bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Military risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Weiner Michael W. , Friedl Karl E. , Pacifico Anthony , Chapman Julie C. , Jaffee Michael S. , Little Deborah M. , Manley Geoffrey T. , McKee Ann , Petersen Ronald C. , Pitman Roger K. , Yaffe Kristine , Zetterberg Henrik , Obana Robert , Bain Lisa J. , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: June 2013

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are signature injuries of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and have been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. A meeting hosted by the Alzheimer's Association and the Veterans' Health Research Institute (NCIRE) in May 2012 brought together experts from the U.S. military and academic medical centers around the world to discuss current evidence and hypotheses regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms linking TBI, PTSD, and AD. Studies underway in civilian and military populations were highlighted, along with new research initiatives such as a study to extend the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to a population of veterans exposed to TBI and PTSD. Greater collaboration and data sharing among diverse research groups is needed to advance an understanding and appropriate interventions in this continuum of military injuries and neurodegenerative disease in the aging veteran.
Update on appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET imaging: Dementia experts, mild cognitive impairment, and education
Authors: Johnson Keith A. , Minoshima Satoshi , Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Donohoe Kevin J. , Foster Norman L. , Herscovitch Peter , Karlawish Jason H. , Rowe Christopher C. , Hedrick Saima , Pappas Virginia , Carrillo Maria C. , Hartley Dean M.
Published: June 2013

Amyloid PET imaging is a novel diagnostic test that can detect in living humans one of the two defining pathologic lesions of Alzheimer disease, amyloid‐β deposition in the brain. The Amyloid Imaging Task Force of the Alzheimer's Association and Society for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging previously published appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET as an important tool for increasing the certainty of a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in specific patient populations. Here, the task force further clarifies and expands 3 topics discussed in the original paper: first, defining dementia experts and their use of proper documentation to demonstrate the medical necessity of an amyloid PET scan; second, identifying a specific subset of individuals with mild cognitive impairment for whom an amyloid PET scan is appropriate; and finally, developing educational programs to increase awareness of the amyloid PET appropriate use criteria and providing instructions on how this test should be used in the clinical decision‐making process.
Platinum group elements in Permo-Triassic volcanics in West Siberia (the first data)
Authors: Medvedev A.Ya.
Published: June 2013

The first data on PGE contents in the volcanic rocks of the West Siberian Plate are presented. Analysis has shown that most of the studied rocks have clarke contents of these elements. Rocks from the central areas of paleorift valleys are enriched in ΣPGE (2.0–32.0 ppb), particularly in Pt (0.1–24.2 ppb) and Pd (0.3–8.0 ppb), which might be related to the action of plume. The magmatic PGE pattern confirms the earlier conclusions about the mantle genesis of the studied rocks.
Ordovician sediments in the southeastern Siberian Platform: lithostratigraphy and ostracod zoning
Authors: Stepanova N.I.
Published: June 2013

The results of studying Ordovician ostracods from the southeastern Siberian Platform are presented. Ordovician sections are described in brief from outcrop and core studies. Four of the ostracod zones distinguished in the Ordovician strata of the Siberian Platform have been found in the Volgian, Kirenskian–Kudrinoan, Chertovskayan, and Baksanian Horizons. Stratigraphic correlation takes into account the available data on the distribution of other groups (e.g., conodonts and cephalopods)..
Paleoseismic studies of the Hustai Fault zone (Northern Mongolia)
Authors: Smekalin O.P. , Imaev V.S. , Chipizubov A.V.
Published: June 2013

We discuss the results of study of the Holocene seismic activity of the Hustai Fault zone, Central Mongolia. Applying seismological methods (remote, trenching, geophysics), we have revealed signs and determined the quantitative parameters of the paleoearthquake that led to the fault dissection at 3–5.5 ka. The high seismic potential of the Tola earthquake focus zone and its proximity to Ulaanbaatar confirm earlier estimates of the seismicity of the capital of Mongolia, 8 points on the MSK-64 scale.
Absorption characteristics of a Stoneley wave in multilayered media and the logging method for estimating permeability
Authors: Sinev A.V. , Podberezhnyy M.Yu.
Published: June 2013

The aim of the study is to increase the reliability of estimation of the acoustic parameters of a layered permeable formation using new software, based on two-velocity continuum equations for 2D numerical simulation of acoustic waves propagating in a borehole. The key method is the method of finite differences as applied to solving equations of the continuum filtration theory. The dissipative characteristics of Stoneley waves have been identified for the case of their propagation in a layered formation. These aspects should be taken into account when using Stoneley waves to estimate the permeability of geologic media.
Gender Equality and Legal Mobilization in the United Kingdom: Using Rights for Lobbying, Litigation, Defense, and Attack
Authors: Millns Susan , Skeet Charlotte
Published: June 2013

