bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density dependent shifts in attachment site by the ectosymbiotic chironomid Nanocladius asiaticus on its megalopteran host Protohermes grandis
Authors: HAYASHI Fumio , ICHIYANAGI Hidetaka
Published: September 2005

Intraspecific interactions among ectosymbionts may occur when suitable attachment sites are limited to specific parts of their hosts. In this study, we examined attachment site selection by the ectosymbiotic chironomid Nanocladius (Plecopteracoluthus) asiaticus. Larvae and pupae of this chironomid attach to larvae of the megalopteran Protohermes grandis: they feed on algae and detrital materials caught on the chironomid's silken nets and on the body surface of the host. Sampling at approximately monthly intervals in central Japan revealed that the proportion of hosts with chironomids was relatively high and stable during the 2 year study period. When attached singly, larvae were usually found on the ventral side of the host's mesothorax. However, when two or more larvae were attached to a host, the mesothorax was occupied by only one larva (usually a large individual) and the other(s) were attached to the ventral side of the abdomen. Density dependent shifts in attachment sites were confirmed by a reattachment experiment in which a larva was removed from its host and released onto a new host with or without symbiosis by another individual. All of the larvae released singly on a host devoid of symbionts attached to the thoracic region and survived, whereas those released in pairs and not occupying this site were frequently lost. Thus, the thorax (particularly the mesothorax) is the most suitable attachment site, and there is a possibility that chironomid larvae compete for this site.
Colony cycle in the south‐eastern coastal populations of Ropalidia plebeiana, the only Ropalidia wasp occurring in temperate Australia
Authors: SAITO Fuki , KOJIMA Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2005

Of the 22 species of Ropalidia occurring in Australia, only R. plebeiana is distributed in temperate areas. This wasp is abundant in the south‐eastern coastal regions of Australia, where it forms huge nest aggregations. Based on our observations in late autumn and early spring, as well as information in the literature, we outline the colony cycle of R. plebeiana in the south‐eastern coastal area of New South Wales. The nesting period lasts for approximately 9.5 months, which is unusually long for temperate polistine wasps. Most foundresses seem to return to their natal nests in early spring (mid‐August to early September) to start their own colonies by reusing pre‐existing nest combs, and the pre‐emergence stage (before the emergence of the first adult brood) lasts for approximately 3.5 months. Reproductives (gynes and males) start to emerge as adults in early March, and the reproductive‐producing period lasts until the end of May. Both the pre‐emergence stage and the reproductive‐producing period are much longer than in other temperate polistine wasps, which is discussed in terms of fluctuating temperature conditions in the area and the formation of nest aggregations, a peculiar habit for temperate populations of R. plebeiana.
Discovery of a new species of the genus Borophaga Enderlein from Japan (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: NAKAYAMA Hiroto , SHIMA Hiroshi
Published: September 2005

Japanese species of the genus Borophaga are revised. Borophaga clandestina sp. nov. is described, and brief description of a known Japanese species, B. femorata (Meigen), is added. Borophaga clandestina sp. nov. is similar to B. femorata in general appearance, but they are clearly distinguishable in genitalic characters. The aedeagus of Borophaga is a complicated structure composed of multiple sclerites, and completely different from the simple, tube‐shaped aedeagus in Stichillus or Peromitra, members of the Stichillus subgroup. The state of the left flattened arm derived from the posterodorsal margin of the hypandrium being broadened at the base could be synapomorphic to the Borophaga subgroup comprising Borophaga, Godavaria, Latiborophaga, Antipodiphora and Abaristophora.
Notes on the genus Neochauliodes Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from Henan, China
Authors: LIU Xingyue , YANG Ding
Published: September 2005

The species of the genus Neochauliodes from Henan are reviewed. Three species are described as new to science: Neochauliodes digitiformis sp. nov., Neochauliodes parasparsus sp. nov. and Neochauliodes sparsus sp. nov. A key to the species from Henan is presented.
Taxonomy of the genus Acymatopus Takagi (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: MASUNAGA Kazuhiro , SAIGUSA Toyohei , YANG Ding
Published: September 2005

Two new species of the genus Acymatopus from Japan and China are described. This is the first record of Acymatopus outside Japan. A key to all six valid species of the genus is given, and their distributions are mapped and discussed.
Does ternary feldspar constrain the metamorphic conditions of high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks? Evidence from orthopyroxene granulites, Bohemian Massif
Authors: ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , POWELL R.
Published: September 2005

The presence of ternary feldspar in high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks, and the recognition of the thermometric significance of this mineral, has led recent researchers to postulate peak metamorphic temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. However, it needs to be established that such ternary feldspar is not in fact a survivor of the original high‐temperature crystallization of the igneous protolith. After exsolution, the host and lamellae in the ternary feldspar grains may be stable throughout subsequent history as long as recrystallization does not occur. Such a history may involve rehydration and metamorphism, including H2O‐saturated conditions, with the compositions and proportions of the host and lamellae being modified to reflect the P–T conditions experienced. In the case of the high‐grade meta‐igneous rocks from the Moldanubian of the Bohemian Massif, some samples that contain ternary feldspar preserve a substantial measure of their igneous heritage. Orthopyroxene‐bearing granulites not only include types that are barely affected by the metamorphism, but also others that have undergone hydration of the igneous protolith prior to the development of a metamorphic overprint. A key to establishing the igneous origin of the ternary feldspar grains is their preservation in garnet that is either itself igneous, or of a relatively low‐temperature metamorphic origin. Applying the logic to the other ternary feldspar‐bearing meta‐igneous rocks deprives the Moldanubian of its ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic status.
The migration of fluid‐filled grain boundaries in recrystallizing synthetic bischofite: first results of in‐situ high‐pressure, high‐temperature deformation experiments in transmitted light
Authors: SCHENK O. , URAI J. L.
Published: September 2005

