bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond viral suppression: Quality of life among stable ART clients in a differentiated service delivery intervention in Tanzania
Authors: Okere Nwanneka Ebelechukwu , Censi Veronica , Machibya Clementina , Costigan Kathleen , Katambi P. , Martelli Giulia , de Klerk Josien , Hermans Sabine , Gomez Gabriela B. , Pozniak Anton , de Wit Tobias Rinke , Naniche Denise
Published: July 2021

Background

With antiretroviral therapy, more people living with HIV (PLHIV) in resource-limited settings are virally suppressed and living longer. WHO recommends differentiated service delivery (DSD) as an alternative, less resource-demanding way of expanding HIV services access. Monitoring client’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is necessary to understand patients’ perceptions of treatment and services but is understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed HRQoL among ART clients in Tanzania accessing two service models.

Methods

Cross-sectional survey from May–August 2019 among stable ART clients randomly sampled from clinics and clubs in the Shinyanga region providing DSD and clinic-based care. HRQoL data were collected using a validated HIV-specific instrument—Functional Assessment of HIV infection (FAHI), in addition to socio-demographic, HIV care, and service accessibility data. Descriptive analysis of HRQoL, logistic regression and a stepwise multiple linear regression were performed to examine HRQoL determinants.

Results

629 participants were enrolled, of which 40% accessed DSD. Similar HRQoL scores [mean (SD), p-value]; FAHI total [152.2 (22.2) vs 153.8 (20.6), p 0.687] were observed among DSD and clinic-based care participants. Accessibility factors contributed more to emotional wellbeing among DSD participants compared to the clinic-based care participants (53.4% vs 18.5%, p =  < 0.001). Satisfactory (> 80% of maximum score) HRQoL scoring was associated with (OR [95% CI], p-value) being male (2.59 [1.36–4.92], p 0.004) among clinic participants and with urban residence (4.72 [1.70–13.1], p 0.001) among DSD participants.

Conclusions

Similar HRQoL was observed in DSD and clinic-based care. Our research highlights focus areas to identify supporting interventions, ultimately optimizing HRQoL among PLHIV.
Reichenbach's best alternative account to the problem of induction
Authors: Schurz Gerhard
Published: July 2021

In this paper Reichenbach's best alternative account (BAA) to induction is examined. In the first section, three versions of the BAA are distinguished that have been discussed in the literature. The major objections against all three versions are presented. In the second section it is shown by a text analysis that Reichenbach (The theory of probability, University of California Press, California, 1949) argues for all three versions of the BAA and does not sufficiently distinguish between them. In the third section it is explained how Reichenbach's third version of the BAA can be transformed into a provable optimality theorem within the account of meta-induction.
Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging of Tumor Cell Death Using Zirconium-89-Labeled APOMAB® Following Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Lung and Ovarian Cancer Xenograft Models
Authors: Liapis Vasilios , Tieu William , Wittwer Nicole L. , Gargett Tessa , Evdokiou Andreas , Takhar Prab , Rudd Stacey E. , Donnelly Paul S. , Brown Michael P. , Staudacher Alexander H.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Early detection of tumor treatment responses represents an unmet clinical need with no approved noninvasive methods. DAB4, or its chimeric derivative, chDAB4 (APOMAB®) is an antibody that targets the Lupus associated antigen (La/SSB). La/SSB is over-expressed in malignancy and selectively targeted by chDAB4 in cancer cells dying from DNA-damaging treatment. Therefore, chDAB4 is a unique diagnostic tool that detects dead cancer cells and thus could distinguish between treatment responsive and nonresponsive patients.

Procedures

In clinically relevant tumor models, mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of human ovarian or lung cancer cell lines or intraperitoneal ovarian cancer xenografts were untreated or given chemotherapy followed 24h later by chDAB4 radiolabeled with [89Zr]ZrIV. Tumor responses were monitored using bioluminescence imaging and caliper measurements. [89Zr]Zr-chDAB4 uptake in tumor and normal tissues was measured using an Albira SI Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) imager and its biodistribution was measured using a Hidex gamma-counter.

Results

Tumor uptake of [89Zr]Zr-chDAB4 was detected in untreated mice, and uptake significantly increased in both human lung and ovarian tumors after chemotherapy, but not in normal tissues.

Conclusion

Given that tumors, rather than normal tissues, were targeted after chemotherapy, these results support the clinical development of chDAB4 as a radiodiagnostic imaging agent and as a potential predictive marker of treatment response.
Klimawandel und Gesundheit – klimabedingte Gesundheitsrisiken im deutschen Sport
Authors: Schneider Sven , Eichinger Michael , Anderson Lilian , Leer Sophie
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

Viele Sportler:innen sind von klimabedingten Gesundheitsrisiken besonders betroffen. Vor dem Hintergrund des fortschreitenden Klimawandels sind auch hierzulande präventive Maßnahmen zum Schutz dieser Personengruppe von besonders hoher Relevanz. Dieser Beitrag gibt eine aktuelle Übersicht, inwieweit die deutschen Spitzenverbände Breiten- und Leistungssportler:innen über die gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf ihren zentralen Verbandswebseiten informieren.

