bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal oxidation enhances early interactions between human osteoblasts and alumina blasted Ti6Al4V alloy
Authors: Saldaña L. , Barranco V. , González‐Carrasco J.L. , Rodríguez M. , Munuera L. , Vilaboa N.
Published: November 2006

Oxidation of Ti6Al4V at 500°C for 1 h in air results in the formation of an outer ceramic layer that improves osteoblast behavior and decreases Ti and Al ion release. In this work, alumina blasted Ti6Al4V alloy has been thermally treated and its in vitro biocompatibility has been assessed. Roughness of the blasted alloy was not found significantly altered after heat treatment while chemical surface analysis indicated an increase in stable TiO2 and Al2O3 oxides. Cell attachment, spreading, cytoskeleton organization as well as cell proliferation, viability, and procollagen I peptide secretion of human primary osteoblasts, impaired on alumina blasted Ti6Al4V, were found to be greatly enhanced on the thermally oxidized blasted alloy. Other informative markers of the osteoblastic phenotype such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and mineralized nodule formation were evaluated and indicated that osteoblasts responded at the same extent on untreated and thermally treated blasted alloys. Taken together, our in vitro results indicate that thermal oxidation of alumina blasted Ti6Al4V may favor successful osseointegration by promoting early interactions of osteoblastic cells and the modified surface alloy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
In vitro biocompatibility evaluation of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) copolymer in fibroblast cells
Authors: Siew Ee Ling , Rajab Nor Fadilah , Osman Annuar Bin , Sudesh Kumar , Inayat‐Hussain Salmaan Hussain
Published: November 2006

Among the various biomaterials available for tissue engineering and therapeutic applications, microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates offer the most diverse range of thermal and mechanical properties. In this study, the biocompatibility of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB‐co‐4HB); containing 50 mol % of 4‐hydroxybutyrate] copolymer produced by Delftia acidovorans was evaluated. The cytotoxicity, mode of cell death, and genotoxicity of P(3HB‐co‐4HB) extract against V79 and L929 fibroblast cells were assessed using MTT assay, acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, and alkaline comet assay, respectively. Our results demonstrate that P(3HB‐co‐4HB) treated on both cell lines were comparable with clinically‐used Polyglactin 910, where more than 60% of viable cells were observed following 72‐h treatment at 200 mg/mL. Further morphological investigation on the mode of cell death showed an increase in apoptotic cells in a time‐dependent manner in both cell lines. On the other hand, P(3HB‐co‐4HB) at 200 mg/mL showed no genotoxic effects as determined by alkaline comet assay following 72‐h treatment. In conclusion, our study indicated that P(3HB‐co‐4HB) compounds showed good biocompatibility in fibroblast cells suggesting that it has potential to be used for future medical applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Biodegradation of high‐toughness double network hydrogels as potential materials for artificial cartilage
Authors: Azuma Chinatsu , Yasuda Kazunori , Tanabe Yoshie , Taniguro Hiroko , Kanaya Fuminori , Nakayama Atsushi , Chen Yong Mei , Gong Jian Ping , Osada Yoshihito
Published: November 2006

This study evaluated biodegradation properties of four novel high‐toughness double network (DN) hydrogels as potential materials for artificial cartilage. Concerning each DN gel material, a total of 12 specimens were prepared, and 6 of the 12 specimens were examined to determine the mechanical properties without any treatments. The remaining 6 specimens were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue, using 6 mature female rabbits. At 6 weeks after implantation, the mechanical properties and the water content of the implanted specimens were measured. In the poly(2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl‐propane sulfonic acid)/poly(N,N′‐dimethyl acrylamide) DN gel, the ultimate stress and the tangent modulus were significantly increased from 3.10 and 0.20 MPa, respectively, to 5.40 and 0.37 MPa, respectively, with a significant reduction of the water content after implantation (94 to 91%). In the poly(2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl‐propane sulfonic acid)/polyacrylamide DN gel and the cellulose/poly(dimethyl acrylamide) DN gel, the stress (11.4 and 1.90 MPa, respectively) and the modulus (0.30 and 1.70 MPa, respectively) or the water content rarely changed after implantation (90 and 85%, respectively). In the bacterial cellulose/gelatin DN gel, the ultimate stress was dramatically reduced from 4.30 to 1.98 MPa with a significant increase of the water content after implantation (78 to 86%). This study implied that these DN gels except for the cellulose/gelatin DN gel are potential materials that may meet the requirements of artificial cartilage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Controlled release of nerve growth factor from fibrin gel
Authors: Bhang Suk Ho , Jeon Oju , Choi Cha Yong , Kwon Yun Hee Kim , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: November 2006

