bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of Porosity in Composite Materials Using Infrared Thermography
Authors: Connolly Mark P.
Published: March 2007

The presence of porosity in polymeric matrix composites degrades the en gineering performance, and for many critical applications it is necessary to ensure that the porosity of the as-manufactured composites is minimized. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, such as ultrasonics or X-ray, are often used to inspect composites for porosity and non-conforming parts are rejected. An infrared thermographic technique is described here, which can be used to determine the degree of porosity in polymeric matrix composite materials. The technique consists of heating one face of the part with a high power laser and observing the thermal response on the other face as the heat diffuses through the part. Internal defects such as porosity modify the apparent diffusivity and reduce the rate and quantity of heat transferred to the opposite face. Experiments were conducted on carbon-epoxy samples with a range of known porosities and varying thick nesses and the thermal response was measured. The results show that for the high porosity samples smaller temperature rises, with longer times to reach the maximum were observed on the opposite face. An analysis of the heat transfer through the samples is presented and this analysis shows how the thermal diffusivity influences the temperature rise observed on the opposite face. The results from this analysis were used to interpret the experimental thermal response in terms of an apparent diffusivity and a good correlation was obtained between the diffusivity and the porosities for the samples tested.
Different Numerical Techniques for the Estimation of Multiaxial Stresses in Symmetric/Unsymmetric Composite and Sandwich Beams with Refined Theories
Authors: Manjunatha B.S. , Kant T.
Published: March 2007

A set of simple but efficient and accurate higher-order displacement models are used to evaluate the multiaxial stress behavior in symmetric and unsymmetric composite and sandwich laminates. These theories incorporate a more realistic non-linear variation of displacements through the beam thickness, thus eliminating the use of shear correction coefficient(s). Constitutive relations are used to evaluate inplane stresses. The computer program developed incorporates the realistic prediction of transverse stresses from equilibrium equations. The integration of the equilibrium equations is attempted through direct integration method, forward and central direct finite difference technique and a new approach called an exact curve fitting method. The versatility of the present higher-order theories is demonstrated by comparing the results with the available elasticity and other closed-form solutions for cross-ply and sandwich laminates. The results show that the exact curve fitting method gives good estimates of multiaxial stresses compared to finite difference and direct integration methods.
Pseudo-Transient Analysis of Composite Shells Including Geometric and Material Non-Linearities
Authors: Kommineni J.R. , Kant T.
Published: March 2007

An unified approach is presented for the pseudo-transient (static) linear, geometric, material and combined geometric and material non-linear analyses of lami nated composite shells. A nine-noded isoparametric quadrilateral finite element belonging to the Lagrangian family is used in space discretization. An explicit time marching scheme is employed for time integration of the resulting discrete ordinary differential equations with the special forms of diagonal fictitious mass and/or damping matrices. The elasto plastic material behaviour is incorporated using a flow theory of plasticity. In particular, the modified version of Hill's initial yield criterion is used in which anisotropy parameters of plasticity are introduced. The shear deformation is accounted for using an extension of Sander's shell theory, and the geometric non-linearity is considered in the sense of von Karman strains. The layered element approach is adopted for the treatment of elasto plastic behaviour through the thickness. A wide range of numerical examples are pre sented to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the present approach. The results for combined non-linearity are also presented. The variety of results presented here is based on realistic material properties of more commonly used advanced composite materials. The results of the combined non-linear analysis should serve as reference for future in vestigations.
Impact Characterization of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Laminates
Authors: Chaudhuri J. , Choe G.H. , Vinson J.R.
Published: March 2007

Instrumented drop-weight impact testings were conducted in conjunction with the ultrasonic C-scan and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the impact re sponse at low velocities. Thermoplastic composite materials in the simply supported case showed dramatic improvements in impact damage resistance compared to the thermoset composite materials as reported. Scanning electron microscopy examination of the frac ture surface revealed fiber-matrix-debonding, fiber pull-out, and few deleminations. Matrix behavior can be characterized by a hackly appearance. On the other hand, the frac ture mechanisms of the transverse normal compression and shear punch were matrix cracking and grouped lamina delamination as opposed to individual lamina delamination, respectively.
Crystallization and Its Effect on the Processing of Polypropylene
Authors: Chen Tay-Yuan , Wang V.W. , Bozarth M.J.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the kinetics of crystallization for semi-crystalline polymers has been successfully incorporated into a cavity flow simulation. The flow resistance, in terms of filling pressure, can be significantly underestimated if crystallization is neglected during the calculation. In addition, the filling behavior for nucleated semi-crystalline materials is quite different from that of its virgin counterpart. With this simulation, the crystallinity distribution and degree of crystallinity in the part can be predicted at any instant of processing time, and hence part quality can be predicted accordingly.
Compression of Laminated Composite Beams with Initial Damage
Authors: Breivik Nicole L. , Gurdal Zafer , Griffin O.Hayden
Published: March 2007

