bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treaties as Stories
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

For Indians, the language of connection that sustained tribal life provided a foundational discourse for treaty relationships with communities at a distance. But the diversity of peoples on the multicultural frontiers of Encounter era North America frequently required Indian diplomats to supplement this language. Particularly when negotiating with strange and alien-seeming European peoples, Indians had to narrate more precisely what they meant by their vision of treaty partners behaving as relatives toward each other.

The records of treaty councils and negotiations relate the remarkable creativity of Encounter era Indian diplomats who would gesture, dance, sing songs, use metaphors, and weave extended stories to explain their visions of a treaty relationship. The variety of narrative devices used by Indian diplomats in the treaty literature, in fact, suggests that only the best storytellers in a tribe were sent to negotiate multicultural alliances during the Encounter era.

Stories are told throughout the treaty literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There are long stories, short stories, stories told through songs and dances, stories of sorrow and shared sufferings, stories of burying the hatchet and of rejoicing, stories about connections made, broken, and renewed, and stories that envision all humankind as one people united under a Great Tree of Peace. Stories play a central role in the language of Indian diplomacy.
The Educational Disadvantaging of Women
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

In The 1850s Sarah Grimke (1792-1873), then sixty-two years old, left the household of her sister and brother-in-law, Angelina and Theodore Weld, and made an effort to pursue a career of her own. She corresponded with lawyers and doctors of her acquaintance and explored the possibility of getting professional training. She worked in public libraries, hoping to create a compilation of laws pertaining to women in the different states in order to expose their unfairness. All her inquiries resulted in discouragement. The study of law was still dosed to women; the study of medicine was unthinkable for a woman her age. Sarah Grimke, having seventeen years earlier produced the first coherent argument for the emancipation of women penned by an American, felt deeply discouraged.
The Landscape of History
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

A young man stands hatless in a black coat on a high rocky point. His back is turned toward us, and he is bracing himself with a walking stick against the wind that blows his hair in tangles. Before him lies a fog-shrouded landscape in which the fantastic shapes of more distant promontories are only partly visible. The far horizon reveals mountains off to the left, plains to the right, and perhaps very far away—one can’t be sure—an ocean. But maybe it’s just more fog, merging imperceptibly into clouds. The painting, which dates from 1818, is a familiar one: Caspar David Friedrich’s The Wanderer above a Sea of Fog. The impression it leaves is contradictory, suggesting at once mastery over a landscape and the insignificance of an individual within it. We see no face, so it’s impossible to know whether the prospect confronting the young man is exhilarating, or terrifying, or both.
Seeing Like A Historian
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

I began and ended the first chapter in this book with two images, created 180 years apart, of backs turned toward us: Caspar David Friedrich’s 1818 painting The Wanderer above a Sea of Fog, in which a young man standing on a promontory contemplates a landscape he knows is there but can’t see; and the final scene from John Madden’s 1998 film, Shakespeare in Love, in which Gwyneth Paltrow, as Viola at the beginning of Twelfth Night, wades ashore alone on a deserted beach, which, as the camera pulls back, is revealed to be an uncharted continent. I suggested that if you think of the past as a kind of landscape, then the historian is in something like the position of the two figures portrayed here: the simultaneous sense of significance and insignificance, of detachment and engagement, of mastery and humility, of adventure but also of danger. Being suspended between these polarities, I argued, is what historical consciousness is all about.
The Living Environment
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

There are millions of different types of individual organisms that inhabit the earth at any one time-some very similar to each other, some very different. Biologists classify organisms into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups on the basis of similarities and differences in their structure and behavior. One of the most general distinctions among organisms is between plants, which get their energy directly from sunlight, and animals, which consume the energy-rich foods initially synthesized by plants. But not all organisms are clearly one or the other. For example, there are single-celled organisms without organized nuclei (bacteria) that are classified as a distinct group.
Human Society
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Human behavior is affected both by genetic inheritance and by experience. The ways in which people develop are shaped by social experience and circumstances within the context of their inherited genetic potential. The scientific question is just how experience and hereditary potential interact in producing human behavior.
Historical Perspectives
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

To observers on the earth, it appears that the earth stands still and everything else moves around it. Thus, in trying to imagine how the universe works, it made good sense to people in ancient times to start with those apparent truths. The ancient Greek thinkers, particularly Aristotle, set a pattern that was to last for about 2,000 years: a large, stationary earth at the center of the universe, and-positioned around the earth-the sun, the moon, and tiny stars arrayed in a perfect sphere, with all these bodies orbiting along perfect circles at constant speeds. Shortly after the beginning of the Christian era, that basic concept was transformed into a powerful mathematical model by an Egyptian astronomer, Ptolemy.
Common Themes
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Any collection of things that have some influence on one another can be thought of as a system. The things can be almost anything, including objects, organisms, machines, processes, ideas, numbers, or organizations. Thinking of a collection of things as a system draws our attention to what needs to be included among the parts to make sense of it, to how its parts interact with one another, and to how the system as a whole relates to other systems. Thinking in terms of systems implies that each part is fully understandable only in relation to the rest of the system.
On Display In Weimar (1897-1900)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

