bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keeping it from the community
Authors: Sharp Nicola
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the links between forced marriage, running away/going missing and child sexual exploitation.

Design/methodology/approach

– An extensive research review and interviews with experts and practitioners across the three fields identified a total of 22 cases in which young people (aged 18 and under) had experienced some combination of all three issues. Of these, nine case studies involving South Asian young people were explored in depth using a case study methodology.

Findings

– Through adopting constitutive intersectionality as an analytical framework, the power of “community” emerged as a distinct theme within the cases. Concern about both family and community “honour” impacted young people’s decision making and help seeking processes. “Honour” also impacted parental responses to the young people as well as how they engaged with the professionals seeking to support them.

Research limitations/implications

– The safety of mothers also emerged as an issue, suggesting that this is an area for further research.

Practical implications

– Practical implications for practice included: the need to address barriers to young people disclosing abuse and entering into the criminal justice process; difficulties associated with finding safe spaces to work with young people; the need to identify effective ways of working with abused young people who are unable to draw on relational and social support; and dangers associated with accessing support services.

Originality/value

– An extensive review of the relevant research literature failed to uncover links between forced marriage, going missing and child sexual exploitation. This led the author to assert that the risk of child sexual exploitation as it relates to young South Asian young people who run away from home to escape forced marriage has been both under-acknowledged and under-explored (Sharp, 2013). Empirical research undertaken by the author over a 15-month period confirmed this assertion.
Community awareness raising on child sexual exploitation: possibilities and problems
Authors: Dhaliwal Sukhwant , D'Arcy Kate , Thomas Roma
Published: May 2015

Purpose

– A number of reports on child sexual exploitation (CSE) have pointed to the importance of community awareness raising as a preventative measure, a means of extending the reach of CSE services and widening the scope of social responsibility to protect children. However, little has been said about how to undertake such activities; how to do this well and the potential pitfalls to avoid. The purpose of this paper is to draw out critical questions about the notion of community and highlight what can be learnt from historical debates about multiculturalist practice. While the paper does not focus solely on ethnic minority communities, the authors do take stock of pertinent points from that literature in relation to issues of engagement, power and representation and applicable learning for awareness raising around CSE. In the second half of the paper, the authors consider the issue of awareness raising within communities. The authors draw on the limited literature on community awareness raising in CSE, contextualising this with reference to relevant learning from other pertinent bodies of work, to reflect on implications for practice.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual paper based on a review of various bodies of literature. The first half reviews the literature about community, community engagement, and multiculturalism as policy and practice. The second half draws evidence from the literature on forms of awareness raising on CSE and other sensitive social issues to discuss implications for practice arising from the authors’ reflections on the literature.

Findings

– The review produces three key findings. First, the need to transfer historic insights into the limits of “community” and multiculturalism and apply these to the emergent field of CSE. Second, despite theoretical distinctions between “community” and “society”, evidence from the literature suggests that the term “community” is being applied more generally to refer to a wide range of events and practices. Third, the authors conclude with some points about what may work well for CSE professionals developing work in this field; that is, clear aims and objectives, nuanced approaches and targeted messages.

Research limitations/implications

– This is an under-researched area where there are currently no published evaluations of community awareness raising interventions for CSE. Effective evidence-based strategies for engaging communities are urgently needed for CSE prevention work to be extended in positive ways which protect those affected.

Originality/value

– This paper is original in drawing insights from historical debates about multiculturalist practice to inform thinking on community awareness raising on CSE. It makes a valuable contribution by bringing together insights from a number of distinct bodies of literature in ways which can inform practice.
Privacy, Data Retention and Domination: Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications
Authors: Roberts Andrew
Published: May 2015

In Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, the European Court of Justice found the EU Data Retention Directive, which required the retention of communications data for up to two years, to be incompatible with Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – the rights to privacy and to the protection of personal data. It is argued in this note that the decision ought to be taken as one that is concerned with the exercise of arbitrary power, a concern that is captured by the concept of domination.
Our time will come: Is anuran community structure related to crop age?
Authors: Moreira Leonardo Felipe Bairos , Maltchik Leonardo
Published: May 2015

An ongoing controversy involves the debate about the effects of man‐made land transformation on freshwater biodiversity. It has been suggested that agricultural areas provide habitats for many species of amphibians, but crop age may affect richness and community structure. In such modified landscapes, a nested structure has been commonly detected, although community structure may be season specific and guild specific. Here, we determined detectability associated with site‐specific and survey‐specific variables and examined nestedness patterns in anuran communities in natural areas and rice fields with different crop ages (10 and 20 years) in southern Brazil. We studied whether nestedness was associated with time since cultivation and whether these patterns were similar across guilds in these areas. Anuran detectability was related only with time after sunset. Community composition varied between crop ages. Aquatic and arboreal species were associated with native areas and showed a nested pattern. Fossorial species did not show significant nestedness. Our results showed that factors associated with crop age may affect guilds in different ways. These effects seem to be related to individual traits of species (habitat preferences, reproductive modes, plasticity). Incorporating species traits may enhance conservation strategies in agroecosystems.
Effect of chronological addition of records to species distribution maps: The case of Tonatia saurophila maresi (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in South America
Authors: Aguiar Ludmilla Moura de Souza , da Rosa Renato Oliveira Lopes , Jones Gareth , Machado Ricardo Bomfim
Published: May 2015

