bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Dubosh Nicole M. , Bellolio M. Fernanda , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Edlow Jonathan A.
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose—

Emerging evidence demonstrating the high sensitivity of early brain computed tomography (CT) brings into question the necessity of always performing lumbar puncture after a negative CT in the diagnosis of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our objective was to determine the sensitivity of brain CT using modern scanners (16-slice technology or greater) when performed within 6 hours of headache onset to exclude SAH in neurologically intact patients.

Methods—

After conducting a comprehensive literature search using Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, we conducted a meta-analysis. We included original research studies of adults presenting with a history concerning for spontaneous SAH and who had noncontrast brain CT scan using a modern generation multidetector CT scanner within 6 hours of symptom onset. Our study adheres to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA).

Results—

A total of 882 titles were reviewed and 5 articles met inclusion criteria, including an estimated 8907 patients. Thirteen had a missed SAH (incidence 1.46 per 1000) on brain CTs within 6 hours. Overall sensitivity of the CT was 0.987 (95% confidence intervals, 0.971–0.994) and specificity was 0.999 (95% confidence intervals, 0.993–1.0). The pooled likelihood ratio of a negative CT was 0.010 (95% confidence intervals, 0.003–0.034).

Conclusions—

In patients presenting with thunderclap headache and normal neurological examination, normal brain CT within 6 hours of headache is extremely sensitive in ruling out aneurysmal SAH.
Molecular characterisation of novel isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Iqbal Mudassir , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Waeyenberge Lieven
Published: January 2016

Entomopathogenic nematodes belong to the families of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. They are obligate and lethal parasites of insects that can provide effective control of some important pests of commercial crops. A total of 53 isolates of EPN were molecularly characterised (ITS region-based) in the present study. Most of the studied isolates belong to theSteinernemagenus and only few isolates belong to theHeterorhabditisgenus. The phylogenetic relations ofSteinernemaandHeterorhabditisspecies were analysed by utilising the maximum likelihood method. In theSteinernemaphylogenetic tree, 99 isolates formed five major, moderately or highly reinforced clades: clade I:affine-intermediumgroup; clade II:carpocapsae-siamkayai-tami-scapterisci; clade III:bicornutum-riobrave-thermophilum; clade IV:glaseri-arenarium-karii-longicaudum; and clade V:feltiae-schliemanni-kushidai-kraussei-oregonense. The BLAST analysis of the ITS region of the rDNA of the steinernematid isolate PAL10 showed a rather low similarity of 93% withS. vulcanicum(accession number: GU929442), supporting the possible designation of a new species. In theHeterorhabditisphylogenetic tree, 25 isolates formed three main clades: clade I:bacteriophora-argentinensis-hepialius; clade II:baujardi-sonorensis-amazonensis; and clade III:indica-brevicaudis-hawaiiensis. All five studied isolates ofHeterorhabditiswere identified asH. indicaandH. bacteriophora. In both phylogenetic trees, the intra-specific variability level was different among clades for some species. The description of the new species (PAL10 isolate) would need further morphometric characterisation, morphologically identification and cross-breeding studies.
A new species of Miliusa (Annonaceae) from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India
Authors: Page Navendu , Nerlekar Ashish Nitin
Published: January 2016

Within Magnoliales, Annonaceae is the most species-rich family (Chatrou et al. 2012). Miliusa Leschenault ex De Candolle (1832: 213) is placed in tribe Miliusae, subfamily Malmeoideae, according to the recent infrafamilial classification (Chatrou et al. 2012). Chaowasku et al. (2014) provided insights into the evolutionary relationships of tribe Miliusae, and Chaowasku & Keßler (2013) reconstructed the phylogeny of Miliusa with four well-supported clades. Miliusa is distributed across the Austro-Malesian region with most species exhibiting a restricted distribution to certain areas (Mols & Kessler 2003). Species known from India exhibit a high degree of endemism (Kundu 2006).
A new species of Xyris (Xyridaceae) from Brazil
Authors: Lozano Eduardo Damasceno , Smidt Eric De Camargo , Wanderley Maria Das Graças
Published: January 2016

A new species of Xyris from the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil is described herewith. Xyris cervii belongs to Xyris section Nematopus, which is characterized by having basal to central placentation. Xyris cervii is morphologically similar to X. tortula, but differs by its deliquescent sheath with long hairs at the margin sheath, in addition to lanceolate and sub-equilateral, lateral sepals. A description, illustrations, geographic distribution and taxonomic comments are also provided.
Taxonomic notes on feather grasses (Poaceae: Stipa) from eastern Kazakhstan with typification of seven names and one new combination
Authors: Nobis Marcin , Gudkova Polina D.
Published: January 2016

