bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Author Correction: TGF-β induces miR-100 and miR-125b but blocks let-7a through LIN28B controlling PDAC progression
Authors: Ottaviani Silvia , Stebbing Justin , Frampton Adam E. , Zagorac Sladjana , Krell Jonathan , de Giorgio Alexander , Trabulo Sara M. , Nguyen Van T. M. , Magnani Luca , Feng Hugang , Giovannetti Elisa , Funel Niccola , Gress Thomas M. , Jiao Long R. , Lombardo Ylenia , Lemoine Nicholas R. , Heeschen Christopher , Castellano Leandro
Published: August 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Linear discriminant analysis based predator-prey analysis of hot electron effects on the X-pinch plasma produced K-shell Aluminum spectra
Authors: Yilmaz Mehmet Fatih , Danisman Yusuf , Larour Jean , Arantchouk Leonid
Published: August 2019

In this study, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is applied to investigate the electron beam effects on the X-pinch produced K-shell Aluminum plasma. The radiating plasma is produced by the explosion of two 25-μm Al wires on a compact L-C (40 kV, 200 kA and 200 ns) generator, and the time integrated spectra are recorded using de Broglie spectrographs. The ion and electron oscillations of K-shell Al plasma are extracted using LDA of spectral database of non-LTE K-shell Al model. A three dimensional representation of LDA shows that the presence of electron beam exhibits outward spirals of Langmuir turbulence and the center region of the spirals recieves lower electron temperatures of 50–100 eV. These spirals then are modeled by logistic growth of predator-prey model. This modeling suggests that the ions (LD1: most dominant eigenvector of LDA) and electrons (LD2: second most dominant eigenvector of LDA) represent the predators and preys, respectively. Besides, addition of electron beams transforms evanescent oscillations to the standing ones.
An on-board 2G HTS magnets system with cooling-power-free and persistent-current operation for ultrahigh speed superconducting maglevs
Authors: Dong Fangliang , Huang Zhen , Hao Luning , Xu Xiaoyong , Jin Zhijian , Shao Nan
Published: August 2019

Introduction of superconductor to magnetic levitation (maglev) trains greatly enhances the performances compared to those of normal conductor maglevs, e.g. from 430 km/h of the Transrapid (in Shanghai) to 603 km/h of the L0 Series in Japan. However, one of the important constraints on development of superconducting maglevs is limited wireless feeding power for on-board superconducting magnets and cryogenic cooling. In this paper, a persistent-current superconducting magnets system with solid nitrogen (SN2) cooling preservation is proposed for liberation of its demanding on-board power feeding requirement. The magnets are optimally designed with no-insulation technique guaranteeing a safe operation with magnetic field over 0.8 T. Lasting time of persistent current (at 96.5% magnetic field retained) and SN2 cooling preservation (up to 40 K) is all >9 h, covering a maglev traveling distance of >5400 km at average designed speed of >600 km/h. The magnets have anti-vibration ability of 15 g (147 m/s2) up to 350 Hz, which has covered the vibratory motion range in maglevs. This work is intended to provide a reference for superconducting maglev developments.
Nanoemulsions Enhance in vitro Transpapillary Diffusion of Model Fluorescent Dye Nile Red
Authors: Kurtz Samantha L. , Lawson Louise B.
Published: August 2019

While the feasibility of transpapillary drug delivery has previously been established, localized transport via the mammary ducts may be improved with tailored drug delivery formulations. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of nanoemulsion encapsulation on transpapillary delivery in vitro. Nanoemulsion formulations composed of isopropyl myristate and Tween 80 encapsulating a fluorescent dye were applied topically on porcine nipples using a Franz diffusion cell. A combination of dye extraction and fluorescence image analysis was used to quantify the total amount of dye retained within the nipple and to characterize the penetration routes. After diffusion for 6 hours, the amount of dye deposited in the nipple was proportional to the formulation’s water concentration. The 90% water formulation deposited significantly more dye via both the stratum corneum and mammary ducts, while the 80% and 70% water formulations moderately increased ductal penetration, but minimally altered stratum corneum penetration as compared to the control solution. Similar trends were found after diffusion for 48 hours; however, the overall impact was diminished, likely due to the nanoemulsion’s topical instability. This study indicates that drug delivery vehicles, nanoemulsions specifically, enhance delivery of encapsulated molecules via the stratum corneum and mammary ducts in a formulation-dependent basis.
An integrated transcriptomic analysis of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: He Yi , Zhou Yuan , Ma Wei , Wang Juan
Published: August 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not a single disease but a set of disorders. To find clues of ASD pathogenesis in transcriptomic data, we performed an integrated transcriptomic analysis of ASD. After screening based on several standards in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we obtained 11 series of transcriptomic data of different human tissues of ASD patients and healthy controls. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that datasets from the same tissue had bigger similarity than from different tissues. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that differential expressed genes were significantly enriched in inflammation/immune response, mitochondrion-related function and oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, genes enriched in inflammation/immune response were up-regulated in the brain tissues and down-regulated in the blood. In addition, drug prediction provided several compounds which might reverse gene expression profiles of ASD patients. And we also replicated the methods and criteria of transcriptomic analysis with datasets of ASD animal models and healthy controls, the results from animal models consolidated the results of transcriptomic analysis of ASD human tissues. In general, the results of our study may provide researchers a new sight of understanding the etiology of ASD and clinicians the possibilities of developing medical therapies.
Discrete image recovery via stochastic resonance in optically induced photonic lattices
Authors: Zhang Yongbin , Liu Hongjun , Huang Nan , Wang Zhaolu
Published: August 2019