Compression testing is conducted for specimens with well-documented initial damage states obtained from three-point bend testing. Strengths and failure modes are determined for specimens with four quasi-isotropic stacking sequences and two thick nesses. Initial damage prior to compression testing is divided into three classifications based on the extent and location of the damage. These are (1) specimens with short delaminations distributed evenly through the specimen thickness, (2) specimens with few long delaminations, and (3) specimens with local fiber damage in the surface plies under the three-point bend contact point. Specimens without initial damage are also tested in order to determine the effects of the initial damage on the final compression strength and failure modes.
Volume Resistivity and Mechanical Properties of Electrically Conductive Long Fiber Composites
Authors: Weber Mark E. , Kamal M.R.
Published: March 2007

Long, electrically conductive nickel-coated graphite fibers were employed to produce thermoplastic composites by compounding and processing with polypropylene resin. The fibers were blended into the resin in a Brabender mixer and the resulting composite was compression molded into square plaques. The fiber loading was varied from 2 to 20 weight percent. The effects of fiber loading on electrical and impact properties were studied and related to the composite microstructure. A device was constructed to measure the volume resistivity of the samples in two planes, longitudinal and latitudinal. A large initial decrease in resistivity occurs as fibers are added to the insulating matrix. Beyond some critical loading, the resistivity reaches a minimum and begins to level off. The resistivity is identical in the two perpendicular planes. Examination of the microstructure reveals that the fiber orientation is fairly random in the composite, which results in a uniform resistivity in the two planes. Fiber attrition is more significant at low loadings where the mixing shear is greater. Impact tests show that the addition of the fibers results in an increase in sample stiffness, thereby reducing the force and energy needed to break the samples.
Newspaper Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composite
Authors: Ren Shan , Hon David N.-S.
Published: March 2007

As an effort to reuse old newspaper, a newspaper fiber-reinforced polypro pylene (NPF/PP) composite was made. The effects of the manufacturing conditions, addi tives, and interfacial modification on the mechanical properties of the composites were in vestigated. A method of applying newspaper sheet directly to polypropylene without any pretreatment was developed. Experimental results revealed the composites made from this method were twice as strong as the polypropylene without newspaper. Other natural fibers, such as recycled corrugated board, chemical wood pulp, thermomechanical pulp, and cotton pulp were also found to have reinforcing properties for polypropylene. Signifi cant improvement in the mechanical properties has been achieved by blending less than 2 % of carbon fiber with the NPF/PP composites.
New Chemical Recycling Process for Polyurethanes
Authors: Van Der Wal H.R.
Published: March 2007

The majority of polyurethanes are crosslinked thermoset polymers, which cannot be recycled by melting and extrusion processes without excessive degradation. Sev eral recycling techniques for polyurethanes have been described in technical and scientific literature and are used industrially, such as rebonding of flexible foam, regrind and hot stamping of Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding (RRIM) and glycolysis of rigid foams.
Longitudinal Compression Strength of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Kim R.Y. , Crasto Allan S.
Published: March 2007

The compressive performance of fiber-reinforced composites is a major concern in a variety of structural applications. The accurate determination of this property for unidirectional composites is exceedingly difficult; in general, difficulties encountered in gripping or supporting test specimens compounded by this anisotropic material's in herent sensitivity to axial alignment result in inconsistent failure loads and failure modes. Recently, however, we developed a novel test specimen which provides reliable and repro ducible compression strengths for graphite and boron fiber-reinforced composites. The specimen is a miniature sandwich beam with composite skins on either side of a neat epoxy resin core, and it is tested in a conventional IITRI test fixture. This specimen con figuration promotes true compressive failure under axial loading in contrast to all- composite coupons which fail prematurely via specimen buckling. Through stress analysis it was determined that this specimen had lower interlaminar stresses at the free edges and a lower stress concentration at the end of the gage section than the all-composite specimen. In the present study we have employed this miniature sandwich specimen to determine the compressive properties of E-glass and S-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The comparatively low moduli of these reinforcing fibers increase the difficulty in obtaining accurate compression data for the corresponding composites. Longitudinal compression strengths were obtained for specimens with unidirectional, cross-ply and fabric reinforce ments. The longitudinal compressive strengths of the unidirectional composites measured with this sandwich specimen are significantly higher than those of corresponding all-com posite specimens. The measured compression strengths for cross-ply and fabric- reinforced composites, on the other hand, are the same for both specimen types.
Stress Determination at Skin-Stiffener Interfaces of Composite Stiffened Panels Under Generalized Loading
Authors: Kassapoglou Christos
Published: March 2007

