bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of remote sensing‐based seismic site characterization using earthquake damage data
Authors: Shafique Muhammad , van der Meijde Mark , van der Werff Harald M. A.
Published: December 2011

Terra Nova, 24, 123–129, 2012

Preparing seismic site characterization maps requires extensive geological and geotechnical data collection and interpretation. This study evaluates a remote sensing‐based method to generate seismic site characterization map at 30‐m spatial resolution. Geographical object‐based image analysis was applied to topographic attributes computed from an Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Digital Elevation Model to demarcate terrane units of mountains, piedmonts and basins. Classified terrane units were verified through a field‐based landform map resulting in an accuracy of 70%. To evaluate the importance of classified terrane units for seismic site characterization and their role in earthquake‐induced building damage, the classified terrane units were compared with 2005 Kashmir earthquake damage data derived from field visits and SPOT‐5 imagery. This shows that 81% of the less, moderate and severe damage intensity zones correspond with mountains, piedmonts and basins respectively. Classified terrane units were assigned Vs30 to generate a seismic site characterization map.
Responses of Photosynthesis and Photosystem II to Higher Temperature and Salt Stress in Sorghum
Authors: Yan K. , Chen P. , Shao H. , Zhao S. , Zhang L. , Zhang L. , Xu G. , Sun J.
Published: December 2011

Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence transient were examined in leaves of sorghum under salt stress and high temperature. During salt treatment with 50 and 150 mm NaCl, photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased, which could be ascribed to stomatal limitation. Salt stress had no effect on photosystem II (PSII) activity. At high temperatures, PSII function was inhibited in leaves of sorghum, indicated by the decrease in PSII performance index on absorption base and PSII maximal photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm); however, the decrease was lower in salt‐treated sorghum, suggesting that salt adaption enhanced heat tolerance of PSII. The enhanced heat resistance can be expressed on all the components of PSII including reaction centre, donor side and acceptor side. Consistently, a slight decrease in Pn was found in salt‐treated sorghum at high temperatures, indicating that salt adaption also enhanced heat tolerance of photosynthesis. Proline plays an important protective role in plant response to environmental stress, and its large accumulation in salt‐treated sorghum might be the underlying reason leading to the enhanced heat tolerance. As for this pattern of photosynthetic response, sorghum seems to be a reliable crop species for human beings in the face of global warming and increasing salinity of agricultural land.
Effect of excess levels of lysine and leucine in wheat‐based, amino acid‐fortified diets on the mRNA expression of two selected cationic amino acid transporters in pigs
Authors: Morales A. , Barrera M. A. , Araiza A. B. , Zijlstra R. T. , Bernal H. , Cervantes M.
Published: December 2011

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of excess levels of Leu and Lys on the expression of b0,+ and CAT‐1 mRNA in jejunum, liver and the muscles Longissimus dorsi (LDM) and Semitendinosus (STM). Twenty pigs with an average initial BW of 16.4 ± 1.7 kg were used in a Randomized Complete Block. Dietary treatments (T) were as follows: T1, basal diet; T2, basal plus 3.5 g l‐Lys/kg diet; T3, basal plus 1.5 g l‐Leu/kg diet; T4, basal plus 3.5 g l‐Lys plus 1.5 g l‐Leu/kg diet. Diets in T1 and T3 met 100% the requirement of Lys for pigs within the 10 to 20 kg body weight range; diets in T2 and T4 contained 35% excess of Lys. Also, diets in T1 and T2 supplied 104%, whereas diets in T3 and T4 supplied 116% the requirement of Leu. The expression of b0,+ in jejunum was reduced (p = 0.002) because of the supplementation of l‐Leu, but l‐Lys supplementation had no effect (p = 0.738). In contrast, the expression of b0,+ in STM (p = 0.012) and liver (p = 0.095) was reduced by the high level of Lys, but Leu had no effect (p > 0.100). CAT‐1 expression in STM increased by high Lys (p = 0.023) and Leu (p = 0.007) levels. In liver, the expression of CAT‐1 substantially increased (p = 0.001) because of Lys. In conclusion, excess levels of dietary Lys and Leu affect the expression of cationic amino acid transporters, and this effect varies depending on the studied tissue.
Within‐generation dynamics of leatherjackets (Tipula paludosa Meig.)
Authors: Blackshaw R. P. , Moore J. P.
Published: December 2011

Larvae of Tipula paludosa (leatherjackets) are pests of grassland and cereals, and important prey items for a range of farmland birds. Their population dynamics from year to year have been the subject of study, but within‐generation dynamics have received much less attention. The duration and occurrence of instars and size of the population is important to both pest management and bird conservation. Leatherjackets were collected monthly from four grass fields over five generations (October to September). Count data were analysed for sources of variability and used to estimate the timing and duration of instars and population changes over a single generation. Instar durations were correlated with temperature. From the first to third instars, sample counts were strongly influenced by the location of the site and the generation. Fourth instar larvae showed a similar decline in numbers across all sites and generations. The duration and timing of first to third instars was more variable than that of the fourth instar, but there was limited evidence that this was influenced by temperature. Only the durations of the third and fourth instars were correlated. The population decline from April to September coincided with the onset of the fourth instar. Our results show that the factors influencing leatherjacket numbers change over the life cycle, but by the fourth instar, these are biotically driven. The predictability of its numerical decline indicates defined windows for crop damage and availability as prey. The stability of its timing suggests that day length may synchronize the annual cycle. Fixed timing of the fourth instar will have important consequences for the timing of crop damage and the conservation of farmland birds as climate changes.
Fumigant activity of essential oils and their components from Eucalyptus codonocarpa and E. dives against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) at three temperatures
Authors: Lim E. , Lee B. H. , Park C. G.
Published: December 2011

