bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actinide Production in the Neutron-rich Ejecta of a Neutron Star Merger
Authors: Holmbeck Erika M. , Sprouse Trevor M. , Mumpower Matthew R. , Vassh Nicole , Surman Rebecca , Beers Timothy C. , Kawano Toshihiko
Published: December 2018

The rapid neutron-capture (“r-”) process is responsible for synthesizing many of the heavy elements observed in both the solar system and Galactic metal-poor halo stars. Simulations of r-process nucleosynthesis can reproduce abundances derived from observations with varying success, but so far they fail to account for the observed overenhancement of actinides, present in about 30% of r-process-enhanced stars. In this work, we investigate actinide production in the dynamical ejecta of a neutron star merger (NSM) and explore whether varying levels of neutron-richness can reproduce the actinide boost. We also investigate the sensitivity of actinide production on nuclear physics properties: fission distribution, β-decay, and mass model. For most cases, the actinides are overproduced in our models if the initial conditions are sufficiently neutron-rich for fission cycling. We find that actinide production can be so robust in the dynamical ejecta that an additional lanthanide-rich, actinide-poor component is necessary in order to match observations of actinide-boost stars. We present a simple actinide-dilution model that folds in estimated contributions from two nucleosynthetic sites within a merger event. Our study suggests that while the dynamical ejecta of an NSM are likely production sites for the formation of actinides, a significant contribution from another site or sites (e.g., the NSM accretion disk wind) is required to explain abundances of r-process-enhanced, metal-poor stars.
Revision of the European species of Euplectrus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), with a key to European species of Euplectrini
Authors: Hansson Christer , Schmidt Stefan
Published: December 2018

The European species of Euplectrus Westwood are comprehensively treated for the first time, using a combination of morphological and DNA data (CO1, the barcode). Ten species are included, seven already described: E.bicolor (Swederus), E.flavipes (Fonscolombe), E.intactus Walker, E.liparidis Ferrière, E.maculiventris Westwood, E.nigriceps Ferrière, E.phthorimaeae Ferrière, and three new species: E.carinifersp. n., E.geometricidasp. n., E.pallidigastersp. n. To stabilize the nomenclature a neotype is designated for E.bicolor. Euplectrusintactus is removed from synonymy under E.bicolor and E nigriceps from synonymy under E.platyhypenae Howard, and both are re-established as valid species. Several host records are given and presented in a table, and new geographical records are introduced for previously described species. All host records are from exposed Lepidoptera caterpillars and the dominant host groups are Geometridae and Noctuidae. A key including all European species of tribe Euplectrini is presented. Prior to this paper the identification of European Euplectrus species has been difficult and misidentifications have probably been common. Existing host and geographical records in the literature must therefore be treated with great care.
Siblicidal behaviour by larvae of the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia vanessae
Authors: Hervet Vincent A. D. , Laird Robert A. , Floate Kevin D.
Published: December 2018

Contrasting life histories distinguish solitary from gregarious parasitoids. Females of solitary species typically lay one egg in a host; when more than one parasitoid is present in the host, larvae will kill their rivals so that only one parasitoid completes development. Females of gregarious species typically lay multiple eggs in the same host with the resultant larvae co-existing to complete development. Here we provide an unusual report of siblicide by larvae of a gregarious parasitoid; i.e., Cotesiavanessae (Reinhard) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developing in noctuid caterpillars (Lepidoptera). Siblicidal behaviour has not previously been reported with larvae of gregarious Braconidae. We speculate that this behaviour reflects a trade-off between the finite amount of resources within the host available for larval development, and selection to optimize use of these resources. ‘Flooding’ the host with eggs allows the female to use the finite resources of the host to their fullest extent, regardless of host size. This strategy also may allow the female to overwhelm the host’s immune system to enhance survival of her progeny in otherwise marginal host species. It further may enhance the ability of the female’s progeny to competitively exclude the larvae of conspecific females or larvae of other parasitoid species co-occurring in the host. Siblicide allows for self-regulation of brood size when host resources are insufficient to support egg-to-adult development of all eggs initially laid in the host.
Beta diversity of four braconid subfamilies (Braconidae, Agathidinae, Braconinae, Doryctinae and Macrocentrinae) of the Ria Lagartos Biosphere reserve in Yucatan, Mexico, with some considerations on biological habits
Authors: Cauich-Kumul Roger , Delfín-González Hugo , Martín-Park Abdiel , Manrique-Saide Pablo , López-Martínez Víctor
Published: December 2018

