bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming literate in Chinese: a comparison of native‐speaking and non‐native‐speaking children
Authors: Wang Ying , McBride Catherine , Zhou Yanling , Malatesha Joshi R. , Farver Jo Ann M.
Published: July 2017

How do native Chinese‐speaking (CS) and non‐Chinese‐speaking (NCS) children learn to read and write in Chinese? In the present study, 29 CS and 34 NCS second and third graders aged 76 to 122 months (M = 93.65) participated in an experiment where they were taught 16 new Chinese characters in one of four conditions – copy, radical, phonological and look–say. Results showed that the copying condition best facilitated writing of Chinese characters for both groups, whereas radical knowledge facilitated only CS children's writing. NCS children benefited more from the phonological condition than from the look–say condition in learning to read Chinese. These results highlight the effectiveness of copying practice for all children learning to write Chinese. However, approaches to reading and writing Chinese may differ somewhat depending on the Chinese background knowledge of the children as well. Teaching children Chinese should be geared towards the strengths of different groups for learning.
Director Tenure Diversity and Board Monitoring Effectiveness
Authors: Li Na , Wahid Aida Sijamic
Published: July 2017

This study examines the impact of director tenure diversity on board effectiveness. We find that tenure‐diverse boards exhibit significantly higher CEO performance‐turnover sensitivity and that firms with tenure‐diverse audit committees are less likely to experience accounting restatements. Furthermore, we document that tenure‐diverse compensation committees also award less excess compensation and are less likely to overcompensate. Even though tenure‐diverse boards seem to exhibit superior monitoring performance, there is limited evidence that their firms exhibit superior financial performance. The findings suggest that recent calls for board renewal, to the extent that it would increase tenure diversity rather than just decrease average board tenure, may help enhance board monitoring.
Dihydroergotamine: Pharmacokinetics and Usefulness in Spinal Anaesthesia
Authors: HILKE H. , KANTO J. , MÄNTYLÄ R. , KLEIMOLA T. , SYVÄLAHTI E.
Published: July 2017

In a double‐blind study, 0.5 mg of dihydroergotamine or the same volume of placebo was used to prevent hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia. The plasma concentrations of dihydroergotamine were determined by a new radio‐immunoassay developed for ergot alkaloids, and pharmacokinetic calculations were based on the equation of a two‐compartment open model. No significant changes were observed in the heart rates of the two patient groups. In Group I, which received dihydroergotamine, significant increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured after drug administration, and, compared to the base‐line measurements before spinal anaesthesia, no significant decreases in systolic or diastolic blood pressures were recorded. In contrast to Group I, there was a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the placebo Group II during spinal anaesthesia. There were no significant differences, however, in the temperature of the great toe between Groups I and II.

Dihydroergotamine disappeared quickly from plasma, with a mean alpha‐phase half‐life of 1.35 min, which explained its rapid effect on blood pressure. Beta‐phase half‐life (mean 23.20 min), the volume of distribution at beta‐phase (mean 0.25 l/kg), and the total plasma clearance (mean 1562.8 ml/min) indicate rapid elimination of the drug from the body.
Trends in receipt of single and repeat courses of antenatal corticosteroid administration among preterm and term births: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Grzeskowiak Luke E. , Grivell Rosalie M. , Mol Ben W.
Published: July 2017

Aim

To investigate trends in receipt and timing of antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) administration over a ten‐year interval.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of all live births from 2006 to 2015 occurring at a tertiary level teaching hospital in Adelaide, Australia. We analysed temporal trends in the receipt of single courses and repeat doses of ACSs, according to administration timing prior to birth. The main outcome measures were receipt of a single course of ACS and whether administration was ‘Optimal’ (≥24 h to <seven days) or ‘Suboptimal’ (<24 h OR ≥7 days) according to timing prior to birth, as well as administration of repeat doses.

Results

Among 47 105 live births, 4191 (8.9%) received any ACS, while 1009 (2.1%) received at least one repeat dose. From 2006/7 to 2014/15, receipt of a single course (relative risk (RR) 1.33; 95%CI 1.21, 1.47) or repeat dose of ACS (RR 1.24; 95%CI 1.01, 1.55) increased. Among women giving birth between 23–34 weeks gestation, receipt of any ACS increased from 75 to 84%, while an optimally timed single course of ACS increased from 20.4 to 31.0% (RR 1.40; 95%CI 1.24, 1.87). From 2006/7 to 2014/15, the greatest increase in ACS administration was evident among infants born 35–36 and ≥37 weeks gestation by caesarean section (RR 1.94; 95%CI 1.48, 2.55 and RR 2.55; 95%CI 1.86, 3.50, respectively).

Conclusions

While frequently used, less than half of ACS administration prior to preterm birth was optimally timed. The impact of suboptimal ACS timing on neonatal outcomes requires further investigation.
Performance characteristics of serum C4 and FGF19 measurements to exclude the diagnosis of bile acid diarrhoea in IBS‐diarrhoea and functional diarrhoea
Authors: Vijayvargiya P. , Camilleri M. , Carlson P. , Lueke A. , O'Neill J. , Burton D. , Busciglio I. , Donato L.
Published: July 2017

Background

The serum biomarkers, elevated 7αC4 (C4) and decreased FGF19, have been proposed as screening tests for bile acid diarrhoea.

