bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: McGregor James S. , Crumbie John R.
Published: August 2008

The operation of prefrontal leucotomy presents many aspects; to select one in preference to another would, we feel, do the subject an injustice. We have therefore decided to treat the subject as a whole, and thus avoid limiting the scope of the paper or of any subsequent discussion.
Changes in the Output of 17-Ketosteroids After Shock Treatment, Pre-Frontal Leucotomy, and Other Procedures
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , MacLeod L. D. , Reiss Max
Published: August 2008

The estimation of the amount of neutral 17-ketosteroids excreted in the urine has attracted considerable attention, since the level of excretion (usually expressed as mgm./24 hours) can be fairly well correlated with the output of androgenic substances determined biologically (Callow et al., 1939a, b). What constitutes the normal range of daily output is still somewhat uncertain; 1.7 to 12.6 mgm. for females, 3.5 to 15 mgm. for males (Callow, 1939), 40 to 15 for normal women (Friedgood and Whidden, 1939), 4.3 to 21 mgm. (Chou and Wang, 1939), 3.5 to 14.6 mgm. for females, 9.4 to 20.4 for males (Patterson, McPhee, Greenwood, 1942) have been quoted. We have conducted investigations in a large number of cases of each sex in the last two years, and have come to regard 6 to 15 mgm. daily as the range for normal adults, females as a rule being lower in the scale than males; after middle age a somewhat reduced output is to be expected. It has been suggested (Patterson et al., 1942) that among normals higher values are related to larger body size, but we are unable to confirm this.
Corticotrophic Hormone in the Treatment of Involutional Melancholia with Hypopituitarism and Pituitary Cachexia
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Reiss Max
Published: August 2008

During the past three years some clinical applications of corticotrophic hormone have been studied, and in this paper is described a form of involutional melancholia in which hypopituitarism and secondary hypoadrenalism are factors. Nine such cases were treated with corticotrophic hormone; in addition two cases of pituitary cachexia in young women were similarly treated.
A Study of Pathological Drunkenness
Authors: Moore Norman P.
Published: August 2008

It is now generally agreed that a fuller understanding of psychotic conditions associated with alcohol can only be achieved by taking into account the whole of the psychosomatic make-up of the individual, rather than by emphasizing any specifically poisonous properties of alcohol.
Conscientious Objectors with Psychiatric States
Authors: Stalker Harry
Published: August 2008

Conscientious objection is a problem involving both personalities and society. It has important military, political, ethical, religious and sometimes psychiatric aspects. It is only where conscientious objection arises in a person who shows signs of psychiatric disorder that the psychiatrist has to take an active professional interest. He has sometimes to treat patients struggling with the problem of conscientious objection and sometimes has to report on them to the Recruiting Medical Boards. Thus this aspect of conscientious objection becomes a part of war psychiatry. My own interest in the problem was aroused by seeing a number of psychiatric patients who were objectors.
Spinal Anaesthesia in Electrical Convulsive Therapy
Authors: Shorvon H. J. , Shorvon L. M.
Published: August 2008

The value of electrical shock therapy is becoming increasingly recognized and used by psychiatrists in the treatment of depressive states, particularly of the involutional period, states of depersonalization, and to a lesser extent in schizophrenia. One of the major objections to its use, however, has been the complication of fractures, generally crush fractures of the bodies of the mid-dorsal vertebrae (thoracic 4-8), and uncommonly that of limb bones, such as the femur. Another aspect of this problem arises with the occasional case in which the use of shock therapy is desirable, but a previous fracture of the spine or limb bones, or marked bone disease with an increased liability of fracture resulting during treatment, acts as a deterrent to the physician. Even more so is the question of continuing treatment without further damage to the patient, should a fracture have unfortunately resulted before the full course of convulsions is completed. Various methods have been introduced to minimize or abolish the muscular pull producing fractures, including intravenous injections of curare, of concentrated magnesium sulphate solution, or of beta-erythoidin hydrochloride; spinal anaesthesia has been similarly employed.
Measuring Abnormal Pattern on the Revised Stanford-Binet Scale (Form L)
Authors: Myers C. Roger , Gifford Elizabeth V.
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognized that standardized tests of intelligence, when used with psychotic subjects, cease to be valid measures ofnativeintellectual endowment. This does not mean, however, that it is useless to employ such tests in the study of the mentally ill. On the contrary, the intelligence test still provides us with the best objective measure of thepresentintellectual efficiency of the patient.
Use of a Modified Takata Reaction in the Examination of the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Certain Psychoses
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

The Takata reaction has hitherto been mainly applied as a serum protein test and has been claimed useful in the diagnosis of liver disease.

