bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement of Metribuzin in a Loamy Sand Soil Under Irrigated Potato Production
Authors: Burgard Daniel J. , Dowdy Robert H. , Koskinen William C. , Cheng H. H.
Published: May 2019

Movement and persistence of the herbicide metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] was assessed following two annual applications to a loamy sand soil under irrigated potato production in east-central Minnesota. Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum) was grown in plots in 1989 and 1990. Metribuzin was applied prior to potato emergence at rates of 0.56 and 1.1 kg ha-1. Water samples were collected weekly from suction samplers 90 and 150 cm deep. Bromide tracer and water balance data confirmed the movement of water to a depth of 150 cm. Metribuzin was not detected in soil samples below 45 cm during either year. Metribuzin was detected (mean concentration, 0.6 μg L-1) during 1990 in 17 of 473 (3.6%) water samples collected at the 90- and 150-cm depths in 8 of 16 plots. Averaged across rates and years, time for 50% dissipation of metribuzin was 30 d. At the end of the cropping seasons, an average of 17% of initial soil metribuzin remained in the 0- to 45-cm soil layer. Surface soil (0 to 15 cm) metribuzin adsorption coefficients, Kdand Koc, were 1.7 and 120, respectively. Metribuzin appeared to remain in the surface 15 cm of soil where it then degrades.
Interpreting Germination Results Based on Differing Embryonic Emergence Criteria
Authors: Northam F. E. , Callihan R. H.
Published: May 2019

Weed germination studies often quantify only radicle emergence to indicate germinated seeds. Four categories were used to investigate root and shoot emergence from germinating seeds including: root (seeds with radicles emerged); shoot (seeds with plumules or cotyledons emerged); complete (both roots and plumules emerged); and total (any emergence: roots, shoots, or both). Medusahead and yellow starthistle germination tests illustrated that emergence was equal in the root and total categories. Shoot and complete categories had identical counts, but those counts were often different from the total and root categories. Emergence of medusahead shoots at 8 C was 3 d later than roots, but at 18 C roots and shoots emerged nearly simultaneously. Yellow starthistle roots were not affected by picloram, but emergence of cotyledons (shoot category) was reduced by 80 %. Yellow starthistle seeds stored for 74 and 90 mo produced more radicles than cotyledons after 28 d at 28 C. Medusahead and yellow starthistle root emergence in the laboratory sometimes exceeded seedling emergence from a greenhouse soil mixture. The presence of both roots and shoots (complete category) was the most accurate criterion for documenting yellow starthistle and medusahead seed response to laboratory test conditions.
Yellow Nutsedge Response to Southern Root-Knot Nematodes, Chile Peppers, and Metolachlor
Authors: Schroeder Jill , Kenney Michael J. , Thomas Stephen H. , Murray Leigh
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments showed that yellow nutsedge shoot number and shoot and root dry weights were reduced by root-knot nematodes and chile peppers. Root-knot nematodes increased and chile peppers decreased the number of yellow nutsedge tubers. Yellow nutsedge tuber germination was reduced by chile peppers but not by root-knot nematodes. Yellow nutsedge established from root-knot nematode-infected tubers produced more tubers than noninfected tubers. Root-knot nematode populations became established on yellow nutsedge root systems when plants were established from tubers previously cultured with root-knot nematodes. Metolachlor stunted chile peppers, eliminated yellow nutsedge, and influenced root-knot nematode populations through reduction of host plant root mass. However, when root-knot nematodes were present, yellow nutsedge tuber germination was not affected by metolachlor. This research indicates that the pests do not exist independently and that their management may be interrelated.
Spotted Spurge (Euphorbia maculata) Interference with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Bararpour Mohammad T. , Talbert Ronald E. , Frans Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted from 1988 through 1990 in Fayetteville, AR, to measure competitiveness of spotted spurge in cotton. Population levels were established by transplanting seedlings from other field areas. There was a positive linear relationship between cotton boll numbers and seed cotton yield. Percent reduction in cotton height, leaf area, dry weight, boll numbers, and seed cotton yield increased as spotted spurge densities increased. Seed cotton yield reduction was 47, 57, and 85% for spotted spurge densities of 5, 10, and 50 spotted spurge plants m–1of row.
Controlling Weeds in Corn (Zea mays) Rows with an In-Row Cultivator Versus Decisions Made by a Computer Model
Authors: Schweizer Edward E. , Westra Philip , Lybecker Donald W.
Published: May 2019

A 3-yr field study was conducted to compare an in-row cultivator versus a standard row-crop cultivator to decisions made with WEEDCAM, a weed/corn management computer decision aid, for controlling annual weeds within the row in irrigated corn. In the absence of herbicides, weeds were always controlled better with the in-row cultivator than with the standard row-crop cultivator. However, grain yield and gross margin were affected only in 1991 when weeds emerged simultaneously with corn, and rain delayed the first cultivation 10 d. The in-row cultivator plots not only averaged 34% more grain ha-1than the standard row-crop cultivator plots, but gross margin was $143 ha-1more. Weed densities each year were about 95% less in plots managed in accordance with the computer model WEEDCAM simulations than in the non-herbicide treated post-planting tillage plots. Grain yields and gross margins were not affected by weed seedbank density, pre-cultivation tillage, or type of cultivator when weed management decisions were based on WEEDCAM simulation ranking. In the absence of herbicides, weeds can be controlled successfully in corn with an in-row cultivator, but success will depend on such factors as weed seedbank density, cultivation timeliness, and relative time of weed and corn emergence.
Tank-Mixed Herbicides on Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Control in Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: May 2019