Ecological niche models have become very popular for analysing the potential distribution of species. Nevertheless, models are strongly influenced by many factors, such as spatial resolution, environmental variables and the quality of distribution records. In this paper, we evaluated how ecological niche models changed with the addition of records accumulated over four decades. Our model species was the stripe‐headed round‐eared bat (Tonatia saurophila). Thus, with data organized in chronological order, we could observe how the models changed in predicting distributions over time in comparison with all known point locations. We tested if partial models could predict the occurrence of new unpublished records for savannah areas in central Brazil, considering that the species is typically associated with forest environments. Our results indicate a high omission rate for models built with point localities from the 1970s and 1980s (58.5% and 50.0% of all known points respectively), and predicted that the species could occur in central Brazil. Although T. saurophila has indeed been recorded recently in central Brazil, it was found in places different from those predicted by the models using these restricted earlier data. Nevertheless, the environmental suitability of such areas is significantly different from sites largely described in earlier records from the Amazonia region, as shown by principal components analysis. We argue that populations of T. saurophila that occupy open habitats in central South America (including Caatinga, Cerrado, Chaco and semi‐deciduous interior forests) deserve further study at the genetic level to determine if bats in these very different habitats are taxonomically distinct from Amazonian populations. Our results also suggest that models based on very limited datasets for species occurrence can lead conservationists or decision makers to wrong conclusions.
Theorising about gender and computing interventions through an evaluation framework
Authors: Craig Annemieke
Published: May 2015

Despite over 20 years of intervention programmes, the gender balance in the computing profession is not improving. It has been suggested that the problem with much of the research on gender and computing is that it is under‐theorised. The contribution of this study is an evaluation framework, designed to evaluate gender and computing interventions, which will advance the theorisation of research through programme evaluation. This study was undertaken in three phases: The first involved theory building through an extensive review of the literature resulting in a conceptual framework for intervention programme evaluation. The second phase consisted of a multiple‐case study of 14 major intervention programmes in Australia. Subsequent modifications to the conceptual framework resulted in the gender and computing intervention evaluation framework. The value of the framework was confirmed in phase three by intervention experts and showed that applying the framework will help programme champions to evaluate their programmes more thoroughly. The dissemination of sound evaluation results will then enable a deeper theorisation of the issues surrounding gender and computing interventions.
Influence of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on maintenance therapy for childhood leukemia
Authors: Suzuki Ryoko , Fukushima Hiroko , Noguchi Emiko , Tsuchida Masahiro , Kiyokawa Nobutaka , Koike Kazutoshi , Ma Enbo , Takahashi Hideto , Kobayashi Chie , Nakajima‐Yamaguchi Ryoko , Sakai Aiko , Saito Makoto , Iwabuchi Atsushi , Kato Keisuke , Nakao Tomohei , Yoshimi Ai , Sumazaki Ryo , Fukushima Takashi
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background

Management of the adverse effects of chemotherapy is essential to improve outcome of children with leukemia. Some genetic polymorphisms can predict treatment‐related toxicity, and be used individually in dose modification of 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) and methotrexate (MTX) in maintenance therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated associations between clinical course and candidate gene polymorphisms less evaluated in Japanese patients.

Methods

Fifty‐three children who received maintenance chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. The scheduled dose of oral 6‐MP was 40 mg/m2 daily and that of oral MTX was 25 mg/m2 weekly. The doses were adjusted according to white blood cell count (target range, 2.5–3.5 × 109/L) and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase level (<750 IU/L). Eight polymorphisms in six candidate genes, TPMT, ITPA, MRP4, MTHFR, RFC1, and SLCO1B1, were genotyped using the Taqman PCR method. Clinical course was reviewed retrospectively from medical records.

Results

The average dose of 6‐MP was lower in the patients with at least one variant allele at SLCO1B1 c.521 T > C than in the patients with wild homozygous genotype. The other analyzed polymorphisms were not associated with toxicity, 6‐MP, or MTX dose.

