bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICRO-TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS BY STELLAR COMPACT OBJECTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-LONG GRBs
Authors: Perets Hagai B. , Li Zhuo , Lombardi James C. , Milcarek Stephen R.
Published: May 2016

We explore full/partial tidal disruption events (TDEs) of stars/planets by stellar compact objects (black holes (BHs) or neutron stars (NSs)), which we term micro-TDEs. Disruption of a star/planet with mass M
⋆ may lead to the formation of a debris disk around the BH/NS. Efficient accretion of a fraction

of the debris may then give rise to bright, energetic, long (103–104 s), X-ray/gamma-ray flares, with total energies of up to

erg, possibly resembling ultra-long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)/X-ray flashes (XRFs). The energy of such flares depends on the poorly constrained accretion processes. Significantly fainter flares might be produced if most of the disk mass is blown away through strong outflows. We suggest three dynamical origins for such disruptions. In the first, a star/planet is tidally disrupted following a close random encounter with a BH/NS in a dense cluster. We estimate the BH (NS) micro-TDE rates from this scenario to be a few

(a few

)

per Milky Way galaxy. Another scenario involves the interaction of wide companions due to perturbations by stars in the field, likely producing comparable but lower rates. Finally, a third scenario involves a BH/NS that gains a natal velocity kick at birth, leading to a close encounter with a binary companion and the tidal disruption of that companion. Such events could be associated with a supernova, or even with a preceding GRB/XRF event, and would likely occur hours to days after the prompt explosion; the rates of such events could be larger than those obtained from the other scenarios, depending on the preceding complex binary stellar evolution.
A HOT AND MASSIVE ACCRETION DISK AROUND THE HIGH-MASS PROTOSTAR IRAS 20126+4104
Authors: Chen Huei-Ru Vivien , Keto Eric , Zhang Qizhou , Sridharan T. K. , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Su Yu-Nung
Published: May 2016

We present new spectral line observations of the CH3CN molecule in the accretion disk around the massive protostar IRAS 20126+4104 with the Submillimeter Array, which, for the first time, measure the disk density, temperature, and rotational velocity with sufficient resolution (0.″37, equivalent to ∼600 au) to assess the gravitational stability of the disk through the Toomre-Q parameter. Our observations resolve the central 2000 au region that shows steeper velocity gradients with increasing upper state energy, indicating an increase in the rotational velocity of the hotter gas nearer the star. Such spin-up motions are characteristics of an accretion flow in a rotationally supported disk. We compare the observed data with synthetic image cubes produced by three-dimensional radiative transfer models describing a thin flared disk in Keplerian motion enveloped within the centrifugal radius of an angular-momentum-conserving accretion flow. Given a luminosity of 1.3 × 104
L
⊙, the optimized model gives a disk mass of 1.5 M
⊙ and a radius of 858 au rotating about a 12.0 M
⊙ protostar with a disk mass accretion rate of 3.9 × 10−5
M
⊙ yr−1. Our study finds that, in contrast to some theoretical expectations, the disk is hot and stable to fragmentation with Q > 2.8 at all radii which permits a smooth accretion flow. These results put forward the first constraints on gravitational instabilities in massive protostellar disks, which are closely connected to the formation of companion stars and planetary systems by fragmentation.
La province sans la Régence ?
Authors: Lemarchand Laurent
Published: May 2016

À tous points de vue (institutionnel, événementiel, historiographique...), la Régence constitue un phénomène parisien. En-dessous des relations officielles ou administratives, d’ailleurs hétérogènes et globalement réduites dans la France du début du xviii e siècle, rien ne semble véritablement faire vivre la province à l’heure de la Régence. Ce régime de transition est alors quasi absent des archives provinciales de son temps, d’autant plus que les mouvements de résistance ou de régionalisme furent aussi quasi nuls. Mais la Régence ne se fit pas sans la province, l’apaisement et la régulation des relations représentant justement l’une des marques de ce régime transitoire. Les provinces évoluaient déjà dans une situation de dépendance vis-à-vis de l’autorité royale. En-dessous des relations apparentes, aléatoires et limitées, agissaient des liens beaucoup plus fondamentaux : de l’ordre provincial, l’autorité de la monarchie et le pouvoir de l’État constituaient des composantes essentielles et indispensables même si non suffisantes. L’évolution du rôle de l’intendant à cette époque en est une bonne illustration.
La forme de la prédication à Berne au xvi e siècle
Authors: Engammare Max
Published: May 2016

On connaît peu de choses de la forme de la prédication au siècle des Réformes protestantes, en particulier dans ses premières décennies, quand les traités d’homilétique réformée étaient rares ou restaient à écrire. L’historiographie s’est en effet davantage focalisé sur le contenu que sur le contenant et a trop vite conclu, à l’exemple de la pratique genevoise, que la forme de la prédication se limitait à une reprise de la prédication en suivant verset à verset tout un livre biblique ( lectio continua ). Après avoir étudié les formes de la prédication à Bâle et à Zurich, cet article constitue le troisième volet de la recherche, en s’intéressant à Berne, troisième et dernier lieu majeur de la Suisse de langue germanique. Il s’est d’abord agi de lire et d’analyser les sources institutionnelles et politiques, ordonnances ecclésiastiques et Agenbüchlein. Dans un second temps, ce sont des sermons manuscrits (la publication de sermons contemporains était alors rare) qui sont étudiés. On constate que les autorités politiques et religieuses ne légifèrent pas sur la forme du sermon, comme à Bâle et à Zurich, alors qu’on relève, en passant, le sermon très intéressant d’un pasteur bernois qui, en 1567, prêche contre l’alliance avec la France, et ce en accord avec les autorités politiques. On montre que l’usage d’un lectionnaire en relation avec certaines fêtes chrétiennes ancestrales a été maintenu à Berne, comme à Bâle et à Zurich, tout au long du xvi e   siècle, contrairement à ce qui se faisait à Genève.
La catábasis de Pitágoras
Authors: Santamaría Álvarez Marco Antonio
Published: May 2016

