bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4D Biofabrication Using Shape‐Morphing Hydrogels
Authors: Kirillova Alina , Maxson Ridge , Stoychev Georgi , Gomillion Cheryl T. , Ionov Leonid
Published: October 2017

Despite the tremendous potential of bioprinting techniques toward the fabrication of highly complex biological structures and the flourishing progress in 3D bioprinting, the most critical challenge of the current approaches is the printing of hollow tubular structures. In this work, an advanced 4D biofabrication approach, based on printing of shape‐morphing biopolymer hydrogels, is developed for the fabrication of hollow self‐folding tubes with unprecedented control over their diameters and architectures at high resolution. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated by employing two different biopolymers (alginate and hyaluronic acid) and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Harnessing the printing and postprinting parameters allows attaining average internal tube diameters as low as 20 µm, which is not yet achievable by other existing bioprinting/biofabrication approaches and is comparable to the diameters of the smallest blood vessels. The proposed 4D biofabrication process does not pose any negative effect on the viability of the printed cells, and the self‐folded hydrogel‐based tubes support cell survival for at least 7 d without any decrease in cell viability. Consequently, the presented 4D biofabrication strategy allows the production of dynamically reconfigurable architectures with tunable functionality and responsiveness, governed by the selection of suitable materials and cells.
Hollow Co3O4 Nanosphere Embedded in Carbon Arrays for Stable and Flexible Solid‐State Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Guan Cao , Sumboja Afriyanti , Wu Haijun , Ren Weina , Liu Ximeng , Zhang Hong , Liu Zhaolin , Cheng Chuanwei , Pennycook Stephen J. , Wang John
Published: October 2017

Highly active and durable air cathodes to catalyze both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are urgently required for rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this work, an efficient bifunctional oxygen catalyst comprising hollow Co3O4 nanospheres embedded in nitrogen‐doped carbon nanowall arrays on flexible carbon cloth (NC‐Co3O4/CC) is reported. The hierarchical structure is facilely derived from a metal–organic framework precursor. A carbon onion coating constrains the Kirkendall effect to promote the conversion of the Co nanoparticles into irregular hollow oxide nanospheres with a fine scale nanograin structure, which enables promising catalytic properties toward both OER and ORR. The integrated NC‐Co3O4/CC can be used as an additive‐free air cathode for flexible all‐solid‐state zinc–air batteries, which present high open circuit potential (1.44 V), high capacity (387.2 mAh g−1, based on the total mass of Zn and catalysts), excellent cycling stability and mechanical flexibility, significantly outperforming Pt‐ and Ir‐based zinc–air batteries.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Iron‐Promoted Thiocarboxylation of Styrenes and Acrylates with CO2
Authors: Ye Jian‐Heng , Miao Meng , Huang He , Yan Si‐Shun , Yin Zhu‐Bao , Zhou Wen‐Jun , Yu Da‐Gang
Published: October 2017

The first thiocarboxylation of styrenes and acrylates with CO2 was realized by using visible light as a driving force and catalytic iron salts as promoters. A variety of important β‐thioacids were obtained in high yields. This multicomponent reaction proceeds in an atom‐ and redox‐economical manner with broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions. Notably, high regio‐, chemo‐, and diasteroselectivity are observed. Mechanistic studies indicate that a radical pathway can account for the unusual regioselectivity.
Liganden‐ und lösungsmittelkontrollierte regio‐ und chemodivergente Carbonylierungen
Authors: Peng Jin‐Bao , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2017

Die Entwicklung hochselektiver Vorschriften ist eines der Kernziele der organischen Chemie. Unter den bekannten organischen Transformationen sind Carbonylierungen eine ideale Wahl für die Herstellung von Verbindungen mit Carbonylgruppen. In diesem Aufsatz werden die jüngsten Erfolge bei der Kontrolle der Selektivität von Carbonylierungsreaktionen zusammengefasst. Der Einfluss der Liganden, Lösungsmittel und Basen auf die Selektivität wird erläutert.
Unprecedented Sensitivity in a Probe for Monitoring Cathepsin B: Chemiluminescence Microscopy Cell‐Imaging of a Natively Expressed Enzyme
Authors: Roth‐Konforti Michal E. , Bauer Christoph R. , Shabat Doron
Published: October 2017

Until recently, chemiluminescence cell images could only be obtained using luciferase‐activated probes. Moreover, chemiluminescence microscopy cell‐imaging has not been demonstrated for natively expressed enzymes like cathepsin B. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of the first chemiluminescence probe for the detection and imaging of cathepsin B. The probe activation mechanism relies on the release of a dioxetane intermediate, which undergoes chemiexcitation to emit green light with high efficiency under physiological conditions. Using the probe, we obtained clear images of cancerous leukemia and colon cells. This is the first demonstration of chemiluminescence cell images obtained by a probe for a natively expressed endogenous enzyme. We anticipate that the concept presented in this study will be broadly used to develop analogous probes for other important proteases relevant to biomolecular processes.
Regioselective lithiation of 1‐benzylpyrazole derivatives: Synthesis of amides derived from pyrazole
Authors: Górska Agnieszka , Kliś Tomasz , Serwatowski Janusz
Published: October 2017

