bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of a CO2 Impedimetric Sensor Prototype for Air Quality Monitoring
Authors: Mandayo Gemma García , Herrán Jaime , Castro-Hurtado Irene , Castaño Enrique
Published: May 2011

Carbon dioxide detection is a relevant issue in many fields, and this work focuses on the use of a BaTiO3-CuO sputtered thin film layer in a gas sensor prototype for air quality measurements. For this, a double side sensor was fabricated, with a Pt heater on one side and the sensing layer over the electrodes on the other side. The uniformity of the temperature on the sensing layer was tested and further tests to check its sensing performance were carried out. Humidity influence in the detection was found to be almost negligible within the usual range in air quality measurements and repeatability tests show satisfactory results for air quality control purposes.
Development of a Stepping Force Analgesic Meter for a Rat Arthritic Model
Authors: Yam Mun Fei , Por Lip Yee , Peh Kok Khiang , Ahmad Mariam , Asmawi Mohd. Zaini , Ang Lee Fung , Yin Delina Beh Mei , Ong Sim Ying , Abdulkarim Muthanna Fawzy , Abdullah Ghassan Zuhair , Salman Ibrahim Muhammad , Ameer Omar Ziad , Mohamed Elsnoussi Ali Hussin , Hashim Mohd Akmal , Farsi Elham , Hor Sook Yee
Published: May 2011

Behavioural assessment of experimental pain is an essential method for analysing and measuring pain levels. Rodent models, which are widely used in behavioural tests, are often subject to external forces and stressful manipulations that cause variability of the parameters measured during the experiment. Therefore, these parameters may be inappropriate as indicators of pain. In this article, a stepping-force analgesimeter was designed to investigate the variations in the stepping force of rats in response to pain induction. The proposed apparatus incorporates new features, namely an infrared charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a data acquisition system. The camera was able to capture the locomotion of the rats and synchronise the stepping force concurrently so that each step could be identified. Inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy of each channel (there were a total of eight channels in the analgesimeter and each channel was connected to one load cell and one amplifier) were studied using different standard load weights. The validation studies for each channel also showed convincing results whereby intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 1% and accuracy was 99.36–100.36%. Consequently, an in vivo test was carried out using 16 rats (eight females and eight males). The rats were allowed to randomly walk across the sensor tunnel (the area that contained eight channels) and the stepping force and locomotion were recorded. A non-expert, but from a related research domain, was asked to differentiate the peaks of the front and hind paw, respectively. The results showed that of the total movement generated by the rats, 50.27 ± 3.90% in the case of the male rats and 62.20 ± 6.12% in that of the female rats had more than two peaks, a finding which does not substantiate the assumptions made in previous studies. This study also showed that there was a need to use the video display frame to distinguish between the front and hind paws in the case of 48.80 ± 4.01% of the male rats and 66.76 ± 5.35% of the female rats. Evidently the assumption held by current researchers regarding stepping force measurement is not realistic in terms of application, and as this study has shown, the use of a video display frame is essential for the identification of the front and hind paws through the peak signals.
Susceptibility of Primary HTLV-1 Isolates from Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Macchi Beatrice , Balestrieri Emanuela , Ascolani Arianna , Hilburn Silva , Martin Fabiola , Mastino Antonio , Taylor Graham P
Published: May 2011

Since human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated diseases are associated with a high HTLV-1 load, reducing this load may treat or prevent disease. However, despite in vitro evidence that certain nucleoside/nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are active against HTLV-1, in vivo results have been disappointing. We therefore assayed the sensitivity of HTLV-1 primary isolates to a panel of RT inhibitors. HTLV-1 primary isolates were obtained, pre- and post- NRTI treatment, from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Sensitivity to azidothymidine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), tenofovir (TDF) and three phosphonated carbocyclic 2’-oxa-3’aza nucleosides (PCOANs) was assessed in a RT inhibitor assay. With the exception of 3TC, HTLV RT from primary isolates was less sensitive to all tested inhibitors than HTLV-1 RT from MT-2 cells. HTLV-1 RT from primary isolates and from chronically infected, transformed MT-2 cells was insensitive to 3TC. Sensitivity of primary isolates to RT inhibitors was not reduced following up to 12 months of patient treatment with AZT plus 3TC. The sensitivity of HTLV-1 primary isolates to NRTIs differs from that of cell lines and may vary among patients. Failure of NRTIs to reduce HTLV-1 viral load in vivo was not due to the development of phenotypic NRTI resistance. AZT and the three PCOANs assayed all consistently inhibited primary isolate HTLV-1 RT.
Lacan et le processus de deuil dans la cure
Authors: Sauze Thierry
Published: May 2011

