bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guinea Pig-Amblyomma Americanum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1979
Authors: Hunt L. M. , Gilbert B. N.
Published: March 2022

The procedure is as follows: Hair on guinea pigs is clipped around the midsection. Then 2 capsule cages each containing 12 starved nymphal lone star ticks are attached with contact cement and tape to each animal. Those guinea pigs receiving the candidate compound are treated 24 h later. An untreated pig serves as the control and provides data for Abbott’s formula. Doses of the active ingredient depend on guinea pig weight, compound structure, LD50, and other considerations though the maximum is 30 mg/kg. This amount Is formulated in diethyl succinate and administered subcutaneously on 3 alternate days, a volume of^500 ul/injection. About 4-6 days after the 1st treatment, dead ticks in the cages are detached and counted, and/or replete ticks were removed from the capsules and held to observe mortality and nymphal molt. Effectiveness is determined by the percentage of ticks that fail to ecdyse (including dead nymphs that detach without engorging).
House Fly Control in Permethrin-Treated Poultry Houses, 1978
Authors: Palmer W. A. , Zorka T. J. , Bay D. E.
Published: March 2022

House fly populations in treated and untreated caged-layer poultry houses were monitored to assay residual control by permethrin treatment. A vacated, cleaned house, measuring ca. 100 × 25 m, was sprayed to the point of run-off with a 0.1% Al permethrin (37% EC) spray. Treated surface areas consisted primarily of unfinished wood. A second identical untreated house served as a con-trol. Both houses were restocked following treatment. Weekly estimates of house fly relative population levels in the 2 houses were determined by hanging 4 sticky-trap tapes for 24-h intervals approximately 20 m apart along a center beam above the cages.
Sugarcane Rootstalk Borer Weevil, Diaprepes Abbreviatus (L.); Insect Growth Regulators, 1977
Authors: Beavers J. B. , Schroeder W. J.
Published: March 2022

Eight compounds having insect growth regulator activity were tested at rates of 100 and 1,000 ppm to determine their effect on eggs of adult weevils caged on sprayed 0.5 m-tall citrus seedlings in 15.3-cm-diameter pots. Treatments were applied by dissolving the compounds in 5 ml acetone, bringing the solution to 100-ml volume with water plus 5 drops of Tween 20, and evenly atomizing the emulsion onto the seedlings. After 2 hr, 5 � and 2 d/tree were placed on the seedlings in sleeve cages (6 trees/treatment per chemical). A diflubenzuron standard plus an untreated control were included in the test. Egg masses were collected weekly for 2 wk, and held 10 days at 25-26 C in the laboratory. Then counts of hatched and unhatched eggs were made.
Apple, Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Roc George C.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of five single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design using Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Stayman cultivars. Treatments were applied with handgun at 2-wk intervals after May 1 spray for Penncap-M and parathion and at 2-wk intervals after May 1 spray for Guthion treatment. Aphids were counted on 4 occasions for a total of 15 min/count using all 5 trees/treatment. Because of a light crop, all fruit on each tree replicate was inspected at harvest (Aug. 26).
Apple, Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Rock George C.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of four single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design using Red Delicious, Golden Delicious and Stayman cultivars. Treatments were applied with handgun at 3-wk intervals after Apr 25 for Penncap M and parathion and at 2-wk intervals for Guthion treatment. Aphids were counted on 4 occasions for a total of 15 min/count using all 4 trees/treatment. Insect damage at harvest (Aug 23) was determined from 400 fruit (100 fruit/tree replicate).
Apple, Mite Control with Experimental Materials, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1979
Authors: Weires R. W. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for their miticidal properties in a seasonal control program conducted at the Hudson Valley Laboratory orchards. In addition an experimental mificide, UC 55248, was applied at tight cluster (Apr 23) and again on Jul 12 and evaluated along with other treatments. With the exception of UC 55248, all treatments were applied at petal fall (May 15) and in six cover sprays May 29, Jun 14, 28, Jul 12, 26, and Aug 13. Treatments were applied dilute to run-off using 4 . 2 gal spray/tree or 403 gal/acre. Each treatment was applied to eight-tree plots of 5 to 7 different apple cultivars on the EM2 rootstock replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were ca. 12 ft high and spaced 15 × 30 ft. Additional sprays applied for disease control over the entire block included: Difolatan 4F 5 gal/acre Apr 19 and Cyprex 65W 2lb/acre Jun 1 . Pest mite population pressure was very great with over 61 ERM and 300 ARM/leaf in the check by Jul 5 . Above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall during the month of Jul contributed to the high mite populations. Because of the high mite populations present, Plicfran 50W 4 oz formulation/100 gal was combined with the Ambush, Lorsban, Penncap, Guthion, Pirimor, Diazinon, and Pounce treatments and applied on the Jul 12 cover spray. Mites were evaluated Jun 8, Jul 5, 20, and Aug 20 by collecting 25 Red Delicious leaves/tree from each replicate. The leaves were brushed with a mite brushing machine and all mite stages counted under a binocular scope.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, Summer Treatments, 1979
Authors: Bode W. M.
Published: March 2022

