bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsible Learning About Risks Arising from Emerging Biotechnologies
Authors: Bouchaut Britte , Asveld Lotte
Published: March 2021

Genetic engineering techniques (e.g., CRISPR-Cas) have led to an increase in biotechnological developments, possibly leading to uncertain risks. The European Union aims to anticipate these by embedding the Precautionary Principle in its regulation for risk management. This principle revolves around taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty and provides guidelines to take precautionary measures when dealing with important values such as health or environmental safety. However, when dealing with ‘new’ technologies, it can be hard for risk managers to estimate the societal or environmental consequences of a biotechnology that might arise once introduced or embedded in society due to that these sometimes do not comply with the established norms within risk assessment. When there is insufficient knowledge, stakeholders active in early developmental stages (e.g., researchers) could provide necessary knowledge by conducting research specifically devoted to what these unknown risks could entail. In theory, the Safe-by-Design (SbD) approach could enable such a controlled learning environment to gradually identify what these uncertain risks are, to which we refer as responsible learning. In this paper, we argue that three conditions need to be present to enable such an environment: (1) regulatory flexibility, (2) co-responsibility between researchers and regulators, and (3) openness towards all stakeholders. If one of these conditions would not be present, the SbD approach cannot be implemented to its fullest potential, thereby limiting an environment for responsible learning and possibly leaving current policy behind to anticipate uncertain risks.
Privacy versus Public Health? A Reassessment of Centralised and Decentralised Digital Contact Tracing
Authors: White Lucie , van Basshuysen Philippe
Published: March 2021

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, high hopes were placed on digital contact tracing. Digital contact tracing apps can now be downloaded in many countries, but as further waves of COVID-19 tear through much of the northern hemisphere, these apps are playing a less important role in interrupting chains of infection than anticipated. We argue that one of the reasons for this is that most countries have opted for decentralised apps, which cannot provide a means of rapidly informing users of likely infections while avoiding too many false positive reports. Centralised apps, in contrast, have the potential to do this. But policy making was influenced by public debates about the right app configuration, which have tended to focus heavily on privacy, and are driven by the assumption that decentralised apps are “privacy preserving by design”. We show that both types of apps are in fact vulnerable to privacy breaches, and, drawing on principles from safety engineering and risk analysis, compare the risks of centralised and decentralised systems along two dimensions, namely the probability of possible breaches and their severity. We conclude that a centralised app may in fact minimise overall ethical risk, and contend that we must reassess our approach to digital contact tracing, and should, more generally, be cautious about a myopic focus on privacy when conducting ethical assessments of data technologies.
Migrant Home Care Workers in the UK: a Scoping Review of Outcomes and Sustainability and Implications in the Context of Brexit
Authors: Turnpenny Agnes , Hussein Shereen
Published: March 2021

Migrant care workers play a significant role in meeting the escalating demand for social care in the UK. Workforce shortages create opportunities for new migrants to enter the social care workforce. This scoping review aims to identify and synthesise available evidence on the contribution of migrant workers to the provision of home care in the UK focusing on care worker and service outcomes as well as sustainability, and identify challenges and gaps in the context of Brexit and changing immigration policies. Twenty-two articles were identified for inclusion in the review and extracted using a structured format. The analysis presents a narrative description and synthesis of the research. Findings from the reviewed articles were grouped into five main themes: migrant, user and employer outcomes, effect on workforce, and sustainability—and 15 sub-themes that were described in detail. Much of the existing research on migrant care work is qualitative and focuses on migrant outcomes. The review identified some important gaps in research, namely, the impact of immigration status on migrant care worker outcomes, the cultural and psychological adaptation of migrant care workers to care practices, and the emerging UK live-in care market. Implications of findings are discussed in the context of post-Brexit immigration system.
An Algebraic Brascamp–Lieb Inequality
Authors: Duncan Jennifer
Published: March 2021

The Brascamp–Lieb inequalities are a very general class of classical multilinear inequalities, well-known examples of which being Hölder’s inequality, Young’s convolution inequality, and the Loomis–Whitney inequality. Conventionally, a Brascamp–Lieb inequality is defined as a multilinear Lebesgue bound on the product of the pullbacks of a collection of functions $$f_j\in L^{q_j}(\mathbb {R}^{n_j})$$

f
j

∈

L

q
j

(

R

n
j

)

, for $$j=1,\ldots ,m$$

j
=
1
,
…
,
m

, under some corresponding linear maps $$B_j$$

B
j

. This regime is now fairly well understood (Bennett et al. in Geom Funct Anal 17(5):1343–1415, 2008), and moving forward there has been interest in nonlinear generalisations, where $$B_j$$

