bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Customer Education and Satisfaction of Prepaid Meter Usage in Nigeria Electricity Distribution Company
Authors: Alao Kayode , Jimoh Kasali , Obadiora Adebayo Joseph
Published: April 2022

The study identified challenges confronts customers using pre-paid meters within Ile-Ife Metropolis, relevance of prepaid meter usage over the post-paid meter usage within Ile-Ife Metropolis and the level of customer satisfaction with respect to pre-paid meter usage. The study used descriptive research designs. The population for the study consisted 17,551. The sample for the study consisted 204 prepaid user customers selected using stratified sampling techniques. The sample was calculated using Fishers (1995) which has ideal formula for targeted population. The instrument used for the study was questionnaire namely “Customer Education and Satisfaction of Prepaid Meter Usage in Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company”. Cronbach Alpha (?) was used to test validity of the research instrument. The output gave Reliability Statistics which showed Cronbach's alpha of 0.701. Data collected were be analyzed using inferential statistics. The results showed that majority at 32.4% (66) of the sampled users of prepaid meters agreed that there has been no disconnection, and there is no need to pay a re-connection fee when using prepaid meter while 18.6% strongly disagreed with the claimed; the system is disadvantageous to the poor and showed that 5.9% (12) of the sampled customers highly dissatisfied with the respect to prepaid meter usage in Ile-Ife, 17.6 % (36) dissatisfied with the prepaid meter usage while 38.7% (79) of the customers satisfied with the usage of prepaid meter and 37.7 % (77) of the customers highly satisfied with the usage of prepaid meter in Ile-Ife. The study concluded that IBEDC should sensitizing the customers before introducing prepaid meters to them for this would enhance the level of customer satisfaction.
Geographical Information Systems as Learning Resources for Social Studies: A Literature Review
Authors: Atubi Onamrewho Favour , Dania Peter Ogbianugene
Published: April 2022

The use of innovative and advance resources like those of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to for Social Studies can aid the actualization of the aims and objectives of Social Studies education in Nigeria. This theoretical paper pointed out the fact that Geographical Information Systems can be used to achieve quality Social Studies education in Nigeria through exploring available literature to provide a good understanding of the topic under review. The paper adopted an analytical approach through extensive review of literature around the major variables which are Geographical Information Systems and Social Studies. It further discussed the relationship between Social Studies and Geographical Information Systems as well as the benefits which will be accrued to both learners and educators of Social Studies by using them as instructional references for Social Studies lessons. The paper concluded by explaining the benefits of applying Geographical Information Systems resources to Social Studies. These benefits include providing students with visual learning of Social Studies; studying the major themes of Social Studies through a spatial perspective; using stored information for education and applying technology to educational processes as it concerns learning in Social Studies.
Cashew Seedlings Nursery Production in University of Abuja Nigeria and its Response to Different Organic Amendments
Authors: N.B. Abanum , O.M. Ede , A. Olufemi , O.V. Arinze
Published: April 2022

Organic waste materials are embedded with plant nutrients augmented to contain nutrients used for plant use and raising cashew seedlings in the nursery. This study aims to observe the effect of organic materials as soil amendments in the growing of cashew seedlings. The treatments consisted of two cashew nut types (Jumbo and Medium size) and three organic materials: Cocoa pod husk-Biochar, Rice husk, Maize barn, and a control. These planting materials were arranged as Jumbo Nut-Control, Medium Nut-Control, Jumbo nut+Biochar, Medium nut+Biochar, Jumbo nut+Maize Bran, Medium nut+Maize Bran, Jumbo nut+Rice Husk, Medium nut+Rice Husk, Jumbo nut+Biochar+Maize Bran+Rice Husk and Medium nut+Biochar+Maize Bran+Rice Husk laid in a Complete Randomized Design with three replications. The seedlings were raised with a 10kg topsoil mix with 9.0g (5t/ha) of organic materials and control. Data collected include plant height, stem girth, numbers of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry offshoot weight, root weight, and taproot length, analyzed with SAS statistical package and Mean separation using Tukey’s Studentized Range Test at (P≤0.05). The pre-and post-soil were analyzed for chemical properties. The result showed that the organic amendments improved the chemical properties of the soil. Although these nutrient amendments improved crop productivity, their effectiveness was pronounced in the medium cashew nut. At termination, the control treatments had the least fresh and dry shoot, root weight and shortest Root length when compared to other treatments. Conclusively, Cocoa pod husk-Biochar, Rice Husk and Maize Barn should be considered in cashew nursery and field trial upon transplanting.
Autoaprendizaje: solipismo o acompañamiento académico
Authors: Pacheco- Sosa Carolina
Published: April 2022