We demonstrate numerically the discrete image recovery via stochastic resonance in optically induced photonic lattices. The underlying signals are regularly reinforced at the expense of scattering noise with the interplay of the periodic potentials and the self-focusing nonlinearity. We founded that the energy redistribution tends to be periodic and the signal reinforcement is promoted with the help of periodic potentials. The lattice intensity levels, applied voltages, and correlation lengths are important parameters to influence the recovery effects. The dynamic nonlinear evolution including intensity and power spectrum is modeled according to the two-dimensional quasi-particle motion model. Our results suggest a potential technology to detect the noisy images.
The undeveloped properties of GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area promote energy intake for growth in juvenile rats
Authors: Maejima Yuko , Yokota Shoko , Horita Shoichiro , Shimomura Kenju
Published: August 2019

Juvenile animals show higher energy intake (EI) per body weight (BW) to meet the energy requirements for growth. However, the underlying mechanisms that induce high EI/BW in juvenile animals remain unknown. The EI from a control diet (CD) and high fat diet (HFD), as well as BW changes were compared between juvenile (3 weeks old) and adult (8 weeks old) rats. BW gain and EI were increased in the HFD-fed adult rats compared to the CD-fed adult rats. However, in the juvenile rats, there were no differences in BW gain and EI between the CD-fed and HFD-fed groups. The locomotor activity was significantly increased in HFD group compared with the CD group in juvenile, but not in adult rats. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the VTA were found to remain undeveloped with less GABAergic input into dopamine neurons in the juvenile rats. The deletion of the VTA GABA neurons in the adult rats significantly increased CD consumption, but showed almost no change in HFD consumption. These data suggest that undeveloped properties of VTA GABA neurons in juvenile rats can promote higher EI regardless of high or less palatable feeding, and contribute to growth promotion.
Synthesis of MgAC-Fe3O4/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites via sol-gel chemistry for water treatment by photo-Fenton and photocatalytic reactions
Authors: Bui Vu Khac Hoang , Park Duckshin , Pham Tuyet Nhung , An Yejin , Choi Jin Seok , Lee Hyun Uk , Kwon Oh-Hyeok , Moon Ju-Young , Kim Ki-Tae , Lee Young-Chul
Published: August 2019

MgAC-Fe3O4/TiO2hybrid nanocomposites were synthesized in different ratios of MgAC-Fe3O4and TiO2precursor. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), electron spin resonance spectrometry (ESR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), photoluminescence (PL), and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were used to characterize the nanocomposites. The increase of MgAC-Fe3O4, in the hybrid nanocomposites’ core-shell structure, led to the decrease of anatase TiO2peaks, thus reducing the photo-Fenton and photocatalytic activities. According to the obtained data, MgAC-Fe3O4[0.05 g]/TiO2showed the best photo-Fenton and photocatalytic activities, having removed ~93% of MB (photo-Fenton reaction) and ~80% of phenol (photocatalytic reaction) after 20 and 80 mins, respectively. On the pilot scale (30 L), MgAC-Fe3O4[0.05 g]/TiO2was completely removed after 27 and 30 hours by the photo-Fenton and photocatalytic activities, respectively. The synergistic effect gained from the combined photo-Fenton and photocatalytic activities of Fe3O4and TiO2, respectively, was credited for the performances of the MgAC-Fe3O4/TiO2hybrid nanocomposites.
Compression-induced expression of glycolysis genes in CAFs correlates with EMT and angiogenesis gene expression in breast cancer
Authors: Kim Baek Gil , Sung Jin Sol , Jang Yeonsue , Cha Yoon Jin , Kang Suki , Han Hyun Ho , Lee Joo Hyun , Cho Nam Hoon
Published: August 2019

Tumor growth increases compressive stress within a tissue, which is associated with solid tumor progression. However, very little is known about how compressive stress contributes to tumor progression. Here, we show that compressive stress induces glycolysis in human breast cancer associated fibroblast (CAF) cells and thereby contributes to the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal (EMT)- and angiogenesis-related genes in breast cancer cells. Lactate production was increased in compressed CAF cells, in a manner dependent on the expression of metabolic genes ENO2, HK2, and PFKFB3. Conditioned medium from compressed CAFs promoted the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the expression of EMT and/or angiogenesis-related genes. In patient tissues with high compressive stress, the expression of compression-induced metabolic genes was significantly and positively correlated with EMT and/or angiogenesis-related gene expression and metastasis size. These findings illustrate a mechanotransduction pathway involving stromal glycolysis that may be relevant also for other solid tumours.
Photoaging in Far East Populations
Authors: Cho Soyun , Chung Jin Ho
Published: August 2019

