bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stenosis and Neurologic Level Discrepancies in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Choi Young‐Ah , Kim Keewon
Published: April 2018

Background

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of cord dysfunction in older individuals. CSM involves either the upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron (LMN) in the cervical spine. The neurologic level of the LMN lesion does not usually correspond with the structural level detected via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Objective

To examine the relationship between the structural level of stenosis and the neurologic level of LMN involvement in patients with CSM.

Design

Retrospective descriptive study.

Setting

Tertiary hospital.

Patients

Patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, aged 41‐79 years.

Methods

We reviewed electromyography (EMG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings from 17 patients with CSM to objectively show the relation between the structural level of stenosis and the neurologic level with LMN involvement.

Main Outcome Measurements

The structural level was defined by spinal canal stenosis with definite cord compression on MRI. The neurologic level was determined by myotomes with abnormal spontaneous activity on EMG.

Results

In all patients but one, myotomes with abnormal spontaneous EMG activity were one to 4 levels lower than the stenotic canal shown on MRI.

Conclusions

LMN involvement in CSM is usually not concordant with the structural lesion. For accurate diagnosis and treatment, physicians should recognize that myotomal involvement in CSM is often due to canal stenosis one to 4 levels above the lesion.

Level of Evidence

III
The Effect of Arch Drop on Tibial Rotation and Tibiofemoral Contact Stress in Postpartum Women
Authors: Rabe Kaitlin G. , Segal Neil A. , Waheed Saphia , Anderson Donald D.
Published: April 2018

Background

Women are at greater risk for knee osteoarthritis and numerous other lower limb musculoskeletal disorders. Arch drop during pregnancy and the resultant excessive pronation of the feet may alter loading patterns and contribute to the greater prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in women.

Objective

To determine the effect of arch drop on tibial rotation and tibiofemoral contact stress.

Design

Interventional study with internal control.

Setting

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants

Eleven postpartum women (age 33.4 ± 5.3 years, body mass 76.1 ± 13.5 kg) who had lost arch height with pregnancy in a previous study.

Methods

Subjects underwent standing computed tomography (SCT) with their knees in a 20° fixed‐flexed position with and without semirigid arch supports to reconstitute prepregnancy arch height. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee was acquired at a flexion angle equivalent to that of SCT. Bone and cartilage were manually segmented on the magnetic resonance images and segmented surfaces were registered to the 3‐dimensional SCT image sets for the arch‐supported and ‐unsupported conditions. These models were used to measure changes in tibial rotation, as well as to estimate contact stress in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments, using computational methods.

Main Outcome Measures

Change in tibial rotation and tibiofemoral contact stress with arch drop.

Results

Arch drop resulted in a mean tibial internal rotation of 0.75 ± 1.33° (P = .02). Changes in mean or peak contact stress were not detected.

Conclusions

Arch drop causes internal tibial rotation, resulting in a shift in the tibiofemoral articulation. An associated increase in contact stress was not detected. Internal rotation of the tibia increases stress on the anterior cruciate ligament and menisci, potentially explaining the greater prevalence of knee disorders in postpartum women.

Level of Evidence

NA
Beyond the Archive
Authors: Faniel Ixchel M. , Austin Anne , Kansa Eric , Kansa Sarah Whitcher , France Phoebe , Jacobs Jennifer , Boytner Ran , Yakel Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

This article presents research on archaeological data creation and management practices at two excavations in Europe in order to gain a better understanding of how to align these practices with the data reuse needs of a broader research community. The Secret Life of Data project follows the life cycle of data from the field to the digital repository to better understand opportunities and challenges in data interpretation, publication, and preservation. Our “Slow Data” approach focuses not on maximizing the speed and quantity of data but, rather, on emphasizing curation, contextualization, communication, and broader understanding. Through a mixed-methods approach of interviews, field observations, and excavation data assessments, we recommended changes (both technical and organizational) to improve data creation and management practices. We report our findings and offer readers guidance on streamlining data collection for reuse during excavation.
Data Beyond the Archive in Digital Archaeology
Authors: Kansa Sarah Whitcher , Kansa Eric C.
Published: April 2018

This special section stems from discussions that took place in a forum at the Society for American Archaeology's annual conference in 2017. The forum, Beyond Data Management: A Conversation about “Digital Data Realities”, addressed challenges in fostering greater reuse of the digital archaeological data now curated in repositories. Forum discussants considered digital archaeology beyond the status quo of “data management” to better situate the sharing and reuse of data in archaeological practice. The five papers for this special section address key themes that emerged from these discussions, including: challenges in broadening data literacy by making instructional uses of data; strategies to make data more visible, better cited, and more integral to peer-review processes; and pathways to create higher-quality data better suited for reuse. These papers highlight how research data management needs to move beyond mere “check-box” compliance for granting requirements. The problems and proposed solutions articulated by these papers help communicate good practices that can jumpstart a virtuous cycle of better data creation leading to higher impact reuses of data.
Nudging transparent behavioural science and policy
Authors: MAYNARD OLIVIA M. , MUNAFÒ MARCUS R.
Published: April 2018

