bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Belt Test for the Evaluation of the Fretting Fatigue and Adhesion Behavior of Steel Cord in Rubber
Authors: Bourgois L
Published: March 2009

An endless belt test to investigate the fretting fatigue and dynamic adhesion behavior of steel cord has been developed in the laboratory. The specimen consists of an endless belt with steel cord reinforcement in the circumferential direction. The choice of the testing conditions (stress levels) has been made so as to simulate as well as possible the maximum stresses produced in a running truck tire carcass.

The percentages of loss in cord breaking load have been measured after twenty million cycles, which equals a mileage of 72 000 km for a 11.00 R 20 tire of 16 ply rating (PR). Those percentages of loss have been measured on separate wires taken from three cords.

Further, the adhesion level before and after fatigue can be measured in a cord peel test, which consists of peeling three belt cords, each cord separated by another cord.
Design of Radial Passenger Tires with Aramid Cord Belts
Authors: Ryder DF
Published: March 2009

The design for radial passenger tires was optimized to achieve the most efficient use of a high modulus, high tenacity aramid fiber for belt reinforcement. This required balancing crown angle, belt width, footprint force distribution, and tread squirm to give even wear along with maximum cornering. Additional gains in cornering were demonstrated by using a double tread radius (smaller radius at shoulders) to increase the effectiveness of center ribs in developing lateral force. Improved tire performance resulted from modifying the cord structure to obtain higher belt stiffness.
Effect of Prestressing on Stress-Corrosion Crack Initiation in High-Strength Type 4340 Steel
Authors: Clark WG
Published: March 2009

A preliminary investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of both tension and compression prestressing (in air) on the subsequent stress-corrosion crack initiation behavior of two high-strength AISI type 4340 steels, 1240-MPa (180-ksi) and 1480-MPa (215-ksi) yield strength. Crack initiation testing was conducted with edge-notched, round tensile specimens subjected to a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas environment. Test results are expressed in terms of the critical combination of maximum elastically calculated notch stress and square root of the notch radius required to induce stress-corrosion cracking. Results show that prestressing can have a significant effect on subsequent stress-corrosion behavior. In general, tension prestressing increased the resistance to stress-corrosion crack initiation and compressive prestressing decreased the resistance. The susceptibility to stress-corrosion crack initiation was increased by as much as a factor of 4 to 1 as the result of compressive prestressing.
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics for High-Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Sadananda K , Shahinian P
Published: March 2009

Application of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameters to high-temperature fatigue crack growth is examined to determine which parameter provides a better correlation of crack growth data. It is concluded that the J-integral concept is applicable to fatigue, and methods of determination of J for both load-controlled and displacement-controlled fatigue are discussed. The J-integral parameter is shown to be better than the linear elastic parameter K in correlating fatigue crack growth, particularly so in materials that undergo metallurgical changes during test resulting in changes in flow properties. Application of the J-integral concept to time-dependent and combined cycle and time-dependent crack growth is discussed in detail.
Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Cracked Bodies with Stationary Cracks
Authors: Mall S
Published: March 2009

A dynamic finite element analysis utilizing a simple singular element (obtained from a degenerate eight-node isoparametric element) was used to investigate three elastodynamic problems with stationary cracks. The first problem, involving a centrally cracked rectangular bar (subjected to uniaxial tension with Heaviside-function time dependence) was analyzed in order to compare the present simple singular element formulation with previously developed higher order singular element formulations. In the second problem, a three-point bend specimen of birefringent material (under drop-weight testing) was analyzed to compare the dynamic stress intensity factors obtained from the present analysis with the experimental counterpart. Excellent agreement between the present results and those from previous investigations (both numerical as well as experimental) demonstrates the capability and reliability of this simple singular element formulation for solving fracture dynamics problems with stationary cracks. The third problem, involving a three-point bend specimen of A533B steel, suggests a potential application of the present method in instrumented impact tests.
Clad Failure Modeling
Authors: Ballinger R , Christensen R , Eilbert R , Oldberg S , Rumble E , Was G
Published: March 2009

The pellet-clad interaction phenomenon is the dominant present-day failure cause in Zirconium-clad uranium oxide fuel. A recently developed theory for this phenomenon is embodied in the SPEAR computer program. SPEAR's prediction of fuel failure is rooted both in mechanistic theory and in a large base of observational data. The prediction is found to be of high accuracy notwithstanding limitations in the accuracy of the mechanistic theory and the scope of the observational data base.
Metal Deformation Modeling—Stress Relaxation of Aluminum
Authors: Rohde RW , Swearengen JC
Published: March 2009

