bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an Ultra-Small Smart Temperature Sensor with Quartz Tuning Fork Resonators
Authors: Xu Jun , Hu Li Hua , Ma Jing , Cui Ju An , You Bo
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses a smart temperature sensor system that comprises of a high
performance quartz tuning fork temperature sensor, interface with CMOS circuitry and control
algorithm for reconfiguration. The ideal thermo-sensitive cut for quartz tuning fork resonators is
analyzed with the theory, and is optimized by FEM (Finite Element Method). The specific cut quartz
tuning fork was fabricated using photolithography and the etching technology. And the tuning fork
sensing element (4 3 2 . 0 1 mm × × ) is so small that can be housed in the capsule ( 6 2× Φ mm). The smart
temperature sensor along with the interface IC to FPGA and special control algorithm may easily
realize the sensor reconfiguration and the auto-calibration in the field. The experimental result
indicates that the sensitivity of this sensor can reach C ppm o / 65 in the temperature range from-20 to
140 C o , it guarantees that precision is C o 01 . 0 , the resolution is C o 001 . 0 , and the response time is 1s.
Magnetic Properties of TbCo/(SiNx/Co)n Films
Authors: Lin G.P. , Kuo Po Cheng , Lin P.L. , Fang Y.H. , Huang K.T.
Published: March 2009

The Tb32Co68/(SiNx/Co)n films (n = 0~3) were prepared by magnetron sputtering. The
magnetic anisotropy of all Tb32Co68/(SiNx/Co)n films are perpendicular to the film plane. It is found
that the saturation magnetization (Ms) and perpendicular coercivity (Hc⊥ ) of the Tb32Co68/(SiNx/Co)3
film are 263 emu/cm3 and 3592 Oe, respectively. This film appears to be a promising material as a
heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) medium. The cross-sectional high resolution transmission
electron microscope (HRTEM) images show that the interface roughness between the (SiNx/Co)n
layers and TbCo layer increases as n is increased. The rough surface provides more obstacles and
pinning sites that hinder the motion of the domain walls at interface between the (SiNx/Co)n layers
and TbCo layer. Therefore, the Hc values are profoundly influenced by the interface roughness.
Singularity-Reduced Integral Representations for Discontinuity in Smart Materials
Authors: Rungamornrat Jaroon , Senjuntichai Teerapong
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a complete set of singularity-reduced integral relations for isolated
discontinuity embedded in a three-dimensional infinite medium. The development is carried out in a
broad context such that the constitutive law governing the material behavior assumes a general form
and the discontinuity surface possesses general configuration and jump distribution. The former
feature allows the treatment of a well-known class of smart materials (e.g. piezoelectric and
piezomagnetic materials) as a special case while the latter renders the treatment of particular types
of discontinuity such as cracks and dislocations possible. The key elements utilized in the
regularization procedure are special decompositions of two involved kernels in a form well-suited
for integration by parts to be performed via Stokes’ theorem. The weakly singular kernels appearing
in these representations are obtained in a concise form appropriate for numerical evaluation. A set
of integral relations is subsequently specialized to cracks and dislocations. For dislocations, the field
quantities such as state variables, the body flux, and the generalized interaction energy are given in
terms of line integral representations. The obtained expressions are fundamental and useful in the
context of dislocation mechanics and modeling. For cracks, a weakly singular, weak-form integral
equation for the surface flux is established. Such integral equation constitutes a basis for a wellknown
numerical procedure, a symmetric Galerkin boundary element method (SGBEM). The
crucial feature of using the derived integral equation as the key governing equation is its weakly
singular nature that allows low order interpolations to be used in the numerical approximation.
Synthetic Biomimetic Carbonate-Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals for Enamel Remineralization
Authors: Roveri Norberto , Battistella Elisa , Foltran Ismaela , Foresti Elisabetta , Iafisco Michele , Lelli Marco , Palazzo Barbara , Rimondini Lia
Published: March 2009

New biomimetic carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (CHA) have been designed and
synthesized in order to obtain a remineralization of the altered enamel surfaces. Synthesized CHA
mimic for composition, structure, nano dimension and morphology bone apatite crystals and their
chemical-physical properties resemble closely those exhibited by enamel natural apatite. CHA can
chemically bound themselves on the surface of natural enamel apatite thanks to their tailored
biomimetic characteristics. The remineralization effect induced by CHA represents a real new
deposition of carbonate-hydroxyapatite into the eroded enamel surface scratches forming a
persistent biomimetic mineral coating, which covers and safeguards the enamel structure. The
experimental results point out the possibility to use materials alternative to fluoride compounds
which is commonly utilized to contrast the mechanical abrasions and acid attacks. The apatitic
synthetic coating is less crystalline than enamel natural apatite, but consists of a new biomimetic
apatitic mineral deposition which progressively fills the surface scratches. Therefore the application
of biomimetic CHA may be considered an innovative approach to contrast the acid and bacteria
attacks.
Fabrication of Poly(L-Latic Acid) Scaffolds with Wool Keratin for Osteoblast Cultivation
Authors: Li Jia Shen , Li Yi , Li Lin , Mak Arthur F.T. , Ko Frank , Qin Ling
Published: March 2009

