bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of mechanical activation on mullite formation in an alumina-silica ceramics system at lower temperature
Authors: Obada David O. , Dodoo-Arhin David , Dauda Muhammad , Anafi Fatai O. , Ahmed Abdulkarim S. , Ajayi Olusegun A. , Samotu Ibraheem A.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

This work aims to analyze the effect of mechanical activation on structural disordering (amorphization) in an alumina-silica ceramics system and formation of mullite most notably at a lower temperature using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, an objective of this work is to focus on a low-temperature fabrication route for the production of mullite powders.

Design/methodology/approach

A batch composition of kaolin, alumina and silica was manually pre-milled and then mechanically activated in a ball mill for 30 and 60 min. The activated samples were sintered at 1,150°C for a soaking period of 2 h. Mullite formation was characterized by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Findings

It was determined that the mechanical activation increased the quantity of the mullite phase. SEM results revealed that short milling times only helped in mixing of the precursor powders and caused partial agglomeration, while longer milling times, however, resulted in greater agglomeration.

Originality/value

It is noted that, a manual pre-milling of approximately 20 min and a ball milling approach of 60 min milling time can be suggested as the optimum milling time for the temperature decrease succeeded for the production of mullite from the specific stoichiometric batch formed.
Mathematical modelling and experimental validation of mono-tube shock absorber
Authors: Jugulkar Lalitkumar , Singh Shankar , Sawant Suresh
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The work presented in this paper is concerned with mathematical modeling and experimental validation of mono-tube shock absorber. This paper aims to create damper model to predict accurately damping force, and experimental analysis is done by varying the various parameters, such as flow area in bleed(Ab), mass (M) and operating frequency(?).

Design/methodology/approach

Here, input is given in the form of sinusoidal excitation, and the output is received as a numerical data of the displacement transmissibility. These data are then processed to get the values of transmissibility and magnification factor for various frequency ratios. They are then plotted to have transmissibility and frequency response curves, as it is a generally accepted measure of how well the system is isolated from its surroundings.

Findings

It is better to have low transmissibility (larger bleed area), for lower suspension velocity, as it will reduce maximum acceleration transmitted to the sprung mass. However, for higher suspension velocity, bleed area should be low (higher transmissibility) to reduce displacement of tyre from road.

Originality/value

The development of faster vehicles and also the requirements of smoother and more comfortable rides have led to the fitment of dampers on almost on all present day vehicles. Shock absorbers have a significant influence on handling performance and riding comfort. Shock absorber plays an important role not only for comfort of the riders of the vehicle but also in the performance and life of the vehicle. However, no further reduction of vehicle vibration can be expected for using the optimum values of damping coefficient and spring stiffness for the shock absorber. Thus, it is necessary to make modification to improve the functions of shock absorber.
Energy management and optimization: case study of a textile plant in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Tunc Murat , Kaplan Kayhan , Sisbot Sedat , Camdali Unal
Published: January 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present the results of energy management and optimization studies in one Turkish textile factory. In a case study of a print and dye factory in Istanbul, the authors identified energy-sensitive processes and proposed energy management applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Appropriate energy management methods have been implemented in the factory, and the results were examined in terms of energy efficiency and cost reduction.

Findings

By applying the methods for fuel distribution optimization, the authors demonstrated that energy costs could be decreased by approximately.

Originality/value

Energy management is a vital issue for industries particularly in developing countries such as Turkey. Turkey is an energy poor country and imports more than half of its energy to satisfy its increasing domestic demands. An important share of these demands stems from the presence of a strong textile industry that operates throughout the country.
Effects of interrupted aging on the intergranular corrosion behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy
Authors: Zhang Ruijie , Liu Xiaoyan , Wang Zhaopeng , Gao Fei
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to research the effects of interrupted aging on the corrosion behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy by means of intergranular corrosion (IGC) testing, potentiodynamic polarization combined with optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Design/methodology/approach

The results show that the IGC began on the grain boundaries and continued along the grain boundary. The corrosion resistance property of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy was enhanced by interrupted aging. The precipitations of the interrupted aged sample both in the grains and on the grain boundaries were fine, and the chain-like phases on the grain boundary were distributed nearly continuously.

Findings

The corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg series Al alloy with equilibrium phase (Al2Cu) is notably determined by precipitation-free zone (PFZ) as the self-corrosion potentials of (Al2Cu), PFZ and the matrix satisfied the relation EPFZ < Eθ<EMatrix.

Originality/value

The connections of the PFZ on both sides of the grain boundary decreased the corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy treated by the single aging.
Searching the fertility potential of iron and steel industry blast furnace slag
Authors: Ozkaymak Mehmet , Selimli Selcuk , Kaya Durmus , Uzun Umit
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the fertility potential of the iron- and steel-making process waste granulated blast furnace slag to recover it as a beneficial product.

Design/methodology/approach

This slag fertilizer was mixed with organic fertilizer to enrich and dung the vegetable sets are pepper, lettuce and cucumbers.

