bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Eccrine Spiradenoma of Back: Report of a Rare Case
Authors: Sinha Anuradha , Pal Subrata , Phukan Jyoti Prakash
Published: September 2014

Eccrine spiradenoma is an uncommon benign adnexal tumor. Cytological features of eccrine spiradenoma have been described very rarely in English literature. In the present case, we are describing a case of eccrine spiradenoma of back, which was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology and subsequently confirmed by histopathology. Its cytology revealed tight multilayered clusters of uniform benign cuboidal epithelial cells along with spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells and occasional lymphocytes.
Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
Authors: Sepúlveda Ilson , Schmidt Thomas , Platín Enrique
Published: September 2014

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence is a relatively new syndrome in the field of otology. It is of unknown etiology presenting with a variety of vestibular and auditory symptoms and radiologic findings play a crucial role in its diagnosis. Cone beam computed tomography has been shown to be a powerful tool in the field of otolaryngology. It is a three dimensional technique that uses lower radiation resulting in fewer artifacts and offers higher resolution when compared with multi-slice computed tomography. It is considered to be an excellent imaging modality for radiological exploration of the ear.
On the Generalized Auslander–Reiten Conjecture under Certain Ring Extensions
Authors: Nasseh Saeed
Published: September 2014

We show that under some conditions a Gorenstein ring R satisfies the Generalized Auslander–Reiten conjecture if and only if R[x] does. When R is a local ring we prove the same result for some localizations of R[x].
Chemometric perspectives on plankton community responses to natural iron fertilization over and downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Trull T. W. , Davies D. M. , Dehairs F. , Cavagna A.-J. , Lasbleiz M. , Laurenceau E. C. , d'Ovidio F. , Planchon F. , Leblanc K. , Quéguiner B. , Blain S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We examined phytoplankton community responses to natural iron fertilisation at 32 sites over and downstream from the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean during the austral spring bloom in October–November 2011. Community structure was estimated from chemical and isotopic measurements (particulate organic carbon POC, 13C-POC, particulate nitrogen PN, 15N-PN, and biogenic silica BSi) on size-fractionated samples from surface waters (300, 210, 50, 20, 5, and 1 μm fractions). Higher values of 13C-POC (vs. co-located 13C-DIC source values) were taken as indicative of faster growth rates, and higher values of 15N-PN (vs. co-located 15N-NO3 source values) as indicative of greater nitrate use. Community responses varied in relation to both regional circulation and the advance of the bloom. Iron fertilised waters over the plateau developed dominance by very large diatoms (50–210 μm) with high BSi / POC ratios, high growth rates, and significant ammonium recycling as biomass built up. In contrast, downstream Polar Frontal waters with similar or higher iron supply were dominated by smaller diatoms (20–50 μm) and exhibited greater ammonium recycling. Stations in a deep water bathymetrically trapped recirculation south of the Polar Front with lower iron levels showed the large cell dominance observed on the plateau, but much less biomass. Comparison of these communities to surface water nitrate (and silicate) depletions as a proxy for export shows that the low biomass recirculation feature exported similar amounts of nitrogen to the high biomass blooms over the plateau and north of the Polar Front. This suggests that trophodynamic and export responses differed between regions with persistent low levels vs. punctual high levels of iron fertilisation.
How does bias correction of RCM precipitation affect modelled runoff?
Authors: Teng J. , Potter N. J. , Chiew F. H. S. , Zhang L. , Vaze J. , Evans J. P.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Many studies bias correct daily precipitation from climate models to match the observed precipitation statistics, and the bias corrected data are then used for various modelling applications. This paper presents a review of recent methods used to bias correct precipitation from regional climate models (RCMs). The paper then assesses four bias correction methods applied to the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model simulated precipitation, and the follow-on impact on modelled runoff for eight catchments in southeast Australia. Overall, the best results are produced by either quantile mapping or a newly proposed two-state gamma distribution mapping method. However, the difference between the tested methods is small in the modelling experiments here (and as reported in the literature), mainly because of the substantial corrections required and inconsistent errors over time (non-stationarity). The errors remaining in bias corrected precipitation are typically amplified in modelled runoff. The tested methods cannot overcome limitation of RCM in simulating precipitation sequence, which affects runoff generation. Results further show that whereas bias correction does not seem to alter change signals in precipitation means, it can introduce additional uncertainty to change signals in high precipitation amounts and, consequently, in runoff. Future climate change impact studies need to take this into account when deciding whether to use raw or bias corrected RCM results. Nevertheless, RCMs will continue to improve and will become increasingly useful for hydrological applications as the bias in RCM simulations reduces.
Estimating velocity from noisy GPS data for investigating the temporal variability of slope movements
Authors: Wirz V. , Beutel J. , Gruber S. , Gubler S. , Purves R. S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Detecting and monitoring of moving and potentially hazardous slopes requires reliable estimations of velocities. Separating any movement signal from measurement noise is crucial for understanding the temporal variability of slope movements and detecting changes in the movement regime, which may be important indicators of the process. Thus, methods capable of estimating velocity and its changes reliably are required. In this paper we develop and test a method for deriving velocities based on noisy GPS (Global Positioning System) data, suitable for various movement patterns and variable signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR). We tested this method on synthetic data, designed to mimic the characteristics of diverse processes, but where we have full knowledge of the underlying velocity patterns, before applying it to explore data collected.
editorial
Authors: Camara Marcia Regina Gabardo da
Published: September 2014

