bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real-time adaptive cancellation of TENS feedback artifact on sEMG for prosthesis closed-loop control
Authors: Lee Byungwook , Kim Kyung-Soo , Cho Younggeol
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The prosthetic hand has been aimed to restore hand functions by estimating the user’s intention via bio-signal and providing sensory feedback. Surface electromyogram (sEMG) is a widely used signal, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a promising method for sensory feedback. However, TENS currents can transmit through the skin and interfere as noise with the sEMG signals, referred to as “Artifact,” which degrades the performance of intention estimation.

Method

In this paper, we proposed an adaptive artifact removal method that can cancel artifacts separately across different frequencies and pulse widths of TENS. The modified least-mean-square adaptive filter uses the mean of previous artifacts as reference signals, and compensate using prior information of TENS system. Also temporal separation for artifact discrimination is applied to achieve high artifact removal efficiency. Four sEMG signals—two from flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris—was collected to validate signals both offline and online experiments.

Results and Discussion

We validated the filtering performance with twelve participants performing two experiments: artifact cancellation under variable conditions and a real-time hand control simulation called the target reaching experiment (TRE). The result showed that the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) increased by an average of 10.3dB, and the performance of four TRE indices recovered to the levels similar to those without TENS. The proposed method can significantly improve signal quality via artifact removal in the context of sensory feedback through TENS in prosthetic systems.
On the adversarial robustness of aerial detection
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Chu Shiyong
Published: November 2024

Deep learning-based aerial detection is an essential component in modern aircraft, providing fundamental functions such as navigation and situational awareness. Though promising, aerial detection has been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks, posing significant safety concerns. The sparsity of a comprehensive analysis on the robustness of aerial detection exacerbates these vulnerabilities, increasing the risks associated with the practical application of these systems. To bridge this gap, this paper comprehensively studies the potential threats caused by adversarial attacks on aerial detection and analyzes their impact on current defenses. Based on the most widely adopted sensing strategies in aerial detection, we categorize both digital and physical adversarial attacks across optical sensing, infrared sensing, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging sensing. Owing to the different imaging principles, attacks in each sensing dimension show different attack vectors and reveal varying attack potentials. Additionally, according to the operational life cycles, we analyze adversarial defenses across three operational phases: pre-mission, in-mission, and post-mission. Our findings reveal critical insights into the weaknesses of current systems and offer recommendations for future research directions. This study underscores the importance of addressing the identified challenges in adversarial attack and defense, particularly in real-world scenarios. By focusing future research on enhancing the physical robustness of detection systems, developing comprehensive defense evaluation frameworks, and leveraging high-quality platforms, we can significantly improve the robustness and reliability of aerial detection systems against adversarial threats.
How and why instructors use open access lessons
Authors: Noyes Keenan , Treibergs Kira , Burbach Sara M. , Stetzer MacKenzie R. , Smith Michelle K. , Couch Brian A.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Open educational resources (OERs) provide instructors access to no-cost lesson materials they can incorporate into their courses. OER lessons can promote the use of innovative and evidence-based educational practices in biology education. Prior research suggests that teaching strategies are often implemented in different ways which can impact student learning. However, few studies have explored how OER lessons are modified to fit their local context.

Methods

We used the teacher-curriculum framework to understand how and why instructors modify these materials. Additionally, we explored how these materials supported instructors in enacting national priorities from Vision and Change. We surveyed 139 instructors who implemented lessons published in CourseSource, a peer-reviewed journal specifically designed to share OERs.

Results

We found that the majority of instructors who used the lesson materials (e.g., slides, worksheets, assessments, protocols) did so without making substantial modifications, in contrast with prior research. Furthermore, we found that these materials were particularly helpful in incorporating student-centered teaching practices, like group work or discussions, sometimes for the first time.

Discussion

These insights into what instructors value in lesson materials can inform OER publishing guidelines so that these materials best meet instructional needs.
Analysis of primary side turn-to-turn short circuit fault in PT at the generator outlet and diagnosis using CSSA-GMM
Authors: Wei Yang , Li Chen , Ai Yuangao , Shen Hongwan , Zeng Shai , Sun Yue
Published: November 2024