Conclusions

Polymorphism of SLCO1B1 c.521 T > C could be a strong predictor of 6‐MP dose reduction in maintenance chemotherapy in childhood ALL.
Detection of a novel HLA‐B*15 variant, HLA‐B*15:01:37, in a Taiwanese unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Yang K. L. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: May 2015

One nucleotide substitution at residue 531 of HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 results in a new allele, HLA‐B*15:01:37.
Cervical Distraction‐Stabilization Using an Intervertebral Spacer Screw and String‐of Pearl (SOP™) Plates in 16 Dogs With Disc‐Associated Wobbler Syndrome
Authors: Solano Miguel A. , Fitzpatrick Noel , Bertran Judith
Published: May 2015

Objective

To retrospectively investigate a novel surgical technique using the Fitz Intervertebral Traction Screw (FITS) combined with string‐of‐pearl (SOP™) locking plates for the treatment of Disc Associated Wobbler Syndrome (DAWS).

Study design

Case series (n = 16).

Methods

Ventral approach and fenestration of the affected disc(s), nuclear extirpation, and insertion of the FITS device to the level of the dorsal annulus was followed by application of one or two 3.5 mm SOP™ plates. Autogenous cancellous bone graft was placed between adjacent vertebrae. Long‐term followup (>12months) via telephone or examination was attempted for all dogs.

Results

Case records of 16 dogs were reviewed. All dogs had Type II disc disease with a single site in 13 dogs and multiple sites in 3 dogs. Mean ± SD age was 75 ± 38 months and body weight was 34 ± 7 kg. Fifteen of the 16 dogs had significantly improved neurologic status (P =.01) at 6 weeks. Seven of the 16 dogs were examined at 24–36 months with 6 considered normal and 1 had mild ataxia. Postoperative radiographic intervertebral distraction was significant (P = .01). Radiographic bridging was recorded in 10/16 dogs at 6 weeks and in 7 dogs available for follow‐up at 5–36 months. Computed tomography in 3 dogs at 24–36 months and postmortem with histology in 1 dog confirmed bone‐bridging. Complications were not considered clinically significant and included implant loosening (2 dogs, both single plates) and minor end‐plate subsidence (8 dogs).

Conclusion

Application of the FITS device in combination with 2 ventral SOP™ locking plates and autogenous cancellous bone graft was associated with excellent outcomes in dogs treated for DAWS in this small case series.
Design Considerations for Naval Gas Turbines
Authors: Graves G. L.
Published: May 2015

This paper reflects on the design considerations for naval gas turbines in terms of duty profile operating requirements and the basic parameters of engine design. The degree of compromise of weight, efficiency, and engine life should reflect the specific application requirements.
Gas Turbine for Mobile Power Unit
Authors: Hennig F. O.
Published: May 2015

This paper is a continuation of a previously presented paper, which described the over-all design of the major components of a mobile power unit. The present paper is concerned with the main power equipment only and offers a detailed description of the design features which were developed for this project and also provide the flexibility necessary to make this gas turbine suitable for other applications.
El Paso’s Gas-Turbine Operating Experience
Authors: Carameros A. H.
Published: May 2015

A summary of El Paso Natural Gas Company’s operating experience covering design and operating problems encountered during the period between September, 1952, to January, 1956. Some discussion on operating and maintenance costs is also offered.
33,000 Hours on Marine Gas Turbines in Naval Service
Authors: Fowden W. M. M. , Sawyer J. W.
Published: May 2015

After some 33,000 hr of operating experience on marine gas turbines in naval vessels, it is believed that this prime mover has well demonstrated its reliability, its long-range economy, ease of operation, and quick replacement. Based on this experience, naval applications of marine gas turbine are expected to show a further increase in the immediate future. The gas turbine is now a strong contender in many fields and is being selected on the basis that it is able to do a better job than its nearest competitor.
A New Solar Gas Turbine Driven Auxiliary Power Plant
Authors: Kress R.
Published: May 2015

This paper describes the general requirements and past design practices on airborne gas-turbine-driven auxiliary power units, and in addition describes a new solution to the problem — installation of an APU in a streamlined pod. The unit was designed and developed by Solar Aircraft Company for use on the Convair C-131B airplane. Normally two complete pod units are used per airplane, one mounted beneath the wing on each side of the fuselage. Each is attached by means of a standard bomb shackle. Provisions have been made for jettisoning the unit in case of emergency. The paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine as the prime mover in airborne APU applications, the nature of the gas-turbine engine chosen, and its control system.
Influence of Working-Fluid Characteristics on the Design of the Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine
Authors: Robinson S. T.
Published: May 2015

During the past few months there has been a renewed expression of interest in the high-temperature gas-cycle reactor coupled with a closed-cycle gas turbine in a single loop as a means of utilizing the energy available from nuclear fission. At present the procurement of two closed-cycle gas-turbine plants is planned in this country, both of which are suitable for use with a gas-cycle nuclear reactor as a heat source. These plants differ widely in output, purpose and the nature of the working fluid. One of the questions repeatedly raised during their design was the effect of the nature and characteristics of the working fluid on the design of the nonnuclear components. This pointed to the desirability of a specific study along these lines, which study was conducted by the author’s firm and is partially reported herein.
The Control of a Marine Gas Turbine
Authors: Van Nest F. H.
Published: May 2015

