bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Linseed Genotypes for Yield and Its Component Traits
Authors: Sandhya  , Kumar Manoj , Mukul  , Kumar Pawan , Gaurav Akash
Published: December 2023

In the present investigation a total 30 linseed genotypes including released varieties were evaluated during Rabi 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan (India) for understanding genetic diversity for grain yield and its component traits using principal component analysis. PCA was utilized to examine the variation and to estimate the relative contribution of various traits for total variability, first four principal components have more than one eigen values and accounted for 70.87% of total cumulative variance among 11 traits. PC1 had the contribution from traits viz., days to maturity, plant height, capsule per plant, seed per capsule, plant stand, test weight, branches per plant, germination per cent and yield per plant, which accounted for 26.08% of the total variability whereas PC2, PC3 and PC4 exhibited 20.13%,13.43% and 11.23% to the total variability respectively. Thus, the results of principal component analysis revealed the wide genetic variation in linseed genotypes indicating that these accessions may be used as donors to improve the yield and quality traits in varietal development program. On the basis of Ward’s linkage cluster analysis, five cluster were formed to identify relative closeness among 30 genotypes. Cluster V consisted of maximum 9 genotypes followed by cluster I and IV (8), cluster III (3) and cluster II (2). Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster I and IV indicating the possibilities of high heterosis if individual from these clusters were cross-bred. Cluster I had the highest mean values for plant height, seed per capsule, plant stand and yield per plant. Hence, suggesting that the genotypes constituted in these clusters may be used as a parent for future hybridization programs.
Assessment of Various Fungicides, Bioagents and Natural Substances on Anthracnose Disease of Banana
Authors: Saurabh Kanade , Sandip Wagh , Swapnali Khokrale , Pravin Khaire , Pranjal Desale
Published: December 2023

The research was conducted to minimize the activity of harmful microorganism which is responsible for deterioration of fruit quality. The eight treatments were taken during the in-vitro study from which viz., six fungicides and two bioagents were tested for fruit dip treatment against anthracnose of banana. As a result of study, the most effective treatment was found carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % WP, which is showing the least disease intensity (20.26 %) and the highest reduction in banana anthracnose (52.56 %). Carbendazim and propiconazole also demonstrated significant disease reduction. Among non-hazardous chemicals, chitosan was the most effective (31.11 % disease intensity, 34.24 % reduction), followed by edible paraffin wax and yeast. Hot water treatment showed the highest disease intensity (44.49 %) and the least disease control (20.86 %). The study concluded that, carbendazim 12 %+ mancozeb 63 % WP and chitosan was the most effective against the post-harvest anthracnose disease of banana.
Assessing Pruning Intensity to Improve the Tea Productivity in Tropical Plantations by Multispectral Image Classification Model Using K-Means Algorithm
Authors: Ramadhan Ilmi , Devnita Rina , Arifin Mahfud
Published: December 2023

Tea (Camellia sinensis) plays a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, but its production has witnessed a decline over the last two years. The majority of tea plantations in Indonesia have historical roots from the Dutch East Indies colonial government, underscoring the importance of monitoring pruning practices in tea plantation management. However, manual monitoring methods prove ineffective, prompting the exploration of precision farming principles using satellite imagery and machine learning to address this challenge. This study was conducted on a 231-hectare tea plantation south of the Tangkuban Perahu Volcano in West Bandung Regency, Indonesia. Sentinel-2B imagery from June to October 2019-2023 was utilized to calculate Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values and assess tea productivity. Employing the K-Means algorithm, productivity values were grouped, and pruning intensity was categorized into three classes, revealing spatial dynamics influencing tea tree productivity. Our results illustrate distinct spatial patterns of pruning intensity across the 231-hectare tea plantation, identifying three classes: less pruned, moderately intensive pruned, and intensively pruned. We show that proposed model of pruning intensity from K-Means algorithm has overall accuracy of 0.57, with highest precision in less pruned class, while the lowest in moderately intensive pruned class. Notably, consistently higher productivity was observed in less pruned tea trees, while an increase in productivity in intensively pruned trees occurred after the second pruning in 2022. These findings highlight the potential of satellite imagery and machine learning for enhancing precision monitoring in tea plantations, offering a practical approach for long-term plantation management. Emphasizing the significance of pruning strategies, our study suggests that optimizing tea productivity amidst environmental and management challenges is achievable through informed monitoring and strategic pruning practices.
Bacteriological Profile of Vended Local Drinks in Amakom, Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Baidoo Elizabeth Akua , Osei-Djarbeng Samuel N. , Amonoo-Neizer Jacob
Published: December 2023

