bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoinitiator‐Free, Open‐Air Acceptor/Donor Copolymerization of Bismaleimides: Simple Polymerization Conditions for New Thermoplastic Elastomer Production
Authors: Vázquez Cuauhtémoc Pozos , Joly‐Duhamel Christine , Boutevin Bernard
Published: June 2013

A photoinitiator‐free acceptor–donor copolymerization between a mixture of bismaleimides containing oligo(propyleneglycol)s as acceptor monomers and divinyl ether as the donor monomer under UV is described. The copolymerization without any photoinitiator is faster than homopolymerization of the sole maleimide, thanks to an acceptor–donor charge‐transfer complex. The thermal and mechanical properties of the cured materials depend essentially on the cross‐linking densities and on the number of repeated units in the bismaleimide backbone. Most copolymerizations produce elastomers with remarkable rubbery properties on a large temperature scale. The simple chemistry presented here can easily compete with acrylate photochemistry since neither photoinitiator nor oxygen removal is needed.

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Listing Standards and Fraud
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia
Published: June 2013

Statistics reporting litigated cases of fraud on an exchange‐by‐exchange basis are not readily available to investors. This paper introduces data from three countries with multiple exchanges operating under different listing standards, – Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States – to show litigated cases of fraud significantly vary by country, and the different exchanges within the country. Comparisons are also made to Brazil, China and Germany to assess out‐of‐sample inferences. The data examined suggest there are significant differences in the nature of observed fraud across exchanges within the United States; by contrast, outside the United States there appears to be a comparative lack of enforcement. The data also suggest policy implications for the ways in which fraud should ideally be reported to improve investor knowledge, market transparency and market quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compliance with Segment Disclosure Initiatives: Implications for the Short and Long Run
Authors: Arya Anil , Frimor Hans , Mittendorf Brian
Published: June 2013

Regulatory oversight of capital markets has intensified in recent years, with a particular emphasis on expanding financial transparency. A notable instance is efforts by the Financial Accounting Standards Board that push firms to identify and report performance of individual business units (segments). This paper seeks to address short‐run and long‐run consequences of stringent enforcement of and uniform compliance with these segment disclosure standards. To do so, we develop a parsimonious model wherein a regulatory agency promulgates disclosure standards and either permits voluntary compliance or mandates strict compliance from firms. Under voluntary compliance, a firm is able to credibly withhold individual segment information from its competitors by disclosing data only at the aggregate firm level. Consistent with regulatory hopes, we show that mandatory compliance enhances welfare by increasing transparency and leveling the playing field. However, our analysis also demonstrates that in the long run, if firms are unable to use discretion in reporting to maintain their competitive edge, they may seek more destructive alternatives. Accounting for such concerns, in the long run, voluntary compliance can provide an upside for all parties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rogue Groups in Business
Authors: Dnes Antony
Published: June 2013

This paper explores the formation of and behavior within rogue groups in business settings and considers implications of the analysis for whistle‐blowing. Behavior may be unacceptable to some groups but seen as worthy by others, and rogue behavior typically revolves around the exercise of idiosyncratic skills of value to a rogue group. This paper shows how the behavior can be modeled as the formation of human capital, but that the modeling needs to be embedded socially to be of interest in distinguishing different groups. The paper demonstrates that rogue behavior in business may be conceptualized analogously to that of a gang, albeit with recognition of certain differences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low brain iron content in idiopathic restless legs syndrome patients detected by phase imaging
Authors: Rizzo Giovanni , Manners David , Testa Claudia , Tonon Caterina , Vetrugno Roberto , Marconi Sara , Plazzi Giuseppe , Pizza Fabio , Provini Federica , Malucelli Emil , Gramegna Laura Ludovica , Lodi Raffaele
Published: June 2013

Background

The objective of this study was to use phase imaging to evaluate brain iron content in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Methods

Fifteen RLS patients and 15 healthy controls were studied using gradient‐echo imaging. Phase analysis was performed on localized brain regions of interest selected on phase maps, sensitive to paramagnetic tissue. Differences between the 2 subject groups were evaluated using ANCOVA including age as a covariate.

Results

Significantly higher phase values were present in the RLS patients compared with healthy controls at the level of the substantia nigra, thalamus, putamen, and pallidum, indicating reduced iron content in several regions of the brain of the patients.

