bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acceptor–acceptor conjugated copolymers based on perylenediimide and benzothiadiazole for all‐polymer solar cells
Authors: Ge Cong‐Wu , Mei Chong‐Yu , Ling Jun , Wang Jin‐Tu , Zhao Fu‐Gang , Liang Long , Li Hong‐Jiao , Xie Yong‐Shu , Li Wei‐Shi
Published: February 2014

Donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated copolymers are one of known classes of organic optoelectronic materials and have been well developed. However, less attention has been paid on acceptor–acceptor (A–A) conjugated analogs. In this work, two types of A–A conjugated copolymers, namely P1‐Cn and P2‐Cn (n is the carbon number of their alkyl side chains), were designed and synthesized based on perylenediimide (PDI) and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT). Different from P1‐Cn, P2‐Cn polymers have additional acetylene π‐spacers between PDI and BT and thus hold a more planar backbone configuration. Property studies revealed that P2‐Cn polymers possess a much red‐extended UV–vis absorption spectrum, stronger π–π interchain interactions, and one‐order larger electron mobility in their neat film state than P1‐Cn. However, all‐polymer solar cells using P1‐Cn as acceptor component and poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) or poly(2,7‐(9,9‐didodecyl‐fluoene)‐alt−5,5′‐(4,7‐dithienyl‐2‐yl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole) as donor component exhibited much better performance than those based on P2‐Cn. Apart from their backbone chemical structure, the side chains were found to have little influence on the photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties for both P1‐Cn and P2‐Cn polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1200–1215
Controlled ring‐opening homo‐ and copolymerization of ɛ‐caprolactone and d,l‐lactide by iminophenolate aluminum complexes: An efficient approach toward well‐defined macromonomers
Authors: Zaitsev Kirill V. , Piskun Yulia A. , Oprunenko Yuri F. , Karlov Sergey S. , Zaitseva Galina S. , Vasilenko Irina V. , Churakov Andrei V. , Kostjuk Sergei V.
Published: February 2014

The aluminum complexes containing two iminophenolate ligands of the type (p‐XC6H4NCHC6H4O‐o)2AlR' (R′=Me (3, 4) or R′=O(CH2)4OCH=CH2 (5, 6), X=H (3, 5), F(4, 6)) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The reaction of AlMe3 with two equivalents of substituted iminophenols gave five‐coordinated {ONR}2AlMe (3, 4) complexes. Subsequent reaction of these methyl complexes with unsaturated alcohol, HO(CH2)4OCH=CH2, resulted in target compounds 5 and 6 in a good yield. It was shown that the complexes (3‐6) are monomeric in solution (NMR) and in solid state (X‐ray analysis). The catalytic activity of the complexes 5 and 6 towards ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ɛ‐caprolactone and d,l‐lactide was assessed. Complex 5 showed higher activity as compared with 6, while both of these catalysts induced controlled homo‐ and copolymerization to afford the macromonomers with high content of vinyl ether end groups (Fn > 80%) in a broad range of molecular weights (Mn = 4000–30,000 g mol−1) with relatively narrow MWD (Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.5). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1237–1250
An energetic scale for equilibrium H/D fractionation factors illuminates hydrogen bond free energies in proteins
Authors: Cao Zheng , Bowie James U.
Published: February 2014

Equilibrium H/D fractionation factors have been extensively employed to qualitatively assess hydrogen bond strengths in protein structure, enzyme active sites, and DNA. It remains unclear how fractionation factors correlate with hydrogen bond free energies, however. Here we develop an empirical relationship between fractionation factors and free energy, allowing for the simple and quantitative measurement of hydrogen bond free energies. Applying our empirical relationship to prior fractionation factor studies in proteins, we find: [1] Within the folded state, backbone hydrogen bonds are only marginally stronger on average in α‐helices compared to β‐sheets by ∼0.2 kcal/mol. [2] Charge‐stabilized hydrogen bonds are stronger than neutral hydrogen bonds by ∼2 kcal/mol on average, and can be as strong as –7 kcal/mol. [3] Changes in a few hydrogen bonds during an enzyme catalytic cycle can stabilize an intermediate state by –4.2 kcal/mol. [4] Backbone hydrogen bonds can make a large overall contribution to the energetics of conformational changes, possibly playing an important role in directing conformational changes. [5] Backbone hydrogen bonding becomes more uniform overall upon ligand binding, which may facilitate participation of the entire protein structure in events at the active site. Our energetic scale provides a simple method for further exploration of hydrogen bond free energies.
A synthetic biochemistry system for the in vitro production of isoprene from glycolysis intermediates
Authors: Korman Tyler P. , Sahachartsiri Bobby , Li Dan , Vinokur Jeffrey M. , Eisenberg David , Bowie James U.
Published: February 2014

The high yields required for the economical production of chemicals and fuels using microbes can be difficult to achieve due to the complexities of cellular metabolism. An alternative to performing biochemical transformations in microbes is to build biochemical pathways in vitro, an approach we call synthetic biochemistry. Here we test whether the full mevalonate pathway can be reconstituted in vitro and used to produce the commodity chemical isoprene. We construct an in vitro synthetic biochemical pathway that uses the carbon and ATP produced from the glycolysis intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate to run the mevalonate pathway. The system involves 12 enzymes to perform the complex transformation, while providing and balancing the ATP, NADPH, and acetyl‐CoA cofactors. The optimized system produces isoprene from phosphoenolpyruvate in ∼100% molar yield. Thus, by inserting the isoprene pathway into previously developed glycolysis modules it may be possible to produce isoprene and other acetyl‐CoA derived isoprenoids from glucose in vitro.
Transmission of the G143A QoI‐resistance point mutation through anastomosis in Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Avila‐Adame Cruz
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Soon after the introduction of Qo inhibitor fungicides in 1996, the point mutation leading to the amino acid exchange glycine to alanine at the 143 position of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was identified as the main cause of resistance. The present study describes the role of anastomosis in the transmission of the G143A mutation in Magnaporthe grisea.

