bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Retention of Manual Flying Skills in the Automated Cockpit
Authors: Casner Stephen M. , Geven Richard W. , Recker Matthias P. , Schooler Jonathan W.
Published: May 2014

Objective:

The aim of this study was to understand how the prolonged use of cockpit automation is affecting pilots’ manual flying skills.

Background:

There is an ongoing concern about a potential deterioration of manual flying skills among pilots who assume a supervisory role while cockpit automation systems carry out tasks that were once performed by human pilots.

Method:

We asked 16 airline pilots to fly routine and nonroutine flight scenarios in a Boeing 747-400 simulator while we systematically varied the level of automation that they used, graded their performance, and probed them about what they were thinking about as they flew.

Results:

We found pilots’ instrument scanning and manual control skills to be mostly intact, even when pilots reported that they were infrequently practiced. However, when pilots were asked to manually perform the cognitive tasks needed for manual flight (e.g., tracking the aircraft’s position without the use of a map display, deciding which navigational steps come next, recognizing instrument system failures), we observed more frequent and significant problems. Furthermore, performance on these cognitive tasks was associated with measures of how often pilots engaged in task-unrelated thought when cockpit automation was used.

Conclusion:

We found that while pilots’ instrument scanning and aircraft control skills are reasonably well retained when automation is used, the retention of cognitive skills needed for manual flying may depend on the degree to which pilots remain actively engaged in supervising the automation.
Construction of a service mode of school social work in post-disaster areas in China: A case study on the project of disaster relief schools after the Sichuan earthquake
Authors: Liang Ying , Zhang Shu
Published: May 2014

In China, school social work services after disasters are at the exploratory stage. After the Sichuan earthquake in 2008, the recognition of social work intervention to reconstruct post-disaster areas has emerged. This article illustrates the process of school social work service in the disaster relief schools of Sichuan by viewing the project undertaken by the China Youth Development Foundation, which is associated with the China Association of Social Work Education. It likewise explores the service modes for the local development of school social work, which marks a new stage in the development of social work in China.
Hazard Rates of Child Mortality in Tanzania: Investigation from THMIS 2007–2008
Authors: Sathiya Susuman A , Mwambene Eric , Hamisi Hamisi F
Published: May 2014

Tanzania’s child mortality rate—between 103 and 130 deaths per 1000 live births–is well above the world average. The data from the Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007/08 were used in order. There were 27,511 children included in the analysis. Regression analysis focused on child mortality based on maternal and fertility behaviours. Children belonging to the group of higher birth order faced 0.17 odds of dying. A birth spacing of 24 months or longer was observed in the successive birth interval for 76% of the respondents. Focusing on the study’s findings, encouraging longer breastfeeding practice is one way to help produce a healthy baby.
Effects of fabric-based unbalances on process-induced distortions of composite materials
Authors: Brauner Christian , Pereira Guilherme Cybis , Herrmann Axel S
Published: May 2014

In the present study, process-induced residual stresses of composite materials have been analysed on the mesolevel of a fabric unit cell. The given fabric was the satin-weave G0926, which is used for example in high-lift application of aerospace structures. In the study, a developed viscoelastic cure-dependent material model is applied to analyse the process-induced deformations of the fabric. In fact of the weave structure, this type of fabric tends to be out-of-plane displacement based on chemical and thermal shrinkage. This effect is studied experimentally and numerically, and the results are compared. The knowledge of the sensitivity of this fabric for out-of-plane displacement is an important factor to create real symmetric laminates. Disrespecting can be the source for large scattering warpage on the component level, and therefore, this awareness of the effect of textile structures on process-induced deformations is one key factor to develop robust processes.
Inequality shaping processes and gated communities in US western metropolitan areas
Authors: Le Goix Renaud , Vesselinov Elena
Published: May 2014

This paper investigates the social dimensions of gated communities (GCs) in US western metropolitan areas and how they contribute to segregation. We use geographically referenced data of GCs, and introduce a local metric based on social distance indices (SDI). This multivariate spatial analysis investigates homogeneity in three aspects: race and ethnicity, economic class and age between 2000 and 2010 census. The results indicate contrasting effects given different levels of geography. GCs significantly contribute to segregation patterns at a local level, and this has been locally reinforcing. Although socioeconomic segregation and ethnic status yield the most prevalent structure of local distance, gated enclaves are also significantly structured by age. The findings are considered in the context of a metropolitan decline in levels of segregation. Data also show that GCs are likely to be located within large racially homogeneous areas, and do not significantly contribute to racial segregation.
Normalising autonomous spaces: Ongoing transformations in Christiania, Copenhagen
Authors: Coppola Alessandro , Vanolo Alberto
Published: May 2014