As already mentioned, I came to Weimar for a visit in the fall of 1897. It was my first meeting with Nietzsche’s sister, who tried to make my stay in Nietzsche’s house as pleasant as possible in every way by her cordial, amiable manner. Located on a hill above the city in elegant seclusion and presenting an open view in all directions, this villa stands in a suitable location for the purpose it is supposed to serve. I saw Nietzsche for the last time in this house, which was prepared for him and his works. His own rooms were located on the top story, separated from the others and from the Archives. There, most cleverly, all conceivable arrangements were made for his physical well-being; there he was nursed unselfishly for years by faithful sisterly love.
Other Applications of Nonlinear Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

Product pricing is one of several applications of the basic principles of nonlinear pricing. This chapter reviews briefly a few other applications, some of which reveal additional motivations for using nonlinear schedules. These applications have the common feature that the population is diverse, reflecting private information about preferences or technology. The tariff, price schedule, or other incentive scheme promotes efficiency partly by eliciting this information indirectly as revealed by the behavior it induces. The principles of Ramsey pricing provide a unifying framework to derive characterizations of efficient incentive schemes.
“At Peace with All Kings”
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

DURING the late 1750s, South Carolina and Virginia still vied for Cherokee alliance. And this competition for Cherokee sympathies snugly fit tribal notions of diplomatic relations, which thrived on pluralism. Often there was no united Cherokee policy, only an addition of reactions at the local level, where the bottom line was town politics. Thus, when Tistoe, the Wolf of Keowee, met a Catawba on the trail who inquired of his home, asking “what nation we were,” Tistoe answered simply, “of Keowee.”1 Accordingly, the Cherokees were guided in their dealings with the English by a basic rule of diplomacy—which treated the English colonies as separate but equal political entities—afforded the same privileges and considered vulnerable to the same hostilities as any tribe or village with which they had dealings. When a Cherokee head-man addressed Lt. Governor Dinwiddie in 1756, he was not overawed by the status of Virginia as a colony. Instead he was careful to pause in the talk to note that “The Governor of Virginia’s Thoughts are good, so likeways are the Governor of Chota’s.”
The Whig Indian War of 1776
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

BY the spring of 1776, whatever Whig hopes had ever existed for continuing peaceful relations with the Cherokees had been abandoned. 1 At a meeting at Fort Charlotte in Georgia in April the Whig Indian Commissioners unsuccessfully attempted a last-ditch reconciliation.2 After the meeting, the most frightening of old rumors, that “whenever any one of the southern colonies shall be attacked on the Sea Coast, they [the Cherokees] will attack the same province on the frontier,” took on an air of reliability.3 And once again, there was evidence that slaves were taking the rhetoric of freedom seriously.4 During the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, slaves applying the egalitarian rhetoric of the Whigs to themselves had been heard in the streets “crying out Liberty.” In South Carolina in August 1775 a free black, Thomas Jeremiah, was “hanged and burned” in Charlestown after being accused of distributing arms for the British navy, and a more widespread rebellion surfaced in Pitt County, North Carolina. There were suggestions of backcountry tribal plotting in intercepted letters, some counterfeited by the Whigs.6 Only a few months earlier, the British had also aroused concerns in Charlestown. The Snow Campaign had been waged while the royal governor, fearful of mob violence, was ensconced off-shore in Tamar, escorted by its sister ship Cherokee.1 The Whigs could not have failed to find the ship’s name unsettling.
“Shame on Them” The Decline of Cold War Pageantry
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

By the late 1950s the public support for American cold-war pageantry was subsiding. In the 1960s the consensus from which that support sprang also ebbed. American enthusiasm for thick pageantry, for suffering pretended perils, had always had narrow boundaries. Mosinee became dim memory, not common practice. Those who craved counterfactual play might throw themselves into civil-defense activities. Interest in recurrent observances like Loyalty Day and Armed Forces Day declined too.
The Company Town in Scandinavia
Authors: Brunnstrom Mats Ahnlund Lasse
Published: October 2023