In power systems, potential transformers (PTs) are responsible for stepping down high voltage to low voltage. However, a short circuit between turns on the primary side of a generator outlet PT can significantly reduce the secondary phase voltage, leading to voltage imbalances and generating fundamental zero-sequence voltage. This situation is analogous to a stator winding ground fault, often resulting in incorrect protective operations. To prevent such malfunctions, this paper analyzes the causes of false tripping through simulation and proposes a fault diagnosis model based on the Circular Sparrow Search Algorithm (CSSA)-optimized Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), referred to as the CSSA-GMM model. A fault simulation model was established using Simulink to verify the differences between turn-to-turn short circuits and stator ground faults, and their electrical characteristics were studied. The results indicate that under different fault types, parameters such as the three-phase primary current and three-phase secondary voltage exhibit varying relationships and fault variations. By optimizing the GMM parameters using CSSA and comprehensively analyzing the voltage and current characteristics, this model can effectively diagnose turn-to-turn short circuit faults at various short-turn ratios, achieving an accuracy rate of up to 98%. This approach clearly distinguishes PT turn-to-turn short circuits from generator outlet stator ground faults, providing new insights for fault recognition and supporting the intelligent development of relay protection systems.
Case report: Fecal microbiota transplant for Clostridium difficile infection in a pregnant patient with acute severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Wang Hanyu , Deng Feihong , Luo Min , Wang Xuehong
Published: November 2024

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic colonic mucosal inflammation characterized by reduced gut microbial diversity. Patients with UC at pregnancy are prone to suffer from severe disease progression due to the changes of hormone and immune regulation. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is a promising therapy for UC and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). However, acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) treatment especially in patients at pregnancy is clinically challenging. Herein, we report a 34-year-old pregnant woman who manifested with numerous bloody stools and markedly elevated serological inflammatory indicators and was diagnosed with ASUC and concurrent CDI. The use of intravenous injection steroids and anti-TNF-α therapy failed to improve her condition. Frozen encapsulated FMT therapy was finally performed to this patient with clearly improved symptoms and indications of safe delivery without UC flares or complications, and markedly increased diversity of the gut microbiota was also shown in this patient after FMT. This report firstly describes FMT as a safe salvage therapy for a pregnant patient with CDI and ASUC refractory to intravenous steroids and anti-TNF therapy.
Immunoinformatic design of a multivalent vaccine against Brucella abortus and its evaluation in a murine model using a DNA prime-protein boost strategy
Authors: Molina Raúl E. , Osorio Alberto , Flores-Concha Manuel , Gómez Leonardo A. , Alvarado Ilse , Ferrari Italo , Oñate Angel
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The development of effective vaccines against Brucella abortus is critical due to its significant impact on human and animal health. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate in silico and in vivo a multivalent vaccine based on the immunogenic potential of three selected open reading frames (ORFs) of Brucella.

Methods

The designed construct, named S22, was analyzed in silico to evaluate its physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity. This construct was modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics analysis. Additionally, the antigenicity and protection induced by this construct was evaluated through In vivo assays immunizing BALB/c mice with protein (S22), DNA (pVS22) and combining both vaccine formats using a prime boost immunization strategy.

Results

All bioinformatics analyses showed safe and high quality structural features, revealing favorable interactions between S22 and the TLR4/MD2 complex. Moreover, results from in vivo assays indicated that the S22 protein induced robust levels of IgG1 and IgG2a, suggesting a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. The DNA construct (pVS22) elicited primarily a Th1 response, whereas the use of a prime boost strategy, which combines both formats resulted in a balanced immune response with significant induction of lymphoproliferation and elevated.

Discussion

Although our assays did not demonstrate the induction of a substantial protective response against B. abortus, this construct was capable of inducing immunogenicity. This study highlights the utility of in silico design for predicting and optimizing candidate vaccines and underscores the potential of using strategies such as prime boost, which incorporate antigens of different biological nature to modulate the immune response, while balancing parameters such as stability of the antigens and the cost of production.
Responses of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) to construction of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge
Authors: Huang Zhixiong , Fang Liang , Wen Hua , Zhang Kui , Wang Xinxing , Chen Tao
Published: November 2024

The location of offshore and coastal marine engineering projects often shows considerable overlap with the foraging and breeding grounds of marine mammals. Lingding Bay, located in the Chinese Pearl River Delta, is home to the world’s largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). The bay is also the site of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge mega-engineering project. This study assessed the responses of the dolphins to the bridge construction. Data were collected on dolphin sightings by survey vessels following standard line-transect tracks, with surveys conducted during the pre-construction (2005–2006), construction (2015–2016), and post-construction (2020–2021) phases. The dolphin distribution patterns, density, group sizes, and presence of calves were compared across these three periods. Additionally, the range patterns of the dolphins were analyzed following the identification of individuals during the post-construction phase. The average distance at which humpback dolphins were sighted from the bridge was significantly shorter after the completion of the bridge than during the pre-construction and construction phases. Furthermore, the density of humpback dolphins in the southern region of the bay—where the bridge is located—was significantly higher post-construction compared with that recorded during the pre-construction and construction phases. A noticeable increase in dolphin group sizes post-construction may indicate a shift in foraging strategy. The post-construction phase coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period, and the resultant reduced human activity in Lingding Bay may have influenced the distribution of dolphins and other animals to some extent. Individual identification results demonstrated that the waters near the bridge remained an integral habitat for the dolphins post-construction, as they freely traversed underneath the bridge. The results of this study hold considerable importance within the realm of marine engineering, offering valuable guidance and references for informed decision-making and operational practices in associated domains.
Research on the measurement and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of new quality productive forces in China’s marine economy
Authors: Jin Xue , Wang Yanwei , Yin Kedong
Published: November 2024

