bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody Activity against Hog Intrinsic Factor in Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Ungar Berta
Published: March 2008

Summary. The sera of 100 adult patients with Addisonian pernicious anaemia not previously exposed to hog intrinsic factor were tested for antibody activity against hog intrinsic factor by the charcoal method: 55 sera containing antibody to human intrinsic factor showed antibody activity against hog intrinsic factor; 45 sera had no demonstrable antibody activity against human or hog intrinsic factor. A high degree of cross reactivity between antibody to human intrinsic factor and hog intrinsic factor was thus demonstrated in vitro.

Hog intrinsic factor was equally effective in potentiating vitamin B12 absorption to normal levels in pernicious anaemia patients with and without circulating antibody active against hog intrinsic factor. Antibody to intrinsic factor circulating in the blood was therefore considered to have no effect on hog intrinsic factor in the human gastrointestinal tract. The possibility of a direct effect of circulating antibodies on the production and/or release of endogenous intrinsic factor by the gastric mucosa could not be excluded.
The Effect of Arvin on Experimental Pulmonary Embolism in the Rabbit
Authors: Olsen E. G. J. , Pitney W. R.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Arvin therapy produced alterations in the histological structure of experimental pulmonary emboli in rabbits. Early and extensive necrosis was observed in the emboli which were not organized by fibroblasts. The emboli disappeared more rapidly from the pulmonary vessels than in non‐treated animals.
Fibrinolysis at Rest and after Exercise in Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: Das P. C. , Cash J. D.
Published: March 2008

Summary. A study of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in 37 cirrhotic patients at rest and 15 cirrhotic patients following a treadmill exercise procedure is reported. An outstanding feature of the resting studies was a significant elevation in the levels of plasma plasminogen activator and serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, when compared to age and sex‐matched healthy controls. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between those two fibrinolytic parameters. No significant difference was demonstrated between the control and cirrhotic groups in relation to plasma fibrinogen, euglobulin plasminogen and plasma urokinase inhibitor activity. The exercise studies showed that following an entirely physiological stimulus the plasminogen activator response in some cirrhotics was excessive in terms of either the initial response and/or prolongation of the recovery period. However, an exaggerated initial response was not necessarily followed by a prolongation recovery period nor was a relationship established between the resting levels of plasminogen and an abnormal exercise response. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the increases in plasminogen activator and serum fibrin/ fibrinogen degradation products following exercise.
Electron Microscopy of Fibrin‐like Precipitate Formed during the Paracoagulation Reaction between Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes and Protamine Sulphate
Authors: Horn R. G. , Hawiger J. , Collins R. D.
Published: March 2008

Summary. The fine structure of the insoluble material formed during the paracoagulation reaction between soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) and protamine sulphate was studied by electron microscopy. This precipitate was found to be a fibrillar material with prominent cross striations. The cross striations produced well‐defined axial periodicity which averaged 181 Å. The ultrastructural pattern of the protamine‐induced SFMC precipitate suggested that it was a highly ordered polymer similar to fibrin. These findings indicate that material resembling fibrin may be produced not only by the interaction between fibrinogen and thrombin, but also by the non‐enzymatic mechanisms responsible for the paracoagulation reaction.
Blood Gas Studies in Some Abnormal Haemoglobin Syndromes
Authors: Oduntan S. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, pH, and haemoglobin concentrations, were determined in 50 Nigerian patients with abnormal haemoglobins SS, SC or CC who were not in crisis. As control subjects, 50 healthy Nigerians awaiting minor surgical procedures were also studied along the same lines. The values obtained for Pa,CO2 and pH in the two groups were similar. The values obtained for Pa,O2 in the abnormal haemoglobin group were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.001). In the control group, the values obtained for the Pa,O2 showed correlation with age, whereas in the abnormal haemoglobin group there was no correlation with age. The haemoglobin concentration was found to be significantly lower in the abnormal haemoglobin group than in the control group (P<0.001).
The Correlation between IgM Anti‐D and ‘Saline Agglutination’ of D‐positive Cells by Anti‐D Sera
Authors: Hopkins D. F.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Sixty‐five sera which showed anti‐D activity were examined. A saline agglutinating anti‐D titre of 1, possibly of 2, does not necessarily imply that the serum contains IgM anti‐D, for this agglutination is sometimes due to IgG anti‐D in the presence of a sufficient concentration of other protein in the serum. A saline anti‐D titre of 4 or higher denotes IgM anti‐D.
Hereditary Erythroblastic Multinuclearity Associated with a Positive Acidified‐Serum Test: a Type of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anaemia
Authors: Crookston J. H. , Crookston Marie C. , Burnie Katherine L. , Francombe W. H. , Dacie J. V. , Davis J. A. , Lewis S. M.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

In five patients (including two sisters) an unusual anaemia was characterized by erythroblastic multinuclearity, ineffective erythropoiesis and a positive acidified‐serum test. Unlike PNH, the sugar‐water test was always negative in these patients. The lysis of their cells by acidified normal sera indicated their abnormal sensitivity to an agglutinating and complement‐binding antibody present in some normal subjects. The patients cells gave high agglutination scores with anti‐i, and were unusually susceptible to lysis by anti‐i and anti‐I. The disorder is apparently inherited as an autosomal recessive character.
A Comparative Electron Microscopic Study of Refractory and Alcoholic Sideroblastic Anaemia
Authors: Grasso Joseph A. , Hines John D.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

