bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The more (complex), the better? The influence of epistemic motivation on integrative bargaining in complex negotiation
Authors: van der Schalk Job , Beersma Bianca , van Kleef Gerben A. , De Dreu Carsten K.W.
Published: April 2009

Negotiating about a larger number of issues is often argued to enhance the potential for integrative bargaining. However, the enhanced complexity may also make negotiators more susceptible to bias, making it less likely for them to reach win–win agreements. We argue that epistemic motivation, the motivation to hold accurate perceptions of the world, provides a key to solve this paradox. In a negotiation experiment we manipulated complexity by having participants negotiate about 6 or 18 issues and we manipulated epistemic motivation by making participants process‐accountable or not. Under low complexity, there was no effect of epistemic motivation on created value. Under high complexity, however, negotiators with high epistemic motivation created more value than negotiators with low epistemic motivation. Thus, negotiating about larger numbers of issues was only beneficial for negotiators if they were motivated to think deeply and thoroughly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(toluidine blue) Nanowires and Their Application in Amperometric Biosensors
Authors: Lu Li‐Min , Wang Sui‐Ping , Qu Feng‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Huan Shuangyan , Shen Guo‐Li , Yu Ru‐Qin
Published: April 2009

Poly(toluidine blue) nanowires (PTBNWs) with an average diameter of ca. 200 nm and length of ca. 5 μm were synthesized for the first time using a template‐directed electropolymerization strategy with a nanopore polycarbonate (PC) membrane template. Their morphological characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). By electrochemical polymerization, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was encapsulated in situ in PTBNWs (denoted as PTBNWs‐HRP) for potential biosensor applications. PTBNWs‐HRP was then modified on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. In the system obtained, the PTBNWs served as an excellent redox mediator and exhibited high efficiency of electron transfer between the HRP and the GC electrode for the reduction of H2O2. The proposed electrode can be used as an excellent amperometric sensor for H2O2 at −0.1 V with a linear response range covering from 1 μM to 28 mM, a detection limit of 1 μM (based on S/N=3) and a fast response time of less than 8 s.
On‐line capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of urinary porphyrins
Authors: Li Jinhua , Chan Wan , Cai Zongwei
Published: April 2009

A rapid, high‐resolution and high‐efficiency novel method for the simultaneous determination of mesoporphyrin (MP), coproporphyrin (CP) and uroporphyrin (UP) in human urine by capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) was developed. The simple laboratory‐made interface was developed by using a micro‐tee connection and a liquid junction. The porphyrins were well separated by CE with a positive 12 kV voltage in a 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 10.5) containing 40% v/v acetonitrile. The sheath liquid was composed of acetonitrile‐water (50:50 v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% v/v formic acid (pH 3.0) with a flow rate of 5 μL/min. The porphyrins were identified with the criteria of migration time and m/z values, and quantified with the measurement of peak area of [M+H]+ ion. Limits of detection for MP, CP and UP were 85 nM, 140 nM and 300 nM, respectively. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves were between 0.9956 and 0.9862. The intra‐day precisions in terms of relative standard deviations (n=12) of the method were 1.1–3.9% for migration times and 2.3–14.1% for peak areas. The porphyrin recoveries of spiked urine samples were between 73% and 96%. The liquid junction interface for CE‐ESI‐MS was demonstrated to be applicable for the potential quantitative analysis of clinical samples.
On priority setting in preventive care resources
Authors: Courbage Christophe
Published: April 2009

Using an expected utility approach, we show that within a population that differs with respect to the probability of developing a disease, the allocation of preventive care resources should be prioritized based on the efficiency of prevention and not on whether individuals are at high or low risk of developing the disease. Should the efficiency of prevention be the same within the population, we show that the gravity of the disease, the presence of co‐morbidities and the existence of uncertainty on health status can alternatively be considered so as to prioritize among preventive care resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare involvement of submandibular gland by oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Tseng‐Cheng , Lo Wu‐Chia , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Lou Pei‐Jen , Yang Tsung‐Lin , Wang Cheng‐Ping
Published: April 2009

Background

The true involvement of the submandibular gland in primary oral cancer seems quite uncommon.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the pathologic records of 342 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent wide excision of primary oral cancer and simultaneous neck dissection from January 2000 to December 2003.

Results

Of the 383 submandibular glands, only 7 (1.8%) exhibited tumor involvement. Of them, 5 glands were involved by direct extension from the primary tumor. One gland showed local invasion from an adjacent involved lymph node in level I and 1 was from intraglandular lymph node metastasis. All of these 6 tumors with submandibular gland involvement were T4 disease (p = .0003) and the neck nodal status on each was more than N2b (p < .0001).

Conclusion

The patients with early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma with preoperative N0 neck may be candidates for preservation of the submandibular gland. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Three‐dimensional visualization of skin lymphatic drainage patterns of the head and neck
Authors: Reynolds Hayley M. , Smith Nicolas P. , Uren Roger F. , Thompson John F. , Dunbar P. Rod
Published: April 2009

Background

Lymphatic drainage from skin on the head and neck is complex. We sought to provide improved visualization and analysis of the patterns of head and neck skin lymphatic drainage using aggregated lymphoscintigraphy data.

Methods

Lymphoscintigraphy data from 929 patients with cutaneous melanoma on the head and neck collected at the Sydney Melanoma Unit have been mapped onto a 3‐dimensional computer model of the skin and lymph nodes.

Results

Novel heat maps and interactive software have been created, which show subtle differences in lymphatic drainage patterns when compared with those that are previously reported. Posterior head and neck node fields largely drained posterior regions of the head and neck, whereas anterolateral skin regions were generally drained by the other head and neck node fields.