Essential oils derived from eighteen species of the Myrtaceae family native to Australia, and major constituents of two oils selected from these oils were tested for their fumigant activity against adult females and eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) at 5, 15 and 25°C. Essential oils of Eucalyptus codonocarpa and Eucalyptus dives showed the highest fumigant activity against female adults at 10 μl/l at 15 and 25°C. Among major constituents of the two essential oils, piperitone was the most effective against female adults, followed by terpinene‐4‐ol at 10 μl/l at all three temperatures. The two essential oils and these two constituents lowered egg hatchability at 10 μl/l at 25°C. Our results suggest that piperitone should be further investigated as a potential fumigant against T. urticae.
The interaction of soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes on selected resistant and susceptible soybean lines
Authors: Heeren J. R. , Steffey K. L. , Tinsley N. A. , Estes R. E. , Niblack T. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: December 2011

Soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and soybean cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, are economic pests of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in the north‐central United States. Combined, these pests may account for 20–50% of yield reductions in a soybean crop. Only limited information is available concerning the interaction of these two pests on soybean production. During the summers of 2006 and 2007, we conducted a field‐experiment near Urbana, IL, to evaluate the effect of resistant and susceptible soybean lines on the development and reproduction of both pests in combination with each other. We also examined how each pest, as well as their interaction, affected the yield of susceptible and resistant soybean lines. Soybean plants grown within caged plots were infested with soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes; cumulative aphid days and soybean cyst nematode egg densities were determined at the end of each growing season. Soybean aphids were able to survive on all four soybean lines in both years of this study; however, aphid‐resistant lines generally had fewer cumulative aphid days than aphid‐susceptible lines. Likewise, nematode‐resistant lines typically had fewer eggs than nematode‐susceptible lines. During both years, we failed to observe a significant interaction between these two pests on the reproduction of one another. Yield data from 2006 was inconclusive; however, results from 2007 suggest that yield‐loss when soybean aphids and soybean cyst nematodes occur jointly is not significantly greater than when these two pests occur independently. The relationship between these two pests, and our inability to observe an interaction, are discussed.
Expression of a synthetic cry1AcF gene in transgenic Pigeon pea confers resistance to Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Ramu S. V. , Rohini S. , Keshavareddy G. , Gowri Neelima M. , Shanmugam N. B. , Kumar A. R. V. , Sarangi S. K. , Ananda Kumar P. , Udayakumar M.
Published: December 2011

Pigeon pea is an important legume. Yield losses due to insect pests are enormous in the cultivation of this crop. Expression of cry proteins has led to increased resistance to pests in several crops. We report in this paper, expression of a chimeric cry1AcF (encoding cry1Ac and cry1F domains) gene in transgenic pigeon pea and its resistance towards Helicoverpa armigera. PCR, Southern hybridization, RT‐PCR and Western analysis confirmed stable integration and expression of the cry1AcF gene in pigeon pea transgenics. When screened for efficacy of the transformants for resistance against H. armigera, the transgenics showed not only high mortality of the larva but could also resist the damage caused by the larvae. Analysis for the stable integration, expression and efficacy of the transgenics resulted in the identification of four T3 plants arising from two T1 backgrounds as highly promising. The results demonstrate potentiality of the chimeric cry1AcF gene in developing H. armigera‐resistant pigeon pea.
Soya‐lecithin in Extender Improves the Freezability and Fertility of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Akhter S , Ansari MS , Andrabi SMH , Rakha BA , Ullah N , Khalid M
Published: December 2011

Contents

Egg yolk is routinely used as a cryoprotectant in semen extenders. However, it may contain cryoprotective antagonists, and there are hygienic risks associated with its use. Proteins of plant origin, like soya‐lecithin, lack these hazards. The aim of this study was to use soya‐lecithin as a cryoprotectant in extender and to investigate its effects on in vitro quality and in vivo fertility of buffalo semen. Semen from three buffalo bulls was frozen in tris‐citric extender containing 5.0%, 10% or 15% soya‐lecithin or 20% egg yolk. Sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and viability were assessed post‐dilution, pre‐freezing and post‐thaw. In Post‐dilution and pre‐freezing, the values for motility, plasma membrane integrity and viability remained higher (p ≤ 0.05) in extenders containing 10% soya‐lecithin and control compared with extender containing 5% and 15% soya‐lecithin. However, motility, plasma membrane integrity and viability were higher (p < 0.05) in extender containing 10% soya‐lecithin compared with control and extenders containing 5% and 15% soya‐lecithin. Semen from two buffalo bulls was frozen in tris‐citric extender containing either 10% soya‐lecithin or 20% egg yolk. Higher (p < 0.05) fertility rate was recorded in buffaloes inseminated with semen containing 10% soya‐lecithin (56%) compared with 20% egg yolk (41.5%). The results suggest that 10% soya‐lecithin in extender improves the freezability and fertility of buffalo bull spermatozoa and can be used as an alternate to egg yolk in cryopreservation of buffalo semen.
Ovarian Response to Oestrous Synchronization Protocol Based on Use of Reduced Doses of Cloprostenol in Cyclic Goats
Authors: Duque‐Bonisoli C , Salvador A , Díaz T , Contreras‐Solis I
Published: December 2011

