bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Negation to Disjunction in a World of Simulacra: Deleuze and Melanie Klein
Authors: Widder Nathan
Published: December 2009

This paper will articulate an underappreciated side of the psychoanalytical Deleuze: his relation to Melanie Klein, particularly as it appears in The Logic of Sense. Deleuze's engagement with Klein largely follows his familiar strategy of re-reading a thinker off of a twist in one or two of that thinker's key concepts. With Klein, this twist involves re-reading her story of psychic development on the basis of disjunction rather than negation, so that the psychic surface that emerges generates a persistent non-correspondence between self and other and between concept and thing. Deleuze thereby makes Klein a central figure in his ontology of sense and his analysis of how the physical surface of bodies generates a metaphysical surface of thought. However, Deleuze's ultimate turn is a Nietzschean one towards overcoming, the thought of eternal return, and the demolition of the Oedipal Law. As this final turn makes clear, even in his early writings that engaged more directly and affirmatively with psychoanalytical thought, Deleuze was already on an anti-Oedipal path.
‘This Thorniest of Problems’: School Sex Education Policy in Scotland 1939–80
Authors: Davidson Roger , Davis Gayle
Published: December 2009

In recent years, the history of sex education policy in twentieth-century Britain, and the sexual discourses it both reflects and reinforces, has attracted increasing attention from a range of disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. Yet, research has primarily focused either on the early decades of the century or on the abrasive social politics of sex education since 1980. There is a dearth of material addressing the intervening years. Moreover, little research has been devoted to the Scottish experience, despite Scotland's distinctive traditions of education and law, as well as arguably a distinctive sexual culture. Drawing on a wide range of governmental archives, this article seeks to rectify these omissions by exploring the impulses and constraints that shaped Scottish school sex education policy in the period 1950-80. First, it examines the nature of the debate surrounding the issue prior to the Second World War. Secondly, it charts the reappraisal of policy in wartime and immediate post-war years in response to the perceived breakdown in moral and sexual standards among the young. Thereafter, the article examines the devolvement of responsibility for school sex education in the 1950s and 1960s to traditional purity and social hygiene organizations-the Alliance-Scottish Council and the Scottish Council for Health Education. The demise of such organizations, and the often conflicting and ineffectual efforts of the Scottish Education Department and Scottish Home and Health Department to address the sex educational needs of a more ‘permissive’ youth culture in the late 1960s and 1970s are then explored. Finally, the implications of the study for an understanding of the relationship of the State to sexual issues in later twentieth-century Scotland are reviewed.
‘This Waye of Proceeding would Remoove the Umbrage, and Uneasynesse, of Courte, and Country Heere’: The Earl of Abercorn's 1708 Scheme for Reforming the Election of the Scottish Representative Peers
Authors: Jones Clyve
Published: December 2009

The 1707 Anglo-Scottish Act of Union established the Scottish representationin the house of lords at Westminster as 16 peers elected by the rest ofthe Scottish peerage. The first such election in 1708 displayed all the pressuresand corruption of the English parliamentary system with government interference in order to elect its own list of candidates. The reign of Anne saw a growing Scottish backlash against the importation of Englishparty electioneering, and an early manifestation was the scheme putforward by the earl of Abercorn immediately after the 1708 election tochange the method of selecting the 16 representative peers. Abercornwanted to replace electing the peers by a mixture of rotation and balloting.The Scottish peerage would be divided into three ‘classes’, each of 44peers, and one class only in rotation would be put forward at succeedinggeneral elections from which the selection would be made. The top tworanks of the peerage - dukes and marquesses - in each class would be automaticallybe selected, and the representatives from the remaining peers inthe class would be chosen by the first dozen or so names drawn in a ballot.The scheme was designed to end all pressure and interference from bothgovernment and opposition. It got nowhere, but the ideas embodied in itwould remain in circulation for much of the eighteenth century, resurfacingat time of political crisis. However, the original 1707 election processremained in place until it was abolished in 1963 when all Scottish peerswere allowed to sit in the Lords.
Gladstone and Scott: Family, Identity and Nation
Authors: Windscheffel Ruth Clayton
Published: December 2009

In the 175 years since his death, Walter Scott has regularly been hailed as an influence by politicians. Amongst the poet-novelist's nineteenth-century political admirers, William Ewart Gladstone was possibly the most ardent, genuine, and significant. Scott's poems and novels were amongst the earliest texts Gladstone read; he read no works (in English), except the Bible, so consistently or completely over such a length of time. They offered him a plethora of inspirations, ideas, and language, which he imbibed and appropriated into his public and private lives. His concept of self, his understanding of family, and his sense of home, were all forged and conducted within a Scottian frame of reference. Scott's life and works also crucially influenced Gladstone's political understanding of the Scottish nation and its people, and his conception of how he could best serve their political interests. This article casts new light on an important and influential relationship in Gladstone's life, establishing that it was neither the superficial and recreational association some have described, nor simply a ploy of an astute politician. The article falls into three parts. The first elucidates how Gladstone's consumption of Scott's writings was seminal in the formation of his private identity, both individual and familial. The second explains how Gladstone's readings of Scott fitted into the specific and serious character of his other reading and knowledge-gathering, and the third shows how the details of Gladstone's response to Scott related to the broader intellectual and cultural context of his public life. By placing Gladstone within his Scottish context, this article shows how frequently and significantly his private and public worlds intersected.
The Hunt for Natural Skin Whitening Agents
Authors: Smit Nico , Vicanova Jana , Pavel Stan
Published: December 2009