“Far East” populations refer to the people of China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan. The primary difference between photoaging in the Caucasian and Far East Asian skin is attributed to the higher protection conferred by more epidermal melanin in the latter population. Studies have shown that facial wrinkle onset in Asian women is delayed by approximately 10 years compared to Caucasians, appearing around 50 years of age. Melanin acts as a double-edged sword, however. Usually the first sign of photoaging in these populations is pigmented spots. Common pigmentary changes in photoaged Asian skin include solar lentigine, melasma, mottled pigmentation, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, seborrheic keratosis and idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Asian skin is especially susceptible to UVA-induced pigmentation. Wrinkling is also a prominent feature of photodamage, and a significant correlation is found between wrinkles and dyspigmentation in both men and women. Cigarette smoking and sun exposure have multiplicative effects on wrinkling in Asians as well, and women tend to have more severe wrinkles than men, partially attributed to postmenopausal hypoestrogenism.
Collagen Damage Induced by Chronic Exposure to Sunlight
Authors: Rittié Laure
Published: August 2019

Because of its lack of a protective fur, human skin is readily susceptible to external elements, including ultraviolet radiations from sunlight. In fair-skinned and mildly pigmented individuals, ultraviolet radiations have severe damaging effects: they are responsible for premature aging of the skin (photoaging) and for tumorigenesis. This chapter details our current knowledge of how ultraviolet radiations affect the dermis (the nutritional and supportive layer of the skin) and, particularly, its collagen network. Dermal collagen provides strength and resiliency to the skin and is an important substrate for cell migration during wound repair. Altered collagen structure is a hallmark of aged dermis that can no longer exert its supportive function. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which ultraviolet light-induced signaling cascades transiently affect collagen homeostasis, we detail our understanding of how repeated exposure to sunlight leads to a sustained presence of damaged collagen fibers, and we explain why photoaging should be viewed as a self-sustained process. In all, we highlight many molecular targets to be considered by scientists aiming to restore the structure and function of photoaged skin.
Photoprotection in the Prevention of Photodamage and Cutaneous Cancer
Authors: Momen Sophie , Sarkany Robert
Published: August 2019

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure, from the sun and sunbeds, is the main cause of skin cancer and the only cause of photoaging. Photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours decreasing UV exposure by a wide range of means. The tools for photoprotection, especially sunscreens, have improved dramatically over recent years. There is limited evidence that photoprotection with sunscreen protects against skin cancer. Major barriers to good photoprotection remain, because photoprotection involves a complex set of behaviours, which are crucially dependent on psychosocial and societal factors.
A surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoelectrochemical immunoassay based on perovskite metal oxide@gold nanoparticle heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Lijia , Luo Zhongbin , Su Lingshan , Tang Dianping
Published: August 2019

A visible light-driven photoelectrochemical immunoassay was designed for PSA detection by using perovskite metal oxide@gold nanoparticle heterostructures.
Blurring the line between addenda and heteroatoms in a giant polyoxotungstotellurite
Authors: Liu Jin-Xiu , Izarova Natalya V. , Kögerler Paul
Published: August 2019

An unusually high tellurium content in [H4TeIV48WVI78O372]80− leads to Te centers assuming both the traditional heteroatom as well as the addenda functionalities.
Methane functionalization in water with micellar catalysis
Authors: Gava Riccardo , Ballestín Pilar , Prieto Auxiliadora , Caballero Ana , Pérez Pedro J.
Published: August 2019

The functionalization of methane in water at room temperature has been achieved in a transformation that takes place inside micelles formed in situ with surfactants.
The sunlight-driven photosalient effect of a 1D coordination polymer and the release of an elusive cyclobutane derivative
Authors: Dutta Basudeb , Sinha Chittaranjan , Mir Mohammad Hedayetullah
Published: August 2019

A 1D coordination polymer exhibits photosalient effect due to photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction by UV as well as sunlight irradiation accompanied by the release of free cyclobutane ligand.
Ballistic transport simulation of acceptor–donor C3N/C3B double-wall hetero-nanotube field effect transistors
Authors: Zhao Jianwei , Cheng Na , He Yuanyuan
Published: August 2019

The one-dimensional (1D) acceptor–donor (A–D) hetero-nanotube (HNT) has attracted much attention as a potential candidate for a channel structure of next-generation field effect transistors (FETs).
Direct electrospinning of titania nanofibers with ethanol
Authors: Chapman Brian S. , Mishra Sumeet R. , Tracy Joseph B.
Published: August 2019

TiO2 nanofibers with average diameters of ∼70 nm were prepared by direct electrospinning.
Effect of microbial transglutaminase cross-linking on the quality characteristics and potential allergenicity of tofu
Authors: Zhu Jierui , Deng Han , Yang Anshu , Wu Zhihua , Li Xin , Tong Ping , Chen Hongbing
Published: August 2019

This paper investigated the effect of MTGase cross-linking on the structure of soymilk protein and the improvement of physicochemical properties, digestibility and potential allergenicity of traditional tofu.
Electrochemical oxidative annulation of amines and aldehydes or ketones to synthesize polysubstituted pyrroles
Authors: Gao Xinlong , Wang Pan , Wang Qingqing , Chen Jingting , Lei Aiwen
Published: August 2019

A general and practical protocol to synthesize polysubstituted pyrroles has been established by electrooxidative annulation of amines and aldehydes or ketones.
Metabolic response to Parkinson's disease recapitulated by the haploinsufficient diploid yeast cells hemizygous for the adrenodoxin reductase gene
Authors: Dikicioglu Duygu , Coxon James W. M. T. , Oliver Stephen G.
Published: August 2019

