bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Workshop 2: The Integrated Data Infrastructure - Enabling Cross-Agency Research and Evaluation
Authors: Stark Guido , Uerata Kyle , Mai Brendan
Published: April 2018

tatistics New Zealand has created an Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) to make a wide range of data more accessible to users. The IDI contains longitudinal microdata about individuals, households, and firms. By bringing together many data from a number of sources, the IDI allows for longitudinal analysis across education, employment, migration, welfare, and business, with potential for further datasets to be added and linked. The IDI will help us to meet user demands for more or new information and to respond more efficiently to changes in existing data sources. It also represents an exciting opportunity to reuse and add value to existing administrative data.

The Enabling cross-agency research and evaluation workshop provided an overview of the IDI, including examples of research and evaluation currently being conducted, and a demonstration of the reach and versatility of the dataset. There were five separate presentations:

Building and using the IDI – Guido Stark, Kyle Uerata, and Brendan Mai, Statistics NZ

Swimming in the IDI – Che Tibby, Statistics NZ

Determining the outcomes of tertiary education: The contribution of the IDI – Zaneta Park, Ministry of Education

Migrant outcomes and the economic impact of immigration – Paul Merwood, Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment

Using the integrated data – Sarah Crichton, Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment Building and using the IDI
The Short-Run Effects of a Natural Disaster With Imperfect Interregional Labour Mobility
Authors: Robson Nathaniel
Published: April 2018

A multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to simulate the short-run economic impact of a natural disaster that strikes the central business district of Wellington. A key feature of the analysis is the inclusion of an interregional migration response to the loss of regional amenity along with endogenous feedbacks from regional real wage relativities. The model economy describes the behaviour of twenty-five industries across five regions built upon bottom-up micro-foundations. The natural disaster scenario focuses on damage to capital of industries concentrated in the Wellington central business district and the flow-on effects via modelled relationships. The analysis of the simulation results considers the role that regional characteristics and interdependencies play in generating the computed short-run outcomes.
“It’s About Community” - Finding Local Solutions to Local Problems: Exploring Responses to the Social Problem of Youth Unemployment
Authors: Whitham Michael , Piercy Gemma
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this paper is to explore the policies and practices associated with the societal ‘problem’ of youth unemployment. This research is primarily a case study analysis of an employment programme established in Otorohanga to address the problem of youth unemployment. The programme in Otorohanga has consistently created a situation where in recent years nobody under the age of 25 is registered with Work and Income New Zealand as unemployed. This outcome has been achieved by ensuring that local youth are either in local training programmes, in employment or in apprenticeships. In this paper we review the international and domestic literature on youth, unemployment, engagement and policies, in conjunction with interviews with a selection of key stakeholders involved in the successes of the Otorohanga programme. We argue that youth are a significant and poorly understood demographic; and that the current policies for dealing with youth unemployment, especially the emphasis on using access to the education system and the impact of neo-liberal ideologies, has had only limited success. Using insights from the interviews, we further argue that policies that draw on local, community driven solutions grounded in labour market realities, in contrast to the current education system driven policy direction, have the potential to be more successful in dealing with the problem of youth unemployment.
Gender Differences of Stress in the Farming Sector
Authors: Ang Huat Bin , Lamm Felicity , Tipples Robert , Nguyen David
Published: April 2018

This article examines gender differences in psychological distress from the impact of stressors. Stress-related illnesses, in particular suicide attempts/successes, are now of major concern in agriculture and attract increased interest from scholars. Many farmers and farm employees have first-hand experience of fatalities, injuries and ill health where stress and fatigue are major contributors. The study was developed through a questionnaire survey, interviews and farm visits. Results from the hierarchical regression models indicated significant gender differences after severity of stressors were taken into account. Male farmers were experienced the impact of psychological strain, whereas the female farmers reported a slightly higher impact of farm stressors. The demographic variables such as marital status, age group, occupational status and size of the farm were not significant factors for contributing toward stressors-strains relationships. This outcome will encourage practitioners who provide services to confront the impact of stressors directly to reduce psychological strain, which likely enhances satisfaction and performance. This research highlights the need to incorporate the frequency and severity of stressors in the work place to understand fully the stressor-strain relationship on individual differences.
Impacts of Employment Rates (Demand) and Participation Rates (Supply) on Unemployment Rates: A Disaggregated Analysis
Authors: SriRamaratnam Ram , Zhao Xintao
Published: April 2018

The interaction between the different macro labour market drivers and their influence on key labour market outcomes is of considerable interest to labour market analysts as well as policy makers. One of these relationships is between employment growth (or labour demand) and the associated reduction in the unemployment rate. This relationship is often determined by other labour market indicators, such as participation rates (or labour supply), and the working age population (amongst other factors). This paper reports on an integrated macro labour market forecasting framework developed by the Labour Group of MBIE, disaggregated into 11 five-yearly age cohorts across the working age population.