Tank-mix combinations of PRE and POST herbicides were applied to control emerged large crabgrass and goosegrass in common bermudagrass turf. Large crabgrass control was better when MSMA at 2.2 kg ai ha-1was tank mixed with either pendimethalin at 1.7 kg ai ha-1(≤ 85%) or dithiopyr at 0.3 kg ai ha-1(≤ 94%), when compared with MSMA at 2.2 kg ai ha-1(≤ 50%) alone. When MSMA plus metribuzin at 2.2 + 0.14 kg ai ha-1was tank mixed with pendimethalin in 1992, large crabgrass control was better (≥ 96%) than when MSMA plus metribuzin was applied alone (≤ 73%). Quinclorac applied alone at 0.8 kg ai ha-1controlled ≥ 94% large crabgrass, but control with diclofop was 32%. There was no increase in control when either quinclorac or diclofop was tank mixed with any PRE herbicide. Methyl ester of diclofop applied alone at 1.1 kg ai ha-1provided 97% control of goosegrass at one location, but control was ≤ 62% at two other locations. Goosegrass control was better when diclofop at 1.1 kg ha-1was tank mixed with dithiopyr at 0.6 kg ha-1(≥ 77%) than when either diclofop (≤ 62%) or dithiopyr (≤ 50%) was applied alone. Goosegrass control was consistently better across years from combinations of dithiopyr plus diclofop at 0.6 + 1.1 kg ha-1(82%) than from combinations of MSMA plus metribuzin with dithiopyr (34%) or pendimethalin (53%). Common bermudagrass injury at Griffin-Spalding Golf Course in 1991 was higher at 1 wk after combination treatments of MSMA plus metribuzin with dithiopyr (46 to 54%) or pendimethalin (50%) than with MSMA plus metribuzin applied alone (26%). Injury from the combinations was higher from single MSMA plus metribuzin treatment for 4 wk. Similar results occurred at the Georgia Station in 1992 from combinations of dithiopyr with MSMA plus metribuzin.
Simulation of Spring-Seeded Smother Plants for Weed Control in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: De Haan Robert L. , Wyse Donald L. , Ehlke Nancy J. , Maxwell Bruce D. , Putnam Daniel H.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a short-term spring-seeded smother plant on corn development and weed control. Yellow mustard was managed to provide interference durations of 2,4,6, or 8 wk, and maximum height of 10 or 20 cm. Three yellow mustard planting patterns and eight seeding rates were evaluated during 1989 and 1990 at St. Paul and Rosemount, MN. Yellow mustard seeded at 2120 seeds m−2with an interference duration of 4 wk and a maximum height of 10 cm decreased corn yield 17% and reduced weed dry weight 4 wk after yellow mustard emergence an average of 66%. Yellow mustard with a 2-wk interference duration did not reduce weed dry weight. Yellow mustard seeded at 2120 seeds m−2with a 6- or 8-wk life cycle and 10-cm height reduced weed dry weight at the end of the interference period an average of 82% but delayed corn silk emergence an average of 5.3 d and reduced average grain yield 19%. Increasing yellow mustard height from 10 to 20 cm delayed corn silk emergence and reduced grain yield but did not decrease weed dry weight. Yellow mustard with an interference duration of 4 wk and a maximum height of 10 cm, seeded over the corn row at 530 seeds m−2, reduced weed dry weight 4 wk after mustard emergence an average of 51%, and resulted in an average corn grain yield reduction of 4%, compared with corn grown in monoculture averaged over weedy and weed-free treatments. These results suggest that it may be possible to develop spring-seeded smother plants that reduce weed biomass up to 80% but have only a small impact on corn yield.
Effect of Shading on Activity of Imazamethabenz and Fenoxaprop in Wild Oat (Avena fatua)
Authors: Xie Hai Sheng , Hsiao Andrew I. , Quick William A.
Published: May 2019

Growth chamber and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate effects of long-term low-light intensity on wild oat control with imazamethabenz and fenoxaprop. Seventy percent shading imposed during the entire experimental period resulted in enhanced activities for both herbicides applied at early and later growth stages. Such shading also reduced wild oat regrowth following application of imazamethabenz and fenoxaprop. When applied to plants exposed to 70 to 90% prespraying shading, both herbicides had phytotoxicity similar to, or better, than plants grown under continuous shading. Postspraying shading has less effect on herbicidal activity than prespraying shading or prolonged shading, especially with imazamethabenz. Full-light treatment more adversely affected fenoxaprop activity than imazamethabenz activity.
Host Specificity and Environmental Impact of Two Leaf Beetles (Galerucella calmariensisandG. pusilla) for Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Authors: Blossey Bernd , Schroeder Dieter , Hight Stephen D. , Malecki Richard A.
Published: May 2019

