bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of 17β‐Estradiol after a Single 4‐Day Application of Oesclim® 50, Oesclim® 100, and Vivelle® 0.05 (Menorest® 50) Transdermal Delivery Systems
Authors: Guichard Jean‐Pierre , Sauron Ren ée , Jones Anthony B.
Published: July 2003

Oesclim® (Laboratoires Fournier, Dijon, France), also known as Esclim® or Esclima®, is a new estradiol transdermal delivery system (TDS) developed for the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. This open, randomized, three‐way crossover study compared in 24 healthy postmenopausal women the pharmacokinetics of estradiol after a single 4‐day application of Oesclim® 50, Oesclim® 100, and Vivelle® 0.05 (CibaGeneva Pharmaceuticals, Summit, NJ; known as Menorest® 50 in Europe, Rhône‐Poulenc Rorer) on the upper buttock. Serum estradiol concentrations were determined by a validated radioimmunoassay method from samples taken before and during each TDS application. The concentration‐time profiles for Vivelle® 0.05 and Oesclim® 50 were comparable with a similar absorption rate, giving a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 49 and 53 pg/mL above baseline, respectively, followed by a plateau throughout the 96‐hour application period. At the end of this period, mean corrected estradiol concentrations were 18 and 19 pg/mL, respectively. The estradiol serum concentrations obtained after an application of Oesclim® 100 were approximately twice as high than with Oesclim® 50. All products were well tolerated, but skin intolerance was more frequent with Vivelle® 0.05 (4 patients; four reports) and Oesclim® 100 (3 patients; three reports) than with Oesclim®50 (none). Problems of imperfect adhesion were more than five times as frequent with Vivelle®0.05 (44%) than with Oesclim® (8%).
Studies on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propranolol in Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Wójcicki Jerzy , Sulżyc‐Bielicka Violetta , Kutrzeba Janusz , Gawrońska‐Szklarz Barbara , Droździk Marek , Sterna Zozalia
Published: July 2003

The lipophilic beta‐adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol has been studied to define its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics in hyperlipidemic patients. A total of 48 subjects were allocated to four study groups: (1) healthy volunteers, (2) hypercholesterolemic patients, (3) hypertriglyceridemic subjects, and (4) patients with a mixed form of hyperlipidemia. Propranolol was given orally as a single dose of 80 mg. Heart rate was measured during 12 hours. At each point, the concentrations of propranolol were estimated. Moreover, heart rate and arterial systolic blood pressure were examined at rest and after a submaximal exercise test 3 hours after administration of propranolol (i.e., at the peak of propranolol concentration in the blood serum). A significant increase in the area under the serum concentration‐time curve (AUC) by 39% and a reduction of the volume of distribution and total body clearance by 48% and 46%, respectively, without a significant change in the half‐life time, were observed in patients with hypertriglyceridemia in comparison with the control group. The acceleration of exercise heart rate and the elevation of systolic blood pressure were comparable in all groups in the study, whereas blood serum concentrations of propranolol in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (group 3) and the mixed form of hyperlipidemia (group 4) were markedly altered from those observed in normolipemic subjects. No relationship between the concentration of propranolol and the heart rate in the group with hypertriglyceridemia was seen. In the light of this study, the authors suggest that lipid metabolism disturbances do not affect the pharmacodynamics of propranolol.
FDA Evaluations Using In Vitro Metabolism to Predict and Interpret In Vivo Metabolic Drug‐Drug Interactions: Impact on Labeling
Authors: Davit Barbara , Reynolds Kellie , Yuan Rae , Ajayi Funmilayo , Conner Dale , Fadiran Emmanuel , Gillespie Brad , Sahajwalla Chandra , Huang Shiew‐Mei , Lesko Lawrence J.
Published: July 2003

Recent advances in in vitro metabolism methods have led to an improved ability to predict clinically relevant metabolic drug‐drug interactions. To address the relationships of in vitro metabolism data and in vivo metabolism outcomes, the Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, evaluated a number of recently approved new drug applications. The goal of these evaluations was to determine the contribution of in vitro metabolism data in (1) predicting in vivo drug‐drug interactions, (2) determining the need to conduct an in vivo drug‐drug interaction study, and (3) incorporating findings into drug product labeling. Ten cases are presented in this article. They fall into two major groups: (1) in vitro data were predictive of in vivo results, and (2) in vitro data were not predictive of in vivo results. Discussion of these cases highlights factors limiting predictability of in vivo metabolic interactions from in vitro metabolism data. The integration of these findings into drug product labeling is also discussed.
Steady‐State Pharmacokinetics and Dose Proportionality of Troglitazone and Its Metabolites
Authors: Loi Cho‐Ming , Alvey Christine W. , Vassos Artemios B. , Randinitis Edward J. , Sedman Allen J. , Koup Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2003

