bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costs and training results of an objectively validated cadaveric perfusion‐based internal carotid artery injury simulation during endoscopic skull base surgery
Authors: Donoho Daniel A. , Johnson Cali E. , Hur Kevin T. , Buchanan Ian A. , Fredrickson Vance L. , Minneti Michael , Zada Gabriel , Wrobel Bozena B.
Published: March 2019

Background

Internal carotid artery injury (ICAI) is a rare, life‐threatening complication of endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs). High‐fidelity simulation methods exist, but optimization of the training cohort, training paradigm, and costs of simulation training remain unknown.

Methods

Using our previously validated, high‐fidelity, perfused‐cadaver model, participants attempted to manage a simulated ICAI. After a brief instructional video and coaching, the simulation was repeated. Training success was defined as successful ICAI control on the second attempt after failure on the initial attempt. Marginal costs were measured.

Results

Seventy‐two surgeons participated in the standardized simulation, which lasted ≤15 minutes. The marginal cost of simulation was $275.00 per surgeon. A total of 44.4% (n = 32) succeeded on the first attempt before training (previously proficient); 44.4% (n = 32) failed the first attempt, but succeeded after training (training successes); and 11.1% (n = 8) failed both attempts. The cost per training success was $618.75. Forty‐two surgeons had never treated an ICAI, with 24 becoming training successes (57.1% overall, 82.8% when excluding previously proficient surgeons). Twenty‐nine had experienced a real or simulated ICAI, with 8 (27.6% overall, 72.7% excluding previously proficient surgeons) becoming training successes. The cost per training success was lowest in the ICAI‐naive group ($481.25) and highest among surgeons with simulated and real ICAI experience ($1650).

Conclusions

Surgeons can be trained to manage ICAI in a single, brief, low‐cost session. Although all groups improved, training an ICAI‐naive or resident cohort may maximize training results. A perfused‐cadaver model is a reproducible, realistic, and low‐cost method for training surgeons to manage life‐threatening ICAI during an EEA.
Slow‐wave sleep and motor progression in Parkinson disease
Authors: Schreiner Simon J. , Imbach Lukas L. , Werth Esther , Poryazova Rositsa , Baumann‐Vogel Heide , Valko Philipp O. , Murer Tobias , Noain Daniela , Baumann Christian R.
Published: March 2019

Growing evidence from Alzheimer disease supports a potentially beneficial role of slow‐wave sleep in neurodegeneration. However, the importance of slow‐wave sleep in Parkinson disease is unknown. In 129 patients with Parkinson disease, we retrospectively tested whether sleep slow waves, objectively quantified with polysomnography, relate to longitudinal changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores. We found that higher accumulated power of sleep slow waves was associated with slower motor progression, particularly of axial motor symptoms, over a mean time of 4.6 ± 2.3 years. This preliminary finding suggests that deeper sleep relates to slower motor progression in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2019;85:765–770
Disulfide‐Unit Conjugation Enables Ultrafast Cytosolic Internalization of Antisense DNA and siRNA
Authors: Shu Zhaoma , Tanaka Iku , Ota Azumi , Fushihara Daichi , Abe Naoko , Kawaguchi Saki , Nakamoto Kosuke , Tomoike Fumiaki , Tada Seiichi , Ito Yoshihiro , Kimura Yasuaki , Abe Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

Development of intracellular delivery methods for antisense DNA and siRNA is important. Previously reported methods using liposomes or receptor‐ligands take several hours or more to deliver oligonucleotides to the cytoplasm due to their retention in endosomes. Oligonucleotides modified with low molecular weight disulfide units at a terminus reach the cytoplasm 10 minutes after administration to cultured cells. This rapid cytoplasmic internalization of disulfide‐modified oligonucleotides suggests the existence of an uptake pathway other than endocytosis. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the modified oligonucleotides are efficiently internalized into the cytoplasm through disulfide exchange reactions with the thiol groups on the cellular surface. This approach solves several critical problems with the currently available methods for enhancing cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and may be an effective approach in the medicinal application of antisense DNA and siRNA.
Azoniadibenzo[a,j]phenalenide: A Polycyclic Zwitterion with Singlet Biradical Character
Authors: Arikawa Shinobu , Shimizu Akihiro , Shintani Ryo
Published: March 2019

A polycyclic zwitterion, azoniadibenzo[a,j]phenalenide, having a singlet biradical character, was synthesized and isolated for the first time. The negative charge was found to be delocalized over the periphery of the main core of the zwitterion and the positive charge was localized near the nitrogen atom. Its singlet biradical character was confirmed by a small HOMO–LUMO energy gap with their spatial overlap, and observation of thermally excited triplet species together with DFT calculations.
Electrochemical [4+2] Annulation‐Rearrangement‐Aromatization of Styrenes: Synthesis of Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Ma Yueyue , Lv Jufeng , Liu Chengyu , Yao Xiantong , Yan Guoming , Yu Wei , Ye Jinxing
Published: March 2019