Conclusions

The heat maps and interactive software tool provide novel visualization of head and neck lymphatic drainage patterns, which has both educational and clinical utility. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Radial forearm‐palmaris longus tenocutaneous free flap; implication in the repair of the moderate‐sized postoncologic soft palate defect
Authors: Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won Jai , Choi Eun Chang , Koh Yoon Woo , Lew Dae Hyun
Published: April 2009

Background.

Moderate resection of the soft palate results in suboptimal outcomes in terms of postoperative velopharyngeal function. We propose the radial forearm tenocutaneous free flap incorporating the palmaris longus tendon for reconstruction of the levator sling in these cases.

Methods.

Twenty‐six patients underwent reconstruction with this method. Group I defect involved up to one‐fourth of the soft palate. Group II defect involved up to one‐half of the soft palate whether or not including the uvula. Group III defect involved more than three‐fourths of the soft palate. Postoperative function was assessed by means of speech intelligibility, swallowing performance, nasalance score, and nasoendoscopy.

Results.

Groups I and II showed normal results for speech intelligibility and swallowing function at 44 months. In group III, both parameters proved to be suboptimal.

Conclusions.

Moderate‐sized soft palatal resection cases (group II) benefited most from this particular method of dynamic reconstruction using the radial forearm tenocutaneous free flap. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Hastatusides A and B: Two New Phenolic Glucosides from Rumex hastatus
Authors: Zhang Lan‐Sheng , Li Zhen , Mei Ren‐Qiang , Liu Guang‐Ming , Long Chun‐Lin , Wang Yue‐Hu , Cheng Yong‐Xian
Published: April 2009

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Two new compounds, hastatusides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with five known compounds, resveratrol, rumexoside, torachrysone‐8‐yl β‐D‐glucopyranoside, rutin, nepodin, and orientaloside were isolated from the roots of Rumex hastatus. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy.
The First Postsynthetic 5′‐5′ Intercalators in Triplex DNA – Solid‐Phase Postsynthetic Sonogashira Reaction and Homocouplings on Arylacetylenes
Authors: Bomholt Niels , Filichev Vyacheslav V. , Pedersen Erik B.
Published: April 2009

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We report herein a new technique for postsynthetic modifications of on‐column oligonucleotides. CPG‐Supported nonamer polypyrimidine oligodeoxynucleotides comprising 2‐(3‐iodobenzyloxy)ethyl phosphate at the terminal 5′‐ends were successfully capped with 1,3‐diethynylbenzene under Sonogashira reaction conditions, resulting in novel intercalating 5′‐5′ linker in alternate strand Hoogsteen triplex‐forming oligonucleotidej (TFO) X. In addition, novel 5′‐5′‐linked alternate strand TFOs, Y and Z, were isolated as a result of on‐column Sonogashira coupling with 1,3‐diethynylbenzene, followed by Cu‐catalyzed oxidative arylacetylenic homocoupling(s) between neighboring terminal arylacetylenes. Linkers X, Y, and Z represent the first postsynthesis 5′‐5′ intercalating linkers for alternate strand TFOs. Reproducibility and verification by independent syntheses using conventional phosphoramidite chemistry and DNA synthesis, as well as thermal stability and molecular modelling studies are included.
Chemopreventive agent sulforaphane enhances radiosensitivity in human tumor cells
Authors: Yu Dong , Sekine‐Suzuki Emiko , Xue Lian , Fujimori Akira , Kubota Nobuo , Okayasu Ryuichi
Published: April 2009

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, is a positive regulator of phase II detoxification enzymes and is highly effective in protection against chemically induced cancers by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Here, we report that SFN also enhances radiosensitivity in human tumor cells. Cell survival in HeLa human cervix carcinoma cells pretreated with SFN was significantly lower than in cells treated with radiation only. Constant‐field gel electrophoresis and a gamma‐H2AX foci assay showed marked inhibition of DSB repair in irradiated cells treated with SFN, while little inhibition was observed in cells with DMSO (control). In addition, immunofluorescence experiments revealed a significant delay in Rad51 (a key protein for homologous recombination repair) foci formation and disappearance in irradiated cells treated with SFN when compared to the cells with X‐irradiation alone. The dephosphorylation of DNA‐PKcs (a critical nonhomologous end joining protein) was also markedly delayed by SFN pretreatment in irradiated cells. These DSB repair inhibition data partially support the high apoptotic frequency of irradiated cells pretreated with SFN. Furthermore, the combined treatment of X‐rays and SFN (i.p. 300 μmol/kg) in the xenograft model with HeLa cells showed efficient inhibition of in vivo tumor growth. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first report showing SFN‐enhanced radiosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, which opens the door for a multitude of clinical applications for chemoradiotherapy using SFN. © 2009 UICC
Reorganization of the femoral cortex due to age‐, sex‐, and endoprosthetic‐related effects emphasized by osteonal dimensions and remodeling
Authors: Busse Björn , Hahn Michael , Schinke Thorsten , Püschel Klaus , Duda Georg N. , Amling Michael
Published: April 2009