This study evaluated the steady‐state pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of troglitazone, metabolite 1 (sulfate conjugate), and metabolite 3 (quinone metabolite) following administration of daily oral doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg troglitazone for 7 days (per dosing period) to 21 subjects. During each dosing period, plasma samples were collected predose on days 1, 5, 6, and 7 and serially for 24 hours on day 7. Steady‐state plasma concentrations for troglitazone, metabolite 1, and metabolite 3 were achieved by day 7. Troglitazone was rapidly absorbed with mean tmax values of 2.7 to 2.9 hours. Mean Cmax and AUC(0–24) values for troglitazone, metabolite 1, and metabolite 3 increased proportionally with increasing troglitazone doses over the clinical dose range of 200 mg to 600 mg administered once daily. Mean troglitazone CL/F, percent fluctuation, and AUC ratios of metabolite 1 and metabolite 3 to troglitazone were similar across dose groups. These data suggest that the pharmacokinetics and disposition of troglitazone and its metabolites are independent of dose over the dose range studied. Thus, troglitazone, metabolite 1, and metabolite 3 displayed linear pharmacokinetics at steady‐state.
Inhibition of Caffeine Metabolism by Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Pollock Bruce G. , Wylie Mary , Stack Jacqueline A. , Sorisio Denise A. , Thompson Diane S. , Kirshner Margaret A. , Folan Maggie M. , Condifer Kelly A.
Published: July 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of therapeutic estrogen on cytochrome P450 1A2‐mediated metabolism in postmenopausal women using caffeine as a model substrate. Twelve healthy postmenopausal women underwent estrogen replacement therapy in the form of estradiol (Estrace). Estradiol was initiated at a dose of 0.5 mg a day and titrated to achieve a steady‐state plasma concentration of 50 to 150 pg/ml. Caffeine metabolic ratios (CMR; paraxanthine/ caffeine) were assessed both before and after 8 weeks of estrogen replacement. For the 12 subjects, there was a mean reduction in CMR of −29.2 25.0 (p = 0.0019). Consistent with previous results found in younger women, these results indicate that exogenous estrogen in older women may inhibit CYP1A2‐mediated caffeine metabolism.
Effect of Multiple Doses of Montelukast, a CysLT1 Receptor Antagonist, on Digoxin Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Depré Marleen , van Hecken Anne , Verbesselt René , Wynants Katleen , De Lepeleire Inge , Freeman Amanda , Holland Sherry , Shahane Aditi , Gertz Barry , De Schepper Paul J.
Published: July 2003

The effect of multiple oral doses of montelukast, a cysLT1 receptor antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin was studied in healthy male volunteers in a randomized double‐blind two‐period crossover study. Subjects received 10 mg of montelukast or placebo daily for 11 days. On day 7, they received a single 0.5 mg oral dose of digoxin elixir. The pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin (AUC0→24, AUC0→…, Cmax, tmax, t1/2) and cumulative urinary excretion over 120 hours were not affected by the multiple doses of montelukast. The 90% confidence interval for each of these parameters fell within prespecified clinically acceptable bounds. Side effects were mild and transient. This suggests that concurrent administration of montelukast and digoxin was well tolerated. Concurrent treatment with montelukast has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Does Not Affect the Steady‐State Disposition of Indinavir
Authors: Sturgill Marc G. , Seibold James R. , Boruchoff Susan E. , Yeh Kuang C. , Haddix Heidi , Deutsch Paul
Published: July 2003

This study evaluates the safety and potential pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ). In a randomized, three‐period crossover fashion, 12 healthy adults received 1 week of indinavir sulfate 400 mg orally every 6 hours with placebo, TMP 160 mg/SMZ 800 mg orally every 12 hours with placebo, and indinavir sulfate with TMP/SMZ. Plasma indinavir, SMZ, and TMP concentrations were determined after the last dose of each treatment period. Concomitant administration resulted in a 17% decrease in geometric mean trough plasma indinavir concentrations (p =0.032), an 18% increase in geometric mean AUC0‐12hand CmaxTMP values (p =0.031 and 0.030, respectively), and a 5% increase in geometric mean AUC0‐12hSMZ values (p =0.039). None of these effects was considered clinically significant. The combination of indinavir sulfate and TMP/SMZ is generally well tolerated, with no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction being noted.
Disposition of Recombinant Human Interleukin‐10 in Subjects with Various Degrees of Renal Function
Authors: Andersen Scott R. , Lambrecht Lawrence J. , Swan Suzanne K. , Cutler David L. , Radwanski Elaine , Affrime Melton B. , Garaud Jean‐Jacques
Published: July 2003

