bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dipping Tobacco on Pulse Wave Analysis among Adult Males
Authors: Elemam Areeg E. , Omer Nisreen D. , Ibrahim Neima M. , Ali Ahmed B.
Published: October 2020

Background. The current study investigated the effect of dipping tobacco (DT) use on arterial wall stiffness which is a known marker of increased risk of cardiovascular events. Methods. A case‐control study which included 101 adult males was carried out in Al‐Shaab Teaching Hospital. Blood pressure and pulse wave analysis parameters were recorded in 51 DT users (study group) before and after 30 minutes of placing tobacco and in 50 nontobacco users (control group). Anthropometric measurements were collected using data collection sheet. Data were entered into a computer and analyzed by using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results. At baseline measurements, heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group (66.15 ± 9.21 vs. 72.87 ± 10.13 beats/min; P value ≤ 0.001). Subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group (203.44 ± 30.34 vs. 179.11 ± 30.51%; P value ≤ 0.001). Acute effects of DT compared to pretobacco dipping showed significant increase in HR (72.50 ± 10.89 vs. 66.15 ± 9.21 beats/min; P value ≤ 0.001) and significant decrease in augmentation pressure (AP) (4.30 (2.30‐8.00) vs. 3.30 (0.60‐6.3) mmHg; P value ≤ 0.001), ejection duration (ED) (271.65 ± 19.42 vs. 279.53 ± 20.47 ms; P value ≤ 0.001), and SEVR (187.11 ± 29.81 vs. 203.44 ± 30.34; P value ≤ 0.001). Linear regression analysis for AP predictor showed that only HR and AIx@75 affect and predict the values of AP (Beta ± SE; −0.242 ± 0.019, P value ≤ 0.001; 0.685 ± 0.014, P value ≤ 0.001). Conclusions. Long‐term use of DT was not associated with permanent changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Acute tobacco dipping caused an acute increase in heart rate and oxygen demands of myocardium.
An Image Encryption Scheme Using a 1D Chaotic Double Section Skew Tent Map
Authors: Elmanfaloty Rania A. , Abou-Bakr Ehab
Published: October 2020

Because of their complex behaviour, simple mathematical and digital hardware representation, one-dimensional (1D) chaotic functions were the earliest choices of cryptologists for applying chaos theory to cryptography. It was discovered later that most of these functions suffer from orbits collapsing into a specific period, especially under finite precision realization and weakness because of their limited number of control parameter(s). This in turn exposed many security issues and was proven to be vulnerable to various types of attacks. This paper addresses the issue of limited number of control parameters by introducing a 1D chaotic function with five control parameters (in addition to the initial condition). Analysis of the function implies its chaotic properties in addition to its ability to generate a cryptographically secured random stream of numbers. To further elaborate on its robustness, a new image encryption algorithm incorporating the function as its random number generator is presented. Various analyses of the new scheme confirm it to be secure with good confusion-diffusion properties.
Impact of Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices in Cataract Surgery
Authors: Malvankar-Mehta Monali S. , Fu Angel , Subramanian Yasoda , Hutnik Cindy
Published: October 2020

Background. Ophthalmic viscoelastic devices (OVDs) used during small-incision cataract surgery have numerous advantages. However, OVDs have longer retention time in an eye after surgery resulting in intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes. The purpose of this study is to analyze and quantify the effect of various OVDs on both IOP and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) by systematically reviewing the literature and performing meta-analysis. Methods. Numerous databases from January 1, 1985, to present were systematically searched. Thirty-six (3893 subjects) of 3313 studies identified were included for analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was computed, and meta-analysis was performed. Results. A total of 3313 records were retrieved including 1114 from database search and 2199 from grey literature search. Significant increase in postoperative IOP in 1-day follow-up with Healon (SMD = 0.37, CI: [0.07, 0.67]), Viscoat (SMD = 0.29, CI: [0.13, 0.45]), Provisc (SMD = 0.46, CI: [0.17, 0.76]), and Soft Shell (SMD = 0.58, CI: [0.30, 0.86]) was computed. On the other hand, results implied a nonsignificant increase in postoperative IOP with Healon GV (SMD = 0.07, CI: [−0.28, 0.41]), Healon5 (SMD = 0.15, CI: [−0.33, 0.64]), 2% HPMC (SMD = 0.32, CI: [−0.0, 0.64]), and OcuCoat (SMD = 0.26, CI: [−0.37, 0.9]). Additionally, a nonsignificant reduction in postoperative IOP was inferred with Viscoat + Provisc (SMD = −0.28, CI: [−2.23, 1.68]). Conclusion. Improvement in IOP was shown with Viscoat + Provisc. Additionally, IOP nonsignificant upsurge was observed with Healon GV, Healon5, 2% HPMC, and OcuCoat compared to significant upsurge with Healon, Viscoat, and Soft Shell.
Hemodynamic-Based Evaluation on Thrombosis Risk of Fusiform Coronary Artery Aneurysms Using Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Method
Authors: Wang Haoran , Anzai Hitomi , Liu Youjun , Qiao Aike , Xie Jinsheng , Ohta Makoto
Published: October 2020