Many prime wetlands in North America have been degraded following encroachment by the exotic plant purple loosestrife. Conventional methods are unsuccessful in providing long-term control. Host specificity studies demonstrated the suitability of two leaf beetles, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla, as biological weed control agents. Adults oviposited only on plants within the genus Lythrum. The only species other than purple loosestrife where adult feeding and oviposition occurred and that supported successful larval development was winged lythrum. Swamp loosestrife and winged lythrum may be vulnerable to limited attack by newly emerged teneral adults. Evaluation of the potential environmental impact of the two leaf beetles showed that benefits of an introduction outweigh potential risks to winged lythrum or swamp loosestrife. Their field release was approved in 1992.
Influence of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Straw Mulch and Metolachlor on Corn (Zea mays) Growth and Yield
Authors: Wicks Gail A. , Crutchfield Don A. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

The presence of wheat straw mulch in no-tillage systems can increase corn yields in the central Great Plains, but information is needed on the optimal mulch level and the toxicity of metolachlor on corn growth. Research was conducted to determine the effect of winter wheat straw mulch levels of 0, 1.7, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.8 t ha–1and metolachlor rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5X-rates on corn growth and yield in a winter wheat-ecofallow-corn-fallow rotation at three locations across Nebraska. Response of corn to different mulch levels and metolachlor rates varied with climate and location. In general, early corn growth was retarded by increasing amounts of mulch due to reduced soil temperatures, but after tasseling corn grew taller under increasing mulch levels because of increased soil moisture. Soil water content, kernel moisture at harvest, stover dry matter, total dry matter, ears per plant, and kernel weight increased with increasing mulch level. Corn grain yield reached a maximum at a mulch level of 5.1 t ha–1. Kernel weight, kernel number, and grain yield increased with higher mulch levels and 0.5 and 1.0X metolachlor rates as weed competition was reduced, but decreased at the 1.5X-rate of metolachlor due to corn injury. Lack of sufficient growing degree-days to compensate for lower soil temperatures or corn injury reduced corn yields at the higher mulch levels and 1.5X-rate of metolachlor in west-central and western Nebraska. From a practical standpoint, a mulch level of 3.4 to 5.1 t ha–1and a metolachlor rate near the X-rate should increase corn yield (14 to 15%) over unmulched corn in the central Great Plains.
LOBBYING, SCAMBIO E DEFINIZIONE DEGLI INTERESSI. RIFLESSIONI SUL CASO AMERICANO
Authors: Graziano Gigi
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

L'uso del concetto di scambio come categoria entro la quale sussumere l'attività di lobbying evidenzia un paradosso familiare agli studiosi della politica americana. Da un lato, nelle sue caratteristiche dominanti la politica americana è per larga parte null'altro che scambio. Il ben noto aforisma di Tip O'Neill (1987), per molti anni Speaker della Camera dei Rappresentanti (1977-1986), secondo il quale «tutta la politica è locale», sottende una nozione nella quale l'ideologia è praticamente assente e gli interessi particolaristici del tutto dominanti. D'altro canto, non conosco formula che offenderebbe di più operatori e attori del sistema, che la riterrebbero un grossolano travisamento della natura e significato del gioco. Nella misura in cui lobbying è scambio, sarebbero più portati a definirlo come «scambio di informazioni e idee fra Governo e parti private» (CRS Report 1991, 1), capace di infondere nelle politiche pubbliche expertise e consapevole realismo.
Appendix VI: Report on the Examination and Analysis of a Group of Copper Alloy Fragments and other Material from Sarn-Y-Bryn-Caled, Powys
Authors: Hook Ornean
Published: May 2019

Ten amorphous copper alloy fragments from Sam-y-bryn-caled, Powys, were submitted to the Department of Scientific Research for analysis. They were analysed qualitatively using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify the major and trace elements. Three of the larger fragments were alto analysed quantitatively using inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), allowing their compositions to be compared with other analyses of bronze age mctalwork (e.g. Northover, 1980).

In additionna number of clay/daub fragments ant i possible piece of slag from the upper levels of the central pit were analysed to try and determine whether they were connected with metalworking.
The Geology of the Area
Authors: Conway B W
Published: May 2019

Mr B W Conway of the Institute of Geological Sciences has kindly made the
following comments on the geology of the site:

“The causewayed enclosure is sited on the eroded terminal surface of the
gravel train of the Upper Floor Plain Terrace at the junction of the Coinè
and Thames river valleys (see OS 6 inch geological maps Buckinghamshire 56
SE, 58 NE and Middlesex 19 NE and SE (and Fig 2)). The late Professor Zeuner
traced the profile of this terrace and claimed that it grades into the Late
Monasirian sea level (7.5 metres) of the latter part of the last
interglacial. The Coinè valley Flood Plain joins that of the Thames at
Wraysbury and projects into the Thames as a distinct, slightly raised,
delta. This delta was formed by the piling up of aggradation by the Coinè
beyond the capacity of the Thames to remove it. The presence of this delta
was the cause of the breaking up of the Coinè into a series of distributory
channels: mainly those of the River Coinè, the Coinè Brook and Wyrardisbury
River. These in turn eroded the Cclne delta and the Flood Plain gravel
train. Erosion by the several distributory channels left slightly elevated
gravel ridges between their valleys and clays, peats, and silts accumulated
in these valleys. The eroded remnants of the delta and the Flood Plain
Terrace appear as low “islands” of gravel between marshy stream valleys. The
Staines causewayed enclosure is sited on the southern tip of the largest of
these islands, which is approximately 4km long, has an average width of
about 0.4km, and an area of approximately 182.lha.”
Petrology and Schedules of Stone Artefacts
Authors: Sanderson R W , Dimes F G
Published: May 2019

