bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Play as co‐created narrative in computer game consumption: The hero's journey in Warcraft III
Authors: Buchanan‐Oliver Margo , Seo Yuri
Published: February 2012

Computer games are now a significant consumption activity in consumer culture. Informed by interdisciplinary studies and drawing on data from in‐depth interviews with players of the Warcraft III computer game, we explore the relationship between play and storytelling during digital play. Understanding that such play is determined by systems of game rules and that computer game characters and settings are capable of conveying cultural meanings to players, we found that the rules of play in computer games can be designed in ways that encourage consumers to co‐create meaningful story plots derived from their knowledge of myth and fiction. In the case of Warcraft, these plots resembled the archetypal plot of the hero's journey. We conclude that computer games immerse consumers in a form of playful consumption that engages them in memorialised, co‐authored storytelling.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term results of cephalad arteries percutanoeus transluminal angioplasty with stent implantation (The CAPTAS registry)
Authors: Buszman Piotr P. , Szymański Radosław , Dębiński Marcin , Milewski Krzysztof , Król Marek , Nowakowski Przemyslaw , Kiesz R. Stefan , Radvany Martin G. , Wiernek Szymon , Wiernek Barbara , Buszman Pawel E.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has become an alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Moreover, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) allows other cephalad arteries revascularization. The aim of this study was to evaluate late outcomes of cephalad arteries PTA. Methods: This is an international multicenter registry of 434 consecutive patients in which 497 PTAs were performed. Patients with symptomatic >50% stenosis or asymptomatic >70% stenosis were enrolled. Stenting of 577 internal carotid arteries (ICA) and 13 common carotid arteries was performed, 20.7% procedures were complex in which bilateral carotid stenoses or carotid and vertebral arteries stenoses were revascularized at one stage. In 15.9% patients, one‐stage coronary intervention was carried out. Distal protection devices were used in 69.6% of cases. PTAs were divided into high (n = 330) and low (n = 167) risk of major adverse coronary and cerebral events (MACCE). Results: At 30 days, there were 15 (3.5%) cases of MACCE [0.9% deaths, 2.1% strokes, and 0.9% myocardial infarction (MI)]. TIAs were observed in 15 (3.9%) patients. There was no significant difference in stroke incidence between procedures with or without neuroprotection (1.8 vs. 3%; P = 0.66) as well as in MACCE occurrence between high and low‐risk groups (4.3 vs. 2%; P = 0.34). Bilateral stenoses increased while hypertension decreased the risk of MACCE. Left ICA lesions increased the risk of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). At 4 years (1–11 years), the mortality rate was 11.5%, 6% of patients had stroke, and 3% MIs. Restenosis occurred in 3%. There was a trend toward higher mortality rate (13.3 vs. 6.9%; P = 0.07) and MACCE risk in high‐risk group (23.5 vs.14.7% P = 0.06). Age > 65 y.o. and stent length < 24 mm increased, while the statin therapy on admission decreased the risk of long‐term death. Structural valve disease and stent length <30 mm increased the risk of MACCE, while implantation of Acculink stent decreased the risk of CVA. Conclusions: CAS is safe and successful procedure with low early and long‐term adverse events. Special attention should be put on patients with bilateral and left ICA stenoses. If possible, longer stents should be applied. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed‐Matrix Membrane for Gas Separation: Polydimethylsiloxane Filled with Zeolite
Authors: Hussain M. , König A.
Published: February 2012

Mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) comprised of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as continuous and zeolite (ZSM‐5) as dispersed phase have been prepared to investigate CO2 separation from gas mixtures, focusing on the high solubility of CO2 in ZSM‐5/PDMS MMMs for separating CO2‐N2 mixtures. ZSM‐5 incorporation in PDMS significantly increases the permeability of single gases and a similar effect is observed for gas mixtures. Membrane performance is evaluated using the Maxwell model; an interphase gap between the filler and the polymeric phase is identified. A modified Maxwell model is applied to account for this additional transport through the membrane.
Intermolecular Communication on a Liposomal Membrane: Enzymatic Amplification of a Photonic Signal with a Gemini Peptide Lipid as a Membrane‐Bound Artificial Receptor
Authors: Mukai Masaru , Maruo Kohei , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Kikuchi Jun‐ichi
Published: February 2012

A supramolecular system that can activate an enzyme through photo‐isomerization was constructed by using a liposomal membrane scaffold. The design of the system was inspired by natural signal transduction systems, in which enzymes amplify external signals to control signal transduction pathways. The liposomal membrane, which provided a scaffold for the system, was prepared by self‐assembly of a photoresponsive receptor and a cationic synthetic lipid. NADH‐dependent L‐lactate dehydrogenase, the signal amplifier, was immobilized on the liposomal surface by electrostatic interactions. Recognition of photonic signals by the membrane‐bound receptor induced photo‐isomerization, which significantly altered the receptor’s metal‐binding affinity. The response to the photonic signal was transmitted to the enzyme by Cu2+ ions. The enzyme amplified the chemical information through a catalytic reaction to generate the intended output signal.
Organometall‐Reaktionen in Wasser
Authors: Seßler Miriam , Schatz Jürgen
Published: February 2012