The genus Stipa comprises approximately 50 taxa in Kazakhstan, of which 18 were described by Yuri A. Kotukhov from eastern Kazakhstan between 1987 and 1998. The majority of the original material of these taxa is preserved in the LE herbarium (Saint-Petersburg, Russia). Some original material of Kotukhov’s species, not mentioned in the protologues, is preserved in the KUZ (Kemerovo, Russia) and KRA (Krakow, Poland) herbaria. The present paper presents a complete list of feather grasses described by Kotukhov from Kazakhstan, with indications of types and the locations where they are preserved, lectotypification of seven names (S. akseirica, S. argillosa, S. karakabinica, S. kempirica, S. kyzylkiensis, S. azutavica, S. saikanica), one new combination (S. orientalis var. azutavica comb. nova), synonymisation of three species (S. akseirica is a synonym of S. sareptana, S. kyzylkiensis is a synonym of S. sczerbakovii, and S. saikanica is a synonym of S. lessingiana), an identification key and taxonomic notes regarding the discussed taxa.
Botryosphaeria sinensia sp nov., a new species from China
Authors: Zhou Yupei , Dou Zhipeng , He Wei , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Ying
Published: January 2016

A new Botryosphaeria species (B. sinensia) is described and illustrated from China. It is characterized by erumpent, botryose clustered ascostromata, ostiolate ascomata, bitunicate, 8-spored and clavate asci, filiform, rarely branched pseudoparaphyses, hyaline, 1-celled, fusiform ascospores, and a Fusicoccum asexual morph. The hyaline old and discharged conidia with 1–2 septa, broader spermatia formed in the culture and smaller ascostroma readily distinguished it from B. dothidea and other species in Botryosphaeria. The intergenic spacer (ITS)  and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1) DNA sequence analysis results also support its separation from other Botryosphaeria species. Its relationships with other species of Botryosphaeria are also discussed based on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons.
Therapeutic beliefs and practices of Jewish-Israeli and Palestinian-Israeli social workers
Authors: Tartakovsky Eugene
Published: January 2016

This study investigates social workers’ preferences regarding four main therapeutic orientations: psychodynamic therapy (PDT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), client-centered therapy (CCT), and eco-systemic therapy (EST). In total, 679 social workers (528 Jewish and 151 Palestinian) reported their beliefs regarding the efficacy of the four therapeutic orientations, and 343 additional social workers (193 Jewish and 150 Palestinian) reported how often they apply the therapeutic orientations in their practice. The present study revealed similarities, but also some incongruence when comparing the social workers’ beliefs in the efficacy of the different therapeutic orientations and the frequency of their actual use in practice. Socio-demographic characteristics of the social workers explained a significant albeit small proportion of the variance in the frequency of use of the different therapeutic orientations. Finally, the results obtained demonstrated that social workers tend to prefer different therapeutic interventions when working with clients belonging to different ethnic groups. Implications for therapist training and practice are discussed.
Cooperating Teacher Compensation and Benefits
Authors: Fives Helenrose , Mills Tammy M. , Dacey Charity M.
Published: January 2016

We offer a comparative investigation of the compensation and benefits afforded to cooperating teachers (CTs) by teacher education programs (TEPs) in 1957-1958 and 2012-2013. This investigation replicates and extends a description of the compensation practices of 20 U.S. TEPs published by VanWinkle in 1959. Data for the present investigation came from 18 of those TEPs. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analyses were used to identify trends and make comparisons across the two time periods. Findings indicate that compensation for CTs continues to fall into five categories: (a) monetary compensation, (b) professional learning opportunities, (c) CT role-focused resources, (d) engaging CTs in the college/university community, and (e) professional recognition. Changes in the nature and quality of benefits indicate that in many instances, the programs in our sample offer less to their CTs than they did in 1957-1958 while expectations for CTs have historically increased.
Creation of Regions for Dialect Features Using a Cellular Automaton
Authors: Juuso Ilkka , Kretzschmar William A.
Published: January 2016

An issue in dialect research has been how to make generalizations from survey data about where some dialect feature might be found. Precomputational methods included drawing isoglosses or using shadings to indicate areas where an analyst expected a feature to be found. The use of computers allowed for faster plotting of locations where any given feature had been elicited, and also allowed for the use of statistical techniques from technical geography to estimate regions where particular features might be found. However, using the computer did not make the analysis less subjective than isoglosses, and statistical methods from technical geography have turned out to be limited in use. We have prepared a cellular automaton (CA) for use with data collected for the Linguistic Atlas Project that can address the problems involved in this type of data visualization. The CA plots the locations where survey data were elicited, and then through the application of rules creates an estimate of the spatial distributions of selected features. The application of simple rules allows the CA to create objective and reproducible estimates based on the data it was given, without the use of statistical methods.
A Constructionist Approach to Category Change
Authors: Vartiainen Turo
Published: January 2016

