bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Threats to the economic security of the Republic of Mari El in the field of countering the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the market for the sale of real estate
Authors: Shemyakina Marina Sergeevna
Published: November 2023

The subject of the research is the relations that arise in the process of combating the legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds in the economy. The author substantiates the need to change the current legislation in terms of classifying self-employed persons who provide intermediary services in real estate purchase and sale transactions as persons who are required to register with Rosfinmonitoring and exercise mandatory control over part of the transactions. In the article, on the basis of the algorithm developed by the author, a check was made of the compliance of realtors and real estate agencies of the Republic of Mari El with the legislation in the field of combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime. Particular attention is paid to recommendations for improving the mechanism of operation of the Domclick service with realtors and real estate agencies.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of real estate purchase and sale transactions through the Domclick service, which are carried out by real estate agencies that are not registered with Rosfinmonitoring and do not exercise mandatory control over transactions, as well as determining the share of transactions in the primary market that are subject to mandatory control using the example Republic of Mari El. The results obtained contain practical recommendations for changing the current legislation, develop theoretical provisions in terms of ensuring the economic security of public legal entities, and also determine the identification of one of the threats to the economic security of the Republic of Mari El: the threat of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in the market sale of real estate.
Responsible Research Assessment
Authors: Schönbrodt Felix , Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: November 2023

Felix Schönbrodt, Professor of Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) in Munich, tells about an initiative that he coordinates within the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (German Psychological Society). Motivated by the Reproducibility Crisis and a rising frustration with the publishers of high-ranking journals, Schönbrodt has co-authored three position papers on the theme of responsible research assessment. The suggestion is to develop a two-stage evaluation system for hiring, the first of which will use responsible metrics with emphasis on open data, pre-registration and several aspects of reproducibility, whereas the second stage will focus on a qualitative (content-oriented) evaluation of selected candidates. The propositions of Schönbrodt’s group have so far led to published feedback from more than 40 different scholars. Besides his nation-wide work within the German Psychological Society, Schönbrodt is the managing director of LMU’s Open Science Centre, where scholars from different disciplines convene for workshops on various aspects of Open Science. Under the nickname «nicebread» (Schön = nice, Brodt = bread), he also runs a personal blog and a project webpage on GitHub.

Interview recorded in Munich, October 2023. First published online: November 29, 2023.
Niraparib restrains prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and tumor growth in mice by regulating the lncRNA MEG3/miR-181-5p/GATA6 pathway
Authors: Cheng Ji , Sun Yi , Zhao Huacai , Ren Wei , Gao Dan , Wang Zhigang , Lv Wei , Dong Qingchuan
Published: November 2023

Background

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi), have gained approval for treating patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), plays a role in inhibiting tumorigenesis through regulating DNA repair genes. This study aimed to investigate the association between the anti-prostate cancer (PCa) effect of niraparib, a representative PARPi, and MEG3 expression, as well as explore the downstream pathway involved.

Methods

The levels of MEG3, miR-181-5p, GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) in clinical samples from PCa patients were accessed by RT-qPCR. PC3 cells were treated with niraparib, and the expression of MEG3, miR-181-5p, GATA6 expression was tested. PC3 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were tested by CCK-8, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. The bindings between miR-181-5p and MEG3/GATA6 were determined by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Furthermore, rescue experiments were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanism of MEG3/miR-181-5p/GATA6 axis in PCa progression. Additionally, mice were injected with PC3 cells transfected with sh-MEG3 and treated with niraparib, and the xenograft tumor growth was observed.

Results

MEG3 and GATA6 were upregulated and miR-181-5p was downregulated in PCa patients. Niraparib treatment substantially upregulated MEG3 and GATA6, and downregulated miR-181-5p expression in PCa cells. Niraparib effectively restrained PC3 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. MiR-181-5p targeted to MEG3, and the inhibitory effects of MEG3 overexpression on PC3 cell proliferation and metastasis were abrogated by miR-181-5p overexpression. Moreover, GATA6 was identified as a target of miR-181-5p, and GATA6 silencing abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-181-5p inhibition on PC3 cell proliferation and metastasis. Besides, MEG3 silencing could abrogate niraparib-mediated tumor growth inhibition in mice.