Aim

To analyse prevalence, specificity and reproducibility of fasting C4 and FGF19 in identifying bile acid diarrhoea in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhoea or functional diarrhoea (summarised as IBS‐D).

Methods

We prospectively studied fasting serum C4 and FGF19 in 101 IBS‐D patients; we reviewed data from 37 of the 101 patients with prior fasting serum C4 and FGF19 and from 30 of the 101 patients with prior faecal bile acids per 48 hours. We compared results with normal values (C4 ≥52.5 ng/mL [n=184], FGF‐19 ≤61.7 pg/mL [n=50]). We used Spearman correlation and Bland‐Altman plots to appraise reproducibility.

Results

Among the 101 patients, there was a negative correlation between serum C4 and FGF19 (Rs=−.342, P=.0005). Bile acid diarrhoea was diagnosed in 10 patients based on elevated serum C4 levels (mean 23.5±23.1 [SD] ng/mL) and 21 patients based on decreased FGF19 levels (121.6±84.2 pg/mL). With replicate tests in patients with stable IBS‐D, 78% of C4 and 70% of FGF19 measurements remained concordant, with 3% and 11% respectively consistently positive for bile acid diarrhoea in the 101 patients. Compared to 48 hours faecal bile acids, specificity for C4 and FGF19 was 83% and 78%, respectively. Bland‐Altman plots demonstrated greater reliability of C4 than FGF19.

Conclusions

Among 101 patents with IBS‐D, fasting FGF19 and C4 levels had good specificity and negative predictive value, suggesting utility as screening tests to exclude bile acid diarrhoea.
The body–space relations of research(ed) on bodies: The experiences of becoming participant researchers
Authors: Wainwright Emma , Marandet Elodie , Rizvi Sadaf
Published: July 2017

This paper heeds calls for reflections on how the research field is defined through embodied socio‐spatial presence and immediacy. Focusing on classroom “body‐training” observations that were part of a larger qualitative research project, and on the field notes and reflections of three researchers, we explore the transition from observer‐researchers to participant‐researchers. That is, we explore how, by researching others, we unexpectedly became researched on as our own bodies became instruments in the research process and were used to elicit knowledge on embodied learning, body‐mapping and corporeal trace. As a methodological intervention, conducting research through the body, the positioning of bodies and body‐to‐body interaction, can tell us much about the often ignored embodied and emotional dimensions of the research field. But, in addition, it can elucidate the power relations between, and the fluidity of, researcher and researched positions in the jolting of secured researcher identity. Here we detail how different researchers performed different embodied and emotional subjectivities in different training research spaces. We explore how ontological anxieties of our own placed bodies, based around constructed notions of femininity, religion and researcher professionalism, shape this immediate body‐to‐body encounter and the subsequent research process.
Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Mixed Treatment Comparisons and Recursive Cumulative Meta‐Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials and Cohort Studies
Authors: Sridharan Kannan , Sivaramakrishnan Gowri
Published: July 2017

Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to be effective in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in clinical studies with no consensus with regard to the most appropriate route of administration. We conducted a network meta‐analysis to compare the evidence available on efficacy and safety of TXA in TKA. Electronic databases were searched for randomized, clinical trials and cohort studies that evaluated TXA in TKA. Publication bias, risk of bias and inconsistencies were assessed. Direct and indirect comparisons were carried out for blood transfusion rate and incidence of thrombotic complications. Sensitivity analyses and grading of evidence were performed for key comparisons. A cumulative meta‐analysis was conducted for comparisons that had a minimum of 10 included studies. A total of 19 studies with 8916 participants were pooled for this network meta‐analysis. No inconsistencies and publication bias were observed. Low risk of bias was observed for the majority of the included studies. When compared to placebo, the pooled estimates for mixed treatment analyses favoured (in the order of higher ranking) the combined pre‐operative oral and topical TXA, intra‐operative intravenous TXA with topical TXA, pre‐operative intravenous TXA, intra‐operative and post‐operative intravenous TXA, intra‐operative intravenous bolus and topical TXA. Additionally, combined intravenous and topical TXA performed better than topical TXA alone. No significant changes were observed in the sensitivity analyses. No significant differences were observed in the risk of thrombotic complications between the interventions. TXA is efficacious and safe in patients with TKA. The combined topical and intra‐operative intravenous TXA may perform better.
Regulating approaches to learning: Testing learning strategy convergences across a year at university
Authors: Fryer Luke K. , Vermunt Jan D.
Published: July 2017

Background

Contemporary models of student learning within higher education are often inclusive of processing and regulation strategies. Considerable research has examined their use over time and their (person‐centred) convergence. The longitudinal stability/variability of learning strategy use, however, is poorly understood, but essential to supporting student learning across university experiences.

Aims

Develop and test a person‐centred longitudinal model of learning strategies across the first‐year university experience.

Methods

Japanese university students (n = 933) completed surveys (deep and surface approaches to learning; self, external, and lack of regulation) at the beginning and end of their first year. Following invariance and cross‐sectional tests, latent profile transition analysis (LPTA) was undertaken.

