bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British Constitutional Reform and the Relationship With Europe
Authors: Vibert Frank
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the influences affecting the possible evolution of European political union over the next decade and the interplay with the UK’s own constitutional changes. It suggests that at a fundamental level there are reasons for hoping that constitutional changes in the UK will help bring about a convergence of attitudes and approaches towards the way in which politics is conducted. If these hopes are fulfilled, they promise a period of much greater harmony between Britain and Europe. A relationship which has generated almost constant stress and upset for the last 20 years, both within the British political system and between Britain and its European partners, may now be entering smoother waters.
Financing Devolution: the Centre Retains Control
Authors: Hazell Robert , Cornes Richard
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we said that the greatest tensions in the devolution settlement would arise over finance. It is one of the main sources of friction between central and regional governments in other countries, and the same is likely to happen here. What is different about the British model of devolution is the extent to which the centre will retain financial control. There is to be extensive devolution of political power, particularly in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but the new governments will have little or no revenue-raising power.
Cross-Border Security And Insolvency
Authors: Bridge Michael , Stevens Robert
Published: November 2023

This volume analyzes the legal and practical issues that arise in cross-border transactions involving the taking and enforcement of security over movable and intangible property. Having analyzed the domestic law of security in the UK, US, France and Germany, it then focuses upon the private international law and insolvency law issues. Contributions come from leading legal, insolvency and banking specialists drawn from the relevant jurisdictions, providing a comparative perspective on each topic discussed. Coverage includes a focused, practical, case-study plus input from banking and insolvency professionals.
Recognition Theories: Private International Law Treaties and EC Law
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: November 2023

Considering that the EC law era started nearly half a century ago, one would expect EC law to provide tools enabling cross-border freedom of establishment for companies. However, the legal status of foreign companies and their cross-border manoeuvrability used to belong to the exclusive domain of private international law specialists. Their attempts to define ‘foreign’ companies and the rights conferred upon them culminated in two opposing recognition theories, commonly referred to as the ‘incorporation’ theory and the ‘real seat’ theory. Methodological links between EC law and private international law still exist today, in that the text of the basic provisions on the freedom of establishment of natural and legal persons contained in articles 43 and 48 of the EC Treaty is more or less rooted in those traditional recognition theories.
Vikings! Children’s social representations of history
Authors: Uzzell David , Blud Linda
Published: November 2023

Central to the idea of social representations is the proposition that abstract scientific and ideological concepts filter through to people in general and become ‘common-sense’ general knowledge. Moscovici (1976) makes the distinction between the ‘ sacred’ sphere of science and the ‘profane’ sphere of ordinary life which is central to his perspective. He refers to these as different worlds of meaning, which he calls the reified and consensual universes. The sciences are the means by which we understand the reified universe, and social representations deal with the consensual. Moscovici sees this distinction as a relatively modern phenomenon, unique to our culture: ‘Science was formerly based on common sense and made common sense less common, but now common sense is science made common.’ (Moscovici 1984, p. 29).
Finding social representations in attribute checklists: how will we know when we have found one?
Authors: Fife-Schaw Chris
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will outline a methodological approach to the study of representations that may open up new possibilities for the elaboration of the concept of social representation. The principal motivation behind this is to encourage researchers towards greater precision in their operationalizations of ‘social representation’. Once achieved, investigators should be encouraged to set up criteria for determining when a social representation truly exists and, if it exists, where is boundaries lie.
Excitatory amino acid-activated channels
Authors: Lerma J , Paternain A V , Salvador N , Somohano F , Morales, M , Casado M
Published: November 2023

Besides the widespread metabolic function, it is now well established that the dicarboxylic amino acid glutamate plays a major role in excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate interacts with receptors forming cationic channels with different ion permeabilities, conductances, and activation-deactivation kinetics, as well as demonstrating distinct pharmacological properties.
Structural brain imaging
Authors: Jernigan Terry , Archibald Sarah
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, reports of structural changes in the brains of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will be reviewed. Almost exclusively, this information has come from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), the most sensitive available method for characterizing brain structure in vivo. Although the increased risks in HIV+ individuals for focal opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are well known (for a review of the radiological correlates see Sibtain and Chinn 2002), this chapter will focus on the findings in those individuals with no evidence of such infections. That is, the review will focus on the findings associated with chronic HIV infection per se. This information is likely to become increasingly important as the detection and treatment of opportunistic infections improves, and more potent antiretroviral treatments yield ever-increasing longevity in HIV+ individuals.
Temporocingulate Interactions in the Monkey
Authors: Yukie Masao , Shibata Hideshi
Published: November 2023