Aims: Microorganisms are everywhere including food. Food, although not sterile, must have the number of microbes present falling within the acceptable limit as prescribed by the World Health Organization and other regulatory bodies. Street-vended food and drinks are still a thriving industry in the majority of developing nations, providing most urban people with their daily meals. This study sought to investigate the microbial load of some locally made street vended drinks including sorrel drink (‘Sobolo’) made from Hibiscus sabdariffa, ‘Brukina’, (a Ghanaian drink made of ground millet and pasteurized milk), ‘Emuduro’ (a natural ginger drink), ‘Abele’ (Ghanaian ice cream) and ‘Asaana’ (caramelized corn drink).
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: In and around Kumasi Technical University campus, Kumasi-Ghana between January 2023 to March 2023.
Methodology: Twenty-one (21) samples of local drinks were sampled randomly from various vendors aseptically and sent to the laboratory immediately for microbiological analysis. The standard plate count method and identification tests were used to determine the total aerobic count and identify microorganisms present respectively.
Results: The study recorded a high microbial load in the samples collected. ‘‘Emuduro’’ was the most contaminated with an average viable count of 4.5 x 107 cfu/mL. ‘Asaana’ had the least contamination with an average viable count of 2.4 x 105 cfu/mL which fell still out of the tolerable limit of ≤ 105cfu/mL. ‘Sobolo’, ‘Brukina’, and ‘Abele’ had counts of 4.1 x 107 cfu/mL, 1.4 x 106 cfu/mL, and 1.3 x 106cfu/mL respectively which are unacceptable. Pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacter spp. were identified from the samples. The high microbial load in most of the samples may result from the use of unhygienic water, insanitary surroundings and equipment, and prolonged refrigeration
Conclusion: The study revealed that street-vended locally made drinks can be harmful to people and may cause various food-borne illnesses.
High Performance Aqueous Fluids in Deepwater Operation
Authors: Okeyode Ayodeji I. , Onyechi Victor N. , Okuyelu Olanrewaju M.
Published: December 2023

An exploration drilling in Gambia deepwater with water depth of 965m.  well total depth drilled at measured depth 3,457m, the maximum inclination angle 34.6º and the horizontal section depth 1000m. The top-hole section was drilled with seawater and Guar GUM Sweep and the conductor casing set at 1053m. After the 26’’ hole was drilled with seawater and GUAR GUM sweep at TD the well was displaced to pad mud (KCl/polymer Mud) the 20’’ casing run and cemented. The intermediate and landing section was drilled with High Performance Water-based mud which was provide by one of leading servicing provider. This is where it was first deployed in Deepwater operation in West Africa (Gambia) and it shows good cutting and shale inhibitive performance, good hole cleaning, and wellbore stability, it allows the MWD tools to performed at high ROP, the rheological properties were stable with little treatment, the gives good lubrication and good cutting carrying to surface. According to Pearson, J.R.A [1], that the important rheological requirements are that they should have a low an apparent viscosity as possible, consistent with drilled cutting back to the surface during circulation.

In deepwater operation we may encountered some extremely reactive formations that can incur lot of cost, well lost hole pack off and lost of drilling tools (BHA) which will require sidetrack. Also, with the glamour for the clean energy in the world, there are a lot of environmental restriction now and high cost of waste disposal. This high-performance Water based mud is an option to address the above concerns much attractive in drilling operation.

In this study, the rheological preparties of the mud will be compare with Oil based mud to see the way they performed downhole. The hole cleaning ability and the number of cutting waste that will be generated which will translate to the cost of disposal.

This result show that high performance water-based mud is more effective in term of cost, solved environmental concern and performed as oil – based mud that is wildly used in the region.
Structural Performance Testing and Finite Element Analysis of the ENTA Wall Frame System
Authors: An Hyoseo , Ahn Taesang , Kang Sumin , Shin Jiuk , Lee Kihak
Published: December 2023

This study rigorously assessed the structural performance of the wall frame system through a combination of experimentation and simulation under cyclic loading. Hence, three distinct specimens were developed: the original frame (referred to as the “as-built frame”), the retrofitted frame with ENTA damper system (referred to as “ENTA-W”), and the retrofitted frame with both ENTA damper system and steel frame (referred to as “ENTA-WR’). The experimental findings revealed that the retrofitted frames outperformed the as-built frame regarding energy dissipation ability, initial stiffness, and maximum load capacity. A detailed analysis and comparison between experimental and finite element analysis results were conducted. Notably, disparities between the experimental and analytical outcomes were lower than or near five percent regarding energy dissipation capacity, initial stiffness, and maximum strength. Moreover, the anticipated failure pattern of the concrete section and the stress distribution of the reinforcing bar closely mirrored those observed in the experiment.
Evaluating Structural Performance of U-shaped Precast Concrete Modular Joints
Authors: Choi Young Han , Chae Ji Yong , Heo Byung Wook
Published: December 2023

We conducted a joint tensile test and a wall cyclic loading test to assess the structural performance of the U-shaped precast concrete (PC) modular joint. The rebar experienced fracture at the edge of the L-shaped steel during the joint tensile test. The calculated average ratio of the maximum load to the nominal strength, based on the strength of the rebar, was 1.07. The result of the wall cyclic loading test showed that the PW-1R specimen, featuring a single row of PC joints, exhibited ratios of the maximum moment to a nominal bending moment of 1.19 and 1.00 in the positive (+) and negative (-) directions, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratios of the maximum moment to the nominal bending moment for the PW-2R specimen with two rows of PC joints were 1.20 and 1.06 in the positive (+) and negative (-) directions, respectively. The adequate edge distance for the joint hardware must be ensured to increase the strength of the PC joint wall.
A Study on Causes and Stability of Masonry Retaining Walls by Case Analysis
Authors: Park Kyunseo , Heo Sounghun , Lee Youngdai
Published: December 2023