Christiania is an autonomous Free Town, born as a squat in 1971, located in the centre of Copenhagen. After 40 years of struggles and negotiations with the Danish institutions in order to survive and to maintain its autonomy, Christiania reached an agreement with the state in 2011. If on the one hand the agreement apparently guarantees the survival of Christiania, on the other hand it regulates various domains that used to be self-regulated by the community, and therefore limits Christiania’s autonomy. The aim of the article is to discuss the potential effects of the agreement – and more specifically of the new government technology placed in operation through the agreement – on some of these domains. Assuming that autonomy is always fractured, partial and ongoing, the thesis proposed in the article is that, in this new context, Christiania has come to represent a peculiar case of hybridisation of forces of autonomy and of forces of neoliberalisation, and that the tensions between these two forces could potentially lead to different outcomes that challenge traditional understanding of both autonomy and neoliberalism in urban contexts.
Rural development led by autonomous village land cooperatives: Its impact on sustainable China’s urbanisation in high-density regions
Authors: Zhu Jieming , Guo Yan
Published: May 2014

As a main rural initiative, village land shareholding cooperatives spearhead non-agricultural development in the interest of rural communities, and thus participate in urbanisation. Nanhai, Guangdong, is a case in illustration. The institution of land shareholding cooperatives gives rise to unique compartmentalised industrialisation and fragmented urbanisation in the context of high population density and small-area autonomous villages. Village cooperatives are mutated from economic corporations to welfare organisations, prompted by the collapse of village enterprises. Being averse to investment for long-term productivity, village cooperatives indulge in extracting short-term land rents solely. Extracting land economic rents created by urbanisation, village cooperatives generate environmental and social equality problems. High-density low-income countries, especially in Asia, are facing a great challenge as fierce competition for limited urban land resources without effective governance often results in an unfavourable form of urbanisation. Sustainable compact urbanisation needs to strike a balance between local autonomy and urban integrity.
Veterans’ Political Activism in China
Authors: Diamant Neil J. , O’Brien Kevin J.
Published: May 2014

This article examines protest, petitioning, lawsuits, open letters, blogging, and other forms of activism by Chinese veterans. Moving beyond images of heroic soldiers in the official media, and the near absence of reporting on veterans’ problems, we draw mainly on blog posts and military websites where veterans share their experiences of post-army life. We find that, overall, veterans have had difficulty adjusting to the economic, social, cultural, and political changes of the reform era, with many of them finding themselves left behind as other groups have leapt ahead. Veterans complain about poverty, unresolved medical problems, and lack of respect for their contributions to the nation. Not a few have experienced terrible indignities at the hands of security officials and a leadership that is bent on preventing any interest group formation that might ameliorate veterans’ problems.
Nongjiale Tourism and Contested Space in Rural China
Authors: Park Choong-Hwan
Published: May 2014

A unique form of rural tourism has been booming over the past two decades in China. This Chinese version of rural tourism, popularly called nongjiale, involves peasant families hosting urbanite guests in their farm guesthouses, providing them with rustic food and lodging that symbolize something quintessentially rural, familial, authentic, eco-friendly, healthy, and traditional. The space of nongjiale farm guesthouses provides a significant locus of rural-urban encounters, social-boundary making, and identity politics between peasant hosts and urbanite guests. Focusing on the space of nongjiale farm guesthouses, this article explores how urbanite guests and peasant hosts imagine and experience China’s countryside and how this articulates with diverse social processes, discursive systems, and material and symbolic forces in the rapidly changing field of meanings and rural-urban power relations in post-Reform China.
Glutamine Improves Innate Immunity and Prevents Bacterial Enteroinvasion During Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Wang Xinying , Pierre Joseph F. , Heneghan Aaron F. , Busch Rebecca A. , Kudsk Kenneth A.
Published: May 2014

Background: Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are at increased risk of infectious complications compared with enteral feeding, which is in part explained by impaired mucosal immune function during PN. Adding glutamine (GLN) to PN has improved outcome in some clinical patient groups. Although GLN improves acquired mucosal immunity, its effect on innate mucosal immunity (defensins, mucus, lysozymes) has not been investigated. Methods: Forty‐eight hours following venous cannulation, male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized to chow (n = 10), PN (n = 12), or PN + GLN (n = 13) for 5 days. Small intestine tissue and luminal fluid were collected for mucin 2 (MUC2), lysozyme, cryptdin 4 analysis, and luminal interleukin (IL)–4, IL‐10, and IL‐13 level measurement. Tissue was also harvested for ex vivo intestinal segment culture to assess tissue susceptibility to enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Results: In both luminal and tissue samples, PN reduced MUC2 and lysozyme (P < .0001, respectively) compared with chow, whereas GLN addition increased MUC2 and lysozyme (luminal, P < .05; tissue, P < .0001, respectively) compared with PN alone. PN significantly suppressed cryptdin 4 expression, while GLN supplementation significantly enhanced expression. IL‐4, IL‐10, and IL‐13 decreased significantly with PN compared with chow, whereas GLN significantly increased these cytokines compared with PN. Functionally, bacterial invasion increased with PN compared with chow (P < .05), while GLN significantly decreased enteroinvasion to chow levels (P < .05). Conclusions: GLN‐supplemented PN improves innate immunity and resistance to bacterial mucosal invasion lost with PN alone. This work confirms a clinical rationale for providing glutamine for the protection of the intestinal mucosa.
Back to Work? Childcare Negotiations and Intensive Mothering in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Murray Marjorie
Published: May 2014