Dos autores peripatéticos del s. III a. C., Jerónimo de Rodas y Hermipo de Esmirna, ofrecen sendos testimonios sobre la catábasis de Pitágoras. El primero se refiere a los castigados en el Hades que Pitágoras contempló y el segundo asegura que la experiencia fue un fraude, ya que permaneció escondido en una cámara subterránea. Una versión más antigua de la historia de Hermipo parece ser la base de un relato similar sobre Zalmoxis recogido por Heródoto y de una breve alusión en la Electra de Sófocles. Existen varias noticias sobre el uso que Pitágoras y Epiménides hacían de las cuevas para tener experiencias espirituales y alcanzar un conocimiento divino, lo que pudo ser el punto de partida de la historia sobre el descenso al Hades del maestro de Samos, luego denunciada como un fraude. El catalizador para transformar en catábasis la estancia en una cueva pudo ser la competencia de los pitagóricos con los órficos y el deseo de atribuir al fundador de la secta, Pitágoras, la misma autoridad que Orfeo en lo referente al Más Allá.
Nota sull’uso di dimidiatus (Gell., Noct. XII 1. 6)
Authors: Basile Anna
Published: May 2016

[it] Le scelte lessicali operate da Aulo Gellio nelle Noctes Atticae si caratterizzano per una particolare originalità: l’analisi condotta sull’uso dell’aggettivo dimidiatus nel passo in questione, semanticamente connotato nelle attestazioni precedenti alla scrittura gelliana, mira a dimostrare come l’autore adoperi un termine estraneo al lessico morale allo scopo di supportare la propria tesi.
Structure, composition spécifique et diversité des ligneux dans deux zones contrastées en zone Sahélienne du Burkina Faso
Authors: Savadogo Ouango Maurice , Ouattara Korodjouma , Pare Souleymane , Ouedraogo Issa , Sawadogo-Kaboré Séraphine , Barron Jennie , Zombre Nabsanna Prosper
Published: May 2016

Cette étude menée au Sahel burkinabé fait l’état actuel de la végétation ligneuse de cette région afin d’établir le lien entre la réalité du terrain et les observations satellitaires dans deux sites dans chacune des deux zones contrastées, l’une présentant un certain taux de reverdissement et l’autre de dégradation. Elle analyse aussi la composition spécifique, la structure, la diversité des ligneux et les similitudes entre les quatre sites (deux sites par deux zones). L’étude a utilisé une méthode d’échantillonnage stratifiée aléatoire analysant 104 placettes de 20 x 20 m². L’analyse statistique a montré des différences significatives de la densité, du nombre d’espèces, de la classe des hauteurs, de la classe des diamètres et des indices de Simpson et Shannon entre les deux zones. Les valeurs les plus importantes ont été observées dans la zone en reverdissement. Nous avons noté aussi une différence significative de la densité, des diamètres et des hauteurs en fonction de l’occupation des terres. Les champs de la zone en reverdissement possèdent les valeurs les plus importantes de densité et des hauteurs, mais ont les diamètres les moins élevés. Le reverdissement au Sahel est donc plus apparent dans les champs.
Use of Web 2.0 by students in the Faculty of Information Science and Communications at Mzuzu University, Malawi
Authors: Chawinga Winner D. , Zinn Sandy
Published: May 2016