“You should see to it that you make your first mistakes and gain your first experiences far away from home.” These words of advice were given to one of Sweden’s best-known architects as he was about to enter upon his professional career. The idea of free and uninhibited experimentation has been closely connected with the building of company towns, especially during the first few decades of this century. Several young architects achieved fame through their design in remote resource based company towns. This chapter discusses the Scandinavian company architects and their successes and failures, and places the company towns in historical perspective. The Swedish company STORA, founded some seven hundred years ago, claims to be the oldest limited-risk joint-stock company in the world. We cannot vouch for the truth of this claim, but Scandinavia undoubtedly has had a long tradition of building by companies (Fig. 3.1).
Company Towns of Chile and Argentina
Authors: De Koch Olga Paterlini
Published: October 2023

The urbanization of many Latin American countries was a response to special industrial activities that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth. Company towns were founded to process sugar, tannin, nitrate, and meat—the more significant exports. Although developed with variations in different Latin American countries, such as Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, the planning and architectural features that identify company towns were similar to those found in Europe and the United States. Many company towns remain active, although they have lost some of their economic and social importance. Workers and their families have migrated to larger cities to look for better jobs. Residential layouts often did not take into account traditional customs and social relationships, and those who worked in company towns had to accept a company-imposed routine and pattern of living.
Ethical Issues in Exposing Children to Risks in Research
Authors: Brock Dan W
Published: October 2023

A widespread consensus exists in our society that competent individuals should not be used in research without their informed and voluntary consent. This consensus is expressed in a number of authoritative documents such as the Nuremberg Code (see Appendix B) and the Helsinki Declaration (see Appendix C), in the bioethics and legal literature, as well as in federal regulations governing all parties receiving federal funds for research. Institutional Review Boards within health care institutions monitor compliance with this requirement. Children, on the other hand, are presumed to be incompetent to consent or refuse to participate in research, and so if they are to participate in research they must be protected by means other than their own consent. This chapter explores some of the ethical issues raised by the participation, and more specifically the placing at risk, of children in medical and other research.
Negotiating Accession
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The transition to unity aroused widespread anxiety. Conservatives could not wait to get rid of the hated GDR, but leftists wanted to slow the merger with the West in order to cushion the shock. On June 17 the Volkskammer and the Bundestag met to commemorate the 1953 uprising and ponder the appropriate way to proceed. Praising the civic revolution, Protestant church leader Manfred Stolpe warned that it would take time to unite the estranged parts. Even if their “differences no longer divide, unification will become more difficult if they are not taken into account.”1 An impatient German Social Union (DSU) disregarded this advice and demanded that the GDR join the FRG “on this very day.” Caught by surprise, Prime Minister Lothar de Maiziere refused to be stampeded in the ensuing Volkskammer session. “First we must negotiate another not inconsiderable state treaty” so as to create a legal framework for the merger of East and West Germany. “And then the two-plus-four process will have to reach a result acceptable to all sides.” Since daunting domestic and diplomatic problems had yet to be resolved, the speed and shape of unity depended on the completion of these tasks.
Introduction Spawning Ground: Gold War Culture
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

In January 1960 Tom Mathews was running for president of his high school class in California. His campaign slogan, he admitted, was not inspiring: “Vote for Tom-He’s a Real Good Guy.” “That’s the way we were,” Mathews reminisced, the “first stirrings of the ‘60s were innocent. Around my high school, guys were still padding the halls in saddle shoes and humming ‘Sh-Boom.’ A nice girl was a virgin who didn’t smoke cigarettes. Ideology? No one had even heard of it. There were no issues. We were suspended closer to the Age of Sinatra than the Age of Aquarius.”
The Struggle
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

Al Haber, Bob Ross, Sharon Jeffrey, and Tom Hayden were friends at the University of Michigan. They met regularly to discuss books and ideas. Early in 1960 they were considering holding a conference on civil rights when, as Hayden later wrote, the “historic events of the decade unexpectedly began.” On the afternoon of February 1, four black students at North Carolina A&T College walked into the local Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina. Two of them bought toiletries and then they all walked over and sat down at a lunch counter reserved for whites. When a white waitress approached, Ezell Blair, Jr., ordered: “I’d like a cup of coffee, please.” The waitress answered, “I’m sorry. We don’t serve Negroes here.” That was the typical answer throughout the South, and then blacks left. This time, they remained. Blair continued: “I beg to disagree with you. You just finished serving me at a counter only two feet away from here.
The Players
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Spring 1953 promised a new era for the University of Alabama. As usual, the azaleas around the president ‘s mansion bloomed crimson and white, while towering oaks feathered green. The board of trustees announced that the university ‘s next president would be the most distinguished educator the state had ever produced. Oliver Cromwell Carmichael, president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and chairman of the Board of Trustees for the New York University System, was at age sixty-one returning to his alma mater. The student newspaper happily predicted “an era of recognition of the University ‘s true worth to the state and to the South.” Before Carmichael, the university had been served by a series of capable, and occasionally interesting, presidents. But they performed in another time.
The Mob Is King
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

