bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain questionnaire: translation and linguistic adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Gazzotti Mariana Rodrigues , Alith Marcela Batan , Malheiros Suzana Maria Fleury , Vidotto Milena Carlos , Jardim José Roberto , Nascimento Oliver Augusto
Published: September 2011

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Quality of life assessment among patients with brain tumors is important, given that new treatments have increased patient survival. The aim of this study was to translate the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) questionnaire (version 4) into Portuguese, carry out cross-cultural adaptation and assess its reproducibility. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp). METHODS: Forty patients with a brain tumor seen at the neuro-oncology outpatient clinic participated in the study. The process of translation and back-translation was carried out, along with adaptation to the Portuguese language and Brazilian culture. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to test the reproducibility of the FACT-Br (version 4). RESULTS: The reproducibility of the questionnaire was excellent (ICC = 0.95; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.89-0.97). The ICC with a mean interval of 15 days between applications of the questionnaire was very good in all domains (ICC = 0.87 to 0.95). The mean time taken to answer the questionnaire was 6.27 ± 2.26 minutes, ranging from 3 to 11 minutes. CONCLUSION: The translated version of the FACT-Br questionnaire (version 4) adapted to the Portuguese language and Brazilian culture proved to be easily understood and achieved very good reproducibility among patients with diagnoses of brain tumors.
Paternal postpartum mood: bipolar episodes?
Authors: Pinheiro Karen Amaral Tavares , Coelho Fabio Monteiro da Cunha , Quevedo Luciana de Ávila , Jansen Karen , Souza Luciano de Mattos , Oses Jean Pierre , Horta Bernardo Lessa , Silva Ricardo Azevedo da , Pinheiro Ricardo Tavares
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE: We describe the prevalence of depressive and bipolar spectrum episodes in fathers in antenatal and postnatal periods, as well as at 12 months after childbirth. METHOD: A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted with a representative sample of 739 fathers whose children were born between April 2007 and May 2008 in maternity wards in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil. Paternal psychopathology was measured with the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) across three time points: between 28 and 34 weeks of pregnancy (T1), 30 to 60 days postpartum (T2), and 12 months after childbirth (T3). RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive episodes was 5.0% at T1, 4.5% at T2, and 4.3% at T3. Mixed episodes were present in 3%, 1.7%, and 0.9% of subjects, respectively, and accounted for 61.1% of the cases of depression in the antenatal period, 37.5% in postpartum, and 21.4% at 12 months. Depressive and manic/hypomanic episodes were significantly associated during pregnancy and in postpartum, but not at 12 months after childbirth. CONCLUSION: Bipolar episodes were common in men with depressive symptoms during their partner's pregnancy in the postpartum period and, to a lesser extent, 12 months after childbirth. Therefore, this population should be carefully investigated for manic and hypomanic symptoms.
The Epothilones: New Therapeutic Agents for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dorff Tanya B. , Gross Mitchell E.
Published: October 2011

The management of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) presents a clinical challenge because of limitations in efficacy and durability with currently available therapeutics. The epothilones represent a novel class of anticancer therapy that stabilizes microtubules, causing cell death and tumor regression in preclinical models. The structure of the tubulin-binding site for epothilones is distinct from that of the taxanes. Moreover, preclinical studies suggest nonoverlapping mechanisms of resistance between epothilones and taxanes. In early-phase studies in patients with CRPC, treatment with ixabepilone, a semisynthetic analog of epothilone B, induced objective responses and prostate-specific antigen declines in men previously progressing on docetaxel-based regimens. Clinical activity has been observed in nonrandomized trials for patients with CRPC using ixabepilone in the first- and second-line settings as a single agent and in combination with estramustine. Patupilone and sagopilone were also shown to have promising efficacy in phase II clinical trials of patients with CRPC. All three epothilones appear to be well tolerated, with modest rates of neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy. The lack of crossresistance between epothilones and taxanes may allow sequencing of these agents. Evaluating epothilones in phase III comparative trials would provide much-needed insight into their potential place in the management of patients with CRPC.
The Significance of Hürthle Cells in Thyroid Disease
Authors: Cannon Jennifer
Published: October 2011

