bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of the surge generated by the June 1982 Orissa cyclone
Authors: DAS P. K. , DUBE S. K. , MOHANTY U. C. , SINHA P. C. , RAO A. D.
Published: February 2022

A coastal zone numerical model has been used to estimate the surge generated by the 67 June 1982 Orissa cyclone. In this model the analysis area extends from 6 N to about 22 N along the east coast of India and there is an open-sea boundary situated, on average, about 300 km from the coast The model utilises a curvilinear boundary treatment to represent the coastlines and uses a non-uniform off-shore grid-spacing adjacent to the coastal boundaries. This allows an increased resolution near the Orissa coast.

 

Using a forcing wind-stress distribution representative of the Orissa cyclone, we compare the model predicted surges with the observed sea-surface elevations along part of the Orissa coast north of Paradip. The predicted peak surge elevation above mean sea level compares well with the observed values at the Paradip port and Dhamra harbour.
Application of a Markovian model to the study of Sunshine in four cities in the north of Spain
Authors: FERNANDEZ P. L. , QUINDOS L. S. , SOTO J. , VILLAR E.
Published: February 2022

The weather of a given day and the following one are not statistically independent, but show a kind of correlation. In this work, we have determined the autocorrelation parameters for several cities in the north of Spain in the framework of a simplified meteorological model with two states : (F) fine and (B) bad weather. These states are defined as a function of the relative daily sunshine. The model is satisfactory since most of the theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental ones, specially the monthly percentages of fine and bad days and the mean lengths of the different sequences in each month of the year.
Numerical simulation of storm surge envelopes associated with the recent severe cyclones impinging on the east and west coasts of India
Authors: GHOSH S. K. , DEWAN B. N. , SINGH B. V.
Published: February 2022

Envelopes of storm surges generated by the Porbandar cyclone of 1975, Andhra Pradesh cyclone of 1977 and Pamban cyclone of 1978 are simulated on the computer. The locations and the magnitudes of peak storm surges are found to be in good agreement with observations.
Influence of frontal systems moving across southern Africa and southwest Indian Ocean on the onset of southwest monsoon over west coast of India
Authors: KUMAR S. , SETHUMADHAVAN K. , RAO M. K.
Published: February 2022

The movement of cold fronts with associated westerly waves in the lower troposphere across southern Africa and adjoining southwest Indian Ocean during the months of May and June has been examined in relation to the onset of southwest monsoon over the west coast of India. The study is based on satellite pictures for the years 1971 and 1972 and on extensive MONEX data for the year 1979, It has been found that the passage of deep cold fronts across southern Africa and adjoining oceanic areas exercise marked influence on the strength of the cross equatorial flow which in turn leads to the organisation and intensification of ITCZ and its northward advancement causing the onset of the southwest monsoon. This association can be used as an aid in forecasting the onset of southwest monsoon along the west coast of India 4 to 7 days in advance.
A non-linear surface layer model
Authors: EL-SHAHAWI M. A.
Published: February 2022

A model has been developed to investigate surface layer regime on the basis of a relation between mixing length and the total (kinetic and potential) energy per unit mass of air. Important features of the model include non-linear profiles of turbulent characteristics. The provided asymptotic behaviour indicates considerable consistency with the classical turbulent models.
12-hourly changes in vorticity and forecasting of rainfall over Bhagirathi catchment
Authors: RAO D. V. L. N. , SRIVASTAVA K. K. , MEHRA H. C. , BANSAL B. R.
Published: February 2022

The wind field and 12-hourly change in absolute vorticity have been examined for a few rainstorm situations in the Bhagjrathj catchment one day in advance to the storm with a view to locating areas of positive vorticity changes as one of the criteria in conjuction with other meteorological parameters associated with synoptic types for forecasting rainfall over Bhagirathi catchment.

 

Convergence patterns as revealed by positive vorticity changes over the area bounded by Lat. 21-26 N and Long. 84-92 E containing Bhagirathi catchment have been plotted and compared with the isohyetal patterns of observed rainfall at 03 GMT of the next day. The study shows that there is resemblance between the two patterns.