This article analyzes women’s contemporary use of rights to mobilize and pursue claims for gender equality and gender justice in the United Kingdom. Empirically, the paper explores the growth of rights discourse and activity against the backdrop of a stronger constitutionalization of women’s rights at national, European, and international levels. It does this through an exploration of individual and collective lobbying and litigation strategies in relation to violence against women. The paper first examines this in the context of the right to bodily integrity through examples of the ways in which sexual violence and domestic abuse are addressed within the criminal justice system. The paper then addresses the right to be free from violence for women seeking refuge and asylum. The research reveals the need for varied strategies that target all aspects of the legal and political systems in order to ameliorate the protection and implementation of women’s rights.
La sélection des Élites communistes chinoises : de la politique factionnelle à l'institutionnalisation du leadership
Authors: Payette Alex , Lin Ting-sheng
Published: June 2013

Résumé.Cet article défend l'idée que pour être en mesure de bien saisir la sélection des élites communistes chinoises (cadres, fonctionnaires, leaders), il faille maintenant se détourner des approches utilisant la variable factionnelle comme élément explicatif pour ensuite mettre l'accent sur les règles et les conditions formelles « nécessaires » à la nomination et à la sélection du personnel. Nous pensons que l'âge et l'expérience dans les instances du Parti et de l'État prennent progressivement le dessus sur le côté informel de la politique chinoise. Enfin, ce texte se veut une mise en garde aux chercheurs concernant l'utilisation de la notion de faction dans la politique chinoise, à ne pas accepter a priori l'existence des factions et encore moins leurs présumées influences.

Abstract.This article puts forward the idea that to be able to understand the selection of Chinese communist elites (cadres, officials, leaders), we must now turn away from approaches using the factional variable as an explanatory element to instead focus on rules and “necessary” formal requirements for the nomination and selection of personnel. We believe that age and experience in both the Party and State apparatus are gradually taking over the informal side of Chinese politics. Finally, this article wants to be understood as a warning to researchers regarding the use of the notion of faction in Chinese politics. Neither the existence of factions nor, much less, their supposed influence, should be accepted a priori.
A Climate for Abduction, a Climate for Redemption: The Politics of Inclusion during and after the Armenian Genocide
Authors: Ekmekcioglu Lerna
Published: June 2013

This article explores a forcible, wartime transfer of women and minors from one ethnic group to another, and its partial reversal after the war. I analyze the historical conditions that enabled the original transfer, and then the circumstances that shaped the reverse transfer. The setting is Istanbul during and immediately after World War I, and the protagonists are various influential agents connected to the Ottoman Turkish state and to the Armenian Patriarchate. The absence and subsequent involvement of European Great Powers determines the broader, shifting context. The narrative follows the bodies of women and children, who were the subjects of the protagonists' discourses and the objects of their policies. This is the first in-depth study to connect these two processes involved: the wartime integration of Armenian women and children into Muslim settings, and postwar Armenian attempts to rescue, reintegrate, and redistribute them. I explain why and how the Armenianvorpahavak(gathering of orphans and widows) worked as it did, and situate it comparatively with similar events. I highlight its uniqueness, and the theoretical possibilities that it offers toward understanding why and how women, children, and reproduction matter to collectivities in crisis.
Malaysia's Syariah Judiciary as Global Assemblage: Islamization, Corporatization, and Other Transformations in Context
Authors: Peletz Michael G.
Published: June 2013

This essay concerns transformations in the judicial apparatus involved in implementing Islamic law (syariah/shari‘a) in Malaysia, a Muslim-majority nation in Southeast Asia. Three of my goals are to delineate some of the empirical complexities of thesyariahjudiciary's day-to-day operations and the mutually contradictory directions in which it is moving; to problematize the widely invoked trope of Islamization as a gloss for these phenomena; and to illustrate that this judiciary is profitably viewed as a global assemblage (Deleuze and Guattari 1987; Ong and Collier 2005). Another, more general, objective is to elucidate some of the ways that religion, law, and attendant phenomena are being bureaucratized, rationalized, corporatized, and otherwise transformed in an increasingly globalized world.
Adiabatic formulation of charged particle dynamics in an inhomogeneous electro-magnetic field
Authors: Sagar Vikram , Sengupta Sudip , Kaw Predhiman
Published: June 2013

The relativistic motion of a charged particle is studied in an inhomogeneous field of finite duration laser pulse. An inhomogeneity in a laser field is due to the spatial variation of laser intensity. Such a variation in laser intensity is characteristic of focused and de-focused laser beams. In the presence of an inhomogeneity, the problem becomes non-integrable and hence particle dynamics can not be derived exactly. In the present work considering a slow variation in the laser intensity, it is shown that the particle dynamics is associated with an adiabatic invariant. It is further found that the adiabatic invariant itself evolves and in a typical example changes such that the adiabaticity parameter attains a value of order unity. Thus higher orders of invariance are required for specifying the particle dynamics in terms of an adiabatic invariant. An adiabatic formalism is derived using the Lie transform perturbation method for calculating the higher orders of invariance and to obtain the evolution of the adiabatic invariant. The estimates of energy gained by a particle considering focused laser field are obtained by solving the equation of motion numerically. On comparing the results of a numerical experiment with theoretical predictions, it is found that the energy estimates improve on taking into account higher orders of invariance predicted by the present theory.
Historique de la Presse Périodique de l'émigration Socialiste Russe 1917–1937 I
Authors: Nicolayewsky B.
Published: June 2013