Conclusions

Niraparib restrains prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and tumor growth in mice by regulating the lncRNA MEG3/miR-181-5p/GATA6 pathway.
Des soins primaires intégrés ou les univers parallèles de la santé mentale et physique
Authors: Perroux Mélanie , Lessard Lily , Larue Caroline , Duhoux Arnaud , Contandriopoulos Damien
Published: November 2023

Malgré l’offre de soins de santé mentale dans les soins primaires, la fragmentation des soins de santé mentale et physique demeure. Cet article analyse des modèles de prise en charge qui permettraient une globalité des soins, et fonde ses résultats sur 7 études de cas d’équipes multidisciplinaires reposant sur une pratique infirmière élargie au Québec, ainsi que sur des entrevues avec des professionnels de la santé (n = 51). Les résultats démontrent que les rôles demeurent cloisonnés suivant une dichotomie santé mentale et physique, et ce, malgré la composition multidisciplinaire des équipes. Ils indiquent également l’existence d’un rapport inversement proportionnel entre la complexité des situations de soins et le nombre de professionnels impliqués.
Factors Influencing Compliance to Safety Measures in Pesticide Use among Small-scale Farmers in Miryia Subcounty, Masindi District, Uganda
Authors: Scovia Namande , Ddamulira Christopher , Kizza Stephen , Mutekanga David R.
Published: November 2023

There is a global challenge mainly manifested in developing economies where compliance to safety measures in the use of pesticide especially by farmers is very low resulting in health challenges. This study therefore aimed at assessing the determinants of compliance to safety measures in the use of pesticide among local farmers in Miirya Sub County of Masindi District, Uganda. The objectives of the study were to identify the individual and institutional determinants related to compliance, then establish the level of compliance and finally determine the association between the different factors and compliance to safety measures in the use of pesticides among small scale farmers.

Systematic random sampling was used to select the respondents, and a research-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, at 95% level of significance. Chi square analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to test for significance.

The study found that the level of compliance to safe measures in the use of pesticides among farmers was low (30.2%). Findings also showed that the majority of the respondents were 40 years and above (66.7%), primary graduates (61.8%), married (84.0%), high knowledge level (94.8%), negative attitudes towards safe use of pesticides (70.8%), high risk perception (91.7%), no influence of peers (57.9%), using pesticide toxicity classes II and III (66.7%), never been trained on PPEs (53.2%), never received inspection in the past year (70.5%), and SOPs in place (81.4%).The bivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that farmer’s attitude; risk perception and standard operating procedures (SOPs) in place were significantly associated with compliance to safe measures in the use of pesticides among farmers (p < 0.05). 

The most significant factors influencing compliance among the local farmers are attitude, risk perception and SOPs. Once the above are targeted there is bound to be a positive change in the adherence to safety measures. The study therefore recommends that there is need for local farmers to be made aware of the risks attached to improper use of pesticides and the reinforcement of provisions and adherence to standard operating procedures by the relevant authorities.
Biogeographic Distribution of Soil Bacteria across Precipitation Gradient in Soil Profiles
Authors: Memon Shumaila , Kazuva Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

The biogeographical distribution of soil microbial diversity, driven by climate change, notably precipitation, significantly influences soil functioning in diverse ecosystems. Land-use changes can alter ecosystem services mediated by microbial diversity, particularly in near-surface soil. In this study, we investigated soil bacterial diversity across precipitation gradients in various land uses. We focused on two soil layers (10-20 cm and 40-50 cm) in seven sampling areas along the Northeast China Transect. Utilizing 16S rRNA sequencing, we obtained 897,776,803 optimized sequences. The results reveal a significant shift in bacterial community composition with changing precipitation levels. As precipitation increases, the shifts in dominant bacterial phyla were generally observed. Additionally, soil depth played a role in structuring bacterial communities, with variations observed between surface and subsurface layers. Dominant taxa (Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cholloroflexi) exhibited changes in the 10-20 cm layer due to human activity's influence, while the 40-50 cm layer showed more similarity, unaffected by human activities. Notably, parent material significantly affected soil bacterial diversity patterns, underscored by distinct habitats. Such results offer insights into climate change effects and parent material influences on soil bacterial diversity, highlighting the intricate interplay between precipitation, soil depth, and bacterial distribution; enhancing our understanding of ecosystem functioning and responses to environmental changes. This study contributes to the broader comprehension of microbial ecology and underscores the importance of considering multiple factors when studying soil bacterial dynamics.
Divergence Studies for Early Seedling Vigour Related Traits, Yield and Yield Components in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Pallavi M. , Shanthi P. , Reddy V. L. N. , Kumar A. R. Nirmal , Prasad B.P. Maruthi
Published: November 2023

The present study was carried out in the Autumn 2020-21 using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Forty-two different genotypes of rice were evaluated in this investigation. These genotypes were assessed based on 21 quantitative traits, which includes yield and yield related traits and early seedling vigour related traits. The Mahalanobis D2 statistic was used for characterizing the genotypes. Based on the D2 analysis, the 42 rice genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Among these clusters, cluster I was the largest, consisting of 22 genotypes. Cluster III exhibited the highest intracluster distance (22.04), while the maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and III (49.06), followed by clusters III and VII (45.84). These results highlight the significance of the genotypes present in these clusters for harnessing heterosis and exploiting the desirable traits associated with them.
Study Shows Businesses Selling Unapproved Stem Cell Treatments Have Turned to Long COVID
Authors: Eastman Quinn
Published: November 2023

