bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basin evolution in response to flat-slab subduction in the Altiplano
Authors: Runyon Brook , Saylor Joel E. , Horton Brian K. , Reynolds James H. , Hampton Brian
Published: October 2021

This paper assesses models for basin formation in the Altiplano. New magnetostratigraphy, palynology, and
40
Ar/
39
Ar and U–Pb geochronology from the central Corque Syncline show that the 7.4 km thick section was deposited between 36.7 and 18.7 Ma. The base of the section post-dates exhumation in both the Western and Eastern cordilleras, precluding deposition in a classic retroarc foreland basin setting. Rotated palaeomagnetic vectors indicate counterclockwise rotation of 0.8° (myr)
−1
since the early Oligocene. Detrital zircon provenance data confirm previous interpretations of Eocene–early Oligocene derivation from the Western Cordillera and a subsequent switch to an Eastern Cordilleran source. Flexural modelling indicates that loads consistent with palaeoelevation estimates cannot account for all the subsidence. Rather, the timing and magnitude of subsidence is consistent with Eocene emplacement and Oligocene–early Miocene re-steepening of a flat slab. Integration of the magmatic, basin and deformation history provides a coherent model of the effects of flat-slab subduction on the overriding plate. In this model, basin formation in the upper plate was controlled by flat-slab subduction, with subsidence enhanced in front of the zone of flat-slab subduction, but reduced over the crest of the flat slab. We conclude that the Altiplano was conditioned for plateau formation by Eocene–Oligocene flat-slab subduction.

Supplementary material:
Supplemental Tables S1–S10 are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5664345

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Fold-and-thrust belts collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/fold-and-thrust-belts
Validity of geochemical signatures of abiotic hydrocarbon gases on Earth
Authors: Xia Xinyu , Gao Yongli
Published: October 2021

Abiotic synthesis has been hypothesized as a mechanism for occurrences of hydrocarbon gases with atypical molecular and isotopic compositions. This paper provides biotic interpretations of these atypical compositions, as follows: (1) microbial CH
4
oxidation and CO
2
-sourced methanogenesis may enrich
13
C in hydrothermal CH
4
; (2) microbial hydrocarbon generation using serpentinization-derived H
2
may deplete deuterium in hydrocarbons; (3) three processes may cause isotopic reversal with the carbon number in biotic hydrocarbons (the decrease of kinetic isotope effect (KIE) with the increase of carbon number during alkane biodegradation, inverse KIE during the thermal decomposition of higher alkanes and isotopic fractionation during gas diffusion in rock samples); (4) random scission of long alkyl chains may form the exponential distribution of alkane abundance with respect to carbon number (the ‘Schulz–Flory distribution’); (5) isotopic compositions are often not equilibrated; even if they are, the equilibrium temperatures are not necessarily the same as the temperature of hydrocarbon generation. Case studies demonstrate that previously proposed abiotic hydrocarbon gases in continental serpentinite-hosted seepages, continental or oceanic hydrothermal vents, volcanic emissions, gas fields in volcanic reservoirs and fluid inclusions in alkaline or granitic rocks were formed by various biotic processes. The occurrence of abiotic hydrocarbon gas with decisive evidence is limited to fluid inclusions in some mantle minerals.

Supplementary material:
Expressions for isotopic fractionation of CH
4
and model details of the Xujiaweizi gas are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5660278
Worst-case Execution Time Calculation for Query-based Monitors by Witness Generation
Authors: Búr Márton , Marussy Kristóf , Meyer Brett H. , Varró Dániel
Published: October 2021

Runtime monitoring plays a key role in the assurance of modern intelligent cyber-physical systems, which are frequently data-intensive and safety-critical. While graph queries can serve as an expressive yet formally precise specification language to capture the safety properties of interest, there are no timeliness guarantees for such auto-generated runtime monitoring programs, which prevents their use in a real-time setting. While worst-case execution time (WCET) bounds derived by existing static WCET estimation techniques are safe, they may not be tight as they are unable to exploit domain-specific (semantic) information about the input models. This article presents a semantic-aware WCET analysis method for data-driven monitoring programs derived from graph queries. The method incorporates results obtained from low-level timing analysis into the objective function of a modern graph solver. This allows the systematic generation of input graph models up to a specified size (referred to as
witness models
) for which the monitor is expected to take the most time to complete. Hence, the estimated execution time of the monitors on these graphs can be considered as safe and tight WCET. Additionally, we perform a set of experiments with query-based programs running on a real-time platform over a set of generated models to investigate the relationship between execution times and their estimates, and we compare WCET estimates produced by our approach with results from two well-known timing analyzers, aiT and OTAWA.
Co-Designing AI Literacy Exhibits for Informal Learning Spaces
Authors: Long Duri , Blunt Takeria , Magerko Brian
Published: October 2021

