bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of energy used on shallot farming in Food Estate, Hutajulu, North Sumatra
Authors: Sigalingging R , Simanihuruk J , Vinolina N S , Sigalingging C
Published: October 2023

Food Estates is a government program proposed to meet the growing population’s food needs. Data from the field show the use of diesel fuel, electricity and chemicals in applying pesticides, fertilizers and fungicides that negatively impact the environment and require strategies to improve energy efficiency. This study analyzed the energy used for shallot farming of 0.2 ha. Shallot cultivation involves the following stages: 1) ploughing with a tractor along with a trailer. 2) planting and maintenance, 3) harvesting, and 4) transportation. Each stage of shallot cultivation uses input from natural resources or energy. The result shows that the highest energy was for manure application (23,116.41 MJ/ha), while the lowest was electricity energy.
Tea waste briquette molder as an effort to reuse organic waste
Authors: Harahap L A , Daulay S B , Munir A P
Published: October 2023

Production and consumption of tea in Indonesia can be considered moderate, thus giving rise to the generation of tea waste. The same potential also exists in tea producing and consuming countries such as China and India. Tea waste itself can be processed further to make charcoal briquettes. The technology in said briquettes has been existed since long, dated to 1989 and up to today. Nowadays various biowaste has been evaluated for use as briquette material. This paper will talk about a series of research that designed a tea waste briquette molder, a modification to the molder while also considering the mix of tea waste with other biowaste materials such as corncob and rice husk. It is generally understood that the molder is feasible to use as means to produce tea waste briquettes, but the mixture of the material itself can be explored further since there is other potential biowaste to use, while corncob and rice husk itself shows not far from standard performance if not beyond it. The molder and its modification holds potential use as a solution on agricultural waste handling, especially on reusing tea waste, combined with other agricultural waste.
Bone powder miller optimization
Authors: Harahap L A , Daulay S B , Munir A P
Published: October 2023

Bone waste has started to emerging problem worldwide with the rise of meat consumption, thus the further processing of bone waste would help in tackling the problem as the powdered bone itself can be used for various use, from animal feed additive to cement replacement in concrete making. The built bone powder miller has performance of effective capacity of 12.03 kg/hour, 8% damaged product, and 0.35% bone powder moisture, in order to attain better performance, the miller thus optimized through the means of varying drying temperature, sieve hole size, rotation speed and testing several levels of workloads and finally testing various bone material to be powdered. Individual optimization procces was able to show best performance for optimized variables, but has no improvement to miller performance using original setting. the bone miller is expected to be able to alleviate cow bone waste problem and converting it to usable materials in form of bone powder, in turn, contributing to waste reduction while adopting zero waste concept for sustainable agricultural production.
Erosion control at Karai Sub Watershed
Authors: Nasution D L S , Ayu P C
Published: October 2023

Karai Sub watershed was part of Ular Watershed that reported land use changed nowadays. This condition risk to this watershed health condition especially for erosion. This study aims to calculating erosion in existing condition then determine the erosion control scenario based on land use change scenario. This study is conducted by calculate the erosion value by USLE Method using Geographic Information System (GIS). The scenarios of land use change simulation determined by change the production and shrub land use into forest land use for several varying scenario by increasing the existing forest to ten percent higher at scenario 1 and twenty percent higher at scenario 2. The best rational scenario in reducing erosion will be chosen as erosion control at Karai Sub Watershed. The result of study shown the erosion value at existing condition is 220.02 ton/ha/yr and classified as high level hazard. The best scenario is in controlling erosion and sedimentation condition was the second scenario by increasing the forest land use up to forty percent that reduce erosion in to 148.27 and classified as medium hazard level.
Comparison of biogas production from various blends of biomass
Authors: Raju  , Maharani Y
Published: October 2023

Because of its high organic content, biomass waste from agriculture and animals can serve as a source of raw materials for the production of biogas. The goal of this study is to determine the ideal volume and rate of biogas generation as well as the digester temperature, and material pH. This research was conducted by experimental method with 3 treatments and 3 replications, namely a mixture of cow dung with rice straw (P1), corn cobs (P2), and water hyacinth (P3). The results showed that the best biogas yield was obtained from a mixture of cow dung and rice straw (P1) with the highest initial and final temperature values of 29.8 0C and 27.3 0C, and the highest initial and final pH of 6.8 and 7.0. The highest biogas volume was 66.03 L and the highest gas production rate was 7.45 L/day.
Utilization of Biogas in Generators to Generate Electricity
Authors: Raju  , Panggabean S , Maharani Y
Published: October 2023