 

It is suggested that the areas of positive total vorticity changes may be taken as a guide to forecast areas of precipitation 12 to 15 hours in advance keeping in view the likely lateral shift of the forecast areas of precipitation as judged by synoptic situation.
VARIATION OF MOISTURE UNDER BARE SOIL CONDITIONS
Authors: BISWAS B. C. , KATE J. K.
Published: February 2022

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Does the Fonetik Spelling System improve Standard Spelling Scores?
Authors: Johnson Ian
Published: February 2022

This seven month trial was undertaken to determine if the Fonetik spelling system (Jackson, 1994) enabled students with and without spelling difficulties to enhance their regular spelling scores. A sample of 270 students aged between 8 and 13 years were involved. The students were based in 8 schools within an RTLB cluster. The Fonetik system was introduced to all the students within their regular classroom settings. The results indicate that Fonetik was successful in increasing regular spelling scores for students with spelling difficulties and that it can be successfully implemented in schools with guidance from RTLB. This matched the conclusions

of the first trial conducted by Croft and Boyd with the support of NZCER (1993).
“When they don’t have to sit there they don’t. They’ll go and sit somewhere else”. Students with disabilities talk about barriers to friendship.
Authors: Ward Angela
Published: February 2022

Students learn best when they feel accepted, included and have positive social relationships. Over a period of two school years, four students with disabilities told their stories of the reality of their secondary school experiences including their experiences of friendships and social relationships in their classrooms and out- of-class settings. This article presents some of the contextual factors that were identified as supporting and/ or hindering positive social relationships and learning.
Unintentional and intentional barriers to positive social relationships are explored, and some implications for teachers, as they promote student learning within the classroom, are presented. Teachers are invited to listen to these stories and reflect on their pedagogy so as to learn how to create supportive learning environments where the values and principles of the New Zealand Curriculum are supported and where the key competencies of Relating to Others; Participating and Contributing; and Managing Self are developed.
Strengthening the Transition for Children with Moderate needs Perceptions of Participants.
Authors: Larson Candice
Published: February 2022

This study investigated the transition of a child with moderate special education needs to a primary school setting. It was generated out of the professional interest of the author and a prevailing concern over the apparent delay in providing support for children with moderate special education needs within the primary school system. A case study approach was usedto examine the varying perspectives of the parents and teaching staff in a transition process from early childhood to school. The study highlighted the fact that a decrease in support at school during the transition phase placed increased reliance on communication between agencies as well as the importance of aligning early childhood and primary school expectations in terms of learning and behaviour of students with special needs. Implications of this case study identified a number of ways in which to improve transition of children with moderate special educational needs that can continue to build on the specific progress made by these children in their pre-schools.
Narratives of Young Gifted Children.
Authors: Margrain Valerie
Published: February 2022

This article shares narratives, or learning-informed stories, of young gifted learners. The purpose of the article is to document exceptionalities of the youngest gifted learners, supporting advocacy, and to demonstrate the merit of narrative approaches to assessment. Narrative assessment, including learning stories, is particularly useful for supporting a multi-categorical concept of giftedness, and can be linked to other assessment and curriculum initiatives. Narrative assessment provides a practical approach for teachers, allowing them to be visible and engaged in assessment across the curriculum. This article begins with background to giftedness and description of learning stories. The methodology of the study is reported, followed by examples of narratives of young gifted children. The article then concludes with a discussion of curriculum connections.
Let’s Talk About Teacher Aides.
Authors: Ward Angela
Published: February 2022

Since 1989, teacher aides have become a familiar part of our classrooms as they support students with special educational needs. International and New Zealand research shows that despite many teacher aide practices that effectively support student learning in inclusive settings, there are some practices that work against the inclusion of some students and therefore, their academic and social learning needs are not being met. As partof a study that examined friendships and social relationships, four secondary school studentswith severe physical disabilities, teacher aides and teachers shared their stories. These stories complement other research studies and indicate that some schools are not addressing issues relating to the use of teacher aides. This study provides recent narrative data to inform policy and practice in relation to the use of teacher aides in inclusive settings.
Successful Tongan Students in New Zealand Secondary Schools: Default or Design?
Authors: Frengley-Vaipuna Ingrid , Kupu-MacIntyre Lesieli , Riley Tracy
Published: February 2022

This article outlines the use of Gagne’s (2008) Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent (DMGT) as applied to Tongan secondary school students in New Zealand. Two case studies of Tongan young women are shared with a particular emphasis on the influence of catalysts, the chance factor, and developmental processes upon the development of their gifts to talents. The article explains the Tongan way, a conceptual map for developing better understandings of Tongan gifted and talented students in New Zealand. The article concludes that the Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent is a framework teachers can use to explore giftedness with Pasifika families, communities, and students to assist in better understanding their special abilities, qualities, and needs.
I Miss My Mochaccino.
Authors: Margrain Lisa
Published: February 2022

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A Discussion of the Principle of Cultural Responsiveness: From Research to Practice and From History to Today.
Authors: Stead Robyn
Published: February 2022

The Special Education 2000 initiative (Ministry of Education, 1998) led to the creation of the role of Resource Teachers: Learning and Behaviour (RTLB). The role was designed to support inclusion, provide consistent service, and bring about improved outcomes for students with learning and behaviour difficulties and their teachers in Years 0–10. Guiding the management and practice of RTLB is the RTLB Toolkit (Ministry of Education, 2011a). Within the Toolkit, seven principles designed to guide RTLB practice are specified. These are: inclusive teaching, culturally-responsive, ecological approach, collaborative and seamless model of practice, strengths-based, reflective, and evidence- based practice. This article focuses specifically on the principle of culturally-responsive practice. It considers current literature and key documents from the Ministry of Education and discusses a case study that draws on a kaupapa Maˉori framework in order to achieve better outcomes when working with Maori whanau.
The Feuerstein approach in New Zealand : Building on the past, for the future.
Authors: Howie Dorothy
Published: February 2022

The Feuerstein approach to the teaching of thinking is highly regarded internationally as an effective programme for vulnerable learners and learners with special educational needs. This paper describes this approach.