AI is becoming increasingly integrated in common technologies, which suggests that learning experiences for audiences seeking a "casual" understanding of AI-i.e. understanding how a search engine works, not necessarily understanding how to program one-is an increasingly important design space. Informal learning spaces like museums are particularly well-suited for such public science communication efforts, but there is little research investigating how to design AI learning experiences for these spaces. This paper explores how to design museum experiences that communicate key concepts about AI, using collaboration, creativity, and embodiment as inspirations for design. We present the design of five low-fidelity AI literacy exhibit prototypes and results from a thematic analysis of participant interactions during a co-design workshop in which family groups interacted with the prototypes and designed exhibits of their own. Our findings suggest new topics and design considerations for AI-related exhibits and directions for future research.
An Archive of Interfaces: Exploring the Potential of Emulation for Software Research, Pedagogy, and Design
Authors: Cardoso-Llach Daniel , Kaltman Eric , Erdolu Emek , Furste Zachary
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the potential of distributed emulation networks to support research and pedagogy into historical and sociotechnical aspects of software. Emulation is a type of virtualization that re-creates the conditions for a piece of legacy software to operate on a modern system. The paper first offers a review of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), and Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature engaging with software as historical and sociotechnical artifacts, and with emulation as a vehicle of scholarly inquiry. It then documents the novel use of software emulations as a pedagogical resource and research tool for legacy software systems analysis. This is accomplished through the integration of the Emulation as a Service Infrastructure (EaaSI) distributed emulation network into a university-level course focusing on computer-aided design (CAD). The paper offers a detailed case study of a pedagogical experience oriented to incorporate emulations into software research and learning. It shows how emulations allow for close, user-centered analyses of software systems that highlight both their historical evolution and core interaction concepts, and how they shape the work practices of their users.
Tedious Versus Taxing: The Nature of Work in a Behavioral Health Context
Authors: Marathe Megh , Yi Yoonseon , Su Chia-Hsuan , Chang Ting-Wei , Marcu Gabriela
Published: October 2021

The goal of this study was to examine the work practices of behavioral health professionals with a view towards designing interactive systems to support their work. We conducted a qualitative workplace study, including in situ observations and semi-structured interviews, in a multidisciplinary clinic treating pediatric feeding disorders. This paper contributes a detailed characterization of clinicians' work practices and conducts a comparative analysis of three types of work: treatment, record management, and preparation work. We found that clinicians have a preference for taxing over tedious work. For example, they experience real-time data collection as more taxing but less tedious than retroactive data entry. Design efforts should balance the tension between addressing the taxing (data collection during meals) versus the tedious (manually entering data into spreadsheets). Although addressing the taxing improves within-routine efficiency, addressing the tedious improves overall morale. Further, we hypothesize that there is a rewarding or unrewarding quality to work that is dictated in part by its social, temporal, and clinical characteristics. We discuss conceptual and design implications for supporting clinical work, and highlight considerations unique to behavioral health.
Stronger Together: How Neighborhood Groups Build up a Virtual Network during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Haesler Steffen , Schmid Stefka , Vierneisel Annemike Sophia , Reuter Christian
Published: October 2021

During crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, people spontaneously initiate support groups, while established organizations like soccer clubs set non-regular goals, both offering help. Interested in the coordination of such help and potential challenges of collaboration, we conducted a virtual ethnography of a multi-level network located in Germany. We focused on aims, activities, and technological mediation, with Activity Theory as theoretical framework. Our findings show that the organizational aim of coordinating help was successfully achieved by connecting heterogeneous actors through digitization and institutionalization. Enabled by the context of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the network acted virtually, but was also able to integrate analog spaces of help. We identified six crucial implications regarding the use of technology and collaboration for building a successful volunteering network.
Algorithmic Folk Theories and Identity: How TikTok Users Co-Produce Knowledge of Identity and Engage in Algorithmic Resistance
Authors: Karizat Nadia , Delmonaco Dan , Eslami Motahhare , Andalibi Nazanin
Published: October 2021