It has been modified and applied to the cerebrospinal fluid (Takata-Ara (1)). Preliminary investigators found positive results in syphilis of the central nervous system, and it was thought to be a characteristic of this condition. Subsequent workers, however, found that organic conditions other than neuro-syphilis produced similar positive reactions, with the result that the test fell somewhat into disrepute. Now, however, it seems to be established that the test is indicative of a change in the albumin-globulin (euglobulin) ratios in the cerebrospinal fluid. This condition is mainly found in syphilis of the central nervous system, but occurs, of course, in other conditions affecting the central nervous system, especially where degenerative processes are involved.
Arteriosclerotic, Senile and Presenile Psychoses
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

Medicine has lately become conscious of the special problems set by the increase of life expectancy following the hygienic progress of the last half century. General interest has been roused in the modification of diseases when they occur in the middle-aged and elderly, and in the illnesses typical of the later periods of life. From this movement psychiatry has profited in so far as many problems of “geriatrics” prove to be psychological and psychiatric problems. Our knowledge of facts has been confirmed and widened and the contact with general medicine should prove fruitful (Malamud, 1941).
Delinquency and Crime
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

The modern usage of the word “delinquency” lacks precision, and some writers use it to connote all types of offences, however serious, and whatever the age of the offender, whilst others restrict its use to minor offences committed by children and young persons. A crime is described legally as an act or omission forbidden by law under pain of punishment (Harris and Wilshere, 1919), and may be regarded as conduct which the State considers to be opposed, at the time, to the welfare of the community. Kenny (1909) stated, “Crimes are wrongs whose sanction is punitive, and is remissible by the Crown, if remissible at all.”
Biochemistry of the Nervous System
Authors: Richter Derek
Published: August 2008

Biochemical research has continued in spite of the war and considerable advances have been reported during the period under review. While the task of applying this new biochemical knowledge in the field of psychiatry has hardly yet begun, the underlying chemical mechanisms concerned in nervous activity are becoming considerably clearer and a few beginnings in this direction have been made.
Vitamins B1and C in Effort Syndrome
Authors: Croft Phyllis G. , Jones Maxwell S. , Richter Derek
Published: August 2008

“Effort syndrome” is a comprehensive term applied conveniently to a group of conditions not apparently due to organic disease, characterized primarily by effort intolerance and manifesting breathlessness, palpitation, left chest pain and a subjective feeling of fatigue on even mild exertion. Vegetative lability on emotional excitement, e.g. palpitation, sweating, giddiness, etc., are described by the patient and may be objectively observed. We have found the simplest and most convenient classification of E.S. patients to be into (a) primarily constitutional, and (b) primarily neurotic groups. In the former (Group 1) the patient has had a poor physical endowment since earliest recollection, to which he has responded in a neurotic manner. In this sense there is a psychological aetiology, but the constitutional factor is the basic one. In the primarily neurotic group (Group 2) there is a definite psychopathology and the usual factors determining a neurosis apply: constitutional physical inferiority, if present, colours the whole picture, but is of only secondary importance. The whole problem has been studied in some detail in the E.S. Unit at this hospital, where more than 2,000 cases have been treated since the end of 1939 (Guttmann and Jones, 1940; Wood, 1941; Lewis, 1941; Jones and Lewis, 1941; Jones and Scarisbrick, 1941, 1942 and 1943).
The Significance of Atrophy of the Testis in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hemphill R. E.
Published: August 2008

In another paper in collaboration with Reiss and Taylor (1944) I have described and classified the state of testis function in schizophrenia, mental defect, and the common mental illnesses from an examination of specimens obtained by biopsy from 115 representative subjects, selected for adequate physical health and development. It was found convenient to classify all material in five grades according to the histological appearances. These have been fully described in our paper. In brief they indicate (1) complete normality, (2) normality with slight defects, (3) moderate atrophy, (4, 5) severe and very severe atrophy amounting in the worst cases to total loss of normal function. While we have regarded a Grade 3 specimen as significant in young subjects, it is probably not necessarily outside the normal expectation from the fourth decade upwards. Grades 4, 5 are, of course, indicative of a severe atrophying process at any age. In analysing the defects we noted and described degeneration of the seminiferous elements with changes in the tubular capsule. The basement membrane was affected first and principally, and underwent a form of hyaline degeneration. This, we felt, was the underlying cause of the atrophy of the seminiferous epithelium, and eventually led in many instances to complete destruction of lengths of the affected tubules. The interstitium was not subject to important change.
Foreign Service Neurosis
Authors: Burdon J. F.
Published: August 2008

“No man will be a sailor who has the contrivance enough to get himself into a jail, for being in a ship is being in a jail, with the chance of being drowned.”—Dr Johnson (1759).
Insulin Treatment in Neurosis
Authors: Sands Dalton E.
Published: August 2008