The labour market dynamics during business cycles are affected by the ageing of the work force in New Zealand. This has varied consequences on labour market outcomes for different age cohorts, especially those at each end of the age spectrum. Forecasting likely future unemployment rates by age cohort level is of considerable interest, and will provide further insights into labour market dynamics. In addition to those in the prime age cohorts, other cohorts of interest include new entrants into the working age population; those age cohorts potentially involved in training; and those in the pre-retirement age cohorts.
Occupational Transitions: A Cohort Analysis Of Transitions Between Occupation Classes 1981 To 2006
Authors: Didham Robert , Nissen Kirsten
Published: April 2018

This paper is limited to presenting an initial look at the New Zealand Linked Census. The intention here is limited to describing the NZ Linked Census, providing an example of how this new dataset can be used in the wider context of labour market themes, and promoting the dataset as a powerful tool for new and ground breaking longitudinal research.
Finnish Developmental Work Research (Dwr) – A Powerful Research Paradigm With Policy Possibilities?
Authors: Tipples Rupert , Hill Roberta , Wilson Ken
Published: April 2018

Finnish Developmental Work Research (DWR) has been used in New Zealand by WEB Research, who have been world leading exponents of the approach. Over a twenty year period they used the approach in such varied research locales as the public sector (IRD, Immigration, NZQA), public/private organizations (Dutch Rail; the New Zealand Pip Fruit and Dairy Industries), and the private sector (a furniture manufacturer, two meat companies; and in the Wool and Meat Industries).However, the requirements of the approach, and of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) on which it is based, often did not sit comfortably with the New Zealand research environment at the end of the twentieth century. Consequently, sometimes research was foreclosed early before full results were apparent.This presentation will review the original DWR research approach and WEB’s use of it. It will then contrast two recent New Zealand primary industry applications in the Pip Fruit and Dairy Industries. The former led to spectacular policy success with the development and adoption of the Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme. The latter’s research component has been terminated. Application of the research results now rests with DairyNZ, the sponsors of the project, who have taken the extension of the research into their own hands. Conclusions are drawn on the key components of a successful application of the approach.
Re-Gendering Of The Workforce: Women And Men In “Non-Traditional” Occupations And Industries
Authors: Didham Robert
Published: April 2018

Many occupations and industries have traditionally remained the preserve of either men or women. In recent years, a range of campaigns and policies have focussed on equity for women and equality of opportunity for both men and women in the work force. This paper looks at some of the background, ongoing discrimination and the forces acting for and against gender balance which has brought about some re-gendering of occupations.
The State of the New Zealand Labour Market
Authors: Paterson David
Published: April 2018

This paper will review recent developments in the New Zealand labour market and trace the passage of these indicators through the global financial crisis to the outlook for the coming 3 years. The paper is based on the Ministry’s Quarterly Labour Market report and Short-term Employment Forecasts. The paper describes a strong labour market. Indicators of labour demand growth have moderated from the elevated levels recorded earlier in 2014, but remain solid. Construction is a significant source of employment demand across the entire country, and not just Canterbury. Migration-led population growth and near-record labour force participation rates are expanding labour supply. Women in general are showing increased involvement in the labour market: the female labour force participation rate returned to its record high of 63.7 per cent (equal to that recorded in March 2014), and the female employment rate (59.7 per cent) is at its highest rate since December 2008. Single mothers in particular have seen a sharp increase in their employment rate, which has reached its highest level since the series began in 1986. High participation is likely slowing the fall in the unemployment rate, which nevertheless hit its lowest level since March 2009. Wage growth remains subdued over the September quarter, but this comes against the backdrop of low inflation.
E Tu Ake! Investment In Wāhine Māori And Pasifika Women
Authors: Reedy Riripeti
Published: April 2018

Increasing the economic contribution of women who are at risk of having low lifetime incomes is a priority of the Ministry of Women's Affairs. Using the Māori and Pacific Trades Training initiative as a policy entry-point, this paper re-examines data related to this target group and explores the implications of this ‘new’ data to contribute to improving the economic independence of Māori and Pasifika women with low or no qualifications. Drawing on the findings of the E Tu Ake! Stand Tall and Proud report released by the Ministry for Women, the paper extends those findings to better direct us as policy makers and influencers within the broader policy-workforce interface and in our discussions with employers to more relevantly support these women.
Non-Cognitive Abilities And Labor Market Outcomes: The Role Of Work Ethic And Personality Traits On Supervisory Status And Promotion
Authors: Chu Yu-Wei Luke , Linz Susan J.
Published: April 2018