The species diversity composition and phenological behaviour of four braconid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Doryctinae and Macrocentrinae) were monitored in three vegetation communities (dune vegetation, tropical deciduous forest and savannah) of the Ria Lagartos Biosphere Reserve (RLBR) in Yucatan, Mexico. Braconid wasps were collected with Malaise traps every 15 days over one year (June 2008 to June 2009). A total of 2,476 specimens were inventoried comprising 233 species and 63 genera. The composition of braconids and their lifestyles differed among the three vegetation communities studied. Doryctinae was the most diverse and abundant subfamily in RLBR (40 genera, 145 species, 990 specimens) and the tropical deciduous forest recorded the maximum abundance and diversity (H’= 4.1; alpha value= 1.059), with 61 exclusive species. Phenological sequence indicates an influence of the rainy season in braconid diversity, but its effects differed among braconid subfamilies and among the vegetation communities. Finally, the importance of the RBRL as a conservation site for this hymenopterous wasp is discussed.
The unknown followers: Discovery of a new species of Sycobia Walker (Hymenoptera: Epichrysomallinae) associated with Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) in the Neotropical region
Authors: Farache Fernando Henrique Antoniolli , Pereira Cecilia Bernardo , Koschnitzke Cristiana , Barros Levi Oliveira , Souza Elmecelli Moraes de Castro , Felício Daniel Tirapeli , Gatti Fabián , Cardona William , Rasplus Jean-Yves , Pereira Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo
Published: December 2018

Biotic invasion in mutualistic communities is of particular interest due to the possible establishment of new relationships with native species.Ficusspecies are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, and they host specific communities of chalcid wasps that are strictly associated with the fig inflorescences. Some introduced fig species are capable of establishing new relationships with the local fig wasps, and fig wasp species may also be concomitantly introduced with their host plants.FicusbenjaminaL. is widely cultivated across the world, but the associated fig wasps are not reported outside of the species native range. We describe for the first time a non-pollinating fig wasp associated withF.benjaminainflorescences outside its native distribution.SycobiahoditesFarache & Rasplus,sp. n.is the third known species of the genus and was recorded in populations ofF.benjaminaintroduced in the Neotropical region throughout several localities in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia.Sycobiais a gall-inducing non-pollinating fig wasp genus associated with fig trees in the Oriental and Australasian regions. This species competes with pollinators for oviposition sites and may hinder the future establishment of the native pollinator ofF.benjamina,EupristinakoningsbergeriGrandi, 1916 in the New World. However, the occurrence of a gall inducing species in this host plant may open ecological opportunities for the establishment of species belonging to other trophic levels such as cleptoparasite and parasitoid wasps.
Discovery of the nest of the yellow jacket Vespula structor (Smith) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) from China with description of its immature stages
Authors: Tan Qing-Qing , Tan Jiang-Li , Zhang Ruo-Nan , Tian Xiao-Xia , Jian Jian-Ke
Published: December 2018

Data on the nest structure, morphology of all stages and behaviour have contributed to the phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of social vespids. Two underground nests ofVespulastructor(Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae) were discovered in China. For the first time, the morphology of all the stages, and the nests are described in detail and illustrated. It is additional evidence supporting the recent conclusion that synonymizedVespulagongshanensiswithV.structor. The status ofVespulastructorwithin both the genusVespulaand thevulgaris-groupare briefly discussed.
Probable marking behavior of Cerceris clypeata (Philanthinae, Crabronidae, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Alcock John , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: December 2018

Males of Cercerisclypeata appear to mark grass stems and other plant parts with secretions from cephalic glands by placing the head and tip of the abdomen on the plant as they walk up the stem or around the leaf of the marked plant. Behavior of this sort has rarely been recorded for Cerceris but is common in the Philanthinae including some members of the Cercerini, which includes Cerceris. Males of C.clypeata very occasionally defended their small marking site against intruders but no nests or females were observed during the study. The abdomen dragging behavior of C.clypeata and another member of the genus suggest that marking behavior is ancestral for the subfamily.
An annotated checklist of the Cook Islands psyllids with keys to the species and two new records (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)
Authors: Martoni Francesco , Brown Samuel D. J.
Published: December 2018

An annotated checklist of the psyllids of the Cook Islands is presented. The presence ofSyntomozatahuata(Klyver, 1932) andTriozaalifumosaKlyver, 1932 in the archipelago, based on new material collected, is reported for the first time. This is the first record from these islands of the genusSyntomozaand the family Liviidae. An identification key to the psyllid species known from the Cook Islands is provided, and their origin and provenance are discussed in relation to their biogeographic implications.
Effect of Punctal Plugs in Patients With Low Refractive Errors Considering Refractive Surgery
Authors: Khalil Monica B , Latkany Robert A , Speaker Mark G , Yu Guopei
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study the effect of punctal plug placement in patients undergoing refractive surgery for correction of poor vision.

METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of 12 patients (21 eyes) who presented for initial refractive surgery or retreatment after LASIK or photorefractive keratectomy to improve visual acuity. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was documented in each eye. If tear normalization test was positive (indicating dry eye), silicone punctal plugs were placed in the lower lids of both eyes. Subjective patient UCVA and Snellen UCVA were assessed at 1 month.

RESULTS: At 1 month, two eyes improved by three Snellen lines, nine eyes improved by two lines, seven eyes improved by one line, and three eyes remained unchanged. Uncorrected visual acuity was considered statistically significant (P<.0001) using the paired t test. No eye demonstrated decrease in visual acuity. One patient experienced punctal plug extrusion in both eyes. No other adverse outcomes were reported. One patient pursued additional refractive surgery after plug placement. No patient requested plug removal.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low refractive errors note improvement in visual acuity after punctal plug placement. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:467-471.]
Buttonholes During LASIK: Etiology and Outcome
Authors: Lichter Henia , Stulting R Doyle , Waring George O , Russell Gregg E , Carr Jonathan
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report the clinical features and outcome of eyes with flap buttonhole during LASIK.

METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify eyes that developed flap buttonhole during Hansatome microkeratome translation. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were obtained to identify factors predictive of buttonhole.

RESULTS: Five patients with buttonhole were identified from June 2001 through September 2002 (5 [0.06%] eyes of 7672 primary LASIK procedures). Mean patient age was 49.2±11.3 years (range: 37 to 66 years). Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was -4.92±2.90 diopters (D) (range: -2.25 to -9.50 D). Mean keratometry was 45.59±1.15 D (range: 43.90 to 47.60 D). All 5 flap buttonholes occurred in the second of 2 consecutively treated eyes (P=.03). Buttonhole occurred in 2 (0.26%) of 778 eyes where the 160-µm microkeratome plate was used, and 3 (0.06%) of 4350 eyes where the 180-µm plate was used (P=.16). Two eyes received laser ablation at the time of buttonhole formation. In the untreated cases, the buttonhole flap itself caused a myopic spherical change of -0.50 D and 0.70 D of astigmatism. One of 5 eyes lost 2 lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity; this eye received laser ablation immediately after buttonhole formation.

CONCLUSIONS: Buttonholes are significantly more likely to occur in the second of two consecutively treated eyes. A new blade for the second eye when the flap in the first eye appears to be thin should be considered. Caution should be exercised when considering laser ablation immediately following buttonhole formation. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:472-476.]
Description, Etiology, and Prevention of an Outbreak of Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis After LASIK
Authors: Villarrubia Alberto , Palacín Elisa , del Río Miguel Gómez , Martínez Purificación
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To describe an outbreak of diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) and provide a hypothesis about the etiology.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out on 328 eyes of 220 patients who underwent LASIK over 9 months. The occurrence of DLK using two different methods of cleaning and sterilizing surgical instruments and an autoclave reservoir were analyzed. Microbial analyses were carried out by two laboratories on samples obtained from the original autoclave reservoir and tubing. A chi-square test was used to compare qualitative values. The Student t test was used to compare numerical values.

RESULTS: Forty-six (24.5%) of 188 cases of DLK were diagnosed. Sphingomona paucimobilis and Burkholderia pickettii were isolated in the reservoir of the steam sterilizer. Electron microscopy revealed gram-negative microbes on the tubing walls. After changing the reservoir of the steam sterilizer and implementing a new cleaning and sterilization protocol based on air-drying the instruments and draining and drying the reservoir of the sterilizer, the occurrence of DLK stopped. No statistically significant correlation was noted between the occurrence of DLK and gender, age, or volume of tissue removed.

CONCLUSIONS: Data obtained during this DLK outbreak support the theory that a bacterial endotoxin, which can survive short-cycle steam sterilization, could be responsible for an outbreak of DLK. We recommend cleaning and sterilization protocols based on air-drying surgical instruments and leaving the reservoirs completely dry at the end of each surgical day. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:482-486.]
Takagi Glare Tester CGT-1000 for Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Testing in Normal Individuals and Cataract Patients
Authors: Pesudovs Konrad
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the sensitivity and repeatability of the Takagi Contrast Glare Tester CGT-1000 in normal individuals and those with cataracts.

METHODS: A prospective observational study was performed. The Takagi Contrast Glare Tester measures contrast sensitivity (CS) at 6 target sizes and 13 contrast levels (2.00 to 0.34 logCS). Testing follows a method of descending limits paradigm with a single reversal determining threshold. The CGT-1000 was administered with and without glare in 95 eyes of 61 cataract patients and 13 controls. The percentage floor (unable to see the highest contrast) and ceiling (able to see the lowest contrast) effects and correlations between CS and cataract grades were determined. The repeatability was evaluated using Bland-Altman limits of agreement and expressed as the coefficient of repeatability (COR). Factor analysis was used to test for redundancy within the 6 spatial frequencies.

RESULTS: In normal individuals, a high rate of ceiling effect varying with target size was noted-for 6.3°, 4.0°, 2.5°, 1.6°, 1.0°, 0.7°, ceiling effects were 68%, 58%, 18%, 11%, 4%, 2%, respectively, for no glare, and 47%, 42%, 8%, 2%, 2%, 2%, respectively, with glare. In cataract patients, floor effects were noted-3%, 0%, 3%, 7%, 19%, 62%, respectively, for no glare, and 3%, 3%, 6%, 14%, 44%, 79%, respectively, with glare. Correlations with cataract grades ranged from 0.10 to 0.61, being best for nuclear cataract. Repeatabilities expressed as COR were ±0.11, ±0.14, ±0.28, ±0.38, ±0.38, ±0.47 logCS, respectively. All spatial frequencies loaded heavily on one factor, indicating no gain in information from testing multiple target sizes.

CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to the presence of cataract was good, but ceiling effects in normal individuals and floor effects in cataract patients limit accuracy. Repeatability was poor, but could be improved by testing less spatial frequencies more rigorously. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:492-498.]
Corneal Suture for the Correction of Hyperopia Following Radial Keratotomy
Authors: Nosé Walton , Endriss Daniela , Forseto Adriana S
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report the visual and refractive changes observed after double concentric corneal suture to correct hyperopic shift after radial keratotomy (RK).

METHODS: This retrospective consecutive case series comprised 17 eyes (15 patients) that underwent two concentric corneal sutures (modified Grene Lasso suture) to correct hyperopic shift after RK. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon between 2000 and 2003.

RESULTS: The mean time after RK was 11.6±3.2 years. The mean follow-up was 20.3±11.3 months. The spherical equivalent refraction was reduced from a preoperative mean of +4.38±2.87 diopters (D) to -0.54±2.59 D at last postoperative follow-up (P<.001). No statistically significant difference was observed in mean refractive astigmatism before and after the corneal suture (P=.15). Before surgery, no eye presented with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) ≥20/20. At final follow-up, 3 (17.6%) eyes attained this level. Seven (41.2%) eyes improved their BSCVA by ≥2 Snellen lines. One (5.9%) eye lost 2 Snellen lines of BSCVA.

CONCLUSIONS: Corneal suture can be used to correct RK-induced hyperopia, improving the corneal asphericity in an attempt to stabilize these corneas. It appeared to be effective even for high degrees of hyperopia and in cases with associated irregular astigmatism or open incisions. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:523-527.]
Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women on Ocular Refractive Status and Aberrations
Authors: Erdem Üzeyir , Muftuoglu Orkun , Goktolga Umit , Dagli Selim
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on refractive status, corneal topography, and aberrations of the eye in postmenopausal women.

METHODS: Thirty-six healthy postmenopausal women (72 eyes) were included in the study. All patients received HRT that consisted of 0.625 mg/day conjugated estrogen and 5 mg/day medroxyprogesterone acetate in a continuous combined regimen. Schirmer Il test and tear film break-up time (BUT) were performed on all patients at the time of enrollment and 6 months after initiation of HRT. Refractive status, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrations were evaluated with the NIDEK Optical Path Difference-Scan before and 6 months after HRT was initiated.

RESULTS: Mean patient age was 50.8+2.6 years (range: 47 to 57 years). The mean duration of menopause was 2.7+0.8 years (range: 1.4 to 3.5 years). The Schirmer Il test and tear film BUT measurements were significantly lower after HRT (P<.05). Before HRT, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was -0.19+1.79 diopters (D) (range: -4.38 to +3.00 D). After HRT, the mean spherical equivalent refraction was -0.22+1.81 D (range: -4.63 to +2.63 D). No significant differences were noted between refractive status, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrations of eyes of patients before and 6 months after HRT (P>.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women does not significantly affect refractive status, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrations of the eye at 6-month follow-up. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:567-572.]
Corneal Wavefront-guided Ablation With the Schwind ESIRIS Laser for Myopia
Authors: Zhou Chuanqing , Jin Min , Wang Xiaoyuan , Ren Qiushi
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of corneal wavefront-guided LASIK for the treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism.

METHODS: This study included 56 myopic virgin eyes of 28 patients with a mean spherical equivalent refraction of -4.40 + 1.83 diopters (D) (range: -1.25 to -9.75 D) and astigmatism <2.50 D. The corneal wavefront aberrations were analyzed using a corneal topography system. The preoperative corneal wavefront aberration data obtained from the above analyses combined with manifest refraction were used to generate a customized ablation profile. The safety, efficacy, and predictability of the correction, contrast sensitivity, and corneal higher order wavefront aberrations were evaluated.

RESULTS: At 1-year follow-up, the mean residual spherical equivalent refractive error was -0.15?0.3 D (range: 0 to -1.25 D) and mean cylinder was -0.54?0.34 D (range: 0 to -1.50 D). Ninety-five percent of eyes were in the residual refractive error range of ?0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity improved by 1.00 D or better in 94% of eyes. The safety index and efficacy index were 1.13 and 0.92, respectively. After treatment, corneal higher order wavefront aberrations with a 6-mm pupil diameter increased significantly (paired sample t test, P<.01), and contrast sensitivity with glare had small reductions at high spatial frequencies. Changes in spherical-like aberration (R=0.708, P<.001) and higher order wavefront aberration (R=0.449, P=OOl), except for coma-like aberration (P=. 238), were positively correlated with the amount of achieved correction.

CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of clinical results showed that corneal wavefront-guided LASIK for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism was safe and effective. There was an increase in all higher order aberrations postoperatively. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:573-580.]
Wavefront-guided LASIK for Myopia With the Technolas 217z: Results at 3 Years
Authors: Bahar Irit , Levinger Shmuel , Kremer Israel , Waring George O
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of wavefront-guided tASIK in patients with low to high myopia.

METHODS: The study included 316 eyes of 158 patients; 172 eyes with low to moderate myopia (=?6.00 diopters [D]) and 144 eyes with high myopia (s=6.25 D). Preoperative wavefront analysis was performed with the Hartmann-Shack aberrometer, and LASIK was done with the Technolas 217z excimer laser. Follow-up was 36 months. Safety, efficacy, predictability, stability, and complications were compared between groups.