Das Interesse an Wasser als alternatives Lösungsmittel für Organometall‐Reaktionen ist erheblich gestiegen, da Wasser nicht nur ungiftig, nicht brennbar und günstig ist, sondern auch wegen seiner einfachen Abtrennung vom organischen Produkt. Organometall‐Reaktionen wie palladiumkatalysierte Kupplungen von Alkyl‐/Arylhalogeniden mit bororganischen und zinnorganischen Verbindungen gehören zu den am häufigsten verwendeten Reaktionen zur Knüpfung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungen. Die Entdeckung wasserlöslicher, sulfonierter Phosphanderivate und deren Verwendung in wasserlöslichen Palladiumkatalysatoren ermöglicht die Durchführung solcher Reaktionen im wässrigen Milieu. Auch die Olefinmetathese als eine weitere effiziente, metallkatalysierte Variante zur Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungsknüpfung ist mittlerweile in Wasser möglich. Die Bemühungen hierfür beinhalteten z. B. die Verwendung wasserlöslicher Rutheniumkatalysatoren, die Zugabe von Tensiden und Additiven, Ultraschallbehandlungen, die Einführung polarer quartärer Ammoniumgruppen sowie die Kupplung an ein hydrophiles Trägermaterial (PEG). Gerade wenn es um die Entfernung von Rutheniumnebenprodukten geht, weist der letzte Punkt auch ein enormes Potential für weitere Entwicklungen auf. Wasser als Lösungsmittel erlaubt es auch, polare, wasserlösliche Substrate wie Natur‐ oder Wirkstoffe in nativer Umgebung direkt zur Reaktion zu bringen.
Arsenvergiftungen
Authors: Süss‐Fink Georg
Published: February 2012

Anhand einiger spektakulärer Vergiftungsfälle mit Arsen vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert wird gezeigt, wie sich die Methoden der gerichtlichen Wahrheitsfindung von der Folter über Exhumierung und Obduktion bis hin zu chemischen und radiochemischen Nachweisverfahren entwickelt haben, wobei wegen der Allgegenwart von Arsen in der Umwelt nicht immer alle Zweifel ausgeräumt werden konnten.
Limonade durch Fermentation
Authors: Rapp Erdmann , Borowiak Matthias
Published: February 2012

Am Max‐Planck‐Institut für Dynamik komplexer technischer Systeme in Magdeburg beschäftigen wir uns unter anderem mit biotechnologischen Prozessen, deren Verständnis und Optimierung. Biotechnologische Prozesse werden inzwischen in vielen Bereichen z.B. der Pharma‐ und Lebensmittelindustrie eingesetzt, um mit Hilfe geeigneter Mikroorganismen aus günstigen Ausgangsstoffen ein hochwertiges biotechnologisches Produkt herzustellen. Der Brauprozess ist einer der ältesten biotechnologischen Prozesse und ideal dazu geeignet, um moderne biotechnologische Prozesse in der Praxis zu veranschaulichen.
Electron Transport through Single π‐Conjugated Molecules Bridging between Metal Electrodes
Authors: Kiguchi Manabu , Kaneko Satoshi
Published: February 2012

Understanding electron transport through a single molecule bridging between metal electrodes is a central issue in the field of molecular electronics. This review covers the fabrication and electron‐transport properties of single π‐conjugated molecule junctions, which include benzene, fullerene, and π‐stacked molecules. The metal/molecule interface plays a decisive role in determining the stability and conductivity of single‐molecule junctions. The effect of the metal–molecule contact on the conductance of the single π‐conjugated molecule junction is reviewed. The characterization of the single benzene molecule junction is also discussed using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and shot noise. Finally, electron transport through the π‐stacked system using π‐stacked aromatic molecules enclosed within self‐assembled coordination cages is reviewed. The electron transport in the π‐stacked systems is found to be efficient at the single‐molecule level, thus providing insight into the design of conductive materials.
Environmental Disclosure and Financial Characteristics of the Firm: The Case of Denmark
Authors: Andrikopoulos Andreas , Kriklani Nikoleta
Published: February 2012

Drawing on the importance of social accounting for sustainable development, we study practices of environmental disclosure on the websites of companies listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. The first part of this paper produces and discusses descriptive evidence on environmental reporting practices by listed companies with respect to the content of disclosed information. We then undertake an explanatory task in order to identify the factors that determine environmental reporting for firms listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange. Firm size, financial leverage, the market‐to‐book ratio, and profitability are significantly associated with the breadth environmental disclosure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Immunological advantages of everolimus versus cyclosporin A in liver‐transplanted recipients, as revealed by polychromatic flow cytometry
Authors: Roat Erika , De Biasi Sara , Bertoncelli Linda , Rompianesi Gianluca , Nasi Milena , Gibellini Lara , Pinti Marcello , del Giovane Cinzia , Zanella Andrea , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Gerunda Giorgio Enrico , Cossarizza Andrea
Published: February 2012