Masonry retaining walls, which have been used since long time, have recently been widely used in the construction of small complexesas an easy-to-purchase material and eco-friendly structure. Disasters owing to the collapse of these masonry retaining walls have frequently occurred over time. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the causes for the collapse of masonry retainingwalls by collecting and analyzing collapse data using collapse phenomenon field trips, literature review, and search tools, and to use this analysis data, to suggest measures to prevent the collapse of masonry retaining walls. As a result of collecting and analyzing collapse case data, this study found that the main causes of masonry retaining wall collapse were the loss of foundation ground (scour), ground displacement owing to the excavation of adjacent land, settlement owing to ground softening because of rainfallinfiltration, poor drainage, and inclination of stonework. The causes for collapse were of eight types, including slope sliding additionalloading, and vibration, and 16 types when literature data were included. An analysis of the collapse frequency based on the causes for collapse revealed that the two causes for collapse, foundation and drainage, accounted for approximately 60% of the total cause,and measures for stability and Governing law of critical factor were proposed using this result.
Hydrological Analysis Before and After Embankment-Raising Project of Agricultural Reservoir Watershed: A Case Study of Suyang Reservoir
Authors: Shin Hyungjin , Lee Jaenam , Lim Heesung , Kim Sehoon , Han Jongsoo , Joo Jingul
Published: December 2023

We selected the SWAT hydrological model to analyze the hydrological changes before and after an embankment-raising project in agricultural reservoirs. The model was calibrated and validated from 2015 to 2016 using discharge data from the Songsan gauge station, which serves as a watershed outlet that includes the Suyang Reservoir. The dam height of Suyang Reservoir was raised from 13.5 m to 15.1 m, which resulted in a total storage capacity increase from 7.472 million cubic meters to 11.926 million cubic meters. The calibrated model demonstrates an efficiency of 0.9. Scenarios for pre- (2001-2012) and post-embankment raising (2014-2016) were simulated, and the results for various hydrological components (precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, percolation, soil moisture, groundwater evaporation, and groundwater recharge) were summarized. The model results revealed average precipitation, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge for the pre-embankment raising period (2001-2012) as 1,479.3 mm, 864.1 mm, 550.8 mm, 584.2 mm, and 165.0 mm, respectively. For the post-embankment raising period (2014-2016), the simulated values were 1,290.4 mm, 678.0 mm, 494.0 mm, 587.9 mm, and 145.9 mm, respectively. Below-average precipitation during the post-embankment raising period did not have a significant impact on the operation of the agricultural reservoir. The increased reservoir capacity through the embankment-raising project suggests the potential for additional water supply in the face of future water shortages and abnormal drought conditions. Additional research, including the determination of an appropriate water storage rate, will be necessary through long-term investigations and analyses, and climate change scenarios should be incorporated.
Development of an Optimal RTK Calculation Program Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yu Da Hae , Jeon Jin Hyuk , Lee Jung Ho , Kim Dong Jun
Published: December 2023

Rising levels of underground water and inappropriate pipe alignment during rainy weather have led to a rise in rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow (RDII), increasing incidences of separate sewer overflows (SSOs) and reducing the efficiency of sewage treatment systems. RTK analysis based on measured RDII data of the target area through computer modeling is essential when maintaining sewer pipes in order to address this RDII problem. In the Sanitary Sewer Overflow Analysis and Planning (SSOAP) program used for RTK analysis, calculating RTK using a trial and error method is a bit challenging. Accordingly, this study introduces a program to calculate the optimal RTK at the measurement point using a genetic algorithm. In ROP, accuracy was added to the RDII prediction mechanism by incorporating error rates based on time intervals into the evaluation factors of SSOAP, namely rainfall inflow rate and peak flow error rate. The error rate for the SSOAP program and ROP was validated as 2.66%.
Prediction of the DO Factor at Bugok Bridge, Oncheoncheon, Using Deep Learning
Authors: Lim Heesung , An Hyunuk , Lee Jaenam , Shin Hyungjin , Choi Nagweon , Joo Jingul
Published: December 2023

The use of monitoring in river management is known to be both economical and rational, and the amount of digital information globally is increasing over time. AI research utilizing such data has been widely employed recently in the field of water resources and hydrology, yielding excellent predictive results. In this study, we utilized DO (Dissolved Oxygen) factor and meteorological data collected from the Bugok Bridge site in the Oncheoncheon watershed through an automatic water quality measurement network. We employed the LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) algorithm, a type of deep learning known for its excellent time series learning capabilities, as the learning algorithm. To confirm the potential of the use of big data, we conducted a comparative analysis by performing hourly and daily predictions, and an accuracy analysis by comparing actual and predicted data. For data utilization, missing data from the data collected by the automatic measurement network were linearly interpolated. It was confirmed that the predictive performance for the DO factor was higher using hourly than daily data.
Prediction of 2-Year Cognitive Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants Using Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Bowe Andrea K. , Lightbody Gordon , Staines Anthony , Murray Deirdre M. , Norman Mikael
Published: December 2023

Importance

Early intervention can improve cognitive outcomes for very preterm infants but is resource intensive. Identifying those who need early intervention most is important.