In recent years the scope of various physical psychiatric treatments has been defined more clearly. Broadly speaking, continuous sleep for acute and subacute anxiety reactions, electro-convulsive treatment for depressions, insulin comas for schizophrenia with or without fits, malaria for G.P.I., and so on. In 1941 my colleagues, Drs. Sargant and Craske, described a modification of insulin shock therapy for treatment of war neuroses in the Services. In 1944 we find the method maintaining its effectiveness, its indications more definite, its scope widened through trial in various psychiatric states, and checked by control experiments. From the 850 odd patients so treated at Sutton I have selected some 320 as the basis of this paper, whose courses of insulin I have given personally. The great majority of this number are civilians, and the forms of their illnesses do not differ materially from those familiar in peace time. In properly chosen cases the results are as satisfactory as with Service personnel. The treatment is free from the potential dangers of other physical methods.
Shock Therapy in the Presence of Physical Contraindications
Authors: Straker M.
Published: August 2008

Since its inception, shock therapy has become rather more restricted in its field of application. During the initial phase of enthusiasm and trial it was used freely in all the functional psychoses, but now many observers are agreed that its main usefulness lies in the group of depressive reactions and the melancholias. The results in the schizophrenic group are generally disappointing. In reviewing a large series of shock-treated cases, Penrose (1) reports 1.4 per cent: more treated schizophrenics in hospital than expected in comparison with a control group.
The Neurotic Dyspeptic Soldier
Authors: Mitchell S. D. , Mullin C. S.
Published: August 2008

Recent observers have differed considerably as to the incidence of neurosis among dyspeptics in the services. Whereas Hinds-Howell (1) only found about 8 per cent. of neurotic dyspepsia in a group of cases, Hartfall (2) considered that 60 per cent. of his cases, with or without ulcers, had a neurotic basis. A leading article in the Lancet on June 20, 1942 (3), stated that dyspepsia is often a manifestation of neurosis, that anxiety neurotic features are frequently associated, and that most patients are constitutional neuropaths.
Delinquent Defectives
Authors: Ehrenwald H. J.
Published: August 2008

The growing incidence of juvenile delinquency during the past years has become a serious concern of the general public and the authorities. Following the lead taken by the Home Office, a number of local authorities, child guidance clinics and welfare agencies have instituted inquiries into the causes and conditioning factors of juvenile crime from the social, economic and medico-psychological points of view. The institutions for the mentally defective have been faced with the same problem through the increasing number of cases referred by the juvenile courts, and Dr. D. Turner, in his Annual Report on the Royal Eastern Counties Institution, Colchester, for the year 1943, called attention to the difficulties of their management within an institution of the usual type. The question calls urgently for a settled policy regarding their disposal and treatment, and it goes without saying that this can only be attained on the ground of a better insight into the psychology of the delinquent defective.
Character Assessment from Handwriting
Authors: Marum Olga
Published: August 2008

Graphology, the theory and practice of diagnosing character from handwriting, is gradually developing from its initial stage, in which it had been the mysterious art of a few people who claimed to be especially gifted, into a science which can be taught and studied. The widespread mistrust of it is partly justified by this state of development. From a scientific point of view it needs more precision of method and terminology as well as corroboration of its results by objective methods. The description of the character as a whole and assessment of the significance of single features still depend to a large extent on the graphologist's experience and knowledge of human nature as well as on his stylistic abilities, and some other subjective factors. Moreover, only part of the accepted graphological interpretations have been based on inductive methods using statistical comparison, experiment and the like; for the rest, they have regarded handwriting as the more or less unwitting expression of the subject's personality, and they have attempted to assess this either by empathy, or by an effort to understand and explain which might itself be founded on the graphologist's private philosophy or on the psychoanalytical system. The results obtained in this way called for corroboration by statistical evidence. The present writer therefore welcomed Dr. Eysenck's suggestion to submit her graphological reports to objective control in the following way: She was to answer a questionnaire on the temperamental qualities of 50 neurotic patients, a sample of whose handwriting was given her, assess their intelligence, give a short character description, and, last of all, match the specimens of handwriting against anonymous summaries of the case-records of the patients. Her results were then compared with the patients' own answers to the questionnaire, their score in the Progressive Matrices Test, and the psychiatrist's description of the patient's character. Dr. Eysenck has reported the numerical results. In the present paper the validity of the graphological opinion on personality traits confirmed by at least one of the sources of control will be examined, and the handwriting signs of these traits will be set forth.
What is Meant by Personality?
Authors: Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

The word “personality” is being used in psychological medicine with increasing frequency. Personality tests are now to a large extent replacing pure intelligence tests, the term is frequently encountered in psychological papers, monographs and text-books, and one modern journal is even entitled Character and Personality.
The Psychoneurotic Spectrum and Dual Diagnosis
Authors: Parfitt Wing-Cmdr. D. N.
Published: August 2008

Excepting hysteria, there is a wide divergence of opinion about the proportionate incidence of the various psychoneurotic syndromes. This is more extraordinary because there is general acceptance of the meaning of current terms. Thus, very roughly, in the sense of abnormality—
The Kielder Experiment
Authors: Prewer R. R.
Published: August 2008