The marine economy’s new quality productive forces is an important driving force to promote the high-quality development of the marine economy. Exploring the level of marine economy’s new quality productive forces and its spatiotemporal evolution law will help to provide solid theoretical support and empirical basis for formulating scientific strategies to promote the accelerated development of marine economy. Based on panel data from 11 coastal provinces and cities from 2010 to 2022, this study applies the entropy value method to measure the level of marine economy’s new quality productive forces, and then uses the Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition, kernel density estimation method and spatial Markov chain model to reveal its regional differences and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics. The results of the study showed that: (1) The level of marine economy’s new quality productive forces in China and the three major marine economic circles (northern, eastern and southern) have grown annually, but regional imbalances are increasing. Among the constituent elements, scientific and technological productive forces exhibited the strongest growth momentum, while the development of green productive forces relatively lagged behind. (2) The level of marine economy’s new quality productive forces in individual provinces deviates significantly from the national average, resulting in supervariable density becoming the main source of spatial differentiation of marine economy’s new quality productive forces level. (3) Except for the eastern marine economic circle, other regions generally show obvious polarization, which not only limits the effective allocation of resources, but also affects the rational flow and transfer of new quality productive forces levels between different regions. In this regard, relevant policy recommendations are put forward: (1) The implementation of differentiated strategies promotes the regional adaptive development of marine economy’s new quality productive forces. (2) Strengthening internal and external linkage mechanisms to release the spillover effect of the marine economy’s new quality productive forces. (3) Science and technology drive green development and enhance the green content of marine economy’s new quality productive forces.
How “unequal treaties” influenced commission competence: a new perspective on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Part XV) in the Timor Sea Conciliation
Authors: Jing Ming
Published: November 2024

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a widely ratified multilateral treaty that defines and codifies the standards and principles of international law for the governance and management of the oceans. One of its key features is the facilitation of the peaceful settlement of disputes on maritime affairs. Article 281 constitutes an equality test by which the courts or tribunals can distinguish voluntary procedures from compulsory proceedings. Existing cases under Part XV did not provide a clear routine what circumstances might make a treaty under Article 281 “unequal”. Article 311 deals with the tension between prioritizing the regional arrangements and maintaining UNCLOS as a closed, self-contained system. This research aims to provide insights into the proper application of these two articles in future UNCLOS disputes, as the Timor Sea Conciliation (Timor-Leste v. Australia) is the first instance of the conciliation mechanism under UNCLOS. Through the methods of doctrinal research and comparing the different argumentations in previous cases, the research found that the recent Timor Sea Conciliation was decided on the basis of a controversial understanding of UNCLOS Articles 281 and 311; that a treaty featuring specific and feasible arrangements for dispute settlement would be easier in passing Article 281’s test; and that Article 311 favors UNCLOS’s integrity and considers the permitted derogations as exceptions. It is suggested that the courts or tribunals under UNCLOS Part XV interpret Articles 281 and 311 in a systematic manner, which is believed to benefit the development of voluntary dispute settlement mechanism under UNCLOS in the long run.
Serious games vs. traditional tutorials in the pandemic: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Tan Su Min Joyce , Coffey Michael J. , Blazek Katrina , Sitaram Neela , Dobrescu Isabella , Motta Alberto , Chuang Sandra , Ooi Chee Y.
Published: November 2024

Background and aim

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the transition to online medical education. This study evaluated the efficacy of online case-based tutorials using a serious game tutorial [PlayMed™ (PM)], as compared to a traditional slideshow tutorial (TT).

Methods

We performed a prospective, mixed-methods, randomised controlled trial on undergraduate medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic, from May 2020 to January 2021. Students were block randomised into the PM or TT groups. Tutors conducted online teaching on bronchiolitis and gastroenteritis cases using PM or TT to facilitate the presentation. Educational experience was assessed using a continuous interval scale (0–100; with pre-defined categories) and free text responses. Immediate and long-term knowledge acquisition was assessed using 6 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) for each case (total of 12 MCQ). A modified intention-to-treat mixed methods and a sensitivity per-protocol analysis were performed to compare outcomes between PM and TT groups.