B
j

is now taken to belong to some suitable class of nonlinear maps. While there has been great recent progress on the question of local nonlinear Brascamp–Lieb inequalities (Bennett et al. in Duke Math J 169(17):3291–3338, 2020), there has been relatively little regarding global results; this paper represents some progress along this line of enquiry. We prove a global nonlinear Brascamp–Lieb inequality for ‘quasialgebraic’ maps, a class that encompasses polynomial and rational maps, as a consequence of the multilinear Kakeya-type inequalities of Zhang and Zorin-Kranich. We incorporate a natural affine-invariant weight that both compensates for local degeneracies and yields a constant with minimal dependence on the underlying maps. We then show that this inequality generalises Young’s convolution inequality on algebraic groups with suboptimal constant.
Detection of Endo-epicardial Asynchrony in the Atrial Wall Using One-Sided Unipolar and Bipolar Electrograms
Authors: van der Does Lisette J. M. E. , Starreveld Roeliene , Kharbanda Rohit K. , Knops Paul , Kik Charles , Bogers Ad J. J. C. , de Groot Natasja M. S.
Published: March 2021

Endo-epicardial asynchrony (EEA) is a new mechanism possibly maintaining atrial fibrillation. We aimed to determine the sensitivity and best recording modus to detect EEA on electrograms recorded from one atrial side using electrogram fractionation. Simultaneously obtained right atrial endo- and epicardial electrograms from 22 patients demonstrating EEA were selected. Unipolar and (converted) bipolar electrograms were analyzed for presence and characteristics of fractionation corresponding to EEA. Sensitivity of presence of EEA corresponding fractionation was high in patients (86–96%) and moderately high (65–78%) for the asynchronous surface area for unipolar and bipolar electrograms equally. In bipolar electrograms, signal-to-noise ratio of EEA corresponding fractionation decreased and additional fractionation increased for electrograms recorded at the endocardium. Sensitivity of fractionation corresponding to EEA is high for both unipolar and bipolar electrograms. Unipolar electrograms are more suited for detection of EEA due to a larger signal-to-noise ratio and less disturbance of additional fractionation.

Graphical Abstract
Myocardial Injury Promotes Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity in the Renal Cortex in Preclinical Models of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Qiao Xiaoying , Bhave Shreyas , Swain Lija , Zweck Elric , Reyelt Lara , Crowley Paige , Annamalai Shiva K. , Chennjorwala Aditya , Esposito Michele , Razavi Allen , Foroutanjazi Sina , Machen Cody , Thayer Katherine , Jorde Lena , Karas Richard H. , Kapur Navin K.
Published: March 2021

New mechanistic insight into how the kidney responds to cardiac injury during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is required. We hypothesized that AMI promotes inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity in the kidney and studied the effect of initiating an Impella CP or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) before coronary reperfusion during AMI. Adult male swine were subjected to coronary occlusion and either reperfusion (ischemia-reperfusion; IR) or support with either Impella or VA-ECMO before reperfusion. IR and ECMO increased while Impella reduced levels of MMP-9 in the myocardial infarct zone, circulation, and renal cortex. Compared to IR, Impella reduced myocardial infarct size and urinary KIM-1 levels, but VA-ECMO did not. IR and VA-ECMO increased pro-fibrogenic signaling via transforming growth factor-beta and endoglin in the renal cortex, but Impella did not. These findings identify that AMI increases inflammatory activity in the kidney, which may be attenuated by Impella support.
Exploratory approach for network behavior clustering in LoRaWAN
Authors: Garlisi Domenico , Martino Alessio , Zouwayhed Jad , Pourrahim Reza , Cuomo Francesca
Published: March 2021

The interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) is increasing both as for research and market perspectives. Worldwide, we are witnessing the deployment of several IoT networks for different applications, spanning from home automation to smart cities. The majority of these IoT deployments were quickly set up with the aim of providing connectivity without deeply engineering the infrastructure to optimize the network efficiency and scalability. The interest is now moving towards the analysis of the behavior of such systems in order to characterize and improve their functionality. In these IoT systems, many data related to device and human interactions are stored in databases, as well as IoT information related to the network level (wireless or wired) is gathered by the network operators. In this paper, we provide a systematic approach to process network data gathered from a wide area IoT wireless platform based on LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network). Our study can be used for profiling IoT devices, in order to group them according to their characteristics, as well as detecting network anomalies. Specifically, we use the k-means algorithm to group LoRaWAN packets according to their radio and network behavior. We tested our approach on a real LoRaWAN network where the entire captured traffic is stored in a proprietary database. Quite important is the fact that LoRaWAN captures, via the wireless interface, packets of multiple operators. Indeed our analysis was performed on 997, 183 packets with 2169 devices involved and only a subset of them were known by the considered operator, meaning that an operator cannot control the whole behavior of the system but on the contrary has to observe it. We were able to analyze clusters’ contents, revealing results both in line with the current network behavior and alerts on malfunctioning devices, remarking the reliability of the proposed approach.
Forest biomass accumulation is an important source of acidity to forest soils: Data from Swedish inventories of forests and soils 1955 to 2010
Authors: Karltun Erik , Stendahl Johan , Iwald Johan , Löfgren Stefan
Published: March 2021

