bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LL1, a novel and highly selective STAT3 inhibitor, displays anti‐colorectal cancer activities in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Liu Zhe , Wang Huan , Guan Lingnan , Lai Chong , Yu Wenying , Lai Maode
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) factor is associated with the development and progression of numerous types of human cancer. STAT3 activation is involved in metastasis. However, no STAT3 inhibitor has been used therapeutically. Hence, we syntheised a novel, potent and small‐molecule inhibitor of STAT3, LL1, and studied its antitumour effects and investigated its mechanism of action in two tumour models.

Experimental Approach

Using structure‐based drug design method, based on the crystal structure of STAT3 protein, we identified a potent STAT3 inhibitor (LL1) targeting STAT3 SH2 domain and characterized its therapeutic properties and potential toxicity in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assay, histological, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric analysis, and tumour xenograft model.

Key Results

LL1 is highly selective among STATs family members and specifically inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3 Tyr‐705 site, blocking the whole transmission process of STAT3 signalling. LL1 inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of colonic cell lines. STAT3 is orally available to animals and suppresses tumour growth and metastasis in a dosage level compatible to clinical applications. Importantly, it does not cause significant toxicity at several times the effective dose.

Conclusions and Implications

LL1 inhibits tumour growth and metastasis by blocking STAT3 signalling pathway. LL1 could be a promising therapeutic drug candidate for colorectal cancer by inhibiting the STAT3 activation.
Prospective study of aflibercept for the treatment of persistent macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusions in eyes not responsive to long‐term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab
Authors: Spooner Kimberly , Fraser‐Bell Samantha , Hong Thomas , Chang Andrew
Published: September 2019

Importance

To examine the effect of switching from intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab to aflibercept in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Background

We report the results of a prospective interventional study on the effect of aflibercept 2 mg in eyes with persistent macular oedema after long‐term treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab.

Design

Non‐randomized, prospective clinical trial.

Participants

Eighteen eyes of eighteen patients were included.

Methods

Eyes with persistent macular oedema despite a minimum of four previous intravitreal bevacizumab/ranibizumab injections were recruited into this 48‐week trial. Three loading doses of intravitreal aflibercept were administered every 4‐weeks, thereafter every 8‐weeks until week 48.

Main Outcome Measures

Mean change from baseline in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as measured by early treatment diabetic retinopathy score (ETDRS) and central macular thickness (CMT) as measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) at 48 weeks.

Results

Patients had received a mean of 40.0 ± 17.8 bevacizumab/ranibizumab intravitreal injections prior to switching to aflibercept. The mean number of previous injections administered in the 12‐months preceding entry into the study was 10.2 ± 2.4. Mean vision change at week 48 was +21.1 ± 5.1 ETDRS letters in the BRVO group and +18.8 ± 5.9 letters at in the CRVO group (P < .001 for both groups). Mean decrease in CMT was 87.6 ± 48.8 μm and 191.0 ± 128.3 μm, in the BRVO and CRVO groups, respectively (P < .001). Using linear regression analyses, a higher number of previous intravitreal ranibizumab/bevacizumab injections and thicker pre‐switch CMT were correlated with greater visual gains.

Conclusion and relevance

Switching to aflibercept from bevacizumab or ranibizumab in eyes with persistent macular oedema due to RVO can lead to functional and anatomical improvement. This effect was more obvious in eyes with a greater CMT prior to the switch.
Hospital admissions in children with developmental disabilities from ethnic minority backgrounds
Authors: Abdullahi Ifrah , Wong Kingsley , de Klerk Nicholas , Mutch Raewyn , Glasson Emma J , Downs Jenny , Cherian Sarah , Leonard Helen
Published: September 2019

Aim

To compare hospital admission patterns after the first year of life in Australian children with developmental disabilities and children with no known disability, according to maternal country of birth and Indigenous status.

Method

This was a retrospective cohort study using linked data across health, disability, and hospital admission databases. The study investigated 656 174 children born in Western Australia between 1983 and 2008 with a total of 1 091 834 records of hospital admissions.

Results

Children with no known disability born to Indigenous mothers had the highest rate of hospital admissions compared to children of non‐Indigenous mothers. Children of foreign‐born mothers from low‐income countries had the highest rate of hospital admissions if disability was present. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) with or without associated intellectual disability had the highest rate of hospital admissions among children with developmental disability, especially if mothers were foreign‐born.

Interpretation

Children with CP and intellectual disability, particularly from minority backgrounds (Indigenous Australian and foreign‐born mothers), were at higher risk of being admitted to hospital after the first year of life.

What this paper adds

Hospital admissions in Australian children with and without disabilities differ according to maternal country of birth.

Hospital admission rates in children without a developmental disability were greatest for Australian‐born Indigenous children.

Disabled Australian‐born children of foreign‐born mothers from low‐income countries had the highest hospital admission rates.