The effect of fluids on recrystallization behaviour is well known; however, the detailed microscale distribution of fluid in grain boundaries and the influence of fluid on grain boundary migration are still unresolved. In this study, in‐situ deformation experiments in transmitted light microscopy were undertaken, as this allows continuous and direct observation of the whole range of processes involved in fluid‐assisted grain boundary migration. A new see‐through deformation apparatus was developed to enable the control of fluid pressure. Bischofite containing small amounts of aqueous fluid was deformed at temperatures between 50 and 90 °C, over a range of fluid pressure from 0.5 to 1 MPa, and strain rates of 5 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 s−1. The rates of grain boundary migration were measured at different temperatures and strain rates. Detailed observations during and after the deformation illustrate the evolution of migrating fluid‐filled grain boundaries and show that the incorporation of fluids from inclusions as well as their pinch‐off is dependent on the grain boundary velocity, the thickness of the grain boundary and the size and shape of the inclusions. Direct evidence is presented for the contraction of the grain boundary fluids into isolated inclusions after equilibrium conditions are attained.
Refractory Demodex Folliculitis in Five Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Herron Mark D. , O'Reilly Margretta A. , Vanderhooft Sheryll L.
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  We report five children with acute lymphocytic leukemia on maintenance chemotherapy who had Demodex folliculitis. None experienced complete clearing when treated with permethrin 5% cream. Topical metronidazole helped to lessen the eruption in four, but did not provide full clearing. The one child who was treated with sodium sulfacetamide 10%, sulfur 5% formulation had resolution of the eruption. We suggest that treatment of Demodex folliculitis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia is more difficult than is suggested in the literature. Newer sodium sulfacetamide/sulfur formulations should be considered when treating this condition, particularly in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Petechial Exanthem in “Bathing Trunk” Distribution Caused by Parvovirus B19 Infection
Authors: Huerta‐Brogeras María , Avilés Izquierdo José Antonio , Hernanz Hermosa José Manuel , Lázaro‐Ochaita Pablo , Longo‐Imedio María Isabel
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  We report a 13‐year‐old boy with a petechial rash on the genital area, in which primary infection by Parvovirus B19 was demonstrated by seroconversion. To our knowledge this is the first instance of an exanthem arising from Parvovirus B19 with an exclusive genital distribution without typical acral involvement.
Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails in Dizygotic Twins
Authors: Kus Sadiye , Tahmaz Ela , Gurunluoglu Rafi , Candan İnci , Uygur Tulin
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Congenital malalignment of the great toenails is a nail disorder caused by the malalignment of the nail matrix, which results in lateral growth of the nail plate. It may cause onychogryphosis and, in infants and children, ingrown nails. We report an occurrence of this deformity in dizygotic twins
Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy with Linear Scleroderma
Authors: Dervis Emine , Dervis Emel
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  We describe a 4‐year‐old girl with hemifacial atrophy. She had a linear white‐colored sclerotic plaque on the right submandibular area of skin. Histologic findings of the lesion were consistent with a diagnosis of scleroderma. The relationship between progressive facial hemiatrophy and linear scleroderma are discussed. We think that linear scleroderma of childhood and hemifacial atrophy have considerable clinical overlap and these two syndromes appear to be manifestations of the same or related pathogenic processes. Recently, the beneficial effects of 1.25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) were reported in adults and in children with linear scleroderma. We assessed the efficacy of oral calcitriol treatment in our patient. Our result indicates that calcitriol may be an effective agent for treating localized scleroderma in children.
Multifocal Scrofuloderma with Disseminated Tuberculosis in a Severely Malnourished Child
Authors: Singal Archana , Pandhi Deepika , Agrawal Subhav Kumar
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Tuberculosis and malnutrition continue to be significant health problems in developing countries. Moderate to severe malnutrition can cause immunosuppression and predispose children to various infections. We report disseminated tuberculosis in a severely malnourished Indian child who presented primarily with cutaneous involvement.
Ecthyma Gangrenosum‐like Lesions in a Healthy Child after Infection Treated with Antibiotics
Authors: Ishikawa Tomoaki , Sakurai Yoshihiko , Tanaka Maki , Daikoku Natsuko , Ishihara Takashi , Nakajima Mitsuru , Miyagawa Sachiko , Yoshioka Akira
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Ecthyma gangrenosum is a cutaneous infection associated most commonly with pseudomonal sepsis in the immunocompromised patient. We describe a previously healthy 4‐year‐old boy who developed ecthyma gangrenosum‐like lesions secondary to antibiotic treatment for possible streptococcal infection. The skin, ears, and extremities were involved. This presentation emphasizes the importance of awareness of the rare complication of ecthyma gangrenosum‐like lesions associated with non‐Pseudomonas bacterial infection treated with antibiotics, even in a previously healthy child.
Cutaneous Findings in Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: The Hanging Fat Sign
Authors: Dyer Jon A. , Winters Cleome J. , Chamlin Sarah L.
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  The congenital disorders of glycosylation are a group of rare metabolic disorders with predominantly neurologic findings. Some variants of this disorder also exhibit cutaneous manifestations. We report a patient with a congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia, the most common form, with emphasis on the cutaneous findings of this type, and summarize the cutaneous findings in the other forms of the disorder.
