bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative sonographic parameters of the peripheral nerves in healthy individuals
Authors: Naumova Eugenia S. , Nikitin Sergey S. , Druzhinin Dmitry S.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Ultrasonography allows non-invasive scanning of the peripheral nerves to record quantitative and qualitative parameters.
Objective. To determine the normal cross-sectional area (CSA) of the nerves in arms and legs, as well as spinal nerves in healthy volunteers.
Materials and methods. Bilateral ultrasonography of the peripheral nerves in arms and legs, as well as the spinal nerves in the brachial plexus was carried out in healthy volunteers: 40 males and 40 females with the mean age of 40.315.1 (range, 1870 years). A Sonoscape S20 ultrasound scanner (China) with an 815 MHz linear sensor. The cross-sectional area of the peripheral nerves was assessed. Height, weight, the body mass index (BMI), age, and gender were included in analysis.
Results. The reference CSA values for the major nerves of arms, legs, and spinal nerves of the brachial plexus were obtained. No reliable correlation of the main anthropometric parameters (height, weight, and BMI) as well as age and gender with the CSA of the peripheral nerves and the brachial plexus was found.
Conclusions. The findings are in accordance with the measured parameters reported by other authors, indicating that our methodological approach to nerve ultrasonography is similar to those used in other laboratories.
The lack of H-reflex as an additional neurophysiological sign of development of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in children
Authors: Voitenkov Vladislav B. , Klimkin Andrey V. , Skripchenko Natal’ya V. , Grigor’ev Stepan V. , Aksenova Anastasiya I.
Published: January 2025

Early diagnosis of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) is of fundamental importance for the timely prescription of therapy. The conventionally used techniques of electrophysiological diagnosis are not sensitive enough at early stages of development of the condition.
The objective of this work was to assess the applicability of studying H-reflex as a tool for early diagnosis of AIDP in children.
Materials and Methods. A total of 57 children were examined: 20 healthy children (range: 714 years; mean age 12 years) and 37 patients diagnosed with AIDP (range: 8-13 years; mean age 11 years). Electroneuromyography (ENMG) was performed on day 37 after the first symptoms had emerged. The velocity of impulse conduction along motor fibers, the amplitude of M responses during stimulation of nn. tibialis, ulnaris and medianus, as well as latency and threshold of M response and H-reflex during stimulation of m. soleus, was evaluated.
Results. No significant intergroup differences in amplitudes of motor responses and the velocity of impulse conduction were recorded, while the residual latency of M-response was significantly higher in the AIDP group. In individuals in the control group, the H-reflex was recorded in 100% of cases, while being recorded only in 2 (5.4%) patients in the AIDP group. In both patients, examination was performed as early as possible (day 3) after the onset of the first symptoms among the entire group examined.
Conclusions. In pediatric patients with AIDP, which develops on day 37 after the onset of the first symptoms, no H-reflex was recorded in 94.6% of cases. Investigation of the H-reflex at the early stage of AIDP in children can be used as an additional criterion for diagnosing the disease.
Alterations in the somatodendritic structure of spiny neurons in human putamen during physiological aging
Authors: Ivanov Mikhail V. , Kutukova Kristina A. , Berezhnaya Larisa A.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. The striatum is involved in regulation of cognitive functions and behavior, including planning motor behavior, decision making, motivation, and rewarding. The human striatum contains the putamen, in whose medium spiny neurons certain qualitative and quantitative alterations in somatodendritic structure occur with aging.
Materials and methods. The morphometric parameters of spiny neurons in the striatum of humans (females) during the second maturity period and senility were investigated. The Golgi silver impregnation method was used as the staining technique. The following parameters were assessed: the area of neuronal body, the number of dendrites, the number of free ends of all dendrites, the largest dendritic field radius, the total length of all dendrites, the dendritic field area, and the specific density of dendrites.
Results. It was demonstrated that in terms of soma size, the number of dendrites, the number of free ends of dendrites, and specific density of dendrites, there are negligible differences in spiny neurons in the putamen in humans of both ages in the samples under study. The parameters of the largest dendritic field radius, the total length of all dendrites and the dendritic field area for the senile individuals were significantly lower (p0.05) than for the mature ones by 11, 13, and 15%, respectively. The total number of spines per 100 m of dendrite in senile individuals was lower by 18% compared to that in women during the second period of maturity. The features of distribution of spines of different types over the putamen neurons in mature and senile individuals show the role played by mushroom-like spines in preservation and maintenance of synaptic connections required to ensure the elementary functions of putamen neurons.
Conclusions. Hence, we have demonstrated reduction in dendrite length and density of dendrite spines upon aging in women. The results broaden the views about the nature of plastic alterations that take place in cerebral neurons in humans upon aging.
New approaches in the treatment of epilepsy
Authors: Avakyan Georgiy G. , Voronina Tat'yana A. , Litvinova Svetlana A. , Nerobkova Lyubov N. , Balabanyan Vadim Yu. , Nikonova Anastasiya A. , Avakyan Gagik N.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Despite the significant progress made in the treatment of epilepsy in recent years, no less than 3040% of patients cannot achieve complete cessation of seizures.
Objective. To evaluate new approaches in the epilepsy treatment with nano-sized dosage forms and 3-benzylamino-metilenpirrolidin-2,4-dion (beprodone).
Materials and methods. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of nano-phenazepam in comparison with bromine-dihydrochlorophenyl-benzodiazepine (phenazepam) in substances was carried out. 2-aethylium-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate (Mexidol) encapsulated on copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids was chosen as the second medicine for evaluation. Beprodone dosed 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally was the third drug assessed in rats. Chronic cobalt-induced epileptogenic focus was chosen as an experimental model. Additional clinical study of beprodone was conducted in 75 patients with epilepsy (men and women, age ranging 1865 years) with uncontrolled focal seizures with or without secondary generalization.
Results. In secondary generalized epilepsy model in rats, nanophenazepam significantly reduced epileptiform discharges in the cortex and hypothalamus along with hippocampus. In the chronic model of cobalt epilepsy, nanomexidol reduced the number of epileptiform discharges 3 times and also stopped the status epilepticus (reducing 7.8 times the number of secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures). The targets for beprodon are cortical foci and, in the second stage, subcortical foci which generate epileptic activity. In 75 patients with epilepsy who had uncontrolled focal seizures with or without secondary generalization, a significant increase in days without seizures was noted on beprodon; the number of seizures decreased 2 times (p 0.01).
Conclusion. Further investigation of new targets for novel antiepileptic drugs and introduction of the latter into clinical practice can be considered as one of the ways to solve the problem of drug resistance.
Benign intracranial hypertension: clinical observations
Authors: Magzhanov Rim V. , Davletova Anzhelika I. , Bakhtiyarova Klara Z. , Pervushina Ekaterina V. , Tunik Valeriy F.
Published: January 2025

