bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deletion of hxk1 gene results in derepression of xylose utilization in Scheffersomyces stipitis
Authors: Dashtban Mehdi , Wen Xin , Bajwa Paramjit K , Ho Chi-Yip , Lee Hung
Published: April 2015

A major problem in fermenting xylose in lignocellulosic substrates is the presence of glucose and mannose which inhibit xylose utilization. Previous studies showed that catabolite repression in some yeasts is associated with hexokinases and that deletion of one of these gene(s) could result in derepressed mutant strain(s). In this study, the hxk1 encoding hexokinase 1 in Scheffersomyces stipitis was disrupted. The ∆hxk1 SS6 strain retained the ability to utilize the main hexoses and pentoses commonly found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates as efficiently as the wild-type (WT) strain. SS6 also fermented the dominant sugars to ethanol; however, on xylose, the ∆hxk1 strain produced more xylitol and less ethanol than the WT. On mixed sugars, as expected the WT utilized glucose ahead of xylose and xylose utilization did not commence until all the glucose was consumed. In contrast, the ∆hxk1 mutant showed derepression in that it started to utilize xylose even when considerable glucose (about 1.72 %, w/v) remained in the medium. Similarly, mannose did not repress xylose utilization by the ∆hxk1 mutant and xylose and mannose were simultaneously utilized. The results are of interest in efforts to engineer yeast strains capable of efficiently utilizing glucose and xylose simultaneously for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
The writer's craft
Authors: Lingard Lorelei
Published: April 2015

None
On the Development of Implicit and Control Processes in Relation to Substance Use in Adolescence
Authors: Wiers Reinout W. , Boelema Sarai R. , Nikolaou Kiki , Gladwin Thomas E.
Published: April 2015

Adolescence is a period in which brain structures involved in motivation and cognitive control continue to develop and also a period in which many youth begin substance use. Dual-process models propose that, among substance users, implicit or automatically activated neurocognitive processes gain in relative influence on substance use behavior, while the influence of cognitive control or reflective processes weakens. There is evidence that a variety of implicit cognitive processes, such as attentional bias, biased action tendencies (approach bias), memory bias and at a neural level, cue reactivity, are associated with adolescent substance use. The impact of these implicit processes on the further development of addictive behaviors appears to depend on moderating factors, such as (premorbid) executive control functions. Clear negative effects of adolescent substance use on executive control functions generally have not been found using behavioral tasks, although some studies have identified subtle and specific effects on cognitive functioning.
Brief report: Peer group influences and adolescent internalizing problems as mediated by effortful control
Authors: Dyson Rachel , Robertson Gail C. , Wong Maria M.
Published: April 2015

Internalizing problems in adolescence encompass behaviors directed inward at the self (Colman, Wadsworth, Croudace, & Jones, 2007). Several predictors have been linked to internalizing problems including antisocial and prosocial peers (Cartwright, 2007; Chung, 2010). Effortful control, a component of self‐regulation, is one factor that could mediate the relationship between peer behaviors and individual outcomes. This study assessed the relationship between peer behaviors, effortful control, and adolescent internalizing problems. Participants were 151 middle school adolescents (M = 12.16 years old) who completed self‐report questionnaires regarding behaviors of their peers, perceptions of effortful control, and experiences of internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling (SEM) yielded a significant negative relationship between antisocial peers and effortful control, and a significant positive relationship between prosocial peers and effortful control. In addition, effortful control significantly mediated the relationship between prosocial peers and internalizing problems, but not for antisocial peers. Implications for interventions related to adolescent health were discussed.
Imaging and force measurement of LDL and HDL by AFM in air and liquid
Authors: Gan Chaoye , Ao Meiying , Liu Zhanghua , Chen Yong
Published: April 2015

The size and biomechanical properties of lipoproteins are tightly correlated with their structures/functions. While atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to image lipoproteins the force measurement of these nano‐sized particles is missing. We detected that the sizes of LDL and HDL in liquid are close to the commonly known values. The Young's modulus of LDL or HDL is ∼0.4 GPa which is similar to that of some viral capsids or nanovesicles but greatly larger than that of various liposomes. The adhesive force of LDL or HDL is small (∼200 pN). The comparison of AFM detection in air and liquid was also performed which is currently lacking. Our data may provide useful information for better understanding and AFM detection of lipoproteins.
Clinical characteristics and management experience of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy
Authors: Zhang Jiaren , Zhang Junji , Dai Yi , Zhu Lan , Lang Jinghe , Leng Jinhua
Published: April 2015

Objective

To identify the prevalence of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy for presumed leiomyoma and compare clinical outcomes after primary myomectomy with and without power morcellation.

Methods

In a retrospective study, a review was undertaken of the medical records of patients who had unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy with and without power morcellation at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, between January 2009 and December 2013.

Results

Among 4248 patients who underwent myomectomy for presumed leiomyoma, 9 (0.2%) had unexpected uterine sarcoma (1 [< 0.1%] had leiomyosarcoma; 8 [0.2%] endometrial stromal sarcoma). The malignancy was identified in 5 (0.2%) of 3068 women who were treated by laparoscopy with power morcellation and 4 (0.3%) of 1180 who underwent laparotomy (P = 0.274). All nine patients were alive after a mean follow‐up of 31.2 months in the laparoscopy group and 40.5 months in the laparotomy group.