The need for this approach in New Zealand is discussed, including children’s rights to it, and the New Zealand National Curriculum requirements. This is followed by an analysis of how the approach meets international criteria for an effective programme for the teaching of thinking.

The author’s early New Zealand research on the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment programme, to build a strong evidence-base for future use of the approach, is described in some detail, and her current New Zealand research project on best-practice with the inclusive and more whole-school integrated use of the Instrumental Enrichment programme is touched upon.

Finally, some guidelines are outlined for the effective use of the Feuerstein approach in New Zealand now and in the future.
Attachment: What is it and Why is it so Important?
Authors: Crouch Miriam
Published: February 2022

This article examines attachment; viewing attachment as a continuum from secure attachment relationships through to attachment disorders. The article outlines theoretical bases in attachment, the implications of healthy secure attachment and that of insecure attachment in educational settings, suitable interventions and the importance of prevention of attachment disorders.
Whatu: Weaving Māori Women Educators’ Pedagogy.
Authors: Hiha Anne
Published: February 2022

Whatu was the starting point for a metaphor that emerged as a representation of three Maori women educators’ pedagogy. The Whatu metaphor was developed as a way of understanding the complexities of the Maori women’s pedagogy and to show that the strength of that pedagogy is in the interweaving of the strands. Concepts of Maori pedagogy are becoming more accessible in Aotearoa/ New Zealand: for example, the notion of ako as a means of explaining the connectedness of learning and teaching; and tuakana-teina as a form of peer support and learning. However, the pedagogy that umbrellas those two concepts is less accessible and was the subject of a small kaupapa Maori research project involving three Maori women educators. In response to a research question: ‘What is Maori women educators’ pedagogy?’ this article describes the Whatu metaphor; a metaphor that represents the research participants’ pedagogical ways of being, knowing and doing, and advances a new way of viewing Maori women educators’ pedagogy.
Child and Youth Profile: A Toolkit to Facilitate Cross-Disciplinary Educational Planning.
Authors: McLaughlin Tara , Budd Julia , Clendon Sally
Published: February 2022

Collaboration is an essential component of optimal educational planning. In order to collaborate effectively, it is important that information from all of those involved with the learner is used to develop a multi-dimensional understanding of the child/youth. Yet the identification, sharing and collating of this key information can be a difficult process due to lack of time, a focus on specialist jargon, and lack of tools or expertise. In this article, we introduce a toolkit, called the New Zealand Child and Youth Profile, to assist educational teams to discuss key aspects of children’s functional experiences and abilities to inform educational planning. The toolkit is inspired by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for Children and Youth (ICF- CY) but contextualised for New Zealand. The toolkit has recently been piloted and revised based on user feedback and is available for teams interested in using it to facilitate cross-disciplinary educational planning.
Supporting Inclusion for All; Especially for Students Vulnerable due to their Economic Circumstances: Introducing Manuaute o Te Huia.
Authors: Stone Mike
Published: February 2022

In recent years, New Zealand schools have been challenged to cater for increasing numbers of students in material hardship without comprehensive support. New Zealand once led the world in putting equity at the centre of education policy and practice, this is no longer the case. Recent Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) findings reveal that modern, high-performing education systems balance excellence with equity. Programmes in North America and Australasia such as Bridges Out of Poverty and others are growing in popularity although featuring an underlying deficit ideology. “Te Manuaute o Te Huia”, supported by local kaumatua, is applied here in one school to support learning conversations to achieve inclusion, particularly for economically-vulnerable students.
This article examines how one school, the RTLB service and its community leaders, including Maˉori advisors, used a shared understanding of ‘equity literacy’ in an education setting and the appreciative inquiry process to enhance learning opportunities for all students and especially those from low socio-economic backgrounds. It also outlines how a New Zealand version of an equity literate framework and a strengths-based process, used with key community input, can generate additional support to create and sustain ongoing success, especially for those students vulnerable due to their socio-economic circumstances.
Teachers’ Perspectives on Classroom Management: Confidence, Strategies and Professional Development.
Authors: Quinn Lynette
Published: February 2022