In this article, I reflect on the negotiations involved in childcare arrangements during the first year of life in two groups of mothers in Santiago. I focus on the ways in which local imageries of motherhood interact with global tendencies in intensive mothering and the current public encouragement of increasing women’s participation in the workforce. In this study, low-income and lower middle class women prioritize staying with the baby over the year, becoming the main caregiver, and opting for giving up work and other relationships. In contrast, middle-class women go back to work by month six and combine different childcare alternatives. I argue that these women embody two ways of being a mother following different kinship expectations, relationship with expert trends, and cosmological aspects of motherhood. Consequently, they follow different paths in childcare decision making and in the management of concomitant emerging feelings such as guilt.
My Parents Never Spent Time With Me! Migrants’ Parents in Italy and Hegemonic Ideals of Competent Parenting
Authors: Raffaetà Roberta
Published: May 2014

Mothers who migrated from Morocco and Ecuador to northeast Italy are the subject for this article, which explores the way in which they observe Italian parenting and tend to negatively evaluate the care they received at home. They consider their settlement in Italy as an opportunity to acquire a “modern” style of parenting. They also access websites and books to seek advice on how to parent, mixing home-country and settlement-country sources of information. They do not perceive any contradiction between these different sources of information, which are considered “science,” and therefore as culture free. The article shows how parenting advice is more than just scientific or “cultural”: It is imbued with hegemonic political discourses. The appropriation of the hegemonic parenting discourses is, indeed, far from deterministic, being riddled with resistances and ambiguities. Through the dynamic entanglements of normative constraints and new resources offered by multiple parenting models, mothers contribute to the renegotiation of the terms of local, transnational, and global citizenship.
Modified application of a wound retractor for surgery in chest trauma
Authors: Kamiyoshihara Mitsuhiro , Kawatani Natsuko , Igai Hitoshi
Published: May 2014

Wound retraction is useful for chest wall surgery involving surgical rib fixation in patients with rib fractures. However, blunt chest trauma with rib fractures frequently involves lung injury, requiring simultaneous pulmonary repairs. In intrapleural surgery for chest trauma involving rib fractures, a rib spreader could cause additional rib fractures. Therefore, we describe the modified application of a second wound retractor for surgery in the thorax and chest wall, and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. We call this method double-wound retraction.
A Commentary on Information Manipulation Theory 2
Authors: Walczyk Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2014

Information Manipulation Theory 2 is a powerful, expansive account of deception, drawing on several models and theories, with potential to revolutionize how deception is understood and researched. In this commentary, Information Manipulation Theory 2’s most important contributions are reviewed. For instance, the theory debunks the myth that deception is intrinsically more cognitive load inducing than honesty. I also offer several suggestions for the refinement, elaboration, and expansion of the theory, including the need for specification of the processing modules crucial to deception as well as the need to clarify what is meant by “efficiency.”
Does commercial orientation matter for policy-game framing? A content analysis of television and radio news programmes on public and private stations
Authors: Rafter Kevin , Flynn Roddy , McMenamin Iain , O’Malley Eoin
Published: May 2014

This article examines the relationship between different ownership types in broadcast news to determine the portrayal of election coverage as a strategic game against a focus on policy issues. Using a content analysis of six television and radio programmes during the 2011 Irish general election, we test hypotheses about differences in coverage provided by public service programming with equivalent private sector coverage. Our findings improve upon two key aspects of earlier research on game-policy frames. First, we show that commercial outlets can produce content that has democratic value, and suggest that before reaching definitive judgements not only it is necessary to distinguish between radio and television programmes but it is also advisable to study individual programming on each medium. Second, in a key market segment, we show that there is a clear distinction between editorial choices on policy content between public and private radio. These findings suggest that policy-orientated private programming may react to factors such as a culture of public service broadcasting as well as regulatory interventionism. We also suggest that there are cases where policy-rich private programming is driven by different editorial values from its public counterpart which can benefit the public.
Reappraising the place for private rental housing in the UK market: Why an unbalanced economy is at risk of becoming even worse…
Authors: Field Martin
Published: May 2014