Algorithms in online platforms interact with users' identities in different ways. However, little is known about how users understand the interplay between identity and algorithmic processes on these platforms, and if and how such understandings shape their behavior on these platforms in return. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 US-based TikTok users, we detail users' algorithmic folk theories of the For You Page algorithm in relation to two inter-connected identity types: person and social identity. Participants identified potential harms that can accompany algorithms' tailoring content to their person identities. Further, they believed the algorithm actively suppresses content related to marginalized social identities based on race and ethnicity, body size and physical appearance, ability status, class status, LGBTQ identity, and political and social justice group affiliation. We propose a new algorithmic folk theory of social feeds-The Identity Strainer Theory-to describe when users believe an algorithm filters out and suppresses certain social identities. In developing this theory, we introduce the concept of algorithmic privilege as held by users positioned to benefit from algorithms on the basis of their identities. We further propose the concept of algorithmic representational harm to refer to the harm users experience when they lack algorithmic privilege and are subjected to algorithmic symbolic annihilation. Additionally, we describe how participants changed their behaviors to shape their algorithmic identities to align with how they understood themselves, as well as to resist the suppression of marginalized social identities and lack of algorithmic privilege via individual actions, collective actions, and altering their performances. We theorize our findings to detail the ways the platform's algorithm and its users co-produce knowledge of identity on the platform. We argue the relationship between users' algorithmic folk theories and identity are consequential for social media platforms, as it impacts users' experiences, behaviors, sense of belonging, and perceived ability to be seen, heard, and feel valued by others as mediated through algorithmic systems.
The Effects of Network Outages on User Experience in Augmented Reality Based Remote Collaboration - An Empirical Study
Authors: Ahsen Tooba , Lim Zi Yi , Gardony Aaron L. , Taylor Holly A. , Ruiter Jan P de , Dogar Fahad
Published: October 2021

Augmented Reality (AR) applications can enable geographically distant users to collaborate using shared video feeds or interactive 3D holograms, and may be particularly useful in the socially distant context of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, a good user experience is key for their success and could be negatively impacted by network impairments, which are an inevitable occurrence in today's best-effort Internet. In this paper, we present the findings of an empirical user study, aimed at understanding the effects of network outages, on user experience and behavior, in a collaborative AR task. We highlight how network outages affected users in different ways depending on their role in the collaborative task, and how giving users explicit information about poor network conditions helped them deal with some of these negative effects. Furthermore, we report the strategies that users themselves adopted, to deal with outages, such as batching instructions, or shifting to a different spatial referencing style when communicating with their partners. Lastly, based on our findings, we present some design implications for future remote-collaborative AR applications.
The Pandemic Shift to Remote Learning under Resource Constraints
Authors: Ravi Prerna , Ismail Azra , Kumar Neha
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the transition of workflows across sectors to digital platforms. In education settings, stakeholders previously reluctant to integrate computing technology in the classroom now find themselves with little choice but to embrace it. This move to the digital brings additional challenges in underserved contexts with limited, intermittent, and shared access to mobile or computing devices and the internet. In this rapidly evolving digital landscape, we investigate how educational institutions (schools and non-profit organizations) working with underserved populations in India are managing the transition to online or remote learning. We conducted twenty remote interviews with students, teachers, and administrators from underserved contexts across India. We found that online learning efforts in this setting relied on a resilient human infrastructure comprised of students, teachers, parents, administrators, and non-profit organizations to help navigate and overcome the limitations of available technical infrastructure. Our research aims to articulate lessons for educational technology design in the post-COVID period, outlining areas for improvement in the design of online learning platforms in resource-constrained settings, and identifying elements of online learning that could be retained to strengthen the education system overall.
Collaboration around Multi-touch Spherical Displays: A Field Study at a Science Museum
Authors: Soni Nikita , Tierney Ailish , Jurczyk Katarina , Gleaves Schuyler , Schreiber Elisabeth , Stofer Kathryn A. , Anthony Lisa
Published: October 2021

Multi-touch spherical displays that enable groups of people to collaboratively interact are increasingly being used in informal learning settings such as museums. Prior research on large flatscreen displays has examined group collaboration patterns in museum settings to inform the design of group learning experiences around these displays. However, previous research has shown differences in how users conceptualize interacting with spherical and flatscreen displays, thereby making it important to separately investigate how groups naturally collaborate around spherical displays in a museum setting. The spherical form factor of the display affords new forms of collaboration: unlike flatscreen displays, spherical displays do not have a definite front or center, thus intrinsically creating both shared and private touch interaction areas on the display based on users' viewing angles or physical arrangements. We conducted a 5-day long field study at a local science museum during which 571 visitors (370 adults and 201 children) in 211 groups interacted with a walk-up-and-use collaborative learning application showing global science data visualizations, on a multi-touch spherical display. We qualitatively analyzed groups' natural collaboration patterns including their physical arrangements (F-formations), their collaboration profiles (e.g., turn-taker or independent), and the nature of group discussion around the display. Our results show that groups often engaged in both independent as well as closely collaborative group explorations when interacting around the sphere: physical spacing between group members around the sphere was strongly linked to the way groups collaborated. It was less common for group members to make and accept suggestions or coordinate touch interactions when they did not share the same fields-of-view or touch interaction space with each other around the sphere. We discuss implications for supporting group collaboration in this context which will inform the design of future walk-up-and-use multi-touch spherical display applications for use in public settings.
Negotiating Repairedness: How Artifacts Under Repair Become Contingently Stabilized
Authors: Jung Ju Yeon , Steinberger Tom , King John L. , Ackerman Mark S.
Published: October 2021