As a natural protein, wool keratin was used to improve the cell affinity of poly(L-lactic
acid) (PLLA). Small keratin particles were prepared from keratin solution by the spray-drying
process. Keratin particles were blended with PLLA/1,4 dioxane solution and paraffin micro-spheres
which were used as progens. After the mixture was molded and dried, the paraffin micro-spheres
were removed by cyclohexane. PLLA/keratin scaffolds with controlled pore size and well
interconnectivity were fabricated. Keratin releasing rate was detected by Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) after the scaffold was immersed into PBS up to 4 weeks. The surface chemical structure was
examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The results suggested that the keratin could
be held into the scaffold which was expected to improve the interactions between osteoblasts and
the polymeric scaffolds.
Mass-Production of Practical Mussel Adhesive Protein in Escherichia Coli
Authors: Hwang Dong Soo , Lim Seong Hye , Yang Yoon Jeong , Cha Hyung Joon
Published: March 2009

Mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) have received increased attention as potential
environmentally friendly adhesives under aqueous conditions and in medicine. However, attempts
to produce functional recombinant MAPs (mainly foot protein type 1, fp-1) by several expression
systems have failed. Even though we previously reported a functional expression of recombinant
foot protein type 5 (fp-5) with significant adhesive ability in Escherichia coli, its practical use was
limited by several problems such as low production yield, low purification yield, and high levels of
post-purification insolubility. Here, to overcome these limitations, we designed and constructed the
novel type of hybrid mussel bioadhesive fp-151, a fusion protein comprising six fp-1 decapeptide
repeats at each fp-5 terminus. Using micro- and bulk-scale characterization and mammalian celladhesion
analyses, we demonstrate that fp-151 has the potential to be a practical bioadhesive with
strong adhesive ability, a simple purification process (~1 g-purified protein per 1 liter-pilot-scale
fed-batch bioreactor culture), proper manipulation properties (~330 g/l solubility), and high
biocompatibility.
Process Development of Low-Cost AgNi and AgFe Contact Materials with no Range of Solid Solubility
Authors: Kim Shae K.
Published: March 2009

AgNi and AgFe are known as contact materials with high workability and low contact
resistance for medium to weak current contacts. However, AgNi and AgFe contact materials are
difficult to manufacture using conventional melting and casting procedure because they exhibit no
range of solid solubility of Ni and Fe in Ag for all temperature range. The purpose of this research is to
develop a process for low-cost AgNi and AgFe contact materials based on solidification process
control. AgNi and AgFe contact materials were produced by rotation cylinder method (RCM). The
hardness value of AgNi and AgFe contact materials by RCM were higher than that of AgNi and AgFe
contact materials produced by conventional powder metallurgy and co-precipitation processes. The
higher hardness values of contact materials produced by RCM may be attributed to the uniform
distribution and small size of Ni and Fe particles in Ag matrix.
Prevulcanized Natural Rubber Latex/Modified Lignin Dispersion for Water Vapour Barrier Coatings on Paperboard Packaging
Authors: Wang Hui , Easteal Allan J. , Edmonds Neil
Published: March 2009

Modified natural rubber latex can be used as paperboard barrier coating in order to
replace unrecyclable wax coating material. Natural rubber latex (NRL) was prevucanized in
different time interval and the efficiency of crosslinking were determined by swelling ratio test.
Prevulcanized natural rubber latex (Pre-VNRL) was blended with modified lignin dispersion to
decrease sticking tendency of the coatings. Particle size of lignin dispersion was reduced by
Mannish reaction using octylamine which can increase hydrophobility in lignin. Compared with
Pre-VNRL coating, a reduction of water vapour transition rate (WVTR) was observed in blendingcoated
paper. Such moisture-barrier behaviour is attributable to a good compatibility of the nanosized
modified lignin particles with rubber. The blocking (sticking) tendency decreased with the
content increase of lignin due to stiffness of lignin.
Wetting and Adhesion Behavior of Undulated a-C:H Film Deposited on Nano-Scale Copper Dot
Authors: Jang Young Jun , Yi Jin Woo , Rha Jong Joo , Kim Seock Sam
Published: March 2009

This paper investigated the wetting and adhesion property of undulated a-C:H surfaces
with surface morphology controlled for a reduced real area of contact. The nano-undulated a-C:H
films were prepared by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (r.f. PECVD)
using nanoscale Cu dots surface on a Si (100) substrate. FE-SEM, AFM analysis showed that the
after repeat deposition and plasma induced damage with Ar ions, the surface was nanoscale
undulated. This phenomenon changed the surface morphology of a-C:H surface. Raman spectra of
film with changed morphology revealed that the plasma induced damage with Ar ions significantly
suppressed the graphitization of a-C:H structure. Also, it was observed that while the untreated flat
a-C:H surfaces had wetting angle starting ranged from 72° and adhesion force of 332.79 nN. Had
wetting angle the undulated a-C:H surfaces, which resemble the surface morphology of a cylindrical
shape, increased up to 103.6° and adhesion force decreased down to 11 nN. The measurements
agree with Hertz and JKR models. The surface undulation was affected mainly by several factors:
the surface morphology affinity to cylindrical shape, reduction of the real area of contact and air
pockets trapped in cylindrical double asperities of the surface.
Preparation and Characterization of Functional Geopolymer
Authors: Zhang Yi He , Xing Jing , Yu Li , Li Jin Hong
Published: March 2009

