bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science and the Idea of Church History, an American Debate
Authors: Bowden Henry Warner
Published: April 2006

Students of American historiography value the latter part of the nineteenth century as a period in which distinctive ideas about the nature and procedures of historical research became explicit. More specifically, it was an era when the scholarly world was greatly influenced by the ideal of scientific objectivity and exactitude. Rapid advances in scientific theory and practical application in the post-war industrial boom set a standard for reliable knowledge in all fields. In that general enthusiasm for scientific precision several practicing historians tried to align their craft with the dominant criteria of their day in hopes of winning added respect and integrity for historical writing. The acceptance of that standard in the realm of historio-graphical theory produced significant repercussions in current ideas about church history, an area which until that time had been considered a separate field of inquiry. The decades between 1884 and 1896 mark a watershed in American thought, a transition from historical sensitivity at once patriotic and hagiographical to a discipline self-consciously, perhaps naively, tied to documentary evidence. But, beyond the popular rubric of faithfulness to the written record, there was a great debate over both the possible interpretations allowed by accumulated data and the final purpose of historical information. Such questions were especially relevant to church historians because they often answered the latter query before the former. The conflicting opinions, articulated by a fresh generation of European-trained scholars, broached questions about the historian's task that continue to be pertinent today. Contemporaneous problems besetting all historians came into open conflict in this earlier period, and serious dilemmas still confront us.
Anglo-Saxon Church Dues: A Study in Historical Continuity
Authors: Chaney William A.
Published: April 2006

The problem of rendering to God what is God's is no less complex when Caesar is himself a Christian. Among the Anglo-Saxons, for example, “a Christian king is Christ's deputy among Christian people,” but both the royal role in religion and the offerings made to the divine were shaped by the Germanic heathenism which had embraced both. In the full flood of Christian monarchy in England, the ruler still participated in cosmic and earthly realms, a position presaged by that of his pagan ancestors but involving, inevitably, changing forms and problems. The king was still the head of the folk under divine auspices, and a separation of religion and royal function was as unthinkable as under paganism. The English ruler stood in a special relationship to the Divine King, and the doctrine of separation of powers between ruler and Church was as abhorrent to the latter, which had inundated the kingdoms on the tide of royal favor, as it was impracticable to the monarch. The ruler was expected to play a theological and eschatological role for his people. The view of the king as doctor of his folk—the tuba praedicationis, as Alcuin hailed Offa of Mercia—leading them to judgment, cast a religious aura about him which was to continue a ruler-cult in Christian terms.
An Episcopal Petition from the Province of Rouen, 1281
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: April 2006

The two Rouen provincial councils that were held in May 1281 and October 1282 are known only from three petitions addressed to Pope Martin IV that survive in a single manuscript. One was printed by Champollion-Figeac in 1839, another by Professor Gaines Post in 1936, but the third remains unpublished because its historical interest has not been apparent. The first two can be readily related to famous events of their day: one urged the canonization of Louis IX, while the other protested the renewal of papal privileges to the mendicant orders. The third, however, has been neglected because its contents do not seem to rise above the commonplace and trivial.
Comprehension in the Later Seventeenth Century: A Postscript
Authors: Horwitz H. G.
Published: April 2006

Within the last decade, the history of the often obscure efforts made to reach some modus vivendi between the Established Church and the Protestant Nonconformists after 1662 has attracted renewed scholarly attention.1 Recent works have stressed that during the generation dividing the Stuart Restoration from the “Glorious” Revolution, proposals for both comprehension and toleration were repeatedly mooted—sometimes in combination, and at other times in opposition to one another. But it was a scheme of limited toleration which was enacted by the “Convention” Parliament of 1689, while plans for comprehension were shelved by the Houses. Thereafter, as the late Dean of Winchester put it, “Comprehension…faded out of the realm of practical politics with the Non-juror schism and the consequent inaction of Convocation in 1689.”2
Pierre Viret's Ideas and Attitudes Concerning Humanism and Education
Authors: Linder Robert D.
Published: April 2006

Historians for some time now have tried to solve the extremely complex and very interesting problem of whether or not the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth-century represented a reaction against or an extension of Renaissance attitudes and ideas. Debate over whether or not the Reformation was essentially medieval or modern has taken several forms. One of the methods used to approach the problem has been that of studying in detail the life and thought of certain leaders of the Protestant movement in order to ascertain whether they were basically men of the Middle Ages or individuals who contributed substantially to the making of the modern world. Pierre Viret was one of those early champions of the Protestant drive for reform, in particular of that branch of the Protestant Reformation later known as Calvinism. This study represents an attempt to demonstrate to what extent he was influenced by Renaissance attitudes and ideas.
Regarding the Theological Anthropology of Theodore of Mopsuestia
Authors: Vööbus Arthur
Published: April 2006