Hospital admission risk was greatest for Australian‐born children with cerebral palsy, especially if mothers were foreign‐born.
Clinical guidelines for type 1 diabetes mellitus with an emphasis on older adults: an Executive Summary
Authors: Sinclair A. J. , Dunning T. , Dhatariya K. ,   an International Group of Experts
Published: September 2019

We present a summary of a guideline produced by an international group of experts for managing type 1 diabetes in adults with an emphasis on the special needs of older people with this condition. The rationale for delivering high‐quality diabetes care for adults with type 1 diabetes, why it is important to include older people in our considerations, and the key underpinning principles of the guideline are included. The structure of the recommendations given is described and consists of ‘general’ recommendations followed by ‘specific’ recommendations according to three categories depending on the characteristics of adults addressed, such as functional level or self‐management ability. Recommendations are provided in the areas of: clinical diagnosis, establishing management plans and glucose regulation, diabetes self‐management education, nutritional therapy, physical activity, exercise and lifestyle modification, insulin treatments and regimens, use of technology in diabetes management, hypoglycaemia, managing cardiovascular risk, management of microvascular risk, and inpatient management of type 1 diabetes and ketoacidosis.
Does Growth Represent Chimera or Bellerophon for a Family Business? The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Family Influence Nuances
Authors: Campopiano Giovanna , Brumana Mara , Minola Tommaso , Cassia Lucio
Published: September 2019

Growth brings lifeblood to sustain longevity across generation, but also critical challenges for family business. Relying on the behavioral agency model and its assumptions on risk‐bearing in family firms, we discuss and test the effect of family involvement in the top management team (TMT) on family business growth. We use an input‐behavior‐outcome framework based on the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation. We also consider the moderating role of different ownership structures on the relationship between family involvement in the TMT on entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Results based on survey data collected by the STEP research consortium support the hypothesized negative effect of family involvement in the TMT on growth, fully mediated by EO. We also find that the presence of passive family members as majority shareholders and multigenerational involvement in ownership are important contingencies of the direct effect. Our evidence points to the fact that risk‐bearing in family firms is not just dependent on the degree of family involvement in management, but also on the interests of different types of shareholders. We show that the at‐times stylized negative traits of family firms are not universally valid, and that a comprehensive view of family influence over the business is needed to ascertain whether and to what extent these firms actually achieve growth.
The male and female perspective in the link between male infant care and mating behaviour in Barbary macaques
Authors: Kuběnová Barbora , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver , Majolo Bonaventura , Šmilauer Petr , Waterman James , Tkaczynski Patrick , Konečná Martina
Published: September 2019

Infant care from adult males is unexpected in species with high paternity uncertainty. Still, males of several polygynandrous primates engage in frequent affiliative interactions with infants. Two non‐exclusive hypotheses link male infant care to male mating strategies. The paternal investment hypothesis views infant care as a male strategy to maximize the survival of sired offspring, while the mating effort hypothesis predicts that females reward males who cared for their infant by preferably mating with them. Both hypotheses predict a positive relationship between infant care and matings with a particular female. However, the paternal investment hypothesis predicts that increased matings come before infant care whereas the mating effort hypothesis predicts that infant care precedes an increase in matings. Both hypotheses are usually tested from the perspective of the proportion of matings and care that individual females engage in and receive, rather than from the perspective of the care and mating behaviour of individual males. We tested the relationships between care and mating from both female and male perspectives in Barbary macaques. Mating predicted subsequent care and care predicted subsequent mating when viewed from the male but not the female perspective. Males mainly cared for infants of their main mating partners, but infants were not mainly cared for by their likely father. Males mated more with the mothers of their favourite infants, but females did not mate more with the main caretakers of their infants. We suggest that females do not choose their mating partners based on previous infant care, increasing paternity confusion. Males might try to increase paternal investment by distributing the care according to their own instead of female mating history. Further, males pursue females for mating opportunities based on previous care.
Temporal and spatial trends in marine carbon isotopes in the Arctic Ocean and implications for food web studies
Authors: de la Vega Camille , Jeffreys Rachel M. , Tuerena Robyn , Ganeshram Raja , Mahaffey Claire
Published: September 2019