There appears to be a current policy fascination with what rental provision from the private housing sector could offer to the UK’s housing market and to national and local economies. A plethora of reports from Parliamentary Committees, independent think-tanks, academic and professional bodies have promoted the benefits of new private rental supplies, but there seems little critical evaluation of whether this could make economic matters worse rather than better, nor of the potential negative impact upon local places. This Viewpoint tables a number of concerns on the nature of private rental supply and its problems. It notes the manner in which the rise in private renting is impacting upon other parts of the housing market, not least its growing influence on wider assessments of housing performance by the establishment of benchmarks that are based upon ‘open market’ conditions. Particular criticism is levelled at how private rental provision is increasing ‘social’ and economic divisions between those having settled and secure accommodation and those seeing their income lost to short-hold and limited residences. A critique is levelled against the promotion of the sector as some kind of a ‘value-neutral’ investment, since current rental and investment mechanisms represent an ideological framework to consolidate ever more resources with investors and property-owners that exclude increasing numbers of households from the potential benefits of their own owner-occupation. It is also argued that the ideological values underpinning a transfer of UK home ownership to the investment sector are going unreported, and that expansion of the private rental sector represents a real threat to future ‘affordable housing provision’. The piece concludes with some views for putting other frameworks and financial systems for a fairer basis of housing delivery into place.
The clinical impact of orthotic correction of lower limb rotational deformities in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abd El-Kafy Ehab Mohamed
Published: May 2014

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a static ground reaction ankle foot orthosis and strapping system on improving gait parameters in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

Setting:

The current study was conducted at the physical therapy faculty of Cairo University, Egypt.

Subjects:

This study included 57 children of both sexes, aged 6 to 8 years.

Study design:

Three-armed randomized control trial.

Intervention:

Participants in all groups received a traditional neuro-developmental physical therapy program that included standing and gait training exercises. Children in group A performed the training program without any orthotic management, in group B with the TheraTogs™ strapping system, and in group C with the TheraTogs™ strapping system and static ground reaction ankle foot orthoses. Children underwent treatment for two hours daily, except on weekends, for twelve successive weeks.

Main measure:

Gait speed, cadence, stride length, and hip and knee flexion angles in the mid-stance phase were evaluated pre-and post-treatment using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (pre-reflex system).

Results:

Statistically significant differences were recorded among the three groups post-treatment in gait speed, cadences, and stride length. The P-values for these variable differences were 0.03, 0.011, and 0.001 respectively. Significant post-treatment differences were also recorded for bilateral hip-and knee-flexion angles. For all measured parameters, better significant results were registered for group C than for the other groups.

Conclusion:

Orthotic intervention composed of a static ground reaction ankle foot orthosis combined with the TheraTogs™ strapping system improves gait more than conventional treatment with or without TheraTogs™ in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.
What Does It Mean and Imply to be Public Service Motivated?
Authors: Schott Carina , van Kleef Daphne D. , Steen Trui
Published: May 2014

In public service motivation (PSM) literature, PSM is assumed to have a positive effect on performance. Even though frequently mentioned, this assumption has proved difficult to verify empirically. In this article, we argue that individual interpretations of what it means to serve the public interest need to be considered to get a grip on the concept of PSM and its behavioral consequences. As interpretations of “the public interest” vary depending on the roles people occupy in society, so too does the meaning of PSM. A theoretical argument is developed that helps to clarify the meaning of PSM and its relationship with performance by introducing insights derived from identity theory. This is illustrated empirically by a study of veterinarian inspectors. The theoretical, empirical, and practical relevance of this new approach to PSM is pointed out.
Imaging features of subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR imaging that progress to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Jang Kyung Mi , Kim Seong Hyun , Kim Young Kon , Choi Dongil
Published: May 2014

Background:

With the advent of 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), many subcentimeter hepatic nodules have been frequently detected in patients with chronic liver disease, and the prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progress to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is important.

Purpose:

To reveal the imaging features of subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MR images in patients with chronic liver disease that may be related with progression to hypervascular HCC.

Material and Methods:

This study included 109 patients with 135 subcentimeter hypointense nodules (103 hepatocellular carcinomas [HCCs] and 32 benign nodules) on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase. For each subcentimeter nodule, the following imaging features were analyzed: (i) hyperintensity on T2-weighted (T2W) image or DWI; (ii) arterial hypervascularization; and (iii) hypointensity on a portal or late phase. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of those imaging features for predicting subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC were evaluated. Volume doubling time (VDT) of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC was compared to that of growing benign nodules.