The complexity of diagnosing benign intracranial hypertension is associated with the low specificity of symptoms. For a timely diagnosis and exclusion of the secondary nature of the disease, it is sometimes necessary to conduct a broad range of additional examinations. The article describes 2 cases of benign intracranial hypertension, representing a diagnostic challenge. In the first case the disease developed in a patient with iron deficiency, hyperprolactinemia and obesity. The patient was treated with diuretics and corticosteroids, therapeutic lumbar punctures were performed. In the second case the disease developed in a patient with recent childbearing, obesity and mastitis. Due to the ineffectiveness of drug therapy surgery was carried out ventriculoperitoneal shunting was performed with a temporary positive effect. Later breast cancer was diagnosed. The etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and symptoms of the disease are discussed. Particular attention is focused on the treatment of benign intracranial hypertension.
Chemical angioplasty for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm
Authors: Kalinkin Aleksandr A. , Petrikov Sergey S.
Published: January 2025

Vasospasm of cerebral arteries is considered to be the main reason of unfavorable outcomes in patients in acute period of ruptured arterial aneurysms. Despite of availability of various therapeutic approaches, there is no effective way to prevent and to treat vasospasm so far. However, according to recently published works chemical angioplasty in considered as a promising technique for the treatment of vasospasm. This approach implies invasive drug administration in the narrowed segments of cerebral arteries which allows medicine to affect endothelium of cerebral arteries directly. This route of administration prevents development of systemic effects of a drug and decrease of plasma drug concentration because of its metabolism in liver. Chemical angioplasty is used not only in proximal but also in distal parts of the constricted cerebral artery. In this review, we touch upon the use of chemical angioplasty for the treatment of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The most widely used drugs for chemical angioplasty include papaverine, verapamil, nimodipinе, nicardipine, fasudil hydrochloride, and milrinone. Studies of this treatment approach show promising results confirming its efficacy in the management of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms.
PET-CT in early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: а case report
Authors: Prokopenko Semen V. , Barankin Boris V. , Mar'ina Natal'ya М. , Mozheyko Еlena Y. , Bezdenezhnykh Аnna F. , Koryagina Tat'yana D. , Chanchikova Natal'ya G. , Tokarev Nikolay А. , Karlova Еlena А. , Ozerskaya Аnastasiya V. , Badrin Еvgeniy А. , Belugin Кirill V. , Savel'eva Аnastasiya А. , Shepelevich Nikolay V.
Published: January 2025