An approach is presented to calculate stresses at the skin-stiffener inter faces of composite stiffened panels. The skin and stiffener can have general anisotropic layup and the loading can be in-plane or out-of-plane as long as the in-plane stresses far from the flange edge can be at most linear in the out-of-plane direction. A stress-based en ergy minimization is used with a variational calculus derivation of the governing equa tions. All six stresses are determined at the skin-stiffener interface. Comparison of the present closed form solution with a finite element solution shows good agreement. The stresses determined with the present method are used in a failure criterion to predict onset of delamination. The effects of geometry and layup on the onset of delamination for various loadings are investigated and several trend curves useful for design applications are presented.
Fatigue Mechanisms Under Low Energy Repeated Impact of Composite Laminates
Authors: Boukhili Rachid , Bojji Chakib , Gauvin Raymond
Published: March 2007

This investigation deals with the fatigue behaviour under low energy repeated impact (LERI) of quasi-isotropic graphite/epoxy composite plates. The damage growth during the test was monitored by ultrasonic C-scan imaging. The damage area plotted as function of the number of impacts displays a three stages pattern behaviour. Stage I corresponds to a matrix cracking of the region under the impactor, stage II corre sponds to a rapid delamination propagation and stage III to a slow delamination propaga tion. The relative extent and the damage growth rate in stage II increase with the impact energy E I. The number of impacts NIF corresponding to the transition between stage I and stage II is governed by an impact-fatigue curve in the form of EI = C log (NIF) + E 0 where E0 is the threshold impact energy that induces a delamination in one impact and C constant denoting the damage tolerance of the material.
Memory Complaints and Memory Performance: The Relationship Reexamined
Authors: Scogin Forrest
Published: March 2007

The present study examined memory complaints among older adults. A review of the literature and reanalysis of data. suggests that the correspondence of memory complaints and memory performance differs as a function of an individual's affective state and degree of concern about memory functioning. Depressed older adults and those seeking memory training were found to evidence lower levels of correlation between self-reported memory complaints and memory performance than were non-depressed elders not actively seeking memory training. These results suggest that elders with high levels of concern about their memory functioning may hold special expectations or beliefs about their cognitive abilities. These results further suggest that memory training programs for elders must be multi-faceted in nature, including instruction in memory skills and examination of participants' beliefs and attitudes about their cognitive abilities.
Assessing Social Welfare Programs for the Elderly: The Specification of Functional Goals
Authors: McCaslin Rosemary , Golant Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Social welfare planners have lacked clear, functional goals against which to evaluate the performance of social and health programs. The authors construct a model for assessing the extent to which a community's services are addressing the independence and behavioral functioning needs of its elderly residents. The model is evaluated using service data from a middle-income midwestern community.
Ohio Community Mental Health Center Directors' Perceptions of Programming for Older Adults: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Spore Diana L. , Atchley Robert C.
Published: March 2007

This study of Ohio CMHC directors' perceptions examines three systems dimensions how mental health services are provided to elders, levels of service needs and whether they are met, and barriers to service delivery. Two distinct types of centers are compared -those that do and do not have specialized geriatric components. Specialized programming efforts appear to be making a difference in bridging the gap between levels of service delivery and need.
Cost Per Meal as a Productivity Index in the Elderly Nutrition Program
Authors: Balsam Alan L. , Rogers Beatrice Lorge
Published: March 2007

The federally funded Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) began in 1972 under Title 7 of the Older Americans A ct, and has grown considerably since then. This article reports the results of a 1988 national study that collected information on cost per meal in relationship to a number of other variables in a random sample of ENPs nationally. Based on this data, reservations are advanced about using cost per meal as a productivity index in ENPs, as suggested by the federal government.
Agitation and Falls in Institutionalized Elderly Persons
Authors: Marx Marcia S. , Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Werner Perla
Published: March 2007