Methodik

Im Rahmen einer netnographischen Analyse wurden die Webseiten der 66 im Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund (DOSB) organisierten Spitzenverbände mittels Schlagwortsuche analysiert. Die Inhalte wurden entlang der vom Robert Koch-Institut vorgeschlagenen Differenzierung in direkte und indirekte Folgen des Klimawandels gegliedert. Die doppelte und verblindete Sichtung erfolgte in KW46/20.

Ergebnisse

Die wenigsten im DOSB organisierten Spitzenverbände thematisieren auf ihren Webseiten sportartspezifische Gesundheitsrisiken des Klimawandels. Falls doch, werden Risiken meist eher randständig behandelt. Lediglich jeder sechste Spitzenverband informiert über Hitzewellen und jeder fünfte über UV-Belastungen. Jeweils nur jeder zehnte Verband thematisiert Extremwetterereignisse respektive Infektionsrisiken. Risiken durch Ozon und Allergene werden noch seltener angesprochen. Trotz der Relevanz auch für Indoorsportarten finden sich auf den Webseiten der betreffenden Spitzenverbände keine einschlägigen Informationen.

Schlussfolgerung

Der Klimawandel wird für die große Bevölkerungsgruppe der Sportler:innen ebenso wie für die entsprechenden Sportorganisationen weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen. Der bundesweite Webauftritt der Spitzenverbände wäre ein geeigneter Ort für zielgruppengerechte Gesundheitsinformationen.
Constructed floating wetlands made of natural materials as habitats in eutrophicated coastal lagoons in the Southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Karstens Svenja , Langer Maria , Nyunoya Hayato , Čaraitė Ieva , Stybel Nardine , Razinkovas-Baziukas Arturas , Bochert Ralf
Published: July 2021

Eutrophication remains an environmental challenge in lagoons along the Southern Baltic Sea. Floating islands planted with emergent macrophytes are an option to remove nutrients from eutrophicated waters. Furthermore, floating wetlands offer other ecosystem services such as the provision of habitats. Numerous scientific studies have been conducted; however most remain on the laboratory scale. This research explores the challenges associated with installations in coastal environments and focuses on sustainability of the island design, the habitat function as well as nutrient removal. Most floating wetland designs use polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane or polyvinyl alcohol foam to ensure the buoyancy. For this study an artificial polymer free island design was developed and tested. The floating constructions in the Darss-Zingst-Bodden-Chain were planted with native macrophytes which have the potential to act as ‘biodiversity-supplements’ to the adjacent coastal wetlands:Bolboschoenus maritimus,Carex acutiformis, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effesus, Lythrum salicaria, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha latifolia. The chosen macrophytes survived fluctuating salinities. After three months the above-ground biomass was harvested and analyzed for the nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus concentrations were highest inL. salicariaand nitrogen inI. pseudacorus. Video monitoring and field observations were applied in order to observe animals. Birds did not use the floating wetlands as breeding grounds, but the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) was a common visitor for foraging. Especially surprising was the large amount of juvenile eels (Anguilla anguilla). A diverse and large root network below the floating islands boosts not only nutrient removal but serves as a shelter and refuge for fish such as the endangered eel.
Ethical Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Research and Development: A Dual Advantage for Sustainability
Authors: Hermann Erik , Hermann Gunter , Tremblay Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2021

Artificial intelligence can be a game changer to address the global challenge of humanity-threatening climate change by fostering sustainable development. Since chemical research and development lay the foundation for innovative products and solutions, this study presents a novel chemical research and development process backed with artificial intelligence and guiding ethical principles to account for both process- and outcome-related sustainability. Particularly in ethically salient contexts, ethical principles have to accompany research and development powered by artificial intelligence to promote social and environmental good and sustainability (beneficence) while preventing any harm (non-maleficence) for all stakeholders (i.e., companies, individuals, society at large) affected.
Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 Modulates the Brain Reward Response to Reduce Binge Eating and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rat
Authors: Agustí Ana , Campillo Isabel , Balzano Tiziano , Benítez-Páez Alfonso , López-Almela Inmaculada , Romaní-Pérez Marina , Forteza Jerónimo , Felipo Vicente , Avena Nicole M. , Sanz Yolanda
Published: July 2021

Food addiction (FA) is characterized by behavioral and neurochemical changes linked to loss of food intake control. Gut microbiota may influence appetite and food intake via endocrine and neural routes. The gut microbiota is known to impact homeostatic energy mechanisms, but its role in regulating the reward system is less certain. We show that the administration of Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 (B. uniformis) in a rat FA model impacts on the brain reward response, ameliorating binge eating and decreasing anxiety-like behavior. These effects are mediated, at least in part, by changes in the levels of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens and in the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and intestine. B. uniformis reverses the fasting-induced microbiota changes and increases the abundance of species linked to healthy metabolotypes. Our data indicate that microbiota-based interventions might help to control compulsive overeating by modulating the reward response.
Influence of incorrect staging of colorectal carcinoma on oncological outcome: are we playing safely?
Authors: Reali Claudia , Bocca Gabriele , Lindsey Ian , Jones Oliver , Cunningham Chris , Guy Richard , George Bruce , Boyce Stephen
Published: July 2021