Contents

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of two reduced doses vs a high/luteolytic dose of cloprostenol on luteolytic activity and synchronization of oestrus in cyclic goats. Experiment 1, included 24 goats randomly allocated to three groups: control group (group H) received a single high dose of cloprostenol (87.5 μg; 1.0 ml; i.m.) and M and L groups, which received half (43.75 μg; 0.5 ml) and a third (26.25 μg; 0.3 ml) of the highest dose, respectively. Experiment 2, included 24 goats randomly assigned to the same experimental groups. Each group was treated using two injections of cloprostenol administered 10 days apart to synchronize oestrus. Transrectal ultrasonographic scanning (US) was performed to detect the presence, size and development of corpora lutea and ovarian follicles. Furthermore, detection of oestrus was performed every 12 h between 24 and 72 h after the second injection of cloprostenol, and the luteolytic effect was verified by US. In Experiment 1, all goats that had corpora lutea at timing of treatment regressed their corpora lutea. In Experiment 2, the occurrence of oestrus and the interval between treatment to onset of oestrus were: 100%, 49.5 ± 3.0 h; 100%, 51.0 ± 3.0 h; and 75%, 56.0 ± 3.5 h for H, M and L groups, respectively. The development of preovulatory follicles and occurrence of subsequent corpora lutea were similar among groups. In summary, the use of 26.25 μg of cloprostenol is effective for the synchronization of oestrus in cyclic goats.
Better, sooner, more convenient: A successful teledermoscopy service
Authors: Lim David , Oakley Amanda MM , Rademaker Marius
Published: December 2011

Background/Objectives:  A virtual lesion clinic (VLC) using store‐and‐forward teledermoscopy was introduced to reduce waiting times and improve access for skin lesion assessment by dermatologists.

We aimed to review the efficiency and patient acceptance of a new community‐based teledermoscopy service by comparing it to hospital‐based face‐to‐face (FTF) skin lesion clinics.

Methods:  A prospective study compared patient flow through a community‐based VLC and a tertiary hospital FTF dermatology clinic. Surveys were sent to patients and their referring doctors after attendance. Waiting times, diagnosis, outcomes, financial costs, patient acceptability and convenience were compared.

Results:  A total of 300 patients were assessed; 200 were seen in the VLC and 100 in the conventional FTF clinic. Of the 200 patients seen in the VLC, 88% did not require a subsequent FTF clinic assessment to establish the diagnosis. Mean waiting times for first assessment were reduced by two thirds (from 114 days to 39 days) in those seen by the VLC compared to FTF. Financial analysis demonstrated cost savings of 14%. Surveyed patients were highly satisfied and confident in the VLC service.

Conclusions:  A community‐based teledermoscopy service may allow improved management of outpatient referrals while providing a better, quicker and more convenient service. It may also provide cost savings, as teledermoscopy assessment can be cheaper than traditional assessment.
Ectodermal dysplasia‐skin fragility syndrome due to a new homozygous internal deletion mutation in the PKP1 gene
Authors: Boyce Aaron E , McGrath John A , Techanukul Tanasit , Murrell Dédée F , Chow Chung Wo , McGregor Lesley , Warren Lachlan J
Published: December 2011

Ectodermal dysplasia‐skin fragility syndrome (ED‐SFS) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis resulting from mutations in the PKP1 gene, encoding the desmosomal plaque protein plakophilin‐1 (PKP1). Mutations in PKP1 may manifest with skin fragility and erosions, patches of scale crust on the trunk and limbs, peri‐oral cracking and inflammation, hypotrichosis, palmoplantar keratoderma with painful fissuring and other somewhat variable ectodermal anomalies. Ten cases of the syndrome have been reported. We report a further case of this desmosomal genodermatosis. A 14‐month old child, born to consanguineous parents, presented with a history of neonatal bullae and subsequent development of dystrophic nails, sparse eyelashes and eyebrows, woolly scalp hair, abnormal dental development and a desquamating erythematous rash at sites of trauma. A clinical diagnosis of ED‐SFS was supported by skin biopsy findings of suprabasal intraepidermal clefting and a loss of immunoreactivity for PKP1. Sequencing of genomic DNA revealed a homozygous 5 base pair deletion in exon 5 of the PKP1 gene, designated c.897del5 (CAACC). This new mutation creates a frameshift, leading to a downstream premature termination codon, p.Pro299fsX61. This case highlights the clinicopathological consequences of inherited mutations in the PKP1 gene and illustrates the key role of desmosomes in skin biology.
Determinants of the direction of hair follicle growth after reconstruction with dissociated cells
Authors: Hu Zhiqi , Sun Xijin , Miao Yong , Liu Xin
Published: December 2011

Background/objectives:  Several hair follicle reconstruction models based on the implantation of dissociated cells have been established. However, little has been said about the direction of growth, which is a very important issue for clinical applications. The aim of this study was to reveal the factors that determine the direction of hair follicle growth after reconstruction with dissociated cells.