There are inherent differences in the priorities of academics and policy-makers. These pose unique challenges for teams such as the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), which has positioned itself as an organisation conducting academically rigorous behavioural science research in policy settings. Here we outline the threats to research transparency and reproducibility that stem from working with policy-makers and other non-academic stakeholders. These threats affect how we perform, communicate, verify and evaluate research. Solutions that increase research transparency include pre-registering study protocols, making data open and publishing summaries of results. We suggest an incentive structure (a simple ‘nudge’) that rewards BIT's non-academic partners for engaging in these practices.
A HIERARCHY OF COMPUTABLY ENUMERABLE DEGREES
Authors: DOWNEY ROD , GREENBERG NOAM
Published: April 2018

We introduce a new hierarchy of computably enumerable degrees. This hierarchy is based on computable ordinal notations measuring complexity of approximation of${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$functions. The hierarchy unifies and classifies the combinatorics of a number of diverse constructions in computability theory. It does so along the lines of the high degrees (Martin) and the array noncomputable degrees (Downey, Jockusch, and Stob). The hierarchy also gives a number of natural definability results in the c.e. degrees, including a definable antichain.
A platform for high-repetition-rate laser experiments on the Large Plasma Device
Authors: Schaeffer D. B. , Hofer L. R. , Knall E. N. , Heuer P. V. , Constantin C. G. , Niemann C.
Published: April 2018

We present a new experimental platform for studying laboratory astrophysics that combines a high-intensity, high-repetition-rate laser with the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles. To demonstrate the utility of this platform, we show the first results of volumetric, highly repeatable magnetic field and electrostatic potential measurements, along with derived quantities of electric field, charge density and current density, of the interaction between a super-Alfvénic laser-produced plasma and an ambient, magnetized plasma.
Unsteady two-dimensional jet with flexible flaps at the channel exit
Authors: Das Prashant , Govardhan R. N. , Arakeri J. H.
Published: April 2018

The present work studies the effect of passive exit flexibility on a two-dimensional starting jet. The exit flexibility is introduced by attaching two flexible (deformable) flaps at the jet exit of a high aspect ratio rectangular duct with the flaps initially being parallel to the channel walls. A controlled piston motion is used to generate the starting jet, which is composed of a rapid acceleration to a constant velocity ($U_{p}$) that is maintained for a given duration of time, after which it is brought to rest impulsively. The parameters which are varied include the flexural rigidity ($EI$) of the flaps, flap length ($L_{f}$) and piston speed ($U_{p}$), with measurements of the flap kinematics and flow field in each case. The flaps initially bulge due to the acceleration of the piston from rest, with this bulge growing in size and moving downstream as the flow develops, culminating in a large opening at the flap exit. Subsequently, the flaps return to their initial parallel position and remain there as long as the piston is in motion. Once the piston stops, the flaps collapse inwards due to fluid deceleration causing additional flow out of the flap region in the form of a jet that adds to the net amount of fluid pushed by the piston. We find that the flap kinematics is affected by the flap$EI$and$L_{f}$besides$U_{p}$. We define a non-dimensional flexural rigidity$EI^{\ast }=EI_{eq}/(1/2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}U_{p}^{2}L_{f}^{2}d)$, where$EI_{eq}$is an equivalent flexural rigidity which takes the self-weight of the flaps into account ($d=\text{channel width}$;$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}=$fluid density). We find that across different$EI_{eq}$,$L_{f}$, and piston speeds, the maximum opening of the flap tip and the time taken to reach this maximum opening in terms of$L/L_{f}$(where$L=\text{fluid slug length}$) fall on a single curve for all the cases studied, when plotted with$EI^{\ast }$. Particle image velocimetry measurements show that the motion of the flaps results in the formation of additional pairs of vortices when compared to the single vortex pair formed in the absence of flaps. The total final circulation coming out of the flap region remains nearly the same as that of the rigid exit case. However, the final fluid impulse is always found to be higher in the flap cases, with the fluid impulse in most flap cases being approximately two times the fluid impulse of the rigid exit case. This increase in impulse is shown to be linked to the fact that the centroids of vorticity get spread out more in the lateral direction due to the opening of the flaps. The increased impulse and the higher time rate of change of impulse, which is linked with force, suggest that introduction of flexible flaps can help improve thrust performance when looked at from a propulsion point of view.
Analysis of droplet stability after ejection from an inkjet nozzle
Authors: Zhong Yonghong , Fang Haisheng , Ma Qianli , Dong Xuran
Published: April 2018

Inkjet technology is a commendable tool in many applications including graphics printing, bioengineering and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Droplet stability is a key factor influencing inkjet performance. The stability can be analysed using dimensionless numbers that usually combine thermophysical properties and system dimensions. In this paper, a drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet experimental system is established. A numerical model is developed to investigate the influence of the operating conditions on droplet stability, including nozzle dimensions, driving parameters (the pulse amplitude and width used to drive droplet formation) and fluid properties. The results indicate that the stability can be improved by decreasing the pulse amplitude and width, decreasing the fluid density and viscosity or increasing the nozzle diameter and fluid surface tension. Based on case analysis and modelling, a dimensionless number ($Z$), the reciprocal of the Ohnesorge number, is numerically determined for a stable droplet to lie in a range between 4 and 8. To explicitly combine the driving parameters, a new stability criterion, $Pj$, is further proposed. A general rule taking into account both $Pj$ and $Z$ is proposed for choosing appropriate driving parameters to eject stable droplets for a known nozzle and fluid, which is further validated by experiments.
A mechanism for jet drift over topography
Authors: Khatri Hemant , Berloff Pavel
Published: April 2018