Conclusions

We have used MRI phase analysis to study brain iron content in idiopathic RLS in vivo for the first time. Our results support the hypothesis of reduced brain iron content in RLS patients, which may have an important role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
How Far Could We Go with Open Data – A Case Study for TRPV1 Antagonists
Authors: Tsareva Daria A. , Ecker Gerhard F.
Published: June 2013

Publicly open databases of small compounds have become an indispensable tool for chemoinformaticians for collection and preparation of datasets suitable for drug discovery questions. Since these databases comprise compounds coming from structure‐activity relationship (SAR) studies performed by different research groups, they are very diverse with respect to the biological assays used. In the present study we analyzed the applicability of a thoroughly curated dataset gathered from open sources for ligand‐based studies, using the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) as use case. Thorough curation of compounds according to the biological assay type and conditions led to a dataset of comparable bioactive chemicals. Subsequent exhaustive analysis of the obtained dataset using classification algorithms demonstrated that the models obtained in most of the cases possess reliable quality. Analysis of constantly misclassified compounds showed that they belong to local SAR series, where small changes in structure lead to different class labels. These small structural differences could not be captured by the classification algorithms. However application of the 3D alignment‐independent QSAR technique GRIND for local, structurally related series overcomes this problem.
Closed‐form solutions of a fishery harvesting model with state constraint
Authors: Puchkova Alena , Rehbock Volker , Teo Kok Lay
Published: June 2013

We derive a closed‐form solution for a well‐known fisheries harvesting model with an additional state constraint. The problem is linear in the control and previous solutions appearing in the literature have been numerical in nature. The so‐called direct adjoining approach is used in our derivation and the optimal solutions turn out to be a mixture of bang‐bang and boundary arcs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nocturnal Wheeze Measurement in Preschool Children
Authors: Eising Jacobien B. , Uiterwaal Cuno S. P. M. , van der Ent Cornelis K.
Published: June 2013

Rationale

Wheezing is a very common symptom in preschool children. Nocturnal wheezing is present in many asthmatic patients, due to enhanced airflow limitation overnight. We assessed the prevalence of nocturnal wheezing in young children and correlated this with respiratory system resistance and history of wheezing symptoms.

Methods

Using a continuous overnight recording of respiratory sounds we analyzed wheeze rate (ratio between wheezing time and recorded breathing time), oxygen saturation and heart rate during one night in 59 three‐year‐old children of an ongoing birth cohort study, the WHISTLER‐project. We associated the nocturnal measurements with the patient's history of wheezing symptoms and with measurement of respiratory system resistance (Rint).

Results

Analysis of wheeze rate was successful in 44 children. The overall wheeze rate of these children was low, with the highest wheeze rate of 0.63% measured by the tracheal sensor during expiration. In total, 21/44 children had a wheeze rate of ≥5% during at least 1 min. There was no statistically significant difference in wheeze rate between the children with and without a history of wheezing. The wheeze rate of the tracheal sensor had a significant correlation with Rint (correlation coefficients of inspiration and expiration: 0.308 and 0.382, P‐values 0.05 and 0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

Overall, the wheeze rate in young children is low, but seems to increase over nighttime. Almost 50% of the children have sporadic wheeze during the night. Although higher nocturnal wheeze rates are related to increased respiratory system resistance, it is not related to clinical wheezing symptoms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:257–262. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of the assessment: Evaluation of the model quality estimates in CASP10
Authors: Kryshtafovych Andriy , Barbato Alessandro , Fidelis Krzysztof , Monastyrskyy Bohdan , Schwede Torsten , Tramontano Anna
Published: June 2013