The input of acidity to Swedish forest soils through forestry between 1955 and 2010 is compared with the acid input from atmospheric deposition. Depending on region, input of acidity from forestry was the minor part (25–45%) of the study period’s accumulated acid input but is now the dominating source (140–270 molc ha−1 year−1). The net uptake of cations due to the increase in standing forest biomass, ranged between 35 and 45% of the forestry related input of acidity while whole-tree harvesting, introduced in the late 1990s, contributed only marginally (< 2%). The geographical gradient in acid input is reflected in the proportion of acidified soils in Sweden but edaphic properties contribute to variations in acidification sensitivity. It is important to consider the acid input due to increases in standing forest biomass in acidification assessments since it is long-term and quantitatively important.
High-temperature oxidation behavior of SiBN fibers in air
Authors: Long Xin , Wu Zhenyu , Shao Changwei , Wang Xiaozhou , Wang Yingde
Published: March 2021

SiBN fibers are one of the most admirable microwave-transparent reinforced materials for high Mach number aircrafts. Currently, the detailed high-temperature oxidation behavior of SiBN fibers has not been studied yet. In this work, we studied the high-temperature oxidation behavior of SiBN fibers with different boron contents at the temperature range of 1000–1400 °C in air. SiBN fibers started to be oxidized at 1100 °C, with Si3N4 and BN phase oxidized to SiO2 and B2O3, respectively. Due to the gasification and the escape of molten B2O3 at high temperatures, amorphous SiO2 could be remained at the fiber surface. As the fiber further oxidized, the molten B2O3 at the inside may infiltrate into the fiber interior to react with Si3N4, causing the precipitation of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles and the formation of SiO2/BN layer. Finally, complex oxidation layers with two distinct concentric sublayers accompanied with two transition sublayers could be formed after the oxidizing treatment.
A patent keywords extraction method using TextRank model with prior public knowledge
Authors: Huang Zhaoxin , Xie Zhenping
Published: March 2021

For large amount of patent texts, how to extract their keywords in an unsupervised way is a very important problem. In existing methods, only the own information of patent texts is analyzed. In this study, an improved TextRank model is proposed, in which prior public knowledge is effectively utilized. Specifically, two following points are first considered: (1) a TextRank network is constructed for each patent text, (2) a prior knowledge network is constructed based on public dictionary data, in which network edges represent the prior interpretation relationship among all dictionary words in dictionary entries. Then, an improved node rank value evaluation formula is designed for TextRank networks of patent texts, in which prior interpretation information in prior knowledge network are introduced. Finally, patent keywords can be extracted by finding top-k node words with higher node rank values. In our experiments, patent text clustering task is used to examine the performance of proposed method, wherein several comparison experiments are executed. Corresponding results demonstrate that, new method can markedly obtain better performance than existing methods for patent keywords extraction task in an unsupervised way.
Achmea versus the Rule of Law: CJEU’s Dogmatic Dismissal of Investors’ Rights in Backsliding Member States of the European Union
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry Vladimirovich , Lavranos Nikos
Published: March 2021

We demonstrate that the CJEU’sAchmeajudgment has resulted in significantly more damage beyond the termination of intra-EU BITs. It made the application of EU law difficult, if not impossible. Indeed, it has opened the floodgate to deficient judicial protection in the face of structural backsliding of the rule of law in some EU Member States. While the motives of the CJEU and by extension the European Commission to safeguard their ultimate control over the internal market by exclusively relying on the preliminary ruling system of integrated European judiciary may be understandable, they cannot serve as a credible justification for the long-term consequences of disempowering investors in the name of an ideological stance regarding EU judiciary, which cannot work in the backsliding Member States, where the ‘integration of the EU’s judiciary’ could stand for the absence of independent adjudication. Consequently, theAchmeajudgment and post-Achmeadevelopments such as the recently signed Termination Agreement to terminate the intra-EU BITs have been leading to significant—possibly irreparable in the short- to medium-term—lowering of the procedural and substantive protection standards for European investors in times when they are in need of more rather than less protection.
Bioplastic from Renewable Biomass: A Facile Solution for a Greener Environment
Authors: Coppola Gerardo , Gaudio Maria Teresa , Lopresto Catia Giovanna , Calabro Vincenza , Curcio Stefano , Chakraborty Sudip
Published: March 2021

