bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arbitral Award on Turkish-Armenian Boundary by Woodrow Wilson (Historical Background, Legal Aspects, and International Dimensions)
Authors: Papian Ara
Published: January 2008

The paper is a complex study of the history of the involvement of Woodrow Wilson (the 28th President of the USA, 1913-1921), in the fate of Armenian people after WWI and the Republic Armenia (1918-1920), especially in determining the boundary between Armenia and Turkey. It presents an analysis of Wilson's Arbitral Award according to the international law and the United Nation's official methodology. The article focuses on the historical background, legal aspects and political implications of Wilson's Arbitral Award (November 22, 1920), officially titled: Decision of the President of the United States of America respecting the Frontier between Turkey and Armenia, Access for Armenia to the Sea, and the Demilitarization of Turkish Territory adjacent to the Armenian Frontier. The Arbitration's significance goes beyond Armenian-Turkish and Armenian-US relations. Border conflicts are still relevant issues on the regional and international agenda. American involvement in the Middle East is one of the key components of the United States' present foreign policy. An accurate and a broad understanding of the nuances of the extremely complex legal situation in the region and the bases for the behaviour of the players can be vital for the security, political and economic interests of the region. Moreover, due to the active participation of the United States in the Armenian-Turkish relations through Wilson's Arbitration, the Arbitral Award becomes a logical starting point for a stronger historical, political, and legal understanding of the conflict-prone region. The article also contributes to the better understanding of President Wilson's policy towards the Middle East during the dramatic period of 1917-1921 and its possible consequences for critical relationships in the region today.
What Are the Sources of Mechanical Damping in Matsuno–Gill-Type Models?
Authors: Lin Jia-Lin , Mapes Brian E. , Han Weiqing
Published: January 2008

The Matsuno–Gill model has been widely used to study the tropical large-scale circulations and atmosphere–ocean interactions. However, a common critique of this model is that it requires a strong equivalent linear mechanical damping to get realistic wind response and it is unclear what could provide such a strong damping above the boundary layer. This study evaluates the sources and strength of equivalent linear mechanical damping in the Walker circulation by calculating the zonal momentum budget using 15 yr (1979–93) of daily global reanalysis data. Two different reanalyses [NCEP–NCAR and 15-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-15)] give qualitatively similar results for all major terms, including the budget residual, whose structure is consistent with its interpretation as eddy momentum flux convergence by convective momentum transport (CMT).

The Walker circulation is characterized by two distinct regions: a deep convection region over the Indo-Pacific warm pool and a shallow convection region over the eastern Pacific cold tongue. These two regions are separated by a strong upper-tropospheric ridge and a strong lower-tropospheric trough in the central Pacific. The resultant pressure gradient forces on both sides require strong (approximately 5–10 days) damping to balance them because Coriolis force near the equator is too small to provide the balance. In the deep convection region, the damping is provided by CMT and advection together in both the upper and lower troposphere. In the shallow convection region, on the other hand, the damping is provided mainly by advection in the upper troposphere and by CMT in the lower troposphere. In other words, the upper-level tropical easterly jet and the low-level trade wind are both braked by CMT. These results support the use of strong damping in the Matsuno–Gill-type models but suggest that the damping rate is spatially inhomogeneous and the CMT-related damping increases with the strength of convection. Implications for GCM’s simulation of tropical mean climate are discussed.
Weather Types and Rainfall over Senegal. Part II: Downscaling of GCM Simulations
Authors: Moron Vincent , Robertson Andrew W. , Ward M. Neil , Ndiaye Ousmane
Published: January 2008

Four methods of downscaling daily rainfall sequences from general circulation model (GCM) simulations are intercompared over Senegal, using a 13-station network of daily observations during July–September 1961–98. The local scaling method calibrates raw GCM daily rainfall at the closest grid point to a given station so that the climatological distribution of rainfall matches the observed one. The k-nearest neighbor and weather classification schemes resample historical station rainfall observations according to the similarity between the daily wind fields from an ensemble of GCM simulations and a historical library of reanalysis [from 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)] daily wind fields. The nonhomogenous hidden Markov model uses a small set of hidden states to describe the relationship between daily station rainfall observations and low-pass-filtered simulated winds to simulate stochastic sequences of daily rainfall. The four methods are assessed in terms of seasonal statistics of daily rainfall, including seasonal amount, rainfall frequency, and the mean length of wet and dry spells. Verification measures used are mean bias error, interannual anomaly correlation, root-mean-square error, and ranked probability skill score.