Cortical remodeling is of particular importance to femoral strength. However, osteonal morphology and its quantitative changes are still poorly understood. Therefore, osteons as the cortexes basic structural units should serve for histomorphometrical assessment of reorganization mechanisms. Total hip replacement (THR) cases as well as relevant controls were investigated to gain insight into changes within stress shielded as well as age‐ and sex‐associated bone with emphasis on the underlying osseous cell interactions. Control (n = 23) and THR (lifetime Ø14 months, n = 8) femora were prepared to grinding specimen. Osteon density (On.Dn.), osteon area (On.Ar.), haversian canal area (H.Ar.), osteon mean wall thickness (MWT), and cortical porosity (Ct.Po.) were evaluated periosteal and endosteal. Osteonal activity (OA) was determined by mineralization differentiation of active and quiescent osteons. Sex‐ and age‐related differences in osteonal remodeling were evident in controls. Females showed age‐dependent increases of H.Ar. during concomitant changes of On.Ar. and MWT resulting in elevated Ct.Po. at the entire cortex. Males showed this occurrence only periosteal. Increased OA and therefore higher remodeling rates were found in females above 70 years. THR led to decreased On.Dn. at the entire cortex. Periosteal increased OA represented increased periprosthetic remodeling resulting in elevated H.Ar., which enhanced Ct.Po.. Massive losses of endosteal circular osteonal structures following THR are reflected in a spongy reorganized cortex leading to increased Ct.Po.. Imbalances in osteoblast‐osteoclast interactions whose intensity is related to the respective cortex regions occur in both stress shielded and aging bone and may thus contribute to implant failure and fracture risk. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Procyanidins‐crosslinked heart valve matrix: Anticalcification effect
Authors: Zhai Wanyin , Chang Jiang , Lü Xiqin , Wang Zheng
Published: April 2009

Calcification is one of the key factors for short durability of glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked bioprosthetic heart valves. We have shown previously that procyanidins (PC)‐crosslinked heart valve matrix has low cytotoxicity, perfect mechanical properties, and ideal stability. The aim of this study is to investigate the anticalcification effect of procyanidins and its crosslinked heart valves. Porcine aortic heart valve leaflets were decellularized and crosslinked with PC solution. The inhibition of calcification on PC‐crosslinked heart valves was evaluated by soaking valves in simulated body fluid. The anticalcification effect of PC on valvular related cells was evaluated by culturing cells in the presence of PC. The results showed that minerals deposited on non‐ and glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked valvular matrix in simulated body fluid, and PC could inhibit valve matrix mineralization in a dose‐dependant manner. In addition, PC inhibited osteodifferentiation and calcification of valvular related cells by suppressing alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition of cells. In conclusion, procyanidins can inhibit calcification of valvular matrix effectively by blocking mineral deposition and suppressing alkaline phosphatase activity and calcification of valvular related cells. Therefore, procyanindins‐crosslinked heart valve matrix may be a potential candidate as new bioprosthetic heart valve implants. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2009
Embezzlement: Don't be a victim!
Authors: Lindquist Stanton C. , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: April 2009

During a recession, everyone looks for ways to augment their income—including corporate fraudsters. Don't be a victim! The authors discuss the motivations for embezzlement and then cover control procedures your company can take to prevent it. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying the O2diffusion and reduction mechanisms on CeO2electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells: A DFT + U study
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Tsung , Chang Jee‐Gong , Chen Hui‐Lung , Ju Shin‐Pon
Published: April 2009

The interactions and reduction mechanisms of O2molecule on the fully oxidized and reduced CeO2surface were studied using periodic density functional theory calculations implementing on‐site Coulomb interactions (DFT + U) consideration. The adsorbed O2species on the oxidized CeO2surface were characterized by physisorption. Their adsorption energies and vibrational frequencies are within −0.05 to 0.02 eV and 1530–1552 cm−1, respectively. For the reduced CeO2surface, the adsorption of O2on Ce4+, one‐electron defects (Ce3+on the CeO2surface) and two‐electron defects (neutral oxygen vacancy) can alter geometrical parameters and results in the formation of surface physisorbed O2, O2a−(0 <a< 1), superoxide (O2−), and peroxide (O22−) species. Their corresponding adsorption energies are −0.01 to −0.09, −0.20 to −0.37, −1.34 and −1.86 eV, respectively. The predicted vibrational frequencies of the peroxide, superoxide, O2a−(0 <a< 1) and physisorbed species are 897, 1234, 1323–1389, and 1462–1545 cm−1, respectively, which are in good agreement with experimental data. Potential energy profiles for the O2reduction on the oxidized and reduced CeO2(111) surface were constructed using the nudged elastic band method. Our calculations show that the reduced surface is energetically more favorable than the unreduced surface for oxygen reduction. In addition, we have studied the oxygen ion diffusion process on the surface and in bulk ceria. The small barrier for the oxygen ion diffusion through the subsurface and bulk implies that ceria‐based oxides are high ionic conductivity at relatively low temperatures which can be suitable for IT‐SOFC electrolyte materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Structures and thermodynamics of biphenyl dihydrodiol stereoisomers and their metabolites in the enzymatic degradation of arene xenobiotics
Authors: Pacios Luis F. , Campos Víctor M. , Merino Irene , Gómez Luis
Published: April 2009