Conclusion

The overall incidence of unexpected uterine sarcoma after myomectomy was low. Incidental power morcellation of unexpected uterine sarcoma seemed to cause no increase in sarcoma dissemination.
Fossil Primates
Authors: Cachel Susan
Published: April 2015

Reconstructing the paleobiology of fossil non-human primates, this book is intended as an exposition of non-human primate evolution that includes information about evolutionary theory and processes, paleobiology, paleoenvironment, how fossils are formed, how fossils illustrate evolutionary processes, the reconstruction of life from fossils, the formation of the primate fossil record, functional anatomy, and the genetic bases of anatomy. Throughout, the emphasis of the book is on the biology of fossil primates, not their taxonomic classification or systematics, or formal species descriptions. The author draws detailed pictures of the paleoenvironment of fossil primates, including contemporary animals and plants, and ancient primate communities, emphasizing our ability to reconstruct lifeways from fragmentary bones and teeth, using functional anatomy, stable isotopes from enamel and collagen, and high resolution CT-scans of the cranium. Fossil Primates will be essential reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in evolutionary anthropology, primatology and vertebrate paleobiology.
De l'emploi du génitif absolu en Sanscrit
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de
Published: April 2015

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), the founder of structuralist linguistics and pioneer of semiotics, began his career as a scholar of Indo-European languages (his early study of the Proto-Indo-European vowel system is also reissued in this series: ISBN 9781108006590). In 1880, Saussure was awarded a doctorate from the University of Leipzig for this study, which appeared in print in 1881. He published almost nothing more during his lifetime. Earlier Indo-Europeanists had noted the almost complete absence of the genitive absolute from Classical Sanskrit texts. Saussure argued that it must have been a feature of colloquial speech, as it appears in formulaic expressions in less 'purist' Sanskrit texts, as well as in Pali. He analyses different forms of the construction, and lists nearly 500 examples, many from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The thesis is also of interest as it reveals Saussure's early approach to problems of syntax.
Gravity and Strings
Authors: Ortín Tomás
Published: April 2015

Self-contained and comprehensive, this definitive new edition of Gravity and Strings is a unique resource for graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics. From basic differential geometry through to the construction and study of black-hole and black-brane solutions in quantum gravity - via all the intermediate stages - this book provides a complete overview of the intersection of gravity, supergravity, and superstrings. Now fully revised, this second edition covers an extensive array of topics, including new material on non-linear electric-magnetic duality, the electric-tensor formalism, matter-coupled supergravity, supersymmetric solutions, the geometries of scalar manifolds appearing in 4- and 5-dimensional supergravities, and much more. Covering reviews of important solutions and numerous solution-generating techniques, and accompanied by an exhaustive index and bibliography, this is an exceptional reference work.
Marcion and the Making of a Heretic
Authors: Lieu Judith M.
Published: April 2015

A comprehensive and authoritative account of the 'heretic' Marcion, this volume traces the development of the concept and language of heresy in the setting of an exploration of second-century Christian intellectual debate. Judith M. Lieu analyses accounts of Marcion by the major early Christian polemicists who shaped the idea of heresy, including Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Epiphanius of Salamis, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Ephraem Syrus. She examines Marcion's Gospel, Apostolikon, and Antitheses in detail and compares his principles with those of contemporary Christian and non-Christian thinkers, covering a wide range of controversial issues: the nature of God, the relation of the divine to creation, the person of Jesus, the interpretation of Scripture, the nature of salvation, and the appropriate lifestyle of adherents. In this innovative study, Marcion emerges as a distinctive, creative figure who addressed widespread concerns within second-century Christian diversity.
Bacterial Genomics
Authors: Seshasayee Aswin Sai Narain
Published: April 2015

The study of bacterial genetics has revolutionised with the development of genome sequencing, which let us catalogue the gene content of various clinically and industrially important bacteria and opened up the field of comparative genomics. The research findings on bacterial genetics were further enhanced by the development of allied techniques that allowed interrogation of the interactions and functions of the many components of the genome. These developments accelerated with the widespread adoption of quantitative deep-sequencing approaches. This process allowed both comparative and functional genomics on an unprecedented scale by presenting powerful tools to investigate multiple layers of bacterial adaptation and evolution. This book presents the application of genomic tools to examine bacterial adaptation. The emphasis is on data analysis and interpretation. Much of the material is drawn from the recent, primary literature, which is the most powerful tool in the cutting-edge and fast-growing field of bacterial research.
Opposing the Rule of Law
Authors: Cheesman Nick
Published: April 2015

The rule of law is a political ideal today endorsed and promoted worldwide. Or is it? In a significant contribution to the field, Nick Cheesman argues that Myanmar is a country in which the rule of law is 'lexically present but semantically absent'. Charting ideas and practices from British colonial rule through military dictatorship to the present day, Cheesman calls upon political and legal theory to explain how and why institutions animated by a concern for law and order oppose the rule of law. Empirically grounded in both Burmese and English sources, including criminal trial records and wide ranging official documents, Opposing the Rule of Law offers the first significant study of courts in contemporary Myanmar. It sheds new light on the politics of courts during dark times and sharply illuminates the tension between the demand for law and the imperatives of order.
American Writers and the Approach of World War II, 1935–1941
Authors: Takayoshi Ichiro
Published: April 2015

