bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression profiling of 68 glycosyltransferase genes in 27 different human tissues by the systematic multiplex reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction method revealed clustering of sexually related tissues in hierarchical clustering algorithm analysis
Authors: Yamamoto Miyako , Yamamoto Fumiya , Luong Trang T. , Williams Tristan , Kominato Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Fumiichiro
Published: July 2003

We have developed an experimental system to study the expression of 68 human glycosyltransferase genes. Using this system, we examined the expression of those genes in 27 different tissues by the technique which we named systematic multiplex reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (SM RT‐PCR). The panoramic view of a total of 1836 (68×27) expression data demonstrates that some glycosyltransferase genes are differentially expressed whereas some others are ubiquitously expressed. The data gathered provide more information on glycosyltransferase gene expression in tissues than any other paper published, and surpass in quantity all the information combined from previous publications. Although the expression profiling of glycosyltransferase genes alone may not directly explain the repertoires of oligosaccharides synthesized, it is an important step toward a better understanding of the gene expression network involved in oligosaccharide synthesis/degradation. Our modestly high‐throughput gene expression study and the data analysis using a hierarchical clustering algorithm have allowed us to investigate the correlation between tissues and glycosyltransferase gene expression. Similar patterns of glycosyltransferase gene expression were observed in functionally and anatomically related tissues. All, but one, sexually related tissues formed a cluster in a tissue dendrogram, suggesting the involvement of sex hormones in the transcriptional control of many glycosyltransferase genes. Once established, the SM RT‐PCR is cost‐ and time‐efficient and requires small amounts of RNA as template. It is especially useful for the simultaneous analyses of multiple samples. Because of its simple design, the SM RT‐PCR may offer an easy alternative in studying the expression of many other families of genes, as well as groups of related/unrelated genes, in various biological phenomena.
Determination of bupivacaine and metabolites in rat urine using capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Krisko Ryan M. , Schieferecke Mark A. , Williams Todd D. , Lunte Craig E.
Published: July 2003

A method using capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) was developed for the structural elucidation of bupivacaine and metabolites in rat urine. Prior to CE‐MS analysis, solid‐phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample cleanup and preconcentration purposes. Exact mass and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experiments were performed to obtain structural information about the unknown metabolites. Two instruments with different mass analyzers were used for mass spectrometric detection. A quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) and a magnetic sector hybrid instrument were coupled to CE and used for the analysis of urine extracts. Hydroxybupivacaine as well as five other isomerically different metabolites were detected including methoxylated bupivacaine.
Ultrathin‐layer sodium dodecyl sulfate disc electrophoresis of proteins in the range from 10 to 220 kDa in homogeneous, low‐concentrated polyacrylamide gels
Authors: Maly I. Piotr , Crotet Valérie , Toranelli Mireille
Published: July 2003

This study describes an ultrathin‐layer sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels of a thickness of only 150 μm. By use of 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol/glycine instead of traditional Tris/HCl buffer in the resolving phase of the gel, proteins with a wide range of molecular sizes (10 kDa to over 220 kDa) are separated in unusually low‐concentrated gels (4%T, 3.3%C). 2‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol in the resolving part of the gel contributes to stabilization of the pH value at 8.8, while glycine improves destacking as well as separation of small proteins from the bulk of stacked SDS. This method combines both the advantages of conventional slab‐gel electrophoresis and capillary gel electrophoresis. It is easy to apply and well suited for all further miniaturization attempts.
Carrier ampholyte‐free solution isoelectric focusing as a prefractionation method for the proteomic analysis of complex protein mixtures
Authors: Shang Tanya Q. , Ginter Joy M. , Johnston Murray V. , Larsen Barbara S. , McEwen Charles N.
Published: July 2003

The field of proteomics requires methods that offer high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. One of the strategies used to improve the dynamic range is sample prefractionation, such as microsolution isoelectric focusing (IEF). We have modified a commercial solution IEF instrument, the Rotofor®, to prefractionate protein mixtures by carrier ampholyte‐free solution IEF. The focusing chamber of the Rotofor was divided into several compartments by polyacrylamide membranes with imbedded Immobiline mixtures of specific pH values. When an electric field is applied, each protein migrates to the compartment confined by membranes with pH values flanking its isoelectric point. The approach was demonstrated for the focusing of myoglobin into a predicted compartment, as well as the separation of a complex soluble yeast protein mixture into several distinct fractions. The proteins were dissolved in water or 30% isopropanol. The method is applicable to both gel‐based and solution‐phase protein identification methods, without the need for further sample preparation.
Exposure to chronic, low‐dose rate γ‐radiation at Chornobyl does not induce point mutations in Big Blue® mice
Authors: Wickliffe Jeffrey K. , Bickham Amy M. , Rodgers Brenda E. , Chesser Ronald K. , Phillips Carleton J. , Gaschak Sergey P. , Goryanaya J.A. , Chizhevsky I. , Baker Robert J.
Published: July 2003