The worked stone, other than sarsen, was kindly examined macroscopically by
Mr R W Sanderson of the Petrological Department of the Institute of
Geological Sciences, and the following notes were compiled from his verbal
comments. Apart from the polished stone axes, the majority of the rocks are
not very distinctive in type, and except for a few specimens (eg S2, S15,
and S20 and possibly S3, S6, and S5), it has not been possible to identify
their sources.
Charcoal identifications
Authors: Cutler D , Gale R
Published: May 2019

Few identifiable fragments of charcoal were found on the site. The samples
recovered were all very small and too few in number to determine the
frequency of the species present. Dr D F Cutler and Mrs R Gale of the
Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew kindly examined and
identified the specimens from the enclosure ditches and from the interior
respectively. The samples from the ditches were all found to be mineralised,
and some were compressed. The following species are present:
The Samian Pottery
Authors: Pengelly Hedley
Published: May 2019

The Samian pottery (51 sherds) was found in the Interior of the Enclosure,
and is of first and second century date. I am grateful to Mr B R Hartley for
discussing certain of the sherds with me.

The provenance of the ware was as follows:- South Gaulish, 8 sherds; Central
Gaulish, 42 sherds; East Gaulish, 1 sherd:
The plant remains
Authors: Veen Marijke van der
Published: May 2019

The absence of earth-filled structural features
or easily identifiable graves precluded any
systematic sampling programme for environmental
evidence. However, two samples for the analysis of
carbonised plant remains were collected from each
of the two insitu inhumations (SF55 and
SF73). The samples consisted of the sediment
associated with the burials which included the
matrix of the overlying cairn (context 002), and
were processed using manual flotation into an 0.5
mm mesh sieve. The sample sizes and results are
given in Table 1.

The evidence was minimal: only three fragments
were found, none of which could be adequately
identified. In sample 1, one grass seed was found,
but it was badly preserved and could not be
identified to genus. In sample 2, one cereal grain
was found, again too badly preserved to
distinguish it as either wheat or barley. The
Polygonumsp. seed from sample 4
again is too fragmented to allow an identification
to species level.
Cremations
Authors: Harman Mary
Published: May 2019

All the extant cremation deposits were examined. The following details are given in the table below to convey some impression of the character of each deposit: the weight, the maximum length of the largest surviving piece of bone, and an assessment of the general size of the fragments. Large bones have a maximum dimension over 50 mm, medium are equal to or between 25 and 50 mm and small are less than 25 mm.
pH Tests on Soils
Authors: Korris Graham
Published: May 2019

pH tests were carried out on eight soil samples taken from the site at the time of excavation. These were prepared and processed according to Black 1965, 922-923. Locations of the samples and the results showing the soils to be acidic are given below. All the samples were taken from the medium brown sandy loam (fig. 4).
Examination of Technological Material from Hog Cliff Hill, Maiden Newton, Dorset
Authors: Wilthew Paul
Published: May 2019

1) Soil samples

AM600732 (E quadrant IV)

No evidence for any industrial activity was found on examining the five samples. A small number of red particles were present in sample 2, the latest fill of pit E2 (phase 4), and these were analysed using powder x-ray diffraction (X.R.D.). Only quartz was detected which was presumably form the soil which contained sand. If haematite (∝-Fe 2O3) was present it was at too low a concentration to be detected (less than about 5%) even after selective sampling of the particles which appeared most likely to contain it. No other evidence of industrial activity, such as hammer scale, was found in any of the samples, although a few fragments of charcoal were present in sample 1, the fill of post hole E36 (phase 4).
Wood charcoals and other plant remains from Llwyn Bryn-dinas
Authors: Fitt Jane
Published: May 2019

This limited study was principally concerned with the identification of wood charcoal from the metal-working floor and bowl-hearths, in order to identify the timber species exploited for fuel in the metal-working process, although other charred plant remains present in the samples were also identified.

Samples from site had previously been treated to extract the charred material and separate the cereal and weed seed remains from the charcoal present.2 A sample of plant remains taken from the sealed soil profile (38) beneath the rampart was also examined; it contained small-seeded legume species, cuscuta, grass rhizomes and fungal sclerotia and cleistothecia, which might be found in any soil.

Identification of a piece of wood charcoal requires its fracture in three planes (Leney and Casteel 1975). The fragments thus obtained were examined under an epi-illuminating microscope and identified by comparison with modern charred reference material and an atlas of wood anatomy (Schweingruber 1982). The minimum size of charcoal piece from which the three planes of fracture could be obtained was relatively large, so that many of the pieces in the samples were too small to be analysed. All samples contained at least twenty identifiable pieces, however, mainly of twig or branch wood.
Balneaves: Pollen
Authors: Tipping Richard
Published: May 2019

Purpose of the examination

The identification of distinctive suites of pollen types within the cist floor at Loanleven and several other Bronze Age ‘cemeteries’ in Scotland (see Loanleven report below) led to the need to investigate the possibility of similar patterns within the Balneaves complex.