ARH1-impaired yeast reorganises iron assimilation and tyrosine biosynthesis, suggesting its potential as early-stage Parkinson's disease model, since patient metabolic responses implicate interconnection between these pathways.
Mutant L-chain ferritins that cause neuroferritinopathy alter ferritin functionality and iron permeability
Authors: McNally Justin R , Mehlenbacher Matthew R , Luscieti Sara , Smith Gideon L , Reutovich Aliaksandra A , Maura Poli , Arosio Paolo , Bou-Abdallah Fadi
Published: August 2019

In mammals, the iron storage and detoxification protein ferritin is composed of two functionally and genetically distinct subunit types, H (heavy) and L (light). The two subunits co-assemble in various ratios, with a tissue specific distribution, to form shell-like protein structures of 24 subunits within which a mineralized iron core is stored. The H-subunits possess ferroxidase centers that catalyze the rapid oxidation of ferrous ions, whereas the L-subunit does not have such centers and is believed to play an important role in electron transfer reactions that occur during the uptake and release of iron. Pathogenic mutations on the L-chain lead to neuroferritinopathy, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of ferritin inclusion bodies and iron in the central nervous system. Here, we have characterized the thermal stability, iron loading capacity, iron uptake, and iron release properties of ferritin heteropolymers carrying the three pathogenic L-ferritin mutants (L154fs, L167fs, and L148fs, which for simplicity we named Ln1, Ln2 and Ln3, respectively), and a non-pathogenic variant (L135P) bearing a single substitution on the 3-fold axes of L-subunits. The UV-Vis data show a similar iron loading capacity (ranging between 1800 to 2400 Fe(iii)/shell) for all ferritin samples examined in this study, with Ln2 holding the least amount of iron (i.e. 1800 Fe(iii)/shell). The three pathogenic L-ferritin mutants revealed higher rates of iron oxidation and iron release, suggesting that a few mutated L-chains on the heteropolymer have a significant effect on iron permeability through the ferritin shell. DSC thermograms showed a strong destabilization effect, the severity of which depends on the location of the frameshift mutations (i.e. wt heteropolymer ferritin ≅ homopolymer H-chain > L135P > Ln2 > Ln1 > Ln3). Variant L135P had only minor effects on the protein functionality and stability, suggesting that local melting of the 3-fold axes in this variant may not be responsible for neuroferritinopathy-like disorders. The data support the hypothesis that hereditary neuroferritinopathies are due to alterations of ferritin functionality and lower physical stability which correlate with the frameshifts introduced at the C-terminal sequence and explain the dominant transmission of the disorder.
Enabling sequential rupture for lowering atomistic ice adhesion
Authors: Xiao Senbo , Skallerud Bjørn Helge , Wang Feng , Zhang Zhiliang , He Jianying
Published: August 2019

Embedding the intrinsic sequential rupture mode into surfaces as an interfacial mechanical function can lead to low atomistic ice adhesion strength.
One body, two hands: photocatalytic function- and Fenton effect-integrated light-driven micromotors for pollutant degradation
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Dong Renfeng , Yang Qianxian , Wu Huiying , Bi Zijun , Liang Qiying , Wang Qinglong , Wang Chun , Mei Yongfeng , Cai Yuepeng
Published: August 2019

Highly efficient light-driven TiO2-Fe micromotors integrated both photocatalysis and photo-Fenton processes for efficiently degrading organic pollutants in contaminated water.
Nanocellulose/bioactive glass cryogels as scaffolds for bone regeneration
Authors: Ferreira Filipe V. , Souza Lucas P. , Martins Thais M. M. , Lopes João H. , Mattos Bruno D. , Mariano Marcos , Pinheiro Ivanei F. , Valverde Thalita M. , Livi Sébastien , Camilli José A. , Goes Alfredo M. , Gouveia Rubia F. , Lona Liliane M. F. , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: August 2019

Cellulose nanofibrils and bioactive glass are assembled into a porous network and used as scaffold for bone regeneration. The obtained organic–inorganic composite material optimally combine the necessary features for in vivo bone repair.
Consequences of isolated critical monomer sequence errors for the hydrolysis behaviors of sequenced degradable polyesters
Authors: Nowalk Jamie A. , Swisher Jordan H. , Meyer Tara Y.
Published: August 2019

Despite the known sensitivity to sequence mutations of biological polymers, little is known about the effects of errors in sequenced synthetic copolymers.
The effect of steric repulsion between highly branched hydrophilic blocks on inverse cubic mesophase formation in block copolymers
Authors: Sun Yulin , Kim Jiwon , Kim Kyoung Taek
Published: August 2019

The solution-based self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) into nanoparticulate or microparticulate inverse cubic mesophases, or polymer cubosomes, is of growing interest.
Exploring prospective chemistry teachers’ perceptions of precipitation, conception of precipitation reactions and visualization of the sub-microscopic level of precipitation reactions
Authors: Nakiboğlu Canan , Nakiboğlu Nuri
Published: August 2019

