bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corneal iatrogenicity of Belantamab Mafodotin (GSK2857916), Clinical and Morphological In Vivo Confocal Microscopy follow-up of a case series
Authors: Mostrel David , Marquant Kevin , Quinquenel Anne , Arndt Carl , Denoyer Alexandre
Published: September 2022

Objective : To highlight the potential importance of confocal microscopy (IVCM) in the follow-up of patients with refractory multiple myeloma treated with Belantamab Mafodotin.
Methods : A retrospective case series of 8 patients with refractory multiple myeloma treated with belantamab mafodotin was reported. Ophthalmologic follow-up of these patients every 3 weeks before each new infusion included systematic corneal examination with IVCM. A complementary analysis of the morphological data collected in IVCM was performed to evaluate the density, the average size and the circularity of the lesions observed.
Results : In case 1, the iatrogenic damage was maximal at the 6th week of follow-up with an important damage of Bowman's layer, leading to the suspension of the treatment. After resumption of treatment at a reduced dosage, the morphological damage to the cornea was reduced. In case 2, the onset of iatrogenic damage related to the treatment was observed but the follow-up was interrupted early because of therapeutic escape of the disease. In case 3, a prolonged follow-up could be performed showing a good tolerance to the treatment. In case 4, a decrease in visual acuity was observed at the 6th week of follow-up in connection with the treatment-related toxicity well observed in IVCM. Follow-up was then interrupted due to therapeutic escape of the disease. In cases 5 and 6, a significant decrease in visual acuity was observed at the 6th week in relation to iatrogenic morphological anomalies of the central cornea. The resumption of treatment at a reduced dosage was accompanied by an improved tolerance. In cases 7 and 8, the patients did not develop specific damage.
Conclusion : Our study showed the interest of corneal morphological follow-up in IVCM in patients treated with belantamab mafodotin in order to detect early signs of corneal iatrogenicity and to guide the management accordingly, before the suspension of treatment.
Maternal and child factors associated with late neonatal bathing practices in Nigeria: Evidence from a national survey
Authors: Appiah Francis , Adde Kenneth Setorwu , Boakye Kingsley , Fenteng Justice Ofosu Darko , Darteh Andrews Ohene , Salihu Tarif , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Ayerakwah Patience Ansomah
Published: September 2022

Background
Two-hundred and seventy out of every thousand live births died in Nigeria in 2019. These deaths are attributable to infections, complications of preterm birth and intrapartum-related conditions. The World Health Organization and Save the Children recommend withholding bathing of neonates until 24 hours after birth or until their vital signs become stable to prevent hypothermia. Despite the link between neonatal bathing and thermal control, the subject is understudied in Nigeria. This study aimed at investigating the maternal and child factors associated with late neonatal bathing practices in Nigeria.
Methods
The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and extracted data from the women’s file of the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (2018 NDHS). The unit of analysis was limited to 12,972 women aged 15–49 who had complete data for the study. The outcome variable for the study was “late neonatal bathing (LNB)” conceptualized as delaying bathing of newborns until 24 hours after birth. At 95% confidence interval, two logistic regression models were built with Model I consisting of only maternal factors whilst Model II contained both maternal and child factors. The results of the final model were presented as adjusted odds ratio (aOR).
Results
Descriptively, 12% (CI = 0.122–0.134) of the women aged 15–49 bathed their neonates after 24 hours of delivery. Inferentially, women with secondary/higher education [AOR = 1.30, CI = 1.05–1.61], the rich [AOR = 1.24, CI = 1.03–1.50], those with access to mass media [AOR = 131, CI = 1.15–1.50], women that professed other religions [AOR = 9.28, CI = 4.24–17.56], those who delivered in a health facility [AOR = 1.93, CI = 1.66–2.25], whose child was small in size at birth [AOR = 1.46, CI = 1.21–1.77] and delivered by caesarean section [AOR = 2.50, CI = 1.97–3.18] had higher odds of bathing their neonates 24 hours after birth. The likelihood to bath neonates 24 hours after birth decreased among women who were into sales [AOR = 0.71, CI = 0.52–0.97], women with parity two [AOR = 0.75, CI = 0.61–0.92] and rural residents [AOR = 0.83, CI = 0.74–0.96].
Conclusions
The proportion of women aged 15 to 49 who practiced late neonatal bathing was generally low. To improve the practice of late neonatal bathing, much concerted effort should be directed to women's education and approaches of increasing receptivity of late neonatal bathing among pregnant women through the media. The Nigerian’s Ministry of Health should incorporate routine counseling on the risks of bathing newborns prematurely into ANC and PNC.
Microbial degradation of organophosphorous compounds by Soil bacterial isolates
Authors: Chauhan Vinita , Dhaked Ram Kumar
Published: September 2022