The article presents an assessment of the ability of the thirty‐seven model quality assessment (MQA) methods participating in CASP10 to provide an a priori estimation of the quality of structural models, and of the 67 tertiary structure prediction groups to provide confidence estimates for their predicted coordinates. The assessment of MQA predictors is based on the methods used in previous CASPs, such as correlation between the predicted and observed quality of the models (both at the global and local levels), accuracy of methods in distinguishing between good and bad models as well as good and bad regions within them, and ability to identify the best models in the decoy sets. Several numerical evaluations were used in our analysis for the first time, such as comparison of global and local quality predictors with reference (baseline) predictors and a ROC analysis of the predictors' ability to differentiate between the well and poorly modeled regions. For the evaluation of the reliability of self‐assessment of the coordinate errors, we used the correlation between the predicted and observed deviations of the coordinates and a ROC analysis of correctly identified errors in the models. A modified two‐stage procedure for testing MQA methods in CASP10 whereby a small number of models spanning the whole range of model accuracy was released first followed by the release of a larger number of models of more uniform quality, allowed a more thorough analysis of abilities and inabilities of different types of methods. Clustering methods were shown to have an advantage over the single‐ and quasi‐single‐ model methods on the larger datasets. At the same time, the evaluation revealed that the size of the dataset has smaller influence on the global quality assessment scores (for both clustering and nonclustering methods), than its diversity. Narrowing the quality range of the assessed models caused significant decrease in accuracy of ranking for global quality predictors but essentially did not change the results for local predictors. Self‐assessment error estimates submitted by the majority of groups were poor overall, with two research groups showing significantly better results than the remaining ones. Proteins 2014; 82(Suppl 2):112–126. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid‐onset opioids and the management of episodic pain
Authors: Howard Paul , Howard Rachel
Published: June 2013

This is the fourth in a short series of articles that focus on what GPs should consider when monitoring and prescribing specialist‐initiated palliative‐care medicines. Here, the authors summarise the key issues around the use of rapid‐onset opioids in palliative care.
Bipolar disorder – diagnosis and current treatment options
Authors: Martin Daniel , Smith Daniel
Published: June 2013

Bipolar disorder is a complex condition characterised by both manic and depressive episodes. Here the authors discuss the challenges faced in both diagnosis and treatment.
Transitioning the SWFTS Program Combat System Product Family from Traditional Document‐Centric to Model‐Based Systems Engineering
Authors: Mitchell Steven W.
Published: June 2013

Over the past four years, the Submarine Warfare Federated Tactical Systems (SWFTS) Systems Engineering & Integration (SE&I) program has shifted from traditional document‐centric systems engineering to a model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) process for managing the evolution and support of the common combat system used by most submarines in the U.S. and Royal Australian Navies. At the beginning of this transition a pilot study established technical feasibility, and projected a 13% reduction in the cost of processing a baseline if MBSE were applied to support the SWFTS system of systems baseline development process. Over the course of two years of development new modeling techniques were invented, and a large‐scale system of systems model was designed, implemented, and populated.

Now the transition to operations has begun. In early 2012 SWFTS SE&I produced its first new generation of combat system interface baselines using MBSE. The technical foundation has been established, and the workforce transition is under way. Anticipated cost reductions are still a year away as the workforce ascends the learning curve, but the program is already seeing improvements in the quality and consistency of engineering products.

This paper summarizes this document‐centric to model‐based SE transition, describes the accomplishments and observations to date, and describes the metrics being collected to quantify the achieved return on investment once the transition is complete.
Climate change negotiations—legally binding treaty or voluntary agreements: lessons from international action on tuberculosis
Authors: Heywood Peter
Published: June 2013

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC negotiations in Durban and Doha agreed to develop a new Kyoto Protocol (KP) in which neither the form nor content of future agreements are set—they are to be determined over the 3 years remaining before the 2015 deadline. Alternate architectures proposed for an international agreement on climate change range from those that retain many of the top‐down, legally binding elements of the current KP through bottom‐up voluntary agreements that are not dependent on a legally binding treaty. Given this wide range of suggestions there is value in assessing experience in other areas of sustained international cooperation that have not involved treaties. One such effort is international cooperation to control tuberculosis (TB). In contrast to the legally binding treaty approach of the KP, international action on TB rests on a voluntary agreement by member states at the World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1991, just a year before the UNFCCC was approved in Rio. An important characteristic of the TB agreement is that all countries (developed and developing) agreed on the importance of the problem, the targets set, and the ways in which measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) would occur. In contrast, the KP differentiated between nations, mandated targets for some and not others, and little progress has been made. The agreement to renegotiate the KP without commitment to form and content represents a new opportunity for climate change negotiations. Experience with international efforts to control TB provides an example of an international voluntary agreement that is yielding results. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:467–477. doi: 10.1002/wcc.237