Results:

Arterial hypervascularization with washout yielded the highest specificity (90.6%) and PPV (95.4%) for prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC. Combining hyperintensity on T2W image or DWI and arterial hypervascularization with washout did not raise the specificity (90.6%) for prediction of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC. Mean VDT (112.2 ± 106.3 days) of subcentimeter nodules that progressed to hypervascular HCC during follow-up was significantly shorter than those of benign subcentimeter nodules (1258 ± 766.5 days, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Arterial hypervascularization with washout in subcentimeter hypointense nodules on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase in patients with chronic liver disease is strongly related with progression to hypervascular HCC.
Clopidogrel as prophylactic treatment for migraine: A pilot randomised, controlled study
Authors: Chambers John B , Seed Paul T , Ridsdale Leone
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Anecdotal reports suggest that clopidogrel may prevent migraine attacks. We undertook a pilot randomised trial.

Method

We randomised consecutive migraineurs with four to 15 headache days per 28-day month to receive clopidogrel 75 mg or placebo daily for three months. Headache was primarily assessed with a headache diary.

Results

There were no statistically significant treatment effects. The number of headache days fell by 1.9 on clopidogrel and 1.6 on placebo (adjusted difference 0.02, CI −2.07 to 2.12). Headache severity rose by 0.14 points (out of 10) on clopidogrel, and fell by 0.63 on placebo; treatment effect 0.7 points (CI −0.11 to 1.57). The main treatment effect did not depend on the presence or absence of migraine with aura at baseline, a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or atrial septal aneurysm.

Discussion

The evidence is inconclusive, but a multicentre trial would be feasible recruiting from primary care.
Illicit Intimacies
Authors: McKinley Michelle A.
Published: May 2014

This article examines the ways that plebeian women confessed to concubinary relationships in seventeenth-century Lima. Part One reviews complaints brought by casta and enslaved concubines to enforce matrimonial promises. Part Two analyzes the imprecise laws and policies of the canonists on concubinage. Part Three considers the Church’s inquisitorial function in policing interethnic intimacies, given the virtual synonymity of illegitimacy and concubinage. The article assesses the marriage–concubinage dichotomy from the perspective of women who, given their ethnic and social position in colonial society enjoyed limited legal standing vis-à-vis elite women, but conversely exercised greater sexual freedom in forming and dissolving partnerships.
Efficacy of an Intervention to Enhance Reading Comprehension of Students With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Roux Catherine , Dion Eric , Barrette Anne , Dupéré Véronique , Fuchs Douglas
Published: May 2014

This study examines whether explicit reading comprehension instruction is relevant for students with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Forty-five students ( Mage = 9 years) were randomly assigned to two conditions: control or intervention. Those assigned to the intervention condition received instruction on vocabulary, main idea identification, text structure, and anaphoric relations. Compared with their peers in the control condition, students in the intervention condition showed greater improvement on one measure of reading comprehension. They also knew the meaning of more words and were better able to identify main ideas and anaphoric relations, with some of these gains still being detectable at the follow-up. Although additional adaptations appear warranted, students with high-functioning ASD clearly benefited from instruction.
Cognitive Development in Children With Language Impairment, and Correlation Between Language and Intelligence Development in Kindergarten Children With Developmental Delay
Authors: Liao Su-Fen , Liu Jui-Ching , Hsu Chun-Ling , Chang Ming-Yuh , Chang Tung-Ming , Cheng Helen
Published: May 2014

We performed a retrospective review of 65 children with developmental delay. The male-to-female ratio was 2.25 : 1, and the mean age was 5.8 years; performance IQ was 94.8, verbal IQ was 83, and full-scale IQ was 87.4. Twenty-three (35%) children had normal language development, 13 (20%) had below average language development, and 29 (45%) had developmental language disorder. Performance IQ was significantly better than verbal IQ in all children ( P < .001), and there was no difference within the 3 language groups. The performance IQ ( P = .007) of children with developmental language disorder and specific language impairment was significantly lower than that of children with normal language development. Performance IQ was found to be correlated with language score ( r = .309, P = .012). The children with language impairment were associated with lower IQ scores. The discrepancy between performance IQ and verbal IQ persisted in children with developmental delay, not only in children with language disorder.
Two Novel Missense Mutations in Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
Authors: Yilmaz Berna Seker , Kor Deniz , Ceylaner Serdar , Mert Gulen Gul , Incecik Faruk , Kartal Erkan , Mungan Neslihan Onenli
Published: May 2014

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (OMIM no. 605899) is an autosomal recessively inherited glycine encephalopathy, caused by a deficiency in the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system. Here we report 2 neonates who were admitted to the hospital with complaints of respiratory failure and myoclonic seizures with an elevated cerebrospinal fluid/plasma glycine ratio and diagnosed as nonketotic hyperglycinemia. We report these cases as 2 novel homozygous mutations; a missense mutation c.593A>T (p.D198 V) in the glycine decarboxylase gene and a splicing mutation c.339G>A (Q113Q) in the aminomethyltransferase gene were detected. We would like to emphasize the genetic difference of our region in inherited metabolic diseases once again.
Do Entrepreneurship and High-Tech Concentration Create Jobs? Exploring the Growth in Employment in U.S. Metropolitan Areas From 1991 to 2007
Authors: Gittell Ross , Sohl Jeffrey , Tebaldi Edinaldo
Published: May 2014