Editorial
Contribuição do PRONAF para o crescimento das economias locais: Uma análise para o Brasil e Regiões
Authors: Sartor Maria José , Camara Marcia Regina Gabardo da , Nascimento Sidnei Pereira  do , Sato Eder Takeo
Published: September 2014

O  objetivo do artigo é verificar se o PRONAF nos governos FHC e Lula promoveu  o crescimento da produção agrícola. A hipótese do estudo é que a política é mais importante no governo  Lula, logo  busca-se verificar se há aumentos reais nos valores médios por contrato distribuídos no Governo Lula, em comparação com o Governo FHC. Também se analisa o comportamento do PIB agropecuário nas regiões selecionadas, procurando identificar: a) possíveis efeitos do programa sobre e sobre a economia local e b) as políticas adotadas pelos governos para as diferentes regiões do país. Os procedimento metodológicos adotados, via  análise econométrica, permitem verificar que durante o Governo Lula, o PRONAF tem maior influência sobre o PIB Agropecuário, entretanto, o PIB Agropecuário teve maior crescimento durante o Governo FHC. Verifica-se que, de forma geral, o PRONAF tem se comportado mais como uma política de distribuição de renda, do que propriamente de fortalecimento da agricultura, não gerando impactos diretos no PIB Agropecuário.
Macrobasidiomycetes new to the Tatra National Park (Poland)
Authors: Wojewoda Władysław , Heinrich Zofia , Komorowska Halina
Published: September 2014

The list of localities of 55 macroscopic Basidiomycetes new to the Tatra National Park is given; 9 of these are new to Poland (e.g. Saccoblastia farinacea, Athelidium aurantiacum and Hyphoderma obtusiforme); 9 new to the Polish Carpathians (e.g. Sistotremastrum suecicum, Onnia leporina and Lentinellus flabelliformis).
Mycological note of river-valley of Krzna
Authors: Danilkiewicz Maria
Published: September 2014

The author presents of several parasitic fungi species interestings for Polish flora.
Influence of copper and formalin on the mycorrhiza of pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon)
Authors: Sharma G. D. , Mishra R. R. , Lyngdoh W. R.
Published: September 2014

Various concentrations of copper sulphate and formalin were tested for their effect on the efficiency of mycorrhizal functioning in pine seedlings. Low and higher doses of copper applied to the container grown seedling exhibited a less stimulatory effect than nedium doses. When applied in higher concentrations, the formalin caused mortality in young pine seedlings. The seedling yield and phosphate uptake was found maximum in 100 ppm applied concentration of copper. while słów growth and lower phosphate concentration was observed in the seedlings not given any copper treatment. Formalin at 50 ppm concentration slightly improved the seedling growth and phosphate uptake in mycorrhizal seedling as compared with untreated ones. Variation in the development and spread of ectomycorrhiza on the surface of roots of pine seedlings was also recorded in responses to copper and formalin treatments.
Ecology of micromycetes in forest soils of Delhi
Authors: Behera Narayan , Mukerji K. G.
Published: September 2014

The present paper describes the mycoecology of three different forest soils of Delhi and suggests the effects of various edaphic variables on the composition of microfungal populations.
Data on the macromycetes flora of the North-Eastern Ploand
Authors: Olesiński Longin , Wojewoda Władysław
Published: September 2014

The list of 352 macromycetes (Asco- and  Basidiomycetes) collected in the North-Eastern Poland is given. It is the first part of mycofloristic investigation in this region conducted in the years 1964-1997 by latter author, and 1981-1982, by former autor.;
Intracellular bacterial infection in Agaricus bisponts (Lange) Sing..
Authors: Kalbarczyk Janusz
Published: September 2014

Rod-shaped Gram-bacteria were observed in preparations made from the sporocarp or mummy - diseased Agaricus bisporus in the electron microscope. In cells of diseased rhizomorphs from several to a few dozen bacteria were found. Cells filled with a large number of bacteria were dead and the cellular wall was degraded. Probable the entrace of bacterie penetration into the mushroom ccll was observed. The bacterium. after its isolation, was identified as Pseudomonas sp.
Conidial germination in Claviceps fusiformis Lov. in relation to physical and ontogenic factors
Authors: Verma O. P. , Pathak V. N.
Published: September 2014

Influence of certain physical and ontogenic factors on germination of conidiu of Clariceps fusiformls Lov., the incitant of pe rl miller (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) ergot. was investigated. Maximum germination of conidia was recorded at 24 C and l0% RH. The germination was completely checked in washed conidia. Increasing dilution of honeydew with sterile water as well as drying of conidia for more than 30 minutes caused significant reduction in their germination. Conidia up to the age of 3 days gave significantly more germination than older conidia.
Studies on the antagonistic behaviour of Indian Aspergilli-I
Authors: Chauhan Shashi , Chauhhan R. K.
Published: September 2014

A total or 63 Aspergilli have been tested for their antagonistic efficacy against three bacteria i.e., Bacilus subtilis, Stachylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and a fungus Mucor ramannianus. It was observed that certain species of Aspergillus showed various degrees of antagonism to all the test organisms mentioned above.
Laboratory invesitgations of variability of Ascochyta fabae Speg. isolates obtained from horse bean
Authors: Filipowicz Antoni Józef
Published: September 2014