The dynamics of multiple alternating oceanic jets has been studied in the presence of a simple bottom topography with constant slope in the zonal direction. A baroclinic quasi-geostrophic model forced with a horizontally uniform and vertically sheared background flow generates mesoscale eddies and jets that are tilted from the zonal direction and drift with constant speed. The governing dynamical equations are rewritten in a tilted frame of reference moving with the jets, and the cross-jet time-mean profiles of the linear and nonlinear stress terms are analysed. Here, the linear stress terms are present because of the zonally asymmetric topography. It is demonstrated that the linear dynamics controls the drift mechanism. Also, it is found that the drifting jets are directly forced by the imposed vertical shear, whereas the eddies oppose the jets, although this is limited to continuously forced dissipative systems. This role of the eddies is opposite to the one in the classical baroclinic model of stationary, zonally symmetric multiple jets. This is expected to be more generic in the ocean, which is zonally asymmetric nearly everywhere.
Glacier variations at Aru Co in western Tibet from 1971 to 2016 derived from remote-sensing data
Authors: ZHANG ZHEN , LIU SHIYIN , ZHANG YONG , WEI JUNFENG , JIANG ZONGLI , WU KUNPENG
Published: April 2018

Twin glaciers collapsed in 2016 near Aru Co, western Tibet and caused extreme loss to human beings. In this study, we attempted to track the dynamics of glaciers in the region, for example the glacier area and mass changes in Aru Co for the period 1971–2016, which were determined using topographic maps and Landsat images and ASTER-derived DEMs (2011–16), the Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission DEM (2000) and topographic maps (1971). Our results showed that the glacier area of Aru Co decreased by −0.4 ± 4.1% during 1971–2016. The geodetic mass-balance results showed that the glaciers in Aru Co lost mass at a rate of −0.15 ± 0.30 m w.e. a−1 during 1971–99, while they gained mass at a rate of 0.33 ± 0.61 m w.e. a−1 for the period 1999–2016. The twin glaciers experienced a larger negative mass budget than the others in the region before 1999. This process produced large amounts of meltwater, followed by a sustained increase in the meltwater on the pressure melting point, possibly in response to a period of positive mass balance (1999–2016) and then, transferred to the glacier bed until the glaciers collapsed.
Wine Industry Campaign Contributions and Wine Excise Taxes: Evidence from U.S. States
Authors: Pokharel Shree B.
Published: April 2018

Given the growing importance of the wine industry in the United States, wine special interests are on the rise. Data shows that campaign contributions from the wine industry to officials running for state offices have increased over time. Given this reality, one can expect wine excise tax to remain low in states that receive higher campaign contributions. In addition, there are theoretical and empirical reasons to believe that these tax rates are interdependent based on Tiebout competition and yardstick competition. Based on this reasoning, one can hypothesize wine excise tax rates to be spatially dependent. In this study, I test this hypothesis using state-level campaign contributions data from the National Institute on Money in State Politics and Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, Inc. and find that there is strong statistical evidence of spatial dependence between state wine excise tax rates. (JEL Classifications: C12, C23, H71)
Crowdfunding in the Wine Industry
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Cardebat Jean-Marie , Vignolles Alexandra
Published: April 2018

Crowdfunding has recently emerged as a novel way of financing new ventures. It coincides with a growing interest in wine as an investment good and with a search for new funding opportunities by wine makers. In this study, we examine potential investors willing to engage in wine crowdfunded projects and the kind of revenue that would attract them. We presented an original survey where respondents were asked about their wine consumption and purchase, their knowledge about crowdfunding, their relation to the internet, their investment and project related to wine crowdfunding, and their expectations concerning the returns from this type of contribution. Our results suggest that among all forms of crowdfunding, the donation/voluntary contribution side driven by intrinsic motivation is likely to remain marginal compared to crowdfunding as an investment or a form of early purchase. (JEL Classifications: G11, G12, G21, L17, L66)
LUMINESCENCE DATING OF LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS IN URUGUAY
Authors: Feathers James K. , Nami Hugo G.
Published: April 2018

The archaeological record in the Negro River in central Uruguay Republic is remarkable for its richness, including the presence of a significant number of Paleoindian fishtail points. As part of ongoing research on the earliest human occupations in this region, luminescence dating is applied to develop a terminal Pleistocene-Holocene regional chronology. Eight ages were derived from six samples taken from sedimentary fluvial deposits from two sites near the city of Paso de los Toros. The resulting dates span 11.8 and 1.04 ka corresponding to the Late Pleistocene and the whole Holocene. Because the chronology of the sedimentary sequences spanning these ages is poorly known, the presented results become a significant contribution to the construction of a chronostratigraphy sequence in the area. The results also show how single-grain dating can distinguish different components of mixed assemblages.
Body-shape diversity in Triassic–Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety
Authors: Clarke John T. , Friedman Matt
Published: April 2018