Ichiro Takayoshi's book argues that World War II transformed American literary culture. From the mid-1930s to the American entry into World War II in 1941, pre-eminent figures from Ernest Hemingway to Reinhold Neibuhr responded to the turn of the public's interest from the economic depression at home to the menace of totalitarian systems abroad by producing novels, short stories, plays, poems, and cultural criticism in which they prophesied the coming of a second world war and explored how America could prepare for it. The variety of competing answers offered a rich legacy of idioms, symbols, and standard arguments that were destined to license America's promotion of its values and interests around the world for the rest of the twentieth century. Ambitious in scope and addressing an enormous range of writers, thinkers, and artists, this book is the first to establish the outlines of American culture during this pivotal period.
Networks in Contention
Authors: Hadden Jennifer
Published: April 2015

How do civil society organizations mobilize on climate change? Why do they choose certain strategies over others? What are the consequences of these choices? Networks in Contention examines how the interactions between different organizations within the international climate change movement shape strategic decisions and the kinds of outcomes organizations are able to achieve. First, it documents how and why cleavages emerged in this once-unified movement around the time of the 2009 Copenhagen Summit. Second, it shows how an organization's position in the movement's network has a large influence on the tactics it adopts. Finally, it demonstrates how the development of new strategies within this network has influenced the trajectory of global climate politics. The book establishes the ways in which networks are consequential for civil society groups, exploring how these actors can become more effective and suggesting lessons for the future coordination of activism.
Cytohistology of Focal Liver Lesions
Authors: Wee Aileen , Sampatanukul Pichet , Jhala Nirag
Published: April 2015

Each volume in this richly illustrated series, published in association with the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, provides an organ-based approach to the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of small tissue samples. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well-organized and standardized format, with high-resolution color photomicrographs, tables, and lists of key specific morphologic criteria. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of both surgical pathology and cytopathology of focal liver lesions. Extensively illustrated throughout, it contains key cytologic and histologic features, practical points, radiologic and morphologic pictures, flow charts, and tabulated summaries for easy comprehensive overview and quick reference and provides a pragmatic algorithmic approach to cytohistologic diagnosis. With over 700 printed photomicrographs and a CD-ROM offering all images in a downloadable format, this is an important resource for all anatomic pathologists.
Introduction to Atmospheric Modelling
Authors: Steyn Douw G.
Published: April 2015

Introduction to Atmospheric Modelling explores the power of mathematics to help us understand complex atmospheric phenomena through mathematical modelling. The author has thoughtfully chosen a path into and through the subject that gives the reader a glimpse of the dynamics underlying phenomena ranging from a sea breeze through mid-latitude cyclonic disturbances to Rossby waves, mainly through the lens of scaling analysis. Written for students with backgrounds in mathematics, physics and engineering, this book will be a valuable resource as they begin studying atmospheric science.
Pseudo-turbulent gas-phase velocity fluctuations in homogeneous gas–solid flow: fixed particle assemblies and freely evolving suspensions
Authors: Mehrabadi M. , Tenneti S. , Garg R. , Subramaniam S.
Published: April 2015

Gas-phase velocity fluctuations due to mean slip velocity between the gas and solid phases are quantified using particle-resolved direct numerical simulation. These fluctuations are termed pseudo-turbulent because they arise from the interaction of particles with the mean slip even in ‘laminar’ gas–solid flows. The contribution of turbulent and pseudo-turbulent fluctuations to the level of gas-phase velocity fluctuations is quantified in initially ‘laminar’ and turbulent flow past fixed random particle assemblies of monodisperse spheres. The pseudo-turbulent kinetic energy $k^{(f)}$ in steady flow is then characterized as a function of solid volume fraction ${\it\phi}$ and the Reynolds number based on the mean slip velocity $\mathit{Re}_{m}$. Anisotropy in the Reynolds stress is quantified by decomposing it into isotropic and deviatoric parts, and its dependence on ${\it\phi}$ and $Re_{m}$ is explained. An algebraic stress model is proposed that captures the dependence of the Reynolds stress on ${\it\phi}$ and $Re_{m}$. Gas-phase velocity fluctuations in freely evolving suspensions undergoing elastic and inelastic particle collisions are also quantified. The flow corresponds to homogeneous gas–solid systems, with high solid-to-gas density ratio and particle diameter greater than dissipative length scales. It is found that for the parameter values considered here, the level of pseudo-turbulence differs by only 15 % from the values for equivalent fixed beds. The principle of conservation of interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer is validated by quantifying the interphase transfer terms in the evolution equations of kinetic energy for the gas-phase and solid-phase fluctuating velocity. It is found that the collisional dissipation is negligible compared with the viscous dissipation for the cases considered in this study where the freely evolving suspensions attain a steady state starting from an initial condition where the particles are at rest.
Pressure and velocity measurements of an incompressible moderate Reynolds number jet interacting with a tangential flat plate
Authors: Di Marco A. , Mancinelli M. , Camussi R.
Published: April 2015

