bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Texture Development via Grain Rotation in β‐Silicon Nitride
Authors: Lee Farnjeng , Bowman Keith J.
Published: March 2005

A grain rotation model first described by Jeffery is applied to quantitatively predict texture development and texture heterogeneity in hot‐worked β‐Si3. Comparison of model predictions and experimental results indicates that such models can successfully priedict the texture developed in β‐Si3N4 with significant differences observed at height reductions greater than 60% (true strain ∼−0.9). Applications include a description of textures in hot forging, plane strain compression, and various green body forming techniques including tape casting and extrusion.
Effect of Al2O3 and Bi2O3 on the Formation Mechanism of Sn‐Doped Ba2Ti9O20
Authors: Yu Jiaqing , Zhao Hangwei , Wang Jiasheng , Xia Fei
Published: March 2005

High‐performance Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics are attracting great attention, but their formation mechanism still is somewhat unclear. The present investigation shows that the formation of Ba2Ti9O20 can be promoted strikingly by the participation of Bi2O3 and Al2O3. The effect of Bi2O3 on the formation of Ba2Ti9O20 is attributed to the fact that migration of the involved reactants is accelerated by liquid which forms from the melting of Bi2O3 above 830°C. This migration, however, is not the only rate‐limiting factor. A high potential‐energy barrier, resulting from stress that arises along the crystal‐structured layers, also heavily restricts the formation of Ba2Ti9O20. The participation of Al2O3, on the other hand, can reduce the height of this potential‐energy barrier and effectively improve the kinetics of the formation of Ba2Ti9O20 by causing the formation of BaAI2Ti6O16 crystals; these crystals intergrow with Ba2Ti9O20 crystals and result in decreased stress.
Raman Scattering Study of Cubic–Tetragonal Phase Transition in Zr1−xCexO2 Solid Solution
Authors: Yashima Masatomo , Arashi Haruo , Kakihana Masato , Yoshimura Masahiro
Published: March 2005

A structural phase transition between the cubic (space group, Fm3m) and tetragonal (space group, P42/nmc) phases in a zirconia–ceria solid solution (Zr1−xCexO2) has been observed by Raman spectroscopy. The cubic–tetragonal (c–t″) phase boundary in compositionally homogeneous samples exists at a composition X0 (0.8 < X0 < 0.9) at room temperature, where t″ is defined as a tetragonal phase whose axial ratio c/a equals unity. The axial ratio c/a decreases with an increase of ceria concentration and becomes 1 at a composition X′0 (0.65 < X′0 < 0.7) at room temperature. The sample with a composition between X0 and X′0 is t″ ZrO2. By Raman scattering measurements at high temperatures, the tetragonal (t″) → cubic and cubic → tetragonal phase transitions occur above 400°C in Zr0.2 Ce0.8O2 solid solution.
Nucleation and Growth of Diamond in Detonation Products
Authors: Yamada Kenjiro , Sawaoka Akira B.
Published: March 2005

Diamond particles were produced from a mixture of graphite and explosive powders using a detonation method. Morphologically, the products were a crystalline, twisted, ribbonlike particle and a curled, ribbonlike particle in an amorphous‐like state. Analyses of electron diffraction patterns and high‐resolution electron microscope images provided evidence that the crystalline, ribbonlike diamond developed due to crystallization of the amorphous‐like diamond formed by condensation of gaseous carbon generated from the explosive in the release process; the microcrystallite size at an early stage of the crystallization process was about 1 to 2 nm.
Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the common hereditary haemochromatosis Hfe gene (C282Y) mutation
Authors: Brown Karen , Luddington Roger , Taylor Sherryl A. M. , Lillicrap David P. , Baglin Trevor P.
Published: March 2005

A high prevalence of a common mutation in the Hfe gene (C282Y) has recently been reported in patients with the factor V Leiden mutation and a history of thrombosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative risk of venous thromboembolism in a large case–control study. 56/481 patients (11.6%) and 57/497 controls (11.5%) were heterozygous for the C282Y allele giving an odds ratio of 1.02 (95%CI 0.69–1.51). 12/81 patients with the factor V Leiden mutation were heterozygous for the C282Y allele compared to 1/13 controls, odds ratio 2.09 (95%CI 0.25–17.6). An analysis of a further group of patients and controls selected for the factor V Leiden mutation did not indicate a higher prevalence of the C282Y allele in symptomatic patients, odds ratio 0.17 (95%CI 0.34–0.81). This study does not support the hypothesis that the C282Y allele is an additional risk factor for venous thrombosis in patients with the factor V Leiden mutation.
Larval taxonomy and early identification of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva: a screening tool to reduce risks of unintentional species translocation
Authors: PINDER A. C.
Published: March 2005