Skin whitening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes in order to obtain a lighter skin appearance. They are also utilized for clinical treatment of pigmentary disorders such as melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Whitening agents act at various levels of melanin production in the skin. Many of them are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanogenesis. Others inhibit the maturation of this enzyme or the transport of pigment granules (melanosomes) from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes. In this review we present an overview of (natural) whitening products that may decrease skin pigmentation by their interference with the pigmentary processes.
Silk Fibroin Based Porous Materials
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yan Shuqin , Li Mingzhong
Published: December 2009

Silk from the Bombyx mori silkworm is a protein-based fiber. Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) is one of the most important candidates for biomedical porous material based on its superior machinability, biocompatibility, biodegradation, bioresorbability, and so on. In this paper, we have reviewed the key features of SF. Moreover we have focused on the morphous, technical processing, and biocompatibility of SF porous materials, followed by the application research. Finally, we provide a perspective the potential and problems of SF porous materials.
Calpain Inhibition Reduces Axolemmal Leakage in Traumatic Axonal Injury
Authors: Czeiter Endre , Büki András , Bukovics Péter , Farkas Orsolya , Pál József , Kövesdi Erzsébet , Dóczi Tamás , Sándor János
Published: December 2009

Calcium-induced, calpain-mediated proteolysis (CMSP) has recently been implicated to the pathogenesis of diffuse (traumatic) axonal injury (TAI). Some studies suggested that subaxolemmal CMSP may contribute to axolemmal permeability (AP) alterations observed in TAI. Seeking direct evidence for this premise we investigated whether subaxolemmal CMSP may contribute to axolemmal permeability alterations (APA) and pre-injury calpain-inhibition could reduce AP in a rat model of TAI. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, a tracer that accumulates in axons with APA) was administered one hour prior to injury into the lateral ventricle; 30 min preinjury a single tail vein bolus injection of 30 mg/kg MDL-28170 (a calpain inhibitor) or its vehicle was applied in Wistar rats exposed to impact acceleration brain injury. Histological detection of traumatically injured axonal segments accumulating HRP and statistical analysis revealed that pre-injury administration of the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 significantly reduced the average length of HRP-labeled axonal segments. The axono-protective effect of pre-injury calpain inhibition recently demonstrated with classical immunohistochemical markers of TAI was further corroborated in this experiment; significant reduction of the length of labeled axons in the drug-treated rats implicate CMSP in the progression of altered AP in TAI.
Highly Efficient and Reusable Copper-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles with Aryl Halides
Authors: Kim A Young , Lee Hyun Ju , Park Ji Chan , Kang Hyunju , Yang Haesik , Song Hyunjoon , Park Kang Hyun
Published: December 2009

CuO/AB was found to be a simple and efficient catalyst for the N-arylation of a variety of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, giving the products in excellent yields.
A Lyapunov-Based Extension to Particle Swarm Dynamics for Continuous Function Optimization
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayantani , Konar Amit , Das Swagatam , Han Sang Yong
Published: December 2009

The paper proposes three alternative extensions to the classical global-best particle swarm optimization dynamics, and compares their relative performance with the standard particle swarm algorithm. The first extension, which readily follows from the well-known Lyapunov’s stability theorem, provides a mathematical basis of the particle dynamics with a guaranteed convergence at an optimum. The inclusion of local and global attractors to this dynamics leads to faster convergence speed and better accuracy than the classical one. The second extension augments the velocity adaptation equation by a negative randomly weighted positional term of individual particle, while the third extension considers the negative positional term in place of the inertial term. Computer simulations further reveal that the last two extensions outperform both the classical and the first extension in terms of convergence speed and accuracy.
Wikis and Blogs: Consider the Possibilities for Continuing Nursing Education
Authors: Billings Diane M.
Published: December 2009

Wikis and blogs are software programs that promote communication and collaboration through the development of written documents. Nurse educators can use them to facilitate teaching and learning in a variety of health care settings.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(12):534–535
Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel
Authors: Tabarani Christy M. , Domachowske Joseph B.
Published: December 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Review the evidence supporting recommendations for annual influenza vaccination in all healthcare providers.

2.

Discuss the current vaccination coverage rates in healthcare providers and identify barriers to achieving better coverage.

3.