Several bacterial strains that can use organophosphates as a source of carbon have been isolated from the soil, where the synthesis of organophosphorus compound takes places. The enrichment of biodegrading bacteria for OP compound was carried out in mineral salt (MS1) medium. All these organisms synthesize an enzyme called organophosphorus hydrolase in each case the enzyme is encoded by a opd gene. The isolates were grouped together using pyro GC, PAGE and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Two species of bacteria which are degrading OP compound effectively were identified as sp. of Pseudomonas and Acinetobactor. Organophosphates were utilized second preferred after glucose as carbon source by these bacteria whereas acetate and lactose exhibited minimum effect on growth. Degradation of organophosphorus compound by the bacterial isolates was determined by the estimation of concentration of inorganic phosphorus after 12 and 24 h. The biodegradation of methyl parathion, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and sarin proceeded rapidly with the formation of a series of intermediate product, which were analyzed using a combination of GC/MS.
GA-WEO: A Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithm for Heterogeneous Task Scheduling on Cloud Environment
Authors: L Javid Ali , N Gobalakrishnan , K Pradeep
Published: September 2022

The growth of cloud computing is astounding in the business and research domains in the last decade. The popularity of cloud could be attributed to the virtualization technology. To achieve balance and due to resource scarcity during peak load period, a few of those tasks are migrated to other datacenters. The potential of cloud computing can be harvested to its fullest by employing efficient task scheduling techniques. In cloud, focus is on makespan and maximum system utilization phenomenon owing to which tasks may be scheduled on different virtual machines. Meta-heuristic scheduling algorithms could be employed to provide solution to such issues since task scheduling is a NP-hard problem. In this proposed research work, a integration of Genetic Water Evaporation Optimization Algorithm (GWEO) had been presented for efficiently scheduling of tasks on a heterogeneous cloud environment. The proposed research work objective is to minimize the time of task execution, cost and energy consumed by the resources during task execution. The proposed hybrid GWEO algorithm is hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Water Evaporation Optimization Algorithm (WEO). Different datasets had been employed for evaluating the proposed GWEO algorithm. The proposed hybrid technique performance was evolved for the metrics cost, energy and execution time using CloudSim toolkit. The experimental results obtained through simulation had been compared with other algorithms, which showed that the proposed GWEO technique achieve a significant improvement in the QoS metrics (cost, energy consumption and execution time).
Nearest neighbours weighted composite likelihood based on pairs for (non-)Gaussian massive spatial data with an application to Tukey-hh random fields estimation
Authors: Caamaño-Carrillo Christian , Bevilacqua Moreno , López Cristian , Morales-Oñate Víctor
Published: September 2022

In this paper we propose a highly scalable method for (non-)Gaussian random fields estimation.In particular, we propose a novel (a)symmetric weight function based on nearest neighboursfor the method of maximum weighted composite likelihood based on pairs (WCLP).
The proposed weight function allows estimating massive (up to millions) spatial datasetsand improves the statistical efficiency of the WCLP method using symmetric weights based on distances, as shown in the numerical examples.
As an application of the proposed method we consider the estimation of a novel non-Gaussian random field named Tukey-hh random field that has flexible marginal distributions, possibly skewed and/or heavy-tailed. In an extensive simulation study we explore the statistical efficiency of the proposed nearest neighbours WCLP method with respect to the WCLP method using weights based on distances when estimating the parameters of the Tukey-hh random field.
In the Gaussian case we also compare the proposed method with the Vecchia approximation from computational and statistical viewpoints.Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by estimating a large dataset of mean temperatures in South-America.Our developments have been implemented in an open-source package for the R statistical environment.
Target organ toxicity in rats after subchronic oral exposure to soil extracts containing a complex mixture of contaminants
Authors: Boamah Bright , Barnsley Sarah , Finch Lian , Briens Jennifer , Siciliano Steven , Hogan Natacha , Hecker Markus , Hanson Mark , Campbell Patrick , Peters Rachel , Manek Aditya , Al-Dissi Ahmad N. , Weber Lynn
Published: September 2022

Complex mixtures of unknown contaminants present a challenge to identify toxicological risks without using large numbers of animals and labour-intensive screens of all organs. This study examined soil extracts from a legacy contaminated pesticide packaging and blending site. HepG2 cytotoxicity was used as an initial screen of 18 soil samples to identify the most toxic extracts for testing in animals. Then, target organ toxicities were identified following biweekly oral gavage for one month of three soil extracts (0.1% in polyethylene glycol or PEG) compared to vehicle control in male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 9–10/group). Exposure to extract A significantly increased neutrophils and lymphocytes compared to control. In contrast, all extracts increased plasma α-2 macroglobulin and caused mild to moderate lymphocytic proliferation within the spleen white pulp, all indicative of inflammation. Rats exposed to all soil extracts exhibited acute tubular necrosis. Cholinesterase activity was significantly reduced in plasma, but not brain, after exposure to extract A compared to control. Increased hepatic ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity compared to control was observed following exposure to extracts A and B. Exposure to soil extract C in rats showed a prolonged QTc interval in electrocardiography as well as increased brain lipid peroxidation. Candidate contaminants are organochlorine, organophosphate/carbamate pesticides or metabolites. Overall, HepG2 cytotoxicity did not successfully predict the neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity observed with extract C, but was more successful with suspected hydrocarbon toxicities in extracts A and B. Caution should be taken when extrapolating the observation of no effects from in vitro cell culture to in vivo toxicity and better cell culture lines or assays should be explored.
Potential effects of pyocyanin on the antibacterial action of ampicillin and cefotaxime against human pathogenic bacteria
Authors: AL-Janabi Ali Abdul Hussein S. , Mohamed Jenan Khadem
Published: September 2022

