bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiofrequenzablation benigner Schilddrüsenknoten
Authors: Grünwald Frank , Baumgarten Justus , Happel Christian , Sabet Amir , Gröner Daniel
Published: September 2019

Die Radiofrequenzablation ist ein effektives Verfahren, um benigne Schilddrüsenknoten bis zu einem Volumen von etwa 100 ml zu behandeln. Sie ist gut verträglich und kommt zurzeit − zusammen mit der Echopulstherapie − in Deutschland am häufigsten zur lokalen Therapie benigner Schilddrüsenknoten zum Einsatz. Insgesamt ist eine Volumenreduktion von etwa 50 % bis 70 % zu erwarten, bei zystischen Knoten und mixed-pattern-Läsionen etwas mehr als bei soliden Knoten. Anfangsvolumen, Struktur und Echogenität sind wichtige Parameter, welche die Effektivität beeinflussen. Es kommen bipolare und monopolare Verfahren zum Einsatz − die Auswahl des jeweiligen Verfahrens hängt v. a. von der persönlichen Präferenz des Behandelnden ab. Bei größeren Knoten wird eher die bipolare Technik angewendet. Gekühlte Systeme sind – insbesondere bei größeren Sonden – in jedem Fall vorzuziehen. Gravierendere Nebenwirkungen sind selten (< 1 %) und meist nur transient.
Die Echotherapie als nichtinvasives Therapieverfahren von Schilddrüsenveränderungen
Authors: Czech Norbert , Hoppe Peter
Published: September 2019

Fokussierter Ultraschall gewinnt durch die Echotherapiebehandlung auch im Einsatz bei Schilddrüsenveränderungen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt Einblicke in den Einsatz der Echotherapie und den Ablauf einer Behandlung, sowie die klinischen Erfahrungen und Zukunftsperspektiven. Studien bei der Therapie von gutartigen symptomatischen Schilddrüsenknoten konnten bereits signifikante Volumenreduktionen des krankhaften Gewebes und eine damit verbundene Verbesserung der Symptomatik zeigen. Zudem konnte eine gute Verträglichkeit und ein geringes Risiken- und Nebenwirkungsprofil demonstriert werden.
Schilddrüse und Knochen
Authors: Janßen Onno Eilard , Bullmann Catharina
Published: September 2019

In einer alternden Gesellschaft nimmt die Prävalenz der Osteoporose und die durch sie verursachte Morbidität und Mortalität eine zunehmende Rolle ein. Auch Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen sind im Alter häufiger, sodass sich ein fataler Synergismus in der Entstehung von osteoporotischen Frakturen ergibt. Im Erwachsenenalter geht eine Hyperthyreose mit Knochenverlust und erhöhtem Knochenumsatz einher, primär bedingt durch eine gesteigerte Knochenresorption durch Osteoklasten. Die manifeste Hyperthyreose gehört zu den gut etablierten Ursachen einer sekundären Osteoporose und von Fragilitätsfrakturen. Eine latente Hyperthyreose wirkt sich ebenfalls negativ auf die Knochenmineraldichte aus und ist mit Frakturen assoziiert. Bei den meisten Patienten mit manifester oder latenter Hyperthyreose führt die Wiederherstellung einer Euthyreose zu einer Normalisierung der Knochendichte und Reduktion des Frakturrisikos. Eine TSH-suppressive Substitutionstherapie nach Schilddrüsenoperation wegen eines differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinoms ist ebenfalls mit einem erhöhten osteoporotischen Frakturrisiko assoziiert, sodass eine zeitlich begrenzte und risikoadaptierte TSH-Suppression empfohlen wird und eine antiresorptive Behandlung indiziert sein kann. Eine Hypothyreose im Erwachsenenalter führt zu einem verlangsamten Knochenumsatz mit gesteigerter Mineralisierung. Die Assoziation mit einem erhöhten Frakturrisiko korreliert mit einer erhöhten Sturzneigung und nicht mit einer Veränderung des Knochenstoffwechsels. Bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ist eine normale Schilddrüsenfunktion zur Ausbildung einer adäquaten Knochenmasse und Knochenfestigkeit sowie zum Erreichen der vorgesehenen Körpergröße erforderlich. Sowohl Hyperthyreose als auch Hypothyreose führen im Kindes- und Jugendalter mit verschiedenen Mechanismen zu Minderwuchs und verminderter Knochenqualität.
Vorzeitige Immobilisierung bei drohender Frühgeburt – Reflexion aus der Praxis
Authors: Lamprecht Beate Elvira
Published: September 2019

Häufig wird Schwangeren zum Zweck der Schonung empfohlen, eine liegende Position – zusätzlich zu den Schlafenszeiten – über mehrere Tage und Wochen hinweg einzuhalten. Die Auswirkungen einer solchen Maßnahme sind erheblich und trotz zahlreicher wissenschaftlicher Belege sind Veränderungen in der täglichen Praxis kaum zu bemerken. Ist die Immobilisierung bei „drohender Frühgeburt“ Allheilmittel oder ein notwendiges Übel? Gibt es Alternativen?
Seltene Nebenwirkungen von biologischen DMARD
Authors: Nigg Axel Philipp , Feuchtenberger Martin
Published: September 2019

Die Einführung der Biologika Ende der 1990er-Jahre hat zweifelsohne die Behandlungsmöglichkeiten entzündlich rheumatischer Systemerkrankung nachhaltig verändert, um nicht zu sagen revolutioniert. Zusammen mit der Etablierung von Konzepten zur frühen Diagnose und therapeutischen Intervention sowie Treat-to-Target-Strategien mit dem Ziel der Remission hat sich die Prognose rheumatologischer Patienten erheblich verbessert. Nach nunmehr bis zu 20-jähriger Anwendung in der klinischen Routine kann zudem von einer überwiegend guten Verträglichkeit und Sicherheitsdatenlage der Biologika ausgegangen werden. Dennoch finden sich mitunter seltene unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich genau mit den eher selteneren unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen, welche in der klinischen Routine dennoch berücksichtigt werden müssen.
Effects of Addition of Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobial Compounds into Root Canal Sealers
Authors: Paunovska Mirjana L. , Coleman Nichola J. , Stevanovic Marija M. , Dimkov Aleksandar G. , Gabric Dragana , Gjorgievska Elizabeta S.
Published: September 2019

Objective The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the addition of benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride in three commercial root canal sealers.