Findings

In this study, 100 per cent granulated slag, 75 per cent granulated slag + 25 per cent fermented manure, 50 per cent granulated slag + 50 per cent fermented manure and 25 per cent granulated slag + 75 per cent fermented manure compositions were mixed with water and added to seeding pots. The growth rate of vegetable sets and also the level of contamination of heavy metals such as lead, copper, aluminum, mercury and cadmium were analyzed. The analyses results showed that contamination rates of lead, copper, aluminum, mercury and cadmium in lettuce and cucumber samples were in the range of acceptable levels for human health. Slag fertilizer enforced the set of growth rate and productivity, too.

Originality/value

By the recovery of the waste slag storage, transport and annihilation economical load on the industry would be eliminated, waste recovery contributes to the economical gaining and beneficial recovered products replace the need of fertility products.
Speed characteristics analysis and simulation of the water hydraulic axial piston motor
Authors: Yang Lijie , Wang Guimei , Nie Songlin
Published: January 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the speed characteristics of the water hydraulic axial piston motor. The speed performance of water hydraulic piston motor which uses water as medium is different from that mineral oil one.

Design/methodology/approach

To analyze the speed characteristics of the water hydraulic motor, the speed model of a swash plate water hydraulic piston motor is developed theoretically and a simulation model with AMESim is built.

Findings

The effects of clearance between friction pairs and input pressure on the speed are analyzed and compared between the theoretical and numerical models.

Originality/value

The results of the theoretical and simulation models both verify that the clearance of friction pairs is the key factor in the hydraulic piston motor’s speed.
Assessment of the solar cooling technologies using analytical hierarchical process
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Shehzad Ali Qazi , Bilal Muhammed
Published: January 2017

Purpose

Decreasing sources of fossil fuels has caused an increase in importance of the renewable energy resources and systems that directly utilize renewable energy are even more important. The purpose of the paper is to compare the most common solar cooling technologies against the most important requirements.

Design/methodology/approach

A multi-criteria decision methodology, analytical hierarchical process, has been used to prioritize these technologies with respect to each other.

Findings

The findings of this study are the priorities of selected solar cooling concepts against performance affecting criteria. The solar vapour adsorption cooling system has been found to be the optimum solar cooling concept with practically the highest performance number compared with the other cooling systems.

Originality/value

This study can be used in the future development of solar cooling technologies to benefit from the best collective features of the specific technologies.
Microbiological quality of Brazilian UHT milk: Identification and spoilage potential of spore‐forming bacteria
Authors: Pinto Claudia L O , Souza Luana V , Meloni VinÍcius A S , Batista Cleiton S , Silva Ramon , Martins Eliane M F , Cruz Adriano Gomes , Martins Maurilio L
Published: January 2017

Counts of aerobic mesophilic micro‐organisms and aerobic mesophilic spore‐forming bacteria were determined in 91 ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) commercial Brazilian samples. Forty‐six spore‐forming bacteria were identified and characterised in terms of their spoilage potential. Among the 20 brands evaluated, 45% had counts of aerobic mesophilic micro‐organisms higher than 1.0 × 102 cfu/mL. The sporulated bacteria were identified as Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus megaterium, and 31% and 33% showed proteolytic and lipolytic activity, respectively. Our findings indicate that there is a potential risk of UHT milk samples becoming spoiled during their commercial shelf life.
Implications of Genital Mutilation at Autopsy
Authors: Byard Roger W.
Published: January 2017

Given the potential significance of mutilation of the external genitalia in medicolegal fatalities, a review of the literature was undertaken to identify subcategories. Such mutilations may have been sustained sometime before death, around the time of death, or after death. The most common type of ante mortem genital mutilations involves cultural practices such as male circumcision. Less common male mutilations such as subincisions are tribally based. Female genital mutilation is found particularly in African, Middle Eastern, or Asian populations. Self‐inflicted genital injuries are most common in males and may be related to attempts at suicide, or to self‐harming practices. The latter have a strong association with psychiatric illnesses. Postmortem injuries may arise from animal predation or deliberate mutilation of a corpse. The latter may be associated with ante mortem genital injuries in sadistic homicides. The range of possible causes of genital mutilations in forensic cases necessitates extremely careful evaluation.
The Measurement of Adolescent Alcohol Problems via Item Response Theory and Their 15‐Year Prospective Associations with Alcohol and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Windle Michael , Windle Rebecca C.
Published: January 2017

Background

A limited number of measures exist to assess alcohol problems during adolescence. Item response theory modeling was used to scale a measure of adolescent alcohol problems, including drinking and driving, and then related to alcohol and other psychiatric disorders that occurred over a 15‐year period.

Methods

High school students (N = 832) completed the 13‐item Alcohol Problems Index (API) at age 18 years as part of a long‐term longitudinal study of predictors of alcohol use and alcohol disorders. Frequency of drinking and driving was also measured during adolescence. Lifetime psychiatric disorders, including alcohol disorders, were measured during young adulthood. Rasch modeling was used to scale the severity of alcohol problems, and the scaled total score was used to prospectively predict alcohol disorders. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was also computed between the adolescent alcohol problems and alcohol and other psychiatric disorders across a 15‐year period.