This paper examines "repairedness" - the contingently stable, working version of an artifact under repair that is negotiated out of multiple possible versions to bring about the temporary conclusion of repair work. Our paper draws on an ethnographic study of an analog electronics repair community in Seoul, South Korea to develop two contributions. First, studying processes of negotiating the repairedness of an artifact accounts for contingency in the properties of the artifact itself, which differs from contingencies in collaborative work practices that have been a focus of CSCW research on repair. Second, a concept of repairedness highlights how ongoing processes of interacting with an artifact nonetheless need to be brought to contingent conclusions, suggesting that an artifact's properties are a valuable site for sustainable engagement. These contributions help CSCW research on repair account for the multiplicity of artifacts highlighted by STS scholars as integral to how humans sustainably engage with artifacts in their practices.
"There Should Be More Than One Voice in A Healthy Society": Infrastructural Violence and Totalitarian Computing in China
Authors: Li Zi , Nardi Bonnie
Published: October 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese citizens were caught up within a public health crisis and an expansive censorship and propaganda infrastructure built by the Chinese government over the past few decades. In March 2020, we interviewed 24 Chinese citizens to understand how they experienced censorship and propaganda during the first few months of the pandemic. Drawing from the lens of infrastructural violence, we document state violence inflicted on the Chinese people at the infrastructural scale, penetrating ordinary citizens' minds and daily lives. We examine three dimensions of infrastructural violence: epistemic violence of truth distortion, emotional violence of state retaliation, and interpersonal violence of relationship deterioration. Based on our empirical findings, we reflect on how infrastructural violence is constituted through totalitarian computing technologies. We stress the need to study the geopolitics of technology and propose a research agenda for studying totalitarian computing.
The Challenge of Variable Effort Crowdsourcing and How Visible Gold Can Help
Authors: Hettiachchi Danula , Schaekermann Mike , McKinney Tristan J. , Lease Matthew
Published: October 2021

We consider a class of variable effort human annotation tasks in which the number of labels required per item can greatly vary (e.g., finding all faces in an image, named entities in a text, bird calls in an audio recording, etc.). In such tasks, some items require far more effort than others to annotate. Furthermore, the per-item annotation effort is not known until after each item is annotated since determining the number of labels required is an implicit part of the annotation task itself. On an image bounding-box task with crowdsourced annotators, we show that annotator accuracy and recall consistently drop as effort increases. We hypothesize reasons for this drop and investigate a set of approaches to counteract it. Firstly, we benchmark on this task a set of general best-practice methods for quality crowdsourcing. Notably, only one of these methods actually improves quality: the use of visible gold questions that provide periodic feedback to workers on their accuracy as they work. Given these promising results, we then investigate and evaluate variants of the visible gold approach, yielding further improvement. Final results show a 7% improvement in bounding-box accuracy over the baseline. We discuss the generality of the visible gold approach and promising directions for future research.
Punishment and Its Discontents: An Analysis of Permanent Ban in an Online Game Community
Authors: Kou Yubo
Published: October 2021

Platforms face the challenge of managing toxic behaviors such as flaming, hateful remarks, and harassment. To discipline their users, platforms usually adopt a punitive approach that issues punishments ranging from a warning message to content removal to permanent ban (PB). As the severest punishment, PB deprives the user of their privileges on the platform, such as account access and purchased content. But little is known regarding the experiential side of PB within the user community. In this study, we analyzed PB in League of Legends, one of the largest online games today. We argue that what PB does is not precisely to discipline players into well-behaved community members. Rather, PB functions to produce the stereotype of "the most toxic player" in the community and is best seen as a platform rhetoric. We further discuss the need to contextualize toxicity from the restorative lens.
Adaptive Folk Theorization as a Path to Algorithmic Literacy on Changing Platforms
Authors: DeVito Michael Ann
Published: October 2021