The geopolymer has been prepared from fly ash, metakaolin and Quartz sand, by using
the liquid sodium silicate as structural template and sodium hydroxide solution as activator. The
effect of glass fiber on the properties of the geopolymer has been studied.
Preparation of CF/BR Composite Used for Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Zhang Yi He , Lu Jin Bo , Huang Hai Tao , Hao Xiang Yang , Chan Helen Lai Wah
Published: March 2009

The carbon fiber (CF) reinforced butadiene rubber (BR) electromagnetic shielding
composite has been prepared by mechanical agitation and roll mixing methods. The composites
have been characterized and tested. As shown in the experimental results, the mechanical properties
was increased with the increase of CF, and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of BR
based composite with 15 wt% CF content has been tested, the maximum SE was about 60 dB.
Synthesis of Si3N4/Polyimide Hybrid Films
Authors: Wen Yu Quan , Zhang Yi He , Zhen Wei , Su Qing Song , Zhao Li Hang
Published: March 2009

Si3N4/polyimide hybrid films based on 4,4-oxydianiline (ODA) and pyromellitic
dianhydride(PMDA) were prepared by incorporation with different content of nano-sized Si3N4. In
this study, the effect of Si3N4 on the microstructure of the Si3N4/polyimide film was characterized
by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
dependence of mechanical properties and thermal stability of the Si3N4/polyimide film were also
investigated. The hardness from unload of the Si3N4/polyimide film were expressly investigated for
the first time.
Zinc Sulfide Nanoscaled Buffer Layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Louh Rong Fuh , Wu Warren
Published: March 2009

Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is a fairly simple synthetic route to prepare II-VI
semicondutive zinc sulfide thin films, which can be prepared on the flat surface of glass or silicon
wafer substrates in the solution containing the precursors of zinc and sulfur ions in terms of ambient
conditions of varying acidity. This study particularly aims at the growth dependence and optical
property of ZnS thin films in the CBD process by different experiment parameters, whereas we
intend to choose suitable types of zinc ionic precursors to be coupled with various CBD parameters
such as reaction temperature and time, precursor concentration, types and complexing agents as
well as post-deposition heat treatment conditions. Addition of different concentration of
ethylenediamine, ammonium sulfate, sodium citrate and hydrazine in the CBD reaction process was
used to control the adequate growth rate of ZnS thin films. As a consequence, the rapid thermal
annealing was employed to enhance the film uniformity and thickness evenness, transmittance and
the energy gap of ZnS samples. The results would lead to a potential application of buffer layer for
the Cu (In,Ga)Se2 based thin film solar cells. The analytic instrument including SEM, AFM,
UV-VIS were used to examine the CBD-derived nanosized ZnS buffer layers for the thin film solar
cells. The ZnS thin films prepared by the chemical bath deposition in this study results in film
thickness of 80 ~ 100 nm, high transmittance of 80~85% and the energy gap of 3.89 ~ 3.98 eV.
The Review of the Development of Oil&Gas Steels in Baosteel
Authors: Yin Guang Hong
Published: March 2009

The development of oil&gas steel products in Baosteel in the past two decades is reviewed.
After years of R&D works of steel products used in energy industry such as drilling, exploitation,
collection, transportation, and storage of oil and gas, the alloy system and manufacturing processes of
oil&gas steel products have been established in Baosteel. The oil&gas steel products of Baosteel
consist of two major categories, i.e. the Oil Country Tubular Goods used in underground service, and
the pipes used for pipeline construction on the ground. Currently, the product quality has been
maintained stable, and the involved products have been extensively used in worldwide oil&gas
exploration and transportation industry.
Microstructure and Property of the New Type White Cast Iron
Authors: Zhou Xian Liang , Hua Xiao Zhen , Zhang Jian Yun , Tang Yong Jin , Chen Qing Jun
Published: March 2009

The influences of the different Si (0.723%~4.5%) and Cr (2.0%~8.0%) contents on the
microstructures and properties of Cr-Si-Mn white cast iron were investigated. It is shown that with
increasing of amounts of Si and Cr elements, carbide undergoes an evident change in the
morphology from the continuous net to isolated stripe and becomes clearly finer, even forms
chrysanthemum-like microstructure which is usually found in high Cr white cast iron. Additionally,
the amounts of the carbides increase too. The XRD analysis shows that the carbides are a mixture of
Fe3C and Fe7C3 phases. Furthermore, the hardness of carbide and matrix is also found to
progressively increase with increasing of amounts of Si and Cr elements. The hardness of the matrix
in as-cast white cast iron is over HV400, suggesting that the matrix consists of martensite and
bainite phases. The impact toughness of the samples declines evidently when Si content excesses
3.0wt%. It is also revealed that the bainite matrix in the Si-Cr white cast iron has a higher impact
abrasive wear resistance than others, which is almost not dependent upon heating temperature and
cooling rate. When Cr content approaches 5wt%, the impact wear resistance of the new cast iron is
comparable to that of the traditional high Cr cast iron.
Vacuum Repair Brazing of the Inconel 939 Superalloy
Authors: Wang D.K. , Wu H.C. , Shiue R.K. , Chen C.
Published: March 2009