Accurate preoperative staging of colorectal cancers is critical in selecting patients for neoadjuvant therapy prior to resection. Inaccurate staging, particularly understaging, may lead to involved resection margins and poor oncological outcomes. Our aim is to determine preoperative imaging accuracy of colorectal cancers compared to histopathology and define the effect of inaccurate staging on patient selection for neoadjuvant treatment(NT). Staging and treatment were determined for patients undergoing colorectal resections for adenocarcinomas in a single tertiary centre(2016–2020). Data were obtained for 948 patients. The staging was correct for both T and N stage in 19.68% of colon cancer patients. T stage was under-staged in 18.58%. At resection, 23 patients (3.36%) had involved pathological margins; only 7 of which had been predicted by pre-operative staging. However, the staging was correct for both T and N stage in 53.85% of rectal cancer patients. T stage was understaged in 26.89%. Thirteen patients had involved(R1)margins; T4 had been accurately predicted in all of these cases. There was a general trend in understaging both the tumor and lymphonodal involvement (T p < 0.00001 N p < 0.00001) causing a failure in administrating NT in 0.1% of patients with colon tumor, but not with rectal cancer. Preoperative radiological staging tended to understage both colonic and rectal cancers. In colonic tumours this may lead to a misled opportunity to treat with neoadjuvant therapy, resulting in involved margins at resection.
Fine cartels
Authors: Levine David K.
Published: July 2021

This paper studies a simple model of a repeated cartel that can punish using both voluntary fines and inefficient prices wars. The idea is to use the fines in response to noisy signals of bad behavior and back it up with threats of price wars in response to the easily observed failure to pay the voluntary fines. The model is shown to deliver the insights of modern repeated game theory in an empirically accurate and tractable form.
Obesity management: at the forefront against disease stigma and therapeutic inertia
Authors: Busetto Luca , Sbraccia Paolo , Vettor Roberto
Published: July 2021

Obesity is a complex chronic relapsing disease, resulting from the interaction between multiple environmental, genetic and epigenetic causes, and supported by changes in the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating energy balance and body weight. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity-related complications. However, the prevalent narrative about the causes and mechanisms of obesity remains a much more simplistic one, based on the false assumption that individuals can fully control their body weight through appropriate behavioural choices. According to this narrative, obesity is simply reversible “persuading” the patient to follow healthier and more virtuous individual behaviours (moral judgement). This persistent narrative forms the deep root of the stigmatisation of people with obesity at the individual level and creates a clear discrepancy on how obesity prevention and cure are designed in comparison with the case of other non-communicable chronic diseases (clinical stigma). The promotion of systemic preventive measures against obesity is not supported at a political and social level by the persistence of a narrative of obesity as the simple consequence of individual failures and lack of willpower. The simplistic narrative of obesity as a self-imposed condition with an easy way-out (“eat less and move more”) creates a clear discrepancy on how obesity is managed by health care systems in comparison with other NCDs. The over-estimation of the efficacy of therapeutic intervention solely based on patients education and lifestyle modification is responsible of therapeutic inertia in health care professionals and in clinical guidelines, limiting or delaying the adoption of more effective therapeutic strategies, like anti-obesity medications and bariatric surgery. In conclusion, the persistence of a narrative describing obesity as a self-induced easily reversible condition has profound consequences on how obesity prevention and management are build, including the design and implementation of obesity management guidelines and a tendency to therapeutic inertia.

Level of evidence: No level of evidence.
MLaaS4HEP: Machine Learning as a Service for HEP
Authors: Kuznetsov Valentin , Giommi Luca , Bonacorsi Daniele
Published: July 2021

Machine Learning (ML) will play a significant role in the success of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) program at CERN. An unprecedented amount of data at the exascale will be collected by LHC experiments in the next decade, and this effort will require novel approaches to train and use ML models. In this paper, we discuss a Machine Learning as a Service pipeline for HEP (MLaaS4HEP) which provides three independent layers: a data streaming layer to read High-Energy Physics (HEP) data in their native ROOT data format; a data training layer to train ML models using distributed ROOT files; a data inference layer to serve predictions using pre-trained ML models via HTTP protocol. Such modular design opens up the possibility to train data at large scale by reading ROOT files from remote storage facilities, e.g., World-Wide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) infrastructure, and feed the data to the user’s favorite ML framework. The inference layer implemented as TensorFlow as a Service (TFaaS) may provide an easy access to pre-trained ML models in existing infrastructure and applications inside or outside of the HEP domain. In particular, we demonstrate the usage of the MLaaS4HEP architecture for a physics use-case, namely, the $$t{\bar{t}}$$

t

t

¯

Higgs analysis in CMS originally performed using custom made Ntuples. We provide details on the training of the ML model using distributed ROOT files, discuss the performance of the MLaaS and TFaaS approaches for the selected physics analysis, and compare the results with traditional methods.
A Case Report of Large Bowel Obstruction in a Patient With an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Atri Elias , Mallory Chase , Perez Alejandra , Wong Vivian , Cordon Billy H.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Inflatable penile prostheses (IPP) consist of 2 cylinders implanted into the corpora cavernosa, a pump placed in the scrotum, and a saline-filled reservoir traditionally placed in the space of Retzius. IPPs are used to treat refractory erectile dysfunction with few rare, but serious, complications. Cases of reservoirs causing erosion into the bladder, small bowel obstructions, vascular compression, and inguinal herniation have been described.