Results

In total, 80 PM and 73 TT participants attended at least one tutorial. Sixty-five (81%) PM and 52 (71%) TT participants completed at least one survey and were included for analysis. PlayMed™ students had an increased likelihood of completing the surveys, which included the MCQ [odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.4 (1.6–3.8), p < 0.00006]. Regarding the immediate reactions post bronchiolitis and gastroenteritis cases, several responses were significantly more positive in the PM group compared to the TT group; e.g. ‘The learning activity was engaging’ [medium effect size: d (95% CI) = 0.58 (0.32–0.85), p < 0.0001]. Higher proportions of participants in the PM group reported feeling safe in the gastroenteritis and bronchiolitis tutorials (96 and 89%), compared to the TT group (76 and 74%). PlayMed™ participants significantly outperformed TT participants on the bronchiolitis MCQs done immediately post tutorial, 4.1 (1.0) vs. 3.5 (1.0), respectively, p = 0.004 [medium effect size: d (95% CI) = 0.54 (0.16–0.91)].

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the utility of a serious game (PlayMed™) as an online teaching tool for medical education. Students exposed to PM demonstrated superior engagement and feelings of safety. Utilisation of serious games may also facilitate knowledge acquisition, at least in the short term.
A crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Wang Moyan , Chen Xin , Li Shuangyang , Wang Lingxue , Tang Hongmei , Pu Yuting , Zhang Dechou , Fang Bangjiang , Bai Xue
Published: November 2024

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe condition that devastatingly harms human health and poses a financial burden on families and society. Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) are two classic apoptotic markers post-ICH. Beclin 1 offers a competitive architecture with that of Bax, both playing a vital role in autophagy. However, the interaction between Beclin 1 and Bcl-2/Bax has not been conjunctively analyzed. This review aims to examine the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in ICH by focusing on the interaction and balance of Beclin 1, Bax, and Bcl-2. We also explored the therapeutic potential of Western conventional medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in ICH via controlling the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis.
Cardiac risk and myocardial fibrosis assessment with cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Abati Elena , Alberti Claudia , Tambè Valentina , Esseridou Anastasia , Comi Giacomo Pietro , Corti Stefania , Meola Giovanni , Secchi Francesco
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Non-invasive evaluation of myocardial tissue is a major goal of cardiac imaging. This is the case of myocardial fibrosis which is crucial in many myocardial diseases. Cardiac extracellular volume (ECV) was shown to indicate myocardial fibrosis and early cardiac involvement. With this study, our objective is to evaluate ECV measured with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2) as potential imaging biomarkers of subclinical cardiac pathology, and its relationship with demographic and clinical parameters, ECG-derived measures of cardiac conduction, and neuromuscular performance status.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed 18 DM1 patients and 4 DM2 patients without apparent cardiac disease who had CMR at our center. Differences between independent distributions were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U test, while correlations were evaluated using Spearman’s ρ.

Results

Global ECV in DM1 patients (median 28.36; IQR 24.81–29.77) was significantly higher (p = 0.0141) than in DM2 patients (median 22.93; IQR 21.25–24.35), and than that reported in literature in healthy subjects (p = 0.0374; median 25.60; IQR 19.90–31.90). Septal ECV was significantly higher (p = 0.0074) in DM1 (median 27.37; IQR 25.97–29.74) than in DM2 patients (median 22.46; 21.57–23.19). Global ECV showed a strong, positive correlation with septal ECV (ρ = 0.9282, p < 0.0001). We observed that DM1 women showed significantly higher global (p = 0.0012) and septal (p < 0.0001) ECV values compared to men.

Discussion

We found a significant increase in global and septal cardiac ECV in patients with DM1. These values might thus suggest that DM1 patients present an increased cardiovascular risk, mainly due to cardiac fibrosis, even in absence of overt cardiac pathology at other common cardiovascular exams. DM1 patients may also be at increased risk of early septal fibrosis, with important implications on the risk for fatal arrhythmias. In addition, our results suggest the presence of gender-related differences, with DM1 women being more prone to myocardial fibrosis. Physicians dealing with DM1 may consider CMR as a screening tool for the early identification of patients with increased cardiovascular risk.
Acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs versus Chinese herbs alone to improve the clinical efficacy of uterine fibroids: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Tianyu , Chen Xin , He Wei , Ma Xiaojing , Zuo Zheng
Published: November 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs versus Chinese herbs alone in treating uterine fibroids.

Methods

A literature search of eight databases identified nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs compared to Chinese herbs alone for treating uterine fibroids. Subsequently, data extraction and analysis were conducted to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias in the studies, followed by an analysis of the data from the randomized controlled trials.