Experiments designed to test the validity of a model for rate-dependent inelastic deformation in metals are presented and discussed. The stress dependence of the strain rate in 99.99 percent pure aluminum was determined at 308 K from stress relaxation and creep experiments, and at 373 K from stress relaxation experiments. Deformation history was examined by conducting experiments subsequent to either monotonic tensile or reversed strain cyclic loading. At both temperatures and for both deformation histories, evidence of microstructural recovery was identified during the course of a relaxation experiment. The exponent characterizing recovery was found to be 20 at 308 K for both stress relaxation and creep; indicating that plastic deformation during creep and relaxation may be governed by the same kinetic law. The model is also found to predict correctly transient behavior observed in some relaxation experiments. This model apparently provides a physical basis for predicting relaxation subsequent to a variety of deformation conditions, thereby functioning as an evolutionary material law.
Report on Bending Stress Relaxation Round Robin
Authors: Parikh P
Published: March 2009

Three laboratories participated in a bending stress relaxation, round robin, test program. Elastic springback, continuous force measurement, and lift-off methods were used to determine stress remaining. Cold-rolled copper alloys CDA 110 (ETP copper) and CDA 260 (70-30 brass) at thicknesses of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 cm were utilized. All tests were conducted at 105°C up to about 200 h according to the ASTM Recommended Practice for Stress Relaxation Tests for Materials and Structures (E 328-75). The results show that the agreement among the three methods is quite good.
Slow Strain-Rate Technique: Application to Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking Studies
Authors: Theus GJ , Cels JR
Published: March 2009

This paper describes slow strain-rate test equipment, operable at elevated temperatures and pressures, that includes electrochemical potential control capability. Applications in caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) studies of both nuclear steam generator and fossil boiler materials are presented. Electrochemical potential regions for stress corrosion cracking of Inconel alloy 600, Incoloy alloy 800, and Type 304 stainless steel are compared to results obtained using constant load specimens. Tests with titanium stabilized Alloy 800 (Sanicro 30) tubular specimens also demonstrate the effect of potential on cracking mode. A comparison of SCC test results, using both long term exposure tests and short term straining electrode tests, is made between a mild steel and its weld metal. In these examples, favorable comparisons are obtained with tests using conventional methods, proving the value and usefulness of the slow straining device in accelerating SCC studies and in defining more accurately conditions under which SCC can occur.
Dynamic Straining Stress Corrosion Test for Predicting Boiling Water Reactor Materials Performance
Authors: Clarke WL , Cowan RL , Danko JC
Published: March 2009

A dynamic straining test has been developed for rapid screening of materials relative to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in an accelerated high-temperature aqueous environment. The technique consists of conducting slow tension tests in an environment of 289 °C high-purity water with 8 ppm dissolved oxygen. This extremely aggressive environment was used in this investigation to maximize the potential for intergranular SCC. Future correlations in environments of industrial concern are required before full industrial utilization of this technique can be realized. Because of the nature of the environment, the test is conducted in an autoclave assembly using a unique sliding seal arrangement. In turn, the autoclave is connected to a recirculating, water-chemistry controlled loop system. Several applications are discussed to illustrate the use of the test method. In addition, a summary of the various qualification data correlating the dynamic straining test results with longer term constant load test results are presented.
Slow Strain-Rate Technique and Its Applications to the Environmental Stress Cracking of Nickel-Base and Cobalt-Base Alloys
Authors: Asphahani AI
Published: March 2009

The slow strain-rate technique (SSRT) was used to investigate the susceptibility of several nickel-base and cobalt-base alloys to environmental stress cracking. This technique was successful in revealing the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tendency of a given alloy in a specific environment. Yet, the measurable quantities (percent elongation, percent reduction in area, load at failure, and the total time to failure) were not always consistent indicators of the SCC phenomenon nor of its severity. Metallographic examination allowed to quantify the susceptibility to SCC through the measurement of the average “secondary stress corrosion crack” depth. The effects of strain rate, solution temperature, and solution concentration were clearly established using the SSRT. However, the effect of cold work on the susceptibility to hydroxide stress cracking was inconclusive. Also, the SSRT was not able to distinguish the SCC phenomenon from that of a “stress assisted intergranular corrosion” occurring on sensitized material.
Some Aspects of the Stress Corrosion Testing of Austenitic, Martensitic, Ferritic-Austenitic and Ferritic Types of Stainless Steel by Means of the Slow Strain-Rate Method
Authors: Mom AJA , Dencher RT , Wekken CJ v d , Schultze WA
Published: March 2009

