bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature and rainfall variation over Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, (1970–2006)
Authors: Rehman Shafiqur
Published: March 2009

The paper presents an analysis of daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature and daily total rainfall records from a meteorological data collection station in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia over a period of 37 years spanning from 1970 to 2006. The temperature data analysis indicated a warming trend of the local air and the total annual rainfall values showed almost a constant trend during the reporting period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Soft tissue complications after small incision pediatric cochlear implantation
Authors: Davids Taryn , Ramsden James D. , Gordon Karen A. , James Adrian L. , Papsin Blake C.
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To report and analyze the soft tissue complications of 462 consecutive cochlear implants using a minimal access approach at a single institution.

Study Design:

A retrospective case series analysis was performed.

Methods:

A database of all patients implanted at our institution between January 2002 and December 2007 was searched, and 385 consecutive patients were identified. Postcochlear implantation notes and case records were searched for soft tissue complications. Soft tissue complications were divided into minor and major complications. All devices were implanted using a minimal access technique with device fixation in all but five patients.

Results:

There were 385 consecutive children implanted with 462 cochlear implants. Of these, 322 were primary single‐sided implants, 124 bilateral implants, and 16 reimplants for device failure. Median follow up was 2.9 years. There were two minor complications: one minor seroma and one postoperative hematoma, both were managed conservatively. There were five major complications: two soft tissue infections, one extrusion, and two major seromas leading to device migration. Four of the five major complications involved loss of device fixation. Three out of the five major complications required device explantation; the decision not to reimplant was made in two cases.

Conclusions:

An overall soft tissue complication rate of 1.51% (7/462) at our institution supports the use of a small incision technique combined with device fixation as a safe method of cochlear implantation. We believe that good fixation is especially important in pediatric implantation, because of the thinner soft tissue envelope and increased frequency of minor head trauma. Laryngoscope, 2009
Laser‐Mikroschneiden mit single‐mode Faserlaser
Authors: Baumeister Marc , Pohle Tim , Dickmann Klaus
Published: March 2009

Single‐mode Faserlaser kombinieren eine hohe Ausgangsleistung mit einer nahezu beugungsbegrenzten Strahlqualität. Die hierdurch gebotene Brillanz ermöglicht eine hohe Intensität und einen kleinen Fokusdurchmesser am Werkstück. Dank solcher Strahleigenschaften steigt die Prozessgeschwindigkeit bei der Mikrobearbeitung von Edelstahl im Vergleich mit herkömmlichen Nd:YAG‐Laserquellen. Zudem verringert sich die Schnittfugenbreite. Für einen verlässlichen Schmelzaustrieb insbesondere bei höheren Materialdicken gilt es den Zusammenhang von Schnittfugenbreite und Gratbildung als Funktion des Vorschubs zu berücksichtigen.
UV‐Cured Polysiloxane Epoxy Coatings Containing Titanium Dioxide as Photosensitive Semiconductor
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Palmero Paola , Montanaro Laura
Published: March 2009

UV‐cured polysiloxane epoxy coatings containing titanium dioxide were prepared by means of a cationic photopolymerization process. A good distribution of the inorganic filler was achieved within the polymeric network with an average size dimension of around 500 nm. UV‐vis analysis performed on organic dye (methylene blue) stained coatings showed a high efficiency of the titania photocatalytic activity: a complete degradation of the dye on the coating surface is reached after 60 min of UV irradiation without affecting the matrix photo‐degradation.

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Simulation of the Mechanical Unfolding of the Ubiquitin by Pulling in Different Directions with Constant Speed
Authors: Falkovich Stanislav , Darinskii Anatolii , Balabaev Nikolai , Neelov Igor
Published: March 2009

Mechanical extension of the ubiquitin with constant speed in five different directions is simulated on coarse‐grained Go‐like and all‐atom models. The anisotropy of the mechanical resistance of the protein is observed in agreement with experimental data. Differences and similarities between the results obtained for two models are discussed. It is shown that the unfolding begins from the rupture of contacts between residues located in the vicinity of points of the external load application.
Internationalisation of British fundraising charities: a two‐phase empirical study
Authors: Bennett Roger , Ali‐Choudhury Rehnuma
Published: March 2009