Identify strategies to improve influenza vaccination coverage rates among healthcare providers.
Using Quality and Safety Education for Nurses to Enhance Competency Outcome Performance Assessment: A Synergistic Approach that Promotes Patient Safety and Quality Outcomes
Authors: Armstrong Gail E. , Spencer Tammy S. , Lenburg Carrie B.
Published: December 2009

As nursing programs respond to vital initiatives such as Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), nursing faculty will discover important shared values exist between competency-based curricular models and the latest call for stronger foci on safety and quality. This article describes how one university is using the QSEN competencies to enhance its competency outcome performance assessment (COPA)-based curriculum, thereby updating and strengthening its graduates' skills in quality improvement and safety. Faculty at the school found QSEN and COPA share the same concerns for promoting student competence and continuing competence in nursing practice to safeguard patient safety and quality care. Nursing faculty whose teaching is focused in a competency-based curriculum are well positioned to respond to the call to integrate QSEN competencies into their curricula.
Facilitating a Culture of Safety and Patient-Centered Care Through Use of a Clinical Assessment Tool in Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Girdley Diana , Johnsen Christine , Kwekkeboom Kristine
Published: December 2009

Although delivery of safe, patient-centered care has long been a priority among nursing educators, nursing students may not be able to adequately translate concepts learned within the classroom into nursing practice. Nurse educators must develop teaching strategies to provide nursing students with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to provide quality patient care. Within the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses project, a set of key nursing competencies was established. This article describes the development and use of a clinical assessment tool in undergraduate clinical nursing courses to enhance mastery of two of these key nursing competencies: safety and patient-centered care.
Preparation and evaluation of sulphonamide nonionic surfactants
Authors: Ahmed M. H. M.
Published: December 2009

Alkyl (octyl, decyl and dodecyl; C8,C10 and C12) benzene sulphonyl chloride was used in the preparation of a novel series of nonionic surfactants (IV-VI)a-c, (VII-IX) a-c and (X-XII)a-c. The preparations were completed by reacting each alkyl (C8,C10 and C12) benzene sulphonyl chloride with ethanolamine to give (I-III) respectively. The resulting products were reacted separately with ethylene oxide in the presence of different (base KOH, Lewis acid SnCl4 and k10 clay) catalysts to produce different moles of nonionic surfactants (5, 7 and 9) in sequence corresponding to (IV-VI)a-c, (VII-IX) a-c and (X-XII)a-c respectively. The chemical structures of prepared nonionic surfactants were elucidated by IR and 1HNMR spectra. The surface activity, biodegradability and biological activities of the prepared compounds were investigated. The obtained data show that these compounds have good surface and biological activities as well as reasonable biodegradability properties.
Aportaciones al conocimiento de los mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) de alta montaña presentes en la Península Ibérica
Authors: Bueno Marí R. , Chordá Olmos F. A. , Bernués Bañeres A. , Jiménez Peydró R.
Published: December 2009

Se realizaron diversos muestreos larvarios de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) en varias regiones montañosas de la España peninsular. Pese a que se recolectaron un total de 2796 ejemplares pertenecientes a 18 especies, el 72.5 % de estos hallazgos engloba únicamente a tres de ellas (Cx. hortensis hortensis, Cx. pipiens y Cs. longiareolata). La capacidad de adaptación a un variado elenco de cuerpos de agua de diferente tipología, unida al marcado multivoltinismo que caracteriza sus ciclos bióticos, se postulan como dos de las principales razones que explican sus abundancias. La distribución altitudinal así como diversa información acerca de la bioecología de todas las especies capturadas también se exponen en el presente trabajo.
RasGRP1 Regulates Antigen-Induced Developmental Programming by Naive CD8 T Cells
Authors: Priatel John J. , Chen Xiaoxi , Huang Yu-Hsuan , Chow Michael T. , Zenewicz Lauren A. , Coughlin Jason J. , Shen Hao , Stone James C. , Tan Rusung , Teh Hung Sia
Published: December 2009

Ag encounter by naive CD8 T cells initiates a developmental program consisting of cellular proliferation, changes in gene expression, and the formation of effector and memory T cells. The strength and duration of TCR signaling are known to be important parameters regulating the differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, although the molecular signals arbitrating these processes remain poorly defined. The Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 has been shown to transduce TCR-mediated signals critically required for the maturation of developing thymocytes. To elucidate the role of RasGRP1 in CD8 T cell differentiation, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with 2C TCR transgenic CD8 T cells lacking RasGRP1. In this study, we report that RasGRP1 regulates the threshold of T cell activation and Ag-induced expansion, at least in part, through the regulation of IL-2 production. Moreover, RasGRP1−/− 2C CD8 T cells exhibit an anergic phenotype in response to cognate Ag stimulation that is partially reversible upon the addition of exogenous IL-2. By contrast, the capacity of IL-2/IL-2R interactions to mediate Ras activation and CD8 T cell expansion and differentiation appears to be largely RasGRP1-independent. Collectively, our results demonstrate that RasGRP1 plays a selective role in T cell signaling, controlling the initiation and duration of CD8 T cell immune responses.
Surfactant Protein B Propeptide Contains a Saposin-Like Protein Domain with Antimicrobial Activity at Low pH
Authors: Yang Li , Johansson Jan , Ridsdale Ross , Willander Hanna , Fitzen Michael , Akinbi Henry T. , Weaver Timothy E.
Published: December 2009