The cingulate gyrus has long been considered to be part of the limbic lobe (Broca, 1878) and was later incorporated into a medial circuit that formed the substrate for emotion (Papez, 1937). With the advent of modern tract-tracing methods, MacLean (1990) developed the concept of the limbic system, incorporating the amygdala and septum along with the cingulate gyrus. The circuitry of this system expanded greatly with subsequent connection studies.Based on cytoarchitecture, connections, and functional analyses, the cingulate gyrus is comprised of four regions: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Although all a part of the cingulate gyrus, these regions are not uniform and can be further subdivided, for example, into dorsal and ventral parts of the PCC (Shibata and Yukie, 2003). In functional terms, the cingulate cortex plays key roles not only in emotional and motivational processes but also in autonomic responses (Kaada et al., 1949; Nishijo et al., 1997) and higher cognitive processes, such as attention, error detection, motor activity, social behavior, conflict, and different types of memory (Smith, 1945: Mirsky et al., 1957; Gemba et al.,1986; Valenstein et al., 1987; Posner et al., 1988; Grasby et al., 1993b).
CinguloAmygdala Interactions in Surprise and Extinction: Interpreting Associative Ambiguity
Authors: Oler Jonathan A , Quirk Gregory J , Whalen Paul J
Published: November 2023

Many chapters in this volume depict the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a heterogeneous structure involved in the processing of both cognitive and emotional information. A vast animal and human literature supports the notion that the amygdala is a critical structure in the processing of emotional information. Given the strong reciprocal connectivity between the ACC and the amygdala, any assessment of the role of the ACC in the processing of emotional information would benefit from careful consideration of cinguloamygdala interactions. To this end, we explore the relation between electro-physiological data recorded from the rodent brain and functional neuroimaging data gleaned from studies in humans. Taken together, these data reveal a specific role for cinguloamygdala processing in the interpretation of emotional information, especially when the predictive value of biologically relevant stimuli is ambiguous.We begin by briefly describing the anatomical connections between the ACC, the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), and amygdala; the reader is referred to Chapter 6 for a more thorough review of amygdalocingulate circuits. We then consider studies of extinction learning in animal subjects that have delineated a particularly compelling relationship between the subgenual ACC and the amygdala. Finally, human neuroimaging reports of cinguloamygdala interactions are reviewed that provide data consistent with the animal work. We find that amygdala responsivity to biologically relevant stimuli can routinely come under regulatory control of the ACC and aMCC. This chapter has the following specific goals:
Cingulate Nociceptive Circuitry and Roles in Pain Processing: The Cingulate Premotor Pain Model
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Sikes Robert W
Published: November 2023

A long tradition conceptualizes pain processing according to sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational domains (Melzack & Casey, 1968; Melzack, 1975; Kenshalo & Willis, 1991). The sensory-discriminative domain engages stimulus localization and can be assessed with visual analogue scales for intensity, while the affective-motivational domain involves the affective component of pain and is measured with ratings of unpleasantness. This duality was framed in terms of medialand lateral thalamicprocessing by Albe-Fessard et al. (1985), who proposed that the lateral thalamic nuclei play a role in localization, whereas the medial thalamic nuclei are involved in affective responses to such stimuli. There is little doubt that the medial and lateral systems are engaged in these functions; however, it was unclear how thalamic nuclei engage in specific aspects of conscious pain processing, how they predict the consequences of behavioral outcomes, and how pain-linked memories are stored by thalamic nuclei. More importantly, the two-thalamic systems model failed to accommodate either joint or independent roles for the cerebral cortex in such processing modes because there were no links between the medial thalamic and limbic systems in the model. The concept of lateral and medial pain systems was extended for cortical structures including somatosensory and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC), respectively, based on thalamic afferents and neurosurgical ablation outcomes (Vogt et al., 1993). This was the first model of the entire medial pain system from nociceptor to limbic termination sites
Thalamocingulate Mechanisms Of Precentral Cortex Stimulation
Authors: Garcia-Larrea Luis , Maarrawi Joseph , Peyron Roland
Published: November 2023