Results

The prevalence of alcohol disorders was 38.7% (for alcohol dependence, it was 27.7%). Rasch modeling indicated that the API assessed a range of severity of alcohol problems and that drinking and driving were among the less severe indicators. Age 18 API scores significantly correlated with an alcohol diagnosis (0.34), and ROC curve analysis indicated that for adolescent alcohol problem scores, the diagnostic accuracy (or area under the curve) for an alcohol diagnosis by age 33 was 0.70.

Conclusions

Our findings supported the unidimensionality and reliability of the API, and statistically significant prospective prediction of young adult alcohol disorders. The measurement of alcohol problems during adolescence, in addition to drinking and driving, may be beneficial in understanding adverse consequences of drinking during adolescence as well as transitions in alcohol use and alcohol disorders across the lifespan.
Not All Distractions Are the Same: Investigating Why Preschoolers Make Distraction Errors When Switching
Authors: Blakey Emma , Carroll Daniel J.
Published: January 2017

When switching between tasks, preschoolers frequently make distraction errors—as distinct from perseverative errors. This study examines for the first time why preschoolers make these errors. One hundred and sixty‐four 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds completed one of four different conditions on a rule‐switching task requiring children to sort stimuli according to one rule and then switch to a new rule. Conditions varied according to the type of information that children needed to ignore. Children made significantly more distraction errors when the to‐be‐ignored information was related to the previous rule. When it was not related to a previous rule, even young preschoolers could disregard this information. This demonstrates that distraction errors are caused by children's initial goal representations that continue to affect performance.
Predictive value of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children ‐ Second Edition at 4 years, for motor impairment at 8 years in children born preterm
Authors: Griffiths Alison , Morgan Prue , Anderson Peter J , Doyle Lex W , Lee Katherine J , Spittle Alicia J
Published: January 2017

Aim

To assess the predictive validity at 4 years of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children ‐ Second Edition (MABC‐2) for motor impairment at 8 years in children born preterm. We also aimed to determine if sex, cognition, medical, or social risks were associated with motor impairment at 8 years or with a change in MABC‐2 score between 4 years and 8 years.

Method

Ninety‐six children born at less than 30 weeks’ gestation were assessed with the MABC‐2 at 4 years and 8 years of age. Motor impairment was defined as less than or equal to the 5th centile. The Differential Ability Scales ‐ Second Edition (DAS‐II) was used to measure General Conceptual Ability (GCA) at 4 years, with a score <90 defined as ‘below average’.

Results

There was a strong association between the MABC‐2 total standard scores at 4 years and 8 years (59% variance explained, regression coefficient=0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–0.91, p<0.001). The MABC‐2 at 4 years had high sensitivity (79%) and specificity (93%) for predicting motor impairment at 8 years. Below average cognition and higher medical risk were associated with increased odds of motor impairment at 8 years (odds ratio [OR]=15.3, 95% CI 4.19–55.8, p<0.001, and OR=3.77, 95% CI 1.28–11.1, p=0.016 respectively). Sex and social risk did not appear to be associated with motor impairment at 8 years. There was little evidence that any variables were related to change in MABC‐2 score between 4 years and 8 years.

Interpretation

The MABC‐2 at 4 years is predictive of motor functioning in middle childhood. Below average cognition and higher medical risk may be predictors of motor impairment.
Effect of mold diameter on the depth of cure of a resin‐based composite material
Authors: Erickson Robert L. , Barkmeier Wayne W.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mold diameter on depth of cure of a resin‐based composite material for varying amounts of irradiation. A resin‐based composite was light‐cured for 10–80 s in stainless‐steel molds of either 6 mm or 4 mm in diameter and then dark‐stored for 24 h. Specimens were then scraped back and the length of the cured specimens was measured to provide depth of cure (DSB). Radiant exposure to each of the mold diameters was determined by measuring the power. The DSB values using the 4‐mm molds were lower than those of the 6‐mm molds. The average difference between the two groups for each irradiation time was 0.45 ± 0.02 mm. A fixed depth of cure required about 39% more irradiation time for the 4‐mm mold than for the 6‐mm mold but 75% more radiant exposure. The difference in cure depth for a fixed radiant exposure was 0.79 mm. A better comparison of depth of cure is obtained by using identical radiant exposures for different mold diameters. It is believed that greater loss of light by absorption at the stainless‐steel cylinder walls for the 4‐mm‐diameter cylinders accounts for the lower depth of cure when compared with the 6‐mm molds.
Current standards of neuropsychological assessment in epilepsy surgery centers across Europe
Authors: Vogt Viola Lara , Äikiä Marja , del Barrio Antonio , Boon Paul , Borbély Csaba , Bran Ema , Braun Kees , Carette Evelien , Clark Maria , Cross Judith Helen , Dimova Petia , Fabo Daniel , Foroglou Nikolaos , Francione Stefano , Gersamia Anna , Gil‐Nagel Antonio , Guekht Alla , Harrison Sue , Hecimovic Hrvoje , Heminghyt Einar , Hirsch Edouard , Javurkova Alena , Kälviäinen Reetta , Kavan Nicole , Kelemen Anna , Kimiskidis Vasilios K. , Kirschner Margarita , Kleitz Catherine , Kobulashvili Teia , Kosmidis Mary H. , Kurtish Selin Yagci , Lesourd Mathieu , Ljunggren Sofia , Lossius Morten Ingvar , Malmgren Kristina , Mameniskiené Ruta , Martin‐Sanfilippo Patricia , Marusic Petr , Miatton Marijke , Özkara Çiğdem , Pelle Federica , Rubboli Guido , Rudebeck Sarah , Ryvlin Philippe , van Schooneveld Monique , Schmid Elisabeth , Schmidt Pia‐Magdalena , Seeck Margitta , Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Shavel‐Jessop Sara , Tarta‐Arsene Oana , Trinka Eugen , Viggedal Gerd , Wendling Anne‐Sophie , Witt Juri‐Alexander , Helmstaedter Christoph ,   the E‐PILEPSY consortium
Published: January 2017

