bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Process of Plasma Chemical Photoresist Film Ashing from the Surface of Silicon Wafers
Authors: Bordusau Siarhei , Madveika Siarhei , Dostanko Anatolii
Published: March 2021

At present, the research for finding new technical methods of treating materials with plasma, including the development of energy and resource saving technologies for microelectronic manufacturing, is particularly actual.In order to improve the efficiency of microwave plasma chemical ashing of photoresist films from the surface of silicon wafers a two-stage process of treating was developed. The idea of the developed process is that wafers coated with photoresist are pre-heated by microwave energy. This occurs because the microwave energy initially is not spent on the excitation and maintenance of a microwave discharge but it is absorbed by silicon wafers which have a high tangent of dielectric losses. During the next step after the excitation of the microwave discharge the interaction of oxygen plasma with a pre-heated photoresist films proceeds more intensively. The delay of the start of plasma forming process in the vacuum chamber of a plasmatron with respect to the beginning of microwave energy generation by a magnetron leads to the increase of the total rate of photoresist ashing from the surface of silicon wafers approximately 1.7 times. The advantage of this method of microwave plasma chemical processing of semi-conductor wafers is the possibility of intensifying the process without changing the design of microwave discharge module and without increasing the input microwave power supplied into the discharge.
The Formation of a Power Multi-Pulse Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation in the Pulse Plasma Diode of Low Pressure
Authors: Borgun Ievgeniia V. , Azarenkov Mykola O. , Hassanein Ahmed , Tseluyko Oleksandr F. , Maslov Vasyl I. , Ryabchikovk Dmitro L.
Published: March 2021

In this paper results are presented on experimental studies of the temporal characteristics of spike extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation in the spectral range of 12.2 ÷ 15.8 nm from the anode region of high-current (I = 40 kA) pulsed discharges in tin vapor. It is observed that the intense multi-spike radiation in this range arises at an inductive stage of the discharge. It has been shown that the radiation spikes correlate with the sharp increase of active resistance and of pumped power, due to plasma heating by an electron beam, formed in the double layer of charged particles. It has been observed that for large number of spikes the conversion efficiency of pumped energy into radiationat double layer formation is essentially higher in comparison with collisional heating.
Materials for Fusion Applications
Authors: Matějíček Jiří
Published: March 2021

An overview of materials foreseen for use or already used in fusion devices is given. The operating conditions, material requirements and characteristics of candidate materials in several specific application segments are briefly reviewed. These include: construction materials, electrical insulation, permeation barriers and plasma facing components. Special attention will be paid to the latter and to the issues of plasma-material interaction, materials joining and fuctionally graded interlayers.
Velikhov Electrothermal Instability Cancellation by a Modification of Electrical Conductivity Value in a Streamer by Magnetic Confinement
Authors: Petit Jean P. , Dore Jean C.
Published: March 2021

We present a method, confirmed experimentally, allowing the cancellation of Velikhov instability by operating a local magnetic field reduction along a lane, which enhances local electric conductivity and electron-gas collision frequency, due to a local passage into a Coulomb collision regime and the subsequent lowering of the Hall parameter below its critical value, close to 2.
Emittance Characterization of Ion Beams Provided by Laser Plasma
Authors: Velardi Luciano , Side Domenico Delle , Marco Massimo De , Nassisi Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

Laser ion sources offer the possibility to obtain ion beams useful for particle accelerators. Nanosecond pulsed lasers at intensities of the order of 108 W/cm2, interacting with solid matter in a vacuum, produce plasma of high temperature and high density. To increase the ion energy, an external post-acceleration system can be employed by means of high voltage power supplies of some tens of kV. In this work, we characterize the ion beams provided by an LIS source and post-accelerated. We calculated the produced charge and the emittance. Applying 60 kV of accelerating voltage and laser irradiance of 0.1 GW/cm2 on the Cu target, we obtain 5.5 mA of output current and normalized beam emittance of 0.2 mm mrad. The brightness of the beams was 137 mA (mm mrad)−2.
Complex Covariance
Authors: Kleefeld Frieder
Published: March 2021

According to some generalized correspondence principle the classical limit of a non-Hermitian quantum theory describing quantum degrees of freedom is expected to be the well known classical mechanics of classical degrees of freedom in the complex phase space, i.e., some phase space spanned by complex-valued space and momentum coordinates. As special relativity was developed by Einstein merely for real-valued space-time and four-momentum, we will try to understand how special relativity and covariance can be extended to complex-valued space-time and four-momentum. Our considerations will lead us not only to some unconventional derivation of Lorentz transformations for complex-valued velocities, but also to the non-Hermitian Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, which are to lay the foundations of a non-Hermitian quantum theory.
Emmy Noether and Linear Evolution Equations
Authors: Leach P. G. L.
Published: March 2021

