bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the efficacy of camera traps for studying demographic composition and variation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: McCarthy Maureen S. , Després‐Einspenner Marie‐Lyne , Samuni Liran , Mundry Roger , Lemoine Sylvain , Preis Anna , Wittig Roman M. , Boesch Christophe , Kühl Hjalmar S.
Published: August 2018

Demographic factors can strongly influence patterns of behavioral variation in animal societies. Traditionally, these factors are measured using longitudinal observation of habituated social groups, particularly in social animals like primates. Alternatively, noninvasive biomonitoring methods such as camera trapping can allow researchers to assess species occupancy, estimate population abundance, and study rare behaviors. However, measures of fine‐scale demographic variation, such as those related to age and sex structure or subgrouping patterns, pose a greater challenge. Here, we compare demographic data collected from a community of habituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï Forest using two methods: camera trap videos and observational data from long‐term records. By matching data on party size, seasonal variation in party size, measures of demographic composition, and changes over the study period from both sources, we compared the accuracy of camera trap records and long‐term data to assess whether camera trap data could be used to assess such variables in populations of unhabituated chimpanzees. When compared to observational data, camera trap data tended to underestimate measures of party size, but revealed similar patterns of seasonal variation as well as similar community demographic composition (age/sex proportions) and dynamics (particularly emigration and deaths) during the study period. Our findings highlight the potential and limitations of camera trap surveys for estimating fine‐scale demographic composition and variation in primates. Continuing development of field and statistical methods will further improve the usability of camera traps for demographic studies.
Intrinsic Fluorescence of Metabolite Amyloids Allows Label‐Free Monitoring of Their Formation and Dynamics in Live Cells
Authors: Shaham‐Niv Shira , Arnon Zohar A. , Sade Dorin , Lichtenstein Alexandra , Shirshin Evgeny A. , Kolusheva Sofiya , Gazit Ehud
Published: August 2018

The formation of apoptosis‐inducing amyloidal structures by metabolites has significantly extended the “amyloid hypothesis” to include non‐proteinaceous, single metabolite building blocks. However, detection of metabolite assemblies is restricted compared to their larger protein‐based counterparts owing to the hindrance of external labelling and limited immunohistochemical detection tools. Herein, we present the detection of the formation, dynamics, and cellular distribution of metabolite amyloid‐like structures and provide mechanistic insights into the generation of supramolecular chromophores. Moreover, the intrinsic fluorescence properties allow the detection of metabolite assemblies in living cells without the use of external dyes. Altogether, this intrinsic fluorescence of metabolite assemblies further verifies their amyloidal nature, while providing an important tool for further investigation of their pathological role in inborn error of metabolism disorders.
Bioinspired Artificial Nanodecoys for Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Liu Xuan , Yuan Lunzhi , Zhang Liang , Mu Yalin , Li Xiaoling , Liu Chao , Lv Peng , Zhang Yali , Cheng Tong , Yuan Quan , Xia Ningshao , Chen Xiaoyuan , Liu Gang
Published: August 2018

A facile route is presented for fabricating a new class of nanomimics that overexpress hepatitis B virus (HBV) receptor by a natural biosynthetic procedure against HBV infection. A nine‐transmembrane HBV‐specific receptor, human sodium taurocholate co‐transporting polypeptide (hNTCP), was engineered to naturally immobilize it onto the cellular surface and subsequently trigger the budding of hNTCP‐anchoring membrane vesicles (hNTCP‐MVs) that favor the HBV virion. hNTCP‐MVs could rapidly block HBV infection in cell models. Furthermore, hNTCP‐MVs treatment could effectively prevent viral infection, spreading, and replication in a human‐liver‐chimeric mouse model of HBV infection. Our findings demonstrate the receptor‐mediated antiviral effect of hNTCP‐MVs to trick HBV and offer novel opportunities for further development of antiviral strategies in nanomedicine.
Salt‐Based Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites: Towards A Stable Lithium Metal/Li10GeP2S12 Solid Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Gao Yue , Wang Daiwei , Li Yuguang C. , Yu Zhaoxin , Mallouk Thomas E. , Wang Donghai
Published: August 2018

Solid‐state Li metal battery technology is attractive, owing to the high energy density, long lifespans, and better safety. A key obstacle in this technology is the unstable Li/solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) interface involving electrolyte reduction by Li. Herein we report a novel approach based on the use of a nanocomposite consisting of organic elastomeric salts (LiO‐(CH2O)n‐Li) and inorganic nanoparticle salts (LiF, ‐NSO2‐Li, Li2O), which serve as an interphase to protect Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS), a highly conductive but reducible SSE. The nanocomposite is formed in situ on Li via the electrochemical decomposition of a liquid electrolyte, thus having excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, affinity for Li and LGPS, and limited interfacial resistance. XPS depth profiling and SEM show that the nanocomposite effectively restrained the reduction of LGPS. Stable Li electrodeposition over 3000 h and a 200 cycle life for a full cell were achieved.
Separation of Aromatics/Cyclic Aliphatics by Nonporous Adaptive Pillararene Crystals
Authors: Jie Kecheng , Zhou Yujuan , Li Errui , Zhao Run , Huang Feihe
Published: August 2018

