bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody Studies
Authors: Huntoon F. M. , Etris S.
Published: January 2023

The observations of many authors, as discussed in section 1, have demonstrated that a reversal of the antigen-antibody reaction is possible, at least in part, both in vivo and in vitro.

As has been stated in the preceding section, Kosakai (19) introduced the use of solutions of various sugars for the separation of hemolytic amboceptor from sensitized corpuscles and we first determined whether this technic could be applied to other antibodies. Since agglutinins are more easily handled than other antibodies and give fairly sharp-cut results, the preliminary work was done with these antibodies.

Separation of Agglutinins from Sensitized Bacteria.

In order that the steps in the process of dissociation may be followed and owing to the importance of seemingly slight variations in technic, it will be necessary to give the methods employed in detail, since it has been found that antibodies vary as to the ease with which they are dissociated and fall into classes in regard to the effect of different salts on such separation.
On the Essential Identity of the Antibodies
Authors: Zinsser Hans
Published: January 2023

Since Ehrlich's first classical analysis of antibodies, it has been a generally accepted conception of immunity that agglutinins, precipitins, sensitizers, bacteriolysins, hemolysins, or the so-called amboceptors, opsonins and the anaphylactic antibodies are separate substances formed in the animal body, often in response to treatment with a single antigen. Kraus, in the first edition of Kolle and Wassermann's Handbook, summarizes this point of view unambiguously in the following words:

Just as the bacterial body contains a variety of different antigens, so we may assume that animal protein is made up of a large number of different antigenic elements. If the animal body is treated with such substances and finds corresponding receptors, there results the formation of a variety of qualitatively different antibodies.…

When Gengou, in 1902, noted that alexin or complement was fixed when a precipitating antiserum was added to its homologous antigen, he interpreted this as meaning that, in addition to precipitins, the antiserum contained other antibodies—the “albuminolysins.”
Observations upon the Conglutination Phenomenon
Authors: Maltaner Frank , Johnston Elizabeth
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The conglutination phenomenon described by Bordet was reproduced using a mixture of inactivated bovine serum and fresh horse serum with washed guinea-pig cells. When the bovine and horse sera used were first depleted of their fibrinogen by secondary coagulation induced by treatment of the active sera with blood platelets, they no longer gave rise to this “conglutination” phenomenon. Not only the conglutination of guinea-pig blood cells, but also the hemolysis and agglutination of these cells by both sera when used separately or in mixtures, depended upon the presence of fibrinogen and a heat-sensitive serum constituent. The degree of agglutination or hemolysis obtained in the presence of the heat-sensitive serum constituents depends, in part at least, upon the quantity of fibrinogen present.
The Influence of Temperature Upon the Agglutination of the Red Blood Corpuscles
Authors: Jervell Fredrik
Published: January 2023

The experiments show a marked difference in the agglutination of red corpuscles at low and at high temperatures.

The most pronounced agglutination is obtained in the ice chest. It is shown that this is due to a quicker or more nearly complete adsorption of agglutinin at low than at high temperature.

After adsorption at 8° the corpuscles again lose part of the agglutinin when brought into higher temperatures.

The experiments seem to indicate that the maximal adsorption of agglutinin is different at different temperatures and more nearly complete at the low than at the high temperatures. When, therefore, the adsorption has been carried out at a low temperature and the corpuscles after that are placed at a higher temperature, they can retain only the quantity of agglutinin that corresponds to the maximum for the respective temperature and accordingly lose agglutinin until this maximum is reached.
Studies on the Coagulase-Reacting Factor
Authors: Tager Morris , Hales Harriet B.
Published: January 2023

The coagulase-reacting factor (C.R.F.) is present in high dilutions of human and rabbit plasmas, the titer being influenced by the concentration of coagulase in the test. Plasmas of other animals are less effective when used in the unmodified state, but additional C.R.F. may be released by acid precipitation. All tissues examined reacted with coagulase, though titers lag behind that of plasma. Washed human platelets showed 0.1 per cent of the C.R.F. content of plasma. C.R.F. withstands 54 C for 30 minutes, but rapidly loses activity at higher temperatures. C.R.F. does not deteriorate rapidly on standing in plasma at ice-box temperature and even withstands 37 C for at least 1 week. C.R.F. is not adsorbed by Berkefeld, Chamberland, or Seitz filters, but is taken up by barium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide. The possible relation of C.R.F. to the components of plasma concerned with the physiological clotting of blood is discussed.
A Skin-Test Antigen Common to Five Viruses of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group
Authors: Kilham Lawrence
Published: January 2023

Twenty-one rabbits were successfully infected in groups with the agents of psittacosis, meningopneumonitis, mouse pneumonitis, feline pneumonitis and lymphogranuloma. With few exceptions, each group of rabbits gave positive cross reactions when skin-tested with yolk sac materials prepared with all 5 agents. Such positive results were not obtained in uninoculated control animals similarly tested. The sera from all of the inoculated rabbits showed complement fixing antibodies in the presence of one antigen, “Lygranum C.F.”
The “Inhibition” of Isoagglutinin Activity by Human Plasma and Its Fractions
Authors: Homburger F. , Melin Marshall
Published: January 2023