This paper addresses the subject of

self-learning, and it underscores the paramount

importance of guidance for its development during

the processes of teaching and learning. The concept

of “self-learning” encompasses three main abilities:

autonomy, metacognition, and self-regulation, which

lead to a self-learning process. This definition has

roots in the teaching theory, and all its elements are

linked to the self-learning abilities underlying. It is

vital to state that the great importance of the teacher

role during this process, since they will provide all the

necessary learning tools for the students to become

active during the learning process. Therefore, it is

confirmed that the self-learning process is not a path

for the student to walk alone; a guidance is required

for its development. Similarly, to acquire self learning

abilities will allow students to achieve an

active role during the learning process, which will

also lead to develop a critical thinking. As a result,

students will not only acquire abilities for academical

purposes, but also a set of personal and professional

skills. Likewise, some teaching practices that can

be adopted to support the self-learning process are

procured.
Tensiones del discurso de la inclusión educativa
Authors: Molina-Padilla Norma Angélica
Published: April 2022

The article reflects on how inclusion has

positioned itself as a common language within the

educational system, mainly within human rights, as

a promise of justice before those people who had

historically remained on the margins. That is, the so called

vulnerable groups. However, it seems that the

compromise is not reached, on the contrary, it looks

distant and alien. From that context, we discuss

with some educational thinkers who have striven

to understand, and above all ask themselves other

questions, that will probably help redirect the course

of inclusion. This in order to make visible that there

are other possibilities to educate, even beyond this

paradigm. In short, interdisciplinary dialogue, the

transgression of educational boundaries, as well as

stressing the paradigm enable us to imagine other

forms of action that are more just and plural.
Aubrieta necmi-aksoyi taksonunun habitatı, ekolojik özellikleri ve süs bitkisi olarak kullanılma potansiyeli
Authors: GÜNEŞ ÖZKAN Neval , TUNÇKOL Bilge
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışmada Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da yeni keşfedilen ve Türkiye için endemik bir tür olan Aubrieta necmi-aksoyi Tunçkol, G.-Özkan & Al-Shehbaz taksonunun yayılış yaptığı habitat ve ekolojik özellikleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiş ve süs bitkisi olarak kullanım potansiyeline yönelik değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Oldukça sınırlı bir kayalık habitatta lokal endemik bir tür olarak bilim dünyasına kazandırılan Aubrieta necmi-aksoyi taksonunun In-Situ korunmasının yanında süs bitkisi sektörüne alternatif bir tür olarak kazandırılması da hedeflenmiştir. Çalışılan bu taksonun özellikle kaya bahçesi uygulamalarında, dikey bitkilendirme projeleri ve çatı bahçeleri uygulamalarında kullanılabileceği önerisi geliştirilmiştir.
Pendampingan Menulis Penelitian Tindakan Kelas di Larantuka, Flores Timur
Authors: Tari Ezra , Koroh Lanny I.D. , Ali Umar , Liufeto Martin Ch. , Tlonaen Talita
Published: April 2022

Classroom action training was agreed upon by the service team, starting with concerns about the teacher's difficulties. The service team found that many teachers had not been able to combine observations in class. This research is a way of teacher research in the classroom to find problems in the learning process. The teacher found many problems related to learning, namely process design, media, learning techniques, and learning outcomes. To realize good classroom action research techniques, training is done. Some teachers have not been able to write a good scientific paper. So the service team trains skilled teachers in writing. The method of service in this service begins with planning the location of the service. The plan is carefully prepared to avoid obstacles in the field. This training produces groups of writer teachers according to their respective fields. The team already found teachers who did classroom action research. However, the difficulty in pouring it in the article. So that the team assists in writing classroom action research articles that will be published in journals, follow-up assistance is carried out in WhatsApp groups.Keywords: report; theory; learning; writing; class action AbstrakPelatihan tindakan kelas disepakati oleh tim pengabdian, diawali keresahan akan kesulitan guru dalam melakukannya. Tim pengabdian menemukan masih banyak guru yang belum bisa meramu hasil pengamatan dalam kelas. Kegiatan ini merupakan cara penelitian guru dalam kelas untuk menemukan masalah dalam proses pembelajaran. Guru menemukan banyak masalah terkait pembelajaran, yakni: rancangan proses, media, teknik pembelajaran, dan hasil pembelajaran. Untuk merealisasikan teknik penelitian tindakan kelas yang baik, maka dibuat pelatihan. Ada juga guru yang belum mampu menulis sebuah karya ilmiah yang baik. Maka tim pengabdian melatih guru terampil dalam menulis. Metode pengabdian ini diawali dengan merencanakan lokasi pengabdian. Rencana dipersiapkan dengan matang agar tidak ada kendala di lapangan. Pelatihan ini menghasilkan kelompok guru penulis sesuai bidang masing-masing. Tim menemukan sudah ada guru yang dapat membuat penelitian tindakan kelasn namun masih kesulitan dalam menuangkannya ke dalam artikel sehingga tim mendampingi dalam penulisan artikel penelitian tindakan kelas yang akan diterbitkan di jurnal. Selanjutnya, pendampingan lanjutan dilakukan dalam grup WhatsApp.Kata kunci: laporan; materi; pembelajaran; penulisan; tindakan kelas
Pendampingan dan Strategi Guru dalam Menumbuhkan Semangat Belajar Anak Sekolah Minggu Melalui Metode Bermain dan Bernyanyi di Pulau Teluk Nipah
Authors: Sophia Selvyen , Sapalakkai Rini Sumanti , Lidya S Dewi , Simanjuntak Irfan Feriando , Waruwu Septerianus
Published: April 2022