This Medical News article discusses a new study that identified how business have pivoted marketing of unapproved stem cell and exosome products from COVID-19 to long COVID.
Effect of Noninvasive Airway Management of Comatose Patients With Acute Poisoning
Authors: Freund Yonathan , Viglino Damien , Cachanado Marine , Cassard Clémentine , Montassier Emmanuel , Douay Bénedicte , Guenezan Jérémy , Le Borgne Pierrick , Yordanov Youri , Severin Armelle , Roussel Mélanie , Daniel Matthieu , Marteau Adrien , Peschanski Nicolas , Teissandier Dorian , Macrez Richard , Morere Julia , Chouihed Tahar , Roux Damien , Adnet Frédéric , Bloom Ben , Chauvin Anthony , Simon Tabassome
Published: November 2023

Importance

Tracheal intubation is recommended for coma patients and those with severe brain injury, but its use in patients with decreased levels of consciousness from acute poisoning is uncertain.

Objective

To determine the effect of intubation withholding vs routine practice on clinical outcomes of comatose patients with acute poisoning and a Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 9.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a multicenter, randomized trial conducted in 20 emergency departments and 1 intensive care unit (ICU) that included comatose patients with suspected acute poisoning and a Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 9 in France between May 16, 2021, and April 12, 2023, and followed up until May 12, 2023.

Intervention

Patients were randomized to undergo conservative airway strategy of intubation withholding vs routine practice.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was a hierarchical composite end point of in-hospital death, length of ICU stay, and length of hospital stay. Key secondary outcomes included adverse events resulting from intubation as well as pneumonia within 48 hours.

Results

Among the 225 included patients (mean age, 33 years; 38% female), 116 were in the intervention group and 109 in the control group, with respective proportions of intubations of 16% and 58%. No patients died during the in-hospital stay. There was a significant clinical benefit for the primary end point in the intervention group, with a win ratio of 1.85 (95% CI, 1.33 to 2.58). In the intervention group, there was a lower proportion with any adverse event (6% vs 14.7%; absolute risk difference, 8.6% [95% CI, −16.6% to −0.7%]) compared with the control group, and pneumonia occurred in 8 (6.9%) and 16 (14.7%) patients, respectively (absolute risk difference, −7.8% [95% CI, −15.9% to 0.3%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

Among comatose patients with suspected acute poisoning, a conservative strategy of withholding intubation was associated with a greater clinical benefit for the composite end point of in-hospital death, length of ICU stay, and length of hospital stay.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04653597
Breast Cancer Screening Among Females With and Without Schizophrenia
Authors: O’Neill Braden , Yusuf Abban , Lofters Aisha , Huang Anjie , Ekeleme Ngozi , Kiran Tara , Greiver Michelle , Sullivan Frank , Kurdyak Paul
Published: November 2023

Importance

Breast cancer screening with mammography is recommended in Ontario, Canada, for females 50 years or older. Females with schizophrenia are at higher risk of breast cancer, but in Ontario it is currently unknown whether breast cancer screening completion differs between those with vs without schizophrenia and whether primary care payment models are a factor.

Objective

To compare breast cancer screening completion within 2 years after the 50th birthday among females with and without schizophrenia, and to identify the association between breast cancer screening completion and different primary care payment models.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This case-control study analyzed Ontario-wide administrative data on females with and without schizophrenia who turned 50 years of age between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019. Those with schizophrenia (cases) were matched 1:10 to those without schizophrenia (controls) on local health integration network, income quintile, rural residence, birth dates, and weighted Aggregated Diagnosis Group score. Data analysis was performed from November 2021 to February 2023.

Exposures

Exposures were schizophrenia and primary care payment models.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes included breast cancer screening completion among cases and controls within 2 years after their 50th birthday and the association with receipt of care from primary care physicians enrolled in different primary care payment models, which were analyzed using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

Results

The study included 11 631 females with schizophrenia who turned 50 years of age during the study period and a matched cohort of 115 959 females without schizophrenia, for a total of 127 590 patients. Overall, 69.3% of cases and 77.1% of controls had a mammogram within 2 years after their 50th birthday. Cases had lower odds of breast cancer screening completion within 2 years after their 50th birthday (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64-0.70). Cases who received care from a primary care physician in a fee-for-service (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.53-0.60) or enhanced fee-for-service (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75-0.82) payment model had lower odds of having a mammogram than cases whose physicians were paid under a Family Health Team model.