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of six different types of stainless steel (AISI 304, 316 and 431, and Uranus 50, Orion 26-1, and Orion 28-2 from Creusot Loire) was tested in concentrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solutions by means of the slow strain-rate (SSR) method. The effects of strain rate, chloride concentration, testing temperature, electrode potential of the specimen, and the presence of inhibitors have been investigated. Test results are compared with literature data. The ferritic steel Orion 26-1, expected to be immune to SCC, was found to show some susceptibility in SSR tests. In the present SSR tests, some inhibitors were found to be completely effective in preventing SCC in MgCl2 solutions in concentrations considerably lower than reported in the literature for constant strain-type testing conditions.
Multispecimen Test Facility for High Temperature, High Pressure Slow Strain-Rate Testing
Authors: Lyle FF , Norris EB
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a slow strain-rate test facility in which 6 tension specimens may be tested simultaneously and load-versus-displacement curves for each specimen may be recorded. The facility is designed to operate at a maximum temperature of 500 K (450 °F) and a maximum pressure of 28 MPa (4 ksi). Constant crosshead displacement rates ranging from 2.5 × 10-6 to 2.5 × 101 cm/s (10-6 to 101 in./s) may be obtained. Studies of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of low alloy steels exposed to simulated sour gas well environments (hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide-water (H2S-CO2-H2O)) are described. Use of the technique to determine H2S-induced SCC susceptibility of various steels as a function of temperature is shown.
Field Evaluation of Methods for the Detection of Enteric Viruses in Marine Sediments
Authors: Gerba CP , Smith EM , Schaiberger GE , Edmond TD
Published: March 2009

This report describes a recently developed method for the quantitative detection of enteroviruses in estuarine sediments. The method involves the elution of enteroviruses adsorbed to sediment with a solution of 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetate (pH 11.0). The volume of the eluate is then reduced by membrane filter adsorption-elution into an economically assayable volume (30 to 50 ml). In laboratory experiments poliovirus type 1 (strain LSc) could be recovered from 400-ml volumes of wet sediment with an overall efficiency of 50 percent. Using this method enteroviruses were recovered from sediments of coastal areas receiving sewage discharges in both Texas and Florida. These field studies indicated a 10- to 10 000-fold greater concentration of enteroviruses in the sediment than in the overlying water on a volume basis. In laboratory studies, enteroviruses were found to survive longer in estuarine sediments than in estuarine water.
Nitrogen Transformations in Stream Sediments: 15N Studies
Authors: Chatarpaul L , Robinson JB
Published: March 2009

Laboratory studies were carried out on sediment samples taken from a perennial stream draining an agronomic watershed. Columns of sediment were placed in acrylic plastic tubes, overlain with isotopically labeled nitrate, and incubated at 15°C. An optical emission spectrometer was used to determine the excess 15N in each of the NO3, NH4, and organic nitrogen fractions at various times. It was concluded that the previously observed loss of nitrate from aerated water overlying stream sediment was indeed the result of denitrification. It was also established that nitrification and denitrification were proceeding simultaneously and that less than 2 percent of the added labeled nitrogen was immobilized.
Methodology for the Determination of Rates of Microbial Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments
Authors: Schwall LR , Herbes SE
Published: March 2009

A methodology has been developed for measurement of aerobic rates of microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment samples. Individual 14C-labeled PAH are added to sediment aliquots in sealed vials containing potassium hydroxide (KOH) traps. Vials containing sterile sediment portions are treated similarly and serve as controls. Sediment microbial activity is halted at intervals by addition of acetone to each vial. Following quantitation of 14CO2 in each trap by liquid scintillation counting, each sediment portion is extracted with acetone in a micro-Soxhlet apparatus. Extractable 14C is separated into unaltered 14C-PAH and polar transformation products by column or thin-layer chromatography; each fraction is quantified by liquid scintillation or automated thin-layer scanning. Residual 14C is measured by combustion of extracted sediment and liquid scintillation counting of the 14CO2 evolved.

Tests show that the presence of acetone in amounts used in the assay does not significantly alter transformation rates. The measured rate of anthracene transformation was proportional to 14C-anthracene concentration at the substrate level employed, thus suggesting that addition of 14C-labeled substrate does not alter significantly the microbial transformation rate. To date sediments from three locations have been examined: a pristine stream, one receiving runoff from a petroleum storage depot, and a stream receiving a byproduct coking plant effluent discharge. Transformations of 14C-naphthalene, anthracene, and benz(a)anthracene have been observed in the two contaminated streams. Evolution of 14CO2 as a proportion of substrate added varies greatly between compounds: while 64 percent of 14C-naphthalene transformed during one assay was trapped in KOH, corresponding values for 14C-anthracene and 14C-benz(a)anthracene were 11 and 15 percent, respectively. The principal transformation product in most assays is residual 14C, which presumably has been incorporated into cells in a nonextractable form. Polar extractable metabolites are also quantitatively significant, particularly for 14C-anthracene and 14C-benz(a)anthracene, although thin-layer chromatographic patterns of metabolite formation from 14C-anthracene differ between sediments obtained from waters receiving coking plant effluent and petroleum storage runoff. The assay procedure permits a more valid estimation of microbial transformation rates in sediment than do procedures previously applied.
Toughness Properties of Vacuum Induction Melted High-Chromium Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Deverell HE
Published: March 2009

Impact transition behavior of commercial heats of three low interstitial vacuum induction melted high-chromium ferritic stainless steels was studied as a function of gage. A 50 percent shear fracture (FATT50) (fracture appearance transition temperature) of Charpy V-notch impact specimens was used as the transition criterion.