Empirical genetic effects resulting from low‐dose rate irradiation and chronic, cumulative exposure are poorly characterized. Expected effects are based on epidemiological studies and downward, linear extrapolations from nonthreshold models derived from acute, high‐dose exposures. These extrapolations and their associated risk coefficients have no experimental support, and because of their inherent uncertainty they are the subject of considerable debate. The expectation of deleterious genetic effects resulting from low‐dose rate irradiation and chronic exposure is in need of empirical assessment because this type of exposure is typical of those encountered in occupational, residential, and environmental settings. Recent acute low‐dose (<10 cGy) studies using cytogenetic and point mutation endpoints indicate that observed effects range from those lower than spontaneous to an increase in the frequency of point mutations. Using the Big Blue® assay, we examined the ability of chronic, continuous γ‐irradiation (2.3 × 10‐3 cGy/min) in the Chornobyl environment to induce point mutations. This system has demonstrated a significant point mutation sensitivity (4.5‐fold increase) to acute, high‐dose (1–3 Gy) γ‐radiation. Mutant frequencies and the mutation spectra were examined in exposed and reference samples of Big Blue® mice following 90 days exposure (cumulative absorbed dose = 3 Gy) to the Chornobyl environment. No significant increase in the mutant frequency or bias in the mutational spectrum was observed in exposed individuals. This finding suggests that low‐dose rate γ‐irradiation at Chornobyl does not induce point mutations and that cumulative, chronically absorbed doses do not induce the same genetic effects as acute doses of the same magnitude. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:11–18, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of HPRT mutant frequency in children with cancer
Authors: Rice Sederick C. , Vacek Pamela M. , Homans Alan H. , Kendall Heather , Rivers Jami , Messier Terri , Finette Barry A.
Published: July 2003

The link between exposure to environmental mutagens and the development of cancer is well established. Yet there is a paucity of data on the relationship between gene–environment interactions and the mechanisms associated with the somatic mutational events involved with malignant transformation, especially in children. To gain insight into somatic mutational mechanisms in children who develop cancer, we determined the background mutant frequency (Mf) in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) reporter gene of peripheral blood lymphocytes from pediatric cancer patients at the time of diagnosis and prior to therapeutic intervention. We studied 23 children with hematologic malignancies and 31 children with solid tumors prior to initial therapeutic intervention. Children with solid tumors, specifically sarcomas, and Hodgkin's disease were significantly older and had elevated HPRT Mfs (6.1 × 10−6 and 3.7 × 10−6, respectively) at the time of diagnosis, compared to normal controls (2.3 × 10−6) and other pediatric tumor groups including children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (ALL/NHL, 1.7 × 10−6), central nervous system tumors (CNS, 3.6 × 10−6), and neuroblastoma (1.9 × 10−6). Of importance is that the significant differences observed in HPRT Mfs between these groups no longer existed after correcting for the effects of age. These data demonstrate that in children who develop cancer there appears to be no significant increase in background HPRT Mf that would indicate significant exposure to genotoxic chemicals or an underlying DNA repair defect resulting in genomic instability. In addition, these data demonstrate the importance of correcting for the effect of age when comparing the frequency of somatic mutations in children and should provide baseline data for future longitudinal biomonitoring studies on the genetic effects of chemotherapy in children treated for cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:44–49, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression patterns predict exposure to PCBs in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Jelaso Anna M. , Lehigh‐Shirey Elisabeth , Means Jay , Ide Charles F.
Published: July 2003

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that pose global ecological and human health problems. Although it is well established that PCBs are associated with a variety of adverse health effects in wildlife and in humans, it is often difficult to determine direct cause‐and‐effect relationships between exposure and specific health outcomes. In this study, gene expression signatures were used to relate exposure to PCBs with altered physiological responses and/or specific health effects. Real‐time PCR was used to measure gene expression levels for 10 genes in Xenopus laevis tadpoles (18 days postfertilization, PF) after acute exposure (2 days) to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254. Specific gene expression signatures correlated with exposure and were predictive of adverse health effects. Exposure to low levels of Aroclor 1254 (5–50 ppb) significantly increased expression of six genes, independent of any health effects; exposure to midlevel concentrations (300–400 ppb) significantly decreased expression levels of two genes, NGF and β‐actin, prior to the onset of observable health effects; exposure to higher doses (500–700 ppb) significantly decreased NGF and β‐actin expression concomitant with the appearance of gross morphological abnormalities, behavioral deficits, and a statistically significant decrease in survival. This study expands upon our previous work that demonstrated an age‐dependent susceptibility to Aroclor 1254 in Xenopus laevis tadpoles and that defined specific gene expression signatures as useful bioindicators of exposure and as predictors of overt or impending health effects. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 42:1–10, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing new conservation partnerships: Expanding opportunities for integrating resource stewardship and mission requirements
Authors: Boice L. Peter
Published: July 2003

The Department of Defense's (DOD) conservation program has long used partnerships with federal
and state agencies, conservation organizations, and other groups to promote resource stewardship, increase public
awareness and appropriate use of resources, improve quality of life, encourage volunteer opportunities, and
improve management efficiencies. This article describes some of DOD's most successful conservation
partnerships; explores what makes a good partnership; summarizes the benefits of these
partnerships; and suggests some possible trends in future conservation partnerships. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Deciding how clean is clean enough under the Texas Law of risk‐based corrective action
Authors: Pepper Christopher B. , Block Nathan , Baladi Sadika
Published: July 2003