The success of the G. T. S. John Sergeant has been documented fully by J. J. McMullen (1) and (2), in his papers covering the official sea trials and the ship’s initial trip to Europe. Since that time, the ship has been in regular service with only one major lay-up while structural modifications were made to the propeller.
Gas Turbines for Blast-Furnace Blowing
Authors: Krapf G. H. , Stephens J. O.
Published: May 2015

The steel-mill blast furnace consumes large quantities of coke, iron ore, limestone, and air. In addition to producing iron and slag, it also is a producer of large quantities of gas. For every ton of iron produced in the blast furnace, approximately 3 1/2 tons of air are consumed and 4 to 5 tons of blast-furnace gas are produced, which represents a calorific heat content equivalent to 9000 lb of steam at 450 psi and 750 F. Eighty per cent of this heat is available for the production of power and for blowing blast furnaces. This blast-furnace gas is of low btu content, ranging between 85 to 100 btu per cu.
Design Analysis of the General Electric T58 Engine
Authors: Hegland F. W.
Published: May 2015

The General Electric T58 is a lightweight, compact 1050 HP shaft powered gas turbine designed primarily for helicopters. Under sponsorship of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, this design was initiated with a development contract in June 1953.
Nuclear Reactors as an Energy Source for Gas Turbines
Authors: Roddis Louis H.
Published: May 2015

It is often said that the staff and notes of music Constitute an international language. No less so do the technical symbols of science. At no time is this language used more significantly than when employed by this group of international engineers and dedicated to the progress of mankind. It is your privilege and mine to work in some of the most advanced activities of the engineering profession, gas turbines and nuclear reactors, both of which promise the means of utilizing, lore efficiently than ever before, the forces of nature for the benefit of all.
A Gas Turbine “CO” Boiler Installation; Economic and Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Bultzo Charles
Published: May 2015

The paper presents a detailed thermodynamic analysis of a combined gas-turbine “CO” boiler installation. Regenerator flue gas with 9 per cent CO is burned to CO2 using gas-turbine exhaust which contains 17 per cent O2. In addition, the first costs of a steam-turbine drive is compared to that of the gas-turbine installation. The summary is a comparison of the anticipated efficiency with those being experienced.
Practical Realizations of Gas Turbines Combined With Steam and Industrial Heat Cycles
Authors: Auer Werner P.
Published: May 2015

The open-cycle gas turbine has for some time reached a state of reliability permitting consideration of its combination with steam or industrial heat plants in order to increase its efficiency. There are several combined installations in operation, or under construction, in Europe which are interesting because of the improvement of over-all performance they represent. Their arrangement is explained and available operating results are reported. In addition to plants featuring a combined gas turbine-steam process, the world’s first town heating plant using gas turbines is described.
Operation of 8500-Hp Gas Turbines in Locomotive Service
Authors: Rees H.
Published: May 2015

Gas turbines of 8500 hp in locomotive service on the Union Pacific Railroad have accumulated over 95,000 fired hr since the first locomotive was placed in main-line duty September 1958. Nineteen locomotives are now operating; 11 more will be delivered by July 1961. The rugged conditions of railroad service are ideal for accelerated field testing. Improvements developed from operation of the first turbines have been incorporated in all turbines delivered later. This field development is expected greatly to reduce maintenance and improve reliability of the entire fleet. Power plant is a new model General Electric frame size 5, simple-cycle, single-shaft, two-bearing machine having a 16-stage axial compressor and 2-stage turbine.
Comparative Operating Experience With Single-Shaft and Two-Shaft Gas-Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Singleton Heral , Park Tracy S.
Published: May 2015

There has been much discussion as to how the single-shaft gas turbine compares with a two-shaft turbine as a prime mover for natural gas pipeline operations. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company has a compressor station at Savannah, Tenn., with a single-shaft and two-shaft turbine driving centrifugal compressors in series. This provides an excellent opportunity for comparison of the two types of turbines.
Gas-Turbine-Powered Generating and Central Heating Plants
Authors: Dennys R. G.
Published: May 2015

This paper describes the first completely gas-turbine powered stations used for supplying primary power for military installations. The stations, with one exception, are equipped with waste-heat boilers which supply steam for use in all heating including barracks. Gas turbines were specified as the most economical means of satisfying the electric power and central heating requirements. The stations are completely self-contained with no connection to any commercial power. The gas turbines, with one exception, use natural gas as the primary fuel and No. 2 diesel fuel as standby fuel. Changeover to liquid fuel is automatic. Change back to gas is manual.
American Airlines Experience With Turbojet/Turbofan Engines
Authors: Whatley K. F.
Published: May 2015