In this study, how prospective chemistry teachers (PCTs) perceive precipitation and conceptualize precipitation reactions at the symbolic level was explored. Further, it was of interest to identify PCTs’ visualization of the sub-microscopic level of precipitation reactions. The sample was drawn from the Chemistry Education Department at the Education Faculty of a Turkish Public University. A total of 46 PCTs (10 in the 4th semester, 15 in the 6th semester, and 21 in the 8th semester) participated in the study. The data were collected using an instrument with three open-ended questions developed by the authors and with interviews. It was revealed that the PCTs thought about precipitation in qualitatively different ways depending on their practices of phenomena. The PCTs’ perceptions of precipitation were grouped into three issues coded as (1) reacting two salt solutions, (2) undissolved solid and (3) residue. It was found that half of the PCTs (24 of the 46 PCTs) did not use state symbols when writing the precipitation equations and more than half of them included the molecular dissolution features in their drawings. It was suggested that instruction should be to address incorporating a relation between the sub-microscopic, symbolic and macroscopic levels by using the animations.
Calamitic and discotic liquid crystalline phases for mesogens with triangular cores
Authors: Szydłowska Jadwiga , Krówczyński Adam , Górecka Ewa , Pociecha Damian
Published: August 2019

Mesogenic compounds having new triangular mesogenic cores containing salicylaldimine and enaminocarbonyl or barbituric moieties have been synthesized and their liquid crystalline, dielectric and optical properties have been studied.
Stress-driven cell extrusion can maintain homeostatic cell density in response to overcrowding
Authors: Liu Yang , Xu Guang-Kui , Zhang Li-Yuan , Gao Huajian
Published: August 2019

When compressed, the epithelial monolayer can maintain a constant cell density and an optimal stress level by cell extrusion. The maximal principal stress of the extruding cell is much higher than its neighbors, which is termed stress singularity.
Extracellular regulated kinase 5 mediates osteoporosis through modulating viability and apoptosis of osteoblasts in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Guo Tuan-Mao , Xing Yan-Li , Zhu Hai-Yun , Yang Lan , Liu Guo-Xiong , Qiao Xi-Min
Published: August 2019

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a common condition characterized by the increase and activation of osteoclasts. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5 (ERK-5) on postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating the biological behaviors of osteoblasts. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were ovariectomized to develop an osteoporosis model. A lentivirus packaging system was employed to generate lentiviruses capable of up- or down-regulating the expression of ERK-5 in ovariectomized rats. The femoral biomechanical properties, bone mineral density (BMD), contents of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone turnover markers in rats, as well as viability, cycle and apoptosis of osteoblasts and ALP activity in osteoblasts were measured in the ovariectomized rats so as to explore the functional significance of ERK-5 in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The femoral mechanical strength of ovariectomized rats was enhanced by overexpression of ERK-5. Meanwhile femoral BMD, and bone metabolism were increased, and bone turnover normalized in the ovariectomized rats when ERK-5 was overexpressed. Lentivirus-mediated ERK-5 overexpression in osteoblasts was observed to inhibit osteoblast apoptosis, and promote viability, accompanied with increased ALP activity. Taken together, ERK-5 could decelerate osteoblast apoptosis and improve postmenopausal osteoporosis by increasing osteoblast viability. Thus, our study provides further understanding on a promising therapeutic target for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Synovium-derived stromal cell-induced osteoclastogenesis: a potential osteoarthritis trigger
Authors: Dicarlo Manuela , Teti Gabriella , Cerqueni Giorgia , Iezzi Iolanda , Gigante Antonio , Falconi Mirella , Mattioli-Belmonte Monica
Published: August 2019

Purpose: To shed light on the idea that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) recruited in synovium (SM) (i.e. Synovium-Derived Stromal Cells, SDSCs) could be involved in Osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology. Attention was also paid to a further stromal cell type with a peculiar ultrastructure called telocytes (TCs), whose role is far from clarified. Methods: In the present in vitro study, we compared SDSCs isolated from healthy and OA subjects in terms of phenotype, morphology and differentiation potential as well as in their capability to activate normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses were integrated by qRT-PCR and functional resorbing assays. Results: Our data demonstrated that both SDSC populations stimulated the formation of osteoclasts from PBMCs: the osteoclast-like cells generated by healthy-SDSCs via transwell co-cultures were inactive, while OA-derived SDSCs have a much greater effectiveness. Moreover, the presence of TCs was more evident in cultures obtained from OA subjects and suggests a possible involvement of these cells in OA. Conclusions: Osteoclastogenic differentiation capability of PBMCs from OA subjects, also induced by B synoviocytes has been already documented. Here we hypothesized that SDSCs, generally considered for their regenerative potential in cartilage lesions, have also a role in the onset/maintenance of OA. Clinical relevance: Our observations may represent an interesting opportunity for the development of a holistic approach for OA treatment, that considers the multifaceted capability of MSCs in relation to the environment.
Coupled autotransformer and magnetic‐control soft‐start method for super‐large‐capacity high‐voltage motors
Authors: Yuan Jiaxin , Wang Chuansheng , Yin Shan , Wei Liangliang , Muramatsu Kazuhiro , Chen Baichao
Published: August 2019