In the research on Theodore's theology, a complication has arisen. Certain Conclusions which place Theodore's ideas in quite different perspective than the traditional have been drawn. The monograph produced by R. Devreesse established the thesis that the views which have been repeated about Theodore's convictions concerning man are erroneous and need to be corrected. The alleged deviations from the established positions as affirmed by tradition must upon closer examination be regarded as no more than myth which has gained the status of established truth. Theodore's thinking is in fact entirely within the line of orthodox tradition. He taught both the immortal status given to Adam by creation and original sin and its effects on human nature.
The Rediscovery of Ferdinand Christian Baur: A Review of the First Two Volumes of His Ausgewählte Werke
Authors: Hodgson Peter C.
Published: April 2006

The appearance of the first two volumes of a reprint edition of some of Ferdinand Christian Baur's most important writings marks an important event in contemporary historical theology: the rediscovery of a man whom Emanuel Hirsch has called “the greatest and at the same time the most controversial theologian to be produced by German evangelical Christianity since Schleiermacher.” Baur's greatness consists in his recognition of the radically historical quality of the Christian Church and Christian faith, and in his concomitant development of an historical method appropriate to a critical and theological study of the Church and its founding events, a study which he understood to be an intrinsically proper and necessary theological discipline. The controversy over Baur has been generated partially with respect to the extent of his alleged “Hegelianism,” and partially with respect to the validity of his attempt to discover the “truth” of Christianity by means of historical-critical theology. Criticism of him has arisen more often out of misunderstanding, but sometimes precisely out of recognition of what he was trying to achieve theologically. This new edition of some of his major works will help to base both acclaim and criticism on the latter rather than the former ground; and it surely will enhance our appreciation of the greatness and originality of this strangely neglected man, who stands as such an essential link between Schleiermacher at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the Ritschlians at the end, but who belongs to neither.
The Philosophes and Religion: Intellectual Origins of the Dechristianization Movement in the French Revolution
Authors: Gliozzo Charles A.
Published: April 2006

From Alphonse Aulard to Peter Gay historians have been fascinated with the attitudes of the philosophes toward religion.1 In the present essay attention falls on a neglected aspect of the question, the impact of the philosophes' ideas on the dechristianization movement in the French Revolution. Dechristianization means the attempt to suppress Christianity either by legislation or by force. In the Revolution, dechristianization took the following forms: aggressive anti-clericalism, prohibition of any Christian practice or worship either in public or private life, closing of the churches, the formation of a revolutionary calendar to replace the Christian one, and the establishment of new religious cults—the Cult of Reason and the Cult of Supreme Being. It is argued here that a direct influence can be traced from the philosophes to the dechristianizers of the Revolution. The dechristianizer did not belong to any clearly defined sociological group. He was an aristocrat like Anacharsis Cloots, or bourgeois such as Jacques René Hébert and Pierre Chaumette.2 Their ideas were nurtured from the deistic and atheistic writings of the philosophes.
Challenge and Change Within German Protestant Theological Education during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Anderson H. George
Published: April 2006

In a day when every theological curriculum is under fire and every presupposition of theological education is being questioned, there is both comfort and challenge in the discovery that things have been like that for a long time. Unfortunately, most histories of nineteenthcentury theology treat the great minds of that era in a way that emphasizes abstract relationships rather than concrete situations. Schleiermacher, Baur, Ritschl and the rest often seem to swim in a theological firmament far removed from the knotty problems of curriculum, faculty freedom, and social responsibility which beset contemporary theologians.
Another Look at John Canne
Authors: Wilson John F.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to establish a more consistent estimate of John Canne within the context of English Puritanism, 1630–1660. A further conclusion, however, is that study of a figure like Canne makes evident the need to interpret his Puritan context in new ways. This reconsideration involves at once a critical attitude toward the exaggerated emphasis on parties in the analysis of Stuart Puritanism and also an appreciation of the apocalyptic exegesis of scripture which was common in that era and which frequently issued in Millenarianism. It is beyond the scope of this paper to implement these observations but it will be argued that such an effort is required insofar as John Canne has representative significance.
A Social Gospel Experiment in Newspaper Reform: Charles M. Sheldon and the Topeka Daily Capital
Authors: Jensen Billie Barnes
Published: April 2006

One of the most interesting exponents of the social gospel in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the Reverend Charles M. Sheldon of Topeka. Among his many social crusades during his years in the pulpit was his experimentation with the editing of a daily newspaper according to Christian principles.
Calvin as an Ecumenical Churchman
Authors: McNeill John T.
Published: April 2006

Many years ago, almost on my first acquaintance with Calvin, I was impressed by a phrase in that last brief letter of his to his old companion in labor and battle, William Farel:

Live mindful of our union which, as it has been useful to the Church of God, so its fruits await us in heaven.
Money and the Man
Authors: Barzun Jacques
Published: April 2006