Objective

To evaluate a model for use in very preterm infants to predict cognitive delay at 2 years of age using routinely available clinical and sociodemographic data.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prognostic study was based on the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register. Nationwide coverage of neonatal data was reached in 2011, and registration of follow-up data opened on January 1, 2015, with inclusion ending on September 31, 2022. A variety of machine learning models were trained and tested to predict cognitive delay. Surviving infants from neonatal units in Sweden with a gestational age younger than 32 weeks and complete data for the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition cognitive index or cognitive scale scores at 2 years of corrected age were assessed. Infants with major congenital anomalies were excluded.

Exposures

A total of 90 variables (containing sociodemographic and clinical information on conditions, investigations, and treatments initiated during pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal unit admission) were examined for predictability.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was cognitive function at 2 years, categorized as screening positive for cognitive delay (cognitive index score <90) or exhibiting typical cognitive development (score ≥90).

Results

A total of 1062 children (median [IQR] birth weight, 880 [720-1100] g; 566 [53.3%] male) were included in the modeling process, of whom 231 (21.8%) had cognitive delay. A logistic regression model containing 26 predictive features achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.71-0.83). The 5 most important features for cognitive delay were non-Scandinavian family language, prolonged duration of hospitalization, low birth weight, discharge to other destination than home, and the infant not receiving breastmilk on discharge. At discharge from the neonatal unit, the full model could correctly identify 605 of 650 infants who would have cognitive delay at 24 months (sensitivity, 0.93) and 1081 of 2350 who would not (specificity, 0.46).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study suggest that predictive modeling in neonatal care could enable early and targeted intervention for very preterm infants most at risk for developing cognitive impairment.
Hand and Oral Hygiene Practices of South Korean Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Oh Jiyeon , Lee Myeongcheol , Lee Hojae , Yang Hwi , Park Jaeyu , Rahmati Masoud , Koyanagi Ai , Smith Lee , Fond Guillaume , Boyer Laurent , Kim Min Seo , Lee Seung Won , López Sánchez Guillermo F. , Dragioti Elena , Woo Ho Geol , Yon Dong Keon
Published: December 2023

Importance

Only a few studies have examined the long-term trends of hand and oral hygiene, especially among adolescents.

Objective

To investigate the 15-year trends in frequency of handwashing and toothbrushing and examine the factors associated with hand and oral hygiene, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study, performed from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2022, used general population–based data from 963 644 individuals in a national representative survey (Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey [KYRBS]).

Exposure

COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Trends in hand and oral hygiene practices were measured by how frequently adolescents washed their hands and whether they fulfilled the recommended guidelines for toothbrushing. An interrupted time series analysis using linear and logistic regression models was performed to assess any associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. Hand and oral hygiene behaviors before and during the pandemic in each sociodemographic subgroup were also compared.

Results

In the 963 644 adolescents (495 697 [51.4%] male; mean [range] age, 15.01 [12-18] years) who participated in the KYRBS from 2008 to 2022, a 73.3% (95% CI, 59.4%-97.4%; P < .001) immediate increase was seen in overall hand hygiene behavior at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the prepandemic period, with a sustained decrease thereafter (β = −0.018; 95% CI, −0.022 to −0.015; P < .001). Meanwhile, no immediate increase was observed in terms of overall oral hygiene behavior (0.1%; 95% CI, −0.9% to 1.1%; P = .82); however, there was a sustained decrease during the pandemic (β = −0.018; 95% CI, −0.020 to −0.016; P < .001). Older age, female sex, nonsmoking status, alcohol use, low household economic level, and poor school performance were significantly associated with poor hand hygiene during the pandemic.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of South Korean adolescents, an increase in the prevalence of hand hygiene was observed during the early pandemic; however, this prevalence decreased over time. Meanwhile, the decrease in the prevalence of oral hygiene was more pronounced during the pandemic. This study recommends stronger guidelines for adolescent health coaches, such as teachers or public health advisers, regarding hygiene behaviors, even after the COVID-19 pandemic ends.
Negative Wealth Shock and Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Middle-Aged and Older US Adults
Authors: Pan Liulu , Gao Bin , Zhu Junpeng , Guo Jing
Published: December 2023

Importance

As a financial hardship, negative wealth shock has been implicated in some adverse health outcomes. However, associations between negative wealth shock and cognitive decline and dementia have not been examined.