RESULTS: Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction (SE) was -6.50+7.72 D (range: -1.50 to -16.00 D) in the entire study group, -4.91+1.38 D in the low to moderate myopia group, and -9.41+2.51 D in the high myopia group. At 36 months, 222 (70%) eyes showed no change in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and 67 (21%) eyes gained s=l line. In the low to moderate myopia group, SE of +0.50 D was achieved by 85% of eyes and +1.00 D by 97%, and 65% and 80%, respectively, in the high myopia group. Undercorrection >0.50 D was observed in 25% (36 eyes) of the high myopia group and 5% (8 eyes) of the low to moderate myopia group. All eyes showed significant reduction in spherical aberration (Z4,0) at 12 months postoperatively with no complications except diffuse lamellar keratitis in 2 eyes (1 eye in each group).

CONCLUSIONS: Wavefront-guided LASIK is an efficient refractive surgery technique for patients with low to moderate myopia. Higher degrees of myopia may be subject to under- and overcorrection. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:586-591.]
Delayed Ectasia Following LASIK With No Risk Factors: Is a 300-µm Stromal Bed Enough?
Authors: Tuli Sonal S , Iyer Sandhya
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report a case of ectasia occurring >4 years following LASIK with no risk factors and a residual stromal bed >300 µm.

METHODS: A 33-year-old woman presented 4 years after LASIK with mild blurring in the left eye. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) had been 20/20 in both eyes previously.

RESULTS: Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 and 20/40 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was 20/20 with -0.75 +2.25 x 70? refraction in the left eye, which matched topography. Preoperative corneal thickness was 595 µm), and topography showed no risk factors preoperatively or immediately postoperatively. Calculated residual stromal bed was 342 µm and measured 400 µm with ultrasound microscopy. One year postoperatively, UCVA decreased to 20/400, and BSCVA decreased to 20/60 with refraction of -4.50 +5.00 x 90?. The patient was intolerant of contact lens wear and is considering collagen cross-linking, lntacs, or corneal transplantation.

CONCLUSIONS: Ectasia can occur more than 4 years after LASIK. Its etiology is unknown and management is challenging. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:620-622.]
Laser Ablation in Eyes With Congenital Nystagmus
Authors: Barbara Adel , Shehadeh-Masha'our Raneen , Garzozi Hanna J
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report photorefractive keratectomy and LASIK for the correction of myopia in eyes with congenital nystagmus.

METHODS: Photorefractive keratectomy was performed in one eye and LASIK performed in eight eyes of five adult patients (three men and two women) with congenital nystagmus. Mean patient age was 34 years.

RESULTS: Preoperative refraction ranged between -1.50 and -22.00 diopters (D) sphere, and -0.50 and -3.25 D of astigmatism; best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) ranged between 2 m finger counting and 20/30. In all nine eyes, postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) equaled or exceeded preoperative BSCVA. Postoperative topography showed central ablations. Results were stable at follow-up 18 months after surgery, except in one eye with follow-up of 4 months. Enhancement was not required in any eye.

CONCLUSIONS: Positive results were achieved for ablation performed with a broad beam laser in eyes with nystagmus. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:623-625.]
Repositioning of Free Cap Four Days After LASIK
Authors: Cheng Arthur C K , Wong Victoria W Y , Rao Srinivas K , Lam Dennis S C
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report management and outcome of late repositioning of flap dislodgement after LASIK.

METHODS: A 27-year-old man underwent LASIK in the right eye for correction of myopia, which was complicated by free cap. The flap was repositioned, but dislodged 2 days later. The dislodged flap was stored in balanced salt solution for 48 hours and repositioned 4 days after initial surgery.

RESULTS: Postoperatively, the flap remained apposed, but diffuse lamellar keratitis and epithelial ingrowth developed, which was managed with topical steroids and topical mitomycin C. Stromal haze gradually decreased by 16 months postoperatively, resulting in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/20.

CONCLUSIONS: Flap dislodgement >48 hours postoperatively can be repositioned with good visual outcome. The flap should be preserved in the event of such complication. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:625-627.]
Comparison of Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry and Ultrasound Pachymetry in the Measurement of Central Corneal Thickness Before and After Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Spadea Leopoldo , Giammaria Daniele , Di Genova Lucia , Fiasca Arianna
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare an ultrasound pachymeter with an optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) pachymeter for measuring pre- and postoperative central corneal thickness of patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS: In a prospective, noncomparative, interventional study, 48 myopic eyes (mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent: -4.93±2.93 diopters [D]) of 30 healthy patients underwent PRK. Pre- and postoperative central corneal thickness was measured by two examiners (E1, E2) with an ultrasound pachymeter and an OLCR pachymeter. Agreement and inter-rater repeatability were determined using the comparison method described by Bland and Altman.

