bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Data Classification Algorithm of Internet of Things Based on Neural Network
Authors: Li Zhenjun
Published: September 2017

To alleviate the pressure of data size, data transmission and data processing in the huge data dimension of the Internet of things., data classification is realized based on back propagation (BP) neural network algorithm. The working principle is deduced in detail. For the shortcomings of slow convergence and easy to fall into the local minimum, the combination of variable learning and momentum factors is used to improve the traditional back propagation algorithm. The results show that the optimized algorithm improves the convergence speed of the network to a certain extent. Therefore, it is concluded that the back propagation neural network has higher classification success rate when classifying multidimensional data in Internet of things.
Internet of Things Online Monitoring System Based on Cloud Computing
Authors: Xian Kehua
Published: September 2017

In order to develop a new convenient online monitoring system for Internet of things, an online monitoring system based on cloud computing is designed. The performance of this new Internet of things technology used in modern agricultural is test by Amazon relational database service (RDS) and ZigBee perception network. By analyzing the Internet of things related technologies and agricultural modernization, the integration framework of the Internet of things, cloud computing and data mining technology in the field of modern agriculture are proposed. Through the modern agricultural Internet of things monitoring system, the Internet of things intelligent gateway, cloud based research and construction of large data analysis and data mining projects are verified. The experimental results show that the relevant parameters of the model are obtained by training about 70% of the original data after adopting the cloud computing. Based on the above finding, it is concluded that the open Internet of things platform needs to be supported by the powerful computing resources. In addition, the cloud computing technology is suitable for the development of the Internet of things service platform.
Spatial Scale in Environmental Risk Mapping: A Valley Fever Case Study
Authors: Brown Heidi E. , Wangshu Mu , Mohammed Khan , Clarisse Tsang , Jian Liu , Daoqin Tong
Published: September 2017

Background

Valley fever is a fungal infection occurring in desert regions of the U.S. and Central and South America. Environmental risk mapping for this disease is hampered by challenges with detection, case reporting, and diagnostics as well as challenges common to spatial data handling.

Design and methods

Using 12,349 individual cases in Arizona from 2006 to 2009, we analyzed risk factors at both the individual and area levels.

Results

Risk factors including elderly population, income status, soil organic carbon, and density of residential area were found to be positively associated with residence of Valley fever cases. A negative association was observed for distance to desert and pasture/hay land cover. The association between incidence and two land cover variables (shrub and cultivated crop lands) varied depending on the spatial scale of the analysis.

Conclusions

The consistence of age, income, population density, and proximity to natural areas supports that these are important predictors of Valley fever risk. However, the inconsistency of the land cover variables across scales highlights the importance of how scale is treated in risk mapping.
Minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (V’E/V’CO2 slope) is the strongest death predictor before larger lung resections
Authors: Torchio Roberto , Mazzucco Alessandra , Guglielmo Marco , Giardino Roberto , Ciacco Claudio , Ardissone Francesco
Published: September 2017

The minute ventilation to CO2 production ratio (V’E/V’CO2 slope) was recently identified as a mortality predictor after lung surgery, but the effect of the resection extent was not taken into account.  The aim of this study was to investigate the role of V’E/V’CO2 slope as preoperative mortality predictor depending on the type of surgery performed. Retrospective analysis was performed on 263 consecutive patients evaluated before surgery for lung cancer. Death within 30 days and serious respiratory complications were considered. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of death. Lobectomy or bilobectomy were performed in 186 patients with 29/186 (15.6%) serious pulmonary complications and 6/186 (3.2%) deaths. Pneumonectomy was performed in 77 patients with 14/77 (18.2%) serious complications and 5/77 (6.5%) deaths.  Considering the whole group, the peak oxygen consumption (V'02peak, L/ min; z=-2.66, p<0.008, OR 0.007) and V'E/V'C02 slope (z=2.80, p<0.005, OR 1.14) were independent predictors of mortality whereas in pneumonectomies V'E/V'C02 slope (z=2.34, p<0.02, OR 1.22) was the only independent predictor of mortality. High V’E/V’CO2 slope, age and low V'02peak are predictors of death and severe complications after lung surgery. Before larger resections as pneumonectomies an increased V’E/V’CO2 slope represents the best mortality predictor.
Aneurysmal rib cyst
Authors: Moraitis Sotirios , Moraitis Dimitrios , Chounti Maria , Hountis Panagiotis
Published: September 2017