We explored the current practice with respect to the neuropsychological assessment of surgical epilepsy patients in European epilepsy centers, with the aim of harmonizing and establishing common standards. Twenty‐six epilepsy centers and members of “E‐PILEPSY” (a European pilot network of reference centers in refractory epilepsy and epilepsy surgery), were asked to report the status of neuropsychological assessment in adults and children via two different surveys. There was a consensus among these centers regarding the role of neuropsychology in the presurgical workup. Strong agreement was found on indications (localization, epileptic dysfunctions, adverse drugs effects, and postoperative monitoring) and the domains to be evaluated (memory, attention, executive functions, language, visuospatial skills, intelligence, depression, anxiety, and quality of life). Although 186 different tests are in use throughout these European centers, a core group of tests reflecting a moderate level of agreement could be discerned. Variability exists with regard to indications, protocols, and paradigms for the assessment of hemispheric language dominance. For the tests in use, little published evidence of clinical validity in epilepsy was provided. Participants in the survey reported a need for improvement concerning the validity of the tests, tools for the assessment of everyday functioning and accelerated forgetting, national norms, and test co‐normalization. Based on the present survey, we documented a consensus regarding the indications and principles of neuropsychological testing. Despite the variety of tests in use, the survey indicated that there may be a core set of tests chosen based on experience, as well as on published evidence. By combining these findings with the results of an ongoing systematic literature review, we aim for a battery that can be recommended for the use across epilepsy surgical centers in Europe.
Coronal mode ultrasound guided hemodialysis cannulation: A pilot randomized comparison with standard cannulation technique
Authors: Kumbar Lalathaksha , Soi Vivek , Adams Elizabeth , Brown Deacon Cheryl , Zidan Mohamed , Yee Jerry
Published: January 2017

Background: Infiltrations from cannulation result in significant morbidity including loss of hemodialysis (HD) vascular access (VA). Cannulation is dependent on personnel skill and VA characteristics. Surface marking of VA lacks real‐time information and traditional ultrasound (US) devices are large, expensive, requiring skilled operators. Sonic Window© (Analogic Ultrasound, Peabody, MA, USA) is a coronal mode ultrasound device (CMUD) approved for VA cannulation.

Methods: Single center randomized, prospective pilot study comparing handheld US‐guided cannulation of new arteriovenous fistula (AVF) to standard cannulation practices. Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on in‐center HD who had a new AVF cleared for cannulation and dialysis were enrolled. Patients with new AVF received either standard cannulation (control group) or image guidance using CMUD (study group) for 3 weeks. Ultrasound characteristics of VA, cannulation practices and complications end points were obtained.

Results: An infiltration rate of 9.7% was noted during the study. Slightly lower odds ratio (OR) of infiltration was observed in the study group (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.26–3.41, P value = 0.93). Study group yielded longer time for assessment (101.8 ± 80.2 vs. 22.3 ± 22.5 seconds, P = < 0.001), increased cannulation time (41.1 ± 70.6 vs. 25.0 ± 27.9 seconds, P = 0.04), and increased patient satisfaction (94.6% vs. 82%, P = 0.04) compared to control group. Number of cannulation attempts, needle size, arterial or venous needle insertion, and tourniquet usage between groups were not statistically different.

Conclusion: Handheld ultrasound is a safe and useful aid in cannulation of dialysis access.
Effects of brown algal phlorotannins and ascorbic acid on the physiochemical properties of minced fish (Pagrosomus major) during freeze–thaw cycles
Authors: Wang Tiantian , Li Zhenxing , Mi Nasha , Yuan Fangzhou , Zou Long , Lin Hong , Pavase Tushar
Published: January 2017

The quality loss in fish during freeze–thaw cycles is considered one of the major issues caused mainly by temperature fluctuations during cold storage. The present work is aimed to illustrate the effects of brown algal phlorotannins (BAP) and ascorbic acid (AA) on physiochemical properties of minced snapper muscle through different freeze–thaw cycles. Both AA and BAP could retard lipid and protein oxidation, respectively, and synergistically. The Ca2+‐ATPase activity can be protected with the addition of antioxidants. The addition of 0.1% (w/w) AP showed 22.6% higher activity as compared with other groups especially during three freeze–thaw cycles. Cooking loss was efficiently inhibited and 0.1% AA + 0.3% BAP group showed 25.5% lower than control. Antioxidant is also helpful to maintain gel‐forming ability of minced snapper and 0.1% AA + 0.1% BAP group showed the best. These results revealed that both AA and BAP could prevent minced fish by inhibiting the protein denaturation during freeze–thaw cycles.
Effects of storage time on the motility, mortality and calcium levels of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spermatozoa
Authors: Parodi J. , Guerra G. , Cuevas M. , Ramírez‐Reveco A. , Romero F.
Published: January 2017

This study estimates spermatozoa mortality, morphology, motility and intracellular calcium levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar milt after prolonged storage. Milt samples were preserved at 4° C for 25 days and then evaluated for mortality. Motility remained high for the first 3 days and the mortality was low during the first 5 days of storage.