We report the first electrochemical strategy to synthesize functionalized naphthalene derivatives through [4+2] annulation—rearrangement–aromatization from styrenes under mild conditions. The electrolysis does not require metals, oxidants and high valence substrates, indicating the atom and step‐economy ideals. The dehydrodimer produced through [4+2] cycloaddition of 4‐methoxy α‐methyl styrene is isolated and proved to be the key intermediate for the following oxydehydrogenation to form carbon cation, which undergoes rearrangement–aromatization to afford the final products. This reaction represents a powerful access to construct multi‐substituted naphthalene blocks in a single step.
A Rigid Trigonal‐Prismatic Hexagold Metallocage That Behaves as a Coronene Trap
Authors: Ibáñez Susana , Peris Eduardo
Published: March 2019

A trigonal‐prismatic hexagold cage was obtained by combining a triphenylene‐tris(N‐heterocyclic carbene) ligand and a carbazolyl‐bis(alkynyl) linker. The metallocage has a slot‐like cavity with a volume of about 300 Å3. The cage was used for the recognition of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Due to the perfect dimensional match, the supramolecular complex shows a very high affinity for trapping coronene.
Revisiting the Mechanism of the Anaerobic Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase HemN
Authors: Ji Xinjian , Mo Tianlu , Liu Wan‐Qiu , Ding Wei , Deng Zixin , Zhang Qi
Published: March 2019

HemN is a radical S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of coproporphyrinogen III to produce protoporphyrinogen IX, an intermediate in heme biosynthesis. HemN binds two SAM molecules in the active site, but how these two SAMs are utilized for the sequential decarboxylation of the two propionate groups of coproporphyrinogen III remains largely elusive. Provided here is evidence showing that in HemN catalysis a SAM serves as a hydrogen relay which mediates a radical‐based hydrogen transfer from the propionate to the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical generated from another SAM in the active site. Also observed was an unexpected shunt product resulting from trapping of the SAM‐based methylene radical by the vinyl moiety of the mono‐decarboxylated intermediate, harderoporphyrinogen. These results suggest a major revision of the HemN mechanism and reveal a new paradigm of the radical‐mediated hydrogen transfer in radical SAM enzymology.
A Low‐Spin Three‐Coordinate Cobalt(I) Complex and Its Reactivity toward H2 and Silane
Authors: Choi Jonghoon , Lee Yunho
Published: March 2019

A three‐coordinate low‐spin cobalt(I) complex generated using a pincer ligand is presented. Since an empty
orbital is sterically exposed at the site trans to the N donor of an acridane moiety, the cobalt(I) center accepts the coordination of various donors such as H2 and PhSiH3 revealing σ‐complex formation. At this low‐spin cobalt(I) site, homolysis of H–H and Si−H bonds preferentially occurs via bimolecular hydrogen atom transfer instead of two‐electron oxidative addition. When the resulting CoII–H species was exposed to N2, H2 evolution readily occurs at ambient conditions. These results suggest single‐electron processes are favored at the structurally rigidified cobalt center.
A Cation‐Exchange Approach for the Fabrication of Efficient Methylammonium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Fengzhu , Zhang Chaoshen , Huang Jin‐Hua , Fan Haochen , Wang Huijia , Wang Pengcheng , Zhan Chuanlang , Liu Cai‐Ming , Li Xiangjun , Yang Lian‐Ming , Song Yanlin , Jiang Ke‐Jian
Published: March 2019

Tin‐based halide perovskite materials have been successfully employed in lead‐free perovskite solar cells, but the overall power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have been limited by the high carrier concentration from the facile oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+. Now a chemical route is developed for fabrication of high‐quality methylammonium tin iodide perovskite (MASnI3) films: hydrazinium tin iodide (HASnI3) perovskite film is first solution‐deposited using presursors hydrazinium iodide (HAI) and tin iodide (SnI2), and then transformed into MASnI3 via a cation displacement approach. With the two‐step process, a dense and uniform MASnI3 film is obtained with large grain sizes and high crystallization. Detrimental oxidation is suppressed by the hydrazine released from the film during the transformation. With the MASnI3 as light harvester, mesoporous perovskite solar cells were prepared, and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.13 % is delivered with good reproducibility.
Moderately branched ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene by using N,N′‐nickel catalysts adorned with sterically hindered dibenzocycloheptyl groups
Authors: Zada Muhammad , Guo Liwei , Zhang Randi , Zhang Wenjuan , Ma Yanping , Solan Gregory A. , Sun Yang , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: March 2019