The statistical properties of wall pressure fluctuations generated on a rigid flat plate by a tangential incompressible single stream jet are investigated experimentally. The study is carried out at moderate Reynolds number and for different distances between the nozzle axis and the flat plate. The overall aerodynamic behaviour is described through hot wire anemometer measurements, providing the effect of the plate on the mean and fluctuating velocity. The pressure field acting on the flat plate was measured by cavity-mounted microphones, providing point-wise pressure signals in the stream-wise and span-wise directions. Statistics of the wall pressure fluctuations are determined in terms of time-domain and Fourier-domain quantities and a parametric analysis is conducted in terms of the main geometrical length scales. Possible scaling laws of auto-spectra and coherence functions are presented and implications for theoretical modelling are discussed.
A proof that convection in a porous vertical slab may be unstable
Authors: Barletta A.
Published: April 2015

The stability of the natural convection parallel flow in a vertical porous slab is reconsidered, by reformulating the problem originally solved in Gill’s classical paper of 1969 (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 35, pp. 545–547). A comparison is made between the set of boundary conditions where the slab boundaries are assumed to be isothermal and impermeable (Model A), and the set of boundary conditions where the boundaries are modelled as isothermal and permeable (Model B). It is shown that Gill’s proof of linear stability for Model A cannot be extended to Model B. The question about the stability/instability of the basic flow is examined by carrying out a numerical solution of the stability eigenvalue problem. It is shown that, with Model B, the natural convection parallel flow in the basic state becomes unstable when the Darcy–Rayleigh number is larger than 197.081. The normal modes selected at onset of instability are transverse rolls. Direct numerical simulations of the nonlinear regime of instability are carried out.
Assessing riparian zone impacts on water and sediment movement: a new approach
Authors: Keesstra S.D. , Kondrlova E. , Czajka A. , Seeger M. , Maroulis J.
Published: April 2015

The state of river channels and their riparian zones in terms of geomorphology and vegetation has a significant effect on water and sediment transport in headwater catchments. High roughness in natural rivers due to vegetation and geomorphological attributes generate drag on flowing water. This drag will slow water discharge, which in turn influences the sediment dynamics of the flow. The impacts of changes in the management of rivers and their riparian zone (either by catchment managers or river restoration plans) impacts both up- as well as downstream reaches, and should be assessed holistically prior to the implementation of these plans.

To assess the river's current state as well as any possible changes in geomorphology and vegetation in and around the river, effective approaches to characterise the river are needed. In this paper, we present a practical approach for making detailed surveys of relevant river attributes. This methodology has the benefit of being both detailed – describing river depth, width, channel morphology, erosive features and vegetation types – but also being practical in terms of time management. This is accomplished by identifying and describing characteristic benchmark reaches (typical sites) in detail against which the remainder of the river course can be rated. Using this method, a large river stretch can be assessed in a relatively short period while still retrieving high quality data for the total river course. In this way, models with high data requirements for assessing the condition of a river course, can be parameterised without major investments on field surveys.

In a small headwater catchment (23 km2) in southwestern Poland, this field methodology was used to retrieve data to run an existing model (HEC-GeoRAS) which can assess the impact of changes in the riparian and channel vegetation and channel management on sedimentation processes and stream flow velocity. This model determines the impact of channel morphology and in-channel and riparian vegetation on stream flow and sediment transport. Using four return periods of flooding (2, 10, 20 and 100 years), two opposing channel management / morphology scenarios were run; a natural channel and a fully regulated channel. The modelling results show an increase in the effect of riparian vegetation / geomorphology with an increase in return period of the modeled peak discharge. More natural channel form and increased roughness reduces the stream flow velocity due to increasing drag from flow obstructions (vegetation and channel morphological features). The higher the flood water stage, the greater the drag due to vegetation on the floodplains of natural river reaches compared to channelised sections. Slower flow rates have an impact on sediment mobilisation and transport in the river.
XXV.—On Bernoulli's Numerical Solution of Algebraic Equations
Authors: Aitken A. C.
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present paper is to extend Daniel Bernoulli's method of approximating to the numerically greatest root of an algebraic equation. On the basis of the extension here given it now becomes possible to make Bernoulli's method a means of evaluating not merely the greatest root, but all the roots of an equation, whether real, complex, or repeated, by an arithmetical process well adapted to mechanical computation, and without any preliminary determination of the nature or position of the roots. In particular, the evaluation of complex roots is extremely simple, whatever the number of pairs of such roots. There is also a way of deriving from a sequence of approximations to a root successive sequences of ever-increasing rapidity of convergence.
Ministers of Religion and Employment Rights: An Examination of the Issues
Authors: Petchey Philip
Published: April 2015

In 1998 the government published a White Paper entitledFairness at Work. It invited views on whether legislation should be introduced to take the power to extend the coverage of employment protection rights by regulationto all those who work for another person, not just those employed under a contract of employment. It would not have been apparent from this that the government was considering extending employment protection rights to ministers of religion. Nor is it likely that many people realised this could be the effect of section 23 of the Employment Rights Act 1999 by which Parliament subsequently enacted the proposal contained in the White Paper. Nonetheless the possibility was recognised as the Bill passed through Parliament. Pressed about the government's view as to the position of ministers of religion, the Minister explained that no policy decision had been taken, but he did say:
Natural Disasters: The Role of the Veterinarian
Authors: Moore Roscoe M. , Kaczmarek Ronald G. , Davis Yvette M.
Published: April 2015