[The question raised by Jacques Barzun in the following article is one which deserves serious consideration by the American Society of Church History and by all who are concerned with the training of church historians. Far too often we assume that simply to do a little research, or a lot, is enough to create an adequate understanding of the church's past. Dr. Barzun, provost of Columbia University, provokes thought and may even help us use our resources more wisely. The Editors.]
Kenrick and the Paulists: A Conflict of Structures and Personalities
Authors: Marschall John P.
Published: April 2006

In spite of the nativism that agitated the United States during the second quarter of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church experienced a noticeable drift of native American converts from other denominations. Between 1841 and 1857 the increased number of converts included a significant sprinkling of Protestant ministers. The history of this movement, which had its paradigm in the Oxford Movement, will be treated more in detail elsewhere. The purpose of this essay is simply to recount the attempt by several converts to establish a religious congregation of men dedicated to the Catholic apostolate among native Americans.
John Foxe: Historiographer, Disciplinarian, Tolerationist
Authors: McNeill John T.
Published: April 2006

The occasion of this article is the appearance of V. Norskov Olsen's John Foxe and the Elizabethan Church (Berkeley, San Francisco and London: University of California Press, 1973, xi + 264 pages, $11.50). Gleanings from numerous other volumes dealing with Foxe, and from editions of his works, will also be reflected in this treatment. Professor Olsen has closely studied Foxe both as an author and as a churchman moving in the ecclesiastical environment of the Tudor era. His book, however, offers neither a biography of Foxe nor an account of the Elizabethan church. Instead it sheds light on numerous incidents in which Foxe played some part in the history of the church, and clarifies his relation to Puritanism and the establishment. The most distinct impression left in the reader's mind is that of the personality of Foxe as Olsen sees him, namely, a man of widely varied interests and talents but of unified purpose, an irenic spirit amid contending forces, playing a minor role in public while laboriously engaged in the research and writing that brought him lasting fame and influence. One paragraph seems to cry out for repetition here:
Double Justice, Diego Laynez, and the Council of Trent
Authors: Maxcey Carl E.
Published: April 2006

During the sixth session of the Council of Trent, Girolamo Seripando and others proposed a theory of justification which the council fathers felt leaned toward the Lutheran view of justification. The theory, known as duplex justitia or double justice, was reviewed by the various theologians, reflected upon, and finally rejected.
Hallelujahs, Damnations, or Norway's Reformation as Lengthy Process
Authors: Christopherson K. E.
Published: April 2006

Though one of the most Protestant nations (approximately 96 percent belong to the state Lutheran church), Norway seemingly had neither cause nor opportunity to write the history of her Reformation. For her the modern writing of history began only in the early nineteenth century, triggered by the nationalism of the Napoleonic era and the July Revolution of 1830. Lacking the Reformation era's religious polemicism, Norway produced no church historians, such as those in other countries who helped found modern historiography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There was not even a printing press in Norway until 1643. But in 1811 Norway's first university, the present University of Oslo, was founded and soon became a center for historical research and writing. Far more important, on May 17, 1814, Norwegian representatives signed their constitution, making their land a constitutional monarchy. Precipitated by the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, which tore Norway from over four centuries of royal union with Denmark, a Napoleonic “loser,” and forced her into another ninety–year royal union with victorious Sweden, this constitution, as the only one from the revolutionary era to survive the Metternichian system, became the symbol of one of the most fervent and long-lasting displays of nationalism in modern times. This nationalism is the most important key toward understanding the writing Norwegian historians have done, or not done, about their Reformation.
Deposition of Ministers in the Church of Scotland Under the Covenanters, 1638–1651
Authors: Stevenson David
Published: April 2006

The period 1638–1651 saw the first major purges of the ministry of the reformed kirk in Scotland since the Reformation. These were the forerunners of the later great purges associated with the Restoration (of monarchy and episcopacy) in the 1660s and with the Revolution and re-establishment of presbyterianism in 1688–1690. Before 1638, for all the conflicts within the kirk and in its relations with the state, deposition of ministers had been rare. J. K. Hewison's estimate of 49 deprivations or depositions in 1560–1638 is probably too low, but is of the right order. No detailed study of depositions under the covenanters has ever been made. Hewison calculated that 138 ministers were deprived in the whole of the period 1638–1660. but this figure is far too low. More recentestimates (again covering 1638–1660) of about 200, and of about 210 depositions come much nearer the truth, but they also are too low; there were more depositions than this even in 1638–1651. Considering the importance attached to the depositions after 1660 and after 1688 as indicating the acceptability to ministers of the religious changes then introduced and the extent of persecution, it is rather surprising that so little attention has been paid to the predecessors of these purges— though James Bulloch's two useful local studies of depositions do cover the whole of the seventeenth century.
“I fear God and honour the King”: John Wesley and the American Revolution
Authors: Raymond Allan
Published: April 2006