A two‐phase mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) study was undertaken to identify and then to confirm the main dimensions and the principal antecedents of the internationalisation behaviour of a sample of British charities known to engage in foreign operations. Specifically the investigation examined the factors that explained charities' decisions to enter foreign countries, the motivations and practical methods involved and the time periods elapsing between first and subsequent entry. Outcomes were compared against theories of internationalisation developed by previous studies completed in the commercial domain. The approaches to internationalisation adopted by 15 organisations were established, and the generalisability of these approaches tested via a mail survey that elicited 238 responses. Least squares, Cox time and logistic regression analyses were completed to determine the factors that significantly influenced the extents and timings of the sample members' international activities. It emerged that some but not all of the considerations that have been found to affect the internationalisation of commercial firms also impacted on the patterns of internationalisation pursued by many of the sample organisations, especially managerial inclinations and participation in networks. However, psychic distance was seemingly irrelevant to charities' internationalisation decisions. Rather, a construct termed for present purposes as ‘philanthropic imperative’ constituted a crucial determinant of behaviour. The results imply that charities' levels of involvement in networks should be encouraged and that charity support organisations need to develop their institutional networking facilities. Also, charity managers should question whether the most favoured mode of entry to foreign countries (i.e. the ad hoc project partnership (PP)) is necessarily the most effective.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of taxanes in extracts from leaves of Taxus baccata L. using 13C‐NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Duquesnoy Emilie , Paoli Mathieu , Castola Vincent , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph
Published: March 2009

Introduction

The study of taxanes is a hot topic worldwide because of their potential activity against cancer. Analysis of taxanes in extracts of various Taxus species is generally achieved using HPLC.

Objective

The aim of the current work was to identify taxanes in different fractions of extracts from Taxus baccata L. using the computer‐aided analysis of their 13C‐NMR spectra.

Methodology

A computerised procedure, based on 13C‐NMR spectroscopy using literature data, has been developed in order to identify taxoids in natural mixtures. Leaves and twigs of T. baccata were extracted with various solvents and the extracts were fractionated according to rapid fractionation schemes described in the literature.

Results

The computer‐assisted analysis of the 13C‐NMR spectra of the fractions of chromatography led to the identification of 16 taxanes belonging to the taxine, taxicine, taxinine and taxuspine families.

Conclusion

It has been shown that 13C‐NMR is a powerful alternative tool for the identification of taxanes in extracts of leaves and twigs of various Taxus species after a rapid fractionation step. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of cerebral lesions acquired in utero and with a late appearance
Authors: Carletti Angela , Colleoni Giulia Gandolfi , Perolo Antonella , Simonazzi Giuliana , Ghi Tullio , Rizzo Nicola , Pilu Gianluigi
Published: March 2009

Although no precise figures are available, many congenital brain lesions arise from intrauterine disruption, frequently due to obstetric complications. The most common entities include intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic lesions, thrombosis of venous vessels and infections. Accurate prenatal diagnosis is possible in many of these cases. However, the findings may be subtle, particularly in the early stage of the disruptive process. Identification of these conditions requires therefore specific expertise, the combination of fetal neurosonography and magnetic resonance, and frequently there is a need for serial examinations. Targeted diagnostic imaging should be offered to obstetric patients with conditions predisposing to prenatal cerebral insults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference equation for 6‐min walk distance in healthy North African children 6–16 years old
Authors: Saad Helmi Ben , Prefaut Christian , Missaoui Rayfa , Mohamed Imen Hadj , Tabka Zouhair , Hayot Maurice
Published: March 2009

Rationale

To assess the need for a 6‐min walk distance (6‐MWD) reference equation for healthy North African children 6–16 years old.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional study. Anthropometric data and 6‐MWD were measured in 200 healthy Tunisian children (100 girls) from 6 to 16 years old.

Results

Published reference equations did not reliably predict measured 6‐MWD in North African children. The 6‐MWD was significantly correlated with age, height, and weight (P < 0.001, each). The combination of these parameters explained 60% of the 6‐MWD variability in the equation: 6‐MWD (m) = 4.63 × height (cm) − 3.53 × weight (kg) + 10.42 × age (years) + 56.32. In an additional group of 41 children prospectively studied to validate the equation, the agreement between measured and predicted 6‐MWD was satisfactory.

Conclusion

This reliable 6‐MWD reference equation enriches the World Bank and provides a useful reference for the care of pediatric patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:316–324. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined analysis of spatially resolved electronic structure and composition on a cross‐section of a thin film Cu(In1–xGax)S2 solar cell
Authors: Mainz R. , Streicher F. , Abou‐Ras D. , Sadewasser S. , Klenk R. , Lux‐Steiner M. Ch.
Published: March 2009

In this work we present a combination of two spatially resolved experimental methods to analyse correlations between distributions of element concentrations and electronic structure of cross sections of thin film semiconductor devices. We applied these methods to a cross section of a thin film Cu(In1–x Gax)S2/CdS/ZnO solar cell. The electronic structure was analysed by measuring the work function of the cross section by Kelvin probe force microscopy. To determine the gallium concentration of the cross section of the Cu(In1–x Gax)S2 layer we performed energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). We were able to match the spatial coordinates of these measurements. By this we could observe a correlation between the gallium concentration of the Cu(In1–x Gax)S2 layer and its work function. The EDX measurements show that the Cu(In1–x Gax)S2 layer features a two‐layer structure – one layer with a low gallium concentration (x ≈ 0) and one (at the back of the solar cell) with a high gallium concentration (x ≈ 1). Furthermore we discuss the influence of the two‐layer structure of the Cu(In1–x Gax)S2 absorber layer on the photovoltaic properties of the solar cell. The spectral quantum efficiency was measured on the same sample before the depth resolved data were taken. We observe an improvement of short circuit current and overall efficiency of the Cu(In1–x Gax)S2/CdS/ZnO solar cell compared to a gallium‐free CuInS2/CdS/ZnO solar cell. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neutron diffraction studies on heavy fermion superconducting and antiferromagnetic compounds CeRh1–xCox In5
Authors: Ohira‐Kawamura Seiko , Kawano‐Furukawa Hazuki , Shishido Hiroaki , Okazaki Ryuji , Shibauchi Takasada , Harima Hisatomo , Matsuda Yuji
Published: March 2009