E-BRITE alloy, a 26Cr-1Mo alloy, was studied as formerly melted using electron beam refining and as currently melted by vacuum induction melting. With either melting, E-BRITE shows substantially lower impact transition at a given gage than a titanium-stabilized 26Cr-1Mo alloy made to conventional interstitial levels. Gage was observed to affect impact transition, with light gages showing lower FATT50. Slow cooling from anneal is observed to substantially increase FATT50 in comparison with water quenching. This effect is also seen in the heat-affected zone of welds. Using proper shielding and preparation, however, weld metal and base metal away from the weld show similar transition temperatures.

The other two alloys studied are high-purity materials containing 29Cr-4Mo and 29Cr-4Mo-2Ni, respectively. These are similar to E-BRITE alloy in impact behavior with the exceptions (1) that 2 percent nickel can lower water-quenched FATT50, and (2) that these alloys are sensitive to precipitation of σ and χ phases.

Full-size (10 mm) impact specimens of each alloy can show FATT50 below room temperature if satisfactorily heat-treated.
Evaluation of High-Purity 26Cr-1Mo Ferritic Stainless Steel Welds by Burst Tests
Authors: Scribner LA
Published: March 2009

The objective of the testing program was to evaluate the toughness of the welds in high-purity 26Cr-1Mo ferritic stainless steel. The method used to determine the toughness was by bursting heavy-walled pipe. The burst specimens incorporated a longitudinal through-thickness weld that contained a machined notch part way through the wall thickness. A burst test specimen geometry was developed which tested the weld, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal at the same time. Successful welding was done using the gas tungsten-arc welding (GTAW) method and an argon purge. The results of the investigation showed that the 26Cr-1Mo weld deposit and HAZ were brittle at room temperature. The welds were then made of a root pass of 26Cr-1Mo followed by filler passes of Hastelloy C-276 and a postweld heat treatment. The results of the composite welded specimens showed that the weld was now tough, because of the Hastelloy C-276, while the HAZ had a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature between room temperature and 65°C (150°F). The specimens were evaluated by visual characterization of the fracture appearance.
Effect of Electrode Coating on the High-temperature Mechanical Properties of Aisi 316 Austenitic Weld Metals
Authors: Thomas RG
Published: March 2009

It is generally recognized that the long-term ductility of AISI 316 stainless steel weld metal is inferior to that of the parent metal but is influenced by weld metal composition. The present work is the initial part of a broadly based investigation of the high-temperature mechanical properties of AISI 316 weld metals. In particular, the correlation between manual metal-arc (MMA) electrode constitution and weld deposit tensile strength and ductility at temperatures between 500 and 700°C has been examined. It was found that these material properties depended upon the basicity of the electrode coating, and the observed variations have been explained in terms of differences in weld metal composition arising from changes in the slag/metal reactions which occur during welding.

Phosphorus and boron levels have also been investigated. Variations in the former have no effect on tensile properties, while 60-ppm boron increases deposit strength without significantly reducing ductility. This is probably a consequence of the effect of boron on the microstructural stability of the weld metal.
The Use of Ground Vulcanized Rubber in Asphalt
Authors: Huffman JE
Published: March 2009

In the early 1960's a concept was developed in Arizona primarily to overcome the problem of the early reflection of fatigue cracking in asphalt pavements. The concept was based on a composite material of asphalt cement and a high percentage of ground vulcanized rubber from recycled tires. The resulting asphalt rubber was used initially or special pavement surface treatments, but usage has expanded to interlayers for overlays, for crack and joint sealing, membraning for the control of expansive clays, and very recently as a binder for asphalt concrete mixtures for thin interlayers and overlays. Laboratory research and field experimentation continue to be directed toward achieving a better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of this asphalt rubber material and their relationship to field performance.
Application of Surface Analysis for Electronic Devices
Authors: Holloway PH
Published: March 2009

The principles of Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry are discussed, and their applications in the processing of electronic devices are illustrated. Electronic device processing is divided into five areas: (1) substrate and substrate processing, (2) deposited films, (3) patterning, (4) interconnection, and (5) compatibility. Examples are given in each area in which surface analysis has been used to great advantage in solving processing problems and improving technology.
Comparative AES, ESCA, and SIMS Investigation of Oxide Films on Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys
Authors: Conner GR
Published: March 2009

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses were conducted on oxide films formed at room temperature on iron-nickel-chromium alloys. Results are given for controlled oxidation of sputter-cleaned surfaces with highly pure oxygen and sequential analysis by the three techniques. Mixed iron-chromium oxide films of approximately 25 Å were formed at 0.67 to 0.93 µPa∙s. ESCA and SIMS results confirm the initial formation of a mixed iron-chromium trivalent oxide ((Fe,Cr)2O3) and suggest that a mixed divalent iron—trivalent chromium oxide (FeCr2O4) is also formed in the oxide film.
Moisture Accumulation and Movements in Roof Insulation
Authors: Perrine EL
Published: March 2009