Five examples of unsymmetrical 1,2‐bis (arylimino) acenaphthene (L1 – L5), each containing one N‐2,4‐bis (dibenzocycloheptyl)‐6‐methylphenyl group and one sterically and electronically variable N‐aryl group, have been used to prepare the N,N′‐nickel (II) halide complexes, [1‐[2,4‐{(C15H13}2–6‐MeC6H2N]‐2‐(ArN)C2C10H6]NiX2 (X = Br: Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 Ni1, 2,6‐Et2C6H3 Ni2, 2,6‐i‐Pr2C6H3 Ni3, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 Ni4, 2,6‐Et2–4‐MeC6H2 Ni5) and (X = Cl: Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3 Ni6, 2,6‐Et2C6H3 Ni7, 2,6‐i‐Pr2C6H3 Ni8, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 Ni9, 2,6‐Et2–4‐MeC6H2 Ni10), in high yield. The molecular structures Ni3 and Ni7 highlight the extensive steric protection imparted by the ortho‐dibenzocycloheptyl group and the distorted tetrahedral geometry conferred to the nickel center. On activation with either Et2AlCl or MAO, Ni1 – Ni10 exhibited very high activities for ethylene polymerization with the least bulky Ni1 the most active (up to 1.06 × 107 g PE mol−1(Ni) h−1 with MAO). Notably, these sterically bulky catalysts have a propensity towards generating very high molecular weight polyethylene with moderate levels of branching and narrow dispersities with the most hindered Ni3 and Ni8 affording ultra‐high molecular weight material (up to 1.5 × 106 g mol−1). Indeed, both the activity and molecular weights of the resulting polyethylene are among the highest to be reported for this class of unsymmetrical 1,2‐bis (imino)acenaphthene‐nickel catalyst.
Synthesis and characterization of Ni (II), Cu (II), Fe (II) and Fe3O4 nanoparticle complexes with tetraaza macrocyclic Schiff base ligand for antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity against cancer and normal cells
Authors: Chaabane Laroussi , Chahdoura Hassiba , Moslah Wassim , Snoussi Mejdi , Beyou Emmanuel , Lahcini Mohammed , Srairi‐Abid Najet , Baouab Mohamed Hassen V.
Published: March 2019

This work describes a simple synthesis of complexes of the type [M(C32H28N4)Cl2], where M = Ni (II), Cu (II) and Fe (II) and a novel complex of magnetite nanoparticle (Fe3O4NP) inside (INS) tetraaza macrocyclic Schiff base ligand (C32H28N4): [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)], which was prepared by using a novel co‐precipitation method of coordinated ferric ion (Fe3+) in the complex [Fe(C32H28N4)Cl2] under mild conditions. The synthesized compounds were characterized and compared with a various physic‐chemical techniques like: Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic techniques (UV–Vis), 1‐dimensional (1D) 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques, mass spectra, Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. Furthermore, the highest saturation magnetization was 26.56 emu.g−1 obtained from [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] (diameter of Fe3O4NPs~20.87 nm) that prove easy separation by an external magnetic field. In vitro screening of all the compounds against different species of bacteria and fungi shows that [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] is effective against the tested strains as compared to the tetraaza macrocyclic ligand and selected complexes. The cytotoxic activity of the all compounds was also examined in 3 human tumor cell lines as U87, MDA‐MB‐231 and LS‐174. The complex [Fe3O4NP‐INS‐(C32H28N4)] shows moderate and strong cytotoxic activity against brain cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer (U87, MDA‐MB‐231 and LS‐174 respectively), without showing cytotoxicity towards peripheral blood mononucleocyte (PBMC) cells.
Porous polyurethane film fabricated via the breath figure approach for sustained drug release
Authors: Daban Gizem , Bayram Cem , Bozdoğan Betül , Denkbaş Emir Baki
Published: March 2019

The breath figure (BF) method is an effective process for fabricating porous polymeric films. In this study, we fabricated porous polymer films from thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) through static BF with CHCl3 as a solvent under 55–80% relative humidity. The porous PU films were prepared within various pore structures and sizes, which were adjustable, depending on the fabrication conditions. The humidity and exposure time were examined as variable parameters affecting the surface morphology, wettability, and cytotoxicity. Atorvastatin calcium, a hyperlipidemic agent, was loaded into the porous films during the casting process, and the drug‐loading and drug‐releasing behaviors of the porous PU membranes were evaluated. Approximately 60–80% of the drug was released in 14 days. The films exhibited sustained drug‐release performances because of the hydrophobicity and nonbiodegradable nature of PU for perivascular drug administration. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47658.
Influence of reactive blending temperature on impact toughness and phase morphologies of PLA ternary blend system containing magnesium ionomer
Authors: Chen Qiu , Shan Pengjia , Tong Congcong , Yan Dongguang , Zhang Yan , Liu Hongzhi , Hao Chaowei
Published: March 2019

In this study, effects of extrusion temperature on impact toughness and phase morphologies in the reactive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/epoxy‐containing elastomer (ethylene/n‐butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate [EBA‐GMA]) blend system with magnesium ionomer (magnesium ionomer of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer [EMAA‐Mg]), were investigated, and the underlying origin for the dependence of morphology development on reactive blending temperature was analyzed. The extent of reactive compatibilization between PLA/EBA‐GMA and crosslinking of EBA‐GMA initiated by EMAA‐Mg, were determined in terms of Fourier transform infrared spectra of dioxane‐extracted residues, torque rheometer, dynamic mechanical analysis, and gel contents after chloroform extraction. The phase morphologies were studied by electron microscopic observation and dynamic rheological tests. Compared to the ternary blend system containing zinc‐neutralized ionomer of EMAA copolymer (EMAA‐Zn), the ones containing EMAA‐Mg exhibited the less pronounced dependence of notched impact strength on extrusion temperature. With elevating extrusion temperature, the latter ternary blends exhibited different “salami‐like” dispersed phase structure. The morphology development with reactive blending temperature was attributed to the remarkable temperature dependence of crosslinking rate of EBA‐GMA phase initiated by the EMAA‐Mg rather than the difference in the extent of compatibilization. The morphology development mechanism with respect to reactive blending temperature was also discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47682.
To sea or not to sea? Multiple lines of evidence reveal the contribution of non‐diadromous recruitment for supporting endemic fish populations within New Zealand's longest river
Authors: David Bruno O. , Jarvis Matt , Özkundakci Deniz , Collier Kevin J. , Hicks Andy S. , Reid Malcolm
Published: March 2019