The mechanism of the inhibition of isoagglutination in plasma pools was investigated. None of our evidence indicates that the phenomenon is due to a nonspecific factor. It appears that the inhibiting substances are the group-specific agglutinogens. The distribution of these substances among fractions prepared from human plasma was studied.
Serologic Studies on Antigens from Histoplasma Capsulatum Darling
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Hottle G. A.
Published: January 2023

The presence of precipitins in the sera of 19 experimentally infected rabbits was determined with four antigens prepared from the mycelial and yeastlike phases of H. capsulatum, namely, the ground-YP filtrate, the ground-mycelial filtrate, the YP broth filtrate, and the mycelial broth filtrate. Positive titers appeared approximately 13 days after infection, reached their peaks one week later, and finally disappeared about 10 weeks after infection. The binding power of seven antigens was compared by precipitative and complement-fixation technics, employing sera from animals experimentally infected with H. capsulatum. In the precipitin-tests and in complement-fixation tests with sera from hyperimmune rabbits, the mycelial broth filtrate displayed the greatest reactivity. However, in complement-fixation tests with sera from chronically infected rabbits only the three particulate antigens were active. Cross-absorption tests revealed that the seven antigens were divisible into two groups, both occurring within or on the cell, but only one in the culture-medium and ground-cell filtrates. Antigens elaborated by the mycelial phase and by the yeastlike phase were similar.
Quantitative Studies of Complement Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

Data are given which chart the course of the C′ fixation reaction at 37 C. in experiments with constant amounts of S III and increasing quantities of anti-S III as well as with varying amounts of S III and constant antibody. Analogies and differences between the C′ fixation and precipitin reactions are demonstrated and discussed. A calibrated curve of C′ fixation at constant antibody and varying S III may be used for the estimation of unknown quantities of S III of the order of fractions of a microgram. A calibrated curve of C′ fixation at constant S III and varying antibody may be used for the estimation of microgram quantities of antibody N.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

Data are presented on precipitation and C′ fixation in the homologous and cross-reactions of the chicken- and duck-ovalbumin immune systems. The course of specific precipitation with either homologous or heterologous ovalbumin may be described by the same form of equation except that in the reaction between Eac and anti-Ead an alternate form of the equation fits the data more closely. As in the pneumococcal Type III-Type VIII systems, the reaction-curves for the fixation of C′ in the homologous and reciprocal cross-reactions closely parallel those of specific precipitation. Marked similarity in the antigenic composition of the two egg-albumins is indicated both by the precipitin- and C′ fixation-data. At 0 C peak-fixation values in the cross-reaction are almost as high as in the homologous reaction with equal quantities of antibody, the difference being more pronounced in the reaction between Eac and anti-Ead than in the reciprocal reaction.
The Reversal in Vivo by Bal of Inactivation of Influenza a Virus and Diplococcus Pneumoniae by Bichloride of Mercury
Authors: Klein Morton , Perez J. E.
Published: January 2023

Influenza A virus after 25 minutes contact with a 1:10,000 dilution of HgCl2 is completely inactivated as determined by intranasal instillation of the treated virus into mice. This inactivation is completely reversible in vivo when 0.1 ml of a 1:200 aqueous dilution of BAL is given intramuscularly 5 minutes before the intranasal instillation of the inactive virus.

When BAL is given 10 minutes after the instillation of the inactive virus there is a sharp drop in the degree of reactivation and when given 30 minutes after the inactive virus essentially no reactivation is obtained.

Diplococcus pneumoniae, type III, inactivated by HgCl2 and injected intraäbdominally or instilled intranasally can also be reactivated by BAL. However in contrast to the results obtained with influenza A virus reversal is obtained when BAL either precedes or follows the inactivated bacteria.

The difference between the pattern of reversal obtained with the viral and bacterial infections suggests that the rapid adsorption of influenza A virus onto the lungs of the mouse removes the virus from the action of BAL.

Possible applications of the reversal technic are discussed.
Antibody Formation and Sensitization with the Aid of Adjuvants
Authors: Freund Jules , Thomson K. Jefferson , Hough H. B. , Sommer H. E. , Pisani T. M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Antibody formation was enhanced and sustained when the antigen (typhoid bacillus) was incorporated into a water-in-oil emulsion prepared with paraffin oil and Falba or anhydrous lanolin or Arlacel A (mannide monooleate) or myricin combined with cholesterol. Oil-in-water emulsion prepared with Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) and paraffin oil was ineffective. When oleic acid combined with myricin was used as an emulsifying agent antibody formation was neither enhanced nor sustained. Emulsions prepared with “lecithin” and paraffin oil are unstable mixed water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Antibody formation with such emulsions was highly accelerated but not as well sustained as with Falba and paraffin oil. Antibody formation is scant when peanut oil is substituted for paraffin oil. The addition of killed mycobacteria, namely M. butyricum or M. tuberculosis or M. phlei to water-in-oil emulsions further augments antibody formation. Lipid extract from M. tuberculosis has a similar augmenting effect. Cholesterol also increases the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil emulsion. A large amount of cerotic acid added to water-in-oil emulsions retards antibody formation. In experiments with a small number of guinea pigs sensitization to picryl chloride was produced only by emulsion containing killed tubercle bacilli. Other substances which augment antibody formation such as lipid extract from M. tuberculosis and cholesterol did not produce this effect. The enhancing effect on antibody formation and the alteration of sensitization may occur concomitantly but they appear to be distinct phenomena.
Studies in Cellular Growth
Authors: Maltz Maxwell
Published: January 2023