When Lucy awoke for breakfast on Monday, nothing indicated that February 6 would be a memorable day. In Birmingham, a series of phone calls allayed the concerns of her sponsors about Saturday night’s demonstrations.
Interlude
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Four hours north of Tuscaloosa, through Alabama ‘s coal country and into the rolling Tennessee Valley, lies the battlefield of Shiloh, a place of tranquil beauty and profound introspection. That bloodiest two-day fight of the Civil War, which raged on the Tennessee-Mississippi border, forms a metaphorical backdrop for the confrontation in Tuscaloosa. The clash between good and evil in 1956 was indeed like the two 1862 armies stumbling upon each other before either was prepared to fight. The resulting battle staggered both sides. In 1956, the forces of desegregation, soon to be irresistible in their national armor, were met by an angry foe, determined to maintain by massive resistance its regional prerogatives.
Three to Make Ready
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Like spiny-finned pilot fish swimming with sharks, certain people can always be found around trouble. On March 8, 1963, former Major General Edwin A. Walker and his spiritual accomplice, the Reverend Billy James Hargis, came to Birmingham ‘s municipal auditorium to rally white citizens behind the mayoral candidacy of Bull Connor. General Walker ‘s mind worked tortuously with all the demons of America ‘s radical right. Under duress, he had commanded the paratroopers who executed Eisenhower ‘s orders at Little Rock.
The Secularization of Time and Play
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Historians have had to abandon their assumption of the uniformity of time when dealing with early modern societies. We learn, rather, to think of our ancestors as living―or just existing―from one holiday festival to the next. Whatever else the “work ethic” may mean, it has made us think of the hours spent at work as more real than holidays. This has taken a revolution in thinking, and the revolution had happened in England by 1739. That was the year that a puzzled Thomas Gray described his experience in Italy: “Carnival lasts only from Christmas to Lent; one half of the remaining part of the year is passed in remembering the last, the other in expecting the future Carnival. “Like Gray, we are offended at the thought of peasants gorging and swilling at certain times instead of spreading their meager provisions and pleasures more evenly through the year. But it was not just that they lacked the means of preserving food: holiday, with its excess and entertainment, arrested work time much as eternity suspends the temporal. Inebriation was a foretaste of heaven.
The Secularization of language
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Nothing makes Shakespeare seem more dated than his constant recourse to swearing, cursing, calling the powers of heaven to witness―a hundred times or more in the course of a play. Characters cannot get through a speech without cluttering it with at least an “i’faith” or “ud’s pity.” We race through this as so much filler because we have no sense of the holiness which forms its background; with the decline of the holy there has been a corresponding decline of “profanity.” By the 1690s already, swearing was in sufficient disrepute that the Societies for the Reformation of Manners actually hoped that they might be able to drive profanity out of public life altogether. The fact that swearers were not eligible for poor relief gave these societies some leverage. They were encouraged by legislation going back to 1606 that forbade profane oaths on the stage. Granted, the societies were ridiculed at the time, but that they existed at all would have seemed incredible just a century earlier. The notion that swearing was antireligious in and of itself would have been just as surprising.
The Secularization of Scholarship and Science
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

One might expect to find the secularization of thought treated prominently among the causes of a more general secularization. Studies which treat any decline of religion as the result of new trends of thought concentrate on the areas which we are only now considering. But this chapter and the next are largely concerned with the results of the larger process. The secularization of historical scholarship, social thought, political theory, natural philosophy, and theory of religion came so late in our period as to suggest that they were responses to the earlier developments that we have considered. Some of the new ideas of the period are of interest only to the intellectual historian, as showing when they were possible. Our emphasis will be on the ideas that were prevalent or under general discussion. Many works of an intrinsic interest and of importance to the long-term development of our philosophical tradition were not yet widely known or accepted. So we will look for the reaction to Hobbes, for example, as much as at Hobbes himself.
War and Expansion, 1916—1925: Tribes, Rulers, and the British
Authors: Kostine Joseph
Published: October 2023

From 1916 to 1918, the Saudi chieftaincy of Najd was involved in conflicts in two main arenas, which consisted of tribal rivalries prompted by economic and strategic changes that took place during the Great War. The aim of this chapter is to trace the chieftaincy’s involvement in these two areas from a passive strategy to an active one of war and expansion. From this process, the territorial basis of the modern Saudi state evolved.
The Struggle Over Internal Consolidation, 1917-1930
Authors: Kostine Joseph
Published: October 2023

