bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing irrigated biodynamic and conventionally managed dairy farms. 1. Soil and pasture properties
Authors: Burkitt L. L. , Small D. R. , McDonald J. W. , Wales W. J. , Jenkin M. L.
Published: April 2007

Ten paired irrigated dairy farms under biodynamic (BD) and conventional (CV) management were compared over a 4-year period (1991–94). The paired farms were located in the irrigation districts of northern Victoria and southern New South Wales and were matched for soil type, climate, cattle breed and farm area. Farms had been practising BD principles for an average of 16 years before the commencement of the study and had not received phosphorus (P) fertiliser for an average of 17 years. The effects of farm management on soil chemical and biological properties and the nutritive properties and botanical composition of pasture were examined at varying sampling times during the study. Soil Olsen extractable P concentrations were consistently 2–3 times higher under CV management at various sampling depths (mean = 22 mg/kg, 0–10 cm), and were generally marginal under BD management in the surface 10 cm (mean = 8.5 mg/kg). Low soil extractable P concentrations were also reflected in consistently lower mean pasture P concentrations under BD management (0.25 compared with 0.35% on CV farms). Lower soil and pasture P concentrations under BD management were the result of a large negative P balance across BD farms (–17 kg P/ha.year). A mean negative P balance under BD management was a result of low P imports (2 kg P/ha.year) in comparison with large quantities of P (19 kg P/ha.year) effectively lost from the farming system through animal products, estimated losses in water runoff and slowly reversible soil P reactions. These results suggest that greater P imports are required to ensure the future sustainability of BD dairy pasture farming systems. There were few differences in soil biological properties, with earthworm weights significantly higher under CV management, but no difference in soil organic carbon, humus concentration, the weight of the organic mat or microbial biomass, between the two management systems.
Ammonium thiosulfate and 6-benzyladenine improve the crop load and fruit quality of 'Delicious' apples
Authors: Bound S. A. , Wilson S. J.
Published: April 2007

Four trials were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) as a blossom thinner of ‘Delicious’ apple trees. In addition to determining the optimal concentration of ATS and the effectiveness of multiple applications, the effect on fruit quality was assessed. A program using ATS at bloom and 6-benzyladenine (BA) applied postbloom was examined. Multiple applications of ATS reduced crop load more than a single application. A concentration of 1.0% (v/v, 5800 mg/L) applied twice during the flowering period is recommended, with the first application at 20% bloom and the second at 80% bloom. Fruit firmness and sugar content were increased by ATS, and a positive relationship between fruit weight and sugar content and between fruit weight and firmness was demonstrated. ATS can also be effectively combined in a program with BA with the added benefits of increases in fruit size, firmness and sugar content; however, caution is advised to prevent over-thinning.
Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 1. Trifolium subterraneum cultivars and lines
Authors: Lodge G. M. , Harden S.
Published: April 2007

Two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum and T. subterraneum var. brachycalycinum) evaluation studies were sown in replicated plots. The first study (experiment 1) comprised 30 entries sown in 1993 and 1994 and the second (experiment 2) had 85 entries sown in 1998. Green herbage mass (kg DM/ha) was assessed until spring 2000 (experiment 1) or 2001 (experiment 2). Limited data were also collected in experiment 1 to estimate hardseededness, seed yield and seedling regeneration.
For each experiment, green herbage mass was examined using cubic smoothing splines. Plots of initial and final values assisted with data interpretation, and predicted values at the end of each experiment were used to assess significant (P = 0.05) cultivar/line differences.
CPI 89846B (York), Junee and Clare performed better (P < 0.05) than Woogenellup, Seaton Park, Rosedale, Nuba and Goulburn (experiment 1, previously cultivated site). For the native pasture site, CPI 89846B, Junee, Clare and Woogenellup were better (P < 0.05) than Goulburn, Nuba and Rosedale. In experiment 2, the three cultivars, Clare, Antas and Rosedale, had similar predicted green herbage mass in spring 2001. In experiment 1, CPI 28012 had the lowest predicted green herbage mass in spring 2000. This line also had low seedling establishment and seed yield in 1993 and low seedling regeneration in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Early maturing cultivars/lines generally performed poorly in experiment 1 and, of the other lines, CPI 70100 performed best. However, in experiment 2, crosses with this line as a parent had variable green herbage mass in spring 2001.
Plastidial fatty acid levels regulate resistance gene-dependent defense signaling in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Chandra-Shekara A. C. , Venugopal Srivathsa C. , Barman Subhankar Roy , Kachroo Aardra , Kachroo Pradeep
Published: April 2007