The accelerative effect of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) on the healing rate of experimental wounds in mice and guinea pigs (1, 2) suggested that an antiserum prepared against some cellular elements more directly active in the healing of wounds might be more effective than the ASTS. This paper reports some effects of antisera prepared against granulation tissue (antigranulation-tissue-serum, AGTS) on wound healing in mice. Two types of antisera were used: one against murine granulation tissue and a “heterologous” antiserum against human granulation tissue.

Methods and Materials. Antigens: Elliptical sections of skin were scissored from the backs of 100 mice (CFW strain, Carworth Farms). Four days later scabs were removed and the curetted granulations were dispersed in saline solution (1 gm in 5 ml) in a Waring blendor. The suspension was lightly centrifuged and the supernate stored at -20 C. Human granulation tissue came from an open wound on the arm created by the formation of a tubed-pedicle graft.
Neurotoxic Symptoms Produced in the Syrian Hamster (Cricetus Auratus) by Diphtherial Toxin
Authors: Olitzki L. , Stuczynski L. A. , Grossowicz N.
Published: January 2023

The original purpose of this study was to produce a potent diphtherial toxin. We were compelled, however, to use the Syrian hamster as an experimental animal due to a shortage of guinea-pigs.* This gave us the opportunity to observe certain differences between the reactions of these two species towards the toxin and these differences are the subject of the present paper.

Hamsters have been employed by many authors in experiments with diphtheria toxin. Fan and Lim (1) used Cricetulus griseus for the titration of toxin and antitoxin; Lu and Zia (2) employed the Chinese hamster in testing the virulence of C. diphtheriae; and T'ung and Zia (3) determined the pathogenicity of different types of C. diphtheriae for the Chinese hamster. Ashbel and Poliakowa (4), using the Syrian hamster in virulence tests, described changes in the adrenals after the injection of cultures of C. diphtheriae.

Experimental.
Antibody Response in Monkeys Following Oral Administration of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: von Magnus Herdis , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Following the oral administration of poliomyelitis virus to cynomolgus, rhesus and cercopithecus monkeys—some of which had been tonsillectomized to render them more susceptible to infection—tests for neutralizing antibodies were carried out on matched serum samples.

Of 44 monkeys used in these experiments, the sera collected prior to the feeding of virus, gave negative tests for antibodies in 43.

Of 17 monkeys developing the experimental disease, antibodies were found in 13 on the first day of paralysis.

Of 27 monkeys remaining apparently healthy after the virus feeding, antibodies were found in 10 in sera collected 4 to 5 weeks after exposure to virus. The medullas and spinal cords of such monkeys with positive sera were examined histologically and found to be free of poliomyelitic lesions.

The rapid antibody response following oral administration is different from the slow response observed in monkeys inoculated intracerebrally.

Antibodies which developed in the course of these feeding experiments appeared to be specific for poliomyelitis virus as they failed to react with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and influenza virus.

When monkeys were fed mouse encephalomyelitis virus (FA strain) which is non-pathogenic for primates, they failed to respond with antibodies to this virus. Together with the above data this suggests that early antibody production as well as antibody production in asymptomatic monkeys fed poliomyelitis virus is the result of infection of tissue outside the central nervous system.
Blood Groups and Subgroups of the Newborn
Authors: Engasser Lillian M. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Cord blood cells of group B and adult blood cells of group B are agglutinated by native immune anti-B antibodies of human origin practically to the same extent when saline solution is used as the diluent. If physiological saline solution is replaced as the diluent by normal adult serum of group B or group AB, slight differences in agglutinability become apparent. The addition of solutions of the purified B or AB substance to an immune anti-B antibody of human origin, diluted in physiological saline solution, results in the partial or complete neutralization of the antibody content, depending upon the titer of the antibody, on one hand, and the amount of B substance added, on the other. Partially neutralized immune anti-B antibodies regain their capacity for agglutinating B cells when normal adult serum replaces physiological saline solution as the diluent. This reagent reveals considerable differences between adult blood cells of group B and cord blood cells of group B. About half of the cord blood cells that were tested reacted as weakly as might be expected for adult B2 cells, while the other half reacted similarly to but not quite as strongly as adult B1 cells. The differences between the B blood cells of the newborn and the B blood cells of the adult are similar to those which have been found to exist within the blood group A. However, these differences are less impressive from the quantitative point of view than they are in the case of blood cells of group A.
The Effect of Salt Concentration on the Interaction of Influenza a Virus and Erythrocytes
Authors: Flick John A. , Sanford Barbara , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Using formolized human erythrocytes and influenza A virus, it has been shown that the amount of adsorption of virus to the cells is related to the sodium chloride concentration of the system over a limited range. At very low salt-concentrations, practically no virus is adsorbed, while concentrations of salt around 0.9 per cent permit nearly maximal adsorption. The amount of cell receptor substance inactivated by virus at 37 C in a given time period is related similarly to the sodium chloride concentration over the range tested.