Après avoir abordé l’essentiel des conceptions freudiennes quant à l’orientation du procès de la cure et examiné ce qui faisait question dans les théories qui prévalaient avant l’apport de Lacan, l’auteur dégage le sens à donner aux termes de « direction de la cure » dans l’article éponyme qui fit date dans les Écrits. À partir de ses articulations essentielles, il montre en quoi le chemin logique et éthique de la cure conduit à un processus de deuil de toute substantialisation de l’être. Il décrit ensuite comment, selon lui, la théorie dernière de Lacan du nouage borroméen des trois dimensions constitutives du « parlêtre » permet, au-delà de la complexité de son élaboration et contrairement à ce qui a pu en être dit ici ou là, une simplification et une efficacité renouvelée de la pratique analytique.
Le déclin de l'interprétation : de l'analyste interprète à l'émergence de la perlaboration
Authors: Sédat Jacques
Published: May 2011

Alors que Freud avait méthodologiquement mis en place les premiers éléments de la direction de la cure, en 1985, avec les Études sur l’hystérie , il revient, en particulier avec l’analyse de Dora, à une position de théoricien qui veut vérifier la validité de son Interprétation du rêve . Ces approches divergentes amènent à réfléchir à l’exigible déclin de l’interprétation dans la cure : renoncer à une position hégémonique de savoir sur les pensées de l’autre, qui nous sont inaccessibles ; rester dans une neutralité axiologique face à chaque patient singulier.
Position de l'analyste en institution médicale
Authors: Lehmann Andrée
Published: May 2011

La maladie grave et ses traitements sont de l’ordre du réel. Ils ont forcément des répercussions psychiques, qui induisent de profonds remaniements. Par son attention aux phénomènes transférentiels et sa capacité d’y intervenir, le psychanalyste est en état d’appuyer le travail d’élaboration qui se produit chez les patients, mais aussi, en un autre sens, chez les soignants. Le psychanalyste en milieu médical ne peut travailler seul, il fait partie d’une équipe soignante dans laquelle il aura à creuser sa place spécifique et à la tenir.
Les théories kleiniennes de la cure
Authors: Parmentier Sabine
Published: May 2011

La technique kleinienne issue du jeu avec l’enfant accorde une grande importance à tout ce qui fait partie du « champ » relationnel : jeux, gestes, postures, position des objets les uns par rapport aux autres, mais aussi aux communications verbales de l’enfant. C’est de là que découle l’attention portée au cadre psychanalytique, au transfert aussi bien positif que négatif, aux interprétations qui visent le point d’urgence où l’angoisse atteint son acmé. Cela explique aussi la façon de voir la fin de l’analyse, comme un moment dans la tâche de dépasser tout le long d’une vie la position dépressive. Mais aussi par l’élargissement des intérêts de l’enfant, par une plus grande capacité d’élaboration et une plus grande stabilité psychique.
Espaces mobiles et moyens d'existence à la « périphérie mondialisée » du Maroc
Authors: Breuer Ingo
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les systèmes locaux de survie dans les régions périphériques du Maroc se sont, dans les dernières décennies, en partie détachés des territoires agricoles et nomades traditionnels. Ils se « mobilisent », désormais marqués par une multitude de mobilités spatiales liées à de nouveaux flux d’argent, de biens et d’idées. Au niveau local, on constate une émergence de groupes sociaux utilisant de nouvelles stratégies mobiles, comme des entrepreneurs mobiles, des ouvriers migrants, des éleveurs utilisant des camions etc. Ces dynamiques de changement sont accompagnées par des processus prononcés de polarisation sociale. L’article analyse les rapports multiples entre mobilités spatiales et moyens d’existence. Partant d’une perspective reposant sur l’approche par les moyens d’existence durables, est développée ici une analyse qui explore les « portefeuilles de ressources » de ménages ruraux et permet de rendre visible les inégalités croissantes. Les résultats proposent de nombreux points de réflexion sur les relations dynamiques entre stratégies mobiles, ressources et sécurité existentielle dans un Maroc en pleine transformation.
Le territoire peut-il être nomade ? Espace et pouvoir au sein des sociétés fluides et mobiles
Authors: Gagnol Laurent
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article propose d’éclairer la manière dont une approche par le territoire peut être utile méthodologiquement pour une recherche qui traite des fondements et des transformations du nomadisme. La notion de territoire permet notamment d’opérer un travail de remise en cause de l’opposition figée entre nomadisme et sédentarité, qui a été longtemps naturalisée et qui continue souvent de l’être, à travers l’utilisation qui en est faite pour qualifier le devenir fluide et mobile des sociétés occidentales. Cette analyse souligne que la mobilité et la fluidité ne suffisent pas pour appréhender la territorialité nomade. Elle invite à repenser le nomadisme à partir des relations qui se jouent entre espace et pouvoir et incite, in fine, à plus de prudence sémantique quant au transfert de la notion de nomadisme à des situations hétérogènes, surtout dans les cas où cela évacue tout enjeu en termes de relations de pouvoir.
La toile des sites de rencontres en France
Authors: Bergström Marie
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article, inscrit dans une recherche sur les usages sociaux de sites de rencontres, se propose d’analyser la manière dont se structure la toile de ces espaces internet en France. À partir notamment d’un inventaire de plus de mille sites nous présentons à la fois la diversité des plates-formes proposées et la manière dont l’organisation de celles-ci diffère en fonction de la population ciblée. Dans un contexte scientifique où la rencontre en ligne est généralement étudiée à travers les pratiques majoritaires et les sites dominants, l’objectif consiste à montrer comment les internautes sont approchés et se voient proposés des outils différents selon leurs caractéristiques sociales. Avec l’idée qu’une connaissance de l’interface constitue une condition préalable à la compréhension de l’usage qui en est fait, nous proposons une analyse des champs des possibles que dessinent différents sites à travers à la fois l’architecture, le design et le cadre discursif employé.
The Ia.2 Epitope Defines a Subset of Lipid Raft-Resident MHC Class II Molecules Crucial to Effective Antigen Presentation
Authors: Busman-Sahay Kathleen , Sargent Elizabeth , Harton Jonathan A. , Drake James R.
Published: May 2011