In
Arabidopsis
, resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus (TCV) depends on the resistance (
R
) gene,
HRT
, and the recessive locus
rrt
. Resistance also depends on salicylic acid (SA),
EDS1
, and
PAD4
. Exogenous application of SA confers resistance in
RRT
-containing plants by increasing
HRT
transcript levels in a
PAD4
-dependent manner. Here we report that reduction of oleic acid (18:1) can also induce
HRT
gene expression and confer resistance to TCV. However, the 18:1-regulated pathway is independent of SA,
rrt
,
EDS1
, and
PAD4
. Reducing the levels of 18:1, via a mutation in the
SSI2
-encoded stearoyl-acyl carrier protein-desaturase, or by exogenous application of glycerol, increased transcript levels of
HRT
as well as several other
R
genes. Second-site mutations in the
ACT1
-encoded glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase or
GLY1
-encoded glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase restored 18:1 levels in
HRT ssi2
plants and reestablished a dependence on
rrt
. Resistance to TCV and
HRT
gene expression in
HRT act1
plants was inducible by SA but not by glycerol, whereas that in
HRT pad4
plants was inducible by glycerol but not by SA. The low 18:1-mediated induction of
R
gene expression was also dependent on
ACT1
but independent of
EDS1
,
PAD4
, and
RAR1
. Intriguingly, TCV inoculation did not activate this 18:1-regulated pathway in
HRT
plants, but instead resulted in the induction of several genes that encode 18:1-synthesizing isozymes. These results suggest that the 18:1-regulated pathway may be specifically targeted during pathogen infection and that altering 18:1 levels may serve as a unique strategy for promoting disease resistance.
Is e‐mail addictive?
Authors: Adam Ralph
Published: April 2007

The thirtieth anniversary of the first e‐mail was celebrated recently, but no one knows the exact date or what the original message was. This lack of certainty is typical of research on e‐mail – there is now a substantial body of knowledge, but little attempt has been made to co‐ordinate it. This article looks at the origins and features of e‐mail and brings together findings on such issues as information overload, aggression and unsolicited commercial e‐mail (“spam”). Information storage and retrieval issues are covered, as are the results of user‐impact studies. The article identifies scope for further research on human‐computer interaction.
Evaluation of web sites for B2C e‐commerce
Authors: Oppenheim Charles , Ward Louise
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to report the results of research that was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of web sites selling chocolate.

Design/methodology/approach

The research was founded on a series of criteria for evaluating such web sites, based upon a review of the literature. A series of criteria were developed and a scoring system associated with them was generated. Following a pilot test, a panel of eight volunteers evaluated ten chocolate‐related web sites which were carefully chosen for their range of characteristics.

Findings

Aspects evaluated included presentation, content, accessibility, language, navigation and structure, transaction page, security, privacy and authority, and marketing factors. The resulting scores were then analysed. Using two different methods of analysis, it was found that the best web site was www.danschocolates.com, but that there was significant inter‐scorer discrepancy in some of the scores assigned.

Research limitations/implications

Only a small number of sites were evaluated, using a relatively small number of evaluators.

Practical implications

Conclusions are drawn regarding the most important factors that web designers should take into account when developing a site for selling chocolate or similar products. Comments are also made on the need to involve real users when developing criteria for the evaluation of web sites.

Originality/value

The paper provides a possible general methodology for evaluating web sites.
Selected aerodynamic design issues for the single‐rotor remotely piloted helicopter
Authors: Guo C.G. , Xu G.H.
Published: April 2007

Some of the fundamental problems associated with the aerodynamic configuration of a single‐rotor remotely piloted helicopter are discussed in this paper. A method for selecting the aerodynamic shape of a fuselage and determining the locations and parameters of a horizontal stabilizer and a tail rotor in the preliminary design analysis is given. The application of this method to a remotely piloted single main rotor and tail rotor helicopter developed at the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics is described. A raindrop shaped fuselage is chosen for the remotely piloted helicopter and the low drag characteristics of the fuselage are demonstrated from the wind‐tunnel experimental data. The experimental results on the pitching moment characteristics of the horizontal stabilizer are also presented and analyzed. The design considerations of the horizontal stabilizer and tail rotor of the helicopter are discussed in detail.
Historical overview of the C‐130J two‐pilot flight station
Authors: Brenner Richard N. , Jones Patrick F. , Spratt Christopher J. , Schardt Michael T. , Coleen Thornton R.
Published: April 2007

The development of the flight station of the C‐130J variant of the C‐130 military airlift aircraft is discussed. The development effort began with research and development projects in the early 1980s. Following this was a series of related research and technology integration efforts under contract to the US Government in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Finally, detailed design of the C‐130J in a formal development program began in 1992. The technologies that were integrated into the C‐130J flight station that made it possible to reduce the flight station crew from four (pilot, copilot, navigator, and flight engineer) to two (pilot and copilot) are reviewed.
A new method to calculate the vibrational stress of rotating blades
Authors: Li Hai‐Yan , Zhang Xue‐Ren , Yan Xiao‐Jun , Nie Jing‐Xu
Published: April 2007