RESULTS

Two M. grisea mutants were co‐cultivated on oatmeal agar and also co‐inoculated on barley leaves. The mutants differed by the presence of the G143A mutation in one isolate and a disrupted AOX gene by insertion of a hygromycin gene in the other (M‐145). Specific resistant (r) or sensitive (s) phenotypes of 409 monosporic cultures were determined on media amended with either hygromycin (H) or azoxystrobin (S) plus SHAM. The phenotypes identified reflected not only the phenotypes of mutants M‐145 and G143A but also the wild‐type parent phenotype HsSs and a new HrSr isolate.

CONCLUSION

Identification of the M. grisea phenotypes HrSr and HsSs suggests that anastomosis occurred during co‐cultivation and co‐inoculation of the mutants M‐145 and G143A, allowing the transfer of the G143A point mutation from the QoI‐resistant isolate to the susceptible isolate. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A perspective on the relative merits of time‐dependent and time‐independent density functional theory in studies of the electron spectra due to transition metal complexes. An illustration through applications to copper tetrachloride and plastocyanin
Authors: Zhekova Hristina R. , Seth Michael , Ziegler Tom
Published: February 2014

Evaluation of the excitation energies in
and plastocyanin was carried out with three different density functional theory (DFT) methods: time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT), ΔDFT, and Δself consistent field (SCF)‐DFT. Use was made of two local (local density approximation and BP86), two hybrid (B3LYP and PBE0), and one long‐range corrected (LC‐BP86) functionals to probe the effect of the exact exchange on the excitation energies. Some well‐known deficiencies observed in TDDFT were explained on the basis of lacking orbital relaxation and two‐electron terms not considered in adiabatic TDDFT. Δself consistent field (SCF)‐DFT reproduces well the position of the charge‐transfer excitations and yields results in best agreement with experiment regardless of the system or functional used. We conclude that the orbital relaxation and proper account of higher‐order terms neglected in adiabatic TDDFT are of great importance for the simulation of excitation spectra. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Layer‐by‐layer growth of high‐optical‐quality ZnO epitaxy film on Si(111) substrate using a MgO/TiN buffer layer by pulsed‐laser deposition
Authors: Zhang Xia , Chen Hong , Yan Zhi , Zhou Xiying , Lin Wensong , Li Xiaomin
Published: February 2014

By introducing a thin MgO/TiN buffer, layer‐by‐layer growth of ZnO epilayer on Si(111) has been realized. ZnO film directly on Si(111) substrate is poly‐crystallized, whereas its quality could be significantly improved by inserting the buffer layer. In the case of employing the buffer layer, in situ reflection high‐energy electron diffraction demonstrates that ZnO film is epitaxy and proceeding in the layer‐by‐layer growth mode. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction indicates the relationship is ZnO(0002)//MgO(111)//Si(111) (out‐of‐plane) and the ZnO (0002) peak with the full width at half maximum of 1.3°. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy further validates that the in‐plane epitaxial relationship is ZnO//MgO//Si. In photoluminescence, epitaxy ZnO film shows clear exciton‐related peaks, which are believed to be of high quality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An X‐ray absorption spectroscopic study of carbon monoxide‐adsorbed Cu surface
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hong , Tian Zhaomo , Kim Min‐Gyu , Kwon Soon‐Ju
Published: February 2014

Adsorption/interaction of Carbon monoxide (CO) on a catalytic surface is the key step in electrochemical conversion of CO2 for environmental consideration. Copper (Cu) is known to be the most efficient catalyst for this purpose. Thus, this paper investigates effects of CO adsorption on the electronic/atomic state of polycrystalline Cu surface by using x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) tells that the Cu K‐edge shift +0.2 eV on adsorbing CO. Extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis informs that CO adsorption disturbs Cu surface, i.e. increase of Cu‐Cu bonding distance and decrease of the coordination number of the first nearest neighbor. Both the results of XANES and EXAFS imply decrease of d‐electron density of Cu on the adsorption. Demonstrated is that XAS is very useful in studying the surface phenomena of a catalyst but requires further efforts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting collaborative development using process models: a tooled integration‐focused approach
Authors: Kedji Komlan Akpédjé , Lbath Redouane , Coulette Bernard , Nassar Mahmoud , Baresse Laurent , Racaru Florin
Published: February 2014