CeCoIn5 is a heavy fermion superconductor with the transition temperature Tc = 2.3 K, while in a related material CeRhIn5 the superconductivity is highly suppressed and an incommensurate antiferromagnetic (AFM) order characterized by the propagation vector qh = (1/2, 1/2, 0.297) appears below TN = 3.8 K. From the elastic neutron diffraction measurements on mixed compounds CeRh1–x Cox In5, it was found that the superconductivity is strongly suppressed by the incommensurate AFM order while it coexists with the commensurate AFM order with qc = (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) in the intermediate x region. This is in sharp contrast to the CeRh1–x Irx In5 system, where both the commensurate and incommensurate AFM orders coexist with the superconductivity. These results reveal that particular areas on the Fermi surface nested by qh play an active role in forming the superconducting state in CeCoIn5. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wind profiler observations of a sting jet
Authors: Parton G. A. , Vaughan G. , Norton E. G. , Browning K. A. , Clark P. A.
Published: March 2009

Some of the most damaging surface winds experienced in midlatitude cyclonic storms have been attributed to a phenomenon known as a sting jet. Previous studies have deduced how sting jets develop from their midtropospheric origin, but there have been no direct observations of these wind features in the midtroposphere. During Windstorm Jeanette on 27 October 2002, the tip of the storm's cloud head passed over a VHF wind profiler at Aberystwyth, Wales, allowing the structure of a sting jet to be measured with high spatial and temporal resolution. These observations showed a multiple slantwise structure to the sting jet region, with two tails of increased winds that persisted after the passing of the cloud head aloft. Simulations by the Met Office Unified Model (UM) showed that the slantwise structure followed θw surfaces, and that the sting jet descended along θ surfaces as it passed over the UK, accelerating and drying during its descent. The horizontal and vertical scales of the observed structures are compatible with slantwise convection releasing conditional symmetric instability within the cloud head. Further observations of the sting jet were obtained by a UHF wind profiler at Cardington in Eastern England, where the sting jet had merged with the cold conveyor belt circulating around the storm. An unstable temperature profile in the lowest kilometre over Cardington enabled damaging gusts of strong winds to be brought to the surface in convective plumes; however, this strong vertical mixing was not represented correctly in the UM. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Ab initio study on (CO2)nclusters via electrostatics‐ and molecular tailoring‐based algorithm
Authors: Jovan Jose K. V. , Gadre Shridhar R.
Published: March 2009

An algorithm based on molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and molecular tailoring approach (MTA) for building energetically favorable molecular clusters is presented. This algorithm is tested on prototype (CO2)nclusters withn= 13, 20, and 25 to explore their structure, energetics, and properties. The most stable clusters in this series are seen to show more number of triangular motifs. Many‐body energy decomposition analysis performed on the most stable clusters reveals that the 2‐body is the major contributor (>96%) to the total interaction energy. Vibrational frequencies and molecular electrostatic potentials are also evaluated for these large clusters through MTA. The MTA‐based MESPs of these clusters show a remarkably good agreement with the corresponding actual ones. The most intense MTA‐based normal mode frequencies are in fair agreement with the actual ones for smaller clusters. These calculated asymmetric stretching frequencies are blue‐shifted with reference to the CO2monomer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Theoretical investigations of the structure and bonding of several transition metal complexes to probe their carbon monoxide releasing properties
Authors: Pathak Biswarup , Majumdar D. , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: March 2009

The structural and bonding characteristics of several CO‐releasing molecules have been investigated using density functional theories. Based on the nature of the physiological buffer compositions used in experiments, several isodesmic reactions involving chloride (Cl−), hypophosphate (HPO), and nitrosyl (NO) ligands are set up to find out whether the ligand‐substituted products, which could have direct influence in CO releasing mechanism, are thermodynamically feasible. The isodesmic reactions involving the Cl− and HPO ligands are exothermic whereas it is endothermic with the NO ligand. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Effects of pulsed flows on nuisance periphyton growths in rivers: a mesocosm study
Authors: Flinders Camille A. , Hart David D.
Published: March 2009