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to promote the axonal regeneration in injured nerve system. Delivery of NGF for a long period in a controlled manner may enhance the regeneration efficacy. In this study, we investigated whether NGF can be released from fibrin gel for a long period in a controlled manner. We also investigated whether sustained delivery of NGF using fibrin gel can enhance the efficacy of NGF in vitro. The addition of heparin to fibrin gel decreased the rate of NGF release from the fibrin gel. As the concentrations of thrombin and fibrinogen in fibrin gel increased, the NGF release rate decreased significantly, and the initial release burst decreased. NGF was released for up to 14 days in vitro. The bioactivity of NGF released from fibrin gel was assessed by morphological changes of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells cultured in the presence of NGF‐containing fibrin gel. NGF released from fibrin gel exhibited significantly higher degrees of PC12 cell viability and differentiation than NGF added in a free form daily into the culture medium. This study demonstrates that fibrin gel can release NGF in a sustained, controlled manner and in a bioactive form. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Paclitaxel‐loaded composite fibers: Microstructure and emulsion stability
Authors: Kraitzer Amir , Zilberman Meital
Published: November 2006

New core/shell fiber structures loaded with paclitaxel were developed and studied. These composite fibers are ideal for forming thin, delicate, biomedically important structures for various applications. Possible applications include fiber‐based endovascular stents that mechanically support blood vessels while delivering drugs for preventing restenosis directly to the blood vessel wall, or drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. The core/shell fiber structures were formed by “coating” nylon fibers with porous paclitaxel‐containing poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) structures. Shell preparation (“coating”) was performed by freeze‐drying water in oil emulsions. The present study focused on the effects of the emulsion's formulation (composition) and processing conditions on the porous shell structure, which actually reflects the emulsion's stability and also the drug release profile from the fibers. In general, extremely porous “shell” structures were obtained with good adhesion to the core fiber. An increase in the emulsion's drug content and copolymer composition demonstrated a significant effect on pore size and distribution, because of enhanced emulsion instability, whereas the homogenization rate and duration had only a slight effect on the pores' microstructure. The thermodynamic parameters in the studied system are thus more important than the kinetic parameters in determining the emulsion's stability and the shell's porous structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
In vitro osteoblastic response to 30 vol% hydroxyapatite‐polyethylene composite
Authors: Zhang Y. , Tanner K.E. , Gurav N. , Di Silvio L.
Published: November 2006

Hydroxyapatite‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene (HA‐HDPE) composite, as a bone replacement material, has successfully been used clinically as middle ear prostheses and orbital floor implants. The aim of this study was to examine its in vitro biocompatibility in order to develop a further application, that is, as skull reconstruction implants. Human osteoblast cells isolated from femoral heads and crania were used to determine the biological response of the composites. HA‐HDPE composites (30 vol %) with two grades of HA filler that had different surface morphologies were selected for this in vitro assessment. The results showed that HA‐HDPE composite was bioactive and supported osteoblast attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. The composite with rough‐surfaced HA filler demonstrated slightly better cellular response than the composite with smooth‐surfaced HA filler. Although osteoblastic cells derived from skull showed an overall slower response compared with those from femoral heads, these in vitro results show that HA‐HDPE composite potentially could be used as a skull implant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Osteoblast response to titanium regulates transcriptional activity of Runx2 through MAPK pathway
Authors: Hata Kenji , Ikebe Kazunori , Wada Masahiro , Nokubi Takashi
Published: November 2006

Bone formation around an implant surface is indispensable for osseointegration of dental implants. Transcriptional factor Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, little is known about the involvement of Runx2 in osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to investigate molecular interactions between Runx2 and implant titanium materials at the transcriptional level. Primary osteoblasts isolated from mouse calvaria and C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured on titanium plates or in the presence of titanium particles. Transcriptional activity of Runx2 was measured by reporter assay using osteocalcin gene promoter. We found significant increase (p < 0.05) in Runx2 transcriptional activity in cells cultured on titanium plates compared to plastic plates. Titanium particles also upregulated Runx2 transcriptional activity for over 2‐folds compared to control and this effect was abolished by the specific inhibitor for ERK1/2, PD98059. Moreover, treatment with PD98059 clearly suppressed osteoblast mineralization cultured on titanium plates. These data suggest that osteoblast attachment to titanium enhanced Runx2 transcriptional activity and bone formation via MAPK pathway during the osseointegration of dental implants. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Regulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 and p53 by ERK1/2 pathway in the DNA damage‐induced neuronal death
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hee , Kim Kyong‐Tai
Published: November 2006

DNA damage is known to be an initiator of neuronal death in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The mechanism linking DNA damage and neuronal death is not completely understood. Here, we delineate the mechanism by which neuronal death evoked by DNA damage is controlled. Using mouse cortical neurons and SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, we identify a critical role of ERK signaling in neuronal death induced by DNA damage upon mitomycin C treatment. In addition, we provide evidence that the ERK signaling regulates Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity and stability of tumor suppressor p53. Mitomycin C increased expression of p35, a specific activator of neuronal Cdk5 in an ERK1/2‐dependent manner. Moreover, stability of p53 was increased by its phosphorylation on Ser33 and Ser46 by Cdk5, leading to neuronal death. Finally, we show that activated ERK induced increased expression of the Egr‐1 transcription factor, which then bound to the promoter region of p35. We suggest subsequent increase of p35 expression and Cdk5 activity contribute to p53‐dependent neuronal death. Thus, the present finding provides a new insight into a molecular mechanism underlying DNA damage‐induced neuronal death. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 784–797, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A benzimidazole‐based chromogenic anion receptor
Authors: Yu Ming , Lin Hai , Zhao Guanhua , Lin Huakuan
Published: November 2006