Otolith microchemistry was used to identify marine‐ versus freshwater‐derived recruitment of three native freshwater fish species belonging to the southern hemisphere family Galaxiidae, in New Zealand's longest river system, the Waikato River.

Water chemistry data for trace elements and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were collected from five lentic and 10 lotic water bodies throughout the lower river floodplain. Potential spawning sites for galaxiids were compared with values obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) depth profiling of young‐of‐the‐year otoliths sampled from fish in nine lower river catchment sites.

Otolith chemical signatures from the larval rearing period indicated that catchment‐scale recruitment for two species, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin, 1789) and Galaxias fasciatus Gray, 1842, was driven predominantly by non‐diadromous recruitment from one lake (Lake Waahi). In contrast, diadromous recruitment appeared to be more common for Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842); however, non‐diadromous specimens were also identified for the first time from a New Zealand river.

Reversing lake outlet flows linked to river stage appears be important in facilitating the dispersal of rheotactic larvae out of lakes, suggesting that lake outflow management at key times could be used to sustain this ecologically important function.

This study highlights that some water bodies can supply a disproportionately large number of recruits to support fish populations within the wider riverscape. Identifying these water bodies and managing them to sustain recruitment is key to the conservation of non‐diadromous Galaxiidae in this modified lowland environment
Understanding user behavior in naturalistic information search tasks
Authors: Vuong Tung , Saastamoinen Miamaria , Jacucci Giulio , Ruotsalo Tuukka
Published: March 2019

Understanding users' search behavior has largely relied on the information available from search engine logs, which provide limited information about the contextual factors affecting users' behavior. Consequently, questions such as how users' intentions, task goals, and substances of the users' tasks affect search behavior, as well as what triggers information needs, remain largely unanswered. We report an experiment in which naturalistic information search behavior was captured by analyzing 24/7 continuous recordings of information on participants' computer screens. Written task diaries describing the participants' tasks were collected and used as real‐life task contexts for further categorization. All search tasks were extracted and classified under various task categories according to users' intentions, task goals, and substances of the tasks. We investigated the effect of different task categories on three behavioral factors: search efforts, content‐triggers, and application context. Our results suggest four findings: (i) Search activity is integrally associated with the users' creative processes. The content users have seen prior to searching more often triggers search, and is used as a query, within creative tasks. (ii) Searching within intellectual and creative tasks is more time‐intensive, while search activity occurring as a part of daily routine tasks is associated with more frequent searching within a search task. (iii) Searching is more often induced from utility applications in tasks demanding a degree of intellectual effort. (iv) Users' leisure information‐seeking activity is occurring inherently within social media services or comes from social communication platforms. The implications of our findings for information access and management systems are discussed.
3D Enantiomorphic Mg‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Chemical Sensor of Nitrobenzene and Efficient Catalyst for CO2 Cycloaddition
Authors: Xue Yun‐Shan , Cheng Weiwei , Cao Jia‐Peng , Xu Yan
Published: March 2019

Two enantiomorphic MgII‐based metal‐organic frameworks, {MgL(H2O)2}n (1‐D and 1‐L) (where H2L=2,2′‐bipyridyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid) have been synthesized by solvothermal reaction without any chiral auxiliary. The single‐crystal X‐ray measurement and the structural analysis indicate that both 1‐D and 1‐L possess 2‐fold interpenetrated frameworks with different left‐ and right‐handed helical chains simultaneously, which serve as chiral source, thus transmitting chirality over the whole frameworks. The fluorescence measurements reveal that they exhibit a strong quenching response to nitrobenzene and could be potentially used as a chemical sensor. Owing to the accessible Lewis acidic sites in channels, they display high catalytic efficiency for cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides and could be reused five times without losing activity.
Nonlinear output feedback control of V2G single‐phase on‐board BEV charger
Authors: Rachid Aziz , El Fadil Hassan , Giri Fouad , Lassioui Abdellah
Published: March 2019

In this work, we consider the problem of controlling a single‐phase on‐board battery electric vehicle (BEV) charger with vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology. The BEV charger consists of a bidirectional ac‐dc power converter connected to the single‐phase power grid, followed by a bidirectional dc‐dc power converter interfacing an EV battery pack. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) Unitary Power Factor (UPF) in grid‐side; (ii) tight dc‐bus voltage regulation; (iii) safety battery charge and battery discharge during the grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) mode and V2G mode, respectively; and (iv) asymptotic stability of the closed loop system. After an accurate system modelling, a nonlinear controller is designed using a backstepping design technique. The point is that the battery inner voltage is not accessible to measurement. Therefore, a nonlinear observer is invoked in order to estimate all non‐measured variables making the solution cheaper and noiseless. It is shown using a formal analysis and numerical simulations, that the proposed output feedback controller (combining a nonlinear controller and a nonlinear observer) meets all control objectives.
Recent Research on Strategies to Improve Ion Conduction in Alkali Metal‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shao TieLei , Liu Chunyi , Deng Wenjun , Li Chang , Wang Xusheng , Xue Mianqi , Li Rui
Published: March 2019