A growing literature suggests that noncognitive abilities are important determinants of earnings. But empirical research on nonwage labor market outcomes is still limited due to data availability. In this paper, we collect employer-employee linked data from six former socialist countries and estimate three noncognitive abilities: adherence to work ethic, the preference for challenge versus affiliation, and locus of control, and their relationship with workers’ supervisory status and promotions. We find that these noncognitive abilities are strong predictors of the likelihood of being a supervisor and being promoted as well as the number of supervisees and promotions. We also study the role of noncognitive abilities in the gender gap in these labor market outcomes. Based on a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, gender differences in these noncognitive abilities can explain a modest proportion of the gender gap in supervisory status and promotions.
Policy Responses To Workforce Ageing – Existing, Potential And A Report Card For New Zealand
Authors: Davey Judith A.
Published: April 2018

Arguments for encouraging prolonged participation in the paid workforce by older people, based on individual, social, economic and business benefits, are set out in the literature and reflected in public policy. Individual decisions about participation are influenced by external factors and personal attributes. The ability to realise aspirations and preferences in the labour market depends on the social, economic and policy context and on employers’ actions and attitudes. Drawing on local and international literature as well as interviews with employers and representatives of public and private sector organisations, this paper examines policy responses to workforce ageing; both current and potential initiatives. Many of these relate to fiscal concerns and focus on retirement income policy; others aim to influence the behaviour of employers or to assist older workers. This leads to comment on and an evaluation of the New Zealand policy context with respect to workforce ageing.
Women In Paid Employment – The Care Factor
Authors: Morrissey Suzy
Published: April 2018

63.7% of women are now in some form of paid employment in New Zealand, which is in line with the OECD average of 65%. However, of those women, approximately a third in part-time paid employment and women make up over two-thirds of all part-time workers.One of the most cited reasons for women’s limited participation in, or absence from, the labour market is the cost and availability of childcare. In New Zealand, as in many other countries, mothers still undertake the vast majority of care for children. This paper examines the childcare situation in New Zealand. Taking a broad perspective of what is captured by the term ‘childcare’, it outlines the various types of government support currently provided to children up to age 13, and summarises the total cost of funding.The purpose of the paper is to collate information about the range of services provided by the government which incorporate an element of care. This information can be analysed by academics and policy makers to determine whether the services currently provided are efficient and effective, and meets the needs of parents.The paper also raises two issues for further consideration, which it does not address itself. Firstly, the various mechanisms for government support, in terms of demand-led and supply-side funding, and whether they should be targeted or universal. Secondly, the types of childcare which are not government funded – the informal childcare provided by family, particularly grandparents and older siblings, and friends. These areas may be of relevant future research, particularly if change to the current situation is desired.
New Zealand’s Migrant Asian Nurses: Recent Trends, Future Plans
Authors: Walker Léonie , Clendon Jill
Published: April 2018

Nurses make up the largest component of the health workforce. New Zealand currently has around 47 thousand registered and enrolled nurses, of whom, about a quarter originally trained overseas. For the last six consecutive years, new overseas registrations have approximately equalled or exceeded the number of New Zealand trained new registrations, with 19 per cent of all new registrations in 2013 coming from India, China and South East Asia. The average age of nurses in New Zealand is now 48, and attracting and retaining younger nurses (both New Zealand and overseas educated) will be essential if the predicted increase in demand for nurses due to an ageing population coincides with peak retirement of older nurses in approximately fifteen years. Using multiple data sources, this paper summarises these changes and reports the findings related to career plans reported by Asian respondents from a recent New Zealand Nurses Organisation (NZNO) survey (the New 2 NZNO study) that have potentially serious implications for the sustainability of New Zealand’s nursing workforce. Foremost among these is that modelling assumptions currently proposed to ensure an adequate nursing workforce are likely to severely overestimate the effectiveness of relying on internationally trained nurses to fill a predicted skill shortage long term.
Immigrants' Location Choices, Geographic Concentration, and Employment in New Zealand
Authors: Wang Xingang , Maani Sholeh A.
Published: April 2018

TBC
Using Bayesian Models To Forecast International Arrivals And Departures By Age, Sex, And Region In New Zealand
Authors: Bryant John , Nissen Kirsten
Published: April 2018