Comprising Holostei and Teleostei, the ~32,000 species of neopterygian fishes are anatomically disparate and represent the dominant group of aquatic vertebrates today. However, the pattern by which teleosts rose to represent almost all of this diversity, while their holostean sister-group dwindled to eight extant species and two broad morphologies, is poorly constrained. A geometric morphometric approach was taken to generate a morphospace from more than 400 fossil taxa, representing almost all articulated neopterygian taxa known from the first 150 million years—roughly 60%—of their history (Triassic‒Early Cretaceous). Patterns of morphospace occupancy and disparity are examined to: (1) assess evidence for a phenotypically “dominant” holostean phase; (2) evaluate whether expansions in teleost phenotypic variety are predominantly abrupt or gradual, including assessment of whether early apomorphy-defined teleosts are as morphologically conservative as typically assumed; and (3) compare diversification in crown and stem teleosts. The systematic affinities of dapediiforms and pycnodontiforms, two extinct neopterygian clades of uncertain phylogenetic placement, significantly impact patterns of morphological diversification. For instance, alternative placements dictate whether or not holosteans possessed statistically higher disparity than teleosts in the Late Triassic and Jurassic. Despite this ambiguity, all scenarios agree that holosteans do not exhibit a decline in disparity during the Early Triassic‒Early Cretaceous interval, but instead maintain their Toarcian‒Callovian variety until the end of the Early Cretaceous without substantial further expansions. After a conservative Induan‒Carnian phase, teleosts colonize (and persistently occupy) novel regions of morphospace in a predominantly gradual manner until the Hauterivian, after which expansions are rare. Furthermore, apomorphy-defined teleosts possess greater phenotypic variety than typically assumed. Comparison of crown and stem teleost partial disparity indicates that, despite a statistically significant increase in crown teleost disparity between the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, stem teleosts remained important long-term contributors to overall teleost disparity during this time.
Liquid Lowering in Kurpian
Authors: RUBACH JERZY
Published: April 2018

This article analyzes the process that I call Liquid Lowering which turns high vowels$i$and ɨ into$e$before liquids, schematically iɨ→ e/ – rl. The process began to operate in Polish in the 16th century. I look at the modern reflexes of Liquid Lowering in Standard Polish and in Kurpian, a dialect of Polish that dates back to the 17th century, and argue that the rule is dead in Standard Polish but not in Kurpian, where it is productive in derived environments. The modeling of Liquid Lowering as a phonological process has implications for phonological theory. In particular, it calls for the recognition of derivational levels, as envisaged by Derivational Optimality Theory. It is argued that Standard Optimality Theory, with its principle of strict parallelism, cannot account for the data because it runs into insoluble ranking paradoxes. Furthermore, the analysis bears on the issue of abstractness by positing vowels that never occur phonetically. The abstract vowels are exchanged for the actually occurring vowels before reaching the surface representation. I term this type of shift changevirement.
Ontogenetic and inter-annual variation in the diet of Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) juveniles in the East China Sea
Authors: Sassa Chiyuki , Kitajima Satoshi , Nishiuchi Kou , Takahashi Motomitsu
Published: April 2018

We examined the diet of pelagic juveniles ofTrachurus japonicusin the surface layer in April, and subsequent demersal juveniles in the near bottom layer during May to June of the East China Sea (ECS) in 2005, 2008 and 2009. Diet composition of the pelagic juveniles showed a significant difference between 2005 and the other two years. That is, they preyed mainly onParacalanus parvuss.l. and occasionally onCalanus sinicusin 2008 and 2009, while they fed mainly onCorycaeus affinisin 2005, partly corresponding with the between-year difference in prey densities. The demersal juveniles depended heavily on the fifth copepodites and females ofC. sinicuswhich store lipids in the body, i.e. high-energy food for the juveniles, without a significant inter-annual difference. The markedly low occurrence ofP. parvuss.l. andC. sinicus, which are considered to be energetically more favourable thanC. affinis, from the stomach of the pelagic juveniles in 2005 corresponded with the lowest growth rates of the pelagic juveniles in the three years. Potentially, this resulted in the lowest observed recruitment level of the demersal juveniles for the ECS in 2005 over these three years.
The Illusion of Class in Welfare State Politics?
Authors: KEVINS ANTHONY , HORN ALEXANDER , JENSEN CARSTEN , VAN KERSBERGEN KEES
Published: April 2018