A series of brominated 1‐benzylpyrazoles were deprotonated at the pyrazole 5‐position or the benzylic position on treatment with lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran at low temperature. The obtained organolithium intermediates were subjected to reaction with Me3SiCl, t‐BuNCO, ClCONEt2 or ClCON(i‐Pr)2 affording the respective silanes or amides after hydrolysis.
Dodecatungstocobaltate heteropolyanion encapsulation into MIL‐101(Cr) metal–organic framework scaffold provides a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for methanolysis of epoxides
Authors: Marandi Afsaneh , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mechler Adam , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Zadehahmadi Farnaz
Published: October 2017

A heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized by encapsulation of a Keggin‐type heteropolytungstate, potassium dodecatungstocobaltate trihydrate, K5[CoW12O40]·(Co‐POM), into chromium(III) terephthalate (MIL‐101). Encapsulation was achieved via a ‘build bottle around ship’ strategy in aqueous media, following a hydrothermal method. The structure of the resulting crystalline solid was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, correlated with Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectroscopy. The metal content was analysed using optical emission spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was used to measure particle size and N2 adsorption in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller instrument to characterize the specific surface area. The catalytic activity was investigated using methanolysis of epoxides under mild conditions as a test reaction. The turnover frequency of the heterogeneous Co‐POM@MIL‐101 catalyst was more than 20 times higher than that of the homogeneous Co‐POM catalyst. The Co‐POM@MIL‐101 catalyst was reused several times with negligible leaching of Co‐POM and with no considerable loss of its initial efficiency. The simplicity of preparation, extraordinary stability and high reactivity make Co‐POM@MIL‐101 an exceptional catalytic matrix that is easily separable from reaction media.
Development and Assessment of Fully Automated and Globally Transitive Geometric Morphometric Methods, With Application to a Biological Comparative Dataset With High Interspecific Variation
Authors: Gao Tingran , Yapuncich Gabriel S. , Daubechies Ingrid , Mukherjee Sayan , Boyer Doug M.
Published: October 2017

Automated geometric morphometric methods are promising tools for shape analysis in comparative biology, improving researchers’ abilities to quantify variation extensively (by permitting more specimens to be analyzed) and intensively (by characterizing shapes with greater fidelity). Although use of these methods has increased, published automated methods have some notable limitations: pairwise correspondences are frequently inaccurate and pairwise mappings are not globally consistent (i.e., they lack transitivity across the full sample). Here, we reassess the accuracy of published automated methods—cPDist (Boyer et al. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108 () 18221–18226) and auto3Dgm (Boyer et al.: Anat Rec 298 () 249–276)—and evaluate several modifications to these methods. We show that a substantial percentage of alignments and pairwise maps between specimens of dissimilar geometries were inaccurate in the study of Boyer et al. (Proc Nat Acad Sci 108 () 18221–18226), despite a taxonomically partitioned variance structure of continuous Procrustes distances. We show these inaccuracies are remedied using a globally informed methodology within a collection of shapes, rather than relying on pairwise comparisons (c.f. Boyer et al.: Anat Rec 298 () 249–276). Unfortunately, while global information generally enhances maps between dissimilar objects, it can degrade the quality of correspondences between similar objects due to the accumulation of numerical error. We explore a number of approaches to mitigate this degradation, quantify their performance, and compare the generated pairwise maps (and the shape space characterized by these maps) to a “ground truth” obtained from landmarks manually collected by geometric morphometricians. Novel methods both improve the quality of the pairwise correspondences relative to cPDist and achieve a taxonomic distinctiveness comparable to auto3Dgm. Anat Rec, 301:636–658, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleosomes Exhibit Non‐uniform Unwrapping Along Native Chromatin Fibers with Increasing Salt Concentration as Revealed by Direct Imaging in a Microfluidic Channel
Authors: Mori Hiroki , Okeyo Kennedy O. , Washizu Masao , Oana Hidehiro
Published: October 2017

Identifying the distribution of the higher‐order structure of chromatin – a complex of DNA and proteins – along genomic DNA can clarify the mechanisms underlying cell development and differentiation, including gene regulation. However, genome‐wide analysis of this distribution at the single‐cell level remains an outstanding challenge. Here, the authors report a new method for investigating changes in and the distribution of higher‐order structures along native chromatin fibers – ranging over 100 µm in length – relative to changes in salt concentration. To this end, the authors developed a microfluidic platform that enabled us to isolate chromatin fibers from single cells and tether them to microstructures in a microfluidic channel without fragmentation. The fibers were then exposed to varying concentrations of salt solution under microscopic observation. As a result, the fibers are non‐uniformly elongated by up to 2–3 times along the fiber axis as salt concentration was increased from 0 to 3 M, suggesting that chromosome structural stability is non‐uniformly distributed along chromatin fibers in their native form. Thus, our system enables direct microscopic analysis of individual chromatin fibers from single cells, which can provide insights into epigenetic mechanisms of cell development, cell differentiation, and carcinogenesis.
Proline‐Rich Chaperones Are Compared Computationally and Experimentally for Their Abilities to Facilitate Recombinant Butyrylcholinesterase Tetramerization in CHO Cells
Authors: Wang Qiong , Chen Charles H. , Chung Cheng‐yu , Priola Joseph , Chu Jeffrey H. , Tang Juechun , Ulmschneider Martin B. , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: October 2017

Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), predominantly tetramers with a residence time of days, offers the potential to scavenge organophosphorus pesticides and chemical warfare agents. Efficient assembly of human BChE into tetramers requires an association with proline‐rich peptide chaperones. In this study, the incorporation of different proline‐rich peptide chaperones into BChE is investigated computationally and experimentally. First, the authors applied molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to interpret the interactions between proline‐rich chaperones with human BChE tetramer domains. The P24 chaperone which contains 24 prolines, promoted the association of BChE tetramer with a 74% simulated helicity of BChE subunits, whereas the control without chaperone and BChE with an 8‐proline chaperone (P8) complex exhibited 55.8 and 60.6% predicted helicity, respectively. The interaction of proline‐rich chaperones with BChE subunits (B‐P) provides a conduit to facilitate the interactions between BChE subunits (B‐B) of the complex, which is mainly attributed to hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen‐bond binding. Experimental assessment of these two proline‐rich chaperones plus a 14‐proline chaperone (P14) was performed and confirmed that P24 has superior capability to facilitate recombinant BChE (rBChE) tetramerization with >60% rBChE tetramer in P24‐transfected rBChE cells, whereas P14‐ and P8‐transfected rBChE cells had 44 and 33% rBChE tetramer, respectively. The rBChE control had 14% tetramer. Finally, we developed a stable rBChE tetramer expression system in CHO cells by enriching P24 expression in rBChE expressing cells. Overall, our simulations provided a design concept for identifying proline‐rich peptides that promote the rBChE tetramerization in CHO cells.
Population-based study of factors predicting treatment intention in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Westberg K , Palmer G , Hjern F , Nordenvall C , Johansson H , Holm T , Martling A
Published: October 2017

Background

Local recurrence of rectal cancer (LRRC) is associated with poor survival unless curative treatment is performed. The aim of this study was to investigate predictive factors for treatment with curative intent in patients with LRRC.

Methods

Population-based data for patients treated for primary rectal cancer between 1995 and 2002, and with LRRC reported as first event were collected from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry and medical records. The associations between patient-, primary tumour- and LRRC-related factors and intention of the treatment for LRRC were determined. The impact of the identified predictive factors on prognosis after treatment with curative intent was also assessed.

Results

A total of 426 patients were included in the study, of whom 149 (35·0 per cent) received treatment with curative intent. Factors significantly associated with treatment of the LRRC with palliative intent were primary surgery with abdominoperineal resection (odds ratio (OR) 5·16, 95 per cent c.i. 2·97 to 8·97), age at diagnosis of LRRC at least 80 years (OR 4·82, 2·37 to 9·80), symptoms at diagnosis (OR 2·79, 1·56 to 5·01) and non-central location of the LRRC (OR 1·79, 1·15 to 2·79). The overall 5-year survival rate was 8·9 per cent for all patients and 23·1 per cent among those treated with curative intent. In patients treated with curative intent, factors associated with increased risk of death were age 80 years or more (hazard ratio (HR) 2·44, 95 per cent c.i. 1·55 to 3·86), presence of symptoms (HR 1·92, 1·20 to 3·05), non-central tumour location (HR 1·51, 1·01 to 2·26) and presence of hydronephrosis (HR 2·02, 1·18 to 3·44).

Conclusion

Non-central location of the LRRC, presence of symptoms and age at least 80 years at diagnosis of the LRRC were associated with treatment with palliative intent.
Stereoselective Sulfinyl Aniline‐Promoted Pd‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation and Acetoxylation of Aliphatic Amides
Authors: Jerhaoui Soufyan , Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Wencel‐Delord Joanna , Colobert Françoise
Published: October 2017

Stereoselective functionalization of aliphatic C−H bonds presents a great challenge. Following this target, we disclose herein an original strategy towards direct arylation of aliphatic chains at ß‐methylene position based on a use of amide‐sulfoxide bicoordinating directing group. Although moderate to high chiral induction (up to 9:1 d.r.) is achieved, diastereomerically pure compounds may be afforded by simple separation of diastereomeric products by silica gel chromatography. Accordingly, this reaction allows preparation of a large scope of high‐value scaffolds in synthetically useful yields while recyclable character of our chiral auxiliary brings an additional benefit. A potential of this methodology to build up original molecules by sequential diarylation and expedient (two step) synthesis of a biologically active compound are further disclosed. Finally a first example of stereoselective direct acetoxylation of aliphatic chains is reported.
Reactivity of 3‐Oxo‐β‐lactams with Respect to Primary Amines—An Experimental and Computational Approach
Authors: Piens Nicola , Goossens Hannelore , Hertsen Dietmar , Deketelaere Sari , Crul Lieselotte , Demeurisse Lotte , De Moor Jelle , Van den Broeck Elias , Mollet Karen , Van Hecke Kristof , Van Speybroeck Veronique , D'hooghe Matthias
Published: October 2017