A benzimidazole‐based anion receptor 1 has been designed and synthesized. The structure of 1 is confirmed through single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Anion‐binding studies carried out using 1H NMR and UV–visible revealed that this compound exhibits selective recognition toward F− over other halide anions. The highest selectivity for F− among the halides is attributed mainly to the strongest hydrogen‐bond interaction of the receptor with F−; in addition, the higher match in geometry between the receptor and F− also plays a role in the selective recognition of the receptor for F−. Receptor 1 (1 × 10−5 M) shows dramatic color change from light‐yellow to red in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) (1 × 10−5 M). Moreover, F−‐induced color changes remain the same even in the presence of a large excess of Cl−, Br−, I−. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymerization of Styrene Sulfonate Ethyl Ester by ATRP: Synthesis and Characterization of Macromonomers for Suzuki Polycondensation
Authors: Lienkamp Karen , Schnell Ingo , Groehn Franziska , Wegner Gerhard
Published: November 2006

Summary: Macromonomers from SSE were synthesized via ATRP with initiators carrying functional groups that are polymerizable by Suzuki polycondensation. The material obtained had a monomodal molar mass distribution with a polydispersity of 1.3–1.6. The reaction kinetics in bulk and in solution were monitored by in situ 1H NMR spectroscopy. Rate constants and the activation energy for SSE polymerization were determined to be k = 5.5 · 10−5 s−1 (DMF, 60 °C), 6.6 · 10−4 s−1/1.4 · 10−3 s−1/4.8 · 10−3 s−1 (bulk, 45/60/75 °C), Ea = 60.1 kJ · mol−1 (bulk). Hydrolysis yielded the corresponding macromonomers of poly(styrene sulfonic acid).

Monomer conversion for different reaction temperatures and exponential fit to the data for the SSE polymerization in bulk.

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Monomer conversion for different reaction temperatures and exponential fit to the data for the SSE polymerization in bulk.
Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Nanocomposites Coated on LDPE
Authors: Mazzocchetti Laura , Scandola Mariastella , Amerio Ezio , Malucelli Giulio , Marano Claudia
Published: November 2006

Summary: Hybrid organic‐inorganic nanocomposites containing hyperbranched structures were prepared through a dual‐curing process, which involves photopolymerization and condensation alkoxysilane groups. In particular, an oligomer containing PEO units and α,ω‐methacrylate groups was used together with a HBP bearing acrylic groups as the organic phase precursors. MEMO, as the organic‐inorganic linker, and TEOS, as inorganic phase precursor, were also employed. The kinetics of both photopolymerization and condensation reactions were investigated by double bond conversion analysis (via FT‐IR) and weight loss determination, respectively. The mobility of the organic phase was studied by means of DSC and DMTA and correlated with hybrid composition. TEM analyses performed on microtomed film slices indicated the formation of nanoscale silica domains. Hybrids were coated onto an LDPE film previously subjected to a plasma treatment, and substrate‐coating interfacial adhesion was investigated through stress‐strain and DMTA experiments.

Reaction scheme showing the insertion of furanic units in copolyester chains by ester interchange reaction.

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Reaction scheme showing the insertion of furanic units in copolyester chains by ester interchange reaction.
Furanic‐Aromatic Copolyesters by Interchange Reactions between Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Poly[ethylene 5,5′‐isopropylidene‐bis(2‐furoate)]
Authors: Kamoun Wided , Salhi Slim , Rousseau Brigitte , El Gharbi Rachid , Fradet Alain
Published: November 2006

Summary: Aromatic copolyesters containing bio‐based furanic units in the main chain were obtained by ester‐interchange reaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly[ethylene 5,5′‐isopropylidene‐bis(2‐furoate)] (PEF) at high temperatures in the bulk. Various copolyesters were synthesized by using PET/PEF mass ratios ranging from 90:10 to 50:50 and were characterized by 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, DSC, and TGA. PET/PEF block copolymers were formed in the first stage of reaction and then slowly randomized. The degree of randomness, determined by 1H NMR, was close to 1 after 2 h reaction. The randomization rate depended on the nature and the concentration of the end‐groups of starting homopolyesters and was much faster when a low molar mass hydroxy‐terminated PET was reacted.

Reaction scheme showing the insertion of furanic units in copolyester chains by ester interchange reaction.