Conclusions and Relevance

This case-control study found that, in Ontario, Canada, breast cancer screening completion was lower among females with schizophrenia, and differences from those without schizophrenia may partially be explained by differences in primary care payment models. Widening the availability of team-based primary care for females with schizophrenia may play a role in increased breast cancer screening rates.
Atomic Scale Insight into the Oxidation Mechanism of Nb/Ta‐Doped Ti3SiC2/Al2O3 Ceramics
Authors: Li Mingling , Gao Huamin , Ji Jun
Published: November 2023

The low oxidation resistance of Ti3SiC2/Al2O3 composites limits their applications as high‐temperature structural materials. To improve the oxidation resistance, Nb and Ta are introduced into the substrate herein. The Nb/Ta‐doped Ti3SiC2/Al2O3 composite shows superior oxidation resistance than clean Ti3SiC2/Al2O3 following the oxidation process at 800–1000 °C for 100 h. The oxidation mechanism is determined via first‐principles calculations. The oxidation process of the composite is controlled by the inward diffusion of O and outward diffusion of Ti. When Nb/Ta elements are doped, their larger atomic radii and stronger binding produce a higher diffusion barrier for O and Ti atoms, which prevents element migration and reduces the thickness of the oxidation layers.
A Biomimetic Nociceptor Using Centrosymmetric Crystals for Machine Intelligence
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Wang Yingfei , Xiang Li , Chen Long , Yu Lilei , Pan Anlian , Tan Jie , Yuan Quan
Published: November 2023

Pain sensation is a crucial aspect of perception in the body. Force‐activated nociceptors encode electrochemical signals and yield multilevel information of pain, thus enabling smart feedback. Inspired by the natural template, multi‐dimensional mechano‐sensing materials provide promising approaches for biomimetic nociceptors in intelligent terminals. However, the reliance on non‐centrosymmetric crystals has narrowed the range of these materials. Here centrosymmetric crystal Cr3+‐doped zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO:Cr) with multi‐dimensional mechano‐sensing is reported, eliminating the limitation of crystal structure. Under forces, ZGGO:Cr generates electrical signals imitating those of neuronal systems, and produces luminescence for spatial mapping of mechanical stimuli, suggesting a path toward bionic pain perception. On that basis, a wireless biomimetic nociceptor system is developed and a smart pain reflex in a robotic hand and robot‐assisted biopsy surgery of rat and dog is achieved.
Ferritin‐Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel Promotes Tumor Penetration and Enhances Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Liu Rong , Liang Qian , Luo Jia‐Qi , Li Yu‐Xuan , Zhang Xin , Fan Kelong , Du Jin‐Zhi
Published: November 2023

Hydrogels are prevailing drug delivery depots to improve antitumor efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. However, the application of conventional free drug‐loaded hydrogel is hindered by poor drug penetration in solid tumors. Here, an injectable ferritin‐based nanocomposite hydrogel is constructed to facilitate tumor penetration and improve cancer chemoimmunotherapy. Specifically, doxorubicin‐loaded human ferritin (Dox@HFn) and oxidized dextran (Dex‐CHO) are used to construct the injectable hydrogel (Dox@HFn Gel) through the formation of pH‐sensitive Schiff‐base bonds. After peritumoral injection, the Dox@HFn Gel is retained locally for up to three weeks, and released intact Dox@HFn gradually, which can not only facilitate tumor penetration through active transcytosis but also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to tumor cells to generate an antitumor immune response. Combining with anti‐programmed death‐1 antibody (αPD‐1), Dox@HFn Gel induces remarkable regression of orthotopic 4T1 breast tumors, further elicits a strong systemic anti‐tumor immune response to effectively suppress tumor recurrence and lung metastasis of 4T1 tumors after surgical resection. Besides, the combination of Dox@HFn GelL with anti‐CD47 antibody (αCD47) inhibits postsurgical tumor recurrence of aggressive orthotopic glioblastoma tumor model and significantly extends mice survival. This work sheds light on the construction of local hydrogels to potentiate antitumor immune response for improved cancer therapy.
Experimental Considerations of the Chemical Prelithiation Process via Lithium Arene Complex Solutions on the Example of Si‐Based Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Frankenstein Lars , Mohrhardt Marvin , Peschel Christoph , Stolz Lukas , Gomez-Martin Aurora , Placke Tobias , Hur Hyuck , Winter Martin , Kasnatscheew Johannes
Published: November 2023

Losses of Li inventory in lithium‐ion batteries lead to losses in capacity and can be compensated by electrode prelithiation before cell assembly or before cell formation. The approach of chemical prelithiation, for example, via Li arene complex (LAC)‐based solutions is technically an apparently simple and promising approach. Nevertheless, as shown herein on the example of Si‐based anodes and LAC solutions based on 4,4′‐dimethylbiphenyl (4,4′‐DMBP), several practical challenges need to be considered. Given their reactivity, the LAC solution can not only decompose itself within a range of a few hours, as seen by discoloration and confirmed via mass spectrometry, but can also decompose its solvent and binder of added composite electrodes. Effective prelithiation requires an excess in capacity of the LAC solution (relative to anode capacity) and optimized system characteristic conditions (time, temperature, etc.) as exemplarily shown by comparing Si‐based nanoparticles with nanowires. It is worth noting that the prelithiation degree alone does not determine the boost in cycle life, but relevantly depends on previously applied prelithiation conditions (e.g., temperature), as well.
Oxidative Cyclization of Oximes with Propargyl Alcohols toward Functionalized Isoquinoline N‐Oxides Synthesis
Authors: Liu Jidan , Yang Zhenke , Long Huli , Xian Jianxiang , Zheng Liyao , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: November 2023

