bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESCENT AND C0-RIGIDITY OF SPECTRAL INVARIANTS ON MONOTONE SYMPLECTIC MANIFOLDS
Authors: SEYFADDINI SOBHAN
Published: December 2012

We obtain estimates showing that on monotone symplectic manifolds (asymptotic) spectral invariants of Hamiltonians which vanish on a non-empty open set, U, descend from [Formula: see text] to Hamc(M\U). Furthermore, we show that these invariants are continuous with respect to the C0-topology on Hamc(M\U).

We apply the above results to Hofer geometry and establish unboundedness of the Hofer diameter of Hamc(M\U) for stably displaceable U. We also answer a question of F. Le Roux about C0-continuity properties of the Hofer metric.
Metabolic response to high-carbohydrate and low-carbohydrate meals in a nonhuman primate model
Authors: Fabbrini Elisa , Higgins Paul B. , Magkos Faidon , Bastarrachea Raul A. , Voruganti V. Saroja , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Shade Robert E. , Gastaldelli Amalia , Horton Jay D. , Omodei Daniela , Patterson Bruce W. , Klein Samuel
Published: December 2012

We established a model of chronic portal vein catheterization in an awake nonhuman primate to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic response to low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LCHF; 20% carbohydrate and 65% fat) and high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HCLF; 65% carbohydrate and 20% fat) meal ingestion. Each meal was given 1 wk apart to five young adult (7.8 ± 1.3 yr old) male baboons. A [U-13C]glucose tracer was added to the meal, and a [6,6-2H2]glucose tracer was infused systemically to assess glucose kinetics. Plasma areas under the curve (AUCs) of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide in the femoral artery and of glucose and insulin in the portal vein were higher ( P ≤ 0.05) after ingestion of the HCLF compared with the LCHF meal. Compared with the LCHF meal, the rate of appearance of ingested glucose into the portal vein and the systemic circulation was greater after the HCLF meal ( P < 0.05). Endogenous glucose production decreased by ∼40% after ingestion of the HCLF meal but was not affected by the LCHF meal ( P < 0.05). Portal vein blood flow increased ( P < 0.001) to a similar extent after consumption of either meal. In conclusion, a LCHF diet causes minimal changes in the rate of glucose appearance in both portal and systemic circulations, does not affect the rate of endogenous glucose production, and causes minimal stimulation of C-peptide and insulin. These observations demonstrate that LCHF diets cause minimal perturbations in glucose homeostasis and pancreatic β-cell activity.
Fetal development of complex autonomic control evaluated from multiscale heart rate patterns
Authors: Hoyer Dirk , Nowack Samuel , Bauer Stephan , Tetschke Florian , Rudolph Anja , Wallwitz Ulrike , Jaenicke Franziska , Heinicke Esther , Götz Theresa , Huonker Ralph , Witte Otto W. , Schleussner Ekkehard , Schneider Uwe
Published: December 2012

Development of the fetal autonomic nervous system's integrative capacity in relation to gestational age and emerging behavioral pattern is reflected in fetal heart rate patterns. Conventional indices of vagal and sympathetic rhythms cannot sufficiently reflect their complex interrelationship. Universal behavioral indices of developing complex systems may provide additional information regarding the maturating complex autonomic control. We investigated fetal magnetocardiographic recordings undertaken at 10-min intervals in active ( n = 248) and quiet ( n = 111) states between 22 and 39 wk gestational age. Standard deviation of heartbeat intervals, skewness, contribution of particular rhythms to the total power, and multiscale entropy were analyzed. The multiscale entropy methodology was validated for 10-min data sets. Age dependence was analyzed by linear regression. In the quiet state, contribution of sympathovagal rhythms and their complexity over a range of corresponding short scales increased with rising age, and skewness shifted from negative to positive values. In the active state, age dependencies were weaker. Skewness as the strongest parameter shifted in the same direction. Fluctuation amplitude and the complexity of scales associated with sympathovagal rhythms increased. We conclude that in the quiet state, stable complex organized rhythms develop. In the active state, however, increasing behavioral variability due to multiple internal coordinations, such as movement-related heart rate accelerations, and external influences develop. Hence, the state-selective assessment in association with developmental indices used herein may substantially improve evaluation of maturation age and early detection and interpretation of developmental problems in prenatal diagnosis.
Glycerol-3-phosphatase and not lipid recycling is the primary pathway in the accumulation of high concentrations of glycerol in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)
Authors: Ditlecadet Delphine , Driedzic William R.
Published: December 2012