L'histoire de l'émigration politique russe remonte à très loin: le premier émigré politique fut N. I. Tourgeneff, membre éminent de plusieures sociétés secrètes, lesquelles avaient préparé la conspiration du 14 décembre 1825. — Aussi, l'histoire de la littérature russe publiée au delà des frontières remonte-t-elle également à une date déjà reculée: la première brochure politique en langue russe parue à l'étranger date de 1849; elle a pour titre: Le Catéchisme du peuple russe et est due à la plume de I. Golovine.
Modelling interventions during a dengue outbreak
Authors: BARMAK D. H. , DORSO C. O. , OTERO M. , SOLARI H. G.
Published: June 2013

We present a stochastic dynamical model for the transmission of dengue that considers the co-evolution of the spatial dynamics of the vectors (Aedes aegypti) and hosts (human population), allowing the simulation of control strategies adapted to the actual evolution of an epidemic outbreak. We observed that imposing restrictions on the movement of infected humans is not a highly effective strategy. In contrast, isolating infected individuals with high levels of compliance by the human population is efficient even when implemented with delays during an ongoing outbreak. We also studied insecticide-spraying strategies assuming different (hypothetical) efficiencies. We observed that highly efficient fumigation strategies seem to be effective during an outbreak. Nevertheless, taking into account the controversial results on the use of spraying as a single control strategy, we suggest that carrying out combined strategies of fumigation and isolation during an epidemic outbreak should account for a suitable strategy for the attenuation of epidemic outbreaks.
Outbreak of leptospirosis after white-water rafting: sign of a shift from rural to recreational leptospirosis in Sri Lanka?
Authors: AGAMPODI S. B. , KARUNARATHNA D. , JAYATHILALA N. , RATHNAYAKA H. , AGAMPODI T. C. , KARUNANAYAKA L.
Published: June 2013

This paper reports the first recreation-related leptospirosis outbreak in Sri Lanka in 20 office workers who were involved in white-water rafting during a staff outing. Two weeks after the rafting event on 7 September 2012, six participants developed fever, of which four had classical clinical features of leptospirosis. Four weeks after the exposure, an outbreak investigation was conducted for 19 of the 20 participants. Of the six fever patients, four were confirmed as having acute leptospirosis using either single sample MAT titre ⩾1/400 (n = 2) or positive IgM ELISA (n = 2). An afebrile patient with headache and myalgia also had a MAT titre ⩾1/400. Seventeen of the 19 participants investigated showed anti-leptospiral antibodies. None of the participants had a history of leptospirosis or recent outdoor exposures other than the rafting event. This outbreak provides evidence of the changing epidemiology of leptospirosis and suggests a wider range of risk exposures including those related to recreational activities of more affluent urban populations in addition to the well recognized occupational hazards of rural farming.
Power and music in Cairo: Azbakiyya – ERRATUM
Authors: MESTYAN ADAM
Published: June 2013

The editors regret that in the article by Mestyan (first published online, 24th May 2013) the dates provided for the captions for Figures 2 and 3 are incorrect. The map in Figure 2 is from the 1860s and that in Figure 3 is from the 1870s.
The making of architectural promenade: Villa Savoye and Schminke House
Authors: Samuel Flora , Jones Peter Blundell
Published: June 2013

The term ‘architectural promenade’ has become a part of the language of modern architecture, yet it has been little discussed or investigated. We find it insufficient as a generic term to express a concern with the experience of moving through a building, for the promenade can mean different things to different people. To illustrate this point we make a comparison of the promenade in the Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier – perhaps the promenade par excellence – and that of the almost contemporary Schminke House by Hans Scharoun. We have found many distinct differences. The emphasis in this essay is on the meaning and manipulation of space, something of deep concern to both architects and a topic that each of us has explored separately elsewhere.
The architecture of Islamic public baths of North Africa and the Middle East: an analysis of their internal spatial configurations
Authors: Sibley Magda , Jackson Iain
Published: June 2013

The hammams (or Islamic bath-houses), commonly known as ‘Turkish baths’, are one of the key urban facilities in Islamic cities. They evolved from the Roman and Byzantine public baths, as these were assimilated when the Umayyad dynasty conquered Byzantine territories in the Middle East between AD 661 and 750. Early hammams were built in the eighth century by the Umayyad rulers who established their capital in Damascus. The most famous ones are Qusayr Amra, in today's north-eastern desert of Jordan and Khirbat al Mafjar. The period following the rise of Islam witnessed a rapid development in the architecture of baths and the change from Roman to Islamic bathing habits. Public Roman baths consisted of very large establishments, the thermae, which comprised not only bathing facilities but also recreational ones such as libraries, gymnasiums, exercise grounds and gardens, tanning rooms, ball courts and concert halls. The balnea were the smaller privately or publicly owned Roman baths, located in greater number within the city.
Regulating architecture
Authors: Dorrian Mark
Published: June 2013

The Further Reading Required event – subtitled Building Specifications, Contracts and Technical Literature – was focused on the role and status of the non-pictorial documents that establish the relations and responsibilities of those involved in building, and that describe the materials and processes to be used in construction. A one-day symposium, held on 17 February at the Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, organised by Tilo Amhoff, Nick Beech and Katie Lloyd Thomas, it sought to examine the various regulatory documents and processes in relation to which architecture is historically constituted; to interpret how they distribute competencies and negotiate the various agencies and interests involved in building; and to explore the particular kinds of productivity that they make available or alternatively foreclose.
On contradictory regulations
Authors: Ross Liam
Published: June 2013