Debridement via Collagenase Application in Two Neonates
Authors: Tiras Ulku , Erdeve Omer , Karabulut Ayse Anil , Dallar Yildiz , Eksioglu H. Meral
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Slow‐healing wounds contain insufficient amounts of intrinsic collagenases to provide sufficient wound debridement, so that the use of products containing synergistic collagenases and proteases may be helpful. We report the successful use of collagenase clostridipeptidase A in two newborns, a premature infant with 3rd degree burns, and a term neonate with an extravasation necrosis caused by calcium gluconate. Surgical excision of necrotic tissue is a serious intervention and prolongs the duration of hospitalization. Enzymatic eschar removal may have an advantage over surgery especially in newborns with a high risk for surgery, with its possible complications, need for anesthesia, and perhaps for blood transfusion.
Successful Treatment of Localized Cutaneous Infection Caused by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum with Clarithromycin
Authors: Jang Ho‐Sun , Jo Ju‐Hyun , Oh Chang‐Keun , Kim Moon‐Bum , Lee Jae‐Bong , Chang Chulhun L. , Kwon Yoo‐Wook , Kwon Kyung‐Sool
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Cutaneous infection arising from Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, a nontuberculous mycobacteria, has rarely been reported, and most of the reported infections were disseminated forms in patients with AIDS or other immunocompromising illness. We describe an occurrence of localized mycobacterial skin infection caused by M. scrofulaceum in a previously healthy child that manifested as a red nodule on the cheek. A biopsy specimen of the lesion demonstrated granulomatous infiltration in the dermis. M. scrofulaceum was isolated from culture of a tissue specimen. Polymerase chain reaction amplified specific fragments for M. scrofulaceum. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin as monotherapy for 6 months, leading to complete healing without recurrence during a follow‐up period of 2 years.
Low Systemic Absorption and Good Tolerability of Pimecrolimus, Administered as 1% Cream (Elidel®) in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis – A Multicenter, 3‐Week, Open‐Label Study
Authors: Staab Doris , Pariser David , Gottlieb Alice B. , Kaufmann Roland , Eichenfield Laurence F. , Langley Richard G. , Scott Graham , Ebelin Marie‐Eve , Barilla Denise , Schmidli Heinz , Burtin Pascale
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Pimecrolimus cream 1%, a nonsteroid inhibitor of inflammatory cytokines, offers an alternative to corticosteroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Here we evaluate pimecrolimus blood concentrations and tolerability to pimecrolimus cream 1% in 22 infants below 2 years of age with atopic dermatitis (10–92% body surface area affected at baseline). Efficacy was assessed as a secondary objective. Pimecrolimus cream 1% was applied twice daily for 3 weeks. Blood concentrations were low, typically (96% of total 100 concentrations measured) below 2 ng/mL, the majority (71%) remaining below 0.5 ng/mL. The highest concentration observed was 2.26 ng/mL. At steady state, there was no indication of accumulation. Pimecrolimus was well tolerated locally and systemically, with no serious adverse events recorded. Most adverse events recorded (35 in 17/22 patients) were typical of the young pediatric population studied, of mild to moderate severity, and not considered to be study‐medication related, with the exception of four local adverse effects limited to the site of cream application. No clinically relevant change was observed in physical examination, vital signs, or laboratory safety parameters. A rapid onset of therapeutic effect was observed within the first four days of treatment. Pimecrolimus cream 1% is well tolerated in infants 3 to 23 months of age treated for 3 weeks, and results in minimal systemic exposure.
The Possibility of Long‐term Cryopreservation of Cultured Dermal Substitute
Authors: Kubo Kentaro , Kuroyanagi Yoshimitsu
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Allogeneic cultured dermal substitute (CDS) was prepared by cultivating fibroblasts on a two‐layered spongy matrix of hyaluronic acid (HA) and atelo‐collagen (Col). CDS can be cryopreserved and transported to other hospitals in a frozen state. To evaluate cell viability, cell growth, and release of VEGF after long‐term cryopreservation, the CDS was cryopreserved at −85°C or −152°C for a given period. We measured cell viability immediately after thawing and cell growth in CDS that was recultured for 1 week after thawing. In addition, the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released from CDS that was recultured for 1 week after thawing was measured. The cell viability and cell growth of control CDS that was thawed within 3 weeks after freezing was 56.2% and 132.7%, respectively. The cell viability and cell growth of the CDS that was cryopreserved at −85°C for 6 months was 43.4% and 119.7%, respectively. When cryopreserved at −152°C for 1 year, the cell viability and cell growth was 52.0% and 110.8%, respectively. These values were comparable to those of the control. The amount of VEGF released from CDS cryopreserved at −85°C for 6 months (491.0 pg/mL) or at −152°C for 1 year (586.8 pg/mL) was comparable to that of the control CDS (587.3 pg/mL). In contrast, the amounts of VEGF released from CDS cryopreserved at −85°C for 1 year (322.5 pg/mL) or at −152°C for 2 years (210.8 pg/mL) were low, with a marked decrease in cell viability and cell growth. These findings suggest that CDS cryopreserved at −85°C for 6 months or at −152°C for 1 year maintains sufficient cell viability and the ability to proliferate and release a significant amount of VEGF. The release of VEGF from CDS after long‐term cryopreservation is a useful therapeutic effect, and is important for clinical use.
Tissue‐engineered Cartilage Using Fibrin/Hyaluronan Composite Gel and Its In Vivo Implantation
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyug , Park So Ra , Chung Soo Il , Pai Ki Soo , Min Byoung‐Hyun
Published: September 2005

