bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-coated attapulgite for phosphate removal from aqueous solution
Authors: Fang-qun Gan , Jian-min Zhou , Huo-yan Wang , Hong-ting Zhao
Published: December 2011

In this study, a composite adsorbent, layered double hydroxide (LDH)-coated attapulgite (LDH-AP), was synthesized and characterized. Its potential application for LDH stabilizer and phosphate (P) removal from aqueous solution was evaluated using the batch mode and continuous mode in a packed bed column. The batch experiments revealed that the data of P adsorption onto LDH-AP could be well described by the Freundlich equation, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 6.9 mg/g. The column experiments were conducted in the tap water and the results indicated that the competing anions could slightly decrease phosphate removal. The saturated column was regenerated by 0.2 mol/L of NaOH and the regenerated column was examined for its reuse in phosphate removal. The results of this study suggested that attapulgite could be used as an applicable stabilizer of LDH and LDH-AP could be potentially used as a promising filtration medium for phosphate removal.
Performance of an in-situ rotating biological contactor in a recirculating aquaculture system
Authors: Marin P. , Donoso-Bravo A. , Campos J. L. , Ruiz-Filippi G. , Chamy R.
Published: December 2011

The start-up and activation of a nitrifying rotating biological contactor (RBC) and its performance inside a culture tank of rainbow trout were studied. First, in a lab-scale operation, the system was fed with a synthetic medium containing a high ammonia concentration (567 mg NH4+-N L−1) and operated at a high hydraulic retention time (HRT) (6.5 days) to minimize the wash-out of the biomass and promote the biofilm formation. Then, both inlet ammonia concentration and HRT were decreased in order to obtain operational conditions similar to those of the culture tank. During this period, the RBC was able to treat an ammonia loading rate (ALR) of 0.64 g N-NH4+ L−1 d−1 with a removal efficiency within 70–100%. Pilot-scale experiments were carried out in culture tanks of rainbow trout. The operation of a recirculating system with the RBC unit was compared with a recirculating system without biological treatment and with a flow-through system. The use of this in-situ nitrifying unit allowed working at a recirculation ratio of 90% without negative effects on either growth or the condition factor of fishes. Up to 70% of ammonia generated was removed and a removal rate of 1.41 g NH4+-N m−2 d−1 was reached.
Calculation methods to perform mass balance of endocrine disrupting compounds in a submerged membrane bioreactor: fate and distribution of estrogens during the biological treatment
Authors: Estrada-Arriaga E. B. , Mijaylova P.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this paper is to report the study of the fate and distribution of three endocrine disrupting compounds (estrogens); Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in a laboratory scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). For this matter, both aqueous and solids phases were analyzed for the presence of E1, E2 and EE2. The outcome of this study was that three SMBRs showed enhanced elimination of estrogens in different operational conditions; the estrogen removal was close to 100% in SMBR. Additionally, E1, E2 and EE2 were detected in SMBR sludge at concentrations of up to 41.2, 37.3 and 36.9 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively. The estrogen removal in the SMBRs was directly influenced by a combination of simultaneous biodegradation–adsorption processes, indicating that the main removal mechanism of the estrogens in the SMBRs is the biodegradation process. The E1, E2 and EE2 were biologically degraded in the SMBR (87–100%). The sorption of estrogens onto activated sludge was from 2%. Therefore, a high potential for estrogen removal by biodegradation in the SMBR was observed, allowing less estrogen concentration in the dissolved phase available for the adsorption of these compounds onto biological flocs. Two different methods were carried out for mass balance calculations of estrogens in SMBR. For the first method, the measured data was used in both liquid and solid phases, whereas for the second one, it was in aqueous phase and solid–water distribution coefficients (Kd) value of E1, E2 and EE2. The purpose of these methodologies is to make easier the identification of the main mechanisms involved in the removal of E1, E2 and EE2 in a SMBR. Both methods can be applied in order to determine the mechanism, fate and distribution of estrogens in a SMBR.
Importance of the order in enhancing EfOM removal by combination of BAC and MIEX®
Authors: Aryal A. , Sathasivan A.
Published: December 2011

Biological activated carbon (BAC) is operationally a simple treatment which can be employed to remove effluent organic matter (EfOM) from secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). Unfortunately, BAC removes only a limited amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, maximizing DOC removal from SWWE using BAC is a major concern in wastewater reuse. This study has investigated a hybrid system of BAC and Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX®) for the enhanced removal of DOC. Performance of both BAC prior to MIEX® (BAC/MIEX®) and reverse (MIEX®/BAC) combination was evaluated in terms of DOC removal. The BAC/MIEX® showed much better DOC removal. This is because microbial activity in the BAC bed converted MIEX® non-amenable DOC to MIEX® amenable DOC. As a result, BAC/MIEX® combination synergised DOC removal. In addition, BAC was also found to be highly effective in reducing MIEX® dose for a given DOC removal from SWWE.
A method for extracting drainage networks with heuristic information from digital elevation models
Authors: Hou Kun , Yang Wei , Sun Jigui , Sun Tieli
Published: December 2011