The Sunday school teacher is God's partner in educating Sunday school children, regarding Christian Religious Education for which he has a responsibility, to seek the salvation of the souls of every student in his class. For this reason, Sunday school teachers need to foster children's enthusiasm in learning God's Word, so that the children's spiritual growth process is well accommodated. But often what happens is the lack of attention from the children so that it becomes an obstacle in conveying God's Word. So Sunday school teachers need to do a strategy for this. One of the Sunday school teacher strategies to foster children's enthusiasm in learning God's Word used in this article, is by playing and singing methods. The purpose of this service is to foster children's enthusiasm for learning by bringing children to know Jesus as Savior, and making children able to have noble character according to the teachings of Christ. By teaching songs, making games, and giving gift packages to children, it is hoped that children can participate in these learning activities and can absorb every story of God's Word that is preached by the Sunday school teacher.Keywords: learning; played; sing; Sunday school teacher; strategy; Nipah Bay Island AbstrakGuru sekolah minggu merupakan mitra Allah dalam mendidik anak sekolah minggu, mengenai Pendidikan Agama Kristen yang mana ia memiliki tanggungjawab, untuk mengusahakan keselamatan jiwa setiap murid yang ada di dalam kelasnya. Untuk itulah, guru sekolah minggu perlu menumbuhkan semangat anak dalam belajar Firman Tuhan, dengan begitu proses pertumbuhan rohani anak-anak terakomodasi dengan baik. Namun seringkali yang terjadi adalah kurangnya perhatian dari anak-anak sehingga menjadi penghambat dalam menyampaikan Firman Tuhan. Maka guru sekolah minggu perlu melakukan strategi akan hal tersebut. Salah satu strategi guru sekolah minggu untuk menumbuhkan semangat anak dalam belajar Firman Tuhan yang dipakai dalam artikel ini, yaitu dengan metode bermain dan bernyanyi. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah menumbuhkan semangat anak belajar dengan membawa anak-anak mengenal Yesus sebagai Juruselamat, serta menjadikan anak-anak dapat berakhlak mulia sesuai dengan ajaran Kristus. Dengan mengajarkan lagu, membuat games, dan pemberian paket hadiah kepada anak, diharapkan anak dapat berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan belajar tersebut serta dapat menyerap setiap cerita Firman Tuhan yang diberitakan oleh guru sekolah minggu.Kata kunci: belajar; bermain; bernyanyi; guru sekolah minggu; strategi; pulau Teluk Nipah
Partidos de massas: experiencias do Orçamento Participativo porto-alegrense e a Descentralização Participativa montevideana
Authors: Lezcano Schwarzkopf Alejandro , Bastos Alessandra
Published: April 2022

No final da década 1980, as cidades de Porto Alegre e Montevidéu, além de compartilharem ondas de redemocratização institucionais globais, também vivenciavam experiências de aprofundamentos societais da democracia. Em 1989, na capital gaúcha, surgia uma exitosa proposta de democratização da democracia com o Orçamento Participativo (OP); no ano seguinte na capital uruguaia, era proposta a ideia de descentralizar e democratizar o governo local, com a Descentralização Participativa (DP). Em ambas as experiências, um partido de massas ascende pela primeira vez ao governo municipal: a Frente Ampla (FA), em Montevidéu, de 1990 até o presente, e o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), em Porto Alegre, no período de 1989 a 2004. A partir dessas características surge a seguinte questão: partidos de massa potencializam ou diminuem a participação da sociedade civil (apartidária)? Respondemos essa questão buscando elementos em comum nos dos partidos e nas cidades de Porto Alegre e Montevidéu. A análise tem como referências fontes secundárias e fontes primarias (entrevistas realizadas, nas duas cidades, a participantes das instituições participativas).
Critérios envolvidos na aceitação do peixe acari (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) consumido no município de Santarém, Pará, Brasil
Authors: Lima Jhonatan Silva , Marinho Jaciara da Costa , Lima Ericleya Mota Marinho , Atayde Herlon Mota , Fernandes Graciene do Socorro Taveira , Braga Tony Marcos Porto
Published: April 2022

No município de Santarém, o peixe acari era preferencialmente adquirido vivo pela população local, fato este que vem se modificando nos últimos trinta anos. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever os principais fatores que influenciam na aquisição dos acaris que estão sendo aceitos atualmente para consumo em Santarém. Os dados desta pesquisa foram coletados mediante a realização de entrevistas junto aos consumidores e comerciantes de acaris, no período de março de 2018 a junho de 2019. As informações foram digitalizadas em bancos de dados relacionais na Plataforma Access e analisados através de estatística descritiva. Foram realizadas 207 entrevistas, distribuídas em 148 consumidores e 59 comerciantes, que apresentaram idade média de 46,4 ± 13,0 e 40,6 ± 14,4 anos respectivamente. Os comerciantes apresentaram uma média de 20,4 ± 13,8 anos de experiência na venda de peixes e a maioria (67,8%) afirma ser pescador e responsável pela captura dos acaris. Os consumidores na hora de escolher do acari para compra e consumo destacaram a preferência por peixes vivos, grandes e gordos. Por outro lado, o pescado é rejeitado se estiver morto, com coloração inadequada, magro ou resfriado no gelo.
Síntese da zeólita NaA utilizando material de baixo custo e aplicação como adsorvente na remoção do corante violeta cristal
Authors: Barbosa Antusia dos Santos , Araujo Maria Eduarda Barbosa , Rodrigues Meiry Glaucia Freire
Published: April 2022