The separation of cyclic aliphatics of high purity, which are produced from hydrogenation of the corresponding aromatics, is highly desired in the chemical industry. An energy‐efficient and environmentally friendly adsorptive separation method using nonporous adaptive crystals of perethylated pillar[5]arene (EtP5) and pillar[6]arene (EtP6) is described. Adaptive EtP5 crystals separate toluene from methylcyclohexane with 98.8 % purity, while adaptive EtP6 crystals separate methylcyclohexane from toluene with 99.2 % purity. The selectivities come from the stability of new EtP5 and EtP6 crystal structures upon capture of toluene and methylcyclohexane, respectively. The reversible transformations between nonporous guest‐free EtP5 or EtP6 structures and guest‐loaded structures make them highly recyclable.
Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites by Optical Trapping
Authors: Yuyama Ken‐ichi , Islam Md Jahidul , Takahashi Kiyonori , Nakamura Takayoshi , Biju Vasudevanpillai
Published: August 2018

Single crystals of organolead halide perovskites attract much attention to electrooptical and photovoltaic applications. They are usually prepared in precursor solutions incubated at controlled temperatures or under optimized vapor atmosphere conditions, and thus, multiple perovskite crystals are nucleated all over the solution. Multiple nucleation of crystals prevents efficient use of precursors in the preferential growth of large single crystals. An innovative approach is presented for spatiotemporally controlled, selective nucleation and growth of single crystals of lead halide perovskites by optical trapping with a focused laser beam. Upon such trapping in unsaturated precursor solutions, nucleation of MAPbX3 (MA=CH3NH3+; X=Cl−, Br−, or I−) is induced at the focal spot through increase in the concentration of perovskite precursors in the focal volume. The rate at which the nucleated crystal grows depends upon whether the perovskite absorbs the trapping laser or not. These findings suggest that optical trapping would be useful to prepare various perovskite single crystals and modify their optical and electronic properties; thereby, offering new methods for engineering of perovskite crystals.
Lifecycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from corncob ethanol in China
Authors: Wang Yu , Cheng Ming‐Hsun , Wright Mark Mba
Published: August 2018

Converting corncobs into fuel ethanol is different from converting stover because cobs have higher hemicellulose and lower lignin than stover. Current research provides life‐cycle assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for stover ethanol but lacks such assessments for corncob ethanol. This study attempts to fill this gap by estimating the lifecycle energy consumption and carbon emissions for corncob ethanol using the GREET (Greenhouses gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model. Our well‐to‐pump (WTP) estimate of fossil fuel consumption is 0.51–0.84 MJ MJ−1 of ethanol produced. The estimated GHG emissions are 39.44–49.97 gCO2eq/MJ of ethanol; about 90% is attributed to the conversion process. If glucose and xylose are co‐fermented, it requires 10% less energy and emits about 20% fewer GHGs from well to pump. The estimates are sensitive to the variations in corn yield and hydropower supply. Pump‐to‐wheel emissions are also assessed for representative vehicles with spark‐ignition engines in China. We find that hybrid and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles have 18–20% lower emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and flexible‐fuel vehicles using E85 have similar WTP emissions to ICEVs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evaluating tasks within a high‐probability request sequence in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Planer Jilian , DeBar Ruth , Progar Patrick , Reeve Kenneth , Sarokoff Randi
Published: August 2018

Noncompliance is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Antecedent interventions offer effective alternative to consequence procedures to decrease noncompliance. Although high‐probability request sequences have been shown to be effective, previous research has not evaluated types of tasks within a high‐probability request sequence. We compared the effects of relevant and irrelevant high‐probability tasks on compliance to low‐probability (low‐p) requests in children with ASD. After high levels of compliance to low‐p tasks were achieved across relevant and irrelevant conditions, fixed and variable presentations of high‐probability requests were compared. Results showed that relevant high‐probability requests increased the percentage of compliance more than irrelevant high‐probability requests across participants as compared with baseline. For two of three participants, variable presentations of the high‐probability requests resulted in higher percentages of compliance than fixed presentations. Results suggest that a variable presentation of relevant tasks should be considered within the high‐probability request sequence.
Circadian rest‐activity rhythm as an objective biomarker of patient‐reported outcomes in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Innominato Pasquale F. , Komarzynski Sandra , Palesh Oxana G. , Dallmann Robert , Bjarnason Georg A. , Giacchetti Sylvie , Ulusakarya Ayhan , Bouchahda Mohamed , Haydar Mazen , Ballesta Annabelle , Karaboué Abdoulaye , Wreglesworth Nicholas I. , Spiegel David , Lévi Francis A.
Published: August 2018

Background

Psychosocial symptoms often cluster together, are refractory to treatment, and impair health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) in cancer patients. The contribution of circadian rhythm alterations to systemic symptoms has been overlooked in cancer, despite a causal link shown under jet lag and shift work conditions. We investigated whether the circadian rest‐activity rhythm provides a reliable and objective estimate of the most frequent patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Methods

Two datasets were used, each involving concomitant 3‐day time series of wrist actigraphy and HR‐QoL questionnaires: EORTC QLQ‐C30 was completed once by 237 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer; MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) was completed daily by 31 patients with advanced cancer on continuous actigraphy monitoring, providing 1015 paired data points. Circadian function was assessed using the clinically validated dichotomy index I < O. Nonparametric tests compared PROMs and I < O. Effect sizes were computed. Sensitivity subgroup and temporal dynamics analyses were also performed.