Noether’s Theorem relates the Action Integral of a Lagrangian with symmetries which leave it invariant and the first integrals consequent upon the variational principle and the existence of the symmetries. These each have an equivalent in the Schrödinger Equation corresponding to the Lagrangian and by extension to linear evolution equations in general. The implications of these connections are investigated.
Spectral Singularities do not Correspond to Bound States in the Continuum
Authors: Mostafazadeh Ali
Published: March 2021

We show that, contrary to a claim made in arXiv:1011.0645, the von Neumann-Winger bound states that lie in the continuum of the scattering states are fundamentally different from Naimark’s spectral singularities.
Algorithms for Solving Darcian Flow in Structured Porous Media
Authors: Kuráž Michal , Mayer Petr
Published: March 2021

This paper presents several algorithms that were implemented in DRUtES [1], a new open source project. DRUtES is a finite element solver for coupled nonlinear parabolic problems, namely the Richards equation with the dual porosity approach (modeling the flow of liquids in a porous medium). Mass balance consistency is crucial in any hydrological balance and contaminant transportation evaluations. An incorrect approximation of the mass term greatly depreciates the results that are obtained. An algorithm for automatic time step selection is presented, as the proper time step length is crucial for achieving accuracy of the Euler time integration method. Various problems arise with poor conditioning of the Richards equation: the computational domain is clustered into subregions separated by a wetting front, and the nonlinear constitutive functions cover a high range of values, while a very simple diagonal preconditioning method greatly improves the matrix properties. The results are presented here, together with an analysis.
Particle Dynamics in the RMP Ergodic Layer under the Influence of Edge Plasma Turbulence
Authors: Kurian Matúš , Krlín Ladislav , Cahyna Pavel , Pánek Radomír
Published: March 2021

The complex processes in edge tokamak plasma are affected (among others) both by resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) and by plasma turbulence. RMP is nowadays considered to be a candidate for the mitigation of the edge-localized modes (ELMs). The effect of plasma turbulence inthe edge region has not been studied yet. Since both RMP and plasma turbulence should influence plasma dynamics, studies of their simultaneous effect have potential practical implications. Using a simplified model of the turbulence and single-particle simulations, we discovered that its effect at realistic amplitudes changes the ion dynamics significantly. We expect that the turbulence has a similar effect on electrons, thus potentially influencing the ELM mitigation mechanism.
Adhesive Bonding of Aluminium Alloy A5754 by Epoxy Resins
Authors: Michalec Ivan , Marônek Milan
Published: March 2021

Joining thin sheets of aluminium and its alloys is a promising area in the field of joining materials. Nowadays, joining methods that do not melt the material itself are increasingly being utilised. This paper deals with adhesive bonding of aluminium alloy A5754 by two-component epoxy resins. Theresults show that joints bonded by Hysol 9466 have appropriate mechanical properties, but that joints bonded by Hysol 9492 have better thermal stability.
The Impact of Active Conductors on Czech and Hungarian Lightning Protection Legislation
Authors: Mikeš Jan , Efmertová Marcela , Szedenik Norbert , Kutáč Jirí
Published: March 2021

This paper summarizes the developmental conditions for the emergence of protection against lightning. It reviews the legislation especially in the Czech Republic over the last 15 years, and its application for active lightning conductors. The paper presents examples of the damage caused bylightning strikes on buildings protected by ESE lightning rods constructed using the French nationalstandard NFC 17-102 [1] and STN 34 1391 [2]. Installation of lightning conductors based on thesestandards is not, however, in accordance with the valid legislation in the Czech Republic and Hungary.In response to a growing number of ESE installations in the Czech Republic, it is vital to inform boththe broader professional publc and the lay public of cases involving failures of this type of lightningconductor.
The Effect of Kaolin Concentration on Flock Growth Kinetics in an Agitated Tank
Authors: Šulc Radek , Svačina Ondřej
Published: March 2021

This paper reports on an investigation of the effect of initial solid particle concentrationon flock growth and flock shape characterized by the fractal dimension Df2. The experiments werecarried out in a baffled tank agitated by a Rushton turbine at mixing intensity 64W/m3 and constantdimensionless flocculant dosage DF/ck0 = 4.545 mg/g. The model wastewater (a suspension of tapwater and kaolin) was flocculated with Sokoflok 56A organic flocculant (solution 0.1% wt.). The size and shape of the flocks were investigated by image analysis. The flock growth kinetics was fitted according to a semi-empirical generalized correlation proposed by the authors. The dependences Af = 100.35ck01.532,  df,eq,max = 1.0474ck0-0.311 and (NtF)max = 1622ck0-0.393 were found. The fractal dimension Df2 was found to be independent of flocculation time and initial kaolin concentration, and its value Df2 = 1.470 ± 0.023 was determined as an average for the given conditions.
Contribuição do círculo de controle de qualidade (CCQ) à aprendizagem organizacional: evidências em uma indústria têxtil catarinense
Authors: Fodra Rugles Carpiné , Alano Fábio da Silva , Silva Denise Abatti Kasper
Published: March 2021