Thoracic cage is the site of development of various primary or metastatic tumors. An aneurysmal rib cyst is a benign tumor arising from the chest wall. Aneurysmal rib cyst is considered a rare surgical entity and its presence must be followed by removal for histology examination. We present here the case of an aneurysmal rib cyst to a young 33-year-old female. The tumor was presented as an expanding left anterior second rib mass during a self-breast examination. Chest x-ray showed a shadow on the left upper lung area and CT scan revealed a large multicystic mass in the anterolateral left 2nd rib protruding underneath the thoracic major muscle. We discuss the clinicopathological characteristics of this tumor and its surgical management along with a short literature review.    
The Epidemiology of Stress Fractures in Collegiate Student-Athletes, 2004–2005 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years
Authors: Rizzone Katherine H. , Ackerman Kathryn E. , Roos Karen G. , Dompier Thomas P. , Kerr Zachary Y.
Published: September 2017

Context: 

Stress fractures are injuries caused by cumulative, repetitive stress that leads to abnormal bone remodeling. Specific populations, including female athletes and endurance athletes, are at higher risk than the general athletic population. Whereas more than 460 000 individuals participate in collegiate athletics in the United States, no large study has been conducted to determine the incidence of stress fractures in collegiate athletes.

Objective: 

To assess the incidence of stress fractures in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes and investigate rates and patterns overall and by sport.

Design: 

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting: 

National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions.

Patients or Other Participants: 

National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Data were analyzed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for the academic years 2004–2005 through 2013–2014. We calculated rates and rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results: 

A total of 671 stress fractures were reported over 11 778 145 athlete-exposures (AEs) for an overall injury rate of 5.70 per 100 000 AEs. The sports with the highest rates of stress fractures were women's cross-country (28.59/100 000 AEs), women's gymnastics (25.58/100 000 AEs), and women's outdoor track (22.26/100 000 AEs). Among sex-comparable sports (baseball/softball, basketball, cross-country, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, indoor track, and outdoor track), stress fracture rates were higher in women (9.13/100 000 AEs) than in men (4.44/100 000 AEs; RR = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.71, 2.47). Overall, stress fracture rates for these NCAA athletes were higher in the preseason (7.30/100 000 AEs) than in the regular season (5.12/100 000 AEs; RR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.22, 1.67). The metatarsals (n = 254, 37.9%), tibia (n = 147, 21.9%), and lower back/lumbar spine/pelvis (n = 81, 12.1%) were the most common locations of injury. Overall, 21.5% (n = 144) of stress fractures were recurrent injuries, and 20.7% (n = 139) were season-ending injuries.

Conclusions: 

Women experienced stress fractures at higher rates than men, more often in the preseason, and predominantly in the foot and lower leg. Researchers should continue to investigate biological and biomechanical risk factors for these injuries as well as prevention interventions.
Synthesis report: study on the potential of lidar data for the extraction of cartographic objects other than elevation
Authors:   Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation
Published: September 2017

Because of shrinking data-acquisition costs and increasing coverage of the Canadian territory, lidar technology has become integral to geomatics. In addition to its capacity to produce high-quality digital terrain models, lidar provides the opportunity to create
new complementary data layers. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the potential of lidar data to extract cartographic objects other than elevation. Our results show that there is great potential in building extraction, as there are numerous related algorithms and tools. Extraction of the
linear hydrographic network is equally promising, but it will require additional development effort. Surface-hydrography extraction yields mixed results, and requires significant development effort. The potential of transportation-infrastructure extraction is mixed as well, as no commercial or
open-source solutions have been developed, and the additional development effort required is very significant. The potential of power-line extraction is moderate.
Synthèse d'une étude sur le potentiel des données lidar pour l'extraction des objets cartographiques autres que l'élévation
Authors:   Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation
Published: September 2017

Because of shrinking data-acquisition costs and increasing coverage of the Canadian territory, lidar technology has become integral to geomatics. In addition to its capacity to produce high-quality digital terrain models, lidar provides the opportunity to create
new complementary data layers. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the potential of lidar data to extract cartographic objects other than elevation. Our results show that there is great potential in building extraction, as there are numerous related algorithms and tools. Extraction of the
linear hydrographic network is equally promising, but it will require additional development effort. Surface-hydrography extraction yields mixed results, and requires significant development effort. The potential of transportation-infrastructure extraction is mixed as well, as no commercial or
open-source solutions have been developed, and the additional development effort required is very significant. The potential of power-line extraction is moderate.
The utility of 99mTechnetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine renogram in assessing the baseline renal function of a rare incidental ectopic thoracic kidney
Authors: Zhang Ting-Ting , Oparandu Adanna , Saad Ziauddin
Published: September 2017