RESULTS: The limits of agreement between the two devices ranged from 17.8 µm (E1) to 20.5 µm (E2) preoperatively and from 22.4 µm (E1) to 16.9 µm (E2) postoperatively. The coefficient of inter-rater repeatability ranged from 9.1 µm (ultrasound pachymeter) to 5.4 µm (OLCR pachymeter) preoperatively and from 7.1 µm (ultrasound pachymeter) to 4.7 µm (OLCR pachymeter) postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS: The OLCR pachymeter seems to show better pre- and postoperative repeatability compared to the ultrasound pachymeter. The agreement between the two devices should be considered acceptable for clinical practice. Photorefractive keratectomy did not affect the postoperative agreement and repeatability of the pachymeters. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:661-666.]
Femtosecond Laser and Microkeratome Corneal Flaps: Comparison of Stromal Wound Healing and Inflammation
Authors: Netto Marcelo V , Mohan Rajiv R , Medeiros Fabricio W , Dupps William J , Sinha Sunilima , Krueger Ronald R , Stapleton W Michael , Rayborn Mary , Suto Chikako , Wilson Steven E
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To examine early postoperative wound healing in rabbit corneas that had LASIK flaps formed with three different models (15 KHz, 30 KhZ, and 60 KHz) of a femtosecond laser compared with flaps formed with a microkeratome.

METHODS: Thirty-nine rabbit eyes were randomized to receive either no surgery or corneal flaps formed with one of the lasers or the microkeratome. Sixteen eyes also had lamellar cuts with no side cuts with the 30 KHz laser. Animals were sacrificed and corneas processed as frozen sections or fixed for transmission electron microscopy. Frozen sections were evaluated with the TUNEL assay to detect apoptosis, immunocytochemistry for Ki67 to detect cell mitosis, and immunocytochemistry for CD11b to detect mononuclear cells.

RESULTS: Rabbit corneas that had flaps formed with the 15 KHz laser had significantly more stromal cell death, greater stromal cell proliferation, and greater monocyte influx in the central and peripheral cornea at 24 hours after surgery than corneas that had flaps formed with the 30 KHz or 60 KHz laser or the microkeratome. Results of the 60 KHz laser and microkeratome were not significantly different for any of the parameters at 24 hours, except for mitotic stromal cells at the flap margin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the primary mode of stromal cell death at 24 hours after laser ablation was necrosis.

CONCLUSIONS: Stromal cell necrosis associated with femtosecond laser flap formation likely contributes to greater inflammation after LASIK performed with the femtosecond laser, especially with higher energy levels that result in greater keratocyte cell death. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:667-676.]
LASEK and Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia: Clinical and Confocal Microscopy Comparison
Authors: Ghirlando Alessandra , Gambato Catia , Midena Edoardo
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare postoperative visual acuity and corneal morphology after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in the correction of low to moderate myopia.

METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 50 myopic patients (mean: -4.5±1.35 diopters) were randomized to receive LASEK in one eye and PRK in the fellow eye. No mitomycin C eye drops were used in this study. Patients were observed daily for 4 days, then at 1 month and every 3 months up to 1 year. Uncorrected and best-corrected visual acuity (UCVA and BSCVA), manifest refraction, corneal epithelium healing time, postoperative pain, and corneal haze were evaluated. Corneal wound healing was quantified with corneal confocal microscopy.

RESULTS: Refractive error, UCVA, and BSCVA were not statistically different between eyes treated with LASEK and PRK. Corneal epithelium healing time was 2.52±0.99 days in the eyes treated with PRK and 2.29±0.52 days in the eyes treated with LASEK (P =.22). The postoperative pain score was 2.17±0.87 in the eyes treated with PRK and 2.62±0.60 (P = .02) in the eyes treated with LASEK. Corneal confocal microscopy showed fewer stromal activated keratocytes and less extracellular matrix deposition in the eyes treated with LASEK than in the eyes treated with PRK at 1 month postoperatively (P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS: LASEK is an effective and safe procedure for low to moderate myopia, but it seems more painful until full corneal reepithelization. In the early postoperative period, the corneal wound healing process is significantly less intense in eyes treated with LASEK than in eyes treated with PRK. The role of LASEK in corneal wound healing modulation remains controversial. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:694-702.]
Subbasal Nerve Regeneration After LASEK Measured by Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Darwish Taym , Brahma Arun , Efron Nathan , O'Donnell Clare
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the degree of subbasal nerve regeneration and corneal sensation and tear film functions after LASEK using corneal confocal microscopy.

METHODS: This prospective, observational, and longitudinal study included 35 LASEK patients who underwent tear breakup time assessment, phenol red thread test, corneal esthesiometry, and confocal microscopy preoperatively and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Subbasal nerve images were analyzed to assess nerve regeneration.