Previous work established that binding of the 11-5.2 anti–I-Ak mAb, which recognizes the Ia.2 epitope on I-Ak class II molecules, elicits MHC class II signaling, whereas binding of two other anti–I-Ak mAbs that recognize the Ia.17 epitope fail to elicit signaling. Using a biochemical approach, we establish that the Ia.2 epitope recognized by the widely used 11-5.2 mAb defines a subset of cell surface I-Ak molecules predominantly found within membrane lipid rafts. Functional studies demonstrate that the Ia.2-bearing subset of I-Ak class II molecules is critically necessary for effective B cell–T cell interactions, especially at low Ag doses, a finding consistent with published studies on the role of raft-resident class II molecules in CD4 T cell activation. Interestingly, B cells expressing recombinant I-Ak class II molecules possessing a β-chain–tethered hen egg lysosome peptide lack the Ia.2 epitope and fail to partition into lipid rafts. Moreover, cells expressing Ia.2− tethered peptide–class II molecules are severely impaired in their ability to present both tethered peptide or peptide derived from exogenous Ag to CD4 T cells. These results establish the Ia.2 epitope as defining a lipid raft-resident MHC class II conformer vital to the initiation of MHC class II-restricted B cell–T cell interactions.
A Functional Role for Nlrp6 in Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Chen Grace Y. , Liu Maochang , Wang Fuyuan , Bertin John , Núñez Gabriel
Published: May 2011

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family member, Nlrp6, has been implicated in inflammasome signaling to activate caspase-1, which is essential for the production of mature IL-1β and IL-18. However, a function for Nlrp6 in vivo has never been demonstrated. Due to the relative high expression of Nlrp6 in intestinal tissue, we hypothesized that Nlrp6 has a role in intestinal homeostasis. Indeed, Nlrp6-deficient mice are more susceptible to chemically induced colitis as well as colitis-induced tumorigenesis than wild-type (WT) mice. Nlrp6-deficient mice exhibited significantly more inflammation within the colon than WT mice after dextran sulfate sodium treatment. Their inability to resolve inflammation and repair damaged epithelium as efficiently as WT mice resulted in prolonged increases in epithelial proliferative activity that likely underlie the increased propensity for tumors in these mice during chronic inflammation. We further show that the activity of Nlrp6 in hematopoietic cells is critical for protection against inflammation-related colon tumorigenesis. This study highlights the importance of NLR function in maintaining intestinal homeostasis to prevent the development of aberrant inflammation and tumor development within the colon.
Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate
Authors: Beyin Amanuel
Published: May 2011

Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multipleHomo sapienssource populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to~74–60 kya.
Mitochondria and PGC-1α in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases
Authors: Wenz Tina
Published: May 2011

Aging is the most significant risk factor for a range of degenerative disease such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. While the cause of aging and its associated diseases is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the aging process and the onset and progression of age-associated disorders. Recent studies indicate that maintenance of mitochondrial function is beneficial in the prevention or delay of age-associated diseases. A central molecule seems to be the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), which is the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Besides regulating mitochondrial function, PGC-1α targets several other cellular processes and thereby influences cell fate on multiple levels. This paper discusses how mitochondrial function and PGC-1α are affected in age-associated diseases and how modulation of PGC-1α might offer a therapeutic potential for age-related pathology.
Relations of Diet and Physical Activity to Bone Mass and Height in Black and White Adolescents
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Stallmann-Jorgensen Inger , Le Anh , Johnson Maribeth , Dong Yanbin
Published: May 2011