Several immunosuppressive drugs with different mechanisms of action are available to inhibit organ rejection after transplant. We analyzed different phenotypic and functional immunological parameters in liver‐transplanted patients who received cyclosporin A (CsA) or Everolimus (Evr). In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 29 subjects receiving a liver transplant and treated with two different immunosuppressive regimens, we analyzed T cell activation and differentiation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Tregs expressing homing receptors such as the chemokine receptor CXCR3. T cell polyfunctionality was studied by stimulating cells with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and measuring the simultaneous production of interleukin (IL)‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ, along with the expression of a marker of cytotoxicity such as CD107a. The analyses were performed by polychromatic flow cytometry before transplantation, and at different time points, up to 220 days after transplant. Patients taking Evr had a higher percentage of total CD4+ and naïve CD4+ T cells than those treated with CsA; the percentage of CD8+ T cells was lower, but the frequency of naïve CD8+ T cells higher. Patients taking Evr showed a significantly higher percentage of Tregs, and Tregs expressing CXCR3. After stimulation with SEB, CD8+ T cells from Evr‐treated patients displayed a lower total response, and less IFN‐γ producing cells. The effects on the immune system, such as the preservation of the naïve T cell pool and the expansion of Tregs (that are extremely useful in inhibiting organ rejection), along with the higher tolerability of Evr, suggest that this drug can be safely used after liver transplantation, and likely offers immunological advantages. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Flow cytometry in cancer stem cell analysis and separation
Authors: Greve Burkhard , Kelsch Reinhard , Spaniol Kristina , Eich Hans Theodor , Götte Martin
Published: February 2012

In recent years, a special type of cancer cell—the cancer stem cell (CSC)—has been identified and characterized for different tumors. CSCs may be responsible for the recurrence of a tumor following a primarily successful therapy and are thought to bear a high metastatic potential. For the development of efficient treatment strategies, the establishment of reliable methods for the identification and effective isolation of CSCs is imperative. Similar to their stem cell counterparts in bone marrow or small intestine, different cluster of differentiation surface antigens have been characterized, thus enabling researchers to identify them within the tumor bulk and to determine their degree of differentiation. In addition, functional properties characteristic of stem cells can be measured. Side population analysis is based on the stem cell‐specific activity of certain ATP‐binding cassette transporter proteins, which are able to transport fluorescent dyes out of the cells. Furthermore, the stem cell‐specific presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 can be used for CSC labeling. However, the flow cytometric analysis of these CSC functional features requires specific technical adjustments. This review focuses on the principles and strategies of the flow cytometric analysis of CSCs and provides an overview of current protocols as well as technical requirements and pitfalls. A special focus is set on side population analysis and analysis of ALDH activity. Flow cytometry‐based sorting principles and future flow cytometric applications for CSC analysis are also discussed. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
On the use of immune clonal optimization for joint subcarrier and power allocation in OFDMA with proportional fairness rate
Authors: Chai Zheng‐yi , Liu Fang , Qi Yu‐tao , Zhu Si‐feng
Published: February 2012

Resource allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiple access is a constraint optimization problem. In this paper, we concentrate on maximizing both the sum capacity and proportional fairness rate among users. The optimization model of resource allocation is formulated and then an immune clonalbased algorithm is proposed for it. The resource allocation is solved by separating the subcarrier and power allocation in two steps. Suitable immune operators are designed, such as clonal, mutation, Baldwin learning, selection and so on. Experiments show that, compared with the previous methods, the proposed algorithm obtains higher sum capacity with comparable computational complexity, and keeps the proportional rate more fairly among users. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leishmania amazonensis impairs DC function by inhibiting CD40 expression via A2B adenosine receptor activation
Authors: Figueiredo Amanda B. , Serafim Tiago D. , Marques‐da‐Silva Eduardo A. , Meyer‐Fernandes José R. , Afonso Luís C. C.
Published: February 2012

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the modulation of immune responses and several studies have evaluated the interactions between Leishmania parasites and DCs. While extracellular ATP exhibits proinflammatory properties, adenosine is an important anti‐inflammatory mediator. Here we investigated the effects of Leishmania infection on DC responses and the participation of purinergic signalling in this process. Bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from C57BL/6J mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis or Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes showed decreased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 expression and increased ectonucleotidase expression as compared with uninfected cells. In addition, L. amazonensis‐infected DCs, which had lower CD40 expression, exhibited a decreased ability to induce T‐cell proliferation. The presence of MRS1754, a highly selective A2B adenosine receptor antagonist at the time of infection increased MHC class II, CD86 and CD40 expression in L. amazonensis‐infected DCs and restored the ability of the infected DCs to induce T‐cell proliferation. Similar results were obtained through the inhibition of extracellular ATP hydrolysis using suramin. In conclusion, we propose that A2B receptor activation may be used by L. amazonensis to inhibit DC function and evade the immune response.
Generation of an Organotellurium(II) Cation (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2012)
Authors: Sugamata Koh , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: February 2012

The cover picture shows the generation of the tellurium(II) cationic species bearing a sterically demanding ligand, exhibiting a deep red color. It was generated from the corresponding tellurium halides and trapped by diene and phosphane to give the corresponding adducts. The tellurium(II) cationic species was found to be regenerated by the thermolysis of the diene adduct. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by T. Sasamori, N. Tokitoh et al. on p. 775 ff. The origin of ?tellurium? is “tellus” in Latin meaning “earth”.