Objective

To investigate whether negative wealth shock was associated with cognitive decline and incident dementia among middle-aged and older US adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is a prospective cohort study conducted biennially among US adults older than 50 years. Data from the HRS from calendar years 1996 to 2020 were analyzed from July 1 to 31, 2023. The final sample included 8082 participants with complete data of interest.

Exposures

Wealth status was quantified with questionnaires. Negative wealth shock was defined as a loss of 75% or more in total wealth over a 2-year period. Asset poverty was defined as zero or less total net wealth.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Cognitive function was assessed with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m). Dementia status was determined with TICS-m scores and proxy assessment.

Results

Among 8082 participants included (mean [SD] age, 63.7 [5.7] years; 4179 women [51.7%] and 3903 men [48.3%]; 1111 Black [13.7%], 6689 White [82.7%], and 282 other [3.5%]), 1441 developed incident dementia over a median follow-up time of 14 (IQR, 7-20) years. Compared with participants who had positive wealth without shock, those with negative wealth shock had accelerated cognitive decline (β coefficient, −0.014 [95% CI, −0.027 to −0.001]; P = .03) and increased risks of dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27 [95% CI, 1.11-1.46]; P < .001). Higher dementia risks were also found in participants with asset poverty at baseline (HR, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.30-2.00]; P < .001). Associations were found in White participants (HR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.14-1.58]; P < .001) and participants younger than 65 years (HR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.13-1.68]; P = .001) but not in other races and ethnicities or those 65 years or older.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, negative wealth shock was associated with accelerated cognitive decline and elevated risks of dementia among middle-aged and older US adults, with modifications by age and ethnicity. These findings should be confirmed by further prospective and interventional studies.
Risk Factors for Young-Onset Dementia in the UK Biobank
Authors: Hendriks Stevie , Ranson Janice M. , Peetoom Kirsten , Lourida Ilianna , Tai Xin You , de Vugt Marjolein , Llewellyn David J. , Köhler Sebastian
Published: December 2023

Importance

There is limited information on modifiable risk factors for young-onset dementia (YOD).

Objective

To examine factors that are associated with the incidence of YOD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective cohort study used data from the UK Biobank, with baseline assessment between 2006 and 2010 and follow-up until March 31, 2021, for England and Scotland, and February 28, 2018, for Wales. Participants younger than 65 years and without a dementia diagnosis at baseline assessment were included in this study. Participants who were 65 years and older and those with dementia at baseline were excluded. Data were analyzed from May 2022 to April 2023.

Exposures

A total of 39 potential risk factors were identified from systematic reviews of late-onset dementia and YOD risk factors and grouped into domains of sociodemographic factors (education, socioeconomic status, and sex), genetic factors (apolipoprotein E), lifestyle factors (physical activity, alcohol use, alcohol use disorder, smoking, diet, cognitive activity, social isolation, and marriage), environmental factors (nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, pesticide, and diesel), blood marker factors (vitamin D, C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate function, and albumin), cardiometabolic factors (stroke, hypertension, diabetes, hypoglycemia, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and aspirin use), psychiatric factors (depression, anxiety, benzodiazepine use, delirium, and sleep problems), and other factors (traumatic brain injury, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid dysfunction, hearing impairment, and handgrip strength).

Main Outcome and Measures

Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to study the association between the risk factors and incidence of YOD. Factors were tested stepwise first within domains and then across domains.

Results

Of 356 052 included participants, 197 036 (55.3%) were women, and the mean (SD) age at baseline was 54.6 (7.0) years. During 2 891 409 person-years of follow-up, 485 incident YOD cases (251 of 485 men [51.8%]) were observed, yielding an incidence rate of 16.8 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 15.4-18.3). In the final model, 15 factors were significantly associated with a higher YOD risk, namely lower formal education, lower socioeconomic status, carrying 2 apolipoprotein ε4 allele, no alcohol use, alcohol use disorder, social isolation, vitamin D deficiency, high C-reactive protein levels, lower handgrip strength, hearing impairment, orthostatic hypotension, stroke, diabetes, heart disease, and depression.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, several factors, mostly modifiable, were associated with a higher risk of YOD. These modifiable risk factors should be incorporated in future dementia prevention initiatives and raise new therapeutic possibilities for YOD.
Even Children Can Have High Blood Pressure
Authors: Zehri Asim , Touhy Patrick C. , Downs Stephen M.
Published: December 2023

This JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page describes high blood pressure in children.
Transparent Reporting—SPIRIT-C/CONSORT-C Pediatric Updates
Authors: Baba Ami , Offringa Martin
Published: December 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the development of pediatric-specific reporting guidelines that facilitate transparent reporting of published pediatric clinical trials.
Fuzzy inference based feature selection and optimized deep learning for Advanced Persistent Threat attack detection
Authors: Kumar Anil , Noliya Amandeep , Makani Ritu
Published: December 2023