Single-tree plots were located in a 2-acre block of 7-yr-old d'Anjou pear trees. Eacti treatment was replicated 5 times in a complete randomized block design. Adult psylla were sampled by beating 3 branches of each tree over an 18 × 18 inch square cloth tray. Psylla eggsandnymphswere counted by examining 10 terminal shoot leaves from each tree with a microscope. Treatments were applied to run-off with a handgun. The initial application of all treatments was made on Jun 1. A pretreatmenf count of pear psylla had been made on May 30. The second application of treatments was made on Jul 4, however, the first 2 Pydrin treatments were not reapplied at that time. Since unsprayed trees alternated between sprayed plots in the rows, there was a great tendency for pear psylla adults to reinfest the plots trees.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1979
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Fifteen-yr-old Barlett pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate candidate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replications in randomized block design. Each plot was sprayed on May 1 and Jun 29. Treatments were evaluated by counts of adults and nymphs before the first treatment and at intervals through the duration of the test. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating tray samples/replicate. Nymphs were counted on 5 spurs through Jun 4 and on 5 terminals thereafter from each replicate. Fruit quality was evaluaated on the BAAM and check plots by measuring firmness, soluble solids and titratable acid of 10 fruits/replicate on Aug 8 and 13.
Pear, Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Handgun sprays were applied to 10-yr-old Bartlett and d'Anjou pear trees to evaluate candidate acaricides and to check for phytotoxicity. Plots consisted of two 10-tree replicates, one of each variety. Mites were counted from 50-leaf samples from each replicate using the standard leaf brushing technique.
Pear, Evaluation of Several Experimental Insecticid Es in Seasonal Control Programs, 1979
Authors: Riedle Helmut , Hoying S. A.
Published: March 2022

Tests were carried out in a 2.2-acre pear block at the University of California Deciduous Fruit Field Station in San Jose, California, to compare spray programs with synthetic pyrethroids and an insect growth regulator to standard chemicals and assess their effect on target and nontarget arthropods. Five treatments (including the check) each consisting of three 64-tree (8 × 8) replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Three of the 5 treatments were later split to accommodate additional variations in spray programs. Each program consisted of a delayed dormant application followed by a cluster bud spray (oil treatments only) and 2 or 3 cover sprays. Sprays were applied until run-off with a hydraulic handgun sprayer operating at 300 psi. Leaf samples (300/treatment) were taken at ca. 2-wk intervals to record pear psylla eggs and nymphs, spider mites, and phytoseiid predators. Leaves were brushed for rust mites. The limb-tap method was used to assess populations of adult pear psylla and macropredators (60 trays/treatment). Fruit was inspected for codling moth damage at midseason and at harvest (300/treatment) and was rated for russet (75/treatment, at harvest only).
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1979
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O .
Published: March 2022

A peach orchard at Smith Tract, Orondo, Washington, was selected for this test. The orchard was a mixture of early and late maturing peach varieties. Three separate plots were used in the same orchard for three different insecticide timing tests. Four single tree replicates were used in a randomized block design for each treatment. The timings were bud break on Apr 4 (Table 1), pink on Apr 11 (Table 2) and post-bloom on May 17 (Table 3). All plots were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal per A) with handguns at 400 to 500 psi. Five terminals were collected at random from each tree. Early season counts were made by examining individual terminals under a binocular microscope. The last count was made by placing all terminals from a tree in a Berlese funnel with an overhead light source to force the aphids down. Aphids were collected in vials filled with 95% alcohol at the bottom of funnels. Alcohol was filtered through filter paper and allowed to dry. The aphids were counted on the filter paper under a binocular microscope. See tables for the dates different sample methods were used.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Victor French J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental acaricides LY 131117, LY 127063, and LY 131215 were compared to Dimilin in a randomized experiment on 5-year-old grapefruit trees (24 × 24 ft spacing). Each treatment was replicated 4 times on single-tree plots by hand gun of a John Bean Model 1010- MTBT sprayer at 225 psi, ca. 10 gal/tree. Treatments were made on May 15 and reapplied on Jul 12, with citrus rust mite (CRM) counts at 3-4 week intervals postspray. Twenty-five fruit were randomly selected in each tree (100/treatment) and CRM were counted on top, median, and bottom of each fruit using a 10X handlens with a 1-cm2 grid.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Bullock Robert G.
Published: March 2022