Environmental pollutions are increasing day by day due to more plastic application. The plastic material is going in our food chain as well as the environment employing microplastic and other plastic-based contaminants. From this point, bio-based plastic research is taking attention for a sustainable and greener environment with a lower footprint on the environment. This evaluation should be made considering the whole life cycle assessment of the proposed technologies to make a whole range of biomaterials. Bio-based and biodegradable bioplastics can have similar features as conventional plastics while providing extra returns because of their low carbon footprint as long as additional features in waste management, like composting. Interest in competitive biodegradable materials is growing to limit environmental pollution and waste management problems. Bioplastics are defined as plastics deriving from biological sources and formed from renewable feedstocks or by a variation of microbes, owing to the ability to reduce the environmental effect. The research and development in this field of bio-renewable resources can seriously lead to the adoption of a low-carbon economy in medical, packaging, structural and automotive engineering, just to mention a few. This review aims to give a clear insight into the research, application opportunities, sourcing and sustainability, and environmental footprint of bioplastics production and various applications. Bioplastics are manufactured from polysaccharides, mainly starch-based, proteins, and other alternative carbon sources, such as algae or even wastewater treatment byproducts. The most known bioplastic today is thermoplastic starch, mainly as a result of enzymatic bioreactions. In this work, the main applications of bioplastics are accounted. One of them being food applications, where bioplastics seem to meet the food industry concerns about many the packaging-related issues and appear to play an important part for the whole food industry sustainability, helping to maintain high-quality standards throughout the whole production and transport steps, translating into cleaner and smarter delivery chains and waste management. High perspectives resides in agricultural and medical applications, while the number of fields of applications grows constantly, for example, structural engineering and electrical applications. As an example, bio-composites, even from vegetable oil sources, have been developed as fibers with biodegradable features and are constantly under research.
Workspace analysis of 3-DOF U-shape base planar parallel robotic motion stage using shape memory alloy restoration technique (SMART) linear actuators
Authors: Singh Deep , Choudhury Rutupurna , Singh Yogesh , Mukherjee Manidipto
Published: March 2021

The applications of lightweight planar parallel robotic manipulators are increasing enormously because of its various desirable characteristics such as low weight, lower inertia and higher stiffness. Higher accelerations and accuracies can be achieved in planar parallel manipulators. Also, shape memory alloy restoration technique (SMART)-based linear actuators are replacing huge and bulky linear actuators. This study presents the kinematic design of smart linearly actuated family of U-shape base planar parallel robotic manipulator. With the aid of solid modelling software, different available configurations were modelled and their workspace was analysed. The developed 3-DOF motion stages (18 unique configurations) were fabricated using fused deposition modelling process, and the top three configurations having higher workspace were further experimented. It is interesting to observe that the actual or experimental workspace of a particular manipulator configuration is further minimised from the predicted or feasible workspace. It is due to the presence of passive links, singularities, friction between the parts, heat dissipation, force distribution, stiffness, etc. The present study depicts the experimental workspace of the top three configurations, namely PPR-PRP-PRR, PRP-PPR-PRP and PRP-PPR-PRR. Since none of the experimental workspace observed is equal or higher than the model workspace, an efficiency loss in terms of workspace reduction was calculated to understand the acceptability of the configurations in different domains. Apart from the loss, the result disclosed that the actual workspace of all the manipulators was within the feasible workspace domain of mobile platform. The PPR-PRP-PRR manipulator was found to possess highest experimental workspace than other configurations. Note: P, P, and R refer to active prismatic, passive prismatic and passive revolute joints respectively.
Factors influencing content credibility in Facebook’s news feed
Authors: Sousa Sonia , Bates Neil
Published: March 2021

This study reports an exploratory inquiry into the problematic phenomenon of fake news on Facebook, aiming at providing an inside view on how users in the United Kingdom (UK) value the credibility of news posts on Facebook in a post-Brexit era. Participants (n= 201) were asked to review four different Brexit-related Facebook posts that linked to news articles from UK tabloids that were published between 2016 and 2019. Two of the posts were debunked as fake news, while the other two were verified as real news. The authors of each Facebook post were different: two from UK tabloids and two from unknown individuals. Respondents were asked to identify the credibility of the news posts in Facebook’s news feed. The results indicate that the author of the post significantly influences users’ perceived credibility. For instance, a fake news post from an individual is perceived as the least trustworthy, while a real news post from an individual and a fake news post from a tabloid are somewhat similarly perceived. The content of a post is seen as most trustworthy when it is a real news post from a tabloid and as least credible when it is a fake news post from an individual. Finally, in two cases, credibility can predict willingness to interact with a post. The research concludes with a set of recommendations for future research.
Marine alkaloids as the chemical marker for the prey–predator relationship of the sponge Xestospongia sp. and the nudibranch Jorunna funebris
Authors: Wu Qihao , Li Song-Wei , de Voogd Nicole J. , Wang Hong , Yao Li-Gong , Guo Yue-Wei , Li Xu-Wen
Published: March 2021

The dietary relationship study between marine sponge Xestospongia sp. and its nudibranch predators Jorunna funebris based on the discovery of isoquinolinequinones has long been studied. In this study, chemical investigation of the sponge Xestospongia sp. and nudibranch J. funebris from the South China Sea yielded a new marine alkaloid neopetroside C (1), together with nine known alkaloids (2–10). The chemical structures of all the compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Neopetroside C (1) featured a riboside of nicotinic acid with a rare α-N glycosildic linkage and an acyl residue of (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid attached to C-5′. The plausible chemical ecology relationship between sponge Xestospongia sp. and its nudibranch predator J. funebris was proposed based on the biogenetic relationship of the common marine alkaloids. The observation of two structural fragments, (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy and trigonelline groups in both sponge and nudibranch, indicated that nudibranch might uptake chemicals from sponge and then modify and transform them into chemical weapons to defend against predators.
Protocol Deviations: A Holistic Approach from Defining to Reporting
Authors: Galuchie Laura , Stewart Catherine , Meloni Frank
Published: March 2021