Rainbow smelt is a small fish that accumulates glycerol in winter as a cryoprotectant when the animal is in seawater. Glycerol is synthesized in liver from different substrates that all lead to the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). This study assesses whether glycerol is produced by a direct dephosphorylation of G3P by a phosphatase (G3Pase) or by a cycling through the glycerolipid pool followed by lipolysis. Foremost, concentrations of on-board glycerolipids and activity of G3Pase and of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were measured in smelt liver over the glycerol cycle. Concentrations of on-board glycerolipids did not change over the cycle and were too low to significantly contribute directly to glycerol production but activities of enzymes involved in both potential pathways were up-regulated at the onset of glycerol accumulation. A second experiment conducted with isolated hepatic cells producing glycerol showed 1) that on-board glycerolipids were not sufficient to produce the glycerol released even though phospholipids could account for up to 17% of it, 2) that carbon cycling through the glycerolipid pool was not involved as glycerol was produced at similar rates following inhibition of this pathway, and 3) that G3Pase activity measured was sufficient to allow the synthesis of glycerol at the rate observed. These results are the first to clearly support G3Pase as the metabolic step leading to glycerol production in rainbow smelt and the first to provide strong support for a G3Pase in any animal species.
Dynamic genetic linkage of intermediate blood pressure phenotypes during postural adaptations in a founder population
Authors: Arenas I. A. , Tremblay J. , Deslauriers B. , Sandoval J. , Šeda O. , Gaudet D. , Merlo E. , Kotchen T. , Cowley A. W. , Hamet P.
Published: December 2012

Blood pressure (BP) is a dynamic phenotype that varies rapidly to adjust to changing environmental conditions. Standing upright is a recent evolutionary trait, and genetic factors that influence postural adaptations may contribute to BP variability. We studied the effect of posture on the genetics of BP and intermediate BP phenotypes. We included 384 sib-pairs in 64 sib-ships from families ascertained by early-onset hypertension and dyslipidemia. Blood pressure, three hemodynamic and seven neuroendocrine intermediate BP phenotypes were measured with subjects lying supine and standing upright. The effect of posture on estimates of heritability and genetic covariance was investigated in full pedigrees. Linkage was conducted on 196 candidate genes by sib-pair analyses, and empirical estimates of significance were obtained. A permutation algorithm was implemented to study the postural effect on linkage. ADRA1A, APO, CAST, CORIN, CRHR1, EDNRB, FGF2, GC, GJA1, KCNB2, MMP3, NPY, NR3C2, PLN, TGFBR2, TNFRSF6, and TRHR showed evidence of linkage with any phenotype in the supine position and not upon standing, whereas AKR1B1, CD36, EDNRA, F5, MMP9, PKD2, PON1, PPARG, PPARGC1A, PRKCA, and RET were specifically linked to standing phenotypes. Genetic profiling was undertaken to show genetic interactions among intermediate BP phenotypes and genes specific to each posture. When investigators perform genetic studies exclusively on a single posture, important genetic components of BP are missed. Supine and standing BPs have distinct genetic signatures. Standardized maneuvers influence the results of genetic investigations into BP, thus reflecting its dynamic regulation.
MicroRNA in the ovine mammary gland during early pregnancy: spatial and temporal expression of miR-21, miR-205, and miR-200
Authors: Galio Laurent , Droineau Stéphanie , Yeboah Patrick , Boudiaf Hania , Bouet Stephan , Truchet Sandrine , Devinoy Eve
Published: December 2012

The mammary gland undergoes extensive remodeling between the beginning of pregnancy and lactation; this involves cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, all of which are under the control of numerous regulators. To unravel the role played by miRNA, we describe here 47 new ovine miRNA cloned from mammary gland in early pregnancy displaying strong similarities with those already identified in the cow, human, or mouse. A microarray study of miRNA variations in the adult ovine mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation showed that 100 miRNA are regulated according to three principal patterns of expression: a decrease in early pregnancy, a peak at midpregnancy, or an increase throughout late pregnancy and lactation. One miRNA displaying each pattern (miR-21, miR-205, and miR-200b) was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Variations in expression were confirmed for all three miRNA. Using in situ hybridization, we detected both miR-21 and miR-200 in luminal mammary epithelial cells when expressed, whereas miR-205 was expressed in basal cells during the first half of pregnancy and then in luminal cells during the second half. We therefore conclude that miR-21 is strongly expressed in the luminal cells of the normal mammary gland during early pregnancy when extensive cell proliferation occurs. In addition, we show that miR-205 and miR-200 are coexpressed in luminal cells, but only during the second half of pregnancy. These two miRNA may cooperate to maintain epithelial status by repressing an EMT-like program, to achieve and preserve the secretory phenotype of mammary epithelial cells.
Vertebra Plana with Paraplegia in a Middle-Aged Woman Caused by B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report
Authors: Zahid Mohd. , Ahamed Sohail , Jain Jitesh Kumar , Chabra Ravish
Published: December 2012

Vertebra plana is a rare presentation of spinal lymphoma. When radiological picture of a patient of paraplegia presents vertebra plana, diagnosis becomes a challenge. In a developing country like India tuberculosis should also be a consideration. Even histology sometimes fails to conclude a diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry is of immense help in clinching a diagnosis.
Paradoxical Roles of Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Prostate Cancer Biology
Authors: Tse Brian W. C. , Scott Kieran F. , Russell Pamela J.
Published: December 2012