Agricultural and livestock biomass waste is a potential source of basic materials in producing biogas because the organic content it has is quite high so it needs to be used in generators as engine fuel mixtures. The purpose of the research is to get the best treatment by looking at the time the generator operates and the highest electrical power produced. This research was conducted using an experimental method with 3 treatments with 3 replications, namely using a mixture of cow dung with rice straw (P1), cow dung with corn cobs (P2), and cow dung with water hyacinth (P3), and the use of biogas and LPG as generator fuel with biogas levels of 5, 10, and 15% and LPG 95, 90, and 85%. The results showed that the best biogas yield was obtained from a mixture of cow dung and rice straw (P1) with a level of 5%. Biogas with a level of 5% can turn on the generator for longer. The generator can operate for 10.10 minutes by producing 946 watts of electrical power.
Pomelo (Citrus maxima. Merr) essential oil extraction by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods and comparison of chemical composition
Authors: Tran T H , An T N T , Phat D T , Minh L T N
Published: October 2023

Essential oils extraction from the shell bring many applications in life, as well as contribute to the development of the food flavoring and cosmetic industry. Pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr) essential oil (EO) was extracted by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods. The EO content obtained was 0.067% and 0.33%, respectively. The chemical composition was determined by the GC-MS analysis method, with 4 main components being D-Limonene, β-Myrcene, α-Pinene, and α-Phellandrene which exhibited high antibacterial and antioxidant capacity). The EO obtained from pomelo peels by cold pressing conditions was limited and less effective with more natural aroma, as compared to the hydrodistillation methods. Therefore, further research on EO pressing equipment and methods that can be used for effective oil extraction and recovery are necessary.
Heat transfer analysis in a heat exchanger with two coaxial tubes for sustainable aseptic processing of foods
Authors: Supriyanto G , Rahardjo B , Suparyanto T , Hidayat A A , Pardamean B
Published: October 2023

Thermal-based approaches in food sterilization techniques principally utilize the heating process until the desired sterilization level of the food can achieved. More specifically, aseptic processing allows for a more cost-effective and time-efficient method for preserving food without degrading the food quality. In this work, we propose a heat transfer analysis of a scraped surface heat exchanger with two coaxial tubes that provides a simplified prototype of a sustainable aseptic processing system. The heat exchanger is installed with scraped blades to allow a stirring mechanism that can only oscillate back and forth at certain angles called oscillating angles. In this simulation, water and solid food particles are put in the system. Moreover, simple regression models are used to find the relation between the mechanical properties of the stirring process with the heat transfer properties. Therefore, experimental data of the temperature and heat transfer coefficient during the heating are used for model fitting. The model fit shows that the angle, frequency, and velocity of the stirring affect the temperature trend and the heat flow rate inside the system. Establishing a comprehensive heat transfer modelling can help to improve the traditional sterilization approach to focus on optimizing energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts.
Utilization of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels waste as a natural dye
Authors: Hariadi H , Nissa R C , Anggara C E W , Hidayat  , Ferdiansyah A E , Rifqi M
Published: October 2023

Dragon fruit has many functions and benefits for the health of both the fruit and the skin. One of the waste products of dragon fruit that has not been fully utilized is the skin of the red dragon fruit. The anthocyanin pigment that gives color to the red dragon fruit is found in the peel. Maltodextrin encapsulation is one of the methods used to preserve anthocyanin pigments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to make anthocyanin powder from the skin of the red dragon fruit using the encapsulation method as a food coloring and to ensure an ideal concentration of maltodextrin for the physical and chemical properties of the powder. The experimental design used a one factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the addition of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% maltodextrin concentrations. Analysis of the product involves measurements of color saturation, yield, water content, and total anthocyanin. The outcomes demonstrated that the chosen powder from the four treatments was obtained with the addition of maltodextrin at a concentration of 30% with a color intensity of 58.45 L*, color a* of 11.77, color b* of 15.53, yield of 50.344%, water content of 7.847% and total anthocyanin of 148.240 ppm.
Effect of deodorization temperature on the making of red palm oil mayonnaise as tropical plantation products
Authors: Ayu D F , Pratama J P , Johan V S , Dewi Y K , Hamzah F H
Published: October 2023

Mayonnaise from red palm oil is a food product that aims to increase added value of the tropical plantation commodity. Characteristics of red palm oil can be improved through deodorization process during refining. The deodorization is a distillation process of separating odor by using vacuum steam so that the odor components evaporated. This study aims to determine the appropriate deodorization temperature for the red palm oil’s chemical and mayonnaise sensory. Treatments in this study were deodorization temperature, namely MSD1 (120 °C), MSD2 (130 °C), MSD3 (140 °C), and MSD4 (150 °C) with a heating time of 1 hour. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and then continued with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The results showed that the best treatment was MSD1 with a total carotene of 909.62 mg.kg−1, 670.00 ppm total tocopherol, 0.61 mg.mal.kg−1 thiobarbituric acid, and 1.05 meq.O2.kg−1 peroxide value. The MSD1 mayonnaise had the color index 55.54 for L* value, 11.42 for a* value, 46.15 for b* value, and the hedonic assessment of the mayonnaise was preferred on color, aroma, and taste but somewhat favored with a description of the color slightly red, not rancid, and tasted of red palm oil.
Analysis of physical quality and proximate test of cookies with substitution of belor flour (eel and moringa leaves) as snacks
Authors: Oppusunggu R , Manalu M , Suharti N , Aulia S A
Published: October 2023