Abstract  To minimise the risks of unintentional translocation and further spread of the non‐native cyprinid, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel) in the UK, various morphological and meristic characters of this species were measured, with a view to isolating the characters which allow reliable identification of this species during the early stages of development. The combination of myomere numbers, the nature of the internal pigmentation associated with the notochord and the lack of a single row of external melanophores along the route of the lateral line organ reliably facilitate the ability to distinguish this species from the native fauna of the British Isles. Thus, for the first time, fishery managers and environmental agencies have a much needed tool to screen for the presence young‐of‐the‐year of this species when authorising movements of other fish species.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Azizzadeh Maryam , Namazi Mohammad Reza , Dastghaib Ladan , Sari‐Aslani Fatemeh
Published: March 2005

A 45‐year‐old woman from Afghanistan presented with a 1‐year history of multiple itching and stinging lesions on both right and left auricular and periauricular areas.

Skin examination revealed about eight superficial erythematous nodules, ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 cm in diameter, on both ears, as well as on the preauricular and retroauricular areas (Fig. 1).

Multiple erythematous nodules and papules on the left auricular and periauricular areas

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Examination of a lesional skin biopsy specimen revealed vascular proliferation and dense dermal infiltration by lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells. The vascular component consisted of thick‐ and thin‐walled blood vessels lined by plump endothelial cells with large nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. No lymphoid follicles were identified (Fig. 2).

Diffuse dermal infiltration by lymphocytes and eosinophils and vascular proliferation (hematoxylin and eosin, (a) × 150, (b) × 250)

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The patient's medical history was remarkable for the gradual development of generalized edema starting 4 months after the appearance of the skin lesions.

Laboratory investigation revealed the presence of massive proteinuria (11 g/day; normal, < 150 mg/day) and hematuria (12 red blood cells/high‐power field; normal, < 1–2 red blood cells/high‐power field), in association with hypoproteinemia (3.7 g/dL; normal, 5.5–8 g/dL) and hypercholesterolemia (489 mg/dL; normal, 50–220 mg/dL). The blood urea nitrogen (14 mg/dL; normal, 5–23 mg/dL) and serum creatinine (0.8 mg/dL; normal, 0.6–1.6 mg/dL) levels were within normal limits.

A pathologic study of a renal biopsy specimen confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse mesangial proliferative nephropathy (Fig. 3).

Kidney biopsy showing diffuse, mild, mesangial proliferation (hematoxylin and eosin, × 400)

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Constructing the New Economy: A Discursive Perspective
Authors: De Cock Christian , Fitchett James , Volkmann Christina
Published: March 2005

The rise and fall of the ‘New Economy’ at the turn of the millennium, most visibly evidenced by the stellar rise and subsequent collapse of the Nasdaq composite index of technology stocks, represents one of the most significant business phenomena in recent times. This paper examines the ‘New Economy’ phenomenon as a culturally embedded discourse through an analysis of 133 print advertisements collected from the UK edition of theFinancial Timesbetween February and December 2000. It investigates the social construction of the concept ‘New Economy’ in a rapidly changing business environment. The contribution of the paper lies in the empirical study of discursive phenomena in late capitalist societies. From a discursive perspective, the ‘New Economy’ can be seen as a signifier that points to itself, whose form is its very content. The paper suggests the ‘New Economy’ must be understood in terms of its ability to accommodate multiple meanings, and it is this very ability which is profoundly ideological, in that it allows essentially socio‐historical obsessions and anxieties (e.g. about novelty and change) to appear as seemingly ‘natural’ or logical behaviour.
I'm OK, You’re (Not) OK: The Private Welfare State in the United States
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: March 2005

The American welfare state has been premised on the mixture of substantial private, tax‐subsidized benefits rather than on more universalistic public benefits. That pattern is in some ways being undermined as private pension plans are increasingly going bankrupt and firms reduce the benefits they provide employees. On the other hand, however, the current Bush administration is attempting to enhance the private sector role by allowing individuals to invest at least a part of their social insurance contributions into private savings plans. These changes may in the end increase the role of the public sector as a regulator and underwriter at the same time that attempts are made to minimize public sector involvement.
A NEW APPROACH TO ASSET INTEGRATION: METHODOLOGY AND MYSTERY
Authors: Flood Robert P. , Rose Andrew K.
Published: March 2005

Abstract.  This paper develops a new methodology to test financial market integration. Our technique is based on an intertemporal asset‐pricing model, and relies on estimating and comparing expected discount rates across asset markets. Expected discount rates are allowed to vary freely over time, constrained only by the fact that they are equal across assets. Assets are allowed to have very general risk characteristics, and are constrained only by a linear factor model of covariances with the discount rate over short time periods. We provide a variety of domestic and international empirical illustrations of our technique, and find surprisingly little evidence of integration.
Ethnic differences in stage of presentation of adults newly diagnosed with HIV‐1 infection in south London
Authors: Boyd AE , Murad S , O'Shea S , De Ruiter A , Watson C , Easterbrook PJ
Published: March 2005