Recentemente, muita atenção foi dada à forma como a zeólita está sendo sintetizada a partir de material de baixo custo, particularmente, resolvendo os principais problemas ambientais. A zeólita NaA pode ser obtido a partir da metacaulinização do caulim natural. O presente estudo enfoca as propriedades de adsorção na superfície da zeólita NaA para a remoção do violeta cristal. O produto obtido a partir dos experimentos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, análise química por fluorescência de raios X e análise térmica. O processo de adsorção foi estudado por variação de tempo e da concentração da solução, indicando que os dados de adsorção seguem a cinética de pseudo-segunda ordem, indicando assim a adsorção por quimissorção na superfície adsorvente, o modelo de isoterma de Sips com uma capacidade de adsorção máxima de 4,65 mg.g-1 no pH da solução. Esses resultados demonstraram que o adsorvente utilizado se trata de materiais altamente eficiente.
Perancangan Kartu Pos Fotografis "Malang at Night" Sebagai Alternatif Cindera Mata Kota Malang
Authors: Andito Tegar , Rahmadianto Sultan Arif
Published: April 2022

There are various souvenirs to be chosen that consist of keychains, traditional crafts, postcards, t-shirts, stickers, etc. Postcard is one of many kinds of souvenirs. Through postcard that being sent to friends or relatives, people can show ‘proof’ that they have visited certain places. Today that activity isn’t longer popular because of more modern means of communication. However, postcards are still desirable as inexpensive souvenirs to be collected by tourists themselves or to be given to friends and relatives without sending it through postal service. There aren’t many variations of Malang City postcards. This is caused by  postcards that labeled ‘Malang’ often show visual elements that exist in greater Malang area but not the Malang City itself. This effort to design postcard tries to  make an alternatives for souvenirs of Malang City in general and also specifically an alternative postcards of Malang City.
Recent advancements in transdermal patches
Authors: Chandan Sharma , Nishant Thakur , Bhupinder Kaur , Manish Goswami
Published: April 2022

Transdermal route of drug administration is novel as well as reliable means of sustained drug delivery. With more and more research being carried out in this field and increasing interest of researchers in this form of drug delivery, number of transdermal devices reaching the marketplace are expected to increase sharply. The aim of this review is to present latest explorations carried out in recent years utilizing possible drug candidates. Also, new polymer candidates along with novel penetration enhancers have been presented. For the purpose of study, various databases viz. Sciencedirect, Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, Google Scholar, etc. have been explored. After going through all the research work done by researchers in recent past it is appropriate to state that transdermal route is no longer reliant on few polymers and penetration enhancers but studies have now provided lot many more options for transdermal device formulation as evident from the data compilations. It can be concluded that most of the researchers have been utilizing HPMC as the preferred film forming polymer but recently use of Eudragit grades also has gained interest amongst scientists.
Evaluation of circulatory microRNA-196 levels during the progression of chronic renal (kidney) disease of unknown etiology
Authors: Rajyalakshmi N. , Vijayaraghavan R. , Senthilkumar S. , Sekar Durairaj
Published: April 2022

Chronic renal disease of unknown etiology is prevalent & clinically silent until its late stages at which point patients may suffer significant irreversible damage or mortality in the lack of early screening & intervention. If diagnosed early stage 1-3 the progression of chronic renal disease can be altered and complications reduced. Current diagnosing markers of renal function, serum creatinine, blood urea and uric acid have been shown to be lacking high predictive value. So, there is a need for next generation biomarkers suitable for Chronic renal disease of unknown etiology and should not be influenced by age, sex, nutritional status, current health concern. microRNAs appears to be very stable in tissues & biological fluids even under adverse conditions like extreme pH, long term room temperature storage, multiple freeze thaw cycles & RNAase activity. microRNAs elaborate in renal development, maintenance of renal function & progression of renal disease. miRNA-196 is a renal derived biomarker, extensively distributed in renal, shows an important role in renal diseases & superior to other renal biomarkers. The aim of present study is to evaluate circulatory miRNA-196 during progression of chronic renal disease of unknown etiology.
Un leone nella neve. Stilicone nel De bello Getico di Claudiano
Authors: Gualandri Isabella
Published: April 2022

Nel 402 Claudiano presentava a Roma il suo poema De bello Getico, celebrando Stilicone poco dopo la sua discussa vittoria contro Alarico a Pollenzo. Il poema veniva recitato alla presenza di membri dell’aristocrazia senatoria non sempre ben disposti verso Stilicone. Concentrandosi sull’analisi di due passi l’articolo esamina come Claudiano cerchi di metterlo in luce favorevole e giustificarne l’operato, sia giocando sulla synkrisis col mito, sia sottilmente evocando richiami al passato e a temi tradizionali cari al pubblico presente.
Clonal Propagation of important Bamboo species through branch cuttings
Authors: Kaushal Rajesh , Gulabrao Y. , Tewari Salil , Chaturvedi Sumit , Banik Ratan
Published: April 2022