The issue of behaviour management is one that is consistently reported as a concern facing teachers in today’s classrooms. This study, which surveyed 110 teachers of Year 1 to Year 4 students, examined the behaviour management training teacher respondents had received both pre-service and inservice, as well as the behaviour management strategies they perceived as useful.
The results of this survey indicate a requirement for a comprehensive classroom behaviour management programme to be utilised (particularly for teacher trainees). This type of training can assist in ensuring that positive reinforcing skills and strategies are enabled to provide the best-possible learning environment for students and teachers alike.
A shackled heart: Teacher Aides' experience of supporting students with high needs in regular classrooms.
Authors: Tutty Chris , Hocking Clare
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to seek understanding of the experience of those who support students with high needs in regular classes. Seven teacher aides were interviewed, with the interview and data analysis guided by Heideggerian phenomenology. The findings reveal that teacher aides are unprepared for the responsibility or the relationship that develops with students. The nature of this relationship is brought to light, revealing meaning for teacher aides' mode of caring and how they provide support. As they embody experiences of the student as their own, teacher aides feel "one step away from mother". Their support goes beyond the boundaries of the school day, as they constantly worry and plan ahead. Their hearts are shackled. Serious concerns arise for teacher aides and students when there is an absence of awareness and acknowledgement of the nature of the relationship being created.
Improving school culture: What we learnt from three primary schools.
Authors: Gaffney Michael , McCormack Jaleh , Higgins Nancy , Taylor Nicola
Published: February 2022

This research article summaries a study that set out to collect information about the actions that three primary schools have taken to develop a more positive school culture. The aim was to identify in what ways a change in culture could contribute to an improvement in school relationships and a reduction in bullying.

The research questions focused on what the schools were like previously, how change was initiated, what programmes and community support were used, what the outcomes have been for adults and students, and what were the current challenges and goals that each school faced. A researcher was assigned to each school where they undertook interviews with a range of adults in the school and facilitated focus groups with students.

The results of the comparative analysis show that there are identifiable factors common to the approaches used by all three schools. These factors were the importance of leadership, the centrality of relationships, the nature of the programmes adopted, and finally, the nature of the change process itself. While there were many differences between the schools, these differences did not alter the relevance of the factors identified above.
Editorial
Authors: Kearney Alison , Bateman Sonja , Steeghs Cath
Published: February 2022

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Ecological and developmental issues in the practice of educational psychology.
Authors: Bowler Josephine
Published: February 2022

This conceptual article examines what is meant by the term ‘ecological-contextual’ in relation to the assessment of children’s needs. Revisiting the discipline of ethology, the article applies the construct of niche to the human species, including examples from children’s experiences tovalidate the relevance of this link. Issues of power imbalance in relationships are discussed in relation to the strategies children use to assume some control over the situationsthey find themselves in. It is suggested that without a comprehensive contextual analysis it becomes more likely that children’s problematic behaviours will be interpreted in terms of medical categories. A range of theoretical perspectives linked to the reciprocity that characterises all relationships and the significance of such reciprocity to children’s construction of meaning and feelings of self-efficacy is discussed. The hypothesis that attachment issuescan become a disorder for the child is challenged. The use of the community genogram is introduced as a working tool for exploring children’s multiple contexts. While the practiceof educational psychology is the primary focus of this article, the dimensions discussed have equal relevance to all who work with children presenting problematic behaviours ordevelopmental concerns. This article is intended to initiate further dialogue on these themes.
National Reading Recovery data as a possible indicator of reading progress for six-year-olds in New Zealand: Some issues.
Authors: Greaney Keith
Published: February 2022

Apart from the annual returns to the Ministry of Education of Reading Recovery (RR) data (and to a lesser extent, the four-yearly National Education Monitoring Project cycle data), there is currently no national data sets of reading achievement information for New Zealand primary school children. This article uses the national RR data for 2002 as a basis for estimating the likely full extent to which 6-year-olds may be underachieving in reading after one year of instruction. For the purposes of this article, ‘average or above’ achievement in reading after one year at school is defined as being able to read at or above book level 12 and being able to correctly read 20 or more words from the Burt Word reading test. To gain a wider perspective of readingperformance at age six years, the six-year net data from three large urban schools for the years 2000 to 2004 was also analysed. The results show that although some researchers suggest that only two percent of children require extra reading tuition following RR, this figure is probably not a true indicator of the extent of early reading problems.
Index for Inclusion.
Authors: Smith Allister
Published: February 2022

Index for Inclusion is a programme to assist in developing learning and participation in schools. It was written by Tony Booth and Mel Ainscow from the Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education, UK. Central Normal School was pleased to have the opportunity to trial this programme.
Two interventions that enhance the metacognition of students with disabilities: Cognitive cue cards and correspondence training.
Authors: Richie Garth
Published: February 2022