Vacuum repair brazing of Inconel 939 using various ratios of DF3 and Rene 80 powder
mixtures has been performed in this study. The porosity of the brazed zone is decreased as the
amount of DF3 is increased in the powder mixture. At least four phases are observed in the brazed
zone including chromium borides, sparse carbides, Ni-rich matrix and eutectic phases. Primary
chromium borides are widely observed at the early stage of repair brazing. Dissolution of the Ni
from the Rene 80 powder into the molten braze results in isothermal solidification of the residual
melt. The chemical composition of the residual melt subsequently moves towards the lowest
eutectic temperature, and the eutectic is finally formed in brazing. The oxidation resistance test is
performed at 1000oC. Extensive spalling of the oxide film begins at 144 h, and catastrophic failure
of the oxide film is observed at 1272 h. The oxidation resistance of the brazed zone is significantly
degraded due to the formation of chromium borides in the brazed zone.
Mapping of Magnetic Domains by MFM in Ni2MnGa
Authors: Jain Deepti , Banik Soma , Sharath Chandra L.S. , Barman S.R. , Nath R. , Ganesan V.
Published: March 2009

Influence of structural transition in the evolution of the magnetic domains in the
ferromagnetic shape memory alloy system Ni2+xMn1-xGa is reported here using Magnetic Force
Microscopy (MFM) studies. Studies reported are with two samples with their martensite transition
temperature TM less than and greater than the Curie temperature Tc. Present results show an
evolution of MFM across the Tc with a clear twin domains and sub domain structures inside the
twins. The higher spatial resolution of MFM (~50nm) as compared to optical microscope (400nm)
is useful in probing the domain walls. Force derivative of the MFM signal that may be used as an
order parameter seems to scale the onset of magnetic order in the system. One can clearly see the
vanishing of the MFM patterns for T>Tc. Results are discussed in the light of models available for
tip-sample interactions that track the local magnetization.
Lattice Thermal Expansion of the Shape Memory Alloys Cu-Al-Ni, Cu-Al-Zn, Cu-Al-Be and Cu-Al-Pd
Authors: Potharay Kuruvilla Santhosh , Menon C.S.
Published: March 2009

Theoretical and experimental investigations are being carried out on Cu based alloys due
to their technologically important shape memory properties and pseudo-elasticity, which are
intimately associated with the martensitic transformation. The transition between the two phases,
martensite to austenite, is of continued interest in academics and in industry. The shape memory
effect, superelastic properties and biocompatibility are being applied in a variety of fields. Cu based
SMA system has large vibrational entropy, high damping capacity and good economic viability. All
these make it a potential candidate in the field of sensors and actuators. The concurrent knowledge
of the second order elastic constants (SOEC) and third order elastic constants (TOEC) enables a
better understanding of the nonlinear elasticity exhibited by these alloys. We have used a model
based on deformation theory and Keating’s potential scheme to obtain the expressions for TOEC of
the above alloys. In this paper we have calculated the complete sets of six non-vanishing TOEC of
Cu-Al-Ni, Cu-Al-Zn, Cu-Al-Be and Cu-Al-Pd and are presented along with the available
experimental data. It is remarkable that all the third order elastic constants are negative, indicating
an increase in the vibrational frequencies under stress, giving rise to an increase in the strain-free
energy. The absolute values of the TOEC are large. This means that the bcc phase observed is
considerably anharmonic. The TOEC C144 representing the shear mode has a smaller value than
C111. Hence, the effect of pressure is much greater on longitudinal wave velocity than on the shear
wave velocity in the above Cu based SMA. The mode Grüneisen parameters of the acoustic waves
are determined based on the quasi-harmonic approximation method. The low temperature limit of
the lattice thermal expansion and the Anderson– Grüneisen parameter of these alloys are also
obtained.
Magnetic Compton Scattering Study of Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Ahuja B.L. , Sharma Vinit , Sakurai Y.
Published: March 2009

The Compton profile, projection of electron momentum density distribution along the scattering
vector, is very sensitive to the behavior of valence electrons in a variety of materials. In this paper
theoretical aspects related to measurement of spin momentum densities of magnetic materials using
Compton scattering is reviewed. To highlight the potential of the magnetic Compton scattering, the
spin momentum densities in Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys at various temperatures and magnetic fields
are presented. The magnetic Compton profiles are mainly analyzed in terms of the contribution
from the 3d electrons of Mn. A comparison of the magnetic Compton data with other magnetization
studies illustrates its importance in exploring the magnetic effects in ferro- or ferri-magnetic
materials.
Signature of Austenitic to Martensitic Phase Transition in Ni2MnGa in Mn and Ni K-Edge XANES Spectra
Authors: Sathe V.G. , Banik Soma , Dubey Aditi , Barman S.R. , Awasthi A.M. , Olivi Luca
Published: March 2009