The occurrence of falls and the manifestations of three dimensions of agitation (aggressive behaviors, physically nonaggressive behaviors, verbal behaviors) were recorded in 408 nursing home residents during each of the three nursing shifts. Falls occurred most frequently during the busiest shift (the day shift) and least frequently during the night shift when most residents were sleeping and nursing staff were not as busy, a result that confirms previous reports. In comparison to residents who did not fall, residents who fell manifested significantly more physically nonaggressive behaviors, more aggressive behaviors, more verbally agitated behaviors, and overall, a greater total number of agitated behaviors.
Observational Data on Time Use and Behavior Problems in the Nursing Home
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Marx Marcia S. , Werner Perla
Published: March 2007

A 3-month observational study of 24 agitated and severely cognitively impaired nursing home residents was conducted to document the typical ways in which residents spend their time and how time use relates to the manifestation of agitated behaviors. We found that these residents were involved in no activity during 63% of the observations. In addition, residents spent little time in structured activities (e.g., music therapy) or social activities (e.g., receiving visitors). Yet data analysis revealed that residents manifested a greater number of agitated behaviors when they were unoccupied and fewer agitated behaviors when involved in structured or social activities. We discuss implications for caregivers.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multigenerational Family Households: Views of Three Generations
Authors: Harrigan Marcia P.
Published: March 2007

Knowledge of advantages and disadvantages identified by each generation in multigenerational households (MGHs) composed of three generations helps to guide decision making by families and policymakers as well as assist professionals who provide clinical services to these families. As part of an exploratory study, survey data were collected from 171 respondents, representing 43 families and three generations. Using a panel of experts and content analysis techniques, categories were developed to sort the data for further analysis. Advantages outweighed disad vantages, particularly for the oldest generation. Family closeness and increased tangible resources were the most frequent advantages given. Intrahousehold family relationship stress and issues of privacy were the most frequent disadvantages identified. Statistically significant generational differences in responses were identified and explained by individual and family life stage theory. Implications for future research on the MGH are presented.
The Effects of Age on the Ability to Read and Remember Textual Material Describing How to Perform Skilled Procedures
Authors: Byrd Mark
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine factors that facilitate or inhibit the ability of young and old adults to read and remember information about how to perform skilled procedures. Few age differences were found in the time taken to read texts that provided an explicit organizationalframework to interpret the material. Further, older adults memory for the central actions of the procedure were equivalent to those of younger individuals. Older adults memory for the subordinate details of the texts was somewhat poorer than that of their younger counterparts. A second study examined age differences in texts that did not provide an organi zational framework with the material. Both reading times and memory levels of the older individuals were negatively affected in this condition. Findings of these studies indicate that the ability to read and remember procedural knowledge is impaired by learning conditions more than by age. Suggestions are made about how to write texts to accommodate the needs of older readers.
Life-Style and Cardiovascular Health Among Urban Black Elderly
Authors: Hamm Verneda P. , Bazargan Mohsen , Barbre Ann R.
Published: March 2007

This study assessed life-style behaviors in a cross-sectional random sample of urban Black elderly with and without cardiovascular disease. Those with cardiac disease reported behavior modifications for salt mtake, fat intake, and smoking but more often reported being overweight and performing less exercise than did those elderly without cardiac disease. There remains substantial room for improvement in health maintenance and health promotion behaviors in this population, suggesting the need of intensive educational interventions. Additionally, Black elderly with cardiac disease had worse scores on a depression scale and a health locus-of-control question, suggesting the need for psychological assessment and intervention in this population.
Inter-SMSA Variation in Nursing Home Staffing and Resident Care Management Practices
Authors: Zinn Jacqueline S.
Published: March 2007

In this study, data from the 1987 Medicare and Medicaid Automated Certification Survey (MMACS) is analyzed to determine the extent to which nursing home staffing and resident care management practices, such as urethral catheterization and physical restraint use, vary across a sample of 10 standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs). After controlling for influential differences in case mix related to facility characteristics and the functional severity of the nursing home population at risk, significant SMSA effects associated with staffing and practice outcome measures were found by weighted least squares regression. Potential sources of variation related to local market conditions and state nursing home policy are considered.
The Differential Roles of Caregivers, Caregiver Networks, and Health Professionals in Residential-Care-Home Entry
Authors: Bear Mary
Published: March 2007