Results

Nine randomized controlled trials involving 640 women were included. The results indicated that acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs significantly increased the overall clinical efficacy rate [Z=5.00, P=0.74, relative risk(RR)1.20, 95%CI 1.12 to 1.30, P<0.00001, I²=0%] and reduced the size of uterine fibroids [Z=2.95, P=0.003, SMD=-0.82, 95%CI -1.36 to -0.27, P<0.00001, I²=90%].

Conclusions

Studies have shown that acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs reduces uterine size, lowers hormone levels, and improves quality of life. According to the findings of this study, acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs has a more positive effect on the treatment of uterine fibroids than Chinese herbs alone. However, due to the limited number and quality of the included studies, these conclusions need to be validated by further high-quality research.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, identifier CRD42024507248.
Analysis of linear accelerator-based fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in brain metastases: efficacy, safety, and dose tolerances
Authors: Li Yuhong , Ma Huiying , Hua Rui , Wang Tingting , Ding Naixin , Deng Liping , Lu Xiaomin , Chen Wei
Published: November 2024

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of linear accelerator-based fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (LINAC-FSRT) in patients with brain metastases (BM).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 214 patients treated with LINAC-FSRT, categorized based on biologically effective dose (BED10, α/β = 10) into two groups (≤55 Gy, >55 Gy). Stratified analyses were conducted based on targeted therapy to compare survival outcomes. To examine brain tissue dose-tolerance volume, patients were divided into two groups: the standard Hypofractionated Treatment Effects in the Clinic (HyTEC) protocol group and an adjusted HyTEC protocol group where dose-volume restrictions exclude the planning target volume (PTV).

Results

Results as of December 2023 showed median intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS) at 12.4 months, with median overall survival (OS) not reached and a one-year local control (LC) rate of 68.7%. Mild to moderate toxicity affected 17.3% of patients, while severe toxicity occurred in 2.8%. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that uncontrolled extracranial disease significantly reduced iPFS (HR = 2.692, 95%CI:1.880–3.853, P < 0.001) and OS (HR = 3.063, 95%CI:1.987–4.722, P < 0.001). BED10 >55 Gy (HR = 0.656, 95%CI:0.431–0.998, P = 0.049) improved OS, showing statistical significance (P = 0.037) without affecting iPFS or CNS toxicity (P = 0.127, P = 0.091). Stratified analysis highlighted nearly significant OS improvements with high-dose FSRT and targeted therapy (P = 0.054), while concurrent therapy markedly enhanced iPFS (P = 0.027). No significant differences were observed in intracranial local failure (ILF—which represents progression in previously treated areas during follow-up), one-year LC rates, iPFS, or OS between dose-volume groups. Adjusting HyTEC volume restrictions did not significantly increase CNS adverse reactions (P = 0.889).

Conclusions

LINAC-FSRT is safe and effective in BM. BED10>55 Gy notably enhances OS post-LINAC-FSRT and may benefit LC. High BED10 FSRT with targeted therapy likely boosts synergy, and concurrent targeted therapy significantly improves iPFS. Diminishing dose volume constraints at different fractions based on the HyTEC guidelines is feasible.
Identifying data gaps in early childhood physical activity evidence
Authors: Wimberly Jessica , Nguyen Aleah , Memoli Erica , Kasman Matt , Heerman Bill , Pate Russell , Sommer Evan , Sedlak Adam , Reader Lydia , Hammond Ross A. , Barkin Shari
Published: November 2024

Childhood physical activity sets the foundation for health. While we know many factors that contribute to physical activity, there are limitations in our knowledge, especially in early childhood. Through our review, we identify gaps in existing datasets to guide future research.
Phenotyping cotton leaf chlorophyll via in situ hyperspectral reflectance sensing, spectral vegetation indices, and machine learning
Authors: Thorp Kelly R. , Thompson Alison L. , Herritt Matthew T.
Published: November 2024