The k-nearest neighbor and weather-type classification are shown to perform similarly well in reproducing the mean seasonal cycle, interannual variability of seasonal amount, daily rainfall frequency, as well as the mean length of dry and wet spells, and generally slightly better than the nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model. All three methods are shown to outperform the simple local scaling method. This is due to (i) the ability of the GCM to reproduce remarkably well the mean seasonal cycle and the transitions between weather types defined from reanalysis and (ii) the GCM’s moderate-to-strong skill in reproducing the interannual variability of the frequency occurrence of the weather types that strongly influence the interannual variability of rainfall in Senegal. In contrast, the local scaling exaggerates the length of wet and dry spells and reproduces less accurately the interannual variability of the seasonal-averaged amounts, occurrences, and dry/wet spells. This failure is attributed primarily to systematic errors in the GCM’s precipitation simulation.
Comparison of Information-Based Measures of Forecast Uncertainty in Ensemble ENSO Prediction
Authors: Tang Youmin , Kleeman Richard , Moore Andrew M.
Published: January 2008

In this study, ensemble predictions of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were conducted for the period 1981–98 using two hybrid coupled models. Several recently proposed information-based measures of predictability, including relative entropy (R), predictive information (PI), predictive power (PP), and mutual information (MI), were explored in terms of their ability of estimating a priori the predictive skill of the ENSO ensemble predictions. The emphasis was put on examining the relationship between the measures of predictability that do not use observations, and the model prediction skills of correlation and root-mean-square error (RMSE) that make use of observations. The relationship identified here offers a practical means of estimating the potential predictability and the confidence level of an individual prediction.

It was found that the MI is a good indicator of overall skill. When it is large, the prediction system has high prediction skill, whereas small MI often corresponds to a low prediction skill. This suggests that MI is a good indicator of the actual skill of the models. The R and PI have a nearly identical average (over all predictions) as should be the case in theory.

Comparing the different information-based measures reveals that R is a better predictor of prediction skill than PI and PP, especially when correlation-based metrics are used to evaluate model skill. A “triangular relationship” emerges between R and the model skill, namely, that when R is large, the prediction is likely to be reliable, whereas when R is small the prediction skill is quite variable. A small R is often accompanied by relatively weak ENSO variability. The possible reasons why R is superior to PI and PP as a measure of ENSO predictability will also be discussed.
Arctic Ocean Freshwater Changes over the Past 100 Years and Their Causes
Authors: Polyakov I. V. , Alexeev V. A. , Belchansky G. I. , Dmitrenko I. A. , Ivanov V. V. , Kirillov S. A. , Korablev A. A. , Steele M. , Timokhov L. A. , Yashayaev I.
Published: January 2008

Recent observations show dramatic changes of the Arctic atmosphere–ice–ocean system. Here the authors demonstrate, through the analysis of a vast collection of previously unsynthesized observational data, that over the twentieth century the central Arctic Ocean became increasingly saltier with a rate of freshwater loss of 239 ± 270 km3 decade−1. In contrast, long-term (1920–2003) freshwater content (FWC) trends over the Siberian shelf show a general freshening tendency with a rate of 29 ± 50 km3 decade−1. These FWC trends are modulated by strong multidecadal variability with sustained and widespread patterns. Associated with this variability, the FWC record shows two periods in the 1920s–30s and in recent decades when the central Arctic Ocean was saltier, and two periods in the earlier century and in the 1940s–70s when it was fresher. The current analysis of potential causes for the recent central Arctic Ocean salinification suggests that the FWC anomalies generated on Arctic shelves (including anomalies resulting from river discharge inputs) and those caused by net atmospheric precipitation were too small to trigger long-term FWC variations in the central Arctic Ocean; to the contrary, they tend to moderate the observed long-term central-basin FWC changes. Variability of the intermediate Atlantic Water did not have apparent impact on changes of the upper–Arctic Ocean water masses. The authors’ estimates suggest that ice production and sustained draining of freshwater from the Arctic Ocean in response to winds are the key contributors to the salinification of the upper Arctic Ocean over recent decades. Strength of the export of Arctic ice and water controls the supply of Arctic freshwater to subpolar basins while the intensity of the Arctic Ocean FWC anomalies is of less importance. Observational data demonstrate striking coherent long-term variations of the key Arctic climate parameters and strong coupling of long-term changes in the Arctic–North Atlantic climate system. Finally, since the high-latitude freshwater plays a crucial role in establishing and regulating global thermohaline circulation, the long-term variations of the freshwater content discussed here should be considered when assessing climate change and variability.
Sex Roles and Social Change
Authors: Holter Harriet
Published: January 2008