The factors that resulted in the forging of a Saudi conquest movement were not in themselves adequate to produce an enduring, organized state. The strategems that helped the state expand did not suffice for its consolidation. On the contrary, they constituted a hindrance to state building; expansionary tactics had to be abandoned, adapted, or transformed in order to construct institutions that would sustain a durable state. The aim of this chapter is to examine how state building evolved beyond the early stages of the expansion ist period and how more effective mechanisms for a state were developed. The inherent conflict between the processes of conquest and internal con solidation was pointed out by Ibn Khaldun. He argued that the kin-based, power-oriented cohesion of tribes (‘asabiyya) leads them to victory over their rivals and to territorial expansion. After this occurs, the ruler attempts to establish a strong government to meet the challenges of the new realm by bypassing his former tribal comrades, who have become a burden to the new regime, and by establishing an organized, urban-based administration.1 Two factors account for this dialectical process. The first is the fact that a state’s priorities change. During the conquest, a chieftaincy thrives on expansionist abilities and a fighting comraderie, which is more than adequately provided by the tribal structure. But the legacy of the conquest is one with which nomadic tribes are not equipped to deal: The realm became an extended one with varied populations that have to be integrated. The economy needs to be altered and internal calm has to be achieved so that the new, expanded realm can be consolidated.
Understanding Jewish Communal Involvement: Theoretical Issues and Policy Implications
Authors: Tobin Gary A , Berger Gabriel
Published: October 2023

Organizational structure is one of the most distinctive features of American Jewish life in the contemporary era. No other diaspora community rests on an institutional network of such breadth and scope that involves so many individuals as either members, professional staff or volunteer leaders. Not surprisingly, participation in Jewish organizations is assumed to be a critical factor in ensuring continuity of the community. The assumption is that Jewish organizations not only facilitate social contacts but also generate further ties and networks among Jews, in addition to socializing and educating them in various aspects of Jewish life.
Romance in Philadelphia 1760-1788
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Alice Lee Shippen happily received her youngest brother Arthur upon his arrival in America late in 1780. It seemed natural that he should seek her for consolation. Alice was the nearest to a mother Arthur could re member after the death of his parent, Hannah, in 1750. Even at age forty, a little boy peeped from Arthur’s correspondence with Alice. He would implore “dearest sister” to choose a wife for him, so long as the selection was “young, beautiful, and good.” On his return from Paris, Arthur took from his sister what he most needed: words of praise. Alice liked to say how much she admired her youngest brother “as the citizen and the patriot.” She spoke scathingly of the sinister “villains,” led by the despised Benjamin Franklin, who, she charged, had so cruelly mistreated Arthur.
“The World Seems Crazy”: 1780-1797
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Alice’s seclusion at Mount Peace occurred at the same time her brother William struggled with his own enforced retirement. He and his wife Hannah had remained in Europe when Arthur sailed for America. They did not wish to expose their children to a wartime voyage home. There were now three youngsters: William, Portia, and Cornelia. A second son, Brutus, had recently died. The last birth had been that of Cornelia. With her arrival, Hannah’s difficult childbearing days ended at age forty-three.
Farewell to Stratford: 1787-1829
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Light-Horse Harry Lee left a record with some redeeming features. Compassionate friends remembered his brave Legion in the Revolution. Others recalled his plea for the federal Constitution’s adoption, or his stirring eulogy of George Washington. Unfortunately when Harry’s son Henry Lee died, in 1837, there was nothing edifying in his past. This grandson of Colonel Phil and son of the Divin Matilda at Stratford earned a derisive title as “Black-Horse Harry Lee.” His family called him Henry.
The General: 1861-1865
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Early in 1861, and still in Texas, Robert watched what he most dreaded, an unraveling Union. Then came orders that he appear in Washington. For once, he encountered no delays in the long trip home. He arrived at Arlington on 1 March 1861, where he joined Mary in praying that “designs of ambitious and selfish politicians who would dismember our glorious country may be frustrated and that our own state may act right and obtain the result promised in the Bible to the peace makers.” Robert found Mary an even more advanced cripple, while their daughters seemed to grow frailer. Custis was nearly disabled by rheumatism, and Rooney had discovered agriculture posed unanticipated difficulties. It was such a dismaying homecoming that Robert’s only en couragement were signs he was approaching the end of what he con sidered a lackluster life. At age fifty-four he could point to a steadfast military career, but few uninitiated observers standing outside the army would see it as very promising. There was little sign at the start of April 1861 that soon Robert E. Lee would have star casting in one of history’s greatest tragedies.
Representation and Voting
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