Results

Initial difference testing supported small but significant differences for self‐/external regulation. Fit indices supported a four‐group model, consistent across both measurement points. These subgroups were labelled Low Quality (low deep approaches and self‐regulation), Low Quantity (low strategy use generally), Average (moderate strategy use), and High Quantity (intense use of all strategies) strategies. The stability of these groups ranged from stable to variable: Average (93% stayers), Low Quality (90% stayers), High Quantity (72% stayers), and Low Quantity (40% stayers). The three largest transitions presented joint shifts in processing/regulation strategy preference across the year, from adaptive to maladaptive and vice versa.

Conclusions

Person‐centred longitudinal findings presented patterns of learning transitions that different students experience during their first year at university. Stability/variability of students’ strategy use was linked to the nature of initial subgroup membership. Findings also indicated strong connections between processing and regulation strategy changes across first‐year university experiences. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Colonic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with abundant cancer‐associated fibroblasts diagnosed by trans‐gastric endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Yamasaki M. , Kai K. , Nomura A. , Kono H. , Kawakubo H. , Sakata Y. , Mizuguchi M. , Aishima S.
Published: July 2017

This report describes our experience with a patient's huge colonic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which a biopsy was unavailable but which was successfully diagnosed by performing transgastric EUS‐FNA. In the cytologic diagnosis process, the differential diagnosis of carcinosarcoma versus sarcomatoid carcinoma from cancer‐associated fibroblasts was difficult.
Examining the impacts of disaster resettlement from a livelihood perspective: a case study of Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Guo Xuesong , Kapucu Naim
Published: July 2017

Disaster resettlement, as a mitigation and preparedness measure, entails significant economic, physical, and social impacts, which continue to challenge understanding of recovery from major events, especially regarding the extent of the context and environmental efforts to rebuild livelihoods. Based on a case study of Qinling Mountains, China, this research investigates the effects of disaster resettlement from a livelihoods perspective. Methodologically, it proposes a framework that combines the pressure–state–response framework and the sustainable livelihoods approach, and it employs a structural equation model to examine how specific factors affect disaster resettlement. The results indicate that conflicts may occur during and after resettlement owing to the difference or disparity between the concerns of resettled peasants and those of the government. Consequently, the risks related to livelihoods need to be taken seriously. Effective risk communication is critical to bridge the gap between different stakeholders. The paper concludes with some practical and policy recommendations.
The use of virtual patient scenarios as a vehicle for teaching professionalism
Authors: Marei H. F. , Al‐Eraky M. M. , Almasoud N. N. , Donkers J. , Van Merrienboer J. J. G.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to measure students’ perceptions of virtual patient scenarios (VPs) for developing ethical reasoning skills and to explore features in VP design that are necessary to promote professionalism.

Methods

Sixty‐five dental students participated in learning sessions that involved collaborative practice with five VPs (four high fidelity and one low fidelity), followed by reflection sessions. Students’ perceptions towards the use of VPs in developing ethical reasoning skills were assessed using a questionnaire that involved 10 closed and three open‐ended questions.

Results

High‐fidelity VPs were perceived as significantly better for developing ethical reasoning skills than low‐fidelity VPs. Analyses of answers to open‐ended questions revealed two new features that are specific for VPs intended for teaching professionalism, which are VP dramatic structure and how it should end.

Conclusion

VPs intended for teaching professionalism need to have high fidelity, follow a specific dramatic structure and should include multiple plausible endings. The use of VPs as part of a collaborative activity that is followed by a reflection session is perceived as an effective tool for the development of ethical reasoning skills in dental education.
Malaria and malaria‐like disease in the early Middle Ages
Authors: Newfield Timothy P.
Published: July 2017

Malaria impairs human reproduction, augments excess mortality, and lowers productivity. It can exercise a debilitating effect so profound that it defines regions. The disease is an essential element in histories of places and periods in which it was endemic. Although many European regions are thought to have had a long association with malaria, evidence for the disease, the parasites that cause it, and the mosquitoes that transmit it, is thin before 1900. Malaria's early medieval history is opaque. This paper clears up contours of malaria's occurrence in Frankish Europe. It surveys sources relevant to its study and establishes guidelines for retrospectively diagnosing the disease. It argues that malaria was plentiful north of the Alps before 1000 and that it influenced demographic trends where it was endemic.
Anticonvulsant effect of cannabinoid receptor agonists in models of seizures in developing rats
Authors: Huizenga Megan N. , Wicker Evan , Beck Veronica C. , Forcelli Patrick A.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Although drugs targeting the cannabinoid system (e.g., CB1 receptor agonists) display anticonvulsant efficacy in adult animal models of seizures/epilepsy, they remain unexplored in developing animal models. However, cannabinoid system functions emerge early in development, providing a rationale for targeting this system in neonates. We examined the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the cannabinoid system in three seizure models in developing rats.