Methods:  We designed an enclosed chamber assay in which a chamber was buried under nude mouse skin that was not exposed to the air, as in a traditional chamber assay. Inductive dermal cells and epithelial cells dissociated from neonatal C57 BL/6 mice were injected into the chamber and dermis for patch assays. The direction of newly formed hair follicles was analysed.

Results:  Newly formed hair follicles in the enclosed chamber were arranged randomly parallel to the skin on the surface of the panniculus carnosus.

Conclusions:  These results indicate that developmental space provides the possibility for growth of reconstructed hair follicles and that the air–liquid interface determines the final direction of growth.
Exploring the relationship between self‐awareness of driving efficacy and that of a proxy when determining fitness to drive after stroke
Authors: Stapleton Tadhg , Connolly Deirdre , O’Neill Desmond
Published: December 2011

Background/aim:  The inclusion of a driving specific self‐awareness measure may assist the clinical screening process to determine fitness to drive after stroke. This article reports on the use of the Adelaide Driving Self‐Efficacy Scale (ADSES) and a proxy ADSES for completion by a significant other in assessment of fitness to drive post‐stroke.

Method:  A prospective study among a clinical sample of stroke patients was conducted incorporating an off‐road occupational therapy assessment, an on‐road assessment and a six‐month follow‐up. Self and proxy driver efficacy ratings were compared with each other at off‐road assessment and at six‐month follow‐up, both ratings were compared with structured on‐road ratings of driving performance.

Results:  Forty‐six stroke patients (37 men), mean age 63.5 years, were recruited to the study. Thirty‐five participants successfully completed the on‐road test. ADSES and proxy ratings were high and a ceiling effect was noted. Self and proxy ratings were significantly correlated with each other and both correlated with the on‐road assessment ratings. The ADSES ratings were sensitive to the final driving outcome with scores of the restricted driving group significantly lower than the unrestricted group. Proxy ratings showed a decrease at six‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions:  The ADSES is an easy to administer tool that warrants further use in stroke rehabilitation. Scores on the ADSES differentiated between restricted and unrestricted driving recommendations post‐stroke. These preliminary findings indicate its potential use as a proxy measure to assist in identifying patient who are not ready for formal driving assessment.
The impact of ‘Generation Y’ occupational therapy students on practice education
Authors: Hills Caroline , Ryan Susan , Smith Derek R. , Warren‐Forward Helen
Published: December 2011

Background/aim:  Many occupational therapy students can be classified as ‘Generation Y’, a group whose characteristics are perceived as being confident, optimistic and ‘techno‐savvy’. This study aimed to explore practice educator perceptions of ‘Generation Y’ students.

Methods:  A questionnaire survey was sent to all practice educators affiliated with the university. The survey contained fixed choice questions on demographics and educators’ knowledge of the term ‘Generation Y’, followed by open‐ended questions on practice educator perceptions of occupational therapy ‘Generation Y’ students and the educational strategies used in practice education.

Results:  Anonymous responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, attribute coding and content analysis. Most educators considered that there was, in fact, a ‘Generation Y student’, describing them as confident with technology, over confident in their skill level and easily bored. Practice educators raised concerns regarding students’ casual communication, poor professional behaviour, shallow professional reasoning and difficulty when receiving negative feedback.

Conclusions:  Overall, the results of this study suggest that ‘Generation Y’ students are having both a negative and a positive impact on practice education in occupational therapy. For educators, management of the overconfident student and professional reasoning development should be addressed in university practice education workshops. For students, the need for clarification of placement expectations on professional behaviour and communication was indicated. Students may also require ‘listening to feedback’ skill development prior to practice education. Universities and practice educators should consider the development of technological resources for practice education, including simulation, to meet the needs of the, now recognised ‘Generation Y’ student.
Occupational therapy students’ perceptions of occupational therapy
Authors: Turpin Merrill June , Rodger Sylvia , Hall Anna R.
Published: December 2011

Background/aims:  An understanding of students’ perceptions of occupational therapy on entry is required to recognise how professional socialisation occurs through curriculum. Findings pertain to a qualitative study investigating students’ perceptions of occupational therapy upon entry to two occupational therapy programmes in Australia.

Methods:  Students commencing Bachelor of Occupational Therapy and Masters of Occupational Therapy Studies programmes participated in the study (n = 462). A purpose‐designed questionnaire was distributed to students in the first lecture of each programme. Preliminary analysis comprised identification of keywords/phrases and coding categories were generated from patterns of keywords. Frequency counts and percentages of keywords/phrases within categories were completed.