Depression filling and direction assignment over flat areas are critical issues in hydrologic analysis. This paper proposes a method to handle depressions and flat areas in one procedure. Being different from the traditional raster neighbourhoods processing with little heuristic information, the method is designed to compensate for the inadequate searching information of other methods. The proposed method routes flow through depressions and flat areas by searching for the outlet using the heuristic information. Heuristic information can reveal the general trend slope of the DEM (digital elevation models) and help the proposed method find the outlet accurately. The method is implemented in Pascal and experiments are carried out on actual DEM data. It can be seen from the comparison with the four existing methods that the proposed method can get a closer match result with the ground truth network. Moreover, the proposed method can avoid the generation of the unrealistic parallel drainage lines, unreal drainage lines and spurious terrain features.
Economic Decision-Making in Poverty Depletes Behavioral Control
Authors: Spears Dean
Published: December 2011

Economic theory and conventional wisdom suggest that time preference can cause or perpetuate poverty. Might poverty also or instead cause impatient or impulsive behavior? This paper reports a randomized lab experiment and a partially randomized field experiment, both in India, and analysis of the American Time Use Survey. In all three studies, poverty is associated with diminished behavioral control. The primary contribution of this empirical paper is to isolate the direction of causality from poverty to behavior. Three similar possible theoretical mechanisms, found in the psychology and behavioral economics literatures, cannot be definitively separated. One supported theoretical explanation is that poverty, by making economic decision-making more difficult, depletes cognitive control.
Information Precision and Manipulation Incentives
Authors: Drymiotes George C.
Published: December 2011

Recent corporate governance failures have prompted regulators and legislators to introduce new rules and legislation aimed at improving corporate governance. In this paper, I highlight a potential unintended consequence of such actions by showing that increasing oversight may sometimes be the catalyst for more manipulation. The key behind this result is the managers' potential ability to undermine oversight through manipulation choices. Absent an interaction between manipulation choices and oversight efficacy, increasing oversight results in less manipulation.

JEL Classifications: D80; G34; M40.
A Social Network Analysis of the Literature on Management Control
Authors: Euske Kenneth J. , Hesford James W. , Malina Mary A.
Published: December 2011

This paper investigates the literature on management control published in accounting and management journals. Social network analysis of citation data from the 25-year period 1981–2005 enables us to examine topics and ties among researchers. Social ties have important consequences for the development of the literature, shaping topics, research methods, and the diffusion of knowledge. We observe minimal communication between the two disciplines, appearing as two distinct communities despite similar interests. This lack of communication includes citations and authoring across the two disciplines. When citations across disciplines occur, it is almost exclusively accounting authors citing management authors, not vice versa. There is virtually no joining of accounting and management scholars within social networks. Within the two broader communities, there also exist smaller research clusters. While we cannot determine the impact this has on our understanding of management control, we discuss possible reasons for this phenomenon and its potential implications for management control research.

Data Availability: Data were gathered from publicly available sources.
DISCUSSION OF: Examining Shareholder Value Creation over CEO Tenure: A New Approach to Testing Effectiveness of Executive Compensation
Authors: Weiss Dan
Published: December 2011

The executive compensation literature has explored the executive pay-for-performance relation in various contexts and reported mixed findings. As a result, the question of whether executive incentives, and particularly stock options, are effective continues to pose a puzzle to researchers. Gong (2011) uses a long window to examine effectiveness of executive compensation. This note discusses several broad aspects of pay-for-performance studies and their potential manifestation in this line of research and in Gong's study. Specifically, I elaborate on measurement issues and on each of the following aspects: (1) the underlying paradigm: arm's-length contracting versus managerial power; (2) the distinction between the pay-for-performance relationship and CEO overpay; (3) market efficiency; and (4) the settling-up problem.
Managing Planning and Production Moral Hazard
Authors: Lin Haijin H. , Sappington David E. M.
Published: December 2011

We characterize the optimal policy to induce a manager to assess the merits of a potential investment project, decide whether to implement the project, and enhance the performance of the project if it is implemented. We find that the initial planning moral hazard problem often is more constraining than the subsequent production moral hazard problem. To mitigate the planning moral hazard problem, under-investment is optimally induced when the project is initially thought to be profitable, whereas over-investment is induced when the project is initially thought to be unprofitable.
Transcendence degree of zero-cycles and the structure of Chow motives
Authors: Gorchinskiy Sergey , Guletskiĭ Vladimir
Published: December 2011