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
FROM RUIN TO BANKRUPTCY FOR COMPOUND POISSON SURPLUS PROCESSES
Authors: Albrecher Hansjörg , Lautscham Volkmar
Published: June 2013

In classical risk theory, the infinite-time ruin probability of a surplus process Ct is calculated as the probability of the process becoming negative at some point in time. In this paper, we consider a relaxation of the ruin concept to the concept of bankruptcy, according to which one has a positive surplus-dependent probability to continue despite temporary negative surplus. We study the resulting bankruptcy probability for the compound Poisson risk model with exponential claim sizes for different bankruptcy rate functions, deriving analytical results, upper and lower bounds as well as an efficient simulation method. Numerical examples are given and the results are compared with the classical ruin probabilities. Finally, it is illustrated how the analysis can be extended to study the discounted penalty function under this relaxed ruin criterion.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 1 is the first of four books on mammals.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), created a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 5 is an overview of mammals and reptiles.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 7 is the second of three books on birds.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 8 is the third of three books on birds.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 9 covers the class of reptiles.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 10 covers the class of fish.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: June 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 13 covers annelids, crustaceans and arachnids.
The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations
Authors: Iriye Akira
Published: June 2013

Since their first publication, the four volumes of The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations have served as the definitive source for the topic, from the colonial period to the Cold War. This third volume of the updated edition describes how the United States became a global power - economically, culturally and militarily - during the period from 1913 to 1945, from the inception of Woodrow Wilson's presidency to the end of the Second World War. The author also discusses global transformations, from the period of the First World War through the 1920s when efforts were made to restore the world economy and to establish a new international order, followed by the disastrous years of depression and war during the 1930s, to the end of the Second World War. Throughout the book, themes of Americanisation of the world and the transformation of the United States provide the background for understanding the emergence of a trans-national world in the second half of the twentieth century.
Self-similar decay and mixing of a high-Schmidt-number passive scalar in an oscillating boundary layer in the intermittently turbulent regime
Authors: Scalo Carlo , Piomelli Ugo , Boegman Leon
Published: June 2013

We performed numerical simulations of dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer from a turbulent flow, driven by periodic boundary-layer turbulence in the intermittent regime, to underlying DO-absorbing organic sediment layers. A uniform initial distribution of oxygen is left to decay (with no re-aeration) as the turbulent transport supplies the sediment with oxygen from the outer layers to be absorbed. A very thin diffusive sublayer at the sediment–water interface (SWI), caused by the high Schmidt number of DO in water, limits the overall decay rate. A decomposition of the instantaneous decaying turbulent scalar field is proposed, which results in the development of similarity solutions that collapse the data in time. The decomposition is then tested against the governing equations, leading to a rigorous procedure for the extraction of an ergodic turbulent scalar field. The latter is composed of a statistically periodic and a steady non-decaying field. Temporal averaging is used in lieu of ensemble averaging to evaluate flow statistics, allowing the investigation of turbulent mixing dynamics from a single flow realization. In spite of the highly unsteady state of turbulence, the monotonically decaying component is surprisingly consistent with experimental and numerical correlations valid for steady high-Schmidt-number turbulent mass transfer. Linearly superimposed onto it is the statistically periodic component, which incorporates all the features of the non-equilibrium state of turbulence. It is modulated by the evolution of the turbulent coherent structures driven by the oscillating boundary layer in the intermittent regime, which are responsible for the violent turbulent production mechanisms. These cause, in turn, a rapid increase of the turbulent mass flux at the edge of the diffusive sublayer. This outer-layer forcing mechanism drives a periodic accumulation of high scalar concentration levels in the near-wall region. The resulting modulated scalar flux across the SWI is delayed by a quarter of a cycle with respect to the wall-shear stress, consistently with the non-equilibrium state of the turbulent mixing.
Lower branch equilibria in Couette flow: the emergence of canonical states for arbitrary shear flows
Authors: Blackburn H. M. , Hall P. , Sherwin S. J.
Published: June 2013