The large current generated by a direct start of the super‐large‐capacity high‐voltage induction motor would have a huge impact on the power grid as well as the motor itself. Traditional soft starters have the shortcomings of discontinuous adjustment, voltage sags, sudden torque mutation, secondary current impact and high cost. To resolve this issue, the authors propose a novel coupled autotransformer and magnetic‐control (CATMC) soft‐start method. The structure of the new CATMC soft starter combines the functions of the autotransformer and magnetic control reactor via an innovative electric and magnetic circuit design. In this study, the authors analyse the magnetic circuit structure and working principles of the CATMC soft starter. Then, to validate its principle and performance, the authors conduct a simulation study using ANSYS software and design and test an 18 MW/10 kV CATMC soft starter prototype. The simulation results demonstrate that the CATMC soft starter effectively avoids secondary current impact and constrains the motor starting current to <2.5 times the rated current. The public connection point bus voltage also meets the voltage sag requirement of the IEEE standard and reduces the impact on the power grid.
Method of inter‐turn fault detection for next‐generation smart transformers based on deep learning algorithm
Authors: Duan Lian , Hu Jun , Zhao Gen , Chen Kunjin , Wang Shan X. , He Jinliang
Published: August 2019

In this study, an inter‐turn fault diagnosis method is proposed based on deep learning algorithm. 12‐channel data is obtained in MATLAB/Simulink as the time‐domain monitoring signals and labelled with 16 different fault tags, including both primary and secondary voltage and current waveforms. An auto‐encoder is presented to classify the fault type of the abundant and comprehensive fault waveforms. The overall waveforms compose a two‐dimension data matrix and the auto‐encoder is trained to extract the features in the multi‐channel waveforms. The selected features are convoluted with the original data, generating a one‐dimensional vector as the input to the softmax classifier. Variables such as type, activation function and depth of auto‐encoder, sparsity of sparse auto‐encoder, number of features and pooling strategies are studied, which gives an intuitive process to train a proper learning model. The overall recognition accuracy reaches 99.5%. Signal characteristics such as channel selection, time span of the input signal and signal sampling frequency are studied to find the best solution for the inter‐turn fault detection of the three‐phase transformer. The proposed method under deep learning framework increases the accuracy and robustness in transformer fault diagnosis, indicating its potential and prospect in the next‐generation smart transformers.
Adaptive AC autoreclosing scheme in MMC‐based hybrid AC/DC transmission
Authors: Wang Ting , Song Guobing , Hussain Kazmi Sayed Tassawar
Published: August 2019

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is widely used in hybrid AC/DC power transmission system. Strong control capability of MMC provides a new way of the adaptive autoreclosing scheme in such systems to enhance the power supply reliability and system stability. A novel fault identification method is proposed in this study. It is based on characteristic signal injection utilising the control strategy of MMC and line coupling features. A characteristic signal from MMC can be injected to healthy lines which in turn induce characteristic signal to the faulty phase/line. Induced signals have different performances under normal or fault conditions. The proposed method is independent of electrical characteristics of recovery voltage and secondary arc, and multiple independent injections could be implemented. Finally, the adaptive autoreclosing scheme based on injection method is proposed. Simulation studies are carried out under the single line to ground and symmetrical faults, which strongly verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Coordinating dynamic network reconfiguration with ANM in active distribution network optimisation considering system structure security evaluation
Authors: Li Chao , Miao Shihong , Li Yaowang , Zhang Di , Ye Chang , Liu Ziwen , Li Lixing
Published: August 2019

The growing penetration of renewable energy resources in distribution networks demands for more active management tools. As a new controllable resource, dynamic network reconfiguration (DNR) can improve the flexibility of active distribution network, and in turn decreasing the operation cost of the distribution network and mitigating renewable distributed generation (RDG) curtailment. In this study, an optimisation model coordinating DNR with active network management (ANM) strategies is established, and the system structure security is evaluated. Considering the coordination of scheduling resources such as DNR switches, RDG active/reactive outputs, demand response and static var compensator, the model aims to minimise the comprehensive operation cost of distribution network and improve the consumption rate of RDG while satisfying the distribution network operation constraints. The model transformation method based on the second‐order cone relaxation and variable substitution linearisation is proposed, and the original no‐convex optimisation model is transformed into the mixed‐integer second‐order cone programming problem. Finally, the extended IEEE 33‐node distribution network is utilised to conduct simulation calculation, and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed model and its transformation method.
Distribution grid response monitor
Authors: Gao Ziran , Mao Daijiafan , Wang Jiankang
Published: August 2019

The fast‐growing penetration of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEV) will become a primary challenge to the reliability of the power distribution grid (below 69 kV). The impulsive charging characteristics of PEV could accelerate grid assets’ depreciation and deteriorate power quality by instantaneously drawing massive power. This study introduces a software prototype, distribution grid response monitor (DGROM), which allows for assessment of PEV's dynamic impact on the distribution power system and predicts the range of the charging impact on asset depreciation. Distinct from related studies, DGROM allows for customised inputs (e.g. driving habits, charging stations, and PEV types) in PEV's impact analysis and visualises the results. Furthermore, by deploying an optimistic mitigation algorithm, DGROM forecasts the upper and lower bound of the distribution system response under PEV penetration. The authors describe the mathematical model and analysis methods of DGROM and demonstrate its validity on the distribution networks located in Oakland, Ohio.
Optimised curtailment of distributed generators for the provision of congestion management services considering discrete controllability
Authors: Liere‐Netheler Ingo , Schuldt Frank , von Maydell Karsten , Agert Carsten
Published: August 2019