This study examined the roles of primary caregivers, primary caregivers' informal networks, and health professionals in the residential-care-home (RCH) entry process. Results showed that primary caregivers were the principal source of decisions to move elders from their homes into RCHs. However, logistic regression analyses indicated that elders who were hospitalized prior to RCH entry were more likely to have a health professional label them as out-of-place in their homes and refer them to a residential care home. Elders who had a friend as their primary caregiver were also more likely to have a health professional refer them to an RCH than were elders who had a close relative as a primary caregiver. The characteristics of primary caregivers' informal networks did not influence the source of the RCH entry decision. Practice applications are addressed
Period Effects on the Mix of Formal and Informal In-Home Care Used by Urban Elderly
Authors: Diwan Sadhna , Coulton Claudia
Published: March 2007

Changes in the mix of formal and informal home care used by noninstitutionalized elderly between 1975 and 1987 are examined. This period saw many changes in health care policies, an increase in female labor force participation, and changes in demographic characteristics of elders, all of which could be expected to influence the pattern of care used by elders. Using data from the 1975 General Accounting Office study in Cleveland, Ohio, and its 1987 follow-up, cohorts of young-olds (ages 65-76 years) and old-olds (ages 77-88 years) were compared for their use of formal and informal care. There were no increases in the proportion of people using home care, and there was no observable trend toward increased reliance on formal care. Differences did emerge in the mix of formal and informal services used. For the young-old cohort, more persons received formal nursing services and informal supervision services in 1987. The mix of services used by the old-old cohort revealed no observable period effects. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the social changes mentioned earlier.
Cognitive Impairment and Problem Behaviors as Risk Factors for Institutionalization
Authors: Kasper Judith D. , Shore Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

Data from the 1982 and 1984 National Long-Term Care Surveys are used to develop a predictive model for nursing home institutionalization that includes cognitive functioning and problem behaviors in addition to more commonly studied indicators such as disability. As expected, cognitive impairment is a risk factor for institutionalization, controlling for other characteristics such as age, living arrangement, and use of paid inhome care. Four problem behaviors were investigated, but only one, Wanders/Gets Lost, contributed to the model. Among cognitively impaired persons, those who wander/get lost had a twofold risk of institutionalization. The findings suggest the need to differentiate among difficult or problem behaviors and to further investigate those that arouse concerns about safety and require extensive supervision as risk factors for institutionalization.
Effects of Nonprofessional Home Visit Programs for Subclinically Unhappy and Unhealthy Older Adults
Authors: McNeil J. Kevin
Published: March 2007

A special subgroup of community dwelling elderly are the subclinically unhappy and unhealthy who often fall between the professional and community services cracks. On the one hand, their symptoms are not severe enough to warrant professional attention. On the other hand, their symptoms may make them less likely to seek out and participate in community organizations such as senior's activity groups. Thirty such older adults were screened from 82 referrals and randomly assigned to one of three conditions thatprovided nonprofessional home visits involving accompanied walking or conversation and a wait-list control. Results indicate that, at least in the short term, both home visit conditions had a positive effect on happiness compared to no home visits. Only the walking condition had the additional benefit of increasing subjective health ratings. The implications of these findings for organizations interested in the well-being of this hard-to-reach subgroup of older adults are discussed.
Factors Associated With Psychotropic Drug Use Among the Elderly Living at Home
Authors: Gustafsson Tove M. , Isacson Dag G. L. , Thorslund Mats , Sörbom Dag
Published: March 2007

The use of psychotropic drugs has been widely studied; however, few studies have focused on factors associated with psychotropic drug use among the elderly. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sociodemographic variables, socioeconomic status, social network, health, and physician visits and the use of psychotropic drugs among the elderly living at home. The study area was a municipality in mideastern Sweden with a population of about 21,000 inhabitants. Data from interviews with and health assessments of noninstitutionalized people age 75 and older (N = 421) were linked to an individual-based research register of prescription drug purchases. There were no differences in psychotropic drug use between men and women or between different age groups. The multivariate analyses (LISREL) showed that mental health and physician visits were associated with psychotropic drug use. An indirect relationship was also found between psychotropic drugs and loneliness and chronic morbidity, respectively.
The Relationship of Self-Restraint and Distress to Coping Among Spouses Caring for Persons With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rose Sharon K. , Strauss Milton E. , Neundorfer Marcia M. , Smyth Kathleen A. , Stuckey Jon C.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between two basic dimensions of social-emotional adjustment: distress and self-restraint, as identified by Weinberger and Schwartz (1990), and the use of four coping strategies by spouse caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. Care givers were most frequently categorized as oversocialized (high distress, high self-restraint) and repressive (low distress, high self-restraint) according to Weinberger and Schwartz's (1990) social-emotional adjustment typology. A higher proportion of males than females were under- socialized (low distress, low self-restraint) and reactive (high distress, low self-restraint), whereas a higher proportion of females than males were oversocialized (high distress, high self-restraint). High distress caregivers were more likely to use the emotion-focused coping strategy of wishfulness, whereas low distress caregivers were more likely to use acceptance and the problem-focused strategy of instrumental coping. Although there were gender differences in distress and the use of specific coping strategies, the relationships between distress and coping strategies used held regardless of gender. Implications for caregiver intervention programs as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Relationships Among Life Events and Psychological Well-Being: More Evidence for a Two-Factor Theory of Well-Being
Authors: Stallings Michael C. , Dunham Charlotte C. , Gatz Margaret , Baker Laura A. , Bengtson Vern L.
Published: March 2007