A comparative electron microscope study of refractory and alcoholic sideroblastic anaemia has been performed. In all cases the mitochondria were infiltrated by dense clumps of iron which were located between the cristae in the matrix. Resolution of the clumps revealed the presence of a finely granular, threadlike precipitate. In alcoholic patients iron in the form of ferritin was found in cytoplasmic heterogeneous bodies. The latter, being rather numerous in one case, contribute to the positive Perls reaction. Based on their morphological diversity and resemblance to hepatic dense and lytic residual bodies, it is assumed that these bodies may be lysosomes involved in autophagy. Coated vesicles and smooth thick vesicles, with or without ferritin, were seen in all cases, as were ferritin aggregates.
Iron Absorption, Iron Loss and Iron Retention in Man: Studies after Oral Administration of a Tracer Dose of 59FeSO4 and 131BaSO4
Authors: Boender C. A. , Verloop M. C.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

The absorption of iron administered as ferrosulphate was studied in normal subjects, in patients with iron deficiency and in patients with idiopathic and secondary haemosiderosis. By using a test dose combining radioactive iron (59Fe) with radioactive barium sulphate (131Ba) as inert indicator, it was possible to determine how much iron was initially absorbed and whether a proportion of this was later excreted in the faeces.

The (initial) iron absorption, the iron loss as a percentage of the iron absorbed, and the (ultimate) iron retention 2 weeks after administration of the test dose were calculated.

In normal subjects and patients with secondary haemosiderosis, a large proportion of the initially absorbed iron later returned to the intestinal lumen. In patients with iron deficiency and those with idiopathic haemosiderosis, however, nearly all the initially absorbed iron was retained in the organism. In differential diagnosis between idiopathic and secondary haemosiderosis, therefore, determination of the iron absorption and iron retention percentages from a test dose may be important.

In patients with secondary haemosiderosis there seemed to be a negative correlation between the degree of haemosiderosis and the amount of iron from the test dose ultimately retained in the organism.
Effects of Thrombocytopenia on Megakaryocytopoiesis
Authors: Junr. Odell T. T. , Jackson C. W. , Friday T. J. , Charsha Deborah E.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

Megakaryocytopoiesis was studied in rats made thrombocytopenic by daily injections of platelet‐specific antiserum. Tritiated thymidine was injected 24 hours after the first antiserum and rats were killed at intervals up to 72 hours after the thymidine. Megakaryocyte number and mitotic index were determined on sections of bone marrow; the labelling index (per cent of cells labelled) and frequency of megakaryocytes in morphologic compartments were determined in autoradiograms of marrow smears. Thrombocytopenia caused an increase in the numbers of megakaryocytes, beginning about a day after the first injection of antiserum, with young forms becoming more frequent in the recognizable population. At about the same time, there was an increase in the mitotic index (endomitosis) of megakaryocytes. All of these results indicated an increased influx of cells into the recognizable megakaryocyte population. Later the frequency of older forms increased, revealing that a cohort of cells was passing through the maturation process. The changes in labelling index suggested that megakaryocytes may mature more rapidly in thrombocytopenic rats than in controls. The results suggest that a regulatory agent may act on a diploid precursor cell in responding to the thrombocytopenic state.
The Effect of Age, Sex, Parity, Haemoglobin Level, and Oral Contraceptive Preparations on the Normal Leucocyte Count
Authors: Cruickshank J. M. , Alexander M. K.
Published: March 2008

In a study of the leucocyte counts of 408 male and 789 female blood donors aged 18–65, it was found that the male total leucocyte and differential counts did not vary significantly with age. In women the neutrophil and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly with increasing age, the fall in the neutrophils being pre‐dominantly a post‐menopausal occurrence, while the decrease in lymphocyte count was more evenly distributed and remained at a lower level than the male count throughout. In contrast, analysis confined to women not using oral contraceptives revealed a lower neutrophil count, and to a lesser extent lymphocyte count, in the youngest women. The increase in neutrophil count of women using the‘Pill’was independent of the length of time the‘Pill’had been taken. The reasons for the variations in leucocyte count with increasing age are discussed, with emphasis on the possible role of oestrogens in the control of the neutrophil count.
The Role of Platelets in Fibrinolysis
Authors: Ekert Henry , Friedlander Isabel , Hardisty R. M.
Published: March 2008

Inhibition of plasmin and activation of plasminogen by platelet‐poor plasma, intact, lysed and thrombin‐aggregated platelet‐rich plasma, and washed platelets was studied by means of fibrin‐agar plates. No significant activation of plasminogen by platelets could be demonstrated. Maximal inhibition of plasmin occurred after 2–3 hr incubation with either platelet‐rich or platelet‐poor plasma; in each case the kinetics of the reaction were suggestive of non‐competitive inhibition. Platelets showed both adsorbed and intrinsic anti‐plasmin activity, but the latter was equivalent to only about 1% of the total plasma activity.
Familial Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pernicious Anaemia
Authors: Pollock J. Gordon , Fenton Elizabeth , Barrett K. E.
Published: March 2008