An efficient and regioselective synthesis of various functionalized isoquinoline N‐oxides has been realized by Rh(III)‐catalyzed oxidative annulation of aryl oximes with tertiary propargyl alcohols. The current protocol features readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance.
A new nanocomposite based on polylactic acid/butadiene rubber/clay: Morphology development and mechanical properties
Authors: Rajabifar Nariman , Jalali‐Arani Azam
Published: November 2023

In this work, several samples based on poly(lactic) acid (PLA)/butadiene rubber (BR) blend with and without nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) were prepared using an internal mixer. Various methods were used to characterize the samples, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), rheometric mechanical spectrometer, stress–strain, and impact strength tests. The SEM results showed the droplet‐matrix morphology for all prepared samples. With the incorporation of nanoclay, the mean diameter of the BR droplets generated within the PLA matrix decreased. AFM test revealed the placement of nanoparticles in the PLA phase, which was consistent with the thermodynamic prediction of their location. The XRD test showed that the interlayer space of nanoclay expanded by 86% due to the diffusion of polymer chains between them. In the rheology test, this resulted in an increment in modulus and viscosity at low frequencies for the nanocomposites compared to the simple blend. The highest elongation at break was observed for the PLA/BR blend containing 10 wt% BR with approximately 40 times its value for the neat PLA, while the impact resistance increased up to three times.
Copper(I)‐Photocatalyzed Diastereoselective Aziridination of N‐Sulfonyl Imines with Vinyl Azides: Application to Benzo[f][1,2,3]oxathiazepines Dioxides and Fused Isoxazolines
Authors: Banuprakash Goud S , Lal Dhakar Raju , Samanta Sampak
Published: November 2023

An in situ generated photoactive copper(I)‐complex‐catalyzed aziridination reaction of cyclic N‐sulfonyl imines with α‐aryl‐substituted vinyl azides irradiated by blue‐LEDs light is reported for the first time. This novel SET process represents a mild, sustainable, and pragmatic method for accessing synthetically resourceful sulfamidate‐fused aziridines in acceptable chemical yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. Delightedly, pharmacologically attractive benzo[f][1,2,3]oxathiazepine dioxides and fused isoxazoline frameworks were achieved through our newly developed metal‐free based ring‐expansion techniques, highlighting the synthetic value of accessed aziridines. Finally, the possible mechanism for [2+1] aza‐cyclization was presented based on the conduction of a series of control experiments.
Synthesis of Fluoren‐9‐ones via Pd‐Catalyzed Annulation of 2‐Iodobiphenyls with Vinylene Carbonate
Authors: Li Wenguang , Yu Yongqi , Yang Jie , Fu Kaifang , Zhang Xu , Shi Shukui , Li Ting
Published: November 2023

A palladium‐catalyzed reaction for intermolecular selective C−H cyclocarbonylation of 2‐iodobiphenyls is described. Intriguingly, the vinylene carbonate acts as a carbon monoxide transfer agent to enable the annulation reaction. Moreover, as a versatile synthon, fluoren‐9‐one can be transformed into a variety of functionalized organic molecules, such as [1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐carboxylic acid, 1′H,3′H‐spiro[fluorene‐9,2′‐perimidine] and N‐tosylhydrazones.
Fluorinated Polymer Donors for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Dongyan , Wang Huijuan , Chen Jinming , Wu Qinghe
Published: November 2023

The rapid development of narrow‐bandgap nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has boosted the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) over 19 %. The new features of high‐performance NFAs, such as visible‐NIR light absorption, moderate the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), and high crystallinity, require polymer donors with matching physical properties. This emphasizes the importance of methods that can effectively tune the physical properties of polymers. Owning to very small atom size and strongest electronegativity, the fluorination has been proved the most efficient strategy to regulate the physical properties of polymer donors, including frontier energy level, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, crystallinity and charge transport. Owing to the success of fluorination strategy, the vast majority of high‐performance polymer donors possess one or more fluorine atoms. In this review, the fluorination synthetic methods, the synthetic route of well‐known fluorinated building blocks, the fluorinated polymers which are categorized by the type of donor or acceptor units, and the relationships between the polymer structures, properties, and photovoltaic performances are comprehensively surveyed. We hope this review could provide the readers a deeper insight into fluorination strategy and lay a strong foundation for future innovation of fluorinated polymers.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control of Supramolecular Aggregation of Near Infrared Pyrrolopyrrole Cyanine Fluorophores Confined in Colloidal Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Yipeng , Lou He , Wang Mingfeng
Published: November 2023