Results

I < O values were significantly lower with increasing symptom severity and worsening HR‐QoL domains. Fatigue and anorexia were worse in patients with circadian disruption. The differences were both statistically and clinically significant (P < 0.001; d ≥ 0.33). Physical and social functioning, and global quality/enjoyment of life were significantly better in patients with robust circadian rhythm (P < 0.001; d ≥ 0.26). Sensitivity analyses validated these findings.

Conclusion

Objectively determined circadian disruption was consistently and robustly associated with clinically meaningfully severe fatigue, anorexia, and interference with physical and social functioning. This supports an important role of the circadian system in the determination of cancer patients’ HR‐QoL and symptoms that deserves therapeutic exploitation.
The discursive “othering” of Jews and Muslims in the Britain First solidarity patrol
Authors: Burke Shani
Published: August 2018

In this paper, critical discursive psychology is used to analyse the Islamophobic discourse by the far‐right party Britain First in its “solidarity patrol” video. Britain First patrolled in Golders Green, North London, to show support for Jewish communities following the ISIS shooting at the kosher supermarket in Paris on January 9, 2015. The Charlie Hebdo shooting and the shooting at the kosher supermarket (as well as other attacks by members of the Islamic State) have led to Muslims being seen as a threat to Britain and exposed to Islamophobic attacks and racial abuse. This presents far‐right parties in the United Kingdom with the dilemma of appearing moderate and mainstream in their anti‐Islamic stance. The analysis focuses on how Britain First used the shooting at the kosher supermarket in order to construct Jews as under threat from Islam. The analysis also includes visual communication in the solidarity patrol video that was used to provide “evidence” that Britain First supported Jewish communities. Results are discussed in light of how Britain First used aligning with Jews in order to appear as “reasonable” in projecting its anti‐Islamic ideology and how critical discursive psychology can be used to show how conflicting social identities are constructed.
Carbon2Chem® – A Cross‐Industry Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Oles Markus , Lüke Wiebke , Kleinschmidt Ralph , Büker Karsten , Weddige Hans‐Jörn , Schmöle Peter , Achatz Reinhold
Published: August 2018

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global warming to well below 2 °C are the major goals of the Paris Agreement. The technical realization of these goals continues to pose major challenges for many high‐emission industrial sectors. One promising approach is the synergetic combination of large‐scale industries in cross‐industrial networks. With Carbon2Chem®, the merger of the steel, chemical, and energy sectors has succeeded for the first time. The aim of the initiative is to use top gases from steel production as a raw material for chemical products.
CRISPR RNA Array‐Guided Multisite Cleavage for Gene Disruption by Cas9 and Cpf1
Authors: Wang Dan , Ma Dejun , Han Jingxin , Kong Linghao , Li Lu‐Yuan , Xi Zhen
Published: August 2018

To achieve multisite‐targeting‐based DNA cleavage simultaneously, we designed two kinds of CRISPR RNA arrays by fusing four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs for Cas9 or crRNAs for Cpf1) with uncleavable RNA linkers (CRISPRay). The CRISPRay could operate on four adjacent target sites to cleave target DNA in a collaborative manner. Two CRISPR RNA arrays demonstrated robust inactivation of the firefly luciferase gene in living cells. In vitro DNA cleavage and DNA sequencing also verified that sgRNA arrays directed SpCas9 nuclease to cut target DNA at four cleavage sites simultaneously whereas crRNA‐array‐guided FnCpf1 nuclease showed target‐activated, nonspecific DNase activity on both target DNA and nontarget DNA at random sites. Through optimization of the ratio of nuclease and CRIPSR RNAs, CRISPRay should further enhance gene interference in cells. This work presents a simple approach through which to improve multisite‐directed gene disruption by fusing four guide RNAs (sgRNAs or crRNAs) into a CRISPR RNA string.
Developing Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of HECT‐Type Ubiquitin Ligases for Therapeutic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Dan , Gehringer Matthias , Lorenz Sonja
Published: August 2018

The ubiquitin system regulates countless physiological and disease‐associated processes and has emerged as an attractive entryway for therapeutic efforts. With over 600 members in the human proteome, ubiquitin ligases are the most diverse class of ubiquitylation enzymes and pivotal in encoding specificity in ubiquitin signaling. Although considerable progress has been made in the identification of small molecules targeting RING ligases, relatively little is known about the “druggability” of HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) ligases, many of which are critically implicated in human pathologies. A major obstacle to optimizing the few available ligands is our incomplete understanding of their inhibitory mechanisms and the structural basis of catalysis in HECT ligases. Here, we survey recent approaches to manipulate the activities of HECT ligases with small molecules to showcase the particular challenges and opportunities these enzymes hold as therapeutic targets.
Catalytic Intermediates of CO2 Hydrogenation on Cu(111) Probed by In Operando Near‐Ambient Pressure Technique
Authors: Ren Yinjuan , Yuan Kaidi , Zhou Xiong , Sun Haicheng , Wu Kai , Bernasek Steven L. , Chen Wei , Xu Guo Qin
Published: August 2018