Virus adsorbed to cells can be eluted quickly by salt-free water at 4 C, probably without appreciable disruption of the red cell receptor. As the salt-concentration increases to that considered physiologically normal, the amount of adsorbed virus removed from the cells decreases markedly.
Studies in Dysentery Vaccination
Authors: Cooper Merlin L. , Tepper Jack , Keller Helen M.
Published: January 2023

A total of 60 children 15 to 18 years of age were injected subcutaneously with polyvalent Shigella vaccines in order to obtain information regarding toxic reactions, stimulation of serum protective power and agglutinative titers.

The polyvalent vaccines used were: bivalent, Sh. flexneri II and III; trivalent, Sh. flexneri II, III and VII; pentavalent, Sh. flexneri I, II, III, VI and Sh. sonnei; and hexavalent, Sh. flexneri I, II, III, VI, Sh. sonnei and Sh. ambigua.

Two vaccines standardized to contain 10 billion bacteria per ml and one vaccine standardized to contain 10 mg of bacterial nitrogen per 100 ml produced local and systemic reactions which were too severe to justify their use. They did stimulate significant increases in protective power of sera which persisted 10 to 52 weeks. They also stimulated increased agglutinative titers which were maximal one week after completion of vaccination and which varied over a wide range.

Vaccines standardized to contain 8.1 mg and 8.7 mg of bacterial nitrogen per 100 ml produced local and systemic reactions which were not too severe to justify their use. They did stimulate significant increases in protective power of sera which persisted 18 to 52 weeks. The vaccine containing 8.7 mg of nitrogen per 100 ml stimulated increased agglutinative titers which were maximal one week after completion of vaccination and which varied widely.

Tests of sera for increases in protective power were, in general, more sensitive for detecting humoral antibodies than were tests for agglutinative titers.

Comparison in two groups of children of weekly and biweekly injections of pentavalent Shigella vaccine on the production of local and systemic reactions and antibody responses did not indicate any superiority of one interval of vaccination over the other.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Wolfe Harold R. , Dilks Eleanor
Published: January 2023

The ability of eight species of birds to produce precipitins was studied. Two species which responded weakly or failed to respond to the precipitinogen, were further injected in an attempt to produce agglutinins or antihormones. The owl, pheasant and partridge were classified as good precipitin producers, but average and maximum titers were well below those given by the chicken which constantly yields excellent precipitating antisera. A few individual owl and pheasant antisera showed definite in vitro titer increases similar to those regularly shown by chicken antisera upon standing under refrigeration. The majority of the antisera, however, failed to show changes in their original titers. The ducks and turkeys yielded antisera with very low precipitin titers and several animals failed to respond at all. In addition, no antihormone activity could be shown in the turkeys injected with gonadotrophin hormone. No precipitins could be demonstrated in any of the guinea fowl and pigeon antisera, but slightly enhanced agglutinating reactions over that of normal guinea fowl were secured by injection. The implications of these results are discussed.
Inactivation of Malignant Tissue in Tumor-Immune Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron , King Helen Dean
Published: January 2023

A method (1 and 2) of producing oncolysis of homologous sarcoma growing in strictly inbred rats, made it possible to obtain rats cured of malignant growths that originated in their own strain and that otherwise would have ultimately caused the death of the animals. Rats treated in this manner proved to be resistant to the growth of transplanted tumors. Further tests, using increasingly larger grafts of sarcoma, showed that they developed an immunity from further growth of the same sarcoma (3). It therefore seemed important to study the nature of the change that takes place in rats, following recovery from sarcomatous growth, which protects them from further tumor growth.

The investigations described in the present report are concerned with the length of sojourn required to inactivate transplanted tumor tissue in immune rats, and with an attempt to ascertain the role of various tissues in this inactivation.
The Effect of a 42 Day Course of Treatment on the Sensitivity of the Tubercle Bacillus to Streptomycin
Authors: Swift William E. , Beardsley Frederick A. , Maruschak Adolph , Vadney John
Published: January 2023

Using a modified Dubos-Davis medium, in vitro streptomycin sensitivities of tubercle bacilli from 36 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis receiving 1.0 gm of streptomycin daily for 42 days were determined.

Strains of organisms isolated in all 36 cases prior to treatment were sensitive to 5.0 micrograms or less of streptomycin per ml.

Twenty-seven per cent of the original group treated were found to have tubercle bacilli resistant to 10.0 micrograms or more of streptomycin in vitro after treatment was completed.