Under the Texas Risk Reduction Program (TRRP), the principles of risk‐based corrective action
(RBCA) are applied when determining the appropriate cleanup standards for contaminated sites. RBCA is
premised upon the belief that scarce resources are better allocated on other necessities when the budgets for
corrective action merely provide for negligible or marginal benefits. Therefore, RBCA seeks to establish cleanup
levels based on the actual risk to human and environmental health. Although a valiant undertaking, such regulations
are relatively new and may not provide adequate protection for the environment, current landowners, and/or
subsequent purchasers. Limitations associated with RBCA include the various uncertainties and complexities inherent
with all risk assessment paradigms, as well as the potential for conflicts with regulatory laws. Understanding RBCA,
as applied in TRPP, may be important in resolving future liability issues, especially those associated with toxic
tort litigation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental management systems (EMS) implementation at chemical demilitarization facilities
Authors: Wood James D. , Baetz Linda L. , Shaheen Charles A.
Published: July 2003

Adopting the Department of the Army (DA) “installation” EMS policy guidance to a key
DA Acquisition Program, the Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization (PMCD), in conjunction with
the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) undertook an initiative
to use the ISO 14001 framework for the EMS at chemical demilitarization facilities. The Pine Bluff Chemical
Agent Disposal Facility (PBCDF) was selected as the pilot facility for this EMS initiative. This
paper presents a case study of the EMS implementation at the PBCDF; PMCD remote monitoring of the PBCDF
EMS implementation effort using the Equation ASP software; and external ISO 14001 conformance validation
of the PBCDF EMS by USACHPPM's Registrar Accreditation Board (RAB)‐certified EMS
auditors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small arms range lead management issues: Activated carbon, molecular sieves (5A and 13X), and naturally occurring zeolites as lead adsorbents
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah Tarek M. , Isaacs Larry K. , Payne Kelly B.
Published: July 2003

Lead in storm water runoff from small arms ranges (SAR) at Barksdale AFB, LA, has exceeded Louisiana
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (LPDES) limits. Range managers need cost‐effective ways to
manage soluble, and clay colloid adsorbed, lead species. Two steps were suggested and undertaken to try to control
soluble lead species. First, the soluble lead species were immobilized by adding phosphorous pentoxide
(P2O5) to the top soil and mixing it in. Before treatment the combined range mean
total lead was 865 μg l−1 from Jun 2001 to Mar 2002 at a pH = 7.1. After treatment the
M‐16 SAR mean total lead from Oct 25 to Dec 5, 2002, in the soil being tested, was 59 μg
l−1 at a pH = 7.4. Second, low‐cost adsorbents were investigated to
“capture” lead ions in storm water before discharge to a receiving stream. Therefore, batch adsorption
and kinetic studies were conducted to compare and evaluate different types of adsorbents for lead removal from
aqueous media. Adsorbent materials such as activated carbon and naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite
and chabazite) are potential point‐of‐use materials for mitigating waste water runoff.
Molecular sieves (13X and 5A) were selected because they provide a basis for comparison with previous
studies and represent well‐characterized materials. The relative rate for lead adsorption was: 13X >
chabazite > clinoptilolite > 5A > activated carbon. This article describes how environmental managers
researched and identified a corrective action and developed a maintenance plan to bring the installation SAR into
regulatory compliance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composition of the essential oil of Stachys setifera C. A. Mey ssp. iranica growing in Iran
Authors: Javidnia K. , Miri R. , Azarpira A. , Tabaei S. M. H.
Published: July 2003

The essential oil composition of Stachys setifera ssp. iranica has been investigated by GC and GC–MS; 73 compounds, representing 96.7% of the oil were identiﬁed, of which pulegone (26.5%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%) and α‐terpinyl acetate (11.2%) were the main components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the essential oil of Stachys ixodes Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. from Iran
Authors: Seﬁdkon F. , Naderi Nik A. , Bagaii P. , Javidtash I.
Published: July 2003

Hydrodistilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of Stachys ixodes Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. was analysed by a combination of GC and GC–MS. 20 components were identiﬁed, constituting approximately 95.7% of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were myrtenyl acetate (48.7%), globulol (13.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%) and spathulenol (5.6%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and odour evaluation of stereoisomers of N‐Alkyl‐pyrrolidine derivatives, characteristic roast odour of seafood
Authors: Tachihara Toru , Ishizaki Susumu , Kurobayashi Yoshiko , Tamura Hiroshi , Ikemoto Youichi , Onuma Atsushi , Kitahara Takeshi
Published: July 2003

All the possible stereoisomers of N‐(2′‐methylbutyl)pyrrolidine 1 and N‐(2′‐methylbutyl)‐2‐methylpyrrolidine 2, which have the characteristic roast odour of seafood, were synthesized. As a result of odour evaluation of all the isomers, we found that each isomer has a different and characteristic odour. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The leaf essential oil of Costus afer Ker–Grawl from Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo Asekun O. , Bolanle Adeniyi A.
Published: July 2003