The article describes a clinical case of a female Alzheimer disease patient at an early stage of the neurodegenerative process. The patient did not have any complaints. She was taken to the neuropsychologists by her husband that was concerned because of the patient's family history (his mother-in-law suffered of Alzheimer's disease) and the emergence of some memory problems in his wife. The diagnosis was suspected based on the results of neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive functions which corresponded to mild cognitive impairment. To confirm the presence of a neurodegenerative disease brain positron-emission tomography with F-18 fluorodesoxyglucose (FDG) was performed. Hypometabolism of the imaging agent was detected in the temporal and parietal lobes cortex, in the association cortex of the left temporal and the right occipital lobes, and in the posterior part of the left cyngulate gyrus. This findings correlated with the data of the patients cognitive evaluation and thus provided the nosological diagnosis at an early stage of the disease.
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency with underlying scalenus syndrome
Authors: Maksimova Marina Yu. , Skrylev Sergey I. , Koshcheev Aleksandr Yu. , Shchipakin Vladimir L. , Sinitsyn Ivan A. , Chechetkin Andrey O.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Compression of extracranial parts of the subclavian and vertebral arteries by neck muscles takes a certain place in the pathogenesis of cerebral circulation disorders.Objectives. To study pathogenic mechanisms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency in sсalenus syndrome and to evaluate the results of surgical treatment.Materials and methods. 68 patients with the scalenus syndrome (52 men and 16 women) aged 35 to 55 years were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the clinical manifestations: group I (38 patients) patients with compression-irritative form and the group II (30 patients) patients with reflex angiospastic form. Scalenotomy and arteriolysis were performed in group I. Scalenotomy and selective cervico-thoracic sympathectomy in group II.Results. The detailed description of the clinical picture was presented. Ultrasonic scanning with hyperabduction of the hand and Adson manoeuver revealed compression of the subclavian artery. Compression of the subclavian artery by the anterior scalene muscle was verified with the use of computed tomographic angiography. On scalenotomy it was found that autonomic vascular abnormalities were caused by the compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery in the interscalenum spatium and irritation of the autonomic nerves by the scalene muscles and surrounding fibrous-altered tissues. In all cases symptoms immediately diminished after the surgery.Conclusion. Hemodynamic disturbances in extravasal compression of the subclavian and vertebral arteries by the anterior scalene muscle were confirmed by the effectiveness of scalenotomy. Disappearance of vertebral artery syndrome, hand ischemia symptoms and brachial plexus compression was observed clinically.
The results of the 10-year experience of a Regional Center of care for patients with parkinsonism and extrapyramidal pathology in Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl region
Authors: Kurapin Eugeny V. , Bykanova Maria A. , Trofimova Natalya V.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. In 2007, a consultation center for patients with parkinsonism (a Regional Center) was organized in the city of Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl region. It was one of the first centers of parkinsonism over Russia.Objective. To study and compare the clinical and epidemiological features of parkinsonism in Yaroslavl and the Yaroslavl region in different periods of work of the Regional Center.Materials and methods. A total number of 6,272 patients were examined in the Regional Center in 20072017.Results. Parkinson disease (PD) was ranked first (over 80%) in the structure of parkinsonism during the whole time of activity of the Regional Center. The incidence of the syndrome of vascular parkinsonism was significantly lower in 20122017, and the dementia with Lewy bodies was significantly higher compared to 20072012. Prevalence of PD in the year of 2017 in Yaroslavl amounted to 138.14 per 100,000 population, and across Yaroslavl region until 2017 year 127.01 per 100,000 population. PD patients from towns of Yaroslavl region (82.9%) significantly prevailed in comparison with rural patients (17.1%). In 20122017, PD was diagnosed at the first stage twice as often as in the period of 20072012. In 20122017, the preliminary diagnosis matched a refined diagnosis of PD in 84% of cases.Conclusion. During recent 5 years of the activity of the Regional Center the town neurologists of Yaroslavl region identified a great number of new patients withextrapyramidal disorders. Since then significantly fewer errors has being made by the neurologists in the preliminary diagnoses and more PD has been detected at earlier stages.
Diagnosis and management of traumatic neuropathy
Authors: Tanashyan Marine M. , Maksimova Marina Yu. , Fedin Pavel A. , Lagoda Olga V. , Musaeva Elvira M.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Traumatic trigeminal neuropathy in neurological practice occurs relatively rarely.Objectives. To study clinical and neurophysiological features of traumatic trigeminal neuropathy caused by orthognathic surgeries.Materials and methods. Patients (n=24; aged 2356 years) undergone orthognathic surgery, in short-term postoperative period (no more than 1 month since the surgery) received a therapeutic course of rhythmic magnetic stimulation. Stimulation pulse was 11.5 T, pulsing frequency 1 Hz, duration of the treatment 1520 minutes daily, the course of treatment 10 days. Acoustic brainstem and trigeminal evoked potentials were recorded.Results. The clinical picture of post-operative trigeminal neuropathy is dominated by hypoesthesia of varying severity, and the trigger zone of the face and in the mouth are not determined. Tenderness of trigeminal nerve exit point was observed in 2nd, 3rd as well as in all three branches of the trigeminal nerve. In the study of acoustic brainstem evoked potentials there were identified changes at the medulla-pontine level more evident on one side (usually on the right), shortening of the latent periods of three peaks, IIIIV peaks amplitudes increase on both sides, and confluence of IIIII peaks, mostly on one side. Reduction of latency and increase of amplitude of trigeminal evoked potentials components indicate dysfunction of the trigeminal system on both sides. Clinical effect expressed in improvement of sensitive disturbanses after the course of rhythmic magnetic stimulation was observed in 83% of patients; at the same time there was observed some delay of improvement of neurophysiological symptoms.Conclusion. Clinical-neurophysiological dissociation after the course of rhythmic magnetic stimulation can be explained by the short term of the course, incomplete recovery of functions of the structures involved in the stimuli conduction, as well as by the lack of adequate medical support.
Assessment of Staff’s Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Radiation Protection Measures in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Authors: Seifi Danial , Khorrami Alireza
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Ionizing radiation in medical imaging is one of the dominant diagnostic tools, and also correct knowledge of radiation protection affects staff safety behaviors during examinations. This study highlights the radiation protection Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) amongst a large number of hospitals and medical centers in Mazandaran province of Iran.
Materials and Methods: In order to assess the level of radiation protection KAP, a validated questionnaire was given to all MAZUMS-affiliated hospitals and clinics. Four hundred fifty-five staff members participated by responding to an original questionnaire. The sample consisted of nurses, radiographers, and medical doctors of various specialties involved daily in surgical procedures where ionizing radiation is required. The survey was conducted from April 2021 to January 2022, and the response rate was 72.3%.
Results: There were statistically significant differences in the level of staff KAP radiation protection with gender (p < 0.05), practicing age KAP level and radiation protection (p < 0.05), and there is no significant relationship between educational age and staff KAP level of radiation protection (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the level of overall radiation protection KAP level of workers regarding radiation protection safety was satisfactory but in some parameters it was insufficient. This could be due to a lack of consistent training and proper protection against ionizing radiation.
Characterizing the Flow and Interaction of Microbubbles in a 2D Capillary Network for Targeted Drug Delivery: A Simulation Study
Authors: Shurche Sadegh , Shahidani Akram , Bodaghi Hossein Abadi Roghaye
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents inside the bloodstream enhance the ultrasound signals of the vascular bed. In addition, microbubbles can be used for treatment. The present study assesses how air bubbles flow in a microchannel 2D capillary network. The evaluated network mimics part of a capillary system by comprising multiple bifurcations.
Materials and Methods: We designed the capillary network based on the tree pattern employed in quantitative studies per Murray’s minimum work rule and the cardiovascular network to simulate the hemodynamics of the vessels. The maximum width of the main channels in the capillary network is 1085 µm. The capillary network designed by AutoCAD software was transferred to Comsol software. We also ran fluid-structure interaction simulations in a microchannel capillary network, assuming that capillary walls were incompressible and isotropic, physiological boundary conditions were met, and non-Newtonian blood behavior occurred. After these simulations, we investigated Microbubbles’ (MBs’) capacity for targeted drug delivery through the capillary network. Specifically, we distributed four particles with 1 to 5 µm diameters and assessed the resultant performance.
Results: The greatest capillary network wall displacement is 0.225 µm. Meanwhile, the maximum velocity was 5.59 mm/s, and the minimum and maximum pressure values were 303.13 Pa and 0.42 Pa. Finally, the MB-MB interaction force exceeded the Brownian and gravitational forces. Therefore, it can be concluded that the MB-MB interaction force is crucial for MB-based targeted drug delivery. The kinetic energy of microbubbles increases while passing through the capillary bed. By increasing the amount of kinetic energy of microbubbles, the probability of adhesion to the capillary wall decreases. As the diameter of microbubbles increases, their energy increases.
Conclusion: The kinetic energy of microbubbles in the same conditions is the highest value related to Sonovue and then related to Optison, Micromarker, and Definity, respectively. The highest percentage of passing through the capillary network belongs to the Sonovue with a diameter of 2.5 µm and the lowest percentage of passing through the capillary network belongs to the Definity with a diameter of 1.1 µm.
Investigation of the Physical Properties of Different Ion Species at Hadron Therapy; A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Torshabi Ahmad Esmaili
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Recently, using hadrons as a therapeutic beam has been highly advised for radiation treatment of mainly deep-seated tumors due to the desired conforming of three-dimensional dose conformation onto tumor volume. This refers to the physical properties of commonly available hadrons versus photons and electrons in colliding with patient body atoms which is our main challenge in this study, in a comparative fashion.
Materials and Methods: In this work, protons Caron- and Oxygen-Ions are considered as hadron beams while irradiating a given tumor located at soft tissue equivalent phantom to mimic the patient body using FLUKA simulation code. The high-impact properties of available beams implemented at hadron therapy facilities are investigated quantitatively, during the simulation process while no study has been done formerly.
Results: Depth dose profiles of hadrons, linear energy transfer, beams lateral divergence, spread out Bragg peak, produced neutrons and positron emitter as radioisotopes produced due to colliding hadrons with the nucleus of the atoms are measured, numerically. The latter case include C10, C11, N13, and O15 in soft tissue which are highly important for proton range verification inside the patient body using positron emission tomography.
Conclusion: The physical properties of different therapeutic ion species were compared comprehensively. Among hadrons, linear energy transfer of Carbon- and Oxygen ions is superior versus proton due to their high atomic numbers that reduce treatment sessions remarkably. Furthermore, in proton therapy, the main source of produced neutrons are passive or active modulation devices located in front of the therapeutic beam. Among produced positron emitters, C11 and O15 are remarkable for providing functional images to assess the hadron range inside the patient body.
The Effect of Various Parameters on Measuring Alpha and Beta Particles from Soil Sample; An Environmental Dosimetry
Authors: Torshabi Ahmad Esmaili , Mohammadzadeh Sepideh
Published: January 2025