Several patients had tubercle bacilli which exhibited a delayed appearance of resistance to streptomycin. This occurred after treatment with streptomycin had been completed.
Immunogenetic Studies of Drosophila Melanogaster. I. The Development of Technics and the Detection of Strain Differences
Authors: Fox Allen S.
Published: January 2023

Flies from mass cultures of Drosophila melanogaster laboratory-strains of wild, white, and vestigial were collected, starved for 24 hours, and lyophilized while still alive. The dried flies were then homogenized in 0.85 per cent NaCl buffered at pH 7.4, and the resulting suspensions used to immunize rabbits by means of four intraperitoneal injections of increasing dose. No demonstrable differences between the resulting antisera were found in complement-fixation tests against the whole antigens. Optimal-proportion precipitin tests were performed using the clear supernates of the centrifuged antigens. No differences were found in these tests. The tubes from the exact optimal-proportion tests were centrifuged after 24 hours at 6 C, and the supernates used as absorbed sera in precipitin-ring tests against the antigens dissolved in 5 per cent gelatin. If absorption proved incomplete, reabsorptions were performed. By these means the three strains were demonstrated to possess the great bulk of their antigens in common. Wild was demonstrated to possess an antigenic fraction in common with white but not vestigial, a fraction in common with vestigial but not white, and a fraction specific to itself. White was demonstrated to possess antigens in common with each of the other strains, and a fraction specific to itself. Antiserum to vestigial demonstrated that vestigial possesses an antigenic fraction in common with white to the exclusion of wild and a fraction in common with wild alone, but failed to demonstrate a fraction specific to itself. These antigenic differences are not thought to be due only to the single major genic differences between these strains, but rather to multiple genic differences which exist between such unrelated stocks.
Some Quantitative Aspects of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Morris Marion C.
Published: January 2023

Factors responsible for failure of lysis of sensitized red blood cells by complement have been investigated. Sensitized cells have been shown to be heterogeneous with respect to lysis by complement. Such heterogeneity may be due in part to a variation in the degree of sensitization of individual cells with antibody. Lysis will cease whenever complement is exhausted, but may become too slow to measure because of heterogeneity of the cells even when large amounts of complement are present. Cells sensitized with large amounts of antibody deplete the complement activity rapidly. Equilibrium is attained quickly and the reaction fails mainly because of complement exhaustion. Heterogeneity of the remaining cells is of secondary significance. Cells sensitized with small amounts of antibody react more slowly with complement, and lysis continues over a longer period. Accompanying decrease of complement activity is of secondary importance because of the heterogeneity of the remaining cells which react more and more slowly with complement. Lysis may continue slowly as long as active complement remains and as long as there are present cells capable of reacting with this complement in the time allowed.
Rift Valley Fever
Authors: Smithburn K. C. , Mahaffy A. F. , Haddow A. J. , Kitchen S. F. , Smith J. F.
Published: January 2023

Eight laboratory-contracted infections in man with Rift Valley fever virus are reported. The outstanding symptoms were headache, backache, anorexia, prostration and fever. The duration of fever ranged from 2 to 6 days. All the patients recovered without exhibiting any permanent sequelae, but the rapidity of convalescence was variable. The enforced total or partial cessation of normal activities varied from 2 to 28 days.

Rift Valley fever virus was isolated from the blood of each patient during the febrile stage of the illness. The development of neutralizing antibody during convalescence was demonstrated in all the cases.

Two of the patients, one of whom had had vivax malaria 4 months previously, had malaria parasites in their blood at the onset of illness.

Although quantitative tests for virus were not made on freshly drawn blood specimens, the first-day serum of one patient contained 1,458,540 intracerebral LD50 of virus after 82 days' storage in the refrigerator. The presence of viable Rift Valley fever virus was demonstrated in this same blood after storage for 2 years in the fluid state. The sera of other patients exhibited viable virus after even longer periods of storage in the refrigerator (up to 1,048 days).

Three African employees who were not known to have had Rift Valley fever were found to be immune. In the absence of evidence showing recent activity of the virus among human beings residing in this locality, this was interpreted as indicating that the 3 individuals had experienced subclinical infections as result of contact with the virus in the laboratory.

The experiences reported indicate that the risk of infection is very great among persons engaged in investigations on Rift Valley fever virus, but they also show that the probability for complete recovery from the disease is high.
Serological Reactivity of Mucoid Strains of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Henriksen Sverre Dick
Published: January 2023

Two mucoid, inagglutinable strains of Escherichia coli were found to be almost as reactive as the capsule-free forms in respect of their capacity to bind complement and to absorb antibody. A study by means of titrations of agglutinins and complement fixing antibodies, and by quantitative agglutinin determinations, showed that the inagglutinability of these two strains must be due to inhibition of aggregate formation and not to reduced combining power.
Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Western Equine and St. Louis Encephalitis
Authors: Meiklejohn Gordon , Rust Elva , Brunetti Oscar
Published: January 2023