Detailed systematic and comprehensive analysis of the essential oil of the leaves of Costus afer Ker–Grawl (Zingiberaceae) from the western part of Nigeria by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) led to the identiﬁcation of 27 compounds from 38 compounds in the essential oil. The results showed that sesquiterpenoids were the most abundant group of volatile compounds, with sesquilavandulyl acetate (17.0%) as the principal component. β‐caryophyllene (12.3%) and Z,E‐farnesol (9.9%) were also present in reasonable quantities. Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil showed that it is inactive. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of fruits of Garcinia dulcis Kurz. from Cuba
Authors: Pino Jorge , Marbot Rolando , Rosado Arístides , Vázquez Carlos
Published: July 2003

The volatile constituents of rata fruits (Garcinia dulcis Kurz.) growing in Cuba were analysed by GC–MS. Ninety compounds were identiﬁed in the aroma concentrate, of which linalool, α‐terpineol and hexadecanoic acid were found to be the major constituents. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the major odorants found in the peel oil of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Clementine using gas chromatography–olfactometry
Authors: Chisholm Mary G. , Jell Jason A. , Cass Dean M.
Published: July 2003

Gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and preparative column chromatography were used to identify the key odorants present in laboratory‐extracted clementine oil from Spain. Almost 50 odorants were identiﬁed using GC–O, many of which were unsaturated aldehydes with high odour spectrum values (OSV). α‐ and β‐sinensal, trans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐decanal, (E,Z)‐2,6‐dodecadienal and linalool were found to dominate clementine oil aroma. Enrichment of the oxygenates using preparative column chromatography provided further identiﬁcation of a total of 50 aldehydes, not all of which were present in the oil at concentrations high enough to produce a response using GC–O. Aldehydes contributed approximately 80% of the total aroma of clementine oil. New odorants not previously reported in clementine oil include many unsaturated aldehydes, trans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐decenal, trans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐dodecenal, 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (furaneol), 3‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (sotolon) and 1,8‐cineole. No single odorant emerged as being characteristic of clementine oil aroma. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and characterization of several aromatic sesquiterpenes from Commiphora myrrha
Authors: Zhu Nanqun , Sheng Shuqun , Sang Shengmin , Rosen Robert T. , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: July 2003

The puriﬁcation and structure characterization of seven aromatic sesquiterpenes from scented Commiphora myrrha are reported. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data, especially of NMR evidence. Among them, compound 1 is a new furanosesquiterpene and compound 2 is identiﬁed as a new natural aroma found in Commiphora spp. All compounds except 4 were isolated, for the ﬁrst time, from Commiphora myrrha. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical constituents of the essential oil of the hornwort Anthoceros caucasicus
Authors: Sonwa Mesmin Mekem , König Wilfried A.
Published: July 2003

The essential oil of the hornwort Anthoceros caucasicus (Bryophytae), collected on the island of Madeira, was investigated by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and NMR techniques. A new sesquiterpene ether, veticadinoxide (1) was identiﬁed as the major constituent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile Compound analysis of ageing Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) seeds
Authors: Tammela P. , Nygren M. , Laakso I. , Hopia A. , Vuorela H. , Hiltunen R.
Published: July 2003

The volatile compound proﬁles of 11 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed lots were determined by solid phase microextraction combined with GC–MS analysis. Typical monoterpene constituents of pine volatile oils were identiﬁed, and total monoterpene content of these seeds was measured semi‐quantitatively as peak area. Considerable variation in monoterpene composition was found between seeds of different origin, especially in two major constituents, 3‐carene and α‐pinene. The relative concentrations of these compounds varied between 0–67 and 16–52%, respectively. Comparison of total monoterpene amounts showed that reduced monoterpene content was typical for aged, poorly germinating seeds. However, high germinability was not always associated with a high monoterpene content. Therefore, no clear dependency between monoterpene content and seed ageing could be established based on this data. The possible protective role of monoterpenes in pine seed ageing during long‐term storage is discussed. In addition, a drastic increase in volatile lipid oxidation products was found in the oldest seed lots. In 20 year‐old seeds, the percentage of hexanal, an oxidation product of fatty acids, was 3% of the total volatiles, whereas in 31 year‐old seeds it was 17%. No hexanal or other lipid oxidation products were detected in younger seeds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents from leaf, inﬂorescence and root oils of Ocimum americanum L. grown in north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: De Vasconcelos Silva M. G. , Dos Santos R. N. , Abreu Matos F. J. , Machado M. I. L.
Published: July 2003

Chemical composition of essential oils obtained by microwave and steam distillations from several parts of Ocimum americanum L. growing in north‐eastern Brazil were determined by GC–MS and retention time analysis. (E)‐Methyl cinnamate was found to be the major constituent in the leaves (82.7–82.7%) and inﬂorescence (87.1–97.5%), respectively, while eugenol, which was not traceable in these parts, reaches 88.2% in the root essential oil. In view of these data O. americanum from north‐eastern Brazil today represented a novel chemotype and would appear to be akin to the African, Commodore Island and French Congo plants, as well as to the US and Nigerian plants. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatic Plants of Tropical Central Africa. Part XLIII Volatile Components from Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. (Engl. & Diels) Growing in Cameroon
Authors: Boyom F. Fekam , Amvam Zollo P. H. , Agnaniet H. , Menut C. , Bessière J. M.
Published: July 2003