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with dual roles in cancer biology including prostate cancer (PCa). On the one hand, there is evidence that it stimulates tumour angiogenesis, is involved in the initiation of PCa from an androgen-dependent to a castrate resistant state, plays a role in epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity, and may contribute to the aberrant regulation of eicosanoid pathways. On the other hand, TNF has also been reported to inhibit neovascularisation, induce apoptosis of PCa cells, and stimulate antitumour immunity. Much of the confusion surrounding its seemingly paradoxical roles in cancer biology stems from the dependence of its effects on the biological model within which TNF is investigated. This paper will address some of these issues and also discuss the therapeutic implications.
Can Social History Variables Predict Prison Inmates’ Risk for Latent Tuberculosis Infection?
Authors: Weant Tyler E. , Turner Abigail Norris , Murphy-Weiss Maureen , Murray David M. , Wang Shu-Hua
Published: December 2012

Improved screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in correctional facilities may improve TB control. The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) consists of 32 prisons. Inmates are screened upon entry to ODRC and yearly thereafter. The objective of the study was to determine if social history factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and drug use are significant predictors of LTBI and treatment outcomes. We reviewed the medical charts of inmates and randomly selected age-matched controls at one ODRC facility for 2009. We used a conditional logistic regression to assess associations between selected social history variables and LTBI diagnosis. Eighty-nine inmates with a history of LTBI and 88 controls were identified. No social history variable was a significant predictor of LTBI. Medical comorbidities such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis C were significantly higher in inmates with LTBI. 84% of inmates diagnosed with LTBI had either completed or were on treatment. Annual TB screening may not be cost-effective in all inmate populations. Identification of factors to help target screening populations at risk for TB is critical. Social history variables did not predict LTBI in our inmate population. Additional studies are needed to identify inmates for the targeted TB testing.
Diverse Presentations of Carcinoma Erysipelatoides from a Teaching Hospital in Australia
Authors: Chow Hui Ting , Tran Kim , Millar Ewan K. A. , Lynch Jodi , Murrell Dedee F.
Published: December 2012

Inflammatory breast carcinoma is a rare form of advanced breast cancer which carries a poor prognosis, even with treatment. Diagnosis is reached on clinical and pathological grounds; however, due to its propensity to mimic other conditions, it may often be delayed or missed by attending physicians. This case series describes four patients seen at our institution with a diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer; 3 patients had a history of previously treated breast malignancy. In these cases, the emergence of a new breast lesion evaded initial diagnosis due to incomplete initial physical examination, falsely reassuring imaging results, lack of recognition that a cellulitis picture can resemble metastatic carcinoma, and inconclusive initial biopsy sections. These obstacles to achieve diagnosis serve to further worsen the prognosis by delaying the initiation of multimodality treatment which can improve survival. The purpose of our paper is to increase awareness among breast cancer specialists of the importance of undressing the patient for basic clinical examination of the breasts, recognition of the appearances of this type of local recurrence of breast cancer, and not to rely purely on ultrasound and mammography due to delay in diagnosis in some of our local cases. Sometimes deeper sections and repeat biopsies are needed to make the diagnosis.
Antioxidant and Astroprotective Effects of aPulicaria incisaInfusion
Authors: Elmann Anat , Telerman Alona , Mordechay Sharon , Erlank Hilla , Ofir Rivka
Published: December 2012

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, protect neurons from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provide them with trophic support, such as glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Thus, any damage to astrocytes will affect neuronal survival. In the present study, an infusion prepared from the desert plantPulicaria incisa(Pi) was tested for its protective and antioxidant effects on astrocytes subjected to oxidative stress. ThePiinfusion attenuated the intracellular accumulation of ROS following treatment with hydrogen peroxide and zinc and prevented the H2O2-induced death of astrocytes. ThePiinfusion also exhibited an antioxidant effectin vitroand induced GDNF transcription in astrocytes. It is proposed that thisPiinfusion be further evaluated for use as a functional beverage for the prevention and/or treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases in which oxidative stress plays a role.
Using Averaged Modeling for Capacitors Voltages Observer in NPC Inverter
Authors: Omri Bassem , Ammous Kaiçar , Ammous Anis
Published: December 2012

This paper developed an adaptive observer to estimate capacitors voltages of a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. A robust estimated method using one parameter is proposed, which eliminates the voltages sensors. An averaged modeling of the inverter was used to develop the observer. This kind of modeling allows a good trade-off between simulation cost and precision. Circuit model of the inverter (implemented in Simpower Matlab simulator) associated to the observer algorithm was used to validate the proposed algorithm.
Fatty Acids in Habitual Diet, Plasma Phospholipids, and Tumour and Normal Colonic Biopsies in Young Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Berstad Paula , Thiis-Evensen Espen , Vatn Morten H. , Almendingen Kari
Published: December 2012