The increased importance of opaque, algorithmically-driven social platforms (e.g., Facebook, YouTube) to everyday users as a medium for self-presentation effectively requires users to speculate on how platforms work in order to decide how to behave to achieve their self-presentation goals. This speculation takes the form of folk theorization. Because platforms constantly change, users must constantly re-evaluate their folk theories. Based on an Asynchronous Remote Community study of LGBTQ+ social platform users with heightened self-presentation concerns, I present an updated model of the folk theorization process to account for platform change. Moreover, I find that both the complexity of the user's folk theorization and their overall relationship with the platform impact this theorization process, and present new concepts for examining and classifying these elements: theorization complexity level and perceived platform spirit. I conclude by proposing a folk theorization-based path towards an extensible algorithmic literacy that would support users in ongoing theorization.
Naturally Together: A Systematic Approach for Multi-User Interaction With Natural Interfaces
Authors: Shavitt Carmel , Kuzminykh Anastasia , Ridel Itay , Cauchard Jessica R.
Published: October 2021

New technology is moving towards intuitive and natural interaction techniques that are increasingly embedded in human space (e.g., home and office environment) and aims to support multiple users, yet their interfaces do not cover it to the full. Imagine that you have a multi-user device, should it act differently in different situations, people, and group settings? Current Multi-User Interfaces address each of the users as an individual that works independently from others, and there is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that impact shared usage of these products. Thus we have linked environmental (external) and user-centered (internal) factors to the way users interact with multi-user devices. We analyzed 124 papers that involve multi-user interfaces and created a classification model out of 8 factors. Both the model and factors were validated by a large-scale online study. Our model defines the factors affecting multi-user usage with a single device and leads to a decision on the most important ones in different situations. This paper is the first to identify these factors and to create a set of practical guidelines for designing Multi-User Interfaces.
Atheists versus Theists: Religious Polarisation in Arab Online Communities
Authors: Al Hariri Youssef , Magdy Walid , Wolters Maria K.
Published: October 2021

In this study, we investigate the extent of polarisation among theist versus atheist groups on Arab Twitter and their networks. We find four main self-identified groups of Arab users that can be distinguished by different attitudes to religion. In addition to Atheists and Theists, there are Rationalists, who promote rational thinking regardless of religious affiliation, and Tanweeri, who promote religious reforms. Through a keyword search of Twitter account handles and biographies, we identified 2,673 active, public Twitter accounts that clearly state whether they are Atheists, Theists, Tanweeri or Rationalists and analysed the interactions among themselves and the accounts that are followed, retweeted, or mentioned the most in their networks. Depending on the network analysed, we found between four and seven sub-communities that highlight the rich socio-cultural context in which discussions of religion, non-religion, and religious reform unfold. While there was clear online polarisation between atheists and theists, Rationalist and Tanweeri accounts are spread among the two polarised sides, acting as natural bridges. We also found a clear separation between Arab atheists who engage with Arab accounts promoting atheism and those who primarily engage with Western accounts promoting atheism. We discuss implications for the study of religious debate and religious polarisation on social media.
"Its Changes so Often": Parental Non-/Use of Mobile Devices While Caring for Infants and Toddlers at Home
Authors: Garg Radhika
Published: October 2021

Parents' use of mobile devices (tablets and mobile phones) while caring for children is considered to be beneficial, but also problematic. In this study, we aimed to understand parents' technology non-/use practices around infants and toddlers in the domestic setting and to survey parents' opinions about their partners' practices. To this end, we collected data from parents from seventeen families, using diaries and interviews. We found that as parents grapple with multiple and often conflicting motivations and needs, they adopt or shift among four non-/use positions. Our findings also show that adult family members believe that their partner's use is more problematic than theirs and that the other person does not abide by mutually decided norms. Furthermore, parents often have conflicting opinions about how one should shape one's technological practices around children. Based on our findings, we propose new design directions for technology that can support caregivers in the domestic setting.
Meeting with Media: Comparing Synchronous Media Sharing and Icebreaker Questions in Initial Interactions via Video Chat
Authors: Miller Matthew K. , Mandryk Regan L.
Published: October 2021