Methods

Postnatal day (P) 10, Sprague–Dawley rat pups were challenged with the chemoconvulsant methyl‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethyl‐beta‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate (DMCM) or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), after treatment with either CB1/2 mixed agonist (WIN 55,212‐2), CB1 agonist (arachidonyl‐2′‐chloroethylamide [ACEA]), CB2 agonist (HU‐308), CB1 antagonist (AM‐251), CB2 antagonist (AM‐630), fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (URB‐597), or G protein–coupled receptor 55 agonist (O‐1602). P20 Sprague–Dawley pups were challenged with DMCM after treatment with WIN, ACEA, or URB. Finally, after pretreatment with WIN, P10 Sprague–Dawley rats were challenged against acute hypoxia‐induced seizures.

Results

The mixed CB1/2 agonist and the CB1‐specific agonist, but no other drugs, displayed anticonvulsant effects against clonic seizures in the DMCM model. By contrast, both CB1 and CB2 antagonism increased seizure severity. Similarly, we found that the CB1/2 agonist displayed antiseizure efficacy against acute hypoxia‐induced seizures (automatisms, clonic and tonic–clonic seizures) and tonic–clonic seizures evoked by PTZ. Anticonvulsant effects were seen in P10 animals but not P20 animals.

Significance

Early life seizures represent a significant cause of morbidity, with 30–40% of infants and children with epilepsy failing to achieve seizure remission with current pharmacotherapy. Identification of new therapies for neonatal/infantile epilepsy syndromes is thus of high priority. These data indicate that the anticonvulsant action of the CB system is specific to CB1 receptor activation during early development and provide justification for further examination of CB1 receptor agonists as novel antiepileptic drugs targeting epilepsy in infants and children.
Mortality with brainstem seizures from focal 4‐aminopyridine–induced recurrent hippocampal seizures
Authors: Salam Muhammad Tariqus , Montandon Gaspard , Genov Roman , Devinsky Orrin , Del Campo Martin , Carlen Peter L.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy is the leading cause of death in young adult epilepsy patients, typically occurring during the early postictal period, presumably resulting from brainstem and cardiorespiratory dysfunction. We hypothesized that ictal discharges in the brainstem disrupt the cardiorespiratory network, causing mortality. To study this hypothesis, we chose an animal model comprising focal unilateral hippocampal injection of 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP), which produced focal recurrent hippocampal seizures with secondary generalization in awake, behaving rats.

Methods

We studied ictal and interictal intracranial electrographic activity (iEEG) in 23 rats implanted with a custom electrode array into the hippocampus, the contralateral cortex, and brainstem. The hippocampal electrodes contained a cannula to administer the potassium channel blocker and convulsant (4‐AP). iEEG was recorded continuously before, during, and after seizures induced by 4‐AP infusion into the hippocampus.

Results

The control group (n = 5) was monitored for 2–3 months, and the weekly baseline iEEG recordings showed long‐term stability. The low‐dose group (1 μL 4‐AP, 40 mm, n = 5) exhibited local electrographic seizures without spread to the contralateral cerebral cortex or brainstem. The high‐dose group (5 μL 4‐AP, 40 mm, n = 3) had several hippocampal electrographic seizures, which spread contralaterally and triggered brainstem discharges within 40 min, and were associated with violent motor seizures followed by dyspnea and respiratory arrest, with cortical and hippocampal iEEG flattening. The group that received high‐dose 4‐AP without brainstem implantation (n = 5) had similar seizure‐related respiratory difficulties. Finally, five rats that received high‐dose 4‐AP without EEG recording also developed violent motor seizures with postictal respiratory arrest. Following visualized respiratory arrest in groups III, IV, and V, manual respiratory resuscitation was successful in five of 13 animals.

Significance

These studies show that hippocampal seizure activity can spread or trigger brainstem epileptiform discharges that may cause mortality, possibly mediated by respiratory network dysfunction.
Reformation Unfinished: Economy, Inclusivity, Authority
Authors: Kwok Pui‐lan
Published: July 2017

In 2017, churches around the world are organizing different activities to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Reformation was a momentous event in the church and the history of Europe. This article examines three important legacies of the Reformation to look ahead to the future: the church and economic life; the priesthood of all believers; and the authority of the Bible. In many ways, the issues that Luther has raised – such as authority, church structure, priesthood and ministry, biblical interpretation, and the church's relation to economics and social issues – remain to this day and demand the church's critical attention.
On the use of British standard 7910 option 1 failure assessment diagram to non‐metallic materials
Authors: Fuentes J.D. , Cicero S. , Ibáñez‐Gutiérrez F.T. , Procopio I.
Published: July 2017

This paper provides a structural integrity assessment methodology for the analysis of non‐metallic materials. The approach uses the British standard 7910 option 1 failure assessment diagram, originally proposed for the fracture‐plastic collapse assessment of metallic materials. The methodology has been applied to 60 fracture specimens, combining 12 different materials and covering polymers, composites, and rocks. The results obtained validate the proposed assessment methodology and demonstrate its safety for the materials analysed here.
Paleoecology of Neoproterozoic hypersaline environments: Biomarker evidence for haloarchaea, methanogens, and cyanobacteria
Authors: Schinteie R. , Brocks J. J.
Published: July 2017