Rivers regulated by dams are typically characterized by altered biotic communities and habitat structure in downstream reaches. In the Jackson River (Alleghany Co., VA), a relatively constant flow regime below Gathright Dam and anthropogenic nutrient loading have apparently contributed to nuisance levels of periphyton (>300 mg chlorophyll a m−2). These nuisance growths cause low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water column and altered benthic habitats in the Jackson River. The use of periodic pulsed flows has been suggested as a restoration practice that could potentially reduce periphyton biomass. We investigated the effects of increased flow on periphyton chlorophyll a (chl a), ash‐free dry mass (AFDM), % organic matter (%OM) using streamside channels in which periphyton‐colonized tiles were subjected to near‐bed velocities ranging from 20 (control) to 240 cm s−1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression were used to examine periphyton responses to velocity treatments. There was a significant decrease in chl a and AFDM, and significant increase in %OM in velocity treatments of 150, 180 and 240 cm s−1 (p < 0.001), but not in lower velocity channels. Regression analyses showed a significant positive relationship with %OM (r2 = 0.88) and significant negative relationship with chl a (r2 = 0.77) and AFDM (r2 = 0.63). Algal taxa were dominated by Cladophora glomerata, Melosira varians and Pleurosira laevis. There was a significant positive relationship between treatment velocity and % C. glomerata (p = 0.007, r2 = 0.87) as diatoms were differentially removed with increasing treatment velocity. Our results demonstrate that pulsed flows can reduce periphyton standing crops in the Jackson River, but the discharge required to achieve this reduction would probably need to produce near‐bed velocities >100 cm s−1. Further study is needed to establish specific flow targets and evaluate the direct and indirect effects of pulsed flows on ecological conditions in the Jackson River. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peyronie's disease
Authors: Tsafrakidis Petros , Blake Chris , Pearcy Richard , Persad Raj
Published: March 2009

Peyronie's disease is a benign lesion of the penis that leads to penile curvature and can have a serious impact on the sexually active male. The disease is currently treatable but not curable. The authors provide guidance on diagnosing the disease and describe the treatment options available. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Intrauterine contraception and cervical cancer screening
Authors: Arunakumari Parivakkam S. , Savage Philip E.
Published: March 2009

With increasing numbers of women using intrauterine contraception, there is a need for sound clinical guidelines for healthcare professionals involved in cervical cancer screening. The authors discuss issues in the management of contraceptive considerations in colposcopy clinics, family planning and sexual health clinics, and primary care consultations. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Early warning signals of demographic regime shifts in invading populations
Authors: Takimoto Gaku
Published: March 2009

The Allee effect can cause alternative stable states in population abundance of invasive species. Sudden eruption of invading populations from low to high abundance may be viewed as a regime shift from one alternative state to another. Previous research proposed several types of early warning signals to predict regime shifts in ecological systems such as polluted lakes and semiarid grasslands. This paper explores theoretically the potential of such indicators in predicting demographic regime shifts of invading populations. I analyzed a stochastic differential equation model for the population dynamics of an invasive species subject to Allee effects and propagule pressure. Diffusion approximation to the stochastic model suggests that persistent propagule pressure makes demographic regime shifts inevitable, but Allee effects can lengthen the mean time until regime shifts virtually indefinitely. To compare the potential of indicators, I examined standard deviation, skewness, and estimated return rates of longitudinal population abundance. I found that standard deviation showed a distinct increase as regime shifts became more likely, but skewness and return rates showed no clear trends. This result suggests that standard deviation might be a useful warning signal for forecasting an impending demographic regime shift of invading populations during the period when their abundance is still low.
Very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: The effects of accidental fat loading in a patient detected through newborn screening
Authors: Ficicioglu C. , Hussa C.
Published: March 2009

Very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation. The majority of patients with VLCADD can be detected through newborn screening (NBS) with elevated levels of the tetradecanoyl carnitine species. An 11‐month‐old infant, diagnosed with late‐onset VLCADD (genotype: T848C/G1322A) through newborn screening at birth, was admitted with emesis, severe lethargy, limpness in extremities, loss of muscle tone and an elevated CK level. He was mistakenly given Ketocal formula (about 8 g/kg per day long‐chain fat—over six times his usual intake) instead of his usual Monogen formula for 2.5 days before being admitted. Once admitted, he was started on Monogen and IV (10% dextrose) fluids. He was discharged home after four days in the hospital without any sequelae of this accidental fat loading event. The report highlights several important points about this particular case and more generally about patients with VLCADD detected through NBS: (1) the amount of time in which patients might become severely symptomatic and the nature of these symptoms after fat loading; (2) the time frame for complete recovery after beginning of treatment; (3) the importance of alerting home‐care companies and families about formula delivery errors and their repercussions.
Nighttime sleep and daytime functioning correlates of the insomnia complaint in young adults
Authors: Fernández‐Mendoza Julio , Vela‐Bueno Antonio , Vgontzas Alexandros N. , Olavarrieta‐Bernardino Sara , Ramos‐Platón María José , Bixler Edward O. , De la Cruz‐Troca Juan José
Published: March 2009