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Reaction scheme showing the insertion of furanic units in copolyester chains by ester interchange reaction.
Fabrication of Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites by In Situ Bubble‐Stretching and Reactive Compatibilization
Authors: Cai Li Feng , Huang Xian Bo , Rong Min Zhi , Ruan Wen Hong , Zhang Ming Qiu
Published: November 2006

Summary: A new route for fabricating polymer nanocomposites is proposed which combines in situ bubble‐stretching and reactive compatibilization techniques. That is, a polymeric foaming agent p‐vinylphenylsulfonylhydrazide was synthesized and grafted onto nano‐SiO2. Then, the grafted nanoparticles were melt mixed with matrix PP. In the meantime, some of the side sulfonyl hydrazide groups on the grafted polymer were gasified to form polymer bubbles, leading to rapid inflation of the surrounding matrix that pulled apart the agglomerated nanoparticles, while the remaining non‐decomposed sulfonyl hydrazide groups reacted with the epoxide groups of PGMA‐grafted PP forming chemical bonds. Owing to the simultaneously improved dispersion of the nanoparticles and the interfacial interaction, the mechanical properties, especially notched impact strength, of the nano‐SiO2/PP composites were greatly enhanced. The structure‐property relationship was carefully studied.

Simultaneous improvement of dispersion nanoparticles and interfacial interaction.

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Simultaneous improvement of dispersion nanoparticles and interfacial interaction.
Fabrication of Polyaniline Nanostructures under Ultrasonic Irradiation: From Nanotubes to Nanofibers
Authors: Lu Xiaofeng , Mao Hui , Chao Danming , Zhang Wanjin , Wei Yen
Published: November 2006

Summary: An ultrasonic irradiation assisted polymerization method has been used to prepare PANI nanotubes and nanofibers by using different doping concentrations of mineral or organic acids. It has been found that PANI nanotubes can be produced when the concentration of the dopant acid is low. However, PANI nanofibers can also be produced when the concentration of the dopant acid is high. For nanotubes synthesized at a low concentration of the dopant acid, the outer average diameter can be changed from about 150 nm using phosphoric acid to 200 nm using nitric acid as the dopant and the inter diameter is in the range of 10–50 nm. For nanofibers, the diameter ranges from about 50 nm using nitric acid to more than 110 nm using perchloric acid as the dopant. The mechanism of the formation of the nanotubes and nanofibers may be due to the formation of different kinds of micelles and the prevention of the second growth of the PANI by ultrasonic irradiation. The chemical structure of the PANI nanotubes and nanofibers are characterized by FTIR and UV‐vis absorption spectra and XRD patterns. The conductivity of the PANI nanofibers is comparable to that of conventional PANI samples.

TEM images of PANI nanofibers synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation doped by perchloric acid.

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TEM images of PANI nanofibers synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation doped by perchloric acid.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 22/2006
Authors: Lienkamp Karen , Ruthard Christian , Lieser Günter , Berger Rüdiger , Groehn Franziska , Wegner Gerhard
Published: November 2006

Cover: The picture shows three representations of the structure of a cylindrical polymer brush: on the right, a cartoon representation of a polymer brush illustrates the molecules' architecture. The molecular formula gives the chemical structure of the polymer brushes (bottom left). A 3D‐plot of one of the AFM images presented in the article illustrates how these molecules look like on a solid substrate. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by K. Lienkamp, C. Ruthard, G. Lieser, R. Berger, F. Groehn, and G. Wegner* on page 2050.
Self‐Catalysis of Phthaloylchitosan for Graft Copolymerization of ε‐Caprolactone with Chitosan
Authors: Liu Li , Chen Liuxi , Fang Yue'e
Published: November 2006

Summary: A protection‐graft‐deprotection method was developed to prepare chitosan‐g‐polycaprolactone graft copolymers, during which the ring‐opening copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone onto phthaloylchitosan (PHCS) happened without any additional catalysis. The intermediate PHCS was introduced primarily to protect the active amino group of chitosan. After controlled experiments, the phthalimido compound was proposed to be a novel kind of organic catalyst for the ring‐opening polymerization of caprolactone monomers, while the hydroxyl group acted as an initiator. Hence, in this graft system, PHCS was endowed with both self‐catalysis and self‐initiation at the same time, and the PCL side chains grew from the hydroxyl groups of the chitosan backbone.

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Branched Oligovinylcyclopropane by Transfer to Allylic Carbonate Comonomers via Radical Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Sarker Prodip , Ebdon John R. , Rimmer Stephen
Published: November 2006

Summary: Radical copolymerization of 1,1‐bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐vinylcyclopropane (ECVCP) with allyl carbonates that contain isopropyl groups yields highly branched polyvinylcyclopropanes. The polymerizations were carried out in the presence of 2,2‐azoisobutyronitrile at 150 °C in chlorobenzene. Structural analysis of the polymers suggested that radical ring‐opening polymerization proceeded through 1,5‐ring‐opening followed by transfer to the allylic carbonate comonomers. Intra‐molecular cyclization, which yields polycyclobutane units, was also observed during the polymerization.

Synthesis of branched 1,1‐bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐vinylcyclopropane by transfer to the isopropoxy functional allyl carbonate comonomers.