Abstract: The importance of scaffold biomaterials has been emphasized for in vitro culture of tissue‐engineered cartilage in a three‐dimensional (3D) environment. In this study, we examined the feasibility of fibrin glue, mixed with hyaluronic acid (HA) as a composite scaffold. Fibrin glue has been a useful cell delivery matrix for cartilage tissue engineering and HA is a key component of normal articular cartilage. Our hypothesis is that compared to fibrin itself, a fibrin/HA composite can have significantly enhanced properties, due mainly to the added benefits of HA in the matrix. Pieces of cartilage were isolated from rabbit knees and the chondrocytes were harvested through enzymatic digestion. Both fibrin and fibrin/HA composite were prepared and subsequently implanted in nude mice (n = 9, each group) for 1, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. The retrieved specimens were then analyzed and the results were compared. Cartilage‐like tissue formation was detected earlier with fibrin/HA specimens. They produced significantly higher amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, GAG, and collagen at each time point than those in fibrin. Interestingly, the fibrin/HA composite was also competent in maintaining its initial size. Histology—Safranin O/fast green and Alcian blue—of the retrieved specimens found more intense, uniform staining in the fibrin/HA composites. Analysis of the gene expression of the ECM molecules also confirmed the benefits of the composite with added HA in the maintenance of phenotypic stability. The present study suggests that fibrin/HA composite may serve as a dependable cell delivery vehicle as well as a structural basis for tissue‐engineered cartilage.
A Study of Cytokines Released From Fibroblasts in Cultured Dermal Substitute
Authors: Kubo Kentaro , Kuroyanagi Yoshimitsu
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Allogeneic cultured dermal substitute (CDS) was prepared by culturing fibroblasts on a two‐layered spongy matrix of hyaluronic acid (HA) and atelo‐collagen (Col). CDS can be cryopreserved and transported to other hospitals in a frozen state. The present study was designed to analyze amounts of cytokines released from fibroblasts in fresh or cryopreserved CDS. The culture medium used in preparing CDS over a cultivation period of 1 week (fresh CDS culture medium sample) contained vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)‐AA, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8. After thawing of cryopreserved CDS, the CDS was re‐cultured in medium for 1 week. The culture medium used in re‐culturing CDS for 1 week (cryopreserved CDS culture medium sample) contained VEGF, bFGF, and HGF in the same concentration as before freezing, and TGF‐β1 and IL‐8 at half the concentration before freezing. Levels of PDGF‐AA, KGF, and IL‐6 were significantly less than before freezing. This finding suggests that the cryopreserved CDS retains its ability to release VEGF, bFGF, and HGF that are essential for wound healing.
Liver Transplantation Using Liver Grafts Preserved Under High Pressure
Authors: Ueno Takuya , Omura Takashi , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Matsumoto Harumi , Takahashi Yoshihito , Kakita Akira , Yamashina Shohei
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  To extend organ preservation time, we attempted to establish a unique method of maintaining a preservation solution in a stable unfrozen state below its freezing point by pressurizing the solution. Livers removed from Lewis rats (RT1l) were stored in UW solution pressurized at the prescribed pressure. After the termination of preservation, orthotopic liver transplantation was performed. Experiment 1: Liver grafts were pressurized up to 30, 40, 50, and 70 MPa and preserved at 0°C for 60 min. Experiment 2: Liver grafts were compressed at a rate of 1.32 or 0.04 MPa/s to 35 MPa and preserved for 60 min at 0°C. Experiments 3 and 4: Liver grafts were pressurized up to 5, 10, 20, and 30 MPa and preserved at −2°C (Exp. 3), −3°C or −4°C (Exp. 4) for 5 h. All rats transplanted with livers pressurized up to 30 MPa (Exp. 1), all rats in the 5 MPa and control groups at −2°C (Exp. 3), and all rats in the 5 MPa group at −3°C (Exp. 4) survived for 2 weeks. In light microscopy, diffuse hemorrhage and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in a pressure‐dependent manner. Liver grafts preserved under pressurized, subzero nonfrozen condition have sufficient function to sustain the life of rats after orthotopic transplantation.
Mechanical Circulatory Support in Infants and Adults With the MEDOS/HIA Assist Device
Authors: Kaczmarek Ingo , Mair Helmut , Groetzner Jan , Sachweh Joerg , Oberhoffer Martin , Fuchs Alexandra , Reichart Bruno , Daebritz Sabine
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Mechanical circulatory support is successfully applied to patients with low cardiac output. The MEDOS/HIA‐System provides pulsatile ventricular assistance for pediatric and adult patients. Our experience with 13 consecutive patients with the MEDOS is reported. Perioperative survival was 84.6%, complications occurred in 61% (31% thrombembolism, 23% rethoracotomy, 7% infections). Mean duration of support was 17.6 ± 14.6 days (1–45 days). Bilirubin decreased from 3.9 ± 2.3 to 2.7 ± 1.6 mg/dL; creatinine from 1.6 ± 1 to 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dL; lactate from 5.8 ± 4.2 to 1.7 ± 1.5 (P = 0.027; Wilcoxon). All patients who underwent subsequent heart transplantation (6 of 13; 46%) were discharged from hospital. For 38.5% of the patients no organ offer was received. Mechanical circulatory support with the MEDOS/HIA‐System can be performed successfully for bridging to transplantation. Secondary organ functions improve under this pulsatile circulatory assistance. Hemorrhage and thromboembolic events are the most frequent complications.
The risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts in granulocyte donors
Authors: Burch John W. , Mair David C. , Meny Geralyn M. , Moroff Gary , Ching Steven S.T. , Naidoff Michael A. , Steuer Eric R. , Loftus Sanaz A. , Armstrong Jane , Clemons Traci E. , Klein Barbara E.K.
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic use of adrenal corticosteroids is a risk factor for the development of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). Because corticosteroids are given to donors of apheresis granulocytes (PMNs) to improve yield, this study was performed to determine the prevalence of PSCs in PMN donors relative to a matched control group of apheresis platelet (PLT) donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a cross‐sectional study stratified by age, sex, and lifetime apheresis experience at three sites. Individuals who had made at least five PMN donations preceded by corticosteroids were eligible. The presence of PSC was ascertained by grading digital retroillumination images of both lenses. A random subset of participants underwent clinical eye examinations by ophthalmologists masked as to study group. A logistic regression model was used to compute odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS: Granulocyte donors had given a mean of 13 donations (range, 5‐39 donations) over a mean period of 8.5 years (range, 0.3‐25.2 years). The mean corticosteroid exposure, in cortisol equivalents, was 2840 mg (range, 1067‐9040 mg). Six of 89 PMN donors had photographic evidence of PSCs versus 4 of 89 controls. This difference was not significant (OR, 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46‐5.08). Five of 33 PMN donors and 3 of 30 PLT donors had evidence of PSC by clinical examination. This difference was also not significant (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.35‐7.39).

