bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—On the Climate of the Loess Period in Central Europe and the Cause which Produced it
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

Under the name of “Loess” there has been confounded two kinds of deposit which are due to entirely distinct and different causes. One is the fine-grained sediment left by the muddy water of flooded rivers and streams of all sorts; the other is the powdery dust and sand carried by wind, which in dry regions often produces large accumulations of this nature.
V.—On a Recent Legal Decision, of Importance in Connection with Water Supply from Wells
Authors: Whitaker W.
Published: May 2009

About, or nearly, forty years ago, two deep wells (with borings) were made at Brentford, which, passing through Gravel, London Clay, and the Lower London Tertiaries, reached the Chalk at a depth of about 315 feet, and were carried some way into the last.

One of these wells is at the Brewery on the southern side of the High Street, now known as the Royal Brewery, and it continued in use till its water became unfit for brewing-purposes, from the cause noted below. The other is 99 yards off, north-eastward, at some printing-works at the back of the houses on the other side of the street. This one was made for a Distillery which has long ceased to exist; the well too having been abandoned, at least for its original purpose of water-supply.
V.—Archæan Rocks
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

At the present time the American geologists, both those of the United States and the Dominion of Canada, are at variance as to the groups the Archæan should be divided into; it is however unnecessary to enter into this controversy, as the strata may be conveniently grouped, as in Selwyn's map (1884), into Norians or Labradorians, excessively coarse gneiss or other granitic rocks; Laurentians, gneisa and granite; and Huronians, schists with subordinate gneiss.
V.—Two New French Meteorites
Authors: Gregory James R.
Published: May 2009

Two Meteorites from France have recently come into my possession from a private source, one of which, though not of a recent fall (1836), has neither been described nor chemically examined, and which I now briefly bring to notice, it being of a most rare type. The other is of a much more recent fall (1875), and is of a much more ordinary character, being similar to many other meteorites of the same class; this stone also appears not to have been described, nor has any notice of it been published. It is somewhat a remarkable coincidence that these two stones should have fallen in the same Department, although at such widely different dates, and from the data and notes I have received from careful inquiries, I now bring forward the following details of these two aerolites.
VII.—The Dimetain of St. Davids
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Having been lately at St. Davids, I made some observations in relation to the Porth-lisky granite or Dimetian of Dr. Hicks, which may be worth recording in the pages of the Geological Magazine.

Perhaps it may be well for me to state that previous to my examination I had no bias whatever in favour of any of the explanations of the geology of St. Davids which have been offered by Hicks, Geikie, or Blake.
VI.—Brachiopod Morphology: Notes and Comments on Dr. J. Allan Thomson's Papers
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

From a long and careful study of the Brachiopoda I am led to offer some observations upon the two recently published papers by Dr. J. Allan Thomson which have appeared in this Magazine. In the case of Dallina I cannot agree with Dr. Thomson regarding the type of folding. He considers D. septigera (the genotype) and D. raphaelis as dorsally biplicate, D. floridana as dorsally uniplicate. Now dorsal biplication is brought about by the dorsal sulcus being superimposed upon a single dorsal fold. In D. septigera, as well as in D. floridana, a broad ventral sulcus is superimposed upon a dominant ventral fold; these two species, therefore, are, in my opinion, ventrally biplicate (as in Magellania flavescens and some others).
I.—On a New Specimen of the Liassic Pachycormid Fish Saurostomus esocinus, Agassiz
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Although the Pachycormid fish Saurostomus esocinus was known only by part of a lower jaw from the Upper Lias of Baden when it was first named by Agassiz, its principal characters have since been revealed by many incomplete specimens from the Upper Lias of Würtemberg, France, and Yorkshire, and by a well-preserved fish from Ilminster, Somersetshire, in the Charles Moore Collection, Bath Museum. The internal skeleton of the trunk and the fins, however, have not hitherto been so well seen as in a nearly complete fish from the Upper Lias of Würtemberg, prepared by Mr. Bernhard Hauff and now in the British Museum.
III.—The Application of Petrological and Quantitative Methods to Stratigraphy
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

On account of the aid it has given, palæontology has been termed the handmaiden of stratigraphy, but up to the present time petrology has not been called upon, so far as it might have been, to fulfil its appropriate duty towards the elucidation of the problems of stratigraphical geology and palæogeography.
I.—Note on a Mounted Skeleton of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus, Seeley
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