Some points made by authors addressing themselves to theories of changes in sex roles are first summarized, the economic character of their ultimate explanations being noted. The assumption is stressed that the modes and extent of sex differentiation are more resultants than determiners of social change, although gender differentiation contributes to the maintenance of given social orders. The second and main part of the article contains theoretical considerations about the consequences of social changes for the extent and modes of sex differentiation. The needs of the economic system with respect to labor and consumption are seen as promoting a change from traditional sex roles to quasi-egalitarianism, and mechanisms for masking of sex differentiation are discussed. A certain contradiction betwen covert sex differentiation at large and strong awareness in limited groups is pointed out. The author describes certain shifts in the maintenance of sex roles and other characteristics accompanying the main changes. Finally, some reflections on the question of strategies for sex role changes are offered.
Consumption Society, Sex Roles and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Israel Joachim , Eliasson Rosmari
Published: January 2008

Sexual norms and behavior are analyzed within a sociological context. A relationship between the need for capital accumulation and a puritan moral is postulated. Sex roles and sexual behavior in the consumption society are analyzed and it is stressed that the emphasis on need-satisfaction is also applied to sexuality. A permissive attitude towards sex, made possible by easy access to contraceptives, is considered typical of the consumption society. Permissiveness has an effect on double moral standards as a study of Swedish metropolitan youth indicates: The more permissiveness the less double moral standards. As a special factor indicative of traditional female sex role expectations, romantic love attitudes are singled out. These attitudes are negatively correlated to such factors as age of first intercourse and sexual activity, measured through number of coital partners. The effects of such romantic love attitudes on the functioning of the small nuclear family is discussed. If high emphasis is placed on sexuality as a goal in itself but moral pressure is exerted to engage in sexual behavior under conditions of love only, divorce and extra-marital relations are bound to increase.

Finally, results of an interviewer bias study are discussed. Female subjects tend to overrate their sexual activity when interviewed by male as compared to female interviewers. Thus one conclusion is that in a permissive society traditional female sex roles are more controlled by the expectations of women than of men.
A Cross-Cultural Examination of Women's Marital, Educational and Occupational Options
Authors: Safilios-Rothschild Constantina
Published: January 2008

The examined cross-cultural evidence indicates that women may come to have many options in very different types of societies and through very different combinations of social, political, cultural and economic reasons. Furthermore, there is no linear relationship between a country's level of economic development and the range of women's options in different life sectors. Thus, the option not to marry becomes much more of an option for men and women in the less economically developed countries. Women, on the other hand, have much more the options to work in general, to work after marriage and to enroll in college when a country is at a medium high level of economic development (GNP—S 1,000—S 1,500) than at higher or lower levels. Finally, a wide range of occupational choices for women can be achieved in countries at either a medium high or a medium low level of economic development.
Convergences between East and West: Tradition and Modernity in Sex Roles in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union
Authors: Haavio-Mannila Elina
Published: January 2008

Changes in the participation of men and women in the agricultural and nonagricultural labor force during the 20th century, the present division of household tasks at home, and sex role attitudes are examined in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union. Time and rate of industrialization, economical and ideological factors are used as explaining factors.

There has not been any equivalent to the Swedish "return home "movement among women in the 1930's in Finland and the Soviet Union. The proportion of women working in nonagricultural occupations has in these two countries been steadily increasing simultaneously with the decreasing proportion of women working in agriculture.

The increasing employment of women has not had a great influence on the division of labor at home, which in these three countries shows an almost universal-looking pattern, even though the proportion of working wives in the samples varied.

Sex role attitudes in Finland have, during the latter part of the 1960's, moved in a more egalitarian direction, partly because of a radical sex role discussion in the mass media. The attitudes of the rural population show a pattern of traditional egalitarianism which is not found in Sweden.
Soft-Data Sociology
Authors: Eriksson Ingalill
Published: January 2008

About ten years ago, there was a debate on soft data within Swedish sociology. This article sums up the contents of the soft-data debate from an ideological historical point of view. According to both Erik Allardt and Gõran Therbom, this debate was unique for Sweden. The distinction between soft-data and hard-data sociology is based on formal aspects of data. In soft-data sociology qualitative data are used instead of quantitative data. According to the soft-data sociologist, precision is not the ultimate goal of social science. With this wide definition, there are different branches of soft-data sociology with respect to both philosophy of science and consequences for society. In this article, an effort will be made to specify these branches. Furthermore, there will be a discussion of the bases for scientific judgements in both hard-data and soft-data sociology. What are the reasons then for using soft data? The study of scientifically and politically important problems needs soft data. And it is also a way to an anti-elitism among social scientists. Moreover, soft-data sociology used in an un-mechanical research process promises to be empirically and theoretically richer than the positivistic hard-data sociology.
Concurrent Feelings of Power and Dependency in a Sheltered Workshop for Chronic Neuropsychiatrics
Authors: Kilbourne Brock K.
Published: January 2008