Ectopic thoracic kidney is an extremely rare condition caused by the abnormal location of one or both kidneys in the thoracic cavity. They are usually discovered incidentally on routine imaging. Although commonly asymptomatic, thoracic kidneys are at a risk of malrotation, pelviureteric junction obstruction, and subsequent obstructive nephropathy, by virtue of their long pedicle. We present a case report of an incidental thoracic kidney, for which a 99mtechnetium-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3) renogram was performed to assess the baseline renal function. Although few reports are published in the literature using 99mTc-MAG3 renogram for this indication, we demonstrate a safe and feasible study to establish a baseline assessment of renal function in this group of patients.
Evaluation and identification of lumbosacral transitional vertebra causing intractable low back pain utilizing bone single-photon emission tomography with computed tomography
Authors: Al Riyami Khulood , Alahmed Suliman , Saad Ziauddin , Bomanji Jamshed
Published: September 2017

The cause of low back pain due to lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) still remains a debated topic. Functional imaging with bone scintigraphy has been a valuable adjunct in its assessment; however, in recent years, the additional utility of single-photon emission tomography with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) is evolving as the imaging modality of choice in identifying range of complex lower back pain sources, leading to the provision of suitable treatment options. We present a case demonstrating a variant type of LSTV as a source of pain localized and delineated on hybrid SPECT/CT imaging treated by minimally invasive microendoscopic resection of the pseudoarticulations.
Serendipitous detection of extraosseous metastases on bone scintigraphy: Utility of cross-sectional and correlative imaging
Authors: Paudel Jiwan , Singh Harmandeep , Sood Ashwani , Bhattacharya Anish , Mittal Bhagwant
Published: September 2017

Whole body bone scintigraphy is most commonly used imaging modality to detect and assess the extent of osteoblastic osseous metastases in malignant conditions, though visceral metastases need additional imaging. The authors describe a case of 50-year-old postoperative breast cancer female where bone scintigraphy showed soft tissue uptake in thorax and hepatic region in addition to multiple skeletal metastases, indicating the involvement of three different organs by metastatic disease. The present case highlights that extraosseous tracer uptake in addition to abnormal osseous tracer uptake may raise the suspicion of widespread and visceral metastatic disease and warrant further evaluation in the form of cross-sectional and correlative imaging.
Appearance of adrenal myelolipomas on 2-deoxy-2-(18F) fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography
Authors: Rowe Steven , Javadi Mehrbod , Solnes Lilja , Fishman Elliot
Published: September 2017

With the widespread use of 2-deoxy-2-(18F) fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) in oncologic imaging, it has become increasingly important for physicians who interpret FDG PET/CT scans to confidently recognize the spectrum of incidentally encountered benign and malignant findings. The adrenal glands represent an interesting nexus of multiple rare and common benign intrinsic tumors as well as metastases from a variety of primary malignancies. Given the breadth of adrenal gland pathology, careful description of the FDG PET/CT appearance of these pathologies is of value to help reduce misinterpretation. In this manuscript, we retrospectively and systematically review the FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics of benign adrenal myelolipomas in a small consecutive patient series. The myelolipomas in this series demonstrated differing degrees of macroscopic fat visible on CT, with generally mild FDG uptake fusing to the nonfatty portions of the lesions. At imaging follow-up, all of the myelolipomas in this series remained unchanged in appearance, helping to confirm their benign nature. The typical appearance of a myelolipoma on FDG PET/CT is a fat-containing adrenal mass with low-level FDG uptake in the nonfatty aspects of the mass, and such a lesion requires no further imaging workup.
Use efficiency of tropical rainforest soils of southwestern Nigeria as affected by agronomic practices
Authors: Adeyolanu Olateju. D. , Oluwatosin Gabriel A. , Are Kayode S.
Published: September 2017

Tropical soils generally have extremely delicate nature and lack resilience to recover once degraded. This is aggravated with increase in demographic pressure on land which has led to continuous and intensive cultivation of the land. With soil quality information, management options can be developed so as to improve the capacity of the soil to function within various ecosystem boundaries. This paper comprises of results of five experiments and it is a review of efforts made by the soil quality team of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Nigeria, to identify physical, chemical and biological soil attributes that can serve as useful indicators in assessing the effects of management on soil quality. Five experiments were conducted by the team to assess effects of continuous cultivation, tillage practices, cropping systems and land use (tree versus arable crops) on soil quality. Our findings show that soil quality is aggraded, degraded or sustained, depending on the type of use and management options. Conventional management methods degraded soil quality indicators while farmers’ traditional practices minimize soil quality degradation. It is recommended that farmers’ practices that will protect sensitive soil quality indicators are panacea to soil quality management in forest ecology of the tropics.Keywords: Soil quality, management options, forest ecology, indicators, degradation
Food
Authors: Belasco Warren
Published: September 2017

Food: The Key Concepts presents an exciting, coherent and interdisciplinary introduction to food studies for the beginning reader. Food Studies is an increasingly complex field, drawing on disciplines as diverse as Sociology, Anthropology and Cultural Studies at one end and Economics, Politics and Agricultural Science at the other.