A key step in the metabolic degradation of biphenyl xenobiotics is catechol formation upon dehydrogenation of cis‐ and trans‐dihydrodiols in prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways, respectively. Structure and thermodynamics of stereoisomers of cis‐, trans‐2,3‐biphenyl‐dihydrodiols (I) and their dehydrogenation products (hydroxyketones, II), as well as final catechol (2,3‐biphenyldiol, III) are studied by means of ab initio MP2/6‐311++G(2df,2p)//MP2/6‐311G(d,p) calculations. Formation of stereoisomers I and II is exothermic and endergonic, whereas III is enthalpically and entropically driven. Dehydrogenations are endothermic (ΔH ∼ 1.5–4 kcal mol−1) and exergonic (ΔG ∼ −5 to −7.5 kcal mol−1) without noticeable differences between cis and trans pathways, although the same keto stereoisomer II‐(2S) is found to be the more favored product from both cis‐ and trans‐I. The final II → III tautomerization is thermodynamically enhanced (ΔH ∼ −27, ΔG ∼ −28 kcal mol−1) but the process is shown to have a large activation energy if it had to occur via unimolecular path. Although this tautomerization is generally assumed to be a nonenzymatic process as it involves rearomatization of an oxygenated ring, proton transfer with an anionic intermediate might be a more probable process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Inhibition of osteoclast formation and function by bicarbonate: Role of soluble adenylyl cyclase
Authors: Geng Weidong , Hill Kathy , Zerwekh Joseph E. , Kohler Thomas , Müller Ralph , Moe Orson W.
Published: April 2009

High ${\rm [HCO}_3^ - ]$ inhibits and low ${\rm [HCO}_3^ - ]$ stimulates bone resorption, which mediates part of the effect of chronic acidosis or acid feeding on bone. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a bicarbonate sensor that can potentially mediate the effect of bicarbonate on osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were incubated in 0, 12, and 24 mM ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ at pH 7.4 for 7–8 days and assayed for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and vacuolar‐ATPase expression, and H+ accumulation. Total number and area of TRAP (+) multinucleated osteoclasts was decreased by ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ in a dose‐dependent manner. V‐ATPase expression and H+ accumulation normalized to cell cross‐sectional area or protein were not significantly changed. The ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$‐induced inhibition of osteoclast growth and differentiation was blocked by either 2‐hydroxyestradiol, an inhibitor of sAC or sAC knockdown by sAC specific siRNA. The model of ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ inhibiting osteoclast via sAC was further supported by the fact that the ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ dose‐response on osteoclasts is flat when cells were saturated with 8‐bromo‐cAMP, a permeant cAMP analog downstream from sAC thus simulating sAC activation. To confirm our in vitro findings in intact bone, we developed a 1‐week mouse calvaria culture system where osteoclasts were shown to be viable. Bone volume density (BV/TV) determined by micro‐computed tomography (µCT), was higher in 24 mM ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ compared to 12 mM ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ treated calvaria. This ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ effect on BV/TV was blocked by 2‐hydroxyestradiol. In summary, sAC mediates the inhibition of osteoclast function by ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$, by acting as a ${\rm HCO}_3^ -$ sensor. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 332–340, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insufficiency fracture of the calcaneum: Sonographic findings
Authors: Arni Delphine , Lambert Véronique , Delmi Marino , Bianchi Stefano
Published: April 2009

We present a case of insufficiency fracture (IF) of the calcaneum diagnosed by sonography (US). An 83‐year‐old woman consulted because of pain and swelling of the left heel without history of trauma. Standard radiographs showed osteoporosis without fracture. US revealed thickening of the calcaneal periosteum associated with edema of the adjacent soft tissues. Color Doppler imaging showed marked increased vascularity of the periosteum. US changes, together with the clinical and radiographic findings, were consistent with an IF of the calcaneum that was confirmed by MRI. The patient was treated successfully by conservative treatment. In the proper clinical setting, US can suggest the diagnosis of IF of the calcaneum. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Periods in missing lengths of rainbow cycles
Authors: Vojtěchovský Petr
Published: April 2009

A cycle in an edge‐colored graph is said to be rainbow if no two of its edges have the same color. For a complete, infinite, edge‐colored graph G, define

Then 𝔊(G) is a monoid with respect to the operation n∘m=n+ m−2, and thus there is a least positive integer π(G), the period of 𝔊(G), such that 𝔊(G) contains the arithmetic progression {N+ kπ(G)|k⩾0} for some sufficiently large N. Given that n∈𝔊(G), what can be said about π(G)? Alexeev showed that π(G)=1 when n⩾3 is odd, and conjectured that π(G) always divides 4. We prove Alexeev's conjecture: Let p(n)=1 when n is odd, p(n)=2 when n is divisible by four, and p(n)=4 otherwise. If 2<n∈𝔊(G) then π(G) is a divisor of p(n). Moreover, 𝔊(G) contains the arithmetic progression {N+ kp(n)|k⩾0} for some N=O(n2). The key observations are: If 20 there are G, H such that 4k∈𝔊(G), π(G)=2, and 4k+ 2∈𝔊(H), π(H)=4. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Minimum C5‐saturated graphs
Authors: Chen Ya‐Chen
Published: April 2009

A graph is C5‐saturated if it has no five‐cycle as a subgraph, but does contain a C5 after the addition of any new edge. We prove that the minimum number of edges in a C5 ‐saturated graph on n≥11 vertices is sat(n, C5)=⌈10(n−1)/7⌉−1 if n∈N0={11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20} and is ⌈10(n−1)/7⌉ if n≥11 and n∉N0. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Partial characterizations of circular‐arc graphs
Authors: Bonomo F. , Durán G. , Grippo L.N. , Safe M.D.
Published: April 2009

A circular‐arc graph is the intersection graph of a family of arcs on a circle. A characterization by forbidden induced subgraphs for this class of graphs is not known, and in this work we present a partial result in this direction. We characterize circular‐arc graphs by a list of minimal forbidden induced subgraphs when the graph belongs to any of the following classes: P4 ‐free graphs, paw‐free graphs, claw‐free chordal graphs and diamond‐free graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 61: 289–306, 2009
“A brilliant and many‐sided personality”: Jessie Margaret Murray, founder of the Medico‐Psychological Clinic
Authors: Valentine Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2009

