bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kritis Pandangan Gnostisisme, Doketisme dan Modalisme Integrasinya Dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen
Authors: Br Silaban Elfrida Elena , Desy Mintin  , Deniman Jaya Gulo
Published: January 2024

Pendidikan agama Kristen merupakan aspek integral dari pembentukan identitas keagamaan setiap orang serta pemahaman mendalam terhadap doktrin-doktrin dasar agama Kristen. Dalam upaya mendukung pengembangan pemahaman teologis yang kokoh dalam pendidikan agama Kristen, penting bagi kita untuk mengkaji berbagai pandangan teologis yang telah muncul dalam sejarah gereja. Pandangan-pandangan yang muncul ini dibagngun dan dalam masa tertentu yang dapat dirasakan oleh angkatan yang kemudian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan anasis teks. Dimana setiap sumber yang digunakan di cantumkan dan dianalisis kembali sehingga membentuk suatu analisis terhadap kasus yang dapat di integrasikan kedalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Hasil analisis, menunjukkan bahwa pandangan Gnostisisme, Doketisme, dan Modalisme, meskipun sering dianggap sebagai aliran sesat dalam sejarah gereja, memiliki nilai dalam konteks pendidikan agama Kristen. Integrasi pandangan-pandangan ini dapat membantu siswa memahami keragaman pemikiran teologis dalam sejarah gereja, menghormati peran pengalaman rohani individu, dan merenungkan konsep-konsep seperti inkarnasi dan Tritunggal dalam agama Kristen.
Peranan Letter of Credit terhadap Transaksi Ekspor Pada CV Multi Dimensi Cirebon
Authors: Widayati
Published: January 2024

Penjual dan pembeli dalam perdagangan internasional harus percaya satu sama lain untuk memenuhi kewajiban mereka. Pentingnya pihak ketiga, yaitu bank yang dapat mengeluarkan Letter of Credit, untuk menekan risiko pembiayaan bagi importir dan eksportir, adalah jaminan pembayaran atas barang yang diperdagangkan. Tujuan penelitian ini yang pertama, mengetahui keefektifan Letter of Credit pada CV. Multi Dimensi. Kedua, mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan transaksi Letter of Credit  terhadap frekuensi ekspor pada CV. Multi Dimensi. Dan ketiga, mengetahui bagaimana peranan Letter of Credit terhadap transaksi ekspor pada CV. Multi Dimensi. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mencakup wawancara, dokumentasi, dan studi Pustaka. Hasil penelitian didapat bahwa (1) Letter of Credit sangat efektif digunakan dalam transaksi ekspor untuk menekan besarnya resiko atas pembayaran barang yang dijual, (2) Letter of Credit untuk transaksi ekspor tidak mempengaruhi frekuensi ekspor ini dibuktikan dengan data penjualan yang tetap dalam lima tahun, (3) Letter of Credit sangat berperan dalam hal pembiayaan ekspor, karena menjadi bukti adanya keterikatan formil antara eksportir dengan semua aspek yang terkait dalam proses ekspor.
Inkarnasi Yesus Kristus: Sebagai Langkah Interupsi Praktek Bully di Kalangan Siswa Abad 21
Authors: Nehe Evarisman , Sibuea Esron , Zai Etaprida , Candra Gunawan Marisi
Published: January 2024

Masalah utama dialami oleh para pelaku pedagogi abad 21 ini adalah memudarnya nilai – nilai karakter peserta didik diantaranya terkait perundungan siber atau cyberbullying. Praktek Bully menimbulkan rasa malu, sakit secara fisik, terhina, terancam, dan bila terus berulang berdampak pada psikologis korban. Oleh karenannya masalah yang dirumuskan adalah Apakah itu inkarnasi dalam bingkai kristologi? dan Bagaimanakah persoalan Bully yang terjadi di kalangan siswa abad 21 ini? Dan tujuan penelitian hendak mengkaji makna inkarnasi Yesus Kristus dalam bingkai kristologi dan bagaimana integrasinya dalam menginterupsi praktek bully dalam sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan tafsir biblikal dengan mengeksegese Injil Yohanes 1:1,14 diharapkan diperoleh penjelasan teologis tentang dasar kristologi yang kuat dan mampu memberi solusi praktis menginterupsi praktek bully di kalangan siswa abad 21. Hasil kajian penelitian ini mengusung suatu konsep baru bagi penanganan praktek bully di sekolah yang mengajak guru berkolaborasi dan siswa untuk menghidupi makna Inkarnasi Yesus Kristus yang memandang kelemahan dan kekurangan bahkan kehinaan manusia dengan tindakan kasih yang nyata, memulihkan, bukan justru membuly. Konsep inilah yang saya bahasakan sebagai inkarnasi menginterupsi bully.
A Study on the Sanskrit Literature of Mughal Period: A Window Pointing View
Authors: Talukdar Mayna
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The current paper illustrates the Sanskrit poets and writers and their works that emerged during the Mughal Period. Sanskrit language and literature have been practiced since the ancient age. Although the popularity had its share of downfall when Pal dynasty had taken over, it revived again when the Sen Dynasty came to power. It was then when the Mughals who put out the stifled literature into the light during their reign. They highlighted the Sanskrit literature and patronized poets and writers who delved deep into the language. Their works were preserved in order to help the language prosper. Although the Mughals were from another religion, they admired the dissimilarities between Sanskrit and the language they practiced. This resulted in a revolution. Their open mindedness opened a new door into the future for Sanskrit language and literature. This paper is an attempt to depict the works that were composed during the era of the Mughals.
South-East Asia: Unity in Diversity
Authors: Azad Md. Abul Kalam
Published: January 2024