Social class, with its potentially pivotal influence on both policy-making and electoral outcomes tied to the welfare state, is a frequent fixture in academic and political discussions about social policy. Yet these discussions presuppose that class identity is in fact tied up with distinct attitudes toward the welfare state. Using original data from ten surveys fielded in the United States and Western Europe, we investigate the relationship between class and general stances toward the welfare state as a whole, with the goal of determining whether class affects how individuals understand and relate to the welfare state. Our findings suggest that, although class markers are tied to objective and subjective positional considerations about one's place in the society, they nevertheless do not seem to shape stances toward the welfare state. What is more, this is equally true across the various welfare state types, as we find no evidence that so-called ‘middle-class welfare states’ engender more positive middle-class attitudes than other regimes. Based on our analysis, we propose that researchers would do better to focus on household income rather than class; while income may not be a perfect predictor of attitudes toward the welfare state, it is a markedly better one than class.
TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR SELECTING BEHAVIOURAL POLICIES: HOW TO CHOOSE BETWEEN BOOSTS AND NUDGES
Authors: Grüne-Yanoff Till , Marchionni Caterina , Feufel Markus A.
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we analyse the difference between two types of behavioural policies – nudges and boosts. We distinguish them on the basis of the mechanisms through which they are expected to operate and identify the contextual conditions that are necessary for each policy to be successful. Our framework helps judging which type of policy is more likely to bring about the intended behavioural outcome in a given situation.
Numbers with simply normal β-expansions
Authors: BAKER SIMON , KONG DERONG
Published: April 2018

In [6] the first author proved that for any β ∈ (1, βKL) everyx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) has a simply normal β-expansion, where βKL≈ 1.78723 is the Komornik–Loreti constant. This result is complemented by an observation made in [22], where it was shown that whenever β ∈ (βT, 2] there exists anx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) with a unique β-expansion, and this expansion is not simply normal. Here βT≈ 1.80194 is the unique zero in (1, 2] of the polynomialx3−x2− 2x+ 1. This leaves a gap in our understanding within the interval [βKL, βT]. In this paper we fill this gap and prove that for any β ∈ (1, βT], everyx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) has a simply normal β-expansion. For completion, we provide a proof that for any β ∈ (1, 2), Lebesgue almost everyxhas a simply normal β-expansion. We also give examples ofxwith multiple β-expansions, none of which are simply normal.

Our proofs rely on ideas from combinatorics on words and dynamical systems.
Variation in opsin transcript expression explains intraretinal differences in spectral sensitivity of the northern anchovy
Authors: SAVELLI ILARIA , NOVALES FLAMARIQUE IÑIGO
Published: April 2018

Vertebrate retinal photoreceptors house visual pigments that absorb light to begin the process of vision. The light absorbed by a visual pigment depends on its two molecular components: protein (opsin) and chromophore (a vitamin A derivative). Although an increasing number of studies show intraretinal variability in visual pigment content, it is only for two mammals (human and mouse) and two birds (chicken and pigeon) that such variability has been demonstrated to underlie differences in spectral sensitivity of the animal. Here, we show that the spectral sensitivity of the northern anchovy varies with retinal quadrant and that this variability can be explained by differences in the expression of opsin transcripts. Retinal (vitamin A1) was the only chromophore detected in the retina, ruling out this molecular component as a source of variation in spectral sensitivity. Chromatic adaptation experiments further showed that the dorsal retina had the capacity to mediate color vision. Together with published results for the ventral retina, this study is the first to demonstrate that intraretinal opsin variability in a fish drives corresponding variation in the animal’s spectral sensitivity.
Origins of mother–child reminiscing style
Authors: Reese Elaine , Meins Elizabeth , Fernyhough Charles , Centifanti Luna
Published: April 2018

Maternal elaborative reminiscing supports preschool children's autobiographical memory, self-concept, and emotion understanding. What are the factors contributing to mothers' elaborative style of reminiscing? In a longitudinal community sample (n = 170 at the final data point), this study explored the role of maternal depression (8–44 months), maternal sensitivity and maternal mind-mindedness (8 months), as well as child factors of joint attention (15 months), attachment security (15 months), and language (26 months) for mother–child reminiscing about a positive (happy) and a negative (scared) event at 44 months. Mothers could be classed into two groups of low versus increasing depression from 8 to 44 months, yet maternal depression did not uniquely predict mother–child reminiscing after accounting for maternal sensitivity and other factors. Instead, maternal sensitivity, children's joint attention, and language uniquely predicted children's elaborations about the scared event at 44 months, and maternal sensitivity uniquely predicted mothers' elaborations about the scared event at 44 months. Mothers who are more sensitive in early interactions may later be better at engaging their children when reminiscing about negative emotions. These findings have implications for the design of interventions targeted at supporting mothers to engage in elaborative reminiscing with their preschool children.
Cost-benefit break down: unplannable spaces in 1970s Glasgow
Authors: MASS SARAH
Published: April 2018

This article examines a moment of uncertainty in early 1970s Glasgow motorway history: the planning of the East Flank of the Inner Ring Road and the potential removal of the Barrows Market. As sociological influences against wholesale urban clearance came into maturity in planning and community action, Glasgow planners carried out a feasibility study into the socio-economic costs of uprooting the commercial life of the Barrows. I suggest that reading this technocratic document for its cultural assumptions, ambiguities and tensions, rather than its engineering vision, opens up a different approach to the history of motorway planning.
Spectral Music and the Appeal to Nature
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN JAMES
Published: April 2018