Experimental studies in animals have demonstrated the strong inhibitory influences that electrical stimulation at different levels of the nervous system can exert on pain transmission, thus prompting the use of neurostimulation strategies for the relief of chronic pain in humans. The neural targets of stimulation procedures have been mostly the sensory pathways mediating transmission of non-noxious information (e.g., large afferent peripheral fibers, spinal dorsal columns, and thalamic sensory nuclei), and to a lesser extent brainstem structures exerting descending antinociceptive influences (reviews in Gybels & Kupers, 1995; Holsheimer, 1997; Wallace et al. 2004). Although, stimulation of central motor fibers was also shown to inhibit afferent transmission in the dorsal horn and to produce analgesic effects in man (Lindblom & Ottosson, 1957; Field & Adams, 1974), the use of motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for pain control was documented only during the early 1990s by Tsubokawa et al. (1991, 1993a). Following these seminal reports, MCS has been progressively included in the armamentarium of functional surgeons treating chronic pain, with reported success rates of 50–70% depending on the localization and characteristics of pain syndromes (Tsubokawa et al., 1993; Meyerson et al., 1993; Mertens et al., 1999; Nguyen et al., 2000; Carroll et al., 2000; Nuti et al., 2005). As the procedure is applied only to patients with long-lasting, severe refractory pain, such results make of this surgical procedure a promising therapy for this chronic condition.
The Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Posttraumatic Stress and Panic Disorders
Authors: Shin Lisa M , Whalen Paul J , Pitman Roger K , Rauch Scott L
Published: November 2023

Anxiety and fear are normal human emotional states that serve to alert an individual to potential threat in the environment. However, individuals with anxiety disorders persistently experience such emotional states in the absence of true danger, leading to significant distress and impairment (APA, 2000). Anxiety disorders are marked by episodes of fear or apprehension that may be either elicited by a specific stimulus or unprovoked. In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such episodes of intense fear may be triggered by recollections of a previous traumatic event and are typically accompanied by heightened physiologic arousal. In panic disorder (PD), periods of intense fear and physiologic arousal may be initially unprovoked and over time may tend to occur in specific settings from which escape would be difficult. Patients with PD often report fearing that they may have a heart attack or die or lose control, and they typically develop apprehension concerning further attacks. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, researchers have begun to investigate the brain systems mediating anxiety disorders and to formulate neurocircuitry models of them. Medial prefrontal cortical regions, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), have typically been included in such models of anxiety disorders. The ultimate goal of this type of research is to understand the neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders in order to assist in diagnosis, improve treatment, and predict treatment response.
The Role of the Cingulate Gyrus in Depression: Review and Synthesis of Imaging Data
Authors: Holtzheimer Paul E , Mayberg Helen S
Published: November 2023

Depression presents as a multi-dimensional disorder involving disruption of mood, cognition, motor function, and homeostatic/drive processes, including sleep, appetite, and libido. A striking feature of depressive disorders is that nearly all patients share at least some primary symptoms (e.g., depressed mood and anhedonia) while other symptoms can be highly variable from patient to patient. For example, some patients have severe insomnia, flattened affective response, and appetite loss while others have profound hypersomnia, increased mood reactivity, and significantly increased appetite; still other patients within each of these groups may have more or less disturbance of cognition, psychomotor function, libido, and anxiety. Beyond these symptomatic differences, patients with depression also show a highly variable response to available treatments. It is well established that up to 40% of patients will have an inadequate response to medications affecting the monoaminergic systems (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) which remain the mainstay first-line pharmcacologic treatment options for depression. Similarly, certain psychotherapies (such as cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy) are clearly effective in many, but not all, depressed patients. Even electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which remains the most effective acute treatment for depression, fails in up to 20% of patients. Research efforts over the past several decades have attempted to define how the neurobiology of depression may differ
Language And Identity In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Foley William A
Published: November 2023

Papua New Guinea has the most complex linguistic composition of any country in the world, with over 700 languages spoken within its borders. Most of these languages are small, the average number of speakers being around 3000. But there is wide variation: the language with the largest number of speakers, Enga, now has about 200 000 speakers, while there are many languages with under 100 speakers, even a few with under 50.
Nutrition In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Heywood Peter F , Jenkins Carol
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we use growth of young children to assess vanatlon in nutritional status within Papua New Guinea (PNG). We briefly discuss food production systems and then describe foodways, intakes of energy and protein, and adaptation to low levels of intake. The important topics of other nutrients, birthweight, morbidity, and the role of women are briefly considered. Finally, we discuss recent changes in food patterns and their possible consequences.
Introduction To Linear Motors
Authors: Basak Amitava
Published: November 2023

A linear motor produces motion in a straight line directly, without the use of a crank or any other mechanism for converting rotary motion to linear motion. The history of linear motors goes back as far as the last decade of the nineteenth century. These machines were practically forgotten for nearly half a century, but there has been a genuine revival of interest in them since the 1950s. Although linear motors dispense with the need for gears, belts, etc., which are necessary to obtain linear motion from rotary motors, the latter are still preferred because of the wide range of speed and thrust that can be obtained with the help of gearing at an economic cost. However, it is envisaged that more and more direct-current (dc.) linear motors will be used in linear drive applications in the future.
The economy: work and wealth
Authors: Franceschi Franco
Published: November 2023