Tank mixes of Mitac, foliar nutritionals and an 0.75% oil emulsion were evaluated as dilute sprays vs. citrus rust mite in a block of single-bedded 'Hamlin' orange trees planted on a 15 × 25 ft spacing. The nutritional spray contained zinc, copper, boron, and manganese (ZnCuBMn). The 2-tree plots were separated from adjacent plots by unsprayed guard rows. Applications were made on Jun 27 with a John Bean Royalier JK-20T hydraulic sprayer operated at 200 psi and equipped with a double Boyce gun. Approximately 5 gals of spray were needed to spray each tree to 'run-off'. At the indicated pre- and post-treatment intervals, population density on fruit was determined by recording the total number of live rust mites seen in the 1.2 cm2 field of a 10X hand lens at 2 sites on each of 15 fruit selected while the examiner circled each target tree. Fruit injury was determined with the aid of a 2 ft2 frame positioned at a height of 6 ft on the perimeter of the tree canopy. All fruit within the square was examined for peel russet. For each treatment, a frame count was made in each quadrant of 16 trees.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Selhime A. G.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus rust mite. Treatments were applied Jun 19 as dilute full-coverage sprays using a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer and handgun with 450 psi at the pump, to 3-year-old nonbearing navel orange trees in 4 tree plots (replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design). Twenty leaf samples/rep were examined by using four 10X binocular microscope fields/leaf (2 upper and 2 lower leaf surface), all living adult citrus rust mites in these areas were counted. Citrus rust mites averaged 35.5 mites/rep pretreatment. Rainfall totalled 25.07 inches during the test.
Pecan, Hickory Shuckworm Management, 1979
Authors: Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks were established in an Improved 27 year old pecan orchard on a 35 × 35 ft spacing near College Station, TX in Burleson Co. in July 1979. Each block consisted of 6 trees in the row with adjacent rows untreated. Pretreatment monitoring of pecan nut development was used to time treatments which were initiated when shell hardening began on Aug 21 and a 2nd treatment was applied on Sept 4. Evaluations were made on Oct 30 by harvesting 50 nuts from each of the 4 middle trees in each block and examining the shucks for hickory shuckworm. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity speed sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nurs was observed from any treatment. Phosalone was the treatment standard.
Pecan, Pecan Nut Casebearer Management, 1979
Authors: Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks were established in an improved 27 year old pecan orchard on a 35 × 35 ft spacing near College Station, TX, in Burleson, Co. in Apr. Each block consisted of 4 trees in the row. Pretreatment monitoring of pecan nut development, weather and oviposition were used to time treatment application. Treatments were applied on May 15 after a few eggs had been found by treating each 4 tree block and leaving the adjacent rows untreated. Evaluations were made on Jun 8 by examining 50 nut clusters on each of the 2 middle trees in each block for damage to pecan nuts by the pecan nut cosebearer. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity speed sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. No phytotoxiciry to foliage or nuts was observed from any treatment. Phosalone was the treatment standard.
Pecan, Pecan Weevil Management, 1979
Authors: Harris Marvin K.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks were established in a mature bearing native pecan grove at Hidden Valley Farms near Hamilton, TX in Hamilton Co. in Jul. Each block consisted of at least 10 trees covering a minimum of 2 acres. Pretreatment monitoring of pecan nut development and pecan weevil emergence from the soil were used to initiate the first application on Aug 23 when adult pecan weevil emergence was underway and the liquid endosperm of the nut kernel was observed to thicken. A 2nd treatment was made on Sept 3 and a 3rd on Sept 12. Evaluations were mode on Oct 18 by examining 300 nuts with shucks.intact from each treatment from a minimum of 4 trees within each treatment for immature stages of pecan weevil in the kernels and hickory shuckworm damage in the shucks. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity speed sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was observed from any treatment. Carbaryl was the treatment standard.
Two Spotted Spidermite Control Test on Bean, 1978
Authors: Neal John W. , Drake Gale E.
Published: March 2022

Paired plants about 8 in. high, greenhouse grown in 4 - in. pots with perlite medium, were trimmed to 2 leaves/plant. Plants were secured in an upright position with plastic ties to bamboo rods inserted in the rooting medium. Each leaf was infested by attaching a section of leaf with a pin from an infested plant removed from a long established mite colony (N. H. Wright Co., Cranbury, NJ 1948). A small amount of lanolin was applied as a collar to each leaf petiole to restrict mite migration. Pinned leaf sections were removed after 24 hours. Formulated chemicals were prepared with water and applied to run-off with a Hudson Climax pneumatic hand-held sprayer. Each treatment was applied to 8 plants or 16 leaves in 3 separate tests. In each test 8 check plants were sprayed with water from a sprayer with no history of chemical use. Leaves were removed within 4 to 8 days post-treatment and both sides were examined under a stereo-microscope for alive and dead mites.
Cabbage, Cabbage Caterpillar Control, 1978
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: March 2022

Cabbages were transplanted Mar 17. Plots were 1 row, 25-ft long with 3-ft row width. Experimental design was a 4 × 4 lattice. Soil type was 0 loamy sand which received 7 in. rain and 1.75 in. overhead irrigation. Plots were sprayed Apr 12, 14, May 2, 10, 17 by hand with 50 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Caterpillar feeding damage was recorded at harvest on 10 plants/plot using a 0-5 scale: (1) = no damage, 1-2 = light-moderate damage to outer leaves, 3-5 - light to severe damage to head + wrapper leaves. Plants with scores < 3 were classed as marketable.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Hogenkamp Derk J. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Schulz Paula J.
Published: March 2022