Primary and secondary branch cuttings of eight different bamboo species viz., Bambusa balcooa, B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, D. giganteus and D. hamiltonii were studied for their rooting potential. Primary branch cuttings were given 200 ppm IBA treatment and control treatment for 8 hours. Secondary branch cuttings were treated with 4000 ppm IBA for one minute. The study revealed following order of rooting: B. vulgaris> Bambusa balcoa> D. hamiltonii> D. giganteus> B. bambos> B. tulda>B. nutans> D. asper. Application of 200 ppm IBA was found to enhance the rooting and sprouting parameters. In secondary branch cuttings, all the species except B. vulgaris failed to produce root.
Quantification and valuation of ecosystem goods and services from Forests: A Case of Provisioning services in Uttarakhand
Authors: Naithani Abhishek , Gusain M. , Bisht N. , Singh C.
Published: April 2022

Forests provide multiple benefits to the society, which are both direct and indirect. These benefits include goods viz., timber, fuelwood, fodder, food, ornamental and medicinal resources and services like carbon sequestration, soil and water conservation, pollination, conservation of biodiversity and overall maintenance of life supporting system. A study was conducted in Dehradun and Tehri districts to quantify and assess the economic value of various provisioning services which local people derive from the forest to meet their day to day requirement. The results indicated that local people are mainly dependent on forests for fodder, fuelwood, grazing, timber and edibles etc. and the average value of these goods was estimated as Rs. 12,033.00, Rs.7,123.00, Rs.5,451.00, Rs.2,439.00, Rs.707.00 and Rs. 508 for fuelwood, fodder, timber, edibles and cattle beds mulch, respectively. Since the economic value of these goods and services is so high, necessary management strategies should be adopted to maximize their flow from the forests. It may go a long way in evolving peoples’ participation in protection and conservation of forests in the state.
Characterizing the relationship between soil and growth of plantation teak (Tectona grandis L.f.)
Authors: Rugmini P. , Jayaraman K. , Balagopalan M.
Published: April 2022

A study was conducted on modelling the growth of Teak in relation to soil conditions using data from 52 permanent sample plots established in Teak plantations in Kerala, India. The plots were established during 2000-2001 and re-measured during 2004. Diameter increment was computed for all the plots. From each of the plots, soil samples were taken from pits at three depth layers viz., 0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm and the soils were subjected to analysis for determination of particle size separates, bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), water holding capacity (WHC), soil pH, organic carbon (OC), exchange bases (EB), exchange acidity (EA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), Total N, available P, K, Na, Ca and Mg. Process-based modelling approach was tried to characterize the interrelation of tree growth vs soil properties. WHC, in the 20-40 cm depth level, turned out as the foremost soil variable significantly influencing tree growth. The adjusted R2 value for the diameter increment function was 0.55, a reasonable value to expect under uncontrolled conditions. However, this implies that a substantial part of the variation in growth happens on account of factors not included in the model. The results also indicated an almost linear decrease in diameter growth with increase in the soil WHC in 20-40 cm depth level, keeping other factors constant.
Examining Rhetorical Strategies in Humorous Discourses: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tianli Zhou , Mansor Nor Shahila , Ang Lay Hoon , Sharmini Sharon
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this systematic review is to review the relevant studies on rhetorical strategies in humorous discourse and text to gain a comprehensive understanding of the role of rhetorical strategies in humorous discourse and to explore future research trends. A systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was conducted in the present study. After data selection and screening followed the protocol criteria, 20 articles were included in this study. The results reveal that most of the prior researchers investigated one specific rhetorical strategy in an article, such as irony, metaphor, satire, insults, and metonymy, while some of them examined different rhetorical strategies simultaneously. Besides, all the included articles adopted a qualitative research method, and the theories they applied are diverse. Moreover, the functions of rhetorical strategies in different humorous discourses are summarized. The results show that the functions of rhetorical strategies differ in different types of humorous contexts, which depend on the speaker’s communication purpose in certain situations.
The Mexican earthquake of 1985 vis-à-vis great Indian earthquakes: Field and seismological aspects
Authors: SRIVASTAVA HN
Published: April 2022

The great Mexican earthquake or 19 September 1985 (Magnitude 8.1 ) and its aftershocks caused the worst disaster in Mexico city about 350 km away from its epicentre. Through field surveys undertaken by the author, typical damages particularly on taller buildings in the city area have been discussed in the light of strong motion results vis-a-vis engineering aspects. The damage in Mexico city has been attributed to the largest spectral accelerations, longest duration and occurrence of two shallow focus events with an interval of 27 sec besides efficient generation of surface waves (0.2 to 1 Hz) towards Mexico city. The urban reconstruction plan has also been briefly described.