It is generally accepted in usage-based theories of language that language change is facilitated by contexts of use that allow for semantically and/or structurally ambiguous readings of a construction. While this facilitative effect is well attested in the literature, much less attention has been paid to factors that constrain language change. Furthermore, the idea that ambiguities may also promote stability and discourage change has not been explored in detail. In this article I discuss the development of three participle constructions that have gained increasingly adjective-like uses in recent history: ADJ- looking (e.g., modest-looking), N-V ing denoting a change in psychological state (e.g., awe-inspiring), and the adjectival - ed participle headed by a psych-verb (e.g., surprised). I argue that the development of these constructions has been significantly constrained by unresolved ambiguities as well as source structures that continue to support the earlier, verbal categorization instead of an adjectival one. As a consequence, the participles have acquired adjectival uses gradually and often at a slow rate. The data are analyzed from a constructionist perspective, where constructions are connected in a network, and categories like “verb” or “adjective” are regarded as emergent schemas that arise from actual patterns of use.
Health Care and Urban Revitalization
Authors: Day Jared N.
Published: January 2016

This overview provides a theoretical and historiographical summary of recent trends in the history and development of medical centers, their impact on urban development, and related trends in the role of city, state and federal governments in fostering public health and urban revitalization in cities.
Interracial attraction among college men
Authors: Brooks James E. , Neville Helen A.
Published: January 2016

The current study integrated constructs from the fields of relationship science (i.e., similarity and familiarity) and intergroup research (i.e., racial ideologies, particularly color-blind racial ideology and multiculturalism) to explore interracial romantic attraction. Using a person-perception design, 124 Black ( n = 62) and White ( n =62) heterosexual college men indicated their romantic attraction to the dating profiles of three Black and three White women. Results from analyses consistent with a linear mixed-model approach supported most of the hypotheses, including participants in general were more attracted to women of the same race and that greater endorsement of multicultural ideological beliefs was associated with increased interracial attraction. For White men, greater endorsement of color-blind racial ideology was predictive of a decrease in interracial romantic attraction as hypothesized. Contrary to the hypotheses, increased interracial contact for Black men was associated with an increase in same race attraction. Results are discussed in the context of existing literature, and important next steps are also discussed.
Epidemiology of Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hodgins Justin L. , Vitale Mark , Arons Raymond R. , Ahmad Christopher S.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Despite an increase in the prevalence of medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction of the elbow in professional baseball and popularity within the media, there are no population-based studies examining the incidence of UCL reconstruction.

Purpose:

To examine the epidemiological trends of UCL reconstruction on a statewide level over a 10-year period. The primary endpoint was the yearly rate of UCL reconstruction over time; secondary endpoints included patient demographics, institution volumes, and concomitant procedures on the ulnar nerve.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database contains records for each ambulatory discharge in New York State. This database was used to identify all UCL reconstructions in New York State from 2002 to 2011 using the outpatient CPT-4 ( Current Procedural Terminology, 4th Revision) code. Assessed were patient age, sex, ethnicity, insurance status, and associated procedures, as well as hospital volume.

Results:

There was a significant yearly increase in the number of UCL reconstructions ( P < .001) performed in New York State from 2002 to 2011. The volume of UCL reconstructions increased by 193%, and the rate per 100,000 population tripled from 0.15 to 0.45. The mean ± SD age was 21.6 ± 8.89 years, and there was a significant trend for an increased frequency in UCL reconstruction in patients aged 17 to 18 and 19 to 20 years ( P < .001). Male patients were 11.8 times more likely to have a UCL reconstruction than female patients ( P < .001), and individuals with private insurance were 25 times more likely to have a UCL reconstruction than those with Medicaid ( P = .0014). There was a 400% increase in concomitant ulnar nerve release/transposition performed over time in the study period, representing a significant increase in the frequency of ulnar nerve procedures at the time of UCL reconstruction ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

The frequency of UCL reconstruction is steadily rising in New York State and becoming more common in adolescent athletes. Emphasis on public education on the risks of overuse throwing injuries and the importance of adhering to preventative guidelines is essential in youth baseball today.
Using Mouse Movements to Predict Web Survey Response Difficulty
Authors: Horwitz Rachel , Kreuter Frauke , Conrad Frederick
Published: January 2016

A key goal of survey interviews is to collect the highest quality data possible from respondents. In practice, however, it can be difficult to achieve this goal because respondents do not always understand particular survey questions as designers intended. Researchers have used a variety of indicators to identify and predict respondent confusion and difficulty in answering questions in different modes. In web surveys, it is possible to automatically detect response difficulty in real time. The research to date has focused on response latencies—mostly long response times—as evidence of difficulty. In addition to response latencies, however, web surveys offer rich behavioral data, which may predict respondent confusion and difficulty more directly than response times. This article focuses on one such behavior, mouse movements. We examine a set of mouse movements participants engage in when answering questions about experimental scenarios whose difficulty has been manipulated (as confirmed by respondent ratings). This approach makes it possible to determine which movements are general movements, demonstrating how a person interacts with a computer, and which movements are related to response difficulty. We find not only that certain mouse movements are highly predictive of difficulty but also that such movements add considerable value when used in conjunction with response times. The approach developed in this article may be useful in delivering help to confused respondents in real time and as a diagnostic tool to identify confusing questions.
Effect of lignin–cellulose nanofibrils on the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Ding Zhaodong , Zhong Lili , Wang Xuan , Zhang Liping
Published: January 2016