Collaboration in software engineering projects is usually intensive and requires adequate support by well‐integrated tools. However, process‐centered software engineering environments (PSEE) have traditionally been designed to exploit integration facilities in other tools, while offering themselves little to no such facilities. This is in line with the vision of the PSEE as the central orchestrator of project support tools. We argue that this view has hindered the widespread adoption of process‐based collaboration support tools by incurring too much adoption and switching costs. We propose a new process‐based collaboration support architecture, backed by a process metamodel, that can easily be integrated with existing tools. The proposed architecture revolves around the central concepts of ‘deep links’ and ‘hooks’. Our approach is validated by analyzing a collection of open‐source projects, and integration utilities based on the implemented process model server have been developed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die neue Löwenbrücke in Bamberg – Entstehung und Funktion eines komplexen Mischbautragwerkes
Authors: Rubin Daniel
Published: February 2014

Mit der Fertigstellung der neuen Löwenbrücke nennt die Stadt Bamberg ein weiteres Brückenbauwerk ihr Eigen, das den erhöhten Anforderungen standhalten kann, die der Main‐Donau‐Kanal an die ihn überspannenden Tragwerke stellt. Zugleich wurde ein deutliches Zeichen modernen und anspruchsvollen Brückeningenieurbaus gesetzt. Mit einer Gesamtbreite von über 23 m stellt das neue Tragwerk im Vergleich zu seinem Vorgängerbauwerk nicht nur wesentlich mehr Verkehrsraum zur Verfügung, durch die abgesetzten Gehwegbereiche schafft die Zügelgurtbrücke nun auch für Fußgänger eine vor allem sichere und komfortable Querungsmöglichkeit des Main‐Donau‐Kanals im innerstädtischen Bereich.

The new Löwenbrücke in Bamberg, Germany – Genesis of a mixed building structure. Within the completion of the new Löwenbrücke the city of Bamberg calls another bridge her own which is well prepared for the increased demands of the Main‐Donau‐Kanal. At the same time this is a visible sign of modern and sophisticated structural engineering in the field of bridge constructions. Its total width of more than 23 m does not only offer more space for the traffic compared to its predecessor. The pedestrian area is separated from the area of cars and bikes. So this special suspension bridge now allows the people to pass the Main‐Donau‐Kanal in a secure and comfortable way.
Die Renaissance der Fachwerkbrücke
Authors: Bernabeu Larena Jorge , Bernabeu Larena Alejandr
Published: February 2014

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Fachwerkbrücke in Westeuropa über drei Jahrzehnte lang quasi von der Bildfläche verschwunden. Erst Mitte der 1980er Jahre wird sie dank zweier Ansätze, die auf verschiedenen technischen Entwicklungen beruhen, wiederentdeckt. In Deutschland findet die Fachwerkbrücke im Verbundbrückenbau im Bereich des Hochgeschwindigkeitseisenbahnbaus erneut Verwendung. In Frankreich erfolgt die Annäherung an die Fachwerkbrücke über die Weiterentwicklung der Betonquerschnitte mit außen liegender Vorspannung und Gewichtseinsparungen in den Tragwerksstegen. Angeregt durch die Veröffentlichung von Artikeln über herausragende Bauten breitet sich das Fachwerk in den 1990er Jahren in ganz Europa aus. Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts kommt das Raumfachwerk mit hohlem Brückenquerschnitt auf, das die Möglichkeit bietet, den Querschnitt zu begehen bzw. zu befahren, und so die Durchdringung der statischen Konstruktion beim Überqueren der Brücke zu einem Erlebnis zu machen. Das Fachwerk ist zur Überbrückung großer Spannweiten und für Experimente mit neuen Querschnitten bestens geeignet und bietet neue Möglichkeiten hinsichtlich Gestalt und Ausdruck.

Revival of trusses in bridges. After Second World War, truss bridges almost disappeared in Western Europe for more than three decades. However, in the mid‐eighties they were recovered due to several technical developments that led to a dual approach. On one hand, Germany recovered composite truss decks for high speed railway bridges. Meanwhile, the evolution of post‐tensioning concrete sections with exterior prestress and the lightening of the webs, led in France to a new approach of the truss. As a result, the impact of significant realizations expands the use of truss bridges throughout Europe in the nineties. Finally, in the twenty‐first century tubular trusses provide an interior passage through the truss section, offering the experience of entering the structure. Truss girders are very suitable for saving large spans, as well as to explore new cross sections types and new formal and expressive possibilities.
Nachhaltigkeit und Resilienz – Zukünftige Kriterien bei der integrativen Bewertung von Brücken
Authors: Ummenhofer Thomas , Zinke Tim
Published: February 2014

Der Begriff Nachhaltigkeit stößt in Deutschland seit etwa zehn Jahren auf großes Interesse und auch für Brückenbauwerke werden insbesondere in Deutschland derzeit verschiedene Bewertungsansätze für die Lebenszyklusanalyse entwickelt. Gleichzeitig gewinnt der Begriff Resilienz vor allem international immer mehr an Bedeutung. Resilienz beschreibt dabei direkte und indirekte, soziale Auswirkungen beim Auftreten von Extremereignissen (Erdbeben, Hochwasser, Starkwind, Unfälle etc.) im Lebenszyklus von Infrastrukturbauwerken. Sowohl das Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung als auch das der Resilienz werden bisher von verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen weiterentwickelt, und oftmals schenken sich die Disziplinen keine gegenseitige Beachtung. Bei der Analyse beider Konzepte zeigt sich allerdings, dass viele Gemeinsamkeiten vorhanden sind, wie die Integration von sozialen und ökonomischen Aspekten, die Ausrichtung auf den gesamten Lebenszyklus sowie die Entscheidungsunterstützung im Rahmen der Planungsphase von Brückenbauwerken. Der vorliegende Beitrag führt in die beiden Bewertungskonzepte der Resilienz und der nachhaltigen Entwicklung ein, zeigt den aktuellen Stand der Forschung auf und stellt Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede dar. Anhand einer Beispielrechnung wird abschließend verdeutlicht, wie eine integrative Bewertung gelingen kann und welche Kriterien dabei Anwendung finden sollten.