The in operando monitoring of catalytic intermediates is crucial for understanding the reaction mechanism and for optimizing the reaction conditions to improve the efficiency of the catalytic protocol; however, until now, this has remained a daunting challenge. Herein, we investigated the interaction of CO2 and H2 with the Cu(111) surface in a CO2 hydrogenation model system by using the in operando technique of near‐ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is further assisted by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy and low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED) measurements. These techniques allowed the direct observation of CO2 dissociation into CO+O on the Cu(111) surface and the adsorption of O on the surface at room temperature. The intermediate HCOO− was unambiguously detected in the CO2+H2 environment, which corroborated the formate pathway for methanol formation on the Cu(111) surface. We further found that O coverage can prevent the build up of graphitic carbon on the Cu surface. By taking advantage of the competitive interplay between Cu−O and graphitic carbon, we have proposed a feasible strategy for inhibition of the formation of graphitic carbon by tuning the CO2 and H2 partial pressures, which may contribute to sustaining the active Cu catalyst under the reaction conditions.
Structural Mapping of Anion Inhibitors to β‐Carbonic Anhydrase psCA3 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Murray Akilah B. , Aggarwal Mayank , Pinard Melissa , Vullo Daniela , Patrauchan Marianna , Supuran Claudiu T. , McKenna Robert
Published: August 2018

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram‐negative facultative anaerobe belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family. It is a multidrug‐resistant opportunistic human pathogen, a common cause of life‐threatening nosocomial infections, and a key bacterial agent in cystic fibrosis and endocarditis. The bacterium exhibits intrinsic resistance to most antibacterial agents, including aminoglycosides and quinolones. Hence, the identification of new drug targets for P. aeruginosa is ongoing. PsCA3 is a β‐class carbonic anhydrase (β‐CA) that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and represents a new class of antimicrobial target. Previously, inhibitor screening studies of psCA3 have shown that a series of small anions including sulfamide (SFN), imidazole (IMD), and 4‐methylimidazole (4MI), and thiocyanate (SCN) inhibit the enzyme with efficiencies in the micro‐ to millimolar range. Herein the X‐ray crystal structures of these inhibitors in complex with psCA3 are presented and compared with human CA II. This structural survey into the binding modes of small anions forms the foundation for the development of inhibitors against β‐CAs and more selective inhibitors against P. aeruginosa.
Simple Fabrication of SnO2 Quantum‐dot‐modified TiO2 Nanorod Arrays with High Photoelectrocatalytic Activity for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Yingguang , Lin Qun , Tong Na , Zhang Zizhong , Zhuang Huaqiang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Ying Wang , Zhang Hongwen , Wang Xuxu
Published: August 2018

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been demonstrated as a promising way to acquire clean hydrogen energy. However, the efficiency has been limited by the high recombination rate of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. Herein, we provided a simple approach to construct a novel SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) modified TiO2 nanorod arrays (NAs) by the calcination of SnCl2‐adsorbed TiO2 NAs. The photocurrent density of SnO2 QDs/TiO2 NAs exhibits about 5 times higher than that of parent TiO2 NAs at a bias of 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. SnO2 QDs/TiO2 NAs also show a high photoelectrocatalytic activity for overall water splitting with an actual yield of H2 and O2 to be 27.85 and 11.87 μmol cm−2 h−1, respectively. The excellent performance of photoanode for PEC water splitting could be attributed to its Z‐scheme heterostructure for good separation efficiency and transport rate of photogenerated charge carries.
Anchoring Active Pt2+/Pt0 Hybrid Nanodots on g‐C3N4 Nitrogen Vacancies for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Xing Weinan , Tu Wenguang , Ou Man , Wu Shuyang , Yin Shengming , Wang Haojing , Chen Gang , Xu Rong
Published: August 2018

A Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodot‐modified graphitic carbon nitride (CN) photocatalyst (CNV‐P) was fabricated for the first time using a chemical reduction method, during which nitrogen vacancies in g‐C3N4 assist to stabilize Pt2+ species. It is elucidated that the coexistence of metallic Pt0 and Pt2+ species in the Pt nanodots loaded on g‐C3N4 results in superior photocatalytic H2 evolution performance with very low Pt loadings. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) are 265.91 and 116.38 h−1 for CNV‐P‐0.1 (0.1 wt % Pt) and CNV‐P‐0.5 (0.5 wt % Pt), respectively, which are much higher than for other g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts with Pt co‐catalyst reported previously. The excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution performance is a result of i) metallic Pt0 facilitating the electron transport and separation and Pt2+ species preventing the undesirable H2 backward reaction, ii) the strong interfacial contact between Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodots and nitrogen vacancies of CNV facilitating the interfacial electron transfer, and iii) the highly dispersed Pt2+/Pt0 hybrid nanodots exposing more active sites for photocatalytic H2 evolution. Our findings are useful for the design of highly active semiconductor‐based photocatalysts with extremely low precious metal content to reduce the catalyst cost while achieving good activity.
Dataflow management, dynamic load balancing, and concurrent processing for real‐time embedded vision applications using Quasar
Authors: Goossens Bart
Published: August 2018