Control of the intermolecular aggregation of organic π‐conjugated molecules as chromophores is crucial for tuning their physical properties such as light absorption/emission, and energy and charge transfer. Lots of advances have been achieved in control of intermolecular aggregation of organic chromophores in solid states where an indefinitely large number of molecules are involved. However, much less understanding has been gained at a mesoscale of aggregates formed by well‐defined organization of a deterministic number of chromophores, which has been realized in natural photosynthetic systems but still remains rare in manmade materials. Here, we report both the kinetic and the thermodynamic control of the supramolecular aggregation of a near‐infrared cyanine dye, PPcy, and its derivatives confined in colloidal nanoparticles stabilized by surfactants in aqueous media. Our results demonstrate that both the aggregation number, the aggregation state and the optical properties of the PPcy chromophores are controllable through optimization of the alkyl and polymer chains tethered from PPcy, the effective concentration of the chromophore inside each particle, and the surfactants utilized to stabilize the colloids in water.
Bacteria‐Epithelial Cell Interaction Influences Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Effect of Silver‐Gold Alloy Nanoparticles on a Species‐Specific Level
Authors: Doll‐Nikutta Katharina , Heine Nils , Kheirmand‐Parizi Marjan , Stein Frederic , Ulrich Jennifer , Rehbock Christoph , Winkel Andreas , Barcikowski Stephan , Stiesch Meike
Published: November 2023

The rising number of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria requires alternative antibacterial substances as therapeutics. However, besides a strong effect against bacteria, they should not exhibit cytotoxicity towards human cells. Typically, both properties are tested in separate in vitro experiments that do not take into account naturally occurring interactions. To analyze whether the bacteria‐cell interaction influences the results of antibacterial and cytotoxic testing, surfactant‐free antibacterial silver‐gold alloy nanoparticles produced by laser ablation in liquid were examined both separately and in a straightforward coculture setup. Whereas different commensal bacteria and human skin cells exhibited reduced metabolic activity at comparable concentrations when treated separately, their response completely differed when analyzed in a combined coculture. For the combination of oral keratinocytes and Staphylococcus aureus, reduced cytotoxicity with increasing cell numbers, but a similar antibacterial effect quantified by standard plate counting could be observed. In contrast, coculture of keratinocytes and Porphyromonas gingivalis resulted in a complete absence of cytotoxicity and antibacterial effect, probably due to bacterial invasion of cells. These results clearly showed that the bacteria‐cell interaction greatly influences the results of antibacterial and cytotoxic testing and highlight the importance of more complex in vitro experiments to reliably characterize novel antibacterial substances for efficient clinical translation.
Functional Groups Accessibility and the Origin of Photoluminescence in N/O‐containing Bottom‐up Carbon Nanodots
Authors: Debes Paul P. , Langer Michal , Pagel Melanie , Menna Enzo , Smarsly Bernd , Osella Silvio , Gallego Jaime , Gatti Teresa
Published: November 2023

Chemical surface functionalization of carbon nanodots (CNDs) offers a valuable opportunity to tailor multifunctionality in these nanocarbons, by engineering the composition of their molecular surface. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the type and amount of CNDs surface functionalization to be able to design their properties accurately. CNDs are often functionalized through amide coupling without validating the degree of surface functionalization. As a measure of surface functionalization, the amounts of primary amines via Kaiser test (KT) or imine reactions of the bare CNDs is often considered. However, this may lead to overestimating the degree of surface functionalization obtained by the pure amide coupling due to different reaction mechanisms and involved intermediates. Herein, four different CNDs prepared by microwave‐assisted synthesis from arginine or citric acid with varying amounts of ethylenediamine are presented. We resorted to combining physicochemical methods to provide elemental, structural, and optical information. By that, we developed a method to quantify the degree of surface functionalization by amide coupling and show that the surface functionalization is lower than anticipated. Comparing experimental optical features of the CNDs with different computed model systems enables us to provide a more advanced vision of structure‐property relationships in these still elusive nanocarbons.
Insights into the Carbon Dioxide Separation Performance of Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide‐based Plastic Crystal Composite Membranes with Fluorinated Polar Polymers
Authors: Ramos‐Saz Fernando , Kang Colin S. M. , O'Dell Luke A. , Forsyth Maria , Pringle Jennifer M.
Published: November 2023

Membrane‐based gas separation technologies are one solution towards mitigating global emissions of CO2. New membrane materials with improved separation performance are still highly sought after. Composite membranes based on organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) have shown preferential interaction for CO2 over N2, leading in some cases to competitive CO2/N2 selectivities. However, these ionic materials have been scarcely studied in the field of gas separation. Here, OIPCs based on the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−) anion were investigated for use as gas separation membranes for the first time. The effect of the polymer type was also investigated, through the comparison of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) OIPC membranes. A strong temperature dependence of the gas separation performance was found, particularly in the N‐methyl‐N‐ethylpyrrolidinium‐based composites where the material undergoes a solid‐solid phase transition within the testing temperature range. The polymer type was noted to induce a strong effect on the structure of the composites, as well as affecting the gas and ionic transport. Thus, this research provides insights on the influence of the [TFSI]− anion on the structure and separation properties of OIPC‐based composites, and new information towards the development of novel OIPC‐based membranes with enhanced gas separation performance.
Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in rural areas of the Bolivian Chaco: What has changed during the last 30 years?
Authors: Nicoletti Alessandra , Edoardo Cicero Calogero , Todaro Valeria , Colli Chiara , Cosmi Francesco , Anselmi Mariella , Caicedo Cintia , Vilte Estela , Mario Camargo Walter , Bartoloni Alessandro , Crespo Gomez Elizabeth Blanca , Giuliano Loretta
Published: November 2023