The turbojet engine JT3C-6 and JT3C-7 entered commercial service on American Airlines Boeing 707/720 Aircraft after a considerable period of experience resulting from military J57 operation. Although the commercial operation uncovered problem areas, the causes were defined and the engine reliability and serviceability responded to various improvement programs. The time between overhauls (TBO) increased from 800 to 2100 hr at a rate unparalled in commercial engine operation. The turbofan is now going through a period of commercial “growing pains.” Problems have resulted from higher thrust, use of new materials, higher temperatures within and outside the engine, complexities of a fan air-thrust reverser, and so on. The airframe and engine manufacturers have defined these problems and together with the commercial operators are engaged in programs to insure performance and reliability compatible with the tremendous success of the first generation JT3C-6 and JT3C-7 turbojets.
Binary Cycle Gas Fired Turbine for Gas Compression Service
Authors: McAnneny Adrian W.
Published: May 2015

Three years ago a survey was made of the various prime movers available to the pipeline industry for gas compression. This survey included gas turbines and two and four-cycle reciprocating gas engines. The purpose of this study was to determine which of the existing equipments would be most economical and whether or not there was a need for the development of additional equipment. As a result of this economic study, it appeared there was a definite requirement in the industry for a high-speed, low-cost, gas turbine-centrifugal compressor unit for both field and main-line-station gas compression. As a result of the studies two gas-turbine-driven centrifugal compressor units were placed in operation early in 1960 at Cypress Station near Houston, waste-heat recovery systems being installed in the summer of 1961. Performance tests were satisfactory and subsequently six small gas-engine-driven compressor units have been installed at two main-line compressor stations.
The Small Bleed-Off Gas-Turbine Engine
Authors: Garner P. B.
Published: May 2015

The need for a small bleed-off gas-turbine engine arose when the large turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines were introduced into military service. The problem of starting turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines became more acute as the starting power requirements began to exceed the practical weight and size limits of electric starters. As a result, development of a pneumatic starting system was undertaken. To make the low-pressure air starter practical, it was necessary to have a small, lightweight source of compressed air. The small gas-turbine bleed-off compressor unit was developed for this purpose. This paper describes the development procedure and details of this type engine as it now stands. So far only a few thousand units have been produced, but cost reductions are expected as use for these small gas-turbine engines increases.
A Proposed Gas-Turbine Propulsion Plant for Great Lakes Ore Carriers
Authors: Stott T. E.
Published: May 2015

The present status of overage ships in the Great Lakes bulk carrying fleet, the problems of economic replacement, and the requirements for main propulsion and auxiliary machinery are delineated. With established requirements, the paper develops a gas-turbine machinery plant and compares it to the steam plant used in recent construction. The operating and environmental conditions existing on the Great Lakes are presented as influencing factors in the final plant selection. The study concludes that there is an existing need for new construction to replace obsolete vessels and that the gas-turbine plant will be lower in initial and operating costs when compared with the steam plant, for this application.
Interim Report on Dust Louvre Inertial Separator Application on 8500-hp U. P. R. R. Gas-Turbine Locomotive
Authors: Bruner F. D. , Sparrow J. K. , Moyer W. B.
Published: May 2015

Experience has shown that erosion of the compressor blading has been one of the major maintenance costs in operating gas turbines in locomotive service. This paper deals with a method of reducing this erosion substantially by using a “dust louvre” separator on a gas turbine-electric locomotive for heavy-duty freight service.
Thrust Nozzles for Supersonic Transport Aircraft
Authors: Migdal David , Horgan John J.
Published: May 2015

Supersonic transports will require jet-engine thrust nozzles that are highly efficient from take-off to supersonic cruise in order to minimize the direct operating costs. Variable-area ejectors, plug nozzles, and modifications of these basic types have been tested extensively during the past several years. Performance trends for these nozzles are presented with the emphasis on external flow effects. A new ejector which utilizes aerodynamically actuated doors to admit external air into the ejector shroud is discussed.
Operating Experiences and Data of Two 20,000-kW Gas Turbines at El Convento
Authors: Pfersdorff O. H.
Published: May 2015

Three years of operation for peaking and emergency service of one double-shaft and one single-shaft gas turbine provide data for maintenance and operating trends. This paper is presented as a follow-up to the original paper presented March 1960 covering “Considerations for Gas Turbines and their Initial Operating Experiences at El Convento.” 60-GTP-4.
Multi-Purpose Fuel: Problems That We Face
Authors: Siemietkowski John S.
Published: May 2015

A Pratt and Whitney FT4A Marine Gas Turbine Engine rated at 25,000 HP for a 100°F inlet day, was tested at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Philadelphia Division for a total of 201 hours, 15 minutes. The engine was subjected to an initial 30 hour “coking” run, conducted at 10,000 HP, 2380 rpm, to determine adverse effects on the engine under simulated destroyer type operation.