Background: Over the years, advancements in Internet technologies have led to the emergence of new technologies such as Web 2.0, which have taken various sectors including higher education by storm. Web 2.0 technologies are slowly but surely penetrating higher education in developing countries with much hype, according to the literature. This justifies the need for original research that aims at demystifying the application and exploiting the promises that come along with these so-called versatile technologies.Objectives: The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain students’ awareness of and familiarity with Web 2.0 technologies, to determine the purposes for which students use Web 2.0 technologies, and to identify the factors that affect students’ use or non-use of Web 2.0 technologies.Method: A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Firstly, a questionnaire was sent to 186 students; secondly, the curricula of the two departments in the Faculty of Information Science and Communication (ISC) were analysed; finally, follow-up interviews were conducted with seven lecturers in the Faculty of ISC.Results: The study found that students use Web 2.0 technologies to search for information, to communicate with lecturers, to submit assignments and to communicate with friends on academic work. Wikipedia, WhatsApp, Google Apps and YouTube are the Web 2.0 technologies most used by students. Poor bandwidth (Internet connection) coupled with the absence of Wi-Fi (wireless Internet connection) prevents the successful adoption of Web 2.0 by students.Conclusion: Web 2.0 can have a profound impact on undergraduate students and lecturers in teaching and learning. The research results indicated a high awareness of a wide range of Web 2.0 technologies, with social networks being the commonly used one. There is a need for more training to increase awareness of and familiarity with new Web 2.0 technologies. The problem of poor bandwidth needs to be addressed by the university management in order to gain significant benefits.
Watching the watchmen: resisting drones and the "protester panopticon"
Authors: Waghorn Neil J.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The skies as sites of protest are opening up. Protester-operated drones are beginning to appear in the skies above protests: watching the watchmen, installing an additional layer of surveillance, increasing accountability and self-discipline amongst the police. In this way protester drones could be seen as establishing a "protester panopticon", with the police as subjects. This article explores the potential panoptic effect of the gaze upon the police, drawing on sousveillance theory, before using counter-surveillance as a way to explore potential options for police resistance to the gaze of the protester drone. These resistive efforts are broken down into four categories, legislation and regulation, obscuring the gaze, electronic countermeasures and kinetic and physical force.
Nonunion Paediatric Femoral Neck Fracture Treatment without Open Reduction
Authors: Eamsobhana Perajit , Keawpornsawan Kamolporn
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Fractures of the proximal femur account for less than 1% of all children's fractures. Because of this, most orthopaedic surgeons lack enough experience in treating them. This adds to the rather high incidence of complications especially nonunion. At the time of this review there is no consensus on which method of treatment of the nonunion is the best. The objective of this study is to present our method of treatment to correct the nonunion without open reduction of the nonunion sites.

Method

9 children with nonunion of the proximal femur with an average age of 10.2 years (2-14 years old) were included in the study. There were 7 males and 2 females. All of them underwent at least 1 operation to treat the initial fractures and the nonunion. The nonunion in all these 9 cases was treated with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy without open reduction of the nonunion site. The healing time of the nonunion, the postoperative neck-shaft angle and the functional outcome were evaluated.

Results

All the nonunion cases had coxa vara and had bone resorption of the femoral neck with x-ray evidences of avascular necrosis (AVN). Ratliff classification was used to classify the AVN, Ratliff type 3 was found in 4 cases, Ratliff 2 in 1 case and Ratliff 1 in 4 cases. Patients were followed for an average of 68 (range 36-156) months. All patients had x-ray evidence of solid union of the nonunion in an average time of 15.4 (range 13-18) weeks and union of the osteotomy sites within10.6 (range 9-12) weeks. The postoperative neck-shaft angle averaged 135° (range 125°-150°) compared to 98° before the surgery. The increase in the amount of neck-shaft angle was statistically significant (p<0.001). Using Harris Hip Score, 2 patients were graded as excellent, 3 patients were graded as good and 4 patients were graded as fair. Harris Hip Score was significantly improved compared to the preoperative status (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Nonunion paediatric femoral neck fracture treatment could be successfully treated without open reduction by using valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy. All patients obtained union of the nonunion site and the osteotomy site in this study. Harris Hip Score showed significant improvement. This technique can be used to treat nonunion with associated coxa vara, bone resorption and AVN with satisfactory results even in cases who had received several operations before.
The Relationship between Organizational Climate and the Organizational Silence of Administrative Staff in Education Department
Authors: Pozveh Asghar Zamani , Karimi Fariba
Published: May 2016

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between organizational climate and the organizational silence of administrative staff in Education Department in Isfahan. The research method was descriptive and correlational-type method. The study population was administrative staff of Education Department in Isfahan during the school year 2014-2015 with a number of 517 staff, of whom a number of 220 staff were selected as the sample using stratified random sampling fit for the size and by means of Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) sampling formula. Measurement instruments were Sussman and Deep’s (1989) Organizational Climate Questionnaire and Van Dyne et al. (2003) Organizational Silence Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression and multiple variance tests were utilized. The results indicated that there was an inverse and significant relationship between organizational climate, bonuses in organization (r=-0.163 and P=<0.05) and procedures in organization (r= -0.196 and P=<0.01), and organizational silence. The results of multiple regression indicated that the best predictors of organizational silence were procedures in organization and objectives of organization, respectively (P=<0.01) among other dimensions of organizational climate. The results of multivariate analysis of variance test showed that there was a significant difference in respondents’ opinions about organizational climate, considering their age.
The Effectiveness of Training Program Based on the Six Hats Model in Developing Creative Thinking Skills and Academic Achievements in the Arabic Language Course for Gifted and Talented Jordanian Students
Authors: Ziadat Ayed H. , Al Ziyadat Mohammad T.
Published: May 2016

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a training program based on the six hats model in developing creative thinking skills and academic achievements in the Arabic language for gifted and talented Jordanian students.

The study sample consisted of 59 gifted male and female students of the 7th grade from King Abdullah II Elite School at the Directorate of Education in Salt City, Jordan. The sample was carefully chosen from students enrolled in the academic year 2014 and were divided randomly into two groups: an experimental group of 27 male and female students and a controlling group of 32 male and female students.

For the purpose of this study, a training program was developed based on the Six Hats Model that tackled chapter 11 and 12 of the Arabic language syllabus of the seventh grade. Both groups had been given Torrance’s B Test for creative thinking that the authors of this research developed for the Arabic Test to the gifted and talented students with the required factors of reliability and consistency. Statistical tools and analysis on obtained data were applied including the analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).