Sustainability and resilience – Future criteria for the integral assessment of bridges. The term sustainability is very topical for 10 years in Germany and also for bridges several German assessment approaches are developed for the life‐cycle analysis of bridges. Simultaneously the term resilience gains in importance, especially internationally. Resilience covers direct and indirect social impacts in the case of the occurrence of an extreme event (earthquakes, flooding, storms etc.) during the life‐cycle of infrastructures. Until now, both concepts have been developed by different research disciplines and often the disciplines do not recognize each other. The analysis of both concepts shows many common issues, e. g. integration of social and economic aspects, inclusion of the complete life‐cycle and decision support during the design stage of bridges. The paper introduces both concepts resilience and sustainable development, shows the state of the art and presents common grounds and differences. By means of a numerical example the basis of an integral assessment is illustrated and the criteria to be applied are emphasized.
Loss of nesting sites is not a primary factor limiting northern Chimney Swift populations
Authors: Fitzgerald Trina M. , van Stam Elisabeth , Nocera Joseph J. , Badzinski Debra S.
Published: February 2014

Aerially‐foraging insectivorous bird populations have been declining for several decades in North America and habitat loss is hypothesized as a leading cause for the declines. Chimney Swifts (Chaetura pelagica) are a model species to test this hypothesis because nest site use and availability is easily assessed. To determine if nest site availability is a limiting factor for Chimney Swifts, we established a volunteer‐based survey to inventory and describe chimneys (n = 928) that were used or unused by swifts. A logistic regression model showed that swifts preferred chimneys with a greater length exposed above the roofline and greater inside area, which were not associated with residential buildings. The average chimney used by swifts extended 2.86 m above the roofline with an internal area of 10,079 cm2. The regression model represents the range of nest‐site conditions that swifts will tolerate; this was used to build a linear discriminant function (ldf) that had an I‐index of 82 % (measure of prediction success). We applied the ldf coefficients to predict chimney occupancy in three southern Ontario communities. Of 366 open chimneys, the ldf classified 139 as suitable but only 24.4 % were occupied by swifts. Given that >75 % of suitable sites were unoccupied, swifts are likely not experiencing competition from habitat saturation. Our results suggest that Chimney Swift populations, and likely other aerially‐foraging insectivorous birds, are limited primarily by other processes not measured in this study, such as changes in prey.
Calcaneocuboid arthrodesis for recurrent clubfeet: What is the outcome at 17-year follow-up?
Authors: Chu Alice , Chaudhry Sonia , Sala Debra A. , Atar Dan , Lehman Wallace B.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Calcaneocuboid arthrodesis was used during revision clubfoot surgery in order to maintain midfoot correction. The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) functional level at 17-year follow-up compared to 5-year follow-up; (2) patients’ current functional level, satisfaction, and pain; and (3) current arthropometric measurements.

Methods

Twenty patients (27 clubfeet) with clubfoot relapse underwent revision soft tissue release and calcaneocuboid fusion between 1991 and 1994. They were previously evaluated at a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. Ten out of 20 patients (13 clubfeet), mean age of 24 years, were reevaluated at mean follow-up of 17.5 years. The Hospital for Joint Diseases Functional Rating System (HJD FRS) for clubfoot surgery, Outcome Evaluation in Clubfoot developed by the International Clubfoot Study Group, the Clubfoot Disease-Specific Instrument, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire, Laaveg and Ponseti's functional rating system for clubfoot and pain scale were completed by patient and/or surgeon to assess function, patient satisfaction and pain. Foot and ankle radiographs and anthropometric measurements were reviewed. For HJD FRS, scores from original follow-up were compared to current ones.

Results

The HJD FRS score of all feet was 65.9, demonstrating a significant decline from the original mean score of 77.8 ( p = 0.03). Excellent/good HJD FRS scores went from 85 to 38 %. Mean AAOS Foot Ankle Outcomes Questionnaire standardized core and shoe comfort scores were 84.6 and 84.5, respectively. Average foot pain was 1.8 on a scale of 1–10. Patients were very/somewhat satisfied with status of foot in 76 % of feet and appearance of foot in 46 % of feet, based on Clubfoot Disease-Specific Instrument questions.