While numerous studies have examined modern hypersaline ecosystems, their equivalents in the geologic past, particularly in the Precambrian, are poorly understood. In this study, biomarkers from ~820 million year (Ma)‐old evaporites from the Gillen Formation of the mid‐Neoproterozoic Bitter Springs Group, central Australia, are investigated to elucidate the antiquity and paleoecology of halophiles. The sediments were composed of alternating laminae of dolomitized microbial mats and up to 90% anhydrite. Solvent extraction of these samples yielded thermally well‐preserved hydrocarbon biomarkers. The regularly branched C25 isoprenoid 2,6,10,14,18‐pentamethylicosane, the tail‐to‐tail linked C30 isoprenoid squalane, and breakdown products of the head‐to‐head linked C40 isoprenoid biphytane, were particularly abundant in the most anhydrite‐rich sediments and mark the oldest current evidence for halophilic archaea. Linear correlations between isoprenoid concentrations (normalized to n‐alkanes) and the anhydrite/dolomite ratio reveal microbial consortia that fluctuated with changing salinity levels. Halophilic archaea were the dominant organisms during periods of high salinity and gypsum precipitation, while bacteria were prevalent during stages of carbonate formation. The irregularly branched C25 isoprenoid 2,6,10,15,19‐pentamethylicosane (PMI), with a central tail‐to‐tail link, was also abundant during periods of elevated salinity, highlighting the activity of methanogens. By contrast, the irregularly branched C20 isoprenoid 2,6,11,15‐tetramethylhexadecane (crocetane) was more common in dolomite‐rich facies, revealing that an alternate group of archaea was active during less saline periods. Elevated concentrations of isotopically depleted heptadecane (n‐C17) revealed the presence of cyanobacteria under all salinity regimes. The combination of biomarkers in the mid‐Neoproterozoic Gillen Formation resembles lipid compositions from modern hypersaline cyanobacterial mats, pointing to a community composition that remained broadly constant since at least the Neoproterozoic. However, as a major contrast to most modern hypersaline environments, the Gillen evaporites did not yield any evidence for algae or other eukaryotes.
Variation in Prescription Drug Coverage for Triptans: Analysis of Insurance Formularies
Authors: Minen Mia T. , Lindberg Kate , Langford Aisha , Loder Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To analyze triptan coverage by insurers to examine (1) possible disparities in coverage for different formulations (oral, intranasal, etc) and (2) quantity limits and stepped care requirements to obtain triptans.

Background

Triptans are FDA approved migraine abortive medications. Patients frequently state that they have difficulty accessing triptans prescribed to them.

Methods

We searched the 2015 drug formularies of commercial and government health insurers providing coverage in NY State. We created a spreadsheet with all of the commercially available triptans and included information about covered formulations, tier numbers and quantity limits for each drug. We then calculated the number of listed plans that cover or do not cover each triptan or triptan formulation, the total number of medications not covered by an insurance provided across all of its plans, as well as the percentage of plans offered by individual companies and across all companies that covered each drug. We also calculated the number and proportion of plans that imposed quantity limits or step therapy for each drug.

Results

Of the 100 formularies searched, generic sumatriptan (all formulations), naratriptan, and zolmitriptan tablets were covered by all plans, and rizatriptan tablets and ODTs were covered by 98% of plans. Brand triptans were less likely to be covered: 4/36 Medicaid plans covered brand triptans. Commercial insurers were more likely to cover brand triptans. All plans imposed quantity limits on 1+ triptan formulations, with >80% imposing quantity limits on 14/19 formulations studied. Almost all plans used tiers for cost allocation for different medications. Generic triptans were almost always in Tier 1. Brand triptans were most commonly in Tier 3. Approximately 40% of brand triptans required step therapy, compared with 11% of generic triptans.

Conclusions

There are substantial variations in coverage and quantity limits and a high degree of complexity in triptan coverage for both government and commercial plans.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the quality of four edible flowers: Viola × wittrockiana, Centaurea cyanus, Borago officinalis and Camellia japonica
Authors: Fernandes Luana , Casal Susana , Pereira José Alberto , Pereira Ermelinda L. , Ramalhosa Elsa , Saraiva Jorge A.
Published: July 2017

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the appearance, bioactivity and microbial content of four edible flowers along storage. Several treatments at 75–450 MPa and holding times (1, 5 and 10 min) were applied. Borage and camellia were unacceptable after all treatments, while centaurea showed good appearance at 100/5 MPa min−1; however, the shelf life did not increase. Pansies treated at 75/5 and 75/10 MPa min−1 also retained the appearance of fresh flowers. Furthermore, pansies submitted at 75/5 MPa min−1 maintained good appearance over 20 days of storage at 4 °C, while the untreated remained satisfactory only until 6 days. Even though no significant differences on microbial load were observed between untreated and HHP‐treated pansies in day 0, HHP induced the production of bioactive compounds, increasing the shelf life of pansies. So, the HHP treatment is a promising technology for Viola × wittrockiana.
Epitopes and motifs of theHLA‐B*14 allele family products and relatedHLA‐B14 cross‐reactive specificities
Authors: Street J. , Darke C.
Published: July 2017