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered recombinant human interleukin‐10 (rHuIL‐10) were evaluated in 18 subjects with creatinine clearances (Clcr) between 2.7 and 116.7 mL/min/1.73m2. Serum samples for rHuIL‐10 were obtained over a 48‐hour period after a single 25 μg/kg IV bolus infusion. AUC, total body clearance (Clp), and steady‐state volume of distribution (Vdss) were derived by compartmental methods. Analysis of serum concentrations showed statistically significant group differences for log‐transformed AUC and original scale Clp (p < 0.01). The AUC and effective half‐life increased, while the mean Clp of rHuIL‐10 decreased as renal function declined. A linear relationship between AUC and Clcr as well as Clp and Clcr demonstrates that the disposition of rHuIL‐10 is altered in subjects with renal insufficiency. No serious adverse events were noted.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Intravenous Infusions of an Adenosine Agonist, AMP 579, in Healthy Male Volunteers
Authors: Zannikos Peter N. , Baybutt Robert I. , Boutouyrie Bruno X. , Shah Bharti , Hunt Thomas L. , Jensen Bradford K.
Published: July 2003

The pharmacokinetics of an adenosine agonist, AMP 579, following intravenous administration were evaluated. Single AMP 579 doses of 20 to 150 μg/kg were infused intravenously over 6 hours using a constant‐rate or two‐step rate of infusion to healthy male volunteers. Plasma and urine samples were collected for measurement of AMP 579 concentration using a validated HPLC assay. An assessment of safety and tolerability was also performed. Based on a noncompartmental method of analysis, the pharmacokinetics of AMP 579 were characterized by rapid systemic clearance (0.77 to 0.85 L/h/kg), a moderate steady‐state volume of distribution (0.80 to 0.94 L/kg), and a short terminal elimination half‐life (0.84 to 1.13 h). AMP 579 exhibited dose (infusion rate)‐proportional pharmacokinetics over the dose range. In addition, little or no unchanged AMP 579 was found in the urine. The primary cardiovascular pharmacodynamic response that was observed was a dose‐related increase in mean ventricular heart rate. Fifteen minutes prior to the end of the infusion, volunteers administered the highest dose (150 μg/kg) exhibited a mean (range) 59% (36%‐69%) increase in heart rate as compared to a mean (range) 18% (0%‐73%) increase for the placebo group. No clinically relevant changes in the systolic or diastolic blood pressure were observed. The information obtained in this study should allow the design of AMP 579 dosage regimens that would maximize plasma AMP 579 concentrations and minimize the incidence of adverse events.
Severe Life‐Threatening Hyponatremia during Paroxetine Therapy
Authors: Odeh Majed , Seligmann Hanna , Oliven Arie
Published: July 2003

Hyponatremia secondary to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antiduretic hormone (SIADH) is an uncommon complication of treatment with the antidepressants the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These effective antidepressant agents are becoming widely used because of their favorable side effect profile and their safety in overdose. Although most reports have implicated fluoxetine in causing hyponatremia, there have also been a few reports of hyponatremia associated with paroxetine. We describe an elderly patient with severe life‐threatening hyponatremia in association with paroxetine therapy The present case and the others previously reported emphasize the need for greater awareness of the development of this serious and potentially fatal complication, and suggest that serum sodium concentration should be measured periodically in elderly patients soon after they start taking any agent of the SSRIs, especially during the first 2 to 4 weeks of treatment.
The Contribution of P‐glycoprotein to Pharmacokinetic Drug‐Drug Interactions
Authors: Yu Dale K.
Published: July 2003

P‐glycoprotein (PGP) is well known because of its contribution to multiple‐drug resistance during anticancer treatment. More recent work indicates that PGP mediates the transcellular transport of many drugs in addition to anticancer compounds. Because of this reason, its potential role in clinically significant drug‐drug interactions has just begun to be realized. This article provides an overview of published in vitro, in situ, and in vivo drug‐drug interaction results that are related to PGP transport so that the awareness of the scientific community can be heightened. In addition, several recommendations are made to take full advantage of the recently published data.
The Frequency of Caffeine Withdrawal in a Population‐Based Survey and in a Controlled, Blinded Pilot Experiment
Authors: Dews Peter B. , Curtis Gary L. , Hanford Kathryn J. , O'Brien Charles P.
Published: July 2003