It is now three and a half years since the Navy opened Kielder Camp, and it has been suggested that some account might be given of its activities and of the results obtained there so far.
Principles for the Quantitative Study of Stability in a Dynamic Whole System; with some Applications to the Nervous System
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

The discovery of the nervous impulse established that the nervous system was fundamentally mechanistic, and that it was highly dynamic; and all subsequent work has confirmed these earlier views. The stabilities of inanimate dynamic systems are frequently of high importance and rich in applications. It would seem likely that an investigation of the stabilities of the nervous system would yield interesting results, but it is only recently that the importance of stability in the nervous system has been unequivocally recognized. But it has now been established that such properties are of central importance in the processes of integration and co-ordination. Advance has probably been hampered by the difficulties of the subject.
An Experiment in the Vocational Adjustment of Neurotic Patients
Authors: Halstead H. , Slater Patrick
Published: August 2008

It is well known that occupational therapy plays an essential part in the rehabilitation of psychoneurotic service patients. The usual occupations are carpentry, arts and crafts, gardening, and the like. At Mill Hill E.M.S. Neurosis Centre, marked success attended a supplementary scheme wherein selected patients underwent four-week courses at a nearby technical institute in mechanical and commercial subjects.
Mental Disorder in the Adult Defective
Authors: Rohan J. C.
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the presence of insanity and allied mental disorders only in so far as found in adult defectives. The subject of psychotic states in defectives during infancy and childhood seems to demand a separate treatment.
Report on One Hundred Female Patients Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Parker C. S.
Published: August 2008

This report concerns 100 patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy. The technique employed has followed that of Freeman and Watts.

In the case of the 47 manic-depressive patients treated the prognosis without operation was considered very poor. The majority (34/44) had failed to respond to electric convulsive therapy, which was contra-indicated in the remainder by reason of physical health. Seven out of these 47 cases had been in hospital under two years, but there was a history of many years' poor social adaptation or recurrent mental illness. The average duration of illness in the recovered cases of this manic-depressive group was 31 months. That of the failures 45 months.
Laughter in Epilepsy, with Some General Introductory Notes
Authors: Roubíček Jiří.
Published: August 2008

Laughter, known to mankind as a physiological response to happy and comical events in general, is one of the most inviting guides through human life, but sometimes it may point to various morbid states of mind.

Physiological laughter has been studied by numerous psychologists and philosophers, the pathological part of the subject and compulsive laughter by many physicians, both clinicians and anatomists. Reading through the accessible part of the extensive literature on laughter one realizes that much has not yet been quite elucidated. In recent years we have had an opportunity of following a few most interesting cases of pathological laughter. This essay has been devoted to a review of the psychological, clinical and anatomical studies, and to an analysis of our five cases and their relation to epilepsy.
Sleep-Walking and Sleep Activities
Authors: Pai M. Narasimha
Published: August 2008

Sleep-walking, which is a fairly frequent symptom in children, is less common in adults, and, though fascinating, this subject has not yet received as much attention as its importance deserves. In the Text-Book of Medicine edited by Price there is no mention of this symptom. In the medical and legal literature one often comes across the same case-histories quoted by successive writers, some of whom consider somnambulism a hysterical dissociated state, while others maintain that it is an epileptic phenomenon. A correct diagnosis is essential not only for the purpose of treatment, but also for assessing criminal responsibility. Unfortunately, the features stated to be characteristic of somnambulism would seem really to be due to more than one condition.
Mental Disorder in Released Prisoners of War
Authors: Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

After the cessation of hostilities with Japan some 60,000 Europeans were released from Prisoners of War Camps in territory under Japanese control. Of these, a high proportion were sick and were admitted to hospital. Nearly all the psychiatric cases among them were admitted to the 41 British General Hospital, Hospital Town East, Jalahalli. These cases admitted to this hospital were 60 in number, and of them 50 were considered psychotic, 6 neurotic, and in 4 no gross psychiatric disability was found. In order, adequately, to assess the significance of this incidence of mental disorder in the prison camps, a brief résumé of the conditions of imprisonment and of the state of the cases admitted to general medical wards is considered essential.
An Example of Similar Mental Disorder in Identical Twins
Authors: Palmer Harold
Published: August 2008

The following two case-records furnish an interesting example of similar mental illness occurring in identical twins, in which, however, in the one case the illness had come on endogenously, whereas in the other there was an apparent precipitating cause. Their age when seen was 25 years.
Fear Factors in Flying Personnel
Authors: Falla W. A. S.
Published: August 2008

Section I.—Introduction.