In the present research, novel polyethersulfone (PES)/lignin–cellulose nanofibril (LCN) blend ultrafiltration membranes with high hydrophilicity and noticeable mechanical properties were prepared via immersion precipitation method. LCN was employed to improve the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of pure PES ultrafiltration membranes. Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the structure of the LCN. The performance of blend ultrafiltration membranes were characterized in terms of FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, pure water flux (PWF), bovine serum albumin retention, water contact angle, surface energy, and mechanical properties. With the increase in content of LCN from 0 wt% to 1.2 wt%, the PWF improved from 322.8 L m−2 h−1 to 692.3 L m−2 h−1 and the tensile strength increased from 4.8 MPa to 7.2 MPa. It was revealed that the addition of LCN could improve the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of pure PES ultrafiltration membrane.
Sensitivity and specificity of on-farm scoring systems and nasal culture to detect bovine respiratory disease complex in preweaned dairy calves
Authors: Love William J. , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Van Eenennaam Alison L. , Drake Christiana M. , Kass Philip H. , Farver Thomas B. , Aly Sharif S.
Published: January 2016

The California (CA) and Wisconsin (WI) clinical scoring systems have been proposed for bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) detection in preweaned dairy calves. The screening sensitivity (SSe), for estimating BRDC prevalence in a cohort of calves, diagnostic sensitivity (DSe), for confirming BRDC in ill calves, and specificity (Sp) were estimated for each of the scoring systems, as well as for nasal swab cultures for aerobic bacteria and mycoplasma species. Thoracic ultrasound and auscultation were used as the reference standard tests interpreted in parallel. A total of 536 calves (221 with BRDC and 315 healthy) were sampled from 5 premises in California. The SSe of 46.8%, DSe of 72.6%, and Sp of 87.4% was determined for the CA system. The SSe of 46.0%, DSe of 71.1%, and Sp of 91.2% was determined for the WI system. For aerobic culture, the SSe was 43.4%, DSe was 52.6%, and Sp was 71.3%; for Mycoplasma spp. culture, the SSe was 57.5%, DSe was 68.9%, and Sp was 59.7%. The screening and diagnostic sensitivities of the scoring systems were not significantly different but the Sp of the WI system was greater by 3.8%. Scoring systems can serve as rapid on-farm tools to determine the burden of BRDC in preweaned dairy calves. However, users may expect the SSe to be less than the DSe when confirming BRDC in an ill calf.
Teaching Domestic Violence Online
Authors: Danis Fran S.
Published: January 2016

With the increasing number of courses and degree programs available online, faculty may be interested in developing an online course on domestic violence. This article analyzes the similarities and differences involved in teaching about domestic violence online versus face-to-face. Highlights of course activities and notable online resources are identified including YouTube videos, webinars, online training modules, and websites. The limitations and challenges of teaching domestic violence in an asynchronous online course and recommendations for future teaching are discussed.
Health Care Trajectories for Children With ADHD in France: Results From the QUEST Survey
Authors: Caci Hervé , Cohen David , Bonnot Olivier , Kabuth Bernard , Raynaud Jean-Phillipe , Paillé Sabrina , Vallée Louis
Published: January 2016

Objective: The objective of this study is to retrospectively describe the pathway toward ADHD diagnosis and treatment, and identify potential areas for improvement. Method: Parent-reported questionnaires were collected by a national sample of ADHD specialists. Results: In total, 473 complete questionnaires were analyzed. Initial onset of ADHD symptoms was reported at a mean age of 4.45 years. Mean age at diagnosis was 8.07 years, and half of the families had seen at least three health care professionals previously. Psychiatrists were most commonly consulted. A “combined” (89% boys) and inattentive (49% boys) profile was identified. Diagnosis was made 1 year later for the latter group. Two thirds of patients received pharmacological treatment. The delay in diagnosis was identified as the main source of concern for caregivers. Conclusion: The 4-year delay in diagnosis may represent a loss of opportunity. Training health care professionals in the core symptoms of ADHD may help reduce disparities and improve patient trajectory.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale in a Postsecondary Population
Authors: Harrison Allyson G. , Nay Sylvia , Armstrong Irene T.
Published: January 2016