In the paper we introduce a transcendence degree of a zero-cycle on a smooth projective variety X and relate it to the structure of the motive of X. In particular, we show that in order to prove Bloch’s conjecture for a smooth projective complex surface X of general type with p
g = 0 it suffices to prove that one single point of a transcendence degree 2 in X(ℂ), over the minimal subfield of definition k ⊂ ℂ of X, is rationally equivalent to another single point of a transcendence degree zero over k. This can be of particular interest in the context of Bloch’s conjecture for those surfaces which admit a concrete presentation, such as Mumford’s fake surface, see [Mumford D., An algebraic surface with K ample, (K
2) = 9, p
g = q = 0, Amer. J. Math., 1979, 101(1), 233–244].
Interaction between plant polyphenols and the erythrocyte membrane
Authors: Cyboran Sylwia , Oszmiański Jan , Kleszczyńska Halina
Published: December 2011

The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of polyphenols contained in extracts from apple, strawberry and blackcurrant on the properties of the erythrocyte membrane, treated as a model of the biological membrane. To this end, the effect of the substances used on hemolysis, osmotic resistance and shape of erythrocytes, and on packing order in the hydrophilic region of the erythrocyte membrane was studied. The investigation was performed with spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods, and using the optical microscope. The hemolytic studies have shown that the extracts do not induce hemolysis at the concentrations used. The results obtained from the spectrophotometric measurements of osmotic resistance of erythrocytes showed that the polyphenols contained in the extracts cause an increase in the resistance, rendering them less prone to hemolysis in hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride. The fluorimetric studies indicate that the used substances cause a decrease of packing order in the hydrophilic area of membrane lipids. The observations of erythrocyte shapes in a biological optical microscope have shown that, as a result of the substances’ action, the erythrocytes become mostly echinocytes, which means that the polyphenols of the extracts localize in the outer lipid monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane. The results obtained indicate that, in the concentration range used, the plant extracts are incorporated into the hydrophilic area of the membrane, modifying its properties.
Inference of Gene Regulation via miRNAs During ES Cell Differentiation Using MiRaGE Method
Authors: Yoshizawa Masato , Taguchi Y-h. , Yasuda Jun
Published: December 2011

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a critical regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and development. To identify important miRNAs in a biological process, many bioinformatical tools have been developed. We have developed MiRaGE (MiRNA Ranking by Gene Expression) method to infer the regulation of gene expression by miRNAs from changes of gene expression profiles. The method does not require precedent array normalization. We applied the method to elucidate possibly important miRNAs during embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation to neuronal cells and we infer that certain miRNAs, including miR-200 family, miR-429, miR-302 family, and miR-17-92 cluster members may be important to the maintenance of undifferentiated status in ES cells.
Seasonal and Daily Patterns in Activity of the Western Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen)
Authors: Lewis Vernard , Leighton Shawn , Tabuchi Robin , Haverty Michael
Published: December 2011

Activity of colonies of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor, was measured with acoustic emission (AE) technology in five loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) logs. Termite activity, whether it was feeding, excavation or movement, was monitored for 11 months under ambient conditions in a small wooden structure maintained at the University of California Richmond Field Station. AE, temperature, and humidity data were measured in 3-minute increments. Termite activity was greater during the warmer summer months compared to the cooler winter months. Termites in all five logs displayed a similar daily cycle of activity, peaking in the late afternoon. Seasonal and daily fluctuations in termite activity were significantly associated with temperature, whereas humidity did not appear to have a noticeable effect on termite activity. Possible mechanisms that drive the seasonal and daily cycles in termite activity, as measured by AE technology, and the possible implications for inspections and post-treatment analysis are discussed.
Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Analysis of a Curved Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Actuator with Sandwich Structure
Authors: Yan Zhi , Zaman Mostafa , Jiang Liying
Published: December 2011

In this work, the problem of a curved functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) actuator with sandwich structure under electrical and thermal loads is investigated. The middle layer in the sandwich structure is functionally graded with the piezoelectric coefficient g31 varying continuously along the radial direction of the curved actuator. Based on the theory of linear piezoelectricity, analytical solutions are obtained by using Airy stress function to examine the effects of material gradient and heat conduction on the performance of the curved actuator. It is found that the material gradient and thermal load have significant influence on the electroelastic fields and the mechanical response of the curved FGP actuator. Without the sacrifice of actuation deflection, smaller internal stresses are generated by using the sandwich actuator with functionally graded piezoelectric layer instead of the conventional bimorph actuator. This work is very helpful for the design and application of curved piezoelectric actuators under thermal environment.
ATLAS: A Traffic Load Aware Sensor MAC Design for Collaborative Body Area Sensor Networks
Authors: Rahman Md. Obaidur , Hong Choong Seon , Lee Sungwon , Bang Young-Cheol
Published: December 2011