Samples from the basal and most securely stratified fills of five of the pits at Balneaves were examined (F1110A; Pit 3: F1109C and E from Pit 6: F1107A; Pit7: F1114B; Pit 13: F1115A; Pit 14) together with the blackened encrustations from within Urns 1 and 3 (see ‘The Pottery’; Alison Sheridan) were prepared according to conventional chemical techniques (cf. Moore and Webb 1978), including the use of 10|im nylon sieves and hydrofluoric acid to remove siliceous particles, stained with safranin, and examined at mag. x400 on an Olympus BHS microscope.
Park of Tongland: Pollen
Authors: Butler Simon
Published: May 2019

In order to test the potential of pollen analysis to resolve certain site environmental questions, a total of 5 pollen samples (numbered 1 to 5) were examined. Numbers 1 to 4 refer to series of Kubiena tins which formed a column up through the sub-caim OGS. Number 5 was also from the OGS but from a different profile.
The closed-class vocabulary as a closed set
Authors: Chafetz Jill
Published: May 2019

Children who have normal language development are aware of the distinction between closed-class and open-class words at a very early age. In order to test to what extent children know the closed class to be, in fact, closed, 104 children aged 3 to 5 years participated in a sentence repetition task. Each sentence contained a nonsense word that fulfilled either an open-class or a closed-class function. Children were more likely to repeat sentences correctly when the nonsense words functioned in open-class, rather than in closed-class, contexts. In addition, older children correctly repeated more sentences containing nonsense words that functioned in closed-class contexts than younger children. This last result shows a mechanism by which children may acquire new closed-class words. The theoretical implications of the results are also discussed relative to children with specific language impairments, especially in terms of their reliance on semantic value in word acquisition.
Reduction in sleep disturbances at retirement: evidence from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health
Authors: van de Straat Vera , Platts Loretta G. , Vahtera Jussi , Westerlund Hugo , Bracke Piet
Published: May 2019

Although retirement involves a radical change in daily activities, income, social roles and relationships, and the transition from paid work into retirement can, therefore, be expected to affect sleep, little is known about the effects of old-age retirement on changes in sleep disturbances, and how the impact of retirement may vary by gender, age and prior working conditions. This study modelled reported sleep disturbances up to nine years before to nine years following retirement in a sample of 2,110 participants from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH). Sleep disturbances over the retirement transition were modelled using repeated-measures regression analysis with Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) in relation to gender, age at retirement, working patterns (night work, full-time/part-time work), control over work hours, and psychological and physical working conditions. The analyses controlled for civil status, education level, income obtained from registers and self-rated health. Retiring from paid work was associated with decreased sleep disturbances. Greater reductions in sleep disturbances were reported by women, as well as by participants who retired before age 65 years, who were working full-time, who lacked control over their work hours and who had high psychological demands. These results, suggesting that old-age retirement from paid work is associated with reductions in disturbed sleep, pose a challenge for governments seeking to increase retirement ages.
Les Communautés Indiennes d'Outre-Mer entre les Deux Guerres Mondiales. Un Essai d'Historiographie Critique
Authors: Giacometti Jean-Dominique
Published: May 2019

Le thème de ‘l'émigration Indienne outre-mer’ qui devrait être l'essentiel de notre propos ne va en fait représenter qu'une partie fort réduite et imprécise dans ce texte. L'historiographie prendra le pas sur l'histoire et le sujet dérivera vers des interrogations d'une nature différente. Nous essayerons d'expliquer la faiblesse de notre connaissance historique et d'en trouver le fondement dans la manière dont ont été rédigés les ouvrages dont nous nous sommes servis et dans les orientations des auteurs eux-mêmes. Cette dérive de l'histoire vers la critique historiographique vient presque naturellement dans notre cas dans la mesure où nous n'avons pas eu accès aux archives qui concernent notre propos. Nous avons donc travaillé sur une bibliographie. Il nous faut constater dés à présent que les problèmes sociaux et sociologiques des Indiens entre les deux guerres ont peu été étudiés, rares sont les ouvrages qui en parlent, surtout d'une manière argumentée.
ANTHROPOMETRIC HISTORY OF BRAZIL, 1850–1950: INSIGHTS FROM MILITARY AND PASSPORT RECORDS
Authors: Franken Daniel
Published: May 2019

Trends in human welfare in Brazil have remained shrouded by a dearth of historical evidence. Although quantitative scholars have revealed the efficacy of the First Republic (1889–1930) in fomenting economic progress, the extent to which Brazil's early economic growth fostered improvements in health remains unclear. This paper fills this void in scholarship by relying on hitherto untapped archival sources with data on human stature—a reliable metric for health and nutritional status. My analysis centres heavily on a large (n≈ 16,000), geographically-comprehensive series compiled from military inscription files, supplemented by an ancillary dataset drawn from passport records (n≈ 6,000). I document inferior heights in the North and Northeast that predated the advent of industrialisation. At the national level, my findings reveal an increase in stature of over 2.5 cm between soldiers born in the 1880s and those born in the 1910s. In the South and Southeast, I argue that increased real income and public-health interventions explain the earlier upward trend in heights, while rural sanitary reforms were most important in the North and Northeast, where heights remained stagnant until the 1910 decade and diseases such as hookworm and malaria were most rampant.
CWave: Theory and Practice of a Fast Single-source Any-angle Path Planning Algorithm
Authors: Sinyukov Dmitry A. , Padir Taşkin
Published: May 2019