This paper outlines and reviews two types of interventions used with students with learning disabilities. Cognitive cue cards are regarded as a form of cognitive intervention and correspondence training is regarded as a behavioural intervention. It is concluded that both kinds of interventions are valuable and result in improvements in the metacognitivecapabilities of learners with learning disabilities.
Relational Aggression between Primary School Girls.
Authors: Browne Jennifer , Carroll-Lind Janis
Published: February 2022

This article presents the findings of a case study undertaken with the year 5 girls in one school to investigate their experiences and understanding of covert intimidation, as well as the effects and impact of these practices in the school setting. The findings of the study were obtained from the analysis of interviews, researcher-generated documents (worksheets) and surveys. They suggest that covert intimidation does exist in the school setting, and more particularly thatthese practices are an integral part of relationships between girls, through which they resolve the anger and conflict that arise in their friendships. These practices are located in the heart of girls’ relationships and operate beneath the surface of ordinary school life. The conclusion of the study is that the term relational aggression should be used as a descriptor to help bring the phenomenon of covert aggression into the open. Open acknowledgment of these practices will help address these behaviours between girls so that they can learn open and honest ways of relating to each other, particularly in the resolution of their conflicts.
To Smack or Not to Smack
Authors: Keown Robin
Published: February 2022

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A journey into education. An interview with Pat Caswell.
Authors: Penman Merrolee , Caswell Pat
Published: February 2022

Previous interviews published in Kairaranga have given insight into the experiences, memories and stories of the founding editors of this journal along with well-known educational leaders; people whose research or work has shaped educational practices at local, national and international levels. However, a community of practice also consists o quiet leaders, who through their daily interactions and activities also help to shape the practice of others. This is an interview with Pat Caswell, a physiotherapist and one of the quietly achieving practitioners who works every day with children and young people, their families and whanau, schools and wider teams. Pat has both infuenced and been influenced by her experiences in education.
Editorial
Authors: Cunningham Jo , Watts Carol , Nobilo Graeme , Penman Merrolee , Margrain Valerie
Published: February 2022

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Disability. A pacific experience.
Authors: Smith Donna
Published: February 2022

This paper is a personal perspective about the disability issues within the Cook Islands. It looks at how the needs of children and adults with disabilities have been addressed over the years and the vision of many people who have worked towards building an inclusive society, starting with mainstreaming in the schools to full inclusion. It discusses the challenges along the way and the challenges that continue. This paper hopes to convey a message to all readers which promotes inclusion in the Cook Islands and that with inclusion a strong base can be developed in all individuals about acceptance and understanding of one another's needs. To achieve this, one needs to be exposed to people's differences and to value people's differences. However, for this to be successful, the appropriate supports need to be in place and it is vital that all work towards the same vision.
Forearm and Arm Tourniquet Tolerance
Authors: Lefebvre Rachel , Cohen Landon , Kay Harrison Ford , Mostofi Amir , Ghiassi Alidad , Stevanovic Milan
Published: February 2022

Background:

In distal upper extremity surgeries, there can be a choice to use an upper arm or forearm tourniquet. This study examines discomfort and tolerance in healthy volunteers to determine whether one is more comfortable.

Methods:

Forty healthy, study participants were randomized to an upper extremity laterality and site. Tourniquets were inflated to 100 mm Hg over systolic blood pressure. Participants experienced an upper arm and a forearm tourniquet sequentially. Visual analog scores (VAS) were recorded at 2-minute intervals. Time until request and VAS at tourniquet deflation were recorded. Time until the complete resolution of paresthesias was also recorded. Participants subjectively stated which tourniquet felt more comfortable.

Results:

Tourniquets were inflated longer on the forearm than the upper arm (mean 16.1 minutes versus 12.2 minutes; P < 0.0001). VAS at tourniquet removal was not different between the sites (means 7.3 and 7.3) (P = 0.839). Time until paresthesia resolution after the tourniquet was deflated was not different (means 8.1 and 7.7 minutes) (P = 0.675). Time until paresthesia resolution was proportional to tourniquet inflation time for both sites (regression coefficient 0.41; P < 0.00001). Participants found the forearm more comfortable (95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.92).