Comparison of the source dynamics of the Mexico earthquake near subduction boundary of the Cocos South American plate with the great Himalayan earthquakes near the Indian Eurasian plate boundary shows that in spite of tectonically different environments (low stress drop of the Mexical1 earthquake compared with high stress drops of great Indian earthquakes), there .was a similarity in development of secondary miezoseismal areas for the great earthquakes of 1905 and 1934 which can be potentially hazardous zones for taller structures/ buildings.
Intensification and landfall of tropical cyclone in Bay Of Bengal, 22-25 May 1985
Authors: YADAV BR , GUPTA GR
Published: April 2022

The tropical cyclone analysis technique developed by Dvorak was used on an experimental basis for estimating the intensity of 22-25 May 1985 Bay of Bengal cyclone utilizing for the first time the Enhanced Infra-red (EIR) hourly pictures received from INSAT-IB. A technique to predict 'Threat Zone' for coastal areas affected by cyclones has also been developed.
Analysis of the lower tropospheric disturbances in the Bay of Bengal in October-November
Authors: MOHAN FLTLTGURU , MADAN WGCDROP
Published: April 2022

Waves in the lower tropospheric easterlies are seen moving westwards across. Bay islands and extreme southern Peninsula in October-November. It is observed that periodicities exceeding six days are more frequently real. In the regime of northerly component changing over to southerly component, moisture level rises sharply, rainfall occurs and the temperature rises. The westerly wind component associated with southerly component brings heavier precipitation than easterly component associated with southerly component.
P-wave traveltime and crust-upper mantle velocity 1976, structure in the Indian region
Authors: DUBE RK
Published: April 2022

P-arrival times and residuals from shallow focus earthquakes of Indian origin, as reported in the Earthquake Data Report of the United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey (EDR-USGS), at seismological station in India have been collected and analysed. Based on the past studies a thicker two layered crust and higher P-wave velocities in each of the two layers compared to a Jeffrey-Bullen model (J-B model), which is in conformity with the traveltimity data, has been chosen for the Indian plains. A comparatively higher P-wave velocity than in the J-B model in the upper mantle down to a depth of 185 km has been interpreted. J- B model has been accepted beyond this depth.

Hypocentre location of Cachar earthquake on 30December 1984 has been obtained using this model. This has been found to be in good agreement With both those determinations by USGS and Dubeet al. (1986).
Vertical distribution of heat and momentum flux over east coast of India during Monex-79
Authors: SINGH US , SINGH RS
Published: April 2022

The heat and momentum transport over east coast of Indian subcontinent have been computed using Monex- 79 data. The mean and eddy components due to meridional circulation are separated. These fluxes show remarkable changes with latitude in different layers.
A new approach to agroclimatic classification to find out crop potential
Authors: SARKER RP , BISWAS BC
Published: April 2022

Agroclimatic classification using appropriate climatic parameters can be a very useful tool to identify crop potential of a region. There may be different approaches of classification and the adequacy of an approach depends on ultimate objectives. In this paper, a theory has been developed for agroclimatic classification on the basis of an index called Moisture Availability Index (MAl) which is defined as the ratio of weekly assured rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. In this classification, MAl on weekly basis and different values of MAI appropriate to various pheno-phases have been taken into account. The classification has been made on the basis of moisture availability index at 50% level. However, duration of the crop growing period has also been discussed at other levels.

Following this methodology, the part of the India, where annual rainfall is more than 400 mm; has been divided into 7 broad agroclimatic zones. The arid region has been divided into three zones on the basis of moisture availability index at 30% level. The theory has been applied to the dry farming tract of Maharashtra taking micro-level data. This indicates that while a macro-scale study can give some broad aspects of crop potential, it is necessary to do micro-level analysis so that specific areas of varying crop potential can be pin-pointed and appropriate recommendation can be drawn up.
A model of tropical storm from temperature anomaly distributions
Authors: MANDAL JC
Published: April 2022

A simple equation has been formulated to find out the temperature anomaly distributions in axisymmetric steady state tropical storm from a few known values in the real storm and a method to find out the velocity and pressure distributions of storm from it. A. few case studies with assumed typical distribution of anomaly field have been discussed. It has been found that In addition to horizontal distribution of anomaly field, strength of the storm depends on its vertical distribution also. Profiles relating to the maximum temperature anomaly with maximum tangential velocity and that with minimum sea level pressure are also presented which have good agreement with typical real storms and can be readily used as a nonogram.
Low frequency oscillations in summer monsoon rainfall over India
Authors: CHOWDHURY A , MUKHOPADHYAY RK , RAY KCSINHA
Published: April 2022

The paper deals with spatial and temporal variations of different frequency modes of the southwest monsoon rainfall over India. Daily normal rainfall data (1901-1970) and that of the individual years for the period 1978-1983 for 220 well distributed stations throughout the country are subjected to harmonic analysis to investigate the contributions of different frequency modes.

The results reveal the presence of 30-60 day periodicities as a predominant mode over central Peninsula in the long term normal as well as individual years. The variance explained by the 10.20 days oscillations exceed that of 30-60 days over central India during the good monsoon years.