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A Carbohydrate‐Based Synthesis of the C13–C22 Fragment of Amphidinolide X
Authors: Gurjar Mukund K. , Yellol Gorakh S. , Mohapatra Debendra K.
Published: February 2012

A facile carbohydrate‐based route was developed for the synthesis of the tetrahydrofuran (C13–C22) fragment of amphidinolide X. Starting from L‐sorbose, the key reactions followed include the stereoselective synthesis of a quaternary center at C1, Barton–McCombie deoxygenation at C2, Mitsunobu inversion at C3, and chain elongation by a Wittig reaction at C5.
A Printed Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction
Authors: Gonzalez‐Macia Laura , Smyth Malcolm R. , Killard Anthony J.
Published: February 2012

The modification of silver screen‐printed electrodes with a dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid and KCl solution was performed by inkjet printing. Scanning Electron Microscopy was performed to characterize the electrode surfaces. Electrochemical reduction of H2O2 was studied and compared to electrodes modified by dip‐coating. Analytical parameters of the all‐printed electrode such as LOD, sensitivity and inter‐electrode reproducibility were calculated (5.8×10−6 M, 4.9×10−2 AM−1 cm−2 and approx. 10 %) and contrasted with other data in the literature for the measurement of H2O2. Ink jet printing led to reductions in required surface modification times and improved signal to background levels and reproducibility.
A Membrane Free Amperometric Gas Sensor Based on Room Temperature Ionic Liquids for the Selective Monitoring of NOx
Authors: Toniolo Rosanna , Dossi Nicolò , Pizzariello Andrea , Doherty Andrew P. , Bontempelli Gino
Published: February 2012

A conveniently assembled, sensitive and fast‐responding membrane free amperometric sensor is described for the detection of nitrogen oxides in gaseous atmospheres which exploits some profitable properties of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), such as high electrical conductivity, negligible vapor pressure and good thermal stability. It consists of three Pt wires piercing through a Teflon rod, whose exposed head is coated with a steadily adhesive thin RTIL film assuring the necessary electrical conductivity among the electrodes. The negligible vapor pressure of the immobilized RTIL layer makes possible to eliminate the need for the use of membranes, thus avoiding the involvement of a slow limiting step such as analyte permeation. Preliminary voltammetric tests performed at this sensor in gaseous atmospheres proved that the oxidation of NO2 and NO occurs at very close potentials, thus allowing effective NOx determinations. Instead, other atmospheric components able to act as possible interfering species (CO, H2S and SO2) were found to undergo oxidation only at quite higher potentials. The performance of this device was assayed under flowing conditions on synthetic nitrogen atmospheres with controlled NOx contents, which was changed in a wide range (0.01–103 ppm v/v). At room temperature, repeatable (±3.9 %) and linearly dependent current signals were recorded, allowing a detection limit of 0.96 ppb v/v to be inferred. At higher temperatures (100 °C) a lower detection limit (0.55 ppb v/v) could be instead estimated. The possibility of using this sensor for monitoring NOx in reduced pressure atmospheres was also assayed.
Analytical Applications of a Nanoparticle‐Based Sensor for the Determination of Mercury
Authors: Abollino Ornella , Giacomino Agnese , Ginepro Marco , Malandrino Mery , Zelano Isabella
Published: February 2012

The applicability of a gold nanoparticle‐modified glassy carbon sensor (AuNPs‐GCS) for the determination of inorganic mercury in different matrices is demonstrated. Mercury content in some certified samples (Estuarine sediment BCR CRM 277, City waste incineration ash BCR CRM 176, Sea lettuce BCR CRM 279 and Tuna fish ISPRA T22) and in three real samples (drinking water, a plant, a pharmaceutical) has been determined. The analysis was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry using the optimized conditions (deposition potential 0 V, step potential 0.004 V, frequency 150 Hz, amplitude 0.003 V). For each sample the most suitable conditions to take account of matrix effects were identified and adopted.
Thin‐Layer and Wall‐Jet Arrangement of Amperometric Detector with Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode: Comparison of Amperometric Determination of Aminobiphenyls in HPLC‐ED
Authors: Maixnerová Lucie , Barek Jiří , Pecková Karolina
Published: February 2012

The performance of a microcrystalline boron‐doped diamond electrode in a thin‐layer and wall‐jet amperometric detection cell for HPLC was compared with the spectrophotometric detection. Comparison of peak parameters of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐aminobiphenyl after their separation revealed satisfactory repeatabilities of signal responses for all detection modes and regarding electrochemical detection higher current densities and higher noise for the thin‐layer arrangement, and a slightly wider linear dynamic range of calibration dependencies and lower quantitation limits in the 10−8 mol L−1 concentration range for the wall‐jet arrangement. This detection mode was further employed for the determination of studied aminobiphenyls in model samples of the synthetic colorant tartrazine. Using solid phase extraction for the preliminary separation and preconcentration of the analytes the limit of quantitation was lowered to nanomolar concentrations.
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY RISKS AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: Stoler Avraham , Meltzer David
Published: February 2012