The present study investigated the reported feelings of power and dependency of chronic neuropsychiatric patients in a sheltered workshop. Self-evaluations of dependency were assessed in relation to one real-life role (i.e. disabled welfare recipient), and evaluations of power feelings were assessed in relation to another real life role (i.e. worker in a sheltered workshop), with a complementary work-related performance measure. While dependency and power feelings were independent of each other, it was also found that: 1) dependency feelings positively predicted the number of mental hospital admissions; and 2) feelings of power in the workshop negatively predicted work performance. These results provide direct evidence that feelings of dependency and power can be role specific and not indicative of generalized behaviours. They also provide indirect evidence of a role theory interpretation of learned helplessnesslike phenomena.
A Derivation of Invariants of Fourth Rank Tensors
Authors: Hahn H.T.
Published: January 2008

Invariants associated with rotation about a particular axis are derived for fourth rank tensors as they are used in two-dimensional and three-dimensional elasticity. The method is based on the observation that the transformation of symmetric, second rank tensors can be described by an orthogonal matrix. The method makes it possible to graphically show the change of failure surface simply by rotating the modified stress coordinates.
On the Calculation of Interlaminar Normal Stress in Composite Laminate
Authors: Pagano N.J.
Published: January 2008

In an effort to improve our understanding of delamination phenomena in composite bodies, an approximate method to define the distribution of the interlaminar normal stress, σ 2, along the central plane of a symmetric, finite-width, composite laminate is presented. The approach is based upon a modified version of a recent theory developed by Whitney and Sun and accounts for the influence of the pertinent material and geometric parameters on the shape of the distribution. The accuracy of the approach is demonstrated by comparison with an existing three-dimensional elasticity solution. Finally, an elementary expression for σz in practical bidirectional laminates is derived.
On the Significance of Effective Modulus Solutions for Fibrous Composites
Authors: Pagano N.J. , Rybicki E.F.
Published: January 2008

The concept of effective moduli is widely used in the analysis and design of structural fibrous composites. In this approach, composite bodies are treated as laminated systems in which each layer is represented as a homogeneous anisotropic material. This approach, however, breaks down in the presence of non-uniform macroscopic stress fields. In this work, we attempt to examine the physical significance of effective modulus solutions in such cases by comparison with solutions in which the microstructure is recognized. While the meaning of a non-uniform stress field predicted by the effective modulus approach is generally ambiguous, we find, at least in the problems treated here, that the respective stresses averaged over dimensions comparable to fiber spacing agree quite well with corresponding exact averages. An example is presented which demonstrates that the effective modulus stress field cannot predict the correct physical response while the average stresses are at least qualitatively correct. Finally, an elementary approximate theory for the determination of average interlaminar normal stresses in the laminate free-edge problem is developed.
Stress Fracture Criteria for Laminated Composites Containing Stress Concentrations
Authors: Whitney J.M. , Nuismer R.J.
Published: January 2008

Two related criteria based on stress distribution are presented for predicting the uniaxial tensile strength of laminated composites containing through the thickness discontinuities of a general shape. The criteria result in two parameter (unnotched tensile strength and a characteristic dimension) models which are capable of predicting observed discontinuity size effects without resorting to classical concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics. As a direct consequence of the stress criteria, however, a relationship between Mode I fracture toughness and unnotched laminate tensile strength is determined. Limited comparison of theory to experimental data for circular holes and straight cracks yields good results. The simplicity of the analytical approach coupled with its generality make it of practical value to the designer.
B-A1 Composite Failure Under Combined Torsion and Tension Loading
Authors: Saint-John C.F. , Street K.N.
Published: January 2008

An essentially experimental investigation was made regarding the effect of combined torsion and tension loading on the fracture characteristics of an aluminium matrix, unidirectional boron fiber reinforced composite. Three types of loading path were considered. The experiments were performed on notched specimens thereby allowing the fracture behaviour to be tentatively interpreted in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics.

The combined mode fracture loads did not appear to obey a constant energy of fracture criterion. This conclusion is supported by a substantial difference in fracture surface morphology for pure tension and pure torsion loading. However, the lack of agreement between theory and experiment may be due to data reduction errors caused by the tendency for stable crack growth and plastic shear between the fiber and matrix to increase as the ratio of torsion to tension loading is increased. The fracture loads were found also to be loading path dependant with radial loading being the most severe.
Boron Nitride Composites By Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Pierson Hugh O.
Published: January 2008

Composites of boron nitride ( BN) have been made by the chemical vapor deposition ( CVD) of a BN matrix on a BN felt fiber substrate. Reactant gases were boron trifluoride and ammonia. The composites have a relatively high density (1.70 g/cm3), a crystallite size LC = 150 A and an interlayer spacing d002 = 3.35 A. Measurements of elastic modulus and thermal conductivity and expansion showed some anisotropy as a result of the preferred fiber orientation of the substrate.
Effects of Porosity on Strength of Carbon-Carbon Composites
Authors: Brassell Gilbert William , Horak James A. , Butler Barry Lynn
Published: January 2008

Filament wound/ CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) carbon-carbon composites have received considerable attention and application within the past few years because of their desirable characteristics such as high heat of ablation, thermal shock resistance, high strength at elevated temperatures, and chemical inertness. However, poor mechanical properties in the transverse direction have hampered the total effectiveness of these composites in some applications and a study of the effects of porosity on transverse tensile strength of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites has been conducted.