Statistics New Zealand prepares regular population projections at the subnational level. Like other statistical agencies, Statistics NZ currently uses a deterministic approach to subnational projections. However, we are currently developing an alternative, more statistical, approach. In this paper, we describe two Bayesian hierarchical models for estimating and forecasting international in-migration and out-migration rates, disaggregated by age, sex, and territorial authority. The model uses international arrivals and departures data for 1991-2013, and produces forecasts for 2014-2039. Special attention is given to the ability of the model to estimate migration rates for small population domains. The modelled approach provides a coherent and integrated measure of uncertainty at the detailed demographic level. Examples of estimated and forecasted migration rates are presented. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and limitations of the data and model, and directions for future developments.
The Transition to Employment: An Analysis of Gross Flows from the House-hold Labour Force Survey
Authors: Irvine Stuart
Published: April 2018

Following a steady increase over about five years, the number of people unemployed finally began to fall towards the end of 1991. Changes in unemployment numbers were reflected, to a degree, in employment numbers. Employment fell during most of the late 1980s, and a sustained rise in employment numbers did not occur until early in 1992. Falls in unemployment occur as the number of people moving into unemployment is exceeded by the number of people moving out of unemployment. Similarly, increases in employment result from a net inflow into employment. Of all the people who are not employed in one period, some have a higher probability than others of being employed in the next period. Using gross-flows data from all the 35 quarters of the Household Labour Force Survey, this paper examines the effect of selected characteristics on the probability of moving into employment, and how the effect of these characteristics has changed over time. Four characteristics are examined: occupation sought, job search method, length of time since last employment and educational attainment.
An Analysis of Exit Rates and Duration Dependence in Registered Unemployment
Authors: Paul Gardiner
Published: April 2018

Administrative records held by the Department of Labour on people registered as unemployed provide an invaluable and unique source of information regarding the dynamics of the unemployed. This paper provides a description of the unemployment database created from these records, and the results of an analysis which investigates the probability of exiting the unemployment register. An attempt is made to separate the heterogeneity effect from the duration dependence effect. The results indicate that the possession of different characteristics affect an individual’s chances of exiting the register and that the results are consistent with the presence of a duration dependence effect.
Joint Responsibility for the Operationof the Enterprise: Workplace Reform at BHP New Zealand
Authors: Hill Roberta , Davidson Carl , Perry Martin
Published: April 2018

Ryan's (1994 )framework for understanding the essential components of workplace reform ties management notions of quality and continuous improvement- key 'drivers' in New Zealand business today- to union concerns about shared decision-making and joint responsibility between management and labour. The purpose of the present paper is to use a 'grounded theory' approach to further develop and illustrate that framework, drawing on a recent case study of workplace reform at BHP New Zealand Steel's Glenbrook plant between 1990 and 1994. Case study data on the company's Business Improvement Programme (BIP) shows what 'joint responsibility' actually means in terms of the development of business strategy and work practices built round quality on a day-to-day basis.
Families' Employment and Childcare Arrangements
Authors: Podmore Valerie
Published: April 2018

This study investigated parents' experiences and their views on labour force participation, child care arrangements, and parental leave policies. Participants were 60 families with five-year-old children, selected randomly from 14 schools in the greater Wellington region. This paper focuses on parents' employment experiences, with some reference to parental leave. Many mothers had participated in part-time paid work, and the percentage in full-time paid work increased to 19% by the year the children were four to five years of age. Each year from the child's birth up until school entry, over a third of the fathers were working 50 hours or more per week. A high incidence of participation in the early childhood education and care services was evident. There was a relatively low uptake of parental leave among mother and fathers who were in the paid workforce the year the children were born. Some of the main themes addressed in this paper are: diversity and change, the need for flexibility in workplaces, the impact of long hours of paid work on families, financial constraints, and gender roles.
Female Union Delegates: The Class Struggle and Sexual Equality
Authors: Nicholl Rae
Published: April 2018

Compulsory unionism in New Zealand in the past meant that women had to sign up and join their local trade union branch - but there was no compulsion to become actively involved. Yet many women did permit themselves to be nominated and became union delegates. They persisted too, even though much of the literature tells us that male unionists were either indifferent or hostile to female involvement in the trade union movement. In the strictly male hierarchical trade union movement, women had little chance, until very recently, of gaining representation at influential levels. Despite this, many women stuck with their principles and represented their co-workers. Why did they do it? Was it because the class war was more important to them than the sex war? Did they try to fight both oppressions simultaneously? Did they believe overcoming one- the battle against the employers- would help alleviate male oppression generally? Or did they not find the attitudes of some male unionists a problem at all? Five older trade union women were interviewed on audio tape for this research topic and were asked to discuss their experiences with male trade unionists and, specifically to talk about their attitudes towards feminism and the feminist movement. The international work published by Alice Cook on the experiences of women as both members and office-holders in trade unions forms the empirical base of the paper.
Secondary School Students in Paid Work
Authors: Peterson Debbie
Published: April 2018