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Enumerate the variable thyroid pathological conditions in which Hürthle cells are seen and explain the significance of the findings within the appropriate clinical context.Describe the various means by which Hürthle cell neoplasms may be evaluated and their value in determining the likelihood of a benign or malignant lesion.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Hürthle cells (HCs) and HC change, along with the frequently employed synonyms “oncocytes/oncocytic change” or “oxyphils/oxyphilic change,” are not infrequently described on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) reports of thyroid lesions. The description of HCs on FNAB reports may cause significant concern to the clinician; however, placing the finding in the appropriate clinical context may alleviate some anxiety. Not all oxyphilic cells are true HCs and not every aspirate containing HCs is or should be considered equivalent to an HC neoplasm (HCN). There are many benign thyroid lesions associated with HCs or HC change. For clinicians, it may be difficult to discern the significance of these findings and to determine an appropriate course of action. A skilled and experienced cytopathologist is invaluable in discriminating the subtle features that distinguish these lesions from those warranting a more aggressive approach. The diagnosis of HC carcinoma relies on histopathologic scrutiny and evidence of capsular and/or vascular invasion or metastasis to lymph nodes or distant organs. Many investigators have sought clinical, radiographic, cytological, genetic, and other factors to attempt to discriminate preoperatively between benign and malignant HCNs. To date, none have been definitively proven to be reliable. For now, because of the inability to determine the benign or malignant nature of such neoplasms based on cytology alone, a surgical approach is warranted.
HFS-14, a Specific Quality of Life Scale Developed for Patients Suffering from Hand–Foot Syndrome
Authors: Sibaud Vincent , Dalenc Florence , Chevreau Christine , Roché Henri , Delord Jean-Pierre , Mourey Loïc , Lacaze Jean-Louis , Rahhali Nora , Taïeb Charles
Published: October 2011

Background.

Hand–foot syndrome (HFS) is a common reaction to certain chemotherapies and new targeted therapies, impairing patient quality of life (QoL). However, there is currently no specific tool to measure QoL in patients with HFS.

Objective.

The objective was to develop and validate a HFS-specific QoL questionnaire (HFS-14).

Patients and Methods.

From a list of 31 items identified from a literature review and patient interview notes, item reduction and pilot testing by cognitive debriefing resulted in a final 14-item questionnaire with excellent internal reliability. Clinical validity was assessed in 43 patients with HFS by comparing the HFS-14 score according to HFS clinical grade based on the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), version 3.0, and by measuring its correlation with the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Skindex-16, and short-form 12 health-related questionnaires and pain measurement.

Results.

The mean HFS-14 score was significantly higher in patients with clinical grade 2 and grade 3 HFS than in those with grade 1 HFS. The higher the HFS-14 score, the greater the QoL impairment. The HFS-14 score was highly correlated with the DLQI and Skindex-16 scores. In the population of patients with severe grade 3 NCI-CTCAE HFS, the HFS-14 score was significantly higher in patients having both hands and feet severely involved than in those with severe involvement of one limb (hands or feet) with the other one less severely affected.

Conclusions.

This scale specifically developed for patients with HFS is a valid and valuable tool for measuring HFS-related QoL impairment.
The European Medicines Agency Review of Tegafur/Gimeracil/Oteracil (Teysuno™) for the Treatment of Advanced Gastric Cancer When Given in Combination with Cisplatin: Summary of the Scientific Assessment of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP)
Authors: Matt Petra , van Zwieten-Boot Barbara , Calvo Rojas Gonzalo , ter Hofstede Hadewych , Garcia-Carbonero Rocio , Camarero Jorge , Abadie Eric , Pignatti Francesco
Published: October 2011

The product Teysuno™ (S-1) contains tegafur, a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and two modulators of 5-FU metabolism, gimeracil and oteracil.

The main clinical study in this application was a randomized controlled study comparing S-1 plus cisplatin with 5-FU plus cisplatin. In this study, median overall survival times of 8.6 months and 7.9 months for S-1 plus cisplatin and 5-FU plus cisplatin, respectively, were observed (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.05). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency concluded that S-1 in combination with cisplatin (75 mg/m2) was noninferior to 5-FU plus cisplatin (100 mg/m2) in patients with advanced gastric cancer and adopted a positive opinion recommending the marketing authorization for this product for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer when given in combination with cisplatin. The recommended dose of S-1 is 25 mg/m2 (expressed as tegafur content) twice a day, for 21 consecutive days followed by 7 days rest (one treatment cycle), in combination with 75 mg/m2 cisplatin i.v. administered on day 1. This treatment cycle is repeated every 4 weeks.

The most common side effects reported in the pivotal study were anemia, neutropenia, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight decrease, anorexia, and fatigue.

The objective of this paper is to summarize the scientific review of the application leading to approval in the EU. The full scientific assessment report and the summary of product characteristics are available on the European Medicines Agency website (http://www.ema.europa.eu).
Compression and shear wave propagation in cemented-sand specimens
Authors: Amaral M F. , Da Fonseca A Viana. , Arroyo M. , Cascante G. , Carvalho J.
Published: October 2011