The nighttime and daytime correlates of the insomnia complaint (IC) were assessed in an in‐class survey on a sample of 1238 first year university students (18.85 ± 1.45 years) at the Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Spain. Evidence was found that the likelihood of complaining of insomnia was increased by perceiving difficulties with initiating and maintaining sleep, reporting low quality of nocturnal sleep, having a long sleep onset latency and having an evening circadian preference. The most strongly related daytime variables to IC being perceived difficulties in concentrating, feelings of irritability and fatigue, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. The data, in addition to confirm those of clinical studies on subjects complaining of insomnia, suggest that having an evening chronotype increases the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults to complain of insomnia.
Histopathological changes of rat larynx mucosa with exposure to chronic thinner inhalation
Authors: Bolukbasi Seyla , Habesoglu Tulay Erden , Habesoglu Mehmet , Samanci Baver , Erol Yesim , Gumrukcu Gulistan , Egeli Erol
Published: March 2009

Objective

Histopathological changes in nasal mucosa, trachea, and pulmonary system with exposure to chronic thinner inhalation have been studied in the literature. However, the possible changes in larynx mucosa, which is a part of the upper airway tract, have not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to determine the histopathological changes of rat larynx mucosa with exposure to chronic thinner inhalation.

Study Design and Setting

Randomized trial. The study was conducted at the animal care facility of Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Fifty‐one Sprague‐Dawley rats were used throughout the experiment. Four groups of rats inhaled thinner in a glass cage for 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively. Seven rats inhaled only the air in the room as the control group.

Results

The comparison of inflammation and exocytosis in the control and 2 week groups revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05), but from the beginning of 4 weeks of thinner inhalation, statistically significant differences were observed (P < 0.05). From the beginning of 8 weeks of thinner inhalation, statistically significant differences were observed in larynx mucosa when we assessed metaplasia and cilia loss distribution among groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

On the basis of histopathological evaluations, it was shown that the harmful effect of inhalation of thinner in high concentrations to larynx mucosa is similar to the effect on other organs of the respiratory system.
Effect of preoperative hearing level on success of stapes surgery
Authors: Caylakli Fatma , Yavuz Haluk , Yilmazer Cuneyt , Yilmaz Ismail , Ozluoglu Levent N.
Published: March 2009

Objective

We evaluated functional results after stapedotomy in terms of the influence of preoperative hearing threshold.

Study Design

Case series and chart review.

Subjects and Methods

We classified 141 patients according to preoperative mean air‐conduction threshold: 40 to 54 dB, group 1; 55 to 69 dB, group 2; and 70 to 89 dB, group 3. Speech discrimination scores also were noted.

Results

All groups showed significant improvement. The greatest increase in postoperative speech discrimination score was seen in group 3. Group 1 improved from moderate hearing loss (mean, 49 dB) to normal (mean, 24 dB); group 2, from moderately severe loss (mean, 61.2 dB) to mild (mean, 28 dB); and group 3, from severe loss (mean, 76.4 dB) to moderate (mean, 41.1 dB).

Conclusion

Success in treating otosclerosis does not depend on extent of preoperative hearing loss. Patients with severe loss improved to moderate, increasing the benefit from use of a hearing aid. The patients attained good auditory function, improving their quality of life.
Identifying paleorifts as promising tectonic elements for active oil and gas generation
Authors: Starosel’tsev V.S.
Published: March 2009

The set of geological and geophysical features used to recognize paleorifts is not always complete. As a result, other negative tectonic elements having no favorable conditions for oil and gas generation may be misinterpreted as rifts. The aim of this study was to outline most important controversial aspects in distinguishing paleorift positions and to substantiate the necessity of taking into account a certain combination of their diagnostic features.
The Recent Work of the American Soil Bureau.
Authors: Russell Edward J.
Published: March 2009

Since its inception in 1894 the American Soil Bureau has investigated many important problems and obtained results which are now common knowledge in this country, but its earlier Bulletins are altogether eclipsed in interest and far-reaching significance by a series recently published. In presenting an account of these it will be most convenient to set out first the purely scientific part of the work, and then the practical applications. This is the logical order and also the order in which the results were actually obtained.
Note on the Inheritance of Horns and Face Colour in Sheep.
Authors: Wood T. B.
Published: March 2009

The following short note gives the preliminary results of an experiment which I have commenced on a small scale on my father's farm at Field Dalling, near Holt, in Norfolk.