Video chat continues to play an increasing role in the personal and professional lives of many people. When meeting someone for the first time via video chat, traditional icebreakers such as discussion questions may be used to ease conversation and facilitate disclosure; however, icebreaker questions have been shown to be less effective at facilitating relationships for some people than others. In this paper, we propose synchronously sharing online media as a more flexible, robust, and effective method of facilitating initial interactions in video chat. Our comparative study of icebreaker questions and media sharing reveals that shared media supports a different style of conversation than icebreakers, but results in equal levels of self-disclosure and trust along with higher levels of warranting and relatedness. Further, while the effectiveness of icebreakers in building trust is lower for individuals low in agreeableness, media sharing results in similar trust formation at all levels of agreeableness. Synchronous media sharing is a promising way of leveraging the digital context of video chat to better support early stages of relationships.
A Comparative Study of Dark Patterns Across Web and Mobile Modalities
Authors: Gunawan Johanna , Pradeep Amogh , Choffnes David , Hartzog Woodrow , Wilson Christo
Published: October 2021

Dark patterns are user interface elements that can influence a person's behavior against their intentions or best interests. Prior work identified these patterns in websites and mobile apps, but little is known about how the design of platforms might impact dark pattern manifestations and related human vulnerabilities. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of mobile application, mobile browser, and web browser versions of 105 popular services to investigate variations in dark patterns across modalities. We perform manual tests, identify dark patterns in each service, and examine how they persist or differ by modality. Our findings show that while services can employ some dark patterns equally across modalities, many dark patterns vary between platforms, and that these differences saddle people with inconsistent experiences of autonomy, privacy, and control. We conclude by discussing broader implications for policymakers and practitioners, and provide suggestions for furthering dark patterns research.
Difficulties of Measuring Culture in Privacy Studies
Authors: Ghaiumy Anaraky Reza , Li Yao , Knijnenburg Bart
Published: October 2021

This paper addresses inconsistencies that exist in the measurement instruments HCI researchers use in cross-cultural studies. We study some commonly used measurement instruments that capture cultural dimensions at an individual level and conduct "measurement invariance tests," which test whether the questions comprising a construct have similar characteristics across different groups (e.g., countries). We find that these cultural dimensions are, to some extent, non-invariant, making statistical comparisons between countries problematic. Furthermore, we study the (non)invariance of the causal relationship between these cultural dimensions and privacy-related constructs, e.g., privacy concern and the amount of information users share on social media. Our results suggest that in several instances, these cultural dimensions have a different effect on privacy-related constructs per country. This severely reduces their usefulness for developing cross-cultural arguments in cross-country studies. We discuss the value of conducting measurement and causal non-invariance tests and urge scholars to develop more robust means of measuring culture.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Deplatforming as a Moderation Strategy on Twitter
Authors: Jhaver Shagun , Boylston Christian , Yang Diyi , Bruckman Amy
Published: October 2021

Deplatforming refers to the permanent ban of controversial public figures with large followings on social media sites. In recent years, platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have deplatformed many influencers to curb the spread of offensive speech. We present a case study of three high-profile influencers who were deplatformed on Twitter---Alex Jones, Milo Yiannopoulos, and Owen Benjamin. Working with over 49M tweets, we found that deplatforming significantly reduced the number of conversations about all three individuals on Twitter. Further, analyzing the Twitter-wide activity of these influencers' supporters, we show that the overall activity and toxicity levels of supporters declined after deplatforming. We contribute a methodological framework to systematically examine the effectiveness of moderation interventions and discuss broader implications of using deplatforming as a moderation strategy.
Bodily Experiences of Illness and Treatment as Information Work: The Case of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Whitman Samantha A. , Pine Kathleen H. , Thorsteinsdottir Bjorg , Organick-Lee Paige , Thota Anjali , Espinoza Suarez Nataly R. , Johnston Erik W. , Boehmer Kasey R.
Published: October 2021

CSCW has previously investigated the "information work" that patients do in relation to their health, illnesses, and treatments. Our study contributes to this ongoing stream of work by investigating the information work that chronically ill patients do in relation to their physical bodily experiences. We use an interpretivist approach and qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and observations) to examine how patients in a midwestern U.S. city carry out information work related to their bodily experiences of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Our findings highlight four themes related to such work: bodily experiences of CKD; making meaning of bodily experiences through experiential learning; communicating bodily experiences; and attuning daily life around bodily experiences. In so doing, we show how patients continuously engage in information work in relation to their bodily experiences. For example, we found participants experienced physical sensations such as pain, cramping, and extreme fatigue, which elicited complex labor, yet most patients received little education from health care professionals about what bodily sensations they might have and what these physical experiences might mean. While patients and clinicians worked collaboratively to adjust treatment based on bodily information, such collaborative adjustment often did not occur until patients learned to interpret and communicate bodily experiences through a difficult and physically painful "trial and error" learning process. Our empirical insights extend on the literature of information work that chronically ill patients do and inform design of information technologies and care processes for patients with chronic disease.
Developers Who Vlog: Dismantling Stereotypes through Community and Identity
Authors: Chattopadhyay Souti , Ford Denae , Zimmermann Thomas
Published: October 2021