Technological concentration and innovation have been identified as important forces behind growth, and entrepreneurship has been recognized as an important link between new knowledge and economic growth. This article examines the influence of entrepreneurship and technology concentration on employment growth in U.S. metropolitan areas (MSAs) over the course of the last full business cycle from 1991 to 2007. The findings are in support of the efficacy of entrepreneurship together with high technology expansion in job creation. The findings question the view that entrepreneurship in and of itself, or a high but not growing high technology concentration, can be strong contributors to employment growth. In contrast, this analysis indicates that MSAs with growing high-tech activities and above-average entrepreneurship can be expected to add jobs much faster than other MSAs. The findings suggest a need for a more targeted approach to economic development and job creation.
High Road, Low Road, or Off Road? Economic Development Strategies in the American States
Authors: Hanley Caroline , Douglass Michael T.
Published: May 2014

Observers of state economic development policy in the United States have identified two conceptually distinct approaches, often termed industrial recruitment and entrepreneurial policies, and debated the extent to which a “third wave” of policy emergent during the 1990s represents a conceptually distinct approach to economic development. Data limitations and conceptual confusion have hindered efforts to distinguish state economic development strategies and to update existing typologies to reflect contemporary practices. This article uses data from the Council for Community and Economic Research’s Expenditures Database in 2007 to evaluate the extent to which the states follow conceptually distinctive economic development strategies. We find that the states’ economic development expenditures reflect a high degree of conceptual hybridity rather than strict adherence to supply-side industrial recruitment or demand-side entrepreneurial development.
Privatizing Schooling and Policy Making
Authors: Anderson Gary L. , Donchik Liliana Montoro
Published: May 2014

In this article, we examine the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) as an example of a unique node within larger policy networks composed of new policy entrepreneurs (e.g., venture philanthropists, think tanks, private “edubusinesses” and their lobbyists, advocacy organizations, and social entrepreneurs). These new policy networks, through an array of new modalities of governance and political and discursive strategies, have come to exert an impressive level of influence on public policy in the last 30 years in the United States. We describe and analyze several model education bills that ALEC has promoted and describe the political and discursive strategies ALEC employs. We found that these strategies, which are employed by corporate leaders and largely Republican legislators, are aimed at a strategic alliance of neoliberal, neoconservative, libertarian, and liberal constituencies with the goal of privatizing and marketizing public education.
The Influence of Precollege Access Programs on Postsecondary Enrollment and Persistence
Authors: Glennie Elizabeth J. , Dalton Ben W. , Knapp Laura G.
Published: May 2014

Using a nationally representative longitudinal data-set, we examine the influence of precollege access programs on high school achievement, college preparation, postsecondary enrollment, and postsecondary persistence. Results do not show much difference in the level of academic preparation between participants and non-participants. However, precollege access program participants were more likely to learn about college opportunities by seeking information about college, applying to college, and receiving financial aid than similar non-participants were. However, although participants and similar non-participants enrolled in college and persisted for 1 year at about the same rates, fewer participants persisted in college for 2 years.
The Spread of Higher Education Around the Globe
Authors: Yu Patricia , Delaney Jennifer A.
Published: May 2014

Many nation-states have realized the importance of tertiary education and the world has seen a corollary increase in tertiary education enrollments. Using Berry and Berry’s event history model as a framework, this study tests both the internal features of each country and the influence that nation-states have on each other with regard to setting tertiary enrollment policies. As expanding tertiary education is an important policy worldwide, we use Trow’s classification to define two levels of tertiary education expansion: first, increasing gross tertiary enrollment rates above 15% (from elite to massified), and second, above 50% (from massified to universal). Analyzing a unique cross-national panel dataset, which spans the time period from 1999 to 2005, our findings show that both internal determinants (secondary education participation rates and the political landscape) as well as diffusion factors (proximity to a pioneering nation and regional variables) influence nations in setting tertiary enrollment policies.
Falsification, Annual Targets, and Errant Leadership
Authors: Freeman Eric
Published: May 2014