Path planning on a two-dimensional grid is a well-studied problem in robotics. It usually involves searching for a shortest path between two vertices on a grid given that some of the grid cells are impassable (occupied by obstacles). Single-source path planning finds shortest paths from a given source vertex to all other vertices of the grid. Singles-source path planning enhances robot autonomy by calculating multiple possible paths for various navigation scenarios when the destination state is unknown. A high-performance algorithm for single-source any-angle path planning on a grid called CWave is proposed here. Any-angle attribute implies that the algorithm calculates paths which can include line segments at any angle, as opposed to standard A* that runs on an 8-connected graph, which permits turns with 45° increments only. The key idea of CWave is to abandon the graph model and operate directly on the grid geometry using discrete geometric primitives (instead of individual vertices) to represent the wave front. In its most basic form (CWaveInt), CWave requires only integer arithmetics. CWaveInt, however, can accumulate the distance error at turning points. A modified version of CWave (CWaveFpuSrc) with minimal usage of floating-point calculations is also developed to eliminate any accumulative errors, which is proven mathematically and experimentally on several maps. The performance of the algorithm on most of the tested maps is demonstrated to be significantly faster than that of Theta*, Lazy Theta*, Field A*, ANYA, Block A*, and A* adapted for single-source planning (on maps with lower number of isolated obstacles, CWaveFpuSrc is 2−3 times faster than its fastest tested alternative Block A*). An N-threaded implementation (CWaveN) of CWave is presented and tested to demonstrate an improved performance (multithreaded implementation is 1.5−3 times faster than single-threaded CWave). The paper discusses foundations and experimental validation of CWave, and presents future work to address the limitations of the current implementations and obtain further performance enhancements.
Moving Beyond the Canon of Traditional Constitutional History: Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights, and the Promise of Post-Modern Historiography
Authors: Cornell Saul
Published: May 2019

Few aspects of post-structuralist literary criticism have garnered as much attention and provoked as much controversy as the move to challenge the idea of a fixed literary canon of great texts. The implications of deconstructing the canon extend well beyond the study of fiction. All fields of scholarship have a canon of established texts, methodologies, and questions. Critiques of the literary canon resemble the challenge to conventional history posed by the new social history and its efforts to write a history from the bottom up that would supplant traditional historical scholarship. A similar revisionist effort is now only just beginning to emerge in constitutional historiography. Proponents of “a new constitutional history” are seeking to challenge the canon of traditional constitutional history. While this revisionist project has not been cast in post-structuralist terms, the perspective provided by recent critical theory can refine the practice of the new constitutional history.
Simulating scenarios for compost and vinasse use to improve the economics and environmental aspects of representative Colombian sugarcane production systems
Authors: Rueda-Ordóñez Diego Andrés , Leal Manoel Regis L.V. , Bonomi Antonio , Cortez Luís Augusto Barbosa , Cavalett Otávio , Rincón José M.
Published: May 2019

The Colombian industrial sector is moving toward alternative forms of treatment of industrial waste, considering that the waste can be a source of raw material in the production chain. Thus, aiming at the decrease in mineral fertilizer use, and maintaining or even raising the crop yield, the sugarcane industry has recently advanced in the composting of the industrial waste and application in the field, both of them being potentially sustainable practices. This manuscript reports the economic benefits and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the sugarcane production system in Colombia that has been simulated in this study to evaluate the beneficial effects of reusing industrial waste from ethanol production. This study was performed using the Virtual Sugarcane Biorefinery (VSB) modeling software for the simulation of agricultural and industrial parameters on integrated alternatives for the sugarcane industry. Colombian sugarcane sector was modeled using three scenarios representing agricultural systems that do not use composted industrial waste vs a paired scenario for each condition where composted waste is utilized. Regarding compost and vinasse use as fertilizer and soil conditioner, GHG emissions from the biogenic origin are not included as a reported item in the matrix of GHG emissions of the sugarcane sector. Inputs for the economic and environmental assessment models are based on actual operational data from two mill sites, one located in the traditional sugarcane production region of Cauca River Valley and the other one, on the agricultural expansion region of Llanos Orientales. Here, we have found that the reuse of composted industrial waste is beneficial and provides an economic cost savings of 2–6% per year. However, it also results in an annual increase of 10–20% in the GHG emissions.
On the TGF/Lightning Ratio Asymmetry
Authors: Fabró Ferran , Montanyà Joan , van der Velde Oscar A. , Pineda Nicolau , Williams Earle R.
Published: May 2019

Africa is one of the most productive lightning regions on Earth, yet it has a lower terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF)‐to‐lightning ratio especially compared with Central America. In this paper, we have analyzed the global distribution of different meteorological parameters in order to explain the TGF/lightning ratio asymmetry. We show here that a drier surface and larger Convective Available Potential Energy in Africa may produce thunderstorms with intense electric charge regions but elevated in the atmosphere and closer to each other, which allows for higher flash rates and less energetic, shorter, and smaller flashes. The results we present here suggest that continental thunderstorms in Africa more rarely fulfill the lightning and thundercloud requirements for TGF production inferred from observations and models.
Radar Reflectivity as a Proxy for the Dust Content of Individual Layers in the Martian North Polar Layered Deposits
Authors: Lalich D. E. , Holt J. W. , Smith I. B.
Published: May 2019