One of the attacks that have rapidly happen is Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). APT attacks contain different sophisticated approaches and methods of attacking targets for stealing confidential as well as sensitive information. This research introduced novel and effective APT attack detection techniques, namely Smart Flower Cosine Algorithm‐driven Deep Convolutional Neural Network (SFCA‐DeepCNN). Here, the APT attack detection is done by the DeepCNN, wherein the weight of DeepCNN is updated by the proposed SFCA. The SFCA is modeled by unifying the Smart Flower Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) and Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Additionally, the pre‐processing process is done by Quantile normalization, and the features are chosen based on the fuzzy‐based distance measures. Moreover, data augmentation is done to increase the size of data by performing the oversampling that avoids the overfitting problems. Furthermore, the proposed optimized deep learning scheme detects the accurate APT detection outcome. The performance improvement of the proposed method for testing accuracy is 9.417%, 10.47%, 4.232%, and 3.068% higher than the existing methods, such as, Deep Learning, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory (Bi‐LSTM), and Hidden Markov Model (HMM).
Overcoming the Dilemma of In Vivo Stable Adhesion and Sustained Degradation by the Molecular Design of Polyurethane Adhesives for Bone Fracture Repair
Authors: Li Qiang , Tang Bo , Liu Xinchang , Chen Buyun , Wang Xinling , Xiao Haijun , Zheng Zhen
Published: December 2023

Bone adhesive is a promising candidate to revolutionize the clinical treatment of bone repairs. However, several drawbacks have limited its further clinical application, such as unreliable wet adhesive performance leading to fixation failure and poor biodegradability inhibiting bone tissue growth. By incorporating catechol groups and disulfide bonds into polyurethane (PU) molecules, an injectable and porous PU adhesive is developed with both superior wet adhesion and biodegradability to facilitate the reduction and fixation of comminuted fractures and the subsequent regeneration of bone tissue. The bone adhesive can be cured within a reasonable time acceptable to a surgeon, and then the wet bone adhesive strength is near 1.30 MPa in 1 h. Finally, the wet adhesive strength to the cortical bone will achieve about 1.70 MPa, which is also five times more than nonresorbable poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement. Besides, the cell culture experiments also indicate that the adhesives show excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic ability in vitro. Especially, it can degrade in vivo gradually and promote fracture healing in the rabbit iliac fracture model. These results demonstrate that this ingenious bone adhesive exhibits great potential in the treatment of comminuted fractures, providing fresh insights into the development of clinically applicable bone adhesives.
Additively Manufactured Flexible Liquid Metal–Coated Self‐Powered Magnetoelectric Sensors with High Design Freedom
Authors: Wu Hongzhi , Luo Ruiying , Li Zhuofan , Tian Yujia , Yuan Jiayi , Su Bin , Zhou Kun , Yan Chunze , Shi Yusheng
Published: December 2023

Although additive manufacturing enables controllable structural design and customized performance for magnetoelectric sensors, their design and fabrication still require careful matching of the size and modulus between the magnetic and conductive components. Achieving magnetoelectric integration remains challenging, and the rigid coils limit the flexibility of the sensors. To overcome these obstacles, this study proposes a composite process combining selective laser sintering (SLS) and 3D transfer printing for fabricating flexible liquid metal‐coated magnetoelectric sensors. The liquid metal forms a conformal conductive network on the SLS‐printed magnetic lattice structure. Deformation of the structure alters the magnetic flux passing through it, thereby generating voltage. A reverse model segmentation and summation method is established to calculate the theoretical magnetic flux. The impact of the volume fraction, unit size, and height of the sensors on the voltage is studied, and optimization of these factors yields a maximum voltage of 45.6 µV. The sensor has excellent sensing performance with a sensitivity of 10.9 kPa−1 and a minimum detection pressure of 0.1 kPa. The voltage can be generated through various external forces. This work presents a significant advancement in fabricating liquid metal‐based magnetoelectric sensors by improving their structural flexibility, magnetoelectric integration, and design freedom.
Ultraviolet Light Debondable Optically Clear Adhesives for Flexible Displays through Efficient Visible‐Light Curing
Authors: Kim Daewhan , Kim Hongdeok , Jeon Woojin , Kim Hyun‐Joong , Choi Joonmyung , Kim Youngdo , Kwon Min Sang
Published: December 2023

With growing sustainability concerns, the need for products that facilitate easy disassembly and reuse has increased. Adhesives, initially designed for bonding, now face demands for selective removal, enabling rapid assembly‐disassembly and efficient maintenance across industries. This need is particularly evident in the display industry, with the rise of foldable devices necessitating specialized adhesives. A novel optically clear adhesive (OCA) is presented for foldable display, featuring a unique UV‐stimulated selective removal feature. This approach incorporates benzophenone derivatives into the polymer network, facilitating rapid debonding under UV irradiation. A key feature of this method is the adept use of visible‐light‐driven radical polymerization for OCA film fabrication. This method shows remarkable compatibility with various monomers and exhibits orthogonal reactivity to benzophenone, rendering it ideal for large‐scale production. The resultant OCA not only has high transparency and balanced elasticity, along with excellent resistance to repeated folding, but it also exhibits significantly reduced adhesion when exposed to UV irradiation. By merging this customized formulation with strategically integrated UV‐responsive elements, an effective solution is offered that enhances manufacturing efficiency and product reliability in the rapidly evolving field of sustainable electronics and displays. This research additionally contributes to eco‐friendly device fabrication, aligning with emerging technology demands.
Localization of Cancer Cells for Subsequent Robust Photodynamic Therapy by ROS Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles With Anti‐Metastasis Complexes NAMI‐A
Authors: Zhang Hanchen , Cui Minhui , Tang Dongsheng , Wang Bin , Liang Ganghao , Xu Chun , Xiao Haihua
Published: December 2023