The object of the experiment is to follow out the inheritance of various characters in sheep. In the autumn of 1903 my father placed at my disposal 30 of his Suffolk ewes. Suffolk sheep of both sexes are characterised by black faces and the absence of horns. I determined to cross them with a Dorset ram, Dorsets having in both sexes white faces and large horns. For the present, characters other than horns and face-colour are neglected.
Citrate Solubility of Phosphoric Acid in Fertilizers
Authors: Dixon John K. S.
Published: March 2009

With such conflicting results it is difficult to draw definite conclusions. The data are not put forward with that object, but it was felt that there is sufficient interest in the figures themselves to warrant publication. This communication is intended as an interim report on investigations which will be continued as time and occasion permit. However, the general features most worthy of note are as follows:—

(1) The order of the solvent power of the three solutions of each of the two classes remains the same throughout. In the citrate solutions the order is (descending), (1) neutral, (2) acid, (3) alkaline solution, with only two exceptions, viz., the raw bone meals No. 7 and No. 9, discussed under Table III.

With the free acid the solubilities are in the order of the strength of solution without exception.
Mendelian Studies of Egyptian Cotton
Authors: Balls W. Lawrence
Published: March 2009

The Khedivial Agricultural Society of Egypt recently voted a capital expenditure of £2000 towards the establishment of a Mendelian Experiment Station for the study of heredity in cotton.
The Composition of Green Maize and of the Silage produced therefrom
Authors: Annett Harold E. , Russell Edward J.
Published: March 2009

The process of making silage is an ancient one and the scientific investigations date back at least to 1873, when Weiske, at the Proskau experiment station, showed that there was a loss of carbohydrate, fibre and protein in making silage from sainfoin and other crops. It was, however, by no means general till after the publication in 1875 of Goffart's remarkable success with maize silage at Burtin, in the barren district of Sologne (Loire-et-Cher). Both Grandeau and Barral analysed Goffart's silage, the former noted the production of volatile and non-volatile acids and labelled them acetic and lactic acids respectively, in which practice he has been followed by most later analysts. Five years later Kellner demonstrated by careful quantitative measurements that the decrease in protein was accompanied by an increase in the amount of ‘amide’ nitrogen. In his experiments about 28 per cent. of the nitrogen was lost, but in a subsequent paper this was traced to volatilisation of ammonia during manipulation of the sample. Kellner considered, and probably correctly, that no nitrogen is lost in the free state from the silo.
The Effect of Earthworms on Soil Productiveness
Authors: Russell Edward John
Published: March 2009

Gilbert White devotes one of his letters to earthworms. “Worms,” he says “ seem to be the great promoters of vegetation, which would “ proceed but lamely without them, by boring, perforating, and loosen-“ing the soil, and rendering it pervious to rains and the fibres of plants, “by drawing straws and stalks of leaves and twigs into it; and, most of “ all, by throwing up such infinite numbers of lumps of earth called “ worm-casts, which, being their excrement, is a fine manure for grain “and grass… the earth without worms would soon become cold, hard-“ bound, and void of fermentation, and consequently sterile.” Sixty years later, in 1837, Darwin published a paper, in which he showed the important part played by worms in the formation of vegetable mould. Further observations were recorded by Hensen in 1877. Agricultural chemists did not, however, generally make use of any of this work, and it was not till 1881 that the publication of Darwin'sEarthworms and Vegetable Moulddirected so much attention to the subject that the action of earthworms could no longer be disregarded. Several investigations have since been made into the part played by earthworms in promoting fertility, perhaps the best known being those recorded in Wollny'sZersetzung der organischen Stoffe.
Note on the Composition of Soot
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: March 2009

The value of soot as a manure depeuds upon the ammonium salts which it contains, as well as upon its beneficial effect on the texture and colour of the soil, and its power of diminishing the ravages of slugs and small snails upon a young crop. In various samples which from time to time have been submitted to analysis the percentage of nitrogen present has been found to vary within very wide limits, from 0·5 to 7 per cent., and it is usually stated to be present in the form of ammonium sulphate; actually it occurs for the most part as ammonium chloride.
Copper Fungicides
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville
Published: March 2009

Investigations on the various products of the action of lime on copper sulphate, including ordinary Bordeaux mixture, led to the conclusion that the efficacy of such substances as fungicides depended on the proportion of copper in them which is rendered soluble by the carbon dioxide of the air, and, that if a deficiency of lime is used to start with, one of the lower basic sulphates of copper is obtained, from which carbon dioxide liberates a much larger proportion of copper than it does from the more highly basic sulphates present in ordinary Bordeaux mixture. The lowest basic sulphate is, owing to its physical condition, unsuitable for spraying purposes; but this is not so with the compound 10 CuO, SO3, obtained by adding lime-water to copper sulphate just short of alkalinity, and this substance has been put on the market under the name of Woburn Bordeaux Paste. In the absence of secondary reactions, carbon dioxide should convert one-tenth of the copper present in it into soluble copper sulphate, 2 (10 CuO, SO3) + 9 CO2 = 9 (2 CuO, CO2) + 2 CuSO4, whereas with ordinary Bordeaux mixture, any copper sulphate formed in this way, would be decomposed by the excess of lime present, and that ultimately remaining undecomposed would be very small in amount.
The Influence of Time of Cutting upon the Yield and Composition of Hay
Authors: Crowther Charles , Ruston Arthur G.
Published: March 2009

The study of two years' hay crops indicates that the composition of the hay steadily changes throughout the period commonly covered by the hay-making season.