Two types of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites were studied. A standard filament wound/ CVD carbon composite, and a composite similar to the standard processed composite; but with short chopped carbon fibers sprayed on the substrate during the winding process. Transverse tensile strength, volume fraction of open cell porosity, pore geometry, size, and orientation were determined.

A linear relationship was observed for the logarithm of transverse tensile strength as a function of volume fraction porosity. However, a considerable difference in the slopes of the lines for sprayed and unsprayed materials was observed, indicating the effect of a parameter other than volume fraction porosity. This additional parameter is pore size distribution.

The transverse tensile strength of filament wound/ CVD carbon-carbon composites is drastically reduced by increasing volume fraction porosity. In addition, parameters such as pore size distribution, orientation, and geometry are also important, and should be considered when studying porosity effects.

The theoretical model prepared by Brown et al [6] for predicting the strength of polycrystalline materials as a function of porosity (size, geometry and orientation) appears reliable for predicting transverse tensile strength of filament wound carbon-carbon composites.
On Approximations for Strength of Random Fiber Composites
Authors: Hahn H.T.
Published: January 2008

It is shown that the combination of the gradual failure model and the rule of mixtures for modulus leads to the rule of mixtures for the strength of random fiber composite. For analysis purposes, the random composite is replaced by a laminate consisting of unidirectional plies in every direction in the plane of the laminate. When the maximum stress criterion is employed, the strength of the random composite is given in terms of the uniaxial strengths of the unidirectional composite through a simple relation. Although the method is intended for discontinuous fiber composites, it is as well applicable to some of continuous fiber composites. Other possible modes of failure are also discussed and the corresponding equations for prediction of strengths are given.
Progressive Nature of Fatigue Damage of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Tanimoto Toshio , Amijima Sadao
Published: January 2008

The progressive nature of fatigue damage due to cyclic loading on glass fiber reinforced plastics was studied. The residual strength of the specimens subjected to fluctuating tension with a given number of cycles was measured, and the number of cracks developed in the samples were counted by means of a microscope. From our test results, the progression process of fatigue damage in the composite materials can be divided into three stages.
Early Fatigue Damage Detection in Composite Materials
Authors: Nevadunsky J.J. , Lucas J.J. , Salkind M.J.
Published: January 2008

Detection of early fatigue damage in composite materials by nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques has been demonstrated for ±45° Glass/Epoxy, and ±45°/0° Graphite/Glass/Epoxy. Dynamic axial modulus and temperature were monitored continuously with a correlation between temperature rise and modulus decrease observed. The modulus decrease and temperature rise are indicative of irreversible damage in these materials.

Torsional modulus measurements and coin tap tests were performed at 0, 106, 5 × 106, and 107 cycles, on all fatigue specimens. Other NDI procedures including holographic interferometry, ultrasonics, penetrant, and X-Ray radiography were performed on two specimens of each material to evaluate their effectiveness in detecting fatigue damage. Ultrasonics and holography proved to be effective; however, at this time, no clear quantitative correlation beween structural properties and NDI measurements has been determined.
The Effect of pH on Flame-Retardant Finishes for Cotton Prepared from THPC and Various Bases
Authors: Frank Arlen W. , Drake George L.
Published: January 2008

Various bases are compared for the neutralization of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) in flame-retardant finishes for cotton. In the THPC/amide process, the use of sodium hydroxide as the base results in a progressive decrease in add-on with increasing pH, whereas with trimethylamine and other strongly basic tertiary amines, the add-on is constant up to pH 10. Trimethylamine also has a leveling effect in the THPOH/ammonia process, where the difference is more subtle. The fabric properties of cotton printcloth, sateen, and flannelette finished with the THPC Me3N amide formulation are independent of pH in the 5.0-9.0 range.
Interaction of Wool with Metal Cations
Authors: Sid Masri Merle , Reuter F. William , Friedman Mendel
Published: January 2008

A survey was carried out with the aid of X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy on binding of various metal cations to wool from aqueous media. The results show that wool removes at a rapid rate a number of toxic and industrial metals. These include mercury, cadmium, zinc, antimony, bismuth, tin, lead, silver, platinum, palladium, and uranium cations. Because of its insolubility, wool facilitates anion and cation uptake analysis and is, therefore, a versatile model for protein-metal interaction studies.
The Bending and Creasing of Multicomponent Viscoelastic Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Chapman B.M.
Published: January 2008