RESULTS: Postoperatively, tear breakup time decreased significantly and had not returned to the preoperative level by 6 months after surgery. There were no significant differences in the phenol red thread test results before and after LASEK. Central corneal sensation decreased significantly 1 month after LASEK and returned to normal levels 3 months after surgery. Nerve fiber density, nerve branch density, and nerve fiber length and width decreased significantly after LASEK and had not returned to preoperative levels 6 months after surgery. Subbasal nerve fibers retained their vertical orientation after LASEK. There were no significant correlations between the length and density of subbasal nerve fibers and central corneal sensitivity, tear volume, or breakup time after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: Subbasal nerves were injured by LASEK and had not returned to preoperative levels 6 months after surgery. Corneal sensitivity was reduced after LASEK and returned to normal levels 3 months after surgery. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:709-715.]
Idiopathic Recurrence of Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis After LASIK
Authors: Kymionis George D , Diakonis Vassilios F , Bouzoukis Dimitrios I , Lampropoulou Ileana , Pallikaris Aristofanis I
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report a case of late recurrence of bilateral diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) after LASIK.

METHODS: A 39-year-old woman presented in the early postoperative period with bilateral DLK after hyperopic LASIK and was treated with topical steroids. One year after and with no obvious cause (idiopathic), recurrence of the same stage (stage III) of disease was observed.

RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination revealed diffuse, multifocal, and granular haze in the interface. The microbiology culture was negative. Confocal microscopy demonstrated multiple activated keratocytes, debris, and inflammatory cells adjacent to the flap interface. After intense treatment with topical corticosteroids, DLK resolved and corneal transparency was achieved with complete restoration of visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse lamellar keratitis may recur in LASIK patients with previous episodes without an obvious cause (idiopathic). Early diagnosis and treatment with topical corticosteroids can achieve complete resolution without visual loss-even in advanced stages of DLK. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:720-721.]
Small Spot Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Recurrent Corneal Erosion
Authors: van Westenbrugge John A
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To describe small spot phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using the NIDEK EC-5000 excimer laser for the treatment of recurrent corneal erosion.

METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed patients with recurrent corneal erosion who were treated using small spot PTK. An electronic medical records database was used to retrieve patient data.

RESULTS: Ten consecutive eyes in nine patients were evaluated after small spot PTK. Eight (80%) recovered without further erosion.

CONCLUSIONS: Small spot PTK is a safe and effective alternative to traditional PTK and to corneal micropuncture in the treatment of recurrent corneal erosion. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:721-724.]
Effect of Mitomycin C on the Corneal Endothelium When Used for Corneal Subepithelial Haze Prophylaxis Following Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Goldsberry Dennis H , Epstein Randy J , Majmudar Parag A , Epstein Rachel H , Dennis Richard F , Holley Glenn , Edelhauser Henry F
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the potential effect of topical mitomycin C (MMC) on the corneal endothelium of myopic patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS: Sixteen eyes with a planned ablation depth >75 µm underwent PRK followed by 0.02% MMC applied for 12 seconds using a methylcellulose sponge. Endothelial specular microscopy was performed with the Keeler-Konan specular photomicroscope in 16 eyes before and at least 1 year after surgery. Mean follow-up was 18 months (range: 12 to 24 months). Mean cell density, coefficient of variation of mean cell area, and percentage of hexagonal cells were measured and calculated using computerized morphometric analysis.

RESULTS: Mean endothelial cell densities before and after surgery were 2882±783 cells/mm
p 2
(range: 1511 to 4022 cells/mm
p 2
) and 2867±588 cells/mm
p 2
(range: 1638 to 3881 cells/mm
p 2
), respectively (P>.05). Mean coefficient of variation before and after surgery was 0.30±0.07 (range: 0.23 to 0.49) and 0.26±0.04 (range: 0.22 to 0.33), respectively (P=.06). Mean percentage of hexagonal cells before and after surgery was 61%±6.8% (range: 47% to 70%) and 66%±6.7% (range: 54% to 75%), respectively (P=.12).

CONCLUSIONS: Administration of MMC for haze prophylaxis following PRK did not have a significant effect on quantitative endothelial cell density or qualitative morphometric parameters in this study. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:724-727.]
Aureobasidium pullulans Fungal Keratitis Following LASEK
Authors: Maverick Kenneth J , Conners Michael S
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To describe a patient who developed Aureobasidium pullulans keratitis following refractive laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK).

METHODS: A 52-year-old woman was referred to a tertiary care center 1 month after LASEK for treatment of a corneal ulcer that was unresponsive to conventional therapy. Mycology culture and fungal stain identified Aureobasidium as the infectious organism.

RESULTS: The infection responded well to treatment with topical natamycin and systemic itraconazole.

CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with topical natamycin and systemic itraconazole is effective against. Aureobasidium pullulans keratitis. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:727-729.]
Traumatic Flap Dislocation 4 Years After LASIK Due to Air Bag Injury
Authors: Ramírez Manuel , Quiroz-Mercado Hugo , Hernandez-Quintela Everardo , Naranjo-Tackman Ramon
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To report a patient who developed corneal flap dislocation following air bag injury 48 months after LASIK.

METHODS: Evaluation by slit-lamp microscopy and fluorescein angiography.