In collaborative body sensor networks, namely wireless body area networks(WBANs), each of the physical sensor applications is used to collaboratively monitor thehealth status of the human body. The applications of WBANs comprise diverse and dynamictraffic loads such as very low-rate periodic monitoring (i.e., observation) data and high-ratetraffic including event-triggered bursts. Therefore, in designing a medium access control(MAC) protocol for WBANs, energy conservation should be the primary concern duringlow-traffic periods, whereas a balance between satisfying high-throughput demand andefficient energy usage is necessary during high-traffic times. In this paper, we design atraffic load-aware innovative MAC solution for WBANs, called ATLAS. The design exploitsthe superframe structure of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and it adaptively uses the contentionaccess period (CAP), contention free period (CFP) and inactive period (IP) of the superframebased on estimated traffic load, by applying a dynamic “wh” (whenever which is required)approach. Unlike earlier work, the proposed MAC design includes load estimation fornetwork load-status awareness and a multi-hop communication pattern in order to preventenergy loss associated with long range transmission. Finally, ATLAS is evaluated throughextensive simulations in ns-2 and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocol.
Environmental Assessment Methodologies for Commercial Buildings: An Elicitation Study of U.S. Building Professionals’ Beliefs on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Authors: Kientzel Jasmin , Kok Gerjo
Published: December 2011

Voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) have become increasingly popular around the world to address energy efficiency issues that mandatory building codes have not been able to tackle. Even though the utility of voluntary schemes is widely debated, they have become a de facto reality for many professionals in the building and construction sector. One topic that is neglected, however, in both academic and policy discussions, relates to how professionals (architects, engineers, real estate developers, etc.) perceive the rise of voluntary rating schemes. In order to fill this gap in the literature, the present study investigates beliefs underlying adoption behavior regarding one of the most prominent voluntary assessment and certification programs in the U.S. building industry, the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) scheme. In this paper, an elicitation study, based on 14 semi-structured interviews with building professionals in the North East of the United States, was conducted to analyze this question. Building on the Reasoned Action Approach, this paper shows that, in addition to more conventional factors such as financial calculations and marketing aspects, the understanding of beliefs held by building professionals offers important insights into their decisions to work with Voluntary Environmental Assessment and Rating Programs.
An Application of the Extended Global SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) Symmetry of the Hubbard Model on a Square Lattice: The Spinon, η-Spinon, and c Fermion Description
Authors: Carmelo Jose M. P. , Sampaio Maria J.
Published: December 2011

In this paper we review recent results on the preliminary applications of the new-found extended global SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) symmetry of the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice. Our results refer to the particular case of the bipartite square lattice. Specifically, we review a general description for such a model with nearest-neighbor transfer integral t and on-site repulsion U on a square lattice with N2a 1 sites consistent with its extended global symmetry. It refers to three types of elementary objects whose occupancy configurations generate the state representations of the model extended global symmetry. Such objects emerge from a suitable electron-rotated-electron unitary transformation. An application to the spin spectrum of the parent compound La2CuO4 is shortly reviewed.
La reprise démographique rurale en Wallonie et en Europe du Nord-Ouest
Authors: Thomsin Laurence
Published: December 2011

Since the seventies, strong urbanized regions within Nord-West Europe ar.e affected by the emergency of new demographic movements in particular with regard to sparsely populated rural areas. This process, known as rurbanization, is the result of various factors playing different roles in time and space. To only specify demographic aspects of this rural renewal, we shall draw attention to : a various shape of agglomerations giving out urban exodus, the contribution of urban migrations to the process of counter-urbanization, a continuous development of multiple-functions in the small towns and a resumption of residential migrations from an inside rural space since the early nineties.
Une mouche tsé-tsé dans le capteur ! Identification de facteurs de risque de la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine par télédétection et analyse spatiale
Authors: Laffly Dominique , Hervouët Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2011

La Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (THA) ou maladie du sommeil est transmise par une glossine communément appelée mouche tsé-tsé. Il s'agit d'une pathologie vectorielle c'est-à-dire véhiculée par l'intermédiaire d'un hôte ou vecteur. La fréquence et la qualité des contacts homme-vecteur sont des éléments essentiels dans la diffusion du mal. C'est par conséquent une maladie non inéluctable pour peu que l'on prenne les mesures adaptées tant en termes de piégeage des mouches que de précautions élémentaires afin de réduire au minimum les contacts hommes-vecteurs épidémiologiquement dangereux. Or, les structures de soin et de veille sanitaire ne parviennent pas à l'heure actuelle à assurer leur rôle préventif bien que la situation soit très préoccupante. D'après l'OMS 25 000 nouveaux cas sont notifiés chaque année dans les 36 États à risque situés au sud du Sahara, mais il y en aurait dix fois plus. Le manque d'information sur la maladie ne doit donc pas s'interpréter comme une absence de la maladie elle-même. Il est impératif (prioritaire) de pouvoir préciser où il est prioritaire d'agir en identifiant les foyers potentiels afin de mettre en place les stratégies sanitaires adaptées. Nous tentons d'intégrer la télédétection et l'analyse spatiale à la reconnaissance d'indicateurs paysagers révélateurs de facteurs de risque de la THA et de sa diffusion potentielle. Nous nous appuyons sur des travaux réalisés en Côte d'Ivoire par des équipes de l'Institut Pierre Richet (IPR) de Bouaké et de l'IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, ex-ORSTOM) qui ont permis d'identifier différents facteurs de risque et de les traduire en autant d'indicateurs environnementaux de ceux-ci.
Chronique d'une endémie opportuniste. Développement rural et onchocercose au Nord Cameroun (Foyer du Faro)
Authors: Paris Frédéric
Published: December 2011

Chronicle of an opportunist endemic Disease. Rural Land Development and Onchocerciasis in North Cameroon (Faro Focus).