A new reverse educing method (REM) is presented to estimate the vibrational stress on rotating aeroengine blades from the actual fracture section. This method does not conform to the traditional calculating method, but involves the reverse solution idea. The value of the crack propagation ratio da/dN can be obtained from the actual fracture section of the blade, and then the vibrational stress on rotating blades can be calculated through static computation, modal analysis and crack stress intensity factor calculation. The result is very significant for fault diagnosing and shooting of aeroengine blades.
CO2 laser processing ‐ an overview
Authors: Williams Chris
Published: April 2007

Looks at the various applications of the CO2 gas laser in industrial material processing. Describes how the CO2 laser beam interacts with particular materials and highlights the laser system configuration, system characteristics and attributes. Details CO2 laser cutting, welding and surface modification and briefly touches on some emerging aerospace application areas.
Systems design for an advanced short take‐off vertical landing combat aircraft ‐ Part 3
Authors: Smith Howard
Published: April 2007

Reports on the MSc group design project of students at the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield University. Details the design of the aircraft systems and their reliability and maintainability.
Effective strategic management in the aerospace industry
Authors: Papin Mike W. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: April 2007

This research paper was written in the Summer of 1995 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Management 524 within the MBA program at California State University at Fullerton. Its purpose was to determine the effective management strategies within the aerospace industry since the defense budget began to decline in the mid 1980s. Through research of the top aerospace companies (according to the 1995 Fortune 500) over the past decade, this paper examines the various long‐term management strategies employed during the recent recession.
Variable pay in aerospace and defense engineering companies
Authors: Oleksak Mark M. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a discussion on the benefits of utilizing variable pay as a component of employee compensation. Several types of variable pay or variable compensation plans are reviewed. Plans that seem well suited to highly educated, professional employees are examined in detail. Case studies are presented that illustrate how variable pay or compensation has been applied by a variety of for‐profit aerospace and defense engineering organizations. These case studies are followed by a description of a small class of non‐profit aerospace and defense engineering organizations known as Federally Funded and Design Centers (FFRDCs). Two variable pay plans that appear to be the most appropriate for the FFRDCs are recommended. A modified gainsharing group vehicle pay plan is recommended. A complementary individual skill‐based variable pay element is also endorsed.
Downsizing in the aerospace industry
Authors: Seidl Michael , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: April 2007

Downsizing in the aerospace industry is due to the cyclical nature of its business segments – defense and commercial. Erratic defense spending and fluctuations in commercial demand for aerospace products are the primary causes of this cyclical behavior. All employee groups are affected by aerospace downsizing initiatives, but the extent that each group is affected depends on product lifecycles. Economic impacts of aerospace downsizing efforts are substantial, both to the individual and communities, but are somewhat less today than in past years. As with all downsizing industries, the challenges of the aerospace industry include maintaining technological competitiveness in the areas of product development and human resources.
Corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloys by tolyltriazole in chloride solutions
Authors: Önal A.N. , Aksüt A.A.
Published: April 2007

The effect of tolyltriazole (TTA) on the corrosion of Al‐Cu, Al‐Si‐Cu and Al‐Cu‐Fe alloys in HCl (pH = 0.5) and NaCl (pH = 6 and 11) respectively at 15○C, 25○C and 35○C has been studied by electrochemical methods. Corrosion potentials, corrosion rates, polarization resistances, inhibition efficiencies and activation energies have been determined. The results have shown that the inhibition efficiencies of TTA changed with pH and temperature. TTA has been adsorbed on the alloys to form Cu(I)‐TTA film. TTA was more efficient at pH = 0.5 and 6 than at pH = 11. Increasing the temperature from 15○C to 35○C decreased the inhibition effect of TTA.
The use of “grey system” analysis methodology for automated boiler water chemistry control in electric power plants
Authors: YuChun Li , Fang Zhang , ChangZhu Yang , WeiHua Bai
Published: April 2007

This paper considers the use and application of the “grey system” modelling methodology for the prediction and characterisation of boiler water R‐values in electric power generating plants. It has been confirmed that the GM (1,1) model can pinpoint precisely the properties of the water chemistry cycle. It is considered that the grey system methodology can strengthen significantly the effectiveness of system diagnosis, thereby enabling the development and application of automated water chemistry management systems in power plants.
Synergistic effect of corrosion inhibitor and inorganic coating on reinforcement corrosion
Authors: Batis G. , Pantazopoulou P. , Routoulas A.
Published: April 2007