Objective

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is considered the major cause of epilepsy in endemic regions. In the rural areas of the Bolivian Chaco prevalence of NCC among people with epilepsy (PWE) was 27.4%, according to a population‐based survey carried out in 1994. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of Epilepsy Associated with Tonic–Clonic Seizures (EATCS) and to evaluate the prevalence of NCC among PWE in the rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco after 30 years.

Methods

Twenty‐two rural communities (total population 12 852) were involved in the study. PWE in the study area were ascertained by multiple sources and the diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist. All PWE identified were invited to undergo brain CT scan examination and diagnosis of NCC was sought according to the revised Del Brutto criteria.

Results

Seventy‐eight PWE (30 men, 38.4%; mean age at onset was 12.7 ± 13.2 years) with EATCS were identified giving a crude prevalence of 6.1/1000 (95% CI: 4.7–7.3). Due to the COVID‐19 lockdown, the study was interrupted in 2020 and only 36 PWE (46%) of the whole sample underwent CT scan examination. Of these, 8 (22.2%) fulfilled the criteria for NCC of whom 6 (75%) presented only single or multiple calcifications.

Significance

This is the first study reassessing the prevalence of NCC among PWE after 30 years, in the same rural area and using a population‐based design. T. solium is still endemic in the Bolivian Chaco where more than 20% of EATCS may be attributable to NCC. Our findings show a substantially unchanged prevalence of NCC over the past 30 years despite improved knowledge, underlining the need for active intervention programs to control T. solium transmission in this area.

Plain Language Summary

Neurocysticercosis is still endemic in the Bolivian Chaco. The proportion of epilepsy attributable to neurocysticercosis is about 22%. Systematic efforts towards elimination of neurocysticercosis in these areas should be implemented.
Computational fluid–structure interaction framework for passive feathering and cambering in flapping insect wings
Authors: Ishihara Daisuke , Onishi Minato
Published: November 2023

In flapping insect wings, veins support flexible wing membranes such that the wings form feathering and cambering motions passively from large elastic deformations. These motions are essentially important in unsteady aerodynamics of insect flapping flight. Hence, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is an important issue in studies on insect flight. Systematic parametric studies on strong coupling between a model wing describing these elastic deformations and the surrounding fluid, which is a direct formulation of this phenomenon, will be effective for solving this issue. The purpose of this study is to develop a robust numerical framework for these systematic parametric studies. The proposed framework consists of two novel numerical methods: (1) A fully parallelized solution method using both algebraic splitting and semi‐implicit scheme for monolithic fluid–structure interaction (FSI) equation systems, which is numerically stable for a wide range of properties such as solid‐to‐fluid mass ratios and large body motions, and large elastic deformations. (2) A structural mechanics model for insect flapping wings using pixel modeling (pixel model wing), which is combined with explicit node‐positioning to reduce computational costs significantly in controlling fluid meshes. The validity of the proposed framework is demonstrated for some benchmark problems and a dynamically scaled model incorporating actual insect data. Finally, from a parametric study for the pixel model wing flapped in fluid with a wide range of solid‐to‐fluid mass ratios, we find a FSI mechanism of feathering and cambering motions in flapping insect wings.
Macro insights into the shared and distinct regulations of dietary polysaccharides on gut microbiota and their roles in obesity
Authors: Xie Zhiqing , Huang Aohuan , Cai Jie , Huang Rong , Chen Mengfei , Yu Shubo , Zhang Fen , Zhu Zhenjun
Published: November 2023

Obesity has emerged as a global health epidemic, demanding a comprehensive understanding of its etiology and potential interventions. Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of gut microbiota in maintaining host health. Additionally, dietary polysaccharides (DP), such as pectic polysaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, glucan‐like polysaccharides, and fructan‐like polysaccharides, have been identified as crucial regulators that influence gut microbial composition, function, and metabolite production, thereby improving obesity and mitigating its complications. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest findings regarding the sources and structural characteristics of different DP, their shared and distinct effects on gut microbiota and associated metabolites, and the consequent influence on obesity and its complications. By unraveling the complex interplay among DP, gut microbiota, and obesity‐related outcomes, we strive to offer valuable insights that can inform the development of precise dietary interventions and therapeutic strategies aimed at tackling obesity and enhancing public health.
Out of the shadow? The effect of high‐status employee departure on the performance of staying coworkers in financial brokerage firms
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Hu Jianhao , Liu Jingjiang
Published: November 2023