Summary. A family was studied in which one son, a daughter and a paternal aunt showed clinical and laboratory evidence of autoimmune haemolytic disease. The father has long‐standing rheumatoid arthritis, another son has proven pernicious anaemia while one daughter, though clinically well, exhibits mild serological abnormality. Other clinically normal members of this family were also investigated. Anti‐parietal cell antibodies were demonstrated in one case of autoimmune haemolytic disease in addition to being noted in the serum of the member with pernicious anaemia. The direct antiglobulin reaction was strongly positive in those affected by haemolytic disease, but in addition a weak positive reaction was demonstrated in the case of pernicious anaemia where eluate studies indicated the possibility of an antibody similar in nature to the one present in the haemolytic cases, rather than a non‐specific reaction. The pattern of cold auto‐antibodies, warm auto‐ and iso‐antibodies and other abnormal serology found in the blood of different members of this family would appear to suggest a common hereditary basis for the diseases present.
Defective Synthesis of an Unstable Haemoglobin: Haemoglobin Koln (β98Val‐Met)
Authors: White J. M. , Brain M. C.
Published: March 2008

Summary. The in vitro synthesis of haemoglobin A and the unstable haemoglobin, haemoglobin Köln, has been studied using reticulocytes from a patient heterozygous for these two haemoglobins.

The proportions of the two haemoglobins synthesized were: 80% haemoglobin A and 20% haemoglobin Köln. The small amount of haemoglobin Köln synthesized has been found to be due to a deficiency in the synthesis of βKoln‐chains. The deficiency of βKoln‐chains results in an excess production of α‐chains by the reticulocytes, which can be detected as a free α‐chain pool. The excess α‐chains are available to combine with βA‐chains to synthesize haemoglobin A.

The overall result is a preferential synthesis of haemoglobin A over haemoglobin Köln. The deficiency in the synthesis of the unstable haemoglobin probably explains the comparatively mild degree of haemolysis found in haemoglobin Köln disease.
Simultaneous Fibrinogen and Platelet’ Survival with [75Se]Selenomethionine in Man
Authors: Brodsky Isadore , Siegel Norman H. , Kahn S. Benham , Ross Evelyn M. , Petkov Goldie
Published: March 2008

Summary. Simultaneous fibrinogen and platelet survivals were determined with a cohort label, [75Se]selenomethionine, in patients with hepatocellular disease and abnormal serial thrombin times (STT) and in control patients. The fibrinogen survival curves were divided into an anabolic and catabolic phase. In a control group maximum labelling of fibrinogen (anabolic phase) occurred within 24 hr and mean fibrinogen survival (catabolic phase) was 7.8 ± 2.8 days. Patients with hepatocellular disease fell into two groups, those with short fibrinogen survivals and those with normal fibrinogen survivals. In general, the more abnormal the STT the shorter the fibrinogen survival. The anabolic phase of the curve was also abnormal in that there was delay in incorporation of label in these patients.

Average platelet survival in control patients was 10.6 ± 3.3 days and similar results were obtained in the patients with hepatocellular disease. In the latter no correlation was noted between platelet survival and fibrinogen survival.

The data are consistent with the hypothesis that in hepatocellular disease fibrinogen anabolism is abnormal and short fibrinogen survival, when present, is due to either the production of an abnormal fibrinogen or defibrination or both.
Abnormal Kinetics of Red Cell Membrane Cholesterol in Acanthocytes: Studies in Genetic and Experimental Abetalipoproteinaemia and in Spur Cell Anaemia
Authors: McBride J. A. , Jacob H. S.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Abnormalities in the content and kinetics of red cell membrane cholesterol are described in several syndromes associated with spurring of red cells (‘acanthocytosis’). In all (hereditary abetalipoproteinaemia, ‘spur cell anaemia’ of severe hepatic failure, and in a lipid‐deprived infant with acquired hypobeta‐lipoproteinaemia) red cell membrane cholesterol was 15–50% increased. Free cholesterol normally flows bidirectionally between red cell membranes and plasma betalipoproteins, but plasmas from affected patients with acanthocytosis were uniformly inefficient in accepting cholesterol from red cells. Stagnation of the sterol on red cells resulted. Plasma from rats in which abetalipoproteinaemia was experimentally produced by prolonged feeding of orotic acid, demonstrated similar abnormalities. Thus, red cells from treated animals became acanthocytic within I mth; with the shape change an increase in membrane cholesterol of about 20% and a significant decrease in osmotic fragility occurred. 14C‐cholesterol flux from rat red cell membranes was 30–40% decreased into the experimentally‐abetalipoproteinaemic, relative to betalipoprotein‐replete, rat plasmas.

We conclude that stagnation and, less importantly, accumulation of red cell cholesterol may be associated with conformational changes in the structural lipoproteins of the red cell membrane leading to spurring. Regardless of mechanism, this shape change causes acanthocytes to become abnormally rigid and resistant to flow, documented in the present studies by their increased viscosity in cone‐plate viscosimeters and by their diminished filterability through micropore filters. Both features are probably involved in the diminished survival of these cells in the circulation.
The Haematological and Histological Findings in 18 Patients with Clinical Features Resembling those of Myelofibrosis
Authors: Pegrum G. D. , Risdon R. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary. The presentation and haematological abnormalities in 18 patients with splenic and hepatic enlargement and a leukaemoid or leucoerythroblastic blood picture have been reviewed. The clinical features in each case were consistent with a diagnosis of myelofibrosis. Histological examination of the bone marrow showed myeloid proliferation of various types for which no underlying cause was apparent. On the basis of the bone marrow histology, it was possible to divide the 18 patients in this study into two groups.