'Late Flat Dutch' cabbage seedlings were transplanted Jun 18, at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were single row, 30 ft long, spaced 40-inches apart and randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Two experiments were conducted. Insecticide sprays were applied in the 1st experiment Aug 20 and again Aug 29. Insects were counted Aug 29 (prior to spraying) and again Aug 31. Insecticides were applied in the 2nd experiment Aug 29 and insects counted on Aug 31. Ten plants were sampled from each plot. A 2-gal handoperated, compressed air sprayer depressing 114 gal water/acre at a ca 40 psi was used to apply the insecticide.
Combined Residues of Dasanit and Its Three Metabolites Applied to Chinese Cabbage for Control of Root Maggot, 1977-78
Authors: George D. A .
Published: March 2022

Dasanit 15% G and 6 SC were each applied to Chinese cabbage at rates of 1, 2, and 4 oz ai/1000 ft-row at the Yakima, WA research location and at rates of 2 and 4 oz ai/1000 ft-row at the Puyallup, WA experiment station in the crop years of 1977 and 1978. The granules were incorporated into the soil over the row in 6-in band widths at planting time; the SC was applied 30 days later as a spray directed at the base of the plants. There were 4 replications of each treatment. The laboratory procedure used for sampling, extraction, and cleanup of the extract is available on request.
Foliar Treatments to Control Flea Beetles on Collards, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

'Votes' collards were direct seeded In 3-ft rows on Jun 13 and thinned to 10-in spacing 1 month later. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged In a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. A single application was made on Sep 16. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of flea beetles per 10 sweeps with a 15 inch diameter insect net at 3, 24 and 96 hours after treatment.
Sweet Corn, Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Silking Corn, 1979
Authors: Bowman James S. , Porcellini S. W.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn utilized in this study was located on the Robert Wiggins Farm, Stratham, NH. Before the block was selected, it had been treated with one application of Lannate at 0.9 lb ai/acre while in the whorl stage to clean up an infestation of fall armyworm. Each plot consisted of a 30-ft row with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied to the silk area beginning at 10% silk stage and extending into the brown silk stage. Frequency of applications was determined utilizing black light trap collections of corn earworm moths and following the spray intervals recommendations of the local sweet corn pest management program. Spray applications were made using a one gallon B & G COo pressurized sprayer of 52 gallons per acre. Evaluations were made on Sep 13 by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of worms and/or feeding injury.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Sweet Corn, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N . , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

'N&K 199' was planted, 10-inch spacing in 3-ft rows, on May 18. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 25 ft long with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear and to areas about 15 inches above and below the ear with a D.B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, handoperated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/acre (40 psi), using a Spraying Systems Cone Jet Y-8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated at first silk on Jul 17 and continued at 2-3 day intervals thru Jul 31, a total of 7 applications overall. Twenty-five ears were harvested from each treatment replicate on Aug 4 and checked for earworms. The following categories were selected for evaluation of corn earworm injury: 1)Clean - no evidence of earworm; 2)Slight - confined to silk or extreme tip of ear; 3)Medium - injury less than 1.5 inches below tip; ear could be clipped; and 4)Severe - damage well below ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use.
Corn (Sweet), Corn Earworm Control, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Trucker's Favorite' sweet corn was planted on May 29 near Benson, NC. Single-row plots 20-ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 -ft alleys between replications. One maintenance spray combining Sevin and Lannate was made prior to start of test. Treatments were applied every Monday, Wednesday and Friday beginning Jul 25 (with 25% of the plants tasseling) and ending Aug 13 (9 applications). All sprays were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons of wafer/acre using a 2.5-gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow-cone nozzle. All mature ears were harvested on Aug 15. Harvested ears were divided into 3 damage classes: undamaged, slight - ear tip damaged, heavy - no market value. Armyworms were present but were not as numerous as corn earworms.
Cabbage Looper and Beet Armyworm Control in Lettuce, 1978
Authors: Toscano N. C. , Kido K. , Steenwyk R. V.
Published: March 2022