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Synthesis of branched 1,1‐bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐vinylcyclopropane by transfer to the isopropoxy functional allyl carbonate comonomers.
Exothermal Process in Miscible Polylactide/Poly(vinyl phenol) Blends: Mixing Enthalpy or Chemical Reaction?
Authors: Zuza Ester , Meaurio Emilio , Etxeberria Agustin , Sarasua Jose‐Ramon
Published: November 2006

Summary: In a previous paper (Macromolecules, 2005, 38, 9221), the enthalpy of mixing in poly(DL‐lactide) /poly(vinyl phenol) blends was directly measured by DSC. The first DSC scan for solution/precipitation blends showed phase separation, but miscibility was observed in the second DSC scan. Hence, miscibility was achieved after thermal treatment, an unusual behavior in polymer blend current research. However, the exothermal event observed during the first heating scan could also be the result of a chemical reaction. In this work, a new research study conducted to elucidate the nature of the exothermal heat observed in PDLA/PVPh during the first DSC heating scan. Since the single‐phase PDLLA/PVPh blend obtained after thermal treatment can be redissolved and reprecipitated, results obtained in the consecutive DSC scan prove that the process is completely reversible. Furthermore, GPC and 13C NMR results provide evidence that there is no change in the chemical structure of the studied polymers before and after the thermal treatment, which evidences the absence of transesterification reactions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the exothermal heat is the result of a mixing process, and miscibility is a consequence of specific interactions.

New structure expected for transesterfication reactions.

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New structure expected for transesterfication reactions.
The impact of anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy for rheumatoid arthritis on the use of other drugs and hospital resources in a pragmatic setting
Authors: Sandhu R. S. , Treharne G. J. , Douglas K. M. J. , Cassim K , Saratzis A. , Piper H. , Erb N. , Jenkins D. , Tavakoli M. , Deighton C. , Kitas G. D.
Published: November 2006

Background: Anti‐tumour necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy has been an important development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but the impact of its delivery on hospital resources in still emerging.

Aims: We audited the effect of starting anti‐TNF on the use of other anti‐rheumatic therapies and hospital resources in a routine secondary care setting.

Methods: A retrospective study of resource use before and after anti‐TNF was conducted. Hospital records of 54 RA patients were studied and data taken from the time of commencing anti‐TNF to 1 October 2004 and an equal time period prior to commencing anti‐TNF. Identical data were collected for 54 controls not on anti‐TNF. Relevant figures were extrapolated to per annum rates. Results were analysed using two‐factor ANOVAs comparing the pre‐ versus post‐anti‐TNF period. Cases on intravenous (IV) versus subcutaneous (SC) anti‐TNF were also compared in separate ANOVAs.

Results: Mean duration of anti‐TNF therapy was 17.04 months (range 3.60–42.36). Mean pre‐ and 3‐months post‐anti‐TNF Disease Activity Scores (DAS28) were 6.93 and 3.88, respectively. Cases were more likely than controls to be on oral prednisolone pre‐ and post‐anti‐TNF. Methylprednisolone requirement, number of disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), telephone helpline contacts and duration as an inpatient reduced significantly post‐anti‐TNF. Day case admissions increased but outpatient appointments decreased only in cases on IV anti‐TNF.

Conclusions: In a pragmatic setting, anti‐TNF therapy led to reduced need for steroid injections and other DMARDs, as well as reductions in use of several hospital resources. Wider replication of these findings will be important for planning delivery. Copyright: © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influences that drive clinical decision making among junior rheumatology nurses: A qualitative study
Authors: Bryer Domini Jayne
Published: November 2006

This paper presents a qualitative study exploring the influences that drive clinical decision making among a small group of junior rheumatology nurses.

A qualitative, descriptive design was chosen. Semi‐structured interviews were used with a purposive sample of six junior staff nurses from two inpatient rheumatology wards in a large teaching hospital in the North of England. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed using Burnard's (1991) thematic content analysis.

The findings demonstrate four distinct themes which influence clinical decision making including professional development, patient‐focused care, working in a specialty and rheumatology nursing. Development of experiential knowledge alongside access to specialized information and expert practitioners was also influential in informing decisions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D source simulation method for static fields in inhomogeneous media
Authors: Canova Aldo , Gruosso Giambattista
Published: November 2006

In this paper, an integral approach based on the source simulation method (SSM) for the solution of three dimensional (3D) static electric fields is presented. This is an extension of the well‐known charge simulation method to the electric and current static fields. The formulation allows the solution of 3D electrostatic or static current field problems, where several perfectly conducting bodies (electrodes) are placed in inhomogeneous media. Only electrode surfaces and dielectric interfaces need to be discretized by triangular elements. Matrix coefficients are accurately evaluated by using closed integral forms of 1/rand of grad(1/r). Dirichlet and Neumann conditions can be imposed on the different conducting bodies; in particular, floating potential problem can also be solved. The method of images allows ground plane to be taken into account. The procedure has been applied to several practical cases and it represents an efficient tool for the evaluation of lumped circuit parameters such as capacitances of 3D conducting bodies and ground resistances of grounding systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study of pyrolysis and combustion of scrap tire
Authors: Juma M. , Koreňová Z. , Markoš J. , Jelemensky L. , Bafrnec M.
Published: November 2006

Pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of a single rubber particle in a derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) apparatus were investigated. The influence of temperature (400–850°C) and oxygen content in gas (5–21%) on combustion behavior of rubber samples and solid products of the pyrolysis process (chars) was studied. Development of the porosity and specific surface area of the rubber particle during pyrolysis was investigated.