Programming modern embedded vision systems brings various challenges, due to the steep learning curve for programmers and the different characteristics of the devices. Quasar, a new high‐level programming language and development environment, considerably simplifies the development. Quasar has a compiler that detects and optimizes parallel programming patterns and a heterogeneous runtime that distributes the computational load over the available compute devices (CPUs and Graphical Processing Unit [GPUs]). In this paper, we focus on runtime aspects of Quasar. We show that with good approximation, the execution time of a GPU kernel function can be factorized in a compile‐time‐specific component and a runtime‐specific component. We show that this approximation leads to a computationally simple runtime load balancing rule. Moreover, the load balancing rule permits efficient implicit concurrency of kernel functions and automatic scaling to multiple compute devices (eg, multi‐CPU/GPU systems). Based on an appropriate mathematical scheduling model, we investigate the command queue size trade‐off between memory usage and device utilization. The result is a programming environment for embedded vision systems for which automatic parallelization and implicit concurrency detection allow scaling the program efficiently to multi‐CPU/GPU systems. Finally, benchmark results are provided to demonstrate the performance of our approach compared with OpenACC and CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).
Historical perspective on neuroembryology: Wilhelm His and his contemporaries
Authors: Dupont Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2018

This year marks the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the neural crest by Wilhelm His (1831–1904). Beyond this discovery, His made possible the program of comparative anatomy at the cellular level thanks to the introduction in 1866 of the first microtome to have micrometer advance. His studies of the origin, migration, and fate of neural crest cells were foundational in the field of neuroembryology and contributed to the establishment of the neuron doctrine. The article places His’ work in the scientific context of 19th century embryology, concerned with reconciling the embryonic layers theory, the cell theory and the evolution theory. From a methodological point of view, the article shows that His appears in this context at the junction of two embryological traditions, the descriptive morphological approach and the new experimental approach. The anatomical and physiological exploration of the neural crest and the controversies that followed highlight the transition between these two traditions that His enabled and of which he was one of the initiators.
Shifting daylength regimes associated with range shifts alter aphid‐parasitoid community dynamics
Authors: Kehoe Rachel C. , Cruse David , Sanders Dirk , Gaston Kevin J. , van Veen F. J. Frank
Published: August 2018

With climate change leading to poleward range expansion of species, populations are exposed to new daylength regimes along latitudinal gradients. Daylength is a major factor affecting insect life cycles and activity patterns, so a range shift leading to new daylength regimes is likely to affect population dynamics and species interactions; however, the impact of daylength in isolation on ecological communities has not been studied so far. Here, we tested for the direct and indirect effects of two different daylengths on the dynamics of experimental multitrophic insect communities. We compared the community dynamics under “southern” summer conditions of 14.5‐hr daylight to “northern” summer conditions of 22‐hr daylight. We show that food web dynamics indeed respond to daylength with one aphid species (Acyrthosiphon pisum) reaching much lower population sizes at the northern daylength regime compared to under southern conditions. In contrast, in the same communities, another aphid species (Megoura viciae) reached higher population densities under northern conditions. This effect at the aphid level was driven by an indirect effect of daylength causing a change in competitive interaction strengths, with the different aphid species being more competitive at different daylength regimes. Additionally, increasing daylength also increased growth rates in M. viciae making it more competitive under summer long days. As such, the shift in daylength affected aphid population sizes by both direct and indirect effects, propagating through species interactions. However, contrary to expectations, parasitoids were not affected by daylength. Our results demonstrate that range expansion of whole communities due to climate change can indeed change interaction strengths between species within ecological communities with consequences for community dynamics. This study provides the first evidence of daylength affecting community dynamics, which could not be predicted from studying single species separately.
Synthesis and Characterization of Rare‐Earth Orthoferrite LnFeO3 Nanoparticles for Bioimaging
Authors: Pinho Sonia L. C. , Amaral João S. , Wattiaux Alain , Duttine Mathieu , Delville Marie‐Hélène , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C.
Published: August 2018

A combination of sol–gel synthesis and thermal decomposition was developed for preparing nanosized, perovskite‐type LnFeO3 (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb) powders. Perovskite‐type powders with crystalline particles of 100 nm average size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), could be obtained after a thermal treatment at 800 °C. The perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) were further characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These were in agreement with the pure perovskite LnFeO3 structure with the expected Zeeman sextet corresponding to a magnetically ordered phase. Magnetization measurements [M(H)] at 5 K and 300 K showed a behavior that is dominated by antiferromagnetic interactions and weak ferromagnetism in EuFeO3, while for Ln = Gd, Tb, they were dominated by the low ordering temperature Ln magnetic sublattice. The colloidal aqueous NPs suspensions exhibited no significant leaching of free Ln3+ ions. Their relaxivities define them as potential T2 MRI contrast agents for further biomedical applications. The NPs showed fast uptake and no cytotoxicity at concentrations below 62.5 µg/mL with respect to Hela cells.
Interfacing TiO2(B) Nanofibers with Li4Ti5O12 Towards Highly Reversible and Durable TiO2‐based Anode for Li−Ion Batteries
Authors: Ho Ching‐Kit , Li Chi‐Ying Vanessa , Chan Kwong‐Yu , Yung Hoi , Tay Yee‐Yan
Published: August 2018