Fifty five isolates of Ascochyta fabae Speg. were investigated. They were selected from 1650 isolates of this fungus obtained from horse bean seeds in 1974-1976. All the isolates grew and sporulated on Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Agar and Horse Bean Agar. The rate of their growth amounted to 1-4 mm per 24 hours. The variability of isolates in size of pycnidia and conidia and number of sepia was noticed. A few spores with untypical shapes were observed as well.
Sporormiella isomtra coprophilous fungus isolated from soil in Góry Stołowe region
Authors: Dorenda Maria
Published: September 2014

In 1977 and 1978 in Stołowe Mountains 6 ascomycete colonies were isolated from soi l and it was identified as Sporormiella isomera Ahmod et Cain. This is first record of this species in Poland.
Nowakowskiella keratinophila sp. nov., a keratinophilic fungus from the brackish water
Authors: Hassan S. K. , Batko A.
Published: September 2014

Nowakowskiella keratinophila sp. nov. isolatod from ihe brackish water of the bay Zalew Wiślany in Poland on snake skin bail is described. The new species is related to Nawakawskiella elegans Nowakowski but differs in the type of operculation of sporangia and the affinity to keratinized substrata.
Rare and new in Poland Helotiales
Authors: Ginko Bogusław
Published: September 2014

During mycological investigations in Borecka Forest were collected 8 species of rare and new in Poland Helotiales which mainlv developped on the remains of dead trees and shrubs.
Remotely Activated Mechanotransduction via Magnetic Nanoparticles Promotes Mineralization Synergistically With Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2: Applications for Injectable Cell Therapy
Authors: Henstock James R. , Rotherham Michael , Rashidi Hassan , Shakesheff Kevin M. , El Haj Alicia J.
Published: September 2014

Bone requires dynamic mechanical stimulation to form and maintain functional tissue, yet mechanical stimuli are often lacking in many therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration. Magnetic nanoparticles provide a method for delivering these stimuli by directly targeting cell-surface mechanosensors and transducing forces from an external magnetic field, resulting in remotely controllable mechanotransduction. In this investigation, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were attached to either the mechanically gated TREK1 K+ channel or the (integrin) RGD-binding domains of human mesenchymal stem cells. These cells were microinjected into an ex vivo chick fetal femur (embryonic day 11) that was cultured organotypically in vitro as a model for endochondral bone formation. An oscillating 25-mT magnetic field delivering a force of 4 pN per nanoparticle directly against the mechanoreceptor induced mechanotransduction in the injected mesenchymal stem cells. It was found that cells that received mechanical stimuli via the nanoparticles mineralized the epiphyseal injection site more extensively than unlabeled control cells. The nanoparticle-tagged cells were also seeded into collagen hydrogels to evaluate osteogenesis in tissue-engineered constructs: in this case, inducing mechanotransduction by targeting TREK1 resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in mineralization and significant increases in matrix density. In both models, the combination of mechanical stimulation and sustained release of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) from polymer microspheres showed a significant additive effect on mineralization, increasing the effectiveness of BMP2 delivery and demonstrating that nanoparticle-mediated mechanotransduction can be used synergistically with pharmacological approaches for orthopedic tissue engineering to maximize bone formation.
Madagascar : une île métisse sans métis ?
Authors: Tisseau Violaine
Published: September 2014

Le métissage est une notion associée à Madagascar depuis les premiers écrits européens sur l’île. En particulier, au XIXe siècle, il est associé au questionnement sur l’origine des Malgaches. Mais il sert aussi de prétexte aux Français pour conquérir l’île. La colonisation qui se met en place s’accompagne alors de la création d’une catégorie historique et coloniale, celle de « métis ». Soucieux de conserver l’ordre et le cloisonnement entre les groupes qui permettent son maintien, le pouvoir colonial entreprend une politique particulière à l’égard des métis, en particulier évaluation de leur nombre, prise en charge dans des institutions particulières, décret leur permettant d’accéder à la citoyenneté française plus aisément que les Malgaches. Toutefois, les métis ont échappé en partie à cette catégorisation et ont su la déjouer ou se la réapproprier par des stratégies leur permettant de jouer des codes français ou malgaches. le fonctionnement de la parenté et l’intervention modérée du pouvoir en direction des métis qui en est à la fois la cause et le résultat expliquent que les métis n’aient pas constitué de groupe ou de communauté distincte dans l’île.
Devenir « demi » en Polynésie française
Authors: Schuft Laura
Published: September 2014