Materials were tested for cabbage looper and beet armyworm control on Iceberg lettuce 'Climax' Imperial Valley, CA. The plots were two beds (40 inch double planting), 50 ft long with 4 replicates in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied using a hand sprayer equipped with a CO2 cylinder fitted with 4 nozzles (#8004) per bed, operated at 60 gals/acre and 30 psi. The treatments were made on Oct 24 when the plants were in the 5-6 leaf stage.
Onion Maggot Control, 1979
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Wilsey W. T. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted Apr 14 in Elba and May 4 in Oswego. Both locations are mucklands of major importance to the onion industry in New York. Plots were single rows, 30-ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Data was recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All treatments were applied in the furrow with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 GPA through a gravity-fed spray system. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow with each treatment at 2.4 lb ai/acre for control of onion smut. Stand counts were taken May 29 at Elba and May 31 at Oswego. All drenches were applied in a 2-4 in band at the time of stand counts through a CO2-powered system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 75 GPA through one flat fan (8006) nozzle. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca twice per week during Jun and early Jul. Each wilted plant was pulled and examined to determine whether injury was due to onion maggot or other causes. Harvests were taken Sep 4 at Oswego and Sep 11 at Elba by topping, pulling, counting and weighing the onions in each 20 ft row.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1979
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth (Test 1) and Winthrop, Maine (Tests 2 and 3), as dilute sprays with a handgun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 psi at a rate of 250 to 350 gal/A. The trees were sprayed on May 31-Jun 1 (petal fall), Jun 13-14, 25-28, Jul 9-10, 23-24, Aug 6-7, 20-21 (first cover through sixth cover). Each material was applied on all dates except as noted in table. Also, the first two Pydrin treatments in Test 2 were applied only on May 10 (tight cluster), 17 (full pink), 31 (petal fall), Jun 25, Jul 23. In Test 1 the fungicide program (rates are per 100 gal) consisted of Difolatan 4F (2 qt) on Apr 26; captan 80W (.625 lb) + Ben late 50W (2 oz) on 9 dates; Epsom salts (15 lb) on Jun 1, 8, and 20; and Solubor (1 lb) on Jun 8. In addition, Polyram 80W (2 lb) was tank-mixed with each insecticide at each spray. In Tests 2 and 3, the fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (4 qt) on Apr 25 (half-inch green) and Polyram 80W (2 lb) at each cover; Polyram was tank-mixed with each treatment. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 'Mcintosh' and 2 'Spartan' cultivars per treatment in Test 1, 4 'Mcintosh' per treatment in Test 2, and 2 'Cortland' and 2 'Red Delicious' per treatment in Test 3. Except for the test trees, these orchards were unsprayed. On Aug 30, three-fourths box of apples was picked from each three and generally ca. 500 to 525 apples were examined per treatment on Sep 8 to 15 for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feeding injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm). Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. All live aphids found on Jul 25-26 (also Aug 2 and 9 for Test 1) on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded. European red mites were counted on 3 dates from Jul 27 to Aug 22 and 25 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and the mites brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Heavy pressure was exerted by aphids and mites in Test 1 and by the apple maggot in Tests 2 and 3. Except for heavy rains on Jul 1, 16, 17, and 26, Jun, Jul, and Aug were hot and dry.
Foliar Insecticides for Control of Green Peach Aphids and Colorado Potato Beetles, Test 4, 1978
Authors: Powell D. M.
Published: March 2022

'Russet Burbank' potatoes were planted Mar 30 in Ritzville silt loam soil {Mesic Colciorthidic Haploxerolls) with a pH of 6.2 and 1.6% organic matter at Yakima, WA. On Jun 6, the foliar insecticides were applied in 40 gal of spray/acre with a 2-row portable boom CO2 hand sprayer. The plants were 12-14 in. high and each plot was 2-rows wide (5.6 ft) and 25-ft long. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The number of aphids/20 compound potato leaves per plot was determined at 3, 6, 9, and 14 days after treatment (Jun 9, 12, 15 and 20). Also, the number of dead and live Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae on 3 m2 of soil surface (3 m long × 1 m wide) between the rows of each plot was counted on Jun 7 (24 h after treatment); and the number of adults and larvae on 2 m2 of potato plant area of each plot was on Jul 7 (31 days after treatment). The aphid and Colorado potato beetle data were subjected to analysis of variance with Duncan's MRT. The percent mortality for Colorado potato beetle one day after treatment was calculated for each plot and analyzed.
Cabbage Looper Control, 1982:
Authors: Story R. N. , Klock N. , Sundstrom F. J.
Published: March 2022

Seedling cabbage was transplanted into 48-inch rows on Feb 24 at the Hill Farm, Baton Rouge, LA. Single row plots 20-ft in length were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Spray treatments were applied on Apr 14 and Apr 26. A spreader sticker was added to all treatments. Evaluations were made on May 12 before heads fully developed by counting the number of leaves per plant with 1 or more holes ≥ 2 cm in area. The foliage injury rating was calculated as the mean number of leaves per plant with holes present
Cucumber Beetle Control on Cantaloupe, 1981
Authors: York Alan C. , Kinney Karl K.
Published: March 2022