The first group of four patients presented with a splenomegaly and a marked leucocytosis. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy specimens showed marked granulocytic proliferation akin to chronic myeloid leukaemia, from which these cases were separated by the findings of a normal or raised leucocyte alkaline phosphatase score. Other distinguishing features these patients had in common were that they were all elderly and their illness appeared to follow a prolonged course, with little need of active treatment.

The second larger group of 14 patients were less uniform. The histological and haematological appearances were variable. Excess bone marrow reticulin was present in each case, and marrow fibrosis was noted in eight. Prominent aggregations of large primitive stem cells were a histological feature in all 14 instances. Correlation between the clinical, haematological and histological features was poor and in particular the marrow aspirate gave little indication of the marrow morphology as found in the bone marrow sections.
Excretion of Endogenous Non‐haem Iron by the Gastrointestinal Tract in Human Subjects and its Influence on the Size of Body Store of Iron with Particular Reference to Coeliac Disease
Authors: Singh A. K.
Published: March 2008

The present study demonstrates that there is continuous loss of endogenous non‐haem iron by the gastrointestinal tract in man, and underlines its importance in patients with coeliac disease and in those with iron overload. The findings suggest that this loss occurs mainly as a result of desquamation of villous epithelium. The faecal loss of endogenous non‐haem iron is markedly increased in patients with coeliac disease in whom the cell turnover of the small intestinal mucosa is increased and it seems that it could be mainly responsible for the causation of iron deficiency amongst a considerable number of these patients.

In subjects with normal mucosal structure of the small intestine this loss increases progressively with iron load at high levels of labile iron store and thus reduces the total iron store in the body.
Abnormal Fibrin Ultrastructure, Polymerization, and Clot Retraction in Multiple Myeloma*
Authors: Lackner H. , Hunt V. , Zucker M. B. , Pearson J.
Published: March 2008

We have investigated two patients with multiple myeloma who had a prolonged thrombin clotting time and absent clot retraction but no haemorrhagic diathesis. Coagulation and platelet function studies, as well as electron microscopy of the fibrin clot, indicate abnormal fibrin polymerization; adherence of myeloma protein to very thin fibrin strands results in a rigid translucent clot which fails to retract. This abnormality is not necessarily associated with a haemorrhagic diathesis.
The Coagulation Mechanism in Acute Bacterial Infection
Authors: Goldenfarb Paul B. , Zucker Stanley , Corrigan James J. , Cathey Mary H.
Published: March 2008

Successive coagulation studies were performed in 34 adult patients hospitalized for treatment of acute bacterial infection. Increased fibrinogen, factor‐VIII activity, and platelets were found in more than 50% of the patients studied. Classical disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in three cases. Nine patients had elevated fibrin split products in various combinations with transient hypofibrinogenaemia, thrombocytopenia, and reduced factor‐V activity. The appearance of elevated fibrin split products together with transient hypofibrinogenaemia, thrombocytopenia, and reduced factor‐V activity in some patients may reflect the presence of subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation.
The Relationship between Body Iron Stores and Ferritin Turnover in Rat Liver and Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Cumming R. L. C. , Smith J. A. , Millar J. A. , Goldberg A.
Published: March 2008

A single dose of oral or parenteral iron is known to stimulate ferritin synthesis in the liver and small intestine in experimental animals. A study has been carried out on the ferritin content and ferritin turnover in rat liver and intestinal mucosa in iron deficient, normal and iron loaded animals. [I‐14C]DL‐leucine incorporation into ferritin was used as a measure of its synthesis.

A significantly greater ferritin accumulation was found in the intestinal mucosa of the group of iron loaded animals compared with normal or iron deficient rats (P < 0.001). In the liver the ferritin protein, ferritin iron and labelled ferritin content was significantly different between all three groups (P < 0.001), the amounts being higher in the iron loaded animals and lower in the iron deficient animals when compared with the normal group. These results may explain how the absorption of iron in the small intestine is controlled by body iron stores.
Adenosine Diphosphate‐induced Platelet Aggregation in Suspensions of Washed Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Ardlie N. G. , Packham M. A. , Mustard J. F.
Published: March 2008

Summary A method is described for the preparation of suspensions of washed rabbit platelets which will aggregate upon the addition of low concentrations of ADP that are effective in citrated plasma. This method involves collecting blood into ACD, low pH, removal of calcium, and maintenance of magnesium during the isolation procedure. A protein (albumin) and glucose are included in the washing and suspending solutions. Rabbit platelets prepared in this way retained fibrinogen on their surface. On comparison with rabbit platelets prepared from blood taken into EDTA, the only differences observed were the much greater sensitivity to ADP and a higher calcium content; platelet morphology, nucleotide levels, and conversions of 14C‐ATP and 14C‐ADP at the platelet membrane were similar.
Receptor Sites on Human Monocytes for Complement: BINDING OF RED CELLS SENSITIZED BY COLD AUTOANTIBODIES
Authors: Huber H. , Douglas S. D.
Published: March 2008