Pyocyanin (PCN) is a blue–green pigment mainly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has antimicrobial effects on a variety of organisms. Ampicillin (AMP) and cefotaxime (CTX) are widely used against bacterial pathogens as important antibacterial agents. The effect of PCN on the antibacterial action of AMP and CTX has been studied. PCN from P. aeruginosa was extracted by chloroform method. Two PCN concentrations (2 and 4 µg/ml) were combined separately with a variety of AMP and CTX concentrations. Change in the antibacterial activity of AMP and CTX against 14 isolated pathogenic bacteria after combination has been investigated. The antibacterial activity of AMP decreased against 7 bacterial isolates when mixed with 4 µg/ml of PCN, while this activity increased against the majority of bacteria after mixing with 2 µg/ml. CTX activity was also reduced against 12 bacterial isolates by 4 µg/ml of PCN, while it was not generally affected by 2 µg/ml. in conclusion; PCN had variable effects on the antibacterial activity of AMP and CTX, which varied mainly between decreased activity and absence of effects. A low concentration of PCN was more effective in increasing the action of AMP, but had no effect on the action of CTX.
A Prefix Based Approach for Joint Doppler and Channel Estimation in Underwater Communication
Authors: Bhadouria Vijay Singh , Agrawal Monika , Kumar Ritesh
Published: September 2022

Developing a reliable and robust underwater acoustic communication system is a difficult task, due to the complicated nature of the underwater channel, non-stationary noise, and a number of other factors. Indeed, channel estimation or equalization presents numerous challenges in this non-stationary, highly Doppler, multipath environment; as a result, traditional equalizers and PLL-based methods have limited performance. Generally, communication over such time-varying channels is accomplished via packets that contain a prefix/preamble signal for training, a payload containing the actual data, and a silent period for proper alignment. The prefix signal must be designed properly because it is used to estimate the channel and also to determine the start of packet. This paper proposes a novel prefix signal based on the hyperbolic chirp signal, where its Doppler invariance properties enable the extraction of the entire packet even when Doppler and severe multipath are present. Additionally, this proposed prefix enables an efficient and accurate method for fully characterising an underwater channel. The proposed prefix signal is used to estimate the multipath delay and amplitude, and different Doppler scales. Extensive simulations using various channel models are used to determine the proposed method robustness and efficacy under a wide range of conditions. Additionally, the proposed algorithm has been validated on a real-world channel.
Effect of Controlled Release Fertilizers on Blossom-end Rot Incidence in Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Patio Hybrid1
Authors: Halterlein A. J. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: September 2022

The use of MagAmp as a nutrient source in 6 low Ca media reduced blossom-end rot (BER) incidence in ‘Patio Hybrid’ tomato. When Osmocote alone supplied the nutrients, BER incidence was significantly higher than when MagAmp was the sole nutrient source. A combination of MagAmp and Osmocote significantly reduced BER incidence below that observed when Osmocote was the sole nutrient source. Indirect evidence that Mg may have substituted for Ca in maintaining normal metabolism of the fruit is presented.
Changes in Various Constituents of Onion as Influenced by Two Light Regimes1
Authors: Whiteside William F. , Vandemark Joseph S. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

Onions (Allium cepa L. cv. Spanish Beauty) were seeded in a glasshouse and grown with or without supplemental light and then transplanted into the field. Plants harvested at various times were separated into leaves, roots, and bulbs and analyzed for chlorophyll, total carbohydrate, protein and dry weight. Onion leaves increased in all parameters measured for 21 weeks and then declined rapidly. Bulbs steadily increased in total carbohydrate, protein and dry weight. Supplemental light treatments increased onion weight at transplanting and at harvest. The increased weight was due to more carbohydrate and leaves per plant.
Plant Nutrition and Citrus Fruit Crop Quality and Yield
Authors: Embleton Tom W. , Jones Winston W. , Platt Robert G.
Published: September 2022

The effects of plant nutrients on citrus fruit quality cannot be considered independently of their effects on yield. In some cases quality can be improved by sacrificing some yield;however, from the overall economic point of view, it is usually advantageous to sustain maximum fruit yield even though there may be some sacrifice in fruit quality. This report emphasizes the nutrient effects on quality in the ranges in which we expect maximum yield to be sustained. If the deficient ranges for yield are included, the degree of effects on quality is greater. The nutrient ranges and effects discussed are primarily those encountered by the authors under California conditions.
Organic vs. Inorganic Nutrition and Horticultural Crop Quality1
Authors: Barker Allen V.
Published: September 2022

Until the development of modern chemical fertilizers began in about 1840, natural and organic materials supplied virtually all the plant nutrients to the soil. The use of chemical fertilizers increased gradually until about 1940. Since then the total consumption of chemical fertilizers in the United States has increased nearly fivefold to about 40,000,000 tons annually (28). The development and use of modern chemical fertilizers has decreased the relative importance of organic fertilizers. Today, organic materials account for less than 1% of the N fertilizers sold in this country (27). Phosphate rock materials account for about 20% of the present P fertilizer consumption in the United States, and over 85% of these materials are consumed in Illinois and Missouri (4). Natural potassic fertilizers, such as seaweed, greensand, and granite dust, apparently account for an insignificant fraction of the K fertilizer materials sold in this country, since muriate of potash alone accounts for nearly 90% of the commercial K fertilizers consumed here (4).
Effect of Foliar Application of Nutrients on Creasing of ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Bar-Akiva A.
Published: September 2022