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) have been reported to associate with an increased risk for thrombosis. Distinct to the brain aneurysm, which can cause a rupture, CAA’s threat is more about its potential to induce thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction. Case reports suggest that thrombosis risk varied with the different CAA diameters and hemodynamics effects (usually wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT)) may relate to the thrombosis risk. However, currently, due to the rareness of the disease, there is limited knowledge of the hemodynamics effects of CAA. The aim of the study was to estimate the relationship between hemodynamic effects and different diameters of CAAs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a noninvasive means of hemodynamic research. Four three-dimensional models were constructed, representing coronary arteries with a normal diameter (1x) and CAAs with diameters two (2x), three (3x), and five times (5x) that of the normal diameter. A lumped parameter model (LPM) which can capture the feature of coronary blood flow supplied the boundary conditions. WSS in the aneurysm decreased 97.7% apparently from 3.51 Pa (1x) to 0.08 Pa (5x). OSI and RRT in the aneurysm were increased apparently by two orders of magnitude from 0.01 (1x) to 0.30 (5x), and from 0.38 Pa−1 (1x) to 51.59 Pa−1 (5x), separately. Changes in the local volume of the CAA resulted in dramatic changes in local hemodynamic parameters. The findings demonstrated that thrombosis risk increased with increasing diameter and was strongly exacerbated at larger diameters of CAA. The 2x model exhibited the lowest thrombosis risk among the models, suggesting the low-damage (medication) treatment may work. High-damage (surgery) treatment may need to be considered when CAA diameter is 3 times or higher. This diameter classification method may be a good example for constructing a more complex hemodynamic-based risk stratification method and could support clinical decision-making in the assessment of CAA.
S-Semiprime Submodules and
S
-Reduced Modules
Authors: Pekin Ayten , Tekir Ünsal , Kılıç Özge
Published: October 2020

This article introduces the concept of

S

-semiprime submodules which are a generalization of semiprime submodules and

S

-prime submodules. Let

M

be a nonzero unital R-module, where

R

is a commutative ring with a nonzero identity. Suppose that

S

is a multiplicatively closed subset of

R

. A submodule

P

of

M

is said to be an

S

-semiprime submodule if there exists a fixed

s
∈
S

, and whenever

r

n

m
∈
P

for some

r
∈
R
,
m
∈
M

, and

n
∈
ℕ

, then

srm
∈
P

. Also,

M

is said to be an

S

-reduced module if there exists (fixed)

s
∈
S

, and whenever

r

n

m
=
0

for some

r
∈
R
,
m
∈
M

, and

n
∈
ℕ
,

then

srm
=
0

. In addition, to give many examples and characterizations of

S

-semiprime submodules and

S

-reduced modules, we characterize a certain class of semiprime submodules and reduced modules in terms of these concepts.
Assessment of Prescription Completeness and Drug Use Pattern in Tibebe‐Ghion Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Authors: Yilma Zewdu , Mekonnen Tena , Siraj Ebrahim Abdela , Agmassie Zegaye , Yehualaw Adane , Debasu Zenaw , Tafere Chernet , Ararsie Misgan
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Irrational medicine use is a global problem, and one of its manifestation is inappropriate prescribing that occurs when medicines are not prescribed in accordance with the guideline. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess prescription completeness and drug use pattern of the hospital using the WHO core drug use indicators. Methods. 1000 prescriptions were collected retrospectively from prescriptions written for 1 year from outpatient pharmacies of the hospital. Exit interview was employed to assess patient care indicators. The health facility indicators were checked by assessing the presence of drug formulary and availability of key medicines at the facility. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. It was found that only name of the patients was filled in all the prescriptions. Other informations were below the standard. The average number of drugs per prescription was 1.65. Percentages of encounter by generic name, with antibiotic and injections, were 85.78%, 41%, and 25%, respectively. The percentage of drugs prescribed from an essential drug list was 98.48%. The mean consultation time and dispensing time were 14.49 and 2.16 minutes, respectively. More than half patients had knowledge on drug dispensed to them (68%). The percentage of drugs actually dispensed was 65%, but none of the drugs dispensed were adequately labelled. A copy of EDL and 84% of the key drugs were available in the hospital. Conclusion. From the results of our study, it can be concluded that all prescriptions were not complete, and except the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the other drug use pattern indicators were out of the WHO recommendation. Therefore, effective intervention program, like training, for promotion of rational drug use practice was recommended.
Triaxial Strength Criteria in Mohr Stress Space for Intact Rocks
Authors: Guo Baohua , Wang Long , Li Yizhe , Chen Yan
Published: October 2020