Abstract: South-East Asia is probably the most unique place in the world for the region has been witnessing two opposite features since time immemorial. The entire region is multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-cultural with diverse historical backgrounds. At the same time, there are elements that have accorded the region a contrasting feature. That is why, unity in diversity has been a common characteristic of the region. While South-East Asia is an example of diversity for its geographical, ethnic, linguistic, economic and historic considerations, the region is also a shining example of unity for several factors. The basis of looking at South-East Asia as such may be articulated in various approaches and the present article is a humble attempt to that end.
A Review of Lakatos’s Rational Progress Theory on Rationality of Science
Authors: Ahmed Farid
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The rationality of science is debated by contemporary and recent philosophers, and the debate turned vibrant in Popper, Kuhn and Feyerabend. Lakatos’s rational progress theory adopts the best parts of Pooper’s hypo-deductive method and Kuhn’s revolutionary approaches to provide a comprehensive framework of justification of science. By designing negative and positive heuristics for scientific rationality, he refutes Humean scepticism that proven knowledge is an untenable ideal. The paper objects “anything goes” principle concerning scientific progress and argues that Lakatos’s framework is a better approach to scientific research and progress, and demonstrates the justification of scientific theories if triangulation, internal justification, and external verification are considered integral parts of scientific rationality.
Issues and Agendas of Infertility Studies in Bangladesh
Authors: Habib Sumaiya
Published: January 2024

Abstract: In Bangladesh, people and its culture immensely focus on the importance of fertility and reproduction. Motherhood thus became a purified identity in both cultural and mystical ways. As a result, any factor hindering fertility is considered deviant and ignored in all aspects. Hence, our studies mainly triggered the notion, significances and hinders to maternal and child health, birth practices, fertility and reproduction etc. Therefore, the socio-economic and psychological strains of infertile people remain insignificant in our studies. In addition, infertility has been considered a neglected and stigmatized issue due to our overpopulation and socio-cultural perceptions of it. Though the number of infertile people is increasing in Bangladesh still there is a dearth of research on the social aspects and consequences of infertility in the country. Infertility has been considered as a stigmatized, gendered, psycho-social turmoil and sensitive agenda to explore, where the stakeholders consciously ignore the biological and psycho-social solutions to it and exploit the infertile. This piece of paper focuses on the nature of studies conducted on infertility issues in Bangladesh, which emphasize the significance of infertility studies in anthropology and other branches of social sciences. This study also categorizes the issues, perspectives and agenda of infertility studies here in Bangladesh. In doing so, the paper also outlines the future scopes and corridors for infertility studies in Bangladesh.
Rescuing Masked Doctor-Patient Relationship Enforced by Covid-19: Integrating Empathy in the Healthcare System
Authors: Sova Suchana
Published: January 2024

Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a critical moral challenge for medical professionals due to its highly contagious nature that can cause severe respiratory disease and death. As a result, conventional doctor-patient relationships have collapsed since the pandemic. Patients and medical personnel are negatively impacted when social distancing is enforced due to concerns about viral transmission. How to provide high-quality services and maintain professional moral standards in such critical conditions is discussed in this paper, emphasizing empathy as a key moral virtue for professional practice. As moral philosophers offer and advance persuasive arguments, the definition of empathy has been examined to eliminate ambiguity and highlight the distinctions between emotion, passion, compassion, and sympathy. It has been argued that empathy gives medical professionals direction to take the proper perspective in a critical pandemic like Covid-19. Cases are discussed in relation to actual occurrences to argue the moral virtue of empathy and uphold professional standards in medical practices. Empathy can reduce malpractice claims significantly, increase patient satisfaction, and contribute to the good governance of healthcare service management.
Covid-19 and Bangladesh: A Study of the Public Perception on the Measures Taken by the Government
Authors: Siddika Ayesha , Islam Md. Didarul
Published: January 2024

Abstract: After the eruption of Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020, every country had to fight this virus with whatever measures they could take as a prompt response. Due to resource constraints, the third world governments could not provide sufficient opportunities for their people. Bangladesh despite having many limitations has taken some effective measures in tackling this virus including stimulus packages, free testing, free treatment and free vaccination. Besides, there are measures which were taken on a limited scale in the immediate phase of the epidemic in 2020. The measures which were taken by the government were not properly communicated to the public properly. This lacuna of communication has allowed disinformation to spread widely. This study has attempted to understand how people perceived the government measures and to what extent they were satisfied with the initial measures (March and April 2020). Conforming to the consideration of the pandemic as a war, this research contends that the actions taken by the various agencies of the state could have been taken beforehand. In addition, much robust processes were necessary to prevent this pandemic at the very early stages. This paper understands that if the government could ensure improved inter-organisation coordination; the curve of infection could have been lower with proper preventative measures such as lockdown, social distancing and aftercare treatment. The amount of time Bangladesh got before the pandemic hit in Bangladesh could have been utilised to strengthen the existing hospitals and health care facilities which subsequently could help the government to fight the pandemic in a more holistic way. Finally this study presents a list of policy recommendations so that Bangladesh can counter any further pandemic with a proper policy plan.
The emergence of Nata Sankirtana: A Ritualistic Dance Performance
Authors: Rihab Warda
Published: January 2024