John Wesley, leader of the Methodist movement in England, was a significant figure to the unenfranchised lower class of English society. His movement roused popular spiritual and religious fervor among groups not reached by the bulk of the Anglican clergy, and he was in a position to observe and communicate with the English people in a way few others were. Many Anglicans had initially feared the Methodists as secret Jesuits or supporters of a Stuart restoration, but much of the violent opposition had declined by the 1760s. Still, little would be needed to revive action opposition to Methodist activities. It is in this connection that Wesley's activities in the era of the American Revolution should be viewed1
United Conversionist Activities Among the Jews in Great Britain 1795-1815: Pan-Evangelicalism and the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews
Authors: Martin R. H.
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with examining the British pan-evangelical impulse of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries from the perspective of a little known but very important organization called the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. The London Society, as it was better known, was a product of the same general missionary impulse that brought into being its better known sister organizations such as the London Missionary Society, the Religious Tract Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society. Like the Missionary Society out of which it evolved in 1809, the London Society was a missionary organization dedicated to evangelizing the world. It differed from the Missionary Society only in emphasis, suggesting that the Jews rather than the heathen would first be converted to Christian principles.
The Post-Civil War Racial Separations in Southern Protestantism: Another Look
Authors: Bailey Kenneth K.
Published: April 2006

Scholars who have assessed the racial attitudes of southern Protestants in the late nineteenth century have strangely neglected the pronouncements of two outspoken bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Affirming in the 1880s that white southerners would “never tamely and without protest submit to the intrusion of colored men into places of trust and profit and responsibility,” Bishop George Foster Pierce insisted that blacks had no “right on juries, [in] legislatures, or in [other] public office.” And he frowned equally on their pursuit of higher learning; advanced schooling instilled expectations of advancement “far above the station he [the Negro] was created to fill,” the churchman felt, including hopes for interracial mating. Nor was the succeeding senior Southern Methodist bishop more liberal in outlook.
A Lexicon of Christian Iconography
Authors: Metzger Bruce M.
Published: April 2006

In 1968 the first volume of a monumental publishing enterprise came from the press, Herder's Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie. The editor, the late Engelbert Kirschbaum, S.J., had planned the work to embrace six volumes, 1 to 4 dealing with general Christian themes, and 5 and 6 dealing with saints and other holy persons. The scope of the latter part, however, has subsequently been expanded, with the consequence that instead of two volumes, four will be needed to deal in a more comprehensive way with the saints that are to be included. (At the time of this writing three of these four volumes have been published.)
Religious Dissent, Women's Rights, and the Hamburger Hochschule fuer das weibliche Geschlecht in mid-nineteenth-century Germany
Authors: Prelinger Catherine M.
Published: April 2006

The German women's movement, like so much else that was progressive in modern German history, had its origins during the decade culminating in the revolution of 1848. An important and neglected source of German feminism may be found in the radical separatist congregations which appeared in both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant communions during those years. Historical interest in early German feminism has centered almost exclusively on Louise Otto-Peters, partly because of her extraordinary contribution and partly because her personal involvement gives continuity to the women's movement, linking the activities of the 1840s with the founding of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein in 1865, the association which signals the birth of the modern campaign for women's rights in Germany. Religious radicalism on the other hand was stifled in all of its organized manifestations during the reaction of the 1850s. Little survived to remind future feminists of its seminal importance to their cause. Yet Louise Otto-Peters herself felt that the nonconforming religious movement offered the single most important manifestation of female emancipation in pre-revolutionary Germany.
Jonathan Edwards as Historian
Authors: Wilson John F.
Published: April 2006

Presidential addresses to professional societies are a special kind of presentation. Undoubtedly each of us has his or her own set of categories for them: the lofty pronouncement upon the current professional scene, the prescription of a new direction for the discipline, an analysis of presuppositions prevailing in the field, and, of course, a review of and reflections upon developments in the course of the incumbent's professional years. Whether this particular typology of addresses, that is, this general classification system, accords with yours is not the point at issue. Rather, I wish to stress the moment of uncertainty which is experienced, inevitably, as one sets about the task of composing his or her contribution under the constraints of office. Quite frankly, at first I had thought to turn this problem to advantage by offering as the substance of my presentation a critical review of those presidential addresses which have graced the Society through its venerable history. This seemed to be a way that an office-holder might serve the Society in a properly historical fashion. Of course I foresaw difficulties. Should I stop analysis at a discreet distance, shall we say in 1950? Or ought I pass over the addresses of those predecessors who are still active members of the Society, especially if they might be in attendance? Such practical considerations were finally less important in dissuading me from taking this course, however, than the advice of good friends and colleagues: “Build upon your current research interests; it will be a more appropriate presentation.”
The Relations of Four Eleventh-Century Hungarian Kings with Rome in the Light of Papal Letters
Authors: Kosztolnyik Zoltan J.
Published: April 2006