Following the 30 hour coking run, the engine was subjected to a 150 hour cycle endurance operation. Salt was admitted to the inlet air.

A combustion section inspection was performed at the end of the 30 hour coking run. No detrimental effects were noted at that time.

An overall combustion section inspection was performed at the end of the test. A fuel manifold and nozzle spray check was performed with both acceptable for further use. First stage turbine blades showed some degree of sulfidation, while the nozzle guide vanes showed evidence of coating loss and partial penetration into the base metal (on only the uncoated vanes).

The major problem area during the test was the failure of the coalescer fuel filter to function properly with Multi-Purpose fuel. Due to the higher pour point (with attendant “wax” precipitation) of the fuel in comparison with normal Marine Diesel (MIL-F-16884), plugging of the coalescer filter elements occurred in a very short period of time.

Engine performance over the entire test was satisfactory approximating that of previous FT4A testing.
Aerodynamic Torque Converter for Gas Turbines
Authors: Hill Charles C.
Published: May 2015

A new concept in transmissions for gas turbines, called an Aerodynamic Torque Converter, is proposed. The ATC is similar to a hydraulic torque converter but uses a compressible working fluid which results in several unique characteristics when combined with a gas turbine cycle. Control and operational aspects of the ATC are discussed and equations showing its basic thermodynamic characteristics are developed.
Developments in British Gas Generators for Gas Turbines
Authors: Snell W. U. , Albone Trevor
Published: May 2015

Conditions conducive to the generation of peak load electricity in the factory of the author’s company and the application of these principles on a national scale. Peak load gas turbine generating stations on the main electrical utilities in the United Kingdom, and early operating experience with the gas generators forming the motive power. Natural gas and its impact on the gas turbine for uses other than electrical generation, with particular reference to Canadian gasline pumping installations and future development in gas generator design.
Design and Development of a New 11,000 HP Industrial Gas Turbine
Authors: Petitt R. C.
Published: May 2015

This paper describes the design and development of a new series 3000 two-shaft regenerative and simple cycle gas turbine for mechanical drive applications. Technical advances in the areas of aero-thermal, mechanical, controls, and materials design were combined to produce a machine with a regenerative cycle thermal efficiency of 32%. Increased automation and adaptability to remote control were provided by a new solid state control system and high pressure hydraulics.
Computation of Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide in the Range 0–150 Deg C
Authors: Macchi E. , Angelino G.
Published: May 2015

Methods for the computation of thermodynamic properties from volumetric measurements are presented and discussed. Their accuracy is evluated by means of an error analysis based on the generation of a set of pseudo-experimental points through an appropriate comptuer technique.

A set of very accurate density measurements is employed for the computation of thermodynamic functions of CO2 between 0 and 150 deg C including the two phase region.

The results of the calculations are reported on a series of tables.

The comparison of the computed functions with values reported by others suggests the conclusion that the tabulated data give reasonably accurate information about the thermal properties of CO2 as can be evaluated from the best density measurements available in the range 0–150 deg C.
An Introduction to the JT15D Engine
Authors: Wrong C. B.
Published: May 2015

An analysis of the market potential for a small turbofan engine intended for business aircraft has led to the design of the JT15D. The main design objectives were low initial cost, low fuel consumption, high reliability, low maintenance costs, ease of installation and operation, and good growth potential. These objectives have been achieved using a minimum number of components and providing a simple layout. Mounting of the engine is highly flexible, and operation is straightforward. Extensive component testing has been carried out. Guaranteed engine performance was achieved early in the development programme.
Progress in the Development of Hot-Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Marine Applications
Authors: Sims Chester T. , Bergman Paul A. , Beltran Adrian M.
Published: May 2015

This paper reports results of an investigation to develop hot-corrosion-resistant Ni- and Co-base superalloys for marine gas turbine service. Data and conclusions are given for several series of compositions exposed in simulated turbine environments up to 1000 hr and up to 2050 F.
Fluidic Overspeed Sensor for a Power Turbine
Authors: Kast Howard B. , Uehling Donald E.
Published: May 2015

The engineering development of a fluidic overspeed sensor for application to a small demonstrator turboshaft engine is described. The control function provided is protection against power turbine overspeed which might otherwise occur in the event of failure of the prime electrical governor. The design problem is presented, the fluidic circuitry to mechanize a design solution is defined, and the breadboard and prototype bench development is reported. Development emphasis is placed upon the objective of attaining acceptable levels of reliability and maintainability in field operations.
A Fluidic Compressor Bleed Control
Authors: Eastman J. M.
Published: May 2015