Because the development of healthy bodies during the years of growth has life-long health consequences, it is important to understand the early influences of diet and physical activity (PA). One way to generate hypotheses concerning such influences is to conduct cross-sectional studies of how diet and PA are related to different components of body composition. The subjects were 660 black and white adolescents. Total body bone mineral content (BMC) was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; free-living diet and PA were assessed with 4-7 separate 24-h recalls. The main dietary variables investigated were: total energy intake, macronutrient distribution (%), dairy servings, vitamin D, and calcium. The main PA variables were hours of moderate PA (3-6 METs) and vigorous PA (>6 METs). BMC was higher in blacks than in whites (P<0.01) and it increased more in boys than in girls (age by sex interaction) as age increased (P<0.01). After adjustment for age, race and sex, higher levels of BMC were associated with higher levels of energy intake, dairy servings, calcium, vitamin D, and vigorous PA (all P 's<0.05). In the multivariable model, significant and independent proportions of the variance in BMC were explained by race, the age by sex interaction, calcium, and vigorous PA (all P 's<0.01). When height was used as the outcome variable, similar diet results were obtained; however, there was a sex by vigorous PA interaction, such that vigorous PA was associated with height only in the girls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the bone mass and height of growing youths are positively influenced by higher dietary intake of energy and dairy foods, along with sufficient amounts of vigorous PA. This hypothesis needs to be tested in randomized controlled trials.
Photochemical modeling of glyoxal at a rural site: observations and analysis from BEARPEX 2007
Authors: Huisman A. J. , Hottle J. R. , Galloway M. M. , DiGangi J. P. , Coens K. L. , Choi W. S. , Faloona I. C. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , de Gouw J. , Bouvier-Brown N. C. , Goldstein A. H. , LaFranchi B. W. , Cohen R. C. , Wolfe G. M. , Thornton J. A. , Docherty K. S. , Farmer D. K. , Cubison M. J. , Jimenez J. L. , Mao J. , Brune W. H. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We present ~one month of high time-resolution, direct, in situ measurements of gas-phase glyoxal acquired during the BEARPEX 2007 field campaign. The research site, located on a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada mountains, is strongly influenced by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs); thus this data adds to the few existing measurements of glyoxal in BVOC-dominated areas. The short lifetime of glyoxal of ~1 h, the fact that glyoxal mixing ratios are much higher during high temperature periods, and the results of a photochemical model demonstrate that glyoxal is strongly influenced by BVOC precursors during high temperature periods. A zero-dimensional box model using near-explicit chemistry from the Leeds Master Chemical Mechanism v3.1 is used to investigate the processes controlling glyoxal chemistry during BEARPEX 2007. The model shows that MBO is the most important glyoxal precursor (~67%), followed by isoprene (~26%) and methylchavicol (~6%), a precursor previously not commonly considered for glyoxal production. The model calculates a noon lifetime for glyoxal of ~0.9 h, making glyoxal well suited as a local tracer of VOC oxidation in a forested rural environment; however, the modeled glyoxal mixing ratios over-predict measured glyoxal by a factor 2 to 5. Although several parameters, such as an approximation for advection and increased glyoxal loss to aerosol can improve the model measurement discrepancy, reduction in OH is by far the most effective. Reducing OH to half the measured values, which is suggested by preliminary OH measurements using a different technique, decreases the glyoxal over-prediction from a factor of 2.4 to 1.1, as well as the overprediction of HO2 from a factor of 1.64 to 1.14.
Carbon monoxide (CO) and ethane (C2H6) trends from ground-based solar FTIR measurements at six European stations, comparison and sensitivity analysis with the EMEP model
Authors: Angelbratt J. , Mellqvist J. , Simpson D. , Jonson J. E. , Blumenstock T. , Borsdorff T. , Duchatelet P. , Forster F. , Hase F. , Mahieu E. , Notholt J. , Petersen A. K. , Raffalski U. , Servais C. , Sussman R. , Warneke T.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Trends in the CO and C2H6 partial columns (~0–15 km) have been estimated from four European ground-based solar FTIR stations for the 1996–2006 time period. The CO trends from the four stations Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Harestua and Kiruna have been estimated to −0.45±0.16 % yr−1, −1.00±0.24 % yr−1, −0.62±0.19 % yr−1 and −0.61±0.16 % yr−1, respectively. The corresponding trends for C2H6 are −1.51±0.23 % yr−1, −2.11±0.30 % yr−1, −1.09±0.25 % yr−1 and −1.14±0.18 % yr−1. To find possible reasons for the CO trends, the global-scale EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model has been used in a series of sensitivity scenarios. It is shown that the trends are consistent with the combination of a 20 % decrease in the anthropogenic CO emissions seen in Europe and North America during the 1996-2006 period and a 20 % increase in the anthropogenic CO emissions in East Asia, during the same time period. The possible impacts of CH4 and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are also considered. The European and global-scale EMEP model have been evaluated against the measured CO and C2H6 partial columns from Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Bremen, Harestua, Kiruna and Ny-Ålesund. The European model reproduces, on average the measurements at the different sites fairly well and within 10–22 % deviation for CO and 14–31 % deviation for C2H6. Their seasonal amplitude is captured within 6–35 % and 9–124 % for CO and C2H6, respectively. However, 61–98 % of the CO and C26 partial columns in the European model are shown to arise from the boundary conditions, making the global-scale model a more suitable alternative when modeling theses two species. In the evaluation of the global model the average partial columns for year 2006 have shown to be within 1–9 % and 37–50 % for CO and C26, respectively. The global model sensitivity for assumptions done in this paper is also analyzed.
Emission sources contributing to tropospheric ozone over equatorial Africa during the summer monsoon
Authors: Bouarar I. , Law K. S. , Pham M. , Liousse C. , Schlager H. , Hamburger T. , Reeves C. E. , Cammas J.-P. , Nédéléc P. , Szopa S. , Ravegnani F. , Viciani S. , D'Amato F. , Ulanovsky A. , Richter A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. A global chemistry-climate model LMDz_INCA is used to investigate the contribution of African and Asian emissions to tropospheric ozone over central and West Africa during the summer monsoon. The model results show that ozone in this region is most sensitive to lightning NOx and to central African biomass burning emissions. However, other emission categories also contribute significantly to regional ozone. The maximum ozone changes due to lightning NOx occur in the upper troposphere between 400 hPa and 200 hPa over West Africa and downwind over the Atlantic Ocean. Biomass burning emissions mainly influence ozone in the lower and middle troposphere over central Africa, and downwind due to westward transport. Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds, which can be uplifted from the lower troposphere into higher altitudes by the deep convection that occurs over West Africa during the monsoon season, dominate the ozone changes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region. Convective uplift of soil NOx emissions over the Sahel region also makes a significant contribution to ozone in the upper troposphere. Concerning African anthropogenic emissions, they make a lower contribution to ozone compared to the other emission categories. The model results indicate that most ozone changes due to African emissions occur downwind, especially over the Atlantic Ocean, far from the emission regions. The influence of Asian emissions should also be taken into account in studies of the ozone budget over Africa since they make a considerable contribution to ozone concentrations above 150 hPa. Using IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Fifth Assessment Report) estimates of anthropogenic emissions for 2030 over Africa and Asia, the model calculations suggest largest changes in ozone due to the growth of emissions over Asia than over Africa over the next 20 years.