Concrete surface coatings, either organic or inorganic, have long been used for the protection of reinforced concrete. The aim of the present work was to compare, in the presence of chloride ions, the performance of an acrylic emulsion and an inorganic coating, when the latter is or is not combined with an inorganic corrosion inhibitor. The behaviour of the inorganic coating was examined, as its use is increasing due to environmental reasons and it can be applied on concrete surfaces for the rehabilitation of old structures. Strain gauge (SG) technique, half‐cell potential measurements, mass loss and carbonation depth measurements, as well as chloride diffusion rate, revealed that the acrylic emulsion provides better protection for reinforcing steel in concrete than the inorganic coating. However, the combination of the inorganic coating with the corrosion inhibitor provides a higher level of protection against steel bar corrosion.
Inhibition of the hydrogen evolution reaction on nickel in acidic chloride solutions
Authors: Abd El Aal E.E. , Zakria W. , Diab A. , Abd El Haleem S.M.
Published: April 2007

The cathodic polarization of Ni in hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated using the galvanostatic technique. The rate of hydrogen evolution reaction was found to depend on the concentration and pH of the solution. The reaction order with respect to hydrogen ion was found to be one. The rise of temperature enhances the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction. The activation energy, \triangleH*, for such process was found to be 10kcal. mol‐1. The effect of aniline and some of its derivatives (o‐, m‐ and p‐anisidine) on the cathodic polarization of nickel in 1M HCl solution was also studied. These compounds were found to inhibit the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction without affect on its mechanism. The inhibition efficiency depended on the concentration and type of the inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency ranged between 73 and 92 per cent at the highest concentration (10‐2M), and ranged between 24 and 60 per cent at the lowest concentration (10‐4M). This corresponded to surface coverage of the metal by the inhibitor. The degrees of surface coverage, θ, were calculated and found to increase with the inhibitor concentration. The results show also that, the inhibitors were adsorbed on the nickel surface according to Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Corrosion behaviour of painted HSLA panels in chloride environment – a comparative study of different paints
Authors: Raman Mahato R. , Bhattamishra A.K. , Singh R. , Jayakrishnan P.
Published: April 2007

High strength low alloy steels have attained wide acceptance as structural materials. Research and development have led to different corrosion preventive methods. High strength low alloy (HSLA) of composition C(0.4%), Mn(0.7%), Si(0.25%). Cr(0.8%), Ni(1.7%) was selected for this study. Epoxy iron oxide, epoxy micaceous iron oxide (MIO), zinc‐rich epoxy and zinc ethyl silicate were used for painting the HSLA panels (150mm × 100mm × 3mm). Physical properties such as film thickness, specific gravity, viscosity, drying times of paints were evaluated and salt spray test, AC impedance and metallographic examination were carried out. Performance of zinc ethyl silicate coating over HSLA was found to be the best followed by epoxy micaceous iron oxide system.
Corrosion prevention in the Royal Air Force: there is no option
Authors: Hill K.W.M.
Published: April 2007

In the past, the RAF’s approach to corrosion was reactive: corrosion occurred, was identified and then rectified. Such a strategy is no longer acceptable, as corrosion rectification is costly both in terms of material and aircraft availability. More importantly, as escalating replacement costs force us to retain aircraft in service for ever‐longer periods, the threat posed to structural integrity by corrosion and repeated corrosion repairs can no longer be tolerated. Consequently, the RAF has had no option but to develop a policy of corrosion prevention. Aerospace Maintenance, Development and Support, part of Headquarters Royal Air Force Logistics Command, has therefore been actively involved with the evaluation and trialling of a range of important corrosion prevention techniques that are compatible with the RAF’s current stance. Aircraft washing and rinsing practices have been reviewed to confirm their effectiveness, and trials have shown that dehumidified air permeates readily through a full‐size airframe, reducing relative humidity and arresting the rate of corrosion. From our work we have concluded that effective washing should be supported, where possible, by freshwater rinsing, and, if a cost effective system can be developed, structural dehumidification should also be practised. Notwithstanding a policy of corrosion prevention, we know that we operate aircraft that have already accumulated corrosion damage which has to be located and recorded. Non‐destructive testing is employed widely, and the use of information derived from the process to populate structural databases is being explored. Additionally, we are involved with refining the methodologies associated with structural inspections to ensure the ongoing integrity of our ageing aircraft fleets.
Bimetallic tubing as an answer to process tubing corrosion
Authors: Tersmeden Knut
Published: April 2007

Outlines how bimetallic tubing can be used to prevent process tubing corrosion. Describes how Sandvik Steel has developed tubes which are used in an industrial urea plant.
Performance of duplex stainless steels in organic acids
Authors: Kangas Pasi , Newman Mark
Published: April 2007

Considers the advantages of highly alloyed stainless steel such as duplex stainless steels or nickel‐based alloys in highly corrosive environments. Looks at corrosion rates for alloys in acetic acid and presents results of tests on the influence of contaminants in the acid. Gives practical applications. Concludes that duplex stainless steels demonstrate higher corrosion resistance than austenitic stainless steels and are often comparable to nickel base alloys.
Drinking ice as a vector for gastrointestinal disease
Authors: Katherine Pawsey Rosa , Howard Pamela
Published: April 2007