This analysis of the Atlanta test-cheating scandal differs markedly from the version reported in the press. Using discourse analysis, I examined over 50 articles published in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( AJC), the hometown newspaper at the center of the investigation. Because newspapers are a primary source of information, the AJC’s discursive framing of test-tampering and systemic wrongdoing was a powerful voice in shaping how the public understood what happened. But failure to situate the scandal in a context of economic deprivation and residential segregation while omitting discussion of the damaging cognitive and academic effects that stem from living in distressed neighborhoods meant the AJC depicted a misleading version of events. Although the school district has recovered, the inequalities which fomented the crisis remain intact. I revisit the Atlanta Compromise of 1973 to conclude that as in the past, a policy of schools alone is an insufficient corrective for educational disadvantage.
Supporting Non-Tenure-Track Faculty at 4-Year Colleges and Universities
Authors: Gehrke Sean J. , Kezar Adrianna
Published: May 2014

This study examines the values held by 264 academic deans and the decisions they make pertaining to supporting non-tenure-track faculty (NTTF). Multiple analyses are utilized to examine the prevalence of supportive policies for both full- and part-time NTTF, as well as the extent to which deans’ values are associated with the existence of these policies on college and university campuses. Findings reveal that deans’ values play a significant role in organizational decisions to support NTTF, and part-time faculty remain under-supported in the academy. Implications for practice are discussed.
Analysis of a novel lifting mechanism for forging manipulators
Authors: Xu Yundou , Liu Yu , Yao Jiantao , Zhao Yongsheng
Published: May 2014

In this paper, a hybrid serial–parallel forging manipulator was put forward, which is composed of a planar five-bar mechanism and a two-limb parallel mechanism in series. Forging manipulator’s DOF properties and motion principle were analyzed by means of screw theory. The position solution of the main motion mechanism of manipulator was derived in the grasping stage, which was used to solve input displacements of lifting and pitching hydraulic cylinders depending on the requirements of forged piece’s lifting height and pitching angle. Dimensional optimization of the manipulator’s main motion mechanism is carried out based on position equations, resulting in that the gripper carrier’s lifting motion was decoupled from the horizontal motion. The analytical expression between driving forces of each hydraulic cylinder and external load was derived by solving the first-order derivative of position equations and using principle of virtual work. The results showed that for the parallel-link manipulator, when gripper carrier is horizontal, driving force of lifting hydraulic cylinder is only related to forged piece’s gravity but not to gravitational moment. The mechanism of this phenomenon was also further studied. Experimental model with ratio 1:20 of forging manipulator’s lifting mechanism was developed, and kinematic and static experiments were conducted on it to verify the dimensional optimization results and the conclusion was obtained by the statics.
Conceptual designs of multi-degree of freedom compliant parallel manipulators composed of wire-beam based compliant mechanisms
Authors: Hao Guangbo , Li Haiyang
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes conceptual designs of multi-degree(s) of freedom (DOF) compliant parallel manipulators (CPMs) including 3-DOF translational CPMs and 6-DOF CPMs using a building block based pseudo-rigid-body-model (PRBM) approach. The proposed multi-DOF CPMs are composed of wire-beam based compliant mechanisms (WBBCMs) as distributed-compliance compliant building blocks (CBBs). Firstly, a comprehensive literature review for the design approaches of compliant mechanisms is conducted, and a building block based PRBM is then presented, which replaces the traditional kinematic sub-chain with an appropriate multi-DOF CBB. In order to obtain the decoupled 3-DOF translational CPMs (XYZ CPMs), two classes of kinematically decoupled 3-PPPR (P: prismatic joint, R: revolute joint) translational parallel mechanisms (TPMs) and 3-PPPRR TPMs are identified based on the type synthesis of rigid-body parallel mechanisms, and WBBCMs as the associated CBBs are further designed. Via replacing the traditional actuated P joint and the traditional passive PPR/PPRR sub-chain in each leg of the 3-DOF TPM with the counterpart CBBs (i.e. WBBCMs), a number of decoupled XYZ CPMs are obtained by appropriate arrangements. In order to obtain the decoupled 6-DOF CPMs, an orthogonally-arranged decoupled 6-PSS (S: spherical joint) parallel mechanism is first identified, and then two example 6-DOF CPMs are proposed by the building block based PRBM method. It is shown that, among these designs, two types of monolithic XYZ CPM designs with extended life have been presented.
Computer-aided alignment of castings and machining optimization
Authors: Gessner Andrzej , Staniek Roman , Bartkowiak Tomasz
Published: May 2014