This paper outlines the life and career of Jessie Margaret Murray, the moving spirit behind the foundation of the Medico‐Psychological Clinic, the first public clinic in Britain to offer psychoanalytic therapy and training in psychoanalysis. Biographical details of Murray and her close friend and collaborator, Julia Turner, are presented, and possible routes by which the two women may have met are explored. Murray's role in the suffragist movement is described, as well as other networks and professional societies in which she was involved, in particular the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, and her relationship with Marie Stopes. An account is given of events leading up to the founding of the Clinic, its activities, Murray's death, and other factors contributing to its demise. Finally, the Clinic's heritage and implications of the personalities of Murray and Turner for understanding the subsequent development of psycho‐analysis in Britain are considered.
The synthesis of 3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5‐c] pyridazines
Authors: Halverson D. Michael , Castle Raymond N.
Published: April 2009

7‐Chloro‐3‐(β‐D‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoylribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5‐c] pyridazine (3), obtained from the condensation of 7‐chloro‐3‐trimethylsilylimidazo[4,5‐c] pyridazine (1) with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranosyl bromide (2), served as the percursor of 7‐chloro‐ (4), 7‐amino‐ (8), and 7‐mercapto‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5‐c] pyridazine (9). 3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5‐c] pyridazine (7) was obtained from 3‐(β‐D‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoylribofuranosyl)imidazo‐[4,5‐c]pyridazine (6). The site of ribosidation is based upon uv spectral comparisons with model methyl compounds. The assignment of the anomeric configuration is derived from pmr spectral data.
Solvent effect in the synthesis of 4‐carbamoyl‐3‐hydroxycoumarins
Authors: Lang S. A. , Cohen Elliott , Lovell F. M.
Published: April 2009

A new synthesis of 4‐carbamoyl‐3‐hydroxycoumarin is reported. The synthesis of carbanilates of 3‐hydroxycoumarin and their novel rearrangement to the carboxamides is also described.
The reaction of some 4‐pyrones with activated isocyanates
Authors: Van Allan J. A. , Chang S. Chie , Reynolds G. A.
Published: April 2009

The pyrones, 2,6‐diphenyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one, flavone, and 2‐phenyl‐4H‐naphtho[2,1‐b]pyran‐4‐one reacted with activated isocyanates, such as trichloroacetyl isocyanate, giving 4‐trichloroacetylimino derivatives. These acylimino compounds underwent a slow reaction with a second mole of isocyanate to give a bisiminopyran.

It is shown that carbonyl groups that are conjugated with electron‐releasing groups will react with activated isocyanates.
Chemical constitution and activity of bipyridylium herbicides. Part IX.N‐alkoxy quaternary salts of 4,4′bipyridyl
Authors: Fielden R. , Summers L. A.
Published: April 2009

4,4′‐BipyridylN‐oxide and 4,4′‐bipyridylN,N'‐dioxide react with alkating agents to affordN‐alkoxyN'‐alkyl andN,N'‐dialkoxy diquaternary salts of 4,4′‐bipyridyl respectively. The diquaternary salts were very much less active as herbicides than paraquat. Unlike paraquat they cannot be regarded as reversible one electron transfer systems.
A novel oxidative reaction of 2,4,5‐triphenylpyrrole
Authors: Sprio Vincenzo , Petruso Salvatore , Lamartina Liliana
Published: April 2009

The effect of phenyl groups on the oxidation of 2,4,5‐triphenylpyrrole (I) has been investigated. By oxidation of 2,4,5‐triphenylpyrrolemagnesium bromide (II) with oxygen and of 2,4,5‐triphenylpyrrole (I) with potassium permanganate besides 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′‐hexaphenyl‐3,3′‐bi‐pyrrole (III) another product, which has been assigned the 1,6‐dihydro‐2,3,4,5,6a‐pentaphenylbenzo[g]pyrrole[3,2‐e]indole (IV) structure, was obtained. The behaviour of IV toward further oxidation and the spectroscopic data (ir, nmr, ms) were in good agreement with the assigned structures.
New syntheses of condensed heterocycles from isoxazole derivatives. IV. Benzimidazol‐2(3H)ones and 1‐H‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2(3H)one
Authors: Ajello Enrico , Migliara Onofrio , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Petruso Salvatore
Published: April 2009

A new synthesis of the title compounds is described. Catalytic hydrogenation of 3‐R‐5‐R'‐2‐nitro‐4‐isoxazolecarboxanilides (III) yield compounds IV which were cyclized by refluxing in toluene with traces of p‐toluenesulphonic acid. In contrast to IVa which gave directly 3‐acetyl‐4‐phenyl‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepin‐2(3H)one (Va), compounds IVb and IVc afforded instead the 1‐substituted benzimidazolones VIb and VIc, respectively. The structure of VIa, b, and c, VIIb and VIIc has been elucidated by chemical and spectral means including mass and nmr spectra.
Thio‐I ehromannones 5,8‐disubstituées et synthèses dans la série du thiéno[4,3,2‐de] thiochromanne
Authors: Ricci Adolfo , Balucani Dante , Grandolini Giuliano
Published: April 2009