The stratigraphy of the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) of Mars is believed to contain a climate record of the recent Amazonian period. However, full utilization of this record is difficult without detailed information regarding the physical properties of the constituent layers. Here we present a method for determining the fractional dust content of individual layers using a combination of orbital radar reflectivity measurements and physical modeling. We apply this method to the upper 500 m of the NPLD at 10 study sites and compare the results to a cap‐wide radar‐mapped surface. Our results show that reflectivity can vary drastically both geographically and with depth, a result we attribute to changing dust content, though the impact of variable layer thickness cannot be totally discounted. These findings imply large‐scale regional patterns in ice and dust accumulation do not remain consistent through time. We also find that current models of Mars's dust cycle and polar ice accumulation consistently underpredict the dust content of layers, indicating that our understanding of dust transport, dust sequestration, or dust preservation remains incomplete. Comparisons of study sites on the NPLD also show that some locations contain fewer radar reflectors than others, meaning they may contain a less complete record of the planet's recent paleoclimate, and any future efforts to use the polar layered deposits as a climate proxy, including in situ measurements, should take this into account by choosing study sites wisely.
In Pennsylvania, Methane Emissions Higher Than EPA Estimates
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: May 2019

Although methane emission estimates from underground coal production appear to be accurate, the calculated emissions from natural gas production are underreported.
Key determinants of global land-use projections
Authors: Stehfest Elke , van Zeist Willem-Jan , Valin Hugo , Havlik Petr , Popp Alexander , Kyle Page , Tabeau Andrzej , Mason-D’Croz Daniel , Hasegawa Tomoko , Bodirsky Benjamin L. , Calvin Katherine , Doelman Jonathan C. , Fujimori Shinichiro , Humpenöder Florian , Lotze-Campen Hermann , van Meijl Hans , Wiebe Keith
Published: May 2019

Land use is at the core of various sustainable development goals. Long-term climate foresight studies have structured their recent analyses around five socio-economic pathways (SSPs), with consistent storylines of future macroeconomic and societal developments; however, model quantification of these scenarios shows substantial heterogeneity in land-use projections. Here we build on a recently developed sensitivity approach to identify how future land use depends on six distinct socio-economic drivers (population, wealth, consumption preferences, agricultural productivity, land-use regulation, and trade) and their interactions. Spread across models arises mostly from diverging sensitivities to long-term drivers and from various representations of land-use regulation and trade, calling for reconciliation efforts and more empirical research. Most influential determinants for future cropland and pasture extent are population and agricultural efficiency. Furthermore, land-use regulation and consumption changes can play a key role in reducing both land use and food-security risks, and need to be central elements in sustainable development strategies.
Declines in mental health associated with air pollution and temperature variability in China
Authors: Xue Tao , Zhu Tong , Zheng Yixuan , Zhang Qiang
Published: May 2019

Mental disorders have been associated with various aspects of anthropogenic change to the environment, but the relative effects of different drivers are uncertain. Here we estimate associations between multiple environmental factors (air quality, residential greenness, mean temperature, and temperature variability) and self-assessed mental health scores for over 20,000 Chinese residents. Mental health scores were surveyed in 2010 and 2014, allowing us to link changes in mental health to the changes in environmental variables. Increases in air pollution and temperature variability are associated with higher probabilities of declined mental health. Mental health is statistically unrelated to mean temperature in this study, and the effect of greenness on mental health depends on model settings, suggesting a need for further study. Our findings suggest that the environmental policies to reduce emissions of air pollution or greenhouse gases can improve mental health of the public in China.
Interpretable classification of Alzheimer’s disease pathologies with a convolutional neural network pipeline
Authors: Tang Ziqi , Chuang Kangway V. , DeCarli Charles , Jin Lee-Way , Beckett Laurel , Keiser Michael J. , Dugger Brittany N.
Published: May 2019

Neuropathologists assess vast brain areas to identify diverse and subtly-differentiated morphologies. Standard semi-quantitative scoring approaches, however, are coarse-grained and lack precise neuroanatomic localization. We report a proof-of-concept deep learning pipeline that identifies specific neuropathologies—amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy—in immunohistochemically-stained archival slides. Using automated segmentation of stained objects and a cloud-based interface, we annotate > 70,000 plaque candidates from 43 whole slide images (WSIs) to train and evaluate convolutional neural networks. Networks achieve strong plaque classification on a 10-WSI hold-out set (0.993 and 0.743 areas under the receiver operating characteristic and precision recall curve, respectively). Prediction confidence maps visualize morphology distributions at high resolution. Resulting network-derived amyloid beta (Aβ)-burden scores correlate well with established semi-quantitative scores on a 30-WSI blinded hold-out. Finally, saliency mapping demonstrates that networks learn patterns agreeing with accepted pathologic features. This scalable means to augment a neuropathologist’s ability suggests a route to neuropathologic deep phenotyping.
Adenosine-Functionalized Biodegradable PLA-b-PEG Nanoparticles Ameliorate Osteoarthritis in Rats
Authors: Liu Xiuling , Corciulo Carmen , Arabagian Stephanie , Ulman Abraham , Cronstein Bruce N.
Published: May 2019