The split specificities ofHLA‐B14 (B64, B65) are assigned to the B*14:01 (B64) and B*14:02 (B65) products only. Of the further 50 B*14 expressed products, only B*14:03 and B*14:06 are officially designated asHLA‐B14. The B*14:08 product differs from B64 by a single amino acid substitution of W97R, while the B*14:53 specificity (which is a “short” B14 and neither B64 nor B65) differs from B64 by three residues (W97S, Y113H and F116Y). Comprehensive testing of B*14:08:01 cells (using 49 alloantisera with B64 or B64, B65 specificities, and five monoclonal antibodies with B65 or B64, B65 activity) showed that the B*14:08 specificity is, like the B*14:53 product, neither B64 nor B65 and appears as a “short” B14 specificity. To help understand the serological reactivity of the B*14:08 and B*14:53 products, and B64 and B65, we identified seven published epitopes (11AV, 97W, 61ICT, 116F, 131S+163T, 170RHand 420) and, by inspection, 29 motifs, that encompass one or more of B64, B65 and variousHLA‐B14 cross‐reactive group specificities. We then considered the possession of these epitopes and motifs by the products of B*14:01 to B*14:06, B*14:08 and B*14:53. Seventeen of the 29 motifs fully complied with the one‐/two‐patch functional epitope concept for amino acid proximity, as determined by Cn3D software, the remainder partially complied. The nature and patterns of epitopes and motifs possessed by both B*14:08 and B*14:53 specificities supported their designation asHLA‐B14 but non‐B64/B65. Also that epitope 97W, with 11S or 11A, is critical for serological B64 and B65 reactivity. And conversely, that epitope 116F, and several identified motifs, are probably unimportant forHLA‐B14 antibody reactivity. The previous submission that the B*14:03 specificity isHLA‐B65 was compatible with its epitope/motif pattern. B*14:04 cells would also be expected to react as B65, based on its epitope/motif pattern, and not as B64 as previously implied. Also, from their epitope/motif patterns, and external serological information, it is probable that the B*14:05 and B*14:06 specificities will both appear as “short”HLA‐B14, non‐B64/B65. Several epitopes and motifs encompassed a range ofHLA‐B specificities included in the serologicalHLA‐B14 cross‐reactive group, thus supporting these original serological findings.
The use of chewing gum for postoperative ileus prevention in patients undergoing radical cystectomy
Authors: Boarin Mattia , Villa Giulia , Di Monte Valentina , Abbadessa Francesco , Manara Duilio F.
Published: July 2017

Does the postoperative use of chewing gum in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) facilitate intestinal motility recovery, reduce intestinal recanalization times and decrease length of stay? Postoperative ileus is a temporary impairment of intestinal motility and a frequent complication after RC. It is characterized by abdominal distention and absence of bowel functions, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, pain and cramps. This results in an increase in length of stay, patient discomfort and costs. Different studies investigated the efficacy of chewing gum use, as a form of simulated feeding, in accelerating the resolution of ileus after several abdominal surgical procedures. Considering the lack of specific studies, some other conducted in similar abdominal procedures were included in this literature review. Despite the diversity of type of surgery, all considered studies show for patients who received chewing gum, a significant reduction in the time of first flatus and faeces, a reduction in the time of first bowel movements; not all included studies instead have found a significant decreasing in morbidity and length of stay. The chewing gum use seems to be a simple and inexpensive way to enhance recovery of bowel function, although it is probably still a little known procedure. It is possible recommending the administration of chewing gum in patients after cystectomy, monitoring the effectiveness, upon the recognition of possible conditions that might contraindicate its use.
Dentists' attitudes towards acute pharmacological pain management in children and adolescents
Authors: Berlin Henrik , List Thomas , Ridell Karin , Klingberg Gunilla
Published: July 2017

Aim

This study aimed to investigate Swedish dentists' attitudes regarding pain management strategies for treating children and adolescents. It assessed recommendations for pre‐ and postoperative analgesics, and use of local anaesthesia, and whether application of these strategies differs between general dental practitioners (GDPs) and specialists in paediatric dentistry (SPDs).

Design

We invited allGDPs (n= 807) in southern Sweden (Region Skåne), and all registeredSPDs (n= 122) working in Sweden (929 actively practising dentists under age 65 years) to participate in a postal survey on pain management in paediatric dental care.

Results

TheSPDs reported using all types of pain‐reducing strategies more frequently thanGDPs except local anaesthesia when extracting a permanent premolar, whichSPDs andGDPs used equally often. Preoperative analgesic use was greater amongSPDs thanGDPs.GDPs used local anaesthesia less frequently for filling therapy in primary teeth than in permanent teeth.

Conclusions

SPDs recommend preoperative analgesics more often thanGDPs do.GDPs seem to underuse local anaesthetics when treating children and adolescents.SPDs also use pain management strategies more frequently thanGDPs. AmongGDPs, pain management is less frequent when treating primary teeth than permanent teeth.
Influenza in long‐term care facilities
Authors: Lansbury Louise E. , Brown Caroline S. , Nguyen‐Van‐Tam Jonathan S.
Published: July 2017