The nature of the change depends to some extent upon the character of the season. In the summer of 1909 when the climatic conditions favoured steady growth there was a steady production of protein and fibre and a considerable assimilation of ash ingredients, notably silica. In the following summer the effects of a severe climatic set-back in the later part of June was seen in an almost complete suspension of growth, and notably in the production of protein.

In both seasons there was a steady fall all round in the digestibility of the hay, which in the end more than counterbalanced the increase in weight of the crop.

In both seasons the best results were obtained by cutting about the beginning of July. A fair amount of latitude in the time of cutting —say, a week or 10 days—may be allowed, however, without very seriously impairing the nutritive value of the crop. There was evidence, nevertheless, in each year of appreciable deterioration after the middle of July.
The Determination of Soil Carbonates
Authors: Hutchinson Henry Brougham , MacLennan Kenneth
Published: March 2009

With the extension of soil survey work and an increasing recognition of the importance, from chemical, physical and biological considerations, of the presence of calcium carbonate in the soil, it has become necessary to be able to determine accurately and with comparative ease the amount of carbonate in any given soil. During the past few years the methods adopted for this purpose have varied considerably, partly on account of inaccuracies which were only too apparent in comparative work, and also because of the need for greater convenience in manipulation.
“Quality” in Wool
Authors: Bailey P. G. , Engledow F. L.
Published: March 2009

(1) The method of taking four sub-samples and making in all 160 measurements of these sub-samples gives a satisfactory value for the average diameter of the sample.

(2) The average of the samples from each shoulder gives a good indication of the shoulder for each sheep.

(3) In comparing two sheep A and B we may take as almost certainly significant a difference between their two average shoulder diameters such that the ratio

that is a difference of some 8% of the average shoulder diameter of either of them for measurements taken as here indicated.
Pasture Problems: Drought Resistance
Authors: Stapledon R. G.
Published: March 2009

The following brief summary may be given on the aetiology of drought resistance as exemplified by the conditions obtaining in 1911.

From an agricultural point of view the value of a plant as a drought-resister is seen to be measurable by two standards: (1) Its power to give a good yield all through the period of drought; (2) its ability through living through the summer without materially adding bulk to the herbage to recuperate when the conditions become less severe. It has been shown that the phenomenon of drought-resistance is not associated with any one set of morphological characters, but that various growth forms are met with amongst the most successful plants. Further, a number of plants have shown themselves very tolerant, although having no apparent modifications to assist them, in which case there can be no doubt that their power of resistance is a simple outcome of their inherent vitality. Consequently it is perhaps dangerous to assign too great an importance to the possession of apparently useful modifications. A fair correlation is however seen to exist between a plant's manner of resistance and its growth form, as the following classification shows.
Studies on Soil Protozoa
Authors: Cunningham Andrew
Published: March 2009

The work discussed in this paper is a continuation of that described in a previous communication to the Centralblatt für Bakteriologie. Unfortunately it has been found impossible to bring all the problems taken up to a satisfactory conclusion in the time available. And as, owing to unforeseen circumstances it is necessary, for the present at least, to leave this subject, the results so far as they have been arrived at are brought together in this publication and the lines on which it had been intended to work are indicated. It is hoped, however, that an opportunity of continuing this work on the soil Protozoa may present itself at some future date.
The Effect of removing the Soluble Humus from a Soil on its Productiveness
Authors: Weir William
Published: March 2009

The decay of plant and animal residues in soils produces brown organic compounds commonly designated as humus. Some of it is soluble in dilute alkaline solutions, and agricultural chemists and investigators have often assumed that this part plays an important function in the nutrition of plants by reason of its solubility. As a result numerous methods have been devised for determining this readily soluble material, and its amount has been regarded as a measure of the fertility of the soil. Since however the amount of nitrogen in the soluble humus material is commonly 40 per cent, to 50 per cent, of the total nitrogen, the results for ordinary soils gave no better indication of potential fertility than did the total nitrogen determination itself.
Eriophyes ribis (Nal.) on Ribes grossularia
Authors: Taylor A. M.
Published: March 2009

Last season (1912) it was noticed that gooseberry trees were being seriously deformed by an attack of Eriophyes. Specimens of the mite were sent to Dr Nalepa and they were identified by him as Eriophyes ribis, the mite responsible for the disease known as “big-bud” in black currants.
A Case of Correlation in Wheat
Authors: Parker W. H.
Published: March 2009

While investigations were being carried out concerning the question of variability within a variety, the case of correlation described below was observed.
Observations on the Perithecial Stage of the American Gooseberry-mildew (Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schwein.) Berk.)
Authors: Salmon E. S.
Published: March 2009