Reports of symptoms when regular caffeine consumption is stopped have appeared in the medical literature, but the frequency and significance of this phenomenon have remained controversial. The objective of this study was to collect information on the prevalence and severity of caffeine withdrawal in the general population and determine the incidence and type of symptoms reported on blind abrupt and gradual caffeine cessation among coffee drinkers reporting past episodes of caffeine‐withdrawal symptoms. A community‐based telephone survey was followed by a stratified, randomized, double‐blind controlled study. Participants included 11,112 persons spontaneously calling to inquire about studies not related to caffeine and 57 regular caffeine users selected from among the callers because of self‐reported caffeine‐withdrawal symptoms. Gradual or abrupt withdrawal from caffeine was compared to continuation of the same caffeine level. In a survey of 11,112 persons, 61% reported daily caffeine consumption, and 11% of the caffeine consumers reported symptoms upon stopping caffeine. Among the regular caffeine users, only 0.9% of males and 5.5% of females reported symptoms significant enough to interfere with normal activities when they abruptly stopped caffeine. A group of those reporting withdrawal symptoms were randomly assigned to three subsamples. In the group subjected to abrupt withdrawal (N = 18), 6 (33.3%) reported symptoms (e.g., headaches and tiredness). Including decreases in functional ratings, a total of 7 of the 18 (38.8%) could be considered to have experienced caffeine withdrawal. The gradual withdrawal group (N = 20) reported minimal if any caffeine withdrawal symptoms. A third group (N = 18) was kept on a level dose of caffeine for comparison. When participants are unaware of the caffeine‐withdrawal focus of the study, these results suggest that both the frequency and severity of caffeine‐withdrawal symptoms are much lower than found in some previous reports and that clinically significant symptoms may be uncommon events among the general population.
The Pharmacokinetics of Oral Ranitidine in Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: James Laura P. , Stowe Cindy D. , Farrar Henry C. , Menendez Astryd A. , Argao Eric A.
Published: July 2003

The pharmacokinetics of oral ranitidine were studied in 9 patients (ages 9.9 to 19.6 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF). Patients were evaluated at steady‐state conditions, and the mean maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 845.7 ± 448.1 ng/mL. To adjust for the variable drug dosing used among study patients, both Cmax and area under the concentration curve (AUC) were standardized to dose (CmaxST and AUCST, respectively) and were 217.9 ± 87.9 ng/mL and 1038.0 ± 242.2 ng/mL • h. The elimination half‐life (t1/2) was 2.7 ± 1.4 hours, and the apparent steady‐state volume of distribution (Vdss was 4.6 ± 1.7L/kg. The plasma clearance was 1.022 ± 0.290 L/kg/h. The Vdss in this study was greater than that previously reported in children with peptic ulcer disease. Statistically significant relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and measures of disease severity were not observed in the study population. The pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in children and adolescents with CF may differ from those in children and adolescents without CF.
Cynical and Engaged
Authors: De Vreese Claes H. , Semetko Holli A.
Published: July 2003

This study investigates the effects of exposure to strategic news coverage on political cynicism and campaign evaluations using a nationally representative two-wave panel study and a content analysis of the national news media coverage of the 2000 Danish referendum campaign on the introduction of the euro. The study shows (a) voters were generally cynical about the referendum campaign, (b) the level of political cynicism and negativity about the campaign increased during the campaign, and (c) exposure to news that reported about the campaign in terms of strategy contributed to an increase in political cynicism and negative campaign evaluations. Turnout, however, remained high, suggesting that strategic news coverage and political cynicism in the campaign did not diminish mobilization. The study suggests that the conclusions of previous research about the link between news, cynicism, and participation in U.S. elections need to be modified when other national and electoral contexts are considered.
Linking the Heuristic-Systematic Model and Depth of Processing
Authors: Griffin Robert J. , Neuwirth Kurt , Giese James , Dunwoody Sharon
Published: July 2003

This study draws a nexus between heuristic-systematic information processing and the theory of planned behavior through a model of risk information seeking and processing. The model proposes that the form of information processing individuals apply to risk information from the media and other sources affects beliefs, evaluations, and attitudes considered important to making judgments about performing risk-reducing behaviors. This study found that deeper, more systematic processing of risk information is positively related to evaluation strength, attitude strength, and the number of strongly held behavioral beliefs actively considered by respondents when thinking about environmental hazards. The relationships were consistent, appearing across two communities and three risks (two health risks and one ecological risk), and held up under multiple statistical controls.
Psychopathy in Female Offenders
Authors: Jackson Rebecca L. , Rogers Richard , Neumann Craig S. , Lambert Paul L.
Published: July 2003

Psychopathy is an important clinical construct in explaining criminal behavior, determining the likelihood of treatment response, and evaluating risk assessment. The majority of past research has focused on male offenders or male forensic patients. Psychopathy in females is relatively unexplored. The current study was designed to further investigate the underlying dimensions of psychopathy in females. Utilizing a sample of 119 female inmates from a large metropolitan area jail, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was undertaken. Previous research and clinical tradition suggest the use of a two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy. More recent research suggests that a three-factor model may better capture the underlying dimensions of psychopathy. Two-factor models of psychopathy were not confirmed. However, the three-factor model reproduced the data extremely well. Clinical and research implications of this finding are addressed.
The Overcontrolled Hostility Scale
Authors: Salekin Karen L. , Ogloff James R. P. , Ley Robert G. , Salekin Randall T.
Published: July 2003