Results:  Students’ responses were categorised as ‘what’ occupational therapists do; ‘how’ they do it; ‘why’ they do it; and ‘who’ they work with. In ‘what’ occupational therapists do students frequently described ‘helping’ people. Both undergraduate and graduate entry masters students used the term ‘rehabilitation’ to describe how occupational therapy is done, with graduate entry students occasionally responding with ‘through occupation’ and ‘modifying the environment’. Students perceived the ‘why’ of occupational therapy as getting back to ‘everyday activities’, with some students emphasising returning to ‘normal’ activities or life. Regarding the ‘who’ category, students also thought occupational therapists worked with people with an ‘injury’ or ‘disability’.

Conclusions:  Students entered their occupational therapy programmes with perceptions consistent with the general public’s views of occupational therapy. However, graduate entry students exposed to a pre‐reading package prior to entry had more advanced occupational therapy concepts than undergraduate students.
Contribution of off‐road tests to predicting on‐road performance: A critical review of tests
Authors: Kay Lynnette G. , Bundy Anita C. , Clemson Lindy , Cheal Beth , Glendenning Trinity
Published: December 2011

Background/aim:  Driving is an essential activity of daily living. Because it is easily disrupted by illness or injury, it is a common subject of occupational therapy assessment. Assessments of driving are critically important and carry legal implications for therapists. A full occupational therapy assessment comprising both off‐ and on‐road testing is time and labour intensive and therefore expensive. Off‐road tests are used to inform on‐road assessments, and, if they have sufficient sensitivity and specificity they may replace an on‐road assessment for some clients. The twofold purpose of this article is to compare and critique off‐road tests to predict driving performance and to determine if any is sufficiently accurate to identify drivers who do not require an on‐road assessment.

Methods:  We reviewed tests commonly used by researchers to predict driving capacity (i) that have been used in research since 2000 and (ii) for which sensitivity and specificity had been (or could be) calculated. We compared the tests on five characteristics: diagnostic makeup of samples, sample sizes, outcome measures, sensitivity and specificity and potential for use as a supplement to on‐road assessment or to identify drivers for whom an on‐road assessment is not necessary.

Results and Conclusions:  No gold standard off‐road test exists for predicting on road performance. DriveSafe/DriveAware and SMC Tests had the highest reported sensitivity and specificity. Thus, with further research, one or both may be found to predict on‐road performance accurately and to minimise the need for on road assessment. Several other tests are a useful supplement to on‐road testing.
miR165/166 and the development of land plants
Authors: Sakaguchi Jun , Watanabe Yuichiro
Published: December 2011

In the developmental process of plant cells, cell fate is determined by expression of specific genes. Their expressions are directed by specific transcriptional regulators and positional signals that convey the locations of respective cells along various body axes, including proximal–distal, adaxial–abaxial and medial–lateral axes. Recently it was reported that some small regulatory RNAs work in a non‐cell‐autonomous fashion and provide neighboring cells with positional signals. Among such small RNAs, we will review unique biological features of microRNA 165/166 widely involved in plant development.
Systematics of Australian Agenioideus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) with the first record of a spider wasp parasitizing Latrodectus hasselti Thorell (redback spider)
Authors: Krogmann Lars , Austin Andrew D
Published: December 2011

The Australian members of the spider wasp genus Agenioideus are revised, and its two constituent species, Agenioideus expulsus Turner and A. nigricornis (Fabricius), are redescribed. A third species, Agenioideus ultimus (Turner), is transferred to Spuridiophorus Arnold, a genus that is newly recorded here from the Australian continent. Diagnoses and criteria to facilitate the identification of the two genera are provided, along with information on the distribution and host biology of Agenioideus species. The first records of a pompilid utilising Latrodectus hasselti Thorell (redback spider) as a host at multiple locations across southern Australia are presented, along with a brief synopsis of insect parasitoids and predators of L. hasselti in Australia.
Efficacy and safety of the insecticidal small hive beetle refuge trap APITHOR™ in bee hives
Authors: Levot Garry W , Somerville Doug
Published: December 2011

Research into the insecticidal control of adult small hive beetle culminated in the development of an insecticidal refuge trap for deployment inside commercial bee colonies. The device (APITHOR™) is comprised of a two‐piece rigid plastic shell encasing a fipronil‐treated corrugated cardboard insert. Comparison of key hive health parameters (frames of bees, area of brood and weight of honey produced) between ‘control’ and APITHOR™‐treated hives demonstrated no significant differences over a 6‐week trial conducted during a spring honey flow. Mean fiprole (fipronil plus its toxic metabolites) residues in honey ripened while the devices were in place did not exceed the limit of quantification (1 µg/kg). In a 36‐day field trial conducted in a beetle‐infested apiary, all live adult beetles were eliminated from hives containing APITHOR™, while beetle numbers increased by approximately 20% in co‐located control hives.
Genome‐wide transcriptome analysis of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli
Authors: Yamane Takashi , Enokida Hideki , Hayami Hiroshi , Kawahara Motoshi , Nakagawa Masayuki
Published: December 2011

Objectives:  Coincident with their worldwide use, resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli has increased. To identify the gene expression profiles underlying fluoroquinolone resistance, we carried out genome‐wide transcriptome analysis of fluoroquinolone‐sensitive E. coli.

Methods:  Four fluoroquinolone‐sensitive E. coli and five fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli clinical isolates were subjected to complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray analysis. Some upregulated genes’ expression was verified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction using 104 E. coli clinical isolates, and minimum inhibitory concentration tests were carried out by using their transformants.