Dans le but d'aceéder à la structure thiéno [4,3,2‐de] thicohromanne nous avons synthétisé divers dérivés disubstitués en 5,8 de la thio‐l chromannone‐4. Les produits ainsi obtenus et les intermédiaires de synthèse ont été examinés en résonance magnétique nucléaire. Les structures out été confirmées soit par cette voie, soit par voie chimique pour aboutir à des composés déjà décrits.
Preparation of α,ω‐ditriazinylperfluoroalkane derivatives
Authors: Kim Yung K. , Grindahl George A. , Greenwald John R. , Pierce Ogden R.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of 2‐oxa and 2‐thiaperfluoroglutaric acids and their corresponding ethyl esters, amides, nitriles, acid chlorides, and also 2‐thiaperfluoroglutaric anhydride are described. These compounds were prepared as precursors to α,ω‐ditriazinylperfluoroalkane derivatives containing a heteroatom in the perfluoroalkylene chain. The ditrazinylpropanes were prepared most satisfactorily from the diacid chlorides rather than the dinitriles.
Macrocyclic sulfide syntheses: A review
Authors: Bradshaw Jerald S. , Hui Joseph Y. K.
Published: April 2009

The syntheses of various macrocyclic sulfides are reviewed. Tables containing information on hundreds of compounds are included. The types of cyclic compounds reviewed include: macrocyclic aliphatic dithioethers, macrocyclic mercaptals and mercaptoles, macrocyclic polysulfides, dithiacyclophanes, tris‐bridged polythiacyclophanes, dithia[2,6]pyridinophanes, thiophene macrocycles, and macrocyclic polyether sulfides.
Synthesis of antifols related to 2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐d] pyrimidine. Enhancement of antiparasitic selectivity by nitrogen‐linked mono‐ and dichlorobenzoyl groups or the 3,4–dichlorophenylthiocarbamoyl group
Authors: Southwick Philip L. , Amarnath Venkataraman , Madhav R.
Published: April 2009

Improved procedures have been developed for the synthesis of 2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine (2a), its 7‐mcthyl derivative (2b), and 6‐(chloro‐substituted phenyl) derivatives of 2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐d]pyritnidine (4). Direct acylation of compounds 2a or 2b with acid chlorides or mixed anhydrides derived from chloro‐substituted benzoic or cinnamic acids gave 6‐(chloro‐substituted benzoyl or cinnamoyl) derivatives. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 6‐(chloro‐substituted benzoyl) derivatives under controlled conditions permitted preparation of 6‐(chloro‐substituted benzyl) derivatives (3). Compound 2a also reacted with aryl isothiocyanates to yield 6‐arylthiocarbamoyl derivatives. Antimalarial assays for in vivo activity against murine malaria (P. berghei) and avian malaria (P. gallinaceum) revealed that a somewhat enhanced in vivo antiparasitic effect above that of parent compound 2a without any evident increase in host toxicity was conferred by introduction of certain of the 6‐chloro‐substituted benzoyl groups or the 6‐(3,4‐dichlorophenylthiocarbamoyl) group. Corresponding 6‐(chloro‐substituted benzyl) derivatives more frequently displayed host toxicity.
Systèmes aromatiques à 10 électrons π dérivés de l'aza‐3a penlalène. VIII. Recherches dans la série du pyrazolo[3,2‐c]‐s‐triazole
Authors: Claramunt Rosa‐Maria , Fabregà José‐Maria , Elguero José
Published: April 2009

On montre que l'action des β‐cétoesters sur les diamino‐1,2 triazoles‐1,3,4 permet d'obtenir des pyrazolo[3,2‐c]‐s‐triazoles: en function de ce résultat on propose une structure dihydro‐7,8 9H‐.s‐triazolo[4,3‐b] [1,2,4]triazepinone‐8 pour le produit intermédiaire de cette synthèse.
Substituted chromans and tetrahydrofuro[2,3‐b]benzofurans (trapped tetrahedral intermediates) from 3‐phenyl‐2‐benzofuranones
Authors: Zaugg H. E. , Leonard J. E. , Denet R. W. , Arendsen D. L.
Published: April 2009

The previously discovered neighboring group reaction has been extended to the synthesis of chroman derivatives (i.e., 4, 5, 6) containing geminal methyls in the 2‐position, a feature common to certain physiologically active natural chromans. In two instances, cyclic ortho ester by‐products (8), not observed in previous work, were formed as a result of the intramolecular trapping of tetrahedral intermediates. Reasons for the incursion of this unexpected side reaction are discussed.
Diazo‐, azo‐ and azidoazoles, and related compounds. 1. Synthesis of naphthoazolo‐as‐triazines from diazoazoles and 2‐naphthol
Authors: Vilarrasa J. , Granados R.
Published: April 2009

Azo derivatives prepared by coupling 2‐diazoimidazole, 3(5))diazopyrazole, 3(5)diazo‐s‐triazole, 4(5)diazo‐v‐triazole and diazotetrazole with β‐naphthol have been cyclized to the corresponding naphthoazolo‐as‐triazines, an heterocyclic system related to azasteroids. The structure of the products have been elucidated. A consistent mechanism for the cyclization is proposed.
Synthesis and configuration of trans‐1‐amino‐4‐benzyl‐2,6‐dimethylpiperazine as an intermediate of semi‐synthetic rifamycins
Authors: Cignarella Giorgio , Gallo Gian Gualberto
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of trans‐1‐amino‐4‐benzyl‐2,6‐dimethylpiperazine (1b), trans‐4‐benzyl‐2,6‐dimethylpiperazine (VIIb) and trans‐2,6‐dimethylpiperazine (IIb) are described, by condensation of N‐benzyl‐1,2‐propanediamine with α‐bromopropionate and successive thermal cyclization and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride.