The essential oils obtained from the leaves and stem bark of Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. (Engl. & Diels) (Annonaceae), collected in Cameroon, were analysed by GC and GC–MS. The leaf oil was found to contain a majority of monoterpenes, with α‐ and β‐pinenes (43.8%) as the major constituents, while the stem bark extract comprised sesquiterpenoids only. In this class of compounds, the leaf and stem bark oils were found to be qualitatively similar, with a predominance of bisabolane (35.9%) and bergamotane (23.9%)‐type structures. None of these two samples revealed interesting antiradical activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Cymbopogon martinii from different places in India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Aggarwal K. K. , Syamasundar K. V. , Khanuja S. P. S.
Published: July 2003

The essential oils of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk) ﬂowering herbs from three different geographical locations in India, viz. Hyderabad,Lucknow and Amarawati were analysed by high‐resolution GC and GC –MS. In all three samples, geraniol (67.6 –83.6%) was the major constituent and, although the composition of the three oils was similar, quantitative differences in the concentration of some constituents were observed. The GC and GC –MS analysis of the Hyderabad, Lucknow and Amarawati oils resulted in the identiﬁcation of 40, 38 and 33 constituents, representing 98.5%, 99.7% and 99.8% of the oils,respectively. Among the three oils analysed, Amarawati oil was of the highest quality due to higher geraniol (83.6%) and lower geranyl acetate (2.3%) and geranial (1.0%) content. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil
Authors: Coelho J. A. P. , Pereira A. P. , Mendes R. L. , Palavra A. M. F.
Published: July 2003

Supercritical ﬂuid extraction (SFE) with CO2 of the volatile oil from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho) was carried out at temperatures of 40 and 50 °C and pressures of 90 and 100 bar in a ﬂow apparatus using a two‐stage fractional separation technique. The best conditions for extraction (pressure P = 90 bar, and temperature, T = 40 °C)and separation (P = 80 bar, T = −10 °C for the ﬁrst separator and P = 20 bar, T = −10 °C for the second)were used to assess the effect of different mean particle size and ﬂow rate of CO2. The yield of the extraction and composition of the volatile oil were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation. The study showed that the particle size of the fruits does not practically affect either the yield or the composition of the oil, with the exception of the presence of a small amount of waxes in the volatile oil extracted by SFE from the fruits presenting the highest particle size. Further, increasing of the ﬂow rate of CO2 does not seem to inﬂuence the composition, although it increases the rate of extraction, thus leading to a decrease of the extraction time. The fennel oil was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC –MS). The main compounds identiﬁed in the oils were fenchone (17%), estragol (21%) and (E )‐anethole (43%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the aroma impact compounds in heated sweet cream butter
Authors: Peterson D. G. , Reineccius G. A.
Published: July 2003

This study was conducted to determine which volatile compounds are primarily responsible for the aroma of heated sweet cream butter. Static headspace analysis was used for aroma isolation and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) for the selection of odour‐active components. Quantiﬁcation of selected odourants was done via purge and trap‐GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Nineteen odour‐active compounds were detected in the headspace (static) of heated butter (hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, acetaldehyde, 2,3‐butanedione, 1‐hexen‐3‐one, butanoic acid, 3‐methylbutanoic acid, 2‐heptanone, methional, dimethyl trisulphide, 1‐octen‐3‐one, hexanoic acid, furaneol, δ‐hexanolactone, nonanal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, δ‐octanolactone, skatole and δ‐decanolactone). Aroma recombination studies followed by sensory analysis indicated that the aroma of our heated butter model was rated the same (similarity) as a heated commercial butter (obtained from local market) in comparison to a heated freshly manufactured butter. The aroma of a heated commercial unsalted butter and a heated butter aroma model of Budin
1 also were signiﬁcantly less similar than the aroma of our heated butter model in comparison to a heated freshly manufactured butter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Turkish herbal tea (Salvia aucheri Bentham var. canescens Boiss. & Heldr.)
Authors: Özcan Mussa , Tzakou Olga , Couladis Maria
Published: July 2003

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia aucheri var. canescens, collected from two different locations (Gülnar, sample A; and Silifke, sample B) growing endemic in Turkey, were analysed by GC–MS. The oil yields of dried plants (v/dw) obtained by hydrodistillation were 1.4% and 1.7%, respectively. Forty‐two compounds were identiﬁed, representing 98.6% and 99.5% of the oils from the two locations. The main constituents of the oils were: 1,8‐cineole (32.3%, 28.6%), camphor (18.9%, 22.8%), borneol (8.2%, 8.9%), α‐pinene (6.3%, 9.0%) and β‐pinene (5.3%, 6.2%), respectively. The oils consisted of monoterpenic hydrocarbons (21.3%, 27.4%), oxygenated monoterpenes (66.4%, 64.9%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (6.3%, 3.1%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.1%, 4.1%), respectively. 1,8‐Cineole and camphor were the major components of S. aucheri. var. canescens. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra. Part 1
Authors: Fernandez Xavier , Lizzani‐Cuvelier Louisette , Loiseau André‐Michel , Périchet Christine , Delbecque Claire
Published: July 2003