Because high‐status employees make disproportional contributions to firms, prior literature suggests that their departure would undermine various organizational outcomes. Building on recent literature, however, we suspect that a high‐status employee may have seized disproportional resources and credits from coworkers, thereby restricting them from performing, particularly when the work context is more independent and contested. As a result, the departure of a high‐status employee may bring staying coworkers more resources and incentives to perform, causing their performance to improve. To test this possibility, we examine the effect of high‐status analysts' departure on the individual performance of analysts who remain, using a sample of sell‐side analysts in Chinese financial brokerage firms. Employing a before‐and‐after treatment research design, we find evidence that after the departure of a high‐status analyst, the staying coworkers' individual performance is significantly improved. It is particularly so when they share greater industry overlap with the departing analyst. Our extensional analyses also investigate additional contingencies, which helps provide valuable hints about possible mechanisms.
Fetal “Phrygian Cap” Gallbladder
Authors: Sepulveda Waldo , Ranzini Angela C.
Published: November 2023

A series of five fetuses with a Phrygian cap gallbladder, a condition infrequently reported in the antenatal period, is reported. In all cases, examination of the fetal gallbladder displayed the characteristic folding of the fundus over the body. No associated findings were detected. The gallbladder length was longer than normal in all cases, suggesting that this anomaly could represent a deformity rather than a primary malformation. This might be caused by excessive longitudinal growth of the gallbladder, eventually folding after the fundus reaches the anterior border of the liver and is then diverted laterally by the abdominal wall.
Microstructural Evolution of P(NDI2OD‐T2) Films with Different Molecular Weight during Stretching Deformation
Authors: Wang Sichun , Zhao Kefeng , Li Junhang , Yu Xinhong , Zhang Qiang , Han Yanchun
Published: November 2023

Conjugated polymers exhibit excellent electrical and mechanical properties when their molecular weight (Mw) is above the critical molecular weight (Mc). The microstructural changes of polymers under strain are crucial to establish a structure–performance relationship. Herein, the tensile deformation of P(NDI2OD‐T2) is visualized, and cracks are revealed either along the (100) crystal plane of side chain packing or along the main chain direction which depends on the Mw is below or above the Mc. When Mw < Mc, the film cracks along the (100) plane under small strains. When Mw > Mc, the polymer chains first undergo stretch‐induced orientation and then fracture along the main chain direction at large strains. This is attributed to the fact that the low Mw film exhibits large crystalline domains and the absence of interdomain connectivity, which are vulnerable to mechanical stress. In contrast, the high Mw film displays a nearly amorphous morphology with adequate entanglements, the molecular chains can endure stresses in the stretching direction to release substantial strain energy under greater mechanical deformation. Therefore, the film with Mw > Mc exhibits the optimal electrical and mechanical performances simultaneously, i.e., the electron mobility is retained under 100% strain and after 100 stretching–releasing cycles.
Nurses' perceptions to alleviate dyspnoea in inpatients with advanced cancer while receiving palliative care
Authors: Kero Johanna , Koivisto Jaana‐Maija , Lee Siew Hwa , Haavisto Elina
Published: November 2023

Aim

To explore nurses' perceptions to alleviate dyspnoea in inpatients with advanced cancer while receiving palliative care.

Design

A descriptive qualitative design.

Methods

Seven focus groups were conducted with nurses (n = 27) from five specialized palliative care wards in four hospitals in south and southwest Finland. The focus groups were conducted between June and November 2019, and the transcripts were analysed using inductive analysis.

Results

The findings revealed three categories: recognizing dyspnoea is a multi‐faceted problem, dealing with the complexity of assessment of dyspnoea and strategies for relieving dyspnoea. Nurses perceived the complexity of dyspnoea as a symptom and emphasized the importance of utilizing patients' subjective experiences and consistent assessment scales to determine its severity. Furthermore, nonpharmacological interventions are as pertinent as pharmacological and medical interventions. The findings can assist nurses in selecting appropriate interventions for dyspnoea care, ultimately enhancing the quality of patient care and patient safety.
An environmentally friendly and efficient technology to prepare high‐performance natural rubber: Electrophoretic coagulation
Authors: Zhao Guanghui , Sun Sijia , Zheng Binghong , Wu Xiaohui , Wang Yiqing , Zhang Liqun , Han Fei , Luan Bo
Published: November 2023

Natural rubber is bio‐based rubber, which plays an important role in carbon neutralization to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is widely used in the national economy because of its strain‐induced crystallization properties. However, the preparation process for natural rubber is backward and in urgent need of reform. Electrophoretic coagulation, as a new natural rubber coagulation process, was proposed in this paper. We designed electrophoresis equipment and optimized it through finite element analysis. Compared with traditional coagulation methods electrophoretic coagulation has outstanding advantages: high efficiency, no wastewater, and low odor. Compared with commercial natural rubber, electrophoretic coagulated natural rubber has a stronger supramolecular structure, better mechanical performances, and dynamic compression heat buildup. We also revealed the relationship between the structure and properties of different natural rubber.