The usefulness of intracerebral neutralization, intraperitoneal neutralization, and complement-fixation tests for the diagnosis of human cases of western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis was compared. In cases of western equine encephalomyelitis it was found that the use of all three tests assisted in making the diagnosis, but that each method failed to demonstrate a significant antibody increase in more than one-fifth of the cases. In cases of St. Louis encephalitis the intraperitoneal neutralization test was the most useful method. The intracerebral neutralization test showed an increase in antibody in only 7 of 20 cases. Complement-fixation tests were valuable in the diagnosis of both western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis.
Purification, pH Stability and Sedimentation Properties of the T7 Bacteriophage of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Kerby G. P. , Gowdy R. A. , Dillon E. S. , Dillon M. L. , Csâky T. Z. , Sharp D. G. , Beard J. W.
Published: January 2023

Concentration and purification of the T7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli, strain B, has been effected through the combined procedures of preliminary centrifugation in the Sharples supercentrifuge, filtration of the concentrate through a Mandler candle and two cycles of alternate low- and high-speed spinning in the vacuum ultracentrifuge. Preliminary chemical analysis showed contents of N 12.3; P, 3.8; and carbohydrate, 16.5 and 16.8 per cent, the latter values obtained by copper-reduction and orcinol methods, respectively. The nucleic-acid content calculated on the basis of P was about 38 per cent. The diphenylamine reaction was positive, and evidence of the presence of glucose and ribose was obtained by paper chromatography. The apparent partial specific volume was dependent on virus concentration. The value of the partial specific volume obtained with 12.1 mg virus per ml was V = 0.68. The average yield of phage was 0.61 mg per liter of lysate, giving a total of 197 mg phage from 323 liters of lysate. The lytic unit of the purified material was 10−15.4 g.

The pH-range optimum for stability of infectivity was 6 to 8, and that for physical stability of the virus particles, studied in the ultracentrifuge, was 5 to 10. In the range of stability, a single sharp boundary was observed and the sedimentation-rate was essentially constant in this region, having a value of about 470 S. Beyond this range at both ends, degradation occurred giving rise to two components, 464 S and 19 S on the alkaline side and 381 S and 35 S on the acid side. The sedimentation-constant at pH 6.9 was dependent on virus concentration, declining from values of about 470 S at concentrations of 4.7 to 0.25 mg per ml to 325 S at 0.021 mg phage per ml.

Electron-micrographs revealed essentially spherical particles with a bilobular arrangement of internal structures; the diameter of the images in conventional micrographs was 51 mμ and that in shadowed preparations 73 mμ.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Cytochrome C
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Munoz J.
Published: January 2023

Two preparations of bovine cytochrome c, one of 0.34 per cent, the other of 0.35 per cent iron content, were shown to be antigenic in rabbits. By the technique of “antigen absorption” it was shown that this antigenicity was not due to the presence of the colored moiety of cytochrome c but to the colorless fraction present in the cytochrome c preparation of 0.34 per cent iron content. This colorless fraction contains at least two and possibly three or more separate antigens. The bearing of these findings on the question of the purity of samples of cytochrome c containing 0.34 per cent iron is indicated. A porcine cytochrome c preparation of 0.38 per cent iron content was shown to be antigenic, whereas no evidence for the antigenicity of a sample of equine cytochrome c containing 0.43 per cent iron could be obtained. A technique of “antigen absorption” is described and its possible applications indicated. Oudin's new technique for the qualitative analysis of antigen-antibody systems was employed in demonstrating the antigenic heterogeneity of cytochrome c preparations.
Biophysical Studies of Blood Plasma Proteins
Authors: Deutsch H. F. , Nichol J. C. , Cohn Melvin
Published: January 2023

Introduction. The serum of chickens lacking a γ-globulin of the normal mammalian electrophoretic mobility offers an unusual system for immunological studies (1–7). In this report there is presented a study of some chemical and biological responses of young chickens to immunization with human serum γ2-globulin (HG). In addition we have investigated the elimination from the circulation of relatively large amounts of homologous serum proteins, obtained by our ethanol fractionation procedures, following their intravenous administration.

Methods and Matherials. Electrophoresis experiments:—These experiments were performed in pH 8.6 veronal buffer of ionic strength 0.1 at a potential gradient of 4.0–4.5 volts/cm. Except as otherwise indicated, the duration of these experiments was three hours. Only descending patterns were used for analyses and for the diagrams to be presented.