The XANES studies at Mn, Ni and Ga K-edge of Ni2MnGa compound have been carried
out at room and low temperatures. The Mn K-edge and Ni K-edge spectra shows modulation in the
post edge features when the sample is cooled below martensitic transition temperature. It is strongly
reflected in the XANES of Mn K-edge where the peak after the edge gets totally suppressed when
the sample is in martensitic phase. This peak shows a hysteretic behaviour when thermal cycling
was done across the martensitic transition temperature. This clearly shows that the peak height is a
measure of austenitic phase present at a particular temperature. This demonstrates the strong
correlations of electronic states and crystal structures in these compounds.
Magnetocaloric and Shape-Memory Properties in Magnetic Heusler Alloys
Authors: Planes Antoni , Mañosa Lluís , Moya Xavier , Marcos Jordi , Acet Mehmet , Krenke Thorsten , Aksoy Seda , Wassermann Eberhard F.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we discuss the magnetocaloric behavior of Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys in rela-
tion to their shape-memory and superelastic properties. We show that the magnetocaloric effect
in these materials originates from two different contributions: (i) the coupling that is related to
a strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and takes place at the length scale of martensite variants
and magnetic domains (extrinsic effect), and (ii) the intrinsic microscopic magnetostructural
coupling. The first contribution is intimately related to the magnetically induced rearrange-
ment of martensite variants (magnetic shape-memory) and controls the magnetocaloric effect
at small applied fields, while the latter is dominant at higher fields and is essentially related to
the possibility of magnetically inducing the martensitic transition (magnetic superelasticity).
The possibility of inverse magnetocaloric effect associated with these two contributions is also
considered.
Effect of Site Disorder on Martensitic Transformation in Ferromagnetic Ni55Fe20Al25 Alloy as Inferred from Magnetic and Magneto-Transport Measurements
Authors: Abhyankar A.C. , D'Santhoshini B. Annie , Kaul S.N. , Nigam A.K.
Published: March 2009

Neutron diffraction technique is used to identify the crystal structures and study the phase
transformation in a ternary Ni55Fe20Al25 alloy, prepared in the ordered and site-disordered states by
annealing and rapid-melt-quenching techniques. We report the observation of ‘step-like’ wavy
structures in the thermomagnetic curves taken on ordered samples. No such features are observed in
the site-disordered counterparts. Negative magnetoresistance at 10 K and in a magnetic field of 80
kOe in the disordered sample is nearly two times larger than that in the annealed sample. A tentative
explanation for these phenomena is given.
Machining Characteristics of Semibonded Abrasive Grinding Plate
Authors: Yuan Ju Long , Yang Yi , Wang Zhi Wei , Yu Dong Qiang , Qian Miao , Dai Yong
Published: March 2009

This work aims to obtain fine surface of silicon wafer during precision and ultra precision
machining, and presents a new method called semibonded abrasive machining. A semibonded
abrasive grinding plate is used in the semibonded abrasive machining. Abrasive particle of 1000#
Green SiC and bond named SSB are adopted in the manufacture of the plate. Four plates with
different concentration of bond which are 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% respectively are made. The paper
studies the effect of concentration of bond, the control parameters which include the lapping time, the
load, and the rotating velocity of the plate on the surface roughness. Experimental results indicate
each plate with different concentration of bond can obtain fine surface roughness. When the load or
the rotating velocity increases, there is little effect on the surface roughness, but the material
removal rate increases correspondingly. The initial roughness of the silicon wafer surface lapping
by the plate could be improved from Ra 0.2μm to Ra 0.02μm in 9 min.
Novel Measurement Technique on 3D Surface Topography of Polishing Pad
Authors: Guo Dong Ming , Qin N. , Kang Ren Ke , Jin Zhu Ji
Published: March 2009

Among the properties of polishing pad, the surface roughness plays a crucial role in CMP
(Chemical Mechanical Planarization) process. However, there is no acknowledged standard for
measuring and characterizing the roughness of pad surface in 3D measurement. In this paper
Talysurf CLI 2000 working on the principle of dynamic confocal measurement was initially
suggested to measure the 3D surface topography of polishing pads through theoretical and
experimental analysis. In addition, based on the Nyquist folding frequency and the statistical theory,
a selection technique for sampling interval and sampling area was proposed and verified through
experiments. The results showed that Talysurf CLI 2000 is more suitable than NewView to measure
the 3D surface topography of polishing pads. 2μm sampling interval, 0.5×0.5mm2 sampling area
and 10μm interval, 1×1mm2 area are respectively recommended for IC1000/SubaIV and SubaIV
polishing pad.
Surface Topography Characteristics in Ultrasonic Aided High Speed Lapping of Engineering Ceramics
Authors: Jiao Feng , Zhao Bo , Li T.P. , Zhao Y.
Published: March 2009

Because of its high machining efficiency and good machining quality, ultrasonic aided
high-speed lapping with solid abrasive is regarded as a good method of cylindrical machining for
engineering ceramics. Compared with conventional lapping, ultrasonic aided high speed lapping has
unique surface topography distribution characteristics for the difference of the surface formation
mechanism and material removal mechanism. In the paper, the surface topography characteristics of
engineering ceramics in different lapping mode were researched. Research results show that the
lapped surfaces with and without ultrasonic assistance present different surface topography
characteristics. Under the same lapping mode, the lapped surface topography is distinctly different for
different ceramics. With the assistance of ultrasonic vibration, more ductile material removal can be
obtained and the surface quality can be improved correspondingly.
Simulation System for Quality Prediction and Parameters Optimization when Machining Ceramics Die Material
Authors: Niu Zong Wei , Li Zhi Yong , Wang F.F. , Sun Dian Zhu
Published: March 2009