Economic historians have recently shown little interest in the concept of the Renaissance. The most important debates on economic themes have been primarily concerned with issues like ‘proto-industrialization’, the role of Italy and its most economically dynamic cities in the creation of a European ‘world economy’, and the formation of economic regions. Even more striking is the fact that few recent studies have taken up the question of the possible connections between economic and cultural developments that lay at the heart of Robert Lopez’s provocative claim that economic recession gave rise to the cultural flowering of Renaissance Italy. Nor has there been much interest in the connections between economic developments and state structures, or in the material and economic foundations of the ‘Renaissance State’, which still remain largely unstudied.
Invasions and ethnic identity
Authors: Pohl Walter
Published: November 2023

To modern eyes Roman Italy had a very distinct identity, and its Romanness was expressed in numerous cultural features: architecture and crafts, mosaics and inscriptions, institutions and law, literature and education. Indeed, few pre-modern societies have left such lasting marks on the landscape, and in the memories of many generations to come. Still, as Andrea Giardina has argued, Roman Italy had not quite achieved an identity of its own; his book is appropriately titled Roman Italy: Histories of an Incomplete Identity. Early Rome had conquered an ethnically heterogeneous country, with Veneti and Celts in the North, Etruscans in the Centre, several regional peoples in the South, and Greeks along some of the coastlines. The Romans, in turn, cherished their mythical Trojan origins.
The papacy
Authors: Azzara Claudio
Published: November 2023

After the Roman emperors adopted Christianity as the official state religion with Theodosius in 380, the new creed and its institutional structures were inevitably faced by the need to redefine the theoretical role of the princeps, who was already described as pontifex m,ixi mus and venerated in the pagan tradition. The resulting construct was based on a model of imperial authority that was distinctively Christian-Hellenistic, weaving together doctrinal arguments drawn from ancient political culture in ways that were most coherently set out in the life of Constantine compiled by Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c.260-339).
Lords and Tenants
Authors: Britnell Richard
Published: November 2023

Though relations between landlords and tenants after 1300 are very well documented for southern and midland England, it is far from safe to assume that inferences to be drawn from this region are going to help much in understanding the rest of Britain and Ireland. The institutions of English rural society were firmly embedded in customary expectations and, despite the Peasants Revolt in 1381, most fourteenth-century estate records display a remarkable resilience in the way established institutions of lordship survived repeated environmental disasters. The structures imposed elsewhere cannot be assumed to have had the same robustness. In Ireland, manorial institutions were being successfully challenged from without by the ambitions of native Irish lords beyond the authority of the English crown.
Commentary
Authors: Edgington Dorothy
Published: November 2023

I have learned much from Michael Woods’s splendid essay. In what follows, I try to provide additional background material relevant to his case. Sometimes I add further arguments in support of his conclusions. And sometimes (of course) I register my disagreement with him. I shall say something about each section in turn.
Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Sir Anthony Kenny tells the fascinating story of the birth of philosophy and its remarkable flourishing in the ancient Mediterranean world. This is the first of four volumes in which he will unfold a magisterial new history of Western philosophy. Specially written for a broad popular readership, but serious and deep enough to offer a genuine understanding of the great philosophers, Kenny’s lucid and stimulating history will become the definitive work for anyone interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought.
Criminal Process
Authors: Zedner Lucia
Published: November 2023

The criminal process has the character of a vast machine that grinds on relentlessly despite recurrent challenges to its efficacy and its legitimacy. Suspects are its raw materials, convicted offenders its official product. Although it is often characterized as being in crisis and although periodic scandals concerning the conduct of the police or the practice of prosecutors bring it into disrepute, the criminal process has an enduring authority. The editors of a major handbook on the criminal process observe: ‘for policymakers in countries in social transition, the criminal justice process in England and Wales is often viewed as a model’. Its status as an exemplar furnishes the criminal process with a sense of immutability that makes it difficult to conceive of any alternative. Yet it is by no means inescapable that a rule-bound process dedicated to the attribution of blame should follow evidence of wrongdoing.
Human Resource Management And The New Industrial Relations
Authors: Guest David , Hoque Kim
Published: November 2023