Temik and Furadan were applied pre-plant in a 10-22-in band with a Gandy Ro-Bander and incorporated 2-4 in. Plants were transplanted (Jun 1) into the silty-clay loam (pH 6.8, O.M. 2.9%) when 3 wk old (2 true leaves). Foliar sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted hydraulic boom sprayer delivering 50 gal per acre at 50 psi (3 nozzles per row) on Jun 11, 19, 25, Jul 1, 9, 17, 24, Aug 5, and 13. Rows were 52 ft long and separated by 10-ft alleyways. Each row contained 13 plants. Four replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Prefar was applied pre-plant incorporated and Dacthal at 8.25 lb per acre on Jul 9 for weed control. Bravo was applied at 10-14-day intervals beginning Jun 26 for disease control. Yields were taken approximately every 3 days beginning Aug 12.
Insecticides and Miticides to Control Mites, Fall Armyworm and Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, 1982
Authors: Bland R. G. , Hegab A. E. , Knausenberger W. I.
Published: March 2022

‘Sure Sweet’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 30 ft in length on Feb 22. Distance between rows was 3 ft and space between plants was 1 ft. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Pesticides were applied to the upper and lower sides of the foliage for mite control, upper side of foliage and whorl for fall armyworm control and the ear for corn earworm control. A Solo 2.5 gal, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer was used at the rate of 70 gal/acre (20-25 psi) with a fan nozzle. Treatments for mite control were made on Mar 17 and Apr 14. Fifteen leaves were collected from each treatment replicate after 24 hr and mite mortality recorded. Treatments for fall armyworm control were made on Mar 26 and Apr 14. Treatments for corn earworm control were on a 3, 5, and 7 day schedule commencing with the first silk appearance on May 4 and ending when silk s turned brown.
Summer Timing of Insecticides for Peach Twig Borer Control, 1982
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Four-year-old trees were used to test the timing of pesticides against the peach twig borer. The orchard was divided into three sections (blocks). Treatments were applied to subplots containing nine trees each on differing dates. The first application (subplots 1-5) was on June 21, the second (subplots 6-10) was on June 28, and the third (subplots 11-15) was on Jul 8. Applications were made with a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre). On Jul 19 all subplots were examined for damage. The total number of wilted shoots per tree was counted and recorded.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Ammo (cypermethrin) were evaluated against an untreated control on Madison peaches at Steeles Tavern. Six single-tree replicates were included in each treatment in a completely randomized design. Applications were made by a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with handgun attachment. Spray dates were Apr 13, 23, May 17, Jun 1, 14, 30, Jul 15 and 26. Mites were sampled on Sep 13 using a leaf-brushing machine and 20-leaf samples.
Fall Armyworm Control in Sweet Corn Ears, 1982
Authors: Straub Richard W.
Published: March 2022

‘Harmony’ was planted Jun 21 in Tioga silt-loam soil at New Paltz, NY. Treatments were arranged in 4 row plots 275 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer through 3 nozzles (D-2 hollow cone)/row, dispensing 42 gal/acre at 100 psi. Treatments were initiated at early green tassel stage on Aug 5 and continued on Aug 12 and 19. At harvest maturity (Aug 30), 100 ears from the 2 center rows of each treatment were examined in each replicate.
Mushroom Sciarid Control with Permethrin (Pounce), 1980
Authors: Rinker D. L. , Snetsinger Robert
Published: March 2022