There are theoretical reasons to expect that high risk of mortality or morbidity during young adulthood decreases investment in human capital. However, investigation of this hypothesis is complicated by a variety of empirical challenges, including difficulties in inferring causation due to omitted variables and reverse causation. For example, to compare two groups with substantially different mortality rates, one typically has to use samples from different countries or periods, making it difficult to control for other relevant variables. Reverse causation is important because human capital investment can affect mortality and morbidity. To counter these problems, we collected data on human capital investments, fertility decisions, and other economic choices of people at risk for Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease is a fatal genetic disorder that introduces a large and exogenous risk of early mortality and morbidity. We find a strong negative relation between mortality and morbidity risks and human capital investment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposal of landmarks for clamping neurovascular elements during endoscopic surgery of the supraglottic region
Authors: Souvirón R. , Maranillo E. , Vázquez T. , Patel N. , McHanwell S. , Cobeta I. , Scola B. , Sañudo J.
Published: February 2012

Background

Bleeding within the supraglottic region can be a lethal complication after CO2 laser microsurgery. Our aim was to propose endoluminal anatomical landmarks to locate the superior laryngeal vessels resulting in a safer microsurgery.

Methods

Endoluminal dissections were made in 22 larynges without laryngeal disease.

Results

The neurovascular structures were in the superior third of a triangle defined by the vocal process, the anterior commissure, and the epiglottic attachment of the aryepiglottic fold. They overlapped in 4 different ways: pattern I (70.4%): superior laryngeal vein (SLV), superior laryngeal artery (SLA), and internal laryngeal nerve (ILN); pattern II (13.6%): SLA, SLV, ILN; pattern III (4.6%): SLV, ILN, and SLA; pattern IV (4.6%): SLA, ILN, and SLV.

Conclusion

Microsurgery in the supraglottic region may be safer if surgeons are aware of the superior third of the above‐defined triangle, “danger area”, where the vascular elements of this region are located. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Voice and swallowing after partial laryngectomy: Factors influencing outcome
Authors: Alicandri–Ciufelli Matteo , Piccinini Alessia , Grammatica Alberto , Chiesi Andrea , Bergamini Giuseppe , Luppi Maria Pia , Nizzoli Federica , Ghidini Angelo , Tassi Sauro , Presutti Livio
Published: February 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing swallowing and phonatory results after partial laryngectomy.

Methods

We carried out a medical chart review of patients who underwent partial laryngectomies between June 2003 and November 2010, focusing on functional outcomes.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were enrolled. No statistically significant difference was found in the comparison of phonatory outcomes of patients with preservation of both arytenoids; the results of the Yanagihara classification were significantly different (p = .015) in patients with an atypical neoglottis; radiotherapy statistically significantly influenced only the mean fundamental frequency (p = .035). The type of partial laryngectomy does not seem to affect the deglutition results; radiotherapy statistically significantly affected the dysphagia score (DS; p = .03), penetration aspiration (p = .02), and MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI; p = .02).

Conclusion

Horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy and supracricoid partial laryngectomy give the same swallowing results. The presence of both arytenoids does not influence the final outcome compared to patients in whom only 1 arytenoid is preserved. Postoperative radiotherapy only influences the swallowing function. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx. A series of 4 cases reported and a review of the literature
Authors: Angouridakis Nikolaos , Goudakos John , Karayannopoulou Georgia , Triaridis Stefanos , Nikolaou Angelos , Markou Konstantinos
Published: February 2012

Background

Neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms arising from neural and epithelial origin.

Methods and Results

The case records of 4 patients with the diagnosis of neuroendocrine laryngeal tumor were retrospectively reviewed. In this analysis of our medical records, we describe a series of 4 men with neuroendocrine laryngeal tumors treated in our department since 1994, including the first extremely aggressive and lethal laryngeal paraganglioma reported in the English‐language literature. We also discuss the classification, the macro and microscopical characteristics, clinical and pathologic findings, and treatment of these neoplasms.

Conclusion

Although neuroendocrine laryngeal tumors account for approximately 1% of all neoplasms in the larynx, its majority represents very aggressive tumors showing a capacity for metastasis and portending poor outcome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
In vivo measurements of diffuse reflectance and time‐resolved autofluorescence emission spectra of basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Thompson Alex J. , Coda Sergio , Sørensen Mikkel Brydegaard , Kennedy Gordon , Patalay Rakesh , Waitong‐Brämming Ulrika , De Beule Pieter A. A. , Neil Mark A. A. , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Bendsøe Niels , French Paul M. W. , Svanberg Katarina , Dunsby Chris
Published: February 2012