Background: Snacks are foods that are consumed between main meals. One of the foods that is very famous and has the potential to be used as a snack that is rich in nutrients is pastries or cookies. In this study, cookies made from eel and moringa leaves, which are food plants and are high in nutrients, grow fast, are resistant to extreme hot conditions, come from tropical and subtropical regions. Purpose: to analyze the physical quality and nutritional content of cookies by substituting belor flour (eel and moringa leaves). Eels are animal protein which is higher than other fish. Eels live in shallow and muddy waters, lakes with a depth of less than 3m, with a silt content of 80%. Methods: This study was an experimental study with 3 treatments. Results: Physical tests include color, aroma, texture, taste. Proximate test: ash content 7.44%, moisture content 2.89%, carbohydrates 68.6%, fat 0.14%, crude fiber 6.63%, protein 14.3%. Conclusion: The most preferred cookies are eel and moringa substitutions, each as much as 5 gr. Moringa plants really need to be cultivated because they can be used as a basic ingredient for making other food products.
Optimization of pectin extraction from cacao pods using microwave assisted extraction (MAE) as a sustainable method for on-farm waste utilization
Authors: Wulandari R , Suyatma N E , Budi F S , Utami R R
Published: October 2023

Cacao pods are the main waste of cacao on-farm processing that contains pectin. Generally, it is utilized for culinary purposes due to its gel-forming characteristic. Cacao pod pectin extraction was conducted by the MAE method using citric acid as a solvent. This study aims to determine the most appropriate optimum conditions from determined parameters of solvent pH and solvent-to-substrate (S/S) ratio using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with yield as a response. There are two phases in this research, namely the preparation of cacao pod powder and pectin extraction from cacao pod powder with variations in the pH and S/S ratio of each 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 15:1; 20:1; 25:1 (v/w). This research confirmed that optimal conditions were reached at S/S ratio 21.57:1 (v/w) and pH 2.0 with a yield of 3.51%. Then, it was evaluated by comparing to commercial pectin for its degree of esterification (DE) and moisture content (MC). This experiment concluded that MAE technique is a potential method for sustainable pectin extraction. It can be applied on a larger scale due to shorter extraction time with fewer requirements for solvent and industrially more acceptable regarding the environmentally friendly.
Development of ready-to-drink almond milk coffee as a novel alternative of vegan food
Authors: Lydia  , Surya R
Published: October 2023

Coffee is a popular drink among the productive young generation. In consuming coffee, consumers often add cow’s milk to reduce the bitter and sour taste that is too strong in coffee. The high use of milk from animal sources causes an increase in the livestock sector accompanied by land and water use and global warming. This study aims to develop a plant-based ready-to-drink almond soy milk coffee drink with a quantitative approach in the form of Kano Model, Quality Function Deployment, and sensory test in the form of hedonic test and simple ranking test. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that milk coffee with the use of almonds is one of the most important attributes for consumers to produce creamy milk coffee, where formula 2 with a ratio of almond paste: isolated soy protein = 70:30 is the optimal formulation and meets the consumer acceptance.
The shelf life of smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan with an addition horticultural product (red ginger and red galangal) essential oil using the acceleration method
Authors: Efendi R , Harahap N A , Ayu D F , Saputra E , Nopiani Y
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil. The smoked catfish was kept for 30 days at three different temperatures, i.e., 30, 35, and 40°C, and the sensory evaluations of rancidity and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the smoked catfish served as the criteria monitored during the storage process. The obtained data were analyzed using linear regression to show the relations between storage time and the measured variables. Furthermore, the Arrhenius method was used to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish to compare the decline in the quality of the smoked catfish. The result showed that the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan and red ginger had a shelf life of 32.90 days at a temperature of 30°C with the regression equation y = 2529.6x + 4.3342, and the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil was 37.10 with the regression equation y = -3085.1x + 6.039. For the next research, it is necessary to research on the effect of red galangal essential oil on the shelf life of smoked catfish.
Comparative analysis of volume and growth trends of grain production and world population
Authors: Darmanyan A P , Maignan Sch , Bogdanov S I , Novoselova O V , Kucher D E , Ali Abdelraouf M
Published: October 2023

The methodology of their use in dimensionless form by means of the values

Y
=

Y

(
t
)

Y

(

t
0

)

, which represent the ratio of the real value of the examined value of the current year Y (t) to the value of this value in 1961 Y (t
0), was proposed for the World Bank data on the world population statistics and the volume of grain production by the world countries for the period 1961-2021. Based on the analysis of dimensionless time series Y we found mathematical models of the growth of world population and the growth of grain production. It is shown that during this period the world population growth was linear, and the world grain production growth was non-linear quadratic dependence, and the grain production growth rate for the period 1961-2020 exceeded almost 1.6 times the world population growth rate. Using the Pareto principle 13 countries of the world have been identified, which in 2020 provided 80% of the total volume of grain production in the world, and among these countries such four countries as China, United States, India and Europe gave 55% of the total volume of grain production in the world.
Purification of pecan shell liquid smoke using the distillation method to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Authors: Hasibuan R , Pane F B S , Sianipar M A , Fazillah R
Published: October 2023