Pyrolysis of scrap rubber samples was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere over a temperature range 20–850°C using a heating rate of 5°C/min. The measured DTG curves show two different weight loss regions during the pyrolysis over a temperature range 250–550°C. In all, 52–55% of the samples weight was lost during the pyrolysis process and another 30% during the combustion of char. Ashes create approximately 17% of the samples weight.

The ignition temperature of scrap rubber samples in air was around 512°C and increased with decreasing oxygen content. The reaction time of the combustion process decreased about 1.4 times with increasing temperature from 500 to 750°C and 5.5 times with decreasing oxygen content in the inlet gas from 21 to 5 mol%. The total specific surface area of the rubber sample with the degree of pyrolysis increased rapidly to 83 m2/g. The values of total porosity increased significantly from 0.3 to 32% at the end of pyrolysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of polyolefin composites containing recycled paper fibers
Authors: Baroulaki I. , Mergos J. A. , Pappa G. , Tarantili P. A. , Economides D. , Magoulas K. , Dervos C. T.
Published: November 2006

An alternative process to the conventional melt compounding for the incorporation of paper fibers into polyolefins was developed, based on the dispersion of paper fibers in a hot polyolefin solution and the subsequent precipitation of the polymer by cooling, which leads to an homogeneous polyolefin/paper compound. The hardness, tensile and dielectric properties of composite specimens prepared by compression molding of the obtained compound, with filler content ranging from 0 to 40% (w/w), were examined. The tensile strength of the examined composites decreases especially in the case of high‐density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) and poly(propylene) (PP) composites at relatively higher filler content. The modulus of elasticity was improved only for the low‐density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) composites, in comparison with unfilled specimens, and this behavior is in agreement with the observed improvement in the hardness values of these composites. Dielectric spectroscopy has been used as a characterization method of the prepared composites. It was found that the addition of newspaper fibers to the polyolefins does not significantly affect the insulating properties of the materials. In conclusion, it seemed that polyolefin/paper fiber composites with acceptable properties can be prepared by the solution/precipitation technique studied in this work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of dyes from water by poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogel
Authors: Senkal Bahire Filiz , Erkal Dürdane , Yavuz Erdem
Published: November 2006

The interaction between polymer and dye leading to polymer‐dye complex formation exhibits many interesting and important practical features. For this purpose, a hydrogel was prepared by crosslinking copolymerization of vinyl pyrrolidone with tetraallyl ammonium bromide in aqueous solution, using K2S2O8 as a radical initiator. Dye extraction experiments were carried out simply by contacting wetted gel samples with aqueous dye solutions at room temperature. Capacities were determined by colorimetric analysis of the residual dye contents. The hydrogel swelled in water showing that reasonable high dye sorption capacity (0.71–1.13 g per gram of gel) was achieved. This material is also able to remove the anionic dyes completely even from highly diluted aqueous dye solutions. No trace absorbance was detected in the visible range, after processing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity building through research and educational collaboration: a report of a UK–Sri Lanka collaboration
Authors: Dissanayake A , Idampitiya CA , Amarasinghe A , Thomson GA , Fernando DJS
Published: November 2006

Developing countries are faced with an escalating epidemic of non‐communicable diseases. There is an urgent need to build capacity in terms of health care resources to combat this epidemic. In this article we describe a project co‐funded by the World Diabetes Foundation, the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine Colombo Sri Lanka, the Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Trust of Sri Lanka, and the charitable Sri Lanka Education Fund held in Trust at Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. This project has sought to improve capacity in a developing country through fostering research and educational partnerships. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Diabetes prevention and control in Viet Nam: a demonstration project in two provinces
Authors: Cockram CS , Van Binh T , Galea G
Published: November 2006

A demonstration project has been underway in two provinces in the north of Viet Nam since 2004 as part of the diabetes component of the national plan of the Government of Viet Nam targetting non‐communicable diseases. The project is designed to develop health care networks at provincial level which can address diabetes prevention and management in a comprehensive and sustainable manner. The model which results can then be implemented on a national basis. The project is a collaborative venture between the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization and is also receiving specific project funding from the World Diabetes Foundation. Implementation is coordinated by the National Hospital of Endocrinology in Ha Noi.

Baseline data collected for the project confirm overall diabetes prevalence rates in the provinces to be in excess of 3% of whom 80–90% remain undiagnosed. An interesting, but unexplained, finding is a three‐fold difference in the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance between the two provinces.

To date the project has identified, by screening, more than 2500 people with previously undiagnosed diabetes, and the number of people with diabetes now receiving care in the two provinces has more than tripled. Diabetes clubs have been formed in both provinces and are being linked with the new national diabetes association. A very large number of community‐based activities aimed at primary prevention have also been held, using local media outlets such as provincial radio stations. Some barriers within the system which reflect traditional methods and resource allocation have been identified and intensive and determined efforts are allowing these to be overcome both at provincial and national level. The successful solution of these problems will allow a smoother transition when other parts of the country implement the model.