One of the most important additions recently made to the Gallery of Fossil Reptilia at the Natural History Museum, is a mounted skeleton of the highly specialized Ichthyosaur known as Ophthalmosaurus icenicus, Seeley. This reptile presents many. peculiarities, for the most part indicating a very high degree of adaptation for life in the open sea and for rapid movement through the water, probably sometimes at considerable depths. In fact, Ophthalmosaurus may be regarded as representing among the Reptilia the swiftly swimming toothed-whales among the Mammalia, and it is interesting to note that the similar mode of life in the two cases has produced in some respects similar modifications. Thus the front paddles are enlarged, the hind ones reduced; in whales the latter have disappeared altogether. Again, there was a large caudal fin, vertical in this case, and the head was elongated, the snout sharp, and the neck so short as to be practically non-existent. The enlargement of the fore-paddles is brought about by the presence of a very large pisiform bone, which together with the radius and ulna articulates with the humerus, thus forming a very broad base for the expanded terminal portion of the paddle. Another striking peculiarity is the great reduction of the dentition, the teeth in the adult being very small and confined to the front of the jaws. Baptanodon, an American form very closely allied to, if not identical with, Ophthalmosaurus, was for a long time regarded as toothless. This reduced dentition, so unlike what is usually found in members of the group, must indicate some considerable change in the nature of the food, but what this was is unknown.
VII.—The Fossiliferous Molluscan Deposits of Wexford and North Manxland
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

The notes by Professor Grenville A. J. Cole & Mr. T. Hallissy on the Wexford Gravels, and those by Dr. F. Cowper Reed on the Manxland shells in the Strickland Collection at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, published in last year's Geological Magazine, will be welcomed by geologists as drawing attention to an interesting but too long neglected subject. The principal object of this paper is to point out the faunal relations of the deposits in question to each other, and wherein they differ from those of the neighbourhood which are usually grouped with them, including the high-level shelly drifts of Moel Tryfaen, Macclesfield, Gloppa, and the Wicklow Mountains, the limestone drifts and shelly clays of Ireland from Ballybrack Bay to Glenarm, and the stony or boulder clays of Cheshire and Lancashire.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Cretaceous Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Vicarious avicularia, that is to say avicularia substantially as large as zoœcia, have rarely been figured among the Cretaceous Cribrilinidse, the only good instances I call to mind being Escharipora incrassata, D'Orb., Membraniporella (Cribrilina) Falcoburgensis, Perg., the illustration of which shows a clear case, although no reference is made to it in the text, and Cribrilina ostreicola, Bryd. They are not, however, by any means so rare as this might suggest, and the four following species are probably not the only instances which will ultimately be added from the English Chalk.
II.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

In the three preceding papers of this series descriptions have been given of the perignatliie girdles of familiar representatives of the three families into which the Holectypoida are at present divided. From the scanty evidence available, it would appear that in respect of this structure Plesiechinus is typical of the Pygasteridæ (even including Anorthopygus). The girtile of Holectypus seems essentially similar, thereby differing from that of the Discoidiinse; but as yet the perignathic structures of the Cretaceous Coenholectypus are unknown.
III.—The Suffolk Boxstones and their probable Age
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

The detrital matter underlying the Suffolk and N.W. Essex Crags forms an incongruous mass of disrupted local rocks and fossils, supplemented by a few transported boulders of igneous and sedimentary rocks of different ages and mostly small. To these have to be added organic remains of many classes in various conditions of preservation.
VI.—The Genotypes of certain Polyzoan Genera
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In working through the literature of Cretaceous Cribrimorph Polyzoa, it has been found necessary to determine the significance of the genera under which the different Cretaceous species have been placed by various authors, and, consequently, the genotypes of these genera. In several cases where a genus has been founded upon more than one species, apparently no subsequent author has definitely chosen a genolectotype from the several genosyntypes at his disposal; it has, therefore, seemed desirable to publish a list of certain genera under which various authors have placed Cretaceous Cribrimorph forms, namely those of which the genotype is or has been in doubt. It is hoped thus to simplify the work of future authors and to reduce to less confusion the somewhat chaotic use of certain names.
II.—Æolian Drift or Blowing Sand, Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In many parts of the world large accumulations of blowing sand exist, either on the sea-board or inland. When inland it usually is composed for the most part of silicious particles; but when in the neighbourhood of the sea, it is more or less mixed with shells, corals, etc.; moreover, it may merge into shell-sand, a highly calcareous Drift, formed of the débris of shells, coral, madrepore, and other marine organic remains.
III.—On the Mollusca of the Crag-formation of Iceland
Authors: Mörch O. A. L.
Published: May 2009

The fossils of the volcanic Islands of the Atlantic Ocean, St. Helena, Madeira, Teneriffe, and Iceland, have a specialinterest, as giving dates relative to the supposed Atlantic Continent. The fossil land-shells of St. Helena and Madeira appear to belong to a period corresponding to the Crag-formation of England. The marine fossils of the Canaries, on the contrary, belong to a somewhat more ancient period.
IV.—The Butley Crag Pits
Authors: Bell Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the July Number of the Geological Magazine a well-known geologist has endeavoured to prove the existenceof sands of the Chillesford age in the Crag Pits near Butley, referring more especially to that on the Neutral Farm, nearthe Oyster Inn; and as I cannot agree with this opinion, I venture to lay before the readers of the Magazine some of the notes upon which I ground my dissent.
I.—Notes on the Genus Phaneropleuron (Huxley), with a Description of a New Species from the Carboniferous Formation
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H.
Published: May 2009