Aim

We highlight the importance of keeping a broad differential diagnosis when assessing patients with bowel obstructions.

Methods

A 68-year-old man with a previous IPP placement presented with left lower quadrant abdominal pain, constipation and obstipation for 5 days. On exam, he was afebrile, and noted to have a firm, distended, tympanic abdomen. CT scan showed a distended cecum at 11 cm, narrowing of the proximal sigmoid with adjacent inflammatory changes, and minimal peri-colonic air, suggestive of a localized perforation. The IPP reservoir was seen in the left iliac fossa, coinciding with the lead point of the obstruction, suggesting that the reservoir may have itself caused the obstruction. The patient was taken to the operating room for an emergent exploratory laparotomy, which revealed a mass in the colon abutting the IPP reservoir.

Main Outcome Measures

Considerations for IPP component explantation, factors considered for reintervention, and preservation of penile length with avoidance of penile fibrosis.

Results

A left colectomy with transverse colostomy was successfully performed and the IPP reservoir was explanted. Intraoperative frozen section revealed adenocarcinoma. Upon initial review of the imaging, it was thought that the IPP reservoir may have caused the obstruction, but intraoperatively, the colonic tumor was found to be the culprit.

Conclusion

Although complications related to IPPs, including bowel obstructions, have been previously described in the literature, treatment for large bowel obstructions must take into account all possible etiologies, including malignancy.

Atri E, Mallory C, Perez A, et al. A Case Report of Large Bowel Obstruction in a Patient With an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis. Sex Med 2021;9:100391.
COVID-19 Certificates as a New Form of Mobility Control
Authors: HÄKLI Jouni
Published: July 2021

The global volume of travel has grown steadily for decades and hence the border closures and travel restrictions in response to COVID-19 have created an unforeseen impact on the number of international border crossings. In air traffic alone the data show a striking 75.6% decrease in the number of scheduled international passengers. We might hasten to think that the strict travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 crisis have in principle treated mobile populations equally – for once we have all been banned from travelling. We could even consider the recent initiatives to introduce “vaccination certificates” as a fair and democratic way to reintroduce safe international travelling. In reality, the idea of a COVID-19 certificate is but a new layer in the broader landscape of highly uneven global mobility where travellers’ citizenship and place of origin truly matter. This article discusses some of the major inequalities embedded in the global mobility regime and argues that the idea of the COVID-19 certificate as an equaliser remains completely disconnected from these underlying realities. To conclude, the article discusses problems related to uneven access to digital travel documents, such as the proposed COVID-19 certificate.
Business Co-operatives in Australia: “Unlikely Soil for a Co-operative Movement”
Authors: Patmore Greg , Balnave Nikola , Marjanovic Olivera
Published: July 2021

While co-operatives are traditionally associated with workers, consumers, and farmers, the business model, with its emphasis on democracy and community, has also been adopted by small business owners, the self-employed, and professionals. These business co-operatives are distinct phenomenon, because they primarily consist of independent organizational entities that are not co-operatives and are generally in direct competition with one another. They are unique in that they bring together separate organizations that seek to combat market threats while adopting a philosophy based on co-operative principles. This article begins with an overview of the Australian co-operative landscape. It then defines the concept of business co-operatives and then draws upon the Visual Atlas of Australian Co-operatives History Project, which has developed a large database of Australian co-operatives over time and space, to examine the development of business co-operatives in Australia. It looks at where business co-operatives formed in the economy, the motivation underlying their formation, their average life spans, and their relationships with the broader co-operative movement. The article highlights the value of business co-operatives in introducing the values of participatory democracy and working for the common good into unanticipated markets and reinforcing the co-operative movement.
Control of amorphous solid water target morphology induced by deposition on a charged surface
Authors: Bespaly Alexander , Dey Indranuj , Papeer Jenya , Shaham Assaf , Komm Pavel , Hadad Ibrahim , Marcus Gilad , Zigler Arie
Published: July 2021

Microstructured targets demonstrate an enhanced coupling of high-intensity laser pulse to a target and play an important role in laser-induced ion acceleration. Here we demonstrate an approach that enables us to control the morphology of amorphous solid water (ASW) microstructured targets, by deposition of water vapor on a charged substrate, cooled down to 100 K. The morphology of the deposited ASW structures is controlled by varying the surface charge on the substrate and the pressure of water vapor. The obtained target is structured as multiple, dense spikes, confined by the charged area on the substrate, with increased aspect ratio of up to 5:1 and having a diameter comparable with the typical spot size of the laser focused onto the target.
The diplomatic burden of pandemics: lessons from malaria
Authors: Bagozzi Benjamin E. , Koren Ore
Published: July 2021