A busca por vantagens competitivas obriga as empresas a trabalharem com uma gestão voltada para a melhoria contínua. Neste cenário, crescente são as organizações que adotam ferramentas como o Círculo de Controle de Qualidade (CCQ), buscando também compreender a Aprendizagem Organizacional (AO) como fator de diferenciação. Conhecido como um modelo onde profissionais trabalham em grupo, o CCQ contribui para desenvolver melhorias. Quanto a AO, Crossan, Lane e White (1999) desenvolveram o modelo “4 I’s”, onde AO ocorre por meio dos processos de intuição, interpretação, integração e institucionalização, nos níveis individual, grupal e organizacional. Este trabalho analisou as contribuições do CCQ à aprendizagem nos níveis individual, grupal e organizacional, percebidas pelos participantes do programa de uma indústria têxtil catarinense. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo de caso, exploratório e descritivo, de abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, com coleta de dados via aplicação de questionário e análise documental. Os dados foram analisados por meio de softwares (Excel e Minitab), além da análise guiada pelo framework dos “4 I’s”. Como resultados, constatou-se que o ambiente do CCQ oportuniza a aprendizagem nos níveis individual, grupal e organizacional e que não há diferença no nível de percepção entre os perfis de respondentes no contexto estudado.
Modelo de previsão de demanda de ordens de manutenção emergenciais baseada em fatores climáticos em um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica
Authors: Basso Lucas Machado , Dornelles Jéssica de Assis , Tabim Verônica Maurer , Garcia Vinícius Jaques
Published: March 2021

A previsão da demanda de ordens de manutenção é fundamental para o planejamento dos recursos de mão-de-obra, materiais e infraestrutura necessários para atender aos chamados e garantir a disponibilidade do sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um modelo de previsão de demanda para ordens de manutenção emergencial em um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando fatores climáticos que possam afetar essa demanda. Este estudo apresenta uma pesquisa aplicada quanto a sua natureza, exploratória quanto aos seus objetivos e com abordagem quantitativa. O método de trabalho apresenta quatro etapas principais: (i) mineração dos dados das ordens de manutenção emergenciais em relação aos fatores climáticos; (ii) determinação do método de previsão de demanda adequado; (iii) elaboração de um modelo de previsão de demanda para as ordens de emergência considerando fatores climáticos; e (iv) validação do modelo de previsão da demanda a partir de dados coletados. Como resultado obteve-se o modelo de previsão de demanda de ordens de manutenção emergenciais baseado em fatores climáticos para um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica.
Aplicação de algorítmo genético e da methaeurística simulated anneling em um processo siderúrgico
Authors: Pimenta Cristie Diego , Silva Messias Borges , Marins Fernando Augusto Silva
Published: March 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar a aplicação de algoritmo Genético e de Simulated Anneling para otimizar as predições estatísticas para o processo de tratamento térmico de têmpera em arames de aço. Essa modelagem estatística pode ser capaz de substituir o processo utilizado para a preparação de fornos de têmpera e revenimento, que tradicionalmente é realizada por meio de ajustes feitos a partir do resultado da propriedade mecânica dureza, ensaiada em laboratório e exigida para atender as especificações de clientes. Buscou-se compreender a influência das variáveis de entrada (fatores) e os seus efeitos na  propriedade mecânica dureza, em arames de aço SAE 9254, para o diâmetro 2,00mm, utilizado para a fabricação de molas de válvula e de embreagem para o seguimento automobilístico. Foram investigadas as principais variáveis de entrada do processo e para isso, utilizaram-se as metodologias Regressão Múltipla Quadrática e a Metodologia de Superfícies de Resposta (RSM). Para a otimização do modelo estatístico foram utilizadas as metodologias Algoritmo Genético (AG) e a Meta-heurística Recozimento Simulado (Simulated Anneling). Os resultados revelaram que é possível se obter bons resultados se utilizada essa modelagem estatística e se o modelo estatístico for otimizado por meio das técnicas aplicadas neste artigo. Se as metodologias forem aplicadas corretamente, isso poderá trazer avanços científicos que poderiam proporcionar a automatização deste processo, e consequentemente isso poderia contribuir para o aumento de produtividade e da qualidade do produto.
Advantages and limitations of using foamed bitumen
Authors: Saleh Ali , Gáspár László
Published: March 2021

Foamed asphalt refers to a bituminous mixture of road-building aggregates and foamed bitumen, produced by a cold mix process. There are a lot of related issue that has not been sufficiently investigated so far. It is worthwhile to overview the main theoretical and practical results in the field in several countries including those of the authors of the paper. It is clear that the foamed asphalt is usually characterized by high quality and reasonable cost, can be used in cold road pavement rehabilitation, in addition to it the technique is environ-mentally friendly preserving natural resources. Using foamed bitumen reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide and gases resulting from combustion, especially when it is used as a cold rehabilitation binder and mixed with re-claimed asphalt pavement materials.
Одомашнивание искусственного интеллекта: умные колонки и трансформация повседневной жизни
Authors: Корбут Андрей Михайлович
Published: March 2021