The genus Phaneropleuron was instituted by Professor Huxley, in 1869, for the reception of that singular fish P. Andersoni, from the Upper Devonian Yellow Sandstone of Dura Den, in Fifeshire, which species was also subsequently described by him in the tenth Decade of the Geological Survey, published in 1861. In the present communication 1 have to add a second species, from the Lower Carboniferous strata (Burdiehouse Limestone) of Edinburghshire, by which our knowledge of the genus is thus certainly carried a stage further unwards in the geological series.
II.—On a Cirque in the Syenite Hills of Skye
Authors: Bonnet T. G.
Published: May 2009

In a communication to the Geological Society, “On the formation of Cirques, and their bearing upon theories attributing the excavation of Alpine valleys mainly to the action of Glaciers,” I confined myself to the examination of Cirques in sedimentary strata, and these to a large extent calcareous. I observed this restriction because the most typical examples, so far as I could ascertain, lay in non-crystalline districts, and because my own experience bad not presented to me any very striking instances in other districts. The present brief paper is an attempt to show that, under favourable circumstances, the principles there laid down may also be applied to regions wherein crystalline rock exists.
II.—On Two Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain
Authors: Carruthers William
Published: May 2009

It is a singular coincidence that in a former communication to this Magazine (Vol. VI., p. 1) I described, among other Coniferous fruits, two from the Gault at Folkestone, the one the cone of a pine, and the other of a Wellingtonia, and that in this communication I propose to describe two hitherto unknown fruits from the same deposit and found at the same locality, belonging also the one to a Wellingtonia and the other to a pine. Although the small pinecone already described (Pinites gracilis) differs in form and in the arrangement of the scales from any known cone, recent or fossil, it is more nearly related to that group of the section Pinea, the members of which are now associated with the Wellingtonias in the west of North America, than with any other member of the great genus Pinus. I, however, hesitated to refer to this interesting fact, because the occurrence of the two cones in the Gault might have been due to their being accidentally brought into the same silt by rivers having widely separated drainage areas. And it is easier to keep back generalizations based on imperfect data, than to suppress them after publication, when in the progress of investigation they are shown to be false. But I have now to describe a second pinecone more closely related to the Californian species of Pinea, and with it a new species of Wellingtonia. These surely point with tolerable certainty to the existence of a Coniferous vegetation on the high lands of the Upper Cretaceous period having a fades similar to that now existing in the mountains on the west of North America, between the thirtieth and fortieth parallels of latitude. No fossil referable to Sequoia has hitherto been found in strata older than the Gault, and here on the first appearance of the genus we find it associated with pines of the same group that now flourish by its side in the New World.
IV.—The Interior of the Earth
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

When I received the invitation to open this discussion my first feeling was of diffidence, for, the interior of the earth being necessarily inaccessible to direct observation, the solution of the problems connected with it has principally been left to mathematical research, and this must remain the final court of appeal. In these circumstances it seemed verging on presumptuousness to address an audience consisting so largely of mathematicians in inauguration of a discussion on the interior of the earth. Second thoughts showed that there was much to he said against this view, for, though mathematics is the court of appeal, it can only decide on the facts placed before it by the sciences of observation, and so the discussion seems profitably prefaced by a statement of the leading facts which have been collected, and those conclusions which are so directly derived from them as to have almost the validity of observation.
V.—Notes on Chelonia from the Purbeck, Wealden and London-clay
Authors: Lydekker R. , Boulenger G. A.
Published: May 2009

Introductory.—The writers having had occasion, in company with Mr. Davies, to examine the greater number of the remains of English fossil Emydine and Pleurodiran Chelonia in the collection of the British Museum, with a view both to their rearrangement in the cases and the determination of their affinities, and having in the course of such examination been enabled to add several genera to the British fauna, as well as to make certain emendations in regard to the age and affinity of some of the previously-described forms, have thought it advisable to put their observations on record.
II.—The Rhyolites of Wuenheim, Vosges
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

In a paper recently read before the Geological Society, I ventured the conclusion that the bulk at least of the “pyromerides” of the Continent would be found to be altered lavas of an originally glassy character. The careful drawings and descriptions of various petrographers formed a strong chain of evidence; and the observations of Mr. T. Davies on materials from Bouley Bay, Jersey, seemed to establish beyond a doubt the connection between rocks authoritatively styled pyromerides and those regarded in this country as ancient rhyolites. Last autumn I visited one of the most typical continental localities, the richly-wooded Tiefenbach valley west of Wuenheim in the Vosges, and a few notes on specimens then, collected may possibly be of interest to workers in a similar field.
VI.—On a New Species of Holocenturm from the Miocene of Malta; with a List of Fossil Berycidæ hitherto Described
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Very little information has hitherto been published in regard to the fossil fishes of the well-known Miocene formation of the Maltese Islands. Dr. Leith Adams enumerates seventeen species in his latest contribution to the subject, but these are almost exclusively founded upon detached teeth. It is, therefore, of considerable interest to be able to place on record the discovery of a new and tolerably complete fish, obtained from an excavation made some months ago for new docks in the harbour of Valetta.
III.—On Ammonites serpentinus, Reinecke, Am. falcifer, Sowb., Am. elegans, Sowb., Am. Elegans, Young, etc.
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