iGen: the automated generation of a parameterisation of entrainment in marine stratocumulus
Authors: Tang D. F. , Dobbie S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. In a previous paper we described a new technique for automatically generating parameterisations using a program called iGen. iGen generates parameterisations by analysing the source code of a high resolution model that resolves the physics to be parameterised. In order to demonstrate that this technique scales up to deal with models of realistic complexity we have used iGen to generate a parameterisation of entrainment in marine stratocumulus. We present details of our technique in which iGen was used to analyse the source code of a cloud resolving model and generate a parameterisation of the mean and standard deviation of entrainment velocity in marine stratocumulus in terms of the large-scale state of the boundary layer. The parameterisation was tested against results from the DYCOMS-II intercomparison of cloud resolving models and iGen's parameterisation of mean entrainment velocity was found to be 5.27 × 10−3 ± 0.62 × 10−3 m s−1 compared to 5.2 × 10−3 ± 0.8 × 10−3 m s−1 for the DYCOMS-II ensemble of cloud resolving models.
The response of Iberian rivers to the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Lorenzo-Lacruz J. , Vicente-Serrano S. M. , López-Moreno J. I. , González-Hidalgo J. C. , Morán-Tejeda E.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. In this study we analyzed the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the streamflow in 187 sub-basins of the Iberian Peninsula. Monthly and one-month lagged correlations were conducted to assess the spatio-temporal extent of the NAO influence on Iberian river discharges. Analysis of the persistence of the winter NAO throughout the year was also undertaken, together with analysis of streamflow anomalies during positive and negative NAO phases. Moving-window correlation analyses were conducted to assess potential changes in the temporal evolution of the NAO influence on Iberian streamflows. The results show that the NAO has a large impact on surface water resources throughout the Iberian Peninsula during winter, and in the Atlantic watershed during autumn. We showed that water resources management and snowmelt are causing the persistent dependence of streamflows on the previous winter NAO. We found that strongly positive streamflow anomalies occurred during winter, especially in the Atlantic watershed, and provide evidence of non-stationarity and spatial variability in the NAO influence on Iberian water resources.
Catchment classification: empirical analysis of hydrologic similarity based on catchment function in the eastern USA
Authors: Sawicz K. , Wagener T. , Sivapalan M. , Troch P. A. , Carrillo G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Hydrologic similarity between catchments, derived from their similarity in how they respond to precipitation input, is the basis for classification, for transferability, for generalization and also for understanding the potential impacts of environmental change. An important question in this context is, in how far can widely available hydrologic information (precipitation-temperature-streamflow) be used to create a first order grouping of hydrologically similar catchments? We utilize a heterogeneous dataset of 280 catchments located in the Eastern US to understand hydrologic similarity in a 6-dimensional signature space across a region with strong environmental gradients. Signatures are defined as hydrologic response characteristics that provide some insight into the hydrologic function of catchments. A Bayesian clustering scheme is used to separate the catchments into 9 classes, which are subsequently analyzed with respect to their hydrologic, as well as climatic and landscape attributes. Based on the empirical results we hypothesize the following: (1) Streamflow elasticity with respect to precipitation is modified by the soil characteristics of a catchment. (2) Spatial proximity is a good first indicator of hydrologic similarity because of the strong control climate exerts on catchment function, and because it varies slowly in space.
Recent wind driven high sea ice export in the Fram Strait contributes to Arctic sea ice decline
Authors: Smedsrud L. H. , Sirevaag A. , Kloster K. , Sorteberg A. , Sandven S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Arctic sea ice area decrease has been visible for two decades, and continues at a steady rate. Apart from melting, the southward drift through Fram Strait is the main loss. We present high resolution sea ice drift across 79° N from 2004 to 2010. The ice drift is based on radar satellite data and correspond well with variability in local geostrophic wind. The underlying current contributes with a constant southward speed close to 5 cm s−1, and drives about 33 % of the ice export. We use geostrophic winds derived from reanalysis data to calculate the Fram Strait ice area export back to 1957, finding that the sea ice area export recently is about 25 % larger than during the 1960's. The increase in ice export occurred mostly during winter and is directly connected to higher southward ice drift velocities, due to stronger geostrophic winds. The increase in ice drift is large enough to counteract a decrease in ice concentration of the exported sea ice. Using storm tracking we link changes in geostrophic winds to more intense Nordic Sea low pressure systems. Annual sea ice export likely has a significant influence on the summer sea ice variability and we find low values in the 60's, the late 80's and 90's, and particularly high values during 2005–2008. The study highlight the possible role of variability in ice export as an explanatory factor for understanding the dramatic loss of Arctic sea ice the last decades.
Warming of waters in an East Greenland fjord prior to glacier retreat: mechanisms and connection to large-scale atmospheric conditions
Authors: Christoffersen P. , Mugford R. I. , Heywood K. J. , Joughin I. , Dowdeswell J. A. , Syvitski J. P. M. , Luckman A. , Benham T. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Hydrographic data acquired in Kangerlugssuaq Fjord and adjacent seas in 1993 and 2004 are used together with ocean reanalysis to elucidate water mass change and ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in East Greenland. The hydrographic data show substantial warming of fjord waters between 1993 and 2004 and warm subsurface conditions coincide with the rapid retreat of Kangerlugssuaq Glacier in 2004–2005. The ocean reanalysis shows that the warm properties of fjord waters in 2004 are related to a major peak in oceanic shoreward heat flux into a cross-shelf trough on the outer continental shelf. The heat flux into this trough varies according to seasonal exchanges with the atmosphere as well as from deep seasonal intrusions of subtropical waters. Both mechanisms contribute to high (low) shoreward heat flux when winds from the northeast are weak (strong). The combined effect of surface heating and inflow of subtropical waters is seen in the hydrographic data, which were collected after periods when along-shore coastal winds from the north were strong (1993) and weak (2004). We show that coastal winds vary according to the pressure gradient defined by a semi-permanent atmospheric pressure system over Greenland and a persistent atmospheric low situated near Iceland. The magnitude of this pressure gradient is controlled by longitudinal variability in the position of the Icelandic Low.
Tension and Compression Behaviour of Fly Ash-Lime-Gypsum Composite Mixed with Treated Tyre Chips
Authors: Guleria S. P. , Dutta R. K.
Published: May 2011