Basé sur un travail doctoral mené entre 2004 et 2007 auprès de 54 personnes en couple dit « mixte » (« métropolitain »-« polynésien ») à Tahiti et à Moorea, cet article propose une analyse des usages sociaux de la catégorie de métissage : « demi ». La Polynésie française étant lieu de métissages transcontinentaux depuis 200 ans, Michel Panoff (1989) avait estimé qu’il n’existerait plus de Polynésiens non-métissésde fait. D’autres auteurs affirment que les « Demis » ne constituent qu’une classe sociale (Ralluet al. 1997). Dans ce contexte, quels critères symboliques sont employés pour démarquer la catégorie de « Demi » des autres appartenances ethniques de la société tahitienne contemporaine ? La genèse historique de cette catégorie prédit, dans son usage contemporain, le lien fort avec les statuts socioéconomiques des personnes. Or, les résultats de ce travail indiquent un autre facteur qui pèse sur la catégorisation ethnique : le genre. En effet, si toute l’ambigüité des distinctions sociales entre « Polynésien » et « Demi » repose sur l’affichage de symboles de statuts socioéconomiques dans le système de valeurs capitalistes et occidentales, la distinction devient saillante chez les hommes. Cet article se penche sur ces modalités dynamiques de catégorisation et de distinction entre appellations ethniques qui mobilisent autant les statuts socioéconomiques que le genre.
La communauté comme sujet et objet du droit
Authors: Gagné Natacha , Larcher Claudie , Grammond Sébastien
Published: September 2014

Cet article se base sur les résultats d’une analyse qualitative de contenu menée à partir des transcriptions du procèsHirsekornqui eut lieu du 4 mai 2009 au 24 juin 2010 devant la Cour provinciale de l’Alberta. L’arrêtPowleyde 2003, qui fut la première décision de la Cour suprême portant sur les droits des Métis, sert de référence. En défense, les accusés affirment qu’ils avaient un droit ancestral de chasser protégé par l’article 35 de laLoi constitutionnelle de 1982. Il s’agit donc pour les juges de déterminer l’identité métisse de l’accusé, ainsi que son appartenance à une communauté métisse titulaire de droits. Il s’agit surtout de déterminer l’existence d’une telle communauté. Dans cet article, les auteurs réfléchissent à la « communauté » comme sujet et objet du droit. Ils précisent les contours des définitions qu’en donnent la défense et la Couronne et leurs implications. Cette analyse s’inscrit dans le prolongement de travaux en anthropologie sur la notion de « communauté ».
Confrontations entre le discours, la situation actuelle et les traditions
Authors: Seraphim Joanna
Published: September 2014

Les Métis sont organisés en associations qui défendent leurs intérêts aux niveaux fédéral et provincial. Les discours de ces associations proclament que les sociétés autochtones sont traditionnellement égalitaires et que les femmes sont glorifiées en raison de leur maternité. Les Métisses sont-elles écoutées sur la scène politique autochtone ? Quel est le but de ces discours ? Cette analyse se base sur les concepts d’agencéité, de violence symbolique et de rôle de genre. La recherche se fonde sur un travail de terrain à Winnipeg. Dans ce cadre, nous démontrons que les sociétés autochtones n’étaient pas véritablement égalitaires, car elles attribuaient des rôles de genres bien définis et il n’était pas possible d’en changer. Quant aux discours sur la valorisation des femmes, ils précisent que les mères autochtones sont responsables de leur communauté. Finalement, ces discours constituent un moyen de cacher les discriminations basées sur le genre et de contrôler les femmes sans avoir recours à la force ou l’autorité. Cet article se distingue par sa remise en question du caractère égalitaire des sociétés autochtones.
Métissages : étude comparative des systèmes de classification sociale et politique
Authors: i Oller Montserrat Ventura , Surrallés Alexandre , Mata Maite Ojeda , Dieste Josep Lluis Mateo , Mauri Mònica Martínez , Kradolfer Sabine , Domínguez Pablo , Coello Alexandre , i Fainé Montserrat Clua , Bogaert Alice van den , Stolcke Verena
Published: September 2014

Dans cet article, nous montrons que si les populations humaines se sont toujours déplacées et mélangées, les transgressions des frontières socioculturelles n’ont pas nécessairement engendré de nouvelles catégories relevant du mélange. Nous expliquons comment l’apparition (ou non) de ces dernières est liée aux structures sociopolitiques, aux ontologies, aux conceptions de la parenté et de la procréation propres aux différents groupes humains, en partant du processus historico-politique qui a donné origine à la catégorie hispano-américaine du mestizo. Outre l’étude de la société hispano-américaine coloniale, nous examinons les cas de la République d’Argentine, de trois sociétés indiennes d’Amérique latine (Kuna, Tsachila et Candoshi), du nationalisme catalan vis-à-vis des migrants internes espagnols, de la société Chamorra des Îles Mariannes, des habitants des oasis du sud du Maroc et de la société de castes du Nord de l’Inde. Notre objectif est d’identifier dans quelles circonstances les catégories « mixtes » sont politiquement inacceptables ou logiquement inconcevables. Ce faisant, le texte révèle aussi que, si la catégorie de métis n’est pas naturelle, sa naturalisation n’est pas non plus universelle.
Un modèle NATREX synthétique pour une petite économie « développée » ouverte contrainte sur les marchés internationaux de capitaux
Authors: Hoarau Jean-François
Published: September 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un modèle synthétique de taux de change réel d’équilibre de type « NATural Real EXchange rate » pour une petite économie « développée » et ouverte mais confrontée à des marchés de capitaux imparfaits. Conformément à la tradition NATREX, le taux de change réel d’équilibre dépend de l’horizon temporel considéré. À moyen terme, il est déterminé, dans le cadre d’un équilibre de flux, conjointement par un ensemble de fondamentaux réels (la productivité globale, la demande étrangère, les termes de l’échange, le taux d’intérêt réel, la préférence pour le présent et les dépenses publiques) et de variables prédéterminées (le capital productif et la dette externe). À long terme, par contre, des ajustements de nature stock-flux, liés aux mouvements endogènes des variables prédéterminées, entrent en jeu. Le taux de change réel d’équilibre ne dépend plus alors que des seuls fondamentaux réels. Par ailleurs, cette présentation fait ressortir l’importance de certains paramètres structurels du modèle, à savoir l’effet richesse, l’élasticité des importations par rapport à l’investissement national et le degré de mobilité internationale des capitaux.
L’apport de la représentation VAR de Christopher A. Sims à la science économique
Authors: Gossé Jean-Baptiste , Guillaumin Cyriac
Published: September 2014