The reactivity of 3‐oxo‐β‐lactams with respect to primary amines was investigated in depth. Depending on the specific azetidin‐2‐one C4 substituent, this reaction was shown to selectively produce 3‐imino‐β‐lactams (through dehydration), α‐aminoamides (through CO elimination), or ethanediamides (through an unprecedented C3−C4 ring opening). In addition to the experimental results, the mechanisms and factors governing these peculiar transformations were also examined and elucidated by means of DFT calculations.
Iridium promoted Ni‐Co/Al2O3‐ZrO2 catalyst for dry reforming of methane
Authors: Fakeeha Anis Hamza , Ibrahim Ahmed Aidid , Arafat Yasir , Atia Hanan , Abasaeed Ahmed Elhag , Al‐Fatesh Ahmed Sadeq
Published: October 2017

CO2 reforming of methane to produce synthesis gas was examined in a fixed bed reactor, using a combined nickel‐cobalt based catalyst supported on a mixed oxide (modified alumina with ZrO2) obtained by the sol‐gel method. The loading of nickel and cobalt was kept at 0.0500 g/g (1:1), while the amount of Ir varied between 0.0000 to 0.0100 g/g. The reforming reactions were performed at 700 °C. The time on stream profile for 360 min showed that all catalysts were very active and stable. The promoter doping of 0.0250 g/gCo‐0.0250 g/gNi‐X g/g Ir/(Al2O3‐ZrO2) catalysts augmented the activity regarding the CH4 and CO2 by 20 %. The catalysts were characterized by means of TGA, TPR, TPD, XRD, and SEM. The TGA and TPR results showed that the promoter depressed the carbon deposition and upgraded the reducibility of the active metals in that order. While the TPD analysis illustrated the basic sites of the catalyst are of medium strength.
A New Class of Amide Ligands Enable Cu‐Catalyzed Coupling of Sodium Methanesulfinate with (Hetero)aryl Chlorides
Authors: Ma Dawei , Niu Songtao , Zhao Jinlong , Jiang Xi , Jiang Yongwen , Zhang Xiaojing , Sun Tiemin
Published: October 2017

((2S,4R)‐4‐Hydroxy‐N‐(2‐methylnaphthalen‐1‐yl)pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide (HMNPC), an amide derived from 4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline and 2‐methyl naphthalen‐1‐amine, is a powerful ligand for Cu‐catalyzed coupling of (hetero)aryl halides with sulfinic acid salts, allowing for first time the metal‐catalyzed coupling of (hetero)aryl chlorides and NaSO2Me. A considerable number of (hetero)aryl chlorides worked well, providing the pharmaceutically important (hetero)aryl methylsulfones in good to excellent yields.
Improved knowledge of and difficulties in palliative care among physicians during 2008 and 2015 in Japan: Association with a nationwide palliative care education program
Authors: Nakazawa Yoko , Yamamoto Ryo , Kato Masashi , Miyashita Mitsunori , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Morita Tatsuya
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Palliative care education for health care professionals is a key element in improving access to quality palliative care. The Palliative Care Emphasis Program on Symptom Management and Assessment for Continuous Medical Education (PEACE) was designed to provide educational opportunities for all physicians in Japan. As of 2015, 57,764 physicians had completed it. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of the program.

METHODS

This study was an analysis of 2 nationwide observational studies from 2008 and 2015. We conducted 2 questionnaire surveys for representative samples of physicians. The measurements used were the Palliative Care Knowledge Test (range, 0‐100) and the Palliative Care Difficulties Scale (range, 1‐4). Comparisons were made with the unpaired Student t test and with a multivariate linear regression model using 2 cohorts and a propensity score–matched sample.

RESULTS

This study analyzed a total of 48,487 physicians in 2008 and a total of 2720 physicians in 2015. Between 2008 and 2015, physicians' knowledge and difficulties significantly improved on the Palliative Care Knowledge Test with total scores of 68 and 78, respectively (P < .001; effect size, 0.40) and on the Palliative Care Difficulties Scale with total scores of 2.65 and 2.49, respectively (P < .001; effect size, 0.29). Propensity‐score matching resulted in 619 untrained physicians matched to 619 trained physicians, and physicians who trained with the PEACE program had a higher knowledge score (74 vs 86; P < .001; effect size, 0.64) and a lower difficulties score (2.6 vs 2.3; P < .001; effect size, 0.42).

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians' knowledge of and difficulties with palliative care improved on a national level. The PEACE program may have contributed to these improvements. Cancer 2018;124:626‐35. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
FNA smears of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma are superior to formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue as a source of DNA: Comparison of targeted KRAS amplification and genotyping in matched preresection and postresection samples
Authors: Hartley Christopher P. , Mahajan Aparna M. , Selvaggi Suzanne M. , Rehrauer William M.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to compare DNA yield, including normalization to nuclear area, DNA amplification functionality, and detection of KRAS mutations between matched fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens and pancreatic resections diagnostic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

A retrospective sample of 30 matched single FNA smears and macrodissected formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) curls (2 5‐μm curls) were compared by measuring the following: nuclear area (via digital image analysis), DNA yield (via NanoDrop spectrophotometry and Quantus fluorometry), and polymerase chain reaction threshold cycles for KRAS amplifications. Variants in KRAS codons 12/13 and 61 were detected by fluorescent melt curve analyses, followed by Sanger DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Despite a similar nuclear area, FNA smears yielded greater DNA per nuclear area via 2 DNA quantification methods. KRAS codon 12 mutations were detected in 23 of 30 FNA specimens (77%) compared with 17 of 30 matched FFPE specimens (57%), for a concordance rate of 74%. No KRAS codon 13 or 61 mutations were detected.