Relationships between 11 major life events and changes in psychological well-being were examined in a three-generation sample: grandparents, their adult children, and their young adult grandchildren. Psychological well-being was measured using the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Life events included marriages; divorces; births of children; deaths of spouses, children, and parents; health declines; hospitalizations; improved standard of living; retirement; and retirement of one's spouse. Both positive and negative affect demonstrated similar stability over 14 years and were equally predictable from the life events. However, consistent with a two-factor conceptualization of psychological well-being, for all generations, desirable life events predicted change in positive affect whereas undesirable events predicted change in negative affect; cross-domain prediction was minimal. Results further indicated that whether life events are expected may be more important in predicting subsequent psychological well-being than whether they are desirable or undesirable.
Screening Community-Dwelling Elders for Nutritional Risk: Determining the Influence of Race and Residence
Authors: Schoenberg Nancy E. , Coward Raymond T. , Gilbert Gregg H. , Mullens Russell A.
Published: March 2007

This investigation explores nutritional risk among two subgroups of older adults African American and geographically isolated elders (65 years or older). Telephone interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of 1,126 respondents and included a 10-item nutritional risk appraisal. Results indicated that over one half of the sample may be considered to be at moderate or high nutritional risk, with African American and rural elders at dispropor tionately higher risk and rural Blacks at highest risk across a variety of indicators. The nutritional vulnerability of these groups may prompt practitioners to design and target services specifically for their needs, while also stimulating research to improve our understanding of the factors that account for these differential risks.
Receptivity to Volunteering in the Immediate Postretirement Period
Authors: Caro Francis G. , Bass Scott A.
Published: March 2007

Higher rates of volunteering might be expected of elders in the period immediately after retirement because they tend to be in relatively good health and have fewer competing obliga tions. Data from the Commonwealth Productive Aging Survey, a telephone survey of a repre sentative national sample of 2,999 people 55 years of age and older, confirmed findings of previous research that retirement is not associated with higher rates of volunteering. However, in the first and second years following termination of employment, nonvolunteers show a heightened receptivity to volunteering; that is, they indicate more willingness to take on volunteer assignments and an ability to do so than do elders who are employed or who have been out of the workforce for longer periods. The findings suggest that volunteer coordinators should focus volunteer recruiting efforts on elders who are about to leave jobs or who have recently left jobs.
Predictors of the Psychological Well-Being of Primary Caregivers Living With a Demented Relative: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Lévesque Louise , Cossette Sylvie , Lachance Lise
Published: March 2007

This 1-year follow-up study aimed to examine the predictors of change in psychological well-being, using two negative indicators (psychological distress and negative feelings about the caregiver role) and two positive indicators (positive feelings about the caregiver role and positive affect) of well-being. The sample consisted of primary caregivers (n = 180) cohabiting with a demented relative. Four variables were involved in predictive relationships with psycho logical well-being The first variable, appraisal of the disturbance from dysfunctional behaviors at Time 1, was selectively predictive of an increase in the two negative indicators over a year. The second and third variables, increased conflicts in the exchange of informal support and less frequent informal support at Time 1, were predictive of an increase in psychological distress. The fourth variable, frequent use of affective-stimulative dementia management strategies at Time 1, appeared to predict an increase in the two positive indicators of well-being. Knowledge of these four predictors can be useful in designing interventions that target the improvement of well-being.
How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going-The Future of the Juvenile Court System
Authors: Rector Milton G. , Gilman David
Published: March 2007

Juvenile justice is attracting more and more attention today as citizens, Criminal Justice practitioners and the courts come to realize that our present method of handling juvenile offenders is inadequate. This article traces the history of juvenile justice in the United States; discusses the current state of juvenile justice; and offers suggestions for improving our juvenile justice system.
Inmate Identification in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Mcwhorter William L.
Published: March 2007