Conclusion:

Forearm placement allows the tourniquet to be inflated for an average of 4 minutes longer. Forearm tourniquet is subjectively more comfortable.
Implementasi Pengembangan Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia pada Lembaga Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Solehan Solehan
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang kajian terhadap implementasi pengembangan manajemen sumber daya manusia pada lembaga pendidikan islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan metode atau pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), bahwa studi pustaka atau kepustakaan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang berkenaan dengan metode pengumpulan data pustaka, membaca dan mencatat serta mengolah bahan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa manajemen sumber daya manusia adalah istilah yang digunakan ilmu manajemen dalam mengelola orang lain dalam sebuah lembaga tertentu. Demikian juga dalam lembaga pendidikan Islam, maka manajemen sumber daya manusia merupakan proses manajemen yang dilakukan oleh seorang pimpinan (kepala sekolah) kepada bawahan (tenaga pendidik dan kependidikan) untuk mencapai tujuan lembaga pendidikan. Peranan manajemen sumber daya manusia dalam lembaga pendidikan berkontribusi dalam membantu meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, karena pendidikan yang bermutu berasal dari orang-orang yang mengelola pendidikan itu sendiri yakni sumber daya manusia yang bermutu juga.
Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students
Authors: Zaheer Maha , Fatima Noor , Riaz Usman , Haseeb Narmeen
Published: February 2022

To determine the association between heavy bag lifting with posture among secondary school students. METHODS: This study was a cross sectional survey. Based on sample of convenience, total 380 Students of both gendersbelonging to Beaconhouse School System, KIPS School System,Educators School and The Punjab School System were included with an age 14 to 17 years (school grade 9 to 12). The data was collected using the Reedco scale and Grimmer’s Questionnaire for assessment of posture and, use of heavy bags andits associated pain, respectively. RESULTS: The majority of participants in this consisted of young adults above 12 years (39%) and below 12years (34%) with male predominant (54%). 370 students out of 380 were carrying heavy bags. The types of bags they mostly carry were backpacks (51%), satchel (34%) and others (15%). 48% of these students never used lockers and 40% of them often use locker 55% of them never use waist belt to carry bag.  Most of the students 48% spend 11 to 20 minutes for carrying bag per day.61% of them carry extra load (water bottles, lunch boxes, guide books) with them also. Out of 380 students 246 had pain in different body regions due to heavy bags 64% had neck pain and 53% had upper back pain while 19% had shoulder pain. Out of 184 students that carry bag from 11 to 20 minutes, 115 had poor neck posture, 133 had poor shoulder posture 25 had poor head posture and 5 had poor upper back pain and that carry from 21 to 30 minutes out of 167 students 122 had bad neck posture and 132 had poor shoulder posture 50 had poor head posture 105 had poor upper back posture. CONCLUSION: There was found significant association between heavy bag lifting and poor posture with related pain in regions of cervical followed by upper back in secondary school students.
JAM’UL QUR’AN MASA KHULAFA ALRASYIDIN DAN SETELAH KHULAFA ALRASYIDIN
Authors: Aisye Inayatul , Suci Indah
Published: February 2022

Jam'ul Qur'an means collecting the sheets of the Qur'an that are in various containers such as date palms, stone plates and others collected in one place. There are two factors in the codification of the Qur'an. First, it was driven by the large number of Qur'an memorizers who died in the Yamamah war against Musailamah Al Kazzab which occurred during the time of Kahalifah Abu Bakr Siddik, Second; the occurrence of disputes between Muslims in reading the Qur'an. This led to disputes between one people and another and Caliph Usman bin Affan took the initiative to make it into one type of reading to unite the people. The purpose of the codified Qur'an is to unite the Qur'an that is scattered from one sheet and from all the memorization of friends before death picks them up so that they can be passed on to the next generation.
The relationship between inflation and GDP with reference to oil based economy
Authors: Salamai Dr. Abdullah Ali , Faisal Dr. Syed Mohammad , Khan Dr. Ahmad Khalid
Published: February 2022

This study attempts to scientifically focus on the relationship between Saudi Arabia's GDP and inflation rate from 1969 to 2020. To link GDP and inflation rate, the study used various econometric models, including Ordinarily Least Square (OLS). The unit root test (ADF test) and normality tests (Jarque-Bera) use to confirm the accuracy of the data in this study. The study elaborates several literature reviews in which scholarly research papers are referenced in various parts and sections of the study, thereby focusing research gaps and allowing the investigation to proceed. Using the OLS model, the results reveal no significant association between GDP and inflation rate in Saudi Arabia throughout the period studied.
PENERAPAN REKRUTMEN DAN PELATIHAN GURU SEKOLAH MINGGU DI GBI METRO PERMATA
Authors: Siagian Yohanes , Nugroho Andreas Eko
Published: February 2022