Abstract: Nata Sankirtana is a sacred Manipuri ritualistic dance performance, deeply intertwined with spirituality and traditional rituals. While it may initially appear as a musical dance form driven by the performer’s skills, it holds a profound philosophy, requiring a holistic meditation of the body, mind, and soul. This research paper focuses on the transformation of Nata Sankirtana from local rituals to stage performances, with a particular emphasis on its elegance, unique movements, mudras, and dance styles when viewed from the perspective of Bangladesh. This exploratory research employs qualitative data from secondary sources to provide insights into the various aspects of Nata Sankirtana, including ritual accessories, costumes, musical instruments, songs, functionaries, performance space, and structure. Nata Sankirtana’s ancient and ritualistic nature has significantly influenced Manipuri dance and choreography. It is a form of performing arts that serves as a gateway to spiritual enlightenment and a deeper connection with the divine, accessible only to sincere devotees who approach it with a genuine desire to explore its spiritual depths.
The Relationship between Psychological Contract and Work Engagement of the Post-95s: Mediation of Psychological Capital and Moderation of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Wang Shumin
Published: January 2024

The post-95 employees generally enjoy more comfortable material living conditions, have more diverse value needs, and have a stronger sense of autonomy. The purpose of their work is not limited to satisfying or improving their own quality of life, but includes the realization of their professional value, meaning of life and achieving a healthy balance in life and work. This study explored the relationship between psychological contract, psychological capital, organizational commitment and work engagement of the post-95 generation. In this study, the research framework was established and research assumptions were made based upon the expectation theory and the comprehensive theory model. This study employed the method of literature review and questionnaire survey, in which the key informants were 590 post-95 workers.  The results of the study found that psychological contract positively affected work engagement; psychological contract positively affected psychological capital; psychological capital positively affected work engagement; and psychological capital played a mediating role between psychological contract and work engagement. The results of the study suggest that the organizations should establish a psychological contract with employees, regularly understand employees' psychological states and expectations, and create an organizational environment that cultivates a positive psychological state atmosphere.
L’expérience de transitions de conjoints-aidants d’une personne vivant avec un trouble neurocognitif à début précoce
Authors: Ahmed-Shire Lula , Bellemare Danielle , Dubé Véronique
Published: January 2024

Introduction : Les personnes vivant avec un trouble neurocognitif à début précoce (TNC-DP) éprouvent de nombreuses difficultés, tant dans leur vie professionnelle, personnelle, que familiale et conjugale, et le diagnostic prend souvent de nombreuses années à être posé. Pendant cette attente, peu de services adaptés sont disponibles. Des études ont décrit les changements qu’entraîne cette situation pour les conjoints, mais peu d’écrits se sont intéressés aux transitions qui jalonnent leur cheminement.

Objectif : Explorer, chez des conjoints-aidants de personnes vivant avec un TNC-DP diagnostiqué depuis plus de 2 ans, les perceptions des transitions auxquelles ils font face, les conditions qui ont un impact sur la réussite des transitions, et les patrons de réponses qu’ils utilisent.

Méthode : S’appuyant sur la théorie des transitions de Meleis et al. (2000), cette étude pilote a été réalisée au moyen d’entrevues semi-dirigées menées auprès de 3 conjoints-aidants. Le verbatim des entrevues transcrites a été analysé selon la méthode proposée par Paillé et Mucchielli (2021).

Résultats : Les thèmes ayant émergé de l’analyse sont : 1) un long parcours de proche aidance jalonné de multiples transitions; 2) des conditions personnelles et communautaires qui influencent le succès des multiples transitions et 3) une variété de stratégies pour composer avec le rôle de conjoint-aidant.

Discussion et conclusion : Les résultats de l’étude offrent un éclairage sur la réalité de certains conjoints-aidants. Ils peuvent inspirer la poursuite d’études avec un échantillon élargi et intégrant, par exemple, des méthodes mixtes, pour explorer davantage le vécu de ces aidants. Ils offrent aussi certaines pistes pour guider les professionnels de la santé dans l’évaluation de leurs besoins et suggèrent l’importance de développer des interventions et de services pour faciliter leurs diverses transitions.
Développement de la pratique infirmière avancée dans le système de santé du Bénin : une exploration contextuelle inspirée de l’Ethnonursing de Leininger et guidée par le modèle PEPPA
Authors: Otti André , Talon Pascaline Yvonne , Ahossi Coovi Eusébe , Soussia Théodore , Agbeté Ida , Glèlè Jocelyne Judith Lida
Published: January 2024

Introduction : La réforme du système de formation en sciences infirmières et obstétricales (SIO) au Bénin a permis de former des infirmiers de niveau maitrise académique dans le profil infirmière en pratique avancée (IPA). Cependant, malgré la reconnaissance de cette nouvelle formation sur le plan académique, le rôle de l’IPA dans le système de santé où ces infirmiers sont appelés à exercer dans une équipe multidisciplinaire au cœur d’une culture et de pratiques médicales et infirmières très diversifiées n’est pas encore clarifié.