We consider the development of nonlinear three-dimensional vortex–wave interaction equilibria of laminar plane Couette flow for a range of spanwise wavenumbers. The results are computed using a hybrid approach that captures the required asymptotic structure while at the same time providing a direct link with full numerical calculations of equilibrium states. Each equilibrium state consists of a streak flow, a roll flow and a wave propagating on the streak. Direct numerical simulations at finite Reynolds numbers using initial conditions constructed from these parts confirm that the scheme generates equilibrium solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. Consideration of the form of the vortex–wave interaction equations in the high-spanwise-wavenumber limit predicts that for small wavelengths the equilibria take on a self-similar structure confined near the centre of the flow. These states feel no influence from the walls, and lead to a class of canonical states relevant to arbitrary shear flows. These predictions are supported by an analysis of computational results at increasing values of the spanwise wavenumber. For the wave part of these new canonical states, it is shown that the mass-specific kinetic energy density per unit wavenumber scales with the $- 5/ 3$ power of the wavenumber.
Polymorphisms in genes encoding dopamine signalling pathway and risk of alcohol dependence: a systematic review
Authors: Bhaskar Lakkakula V. K. S. , Arun Kumar Shanmugasundaram
Published: June 2013

Background

Alcohol dependence (AD) is one of the major elements that significantly influence drinking pattern that provoke the alcohol-induced organ damage. The structural and neurophysiologic abnormalities in the frontal lobes of chronic alcoholics were revealed by magnetic resonance imaging scans. It is well known that candidate genes involved in dopaminergic pathway are of immense interest to the researchers engaged in a wide range of addictive disorders. Dopaminergic pathway gene polymorphisms are being extensively studied with respect to addictive and behavioral disorders.

Methods

From the broad literature available, the current review summarizes the specific polymorphisms of dopaminergic genes that play a role in alcohol dependence.

Results

No evidence indicating any strong association between AD and polymorphisms of dopamine pathway genes has emerged from the literature.

Discussion

Further studies are warranted, considering a range of alcohol-related traits to determine the genes that influence alcohol dependence.
Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet v. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial
Authors: Saneei Parvane , Hashemipour Mahin , Kelishadi Roya , Rajaei Somayeh , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: June 2013

The effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance remain to be determined. The present study aimed to assess the effects of recommendations to follow the DASH diet v. usual dietary advice (UDA) on the MetS and its features in adolescents. In this randomised cross-over clinical trial, sixty post-pubescent adolescent girls with the MetS were randomly assigned to receive either the recommendations to follow the DASH diet or UDA for 6 weeks. After a 4-week washout period, the participants were crossed over to the alternate arm. The DASH group was recommended to consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fats, total fats and cholesterol. UDA consisted of general oral advice and written information about healthy food choices based on healthy MyPlate. Compliance was assessed through the quantification of plasma vitamin C levels. In both the groups, fasting venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and at the end of each phase of the intervention. The mean age and weight of the participants were 14·2 (sd 1·7) years and 69 (sd 14·5) kg, respectively. Their mean BMI and waist circumference were 27·3 kg/m2 and 85·6 cm, respectively. Serum vitamin C levels tended to be higher in the DASH phase than in the UDA phase (860 (se 104) v. 663 (se 76) ng/l, respectively, P= 0·06). Changes in weight, waist circumference and BMI were not significantly different between the two intervention phases. Although changes in systolic blood pressure were not statistically significant between the two groups (P= 0·13), recommendations to follow the DASH diet prevented the increase in diastolic blood pressure compared with UDA (P= 0·01). We found a significant within-group decrease in serum insulin levels (101·4 (se 6·2) v. 90·0 (se 5·5) pmol/l, respectively, P= 0·04) and a non-significant reduction in the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score (P= 0·12) in the DASH group. Compared with the UDA group, the DASH group experienced a significant reduction in the prevalence of the MetS and high blood pressure. Recommendations to follow the DASH eating pattern for 6 weeks among adolescent girls with the MetS led to reduced prevalence of high blood pressure and the MetS and improved diet quality compared with UDA. This type of healthy diet can be considered as a treatment modality for the MetS and its components in children.
Strategic Behavior and Organizational Structure in Religions
Authors: Wittman Donald
Published: June 2013