I have had occasion lately to thoroughly investigate these and other allied Ammonites, partly because it has been important to me that I should know the true affinities of these species, partly because my attention was directed to certain still obscure points with regard to their identification, and partly on account of the statement by the late Dr. Wright that Am. serpentinus and Am. falcifer were the same species. In pursuing my investigations I have received a great deal of assistance from Dr. E. Hang's Beiträge zu einer Monographie der Ammoniten-gattung Harpoceras, which I am pleased to acknowledge, although I do not find myself able to agree with him in one or two small points which I will presently mention. Meanwhile, by the aid of a few references to well-known works, I will indicate the Ammonites so that they may be understood.
IV.—Note on the Occurrence of the Zone of A. quadratus (Sub-zone of Offaster pilula) near Inkpen, Berks
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Along the narrow belt of Upper Chalk that forms the northern margin of the Vale of Ham (or Shalbourne), a sunken and picturesque lane passes from the village of Inkpen in a direct line to Shalbourne. At a distance of about a quarter of a mile west of the cross-roads in the village (and about the same north-west of the church), the 500 ft. contour crosses this road. On the new series Survey map (Sheet 267) a quarry is marked on the northern side of the road near this point, and a northerly dip of 25° is recorded. The quarry is now almost completely grassed over, but about 100 yards to the east of it (practically on the line of the shaft of the arrow on the map) there is an open road-cutting, giving access to the Chalk, on both sides of the road.
III.—The genus Bouchardia (Brachiopoda) and the Age of the Younger Beds of Seymour Island, West Antarctic
Authors: Thomson J. Allan
Published: May 2009

Shells with the external aspect of Bouchardia have been known for some time from the New Zealand Tertiary (Oamaruian), and were first described by Hutton in 1905 under the names of Bouchardia rhizoida and B. tapirina. The correctness of this generic ascription was doubted by von Ihering, who stated that the shells lacked the characteristic external form of Bouchardia. In this, however, von Ihering was mistaken, probably owing to the unsatisfactory nature of Hutton's figures, for these species agree externally with Bouchardia in the very characters which he supposes they lack, viz., the very sharp beak ridges, the more or less straight sides, and the presence of a longitudinal cord over the suture of the deltidial plates. The most characteristic external feature of the shell of Bouchardia is that the sharp beak ridges unite in an apex dorsally of the foramen, i.e. the foramen is epithyrid. In Hutton's supposed Bouchardiæ the foramen is permesothyrid, but almost epithyrid.
II.—The Lias of South Lincolnshire
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

But while it is difficult to collect fossils in situ in the upper part of the Lower Lias, a very good knowledge of the fauna is obtained from the material which may be collected on the tunnel heaps between Old Dalbyand Saxelby. I have been permitted to study the large collection of specimens from these heaps which are preserved at University College, Nottingham, and the Engineer of the Midland Railway Company gave me leave to make small excavations. The following lists give some idea of the fauna, which contains abundant Ammonites, especially of the genera Tragophylloceras, Polymorphites, and Platypleuroceras. The Foraminifera likewise are unusually interesting; a list of genera identified by Wilson has already been given by Quilter; according to the list given by H. B. Woodward no Textularia-like form is known from the Lias of any other British locality.
V.—Notes on Yunnan Cystidea. III. Sinocystis compared with similar genera
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The Diploporita, to which Order Sinocystis clearly belongs, have J been divided into Families according to the greater or less extension of the subvective system over the theca and the modifications thus induced in the arrangement of the thecal plates. All those in which the epithecal food-grooves do not extend beyond the adoral circlet of plates are referred to the Sphæronidæ. The line between the Sphæronidæ and the more advanced Glyptosphæridæ cannot be drawn rigidly, and such a genus as Proteocystis constitutes a natural transition. Sinocystis, however, comes well within this boundary.
II.—Note on the Effect of Pressure upon Serpentine in the Pennine Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In some parts of the Alps serpentine is by no means a rare rock; indeed it is commoner than some geologists (myself included) once supposed, because much that was formerly comprehended under the term ‘serpentinous schist’ now proves to be true serpentine modified by the effects of pressure.
VII.—Note on Dynamic-Metamorphism
Authors: Irving
Published: May 2009

I Have elsewhere pointed out the importance of the two factors —(1) the lateral force which produces the metataxic work (quâ cleavage), (2) the resistance offered to the movement of the constituent particles of a rock-mass in the direction of cleavage-dip (in some cases) by the dead weight of the superincumbent mass; the relative value of the two modifying (in the case of a deep-seated rock-mass) the whole metataxic result. Mr. Harker applies the idea in some criticisms of a paper of General MacMahon's on the “Crumpled Culm-measures of Bude ” (See Geol. Mag. April, 1890).
III.—On the Occurrence of Chonetes Pratti, Davidson, in the Carboniferous Rocks of Western Australia
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