Purpose: The measurement of natural radioactive decay in environmental samples such as soil has received increasing importance in recent years. Proportional counters in the form of large-area planar detectors are widely used for the initial screening of  radioactivity in environmental samples. In this study, the affecting factors in the alpha and beta particles emitted from natural radioactive soil sample was simulated using the Monte Carlo FLUKA code.
Materials and Methods: These factors include the thickness of the sample, source-detector air gap, Mylar thickness, and gas detector density. Simulations were performed for alpha particles in 4.8 MeV and in the conventional range for the investigation of radioactive elements inside the soil sample.
Results: The final analyzed results show that the maximum number of primary particles can be measured up to 5 and 100 µm of soil sample thickness for alpha and beta particles, respectively. The maximum counting efficiencies for alpha and beta particles are 23% and 42%, respectively for our simulated sample.
Conclusion: For alpha particles, gas detector density variations have no effect on the efficiency. For beta particles, this efficiency is constant up to 0.0005 g/  density of gas. Furthermore, by increasing the air gap and Mylar thickness the efficiency will be decreased for both alpha and beta particles, while the variation of this value is remarkable for alpha particles.
The Effects of Single and Bimetallic Silicon Composite Shields in Medical Imaging Methods: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Nazeri Abbas Ali , Malekzadeh Reza , MehnatiMehnati Parinaz , Refahi Soheila
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Nowadays, the use of polymer composites with several metals to design and build new radiation composite shields with practical features in radiology is expanding.
Materials and Methods: Three metal oxides, including Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), Tungsten oxide (WO3), and Tin oxide (SnO2) were used as mono-metal and bimetallic compound silicon matrixes for clarification of their practical use. Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to enter the specifications of each metal in combination with silicon. The mass attenuation coefficients of the mono- and bimetallic composites were calculated in the energy ranges of 40 to 150 KeV by classification to low/ medium/high groups.
Results: The results showed the beam reduction ability for both the mono- and the bimetallic composites. The mass attenuation coefficients of Bi2O3, WO3, and SnO2 at 80 KeV were 0.38, 0.33, and 0.57 cm2/gr, respectively. Moreover, the Bismuth-Tin bimetallic combination at low energies and the Bismuth-Tungsten at high energies had better attenuation than the other samples. To select bimetallic compounds with a high attenuation coefficient, it is better to match the energy used in the imaging method specifically. For example, in the 70-90 KeV energy range, the Sn-W combination had the highest beam attenuation coefficient.
Conclusion: The advantage of mono- and bimetallic shields in terms of energy attenuation amount depends on beam energy and shielding metal “K-absorption” edge. In comparing the attenuation of recorded beams in low, medium, and high ranges of energy, mono-metallic Bismuth shows higher attenuation coefficients than mono-metallic Tungsten and bi-metallic Bismuth–Tungsten. Dose reduction of the bi-metallic state of Bismuth - Tin was greater than that of mono-metallic Bismuth and Tin in low energies. Also, the attenuation of the Bi-Sn composite shield in low energy was the highest amount among all silicon composite shields.
Effectiveness of Contrast Agents and Molecular Indicators in Alzheimer's Diagnosis through PET and SPECT Imaging on Animal Models: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Abaszadeh Yasaman , Ardalani Ramin , AbadiAbadi Athena Dehghan Najm
Published: January 2025