Objectives

To establish whether there were ethnic differences in demographic characteristics, the stage at HIV diagnosis and reasons for and location of HIV testing between 1998 and 2000 in a large ethnically diverse HIV‐1‐infected clinic population in south London in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Methods

A retrospective review was carried out of all persons >18 years old attending King's College Hospital with a first positive HIV‐1 test between 1 January 1998 and 31 October 2000, and of a random sample of patients attending St Thomas' hospital with a first positive HIV‐1 test in the same period. Demographic data, details of reasons for and site of HIV test, clinical stage, CD4 lymphocyte count and HIV‐1 viral load at HIV diagnosis were abstracted from the local database and medical records. Comparisons were made according to ethnic group (white, black African and black Caribbean) and over time (1998, 1999 and 2000).

Results

Of the 494 patients with new HIV‐1 diagnoses between January 1998 and December 2000, 179 (36.2%) were white, 270 (54.7%) were black African and 45 (9.1%) were black Caribbean. There were significant differences across the ethnic groups in HIV risk group, reasons for and site of HIV testing, and clinical and CD4 stage at diagnosis. Among whites, 72.6% were men who had sex with men, 3.4% injecting drug users and 21.2% heterosexuals, compared to 2.2%, 0.4% and 93.3% among black Africans, and 28.9%, 0% and 68.9% among black Caribbeans (P<0.001). Black Africans were more likely to present with an AIDS diagnosis (21.3%) and a lower CD4 cell count [223 cells/μL; interquartile range (IQR) 88–348] compared to both whites (9.9%; 358 cells/μL; IQR 151–508) and black Caribbeans (17.9%; 294 cells/μL; IQR 113–380), who were intermediate between whites and black Africans in their stage of presentation. There was a statistically nonsignificant trend with time, between 1998 and 2000, towards earlier diagnosis based on the CD4 cell count in whites (323 and 403 cells/μL) and black Caribbeans (232 and 333 cells/μL), but a later diagnosis in black Africans (233 and 175 cells/μL). The majority of black Africans were HIV‐tested as a result of suggestive symptoms or antenatal screening (58.4%) rather than because of perceived risk (40.5%), in contrast to the situation in whites (24.1% vs. 71.7%, respectively) or black Caribbeans (34.5% vs. 65.5%, respectively) (P<0.001). We found no significant differences across ethnic groups in age, HIV‐1 viral load or year of HIV diagnosis.

Conclusions

Black Africans continue to present with more advanced HIV disease than whites or black Caribbeans, with no evidence of any trend towards earlier diagnosis. Future educational campaigns designed to promote the uptake of HIV testing among black Africans and black Caribbeans will need to address the multiple barriers to testing, including misperception of risk, stigma and ready access to testing.
The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families
Authors: Juffer Femmie , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H.
Published: March 2005

Background:  As infant disorganized attachment is a serious risk factor for later child psychopathology, it is important to examine whether attachment disorganization can be prevented or reduced.

Method:  In a randomized intervention study involving 130 families with 6‐month‐old adopted infants, two attachment‐based intervention programs were tested. In the first program, mothers were provided a personal book, and in the second program mothers received the same personal book and three home‐based sessions of video feedback. The third group did not receive intervention (control group).

Results:  The intervention with video feedback and the personal book resulted in enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness (d = .65). Children of mothers who received this intervention were less likely to be classified as disorganized attached at the age of 12 months (d = .46), and received lower scores on the rating scale for disorganization than children in the control group (d = .62). In the book‐only intervention group children showed lower disorganization ratings compared to the control group, but no effect on the number of infants with disorganized attachment classifications was found.

Conclusion:  Our short‐term preventive intervention program with video feedback and a book lowered the rate of disorganized attachment. The effectiveness of our intervention documents the importance of parenting in the development of infant attachment disorganization.
The Carter Neurocognitive Assessment for children with severely compromised expressive language and motor skills
Authors: Leevers Hilary J. , Roesler Cynthia P. , Flax Judy , Benasich April A.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, different means of assessing cognitive development in children with severe impairments in both their expressive language and their motor skills are reviewed. A range of techniques are considered, including traditional cognitive tests and behavioral and physiological measures, but these techniques are generally impractical and minimally informative when it comes to assessing children with both motor and speech impairments. Electrophysiological measures show some promise for the future, but are currently inadequate for wide‐ranging cognitive assessment. Development of the Carter Neurocognitive Assessment (CNA) is described. The CNA is appropriate for use in clinical and research settings and was designed to minimalize the impact of severely impaired motor skills and expressive language on performance. The CNA is intended to itemize and quantify a range of skills reflecting a cognitive level up to approximately 18 to 24 months in four areas: Social Awareness, Visual Attention, Auditory Comprehension and Vocal Communication. The use of the CNA to assess the performance and developmental growth of eight children with Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a midline developmental brain malformation, is described. The CNA is a useful tool for the assessment of children with severely compromised motor and verbal skills and has provided a more positive view of the cognitive potential of children with severe handicaps, such as the sample of children with HPE, than that presented in the past.
SAVING AND FLOW OF FUNDS ANALYSIS: A TOOL FOR FINANCIAL PLANNING IN INDIA*
Authors: Bhatt V. V.
Published: March 2005