Surveys confirm that ice can be a vector for gastrointestinal disease, its quality reflecting the water from which it was made. High levels of organisms which indicate hygiene failure, as well as faecal contamination and/or the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa or cryptosporidia have been found. While potable water is the minimum water quality required for ice production, good hygienic practices are needed for the production and handling of ice. Microbiological standards for ice have not yet been agreed in either Europe or in the UK, but the minima desirable are those required of potable water. Ice should not be consumed unless there is confidence in the hygiene of its production.
The use of the Internet as a critical success factor for the marketing of Welsh agri‐food SMEs in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Sparkes Adrian , Thomas Brychan
Published: April 2007

A major challenge facing Celtic Fringe agri‐food SMEs (in countries and regions of “Celtic” origin such as Wales, Ireland and Brittany) is how to sustain growth in a global market: a market that is being expanded via e‐commerce through the Internet to an international audience. This paper reports on a two‐stage survey undertaken by the Welsh Enterprise Institute initially involving a short questionnaire that measures current Welsh agri‐food SME usage of e‐commerce and promotion via the Internet. A selected follow up of respondents was undertaken utilising a more in‐depth questionnaire study of the management implications and critical success factors of those enterprises using the Internet. The paper concludes by arguing the need for appropriate support to be provided for Celtic Fringe, and specifically Welsh, agri‐food SMEs to make them aware of the importance of the adoption of e‐commerce as a critical success factor for their marketing in the twenty‐first century.
Issues of provision and “remoteness” in rural food retailing ‐ A case study of the southern Western Isles of Scotland
Authors: Byrom John , Medway Dominic , Warnaby Gary
Published: April 2007

Considers the topic of food retailing in rural areas, a subject that has been barely researched of late. This is achieved through a case study of the Uist chain in the southern Western Isles of Scotland. Although there has been previous work on food retailing in this area, this has largely been from a consumer‐led perspective. The research presented here takes a provider‐oriented approach, involving a census of retail businesses on the Uists and interviews with owner‐managers of food retail outlets. Specifically, the role of the customer base, logistics and supply, and legislative and economic issues are discussed. In conclusion, it is suggested that future research should concentrate on combining consumer‐ and provider‐led perspectives, investigate the role of effective management in small rural retail businesses, and assess whether such findings are generalisable to other rural areas.
Plant metabolic engineering: requirements for success
Authors: Dharmapuri Sridhar , Giuliano Giovanni
Published: April 2007

Considers the pre‐requisites for metabolic engineering (the redirection of enzymatic reactions to improve production or to mediate degradation of existing compounds and to promote production of new ones) in plants. Discusses recent successes in engineering increased production of beta‐carotene in a variety of food crops and suggests that the next stage for research development is in engineering complex metabolic pathways. Concludes that this will enhance humankind’s ability to turn plants into bio‐factories producing important compounds in a safe and sustainable manner.
Crop plant lineage pollution
Authors: Wilson Hugh D.
Published: April 2007

Focuses on the potential negative impact of released transgenic artifacts on the genetic diversity of wild plant populations. Expresses the view that crops and companion weeds evolve together through an on‐going exchange of genes and asserts that this leaves both crop and weed forms having the same, limited gene pool. Speculates that the insertion of a genetic modification that gives evolutionary advantage to a plant could transmit very easily to companion varieties and these would then be in a position to supplant wild, non‐companion types that are the source of genetic diversity for the entire species.
The need for genetically engineered food when enough is produced and unused
Authors: Datta Swapan K.
Published: April 2007

Argues that, although the global production of food may be sufficient to feed the world’s population, problems of poverty and distribution of food resources mean that hunger and malnutrition are still endemic in the developing world. In the face of these issues, the author suggests that biotechnology should be used to develop food crops whichoffer greater nutritional benefits so that the poorest people can obtain adequate nourishment from smaller quantities of food.
Healthy Food Products for Children:
Authors: Gelperowic Roseline , Beharrell Brian
Published: April 2007

Explores the relationship between mothers′ purchase of perceived healthy
foods, packaging characteristics, and the childrens “pester power” in
obtaining attractive or appealing packaging. The results suggest mothers
will not buy perceived healthy foods if the packaging is not acceptable.
Discusses packaging and marketing strategies.
East of Eden
Authors: McKee Francis
Published: April 2007

Considers the history of one fruit – the apple – and
one vegetable – the potato. Outlines the mythological, cultural
and social context in which attitudes to both of these have been shaped.
Demonstrates the relevance of these histories to the study of fruit and
vegetable consumption in lower income groups. Highlights the importance
of psychological factors in the choice of food, and of awareness of the
cultural context in which foods are consumed.
Genetic engineering and food: what determines consumer acceptance?
Authors: Frewer Lynn J. , Howard Chaya , Shepherd Richard
Published: April 2007