Summary Receptor sites on isolated human monocytes were assessed by the demonstration of rosette formation by sensitized red cells around monocytes. This type of binding to monocytes occurred using red cells sensitized with a typical monoclonal IgM cold agglutinin but (in contrast to IgG antibodies) only if the red cells were also coated with complement (C) components. Prior treatment of monocytes with trypsin (1 mg/ml) inhibited the detection of the C receptor but not the detection of the IgG receptor. Although this reaction resembled the phenomenon of immune adherence to some extent, it required the presence of Mg2+ ions and was inhibited by EDTA. The effects of temperature variation on C‐dependent rosette formation and on haemolysis were comparable. The binding of sensitized erythrocytes to monocytes, however, required significantly less antibody than for haemolysis. C‐coated red cells remained reactive with mononuclear phagocytes after elution of the cold antibody as well as under conditions when C was bound to red cells without antibody.
Specificity of Acquired Haemolytic Anaemia Autoantibodies and their Scrological Characteristics
Authors: Vos G. H. , Petz L. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2008

Summary In a study of 24 red cell eluates obtained from patients with acquired haemolytic anaemia of the ‘warm’ type, it was established that some eluates possessed autoantibody of only one specificity either for ‘normal’ (‘anti‐nl’) or ‘Rhnull’ (‘anti‐dl’) red cells, whereas others contained autoantibodies of both specificities. Combined autoantibodies were often better recognized by different testing procedures than by the same method. Thus the ability of these autoantibodies to strongly sensitize ‘normal’ red cells by the ficin test and ‘Rhnull’ cells by the antiglobulin test was frequently found, whereas the occurrence of strong ficin‐reactive ‘anti‐nl’ and strong ficin‐reactive ‘anti‐dl’ was rare.

Additional studies using red cell eluates revealed that no direct correlation could be established between the presence of complement components and the intensity of the indirect antiglobulin test using anti‐IgG serum. On the other hand, the simultaneous presence of ‘anti‐nl’ and ‘anti‐dl’ autoantibodies was often associated with the presence of complement components in the red cell eluates. Fixation of complements by Rh isoantibodies of multiple specificity has been reported, and thus the presence of complement components in association with ‘anti‐nl’ and ‘anti‐dl’ may be analogous to complement fixation by multiple Rh isoantibodies. The formation of ‘anti‐nl’ with ‘anti‐dl’ which tends to result in complement components being fixed by the antibody may be considered as a natural progression of antibody synthesis associated with an advanced state of autoimmunization.
Chromosome Studies on Bone Marrow from a Male Control Population
Authors: O'Riordan Maureen L. , Berry Elizabeth W. , Tough Ishbel M.
Published: March 2008

Summary Chromosome analyses of bone marrow cells prepared by the direct method were carried out on 32 male patients, who had no primary haematological disease. One patient was found to have a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome, which was also present in a skin fibroblast culture and in a lymphocyte culture. Three cases were found to have a high percentage of bone marrow cells with a 45,X chromosome constitution and one case had a 45, X?Y ‐ or G‐ cell line. The high degree of aneuploidy was not found on examination of cells from leucocyte cultures. This observation is discussed in relation with other similar findings in patients with haematological diseases. The remaining 27 patients had a normal male karyo‐type and showed only small deviations from the modal chromosome number.

The percentage of bone marrow cells with either chromatid aberrations or stable chromosome abnormalities was not significantly different from previous observations on lymphocyte cultures. However, the proportion of cells with unstable chromosome abnormalities was found to be substantially reduced in comparison with results from cultured lymphocytes examined in their first in vitro division.
Leucocyte Alloantigens in the Kidney I. SEROLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Jones J. Verrier , Moore Barbara
Published: March 2008

Summary Glomeruli have been prepared from 12 sets of human cadaver kidneys. They have been used to absorb polyspecific leucocyte alloantisera, and leucocyte alloantigens have been demonstrated in 11 out of 12 sets of glomeruli. In three cases, alloantigens detected on the patient's leucocytes were shown to be present in the glomeruli. In one case, the glomeruli contained, in addition, an antigen not detected on the leucocytes by cytotoxicity. In one case, using a monospecific alloantiserum, the antigen T12 was detected on leucocytes and glomeruli.
Haemolytic Anaemia due to Haemoglobin Torino
Authors: Prato V. , Gallo E. , Ricco G. , Mazza U. , Bianco G. , Lehmann H.
Published: March 2008

Summary Haematological and clinical features of the haemolytic anaemia due to haemoglobin Torino are reported. The haematological picture is similar to that observed in other haemolytic anaemias due to unstable haemoglobins. The disease, present in three members of the same family, is inherited as a Mendelian co‐dominant, non‐sex‐linked character.