The physical properties of specific insulations, such as air and water vapor permeabilities, absorptivity, and thermal diffusivity, influence the amount of water collected, where it will be concentrated, the effect on heat transmittance, damage related to water collection, and where water will be discharged from a roof assembly. Observations and laboratory tests will illustrate effects and show how the selection of test conditions influences conclusions reached.
Water Vapor Diffusion Through Insulated, Masonry Building Walls
Authors: Demars Y , Buck Y
Published: March 2009

The transfer of water vapor through insulated masonry walls is considered in a series of tests in an experimental station.

To discover under what conditions condensation will take place, calculations based on Glaser's theory and conventional permeability values are made, then the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results.

Conclusions are that predictions are pessimistic. It is shown that a vapor barrier system is not the definitive solution for preventing condensation on a masonry wall.
Moisture Problems in Buildings in the Subarctic
Authors: Zarling JP , Rice E , Swanson KC
Published: March 2009

Because of the long heating season and the extreme low temperatures experienced in arctic regions most buildings experience some form of moisture-related problems. These problems can range from frost buildup on windows or glaciering on window sills to ice/frost formation in the insulation within the wall cavity of the structure. The formation of ice/frost in the insulation usually goes unnoticed until a warm spell or the springtime when outdoor temperatures rise above the freezing point and melt water appears.

This paper presents several case studies of moisture migration through building materials with the subsequent damage caused by this migration. Most of the examples demonstrate that the cause of the damage was not the failure of the vapor retarder itself, but holes created in the vapor retarder due to the installation of windows, doors, vents, electrical outlets, chimneys, and structural members. Sealing the vapor retarder at these wall penetrations is difficult, which suggests a need for improved design and construction methods. A brief discussion of some possible solutions to these problems also is presented.
Discussion of a Theory of Analysis of Rate Calorimetry Which Includes Coating Absorption
Authors: Fernelius NC , Johnston GT
Published: March 2009

A simplified method of analyzing laser rate calorimetry on samples with absorbing coatings is presented. Special cases of rate calorimetry are shown to agree with previously derived cases. Results are given for samples with dissimilar faces in which the temperature rise and the reflected power in both orientations to the laser beam are measured. A computer program was written to reduce data. A sample case shows that the output requires the reflected and transmitted powers to be measured to three significant figures for meaningful results.
Laser Calorimetric Measurement of Two Photon Absorption
Authors: Bass M , Van Stryland EW , Stewart AF
Published: March 2009

A laser calorimeter has been used to measure two photon absorption in solids. This new technique provides greater sensitivity than is possible in nonlinear transmission measurements. The two photon absorption coefficients of CdTe and CdSe at 1.06 µm using ∼ 16 nsec (FWHM) pulses are 0.13 ± 0.04 cm/MW and 0.050 ± 0.014 cm/MW respectively.
Refractive Index of Strontium Fluoride
Authors: Dodge MJ
Published: March 2009

The refractive index, relative to air, of fusion-cast strontium fluoride was determined from 0.2138µm to 11.475µm by means of the minimum-deviation method. Measurements were made on a precision spectrometer at a controlled room temperature near 20 °C. The experimental data were fitted to a Sellmeier-type dispersion equation which permits refractive index interpolation within several parts in 10-5. The index of SrF2 is compared graphically with that of BaF2 and CaF2.
The Development of Fluorides for High Power Laser Optics
Authors: Ready JF , Vora H , Skogman RA , Leung KM , Bernal GE
Published: March 2009

The development of improved optical materials with low nonlinear refractive index and good vacuum ultraviolet transparency is needed for future laser systems to heat fusion targets. This program has produced lithium fluoride windows through isostatic forging of single crystalline material. For reductions around 60%, forging yields fine-grained material with considerably increased yield strength and fracture energy. The ultraviolet transparency of the material is not degraded by the forging.