Preparation and properties of (HG) and chicken serum protein fractions:—The antigen, HG, was obtained by methods previously described (8).
Chemical and Immunological Properties of Diphtheria Toxoid Purified by Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation
Authors: Levine Leo , Wyman Louise , Edsall Geoffrey
Published: January 2023

A simple method for the purification of diphtheria toxoid has been presented. The products have been evaluated with respect to purity, antigenicity, and stability. Preparations having a purity in excess of 2000 Lf per mg N have been obtained. Evidence has been presented which indicates that the antigenicity per Lf increases with the purity of the toxoids studied. A linear logarithmic relationship between the flocculation time and titer at the toxoid-antitoxin equivalence point has been shown. Various relations between Lf, Kf, purity, and antigenicity have been studied.
Specific Serological Reactions Which Follow Naturally Acquired Mumps
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Kutch Joseph H.
Published: January 2023

Serial specimens of sera obtained during the acute and early convalescent phases of illness from 8 individuals with clinical mumps were studied for the appearance of specific antibodies. The tests employed were complement fixation with soluble and viral antigens, agglutination-inhibition, and agglutination of human erythrocytes modified by treatment with mumps virus (Burnet test). The individual variations were marked. Nevertheless, in 6 of the 8 patients a complement fixing antibody was the first to be detected, and after 2 weeks all of the 8 patients reacted positively in 2 or more of the tests. There was no correlation in titer nor time of appearance of the complement fixing, agglutination-inhibiting nor modified cell agglutinating factors. It is therefore suggested that these represent distinct and independent responses to infection with the virus of mumps.

Addendum. Since this manuscript was submitted for publication a paper on this same subject by Aikawa and Meiklejohn has appeared. (Aikawa, J. K. and Meikeljohn, G., 1949; The serological diagnosis of mumps. A comparative study of three methods. J. Immunol. 62, 261–270.) These authors also found the three tests studied by us to be valid indicators of the presence of antibody to the mumps virus.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies. IV
Authors: Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Antisera were prepared in rabbits against kidney tissue and plasma from the Akm strain of mice and against ovalbumin. The globulin fractions of these sera were radioiodinated and injected into mice of several strains and into rats. It was found that radioactivity localized in the kidneys of the animals receiving the antikidney serum, but not in the kidneys of those receiving the antiplasma serum or antiovalbumin serum. Radioiodide also showed no such localization. This demonstrated that there was some material, presumably antibody molecules, in the antikidney serum and not in the control sera, that localized in the kidney.

The localization of antikidney serum was not strain specific since it took place in mice of other strains. It also took place on the injection of rats with the anti-mouse-kidney preparation.

The duration of the radioactivity in the kidneys of the mice receiving the antikidney serum was measured over a period of 54 days and the radioactivity carrier, presumably the radioiodinated antibody, had a half life of 20 days. Evidence was also found for the presence of a factor in the antikidney serum, presumably antibody to common antigens, which cross reacted with and localized in liver and spleen, but to a much lower extent than in kidney. In liver there was an initially rapid decrease in radioactivity followed by a subsequent slow decrease with a half life of 20 days. The long half life of the antibody in the kidney and liver was probably due to the inability of this tissue to metabolize the antibody.

The half lives of the radioactive carriers in other tissues were blood, 2.3 days; spleen, 2.6 days; and thyroid 6.8 days.

Acknowledgement. This work was carried out with the assistance of Miss Beila Sherman, Miss Rhoda Michaels, Mr. Arthur Silverstein and Mr. Richard Clark.
Infection of Cynomolgus Monkeys with the Ohio Type of Coxsackie Virus (C Virus)
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada
Published: January 2023

Cynomolgus monkeys may be infected with the Ohio type of C virus; in contrast, rhesus and cercopithecus monkeys show no such susceptibility. This has been shown to be true with 3 different strains of the Ohio type, all immunologically related.

Evidences of infection in the monkey are: the development of fever and a virus carrier state both in the intestines and in the throat. Additional evidence for infection is the formation of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies.
A Modified Habel-Sockrider Ultraviolet Irradiation Apparatus for Use in Serum and Vaccine Production
Authors: Bozeman Virginia , Tripp J. T. , Berry Beth
Published: January 2023

A modification of a Habel-Sockrider ultraviolet irradiation apparatus suitable for use in large-scale serum and vaccine production is described.
Studies on the Chemical Nature of a Normal Plasma Factor Which Suppresses Variation of Brucella Abortus
Authors: Cole Leonard J. , Braun Werner
Published: January 2023

Normal bovine serum, and plasma globulin Fractions II and III-0, which produce a selective suppression of the establishment of non-smooth variants in broth cultures of Brucella abortus, were subjected to dialysis, pH changes, heat treatment, and to the action of proteolytic enzymes, polynucleotidases, urea, guanidine, formaldehyde, and other chemical reagents. The effects of such treatment upon the selective activity were investigated.

The results indicate that the selective activity is referable to non-dialyzable protein components, and that bovine plasma contains two distinct substances which possess this selective activity. One, a γ-globulin protein, is stable at low pH, and is inactivated by 6M guanidine hydrochloride. The other appears to be a lipoprotein, associated with a β-globulin fraction; it is very unstable at low pH, resistant to 6M guanidine, and destroyed by freezing to −25 C in the presence of ether.
The Relationship Between Precipitin Titer and Number of Trichinella Spiralis in the Intestinal Tract of Mice Following Test Infections
Authors: Hendricks James R.
Published: January 2023