In order to clarify the issues, Food: The Key Concepts distills food choices down to three competing considerations: consumer identity; matters of convenience and price; and an awareness of the consequences of what is consumed. The book concludes with an examination of two very different future scenarios for feeding the world's population: the technological fix, which looks to science to provide the solution to our future food needs; and the anthropological fix, which hopes to change our expectations and behaviors.

Throughout, the analysis is illustrated with lively case studies. Bulleted chapter summaries, questions and guides to further reading are also provided.
Food and Femininity
Authors: Cairns Kate , Johnston Josée
Published: September 2017

Over the space of a few generations, women’s relationship with food has changed dramatically.  Yet – despite significant advances in gender equality – food and femininity remain closely connected in the public imagination as well as the emotional lives of women.  While women encounter food-related pressures and pleasures as individuals, the social challenge to perform food femininities remains: as the nurturing mother, the talented home cook, the conscientious consumer, the svelte and health-savvy eater. 

In Food and Femininity, Kate Cairns and Josée Johnston explore these complex and often emotionally-charged tensions to demonstrate that food is essential to the understanding of femininity today.  Drawing on extensive qualitative research in Toronto, they present the voices of over 100 food-oriented men and women from a range of race and class backgrounds. Their research reveals gendered expectations to purchase, prepare, and enjoy food within the context of time crunches, budget restrictions, political commitments, and the pressure to manage health and body weight. The book analyses how women navigate multiple aspects of foodwork for themselves and others, from planning meals, grocery shopping, and feeding children, to navigating conflicting preferences, nutritional and ethical advice, and the often-inequitable division of household labour. What emerges is a world in which women’s choices continue to be closely scrutinized – a world where ‘failing’ at food is still perceived as a failure of femininity.

A compelling rethink of contemporary femininity, this is an indispensable read for anyone interested in the sociology of food, gender studies and consumer culture.
Lagrangian process attribution of isotopic variations in near-surface water vapour in a 30-year regional climate simulation over Europe
Authors: Dütsch Marina , Pfahl Stephan , Meyer Miro , Wernli Heini
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Stable water isotopes are naturally available tracers of moisture in the atmosphere. Due to isotopic fractionation, they record information about condensation and evaporation processes during the transport of air parcels, and therefore present a valuable means for studying the global water cycle. However, the meteorological processes driving isotopic variations are complex and not very well understood so far, in particular on short (hourly to daily) time scales. This study presents a Lagrangian method for attributing the isotopic composition of air parcels to meteorological processes, which provides new insight into the isotopic history of air parcels. It is based on the temporal evolution of the isotope ratios, the humidity, the temperature and the location of the air parcels. Here these values are extracted along seven-day backward trajectories started every six hours from near the surface in a 30-year regional climate simulation over Europe with the isotope-enabled version of the model of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling (COSMOiso). The COSMOiso simulation has a horizontal resolution of 0.25° and is driven at the lateral boundaries by a T106 global climate simulation with the isotope-enabled version of the European Centre Hamburg model (ECHAMwiso). Both simulations are validated against measurements from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), which shows that nesting COSMOiso within ECHAMwiso improves the representation of δ2H and deuterium excess in monthly accumulated precipitation. The method considers all isotopic changes that occur inside the COSMOiso model domain, which, on average, correspond to more than half of the mean and variability of both δ2H and deuterium excess at the air parcels' arrival points. Along every trajectory, the variations of the isotope values are quantitatively decomposed into eight process categories (evaporation from the ocean, evapotranspiration from land, mixing with moister air, mixing with drier air, liquid cloud formation, mixed phase cloud formation, ice cloud formation, and no process). The results show that, for air parcels arriving over the ocean, evaporation from the ocean is the primary factor controlling δ2H and deuterium excess. Over land, evapotranspiration from land and mixing with moister air are similarly important. Liquid and mixed phase cloud formation contribute to the variability of δ2H and deuterium excess, especially over continental Europe. In summary, the presented method helps to better understand the linkage between the meteorological history of air parcels and their isotopic composition, and may support the interpretation of stable water isotope measurements in future.
An assessment of aerosol optical properties from remote sensing observations and regional chemistry-climate coupled models over Europe
Authors: Palacios-Peña Laura , Baró Rocío , Baklanov Alexander , Balzarini Alessandra , Brunner Dominik , Forkel Renate , Hirtl Marcus , Honzak Luka , López-Romero José María , Pérez Juan Luis , Pirovano Guido , San José Roberto , Schröder Wolfram , Werhahn Johannes , Wolke Ralf , Zabkar Rahela , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols modify the radiative budget of the Earth due to their optical, microphysical and chemical properties, and are considered one of the most uncertain forcing agents. In order to characterise the uncertainties associated with satellite and modelling approaches to represent aerosol optical properties, their representation by different remote sensing sensors and regional online coupled chemistry-climate models over Europe is evaluated. This work also characterises whether the inclusion of aerosol-radiation (ARI) or aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) helps improve the skills of modelling outputs. Two case studies were selected within the EuMetChem COST Action ES1004 framework, when important aerosol episodes in 2010 all over Europe took place: a Russian wildfire episode and a Saharan desert dust outbreak that covered most of Mediterranean Sea. The model data came from different regional air quality-climate simulations performed by working group 2 of EuMetChem, which differed according to whether ARI or ACI was included or not. The remote sensing data came from three different sensors: MODIS, OMI and SeaWIFS. The evaluation used classical statistical metrics to first compare satellite data versus the ground-based instrument network (AERONET) and to then model versus the observational data (both satellite and ground-based). The evaluated variables were aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Angström exponent (AE) at different wavelengths. Regarding the uncertainty in the satellite representation of AOD, MODIS presented the best agreement with the AERONET observations compared to other satellite AOD observations. The differences found between remote sensing sensors highlighted the uncertainty in the observations, which have to be taken into account when evaluating models. When modelling results were considered, a common trend for underestimating high AOD levels was observed. For the AE, models tended to underestimate its variability, except when considering a sectional approach in the aerosol representation in the models. The modelling results showed better skills when ARI+ACI interactions were included; hence this improvement in the representation of AOD (above 30 % in the model error) and AE (between 20 and 75 %) is important to provide a better description of aerosol-radiation-cloud interactions in regional climate models.
Experimentelles FMCW-Radar zur hochfrequenten Charakterisierung von Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schubert Karsten , Werner Jens , Schwartau Fabian
Published: September 2017