This paper presents the results of effect of inclusion of water, sodium hydroxide and carbon tetrachloride treated tire chips on Compressive load, tensile load, axial strain, diametral strain, toughness index and post peak behaviour of the reference mix containing fly ash + 8% lime + 0.9% gypsum for a curing period varying from 7 to 180 days using three different curing methods. The results of this study revealed that the axial/diametral strain, axial/tensile load of reference mix mixed with dry tyre chip can be increased with the treatment provided on dry tyre chips. The axial/diametral strain, axial/tensile load, toughness index improves with the change in curing method and curing period. Potential use of this relatively new constructional material can be road pavement having light traffic.
Max Weber: la racionalización del mundo como proceso histórico-universal
Authors: Weisz Eduardo
Published: May 2011

Este artículo examina la sociología de la religión de Max Weber centrándoseen el surgimiento de las religiones de salvación. La tendenciauniversal a la racionalización se presenta allí como una fuerza que encada caso histórico debe confrontar con otras variables. El judaísmoantiguo puede verse entonces no solo como antecedente de Occidente,sino también como el producto de una combinación de factores históricosque permitió que la fuerza racionalizadora se haya desplegado conmayor intensidad. Esto permite constituirlo en herramienta heurísticapara estudiar otras civilizaciones. En China e India, la racionalizaciónse vio impedida o inhibida por distintas variables. La ratio, entonces,es para Weber una fuerza motriz universal, en torno a la que construyesu fi losofía de la historia. Así, la mirada weberiana sobre la modernidadqueda enmarcada metahistóricamente.
Identificación partidista y voto: las elecciones autonómicas en Andalucía (2004-2008)
Authors: Ortega Carmen , Montabes Pereira Juan
Published: May 2011

Este artículo analiza las relaciones entre identifi cación partidista y comportamientoelectoral de los andaluces en el contexto de las consultasautonómicas de 2004 y de 2008. Los resultados del análisis muestranque la principal variable explicativa del voto de los andaluces en estasdos convocatorias reside en la vinculación psicológica que una parteconsiderable del electorado ha establecido con los principales partidos,fundamentalmente con el PSOE. En este sentido, las lealtades partidistasen Andalucía no solamente actúan como una mera predisposicióna votar a un determinado grupo político sino también como un fi ltro através del cual los ciudadanos procesan la información política, interpretándolaen clave partidista. Como tal, estas tienden a disminuir lasdiferencias ideológicas y políticas con el grupo propio y a acrecentar lasdistancias con los otros partidos.
Pegylated Composite Nanoparticles Containing Upconverting Phosphors and meso‐Tetraphenyl porphine (TPP) for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Shan Jingning , Budijono Stephanie J. , Hu Guohong , Yao Nan , Kang Yibin , Ju Yiguang , Prud'homme Robert K.
Published: May 2011