Religions are organized in a variety of ways. They may resemble an elected autocracy, a parliamentary democracy or something akin to a monarchy, in which heredity plays a primary role. These differing power arrangements call for different types of strategic behavior in the fight for control of church doctrine and finances. They also induce different institutional responses. This article explains cases in which screening is highly institutionalized and when a person's age may be an important strategic factor in choosing a leader. It thus explains what otherwise would be very puzzling differences in the age of appointment across religions and within a particular religion, over time. The study also applies the methodology to politics more generally by looking at elections in Venice and Genoa in the eighteenth century and the appointment of leaders in present-day China.
Detecting Trichinella infections using inverse microscopy and an improved larval counting technique
Authors: Makrutzki G. , Riehn K. , Hamedy A. , Petroff D. , Hasenclever D. , Meiler H. , Lücker E.
Published: June 2013

Several methods for the detection of Trichinella in meat are legally prescribed in regulation (EC) No 2075/2005, which prescribes the magnetic stirrer method for pooled sample digestion (MSM) as the reference method. However, the MSM's multistage protocol requires several preparatory steps that seem to be accountable for the loss of larvae. Here we present a modified MSM (mMSM) based on: (1) an inversion of the optical path using inverse microscopy; and (2) a modified larval counting basin (mLCB, ‘Trichoview’). This enables one to examine samples of up to 40 ml and reduces the examination area from 72 to 10.3 cm2. Preparatory steps that might cause the loss of Trichinella larvae are eliminated from the new protocol. Correspondingly, the overall analytical time is reduced. In a direct and blinded comparison using 60 digest samples containing spiked vital Trichinella larvae (1–90 L1), both methods performed well for both small and large numbers of L1. However, 1278 of 1285 L1 (99.4%) were detected using the mMSM, while MSM recovered only 1225 L1 (95.3%). The improvement stems largely from samples with small numbers of L1: in all samples spiked with fewer than 10 L1, the recovery rate of mMSM was 100% compared to only 93% with MSM. Our data suggest that the use of the mMSM can improve the recovery rate by about 4% and therefore reduce the chances of a false-negative result in a sample containing 5 larvae by a factor of about 4.
Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica
Authors: LOCATELLI BRUNO , IMBACH PABLO , WUNDER SVEN
Published: June 2013

Ecosystems services have become a key concept in understanding the way humans benefit from ecosystems. In Costa Rica, a pioneer national scheme of payment provides compensation for forest conservation that is assumed to jointly produce services related to biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, water and scenic beauty, but little is known about the spatial correlations among these services. A spatial assessment, at national scale and with fine resolution, identified the spatial congruence between these services, by considering the biophysical potential of service provision and socioeconomic demand. Services have different spatial distributions but are positively correlated. Spatial synergies exist between current policies (national parks and the payment scheme) and the conservation of ecosystem services: national parks and areas receiving payments provide more services than other areas. Biodiversity hotspots have the highest co-benefits for other services, while carbon hotspots have the lowest. This finding calls for cautiousness in relation to expectations that forest-based mitigation initiatives such as REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) can automatically maximize bundled co-benefits for biodiversity and local ecosystem services.
Complex Defect in Pyrite and Its Structure Model Derived from Geometric Phase Analysis
Authors: Németh Péter , Dódony István , Pósfai Mihály , Buseck Peter R.
Published: June 2013

New methods for defect analysis can lead to improved interpretation of experimental data and thus better understanding of material properties. Although transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to study defects for many decades, interpretive ambiguities can arise for cases that seem simple or even trivial. Using geometric phase analysis (GPA), an image processing procedure, we show that an apparent simple line defect in pyrite has an entirely different character. It appears to be a b = ½[100] edge dislocation as viewed in a [001] high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image, but the measured ux and uy displacements are asymmetric, which is inconsistent with a simple line dislocation. Instead, the defect is best understood as a terminating {101} marcasite slab in pyrite. The simulated HRTEM image based on this model reproduces the defect contrast and illustrates the power of GPA analysis for (1) avoiding potential pitfalls of misinterpreting apparently simple defects in HRTEM images, (2) detecting differences in elastic properties at the atomic scale, and (3) providing data for the positions of atom columns, thereby facilitating the construction of structure models for complex defects.
Phases in the Al-Corner of the Al–Mn–Be System
Authors: Zupanič Franc , Markoli Boštjan , Naglič Iztok , Weingärtner Tobias , Meden Anton , Bončina Tonica
Published: June 2013