The presented publication demonstrates an accuracy assessment method for machine tool body casting utilizing an optical scanner and reference model of the machine tool body. The process allows assessing the casting shape accuracy, as well as determining whether the size of the allowances of all work surfaces is sufficient for appropriate machining, corresponding to the construction design. The described method enables dispensing with the arduous manual operation of marking out as well as shortening the time of aligning and fixing the casting body for machining. For the experimental setup, four rotary indexing table castings were investigated according to the method principles. The geometric accuracy of each casting was examined by comparing their scans with the computer-aided design model, and the machining allowances were evaluated to determine casting qualification for machining. The nominal volume of material to be removed was established and subsequently optimized to reduce the volume to be machined. Thus, a rapid method of aligning a casting in a machine tool according to the planned optimized distribution of machining allowances was developed. For the set of measured castings, it was proven that their poor geometric quality precluded the possibility of further machining according to standard marking out instructions. However, by following the presented methodology, it was possible to successfully process the entire set while reducing the overall volume of the material removed by 4.5–9.6%, as compared with nominal values. The obtained results ultimately confirmed that manual marking out could be eliminated from the casting assessment process.
Deconstructing the fragile city: exploring insecurity, violence and resilience
Authors: Muggah Robert
Published: May 2014

An emerging social category – the fragile city – can be described as a discrete metropolitan unit whose governance arrangements exhibit a declining ability and/or willingness to deliver on the social contract. Fragility is thus no longer ascribed by decision makers and analysts exclusively to nation-states and federal institutions. Rather, fragile cities are being reconceived as the primary sites of tomorrow’s warfare and development. Yet, surprisingly little is known about them. When do cities “tip” into fragility? How is fragility distributed within and between neighbourhoods? What allows some cities to cope, adapt and rebound from external and internal stresses? This article, drawing from emerging theoretical and policy literatures, finds that urban fragility is neither inevitable nor irreversible. To the contrary: it is the very resilience of cities, their neighbourhoods and institutions that is often overlooked in efforts to promote stability and development. Fragile cities themselves are constituted of sources of local resistance and agency that, in some cases, can be reinforced and from which positive lessons can be learned.
Methylation of CpG island of p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) genes in coke oven workers
Authors: Zhang H , Li X , Ge L , Yang J , Sun J , Niu Q
Published: May 2014

To detect the blood genomic DNA methylation in coke oven workers and find a possible early screening index for occupational lung cancer, 74 coke oven workers as the exposed group and 47 water pump workers as the controls were surveyed, and urine samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected. Airborne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) levels in workplace and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Py) levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. DNA damage of PBMCs and the p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) gene CpG island methylation in the promoter region were detected by comet assay and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques, respectively. Results show that compared with the controls, concentration of airborne B[a]Ps was elevated in the coke plant, and urinary 1-OH-Py’s level and DNA olive tail moment in comet assay were significantly increased in the coke oven workers, and p14(ARK), p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation rates were also significantly increased. With the working years and urinary 1-OH-Py’s level, the rates of p14(ARK) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation were significantly increased while that of p15(INK4b) gene methylation displayed no statistical change. We conclude that PBMCs’ p14(ARK) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation may be used for screening and warning lung cancer in coke oven workers.
Shrinking lung syndrome presenting as an initial pulmonary manifestation of SLE
Authors: Pillai S , Mehta J , Levin T , Muzumdar H , Nandalike K
Published: May 2014

Shrinking lung syndrome (SLS) is a rare pulmonary complication of an underlying autoimmune disorder and is reported in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe the favorable outcome of SLS in an 18-year-old Hispanic male who presented with SLS as the initial pulmonary manifestation of SLE.
FGMReview
Authors: Martínez Pérez Guillermo , Turetsky Risa
Published: May 2014

Web-based literature search engines may not be user-friendly for some readers searching for information on female genital mutilation. This is a traditional practice that has no health benefits, and about 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone it. In 2012, the website FGMReview was created with the aim to offer a user-friendly, accessible, scalable, and innovative knowledge management tool specialized in female genital mutilation. The design of this website was guided by a conceptual model based on the use of benchmarking techniques and requirements engineering, an area of knowledge from the computer informatics field, influenced by the Transcultural Nursing model. The purpose of this article is to describe this conceptual model. Nurses and other health care providers can use this conceptual model to guide their methodological approach to design and launch other eHealth projects.
Given Time It Worked
Authors: Delin Barry S. , Hartman Ellie C. , Sell Christopher W.
Published: May 2014

The Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Employment Pilot in Wisconsin was one of four Social Security Administration authorized pilots to test a cash benefit offset feature for the SSDI program. Those allowed to use the offset only lost US$1 of their SSDI cash benefit for every US$2 earned when their monthly earnings reached the Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) level after completing the Trial Work Period (TWP). Over the first two years following pilot enrollment, no statistically significant differences were observed in employment outcomes between the treatment and control groups. However, after these first two years, outcome trends diverged, ultimately leading to the treatment group exhibiting better outcomes. The differences between treatment and control participants were conditioned on whether participants completed their TWP by the end of 2008. Subsequently, there were statistically significant differences between outcome trends for the two groups of TWP completers. There were virtually no differences between the outcome trends for the groups with no TWP completers. These results are consistent with an interpretation that the cash benefit offset, given adequate time, can be an effective work incentive.