RESULTS: A 29-year-old man was treated after air bag injury that occurred 48 months after LASIK. Examination revealed corneal flap dislocation, with severe folds and flap edema. Preoperative visual acuity was finger counting at 1 m. Visual acuity was 20/400 24 hours after repositioning the corneal flap. Retinal angiography revealed Berlin macular edema, which was injected with periocular steroids. Five days after injection, visual acuity remained 20/400, but improved to 20/40 1 month after injection.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant trauma can dislocate a corneal flap many months after surgery. [J Refract Surg. 2007;23:729-730.]
Expression of a Functional IL-2 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Arumugam Prakash , Carroll Katie L. , Berceli Scott A. , Barnhill Spencer , Wrenshall Lucile E.
Published: December 2018

Many nonlymphoid cell types express at least two, if not all three, subunits of the IL-2R; although, compared with lymphocytes, relatively little is known about how IL-2 affects the function of nonlymphoid cells. The limited information available suggests that IL-2 has a substantial impact on cells such as gastrointestinal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. In a previous report from our laboratory, we noted that IL-2 and IL-2Rβ–deficient mice lose smooth muscle cells over time, eventually resulting in aneurysmal aortas and ectatic esophagi. This finding, combined with our work showing that IL-2 surrounds vascular smooth muscle cells by association with perlecan, led us to ask whether vascular smooth muscle cells express an IL-2R. Toward this end, we reported the expression of IL-2Rβ on human and murine vascular smooth muscle cells. We now report that vascular smooth muscle cells express all three subunits of the IL-2R, and that expression of IL-2Rα varies with vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Furthermore, we show that, through a functional IL-2R, IL-2 initiates signaling pathways and impacts vascular smooth muscle cell function. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-2 expression increases upon initiation of conditions that promote intimal hyperplasia, suggesting a mechanism by which the IL-2/IL-2R system may impact this widespread vascular pathology.
Suppression of the IFN-α and -β Induction through Sequestering IRF7 into Viral Inclusion Bodies by Nonstructural Protein NSs in Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus Infection
Authors: Hong Ye , Bai Maosheng , Qi Xian , Li Chuan , Liang Mifang , Li Dexin , Cardona Carol J. , Xing Zheng
Published: December 2018

Induction of type I IFNs during viral infection is crucial for host defense. IRF 3 and IRF7 play a critical role as key transcription factors in the activation of the IFN induction. Viruses have evolved a variety of strategies to evade innate immunity. Our previous studies have shown that the nonstructural protein (NSs) of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) can suppress the IFN-β induction through its interaction with tank-binding kinase-1 and sequestering the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase(IKK) complex into the inclusion bodies formed by NSs. In this study, we characterized the unique function of IRF7 in innate immunity and its role in inducing IFN-α in particular, regulated by NSs during the SFTSV infection in several cell types of human origin. Whereas IRF3 is constitutively expressed, IRF7 was significantly induced differentially in various cell types in response to SFTSV infection, promoted the induction of IFN-α2 and -α4, and further induced IFN-β, thus contributing to suppressing the viral replication. Our data indicate that NSs directly interacted with and sequestered IRF7 into the inclusion bodies, which is different from IRF3 indirectly interacting with NSs. Although interaction of NSs with IRF7 did not inhibit IRF7 phosphorylation, p-IRF7 was trapped in the inclusion bodies, resulting in a significant reduction of the IFN-α2 and -α4 induction and therefore enhanced viral replication. Interaction of the viral NSs with both IRF7 and IRF3 and subsequent sequestration of these transcription factors into viral inclusion bodies, a unique strategy used by this phlebovirus, may ensure effective evasion and suppression of host innate immunity.
O “feminismo” de Musônio Rufo
Authors: Aggio Juliana Ortegosa
Published: December 2018

O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar duas diatribes em que o filósofo estoico Musônio Rufo defende o ensino de filosofia para as mulheres de modo a verificar se tal defesa permitiria atribuir à sua obra certo “feminismo”. Por um lado, ver-se-á que há uma visão ousada para época que propõe a igualdade entre os homens e as mulheres com base em argumentos humanistas, por outro lado, é de se notar que, em termos gerais, há uma concessão irrestrita ao domínio masculino sobre as mulheres, como bem dita o costume romano do primeiro século de nossa era. Deste ensaio seguem as traduções das duas diatribes: da Diatribe III: Que as mulheres também devem filosofar e da Diatribe IV: Do ‘Se se deve educar as filhas semelhantemente aos filhos’.
O feminismo universalista de Martha Nussbaum
Authors: De Lourdes Borges Maria
Published: December 2018

Nesse artigo, eu pretendo a apresentar a defesa que a filósofa Martha Nussbaum faz do liberalismo político, compreendido como a tradição liberal iluminista que vai de Kant a Rawls. Muitas feministas têm objetado que a concepção liberal da natureza humana e de filosofia política não se pode constituir num fundamento adequado para uma teoria da libertação das mulheres. Nussbaum contesta esta visão, mostrando que o liberalismo oferece conceitos universais, que são valores essenciais para o movimento feminista e para a luta das mulheres, tais como a noção de pessoa, auto-respeito, capacidade de escolha e igual consideração do valor e dignidade dos seres humanos. Além disso, os movimentos feministas atualmente utilizam estes conceitos para fundamentar suas reivindicações. Ao final, apresentarei a noção de capability, mostrando como esse conceito responde às críticas ao feminismo universalista.