The volatile extract composition of two different benzoin gums, Siam and Sumatra, were analysed by GC–MS. Twenty components representing more than 99.1% of the oil from Siam and 29 components representing more than 97.4% of the oil from Sumatra were analysed. The major components were benzyl benzoate (76.1–80.1%) for the two oils and benzoic acid (12.5%), methyl benzoate (1.5%) and allyl benzoate (1.5%) for Siam, and styrene (2.3%), cinnamic acid (3.5%) and benzyl cinnamate (3.3%) for Sumatra. Volatile compounds of oils and crushed benzoins were also studied using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) employing carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane and carbowax/divinylbenzene ﬁbres. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of organic agriculture practices on the volatile aroma components of some essential oil plants growing in Egypt II: sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana L.) essential oil
Authors: Edris Amr E. , Shalaby Ahmad , Fadel Hoda M.
Published: July 2003

Sweet marjoram (German type) was grown in Egypt under the conditions of organic and traditional agriculture. Mature compost was used as an organic fertilizer, while ammonium sulphate was used as a chemical fertilizer. Two levels of each fertilizer were used during plant growth. The crops were harvested and hydrodistilled in June and September, the isolated essential oil was fractionated into oxygenated and hydrocarbon fractions, then each fraction was analysed by GC and GC–MS. The results showed that the fresh herb of marjoram plants positively responded to increased levels of either organic or chemical fertilizers. The herb yield was the highest in the September harvest. Although the higher level of organic fertilization negatively affected the oil content in the fresh herb, however, the total oil yield per plant remained comparable with the lower levels of both organic or chemical fertilization. Regarding the oil composition, the results showed that marjoram (German type) grown in Egypt belongs to the cis‐sabinene hydrate/terpinene‐4‐ol chemotype. The chemical composition of marjoram essential oil did not change due to the fertilization type or level, but rather the relative percentage of certain constituents were affected. The highest concentration of cis‐sabinene hydrate (24.1%), under organic treatment was reported for a June crop fertilized at level I, while the highest concentration of terpinene‐4‐ol, (39.5%), under the same treatment, was detected in a June crop at level II fertilization. Other components showed different concentrations depending on season of harvesting, treatment, and level of fertilization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil compounds of Origanum dayi Post
Authors: Dudai Nativ , Larkov Olga , Chaimovitsh David , Lewinsohn Efraim , Freiman Lilia , Ravid Uzi
Published: July 2003

The essential oils of ﬁve selected clones of Origanum dayi Post were obtained using two techniques, hydrodistillation and tert‐butyl methyl ether extraction. Hydrodistillation of the whole plant yielded essential oil amounting to 2.4–2.8% of the fresh weight. A total of 50 volatile constituents of the oil were identiﬁed, of which the major ones were 1,8‐cineole, α‐terpineol, (E)‐sabinene hydrate, (E)‐sabinene hydrate acetate, terpinen‐4‐ol and linalyl acetate. The composition of the volatiles obtained by hydrodistillation and by extraction differed mainly in the higher contents of terpinen‐4‐ol (5.7–14.5%) and α‐terpineol (18.3–25.8%) in the distilled oil than in the extract (1.9–4.0% and 10.5–16.8%, respectively), but the former had less (E)‐sabinene hydrate acetate (traces–0.2%) than the latter (6.3–13.8%). Extraction of young and old leaves, young and old stems, bracts, calices and corollas revealed differences among the various plant parts in their volatile contents and compositions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation in the composition of the essential oils from the leaves, thin branches and resin of Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl.
Authors: Machado Líbia Bentes , Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A.
Published: July 2003

In a previous paper, we described the essential oils of Protium spruceanum obtained from different parts of the plant. In this paper, the essential oils obtained from the leaves, thin branches and resins were collected from October 1999 at 1 month intervals up to October 2000. At each sampling, the oil content was determined in a Clevenger‐type apparatus, and examined by GC–MS. The major component from the leaf, resin and thin branch oils was sabinene (leaves, January 81.4%; thin branches, January 79.8%; resin, October 1999, 61.3%), followed by β‐caryophyllene in the leaf oil. The maximum content of β‐caryophyllene from the leaf oil was 36.4% in February. The highest oil yields were observed from leaves (0.4%) sampled in April and from resin sampled in October 1999 (4.0%). Thin branch oil yields were in the range ≤0.1–0.2%. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Artemisia parviﬂora aerial parts
Authors: Rana Virendra S. , Juyal Jitendra P. , Blazquez M. Amparo , Bodakhe Surendra H.
Published: July 2003

The chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of A. parviﬂora was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Twenty‐two compounds, accounting for 72.7% of the oil, were identiﬁed. The main components identiﬁed were β‐caryophyllene (15.3%), germacrene D (14.7%), camphor (11.4%), artemisia ketone (7.8%), 1,8‐cineole (5.8%), α‐copaene (2.6%), artemisia alcohol (2.6%), terpinene‐4‐ol (2.3%), caryophyllene oxide (1.2%), α‐pinene (1.1%), sabinyl acetate (1.1%) and α‐humulene (1.1%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multipoint methylation analysis indicates a distinctive epigenetic phenotype among testicular germ cell tumors and testicular malignant lymphomas
Authors: Kawakami Takahiro , Okamoto Keisei , Kataoka Akira , Koizumi Shuichi , Iwaki Hideaki , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Reeve Anthony E. , Ogawa Osamu , Okada Yusaku
Published: July 2003