Equations have been derived to predict the bending behavior of a two-dimensional assembly of long thin straight fibers, which are generalized linear viscoelastic in bending and torsion, and are subject to frictional restraints (in the assembly) in both these modes of deformation. The resultant bending behavior of the assembly in any direction θ is characterized by a generalized linear viscoelastic function known as the bending-relaxation-rigidity plus an internal frictional moment. The bending-relaxation-rigidity may be calculated from first principles as a linear combination of the component fiber bending and torsional relaxation moduli. The internal frictional moment will generally be found experimentally. It is suggested that the theory presented. may be applied under conditions of changing temperature and relative humidity to the bending behavior of woven and nonwoven fabrics composed of generalised linear viscoelastic fibers of one or more types.
Photochemical Degradation of Aminoazobenzene Disperse Dyes in Ethanolic Solution
Authors: Bridgeman Ian , Peters Arnold T.
Published: January 2008

Aminoazobenzene disperse dyes exhibit diverse fading rates in ethanolic solution with changes in pH; ten-fold differences in rates of fading are observed between acidic and alkaline media. Good correlations are observed between the electronegativity of the β-azo nitrogen atom (assessed in terms of the pK. value of the dyes) and their fading rates. This latter relationship is particularly valid in dyes of closely related structure, but may be disrupted by the presence in the dyes of photodegradable substituents, e.g., nitro.
Azimuthal Intensity Profiles of Scattered Light from the Surfaces of Convoluted Cotton Fibers
Authors: Cheng C.C. , Duckett K.E.
Published: January 2008

Azimuthal intensity profiles of scattered light from the surfaces of cotton fibers can be used to characterize the degree of fiber convolution. A theoretical treatment of the intensity distribution of scattered light from fiber surfaces is pre, sented and discussed in terms of surface geometry. The effect of instrumental design on the recorded profiles is discussed. Comparisons are made between the theoretical predictions and the experimental observations.
Grafting on Wool Through Free Radical Formation on the Protein
Authors: Pavlath Attila E.
Published: January 2008

A new method was developed to improve grafting of polymers to wool. Polyacrylic acid and five other vinyl polymers were grafted, up to 130 weight percent, onto wool from aqueous media in 3 to 48 h at ambient to 80°. In order to assure free radical formation on the protein as a starting point for polymerization, two catalyst systems were used. One was acidic free radical catalysts which formed ammonium-type salts with wool. The other was a H2O 2/wool redox system. Fabric with 100 wt percent polyacrylic acid graft remained relatively soft and pliable. Polyacrylic acid grafted fabric with 60% uptake showed only 5% shrinkage in an Accelerotor test. However, neutralization of polyacrylic grafted wool by Na2CO2 showed no shrinkage in a similar wash test even at 24 wt percent uptake. While such neutralized grafted fabric exhibited lower strength, no such deterioration was observed when bivalent bases or carbonates had been used for neutralization.
The Use of Formaldehyde to Minimize Wool Damage Caused by Commercial Enzyme-Containing Detergents
Authors: Lewis James
Published: January 2008

The conditions under which formaldehyde reacts with variously treated wools to impart resistance to the hydrolytic effects of alkaline detergents containing proteolytic enzymes have been investigated. Wools which are normally highly susceptible to damage in these detergents may be treated with dilute solutions of formaldehyde at the boil to mitigate this degradation almost completely. The inhibition of proteolysis is consistent with reaction, mainly at the amino residues of lysine.
Foot Care: Knowledge Retention and Self-care Practices
Authors: Kruger Susan , Guthrie Diane
Published: January 2008

This study investigated the effectiveness of a "hands-on" foot care teaching/learning approach for adults with diabetes.By random assignment, the control group received a lecture presentation on foot care, while the experimental group participated in a hands-on session on foot care in addition to the lecture presentation. Data concerning the subjects' foot care knowledge and skills, the condition of their feet, and their level of HbA1c were gathered prior to and six months after the foot care educational sessions.

No significant increases in knowledge about foot care were observed in the experimental group. The experimental group reported improvements in inspecting and washing their feet on a daily basis, and in care of the toenails. No significant differences were observed in the status of the subjects' feet. The HbAlc readings were significantly improved for both the experimental ( t=4.10, df=10, p=0.002) and control ( t=2. 25, df=9, p=0.051) groups.