The Government of Western Australia, through their Geologist, Harry Page Woodward, Esq., F.G.S., has recently presented to the British Museum an important series of Palæozoic invertebrate fossils which have been collected from various localities during the progress of the geological survey of that colony.
VI.—Notes on the Erosive Power of Glaciers, as Seen in Norway
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

During last summer it was my good fortune to visit the three largest snowfields in Norway, namely, Folgefond, at the head of Hardangerfjord, in Southern Norway, whose area is 108 square miles; the Jostedalsfond, two degrees to the northward, and beyond Sognefjord, whose area is 580 square miles, and the largest snowfield in Europe; and the Svartisen, of nearly equal area, extending from just inside the Arctic Circle for 44 miles to the northward. All of these snowfields send down glaciers to within from 50 to 1200 feet of the sea.
V.—On the Gold-fields (?) of South Africa
Authors: Gregory James R.
Published: May 2009

Gold is said to have been found in South Africa, and very probably it is. I have myself an undoubted specimen from the copper mines in Namaqualand, in which the gold is imbedded and associated with silicate of copper or chrysocolla; but with regard to the “diggings,” as they are called by the Cape papers, and which are situated some considerable distance up beyond the Great Orange River, and north and west of Natal, the question is whether the gold is in sufficient quantity to pay for the labour and expense of its production. It is certainly very premature to call this auriferous district “Gold diggings” and “Gold fields,” when really not ten ounces of gold have as yet been produced altogether in something like twelve months. Parties have been up and returned, each on some very trivial excuse. Some travellers describe the gold quartz as containing gold in large quantities, and yet they have not obtained satisfactory specimens themselves, although these “rich beds (it is said) extended over many miles of country, and rich gold quartz could be had almost for the trouble of picking it up.” The great idea seems to be in getting persons to come out on a wild-goose-chase, when nothing definite is known about these wonderful “diggings.” Ancient furnaces are said to be found in the neighbourhood, and of course plenty of fuel!!
V.—On the Occurrence of Lemmings and other Rodents in the Brick-Earth of the Thames Valley
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding the large number of Mammalian remains which have been found in the Brick-Earth of the Thames Valley, they have for the most part been portions of the larger forms, and very few examples of the smaller Mammals have hitherto been discovered. Professor W. Boyd Dawkins and Mr. W. A. Sanford (Brit. Pleist. Mam. Pal. Soc. vol. for 1864, p. xxxvi, 1866) have noticed the occurrence of Arvicola amphibia in the Pleistocene of Ilford, Crayford, and Erith; while from the last-named locality Mr. R. W. Cheadle (Proc. W. London Sci. Assoc. vol. i. p. 71, 1876) recorded the remains of Spermophilus, which Mr. Lydekker has more recently (Cat. Foss. Mam. Brit. Mus. part i. 1885, p. 212) referred to Falconer's species S. erythrogenoides.
I. On a Section Discovering the Cretaceous Beds at Ely
Authors: Seeley Harry
Published: May 2009

Except in containing small nodules of phosphate of lime, the Chalk shows no structural change where it terminates in the Ely section, but passes down almost imperceptibly into a dark greenish layer, and rests on it at an angle of about 35°. This greenish band, scarcely a foot thick, is full of nodules of phosphate of lime, and consists largely of glauconite. It is the Upper Green-sand, with Ammonites auritus, Terebratula biplicata, Dentalium ellipticum, and the usual local features. Nowhere can the passage of one rock into another be more marked than that of the Upper Greensand of this district into the Chalk. Conditions have changed a little with physical geography, but nothing suggests any break in time. About Cambridge the section is exactly the same; the Chalk just above is often flaggy, contains a few green grains, a little phosphate of lime, and the commoner Greensand fossils mixed with those of the Chalk. Sometimes, however, there are some 10 or 12 feet of dark greyish-green marls above the Upper Greensand. They are separated by sharp lines of bedding from the Chalk, are very local, and perhaps only indicate a trifling denudation of the Gault.
II.—The Rocks and Minerals of Finland
Authors: Roberts George E.
Published: May 2009