Ion conduction refers to a conductive process consisting of the directional motion of ions driven by an electric field, which is one of the most important issues for further improvement of batteries in the current and foreseeable future. In order to better understand the conduction phenomena in alkali metal‐ion (Li+/Na+/K+) batteries (AMIBs) and achieve technological breakthroughs, the recent studies on the ion diffusion of electrode materials and the ion conduction of electrolytes for AMIBs are investigated. Three aspects of the factors that affecting ion conduction in AMIBs are mainly listed: (i) crystal structure related high ion conduction in crystalline materials. (ii) tuning the lattice volume and interface by doping and compounding. (iii) improvement in experimental synthesis and modification methods. Through this review, we hope to facilitate more efficient and targeted research to improve ion conduction in AMIBs.
Reviving Aged Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Prolonging their Cycle Life by Sinusoidal Waveform Charging Strategy
Authors: Chen Po‐Tuan , Yang Fang‐Haur , Cao Zhong‐Ting , Jhang Jyun‐Ming , Gao Hong‐Min , Yang Mo‐Hua , Huang K. David
Published: March 2019

Traditional high power constant current‐constant voltage (CC−CV) charging leads to the degradation of Li‐ion batteries. Thus, aging due to charging is a primary issue to be overcome in application technology. This study proposes the impacts of a sinusoidal waveform charging strategy for charging Li‐ion batteries. Specifically, a negative voltage is introduced in the charging process to reverse passivation layer formation. After few cycles of sinusoidal waveform charging, aged cells can be revived. Tests reveal that the available capacity of an aged cell can be improved by a maximum of 18.7 % relative to the original rated power. After 600 charging‐discharging cycles of new cells, the cells charged using the sinusoidal waveform strategy possess approximately 15 % more electrical capacity than do cells charged using the conventional CC−CV method, indicating an increase in battery cycle life. The suppression of interfacial resistance is characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Sinusoidal waveform charging can reduce charging time by half and the maximum rise in temperature by 6 °C compared with the CC−CV charging method.
A review of behavioral interventions to enhance sports performance
Authors: Schenk Merritt , Miltenberger Raymond
Published: March 2019

Research on applied behavior analysis and sports performance has become an increasingly popular subject. It involves using behavioral measures to assess the utility of numerous interventions to enhance athletic performance. We identified 101 studies published since the late 1960s focusing on behavioral interventions to enhance sports performance. To determine the breadth of the current research, we identified each sport and the different interventions used to improve performance. Of the studies included in this review, research has investigated 23 interventions with 21 sports. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature regarding what procedures have been evaluated, the results of this research, some of the limitations, and future directions of behavioral research on sports performance enhancement. In doing so, this review will allow readers to easily browse the current literature by the sport or intervention of interest.
A simple innovative spectrofluorometric method for the determination of alendronate in bulk and in pharmaceutical tablets
Authors: Elmalla Samah F. , Mansour Fotouh R.
Published: March 2019

Sodium alendronate is the first in a pharmacological class known as bisphosphonates, used for treatment of various bone diseases. Assay of bisphosphonates by a spectroscopic technique is very challenging due to the fact that they lack chromophores and none of them are fluorescent. In this work, a simple method is presented for determination of alendronate in bulk and in pharmaceutical tablets using spectrofluorometry by exploiting the ability of alendronate to displace salicylate from the iron(III)–salicylate chelate, forming a non‐fluorescent colorless iron(III)–alendronate complex. The liberated salicylate is fluorescent and is equivalent to the mount of alendronate added. The response was linear over the concentration range 20–90 μM and the proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.995 and the limit of detection was 7.5 μM. The method was successfully applied for determination of alendronate in the commercially available Osteonate® tablets. The average percent recovery ± percent relative standard deviation was found to be 102.118 ± 2.033 which is congruent with the label claim of the dosage form. The results were also compared to a reported method using t‐test and F‐test at 95% confidence level; no significant differences were observed. The presented method is simple, fast, easy, cost‐effective and suitable for routine pharmaceutical analysis.
A software for considering leakage in water pressurized networks
Authors: Pardo Miguel , Riquelme Adrian
Published: March 2019

A matlab‐based educational software (UAleaks) has been developed to consider the effect of water losses when solving the hydraulic problem in water pressurized networks. The results obtained are the new leaky network model and the water and energy audits calculation. This software can be used by students and practitioners.
Bilateral internal mammary artery laceration after cardiac pulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Morgan Jacob , Bolanos Alexander , Al‐Balas Hassan , Paniagua David
Published: March 2019