Objectifs : 1- Identifier les domaines d’intervention, les périmètres d’action, les rôles, les mandats et les activités possibles de l’IPA, ainsi que les facteurs favorables et défavorables au développement de la pratique infirmière avancée (PIA) dans le système de santé du Bénin; 2- Déterminer les éléments constitutifs d’un cadre formel et réglementaire d’exercice de la PIA au Bénin.

Méthodes : Cette recherche qualitative basée sur la théorie de l’universalité et de la diversité des soins de Leininger (1991) s’appuiera sur le modèle PEPPA (Participatory, Evidence-Based, Patient-Focused Process for Advanced Practice Nursing) proposé par Bryant-Lukosius et Dicenso (2004) pour la séquence des étapes de développement, d’implantation et d’évaluation d’un nouveau rôle d’IPA. Des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigées et groupes focalisés auprès des infirmiers et sages-femmes de nationalité béninoise titulaires d’une maitrise en SIO seront réalisés. Des questionnaires auto-administrés et un recueil de textes permettront de collecter des données auprès du personnel de santé et des responsables des structures et services de soins cliniques.

Discussion et retombées anticipées : Cette étude permettra d’identifier les balises qui soutiendront l’implantation du rôle de l’IPA dans le système de santé du Bénin, clarifiant ses domaines d’intervention, ses périmètres d’action, ses mandats et activités possibles, ainsi que le contexte nécessaire pour son implantation.
Expressive Freedom and Ethical Responsibility at Canadian Universities
Authors: Thieme Katja
Published: January 2024

This article reviews recent government incursions on questions of free speech at universities and colleges in Ontario and Alberta and presents the challenge they pose to university autonomy. Inherent in university autonomy is the possibility—or the obligation—that universities make decisions based on ethical responsibilities that can extend beyond the limits of current law. As a case study of university autonomy in matters of expressive freedom, I highlight events at the University of British Columbia, which leads me to a discussion of how questions of ethical responsibility have been raised particularly in relation to the speech protection of transgender members of the university. A central issue is the need for universities to adjudicate when free speech rights meet related responsibilities with which they can conflict. I detail how, for instance, the invitation of some anti-trans speakers can pose such a conflict and should lead university communities to consider adjusting their responses in extreme cases so as to be able to more autonomously regulate hateful speech beyond applicable law.
Konklavos atspindžiai spaudoje kaip religinės socializacijos veiksnys: Benedikto XVI atvejis
Authors: Advilonienė Živilė
Published: January 2024

Straipsnyje pristatoma 2005 m. vykusios konklavos, kurioje popiežiumi buvo išrinktas Benediktas XVI, viešojo religinio diskurso penkiuose didžiuosiuose Lietuvos dienraščiuose analizė. Analizuojant publikacijas laikytasi pozicijos, kad viešieji informacijos skleidėjai atspindi mus supančią tikrovę, joje vykstančius reiškinius ir jų vertinimą, visuomenės elgsenos modelius, o tam tikrų simbolių, sąvokų, retorikos pasirinkimas sąlyginai atskleidžia ir žinios skleidėjo poziciją. Dienraščiai analizuojami ir kaip visuomenės vertybių, pasaulėžiūros formavimosi veiksnys, elgsenos modeliavimo įrankis, tad į gvildenamą temą žvelgiama per socializacijos prizmę. Straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas atskleidė, kad konklavos laikotarpiu publikacijose itin daug dėmesio skirta popiežių kaitos temai, vyravo informacinis, istorinis-kultūrinis ir socialinis-psichologinis aspektai, mažiausiai dėmesio buvo skirta religiniam ir analitiniam žvilgsniui, neugdytas re liginis ir kultūrinis sąmoningumas, vertybinis-pasaulėžiūrinis angažuotumas ir kritinis-analitinis mąstymas, o religinės socializacijos vyksmas buvo fragmentiškas ir nereguliarus.
Feedback inhibition by a descending GABAergic neuron regulates timing of escape behavior in Drosophila larvae
Authors: Zhu Jiayi , Boivin Jean-Christophe , Garner Alastair , Ning Jing , Zhao Yi Qing , Ohyama Tomoko
Published: January 2024