In good monsoon years the fundamental mode is predominant north of about 25° N while during the bad monsoon years it extends to more southern latitudes.
The estimation of heavy rainfall using INSAT-IB Satellite data
Authors: MISHRA DK , KALSI SR , JAIN RK
Published: April 2022

A scheme for the estimation of heavy convective rainfall over India during the monsoon season using 3-hourly INSAT-1B satellite data has been presented in this paper. The scheme uses 'life history' approach, taking into account the convective cloud structure, cloud growth in space & time and the prevailing environmental conditions. The role of mesoscale convective complex, overshooting tops and cloud mergers in producing heavy rains is discussed. The scheme is applied to two very heavy rainfall events of August 1986 and August 1987 and some important aspects of the rainfall estimation have been discussed. For an independent data set, the percentage deviations of the rainfall estimates from actual lie between + 111% and -43 %, and 85% of the estimates lie within an error of +-5%. The scheme provides rainfall estimates on a near real-time basis  and its accuracy is expected to Improve with the experience gamed In future.
Estimating sugarcane yield at Padegaon in Maharashtra based on weather parameters
Authors: GUPTA BRD , SINGH KAMALESHKUMAR
Published: April 2022

A multiple linear regression equation has been derived for estimating sugarcane yield at Padegaon in Maharashtra, using some of the weather parameters at specific periods of crop growth. The data employed for deriving the actual regression equation is from 1950 to 1969. The regression equation accounts for 76 per cent variation in the estimated yield. The departure of predicted sugarcane yields from actual yields for 1970 and 1971 are observed to be 8 per cent and 11 per cent respectively.
Retrieval of sea surface temperature from INSAT-IB radiometer measurements using a multi -channel simulation approach
Authors: KELKAR RR , TIWARI VS , PRASAD SANT
Published: April 2022

In the multi-channel sea surface temperature (MC SST) retrieval technique, brightness temperatures obtained from different satellite radiometer window channels viewing the same area are used to eliminate the atmospheric effects. The MC SST technique cannot be used with satellite radiometers having a single infrared window, e.g., INSAT-1.B \'HRR. In the present paper, a method has been proposed to split up the radiance received over a single channel, .10.5-12.5 /L, as a sum of two component radiances over .10.5- 11.5 and 11.5-12.5 /L bands parametrically in terms of the atmospheric water vapour content, thus allowing the MC SST algorithm to be applied if the water vapour content is known or assumed. The difference between MC SST and the single-window brightness temperature (Tsw) is defined interms of Tsw and the total atmospheric Water vapour content. Using climatological (IIOE) water vapour data, isotherms of INSAT-IB sea surface temperature over Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean are presented for Jaruary and May. 1986. Comparison with NOAA retrievals shows good agreement. The method is meant for cloud-free areas.
On the observed intra-diurnal variability in the thermal structure of the upper layers at a station in the eastern Arabian Sea before the onset of summer Monsoon-77
Authors: RAO RR , KUMAR PVHAREESH
Published: April 2022

The observed intra-diurnal variability in the surface meteorological elements and the vertical thermal structure depicting the surface mixed layer depth (MLD) and diurnal thermocline are analyzed with the aid of short time series measurements made at a single station (13 N, 72°E) In the eastern Arabian Sea during the preceding 12 days of the onset of the summer monsoon during 1977. The associated intra-diurnal variability in the surface and subsurface parameters is discussed in the light of varying surface meteorological conditions and internal oceanic processes
Statistical relations between winter monsoon Rainfall and the preceding summer monsoon
Authors: RAJ YEA
Published: April 2022

The mean monthly wind vectors at 7 standard isobaric levels and surface parameters of several stations of the summer (southwest) monsoon months of June to September over India have been examined. The objective was to select predictors for the northeast monsoon rainfall of the Indian Peninsular subdivisions of TamilNadu, Kerala, coastal Andhra Pradesh and Rayal3seema. The data for a 33-year period (1951-83) were used in this study. A sequence of screening tests were employed to select reliable predictors for these subdivisions. It has been shown that the August-September 150 mb zonal mean wind of Trivandrum is capable of giving satisfactory forecasts for the following northeast monsoon rainfall of Tamilnadu. The constraints in using multiple predictors have been discussed.
Cloud patterns in the NE monsoon season
Authors: KIAM MANI , SRIDHARAN S
Published: April 2022

The rainfall over Tamil Nadu during the NE monsoon occur mostly in association with low pressure areas and depressions. With the advent of satellites. It has been possible to study the weather systems in greater detail. In this study, the daily NOAA-data for the NE monsoon season (October and November) for the period 1979-1985 has been utiliied to classify the synoptic systems Into several cloud patterns. It has been found that the most frequently occurring cloud patterns are the amorphous and the banding type. The occurrence of the cloud patterns vis-à-vis synoptic situations has been analysed and meaningful results obtained.
Preliminary estimates of climate change on Indian subcontinent during the global warming of limited scale
Authors: GROISMAN EVPYA , KOVYNEVA NP
Published: April 2022

Basing on statistical processing of the data on Indian subcontinent climate available in the USSR the estimates have boon obtained of geographical distribution of temperature and precipitation fields with changing mean annual surface air temperature of the northern hemisphere.