CONCLUSIONS

FNA specimens are a more optimal source of DNA, and represent an important resource in the preresection and postresection molecular analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:838–47. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
CNS synapses are stabilized trans‐synaptically by laminins and laminin‐interacting proteins
Authors: Hunter Dale D. , Manglapus Mary K. , Bachay Galina , Claudepierre Thomas , Dolan Michael W. , Gesuelli Kelly‐Ann , Brunken William J.
Published: October 2017

The retina expresses several laminins in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), where they may provide an extracellular scaffold for synapse stabilization. Mice with a targeted deletion of the laminin β2 gene (Lamb2) exhibit retinal disruptions: photoreceptor synapses in the OPL are disorganized and the retinal physiological response is attenuated. We hypothesize that laminins are required for proper trans‐synaptic alignment. To test this, we compared the distribution, expression, association and modification of several pre‐ and post‐synaptic elements in wild‐type and Lamb2‐null retinae. A potential laminin receptor, integrin α3, is at the presynaptic side of the wild‐type OPL. Another potential laminin receptor, dystroglycan, is at the post‐synaptic side of the wild‐type OPL. Integrin α3 and dystroglycan can be co‐immunoprecipitated with the laminin β2 chain, demonstrating that they may bind laminins. In the absence of the laminin β2 chain, the expression of many pre‐synaptic components (bassoon, kinesin, among others) is relatively undisturbed although their spatial organization and anchoring to the membrane is disrupted. In contrast, in the Lamb2‐null, β‐dystroglycan (β‐DG) expression is altered, co‐localization of β‐DG with dystrophin and the glutamate receptor mGluR6 is disrupted, and the post‐synaptic bipolar cell components mGluR6 and GPR179 become dissociated, suggesting that laminins mediate scaffolding of post‐synaptic components. In addition, although pikachurin remains associated with β‐DG, pikachurin is no longer closely associated with mGluR6 or α‐DG in the Lamb2‐null. These data suggest that laminins act as links among pre‐ and post‐synaptic laminin receptors and α‐DG and pikachurin in the synaptic space to maintain proper trans‐synaptic alignment.
A survey of the double‐fetch vulnerabilities
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Lu Kai , Li Gen , Zhou Xu
Published: October 2017

Race conditions widely exist in concurrent programs, and concurrency errors caused by harmful races could lead to severe system failures. A double fetch is a typical situation when the system kernel inevitably accesses user space data multiple times, and it turns into a vulnerability when the data consistency is violated under a special race condition between kernel and user space. In this survey, we present the first (to the best of our knowledge) comprehensive study on double‐fetch vulnerabilities in the real world. Our study is based on the investigation of 91 real‐world double‐fetch vulnerabilities collected from the CVE database and other relevant reports, which covers a period of recent 12 years. Our work reveals some interesting findings on the double‐fetch vulnerabilities, ranging from the various occurrences across different kernels and system levels to the involvement of specific patterns. We also divide the consequences that are usually caused by the double‐fetch vulnerabilities into four categories and discuss each, summarize viable exploitation techniques from existing works, provide useful guidances to detect and practical strategies to prevent double‐fetch vulnerabilities.
Light‐Induced Activation of the Du Bois [RhII2(Esp)2] Catalyst for Nitrogen Atom Transfer Reactions
Authors: Farran Rajaa , Ducloiset Clémence , Buendia Julien , Vo Nhat Tam , Guillot Régis , Halime Zakaria , Dauban Philippe , Leibl Winfried , Sircoglou Marie , Aukauloo Ally
Published: October 2017

[Rh2(Esp)2] (Esp=α,α,α′,α′‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐benzenedipropionate) is a well‐established catalyst for intra‐ and intermolecular C(sp)3−H bond amination. We have prepared and isolated complex I, [Rh2(Esp)2(NHTces)2]2−, where the catalyst bears sulfonamidate ligands (−NHTces=−NHSO3CH2CCl3) as nitrogen sources in the coordination sphere of the rhodium centre. The possibility for light activation instead of chemical activation of the [Rh2(Esp)2] catalyst and complex I is demonstrated using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as the photosensitizer. The oxidation of the two dinuclear Rh complexes occurs through two distinct pathways. On one hand, [Rh2(Esp)2] is oxidized in a bimolecular reaction with the RuIII species formed after excitation of the photosensitizer in the presence of an electron acceptor. In contrast, the lower oxidation potential of complex I allows for its oxidation to occur directly from the excited state of the photosensitizer, helped by ion‐pair formation between the negatively charged complex I with [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The charge‐separated state of the oxidized complex I/reduced photosensitizer had a lifetime of 50 μs.
Cyto‐histological correlation of Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion associated renal cell carcinoma: Report of a case with review of literature
Authors: Manucha Varsha , Sessums Mary T. , Lewin Jack , Akhtar Israh
Published: October 2017