L’Académie royale des sciences de Suède a attribué le prix 2011 de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques institué en mémoire d’Alfred Nobel à Thomas Sargent et Christopher Sims « pour leurs recherches empiriques sur la cause et l’effet en macroéconomie ». Cet article se propose de présenter les travaux pour lesquels Sims a été primé. Face aux insuffisances des modèles macroéconométriques d’inspiration keynésienne, Sims (1980) émet la fameusecritique de Simset propose une modélisation multivariée qui va profondément influencer la science économique. Après avoir retracé les principaux apports de cette approche, nous proposons un panorama des nombreuses recherches suscitées par les travaux pionniers de Sims.
La centrale nucléaire Gentilly-1 : la trajectoire imprévisible d’une innovation technologique avortée
Authors: Gingras Yves , Khelfaoui Mahdi
Published: September 2014

Dans cet article, nous étudions l’histoire de Gentilly-1, premier réacteur nucléaire à avoir été mis en opération au Québec, un projet technologique conjoint entre Hydro-Québec et Énergie Atomique du Canada Limitée. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux processus qui ont influé sur la trajectoire de ce grand projet technologique, de la décision, prise en 1965, de construire un réacteur nucléaire à eau légère bouillante, jusqu’à sa fermeture définitive en 1981. Nous montrons l’importance des facteurs politiques et économiques dans les diverses finalités assignées au réacteur avant son arrêt définitif. La décision d’interrompre le fonctionnement du réacteur nucléaire ne peut en effet s’expliquer uniquement par des facteurs techniques. Suivre l’évolution graduelle du projet technologique de Gentilly-1 met en évidence le caractère contingent de nombreuses décisions prises au fil du temps et l’entrecroisement de facteurs de nature technique, économique et politique.
El peritaje antropológico y la defensa penal de imputados indígenas en La Araucanía, 2004-2011
Authors: Álvarez San Martín Roberto Anselmo
Published: September 2014

El presente artículo consiste en la exposición de los principales análisis realizados a partir de la sistematización de peritajes antropológicos solicitados por la Defensoría Penal Pública en la región de La Araucanía en el período 2004 – 2011, con el objeto de identificar los elementos centrales de las razones esgrimidas al recurrir a una defensa penal culturalmente pertinente. Para ello, se toman los fundamentos, las especificaciones técnicas y las justificaciones jurídicas de pericias realizadas en el período.
A modo de síntesis se constata que: i) en La Araucanía ha existido una subutilización de la pericia cultural en los procesos de defensa penal de imputados indígenas, ii) los defensores especializados son quienes han recurrido mayormente a estas pericias, iii) el principal argumento esgrimido en la solicitud de estas indagaciones ha sido el de la costumbre indígena, y iv) la aprobación de las solicitudes de peritajes antropológicos ha sido justificada en cuanto que son esenciales en la construcción de la teoría del caso.
En términos de desafíos actuales para la utilización de los peritajes antropológicos en la defensa de imputados indígenas se deja planteado un conjunto de interrogantes para la defensa penal indígena y las ciencias antropológica y jurídica.
Institucionalidad y subjetividad, participación y valoración de lo institucional. Reflexiones a partir de estudio de caso en tribunal de familia
Authors: Avalos Figueroa David
Published: September 2014

Proponer que la institucionalidad ordena la forma de acceder a lo expresivo simbólico subjetivo. Nos plantea una interrogante práctica sobre cuál es, en definitiva, la eficacia con que comunican dichas subjetividades, cómo resuelven sus disputas y se relacionan con la violencia. Este conocimiento se materializa en un proceso de categorización inductivo/deductivo, de acuerdo a los lineamientos de la teoría fundada, lo que permite incorporar reflexiones, conceptos y/o afirmaciones extraídas de procedencia documental, teórico-epistemológica, y también empírica, comparadas indistintamente.
La investigación se enmarca en un estudio de caso, fundamentalmente a través de entrevistas a funcionarios en el sistema de protección comunal. Estas entrevistas contextualizan una reflexión interesada en identificar, en un contexto específico, modos posibles de ser de lo subjetivo, de lo institucional. En una relación determinante en y para la incorporación de lo simbólico, desde su eficacia y su actuar frente a la práctica de la violencia, de lo institucional.
Enriquecer la categorización misma como proceso en torno a lo subjetivo y lo institucional, y sus posibles relaciones. Comprendidas bajo el concepto de forclusión, según planteamientos del psicoanálisis lacaniano, como facilitador de una integración conceptual mayor, parte del proceso de categorizacion.
Se obtienen a través del estudio categorizaciones para ambos conceptos y en relación a intentar comprender su vínculo, se propone el concepto de un Estado forcluyente, suponiendo la capacidad de las instituciones de instaurar un orden simbólico determinando, la capacidad de regular registros heterogéneos de la experiencia subjetiva, y de su potencial expresivo.
Tendrá importancia en las reflexiones de este estudio la discusión acerca de una capacidad exclusiva de las instituciones, de instaurar una subjetividad y realizar este proceso en condiciones menos óptimas, en donde simplemente prevalece la evidencia de más violencia en sus múltiples expresiones. O en cambio consideramos el rol protagónico y emergente que pueden adquirir para este propósito las identidades populares locales. Su relación con promover lo simbólico como instancia creadora e integradora efectiva, no únicamente formal y pedagógica.
Caterpillar‐like ice motion in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Ryser C. , Lüthi M. P. , Andrews L. C. , Catania G. A. , Funk M. , Hawley R. , Hoffman M. , Neumann T. A.
Published: September 2014