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) proprotein contains three saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) domains: a SAPLIP domain corresponding to the mature SP-B peptide is essential for lung function and postnatal survival; the function of SAPLIP domains in the N-terminal (SP-BN) and C-terminal regions of the proprotein is not known. In the current study, SP-BN was detected in the supernatant of mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in nonciliated bronchiolar cells, alveolar type II epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. rSP-BN indirectly promoted the uptake of bacteria by macrophage cell lines and directly killed bacteria at acidic pH, consistent with a lysosomal, antimicrobial function. Native SP-BN isolated from BALF also killed bacteria but only at acidic pH; the bactericidal activity of BALF at acidic pH was completely blocked by SP-BN Ab. Transgenic mice overexpressing SP-BN and mature SP-B peptide had significantly decreased bacterial burden and increased survival following intranasal inoculation with bacteria. These findings support the hypothesis that SP-BN contributes to innate host defense of the lung by supplementing the nonoxidant antimicrobial defenses of alveolar macrophages.
Differential Role of the Fas/Fas Ligand Apoptotic Pathway in Inflammation and Lung Fibrosis Associated with Reovirus 1/L-Induced Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Lopez Andrea D. , Avasarala Sreedevi , Grewal Suman , Murali Anuradha K. , London Lucille
Published: December 2009

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are two clinically and histologically distinct syndromes sharing the presence of an inflammatory and fibrotic component. Apoptosis via the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway plays an important role in the development of acute lung injury and fibrosis characteristic of these and other pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes. We evaluated the role of apoptosis via the Fas/FasL pathway in the development of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP and ARDS. CBA/J mice were intranasally inoculated with saline, 1 × 106 (BOOP), or 1 × 107 (ARDS) PFU reovirus 1/L, and evaluated at various days postinoculation for in situ apoptosis by TUNEL analysis and Fas/FasL expression. Our results demonstrate the presence of apoptotic cells and up-regulation of Fas/FasL expression in alveolar epithelium and in infiltrating cells during the inflammatory and fibrotic stages of both reovirus 1/L-induced ARDS and BOOP. Treatment of mice with the caspase 8 inhibitor, zIETD-fmk, inhibited apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrotic lesion development in reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP and ARDS. However, CBA/KlJms-Faslpr-cg/J mice, which carry a point mutation in the Fas cytoplasmic region that abolishes the ability of Fas to transduce an apoptotic signal, do not develop pulmonary inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP, but still develop inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced ARDS. These results suggest a differential role for the Fas/FasL apoptotic pathway in the development of inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with BOOP and ARDS.
Elevated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Affects the Immune Response via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Long-Lived Mclk1+/− Mouse Mutants
Authors: Wang Dantong , Malo Danielle , Hekimi Siegfried
Published: December 2009

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a transcriptional regulator of the immune response. Mclk1 encodes a mitochondrial protein that is necessary for ubiquinone biosynthesis. Heterozygote Mclk1+/− mutant mice are long-lived despite increased mitochondrial ROS and decreased energy metabolism. In this study, Mclk1+/− mutant mice in the C57BL/6J background displayed increased basal and induced expression of HIF-1α in liver and macrophages in association with elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α. Mutant macrophages showed increased classical and decreased alternative activation, and mutant mice were hypersensitive to LPS. Consistent with these observations in vivo, knock-down of Mclk1 in murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells induced increased mitochondrial ROS as well as elevated expression of HIF-1α and secretion of TNF-α. We used an antioxidant peptide targeted to mitochondria to show that altered ROS metabolism is necessary for the enhanced expression of HIF-1α, which, in turn, is necessary for increased TNF-α secretion. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the action of mitochondrial ROS on HIF-1α activity and demonstrate that changes in mitochondrial function within physiologically tolerable limits modulate the immune response. Our results further suggest that altered immune function through a limited increase in HIF-1α expression can positively impact animal longevity.
An NZW-Derived Interval on Chromosome 7 Moderates Sialadenitis, But Not Insulitis in Congenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Burt Rachel A. , Watkins Laura , Tan Iris K. L. , Wang Nancy , Quirk Fiona , Mackin Leanne , Morgan Phillip , Zhang Jian-Guo , Berzins Stuart P. , Morahan Grant , Brodnicki Thomas C.
Published: December 2009

Autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands, termed sialadenitis, is a pathologic feature of Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) that is also prominent in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Genetic factors regulate sialadenitis, and a previous (NOD × NZW)F2 study detected linkage to murine chromosome (Chr) 7. The locus, subsequently annotated as Ssial3, maps to the distal end of Chr7 and overlaps a region associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. To examine whether Ssial3 could contribute to both diseases, or was specific for SjS, we generated a congenic mouse strain that harbored an NZW-derived Chr7 interval on the NOD genetic background. This congenic strain exhibited reduced sialadenitis compared with NOD mice and confirmed Ssial3. This reduction, however, did not ameliorate saliva abnormalities associated with SjS-like disease in NOD mice, nor were congenic mice protected against insulitis (lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets) or diabetes onset. Thus, the Ssial3 locus appears to have a tissue-specific effect for which the NZW allele is unable to prevent other autoimmune traits in the NOD mouse. Anomalous increases for antinuclear Ab production and frequency of marginal-zone B cells were also identified in congenic mice, indicating that the NZW-derived Chr7 interval has a complex effect on the NOD immune system.
Three successive waves of Neolithisation: LBK development in Transdanubia
Authors: Oross Krisztián , Bánffy Eszter
Published: December 2009