Conventional triaxial strength criteria are important for the judgment of rock failure. Linear, parabolic, power, logarithmic, hyperbolic, and exponential equations were, respectively, established to fit the conventional triaxial compression test data for 19 types of rock specimens in the Mohr stress space. Then, a method for fitting the failure envelope to all common tangent points of each two adjacent Mohr’s circles (abbreviated as CTPAC) was proposed in the Mohr stress space. The regression accuracy of the linear equation is not as good as those of the nonlinear equations on the whole, and the regression uniaxial compression strength (σc)r, tensile strength (σt)r, cohesion cr, and internal frictional angle φr predicted by the regression linear failure envelopes with the method for fitting the CTPAC in the Mohr stress space are close to those predicted in the principal stress space. Therefore, the method for fitting CTPAC is feasible to determine the failure envelopes in the Mohr stress space. The logarithmic, hyperbolic, and exponential equations are recommended to obtain the failure envelope in the Mohr stress space when the data of tensile strength (σt)t are or are not included in regression owing to their higher R2, less positive x‐intercepts, and more accurate regression cohesion cr. Furthermore, based on the shape and development trend of the nonlinear strength envelope, it is considered that when the normal stress is infinite, the total bearing capacity of rock tends to be a constant after gradual increase with decreasing rates. Thus, the hyperbolic equation and the exponential equation are more suitable to fit triaxial compression strength in a higher maximum confining pressure range because they have limit values. The conclusions can provide references for the selection of the triaxial strength criterion in practical geotechnical engineering.
Shaking Table Test of Seismic Response of Immersed Tunnels under the Influence of Multiple Factors
Authors: Ouyang Zhiyong , Cui Jie , Luo Ruofan , Li Peijie
Published: October 2020

To explore the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of immersed tunnels under the action of earthquakes, 5 groups of shaking table model tests were carried out. Three different site conditions (unsaturated sand site, homogeneous saturated sand site, and nonuniform site), structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction were considered. By comparing the above influencing factors, the seismic response law affecting the immersed tunnels was obtained. The test results show that, under the action of horizontal earthquakes, the liquefaction of sand and the larger tunnel stiffness may influence the acceleration development of the soil layers; seismic wave input directions affect the excellent frequency and frequency range of the soil layers, and the liquefaction of sand and large structural stiffness change the shape of the Fourier spectrum curve of the soil layers; site conditions, structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction have a significant effect on the internal forces of tunnels. Normally, the strain in the heterogeneous soil layer under the horizontal seismic wave input is the largest, and the peak strain of the upper side of the tunnel side wall and center column is larger than the lower part, while the mechanism of structural damage caused by vertical earthquakes is different.
A Hybrid Cyber Defense Mechanism to Mitigate the Persistent Scan and Foothold Attack
Authors: Wang Shuo , Pei Qingqi , Zhang Yuchen , Liu Xiaohu , Tang Guangming
Published: October 2020

As the prerequisite for the attacker to invade the target network, Persistent Scan and Foothold Attack (PSFA) is becoming progressively more subtle and complex. Even worse, the static and predictable characteristics of traditional systems provide an asymmetric advantage for attackers in launching the PSFA. To reverse this asymmetric advantage and resist the PSFA, two new defense ideas, called moving target defense (MTD) and deception-based cyber defense (DCD), have been suggested to provide the proactive selectable measures to complement traditional defense. However, MTD is unable to defeat the sophisticated attacker with fingerprint tracking ability. Meanwhile, DCD is easy to be marked by the attacker, which will result in a great waste of defense resources and poor defense effectiveness. To address this shortcoming, we propose the hybrid cyber defense mechanism that combines the address mutation (belonging to MTD) and fingerprint camouflage (belonging to DCD) strategies. More specifically, we first introduce and formalize the attacker model of PSFA based on the cyber kill chain. Afterwards, the traffic direction technology is designed to realize the coordination between the strategy of address mutation and the strategy of fingerprint camouflage. Furthermore, we construct the fine-grained quantitative modeling of the attacker’s behaviors through an in-depth observation of actual network confrontation. Based on this, a dynamic defense strategy generation algorithm is presented to maximize the effectiveness of our hybrid mechanism. Finally, the experimental results show that our hybrid mechanism can greatly improve the time required for a successful attack and achieve a better defense effect than the single strategy.
Cloud-Based Experimental Platform for the Space-Ground Integrated Network
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Chen Xinyu , Ye Haiyang , Liu Yuan , Zhang Guizhu
Published: October 2020

The space-ground integrated network (SGIN) is an important direction of future network development and is expected to play an important role in edge computing for the Internet of Things (IoT). Through integration with an SGIN, IoT applications can provide services with long-distance and wide-coverage features. However, SGINs are typical large-scale and time-varying networks for which new network technologies, protocols, and applications must be rigorously evaluated and validated. Therefore, a reliable experimental platform is necessary for SGINs. This paper presents a cloud-based experimental platform for the SGIN context named SGIN-Stack. First, the architecture of SGIN-Stack, which combines the Systems Tool Kit (STK) and OpenStack, is described. Based on this architecture, a seamless linkage between OpenStack and STK is achieved to realize synchronous, dynamic, and real-time network emulation for an SGIN, and the dynamic differential compensation technology and a random number generation algorithm are applied to improve the emulation accuracy for satellite links. Finally, an emulation scenario is constructed that includes six space-based backbone nodes, sixty-six space-based access nodes, and a ground station. Based on this emulation scenario, experiments concerning the satellite link delays, bit error ratio (BER), and throughput are carried out to prove the high fidelity of our SGIN-Stack platform. Emulation experiments involving satellite orbital maneuvers and attitude adjustments show that SGIN-Stack can be used for dynamic and real-time SGIN emulation.
Network Pharmacology‐Based Study on the Mechanism of Pinellia ternata in Asthma Treatment
Authors: Lyu Yanmin , Chen Xiangjing , Xia Qing , Zhang Shanshan , Yao Chengfang
Published: October 2020