Results:  A total of 40 genes were significantly upregulated in fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli isolates (P < 0.05). The expression of phage shock protein operons, which are involved in biofilm formation, was markedly upregulated in our profile of fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli. One of the phage shock protein operons, pspC, was significantly upregulated in 50 fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli isolates (P < 0.0001). The expression of type I fimbriae genes, which are pilus operons involved in biofilm formation, were markedly downregulated in fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli. Deoxyribonucleic acid adenine methyltransferase (dam), which represses type I fimbriae genes, was significantly upregulated in the clinical fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli isolates (P = 0.007). We established pspC‐ and dam‐expressing E. coli transformants from fluoroquinolone‐sensitive E. coli, and the minimum inhibitory concentration tests showed that the transformants acquired fluoroquinolone resistance, suggesting that upregulation of these genes contributes to acquiring fluoroquinolone resistance.

Conclusions:  Upregulation of psp operones and dam underlying pilus operons downregulation might be associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli.
Safety and curative ability of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal cancers at least 50 mm in diameter
Authors: Yamashina Takeshi , Ishihara Ryu , Uedo Noriya , Nagai Kengo , Matsui Fumi , Kawada Natsuko , Oota Takashi , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Hanafusa Masao , Yamamoto Sachiko , Hanaoka Noboru , Takeuchi Yoji , Higashino Koji , Iishi Hiroyasu
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Limited data are available regarding the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial esophageal cancers ≥50 mm in diameter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and success of ESD for superficial esophageal cancers ≥50 mm.

Methods:  A total of 39 patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma ≥50 mm were treated with ESD at Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases between January 2004 and April 2011, and were analyzed in a retrospective study.

Results:  En bloc resection was achieved in all patients. One mediastinal emphysema without perforation occurred during the procedure. Stricture developed in 11 of 39 patients, requiring a median of five endoscopic balloon dilatation procedures. Thirty‐three clinical epithelial or lamina propria mucosal cancers were treated by ESD with curative intent, of which invasion into the muscularis mucosa or deeper was detected in seven and lymphovascular involvement in three. The en bloc resection rate was 100% with a tumor‐free margin achieved in 92% of lesions. The curative resection and complication rates during ESD were 70% and 2.5%, respectively.

Conclusion:  ESD achieved a high en bloc resection rate of 92% with a tumor‐free margin. Curative resection rate of ESD in patients with clinical epithelial or lamina propria mucosal cancers was not low at 70%. However, the risk of stricture must be taken into account when considering the use of ESD in lesions ≥50 mm.
Stop questionnaire to screen for hypoxemia in deep sedation for young and middle‐aged colonoscopy
Authors: Deng Li , Li Cheng‐Long , Ge Sheng‐Jin , Fang Yan , Ji Fu‐Hai , Yang Jian‐Ping
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Hypoxemia is the most common unexpected cardiopulmonary complication that is used as a surrogate for severe complications in colonoscopy. The aim of the present study was to access the STOP Questionnaire to screen for hypoxemia in deep sedation for colonoscopy in young and middle‐aged outpatients.

Methods:  Outpatients aged 18–65 with ASA class I or II who were to undergo elective colonoscopy with deep sedation were offered participation. Before sedation, the patients were given the STOP Questionnaire, a brief survey that stratifies patients into high or low risk of hypoxemia. Data on pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) were collected during sedation. Hypoxemia was defined as SpO2 < 95% anytime during the procedure, regardless of episode duration. We estimated the score of the STOP Questionnaire and the incidence of hypoxemia.

Results:  A total of 210 consecutive outpatients were offered enrollment. Thirteen (6.2%) patients had hypoxemia. Thirty‐two (15.2%) patients were scored to be at high risk of hypoxemia, of whom 10 had hypoxemia. Results of analyzing the STOP Questionnaire for the incidence of hypoxemia were sensitivity 76.9%, specificity 88.8%, Youden's index 0.658, consistency rate 88%, kappa value 0.39, positive predictive value 31.3%, negative predictive value 98.3%, and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.935 (P < 0.001, 95% CI 0.879–0.991).

Conclusions:  STOP Questionnaire is a validated and easy‐to‐use screening tool for hypoxemia in outpatient colonoscopy. It has high sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value.
Video capsule endoscopy for previous overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in patients using anti‐thrombotic drugs
Authors: Van Weyenberg Stijn JB , Van Turenhout Sietze T , Jacobs Maarten AJM , Bouma Gerd , Mulder Chris JJ
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Little is known about the causes of overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in patients using anti‐thrombotic therapy. We aimed to describe video capsule endoscopy (VCE) findings and to identify factors associated with positive findings in these patients.

Methods:  We carried out a retrospective study of 56 patients who underwent VCE for evaluation of previous overt OGIB during anti‐thrombotic therapy. VCE studies were re‐evaluated by a gastroenterologist blinded to clinical details. Clinical data included in the multivariate analysis were sex, age, indication for and type of anti‐thrombotic therapy, hemodynamic instability on admission, type of blood loss, hemoglobin on admission, use of a proton pump inhibitor, NSAID use, time between bleeding episodes and VCE, and whether or not anti‐thrombotic therapy was resumed before the VCE study.