An organizational analysis of various inmate groups within the Mississippi State Penitentiary, locally known as Parchman, has called into question the "cohesion" model of inmate groups as ones which remain firmly united against the enemy out-group, the prison administration. The organizational structure of the Mississippi prison, until very recently, presented a highly stratified version of inmate society. Not only were inmates utilized in the management and operation of the prison, as is traditional in most penal institutions, but a highly select group of inmates, known as trusties, were given the responsibility for the maintenance of social control over fellow inmates. This group of inmates represented an elite corp which presented unique problems of adjustment, not only to fellow inmates but to the staff as well. This article takes a look at these problems of adjustment.
The need for Evaluation of Criminal Justice Education
Authors: Fabianic D. A.
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice education programs, the majority of which have enjoyed growth and development in the past decade, are now faced with the prospect of evaluation and assessment. Pressure to engage in self-examination will come from the accreditation standards suggested by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, and the requirements of each separate institution for all programs to justify their existence. To aid in this process, preliminary assessment should begin now in order to determine the intellectual character of the student group and to prepare some evidence that criminal justice education has achieved its objectives.
Parole; The Consumer's Perspective
Authors: Cole George F. , Logan Charles H.
Published: March 2007

With the dominance of rehabilitation currently being evaluated, this study sought to learn from the consumers of correctional policies in one state, the effect of parole on their lives. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of the inmates in Connecticut's maximum security facility to learn about the effects of sentencing and parole policies while incarcerated as to ascertain their preferences should reforms be undertaken. The research found that most prisoners reject the idea that rehabilitation can be achieved in prison, find indeterminate sentences a source of frustration, and view the Parole Board as an unauthorized agent of punishment. Given the absence of fixed release dates, the inmates spend much of their time speculating on what they can do to impress the Parole Board. There was a high degree of agreement that participation in treatment programs and having job prospects impressed the Board. These consumers of the rehabilitative philosophy believe that you must "play the game" in order to win release.
Nonverbal Images of Criminality and Deviance: Existence and Consequence
Authors: Shoemaker Donald J. , South Donald R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the literature relating physical appearance to perceptions of criminality or deviance. The content focuses on characteristics of the perceived but includes some data relative to the influence ofperceiver characteristics in the perception process. Methodological procedures are analyzed along with the subject matter of the literature reviewed. The research settings of studies range from college classrooms to juvenile reformatories. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and implications of the existing research for visual identification procedures utilized in police and court settings. One suggestion which emerges from this literature review, for example, is to monitor police lineups and other identification procedures to help offset the influence of physical appearance on the identification process.
Criminal Justice Education: A Suggestion for Conceptual Modification
Authors: Fabianic David
Published: March 2007

A general review of criminal justice education yields the conclusion that it has not achieved some of its original goals, in particular, influencing the crime rate or substantially affecting the functioning of the criminal justice system. Furthermore, criminal justice education has assumed a conventional character which does more to endorse the rules and standards of the current system than it does to pursue the truth or advocate meaningful changes. Under current circumstances the prospects of making a significant impact on the national crime rate or the operation of the criminal justice system are slight. But criminaljustice education can improve its character and make a better contribution to academe and the community by realistically revising its objectives and modifying the concept of criminal justice education to be more cognizant of other social institutions and more responsible to its students. The narrow focus of criminal justice education precludes the development of a more comprehensive perspective which is essential to the complete understanding of crime in society. An alternative concept proposed here is that of socialjustice, which would permit greater intellectual and applied flexibility.
The Swinging Pendulum of Correctional Reform
Authors: Kennedy Daniel B. , Kelly Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice professionals as well as the generalpublic are urging a return to fixed prison sentences, thereby undoing the efforts of twentieth century reformers to rely on the indeterminate sentencefor rehabilitation purposes. This movement is related to contradictory ideas concerning: (a) the purpose of the criminal justice system; (b)particularism versus universalism; and (c) the proper role of discretion in the administration ofjustice. The polarities inherent in each issue place society in a double approach-avoidance conflict situation which explains the pendulum movement of correctional policy. By seeking a middle-ground such as is offered by sentencing to community service, the search for a more just system may be enhanced.
Bar Association Surveys and the Merit Retention of Judges: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cavender Gray , Gray Ronald H. , Mccleary Richard , Ramsey Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally in the United States, the selection and retention ofjudges has been a part of the electoral process. Dissatisfaction with the electoral method has resulted in the merit plan, aformat whereby judges are initially selected by the executive branch of government and thereafter stand unopposedfor retention election. To assist voters with the retention decision, local bar associations sometimes provide assessments of judicial performance.