A decrease of >50% in calcium content was observed after 5 days of storage. When spermatozoa were activated, calcium levels increased >200% in relative fluorescence units (RFU); this rate of increase was lost when the samples were stored for extended periods of time and was only partially manifested in a zero calcium solution. The results suggest that in vitro storage of S. salar spermatozoa at 4° C for a period of 3 days preserves motility and limits mortality to levels similar to those of fresh spermatozoa. This method also maintains intracellular calcium storage critical for spermatozoa performance.
Systematic quantification of histological patterns shows accuracy in reflecting cirrhotic remodeling
Authors: Wang Yan , Huang Wei , Li Ruhua , Yun Zhaoqiang , Zhu Youfu , Yang Jinlian , Liu Hailin , Liu Zhipeng , Feng Qianjin , Hou Jinlin
Published: January 2017

Background and Aim

There still lacks a tool for precisely evaluating cirrhotic remodeling. Histologic distortion characterized in cirrhosis (i.e. cirrhotic patterns) has a validated pathophysiological meaning and potential relevance to clinical complications. We aimed to establish a new tool to quantify the cirrhotic patterns and test it for reflecting the cirrhotic remodeling.

Methods

We designed a computerized algorithm, named qCP, dedicated for the analysis of liver images acquired by second harmonic microscopy. We evaluated its measurement by using a cohort of 95 biopsies (Ishak staging F4/5/6 = 33/35/27) of chronic hepatitis B and a carbon tetrachloride‐intoxicated rat model for simulating the bidirectional cirrhotic change.

Results

QCP can characterize 14 histological cirrhosis parameters involving the nodules, septa, sinusoid, and vessels. For chronic hepatitis B biopsies, the mean overall intra‐observer and inter‐observer agreement was 0.94 ± 0.08 and 0.93 ± 0.09, respectively. The robustness in resisting sample adequacy‐related scoring error was demonstrated. The proportionate areas of total (collagen proportionate area), septal (septal collagen proportionate area [SPA]), sinusoidal, and vessel collagen, nodule area, and nodule density (ND) were associated with Ishak staging (P < 0.01 for all). But only ND and SPA were independently associated (P ≤ 0.001 for both). A histological cirrhosis parameters‐composed qCP‐index demonstrated an excellent accuracy in quantitatively diagnosing evolving cirrhosis (areas under receiver operating characteristic curves 0.95–0.92; sensitivity 0.93–0.82; specificity 0.94–0.85). In the rat model, changes in collagen proportionate area, SPA, and ND had strong correlations with both cirrhosis progression and regression and faithfully characterized the histological evolution.

Conclusions

QCP preliminarily demonstrates potential for quantitating cirrhotic remodeling with high resolution and accuracy. Further validation with in‐study cohorts and multiple‐etiologies is warranted.
Asbestos fibres detected by scanning electron microscopy in the gallbladder of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)
Authors: GROSSO F. , CROCE A. , TRINCHERI N.F. , MARIANI N. , LIBENER R. , DEGIOVANNI D. , RINAUDO C.
Published: January 2017

Gallbladders from patients affected by both malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and important gallbladder disorders were analyzed to verify the presence of asbestos fibres. Histological thin sections were analyzed by optical microscope and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, allowing morphological and chemical characterization of each inorganic phase observed. Fibres of chrysotile and crocidolite, minerals regulated as asbestos, were identified. By immunohistochemical analysis, connective tissue was recognized as the incorporation site. These findings confirm that asbestos fibres can reach the gallbladders of patients with MPM, for whom the development of respiratory diseases confirms asbestos exposure.
Intergenerational Contact in Chinese Families: Structural and Cultural Explanations
Authors: Gruijters Rob J.
Published: January 2017

Although the determinants of intergenerational contact have been well documented in Western countries, we know virtually nothing about the situation in China, a country that has recently experienced unprecedented socioeconomic and demographic change. This study analyzed the frequency of (a) visits and (b) other contact (phone, text message, etc.) in a representative sample of 16,715 adult child–parent dyads, focusing in particular on the role of migration as well as children's gender, marital status, and education level. Adult children generally maintained intensive social relations with parents, although distance was a major barrier to face‐to‐face contact. Sons visited more often than daughters, but daughters were more likely to stay in touch by other means. Moreover, the strength of parent–daughter ties was strongly dependent on education level. These findings suggest that women's empowerment and the spread of mobile technology have created new opportunities for intergenerational solidarity.
Dietary integration with oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil improves growth rate and oxidative status in outdoor‐reared, but not indoor‐reared, pigs
Authors: Forte C. , Ranucci D. , Beghelli D. , Branciari R. , Acuti G. , Todini L. , Cavallucci C. , Trabalza‐Marinucci M.
Published: January 2017