Improving interpretation of existing guidelines and management of protocol deviation processes could increase process efficiencies and help reduce noise to support rapid identification of important protocol deviations. Towards this end, TransCelerate identified key principles to build upon and clarify the definition of a protocol deviation and developed a holistic approach to protocol deviation management. The approaches are flexible to suit a variety of indications, study designs, and investigational agents while also supporting consistent application within a study, program or organization.
Nonprofit contracting and partnership in elderly care: a comparison between china and the Netherlands
Authors: Jing Yijia , Torenvlied René , van Gerven Minna , Cao Jia
Published: March 2021

This paper offers an empirical account of the engagement and success of nonprofits in contracting for elderly care in China and the Netherlands as two contrasting contexts. While contracting as an innovation demonstrates a state-centered approach in China, its Dutch counterpart has sought a balance between state and professional influences. The paper argues that public sector reforms, civil society development and social regulation support schemes contextualize the engagement and success of nonprofits in contracting for elderly care. Surveys among the managers of 176 elderly care organizations in Shanghai and 70 elderly care organizations in the Netherlands shows that the fundamental elements of nonprofit contracting in elderly care are strikingly similar between both contexts, although their manifestation is shaped by each specific institutional context.
A comparison of two deep-learning-based urban perception models: which one is better?
Authors: Wang Ruifan , Ren Shuliang , Zhang Jiaqi , Yao Yao , Wang Yu , Guan Qingfeng
Published: March 2021

Urban perception is a hot topic in current urban study and plays a positive role in urban planning and design. At present, there are two methods to calculate urban perception. 1) Using a model to learn image features directly automatically; 2) Coupling machine learning and feature extraction based on expert knowledge (e.g. object proportion) method. With two typical streets in Wuhan as the study area, video data were recorded and used as the model input. In this study, two representative methods are selected: 1) End to end convolution neural network (CNN-based model); 2) Based on full convolution neural network and random forest (FCN + RF-based model). By comparing the accuracy of two models, we analyze the adaptability of the model in different urban scenes. We also analyze the relationship between CNN-based model and urban function based on POI data and OSM data, and verify its interpretability. The results show that the CNN-based model is more accurate than FCN + RF-based model. Because the CNN-based model considers the topological characteristics of the ground objects, its perception results have a stronger nonlinear correlation with urban functions. In addition, we also find that the CNN-based model is more suitable for scenes with weak spatial heterogeneity (such as small and medium-sized urban environments), while the FCN + RF-based model is applicable to scenes with strong spatial heterogeneity (such as the downtown areas of China’s megacities). The results of this study can be used as a reference to provide decision support for urban perception model selection in urban planning.
Remedies for Human Rights Violations
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: March 2021

An innovative book that provides fresh insights into the neglected field of remedies in both international and domestic human rights law. Providing an overarching two-track theory, it combines remedies to compensate and prevent irreparable harm to litigants with a more dialogic approach to systemic remedies. It breaks new ground by demonstrating how proportionality principles can improve remedial decision-making and avoid reliance on either strong discretion or inflexible rules. It draws on the latest jurisprudence from the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights and domestic courts in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Separate chapters are devoted to interim remedies, remedies for laws that violate human rights, damages, remedies in the criminal process, declarations and injunctions in institutional cases, remedies for violations of social and economic rights and remedies for violations of Indigenous rights.
The Land of Nations: Indigenous Struggles for Property and Territory in International Law
Authors: Merino Roger
Published: March 2021

Key studies have highlighted how Western law was central to the civilizing mission of colonialism, legitimizing conquest while presenting itself as a colonizer's gift for overcoming barbarism. But law was not just an imposition to dispossess resources and accumulate labor; it was also transformed by the contestations of First Nations and the new practices deployed in settler societies. In this context, the first international legal theories were aimed at subordinating third world societies and, at the same time, provided the foundations of Western legal apparatus, shaping racially the modern concepts of sovereignty, territory, and property.
The Potential Impact of Indigenous Rights on the International Law of Nationality
Authors: Gover Kirsty
Published: March 2021

International law has long recognized that the power of a state to identify its nationals is a central attribute of sovereignty and firmly within the purview of domestic law. Yet these boundaries may be shifting, in part due to the effect of international human rights norms. In 2011, citizenship scholar Peter Spiro asked, “[w]ill international law colonize th[is] last bastion of sovereign discretion?” Ten years later, this essay reframes the question, asking whether the international law of Indigenous Peoples’ rights will “decolonize” the discretion, by encouraging its exercise in ways that respect and enable Indigenous connections to their traditional land. It considers this possibility in light of two recent cases decided by courts in Australia and Canada, both of which ascribe a distinctive legal status to non-citizen Indigenous persons: Love v. Commonwealth, Thoms v Commonwealth (“Love-Thoms,” Australian High Court) and R. v. Desautel (“Desautel,” British Columbia Court of Appeal, currently on appeal before the Supreme Court of Canada). In each case, the court in question recognized that some Indigenous non-citizens have constitutional rights to remain within the state's territory (and perhaps also a correlative right to enter it), by virtue of their pre-contact ancestral ties to land within the state's borders.
The Sweet Spot Between Formalism and Fairness: Indigenous Peoples’ Contribution to International Law
Authors: Charters Claire
Published: March 2021