Natural disasters create a multiplicity of problems and hazards ranging from outbreaks of infectious disease to animal control problems. By virtue of their unique training and clinical skills, there is considerable potential for veterinarians to fulfill major roles in disaster intervention. The potential role of the veterinarian features a number of important tasks before, during, and after a natural disaster. Some of the tasks include: 1) resolution of problems common to many natural disasters; 2) control of disease vectors; 3) control of disease transmission; 4) herd management; 5) animal health care; 6) search and rescue; 7) animal control; 8) maintenance of medical supplies; 9) information dissemination; 10) disaster assessment; and 11) pre-disaster planning.
A Virtual Reality Scenario for All Seasons:The Virtual Classroom
Authors: Rizzo Albert A. , Bowerly Todd , Buckwalter J. Galen , Klimchuk Dean , Mitura Roman , Parsons Thomas D.
Published: April 2015

Treatment and rehabilitation of the cognitive, psychological, and motor sequelae of central nervous system dysfunction often relies on assessment instruments to inform diagnosis and to track changes in clinical status. Typically, these assessments employ paper-and-pencil psychometrics, hands-on analog/computer tests, and rating of behavior within the context of real-world functional environments. Virtual reality offers the option to produce and distribute identical “standard” simulation environments in which performance can be measured and rehabilitated. Within such digital scenarios, normative data can be accumulated for performance comparisons needed for assessment/diagnosis and for treatment/rehabilitation purposes. In this manner, reusable archetypic virtual environments constructed for one purpose can also be applied for applications addressing other clinical targets. This article will provide a review of such a retooling approach using a virtual classroom simulation that was originally developed as a controlled stimulus environment in which attention processes could be systematically assessed in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This system is now being applied to other clinical targets including the development of tests that address other cognitive functions, eye movement under distraction conditions, social anxiety disorder, and the creation of an earthquake safety training application for children with developmental and learning disabilities.
Analysis of Deformation Induced Grain Growth and Texture Development in Electrodeposited Nickel- a Quantitative Comparison between ACOM-STEM and in-situ X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Kuebel C. , Kobler A. , Gruber P. , Lohmiller J. , Kraft O. , Braun C. , Grewer M. , Birringer R. , Hahn H.
Published: April 2015

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Response of Prochlorococcus to varying CO2:O2 ratios
Authors: Bagby Sarah C , Chisholm Sallie W
Published: April 2015

Carbon fixation has a central role in determining cellular redox poise, increasingly understood to be a key parameter in cyanobacterial physiology. In the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus—the most abundant phototroph in the oligotrophic oceans—the carbon-concentrating mechanism is reduced to the bare essentials. Given the ability of Prochlorococcus populations to grow under a wide range of oxygen concentrations in the ocean, we wondered how carbon and oxygen physiology intersect in this minimal phototroph. Thus, we examined how CO2:O2 gas balance influenced growth and chlorophyll fluorescence in Prochlorococcus strain MED4. Under O2 limitation, per-cell chlorophyll fluorescence fell at all CO2 levels, but still permitted substantial growth at moderate and high CO2. Under CO2 limitation, we observed little growth at any O2 level, although per-cell chlorophyll fluorescence fell less sharply when O2 was available. We explored this pattern further by monitoring genome-wide transcription in cells shocked with acute limitation of CO2, O2 or both. O2 limitation produced much smaller transcriptional changes than the broad suppression seen under CO2 limitation and CO2/O2 co-limitation. Strikingly, both CO2 limitation conditions initially evoked a transcriptional response that resembled the pattern previously seen in high-light stress, but at later timepoints we observed O2-dependent recovery of photosynthesis-related transcripts. These results suggest that oxygen has a protective role in Prochlorococcus when carbon fixation is not a sufficient sink for light energy.
Rapid selective sweep of pre-existing polymorphisms and slow fixation of new mutations in experimental evolution of Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Authors: Zhou Aifen , Hillesland Kristina L , He Zhili , Schackwitz Wendy , Tu Qichao , Zane Grant M , Ma Qiao , Qu Yuanyuan , Stahl David A , Wall Judy D , Hazen Terry C , Fields Matthew W , Arkin Adam P , Zhou Jizhong
Published: April 2015