Background. Pinellia ternata (PT), a medicinal plant, has had an extensive application in the treatment of asthma in China, whereas its underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. Methods. Firstly, a network pharmacology method was adopted to collect activated components of PT from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Targets of PT were assessed by exploiting the PharmMapper website; asthma‐related targets were collected from the OMIM website, and target‐target interaction networks were built. Secondly, critical nodes exhibiting high possibility were identified as the hub nodes in the network, which were employed to conduct Gene Ontology (GO) comment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the tissue expression profiles of key candidate genes were identified by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the therapeutic effect of PT was verified by an animal experiment. Results. 57 achievable targets of PT on asthma were confirmed as hub nodes through using the network pharmacology method. As revealed from the KEGG enrichment analysis, the signaling pathways were notably enriched in pathways of the T‐cell receptor signaling pathway, JAK‐STAT signaling pathway, and cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction. The expression profiles of candidate genes including Mmp2, Nr3c1, il-10, il-4, il-13, il-17a, il-2, tlr4, tlr9, ccl2, csf2, and vefgα were identified. Moreover, according to transcriptome RNA sequencing data from lung tissues of allergic mice compared to normal mice, the mRNA level of Mmp2 and il-4 was upregulated (P < 0.001). In animal experiments, PT could alleviate the allergic response of mice by inhibiting the activation of T‐helper type 2 (TH2) cells and the expression of Mmp2 and il-4. Conclusions. Our study provides candidate genes that may be either used for future studies related to diagnosis/prognosis or as targets for asthma management. Besides, animal experiments showed that PT could treat asthma by regulating the expression of Mmp2 and il-4.
Alterations to DNMT3A in Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Venugopal Kartika , Feng Yang , Shabashvili Daniil , Guryanova Olga A.
Published: October 2020

In the last decade, large-scale genomic studies in patients with hematologic malignancies identified recurrent somatic alterations in epigenetic modifier genes. Among these, the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A has emerged as one of the most frequently mutated genes in adult myeloid as well as lymphoid malignancies and in clonal hematopoiesis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the biochemical and structural consequences of DNMT3A mutations on DNA methylation catalysis and binding interactions and summarize their effects on epigenetic patterns and gene expression changes implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. We then review the role played by mutant DNMT3A in clonal hematopoiesis, accompanied by its effect on immune cell function and inflammatory responses. Finally, we discuss how this knowledge informs therapeutic approaches for hematologic malignancies with mutant DNMT3A.
Selection of Oncogenic Mutant Clones in Normal Human Skin Varies with Body Site
Authors: Fowler Joanna C. , King Charlotte , Bryant Christopher , Hall Michael W.J. , Sood Roshan , Ong Swee Hoe , Earp Eleanor , Fernandez-Antoran David , Koeppel Jonas , Dentro Stefan C. , Shorthouse David , Durrani Amer , Fife Kate , Rytina Edward , Milne Doreen , Roshan Amit , Mahububani Krishnaa , Saeb-Parsy Kourosh , Hall Benjamin A. , Gerstung Moritz , Jones Philip H.
Published: October 2020

Skin cancer risk varies substantially across the body, yet how this relates to the mutations found in normal skin is unknown. Here we mapped mutant clones in skin from high- and low-risk sites. The density of mutations varied by location. The prevalence of NOTCH1 and FAT1 mutations in forearm, trunk, and leg skin was similar to that in keratinocyte cancers. Most mutations were caused by ultraviolet light, but mutational signature analysis suggested differences in DNA-repair processes between sites. Eleven mutant genes were under positive selection, with TP53 preferentially selected in the head and FAT1 in the leg. Fine-scale mapping revealed 10% of clones had copy-number alterations. Analysis of hair follicles showed mutations in the upper follicle resembled adjacent skin, but the lower follicle was sparsely mutated. Normal skin is a dense patchwork of mutant clones arising from competitive selection that varies by location.

Significance:

Mapping mutant clones across the body reveals normal skin is a dense patchwork of mutant cells. The variation in cancer risk between sites substantially exceeds that in mutant clone density. More generally, mutant genes cannot be assigned as cancer drivers until their prevalence in normal tissue is known.