This note seeks to understand the extent of the disruptions to international relations caused by pandemics, focusing on one globally-endemic disease: malaria. We posit that longstanding diseases such as malaria have the potential to undermine the political ties of nation states, as well as the many benefits of these connections. Our argument is tested empirically using both directed-dyadic and monadic data, while incorporating methods that account for endogeneity and other relevant concerns. We find that the geographic malaria rates of a country not only serve to historically discourage foreign governments from establishing diplomatic outposts on a country's soil, but also lead to an aggregate decrease in the total diplomatic missions that a country receives. We then discuss the current implications of these findings.
Effectiveness of Incumbent’s Strategic Communication during Economic Crisis under Electoral Authoritarianism: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: AYTAÇ SELIM ERDEM
Published: July 2021

To minimize damage to their popularity during economic downturns, rulers in electoral autocracies can draw on their propaganda advantage to keep the economy off the political agenda or shift the blame to other actors. How successful are these strategies in swaying citizens’ views? While electoral autocrats frequently resort to these strategies, there is surprisingly little evidence about their effectiveness. To address this gap, I took advantage of the recent economic crisis in Turkey and deployed a population-based survey experiment that mimicked incumbent’s use of these strategies. I find that incumbent’s efforts of shifting the blame fail to elicit intended effects among large parts of the electorate. In contrast, changing the political agenda away from the economy to an issue area that is more favorable for the incumbent is more effective for shoring up popular support. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that help sustain electoral authoritarianism.
Nanzhao as a Southeast Asian kingdom, c.738–902
Authors: Daniels Christian
Published: July 2021

This article sets out to demonstrate the Southeast Asian nature of Nanzhao as a Sinitic state similar to Dai Viet. Previous studies have focused on Nanzhao's relations with Tang China, and emphasised the heavy Tang influence on its political organisation. Examining Nanzhao's expansion of governance into the Upper Ayeyarwady and Upper Mekong river regions during the eighth and ninth centuries, I argue that it was a kingdom characterised by a combination of Sinitic-style bureaucracy with indigenous Southeast Asian allegiance ties. I demonstrate how Nanzhao utilised these features to broaden its entire power base by administering conquered peoples and maintaining trade routes in the Upper Ayeyarwady and the Upper Mekong from a network of walled-cities. Though Confucianism exerted limited influence at the local level, the elite invoked Confucian civilising ideology to morally justify their governance of conquered peoples. The authority of the king extended beyond the core area, and his bureaucracy was powerful enough to loosely administer regional areas and to shift subdued peoples to populate strategic points within the kingdom, while governing Mon-Khmer polities at the southern periphery indirectly through their own leaders.
Red service-intellectual: Phouk Chhay, Maoist China, and the Cultural Revolution in Cambodia, 1964–67
Authors: Galway Matthew
Published: July 2021

This article examines the phenomenon of Cambodian intellectual curiosity about China through the social experiences of Phouk Chhay, a prominent leftist activist-critic and Pol Pot's one-time secretary. Amid Phnom Penh's urban radical culture, Phouk transformed from rural student to Communist guerrilla. He associated with Communists, formed pro-China student associations, and through his networks, went on trips that left lasting impressions. This study draws from issues of the Cambodian-Chinese newspaper Mianhua ribao (Sino-Khmer Daily) and several forced confessions to tell a story of becoming that examines community and network in charting the course of ‘China-curiosity’ as intertwined with Phouk's life trajectory.
A molecular view of DNA flexibility
Authors: Marin-Gonzalez Alberto , Vilhena J. G. , Perez Ruben , Moreno-Herrero Fernando
Published: July 2021

DNA dynamics can only be understood by taking into account its complex mechanical behavior at different length scales. At the micrometer level, the mechanical properties of single DNA molecules have been well-characterized by polymer models and are commonly quantified by a persistence length of 50 nm (~150 bp). However, at the base pair level (~3.4 Å), the dynamics of DNA involves complex molecular mechanisms that are still being deciphered. Here, we review recent single-molecule experiments and molecular dynamics simulations that are providing novel insights into DNA mechanics from such a molecular perspective. We first discuss recent findings on sequence-dependent DNA mechanical properties, including sequences that resist mechanical stress and sequences that can accommodate strong deformations. We then comment on the intricate effects of cytosine methylation and DNA mismatches on DNA mechanics. Finally, we review recently reported differences in the mechanical properties of DNA and double-stranded RNA, the other double-helical carrier of genetic information. A thorough examination of the recent single-molecule literature permits establishing a set of general ‘rules’ that reasonably explain the mechanics of nucleic acids at the base pair level. These simple rules offer an improved description of certain biological systems and might serve as valuable guidelines for future design of DNA and RNA nanostructures.
Two-year-olds at elevated risk for ASD can learn novel words from their parents
Authors: VAN ROOIJEN Rianne , WARD Emma Kate , DE JONGE Maretha , KEMNER Chantal , JUNGE Caroline
Published: July 2021

Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have smaller vocabularies in infancy compared to typically-developing children. To understand whether their smaller vocabularies stem from problems in learning, our study compared a prospective risk sample of 18 elevated risk and 11 lower risk 24-month-olds on current vocabulary size and word learning ability using a paradigm in which parents teach their child words. Results revealed that both groups learned novel words, even though parents indicated that infants at elevated risk of ASD knew fewer words. This suggests that these early compromised vocabularies cannot be solely linked to difficulties in word formations.
Online activation of L1 Danish orthography enhances spoken word recognition of Swedish
Authors: Schüppert Anja , Ziegler Johannes C. , Juul Holger , Gooskens Charlotte
Published: July 2021

It has been reported that speakers of Danish understand more Swedish than vice versa. One reason for this asymmetry might be that spoken Swedish is closer to written Danish than vice versa. We hypothesise that literate speakers of Danish use their orthographic knowledge of Danish to decode spoken Swedish. To test this hypothesis, first-language (L1) Danish speakers were confronted with spoken Swedish in a translation task. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited to study the online brain responses during decoding operations. Results showed that ERPs to words whose Swedish pronunciation was inconsistent with the Danish spelling were significantly more negative-going than ERPs to words whose Swedish pronunciation was consistent with the Danish spelling between 750 ms and 900 ms after stimulus onset. Together with higher word-recognition scores for consistent items, our data provide strong evidence that online activation of L1 orthography enhances word recognition of spoken Swedish in literate speakers of Danish.
Ice-free valleys in the Neptune Range of the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica: glacial geomorphology, geochronology and potential as palaeoenvironmental archives
Authors: Small David , Bentley Michael J. , Evans David J.A. , Hein Andrew S. , Freeman Stewart P.H.T.
Published: July 2021

We describe the glacial geomorphology and initial geochronology of two ice-free valley systems within the Neptune Range of the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. These valleys are characterized by landforms associated with formerly more expanded ice sheet(s) that were at least 200 m thicker than at present. The most conspicuous features are areas of supraglacial debris, discrete debris accumulations separated from modern-day ice and curvilinear ridges and mounds. The landsystem bears similarities to debris-rich cold-based glacial landsystems described elsewhere in Antarctica and the Arctic where buried ice is prevalent. Geochronological data demonstrate multiple phases of ice expansion. The oldest, occurring > 3 Ma, overtopped much of the landscape. Subsequent, less expansive advances into the valleys occurred > 2 Ma and > ~1 Ma. An expansion of some local glaciers occurred < 250 ka. This sequence of glacial stages is similar to that described from the northernmost massif of the Pensacola Mountains (Dufek Massif), suggesting that it represents a regional signal of ice-sheet evolution over the Plio-Pleistocene. The geomorphological record and its evolution over millions of years makes the Neptune Range valleys an area worthy of future research and we highlight potential avenues for this.
The Presence of Absence: Why Does the Post-contact Rock Art of Torres Strait (Northeastern Australia) Not Include Paintings of European Ships?
Authors: Brady Liam M. , McNiven Ian J.
Published: July 2021

Studies into the presence and absence of post-European contact rock art within Indigenous communities are particularly relevant to questions of colonial impact and influence. However, it is the presence of post-contact motifs and introduced subject matter that typically takes precedence in these studies. In this paper, we focus on the absence of post-contact paintings of European ships in Torres Strait (northeastern Australia) rock art. This absence is curious, given that Torres Strait peoples first encountered European ships over 400 years ago, yet the only paintings of watercraft are of their own double outrigger canoes. Furthermore, ethnographic information suggests many painted canoes were spirit canoes used by spirits of the dead, and European mariners were considered spirits of the dead who travelled in ‘ghost ships’. Despite apparent epistemological and ontological congruence between Islander and Kaurareg canoes and European ships, we argue the latter were conceptually and metaphysically different to spirit canoes and thus fell outside of the representational (rock art) genre of watercraft that was limited to spirit canoes. The lack of Torres Strait post-contact rock art reveals that reasons for the inclusion of introduced subject matter in post-contact rock art are likely to extend beyond simple exposure to, and familiarity with, so-called new subject matter.
Challenges in the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the young
Authors: Yamazawa Hirokuni , Takeda Atsuhito , Izumi Gaku
Published: July 2021

A case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the transition from childhood to adulthood, which was low risk by the conventional risk assessment model, medium risk by the adult risk prediction model, and high risk by the paediatric risk prediction model, was inserted an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Three years post-implantation, the patient was resuscitated with an appropriate discharge of cardioverter-defibrillator.
Belgium's response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Luyten Jeroen , Schokkaert Erik
Published: July 2021

Belgium is often seen as an outlier in the international experience with the coronavirus disease 2019. We summarize the unfolding of the pandemic in Belgium from February to December 2020, discuss the countermeasures that were implemented and provide some explanations why the numbers indicate a stronger pandemic in Belgium than in its neighbouring countries. To some extent, the seemingly poor performance of Belgium is a measurement artefact. Yet, there were indeed particular factors in Belgium that unnecessarily increased the toll of the pandemic. In the first wave insufficient priority was given to protect care homes. The second wave was larger than necessary due to a failure to timely implement restrictive measures. The latter can, at least partly, be explained by a unique political situation: a temporary, minority government in the middle of a major crisis.
Institutions, uncertainty, and entrepreneurial judgment
Authors: Frølund Claus Wiemann
Published: July 2021