The utilization of upconverting nanophosphors (UCNP) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained significant interests due to its ability to convert deep‐penetrating near‐infra red (NIR) light (i.e., 978 nm) to visible light. Previous attempts to co‐localize UCNPs with photosensitizers suffer from low photo­sensitizer loading and problems with nanoparticle aggregation. Here, the preparation of a novel composite nanoparticle formulation comprising 100 nm β−NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs, and meso‐tetraphenyl porphine (TPP) photo­sensitizer, stabilized by biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol‐block‐(dl)lactic acid) block copolymers (PEG‐b‐PLA) is presented. A photosensitizer loading of 10 wt% with respect to UCNP crystal was achieved via the Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) process. A sterically stabilizing PEG layer on the composite nanoparticle surface prevents nanoparticle aggregation and ensures nanoparticle stability in water, PBS buffer, and culture medium containing serum proteins, resulting in nanoparticle suitable for in vivo applications. Based on in vitro studies utilizing HeLa cervical cancer cell lines, the composite nanoparticles are shown to exhibit low dark toxicity and efficient cancer cell‐killing activity upon NIR excitation. Exposure with 134 W cm−2 of 978 nm light for 45 min resulted in 75% HeLa cell death. This is the first quantification of the cell‐killing capabilities of the UCNP/TPP composite nanoparticles formulated for photodynamic therapy.
Spousal violence and paternal disinvestment among Tsimane' forager‐horticulturalists
Authors: Stieglitz Jonathan , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael , Winking Jeffrey , Tayo Basilio Vie
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

We develop and test a conceptual model of factors influencing the likelihood of physical wife abuse. The paternal disinvestment model emphasizes that spousal conflict over resource use results from men's attempts to increase individual fitness at a cost to the family (e.g., through pursuit of extramarital affairs). We propose that men use violence to control women's responses to the diversion of resources away from the family: to quell women's objections to male disinvestment, maintain women's parental investment, and to dissuade women from pursuing relationships with other men.

Methods:

Interviews were conducted among men and women to determine rates of violence and demographic and behavioral covariates. Structural equation modeling and generalized estimating equations analyses were used to test predictions derived from the model. We also collected data on frequent complaints in marriage and women's perceptions of arguments precipitating violence.

Results:

Over 85% of women experienced physical wife abuse (n = 49). Indicators of paternal disinvestment positively covary with indicators of marital strife and with rates of wife abuse. The wife's age, matrilocal residence, and presence of joint dependent offspring decrease the likelihood of violence through direct and indirect routes.

Conclusions:

Wife abuse is linked to the importance of paternal investment in human families, and is a means by which men control women's responses to a dual reproductive strategy of familial investment and pursuit of extramarital sexual relationships. This framework is more general than traditional sociological and evolutionary perspectives emphasizing patriarchy and men's sexual jealousy, respectively. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of SPRED1 deletions using RT‐PCR, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and quantitative PCR
Authors: Spencer Emily , Davis Julia , Mikhail Fady , Fu Chuanhua , Vijzelaar Raymon , Zackai Elaine H , Feret Holly , Meyn M Stephen , Shugar Andrea , Bellus Gary , Kocsis Kristina , Kivirikko Sirpa , Pöyhönen Minna , Messiaen Ludwine
Published: May 2011

Legius syndrome, is a recently identified autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss of function mutations in the SPRED1 gene, with individuals mainly presenting with multiple café‐au‐lait macules (CALM), freckling and macrocephaly. So far, only SPRED1 point mutations have been identified as the cause of this syndrome. To determine if copy number changes (CNCs) are a cause of Legius syndrome, we have used a Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay covering all SPRED1 exons in a cohort of 510 NF1‐negative patients presenting with multiple CALMs with or without freckling, but no other NF1 diagnostic signs. Four different deletions were identified by MLPA and confirmed by quantitative PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR and/or array CGH: a deletion of exon 1 and the SPRED1 promoter region in a proband and two first‐degree relatives; a deletion of the entire SPRED1 gene in a sporadic patient; a deletion of exon 2‐6 in a proband and her father; and an ∼6.6 Mb deletion on chromosome 15 that spans SPRED1 in a sporadic patient. Deletions account for ∼10% of the 40 detected SPRED1 mutations in this cohort of 510 individuals. These results indicate the need for dosage analysis to complement sequencing‐based SPRED1 mutation analyses. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Balanced information about Down syndrome: What is essential?
Authors: Sheets Kathryn B. , Best Robert G. , Brasington Campbell K. , Will Madeleine C.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of genetic counselors and parents of children with Down syndrome to define essential information for the initial discussion of a new diagnosis. We compared information given in both prenatal and postnatal settings, and also aimed to distinguish differences between the informational needs of parents and the information genetic counselors provide. Online surveys were distributed to members of the National Down Syndrome Congress, National Down Syndrome Society, and National Society of Genetic Counselors. Participants included 993 parents of children with Down syndrome and 389 genetic counselors. Participants rated 100 informational features about Down syndrome as Essential, Important, or Not Too Important for inclusion in the first discussion of the diagnosis. Responses identified 34 essential informational items for the initial discussion of Down syndrome, including clinical features, developmental abilities, a range of prognostications, and informational resources. Healthcare providers should consider incorporating these items in their initial discussion of a diagnosis in both prenatal and postnatal settings. Statistically significant differences between parent and genetic counselor responses illustrate that information is valued differently and that parents appreciate information about the abilities and potential of people with Down syndrome, as opposed to clinical details. Balancing clinical information with other aspects of the condition, as well as a better understanding of the information parents consider most important, may enable healthcare professionals to more effectively satisfy families' informational needs following a new diagnosis of Down syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctive phenotype in 9 patients with deletion of chromosome 1q24‐q25
Authors: Burkardt Deepika D'Cunha , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Helgeson Maria L. , Angle Brad , Banks Valerie , Smith Wendy E. , Gripp Karen W. , Moline Jessica , Moran Rocio T. , Niyazov Dmitriy M. , Stevens Cathy A. , Zackai Elaine , Lebel Robert Roger , Ashley Douglas G. , Kramer Nancy , Lachman Ralph S. , Graham John M.
Published: May 2011