Conclusions

Revision clubfoot surgery with calcaneocuboid fusion in patients 5–8 years of age showed an expected decline in functional outcome measures over a 17-year follow-up period. It still produced comparable results to other studies for a similar population of difficult, revision cases, and should have a place in current surgical treatment techniques.
miRNA cargo within exosome‐like vesicle transfer influences metastatic bone colonization
Authors: Valencia Karmele , Luis-Ravelo Diego , Bovy Nicolas , Antón Iker , Martínez-Canarias Susana , Zandueta Carolina , Ormazábal Cristina , Struman Ingrid , Tabruyn Sébastien , Rebmann Vera , De Las Rivas J. , Guruceaga Elisabet , Bandrés Eva , Lecanda Fernando
Published: February 2014

Bone metastasis represents one of the most deleterious clinical consequences arising in the context of many solid tumors. Severe osteolysis results from tumor cell colonization of the bone compartment, a process which entails reciprocal exchange of soluble signals between tumor cells and their osseous microenvironment. Recent evidence indicates that tumor‐intrinsic miRNAs are pleiotropic regulators of gene expression. But they are also frequently released in exosome‐like vesicles (ELV). Yet the functional relevance of the transference of tumor‐derived ELV and their miRNA cargo to the extracellular milieu during osseous colonization is unknown.

Comparative transcriptomic profiling using an in vivo murine model of bone metastasis identified a repressed miRNA signature associated with high prometastatic activity. Forced expression of single miRNAs identified miR‐192 that markedly appeased osseous metastasis in vivo, as shown by X‐ray, bioluminescence imaging and microCT scans. Histological examination of metastatic lesions revealed impaired tumor‐induced angiogenesis in vivo, an effect that was associated in vitro with decreased hallmarks of angiogenesis. Isolation and characterization of ELV by flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed the ELV cargo enrichment in miR‐192. Consistent with these findings, fluorescent labeled miR‐192‐enriched‐ELV showed the in vitro transfer and release of miR‐192 in target endothelial cells and abrogation of the angiogenic program by repression of proangiogenic IL‐8, ICAM and CXCL1. Moreover, in vivo infusion of fluorescent labeled ELV efficiently targeted cells of the osseous compartment. Furthermore, treatment with miR‐192 enriched ELV in a model of in vivo bone metastasis pre‐conditioned osseous milieu and impaired tumor‐induced angiogenesis, thereby reducing the metastatic burden and tumor colonization.

Changes in the miRNA‐cargo content within ELV represent a novel mechanism heavily influencing bone metastatic colonization, which is most likely relevant in other target organs. Mechanistic mimicry of this phenomenon by synthetic nanoparticles could eventually emerge as a novel therapeutic approach.
Emancipative values in Georgia: An individual level analysis
Authors: Mestvirishvili Natia , Mestvirishvili Maia
Published: February 2014

The main interest of the study is to determine whether and how an individual’s perceived economic situation is related to emancipative values in Georgia. The analysis employs individual-level survey data from nationwide public opinion surveys conducted by the Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC) in 2010 and 2011 in Georgia. Several dimensions of emancipative values are examined: gender equality, tolerance, participation, autonomy, interpersonal trust, satisfaction with life and religion. Level of education and age are brought in as alternative factors accounting for value change. The results are ambiguous and only partially confirm validity of the emancipative theory of democracy on an individual level in Georgia.
A theory for the emergence of coherent structures in beta-plane turbulence
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Ioannou Petros J.
Published: February 2014

Planetary turbulent flows are observed to self-organize into large-scale structures such as zonal jets and coherent vortices. One of the simplest models of planetary turbulence is obtained by considering a barotropic flow on a beta-plane channel with turbulence sustained by random stirring. Nonlinear integrations of this model show that as the energy input rate of the forcing is increased, the homogeneity of the flow is broken with the emergence of non-zonal, coherent, westward propagating structures and at larger energy input rates by the emergence of zonal jets. We study the emergence of non-zonal coherent structures using a non-equilibrium statistical theory, stochastic structural stability theory (S3T, previously referred to as SSST). S3T directly models a second-order approximation to the statistical mean turbulent state and allows the identification of statistical turbulent equilibria and study of their stability. Using S3T, the bifurcation properties of the homogeneous state in barotropic beta-plane turbulence are determined. Analytic expressions for the zonal and non-zonal large-scale coherent flows that emerge as a result of structural instability are obtained. Through numerical integrations of the S3T dynamical system, it is found that the unstable structures equilibrate at finite amplitude. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear equations confirm the characteristics (scale, amplitude and phase speed) of the structures predicted by S3T.
Effects of dietary protein and glycaemic index on biomarkers of bone turnover in children
Authors: Dalskov Stine-Mathilde , Müller Martha , Ritz Christian , Damsgaard Camilla T. , Papadaki Angeliki , Saris Wim H. M. , Astrup Arne , Michaelsen Kim Fleischer , Mølgaard Christian
Published: February 2014