We present a clinical investigation of diffuse reflectance and time‐resolved autofluorescence spectra of skin cancer with an emphasis on basal cell carcinoma. A total of 25 patients were measured using a compact steady‐state diffuse reflectance/fluorescence spectrometer and a fibre‐optic‐coupled multispectral time‐resolved spectrofluorometer. Measurements were performed in vivo prior to surgical excision of the investigated region. Singular value decomposition was used to reduce the dimensionality of steady state diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectra. Linear discriminant analysis was then applied to the measurements of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and used to predict the tissue disease state with a leave‐one‐out methodology. This approach was able to correctly diagnose 87% of the BCCs. With 445 nm excitation a decrease in the spectrally averaged fluorescence lifetime was observed between normal tissue and BCC lesions with a mean value of 886 ps. Furthermore, the fluorescence lifetime for BCCs was lower than that of the surrounding healthy tissue in all cases and statistical analysis of the data revealed that this decrease was significant (p = 0.002). (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Production and characterization of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) co‐polymer by a N2‐fixing cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum Agardh
Authors: Bhati Ranjana , Mallick Nirupama
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB‐co‐3HV)] co‐polymer has immense potential in the field of environmental and biomedical sciences as biodegradable and biocompatible material. The present study examines a filamentous N2‐fixing cyanobacterium, Nostoc muscorum Agardh as a potent feedstock for P(3HB‐co‐3HV) co‐polymer production and characterization of co‐polymer film for commercial applications.

RESULTS: Under photoautotrophic growth conditions, N. muscorum Agardh accumulated the homopolymer of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), whereas synthesis of P(3HB‐co‐3HV) co‐polymer was detected under propionate‐ and valerate‐supplemented conditions. Exogenous carbons such as acetate, fructose and glucose supplementation with propionate/valerate was found highly stimulatory for the co‐polymer accumulation; the content reached 58–60% of dry cell weight (dcw) under P‐/N‐deficiencies with 0.4% acetate + 0.4% valerate supplementation, the highest value reported so far for P(3HB‐co‐3HV) co‐polymer‐producing cyanobacterial species. The material properties of the films were studied by mechanical tests, surface analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

CONCLUSION: N. muscorum Agardh, a photoautotrophic N2‐fixing cyanobacterium, emerged as a potent host for production of P(3HB‐co‐3HV) co‐polymer with polymer content 60% of dry cell weight. The material properties of the films were found to be comparable with that of the commercial polymer, thus advocating its potential applications in various fields. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of municipal and olive mill wastewater co‐treatment in activated sludge–powdered activated carbon (AS‐PAC) systems
Authors: Nesseris George K. , Stasinakis Athanasios S.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the co‐treatment of olive‐mill wastewater (OMW) and municipal wastewater in activated sludge systems operating in the absence and presence of different adsorbent materials and to study the role of sorption and biodegradation in total phenols removal.

RESULTS: Batch experiments were initially conducted to investigate total phenols' adsorption capacity on activated sludge (AS), olive pomace (OP) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). According to the results, PAC presented the best adsorption capacity. Three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were also operated, treating municipal wastewater and different amounts of OMW. The first SBR contained AS (AS‐System), the second AS and OP (AS‐OP System) and the third AS and PAC (AS‐PAC System). All SBRs operated sufficiently in the presence of 1% v/v OMW, achieving mean COD and total phenols removal efficiency higher than 86% and 85%, respectively, and satisfactory settling capacity. Increase of OMW concentration to 5% v/v affected the performance of SBRs, resulting in mean COD removal efficiencies that ranged between 61% (AS‐OP System) and 80% (AS‐PAC System).

CONCLUSION: Among the SBRs used, the AS‐PAC System operated with highest performance in the presence of 1 and 2.5% v/v OMW, and showed better stability in the presence of 5% v/v OMW. Calculation of total phenols mass flux revealed that biodegradation was the principal mechanism of their removal. The highest values of mean biotransformation rates were calculated for the AS‐PAC System and ranged between 2.0 and 40.6 d−1 for different experimental phases. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in the Thermal Parameters of Odontophrynus occidentalis in the Monte Desert, Argentina: Response to the Environmental Constraints
Authors: SANABRIA EDUARDO ALFREDO , QUIROGA LORENA BEATRIZ , MARTINO ADOLFO LUDOVICO
Published: February 2012

We studied the variation of thermal parameters of Odontophrynus occidentalis between season (wet and dry) in the Monte desert (Argentina). We measured body temperatures, microhabitat temperatures, and operative temperatures; while in the laboratory, we measured the selected body temperatures. Our results show a change in the thermal parameters of O. occidentalis that is related to environmental constraints of their thermal niche. Environmental thermal constraints are present in both seasons (dry and wet), showing variations in thermal parameters studied. Apparently imposed environmental restrictions, the toads in nature always show body temperatures below the set point. Acclimatization is an advantage for toads because it allows them to bring more frequent body temperatures to the set point. The selected body temperature has seasonal intraindividual variability. These variations can be due to thermo‐sensitivity of toads and life histories of individuals that limits their allocation and acquisition of resources. Possibly the range of variation found in selected body temperature is a consequence of the thermal environmental variation along the year. These variations of thermal parameters are commonly found in deserts and thermal bodies of nocturnal ectotherms. The plasticity of selected body temperature allows O. occidentales to have longer periods of activity for foraging and reproduction, while maintaining reasonable high performance at different temperatures. The plasticity in seasonal variation of the thermal parameters has been poorly studied, and is greatly advantageous to desert species during changes in both seasonal and daily temperature, as these environments are known for their high environmental variability. J. Exp. Zool. 317:185–193, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐context versus context‐specific qualitative evidence syntheses: combining the best of both
Authors: Hannes Karin , Harden Angela
Published: February 2012