Standing back, the greatest influence of Indigenous Peoples on international law is our contribution to a pragmatically-driven yet conscious reframing of its foundations. Partly as a result of our participation in international law, it is changing its nineteenth and twentieth century state-centric, colonial, and positivist character to a more informal, flexible, and partially decolonizing system of law. In this way, Indigenous Peoples are crafting a legal system that achieves the “sweet-spot.” It has sufficient “hard-law” quality to restrain the self-interested instincts of powerful states—much needed by Indigenous Peoples seeking to realize their claims against states—and systemic inclusion and justice.
The geography of climate migration
Authors: Burzyński Michał , Docquier Frédéric , Scheewel Hendrik
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we investigate the long-term effects of climate change on the mobility of working-age people. We use a world economy model that covers almost all the countries around the world, and distinguishes between rural and urban regions as well as between flooded and unflooded areas. The model is calibrated to match international and internal mobility data by education level for the last 30 years, and is then simulated under climate change variants. We endogenize the size, dyadic, and skill structure of climate migration. When considering moderate climate scenarios, we predict mobility responses in the range of 70–108 million workers over the course of the twenty-first century. Most of these movements are local or inter-regional. South–South international migration responses are smaller, while the South–North migration response is of the “brain drain” type and induces a permanent increase in the number of foreigners in OECD countries in the range of 6–9% only. Changes in the sea level mainly translate into forced local movements. By contrast, inter-regional and international movements are sensitive to temperature-related changes in productivity. Lastly, we show that relaxing international migration restrictions may exacerbate the poverty effect of climate change at origin if policymakers are unable to select/screen individuals in extreme poverty.
Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet 1992–2016: reconciling results from GRACE gravimetry with ICESat, ERS1/2 and Envisat altimetry
Authors: Zwally H. Jay , Robbins John W. , Luthcke Scott B. , Loomis Bryant D. , Rémy Frédérique
Published: March 2021

GRACE and ICESat Antarctic mass-balance differences are resolved utilizing their dependencies on corrections for changes in mass and volume of the same underlying mantle material forced by ice-loading changes. Modeled gravimetry corrections are 5.22 times altimetry corrections over East Antarctica (EA) and 4.51 times over West Antarctica (WA), with inferred mantle densities 4.75 and 4.11 g cm−3. Derived sensitivities (Sg,Sa) to bedrock motion enable calculation of motion (δB0) needed to equalize GRACE and ICESat mass changes during 2003–08. For EA,δB0is −2.2 mm a−1subsidence with mass matching at 150 Gt a−1, inland WA is −3.5 mm a−1at 66 Gt a−1, and coastal WA is only −0.35 mm a−1at −95 Gt a−1. WA subsidence is attributed to low mantle viscosity with faster responses to post-LGM deglaciation and to ice growth during Holocene grounding-line readvance. EA subsidence is attributed to Holocene dynamic thickening. With Antarctic Peninsula loss of −26 Gt a−1, the Antarctic total gain is 95 ± 25 Gt a−1during 2003–08, compared to 144 ± 61 Gt a−1from ERS1/2 during 1992–2001. Beginning in 2009, large increases in coastal WA dynamic losses overcame long-term EA and inland WA gains bringing Antarctica close to balance at −12 ± 64 Gt a−1by 2012–16.
Historical contingency, geography and anthropogenic patterns of exposure drive the evolution of host switching in theBlastocystisspecies-complex
Authors: Wilcox Justin J. S. , Lopez-Cotto John J. , Hollocher Hope
Published: March 2021

Parasites have the power to impose significant regulatory pressures on host populations, making evolutionary patterns of host switching by parasites salient to a range of contemporary ecological issues. However, relatively little is known about the colonization of new hosts by parasitic, commensal and mutualistic eukaryotes of metazoans. As ubiquitous symbionts of coelomate animals,Blastocystisspp. represent excellent candidate organisms for the study of evolutionary patterns of host switching by protists. Here, we apply a big-data phylogenetic approach using archival sequence data to assess the relative roles of several host-associated traits in shaping the evolutionary history of theBlastocystisspecies-complex within an ecological framework. Patterns of host usage were principally determined by geographic location and shared environments of hosts, suggesting that weight of exposure (i.e. propagule pressure) represents the primary force for colonization of new hosts within theBlastocystisspecies-complex. WhileBlastocystislineages showed a propensity to recolonize the same host taxa, these taxa were often evolutionarily unrelated, suggesting that historical contingency and retention of previous adaptions by the parasite were more important to host switching than host phylogeny. Ultimately, our findings highlight the ability of ecological theory (i.e. ‘ecological fitting’) to explain host switching and host specificity within theBlastocystisspecies-complex.
Chronic early trauma impairs emotion recognition and executive functions in youth; specifying biobehavioral precursors of risk and resilience
Authors: Motsan Shai , Yirmiya Karen , Feldman Ruth
Published: March 2021