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf chlorophyll (Chl) has been targeted as a phenotype for breeding selection to improve cotton tolerance to environmental stress. However, high-throughput phenotyping methods based on hyperspectral reflectance sensing are needed to rapidly screen cultivars for chlorophyll in the field. The objectives of this study were to deploy a cart-based field spectroradiometer to measure cotton leaf reflectance in two field experiments over four growing seasons at Maricopa, Arizona and to evaluate 148 spectral vegetation indices (SVI’s) and 14 machine learning methods (MLM’s) for estimating leaf chlorophyll from spectral information. Leaf tissue was sampled concurrently with reflectance measurements, and laboratory processing provided leaf Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a+b as both areas-basis (µg cm-2) and mass-basis (mg g-1) measurements. Leaf reflectance along with several data transformations involving spectral derivatives, log-inverse reflectance, and SVI’s were evaluated as MLM input. Models trained with 2019–2020 data performed poorly in tests with 2021–2022 data (e.g., RMSE=23.7% and r2 = 0.46 for area-basis Chl a+b), indicating difficulty transferring models between experiments. Performance was more satisfactory when training and testing data were based on a random split of all data from both experiments (e.g., RMSE=10.5% and r2 = 0.88 for area basis Chl a+b), but performance beyond the conditions of the present study cannot be guaranteed. Performance of SVI’s was in the middle (e.g., RMSE=16.2% and r2 = 0.69 for area-basis Chl a+b), and SVI’s provided more consistent error metrics compared to MLM’s. Ensemble MLM’s which combined estimates from several base estimators (e.g., random forest, gradient booting, and AdaBoost regressors) and a multi-layer perceptron neural network method performed best among MLM’s. Input features based on spectral derivatives or SVI’s improved MLM’s performance compared to inputting reflectance data. Spectral reflectance data and SVI’s involving red edge radiation were the most important inputs to MLM’s for estimation of cotton leaf chlorophyll. Because MLM’s struggled to perform beyond the constraints of their training data, SVI’s should not be overlooked as practical plant trait estimators for high-throughput phenotyping, whereas MLM’s offer great opportunity for data mining to develop more robust indices.
Analysis of BoDV-1 status, EEG resting-state alpha activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines in adults with and without major depressive disorder
Authors: Torner Anna J. , Baune Bernhard T. , Folta-Schoofs Kristian , Dietrich Detlef E.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

In severe cases, an infection with the Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1), the causative agent of Borna disease in horses, sheep, and other domestic mammals, was reported to be accompanied by cognitive dysfunctions, seizures, deep coma, or severe to fatal encephalitis in humans. In addition, asymptomatic or mild courses of BoDV-1 infection are discussed to act as a co-factor in the etiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Previously, studies using electroencephalography (EEG) reported BoDV-1-dependent changes in event-related potentials (ERPs), thus indicating the use and added value of non-invasive studies in Borna research.

Methods

Here, we examined possible connections between BoDV-1 status, EEG restingstate alpha activity, and serum levels of pro-inflammatory Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) in MDD patients and in a comparison group of adults without MDD diagnosis.

Results

Interestingly, for both groups, we revealed a comparable high number of BoDV-1 positive and BoDV-1 negative participants. Compared to adults without MDD diagnosis, MDD patients showed a decrease in their relative EEG alpha power at posterio-central, but increased values at anterio-central electrode sites. Most important, no group-dependent effect of BoDV-1 status on EEG resting-state activity had been observed. Compared to BoDV-1 positive and negative adults without MDD diagnosis, as well as BoDV-1 positive MDD patients, BoDV-1 negative MDD patients revealed a comparatively weak significant negative correlation between relative fronto-central EEG alpha power and concentrations of pro-inflammatory IL-8.

Discussion

Taken together, our data confirm MDD-dependent alterations in EEG resting-state alpha activity, which, however, were not accompanied by major BoDV-1 dependent neurophysiological or immunological effects. Future – probably more invasive – studies further have to clarify the significance of the observed negative correlation between relative fronto-central EEG alpha power and concentrations of pro-inflammatory IL-8.
Correlation between the APOE ε4 genotype, lifestyle habits, and cognitive deficits in Chinese adults over 60: a cross-sectional analysis in China
Authors: Li Wei , Wang XiaoLiang , Sun Lin , Yue Ling , Xiao Shifu
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 is regarded as the most significant genetic contributor linked to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Daily life elements might also influence cognitive abilities to some extent. This research aimed to investigate whether carrying APOE ε4 alters the effects of lifestyle on cognitive ability.

Methods

The research included 1871 senior community members with APOE gene data, all participating in clinical, neuropsychological, and daily living factor assessments. Based on their APOE ε4 status, they were categorized into two groups: the APOE ε4 group (n = 362) and the non-APOE ε4 group (n = 1,509). Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the link between cognitive deficits and APOE ε4, along with lifestyle patterns.

Results

Our research revealed a reduced incidence of MCI (OR = 0.745, 95% CI: 0.587–0.945, p = 0.015) and dementia (OR = 0.422, 95% CI: 0.259–0.688, p = 0.001) in the non-APOE ε4 carriers. Furthermore, the general linear regression analysis revealed a notable interplay between APOE ε4 and sleep disturbances, potentially impacting cognitive deterioration together (F = 6.817, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The research indicates that possessing APOE ε4 alters the impact of everyday life factors on cognitive decline. In addition, there is a significant interaction between APOE ε4 and sleep disorders, which may jointly lead to the appearance of cognitive impairment.
Effects of modern dance programs on improving health-related physical fitness in girls
Authors: Ilić Aleksandra , Marinkovic Dragan , Herodek Romina , Vlašić Jadranka , Jovanović Saša
Published: November 2024

Introduction

As creative physical activity influences many aspects of child development—including physical, social, and emotional wellbeing—the effects of two experimental modern dance programs on the development of health-related physical fitness in young school-aged girls were assessed in this longitudinal study.