See related commentary by De Dominici and DeGregori, p. 227.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211
Adult Basic Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Olasveengen Theresa M. , Mancini Mary E. , Perkins Gavin D. , Avis Suzanne , Brooks Steven , Castrén Maaret , Chung Sung Phil , Considine Julie , Couper Keith , Escalante Raffo , Hatanaka Tetsuo , Hung Kevin K.C. , Kudenchuk Peter , Lim Swee Han , Nishiyama Chika , Ristagno Giuseppe , Semeraro Federico , Smith Christopher M. , Smyth Michael A. , Vaillancourt Christian , Nolan Jerry P. , Hazinski Mary Fran , Morley Peter T. , Svavarsdóttir Hildigunnur , Raffay Violetta , Kuzovlev Artem , Grasner Jan-Thorsten , Dee Ryan , Smith Michael , Rajendran Kausala
Published: October 2020

This
2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations
on basic life support summarizes evidence evaluations performed for 22 topics that were prioritized by the Basic Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. The evidence reviews include 16 systematic reviews, 5 scoping reviews, and 1 evidence update. Per agreement within the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, new or revised treatment recommendations were only made after a systematic review.

Systematic reviews were performed for the following topics: dispatch diagnosis of cardiac arrest, use of a firm surface for CPR, sequence for starting CPR (compressions-airway-breaths versus airway-breaths-compressions), CPR before calling for help, duration of CPR cycles, hand position during compressions, rhythm check timing, feedback for CPR quality, alternative techniques, public access automated external defibrillator programs, analysis of rhythm during chest compressions, CPR before defibrillation, removal of foreign-body airway obstruction, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, drowning, and harm from CPR to victims not in cardiac arrest.

The topics that resulted in the most extensive task force discussions included CPR during transport, CPR before calling for help, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, feedback for CPR quality, and analysis of rhythm during chest compressions. After discussion of the scoping reviews and the evidence update, the task force prioritized several topics for new systematic reviews.
Education, Implementation, and Teams: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Greif Robert , Bhanji Farhan , Bigham Blair L. , Bray Janet , Breckwoldt Jan , Cheng Adam , Duff Jonathan P. , Gilfoyle Elaine , Hsieh Ming-Ju , Iwami Taku , Lauridsen Kasper G. , Lockey Andrew S. , Ma Matthew Huei-Ming , Monsieurs Koenraad G. , Okamoto Deems , Pellegrino Jeffrey L. , Yeung Joyce , Finn Judith C. , Baldi Enrico , Beck Stefanie , Beckers Stefan K. , Blewer Audrey L. , Boulton Adam , Cheng-Heng Liu , Yang Chi-Wie , Coppola Alison , Dainty Katie N. , Damjanovic Domagoj , Djärv Therese , Donoghue Aaron , Georgiou Marios , Gunson Imogen , Krob Jamillee L. , Kuzovlev Artem , Ko Ying-Chih , Leary Marion , Lin Yiqun , Mancini Mary E. , Matsuyama Tasuku , Navarro Kenneth , Nehme Ziad , Orkin Aaron M. , Pellis Tommaso , Pflanzl-Knizacek Lucas , Pisapia Luca , Saviani Michela , Sawyer Taylor , Scapigliati Andrea , Schnaubelt Sebastian , Scholefield Barnaby , Semeraro Federico , Shammet Salma , Smyth Michael A. , Ward Abigail , Zace Drieda
Published: October 2020

For this
2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations
, the Education, Implementation, and Teams Task Force applied the population, intervention, comparator, outcome, study design, time frame format and performed 15 systematic reviews, applying the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidance. Furthermore, 4 scoping reviews and 7 evidence updates assessed any new evidence to determine if a change in any existing treatment recommendation was required. The topics covered included training for the treatment of opioid overdose; basic life support, including automated external defibrillator training; measuring implementation and performance in communities, and cardiac arrest centers; advanced life support training, including team and leadership training and rapid response teams; measuring cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance, feedback devices, and debriefing; and the use of social media to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation application.
The Church, Kingdom and Society in the Writings of Vasilii V. Ivanov (1846–1919): towards a Public Theology for Post-Soviet Baptists
Authors: Geychenko Oleksandr
Published: October 2020

With the collapse of the USSR in 1991 evangelicals received unprecedented opportunity to raise their voices in the public arena. However, as the events during the Revolution of Dignity (2013–2014) in Ukraine demonstrated, most evangelicals could not formulate their attitude towards these events. Instead they assumed existing positions which sometimes were fundamentally opposite to the Christian narrative. This article seeks to explore perspectives of the one of the pioneers of Baptism in the Russian Empire, Vasilii V. Ivanov-Klyshnikov (1846–1919), on the church, Kingdom of God and society with the view to find elements for a public theology. Ivanov’s perspectives are expanded through the concept of the church as visible and political.
Via Tertia for the Orthodox Churches
Authors: Hovorun Cyril
Published: October 2020