Escape behaviors help animals avoid harm from predators and other threats in the environment. Successful escape relies on integrating information from multiple stimulus modalities (of external or internal origin) to compute trajectories toward safe locations, choose between actions that satisfy competing motivations, and execute other strategies that ensure survival. To this end, escape behaviors must be adaptive. When a
Drosophila melanogaster
larva encounters a noxious stimulus, such as the focal pressure a parasitic wasp applies to the larval cuticle via its ovipositor, it initiates a characteristic escape response. The escape sequence consists of an initial abrupt bending, a corkscrew-like rolling, and finally rapid crawling. Previous work has shown that the detection of noxious stimuli primarily relies on class IV multi dendritic arborization neurons (Class IV neurons) located beneath the body wall, and more recent studies have identified several important components in the nociceptive neural circuitry involved in rolling. However, the neural mechanisms that underlie the rolling-escape sequence remain unclear. Here we present both functional and anatomical evidence suggesting that bilateral descending neurons within the subesophageal zone of
D. melanogaster
larva play a crucial role in regulating the termination of rolling and subsequent transition to escape crawling. We demonstrate that these descending neurons (designated SeIN128) are inhibitory and receive inputs from a second-order interneuron upstream (Basin-2) and an ascending neuron downstream of Basin-2 (A00c). Together with optogenetic experiments showing that joint stimulation of SeIN128 neurons and Basin-2 influence the temporal dynamics of rolling, our findings collectively suggest that the ensemble of SeIN128, Basin-2, and A00c neurons forms a GABAergic feedback loop onto Basin-2, which inhibits rolling and thereby facilitates the shift to escape crawling.
Coordination of cell cycle and morphogenesis during organ formation
Authors: Matthew Jeffrey , Vishwakarma Vishakha , Le Thao Phuong , Agsunod Ryan A , Chung SeYeon
Published: January 2024

Organ formation requires precise regulation of cell cycle and morphogenetic events. Using the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) as a model, we uncover the role of the SP1/KLF transcription factor Huckebein (Hkb) in coordinating cell cycle regulation and morphogenesis. The hkb mutant SG exhibits defects in invagination positioning and organ size due to the abnormal death of SG cells. Normal SG development involves distal-to-proximal progression of endoreplication (endocycle), whereas hkb mutant SG cells undergo abnormal cell division, leading to cell death. Hkb represses the expression of key cell cycle and pro-apoptotic genes in the SG. Knockdown of cyclin E or cyclin-dependent kinase 1, or overexpression of fizzy-related rescues most of the morphogenetic defects observed in the hkb mutant SG. These results indicate that Hkb plays a critical role in controlling endoreplication by regulating the transcription of key cell cycle effectors to ensure proper organ formation.
A dual nonsubsampled contourlet network for synthesis images and infrared thermal images denoising
Authors: Xu Zhendong , Zhao Hongdan , Zheng Yu , Guo Hongbo , Li Shengyang , Lyu Zhiyu
Published: January 2024

The most direct way to find the electrical switchgear fault is to use infrared thermal imaging technology for temperature measurement. However, infrared thermal imaging images are usually polluted by noise, and there are problems such as low contrast and blurred edges. To solve these problems, this article proposes a dual convolutional neural network model based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). First, the overall structure of the model is made wider by combining the two networks. Compared with the deeper convolutional neural network, the dual convolutional neural network (CNN) improves the denoising performance without increasing the computational cost too much. Secondly, the model uses NSCT and inverse NSCT to obtain more texture information and avoid the gridding effect. It achieves a good balance between noise reduction performance and detail retention. A large number of simulation experiments show that the model has the ability to deal with synthetic noise and real noise, which has high practical value.
Evaluación de un Modelo de Evaporación de Suelo Desnudo basado en la Teoría de Producción de Máxima Entropía
Authors:   , Gómez Baginsky Antonia del Pilar
Published: January 2024

Se evaluó la capacidad del modelo de Máxima Entropía (MEP) para estimar la evaporación de un suelo desnudo en una región de Chile. MEP, basado en la termodinámica de no equilibrio, utiliza sólo tres variables de entrada (radiación neta, humedad específica del suelo y temperatura superficial) y un parámetro (inercia térmica), ofreciendo así simplicidad y robustez. Los objetivos específicos de este trabajo son: a) evaluar la precisión del modelo MEP, contrastando los resultados obtenidos mediante observaciones de lisímetros, y b) comparar su desempeño con el modelo de estimación de evaporación presentado en FAO-56. Los resultados muestran que MEP sobrestimó la evaporación (33 y 35%), especialmente en suelos saturados y en épocas estivales, mientras que FAO-56 tiende a subestimarla (32 y 26%). Se analizó la influencia del contenido de humedad del suelo y el potencial mátrico en la precisión de las estimaciones. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de realizar ajustes en MEP para representar con precisión la dinámica del agua en el suelo, sobre todo en aspectos de retención, y en FAO-56 para abordar el efecto de la textura del suelo en la tasa de evaporación. Se concluye que MEP captura con precisión los patrones de evaporación, pero sobrestima las magnitudes de estos, mientras que FAO-56 proporciona estimaciones más estandarizadas, pero carece de precisión. La elección entre modelos depende de condiciones específicas de sitio y disponibilidad de datos. En situaciones no saturadas, suelos con alta capacidad de retención y cambios constantes en el contenido de humedad, MEP es mejor candidato que FAO-56, sin embargo, se deben considerar ciertos ajustes para lograr estimaciones precisas.
A REVIEW ON ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY: BARRIER CROSS THROUGH AYURVEDA
Authors: Patki Geeta , Turlapati Vishala , Thali Shreeja
Published: January 2024