This paper looks at the experiences of sixth and seventh form secondary school students who work pan-time. The research is based in the Wellington region and focuses on the students' knowledge of employment contracts, pay and working conditions, reasons for working, and the effect of working on the students' schooling. I will present results from the first part of my research - a written questionnaire distributed to over 200 students in paid work.
Work and Residence in Urban Labour Markets
Authors: Morrison Philip
Published: April 2018

This paper explores the relationship between the labour market and the spatial organisation of urban areas. A 'disintegration thesis' is introduced which argues that the separation of social groups by residence reflects the occupational divisions in the local labour force. The redistribution of paid work which accompanies structural change in the labour market is therefore expected to be reflected in changes to the spatial organisation of employment. Primary mechanisms are the decentralisation of employment opportunities from the city centre, reductions in the length of the journey to work and the closer geographic clustering of home and work. The argument is illustrated with data from the Wellington region.
Workforce and Employment Estimates: New Zealand 1921-1939
Authors: Rankin Keith
Published: April 2018

New Zealand does not have a consistent set of employment and unemployment data for the interwar years. The best source is the Population Census which was held three times, but not during the Great Depression. There is also a consistent set of official factory statistics which commences in 1921, and can be separated into males and females, adults and minors. This paper uses an estimate for the 1933 workforce that is equivalent to the census data points of 1921, 1926 and 1936. It also uses officially sourced employment estimates for 1939. From these data points ,from the factory data, and from Post Office Savings Bank balances, a set of equations are constructed from which annual employment data are drawn. Workforce estimates for periods of high unemployment are interpolated in accordance with the subsequent recoveries. The 1920s was a period of insecurity and low female participation. The 1930s saw a transformation from mass unemployment to full employment in just six years, despite a rise in labour force participation.
Ten Years of Change in New Zealand Manufacturing Employment
Authors: Willis Richard
Published: April 2018

Ten years have now passed since New Zealand began the liberalisation and restructuring of its economy. Basically we have gone from a country where a young person could leave school at fifteen and get a low-skilled job in the freezing works of the electrical assembly industry, to one where few such jobs now exist and there is nearly 10% unemployment. It is now clear that the manufacturing sector has been responsible for about 75% of the net job loss. This paper takes an overview of the research and data now available to document the specifics of the change in manufacturing employment ,focusing on the causes, policies, and the results of the changes, and describes the character of the 'lean, mean' sector which has emerged after the ten years of change.
Disability on the Agenda: The Future of Work for Disabled People
Authors: Hunt Robyn
Published: April 2018

This paper will use findings of study in the UK as a Nuffield Travel Bursar to discuss the implications of some labour market developments for disabled people. In the course of the discussion old and new approaches to disability and their effect on relationships with the labour market will be explored. Three models of the relationship between disabled people and society are advanced, the charity, medical and social models. Implications of these models and changes in the labour market are discussed, and some future research options outlined.
Labour Market Statistics: A Progress Report
Authors: Trewin Dennis
Published: April 2018

This brief report includes the background document prepared for conference delegates. It then lists the current labour market statistics produced by Statistics New Zealand outlines proposals for developments in labour market statistics, considers what the department can definitely do, and then what it might possibly do.
Research Into Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand: An Overview
Authors: Morrison Philip
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this overview is to take stock of the research into labour, employment and work undertaken in New Zealand as represented by this conference and to summarise as succinctly as possible the key points made in each paper.
Disinflation and Equilbrium Participation Rates Across the OECD
Authors: Chapple Simon
Published: April 2018

Larry Ball's recent work shows that OECD countries with large and long lasting disinflations during the 1980s had the largest rises in their equilibrium unemployment rates. While supply side factors did not initiate the rises in equilibrium unemployment, Ball finds evidence for an interactive relationship between disinflation and open ended unemployment duration. He concludes that the results support the theory that disinflation has a permanent impact on unemployment (hysteresis) over the theory that there is a unique equilibrium rate of unemployment that is invariant to disinflation (the natural rate hypothesis). A hysteresis theory also implies, in addition to trend unemployment 1ates, that trend labour force participation should be changed by disinflation. The study examines changes in trend participation across twenty OECD countries between 1980 and 1990 and finds confirmation for the prediction of the hysteresis hypothesis. Countries with high disinflation have the smallest rises in trend labour force participation. Some evidence was found in support of an interactive relationship between disinflation and benefit duration. For a given disinflation, the greater the duration of unemployment benefit payments, the smaller the rise in trend labour force participation. The results of both this study and that of Ball raise important issues regarding the current operating structures of monetary policy in New Zealand, based as these are on the natural rate hypothesis.
Urban Joblessness, Location and Hysteresis - A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Coleman Andrew
Published: April 2018