Exposure to chronic early trauma carries lasting effects on children's well-being and adaptation. Guided by models on resilience, we assessed the interplay of biological, emotional, cognitive, and relational factors in shaping two regulatory outcomes in trauma-exposed youth: emotion recognition (ER) and executive functions (EF). A unique war-exposed cohort was followed from early childhood to early adolescence. At preadolescence (11–13 years), ER and EF were assessed and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), biomarker of parasympathetic regulation, was quantified. Mother–child dyadic reciprocity, child's avoidance symptoms, and cortisol (CT) were measured in early childhood. Trauma-exposed youth displayed impaired ER and EF abilities. Conditional process analysis described two differential indirect paths leading from early trauma to regulatory outcomes. ER was mediated by avoidance symptoms in early childhood and modulated by cortisol, such that this path was evident only for preadolescents with high, but not low, CT. In comparison, EF was mediated by the degree of dyadic reciprocity experienced in early childhood and modulated by RSA, observed only among youth with lower RSA. Findings pinpoint trauma-related disruptions to key regulatory support systems in preadolescence as mediated by early-childhood relational, clinical, and physiological factors and highlight the need to specify biobehavioral precursors of resilience toward targeted early interventions.
Lexical alignment is affected by addressee but not speaker nativeness
Authors: Suffill Ellise , Kutasi Timea , Pickering Martin J. , Branigan Holly P.
Published: March 2021

Interlocutors tend to refer to objects using the same names as each other. We investigated whether native and non-native interlocutors’ tendency to do so is influenced by speakers’ nativeness and by their beliefs about an interlocutor's nativeness. A native or non-native participant and a native or non-native confederate directed each other around a map to deliver objects to locations. We manipulated whether confederates referred to objects using a favored or disfavored name, while controlling for confederates’ language behavior. We found evidence of audience design for native and non-native addressees: participants were more likely to use a disfavored name after a non-native confederate used that name than after a native confederate used that name; this tendency did not differ between native and non-native participants. Results suggest that both native and non-native speakers can adapt to the language of non-native partners through non-automatic, goal-directed mechanisms of alignment during cognitively demanding communicative tasks.
The DIVING3D Survey - Deep IFS View of Nuclei of Galaxies
Authors: Steiner J. E. , Menezes R. B. , Ricci T. V. ,   DIVING3D team
Published: March 2021

The DIVING3D Survey (Deep Integral Field Spectrograph View of Nuclei of Galaxies) aims to observe, with high signal/noise and high spatial resolution, a statistically complete sample of southern galaxies brighter than B = 12.0 The main objectives of this survey are to study: 1) the nuclear emission line properties; 2) the circumnuclear emission line properties; 3) the central stellar kinematics and 4) the central stellar archaeology. Preliminary results of individual or small groups of galaxies have been published in 18 papers.
The role of environment on quenching, star formation and AGN activity
Authors: Poggianti Bianca M. , Bellhouse Callum , Deb Tirna , Franchetto Andrea , Fritz Jacopo , George Koshy , Gullieuszik Marco , Jaffé Yara , Moretti Alessia , Mueller Ancla , Radovich Mario , Ramatsoku Mpati , Vulcani Benedetta ,   the rest of the GASP team
Published: March 2021

Galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping in clusters are an excellent opportunity to study the effects of environment on both the AGN and the star formation activity. We report here on the most recent results from the GASP survey. We discuss the AGN-ram pressure stripping connection and some evidence for AGN feedback in stripped galaxies. We then focus on the star formation activity, both in the disks and the tails of these galaxies, and conclude drawing a picture of the relation between multi-phase gas and star formation.
Feeding and feedback from little monsters: AGN in dwarf galaxies
Authors: Mezcua Mar
Published: March 2021