Overall balance between expected available resources and planned investment is not sufficient to ensure development with stability. Imbalances and inflationary pressures could develop as a result of inconsistencies between sector‐wise investment structure and the sector‐wise structure of saving. This means that the dichotomy between real and financial planning needs to be eliminated not only at the national level but at the sectoral levels as well, so that the sector‐wise investment pattern is consistent with the emerging structure of saving and the flow‐of‐funds. This presents an analysis of the structure of saving and flow‐of‐funds in India, shows how it is actually used for the purpose of financial planning, and attempts to derive a formalized technique of financial planning. Analysis of the structure of saving in India during 1954–1955 to 1967–1968 indicates the importance of the household sector as the net lending sector to the borrowing sectors, the government and the private corporate sectors. On the basis of the feasible sectoral rates of growth in income and the past trends in sectoral saving‐income ratios and household saving pattern with such modifications as are necessary in the light of expected changes in various policies, sector‐wise saving structure and the pattern of household sector saving are projected for the Fourth Plan period (1969–1974).

Then a flow‐of‐funds matrix is prepared to derive sector‐wise investment estimates as are consistent with the estimated structure of saving and the likely changes in the lending policies of the financial institutions. A formalized technique of financial planning based on the Indian planning experience is presented in the last section of the paper.
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL TOOL*
Authors: Carson Carol S.
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this article is to record the history of the national income and product accounts of the United States, concentrating on the period 1932–47. During that period the single national income aggregate evolved into a set of accounts and the estimates emerged as an important analytical tool. Interviews with participants in these developments were extensively utilized to trace the events, people, ideas, and other factors which shaped the history of the accounts.

The generally recognized need for economic information during the Great Depression stimulated the request that the Department of Commerce undertake what became the first official continuing series on national income in the United States. These estimates were prepared with the cooperation of the National Bureau of Economic Research and were published in 1934. By the late 1930's, estimates were extended to include income by state and a monthly series. World War II was the impetus for the development of product, or expenditure, estimates. By the mid‐1940's, the estimates had evolved into a set of income and product accounts–a consolidated production account, sector income and outlay accounts, and a consolidated saving‐investment account–designed to provide a bird's‐eye‐view of the economy. During this period uses of the accounts widened; analysis of wartime production goals and anti‐inflation policy are noteworthy examples. The National Income, 1947 Edition was the culmination of a period of intensive conceptual discussion, extension of data sources, and improvement of estimating techniques. Thereafter the mainlines of development are more familiar, encompassing refinement and elaboration of the estimates and proliferation of uses.
A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF WELL‐BEING
Authors: Juster F. Thomas , Courant Paul N. , Dow Greg K.
Published: March 2005

The conceptual framework of the system specifies that societal resources are limited by two basic factors: the amount of available human time, and the stock of wealth inherited from the past. Wealth is defined very broadly to cover not only the conventional tangible capital assets familiar to economists, but also intangible human and other capital assets, stocks of organizational capital reflected by networks of social support systems (the family, the neighbourhood), stocks of environmental assets (the sun and air), and stocks of socio‐political assets (security, freedom of choice). Human time covers market work, household production, leisure, and biological maintenance.

Human time and capital stocks are used within households to produce a variety of tangible and intangible outputs, and these outputs in turn are used to produce a variety of satisfactions (utilities) or to augment stocks of capital, or both.

The basic sources of well‐being in the system are ultimately of two types: well‐being is produced as a consequence of the intrinsic benefits from all activities engaged in by individuals, which is to say that people have preferences over the way they spend their time; secondly, people derive utilities from the existence of various stocks or states of society, and these satisfactions are independent of the way in which time is used. The satisfactions associated with flows of goods are subsumed by satisfactions derived from activities associated with those goods.

The system contains a set of linkages among the various parts:

inputs of goods and time are used to produce tangible household output, using the familiar notions of household production functions and constrained optimization; tangible household products, which are intermediate in the system, are used in conjunction with human time to produce direct satisfactions or to augment household capital stocks; both household (micro) and societal (macro) capital stocks are linked directly to psychological well‐being; household activities are linked directly to flows of satisfactions, termed process benefits in the system; household preferences and values relating to policy variables are linked to public policies of various sorts, and policies modify the constraints and opportunities relevant for household decisions.