CONCLUSION: This study does not support the hypothesis that corticosteroid stimulation of PMN donors is associated with an increased risk of developing a PSC.
Comparison of cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction and serology for screening umbilical cord blood components
Authors: Roback John D. , Caliendo Angela M. , Newman James L. , Sgan Stephen L. , Saakadze Natia , Gillespie Theresa W. , Lane Thomas A. , Kurtzberg Joanne , Hillyer Christopher D.
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND: Recipients of umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplants are susceptible to opportunistic infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). To prevent CMV transmission from UCB donors, most laboratories perform serology on corresponding maternal samples and quarantine units when the mother has immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti‐CMV.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: UCB units and associated samples (UCB plasma and red cell pellet; maternal whole blood and serum) from two cord blood banks were tested with two validated CMV polymerase chain reaction assays (UL54 and UL93 targets). Results were compared with maternal CMV serology (IgG and IgM).

RESULTS: Only 4 of 48 (8.3%) quarantined CMV IgM–positive units were also CMV nucleic acid testing (NAT)‐positive (651‐68,600 copies/mL). In contrast, 1 of 200 “CMV‐safe” UCB units (CMV IgM–equivocal or –negative) had CMV DNA (0.5%). The corresponding maternal samples were CMV NAT–negative. Positive maternal IgM serology demonstrates only modest sensitivity (80%) and specificity (82%) and poor positive predictive value (8%), when correlated with the presence of CMV DNA in UCB units.

CONCLUSION: CMV NAT may be a useful adjunct to serologic screening, potentially reducing wastage of IgM‐positive and NAT‐negative units while also detecting potentially infectious units that would pass serologic screening. A prospective clinical trial to further evaluate the role of CMV NAT in UCB transplantation appears warranted.
Tissue regeneration and in loco administration of platelet derivatives: clinical outcome, heterogeneous products, and heterogeneity of the effector mechanisms
Authors: Borzini Piero , Mazzucco Laura
Published: September 2005

BACKGROUND: In loco administration of platelet (PLT) derivatives is a relatively new auxiliary treatment for tissue regeneration to be hastened. Enthusiastic reports are faced by more critical ones. The more obvious rationale for the in vivo administration of PLT derivatives resides in their growth factor content.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The relevant literature was systematically reviewed. Close scrutiny of the technical details was carried out to find out the procedural differences accounting for conflicting results.