In experiment I, 10 trays (0.61 m x 0.61 m x 0.15 m), each filled with 18 kg of Phase II horse manure compost were placed into each of 2 small mushroom growing rooms. Each tray was spawned with 1 unit MGA Cocoa Tan, and supplemented with 220 g of Spawnmate. Between 20 and 28 days after spawning (DAS), 500 gravid female sciarids were released into each room. A pestolite insect Trap (Model RD-1P) equipped with a blackliaht bulb, was used in each room to daily monitor fly populations. On 39 DAS to 94 DAS, Pounce 3.2EC was applied at 71.5 g/1000 m with a Micro-gen (Model CCG-1) in 1 room; the second room was untreated. The growing methods used were typical for the mushroom industry. Mushrooms were harvested for 48 days beginning 47 DAS.
Pepper Weevil Control on Pepper, 1982
Authors: Schuster David J. , Everett Paul H.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set Mar 4, 12 inches apart on 3 ft wide by 6 inch high beds of Immokalee fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Apr 8, 16, 29, May 6, 13, and 28 with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 95-125 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On Jun 3 511 fruit that had dropped from the plants and trapped in 2 inch high barriers surrounding each plot and all fruit larger than 0.5 inches diameter on the plants were collected. Each fruit was examined for pepper weevil feeding/oviposition scars on the outer surface, internal feeding damage and pepper weevil larvae, pupae and adults. The percentages of damaged and undamaged fruit were calculated and transformed arcsin (%) (.01) prior to analysis. Data are presented in the original scale.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to a peach block consisting of the varieties Loring, Red Haven, Sun High and Madison. Each treatment was applied to 3 adjacent 8-tree rows. Materials were applied with an airblast sprayer calibrated to 6 x concentration. Spray dates were Jul 2 and Jul 13. All sampling was carried out in the middle row, containing two trees of each variety. After spray had dried on trees, beetles were collected from treated trees and placed in organdy cages which were stapled to treated foliage. After 24 hours mortality was assessed. On Sep 7 foliar damage was evaluated. A scale of 0-10 was employed, where 0=no defoliation and 10=total defoliation. No fruit damage could be evaluated because early cold weather eliminated the crop. Mites were counted on 20-leaf samples using a leaf-brushing machine.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Hag 107 and MK 936 Sprays on Potatoes, 1982
Authors: Powell Donnie M.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted on Apr 20 in Ritzville silt loam soil pH 6.2, organic matter 1.6%, at Yakima, WA. An established infestation of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) was present at the time of insecticide application. HAG 107 and MK 936, a streptomycete-derived insecticide, were applied with a 2-row 4-flat fan nozzle, portable boom CO2powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre on Jul 21. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inch) wide and 25 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The potato crop was sprinkler irrigated with 0.75 acre inch applied on Aug 4 and again on Aug 9 (13 and 19 days post treatment). The number of dead and live CPB per sq m of soil surface per plot were counted on Jul 22 (1 day post treatment). The number of CPB adults and larvae on the plants of 2 m of row were counted on Jul 22 and Jul 27 (1 and 6 days post treatment). The percent of plant defoliation per plot was recorded on Jul 21, 27 and Aug 11 or 0, 6 and 21 days post treatment.
Insect and Mite Control with Synthetic Pyrethroid Sprays on Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Powell Donnie M.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank1 potatoes were planted on Apr 22 in Ritzville silt loam soil with a pH of 6.2, organic matter 1.6%, at Yakima, WA. The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were applied to the foliage with a 2-row, 4-flat fan nozzle, portable boom CO2powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre on Jun 29. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inch) wide and 19 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The potato crop was sprinkler irrigated with 0.75 acre inch applied on Jul 2 and again on Jul 12. The number of dead and live Colorado potato beetle (CPB) per sq m of soil surface per plot were counted after the foliage was brushed with the hand to dislodge the insects on Jun 30 (24 hr post treatment). The number of green peach aphid (GPA) and twospotted spider mites on the leaves were counted by examining 20 compound leaves from each plot on Jul 1, 8, and 22. Also, counts of CPB adults and larvae per 15 ft of row were made and the percent of plant defoliation per plot were recorded on Jul 15, 22 and 31.
Control of San Jose Scale, 1982
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Infested twigs were collected from an unsprayed research orchard for this test. Twigs were selected and returned to the laboratory where the scale were counted under a binocular microscope. The twigs were marked with a waterproof marking pen so that posttreatment counts were made in the same general area as the pretreatment counts. Twenty-five black cap scale per twig were counted with the number alive and dead recorded. The infested twigs were dipped three times in an insecticide solution. Excess treatment solution was shaken off and the twigs were allowed to dry. A new cut was then made at the base of the twig and it was placed in a container of water. The twigs were kept in water for 19 days. Posttreatment counts were made in the manner described above. Treatments were made Apr 1.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Tomatoes with Combinations of Synthetic Pyrethroids and Piperonyl Butoxide, 1982
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘UC-134-1-2’ tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots 25 ft long on May 10. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk ‘A’ loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied Jun 10, 25, 30, and Aug 5. In evaluating the teatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on Aug 25.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘UC-134-1-2’ tomatoes were direct seeded with a Planet Jr. on May 20. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows with 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All granular treatments were applied with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) in a 10-inch band at planting time. Band treatments were incorporated approximately 2 inches deep with rolling cultivators. Vydate 2L was applied in a 10-inch band at the rate of 50 gal per acre with a sprinkler can. Soil temp at the 4-inch depth at the time of treatment was 68° F. Soil was classified as a Norfolk ‘A’ loamy sand. When plants were 6-8 inches tall, 10 plants were selected at random in each plot and rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from a 10-ft section in the center of each plot. Yield data were taken from a once-over harvest and reported in tons/acre. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Apple, Honey Bee Repellency by Dimethoate Sprays on 'Bouquets', 1981
Authors: Danka Robert G. , Collison Clarence H.
Published: March 2022