Ultrasonic and bender element tests in the laboratory are typically used to measure elastic modulus and damping ratio. However, interpretation of the results is challenging for a variety of reasons, including the influence of experimental details, geometrical effects and the analytical techniques used for data processing. It is therefore convenient to cross-check results by performing several independent measurements. Three different types of measurements were performed on cemented-sand specimens. Longitudinal waves or constrained compressional waves in a cylindrical specimen were generated in a high-frequency range (20–70 kHz) using a newly designed transducer interface. Full dynamic characterisation was made possible by independent measurement of the transducer response. Pure unconstrained compressional waves or simply compression waves were measured in the same specimens with high-frequency transducers. The shear modulus was computed and used to predict the arrival of shear waves on independent bender element measurements. The predicted arrival was close to first-break estimates, and bender measurements were therefore confidently employed to track cement curing effects on a different set of specimens. The specimen frequency response function obtained from the longitudinal wave measurements was examined in detail and damping ratios were estimated for the compression vibration modes in a rod.
Withdrawn: The effect of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the compressive strength and structure of self-compacting concrete
Authors: Nazari Ali , Riahi Shadi
Published: October 2011

Withdrawn due to redundant publication (self-plagiarism).
A New Engine for Schools: The Flexible Scheduling Paradigm
Authors: Snyder Yaakov , Herer Yale T. , Moore Michael
Published: October 2011

We present a new approach for the organization of schools, which we call the flexible scheduling paradigm (FSP). FSP improves student learning by dynamically redeploying teachers and other pedagogical resources to provide students with customized learning conditions over shorter time periods called “mini-terms” instead of semesters or years. By conceptualizing the school curriculum as a physical map, we can use technology from other sectors, such as project management, transportation, telecommunications networks, and the like, to customize the routing of students through curriculum using a core curriculum-targeted mastery-based approach, within current school budgetary and resource constraints. The maps are built from a unit-based curriculum, similar to current curricula, yet with the addition of more detailed unit dependency relationships. Our goal in this article is to introduce FSP and to establish a prima facie case for the new paradigm.
Applying Sustainable Systems Development Approach to Educational Technology Systems
Authors: Huang Albert
Published: October 2011

Information technology (IT) is an essential part of modern education. The roles and contributions of technology to education have been thoroughly documented in academic and professional literature. Despite the benefits, the use of educational technology systems (ETS) also creates a significant impact on the environment, primarily due to energy consumption and generation of solid wastes. In addition, poor environmental awareness and lack of management further worsen the problem. This article applies the sustainable systems development framework to ETS. The framework includes six phases: sustainable planning, sustainable analysis, sustainable design, sustainable implementation, sustainable maintenance, and sustainable disposal. Examples of possible actions in each phase of the framework are proposed and discussed, based on the unique circumstances in educational settings.
Improving Teachers' Teaching with Communication Technology
Authors: Chen Li-Ling
Published: October 2011

With the growing needs to address the challenges that new teachers face and the popularity of social networking technology, this study explores how to increase the effectives of teaching through the use of such technology, and how the technology may serve to promote collaboration and open new resources of support in public education. In this article, a definition of social networking technology will be provided. A review of literature will also be presented. Significance of this study will be addressed. Research questions, methodology, and discussion will also be provided. Finally, suggestions and a conclusion will be made.
Computer Game-Based Learning: Perceptions and Experiences of Senior Chinese Adults
Authors: Wang Feihong , Lockee Barbara B. , Burton John K.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate senior Chinese adults' potential acceptance of computer game-based learning (CGBL) by probing their perceptions of computer game play and their perceived impacts of game play on their learning of computer skills and life satisfaction. A total of 60 senior adults from a local senior adult learning center in Lishui, China participated in this study. Multiple data collection methods were applied, including a survey and a follow-up interview. The interview data was reported as a descriptive story to augment the survey findings. Results of the study disclosed that most participants perceived computer game play positively. They believed playing computer games contributed to their learning of computer skills and improved their life satisfaction.
Development and Design of a Dynamic Multimedia Item Generation Mechanism
Authors: Weng Ting-Sheng
Published: October 2011

This research applies multimedia technology to design a dynamic item generation method that can adaptively adjust the difficulty level of items according to the level of the testee. The method is based on interactive testing software developed by Flash Actionscript, and provides a testing solution for users by automatically distributing items of different levels of difficulty, according to the level of the testee. In addition, it resolves the situation of a user “always getting the right answer” on easy items, or “always getting the wrong answer” on difficult items. This system can adjust the level of difficulty of items according to students' levels, as well as provide dynamic feedback functions that are better than a mere summation of all items in a static assessment.
Balanced Depth and Breadth in a New Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Course
Authors: Jiao Lihong (Heidi) , Barakat Nael
Published: October 2011

The field of nanotechnology has outgrown the discovery phase into the application and even commercial production phases. Consequently, the need for a workforce capable of supporting this growth is more than ever. However, because of the different challenges associated with nanotechnology education, specific courses are required to be developed and implemented in engineering schools to help produce this much needed workforce. This article describes the details of developing and implementing a course entitled Fundamentals of Nanotechnology as part of an umbrella plan for nanotechnology education and awareness at multiple levels. The course is designed to overcome most of the challenges facing nanotechnology education. As an example, one of the major challenges related to teaching this topic is the lack of equipment and facility, due to high cost, among other factors. Computer based activities are proposed and implemented to overcome this challenge. The course aims at providing a multidisciplinary pool of science and engineering students with the elements needed to continue and expand into the nanotechnology field, regardless of their discipline or focus. This course was developed and first implemented during the spring semester of 2010. Results from this offering were assessed to help close the quality loop and improve the next offering, the sequel project-based course, as well as the umbrella plan.
Evaluating and Estimating the Complex Dynamic Phenomena in Nonlinear Chemical Systems
Authors: Karri Rama Rao
Published: September 2011