The system also has dynamic linkages. Modifications of household or public stocks produce impacts on future flows of well‐being; satisfactions from activities may adapt to the existence of constraints, hence changes in constraints can modify preferences and subsequently modify activities; and household behavior has a life‐cycle dimension which is inherently dynamic.
EDUCATION AND THE NATIONAL WEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES*
Authors: Kroch Eugene , Sjoblom Kriss
Published: March 2005

Human capital theory has motivated a great many empirical investigations into the relationship between education and earnings potential. These studies test refinements of the theory, but do not attempt to value education for the economy as a whole. This study develops series which track human wealth and its educational components for the United States from 1946 to 1980. Three related educational time sequences emerge: (1) schooling wealth, the present value of the current and future contributions of the existing schooling stock to national income; (2) net change in schooling wealth, the amount added to present value in that year; and (3) schooling investment, the present value of the future contributions of the new schooling conducted in that year.

One important lesson of this exercise is that the last two series can be quite different as a result of the pattern of appreciation and depreciation of human wealth over the lifetimes of individuals. Moreover, education increases the age of peak human wealth and thus should shorten the period during which individuals save for retirement. This phenomenon may induce a demographic cycle in the nation's savings rate, especially evidenced with the aging of the baby‐boom cohort.

The magnitudes of the human and schooling wealth estimates are large when compared to financial wealth. For a 4 percent rate, the period‐wide average for human wealth is five times‐and schooling wealth 2.6 times‐the Federal Reserve Board's measure of household net worth. These estimates are naturally sensitive to the discount rate chosen, but show that the gap between human and financial wealth has been widening and that the value of schooling provided in any year greatly exceeds its cost. Schooling represents a form of saving whose value is several times the conventional measure of saving.
STASIS AMID CHANGE INCOME INEQUALITY IN CANADA 1965‐1983
Authors: Wolfson Michael
Published: March 2005

Income inequality in Canada has not changed significantly over the past two decades, though this apparent stability may be surprising in view of the major economic and social changes that occurred over this period. The share of income going to the bottom quintile remains at about four percent while the top quintile continues to receive about 40 percent of income.

Social trends such as lower fertility rates have coincided with increased female labour force participation to increase family incomes in the middle and upper‐middle parts of the income spectrum. At the same time, the trend for baby boom children to establish their own separate households, and increased divorce and separation rates, have tended to create more small family units with low incomes. These social trends, in isolation of other factors, would have increased income inequality.

However, economic factors have apparently offset these tendencies. Since employment income is concentrated in the middle and upper‐middle ranges, the relative fall in this source of income over the past two decades tended to be equalizing. Similarly, the fact that a large part of total investment income accrues to the elderly who have below average income implies that the trend towards high interest rates has been equalizing. Finally, the social “safety nets” put in place in the mid‐1960s and early 1970s have grown in relative importance, and this too has had an equalizing impact on the distribution of income.

Given the overall stability in income inequality, the equalizing tendencies of economic factors such as high interest rates and relatively slow economic growth, with the large automatic responsiveness of governments' social safety net programs, appear to have just about exactly offset the disequalizing social factors of “baby boomers” leaving home, lower fertility, higher divorce and separation rates, and higher female labour force participation.
ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD WEALTH INEQUALITY IN THE U.S., 1962–1983
Authors: Wolff Edward N.
Published: March 2005

The study has two major objectives. The first is to determine time trends in household wealth inequality in the U.S. over the 1962–83 period. Four concepts of wealth are analyzed: (i) total household wealth, defined as total household assets less liabilities; (ii) fungible wealth, defined as total household wealth less consumer durables and household inventories; (iii) financial wealth, defined as fungible wealth less equity in owner‐occupied housing; and (iv) capital wealth, defined as financial wealth less currency, checking accounts, and time deposits. Relying on a variety of data sources, I find that wealth inequality remained relatively constant from about 1962 to 1973, fell sharply from about 1973 to about 1979, and then rose sharply between 1979 and 1983. Concentration in 1983 was greater than that in 1962 for financial and capital wealth but of similar magnitude for total and fungible wealth. The second, methodological in nature, is to analyze the effect on measured inequality of the alignment of raw survey data to national balance sheet totals. I find that the alignment process can significantly affect point estimates of household wealth distribution but does not generally affect the direction of inequality trends.
LONGITUDINAL MEASURES OF POVERTY: ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME AND ASSETS OVER TIME
Authors: Ruggles Patricia , Williams Roberton
Published: March 2005

This paper uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate durations of poverty spells and to determine whether temporarily poor families have sufficient assets to cover the shortfall of their incomes below poverty—their personal poverty gaps. If poverty is measured using monthly rather than annual income data, four times as many persons enter poverty, but most spells are short: the median duration is between four and six months. More than one‐third of all poverty spells are eliminated if financial assets are used to fill poverty gaps, but remaining poverty spells are longer. Separate estimates are made for the elderly and for families with children.
INEQUALITY MEASUREMENT USING ‘NORM INCOMES’: WERE GARVY AND PAGLIN ONTO SOMETHING AFTER ALL?
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P. , O'Higgins Michael
Published: March 2005