Nanostructured TiO2(B) suffers from severe initial irreversible capacity loss (ICL) (≥15 %), hindering its commercialization. While the incorporation of stable Li4Ti5O12 with negligible ICL into TiO2(B) should address the issue, the synthesis of TiO2(B)/Li4Ti5O12 composite remains unexploited because the conventional synthesis temperature required for the Li4Ti5O12 formation induces growth of anatase TiO2. Here, we achieve the first synthesis of TiO2(B)/Li4Ti5O12 nanocomposite by interfacing high‐energy (020) planes of TiO2(B) nanofibers and Li4Ti5O12 with a small lattice mismatch. As a new class of Li‐ion battery anode, the TiO2(B)/Li4Ti5O12 nanocomposite features a significantly mitigated initial ICL (7 % at 35 mA g−1), stable cycling (93 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1750 mA g−1), and enhanced rate performance (122 mAh g−1 at 2630 mA g−1). This can be mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the composition and structure resulting in reduced and stabilized SEI formation. Demonstrating the first success of synthesizing a TiO2(B)/Li4Ti5O12 composite, this work provides insights to the effective integration of compounds requiring high synthesis temperature with metastable phases.
Minimizing dependency on internetwork: Is dew computing a solution?
Authors: Ray Partha Pratim
Published: August 2018

Since the inception of the internetwork facility, it has been continuously serving as the fundamental backbone of existing aspects, such as cloud, fog, and edge computing. Several application perspectives are in practice that mandate the involvement of application domains including smart retail, transportation, and data analytics. However, the deployed service platforms do not conform to facilitate the minimal and/or internetwork‐free orientation to current paradigms. Hence, to cater this approach, a dew computing paradigm that goals at bringing cloud, fog, or edge resources and services to the nearest of user's periphery without or minimal use of internetwork has been introduced. This article advocates the feasibility, applicability, and appropriation of dew computing while leveraging several real‐life case studies with special attention to internetwork‐free movement. From earlier published literary works, a taxonomy has been devised in the dominion of dew computing. Moreover, highlights are made on selective requirements that would be key to the advancement of dew computing. Finally, challenges are discussed to provide future research directions in the dew computing domain.
Speciation genes are more likely to have discordant gene trees
Authors: Wang Richard J. , Hahn Matthew W.
Published: August 2018

Speciation genes are responsible for reproductive isolation between species. By directly participating in the process of speciation, the genealogies of isolating loci have been thought to more faithfully represent species trees. The unique properties of speciation genes may provide valuable evolutionary insights and help determine the true history of species divergence. Here, we formally analyze whether genealogies from loci participating in Dobzhansky–Muller (DM) incompatibilities are more likely to be concordant with the species tree under incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Individual loci differ stochastically from the true history of divergence with a predictable frequency due to ILS, and these expectations—combined with the DM model of intrinsic reproductive isolation from epistatic interactions—can be used to examine the probability of concordance at isolating loci. Contrary to existing verbal models, we find that reproductively isolating loci that follow the DM model are often more likely to have discordant gene trees. These results are dependent on the pattern of isolation observed between three species, the time between speciation events, and the time since the last speciation event. Results supporting a higher probability of discordance are found for both derived–derived and derived–ancestral DM pairs, and regardless of whether incompatibilities are allowed or prohibited from segregating in the same population. Our overall results suggest that DM loci are unlikely to be especially useful for reconstructing species relationships, even in the presence of gene flow between incipient species, and may in fact be positively misleading.
A posteriori error estimation and adaptivity based on VMS for the Stokes problem
Authors: Irisarri Diego , Hauke Guillermo
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present residual‐based error estimators applied to the Stokes problem. Implicit and explicit error estimators are developed to predict the error of the numerical solution obtained by a stabilized finite element formulation. Both error estimators arise from the variational multiscale framework, in which the variational form is split into coarse scales (finite element method solution) and fine scales (committed error). This leads to a local problem set on each element in which the error and the residuals are involved. The different ways of linking the error to the residuals produce two error estimators. Local and global error estimates measured in the H1‐seminorm are provided for triangles and quadrilaterals. As an application, using the local error estimates, an adaptive mesh refinement strategy is implemented in order to optimize the computational resources.
Computational modeling of multiphase viscoelastic and elastoviscoplastic flows
Authors: Izbassarov Daulet , Rosti Marco E. , Ardekani M. Niazi , Sarabian Mohammad , Hormozi Sarah , Brandt Luca , Tammisola Outi
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a three‐dimensional numerical solver is developed for suspensions of rigid and soft particles and droplets in viscoelastic and elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluids. The presented algorithm is designed to allow for the first time three‐dimensional simulations of inertial and turbulent EVP fluids with a large number particles and droplets. This is achieved by combining fast and highly scalable methods such as an FFT‐based pressure solver, with the evolution equation for non‐Newtonian (including EVP) stresses. In this flexible computational framework, the fluid can be modeled by either Oldroyd‐B, neo‐Hookean, FENE‐P, or Saramito EVP models, and the additional equations for the non‐Newtonian stresses are fully coupled with the flow. The rigid particles are discretized on a moving Lagrangian grid, whereas the flow equations are solved on a fixed Eulerian grid. The solid particles are represented by an immersed boundary method with a computationally efficient direct forcing method, allowing simulations of a large numbers of particles. The immersed boundary force is computed at the particle surface and then included in the momentum equations as a body force. The droplets and soft particles on the other hand are simulated in a fully Eulerian framework, the former with a level‐set method to capture the moving interface and the latter with an indicator function. The solver is first validated for various benchmark single‐phase and two‐phase EVP flow problems through comparison with data from the literature. Finally, we present new results on the dynamics of a buoyancy‐driven drop in an EVP fluid.
Geochemistry and apatite U–Pb geochronology of alkaline gabbros from the Nodoushan plutonic complex, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Central Iran: Evidence for Early Palaeozoic rifting of northern Gondwana
Authors: Shahsavari Alavijeh Badieh , Rashidnejad‐Omran Nematollah , Toksoy‐Köksal Fatma , Chew David , Szopa Krzysztof , Ghalamghash Jalil , Gaweda Aleksandra
Published: August 2018