The present study examined the validity of Megargee's Overcontrolled Hostility Scale for use with a delinquent and violent adolescent population. Archival Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) data were collected on 18 adolescent murderers, 18 violent (but nonmurdering) young offenders, and 18 nonviolent youths convicted of property offenses. The MMPI was administered to a comparison group of 18 adolescent nonoffenders. The homicide group was divided into two groups based on documented instances of the offender's aggressive behavior prior to committing a homicide: the aggressive homicide subgroup and the nonaggressive homicide subgroup. Moderate but statistically nonsignificant effect sizes were found between adolescent murderers and all other adolescent groups on the scale. These results suggest that overcontrolled hostility may be present in adolescent murderers. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.
Deception in Eyewitness Identification
Authors: Parliament Lisa , Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: July 2003

One-hundred twenty-eight undergraduates were shown a videotape of a staged crime of a young man abducting a child. Participants were instructed to role-play eyewitness behaviors in which they (a) lied to protect the perpetrator; (b) lied to protect the perpetrator but told the truth about the child; (c) lied to ensure the conviction of the perpetrator; or (d) responded truthfully and accurately to the best of their ability. One week later, participants were given a target-present or target-absent photo lineup of both the perpetrator and the child-victim. Participants instructed to lie to protect the perpetrator consistently stated he was not present as opposed to selecting an innocent person. In addition, participants lying to protect the perpetrator were significantly quicker to make identification decisions than participants attempting to make an accurate identification. There were no significant differences between groups in identification performance or in decision times involving the child lineup.
Behavior of Urban Public Authorities Operating in Competitive Markets
Authors: Boschken Herman L.
Published: July 2003

An old administrative adage has reemerged in public organizational studies that views government agencies as corporate-like in behavior and policy making. The new twist in this enterprise thesis is the emphasis placed on competitive market conditions in determining how policy outcomes are patterned to favor some stakeholders over others. Applying regression analysis to a sample of 42 urban transit agencies, the study finds market conditions pose significant influence on skewing policy outcomes but do not necessarily cause a trade-off harmful to social-program clients. One implication is that introducing market conditions into the environment of public agencies may be a superior reform option to privatization.
Mapping Institutional Impacts of Lean Communication in Lean Agencies
Authors: Kouzmin Alexander , Korac-Kakabadse Nada
Published: July 2003

Information technology’s (IT) influence on formative contexts and on requisite leadership roles is conceptualized both as an enabling force for organizational networking and a reducing force for diversity in leadership functions and cultural contexts. The contemporary “New Age” leadership literature calls for personal and ideological leadership unencumbered by issues of cultural context, communicative complexities and the need for more comprehensive and sophisticated global social analysis. At the same time, this literature punctuates a noticeable indifference to the issue of strategic IT literacy on behalf of agency elites. A preoccupation with “lean and mean”, unbridled managerial prerogatives, competitive rhetoric overstressing means at the expense of legitimate ends, business process re-engineering, downsizing, and IT-mediated globalization can be construed as an abject failure of agency elites to understand and protect distinctive competencies in governance and in organized action. Administrative theory urgently requires a renewed understanding of vulnerability and resilience in agency behavior and the need for renewed institutional and IT-literate leadership.
Surviving the Routinization of Evaluation
Authors: Dahler-Larsen Peter
Published: July 2003

Students of evaluation have found many examples of reports gathering dust on the shelf, as well as politically hired outsiders with an ax who relentlessly cut public programs. These images indicate that evaluation often does not fulfill its genuine democratic potential. A study of the Danish municipal sector shows that out of 600 evaluations, less than 1% led to termination of the evaluated activities, whereas 78% of the evaluations led to adjustments of program activities. On this basis, an alternative view of evaluation is proposed: a managerial support system. This requires a new understanding of the utilization problem in evaluation and its democratic ramifications.
Not Just for Bureaucrats Anymore
Authors: McEldowney Rene , Murray William L.
Published: July 2003

Managed care is increasingly subject to political micromanagement and to attacks in the press. Managed care is undergoing the kind of bureaucrat bashing familiar to government employees, because managed care plans are being asked to perform the same type of allocation of social resources (in this case, access to health care) typically conducted by government employees. In so doing, managed care has run afoul of two deeply ingrained American traditions: bureaucrat bashing and overhead democracy. This article uses a case study of managed care bashing to argue that private interests who perform a role in allocating social resources will be subject to the same type of criticism government employees face in allocating social resources (bureaucrat bashing), as well as political leaders’ impulses toward control (overhead democracy). The ombudsman model of governing managed care is advanced as an alternative to managed care bashing and overhead democracy.
Reclaiming John Dewey
Authors: Evans Karen G.
Published: July 2003