Since its national awakening in the middle of the nineteenth century, the Ukrainian people have had two options for development: to pursue the modernist program of nation-building or to submit itself to the imperial projects that first the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, then the Soviet Union, and lastly Vladimir Putin were trying to build. The Ukrainian Maidans of 2004 and 2013–14 indicated a third way, a via tertia: to developing a civil society based on civil values, such as transparency, justice, and solidarity. This third option is a way towards modernization. The Ukrainian churches found themselves at the crossroads facing the same choices—the modernist, imperialist, or civil. A public theology that advocates for a ‘symphony’ with civil society, instead of a traditional symphonic relationship with the state, suggests a way for the churches: it would make them coherent with the social developments in the country.
The Making of a Swiss Migration Regime: Electronic Data Infrastructures and Statistics in the Federal Administration, 1960s–1990s
Authors: Espahangizi Kijan , Mähr Moritz
Published: October 2020

The article analyses the transformation of Swiss migration statistics through digital data processing in the 1970s and 1980s. It focuses on the emergence of two different modes of migration statistics management within the Swiss federal administration. First, in the early 1970s, the Swiss Federal Aliens Police implemented an electronic database with comprehensive statistics on foreigners, the so-called Central Aliens Register. It was devised as a data-driven instrument for regulating labour supply within the scope of the Western European guest worker regime. Then, in the mid-1980s, the Swiss Federal Statistical Office introduced periodical population scenario analysis. The modelling of future demographic scenarios, based on existing data, shifted the perspective towards a new global migration framework. It is shown how this computerisation of statistical data infrastructures in the 1970s/1980s enabled the combination of different regulatory regimes for population movements within the federal administration (labour/asylum), thus, contributing to the formation of a Swiss migration regime.
B C, Before Computers
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

The idea that the digital age has revolutionized our day-to-day experience of the world is nothing new, and has been amply recognized by cultural historians. In contrast, Stephen Robertson’s 'BC: Before Computers' is a work which questions the idea that the mid-twentieth century saw a single moment of rupture. It is about all the things that we had to learn, invent, and understand – all the ways we had to evolve our thinking – before we could enter the information technology revolution of the second half of the twentieth century. Its focus ranges from the beginnings of data processing, right back to such originary forms of human technology as the development of writing systems, gathering a whole history of revolutionary moments in the development of information technologies into a single, although not linear narrative.

Treading the line between philosophy and technical history, Robertson draws on his extensive technical knowledge to produce a text which is both thought-provoking and accessible to a wide range of readers. The book is wide in scope, exploring the development of technologies in such diverse areas as cryptography, visual art and music, and the postal system. Through all this, it does not simply aim to tell the story of computer developments but to show that those developments rely on a long history of humans creating technologies for increasingly sophisticated methods of manipulating information.

Through a clear structure and engaging style, it brings together a wealth of informative and conceptual explorations into the history of human technologies, and avoids assumptions about any prior knowledge on the part of the reader. As such, it has the potential to be of interest to the expert and the general reader alike.
2 Sending messages: the post
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

This chapter is devoted to the development of postal systems. The author starts in the classical world, with several different systems, but particularly the Roman, and moves on to the European systems of the Renaissance on, to the big nationalised systems of the nineteenth century, and the heyday and subsequent decline of traditional postal services in the late twentieth century. On the way, the author discusses the medium used for letter-writing, infrastructure such as the roads, the postage stamp, and the organisation of multiple interconnecting postal services.
3 Sending messages: electricity
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

The new medium of electricity gives us new opportunities: the telegraph, the printing telegraph, the telephone, then radio, and later email and text messaging, bringing us into the modern age. But the first of these steps would not have been taken without the alphabet, and the consequent possibility of codes like the Morse code.
6 Organising information
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

Once again, the author goes back in time, to a number of different fields of human activity which required systematic organisation of information: astronomy, calculating the date of Easter, tax collecting, census taking, history itself, libraries again. He then goes on to discuss the filling in of forms, as a way to introduce the idea of a database.
11 Data processing
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

The idea of data processing machines arose quite independently of ideas about calculation, in the analysis and tabulation of the US census data. An entire industry developed from this in the first half of the twentieth century, which then morphed into the computer industry. This leads to a further discussion on the notion of data.
12 Ciphers
Authors: Robertson Stephen
Published: October 2020

Another prime mover in the development of computers was cryptography – and in particular the breaking of German military codes during the second world war. It was this activity which really led to the modern computer era.
Clinical adoption of Nephrocheck® in the early detection of acute kidney injury
Authors: Ilaria Godi , Kianoush Kashani , Ruxandra Boteanu , Francesca Martino , Mariarosa Carta , Davide Giavarina , Claudio Ronco
Published: October 2020

Acute kidney injury is a common complication of acute illnesses and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Over the past years several acute kidney injury biomarkers for diagnostication, decision-making processes, and prognosis of acute kidney injury and its outcomes have been developed and validated. Among these biomarkers, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), the so-called cell cycle arrest biomarkers, showed a superior profile of accuracy and stability even in patients with substantial comorbidities. Therefore, in 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the product of TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 ([TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7]), known as cell cycle arrest biomarkers, to aid critical care physicians and nephrologists in the early prediction of acute kidney injury in the critical care setting. To date, Nephrocheck® is the only commercially available test for [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7]. In this narrative review, we describe the growing clinical and investigational momentum of biomarkers, focusing on [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7], as one of the most promising candidate biomarkers. Additionally, we review the current state of clinical implementation of Nephrocheck®.
Community Influential Directors and Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Evans Klavdia , Salaiz Ashley , Pathak Seemantini , Vera Dusya
Published: October 2020