The paper develops and solves a simple model of urban Location choice when there is a location-based income externality such as a tendency for schools to be better in high income areas than low income areas. In the model, households choose between consumption of a Location externality, paid for by rent, and consumption of ordinary goods and services. It is shown that the extent to which groups with different incomes separate into different areas depends nonlinearly on the unemployment rates and benefit levels can lead to a rapid clustering of jobless people into Low rent areas.
Changes in Regional Incomes 1986 to 1991
Authors: Jackson L. Fraser
Published: April 2018

This paper shows the importance of occupational detail in analysis of regional income distributions in New Zealand. Changes in regional incomes are shown to be linked to two main effects, those associated with changes in the occupational and workforce structure of the population, and to changes in national patterns in occupational incomes. Once these structural features have been included, there is little scope for remaining economic effects associated with labour force participation, and other features of the labour force. These observations are consistent with a rationing model as a primary means of describing the operation of local labour markets.
A Regional Labour Market Profile
Authors: Morrison Philip
Published: April 2018

As unacceptably high unemployment levels persist throughout the OECD so greater attention is being paid to differences in the way regional Labour markets adjust to growth and recession. Comparatively speaking New Zealand has lacked both the conceptual and empirical analyses necessary to build local and regional specific approaches into its active labour market policies - despite the persistence of regional disparities through the post war period. When regional differences are raised for public discussion in New Zealand it is the geographical variations in the unemployment rate that usually receives attention. What this paper shows is that unemployment is merely the surface phenomenon of a condition which is much more deeply embedded in the regional labour markets affected. This is illustrated by constructing a regional labour market profile which measures each of the 14 regions on four separate labour market indicators. When applied at the height of the New Zealand recession in 1991 the profile demonstrated how regions with high unemployment rates not only experience Low labour force participation rates but that when members of the labour force in such regions do find work they work fewer hours and even when fulltime employment is obtained the levels of remuneration are lower than those in the more buoyant regions. The result of these interconnected characteristics of regional labour markets is a series of indirect multipliers which serve to exaggerate and compound the effect of depressed labour demand on weaker markets.
From Cultural to Economic Capital: Community Employment Creation in Otara
Authors: De Bruin Anne
Published: April 2018

This paper stresses the need for community responses to the ethnic unemployment problem in New Zealand. It aims to show the potential for direct employment creation on the basis of a community entrepreneurship model as well as a widened definition of human capital, using case study of the labour market disadvantaged community of Otara, in South Auckland. Projects harnessing cultural and ethnic riches to create Otara as an attractive visitor destination undertaken by Enterprise Otara (EO) are examined. A participatory research methodology, chiefly formative evaluation is used. ·This paper seeks to break down a prevalent view that grassroots responses to unemployment are necessarily small-scale ventures and to get away from the 'small is beautiful' mind-set when Local Employment Initiatives (ILEs) are involved. Additionally, the collaborative role of 'outsiders ' in the 'bottom-up' approach to employment creation is shown to be important in 'getting things moving ' at the community level. Constraints faced by community organisations are highlighted. The importance of ILEs and the partnership concept in the mitigation of high unemployment in disadvantaged communities, is affirmed.
Local Authority Responses to Unemployment
Authors: Bevin Sean
Published: April 2018

This paper examines the initiatives that local authorities in New Zealand have taken since the late 1970s to facilitate the economic development and employment creation in their districts. The paper examines why local authorities have become involved in both issues, the variation across them in both level and range of initiatives, and levels of effectiveness. Several case studies will highlight a number of the opportunities as well as the difficulties involved. The paper concludes that whilst local authorities have attempted to play a constructive and responsible role, there are still a number of unresolved issues concerning their role in local economic development. This paper argues that local authorities should be involved and have the ability to develop and implement programmes to address local employment issues.
International Migration, Population Change and the Labour Force, 1991-1996: An Overview
Authors: Bedford Richard , Lidgard Jacqueline , Young Joanne
Published: April 2018