Objective: Clinicians frequently rely upon the results of self-report rating scales when making the diagnosis of ADHD; however, little research exists regarding the ability of self-report measures to accurately differentiate ADHD from other disorders. Method: This present study investigated the ability of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS) to discriminate between 249 postsecondary students with carefully diagnosed ADHD and 507 clinical controls. Results: The overall discriminant validity of the CAARS was 69%, and it had an unacceptably high false positive and false negative rate. At lower prevalence rates, a high score on the CAARS has only a 22% chance of accurately identifying individuals with ADHD. Conclusion: Although the CAARS is an adequate screening measure, it should not be the main method by which a diagnosis is made, as it frequently misidentifies individuals with other psychological complaints as having ADHD. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Party mandates and the politics of attention
Authors: Froio Caterina , Bevan Shaun , Jennings Will
Published: January 2016

This article develops an attention-based model of party mandates and policy agendas, where parties and governments are faced with an abundance of issues and must divide their scarce attention across them. In government, parties must balance their desire to deliver on their electoral mandate (i.e. the ‘promissory agenda’) with a need to continuously adapt their policy priorities in response to changes in public concerns and to deal with unexpected events and the emergence of new problems (i.e. the ‘anticipatory agenda’). Parties elected to office also have incentives to respond to issues prioritized by the platforms of their rivals. To test this theory, time series cross-sectional models are used to investigate how the policy content of the legislative program of British government responds to governing and opposition party platforms, the executive agenda, issue priorities of the public and mass media.
Surveillance, Data and Embodiment
Authors: Smith Gavin J D
Published: January 2016

Today’s bodies are akin to ‘walking sensor platforms’. Bodies either host, or are the subjects of, an array of sensing devices that act to convert bodily movements, actions and dynamics into circulative data. This article proposes the notions of ‘disembodied exhaust’ and ‘embodied exhaustion’ to conceptualise processes of bodily sensorisation and datafication. As the material body interfaces with networked sensor technologies and sensing infrastructures, it emits disembodied exhaust: gaseous flows of personal information that establish a representational data-proxy. It is this networked actant that progressively structures how embodied subjects experience their daily lives. The significance of this symbiont medium in determining the outcome of interplays between networked individuals and audiences necessitates that it is carefully contrived. The article explores the nature and function of the data-proxy, and its impact on social relations. Drawing on examples that depict individuals engaging with their data-proxies, the article suggests that managing a virtual presence is analogous to a work relation, demanding diligence and investment. But it also shows how the data-proxy operates as a mode of affect that challenges conventional distinctions made between organic and inorganic bodies, agency and actancy, mortality and immortality, presence and absence.
The association between ischemic and jeopardized myocardia and all-cause mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease
Authors: Hammad Tarek A , Yousefzai Rayan , Venkatachalam Sridhar , Lowry Ashley , Gornik Heather L , Jaber Wael , Bartholomew John R , Kim Soo Hyun , Cerqueira Manuel , Gray Bruce H , Blackstone Eugene H , Shishehbor Mehdi H
Published: January 2016

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with increased mortality and concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether uncovering the presence of functional coronary ischemia by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) would further help stratifying that excess risk. From January 2000 to 2009, 4294 individuals underwent cardiac stress testing within 180 days of ankle–brachial index (ABI) measurements. Of these, 645 had PAD and SPECT MPI stress testing. Abnormal ABI was defined as ⩽0.9 or prior lower extremity arterial revascularization. Myocardial ischemic burden and total jeopardized myocardium were represented by the summed difference score (SDS) and summed stress score (SSS), respectively. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to study the impact of SDS and SSS on all-cause mortality. Additionally, using a hierarchical approach, we examined the step-wise addition of post-stress test coronary and lower extremity arterial revascularizations as time-varying covariates on outcomes. We found no significant difference in all-cause mortality between patients with ischemic myocardium (SDS>0) and those without (SDS=0) (adjusted HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.53–1.69; p=0.84). Similarly, the presence of jeopardized myocardium (SSS>0) did not have a significant impact on mortality (adjusted HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.67–2.00; p=0.59). Moreover, adjustment for post-testing coronary and lower extremity arterial revascularizations did not affect our results. In conclusion, ischemic and jeopardized myocardia are not predictors of all-cause mortality in PAD; thus, SPECT MPI does not appear to be a useful risk stratification tool in these patients.
Decolonizing policing: Indigenous patrols, counter-policing and safety
Authors: Porter Amanda
Published: January 2016

This article examines the everyday operation and politics of Indigenous patrols, community-run initiatives with formal agendas that focus on keeping young people safe and preventing contact between young people and the state police. Specifically, it presents fieldwork findings and interview data conducted over three years on various patrols across New South Wales, Australia. In this article, patrols are used as a lens through which to critically examine contemporary issues in the policing of Indigenous Australian communities and as a way of exploring what it means to decolonize the institutions and activities of policing. The research findings demonstrate the complexity of processes of decolonization and raise broader questions concerning how knowledge is produced about Indigenous communities, both by governments and within academia.
Pragmatic Functions in Late Talkers
Authors: MacRoy-Higgins Michelle , Kliment Sarah
Published: January 2016