Developers are more than "nerds behind computers all day", they lead a normal life, and not all take the traditional path to learn programming. However, the public still sees software development as a profession for "math wizards". To learn more about this special type of knowledge worker from their first-person perspective, we conducted three studies to learn how developers describe a day in their life through vlogs on YouTube and how these vlogs were received by the broader community. We first interviewed 16 developers who vlogged to identify their motivations for creating this content and their intention behind what they chose to portray. Second, we analyzed 130 vlogs (video blogs) to understand the range of the content conveyed through videos. Third, we analyzed 1176 comments from the 130 vlogs to understand the impact the vlogs have on the audience. We found that developers were motivated to promote and build a diverse community, by sharing different aspects of life that define their identity, and by creating awareness about learning and career opportunities in computing. They used vlogs to share a variety of how software developers work and live---showcasing often unseen experiences, including intimate moments from their personal life. From our comment analysis, we found that the vlogs were valuable to the audience to find information and seek advice. Commenters sought opportunities to connect with others over shared triumphs and trials they faced that were also shown in the vlogs. As a central theme, we found that developers use vlogs to challenge the misconceptions and stereotypes around their identity, work-life, and well-being. These social stigmas are obstacles to an inclusive and accepting community and can deter people from choosing software development as a career. We also discuss the implications of using vlogs to support developers, researchers, and beyond.
Playing the Hiring Game: Class-Based Emotional Experiences and Tactics in Elite Hiring
Authors: Chua Phoebe K. , Abraham Hillary , Mazmanian Melissa
Published: October 2021

While studies have shown that graduates from elite universities enjoy high employment rates, they do not tell the story of how students from different social class backgrounds experience the hiring process. We address this question by interviewing upper-middle-class (UMC) and working- and middle-class (WMC) Computer Science Ph.D. students at prestigious universities who are applying for lucrative internships at established technology companies. We find that while these students are aware of and have access to the "same" resources (e.g., social connections and insider knowledge about employers' expectations), the tactics they use to act on these resources and their emotional experience of the hiring process vary along social class lines. In short, the class-based norms of UMC applicants align with those of employers. The majority of WMC applicants, however, discuss experiencing tension between their class-based norms and employers' dominant values. In contrast to their UMC counterparts, these applicants report spending substantial amounts of time preparing for the hiring process and describe the hiring process as emotionally draining. This research provides insight into the emotional burdens facing even the most privileged WMC applicants. Our findings also have implications for how organizations should take into account social class backgrounds in their hiring practices.
Examining the Design and Development of a Social Justice Makerspace
Authors: DesPortes Kayla , Mund Shiri , James Clarisa
Published: October 2021

In our society, where technologies continue to act as a marginalizing force for various individuals and communities, makerspaces present unique opportunities for community-driven work that engages people with a variety of communal technologies, knowledge, and work practices. However, makerspaces grew out of largely exclusionary discourses, which continue to neglect non-dominant technology practices, knowledge bases, and communities. Despite these origins, research remains largely optimistic about the potential for makerspaces to provide equitable opportunities for those stereotypically excluded to engage, learn, and build with technologies. We mirror this optimism through our work examining how makerspaces might be positioned to address social inequities while supporting community growth and development. This paper traces the development of a social justice makerspace situated within a community of color in the United States. The work contributes a contextual analysis of the design of a makerspace explicitly positioned to forefront community voices and address issues of social inequities. We highlight community perspectives within our situated design process as we draw out the themes and tensions that arose. Applying a social justice framework from Dombrowski et al. (2016) and Lötter's (2011) to our findings we demonstrate how makerspaces can be positioned to address social inequities through: identifying, educating, and communicating about inequities; engaging in the distribution of resources and opportunities; and enabling capacity building at the individual and structural levels. We highlight how an asset-based orientation can position the makerspace to grow in effective ways to address community issues.
Asymmetries in Online Job-Seeking: A Case Study of Muslim-American Women
Authors: Afnan Tanisha , Rabaan Hawra , Jones Kyle M. L. , Dombrowski Lynn
Published: October 2021