Presents experimental work which attempts to understand what
psychological mechanisms are likely to influence consumer acceptance of
genetically engineered food, and the relationship between consumer
attitudes towards the technology and consumer acceptance of its
products. Discusses the relationship between consumer risk perceptions
and consumer reactions; the influence of public knowledge and
understanding of the technology on attitudes; media impact; ethical
concern; and the importance of perceived need for the technology.
Concludes that the most important determinant of consumer acceptance of
genetic engineering in food technology is likely to be perceptions of
benefit resulting from application of the technology. Suggests that the
success of communication strategies is likely to depend on effective
provision of information regarding the tangible benefits of the
technology, although it is important that a dialogue be established
between communicators and the lay public, so that issues addressed
reflect the real concerns of the public.
Viewpoint: spilling the genes – what we should know about genetically engineered foods
Authors: Sheppard Julie
Published: April 2007

Observes that an indirect reason why genetically engineered food is viewed with suspicion is that recent serious food safety problems have undermined public confidence, both in the food industry and in government, making further “tampering” with food unwelcome. Challenges the assertion that genetic engineering is the answer to worldwide hunger and cites reasons to disbelieve it. Suggests that any advantages from genetic engineering are more likely to benefit the food industry, rather than consumers. Addresses the issues of potential new hazards, lack of clear labelling and the likelihood that impending European Union legislation will not control the producer‐driven development and increased used of genetically engineered enzymes, additives and food ingredients. Questions whether that which is technically feasible is necessarily desirable.
Culture and globalisation: a Latin American challenge
Authors: Granell Elena
Published: April 2007

Based on our research, observations and experience mainly in the Latin American region, this article will address four questions. First, what is the importance of globalisation as a pressure for change for different countries and regions? Second, why is organisational culture an increasingly strategic issue with a direct impact on the success or failure of global enterprises, alliances, privatisations, mergers and acquisitions? Third, is there a way to analyse cultural differences to reach cultural integration as a competitive advantage? Finally, what are the roles and competencies HRM professionals should concentrate on in order to manage cultural change and integration in their organisations?
Executive education – not a one‐time event
Authors: Kovach Robert
Published: April 2007

All too often, managers are deemed to “need training” and sent on courses, with the process assumed to be complete at the end of the course. This article argues that management education must be seen as an ongoing process rather than a discrete event. It presents a model for executive development and explains how to maintain learning within the workplace from day to day. It also suggests how to maintain the momentum and learning gained on an external training course when participants return to the workplace.
Process control? Isn’t that just for process engineers?
Authors: Matanle Ivor
Published: April 2007

Automated process control is vital to the efficiency, safety and profitability of dozens of industries, thousands of companies. Food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, petroleum, plastics and many more. Yet few non‐technical managers and even fewer process workers, other than production and process engineers, actually understand what it is and how it works. If they did know, many problems could be averted, unnecessary shutdowns avoided, risks to product quality eliminated (explanation). Industrial training tends to concentrate on job‐specific instruction and on key safety issues. A broader approach, including simplified understanding of how a plant works and is monitored, enables everybody to use common sense to recognise potential problems and avert actual downtime. So how do you train non‐engineers (or engineers of other disciplines) to understand process control? How do you tap the intelligence and experience of shopfloor staff to make the plant more efficient? This article explores training for process control, including the use of simulation and the design of training programmes, together with the benefits to be gained.
A genre analysis of scientific abstracts
Authors: Cross Cate , Oppenheim Charles
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the structure of a small number of abstracts that have appeared in the CABI database over a number of years, during which time the authorship of the abstracts changed from CABI editorial staff to journal article authors themselves. This paper reports a study of the semantic organisation and thematic structure of 12 abstracts from the field of protozoology in an effort to discover whether these abstracts followed generally agreed abstracting guidelines.

Design/methodology/approach

The method adopted was a move analysis of the text of the abstracts. This move analysis revealed a five‐move pattern: move 1 situates the research within the scientific community; move 2 introduces the research by either describing the main features of the research or presenting its purpose; move 3 describes the methodology; move 4 states the results; and move 5 draws conclusions or suggests practical applications.

Findings

Thematic analysis shows that scientific abstract authors thematise their subject by referring to the discourse domain or the “real” world. Not all of the abstracts succeeded in following the guideline advice. However, there was general consistency regarding semantic organisation and thematic structure.

Research limitations/implications

The research limitations were the small number of abstracts examined, from just one subject domain.

Practical limitations

The practical implications are the need for abstracting services to be clearer and more prescriptive regarding how they want abstracts to be structured as the lack of formal training in abstract writing increases the risk of subjectivity and verbosity and reduces clarity in scientific abstracts. Another implication of the research are that abstracting and indexing services must ensure that they maintain abstract quality if they introduce policies of accepting author abstracts. This is important as there is probably little formal training in abstract writing for science students at present. Recommendations for further research are made.