In order to write about the relationship of four Hungarian kings with the Holy See during the eleventh century, one must first make acquaintance with the ecclesiastical policy of King Stephen I (ob. 1038), who established the political and religious unity of the country. One must also consider the relations with Rome and with the German court of Kings Andrew I (ob. 1060) and Solomon (1063–1074) in the 1050s through the early 1070s. Finally, it is important to point out that only Ladislas I, who reigned during the last quarter of the century and died in 1096, had shown a firm attitude toward Rome, though his policy went too far and, in the view expressed by Urban II to Coloman the Learned of Hungary (ob. 1116), led to a rapture of relations with the Holy See.
George Abbot: ‘The Wanted Archbishop’
Authors: Holland S. M.
Published: April 2006

Historians and biographers of George Abbot traditionally have viewed King James's appointment of the forty-eight year old bishop of London to the archbishopric of Canterbury on 4 March 1611 as both unexpected and unpopular. Although Fuller conceived him to be “of a more fatherly presence than those who might have been his fathers for age in the Church of England,” there was a significant body of opinion that held he was unfit for such an important post for two major reasons.
John Bergius: Irenicism and the Beginning of Official Religious Toleration in Brandenburg-Prussia
Authors: Nischan Bodo
Published: April 2006

Europe in the early seventeenth century was a continent divided along confessional lines. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Not only had the gulf between Protestants and Catholics widened there, in addition the animosity between Lutherans and Calvinists had grown to the point where members of the two Protestant churches often resented each other more than their common Catholic foe.
The Reformation Defense of Clerical Marriage in the Reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI
Authors: Yost John K.
Published: April 2006

The abolition of monastic vows and mandatory clerical celibacy and the exaltation of marriage and the family were among the most revolutionary changes in religion and ethics produced by the Reformation. Although scholars have given it too little attention, the controversy over the relative merits of marriage and celibacy, and particularly the campaign for clerical marriage, played a major role in the development of the Reformation. The law of celibacy and vows of chastity became principal topics of discussion when the reformers strove to break down the old order of medieval Christianity. The most concrete manifestation of the impact of the controversy over marriage and celibacy lay in the fact that many priests joined the Reformation movement precisely to escape the restrictions imposed upon their domestic life by the old order.
Liberal Theology and Social Conservatism: A Southern Tradition, 1840–1920
Authors: Luker Ralph E.
Published: April 2006

In the late-flowering study of religion in the South, relatively little attention has been given to its intellectual traditions. The field's rich body of literature, largely produced in the last two decades, has yielded only one serious study of theology in the region, E. Brooks Holifield'sThe Gentlemen Theologians. So great has been the historians' stress upon the heartfelt, emotional character of popular religion in the South, says Holifield, that even to inquire into a “Southern religious ‘mind’ … is to question a commonplace.” One might say that, lacking a Jonathan Edwards, the South has no call for a Perry Miller. Even Holifield felt compelled to analyze the social status of his regional divines in order to create interest in their tomes of derivative common sense theology.
Litterati, Spirituales, and Lay Christians According to Otloh of Saint Emmeram
Authors: Resnick Irven M.
Published: April 2006

It seems somewhat paradoxical that at the very time in the eleventh century when laity and clergy were most critical of the corrupt and decadent life led in many monasteries throughout Europe, one should find among reformers the most exaggerated claims for the benefits of monastic life. Peter Damian (1007–1072), one of the most ardent and indefatigable monastic reformers, provides ample evidence of this paradox.
Anthony David of Baghdad, Scribe and Monk of Mar Sabas: Arabic in the Monasteries of Palestine
Authors: Griffith Sidney H.
Published: April 2006

Forty years ago George Every called the attention of the scholarly world to the likelihood that in the oriental patriarchates after the time of John of Damascus the Arabic language increasingly became the language of the Melkite, or Roman (rūmī), community of Christians in the caliphate. They came to use Arabic, Every suggested, not only for scholarly purposes, but even for the divine liturgy, at least for the Scripture lessons.1In the years since Every made these observations it has become increasingly clear that not only was there such an increase in the use of Arabic in the church during the first Abbasid century, but that the crescendo in the use of Arabic went hand in hand with the diminishment of Greek as a language of church scholarship in the monasteries of the Holy Land from early Abbasid times, perhaps even until the Ottoman period, when the so-called “Rūm Millet” reintroduced the control of Greek speakers in the Jerusalem patriarchate.2Accordingly, one might speak of the first flowering of Christian life in Arabic in the Holy Land as having occurred during the three centuries stretching from 750, the beginning of the Abbasid caliphate, to around the year 1050, the eve of the crusader period in Near Eastern history.3And the documentary evidence for the literary activity of the Holy Land monks who wrote in Arabic during this period is largely the archive of “old south Palestinian texts” which Joshua Blau studied for his Grammar of Chrtstian Arabic.4
Confirmation and Christian Fellowship: Martin Bucer on Commitment to the Church
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: April 2006