Abstract. During the increasing dissemination of renewable energy sources the potential and actual interference effects of wind turbine plants became obvious. Turbines reflect the signals of weather radar and other radar systems. In addition to the static radar echoes, in particular the Doppler echoes are to be mentioned as an undesirable impairment Keränen (2014). As a result, building permit is refused for numerous new wind turbines, as the potential interference can not be reliably predicted. As a contribution to the improvement of this predictability, measurements are planned which aim at the high-frequency characterisation of wind energy installations. In this paper, a cost-effective FMCW radar is presented, which is operated in the same frequency band (C-band) as the weather radars of the German weather service. Here, the focus is on the description of the hardware design including the considerations used for its dimensioning.
Equivalent circuit simulation of HPEM-induced transient responses at nonlinear loads
Authors: Kotzev Miroslav , Bi Xiaotang , Kreitlow Matthias , Gronwald Frank
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In this paper the equivalent circuit modeling of a nonlinearly loaded loop antenna and its transient responses to HPEM field excitations are investigated. For the circuit modeling the general strategy to characterize the nonlinearly loaded antenna by a linear and a nonlinear circuit part is pursued. The linear circuit part can be determined by standard methods of antenna theory and numerical field computation. The modeling of the nonlinear circuit part requires realistic circuit models of the nonlinear loads that are given by Schottky diodes. Combining both parts, appropriate circuit models are obtained and analyzed by means of a standard SPICE circuit simulator. It is the main result that in this way full-wave simulation results can be reproduced. Furthermore it is clearly seen that the equivalent circuit modeling offers considerable advantages with respect to computation speed and also leads to improved physical insights regarding the coupling between HPEM field excitation and nonlinearly loaded loop antenna.
El Niño influence on the mesosphere/lower thermosphere circulation at midlatitudes as seen by a VHF meteor radar at Collm (51.3 ° N, 13 ° E)
Authors: Jacobi Christoph , Ermakova Tatiana , Mewes Daniel , Pogoreltsev Alexander I.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) zonal winds continuously measured by a VHF meteor radar at Collm, Germany (51.3° N, 13.0° E) in the height range 82 – 97 km from 2004 to date are analyzed with respect to the signature of El Niño. The comparison of Niño3 equatorial SST index and MLT wind time series shows that in January and especially in February zonal winds are positively correlated with the Niño3 index. We note a delay of about one month of the MLT zonal wind effect with respect to equatorial sea surface temperature variability. The signal is strong for the upper altitudes (above 90 km) accessible to the radar observations, but weakens with decreasing height. This reflects the fact that during El Niño years the westerly winter middle atmosphere wind jet is weaker, and this is also the case with the easterly lower thermospheric jet. Owing to the reversal of the absolute El Niño signal from negative to positive with altitude, at the height of the maximum meteor flux, which is around 90 km, the El Niño signal is weak. The experimental results can be qualitatively reproduced by numerical experiments using a mechanistic global circulation model with prescribed tropospheric temperatures and latent heat release for El Niño and La Niña conditions.
Exposure Setup and Dosimetry for a Study on Effects of Mobile Communication Signals on Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells in vitro
Authors: Rohland Martina , Baaske Kai , Gläser Katharina , Hintzsche Henning , Stopper Helga , Kleine-Ostmann Thomas , Schrader Thorsten
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In this paper we describe the design of an exposure setup used to study possible non-thermal effects due to the exposure of human hematopoietic stem cells to GSM, UMTS and LTE mobile communication signals. The experiments are performed under fully blinded conditions in a TEM waveguide located inside an incubator to achieve defined environmental conditions as required for the living cells. Chamber slides containing the cells in culture medium are placed on the septum of the waveguide. The environmental and exposure parameters such as signal power, temperatures, relative humidity and CO2 content of the surrounding atmosphere are monitored permanently during the exposure experiment. The power of the exposure signals required to achieve specific absorption rates of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 W kg−1 are determined by numerical calculation of the field distribution inside the cell culture medium at 900 MHz (GSM), 1950 MHz (UMTS) and 2535 MHz (LTE). The dosimetry is verified both with scattering parameter measurements on the waveguide with and without containers filled with cell culture medium and with temperature measurements with non-metallic probes in separate heating experiments.
Differential form representation of stochastic electromagnetic fields