Detecting the seed black holes from which quasars formed is extremely challenging; however, those seeds that did not grow into supermassive should be found as intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) of 100 – 105M⊙in local dwarf galaxies. The use of deep multiwavelength surveys has revealed that a population of actively accreting IMBHs (low-mass AGN) exists in dwarf galaxies at least out toz˜3. The black hole occupation fraction of these galaxies suggests that the early Universe seed black holes formed from direct collapse of gas, which is reinforced by the possible flattening of the black hole-galaxy scaling relations at the low-mass end. This scenario is however challenged by the finding that AGN feedback can have a strong impact on dwarf galaxies, which implies that low-mass AGN in dwarf galaxies might not be the untouched relics of the early seed black holes. This has important implications for seed black hole formation models.
Was passiert nach histologischer Diagnosesicherung?
Authors: Ebner Sonja , Dörig Lenka , Tirri Brigitte Frey
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung. Nachdem die Diagnose Mammakarzinom histologisch gesichert wurde, folgt das Aufklärungsgespräch über den Befund mit der Patientin. Es bietet sich an, dass dieses durch einen Brustchirurgen, eine Brustchirurgin geführt wird. Beim Überbringen der schlechten Nachricht gilt es einige Regeln zu beachten. Als Unterstützung kann das NURSE-Modell dienen. Neben der Einteilung der Mammakarzinome in die verschiedenen histologischen Typen existiert seit 2011 die neuere Einteilung der 12. St. Gallen-Konferenz. Sie beruht auf der Erkennung der tumorbiologischen Untergruppen, den sogenannten intrinsischen Subtypen, und erleichtert es, Patientinnen zu identifizieren, die von einer Chemotherapie profitieren würden bzw. durch eine Chemotherapie übertherapiert wären. Für bestimme Patientinnen ist ausserdem die Aufklärung über eine mögliche genetische Beratung oder den Fertilitätserhalt eine wichtige Information. Das Mammakarzinom stellt sogar die häufigste Indikation zur Beratung hinsichtlich Fertilitätserhalt im Rahmen einer onkologischen Erkrankung dar. Im Weiteren sollte geklärt werden, ob präoperative Staginguntersuchungen erforderlich sind. Das gesamte Behandlungskonzept wird, sobald alle Befunde vorliegen, in einer präoperativen Tumorkonferenz festgelegt und es wird entschieden, ob eine Indikation für eine neoadjuvante Chemotherapie oder für eine primäre Operation vorliegt. Bei der multidisziplinären Behandlung von Brustkrebspatientinnen sind auch die Breast Care Nurse und die Psychoonkologie ein wichtiger Bestandteil, um die emotionalen, informationsbezogenen und physischen Bedürfnisse der Patientinnen abzudecken und die Krankheitsverarbeitung zu fördern, die Lebensqualität zu verbessern und die psychischen Belastungszeichen zu erkennen und zu behandeln.
Behandlung im Spital
Authors: Knauer Michael
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Behandlung von Brustkrebs-Patientinnen im Spital hat sich in den letzten Jahren dramatisch gewandelt. Durch schonendere Operationsverfahren konnte eine deutliche Reduktion der Morbidität und Komplikationsraten erreicht werden. Neue brusterhaltende Operationen und die konsequente Verringerung von unnötiger extensiver Lymphknoten-Chirurgie haben zu einer deutlichen Verkürzung des stationären Aufenthaltes beigetragen. In Kombination mit dem System der Fallpauschalen (DRG) ist die Behandlung im Spital nur noch ein Teil einer komplexen interdisziplinären Diagnostik und Therapie, wobei die meisten Schritte ambulant vor und nach dem Aufenthalt organisiert und durchgeführt werden. Der organisatorische und kommunikative Gesamtaufwand ist trotzdem auch aufgrund von modernen Qualitätsansprüchen und Zertifizierungen von Brustzentren deutlich gestiegen.
Offenheit, geteilter Konsens, vernetztes Wissen
Authors: Ganz-Blättler Ursula
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag nimmt an, dass Wissenslücken im Umgang mit Brustkrebs nicht nur bei den akut von einer Krebsdiagnose Betroffenen bestehen, sondern ebenso bei Angehörigen der Ärzte- und Pflegeteams, die in der täglichen Arbeit mit Patient_innen auf professionelle Standards und berufsbedingte Routinen vertrauen (müssen). Das bestätigen qualitative Studien, die sich mit divergierenden Erwartungen im Rahmen medizinischer Aufklärungsgespräche beschäftigen oder, im Rückblick, mit der Zufriedenheit der Patient_innen nach chirurgischen Eingriffen und anderen in vorgängigen Aufklärungsgesprächen beschlossenen Therapien. Drei Aspekte der Kommunikation zwischen Ärzteschaft und Patient_in werden exemplarisch näher betrachtet: die Bandbreite der vorgeschlagenen Behandlungsmethoden zur Bekämpfung der Krankheit, die (in der Regel unbewussten) Normalisierungstendenzen im Umgang mit dem versehrten weiblichen Körper – und der zunehmend anerkannte Bedarf von Brustkrebspatient_innen nach Austausch mit anderen von der Krankheit Betroffenen.
Happiness Inequality Among a Sample of Iranian Older Population
Authors: Harandi Tayebeh Fasihi , Rastad Hadith , Mahmoodi Zohreh , Rostami Mahnoosh , Ghavidel Nooshin
Published: March 2021

Abstract. This study evaluates the happiness inequality among older Iranians using concentration index analysis. A total of 739 people aged 60–90 years completed the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI) questionnaire. The SES variables were constructed using nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA) based on all related variables. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that persons in the SES quintiles 3–4, urban dwellers, literate, and with no underlying disease had higher odds of happiness than others. Based on the estimated concentration indices, there was inequality in happiness based on SES levels (concentration index [95% confidence Interval]: 0.14 [0.10, 0.19]; p < .05). Our results revealed that happiness in the older population was probably more prevalent among people with higher SES levels.