Due to the latest research, the LBK formation in Transdanubia must have involved an essentially Mesolithic subsistence, complemented by certain elements of the Neolithic package brought here by migrant late Star≠evo groups. Many small sites were located in marshy areas, unsuitable for food production as a basis of livelihood. The currently available evidence suggests that there was a 4–5 generations long period, when it was not self-evident that the sedentary way of life would be fully accepted and adopted. During the ensuing earlier LBK period, the culture spread across the entire area of Transdanubia and a few settlements were even established on the left Danube bank, still, no substantial changes can be noted in the density of the settlement network and the layout of the settlements. In sharp contrast to the preceding period, the Keszthely and Notenkopf phases saw the settlement of larger communities on arable loess plateaus and the adoption an economy based exclusively on farming. New evidence from 53rd century BC sites such as Balatonszárszó-Kis-erdei-dűlő reflects fundamental changes in the size and layout of settlements, as well as in subsistence strategies.
The materiality of dung: the manipulation of dung in Neolithic Mediterranean caves
Authors: Mlekuž Dimitrij
Published: December 2009

This paper discusses the formation of layers of burnt herbivore dung in Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age Mediterranean caves. While these layers are clearly connected with transhumant pastoralism and the practice of keeping herds in the caves, their formation should not be seen as the result of purely practical and ‘rational’ reasons. In this paper, I develop an argument that they are remnants of a complex manipulation of substances which includes burning dung to make white ash. Thus instead of seeing dung as a culturally neutral refuse which has to be disposed of, we might see its burning and deposition as the cultural manipulation of potent substance.
The Mesolithic background for the Neolithisation process
Authors: Nielsen Ebbe H.
Published: December 2009

Most researchers today agree that the Early Neolithic is clearly related to the late Mesolithic and cannot be understood without its Mesolithic predecessors. Immigration is thus hardly an issue in the question of Neolithisation any longer.
Stridor: an unexpected complication from chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer
Authors: Moe MM , Askill C
Published: December 2009

The treatment of choice for anal cancer is chemoradiotherapy. Skin reaction and bowel symptoms such as tenesmus, diarrhoea and bleeding are common side effects. We report a patient who developed stridor as a result of chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer and discuss the pathogenesis and potential consequences.
Cytomegalovirus colitis: an unusual cause of diarrhoea in the immunocompetent
Authors: Chatterjee S , Rodgers AD , Tennant D , Hayat M
Published: December 2009

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is rarely reported in the immunocompetent adult and is often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly ulcerative colitis (UC). An index of suspicion in the appropriate setting is vital to diagnosing the condition. Undiagnosed CMV colitis has a significant morbidity. A review of the natural history and diagnosis of CMV is followed by a discussion of the incidence, outcome and possible treatment of CMV in the immunocompetent patient. The possible association between CMV and IBD is also reviewed, and the question of whether this should have any bearing on treatment is discussed at some length.
The history of ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea) II: 1900–1940
Authors: Lee MR
Published: December 2009

Ergot, in 1900, was a ‘chemical mess’. Henry Wellcome, the pharmaceutical manufacturer, invited Henry Hallett Dale, a physiologist, to join his research department and solve this problem. Dale, in turn, recruited an outstanding group of scientists, including George Barger, Arthur Ewins and Harold Dudley, who would make distinguished contributions not only to the chemistry of ergot but also to the identification of acetylcholine, histamine and tyramine and to studies on their physiological effects. Initially Barger and Dale isolated the compound ergotoxine, but this proved to be a false lead; it was later shown to be a mixture of three different ergot alkaloids. The major success of the Wellcome group was the discovery and isolation of ergometrine, which would prove to be life-saving in postpartum haemorrhage. In 1917 Arthur Stoll and his colleagues started work on ergot at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel. A series of important results emerged over the next 30 years, including the isolation of ergotamine in 1918, an effective treatment for migraine with aura.
POSTMORTEMS: AN EDINBURGH PERSPECTiVE
Authors: AngusStuart E
Published: December 2009

The editorial in the last issue (Horowitz RE. Autopsies: an exercise in futility? J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2009; 39:194-5) was provocative, valuable and of immediate concern. In addition it is worth recording the researches carried out in Edinburgh by HM Cameron, at that time a senior lecturer in the University Department of Pathology. He and his colleagues, McGoogan, Clarke, Wilson and Watson, provided an exhaustive and thorough enquiry on the role of the autopsy; an enquiry noteworthy for its close collaboration with consultants from four medical and two surgical units in Edinburgh.

In one of their series1 of l54 autopsies they found that 15% of main diagnoses were not confirmed and 42% of causes of death were not confirmed. These results were deemed by pathologists and clinicians to be clinically significant. Consequently they were not convinced that the clinician was always well placed to judge the potential value of an autopsy. In a prospective study2 of 1,152 hospital autopsies, there were many examples of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, all encountered in a routine hospital autopsy service. They also noted that death certificates were unreliable as a source of diagnostic data, the major diagnosis being wrong in about a quarter of cases.3

An editorial in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine questioned if we really can accept that modern clinical techniques are so definite as to be regarded as supporting the demise of the autopsy.4

Although there are many reasons for the decline of the autopsy, one factor is the sordid and depressing environment of many postmortem facilities. A significant rise of interest in Edinburgh occurred when the late Sir Alastair Currie improved accommodation, introducing air-conditioning, audio-visual aids and closed circuit television; specimens were dissected by junior staff and comments made by experienced consultants.