Reports of individuals with deletions of 1q24 → q25 share common features of prenatal onset growth deficiency, microcephaly, small hands and feet, dysmorphic face and severe cognitive deficits. We report nine individuals with 1q24q25 deletions, who show distinctive features of a clinically recognizable 1q24q25 microdeletion syndrome: prenatal‐onset microcephaly and proportionate growth deficiency, severe cognitive disability, small hands and feet with distinctive brachydactyly, single transverse palmar flexion creases, fifth finger clinodactyly and distinctive facial features: upper eyelid fullness, small ears, short nose with bulbous nasal tip, tented upper lip, and micrognathia. Radiographs demonstrate disharmonic osseous maturation with markedly delayed bone age. Occasional features include cleft lip and/or palate, cryptorchidism, brain and spinal cord defects, and seizures. Using oligonucleotide‐based array comparative genomic hybridization, we defined the critical deletion region as 1.9 Mb at 1q24.3q25.1 (chr1: 170,135,865–172,099,327, hg18 coordinates), containing 13 genes and including CENPL, which encodes centromeric protein L, a protein essential for proper kinetochore function and mitotic progression. The growth deficiency in this syndrome is similar to what is seen in other types of primordial short stature with microcephaly, such as Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type II (MOPD2) and Seckel syndrome, which result from loss‐of‐function mutations in genes coding for centrosomal proteins. DNM3 is also in the deleted region and expressed in the brain, where it participates in the Shank–Homer complex and increases synaptic strength. Therefore, DNM3 is a candidate for the cognitive disability, and CENPL is a candidate for growth deficiency in this 1q24q25 microdeletion syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mohr's salt catalyzed oxidation of aldehydes with t‐BuOOH
Authors: Chakraborty Debashis , Majumder Chandrima , Malik Payal
Published: May 2011

Various aromatic, aliphatic and conjugated aldehydes were transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acids with 70% t‐BuOOH solution (water) in the presence of catalytic amounts (10 mol%) of Mohr's salt. This method possesses functional group compatibility, does not involve cumbersome work‐up, exhibits chemoselectivity since other functional groups remain intact and proceeds under mild conditions. The resulting products are obtained in good yields within reasonable times. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved procedure for the synthesis of arylboronates by palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides and bis(pinacolato)diboron in polyethylene glycol
Authors: Lu Jie , Guan Zhong‐Zhi , Gao Jian‐Wu , Zhang Zhan‐Hui
Published: May 2011

A new protocol has been developed for the synthesis of arylboronates by a coupling reaction of aryl halides and bis(pinacolato)diboron using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride/sodium acetate/polyethylene glycol 600 [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2/NaOAc/PEG 600] as an efficient catalytic system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly[methyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐ethylhexyl acrylate‐co‐poly(propylene glycol diacrylate)] latices
Authors: Bajpai Sweta , Rai J. S. P. , Nigam Indira
Published: May 2011

The emulsion polymerization of the monomers methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) was studied to investigate the effect of the crosslinkable monomer poly(propylene glycol diacrylate) (PPGDA). IR spectroscopy, NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized polymers. These polymers were coated on glass panels and cured at appropriate temperatures to study the physical properties, swelling behavior, surface tension, and contact angle of these polymer latices. The results show that as the concentration of EHA monomer increased, the surface tension of the latices decreased. The copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy to ensure the absence of unreacted monomer, and the results confirm the incorporation of EHA units in the copolymer. The contact angle of the latices on the glass substrate was smaller than that on the metal. The swelling mechanism of the film showed that the Fickian diffusion coefficient with 10 wt % PPGDA was at a minimum value and was the most highly crosslinked polymer among the samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011