This paper will describe the improvement of yield strength and fracture energy as a function of forging parameters. It will discuss measurements of optical homogeneity, optical scattering and visible and ultraviolet transmission for both the original material and the forged material.
Optical Properties of KCl Forged between Optically Polished Dies
Authors: Anderson RH , Bennett JM
Published: March 2009

Plano-plano and plano-concave KCl optcial elements have been isostatically forged using a two-step forging process in a closed die. No optical polishing was required for the finished surfaces. The initial forging was performed between teflon sheets, the sample was then water polished, and the final forging was done between optically figured fused quartz or pyrex dies. Forgings were typically done in the 200 to 275°C temperature range in a helium atmosphere at 29.65 MN/m2 (4000 psi). Measurements on the finished samples include optical figure, homogeneity, internal strain, total integrated forward and backscattering, surface texture (Nomarski microscopy), and surface roughness. The results of these measurements are compared with similar measurements on optically polished single-crystal and press-forged KCl samples.
Physical and Optical Properties of Surfaces Generated by Diamond-turning on an Advanced Machine
Authors: Decker DL , Grandjean DJ
Published: March 2009

A superprecision, two-axis, air-static bearing, diamond-turning machine of advanced design has been previously described at this Conference and is now operational. The microtopography and other physical characteristics of surfaces turned by this machine will be examined in detail. Some effects of machining parameters will be briefly discussed. The ability of this machine to turn surfaces with very small slope errors (< 10-3C) and small rms roughness (∼ 10 Å) is discussed with relation to the resulting optical absorption, scattering, and laser damage resistance. The characteristics of the machine which permit these high quality surfaces are identified, and some projections are given to the future application of diamond-turned optics at near infrared or visible wavelengths.
Optical and Metallurgical Characterization of Molybdenum Laser Mirrors
Authors: Wong SM , Krauss G , Bennett JM
Published: March 2009

A study has been performed to determine the correlation between the microstructure, metallurgical processing, and surface finish of eight specially selected molybdenum (Mo) specimens from various sources. Samples of bar and plate stock produced from pure Mo either arc-cast or pressed and sintered, and TZM (Ti-Zr-Mo) Mo alloy were examined in the form of optically polished 1 ½-inch- (3.86-cm-) diameter discs. Metallurgical characterization included hardness measurements, grain size and shape determinations from polished and etched sections, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Optical characterization consisted of measurements of total integrated scattering, rms roughness, height distribution functions, and autocovariance. In some cases, the surface roughness of as-polished mirror surfaces could be directly related to grain structure and substructure as revealed by etching. These observations and their implications for the selection of Mo starting stock to be used in the production of low-scatter laser mirrors will be discussed.
Large Giant and Free-Running Laser Pulse Energy and Power Densities Through Optical Fibers
Authors: Landry MJ
Published: March 2009

The surface threshold damage levels (STDL) and coupling efficiencies, ε, (ratio of output-to-input energy) have been determined for single and multiple optical fibers of five manufacturers. For giant laser pulses of 30 nsec duration, the largest STDL's were observed in American Optical Company fibers for single and multiple laser shots with values of 48.2 and 31.6 J/cm2, respectively. For free-running laser pulses of 100 µsec duration, the largest STDL was observed in Corning Glass Works fibers for single laser shots with a value of 4.66 kJ/cm2. For multiple laser shots increased energy caused the initial damage sites in the binding or fiber cladding materials to increase in size and cause new sites in these materials at lower STDL's than for single laser shots. The giant laser pulses caused the most severe surface damage. There is no evidence to suggest that the observed decrease in e was caused by other than the increase in damage to the input surface of the fibers.
Optical Techniques for the Determination of Pulsed Laser Damage in Thin Films
Authors: Walker TW , Guenther AH , Nielsen PE
Published: March 2009

Two techniques, to determine the occurrence of pulsed laser induced damage in thin film dielectric coatings, were compared and evaluated against normally employed methods. One of the new techniques utilized near back scattered radiation from the damaging pulse and proved to be as sensitive as the best existing optical probe method while being experimentally facile. The second new method recorded a time delayed probe pulse which was reflected from the thin film damage site. This method appears to be more sensitive to a local index of refraction change in the thin film rather than increased reflectance/scattering from the damage site. Preliminary test results show that most of the morphological damage occurs after the damaging pulse has passed.
Nondestructive Rapid Identification of Metals and Alloys by Spot Test
Authors: Wilson ML
Published: March 2009

The analyst should familiarize himself with the metals and alloys he expects to encounter including normal processing methods involved in fabricating the finished products. He should become familiar with the flow diagrams and procedures for determining constituent alloys in the various metal families listed in this publication. Normal cleaning processes must be observed on metals at test areas to remove dirt, grease, oxides, or metallic coatings such as nickel, zinc, tin, aluminum, etc., prior to performing a test. Cleaning solvents, files, or abrasives can be used as applicable. After properly cleaning the test area, the analyst should follow detailed instructions for each test relative to chemicals used, number of drops, and time allowed for each reaction. Procedures for determining constituent alloys in various metal families can be used independently of the flow diagrams; however, some tests on the flow diagrams refer the analyst to tests listed in the metal family procedures. Qualitative analysis can be performed on unknown metals and alloys by following the procedures for determining alloys in a given alloy family.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Schemel JH , Papazoglou TP
Published: March 2009