The outcome of this research showed discrepancies of statistical significance (α =< 0.05) among the skills and measurements of the achievement test in favor of the experimental group. In view of the outcomes of this study, the authors strongly recommend that teachers and educators should be rehabilitated and trained to use and apply the latest educational methods and techniques such as: Alcort program, creative solutions of problems and obstacles, critical thinking, brainstorming, and to refrain from the conventional old methods used which commonly focuses on information storage and retaining crammed data, regardless of the active participation of students.
The Effect of Faculty Mentoring on Career Success and Career Satisfaction
Authors: ANAFARTA Ayse , Apaydin Cigdem
Published: May 2016

Mentoring has received considerable attention from scholars, and in the relevant literature, a number of studies give reference to the mentoring programs developed at universities and to the mentoring relations in higher education. Yet, most of these studies either only have a theoretical basis or deal with the mentoring relationships between academic advisors and undergraduate or masters’ students. Very few studies have been conducted so far on the mentoring or protégé experiences of academicians in the university setting, and the relationships between career satisfaction and career success. The aim of the current study is to examine the effect of mentoring on career success and career satisfaction of faculty members in Turkish higher education system. Participants included 445 faculty members from various universities in Turkey. The results of the study reveal that academic and psychosocial mentoring have an impact on faculty members’ career satisfaction and career success. Also, psychosocial mentoring affects career success more compared to academic mentoring.
Control of the low-frequency vibrations of elastic metamaterial shafts with discretized arc-rubber layers
Authors: Lixia Li , Anjiang Cai
Published: May 2016

We propose a new kind of elastic metamaterial (EM) shaft with discretized arc-shaped rubber layers, which shows excellent low-frequency vibration properties. The band gaps of the shaft structure were analyzed by employing the finite element method. The proposed EM shaft exhibits much lower band gaps than the corresponding structures with the whole rubber ring. Furthermore, the band gaps can be modulated by tuning the arc angle and the number of the arc-shaped rubbers. Additionally, we observed that the first complete band gap tends to disappear when the arc angle of each arc-shaped rubber section is decreased but the arc number remains fixed because the arc angle more strongly affects the rotational stiffness than the transverse stiffness of the rubber layers. This new type of EM shafts could find potential application as a means to control the low-frequency vibrations of rotor shafts in mechanical engineering.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Sonography in the Diagnosis of Placental Invasion
Authors: Balcacer Patricia , Pahade Jay , Spektor Michael , Staib Lawrence , Copel Joshua A. , McCarthy Shirley
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To compare older and newer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for placental invasion and to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI and sonography in determining the depth of placental invasion.

Methods

Forty pregnant patients at high risk for morbidly adherent placenta based on prenatal sonography underwent MRI evaluations. Two reviewers, who were blinded to the original MRI and sonographic interpretations, clinical history, and obstetric/pathologic findings, reviewed the MRI examinations. The MRI and sonographic scans were analyzed for the presence and depth of invasion. The MRI scans were tabulated for the presence of dark intraplacental T2 bands, bulging of the myometrium, increased vascularity, and indistinct myometrium, loss of the dark T2 myometrial/placental interface, and a thin myometrium. The obstetric/pathologic results served as the reference standards.

Results

Eighteen of 40 patients had a morbidly invasive placenta. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI and sonography were not significantly different. The accuracy rates for determining the depth of placental invasion by readers 1 and 2 were 0.65 and 0.55, respectively (P > .05). According to the Cohen κ statistic, there was a good inter‐reader agreement between the MRI readers in assessing the depth of placental invasion (κ = 0.45). The features most commonly seen were dark T2 bands, bulging of the uterus, and loss of the dark T2 interface, which were all associated with the presence of placental invasion.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of placental invasion remains challenging on sonography and MRI, which perform similarly. The presence of 2 or more criteria adds specificity to the diagnosis of placental invasion on MRI.
Intracellular calcium signaling regulates glomerular filtration barrier permeability: the role of the PKGIα‐dependent pathway
Authors: Piwkowska Agnieszka , Rogacka Dorota , Audzeyenka Irena , Kasztan Małgorzata , Angielski Stefan , Jankowski Maciej
Published: May 2016

Podocytes are dynamic polarized cells that lie on the surface of glomerular capillaries and comprise an essential component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Insulin provoked a sustained, approximately 70%, increase in intracellular calcium concentration in podocytes. RT‐PCR revealed the presence of mRNA encoding sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase isoforms 1–3, and plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (PMCA) isoforms 1,3,4; mRNA levels were depressed by the addition of insulin. Inhibitors of PMCA, and the Na+‐Ca2+exchanger, increased podocyte permeability to albumin, induced dimerization of protein kinase G type I alpha (PKGIα), and activation of PKGIα‐dependent signaling. These data suggest the involvement of calcium and PKGIα signaling in insulin‐enhanced filtration barrier permeability in podocytes.
The source of O+ in the storm time ring current
Authors: Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G. , Spence H. E. , Menz A. M. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , Larsen B. A. , Mitchell D. G. , Gkioulidou M. , Wygant J. R. , Lanzerotti L. J.
Published: May 2016