This study analyzed spontaneous language samples of three-year-olds with a history of expressive language delay (late talkers) and age-matched controls using Dore’s Conversational Acts analysis (1978) and Mean Length of Utterance (MLU; Brown, 1973). Differences were observed between groups in utterances classified as organizational device and miscellaneous. No differences were noted between groups in other pragmatic functions and the number of pragmatic functions that were used. Late talkers showed lower MLUs as compared to age-matched peers. Pragmatic language, in addition to morphosyntax, should be monitored in children with a history of early expressive language delay.
Transcervical Carotid Stenting With Dynamic Flow Reversal Demonstrates Embolization Rates Comparable to Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Plessers Maarten , Van Herzeele Isabelle , Hemelsoet Dimitri , Patel Nikil , Chung Emma M. L. , Vingerhoets Guy , Vermassen Frank
Published: January 2016

Purpose: To evaluate a series of patients treated electively with carotid endarterectomy (CEA), transfemoral carotid artery stenting with distal filter protection (CASdp), and transcervical carotid stenting with dynamic flow reversal (CASfr) monitored continuously with transcranial Doppler (TCD) during the procedure to detect intraoperative embolization rates. Methods: Thirty-four patients (mean age 67.6 years; 24 men) with significant carotid stenosis underwent successful TCD monitoring during the revascularization procedure (10 CEA, 8 CASdp, and 16 CASfr). Ipsilateral microembolic signals were segregated into 3 phases: preprotection (until internal carotid artery cross-shunted or clamped if no shunt was used, filter deployed, or flow reversal established), protection (until clamp/shunt was removed, filter retrieved, or antegrade flow reestablished), and postprotection (after clamp/shunt or filter removal or restoration of normal flow). Results: CASdp showed higher embolization rates than CEA or CASfr in the preprotection phase (p<0.001). In the protection phase, CASdp was again associated with more embolization compared with CEA and CASfr (p<0.001). In the postprotection phase, no differences between the revascularization therapies were observed. CASfr and CEA did not show significant differences in intraoperative embolization during any of the phases. Conclusion: TCD recordings demonstrated a significant reduction in embolization to the brain during transcervical carotid artery stent placement with the use of dynamic flow reversal compared to transfemoral CAS using distal filters. No significant differences in microembolization could be detected between CEA and CASfr. The observed lower embolization rates and lack of adverse events suggest that transcervical CAS with dynamic flow reversal is a promising technique and may be the preferred method when performing CAS.
Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Internalizing and Externalizing Depression Symptoms in a Community Sample of Australian Male Truck Drivers
Authors: Rice Simon M. , Aucote Helen M. , Eleftheriadis Dina , Möller-Leimkühler Anne Maria
Published: January 2016

Trucking industry employees are known to be at risk of elevated levels of stress and a range of behaviors that may compromise their mental health. Clinical reports indicate that in response to negative emotional states, men tend to engage in a cluster of externalizing behaviors including irritability, anger and aggression, risk taking, and substance misuse. However, as such symptoms fall outside standard diagnostic depression criteria, the diagnosis and treatment of depression in men may be impeded. The present exploratory study reports retrospective symptom ratings of internalizing and externalizing depression symptoms from 91 Australian male truck drivers. Moderate correlation between externalizing and internalizing symptoms was reported across the sample, though internalizing symptoms were reported more frequently. However, consistent with prediction, those meeting probable depression caseness ( n = 20) reported three times the number of externalizing symptoms relative to those in the nonclinical group (Cohen’s d = 1.31). Externalizing symptoms may be a particular phenotypic feature of depression in men, and assessment of such symptoms may assist in the detection of those unwilling to disclose typical internalizing symptoms (i.e., sadness, hopelessness). Results also highlight the need for targeted research into stress-related and mental health outcomes of men in high health risk occupations such as truck driving.
What Emotions Motivate Care?
Authors: Pulcini Elena
Published: January 2016

The importance of emotions is supported by many authors of the ethics of care in contrast to the rationalistic paradigm of justice. However, the reference to the emotions remains generic. By focusing on three paradigmatic typologies (care out of love, care work, and care of the distant other), I propose to investigate this aspect further, and distinguish between the different emotions that motivate care (such as love, compassion, and generosity). I will try, first, to offer a reflection on which emotions are likely to motivate ethical action within an ethics of care; second, to survey different potential obstacles to these emotions and propose how they might be overcome to more successfully achieve good care and ethical action.
Proximal Foundations of Jealousy: Expectations of Exclusivity in the Infant’s First Year of Life
Authors: Hart Sybil L.
Published: January 2016