‘Human resource management’ and the ‘new industrial relations’, like most terms in the field of management and organization, originated in the United States. Those using the terms were not doing so with a concern for precision; nor were they proposing any tight distinction between them. Rather, they were seeking to convey to a predominantly management audience a sense of innovation and change. There appear to be no compelling reasons why we should therefore seek to impose artificial boundaries of our own. However, ‘human resource management’ generally conjures up an image of a high technology non-union environment while the use of the term ‘industrial relations’ inevitably implies that trade unions or some other form of workforce representation are involved. In considering human resource management and the new industrial relations, it is on this absence or presence of a trade union and its consequences for policy, practice, and performance that we will concentrate.
Public Sector Industrial Relations
Authors: Bail1ey Rachel
Published: November 2023

In recent years organizational change in the public sector has been unprecedented in its scope and speed of introduction. It has not only focused on alternative methods of service delivery, but has put industrial relations firmly in the spotlight, both as a necessary partner in service reforms, and as a focus for reform in its own right. The changes have all affected the way in which the employment relationship in the public sector is managed, both at the collective and individual levels. How this relationship has been affected, and with what actual and potential consequences provide the two main themes of this chapter. What has been the rationale for the changes which have occurred over the last decade or so, and do they reflect a substantial shift in what is considered important in the employment relationship by public sector managers, unions, and employees?

In seeking to answer these questions, we concentrate on the most important developments of the 1980s and 1990s, analysing different aspects of the management of industrial relations. Section 3 focuses on the collective, formal organization of industrial relations, with particular reference to pay determination mechanisms. In Section 4, a partial assessment of these arrangements is given by looking at two key industrial relations outcomes, pay and strikes. We then look at some of the main tools used in the management of human resources, such as pay and grading structures (Section 5), to understand what is happening to the employment relationship at the individual level. Throughout, it should be borne in mind that where changes are noted, they should not be viewed as departures from some neat model of the ‘old’ public sector employment relationship.
Playing Recorder Sonatas
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony
Published: November 2023

This is a comprehensive introduction to the art of playing recorder sonatas, written by a teacher and player of wide experience. It is designed not only for students and teachers, but also for those self-taught recorder players who have reached the point where they feel ready to embark upon solo sonata playing. It aims to encourage players whose experience has been limited to consort music to extend their playing to sonatas by Handel, Telemann and others, so increasing their enjoyment and skill in recorder playing in all its varied forms. Through this book they will encounter sonatas from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and twentieth centuries, which often make challenging demands upon the recorder's expressive capabilities. Each of the sonatas considered is described in relation to its musical background (illustrated by parallels with other arts) and to the performance practices of each period.
Conflict of Laws Within The Uk
Authors: Hood Kirsty J
Published: November 2023

This is the first major treatment of the conflict of laws within the UK, a subject often dealt with only incidentally in the main texts on private international law. In particular, the book examines the effect of the UK’s changing constitutional arrangements on questions of jurisdiction, choice of law and issues of recognition and enforcement which arise within the UK. The book offers practical guidance on the applicable rules in intra-UK conflicts situations with sections devoted to forum shopping within the UK, and other procedural matters. A chapter is also included on the impact of EU legislation on intra-UK conflicts, concluding with a discussion on how “Europeanization” might affect the conflict of laws in the UK. There is also coverage of how public policy functions in the conflict of laws. The book’s approach to the treatment of intra-UK conflicts is enhanced by a comparative analysis of the recent response of Canada and Australia to, respectively, interprovincial and interstate conflicts.
Bismarckian Germany
Authors: Lerman Katharine Anne
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1870 a south German aristocrat, Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, was visiting Berlin. Born of a Protestant mother, brought up a Catholic, and married to a Russian princess, Hohenlohe was liberal in his political views and, unusually for a man of his background, he had come to support the idea of a united Germany under Prussian leadership. Some twenty-four years later he would become the first chancellor of the German Empire who did not come from Prussia. But at the time of his visit in April 1870 the German Empire did not exist, and the only representative political institution linking the recently created North German Confederation with the German states south of the River Main was a customs parliament. Moreover, just six weeks before his visit, Hohenlohe had been forced to resign as chief minister of Bavaria because of his political views. Having spent three years working to improve relations between Prussia and the south German states after they had fought on opposing sides in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Hohenlohe had finally accepted in March 1870 that his policies were out of tune with a Bavarian electorate that was increasingly clerical and anti-Prussian.
1578-1580: Chronology as a Vocation
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