An experimental compressor air powered fluidic jet engine compressor bleed control is described and test results are shown. The control must close the bleed valves at scheduled pressure ratios, provide a reset for the opening pressure ratio schedule, and an override for fast engine deceleration. It must operate over a wide range of pressures, pressure ratios and temperatures. Satisfactory performance is indicated at all conditions.
Propulsion Gas Turbine Experience on the Coast Guard Hamilton Class High Endurance Cutters
Authors: Goode R. W. , Logan J. M.
Published: May 2015

The engineering problems encountered with the Pratt & Whitney FT4 gas turbine installations on Coast Guard 378-Ft. High Endurance Cutters are reviewed. This installation is unique in that it is the first use of a large aircraft type gas turbine propulsion plant on a class of American vessels. The solutions to the various problems are briefly described.
Characterization of Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Davis L. W.
Published: May 2015

In the production of metal-matrix composites there are numerous variables in materials, processing, and testing that can affect the mechanical properties that are determined. A study was made of a large number of these variables in order to establish the effect of each one on the tensile strength. Results indicate that test specimen preparation and testing technique result in greater variations in strength determined than material or processing variations.
Measurement and Control of Gas Turbine Noise From an Industrial Vehicle
Authors: Tiede D. D.
Published: May 2015

Sound from a gas turbine powered industrial vehicle is evaluated and compared to maximum levels specified by hearing conservation criteria and state laws. Results show intake and exhaust silencers reduce engine noise to acceptable operator and bystander levels. Sound levels presented for a similar diesel powered vehicle are considerably above those of the turbine vehicle.
High Temperature Sensors for Gas Turbines
Authors: Gaylord A. M. , Compton W. A. , Furgurson R. G.
Published: May 2015

Gas turbines with turbine inlet temperatures of 2500 to 3000 F are planned for the future. A critical element of the advanced controls needed for a turbine of this type is the turbine inlet temperature sensor to protect vital engine hardware and the registration of gas temperature for power controls. The paper discusses the requirements for high temperature sensor advancements, since currently developed sensors have short life, slow response, and are not sufficiently accurate. Considerable discussion is devoted to the capabilities of two different types of thermocouples and a radiation pyrometer to sense turbine hardware. Innovative concepts, such as a gas collimator lens, the use of fiber optics to avoid environmental test temperature, effects of combustion gases on radiant intensity, and emissivity changes on indicated temperature are discussed.
Trajectory and Spreading of a Turbulent Jet in the Presence of a Crossflow of Arbitrary Velocity Distribution
Authors: Bowley W. W. , Sucec J.
Published: May 2015

The trajectory and spreading of a turbulent circular jet of air issuing from a wall in a perpendicular or near perpendicular fashion into a crossflow whose velocity component along the wall may vary arbitrarily in the direction normal to the wall is treated in a semianalytic fashion. The method of attack on the problem was instigated by the work of Abramovich on the turbulent circular jet of air in a constant velocity crossflow. Results for the trajectories and spreading are presented for the two special cases of a constant velocity crossflow and a crossflow whose velocity varies linearly in a direction normal to the wall. For the constant velocity case, experimental results are available in Abramovich and the analysis undertaken here shows good agreement with those results.
Flueric Light-Off Detector
Authors: Urbanosky T. F.
Published: May 2015

A flueric circuit for sensing afterburner light-off was designed, built, and successfully demonstrated on a GE J79-15A engine. The sensing principle took advantage of the fact that the kinematic viscosity of air increases with temperature to the 1.71 power. Therefore, laminar flow resistance of a capillary is very sensitive to temperature changes. This resistance change characteristic was utilized in a pneumatic bridge circuit, the output of which is proportional to temperature. The Flueric Light-Off Detector (FLOD) output was 1.5 psi for minimum afterburner light-offs and the time constant was about 0.3 sec which exceeded predicted performance. Output at max A/B was 15 psi. The FLOD functioned equally well as a blow-out detector. This circuit can also be utilized for main combustor light-off or blow-out indication and has the additional potential of absolute temperature sensing. The FLOD does not have a single moving part and required no filtration or pressure regulation.
Southland Paper’s Combined Cycle Power Plant
Authors: Biles J. E.
Published: May 2015

Late in the summer of 1967 Southland Paper Mills, Inc. placed in operation a 52,000-kw combined cycle power plant. The plant utilizes two 13,550-kw gas turbines and one 25,000-kw single automatic extraction condensing steam turbine. The power plant furnishes the total power requirements for their new Sheldon mill. This paper presents background data on the mill and describes the power plant in some detail. Flow diagrams are presented and reviewed. Features of the generating equipment and the steam generators are described. Switchgear and load coordination is discussed. The operation and reliability of the plant to date are summarized and the combined cycle in terms of paper mill requirements is evaluated.
The Potential Danger of Fire in Gas Turbine Heat Exchangers
Authors: McDonald C. F.
Published: May 2015