During the last years of his ministry in Strasbourg, the Protestant reformer Martin Bucer and his fellow pastors introduced a new procedure for the exercise of church discipline, the voluntary enrollment of their parishioners in “Christian fellowships.” The parish structures created in Strasbourg have been regarded as forerunners of Pietist conventicles ever since the late seventeenth century, when Philip Jakob Spener justified his own Pietist assemblies by publishing a memorandum in which Bucer had defended the “Christian fellowships.” In the twentieth century, Gustav Anrich brought the attempt to establish “Christian fellowships” to the attention of scholars in his publication of an abridged version of Bucer's initial proposal. Anrich's student, Werner Bellardi, wrote the standard study of the movement's origin, development, and eventual disappearance on the basis of documents preserved in the Strasbourg archives. In their discussions of the movement, both Anrich and Bellardi were led astray by their assumption that Bucer originally intended to form conventicles of believers within the city's official church. In fact, those enrolled in “Christian fellowships” did not begin meeting together until the autumn of 1547, almost a year after Bucer first proposed the enrollment procedure.
John Wesley's Indebtedness to John Norris
Authors: English John C.
Published: April 2006

Several scholars, including Workman, Cragg, Dreyer, and now Henry Rack, have called attention to Wesley's endorsement of Locke's philosophy (within limits) and, more broadly, to the debt which he owed to empiricist psychology and theories of knowledge. Wesley read the Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1725 during the interval between his commencement as a Bachelor of Arts and his election to a Fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford. The book made a favorable impression which endured to the end of his life. During the decade of the eighties, for instance, Wesley published a series of extracts from the Essay, books I and II, in his Arminian Magazine (volumes 5–7, 1782–1784). He also praised The Procedure, Extent, and Limits of Human Understanding and Things Divine and Supernatural Conceived by Analogy with Things Natural and Divine, books written by Peter Browne (died 1735), an Irish bishop and philosopher whom Locke had influenced to a considerable degree. Indeed, at one juncture, Wesley expressed a preference for Browne over Locke. He wrote in his journal for 6 December 1756, “I began reading to our preachers the late Bishop of Cork's Treatise on Human Understanding, in most points far clearer and more judicious than Mr. Locke's, as well as designed to advance a better cause.”
Celebration of the Revolutionary Festivals under the Directory: A Failure of Sacrality
Authors: Byrnes Joseph F.
Published: April 2006

The French Revolutionary festivals were planned as ritualized celebrations (speeches, tableaux, parades/processions, and music) of a revolutionary myth (new nation, elect community, pantheon of political heroes) with strong resemblance tothe traditional myth and ritual celebrating creation and redemption. This myth and ritual in the case of theweekly festivalswas then placed on a day set aside in the same fashion as previously Sunday had been set aside, mythologized, and ritualized. Under the Directory government, however, the festival celebrations went into steep decline, and only the Commemorationof 14 July survived the revolutionary decade. Even so, almost twenty years ago, in a brilliant and all-encompassing essay that has become the reigning paradigm, Mona Ozouf argued that the experience of the sacred central to the Old-Regime Catholic feasts was transferred to the revolutionary festivals, and from the revolutionary festivals to the revolutionary (and post-revolutionary) government. In a chapter entitled “Popular Life and the Revolutionary Festival” she presented evidence that popular religious sentiment (love of bells, crucifixes, Maypoles, and so on) remained alive and well; and in a chapter entitled “The Revolutionary Festival: A Transfer of Sacrality,” evidence that fundamental humanconcerns (biological, social, and civic) once alive in a religious context lived on in a political context.
“The Church of Humanity”: New York's Worshipping Positivists
Authors: Harp Gillis J.
Published: April 2006

The philosophy of Auguste Comte changed irrevocably the intellectual contours of nineteenth-century Europe. In the Anglo-American world, John Stuart Mill was profoundly influenced by Comte's magisterial Cours de philosophie positive (1830–1842) and Mill's work became an important conduit through which Americans such as John Fiske, Lester F. Ward and Henry Adams encountered positivism. Comte's controversial later work (especially the Systéme de politique positive [1851–1854]) was also significant, although Mill and others became harsh critics of the so-called ‘second system.’ English admirers of Comte's bizarre social and religious blueprint did include notables, however, such as Frederic Harrison, Harriet Martineau and novelist George Eliot1.
Review Article: ‘Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy’
Authors: Bouwsma William J.
Published: April 2006