We have now mapped the segments of chronology that Scaliger knew when he finished editing Manilius in 1578. Certain features dominate: the great volcanoes of Postel and Goropius, belching out their powerful new theses, overwhelm the flocks of modest schoolteachers quietly browsing over mentions of Attic months in classical texts and the Italian antiquaries bickering over the pieces of the Fasti. Every feature, great or small, is still seen at a fair distance, and much of it through a haze of uninvolvement. Chronology still seemed to Scaliger one Hilfswissenschaft among many, no more and no less pressing in its claims on his attention than numismatics, and far less so than epigraphy.
The Later History of the Julian Calendar
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Once Scaliger had made clear the difference between the Julian calendar founded by Caesar and that represented by the ecclesiastical computus, he filled in the historical space that lay between them. He argued, at length, that the Julian calendar of Alexandria began on 29 August because the pontifices had been too zealous in intercalation. Had they done as Caesar desired, the year would have begun on 31 August in Nabonassar 719. He traced the continued use of this calendar in Plutarch—sometimes erroneously—and among the Copts.
Scaliger as Varro: The Chronologer’s Task
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Book iv marks the end of Scaliger’s history of calendars. For most readers this break, coming halfway through the book, must have seemed less a pause for refreshment than the end of an ordeal. Even a sympathetic reader could hardly find his exposition of the calendars clear or linear. Nicolas Vignier, for example, paid tribute to what he described as Scaliger’s splendid interpretation of the Greek calendar but admitted that this needed an ‘interprete’ in its own right. Kepler struck a sharper note, as we have seen. Moreover, for most consumers the proof of Scaliger’s pudding would lie not in his indigestible and rebarbative sections on calendars but in the juicy and palatable historical dates with which the whole book was thickly studded. Books v-vi treated these directly and in detail.
From Chronology to Computus
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Book vii of the De emendatione—probably the original nucleus of the work—presents Scaliger’s systematic reconstructions of calendars in the traditional form of the computus: instructions and commentary. Short sections deal with the mechanics of the Julian ecclesiastical calendar: epacts, regulars, and the mnemonic verses that reveal a year’s position in the solar and lunar cycles. Another summarizes the results of Scaliger’s work on eras in books v and vi. But the core of the work, as his early descriptions of it had already promised, consisted of editions of three texts with commentaries: a Jewish computus, an Ethiopic computus, and sections from the Byzantine computus of Maximus Monachus (sixth century), all with commentary and the first two with translations as well.
Editing Jerome: The Elusiveness of a Tradition
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Now that we have established the context and chronology of Scaliger’s book, we shall undertake its anatomy. We shall begin, paradoxically, at the core: with the text Scaliger innocently set out to edit, Jerome’s Latin version of the Chronicle of Eusebius. Scaliger’s first effort to produce a critical text of this was doomed, for the printed and manuscript sources available to him were both too recent and too corrupt to meet his needs. The first printed edition, that by Mombritius, accurately reproduced an older layout of the text, as found in a ninth-century manuscript now in Oxford (Merton 315). But Santritter’s interventionist edition, published by Ratdolt in 1483, drove the older one off the market.
A bird’s-eye view of metamaterials
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the subject. It is called a bird’s-eye view because it looks at the subject of metamaterials, admittedly superficially, from above, pausing at certain views that the authors like to share with the reader and making some relevant comments without going into very much detail. Physical concepts, most of them already introduced in Chapter 1, will be further developed. The mathematics will be kept to an absolute minimum. It will mostly be simple algebra.

Who might benefit from this survey? Well, the authors have certainly benefited from writing it because they were forced to pronounce judgment on the relative simplicity of the various parts of the subject and had to decide on where to start, how to proceed and what to include. For a beginner, who first comes into contact with the subject, there might be too many new concepts. Even then it is hoped that some concepts will be picked up, stored in the brain, and will later act as catalysts facilitating the absorption of further information. For a research student who has already acquired some familiarity with the fundamentals it might serve as a reinforcement of existing knowledge. For unbelievers who question the correctness of all new ideas wherever they come from, until properly checked, this chapter might offer new things to worry about. For those who are thoroughly familiar with all the basic tenets of modern research in metamaterials this might still be suitable for bedtime reading.
A historical review
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E
Published: November 2023

It is probably too early, the subject is too young and not very well defined, for writing an all-embracing review of the history of metamaterials. Our aim here is much more modest. We shall make am attempt at finding the various antecedents leading to the birth of the subject and enumerate the seminal papers instrumental in establishing the initial momentum. A large number of closely related topics will be described that contributed to the process of cross-fertilization and led to sustained interest and further rapid development.