A stretched and compressed geomagnetic field occurred during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm on 1 June 2013. During the storm the Van Allen Probes spacecraft made measurements of the plasma sheet boundary layer and observed large fluxes of O+ ions streaming up the field line from the nightside auroral region. Prior to the storm main phase there was an increase in the hot (>1 keV) and more isotropic O+ ions in the plasma sheet. In the spacecraft inbound pass through the ring current region during the storm main phase, the H+ and O+ ions were significantly enhanced. We show that this enhanced inner magnetosphere ring current population is due to the inward adiabatic convection of the plasma sheet ion population. The energy range of the O+ ion plasma sheet that impacts the ring current most is found to be from ~5 to 60 keV. This is in the energy range of the hot population that increased prior to the start of the storm main phase, and the ion fluxes in this energy range only increase slightly during the extended outflow time interval. Thus, the auroral outflow does not have a significant impact on the ring current during the main phase. The auroral outflow is transported to the inner magnetosphere but does not reach high enough energies to affect the energy density. We conclude that the more energetic O+ that entered the plasma sheet prior to the main phase and that dominates the ring current is likely from the cusp.
Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003–2014
Authors: Armitage Thomas W. K. , Bacon Sheldon , Ridout Andy L. , Thomas Sam F. , Aksenov Yevgeny , Wingham Duncan J.
Published: May 2016

Arctic sea surface height (SSH) is poorly observed by radar altimeters due to the poor coverage of the polar oceans provided by conventional altimeter missions and because large areas are perpetually covered by sea ice, requiring specialized data processing. We utilize SSH estimates from both the ice‐covered and ice‐free ocean to present monthly estimates of Arctic Dynamic Ocean Topography (DOT) from radar altimetry south of 81.5°N and combine this with GRACE ocean mass to estimate steric height. Our SSH and steric height estimates show good agreement with tide gauge records and geopotential height derived from Ice‐Tethered Profilers. The large seasonal cycle of Arctic SSH (amplitude ∼5 cm) is dominated by seasonal steric height variation associated with seasonal freshwater fluxes, and peaks in October–November. Overall, the annual mean steric height increased by 2.2 ± 1.4 cm between 2003 and 2012 before falling to circa 2003 levels between 2012 and 2014 due to large reductions on the Siberian shelf seas. The total secular change in SSH between 2003 and 2014 is then dominated by a 2.1 ± 0.7 cm increase in ocean mass. We estimate that by 2010, the Beaufort Gyre had accumulated 4600 km3 of freshwater relative to the 2003–2006 mean. Doming of Arctic DOT in the Beaufort Sea is revealed by Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis to be concurrent with regional reductions in the Siberian Arctic. We estimate that the Siberian shelf seas lost ∼180 km3 of freshwater between 2003 and 2014, associated with an increase in annual mean salinity of 0.15 psu yr−1. Finally, ocean storage flux estimates from altimetry agree well with high‐resolution model results, demonstrating the potential for altimetry to elucidate the Arctic hydrological cycle.
How quickly, how deeply, and how strongly can dynamical outer boundary conditions impact Van Allen radiation belt morphology?
Authors: Mann Ian R. , Ozeke Louis G.
Published: May 2016

Here we examine the speed, strength, and depth of the coupling between dynamical variations of ultrarelativistic electron flux at the outer boundary and that in the heart of the outer radiation belt. Using ULF wave radial diffusion as an exemplar, we show how changing boundary conditions can completely change belt morphology even under conditions of identical wave power. In the case of ULF wave radial diffusion, the temporal dynamics of a new source population or a sink of electron flux at the outer plasma sheet boundary can generate a completely opposite response which reaches deep into the belt under identical ULF wave conditions. Very significantly, here we show that such coupling can occur on timescales much faster than previously thought. We show that even on timescales ~1 h, changes in the outer boundary electron population can dramatically alter the radiation belt flux in the heart of the belt. Importantly, these flux changes can at times occur on timescales much faster than the L shell revisit time obtained from elliptically orbiting satellites such as the Van Allen Probes. We underline the importance of such boundary condition effects when seeking to identify the physical processes which explain the dominant behavior of the Van Allen belts. Overall, we argue in general that the importance of temporal changes in the boundary conditions is sometimes overlooked in comparison to the pursuit of (ever) increasingly accurate estimates of wave power and other wave properties used in empirical representations of wave transport and diffusion rates.
Energetic electron precipitation into the middle atmosphere—Constructing the loss cone fluxes from MEPED POES
Authors: Nesse Tyssøy H. , Sandanger M. I. , Ødegaard L.‐K. G. , Stadsnes J. , Aasnes A. , Zawedde A. E.
Published: May 2016