Originality/value

This paper reports a study of the semantic organisation and thematic structure of 12 abstracts from the field of protozoology.
Information technology applications in East Africa government‐owned university libraries
Authors: Mulimila R.T.
Published: April 2007

The information environment of a given society currently revolves around the ability to use and manipulate information technologies. This paper reviews the trend of information technology (IT) applications in East Africa government‐owned university libraries for the ten years 1987‐1997. By 1997, East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda) had only eight government‐owned university libraries. The trend of IT applications in those libraries was surveyed using a questionnaire and review of available literature. It was revealed that the extent of IT applications in those libraries from 1987‐1997 was very limited. By 1997, only one government‐owned university library in East Africa had automated its library catalogue and books circulation control. Financial resources and lack of trained manpower in IT remained the most critical obstacles in the application of information technology in East Africa government‐owned university libraries.
Scholarly communication and electronic journals: issues and prospects for academic and research libraries
Authors: Koteswara Rao Mamidi
Published: April 2007

The aim of this paper is to summarize the developments taking place in the scholarly communication system by reviewing the published literature on journal subscriptions, electronic publishing, electronic journals, Internet and changing information needs of researchers. It examines the role of different players in the scholarly communication process such as authors, commercial publishers, libraries, universities, and learned societies, their problems and efforts in meeting the new challenges brought in by the Internet. The study also explores the need for adopting electronic media for scholarly communication in place of printed journals considering the advantages such as accessibility, speed, cost and acceptance by the academic and research community. At the end it provides general guidance to authors, publishers and libraries to develop mechanisms for mutual benefit and foster the scholarly communication process in the new environment.
Deterrents to information service for community development
Authors: Uhegbu A.N.
Published: April 2007

Discusses the impediments to rural information services for community development in Nigeria. Highlights the nature and characteristics of a community as well as community information needs and services. Four components of community information were identified. They are information itself, the sender, the medium or channel of communication and the final consumer. Poor perception and deep‐seateded scepticism of the ruralities towards information, the deplorable state of rural roads, nonchalance of government officials, rivalry among the inhabitants of the communities were the major obstacles to community information service. Recommends, amongst other things, that traditional institutions and town development associations be effectively utilised to disseminate information to the people.
Keynote paper: Visions for fundamental change in libraries and librarianship for Asia Pacific
Authors: Cathro Warwick S.
Published: April 2007

Libraries and archival institutions are encountering unprecedented pressures for change, arising largely from the emergence of the World Wide Web. Discusses those challenges in the framework of the key imperatives of support for public education, contribution to cultural development, preservation of our heritage for posterity, and information management. As examples, libraries and archival institutions need to support flexible online learning services; support collaborative cross‐sectoral cultural programs; respond to the challenge of digital preservation and encourage a program of research and collaboration; manage traditional and digital collections in an integrated manner; manage text in different scripts in an integrated manner; and ensure persistent access to digital information resources.
J.M. Robertson (1856‐1933): a pioneer information scientist?
Authors: Maltby Arthur
Published: April 2007

Argues that the Victorian scholar, J.M. Robertson, through the approaches he took to analysis of Shakespeare’s literary style and mannerisms, contributed to the techniques of modern information science. In particular, Robertson had great skill in information retrieval, and a commitment to lifelong learning.
Guest editorial: business performance measurement and management
Authors: Bourne Mike
Published: April 2007

Presents a number of papers from the Performance Measurement Association conference held in July 2002. Reveals that all the papers investigate developments in the field of performance measurement and management since the Kaplan and Norton Balanced Scorecard was first introduced.
Strategy development: past, present and future
Authors: Feurer Rainer , Chaharbaghi Kazem
Published: April 2007

Aims to provide an overview of major work that has been carried out
in the area of strategy development in the past and outlines how it will
develop in the future. Presents an analysis of the term
“strategy”. Discusses the evolution of different conceptual
frameworks over time together with their impact on today′s understanding
of strategy formulation and implementation. Concludes by presenting the
requirements for a dynamic approach to strategy development together
with the way in which it can be realized.
Organizational choice and organizational change
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: April 2007

Follows on from and develops the arguments presented in an earlierManagement Decisionarticle ‐ “No such thing as ... a ‘one best way’ to manage organizational change” (Burnes, 1996a). Begins by examining Burnes’ (1996b) Choice Management ‐ Change Management model which, in particular, draws attention to the influence on the choices an organization makes of the context in which it operates. Then moves on to discuss Miles and Snow′s (1978) classification of organizations into four strategic types. From this, argues that the choices an organization makes, regarding what to change and how to change it, will be significantly influenced by its strategic type. Concludes by maintaining that, on the one hand, organizations can create a virtuous circle whereby they can influence or control the circumstances in which they operate through the changes they make and how they make them. However, on the other hand, organizations can find themselves in a vicious spiral of decline and stagnation through an inability to control their own destiny and inconsistent and unsuccessful approaches to change.
The manager’s guide to internal control: diary of a control freak
Authors: Spencer Pickett K.H.
Published: April 2007