A simulation system was developed to forecast machining quality and optimize grinding
parameters for the machining of ceramic die material. The system can forecast the surface quality of
machined ceramic die material with high precision, optimize machining parameters and analyze the
dominant factors. Based on the process database, the simulation system is applicable to various
machining methods. It can help to raise the automaticity for the machining of ceramic die material
and develop the farther intelligent system.
Laser Power Characterization Method for Fabrication of Centrosymmetric CR-DOEs Mask
Authors: Wang Duo Shu , Luo Chong Tai , Chen Tao , Xiong Yu Qing , Liu Hong Kai , Ye Zi Yu
Published: March 2009

With high diffractive efficiency, Continuous Relief Diffractive Optical Elements
(CR-DOE) can be used to eliminate chromatic aberration, partial aberration and simplify optical
system. The technology for CR-DOE with Laser Direct Writing method has advantages of simple
process, short period and low cost. The paper studied on the characterization method of laser power
for the technology. The principle of mask fabrication of CR-DOE by Laser Direct Writing is
described in the paper. The relations between microstructure depth and laser power, exposing
position radius and laser power were studied. The results showed that microstructure depth changes in
direct ratio to laser power and laser power should change in direct to exposing position radius while
several same depth microstructures were fabricated at different radius. At the end, the paper gave the
charactering method and also fabricated the mask of a kind of centrosymmetric continuous relief
diffractive focus lens with the method.
A Study of Cavitation Induced Surface Erosion in Abrasive Waterjet Cutting Systems
Authors: Madadnia J. , Shanmugam Dinesh K. , Nguyen Thai , Wang Jun
Published: March 2009

Current jet cutting systems experience severe nozzle erosion and associated maintenance
and downtime costs. An experimental investigation was conducted to qualitatively and quantitatively
analyse the generation of cavitation in a high pressure water jet cutting system, and to characterise
cavitation induced accelerated surface erosion by slurries. The analysis of surface morphology
indicates that the shearing induced by cavitation played a major role in the erosion process. The
results promise a feasible solution to reduce nozzle wear, and to enhance material removal in the jet
cutting process.
Research on Small Dimension Precision Turning Technology for Internal Spherical Surface
Authors: Gong Ya Dong , Yang Jian Yu , Zhang Yan Cheng , Wang Wan Shan
Published: March 2009

To the processing requirements of high precision small dimension and high surface
quality for internal spherical surface with through hole processing, a new technological method of
precision turning was proposed in this paper, the processing equipment and control system were
designed and developed, the parameters of precision turning technology were given. Through
precision turning experiment’s verification, this technological method of precision turning can
satisfy processing requirement, and has features of simple, high efficiency, and low processing cost.
Some comparative research in various small dimension precision turning technology for internal
spherical surface were also made in this paper, and conclusions full of research and processing
reference value were drawn.
Optimization of Cutting Force by Exponential Model in Milling Heat-Resistant Steel F91
Authors: Wang Zhi Jian , Sun Fang Hong , Zhao Guo Wei
Published: March 2009

Heat-resistant steel F91, which has high heat-resistance, is widely used in valve and pipe
manufacturing industry, but it is difficult to process due to its high strength and toughness. To
investigate the influence of cutting parameters on the machinability of F91, a series of milling
experiments based on uniform design were carried out. From the experimental data, an exponential
model of milling force was set up. The result of regress analyse showed that the model had a high
confidence degree. A group of optimized cutting parameters were obtained from the model for dry
cutting with TiAlX coated carbide milling cutter. Cutting with the optimized milling parameters,
lower milling force, higher material removal rate and less tool wear could be obtained. The
prediction model showed a satisfactory agreement with those obtained from the experiments, so it
can be referenced in actual processes for F91.
Numerical Simulation of Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Flow Field in Discharge Gap of High-Speed Small Hole EDM Drilling
Authors: Wang Y.Q. , Cao Ming Rang , Yang Sheng Qiang , Li Wen Hui
Published: March 2009

The flow field characteristics have a significant effect on the machining stability in
high-speed small hole EDM drilling. Thus, Lagrangian discrete phase model (DPM) has been
developed to simulate the gap liquid-solid two-phase flow field. The numerical calculation is based
on the standard k-ε turbulent model, and the SIMPLEC algorithm is used in the simulation. All the
governing equations are solved by software Fluent 6.2. Through numerical simulation, the pressure
distribution, the velocity distribution of the dielectric liquid, traces of debris particles, and the debris
particle concentration were obtained. The flow field characteristics under different pressures and
drilling depths were obtained through simulations. Finally, experiments were carried out to
investigate the effects of the flush velocity at exit obtained through simulation on material removal
rate (MRR).
FEM Analysis and Experimental Study on Residual Stress Induced by Form-Milling and Rolling of Rotor Steel 26NiCrMoV145
Authors: Li Jun Li , An Qing Long , Chen Ming
Published: March 2009

Rotor steel has been widely used in marine engineering and power industry because of its
high yield stress and anti-fatigue performance at high temperature. The surface integrity must be
guaranteed due to severe working environment. Hence it is worth studying residual stress (RS) for its
significant influence on the quality of machined part. In this paper, an effective model is built with the
help of finite element method (FEM) to evaluate RS induced by machining of rotor steel
26NiCrMoV145. An adaptive mesh control is introduced in this work to avoid excessive element
distortion. Johnson-Cook flow stress model is proposed to model workpiece material. Rolling
process is necessary to obtain desired RS according to the performance of form-milling process. In
order to validate FEM predictions, both milling and rolling experiments have been carried out. The
predicted RS profiles are in reasonable agreement with the experimental ones.
Parameter Selection Rules for Error Separation by Multi-Probe Method
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Xiu Min , Ba Lin , Zhang Yu
Published: March 2009