Materials and methods

The study sample comprised 203 girls aged 7–11 years, 102 of whom (the control group) were recruited from the elementary school “Vuk Karadžić” from Bačka Palanka, while Experimental Group 1 (n = 51) and Experimental Group 2 (n = 50) respectively consisted of girls who have been involved in a modern dance program for no longer than 1 year and at least 2 years. The participants were also divided into AGE 1 (7–9 years, n = 103) and AGE 2 (9–11 years, n = 100) groups to assess the influence of age on the treatment effect. During the six-month experimental period, Experimental Group 1 met three times a week while Experimental Group 2 had five weekly training sessions. All participants were subjected to the extended ALPHA battery of tests both at baseline and at the end of the study.

Results

The Experimental Group 1 and Experimental Group 2 results showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.005) between the initial and final measurements, suggesting that participation in a modern dance program had a positive impact on the transformation of morphological characteristics by increasing muscle mass and reducing subcutaneous fat. In addition, both experimental groups had a greater muscle strength, muscle endurance, and aerobic fitness at the end of the treatment.

Conclusion

The study findings support the view that health-related physical fitness in young school-aged children can be improved through modern dance.
Metagenomic characterization of the tracheobronchial microbiome in lung cancer
Authors: Bailey Alexis , Hogue Stephanie , Pierce Christine M. , Paul Shirlene , La Fuente Natalie , Thapa Ram , Kim Youngchul , Robinson Lary A.
Published: November 2024

Background

The tracheobronchial and oral microbiome may be associated with lung cancer, potentially acting as predictive biomarkers. Therefore, we studied the lung and oral bacteriome and virome in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients compared to melanoma controls to discover distinguishable features that may suggest lung cancer microbial biomarkers.

Methods

In this pilot case-control study, we recruited ten patients with early-stage NSCLC (cases) and ten age-matched melanoma patients (controls) who both underwent tumor resection. Preoperative oral gargles were collected from both groups, who then underwent transbronchoscopic tracheal lavage after intubation. Lung tumor and adjacent non-neoplastic lung were sterilely collected after resection. Microbial DNA from all lung specimens underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Lavage and gargle specimens underwent whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Microbiome metrics were calculated to compare both cohorts. T-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to test for significant differences in alpha diversity between cohorts. PERMANOVA was used to compare beta diversity.

Results

No clear differences were found in the microbial community structure of case and control gargles, but beta diversity of case and control lavages significantly differed. Two species, Granulicatella adiacens and Neisseria subflava, which are both common oral commensal organisms, appeared in much higher abundance in case versus control lavages. Case lavages also maintained higher relative abundances of other oral commensals compared to controls.

Conclusions

Lung lavages demonstrated oral microbiota enrichment in cases compared to controls, suggesting microaspiration and resultant inflammation. The oral commensals Granulicatella adiacens and Neisseria subflava were more abundant in the tracheobronchial lavages of lung cancer versus melanoma patients, implicating these microorganisms as potential lung cancer biomarkers, warranting further validation studies.
Decolonizing climate change response: African indigenous knowledge and sustainable development
Authors: David James Ojochenemi
Published: November 2024

Background

Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) poses a critical challenge necessitating effective global climate change mitigation efforts. However, the pervasive influence of scientism in AGW discourse often marginalizes Indigenous perspectives crucial for addressing climate impacts, particularly in Africa where adaptive capacity is limited.

Objective

This study, rooted in Transformative Learning Theory and Ubuntu philosophy, employs critical qualitative research methods to examine how scientism shapes AGW discourse epistemologically and ethically. It explores the hindrances posed by climate change denialism and ecomodernism due to scientism while advocating the integration of African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AIKs) into climate response strategies, particularly within the African education landscape.

Methods

Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of Transformative Learning and Ubuntu philosophy, and informed by critical qualitative research methodology, this research analyzes the role of scientism in AGW discourse. It investigates its implications for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and discusses arguments for the inclusion of AIK in educational and policy frameworks.

Results

The study reveals that scientism perpetuates epistemological biases that undervalue AIK, thereby impeding comprehensive climate response strategies. Pathways are proposed that promote AIK integration and mainstreaming, thereby decolonizing climate response efforts and enhancing ESD within Africa’s educational institutions.

Conclusion

Integrating insights from AIK, construed in terms of ‘exemplary ethical communities’ (EEC), into climate change responses is pivotal for fostering inclusive and effective strategies. This approach not only addresses the ethical imperatives of decolonization but also enhances resilience and sustainability in climate-vulnerable regions.