Some births are more difficult than others. Pallas Athene is reputed to have sprung out of Zeus’ head, and Aphrodite from the foam of the sea. Other births have been known to be less instantaneous and to have required the simultaneous efforts of a number of parents. Metamaterials belong to that category. It had a long gestation period and many contributors. Before going into specifics and enumerating the various prior influences it might be worth having a broader look at Physics that has often been accorded a privileged position in the ranks of natural science. We may even go further and quote Ernest Rutherford saying that ‘Physics is the only science: the rest is stamp collecting.’ This is not quite true in the twenty-first century. Many other disciplines have been using rigorous criteria for proving their theses. Nonetheless, we could claim with good conscience that Physics is still the discipline farthest away from the art of stamp collecting.
Queen Victoria
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting... From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain's most fascinating historical figures - people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The Very Interesting People series includes the following titles: 1.William Shakespeare by Peter Holland 2. George Eliot by Rosemary Ashton 3. Charles Dickens by Michael Slater 4. Charles Darwin by Adrian Desmond, James Moore, and Janet Browne 5. Isaac Newton by Richard S.Westfall 6. Elizabeth I by Patrick Collinson 7. George III by John Cannon 8. Benjamin Disraeli by Jonathan Parry 9. Christopher Wren by Kerry Downes 10. John Ruskin by Robert Hewison 11. James Joyce by Bruce Stewart 12. John Milton by Gordon Campbell 13. Jane Austen by Marilyn Butler 14. Henry VIII by Eric Ives 15. Queen Victoria by K. D. Reynolds and H. C. G. Matthew 16. Winston Churchill by Paul Addison 17. Oliver Cromwell by John Morrill 18. Thomas Paine by Mark Philp 19. J. M. W. Turner by Luke Herrmann 20. William and Mary by Tony Claydon and W. A. Speck
The Science of Golf
Authors: Wesson John
Published: November 2023

This book gives a scientific account of all aspects of the game of golf and answers the questions which occur to all who play the game. The mechanics of the swing and the impact of the club on the ball are explained. Together these decide the range of the ball - which is shown to be the most important factor for success. The aerodynamics of the ball's flight has several surprises, including the effects of dimples and spin. Understanding these effects allows a calculation of the ball's flight and explains how the range depends on the clubhead speed and the characteristics of the club. Putting is analysed to find the optimum strategy and to understand how winds, slopes, and mud affect the run of the ball. Handicaps are perhaps the most discussed topic in golf and the book examines the handicaps system to identify their consequences in matches and competitions, with results which will surprise many players. The famous question - "what is the probability of a hole-in-one?" is discussed and a neat way of answering it is proposed. Further chapters examine the players, the equipment, and the economics of the game, discussing the aspects of play that determine success, how much the improvments in clubs and balls have affected performance and the remarkable growth of both the amateur and the professional game.
Second cornerstone: exclusive jurisdiction
Authors: Kruger Thalia
Published: November 2023

Some matters have a particularly close link with a specifi c territory, and therefore Brussels I grants exclusive jurisdiction to the courts of that EU Member State. Brussels II bis and the Insolvency Regulation do not cover such matters and will not be discussed in this chapter.
Conclusion and recommended amendments to the Regulations
Authors: Kruger Thalia
Published: November 2023

Coming to the end, one sees a building constructed upon a quadrangle, and one has to admire what the EU has achieved in the area of civil jurisdiction. However, this building does not seem to have enough windows and doors to the outside world. It appears that the rules were drawn up from the inside, for the inside. It is a pity that the drafters paid little attention to the outside world. In its judgments on civil jurisdiction, one sometimes finds that the European Court of Justice attaches more weight to the functioning of the European judicial area than to considerations of international trade more generally and to the interests of third States.
Governing Equations
Authors: Bruus Henrik
Published: November 2023

The governing equations for hydrodynamics in general and microfluidics in particular are derived from the fundamental equations describing the rate of change of the flux densities of mass, momentum and energy.
Diffusion
Authors: Bruus Henrik
Published: November 2023

So far we have only made indepth analysis of flow problems in steady state. In this chapter we shall study the time-dependent phenomena of diffusion. In particular we analyze diffusion and convection of uncharged particles dissolved in liquid solutions in terms of the random- walk model, the diffusion equation, and the Taylor-dispersion model.
Acoustofluidics
Authors: Bruus Henrik
Published: November 2023

When the acoustic waves or radiation are propagating in liquids, the associated fast-moving and rapidly oscillating pressure and velocity fields can impart a slow non-oscillating velocity component to the liquid or to small particles suspended in the liquid. In microfluidic systems these normally quite minute effects can be of significance. Interestingly, the origin of these effects can be traced back to two hydrodynamic properties largely ignored in the preceding chapters, namely the non-linearity of the Navier–Stokes equation and the small but non-zero compressibility of ordinary liquids.
Consciousness and Quantum Theory: Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: November 2023