The measuring precision of error separation technology is directly related to error
separation parameters selection. If the parameter selection rules aren’t followed correctly, the
accuracy of error separation will be affected badly, and even the error figure got will be a distortion
result. Through a discussion on the characters of error separation technology, eight rules for
choosing error separation parameters of multi-probe method are made in this paper. These rules are
regarded as the general laws to follow when measuring the geometrical error by multi-probe
method. Based on the results of the online measurement experiment, the parameter selection rules
are proved to be effective.
Internal Magnetic Abrasive Particles Surface Finishing Based on Permanent Magnetic Field
Authors: Chen H.L. , Yang Shi Chun , Wang Jian Mei , Li Wen Hui , Xiong G.Y.
Published: March 2009

To internal magnetic abrasive particles surface finishing, the motion of magnetic abrasive
particles was influenced not only by the intensity of magnetic induction, but also by the internal
diameter, and the magnetic inductive capacity was also an important factor that influences finishing
quality. In this paper, under the same experimental conditions, electromagnetic field and permanent
magnetic field were respectively used to magnetic abrasive particles surface finishing on thin
stainless steel bush and 45 steel bush, new thoughts on inserted permanent magnetic pole and butted
permanent magnetic pole were pointed out. The finishing quality of two kinds of work pieces under
three different magnetic poles was compared. The results have shown that permanent magnetic pole
could decrease the surface roughness Ra of work piece from 1.6μm to 0.2μm, which could solve the
puzzles encountered in internal magnetic abrasive particles surface finishing on magnetic inductive
work piece and had good promising application value.
The Effect of Shear Strain on Transformation between Burr and Negative Burr
Authors: Zhu Yun Ming , Wang Gui Cheng , Shen Qin Xi , Qu Hai Jun , Pei Hong Jie
Published: March 2009

In most machining operations undersirable burr or negative burr is created at workpiece
edges. The burr/negative burr formation mechanism is analyzed based on shear strain which is
obtained from simulation results of the finite element model of burr/negative burr forming process.
To varify the simulation results, experiments are conducted. We observered that there exists a
critical value of shear strain for burr/negative burr transformation. Burr or negative burr, which to
be formed at workpiece edges can be controlled by adjusting the cutting conditions or tool
geometric parameters. Edge quality of workpiece can be controlled by converting burr or negative
burr forming.
Dielectric Properties Enhancement in Polybenzoxazine Composite at Multi-Frequency Range
Authors: Krueson Nidchakarn , Manuspiya H. , Laoratanakul Pitak , Ishida H.
Published: March 2009

This research proposed a novel nano barium strontium titanate (BST) powder- polybenzoxazine composite as a new dielectric material. In this work, the dielectric properties of a surface-treated BST powder-polybenzoxazine composite were studied. The surface of the BST powders were modified by using three different chemicals: 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, benzoxazine monomer and phthalocyanine. The distribution of the BST powders in the polybenzoxazine matrix was observed by SEM. The dielectric constants of the composites with a function of frequency (1 kHz–10 MHz) were investigated. It was found that the composites with modified BST powders showed good distribution in the polybenzoxazine matrix, and the dielectric constants were also much enhanced than those with untreated BST powders. In comparisons among the three modification methods, the composite with the silane coupling modified BST powder showed significantly in dielectric constant improvement while the composite with the benzoxazine and phthalocyanine modified BST powders displayed lower dielectric loss due to the modified powder dispersed well in the polybenzoxazine matrix.
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Dielectric Properties of 0.8Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3 - 0.2Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Prasatkhetragarn Anurak , Ananta Supon , Yimnirun Rattikorn , Cann David P.
Published: March 2009

A combination between piezoelectric (Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3; PZT) and relaxor ferroelectric (Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3; PCN) materials with a formula of 0.8Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3 - 0.2Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3 has been prepared with solid-state reaction (the columbite-wolframite precursor method). This specific composition was selected for investigation because it is close to a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between the tetragonal and pseudo cubic phases. The phase formation behavior and microstructure were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The dielectric properties of the compound were measured and discussed. The ceramics were also heat-treated at 800 oC. The results showed that the dielectric properties of the compound depended significantly on the heat treatment conditions. Most importantly, this study showed that the addition of PCN can improve the dielectric characteristics in PZT ceramics.
Structural and Morphologies of (1-x)BaTiO3-xBaFe0.5Nb0.5O3  Solid Solution
Authors: Eitssayeam Sukum
Published: March 2009

The structural and physical properties of(1−x)BaTiO3 –xBaFe0.5Nb0.5O3 ceramics system were investigated as a function of the BaFe0.5Nb0.5O3 content by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dielectric measurement technique. Studies were performed on the samples prepared by solid state reaction for x = 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6. The XRD analysis demonstrated that with increasing BFN content in (1−x)BT–xBFN, the structural change occurred from the tetragonal to the cubic phase at room temperature. Changes in the morphology were then related to these structural depending on the BFN content.
Origin of P-E Hysteresis Offsets in Compositionally Graded Ba(1-x)SrxTiO3 Thick Films
Authors: Barrel Jeremie , Stytsenko Eugene , Viviani Massimo , MacKenzie Kenneth
Published: March 2009