I obtained last summer, through the kindness of my venerable friend, Dr. Nils Nordenskiöld, of Helsingfors, a fine collection of Finnish focks and minerals, collected by his son, Professor Adolph Nordenskiöld, of the Academy of Science, Stockholm. Very little attention has been given in this country either to the rocks or mineral productions of this part of Northern Europe, although both are exceedingly remarkable. I propose, therefore, to introduce some of the more interesting in this article, giving at the same time a brief sketch of the general mineralogy of the land.
IV. The Fossiliferous Character of the Millstone-grit at Sweeney, near Oswestry, Shropshire
Authors: Prosser W.
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous rocks of Shropshire possess several peculiar features; and no member of the series shows these in a greater degree than the Millstone-grit, as seen on Sweeney Mountain, near Oswestry. Before discussing these features, it will not be amiss to detail briefly the character of this rock in other localities. It varies considerably in different places. For instance, in the Forest of Dean, it is a hard intractable rock. Such it is also in Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, where it is often seen in place under the Coal-measures, or in boulders on the hillsides. Varteg Hill, near Pontypool, is a most characteristic spot for it; that hillside being covered with masses of grit, of all sizes and shapes. These masses arenot unfrequently wholly made up of water-worn quartz-pebbles, occasionally as large as a hen's egg, in a cement of sand and decomposed felspar. And although hundreds of houses, with their garden-walls, have been built of them, yet considerable areas of these boulders remain. Very large blocks of this rock may be seen on the southern flanks of the Black Mountains, Caermarthenshire, above the village of Cross-Inn. The Millstone-grit of the South-Welsh Coal-field, which goes by the name of ‘Farewell Rock’— from the fact that the miner on striking it bids farewell to coal, possesses the valuable property of being able to resist successfully for a length of time the action of most intense heat, and for this reason the ‘hearths’ of iron-furnaces are constructed of it.
V.—On a Raised Beach and other Recent Formations, near Weston-super-Mare
Authors: Day E. C. H.
Published: May 2009

I cannot refrain from adding, as a supplement to my remarks upon the Raised Beaches in the Pas de Calais, a few rough notes upon a similar formation, examined by me some years since, in Birnbeck Cove, near Weston-super-Mare. The distance apart of the two localities may seem to render this association of the descriptions uncalled-for, but a similar feature in each case makes a comparison between them interesting.
V.—Note on the Silurian Rocks of Casterton Low Fell, Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland
Authors: Hughes Thomas McKennt
Published: May 2009

I Should not have presumed to publish an opinion as to the geological position of the roacks of Casterton Low Fell without having examined the typical region of Coniston and Windermere, had not Mr. Woodward thought it desirable to notice the occurrence there of a species of Ceratiocaris and asked me to furnish him with a note on the bed from which I obtained it. Having therefore collected all the evidence I could in that Limited and complicated area, I now, with the permission of the Director of the Survery, send him some extracts from my notes, which may be of interest, as showing the character and relations of the rocks there seen.
VI.—Note on Coal and Cannel
Authors: Jno. Rofe
Published: May 2009

Although many theories have been suggested to account for the formation of coal-beds, all of which agree in the vegatable origin of the coal itself, none have yet apperared which meet many of the difficulties which surround the subject of their origin, and probably they have been deposited under so many varying conditions that no one supposition would account for the difference in the constituents of the mineral, or for the mode of its formation in different localities. From the Stigmaria found in the underclay, in the great majority of cases, it seems fair to assume that the vegetation from which the coal above it was formed, grew where the coal is found, and there are other reasons for coming to the some conclusion in these cases, but in some places, where the underclay is wanting, this may be doubtful.
I.—On the Australian Tertiary Species of Trigonia
Authors: M‘Coy Frederick
Published: May 2009

As I have prepared descriptions of nearly all the fossils of Victoria collected by the Geological Survey under Mr. Selwyn for some years, I have been urged to make a preliminary publication in the Geological Magazine of some ofthe remarkable forms, and I now forward my descriptive note of the two Tertiary Trigoniœ, on account of Mr. Jenkins' paper in the May number of this Journal, in which one of them is referred to the recent T. Lamarckii. I feel assured that if Mr. Jenkins will look at the edge along the ribs, towards the beak of a recent specimen of T. Lamarckii and my T. acuticostata from the Tertiary beds, he will at once appreciate the distinctive form of the ribs which I point out and figure in the annexed woodcut.
II.—On the probable Glacial Origin of certain Phenomena of Denudation
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The pages of the Geological Magazine have lately contained some interesting articles on denudation. I wish to add some further remarks on the subject, which I think will, if duly considered, add important elements to the discussion of that problem.
V.—On Dynamic Metaporphism
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

In the originally epistolary form of my previous communication on this subject brevity was aimed at as far as possible. It was written at the time the letters therein referred to appeared, and my object in throwing out such suggestions as I have ventured to make, was to call the attention of writers on petrological subjects to the desirability of avoiding a certain looseness of thought, which seemed to attach itself not infrequently to the terms ‘chemical change’ and ‘chemical action.’
VI.–Rutile in Fireclays—Reply to Major-General MacMahon
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

In the June Number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, p. 259, Major-General MacMahon deals with my paper on fireclays, etc., and raises, with much fairness, several objections to some of my interpretations and inferences. Some of the criticisms are exactly what I should expect to be made, and were more or less present in my own mind, so that I can well see how they may arise in the minds of others.