The Arctic is undergoing unprecedented environmental change. Rapid warming, decline in sea ice extent, increase in riverine input, ocean acidification and changes in primary productivity are creating a crucible for multiple concurrent environmental stressors, with unknown consequences for the entire arctic ecosystem. Here, we synthesized 30 years of data on the stable carbon isotope (δ13C) signatures in dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C‐DIC; 1977–2014), marine and riverine particulate organic carbon (δ13C‐POC; 1986–2013) and tissues of marine mammals in the Arctic. δ13C values in consumers can change as a result of environmentally driven variation in the δ13C values at the base of the food web or alteration in the trophic structure, thus providing a method to assess the sensitivity of food webs to environmental change. Our synthesis reveals a spatially heterogeneous and temporally evolving δ13C baseline, with spatial gradients in the δ13C‐POC values between arctic shelves and arctic basins likely driven by differences in productivity and riverine and coastal influence. We report a decline in δ13C‐DIC values (−0.011‰ per year) in the Arctic, reflecting increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Arctic Ocean (i.e. Suess effect), which is larger than predicted. The larger decline in δ13C‐POC values and δ13C in arctic marine mammals reflects the anthropogenic CO2 signal as well as the influence of a changing arctic environment. Combining the influence of changing sea ice conditions and isotopic fractionation by phytoplankton, we explain the decadal decline in δ13C‐POC values in the Arctic Ocean and partially explain the δ13C values in marine mammals with consideration of time‐varying integration of δ13C values. The response of the arctic ecosystem to ongoing environmental change is stronger than we would predict theoretically, which has tremendous implications for the study of food webs in the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean.
Entrepreneurship and the city
Authors: Pereyra Jose Antonio Cabrera
Published: September 2019

This article reviews urban entrepreneurship literature under the light of three different and key definitions of entrepreneurship: internal innovation, the search for opportunities, and adaptation and learning processes. The article's goal is twofold: first, to critically dissect the evolution of assumptions on enterprise creation and the city's economy and, second, to offer a synthesis of the main intersections between entrepreneurship and the urban economy found in the urban economic geography literature. To this end, the article covers the following topics: agglomeration economies, urban entrepreneurial governance, speculative entrepreneurship and financialization, and smart and creative cities. Throughout these various topics, the article offers an account on the different entrepreneurial actors that each perspective considers and also the different positions on what accounts for entrepreneurship and how it materializes within the urban context.
Geographies of land use: Planning, property, and law
Authors: Wideman Trevor J. , Lombardo Nick
Published: September 2019

In this article, we draw attention to the geographies of “land use,” which to date have been underexamined and undertheorized within urban geographical literature. To do so, we review insights from a growing set of literature in geography, urban planning, law, and socio‐legal studies, among others, to outline how urban space is shaped through the relationships between land use, planning, property, and law. We first look at the relationships between land‐use planning and power relations in place. We go on to focus on the law, and the ways in which it structures and controls land use, property, and social activities in the city. We conclude by reviewing how law and legal concepts can serve as instruments of resistance and a source of alternate futures in urban spaces. In sum, we argue that a deeper interrogation of land use, and its relationships to planning, property, and law, can lead to a better understanding of how liberal‐democratic cities operate, and offer tools for resisting opaque and legalistic land‐use planning programs.
Hidradenitis suppurativa in a cohort of overweight and obese children and adolescents
Authors: Lindsø Andersen Pernille , Kromann Charles , Fonvig Cilius E. , Theut Riis Peter , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Holm Jens‐Christian
Published: September 2019

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and recurring disease mainly observed in adults. Obesity is considered an important independent factor in HS development and is associated with a higher prevalence of HS in children. We aimed to characterize the clinical presentation of HS in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional observational study during January 2007–April 2015. Overweight and obese patients (5–17 years of age, BMI> 90th percentile) referred to The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Denmark, underwent screening for dermatological conditions. A dermatologist ascertained the diagnosis of HS, and disease severity was assessed using Hurley staging and Sartorius score. Tobacco smoke exposure, body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS), and psychiatric comorbidities were recorded. Our cohort was compared with a reference cohort recruited in a previous study.

Results

A total of 195 children and adolescents underwent screening for dermatological conditions. Nine patients screened positive, and six of these patients were available for examination of whom five presented with HS. All HS cases were mild (median Sartorius score of 9). Four of the five patients (with varying constellations) reported tobacco exposure, a positive family history of HS, and exhibited psychiatric comorbidities.

Conclusion

Our findings support that the presence of pediatric HS is correlated with familial disposition to HS and psychiatric comorbidities.
Machine learning applications in the diagnosis of leukemia: Current trends and future directions
Authors: Salah Haneen T. , Muhsen Ibrahim N. , Salama Mohamed E. , Owaidah Tarek , Hashmi Shahrukh K.
Published: September 2019