Compositionally graded Ba(1-x)SrxTiO3 thick films were fabricated by the airflow deposition technique. Films displayed hysteresis translation along the polarization axis when driven by an alternating electric field. The trend of the hysteresis shift as a function of temperature is similar to the difference of DC currents measured when a positive and negative DC electric field is applied. The study suggests that the origin of this phenomenon lies in an asymmetry of the film conductance due to the presence of asymmetric Schottky contacts at the BaTiO3/Ag and Ag/Ba0.xSr1-0.xTiO3 interfaces.
Effect of ZrO2 Doping on Crystal Structure, Microstructure and Phase Transition of Lead Titanate Ceramics
Authors: Sittiketkron Panadda , Sukkho S. , Bongkarn Theerachai
Published: March 2009

In this work, the effect of ZrO2 doping on the properties of PbTiO3 ceramics was investigated. PbTiO3 powders were prepared via a mixed oxide method with a calcination temperature of 750 °C for 2 h. The various amounts of ZrO2, between 0 and 2 wt.%, were added to the calcined powders to decrease the c/a ratio. The mixed powders were sintered at 1225 °C for 2 h. The samples were characterized using X–ray diffractrometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was showed that the ZrO2 phase was not detected in all of the powder and ceramic samples. The highest density in the ceramics was found in the sample with 0.5 wt.% of ZrO2. The average grain size slightly increased with the increase of ZrO2. The phase transition temperature from tetragonal ferroelectric to cubic paraelectric was about 465 to 466 °C for all sintered samples.
Effect of Excess PbO on Crystal Structure, Microstructure and Phase Transition of Lead Titanate Ceramics
Authors: Tangkawsakul W. , Sittiketkron Panadda , Bongkarn Theerachai
Published: March 2009

In this work, we studied the effect of excess PbO on crystal structure, microstructure and phase transition of lead titanate (PT). PT was prepared via a mixed oxide method with various PbO levels (0, 1, 3 and 5 wt.%). The raw materials were calcined at 750 oC for 2 h and sintered at 1225 oC for 2 h. The characteristics of PT were analyzed by a X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that calcined powders and sintered ceramics indexed in a tetragonal structure. For PT powders, the impurity phases of lead oxide (PbO) and lead dioxide (PbO2) were detected in 3 and 5 wt.% of excess PbO samples, but they were not detected in all sintered ceramic samples. The increase of excess PbO levels resulted in a decreased c/a ratio in both calcined powders and sintered ceramics. Average particle sizes increased from 0.64 to 4.24 µm when excess PbO levels increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. It was also clearly seen that the liquid phase of the sintering process was obtained in the PT calcined powders which had an excess of PbO. The DSC result indicated that the phase transition temperature, from a ferroelectric to a paraelectric phase with a high PbO content (5 wt.%), was higher than those with low PbO contents (0, 1 and 3 wt.%).
Nanosized Titania, a Smart Material or is it just Clever?
Authors: Stevens R. , Regonini D. , Bowen Chris R. , Jaroenworaluck Angkhana
Published: March 2009

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanopowders can be reproducibly formed by hydroxylation of titanium organic complexes. The crystallisation to anatase and rutile can be controlled by systematic calcination and a complex range of properties optimized for specific applications. Characterisation of the powders has been undertaken using advanced physical techniques. The morphology of the TiO2 powders is determined by solution concentration and precipitation phenomena, particularly temperature and stirring regime. However the fine powders have limitations in terms of processing flexibility particularly when nanostructured and organised features are desired, due to their fine particle structure and inability to be sintered without undergoing complete phase change. Anodising titanium metal can overcome these difficulties and under appropriate conditions semi-ordered nanotubes of TiO2 have been prepared. These can be heat treated to develop the phase of choice, anatase or rutile. A mechanism for the formation of the nanotubes has been proposed which is based on the linkage of pores developed in the anodized oxidation product. The pores are driven to into alignment by the applied potential and link up to form the tubular structures. A degree of control of the tube size and wall thickness is shown possible by control of applied voltage. The nanotubes have been investigated using SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the structure and postulate the formation mechanism.
Effect of Calcination Conditions on Phase Formation and Characterization of BiFeO3 Powders Synthesized by a Solid-State Reaction
Authors: Silawongsawat C. , Chandarak S. , Sareein Thanapong , Ngamjarurojana Athipong , Maensiri S. , Laoratanakul Pitak , Ananta Supon , Yimnirun Rattikorn
Published: March 2009

A perovskite-type phase of Bismuth Ferrite, BiFeO3, powder was synthesized by a solid-state reaction via a rapid vibro-milling technique. The effect of calcination condition on the phase formation, and characterization of BiFeO3 powder was investigated. The formation of the BiFeO3 phase investigated as a function of calcination conditions by TG–DTA and XRD. Morphology, particle size and chemical composition have been determined via a combination of SEM and EDX techniques and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the structures and magnetic properties of prepared samples. The rapid vibro-milling is employed for the first time in this work as a significant time-saving method to obtain single-phase BiFeO3 powders.