Discourse surrounding spectral music frequently makes reference to nature and related language. Practitioners, theorists, and musicologists have discussed different aspects and perspectives on the idea of nature in the relation to this music and it is not always clear that these terms are used in the same way. This article examines the different meanings of ‘nature’ applied to various concepts and techniques in spectral music, the extent to which these descriptors may be misleading, and the cultural context and possible motivations for the use of this kind of rhetoric. Through a discussion of the derivation structure in spectral music, a focus on human perception, metaphorical references to nature, the rhetoric surrounding the harmonic series and instrumental (re)synthesis, and finally mimetic references to nature in music using spectral techniques (including a discussion of the music of François-Bernard Mâche), the article endeavours to provide a thorough survey of the subject.
Do People Contrast and Assimilate Candidate Ideology? An Experimental Test of the Projection Hypothesis
Authors: Amira Karyn
Published: April 2018

In political psychology, positive projection happens when we perceive the positions of liked candidates as closer to our own positions while negative projection means we perceive the positions of disliked candidates as further from our own positions. To date, there is still confusion about whether affective feelings lead to perceptions of candidate positions or perceptions of candidate positions lead to affective feelings. This paper pins down one of these causal directions. I manipulate positive and negative feelings towards a fictitious candidate in a survey experiment to introduce them exogenously and examine whether they affect perceptions of candidate ideology. In line with some previous findings, the results indicate modest positive projection effects but no negative projection effects. Explanations for this asymmetry are discussed.
The Characteristics of Microseisms in South China Sea: Results From a Combined Data Set of OBSs, Broadband Land Seismic Stations, and a Global Wave Height Model
Authors: Xiao Han , Xue Mei , Yang Ting , Liu Chenguang , Hua Qingfeng , Xia Shaohong , Huang Haibo , Le Ba Manh , Yu Youqiang , Huo Da , Pan Mohan , Li Lin , Gao Jinyao
Published: April 2018

It has long been recognized that ocean gravity waves can generate microseisms through their interactions and coupling with the solid earth. Their generation mechanisms, wave types, and propagation have been studied and debated intensively. In this study, we focus on the characteristics of microseisms in South China Sea (SCS) and compare them with globally observed microseisms. We use data from six ocean bottom seismometers, 10 publicly available broadband land seismometers near SCS, and a reanalyzed global wave height model from 1 May 2012 to 20 August 2012 (UTC), the time span of ocean bottom seismometers' data. We apply three techniques including power spectral density, correlation, and frequency dependent polarization analysis. Our results show that (1) microseisms observed in SCS are dominated by sources from adjacent oceans, instead of the common global sources from the Pacific, Atlantic, or Indian Ocean; (2) the split of double‐frequency microseisms (DFMs) is observed in SCS, especially on land stations: the sources are located near the central sea basin for long‐period DFMs (0.1–0.25 Hz) and are local near stations for short‐period DFMs (0.25–0.5 Hz); (3) typhoons both strengthen microseisms and affect the source locations of microseisms with the biggest influence on the short‐period DFMs; and (4) microseisms in or near SCS are a mixture of Love and Rayleigh waves and the relative dominance of Love and Rayleigh waves changes with locations.
Anisotropic 3‐D Ray Tracing and Its Application to Japan Subduction Zone
Authors: Gou Tao , Zhao Dapeng , Huang Zhouchuan , Wang Liangshu
Published: April 2018

A new 3‐D ray tracing technique is developed to determine seismic raypaths and theoretical travel times in weak radial anisotropic media. Anisotropic schemes of the pseudo‐bending technique and Snell's law are derived and used iteratively to find the fastest ray trajectory. Many synthetic tests are performed to evaluate the accuracy of our algorithm and investigate the raypath differences between the 3‐D isotropic and anisotropic rays. The test results show that the travel time and raypath differences are smaller than 0.1 s and 10 km, respectively. Applying our technique to a model of radial anisotropy tomography of the Japan subduction zone, we find visible travel time and raypath differences due to variations of the 3‐D isotropic velocity and radial anisotropy, but the travel time difference caused by the radial anisotropy is generally <~0.1 s and the raypath difference is generally <20 km. Two models of Vp radial anisotropy tomography under Japan are obtained using the isotropic and anisotropic ray tracing codes. The two models are very similar to each other, and they have only small differences (<0.5%) in the amplitudes of isotropic velocity and radial anisotropy. Considering the limited resolution of the current anisotropic tomography models and the effects of damping and smoothing regularizations, the use of the conventional isotropic ray tracing techniques is acceptable at this stage. However, for high‐resolution models of anisotropic tomography in the near future, the 3‐D anisotropic ray tracing will be necessary.
Cloud‐Scale Droplet Number Sensitivity to Liquid Water Path in Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: de Szoeke Simon P. , Verlinden Kathryn L. , Covert David
Published: April 2018

Cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) is retrieved from remotely observed marine stratocumulus cloud liquid water path (LWP), cloud optical depth (τc), and cloud thickness, using an optical model that assumes liquid water content (LWC) increases linearly from cloud base. Assuming that LWC is vertically uniform would underestimate τc by 5% and Nc by 14%. Individual retrievals of Nc from 10‐min averages vary by orders of magnitude from long‐term averages. Surface cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration NCCN is weakly but significantly correlated with Nc (R = 0.3) for the day leading and 6 hr following Nc. Consistent with coalescence and drizzle scavenging cloud droplets, lag correlations show that Nc decreases for 1 hr after the peak area‐average rain rate. Greater observed LWP for lower Nc [d(log Nc)/d(log LWP) = −2.3] is consistent with enhanced entrainment drying of clouds with greater Nc and consistent with removal of Nc by thicker clouds with more coalescence and drizzle. Stronger precipitation in clouds with greater Nc is the opposite sensitivity as expected were LWP to be controlled by the “cloud lifetime” indirect aerosol effect. The strong sensitivity of Nc to LWP suggests that cloud dynamic and thermodynamic forcings drive macrophysical variability that controls Nc in southeastern tropical Pacific stratocumulus clouds. Regressions are relatively insensitive to assumptions about the covariance of errors among the sensors.
Fine Particle Emissions From Tropical Peat Fires Decrease Rapidly With Time Since Ignition
Authors: Roulston C. , Paton‐Walsh C. , Smith T. E. L. , Guérette É.‐A. , Evers S. , Yule C. M. , Rein G. , Van der Werf G. R.
Published: April 2018

Southeast Asia experiences frequent fires in fuel‐rich tropical peatlands, leading to extreme episodes of regional haze with high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) impacting human health. In a study published recently, the first field measurements of PM2.5 emission factors for tropical peat fires showed larger emissions than from other fuel types. Here we report even higher PM2.5 emission factors, measured at newly ignited peat fires in Malaysia, suggesting that current estimates of fine particulate emissions from peat fires may be underestimated by a factor of 3 or more. In addition, we use both field and laboratory measurements of burning peat to provide the first mechanistic explanation for the high variability in PM2.5 emission factors, demonstrating that buildup of a surface ash layer causes the emissions of PM2.5 to decrease as the peat fire progresses. This finding implies that peat fires are more hazardous (in terms of aerosol emissions) when first ignited than when still burning many days later. Varying emission factors for PM2.5 also have implications for our ability to correctly model the climate and air quality impacts downwind of the peat fires. For modelers able to implement a time‐varying emission factor, we recommend an emission factor for PM2.5 from newly ignited tropical peat fires of 58 g of PM2.5 per kilogram of dry fuel consumed (g/kg), reducing exponentially at a rate of 9%/day. If the age of the fire is unknown or only a single value may be used, we recommend an average value of 24 g/kg.
Southwestern U.S. Biomass Burning Smoke Hygroscopicity: The Role of Plant Phenology, Chemical Composition, and Combustion Properties
Authors: Gomez S. L. , Carrico C. M. , Allen C. , Lam J. , Dabli S. , Sullivan A. P. , Aiken A. C. , Rahn T. , Romonosky D. , Chylek P. , Sevanto S. , Dubey M. K.
Published: April 2018

Biomass burning emissions have substantially increased with continued warming and drying in the southwestern U.S., impacting air quality and atmospheric processes. To better quantify impacts of biomass burning aerosols, an extensive laboratory study of fresh smoke emissions was conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Laboratory burn experiments with selected native and invasive southwestern U.S. fuels were used to elucidate the role of fuel type, chemical composition, and ignition method on the hygroscopicity of smoke. Here we focus on a custom controlled relative humidity (RH) nephelometry system using the direct measurement of aerosol light scattering with two nephelometers—one at dry conditions and one at a controlled high RH (RH ~ 85%). Aerosol hygroscopicity was highly variable with the enhancement in light scattering coefficient in the range of 1.02 < f(RH = 85%) < 2.1 and corresponding to the kappa parameter (κneph) ranging from ~0 to 0.18. Hygroscopicity is determined primarily by the fuel's inorganic ion content. For example, invasive halophytes with high inorganic salt content exhibit much greater water uptake than native coniferous species with low inorganic content. Combustion temperature and phase, flaming or smoldering, play a secondary role in the water uptake of smoke. High‐temperature ignition methods create flaming conditions that enhance hygroscopicity while lower‐temperature smoldering conditions diminish hygroscopicity. Our results construct an empirical relation between κneph and the inorganic content of the fuel and smoke to predict water uptake.
Complex Basal Thermal Transition Near the Onset of Petermann Glacier, Greenland
Authors: Chu W. , Schroeder D. M. , Seroussi H. , Creyts T. T. , Bell R. E.
Published: April 2018