As job-seeking and recruiting processes transition into digital spaces, concerns about hiring discrimination in online spaces have developed. Historically, women of color, particularly those with marginalized religious identities, have more challenges in securing employment. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with Muslim-American women of color who had used online job platforms in the past two years to understand how they perceive digital hiring tools to be used in practice, how they navigate the US job market, and how hiring discrimination as a phenomenon is thought to relate to their intersecting social identities. Our findings allowed us to identify three major categories of asymmetries (i.e., the relationship between the computing algorithms' structures and their users' experiences): (1) process asymmetries, which is the lack of transparency in data collection processes of job applications; (2) information asymmetries, which refers to the asymmetry in data availability during online job-seeking; and (3) legacy asymmetries, which explains the cultural and historical factors impacting marginalized job applicants. We discuss design implications to support job seekers in identifying and securing positive employment outcomes.
Effective Strategies for Crowd-Powered Cognitive Reappraisal Systems: A Field Deployment of the Flip*Doubt Web Application for Mental Health
Authors: Smith C. Estelle , Lane William , Miller Hillberg Hannah , Kluver Daniel , Terveen Loren , Yarosh Svetlana
Published: October 2021

Online technologies offer great promise to expand models of delivery for therapeutic interventions to help users cope with increasingly common mental illnesses like anxiety and depression. For example, "cognitive reappraisal" is a skill that involves changing one's perspective on negative thoughts in order to improve one's emotional state. In this work, we present Flip*Doubt, a novel crowd-powered web application that provides users with cognitive reappraisals ("reframes") of negative thoughts. A one-month field deployment of Flip*Doubt with 13 graduate students yielded a data set of negative thoughts paired with positive reframes, as well as rich interview data about how participants interacted with the system. Through this deployment, our work contributes: (1) an in-depth qualitative understanding of how participants used a crowd-powered cognitive reappraisal system in the wild; and (2) detailed codebooks that capture informative context about negative input thoughts and reframes. Our results surface data-derived hypotheses that may help to explain what types of reframes are helpful for users, while also providing guidance to future researchers and developers interested in building collaborative systems for mental health. In our discussion, we outline implications for systems research to leverage peer training and support, as well as opportunities to integrate AI/ML-based algorithms to support the cognitive reappraisal task. (Note: This paper includes potentially triggering mentions of mental health issues and suicide.)
Challenges and Opportunities for Data-Centric Peer Evaluation Tools for Teamwork
Authors: Shi Wenxuan Wendy , Jagannadharao Akshaya , Lee Jaewook , Bailey Brian P.
Published: October 2021

Peer evaluations are critical for assessing teams, but are susceptible to bias and other factors that undermine their reliability. At the same time, collaborative tools that teams commonly use to perform their work are increasingly capable of logging activity that can signal useful information about individual contributions and teamwork. To investigate current and potential uses for activity traces in peer evaluation tools, we interviewed (N=11) and surveyed (N=242) students and interviewed (N=10) instructors at a single university. We found that nearly all of the students surveyed considered specific contributions to the team outcomes when evaluating their teammates, but also reported relying on memory and subjective experiences to make the assessment. Instructors desired objective sources of data to address challenges with administering and interpreting peer evaluations, and have already begun incorporating activity traces from collaborative tools into their evaluations of teams. However, both students and instructors expressed concern about using activity traces due to the diverse ecosystem of tools and platforms used by teams and the limited view into the context of the contributions. Based on our findings, we contribute recommendations and a speculative design for a data-centric peer evaluation tool.
Social, Environmental, and Technical: Factors at Play in the Current Use and Future Design of Small-Group Captioning
Authors: McDonnell Emma J. , Liu Ping , Goodman Steven M. , Kushalnagar Raja , Froehlich Jon E. , Findlater Leah
Published: October 2021

Real-time captioning is a critical accessibility tool for many d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people. While the vast majority of captioning work has focused on formal settings and technical innovations, in contrast, we investigate captioning for informal, interactive small-group conversations, which have a high degree of spontaneity and foster dynamic social interactions. This paper reports on semi-structured interviews and design probe activities we conducted with 15 DHH participants to understand their use of existing real-time captioning services and future design preferences for both in-person and remote small-group communication. We found that our participants' experiences of captioned small-group conversations are shaped by social, environmental, and technical considerations (e.g., interlocutors' pre-established relationships, the type of captioning displays available, and how far captions lag behind speech). When considering future captioning tools, participants were interested in greater feedback on non-speech elements of conversation (e.g., speaker identity, speech rate, volume) both for their personal use and to guide hearing interlocutors toward more accessible communication. We contribute a qualitative account of DHH people's real-time captioning experiences during small-group conversation and future design considerations to better support the groups being captioned, both in person and online.?