Появившись относительно недавно, в 2014 г., умные колонки (портативные колонки с интегрированным голосовым помощником) уже стали для многих пользователей привычной частью домашней обстановки. В данной работе рассматривается, какие трансформации происходят в социальных практиках в результате появления в домохозяйствах умных колонок. В статье анализируются два аспекта одомашнивания искусственного интеллекта при использовании умных колонок: 1) включение умных устройств в повседневную домашнюю культуру, 2) формы и способы взаимодействия с умными устройствами. Преобразование домашней социальности, к которому приводит появление умных колонок, заключается, с одной стороны, в изменении рутинных домашних практик (приготовления еды, уборки, прослушивания музыки, установки будильника, выяснения прогноза погоды и т.д.). В некоторых случаях умные колонки меняют только фон деятельности, но в других случаях трансформируют способ и частоту ее осуществления. С другой стороны, появление умных колонок приводит к новым формам коммуникации, которые ранее были непривычны для домашней жизни. Например, пользователи чаще используют громкую речь, избегают определенных фраз и выражений для сохранения приватности или начинают фразы с обращения к собеседнику.
В статье с опорой на данные существующих исследований, автоэтнографические наблюдения автора и анализ фрагментов разговоров с умной колонкой показывается, что, несмотря на стремление разработчиков умных колонок сделать их использование «естественным», подобные разговаривающие устройства требуют от пользователей не просто применения к искусственному интеллекту привычного способа взаимодействия, а выработки новых форм взаимодействия и социальности.
Благодарность. Статья подготовлена в сотрудничестве с Лабораторией геймификации Сбербанка.
Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Sociality: New Phenomena and Challenges for the Social Sciences
Authors: Резаев Андрей Владимирович , Трегубова Наталья Дамировна
Published: March 2021

Acknowledgements. The study was conducted in the framework of the research project supported by RFBR grant No. 20-04-60033.
How Algorithms Became Capitalist. Book Review of: Zuboff Sh. Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2019
Authors: Жихаревич Дмитрий Михайлович
Published: March 2021

Acknowledgments. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation: Grant No. 18-78-10049.
Las esporas de Acrocladium auriculatum y Lepyrodon lagurus (Bryophyta) de la región fueguina de Argentina
Authors: Piñeiro M. Raquel , Solan Rosana , Fontana Sonia L.
Published: March 2021

Acrocladium and Lepyrodon are pleurocarpic moss genera of Southern distribution. The species A. auriculatum and L. lagurus inhabit in the Fuegian region of Argentina as the dominant representatives of these genera. A detail description of their spores has not been reported up to now. The objective of this study is to compare the morphological characteristics of the spores and establish their diagnostic value in the systematic of these taxa. The spores were studied from herbarium specimens, with Light Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed differences between the size ranges and the type of spores ornamentation. These characteristics would add to and contribute to reinforce the morphological differences between species, highlighting the role of spores as an important source of systematic and biological information for these taxa.
Consolidation tests in archaeological wall painting: comparing treatments depending on the painting technique
Authors: López-Martínez Teresa , Collado-Montero Francisco José , García-Bueno Ana
Published: March 2021

Consolidation is a treatment of great importance for archaeological wall paintings due to their state of preservation, in which the lack of cohesion of the mortar and the pulverulence of the pictorial layer are common. The objective of this work has been to evaluate consolidation tests that have been carried out on decontextualized fragments belonging to five different wall paintings (from different periods and with differences in their state of conservation and in their painting techniques). For this, two of the most used treatments in consolidation of archaeological coatings, such as an acrylic resin and ethyl silicate, have been compared with two treatments that use nanoparticles, such as nanolimes and nano ethyl silicate, together with a bioconsolidation treatment used until present mainly for the consolidation of stone material: bacterial carbonatogenesis.
Translanguaging: navegando entre lenguas – pedagogical translanguaging
for multilingual classrooms
Authors: Fuertes Gutiérrez Mara
Published: March 2021

What is it? Most of the world population speaks two or more languages,
which means many classrooms are intrinsically multilingual. In addition,
education in more than one language is currently being promoted across the
world, and there is an increasing interest in exploring how bilingual
speakers are educated, reflecting “the shift from monolingual ideologies in
the study of multilingual education to multilingual ideologies and dynamic
views of multilingualism” (Cenoz & Gorter, 2020, p. 300). This change in
interpreting multilingualism is supported by the emergence of concepts such
as translanguaging. Nowadays, the term translanguaging is used in various
contexts (for example, bilingual and multilingual education, English-medium
instruction, or language teaching, including Content and Language Integrated
Learning, or CLIL; see Cenoz & Gorter, 2020, pp. 305-306). Everyday or
social translanguaging refers to how multilinguals tactically use their
whole linguistic repertoire for communication purposes. Rather than
indicating what languages are, translanguaging focuses on what multilingual
speakers do with languages, which is to fluidly navigate across them.
Therefore, the boundaries between languages become more diffused.
Automatic speech recognition: can you understand me?
Authors: Pérez Castillejo Susana
Published: March 2021