British Standard 8213-1: 2004 provides design recommendations for windows, door-height windows and rooflights, based upon a detailed assessment of the risk of accident encountered in their use and cleaning. Conservation Area guidance in Edinburgh's New Town sees windows instead as part of the special character of the place. The contradictions between BS 8213-1 and Edinburgh City Council's Conservation Area Guidelines are considered here as a creative opportunity for design.
‘WLTM caring contractor’: the dating game of Design and Build contracts
Authors: Wigglesworth Sarah
Published: June 2013

The standard construction contract in the UK, such as JCT 2005, is designed to balance time, quality and cost. Typically, the contract documents consist of a bespoke design described by a full package of drawings and a specification describing quality, techniques and materials. These enable a contractor to offer a fixed price for the work and establish a programme and the aim is to provide a level of financial security that leaves little to error or to contingent forces. That, at least, is the theory. In practice, there are few contracts that run as smoothly as the theory suggests, which accounts for the myriad case law in this area.

In preparing the contract documents, an architect conventionally begins their work by acting as agent for the client. Once appointed, s/he develops the brief with the client and/or users, designs the building and guides the scheme through the regulatory system, describing it in sufficient detail to allow a contractor to arrive at an accurate cost. After this, the ways in which a building can be procured can vary considerably. This article focuses on what happens under a Design and Build (D&B) contract.
A NOTE ON BUBBLES, WORTHLESS ASSETS, AND THE CURIOUS CASE OF GENERAL MOTORS
Authors: Ahn Tom , Sandford Jeremy , Shea Paul
Published: June 2013

Since the company declared bankruptcy in June 2009, shares of General Motors stock (now known as Motors Liquidation Company) have continued to trade at a high volume while maintaining a market capitalization near $300 million through most of 2010. Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that both rational speculators and uninformed investors (often mistaking Motors Liquidation for the new, reorganized GM) have purchased the stock. We develop a theoretical asset-pricing model that includes both types of agents. We present two major results. First, the most frequent state is one where a small fraction of rational agents ensure that the share price behaves as if all agents are rational. A second state exists where all rational agents exit and the share price is inflated. Second, fitting the model to Motors Liquidation, we find evidence of irrational asset pricing for this firm. We find little evidence of similar behavior in the share prices of the thirty stocks that compose the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Sind unterschätzte Schüler weniger leistungsmotiviert als überschätzte Schüler?
Authors: Urhahne Detlef , Timm Oliver , Zhu Mingjing , Tang Min
Published: June 2013

Bisherige Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass vom Lehrer unterschätzte Schüler sich in Testleistung und selbstberichteter Motivation nicht von überschätzten Schülern unterscheiden. Vor dem Hintergrund der Leistungsmotivationstheorie sollte geprüft werden, ob sich die Befunde zur Motivation unterscheiden, wenn ein semiprojektives Testverfahren eingesetzt wird, das keinen Anreiz zu positiver Selbstdarstellung bietet. An der Studie nahmen 165 Gymnasiasten der sechsten Jahrgangsstufe und sieben Mathematiklehrkräfte teil. Die Schüler bearbeiteten einen Mathematikleistungstest, ein semiprojektives Testverfahren zur Messung der Anstrengungsbereitschaft sowie Items zu Erfolgswartung und Anspruchsniveau. Die Lehrkräfte wurden gebeten, Vorhersagen über die Schülerleistung im Mathematiktest und die Schülermotivation zu treffen. Unterschätzte Schüler unterschieden sich in der Motivation nicht von überschätzten Schülern, wurden aber von den Lehrkräften systematisch schlechter beurteilt. Als mögliche Erklärung der Untersuchungsbefunde wird ein Halo-Effekt vermutet: Lehrkräfte generalisieren ihr Urteil über Schülerleistungen auf andere Schülermerkmale und kommen damit zu falschen Schlussfolgerungen.
Effects of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein on Cerebral Blood Vessels
Authors: Steelman Samantha M , Hein Travis W , Gorman Amy , Bix Gregory J
Published: June 2013

Delayed cerebral vasospasm is thought to be caused by factors released from a subarachnoid blood clot. Because vasospasm occurs several days after hemorrhage, we hypothesized that clotted blood releases vasoactive factors as it ages. Targeted proteomics identified histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) as a potentially vasoactive factor released within the first 72 hours of clot formation. In vitro studies revealed that HRG caused moderate (~30%) dilation of cannulated cerebral arterioles and proliferation of cerebrovascular endothelial cells. We conclude that HRG released from clotted blood, while unlikely to contribute to cerebral vasospasm, might provide important vasodilatory or angiogenic stimuli after hemorrhagic stroke.
Controlled synthesis of ultrathin lamellar Eu2O3nanocrystals: self-assembly of 1D nanowires to 2D nanosheets
Authors: Zhong Yeteng , Yang Yijun , Ma Ying , Yao Jiannian
Published: June 2013