Machine learning (ML) offers opportunities to advance pathological diagnosis, especially with increasing trends in digitalizing microscopic images. Diagnosing leukemia is time‐consuming and challenging in many areas globally and there is a growing trend in utilizing ML techniques for its diagnosis. In this review, we aimed to describe the literature of ML utilization in the diagnosis of the four common types of leukemia: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Using a strict selection criterion, utilizing MeSH terminology and Boolean logic, an electronic search of MEDLINE and IEEE Xplore Digital Library was performed. The electronic search was complemented by handsearching of references of related studies and the top results of Google Scholar. The full texts of 58 articles were reviewed, out of which, 22 studies were included. The number of studies discussing ALL, AML, CLL, and CML was 12, 8, 3, and 1, respectively. No studies were prospectively applying algorithms in real‐world scenarios. Majority of studies had small and homogenous samples and used supervised learning for classification tasks. 91% of the studies were performed after 2010, and 74% of the included studies applied ML algorithms to microscopic diagnosis of leukemia. The included studies illustrated the need to develop the field of ML research, including the transformation from solely designing algorithms to practically applying them clinically.
Mindfulness therapies on health professionals
Authors: Ruiz‐Fernández María Dolores , Ortíz‐Amo Rocío , Ortega‐Galán Ángela María , Ibáñez‐Masero Olivia , Rodríguez‐Salvador María del Mar , Ramos‐Pichardo Juan Diego
Published: September 2019

Health professionals are exposed to situations of emotional vulnerability by being in continuous contact with patients and their suffering, which can cause conditions such as compassion fatigue. To address this issue, therapies such as mindfulness are being used to reduce stress and promote self‐compassion. The objective of this research was to carry out a systematic review and meta‐analysis to analyse the types of mindfulness interventions that are being used for healthcare professionals and their effectiveness in reducing stress and improving self‐compassion and mindfulness. Following the PRISMA guideline, a systematic review of original studies was carried out in the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Cinhal, PsycINFO, Lilacs, and Science Direct, without a limited time frame. Controlled experimental mindfulness interventions on health professionals were selected, in which the following outcome variables were measured: stress, self‐compassion, and mindfulness. A meta‐analysis was performed with a random effects model. In cases of very high heterogeneity, the data were analysed by subgroup. Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction Therapy (MBSR) was the most often used in the studies. There is diversity in the implementation of MBSR, and a common finding is a reduction of stress and increased mindfulness in health professionals. However, studies that analyse self‐compassion are scarce. The effect of these therapies varies depending on how long the individual has been practising meditation. In conclusion, more studies are needed to describe the clinical usefulness of these programmes, to jointly analyse these three variables (stress, self‐compassion, and mindfulness), and to measure compassion fatigue as an outcome variable.
‘There need to be a balance’: Mental health nurses’ perspectives on medication education in university and clinical practice
Authors: Goodwin John , Kilty Caroline , Harman Mark , Horgan Aine
Published: September 2019

Working with medication is an important role of the mental health nurse. However, little research has focused on staff nurses’ perspectives on where the responsibility lies for preparing student nurses for safe, competent medication management. This study investigated mental health nurses’ perspectives on medication education. An interpretive descriptive approach was used. Two focus groups were conducted, and data were analysed using inductive content analysis. It was found that participants embraced a medical approach to servicer user care, with less positive attitudes demonstrated towards psychosocial approaches. There were also tensions expressed between clinical practice and the university, with uncertainty voiced about whose responsibility it was to educate students about medication management. It is important that both environments complement each other in order to enhance the student nurse educational experience. While mental health nurses should be educated in this area to practice in a safe and competent manner, it is also key that a holistic approach to care is considered.
Dehumanization of dirty workers and attitudes toward social support
Authors: Terskova Maria A. , Agadullina Elena R.
Published: September 2019

In lay perception, dirty work is a type of labor that degrades human dignity. Work can be perceived as dirty on three bases: social (related to the subordinate position or associated with contact with stigmatized people), physical (related to direct contact with garbage and waste), and moral (related to jobs considered sinful, dubious, or defying social norms). “Dirty” stigma makes workers objects of dehumanization and discrimination, in particular, people distance themselves from dirty workers and are not ready to help and support them. In the experimental study (N = 340), we investigated how certain types of dirty workers are dehumanized compared to nondirty workers and the indirect effect of the type of dirty work on attitudes toward the social support of dirty workers via animalistic (attribution of uniquely human traits) and the mechanistic (attribution of human nature traits) dehumanization. The results show that individuals are willing to offer more social support to a low status but not dirty worker rather than to social or moral dirty workers. At the same time, less social support is provided to nondirty than to physical dirty worker. Animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization mediates the relationship between the types of dirty work and the attitudes toward social support. In particular, less dehumanization leads to more positive attitudes toward social support. The limitations and future directions of the obtained results are discussed.
Age and terminal reproductive attempt influence laying date in the thorn‐tailed rayadito
Authors: Quirici Verónica , Hammers Martijn , Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Cuevas Elfego , Espíndola‐Hernández Pamela , Vásquez Rodrigo A.
Published: September 2019