What is it? Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) is a digital
communication method that transforms spoken discourse into written text.
This rapidly evolving technology is used in email, text messaging, or live
video captioning. Current ASR systems operate in conjunction with Natural
Language Processing (NLP) technology to transform speech into text that
people – and machines – can read. NLP refers to the methodologies and
computational tools that analyze data produced in a natural language, such
as English.
Turbulent Mixing Inferred from CTD Datasets in the Western Tropical Pacific Ocean
Authors: Purwandana Adi , Iskandar Mochamad Riza
Published: March 2021

The spatial pattern of energetic aspect related to vertical mixing processes of the water masses in the western tropical Pacific Ocean is characterized in this study. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates and vertical eddy diffusivities in this region are estimated from archived CTD profiles from World Ocean Database (WOD). The dissipation rates are estimated using the improved Thorpe method which considered the canonical Garret-Munk background dissipation rate and the typical lowest value dissipation rate from microstructure measurements, 10-10 m2s-3. Enhanced dissipation rates of 10-8-10-7 m2s-3 were found in the region known as an active area where two Pacific water masses from different sources intersect and strong mesoscale circulations exist while lower dissipation of less than 10-8 m2s-3 was found in the less active regions. A comparison with recent 3D hydrostatic model of M2 internal tide shows less agreement dissipation rates of the model with the observations, with the decreasing trend of discrepancy towards deeper. This suggested that topography roughness, homogenous stratifications yet lacking of background circulations set in the model were not sufficient to reproduce dissipation in the region with strong background mesoscale circulations. It was indicated that the main contributor for vertical overturning events occurred in this region is due to strong shear instabilities enhanced by background circulations. A direct method estimates using vertical microstructure profiler is suggested to validate this indirect method in the future.
Heavy Metal (Pb, Hg) Contained in Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cengkok Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Febrianessa Nadya , Sulistiono Sulistiono , Samosir Agustinus Mangaratua , Yokota Masashi
Published: March 2021

Increasing number of industries and settlements in Banten Bay were subsequently followed by an increase in the amount of waste, whether in the form of solid, liquid or gas that can pollute the environment. One of the toxic pollutants is heavy metal.The entry mechanism of the heavy metal Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) in body of the crab (Portunus pelagicus), namely through the process of digestion food. This study was conducted for 6 months, from March to August 2019, and aimed to analyze the heavy metal content levels (Pb and Hg) and the safe consumption level of the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in the waters. The heavy metal concentration in the meat was measured through the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) AA 7000 series Shimadzu. The analysis showed that the Pb and Hg contained in the blue swimming crab were still under the quality standards. Also, the bio-concentration factors of the blue swimming crab were low (<100).  Water quality data observed as temperature, salinity, TSS, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and transparency stayed in the range of tolerable limits for the survival of marine organisms. Maximum weekly intake calculation refers to the tolerable limits issued by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The JECFA recommends calculating the PTWI of each heavy metal if it accumulates in the human body for methyl mercury 1.6 μg.kg bw.week-1 and for lead not exceed 25 μg.kg bw.week-1. The safety consumption level of blue swimming crab from Cengkok Coastal water was 2.3 kg of meat.week-1 (for adults) and 0.6 kg of meat.week-1 (for children).
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Blue Swimming Crab Larvae (Portunus pelagicus) in The Conservation Area of Betahwalang, Central Java
Authors: Redjeki Sri , Zainuri Muhammad , Widowati Ita , Ghofar Abdul , Agus Elsa Lusia , Mustagfirin Mustagfirin , Ayodya Fabian Panji , Abbey Michael
Published: March 2021

Betahwalang has been one of the main contributors to the Blue Swimming Crab (BSC, Portunus pelagicus) fisheries production in Central Java Province. Recruitment of the BSC depends to a large extend on the abundance of crab larvae. However, information on larval distribution of the crab affecting the recruitment to the fishery, fishery management and decision making to support crab conservation in Betahwalang area has been lacking.  The purpose of this study is to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of BSC larvae in the crab conservation area, to identify the larval stage most commonly occurs in the conservation area, and to develop process of decision making to managing conservation areas. This study was conducted in twelve months, starting from January until December 2018. The spatial distribution of the crab larvae was analyzed and mapped by means of SPSS and ArcGIS. The results of this study indicate that the crab larvae occur in the conservation area throughout the year.  The highest larval abundance of the crab occurs in May, September, and November. The most commonly found crab larval stages were megalopa. As megalopa and crablet stages are relatively much more active and closer to the adult form, their occurrence in the conservation area and throughout the year of 2018 suggests the existence of continuous support to the Blue Swimming Crab recruitment for the following year. The spatial and temporal distribution of the larvae were influenced by oceanographic parameters including temperature, nitrate and phosphate, which were associated with monsoonal changes in the Java Sea.
Gustaw Herling-Grudziński e la letteratura italiana del XX secolo
Authors: Ajres Alessandro
Published: March 2021