In 2007, the project will be extended to a third province in the south of Viet Nam. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Diabetes prevention and control as a part of an integrated non‐communicable disease strategy: the Pakistan approach
Authors: Nishtar S , Shera S
Published: November 2006

Addressing non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in a developing country such as Pakistan is a multidimensional challenge with implications at different levels. Lobbying for appropriate investments and policies to facilitate the inclusion of the prevention of NCDs as part of the global development and health agenda is a critical aspect of the issue. However, on the other hand, the implementation of policies for the prevention of NCDs is a challenge in its own right because of the diverse nature of strategies that need to be instituted in tandem. These include institutional, community and public policy level changes set within a long‐term and life‐course perspective.

These considerations lent impetus to the formulation of a tripartite alliance between the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan, the World Health Organization, Pakistan office, and the non‐government organisation Heartfile. This public–private partnership aims at the development and implementation of a long‐term national strategy for prevention and risk factor control of NCDs and health promotion in Pakistan.

Though the ingredients of this strategy are sound, it needs to be supported by a clear, strong and sustained political and policy commitment backed by a legislative framework that is supportive of multi‐stakeholder models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Life cycle assessment of thin‐film GaAs and GaInP/GaAs solar modules
Authors: Mohr N. J. , Schermer J. J. , Huijbregts M. A. J. , Meijer A. , Reijnders L.
Published: November 2006

This paper presents an environmental comparison based on life cycle assessment (LCA) of the production under average European circumstances and use in The Netherlands of modules based on two kinds of III–V solar cells in an early development stage: a thin‐film gallium arsenide (GaAs) cell and a thin‐film gallium‐indium phosphide/gallium arsenide (GaInP/GaAs) tandem cell. A more general comparison of these modules with the common multicrystalline silicon (multi‐Si) module is also included. The evaluation of the both III–V systems is made for a limited industrial production scale of 0·1 MWp per year, compared to a scale of about 10 MWp per year for the multi‐Si system. The here considered III–V cells allow for reuse of the GaAs wafers that are required for their production.

The LCA indicates that the overall environmental impact of the production of the III–V modules is larger than the impact of the common multi‐Si module production; per category their scores have the same order of magnitude. For the III–V systems the metal‐organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process is the main contributor to the primary energy consumption. The energy payback times of the thin‐film GaAs and GaInP/GaAs modules are 5·0 and 4·6 years, respectively. For the multi‐Si module an energy payback time of 4·2 years is found. The results for the III–V modules have an uncertainty up to approximately 40%. The highly comparable results for the III–V systems and the multi‐Si system indicate that from an environmental point of view there is a case for further development of both III–V systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a ‐shaped amphiphilic block copolymer by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and living anionic polymerization
Authors: Yu Xifei , Shi Tongfei , An Lijia , Zhang Guo , Dutta P. K.
Published: November 2006

The functionalization of monomer units in the form of macroinitiators in an orthogonal fashion yields more predictable macromolecular architectures and complex polymers. Therefore, a new
‐shaped amphiphilic block copolymer, (PMMA)2–PEO–(PS)2–PEO–(PMMA)2 [where PMMA is poly(methyl methacrylate), PEO is poly (ethylene oxide), and PS is polystyrene], has been designed and successfully synthesized by the combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and living anionic polymerization. The synthesis of meso‐2,3‐dibromosuccinic acid acetate/diethylene glycol was used to initiate the polymerization of styrene via ATRP to yield linear (HO)2–PS2 with two active hydroxyl groups by living anionic polymerization via diphenylmethylpotassium to initiate the polymerization of ethylene oxide. Afterwards, the synthesized miktoarm‐4 amphiphilic block copolymer, (HO–PEO)2–PS2, was esterified with 2,2‐dichloroacetyl chloride to form a macroinitiator that initiated the polymerization of methyl methacrylate via ATRP to prepare the ‐shaped amphiphilic block copolymer. The polymers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 147–156, 2007
Sub‐second electron spin lifetimes in quantum dots at zero applied magnetic field due to alignment of QD nuclei
Authors: Oulton R. , Verbin S. Yu. , Auer T. , Cherbunin R. V. , Greilich A. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M. , Reuter D. , Wieck A.
Published: November 2006

A key to ultra‐long electron spin memory in quantum dots (QDs) at zero magnetic field is polarization of the nuclei, such that the electron spin is stabilized along the nuclear magnetic field. We demonstrate that spin‐polarized electrons in n‐doped QDs align the nuclear field via hyperfine interaction. A feedback onto the electrons occurs, leading to stabilization of polarization, for which spin memory is retained over 0.2 seconds. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunostimulating effects of the polyphenol‐rich fraction of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) extract in chickens
Authors: Hikosaka Kenji , El‐Abasy Moshira , Koyama Yukari , Motobu Maki , Koge Kenji , Isobe Takashi , Kang Chung‐Boo , Hayashidani Hideki , Onodera Takashi , Wang Pi‐Chao , Matsumura Masatoshi , Hirota Yoshikazu
Published: November 2006