The assignment of the cis, trans configuration to the isomers was based on a thorough examination of the ring proton nmr signals of the two isomers of 4‐benzyl‐2,6‐dimethylpiperazine (VIIa and VIIb) interpreted in terms of conformational considerations.
New heterocyclic compounds derived from 1,4‐dihydro‐3(2H)‐cinnolinone. Cyclic hydrazides. Note I
Authors: Winters G. , Aresi V. , Nathansohn G.
Published: April 2009

The question concerning the synthesis of the 1,4‐dihydro‐3(2H)cinnolinone was solved and some new tetracyclic derivatives are described. The structure and the synthesis of the two isomers 2‐(2‐carbomethoxymethylphenyl)phthalazine‐1(2H),4(3H)dione and 1‐(2‐carbomethoxybenzoyl)‐1,2‐dihydrocinnolin‐3(4H)one are discussed.
Approche théorique de la réactivité chimique des azaindènes: 2.imidazo[1,2]azines
Authors: Arriau J. , Dargelos A. , Chalvet O. , Maury G.
Published: April 2009

Plusieurs modèles théoriques ont été appliqués à l'étude de la réactivité de quatre systèmes hélérocycliques du type imidazo [1,2]azine, et les résultats obtenus ont été comparés.
Neonatal and adult O4+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells display different growth factor responses and different gene expression patterns
Authors: Lin Grace , Mela Angeliki , Guilfoyle Eileen M. , Goldman James E.
Published: April 2009

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. Although the CNS possesses the ability to repair demyelinating insults, in certain cases, such as the chronic lesions found in multiple sclerosis, remyelination fails. Cycling cells capable of becoming oligodendrocytes have been identified in both the developing and the adult mammalian forebrain. Many studies have focused on differences in gene expression profiles as oligodendrocyte progenitors differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes by isolating cells at different developmental stages from animals at a single age. However, few have studied the differences that exist between the progenitors of the neonatal CNS and those of the adult CNS. This study examined the response of neonatal and adult O4+ cells to platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA, basic fibroblast growth factor, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and revealed marked differences. Whereas adult cells readily differentiated in vitro, the majority of neonatal progenitors remained immature. Microarray analysis was used to examine differences between acutely isolated neonatal and adult progenitors further. Gene expression profiles showed that the adult O4+ cells are more developmentally mature than neonatal cells. Neonatal cells expressed higher levels of genes involved in proliferation. Adult O4+ cells expressed higher levels of transcripts for genes involved in cell death and survival. Therefore, O4+ cells from the adult differ greatly from those of the neonate, and the developmental stage of the animal models utilized must be taken into consideration when applying principles from neonatal systems to the adult. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote neurosteroid‐mediated cell differentiation and enhance serotonin‐stimulated brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rat C6 glioma cells
Authors: Morita Kyoji , Gotohda Takako , Arimochi Hideki , Lee Mi‐Sook , Her Song
Published: April 2009

Progesterone treatment has previously been reported to promote the differentiation of glial cells probably through the production of 5α‐reduced neurosteroids, resulting in the enhancement of serotonin‐stimulated brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression, which is considered to contribute to the survival, regeneration, and plasticity of neuronal cells in the brain and hence has been suggested to improve mood disorders and other symptoms in depressive patients. Based on these previous observations, the effects on glial cells of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which are known as agents promoting cell differentiation, were examined using rat C6 glioma cells as a model for in vitro studies. Consequently, trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate (NaB), and valproic acid (VPA) stimulated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene expression, and their stimulatory effects on GFAP gene expression were inhibited by treatment of these cells with finasteride, an inhibitor of the enzyme producing 5α‐reduced neurosteroids. In addition, HDAC inhibitors enhanced serotonin‐stimulated BDNF gene expression, the enhancement of which could be abolished by the inhibition of 5α‐reduced neurosteroid production in the glioma cells. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may be able to promote the differentiation of rat C6 glioma cells through the production of 5α‐reduced neurosteroids, resulting in the enhancement of serotonin‐stimulated BDNF gene expression as a consequence of promoting their differentiation, indicating the possibility that differentiated glial cells may be implicated in preserving the integrity of neural networks as well as improving the function of neuronal cells in the brain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blockade of NMDA receptors and nitric oxide synthesis in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray attenuates behavioral and cellular responses of rats exposed to a live predator
Authors: Aguiar Daniele Cristina , Guimarães Francisco Silveira
Published: April 2009

Innate fear stimulus induces activation of neurons containing the neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS) in defensive‐related brain regions such as the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). Intra‐dlPAG administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and glutamate antagonists induce anxiolytic‐like responses. We investigated the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and glutamate neurotransmission in defensive reactions modulated by dlPAG. We tested if intra‐dlPAG injections of the selective nNOS inhibitor, N‐propyl‐L‐arginine (NP), or the glutamate antagonist, AP7 (2‐amino‐7‐phosphonoheptanoic acid), would attenuate behavioral responses and cellular activation induced by predator exposure (cat). Fos‐like immunoreactivity (FLI) was used as a marker of neuronal functional activation, whereas nNOS immunohistochemistry was used to identify NOS neurons. Cat exposure induced fear responses and an increase of FLI in the dlPAG and dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd). NP and AP7 attenuated the cat‐induced behavioral responses. Whereas NP tended to attenuate FLI in the dlPAG, AP7 induced a significant reduction in cellular activation of this region. The latter drug, however, increased FLI and double‐labeled cells in the PMd. Cellular activation of this region was significantly correlated with time spent near the cat (r = 0.7597 and 0.6057 for FLI and double‐labeled cells). These results suggest that glutamate/NO‐mediated neurotransmission in the dlPAG plays an important role in responses elicit by predator exposure. Blocking these neurotransmitter systems in this brain area impairs defensive responses. The longer time spent near the predator that follows AP7 effect could lead to an increased cellular activation of the PMd, a more rostral brain area that has also been related to defensive responses. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gap junction inhibitors modulate S100B secretion in astrocyte cultures and acute hippocampal slices
Authors: Leite Marina Concli , Galland Fabiana , de Souza Daniela F. , Guerra Maria Cristina , Bobermin Larissa , Biasibetti Regina , Gottfried Carmem , Gonçalves Carlos‐Alberto
Published: April 2009