The Zagros Orogen formed during the Cenozoic collision of Arabia with Eurasia and resulted in the closure of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean. Collision was preceded by a complicated tectonic history involving Pan‐African orogenesis, Late Palaeozoic rifting and the formation of Neo‐Tethys, and subsequent Mesozoic convergence on the northern margin of the ocean contemporaneous with ophiolite obduction on its southern margin. The Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) is a metamorphic belt within the Zagros Orogen of Gondwanan provenance. U–Pb zircon geochronology has revealed the presence of Pan‐African igneous and metamorphic basement complexes, in addition to minor late Palaeozoic plutons and abundant Jurassic plutonic rocks. This study presents a LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb apatite age of 440.7 ± 3.7 Ma from a gabbroic body on the central north‐eastern margin of the SaSZ (Nodoushan region). Based on petrography and geochemistry, en route fractional crystallization of ascending magma was an important process in the evolution of the intrusive rocks. Geochemical characteristics imply that the south‐west Nodoushan alkaline gabbroic magma was originated from the asthenospheric mantle source, whereas the high ratios of (La/Yb)N and (Dy/Yb)N are related to the low degree of partial melting from the garnet‐bearing mantle source. Enrichment pattern of Nb, Ta, and Ti and depletion of Rb, Th, and Y are similar to the OIB pattern and intraplate alkaline magmatic rocks. High εNd(t) values (+1.29 to +1.50), low initial Sr isotopic ratios (0.703679–0.704098), and trace element ratios (e.g., Nb/La, Ce/Pb, Ba/Nb, and Th/Nb) indicate that crustal contamination was insignificant in its petrogenesis. The petrogenesis of the Nodoushan alkaline gabbroic rocks could be related to the presence of extensional phase, upwelling and decompressional melting of asthenospheric mantle in the rift basin which was associated with the opening of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean in Late Ordovician to Silurian times.
The significance of early Permian and early Carboniferous U–Pb zircon ages in the Bossòst and Lys‐Caillaouas granitoids (Pyrenean Axial Zone)
Authors: Lopez‐Sanchez Marco A. , García‐Sansegundo Joaquín , Martínez Francisco J.
Published: August 2018

The Axial Zone of the Alpine Pyrenees exposes Ediacaran‐Palaeozoic metasediments and orthogneisses intruded by abundant Variscan granitoids that resulted in elongated HT metamorphic domes separated by tight synforms with low‐grade metasediments. Yet, the age of the granitoids within the metamorphic domes remains debated, hindering the correlation of Variscan deformation stages and the HT metamorphism between the different domes. Here, we dated two granitoids located within classical metamorphic domes using U–Pb LA‐ICP‐MS zircon geochronology: the Bossòst and the Lys‐Caillaouas granitoids in the Garona and Lys‐Caillaouas domes, respectively. The results indicate that the leucogranitic facies of both granitoids have Early Permian crystallization ages at 295 ± 2 Ma and 297 ± 2 Ma, respectively. Furthermore, we found a small population of inherited zircon with Serpukhovian (331–323 Ma) ages in the Lys‐Caillaouas granitoid, reinforcing the existence of an elusive but widespread early Carboniferous magmatic event in the Pyrenees. These ages discard two previous hypotheses explaining the age disparity observed in the different domes: either that the HT‐LP metamorphism is of Visean age only or that the dome formation was diachronous along the Axial Zone, ranging from Visean in the central part to late Carboniferous in the eastern Axial Zone. The early Permian age found in the leucogranitic facies of the Bossòst granitoid questions the proposed Visean age for the formation of the Garona dome and the peak HT‐LP metamorphism and points to an Early Permian age as most likely in line with what is observed in the Lys‐Caillaouas Massif.
Graptolite and conodont faunas of Upper Ordovician (Sandbian) successions of the Argentine Precordillera: Biostratigraphic implications
Authors: Feltes Nicolás A. , Serra Fernanda , Ortega Gladys , Albanesi Guillermo L.
Published: August 2018