Age‐specific variation in reproductive effort can affect population dynamics, and is a key component of the evolution of reproductive tactics. Late‐life declines are a typical feature of variation in reproduction. However, the cause of these declines, and thus their implications for the evolution of life‐history tactics, may differ. Some prior studies have shown late‐life reproductive declines to be tied to chronological age, whereas other studies have found declines associated with terminal reproduction irrespective of chronological age. We investigated the extent to which declines in late life reproduction are related to chronological age, terminal reproductive attempt or a combination of both in the thorn‐tailed rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda, a small passerine bird that inhabits the temperate forest of South America. To this end we used long‐term data (10 years) obtained on reproductive success (laying date, clutch size and nestling weight) of females in a Chilean population. Neither chronological age nor terminal reproductive attempt explained variation in clutch size or nestling weight, however we observed that during the terminal reproductive attempt older females tended to lay later in the breeding season and younger females laid early in the breeding season, but this was not the case when the reproductive attempt was not the last. These results suggests that both age‐dependent and age‐independent effects influence reproductive output and therefore that the combined effects of age and physiological condition may be more relevant than previously thought.
Individual diet differences in a molluscivore shorebird are associated with the size of body instruments for internal processing rather than for feeding
Authors: Zhang Shou‐Dong , Ma Zhijun , Feng Chen‐Chen , Melville David S. , van Gils Jan A. , Piersma Theunis
Published: September 2019

Especially in birds, it is widely found that the size of individual prey items follows the size of the instruments of prey capture, handling and processing, i.e. bill size. In fact, this is the natural history basis of major discoveries on adaptive evolution in the face of changing food resources. In some birds, e.g. the molluscivore shorebirds ingesting hard‐shelled prey, most of the prey processing takes place within the digestive tract. This study of a salvaged sample of actively feeding great knots Calidris tenuirostris accidentally drowned in fishing nets in northern China, is the first documentation of diet selection at the level of the individual in previously well‐studied molluscivore shorebirds. Diet composition was not associated with the length of the bill, but with the mass of the muscular gizzard. Gizzard mass, which unlike bill length is a phenotypically flexible trait, enables great knots to adjust to changing food resources as an individual, i.e. instantly responding to the food on offer. For migratory species like great knots which rely on seasonal sequences of interdistant feeding areas offering prey with a variety of characteristics, the capacity to individually adjust appears a key adaptation.
Sodium hydrosulphide restores tumour necrosis factor‐α‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in HL‐1 cells
Authors: Lee Ting‐I , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Baigalmaa Lkhagva , Lee Ting‐Wei , Lu Yen‐Yu , Chen Yao‐Chang , Chao Tze‐Fan , Chen Yi‐Jen
Published: September 2019

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α induces cardiac metabolic disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) contains anti‐inflammatory and biological effects in cardiomyocytes. This study investigated whether H2S modulates TNF‐α‐dysregulated mitochondrial function and metabolism in cardiomyocytes. HL‐1 cells were incubated with TNF‐α (25 ng/mL) with or without sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS, 0.1 mmol/L) for 24 hours. Cardiac peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and fatty acid metabolism were evaluated through Western blotting. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were investigated using Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer and bioluminescence assay. Fluorescence intensity using 2′, 7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used to evaluate mitochondrial oxidative stress. NaHS attenuated the impaired basal and maximal respiration, ATP production and ATP synthesis and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress in TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells. TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells exhibited lower expression of PPAR‐α, PPAR‐δ, phosphorylated 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase‐α2, phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, PPAR‐γ coactivator 1‐α and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 protein, but higher expression of PPAR‐γ, interleukin‐6 and RAGE protein than control or combined NaHS and TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells. NaHS modulates the effects of TNF‐α on mitochondria and the cardiometabolic system, suggesting its therapeutic potential for inflammation‐induced cardiac dysfunction.
Testis developmental related gene 1 regulates the chemosensitivity of seminoma TCam‐2 cells to cisplatin via autophagy
Authors: Peng Dongyi , Wei Jingchao , Gan Yu , Yang Jianfu , Jiang Xianzhen , Kitazawa Riko , Xiang Yali , Dai Yingbo , Tang Yuxin
Published: September 2019

We previously identified testis developmental related gene 1 (TDRG1), a gene implicated in proliferation of TCam‐2 seminoma cells. Recent evidence has revealed that autophagy influences the chemosensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy. However, whether TDRG1 protein regulates autophagy in seminoma cells and influences their sensitivity to cis‐dichlorodiammine platinum (CDDP) remains unknown. In this study, we used TCam‐2 cells and male athymic BALB/c nude mice with xenografts of TCam‐2 cells to investigate autophagy, cell viability, apoptosis and the p110β/Rab5/Vps34 (PI3‐kinase Class III) pathway under the conditions of TDRG1 overexpression or knockdown and with or without CDDP treatment. We found that TDRG1 upregulation promoted autophagy in both TCam‐2 cells and seminoma xenografts via p110β/Rab5/Vps34 activation. Inhibition of autophagy reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis during CDDP treatment of TCam‐2 cells. Similarly, TDRG1 knockdown inhibited autophagy, reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis during CDDP treatment of TCam‐2 cells. TDRG1 knockdown inhibited tumour growth and promoted apoptosis in TCam‐2 cell xenografts, whereas TDRG1 overexpression had the opposite effect. According to these results, we propose that high expression of TDRG1 promotes autophagy through the p110β/Rab5/Vps34 pathway in TCam‐2 cells. TDRG1 overexpression promotes autophagy and leads to CDDP resistance, whereas TDRG1 knockdown inhibits autophagy and promotes chemosensitivity to CDDP both in vivo and in vitro. This study has uncovered a novel role of TDRG1 in reducing chemoresistance during CDDP treatment and provides potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human seminoma.
The non‐coding RNome after splenectomy
Authors: Dragomir Mihnea P. , Tudor Stefan , Okubo Keishi , Shimizu Masayoshi , Chen Meng , Giza Dana Elena , He William Ruixian , Ivan Cristina , Calin George A. , Vasilescu Catalin
Published: September 2019