Entrepreneurial action takes place in a context of Knightian uncertainty. In order to overcome this uncertainty, entrepreneurs engage in a process of judgment resulting in a decision about the course of action. Institutions arise mainly to reduce economic friction by providing structure to human interaction and thus reducing uncertainty. However, institutions may also introduce further uncertainty and thus disrupt the judgment process preceding entrepreneurial action. The present paper builds upon recent efforts to integrate the concepts of uncertainty and institutions within the entrepreneurial context. Drawing on Frank H. Knight's seminal insight, the judgment-based view of entrepreneurship, and relevant concepts of entrepreneurial outcomes, the main contribution of the paper lies in the development of a model offering a coherent description of the way institutions affect uncertainty and the entrepreneurial process.
Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Prädiktoren für Abstinenz nach stationärer Therapie alkoholabhängiger Personen
Authors: Vollmer Heinz C. , Domma Julia
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Feldtheoretische Überlegungen veranlassten uns, entgegen dem in Katamnesestudien üblichen Vorgehen, eine getrennte Auswertung für Frauen und Männer verschiedener Altersgruppen vorzunehmen. Unsere Fragestellung lautete, inwiefern sich je nach Geschlecht und Alter unterschiedliche Prädiktoren für Abstinenz ergeben? Methode: Katamnesestudie alkoholabhängiger Personen nach stationärer verhaltenstherapeutischer Behandlung, in der retrospektiv mittels binärer logistischer Regression und Mann-Whitney-U Tests Unterschiede zwischen zur Ein-Jahres-Katamnese rückfälligen und abstinenten Patientinnen (N=712) und Patienten (N=1019) getrennt für verschiedene Altersgruppen analysiert wurden. Zur Erreichung ausreichender Stichprobengrößen wurden die Altersgruppen mittels Quartilen gebildet: 19-41, 42-48, 49-54, 55-79 Jahre. Ergebnisse: Frauen und Männer unterschieden sich nicht in der Abstinenzquote, mit Ausnahme der über 54-jährigen. Mit zunehmendem Alter steigt bei beiden Geschlechtern die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Abstinenz. Signifikante Prädiktoren (p<.01) mit mittlerer Effektstärke für Rückfall waren: vorherige stationäre Entwöhnungsbehandlungen bei den 42- bis 48-jährigen Frauen (OR: 3.6) und den über 54-jährigen Männern (OR: 4.5) und psychische Belastung bei den 42- bis 54-jährigen Männern (r=0.30). Rückfallkritische motivationale Schemata waren hohe Werte der Unzufriedenheit im Bereich das „Leben genießen“ (r=31) und „Leistung“ (r=36) bei den über 54-jährigen Frauen, „Kontrolle haben“ (r=30) bei den 42- bis 48-jährigen Männern und „Alleinsein“ bei den 49- bis 54-jährigen Männern (r=30). Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen für eine geschlechter- und alterssensible Forschung und Behandlung unter Einbeziehung sozioökonomischer Merkmale und motivationaler Schemata. Insbesondere bei den unter 42-jährigen Frauen und Männern besteht wegen der hohen Rückfallquote und fehlender Prädiktoren erhöhter Forschungsbedarf.
Validating the Enright Forgiveness Inventory – 30	(EFI-30)
Authors: Enright Robert , Rique Julio , Lustosa Romulo , Song Jacqueline Y. , Komoski Mary Cate , Batool Iffat , Bolt Daniel , Sung HyunJung , Huang S. T. Tina , Park Younghee , Leer-Salvesen Paul E. , Andrade Thiago , Naeem Anam , Viray Jocelyn , Costuna Edna
Published: July 2021

Abstract. This study reports the process of item reduction of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory – EFI, a measure of interpersonal forgiveness, from 60 to 30 items for a more practical assessment of this construct. Data from the US were used in the creation of the new measure and applied to seven nations: Austria, Brazil, Israel, South Korea, Norway, Pakistan, and Taiwan. The question was: do the best EFI-30 items from the US have discriminative power in seven other cultures? Results provided the psychometric evidence for the reduced version of the EFI-30 across cultures. The discrimination values are positive, suggesting that the selected items have the sensitivity to differentiate accurately people with different degrees of forgiveness and good psychometric properties of internal consistency.
Fit With Both Supervisors and Organizations
Authors: Chen Chiyin , Tang Ningyu , Wang Yumei
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Person–environment fit is of great importance in organizational behavior research. Drawing from the relations between employees, supervisors, and organizations, this study discusses how the relation between person–organization fit (P–O fit) and person–supervisor fit (P–S fit) affects employees' attitudes and performance. We conducted a field study of 247 employees to test our hypotheses via regression analysis. The results indicate that P–O fit and P–S fit have a positive interactive effect rather than independent effects on employees' organizational commitment. In addition, organizational commitment mediates the interactive relation between fit and employee role-based performance (i.e., job role performance and career role performance). This study sheds light on research into P–E fit by highlighting the multiplicative effect of different dimensions of fit and elucidating the underlying mechanism.
Deciphering Co‐Seismic Sedimentary Processes in the Mediterranean Sea Using Elemental, Organic Carbon, and Isotopic Data
Authors: Polonia A. , Bonetti C. , Bonetti J. , Çağatay M. N. , Gallerani A. , Gasperini L. , Nelson C. H. , Romano S.
Published: July 2021