Long‐term care facility environments and the vulnerability of their residents provide a setting conducive to the rapid spread of influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens. Infections may be introduced by staff, visitors or new or transferred residents, and outbreaks of influenza in such settings can have devastating consequences for individuals, as well as placing extra strain on health services. As the population ages over the coming decades, increased provision of such facilities seems likely. The need for robust infection prevention and control practices will therefore remain of paramount importance if the impact of outbreaks is to be minimised. In this review, we discuss the nature of the problem of influenza in long‐term care facilities, and approaches to preventive and control measures, including vaccination of residents and staff, and the use of antiviral drugs for treatment and prophylaxis, based on currently available evidence.
Contemporary group estimates adjusted for climatic effects provide a finer definition of the unknown environmental challenges experienced by growing pigs
Authors: Guy S.Z.Y. , Li L. , Thomson P.C. , Hermesch S.
Published: July 2017

Environmental descriptors derived from mean performances of contemporary groups (CGs) are assumed to capture any known and unknown environmental challenges. The objective of this paper was to obtain a finer definition of the unknown challenges, by adjusting CG estimates for the known climatic effects of monthly maximum air temperature (MaxT), minimum air temperature (MinT) and monthly rainfall (Rain). As the unknown component could include infection challenges, these refined descriptors may help to better model varying responses of sire progeny to environmental infection challenges for the definition of disease resilience. Data were recorded from 1999 to 2013 at a piggery in south‐east Queensland, Australia (n = 31,230). Firstly, CG estimates of average daily gain (ADG) and backfat (BF) were adjusted for MaxT, MinT and Rain, which were fitted as splines. In the models used to derive CG estimates for ADG, MaxT and MinT were significant variables. The models that contained these significant climatic variables had CG estimates with a lower variance compared to models without significant climatic variables. Variance component estimates were similar across all models, suggesting that these significant climatic variables accounted for some known environmental variation captured in CG estimates. No climatic variables were significant in the models used to derive the CG estimates for BF. These CG estimates were used to categorize environments. There was no observable sire by environment interaction (Sire×E) for ADG when using the environmental descriptors based on CG estimates on BF. For the environmental descriptors based on CG estimates of ADG, there was significant Sire×E only when MinT was included in the model (p = .01). Therefore, this new definition of the environment, preadjusted by MinT, increased the ability to detect Sire×E. While the unknown challenges captured in refined CG estimates need verification for infection challenges, this may provide a practical approach for the genetic improvement of disease resilience.
The 2025 Big “G” Geriatrician: Defining Job Roles to Guide Fellowship Training
Authors: Simpson Deborah , Leipzig Rosanne M. , Sauvigné Karen ,   Donald W. Reynolds Geriatrics Education Collaborative
Published: July 2017

Changes in health care that are already in progress, including value‐ and population‐based care, use of new technologies for care, big data and machine learning, and the patient as consumer and decision maker, will determine the job description for geriatricians practicing in 2025. Informed by these future certainties, 115 geriatrics educators attending the 2016 Donald W. Reynolds Foundation Annual meeting identified five 2025 geriatrician job roles: complexivist; consultant; health system leader and innovator; functional preventionist; and educator for big “G” and little “g” providers. By identifying these job roles, geriatrics fellowship training can be preemptively redesigned.
Big ‘G’ and Little ‘g’ Geriatrics Education for Physicians
Authors: Callahan Kathryn E. , Tumosa Nina , Leipzig Rosanne M.
Published: July 2017

In the July 2016 issue of this journal, Dr. Mary Tinetti proposed that geriatric medicine abandon attempts to increase the numbers of board‐certified geriatricians and change focus to the development of a “small elite workforce.” What would be gained and what sacrificed by accepting this challenge? We agree that the best clinical use of a scarce resource, specialty trained geriatricians, is to care for frail, complex, severely ill elderly adults and to help design and study novel interventions in research, education, and care models to improve the care of all older adults, but for this to happen, all other providers must attain specific competency in the care of older adults. This article responds and discusses alternative pathways for teaching geriatrics care, training specialists, and geriatrics fellows.
Rare complication of fibroids in pregnancy: Spontaneous fibroid rupture
Authors: Swarray‐Deen Alim , Mensah‐Brown Shirley A. , Coleman Jerry
Published: July 2017

Uterine fibroids in pregnancy present with numerous complications. However, spontaneous rupture is a rare and potentially life‐threatening event. We report a case of a 43‐year‐old multiparous woman who presented with hypovolemic shock secondary to a ruptured uterine fibroid 2 days after a spontaneous vaginal delivery. Emergency laparotomy confirmed massive intra‐abdominal hemorrhage from the ruptured capsule of a 10‐cm subserosal fibroid. A myomectomy was performed. Her postoperative recovery period was uneventful. This case is very rare, with fewer than 30 cases of hemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of fibroids having been reported in published works. It demonstrates how a benign and common condition, such as fibroids, can lead to an obstetric emergency that mimics a surgical abdomen requiring swift diagnosis and surgical intervention.
Moderate mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition induces autophagy in HTR8/SVneo cells via O‐linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine signaling
Authors: Zhang Qiuxia , Na Quan , Song Weiwei
Published: July 2017

Aim

Autophagy, a highly regulated process with a dual role (pro‐survival or pro‐death), has been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism whereby mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling regulates autophagy by modulating protein O‐GlcNAcylation in human trophoblasts.