Interest in the psychological concomitants of flying was greatly stimulated by the outbreak of war in 1939. The rapid increase in size of the Royal Air Force and the ever-increasing “airmindedness” of the general public led to a far wider realization of the growing importance of this comparatively new field of enquiry.
Intelligence of Male Non-Institutionalized Epileptics of Military Age
Authors: Sheps Jack G.
Published: August 2008

The intelligence of epileptics has been studied by many investigators. Some of these studies were confined to children, some to patients in institutions, others to out-patients and a few to private patients. Some studies included institutionalized and non-institutionalized patients with no effort made to consider the two groups separately. The out-patient material was assumed to represent the best cross section of epileptics, but as Somerfeld-Ziskind and Ziskind (1) point out, patients who are not helped by the treatment tend to stop attending clinics. This bias in the material is reflected in the wide variations of the results; for example there is a range in the reported mean I.Qs. of from 113.5 to 78. There appeared to be a definite need for a study based on a wider group, representing all types of epileptics. Examination of whole sections of the population, carried out during the recent war, afford a unique opportunity for this study, for the group was absolute, and there were no selective factors except sex, age and institutionalization.
Asymmetries of Sensory Functions (Spatial and Temporal Discrimination) in Normal Persons
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

Commenting on the different symptoms produced by disturbances of the left hemisphere (aphasia, apraxia, etc.) and of the right (dreamy states, hallucinations, etc.), Hughlings Jackson on many occasions pointed out that there exists a “duality” of the brain; the anterior parts of the left hemisphere serving more controlled and objective purposes, the posterior parts of the right more subjective† and the anterior parts of the right serving more automatic purposes. Consequently, quoting Bastian and Rosenthal to support him, he tendered the suggestion that “mental” symptoms might be indicative of a disturbance particularly of the posterior parts of the right hemisphere (in right-handed people).
Contra-Indications for Leucotomy: Whom not to Leucotomize
Authors: Hutton E. L.
Published: August 2008

Now that more than six years have elapsed since the introduction of leucotomy in this country, it is becoming possible to assess more accurately its remoter effects. The increasing use that is being made of the operation bears witness to the beneficial results that have been obtained by it, but the justifiable enthusiasm occasioned by the dramatic improvements it has produced in some cases apparently resistant to all other present-day methods of treatment must be tempered by a sober consideration of all the sequelae of section of the prefrontal fibres. While it is undoubted that after it many cases are sufficiently recovered to resume a full and satisfactory social life, and an even larger number are either freed from intense misery or from hostility and aggressive impulses and enabled to take a more co-operative part in the sheltered life of a hospital community, there are a few whose behaviour following the operation is definitely less satisfactory than it was even at the height of their illness. Furthermore, even in the successful cases, certain undesirable traits have often been noted.
Clinical Problems of Repatriates
Authors: Main T. F.
Published: August 2008

In recent months most of us have seen patients who have been in the Services and who now present features of psychiatric illness. Many of them are in the ordinary run of our experience, and we have no difficulties—other than the usual ones—of understanding the origins and pattern of their present distress. By and large, the ordinary clinical breakdowns occurring in the Services were of a kind familiar to us before the war, while during the war we became familiar with most of the disturbances of behaviour and feeling produced by specific stresses of service life. Many patients with difficulties of these two kinds were discharged the Services in the past, and others have since been demobilized. The large and compelling problem of their treatment and effective rehabilitation should not blind us to another newer problem—that of ex-servicemen who made satisfactory adjustments to civilian life before the war, and to service life during the war, but who are now in severe difficulties under the stresses presented to them by their return to civilian life. In a manner unexpected by the majority, they have become ill-at-ease in familiar surroundings, phobic, depressed or irritable, asocial, confused, retarded, aggressive, antisocial or restless. There is a mass of evidence to show that in addition to the clinical symptoms which lead some of them to seek help from medical men, their damaged attitudes disrupt other aspects of their lives—social, domestic or industrial—in serious and subtle ways.
The Differential Diagnosis of a Conscious Temporary Generalized Motor Paralysis
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

The conscious involuntary immobility of which recognition has been described elsewhere (Rudolf, 1946a) appears to be a cataleptic or trance-like state. The psychological aspects have also been described (Rudolf, 1946b).
Male Urethral Smears in Mental Disorders
Authors: Hodge R. Sessions , Jackson H. M. , George Owen
Published: August 2008

In a recent communication Andrews(1) claims that smears made from the end of the urethra of sexually immature or impotent males differ markedly from the smears obtained from a normal potent male.
Obsessional States in Epileptics
Authors: Garmany Gerald
Published: August 2008

The association of obsessive compulsive states with organic disease is well known and a prolific and abundant literature dealing with it has accumulated in the last twenty years. The combination of obsessive compulsive states with epilepsy, however, has received very little attention and in some of the cases in which it has been reported it has been regarded as a coincidence. This may very well be so, but the case here described is of interest in showing the combination very clearly, and it would not perhaps be very odd if there were a small group of epileptics with obsessive compulsive states, in whom both manifestations were ascribable to a common pathology.
Leptazol Therapy in Mental Disorders: A Modification Using Sodium Amytal
Authors: Tow P. Macdonald
Published: August 2008