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the macadamia nuts that is used as a source of oil and spices. Its shell is an organic waste that is not utilized optimally. Pecan shells can be the raw material to produce liquid smoke to minimize waste. Liquid smoke obtained from the pyrolysis pecan shell contains antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Liquid smoke purification is performed to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tar to obtain clear yellow liquid smoke. The purification is carried out by a distillation process with temperature variations of 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C. The distillation process time is varied by 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The phenol, acid, and carbonyl components determine the characteristics of pecan shell liquid smoke. At 175°C and 90 minutes, the best phenol content was 15.53%. Acid content of 7.65% was obtained at 175°C and 90 minutes. While the carbonyl content of 14.44% was obtained at 125°C for 60 minutes. Determination of liquid smoke quality by utilizing the distillation method produces grade 1 liquid smoke at 175°C for 90 minutes, grade 2 at 200°C for 30 minutes, and grade 3 at 200°C for 90 minutes.
Antimicrobial properties of lactic acid bacteria from fermented palm sap against E. coli and S. aureus growth
Authors: Efendi R , Rahmayuni  , Rossi E , Zalfiatri Y
Published: October 2023

Palm sap produced from tapping can be a growing place for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Palm sap has a lot of carbohydrate content, such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose, which can be a source of nutrition for the growth of microorganisms such as LAB). The result of LAB metabolism that is formed can be in the form of organic acid acids that can act as antimicrobial compounds. LAB have been isolated from fermented palm sap. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial properties of LAB from the fermentation of palm sap against E. coli and S. aureus using the well-agar diffusion method and the paper disc diffusion method. The study showed that LAB isolates (Lactobacillus A1, A6, B12, C1, and C4) and cell-free supernatants have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. LAB antibacterial properties using cells with a clear zone diameter against E. coli ranges from 8.03 to 0.58 mm, and S. aureus inhibition zone diameter ranges from 9.13 to 11.16 mm. The antimicrobial activity of LAB using cell-free supernatants against E. coli ranges from 4.59 to 5.01 mm, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone against S. aureus ranges from 4.34 to 5.79 mm. From these results, LAB isolated from fermented palm sap can potentially be probiotics.
Characterization, phytochemistry screening and acute toxicity of Allium cepa fermented
Authors: Rohani A S , Rudang S N , Daulay R N , Hanum T I , Juwita N A
Published: October 2023

The health benefit of Allium cepa could be obtained through processing using fermentation technique. This study aimed to obtain standardized fermented onion extract as raw material for medicinal preparations. In addition, this study determined the different content of secondary metabolites of unfermented and fermented Allium cepa then the acute toxicity was conducted to know the LD50.of Allium cepa fermented extract. Fermentation was done by saving the Allium cepa in a fermentation machine for 15 days at a temperature of 50-80°C. Allium cepa fermented was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Allium cepa fermented extract was characterized and tested for phytochemical screening. The characterization showed that the fermented extract of Allium cepa contained 3.47% of total ash, 0.39% of acid-insoluble ash, 15.51% of water-soluble, and 18.14% of ethanol-soluble. Phytochemical studies showed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids in the unfermented Allium cepa extract while the Allium cepa fermented extract contained Flavonoids, Glycosides, and Triterpenoids. The LD50 of Allium cepa fermented extract was included as the preparations with a toxicity level of 6 (non-toxic). It showed that Allium cepa fermented extract has a stability-tested extract and included non-toxic criteria.
Physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan flour by immersion method using Eucheuma cottonii seaweed from Takalar waters of South Sulawesi
Authors: Nur I A , Tawali A B , Asfar M
Published: October 2023

Indonesia consists of seas which have various types of biological resources and their environmental potential. Carrageenan is known to have high potential in the food and non-food fields. In the food division, carrageenan mostly used as a thickener and gelling agent. The most of the problems faced by seaweed farmers are not optimal processing of harvested seaweed, the seaweed tends to leave a lot of salt crystals after drying due to the absence of the immersion process before making carrageenan. The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge of the physicochemical properties of carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii in the non-immersion method and the aquadest immersion method. Before extraction, seaweed was compared without immersion and with distilled water for 36 hours. The extraction process was carried out using 8% potassium hydroxide and then observed the physicochemical properties of carrageenan flour. The results of the study showed that the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan were shown in the immersion method with a water content of 9.11%, ash content of 21.49%, yield of 41.96%, and viscosity of 157.33cP. The immersion method with a water content of 12.55%, yield of 30.16%, ash content of 30.84%, and viscosity of 101.67cP.
The effect of densification time on quality of Jabon Wood (Anthocephalus cadamba)
Authors: Hartono R , Sitompul H L Y , Sutiawan J , Cahyono T D , Priadi T , Diba F , Angraini R
Published: October 2023