This article argues that it would be not only possible, but also prudent, for the field of public management to reclaim the philosophy of John Dewey as a guiding ethos for its practice. In Dewey’s view, the democratic community is responsible for ensuring that each person’s capacity for participation and self-government is fully developed. In such a community, citizens would engage in inquiry to choose appropriate action in particular situations. The public manager would participate in this process by contributing his or her expert knowledge but would not make policy decisions. Today’s decentralized and reinvented government presents an opportunity for the practice to reconnect to citizens in processes such as those advocated by Dewey.
On Improving Qualitative Methods in Public Administration Research
Authors: Brower Ralph S. , Abolafia Mitchel Y. , Carr Jered B.
Published: July 2003

What do exemplary qualitative accounts look like, and how do they convince readers of their correctness? What sort of standards can be used to assess qualitative research accounts for public administration? To address these questions, the authors examined 72 recent qualitative research journal articles. Proceeding from a set of preliminary guidelines, they worked iteratively between articles and the emergent template to produce refined guidelines. In addition, they identified specific types of dilemmas for public bureaucracies and policies that trigger researchers’ strategies for persuading readers that their qualitative accounts are credible. They conclude with four actionable recommendations for improving the field’s qualitative research.
Administrative Policy as Symbol System
Authors: Robbin Alice
Published: July 2003

Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, formerly known as Statistical Policy Directive 15, is a classification system that governs the U.S. government’s collection and presentation of data on race and ethnicity. The directive underwent a public evaluation between 1993 and 1997 to determine whether the racial and ethnic group categories should be revised. This article links theories of the role of the state in the social order and the social construction of identity to explain how conflictual political processes modify administrative policy. Two narratives on the debates over the reclassification of “Native Hawaiians” and the addition of a “multiracial” category illustrate recent political conflicts over group identities established by state agencies. The author argues that the main explanation for administrative policy changes was the responsiveness of state agencies to political demands of significantly mobilized groups with claims to state re sources.
The Parallel Universes
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: July 2003

The new scholarship on pragmatism and public administration bears properties reminis cent of speculative philosophy. It proposes that pragmatism and public administration have historically existed in parallel universes. The articles written by Keith F. Snider and Karen G. Evans outline how pragmatism and public administration developed along parallel courses with minimal interchange between these two bodies of thought. However, they differ on whether these two bodies of thought should be fused. Evans argues for an immediate merger whereas Snider is more cautious. The issue of fusion is a serious issue for the field and deserves careful consideration.
Pragmatism and Public Administration
Authors: Garrison Jim
Published: July 2003

This article is a response to three articles that examine the promise of pragmatism for educational administration. The first, by Professors Zanetti and Carr, rejects pragmatism outright yet only refers to pragmatism obliquely if at all. This article does not seem sufficiently knowledgeable to provide any analysis, pro or con. The remaining articles evaluate the promise of pragmatism positively and seem well warranted in their appraisal. The article by Professor Snider does a good job of setting the historical context of pragmatism and explaining why it never caught on in public administration, and the article by Professor Evans also provides critical and creative appraisal. This article is an attempt to play the three articles off of each other in ways that allow them to illuminate one another.
Reinventing Regulation within the Corporation
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: July 2003

Compliance-oriented regulation should be understood as a holistic approach to regulatory design, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement in which the guiding principle is the achievement of regulatory outcomes. Compliance-oriented regulation is therefore distinctively concerned with the effects of public regulation in preexistent regulatory space where it must compete with private normative orderings. This article sets out the principles of compliance-oriented regulatory innovation together with evidence on their effectiveness. The widespread implementation of in-house corporate compliance systems in recent years means that compliance-oriented regulators need to be particularly concerned with nurturing compliance capacity among regulatees, fostering regulatory community through compliance professionalism, and developing standards for corporate compliance functions.
Risk Regulation Under Pressure
Authors: Hood Christopher , Rothstein Henry
Published: July 2003

This article explores a style-phase model of staged organizational responses to external pressure for change against two competing hypotheses, focusing on demands for greater openness and transparency. A study of six risk regulation regimes in the United Kingdom revealed that only half were exposed to substantial pressures of this type. Responses of organizations in the “high-pressure” regimes were varied, but the overall pattern was consistent with a mixture of an autopoietic and staged-response hypothesis stressing blame prevention, and the article accordingly presents a hybrid “Catherine Wheel” model of the observed pattern. The article concludes by discussing the implications for policy outcomes.
Motivations and Impediments to Service Contracting, Consolidations, and Strategic Alliances in Public Transit Organizations
Authors: Ugboro Isaiah O. , Obeng Kofi , Talley Wayne K.
Published: July 2003

This article uses survey data to determine motivations and impediments to collaboration (i.e., contracting, merger/consolidation, and strategic alliance) among public transit systems in the United States. The results suggest that transit systems are more likely to contract out passenger service if they are involved in the initiation of the collaboration effort and if they are motivated by the possibility of increased resources and by government pressure. The impediments to contracting include resistance from other agencies and government funding agency restrictions. Mergers are motivated by cost savings and government initiatives (or pressure). Strategic alliances are motivated by the promise of increased service effectiveness but not so much by service quality, cost savings, or increased resources. An impediment to the formation of strategic alliances is size of required capital investment (cost of vehicles, equipment, and facilities). The article also examines the policy implications of these results.
Decentering Tradition
Authors: Bevir Mark , Rhodes R. A.W.
Published: July 2003