Methods

HTR8/SVneo cells were incubated in serum‐free medium for different time intervals or treated with varying doses of Torin1. Protein expression and cell apoptosis were detected by immunoblotting and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results

Short‐term serum starvation or slight suppression of mTOR signaling promoted autophagy and decreased apoptosis in HTR8/SVneo cells. Conversely, prolonged serum starvation or excessive inhibition of mTOR reduced autophagy and enhanced cell apoptosis. Both serum starvation and mTOR signaling suppression reduced protein O‐GlcNAcylation. Upregulation and downregulation of O‐linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) levels attenuated and augmented autophagy, respectively. Moderate mTOR inhibition‐induced autophagy was blocked by upregulation of protein O‐GlcNAcylation. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation studies revealed that Beclin1 and synaptosome associated protein 29 (SNAP29) could be O‐GlcNAcylated, and that slight mTOR inhibition resulted in decreased O‐GlcNAc modification of Beclin1 and SNAP29. Notably, we observed an inverse correlation between phosphorylation (Ser15) and O‐GlcNAcylation of Beclin1.

Conclusion

mTOR signaling inhibition played dual roles in regulating autophagy and apoptosis in HTR8/SVneo cells. Moderate mTOR suppression might induce autophagy via modulating O‐GlcNAcylation of Beclin1 and SNAP29. Moreover, the negative interplay between Beclin1 O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation (Ser15) may be involved in autophagy regulation by mTOR signaling.
Do Multi‐Plant Firms Reduce Misallocation? Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing
Authors: Ševčík Pavel
Published: July 2017

Using Canadian plant‐level data, this paper shows that, depending on the industry, the differences in the average plant‐level productivity and cross‐plant allocation of resources between multi‐plant and single‐plant firms account for 1 to 15 per cent of the industry‐level TFP. A large part of this contribution stems from more efficient cross‐plant allocation of resources, measured by the covariance between plant size and productivity, in the pool of plants in multi‐plant firms compared to the pool of plants in single‐plant firms. There is less dispersion in the marginal products of the inputs, and thus less misallocation, in industries in which multi‐plant firms account for a larger share of output. The patterns found in the cross‐plant distribution of productivity and size are also consistent with better allocative efficiency among plants in multi‐plant firms than among plants in single‐plant firms.
The Impact of Mergers on Quality Provision: Evidence from the Airline Industry
Authors: Prince Jeffrey T. , Simon Daniel H.
Published: July 2017

We examine how mergers affect quality provision by analyzing five U.S. airline mergers, focusing on on‐time performance (OTP). We find that airline mergers have minimal negative impacts on OTP, and likely result in long‐run improvements due to efficiencies. Importantly, we show that this finding is not driven by post‐merger changes in price that could affect OTP. Consequently, at least in the case of airlines, policymakers should not, as a rule, fear the negative quality effects of mergers.
Prices, Locations and Welfare When an Online Retailer Competes with Heterogeneous Brick‐and‐Mortar Retailers
Authors: Guo Wen‐Chung , Lai Fu‐Chuan
Published: July 2017

This study proposes a novel spatial model in which an online retailer competes with heterogeneous brick‐and‐mortar retailers. Consumers are assumed to be non‐uniformly distributed along an urban‐rural line, and online transactions provide savings in transportation costs at the expense of distaste costs. Among other results, we show that the surviving brick‐and‐mortar retailers eventually move toward densely populated (urban) areas after the entry of the online retailer. Consumer welfare, the policy of not taxing online business, and the socially optimal number of retailers are also analyzed.
Effect of monthly high‐dose vitamin D on bone density in community‐dwelling older adults substudy of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Reid I. R. , Horne A. M. , Mihov B. , Gamble G. D. , Al‐Abuwsi F. , Singh M. , Taylor L. , Fenwick S. , Camargo C. A. , Stewart A. W. , Scragg R.
Published: July 2017

Background

Severe vitamin D deficiency causes osteomalacia, yet trials of vitamin D supplementation in the community have not on average demonstrated benefit to bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture risk in adults.

Objective

To determine whether monthly high‐dose vitamin D supplementation influences BMD in the general population and in those with low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels.

Methods

Two‐year substudy of a trial in older community‐resident adults. A total of 452 participants were randomized to receive monthly doses of vitamin D3 100 000 IU, or placebo. The primary end‐point was change in lumbar spine BMD. Exploratory analyses to identify thresholds of baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D for vitamin D effects on BMD were prespecified.

Results

Intention‐to‐treat analyses showed no significant treatment effect in the lumbar spine (between‐groups difference 0.0071 g cm−2, 95%CI: −0.0012, 0.0154) or total body but BMD loss at both hip sites was significantly attenuated by ~1/2% over 2 years. There was a significant interaction between baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and treatment effect (P = 0.04). With baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D ≤ 30 nmol L−1 (n = 46), there were between‐groups BMD changes at the spine and femoral sites of ~2%, significant in the spine and femoral neck, but there was no effect on total body BMD. When baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D was >30 nmol L−1, differences were ~1/2% and significant only at the total hip.

Conclusions

This substudy finds no clinically important benefit to BMD from untargeted vitamin D supplementation of older, community‐dwelling adults. Exploratory analyses suggest meaningful benefit in those with baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D ≤ 30 nmol L−1. This represents a significant step towards a trial‐based definition of vitamin D deficiency for bone health in older adults.