To investigate the genetic basis of microbial evolutionary adaptation to salt (NaCl) stress, populations of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH), a sulfate-reducing bacterium important for the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur, carbon and nitrogen, and potentially the bioremediation of toxic heavy metals and radionuclides, were propagated under salt stress or non-stress conditions for 1200 generations. Whole-genome sequencing revealed 11 mutations in salt stress-evolved clone ES9-11 and 14 mutations in non-stress-evolved clone EC3-10. Whole-population sequencing data suggested the rapid selective sweep of the pre-existing polymorphisms under salt stress within the first 100 generations and the slow fixation of new mutations. Population genotyping data demonstrated that the rapid selective sweep of pre-existing polymorphisms was common in salt stress-evolved populations. In contrast, the selection of pre-existing polymorphisms was largely random in EC populations. Consistently, at 100 generations, stress-evolved population ES9 showed improved salt tolerance, namely increased growth rate (2.0-fold), higher biomass yield (1.8-fold) and shorter lag phase (0.7-fold) under higher salinity conditions. The beneficial nature of several mutations was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. All four tested mutations contributed to the shortened lag phases under higher salinity condition. In particular, compared with the salt tolerance improvement in ES9-11, a mutation in a histidine kinase protein gene lytS contributed 27% of the growth rate increase and 23% of the biomass yield increase while a mutation in hypothetical gene DVU2472 contributed 24% of the biomass yield increase. Our results suggested that a few beneficial mutations could lead to dramatic improvements in salt tolerance.
Single-cell genomics of a rare environmental alphaproteobacterium provides unique insights into Rickettsiaceae evolution
Authors: Martijn Joran , Schulz Frederik , Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka Katarzyna , Viklund Johan , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Andersson Siv G E , Horn Matthias , Guy Lionel , Ettema Thijs J G
Published: April 2015

The bacterial family Rickettsiaceae includes a group of well-known etiological agents of many human and vertebrate diseases, including epidemic typhus-causing pathogen Rickettsia prowazekii. Owing to their medical relevance, rickettsiae have attracted a great deal of attention and their host-pathogen interactions have been thoroughly investigated. All known members display obligate intracellular lifestyles, and the best-studied genera, Rickettsia and Orientia, include species that are hosted by terrestrial arthropods. Their obligate intracellular lifestyle and host adaptation is reflected in the small size of their genomes, a general feature shared with all other families of the Rickettsiales. Yet, despite that the Rickettsiaceae and other Rickettsiales families have been extensively studied for decades, many details of the origin and evolution of their obligate host-association remain elusive. Here we report the discovery and single-cell sequencing of ‘Candidatus Arcanobacter lacustris’, a rare environmental alphaproteobacterium that was sampled from Damariscotta Lake that represents a deeply rooting sister lineage of the Rickettsiaceae. Intriguingly, phylogenomic and comparative analysis of the partial ‘Candidatus Arcanobacter lacustris’ genome revealed the presence chemotaxis genes and vertically inherited flagellar genes, a novelty in sequenced Rickettsiaceae, as well as several host-associated features. This finding suggests that the ancestor of the Rickettsiaceae might have had a facultative intracellular lifestyle. Our study underlines the efficacy of single-cell genomics for studying microbial diversity and evolution in general, and for rare microbial cells in particular.
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 as a potential player in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis
Authors: Miao Ji , Ling Alisha V. , Manthena Praveen V. , Gearing Mary E. , Graham Mark J. , Crooke Rosanne M. , Croce Kevin J. , Esquejo Ryan M. , Clish Clary B. ,   Morbid Obesity Study Group, Torrecilla Esther , Vázquez Gumersindo Fernández , Rubio Miguel A. , Cabrerizo Lucio , Barabash Ana , Pernaute Andrés Sánchez , Torres Antonio J. , Vicent David , Biddinger Sudha B.
Published: April 2015

Despite the well-documented association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, the key targets of insulin relevant to the development of cardiovascular disease are not known. Here, using non-biased profiling methods, we identify the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) to be a target of insulin. FMO3 produces trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has recently been suggested to promote atherosclerosis in mice and humans. We show that FMO3 is suppressed by insulin in vitro, increased in obese/insulin resistant male mice and increased in obese/insulin-resistant humans. Knockdown of FMO3 in insulin-resistant mice suppresses FoxO1, a central node for metabolic control, and entirely prevents the development of hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Taken together, these data indicate that FMO3 is required for FoxO1 expression and the development of metabolic dysfunction.
Symportin 1 chaperones 5S RNP assembly during ribosome biogenesis by occupying an essential rRNA-binding site
Authors: Calviño Fabiola R. , Kharde Satyavati , Ori Alessandro , Hendricks Astrid , Wild Klemens , Kressler Dieter , Bange Gert , Hurt Ed , Beck Martin , Sinning Irmgard
Published: April 2015

During 60S biogenesis, mature 5S RNP consisting of 5S RNA, RpL5 and RpL11, assembles into a pre-60S particle, where docking relies on RpL11 interacting with helix 84 (H84) of the 25S RNA. How 5S RNP is assembled for recruitment into the pre-60S is not known. Here we report the crystal structure of a ternary symportin Syo1–RpL5-N–RpL11 complex and provide biochemical and structural insights into 5S RNP assembly. Syo1 guards the 25S RNA-binding surface on RpL11 and competes with H84 for binding. Pull-down experiments show that H84 releases RpL11 from the ternary complex, but not in the presence of 5S RNA. Crosslinking mass spectrometry visualizes structural rearrangements on incorporation of 5S RNA into the Syo1–RpL5–RpL11 complex supporting the formation of a pre-5S RNP. Our data underline the dual role of Syo1 in ribosomal protein transport and as an assembly platform for 5S RNP.
The effects of Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on primary human corneal endothelial cells propagated using a dual media approach
Authors: Peh Gary S. L. , Adnan Khadijah , George Benjamin L. , Ang Heng-Pei , Seah Xin-Yi , Tan Donald T. , Mehta Jodhbir S.
Published: April 2015