Successful operation and control of complex dynamic systems heavily rely on the availability of fast and accurate evaluation of the system performance. The measurement problems and the delays associated with these systems require the need for on-line state estimators as alternative measurement tools. In this work, a state estimation method based on extended Kalman filter (EKF) is presented for nonlinear dynamical systems that are characterized by complex dynamic phenomena such as multiple steady state behavior, limit cycle oscillations and chaos. The estimator uses the mathematical model of the process in conjunction with the known process measurements to provide the unmeasured process states that capture the fast changing nonlinear dynamics of the process. The design and performance of the state estimator is evaluated by applying two typical continuous non-isothermal nonlinear processes, a chemical reactor and a polymerization reactor, which show rich dynamical behavior ranging from stable situations to chaos. In order to understand the dynamic phenomena and to analyze the conditions that lead to an improved operation, prior to state estimation, these processes are thoroughly analyzed for multiplicity, stability and bifurcation studies. The sensitivity of the state estimator is also studied towards the effect of the design parameters involved in the method. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the model based method for state estimation in nonlinear chemical processes associated with complex dynamic behavior.
Decontamination Efficiency of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Fresh-Cut Cucumbers
Authors: Liu Zhuqing , Dong Yu , Jiang Wenshan
Published: October 2011

The efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, 20 mg/l of available chlorine) and sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO, 120 mg/l of available chlorine) used as potential sanitizers for fresh-cut cucumbers was evaluated. SAEW with a near-neutral pH value (5.0 to 6.5) and lower available chlorine concentration (ACC) had an equivalent or higher efficiency to reduce microbial counts on the cucumbers compared to NaClO solution. A 5-minute treatment of SAEW and NaClO solution significantly reduced the indigenous aerobic bacteria on cucumbers by 1.62 and 1.51 log10 CFU/g, and molds and yeasts by 1.35 and 1.12 log10 CFU/g, respectively (P < 0.05). The reduction of microbial counts on cucumbers by tap water was markedly less than that by SAEW and NaClO solution (P < 0.05). Results indicate that SAEW provides an alternative technique for sanitization of fresh-cut vegetables with environmentally friendly broad spectrum microbial decontamination.
Comparison of use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor and refractometry for measurement of anesthetic agent concentrations
Authors: Ambrisko Tamas D. , Klide Alan M.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To assess agreement between anesthetic agent concentrations measured by use of an infrared anesthetic gas monitor (IAGM) and refractometry.

Sample—4 IAGMs of the same type and 1 refractometer.

Procedures—Mixtures of oxygen and isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, or N2O were used. Agent volume percent was measured simultaneously with 4 IAGMs and a refractometer at the common gas outlet. Measurements obtained with each of the 4 IAGMs were compared with the corresponding refractometer measurements via the Bland-Altman method. Similarly, Bland-Altman plots were also created with either IAGM or refractometer measurements and desflurane vaporizer dial settings.

Results—Bias ± 2 SD for comparisons of IAGM and refractometer measurements was as follows: isoflurane, −0.03 ± 0.18 volume percent; sevoflurane, −0.19 ± 0.23 volume percent; desflurane, 0.43 ± 1.22 volume percent; and N2O, −0.21 ± 1.88 volume percent. Bland-Altman plots comparing IAGM and refractometer measurements revealed nonlinear relationships for sevoflurane, desflurane, and N2O. Desflurane measurements were notably affected; bias ± limits of agreement (2 SD) were small (0.1 ± 0.22 volume percent) at < 12 volume percent, but both bias and limits of agreement increased at higher concentrations. Because IAGM measurements did not but refractometer measurements did agree with the desflurane vaporizer dial settings, infrared measurement technology was a suspected cause of the nonlinear relationships.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Given that the assumption of linearity is a cornerstone of anesthetic monitor calibration, this assumption should be confirmed before anesthetic monitors are used in experiments.
Pharmacokinetics and physiologic effects of intramuscularly administered xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride-butorphanol tartrate alone or in combination with orally administered sodium salicylate on biomarkers of pain in Holstein calves following castration and dehorning
Authors: Baldridge Sarah L. , Coetzee Johann F. , Dritz Steve S. , Reinbold James B. , Gehring Ronette , Havel James , Kukanich Butch
Published: October 2011

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of xylazine, ketamine, and butorphanol (XKB) administered IM and sodium salicylate (SAL) administered PO to calves and to compare drug effects on biomarkers of pain and distress following sham and actual castration and dehorning.

Animals—40 Holstein bull calves from 3 farms.