Infertility – ‘inability for conception’ is a burning issue in the medical fraternity. Worldwide, the prevalence is increasing day by day. Many factors like ovulation disorders, uterine or cervical abnormalities, fallopian tube damage or blockage, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, etc., contribute to female infertility. Defective or failed ‘Endometrial Receptivity’ (ER) is one among them. Ayurveda highlights ‘Vandhyatva’ as a failure to achieve live birth. Rutu, kshetra, ambu, and beeja are the 4 essential factors required for conception. Out of these, kshetra or garbhshayya is the most important as it is the site of implantation and abode for growing foetus. This article puts light on the concept of endometrial receptivity in relation to infertility.
AN OVERVIEW OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND MANAGEMENT OF MENOPAUSE THROUGH THE SIDDHA SYSTEM
Authors: Keerthana M. , Rajeswari K. , Vennila K. , Sundaram M. Meenakshi , Meenakumari R.
Published: January 2024

Siddha medicine is an ancient traditional system from South India that offers a holistic approach to health and well-being. The transition of menopause is considered a significant phase in a woman’s life state, defined by permanent cessation of menstruation resulting in the loss of ovarian follicle development. Nutrition and Siddha management address the challenges of menopause by incorporating phyto estrogen, calcium and omega-3 fatty acids, which alleviate the symptoms, promote hormonal and tri-humour balance. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nutraceuticals, Siddha regimen and Ashtanga yogam for menopause. To synthesize the results of published studies from electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline and the grey literatures available in the online repository of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University and literature evidence regarding the management of menopause through the Siddha system. In the Siddha system, medicines, nutraceuticals and Ashtanga Yogam during menopause are centred around promoting hormonal balance, managing symptoms and supporting overall well-being. This study may act as a key role support for menopausal women.
Acoustic (Underwater) Communications
Authors: Stojanovic Milica
Published: November 2003

The need for underwater wireless communications exists in off‐shore oil industry, environmental monitoring, speech transmission between divers, control of autonomous underwater vehicles, and mapping of the ocean floor for detection of objects and discovery of new resources. Wireless underwater communications can be established by transmission of acoustic waves. However, the communication channels have limited bandwidth, and often cause severe multipath dispersion and time‐variability. Despite these limitations, research efforts of the 90's have culminated in the development of underwater acoustic modems that are capable of transmitting information at rates on the order of several kilobits per second systems over varying distances. The emerging scenario is that of an underwater communication network consisting of both stationary and mobile nodes. Current research is focusing on the design of efficient modulation and coding schemes, adaptive signal processing algorithms for equalization and diversity combining, multiple‐access communication methods and network protocols suited for low bandwidth, long propagation delays and strict power requirements encountered in the underwater environment.
Trends in Broadband Communication Networks
Authors: Kota Sastri
Published: November 2003

The growing demand for multimedia applications on the Internet provides a major opportunity for broadband enterprise and residential access network services. Applications such as streaming media, content delivery distribution, and high speed Internet access require large bandwidths and guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). Currently, the core networking solutions provide bandwidth up to OC‐192 and future networks will employ OC‐768. The broadband core offers more bandwidth than is necessary today, whereas there is a bandwidth bottleneck on the access end. This article describes the different broadband access technology options for enterprise networks including Gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM, and broadband satellite with network examples. The technologies, examples and standardization efforts for residential access including Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), Cable, Fixed Wireless, Mobile Wireless, and Satellite access are also discussed. Finally, future networking challenges are discussed using a MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) based enterprise network as an example.
Frequency and Phase Modulation
Authors: Salehi Masoud
Published: November 2003

Angle modulation for transmission of analog signals (frequency and phase modulation) is a widely used method in broadcasting and point to point communication. Frequency modulation is the method of choice for low power point‐to‐point communication systems, high fidelity audio and music broadcasting and audio component of TV broadcasting. FM is most widely used since it provides excellent signal to noise ratios at the price of increasing the transmission bandwidth. Another major advantage of angle modulated signals is their constant envelope property that makes them more desirable in applications where high power amplification is required using nonlinear amplifiers such as class C amplifiers ant travelling wave tubes.
Wavelets: A Multiscale Analysis Tool
Authors: Krim Hamid
Published: November 2003

As a new analysis tool, the wavelet transform has had a profound impact on almost all disciplines requiring signal analysis of any significance. It provided for the first time a systematic scale‐based analysis, in contrast to filters, a tractable methodology in the temporal/spatial domain. Our goal, here, is to provide an introduction to this tool with an emphasis on gaining a working knowledge for an advanced undergraduate student. We highlight the merits of the tool as well as its limitations, and present it as complementary to the Fourier analysis tool, rather than as a universal panacea.
Multiple Antenna Transceivers for Wireless Communications: A Capacity Perspective
Authors: Papadias Constantinos B.
Published: November 2003