The MiT family translocation renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are relatively rare in comparison to the conventional RCC. The cytologic features overlap with conventional clear cell RCC and papillary RCCs, thereby making the diagnosis extremely challenging. Here, we describe a case of TFE3 translocation associated RCC in a 58‐year‐old patient, with emphasis on cytomorphologic features and clues toward this diagnostic entity. Correlating the cytohistologic findings and review of touch imprints revealed that presence of hyaline nodules resembling leisegang rings and psammoma bodies in cytologic smears from kidney tumors serve as an important clue in raising a suspicion for the diagnosis of MiT family translocation RCCs.
Development of a Sensor Based on Modified Carbon Paste with Com Iron(III) Protoporphyrin Immobilized on SiNbZn Silica Matrix for L‐tryptophan Determination
Authors: Nunes da Silva Daniela , Teixeira Tarley César Ricardo , Pereira Arnaldo César
Published: October 2017

In this work, SiO2/Nb2O5/ZnO prepared by the sol‐gel processing method was used as substrate base for immobilization of the protoporphyrin‐IX ion. Iron(III) ion was inserted into the porphyrin ring (SiNbZn‐PPFe). A simple square wave voltammetry method based on a composite sensor carbon paste electrode of this material,designed as EPC‐SiNbZn‐PPFe, was developed and validated successfully for the determination of L‐tryptophan (Trp). The optimum conditions were obtained by using sensor modified with 18.00 mg SiNbZn‐PPFe material, 12.00 mg graphite powder and 6.0 μL mineral oil and phosphate buffer 0.3 mol L−1 pH 7.0. The sensitivity of the sensor was found to be 0.523 AL mol −1, linear range from 10 to 70 μmol L−1 and limit of detection of 3.28 μmol L−1. Therefore, the developed method was successfully applied for the Trp determination in real samples of pharmaceutical formulation and can be used for routine quality control pharmaceutical formulations containing Trp.
Reproducibility of R‐fMRI metrics on the impact of different strategies for multiple comparison correction and sample sizes
Authors: Chen Xiao , Lu Bin , Yan Chao‐Gan
Published: October 2017

Concerns regarding reproducibility of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R‐fMRI) findings have been raised. Little is known about how to operationally define R‐fMRI reproducibility and to what extent it is affected by multiple comparison correction strategies and sample size. We comprehensively assessed two aspects of reproducibility, test–retest reliability and replicability, on widely used R‐fMRI metrics in both between‐subject contrasts of sex differences and within‐subject comparisons of eyes‐open and eyes‐closed (EOEC) conditions. We noted permutation test with Threshold‐Free Cluster Enhancement (TFCE), a strict multiple comparison correction strategy, reached the best balance between family‐wise error rate (under 5%) and test–retest reliability/replicability (e.g., 0.68 for test–retest reliability and 0.25 for replicability of amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (ALFF) for between‐subject sex differences, 0.49 for replicability of ALFF for within‐subject EOEC differences). Although R‐fMRI indices attained moderate reliabilities, they replicated poorly in distinct datasets (replicability < 0.3 for between‐subject sex differences, < 0.5 for within‐subject EOEC differences). By randomly drawing different sample sizes from a single site, we found reliability, sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) rose as sample size increased. Small sample sizes (e.g., < 80 [40 per group]) not only minimized power (sensitivity < 2%), but also decreased the likelihood that significant results reflect “true” effects (PPV < 0.26) in sex differences. Our findings have implications for how to select multiple comparison correction strategies and highlight the importance of sufficiently large sample sizes in R‐fMRI studies to enhance reproducibility. Hum Brain Mapp 39:300–318, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vicariously touching products through observing others' hand actions increases purchasing intention, and the effect of visual perspective in this process: An fMRI study
Authors: Liu Yi , Zang Xuelian , Chen Lihan , Assumpção Leonardo , Li Hong
Published: October 2017

The growth of online shopping increases consumers' dependence on vicarious sensory experiences, such as observing others touching products in commercials. However, empirical evidence on whether observing others' sensory experiences increases purchasing intention is still scarce. In the present study, participants observed others interacting with products in the first‐ or third‐person perspective in video clips, and their neural responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We investigated (1) whether and how vicariously touching certain products affected purchasing intention, and the neural correlates of this process; and (2) how visual perspective interacts with vicarious tactility. Vicarious tactile experiences were manipulated by hand actions touching or not touching the products, while the visual perspective was manipulated by showing the hand actions either in first‐ or third‐person perspective. During the fMRI scanning, participants watched the video clips and rated their purchasing intention for each product. The results showed that, observing others touching (vs. not touching) the products increased purchasing intention, with vicarious neural responses found in mirror neuron systems (MNS) and lateral occipital complex (LOC). Moreover, the stronger neural activities in MNS was associated with higher purchasing intention. The effects of visual perspectives were found in left superior parietal lobule (SPL), while the interaction of tactility and visual perspective was shown in precuneus and precuneus‐LOC connectivity. The present study provides the first evidence that vicariously touching a given product increased purchasing intention and the neural activities in bilateral MNS, LOC, left SPL and precuneus are involved in this process. Hum Brain Mapp 39:332–343, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accounting for the role of hematocrit in between‐subject variations of MRI‐derived baseline cerebral hemodynamic parameters and functional BOLD responses
Authors: Xu Feng , Li Wenbo , Liu Peiying , Hua Jun , Strouse John J. , Pekar James J. , Lu Hanzhang , van Zijl Peter C.M. , Qin Qin
Published: October 2017