Procedures—Calves weighing 108 to 235 kg (n = 10 calves/group) received one of the following treatments prior to sham (period 1) and actual (period 2) castration and dehorning: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM (placebo); SAL administered PO through drinking water at concentrations from 2.5 to 5 mg/mL from 24 hours prior to period 1 to 48 hours after period 2; butorphanol (0.025 mg/kg), xylazine (0.05 mg/kg), and ketamine (0.1 mg/kg) coadministered IM immediately prior to both periods; and a combination of SAL and XKB (SAL+XKB). Plasma drug concentrations, average daily gain (ADG), chute exit velocity, serum cortisol concentrations, and electrodermal activity were evaluated.

Results—ADG (days 0 to 13) was significantly greater in the SAL and SAL+XKB groups than in the other 2 groups. Calves receiving XKB had reduced chute exit velocity in both periods. Serum cortisol concentrations increased in all groups from period 1 to period 2. However, XKB attenuated the cortisol response for the first hour after castration and dehorning and oral SAL administration reduced the response from 1 to 6 hours. Administration of XKB decreased electrodermal activity scores in both periods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SAL administered PO through drinking water decreased cortisol concentrations and reduced the decrease in ADG associated with castration and dehorning in calves.
Independent and combined effects of prednisone and acetylsalicylic acid on thromboelastography variables in healthy dogs
Authors: Flint Sarah K. , Abrams-Ogg Anthony C. G. , Kruth Stephen A. , Bersenas Alexa M. , Wood R. Darren
Published: October 2011

Objective—To describe the effects of prednisone and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on results of thromboelastography in healthy dogs.

Animals—16 male mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (4 dogs/group) that received prednisone (median dose, 2.07 mg/kg), ASA (median dose, 0.51 mg/kg), or both drugs, PO, every 24 hours from days 0 through 6. Another group received no treatment (control dogs; n = 4). Thromboelastography variables (reaction time, clotting time, α-angle, maximum amplitude [MA], global clot strength, coagulation index, and percentage of clot lysis at 60 minutes [CL60]) were evaluated in blood samples collected (prior to drug administration in treated dogs) on days 0 (baseline), 2, 4, and 6.

Results—Administration of ASA alone did not alter TEG variables. For treatment effect, mean global clot strength was increased in the prednisone and drug combination groups, compared with values for control dogs; MA was also increased in the prednisone and drug combination groups, compared with that of controls. For treatment-by-time effect, median CL60 was increased in the prednisone group on day 6, compared with baseline value in the same dogs and with median CL60 of the control group on day 6. Median CL60 was also increased in the drug combination group on day 6, compared with the baseline value and with that of the control group on day 6.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prednisone administered at approximately 2 mg/kg/d, PO, for 7 days with or without concurrently administered ASA increased clot strength and decreased clot lysis in healthy dogs.
Evaluation of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies in sera from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease or intestinal lymphoma
Authors: Mancho Carolina , Sainz Ángel , García-Sancho Mercedes , Villaescusa Alejandra , Rodríguez-Franco Fernando
Published: October 2011

Objective—To assess and compare the expression of perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in sera obtained from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and dogs with intestinal lymphoma.

Animals—104 dogs with IBD and 23 dogs with intestinal lymphoma.

Procedures—Each ill dog had persistent gastrointestinal signs (> 3 weeks in duration) and absence of response to diet changes or antimicrobial treatments. Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in ill dogs to obtain intestinal biopsy specimens for histologic confirmation of IBD or lymphoma. A serum sample was obtained from each ill dog. Neutrophils were isolated from a blood sample from the healthy dog; neutrophil-bearing slides were incubated with serum from each ill dog and examined for expression of pANCA by use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Detection of cells that had a perinuclear fluorescence pattern was considered a positive result.

Results—The 2 groups of dogs did not differ with regard to breed and sex but did differ with regard to age. Expression of pANCA was detected in 38 of the 104 (36.5%) dogs with IBD and 4 of the 23 (17.4%) dogs with intestinal lymphoma. Although the frequency of pANCA expression was higher in dogs with IBD, compared with findings in dogs with intestinal lymphoma, the difference was not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that circulating pANCA are present in some dogs with IBD or intestinal lymphoma. However, pANCA detection does not seem to be useful for distinguishing dogs with IBD from dogs with intestinal lymphoma.
Use of data collected at cessation of lactation to predict incidence of sole ulcers and white line disease during the subsequent lactation in dairy cows
Authors: Machado Vinícius S. , Caixeta Luciano S. , Bicalho Rodrigo C.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To develop a parsimonious statistical model to predict incidence of lameness in the subsequent lactation by use of data collected at cessation of lactation in dairy cows.

Animals—574 cows.

Procedures—At cessation of lactation during hoof trimming, body condition score (BCS), visual locomotion score, digital cushion thickness (DCT), and digital lesions were assessed.