Purpose: The importance of cognitive decline has increased due to population aging and lifestyle changes. A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is made only by postmortem histopathological examination, but in vivo imaging advances this diagnosis. The disease is associated with neuropathological features such as amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) in the brain. The usefulness of contrast agents and compounds, such as SPECT and PET imaging, for the early identification of AD is investigated in this systematic scoping review. SPECT has been studied because it can yield reliable findings quickly, detect traces in data, and can link and evaluate the metabolism of mud and PET at high spatial resolution. The efficiency of molecular markers like tau protein, Translocator Protein (TSPO), and Amyloid β (Aβ), as well as contrast agents like [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and [11C] acetate. Early detection and diagnosis of AD is very important, but current research on the effectiveness of contrast agents and molecules is limited. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic scoping review on PET and SPECT imaging to evaluate the role of these factors and indicators in the diagnosis of this disorder.
Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted on August 30, 2023, in PubMed, using the PRISMA guidelines, without any time or language restrictions. The search was limited to PubMed because it is a comprehensive and extensive database in the medical sciences and the number of results we found there was sufficient. Three independent reviewers screened the studies based on criteria, and relevant data from the included articles were extracted and analyzed.
Results: As a result of the initial search, 172 original articles were included in the study. Finally, data from 116 studies were extracted. The most used contrast agents were [¹⁸F] fluorodeoxyglucose and its derivatives, [11C] acetate, and chemicals based on iodine, respectively. The most often employed transgenic mouse strains in the studies were APP/PS1 and 5XFAD. On average, 23 animals were used in each study. Respectively, Amyloid beta, Tau protein, Translocator Protein (TSPO), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B), and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRHR) were identified the most as biomarkers in studies.
Conclusion: The study on PET and SPECT imaging for diagnosing AD has limitations, including the use of animal models and not evaluating the long-term effects or safety of contrast agents. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in clinical settings and assess the long-term impact of these contrast chemicals.
Effects of Green Tea on the Cardiovascular and Pulmonary System: A Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
Authors: Tajik Alireza , Ahmadi Samaneh , Kashefizadeh Alireza , Ghalehnoo Sara Rashki
Published: January 2025