Ultrathin lamellar Eu2O3 nanosheets with tunable lateral dimensions were synthesized through self-assembly of ultrathin nanowires.
Channel-mediated lactic acid transport: a novel function for aquaglyceroporins in bacteria
Authors: Bienert Gerd P. , Desguin Benoît , Chaumont François , Hols Pascal
Published: June 2013

MIPs (major intrinsic proteins), also known as aquaporins, are membrane proteins that channel water and/or uncharged solutes across membranes in all kingdoms of life. Considering the enormous number of different bacteria on earth, functional information on bacterial MIPs is scarce. In the present study, six MIPs [glpF1 (glycerol facilitator 1)–glpF6] were identified in the genome of the Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum. Heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that GlpF2, GlpF3 and GlpF4 each facilitated the transmembrane diffusion of water, dihydroxyacetone and glycerol. As several lactic acid bacteria have GlpFs in their lactate racemization operon (GlpF1/F4 phylogenetic group), their ability to transport this organic acid was tested. Both GlpF1 and GlpF4 facilitated the diffusion of D/L-lactic acid. Deletion of glpF1 and/or glpF4 in Lb. plantarum showed that both genes were involved in the racemization of lactic acid and, in addition, the double glpF1 glpF4 mutant showed a growth delay under conditions of mild lactic acid stress. This provides further evidence that GlpFs contribute to lactic acid metabolism in this species. This lactic acid transport capacity was shown to be conserved in the GlpF1/F4 group of Lactobacillales. In conclusion, we have functionally analysed the largest set of bacterial MIPs and demonstrated that the lactic acid membrane permeability of bacteria can be regulated by aquaglyceroporins.
Luminescent P-Benzyl Dithienophospholes – A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Wang Zisu , Woo Alva Y. Y. , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: June 2013

A series of P-benzyl functionalised dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-b]phospholes with different substitution pattern at the phosphorus as well as the conjugated scaffold was synthesised and characterised via optical spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray crystallography was performed on one species. The experimentally observed data were solidified with density functional theory calculations. In contrast to related benzylated P-phenyl phospholium species, the new systems show pronounced photoluminescence in solution, with the exception of the phosphole sulfide species. The observed photophysics could be explained with dominating π→π* transitions, despite the presence of the benzyl group that had been found to quench the fluorescence in the predecessor benzyl system with P-phenyl substituent.
Aluminium Complexes of a Sterically Demanding Bis(iminophosphorane)methandiide
Authors: Sindlinger Christian P. , Stasch Andreas
Published: June 2013

The reaction of the sterically demanding bis(iminophosphorane)methane, {DipN=P(Ph2)}2CH2, H2L 1 (where Dip = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), with one or two equivalents of AlMe3 in toluene under varying conditions led to the methanide complex [HLAlMe2] 4, and the methandiide complex [L(AlMe2)2] 5, respectively. Iterative iodination of complex 5 with I2 in toluene yielded the complexes [L(AlMeI)2] 6 and [L(AlI2)2] 7. The complexes 4–7 were structurally characterised. The methanide 4 forms a puckered six-membered ring without Al-C(methanide) contact and the complexes 5 and 6 show coordination of the methandiide ligand to two Al atoms forming two four-membered rings on the central spirocyclic carbon centre. Complex 7 shows an asymmetric coordination mode of the two Al centres to the methandiide ligand in the solid state with an almost planar, severely distorted three-coordinate methandiide carbon atom and only one short Al–C bond.
The effect of hyper-osmotic salinity on protein pattern and enzyme activities of halophytes
Authors: Koyro Hans-Werner , Zörb Christian , Debez Ahmed , Huchzermeyer Bernhard
Published: June 2013

Studies of the convergence of the expression of enzymes and the physiology of salt resistance are rare, and give the general impression of a jigsaw puzzle with many missing pieces. To date, only minor responses of plasma membrane and tonoplast proteins of halophytes have been reported. Mostly, subunits of the catalytic portions of ATPases were found to change. In succulent plants such as Salicornia europea the abundance of V-type ATPase subunits has been correlated with growth performance. This stresses the physiological strategy to sequester incoming salt into vacuoles, which may also benefit osmotic regulation and further promote growth. A considerable amount of information is available on the responses of proteins involved in photosynthesis and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under saline conditions. Two aspects deserve special attention: (i) salt responsive multiple spot patterns of individual proteins (due to protein modification, phosphorylation, for instance); and (ii) correlations between salt-mediated protein abundance and plant performance. Relevant observations underline that there exists a tightly knit metabolic network underlying physiological observations. Although the exact functioning of control and signalling sequences remains elusive, another aspect becomes very obvious from the publications analysed: stress responses of halophytes are multi-variant and include not only an increase in abundance of enzymes, but also of chaperones and proteins controlling organisation of the cytoplasm.
iRhom2 controls the substrate selectivity of stimulated ADAM17-dependent ectodomain shedding
Authors: Maretzky Thorsten , McIlwain David R. , Issuree Priya Darshinee A. , Li Xue , Malapeira Jordi , Amin Sadaf , Lang Philipp A. , Mak Tak W. , Blobel Carl P.
Published: June 2013

Protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17), a principal regulator of EGF-receptor signaling and TNFα release, is rapidly and posttranslationally activated by a variety of signaling pathways, and yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we report that inactive rhomboid protein 2 (iRhom2), recently identified as essential for the maturation of ADAM17 in hematopoietic cells, is crucial for the rapid activation of the shedding of some, but not all substrates of ADAM17. Mature ADAM17 is present in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) lacking iRhom2, and yet ADAM17 is unable to support stimulated shedding of several of its substrates, including heparin-binding EGF and Kit ligand 2 in this context. Stimulated shedding of other ADAM17 substrates, such as TGFα, is not affected in
iRhom
2
−/−
mEFs but can be strongly reduced by treating
iRhom2
−/−
mEFs with siRNA against iRhom1. Activation of heparin-binding EGF or Kit ligand 2 shedding by ADAM17 in
iRhom2
−/−
mEFs can be rescued by wild-type iRhom2 but not by iRhom2 lacking its N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The requirement for the cytoplasmic domain of iRhom2 for stimulated shedding by ADAM17 may help explain why the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM17 is not required for stimulated shedding. The functional relevance of iRhom2 in regulating shedding of EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands is established by a lack of lysophasphatidic acid/ADAM17/EGFR-dependent crosstalk with ERK1/2 in
iRhom2
−/−
mEFs, and a significant reduction of FGF7/ADAM17/EGFR-stimulated migration of
iRhom2
−/−
keratinocytes. Taken together, these findings uncover functions for iRhom2 in the regulation of EGFR signaling and in controlling the activation and substrate selectivity of ADAM17-dependent shedding events.
Alternatively spliced tissue factor promotes breast cancer growth in a β1 integrin-dependent manner
Authors: Kocatürk Begüm , Van den Berg Yascha W. , Tieken Chris , Mieog J. Sven D. , de Kruijf Esther M. , Engels Charla C. , van der Ent Martijn A. , Kuppen Peter J. , Van de Velde Cornelis J. , Ruf Wolfram , Reitsma Pieter H. , Osanto Susanne , Liefers Gerrit-Jan , Bogdanov Vladimir Y. , Versteeg Henri H.
Published: June 2013

Full-length tissue factor (flTF), the coagulation initiator, is overexpressed in breast cancer (BrCa), but associations between flTF expression and clinical outcome remain controversial. It is currently not known whether the soluble alternatively spliced TF form (asTF) is expressed in BrCa or impacts BrCa progression. We are unique in reporting that asTF, but not flTF, strongly associates with both tumor size and grade, and induces BrCa cell proliferation by binding to β1 integrins. asTF promotes oncogenic gene expression, anchorage-independent growth, and strongly up-regulates tumor expansion in a luminal BrCa model. In basal BrCa cells that constitutively express both TF isoforms, asTF blockade reduces tumor growth and proliferation in vivo. We propose that asTF plays a major role in BrCa progression acting as an autocrine factor that promotes tumor progression. Targeting asTF may comprise a previously unexplored therapeutic strategy in BrCa that stems tumor growth, yet does not impair normal hemostasis.
Accumulation with or without dispossession? A ‘both/and’ approach to China in Africa with reference to Angola
Authors: Ovadia Jesse
                      Salah
Published: June 2013

In the burgeoning field of research on China in Africa, analyses generally fall on a continuum between two divergent positions. With reference to Angola, this paper reviews perspectives on China in Africa as well as the main features of Chinese engagement with the continent in order to interrogate the ‘divide’ between the ‘China threat’ and ‘peaceful rise’ positions. The goal is not to take a centrist position, but rather to suggest that China represents for Africa both a new imperialism and a new model of development. While differentiating between the new Euro-American and Chinese imperialisms, China's new engagement, exemplified by its relationship with Angola, is a project of recolonisation and appropriation of economic surplus. The Chinese variety of imperialism, however, offers African states a compromise to their elite and to their citizens that has heretofore been missing from post-colonial Euro-American imperialism – the prospect of sustained economic growth and improvement to the quality of everyday life.

[Accumulation avec ou sans dépossession? Une approche « à la fois/et » à la Chine en Afrique, avec comme exemple l'Angola.] Dans le domaine de la recherche en plein essor sur la Chine en Afrique, les analyses se situent généralement sur un continuum entre deux positions divergentes. En prenant comme exemple l'Angola, cet article examine les perspectives de la Chine en Afrique ainsi que les principales caractéristiques de l'engagement chinois envers le continent afin de questionner le fossé entre les positions craignant la « menace chinoise » et celle croyant en « la montée en puissance pacifique » du pays. L'objectif n'est pas d'adopter une position centriste, mais plutôt de suggérer que la Chine représente pour l'Afrique à la fois un nouvel impérialisme et un nouveau modèle de développement. Alors qu'il se différencie des nouveaux impérialismes euro-américains et chinois, le nouvel engagement de la Chine, illustré par sa relation avec l'Angola, est un projet de recolonisation et d'appropriation de l'excédent économique. La grande variété de l'impérialisme chinois offre cependant un compromis, à l’élite et aux citoyens des États africains, qui était précédemment absent de l'impérialisme postcolonial euro-américain – la perspective d'une croissance économique durable et de l'amélioration de la qualité de la vie de tous les jours.