This work studied the phases in the Al corner of the Al–Mn–Be phase diagram in the as-cast state and heat-treated conditions. Metallographic investigations, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used for identifying the phases. The Be contents in the identified phases were precisely determined using Auger electron spectroscopy. The results indicated that Al6Mn does not dissolve Be, whilst λ-Al4Mn dissolves up to 7 at.% Be. The average composition of the T phase, which is normally designated as Al15Mn3Be2, was 72 at.% Al, 19 at.% Mn, and 9 at.% Be. The phase with the nominal composition Be4AlMn contained more Al than Mn. The atomic ratio Al:Mn was between 1.3:1 and 2:1. The hexagonal Be-rich phase did not dissolve any Al and Mn. The icosahedral quasicrystalline (IQC) phase contained up to 45 at.% Be. The compositions of T phase, λ–Al4Mn, IQC, and Be4AlMn may vary, however, the ratio (Al + Be):Mn remained constant, and was close either to four or six indicating substitution of Al atoms with Be atoms in these phases.
Contested Meanings of Freedom: Workingmen's Wages, the Company Store System, and theGodcharles v. WigemanDecision
Authors: Sawyer Laura Phillips
Published: June 2013

In 1886, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down a law that prohibited employers from paying wages in company store scrip and mandated monthly wage payments. The court held that the legislature could not prescribe mandatory wage contracts for legally competent workingmen. The decision quashed over two decades of efforts to end the “truck system.” Although legislators had agreed that wage payments redeemable only in company store goods appeared antithetical to the free labor wage system, two obstacles complicated legislative action. Any law meant to enhance laborers' rights could neither favor one class over another nor infringe any workingman's ability to make voluntary contracts. These distinctions, however, were not as rigid andlaissez faire-oriented as depicted by conventional history. Labor reformers argued that principles of equity must supplement these categories of class legislation and contract freedom. This essay explores how legal doctrine helped both sides of the anti-truck debate articulate the contested meanings of liberty. Ultimately, theGodcharlesruling enshrined the specialness of workingmen's labor contracts and rejected the use of equity principles to justify contract regulations, but the controversy also informed future labor strategies, especially the turn to state police powers as the rubric under which workers' safety, morals, and health could be protected.
The Farm, Foster Care, and Dependent Children in the Midwest, 1880–1920
Authors: Birk Megan
Published: June 2013

Between the Civil War and World War I, the midwestern farm played an important role in the care of dependent children. Instead of paying families to take in children, welfare workers relied on farmers to take children in for free. However, the situation for dependent children and farmers changed during the Progressive Era. Movements to improve farming methods and standards of living in the hopes of keeping rural people on the land highlighted the difficulties of farm life. For the children placed in free homes with farmers, reformers sought to improve record keeping and supervision. Such reforms had unforeseen consequences. The bureaucracy needed to supervise children placed on farms increased costs, while farmers resented the intrusion. Children who labored for free on farms no longer learned skills useful in the modern, industrializing nation. As more systematic supervision became standard across the Midwest, farm placement lost its appeal. By examining the motivations for better supervision of placed-out children and how those plans became policy, this article reveals complexities, underestimated by previous scholars, in the commonly told story of the transition of child-welfare practices from an emphasis on free farm placement to paid foster care in suburban and urban settings.
From Bureau to Trade Commission: Agency Reputation in the Statebuilding Enterprise
Authors: Chausovsky Jonathan
Published: June 2013

When studying the formation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 1914, scholars have usually focused on interest groups and electoral politics. This essay, by contrast, suggests that the reputation and network influences of an existing federal agency, the Bureau of Corporations, also shaped the creation of its successor, the FTC. Building on the concept of bureaucratic autonomy, the essay examines the structure of the bureau, its connections, and its preferences. The bureau's leaders favored a clear separation from the Department of Justice and argued for a quasi-judicial process for antitrust, which they felt would be more effective than the courts. They advocated discretion in covering small firms and mandatory annual reports, while seeking to avoid being assigned authority to clear business agreements in advance. Well before the 1914 debates, leaders at the bureau directed substantial funds toward influencing trust legislation. They contacted academics and civic leaders, tracked existing legislative proposals, and analyzed key legal terms. Internal studies examined major questions, such as how to define and regulate unfair trade practices. Bureau officials came to argue Congress could never define these in legislation. Instead a bureaucracy with appropriate authority could adapt definitions of unfair practices to changes in business. When the bureau became the nucleus of the FTC, it received much of the discretionary power it sought.
Aseptische Osteonekrose einer Kranioplastie nach dekompressiver Kraniektomie
Authors: Smoll Nicolas R. , Stienen Martin N. , Schaller Karl , Gautschi Oliver P.
Published: June 2013