For decades, it has been debated whether high protein intake compromises bone mineralisation, but no long-term randomised trial has investigated this in children. In the family-based, randomised controlled trial DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity and Genes), we examined the effects of dietary protein and glycaemic index (GI) on biomarkers of bone turnover and height in children aged 5–18 years. In two study centres, families with overweight parents were randomly assigned to one of five ad libitum-energy, low-fat (25–30 % energy (E%)) diets for 6 months: low protein/low GI; low protein/high GI; high protein/low GI; high protein/high GI; control. They received dietary instructions and were provided all foods for free. Children, who were eligible and willing to participate, were included in the study. In the present analyses, we included children with data on plasma osteocalcin or urinary N-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (U-NTx) from baseline and at least one later visit (month 1 or month 6) (n 191 in total, n 67 with data on osteocalcin and n 180 with data on U-NTx). The level of osteocalcin was lower (29·1 ng/ml) in the high-protein/high-GI dietary group than in the low-protein/high-GI dietary group after 6 months of intervention (95 % CI 2·2, 56·1 ng/ml, P= 0·034). The dietary intervention did not affect U-NTx (P= 0·96) or height (P= 0·80). Baseline levels of U-NTx and osteocalcin correlated with changes in height at month 6 across the dietary groups (P< 0·001 and P= 0·001, respectively). The present study does not show any effect of increased protein intake on height or bone resorption in children. However, the difference in the change in the level of osteocalcin between the high-protein/high-GI group and the low-protein/high-GI group warrants further investigation and should be confirmed in other studies.
Evaluation of Actiheart and a 7 d activity diary for estimating free-living total and activity energy expenditure using criterion methods in 1·5- and 3-year-old children
Authors: Henriksson Hanna , Forsum Elisabet , Löf Marie
Published: February 2014

Accurate and easy-to-use methods to assess free-living energy expenditure in response to physical activity in young children are scarce. In the present study, we evaluated the capacity of (1) 4 d recordings obtained using the Actiheart (mean heart rate (mHR) and mean activity counts (mAC)) to provide assessments of total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) and (2) a 7 d activity diary to provide assessments of physical activity levels (PAL) using three sets of metabolic equivalent (MET) values (PALTorun, PALAdolphand PALAinsworth) in forty-four and thirty-one healthy Swedish children aged 1·5 and 3 years, respectively. Reference TEE, PALrefand AEE were measured using criterion methods, i.e. the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. At 1·5 years of age, mHR explained 8 % (P= 0·006) of the variation in TEE above that explained by fat mass and fat-free mass. At 3 years of age, mHR and mAC explained 8 (P= 0·004) and 6 (P= 0·03) % of the variation in TEE and AEE, respectively, above that explained by fat mass and fat-free mass. At 1·5 and 3 years of age, average PALAinsworthvalues were 1·44 and 1·59, respectively, and not significantly different from PALrefvalues (1·39 and 1·61, respectively). By contrast, average PALTorun(1·5 and 3 years) and PALAdolph(3 years) values were lower (P< 0·05) than the corresponding PALrefvalues. In conclusion, at both ages, Actiheart recordings explained a small but significant fraction of free-living energy expenditure above that explained by body composition variables, and our activity diary produced mean PAL values in agreement with reference values when using MET values published by Ainsworth.
Nutrition and healthy ageing: the key ingredients
Authors: Kiefte-de Jong Jessica C. , Mathers John C. , Franco Oscar H.
Published: February 2014

Healthy longevity is a tangible possibility for many individuals and populations, with nutritional and other lifestyle factors playing a key role in modulating the likelihood of healthy ageing. Nevertheless, studies of effects of nutrients or single foods on ageing often show inconsistent results and ignore the overall framework of dietary habits. Therefore, the use of dietary patterns (e.g. a Mediterranean dietary pattern) and the specific dietary recommendations (e.g. dietary approaches to stop hypertension, Polymeal and the American Healthy Eating Index) are becoming more widespread in promoting lifelong health. A posteriori defined dietary patterns are described frequently in relation to age-related diseases but their generalisability is often a challenge since these are developed specifically for the population under study. Conversely, the dietary guidelines are often developed based on prevention of disease or nutrient deficiency, but often less attention is paid to how well these dietary guidelines promote health outcomes. In the present paper, we provide an overview of the state of the art of dietary patterns and dietary recommendations in relation to life expectancy and the risk of age-related disorders (with emphasis on cardiometabolic diseases and cognitive outcomes). According to both a posteriori and a priori dietary patterns, some key ‘ingredients’ can be identified that are associated consistently with longevity and better cardiometabolic and cognitive health. These include high intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, (whole) grains and legumes/pulses and potatoes, whereas dietary patterns rich in red meat and sugar-rich foods have been associated with an increased risk of mortality and cardiometabolic outcomes.
Where's the ‘Faith’ in ‘Faith-Based’ Organisations? The Evolution and Practice of Faith-Based Homelessness Services in the UK
Authors: JOHNSEN SARAH
Published: February 2014

Drawing upon a qualitative exploration of the role of faith-based organisations (FBOs) in service provision for homeless people in the UK, this paper examines the ways in which the ‘faith’ in ‘faith-based’ services is articulated and experienced ‘on the ground’. It demonstrates that the ‘F’ in FBO is expressed in a myriad of nuanced ways, and that the strength of ‘coupling’ between many welfare agencies and organised religion has diminished over time such that some projects’ faith affiliation or heritage is now evident in palimpsest only. Homeless people do in fact often find it difficult to discern tangible differences between avowedly ‘faith-based’ and ‘secular’ projects, given a blurring of boundaries between the religious and the secular. These findings problematise FBO typologies, and highlight the complexity and fluidity of the very concept of ‘FBO’ itself. Certainly, they suggest that the differences between faith-based and secular provision should not be exaggerated, whilst recognising the importance of faith to the motivations of many service providers and the potential value of the (optional) ‘spiritual’ support offered by most FBOs.
Is ego depletion too incredible? Evidence for the overestimation of the depletion effect
Authors: Carter Evan C. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: February 2014