Background: Green tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, especially in Asian countries. There is a common belief about the effects of green tea, including its impact on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Methods: In this review study, we selected systematic articles and meta-analyses for their comprehensive nature. Systematic articles and meta-analyses conducted in PubMed and Medline databases with keywords cardiopulmonary, green tea, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and pulmonary disease from 2017 to 2024 were evaluated. In the end, nine articles were included in this study in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: These studies have shown that green tea has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-viral properties that can effectively prevent many diseases.
Conclusion: Consuming green tea as a healthy and beneficial drink can help maintain the health of the cardiovascular system and strengthen the respiratory system.
Interrogation of an Attorney (Defense Counsel) as a Witness at the Pre-Trial Investigation Stage: Issues of Regulation of the Procedural Order
Authors:   Junior Scientific Assistant of the Faculty of Training of Academic and Research Personnel of the Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barabanova Anastasia A.
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to topical issues related to the application of paragraphs 2, 3, Part 3 of Article 56 of the Criminal
Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the CPC of the Russian Federation) by officials of the
preliminary investigation bodies, namely, the procedural procedure for questioning a lawyer (defender). The uncertainty
of the legislative regulation of the procedure for conducting interrogation with this category of persons necessitates the
establishment of the grounds for interrogation, as well as the specifics of the procedural order of its conduct. As a result
of the study, recommendations were formulated for officials of the preliminary investigation bodies, contributing to the
resolution of issues related to the application of paragraphs 2, 3, part 3 of Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the
Russian Federation.
Dom Spokojnej Starości „Baśniowe Zacisze” – o nazwach ośrodków dla seniorów w aspekcie aksjolingwistycznym
Authors: Jachimowska Katarzyna
Published: January 2025

Przedmiotem badań uczyniono nazwy ośrodków dla seniorów. Odnotowano ponad 300 jednostek, które poddano analizom aksjolingwistycznym. Opis skoncentrowano na trzech aspektach: 1) aksjologicznym, 2) strukturalnym, 3) funkcjonalnym. Praca wskazuje ponadto na relacje pomiędzy aksjologią, semantyką a pragmatyką językową. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że nazwy często reinterpretują stereotypowo przypisane starości cechy. Ponadto konotują powszechnie cenione, pożądane i uznane atrybuty życia społecznego, takie jak rodzina czy zdrowie. Intencjonalnie dobrane nazwy „mówiące” często odwołują się do kontekstu religijnego, nawiązując do wydarzeń i miejsc znanych z Biblii, zaś obcojęzyczne – kojarzą się z dostatnim życiem i podnoszą prestiż placówki. W badanym materiale zwrócono ponadto uwagę na strukturę nazw oraz funkcje przez nie pełnione – deskryptywną, lokalizująco-informacyjną oraz pragmatyczną (marketingową, perswazyjną).
Cnota umiarkowania, czyli „dojrzała spontaniczność” (na podstawie współczesnych dyskusji publicznych dotyczących kryzysu uchodźczego)
Authors: Kaczor Monika
Published: January 2025

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, co jest istotne w dyskusjach publicznych w myśleniu o cnocie umiarkowania z punktu widzenia aksjologii i moralności społecznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odniesień, które służą zrozumieniu i pogłębieniu analizy cnoty umiarkowania. Materiału do rozważań dostarczyły współczesne dyskusje publiczne dotyczące kryzysu uchodźczego. Na podstawie zgromadzonego materiału można stwierdzić, że, choć w dyskusjach publicznych nie używa się słowa cnota, to jednak funkcjonuje ono w znaczeniu zbliżonym do moralności społecznej i etyki chrześcijańskiej.
Rotations and quaternions: The easy and convenient way
Authors: Mora Flores Walter
Published: January 2025