 

Signs of changes of surface air temperature averaged over the hemisphere and these over India are usually the same. But it appears, 1hat for every season there exist regions on the subcontinent where the probability of such events is less than 0.5. In summer (Jun-Aug) the area of these regions is maximum. They Include northern, northwestern and central parts of the subcontinent.

 

It is shown that an increase in mean annual surface air temperature of the northern hemisphere is accompanied by an increase of precipitation totals over the entire India, specially along the western coast of the subcontinent. However, to obtain the detailed rainfall pattern associated with global thermal regime changes, a more comprehensive analysis is needed.
Statistical distribution of extremes of rainfall at Colaba, Bombay
Authors: SINGH NITYANAND
Published: April 2022

Frequency distribution of annual maximum 1,2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48-hr rainfall recorded at Colaba observatory, Bombay from 1924 to 1984 is studied using Gumbel and gamma distributions-both have been fitted using moments and maximum likelihood estimates separately. Gumbel distribution fitted with method of moments is found to be most suitable as indicated by minimum values of the absolute relative deviation and quadratic deviation but the fit of Gumbel distribution using maximum likelihood estimates was, by and large, equally satisfactory. The results are presented on an extreme-value probability paper giving rainfall depth duration-freqtiency (DDF) relationships for Bombay. Relationship between mean annual maximum rainfall and the duration has been obtained in order to simplify the understanding of extreme rainfall amount and duration. The relationship is found valid for 5, 10, 15 and 30-min extreme rainfall also
Prediction of winter minimum temperature of	Pune by analogue and regression methods
Authors: RAJ YEA
Published: April 2022

Objective forecasting schemes to forecast the winter minimum temperature of Pune have been developed. The schemes have been based on multiple regression, analogue and a combination of the above two techniques. As many as 12 prescriptors have been screened to select predictors for developing regression equations for 24, 15 and 12- hr forecast schemes. The predictors chosen for the regression equations have been suitably used to develop forecast schemes based on the technique of analogue and analogue cum multi-regression. The schemes have been developed from a large data sample comprising of 1116 days and have been tested in an independent sample of 403 days. The schemes have given very encouraging results. The relative importance of the various predictors and of the different schemes have been discussed.
Mountain waves over Himalayas
Authors: TYAGI AJIT , MADAN OP
Published: April 2022

This paper documents the observational evidence of mountain waves over western and central Himalayas. The observed wavelength of the cases presented varies from 13 km. The most marked and well-organized mountain waves are observed to the lee of western and central Himalayas over Tibet plateau, which is also the region of highest frequency of wave occurrence. Mean stability profile associated with mountain waves has been developed and it shows high stability in the layer 5-9 km with less stability aloft.
An empirical model for wave field in Bombay High Area
Authors: SHYAMALA B , IYER BG
Published: April 2022

The work presents an empirical model for wave-field in Bombay High Area (.BHA) based on  data from 1976 to 1985 for the May-October when the conditions generally exceed the critical limits of  the operations of the rigs.

 

I is seen that in non-cyclonic conditions during May-October, among various forms of relationships between windspeed and wave-heights, the linear fit are found to be quite adequate for the purposes of forecasting mean-height. A study of direction of waves and their steadiness is also dealt with.
Studies of atmospheric boundary layer of Delhi using acoustic sounders at two locations
Authors: SINGAL SP , OJHA VK , PAL TEJ , GERA BS , SHARMA MUKESH , MOHANAN MN
Published: April 2022

Two low power monostatic sodar systems have been operated simultaneously at two slightly different topographical locations 10 km distance apart during January to March 1986 to study the atmospheric boundary layer of Delhi. The Information is considered useful In modeling hazardous air pollution situations and studying mesoscale dynamics. The sounding data were supplemented by meteorological observations of surface wind velocity and temperature the data have exhibited characteristic features common to both the sounders of the using nocturnal Universal. On layer, daytime convective thermal plumes, fiat, short and tall spiky top surface based nocturnal Inversion structures and turbulent stratified, elevated and wavy structures. A few differences In the detailed study of these features, viz., In the heights of these structures and In the time of their occurrence at two sites have also been noticed: The observed differences in the characteristics at the two sites have been attributed to the topography and Intervening meso-scale flow.
Variability in drought incidence over India -A statistical approach
Authors: CHOWDHURY A , DANDEKAR MM , RAUT PS
Published: April 2022

Based on the monsoon rainfall for 113 years (18.75-1987), an attempt has been made to quantify drought for the country as a whole and identify drought years by developing a drought index. For this purpose total area of India receiving monsoon rainfall less than 75% of the normal was obtained for each of the 113 years. From this, meal1 drought affected area and Its standard deviation were worked out. The difference between area affected by drought In any year and the 113 years' mean drought area divided by the standard deviation was detained as drought index. Time interval between successive drought years has been subjected to statistical analysis and the distribution determined and tested for randomness. The series of drought years, was also subjected to return period analysis.

 

Within the analysed time frame, 1918 is found to be the worst drought in India. It is observed that India can sometimes even experience spells of three successive years of drought of varying intensity and extent. The time interval between successive drought years can be approximately described by Poisson's distribution.