Grid operation becomes a more challenging task due to the increasing amount of distributed generators in the system. Consequently, critical situations with violations of operational limits occur more frequently. Hence, grid operators have to take corrective countermeasures to ensure the security of supply. This study presents a discrete optimisation approach to determine the optimal amount of distributed generator curtailment regarding multiple objectives. The proposed method is based on non‐linear AC load flow analysis of the network. The method is implemented into a modified version of the IEEE 14‐bus test system and the necessary amount of generation curtailment to retain predefined operational limits is identified. Simulations are carried out for different contingency scenarios and several possible increments of curtailment levels are compared. Results reveal the potential to reduce the total amount of power adjustments distinctly by using curtailment levels with smaller step sizes compared to todays' applied standards in German grid operation. Furthermore, the developed methodology enables distributed generators to be used for managing congestions of transformers connecting different voltage levels.
Research on RTK tilt position measurement method based on UKF
Authors: Nie Bo , Chen Guiming , Liu Bingqi
Published: August 2019

Aiming at coordinates of some points cannot be measured directly due to the limits of terrain and instruments in actual measurement, a novel real‐time kinematic (RTK) tilt position measurement method is proposed in this study. Traditional GPS static measurement method cannot gain positioning results real time. In contrast, RTK can provide real‐time 3D positioning results of stations in specified coordinate system and the positioning error is centimetre scale. Taking coordinates of points on spherical model as observation, the coordinates of measurement points are got indirectly through estimating positions of sphere centre based on unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Three schemes are designed to verify the performance of the proposed method through convergence and estimated errors. As the semi‐physical simulation shows, the proposed method has better performance and is simple and easy to operate. Besides, the proposed method can smooth noise of measurement points and it can realise centimetre‐level position accuracy without any auxiliary equipment, which effectively avoids measurement error caused by centering rod tilt.
Covariance‐free non‐homogeneity STAP detector in compound Gaussian clutter based on robust statistics
Authors: Abouelfadl Ahmed A. , Psaromiligkos Ioannis , Champagne Benoit
Published: August 2019

Space‐time adaptive processing (STAP) detects targets by computing adaptive weight vectors for each cell under test using its covariance matrix, as estimated from surrounding secondary cells. In this study, the non‐homogeneity detector (NHD) excludes the anomalous secondary cells that adversely affect the detection performance. The existing robust NHDs require estimating the covariance matrix of each secondary cell, which hinders their implementation in modern radars with large‐dimensional range cells. In this study, the authors propose a new low‐complexity NHD that is suitable for highly correlated clutter environments with both Gaussian and non‐Gaussian heavy‐tailed distributions. The proposed detector, which is based on the projection depth function from the field of robust statistics, features a non‐parametric and covariance‐free test statistic. As a result, its computational complexity is much lower than that of current NHDs, such as the widely used normalised adaptive matched filter (NAMF) detector, especially for large‐dimensional range cells. In Monte Carlo simulations with different clutter distributions and radar system configurations, the proposed detector shows comparable performance to that of NAMF. The low complexity and robust performance of the new detector make it particularly attractive for real‐time applications.
Unsupervised SAR image segmentation based on kernel TMFs with belief propagation
Authors: Gan Lu , Liu Xiaoming , Li Ziwei
Published: August 2019

The triplet Markov field (TMF) model has achieved promising results in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation. Focusing on the simple likelihood modelling of an SAR image and the effective optimisation of the TMF model, an unsupervised SAR image segmentation algorithm based on kernel TMF with belief propagation is proposed in this study. Instead of complex speckle noise statistical models in a spatial domain, a piecewise constant likelihood model in the kernel mapped space is used in the TMF model by mapping the SAR image data into a higher dimension space via a kernel function. The max‐product belief propagation algorithm is used to realise effective optimisation of the proposed kernel TMF model. Experiments on both simulated and real SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Two-fluid simulations of waves in the solar chromosphere
Authors: Popescu Braileanu B. , Lukin V. S. , Khomenko E. , de Vicente Á.
Published: August 2019

Waves and shocks traveling through the solar chromospheric plasma are influenced by its partial ionization and weak collisional coupling, and may become susceptible to multi-fluid effects, similar to interstellar shock waves. In this study, we consider fast magneto-acoustic shock wave formation and propagation in a stratified medium, that is permeated by a horizontal magnetic field, with properties similar to that of the solar chromosphere. The evolution of plasma and neutrals is modeled using a two-fluid code that evolves a set of coupled equations for two separate fluids. We observed that waves in neutrals and plasma, initially coupled at the upper photosphere, become uncoupled at higher heights in the chromosphere. This decoupling can be a consequence of either the characteristic spatial scale at the shock front, that becomes similar to the collisional scale, or the change in the relation between the wave frequency, ion cyclotron frequency, and the collisional frequency with height. The decoupling height is a sensitive function of the wave frequency, wave amplitude, and the magnetic field strength. We observed that decoupling causes damping of waves and an increase in the background temperature due to the frictional heating. The comparison between analytical and numerical results allows us to separate the role of the nonlinear effects from the linear ones on the decoupling and damping of waves.
New constraints on the physical conditions in H2-bearing GRB-host damped Lyman-α absorbers
Authors: Heintz K. E. , Bolmer J. , Ledoux C. , Noterdaeme P. , Krogager J.-K. , Fynbo J. P. U. , Jakobsson P. , Covino S. , D’Elia V. , De Pasquale M. , Hartmann D. H. , Izzo L. , Japelj J. , Kann D. A. , Kaper L. , Petitjean P. , Rossi A. , Salvaterra R. , Schady P. , Selsing J. , Starling R. , Tanvir N. R. , Thöne C. C. , de Ugarte Postigo A. , Vergani S. D. , Watson D. , Wiersema K. , Zafar T.
Published: August 2019