The intention of this study is to reconstruct the epidemiological history of a savanna onchocerciasis focus, basing on the evolution of the blindness rates. The endemic level of this disease was tolerated by population at the beginning of the colonial period, because the intensive space occupancy system of the piedmont by Dowayo, restricted the contact between man and the black fly vector. Because of lack of knowledge about the incurred danger, the policy of plains land development induced a severe transmission with disastrous sanitary, demographic and economic consequences.
Le vieillissement démographique en Chine. Tendances récentes et perspectives
Authors: Peng Fei
Published: December 2011

La population chinoise est encore relativement jeune, comparativement à celle des pays développés, le phénomène du vieillissement affectant plutôt les régions urbaines et côtières que les régions du nord du pays. Le vieillissement va cependant fortement s'accentuer durant les trois prochaines décennies, au point que la Chine aura en 2050 une proportion de personnes âgées voisine de celle des pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest. Le vieillissement devrait toujours être fortement différencié entre les régions.
The seven demographic Spains. Inter-municipal contrasts in age structure : fertility and migration are the determining factors
Authors: Reques Velasco Pedro , Rodriguez Rodriguez Vicente
Published: December 2011

Population structure is considered to be a consequence of the demographic and socio-economic factors having acted in the territory, some intensely some weakly. In developed societies ageing emerges as the more outstanding phenomenon relating to the demographic, economic and social concerns. To analyse population structure in Spain at a municipal scale some indicators, both synthetic and analytic, are used to determine the assignment of each municipality to seven classes ranged from the younger to the old and very old. As a summary, the degree of ageing in Spain at municipal scale is high, mainly in rural and mountainous zones, due to the high rates of emigration and the decline of fertility in the last decades. Urban municipalities, that received immigration, rejuvenated and reinforced the adult group, are clearly becoming older. The younger demographic structures are traditionally found in southern Spain and also in the periphery of the metropolitan areas where emigrants are moving from central cities.
La démogéographie peut-elle fournir des lois à la science politique ?
Authors: Dumont Gérard-François
Published: December 2011

Dans les sciences sociales, une loi peut se définir comme le constat de certaines régularités dans les interrelations entre les faits sociaux. Ces régularités observées, puis validées par l'expérimentation invoquée, permettent de proposer des lois, même si ces dernières n'ont pas nécessairement un caractère universel et pérenne, comme parfois en science physique. Conformément à cette démarche et appliquant les principes de la méthode expérimentale de Claude Bernard, nous proposons deux des lois démogéographiques de la politique, la loi du nombre et la loi du différentiel. Par l'expérimentation invoquée, leur véracité peut être établie. La géographie de la population peut donc apporter des enseignements utiles à la science politique.
Cartographier les populations ou les sociétés ? Problèmes de représentations dans deux atlas en Afrique de l'Ouest
Authors: Leclerc Eric
Published: December 2011

Mapping Populations or Societies , Perception Problems in two Atlases of West Africa.

Through two examples of demographic atlases, the first one in Mauritania, the second in Mali, we had to select different types of information visualisation. Far from being only a problem of graphic language, these choices inferred also on the accuracy of the produced images. But making a scientific map is a specificity of our culture and our way of representing the world. The maps built from geographical data bases, within administrative limits may be only a visualisation of the population stocks at a census date without an approach of the social mobility and dynamics. By using the Euclidian geometry, the map expresses more a topographical metrics to visualise a society than a topological one. These two atlases gave rise to try different methods of cartography and assess the limits of others. The map is a collection of information which enlarges our individual perception but the use of a sémiologie code and the information processing for mapping have an impact on this image of the social reality. The cartographer and the user of the map, must keep a critical distance from this image of the reality. They must remember that the map is more the matter of the subject than of the object.
Une approche des mouvements de population, de nouveaux outils : les permis de construire
Authors: Letniowska-Swiat Sylvie
Published: December 2011

L'analyse des mouvements de population agitant le système urbain occupe une place toujours plus importante dans l'étude des populations. La ville est de plus en plus éclatée. Cette réalité nouvelle ne correspond plus ni aux définitions, ni aux délimitations classiques de l'espace urbain. Les mobilités décuplées animent l'ensemble du système urbain, centre et marges comprises. L'étude de ces déplacements se complexifie, tout autant que leurs nombres et leurs trajectoires. Les seules données issues des recensements de la population ne suffisent plus à les quantifier et encore moins à les qualifier. C'est pourquoi le recours à des bases de données annexes, tel le fichier SICLONE, recensement des permis de construire peuvent contribuer à échelle fine, à de meilleures analyses, et ce notamment dans le cas d'une approche de la structuration des espaces périurbains.
Espaces de vie et violences envers les femmes
Authors: Brown Elisabeth , Maillochon Florence
Published: December 2011

Violence against Women, Place and Social Space.