There is a lot of scattered literature on quaternions and rotations that is oriented to practical applications but not so much to develop the intuition and mathematics behind the formulas. In this paper we start from the common basic knowledge of Linear Algebra courses2 and introduce quaternions and their application in rotations, following a natural, theoretical, practical and intuitive flow. The set of quaternions, denoted H, is a vector space isomorphic to R4 and a multiplication is defined which gives it a non-commutative field structure. Multiplication by a unitary quaternion applies a rotation in two planes, in a simultaneous manner, in a similar way as multiplication by a unitary complex number applies a rotation. To use this fact in rotations in R3, we choose a suitable orthonormal basis of H (this gives us two planes), such that in one plane the axis of rotation is fixed (i.e., no rotation) and in the other plane the desired rotation is applied.
GeoGebra as a Potential Tool for Exploring the Concepts of Continuity and Convergence
Authors: Araújo da Costa André Luis , Vieira Alves Francisco Régis
Published: January 2025

This paper exemplifies the potential of GeoGebra as a didactic resource for teaching Real and Complex Analysis. To be more precise, our main goal is to demonstrate how useful GeoGebra is in providing a visual approach for understanding the concepts of continuity, equicontinuity, and the convergence of sequences of real functions of two variables and complex functions of a single variable. The complexity of the definition of these concepts, which rely on various parameters such as classical delta and epsilon, motivated the choice of the subject of this article. Additionally, their connection to the Ascoli-Arzelà Theorem, which is significant in many areas of mathematics, also influenced this decision. Throughout the paper, we present some applets developed using GeoGebra which allow a satisfactory exploration of those concepts according to our analysis. This exploration is made along a sequence of examples and counterexamples for the concepts of continuity, equicontinuity, and convergence addressed. In the Appendix, we provide some instructions for designing the applets used along the text.
Post-Devolution Household Healthcare Expenditures in Rural Kenya
Authors: Omae Peter Kabuka
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Despite improvements in a country's income during the era of decentralization, catastrophic expenditures persist. This study aimed to establish the determinants of household healthcare expenditures in rural Kenya. Methods: The study utilized data from the Kenya Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (2018). A multiple regression model was employed to estimate the impact of respective determinants on post-devolution health expenditures in rural Kenya. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation technique was adopted. Results: The gender of respondents, marital status, medical insurance, and chronic illness were found to be positively related to health expenditures, whereas education levels (primary, secondary, and higher levels) and wealth index (second and third wealth quintiles) were significant predictors but had a negative relationship with health expenditures. Recommendations: The study suggests promoting gender equality in healthcare access and implementing incentives and training programs to encourage men to practice preventive care, thereby reducing hospital visits. Additionally, the study recommends the creation and implementation of awareness programs across organizations, schools, and government agencies. Empowerment programs should be established to help the population lower hospital visits, consequently reducing healthcare expenditures. Furthermore, the government should increase the number of public health facilities to enhance access to subsidized services in rural areas.
Unveiling the Drivers of Entrepreneurial Internationalization: The Role of Human Capital, Digitalization, and Psychological Traits in Moroccan Early-stage Entrepreneurs
Authors: Jaoual Omar , Koubaa Salah
Published: January 2025

This study examines the factors influencing the internationalization of early-stage Moroccan entrepreneurs, focusing on human capital, digitalization, and psychological traits. Drawing on Human Capital Theory, Dynamic Capability Theory, and Psychological Theories of Entrepreneurship, the research aims to explore how education, digitalization, fear of failure, self-efficacy, and opportunity perception impact export intensity. Using data from 524 early-stage entrepreneurs surveyed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the study employs multiple regression analysis to evaluate the relationships between these factors and export activity. The findings reveal that opportunity perception significantly and positively influences export intensity, highlighting the critical role of entrepreneurial alertness in fostering internationalization. Conversely, education demonstrates a significant negative effect, suggesting that higher education levels may increase risk aversion, potentially deterring engagement in global markets. Surprisingly, digitalization, fear of failure, and self-efficacy do not show significant direct effects on export intensity,  with the non-significant effect of digitalization reflecting context-specific challenges, such as limited strategic use, infrastructure gaps, and insufficient digital literacy. The study highlights the need for fostering opportunity recognition and aligning education with practical skills. It calls for investments in digital infrastructure, training, and entrepreneurial ecosystems to empower entrepreneurs in emerging economies.
Inégalités de Genre et Anémie des Femmes en Union dans les Provinces de Cibitoke et Kirundo (Nord-Ouest et Nord du Burundi)
Authors: Sindayihebura Jean François Régis , Djourdebbé Franklin Bouba , David Jean Simon
Published: January 2025