Authors: Haider Michael , Russer Johannes A.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In this work, we revisit the theory of stochastic electromagnetic fields using exterior differential forms. We present a short overview as well as a brief introduction to the application of differential forms in electromagnetic theory. Within the framework of exterior calculus we derive equations for the second order moments, describing stochastic electromagnetic fields. Since the resulting objects are continuous quantities in space, a discretization scheme based on the Method of Moments (MoM) is introduced for numerical treatment. The MoM is applied in such a way, that the notation of exterior calculus is maintained while we still arrive at the same set of algebraic equations as obtained for the case of formulating the theory using the traditional notation of vector calculus. We conclude with an analytic calculation of the radiated electric field of two Hertzian dipole, excited by uncorrelated random currents.
Large-baseline InSAR for precise topographic mapping: a framework for TanDEM-X large-baseline data
Authors: Pinheiro Muriel , Reigber Andreas , Moreira Alberto
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resulting from the TanDEM-X mission provides information about the world topography with outstanding precision. In fact, performance analysis carried out with the already available data have shown that the global product is well within the requirements of 10 m absolute vertical accuracy and 2 m relative vertical accuracy for flat to moderate terrain. The mission's science phase took place from October 2014 to December 2015. During this phase, bistatic acquisitions with across-track separation between the two satellites up to 3.6 km at the equator were commanded. Since the relative vertical accuracy of InSAR derived elevation models is, in principle, inversely proportional to the system baseline, the TanDEM-X science phase opened the doors for the generation of elevation models with improved quality with respect to the standard product. However, the interferometric processing of the large-baseline data is troublesome due to the increased volume decorrelation and very high frequency of the phase variations. Hence, in order to fully profit from the increased baseline, sophisticated algorithms for the interferometric processing, and, in particular, for the phase unwrapping have to be considered. This paper proposes a novel dual-baseline region-growing framework for the phase unwrapping of the large-baseline interferograms. Results from two experiments with data from the TanDEM-X science phase are discussed, corroborating the expected increased level of detail of the large-baseline DEMs.
Physical optics and full-wave simulations of transmission of electromagnetic fields through electrically large planar meta-sheets
Authors: Öziş Ezgi , Osipov Andrey V. , Eibert Thomas F.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Ultra-thin metamaterials, called meta-surfaces or meta-sheets, open up new opportunities in designing microwave radomes, including an improved transmission over a broader range of antenna scan angles, tailorable and reconfigurable frequency bands, polarization transformations, one-way transmission and switching ability. The smallness of the unit cells combined with the large electrical size of microwave radomes significantly complicates full-wave numerical simulations as a very fine sampling over an electrically large area is required. Physical optics (PO) can be used to approximately describe transmission through the radome in terms of the homogenized transmission coefficient of the radome wall. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of electromagnetic transmission through planar meta-sheets (infinite and circularly shaped) obtained by using a full-wave electromagnetic field simulator and a PO-based solution.
Discretization analysis of bifurcation based nonlinear amplifiers
Authors: Feldkord Sven , Reit Marco , Mathis Wolfgang
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Recently, for modeling biological amplification processes, nonlinear amplifiers based on the supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcation have been widely analyzed analytically. For technical realizations, digital systems have become the most relevant systems in signal processing applications. The underlying continuous-time systems are transferred to the discrete-time domain using numerical integration methods. Within this contribution, effects on the qualitative behavior of the Andronov–Hopf bifurcation based systems concerning numerical integration methods are analyzed. It is shown exemplarily that explicit Runge–Kutta methods transform the truncated normalform equation of the Andronov–Hopf bifurcation into the normalform equation of the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Dependent on the order of the integration method, higher order terms are added during this transformation.A rescaled normalform equation of the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation is introduced that allows a parametric design of a discrete-time system which corresponds to the rescaled Andronov–Hopf system. This system approximates the characteristics of the rescaled Hopf-type amplifier for a large range of parameters. The natural frequency and the peak amplitude are preserved for every set of parameters. The Neimark–Sacker bifurcation based systems avoid large computational effort that would be caused by applying higher order integration methods to the continuous-time normalform equations.
State of charge classification for lithium-ion batteries using impedance based features
Authors: Felder Marian Patrik , Götze Jürgen