The disease is caused by the presence of haemoglobin Torino in erythrocytes and sulphonamide can provoke haemolytic crises. Besides the globin abnormality a decrease in porphobilinogen synthesis was demonstrated. Splenectomy improves the haematological state and clinical course.
Two Haemoglobins Q, α74 (EF3) and α75 (EF4) Aspartic Acid→Histidine
Authors: Lorkin P. A. , Charlesworth D. , Lehmann H. , Rahbar S. , Tuchinda S. , Eng Lie Injo Luan
Published: March 2008

Summary Six samples of Haemoglobin Q were examined, three from Iran, two from Thailand, and one from California (Chinese). They all yielded identical fingerprints. The substitution was found to be α74 or 75 aspartic acid→histidine in five of the samples. In one from Thailand ‘sequencing’ established the mutation to be at position α74 (EF3), and in one from Iran it was at position α75 (EF4). It is suggested that the gene for the α‐chain of the South East Asian haemoglobin is linked with one for α thalassaemia.
A ‘New’ Congenital Haemorrhagic Condition due to the Presence of an Abnormal Factor X (Factor X Friuli): Study of a Large Kindred
Authors: Girolami A. , Molaro G. , Lazzzarin M. , Scarpa R. , Brunetti A.
Published: March 2008

Summary Three related patients are presented who show a congenital coagulation disorder with laboratory features intermediate between classical factor‐VII and factor‐X deficiencies. A woman and two men had suffered from bleeding since early childhood, with epistaxis, bleeding from the gums, post‐traumatic haemarthroses, bleeding after tooth extractions and other surgical procedures. Investigation demonstrated a prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, abnormal prothrombin consumption and abnormal thromboplastin generation corrected by normal serum. Platelet and vascular tests were normal and no hyperfibrinolysis was found. Factors I, II, V, VII, IX, XI and XII were within normal limits in all three patients. Mutual correction was demonstrated with a known factor‐VII‐deficient plasma but not with Stuart (X‐deficient) plasma. Factor‐X assay yielded low (4–9%) levels using tissue whole thromboplastin or tissue partial thromboplastin; but the results were normal with a Stypven‐cephalin mixture. In agreement with these results, the Stypven‐cephalin clotting time, the Stypven clotting time and the factor II + factor X level using a Stypven‐cephalin mixture were normal, ‘correction’ being attributable to the Russell's Viper venom. These results were thought to indicate an abnormal factor X rather than a real deficiency.

The presence of abnormal factor X was demonstrated by the antibody neutralization technique and by the immunodiffusion studies. The defect, like classical factor X deficiency, is transmitted as an autosomal incompletely recessive trait. The heterozygote population has factor‐X levels varying from 32% to 55% of normal and are usually asymptomatic.

The term ‘Factor X Friuli’ is proposed for the abnormality, due to a locally common mutant gene.
Causes of Macroplania of Erythrocytes in Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract with Special Reference to Leptocytosis
Authors: Werre J. M. , Helleman P. W. , Verloop M. C. , Gier J. de
Published: March 2008

Summary In diseases of the liver or biliary tract increased surface area (macroplania) is related either to macrocytosis or to leptocytosis. In a study on 20 patients with macroplania associated with leptocytosis, but without target cells, the following observations were made.

There was a positive correlation between changes in MCD and serum bilirubin.

There was a negative correlation between MCD and osmotic fragility.

There was a positive correlation between MCD and mean amount of cholesterol per erythrocyte and per μm2 of erythrocyte surface area, but there was no correlation between mean amount of cholesterol per erythrocyte and serum concentration of free or total cholesterol.

The osmotic fragility of normal erythrocytes introduced into the circulation of patients with leptocytosis became similar to the (diminished) osmotic fragility of the patients' own erythrocytes.

The order in which the changes occur is probably as follows: changes in the peripheral circulation→increase in the mean amount of cholesterol per erythrocyte and per unit of erythrocyte surface area→increase in mean erythrocyte surface area while the MCV remains normal→increase of MCD and diminution of MCT→diminution of osmotic fragility.
Observations on Folate Metabolism in Rats on a Vitamin B12 ‐Deficient Diet
Authors: Williams D. L. , Spray G. H.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

Unless they were starved, rats fed on a vitamin B12‐deficient diet had significantly higher levels of folate activity for Lactobacillus casei in the plasma than controls receiving the same diet supplemented with cyanocobalamin. The folate activity in the livers of the deficient animals was significantly lower than in the controls, whether the rats were fed or starved. There was a significant linear correlation between the concentrations of folate activity and vitamin B12 activity in liver.

No consistent differences were found between the rates of disappearance of intravenously‐injected [5‐14C]methyl tetrahydrofolate in vitamin B12‐deficient and ‐supplemented rats. The latter results do not support the ‘methylfolate block’ hypothesis.
Ferritin Production in the Rat Small Intestine
Authors: Bernier George M. , Schade Stanley G. , Conrad Marcel E.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

Administration of iron to rats increases the amount of [14C]amino acid incorporation into ferritin in the rat intestine. Using a specific anti‐rat ferritin antiserum, several variables affecting de novo synthesis of ferritin in the rat intestine were studied. Synthesis was dose dependent in the range of 1–100 μmoles of oral iron with larger doses producing no greater effect. However, significant ferritin synthesis was evoked by a 150 μmole dose of oral iron in animals pretreated with similar doses of oral iron 3 and 6 hr before the test dose. Cobalt, a cation absorbed by the intestine in a fashion similar to iron, did not stimulate ferritin synthesis. Oral and parenteral iron administration produced different effects on various small intestinal segments. Oral iron induced synthesis chiefly in the proximal small intestine while intravenous iron produced it dominantly in the terminal ileum. These latter findings are consistent with the concept that ferritin functions chiefly as a barrier to excess iron absorption and as an important mechanism for iron excretion.
Milder Variant of Sickle‐Cell Disease in Arabs in Kuwait associated with Unusually High Level of Foetal Haemoglobin
Authors: Ali Syed Amir
Published: March 2008