We draw upon the attention-based view of the firm to identify the conditions under which community influentials (CIs) on a board impact a firm’s corporate social performance (CSP). We test our hypotheses with a panel data set of Fortune 500 firms from 2004 to 2008, including 3,955 unique firm–director combinations (aggregated to the board level). Although CIs are often considered less powerful directors, we identify that when the firm is experiencing poor CSP, CIs have a positive effect on CSP. The ability of CIs to influence CSP is also conditional on the access of CIs and other board members to socially oriented board ties. Our article points out that power and influence is contingent on the decision context and the relative knowledge of organizational players, and that players with relatively lower power may improve their status and command attention when they can offer exclusive insight into important issues.
Systemic Steroid and Nebulized Budesonide Combination Therapy Versus Systemic Steroid Monotherapy in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Community Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Nguyen David , Larson Trent , Leinbach Heather , Guthrie Emily
Published: October 2020

Purpose: To evaluate clinical outcomes and costs of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and systemic corticosteroid combination therapy versus systemic corticosteroid monotherapy for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Methods: Hospitalized patients aged 41 to 85 years old who received ≥40 mg/day of systemic prednisone equivalents between April 3, 2017 to July 31, 2017 and April 3, 2018 to July 31, 2018 with a primary discharge diagnosis of AECOPD. Two cohorts were identified: those who received >2 doses of ICS (combination therapy) and those who received ≤2 doses of ICS (monotherapy) while on systemic corticosteroid therapy. Primary outcomes were progression of respiratory support or ≥20% increase in daily dose of systemic corticosteroids. Secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay (LOS), COPD 30-day readmissions, in-hospital mortality, and nebulized budesonide costs. Results: One hundred twenty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. Daily corticosteroid dose increases were similar between the combination and monotherapy cohorts (4% vs. 5%, P = 0.76) as was progression in ventilatory support (12% vs. 8%, P = 0.53). In-hospital mortality (4% vs. 1%, P = 0.36) and COPD 30-day readmissions (16% vs. 9%, P = 0.22) were not significantly different, however, patients in the combination arm had longer lengths of stay (4.8 days vs. 3.9 days, P = 0.04). Total nebulized budesonide costs were $1857 with a mean of $37 per patient stay for combination therapy cohort. Conclusion: Outcomes showed no clinical difference between combination therapy and monotherapy. This study suggests monotherapy may be more cost-effective while providing similar outcomes for the treatment of hospitalized patients with AECOPD.
Non-altruistic Equilibria
Authors: Ohnishi Kazuhiro
Published: October 2020

Which choice will a player make if he can make one of two choices in which his own payoffs are equal, but his rival’s payoffs are not equal, that is, one with a large payoff for his rival and the other with a small payoff for his rival? This paper introduces non-altruistic equilibria for normal-form games and extensive-form non-altruistic equilibria for extensive-form games as equilibrium concepts of non-cooperative games by discussing such a problem and examines the connections between their equilibrium concepts and Nash and subgame perfect equilibria that are important and frequently encountered equilibrium concepts.
A Dismal Story of Academic Performance of Primary Students in West Bengal, India
Authors: Mandal Debarshi , Sarkar Debasish
Published: October 2020

This study is an attempt to look at the academic achievement in three core subjects, such as First Language, English and Arithmetic, of the primary school students studying in classes II and III in External Evaluation and Diagnostic Achievement Test in West Bengal, India. We try to provide an insight into the group disparity in academic achievement of the students in the three subjects through classifying the sample by caste, gender and sector. Besides, we also employ the logistic model of regression to assess likelihood of success of different groups in the minimum level of learning of these three subjects in the said examinations. The study found considerable disparity in academic skills among social groups, males and females and rural and urban students. Performance of the students was quite poor in Arithmetic compared to First Language and English. Findings of this study will enable the policy makers to design appropriate policies, which will enable the society to achieve better performance in education in future.
Noise source identification of three pulleys and one belt drive system based on sound array technology
Authors: Yaochen Shi , Tianxiang Zhao , Guoping Chen , Zhanguo Li , Wusheng Tang
Published: October 2020