General MacMahon appears to have somewhat overstated my views as to the “dynamic” part of the “Metamorphism” in question, owing to taking all I say as equally applying to slates and clays, which is not the case. Thus, the paragraphs he refers to on p. 168 will, I think, plainly show that I distinguish between what has taken place in clays and allied shales, and what has taken place in slates; and passages in my previous paper make this still more evident.
III.—On Orthoceratites vaginatus, Schlotheim
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

I have lately been favoured by Dr. W. Dames with a separate copy of a communication made by him to the Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, etc., dated Berlin, 18th December, 1890, in which he points out that in my Catalogue of Fossil Cephalopoda, British Museum (Nat. Hist.) part i. (1888) I have (following Eichwald) wrongly referred a certain “smooth” species of Endoceras from Reval in Esthonia, to the Orthoceratites vaginatus of v. Schlotheim,—a ribbed species.
VI.—Report on some Rock-Specimens from the Kimberley Diamond-Mines
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Raisin C. A.
Published: May 2009

[From a collection of stones obtained from the refuse-heaps of the Kimberley Mines by Mr. Louis Atkinson, a selection was made by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and, by kind permission of Prof. Bonney, was submitted to him for examination, in packets marked I.—VIII. and X. Specimen No. IX. was sent many years ago, as a traprock with garnets from the Vaal River, by Mr. Robert Crofts Jones.—T. R. J.]
VI.—On some Recent Earthquakes on the Durham Coast and their Probable Cause
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

Since the latter end of 1883 up to the present time (Sept. 1885) the inhabitants of certain portions of the town of Sunderland have been much disturbed by a series of small but distinctly sensible earth-shakes, which have caused considerable discussion in the local press and elsewhere. These shocks were chiefly felt in that quarter of the town known as the Tunstall Road, but were not absolutely limited to that locality. They were accompanied by rumblings— sometimes dull but often loud—by the rattling of crockery and furniture, and frequently by very distinct shakes of the entire framework of buildings. Often the shocks have, at night, waked up and terrified the sleeping inhabitants.
I.—Two large Obsidianites from the Raffles Museum, Singapore, and now in the Geological Department, F.M.S.
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago I was asked to look through a collection of geological specimens in the Raffles Museum, Singapore, and found in a drawer two exceptionally large obsidianites. They were not labelled, and nothing could be ascertained about their history, but an assistant in the Museum said he thought they might have come from Kelantan, a State on the east coast of the peninsula. The weights of the two obsidianites were 464 and 316.4 grams. The former and larger of the two was entrusted to a local firm to cut in half, with the result seen in Pl. VII, Fig. 1. The photograph, nevertheless, shows that there is a group of vesicles in the centre. The photographs, which are natural size, also show that there is nothing unusual about the surface of these specimens (Pl. VII, Fig. 2).
IV.—The Application of Petrological and Quantitative Methods to Stratigraphy
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

Although detrital mineral work is as yet in its infancy, sufficient has been accomplished to show that we may look to it with success for indications of changes of drainage direction, evidences of denudation by reversal of the order of respective mineral assemblages from a sequence of rocks, and generally for information regarding details of palæogeography. Professor A. de Lapparent referred to Professor L. Cayeux's work as proving the proximity of land, composed of primary rocks, to Lille in Landénian times. Dr. H. H. Thomas was able to demonstrate the change in source, and therefore in direction of drainage, of the river-borne heavy minerals in the Bunter sandstones of South Devon, the occurrence of garnets and staurolite being especially significant. Dr. T. O. Bosworth, in some preliminary work upon the detrital minerals of the Carboniferous Sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland, was led to the conclusion, partly by the respective presence and absence of garnets, that the beds could be divided into a series of great lenticular masses of sediment introduced from directions varying from north and north-west to north-east, east, and south. Mr. W. R. Smellie has discussed in rather more detail the origin of the minerals in the Upper Red Barren Measures of the Glasgow Basin, the drainage having been from the west or north-west.
II.—Note on a Hypersthene Andesite from Pitcullo, Fifeshire
Authors: Balsillie D.
Published: May 2009

Twenty-One years ago Dr. Flett in a valuable paper (Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc, vol. vii, 1897) described an exceedingly beautiful hypersthene andesite from the volcanic series of the Lower Old Red Sandstone at Dumyat in the Western Ochils. In the following brief communication I propose to give a short petrographic account of a strikingly similar rock that has occurred to me in the field in a more easterly portion of the same range of hills and which is of the same geological age.
III.—The Thickness of the Zone of Belemnitella mucronata in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

In 1908 Dr. Rowe published an account of the Chalk of the Isle of Wight with a zonal map in which the zone of Belemnitella mucronata was shown as entirely absent at some points but generally present in substantial thickness. At the two ends of the island actual measurements were made, of 150 feet at Culver Down and 475 feet at the Needles. How much of the latter thickness was measured in the cliffs and how much is made up of somewhat less satisfactory measurements at low tide on weed-covered reefs is not clear, but at any rate there must be well over 300 feet in the cliffs. This figure is sufficient to show how great a ravining of the pre-Tertiary surface of the chalk would be required for the repeated disappearances of the zone as mapped. It seems justifiable to pay some critical attention to the evidence on which such a state of things is alleged.
V.—The Genesis of Tungsten Ores
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