The effects of a diet supplemented with oregano essential oil on performance, oxidative status, pork quality traits and sensorial properties were evaluated. In two studies, 72 pigs in indoor or outdoor conditions were assigned to either a control diet or an identical diet supplemented with 0.2% oregano essential oil. Pigs reared outdoor showed lower live weight, average daily gain and average gain:feed ratio compared to indoor pigs. The oregano supplementation improved the growth performance of the outdoor‐ but not the indoor‐reared animals. The serum oxidative status was influenced by the diet. A higher oxidative stability was observed in the oregano‐supplemented groups. As for the rearing conditions, the data suggest that after an initial adapting period, the free‐range farming systems could be better tolerated by pigs. Meat derived from pigs reared outdoor showed higher pH and a* values. Lightness was influenced by both the diet and the rearing conditions. The control group reared indoor showed shear force values higher than both supplemented groups, while no differences were detected with the control group reared outdoor. In the consumer test performed under blind conditions, the oregano groups achieved higher consistency scores compared with the control. Under informed conditions, the meat derived from the oregano‐supplemented pigs reared outdoor received the highest scores for consistency and overall liking regardless of the rearing system. The same result for the overall liking score was obtained in the expectation test. The data obtained showed that dietary oregano essential oil can be effective in reducing performance losses due to the outdoor‐rearing system, increasing the oxidative status of the animal and oxidative stability of the meat, without modifying the meat quality traits and improving consumer perceptions of the meat quality.
The nutrition of poultry as a factor affecting litter quality and foot pad dermatitis – an updated review
Authors: Swiatkiewicz S. , Arczewska‐Wlosek A. , Jozefiak D.
Published: January 2017

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD), a condition of inflammation and necrotic lesions on the plantar surface of the footpads, is commonly observed in fast‐growing broiler chickens and turkeys. FPD negatively affects the welfare of birds, performance indices and the economic profit of poultry meat production. Nutrition is an important factor affecting water intake, excreta moisture and litter quality and, in this way, the occurrence and intensity of FPD in birds. This article reviews and discusses the recent results published in the literature on the effects of nutritional factors on litter quality and FPD severity in broiler chickens and turkeys. Literature data on the efficacy of nutritional methods on the litter quality and FPD occurrence are not consistent. However, the results of several experiments indicate that the optimal level of crude protein, biotin and electrolytes (Na, K) in the diet, as well as feed additives such as feed enzymes hydrolysating non‐starch polysaccharides and organic sources of microelements (zinc), may reduce the litter moisture as well as FPD incidence and severity in broiler chickens and turkey.
Antioxidant status and expression of inflammatory genes in gut and liver of piglets fed different dietary methionine concentrations
Authors: Zeitz J. O. , Kaltenböck S. , Most E. , Eder K.
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary concentrations of methionine (Met), as a precursor of cysteine which is a constituent of glutathione (GSH), affect tissue antioxidant concentrations and the antioxidant defence system in pigs. Forty‐five piglets (DanZucht × Pietrain) were allotted to three groups of similar mean body weight (11.0 ± 0.9 kg). The basal diet was composed of barley, wheat, corn starch, soybean oil, sucrose, cellulose and a mineral supplement with suboptimal concentrations of Met and was supplemented with dl‐Met to reach 0.16%, 0.20% and 0.24% of dietary Met and 0.40%, 0.44% and 0.48% of dietary Met and cysteine in groups 0.16, 0.20 and 0.24 respectively. After 3 weeks, at slaughter, samples of liver, jejunum mucosa and plasma were collected. Feed intake and weight gains increased and feed:gain ratio decreased when dietary Met concentrations increased. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), concentrations of GSH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA‐RS) and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and jejunum mucosa were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). Relative mRNA concentrations of selected target genes of the nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), the master regulator of the antioxidant response, and of the nuclear factor ‘kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B‐cells (NF‐κB), the master regulator of inflammation, were largely unaffected both in jejunum and liver. In conclusion, inflammation‐ and oxidative stress‐related pathways on the molecular level, and concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, of antioxidants and of enzymes involved in the antioxidant defence system were mostly unaffected by dietary Met concentration in gut and liver. These findings suggest that suboptimal dietary Met concentrations did not influence the antioxidant defence system of gut and liver in healthy piglets.
Bridging Science and Religion: How Health‐Care Workers as Storytellers Construct Spiritual Meanings
Authors: Grant Don , Sallaz Jeff , Cain Cindy
Published: January 2017