RESULTS: An impressively vast heterogeneity of conduct was found in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Major outcome‐affecting variables were recognized such as those associated with PLT preparation; growth factor measurement; proliferation test; dose, timing, and administration of the PLT derivatives; study design; and primary endpoints.

CONCLUSIONS: So many variables were found making standardization or confrontation of the in vitro and the in vivo studies barely conceivable or manageable. The mechanisms of action are very complex. The attribution of tissue regeneration capacity of PLT derivatives solely to the PLT‐derived growth factors is simplistic. The results obtained through in vitro experiments are indicative for general mechanisms. Their simplistic hold to the complex in vivo environment may be misleading.
The Mobilization of Core Supporters: Campaigns, Turnout, and Electoral Composition in United States Presidential Elections
Authors: Holbrook Thomas M. , McClurg Scott D.
Published: September 2005

Our objective is to investigate the relationship between presidential campaign activities and political mobilization in the states, with specific focus on the mobilization of core constituents. Using data on presidential campaign visits, presidential campaign media purchases, and party transfers to the states, we highlight some interesting mobilization patterns. First, voter turnout is positively influenced by presidential campaigns, though not by all campaign activities. Second, there is some evidence that campaigns have direct effects on the participation of core partisan groups. Finally, the ability of parties to mobilize their core groups has a strong effect on state electoral success that exists over and above the direct effect of campaign activity on electoral outcomes. All in all, we see the results as strong evidence that political mobilization in general and party transfers to the states in particular are an important component for understanding campaign effects in presidential elections.
Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World
Authors: Rudra Nita
Published: September 2005

Scholars and policy makers have long assumed that trade and financial liberalization encourages developing countries to become more democratic; yet no one has developed formal hypotheses about the causal relationship between globalization and democracy. This article shows that these two trends are indeed related, but not necessarily in the direct manner that has commonly been postulated. Combining theories of embedded liberalism and conflict‐based theories of democracy, the model presented here depicts the process that affects decisions to strengthen democracy as trade and capital flows increase. I argue that increasing exposure to international export and financial markets leads to improvements in democracy if safety nets are used simultaneously as a strategy for providing stability and building political support. Empirical evidence is provided by econometric analysis covering 59 developing countries for the time period 1972–97.
Policy Preference Formation in Legislative Politics: Structures, Actors, and Focal Points
Authors: Ringe Nils
Published: September 2005

This article introduces a model of policy preference formation in legislative politics. Emphasizing a dynamic relationship between structure, agent, and decision‐making process, it ties the question of policy choice to the dimensionality of the normative and cognitive political space and the strategic actions of parliamentary agenda setters. The model proposes that structural factors, such as ideology, shape policy preferences to the extent that legislative actors successfully link them to specific policy proposals through the strategic provision of focal points. These ideas or images shift attention toward particular aspects of a legislative proposal, thus shaping the dominant interpretation of its content and consequences. This interpretation affects both individual‐level policy preferences and policy outcomes. The propositions of the focal‐point model are tested empirically in a detailed examination of European Union legislation on cross‐border takeover bids, using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Structural Choices and Representational Biases: The Post‐Election Color of Representation
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Juenke Eric Gonzalez , Wrinkle Robert D. , Polinard J. L.
Published: September 2005

Representation scholars link descriptive representation of blacks and Latinos in legislative bodies to substantive policy representation. We examine this relationship on local school boards where issue salience is high, the cost of gaining legislative access is relatively low, and nonpartisan elections produce a greater likelihood of linking policy preferences to racial cues. Theoretically, we connect substantive representation to the method of election; blacks and Latinos elected at‐large face different constraints than their ward‐elected counterparts, and thus behave differently on an at‐large board than they would on a ward‐elected one. This theoretical story suggests a number of hypotheses that we test using cross‐sectional data from 1000+ school districts in Texas. Using OLS, we find that the type of election has significant direct and indirect effects on the hiring of black and Latino administrators and teachers to the school district, after controlling for other factors. We find that election type has descriptive representational effects for Latinos, but more importantly, electoral constraints produce variable substantive policy outcomes once both black and Latino officials take office.
Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women's Issues in U.S. Senate Elections
Authors: Schaffner Brian F.
Published: September 2005

The gender gap has been an important feature of American elections since 1980. Yet, most explanations for the effects of gender on voting behavior focus on differences between men and women without taking account of how campaign strategies may serve to highlight or mask these differences. I examine how Senate candidates act strategically in deciding whether and how to target women voters. I find that candidates make these decisions based largely on two factors: (1) the importance of these issues to the state's voters and (2) whether gender gaps had been decisive in previous statewide contests. Analysis of exit‐poll data indicates that when campaigns focused more on women's issues, women became more likely to vote Democratic while the vote choices of men were unaffected. Thus, campaign strategies do appear to influence the importance of gender differences in voting behavior.
Effect of B2O3 Addition on the Thermal Properties and Structure of Bulk and Powdered Barium Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Harada Takashi , Takebe Hiromichi , Kuwabara Makoto
Published: September 2005