The impact of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) on the chemistry of the middle atmosphere (50–90 km) is still an outstanding question as accurate quantification of EEP is lacking due to instrumental challenges and insufficient pitch angle coverage of current particle detectors. The Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detectors (MEPED) instrument on board the NOAA/Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) and MetOp spacecraft has two sets of electron and proton telescopes pointing close to zenith (0°) and in the horizontal plane (90°). Using measurements from either the 0° or 90° telescope will underestimate or overestimate the bounce loss cone flux, respectively, as the energetic electron fluxes are often strongly anisotropic with decreasing fluxes toward the center of the loss cone. By combining the measurements from both telescopes with electron pitch angle distributions from theory of wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere, a complete bounce loss cone flux is constructed for each of the electron energy channels >50 keV, >100 keV, and >300 keV. We apply a correction method to remove proton contamination in the electron counts. We also account for the relativistic (>1000 keV) electrons contaminating the proton detector at subauroral latitudes. This gives us full range coverage of electron energies that will be deposited in the middle atmosphere. Finally, we demonstrate the method's applicability on strongly anisotropic pitch angle distributions during a weak geomagnetic storm in February 2008. We compare the electron fluxes and subsequent energy deposition estimates to OH observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite substantiating that the estimated fluxes are representative for the true precipitating fluxes impacting the atmosphere.
Compression Behavior of Ti Foams with Spherical and Polyhedral Pores
Authors: Pałka Krzysztof , Adamek Grzegorz , Jakubowicz Jarosław
Published: May 2016

This paper investigates the microstructure of Ti foams and their mechanical behavior under compression load during a μCT scan. Metal foams (70% of designed porosity) are created using Ti powder (average diameter of 0.15 mm) and saccharose particles of different shapes and an average size of 0.8 mm. The analysis of the μCT results show that the pore volume is almost linearly deformed during compression. The eccentricity of the pores is also evaluated, as well as their orientation during compression. The pore shapes are deformed into more flattened forms and their major axes are rotated into the horizontal plane. The interconnection area has an initial value of 0.244 mm2 for spherical pores and 0.193 mm2 for polyhedral pores.
The Effects of Crystal Phase and Particle Morphology of Calcium Phosphates on Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Danoux Charlène , Pereira Daniel , Döbelin Nicola , Stähli Christoph , Barralet Jake , van Blitterswijk Clemens , Habibovic Pamela
Published: May 2016

Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are extensively used for bone regeneration; however, their clinical performance is still considered inferior to that of patient's own bone. To improve the performance of CaP bone graft substitutes, it is important to understand the effects of their individual properties on a biological response. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the crystal phase and particle morphology on the behavior of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). To study the effect of the crystal phase, brushite, monetite, and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) are produced by controlling the precipitation conditions. Brushite and monetite are produced as plate‐shaped and as needle‐shaped particles, to further investigate the effect of particle morphology. Proliferation of hMSCs is inhibited on OCP as compared to brushite and monetite in either morphology. Brushite needles consistently show the lowest expression of most osteogenic markers, whereas the expression on OCP is in general high. There is a trend toward a higher expression of the osteogenic markers on plate‐shaped than on needle‐shaped particles for both brushite and monetite. Within the limits of CaP precipitation, these data indicate the effect of both crystal phase and particle morphology of CaPs on the behavior of hMSCs.
A Low‐Voltage Microfluidic Valve Based upon a Reversible Hydrophobicity Effect
Authors: Wang Ran , Yu Weijie , Kozicki Michael N. , Chae Junseok
Published: May 2016

A microfluidic valve is reported based on a reversible hydrophobicity effect via the growth and retraction of nanotextured metal filaments on the surface of a solid electrolyte. The valve is integrated onto the bottom of the channel and actuated by a DC voltage. The dendritic silver filaments are tens to hundreds of nanometers in height and can be isolated from the channel fluid by a thin Parylene layer. An applied bias of 6 V or less grows or dissolves the filaments, depending on the polarity, and the roughness so created alters the fluid‐surface interface, manipulating hydrophobicity of the interface, transitioning from the lotus effect to the petal effect. To demonstrate this valve, the fluid flow in a poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐enclosed microfluidic channel of up to 30 μm in depth and up to 250 μm in width is stopped and restarted within ≈25 s of actuation. The effect is nonvolatile, thus no static power is required to retain the on/off states of the valve.
Diverse Adsorption/Desorption Abilities Originating from the Nanostructural Morphology of VOC Gas Sensing Devices Based on Molybdenum Trioxide Nanorod Arrays
Authors: Cong Shuren , Sugahara Tohru , Wei Tingting , Jiu Jinting , Hirose Yukiko , Nagao Shijo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: May 2016

Nanorod arrays gas sensors are attracting much scientific and engineering interest because of their excellent sensing performance arising from their unique nanostructures. In this work, large‐scale random 3D networks of ultrafine single‐crystal α‐MoO3 nanorod arrays are applied as gas sensors. The arrays are spontaneously grown by a simple single‐step solution route. A prompt response and obvious discrimination of ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone vapors at 573 K are investigated via the modulation of the resistance of the gas sensors. The sensitivity, response time, and recovery time of the sensors strongly depend on the specific morphologies of the nanorod arrays, such as length, number, and coverage of nanorods in the 3D network. A reaction mechanism in which the 3D‐network nanorod arrays adsorb and react with the target molecules more readily than the seed layer is proposed to explain the different response and recovery times of the sensors. These random 3D‐network nanorod arrays with functionally tunable morphology are promising for universal application as gas sensors for detecting various vapors, and provide valuable insights for the production of fast, large‐scale, low‐cost, and simple synthesis of sensing devices.
Assessing the capacity of local ecosystems to meet industrial demand for ecosystem services
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Varsha , Bakshi Bhavik R. , Ziv Guy
Published: May 2016