Contrary to the notion that medical science has supplanted religious understandings of human suffering, recent research suggests that health‐care workers like nurses can still portray their confrontations with illness and death in spiritual terms through storytelling. However, scholars have yet to systematically analyze the rhetorical devices used to construct spiritual meanings. Drawing on a symbolic interactionist perspective, we theorize that front‐line health professionals can deploy various rhetorical devices to infuse their workplace interactions with a spiritual significance. We also propose novel fuzzy set analysis techniques for determining which configurations of devices are most important in developing spiritual meanings. This approach was illustrated by examining 173 stories elicited from nurses at a nonsectarian, teaching hospital about encounters at work that significantly impacted their understanding of spirituality. Consistent with our expectations, the way in which nurses tell stories about their experiences not only shapes whether they attach spiritual significance to them, but whether they perceive spirituality and medicine to be compatible. We discuss the implications of our findings for future research on lived religion, conflicting identities, and institutional boundaries.
Diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis is associated with loss of CD206‐positive macrophages in the gastric antrum
Authors: Grover M. , Bernard C. E. , Pasricha P. J. , Parkman H. P. , Gibbons S. J. , Tonascia J. , Koch K. L. , McCallum R. W. , Sarosiek I. , Hasler W. L. , Nguyen L. A. B. , Abell T. L. , Snape W. J. , Kendrick M. L. , Kellogg T. A. , McKenzie T. J. , Hamilton F. A. , Farrugia G. ,   NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC)
Published: January 2017

Background

Animal studies have increasingly highlighted the role of macrophages in the development of delayed gastric emptying. However, their role in the pathophysiology of human gastroparesis is unclear. Our aim was to determine changes in macrophages and other cell types in the gastric antrum muscularis propria of patients with diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis.

Methods

Full thickness gastric antrum biopsies were obtained from patients enrolled in the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (11 diabetic, 6 idiopathic) and 5 controls. Immunolabeling and quantitative assessment was done for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) (Kit), enteric nerves protein gene product 9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase), overall immune cells (CD45) and anti‐inflammatory macrophages (CD206). Gastric emptying was assessed using nuclear medicine scintigraphy and symptom severity using the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.

Results

Both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis patients showed loss of ICC as compared to controls (Mean [standard error of mean]/hpf: diabetic, 2.28 [0.16]; idiopathic, 2.53 [0.47]; controls, 6.05 [0.62]; P=.004). Overall immune cell population (CD45) was unchanged but there was a loss of anti‐inflammatory macrophages (CD206) in circular muscle (diabetic, 3.87 [0.32]; idiopathic, 4.16 [0.52]; controls, 6.59 [1.09]; P=.04) and myenteric plexus (diabetic, 3.83 [0.27]; idiopathic, 3.59 [0.68]; controls, 7.46 [0.51]; P=.004). There was correlation between the number of ICC and CD206‐positive cells (r=.55, P=.008). Enteric nerves (PGP9.5) were unchanged: diabetic, 33.64 (3.45); idiopathic, 41.26 (6.40); controls, 46.80 (6.04).

Conclusion

Loss of antral CD206‐positive anti‐inflammatory macrophages is a key feature in human gastroparesis and it is associates with ICC loss.
Plastomes on the edge: the evolutionary breakdown of mycoheterotroph plastid genomes
Authors: Graham Sean W. , Lam Vivienne K. Y. , Merckx Vincent S. F. T.
Published: January 2017

We examine recent evidence for ratchet‐like genome degradation in mycoheterotrophs, plants that obtain nutrition from fungi. Initial loss of the NADH dehydrogenase‐like (NDH) complex may often set off an irreversible evolutionary cascade of photosynthetic gene losses. Genes for plastid‐encoded subunits of RNA polymerase and photosynthetic enzymes with secondary functions (Rubisco and ATP synthase) can persist initially, with nonsynchronous and quite broad windows in the relative timing of their loss. Delayed losses of five core nonbioenergetic genes (especially trnE and accD, which respectively code for glutamyl tRNA and a subunit of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase) probably explain long‐term persistence of heterotrophic plastomes. The observed range of changes of mycoheterotroph plastomes is similar to that of holoparasites, although greater diversity of both probably remains to be discovered. These patterns of gene loss/retention can inform research programs on plastome function.

Contents

Summary
48

I.
Introduction
48

II.
Modelling plastid genome degradation in mycoheterotrophs
50

III.
Conclusions: a modified model for plastome degradation, and future research directions
53

Acknowledgements
54

References
54
Complex genetic architecture underlies maize tassel domestication
Authors: Xu Guanghui , Wang Xufeng , Huang Cheng , Xu Dingyi , Li Dan , Tian Jinge , Chen Qiuyue , Wang Chenglong , Liang Yameng , Wu Yaoyao , Yang Xiaohong , Tian Feng
Published: January 2017

Maize (Zea mays) tassels underwent profound morphological changes during maize domestication and improvement. Although a number of genes affecting maize inflorescence development have been identified, the genetic basis of the morphological changes in maize tassels since domestication is not well understood.

Here, using a large population of 866 maize‐teosinte BC2S3 recombinant inbred lines genotyped using 19 838 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we performed high‐resolution quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for five tassel morphological traits.