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a new type of light‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) cancer therapy, has the advantages of high therapeutic efficiency, non‐resistance, and less trauma than traditional cancer therapy such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, oxygen‐dependent PDT further exacerbates tumor metastasis. To this end, a strategy that circumvents tumor metastasis to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PDT is proposed. Herein, a near‐infrared light‐activated photosensitive polymer is synthesized and branched the anti‐metastatic ruthenium complex NAMI‐A on the side, which is further assembled to form nanoparticles (NP2) for breast cancer therapy. NP2 can kill tumor cells by generating ROS under 808 nm radiation (NP2 + L), reduce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2/9) in cancer cells, decrease the invasive and migration capacity of cancer cells, and eliminate cancer cells. Further animal experiments show that NP2 + L can inhibit tumor growth and reduce liver and lung metastases. In addition, NP2 + L can activate the immune system in mice to avoid tumor recurrence. In conclusion, a PDT capable of both preventing tumor metastasis and precisely hitting the primary tumor to achieve effective treatment of highly metastatic cancers is developed.
Defect Engineering of 2D Semiconductors for Dual Control of Emission and Carrier Polarity
Authors: Chen Ying , Liu Huawei , Yu Guoliang , Ma Chao , Xu Zheyuan , Zhang Jinding , Zhang Cheng , Chen Mingxing , Li Dong , Zheng Weihao , Luo Ziyu , Yang Xin , Li Kaihui , Yao Chengdong , Zhang Danliang , Xu Boyi , Yi Jiali , Yi Chen , Li Bo , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Zucheng , Zhu Xiaoli , Li Siyu , Chen Shula , Jiang Ying , Pan Anlian
Published: December 2023

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are considered as promising materials in post‐Moore technology. However, the low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) and single carrier polarity due to the inevitable defects during material preparation are great obstacles to their practical applications. Here, an extraordinary defect engineering strategy is reported based on first‐principles calculations and realize it experimentally on WS2 monolayers by doping with IIIA atoms. The doped samples with large sizes possess both giant PLQY enhancement and effective carrier polarity modulation. Surprisingly, the high PL emission maintained even after one year under ambient environment. Moreover, the constructed p–n homojunctions shows high rectification ratio (≈2200), ultrafast response times and excellent stability. Meanwhile, the doping strategy is universally applicable to other TMDCs and dopants. This smart defect engineering strategy not only provides a general scheme to eliminate the negative influence of defects, but also utilize them to achieve desired optoelectronic properties for multifunctional applications.
Multifunctional Hydrazone‐Based AIEgens Enabled by Hydrogen‐Halogen Interaction
Authors: Zhang Minjie , Zhang Jianyu , Zhang Zicong , Kwok Ryan T.K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Jia Guocheng , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2023

Stimuli‐responsive molecules with dynamic covalent bonds show physicochemical changes in response to external stimuli but also exhibit active molecular motions and poor luminescent properties. Hence, the manipulation and balance of dynamic and static behaviors are crucial for the development of multifunctional materials. In this work, a series of hydrazone‐based compounds with aggregation‐induced emission characteristics and hydrogen‐halogen interactions are designed and synthesized. Among them, TPAHPyCl showed the highest quantum yield of 54.0% and morphology‐dependent mechanochromic properties due to the strong chlorine‐hydrogen interactions and other multiple intermolecular interactions in the aggregate state. With the help of the turn‐on emission response to the non‐polar environment of lipid droplets, TPAHPyCl is also utilized for high‐resolution latent fingerprint detection and intracellular lipid‐droplet imaging, demonstrating multiple functions with dynamic and static properties. This work highlights the role of halogen‐hydrogen interactions and provides a new strategy to develop stimuli‐responsive materials with dynamic and static features.
Spectrally Selective Ultra‐Broadband Solar Absorber Based on Pyramidal Structure
Authors: Wu Fuyan , Liu Yahui , Ling Le , Sheng Zhongxi , Yi Zao , Song Qianju , Cheng Shubo , Tang Bin , Ahmad Sohail , Sun Tangyou
Published: December 2023