Magdalena Śniedziewska’s book discusses a theme in Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s works which has not been thoroughly researched, i.e. their relationship with Italian literature. This is how we discover Herling-Grudziński as a writer who is simultaneously a great literary criticwho looks eagerly and with both interest (sometimes) and passion at the work of such authors as Nicola Chiaromonte, Ignazio Silone, Alberto Moravia, Luigi Pirandello, Tomasi di Lampedusa and Leonardo Sciascia. The opening chapter of the book discusses Herling-Grudziński’s condition as an emigrant and the changes in his attitude to Naples which became his second home after World War II; the final chapter is about the Polish writer’s difficult relationship with Italian book market, reconstructing the story of the reception of Inny świat (A World Apart) in Italy.
“Dove abitano il tempo, il silenzio e la voce delle chiese”: la Roma di Maria Kuncewiczowa
Authors: Prola Dario
Published: March 2021

This paper is focused on a volume of short essays and notes by Maria Kuncewiczowa entitled Notatki włoskie. Przezrocza (Italian notes. Slides) from 1985. The first part is devoted to the evolution and the literary realizations of the Italian journey, starting from 1918, in order to offer an interpretation of the place occupied by Kuncewiczowa’s work in the panorama of contemporary Polish literature. In the second part, the author analyzes the genesis and genre of this literary text, recognizing its characteristics as a silva rerum, a traditional formal model of Polish literature which experienced renewed fortune in the second half of the twentieth century. The third part of the essay constitutes its thematic core: the author analyzes the image of Rome in all its many facets, relating it to the writer’s poetics and worldview.
The Role of Consent in European Cross-Border Insolvency Proceedings: The Unilateral Undertaking under Article 36 EIRR
Authors: Gaboardi Marcello
Published: March 2021

Properly balancing between public and private interests is one of the most significant and complex challenges presented by modern insolvency law. The European Union insolvency law has recently embraced that challenge, by reinforcing the role that private actors, such as creditors and stakeholders, are called upon to play within the context of insolvency proceedings. That approach to insolvency has gradually reduced the impact of public actors, such as judges and public officers, in managing the debtor’s financial difficulties. The individual consent seems to be the new way of facing the debtor’s insolvency. First, this Article examines the role of individual consent in insolvency proceedings in terms of economic efficiency. It focuses on the tendency to favor agreements between the debtor and creditors or the insolvency practitioner in several European legal systems when they increase the likelihood to produce efficient results for both the parties. The second part of this Article focuses on the European Regulation on cross-border insolvency proceedings no. 848/2015. I offer some critical thoughts about the unilateral undertaking under article 36 of the European Regulation. It represents a relevant means of managing the debtor’s cross-border insolvency through an agreement between the insolvency practitioner in the main insolvency proceedings and local creditors in order to avoid the opening of inefficient secondary proceedings.
Children in Armed Conflict: A Human Rights Crisis in Somalia
Authors: Regilme Salvador Santino Jr. Fulo , Spoldi Elisabetta
Published: March 2021

Despite the consolidated body of public international law on children’s rights and armed conflict, why do armed rebel groups and state forces deploy children in armed conflict, particularly in Somalia? First, due to the lack of alternative sources of income and livelihood beyond armed conflict, children join the army due to coercive recruitment by commanders of armed groups. Their participation in armed conflict generates a fleeting and false sense of material security and belongingness in a group. Second, many Somali children were born in an environment of existential violence and material insecurity that normalized and routinized violence, thereby motivating them to view enlistment in armed conflict as morally permissible and necessary for existential survival.
Theory vs practice: Patterns of the ASEAN-10 agri-food trade
Authors: Mizik Tamás
Published: March 2021

During the past decades, agricultural trade is enormously expanded. One of its driving factors is the World Trade Organization. However, regional agreements can give further trade opportunities for the participating countries. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of them. This article aims to give a detailed overview of ASEAN members’ agri-food trade by using the world and regional level data. The country level competitiveness is calculated by four different Balassa-type indices and highlights whether the agri-food trade (practice) of these countries is in line with the revealed comparative advantages/competitiveness of the different product groups (theory). According to the results, commodities with the highest comparative advantages overlap with the most important export products. This confirms a tight connection between theory and practice. It should also be noted that world level values are generally higher than that of the regional levels. Moreover, countries with significant agri-food production (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia) can be characterized by higher comparative advantages compared to the other ASEAN member states. These results can help to better understand these countries’ trade specialization and international trade performance.
The Effect of Sectoral Division on GDP per Capita in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Burger Peter , Šlampiaková Lea
Published: March 2021