Fatty acid metabolism is altered in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to investigate incorporation of dietaryn-6 andn-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into plasma phospholipids (PLs), tumour tissue, and normal mucosa in young CRC patients. We also aimed to study differences in PUFA composition between tumour and normal mucosa, and PUFA status associated with cancer stage. Sixty-five CRC patients younger than 55 years were included in a multicenter study. We assessed dietary fatty acid composition by food-frequency questionnaire. Fatty acid composition in plasma PL (n=65) and tumour and normal colonic biopsies (n=32) were analysed by gas chromatography. We observed a significant correlation for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) between dietary intake and concentration in plasma PL (weight%) (r=0.42;P=0.001), but not for anyn-6 PUFA. Tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and DHA (weight%) were 1.7–2.5 times higher in tumour than normal mucosa (P≤0.001). Concentrations ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA in plasma PL and tissues were not related to Duke's stage, although patients with more severe cancer stage reported higher intake ofn-3 PUFA. In conclusion, we found accumulation of the long-chainedn-3 andn-6 PUFA in tumour tissue in young CRC patients.
Dose-Dependent Effects of theCimicifuga racemosaExtract Ze 450 in the Treatment of Climacteric Complaints: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Schellenberg Ruediger , Saller Reinhard , Hess Lorenzo , Melzer Jörg , Zimmermann Christian , Drewe Juergen , Zahner Catherine
Published: December 2012

Extracts fromCimicifuga racemosa(CR, synonymActaea racemosa) have shown efficacy in trials in women with menopausal symptoms. Yet, dose dependency remains unclear. Therefore, 180 female outpatients with climacteric complaints were treated for 12 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-armed trial (CR extract Ze 450 in 6.5 mg or 13.0 mg, or placebo). Primary outcome was the difference in menopausal symptoms (vasomotor, psychological, and somatic), assessed by the Kupperman Menopausal Index between baseline and week 12. Secondary efficacy variables were patients’ self-assessments of general quality of life (QoL), responder rates, and safety. Compared to placebo, patients receiving Ze 450 showed a significant reduction in the severity of menopausal symptoms in a dose-dependent manner from baseline to endpoint (mean absolute differences 17.0 (95% CI 14.65–19.35) score points,P<0.0001for 13.0 mg; mean absolute differences 8.47 (95% CI 5.55–11.39) score points,P=0.0003for 6.5 mg). QoL and responder rates corresponded with the main endpoint. Changes in menopausal symptoms and QoL were inversely correlated. Reported adverse events and clinical laboratory testing did not raise safety concerns. The CR extract Ze 450 is an effective and well-tolerated nonhormonal alternative to hormone treatment for symptom relief in menopausal women.
tRNA-Derived Fragments Target the Ribosome and Function as Regulatory Non-Coding RNA inHaloferax volcanii
Authors: Gebetsberger Jennifer , Zywicki Marek , Künzi Andrea , Polacek Norbert
Published: December 2012

Nonprotein coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules have been recognized recently as major contributors to regulatory networks in controlling gene expression in a highly efficient manner. These RNAs either originate from their individual transcription units or are processing products from longer precursor RNAs. For example, tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) have been identified in all domains of life and represent a growing, yet functionally poorly understood, class of ncRNA candidates. Here we present evidence that tRFs from the halophilic archaeonHaloferax volcaniidirectly bind to ribosomes. In the presented genomic screen of the ribosome-associated RNome, a 26-residue-long fragment originating from the 5′ part of valine tRNA was by far the most abundant tRF. The Val-tRF is processed in a stress-dependent manner and was found to primarily target the small ribosomal subunitin vitroandin vivo. As a consequence of ribosome binding, Val-tRF reduces protein synthesis by interfering with peptidyl transferase activity. Therefore this tRF functions as ribosome-bound small ncRNA capable of regulating gene expression inH. volcaniiunder environmental stress conditions probably by fine tuning the rate of protein production.
Symmetries of nth‐Order Approximate Stochastic Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Fredericks E. , Mahomed F. M.
Published: December 2012

Symmetries of nth‐order approximate stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODEs) are studied. The determining equations of these SODEs are derived in an Itô calculus context. These determining equations are not stochastic in nature. SODEs are normally used to model nature (e.g., earthquakes) or for testing the safety and reliability of models in construction engineering when looking at the impact of random perturbations.
Neutrinos and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Steigman Gary
Published: December 2012

According to the standard models of particle physics and cosmology, there should be a background of cosmic neutrinos in the present Universe, similar to the cosmic microwave photon background. The weakness of the weak interactions renders this neutrino background undetectable with current technology. The cosmic neutrino background can, however, be probed indirectly through its cosmological effects on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. In this BBN review, focused on neutrinos and more generally on dark radiation, the BBN constraints on the number of “equivalent neutrinos” (dark radiation), on the baryon asymmetry (baryon density), and on a possible lepton asymmetry (neutrino degeneracy) are reviewed and updated. The BBN constraints on dark radiation and on the baryon density following from considerations of the primordial abundances of deuterium and helium-4 are in excellent agreement with the complementary results from the CMB, providing a suggestive, but currently inconclusive, hint of the presence of dark radiation, and they constrain any lepton asymmetry. For all the cases considered here there is a “lithium problem”: the BBN-predicted lithium abundance exceeds the observationally inferred primordial value by a factor of~3.
Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer past a Permeable Shrinking Sheet in a Nanofluid with Radiation Effect
Authors: Zaimi Khairy , Ishak Anuar , Pop Ioan
Published: December 2012

The steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a shrinking sheet with thermal radiation and suction effects is studied. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations is solved numerically using a shooting method for three different types of nanoparticles, namely, copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2). The results obtained for the velocity and temperature profiles as well as the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number for some values of the governing parameters, namely, the nanoparticle volume fraction, shrinking, suction, and viscous dissipation parameters, are discussed. The numerical results show that dual solutions exist in a certain range of suction parameter.
Complex Hessian Equations on Some Compact Kähler Manifolds
Authors: Jbilou Asma
Published: December 2012

On a compact connected2m-dimensional Kähler manifold with Kähler formω, given a smooth functionf:M→ℝand an integer1<k<m, we want to solve uniquely in[ω]the equationω̃k∧ωm-k=efωm, relying on the notion ofk-positivity forω̃∈[ω](the extreme cases are solved:k=mby (Yau in 1978), andk=1trivially). We solve by the continuity method the corresponding complex elliptickth Hessian equation, more difficult to solve than the Calabi-Yau equation (k=m), under the assumption that the holomorphic bisectional curvature of the manifold is nonnegative, required here only to derive an a priori eigenvalues pinching.
Analysis of ITMS System Impact Mechanism in Beijing Based on FD and Traffic Entropy
Authors: Huang Ailing , Guan Wei , Chang Yimei , Yang Zhen
Published: December 2012

Although more attention has been attracted to benefit evaluation of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) deployment, how ITS impact the traffic system and make great effects is little considered. As a subsystem of ITS, in this paper, Intelligent Transportation Management System (ITMS) is studied with its impact mechanism on the road traffic system. Firstly, the correlative factors between ITMS and the road traffic system are presented and 3 positive feedback chains are defined. Secondly, we introduce the theory of Fundamental Diagram (FD) and traffic system entropy to demonstrate the correlative relationship between ITMS and feedback chains. The analyzed results show that ITMS, as a negative feedback factor, has damping functions on the coupling relationship of all 3 positive feedback chains. It indicates that with its deployment in Beijing, ITMS has impacted the improvement of efficiency and safety for the road traffic system. Finally, related benefits brought by ITMS are presented corresponding to the correlative factors, and effect standards are identified for evaluating ITMS comprehensive benefits.
Analysis of a Multilevel Diagnosis Decision Support System and Its Implications: A Case Study
Authors: Rodríguez-González Alejandro , Torres-Niño Javier , Mayer Miguel A. , Alor-Hernandez Giner , Wilkinson Mark D.
Published: December 2012

Medical diagnosis can be performed in an automatic way with the use of computer-based systems or algorithms. Such systems are usually called diagnostic decision support systems (DDSSs) or medical diagnosis systems (MDSs). An evaluation of the performance of a DDSS called ML-DDSS has been performed in this paper. The methodology is based on clinical case resolution performed by physicians which is then used to evaluate the behavior of ML-DDSS. This methodology allows the calculation of values for several well-known metrics such as precision, recall, accuracy, specificity, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Analysis of the behavior of ML-DDSS reveals interesting results about the behavior of the system and of the physicians who took part in the evaluation process. Global results show how the ML-DDSS system would have significant utility if used in medical practice. The MCC metric reveals an improvement of about 30% in comparison with the experts, and with respect to sensitivity the system returns better results than the experts.
Unusual Foreign Body of Parotid Gland Presenting as Sialolithiasis: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Sreetharan Sivapatha Sundaram , Philip Rajan
Published: December 2012

This case report highlights an unusual case where a foreign body in the parotid gland was initially thought to be sialolithiasis based on CT scans. The foreign body was safely retrieved from the parotid gland without formal superficial parotidectomy using methylene blue and an image intensifier to localize the lesion. Diagnosis and management of foreign bodies in the parotid gland are reviewed, and surgical options in removal of such lesions are discussed.
Robust H∞ Filtering for Uncertain Discrete‐Time Fuzzy Stochastic Systems with Sensor Nonlinearities and Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Hua Mingang , Cheng Pei , Fei Juntao , Zhang Jianyong , Chen Junfeng
Published: December 2012

The robust filtering problem for a class of uncertain discrete‐time fuzzy stochastic systems with sensor nonlinearities and time‐varying delay is investigated. The parameter uncertainties are assumed to be time varying norm bounded in both the state and measurement equations. By using the Lyapunov stability theory and some new relaxed techniques, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the robustly stochastic stability with a prescribed H∞ performance level of the filtering error system for all admissible uncertainties, sensor nonlinearities, and time‐varying delays. These conditions are dependent on the lower and upper bounds of the time‐varying delays and are obtained in terms of a linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, two simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Multiparity and Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in the Postpartum Period
Authors: Aşker Müntecep , Aşker Selvi , Gürsu Özgür
Published: December 2012

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a deadly cause of myocardial infarction (MI) that mainly affects otherwise healthy, young females. Forty percent of patients die suddenly or within a few hours of symptom onset. We examine the case of a young female who presented with chest pain. She developed ST elevations in anterolateral leads mimicking ST elevation MI. Cardiac catheterization was done and showed a middle left anterior descending (LAD) dissection. The patient underwent primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with coronary stent placed in the LAD.
Stochastically Perturbed Epidemic Model with Time Delays
Authors: Zhang Tailei
Published: December 2012