Foliar spray applications of ammonium phosphate were more effective than potassium nitrate sprays in reducing creasing of ‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Ammonium phosphate decreased fruit size and increased its soluble solid content. Potassium nitrate applied before or after ammonium phosphate prevented smaller fruit and increased the effectiveness of ammonium phosphate in preventing creasing.
Optimal Management of Greenhouse Crops1
Authors: Goh B. S. , Peng W. Y. , Vincent T. L. , Riley J. J.
Published: September 2022

Controlled-environment agriculture gives the greenhouse manager freedom to take advantage of opportunities which are unavailable in open-field agriculture. To take full advantage of this flexibility, a greenhouse manager must be prepared to be responsive to current crop production and market conditions. In this study, the problem of managing greenhouse crops for either maximum production or profit of operation is examined, particularly the question of when to terminate a given crop and to plant new seedlings. The effects on production of dividing the greenhouse to permit crops at different stages of maturity to be grown simultaneously are considered. The annual price fluctuation and its effect on crop scheduling decisions is discussed. A formal mathematical model for crop production is not needed in order to formulate an objective decision making method, rather one may make use of current and past production data to make crop management decisions. A decision-making guideline (an algorithm) based on some simple observations from the definition of a maximum is presented and used throughout as a guide for management.
Obtaining Small Peach Plants Containing All Bud Types for “Rest” and Dormancy Studies1
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , King G. A. , Moore C. M. , Bush Parshall
Published: September 2022

A method for obtaining small (15-25 cm) plants of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] with all bud types present was developed by rooting peach cuttings following flower bud initiation. These small plants permit studies to be carried out in controlled-environmental chambers. The rest and dormancy periods of the rooted cuttings were similar to large field-grown trees of the same cultivar.
Mechanical Harvester Vibration Rates Related to Winter Kill of Highbush Blueberry Branches1
Authors: Howell G. S. , Stergios B. G. , Stackhouse S. S. , Bittenbender H. C.
Published: September 2022

Winter injury to branches of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium australe Small cv. Jersey) resulted when mechanical harvester use caused lesions on the branches during the harvesting process. Of the dead wood collected during 2 years study, more than 99% had such a lesion. The amount of wood lost increased as the vibration rates of the harvester increased and at high rates loss of bearing surface reduced production the following season.
Profile of a Researcher1
Authors: Wittwer S. H.
Published: September 2022

I first met Bob Carolus 30 years ago at an annual ASHS meeting at St. Louis. Bob had just moved to the then Michigan State College to head up the vegetable program in teaching and research in the Department of Horticulture. As usual, he was promoting something new. This time it was prepackaging of fresh produce for protection and preservation. He had a special meeting and displayed samples – some of the first examples I’d ever seen of plastics – plastics for prepackaging. A package you could see through. There was also stretch film. I was fascinated. Each subsequent contact with him has been stimulating, invigorating, enlightening, and encouraging. Bob Carolus never lacks for vision and ideas.
Effects of Ethephon on Abscission of Vegetative and Reproductive Structures of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Craig Mary E. , Tucker C. L.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 250 ppm controlled bud and flower abscission but not young pod abscission of ‘Dark Red Kidney’ bean. Leaf abscission was unaffected, intemodal elongation was temporarily retarded, and the number of seeds but not the number of pods produced exceeded that of untreated plants but the difference in seed production was not significant. Treatment with 500 ppm ethephon resulted in a pattern of abscission similar to that of untreated plants. At higher concentrations (1000 and 2000 ppm) abscission of reproductive structures and of leaves was promoted. Seed production, seed maturity, and seed size were reduced. New leaves were pendant and were smaller than those of untreated plants.
Annual Flowering and Growth Habit in Cabbage—Broccoli Crosses1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Wahlert W. K.
Published: September 2022

When inbred lines of cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata group)] and green sprouting broccoli [B. oleracea L. (Italica group)] were crossed, F1 plants were annual in flowering, tall, and generally resembled broccoli. Of 2,724 F2 plants, 43% developed visible flower buds during the field-growing season, which appeared to be too short for full expression of annual habit. Annual versus biennial habit and time of flower bud appearance in annual plants seemed to be under quantitative genetic control. Height varied from that of typical cabbage to that of broccoli and greater, and was not related to apparent annual habit or general appearance of the plants. Though some plants resembled cabbage in leaf type and form of the terminal rosette, no typical heading cabbages were recovered.
Comparative Plant Growth-retarding Activities of Ancymidol with ACPC, Phosfon, Chlormequat, and SADH on Ornamental Plant Species1
Authors: Cathey Henry M.
Published: September 2022