The “norm income” approach to inequality measurement is based on a comparison of the observed income distribution with a reference distribution consistent with the socially desired minimum degree of inequality (and not the equal shares distribution). Garvy and Paglin suggested such an approach, and we show that their methods, suitably modified, are closely related to the multivariate methods recently proposed by Atkinson and Bourguignon. The advantage and disadvantages of a norm income approach are analyzed in detail.
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE EXPANSION OF SERVICE EMPLOYMENT IN ADVANCED ECONOMIES
Authors: Elfring Tom
Published: March 2005

In this article the expansion of service sector employment is examined in detail in seven OECD countries, i.e. France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States, using a newly developed set of estimates for service employment. A sufficient degree of disaggregation, consistency and harmonization was attained by merging existing national sources on employment. The twenty two distinguished service activities are aggregated into four subsectors i.e. producer, distributive, personal and social services. The new evidence revealed that the characteristics of the expansion of services claimed by a number of studies needs adjustment, and for some services the figures of recent years indicate serious changes in trends. In the sixties the growing service employment share was largely due to the expansion of social services. In the seventies and eighties growth in social services slowed down and the expansion of producer services became more prominant. Further, employment growth in personal services started to accelerate in the seventies after substantial declines in the sixties. These changing trends were most pronounced in the United States, but other countries seem to be following the same pattern with some lag.
CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IN LATIN AMERICA: A SIX COUNTRY COMPARISON FOR 1950–89
Authors: Hofman André A.
Published: March 2005

This article provides estimates of gross and net fixed capital stock for six Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela for 1950–89. The capital stocks have been generated using the perpetual inventory method. To use the perpetual inventory method, historical time series of gross fixed investment, broken down into machinery and equipment, residential and non‐residential structures were estimated. The diskette accompanying the article contains a detailed description of the sources and series used and for each country, long‐term series (1900–89) of GDP at constant 1980 national prices, GDP at constant 1980 international dollars, population, GDP per capita and gross total and disaggregated investment in national currencies and as a percentage of GDP. The diskette also contains a complete set of net and gross capital stock estimates, average ages, average service life and capital‐output ratios for 1950–89 each in national currencies and international dollars.

The findings show rising capital‐output ratios in most countries, except for Chile, where it remains more or less constant, and Colombia, where the ratio falls.
POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH APPLICATION TO CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Authors: Kakwani Nanak
Published: March 2005

This paper explores the relation between economic growth and poverty, and develops the methodology to measure separately the impact of changes in average income and income inequality on poverty. The paper also provides a link between the growth rates in various sectors of the economy and the total poverty. The methodology proposed is applied to the data taken from the Côte d'lvoire Living Standards Survey conducted in 1985.
IS THERE BIAS IN COMPUTING HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES?
Authors: Ferreira M. Luisa , Buse Reuben C. , Chavas Jean‐Paul
Published: March 2005

Household equivalence scales are often used to help perform welfare comparisons across households with different demographic composition. Abstracting from the problems of value judgments and ethical standards, the use of equivalence scales to perform welfare comparisons still faces several measurement problems, namely the identification problem and the endogeneity problem. This paper introduces and estimates an unconditional demand system that simultaneously addresses these two problems. By explicitly considering the demand for leisure, and the fact the household can choose some of its demographic characteristics, we deal with the endogeneity problem and obtain consistent estimates. We identify unconditional equivalence scales by estimating the demand for endogenous demographic variables along with the demand for leisure and consumer goods. More general equivalence scales allowing for better comparability are estimated and used for welfare comparisons.
EARNJNGS INEQUALITY IN PORTUGAL: HIGH AND RISING?
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute
Published: March 2005

The level of earnings inequality and its change during the 1980s in Portugal are analyzed, relying on several inequality measures and on international comparisons to generate insight into their patterns. A high level of inequality at the beginning of the eighties is detected, together with a pronounced rise in wage dispersion, brought about by growing inequality at the top. Changes taking place within economic activities, possibly technical progress, are the main forces driving these changes in the wage pattern, while demographic forces, as well as international trade, which could have generated shifts in the demand for labor across economic activities, should be dismissed as explanations for the rise in labor market inequality in Portugal from 1983 to 1992.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY: A REVIEW
Authors: Islam Nazrul
Published: March 2005

Several different approaches to international comparison of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) have now emerged. Among these are the time‐series approach, the panel approach, and the cross‐section approach. This paper compares methodologies of these different approaches and results that have been obtained from their application. The comparison of results is conducted in the context of two samples, namely the sample of G7 countries and a large sample that includes developing nations. It is found that while there are broad agreements in results, there exist considerable differences too. The analysis shows how these differences can be related, in part, to differences in methodology. The paper also shows how these different approaches to international TFP‐comparison can play a complementary role in enhancing our understanding of such important phenomena as technological diffusion and TFP‐convergence.
Clinical Applications of a Polyphosphazene‐Based Resilient Denture Liner
Authors: Razavi Ramin , Khan Zafrulla , Haeberle C. Brent , Beam David
Published: March 2005