The paper aims to analyse the sectoral division of the national economy in the Slovak Republic from various points of view. The authors examine the developmental changes in the number of people employed in different economic sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) from 1948 to 2018 reflecting the natural development of the economy over that time. In order to do this, they have used a logical and comparative study of theoretical knowledge in accordance with the analysis of empirical data. The descriptive statistics are based on a sample of aggregate data about sectoral division in the Slovak Republic for the period 1948–2018. A cluster analysis on the data of sectoral division in all EU member states in 2010 and in 2017 was carried out in order to obtain a basic overview and opportunity to compare. The main focus of this paper is to examine the impact of sectoral division of the national economy on the Slovak Republic’s real GDP per capita. The research is based on panel regression as well as Granger causality tests on a sample of all 8 Slovak regions between 2001 and 2018. The results of the Granger causality tests show that causality runs one-way from all four sectors to real GDP per capita. Based on this, it is appropriate to carry out panel regression analysis. The results of this analysis suggest that all given sectors in period t−1 have had a significant impact on GDP per capita. In particular, the primary and secondary sectors have both had a relatively significant negative impact while the tertiary and quaternary sectors have had a positive one. It is interesting that the tertiary sector has had a greater positive impact than the quaternary one in the Slovak Republic.
Altman Model Verification Using a Multi-Criteria Approach for Slovakian Agricultural Enterprises
Authors: Vavrek Roman , Gundová Petra , Kravčáková Vozárová Ivana , Kotulič Rastislav
Published: March 2021

The Altman model is still one of the most widely used predictive models in the 21st century, and it aims to highlight the differences between bankrupt and healthy enterprises. This model has been modified several times; its most well-known forms are from 1968, 1983 and 1995. However, the use of the Altman Z-score for Slovak enterprises is more than questionable. The unsuitability of the model for the conditions of Slovak companies has been confirmed by several empirical surveys. The objective of this study was to verify the validation of these three variants of the Altman model, depending on how an unprosperous company is identified, using a sample of 996 agricultural enterprises operating in the Slovak Republic. Four indicators were selected for the identification of an unprosperous enterprise – economic results, total liquidity, equity, and economic value added – and they were monitored over the last year or, as the case may be, over the last three years from 2014 to 2016. Using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Coefficient of variation (CV) methods as an objective method for weight determination, a combination of the Altman model from 1968 and the negative total liquidity in the last reference year was determined to be the best. One of our main findings is that the way in which an unprosperous enterprise is identified is a significant factor affecting the overall reliability of the Altman model. The Altman model from 1968 and 1983 confirmed the differences resulting from the natural conditions in which the enterprises operate. The economic results and economic value added (EVA) proved to be inappropriate as indicators for defining an unprosperous enterprise in the conditions of the Slovak Republic.
The Use of International Tax Planning in Subsidiaries from the Financial and ICT Sectors in the Czech Republic
Authors: Jedlička Vít
Published: March 2021

Tax avoidance is an important element of management in the global economy. Managers use tax havens for reducing a company’s effective tax rate. The most common practices in international tax planning can be divided into three groups: loans and their related interest, royalties, and transfer pricing. The aim of this article is to find the determinants of the tax burden faced by foreign-owned subsidiaries. Therefore, a model was created for the tax burden, focusing on the special position of subsidiaries within international tax planning. For this purpose, taxes/outcomes was established as a new dependent variable. The panel data used include Czech companies that are owned by parent companies located in other EU countries. The model distinguishes EU tax havens from regular member states; sector dummy variables are also included. The regression model that was created did not confirm the assumed dependencies. Rather, it indicated other important determinants: profitability, the share of intangible assets, size, and the dummy variable for the ICT sector. Based on the regression results, the independent variables connected with known tax planning schemes have relatively low importance. The significance of these results can be seen in the subsequent conclusions. First of all, there is no difference between the subsidiaries’ tax burdens based on the parent company’s location. Corporations use international tax planning whether or not they are owned from a tax haven. The second significant conclusion indicates the importance of certain sectors and their attributes concerning the tax burden. Companies from the ICT sector are linked to a lower tax burden. On the other hand, the dependencies within the financial sector are not statistically significant. From the perspective of further research, it would be constructive to incorporate the subsidiary’s position within the group.
Why Not Replace GDP?
Authors: Lang Markus
Published: March 2021