The ENVEFF survey results enable us to distinguish four types of interpersonal violence against women, wherever this violence occurs, be it in the couple, at work or in public space. These types are: insults, emotional abuse or psychological violence, physical abuse and sexual abuse. Their rates vary considerably according to age of women, but also to demographic, social or economic characteristics which, in turn, vary according to the place of residence and, above all, to the size of the agglomeration. Nevertheless, there are particular effects of the type of place and of lifestyles typical in such places, linked to spatial organisation, types of daily mobility and the nature and density of relationship networks. If the frequency of intimate partner violence is fairly constant whatever the agglomeration size, all types of abuse at work, and, in particular, physical and sexual assaults or abuse in public space generally increase as agglomeration size increases.
Discrimination spatiale des femmes et ségrégation sur le marché du travail : l'exemple de Bruxelles
Authors: Broze Laurence , Steinauer Mathilde , Thomas Isabelle
Published: December 2011

Women's Spatial Discrimination and Segregation on Labour Market : the Example of Brussels.

This paper aims at giving a state of the literature about spatial discrimination of the women and illustrating by the example of Brussels. A review of the literature concludes to a wide heterogeneity of the methods as well as the empirical results. The exploratory data analysis on Brussels confirms the existence of a strong spatial segregation related to the family and socio-economic situation.
De la géographie féministe à la "Gender Geography" : une lecture francophone d'un concept anglophone
Authors: Louargant Sophie
Published: December 2011

Les écrits géographiques français sur le genre sont épars et reflètent peu l'ambiguïté inhérente à ce concept : structurer une pensée dans un contexte culturel diffèrent. Le biais majeur serait de transposer les idées sans s'adapter aux singularités. Pour y parvenir l'une des voies possible est d'explorer la revue de littérature anglo-saxonne, de l'analyser pour cerner les enjeux et les limites des travaux. De ces écrits émergent trois positionnements et perceptions de l'espace. L'article se propose de mettre en perspective ces points de vue.
Les grandes villes-centres des États-Unis face au défi actuel de la métropolisation
Authors: Billard Gérald
Published: December 2011

Cela fait pratiquement un siècle que l'échelle métropolitaine (metropolitan districts) a été introduite dans le recensement américain. Si avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le phénomène métropolitain était éclipsé par la logique de concentration au niveau des villes-centres, il s'impose désormais comme caractéristique de la structure urbaine actuelle. Le modèle radioconcentrique, organisé autour d'une ville-centre puissante, a ainsi laissé la place à une approche polynucléaire dans laquelle le poids démographique, économique et social de la ville centrale semble se réduire. Les chiffres du recensement 2000 n'inversent pas radicalement cette tendance mais de nombreux auteurs soulignent un mouvement de résurgence des grandes villes centres, provoqué à la fois par la lutte nécessaire contre les stigmates de l'étalement urbain et une intensification des flux migratoires internationaux.
Immigration et géopolitique urbaine : la question du logement à Oakland, Californie
Authors: Douzet Frederick
Published: December 2011

Immigration and Urban Geopolitics: Housing Policy and Minorities in Oakland, CA.

The housing issue is an interesting window into the multiple spatial redistributions operating under the intense pressure of Asian and Hispanic immigration in the San Francisco Bay Area. In Oakland, mayor Jerry Brown's housing policy intends to revitalize an economically depressed city by attracting wealthy white populations into the city center thanks to skyrocketing housing prices in the Bay Area. The first signs of economic recovering in Oakland are certainly due to the global context of economic growth but probably also to Jerry Brown's personality if not to the fact he is white. The long term success of his policy is less certain and is likely to have tremendous consequences for the population like pushing the poor out of the city and participating to the already started dilution of Black electoral power.
Polish and Somali Entrepreneurship and the Building of Ethnic Economies in Toronto
Authors: Lo Lucia , Teixeira Carlos , Truelove Marie
Published: December 2011

Polonais et Somaliens à Toronto : la construction d'économies ethniques.

Les immigrants polonais et somaliens sont bien différents. Les Polonais sont un groupe d'immigrants plus ancien, peu visible bien qu'installé dans des quartiers spécifiques où il a su bâtir des institutions communautaires ; par contre, les Somaliens, groupe d'arrivée récente, sort nettement moins nombreux et n'ont pas encore bâti de structures institutionnelles spécifiques. Cette étude, basée sur une enquête auprès d'entrepreneurs polonais et somaliens arrivés au Canada après 1981, examine leur insertion dans l'économie et la société canadiennes. Le groupe somalien s'appuie davantage sur les ressources de la communauté pour démarrer et soutenir ses entreprises, et rencontre davantage d'obstacles économiques pour établir une économie ethnique. Les résultats suggèrent que la plénitude institutionnelle d'une communauté d'immigrants peut avoir un effet sur le succès de ses entreprises.
Représentation politique du territoire et de l'urbain : de la théorie à la pratique
Authors: Guillorel Hervé
Published: December 2011