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Currently, the electrification of the drive train of passenger cars takes place, and the task of obtaining precise knowledge about the condition of the on board batteries gains importance. Due to a flat open circuit voltage (OCV) to state of charge (SoC) characteristic of lithium ion batteries, methods employed in applications with other cell chemistries cannot be adapted. Exploiting the higher significance of the impedance for state estimation for that chemistry, new impedance based features are proposed by this work. To evaluate the suitability of these features, simulations have been conducted using a simplified on-board power supply net as excitation source. The simulation outcome has been investigated regarding the cross correlation factor rxy and in a polynomial regression scenario. The results of the simulations show a best case error below 1 % SoC, which is 3 percentage points lower than using terminal voltage and impedance. When increasing the measurement uncertainty, the difference remains around 2 percent points.
Sources and characteristics of terrestrial carbon in Holocene-scale sediments of the East Siberian Sea
Authors: Keskitalo Kirsi , Tesi Tommaso , Bröder Lisa , Andersson August , Pearce Christof , Sköld Martin , Semiletov Igor P. , Dudarev Oleg V. , Gustafsson Örjan
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Thawing of permafrost carbon (PF-C) due to climate warming can remobilise considerable amounts of terrestrial carbon from its long-term storage to the marine environment. PF-C can be then be buried in sediments or remineralised to CO2 with implications for the carbon–climate feedback. Studying historical sediment records during past natural climate changes can help us to understand the response of permafrost to current climate warming. In this study, two sediment cores collected from the East Siberian Sea were used to study terrestrial organic carbon sources, composition and degradation during the past  ∼ 9500 cal yrs BP. CuO-derived lignin and cutin products (i.e., compounds solely biosynthesised in terrestrial plants) combined with δ13C suggest that there was a higher input of terrestrial organic carbon to the East Siberian Sea between  ∼ 9500 and 8200 cal yrs BP than in all later periods. This high input was likely caused by marine transgression and permafrost destabilisation in the early Holocene climatic optimum. Based on source apportionment modelling using dual-carbon isotope (Δ14C, δ13C) data, coastal erosion releasing old Pleistocene permafrost carbon was identified as a significant source of organic matter translocated to the East Siberian Sea during the Holocene.
An improved land biosphere module for use in the DCESS Earth system model (version 1.1) with application to the last glacial termination
Authors: Eichinger Roland , Shaffer Gary , Albarrán Nelson , Rojas Maisa , Lambert Fabrice
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Interactions between the land biosphere and the atmosphere play an important role for the Earth's carbon cycle and thus should be considered in studies of global carbon cycling and climate. Simple approaches are a useful first step in this direction but may not be applicable for certain climatic conditions. To improve the ability of the reduced-complexity Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS) Earth system model DCESS to address cold climate conditions, we reformulated the model's land biosphere module by extending it to include three dynamically varying vegetation zones as well as a permafrost component. The vegetation zones are formulated by emulating the behaviour of a complex land biosphere model. We show that with the new module, the size and timing of carbon exchanges between atmosphere and land are represented more realistically in cooling and warming experiments. In particular, we use the new module to address carbon cycling and climate change across the last glacial transition. Within the constraints provided by various proxy data records, we tune the DCESS model to a Last Glacial Maximum state and then conduct transient sensitivity experiments across the transition under the application of explicit transition functions for high-latitude ocean exchange, atmospheric dust, and the land ice sheet extent. We compare simulated time evolutions of global mean temperature, pCO2, atmospheric and oceanic carbon isotopes as well as ocean dissolved oxygen concentrations with proxy data records. In this way we estimate the importance of different processes across the transition with emphasis on the role of land biosphere variations and show that carbon outgassing from permafrost and uptake of carbon by the land biosphere broadly compensate for each other during the temperature rise of the early last deglaciation.
The degree of freedom for signal assessment of measurement networks for joint chemical state and emission analysis
Authors: Wu Xueran , Elbern Hendrik , Jacob Birgit
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Degree of Freedom for Signal (DFS) is generalized and applied to estimate the potential observability of observation networks for augmented model state and parameter estimations. The control of predictive geophysical model systems by measurements is dependent on a sufficient observational basis. Control parameters may include prognostic state variables, mostly the initial values, and insufficiently known model parameters, to which the simulation is sensitive. As for chemistry-transport models, emission rates are at least as important as initial values for model evolution control. Extending the optimisation parameter set must be met by observation networks, which allows for controlling the entire optimisation task. In this paper, we introduce a DFS based approach with respect to address both, emission rates and initial value observability. By applying a Kalman smoother, a quantitative assessment method on the efficiency of observation configurations is developed based on the singular value decomposition. For practical reasons an ensemble based version is derived for covariance modelling. The observability analysis tool can be generalized to additional model parameters.