The idea of Dr Horowitz of a central or regional facility divorced from the hospital pathologist who then would be freed from the chore of the autopsy is indeed radical. It seems to me like the creation of a ghetto of the dead. The autopsy and the diagnostic biopsy are intrinsically linked, each supporting the other. The quality of both is improved by combination. After all, what is clinical medicine but pathology on the wing?
Interference Reflection Microscopy
Authors: Barr Valarie A. , Bunnell Stephen C.
Published: December 2009

Interference reflection microscopy (IRM) is an optical technique used to study cell adhesion or cell mobility on a glass coverslip. The interference of reflected light waves generates images with high contrast and definition. IRM can be used to examine almost any cell that will rest upon a glass surface, although it is most useful in examining sites of close contact between a cell and substratum. This unit presents methods for obtaining IRM images of cells with particular emphasis on IRM imaging with a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), as most LSCM are already capable of recording these images without any modification of the instrument. Techniques are presented for imaging fixed and live cells, as well as simultaneous multi‐channel capture of fluorescence and reflection images. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 45:4.23.1‐4.23.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on composite fluorinated xerogel doped with platinum porphyrin dye
Authors: Zhao Yun , Ye Tingxiu , Chen Haixu , Huang Dapeng , Zhou Tingyao , He Chunyan , Chen Xi
Published: December 2009

A new functional fluorinated material taking n‐propyltrimethoxysilicane (n‐propyl‐TriMOS) and 3,3,3‐trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilicane (TFP‐TriMOS) as precursors was applied to construct a novel dissolved oxygen sensing film. The sensing film was fabricated by dip‐coating the functional fluorinated material‐doped [meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyinato] platinum(II) (PtF20TPP) onto a glass slide. The oxygen sensing film exhibited a good linear relationship, fast response time, long stability and high sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. In the developed optical oxygen sensor, an LED and a photodiode were composed to construct a back‐detection optical system not needing an optical fiber based on fluorescence intensity detection. The smart optical oxygen sensor based on the PtF20TPP fluorescence quenching possesses the advantages of portability and low cost and can be applied to the dissolved oxygen in situ monitoring in seawater. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reaction of Ozone with the Hydroxide Ion: Mechanistic Considerations Based on Thermokinetic and Quantum Chemical Calculations and the Role of HO4− in Superoxide Dismutation
Authors: Merényi Gábor , Lind Johan , Naumov Sergej , von Sonntag Clemens
Published: December 2009

The reaction of OH− with O3 eventually leads to the formation of .OH radicals. In the original mechanistic concept (J. Staehelin, J. Hoigné, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 676–681), it was suggested that the first step occurred by O transfer: OH−+O3→HO2−+O2 and that .OH was generated in the subsequent reaction(s) of HO2− with O3 (the peroxone process). This mechanistic concept has now been revised on the basis of thermokinetic and quantum chemical calculations. A one‐step O transfer such as that mentioned above would require the release of O2 in its excited singlet state (1O2, O2(1Δg)); this state lies 95.5 kJ mol−1 above the triplet ground state (3O2, O2(3Σg−)). The low experimental rate constant of 70 M−1 s−1 is not incompatible with such a reaction. However, according to our calculations, the reaction of OH− with O3 to form an adduct (OH−+O3→HO4−; ΔG=3.5 kJ mol−1) is a much better candidate for the rate‐determining step as compared with the significantly more endergonic O transfer (ΔG=26.7 kJ mol−1). Hence, we favor this reaction; all the more so as numerous precedents of similar ozone adduct formation are known in the literature. Three potential decay routes of the adduct HO4− have been probed: HO4−→HO2−+1O2 is spin allowed, but markedly endergonic (ΔG=23.2 kJ mol−1). HO4−→HO2−+3O2 is spin forbidden (ΔG=−73.3 kJ mol−1). The decay into radicals, HO4−→HO2.+O2.−, is spin allowed and less endergonic (ΔG=14.8 kJ mol−1) than HO4−→HO2−+1O2. It is thus HO4−→HO2.+O2.− by which HO4− decays. It is noted that a large contribution of the reverse of this reaction, HO2.+O2.−→HO4−, followed by HO4−→HO2−+3O2, now explains why the measured rate of the bimolecular decay of HO2. and O2.− into HO2−+O2 (k=1×108 M−1 s−1) is below diffusion controlled. Because k for the process HO4−→HO2.+O2.− is much larger than k for the reverse of OH−+O3→HO4−, the forward reaction OH−+O3→HO4− is practically irreversible.
Reversible Interconversion between Luminescent Isomeric Metal–Organic Frameworks of [Cu4I4(DABCO)2] (DABCO=1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
Authors: Braga Dario , Maini Lucia , Mazzeo Paolo P. , Ventura Barbara
Published: December 2009