Between March 1991 and March 1996 the de facto population of New Zealand increased by around 225,000, the largest intercensal increase since the early 1970s. A short-lived surge in levels of natural increase in the early 1990s, coupled with some of the highest annual net migration gains since 1975, account for this substantial population growth. While there has been considerable comment in the media about the impact of this growth on the Auckland region in particular, the impacts which it has had on New Zealand's Labour force are less well known. This paper examines the components of change in labour force age groups between 1991 and 1996, isolating the impacts of immigration from those of structural change. The contrasting contributions to particular labour force age groups made by emigration of New Zealanders on the one hand, and immigration of citizens from other countries on the other, are then discussed. It is clear from the analysis that emigration and immigration are impacting quite differentially on the younger and older workforces. Some of the implications of these changes are explored with reference to the ageing labour force.
Post-school Employment Choices of East Asian Adolescent Migrants
Authors: Ho Elsie S. , Chen Yunn-Ya
Published: April 2018

Many immigrant children from Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea had general aspirations for the future which were similar to their parents' expectations. A survey of schools in Auckland in 1995 showed that a majority of them wished to complete university education, and aspired to managerial and professional occupations. However, they were more pessimistic than their parents about their employment prospects in this country. Only a small proportion of the young East Asian migrants wanted to work in New Zealand after they completed their education. A language barrier, racial discrimination and potential unemployment were cited as their main concerns.
Give Us A Chance: The Employment Experiences of New Settlers From East Asia
Authors: Ho Elsie S. , Lidgard Jacqueline M.
Published: April 2018

Our research on new settlers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea has revealed a general unhappiness with the lack of government planning and preparation to meet the needs of migrants who had been actively encouraged to come to New Zealand to help establish links with Asia. Over half had no paid employment in New Zealand. Among those who were currently employed, less than half had been able to obtain jobs related to their previous work experience and skills. Those who wished to do business were dissatisfied with the lack of information about business investment opportunities and the tax system. When it proved impossible to find appropriate employment or set up business in New Zealand in an effort to remain self-reliant, some immigrants chose to leave the family in New Zealand and return to work in their country of origin.
Some Macroeconomics of the Employment Contracts Act
Authors: Easton Brian
Published: April 2018

Earlier this year Wolfgang Kasper produced a book "Free to Work: The Liberalization of New Zealand's Labour Markets" (Centre for Independent Studies). By reviewing this book, the paper is able to shed some understanding of the effectiveness or otherwise of the Employments Contract Act. On the basis of the empirical evidence it is very difficult to reach, in a systematic way, Kasper's conclusions about the beneficial effects of the Employment Contract Act. In particular the poor productivity growth rules out the likelihood that the ECA was a major contributor to the macroeconomic expansion of the mid-1990s. The Act would, however, seem to have contributed to the poor real wage growth, and the failure of many workers to obtain a share in any increase in prosperity of the 1990s.
Casual Employment Contracts and Their Status in the Current Climate. Summary of a Workshop.
Authors: Ferguson Judith
Published: April 2018

Judith Ferguson led a workshop on casual employment, focussing on the legal implications surrounding the status of a casual worker. The workshop was concerned with legal access to personal grievance procedures and, by implication, the right to fair and reasonable treatment from an employer, particularly at the end of the employment relationship.
Human Resource Management: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Cullinane Joanna
Published: April 2018

Since the 1970-BOs, employment relationships in the western world have been influenced by the emergence of human resource management (HRM) which has, to some degree, challenged the existing order- industrial relations (IR). The debate resulting from the emergence of HRM has kept the academic presses churning. At one Level, there is a 'co-existence' debate which explores the likelihood that HRM will supplant IR. At another Level, debate focuses on the 'distinctiveness' of HRM from IR and/or personnel management theory. However, the debates between the HRM and IR fields have only been intra-discourse; HRM literature has been almost silent on the subject of IR, while IR has had little to say about HRM. This, despite the fact that it could be argued that IR and HRM are simply different views of the same set of phenomena. Neither the HRM nor IR fields seem able to incorporate the strengths of the other. By mapping the underlying paradigms of these two fields, this paper explores the question: 'What makes the fields of HRM and IR unable to articulate?'
Employment Relations in the New Zealand Public Health Sector - A Survey
Authors: Pye Michael , Cullinane Joanna
Published: April 2018