We investigate a stochastic epidemic model with time delays. By using Liapunov functionals, we obtain stability conditions for the stochastic stability of endemic equilibrium.
“Keeping the Boogie Man Away”: Medication Self-Management among Women Receiving Anastrozole Therapy
Authors: Wickersham Karen , Happ Mary Beth , Bender Catherine M.
Published: December 2012

The oral hormonal agent anastrozole improves clinical outcomes for women with breast cancer, but women have difficulty taking it for the five-year course. The unique medication-taking experiences related to self-management of anastrozole therapy for women with early stage breast cancer are not known. Our purpose was to describe the medication-taking experiences for postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer who were prescribed a course of anastrozole therapy. Twelve women aged 58 to 67 years, midway through therapy, participated in audio-recorded interviews. Women’s medication-taking experiences involved a belief in their importance and an imperative to take anastrozole. We found that women’s side effect experiences, particularly menopausal symptoms, were significant, but only one woman stopped anastrozole due to side effects. Medication-taking included routinization interconnected with remembering/forgetting and a storage strategy. Some women noted a mutual medication-taking experience with their spouse, but most felt taking anastrozole was something they had to do alone. Our results provide insight into the way some women with early stage breast cancer manage their hormonal therapy at approximately the midpoint of treatment. Next steps should include examinations of patient-provider communication, potential medication-taking differences between pre- and postmenopausal women, and the effects of medication-taking on clinical outcomes.
Effect of the Velvet Antler of Formosan Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) on the Prevention of an Allergic Airway Response in Mice
Authors: Kuo Ching-Yun , Wang Ting , Dai Ting-Yeu , Wang Chih-Hua , Chen Kun-Nan , Chen Yen-Po , Chen Ming-Ju
Published: December 2012

Two mouse models were used to assay the antiallergic effects of the velvet antler (VA) of Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) in this study. The results using the ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized mouse model showed that the levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE were reduced after VA powder was administrated for 4 weeks. In addition, theex vivoresults indicated that the secretion of T helper cell 1 (Th1), regulatory T (Treg), and Th17 cytokines by splenocytes was significantly increased (P<0.05) when VA powder was administered to the mice. Furthermore, OVA-allergic asthma mice that have been orally administrated with VA powder showed a strong inhibition of Th2 cytokine and proinflammatory cytokine production in bronchoalveolar fluid compared to control mice. An increase in the regulatory T-cell population of splenocytes in the allergic asthma mice after oral administration of VA was also observed. All the features of the asthmatic phenotype, including airway inflammation and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, were reduced by treatment with VA. These findings support the hypothesis that oral feeding of VA may be an effective way of alleviating asthmatic symptoms in humans.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Has the Time Come for Cardiologists to Be Hepatologists?
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed H. , Barakat Salma , Almobarak Ahmed O.
Published: December 2012

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in people with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and is present in up to one-third of the general population. Evidence is now accumulating that NAFLD is associated with obesity and diabetes and may serve as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The possible mechanisms linking NAFLD and CVD include inflammation and oxidative stress, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and direct impact of NAFLD on coronary arteries and left ventricular dysfunction. In addition, several studies suggest that NAFLD is associated with high risk of CVD and atherosclerosis such as carotid artery wall thickness and lower endothelial flow-mediated vasodilation independently of classical risk factors and components of the metabolic syndrome. It is not yet clear how treatment of NAFLD will modulate the risk of CVD. Furthermore, studies are urgently needed to establish (i) the pathophysiology of CVD with NAFLD and (ii) the benefit of early diagnosis and treatment of CVD in patients with NAFLD. In the absence of biochemical markers, it is crucial that screening and surveillance strategies are adopted in clinical practice in the growing number of patients with NAFLD and at risk of developing CVD. Importantly, the current evidence suggest that statins are safe and effective treatment for CVD in individuals with NAFLD.
RPCA: A Novel Preprocessing Method for PCA
Authors: Yazdani Samaneh , Shanbehzadeh Jamshid , Manzuri Shalmani Mohammad Taghi
Published: December 2012

We propose a preprocessing method to improve the performance of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for classification problems composed of two steps; in the first step, the weight of each feature is calculated by using a feature weighting method. Then the features with weights larger than a predefined threshold are selected. The selected relevant features are then subject to the second step. In the second step, variances of features are changed until the variances of the features are corresponded to their importance. By taking the advantage of step 2 to reveal the class structure, we expect that the performance of PCA increases in classification problems. Results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed methods.
Urinary NGAL Ratio Is Not a Sensitive Biomarker for Monitoring Acute Tubular Injury in Kidney Transplant Patients: NGAL and ATI in Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Kaufeld Jessica K. , Gwinner Wilfried , Scheffner Irina , Haller Hermann G. , Schiffer Mario
Published: December 2012