Here, a spectrally selective solar absorber is explored and an ultra‐broadband solar absorber is proposed based on pyramidal structure. The finite‐difference in time domain (FDTD) software is used to model the spectral characteristics and magnetic absorption patterns of this absorber. The emissivity of the absorber is less than 20% in the far‐infrared band over 6000 nm, showing good selectivity, and the total solar thermal conversion efficiency is very close to that of an ideal truncated selective solar absorber by analyzing the performance of our proposed absorber‐related indexes. By studying the high absorption band of the absorber, the selectivity can be better investigated in depth. Here, 200–4000 nm is chosed as the depth study band. The absorber possesses an ultra‐wide bandwidth of 3554 nm and an average absorption of over 97.4%, and in the 200–3754 nm band, the absorber has an ultra‐high absorption rate of more than 98.3%, and its thermal emitter has a high emission efficiency of 94% at a temperature of 1000 K. Notably, the weighted average absorption in the 280–4000 nm band at AM1.5 is as high as 98.86%, with a loss of only 1.14%. The ultra‐broadband absorption property of this solar absorber is mainly a joint effect of surface plasmon resonance coupling.
VDR Activation Attenuates Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Ferroptosis by Regulating Nrf2/HO‐1 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Wang Hui , Yu Xiaoyue , Liu Dongwei , Qiao Yingjin , Huo Jinling , Pan Shaokang , Zhou Lijuan , Wang Rui , Feng Qi , Liu Zhangsuo
Published: December 2023

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes. Ferroptosis, a new form of cell death, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DN. Renal tubular injury triggered by ferroptosis might be essential in this process. Numerous studies demonstrate that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts beneficial effects by suppressing ferroptosis. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Thus, they verified the nephroprotective effect of VDR activation and explored the mechanism by which VDR activation suppressed ferroptosis in db/db mice and high glucose‐cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). Paricalcitol (PAR) is a VDR agonist that can mitigate kidney injury and prevent renal dysfunction. PAR treatment could inhibit ferroptosis of PTECs through decreasing iron content, increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, decreasing the expression of positive ferroptosis mediator transferrin receptor 1 (TFR‐1), and enhancing the expression of negative ferroptosis mediators including ferritin heavy chain (FTH‐1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11). Mechanistically, VDR activation upregulated the NFE2‐related factor 2/heme oxygenase‐1 (Nrf2/HO‐1) signaling pathway to suppress ferroptosis in PTECs. These findings suggested that VDR activation inhibited ferroptosis of PTECs in DN via modulating the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway.
Diffusion‐Based 3D Bioprinting Strategies
Authors: Cai Betty , Kilian David , Ramos Mejia Daniel , Rios Ricardo J. , Ali Ashal , Heilshorn Sarah C.
Published: December 2023

3D bioprinting has enabled the fabrication of tissue‐mimetic constructs with freeform designs that include living cells. In the development of new bioprinting techniques, the controlled use of diffusion has become an emerging strategy to tailor the properties and geometry of printed constructs. Specifically, the diffusion of molecules with specialized functions, including crosslinkers, catalysts, growth factors, or viscosity‐modulating agents, across the interface of printed constructs will directly affect material properties such as microstructure, stiffness, and biochemistry, all of which can impact cell phenotype. For example, diffusion‐induced gelation is employed to generate constructs with multiple materials, dynamic mechanical properties, and perfusable geometries. In general, these diffusion‐based bioprinting strategies can be categorized into those based on inward diffusion (i.e., into the printed ink from the surrounding air, solution, or support bath), outward diffusion (i.e., from the printed ink into the surroundings), or diffusion within the printed construct (i.e., from one zone to another). This review provides an overview of recent advances in diffusion‐based bioprinting strategies, discusses emerging methods to characterize and predict diffusion in bioprinting, and highlights promising next steps in applying diffusion‐based strategies to overcome current limitations in biofabrication.
Hypertensive Pressure Mechanosensing Alone Triggers Lipid Droplet Accumulation and Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Foam Cells
Authors: Swiatlowska Pamela , Tipping William , Marhuenda Emilie , Severi Paolo , Fomin Vitalay , Yang Zhisheng , Xiao Qingzhong , Graham Duncan , Shanahan Cathy , Iskratsch Thomas
Published: December 2023

Arterial Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a central role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Upon exposure to pathological stimuli, they can take on alternative phenotypes that, among others, have been described as macrophage like, or foam cells. VSMC foam cells make up >50% of all arterial foam cells and have been suggested to retain an even higher proportion of the cell stored lipid droplets, further leading to apoptosis, secondary necrosis, and an inflammatory response. However, the mechanism of VSMC foam cell formation is still unclear. Here, it is identified that mechanical stimulation through hypertensive pressure alone is sufficient for the phenotypic switch. Hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging demonstrates rapid lipid droplet formation and changes to lipid metabolism and changes are confirmed in ABCA1, KLF4, LDLR, and CD68 expression, cell proliferation, and migration. Further, a mechanosignaling route is identified involving Piezo1, phospholipid, and arachidonic acid signaling, as well as epigenetic regulation, whereby CUT&Tag epigenomic analysis confirms changes in the cells (lipid) metabolism and atherosclerotic pathways. Overall, the results show for the first time that VSMC foam cell formation can be triggered by mechanical stimulation alone, suggesting modulation of mechanosignaling can be harnessed as potential therapeutic strategy.