Current understanding of ice dynamics predicts that increasing availability and variability of meltwater will have an impact on basal motion and therefore on the evolution and future behavior of the Greenland ice sheet. We present measurements of ice deformation, subglacial water pressure, and surface velocity that show periodic and episodic variations on several time scales (seasonal, multiday, and diurnal). These variations, observed with GPS and sensors at different depths throughout the ice column, are not synchronous but show delayed responses of ice deformation with increasing depth and basal water pressure in antiphase with surface velocity. With the help of a Full‐Stokes ice flow model, these observations are explained as ice motion in a caterpillar‐like fashion. Caused by patches of different basal slipperiness, horizontal stress transfer through the stiff central part of the ice body leads to spatially varying surface velocities and ice deformation patterns. Variation of this basal slipperiness induces characteristic patterns of ice deformation variability that explain the observed behavior. Ice flow in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet is therefore controlled by activation of basal patches by varying slipperiness in the course of a melt season, leading to caterpillar‐like ice motion superposed on the classical shear deformation.
Improving the surface‐ground water interactions in the Community Land Model: Case study in the Blue Nile Basin
Authors: Wu Di D. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Wang Guiling , Moges Semu , Zampieri Matteo
Published: September 2014

Soil moisture is a key water cycle parameter known to interact with atmospheric processes. Arguably, land surface models that simulate land surface processes and surface fluxes to the atmosphere do not capture adequately the spatial variability of soil moisture, particularly over areas with complex topography. In this study, version 3.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM3.5) is applied with a new parameterization in an effort to correct the spatial bias of soil moisture and understand the consequential effects on the simulated water cycle fluxes and states in the Blue Nile Basin. This parameterization accounts for a groundwater recharge term from surface water, a process that is not included in CLM, providing an effective two‐way interaction scheme between rivers and groundwater. Using satellite soil moisture data, this parameterized term is shown to have a positive correlation to contributing area, defined at each model grid cell and representing the number of grid cells that drain to that local grid cell. With the new parameterization applied to CLM, soil moisture, soil temperature, evapotranspiration flux, water table depth, and vegetation water content all showed significant differences from the control CLM run (without the parameterization) at or above the 95% confidence level. The differences in the spatial distribution of these variables are expected to affect precipitation simulations from regional climate modeling. As the Blue Nile is a region that has one of the greatest interannual and seasonal precipitation variability globally, the ability to predict this variability is essential for optimal reservoir operations including buffering of water resources during times of drought.
Modeling of X‐ray emissions produced by stepping lightning leaders
Authors: Xu Wei , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P.
Published: September 2014

Intense and brief bursts of X‐ray emissions have been measured during the stepping process of both natural cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and rocket‐triggered lightning flashes. In this paper, we investigate theoretically the energy spectra of X‐rays produced by the bremsstrahlung emission of thermal runaway electrons accelerated in the inhomogeneous electric field produced around lightning leader tips. The X‐ray energy spectrum depends on the physical properties of the associated lightning leaders. Consequently, X‐ray measurements can be used for diagnostics of the electrical properties of lightning stepped leaders. We report simulation results of the photon energy spectra produced by 5 and 10 MV negative CG lightning discharges that would be measured from the ground using ideal detectors. We also quantify theoretically the radial dependence of X‐ray energy spectra received at ground level during the leader stepping process. Moreover, it is found that the ground radiation generated in this process is harmless to humans.
Using systematically characterized low‐frequency earthquakes as a fault probe in Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: Frank William B. , Shapiro Nikolaï M. , Husker Allen L. , Kostoglodov Vladimir , Romanenko Alexey , Campillo Michel
Published: September 2014

Studies of low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) have focused on detecting events within previously identified tectonic tremor. However, the principal LFE detection tools of matched‐filter searches are intrinsically incapable of detecting events that have not already been characterized previously as a template event. In this study, we therefore focus on generating the largest number possible of LFE templates by uniformly applying a recently developed LFE template detection method to a 2.5 yearlong data set in Guerrero, Mexico. Using each of the detected templates in a matched‐filter search, we then form event families that each represents a single source. We finally develop simple, empirical statistics to select the event families that represent LFEs. Our resulting catalog contains 1120 unique LFE sources and a total of 1,849,486 detected LFEs over the 2.5 yearlong data set. The locations of the LFE sources are then divided into subcatalogs based on their distance from the subduction trench. Considering each LFE as a small unit of slip along the subduction interface, we observe discrete episodes of LFE activity in the region associated with large slow‐slip events; this is in direct contrast to the near‐continuous activity observed 35 km farther downdip within the previously identified LFE/tremor sweet spot.
Confidence and sensitivity study of the OAFlux multisensor synthesis of the global ocean surface vector wind from 1987 onward
Authors: Yu Lisan , Jin Xiangze
Published: September 2014