This article argues that the study of traditions is an integral part of the human sciences; it then concentrates on how to study traditions. First, the authors outline a pragmatic approach to traditions. Next, they illustrate the case by analyzing three features of British government: public sector reform, Thatcherism, and joined-up governance. The authors seek to show that it is possible to decenter the idea of tradition and analyze traditions at several levels. Finally, they discuss the problems posed when analyzing traditions at different levels of generality, including reifying traditions, essentialism, identifying traditions, and creating traditions.
Rules as Institutional Context for Decision Making in Networks
Authors: Klijn Erik-Hans
Published: July 2003

One of the issues of the network approach to policy concerns the influence of the network structure on the policy processes that are taking place within it. A central point is the concept of rules. The basic assumption is that actors in networks form communal rules during their interactions. This article shows the way in which these network rules influence policy processes. First, the rules of two local social housing networks are reconstructed. The author then shows how these rules differ (e.g., rules of conflict regulation and autonomy) between the two networks and how they influenced the decision making surrounding the rehabilitation and restructuring of postwar housing districts that took place within these networks. He looks at the extent to which these differences in the rule structures of the networks explain the differences in the development of the decision-making processes. The article concludes with a discussion of rules as a context for decision making.
The Democratic Ethos and Public Management
Authors: Deleon Linda , Deleon Peter
Published: July 2003

One of the few issues on which public management scholars agree in theory is the centrality of the democratic ethos. Public policy has recently paid attention to more democratic forms of policy making (e.g., participatory policy analysis), and public administration has periodically studied and advocated increased citizen participation in the processes of government. But the field of public management scholarship has yet to make a similar commitment to the democratic ethos, despite some contemporary practices (flattened hierarchies, self-managing teams) that represent democratization in public organizations. This essay reviews reasons why public management should be more democratic, some ways in which it is not, and proposes some ways in which the focus of scholarship and practice should be directed.
Democracy and Bureaucracy in the Age of the Web
Authors: la Porte Todd M. , Demchak Chris C. , de Jong Martin
Published: July 2003

The foundations for governance in an information age are developing through the World Wide Web as it becomes the principal electronic public gateway into government organizations. Governmental openness is now important to a variety of strategies for governmental reform. The Web (a) makes government more efficient; (b) facilitates the functioning of new network-like arrangements between public organizations, the private sector, and citizens; and (c) empowers citizens to play a stronger role in interacting with government. We describe the concept of organizational openness and summarize a methodology to measure it on a worldwide basis. Data from 1997 through 2000 are presented, showing rapid diffusion of the Web and variation in levels of openness, even across countries with similar levels of economic and political development. Bureaucracies adopt Web technologies as a function not of traditional diffusion processes, but of emergent institutional isomorphism. Short-term prospects for responsive government improve, but so do unrealistic expectations affecting government legitimacy.
Exploring The Structuration Of Technology Within Human Service Organizations
Authors: Sandfort Jodi R.
Published: July 2003

This article seeks to improve our understandings of the process and daily operations of human service organizations. Building on past research that characterizes the core technology of such organizations as inherently indeterminate, this article explores how frontline staff engage in a social process that actually structures their actions. Ethnographic data gathered using multiple methods in three welfare-to-work organizations are examined. Structuration theory is used to analyze these data and probe both the similarities and difference found among these three human service organizations. Implications for future research about human service organizations are discussed.
Changing The “Culture” Of Welfare Offices
Authors: Lurie Irene , Riccucci Norma M.
Published: July 2003

This article examines whether the 1996 welfare reform has led to the culture change in welfare offices advocated by welfare leaders and administrators. Examining a sample of state and local welfare systems, it asks whether and how welfare organizations are seeking to change their culture or, if not their culture, at least some of the structures and processes of their welfare systems. After unpacking the concept of culture in the context of welfare reform, the research finds that welfare leaders and administrators interpret the concept of culture change more broadly than do scholars of organizational culture.Welfare practitioners consider changes in structure and process as culture change, whereas scholars of organizational culture see these changes as only changes in artifacts. Scholars would consider these practitioners'interpretations to be superficial and would argue that they underestimate what it actually takes to effect changes in beliefs, perceptions, and feelings that are sufficiently deep to be called cultural transformations.
Spanish Coordination In The European Union
Authors: Fernández Susana Aguilar
Published: July 2003