Wir berichten über einen Fall von aseptischer Osteonekrose einer Kranioplastie nach dekompressiver Kraniektomie, die eine bekannte, jedoch seltene Komplikation einer autologen Kranioplastie darstellt. Wir nehmen an, dass eine aseptische Osteonekrose nach autologer Kranioplastie auf ähnlichen pathophysiologischen Grundlagen basiert, wie die Nekrose der Lappenplastik in der ästhetischen Chirurgie. Hauptverursacher der aseptischen Knochennekrose sind prothrombotisch wirksame Gewebsfaktoren, die zu einer venösen Gefässthrombose des autologen Knocheninterponats mit nachfolgender Ischämie führen. Auffällige Lokalbefunde wie eine Wunddehiszenz oder -sekretion sollten Anlass zu einer kranialen Computertomographie geben um, basierend auf der klinisch-radiologischen Befundkonstellation, die Indikation für eine prophylaktische artifizielle Zweitkranioplastie zu diskutieren.
„Advanced Nurse Practitioners“ als Experten für Beratung
Authors: Matysek Philipp , Roes Martina
Published: June 2013

Gibt es Zukunftsansätze, die eine Veränderung der Pflegeausbildung skizzieren? Lässt sich der Themenkomplex „Beratung“ sinnvoll in einen Masterstudiengang integrieren? Und welche Rolle kann „Advanced Nursing Practice“ (ANP) hierbei spielen?
„Advanced Nursing Practice“: Pflegerische Expertise für eine leistungsfähige Gesundheitsversorgung
Authors: Weskamm Andrea
Published: June 2013

Ambulante Versorgungszentren leiten, Patienten zu Gesundheitsthemen beraten, Entlassungen begleiten und Angehörige schulen – was im Ausland schon lange gängige Praxis ist, steckt in Deutschland noch in den Kinderschuhen. Aber auch hier werden sowohl in Krankenhäusern als auch in der ambulanten Pflege verstärkt Pflegeexpertinnen APN („Advanced Practice Nurses“, APNs) eingesetzt.
Die gesunde Pflegeschule
Authors: Gentner Thomas
Published: June 2013

Gesundheitsförderung bildet einen wesentlichen Schwerpunkt in der pflegerischen Ausbildung. Die Pflegenden von morgen sollen die Gesundheit der Patientinnen und Patienten fördern, aber zugleich auch ihre eigene Gesundheit im Blick haben. Die Schulen selbst haben die Chance, sich zur gesunden Pflegeschule zu entwickeln, um nachhaltig die Gesundheit aller am Schulleben Beteiligten fördern zu können.
Ehrenamtlich Tätige gewinnbringend integrieren
Authors: Hönicke Tina , Kress Lisa
Published: June 2013

Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Pflegefachpersonen und Ehrenamtlichen auf Akutstationen steht im Zentrum des Beitrags. Er enthält Empfehlungen für die Pflegepraxis, um ein Miteinander zu stärken, das für die Patienten förderlich ist.
Adherens junctions determine the apical position of the midbody during follicular epithelial cell division
Authors: Morais‐de‐Sá Eurico , Sunkel Claudio
Published: June 2013

Cytokinesis is asymmetric along the apical–basal axis of epithelial cells, positioning the midbody near the apical domain. However, little is known about the mechanism and purpose of this asymmetry. We use live imaging of Drosophila follicle cell division to show that asymmetric cytokinesis does not result from intrinsic polarization of the main contractile ring components. We show that adherens junctions (AJs) maintain close contact with the apical side of the contractile ring during cytokinesis. Asymmetric distribution of AJ components within follicle cells and in the otherwise unpolarized S2 cells is sufficient to recruit the midbody, revealing that asymmetric cytokinesis is determined by apical AJs in the epithelia. We further show that ectopic midbody localization induces epithelial invaginations, shifting the position of the apical interface between daughter cells relative to the AB axis of the tissue. Thus, apical midbody localization is essential to maintain epithelial tissue architecture during proliferation.