This study presented an uncertainty assessment of the high‐resolution global analysis of daily‐mean ocean‐surface vector winds (1987 onward) by the Objectively Analyzed air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. The time series was synthesized from multiple satellite sensors using a variational approach to find a best fit to input data in a weighted least‐squares cost function. The variational framework requires the a priori specification of the weights, or equivalently, the error covariances of input data, which are seldom known. Two key issues were investigated. The first issue examined the specification of the weights for the OAFlux synthesis. This was achieved by designing a set of weight‐varying experiments and applying the criteria requiring that the chosen weights should make the best‐fit of the cost function be optimal with regard to both input satellite observations and the independent wind time series measurements at 126 buoy locations. The weights thus determined represent an approximation to the error covariances, which inevitably contain a degree of uncertainty. Hence, the second issue addressed the sensitivity of the OAFlux synthesis to the uncertainty in the weight assignments. Weight perturbation experiments were conducted and ensemble statistics were used to estimate the sensitivity. The study showed that the leading sources of uncertainty for the weight selection are high winds (>15 ms−1) and heavy rain, which are the conditions that cause divergence in wind retrievals from different sensors. Future technical advancement made in wind retrieval algorithms would be key to further improvement of the multisensory synthesis in events of severe storms.
The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum: How much carbon is enough?
Authors: Meissner K. J. , Bralower T. J. , Alexander K. , Jones T. Dunkley , Sijp W. , Ward M.
Published: September 2014

The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ∼55.53 million years before present, was an abrupt warming event that involved profound changes in the carbon cycle and led to major perturbations of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The PETM was triggered by the release of a massive amount of carbon, and thus, the event provides an analog for future climate and environmental changes given the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previous attempts to constrain the amount of carbon released have produced widely diverging results, between 2000 and 10,000 gigatons carbon (GtC). Here we use the UVic Earth System Climate Model in conjunction with a recently published compilation of PETM temperatures to constrain the initial atmospheric CO2 concentration as well as the total mass of carbon released during the event. Thirty‐six simulations were initialized with varying ocean alkalinity, river runoff, and ocean sediment cover. Simulating various combinations of pre‐PETM CO2 levels (840, 1680, and 2520 ppm) and total carbon releases (3000, 4500, 7000, and 10,000 GtC), we find that both the 840 ppm plus 7000 GtC and 1680 ppm plus 7000–10,000 GtC scenarios agree best with temperature reconstructions. Bottom waters outside the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans remain well oxygenated in all of our simulations. While the recovery time and rates are highly dependent on ocean alkalinity and sediment cover, the maximum temperature anomaly, used here to constrain the amount of carbon released, is less dependent on this slow‐acting feedback.
Insulator‐Conductor Type Transitions in Graphene‐Modified Silver Nanowire Networks: A Route to Inexpensive Transparent Conductors
Authors: Jurewicz Izabela , Fahimi Azin , Lyons Phillip E. , Smith Ronan J. , Cann Maria , Large Matthew L. , Tian Mingwen , Coleman Jonathan N. , Dalton Alan B.
Published: September 2014

Silver nanowire coatings are an attractive alternative to indium tin oxide for producing transparent conductors. To fabricate coatings with low sheet resistance required for touchscreen displays, a multi‐layer network of silver nanowires must be produced that may not be cost effective. This problem is counteracted here by modifying the electrical properties of an ultra‐low‐density nanowire network through local deposition of conducting graphene platelets. Unlike other solution‐processed materials, such as graphene oxide, our pristine graphene is free of oxygen functional groups, resulting in it being electrically conducting without the need for further chemical treatment. Graphene adsorption at inter‐wire junctions as well as graphene connecting adjacent wires contributes to a marked enhancement in electrical properties. Using our approach, the amount of nanowires needed to produce viable transparent electrodes could be more than 50 times less than the equivalent pristine high density nanowire networks, thus having major commercial implications. Using a laser ablation process, it is shown that the resulting films can be patterned into individual electrode structures, which is a pre‐requisite to touchscreen sensor fabrication.
Spouting behaviors of binary mixtures of cylindroid and spherical particles
Authors: Liu Xuejiao , Zhong Wenqi , Jiang Xiaofeng , Jin Baosheng
Published: September 2014