Wood densification is a technique to increase the quality of low-density wood such as Jabon wood. The variation of densification time of Jabon wood will affect the quality of the wood. This study aimed to determine the effect of densification time on the physical and mechanical properties of Jabon wood. Jabon wood was densification using a hot press at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 180 °C and a densification target of 20%. This densification wood will be compared to control wood. The results showed that the density value increased from 0.37 g/cm3 to 0.39-0.42 g/cm3, and the moisture content value was reduced to 11.57-15.12 %. There was an increase in value modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and compression parallel to the grain by 31.55-48.86%, 6.65-35.33%, and 42.68-55.26%, respectively. The optimum value of this study resulted in a densification time of 10 minutes.
Environmental conditions of the north-western Pacific ecosystems: trace element accumulation in Pacific salmon
Authors: Litvinenko A V , Khristoforova N K , Danilin D D , Tsygankov V Y
Published: October 2023

The metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn and Fe) in Pacific salmon were determined: Masu from the southeast Sakhalin Island coast, collected in 2017, Chum from the of Okhotsk and Japan Seas, collected in 2018-2019 in cages of salmon fish hatcheries and Sockey collected from two bays of the southeastern coast Kamchatka before entering the rivers, in 2021. It was established that the content of Zn, Ni, and Fe noticeably predominate in the organs and tissues of Cherry and Chum from the Sea of Japan, while Cd and Pb concentrations predominate in the organism of the Sea of Okhotsk Chum. The largest amount of copper was found in the organism of Sockey from Kamchatka bays. according to the content of toxic elements (Pb and Cd), all types of salmon meet the sanitary requirements of the Russia for seafood. Probably, the reason for the established difference is the geochemical environmental conditions formed in the closed Sea of Japan under the influence of anthropogenic and terrigenous factors, the influence of natural factors - volcanism and upwellings - in the Sakhalin-Kurilsky basin of the Sea of Okhotsk, also the increased background copper content in the Kamchatka soils because of volcanic activities.
Biodiversity of paddy insects in Northern Sumatera
Authors: Siregar A Z , Herwina H , Trisnawati I
Published: October 2023

Biodiversity and food security are related to four dimensions: availability, accessibility, utilization and stability. The aim the study to determine the diversity and functional roles of local insects in paddy plantation; and to knowing the interaction of environmental variables and agroecosystem management. The research was done during July-August 2022 in Sei Beraskata Villages, which trap sample point were determined diagonally (20 x 20m) by 3 plots each using 5 traps (Sweep Net=10 swings; Color Pan Trap=4 replications; Core Sampler=4 replications; Yellow Sticky Trap=5 replications; and Light Trap=1 replication) at 4 times sampling with weekly intervals. The results showed the highest individual abundance and diversity were identified from YST traps (479 individuals, 47 species), followed by LT trap (288 individuals, 14 species) and SN trap (236 individuals, 36 species), while the smallest from the CPT traps (66 individuals, 14 species). A total of pests dominated of Chironomus sp, Anopheles sp, Tetragnatha sp, Leptocorisa oratorius, and Chilo supressalis. While the smallest species of Panstenon sp, Euscyrtus concinnus, Temelucha philippinensis. The calculation of the Biological index, R1=2.70-3.25, (E=0.54-0.78), H’=2.02-2.38 and (D=0.60-0.84). Biodiveristy of paddy insects in Northern Sumatera is quite high and reflect to agroecosystem services.
Natural operation in removing waste compounds within cooking oil using corn cob as adsorbent
Authors: Haryanto B , Pelawi A , Octavia  , Sidauruk S Y , Alexander V , Tambun R , Misran E
Published: October 2023

Cooking oil as foodstuffs that people necessary daily, both industry and households. The high price of cooking oil encourages people to use it repeatedly. The use of used cooking oil continuously can decrease the intrinsic value of the oil and toxic. One method to enhance the quality of used cooking oil is adsorption. The effort to regenerate used cooking oil for sustainability, adsorbents from environment materials are used to adsorb components in used cooking oil in order to raise the standard of cooking oil after purification and can be processed into other products such as biodiesel. Result by this study, the effect of mass and size of the adsorbent on the contact time was observed to reduce the turbidity of used cooking oil. The adsorption process was carried out on used cooking oil with a volume of 100 ml and variations in the mass of the adsorbent from corn cobs were 2 g, 3 g, and 4 g. The size of the adsorbent was varied at 50 mesh, 70 mesh and 100 mesh. The analysis carried out are measuring turbidity of used cooking oil using a Turbidity meter, SEM-EDX and determining the adsorption kinetics model.
Environmental sustainability through the utilization of corn cobs as an adsorbent material in waste cooking oil
Authors: Haryanto B , Nasution I T , Polem A F , Sitohang O M , Tambun R , Masyithah Z , Alexander V
Published: October 2023