What are the incentives for national governments to participate in global environmental treaty-making efforts? And, why is the United Nations resistant to offering nongovernmental organizations a more full-fledged role in the treaty-making process? These questions could be addressed separately, but I believe they are intrinsically related. Both deal with representation—who is at the negotiation table—and that issue is often the most conflictual in any environmental discussion.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Issue Linkage
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E
Published: October 2023

Most global environmental treaty making involves hundreds of negotiators in a dialogue sustained over many years that covers literally thousands of complex issues. Unfortunately, most of the published theoretical work about negotiation presumes just two parties negotiating a single issue, or two adversaries negotiating on a continuing basis. In addition, most negotiation theorists focus on monolithic parties: individuals who can speak for themselves and make binding commitments.
Factors in the Brain That Enhance Growth and Repair
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

We have seen how the brain can respond to injury with regeneration and growth of new terminals. But we have also seen that this new growth is not always beneficial. We have learned that disease and injury to the central nervous system is not a single, isolated, damaging event. Instead, brain injury unleashes a cascade of processes that may take a very long time to conclude. And these processes affect areas well beyond the site of the injury. If we have learned anything, it is that the brain’s mechanisms are highly complex, taking place within a chemical soup of dozens of compounds the functions of which we are just beginning to understand.
Environment, Brain Function, and Brain Repair
Authors: Stein Donald G , Brailowsky Simon , Will Bruno
Published: October 2023

A few years ago, a very disturbing article titled “Unshackle Nursing Home Patients” appeared as an editorial in The New York Times. The editorial claimed that Every day, half a million elderly patients are tied down, strapped in or drugged into a stupor in American nursing homes. Only a few are dangerous to themselves or to others. The overwhelming majority are restrained or sedated because it makes them easier to handle. And heavy sedation or straps so diminish the existence of vast numbers of patients that they are robbed of the freedom and vitality that can make life worth living.
Charcot’s Private Life
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

Charcot’s personal life was inseparably linked with his profession. Al though he spent his mornings at the hospital, his private patients came to his home in the afternoon, where Charcot and his family set aside their own family rooms for waiting areas and for examination and consultation. The young Charcot children grew up playing and running through rooms crowded by people with strange atrophies and contortions: “an inferno for neurological suffering, it was also a paradise for children” (Daudet, 1915, p. 19).
The House of Osman
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

The central fact of Ottoman history is surely the extraordinary survival of the ruling dynasty, unmatched in the Islamic world. There is nothing else that gives coherence to the history of what is really several states: a local Turkish principality emerging in the late thirteenth century on the Anatolian frontier of the Byzantine Empire; a regional sultanate straddling western Anatolia and the Balkans; and a multiethnic empire spanning three continents that endured from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries and subsumed the histories of what is today nearly a score of nations. Here we are concerned not simply with the institution of the Ottoman sultanate, but with a single dynasty: Al-i Osman, “the House of Osman.” The founder of the state in historical legend (from whose name the European “Ottoman” was derived), Osman established a dynastic claim that was maintained by thirty-six of his descendents ruling in unbroken succession for nearly six and a half centuries.1
The Imperial Harem Institution
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

Very little is known about the internal functioning of the harem and of relationships among its residents in the period under study. Ottoman narrative sources are virtually silent with regard to life within the harem. Just as the harem was hidden from a man’s eyes, so was talk of life within it meant to be beyond the reach of his ears. In the absence of indigenous descriptions of the workings of the harem institution, we must turn to accounts written by European observers of the Ottomans, our only contemporary sources. In the sixteenth and particularly the seventeenth centuries, many works providing comprehensive descriptions of the Ottoman Empire and its court were written by European travelers and ambassadors as well as by captives and renegades who had served in the sultan’s palace. Descriptions of the harem and the sexual practices of the sultans clearly helped to sell books about the Ottomans and were therefore featured prominently. A mix of fact, hearsay, and fantasy, these works frequently conflate various descriptions of harem life that appear to have their origins in different stages of its
The Beginning of Psychiatric Historiography in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Marx Otto M
Published: October 2023