In this synthesis, we summarize studies that yielded evidence of jealousy in young infants. To shed light on this phenomenon, we present evidence that jealousy’s foundation rests on history of dyadic interactions with caregivers which engender infants’ expectations of exclusivity, and on maturation of sociocognitive capacities that enable infants to evaluate whether an exchange between their caregiver and another child represents a violation of that expectation. We conclude with a call for greater study of the antecedents and sequelae of both normative and atypical presentations of jealousy. In addition, we recommend approaches that address jealousy across a range of relationships, both within and beyond those which include attachment figures.
New variables and new agreements between 10 Hz global positioning system devices in tennis drills
Authors: Galé-Ansodi Carlos , Langarika-Rocafort Argia , Usabiaga Oidui , Castellano Paulis Julen
Published: January 2016

The knowledge about physical demands in different sports has increased, thanks to the application of global positioning system devices. The reliability and validity of 10 Hz global positioning system devices have been assessed by some authors. The majority of the studies only addressed the reliability of the devices or, in other words, the ability of scores of global positioning system device to differentiate among subjects or objects. The reliability is based on correlations (such as the intraclass correlation coefficient) which do not give the researcher information that can be interpreted in a practical way. In this way, the aim of this study was to assess the grade of agreement among repeated measurements made on the same subject using two global positioning system devices simultaneously. Four trained male tennis players participated in the study. The participants completed tennis-simulated point-games (n = 32), each player wearing two devices at the same time. Global indicators, such as Player Load (PL), Exertion Index (EI) and Equivalent Distance Index (EDI) per minute, were monitored through the use of global positioning system devices (MinimaxX v4.0; Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia) operating at the above-mentioned sampling frequency of 10 Hz. The systematic error is that there is tendency of the global positioning system devices to measure systematically different from others Vmean (−1.03 m · min−1), Vpeak (−10.31 m · min−1), Equivalent Distance Index (0.63 ratio), PLmin (0.35 UA min−1) and EImin (−0.01) variables. As for random error (limit of agreement), we would expect that in PLmin, the global positioning systems would differ in 95% of the cases between 2.12 and −1.42 m · min−1; any value out of the limits of agreement would result relevant for the practical point of view. We concluded that the global positioning system devices produce systematically different results from one another; therefore, the bias from one global positioning system to another should be subtracted to compare the results between the global positioning systems.
Unknown Safety and Efficacy of Smartphone Bolus Calculator Apps Puts Patients at Risk for Severe Adverse Outcomes
Authors: Hirsch Irl B. , Parkin Christopher G.
Published: January 2016

Manual calculation of bolus insulin dosages can be challenging for individuals treated with multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) therapy. Automated bolus calculator capability has recently been made available via enhanced blood glucose meters and smartphone apps. Use of this technology has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce glycemic variability without changing hypoglycemia; however, the clinical utility of app-based bolus calculators has not been demonstrated. Moreover, recent evidence challenges the safety and efficacy of these smartphone apps. Although the ability to automatically calculate bolus insulin dosages addresses a critical need of MDI-treated individuals, this technology raises concerns about efficacy of treatment and the protection of patient safety. This article discusses key issues and considerations associated with automated bolus calculator use.
Injection Technique and Pen Needle Design Affect Leakage From Skin After Subcutaneous Injections
Authors: Præstmark Kezia Ann , Stallknecht Bente , Jensen Morten Lind , Sparre Thomas , Madsen Nils Berg , Kildegaard Jonas
Published: January 2016

Background:

After a subcutaneous injection fluid might leak out of the skin, commonly referred to as leakage or backflow. The objective was to examine the influence of needle design and injection technique on leakage after injections in the subcutaneous tissue of humans and pigs.

Method:

Leakage data were obtained from a post hoc analysis of clinical trial data and from a pig study. Data from the clinical study were used to determine leakage as a function of injection volume, speed and region. Data from the pig study were used to determine leakage as a function of needle wall thickness, needle taper, injection angle, and wait time from end of injection to withdrawal of needle from skin.

Results:

Leakage volume was positively related to injection volume. Injections in the abdomen caused less leakage than thigh injections. A 32G needle caused less leakage than a 31G and a 32G tip (tapered) needle, and a “straight in” 90° needle insertion angle caused less leakage than an angled (~45°) insertion. Wait times of minimum 3 seconds caused less leakage than immediate withdrawal of the needle after injection. Needle wall thickness and injection speed did not influence leakage.