Summary Two families with a new form of relatively benign sickle‐cell disease in Arabs are described here. In the first family, born to AS parents, four children, all above the age of 10 years, had mild manifestation of the sickle‐cell disease. The haemoglobin pattern of these four children is that of SF with complete absence of HbA on the Hb electrophoresis. There was no evidence of thalassaemia minor in the parents. In the second family, two brothers with sickle‐cell disease showed on electrophoresis true SF pattern. Both were above the age of 12 and never needed blood transfusion before, except on recent admission of the younger brother to hospital. The elder brother was not anaemic and was free of symptoms though he has homozygous sickle‐cell disease.

Haematological details of a few similar individual cases where family studies were not possible are also reported.
Globin Chain Synthesis in Sicilian Thalassaemic Subjects
Authors: Conconi F. , Bargellesi A. , Senno L. Del , Menegatti E. , And S. Pontremoli , Russo G.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Globin synthesis has been studied in two homozygous β‐thalassaemic subjects, in two homozygous βs patients and in four subjects doubly heterozygous for the two β‐gene abnormalities. All the patients considered were of Sicilian origin. The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

Decreased β‐globin synthesis and excess of α‐globin synthesis was found in all the β‐thalassaemic subjects examined. This finding further suggests the existence of different genetic determinants for the Cooley's disease, directing the synthesis of different amounts of β‐globin in different thalassaemic populations.

Ratio of 3Hα to 3H counterpart globins was higher than 1 in the initial stages of the incubation, both in the total lysates and in purified haemoglobins. These ratios, after 8 hr of incubation, decrease to values lower than unity. These results suggest that the excess of newly synthesized α‐molecules flows initially from the polyribosomes to the haemoglobins, and then more slowly, to a ‘stromal’α‐pool.

Combination of the excess α‐molecules with Hb S in the double hetero‐zygotes considered. This combination indicates that the β‐thalassaemia and the βs genes are present within the same cellular clone.
Quantitative Haemagglutination
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Steane Edwin A.
Published: March 2008

Summary. A method is presented for assaying red blood cell antigens using the continuous flow AutoAnalyzer system. The desired conditions for discriminating small differences in specific agglutinability of red cells were obtained by using bromelin but eliminating PVP from the system as usually applied for detecting blood group antibodies. Reproducibility was achieved by careful control of the concentration of the red cell suspensions, sample flow time, temperature, and selection of the antibody concentrations used in each assay. The standard deviation of the HD50 in 267 assays was ± 2.36%.
Proliferation of Erythroblasts in Beta‐Thalassaemia
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. N. , McElwain T. J. , Cooper E. H. , Hardisty R. M.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Erythropoiesis has been studied by the technique of combined Feulgen microspectrophotometry and 3H‐TdR autoradiography in nine children with β‐thalassaemia. A major kinetic aberration was demonstrated in the early polychromatic erythroblasts, which showed an accumulation in G1 and a marked decrease in the proportion of cells in DNA synthesis, indicating an arrest of proliferation in these cells. In seven of the cases studied there was also an increased frequency of G2 cells relative to the small number in DNA synthesis, suggesting a failure to enter mitosis. The death of these arrested cells could account for the ineffectiveness of erythropoiesis in this disease. Low serum folate levels were found in all the patients who were not already on folate therapy, but the disturbance in cell proliferation persisted after the administration of folic acid.
Quantitative Studies of Haemopoietic Spleen Colonies in Rats treated with Cytotoxic Chemicals
Authors: Dunn C. D. R. , Elson L. A.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Quantitative studies of spleen colonies in rats are reported in some detail and the findings are compared with those reported for spleen colonies in mice, and with those of the only other extensive report on rat spleen colony histology. While similarities are observed between the two studies on rat spleen colony histology, there are marked differences between these results and those that are obtained in mice. The reasons for these differences are discussed and it is concluded that the haemopoietic micro‐environment of the rat spleen is considerably different from that in the mouse, and that this is probably the major reason accounting for differences in rat and mouse spleen colony histology.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTRIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Fisher June M. , Taylor Keith B.
Published: March 2008

Chronic inflammatory disease of the acid‐secretory gastric mucosa in man may be associated with the development of circulating antibodies directed against two distinct antigenic components of the gastric parietal cell. The first can be shown by immunofluorescent techniques to be present in the cytoplasm of this cell (Taylor et al, 1962). Immunoabsorption studies suggest that it is present in the microsomal fraction of gastric mucosal extracts and that it may be a lipoprotein (Baur et al, 1965). Immunolocalization using the electron microscope has recently suggested that it may be a component of the micro‐villi of the canalicular system of the parietal cell (Hoedemaeker & Ito, 1970).