Chemical growth retardants are unique in the history of chemical regulation of plants. All types thus far used by growers have been synthetics. Unlike many other classes of growth regulators, we have thus far not detected the naturally occurring chemicals that account for the development of dwarf plants. For one reason, dwarf plants may result from reduced or degenerated biosynthetic pathways for the natural production of gibberellin-like compounds. Also, they may result from the synthesis of a number of interrelated compounds, which separately have little effect on growth. In certain combinations and concentrations, however, they affect cell division and expansion control systems. Chemical growth retardants permit a direct approach to growth control by retarding internode elongation without seriously disrupting the growth processes that involve chlorophyll and phytochrome. They permit growers to predetermine the size of the plant for many different uses and have become an integral part of many plant production systems (Fig. 1). Florists’ and nurserymen’s catalogs designate cultivars as particularly responsive to a specific chemical growth retardant.
Photographing Large Trees to Show Limb Structure1
Authors: Stebbins R. L.
Published: September 2022

The difficulty of photographing a large tree in an orchard so that its limb structure can be clearly seen without the distraction of a confusing background is familiar to many pomologists (Fig. 1). Even more frustrating is the problem of taking good slides of large trees for use in talks on pruning. Trees have a way of outgrowing whatever we stretch behind them in our attempts to simplify the background (Fig. 2). The use of flash photography at night enables one to photograph a large tree in a row of trees with little or no confusing background. The resulting negative can be used to make positive prints (Fig. 3) or can be projected as a slide (Fig. 4). Use of highly sensitive black-and-white film such as Kodak's Tri X, ASA 400, with which the accompanying photographs were taken, eliminates the need for an unusually powerful flash gun. Whether successfully photographed a whole tree with a 10 m spread from a distance of more than 10 m (Fig. 5). Fig. 4 is from a negative made from the original negative used to make Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows how the original negative looks when projected as a slide for use with lectures on pruning.
CPTA Improves Postharvest Degreening of ‘Shamouti’ Oranges1
Authors: Gertman Eitan , Fuchs Yoram
Published: September 2022

Green ‘Shamouti’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were treated with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), ethylene and wax in various combinations. Effects of these treatments on degreening, as measured by reflectance determinations at 670 nm, showed that CPTA, alone or in combination with ethylene or ethephon may accelerate degreening of oranges but it can not overcome the inhibitory effect of waxing on the degreening process. CPTA was about 100 times more effective at pH 9.0 than at pH 4.2.
A Method for Selecting the Optimum Maturity Distribution for Mechanical Harvesting of Clingstone Peaches for Processing1
Authors: Tyson B. L. , Dull G. G. , Webb B. K.
Published: September 2022

High speed reflected light spectrophotometry was used to determine an optimum maturity distribution of mechanically harvested clingstone peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) for processing. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied at pit-hardening, advanced the optimum harvest date from 3 to 5 days and increased the yield of processable fruit from 62% for the control trees to 80% for the treated trees.
The Growing of Gras
Authors: Spiher Alan T.
Published: September 2022

On September 6, 1958, President Eisenhower signed the Food Additives Amendment into law and thus extended the concept of premarketing clearance for drugs and pesticides to food and food additives. Congress, in promulgating this legislation, defined any substance added to food as a food additive, except for two classes of food ingredients: substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) among those scientifically qualified to judge safety and substances whose use(s) in food were sanctioned by the Food and Drug Administration or the U.S. Department of Agriculture prior to September 6, 1958.
Gras Regulations: Concerns of the Food Processing Industry
Authors: Crosby Edwin A.
Published: September 2022

The canning industry’s concern for the Food and Drug Administration’s GRAS regulations covering the breeding and selection of new plant varieties was first aroused in January, 1971. We discovered the proposal published in the Federal Register of December 8, 1970 suggesting new criteria for FDA classification of substances as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods. For the first time, these regulations which had previously dealt with chemicals to be used as food additives made reference to new plant varieties and alterations in composition that might occur by breeding or selection. Specifically, the original proposal stated:

“(b)(2) Substances that may be considered as GRAS only after individual reviews of pertinent data; the Food and Drug Administration will promulgate in the Federal Register the names (and limitations, if any) of substances it affirms as GRAS, as follows: … (ii) foods that have had a significant alteration of composition by breeding or selection.”
Apple Quality after Storage in Air, Delayed-CA or CA1
Authors: Anderson Raymond E. , Abbott Judith A.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of apple (Malus domestica Bork) stored in air for 3 to 4 months at 0°C before being placed in CA (delayed-CA) generally were of intermediate quality between apples stored in CA soon after harvest and those stored in air. Apples from CA had lower respiration rates, higher acidities, and were rated harder and juicier by taste panelists than apples stored in air. Four cultivars responded similarly to these storage conditions.
Hydraulic Displacement of Tank Fertilizer Solution(s) into a Trickle Irrigation System1
Authors: Ponder H. G. , Kenworthy A. L.
Published: September 2022