Hypermethylation of tumor‐suppressor genes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human cancers. Although a growing number of genes showing hypermethylation is being reported in human cancer, methylation profiles of tumor‐related genes in testicular neoplasms have not been well elucidated. This study was designed to show the methylation profiles of multiple CpG islands in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) in comparison with those in testicular malignant lymphomas. We studied the methylation status of E‐cadherin, CDKN2B, CDKN2A, BRCA1, RB1, VHL, RASSF1A, RARB, and GSTP1 by use of TGCT tissues and testicular malignant lymphoma tissues (25 primary TGCT tissues and three primary testicular lymphoma tissues). Methylation was not observed in E‐cadherin, CDKN2B, CDKN2A, BRCA1, RB1, VHL, RASSF1A, RARB, and GSTP1 in any of the TGCT tissues. In contrast, all three (100%) of the testicular lymphoma tissues demonstrated hypermethylation of E‐cadherin, RASSF1A, and RARB, but not CDKN2B, CDKN2A, BRCA1, RB1, VHL, and GSTP1. These data demonstrate that a distinctive epigenetic phenotype underlies the TGCTs and testicular lymphomas at the CpG sites of E‐cadherin, RASSF1A, and RARB; a distinctive epigenetic phenotype was not observed among seminomatous TGCTs and non‐seminomatous TGCTs at the CpG sites examined. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Both NUP98/TOP1 and TOP1/NUP98 transcripts are detected in a de novo AML with t(11;20)(p15;q11)
Authors: Iwase Satsuki , Akiyama Nobutake , Sekikawa Tetsuaki , Saito Shinobu , Arakawa Yasuhiro , Horiguchi‐Yamada Junko , Yamada Hisashi
Published: July 2003

The NUP98 gene is involved in several chromosomal abnormalities associated with acute leukemia. The recurrent t(11;20)(p15;q11) chromosomal translocation results in generation of the NUP98/TOP1 chimeric gene. This abnormality has been observed primarily in therapy‐related leukemias, and TOP1/NUP98 transcripts have not been demonstrated. We describe a case of de novo acute myeloid leukemia with t(11;20)(p15;q11), with no known history of exposure to chemicals. The translocation occurred in intron 13 of NUP98 and intron 7 of TOP1, as in the three previously reported cases. The breakpoint in NUP98 was exactly the same as that found in a previously reported case. In addition, a reciprocal TOP1/NUP98 transcript was detected for the first time in our patient. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HMGA2 expression in uterine leiomyomata and myometrium: Quantitative analysis and tissue culture studies
Authors: Gross Karen L. , Neskey David M. , Manchanda Nitasha , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Kleinman Michael S. , Nowak Romana A. , Ligon Azra H. , Rogalla Piere , Drechsler Klaus , Bullerdiek Jörn , Morton Cynthia C.
Published: July 2003

The high mobility group gene, HMGA2, is frequently expressed in uterine leiomyomata (UL) with chromosomal rearrangements of 12q15. In contrast, HMGA2 expression has not been detected in karyotypically normal UL or in myometrium, but has been detected in these tissues after culture. To characterize further the expression pattern of HMGA2, we assessed HMGA2 expression by RT‐PCR followed by Southern blot hybridization, and by real‐time PCR in three tissue panels: (1) primary myometrial cultures, (2) uncultured tissue from 15 karyotypically normal samples consisting of eleven 46,XX UL and four matched myometrial specimens, and (3) uncultured tissue from ten UL with 12q15 rearrangements and three matched myometrial specimens. HMGA2 expression was detected in all samples from the three panels. The level of HMGA2 expression in karyotypically normal UL was similar to the level of expression in myometrium; however, it was significantly less than the level measured in UL with 12q15 rearrangements. This expression analysis by use of detection methods of different sensitivities underscores the importance of studies of HMGA2 expression in uncultured tissues and of careful interpretation of results from experiments on cultured cells. Moreover, detection of HMGA2 expression in myometrium and in UL without 12q15 rearrangements, tissues previously thought not to express HMGA2, suggests that HMGA2 expression is required in normal adult myometrial physiology. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations of the BIK gene in human peripheral B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Arena Vincenzo , Martini Maurizio , Luongo Myriam , Capelli Arnaldo , Larocca Luigi Maria
Published: July 2003

BIK, a BH (Bcl2 homology domain)3‐only protein, is a proapoptotic member of the BCL2 family. We performed single‐strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing analysis of the entire coding region of the BIK gene (exons 2–5) in 71 B‐cell lymphomas [27 follicular lymphomas (FLs), 13 marginal cell lymphomas (MZLs), 7 small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLLs), 6 mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs), 2 lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas, and 16 diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCLs)]. Missense BIK gene mutations were observed in 3 of 27 (11%) FLs, in 2 of 13 (15%) MZLs, and in 1 of 16 (6%) DLBCLs. Sequence alterations in intronic regions were observed in 4 of 27 (14.8%) FLs, in 7 of 13 (53%) MZLs, and in 3 of 16 (18%) DLBCLs. These data indicate that mutation of the BIK gene is a frequent feature of B‐cell lymphomas. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AML1/RUNX1 mutations are infrequent, but related to AML‐M0, acquired trisomy 21, and leukemic transformation in pediatric hematologic malignancies
Authors: Taketani Takeshi , Taki Tomohiko , Takita Junko , Tsuchida Masahiro , Hanada Ryoji , Hongo Teruaki , Kaneko Takashi , Manabe Atsushi , Ida Kohmei , Hayashi Yasuhide
Published: July 2003