Splenectomy is a common surgical procedure performed in millions of people worldwide. Epidemiologic data show that splenectomy is followed by infectious (sepsis) and non‐infectious complications, with unknown mechanisms. In order to explore the role of the non‐coding transcripts involved in these complications, we analysed a panel of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), which were previously reported to be deregulated in sepsis, in the plasma of splenectomized patients. MiR‐223 was overexpressed immediately and late after splenectomy, while miR‐146a was overexpressed immediately after splenectomy, returning latter to basal levels; and miR‐16, miR‐93, miR‐26a and miR‐26b were overexpressed only late after splenectomy, suggesting similarities with sepsis. We also explored the non‐coding (nc)RNome of circulating peripheral blood leucocytes by performing a ncRNA full genome profiling. We observed a reorganization of the ncRNoma after splenectomy, characterized by up‐regulation of miRNAs and down‐regulation of transcribed pyknons (T‐PYKs). Pathway analysis revealed that deregulated miRNAs control pathways involved in immunity, cancer and endothelial growth. We checked the expression of the ncRNAs in 15 immune cell types from healthy donors and observed that plasma miRNAs, cellular miRNAs and T‐PYKs have a cell‐specific expression pattern and are abundant in different types of immune cells. These findings suggest that the ncRNAs potentially regulate the immune changes observed after splenectomy.
Do Teachers Consider Advice? On the Acceptance of Computerized Expert Models
Authors: Kaufmann Esther , Budescu David V.
Published: September 2019

The literature suggests that simple expert (mathematical) models can improve the quality of decisions, but people are not always eager to accept and endorse such models. We ran three online experiments to test the receptiveness to advice from computerized expert models. Middle‐ and high‐school teachers (N = 435) evaluated student profiles that varied in several personal and task relevant factors. They were offered (Studies I and II), or could ask for (Study III), advice from either expert models or human advisors. Overall, teachers requested and followed advice of expert models less frequently than advice from humans. Task‐relevant factors (task difficulty) seem to be more salient than personal factors for teachers’ willingness to receive advice.
Flood hydrograph prediction in a semiarid mountain catchment: The role of catchment subdivision
Authors: Rezaei‐Sadr Hassan
Published: September 2019

The effect of different degrees of catchment subdivision coupled with the nonlinear storage–discharge relationship on hydrograph prediction is evaluated in a meso‐scale catchment in the Zagros mountain region, southwest of Iran. The catchment is divided into different sets of subcatchments based on catchment geomorphology, and runoff hydrographs are simulated for each set using a network‐based runoff routing model, watershed‐bounded network model. It is shown that, in the absence of fully distributed data, if a semidistribution of storage–discharge is taken into consideration in the modeling process, lumped rainfall data could provide valuable information on the hydrological response of catchment in data‐scarce regions, which are usually found in remote areas, such as mountains. Although the results suggest that catchment subdivision leads to more accurate results, a subcatchment area threshold of about 3% of the catchment extent is found. Below this, no further improvement in simulation accuracy can be achieved, probably because of the limitations of the data interpolation method used by the model.
The lost portrait of Robert Hooke?
Authors: GRIFFING LAWRENCE R.
Published: September 2019

This letter considers the ‘Portrait of a Mathematician’ attributed to Mary Beale in the 1680s as a likely candidate for a portrait of Robert Hooke made during his lifetime. It closely matches the physical descriptions of Hooke made by his biographers who knew him, Richard Waller (d. 1715) and John Aubrey (1626–1697). The portrait contains a remarkable diagram, as well as its mechanical analogue, demonstrating the elliptical orbit of a body under constant force similar to an unpublished, unfinished 1685 manuscript by Hooke. It also contains a landscape, which is likely to be Lowther Castle and its associated church. Hooke provided designs for the Lowther castle church renovations completed in 1686. The portraitist, Mary Beale, knew Hooke and was very familiar with the Lowther family, who commissioned 30 portraits from her. The diagram and armillary sphere in the portrait establish Hooke's contribution to the theory of gravity. Their presence may have been one of the reasons the portrait was not purchased and kept by the Royal Society. It might have diminished the legacy of Isaac Newton.
Adaptation and Implementation of a Family Caregiver Skills Training Program: From Single Site RCT to Multisite Pragmatic Intervention
Authors: Shepherd‐Banigan Megan , Kaufman Brystana G. , Decosimo Kasey , Dadolf Joshua , Boucher Nathan A. , Mahanna Elizabeth P. , Bruening Rebecca , Sullivan Caitlin , Wang Virginia , Hastings S. Nicole , Allen Kelli D. , Sperber Nina , Coffman Cynthia J. , Van Houtven Courtney H.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