The use of multiple antenna elements at either side of a wireless transceiver link has been attracting a great deal of interest. Traditionally, wireless receivers equipped withmultiple antennascan use them in order to enhance the signal‐to‐interference‐and‐noise ratio (SINR) of the received signal, thus improving the throughput, quality, range, and system capacity ofwireless networks. Moreover, transmitting a specific user's information‐bearing signal from multiple transmit antenna elements (which may be either collocated or not) provides a so‐called diversity benefit, namely, the independently faded signal replicas that reach the user offer enhanced protection against the wireless channel's fading. More recently, it was realized that the use of multiple antennas on both sides of a wireless link enables extraordinaryspectral efficienciesat the link level, on the order of tens or hundreds of bits per second per hertz when 10–20 antennas are used on each side. The attainment of such capacities with practical wireless transceivers is a challenging task; however, because of its high potential, this technology is expected to soon affect the wireless (particularly the cellular and fixed wireless) markets. In this article, we will outline the basic principles of multiple antenna transceivers, focusing on their theoretical limitations at the link level from achannel capacityperspective.
Multiuser Wireless Communication Systems
Authors: Sabharwal Ashutosh , Aazhang Behnaam
Published: November 2003

Wireless cellular systems have grown dramatically in the last two decades, thanks to several key innovations in communication algorithms and high speed silicon technology. We review fundamental physical layer techniques for the future high speed wireless networks.
Rate‐Distortion Theory
Authors: Berger Toby
Published: November 2003

Rate‐distortion theoryis the branch of information theory that treats compressing the data produced by an information source down to a specified encoding rate that is strictly less than the source's entropy. This necessarily entails some lossiness, or distortion, between the original source data and the best approximation thereto that can be produced on the basis of the encoder's output bits. Rate‐distortion theory was introduced in the seminal works written in 1948 and 1959 byC. E. Shannon, the founder of information theory. We describe Shannon's contribution and then trace its subsequent development worldwide. Heavier than usual emphasis is placed on the concept of “matching” a channel to a source in the rate‐distortion sense, and also on the analogous matching of a source to a channel. Experimental evidence has been mounting in support of the hypothesis that living organisms often simultaneously achieve both of these matchings when processing their sensory inputs, thereby eliminating the need for the complex encoding and decoding operations that are needed in order to produce an information‐theoretically optimum system in the absence of such double matching.
V
iterbi Algorithm
Authors: Viterbi A. J.
Published: November 2003

The Viterbi Algorithm is a computationally efficient technique for determining the most probable path taken through a Markov graph. The graph, and underlying Markov sequence, is characterized by a finite set of states, state transition probabilities and output (observable parameter) probabilities. The algorithm, expressed as a recursion, is derived from elementary Markov sequence principles. Then the six most often cited applications of the algorithm are briefly described.
Acoustic Modems for Underwater Communication
Authors: Scussel Kenneth
Published: November 2003

Acoustic modems are the primary means for wireless underwater communications. Despite the difficulties posed by the underwater channel, several companies have developed commercially available acoustic modems. This article discusses several ways to modulate data for underwater transmission. In addition, the implementation acoustic modems and some examples of real world applications of acoustic telemetry are presented.
Wireless Infrared Communications
Authors: Carruthers Jeffrey B.
Published: November 2003

Wireless infrared communications can be used to establish short range high‐data‐rate wireless links. The primary commercial applications are short‐term cable‐less connectivity for information exchange and wireless local area networking. In the article, the major optical design issues and communication design issues are discussed. An overview of current systems and standards is provided, along with a comparison of infrared systems to radio systems.
Blind Equalization Techniques
Authors: Tugnait Jitendra K.
Published: November 2003

A tutorial review of various approaches to single‐user blind channel equalization and estimation is presented. Multipath propagation and limited bandwidth are the two main causes of signal distortion in digital communications leading to intersymbol interference at the receiver which, in turn, may lead to high error rates in symbol detection. Traditionally, a training sequence is transmitted during the acquisition mode to enable the receiver to design an equalizer or estimate the channel. In blind channel equalization and estimation no training sequences are available or used. In this article emphasis is on linear time‐invariant channels. The relevant channel models and equalizer structures are reviewed first followed by a discussion of joint channel and symbol estimation methods, direct equalization and symbol estimation approaches without channel estimation, and channel estimation using second‐order and higher‐order statistical methods as well as non‐statistical approaches. Commercial applications of blind equalization are also briefly discussed.
Diversity in Communications
Authors: Kavehrad Mohsen
Published: November 2003

This article focuses on diversity and the effects it may have upon the signal reliability. We begin with a discussion of signal diversity techniques and methods of combining signals from a number of channels. This is followed by a section on diversity through channel coding with interleaving. We then present some examples illustrating the benefits of diversity combining in various communications applications.
EMAlgorithm in Telecommunications
Authors: Georghiades Costas N. , Spasojević Predrag
Published: November 2003

Since the introduction of turbo codes in 1993, iterative decoding algorithms have seen tremendous use in telecommunications. Even before 1993 though, the expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm, an iterative procedure for producing maximum‐likelihood (ML) estimates introduced in a unified form in 1978, was applied to a number of problems in telecommunications. This article provides a brief overview of the EM algorithm with emphasis on its applications to problems in telecommunications. Some of the results in the article are new and have not been previously published.
Multimedia Medium Access Control Protocols forWDMOptical Networks
Authors: Hamdi Mounir , Ma Maode
Published: November 2003