Astrocytes sense, integrate, and respond to stimuli generated by neurons or neural injury; this response involves gap junction (GJ) communication. Neuronal vulnerability to injury increased when cocultures of astrocytes and neurons were exposed to GJ inhibitors. However, GJ uncoupling could limit the extension of a lesion. We investigated a possible link between GJ communication and S100B secretion. S100B is a calcium‐binding protein of 21 kDa that is predominantly expressed and secreted by astrocytes, which has trophic paracrine activity on neurite growth, glial proliferation, and neuronal survival. GJ inhibitors were analyzed in isolated astrocytes in primary cultures from hippocampus, acute hippocampal slices, and C6 glioma cells, which were used as a negative control. Our data indicate that GJ blocking stimulates S100B secretion in astrocyte cultures and acute hippocampal slices. Different assays were used to confirm cell integrity during exposure to GJ inhibitors. S100B secretion was observed with different types of GJ inhibitors; the resulting event was dependent on time, the nature of the inhibitor, its putative molecular target of GJ blocking, and/or the cell preparation used. Only carbenoxolone induced a fast and persistent increase in S100B secretion in both preparations. Endothelin‐1 increased S100B secretion in astrocyte cultures at 1 hr, but a decrease was observed at 6 hr or in acute hippocampal slices. Physiologically, a local GJ closure associated with release of S100B in injury conditions favors the idea of a common mechanism available to limit the extension of lesion and increase the chances of cell survival. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of MEKC for the analysis of reactant and product of Baylis–Hillman reaction
Authors: Qi Li , Cui Kai , Qiao Juan , Yang Gengliang , Chen Yi
Published: April 2009

A facile, fast and high efficiency micellar EKC has been explored for the analysis and UV detection of p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and 2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one with a buffer electrolyte of 30.0 mM tetraborate and 50.0 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate at pH 9.3. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 7.8×10–2 to 5.0×102 mM for those analytes (r2 > 0.99) was achieved. The LOD was 3.9 μM for 2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one and 7.8 μM for p‐nitrobenzaldehyde, respectively (S/N = 3). The applicability of this new method for the analysis of reactants (p‐nitrobenzaldehyde and cyclopent‐2‐enone), catalysts (imidazole or N‐methyl imidazole or 1‐benzyl‐imidazole) and product (2‐[hydroxy(4‐nitrophenyl)methyl]‐2‐cyclopenten‐1‐one) on offline Baylis–Hillman reaction was examined. The relationship between the reaction time and the amount of product has been studied. Meanwhile, three different kinds of catalysts were investigated for getting the desired moderate to good amount products. It was found that comparing with N‐methyl imidazole or 1‐benzyl‐imidazole catalyst, imidazole‐catalyzed reaction could produce more products within the same reaction time. Furthermore, the results indicated that the rate law for the investigated Baylis–Hillman reaction was second‐order reaction. The rate constant for the reaction is 1.34 (±0.01)×10–3 mol–1 m3/s.
Repeatability of peptide identifications in shotgun proteome analysis employing off‐line two‐dimensional chromatographic separations and ion‐trap MS
Authors: Delmotte Nathanaël , Lasaosa Maria , Tholey Andreas , Heinzle Elmar , van Dorsselaer Alain , Huber Christian G.
Published: April 2009

The repeatability of peptide identifications in shotgun proteome analyses employing strong cation‐exchange‐×ion‐pair RP HPLC hyphenated to ESI MS/MS was compared to an alternative scheme, comprising high‐pH RP chromatography combined with low‐pH ion‐pair RP chromatography. Equivalent results were obtained with both methods in proteome analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum. From a total number of 1350 to 1850 peptides identified in triplicate analyses of five consecutive fractions chosen from the first‐dimension separation, 41–45% of the peptides were identified three times, whereas 16–22 and 37–39% of the peptides were identified only twice or once, respectively. A comparison of the repeatability of peptide identifications from complex samples upon 1‐ or 2‐D chromatographic separation revealed that an additional separation dimension decreases the repeatability by approximately 25%.
Highly sensitive and accurate profiling of carotenoids by supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
Authors: Matsubara Atsuki , Bamba Takeshi , Ishida Hiroki , Fukusaki Eiichiro , Hirata Kazumasa
Published: April 2009

We attempted to establish a high‐speed and high‐resolution profiling method for a carotenoid mixture as a highly selective and highly sensitive detection method; the analysis was carried out by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). When an octadecyl‐bonded silica (ODS) particle‐packed column was used for separation, seven carotenoids including structural isomers were successfully separated within 15 min. This result indicated not only improved separation but also improved throughput compared to the separation and throughput in RP‐HPLC. The use of a monolithic ODS column resulted in additional improvement in both the resolution and the throughput; the analysis time was reduced to 4 min by increasing the flow rate. Furthermore, carotenoids in biological samples containing the complex matrices were separated effectively by using several monolithic columns whose back pressure was very low. The mass spectrometer allowed us to perform a more sensitive analysis than UV detection; the detection limit of each carotenoid was 50 pg or below. This is the first report of carotenoid analysis carried out by SFC‐MS. The profiling method developed in this study will be a powerful tool for carrying out accurate profiling of biological samples.