At a time when treatment by electrically induced convulsions is attaining a rapid and widespread popularity in clinical psychiatry, it is well to take stock of alternative methods. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method of modifying the treatment of mental disorders by leptazol (cardiazol, metrazol, phrenazol) so as to remove the unpleasantness hitherto associated with this treatment. Though leptazol therapy is still widely employed in psychiatry, its use has, for two reasons, become increasingly restricted. Firstly, it is very unpleasant for the patient; secondly, newer physical treatments, no less empirical, often yield better results in the conditions in which it was used.
The Existence of Critical Levels for the Actions of Hormones and Enzymes, with Some Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Ashby W. R.
Published: August 2008

Does convulsive therapy in the depressive states produce its effect by some action on the pituitary and hypothalamus? This is a question which we at Barnwood House and at the Burden Neurological Institute are trying to answer.
The 700th Anniversary of Bethlem
Authors: Whittaker Duncan
Published: August 2008

This year marks the seven hundredth anniversary of the foundling of the House of Bethlem. Seven hundred years! It takes us back to the very beginnings of English culture. Much in our constitution that we hold dear dates from this thirteenth century, which saw the foundation of Bethlem. In 1215 King John signed the Magna Carta, and in 1265 Simon de Montfort summoned not only the knights of the shire, but for the first time two representatives from each of the chartered boroughs, the precursor of the House of Commons. It was between these two dates on the Wednesday after the Feast of St. Luke the Evangelist, which in the year 1247 fell on 23 October, that Simon FitzMary, a citizen of London, signed the deed-poll which founded this hospital. He had given and granted to God and the church of St. Mary of Bethlem all that land of his which he had in the parish of St. Botolph without Bishopsgate London, to wit, all that he had or might have there, in houses, gardens, orchards, fish-ponds, ditches, marshes and all other things appertaining thereto as defined by their boundaries. These extended in length from the king's highway on the east to that ditch on the west which was called Depeditch, and in breadth to the land which belonged to Ralph Dunning on the north and to the land of St. Botolph's church on the south. The gift was for the formation of a priory under the rule and order of the church of Bethlem, the brothers and sisters to wear publicly upon their copes and mantles the badge of a star. He further declared in the deed poll that: “For the greater security of this gift I have placed myself and mine outside the said property, and I have solemnly put in actual possession of it, and have handed over the possession of all things aforesaid to the lord Godfrey of the family of the Prefetti of the city of Rome, at this time bishop-elect of Bethlem (as by our lord the pope confirmed) and at this time actually in England, in his own name, and in that of his successors, and in the name of the chapter of the church of Bethlem. And he has received possession of the said property, and has entered upon it in the form prescribed.”
Cerebral Symptoms in Thrombo-Angiitis Obliterans
Authors: Perk David
Published: August 2008

Von Winiwarter, in 1879, published his pathological findings in a case in which there was obliteration of the vessels of the leg due, as he considered, to a proliferative process in the intima, that is to say, an “endarteritis obliterans.” Other views on the pathology came to be propounded, notably that of van Manteuffel, who considered that consequent upon arteriosclerosis of the popliteal artery a white thrombus formed, which, spreading peripherally and becoming organized, produced the picture of an obliterative endarteritis. Twenty-five years after Winiwarter's paper Buerger published his observations based on 30 cases, with pathological studies on the vessels obtained from eleven amputated limbs. He disagreed with the views of both von Winiwarter and von Manteuffel. He found that besides an extensive obliteration of the larger arteries and veins there was a varying degree of peri-arteritis and arteriosclerotic thickening of the vessel wall, and concluded that the condition was a thrombotic process occurring in the arteries and veins, followed by organization and canalization, and not an obliterating endarteritis. He absolved the intima from any “considerable role in the genesis of the thrombotic process,” and attributed the thickening of the intima and the cellular infiltration and vascularization of the media and adventitia to the agency producing the coagulation of the blood and to the changes in the thrombus itself. He saw the final lesion as a vessel obliterated by dense connective tissue, canalized, together with some residual cellular infiltration and capillarization of the media and greater or less thickening of the adventitia and periarterial tissues, the thrombus having disappeared in the course of the development of this final result. He proposed the term “thrombo-angeitis obliterans” for the condition, and with the general adoption of the term Buerger's name came to be linked with it.
The Twenty-First Maudsley Lecture: Nosophobia
Authors: Ryle John A.
Published: August 2008

“Fear is more pain than is the pain it fears.”

Sir Philip Sidney.