Using the backdrop of an (apparently) extended visit to the West Indies, analogies with key concerns of internal audit are drawn. An unusual and refreshing way of exploring the main themes ‐ a discussion between Bill and Jack on tour in the islands ‐ forms the debate. Explores the concepts of control, necessary procedures, fraud and corruption, supporting systems, creativity and chaos, and building a corporate control facility.
Factors affecting what we eat
Authors: Blades Mabel
Published: April 2007

The article provides a brief overview of the influences on what people eat. It also briefly details the socio‐cultural groups used by researchers. Initiatives to improve the dietary intake of groups are discussed.
A study into the measurement of α‐amylase activity using phadebas, iodine and gel‐diffusion procedures
Authors: Clem J. Maidment D. , Ringham Jo M.
Published: April 2007

The α‐amylase activity of ten human saliva samples was measured using phadebas, iodine and gel‐diffusion procedures. Highly significant correlations (p = 0.001) were found between the results of the three methods, namely phadebas and iodine r = –0.907, phadebas and gel diffusion r = +0.928, and iodine and gel diffusion r = –0.948. The suitability of the three methods for use in an educational context is discussed.
New Technologies in Food Preservation and Processing: Part III
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: April 2007

The exploitation of new technologies and effective technology transfer
are vital ingredients for the long‐term competitiveness of all
organizations. When referring to developments in food technologies, the
use of the term “newrdquo; will mainly be in the context of new to the
user rather than new to science. This final part highlights developments
in emerging technologies and discusses the implications of electric
field and intense light treatments together with novel slicing
techniques with regard to their potential for food processing in the
next century.
Factors Influencing Food Choice among Ethnic Minority Adolescents
Authors: Sheikh Nasira , Thomas Jane
Published: April 2007

The Asian diet has been implicated in a number of diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), non‐insulin dependent diabetes myelitis (NIDDM), rickets and anaemia. It has also been established that chronic diseases such as CHD and cancer, which have a long lag phase before symptoms appear, are also significant to young people, as their dietary patterns over the years can influence the onset of these diseases. Argues that research on the diet of the young cannot exclude the psychological and cultural factors involved in the motives behind food choice decision‐making processes, for any health education programme to be effective.
Food on the Internet
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: April 2007

Introduces the Internet by way of a brief history of its
development and an outline of such areas of interest as: electronic
shopping; food, wine and cookery information; educational and advice
services on nutritional matters, including forums for individuals to
access information and even doctors to consult on health matters; and
nutrition‐related software available on the Internet. Advises on
practical difficulties new net users may encounter (e.g. software
relevance and compatibility), and briefly reviews five recent books
designed for novice net users.
Retailing ‐ getting it right
Authors: Jamieson Brenda
Published: April 2007

Discusses the approach to retailing taken by J. Sainsbury plc. Notes the importance of taking into account factors such as changes in consumer attitudes and demographic changes. Provides details of systems used by J. Sainsbury to reduce checkout queues and improve ordering, delivery and shelving of goods. Mentions the importance of Sainsbury own‐brand products and the role of guaranteeing quality in retaining customer loyalty. Examines logistical factors related to efficient ordering of goods. Finally, looks towards the future for retailing and stresses the importance of retailers understanding the needs of customers in terms of both goods and services.
You know it makes SENSE!
Authors: Ashwell Margaret
Published: April 2007

Summarises the reasons behind the formation of a network and support group for self‐employed nutritionists (SENSE). Discusses the pros and cons of self‐employment, and shows how the formation of SENSE is one way in which a con can be turned into a pro. Gives points of contact for potential members and users of the services that SENSE members offer.
Response to different oxidation inhibitors for industrial lube base stocks
Authors: Eklund M.
Published: April 2007

The response to antioxidants of different types (aminic, phenolic and sulphur‐based) has been evaluated for three base stocks intended for industrial lube production: a paraffinic solvent neutral, a hydrotreated naphthenic, and a naphthenic technical white oil. Furthermore, three different oxidation test methods were used: IP 280, DSC (in‐house), and ASTM D 1934 (open beaker). A statistical experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of the different inhibitors. For the naphthenic base stocks tested, the higher degree of refining, the better response to oxidation inhibitors. Since the test methods differ in severity, different inhibitors will be those giving the best effects in different tests. Severe tests require peroxide‐destroying inhibitors, while aminic or phenolic inhibitors show effects in milder tests. High oxidation stability can be achieved for various types of base stocks, naphthenic as well as paraffinic, if the right inhibitor system is chosen.