Description

The Fourth International Conference on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry was held 26-29 June 1978, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This conference was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee B10 on Refractory Metals and Alloys in cooperation with the American Nuclear Society, the British Nuclear Energy Society, and The Metals Society (U.K).. The program was planned by representatives of ASTM Subcommittee B10.02 on Zirconium and Hafnium and K. G. Sumner of British Nuclear Fuels, Ltd. J. H. Schemel, Sandvik Special Metals Corp., and K. G. Sumner, BNFL, served as the conference co-chairmen, T. P. Papazoglou, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, as editorial chairman, and H. M. Cobb, ASTM Staff, as conference coordinator.
Computer Automation of Materials Testing
Authors: Wonsiewicz BC
Published: March 2009

Description

Documents an important stage in the evolution of the computer automated testing lab. Consists of 15 papers that serve as both an overview and a detailed look at computer automation in the materials science lab.
Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements
Authors: Trechsel HR
Published: March 2009

Description

Extensive discussions on air infiltration measurements, standards, and the significance of air change rates on such factors as HVAC energy consumption, building design and codes, and indoor air pollution.
Design of Fatigue and Fracture Resistant Structures
Authors: Abelkis PR , Hudson CM
Published: March 2009

Description

This publication is a comprehensive collection of 21 papers on current structural fatigue and damage tolerance, design criteria, practices, methodology, and technology. The science of fatigue and fracture behavior is being applied to many structures that are covered in this book.
Single-Ply Roofing Technology
Authors: Gumpertz WH
Published: March 2009

Description

The symposium on Single-Ply Roofing Technology was presented at Detroit, Michigan, 24 June 1981. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing, Waterproofing, and Related Bituminous Materials and organized by D. E. Brotherson, University of Illinois, D. M. Greason, Dow Chemical Company, Bernard Jones, United States Bureau of Reclamation, J. J. Klimas, GAF Corporation, and H. E. Saint-Amour, Building Products of Canada, Ltd., H. E. Saint-Amour was symposium chairman. W. H. Gumpertz, Simpson Gumpertz & Herger Inc., was committee chairman and editor of this publication.
Bodies of Change: A Comparative Analysis of Media Representations of Body Modification Practices
Authors: Adams Josh
Published: March 2009

This article examines how mainstream media frame and represent cosmetic surgery, tattooing, and body piercing as methods of body modification. Through an analysis of seventy-two newspaper articles on cosmetic surgery, tattooing, and body piercing, this article shows how cosmetic surgery and tattooing are positively presented as consumer lifestyle options, while piercing is often negatively framed as an unhealthy and problematic practice. Similarly, findings indicate that risks associated with cosmetic surgery and tattooing are frequently downplayed, as are tattooing's associations with deviance, while the potential risks related to body piercing are overemphasized. Gender is also a prominent framing device, typically as a method of reinforcing normative appearance expectations. This article concludes by discussing how these framing techniques reflect preexisting social understandings of body modification practices while simultaneously informing and shaping the broader public opinion.
DNA Damage Mediated S and G2 Checkpoints in Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Wang XiaoQi , Lui Vincent C.H. , Poon Ronnie T.P. , Lu Ping , Poon Randy Y.C.
Published: March 2009

For mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, the importance of the S and G2 cell cycle checkpoints for genomic integrity is increased by the absence of the G1 checkpoint. We have investigated ionizing radiation (IR)-mediated cell cycle checkpoints in undifferentiated and retinoic acid-differentiated human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. Like mouse ES cells, human EC cells did not undergo G1 arrest after IR but displayed a prominent S-phase delay followed by a G2-phase delay. In contrast, although differentiated EC cells also failed to arrest at G1-phase after IR, they quickly exited S-phase and arrested in G2-phase. In differentiated EC cells, the G2-M-phase cyclin B1/CDC2 complex was upregulated after IR, but the G1-S-phase cyclin E and the cyclin E/CDK2 complex were expressed at constitutively low levels, which could be an important factor distinguishing DNA damage responses between undifferentiated and differentiated EC cells. S-phase arrest and expression of p21 could be inhibited by 7-hydroxystaurosporine, suggesting that the ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad-3-related-checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1), and p21 pathways might play a role in the IR-mediated S-phase checkpoint in EC cells. IR-mediated phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, (CHK1), and checkpoint kinase 2 were distinctly higher in undifferentiated EC cells compared with differentiated EC cells. Combined with the prominent S and G2 checkpoints and a more efficient DNA damage repair system, these mechanisms operate together in the maintenance of genome stability for EC cells.
GPR119 is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis
Authors: Lan Hong , Vassileva Galya , Corona Aaron , Liu Li , Baker Hana , Golovko Andrei , Abbondanzo Susan J , Hu Weiwen , Yang Shijun , Ning Yun , Del Vecchio Robert A , Poulet Frederique , Laverty Maureen , Gustafson Eric L , Hedrick Joseph A , Kowalski Timothy J
Published: March 2009