Mots-clés : Chine Angola; pétrole; accumulation; nouvel impérialisme
Deep Integration in north–south relations: compatibility issues between the EU and South Africa
Authors: Claar Simone , Nölke Andreas
Published: June 2013

Deep Integration (DI), defined as the abolishment of ‘behind the border’ trade restrictions, has been a major focus of activity within the European Union. More recently, Deep Integration has also been included in the negotiations of new bilateral and regional trade agreements. This paper chooses the current EU–South Africa negotiations as a case study and argues that these tendencies may become a dangerous restriction for the economic policy space of the South African government. We will discuss selected issues of Deep Integration projects – in particular corporate governance and competition policies – with a ‘comparative capitalism’ framework as the analytical backdrop.

[Intégration forte dans les relations nord-sud: questions de compatibilité entre l'UE et l'Afrique du Sud.] L'intégration forte, définie comme la suppression des restrictions commerciales au-delà des frontières, a été un objectif majeur au sein de l'Union européenne (UE). Plus récemment, l'intégration forte a également été incluse dans les négociations de nouveaux accords commerciaux bilatéraux et régionaux. Cet article a choisi les négociations actuelles entre l'UE et l'Afrique du Sud comme cas d'étude et soutient que ces tendances pourraient devenir une restriction dangereuse aux marges de manœuvre du gouvernement sud-africain. Certaines questions relatives à des projets d'intégration forte seront discutées – en particulier la gouvernance des entreprises et les politiques de concurrence – le cadre analytique choisi étant le contexte d'un « capitalisme comparé ».

Mots-clés : intégration forte; capitalisme comparé; relations nord–sud; gouvernance des entreprises; politique de la concurrence
Rural wage employment in Africa: methodological issues and emerging evidence
Authors: Oya Carlos
Published: June 2013

This article explores the evidence on rural labour markets and wage employment in sub-Saharan Africa. The article argues that much of the official statistical evidence on rural wage employment is either scarce or unreliable, and discusses a number of hypotheses and reasons for this. A number of alternatives are discussed to overcome the most serious weaknesses of conventional data collection methods and to illustrate their usefulness with selected findings and emerging themes from field research that has attempted to overcome the shortcomings of standard household surveys in rural Africa, in order to capture the nature and dynamics of rural wage employment.

[L'emploi salarié dans les zones rurales en Afrique : questions méthodologiques et nouvelles données.] Cet article examine les données sur les marchés du travail et le travail salarié dans les zones rurales en Afrique subsaharienne. L'article soutient que la plupart des données statistiques officielles sur l'emploi salarié rural est soit rare, soit non fiable, et discute d'un certain nombre d'hypothèses et raisons pour ce résultat. Un certain nombre d'alternatives sont discutées pour pallier aux faiblesses les plus sérieuses des méthodes conventionnelles de collecte de données ainsi que pour illustrer leur utilité quant aux résultats sélectionnés et aux thèmes de recherche émergents ayant tenté de pallier aux lacunes des enquêtes standards auprès des ménages dans les zones rurales africaines, afin de saisir la nature et les dynamiques de l'emploi salarié rural.

Mots-clés: marchés du travail en zone rurale; emploi salarié agricole; méthodologie d'enquête; Afrique; pauvreté
Critical power derived from a 3‐min all‐out test predicts 16.1‐km road time‐trial performance
Authors: Black Matthew I. , Durant Jacob , Jones Andrew M. , Vanhatalo Anni
Published: June 2013

It has been shown that the critical power (CP) in cycling estimated using a novel 3‐min all‐out protocol is reliable and closely matches the CP derived from conventional procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive validity of the all‐out test CP estimate. We hypothesised that the all‐out test CP would be significantly correlated with 16.1‐km road time‐trial (TT) performance and more strongly correlated with performance than the gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and V̇O2 max. Ten club‐level male cyclists (mean±SD: age 33.8±8.2 y, body mass 73.8±4.3 kg,
V̇O2 max 60±4 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed a 10‐mile road TT, a ramp incremental test to exhaustion, and two 3‐min all‐out tests, the first of which served as familiarisation. The 16.1‐km TT performance (27.1±1.2 min) was significantly correlated with the CP (309±34 W; r=−0.83, P<0.01) and total work done during the all‐out test (70.9±6.5 kJ; r=−0.86, P<0.01), the ramp incremental test peak power (433±30 W; r=−0.75, P<0.05) and the RCP (315±29 W; r=−0.68, P<0.05), but not with GET (151±32 W; r=−0.21) or the V̇O2 max (4.41±0.25 L·min−1; r=−0.60). These data provide evidence for the predictive validity and practical performance relevance of the 3‐min all‐out test. The 3‐min all‐out test CP may represent a useful addition to the battery of tests employed by applied sport physiologists or coaches to track fitness and predict performance in atheletes.
The non-monotonicity of the KPP speed with respect to diffusion in the presence of a shear flow
Authors: El Smaily Mohammad
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we prove via counterexamples that adding an advection term of the form Shear flow (whose streamlines are parallel to the direction of propagation) to a reaction-diffusion equation will be enough heterogeneity to spoil the increasing behavior of the KPP speed of propagation with respect to diffusion. The non-monotonicity of the speed with respect to diffusion will occur even when the reaction term and the diffusion matrices are considered homogeneous (do not depend on space variables). For the sake of completeness, we announce our results in a setting which allows domains with periodic perforations that may or may not be equal to the whole space