Despite the importance of ecosystems, engineering activities continue to ignore or greatly undervalue their role. Consequently, engineered systems often overshoot nature's capacity to support them, causing ecological degradation. Such systems tend to be inherently unsustainable, and they often fail to benefit from nature's ability to provide essential goods and services. This work explores the idea of including ecosystems in chemical processes, and assesses whether such a techno‐ecological synergistic system can operate within ecological constraints. The demand for ecosystem services is quantified by emissions and resources used, while the supply is provided by ecosystems on the manufacturing site. Application to a biodiesel manufacturing site demonstrates that ecosystems can be economically and environmentally superior to conventional technologies for making progress toward zero emissions and net positive impact manufacturing. These results highlight the need for shifting the paradigm of engineering from that of dominating nature to embracing nature and respecting its limits. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3319–3333, 2016
Gastroschisis and maternal intake of phytoestrogens
Authors: Wadhwa Elizabeth L. , Ma Chen , Shaw Gary M. , Carmichael Suzan L. ,   and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: May 2016

The prevalence of gastroschisis has increased significantly in the past few decades. The strongest risks have been observed for women <25 years old or of low body mass index, and maternal diet also been proposed to be associated with risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the risk of gastroschisis is associated with maternal dietary intake of phytoestrogens. The analysis includes data on mothers of 409 gastroschisis cases and 3,007 controls who delivered their infants from 2005 to 2010 and participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multistate, population‐based, case‐control study. Detailed information was obtained from maternal telephone interviews that included a validated food frequency questionnaire. We conducted logistic regression analyses that included each phytoestrogen in its continuous form (to test for linearity) and quadratic form (to test for non‐linearity), adjusted for maternal energy intake, age, BMI, race‐ethnicity, and smoking in 1st trimester. Logistic regression analysis indicated that biochanin A, formonoetin, and coumestrol had a significant non‐linear association with gastroschisis (P‐value <0.05 for quadratic term). Lower intakes were associated with increased risk, with somewhat stronger but relatively modest associations at the lower end of the distribution; for example, the ORs for the 10th versus 50th percentiles ranged from 1.1 to 1.2. Associations were not significant for the other phytoestrogens. This study provides some evidence for association with certain phytoestrogens, after adjusting for covariates. The implications of our findings for clinical practice are uncertain pending other studies examining this association. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GM3 synthase deficiency due to ST3GAL5 variants in two Korean female siblings: Masquerading as Rett syndrome‐like phenotype
Authors: Lee Jin Sook , Yoo Yongjin , Lim Byung Chan , Kim Ki Joong , Song Junghan , Choi Murim , Chae Jong‐Hee
Published: May 2016

There have been a few reports of GM3 synthase deficiency since the disease of the ganglioside biosynthetic pathway was first reported in 2004. It is characterized by infantile‐onset epilepsy with severe intellectual disability, blindness, cutaneous dyspigmentation, and choreoathetosis. Here we report the cases of two Korean female siblings with ST3GAL5 variants, who presented with a Rett‐like phenotype. They had delayed speech, hand stereotypies with a loss of purposeful hand movements, and choreoathetosis, but no clinical seizures. One of them had microcephaly, while the other had small head circumference less than 10th centile. There were no abnormal laboratory findings with the exception of a high lactate level. MECP2/CDKL5/FOXG1 genetic tests with an array comparative genomic hybridization revealed no molecular defects. Through whole‐exome sequencing of the proband, we found compound heterozygous ST3GAL5 variants (p.Gly201Arg and p.Cys195Ser), both of which were novel. The siblings were the same compound heterozygotes and their unaffected parents were heterozygous carriers of each variant. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed a low level of GM3 and its downstream metabolites, indicating GM3 synthase deficiency. These cases expanded the clinical and genetic spectrum of the ultra‐rare disease, GM3 synthase deficiency with ST3GAL5 variants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Kinetic Pore Size for Methane Storage Behavior of Pitch‐based Activated Carbon Fibers
Authors: Choi Yong‐Ki , Park Soo‐Jin
Published: May 2016

Pitch‐based activated carbon fibers were prepared for application to methane storage. Chemical activation was accomplished by treatment with potassium hydroxide and heat, leading to increased specific surface area and micropore volume. Structural properties and morphology were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Textural properties and microporosity were determined from N2
/77 K adsorption–desorption isotherms using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation and the Horvath–Kawazoe method. The methane storage capacity is influenced by activation time. This is attributed to the creation of a narrow distribution of micropores, which is a factor closely related to the methane storage capacity. This indicates that the methane storage behavior depends on the pore volume. Although a large pore volume is desirable for methane storage, the size of the pores in the activated carbon fibers that facilitate the activation process is also a significant factor.
Ni‐coated La2Ce2O7/SiC Membrane via DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Song Daheoi , Jung Miewon
Published: May 2016

La2Ce2O7
powder was synthesized through hydrolysis and polycondensation processes. A La2Ce2O7
/SiC composite membrane was fabricated using SiC and La2Ce2O7
powder with phenolic resin. For surface modification, Ni metal was coated onto the membrane via DC magnetron sputtering. The membranes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and pore size distribution analyses. Hydrogen and CO gas permeation experiments were performed through the use of Sievert's type equipment. Both fluxes decreased with increasing temperature and followed the Knudsen and surface diffusion mechanisms. The hydrogen permeability of the membrane was determined as 1.17 × 10−5 mol/m2sPa with a permselectivity (H2
/CO) of 2.30 at 303 K.
Elimination Reactions of (E)‐2,4,6‐Trinitrobenzaldehyde O‐Benzoyloximes Promoted by R2NH/R2NH2+ in 70 mol% MeCN (aq). Effects of the β‐Aryl Group and Leaving Group on Nitrile‐Forming Transition States
Authors: Pyun Sang Yong , Paik Kyu Cheol , Han Man So , Cho Bong Rae
Published: May 2016