We describe an approach to rapidly adapt and implement an education and skills improvement intervention to address the needs of family caregivers of functionally impaired veterans—Helping Invested Families Improve Veterans’ Experience Study (HI‐FIVES).

Design

Prior to implementation in eight sites, a multidisciplinary study team made systematic adaptations to the curriculum content and delivery process using input from the original randomized controlled trial (RCT); a stakeholder advisory board comprised of national experts in caregiver education, nursing, and implementation; and a veteran/caregiver engagement panel. To address site‐specific implementation barriers in diverse settings, we applied the Replicating Effective Programs implementation framework.

Findings

Adaptations to HI‐FIVES content and delivery included identifying core/noncore curriculum components, reducing instruction time, and simplifying caregiver recruitment for clinical settings. To enhance curriculum flexibility and potential uptake, site personnel were able to choose which staff would deliver the intervention and whether to offer class sessions in person or remotely. Curriculum materials were standardized and packaged to reduce the time required for implementation and to promote fidelity to the intervention.

Conclusions

The emphasis on flexible intervention delivery and standardized materials has been identified as strengths of the adaptation process. Two key challenges have been identifying feasible impact measures and reaching eligible caregivers for intervention recruitment.

Clinical Relevance

This systematic implementation process can be used to rapidly adapt an intervention to diverse clinical sites and contexts. Nursing professionals play a significant role in educating and supporting caregivers and care recipients and can take a leading role to implement interventions that address skills and unmet needs for caregivers.
Reduction of olfactory and respiratory turbinates in the transition of whales from land to sea: the semiaquatic middle Eocene Aegyptocetus tarfa
Authors: Peri Emanuele , Gingerich Philip D. , Aringhieri Giacomo , Bianucci Giovanni
Published: September 2019

Ethmoturbinates, nasoturbinates, and maxilloturbinates are well developed in the narial tract of land‐dwelling artiodactyls ancestral to whales, but these are greatly reduced or lost entirely in modern whales. Aegyptocetus tarfa is a semiaquatic protocetid from the middle Eocene of Egypt. Computed axial tomography scans of the skull show that A. tarfa retained all three sets of turbinates like a land mammal. It is intermediate between terrestrial artiodactyls and aquatic whales in reduction of the turbinates. Ethmoturbinates in A. tarfa have 26% of the surface area expected for an artiodactyl. These have an olfactory function and indicate that early whales retained a sense of smell in the transition from land to sea. Maxilloturbinates in A. tarfa have 6% of the surface area expected for an artiodactyl. These have a respiratory function and their markedly reduced size suggests that rapid inhalation and exhalation was already more important than warming and humidifying air, in contrast to extant land mammals. Finally, the maxilloturbinates of A. tarfa, although greatly reduced, still show some degree of similarity to those of artiodactyls, supporting the phylogenetic affinity of cetaceans and artiodactyls based on morphological and molecular evidence.
Beyond Deception: Potential Unfair Consumer Injury from Various Types of Covert Marketing
Authors: Skiba Jenifer , Petty Ross D. , Carlson Les
Published: September 2019

Although there is little agreement over the best definition or even name for covert marketing, many policymakers and commentators agree that covert marketing may deceive consumers to their detriment. This study proposes that some forms of covert marketing also impose a type of unavoidable consumer injury that we call marketer control of consumer engagement. This injury, if aggregated to be substantial, can violate legal prohibitions against unfair acts and practices. To reach this conclusion, this study first proposes a name mnemonic and then develops a typology of covert marketing practices that may deceive and also unfairly injure consumers. It concludes by discussing policy implications of this two‐ rather than one‐dimensional analysis of covert marketing.
Multiplicative effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on academic performance: A longitudinal study of Chinese students
Authors: Liu Yuan , Hau Kit‐Tai , Liu Hongyun , Wu Jing , Wang Xiaofang , Zheng Xin
Published: September 2019

Objective

For Chinese students, learning is seen as their duty and obligation to the society and their parents. Thus, in contrast to the Western students, the effects of extrinsic motivation on academic performance may not necessarily be always negative. The present study examined the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as their multiplicative effect among Chinese students.