The metal–organic frameworks (MOF) of cluster [Cu4I4(DABCO)2] (DABCO=1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) have been prepared and characterized as two different crystalline forms, I and II. Form I is obtained by reaction of DABCO and CuI in aqueous solution or by solvothermal reaction, while form II is obtained by reacting DABCO and CuI in acetonitrile. Their luminescence properties in the solid state have been analyzed at room temperature and at 77 K. MOF II has bright emission with a maximum at 556 nm that shifts bathochromically at low temperature in conjunction with a marked change in the colour of the emission. The emission of MOF I has a maximum at 580 nm and a less pronounced temperature dependence. The peculiar luminescence properties of the two isomers have been interpreted by utilising current knowledge on the excited states properties of CuI cubane clusters. The two isomers exhibit a high degree of porosity and can release the disordered solvent molecules trapped in the channels, whilst preserving the crystal structure. Isomer I can be converted into II on exposure to acetonitrile or methanol vapour, whereas II reverts to I when heated in a closed pan at 250 °C.
Solvent‐Resistant Nanofiltration for Product Purification and Catalyst Recovery in Click Chemistry Reactions
Authors: Cano‐Odena Angels , Vandezande Pieter , Fournier David , Van Camp Wim , Du Prez Filip E. , Vankelecom Ivo F. J.
Published: December 2009

The quickly developing field of “click” chemistry would undoubtedly benefit from the availability of an easy and efficient technology for product purification to reduce the potential health risks associated with the presence of copper in the final product. Therefore, solvent‐resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes have been developed to selectively separate “clicked” polymers from the copper catalyst and solvent. By using these solvent‐stable cross‐linked polyimide membranes in diafiltration, up to 98 % of the initially present copper could be removed through the membrane together with the DMF solvent, the polymer product being almost completely retained. This paper also presents the first SRNF application in which the catalyst permeates through the membrane and the reaction product is retained.
Surface Dynamics of A Vanadyl Pyrophosphate Catalyst for n‐Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride: An In Situ Raman and Reactivity Study of the Effect of the P/V Atomic Ratio
Authors: Cavani Fabrizio , Luciani Silvia , Esposti Elisa Degli , Cortelli Carlotta , Leanza Roberto
Published: December 2009

This work focused on investigating the effect of the P/V atomic ratio in vanadyl pyrophosphate, catalyst for n‐butane oxidation to maleic anhydride, on the nature of the catalytically active phase. Structural transformations occurring on the catalyst surface were investigated by means of in situ Raman spectroscopy in a non‐reactive atmosphere, as well as by means of steady‐state and non‐steady‐state reactivity tests, in response to changes in the reaction temperature. It was found that the nature of the catalyst surface is affected by the P/V atomic ratio even in the case of small changes in this parameter. With the catalyst having P/V equal to the stoichiometric value, a surface layer made of αI‐VOPO4 developed in the temperature interval 340–400 °C in the presence of air; this catalyst gave a very low selectivity to maleic anhydride in the intermediate T range (340–400 °C). However, at 400–440 °C δ‐VOPO4 overlayers formed; at these conditions, the catalyst was moderately active but selective to maleic anhydride. With the catalyst containing a slight excess of P, the ratio offering the optimal catalytic performance, δ‐VOPO4 was the prevailing species over the entire temperature range investigated (340–440 °C). Analogies and differences between the two samples were also confirmed by reactivity tests carried out after in situ removal and reintegration of P. These facts explain why the industrial catalyst for n‐butane oxidation holds a slight excess of P; they also explain discrepancies registered in the literature about the nature of the active layer in vanadyl pyrophosphate.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Stabilized Silanechalcogenones: NHC→Si(R2)E (E=O, S, Se, Te)
Authors: Yao Shenglai , Xiong Yun , Driess Matthias
Published: December 2009

A series of N‐heterocyclic carbene‐stabilized silanechalcogenones 2 a,b (SiO), 3 a,b (SiS), 4 a,b (SiSe), and 5 a,b (SiTe) are described. The silanone complexes 2 a,b were prepared by facile oxygenation of the carbene–silylene adducts 1 a,b with N2O, whereas their heavier congeners were synthesized by gentle chalcogenation of 1 a,b with equimolar amounts of elemental sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, respectively. These novel compounds have been isolated in a crystalline form in high yields and have been fully characterized by a variety of techniques including IR spectroscopy, ESIMS, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 2 b, 3 a, 4 a, 4 b, and 5 b have been confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Due to the NHC→Si donor–acceptor electronic interaction, the SiE (E=O, S, Se, Te) moieties within these compounds are well stabilized and thus the compounds possess several ylide‐like resonance structures. Nevertheless, these species also exhibit considerable SiE double‐bond character, presumably through a nonclassical SiE π‐bonding interaction between the chalcogen lone‐pair electrons and two antibonding SiN σ* orbitals, as evidenced by their high stretching vibration modes and the shortening of the Si–E distances (between 5.4 and 6.3 %) compared with the corresponding SiE single‐bond lengths.
Spatially Controllable DNA Condensation by a Water‐Soluble Supramolecular Hybrid of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and β‐Cyclodextrin‐Tethered Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Yu Miao , Zu Sheng‐Zhen , Chen Yong , Liu Yu‐Ping , Han Bao‐Hang , Liu Yu
Published: December 2009