Objectives were to develop a non-electrical field fertilizer injection system for trickle irrigation and to determine fertilizer turnover rates for the system. Materials included a plastic tank(s), a flow regulating valve, and small I.D. inlet, outlet connector lines. Flow from the tank(s) was created by a pressure differential across the flow regulating valve. With post valve line pressure known, micro tubes for inlet, outlet lines were cut to lengths necessary for specific flow rates. Fertilizer turnover rates were determined by placing known quantities of KC1 in the tank(s) and collecting aliquots released from the tank(s) at half-cycle intervals (1 cycle = volume of tank). K concentration was determined by flame photometer. For a one tank system, 66% of fertilizer solution was removed per cycle. As tanks were added in series the depletion rate was reduced. This system is amenable to field trickle irrigation plots.
The Inheritance of Two Induced Cotyledon Mutants of Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P. , Williams P. H. , Abul-Hayja Z.
Published: September 2022

Yellow cotyledon, yc-2, and revolute cotyledon, rc, were induced in seed of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Burpless Hybrid) by gamma radiation. Both mutations were controlled by single, recessive genes. The mutation yc-2 segregated independently of rc, yellow cotyledon, yc-1, determinate growth habit, de, non-bitter cotyledon, bi, crinkled-leaf, cr, glabrate, gib, glabrous, gl, and andromonoecious flowering habit.
Effect of Herbicides on Weed Control and Nitrate Accumulation in Table Beets1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Cantliffe D. J.
Published: September 2022

Good broadleaf weed control was achieved in table beets (Beta vulgaris L.) with cycloate, CNP, pebulate, lenacil, pyrazon (preplant application = pre), IMC 3950, TCA + pyrazon and pebulate (preplant incorporation = ppi) followed by pyrazone (postplant incorporation = post), while fair to good weed control was achieved with EPTC, propachlor and solubor. Poor weed control was obtained from CDEC, chlorpropham, pyrazon (post) and TCA. Yields expressed as $/ha or tons/ha were reduced by chlorpropham, lenacil, CNP and TCA. Nitrate-N was significantly increased in blades of beets by lenacil, pyrazon (pre) and CNP. The herbicides cyloate, CNP, EPTC, pebulate (ppi) — pyrazon (post), and TCA + pyrazon increased NO3-N concentrations in petioles. TCA + pyrazon and CNP increased NO3-N in beet roots, while CDEC, chlorpropham, solubor and pyrazon (post) decreased NO3-N. Total N concentration in the leaf blades was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments. Total N in petioles increased when TCA, chlorpropham, lenacil and CNP were used. TCA, chlorpropham, lenacil and CNP increased root total N.
External and Internal Phosphate Requirements of Field Grown Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Nishimoto Roy K. , Fox Robert L. , Parvin Phillip E.
Published: September 2022

Phosphorus fertilizer was applied as specified by adsorption curves to establish 8 concentrations of P in the soil solutions of a soil developed in volcanic ash with a large capacity to immobiize P. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cvs. Indianapolis Yellow and Iceberg produced similar vegetative growth with the same P levels in soil solution. There were cultivar differences in percentages of P in the recently matured leaves. Growth of a ratoon crop of one cultivar required less external P than was required by the plant crop and the internal P requirement of both was less than the same cultivars grown as a plant crop. For “Indianapolis Yellow’, maximum flower diameter was obtained at much lower external P concentrations than was required for maximum total fresh weight.
Comparative Activity of Commercially Available Maleic Hydrazide Formulations on Several Plant Species1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , DeBie J. , Kretchun T. , Mock T.
Published: September 2022

A new formulation of maleic hydrazide (Royal Slo-Gro), containing the surfactant polyoxyethylene trimethylnonyl ether (TMN-10), was superior to the maleic hydrazide formulation, containing polyoxyethylene nonyl surfactant (X-77) for inhibiting shoot elongation of Pinus radiata L., Xylosma congestum (Lour.) Merr., Viburnum japonicum (Thunb.) Spreng., and Coprosma repens A. Rich. The X-77 formulation was superior to the one containing TMN-10 for inhibiting growth of Juniperus sabina L. ‘Tamariscifolia’, Pyracantha coccinea (Roem.), and Callistemon citrinus (Curt.). There was little difference between the two formulations in tests with Cotoneaster pannosa (Franch.) and mixed results were obtained with Nerium oleander L. The greatest advantage of the TMN-10 formulation was manifested in Pinus where inhibition occurred without severe foliar discoloration, necrosis, or tip dieback which are characteristic of other maleic hydrazide formulations.
Dikegulac: A Promising New Foliar-applied Growth Regulator for Woody Species1
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Hield H. , DeBie J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar application of 0.1 to 1% dikegulac-sodium [sodium 2,3:4,6-di-0-isopropyl-idene-2-keto-L-gulonate (Atrinal)] inhibited (shoot) elongation and axillary bud break for more than 3 months in field grown Xylosma congestum, (Lour.) Merr., Pyracantha coccinea (Roem.), Callistemon citrinus (Curt.), Cotoneaster pannosa (Franch.), and Nerium oleander L. Phytotoxic symptoms were minor in most species, but Nerium, chlorosis of young leaves and necrotic areas on tips of half expanded leaves were noted. Applications made immediately after pruning eliminated this problem. Fully expanded leaves were undamaged and their viability more than 5 months after treatment with 1% solutions were equal to that of control plants. Greenhouse trials with Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) lingelsh, and Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. indicated that this compound will also be a useful inhibitor for landscape tree species, although at 0.4%, phytotoxicity in Eucalyptus may be too severe for general application.
Effect of Intermittent Mist on Abscisic Acid Levels in Euonymus alatus Sieb.: Leaching vs. Moisture Stress1
Authors: Hemphill D. D. , Tukey H. B.
Published: September 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) content of Euonymus alatus leaves increased in response to increasing moisture stress. In excised leaves, ABA content rose rapidly following loss of 7-10% of the initial fresh weight In intact plants, the ABA increase was triggered at a xylem pressure potential of −10 to −12 bars. Non-misted Euonymus plants contained significantly greater amounts of ABA than misted plants; however, xylem pressure potentials of the misted and non-misted plants did not differ. Thus, leaching of ABA, rather than reduced moisture stress, is apparently the cause of decreased ABA content of misted Euonymus, as previously proposed.
Gas Liquid Chromatography Determinations of Phenolic Acids and Coumarins in Mazzard and Mahaleb Cherry Seedlings1
Authors: Yu Kenneth S. , Carlson R. F.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of Mazzard (Prunus avium L.) and Mahaleb (P. mahaleb L.) cherries were found to differ in phenolic and coumarin components in the leaf, stem and root Analysis by gas liquid chromatography indicated more o-coumaric acid in the leaves than in stem and roots. Bark of Mahaleb stem and roots contained coumarin and herniarin. The difference in phenolic composition in these cherry seedlings may play a role in scion overgrowth when sweet cherry cultivars are budded on Mahaleb stocks.
The Effect of Pruning on the Mortality and Productivity of Red Raspberry Plants Infected with Botrytis and Didymella1
Authors: Borecka H. , Kleparski J. , Millikan D. F.
Published: September 2022