This study aims to examine the importance of the recruitment of human resources (HR) who are part of the servants at GBI Metro Permata and provide constructive input to Sunday School services through the availability of servants, training methods and continuity of the service of S.M. at GBI Metro Permata. This study uses the method of Library Studies and Qualitative Research Methods Descriptive Analysis. Data analysis in qualitative research uses inductive data analysis. Data collected in the form of interviews and field notes. In the study of the biblical text using Biblical Studies. Biblical Studies uses the discussion of biblical texts with exposition principles or methods. From the results of this study it was found that the recruitment process carried out must pay attention to the qualifications set by the church. Finally the church could find the teacher of S.M. competent and qualified. Service activities carried out by teachers of S.M. can run effectively and systematically, so that the teachers obtained S.M. who are competent and committed to doing their services. In conclusion, the theories regarding recruitment must have a role, goals, resources, qualifications and processes for recruiting. It is important for an organization, especially a church, to have a training program for each field or categorical ministry. Theories about teacher S.M. which has been stated by experts that the history of the establishment of S.M. began in the 18th century, to become a teacher of S.M. must also have terms and conditions for age. In order to get the teachers of S.M. who are competent and committed to their service.
PERAN GEREJA DALAM BIMBINGAN PRANIKAH DAN PENDAMPINGAN PASANGAN SUAMI ISTRI PASCA MENIKAH
Authors: Lie Lie Tju , Oktariadi Wegi
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this thesis research includes; Convey to each reader the views of Christian Marriage in accordance with the Bible; Provide an overview of how Prenuptial Guidance Services (BPN is effective and appropriate for marriage preparation; Provide an overview of the importance of the Role of the Church through BPN. The method used by the author in this study is library research. The excavation of the Bible is the main and basic source of every thought pattern, and conduct field research in order to obtain accurate information and facts that can support the writing of scientific work. The involvement of the church is very important. How God really missed the family fulfilling the divine purpose on earth, then it should a marriage is prepared as well as possible so that each couple is able to enter their marriage with the right understanding and purpose.The results of the research that the author gets, namely: The involvement of BPN is ameans for every premarital couple to learn about family life; effective BPN involvement when early debriefing for each pair is to know basic values that contain Bible truths; Produce quality "Christian families". The conclusions of this study are as follows; Christian marriage is God's representative. Premarital guidance (BPN) is a ministry in the church that provides guidance on how to build a quality Christian family. BPN should be a continuous service with other services. Advanced BPN to equip every couple who has entered marriage. With effective BPN services, it is expected to produce quality Christian families.
PERKEMBANGAN KOMSEL PELAJAR DALAM PERTUMBUHAN ROHANI JEMAAT GBI GRAHA PENA JAKARTA
Authors: Widjaja Imron
Published: February 2022

This study aims to explore the influence of student cell groups in church growth in GBI Graha Pena. Cell groups as a small group community that is a means of fostering, guiding and guiding and disciplining students specifically teaching. In accordance with the stage of growth and development, where the age of the student is very wrong range in association and makes himself not grow in spiritual life. This student cell group becomes a tool and means of realizing God's will for the spiritual growth of the GBI Graha Pena congregation. The method in this study uses qualitative and is carried out for GBI Graha Pena Sunday School children. The results showed that students have enthusiasm and high willingness. to participate in student cell groups and influence growth in their spiritual lives.
EKSEGESIS KEJADIAN 16 TENTANG MAKNA JANJI TUHAN KEPADA HAGAR
Authors: Christian Lawrence
Published: February 2022

There are many stories written in the bible and one of them is the storyof Hagar in the middle of Abram ans Sarai’s family who have not had children. In Genesis 16 Hagar has a problem in his life so that he runs away from his problem, Gos meets him and gives a promise or hope for his problem. The purpose of thie research is to prove thar Dog made a promise to Hagar by means of an exegetical process. To complete this research, the resacrher used the descriptive-inductive method. The results of the research found the meaning of the promise that God gave to Hagar. The conclusion is that in every problem that exists,  God lways has a way to solve it.
Agricultural Research Obstacles Related to Conducting Researches in Sulaimani Governorate
Authors: Bayan A. Mahmmod  , Bekhal Q. Mohammed  , Dara A. Salih Kalhory  , Mohammed O. M. Sakina
Published: February 2022

This research aimed to determine the agricultural researcher’s obstacles related to conducting researches in the Sulaimani governorate. The research population included researchers in agricultural colleges, institutes, and agricultural research centers, which are 282 agricultural researchers, the sample the researchers include (91) researchers representing 31% of the population, taken by a stratified random sampling method, the questionnaire was perpetrated as a tool for data collection, the data was collected, arranged and analyzed by using statistical tools and application of SPSS version22.