A hands-on educational session may improve foot care practices temporarily. However, long term effects need to be studied to discern overall improvement of foot care practices and physical status of the feet.
Outcomes of Hypoglycemia Treated by Standardized Protocol in a Community Hospital
Authors: Gaston Susan F.
Published: January 2008

Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes was treated by a standardized protocol in a 300-bed community hospital. Patient outcomes were studied retrospectively using data from medical records. Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level below 80 mg/dL when symptoms were present, or 60 mg/dL regardless of symptoms. Treatment consisted of 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate repeated every 15 minutes until the blood glucose level was above 80 mg/dL. The blood glucose level was then rechecked one hour after treatment. Data from 179 episodes were evaluated. In 153 (85%) cases, the blood glucose levels were within the target range ( 80-200 mg/dL) at the conclusion of treatment. In 135 ( 76%) cases, the blood glucose level at one hour following treatment was within the same target range.
The Relationship Between Health Beliefs, Adherence, and Metabolic Control of Diabetes
Authors: Wooldridge Kathleen L. , Wallston Kenneth A. , Graber Alan L. , Brown Anne W. , Davidson Patricia
Published: January 2008

There is evidence that an individual's health beliefs influence performance of health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether health beliefs in persons with diabetes could be modified during a clinical education program and whether the health beliefs were related to adherence to self-care instructions and metabolic control of diabetes.

Health beliefs and HbA lc were measured at baseline in 189 adult outpatients with diabetes. Diabetes educators then attempted to modify health beliefs that were not conducive to positive health behaviors. Following education, some health beliefs were modified in a positive direction. Modest, but statistically significant increases in perceived severity of diabetes, perceived ability to carry out recommended behaviors, and perceived benefits of treatment were observed. Although HbA lc improved significantly in a subgroup of patients, this improvement could not be directly associated with any health belief or with self-reported adherence by the iizeasitres used in this study.
The Relationship Among Six . Psychosocial Domains, Age, Health Care Adherence, and Metabolic Control in Adolescents with IDDM
Authors: Burroughs Thomas E. , Pontious Sharon L. , Santiago Julio V.
Published: January 2008

This pilot study examined the relationship among six psychosocial factors, age, health care compliance, and metabolic control in adolescents with IDDM. Four objectives were identified: 1) to determine whether specific compliance areas predict metabolic control; 2) to detennine whether specific psychosocial factors predict metabolic control; 3) to determine whether compliance and psychosocial issues change with age; and 4) to determine whether the parent or the youth is the more accurate predictor of metabolic corttrol. Twenty-one adolescents age 13 through 18 years participated in this study. Dietary compliance was found to be the best predictor of metabolic control. Parents more accurately predicted metabolic corttrol for youths younger than 16 years old, while the reverse was true for older youths. A negative relationship was identified among strong self-concept, high knowledge of IDDM, parental support, and poor metabolic control. Several possible explanations are discussed, including power strtrggles, coping difficulties, and fear of peer reactions.
Lipid-Lowering Diets: Putting Guidelines Into Practice
Authors: Maryniuk Melinda D.
Published: January 2008

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is four to five times greater in people with diabetes than in people without diabetes. Lipid disorders, along with elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and abdominal obesity, are major risk factors for people with diabetes. All adults with diabetes should be screened for blood lipid levels including triglycerides, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) eholesterol. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol should be measured more routinely in people with diabetes than suggested in the National Cholesterol Education Project (NCEP) guidelines. No single diet is best for persons with diabetes. Sometimes a lower fat, higher carbohydrate diet is more acceptable, and other times a lower carbohydrate, higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) diet is preferred. The decision regarding the level of fat in the diet is based both on patient preference as well as serial measurements of metabolic control. Changing eating habits regarding lipids is a gradual process and can best be accomplished when introduced in a staged approach.
Evaluation of an Activated Patient Diabetes Education Newsletter
Authors: Anderson Robert M. , Fitzgerald James Thomas , Funnell Martha M. , Barr Patricia A. , Stepien Cathie J. , Hiss Roland G. , Armbruster Betty A.
Published: January 2008

This study evaluated a monthly; activated patient newsletter sent to over 7000 patients in Michigan with diabetes. The newsletter provided concise and action-oriented information about diabetes care. Patients who had signed up to receive the newsletter during the first 4 months of the project (1863) were surveyed to determine how many patients found the newsletter helpful; 80% (1498) of the patients replied. Patients who found the newsletter most helpful were older, had lower incomes, and reported more corrtplications, less understanding of diabetes, and being in poorer overall health. They also were more likely to have non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) than insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We concluded that the activated patient newsletter is a useful public health/patient education intervention for persons with diabetes. Such a newsletter should be part of a coordinated system of ongoing patient care, education, screening, and social and psychological support.
Visual Interpretation of Blood Glucose Test Strips
Authors: Laux Lila
Published: January 2008

Patients with type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) typically are middle-aged or older and often have diabetic retinopathy. The visual acuity of these patients also is likely to be reduced beyond what is normally associated with age. Because Medicaid does not reimburse NIDDM patierzts for a blood glucose meter unless they are insulin-dependent, many low-income diabetes patients are required to monitor their blood glucose levels by visually comparing the color spot on the blood glucose test strip with a series of standard color blocks. Unless patients can accurately assess their blood glucose levels by visual interpretation of the test strips, they will have difficulty maintaining adequate glycemic control.