So far as I am aware, the manner of the dehiscence of the perithecium of Sphaerotheca mors-uvae has not hitherto been described. Although in the main features the process of dehiscence is very similar to that which I have described for Erysiphe Graminis and for Sphaerotheca Humuli, some new points of interest have been observed.
Dissolved oxygen in rain-water
Authors: Richards Eric Hannaford
Published: March 2009

From the agricultural point of view the amount of oxygen carried into the soil as gas dissolved in rain has considerable interest. Since all the oxygen required either for the bacterial activities of the soil or for the root aeration of growing crops must first pass into the dissolved state, the supply of this essential element in a form immediately available must exercise a proportionately beneficial effect on the manufacture of plant food or on the growing crop. Recent work on the decomposition of organic matter in the soil has shown that rainfall is one of the chief factors controlling bacterial activity, but that its influence is due to something more than the supply of water. The oxygen dissolved in the rain appears to be the missing factor. As very little systematic work seems to have been done in this direction, estimations of dissolved oxygen in rain at Rothamsted were made from time to time during the year 1915.
The digestibility of dried yeast
Authors: Crowther Charles , Woodman Herbert Ernest
Published: March 2009

At the close of the digestion experiments described in the foregoing communication a quantity of the “seeds” hay of known composition and digestibility remained which was sufficient for one further experimental period. The opportunity was therefore taken of determining the digestibility of dried yeast, a by-product of the fermentation industries which is being produced in increasing quantities and which has attracted notice since the outbreak of war.
Investigations on yield in the cereals. I
Authors: Engledow F. L. , Wadham S. M.
Published: March 2009

Considerations which are dealt with at length in Appendix III governed the form of the investigation upon tillering. In essence, the intention was to compare the pure linesPandAand to explore the possibilities of making accurate determinations of tillering. For reasons discussed in the Appendix, special steps were taken to secure for observation a population of plants which had had as great a uniformity of conditions as was attainable. The selection and sowing of the seed have been described in § I above. To promote further uniformity, plants of the following categories were excluded from observation: (i) all the plants of end rows; (ii) the end plants of all rows; (iii) plants which did not germinate on 26. iii. or 27. iii. (these days constituted the “modal” 2-day period of germination for the whole population); (iv) plants damaged to a noticeable degree by wire-worm or any other such agency; (v) plants whose immediate neighbour(s) in the row had died.
The requirements of the pig for “vitamin A” and “vitamin C.”
Authors: Orr John Boyd , Crichton Arthur
Published: March 2009

Most of our information on the subject of vitamins has been derived from experiments on small animals fed on synthetic diets. The direct application of the results of such experiments to the feeding of farm animals under practical conditions is not warranted. Animals differ in the degree of their susceptibility to disease caused by lack of vitamins, and laboratory diets, composed of foodstuffs subject to abnormal physical or chemical processes, such as heating under pressure, or prolonged extraction with fat solvents, have no parallel in animal husbandry.
The composition of secretions obtained from the udders of heifers during pregnancy
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest , Hammond John
Published: March 2009

The initial work on the composition of the fluid obtained from the udders of virgin heifers has been extended and the character of the secretions of the mammary gland during first pregnancy has been investigated.

The results obtained point to the following conclusions:

During the first four or five months of pregnancy, the character and composition of the mammary secretion undergo no essential alterations. During this time, the mechanism of the gland which elaborates the normal constituents of milk is displaying feeble activity.

After about twenty weeks the secretion undergoes a progressive change in character and composition. The characteristic milk constituents begin to disappear, and ultimately the secretion, which is now honey-like in consistency, contains about 40 per cent, total solids, of which about 35 per cent, is globulin. During this phase, which apparently corresponds with a definite stage in the gland's development, the normal activity of the cells which results in the production of caseinogen, lactose, etc. seems to be in abeyance.

Removal of the honey-like secretion from the udder leads to a stimulation of normal mammary gland activity, in the same way as thorough and frequent milking stimulates activity during normal lactation. The viscous secretion gives way to a milk-like fluid. This is produced in relatively large amount and contains appreciable percentages of the normal colostrum corstituents.

If the honey-like secretion is not removed from the gland, the transition from this phase to the eclostral phase appears to be much more gradual and is probably taking place uniformly throughout the remainder of pregnancy.
Studies on soil reaction. I. A Résumé
Authors: Fisher E. A.
Published: March 2009

Soilfertility is often spoken of as though it were an absolute property of the soil; in reality it is a particular relationship subsisting betweensoil conditionson the one hand andcrop growthon the other. The conditions conducive to soil fertility are the resultant of two main groups of factors, theintrinsicproperties of the soil which are dependent on its chemical, physical and biological nature, and thoseextrinsicproperties impressed on the soil by topographical and climatic factors*. These two groups cannot be sharply distinguished from each other, nor can any hard and fast line be drawn between the various factors comprised in them, because few are at present susceptible of exact measurement. In other words, that particular group of conditions that make up the fertility of a soil is an equilibrium brought about by the interaction of numerous factors some of which however can be varied by the agriculturist by manurial and cultivation operations.