Results—140 (24%) cows were treated for claw horn disruption lesions (CHDLs) at cessation of lactation (114 with sole ulcers [pododermatitis circumscripta] and 26 with white line disease). The BCS was highly associated with DCT. Cows with CHDLs at cessation of lactation had significantly lower DCT, compared with other cows. All 3 logistic regression models predicted the incidence of CHDLs in the subsequent lactation with good accuracy; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.76, 0.76, and 0.77 for the first, second, and third logistic regression models, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Evaluation of 3 logistic regression models indicated that lameness could be predicted with good accuracy by use of all 3. The ability to predict lameness will facilitate the implementation of lameness prevention strategies by targeting specific cows.
Perfusion method for harvesting bone marrow cells from dogs
Authors: Sato Masahiko , Goto-Koshino Yuko , Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Fujino Yasuhito , Ohno Koichi , Tsujimoto Hajime
Published: October 2011

Objective—To compare composition and colony formation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) harvested from dogs by means of a new perfusion method and the conventional aspiration method.

Animals—7 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedures—BMMCs were collected from the humeri and femurs of Beagles via perfusion and aspiration methods. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to quantify the presence of contaminant cells from the peripheral blood and the percentage of CD34+ progenitor cells in the BMMCs. A CFU assay was conducted to determine the number of progenitor cells in the BMMCs.

Results—The perfusion method was safely performed in all 7 dogs. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the percentages of contaminant CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, and CD21 + lymphocytes in BMMCs obtained via perfusion were significantly lower than percentages obtained via aspiration. The percentage of CD34+ cells obtained via perfusion was significantly higher than that obtained via aspiration. In addition, perfusion yielded a significantly higher CFU count than did aspiration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The perfusion method used in this study can minimize the contamination of bone marrow samples with peripheral blood and was a more efficient means for collecting canine bone marrow progenitor cells than the conventional aspiration method. Therefore, the perfusion method can be more suitable than aspiration for harvesting bone marrow cells for transplantation in dogs.
Effectiveness of sorting calves with high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease on the basis of serum haptoglobin concentration at the time of arrival at a feedlot
Authors: Holland Ben P. , Step Douglas L. , Burciaga-Robles Luis O. , Fulton Robert W. , Confer Anthony W. , Rose Trista K. , Laidig Lindsay E. , Richards Christopher J. , Krehbiel Clinton R.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To evaluate serum haptoglobin concentration at feedlot arrival and subsequent performance and morbidity and mortality rates of calves that developed bovine respiratory disease.

Animals—360 heifer calves and 416 steer and bull calves.

Procedures—Serum samples were obtained from cattle at the time of arrival to a feedlot (day −1) and analyzed for haptoglobin concentration. In experiment 1, calves were classified into groups with a low (< 1.0 μg/mL), medium (1.0 to 3.0 μg/mL), or high (> 3.0 μg/mL) serum haptoglobin concentration and allotted into pens on the basis of group. In experiment 2, calves were classified as having or not having detectable serum haptoglobin concentrations.

Results—In experiment 1, average daily gain from days 1 to 7 decreased as haptoglobin concentration increased. Dry-matter intake (DMI) from days 1 to 21 decreased with increasing haptoglobin concentration, and DMI typically decreased from days 1 to 63. Total bovine respiratory disease morbidity rate typically increased with increasing haptoglobin concentration. At harvest, no differences in carcass characteristics were observed on the basis of haptoglobin concentration. In experiment 2, cattle with measureable serum haptoglobin concentrations at arrival weighed less throughout the experiment, gained less from days 1 to 7, and had lower DMI from days 1 to 42. Overall morbidity rate was not different between groups, but cattle with detectable serum haptoglobin concentrations had higher odds of being treated 3 times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum haptoglobin concentration in cattle at the time of feedlot arrival was not associated with overall performance but may have limited merit for making decisions regarding targeted prophylactic treatment.
Enterotoxin production, enterotoxin gene distribution, and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis
Authors: Oliveira Leane , Rodrigues Ana C. , Hulland Carol , Ruegg Pamela L.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To evaluate enterotoxin production, enterotoxin gene distribution, and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus in milk obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis.

Sample—Milk samples obtained from 350 cows (1,354 mammary glands) on 11 Wisconsin dairy farms.

Procedures—Of 252 S aureus isolates obtained from 146 cows, 83 isolates (from 66 cows with subclinical mastitis) were compared genotypically by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and via PCR identification of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and classical S aureus enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see).