When I look at the scale of the apparatus I know what it reads. Those absurdly delicate, hopelessly inaccessible, global correlations obviously vanish when they connect up with me. Whether this is because consciousness is beyond the range of phenomena that quantum mechanics is capable of dealing with, or because it has infinitely many degrees of freedom or special super selection rules of its own, I would not presume to guess. But this is a puzzle about consciousness that should not get mixed up with efforts to understand quantum mechanics as a theory of subsystem correlations in the nonconscious world.
The Crisis: Communication Strategies to Protect Desired Images and Reputations
Authors: Dowling Grahame
Published: November 2023

The Chinese characters for crisis denote two words—danger and opportunity. From the point of view of an organization’s desired reputation, it is the danger component that is the primary focus of this chapter. While opportunities may arise as the result of a crisis, the effects on corporate images and reputations are mostly negative. Inevitably, the publicity surrounding a crisis undermines many of the attributes of the organization such as being well managed, and carrying out a stewardship function. This will degrade the corporate image. If the crisis also leads to the erosion of respect and esteem, and ultimately, trust and confidence, then the corporate reputation has suffered. In effect, many serious crises make a withdrawal from the organization’s reputation bank account (recall Figures 10.1 and 10.2).
Appeals
Authors: Andrews Neil
Published: November 2023

The system of appeal enables an aggrieved litigant to rectify a perceived judicial error, whether the error relates to a finding of fact, expert evidence, an exercise of discretion, or a point of law, including application of procedural rules. Machinery for appeals from decisions is an official acknowledgement of judicial fallibility:
Thinking Creatively about Careers: The Use of Metaphor
Authors: Inkson Kerr
Published: November 2023

It is commonly agreed that metaphor-the substitution of a concept (for example, ‘the manager’) by another that is typically more concrete and more striking, and that carries fresh connotations (for example, ‘the general’, ‘the politician’, ‘the boy scout’)-is universal and inevitable. Metaphor, arguably, is not just an illustrative use of language, but also a way of cognitively appreciating and understanding the world (Ortony 1993; Grant and Oswick 1996). As I hope to show in this chapter, we do not just compose metaphors as devices of art or rhetoric: we think in metaphors (Mangham 1996).
Signaling Expertise: How Signals Shape Careers in Creative Industries
Authors: Jones Candace
Published: November 2023

Creative industries are ‘goods and services’ associated with ‘culturalr artistic, or simply entertainment value’ (Caves 2000: 1). In creative industries, each project or product is a unique and non-routine combination of inputs, demanding both creative skills and flexibility in the enactment of one’s skills and careers. No two movies, buildings, or operas are alike, even if they draw heavily from a prior performance. Careers in creative industries such as film, music, fashion, architecture, and advertising are constructed around projects.
How Chaotic Careers Create Orderly Fields
Authors: Peterson Richard A , Anand N
Published: November 2023

The concept of ‘field’ has become increasingly popular with students of organization theory. DiMaggio and Powell (1983: 148) formally defined an organizational field as ‘those organizations that, in the aggregate, constitute a recognized area of institutional life: key suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies, and other organizations that produce similar services or pro ducts’. The concept is central to an institutional view of organizations, and theorists have used the term to denote formations of organizations that are similar, have common practices, or share a certain focus of attention such as a market (Scott 1995). The popularity of the notion of field may partly be because it transcends earlier dualistically related concepts such as ‘organization’ and ‘environment’ or ‘firm’ and ‘industry’ that deny the embeddedness of the one in the other and also because it slips across levels of analysis, allowing for a more naturalistic explanation of organizational phenomena.
European Disclosure for the New Millennium
Authors: Becht Marco
Published: November 2023

“Imagine a system that is easy to use, easy to file into and compatible with off the shelf word processing packages. Imagine a system that could accept graphics, tables and charts. Imagine a system in which John and Jane Q. Public could access a complete library of disclosure material in their home as easily as the most highly paid Wall Street analysts.
The Rules of Capital Under Pressure of the Securities Markets
Authors: Kübler Friedrich
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares the European corporate law systems, which have retained mandatory capital requirements, with the Corporation Statutes of the States in the U.S., where these rules have been largely eliminated. Its main purpose is to explore the reasons for this divergence.
Supporting Deliberative Accountability: Neglected Accountability Mechanisms
Authors: Roche Declan
Published: November 2023

Critics of restorative justice overlook not only deliberative account- ability, in which participants are accountable to each other, but also a range of additional mechanisms by which decision-makers explain themselves to people outside of meetings, and in some mechanisms, outside of programmes.