Results:  A probable cause for gastrointestinal bleeding was identified in 28 (50%) of the 56 studies. Angiodysplasia was found in 19 patients. Twenty‐two studies showed a possible cause in the small bowel. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that reinstitution of anti‐thrombotic therapy before VCE was carried out was the only independent predictor of positive VCE findings (OR: 8.61, 95% CI: 1.20–60.42, P = 0.032).

Conclusions:  Small intestinal angiodysplasia was the most common cause for overt OGIB. Reinstitution of withdrawn anti‐thrombotic drugs before the VCE examination was carried out was associated with positive VCE findings in multivariate analysis.
Stochastic processes in the aetiopathogenesis of scleroderma
Authors: Roberts‐Thomson P. J. , Walker J. G.
Published: December 2011

We review the aetiology of scleroderma from an epidemiological perspective examining genetic, environmental and stochastic risk factors. The presence of familial clustering (but with low twin concordance) suggests a genetic contribution, and this has been confirmed with recent candidate gene and genome‐wide association screening demonstrating both major histocompatibility complex and non‐major histocompatibility complex genetic linkage. In contrast, environmental associations are weak or inconsistent. An examination of the age‐adjusted incidence curve of scleroderma is consistent with a stochastic process involving five to eight random events. In pathogenesis, scleroderma is best considered as an autoimmune disorder where genetic and environmental factors are both important variables, but random events are also likely to play a pivotal role. We suggest that these random events might result in acquired somatic mutations or epigenetic alterations involving genes coding for immune receptors, tolerogenic gates or proteins involved in immune regulation, inflammation and/or repair that, over time, might summate to form a requisite cassette (of genetic changes), which allows the initiation and progression of the autoimmune process.
Prospective randomised trial of endobronchial ultrasound‐guide sheath versus computed tomography‐guided percutaneous core biopsies for peripheral lung lesions
Authors: Fielding D. I. , Chia C. , Nguyen P. , Bashirzadeh F. , Hundloe J. , Brown I. G. , Steinke K.
Published: December 2011

Aim:  To determine diagnostic rate, complications and patient tolerability of endobronchial ultrasound‐guide sheath (EBUS‐GS) and computed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous core biopsy for peripheral lung lesions.

Methods:  Lesions >1 cm diameter on CT were randomised to either EBUS‐GS or CT‐guided biopsy. Excluded were patients with severe chronic obstructive airway disease, lesions touching visceral pleura or hilum, and patients with symptoms needing bronchoscopic evaluation. Patients completed preprocedure and postprocedure questionnaires on tolerability.

Results:  Of 64 participants (mean lesion size 29 ± 16 mm), 57 completed the study. Diagnostic sensitivity was 67% for EBUS‐GS and 78% for CT‐guided biopsy (P= not significant). In those with negative results, in the EBUS group, nine had a CT‐guided biopsy as a cross‐over, seven of which were positive. In the CT group, four had cross‐over EBUS‐GS of which three were diagnostic. Sensitivity for malignancy was 17/23 for EBUS‐GS (74%) and 23/26 (88%, P= not significant). For lesions <2 cm, CT‐guided biopsy had a significantly better diagnostic yield (80% vs 50%, P= 0.05). In EBUS‐GS cases, for lesions with an air bronchogram, sensitivity was 89%. Pneumothorax and intercostal catheter insertion occurred in three and two cases, respectively, for EBUS, and 10 and 3 cases for CT‐guided biopsy (P= 0.02 for pneumothorax). Nine unexpected admissions occurred after CT‐guided biopsy compared with three after EBUS‐GS. Overall, tolerability was high for both groups; however three patients had moderate‐to‐severe pain after CT‐guided biopsy.

Conclusions:  In lesions <2 cm, CT‐guided biopsy had higher yields; however, EBUS‐GS had better tolerability and fewer complications.
Does a ‘code stroke’ rapid access protocol decrease door‐to‐needle time for thrombolysis?
Authors: Tai Y. J. , Weir L. , Hand P. , Davis S. , Yan B.
Published: December 2011

Background

Timely administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IVtPA) for acute ischaemic stroke is associated with better clinical outcomes. Therefore, a coordinated hospital system of acute clinical assessment and neuroimaging will likely avoid delays in IV‐tPA administration.

Aim

In July 2007, we implemented a ‘code stroke’ rapid access protocol at the Royal Melbourne Hospital with the aim of achieving rapid stroke assessment and treatment. This study investigates the quality of our ‘code stroke’ protocol and its impact on door‐to‐needle time and IV‐tPA usage.

Methods

We included patients thrombolysed with IV‐tPA from January 2003 to June 2007 (pre‐code stroke era) and patients thrombolysed from July 2007 to December 2010 (code stroke era). Data collected were demographics, time points (stroke symptom onset, presentation to emergency department, neuroimaging and thrombolysis) and clinical outcomes (modified Rankin Scale) at discharge, symptomatic, intracerebral haemorrhage and death during admission). We compared the door‐to‐needle time and usage of IV‐tPA between the two eras.