We report the detections of molecular hydrogen (H2), vibrationally-excited H2 (H2∗), and neutral atomic carbon (C I), an efficient tracer of molecular gas, in two new afterglow spectra of GRBs 181020A (z = 2.938) and 190114A (z = 3.376), observed with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Both host-galaxy absorption systems are characterized by strong damped Lyman-α absorbers (DLAs) and substantial amounts of molecular hydrogen with logN(H I, H2) = 22.20 ± 0.05,  20.40 ± 0.04 (GRB 181020A) and logN(H I, H2) = 22.15 ± 0.05,  19.44 ± 0.04 (GRB 190114A). The DLA metallicites, depletion levels, and dust extinctions are within the typical regimes probed by GRBs with [Zn/H] = −1.57 ± 0.06, [Zn/Fe] = 0.67 ± 0.03, and AV = 0.27 ± 0.02 mag (GRB 181020A) and [Zn/H] = −1.23 ± 0.07, [Zn/Fe] = 1.06 ± 0.08, and AV = 0.36 ± 0.02 mag (GRB 190114A). In addition, we examine the molecular gas content of all known H2-bearing GRB-DLAs and explore the physical conditions and characteristics required to simultaneously probe C I and H2∗. We confirm that H2 is detected in all C I- and H2∗-bearing GRB absorption systems, but that these rarer features are not necessarily detected in all GRB H2 absorbers. We find that a large molecular fraction of fH2 ≳ 10−3 is required for C I to be detected. The defining characteristic for H2∗ to be present is less clear, though a large H2 column density is an essential factor. We also find that the observed line profiles of the molecular-gas tracers are kinematically “cold”, with small velocity offsets of δv <  20 km s−1 from the bulk of the neutral absorbing gas. We then derive the H2 excitation temperatures of the molecular gas and find that they are relatively low with Tex ≈ 100−300 K, however, there could be evidence of warmer components populating the high-J H2 levels in GRBs 181020A and 190114A. Finally, we demonstrate that even though the X-shooter GRB afterglow campaign has been successful in recovering several H2-bearing GRB-host absorbers, this sample is still hampered by a significant dust bias excluding the most dust-obscured H2 absorbers from identification. C I and H2∗ could open a potential route to identify molecular gas even in low-metallicity or highly dust-obscured bursts, though they are only efficient tracers for the most H2-rich GRB-host absorption systems.
Three-dimensional modeling of the static behavior of magneto-electro-elastic multilayer plates based on an elastic support
Authors: Hamidi M. , Zaki S. , Aboussaleh M.
Published: August 2019

In this communication, the state space method is used to analyze the static behavior of laminated magneto-electro-elastic rectangular plates with simply supported boundary conditions based on an elastic support. The mathematical formulation is elaborated in a general form and an arbitrary number of layers as well as the orthotropic behavior can be considered. The methodology is based on the mixed formulation, in which basic unknowns are formed by collecting displacements, stresses, electrical displacements, electrical potential, magnetic induction and magnetic potential. As special case, multilayered rectangular plate is analyzed under the surface loading with simply supported boundary conditions based on an elastic support. The procedure of calculation shows that the formulation presented here is simple and direct.
Elastic-Plastic Stresses in Shrink Fit with A Solid Shaft
Authors: Mouâa Amal , Laghzale Nor Eddine , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim
Published: August 2019

Shrink fit joining a solid shaft and a cylinder requires an accurate estimate of the residual contact pressure to transmit high powers, as in the case of gas turbines. Such torques require deformations of materials beyond their elastic limits.

This paper presents an analytical model that analyses the stresses in a shrink fit assembly consisting of a solid shaft and a cylindrical hub operating in the elastic-plastic range. Assuming the hub to have a nonlinear work-hardening material behavior, the distribution of stresses as functions of the interference, and the effect of geometry on contact pressure and on interference are exhibited. To validate the analytic method, Finite Element Method was used.
Study of the mechanical behavior of light mortars produced by thermal treatment, with coal waste of Jerada mine (eastern Morocco)
Authors: Addou R. , Hannawi Salmo K. , Zenasni Z. , Agbodjan W. P. , Zenasni M.
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates the mechanical properties of light mortars containing coal waste of Jerada mine, as a volume replacement for sand, with different percentages of substitution: 10%, 20% and 50%.

The results revealed a decrease in the mechanical properties of composite mortars, including uniaxial compression and flexural strength as well as rigidity modulus. However, the heat treatment improves their ductility, and delays the propagation of cracks.

Thus, the developed material is interesting for use in construction, serving as a basis for manufacturing prefabricated blocks treated at 600°C. These elements can be used for applications with large deformations, or with mechanical or acoustic vibrations.