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is essential for the survival of cardiac arrest patients. High‐quality chest compressions are critical for survival, but energetic resuscitation efforts can lead to chest injuries. Internal mammary artery (IMA) injury is a rare complication of CPR, but can lead to life‐threatening intrathoracic hemorrhage. Early detection of IMA injury should be considered in all post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) with anemia refractory to transfusion. To the best of our knowledge, no cases of CPR‐associated bilateral IMA laceration have ever been reported. We report a unique CPR complication resulting in anterior mediastinal hemorrhage that was detected by ECHO, verified by computed tomography angiography, and treated with endovascular intervention.
Peritonitis from Leclercia adecarboxylata: An emerging pathogen
Authors: Adapa Sreedhar , Konala Venu Madhav , Nawaz Faiza , Javed Tariq , Dhingra Hemant , Gutierrez Irene A. , Ramirez Magda L.
Published: March 2019

Key Clinical Message

Leclercia adecarboxylata can be misidentified as Escherichia coli, due to similar biochemical properties. Automated identification systems and mass spectrometry play a very critical role in isolating atypical organisms like L adecarboxylata. General guidelines recommend treating L adecarboxylata peritonitis for 3 weeks without removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter.
Synthesis of All Stereoisomers of Monomeric Spectomycin A1/A2 and Evaluation of Their Protein SUMOylation‐Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Nomura Yusaku , Thuaud Frédéric , Sekine Daisuke , Ito Akihiro , Maeda Satoko , Koshino Hiroyuki , Hashizume Daisuke , Muranaka Atsuya , Cruchter Thomas , Uchiyama Masanobu , Ichikawa Satoshi , Matsuda Akira , Yoshida Minoru , Hirai Go , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: March 2019

A synthetic methodology to access all possible stereoisomers of spectomycin A1 (SMA1) and A2 (SMA2) has been established through late‐stage diversification. The key reaction for the construction of all four diastereomers is an intramolecular cyclization based on the umpolung of π‐allyl palladium species with bis(pinacolato)diborane (B2(pin)2). Silyl group assisted direct benzylic oxidation of each isomer enabled construction of the fragile β‐hydroxytetralone skeleton to provide the SMAs. The relative and absolute stereochemistry of SMA2 was also determined, and the absolute stereochemistry of SMA1 was extrapolated based on the optical rotation of SMA2. The axial chirality of SMAs is discussed based on circular dichroism spectra and DFT calculations, and it is concluded that the M isomer is predominant in solution. Biochemical assessment of all isomers in vitro revealed that the C9 hydroxyl group and dimeric structure were both important for protein SUMOylation‐inhibitory activity.
Analyzing smart contract interactions and contract level state consensus
Authors: Hu Yao‐Chieh , Lee Ting‐Ting , Chatzopoulos Dimitris , Hui Pan
Published: March 2019

Although the primary function of distributed ledgers is to store data related to users' interactions, their capabilities allow them to offer more sophisticated functionalities. Advances in blockchain technologies introduced smart contracts, software programs that define immutable rules as functions stored on the blockchain and can be executed on demand. Smart contracts can interact not only with users but also with each other via message exchange. We compare existing smart contract interactions, and develop an architecture for asynchronous state consensus, a novel type of smart contract interaction required in applications but had rarely been addressed. The proposed architecture is composed of two types of smart contracts, ie, Custodian and Client. Client smart contracts serve as network participants reaching a particular consensus collectively by forming a cluster and issuing votes towards a final state agreement. Custodian smart contracts serve as the arbiters that aggregate and calculate voting results as the finalized state consensus that is shared across the network. To test the feasibility of our proposal, we conduct experiments on the consensus reaching latency and the scalability under different network configurations with standardized Amazon Web Service instances. Lastly, we discuss the robustness our proposal concerning Byzantine Fault tolerance and list possible applications. In the gaming industry, an ERC721 smart contract does not allow contrasting structural features between individual tokens, yet only minor value‐level differences. The proposed solution can address the need for character diversity that characters can be created and attached to a gaming smart contract after deployment, which enables fine distinction between characters. The proposal can also achieve sharing states across smart contracts, such as the jackpot, which renovates the flexibility of blockchain gaming.
Morphology‐Dependent Stability of Complex Metal Hydrides and Their Intermediates Using First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Kang ShinYoung , Heo Tae Wook , Allendorf Mark D. , Wood Brandon C.
Published: March 2019

Complex light metal hydrides are promising candidates for efficient, compact solid‐state hydrogen storage. (De)hydrogenation of these materials often proceeds via multiple reaction intermediates, the energetics of which determine reversibility and kinetics. At the solid‐state reaction front, molecular‐level chemistry eventually drives the formation of bulk product phases. Therefore, a better understanding of realistic (de)hydrogenation behavior requires considering possible reaction products along all stages of morphological evolution, from molecular to bulk crystalline. Here, we use first‐principles calculations to explore the interplay between intermediate morphology and reaction pathways. Employing representative complex metal hydride systems, we investigate the relative energetics of three distinct morphological stages that can be expressed by intermediates during solid‐state reactions: i) dispersed molecules; ii) clustered molecular chains; and iii) condensed‐phase crystals. Our results verify that the effective reaction energy landscape strongly depends on the morphological features and associated chemical environment, offering a possible explanation for observed discrepancies between X‐ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Our theoretical understanding also provides physical and chemical insight into phase nucleation kinetics upon (de)hydrogenation of complex metal hydrides.
Hydrogen in Palladium and Storage Properties of Related Nanomaterials: Size, Shape, Alloying, and Metal‐Organic Framework Coating Effects
Authors: Dekura Shun , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Kusada Kohei , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: March 2019