There is an increasing interest in the conduct of qualitative evidence syntheses (QES), particularly in the field of health care. Approaches to QES vary in the way they conduct a search, a critical appraisal or the data‐analysis. To date, the use of multi‐context versus context‐specific QES has not yet been fully considered. In a multi‐context, QES exhaustive searches are used that retrieve studies from a broad variety of geographical, socio‐cultural, political, historical, economical, health care, linguistic, or other context relevant to the review. Authors of a context‐specific QES would generally have a particular end user in mind, therefore, using a selective search strategy with a focus on one particular context in order to provide lines of actions or theories that are sensitive to a local setting. We used the insights from a recently conducted, context‐specific QES to map out potential strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches and make recommendations regarding the future conduct of QES. We propose two ways of combining the best of both: the production of umbrella reviews of context‐specific syntheses and/or the trans‐cultural modification and trans‐contextual adaptation of findings from multi‐context syntheses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporation of pulse flours of different particle size in relation to pita bread quality
Authors: Borsuk Yulia , Arntfield Susan , Lukow Odean M , Swallow Kevin , Malcolmson Linda
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: To increase pulse consumption, pita bread was fortified with pulse flours milled from green lentils, navy beans and pinto beans, which were ground to produce fine and coarse flours. Pita breads were prepared using composite flours containing pulse flours (25, 50, 75%) and wheat flour or 100% pulse flours and adjusting the amount of water required for mixing based on farinograph water absorption. Pita bread quality was evaluated according to diameter, pocket height, specific loaf volume, texture and crust colour.

RESULTS: Blends made from pulse flours with coarse particle size showed higher rates of water absorption. All composite flours and 100% pulse flours produced pitas with pockets, confirming their suitability for this product. Crust colour of pitas was affected less by navy bean flour than by lentil flour. Pita breads made with pinto bean flour were superior in texture. Overall, navy and pinto bean flours appeared more suitable for pita bread. Flours with coarse particle sizes produced pitas with better colour and texture. Sensory parameters of pitas containing 25% coarse pinto or navy bean flour were as good as or better than those from the wheat control.

CONCLUSION: Acceptable pita breads can be made using pulse flours, although the substitution level is limited to 25%. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Successful adult willow grouse are exposed to increased harvest risk
Authors: Asmyhr Lasse , Willebrand Tomas , Hörnell‐Willebrand Maria
Published: February 2012

Age and sex ratios in bag records are frequently used as indices of population composition for harvested populations. However, vulnerability to harvest may differ by age and sex thereby producing bias in population estimates. We assessed whether age and sex affected vulnerability to harvest for willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) where adult density and brood size were known in the harvested populations. We collected bag records during 2 days of controlled hunting in 4 areas in 2 years (2007 and 2008) in Jämtland county, Sweden. We found that vulnerability to harvest was different for chicks and adults, but not between male and female adults. Hunters encountered broods at a higher rate than single birds compared to personnel conducting pre‐harvest counts along line transects. Furthermore, the probability of shooting a grouse was higher in encounters of broods than individual grouse. Proportionally, we calculated about a 50% probability of a hunter shooting either a chick or an adult independent of encountering a single bird or broods of 2–10 grouse. Increasing adult density also increased the vulnerability to harvest for adults relative to chicks, independent of the chick to adult ratio in the pre‐harvest population. The different vulnerability of adults and chicks to harvest observed in this study will dampen variation in age classes in bag records compared to the population, and we caution against extrapolation of age ratios in bag records to harvested populations. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Efficacy of firearms for bear deterrence in Alaska
Authors: Smith Tom S. , Herrero Stephen , Layton Cali Strong , Larsen Randy T. , Johnson Kathryn R.
Published: February 2012

We compiled, summarized, and reviewed 269 incidents of bear–human conflict involving firearms that occurred in Alaska during 1883–2009. Encounters involving brown bears (Ursus arctos; 218 incidents, 81%), black bears (Ursus americanus; 30 incidents, 11%), polar bears (Ursus maritimus; 6 incidents, 2%), and 15 (6%) unidentified species provided insight into firearms success and failure. A total of 444 people and at least 367 bears were involved in these incidents. We found no significant difference in success rates (i.e., success being when the bear was stopped in its aggressive behavior) associated with long guns (76%) and handguns (84%). Moreover, firearm bearers suffered the same injury rates in close encounters with bears whether they used their firearms or not. Bears were killed in 61% (n = 162) of bear–firearms incidents. Additionally, we identified multiple reasons for firearms failing to stop an aggressive bear. Using logistic regression, the best model for predicting a successful outcome for firearm users included species and cohort of bear, human activity at time of encounter, whether or not the bear charged, and if fish or game meat was present. Firearm variables (e.g., type of gun, number of shots) were not useful in predicting outcomes in bear–firearms incidents. Although firearms have failed to protect some users, they are the only deterrent that can lethally stop an aggressive bear. Where firearms have failed to protect people, we identified contributing causes. Our findings suggest that only those proficient in firearms use should rely on them for protection in bear country. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Knowledge Management Implementation: An Evolutionary Process in Organizations
Authors: Oliveira Mirian , Caldeira Mario , Batista Romão Mario Jose
Published: February 2012