Results—Among the 83 S aureus isolates, ≥ 1 enterotoxin genes were identified in 8 (9.6%). Enterotoxin gene distribution was as follows: TSST-1, 7 isolates (8.4%); sec, 5 isolates (6.0%); and sed, 2 isolates (2.4%). Enterotoxin genes sea, seb, and see were not identified. Twelve pulsotypes and 5 subtypes were identified among the 83 isolates; 5 of the 12 pulsotypes were represented by only 1 isolate. In cows of 1 herd, only a single S aureus pulsotype was detected; in cows on most other farms, a variety of pulsotypes were identified. One pulsotype was recovered from 4 farms (n = 23 cows) and another from 5 other farms (16). Isolates with an enterotoxin gene were represented by 6 pulsotypes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—S aureus classical enterotoxins and TSST-1 were rarely recovered from milk samples obtained from cows with subclinical mastitis in Wisconsin. Diverse pulsotypes of S aureus were detected within and among farms, indicating that different strains of S aureus cause subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.
5-Lipoxygenase expression and tepoxalin-induced cell death in squamous cell carcinomas in cats
Authors: Wakshlag Joseph J. , Peters-Kennedy Jeanine , Bushey Jennifer J. , Loftus John P.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To assess expression pattern and subcellular compartmentalization of 5-lipoxygenase in cutaneous, UV radiation–induced, and oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in cats and determine the effects of cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on proliferation or apoptosis in a feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCCF1) cell line.

Sample—60 archived paraffin-embedded samples of SCCs from 60 cats and SCCF1 cells.

Procedures—Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of the archived samples of SCCs (20 cutaneous, 20 UV radiation–induced, and 20 oral tumors) was performed. Cell culture proliferation assays involving SCCF1 cells were performed, and tepoxalin-induced apoptosis and signaling were examined via western blotting and annexin V staining.

Results—Immunohistochemically, staining for 5-lipoxygenase was most frequently of greatest intensity in oral SCCs, whereas staining of cutaneous and UV radiation–induced lesions had less consistent 5-lipoxygenase expression. Exposure of SCCF1 cells to the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor tepoxalin resulted in apoptosis; the effect appeared to be mediated via alteration of cell signaling rather than via suppression of lipid mediators that are typically produced as a result of 5-lipoxygenase activity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats, expression of 5-lipoxygenase in SCCs appeared to differ depending on tumor location. The influence of tepoxalin-induced 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on a 5-lipoxygenase–expressing cell line coupled with the notable expression of 5-lipoxygenase in oral SCCs suggested that 5-lipoxygenase inhibition may have therapeutic benefits in affected cats. Although the safety of tepoxalin in cats has yet to be investigated, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors should be evaluated for use as a potential treatment for SCCs in that species.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of detomidine following sublingual administration to horses
Authors: DiMaio Knych Heather K. , Stanley Scott D.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To characterize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of detomidine gel administered sublingually in accordance with label instructions to establish appropriate withdrawal guidelines for horses before competition.

Animals—12 adult racehorses.

Procedures—Horses received a single sublingual administration of 0.04 mg of detomidine/kg. Blood samples were collected before and up to 72 hours after drug administration. Urine samples were collected for 5 days after detomidine administration. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and resulting data were analyzed by use of noncompartmental analysis. Chin-to-ground distance, heart rate and rhythm, glucose concentration, PCV, and plasma protein concentration were also assessed following detomidine administration.

Results—Mean ± SD terminal elimination half-life of detomidine was 1.5 ± 1 hours. Metabolite concentrations were below the limit of detection (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 ng/mL for detomidine, carboxydetomidine, and hydroxydetomidine, respectively) in plasma by 24 hours. Concentrations of detomidine and its metabolites were below the limit of detection (0.05 ng/mL for detomidine and 0.10 ng/mL for carboxydetomidine and hydroxydetomidine) in urine by 3 days. All horses had various degrees of sedation after detomidine administration. Time of onset was ≤ 40 minutes, and duration of sedation was approximately 2 hours. Significant decreases, relative to values at time 0, were detected for chin-to-ground distance and heart rate. There was an increased incidence and exacerbation of preexisting atrioventricular blocks after detomidine administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A 48-hour and 3-day withdrawal period for detection in plasma and urine samples, respectively, should be adopted for sublingual administration of detomidine gel.
Pharmacokinetics of ponazuril after oral administration to healthy llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Prado Maria E. , Ryman Josiah T. , Boileau Melanie J. , Martin-Jimenez Tomas , Meibohm Bernd
Published: October 2011

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics after oral administration of a single dose of ponazuril to healthy llamas.

Animals—6 healthy adult llamas.

Procedures—Ponazuril (20 mg/kg) was administered once orally to 6 llamas (day 0). Blood samples were obtained on days 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49. Serum ponazuril concentrations were determined by use of a validated reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay with UV absorbance detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by use of a standard noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis.