Pruning of spur blight (Didymella applanata (Niessl.) infected or cane blight (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) lightly infected red raspberry plants increased mortality. Pruning of plants heavily infected with Botrytis had no effect on plant mortality but were less productive than those heavily infected with Didymella, while unpruned lightly infected with Botrytis were more productive than those lightly infected with Didymella.
Plantlet Formation from Potato Callus in Vitro1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Lam Shue-Lock , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Lam (1) has recently reported the production of embryoids from callused potato discs cultured in a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with the subsequent induction of shoots after the addition of 6-benzylaminopurine to the medium. While shoots readily proliferate in this medium, shoots are abnormal (Fig. 1). They have a reddish color and the slender stems have only rudimentary unexpanded leafy structures resembling bracts. Such abnormal shoots do not form roots, grow poorly, and do not survive when maintained continuously in the medium.
Centennial of the U.S. Agricultural Experiment Station
Authors: Waggoner Paul E. , Jaynes Richard A.
Published: September 2022

One-hundred years ago this July, the first Agricultural Experiment Station in the New World was established in Connecticut, and thus the nation’s fifty-five Agricultural Experiment Stations are observing their Centennial.
Fruit and Vegetable Production and the Energy Shortage1
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Proctor J. T. A. , Rowberry R. G. , Tiessen H. , Southwell P. H. , Riekels J. W.
Published: September 2022

Coincident with the world food shortage, ever-increasing food prices and the shortage and high and rising costs of energy, attention is now being directed to the energy-efficiency of agricultural production (1, 5, 6, 12, 13, 18, 30, 31, 34, 40, 45, 47, 48, 52). Although the energy used annually for agriculture in the United States (48) and Canada is not a large percentage of the national totals some feel that to ensure energy supplies “agriculture must stake a claim” (27). The “claim” must stress the form of energy because current agricultural technology is so dependent on liquid fuels for machinery operation and natural gas for the production of nitrogen fertilizers (40). As an important segment of the agricultural industry, horticulturists must also “stake a claim” to energy if they believe fruits and vegetables make a legitimate contribution to food supplies. Fruit and vegetable production is considered energy-extravagant because of the high energy inputs needed compared to the usable energy output (13, 47), although few studies of the energy relationships of individual horticultural crops have been reported. Presented herein are energy calculations for the production of some fruits and vegetables for which production data in Ontario are available with a discussion of the place of fruits and vegetables in a food supply system and the flaws inherent in judging production efficiency solely on an energy basis.
Complementary Influence of Host Plant Resistance on Microbial-chemical Control of Cabbage Caterpillars1
Authors: Creighton C. S. , McFadden T. L. , Robbins M. L.
Published: September 2022

Populations of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L), generally were about the same on 4 cabbage cultivars treated weekly with a spray mixture containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (45 g/ha) and chlordimeform (1400 g/ha). However, ‘Stein’s Early Flat Dutch’ and ‘Ferrys Round Dutch’ had more plants with uninjured heads and wrapper leaves than did ‘Copenhagen Market No. 86’ and ‘Resistant Golden Acre’. Data suggest complementary effects of host plant natural resistance and the microbial-chemical spray. ‘Stein’s Early Flat Dutch’ was most resistant and ‘Resistant Golden Acre’ was most susceptible, on the basis of the amount of feeding injury.
Air Pollutant Injury to Plant Processes
Authors: Taylor O. Clifton
Published: September 2022