The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in chickens orally administered sugar cane extracts (SCE) or polyphenol‐rich fraction (PRF) of SCE (500 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days increased significantly, when compared with that of saline‐administered control chickens. Chickens orally administered SCE or PRF (500 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days showed significantly higher antibody responses against sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus than control chickens. In addition, oral administration of SCE or PRF also resulted in a significant increase in the number of IgM‐ and IgG‐plaque forming cell responses of PBL, intestinal leukocytes and splenocytes, when compared with those of control chickens. Furthermore, delayed type hypersensitivity responses to human γ globulin significantly increased in chickens orally administered SCE or PRF, compared with those of control chickens when evaluated on the basis of net increased wattle thickness at 24, 48 and 72 h after challenge. These results suggest that PRF of SCE has an immunostimulating effect in chickens. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kamikihi‐to, a Kampo medicine, Ameliorates impairment of spatial memory in rats
Authors: Egashira Nobuaki , Manome Naomi , Kurauchi Kouji , Matsumoto Yoshiaki , Iwasaki Katsunori , Mishima Kenichi , Shoyama Yukihiro , Fujiwara Michihiro
Published: November 2006

The present study investigated the effects of Kamikihi‐to (KKT), a Kampo medicine, on impairment of spatial memory in rats using an eight‐arm radial maze task. Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a non‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonist, and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 6 mg/kg, i.p.), a principal psychoactive component of marihuana, each markedly impaired the spatial memory. KKT (1 and 3 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly improved the scopolamine‐induced impairment of spatial memory. KKT (30 mg/kg, p.o.) also improved significantly the THC‐induced impairment of spatial memory. Moreover, KKT (3 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) enhanced tremors induced by oxotremorine, a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist. Taken together these findings suggest that KKT is a useful drug for treating memory deficits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intellectual property protection in the natural product drug discovery, traditional herbal medicine and herbal medicinal products
Authors: Kartal Murat
Published: November 2006

Traditional medicine is an important part of human health care in many developing countries and also in developed countries, increasing their commercial value. Although the use of medicinal plants in therapy has been known for centuries in all parts of the world, the demand for herbal medicines has grown dramatically in recent years. The world market for such medicines has reached US $ 60 billion, with annual growth rates of between 5% and 15%. Researchers or companies may also claim intellectual property rights over biological resources and/or traditional knowledge, after slightly modifying them. The fast growth of patent applications related to herbal medicine shows this trend clearly.

This review presents the patent applications in the field of natural products, traditional herbal medicine and herbal medicinal products. Medicinal plants and related plant products are important targets of patent claims since they have become of great interest to the international drug and cosmetic industry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doublet–quartet conversion in negative ions as a possible mechanism of the electron autodetachment delay
Authors: Khvostenko Olga G. , Tuimedov Georgy M.
Published: November 2006

Molecular negative ions with abnormally high lifetimes (20 µs) relative to electron autodetachment were registered at 1.65 eV electron energy in pyromellitic acid imide by means of negative ion mass spectrometry with resonant electron capture. Using quantum‐chemical calculations, it was shown that the delay of the electron autodetachment may be caused by the conversion of an originally generated molecular ion‐doublet into a molecular ion‐quartet, as a result of intersystem crossing of the potential energy surfaces of these ions. It was noticed that the ion‐quartet cannot decay rapidly into the molecule of the ground state because of the prohibition of the spin flip, which is similar to that for phosphorescence. It can also not decay into the parent triplets, because these triplets are higher in energy than the ion. As a whole, both prohibitions provide the observed effect of the high lifetime of the ions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different levodopa actions on the extracellular dopamine pools in the rat striatum
Authors: Rodríguez M. , Morales I. , González‐Mora J.L. , Gómez I. , Sabaté M. , Dopico J.G. , Rodríguez‐Oroz M.C. , Obeso J.A.
Published: November 2006

Levodopa has been the mainstay treatment for Parkinson's disease for several decades, but the precise mechanism for its therapeutic action is still not well understood. To date, little distinction has been made between the effects of levodopa on the different brain DA pools. We studied the levodopa action on two extracellular DA pools: one was analyzed by microdialysis (often considered as indicative of volume transmission) and the other by in vivo amperometry during nigrostriatal cell stimulation (more indicative of neurotransmission). Levodopa administration induced a moderate (↑200%) and tardy (began at 60 min) increase in the DA‐pool measured by microdialysis, an effect that increased (↑500%) and accelerated (began at 10 min) after DA‐cell degeneration. Levodopa action on the DA‐pool measured by amperometry was very fast (10 min) and prominent (↑600%) in normal rats. The DA‐denervated striatum showed a fast exhaustion during cell stimulation, which prevented further study of the levodopa effect on the DA amperometry‐pool under this condition. This study suggests a different kinetic for levodopa action on the volume transmitter and neurotransmitter DA‐pool, showing marked changes in levodopa action in the denervated striatum. Synapse 61:61–71, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A sequential estimation technique for capture‐recapture censuses
Authors: Kuno Eizi
Published: November 2006

A simple technique of sequential estimation was proposed for capture‐recapture census by thePetersenmethod. In theory this technique makes it possible to secure automatically a required precision level for the population estimate to be obtained, irrespective of the population size. Some problems about its practical application were discussed.