In the opening chapter of his Body and Mind (1873) the physician and philosopher whom these lectures commemorate wisely insists that our inquiries into human faculties should begin with the elementary and proceed only later to the elucidation of the complex. “Surely,” he says, “it is time that we put seriously to ourselves the question whether the inductive method, which has proved its worth by its abundant fruitfulness wherever it has been faithfully applied, should not be as rigidly used in the investigation of mind as in the investigation of other natural phenomena. If so, we ought certainly to begin our inquiry with the observation of the simplest instances …” In the chapters which follow he applies this principle, and—or so it seems to me—provides a number of healthy correctives to much modern thinking and writing, and not least to the opinions of those who have allowed too little or assumed too much in their appraisals of the body-mind relationship. If we have for too long separated psyche and soma, past and present, organism and environment, individual and society, in our attempts to fathom Man, may not an extension of interest in a primitive emotion such as fear, in which the interdependence of all of these is manifest, have value?
A Method for Determining the Typicality of Personality Descriptions. (Applied to Assessing the Noticed After-Effects of Prefrontal Leucotomy.)
Authors: Raven J. C.
Published: August 2008

I. The Problem.

If we have a group of letters describing how discharged post-leucotomy patients are getting on, and what they are doing (1), it is useful to be able to determine how far the traits reported can be regarded as typical of post-leucotomy patients in general, peculiar to a particular clinical class, or unique to a single patient. Information of this kind clearly helps a doctor to predict what personality traits are likely to be noticed after the operation.
The Syndrome of Visual Alexia with Colour Agnosia
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

Cases showing alexia which is not part of a general visual agnosia or of a speech disorder (letter or word blindness, cécité verbale pure) are uncommon and deserve careful study for a variety of reasons. The conception of word blindness as loss of visual memories due to a localized cerebral lesion (Hinshelwood, 1917) has been challenged by later investigators who aimed at a more general analysis of impairment of cerebral functions. The application of the principles of Gestalt psychology has introduced new aspects into the study of word blindness. Investigations into acquired word blindness, apart from their psychological and neuro-pathological interest, are of value for the understanding of congenital word blindness which has been found to be a condition of considerable practical importance. It was the investigation of cases of acquired word blindness which led Hinshelwood to the first full description of the congenital disability.
Modern Trends in the Planning of Mental Hospitals and other Psychiatric Units in England
Authors: Webster F. C.
Published: August 2008

The mental hospital of to-day has developed in stages from the earliest of which we have any particulars.

Progress in planning and design has been gradual, with periods during which it has been pronounced. Each period has shown an advance in the lay-out and detailed arrangement of the buildings to meet the coincident advance in methods of care and treatment of the patients.
Mental Deficiency and Social Medicine
Authors: Lewis E. O.
Published: August 2008

This paper is based upon the data obtained in a survey undertaken to ascertain the incidence of mental deficiency in England and Wales. My observations will be restricted to those data that are of most interest to students of social medicine.
Contribution to the Dressing Disability As a Focal Sign and to the Imperception Phenomena
Authors: Hemphill R. E. , Klein R.
Published: August 2008

Inability to dress oneself is a rare symptom in focal brain lesions. We have observed it in two cases, a tumour expanding between the cerebral hemispheres, and a case of head injury in which the mental condition was sufficiently intact to allow a detailed analysis: In discussing the imperception phenomena of the tumour case, we have referred to certain others of relevant interest.
Some Clinical Observations On the Psychodynamic Relationship Between Depression and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

Obsessional symptoms and depression often co-exist. There are obsessional neurotics who are subject to recurrent depressions, and there are patients with marked obsessional personality features, but not suffering from an obsessional neurosis, who develop severe obsessional symptoms in the course of their depressions only. I do not agree with those writers who maintain that the typical features of the obsessional character can be found in every case of manic-depressive illness.
Observations on the use of Tridione in Disturbed Psychotics
Authors: Hall E. P.
Published: August 2008

Tridione (Abbott) is 3.5.5-Trimethyloxazolidine-2, 4-dione, and has been demonstrated clinically to have an inhibitory effect on petit mal, myoclonic and psychomotor seizures in epilepsy. Gibbs, Gibbs and Lennox first demonstrated a similarity between the cortical dysrhythmias in certain cases of schizophrenia and those of psychomotor epilepsy, whilst Kalinowsky and Putnam, as a result of these findings, gave the anti-convulsant dilantin as a successful sedative to 60 cases showing mental symptoms. Since tridione has a specific action against psychic equivalents in epilepsy, it was thought that its administration to patients showing chronic mental disturbances might result in at least a similar improvement.
The Application of Psychoanalytical Principles to the Hospital In-Patient
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