A supramolecular hybrid is prepared by the supramolecular surface modification of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with cationic β‐cyclodextrin‐tethered ruthenium complexes through a spacer molecule that contains both an adamantane and a pyrene moiety. By employing the supramolecular hybrid, spatially controllable DNA condensation along the SWCNT skeleton is achieved by anchoring cationic ruthenium complexes on the surface. Furthermore, because of the unique physiological properties of SWCNTs, the cationic supramolecular hybrid can be used as a nonviral gene delivery system with the ruthenium complexes as a fluorescent probe to monitor uptake of DNA by cells.
Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Hengartner Urs , Chougnet Antoinette , Liu Kegang , Woggon Wolf‐D.
Published: December 2009

α‐Tocopherol was synthesized from a chiral intermediate α‐hydroxy ester by means of two ring‐closing methods to yield the chromanol in 94 % diastereomeric excess.
Externes Numbering‐up für Flüssig/Flüssig‐Systeme in Kapillarreaktoren
Authors: Mendorf M. , Nachtrodt H. , Agar D.
Published: December 2009

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden vier verschiedene Verteilerkonzepte zur Fluidverteilung auf acht Kapillaren hinsichtlich ihrer Güte der Gleichverteilung einer parallelisierten zweiphasigen Pfropfenströmung untersucht. Zunächst wurden alle Verteilergeometrien mit angepassten Fluidwiderständen versehen und gezeigt, dass Fertigungstoleranzen aller Bauteile spezifisch ausgeglichen werden können. Es resultierten Standardabweichungen der Volumenstromaufteilungen mit einphasigen Stoffsystemen von weniger als 1 % für alle Geometrien. Bei der zweiphasigen Flüssig/Flüssig‐Pfropfenströmung gestaltet sich die Vergleichmäßigung deutlich komplexer. Es konnte maximal eine Standardabweichung von 4 % erreicht werden. Die Abweichungen resultieren aus der stochastisch geprägten Pfropfenerzeugung sowie Koaleszenzerscheinungen und sich zeitlich verändernden Benetzungseigenschaften der verwendeten Werkstoffe.
Artemisinin antimalarials: preserving the “magic bullet”
Authors: Maude Richard J. , Woodrow Charles J. , White Lisa J.
Published: December 2009

The artemisinins are the most effective antimalarial drugs known. They possess a remarkably wide therapeutic index. These agents have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for more than 2,000 years but were not subjected to scientific scrutiny until the 1970s. The first formal clinical trials of the artemisinins, and the development of methods for their industrial scale production, followed rapidly. A decade later, Chinese scientists shared their findings with the rest of the world; since then, a significant body of international trial evidence has confirmed these drugs to be far superior to any available alternatives. In particular, they have the ability to rapidly kill a broad range of asexual parasite stages at safe concentrations that are consistently achievable via standard dosing regimens. As their half‐life is very short, there was also thought to be a low risk of resistance. These discoveries coincided with the appearance and spread of resistance to all the other major classes of antimalarials. As a result, the artemisinins now form an essential element of recommended first‐line antimalarial treatment regimens worldwide. To minimize the risk of artemisinin resistance, they are recommended to be used to treat uncomplicated malaria in combination with other antimalarials as artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). Their rollout has resulted in documented reductions in malaria prevalence in a number of African and Asian countries. Unfortunately, there are already worrisome early signs of artemisinin resistance appearing in western Cambodia. If this resistance were to spread, it would be disastrous for malaria control efforts worldwide. The enormous challenge for the international community is how to avert this catastrophe and preserve the effectiveness of this antimalarial “magic bullet”. Drug Dev Res 71: 12–19, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting the lipid metabolic pathways for the treatment of malaria
Authors: Ben Mamoun Choukri , Prigge Sean T. , Vial Henri
Published: December 2009

The control and eventual eradication of human malaria is considered one of the most important global public health goals of the 21st Century. Malaria, caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is by far the most lethal and among the most prevalent of the infectious diseases. Four species of Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax) are known to be infectious to humans, and more recent cases of infection due to P. knowlesi also have been reported. These species cause approximately 300 million annual cases of clinical malaria resulting in around one million deaths mostly caused by P. falciparum. The rapid emergence of drug‐resistant Plasmodium strains has severely reduced the potency of medicines commonly used to treat and block the transmission of malaria and threatens the effectiveness of combination therapy in the field. New drugs that target important parasite functions, which are not the target of current antimalarial drugs, and have the potential to act against multi‐drug‐resistant Plasmodium strains are urgently needed. Recent studies in P. falciparum have unraveled new metabolic pathways for the synthesis of the parasite phospholipids and fatty acids. The present review summarizes our current understanding of these pathways in Plasmodium development and pathogenesis, and provides an update on the efforts underway to characterize their importance using genetic means and to develop antimalarial therapies targeting lipid metabolic pathways. Drug Dev Res 71:44–55, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.