Spouting behaviors of cylindroid and spherical particles in a spouted bed are experimentally investigated. The characteristics of flow pattern and pressure drop of the binary mixtures are figured out and three kinds of cylindroid particles with different sizes and shapes are involved in experiments to discuss effects of particle size and shape on the spouting behaviors in beds. The emphasis is laid on the influence of the volume fraction of cylindroid particles, Xc, on the spouting phenomena, including the total pressure drop, the minimum spouting velocity, and fountain height. Results show that, the shapes and sizes of cylindroid particles, mainly including equivolume diameter and aspect ratio, significantly affect the spouting behaviors. There is a maximum volume fraction, Xc,max, for each kind of cylinders to maintain the stable fountain at a certain gas velocity. With the same gas velocity, Xc,max is lower for the cylinders with higher aspect ratio. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 58–67, 2015
Determining osteoporosis risk in older Colono adults from rural Amazonian Ecuador using calcaneal ultrasonometry
Authors: Madimenos Felicia C. , Liebert Melissa A. , Cepon‐Robins Tara J. , Snodgrass J. Josh , Sugiyama Lawrence S.
Published: September 2014

Objective

Low bone density and osteoporosis prevalence, while well‐documented in wealthy nations, are poorly studied in rural, non‐clinical contexts in economically developing regions such as Latin America. This study contributes preliminary osteoporosis risk data for a rural Colono (mestizo) population from Amazonian Ecuador.

Methods

Anthropometrics were collected for 119 adult participants (74 females, 45 males [50–90 years old]). Heel bone density and T‐scores were recorded using calcaneal ultrasonometry

Results

Approximately, 33.6% of the participants had low bone density and were at high‐risk for osteoporosis. Four times as many females as males were considered high‐risk. Consistent with epidemiological literature, advancing age was significantly associated with lower bone density values (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Low bone density and osteoporosis prevalence are expected to increase in this and other economically transitioning populations, yet infrastructure to monitor this changing epidemiological landscape is almost non‐existent. Human biologists are uniquely positioned to contribute data from remote populations, a critical step toward initiating increased resource allocation for diagnosis and prevention. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:139–142, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and female competitive rowing performance
Authors: Hull Melissa J. , Schranz Natasha K. , Manning John T. , Tomkinson Grant R.
Published: September 2014

Background

Digit ratio (2D:4D), a measure of prenatal testosterone exposure, is weakly‐to‐moderately associated with increased physical performance, although the evidence is far stronger for males than females.

Objective

To examine the relationship between 2D:4D and measured on‐water rowing performance in young females competing at the Australian Rowing Championships.

Methods

Using an observational, cross‐sectional design, female rowers (n = 69, aged 12–30 years) who competed in single sculls events at the Australian Rowing Championships in 2007 and 2008 had numerous physical and digital anthropometric measurements taken, including 2D:4D measurements. Relationships between 2D:4Ds and race times were examined using Pearson's correlations, partial correlations and multiple regression. Partial Least Squares regression analysis determined the strength of the 2D:4D as a predictor of race time relative to 78 body dimensions plus age.

Results

Overall, weak to strong positive correlations between 2D:4D and race time were found; that is, females with smaller 2D:4Ds had faster race times than females with larger 2D:4Ds. Relationships were weak to moderate for all females (r = 0.29–0.32), moderate‐to‐strong for senior rowers (aged ≥20 years; r = 0.42–0.55), and weak for junior rowers (aged <20 years; r = 0.13–0.18), with all relationships persisting following adjustment for age. Partial Least Squares regression analysis showed that 2D:4Ds had high predictive importance relative to other body dimensions.

Conclusions

Females with smaller 2D:4Ds rowed substantially faster than females with larger 2D:4Ds, with the 2D:4D possibly linked to underlying characteristics that have been optimized over time resulting in better rowing performance. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:157–163, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic properties of single‐layer and multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides MX2 (M = Mo, W and X = S, Se)
Authors: Roldán Rafael , Silva‐Guillén Jose A. , López‐Sancho M. Pilar , Guinea Francisco , Cappelluti Emmanuele , Ordejón Pablo
Published: September 2014

Single‐ and few‐layer transition metal dichalcogenides have recently emerged as a new family of layered crystals with great interest , not only from the fundamental point of view, but also because of their potential application in ultrathin devices. Here the electronic properties of semiconducting MX2, where M =Mo or W and X = S or Se, are reviewed. Based on of density functional theory calculations, which include the effect of spin‐orbit interaction, the band structure of single‐layer, bilayer and bulk compounds is discussed. The band structure of these compounds is highly sensitive to elastic deformations, and it is reviewed how strain engineering can be used to manipulate and tune the electronic and optical properties of those materials. Further, the effect of disorder and imperfections in the lattice structure and their effect on the optical and transport properties of MX2 is discussed. The superconducting transition in these compounds, which has been observed experimentally, is analyzed, as well as the different mechanisms proposed so far to explain the pairing. Finally, a discussion on the excitonic effects which are present in these systems is included.
Synthese von Materialien mit erweitertem π‐System durch C‐H‐Aktivierung
Authors: Segawa Yasutomo , Maekawa Takehisa , Itami Kenichiro
Published: September 2014

Die Aktivierung von aromatischen C‐H‐Bindungen durch einen Übergangsmetallkatalysator ist ein wichtiges Thema in der Synthesechemie. In den letzten Jahren hat sich die schnelle und regiospezifische Erweiterung von π‐Systemen durch C‐H‐Aktivierung zu einer idealen Methode zur Herstellung von organischen Materialien mit ausgedehntem π‐System entwickelt. Dieser Aufsatz fasst neuere Reaktionen zur C‐H‐Aktivierung für die Erweiterung von π‐Systemen im Hinblick auf neue optoelektronische konjugierte Materialien zusammen.