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Response to the Views and Opinions of Maningat, Seib, and Bassi Regarding McCleary et al (2013)
Authors: McCleary Barry V.
Published: June 2013

Phosphate cross‐linked starch, referred to as resistant starch 4 (RS4) is hydrolyzed much more rapidly under physiological conditions (i.e., pH 6, 37°C, pancreatic α‐amylase) than under the conditions used in AOAC dietary fiber method 985.29/AACC International Approved Method 32‐45.01 (the Prosky method), in which samples are incubated with thermostable bacterial α‐amylase at 95–100°C. For this reason, the author concludes that the Prosky method overestimates the dietary fiber content of these materials. A more accurate estimate of dietary fiber content is obtained with AOAC Method 2009.01/AACCI Approved Method 32‐45.01.
Starch Pasting and Textural Attributes of Elbow Macaroni as Impacted by Dough Moisture, Dough Mixing Time, and Macaroni Cooking Time
Authors: Lemlioglu‐Austin Dilek , Jackson David S.
Published: June 2013

The effects of dough moisture, mixing time, and cooking time on uncooked and cooked elbow macaroni by means of starch pasting and macaroni textural characteristics were investigated. In conventional elbow macaroni production, cooking time was found to have significant contributions to cooked macaroni starch pasting properties, indicating that degree of starch cook dependent on cooking time was the main influence on cooked macaroni starch pasting phenomena. Dough moisture also showed some significant (P < 0.05) relationships with cooked macaroni starch pasting properties; however, mixing time did not show significant effect. Cooked macaroni starch pasting properties showed significantly (P < 0.05) high correlations with cooked macaroni firmness and stickiness. Cooking time was the only major variable contributing to variations in cooked elbow macaroni starch and consequently in pasting and texture characteristics. Cooking time was highly related to firmness and stickiness of cooked elbow macaroni (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.8148; P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.6215, respectively). In addition, dough moisture had a slight significant (P < 0.05) effect on cooked elbow macaroni firmness and stickiness. Cooked elbow macaroni firmness and stickiness were found to be highly correlated (P = 0.0001, R2 = 0.8459). Increases in firmness increased cooked elbow macaroni stickiness. As a result, when elbow macaroni was cooked for shorter times, firmer and stickier macaroni was obtained.
First Report of Turnip mosaic virus Infecting Brassica carinata (Ethiopian Mustard) in the United States
Authors: Babu B. , Dankers H. , George S. , Wright D. , Marois J. , Paret M.
Published: June 2013

Brassica carinata L. Braun (Ethiopian mustard) is an annual oil seed crop currently being evaluated for its potential use as a source of biofuel. Due to its high content of erucic acid, it provides a biodegradable non-fossil fuel feedstock that has many applications ranging from biofuels to other industrial uses such as polymers, waxes, and surfactants. Moreover, high glucosinolate content adds the scope of B. carinata being used as a bio-fumigant. B. carinata is amenable to low input agriculture and has great economic potential to be used as a winter crop, especially in the southeastern United States. Virus-like leaf symptoms including mosaic, ringspot, mottling, and puckering were observed on B. carinata (cvs. 080814 EM and 080880 EM) in field trials at Quincy, FL, during spring 2013, with disease incidence of >80%. A more extensive survey of the same field location indicated that mosaic symptoms were the most common. Viral inclusion assays (1) of leaves with a range of symptoms indicated the presence of potyvirus-like inclusion bodies. Total RNA extracts (RNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) from six symptomatic samples and one non-symptomatic B. carinata sample were subjected to reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays using SuperScript III One-Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, NY), and two sets of potyvirus-specific degenerate primers MJ1-F and MJ2-R (2) and NIb2F and NIb3R (3), targeting the core region of the CP and NIb, respectively. The RT-PCR assays using the CP and NIb specific primers produced amplicons of 327 bp and 350 bp, respectively, only in the symptomatic leaf samples. The obtained amplicons were gel-eluted and sequenced directly (GenBank Accession Nos. KC899803 to KC899808 for CP and KC899809 to KC899813 for NIb). BLAST analysis of these sequences revealed that they came from Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Pairwise comparisons of the CP (327 bp) and NIb (350 bp) segments revealed 98 to 99% and 96 to 98% nucleotide identities, respectively, with corresponding sequences of TuMV isolates. These results revealed the association of TuMV with symptomatic B. carinata leaf samples. Although TuMV has been reported from B. carinata in Zambia (4), this is the first report of its occurrence on B. carinata in the United States. Considering the importance of B. carinata as a biofuel source, this report underscores the need for developing effective virus management strategies for the crop.

References: (1) R. G. Christie and J. R. Edwardson. Plant Dis. 70:273, 1986. (2) M. Grisoni et al. Plant Pathol. 55:523, 2006. (3) L. Zheng et al. Plant Pathol. 59:211, 2009. (4) D. S. Mingochi and A. Jensen. Acta Hortic. 218:289, 1988.