Results—Mean ± SD area under the serum concentration–time curve was 7,516 ± 2,750 h•mg/L, maximum serum ponazuril concentration was 23.6 ± 6.0 mg/L, and the elimination half-life was 135.5 ± 16.7 hours. Serum concentration of ponazuril peaked at 84 hours (range, 48 to 120 hours) after administration and gradually decreased but remained detectable for up to 35 days after administration. No adverse effects were observed during the study period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The rate and extent of absorption following oral administration of a single dose of ponazuril were sufficient to result in potentially effective concentrations, and the drug was tolerated well by llamas. At this dose, ponazuril resulted in serum concentrations that were high enough to be effective against various Apicomplexans on the basis of data for other species. The effective ponazuril concentration that will induce 50% inhibition of parasite growth for Eimeria macusaniensis in camelids is currently unknown.
Determination of body water compartments in neonatal foals by use of indicator dilution techniques and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis
Authors: Fielding C. Langdon , Magdesian K. Gary , Edman Judy E.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To determine values for total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), intracellular fluid volume (ICFV), and plasma volume (PV) in healthy neonatal (< 24 hours old) foals and to create a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) model for use in neonatal foals.

Animals—7 healthy neonatal foals.

Procedures—Deuterium oxide (0.4 g/kg, IV), sodium bromide (30 mg/kg, IV), and Evans blue dye (1 mg/kg, IV) were administered to each foal. Plasma samples were obtained following an equilibration period, and the TBW, ECFV, ICFV, and PV were calculated for each foal. An MF-BIA model was created by use of morphometric measurements from each foal.

Results—Mean ± SD values were obtained for TBW (0.744 ± 0.024 L/kg), ICFV (0.381 ± 0.018 L/kg), ECFV (0.363 ± 0.014 L/kg), and PV (0.096 ± 0.015 L/kg). The 95% limits of agreement between the MF-BIA and indicator dilution techniques were within ± 2 L for TBW and ECFV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fluid volumes in neonatal foals were found to be substantially larger than fluid volumes in adult horses. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may be a useful technique for predicting TBW, ICFV, and ECFV in neonatal foals.
Evaluation of the histologic reactions to commonly used suture materials in the skin and musculature of ball pythons (Python regius)
Authors: McFadden Michael S. , Bennett R. Avery , Kinsel Michael J. , Mitchell Mark A.
Published: October 2011

Objective—To evaluate histologic reactions to 8 suture materials and cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (CTA) in the musculature and skin of ball pythons.

Animals—30 hatchling ball pythons.

Procedures—In each snake, ten 1-cm skin incisions were made (day 0). At 8 sites, a suture of 1 of 8 materials was placed in the epaxial musculature, and the incision was closed with the same material. One incision was closed by use of CTA. No suture material was placed in the tenth incision, which was allowed to heal by second intention (negative control). Snakes (n = 5/group) were euthanized for harvest of treatment-site tissues at days 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90. Skin and muscle sections were examined microscopically and assigned a subjective score (0 to 4) for each of the following: overall severity of inflammation, fibrosis, number of macrophages, number of granulocytes, number of perivascular lymphocytes, and degree of suture fragmentation.

Results—Subjective score analysis revealed that CTA did not cause a significant inflammatory response, compared with the negative control. All suture materials caused significantly more inflammation over all time points; for all suture materials, inflammatory response scores were significantly higher than values for the negative control 90 days after implantation. No sutures were completely absorbed by the end of the study period, and several sutures appeared to be in the process of extrusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In snakes, CTA can be used to close small superficial incisions or lacerations with minimal inflammatory response, and sutures may undergo extrusion from tissues prior to complete absorption.
Comparison of urine protein profiles in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis, bacterial urinary tract infection, or urolithiasis
Authors: Lemberger Stephanie I. K. , Deeg Cornelia A. , Hauck Stefanie M. , Amann Barbara , Hirmer Sieglinde , Hartmann Katrin , Dorsch Roswitha
Published: October 2011

Objective—To characterize and compare the urine protein content in cats without urinary tract disease and cats with idiopathic cystitis (IdC), bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI), or urolithiasis.

Animals—Control cats (n = 18) and cats with IdC (18), UTI (12), and urolithiasis (12) from which urine samples were obtained and 2 cats with obstructive IdC and 4 additional control cats from which postmortem urinary bladder biopsy specimens were obtained.

Procedures—Protein contents in urine samples obtained via cystocentesis or catheterization were measured via the Bradford method. Urine proteins were separated by means of 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Evaluation of fibronectin content was performed via western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. Urinary bladder biopsy specimens were examined histologically and analyzed immunohistochemically for fibronectin.

Results—Urine fibronectin content was significantly greater in cats with IdC, compared with control cat findings. Urine fibronectin contents did not differ significantly among controls and cats with UTI or urolithiasis. Histologic examination of bladder biopsy specimens obtained from 2 cats with obstructive IdC revealed destruction of the urothelial lining of the urinary bladder and severe fibrosis; immunohistochemical analysis revealed few fluorescence signals for fibronectin, unlike findings in control bladder biopsy specimens.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that urine fibronectin content in cats with IdC was greater than that in controls, cats with UTI, or cats with urolithiasis. In cats with IdC, increased permeability of damaged urothelium may result in detachment and leakage of fibronectin into urine. Urine fibronectin might serve as a biomarker for diagnosis of IdC in cats.