Method

A total of 13,799 students in China were followed longitudinally in three waves (Grade 10, beginning of school year, midyear, and end‐of‐year; 5‐month interval each). The main and multiplicative effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations were used to predict academic growth in a latent growth model.

Results

The multiplicative effect between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations showed that extrinsic motivation was detrimental to academic performance for students with high intrinsic motivation. For students with low intrinsic motivation, however, the extrinsic motivation helped to improve academic performance. Worth noting, intrinsic motivation also had a moderate positive effect on academic performance.

Conclusions

For Chinese learners, interest is not the only key motive to learn. Extrinsic reasons could facilitate students’ learning when they are not interested in the subject. Extrinsic motivation harms only for highly intrinsically motivated students.
Korean College Students' Personal Perception of Emerging Adulthood and Its Relations with Identity, Psychiatric Symptoms, Smartphone Problems, and Alcohol Problems
Authors: Kim Gahee , Kim Geunyoung
Published: September 2019

Emerging adulthood has recently become one of the hottest topics in the field of adult development, yet the variabilities in the experience of emerging adulthood need further examination. The present study focused on two factors that contribute to the variations of emerging adulthood: first, the impact of personal perception about adulthood; and second, information about Korean college students' identity maturity, depression, anxiety, smartphone problems, and alcohol‐related problems. Data from 211 Korean college students indicated that subjective perception of reaching adulthood was significantly related to identity maturity, depression, and anxiety, even after the impacts of chronological age and sex were controlled. Smartphone problems and alcohol‐related problems were not associated with the perception of adulthood. These results suggest that the subjective interpretation of reaching adulthood might be more important than chronological age in terms of relationships with psychological well‐being.
Feed preference and growth response of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei to supplementation of marine chemoattractants in a fishmeal‐challenged diet
Authors: Nunes Alberto J. P. , Sabry‐Neto Hassan , Oliveira‐Neto Severino , Burri Lena
Published: September 2019

This study compared the feed preference and growth response of Litopenaeus vannamei to chemoattractants. A diet with 3% fishmeal was supplemented with either 3% salmon meal (POS), 3% soy protein concentrate (NEG), 3% krill meal (KRM), 3% squid meal (SQM), 3% shrimp head meal (SHM), 3% shrimp meal (SM), 3% squid liver meal (SLM), or 5% liquid sardine hydrolysate (SAH). Shrimp with a body weight (BW) of 0.99 ± 0.08 g were stocked at 100 animals/m2 in 56 tanks of 1 m3 and fed 10 times daily for 74 days. Feed preference was evaluated by feeding shrimp of 10.87 ± 1.82 g in excess twice a day for 10 days in two separate feeding trays allocated in 50 tanks of 0.5 m3. Survival reached 93.3 ± 5.80% and was unaffected by supplementation. Final BW was the highest for shrimp fed the KRM‐supplemented diet (11.97 ± 0.93 g), followed by POS (11.11 ± 0.77 g) and SQM (11.01 ± 1.17 g). Diets SHM, SM, SLM, and NEG showed a lower shrimp BW than POS, but were not statistically different among them. Shrimp fed the SAH diet achieved the lowest BW (10.06 ± 1.02 g). The highest gained yield was obtained with diets KRM and POS. No statistical difference was observed in shrimp yield among other diets. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was achieved with shrimp fed KRM (1.31 ± 0.05) when compared to diets SHM (1.47 ± 0.05), SAH (1.47 ± 0.07), and SLM (1.45 ± 0.17). Two‐by‐two comparisons indicated that shrimp preferred SHM and KRM, except when these were compared to SQM and SLM. No difference in feed preference was found between diets with SQM and SLM. SAH was the least preferred raw material in all comparisons. Results indicated that KRM acts as a powerful feeding effector and growth enhancer in fishmeal‐challenged diets for whiteleg shrimp. A dietary supplementation with 3% KRM is more effective than the same dose of any other chemoattractant evaluated.
Assessing General Education and Special Education Majors’ Self‐Efficacy for Teaching Reading
Authors: Jordan Rebecca L. P. , Garwood Justin , Trathen Woodrow
Published: September 2019

In an era of teacher quality reforms, one overlooked area for assessing readiness for teaching is education majors’ self‐efficacy for teaching reading. This gap is unfortunate, as teaching reading is a common responsibility among general and special education teachers. In the current push for RTI—one in which more general education teachers are increasingly called upon to provide reading support to students with learning disabilities, in addition to the support received from special educators—it is important to determine preservice teachers’ self‐efficacy for teaching reading. Self‐efficacy is an important construct to consider as it is related to eventual teacher attrition. The purpose of the current study was to develop a scale to measure elementary and special education majors’ self‐efficacy for teaching reading. With a sample of 110 education majors, a three‐factor scale was developed and demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Implications for the future of teacher education programs are discussed.