Arizona amended its constitution in 1974 to provide for merit selection and retention ofjudges. Prior to a retention plebiscite in 1978, several bar associations in Arizona polled their members to elicit evaluations ofjudicialperformance. The results, characterized as a rational, professional assessment of judges, were publicized in an attempt to educate voters in a retention plebiscite.

There is empirical evidence which suggests that the results of the bar associations'polls perhaps are not as rational as the legal community suggests. Rather than a summary decision based on an assessment of 12 performance criteria, lawyers'recommendations for or against the retention ofjudges appear to have been afunction of: (a) both necessary and sufficient conditions among the performance criteria rated; (b) the overall performance criteria rated by the lawyers; and (c) characteristics of the lawyer respondents.
The Development of Federal Parole Guidelines
Authors: Bernard Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process by which federal parole guidelines were conceived and developed. The process, although in some respects unconventional, was consistent with the recommendations of the major theories ofplanned organizational change. The article argues that the process itself played a significant role in the success of the parole guidelines project.
Adult Probation and Parole Officers: Influence of Their Weapons, Role Perceptions and Role Conflict
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Mcgraw Bridgett
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom asserts that probation and parole officers experience a high degree of role conflict because of the nature of their job. These officers are expected to provide both treatment and supervision services which have opposed philosophies. This study sought to provide empirical evidence to support this contention and to examine the influences of weapon use on role conflict. The data indicate that Alabama state adult probation officers experience relatively low levels of role conflict with a weak association with weapon use. This low level of role conflict may be attributable to the fact that Alabama adult probation and parole officers receive a substantial cash subsidy for carrying a weapon.
Jury Reform: An Analysis of Juror Perceptions of the Criminal Court System
Authors: Miller Larry S.
Published: March 2007

Little empirical evidence exists to suggest that jurors may develop negative perceptions of the court system which may affect an objective finding of guilt or innocence. This present study examined a number of attributes of jurors, including juror demographic characteristics, time expended in jury selection and deliberation, and juror perceptions of the defense attorney and the prosecuting attorney. A questionnaire was mailed to 462 randomly selected individuals who had served as criminal court jurors during 1983 and 1984. The questionnaire elicited demographic information (e.g., age, sex, race, etc.); general details about the court case the juror had served; and attitudinal responses about the court system; the defense attorney, and the prosecuting attorney. These attributes were then examined with respect to the extent they affected jury decision outcomes.
Jean de Lanessan and the French Positivist School of Criminal Reform, 1880-1914
Authors: Persell Stuart M.
Published: March 2007

By utilizing the professional career of one individual, Jean de Lanessan, this paper discusses some aspects of positivism and criminal legislation in France between 1880 and World War I. Lanessan was a biologist by training who possessed a long-standing interest in social issues that led to a second career as a politician. Lanessan, the biologist, influenced the practice of French criminology, whereas Lanessan, the politician, was instrumental in shaping legislation on crime.
The FBI and the Politics of Surveillance, 1908-1985
Authors: Theoharis Athan G.
Published: March 2007

This article surveys the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation since its creation in 1908, focusing on the Hoover years and emphasizing the importance of political surveillance in the Bureau's growth. Although it was the expansion of the federal government's regulatory role that initially, and until 1936, increased FBI personnel and influence, it was the Bureau's public relations efforts and monitoring of political dissent-as well as J. Edgar Hoover's ability to immunize FBI investigations from external scrutiny-that were more important in the FBI's evolution into a powerful, effectively autonomous agency, which in the process offered a fundamental challenge to a political system based on accountability.
Discrimination and the Death Penalty in Arizona
Authors: Thomson Ernie
Published: March 2007

Since the revival of capital punishment in the United States, numerous studies have found clear patterns of racial discrimination in death sentencing in at least a dozen different states, including several non-southern states. This research has consistently shown that white-victim homicides, especially cases in which minorities are accused of killing whites, are much more likely to result in death sentences than other cases and that cases in which minorities are accused of killing other minorities are much less likely to result in death sentences than other cases. Virtually all of these studies have focused on southern or midwestern states and on discrimination against African-American defendants. This study examines racial and ethnic discrimination in death sentencing in Arizona, a western state with a multiethnic population. Findings suggest that similar patterns of death sentencing discrimination occur in Arizona and involve discrimination against both Hispanic and African-American defendants. These findings are interpreted in light of the history of racial and ethnic discrimination in executions in Arizona.