Contexte : La prévalence de l’anémie chez les femmes en âge de procréer est de 52,5% dans la province de Cibitoke et de 60,4% dans celle de Kirundo, ce qui dépasse largement la moyenne nationale de 39%. Objectif : Cette étude vise à expliquer cette forte prévalence en analysant l’incidence des inégalités de genre. Méthodologie : Par la régression logistique binomiale, l’étude analyse les données collectées auprès de 270 et 276 femmes en union, de Cibitoke et de Kirundo, respectivement, qui ont accepté de se soumettre au test d'hémoglobines lors de l'Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Burundi (EDSB 2016-2017).  Résultats : À Cibitoke, les femmes dont les maris décident seuls des gros achats pour la maison sont plus de 4 fois plus susceptibles d'être anémiées que celles qui sont impliquées dans ces décisions. À Kirundo, les femmes dont les maris décident seuls de l'utilisation de l'argent qu'ils ont gagné sont près de 2,5 fois plus susceptibles d'être anémiées que celles qui prennent ces décisions conjointement avec leurs maris. Conclusion : Ces résultats indiquent qu’au-delà de la suprématie masculine consacrée par le patriarcat burundais, les femmes sont victimes de violences économiques basées sur le genre dans ces provinces. Face aux conjoints qui dilapident les ressources des ménages dans des relations de concubinage et de polygamie, les femmes s'adaptent mal aux dynamiques familiales dans un contexte de changement climatique et de mutations rurales. D’où leur vulnérabilité vis-à-vis de l'anémie.
 
Background: The prevalence of anemia among women of childbearing age is 52.5% in the province of Cibitoke and 60.4% in Kirundo, well above the national average of 39%. Objective: This study aims to explain this high prevalence by analyzing the incidence of gender inequalities. Methodology: Using binomial logistic regression, the study analyzes data collected from 270 and 276 women in the union, from Cibitoke and Kirundo respectively, who agreed to undergo hemoglobin testing during the Demographic and Health Survey of Burundi (DHSB 2016-2017). Results: In Cibitoke, women whose husbands make alone decision on major household purchases are more than 4 times more likely to be anemic than those who are involved in these decisions. In Kirundo, women who live in households where one of the partners decides alone how to use the money earned by the husband are almost 2.5 times more likely to suffer from anemia than those who make these decisions jointly within the couple. Conclusion: These results indicate that, over and above the male supremacy patriarchy, women are victims of gender-based economic violence in these provinces. Faced with spouses who squander household resources in concubinage and polygamy, women adapt themselves hardly to family dynamics in the context of climate change and rural mutations. This makes them vulnerable to anemia.
Enhancing Language Acquisition: Integrating Traditional and Digital Methods for Learner Engagement
Authors: Alqurashi Naif
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the evolving paradigm of language acquisition, juxtaposing traditional learning methodologies with contemporary digital approaches. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the research engaged a sample of 1,000 participants, including both language learners and educators, to gather comprehensive insights into their preferences and experiences. Data were collected through structured surveys and semi-structured interviews, allowing for an in-depth exploration of the perceived effectiveness of various instructional strategies. The findings reveal a marked preference for a blended learning approach that harnesses the strengths of both traditional and digital methods. Specifically, traditional methodologies are found to be more effective in developing speaking and listening skills, while digital platforms are preferred for vocabulary enhancement and reading comprehension. These results underscore the necessity for a holistic approach to language learning that integrates the benefits of face-to-face interaction, cultural immersion, and structured learning with the flexibility and accessibility afforded by digital technologies. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of adaptability in language instruction, suggesting that educators should tailor their approaches to meet the diverse needs of learners in a rapidly changing educational landscape. Practical recommendations are provided for both learners and educators to optimize the language acquisition process in this digital age, including strategies for effectively integrating technology into traditional curricula and fostering meaningful human connections within the learning environment.
Challenges in Cloud Computing Adoption for SMEs in the Middle East
Authors: Abudaqqa Fatma
Published: January 2025

Technology's growth significantly affects how businesses grow because it offers new ways to do business. Due to a sharp rise in market competition and a rapidly changing business environment, businesses in all industries and sectors utilize information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance their company operations and boost their value. This study aims to address the challenges that prevent small and medium-sized businesses in the Middle East from adopting cloud computing, as well as the generally accepted techniques for eliminating these challenges. The study utilized a systematic review of relevant literature. The inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as the analytic procedure, were documented in the study using the PRISMA protocol. The study also looked for pertinent journal publications that employed mixed, qualitative, and quantitative research methodologies using three pertinent databases: Sustainability, Google Scholar, and Emerald. The included English-language publications had to have been released between the first quarter of 2023 and 2016. More significantly, the evaluation did not include any research that did not concentrate on SMEs in the Middle East. Following an extensive analysis of the literature, it was discovered, among other things that infra needs to be more, budgetary restrictions, and a need for increased understanding of the significance of Industry 4.0.  In conclusion, SMEs face challenges in adopting cloud computing, including financial constraints, restrictive policies, security concerns, and fear of losing investments in existing infrastructure, amongst others. Addressing these issues through policy changes, competition, and tailored solutions can enhance cloud adoption and SME competitiveness.