Currently, one of the foodstuffs that people need daily used cooking oil can be reused after the purification process is performed using an adsorbent in an adsorption mechanism in this case corn cob by varying the shaking speed, adsorption time, and turbidity of the waste cooking oil using a turbidity meter. This research was conducted in batches to determine the effect of optimal adsorption and reactions with corn raw materials naturally on shaking speed with variations in mass and size as well as the contact time of the adsorbent for 5 hours. The data obtained from the study indicate that the activation of the adsorbent with a size of 100 mesh and a speed of 100 rpm with a mass of 4 g, has a better surface area and adsorption capacity and affects the turbidity value of waste cooking oil which increases with longer contact between the adsorbent and waste cooking oil compared to adsorbents of 50 and 70 mesh sizes. In this study, a test was conducted using SEM-EDX to analyse the surface morphology characterization of the adsorbent by modelling of the corncob adsorbent, both in industry and households, is cooking oil.
Characterizing hydrolysate from duck feather degradation by Pseudomonas sp. PK4, Bacillus cereus TD5B, and Bacillus cereus LS2B
Authors: Fitriyanto N A , Saputri A A , Jayamahendra M K , Prabawati N N A , Prasetyo R A , Pertiwiningrum A , Pastawan V , Abidin M Z , Erwanto Y
Published: October 2023

Duck feathers are mainly composed of keratin, which is difficult to degrade. We want to know the ability of indigenous strains to produce keratinase and the ability to degrade duck feather’s keratin and observe the hydrolysate’s amino acid profile. All the strains were confirmed to produce keratinase from the formation of clear zones on an agar medium., Bacillus cereus LS2B, Bacillus cereus TD5B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 had the maximum enzyme activity on the casein substrate with 10.52 U/mL, 6.24 U/mL, and 16.42 U/mL, respectively. In addition, Strains LS2B, TD5B, and PK4 have activity of 5.23 U/mL, 7.01 U/mL, and 11.3 U/mL, respectively, while growing on the keratin substrate. Pseudomonas sp. PK4, Bacillus cereus LS2B, and Bacillus cereus TD5B degraded 38%, 38%, and 19% of the substrate, respectively. We found 12 amino acids during HPLC analysis. This study concludes that strains Strain PK4, LS2B, and TD5B can produce keratinase and can degrade the keratin of the duck feather substrate into amino acids.
Bivalvia assemblage in the estuary and mangrove of Belawan Waters, North Sumatra
Authors: Harahap R A , Barus T A , Wahyuningsih H
Published: October 2023

Marine bivalves are aquatic organisms commonly found in the intertidal zone that frequently exposed to pollution and anthropogenic activities. The study aimed to determine the bivalvian diversity and its distribution pattern in Belawan Waters as one of the most polluted estuary area in North Sumatra. The study used purposive sampling in two sites, Station-1 was located at the mangrove forest in Kwala Besar and Station-2 was located at Bagan Belawan or human-exposed waters. The study documented seven species of bivalves with Solen sp. as the most abundant species (3.33 ind/m2) at Site-1 and Hiatula chinensis (7.44 ind/m2) at Site-2. The Shannon’s diversity index (H’) of bivalves in Belawan Waters was categorized as low level of divesity in both sites. The distribution pattern of Atrina pectinata, Lingula anatina, and Placuna sp. was randomly distributed while Anadara granosa, Solen sp., Hiatula chinensis and Tellina exerythra was clumped in the area based on the Morisita’s index. Bivalve diversity index was positively correlated with the physicochemical characteristics of Belawan waters, including pH, COD, TSS, and PO4, while TDS, BOD5, DO, Substrate Organic Content, salinity, and temperature were negatively correlated to the diversity.
The development of the value chain equivality model analysis of tuna fish sector in Banda Aceh
Authors: Ferdynanda A A , Juanda  , Asmawati
Published: October 2023

The Tuna fish have oceanic characteristics that try to move from one water to another and have oceanographic, biological, and meteorological conditions following their habitat. The fishery industrialization program aimed at improving the welfare of coastal fishermen or other waters has been implemented for a long time. Indonesia plays an important role in the tuna fish commodity. VCA is a method for comprehending the value chain that comprises a product. This value chain stems from the activity conducted out, from raw resources to consumer. The value chain model was prepared using the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method, which was compiled based on field data patterns. The interpretation model is carried out to explain the interaction pattern of business actors in the development of the Tuna fishery value chain and formulate strategies to minimize barriers to synergies in the development of the Tuna fishery value chain more precisely and following real needs. The value chain perspective sees a business as a collection of processes that convert input data into market output signals for customers. The goal of value chain analysis (VCA) is to understand how something creates value for the customers by demonstrating the various contributions of activities to that value.
Oral acute toxicity study of nano herbal Sikkam leaves (Bischofia javanica)
Authors: Rumahorbo C G P , Ilyas S , Hutahaean S , Zuhra C F , Situmorang P C
Published: October 2023