The global shortage of donor corneas has garnered extensive interest in the development of graft alternatives suitable for endothelial keratoplasty using cultivated primary human corneal endothelial cells (CECs). We have recently described a dual media approach for the propagation of human CECs. In this work, we characterize the effects of a Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on the cultivation of CECs propagated using the dual media culture system. Seventy donor corneas deemed unsuitable for transplantation were procured for this study. We assessed the use of Y-27632 for its effect at each stage of the cell culture process, specifically for cell attachment, cell proliferation and during both regular passaging and cryopreservation. Lastly, comparison of donor-matched CEC-cultures expanded with or without Y-27632 was also performed. Our results showed that Y-27632 significantly improved the attachment and proliferation of primary CECs. A non-significant pro-survival effect was detected during regular cellular passage when CECs were pre-treated with Y-27632, an effect that became more evident during cryopreservation. Our study showed that the inclusion of Y-27632 was beneficial for the propagation of primary CECs expanded via the dual media approach and was able to increase overall cell yield by between 1.96 to 3.36 fold.
Allergic fetal priming leads to developmental, behavioral and neurobiological changes in mice
Authors: Schwartzer J J , Careaga M , Chang C , Onore C E , Ashwood P
Published: April 2015

The state of the mother’s immune system during pregnancy has an important role in fetal development and disruptions in the balance of this system are associated with a range of neurologic, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiological and clinical reports reveal various clues that suggest a possible association between developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and family history of immune system dysfunction. Over the past three decades, analogous increases have been reported in both the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders and immune-related disorders, particularly allergy and asthma, raising the question of whether allergic asthma and characteristics of various neurodevelopmental disorders share common causal links. We used a mouse model of maternal allergic asthma to test this novel hypothesis that early fetal priming with an allergenic exposure during gestation produces behavioral deficits in offspring. Mothers were primed with an exposure to ovalbumin (OVA) before pregnancy, then exposed to either aerosolized OVA or vehicle during gestation. Both male and female mice born to mothers exposed to aerosolized OVA during gestation exhibited altered developmental trajectories in weight and length, decreased sociability and increased marble-burying behavior. Moreover, offspring of OVA-exposed mothers were observed to have increased serotonin transporter protein levels in the cortex. These data demonstrate that behavioral and neurobiological effects can be elicited following early fetal priming with maternal allergic asthma and provide support that maternal allergic asthma may, in some cases, be a contributing factor to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Fringes in FTIR spectroscopy revisited: understanding and modelling fringes in infrared spectroscopy of thin films
Authors: Konevskikh Tatiana , Ponossov Arkadi , Blümel Reinhold , Lukacs Rozalia , Kohler Achim
Published: April 2015

The appearance of fringes in the infrared spectroscopy of thin films seriously hinders the interpretation of chemical bands because fringes change relative peak heights of chemical spectral bands.
Modulation of band gap by an applied electric field in silicene-based hetero-bilayers
Authors: Nigam Sandeep , Gupta Sanjeev K. , Majumder C. , Pandey Ravindra
Published: April 2015

Electronic properties of the hetero-structures consisting of silicene, graphene and BN monolayers under the influence of an electric field were investigated using density functional theory.
Chiral methyl-branched pheromones
Authors: Ando Tetsu , Yamakawa Rei
Published: April 2015

A large number of chiral methyl-branched pheromones have been identified reflecting the diversity of insect species. This review deals with mainly non-terpene compounds, highlighting studies on the identification, stereoselective synthesis, and biosynthesis carried out this century.
Biodesulphurization of fossil fuels: energy, emissions and cost analysis
Authors: Alves L. , Paixão S. M. , Pacheco R. , Ferreira A. F. , Silva C. M.
Published: April 2015

BDS and HDS as a combined technology towards ultra low sulphur fuels.
Polysaccharide stabilized nanoparticles for deacidification and strengthening of paper
Authors: Amornkitbamrung Lunjakorn , Mohan Tamilselvan , Hribernik Silvo , Reichel Victoria , Faivre Damien , Gregorova Adriana , Engel Patricia , Kargl Rupert , Ribitsch Volker
Published: April 2015

This paper reports an investigation on the use of a highly stable colloidal organic dispersion consisting of a polysaccharides and alkaline nanoparticles for the simultaneous deacidification and strengthening of historical wood pulp papers.
Room temperature synthesis of graphene–platinum composite as counter electrode for efficient dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Gao Zhiyong , Wang Lan , Liu Xiao , Guo Peipei , Zhao Wenqi , Wu Dapeng , Xu Fang , Jiang Kai
Published: April 2015

Graphene–platinum composite was synthesized via co-reduction of functionalized graphene oxide and Pt precursor by sodium borohydride at room temperature and was employed as efficient cathode material of dye sensitized solar cell.
A label-free fluorescence assay for potassium ions using riboflavin as a G-quadruplex ligand
Authors: Xu Lijun , Sun Na , Zhou Lu , Chen Xing , Wang Jine , Wang Qinglin , Wang Kewei , Zhang Jianye , Pei Renjun
Published: April 2015