This is a comment on Katharina Lima de Miranda and Dennis Snower’s multidimensional approach for the assessment of human well-being. It applauds the authors for looking “beyond GDP” but urges them to go one step further and replace GDP as a measure of material well-being by growth national income and actual individual consumption. Unlike GDP, these alternative measures for material well-being can be used to single out activities by multinational entities that are largely unrelated to domestic well-being. I will show that multinational entity activities, like the relocation of corporate headquarters and IP assets to Ireland and Luxembourg, have grown in such a substantial way in recent years that they can bias assessments of both material and human well-being.
The effects of the cultural and creative sector on employment and wages: the case of rio grande do sul, brazil, from 2000 to 2010
Authors: Bem Judite Sanson De , Giacomini Nelci Maria Richter
Published: March 2021

the 1960s when resources became scarce and the choices of what to finance started to be questioned. From the viewpoint of economy, in some regions, the cultural sector exhibits impacts at a higher rate than the rest of the economy. One of the impacts is the performance of the variable “employment” and its multiplier effects. In fact, the different segments that constitute the sector of creative economy offer several different possibilities to develop highly skilled activities. By using primary data from the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE)/Annual Social Information Report (RAIS)/General Registry of Employed and Unemployed Individuals (CAGED), the aim of this paper is to discuss the importance of the activities that comprise the creative industries, with a specific focus on the State of Rio Grande do Sul regarding job generation and wages between 2000 and 2010. During the period studied, it was observed that both employment as well as wages decreased in the creative sector, a consequence of the crisis at the end of the 2000s, as well as of the growth of other segments that was more intense than those related to creativity. It is noteworthy that there is room for different creative segments to increase in participation in the productive structure of the State.
The United States economy during the first Obama administration (2009-2012)
Authors: Schincariol Vitor Eduardo
Published: March 2021

The paper aims to evaluate the macroeconomic performance of the economy of the United States during first administration of Barack Obama (2009-2012).
Vietovardžių apibendrintų skiemens modelių statistinė analizė
Authors: Kliukienė Regina
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the syllable structure of toponyms and with the general regularities of the syllable phonotactics. The experiment has been carried out using the original software SKIEMUO. PAS. (the programming language Turbo Pascal. 7), developed by A. Girdenis. The results obtained can be summarised as follows: toponyms account for 22 generalised structures; the CV type syllable structure is the most productive; vowel syllables prevail; open covered asymmetrical syllables are more common than others; polynomial consonant clusters in toponyms are rare; toponyms are polysyllabic words; their average length is 3.128 syllables.
Degrees of confidence and modal words in Lithuanian
Authors: Usonienė Aurelija
Published: March 2021

Probability, an epistemic qualification of modality in language, is considered to be a gradable category. The paper will look at the qualitative and quantitative parameters of equivalence between the realizations of high and low degree of probability in English and Lithuanian. The focus of the contrast is on modal words and particles in Lithuanian and their correspondences in English. The purpose of this parallel corpus-based pilot study is to see whether there is any language-specific conceptualization of probability in Lithuanian.
Debatable discourse of phraseology: manipulations and linguistic games
Authors: Koženiauskienė Regina
Published: March 2021

The paper discusses a debatable discourse of phraseology, both written and spoken, and analyses texts of different genres of public discourse. More attention is devoted to the semantic structure of idiomatic expressions and their modifications, i.e. their occasional usage, their shift from indirect to direct meanings, from fixed to free word combinations (co-occurrences) and vice versa. The paper treats the above modifications as a linguistic game: non-standard, at first sight even illogical, usage aimed at hindering the understanding rather than transmitting information, as pointed out by language experts. This might be due to several reasons: to attract the attention of the readership or the audience, to circumvent the law (like in alcohol advertisements) or to avoid being treated as an offender by expressing one's negative attitude to another person. A linguistic game offers numerous opportunities to manipulate, so does linguistic meaning in its numerous extensions and with no obvious boundaries between distinct senses. Occasional idiomatic expressions, insulting taboos and idioms with non-standard implications are well-marked and often require linguistic expertise; however, due to the underlying linguistic game, they cannot be always disputed as regular conclusions. If nonetheless linguistic expertise is sought, it is considered valuable. Still it remains only one of possible stylistic interpretations of a debatable text.
Structures with BŪDAMAS: their semantics and morphosyntactic marking
Authors: Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė Loreta
Published: March 2021

The paper discusses half-participle structures where the half-participle of būti (‘to be') functions as a copula. The discussion is based on extensive typological linguistic research and universal grammatical hierarchies. Such structures function as free secondary predicates: either as (a) depictives or as (b) circumstantial predicates, cf. (a) Kalanta mirtį pasirinko būdamas devyniolikmetis (‘Kalanta Nom [his] death Acc chose being Nom a nineteen-year old Nom'); (b) Būdamas mažas ganė gyvulius (‘Being Nom small Nom [=a child] [he] pastured herds Acc'). Typically, in unmarked cases, circumstantial predicates are used (but not confined to the position) before the main predicate thus constituting part of a sentence and (or) analytically. Depictives, however, tend to occur after the main predicate and are encoded as a bare case.