Challenges of the medicinal plant agribusiness is free trade. Free trade demands the availability of quality and sustainable products. Improving medicinal plant preparations into nano-extracted forms is a promising method. Furthermore, the use of medicinal plants has a significant impact on plant biodiversity and the sustainability of the environment. Bischofia javanica (Sikkam), an edible tree with potentially beneficial medicinal properties, contains important medicinal ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity (LD50 and LC50) of nano herbal sikkam leaves and their effect on the weight and histopathology of organ. Nano herbal sikkam leaves were created using planetary ball milling (PBM). The Thomson-Weil formula was used to calculate the LD50 over 14 days. The brine shrimp lethality test method was used to determine the LC50 at various concentrations. The LD50 value was 12.6 g/KgBW ± 0.17, the LC50 value was 3179.926 ppm (classified mildly toxic). Only the weight of the heart and lung were significantly affected by nano herbal sikkam leaves (p< 0.05). In addition, there were pathological changes in the liver, lungs, brain, kidney, and heart. This study provides the safe use of nano herbal sikkam leaves and improves the function of the organs.
Incorporation of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) seed powder on the physical quality of buffalo meat patty during frozen storage
Authors: Patriani P , Hasanah U , Sari T V
Published: October 2023

The development of buffalo meat products is still limited due to several reasons, namely dark colour, and hard texture. Sustainable development of innovative food products is needed to meet consumer demand. Frozen foods have a long shelf life and are popular for example patty. The addition of materials that can improve quality and add health benefits should be carried out. Fenugreek contains protein, fibre, stabilizer, and emulsifier so it can be recommended in the development of buffalo meat patty as a frozen food product. This experiment aims to determine the effect of Fenugreek on buffalo meat patty during frozen storage. The design used CRD factorial pattern. Factor I was the addition of Fenugreek powder to buffalo meat patty (F0:0%, F1:2%, F2:4%, and F3:6%) and factor II was freezing time (B1:45 days; B2:90 days). The addition of Fenugreek powder had a significant effect on (P<0.01) on pH, cooking weight loss, tenderness, and (P<0.05) water content but had no significant effect on frozen storage (P>0.05). Adding Fenugreek powder up to 6% in frozen storage for 45 days resulted in the best physical quality of buffalo meat patty. Fenugreek powder 6% is recommended as an emulsifier for buffalo meat patties
Physical quality of beef patty with substitution mocaf flour (modified cassava flour) and bread crumbs
Authors: Patriani P , Rosadi
Published: October 2023

The development of processed meat products needs to be carried out to meet food needs in a sustainable manner. Popular processed meat products such as patty. Patty is usually made by adding a filler in the form of bread crumbs which is quite expensive. Mocaf flour is a product of modified cassava flour by fermentation. Mocaf flour is gluten-free and has almost the same characteristics as wheat flour. Mocaf flour has the potential as a substitute for foods made from bread crumbs or wheat flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mocaf flour on the physical quality of beef patty. The method used was CRD with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of R0 = 100% bread crumbs + 0% mocaf; R1 = 75% bread crumbs + 25% mocaf; R2 = 50% bread crumbs + 50% mocaf; R3 = 25% bread crumbs + 75% mocaf; R4 = 0% bread crumbs + 100% mocaf. The results showed that the substitution of mocaf flour by 75% decreased the pH, cooking weight loss, water content and increased tenderness of the beef patty. Mocaf is recommended to be used as a patty filler to provide food sustainably.
Sperm quality of Bali bull following sexing and freezing using different cryoprotectants
Authors: Saili T , Nafiu L O , Pagala M A , Bain A , Aku A S , Rahadi S , Rusdin M , Lopulalan F
Published: October 2023

The objective of this experiment was to assess the impact of sperm sexing duration on sperm quality and to compare the effectiveness of glycerol (GC) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectants to preserve the quality of sexed sperm during the freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen. The treatments consisted of three different durations of sexing: 40 min.(D-40), 50 min (D-50), 60 min. (D-60). The variable measured was the motility and viability of sperm following sexing and post-thawing motility of Bali bull sexed sperm cryopreserved in GC and EG. The results showed that sperm motility after sexing was significantly higher in the treatment of 40 and 50 min. compared to 60 min. of sexing duration. While the viability of sexed sperm in all treatments was not significantly different. Post-thawing motility of frozen sexed sperm cryopreserved with GS was higher than sexed sperm cryopreserved with EG. Finally, it was concluded that sexing times of 40 and 50 min. were the best time to get high sperm motility and viability of Bali bull compared to sexing times of 60 min. In addition, GS could maintain the motility of sexed sperm better than EG.
Identification of fish meal adulterated with rice bran by using an image analysis method
Authors: Agustin A F , Albarki H R , Martin R S H , Jayanegara A
Published: October 2023

Adulterated feed ingredients are one of the main problems in ensuring quality. This study aims to identify the level of fish meal forgery using rice bran based on image analysis with a convolutional neural network algorithm. The number of datasets in this study was 3200 images divided into 2400 images for training data and 800 images for test data. The forgery treatment consists of P0=100% fish meal, P1= 90% fish meal+10% rice bran, P2=80% fish meal+20% rice bran, P3= 70% fish meal+30% rice bran and P4=100% rice bran. The CNN algorithm processes the image through the input layer, feature extraction layer, and fully connected. The results of this study obtained a training data accuracy value of 100% and a validation data accuracy value of 100%. The results of 99% accuracy using 20 epochs were obtained in testing through the confusion matrix table. This study concluded that testing the counterfeiting of fish meal and rice bran using CNN can provide quite good and optimal results.
Evaluation of feed quality for sustainable production and quality of buffalo milk in Siborong-Borong farm
Authors: Hasanah U , Sinamo K N , Desnamrina K C , Siregar G A W , Prayitno H D
Published: October 2023