The depletion effect, a decreased capacity for self-control following previous acts of self-control, is thought to result from a lack of necessary psychological/physical resources (i.e., “ego depletion”). Kurzban et al. present an alternative explanation for depletion; but based on statistical techniques that evaluate and adjust for publication bias, we question whether depletion is a real phenomenon in need of explanation.
Paradoxes of Acting: Bakhtin and Stanislavsky
Authors: McCaw Dick
Published: February 2014

While much has been written about Bakhtin's later writings, most notably Rabelais and his World, little attention has been paid to his early manuscripts written in the mid-1920s. In this article Dick McCaw compares Bakhtin's early philosophical ideas about authorship and Stanislavsky's theory about how an actor creates a character. Bakhtin argues that actors can only be authors when they remain outside the character. He agrees that there is a need for empathy, but that this moment of co-experiencing with the character is followed by a return to oneself. Although this would seem to fly in the face of Stanislavsky's demand for the actor's empathetic identification with their role, McCaw concludes that both writers agreed that there was a necessary doubleness in the consciousness of the actor. This article develops ideas first considered in McCaw's PhD, ‘Bakhtin's Other Theatre’ (Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004) and now being reworked as a book on Bakhtin and the theatre of his time. Dick McCaw is a Senior Lecturer at Royal Holloway, and has written With an Eye for Movement (2006) and edited the Laban Sourcebook (2011).
Copernicus's Development in Context: Politics, Astrology, Cosmology and a Prince-Bishopric
Authors: Blumenthal Geoffrey
Published: February 2014

Argument

During the two decades before the turning point in Copernicus's personal and scientific development in 1510, he had experience of political activity which has been largely ignored by the existing Copernicus literature but part of which is reconstructed in outline in this paper. Given the close linkage between politics and astrology, Copernicus's likely reaction to astrology is re-examined here. This reconstruction also suggests that the turning point in 1510, when Copernicus left his post as secretary to his uncle Lucas Watzenrode the prince-bishop of Warmia, was not only linked to Copernicus's first version of his heliocentric theory in theCommentariolus, but also to major political setbacks being experienced by Watzenrode during these years, and with the publication of Copernicus's translation of theLettersof Theophylactus Simocatta. Some of these considerations contribute to maintaining the view that Copernicus and his work were in several respects exceptional.
The Portuguese Astronomer Melo e Simas (1870–1934): Republican Ideals and Popularization of Science
Authors: Simões Ana , Carolino Luís Miguel
Published: February 2014

Argument

This paper analyses a process of co-construction of knowledge and its multiple forms of communication in a country of the European periphery in the early twentieth century. It focuses on Lieutenant Manuel Soares de Melo e Simas, a politically engaged Portuguese astronomer, who moved from amateur to professional during the political transition from the monarchy to the republic. Melo e Simas paralleled his professional career in continuous activity of communicating science to the public in the context of republicanism in a double way, by responding to the agenda of republicanism and by playing an active role in shaping it. He aimed at educating lay audiences in the various ways of astronomy, and he reached out to as many people as possible by exploring a multitude of communication channels, from lectures to articles in newspapers and journals. Voiced often within newly created republican institutions, the praxis and the ideas of Melo e Simas helped to mold the new republican scientific ethos. By going beyond mere emphasis on scientism and positivism, usually taken to be the defining characteristics of the new republican ethos, this paper argues that science and the specificities of its multiple forms of communication were central to the way Melo e Simas shaped the republican ideology. Furthermore, popularization of science was used to legitimize the status of professional scientists at the same time that it helped reinforce their institutional setting, still to be negotiated in the forthcoming decades through a complex process which deserves further historical analysis.
Mobility and Migration of Spanish Mathematicians during the Years around the Spanish Civil War and World War II
Authors: Pacheco José M.
Published: February 2014

Argument

This paper considers some aspects of the reception and development of contemporary mathematics in Spain during the first half of the twentieth century, more specifically between 1910 and 1950. It analyzes the possible influence of scientists’ mobility in the adoption of newer views or theories. A short overview of key points of the social and scientific background in nineteenth-century Spain locates the expounded facts in an appropriate context. Three leading threads are followed. First is the consideration of the mobility of some Spanish mathematicians during a period including World War I and World War II – when Spain was a theoretically neutral country – and the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Second, the emergence and socio-political behavior of a dominant mathematical group gathered around Julio Rey Pastor between 1915 and 1936 is also accounted for, as well as its continuity after the Civil War into the 1940s. Third, attention is paid to the migration or interior exile of a number of mathematicians as a consequence of the Civil War. The paper is organized around nine Tables containing information on mobility of mathematicians, doctorates awarded in the mathematical sciences, and mathematical production in Spain during this period, accompanied by statistical résumés and comments on interesting entries. The main conclusions drawn are: 1) a number of integrants of the Rey group, himself included, officially traveled to Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland – usually after having obtained doctorates and fixed positions – imported mathematical knowledge into Spain; 2) the group also managed to dominate the mathematical panorama from both the scientific and the sociological viewpoint; 3) social usages in Spanish mathematical affairs established in Spain in the years prior to the Civil War present a clear continuity under the Franco regime once the war was over.
Grammaticalization at an early stage: futurebe going toin conservative British dialects
Authors: TAGLIAMONTE SALI A. , DURHAM MERCEDES , SMITH JENNIFER
Published: February 2014

The Englishgofuture, a quintessential example of grammaticalization, has shown layering withwillsince at least 1490. To date, most synchronic evidence for this development comes from dialects wherebe going torepresents a sizable proportion of the future temporal reference system. However, in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century there were still dialects wherebe going towas only beginning to make inroads, representing a mere 10–15 per cent of future contexts. These varieties offer an effective view of the early stages of grammatical change.