The use of resilient denture liners provides an invaluable modality in removable prosthodontic treatment. Treatment of atrophic mandibles, preoperative and postoperative soft tissue management, and retention of removable prosthesis are a few applications of these materials. This article describes the clinical application of a polyphosphazene‐based liner (Novus, Hygenic Corp, Dayton, OH) as a denture liner and retentive material in conventional and implant overdenture rehabilitation.
Cantilever and Implant Biomechanics: A Review of the Literature, Part 1
Authors: Rodriguez Arthur M. , Aquilino Steven A. , Lund Peter S.
Published: March 2005

In Part 1 of this two‐part literature review, the biomechanics of cantilever fixed partial dentures are reviewed. Theoretical constructs of implant biomechanics with special emphasis on implant‐supported cantilevers are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the literature regarding occlusal forces generated by patients with implant‐supported prostheses is presented.
In Vitro Fracture Behavior of Ceramic and Metal‐Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Smith Thomas B. , Kelly J. Robert , Tesk John A.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Failed crowns and failure load data were studied to gain insights into the fracture behavior of prostheses under incisal‐directed, load‐to‐failure testing.

Materials and Methods

Incisor crowns (n = 68) were fabricated: two all‐ceramic groups (feldspathic veneer on high‐strength core), differing in core design, and two metal‐ceramic groups, differing in metal oxidation time (30 seconds v 3 minutes). Crowns were loaded to failure on their incisal edge. Gross visual, microscopic, and elemental microprobe analyses of failed crowns were coupled with Weibull analysis of the failure load data.

Results

Failure loads were higher for the normal oxidation time (TN) than for the extended oxidation time (TE) metal‐ceramic crowns (P < .02), but both groups had indistinguishable Weibull moduli indicating the possibility of a common failure origin. Fracture behavior and Weibull results both implicated the oxide layer as being the origin of failure. The ratio of fracture loads (TE/TN) corresponded well with calculated oxide‐volume ratios. Failure loads were lower for the all‐ceramic than for the metal‐ceramic crowns (P < .001). Fifty percent of the all‐ceramic crowns failed by delamination of veneering glass alone, leaving a thin layer of residual glass on the core surface. Scanning electron microscope views showed that delamination occurred 10 to 50 μm away from the core‐veneer interface. Electron microprobe elemental analysis of the core‐veneer interface showed that residual core infiltration glass was not present on the core surface and that chemical alterations in the veneering glass were apparently limited to less than a 2‐ to 3‐μm thick layer.

Conclusions

Failure for both restorative systems involved interfacial stresses with crack propagation occurring at or near the core‐veneer interface. The weaker interface in the metal‐ceramic system probably resulted from an increase in surface oxide volume, irrespective of any change in its adherence or physical properties. For the ceramic crowns, delamination crack fronts appeared to propagate through chemically unaltered veneering porcelain. Both the Weibull moduli and characteristic strengths were indistinguishable between either of the two ceramic core designs or between groups failing from delamination with or without core cracking/failure. This is consistent with delamination being the primary fracture process during failure. Clinical implications should not be drawn from results of this study because no correlation is known to have ever been established between clinical behavior and incisal load‐to‐failure results.
Intrusion Of Teeth In The Combination Implant‐to‐Natural‐Tooth Fixed Partial Denture: A Review of the Theories
Authors: Pesun Igor J.
Published: March 2005

This article reviews the literature dealing with the combination implant‐to‐natural‐tooth‐supported fixed partial denture. The restoration of masticatory function with a combination implant‐to‐natural‐tooth fixed partial denture is associated with a variety of undesirable clinical sequelae, including the breakage of implant components, damage to the abutment teeth, or intrusion of the abutment teeth. Theories regarding intrusion of abutment teeth combined with implants for fixed partial dentures are only speculative. Several theories are presented to explain the intrusion of natural teeth in association with implant‐to‐natural‐tooth fixed partial dentures. One of the first theories was based on the idea that a lack of normal stimulation of the periodontal ligament produces atrophy of the periodontal ligament and intrusion of the tooth. The remaining theories relate to excessive forces being placed on the natural tooth, resulting in movement of the tooth to a less stressful position. These forces are placed on the tooth by differential energy dissipation, mandibular flexion and torsion, flexion of the fixed partial denture framework, impaired rebound memory, debris impaction or microjamming, or ratchet effect related to the use of precision attachments. Based a review of the literature, a philosophy for treating combination implant‐to‐natural‐tooth restorations is presented.
Results after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. III. Tooth loss and survival analysis
Authors: Pohl Yango , Wahl Gerhard , Filippi Andreas , Kirschner Horst
Published: March 2005