One of the key issues for an upcoming hydrogen energy‐based society is to develop highly efficient hydrogen‐storage materials. Among the many hydrogen‐storage materials reported, transition‐metal hydrides can reversibly absorb and desorb hydrogen, and have thus attracted much interest from fundamental science to applications. In particular, the Pd−H system is a simple and classical metal‐hydrogen system, providing a platform suitable for a thorough understanding of ways of controlling the hydrogen‐storage properties of materials. By contrast, metal nanoparticles have been recently studied for hydrogen storage because of their unique properties and the degrees of freedom which cannot be observed in bulk, i. e., the size, shape, alloying, and surface coating. In this review, we overview the effects of such degrees of freedom on the hydrogen‐storage properties of Pd‐related nanomaterials, based on the fundamental science of bulk Pd−H. We shall show that sufficiently understanding the nature of the interaction between hydrogen and host materials enables us to control the hydrogen‐storage properties though the electronic‐structure control of materials.
Ligand Effect on the Stability of Water‐Soluble Iridium Catalysts for High‐Pressure Hydrogen Gas Production by Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid
Authors: Iguchi Masayuki , Onishi Naoya , Himeda Yuichiro , Kawanami Hajime
Published: March 2019

Aiming to develop a highly effective and durable catalyst for high‐pressure H2 production from dehydrogenation of formic acid (DFA), the ligand effect on the catalytic activity and stability of Cp*Ir (Cp*:pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion) complexes were investigated using 5 different kinds of N,N’‐bidentate ligands (bipyridine, biimidazoline, pyridyl‐imidazoline, pyridyl‐pyrazole and picolinamide). The Ir complex with biimidazoline ligand exhibited the highest catalytic activity, but deactivation occurred readily at high pressure. The pyridine moiety in the ligand can enhance the stability of Ir complex catalysts for the high‐pressure reaction. The Ir complex catalyst containing pyridyl‐imidazoline ligand showed the high activity and best stability under the high‐pressure conditions.
Evaluation of changes in the upper airway after Twin Block treatment in patients with Class II malocclusion
Authors: Entrenas Inmaculada , González‐Chamorro Elena , Álvarez‐Abad Covadonga , Muriel Juan , Menéndez‐Díaz Iván , Cobo Teresa
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this prospective case control study is to describe in growing patients with mandibular hypoplasia, treatment outcomes following functional therapy in terms of volumetric changes in nasopharynx and oropharynx, that is, upper and lower pharynx. We recruited 60 study participants aged between 8 and 12 years having mandibular Class II malocclusion and a reduced upper airway (UA) size, as determined by McNamara cephalometric analyses. Forty patients received Twin Block treatment, whereas the remaining 20 patients did not receive treatment, thus constituting the control group. The control group included patients who did not start treatment after their first visit but returned for a consultation one or 2 years later. All patients underwent an initial teleradiography examination of the skull and a final teleradiography examination to measure changes using McNamara cephalometric analysis of the UA. Pretreatment and posttreatment changes were assessed using Student's t test for independent samples with a significance level of 0.05. Both anatomical structures analyzed—the upper pharynx (nasopharynx) and lower pharynx (oropharynx)—showed significant increases after treatment regardless of whether the patients were boys or girls. The controls showed a decrease in UA size on average after approximately 2 years of growth. A clear relationship exists between the mandibular advancement achieved with TB treatment and an increased UA size. Therefore, the appliance is considered suitable for improving the respiratory quality of growing patients with a decreased UA size.
A Chemical Blowing Strategy to Fabricate Biomass‐Derived Carbon‐Aerogels with Graphene‐Like Nanosheet Structures for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Hai , Zhang Ze , Luo Jin‐Di , Qi Xing‐Tao , Yu Ji , Cai Jian‐Xin , Wei Jun‐chao , Yang Zhen‐Yu
Published: March 2019

The efficient exploitation and utilization of low‐cost and biomass‐derived carbon materials will play an active role in developing sustainable energy storage systems. However, the difficult morphology control and incomplete activation limits their pervasive application in electrochemical energy storage. Inspired by the famous Chinese folk handicraft of sugar‐figure blowing, biomass‐derived carbon aerogels (GCA) with 2 D graphene‐like thin nanosheets were fabricated by a simple chemical blowing strategy from a viscous agaric solution obtained through hydrothermal treatment of agaric. A chemical blowing agent (NH4Cl) was used to effectively exfoliate the bulk biomass‐derived carbon flake into 2 D graphene‐like nanosheets, which resulted in a highly porous structure and high specific area (2200 m2 g−1) after the activation process. As a result, a high specific capacitance of 340 F g−1 at 3 A g−1 and a high specific energy of 25.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 2 kW kg−1 was obtained for the GCA electrode, which can be attributed to the abundant electrochemically active surfaces, short ion transport paths, and effective electrolyte infiltration.. This work demonstrates an effective and low‐cost strategy to prepare hierarchical and well‐organized porous biomass carbon materials with graphene‐like nanosheets for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Automated sensing of daily activity: A new lens into development
Authors: de Barbaro Kaya
Published: March 2019