Le territoire a toujours constitué un vecteur fondamental de la représentation politique et électorale : lieu d'expression des intérêts mais aussi lieu de discrimination. Le développement de la démocratie formelle basée sur l'axiome 1 homme = 1 voix n'a pas résolu la question de la place du territoire dans les mécanismes de la représentation. En partant du modèle clisthénien, nous rappellerons quelle peut être la place du territoire dans les théories de la représentation, pour ensuite illustrer cette problématique à partir d'un exemple concret : les représentations de l'urbain.
Cartes et élections : la construction des circonscriptions électorales aux États-Unis, entre égalité et équité
Authors: Boquet Yves
Published: December 2011

Le redécoupage décennal des circonscriptions électorales américaines est l'occasion de litiges juridiques qui sont aujourd'hui centrés sur la représentation des minorités ethniques. L'outil informatique permet de construire des districts spécifiquement conçus pour Noirs ou Hispaniques, mais les formes aberrantes qu'on peut leur donner conduisent la Cour Suprême à en invalider un nombre croissant. Cet article examine les principales décisions de justice relatives aux découpages électoraux et décrit plusieurs cas précis.
Efficient synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-4-halo-1H-pyrazoles from 3-arylsydnones and 2-aryl-1,1-dihalo-1-alkenes
Authors: Yang Yiwen , Kuang Chunxiang , Jin Hui , Yang Qing , Zhang Zhongkui
Published: December 2011

An efficient synthesis of 1,3-diaryl-4-halo-1H-pyrazoles was achieved. The synthesis involves the [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of 3-arylsydnones and 2-aryl-1,1-dihalo-1-alkenes. The process proceeds smoothly in moderate to excellent yields. 1,3-Diaryl-4-halo-1H-pyrazoles are found to be important intermediates that can easily be converted into 1,2,5-triaryl-substituted pyrazoles via Pd-catalyzed C–H bond activation.
Establishment of Methylation-Specific PCR for the Mouse p53 Gene
Authors: Okazaki Ryuji , Ootsuyama Akira , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Norimura Toshiyuki
Published: December 2011

Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) of the mouse p53 gene has not yet been reported. We searched the CpG islands, sequenced the bisulfited DNA, and designed PCR primers for methylation and unmethylation sites. DNA from a young mouse produced a strong PCR product with the unmethylated primer and a weaker band with the methylated primer. DNA from an old mouse produced bands of similar intensities with both primers. In radiation-induced tumors, DNA from an old mouse yielded similar bands with both types of primers. We suggest that MSP is a valuable technique for the epigenetic study of the mouse p53 gene.
Development of Spanish Version of the LittlEARS Parental Questionnaire for Use in the United States and Latin America
Authors: Spitzer Jaclyn B. , Zavala Jorge S.
Published: December 2011

The LittlEARS Auditory Questionnaire is a parent questionnaire created to assess development of age-dependent auditory behaviors of children in the pre-verbal stage. The original questionnaire was developed in Austria (in German), and is now being introduced in the United States in English. This study was designed to obtain normative data on a Spanish translation. Fifty parents or caregivers participated. Responses were obtained at their child’s visit to a hospital clinic or an external ambulatory site. Children ranged in age from .5 to 21.4 months (mean = 9.5 months). Parents were either Spanish monolingual or bilingual representing 5 national origins. Analyses included correlation of age with total score, and with individual questions, index of difficulty, discrimination and selectivity indices, scale analysis, split-half reliability and internal consistency. Specifically, correlation between age and number of observed behaviors was 0.927. A measure of internal consistency was high, 0.95. Results indicated that the translated LittlEARS for use with Spanish speakers is a potentially useful tool for clinicians assessing pre-verbal auditory behavior. High correlations of total score with age suggested that the questionnaire reflects a progression of auditory skills in the 0 to 24 months age group.
Shear-sense indicators: a review
Authors: Hanmer S , Passchier C
Published: December 2011

The critical evaluation of the kinematic significance of natural geological deformation structures, with particular reference to the determination of shear-sense, requires a high degree of familiarity with the basic concepts of flow, and the influence of material
properties ( discontinuities, rheological layering, anisotropy) on the nature of flow at the local scale. This contribution begins with a chapter on flow, followed by three chapters which critically examine geological deformation structures which are commonly used as shear-sense indicators:
foliations, stiff inclusions and their attendant wings and, finally, folds and veins.
Survival of Patients with Squamous Cell Malignancies of the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: Berz David , Rizack Tina , Weitzen Sherry , Mega Anthony , Renzulli Joseph , Colvin Gerald
Published: December 2011

Background

Carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter are rare diseases, accounting for only about 1% of all urogenital malignancies. Previous reports suggest that squamous cell histology is associated with inferior survival. We present the largest population based analysis to date of survival in patients with upper urinary tract malignancies.