Spain’s successful negotiation of the habitats directive can be explained by the political salience of this particular issue (the priority attached to the strategy whereby the EU had to be convinced of the need to link environmental protection to the provision of special funds) and by the nature of the domestic political system, characterized by its powerful and autonomous executive and by the noncooperative system of interest intermediation. Above all, the triumph of the Spanish strategy is due to the ability of successive heads of government to tightly control leading EU issues by not allowing a highly departmentalized state administration and the regional governments to be too closely involved in community negotiations. The absence of formal mechanisms that would allow contending interest groups to partake in the decision process, thereby reducing time-consuming procedures and administrative costs, must also be taken into account. As a result, Europeanization has scarcely made any progress in Spain.
Bureaucracy: Is It Efficient? Is It Not? Is That The Question?
Authors: Gajduschek Gyorgy
Published: July 2003

Most contemporary scholars regard bureaucracy as an inefficient phenomenon. At the same time, we may find a great number of bureaucratic organizations in the various social spheres. Max Weber, who introduced the concept of bureaucracy into the social sciences, however, was convinced that bureaucracy is superior to any other organizational form and explained its prevalence by the immanent rationality of bureaucratic organizations. In analyzing Weber’s text, the author argues that Weber was mistranslated into English and then misinterpreted. Weber’s term rationality is not at all identical to efficiency. Rationality includes also uncertainty reduction regarding internal organizational procedures as well as outputs. Uncertainty reduction may induce several advantages, which, in several cases, ensure organizational superiority.
Dimensions of Collaboration and Family Impacts
Authors: Sarbaugh-Thompson Marjorie , Lobb Christian , Thompson Lyke
Published: July 2003

Decentralized, market-based service systems provide services recipients with opportunities to choose services and service providers. Yet, for some service recipients, finding and arranging for services is so difficult that they do not receive the services they need. Collaboration between service providers and service recipients may reduce the costs and confusion of decentralized service delivery. This study explores the effects of interagency collaboration and collaboration between agencies and families on families’ experiences finding and arranging service to help them and their children with disabilities. It uses data collected from 317 randomly sampled families participating in the State of Michigan’s Early On program (Part C of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act). Higher levels of interagency collaboration were associated with increases in the quantity and quality of services provided. Different forms of collaboration between agencies and families were associated with more mixed service delivery impacts. These findings support continued experimentation with collaborative service delivery by policy makers.
Bilateral Transformational Leadership
Authors: Grundstein-Amado Rivka
Published: July 2003

The author argues for an application of bilateral transformational leadership approach composed of two essential ingredients: self-discovery process and reflection. This approach permits influences and definitions of organizational goals and ethical conduct to be jointly shaped by both leaders and followers. Bilateral transformational leadership directs leader and follower to jointly construct a common values framework that serves as a basis for establishing a collective vision of change through meaningful and responsible actions. A shared moral reasoning process exercised by leader and followers reinforces the bilateral transformational process and consequently elevates and improves the ethical conduct of members in the public service organization.
Public Administration Discourse
Authors: Farmer David John
Published: July 2003

This article proposes that a reorientation is required in public administration’s discourse style. It suggests that traditional style(s) cannot cope with complex problems like the ongoing antipathy against bureaucracy and bureaucracy’s “iron cage” challenges. It proposes, first, that public administration discourse should become more self-conscious about style, a feature often misunderstood as a decorative and unimportant add-on. Second, a self-conscious style should be what is described as post-ist, including emphasis on the autonomously macro and longer term. Traditional and post-ist styles are contrasted.
Democratic University Administration at a Russian University
Authors: Hubbell Larry
Published: July 2003

In this case study, the author examines how effectively democracy functions at a Russian university during the post-Soviet period. In doing research for this article, the author conducted a literature review and interviewed in-depth the leading political actors. The author finds that at least at this Russian university, which is beleaguered by an extreme lack of resources, politics is largely devoid of ideological content, but it is highly factional and contentious. The author concludes that the highly divisive nature of politics at this institution is probably indicative of the lack of a civil society in the broader Russian society.
Psychotic Organization as a Metaphoric Frame for the Socioanalysis of Organizational and Interorganizational Dynamics
Authors: Sievers Burkard
Published: July 2003

The notion of the pathological organization provides a starting frame for better understanding irrationality and madness in organizations, profit and nonprofit organizations alike. It has been used up until now to gain a better understanding of severe personality disturbances caused by pathological fixation. The concept originally referred to the narrow frame of individual ego organization, but it is argued that the notion of the psychotic organization provides a useful metaphoric frame for application to social organizations. The attempt is made to apply the metaphor to various organizational and interorganizational contexts: the intraorganizational dynamics of hospitals, the interorganizational relatedness of the hostile takeover of an enterprise, and the increasing dominance of the shareholder value optimization in a global context. The attempt at ignoring and denying psychotic organizational dynamics is vain, resembling the futile efforts to escape a plague that is devastating the country, which is so lucidly described by Edgar Allan Poe in “The Masque of the Red Death.”