The idea for this massive work (3 vols. [Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988], xv + 492, 414, and 692 pp.) originated in a course on Renaissance humanism at Barnard College and Columbia University in the spring semester of 1979, supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and taught by the editor of the work, Professor Albert Rabil, Jr., with Professor Maristella Lorch. They agreed that recent scholarship concerned with Renaissance humanism made a new “synthesis” desirable, but that the sheer quantity of this new work put such a project beyond the competence of any individual scholar. The three volumes under review consist, therefore, of forty-one essays, mostly written specifically for them, by almost the same number of specialists. These essays were then organized into three volumes entitled, respectively, Humanism in Italy, humanism beyond Italy, and Humanism and the Disciplines.
Harriet Livermore, the Pilgrim Stranger: Female Preaching and Biblical Feminism in Early-Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Brekus Catherine A.
Published: April 2006

On a Sunday morning in January of 1827, “all the taste and fashion” of Washington, D.C., streamed toward the Capitol to witness one of the most remarkable events to take place in the gentlemanly preserve of the Hall of Representatives: Harriet Livermore, a devout evangelical and the daughter of a former Congressman, had convinced the Speaker of the House to allow her to preach to Congress. With crowds of eager spectators spilling out of the Hall and into the street, Livermore ascended into the Speaker's Chair, which served as a makeshift pulpit, and silenced a crowd of a thousand with a sermon on the text, “He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God.” Included among her audience were congressmen, senators, and President John Quincy Adams himself, who sat on the steps leading up to her feet because he could not find a free chair. According to published reports, many in the audience wept quietly as she spoke. “It savored more of inspiration than anything I ever witnessed,” one woman marvelled. “And to enjoy the frame of mind which I think she does, I would relinquish the world. Call this rhapsody if you will; but would to God you had heard her!” Livermore's sermon was such a success that she was permitted to preach to Congress again in 1832, 1838, and 1843, each time to large crowds.
The Reorientation of American Protestantism, 1835–1845
Authors: Bratt James D.
Published: April 2006

In March 1835 Charles Finney told a gathering in New York City: “If the church will do all her duty, the millennium may come in this country in three years.” This statement has often served as an epigram for the era, the motto of that movement for revivalism and social reform that, having already swept the churches, was to so infuse the culture with its moral imperatives as to make a Civil War against slavery inevitable and the hegemony of evangelical Protestantism secure. On this reading Finney's declaration marks the midpoint in a story of triumph—triumph for revival religion, and triumph for a nation that aspired to righteousness.
Are Psychiatric Disorders Brain Diseases?—A New Look at an Old Question
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: February 2024

This Viewpoint discusses whether psychiatric disorders are diseases of the brain.
Pathomics Signature for Prognosis and Chemotherapy Benefits in Stage III Colon Cancer
Authors: Jiang Wei , Wang Huaiming , Dong Xiaoyu , Yu Xian , Zhao Yandong , Chen Dexin , Yan Botao , Cheng Jiaxin , Zhuo Shuangmu , Wang Hui , Yan Jun
Published: February 2024

Importance

The current TNM staging system may not provide adequate information for prognostic purposes and to assess the potential benefits of chemotherapy for patients with stage III colon cancer.

Objective

To develop and validate a pathomics signature to estimate prognosis and benefit from chemotherapy using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E)–stained slides.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective prognostic study used data from consecutive patients with histologically confirmed stage III colon cancer at 2 medical centers between January 2012 and December 2015. A total of 114 pathomics features were extracted from digital H-E–stained images from Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, and a pathomics signature was constructed using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model in the training cohort. The associations of the pathomics signature with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Patients at the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, formed the validation cohort. Data analysis was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The prognostic accuracy of the pathomics signature as well as its association with chemotherapy response were evaluated.

Results

This study included 785 patients (mean [SD] age, 62.7 [11.1] years; 437 [55.7%] male). A pathomics signature was constructed based on 4 features. Multivariable analysis revealed that the pathomics signature was an independent factor associated with DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.46 [95% CI, 2.89-4.13]; P < .001) and OS (HR, 2.78 [95% CI, 2.34-3.31]; P < .001) in the training cohort. Incorporating the pathomics signature into pathomics nomograms resulted in better performance for the estimation of prognosis than the traditional model in a concordance index comparison in the training cohort (DFS: HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.86-0.89] vs HR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.71-0.75]; P < .001; OS: HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.84-0.86] vs HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.72-0.76]; P < .001) and validation cohort (DFS: HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.82-0.85] vs HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.67-0.72]; P < .001; OS: HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.78-0.82] vs HR, 0.69 [0.67-0.72]; P < .001). Further analysis revealed that patients with a low pathomics signature were more likely to benefit from chemotherapy (eg, combined cohort: DFS: HR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.28-0.69]; P = .001; OS: HR, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.29-0.64]; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that a pathomics signature could help identify patients most likely to benefit from chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer.
Efficacious patient‐specific QA for Vertebra SBRT using a high‐resolution detector array SRS MapCHECK: AAPM TG‐218 analysis
Authors: Berk Kemal , Kron Tomas , Hardcastle Nicholas , Yeo Adam Unjin
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA) for vertebra stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) presents challenges due to highly modulated small fields with high‐dose gradients between the target and spinal cord. This study aims to explore the use of the SRS MapCHECK® (SRSMC) for vertebra SBRT PSQA.