There is no need for re-stating, in general terms, the importance of the psychoanalytical contribution to psychiatry. This has been discussed here on several occasions, and possibly more seriously than in any other society of psychiatrists. I am referring to the papers read to this section by Bernard Hart (1), David Forsyth (2) and Edward Glover (3). They form a most interesting introduction into the problem of the relationship between psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis has not been the main topic of discussion in this section since Edward Glover's address on the application of psychoanalytical principles in psychiatry thirteen years ago. Since then the psychiatric scene has changed out of recognition. We have entered an era of great therapeutic activity. The hospital in-patient with whom we are concerned to-day has been subjected to a variety of physical methods, and the campaign has still not reached its peak of intensity. It is too early, at this stage, finally to assess the therapeutic value of those treatments, but we can say this much already: it is most unlikely that they will save us the trouble of studying mental illness the hard way. Psychiatry cannot afford to neglect any approach that promises to contribute to the understanding of mental phenomena. It is against this background of psychiatric developments that psychoanalysis has again been chosen for discussion here.
Electronarcosis, with Special Reference to the Treatment of Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Medlicott R. W.
Published: August 2008

Electronarcosis is a state of coma, or anaesthesia, induced and maintained by the continuous passage of electricity through the brain. Although described in animals and man many years previously, it was not introduced into psychiatry until 1944, when a group of Californian workers (Frostig et al.) experimented with its use as an alternative to insulin coma treatment in schizophrenia.
Morale and Flying Experience: Results of a Wartime Study
Authors: Stafford-Clark D.
Published: August 2008

Comparable with the misconceived diagnoses of shell shock (1) and D.A.H. (2) which were current in Army practice in the World War of 1914–18 were the terms Flying Stress (3), Aviators Fatigue (4), Aviator's Neurasthenia and the American Aeroneurosis (5), of aviation medicine. With all, a convenient label covered unjustified assumptions about pathogenesis.
The Tasks of Psychiatry
Authors: Rees J. R.
Published: August 2008

It is perhaps of some small interest that the President of the Section of Neurology delivered last week in this building an address on “The Borders of Neurology,” and that for to-night I had chosen to speak on what is obviously a related topic, the “Tasks of Psychiatry.” It is, of course, possible that behind this choice of our titles there may simply be a geriatric problem, for the President of the Section of Neurology and I worked together as members of the same Field Ambulance in the Battle of the Somme, just over 32 years ago. On the other hand, there may be more than this in it, and perhaps we really do need to define our fields rather more clearly and to make sure what our tasks are, and how we are best to meet them. In fact, I think that the question of the actual borders of psychiatry, as apart from its tasks, was dealt with quite convincingly in the Joint Report of the Royal College of Physicians, the B. M. A. Psychological Medicine Group and the Royal Medico-Psychological Association.
The Long-Term Results of Injuries of the Head. (A Medical, Economical and Sociological Survey.)∗
Authors: Rowbotham G. F.
Published: August 2008

In 1939 an inquiry was begun into the late results of the type of head injury which results from collisions on the roads, from accidents in industry and from falls in the home. Since penetrating injuries resulting from civilian accidents are extremely rare, the examples that were encountered have been eliminated from the final reckonings and so the following account is concerned entirely with the so-called closed type of injury. It must, of course, be realized that compounding and infection are common even in this type of injury, because cranial fractures frequently run across and open into the paranasal air sinuses.
Preliminary Report of Changes After Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Petrie Asenath
Published: August 2008

Considerable material is available about the effect of leucotomy on intelligence. There are, however, few reports of objective measures of changes after leucotomy in the non-intellectual aspect of personality, those changes of temperament and character which are so striking to the clinician. In order to make a small contribution to filling this gap, at the suggestion of Dr. Desmond Curran an investigation has been carried out at St. George's Hospital and its In-Patient Unit at the Atkinson Morley Hospital, London.
The Interpretation of Some Disorders of Speech
Authors: Roberts W. W.
Published: August 2008

These notes are divided into three sections. In the first, consideration is given to cases of aphasia occurring in childhood. In addition, the handedness of defectives is touched on, and there is a note on the influence of heredity. The section as a whole owes its existence to ideas set in motion by Brain's “Speech and Handedness” (Lancet, 2, 839, 1945). For that reason somewhat disparate elements are dealt with together. Section two is concerned with stammering; an endeavour is made to apply to this condition propositions put forward in the first section. Brief attention is given to bad spelling—or rather to that group of bad spellers in whom there is consistent discrepancy between their intellectual capacity and attainments, and their performance in oral and written spelling. The last section deals with “motor” or executive aphasia. A plea is put forward for the recognition of a dysarthric component in this condition. An anatomical configuration is suggested by which unilateral cortical dysarthria would become a possibility.
Some Observations on Leucotomy and Investigations by Pneumoencephalography
Authors: Donovan J. F. , Galbraith A. J. , Jackson Harvey
Published: August 2008

Leucotomy studies are now commonplace and this preliminary report on the clinical aspects of our series has probably little to add to existing ideas on the subject. Neither the case material nor our initial approach to the problem differ fundamentally from the observations expressed by various workers at a meeting held at the Royal Society of Medicine on 9 April, 1946.