Methods

We analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database for cancer specific survival rates in patients with renal pelvis and ureteral malignancies who were diagnosed between 1973 and 2003 in the SEER catchment geographic areas. The primary exposure of interest was the underlying histology, squamous cell versus transitional cell differentiation. We performed descriptive statistics, non parametric survival analysis, and cox proportional hazard analysis.

Results

We identified 13,213 eligible patients, 7,716 renal pelvis and 5,497 ureteral carcinomas. Among this cohort, 179 patients had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 12,395 had transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), including 121 papillary, and 619 had other histologies. Overall, patients with SCC histology fared worse. The median overall survival time was 10 months for SCC and 63 months for TCC. The cox analysis revealed a HR 3.7 (95% CI 3.0–4.5) for SCC when compared to TCC and corrected for decade of diagnosis, age, gender, prior treatment, and race. The difference between the two groups was entirely attributable to survival differences in patients with loco-regional disease. However, when stratified by lymph node involvement this difference disappeared for patients with locally involved lymph nodes ( P = 0.84) and for patients with clear lymph nodes ( P = 0.92).

Conclusions

SCCs of the upper urinary tract present at a higher clinical stage and appear to represent more aggressive disease when compared to other histologies. However, when appropriately staged according to lymph node status, the survival of TCC and SCC of the upper urinary tract is identical when compared stage by stage.
Health Habits and Risk Factors among Truck Drivers Visiting a Health Booth during a Trucker Trade Show
Authors: Korelitz James J. , Fernandez Alison A. , Uyeda Valerie J. , Spivey Gary H. , Browdy Ben L. , Schmidt Reynold T.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

The purpose of this report is to provide general information on the personal characteristics, health status, and health interests reported by long-haul truck drivers.

Design.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted based on a convenience sample. Statistical independence between comparison groups for driver type, age, and gender were tested with the Pearson chi-square test.

Setting.

The study population consisted of truck drivers who stopped at one of 65 truck stops participating in a trucker trade show.

Subjects.

Subjects were 2,945 male self-identified truck drivers and 353 female self-identified truck drivers who visited health booths at the trade show. It was estimated that two thirds of visitors to the health booth participated.

Measures.

A self-administered, close-ended questionnaire recorded the participant's personal characteristics, health status, and health interests. Blood pressure was measured by trained volunteers.

Results.

A large percentage of male truck drivers smoked cigarettes (54 % vs. 30 % of U.S. white males), did not exercise regularly (92%), were overweight (50% vs. 25% of U.S. white males), and/or were not aware they had high blood pressure (66% vs. 46% of U.S. population). Also, 23% of surveyed truck drivers tested positive on one measure of alcoholism.

Conclusions.

Although a scientific sampling frame was not used, the health status and lifestyle observed in this study suggest truck drivers would clearly benefit from a health education and promotion program. The truck stops should be evaluated as a possible setting for such a program.
Use and Effectiveness of Buddy Support in a Self-Help Smoking Cessation Program
Authors: Kviz Frederick J. , Crittenden Kathleen S. , Madura Karen J. , Warnecke Richard B.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

This study assesses buddy support in a community-based, minimal-contact smoking cessation program.

Design.

Telephone interviews with participants (n=641, response=74%) before and after (end-of-program, n=1, 023, response=83%; three months n=757, response=74%; six months, n=859, response=84%; and 12 months, n=713, response=70%) intervention provided the data to be analyzed.

Setting.

The Chicago metropolitan area was the setting.

Subjects.

Subjects were a random sample of registrants for the intervention program.

Intervention.

A self-help smoking cessation program was used, which included a manual and complementary televised segments. Engaging a buddy was optional.

Measures.

Background and psychosocial characteristics of participants, characteristics of buddies, program compliance, and smoking behavior were the measures used.

Results.

Almost one third (30.3%) engaged a buddy. Those most likely to engage a buddy were female (33.4%), younger than 30 (37.2%), educated beyond high school (33.4%), highly determined to quit (41.8%), and more likely to need help from others (39.8%). More than half of the buddies were from outside the participant's household (55.1%), and more than half were nonsmokers (60.9%). Having a buddy was associated positively with manual use (gamma=.38), viewing televised segments (gamma=.23), recalling manual segments (gamma=.33), and recalling televised segments (gamma=.26). Among those who read the manual least, having a buddy was associated with viewing televised segments (gamma=.26, p<.05) and with end-of-program quitting (16.8% vs. 9.8%, p<.05). Having a buddy also was associated with higher abstinence through 12 months (5.8% vs. 2.7%, p=.013). Among those with lower determination, the end-of-program quit rate was more than three times greater (p=.013) for those with a buddy (16.1 %) than without a buddy (5.2%). Participants whose buddy was their spouse or partner were more likely to quit at end-of-program (29.1% vs. 18.4%, p=.031).

Conclusions.

Buddy support should be promoted as an adjunct to minimal-contact smoking cessation programs. Impact of buddy support might be improved by guiding participants in choosing a buddy.