Rapidly maturing technologies for sensing and activity recognition can provide unprecedented access to the complex structure daily activity and interaction, promising new insight into the mechanisms by which experience shapes developmental outcomes. Motion data, autonomic activity, and “snippets” of audio and video recordings can be conveniently logged by wearable sensors (Lazer et al., 2009). Machine learning algorithms can process these signals into meaningful markers, from child and parent behavior to outcomes such as depression or teenage drinking. Theoretically motivated aspects of daily activity can be combined and synchronized to examine reciprocal effects between children’s behaviors and their environments or internal processes. Captured over longitudinal time, such data provide a new opportunity to study the processes by which individual differences emerge and stabilize. This paper introduces the reader to developments in sensing and activity recognition with implications for developmental phenomena across the lifespan, sketching a framework for leveraging mobile sensors for transactional analyses that bridge micro‐ and longitudinal‐ timescales of development. It finishes by detailing resources and best practices to facilitate the next generation of developmentalists to contribute to this emerging area.
The classification of eating disorders in China: A categorical model or a dimensional model
Authors: Zheng Yuchen , Kang Qing , Huang Jiabin , Jiang Wenhui , Liu Qiang , Chen Han , Fan Qing , Wang Zhen , Xiao Zeping , Chen Jue
Published: March 2019

Objective

According to the ICD‐10 and DSM‐5, eating disorders (EDs) are classified using a categorical model that assumes the subtypes are qualitatively different from one another. However, it is still intensely debated that a dimensional model is more suitable. The aim of this study is to examine whether EDs have a categorical or dimensional latent structure using a sample of Chinese ED patients.

Method

The sample included 322 patients, diagnosed with an ED from 2010 to 2017 in the Shanghai Mental Health Center, and comparison participants (N = 850), recruited from undergraduate students in one university in Shanghai. Participants were evaluated with the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) questionnaire and another questionnaire developed by the researchers. Three taxometric procedures (MAXimum EIGenvalue [MAXEIG], latent‐mode factor analysis [L‐Mode], and Mean Above Minus Below A Cut [MAMBAC]) were applied, respectively, to analyze the patients' clinical symptoms data.

Results

Patients were divided into three groups according to their clinical diagnosis. The plots of the three taxometric analysis procedures supported the categorical construct in anorexia nervosa, binge‐eating/purging group, and bulimia nervosa group. The Comparison Curve Fit Indices of the MAXEIG, L‐Mode, and MAMBAC procedures were 0.694, 0.709, 0.704 in the AN‐BP group and 0.727, 0.67, 0.62 in the BN group, respectively, which also support the categorical construct.

Discussion

The results support two distinct classes of ED subtypes among Chinese sample. Further work on applying hybrid model in analysis has been discussed.
The effects of management on long‐term carbon stability in a southeastern U.S. forest matrix under extreme fire weather
Authors: Krofcheck D. J. , Loudermilk E. L. , Hiers J. K. , Scheller R. M. , Hurteau M. D.
Published: March 2019

How fire interacts with an ecosystem is driven by forest structure, fuel bed heterogeneity, topography, and weather. The juxtaposition of two distinct vegetation types with divergent properties can further influence the effects of fire on an ecosystem. In the southeastern United States, pine flatwoods and hardwood–cypress swamps are distinct ecosystems that can be geographically intermixed as a function of elevation, affecting how fires move across the landscape. We sought to understand the consequence of extreme fire weather on landscape wildfire severity and biomass accumulation taking into consideration the spatial configuration of the two ecosystems and fuels reduction management strategies. We used a spatially explicit growth and succession model at the landscape scale to simulate a suite of management activities employed at the Osceola National Forest (Florida, USA), which are aimed at mitigating severe wildfire, maintaining ecosystem function, and producing wood fiber. We found that with extreme fire weather, hardwood–cypress swamps were more available to burn because of drier and hotter conditions, increasing the risk of high‐severity fire in the adjacent pine flatwoods. This reduced landscape aboveground biomass stability relative to contemporary fire weather, with an end‐of‐simulation range from 59.2 to 69.2 Mg C/ha. When we incorporated targeted mechanical thinning and prescribed burning into the simulations under extreme fire weather, the landscape showed higher aboveground biomass stability, with an end‐of‐simulation range of 70.9–72.8 Mg C/ha. We found that targeting mechanical thinning treatments to the interface of the hardwood–cypress swamps and maintaining the pine flatwoods with prescribed burning constrained the spread of high‐severity wildfire at the landscape scale. These results highlight the importance of understanding how changes to fire weather severity may alter fire regimes and consequently carbon stability of these highly interspersed yet functionally dissimilar ecosystems.