We showed that the five tassel traits were associated with different genetic architecture features. Known genes for maize inflorescence development identified by mutagenesis were significantly enriched in the tassel trait QTLs, and many of these genes, including ramosa1 (ra1), barren inflorescence2 (bif2), unbranched2 (ub2), zea floricaula leafy2 (zfl2) and barren stalk fastigiate1 (baf1), showed evidence of selection. An in‐depth nucleotide diversity analysis at the bif2 locus identified strong selection signatures in the 5′‐regulatory region. We also found that several known flowering time genes co‐localized with tassel trait QTLs. A further association analysis indicated that the maize photoperiod gene ZmCCT was significantly associated with tassel size variation. Using near‐isogenic lines, we narrowed down a major‐effect QTL for tassel length, qTL9‐1, to a 513‐kb physical region.

These results provide important insights into the genetic architecture that controls maize tassel evolution.
Natural 13C abundance and soil carbon dynamics under long‐term residue retention in a no‐till maize system
Authors: Jha Pramod , Verma S. , Lal R. , Eidson C. , Dheri G. S.
Published: January 2017

Residue retention and reduced tillage are both conservation agricultural practices that may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in soil. We evaluated the long‐term effects of no‐till (NT) and stover retention from maize on SOC dynamics in a Rayne silt loam Typic Hapludults in Ohio. The six treatments consisted of retaining 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200% of maize residues on each 3 × 3 m plot from the crop of previous year. Soil samples were obtained after 9 yrs of establishing the experiment. The whole soil (0–10 and 10–20 cm of soil depths) samples under different treatments were analysed for total C, total N, recalcitrant C (NaOCl treated sample) and 13C isotopic abundance (0–10 cm soil depth). Complete removal of stover for a period of 9 yrs significantly (P < 0.01) decreased soil C content (15.5 g/kg), whereas 200% of stover retention had the maximum soil C concentration (23.1 g/kg). Relative distribution of C for all the treatments in different fractions comprised of 55–58% as labile and 42–45% as recalcitrant. Retention of residue did not significantly affect total C and N concentration in 10–20 cm depth. 13C isotopic signature data indicated that C4‐C (maize‐derived C) was the dominant fraction of C in the top 0–10 cm of soil layer under NT with maize‐derived C accounting for as high as 80% of the total SOC concentration. Contribution of C4‐C or maize‐derived C was 71–84% in recalcitrant fraction in different residue retained plots. Residue management is imperative to increase SOC concentrations and long‐term agro‐ecosystem necessitates residue retention for stabilizing C in light‐textured soils.
Outcomes among HIV‐infected children initiating HIV care and antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia
Authors: Melaku Zenebe , Lulseged Sileshi , Wang Chunhui , Lamb Matthew R. , Gutema Yoseph , Teasdale Chloe A. , Ahmed Solomon , Gadisa Tsigereda , Habtamu Zelalem , Bedri Abubaker , Fayorsey Ruby , Abrams Elaine J.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To describe pediatric ART scale‐up in Ethiopia, one of the 21 global priority countries for elimination of pediatric HIV infection.

Methods

A descriptive analysis of routinely collected HIV care and treatment data on HIV‐infected children (<15 years) enrolled at 70 health facilities in four regions in Ethiopia, January 2006–September 2013. Characteristics at enrollment and ART initiation are described along with outcomes at 1 year after enrollment. Among children who initiated ART, cumulative incidence of death and loss to follow‐up (LTF) were estimated using survival analysis.

Results

11 695 children 0–14 years were enrolled in HIV care and 6815 (58.3%) initiated ART. At enrollment, 31.2% were WHO stage III and 6.3% stage IV. The majority (87.9%) were enrolled in secondary or tertiary facilities. At 1 year after enrollment, 17.9% of children were LTF prior to ART initiation. Among children initiating ART, cumulative incidence of death was 3.4%, 4.1% and 4.8%, and cumulative incidence of LTF was 7.7%, 11.8% and 16.6% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Children <2 years had higher risk of LTF and death than older children (P < 0.0001). Children with more advanced disease and those enrolled in rural settings were more likely to die. Children enrolled in more recent years were less likely to die but more likely to be LTF.

Conclusions

Over the last decade large numbers of HIV‐infected children have been successfully enrolled in HIV care and initiated on ART in Ethiopia. Retention prior to and after ART initiation remains a major challenge.
Visual Working Memory Resources Are Best Characterized as Dynamic, Quantifiable Mnemonic Traces
Authors: Veksler Bella Z. , Boyd Rachel , Myers Christopher W. , Gunzelmann Glenn , Neth Hansjörg , Gray Wayne D.
Published: January 2017

Visual working memory (VWM) is a construct hypothesized to store a small amount of accurate perceptual information that can be brought to bear on a task. Much research concerns the construct's capacity and the precision of the information stored. Two prominent theories of VWM representation have emerged: slot‐based and continuous‐resource mechanisms. Prior modeling work suggests that a continuous resource that varies over trials with variable capacity and a potential to make localization errors best accounts for the empirical data. Questions remain regarding the variability in VWM capacity and precision. Using a novel eye‐tracking paradigm, we demonstrate that VWM facilitates search and exhibits effects of fixation frequency and recency, particularly for prior targets. Whereas slot‐based memory models cannot account for the human data, a novel continuous‐resource model does capture the behavioral and eye tracking data, and identifies the relevant resource as item activation.