Methods

Twenty vertebra SBRT treatment plans including prescriptions 20 Gy/1 fraction and 24 Gy/2 fractions were selected for each of Millennium (M)‐Multileaf Collimator (MLC), and high‐definition (HD)‐MLC. All 40 plans were measured using Gafchromic EBT3 film (film) and SRSMC, using the StereoPHAN phantom. Plan complexity was assessed using modulation complexity score (MCS), edge metric (EM) (mm−1), modulation factor (MU/cGy), and average leaf pair opening (ALPO) (mm) and its correlation with gamma‐pass rate was investigated. The high dose gradient between the target and the spinal cord was analyzed for film and SRSMC and compared against the treatment planning system (TPS). Applying the methodology proposed by AAPM TG‐218, action and tolerance values specific to the SRSMC for vertebra SBRT were determined for β values ranging from 5 to 8.

Results

Film and SRSMC gamma‐pass rates showed no correlation (p > 0.05). A moderate negative correlation (R = ‐0.57, p = 0.01) is present between EM and SRSMC 3%/1 mm gamma‐pass rate for HD‐MLC plans. Both film and SRSMC accurately measured high dose gradients between the target and the spinal cord (R2 > 0.86, p ≤ 0.05). Notably, dose‐gradient of HD‐MLC plans is 22% steeper and has a smaller standard deviation to M‐MLC plans (p ≤ 0.05). Applying TG‐218, the film tolerance limit was 96% with action limit 95% for 5%/1 mm (β = 6) and for the SRSMC tolerance limit was 97% with an action limit of 96% for 4%/1 mm (β = 6).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that universal TG‐218 limits may not be suitable for vertebra SBRT PSQA. This study demonstrates that SRSMC is a viable tool for vertebra SBRT PSQA, supported by TG‐218 implementation of process‐based tolerance and action limits.
Design of a robotic system to assist in the treatment of severe COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Tran Hoang T. , Tran Dong L. T. , Nguyen Minh T.
Published: February 2024

The article presents the conceptualization, development, and implementation of a sophisticated mobile robotic system with the purpose of providing aid in the medical care of those afflicted with severe cases of COVID‐19. The robotic system will engage in verbal communication with the patient and provide updates regarding the external environment. Additionally, it will facilitate the delivery of food, beverages, and other consumable items to the isolation room. The robot has the capability to navigate to its intended location using two distinct modes: autonomous mode and online control mode. The hardware is constructed within a mobile robot system that is interconnected to the Internet over a 4G mobile network. The system employs a client–server software architecture wherein the transmission of data between the client and the server occurs through various transport protocols. Experimental simulations were conducted in an active treatment room to evaluate the performance of autonomous operating mechanisms, including obstacle avoidance positioning, safe destination navigation, and feedback display for remote robot operation.
Interfacial Polarization Loss Improvement Induced by the Hollow Engineering of Necklace‐like PAN/Carbon Nanofibers for Boosted Microwave Absorption
Authors: Xiao Junxiong , Zhan Beibei , He Mukun , Qi Xiaosi , Gong Xiu , Yang Jing‐Liang , Qu Yunpeng , Ding Junfei , Zhong Wei , Gu Junwei
Published: February 2024

Rational manipulation of composition and microstructure design is recognized as an effective pathway to realize multifunctional high‐performance microwave absorber. In this work, necklace‐like hollow polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/carbon nanofibers are designed and constructed through a simple continuous electrospinning‐carbonization‐etching route. Specifically, by varying the carbonization temperature, the ratio of PAN to carbon content of necklace‐like hollow PAN/carbon nanofibers can be effectively regulated, resulting in tunable electromagnetic parameters and conductive loss capacities. After that, the hollow structure is further introduced to improve the feature of lightweight, impedance‐matching characteristics, and interfacial polarization loss ability. Accordingly, the necklace‐like hollow PAN/carbon nanofibers exhibited a frequency bandwidth of 6.60 GHz and a minimum reflection loss of −44.73 dB at 1.76 mm. Both the experimental and theoretical simulation results indicated that the obtained necklace‐like hollow PAN/carbon nanofibers possessed the high chemical stability and excellent microwave absorbing performance, endowing them as the excellent candidates for microwave absorbers in the extreme conditions. Therefore, the findings not only offered a simple pathway to rationally manipulate composition and microstructure but also provided a novel technique to make the most of hollow engineering for strengthening interface polarization loss.