Elimination reactions of (E)‐2,4,6‐(NO2
)
3C6H2CHNOC(O)C6H4X (3) promoted by R2NH/R2NH2

+ in 70 mol% MeCN (aq) have been studied. The reactions produced elimination products and exhibited second‐order kinetics. The β and |βlg| values remained nearly the same for all leaving groups and bases. The results can be described by the negligible pxy
interaction coefficient, pxy
 = ∂β/∂pK
lg = ∂βlg/∂pK
BH ≈ 0, which provides a strong support for the (E1cb)irr mechanism. For eliminations from (E)‐ArCHNOC(O)C6H4X (1, 3) and (E)‐2,4,6‐(NO2)3C6H2CHNOAr′ (2, 3), the change of the β‐aryl group (Ar) from 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (1) to 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (3) increased the rate by 270‐fold without appreciable change in the transition state structure. On the other hand, the leaving group (OAr′) variation from benzoate (3) to 4‐nitrophenoxy (2) induced a change in reaction mechanism from (E1cb)irr to E2. These results have been attributed to the cyclic transition state for the nitrile‐forming eliminations involving the benzoate leaving group.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Oxidation on Differently Treated GaAs(100) Surfaces Studied by XPS and STM.
Authors: RICHTER R. , HARTNAGEL H. L.
Published: May 2016

The influence of etching in alkaline NH4OH solution, photochemical etching, and sulfur passivation in (NH4)2S solution on the oxidation behavior, surface stability in air, and electrical homogeneity of GaAs is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Catalysts Derived from Oxidation of RuxThy Intermetallics
Authors: HUANG C.‐S. , HOUALLA M. , HERCULES D. M. , KIBBY C. L. , PETRAKIS L.
Published: May 2016

is performed by means of XRD, ESCA, ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), BET surface area measurements, H2/CO chemisorption, and gravimetric analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: A Study of Rearrangement of Some 1,3‐Dimethoxyalkan‐2‐ones.
Authors: YU Y. , CHEN G. , ZHU J. , ZHANG X. , CHEN S. , TANG H. , ZHANG P.
Published: May 2016

Dialkoxyacetone derivatives, e.g. (Ia), (III) rearrange to form 2‐oxoaldehyde acetals, e.g. (IIa), (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Behavior of 3,4:10,11‐Bis(2′,3′‐quinolino)tricyclo(6.3.0.02,6)undecane Upon Attempted Monoprotonation with Triflic Acid.
Authors: MARCHAND A. P. , ANNAPURNA P. , TAYLOR R. W. , SIMMONS D. L. , WATSON W. H. , NAGL A. , FLIPPEN‐ANDERSON J. L. , GILARDI R. , GEORGE C.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IIIa) (space group P1 with Z=4) and its methoxy derivative (IIIb) are prepared by Friedlaender condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylation of the Allylphosphonate Anion.
Authors: KOLODYAZHNYI O. I. , USTENKO S. N.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the allylphosphonate (I) with lithium hexamethyldisilazide leads to the formation of allylphosphonate anions which are coupled in situ with trimethylchlorosilane (II) to give the 3‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propenylphosphonate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Oxotetrahydro‐1,3‐oxazine: A Useful Intermediate for the Preparation of Tetrahydropyridine, Indolizidine, and Quinolizidine Skeletons.
Authors: KURIHARA T. , MATSUBARA Y. , OSAKI H. , HARUSAWA S. , YONEDA R.
Published: May 2016

The heterocyclic acetates (I) undergo aldol condensation reaction with acrolein (II) to produce the unsaturated alcohols (III) which form a mixture of the mesylates (V) and the fused oxazinones (VI) upon treatment with mesyl chloride (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative SO2 Infrared Spectra: Type I and II Clathrate Hydrate Films, Large Gas‐Phase Clusters, and Anhydrous Crystalline Films.
Authors: FLEYFEL F. , RICHARDSON H. H. , DEVLIN J. P.
Published: May 2016

The formation of large gas‐phase clusters formed from anhydrous SO2 and H2O‐SO2 mixtures with a ratio appropriate for clathrate hydrate formation is studied spectroscopically at ∼120 K. Comparison with new thin‐film IR data for the simple type I SO2 hydrate, the mixed SO2‐ethylene oxide type I hydrate and the type II double hydrate with THF shows that, during formation of large ice clusters, SO2 does not enclathrate with the ease and rapidity that has been observed for the small ether molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Interactions in Bimetallic Systems: An X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study.
Authors: RODRIGUEZ J. A. , CAMPBELL R. A. , GOODMAN D. W.
Published: May 2016

The electronic interactions in Cu/Rh(100), Cu/Ru(0001), Ni/Ru(0001), Ni/W(110), and Pd/W(110) are investigated by XPS.