With the proliferation of the world‐wide‐web (WWW) in all aspects of networking, current local and wide area networks can barely cope with the huge demand for network bandwidth. As a result, there is a world‐wide effort in upgrading current networks with high‐bandwidth fiber‐optic links that can potentially deliver Tera‐bits/sec. Wavelength‐Division‐Multiplexing (WDM) is an effective technique for utilizing the large bandwidth of an optical fiber. By allowing multiple messages to be simultaneously transmitted on a number of channels, WDM has the potential to significantly improve the performance of optical networks. The nodes in such a network can transmit and receive messages on any of the available channels by using and tuning one or more pairs of tunable transceivers. Several topologies have been proposed for WDM networks, which can be classified either under single‐hop networks or multiple‐hop networks. Of particular interest to us in this paper is the single‐hop topology where a WDM optical network is configured as a broadcast‐and‐select network in which all the inputs from the various nodes are combined into a passive star‐coupler, and the mixed optical information is broadcast to all destinations. To unleash the potential of single‐hop WDM passive star networks, efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols are needed to efficiently allocate and coordinate the system resources. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of state‐of‐the‐art MAC protocols, especially, MAC protocols for multimedia applications for WDM networks so as to give the readers an overview of the research efforts conducted in this area. In addition, it can serve as a starting point for further investigation into ways of coping with the current and the anticipated explosion of multimedia information transfer.
GSMDigital Cellular Communication System
Authors: Bettstetter Christian , Hartmann Christian
Published: November 2003

The Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is an international standard for wireless, cellular, and digital telecommunication networks. This article describes the basic features and history of GSM, the functionality of network components and their interworking, the services offered to GSM subscribers, voice and data transmission over the radio interface (frequencies, modulation, channels, multiple access, coding), networking‐related topics (e.g., protocols for mobility management and handover), and security aspects.
V.90 Modem
Authors: Townshend Brent
Published: November 2003

V.90 modems allow transmission of data over standard telephone lines at rates up to 56 kilobits/second. This speed is achieved by modeling the digital interconnects of modern telephone networks to avoid quantization and other noise that limited previous modems to less than 35 kilobits/second.

The history of modem developments leading up to the V.90 modem is explored, followed by a discussion of the theory and operation of these modems and their performance. In addition to the technical issues, standardization (the source of the “V.90” designation) and commercialization played an important role in the widespread acceptance of these devices. A summary of the developments that affect the future of V.90 is also included.
Radio Propagation at
LF
,
MF
, and
HF
Authors: Wang John C. H.
Published: November 2003

In this article, different modes of propagation are presented first. Factors affecting ground‐wave propagation are discussed. Propagation models and available software are presented and compared. The solar–terrestrial system, which forms the sky‐wave propagation environment, is described. Factors affecting sky‐wave propagation are discussed in detail. Different propagation models are discussed qualitatively and compared quantitatively. Definitions of the most important terms relating to propagation are given in Section 6.
High‐Definition Television*
Authors: Lim Jae S.
Published: November 2003

A high‐definition television (HDTV) system is a new television system that delivers spectacular video and compact‐disc quality sound. The system also has many features that are absent in conventional systems, such as data channels and interoperability with computers and telecommunications networks. This article summarizes the characteristics of an HDTV system, the history of its standardization in the United States and the enabling technologies.
Helical and Spiral Antennas
Authors: Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: November 2003

A normal‐mode helix radiates a linearly polarized wave in the direction normal to the antenna axis. As the number of helical turns increases, the gain of an axial‐mode helix, radiating a circularly polarized wave around the antenna axis, increases and reaches a maximum value. This maximum value of the gain depends on the pitch angle. A conical‐mode helix has a traveling‐wave current distribution and radiates a circularly polarized wave off the antenna axis. A spiral antenna with antiphase excitation radiates a circularly polarized wave in the direction normal to the antenna plane, with relatively constant input impedance over a wide frequency bandwidth. A spiral antenna with in‐phase excitation forms a circularly polarized conical beam.
Leaky‐Wave Antennas
Authors: Frezza Fabrizio , Galli Alessandro , Lampariello Paolo
Published: November 2003

The radiation characteristics, main applications, design techniques, and practical implementations for the class of leaky‐wave antennas are considered. The basic relations between the propagation properties of open waveguides, on which these antennas are based, and the relevant features of the radiation patterns are discussed, exploiting the leaky‐wave concept. The principal radiative properties as main‐beam direction, beamwidth, radiation efficiency, scanning behavior, and sidelobe level are described. The various steps of a practical design are outlined. Examples of proposed structures derived from metallic, dielectric, and printed waveguides are reported. Accounts for measurement procedures and practical operation are given.
Software Radio
Authors: Mitola Joseph
Published: November 2003

Software radio is a set of technologies for defining radio transceiver parameters and functions in software, including carrier frequency, modulation bandwidth, channel coding, and frequency/space/time/code agility. In previous generations of telecommunications systems, these parameters and functions were sometimes selectable but generally were hardware‐defined, with software programmability limited to baseband digital signal processing. This chapter provides an overview of the software radio technology and applications ranging from the ideal software radio through practical designs to the broader implications, especially for radio spectrum management.