Buffalo is one of the livestock that produces milk with good quality protein and fat contents. The production and quality of milk produced by livestock are influenced by several factors, one of which is the quality of feed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of feed in Siborong-Borong farms. The animals are using in this research are six buffalo. The variables in this research were nutrient contents of feed (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and dry matter contents), milk production, milk quality (pH, protein, fat, and contamination of Escherichia coli), and buffalo body weight. The result shows that the quality of feed is still low, especially the quality of the forage. It has low protein (6.34%) and high fibre (49.56%). High ratio of concentrate in the ration also affects to the quality of milk. The milk production is 4.68 ± 0.17 L/head/day, and protein and fat contents in buffaloes milk are 3.72 ± 0.68 and 3.54 ±1.15 respectively. The low milk production is caused by the quality of forage and month lactation. Escherichia coli contamination of milk up to 8.7 APM/mL. It is caused by low hygiene during milking.
Development of antimicrobial cotton fabrics by decoration with silver nanoparticles and activated carbon composite
Authors: Chaisen Konkanok , Audtarat Sasiporn , Thepsiri Jaruwan , Dasri Thananchai
Published: October 2023

Nanometer sized particulates demonstrate significant potential in various biomedical applications due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and exceptional physicochemical, electronic and mechanical properties. Additionally, the number of microbial infectious disease outbreaks has increased tremendously over the past decade, greatly impacting public health worldwide. In this article, we evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a cotton fabric (CF) impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and hemp hurd activated carbon (HHAC) (HHAC@AgNPs) composite (CF-HHAC@AgNPs). Field emission scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction spectra of the CF-HHAC@AgNPs material revealed the presence of AgNPs and HHAC on the cotton fabric. Moreover, CF-HHAC@AgNPs shows excellent antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The obtained results show that an HHAC@AgNPs-CF material can be prepared. It has an antimicrobial activity that suggests its potential as an inhibitory agent in various biomedical applications.
Evaluation of quantitative ultrasonic C-scan testing for refill friction stir spot welding joints based on time-frequency analysis
Authors: Zhong Hua , Xu Guocheng , Dong Juan , Zhou Guanghao , Lin Yuting , Fan Qiuyue , Gu Xiaopeng
Published: October 2023

This paper focuses on a comparative study of different ultrasonic feature-based C-scan testing imaging methods for characterizing refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) joints, and accurately identifying and measuring the nugget boundary. The aim is to explore a suitable method for nugget characterization and automatic size analysis. The research indicates that the frequency-domain C-scan imaging method outperforms the time-domain C-scan imaging method in accurately characterizing the nugget. Furthermore, the C-scan imaging method based on the feature value of the base material zone (BMZ) echo signal performs better than the method based on the nugget echo signal. The tested nugget sizes obtained by using the –6 dB drop-off method to identify the boundaries in the C-scan images are generally larger than the metallographic measurement values. A novel method is proposed in this paper, using the difference in main frequency amplitude values between the BMZ and the nugget as the feature value for the C-scan testing image, and employing the Hough circle transformation for an automatic extraction of joint size. This method achieves improved nugget characterization and higher accuracy in size analysis.
Modular vertically-integrated skin patch for biosignal measurements
Authors: Alastalo Ari , Keränen Kimmo , Suhonen Mika , Ollila Jyrki , Huttunen Arttu , Appeltans Raf , Sijbers Wim , van Gestel Gijs , Hadipour Afshin , Lammar Stijn , Aguirre Aranzazu , Michalczuk Rafael , Gapp Christof , Scholz Martin , Peters Markus , Etzel Frank , Hübner Gunter , Krebs Martin , Turyk Zoryana , Bucher Nicolas
Published: October 2023

This paper presents research on a novel and modular vertically-integrated wearable skin patch for biosignal measurements. The flexible patch consists of a disposable skin-contacting electrode layer and a durable electronics part. The durable part is designed to include a printed re-chargeable battery, a solar cell, electronics for the measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response, acceleration, temperature and humidity and a covering visually appealing jewellery-like functional crystal layer for decoration and user interaction. The patch can store measurement data and transmit it to a mobile phone via a bluetooth low-energy radio. Integration process is developed for the vertical stacking that limits the skin-patch area to achieve a desirable form factor. The sensing electrodes are printed on stretchable thermoformable polyurethane substrate with vias through the substrate to couple skin-contacting electrodes to the upper functional layers. A removable adhesive layer between the disposable and durable parts is developed to enable separating the two parts after wear and then to couple the durable part with a new disposable part. The patch is tested on body for ECG sensing.