Hazard assessment comparison of Tazhiping landslide before and after treatment using the finite-volume method
Authors: Huang Dong , Jiang Yuan Jun , Qiao Jian Ping , Wang Meng
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Through investigation and analysis of geological conditions and mechanical parameters of the Tazihping landslide, finite-volume method coupling with Voellmy model is used to simulate the landslide mass movement process. The present paper adopts the numerical approach of the RAMMS software program and the GIS platform to simulate the mass movement process before and after engineering treatment. This paper also provides the conditions and characteristic variables of flow-type landslide in terms of flow height, velocity, and stresses. The 3-D division of hazard zones before and after engineering treatment was also mapped. The results indicate that the scope of hazard zones decreased after engineering treatment of the landslide. Compared with the case of before engineering treatment, the extent of high-hazard zones was reduced by about two-thirds, and the characteristic variables of the mass movement in the case of after treatment decreased to one-third of those in the case of before treatment. Despite having engineering treatment, the Tazhiping landslide still poses significant potential threat to the nearby residences. Therefore, it suggests that the houses located in high-hazard zones should be relocated or reinforced for protection.
Relative performance of empirical and physical models in assessing
seasonal and annual glacier surface mass balance in the French Alps
Authors: Réveillet Marion , Six Delphine , Vincent Christian , Rabatel Antoine , Dumont Marie , Lafaysse Matthieu , Morin Samuel , Vionnet Vincent , Litt Maxime
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This study focuses on simulations of the seasonal and annual surface mass balance (SMB) of Saint-Sorlin Glacier (French Alps) for the period 1996-2015 using the detailed SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus snowpack model. The model is forced by SAFRAN meteorological reanalysis data, adjusted with AWS measurements to ensure that simulations of all the energy balance components, in particular turbulent fluxes, are accurately represented with respect to the measured energy balance. Results indicate good model performance for the simulation of summer SMB when using meteorological forcing adjusted with in-situ measurements. Model performance however strongly decreases without in-situ meteorological measurements. The sensitivity of the model to meteorological forcing indicates a strong sensitivity to wind speed, higher than the sensitivity to ice albedo. Compared to an empirical approach, the model exhibited better performance for simulations of snow and firn melting in the accumulation area and similar performance in the ablation area when forced with meteorological data adjusted with nearby AWS measurements. When such measurements were not available close to the glacier, the empirical model performed better. Our results suggest that simulations of the evolution of mass balance in the future using energy balance model required very accurate meteorological data which are not reliable from the climatic scenarios. With the current status of knowledge on meteorological variables and glacier surface roughness in the future, empirical approaches based on temperature and precipitation could be more appropriate for simulations of glaciers in the future.
What Makes Consumers Recall Banner Ads in Mobile Applications
Authors: Çiçek Mesut , Eren-Erdoğmuş İrem , Daştan İkram
Published: September 2017

The uses of mobile advertisements are increasing their popularity across the world. Companies can gather information about the mobile users based on their locations, lifestyle, and preferences via GPS, cookies and browsing history and embed highly personalized banner ads in mobile applications. However, in the literature there is hardly any work on the effectiveness of these highly personalized in-app banner ads. The aim of the study is to reveal which factors affect the effectiveness of in-app banner ads. An experimental study was designed and 209 subjects participated. The results of Ordinal Logistic Regression indicated that prior brand attitude and attitude towards application have a positive effect, while brand engagement with self-concept has a negative effect on the recall of in-app banner ads. Moreover, in-app banner ads are recalled more when they are located in landscape applications and positioned at the top part of the screen. This research provides some implications for future studies and practitioners.
Target Costing Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Aslan Tunay , Baral Gökhan , Mucedidi Cüneyt
Published: September 2017

Every business has to earn a profit in order to survive in a competitive environment and it has to plan the profitability it has targeted. Achieving the profitability that the business aimed is only possible by targeting its costs. It is only possible for businesses to achieve profitability that is targeted under uncertain conditions through the use of fuzzy logic method by approximately estimating the target costs. Therefore, the business will predict its target costs with the fuzzy logic method and reach the profitability that was aimed.