Graptolites and conodonts are frequent fossils in Sandbian (Late Ordovician) outcrops of the Argentine Precordillera, where they present continuous and abundant records that enable detailed biostratigraphic studies. This work deals with the integration of previously available information on early Sandbian graptolites and conodonts, together with new paleontological data from the Las Aguaditas Creek (middle and upper members of the Las Aguaditas Formation), Las Chacritas River (Las Aguaditas Formation), and Cerro La Chilca (Los Azules Formation) sections from the Central Precordillera of the San Juan Province. The presence of the key graptolite Nemagraptus gracilis and the associated graptolite taxa allow for the documentation of the N. gracilis Zone. Specimens of N. gracilis and key conodont species, such as Pygodus anserinus coexist, along with a rich conodont fauna including Baltoniodus variabilis, whose range straddles the boundary between the Pygodus anserinus and the Amorphognathus tvaerensis zones. Detailed biostratigraphic ranges of the rich graptolite and conodont associations documented in the three study areas are provided. These records and an accurate taxonomic review allow a thorough description of the recognized zones. The use of conodont and graptolite zones from different areas of the Precordillera enables the verification of a diachronous contact, representing a hiatus that spans the middle to upper Darriwilian. Moreover, a brief taxonomic description of the identified graptolite species is provided.
Controls on the formation of the Changgou gold deposit and implications for exploration within the North Hanyin area, South Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: He Hujun , Han Ke , Yang Xingke , An Le , Gao Yaning , Wang Xin , Jin Gang
Published: August 2018

This paper focuses on the area around the Changgou gold mine within the North Hanyin area of the South Qinling Mountains, China. We combine new large‐scale field geological, tectonic, and lithofacies data with the results of previous research and present new information on the geological characteristics of mineralization within this region. These data indicate that the Changgou gold mine is a brittle–ductile shear zone associated gold deposit and that the key controls on the formation of the deposit can be used to identify areas in this region that are favourable for future exploration. The key control on the spatial distribution of mineralization within the Changgou gold mine area is the location of the DSZ3 brittle–ductile shear zone, with secondary faults and fractures controlling the specific locations of gold orebodies. The structural deformation is dominated by the development of an S2 foliation that strikes 290–350° (predominantly inclination 230° and dip 30°). Gold‐bearing pyrite is preferentially aligned along the S2 foliation, and individual orebodies are preferentially located along the S2 foliation. Therefore, this foliation controlled the location of mineralization at both micro‐ and macroscopic scales. Mineralization also occurs in S2‐phase quartz veins that contain visible granular gold, whereas the S3‐phase quartz veins are generally barren and are not related to the location of gold mineralization. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates that gold‐bearing quartz veins homogenized at 190–260°C and have salinities (in NaCl equivalent terms) of 6–12%. All of these fluid inclusions contain gas and liquid phases dominated by CO2 and H2O, respectively, indicating that they are CO2–H2O type. The hydrothermal fluids that formed the Changgou deposit are similar to those that generate epithermal deposits (i.e., moderate‐ to low‐temperature, moderate‐ to low‐salinity, and low‐density CO2–H2O fluids). Our research into the geological characteristics of the quartz veins that formed at different times in the study area and their associations with different styles of mineralization and alteration indicates that the hydrothermal fluids associated with the S2 period of deformation were the main ore‐forming fluids associated with the Changgou gold deposit.
MEDIATING ROLE OF MATERNAL SENSITIVITY: ENHANCING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN AT‐RISK FAMILIES
Authors: Neuhauser Alex , Ramseier Erich , Schaub Simone , Burkhardt Susan C.A. , Lanfranchi Andrea
Published: August 2018

Home‐visiting programs have gained increasing importance in family‐centered prevention and intervention. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying early intervention treatment effects. The goal of this study is to analyze the mediating role of maternal sensitivity in enhancing language development with the home‐visiting program Parents as Teachers (PAT). Data were collected and analyzed within the ongoing, long‐term ZEPPELIN study, a randomized controlled trial with 251 participating at‐risk families. Via longitudinal mediation analysis, we examined whether effects of the PAT on receptive and expressive language outcomes at 24 and 36 months were mediated by maternal sensitivity at 12 months. Within a moderated mediation framework, we investigated whether the level of family psychosocial stress affects this mediation. Results showed that intervention effects on language outcomes are mediated by maternal sensitivity—weakly and through specific pathways. Moderation and moderated mediation analyses indicated that effects of the PAT and also specific mediation effects increase with the level of psychosocial stress. Implications of the results for practice are discussed.