The basal thermal regime of ice sheets exerts a strong control on ice‐sheet stability and the onset of rapidly streaming flow. However, the nature of this thermal transition where sliding initiates is largely unconstrained by geophysical observations. In the Greenland Ice Sheet, topographic troughs or elevated geothermal heat fluxes typically define the onset of outlet glaciers. In contrast, Petermann Glacier in Northern Greenland does not have any distinct bed troughs or localized geothermal heating associated with its onset, making it an ideal site to investigate the basal thermal state and examine its role in the onset of Petermann Glacier. Here we use radar bed reflectivity and an ice‐sheet thermomechanical model to examine the basal thermal regime beneath Petermann Glacier. Our results reveal a complex thermal transition near the onset of Petermann Glacier. As the bed shifts from largely frozen to largely thawed with increasing distances from the ice divide, our results show that this thermal transition happens through alternating bands of frozen and thawed bands. The complex thermal state across the onset region suggests that lateral meltwater injection and local meltwater production determine the location of Petermann Glacier. Given the lack of topographic pinning at the onset location, the upstream margin of Petermann is vulnerable to migrate depending on a combination of advective cooling and meltwater supply from the interior of the ice sheet.
Marine Forearc Extension in the Hikurangi Margin: New Insights From High‐Resolution 3‐D Seismic Data
Authors: Böttner Christoph , Gross Felix , Geersen Jacob , Crutchley Gareth J. , Mountjoy Joshu J. , Krastel Sebastian
Published: April 2018

Upper‐plate normal faults are a widespread structural element in erosive plate margins. Increasing coverage of marine geophysical data has proven that similar features also exist in accretionary margins where horizontal compression usually results in folding and thrust faulting. There is a general lack of understanding of the role and importance of normal faulting for the structural and tectonic evolution of accretionary margins. Here we use high‐resolution 2‐D and 3‐D seismic reflection data and derived seismic attributes to map and analyze upper‐plate normal faulting in the marine forearc of the accretionary Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. We document extension of the marine forearc over a wide area along the upper continental slope. The seismically imaged normal faults show low vertical displacements, high dip angles, a preference for landward dip, and often en echelon patterns. We evaluate different processes, which may cause the observed extension, including (1) stress change during the earthquake cycle, (2) regional or local uplift and decoupling of shallow strata from compression at depth, and (3) rotation of crustal blocks and resulting differential stresses at the block boundaries. The results suggest that normal faults play an important role in the structural and tectonic evolution of accretionary margins, including the northern Hikurangi forearc.
Deep Learning: A Next-Generation Big-Data Approach for Hydrology
Authors: Shen Chaopeng
Published: April 2018

What can Artificial Intelligence offer hydrologic research? Could deep learning one day become part of hydrology itself?
N-glycosylation of mouse TRAIL-R restrains TRAIL-induced apoptosis
Authors: Estornes Yann , Dondelinger Yves , Weber Kathrin , Bruggeman Inge , Peall Adam , MacFarlane Marion , Lebecque Serge , Vandenabeele Peter , Bertrand Mathieu J. M.
Published: April 2018

The sensitivity of cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis is commonly controlled by multiple checkpoints in order to limit induction of excessive or unnecessary death. Although cytotoxic in various cancer cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) does not trigger apoptosis in most non-transformed cells. The molecular nature of the checkpoints that normally protect the cells from TRAIL-induced death are not fully understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to switch the sensitivity of human cells to the cytotoxic effect of TRAIL, suggesting that this cellular state perturbs some of these protective mechanisms. We found that tunicamycin (TU), but no other ER stress inducers, sensitized mouse fibroblasts and hippocampal neuronal cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, the sensitization was specific to TRAIL and not caused by differences in ER stress induction. Instead, it relied on the inhibition of N-glycosylation of the mouse TRAIL receptor (mTRAIL-R). Inhibition of N-glycosylation did not alter cell surface expression of mTRAIL-R but enhanced its ability to bind TRAIL, and facilitated mTRAIL-R oligomerization, which resulted in enhanced death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and caspase-8 activation. Remarkably, reconstitution of mTRAIL-R-deficient cells with a version of mTRAIL-R mutated for the three N-glycosylation sites identified in its ectodomain confirmed higher sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of N-glycosylation of mTRAIL-R, and not ER stress induction, sensitizes mouse cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We therefore reveal a new mechanism restraining TRAIL cytotoxicity in mouse cells.
In-situ visualization of solute-driven phase coexistence within individual nanorods
Authors: Hayee Fariah , Narayan Tarun C. , Nadkarni Neel , Baldi Andrea , Koh Ai Leen , Bazant Martin Z. , Sinclair Robert , Dionne Jennifer A.
Published: April 2018

Nanorods are promising components of energy and information storage devices that rely on solute-driven phase transformations, due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and ability to accommodate strain. Here we investigate the hydrogen-induced phase transition in individual penta-twinned palladium nanorods of varying aspect ratios with ~3 nm spatial resolution to understand the correlation between nanorod structure and thermodynamics. We find that the hydrogenated phase preferentially nucleates at the rod tips, progressing along the length of the nanorods with increasing hydrogen pressure. While nucleation pressure is nearly constant for all lengths, the number of phase boundaries is length-dependent, with stable phase coexistence always occurring for rods longer than 55 nm. Moreover, such coexistence occurs within individual crystallites of the nanorods and is accompanied by defect formation, as supported by in situ electron microscopy and elastic energy calculations. These results highlight the effect of particle shape and dimension on thermodynamics, informing nanorod design for improved device cyclability.