Identification of catastrophic events recorded as resedimented deep marine deposits can be challenging because of multiple possible triggering mechanisms. This study investigates seismo‐turbidites (STs) deposited in the Ionian Sea as a consequence of major historical earthquakes related to the Calabrian Arc subduction system. Taking advantage of the available sedimentological reconstructions, we focused our analysis on high‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanner (XRF‐CS), organic carbon and isotopic data to define geochemical signatures characterizing the ST units. The relationships between geochemical and sedimentological proxies were statistically tested using Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Up to ∼78% of the total variance in the data set can be reduced to three principal components which identified four elemental ratio groups associated to the degree of terrestrial/coastal influence in each major depositional unit (i.e., pelagic, ST sandy stacked units, homogenites, tsunamite‐seiche laminites, and tsunamite backwash). The sample score results were evaluated together with organic carbon data in order to assess geochemical variability throughout the composite turbidite structure in different basins settings. The basal parts of the ST contain coarse‐grained sediment stacks whose sources can be traced back and sedimentary processes (surficial sediment erosion/massive slope failures) can be defined using geochemical data. The topmost parts of the STs exhibit a mixed compositional character suggesting basin‐wide processes such as seiche oscillations and tsunami wave erosion/backwashing. The application of selected XRF‐CS based elemental ratios as proxies in paleoseismological studies can help reconstruct the seismic history of a continental margin.
Probing the Bioavailability of Dissolved Iron to Marine Eukaryotic Phytoplankton Using In Situ Single Cell Iron Quotas
Authors: Shaked Yeala , Twining Benjamin S. , Tagliabue Alessandro , Maldonado Maria T.
Published: July 2021

We present a new approach for quantifying the bioavailability of dissolved iron (dFe) to oceanic phytoplankton. Bioavailability is defined using an uptake rate constant (kin‐app) computed by combining data on: (a) Fe content of individual in situ phytoplankton cells; (b) concurrently determined seawater dFe concentrations; and (c) growth rates estimated from the PISCES model. We examined 930 phytoplankton cells, collected between 2002 and 2016 from 45 surface stations during 11 research cruises. This approach is only valid for cells that have upregulated their high‐affinity Fe uptake system, so data were screened, yielding 560 single cell kin‐app values from 31 low‐Fe stations. We normalized kin‐app to cell surface area (S.A.) to account for cell‐size differences.

The resulting bioavailability proxy (kin‐app/S.A.) varies among cells, but all values are within bioavailability limits predicted from defined Fe complexes. In situ dFe bioavailability is higher than model Fe‐siderophore complexes and often approaches that of highly available inorganic Fe′. Station averaged kin‐app/S.A. are also variable but show no systematic changes across location, temperature, dFe, and phytoplankton taxa. Given the relative consistency of kin‐app/S.A. among stations (ca. five‐fold variation), we computed a grand‐averaged dFe availability, which upon normalization to cell carbon (C) yields kin‐app/C of 42,200 ± 11,000 L mol C−1 d−1. We utilize kin‐app/C to calculate dFe uptake rates and residence times in low Fe oceanic regions. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of kin‐app/C for constraining Fe uptake rates in earth system models, such as those predicting climate mediated changes in net primary production in the Fe‐limited Equatorial Pacific.
Comparative Study on Temperature Response of Hydropower Development in the Dry‐Hot Valley
Authors: Wang D. C. , Zhang X. , Huang Y. , Wang X. , Zhang W. , Cao Z. J. , Xin Y. , Qu M.
Published: July 2021

Due to the specific hydrothermal conditions of dry‐hot valleys, temperature changes caused by the development of large‐scale hydropower projects may be more extreme than they are in other regions. In this study, we analyzed these temperature changes at four hydropower stations in both dry‐hot and non‐dry‐hot valleys. Based on the calculated relative temperatures of the downstream river and the areas surrounding the reservoirs, we employed two indices to quantify the influence of the reservoirs on the temperatures of these two regions: the downstream river temperature change and the reservoir effect change intensity. Our results are as follows: (a) In the downstream rivers, the temperature regulation effect was more pronounced in the wet season; in the regions surrounding the reservoirs, the temperature regulation effect was more pronounced in the dry season. (b) The downstream river temperature in both the dry‐hot and wet‐hot valleys exhibited noticeable warming in both the wet and dry seasons, while the cold‐dry valley was characterized by cooling in the dry season and warming in the wet season. With the exception of the Liyuan station (where the influence of the reservoir on the downstream temperatures only extended to a distance of 9 km from the dam) during the dry season, the existence of the hydropower stations affected the temperatures of the entire downstream region. (c) For the areas surrounding the reservoir, the presence of a hydropower station mainly caused the temperatures in the dry‐hot valleys to rise and the temperatures in the non‐dry‐hot valleys to decrease.