A label-free fluorescence K+assay was developed using riboflavin, a new G-quadruplex ligand, and a G-quadruplex sequence (PW17).
Analytical chemistry research at primarily undergraduate institutions: training tomorrow's investigators
Authors: Kovarik Michelle L.
Published: April 2015

This perspective presents challenges, benefits, and recent advances from research at primarily undergraduate institutions.
Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers as promising electron donor materials for organic solar cells
Authors: Kuznetsov Iliya E. , Akkuratow Alexander V. , Susarova Diana K. , Anokhin Denis V. , Moskvin Yuriy L. , Kluyev Mikhail V. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Troshin Pavel A.
Published: April 2015

Statistical carbazole–fluorene–TTBTBTT terpolymers demonstrated tunable optoelectronic characteristics and solar cell performances approaching 6.7%.
Electron-deficient fullerenes in triple-channel photosystems
Authors: López-Andarias Javier , Bolag Altan , Nançoz Christoph , Vauthey Eric , Atienza Carmen , Sakai Naomi , Martín Nazario , Matile Stefan
Published: April 2015

We report the design, synthesis and evaluation of increasingly electron-deficient fullerenes in multicomponent surface architectures.
Reexamination of formic acid decomposition on the Pt(111) surface both in the absence and in the presence of water, from periodic DFT calculations
Authors: Qi Yuanyuan , Li Jingjing , Zhang Dongju , Liu Chengbu
Published: April 2015

The calculated results in literatures for the decomposition of formic acid on Pt(111) into CO cannot rationalize the well-known easy CO poisoning of Pt-based catalysts.
Interactions of Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes with DNA mismatches and abasic sites
Authors: Nandhini T. , Anju K. R. , Manikandamathavan V. M. , Vaidyanathan V. G. , Nair B. U.
Published: April 2015

Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes bind to CC mismatch DNA with high selectivity.
Flexible superior electrode architectures based on three-dimensional porous spinous α-Fe2O3 with a high performance as a supercapacitor
Authors: Nan Honghong , Yu Liutao , Ma Wenqin , Geng Baoyou , Zhang Xiaojun
Published: April 2015

Herein, we designed a series of 3D porous spinous iron oxide materials synthesized on a thin iron plate through a facile method under mild conditions.
A nano tetraimine Pd(0) complex: synthesis, characterization, computational studies and catalytic applications in the Heck–Mizoroki reaction in water
Authors: Mandegani Zeinab , Asadi Mozaffar , Asadi Zahra , Mohajeri Afshan , Iranpoor Nasser , Omidvar Akbar
Published: April 2015

Synthesis of a nano tetraimine Pd(0) catalyst system using an N,N-bisimine ligand and its catalytic applications in the Heck–Mizoroki reaction in water is described.
The large intracellular loop of hZIP4 is an intrinsically disordered zinc binding domain
Authors: Bafaro Elizabeth M. , Antala Sagar , Nguyen Tuong-Vi , Dzul Stephen P. , Doyon Brian , Stemmler Timothy L. , Dempski Robert E.
Published: April 2015

The human (h) ZIP4 transporter is a plasma membrane protein which functions to increase the cytosolic concentration of zinc.
Functional polyesters derived from alternating copolymerization of norbornene anhydride and epoxides
Authors: Baumgartner Ryan , Song Ziyuan , Zhang Yanfeng , Cheng Jianjun
Published: April 2015

Alternating polymerization of norbornene containing polyesters and their functionalization.
Trehalose hydrogels for stabilization of enzymes to heat
Authors: Lee Juneyoung , Ko Jeong Hoon , Lin En-Wei , Wallace Peter , Ruch Frank , Maynard Heather D.
Published: April 2015

Simply prepared and easily scalable trehalose hydrogels stabilize an enzyme important in animal feed to extreme temperatures.
Improved photo-induced cobalt-mediated radical polymerization in continuous flow photoreactors
Authors: Kermagoret Anthony , Wenn Benjamin , Debuigne Antoine , Jérôme Christine , Junkers Tanja , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: April 2015

The implementation of cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) for continuous microflow reactor synthesis is described.
Generating electricity using graphene nanodrums
Authors: Huang Wenbin , Zhao Yun , Wang Guanglong , Qiao Zhongtao , Gao Fengqi , Wang Xiaowei , Wang Gang , Deng Ya , Fan Xiaokun , Zhang Jian , Duan Ruifei , Qiu Xiaohui , Sun Lianfeng
Published: April 2015

A voltage is induced when the graphene nanodrums move and its magnitude and sign depend on the upheaval/sinking of the nanodrums.
Catalytic hydrogenation of phenol, cresol and guaiacol over physically mixed catalysts of Pd/C and zeolite solid acids
Authors: Shafaghat Hoda , Sirous Rezaei Pouya , Daud Wan Mohd Ashri Wan
Published: April 2015

Product selectivity of catalytic hydrogenation of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol and guaiacol over physically mixed catalysts of Pd/C and zeolite solid acids.