The results showed that (85.7%) of the respondents believe that the obstacles are medium tend to high, the most important obstacles fields are: Economic field was rated at the first rank with the relative importance (79.85%), while the social field was occupied the last ranking with a percentage of (61.05%). The researchers recommended reviewing the laws and instructions related to scientific research by the concerned authorities to facilitate the conduct of scientific research, reduce routine and administrative obstacles, provide the requirements of scientific research, especially in terms of economics and other fields, and then encourage researchers through rewards, thanks and appreciation in line with the researcher’s requirements to conduct agricultural research.
The Correlation among Religion and Work in the Philosophy of German Idealism
Authors: Nawzad Jamal Hamafaraj  , Rebaz Ahmed Hama Amin
Published: February 2022

The philosophy that built by German Idealism is obtained and never neglected religion, this is not about the religious dogmas or the fantasy and legendary nature of religion, but it is about the spirit and the crux of religion. Nevertheless, there is always struggled to deprive it from fantasies and rebuilt by philosophical ideas. These ideal philosophers are asserted to reconstruct the stories and imaginary schemes of religion into philosophical and rational thinking. There is a change in the result of this process which is religion is retreated and the metaphysics is slightly appeared. In other word, this change is directed from revelation to metaphysical views.

In the light of this, the German Idealism is taking two different ways toward religion: the negative direction; which is involved to the critical studies of the basis and construction of religion, and the positive direction; this direction is returned to religion, but this return is happened after reconstruct religion by the critical and rational process. The relation between religion and ethics is one of the subjects that represent this division toward religion. For instance, if we read Kant, Fichte and Schelling, regardless some details and differences between them, and regardless the stages of developing their philosophies, in the general, their philosophy not tried too much to approve the existence of God in the rational way, and they asserted that it is impossible to approve God’s existence in the rational way. That is why in the basic moral is independent and ties to ration not religion.

The ethical values are absolute, they legitimate themselves by themselves, and they are not legitimated by the transcendental power out of them. The bad is bad, and the good is good, that is why morality became the first foundation for religion, and the true religion is the one is compatible with rational morality. Even, morality is not complete by itself, because it needs motivations and goals, these motivations and goals are not existing inside the morality itself, just God can provide these motivations and goals to make morality complete. God can make human be a moral creature, in return, God reaches human to the endless happiness. To gain this endless happiness which is not available in this life, it requires soul immortality. Form this point, the God and soul immortality which is not approved by ration, the morality make them a logical and obligation necessity.
Avian Assemblage During the Development of Rice in Organic and Inorganic Rice Paddies and Its Relation to Insect Pests
Authors: Supahan Nattida
Published: February 2022

Birds play a vital role in rice cultivation as organisms that help maintain the ecological balance and help eliminate pests very effectively. However, various pests at each phase of rice growth, and the use of pesticides may cause differences in the bird species found in rice paddy. The objective of this research was to explore the species of birds found in organic rice paddy and inorganic rice paddy, and during each phase of rice growth, in Doi Kaew Subdistrict, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The bird data was collected between April and November 2018. Insects were also collected during each growth phase of rice to investigate the relationship with the number of birds found. There were 65 species found in the survey. Most of the birds were insectivores and belonged to Order Passeriformes. Birds found in the planted area were more similar to the organic rice paddy than the inorganic rice paddy. The values of Shannon Wienner's diversity index (H'), Simpson's index (λ), and Margalef's index (D) of the planted area were at the highest level, followed by the inorganic rice paddy and organic rice paddy, respectively. Birds discovered in both paddies were statistically different (p<0.05), and the bird found during each phase of rice growth were statistically different (p<0.05). Even so, the birds that presented in each habitat were more similar to each other than other habitat types. The correlation between insectivorous birds and insect pests was positive in both rice paddy types, indicating that if there were more insect pests, there would be more birds as well.
A PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS IN BOSS AND SECRETARY RELATIONSHIP AT BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: GOMATHY Dr. C K
Published: February 2022

The study centered on recognizing the major instincts/factors that persuade a solid relationship between a Boss and Secretary within the working environment. The populace of the think about comprised of 60 secretarial staff. There was no test, drawn from the consideration, the total populace was utilized. Four inquire-about questions were defined which guided the consider. There was no speculation, A 21- Thing organized survey was created, validated, and tried for its unwavering quality. Rates and frequencies were utilized to reply to the investigate questions. The major discoveries of the investigation were: 1. Partnering with a boss or deputizing a boss in the workplace inspires or fosters a stronger instinct between the boss and secretary. 2. The secretary's part in managing her boss's daily tasks strengthens their bond. 3. The tactfulness of a secretary and the way he/she psychologies callers and upsets people improves their friendly relationship. 4. The secretary's instincts for arranging or fulfilling his or her boss's or executives' goals are quite important. It was determined that certain secretaries have numerous issues, such as a lack of job satisfaction, motivation, and satisfaction, and that they are excluded in management decision-making. There isn't enough current technology in the office. Secretaries who are resourceful in their ability to implement mature judgment are valued by their bosses. It was suggested that secretaries who are skilled in demonstrating their abilities be considered. Bosses, on the other hand, should hire communicative secretaries and possessing a pleasant manner, being polite and tactful, arriving on time to duty positions, and engaging in psychology activities. All of these things contribute to a healthy and pleasant relationship between the boss and the secretary.