Conclusions:

Leakage will be minimized using a thin needle, using 90° needle insertion in the abdomen, injecting maximum 800 µL at a time, and waiting at least 3 seconds after the injection until the needle is withdrawn from the skin.
Field test and numerical modeling of vehicle impact on a boulder with impact-induced fractures
Authors: Zhou Yaneng , Reese Lynsey , Qiu Tong , Rado Zoltan
Published: January 2016

Landscape Vehicle Anti-Ram systems, typically comprising natural materials such as boulders, are effective in protecting sensitive structures against threats. However, fracturing of these materials under vehicular impact can be detrimental to the performance of Landscape Vehicle Anti-Ram systems. This study presents a field-scale crash test and LS-DYNA modeling of a Landscape Vehicle Anti-Ram system subjected to vehicular impact. The Landscape Vehicle Anti-Ram system consisted of three boulders connected through a reinforced concrete foundation embedded in compacted American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials soil. The central boulder fractured upon vehicular impact. An advanced material model was adopted to model the rock fracture and crushing. The global response of the truck, including cab deformation and dynamic penetration, from the simulation showed good agreement with the field observations. The failure patterns of the boulder, including the fracture plane and minor crushing, also agreed well with the field observations. Through a parametric study, the dynamic penetration of the truck is found to be influenced by the elastic modulus and fracture energy of the boulder, and the Landscape Vehicle Anti-Ram system is more effective with a stiffer and tougher boulder.
The Nature and Timing of Tele-Pseudoscopic Experiences
Authors: Palmisano Stephen , Hill Harold , Allison Robert S
Published: January 2016

Interchanging the left and right eye views of a scene (pseudoscopic viewing) has been reported to produce vivid stereoscopic effects under certain conditions. In two separate field studies, we examined the experiences of 124 observers (76 in Study 1 and 48 in Study 2) while pseudoscopically viewing a distant natural outdoor scene. We found large individual differences in both the nature and the timing of their pseudoscopic experiences. While some observers failed to notice anything unusual about the pseudoscopic scene, most experienced multiple pseudoscopic phenomena, including apparent scene depth reversals, apparent object shape reversals, apparent size and flatness changes, apparent reversals of border ownership, and even complex illusory foreground surfaces. When multiple effects were experienced, patterns of co-occurrence suggested possible causal relationships between apparent scene depth reversals and several other pseudoscopic phenomena. The latency for experiencing pseudoscopic phenomena was found to correlate significantly with observer visual acuity, but not stereoacuity, in both studies.
High-Resolution, Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Detects an Intracardiac Thrombus in a Fontan Patient
Authors: Avitabile Catherine M. , Harris Matthew A. , Whitehead Kevin K.
Published: January 2016

A 28-year-old male with Fontan physiology presented with chest pain, elevated troponin, regional dyskinesis, and an apical echogenicity in the right-sided morphologically left ventricle (LV) on echocardiogram. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed with a three-dimensional respiratory-navigated inversion recovery FLASH (low flip angle, spoiled gradient echo technique) sequence during slow gadolinium infusion. A hypointense lesion in the LV apex was consistent with thrombus. Gadolinium-delayed enhancement imaging demonstrated increased signal in the mid-inferior LV free wall. In this case, progressive decline in ventricular function was likely followed by an intracardiac thrombus and embolic myocardial infarction. The CMR was instrumental in characterizing the mass and identifying myocardial scar.
Fear and Leadership in Union Organizing Campaigns
Authors: Murphy Caroline
Published: January 2016

This article adopts a mobilization framework to examine the crucial actions of workplace activists in overcoming fear of employer reprisal during union organizing campaigns in hostile environments. The article explores fear as part of the organizing process in two ways; first, we examine how fear can act as a stimulus for workplace activists to take action in an attempt to overcome the source of that fear. Second, we examine fear as an inhibiting factor in organizing, whereby the presence of fear hinders individuals from taking action. Using qualitative data from interviews conducted with workplace activists across a variety of campaigns in Ireland, this article examines the process through which workplace activists conquer their own sense of fear and undertake the task of mobilizing colleagues toward collective action in pursuit of union representation amid fear of employer reprisal.
Motor Proficiency in Young Children
Authors: Venetsanou Fotini , Kambas Antonis
Published: January 2016

This study aimed to examine motor proficiency in young children, focusing on potential gender differences. For that purpose, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency–Long Form (BOTMP-LF) was administered to 540 children (272 boys), 4½ to 6 years old. First, the 2 (sex) × 4 (age groups) ANOVA computed on children’s total BOTMP-LF scores showed that age had a statistically significant effect, whereas gender did not. Second, the one-way MANCOVA applied on subtest scores, with age as covariate, revealed statistical significant gender differences; however, η2 values were found to be small or moderate. Finally, the MANCOVA applied on items where significant gender differences have been reported showed a significant effect of gender. Nonetheless, η2 values exceeded the limit of practical significance only on two items (“standing on preferred leg on floor”, “throwing a ball at a target with preferred hand”) that are associated with gender-stereotyped activities. It can be concluded that (a) besides statistical significance, effect sizes should be examined for the results of a study to be adequately interpreted; (b) young boys’ and girls’ motor proficiency is similar rather than different. Gender differences in specific skills should be used for movement programs to be individualized.