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is known to predict the prolonged delayed graft function after kidney transplantation. We examined the relation of uNGAL with histological findings of acute tubular injury (ATI). Analyses were made in biopsies taken at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after kidney transplantation. uNGAL was measured in the spot urines, normalized to urinary creatinine excretion, and correlated to biopsy findings and clinical, laboratory, and demographic variables. Controls included healthy individuals, individuals after kidney donation and ICU patients with acute kidney failure. Renal transplant recipients without ATI did not display elevated uNGAL levels compared to the healthy controls. Transplant patients with ATI had a higher uNGAL excretion at 6 weeks than patients without ATI (27,435 versus 13,605 ng/g;P=0.031). This increase in uNGAL was minor compared to ICU patients with acute renal failure (2.05×106 ng/g). Patients with repeated findings of ATI or severe ATI did not have higher urinary NGAL levels compared to those with only one ATI finding or moderate ATI. Female recipient gender and urinary tract infection were identified as potential confounders. uNGAL has a relation with histological signs of acute tubular injury. The usability of this biomarker in renal allograft recipients is limited because of the low sensitivity.
Intravesical Instillation of Mitomycin C: A Cause of Delayed Bladder Perforation?
Authors: Penna Marta , Mistry Kiki , Pal Pallavi , Sudhanshu Chitale
Published: December 2012

We present a case of bladder perforation secondary to intravesical instillation of mitomycin C following transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and the role of early detection leading to successful conservative management. We also review the key relevant literature.
Surface Plasmon-Enhanced Nanoantenna for Localized Fluorescence
Authors: Kocakarin Isa , Yegin Korkut
Published: December 2012

Surface plasmon-enhanced gold nanoantenna structures on glass substrate are studied for increased localized electric field and fluorescence at the feed gap locations of the antennas. Dipole, Archimedean balanced spiral, and bowtie and double bowtie geometries are studied for surface plasmon effect. Different flare angles for bowtie geometries are compared to each other. Double bowtie geometry with dual polarization capability exhibited superior performance with almost 56 dB field enhancement factor. We also studied the effect of substrate thickness on electric field enhancement and we found that glass thickness plays a critical role for coherent addition of surface plasmons at the feed gap location. The surface plasmon effect is proven by considering perfect electric conductor model of gold instead of its modified Drude model.
Archaea in Symbioses
Authors: Wrede Christoph , Dreier Anne , Kokoschka Sebastian , Hoppert Michael
Published: December 2012

During the last few years, the analysis of microbial diversity in various habitats greatly increased our knowledge on the kingdom Archaea. At the same time, we became aware of the multiple ways in which Archaea may interact with each other and with organisms of other kingdoms. The large group of euryarchaeal methanogens and their methane oxidizing relatives, in particular, take part in essential steps of the global methane cycle. Both of these processes, which are in reverse to each other, are partially conducted in a symbiotic interaction with different partners, either ciliates and xylophagous animals or sulfate reducing bacteria. Other symbiotic interactions are mostly of unknown ecological significance but depend on highly specific mechanisms. This paper will give an overview on interactions between Archaea and other organisms and will point out the ecological relevance of these symbiotic processes, as long as these have been already recognized.
Orbital Cystic Schwannoma Originating from the Frontal Nerve
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiko , Watanabe Takuya , Kita Daisuke , Hayashi Yutaka , Takahira Masayuki , Hamada Jun-ichiro
Published: December 2012

Schwannomas of the orbit are very rare benign neoplasms. Intraorbital cystic schwannomas originating from the frontal nerve are even rarer, with only 1 case reported to date. This is most likely due to the fact that, in most cases, the origin of the orbital schwannoma cannot be identified intraoperatively. The nerve origin is usually speculated from histological examination of the specimen and the postoperative neurological deficits of the patient. Here, we present the case of a 65-year-old woman with a one-month history of exophthalmos, whose orbital cystic lesion was completely removed by microsurgical transcranial operation. Intraoperatively, the continuity between the tumor and frontal nerve was seen macroscopically, leading us to confirm the frontal nerve as an origin of the tumor, which was consistent with the postoperative neurological findings. The diagnosis of the tumor was established as schwannoma from the histological examination. As a differential diagnosis of the orbital cystic lesions, the possibility of schwannomas should be kept in mind.
Remarks on the Pressure Regularity Criterion of the Micropolar Fluid Equations in Multiplier Spaces
Authors: Guo Fengjun
Published: December 2012

This study is devoted to investigating the regularity criterion of weak solutions of the micropolar fluid equations in ℝ3. The weak solution of micropolar fluid equations is proved to be smooth on (0, T] when the pressure π(x, t) satisfies the following growth condition in the multiplier spaces , . The previous results on Lorentz spaces and Morrey spaces are obviously improved.
Two Cases of Paraquat Poisoning from Kota, Rajasthan, INDIA
Authors: Khosya Surendra , Gothwal Sunil
Published: December 2012

Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridylium) is a broad spectrum liquid herbicide associated with both accidental and intentional ingestion, leading to severe and often fatal toxicity. Despite widespread availability, reports of herbicide poisoning from India are not common. Diagnosis is often difficult in the absence of proper history, nonspecific clinical features, and lack of diagnostic tests. We report two cases of fatal paraquat poisoning from a tertiary care hospital, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
Atypical Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala in Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders during Spontaneous Attention to Eye-Gaze
Authors: Murphy Eric R. , Foss-Feig Jennifer , Kenworthy Lauren , Gaillard William D. , Vaidya Chandan J.
Published: December 2012

We examined functional connectivity of the amygdala in preadolescent children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) during spontaneous attention to eye-gaze in emotional faces. Children responded to a target word (“LEFT/RIGHT”) printed on angry or fearful faces looking in a direction that was congruent, incongruent, or neutral with the target word. Despite being irrelevant to the task, gaze-direction facilitated (Congruent > Neutral) or interfered with (Incongruent > Congruent) performance in both groups. Despite similar behavioral performance, amygdala-connectivity was atypical and more widespread in children with ASD. In control children, the amygdala was more strongly connected with an emotional cognitive control region (subgenual cingulate) during interference, while during facilitation, no regions showed greater amygdala connectivity than in ASD children. In contrast, in children with ASD the amygdala was more strongly connected to salience and cognitive control regions (posterior and dorsal cingulate) during facilitation and with regions involved in gaze processing (superior temporal sulcus), cognitive control (inferior frontal gyrus), and processing of viscerally salient information (pregenual cingulate, anterior insula, and thalamus) during interference. These findings showing more widespread connectivity of the amygdala extend past findings of atypical functional anatomy of eye-gaze processing in children with ASD and challenge views of general underconnectivity in ASD.
Diabetes and Stroke Prevention: A Review
Authors: Hewitt Jonathan , Castilla Guerra Luis , Fernández-Moreno María del Carmen , Sierra Cristina
Published: December 2012

Stroke and diabetes mellitus are two separate conditions which share multiple common threads. Both are increasing in prevalence, both are diseases which affect blood vessels, and both are associated with other vascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Abnormal glucose regulation, of which diabetes is one manifestation, is seen in up to two-thirds of people suffering from an acute stroke. Surprisingly, aggressive management of glucose after an acute stroke has not been shown to improve outcome or reduce the incidence of further strokes. More encouragingly, active management of other cardiovascular risk factors has been demonstrated to prevent stroke disease and improve outcome following a stroke in the diabetic person. Hypertension should be treated with a target of 140/80 mmHg, as a maximum. The drug of choice would be an ACE inhibitor, although the priority is blood pressure reduction regardless of the medication chosen. Lipids should be treated with a statin whatever the starting cholesterol. Antiplatelet treatment is also essential but there are no specific recommendations for the diabetic person. As these conditions become more prevalent it is imperative that the right treatment is offered for both primary and secondary prevention in diabetic people, in order to prevent disease and minimize disability.
3D Pathology Volumetric Technique: A Method for Calculating Breast Tumour Volume from Whole-Mount Serial Section Images
Authors: Clarke G. M. , Murray M. , Holloway C. M. B. , Liu K. , Zubovits J. T. , Yaffe M. J.
Published: December 2012

Tumour size, most commonly measured by maximum linear extent, remains a strong predictor of survival in breast cancer. Tumour volume, proportional to the number of tumour cells, may be a more accurate surrogate for size. We describe a novel “3D pathology volumetric technique” for lumpectomies and compare it with 2D measurements. Volume renderings and total tumour volume are computed from digitized whole-mount serial sections using custom software tools. Results are presented for two lumpectomy specimens selected for tumour features which may challenge accurate measurement of tumour burden with conventional, sampling-based pathology: (1) an infiltrative pattern admixed with normal breast elements; (2) a localized invasive mass separated from thein situcomponent by benign tissue. Spatial relationships between key features (tumour foci, close or involved margins) are clearly visualized in volume renderings. Invasive tumour burden can be underestimated using conventional pathology, compared to the volumetric technique (infiltrative pattern: 30% underestimation; localized mass: 3% underestimation for invasive tumour, 44% for in situ component). Tumour volume approximated from 2D measurements (i.e., maximum linear extent), assuming elliptical geometry, was seen to overestimate volume compared to the 3D volumetric calculation (by a factor of 7x for the infiltrative pattern; 1.5x for the localized invasive mass).
Early Detection Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Sarojini Sreeja , Tamir Ayala , Lim Heejin , Li Shihong , Zhang Shifang , Goy Andre , Pecora Andrew , Suh K. Stephen
Published: December 2012

Despite the widespread use of conventional and contemporary methods to detect ovarian cancer development, ovarian cancer remains a common and commonly fatal gynecological malignancy. The identification and validation of early detection biomarkers highly specific to ovarian cancer, which would permit development of minimally invasive screening methods for detecting early onset of the disease, are urgently needed. Current practices for early detection of ovarian cancer include transvaginal ultrasonography, biomarker analysis, or a combination of both. In this paper we review recent research on novel and robust biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer and provide specific details on their contributions to tumorigenesis. Promising biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer include KLK6/7, GSTT1, PRSS8, FOLR1, ALDH1, and miRNAs.