The other antigen is Castle's intrinsic factor (IF), a protein of mol. wt 55 000, which is produced by the parietal cell in man and some other mammals (Hoedemaeker et al, 1964; Fisher & Taylor, 1969) and which mediates the absorption of vitamin B12 in the distal small intestine.
The Autoxidation of Human Red Cell Lipids Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Stocks J. , Dormandy T. L.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) formation, a measure of polyunsaturated fat autoxidation, was estimated in normal human red cells incubated in vitro. Exposure to oxygen under a variety of conditions did not induce autoxidation. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide was either by the addition of a hydrogen peroxide solution or by incubation in an atmosphere saturated with hydrogen peroxide vapour. A pattern of MDA formation was established with both methods. Lack of reproducibility, a feature of previous methods of measuring the susceptibility of red cells to exogenous peroxide, could be overcome by (i) catalase inhibition, (ii) attention to the non‐linear relation between packed‐cell volume and MDA formation, and (iii) elimination of potentially misleading coloured complexes on spectroscopy. A number of recognized antioxidants inhibited peroxide‐induced MDA formation. Inhibition was proportional to the logarithm of the antioxidant concentration. Under certain conditions pre‐incubation with nucleosides and with lecithin protected the cells against autoxidation on subsequent exposure to peroxide. Peroxide‐induced cell autoxidation was also influenced by plasma, bovine albumin, and ascorbic acid. Haemolysis was an invariable consequence of autoxidation. Similarities and dissimilarities between autoxidation and antioxidation in free lipid emulsions and in organized biological structures were examined and discussed in the light of the experimental findings.
Studies of Splenic Function in the Myeloproliferative Disorders and Generalized Malignant Lymphomas
Authors: Pettit J. E. , Williams E. D. , Glass H. I. , Lewis S. M. , Szur L. , Wicks C. J.
Published: March 2008

Summary.

The relative importance of splenic red‐cell pooling, sequestration and cell destruction in the causation of anaemia has been studied in 29 patients—16 with generalized lymphoproliferative disease, 12 with myeloproliferative disease and one with idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anaemia.

A scanning method with [11C]carbon monoxide was used for direct in vivo measurement of splenic red‐cell volume, and the spleen was delineated by‐a scan after injection of 81Rb‐labelled red cells, damaged with non‐radioactive 1‐mercuri‐2‐hydroxypropane (MHP). The clearance time of the damaged cells from the circulation was used as an index of splenic function. The fraction of red cells in the spleen varied from 2.9% to 32% and the splenic red‐cell volume ranged from 38 to 1000 ml. In patients with lymphoproliferative disorders their spleens contained a smaller proportion of red cells, relative to splenic size, than patients with myeloproliferative disease. Clearance of cells damaged with 1‐mercuri‐2‐hydroxypropane (MHP) was 30–60 min in normal subjects. Slow clearances were found in some patients with lymphosarcoma; fastest clearances occurred in patients with obvious haemolytic anaemia. No clear relationship was noted between the rate of clearance and splenic size or splenic red‐cell volume.
Studies on Adrenaline‐induced Leucocytosis in Normal Man
Authors: Steel C. M. , French E. B. , Aitchison W. R. C.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Adrenaline‐induced peripheral blood leucocytosis has been studied in three healthy normal and three healthy splenectomized males. An indwelling venous cannula allowed very frequent samples to be obtained before and after intramuscular injection of 1 mg adrenaline. It is confirmed that within the first 30 min there is a predominant lymphocytosis. Thereafter there is a variable neutrophilia with relative lymphopenia. Evidence was found for more than one peak in the early lymphocytosis. We have failed to find the mechanisms which are involved in leucocyte mobilization. Contraction of the spleen appears to play no significant part. In two experiments, sampling of blood simultaneously from the left innominate and right brachial veins yielded no evidence for a major additional influx of lymphocytes into the circulation via the thoracic duct in response to adrenaline.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Red‐Cell Membrane Protein from Various Mammalian Species
Authors: Gomperts E. D. , Cantrell A. C. , Zail S. S.
Published: March 2008

Summary. Electrophoresis of solubilized red‐cell membrane protein was carried out on eight mammalian species. Haemoglobin‐free membranes were extracted with n‐butanol to obtain the material for study. Four electrophoretic systems were used, viz.: starch gel at pH 3.2 and 8.6 and polyacrylamide disc and flat gels at pH 3.2. All four systems showed similarities as well as differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the species studied. The human and monkey samples showed a similar overall pattern as did those of the bovine, sheep and pig. The results obtained support the hypothesis that certain structural and functional properties common to all membranes owe their similarity to specific common protein components.
Persistent Mixed‐Field Polyagglutination
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Shinton N. K. , Wingham June
Published: March 2008

Summary. An example of persistent mixed‐field polyagglutination of the Tn‐type is described, with particular reference to the value of plant seed agglutinins in the elucidation of polyagglutinable states. Extracts of the seeds of Dolichos biflorus, Bauhinia variegata and Wistaria sinensis strongly agglutinate Tn‐polyagglutinable cells. Inhibition studies indicate that N‐acetylgalactosamine may be an important determinant of Tn‐specificity. Positively charged polymers such as polybrene aggregate normal erythrocytes but not those appreciably deficient in sialic acid such as T‐ or Tn‐polyagglutinable cells. This observation forms the basis of a simple method of separating polyagglutinable from non‐agglutinating cells in a mixed‐field Tn‐polyagglutination. There are indications that Tn‐polyagglutinability, haemolytic anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia may constitute a distinct haematological syndrome.