Baoxin Gao , Bo Pan , Chunguang Liang
Published: October 2002

A simple way to extract the parasitic elements of the laser diode model is proposed. The parasitic elements are determined by directly using measured S11 parameters versus frequency at zero bias point and above threshold current bias point. Thus the need for optimization during the extraction is reduced, and excellent agreement has been achieved between the experimental and calculated results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 191–193, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10414
Quasistatic analysis of a new CCPW with cylindrical shielding
Authors: Zhou Xilang , Yao Ji , Gong Xinbao
Published: October 2002

A new coplanar coupled waveguide (CCPW) with cylindrical shielding is analyzed with the use of conformal mapping, which can provide accurate and fast calculations. Closed‐form expressions for odd‐ and even‐mode capacitances per unit length and characteristic impedances are derived. Numerical results are provided. The accuracy of the closed‐form expressions has been confirmed by comparison with results available in the literature for CCPW with planar and rectangular shielded structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 213–215, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10420
A novel superconducting CPW slow‐wave bandpass filter
Authors: Zhou Jiafeng , Hung Dungshing , Lancaster Michael J. , Tiong Hieng , Su  , Xiong Xuming
Published: October 2002

A novel slow‐wave half‐wavelength coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator using high‐Tc superconducting (HTS) films has been studied and used in a new filter topology. The slow‐wave effect is achieved by the capacitively loaded structure with a symmetrical interdigital line loaded on both sides of the central line. The velocity reduction (Vp/c0) of the resonator is about 0.050. A three‐pole Butterworth bandpass filter has been designed and fabricated with the use of the resonator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 255–259, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10431
Moment‐method analysis of a slot‐coupled circular waveguide orthomode transducer
Authors: Sharma S. B. , Chakrabarty S. B. , Singh V. K.
Published: October 2002

An analysis of a slot‐coupled circular to rectangular waveguide orthomode transducer (OMT) is presented. A set of four coupled integrodifferential equations are obtained from the enforcement of the continuity conditions of tangential magnetic fields at the slot–aperture interfaces. The method of moments, with entire‐domain sinusoidal basis functions and Galerkin testing, is used to solve the coupled‐integral equations, with finite wall thickness taken into account. Mutual coupling between the two aperture slots, which plays a major role in isolating the orthogonal ports, is properly accounted for. Resonant length of the slots and reflection coefficient and coupling between ports are computed. A comparison between the experimental and computed data by the present method as well as HFSS is presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 285–289, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10439
Time‐domain CFIE for the analysis of transient scattering from arbitrarily shaped 3D conducting objects
Authors: Jung Baek Ho , Sarkar Tapan Kumar
Published: October 2002

A time‐domain combined field integral equation (CFIE) is presented to obtain the transient scattering response from arbitrarily shaped three‐dimensional (3D) conducting bodies. This formulation is based on a linear combination of the time‐domain electric field integral equation (EFIE) with the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE). The time derivative of the magnetic vector potential in EFIE is approximated with the use of a central finite‐difference approximation for the derivative, and the scalar potential is averaged over time. The time‐domain CFIE approach produces results that are accurate and stable when solving for transient scattering responses from conducting objects. The incident spectrum of the field may contain frequency components, which may correspond to the internal resonance of the structure. For the numerical solution, both the explicit and implicit schemes are considered and two different kinds of Gaussian pulses are used, which may or may not contain frequencies corresponding to the internal resonance. Numerical results for the EFIE, MFIE, and CFIE are presented and compared with those obtained from the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the frequency‐domain CFIE solution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 289–296, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10440
Bovine embryos contain a higher proportion of polyploid cells in the trophectoderm than in the embryonic disc
Authors: Viuff Dorthe , Palsgaard Anne , Rickords Lee , Lawson Lartey G. , Greve Torben , Schmidt Mette , Avery Birthe , Hyttel Poul , Thomsen Preben D.
Published: October 2002

The frequency of polyploid cells in the embryonic disc (ED) and in the trophectoderm (TE) was assessed in 50 in vitro produced bovine embryos fixed at days 7–8 post insemination (pi) and in 20 in vitro produced embryos that were transferred to uteri of recipients at day 7 and then recovered and fixed at day 12 pi. Separation of TE and ED cells was obtained by microdissection and the frequency of polyploid cells was determined by interphase cytogenetic analysis using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome 6‐ and chromosome 7‐specific probes. The results show that 96% of day 7 embryos contain polyploid cells in the TE, whereas only 58% contain polyploid cells in the ED. In day 12 embryos 85% of TE and 40% of ED preparations contain polyploid cells. Statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of polyploid cells was significantly higher in the TE than in the ED in embryos containing less than 25% polyploid cells (n = 65). The few embryos (n = 5), which contained more than 25% polyploid cells, did not show this difference. Further, it was revealed that the level of polyploidy on day 7–8 was significantly higher than on day 12, both in the TE (two‐fold) and in the ED (seven‐fold). Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:483–488, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.