The glass transition temperature increases and the thermal expansion coefficient and density decrease with increasing B2O3 concentration in a series of (100−x)(50BaO–50P2O5)−xB2O3 where x=0–10 mol% for bulk samples. According to Raman spectroscopy, the bulk BaO–P2O5–B2O3 (BaP–B) glasses consist of metaphosphate Q2 units with ring‐type metaborate, diborate, and PO4–BO4 groups. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results reveal qualitatively that P–O–B bonds are formed at the surface of BaP–B glass samples ground in laboratory air over 6 mol% B2O3 only. The P–O–B bonds are related to the suppression of the crystallization of powdered BaP–B glasses with >6 mol% B2O3 during differential thermal analysis.
Production of Chromium‐Doped α‐Al2O3 Whiskers Via Vapor Liquid Solid Deposition
Authors: Cerecedo Carmen , Valcárcel Víctor , Gómez Mónica , Guitián Francisco
Published: September 2005

The prime objective of this work is to demonstrate that chromium‐doped alumina fibers could, for the first time, be obtained via vapor liquid solid (VLS) deposition. Various procedures are described and discussed in the text. The mechanism for effective doping is also discussed, and the resulting fibers are analyzed. A modification of the basic VLS deposition process was investigated with the aim of producing doped α‐Al2O3 (α‐alumina or corundum) whiskers. Chromium‐doped (ruby) corundum whiskers were obtained by the introduction of Cr3+ in gas form within the argon flow used to attain inert furnace atmospheres. Various procedures are described and discussed in the text, using different chromium compounds, and the mechanism of effective doping is also discussed in each case.
Relaxor Behavior of Sr1–xBaxBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics
Authors: Huang Shiming , Feng Chude , Chen Lidong , Wang Qun
Published: September 2005

Sr1−xBaxBi2Nb2O9 (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1) ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid‐state reaction method. Their structure and dielectric properties were investigated. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that single‐phase layered perovskites were obtained. A relaxor behavior was observed in Ba‐substituted SrBi2Nb2O9. The temperature of the maximum dielectric constant Tm decreases linearly with increasing Ba content (x) up to x=0.6, and only a little decrease in Tm is observed when 0.6<x<0.8. However, there is a little increase in Tm when 0.8<x≤1.0. The degree of frequency dispersion ΔTm, which is the Tm difference between 1 kHz and 1 MHz, increases from 0°C for x=0 to 110°C for x=1.
Preparation of Nanocrystalline CeO2 by the Precipitation Method and Its Improved Methane Oxidation Activity
Authors: Choi Heon‐Jin , Moon Jooho , Shim Hyung‐Bo , Han Kyong‐Sop , Lee Eun‐Gu , Jung Kwang‐Deog
Published: September 2005

Nanocrystalline CeO2 as small as 5 nm was successfully prepared by the precipitation method using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer. The methane oxidation temperature of this nanocrystalline CeO2 dropped about 100°C as compared with microcrystalline CeO2.
Boron Nitride Nanotubes‐Reinforced Glass Composites
Authors: Bansal Narottam P. , Hurst Janet B. , Choi Sung R.
Published: September 2005

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) of significant lengths were synthesized by reaction of boron with nitrogen. Barium calcium aluminosilicate glass composites reinforced with∼4 wt% of BNNT were fabricated by hot pressing. Ambient‐temperature flexure strength and fracture toughness of the glass‐BNNT composites were determined. The strength and fracture toughness of the composite were higher by as much as 90% and 35%, respectively, than those of the unreinforced glass. Microscopic examination of the composite fracture surfaces showed pullout of the BNNT. The preliminary results on the processing and improvement in mechanical properties of BNNT‐reinforced glass matrix composites are being reported here for the first time.
Limited‐Dose Electron Microscopy Reveals the Crystallinity of Fibrous C–S–H Phases
Authors: Rößler Christiane , Stark Jochen , Steiniger Frank , Tichelaar Willem
Published: September 2005

Using electron diffraction, we demonstrate that the fibrous calcium–silicate–hydrates (C–S–H) of tricalciumsilicate (C3S) hydration possess a crystalline structure. The crystalline nature was revealed by limiting the electron dose, which is common in electron microscopy of biomacromolecules. Compared with room temperature, the fading of the electron diffraction patterns at −175°C occurs at an electron dose that is about one order of magnitude higher. A combination of low‐dose and cryo‐protection methods offers the possibility to investigate the structures of water‐containing cement phases by high‐resolution electron microscopy in a close‐to‐native state.
Substitution Model of Monovalent (Li, Na, and K), Divalent (Mg), and Trivalent (Al) Metal Ions for β‐Tricalcium Phosphate
Authors: Yoshida Katsumi , Hyuga Hideki , Kondo Naoki , Kita Hideki , Sasaki Miho , Mitamura Masanori , Hashimoto Kazuaki , Toda Yoshitomo
Published: September 2005