Short biologic half-lives limit the therapeutic utility of many small molecules. One approach to extending the half-life of pharmacologically active small molecules is conjugation to less degradable nanoparticles; here we report the synthesis and activity of six targeted polymeric (PEG-b-PLA) nanoparticles for use as adenosine receptor agonists. Using click chemistry, PLA-b-PEG400-N3 and PLA-b-PEG2000 block copolymers were bound to adenosine at the 3′,4′-OH, 5′-OH, and 6-NH2 positions with an acetylene group. Activity of the conjugates as adenosine receptor ligands was tested by their capacity to stimulate cAMP increases in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Only adenosine-conjugated nanoparticles (A-3′,4′-OH-TPN2), in which PEG2000 was bound to adenosine on the 3′,4′ hydroxyl groups, stimulated cAMP increases and these increases were blocked by selective antagonists of both adenosine A2A and A2B receptors, consistent with ligation of these receptors. Adenosine nanoparticles were tested in vivo in a rat model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis; intra-articular injection of adenosine nanoparticles prevented the development of osteoarthritis in this model. These studies suggest that attachment of adenosine to biodegradable nanoparticles provides a novel approach to achieving prolonged therapeutic effects.
The Burden of Migraine in Adults with Atrial Septal Defect: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nyboe Camilla , Nymann Ann Hyldahl , Ovesen Anne-Sif , Elisabeth Hjortdal Vibeke
Published: May 2019

We aimed to investigate migraine diagnoses in a hospital setting, use of prescription migraine medicine and levels of serotonin in patients with atrial septal defect. Using Danish national registries to identify all patients born before 1994 diagnosed with atrial septal defect between 1959 and 2013, thus including 2277 patients and a gender and age matched comparison cohort of 22756. Plasma serotonin was measured in 136 patients with a small, unclosed, atrial septal defects and 18 controls. Patients with atrial septal defect had an increased risk of receiving a migraine diagnosis (HR 3.4 (95% CI: 2.6–4.6)) and receiving migraine medicine (HR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2–2.5)). Ten years after closure, 93% of those using migraine medicine pre-closure, were still receiving this. The risk of having very high plasma serotonin levels was increased in patients with atrial septal defect compared with the control group, but there was no difference in the median values between the two groups. Migraine and use of migraine medicine were increased in atrial septal defect patients. The use of medicine was not diminished by closure of the defect. Plasma serotonin was severely elevated in 18% of the patients with atrial septal defect.
Study on the resin infusion process based on automated fiber placement fabricated dry fiber preform
Authors: Liu Ya-Nan , Yuan Chongxin , Liu Chenxiao , Pan Jie , Dong Qinghai
Published: May 2019

In this paper, a combination process of automated fiber placement (AFP) of dry fiber and vacuum assistant resin infusion (VARI) was developed, that is firstly a dry fiber preform was fabricated by AFP, and then following a VARI and oven curing process to manufacture the final composite structures, which is expected to be an alternative proposal to the traditional autoclave process, thus making the manufacturing of high performance out-of-autoclave composite structures possible. This research devotes to analyze the character of AFP fabricated preform and its influence on the resin infusion process and the obtained composite. Firstly, the features of dry fiber tapes were analyzed, and a structure model was proposed to illustrate the key factors and issues during the coupled AFP/LCM process. Secondly, the effects of AFP fabricated preform on the resin infusion process and composite performance were analyzed by comparing with manually layup competitors using the same epoxy resin system. It has been demonstrated that the AFP processed preform helps to decrease the porosity from 2.00% to 0.6% and coefficient of thickness variation from 8.11% to 3.75% while improve the fiber volume fraction from 47.80% to 56.30%, however, it prolongs the injection time by 107.71% in this experiment due to lower permeability. Reasonable design of resin flow path and precise control of resin dosage are important for a successful resin infusion process based on AFP fabricated preform. The research can provide preliminary data accumulation and technical basis for further research and future application of AFP based LCM technology in airplane structures.
Strain engineering of metal-based nanomaterials for energy electrocatalysis
Authors: Xia Zhonghong , Guo Shaojun
Published: May 2019

This work presents recent advances in strain engineeringviathe core–shell structure, solid solution alloy and multiple defects-induced structure.
Glass bead-catalyzed depolymerization of poplar wood lignin into low-molecular-weight products
Authors: Pu Lei , Wang Xing , Shang Kaiping , Cao Qiping , Gao Si , Han Ying , Sun Guangwei , Li Yao , Zhou Jinghui
Published: May 2019

A kind of non-precious glass bead catalyst was prepared by a subcritical water treatment method for the depolymerisation of poplar lignin.
Unique Tyr-heme double cross-links in F43Y/T67R myoglobin: an artificial enzyme with a peroxidase activity comparable to that of native peroxidases
Authors: Liu Can , Yuan Hong , Liao Fei , Wei Chuan-Wan , Du Ke-Jie , Gao Shu-Qin , Tan Xiangshi , Lin Ying-Wu
Published: May 2019

A rationally designed enzyme of F43Y/T67R myoglobin formed unique Tyr-heme double cross-links between Tyr43 and the heme 4-vinyl group, and exhibited a peroxidase activity comparable to that of native peroxidases.