The New Zealand Public Health sector has undergone significant political, Legislative and managerial changes since 1986. These changes have had a major impact on the nature of employment relations in the sector. The unified, state sector industrial relations regime has been restructured and replaced a by diverse set of practices. Many of the changes of the last decade have had time to 'mature' and become embedded into the system and it now seems appropriate to start to identify issues that have arisen from the impact of the new regime of employment relations. This paper presents the results of a survey of related public health sector organisations including employers, unions, professional organisations, statutory bodies and funding agencies. Five distinct areas for future employment relations research, with varying Levels of priority, were identified by the respondents including; 1) Workforce development and planning. 2) The nature, scope and negotiation of employment contracts. 3) The problematic of people management of largely 'professional ' group of workers. 4) Relationships with external organisations such as the 'NZQA 'and the 'Health and Disability Commissioner' and the impact on internal employment relations. 5) The effects of uncertainty about current health care delivery structures and possible further politically directed restructuring are having on employment relations.
Brendan Thompson's New Zealand Workforce Series
Authors: Easton Brian
Published: April 2018

Economic historian Brian Thompson died earlier this year. His life's scholarship involved calculating a series of the New Zealand workforce. The paper reports on this work, and provides some of the aggregate data which Brendan had produced.
Research into Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand: An Overview
Authors: Morrison Philip
Published: April 2018

The Eighth Conference on Labour, Work and Employment attracted 32 papers which, as well as covering themes addressed in previous conferences such as earnings differentials and regional labour markets, also ventures into new areas, notably the influence of health on labour supply, the role of the family and social exclusion. The conference received two further papers on the Maori and two comparative papers addressing differences between New Zealand and the experience of Denmark to the Netherlands. New concepts such as spatial hysteresis were applied and new types of data were introduced including Statistics New Zealand's micro level record data. New approaches were also taken to longstanding questions such as the trends in self-employment and de· industrialisation.
The Economic Progress of Maori Men 1986-1996
Authors: Winkelmann Rainer
Published: April 2018

Data for the Census years 1986, 1991 and 1996 show that Maori/non-Maori differences in employment and unemployment rates increased over the ten-year period. In search for a possible explanation, multinomial log it models are estimated with unit record data in order to control for changes in socio-economic and demographic factors such as age, qualification, and family and parental situation. The analysis shows that the Maori/non-Maori differences in employment (unemployment) that are explained by the multinomial logit models decreased from 51% (43%) in 1986 to 38% (34%) in 1996. Two potential contributors for declining relative labour market outcomes of Maori men are identified: increasing returns to skills and changes in the sectorial composition of the workforce.
Front Cover
Authors: Cover Front
Published: April 2018

Front Cover
Language Teaching Materials and Learner Motivation in Ma’arif Nahdlatul Ulama University Students
Authors: Mitsalina Endah
Published: April 2018

Recently, the motivation of the student is a standout amongst the most imperative factors in Foreign Language Acquisition (FLA), in the meantime language teaching materials are having an essential impact and part in language learning and educating process. This exploration has target on how diverse materials stimulate motivation of students. Numerous factors which influence student's motivation towards teaching materials were seen, for example, enthusiasm for the  topic, level of difficulty, importance to existing learning, impression of helpfulness.
Diseño de seguros ganaderos paramétricos satelitales de tipo catastrófico: implementación operacional en México.
Authors: Paz Pellat Fernando , Bolaños Martín , Pascual Ramírez Fermín , Escamilla Jesús , Cuesta Mario , Zuñiga José Inés
Published: April 2018

La implementación operacional de esquemas de gestión de riesgos climáticos, principalmente seguros, es una opción para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y hacer un uso ef iciente de los recursos f inancieros a escala regional y de país. En el presente trabajo se presenta la experiencia operativa en la implementación de seguros en México, misma que se fundamenta en el desarrollo conceptual-teórico de su marco de implementación. El diseño de seguros ganaderos paramétricos satelitales se basa en la relación Bm = kIV, donde Bm es la biomasa aérea total, IV es un índice espectral de la vegetación y k es una constante empírica. Para lograr esta relación, se utiliza una relación lineal entre el índice espectral NDVIcp y la Bm, la cual se transforma en el índice IVCP (en función de 1/NDVIcp). La ventaja de usar el índice transformado 1/NDVIcp es que tiene patrones lineales en el tiempo, los cuales se pueden usar para su parametrización en términos operacionales. Este desarrollo se discute mediante el uso de un enfoque algorítmico que considera la parametrización de curvas de crecimiento de la vegetación, índice 1/NDVIcp, para el sensor AVHRR. Se presenta, también, la experiencia operacional de la implementación en México y se incluyen las campañas de validación. De la experiencia operativa se concluye que, en un ciclo completo, aún cuando el esquema que se desarrolló reduce los riesgos de base que se asocian al uso de periodos cortos del seguro, permanece el problema de ciclos del crecimiento desfasados, lo que constituye una restricción inherente al considerar una fecha inicial y f inal de vigencia del seguro paramétrico. En esta perspectiva se proponen modif icaciones para desarrollos futuros.