G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is expressed in pancreatic islets and intestine, and is involved in insulin and incretin hormone release. GPR119-knockout (Gpr119−/−) mice were reported to have normal islet morphology and normal size, body weight (BW), and fed/fasted glucose levels. However, the physiological function of GPR119 and its role in maintaining glucose homeostasis under metabolic stress remain unknown. Here, we report the phenotypes of an independently generated line of Gpr119−/− mice under basal and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Under low-fat diet feeding, Gpr119−/− mice show normal plasma glucose and lipids, but have lower BWs and lower post-prandial levels of active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Nutrient-stimulated GLP-1 release is attenuated in Gpr119−/− mice, suggesting that GPR119 plays a role in physiological regulation of GLP-1 secretion. Under HFD-feeding, both Gpr119+/+ and Gpr119−/− mice gain weight similarly, develop hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia, but not hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests did not reveal a genotypic difference. These data show that GPR119 is not essential for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, we found that oleoylethanolamide (OEA), reported as a ligand for GPR119, was able to suppress food intake in both Gpr119+/+ and Gpr119−/− mice, indicating that GPR119 is not required for the hypophagic effect of OEA. Our results demonstrate that GPR119 is important for incretin and insulin secretion, but not for appetite suppression.
Sea lice and salmon in Pacific Canada: ecology and policy
Authors: Krkošek Martin
Published: March 2009

The spread of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) from salmon farms probably contributes to declines of some native Pacific salmon populations. Migration normally protects juvenile wild Pacific salmon from the marine ectoparasite in coastal waters by separating juvenile salmon from infected wild adults that are located offshore. Farmed salmon populations dwarf natural coastal host populations, particularly in winter, leading to biomagnification of louse populations. By spring, there may be large numbers of lice on farmed salmon, and this is associated with recurrent parasite infestations of wild juvenile salmon and depressed wild salmon stocks. Abiotic (eg temperature and salinity), biotic (eg predator abundance and food availability), and management (eg periodically emptying farms and applying chemical parasiticides) factors are thought to mediate the louse threat, but none have been well studied. Policy is needed that protects undeveloped juvenile salmon habitats and that supports long‐term study of salmon ecosystems, to evaluate the sustainability of wild and farmed salmon.
From plot to landscape scale: linking tropical biodiversity measurements across spatial scales
Authors: DeFries Ruth , Rovero Francesco , Wright Patricia , Ahumada Jorge , Andelman Sandy , Brandon Katrina , Dempewolf Jan , Hansen Andrew , Hewson Jenny , Liu Jianguo
Published: March 2009

Quantitative measurements of changes in tropical biodiversity are sparse, despite wide agreement that maintaining biodiversity is a key conservation goal. Pan‐tropical networks to systematically measure plot‐level biodiversity are currently being developed to close this gap. We propose that a key component of such networks is the monitoring of human activities at broader scales around plots, to enable interpretation of biodiversity trends. This monitoring goal raises questions about the spatial extent and variables needed to capture interactions between human activities and biodiversity at multiple scales. We suggest a pragmatic approach to delineate and monitor a “zone of interaction” around biodiversity measurement sites to bridge across these scales. We identify the hydrologic, biological, and human interactions that connect local‐scale measurements with broader‐scale processes. We illustrate the concept with case studies in the Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania and Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar; however, the framework applies to other biodiversity measurement sites and monitoring networks as well.
The Importance of Cellular Phosphorus in Controlling the Uptake and Toxicity of Cadmium and Zinc in Microcystis Aeruginosa, A Freshwater Cyanobacterium
Authors: Zeng Jin , Wang Wen-Xiong
Published: March 2009

In the present study, we quantified the 4-h uptake and 48-h toxicity of Cd and Zn in a freshwater cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, under varied cellular and ambient P concentrations. After acclimation under different P conditions, the cyanobacteria had different cellular P concentrations. We found that an elevated cellular P concentration significantly promoted the short-term uptake of Cd and Zn by M. aeruginosa. With an increase in the cellular P concentration from 66 to 118 μmol/g, the uptake rates of Cd and Zn increased by 40-and 16-fold, respectively, and a significant exponential relationship between metal uptake rate and cellular P concentration was observed. The pulse amplitude-modulated parameter (maximum photosystem II quantum yield) and cell-specific growth rate were used as toxicity endpoints of cyanobacteria over 48 h of metal exposure. The P-replete cells were more tolerant of [Cd2+]or[Zn2+] than the P-starved cells but became more sensitive to Cd toxicity when incubated in a P-deficient medium. The polyphosphate bodies may have formed in the cyanobacterial cells under surplus P conditions, which can serve as a metal sink to sequester/detoxify the incoming Cd and Zn. The geometric means of median inhibition concentration based on the cellular metal to P ratio (mol:mol) were 0.041 and 0.036 for Cd and Zn, respectively. The cellular metal to P ratio was better than the cellular P concentration at predicting the toxic effects of metals under different P conditions.