Baseline hematocrit fraction (Hct) is a determinant for baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) and between‐subject variation of Hct thus causes variation in task‐based BOLD fMRI signal changes. We first verified in healthy volunteers (n = 12) that Hct values can be derived reliably from venous blood T1 values by comparison with the conventional lab test. Together with CBF measured using phase‐contrast MRI, this noninvasive estimation of Hct, instead of using a population‐averaged Hct value, enabled more individual determination of oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). The inverse correlation of CBF and Hct explained about 80% of between‐subject variation of CBF in this relatively uniform cohort of subjects, as expected based on the regulation of DO2 to maintain constant CMRO2. Furthermore, we compared the relationships of visual task‐evoked BOLD response with Hct and CBF. We showed that Hct and CBF contributed 22%–33% of variance in BOLD signal and removing the positive correlation with Hct and negative correlation with CBF allowed normalization of BOLD signal with 16%–22% lower variability. The results of this study suggest that adjustment for Hct effects is useful for studies of MRI perfusion and BOLD fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 39:344–353, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping the sequence of brain events in response to disgusting food
Authors: Pujol Jesus , Blanco‐Hinojo Laura , Coronas Ramón , Esteba‐Castillo Susanna , Rigla Mercedes , Martínez‐Vilavella Gerard , Deus Joan , Novell Ramón , Caixàs Assumpta
Published: October 2017

Warning signals indicating that a food is potentially dangerous may evoke a response that is not limited to the feeling of disgust. We investigated the sequence of brain events in response to visual representations of disgusting food using a dynamic image analysis. Functional MRI was acquired in 30 healthy subjects while they were watching a movie showing disgusting food scenes interspersed with the scenes of appetizing food. Imaging analysis included the identification of the global brain response and the generation of frame‐by‐frame activation maps at the temporal resolution of 2 s. Robust activations were identified in brain structures conventionally associated with the experience of disgust, but our analysis also captured a variety of other brain elements showing distinct temporal evolutions. The earliest events included transient changes in the orbitofrontal cortex and visual areas, followed by a more durable engagement of the periaqueductal gray, a pivotal element in the mediation of responses to threat. A subsequent core phase was characterized by the activation of subcortical and cortical structures directly concerned not only with the emotional dimension of disgust (e.g., amygdala‐hippocampus, insula), but also with the regulation of food intake (e.g., hypothalamus). In a later phase, neural excitement extended to broad cortical areas, the thalamus and cerebellum, and finally to the default mode network that signaled the progressive termination of the evoked response. The response to disgusting food representations is not limited to the emotional domain of disgust, and may sequentially involve a variety of broadly distributed brain networks. Hum Brain Mapp 39:369–380, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How and why do countries differ in their governance and financing‐related administrative expenditure in health care? An analysis of OECD countries by health care system typology
Authors: Hagenaars Luc L. , Klazinga Niek S. , Mueller Michael , Morgan David J. , Jeurissen Patrick P.T.
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Administration is vital for health care. Its importance may increase as health care systems become more complex, but academic attention has remained minimal. We investigated trends in administrative expenditure across OECD countries, cross‐country spending differences, spending differences between health care system typologies, and differences in the scale and scope of administrative functions across typologies.

Methods

We used OECD data, which include health system governance and financing‐related administrative activities by regulators, governance bodies, and insurers (macrolevel), but exclude administrative expenditure by health care providers (mesolevel and microlevel).

Results

We find that governance and financing‐related administrative spending at the macrolevel has remained stable over the last decade at slightly over 3% of total health spending. Cross‐country differences range from 1.3% of health spending in Iceland to 8.3% in the United States. Voluntary private health insurance bears much higher administrative costs than compulsory schemes in all countries. Among compulsory schemes, multiple payers exhibit significantly higher administrative spending than single payers. Among single‐payer schemes, those where entitlements are based on residency have significantly lower administrative spending than those with single social health insurance, albeit with a small difference.

Discussion

These differences can partially be explained because multi‐payer and voluntary private health insurance schemes require additional administrative functions and enjoy less economies of scale. Studies in hospitals and primary care indicate similar differences in administrative costs across health system typologies at the mesolevel and microlevel of health care delivery, which warrants more research on total administrative costs at all the levels of health systems.
Tumor‐infiltrating tryptase+ mast cells predict unfavorable clinical outcome in solid tumors
Authors: Hu Guoming , Wang Shimin , Cheng Pu
Published: October 2017