In this study, 60 nondiabetic adults, ages 20 to 78 years, were unable to adequately assess blood glucose levels visually, even under optimal lightirtg conditions. Younger adults made the same number of errors as older adults, and poor visual acuity and high blood glucose values were associated with more errors. These findings suggest that patients with poor visual acuity or those who read their blood glucose strips in less-than-adequate lighting will make even more errors than our test subjects.
An Essay on Technical Change: Its Dimensions and Social and Strategic Context
Authors: Sorge Arndt
Published: January 2008

A general framework of salient variables is put forward in this paper to be used in the analysis and explanation of the organizational phenomena around technical change, particularly the introduction of 'new technology'. Such variables are grouped into output, workflow, organization structure, skills and knowledge, and societal and business context factors. Their interrelationships are discussed on the basis of the organization research tradition and more recent findings. Hypotheses are derived which may be used to explain further findings, establish a better link between organizational theory and research on recent technical change, and benefit from synergy between organization, industrial sociology and business administration research.
The Size Imperative? Longitudinal Tests
Authors: Marsh Robert M. , Mannari Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

The theory of size as a cause of administrative intensity (the A/P ratio) is perhaps the most heavily researched topic in the study of organizations. Blau's version of this theory, like most others, is based on cross-sectional data. Using new panel data collected from 48 heterogeneous Japanese manufacturing firms in 1976 and 1983, this paper shows that prior size and complexity explain little of the variance in 1983 administrative intensity. We also find that in Japanese factories, as in U.S. school districts studied over time by previous researchers, changes in A/P ratios in declining size organizations are not simply the mirror image of what happens to personnel components in growing organizations. We conclude with a discussion of power versus efficiency explanations of this 'ratchet effect' and with a strong appeal that causal inferences in organization research be based more on longitudinal and panel data.
Institutionalized Contradictions: Trouble in a Colonial Mission
Authors: Miller Jon
Published: January 2008

The Basel Mission is a Pietist evangelical organization that was active in many areas of the colonial world in the nineteenth century, including the Gold Coast of West Africa, now known as Ghana. The Mission's impact was strong in spite of policies that discouraged creativity and undermined interpersonal trust among the missionaries. Its troubles and its persistence came from the same source, namely, a distinctive structure of authority that was anchored simultaneously in charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal understandings about discipline. This interpretive study isolates the elective affinities among beliefs, experiences, and interests that enabled the Mission to construct and reproduce that complicated structure; it describes the central contradictions that emerged out of the structure; and it documents how the organization survived despite those contradictions. The research encourages comparisons with missions and other kinds of commitment organizations that are participants in other historical circumstances.
Maybe the customer is NOT the key!
Authors: Allcock Sheila
Published: January 2008

A recent claim that librarians should treat their users like customers meets a challenge.
Portugal: ten years of informa tion development
Authors: Abreu Nunes Luis Filipe
Published: January 2008

Brief review of developments in information work in Portugal since the early 1980s. Describes developments in public libraries, the national bibliographic database, training, software, access to online databases, CD-ROM and Portuguese participation in information projects of the European Community.
Telecommunications and Information Services in Brazil
Authors: Tarapanoff Kira , Alvares Lillian
Published: January 2008

Discusses information services within the context of Brazil's telecommunications capacity and with reference to international experience, and concludes that Brazilian information services have already started to use the communication infrastructure available in the country and have a good potential for further advancement.
The Message of the Library: a story of survival
Authors: Al-Shorbaji Najeeb , Al-Shorbaji Najeeb
Published: January 2008

Reviews the history and development of Rissalat Al-Maktaba [The Message of the Library], the journal of the Jordan Library Association, which has been published without interruption since 1965. Discusses the reasons for the survival and success of the journal in terms of economic and financial aspects and intellectual and content aspects. Concludes that the story of Rissalat Al-Maktaba shows that library journals in developing countries can survive with effective management and support from the profession.
Determinants of Food Retailing in Developing Economies: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Kumcu Erdogan , Ercan Kumcu M.
Published: January 2008

The relationship among economic development, public policy, and the food retailing structure is studied using historical data from Turkey. It is found that small food stores are the dominant form of food retailing in Turkey, although the stage of eco nomic development predicts "the supermarket age." It is argued that country-specific demand-side variables, such as consumption patterns and shopping habits; supply-side variables, such as marketing functions performed by stores and market entry conditions; competitive factors; and public policy play important roles beyond the stage of economic development in determining the food retailing structure in developing countries.