Significance

This study contributes to scholarship by highlighting the urgent need to diversify climate response strategies through the inclusion of AIK. By advocating for the integration of wisdom from EECs, it advances discussions on decoloniality within climate change discourse, emphasizing the importance of Indigenous knowledge in global sustainability efforts.
The role of machine learning methods in physiological explorations of endurance trained athletes: a mini-review
Authors: Boudry Félix , Durand Fabienne , Meric Henri , Mouakher Amira
Published: November 2024

Endurance-trained athletes require physiological explorations that have evolved throughout the history of exercise physiology with technological advances. From the use of the Douglas bag to measure gas exchange to the development of wearable connected devices, advances in physiological explorations have enabled us to move from the classic but still widely used cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to the collection of data under real conditions on outdoor endurance or ultra-endurance events. However, such explorations are often costly, time-consuming, and complex, creating a need for efficient analysis methods. Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool in exercise physiology, offering solutions to these challenges. Given that exercise physiologists may be unfamiliar with ML, this mini-review provides a concise overview of its relevance to the field. It introduces key ML methods, highlights their ability to predict important physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate variability and exercise-induced hypoxemia), and discusses their strengths and limitations. Finally, it outlines future directions based on the challenges identified, serving as an initial reference for physiologists exploring the application of ML in endurance exercise.
Agroecological approaches to sustainable development
Authors: Vikas  , Ranjan Rajiv
Published: November 2024

Agroecology has emerged as a fundamental paradigm for developing innovative solutions to major global concerns such as food security, biodiversity loss, and climate change. The core subject of biodiversity conservation emphasizes agroecology’s role in the preservation of native species, pollinators, and beneficial creatures through practices such as agroforestry, cover crops, and decreased chemical inputs. Agroecological principles such as polyculture, crop diversity, and integrated pest control help to improve food security by increasing stability and nutrition. Agroecology encourages carbon sequestration, soil health, and greenhouse gas reductions, resulting in climate-resilient farming systems. The literature review revealed that no article thoroughly discusses all of the critical hitting global challenges, such as food security, biodiversity loss, and climate change, in a single study that can be addressed using agroecological principles. This review article attempts to make a connection between numerous challenges that may be solved using agroecological techniques in order to facilitate sustainable growth while protecting the environment. The study examines the benefits of incorporating agroecological methodologies into sustainable agriculture, with an emphasis on increasing agroecosystem resilience, improving socioeconomic circumstances for smallholder farmers, rural livelihoods, and local communities, and contributing to climate change mitigation. It provides a complete review of agroecological concepts and their numerous advantages, making it an excellent guide for policymakers, academics, and practitioners who is working to build a sustainable and resilient global food system. Agroecology emerges as a light of hope, boosting agricultural output while also protecting the environment, with the ultimate goal of achieving harmonious cohabitation between mankind and the natural world.
Enhancing soil health and crop yields through water-fertilizer coupling technology
Authors: Xing Yingying , Zhang Xiangzhu , Wang Xiukang
Published: November 2024

Water-fertilizer coupling technology has emerged as a pivotal strategy in modern agriculture, recognized for its potential to enhance soil environmental quality, promote crop growth, and ensure sustainable resource utilization. With increasing global food demands and environmental concerns, optimizing agricultural practices is essential for achieving food security and ecological balance. This review aims to systematically review the direct impacts of water-fertilizer coupling on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms that drive crop responses. Additionally, it evaluates the optimization of water-fertilizer coupling technology and its associated environmental benefits. The findings indicate that water-fertilizer coupling significantly improves soil structural stability, enhances microbial diversity, and increases soil enzyme activities. An appropriate water-fertilizer ratio markedly boosts soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content, facilitating nutrient mineralization and accelerating the decomposition of organic matter. The implementation of intelligent water-fertilizer management systems has shown to enhance water use efficiency and reduce fertilizer loss rates, thereby minimizing the environmental footprint of agricultural production. The optimization of water-fertilizer coupling is crucial for improving soil health, crop yields, and resource efficiency. This technology not only supports sustainable agricultural practices but also contributes to national food security and rural revitalization efforts. Future research should focus on the interaction mechanisms among crops, soil, water, and fertilizer. It is essential to strengthen the development of water-fertilizer coupling regulation models and decision support systems to guide agricultural production practices effectively. Policymakers are encouraged to promote the adoption of integrated water-fertilizer management strategies to foster sustainable agricultural development and enhance environmental resilience. This review underscores the importance of advancing water-fertilizer coupling technology as a means to achieve sustainable agricultural productivity while safeguarding ecological integrity, aligning with the principles of socialism with Chinese characteristics.