AML1/RUNX1, located on chromosome band 21q22, is one of the most important hematopoietic transcription factors. AML1 is frequently affected in leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with 21q22 translocations. Recently, AML1 mutations were found in adult hematologic malignancies, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML)–M0 or leukemia with acquired trisomy 21, and familial platelet disorder with a predisposition toward AML. Through the use of polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we examined the AML1 gene for mutations in 241 patients with pediatric hematologic malignancies, and we detected AML1 mutations in seven patients (2.9%). Deletion was found in one patient, and point mutations in four patients, including three missense mutations, two silent mutations, and one mutation within an intron resulting in an abnormal splice acceptor site. All of the mutations except for one were heterozygous. Mutations within the runt domain were found in six of seven patients. Six of seven patients with AML1 mutations were diagnosed with AML, and one had acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In three of these seven patients, AML evolved from other hematologic disorders. AML1 mutations were found in two of four AML‐M0 and two of three patients with acquired trisomy 21. Patients with AML1 mutations tended to be older children. Three of four patients with AML1 mutations who received stem cell transplantation (SCT) are alive, whereas the remaining three patients with mutations without SCT died. These results suggest that AML1 mutations in pediatric hematologic malignancies are infrequent, but are possibly related to AML‐M0, acquired trisomy 21, and leukemic transformation. These patients may have a poor clinical outcome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleoecology and geochronology of glacial Lake Hind during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition: A context for Folsom surface finds on the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Boyd Matthew , Running Garry Leonard , Havholm Karen
Published: July 2003

Stratigraphic and paleoecologic (palynomorph, macrobotanical) data obtained from a cutbank of the Souris River in southwestern Manitoba establish some fundamental parameters of Folsom land‐use in association with a proglacial lake on the Canadian Prairies. By dating the regression of glacial Lake Hind, we observed that recorded Folsom sites are restricted to areas of the Hind basin drained shortly before 10,400 yr B.P. This pattern may therefore record the interception of seasonal resources on recently‐drained proglacial lake surfaces. Based on paleovegetation reconstructions, we note that these surfaces were rapidly colonized by emergent and aquatic vegetation following regression, generating a viable resource base for Folsom hunter‐gatherers. However, low plant productivity and diversity may have greatly limited the extent to which this locale was exploited, in contrast to nonperiglacial regions on the Plains. We also suggest that wetland plant succession during the Pleistocene‐Holocene transition was due, at least locally, to climate‐forced fluctuations in groundwater levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐phase chemically defined culture system for preimplantation rat embryos
Authors: Zhou Yue , Galat Vasiliy , Garton Ray , Taborn Greg , Niwa Koji , Iannaccone Philip
Published: July 2003

A limiting factor in the development of new technologies and transport of rats worldwide has been the inability to robustly culture preimplantation embryos. Previously, culture in vitro to the blastocyst stage from one‐cell embryos was successful only if the one‐cell embryos were isolated near the time of the first cleavage and from only a few strains. Here we report the use of commonly available, chemically defined culture media to overcome these limitations. In vitro culture of young one‐cell embryos using common embryo media (KSOM, BMOC, or HTF) for 18–22 h followed by culture in mR1ECM medium allows the successful in vitro development of blastocysts from one‐cell embryos after 5 days from both outbred (SD) and inbred strains of rat (WF, LEW, F344, and PVG). This system allows the parthenogenetic development of chemically activated, unfertilized oocytes to the blastocyst stage. Embryos cultured in this system develop to term and are live‐born following transfer to surrogate mothers. genesis 36:129–133, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metaphase FISHing of transgenic mice recommended: FISH and SKY define BAC‐mediated balanced translocation
Authors: Abrahams Brett S. , Chong Annabelle C.O. , Nisha Maimun , Milette Danielle , Brewster David A. , Berry Melissa L. , Muratkhodjaev Farkhad , Mai Sabine , Rajcan‐Separovic Evica , Simpson Elizabeth M.
Published: July 2003

The evolving trend to use larger transgenes and their associated increased chance of unexpected genetic events mandates more careful characterization of transgenic mice. In characterizing our five new mouse strains transgenic for the BAC, bEMS4, we have identified the highest copy number reported to date: the stable incorporation of ∼40 copies of a 194‐kb expressed transgene in a single insertion site. We caution, however, that standard molecular techniques failed to identify a balanced translocation in another strain, and an inappropriate site of insertion in a third. Molecular cytogenetic analysis using metaphase FISH was the minimum level of characterization needed to reveal these unexpected genetic events. In addition, we combined FISH and SKY to identify the transgene at the breakpoints of the balanced translocation, t(3;9). This is the first description of a BAC‐mediated chromosomal rearrangement and the first application of SKY to identify transgene‐induced chromosomal rearrangements. genesis 36:134–141, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.