The implementation of knowledge management projects continues to be a challenge for many organizations. A project of such nature involves the introduction of new information technologies, changes in business processes, and often changes in the organizational culture. In this paper, we have studied the implementation of knowledge management initiatives in 11 firms operating in Portugal. Data were mainly collected through semi‐structured interviews with top managers. The aim of this research is to analyze the process and factors associated with knowledge management implementation and develop a framework, with different stages, to guide the implementation of knowledge management in organizations. The theoretical and practical contribution to this framework is discussed, as well as the findings in each case study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton‐Conducting Poly(phenylene oxide)–Poly(vinyl benzyl phosphonic acid) Block Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kumar Avneesh , Pisula Wojciech , Markova Dilyana , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus
Published: February 2012

Block copolymers containing poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and poly(vinyl benzyl phosphonic acid) segments are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Monofunctional PPO blocks are converted into ATRP active macroinitiators, which are then used to polymerize a diethyl p‐vinylbenzyl phosphonate monomer in order to obtain phosphonated block copolymers bearing pendent phosphonic ester groups. Poly(phenylene oxide‐b‐vinyl benzyl phosphonic ester) block copolymers are hydrolyzed to corresponding acid derivatives to investigate their proton conductivity. The effect of the relative humidity (RH) is investigated. The proton conductivity at 50% RH and one bar of vapor pressure approaches 0.01 S cm−1.
Synthesis and Self‐Assembly Behavior of Organic–Inorganic Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐Poly(MA POSS)‐block‐Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Zheng Yaochen , Wang Lei , Yu Rentong , Zheng Sixun
Published: February 2012

In this work, the synthesis of 3‐methacryloxypropylheptaphenyl POSS, a new POSS macromer (denoted MA‐POSS) is reported. The POSS macromer is used to synthesize PEO‐b‐P(MA‐POSS)‐b‐PNIPAAm triblock copolymers via sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The organic‐inorganic, amphiphilic and thermoresponsive ABC triblock copolymers are characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) show that the hybrid ABC triblock copolymers are microphase‐separated in bulk. Cloud point measurements show that the effect of the hydrophiphilic block (i.e. PEO) on the LCSTs is more pronounced than the hydrophobic block (i.e. P(MA‐POSS)). Both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) show that all the triblock copolymers can be self‐organized into micellar aggregates in aqueous solutions. The sizes of the micellar aggregates can be modulated by changing the temperature. The temperature‐tunable self‐assembly behavior is interpreted using a combination of the highly hydrophobicity of P(MA‐POSS), the water‐solubility of PEO and the thermoresponsive property of PNIPAAm in the triblock copolymers.
A new model of experimental fibrosis in hindlimb skeletal muscle of adult mdx mouse mimicking muscular dystrophy
Authors: Desguerre Isabelle , Arnold Ludovic , Vignaud Alban , Cuvellier Sylvain , Yacoub‐youssef Houda , Gherardi Romain K. , Chelly Jamel , Chretien Fabrice , Mounier RÉmi , Ferry Arnaud , Chazaud BÉnÉdicte
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by the lack of dystrophin that leads to severe myofiber degeneration. We have shown that endomysial fibrosis is correlated with age at ambulation loss in DMD patients. However, the dystrophin‐deficient mdx mouse does not have fibrotic lesions in adult limb muscles. Here, we describe a model of chronic mechanical muscle injury that triggers chronic lesions in mdx hindlimb muscle.

Methods:

Micromechanical injuries were performed daily in tibialis anterior muscles for 2 weeks.

Results:

Endomysial fibrosis appeared beginning 1 week post‐injury, remained stable for 3 months and was associated with loss of specific maximal force. Fibrosis was associated with an increased expression of factors involved in fibrogenesis including α‐smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor, and lysyl oxidase, which colocalized with collagen deposits.

Conclusions:

This induced fibrotic dystrophic model may be useful to study mechanisms of fibrosis in dystrophinopathies and to evaluate antifibrotic treatments. Muscle Nerve 45: 803–814, 2012
On the influence of the prebuckling behavior of elastic structures on their initial postbuckling behavior
Authors: Mang Herbert A. , Höfinger Gerhard , Jia Xin
Published: February 2012

Depending on whether or not bending and/or torsion are part of the prebuckling deformation state of elastic structures, the initial postbuckling behavior is either completely general or characterized by specific restrictions [1]. In this context, the term ‘completely general’ means (a) no restriction to monotonic improvement or deterioration of the initial postbuckling behavior in consequence of a monotonic change of a design parameter and (b) the impossibility of ‘zero‐stiffness postbuckling’ characterized by a postbuckling path at a constant load level.

The mathematical reason for restrictions of the postbuckling behavior is a constraint condition for the eigenvector ν1 appearing in the classical static stability condition

where $\tilde {\bf K}_T$ denotes the tangent stiffness matrix [2]. This condition contains the first and the second derivative of $\tilde {\bf K}_T$ with respect to the dimensionless load parameter λ. The theoretical findings will be verified numerically. (© 2011 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)