Statistical analysis of nearly 5,000 variable contexts reveals that the use ofbe going tois increasing across generations, but at different rates, depending on location and orientation to mainstream norms. Major patterns of use mirror previous findings:be going tois favoured for subordinate clauses. However, other widely reported constraints conditioningbe going toare radically different across age groups, exposing contrasts between incipient vs later stages of grammaticalization. In the most conservative dialectsbe going tois strongly correlated with negatives and questions especially in the first person singular. This suggests that these contexts may have been the ‘trigger’ environments for redistribution of meaning of the incoming grammatical form (Hopper & Traugott 1993: 85). The fact that strong effects of negatives and questions endure in contemporary urban varieties (Torres-Cacoullos & Walker 2009) confirms that grammaticalization begins in very specific syntactic contexts, and impacts on the system for generations to come. In contrast, other reported constraints – resistance ofbe going toin the first person singular and extension to inanimates and far future readings – emerge across generations, suggesting they are later developments.

Taken together, these findings demonstrate how synchronic dialects show us incremental steps in the grammaticalization process. Comparative sociolinguistic analysis thus offers insights into which patterns define the point of grammaticalization itself; which derive from systemic processes; which can be attributed to discourse routines and collocations; and how these factors converge in shaping the evolution of grammar.
Comfort − die „Spitze des Pflegebewusstseins“
Authors: Staudacher Diana
Published: February 2014

„Führen Sie Studierende aller Stufen in Comfort Care ein. Präsentieren Sie das Comfort-Konzept in Fortbildungskursen“ – mit dieser Aufforderung wendet sich Katherine Kolcaba, die Schöpferin des Comfort-Konzepts, an Pflegepädagoginnen. Das ganzheitliche und ethisch anspruchsvolle Konzept verdient Aufmerksamkeit in Ausbildung und Forschung – auch im deutschsprachigen Bereich.
Mit Bildungshunger und Wissensdurst ins Projektmanagement
Authors: Bohnet-Joschko Sabine
Published: February 2014

Der Arbeitsalltag ist zunehmend durch Projektarbeit bestimmt. Beim Lehrformat „Cooking-Challenge“ können Studierende in kurzer Zeit ihren oftmals unterschiedlichen Wissens- und Erfahrungsstand zur Projektarbeit anwenden, intensivieren und reflektieren. Wie dies gelingt, zeigt ein Praxisbericht aus dem B.A.-Studiengang „Innovative Pflegepraxis“ der Universität Witten/Herdecke.
Among overweight middle-aged men, first-borns have lower insulin sensitivity than second-borns
Authors: Albert Benjamin B. , de Bock Martin , Derraik José G. B. , Brennan Christine M. , Biggs Janene B. , Hofman Paul L. , Cutfield Wayne S.
Published: February 2014

We aimed to assess whether birth order affects metabolism and body composition in overweight middle-aged men. We studied 50 men aged 45.6 ± 5.5 years, who were overweight (BMI 27.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2) but otherwise healthy in Auckland, New Zealand. These included 26 first-borns and 24 second-borns. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Matsuda method from an oral glucose tolerance test. Other assessments included DXA-derived body composition, lipid profiles, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness. First-born men were 6.9 kg heavier (p = 0.013) and had greater BMI (29.1 vs 27.5 kg/m2; p = 0.004) than second-borns. Insulin sensitivity in first-born men was 33% lower than in second-borns (4.38 vs 6.51; p = 0.014), despite adjustment for fat mass. There were no significant differences in ambulatory blood pressure, lipid profile or carotid intima-media thickness between first- and second-borns. Thus, first-born adults may be at a greater risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
A complete ancient RNA genome: identification, reconstruction and evolutionary history of archaeological Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus
Authors: Smith Oliver , Clapham Alan , Rose Pam , Liu Yuan , Wang Jun , Allaby Robin G.
Published: February 2014

The origins of many plant diseases appear to be recent and associated with the rise of domestication, the spread of agriculture or recent global movements of crops. Distinguishing between these possibilities is problematic because of the difficulty of determining rates of molecular evolution over short time frames. Heterochronous approaches using recent and historical samples show that plant viruses exhibit highly variable and often rapid rates of molecular evolution. The accuracy of estimated evolution rates and age of origin can be greatly improved with the inclusion of older molecular data from archaeological material. Here we present the first reconstruction of an archaeological RNA genome, which is of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) isolated from barley grain ~750 years of age. Phylogenetic analysis of BSMV that includes this genome indicates the divergence of BSMV and its closest relative prior to this time, most likely around 2000 years ago. However, exclusion of the archaeological data results in an apparently much more recent origin of the virus that postdates even the archaeological sample. We conclude that this viral lineage originated in the Near East or North Africa and spread to North America and East Asia with their hosts along historical trade routes.