Increased emphasis is being placed on the regenerative gas turbine cycle, and the utilization of waste heat recovery systems, for improved thermal efficiency. For such systems there are modes of engine operation, where it is possible for a metal fire to occur in the exhaust heat exchanger. This paper is intended as an introduction to the subject, more from an engineering, than metallurgical standpoint, and includes a description of a series of simple tests to acquire an understanding of the problem for a particular application. Some engine operational procedures, and design features, aimed at minimizing the costly and dangerous occurrence of gas turbine heat exchanger fires, are briefly mentioned.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Transpiration Cooling on Turbine Stator Blade Aerodynamics
Authors: Provenzale G. E. , Thirumalaisamy S. N.
Published: May 2015

The effect of transpiration cooling on turbine stator blade performance is presented based on annular cascade tests. Transpiration cooling is shown to have some effect on the loss coefficient but not on the exit air angle, blade surface pressure distribution and flow capacity. The experimental data are used to develop a simple empirical correlation for the loss coefficient. This is compared with the results of a simple mixing theory. Because of the limited number of design parameters investigated and the complex flow field present in an annular cascade, especially with low aspect ratio blades, further studies and experiments are required to establish a more fundamental loss correlation.
A Turbine-Speed Fuel Pump for Small Gas-Turbine Engines
Authors: Johnson H. T. , Mitchell R. K.
Published: May 2015

Advances in gas turbine engine technology have made possible small, lightweight, very high-speed engines. Plans for future units promise a continuation of this trend. Accessory technology has not made comparable advances to date. The low-speed capability of presently available accessories threatens to severely penalize the specific weight and volume of anticipated small engine packages. This paper describes the design analysis and laboratory evaluation of a vane-type fuel pump designed to operate at gas-turbine-shaft speed. Techniques required to attain these speeds without sacrificing endurance in the vane-type pump are discussed.
C-5 Engine Inlet Development
Authors: Saylor J. M. , Hancock J. P.
Published: May 2015

Alternative approaches to the engine inlet selection problem are discussed briefly and substantiation is provided for the chosen concept. The two-phase nacelle forebody and five-phase inlet model test programs are described and important conclusions are presented. Scale corrections to model data using demonstrator test results are explained. The use of sensitivity coefficients related to cost effectiveness and design mission range for the inlet/cowl design optimization is illustrated. Full-scale testing of the prototype at Peebles, the production design at Lockheed-Georgia, and the B-52 flying test bed are covered in turn. The paper is concluded with an overall assessment of system performance relative to initial objectives.
Design Requirements and Objectives for Commercial Aircraft Propulsion Systems
Authors: Sallee G. P.
Published: May 2015

With the past ten years commercial airlines have begun to move away from their direct dependence on equipment developed by the military. This departure from almost traditional methods of doing business has led to a need for the airlines to define in greater detail the requirements that each new type of equipment must meet for satisfactory airline use. Military equipment in the past served as a technical base line. Today there is no base line equipment and the airlines must shoulder the responsibility for defining the base line requirements. This paper is directed at a few of the important base line requirements for commercial aircraft propulsion systems. In summary, engines must be designed to be installed in aircraft not on a test stand. The design must be directed toward long life, ease of repair, and good long term installed performance. All power plant subsystems must be integrated into the installation, tested early and thoroughly as part of the power plant, and be more reliable and maintainable than current equipment in service.
Investigation of listener envelopment using spherical microphone array measurements and ambisonics playback
Authors: Dick David A. , Vigeant Michelle C.
Published: May 2015

An important aspect of overall room impression is listener envelopment (LEV), the sense of being immersed in a sound field. Current LEV objective metrics are primarily based on lateral reflections, typically measured with a figure-of-eight microphone. The purpose of this study was to investigate LEV using measured impulse responses (IRs) taken with an Eigenmike 32-element spherical microphone array as an initial step toward creating a new metric for LEV. The spherical array enables a spatial analysis with higher resolution than traditional methods. Impulse response measurements were made in the Peter Kiewit Concert Hall in Omaha, NE, in several seat positions and hall absorption settings. Auralizations were generated by convolving the measured IRs with anechoic music excerpts and then processing the signals for third-order ambisonics playback. The signals were played over an array consisting of 32 loudspeakers in an anechoic chamber. A subjective study was run in which musically trained listeners rated the LEV of the stimuli. Beamforming techniques were used to analyze the IRs to better understand the spatial and temporal factors that contribute to the perception of envelopment. Results will be presented, which correlate the objective measurements to the subjective ratings. [Work supported by NSF Grant 1302741.]