At the present time a large proportion of the world's supply of tungsten ores comes from secondary (detrital) deposits of various kinds, formed by the normal denudation and redeposition of primary ores exposed at the surface to the agents of weathering and transport. It is impossible to form any idea of what fraction of the world's output actually comes from these sources, since the published statistics do not draw any distinctions in this respect', but the amount is undoubtedly large. Although of such great economic value, the secondary deposits do not show any features of special interest, and a lengthy description is unnecessary.
I.—The Physiographic Significance of Laterite in Western Australia
Authors: Woolnough W. G.
Published: May 2009

During the last six or seven years a series of valuable papers bearing on the origin of laterite has appeared in the Geological Magazine. The conclusions arrived at have been somewhat diverse and contradictory. Dr. Fermor, on the one hand, regarded the laterites of India as residual in character, and believed that they represented the insoluble residues left in the process of rock weathering after the soluble constituents had been removed in solution. Mr. Simpson, at the other extreme, suggested that they represented the soluble material, leached out of the subjacent rocks during weathering under peculiar conditions, and deposited as a chemically-formed rock by precipitation at the surface of the earth.
II.—Pleistocene Glaciation of New Zealand
Authors: Park James
Published: May 2009

In the June issue of the Geological Magazine for 1917 there appears an article by Mr. C. T. Trechmann, D.Sc., F.G.S., on “The Glaciation Controversy in New Zealand”, in which he traverses my views as to the extent of the Pleistocene glaciation of this Dominion. I regret that my recent journeys to the Isle of Pines and Cape Yorke Peninsula and the irregularity of the oversea mails arising from the war conditions have prevented an earlier reply. Mr. Trechmann deals first with the glaciation of the North Island. He says it seems to him that the question of the glaciation of the North Island stands or falls with the origin of the striations on the large andesitic boulder lying near Mangaweka in the Rangitikei Valley (see Plate XIV). He selects these striations as the sole criterion of former glaciation, and argues that “if the scratches are not glacial the boulder is not glacial, and if this boulder is not glacial none of the others are glacial, and the chief evidence for a glaciation of the North Island fails”. As a matter of fact this great striated boulder was not discovered by me till 1915, or some five years after the close of the glaciation controversy between Dr. P. Marshall and myself. Its existence was unknown in 1909. At that time I relied on other evidences of glaciation that Mr. Trechmann passes over with little or no comment.
II.—In Brittany with the Geological Society of France
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

The French Geological Society last year made Finistére the object of their annual excursion, and bjr their kindness I had the great pleasure of joining the party. As Brittany is so interesting a region, already very accessible by railways, and soon to become even more so, it has occurred to me that a brief account of the excursion may be acceptable to our English geologists, and at any rate afford them an index to some localities which will well repay a visit.
IV.—On the Discovery of the Nummul in a Elegans Zone at Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight
Authors: Keeping H.
Published: May 2009

When visiting Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight, last September, I was so fortunate as to find exposed on the shore at low-water, the whole of the various strata from the Brook Bed of the Bracklesham, to the Bembridge Limestone inclusive. I have visited this locality many times, but have never before seen the Barton Series exposed.
VI.—Note on the Foliation of the Lizard Gabbro
Authors: McMahon Colonel C. A.
Published: May 2009

The appearance of Professor Bonney's letter in the December a Number of the Geological Magazine, inwhich he suggests that Mr. J. J. Harris Teall's proposed explanation of the cause of the foliation of the Lizard gabbro “ought to be regarded as an hypothesis on its probation, and should not be quoted as an undoubted fact,” emboldens me to offer some remarks on the subject.
I.—On a New Ophiurella from the Calciferocs Grit, Near Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth, Dorset
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: May 2009

Disk small, membranous, often indistinct, a character which separates this genus from Ophiura. Rays very long, slender, depressed, formed of circles of plates, four in each circle; the lateral plates are the largest, most prominent, and provided with long spines; the basal plates are small and spiniferous, and the dorsal smooth and without clothing. Mouth plates small and triangular. All the species known have been found in the Jurassic rocks.
II.—On Two Species of Palæozoic Madreporaria Hitherto Not Recognized as British
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

The present communication is the result of the examination of a considerable number of small Silurian Corals, from Wenlock and Colwall, made as long ago as 1883, and it was written with the intention of its being communicated to the Geological Society. I very much regret, however, that circumstances have arisen which render it extremely difficult, perhaps impossible, for me to place myself aga in incommunication with that body. The paper appears therefore in the pages of the Geological Magazine, a medium for publication which I hope from time to time to have recourse to.
VI.—An Outlier of Upper Bagshot Sands on London Clay
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

The chief object of this paper is to describe an unmapped outlier of Bagshot Sand, inwhich the pebble-bed, frequently met with at this level, exhibits an extraordinary thickness and compactness. It is situated at Bearwood, on the estate of John Walter, Esq., who has kindly given me every facility for investigating it. The extent of the outlier may be said to coincide approximately with the space enclosed within the 250 foot contour-line of the Six-Inch Ordnance Survey Map.