Abstract –  Avulsed permanent teeth were replanted following immediate extraoral endodontic treatment by insertion of posts from a retrograde direction. Some teeth were rescued in a physiologic environment (tissue culture medium contained in a tooth rescue box), and in some cases antiresorptive‐regenerative therapy (ART) was used. The aim of the study was to identify variables that influence the incidence of tooth loss and the survival of avulsed and replanted permanent incisors. Twenty‐eight permanent teeth in 24 patients aged 7–17 years were investigated. In all teeth extraoral endodontic treatment by retrograde insertion of posts was performed. All nine teeth with functional healing (FH) were in situ. Of the 19 teeth with non‐FH, seven were removed to allow transplantations. Two teeth were removed due to severe infrapositions. One tooth was lost following a new trauma. No tooth was lost due to acute infections. In descriptive statistics the incidence of tooth loss was significantly related to healing (P = 0.0098, Fisher's exact test), to treatment planning, i.e. consecutive replantation of premolars and primary canines (P = 0.0001, Fisher's exact test) and to immediate physiologic rescue (P = 0.0394). ART was related to tooth loss when tested in teeth with a compromised periodontal ligament (P = 0.0389). No influence could be found for the parameters maturity, age and all other factors. In a regression analysis treatment planning was the only factor left which had a significant influence (P = 0.0002). The estimated mean survival time (Kaplan–Meier analysis) for all teeth was 57.3 months. The survival was significantly reduced (P = 0.0002, log rank test) when consecutive transplantations were intended and performed. No influence could be found for maturity, age and all other factors. The different findings to previous studies can be explained by the prevention of complications related to conventional endodontic treatment approaches. Statistics have to be carefully interpreted due to case preselection which is determined by the treatment guidelines and actual treatment options of the individual treating dentist.
A solution (Dirac electron in crossed, constant electric and magnetic fields) that has found a problem (relativistic quantized Hall effect)
Authors: Nieto Michael Martin , Taylor Philip L.
Published: March 2005

The exactly solvable Dirac electron in crossed, constant electric and magnetic fields represents the relativistic quantized Hall effect. The solution allows one to show that there are no relativistic quantum-mechanical corrections to the ordinary quantized Hall effect.
Lattice vibrations of solids
Authors: Pohl R. O.
Published: March 2005

Specific heat is one of the oldest techniques used in condensed matter physics. This paper reviews the contributions made through specific heat measurements to our understanding of lattice vibrations in solids, starting with the work of Petit and Dulong in 1819. Recently, specific heat measurements have revealed new information on the lattice vibrations in glasses, i.e., structurally disordered systems and certain highly disordered, yet crystalline, solids. These two classes of solids contain anomalous low energy excitations which completely mask the specific heat resulting from plane wave excitations at low temperatures. Measurements of thermal relaxations (time dependent specific heat) in these solids have also demonstrated the limits of the concept of temperature in these solids in the low temperature limit.
Newton’s law of motion for variable mass systems applied to capillarity
Authors: Menon V. J. , Agrawal D. C.
Published: March 2005

The standard Newton’s equation of motion for variable masses is set up and solved to describe the time-dependent rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. The findings in the nonviscous case are also supported by quantitative estimates of the potential energy changes suffered by the interfacial films. The theoretical oscillations in the viscous case are confirmed experimentally for tubes having a radius larger than a critical value.
Aspergillus lentulus
sp. nov., a New Sibling Species of
A. fumigatus
Authors: Balajee S. Arunmozhi , Gribskov Jennifer L. , Hanley Edward , Nickle David , Marr Kieren A.
Published: March 2005

In a prior study, we identified seven clinical isolates of an
Aspergillus
sp. that were slow to sporulate in multiple media and demonstrated decreased in vitro susceptibilities to multiple antifungals, including amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin. These isolates were initially considered to be variants of
Aspergillus fumigatus
because of differences in mitochondrial cytochrome
b
sequences and unique randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR patterns (S. A. Balajee, M. Weaver, A. Imhof, J. Gribskov, and K. A. Marr, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1197-1203, 2004). The present study was performed to clarify the taxonomic status of these organisms by phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing of five genes (the β-tubulin gene, the rodlet A gene, the salt-responsive gene, the mitochondrial cytochrome
b
gene, and the internal transcribed spacer regions). Results revealed that four of the seven variant isolates clustered together in a clade very distant from
A. fumigatus
and distinct from other members of the
A. fumigatus
group. This new clade, consisting of four members, was monophyletic with strong bootstrap support when the protein-encoding regions were analyzed, indicating a new species status under the phylogenetic species concept. Phenotype studies revealed that the variant isolate has smaller conidial heads with diminutive vesicles compared to
A. fumigatus
and is not able to survive at 48°C. Our findings suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized, potentially drug-resistant
Aspergillus
species that we designate
A. lentulus
.