Traditionally medicine had its share of patients with mental derangement or behavioral disorder, and medical texts included the careful description of these symptoms and their treatment. While in some patients these disturbances preceded the onset of other recognizable physical symptoms, were concomitant with them or subsided with recovery, in still others the mental symptoms or disordered behavior remained. In yet another group of patients mental symptoms or disordered behavior was all that a physician could discern. The situation was further complicated by the fact that there was much overlap among these groups of patients, and that relatively few patients with mental symptoms only came to the attention of physicians. After all a physician was called only when there was grave concern for a sick person and when the physician’s services could be afforded. When the physician was consulted no radically different measures of treatment were prescribed, since medical theory provided guidelines for the treatment of all diseases. In the majority of cases, mental, emotional, or behavioral changes were concomitants of many diseases, and there was no need for a special literature to address these secondary changes, or complications. People who developed mental or behavioral changes without other discernible signs of illness were not necessarily candidates for medical attention; even today we are still uncertain whether all instances of disturbed behavior represent an illness. In such cases, as in all others, the economics of the patient’s situation played an important role, and physicians were ready to interpret a variety of complaints as medical problems when the patient could afford their services.
The History of Psychiatry in Italy: A Century of Studies
Authors: Guarnieri Patrizia
Published: October 2023

To establish a real identity it is essential to have a past, a memory. Italian psychiatry has constructed its past while constructing itself: It has tried to emancipate itself-from philosophy, from general medicine, from common sense-and to attain an independent status, in the universities as well as in the asylums where physicians were striving to gain total control.1
Feminist Histories of Psychiatry
Authors: Tomes Nancy
Published: October 2023

The category of feminist histories of psychiatry considered in this essay is of comparatively recent origin. Its scholarly agenda originated in the “second wave” of modem feminism (as distinguished from the “first wave” of the nineteenth century), which emerged in the United States and Western Europe during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The first attempts to write a feminist history of psychiatry can be found in the founding texts of the modem women’s movement, including Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique. Making women aware of the negative consequences of psychiatry’s conservative, indeed soul-damaging, influence on their lives was a central goal of the movement’s early “consciousness raising” efforts.1
The News Media as Sounding Board
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Throughout 1988, a group of experts diligently instructed American citizens in the sometimes arcane art of politics. The principles are not complicated. They include: Doing or saying something inconsistent with past words or deeds invites negative press coverage.
Deconstructing Images
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

Much that characterizes Elizabeth Bishop’s writing-what Randall Jarrell called that “whole moral and physical atmosphere” - originates in her language of exteriority. Her assertive rhetoric of geographical situation encourages us to read her poems as maps, as documents that confirm the reader’s sense of place and physical presence. Two-dimensional surfaces (maps, mirrors, paintings) preoccupy her because poetry shares both their limitations and possibilities, and because their problematic relationship to the actual world challenges ordinary definitions of fiction and fact. If Bishop seems a skilled cartographer, it is because her tropes of geography convince the reader of her knowledge of the world. Her charting of contours and elevations, summits, valleys, and seas embodies and extends the language of terrain and the evocative power of specific locale.
The Childish Dusk
Authors: Doreski C K
Published: October 2023

As the previous chapter demonstrates, much of the discovered rhetoric of identity derives from the act of giving voice to inheritance. A language of self-awareness derives, at least in the early stages, not so much from voicing interiority as from received knowledge. In continuing the concern of the previous chapter with Bishop’s writing about childhood, this will trace the child’s drive for independence through the partial integration of languages of exteriority and interiority. As Bishop’s child-persona struggles to assemble the confusingly diverse particulars - the “elements” - of her world, her childhood gradually reveals itself as troping upon the poetic process itself. Whether as the child coveting Gwendolyn’s blocks of “clear reds, yellows, and blues” or in the child’s fight to obtain what Dickinson called “consent of language” in hopes of understanding her earth, Bishop strives to integrate the social and the individual hues of language, and to communicate the burden of this growing consciousness. The child’s quest for linguistic connections between herself and others (what William James called “thought stuff and thing stuff” and what Henry James called “a collection of images and echoes to which meanings were attachable”) establishes the terms of this chapter.
Who Is This That Darkens Counsel Cross-Talk in the Book of Job
Authors: Reed Walter L
Published: October 2023

In any discussion of the Bible as literature, the Book of Job is apt to figure prominently. Although rabbinic commentators were not much interested in the literary qualities of this (or any other) biblical book, the Church Fathers, developing approaches of Hellenistic Jews like Philo and Josephus, were appreciative of its artistic dimensions. Jerome believed that the bulk of the book was com­ posed in Hebrew poetic meters analogous to Greek meters, and Theodore of Mopsuestia introduced the idea, still occasionally proposed today, that Job was modeled on Greek drama. the Renaissance, with the renewed appreciation of biblical and classical models and the deliberate merging of biblical and classical traditions with one another, it became commonplace to include the Book of Job among the great works of Western literature: as epic, as drama, or as lyric poetry. Job was not the only book of the Bible whose poetic qualities were highly esteemed. Sidney mentions “David in his Psalms; Solomon in his Song of Songs, in his Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs; Moses and Deborah in their Hymns; and the writer of Job.”
Pathophysiology of Viruses and Viral Diseases
Authors: Koelle David M , Corey Lawrence
Published: October 2023