Results

Patient data on 98 ‘pre‐code stroke’ thrombolysed patients and 189 ‘code stroke’ thrombolysed patients were collected. The median age was 71 (60–79), 56% were males, and the median baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 13 ± 6.3. There was an 18‐min reduction in the median door‐to‐needle time (90 min in ‘pre‐code stroke era’ vs 72 min in ‘code stroke era’, P < 0.001). The rate of IV‐tPA usage increased from 3.9% in 2004 to 17.3% in 2010.

Conclusion

Our study showed that ‘code stroke’ rapid access protocol decreased door‐to‐needle time and possibly contributed to the increased IV‐tPA usage.
Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators: a long‐term view
Authors: Wilson D. , Shi B. , Harding S. , Lever N. , Larsen P.
Published: December 2011

Background:  No long‐term data on implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) exist in Australasia.

Aims:  We examined all patients receiving a new ICD implant at Wellington Hospital between January 2001 and December 2005 to determine long‐term outcomes in this patient population.

Methods:  Follow‐up data were collected and Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed for survival and long‐term outcomes, and Cox proportional hazard model was used for calculation of hazard ratio.

Results:  In the study period, 138 new ICDs were implanted, and the mean follow‐up time was 84 ± 16 months. Patients were predominantly male (76%), 75% were European, 20% were Maori. Median age was 59 years (range 16–80 years). In 47% of patients, there was an ischaemic substrate. A secondary‐prevention indication was present in 77%. The 7‐year survival rate was 72%. No difference in mortality was observed between primary‐ and secondary‐prevention groups. The 7‐year appropriate therapy rate was 55%. The appropriate shock rate was greater in secondary prevention than in primary‐prevention patients was observed (hazard ratio = 2.11, 95% confidence interval 1.16–3.85, P= 0.01). Over the study period, inappropriate therapy rate was 25%. This was more common in patients with prior atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio = 3.57, 95% confidence interval 1.80–7.09, P < 0.001). The median device longevity was 6.8 years.

Conclusions:  This is the first long‐term follow‐up study of ICD patients in New Zealand. We observed a low mortality rate when compared with other published registries, but a similar rate of both appropriate and inappropriate shock therapy.
Hearing loss and depressive symptoms in elderly patients
Authors: Boi Raffaella , Racca Luca , Cavallero Antonio , Carpaneto Veronica , Racca Matteo , Dall' Acqua Francesca , Ricchetti Michele , Santelli Alida , Odetti Patrizio
Published: December 2011

Aims:  Hearing loss is a common disability that has a profound impact on communication and daily functioning in the elderly. The present study assesses the effects of hearing aids on mood, quality of life and caregiver burden when hearing loss, comorbidity and depressive symptoms coexist in the elderly.

Methods:  A total of 15 patients aged older than 70 years suffering from hearing loss and depressive mood were recruited. Comorbidity was evaluated by the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, functional ability by the Activities of Daily Living scale and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, cognitive capacity by the Mini‐mental State Examination and the Clock Drawing Test, psychological status by the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression scale, and quality of life by the Short Form (36) Health Survey. Caregiver burden was appraised by the Caregiver Burden Inventory. Testing was carried out at baseline and at 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐month intervals, assessing the use of binaural digital and programmable hearing aids.

Results:  Reduction in depressive symptoms and improved quality of life at statistically significant levels were observed early on with the use of hearing aids. In particular, general health (P < 0.02), vitality (P < 0.03), social functioning (P < 0.05), emotional stability (P < 0.05) and mental health (P < 0.03) all changed for the better, and were maintained for the study duration. The degree of caregiver burden also declined, remaining low throughout the study.

Conclusions:  The benefits of digital hearing aids in relation to depressive symptoms, general health and social interactivity, but also in the caregiver – patient relationship, were clearly shown in the study. The elderly without cognitive decline and no substantial functional deficits should be encouraged to use hearing aids to improve their quality of life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 440–445.
Effect of vitamin D on insulin sensitivity in elderly patients with impaired fasting glucose
Authors: Naharci Ilkin , Bozoglu Ergun , Kocak Necmettin , Doganci Suat , Doruk Huseyin , Serdar Muhittin
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Recent data has shown that vitamin D increases insulin sensitivity; however, there is little evidence about the effects of this treatment on elderly people with impaired fasting glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D treatment on insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters in elderly people with impaired fasting glucose.

Methods:  A total of 28 elderly patients were enrolled into the vitamin D treatment group. The control group included 23 age‐, sex‐ and body mass index‐matched elderly participants. The vitamin D treatment group was treated with vitamin D3 according to serum concentrations of 25(OH)D.

Results:  With supplementation, 96.0% of patients achieved a mean serum 25(OH)D concentration of 123.2 ± 59.9 nmol/L. After 4.7 ± 2.5 months of treatment, there was a significant decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin and glucose concentrations in the vitamin D treatment group (P = 0.007, P = 0.007, P = 0.037, respectively). Vitamin D treatment significantly increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.037), but did not cause statistically significant differences in other lipid parameters.

Conclusion:  We found that vitamin D treatment might modify insulin sensitivity in the elderly with impaired fasting glucose. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 454–460.