The maximum substitution of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent metal ions for β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) was investigated, and a substitution model of these metal ions for β‐TCP was proposed. Monovalent metal ions (MI) could replace Ca(4) site and vacancy (VCa(4)) in β‐TCP as 2MI=Ca2++VCa(4) and the maximum substitution was about 9.1 mol%. In the case of divalent metal ions (MII), Ca(4) and Ca(5) sites were replaced by divalent metal ions as MII=Ca2+, and the maximum substitution was about 13.6 mol%. Trivalent metal ions (MIII) could be substituted for Ca(4) site and vacancy as 3MIII=2Ca2++VCa(4), and the maximum substitution was about 9.1 mol%.
Improvisation and Negotiation: Expecting the Unexpected
Authors: Balachandra Lakshmi , Bordone Robert C. , Menkel‐Meadow Carrie , Ringstrom Philip , Sarath Edward
Published: September 2005

Negotiators must improvise. As the negotiations process unfolds, they work with new information, continually making decisions along the way to achieve favorable results. Skilled improvisational jazz musicians and actors perform in similar ways: they repeatedly practice song chord progressions and notes or scene guidelines before a performance; then, during the performance, they work with the information or the music they hear in order to react and respond, making decisions along the way to produce dazzling music or a compelling scene. In this article, two experts in negotiation, a jazz‐improvisation scholar, a former member of an improvisational theater troupe, and a psychotherapist versed in therapeutic improvisational techniques explore the improvisational nature of negotiation.

Several aspects of negotiation are similar to improvisation. Both negotiators and improvisational performers need to have a similar mind‐set to be successful, both need to recognize and/or change that mind‐set at times, and both must craft creative solutions. But there are some significant differences between improvisational performance and negotiation practice, which this article also notes. For example, personal charisma (“star quality”) is a common attribute of successful performers, but not something negotiators may always rely on. Similarly, improvisational artists usually work as a team, while a negotiator is often on his or her own. Nonetheless, the incorporation of improvisation techniques into the negotiation skills repertoire holds great promise for practicing negotiators and is a worthy topic of future negotiation research and teaching.
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as an adjuvant therapy to panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy with high risk characteristics in type 1 diabetes: case report with 22 weeks follow‐up
Authors: Kytö Janne P. , Ångerman Susanne , Lumiste Evelyn , Paloheimo Markku , Summanen Paula A.
Published: September 2005

Purpose:  To describe a new treatment protocol to deliver panretinal photocoagulation that may avoid further deterioration of vision in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with proliferative retinopathy with high risk characteristics for severe visual loss and cystoid macular oedema.

Methods:  Fundus photography, measurement of foveal thickness with optical coherence tomography and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) determined by Snellen and ETDRS charts were measured before and after treatment in a 28‐year‐old man.

Results:  Over 9 weeks, BCVA improved from 0.05 to 0.25 and the number of letters read at 2 metres from four to 39 after panretinal photocoagulation and adjuvant intravitreal triamcinolone injection under intraconal anaesthesia. Foveal thickness decreased from 691 µm to 239 µm and cysts disappeared by 15 weeks. By 22 weeks, foveal thickness had increased to 282 µm and small cysts had reappeared, but BCVA remained at 0.2 and the number of letters read at 30.

Conclusion:  Proliferative retinopathy regressed, cystoid macular oedema disappeared and vision improved after panretinal photocoagulation and adjuvant intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection under intraconal anaesthesia. This represents a feasible option in cases where pain during laser treatment and impairment of vision afterwards due to cystoid macular oedema result in poor compliance with standard laser treatment under topical anaesthesia.
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in patients with macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion: a pilot study
Authors: Krepler Katharina , Ergun Erdem , Sacu Stefan , Richter‐Müksch Sibylla , Wagner Julia , Stur Michael , Wedrich Andreas
Published: September 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate treatment of macular oedema due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide.

Methods:  In a prospective case series, nine patients with macular oedema due to BRVO received an intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide. Examination included best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for distance and reading, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, fluorescein angiography and high resolution imaging by optical coherence tomography, preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, 3 and 6 months postoperatively.

Results:  Preoperative mean BCVAs were 1.3 ± 0.8 for distance vision, and 1.1 ± 0.3 for reading acuity, respectively. A significant improvement in reading acuity was observed until 1 month (0.7 ± 0.4, p = 0.02). No significant reduction in mean macular thickness was observed.

Conclusions:  Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide led to a significant improvement in mean VA in patients with macular oedema due to BRVO. However, the significant effect was not permanent and persisted for only 1 month.
Central corneal thickness in high myopia
Authors: Pedersen Lene , Hjortdal Jesper , Ehlers Niels
Published: September 2005

Purpose:  To examine if central corneal thickness (CCT) is different in emmetropia and high myopia.

Methods:  57 emmetropic subjects (0 to  + 1.5 D) and 48 high myopes (all more than − 6 D in spherical equivalent refraction) were studied. CCT was measured by a Haag–Streit Optical Low‐Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR) pachymeter, a recently developed high precision pachymeter with a standard deviation (SD) for repeated measurements of 1 µm.

Results:  Mean CCT for the emmetropic group was 538.6 µm (SD = 32.1), and for the myopic group 527.7 µm (SD = 35.0). Neither the mean CCT nor the variance from the two groups showed a statistically significant different (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:  CCT is not systematically altered in myopia. The process by which the myopia progresses does not to a measurable degree influence the central cornea.