Air pollutants are ubiquitous to man’s environment and their impact on society is particularly evident in the most highly industrialized regions and the most densely populated urban communities. Injurious effects of some of these pollutants were observed and reported in the literature as early as the mid-19th century. These early observations were concerned basically with symptoms of acute injury manifested by severe chlorosis, growth distortion, necrotic lesions, and even death of large numbers of plants. Attention was focused on regions where high concentrations of toxic materials occurred frequently and plant communities were exposed to severe dosages. More recently, agriculturists, plant researchers, and air pollution control agencies recognized that visible symptoms are evidence of acute injury but a significant impact of pollutants on the total plant ecosystem may occur in the absence of readily recognizable visible evidence. Attempts to assess economic loss due to air pollutants have been based largely on an evaluation of the overall effect of varying degrees of visible injury, and for lack of information, have usually been forced to ignore injury without visible symptoms.
Occurrence of Cotyledonal Cracking in Snapbeans and its Relation to Nutritional Status in the Seed1
Authors: Aqil Bashir A. , Boe A. A.
Published: September 2022

The number of cracks in cotyledon pairs from 16 snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars varied from 0 to 4. Two resistant and 2 susceptible cultivars were sampled from different locations to determine field to field variation in cracking. ‘Earliwax’ was consistently resistant and other cultivars varied with environment. Ca, Mg and N content were higher in the two resistant cultivars than in the susceptible cultivars. No relationship was apparent between Zn, B and cotyledonal cracking. Calcium concentration was not correlated while Mg was negatively correlated with cracking index when 16 snapbean cultivars were analyzed.
Seasonal Changes in 12 Leaf Nutrients of ‘Lula’ Avocado with Drip and Flood Irrigation1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Maxwell Norman P.
Published: September 2022

Leaf samples from 7-year-old avocado trees (Persea americana Mill. cv. Lula) grown with drip and flood irrigation were collected every 2 months for 2 years (2 leaf cycles) and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl-, and B. Mn and Cl- levels were significantly higher with drip irrigation; levels of the other 10 elements were not affected by irrigation method. Levels of 11 elements did not differ from year to year; only Fe was higher in leaf-cycle 1972-1973 than in leaf-cycle 1973-1974. There were seasonal changes in 10 elements; Na and Zn did not vary significantly with sampling date. Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cl- increased with leaf age; P, K, Cu, and B declined.
Carry Over Effect of Ethephon on Fruit Shape of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Williams M. W.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to ‘Delicious’ apples before harvest to improve fruit quality can change fruit shape (length/diameter ratio) the next year. The change is magnified when ethephon follows a summer application of succinic acid-2,2-dhnethylhydrazide (SADH) and is most evident on low vigor trees.
The U.S. Plant Introduction System1
Authors: Skrdla W. H.
Published: September 2022

Plant introduction as a service to mankind is as old as mankind itself. It began when the most primitive form of agriculture took place - when man first learned that he could collect seed of his food plants from the wild and grow them near his home. Thus, he could be assured of a food supply, could grow it more abundantly, and above all, reduce his exposure to danger which was always present when he had to search for food in the wild.
Vladimir, a Promising Dwarfing Rootstock for Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Micke Warren
Published: September 2022

Thirteen-year-old scions of ‘Bing’, ‘Black Tartarian’ and ‘Royal Ann’ on Vladimir (Prunus cerasus L.) grew to heights of 3 to 4 m while the same cultivars grafted about the same time on seedlings of P. avium L. or P. mahaleb L. or cuttings of Stockton Morello (P. cerasus L.) were 2 to 3 times as large. The trees on Vladimir tended to be willowy and were anchored poorly. Scions grafted on 2-year-old root suckers of dwarfing stock, when left unpruned, have borne crops continuously since the 2nd leaf. A training system utilizing these dwarfing and fruiting characteristics to advantage is described.
Defoliation and Fruit Set in Guava1
Authors: Shigeura G. T. , Bullock R. M. , Silva J. A.
Published: September 2022

Flower buds of guava (Psidium guajava L.) are invariably borne on newly emerging axillary or terminal vegetative growth. Any cultural manipulation that will induce the development of this growth will ultimately result in fruit set. Defoliation with urea brings about “instantaneous” flowering and subsequent fruit setting.
Yield Response of Resistant and Susceptible Cucumber Cultivars to Scab Infection1
Authors: Emmatty D. A. , Groenewegen C. , George B. F.
Published: September 2022

Total yield of scab resistant cucumber cultivars was unaffected by artificial inoculation with Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. & Arth. and that of susceptible cultivars was reduced up to 57%. As much as 97% of the susceptible cultivar’s yield showed scab infection.
Induced Resistance from Simultaneous Inoculation of Tomato with Fusarium oxysporum Sacc. and Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berth1
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C. , Dick Jean B.
Published: September 2022

Induced resistance to verticillium wilt occurs in fusarium-resistant tomato cultivars from dip inoculation with mixed cultures of Race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici (F) and Verticillium albo-atrum (V). This induced resistance decreases as F level in mixed inoculi is reduced. Simultaneous screening for resistance to V and F can be achieved by inoculation with V and reinoculating 48 to 72 hours later with F.