On May 8, apple branches ca 0.5 m long and in full bloom were pruned from trees in an abandoned orchard at University Park, PA. The standard-sized trees were of unidentified cultivars. The branches were divided into 12 groups; the number of flowers per group was equalized at 400 by selectively removing blossoms. Branches were assigned to one of 3 treatment groups. Treated groups were sprayed with Cygon 400 using a handheld, 11.3 liter pump sprayer (Hudson #67335) until the point of runoff at 8:00 a.m., before bee flight began. After air drying, the branches were placed into containers of water. The 12 'bouquets' were arranged in a 4 × 3 randomized block design on the orchard floor, separated from each other by 0.9 m. Beginning at 10:00 a.m. honey bee visits were monitored at each bouquet counting station for eight 30 min periods (30 min between counts) throughout the day. Bouquet positions were switched after every count, and each treatment group was represented in each grid position for equal intervals. This procedure was repeated the following day using fresh 100-flower bouquets and 48 20-second counting intervals. Counts were taken at 2-min intervals and bouquets were rotated after every 4 counts.
Apple, Repellency to Honey Bees Foraging, 1982
Authors: Danka Robert G. , Collison Clarence H. , Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Cygon 400 was applied on Apr 30 to 6 four-tree plots in a Pennsylvania State University Fruit Research orchard at Arendtsville, PA, when apple buds were at the pink stage. Plots consisted of 4 different, identically positioned cultivars, and were replicated along rows. The orchard had 144, semi-dwarf, 23-year-old trees planted in a 6 row × 6 column design. Treatments were made with a high-pressure sprayer delivering ca 200 gal finished spray/acre at 350 psi. A second, identical application was made to 6 other groups of trees on May 4 (buds were full pink). Roth treatments were completely randomized in the orchard. Honey bee foraging was monitored May 6-10 by observers walking through the orchard and counting foraging bees seen in ca 1 min on each tree. Weather throughout the period was generally warm and dry, promoting foraging activity.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect pests of Tomatoes, 1982
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded Jan 19 in Rockdale soil. Plots were thinned to 1 plant per foot. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15 ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. There were 4 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly from Feb 19 to Apr 23 for a total of 10 applications. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row, 250 psi , and in 100 gal of water per acre. On Mar 16 the number of live vegetable leafminer larvae per leaf (third fully expanded leaf from terminal) were counted on 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Mature green to ripe fruit were harvested on Apr 27. The percent fruit damaged by southern green stink bug and southern armyworm/tomato fruitworm was determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit per plot. The vegetable leafminer and southern armyworm populations were normal whereas the southern green stink bug and tomato fruitworm populations were higher than usual. Approximately 95% of the caterpillars were southern armyworms.
Apple, Late Season Control of The Leafroller Complex, 1982
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Mature York trees on semi-dwarf rootstocks were selected early in the growing season for this test. Imidan 50W was applied in the first 5 cover sprays at 3 lb/A in 100 gal water with a conventional airblast sprayer. Test materials were applied on Aug 19 and Sep 2 when late season leafrollers were active. Sprays were applied to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Mite populations were evaluated on Jul 19 and found to be at low levels. An Aug 30 evaluation, following the first application of test materials, showed mites to be increasing slightly, but not to critical levels for this date. Fruit evaluations were made at harvest, Oct 11. Fifty fruit from each of the four replicates per treatment and examined for leaf-roller injury. The injuries were categorized as having occurred early (1st generation) or late in the season following commencement of the test.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1982
Authors: Klostermeyer Lyle E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were applied to an established alfalfa field at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill, TN on Mar 31. Furadan and Imidan were included as standards. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied to plots 18 ft x 20 ft at the rate of 25 gal/acre at 30 psi with a CO2-powered boom sprayer mounted on bicycle wheels. Five pendulum sweeps were taken with a 15-in diameter insect net in each plot at 6 and 14 days. There was a mean of 214 alfalfa weevil larvae before treatment. Rainfall was 0.92 in within 24 h prior to treatment and 0.16 within 4 h after treatment. Weather conditions for the 14-day period after treatment were: Average maximum (61.9°F) and minimum (36.4°F) temperature and total rainfall of 1.39 in. There was 100% tip damage and the field had a frosted appearance prior to treatment. Because of uneven stand, no yields were taken.
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides to Ent0M0Phag-Ous and Pest Insects in Alfalfa, 1981
Authors: Luna John M. , Allen William A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 50 x 50 ft plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design in an established alfalfa stand near Verona, VA. Plots were sprayed May 6 using a hand-carried, CO2-powered boom sprayer at 18 psi pressure and 25 gal water/acre. To estimate densities of alfalfa weevil larvae, 10 stems were clipped and shaken in a 3-gal bucket at each sample site. Weevil larvae were separated by size class; 1st and 2nd instar = small, and 3rd and 4th instar = large. Two samples were taken in each replicate giving 8 samples per treatment. Density estimates of meadow spittlebug nymphs were obtained by visually examining 10 stems at each sample site, with 2 samples taken per replicate. A 15-in diameter sweep net and a portable, glass-topped sleeve cage were used to estimate relative densities of alfalfa weevil adults and entomophagous insects. Two sweep net samples were taken per replicate, a sample consisting of 50 pendular sweeps. After each sample, the net contents were emptied into the sleeve cage. Insects were collected from the cage with an aspirator and returned to the laboratory for identification and counting. Pre-spray mean density estimates obtained May 5 were: small weevil larvae, 3.1/10 stems; large larvae, 9.1/10 stems; spittlebug nymphs, 2.0/stem. No pre-sppay counts of adult alfalfa weevil or entomophagous insects were taken.