Medical virology seeks to understand the pathogenesis and therapy of viral agents infectious for humans. Molecular detection systems, serology, electron microscopy, cell culture, and animal models have revealed an amazing diversity and specificity in the pathogenesis of viral infections. Every virus-host relationship has new lessons to teach us, and generalizations are becoming less and less possible as our analytic tools improve. However, certain broad themes have stood the test of time. This chapter will present a general overview of viral pathogenesis at the cell and organism level, introducing concepts developed in detail in discussions of individual agents and clinical syndromes.
Hematologic Alterations in Infectious Disease Patients
Authors: Beris Photis , Waldvogel Francis A
Published: October 2023

Defense of the host against infectious agents covers a large spectrum of mechanisms, which include: acute inflammatory reactions, activation of complement, activation of macrophages, activation of granulocytes, polyclonal activation of some T-cell subsets, and T cell-dependent or T cell-independent polyclonal B cell activation. Cellular and humoral blood elements are involved in protection against infection and, when this is not possible, in its eradication or control.
Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations in Infectious Disease Patients
Authors: Waldvogel Francis A
Published: October 2023

Any infectious disease, as a confrontation and interaction between microorganisms and its host, elicits by different mechanisms a variety of metabolic changes that often result in characteristic and sometimes impressive clinical pictures.
Outpatient Parenteral Therapy of Serious Infections
Authors: Tice Alan D
Published: October 2023

Hospitals have played an important role in the evaluation and management of serious infections. In fact, for many years, some institutions were devoted simply to the care of patients with infection. As therapies and our understanding of disease have improved, however, the sanitoria and leprosaria have been closed and the majority of the hospitals in the United States are now downsizing with the cost constraints of health care reform. This transition has been brought about by advances in available antibiotics and increasingly in the technology of delivery as well. Oral antibiotics, such as the quinolones, have been substituted for parenteral ones in the therapy of gram-negative bacteria.
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
Authors: Sanche Stephen E , Ronald Allan R
Published: October 2023

Sulfonamide antibiotics are derivatives of sulfanilamide, the metabolite of a compound called prontosil that was developed by the German dye industry. Prontosil was reported to have antibacterial properties in 1932, and later in the same decade, sulfonamides were among the first antimicrobial agents to be used to treat infections in humans. Several synthetic derivatives with enhanced antimicrobial activity, improved pharmacokinetics, and more favorable side-effect profiles have subsequently been developed, allowing sulfonamides to maintain clinical usefulness six decades after the initial recognition of their anti-infective potential.
Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Stamm Walter E
Published: October 2023

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial infections experienced by humans. On a worldwide basis, Harding and Ronald have estimated that 150 million UTIs occur annually, resulting in an estimated 6 billion dollars in health care costs. These infections range from asymptomatic bacteriuria on the one hand to acute pyelonephritis and gram-negative septicemia on the other.
Myositis and Fasciitis
Authors: Stevens Dennis L
Published: October 2023

Infections of the deep soft tissues are uncommon; they are often life-threatening processes, which require intense efforts to establish a diagnosis and begin aggressive surgical and medical treatment. Pyomyositis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It generally remains localized and is rarely associated with bacteremia, shock, and organ failure. In contrast, necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis are associated with toxic systemic effects including bacteremia, shock, and organ failure. This chapter will emphasize the clinical clues necessary to make an early diagnosis.
Infections Complicating Traumatic Injury
Authors: Campbell Wayne N
Published: October 2023

Blunt and penetrating injury represents the leading cause of death for individuals under 44 years of age in both industrialized Europe and the United States. Mortality rates due to unintentional injury from the early 1990s are as follows: United States-38.3 deaths/100,000 population; Germany-36.9/100,000; United Kingdom-26.9/100,000; France-59.8/100,000; Finland-55.7/ 100,000; and Japan-26.9/100,000. The vast majority of deaths occur in the first hours following injury, due primarily to exsanguination, respiratory failure, or devastating head injury.
AIDS Pathogenesis: Molecular Biology and Virology of HIV
Authors: Kilby J Michael , Shaw George M
Published: October 2023

In 1981, the first published reports of unusual opportunistic infections occurring in otherwise healthy homosexual men from urban centers of the United States led to widespread speculation among the scientific community about the etiology of this apparently rare syndrome. Three years later, the retrovirus that causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was identified. Since that time, a great deal of knowledge about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its interactions with the immune system has accumulated, although the pathogenic mechanisms of the infection remain incompletely understood.