This paper analyzed the noise distribution of three pulleys and one belt system theoretically and experimentally. Aiming at the influence of the tensioner on the transmission noise of the synchronous belt, on the premise of theoretical analysis of the influence of the tensioner on the transmission noise of the synchronous belt, the noise test of the synchronous belt transmission system with and without the tensioner was carried out under the same experimental conditions. Based on the principle of acoustic array measurement, a three-pulley and one belt noise test device was designed. The noise pressure distribution nephogram and amplitude–frequency characteristic curve were obtained by noise tests at different speeds. Through the comparison of the results of two groups of tests, the influence rule of the tensioner on the transmission noise of the synchronous belt was obtained. The results show that the tensioner can effectively avoid the resonance of the synchronous belt, and the noise amplitude of the three-pulley and one belt drive system is 3 dB higher after the tensioner is installed. It provides a basis for vibration and noise reduction of the engine timing transmission system.
Multi-layer collaborative optimization method for solving fuzzy multi-objective integrated process planning and scheduling
Authors: Wen Xiaoyu , Lian Xiaonan , Wang Kanghong , Li Hao , Luo Guofu
Published: October 2020

Research on integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) is of great significance to the improvement of the overall quality of machinery manufacturing system. In the actual manufacturing process, the manufacturing system is often accompanied by some unpredictable uncertain disturbance factors, for instance uncertain processing time of jobs and changes of due date, etc. These uncertain disturbance events will ultimately affect production efficiency and customer satisfaction. Consequently, this paper considers the multi-objective IPPS problem with uncertain processing time and uncertain due date. A multi-layer collaborative optimization (MLCO) method is designed for the fuzzy multi-objective IPPS (FMOIPPS) problem, including three layers. For the process planning layer, the basic genetic algorithm is used to provide various near optimal process plans for the process selection system. For the process selection layer, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is designed to optimize the process selection population. A sharing function method is introduced to maintain population diversity. An individual comprehensive evaluation method is introduced to evaluate non-dominated solutions. The crowded distance, fast non-dominated sorting and elite strategy based on NSGAII is adopted in the proposed MOGA. The external archive method is employed to preserve the non-dominated solutions generated during population evolution. For the scheduling layer, a MOGA with a boundary search strategy is proposed. The boundary search strategy is designed to improve the search ability of boundary solutions. Three optimization objectives are minimizing the spread of fuzzy makespan, minimizing fuzzy makespan and maximizing average customer satisfaction simultaneously. The target of scheduling layer is to make scheduling arrangements for the process information obtained by process selection layer. Through mutual cooperation among each layer, guide the overall optimization process, and finally get satisfactory solutions. Different problem examples of various scales are employed to verify feasibility and effectiveness of the MLCO method. The experimental results indicate that the MLCO method can effectively address FMOIPPS problem.
Anisotropic neighborhood searching for point cloud with sharp feature
Authors: Yuan Xiaocui , Liu Baoling , Ma Yongli
Published: October 2020

The k-nearest neighborhoods (kNN) of feature points of complex surface model are usually isotropic, which may lead to sharp feature blurring during data processing, such as noise removal and surface reconstruction. To address this issue, a new method was proposed to search the anisotropic neighborhood for point cloud with sharp feature. Constructing KD tree and calculating kNN for point cloud data, the principal component analysis method was employed to detect feature points and estimate normal vectors of points. Moreover, improved bilateral normal filter was used to refine the normal vector of feature point to obtain more accurate normal vector. The isotropic kNN of feature point were segmented by mapping the kNN into Gaussian sphere to form different data-clusters, with the hierarchical clustering method used to separate the data in Gaussian sphere into different clusters. The optimal anisotropic neighborhoods of feature point corresponded to the cluster data with the maximum point number. To validate the effectiveness of our method, the anisotropic neighbors are applied to point data processing, such as normal estimation and point cloud denoising. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm in the work is more time-consuming, but provides a more accurate result for point cloud processing by comparing with other kNN searching methods. The anisotropic neighborhood searched by our method can be used to normal estimation, denoising, surface fitting and reconstruction et al. for point cloud with sharp feature, and our method can provide more accurate result comparing with isotropic neighborhood.
Adaptive Functioning Behaviors for Trauma-Affected Children in the Cambodian Context
Authors: Figge Caleb J. , Martinez-Torteya Cecilia , Dixon Sophie , Santoro Steven , Taing Sopheap , Chhim Sotheara , Hinton Devon E.
Published: October 2020

Across contexts, the roles and responsibilities for children are shaped by a range of sociocultural factors; thus, a contextually specific exploration of adaptive functioning norms is important in optimizing the acceptability, effectiveness, and sustainability of mental health intervention and community programming. The current study aimed to examine child adaptive functioning behaviors for children in Cambodia, a country faced with continuing recovery efforts from war and genocide, intergenerational trauma transmission, poverty, and minimal access to health and mental health services. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 children (ages 10–13, 16 girls) and 30 caregivers (ages 30–62, 24 females) in the Battambang province of Cambodia receiving mental health services related to caregiver intimate partner violence. Results reveal trauma-affected children in Cambodia engage in a range of familial, occupational, social, religious, and academic functioning domains. Children in this sample reported behaviors that reflect policy and community level priorities of development of children as a societal and economic resource, distress management strategies of self and others informed by mental health therapy and local healing strategies, and engagement in religio-cultural Khmer Buddhist practices and ceremonies. Findings highlight the importance of contextually specific conceptualizations of functional impairment in guiding assessment and community program design and identifying areas for monitoring intervention effectiveness.