The prognostic role of tumor‐infiltrating tryptase+ mast cells in human solid tumors remains controversial. Herein, we conducted a meta‐analysis including 28 published studies with 4224 patients identified from PubMed and EBSCO to assess the prognostic impact of tumor‐infiltrating tryptase+ mast cells in human solid tumors. We found that tryptase+ mast cell infiltration significantly decreased overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) in all types of solid tumors. In stratified analyses, tryptase+ mast cell infiltration was significantly associated with worse OS in non‐small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and 5‐year survival in colorectal cancer. And these cells were inversely associated with DFS in hepatocellular and colorectal cancer. In addition, high density of intratumoral tryptase+ mast cells significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis of solid tumor. In conclusion, Tryptase+ mast cell infiltration leads to an unfavorable clinical outcome in solid tumors, implicating that it is a valuable biomarker for prognostic prediction for human solid malignances and targeting it may have a potential for effective treatment.
Alcohol consumption, variability in alcohol dehydrogenase genes and risk of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Antwi Samuel O. , Eckel‐Passow Jeanette E. , Diehl Nancy D. , Serie Daniel J. , Custer Kaitlynn M. , Wu Kevin J. , Cheville John C. , Thiel David D , Leibovich Bradley C. , Parker Alexander S.
Published: October 2017

Alcohol consumption has been associated inversely with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk; however, no study has examined effect modification by germline variation in alcohol‐metabolizing genes. We investigated whether the association between alcohol intake and RCC risk is modulated by germline variants in alcohol dehydrogenase genes in a large case–control study. Data from 652 RCC cases and 1,366 non‐cancer controls were analyzed. Alcohol intake was assessed using a standardized risk factor questionnaire. Three previously genotyped polymorphisms in ADH6 and ADH7 with the TaqMan assay were examined. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for covariates. Compared to non‐drinkers, ever consumption of alcohol was associated with lower RCC risk (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.42–0.65). Analysis with cubic spline regression curve showed a “J‐shaped” relationship between alcohol drinks/day and RCC risk, such that there was no added benefit against RCC for consumption of more than two drinks/day. We observed effect modification by variation in rs1154454 (ADH7) (pinteraction = 0.007); a per unit increase in alcohol drink/day was associated with 35% lower RCC risk among non‐minor allele carriers, a 27% lower risk among those who carry one copy of the minor allele, but no association was observed among those with two copies of the minor allele. These findings indicate that alcohol consumption is associated with lower RCC risk. Consuming more than two drinks a day does not confer additional protection against RCC. The association between alcohol intake and RCC risk appears to be modulated by inter‐individual germline variation in alcohol‐metabolizing genes.
Retinal pulse wave velocity measurement using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Li Qian , Li Lin , Fan Shanhui , Dai Cuixia , Chai Xinyu , Zhou Chuanqing
Published: October 2017

The human eyes provide a natural window for noninvasive measurement of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) of small arteries. By measuring the retinal PWV, the stiffness of small arteries can be assessed, which may better detect early vascular diseases. Therefore, retinal PWV measurement has attracted increasing attention. In this study, a jump‐scanning method was proposed for noninvasive measurement of retinal PWV using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). The jump‐scanning method uses the phase‐resolved Doppler OCT to obtain the pulse shapes. To realize PWV measurement, the jump‐scanning method extracts the transit time of the pulse wave from an original OCT scanning site to another through a transient jump. The measured retinal arterial PWV of a young human subject with normal blood pressure was in the order of 20 to 30 mm/s, which was consistent with previous studies. As a comparison, PWV of 50 mm/s was measured for a young human subject with prehypertension, which was in accordance with the finding of strong association between retinal PWV and blood pressure. In summary, it is believed the proposed jump‐scanning method could benefit the research and diagnosis of vascular diseases through the window of human eyes.
Effects of plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite on infected curved root canals
Authors: Ballout Husam , Hertel Moritz , Doehring Jonas , Kostka Eckehard , Hartwig Stefan , Paris Sebastian , Preissner Saskia
Published: October 2017

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of 2 different cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) sources, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), on infected root canals. Therefore, 50 standardized curved human root canals were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and assigned to 5 groups—negative control (NC), plasma jet (CAP I), dielectric barrier discharge (CAP II), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and NaOCl + passive ultrasonic irrigation—for 30 s. Colony forming units (CFUs) were determined. NaOCl was significantly more effective at reducing CFUs than all test groups (P < .0001 [Mann‐Whitney U test]) in both parts of the root canal. CFUs in PDT were significantly lower than those in CAP II (P = .015), and those in CAP I were lower than those in CAP II (P = .05). Among all other groups and in the apical parts, no significant differences were found (P > .05).
Optical clearing for multiscale biological tissues
Authors: Yu Tingting , Qi Yisong , Gong Hui , Luo Qingming , Zhu Dan
Published: October 2017

Three‐dimensional reconstruction of tissue structures is essential for biomedical research. The development of light microscopes and various fluorescent labeling techniques provides powerful tools for this motivation. However, optical imaging depth suffers from strong light scattering due to inherent heterogeneity of biological tissues. Tissue optical clearing technology provides a distinct solution and permits us to image large volumes with high resolution. Until now, various clearing methods have been developed. In this study, from the perspective of the end users, we review in vitro tissue optical clearing techniques based on the sample features in terms of size and age, enumerate the methods suitable for immunostaining and lipophilic dyes and summarize the combinations with various imaging techniques. We hope this review will be helpful for researchers to choose the most suitable clearing method from a variety of protocols to meet their specific needs.