Four experiments, in which mice received 1 to 4 doses of 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae at 21-day intervals, revealed a marked progressive decrease in the percentage of worms recovered from the small intestine of the mice and a striking progressive increase in the precipitin titer of their sera. This effect was shown to vary with the number of doses administered.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Eisen Herman N. , Fitzgerald Patrick J.
Published: January 2023

The rate at which antibodies to mouse kidney are extracted from the circulating blood was measured by using antibody tagged with radioactive iodine. It was found that the circulating blood was essentially freed of antibody within 18 minutes after intravenous injection. Some localization of the radioactive anti-kidney antibody in the glomeruli was observable within as little as 2.5 minutes after injection.
Studies on Complement Fixation with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Monley Anne , Todd Richard N.
Published: January 2023

A complement-fixing antigen appeared in allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with Newcastle disease virus. There was a concomitant increase in complement-fixing and hemagglutinating activity, and in infectivity titer in the extra-embryonic fluids of the infected chick embryos.

Evidence has been recorded to the effect that Newcastle disease virus placed in the thalamic area of rhesus monkeys produced encephalitis. Serologically distinct antibodies, as measured by the complement-fixation and hemagglutinin-inhibition reactions, appeared in the serum of monkeys during convalescence.
Quantitative Studies on Diphtheria Prophylactic and Some Considerations on the Assessment of Antigenicity
Authors: Carlinfanti E.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative studies have been performed on the immunity provoked by injecting purified diphtheria toxoid activated with a suspension of aluminium phosphate.

Aluminium phosphate has been shown to enhance very markedly the immunising potency of the toxoid, when this is not adsorbed but merely mixed with the former; however complete adsorption must be carried out if the maximum activating effect is desired.

The assay procedure used in these experiments, which consisted in dividing into subgroups the animals receiving identical inoculations and titrating the antitoxin titre of the pooled sera of each subgroup, has proved suitable for a precise statistical analysis.

The usefulness of this method is emphasized and some aspects of the problem of the standardization of diphtheria prophylactics are discussed. The most satisfactory method of standardization of an adsorbed toxoid is, for the time being, one based on the efficacy, in guinea-pigs, of a single injection compared with that of a single injection of an adsorbed purified toxoid used as a standard. Although it is deemed difficult at the present time to establish a unit of potency, it seems expedient to base the estimate on the responses to both a large and a small dose of prophylactic, for the purpose of providing a more complete assessment of its antigenicity.
Studies with the Rh0 (D) Antigen
Authors: Howe Calderon , Rustigian Robert
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

On the basis of tests for specific inhibition of saline agglutination, absorption of specific antiserum, and limited, but critical experiments with complement fixation, the conclusion seems warranted that lipid extracts prepared from whole erythrocytes (Rh0D) using the method outlined by Carter, though possibly of immunologic interest, bear no specific relationship in vitro to the Rh0 (D) antigen. Evidence is presented which indicates that the Rh0 (D) antigen present in whole erythrocytes is inactivated by the first step in the procedure employed to obtain these lipids. Whole lyophilized erythrocyte stroma, from which cholesterol has been removed by dry ether extraction, when redissolved retains its potency as a specific inhibitor of Rh saline (D) agglutination. The lipids obtained in ether solution by this method are inert with respect to the Rh0 (D) antigen.

Because of the absence of any demonstrable in vitro Rh specificity in the lipid extracts prepared by Carter's method, it seems necessary to conclude also that the administration of such material to Rh-sensitized pregnant women has no clear therapeutic rationale.
Serological Relationships Existing between Bacterial Parasites and Their Hosts
Authors: Gillespie Hazel B. , Steber Madje Stacy , Waugh M. Harriet
Published: January 2023

Because in an intensive study of blood serum from 2 healthy human beings it was found that 1 of them, Human Being No. I (HBI),2 had produced antibodies in high concentrations for certain native coliform bacteria, an attempt was made to learn to what extent serum from other human beings and from animals would contain similar antibodies.

Materials and Methods. The methods, antigens, and 3 of the sera (HBI, HBII, HBIV) used in these experiments were discussed in a previous communication (1). Twenty additional human serum specimens were obtained from the laboratory of a local hospital. Specimens from 5 rabbits, 1 horse, 1 cow, and 1 new-born calf3 were also tested.

Results. Table I summarizes the results obtained. Serum from HBI agglutinated 67 coliform strains from HBII as readily as it agglutinated coliform strains native to HBI.
Cytochemical Studies on the Intranuclear Inclusion of Herpes Simplex
Authors: Crouse Helen V. , Coriell Lewis L. , Blank Harvey , Scott T. F. McNair
Published: January 2023

Histochemical studies on the inclusion body of herpes simplex in the chorioallantois at various intervals after infection indicate that the formation of the inclusion is a dynamic process involving many stages which present different morphologic and tinctorial characteristics.

In the early inclusion a distinct accumulation of nucleoprotein of the desoxyribose type is present.

In the older inclusions presenting the “classical Type A” appearance nucleoprotein is no longer present within the nucleus.

An increase in protein synthesis within infected cells is suggested by the very large size of the nucleolus immediately prior to the formation of the inclusion body and by the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the inclusion body.