Materials and Methods Three different root canal sealers were used: EndoRez, N2, and Apexit Plus. The samples were prepared by mixing the components according to the manufacturers’ guidelines and adding 2% in weight of the antimicrobials to the newly mixed cement. The paste was placed in molds and stored in an incubator (37°C, 24 h). The samples were then stored in 5-mL distilled water. Samples without antimicrobials served as a control. All samples were tested at 3 time intervals: 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month following their storage in distilled water. The impact of the antimicrobials on the solubility of the sealers, the release of chloride ions (Cl—), and the pH value were examined.

Statistical Analysis Analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference test.

Results Chloride ions are present in storage media with EndoRez, N2, and Apexit Plus samples (without antimicrobials) following all tested storage intervals. The addition of the antimicrobials increased the release of chloride ions. Endodontic cements without addition of antimicrobials show an increase in weight after 1 month. The highest pH value is measured in Apexit Plus samples. The solutions in which N2 samples (with and without addition of antimicrobials) were stored did not have a significant change in their pH, while in the EndoRez solutions, a significant decrease in the pH value after the first week was measured.

Conclusions The addition of antimicrobials might lead to improved characteristics of the root canal sealers.
Recurrent Metabolic Alkalosis in a Cystic Fibrosis Patient: Coexistence with Congenital Chloride Diarrhea
Authors: Masip Etna , Donat Ester , Polo Begoña , Oltra Silvestre , Ortega Pedro , Ribes-Koninckx Carmen
Published: September 2019

Metabolic alkalosis is uncommon in infancy. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can develop dehydration because of sweat salt or gastrointestinal losses; with the correct salt supplementation, the electrolyte alterations can be reversed. Here, we present a CF patient with recurrent metabolic alkalosis, initially oriented as pseudo-Bartter's syndrome. However, despite accurate treatment, patient needed daily intravenous fluids to maintain homeostasis. An extended study was made, including a urine study that could rule out Bartter's diagnosis. Finally, after a complementary test that included electrolyte stools study and genetic analysis, congenital chloride diarrhea could be diagnosed.
Magnetic Targeting Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Microbubble-Mediated Obstructive Thrombus Sonothrombolysis
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiang , Wu Weilan , Wang Shifei , Zhong Jiayuan , Djama Nima Moumin , Wei Guoquan , Lai Yanxian , Si Xiaoyun , Cao Shiping , Liao Wangjun , Liao Yulin , Li Hairui , Bin Jianping
Published: September 2019

Background Magnetic targeting may help microbubbles (MBs) reach obstructive thrombi and improve the efficacy of MB-mediated sonothrombolysis, but the role of magnetic targeting in MB-mediated sonothrombolysis remains elusive.

Objectives We investigate the feasibility and efficacy of magnetically targeted MB-mediated sonothrombolysis for the treatment of obstructive thrombi.

Materials and Methods Red and white thromboembolic models were established in vitro and in vivo. The models were randomly assigned to the control, ultrasound plus control MB (US + C-MB), ultrasound plus magnetic MB (US + M-MB), or US + M-MB + recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) groups and treated for 30 minutes. The recanalization rate, average blood flow velocity, hindlimb perfusion, and skeletal muscle injury marker levels were recorded.

Results The recanalization rate, average blood flow velocity, and hindlimb perfusion in the red and white thromboembolic models were all significantly higher in the US + M-MB and US + M-MB + r-tPA groups than in the control and US + C-MB groups both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the levels of the skeletal muscle injury markers were all significantly lower in the US + M-MB and US + M-MB + r-tPA groups than in the other two groups in vivo for both thromboembolic models. However, the thrombolytic effects of red thrombi performed better than those of white thrombi in the US + M-MB + r-tPA group.

Conclusion M-MB-mediated sonothrombolysis improves the efficacy of thrombolysis both in vitro and in vivo, and reduces tissue damage in clogging model; thus, this method may serve as a promising approach for treating thrombus-occlusive diseases.
Neurosurgery Simulators Developed for Neurosurgical Training in Brazil: A Systematic Review
Authors: Drummond-Braga Bernardo , Pereira Nayara Matos , Pedroso João Henrique Vieira , Oliveira Vinicius da Silva , Rocha Marcelo Ribeiro da , Gomes Lucas Wilson Matos , Drummond Mariana Vieira Martins Sampaio , Drummond Ana Luiza Morais Avelar , Oliveira Marcelo Magaldi Ribeiro , Garcia-Zapata Marco Tulio Antonio
Published: September 2019

Introduction Simulation in neurosurgery is a growing trend in medical residency programs around the world due to the concerns there are about patient safety and the advancement of surgical technology. Simulation training can improve motor skills in a safe environment before the actual setting is initiated in the operating room. The aim of this review is to identify articles that describe Brazilian simulators, their validation status and the level of evidence (LoE).

Methodology This study was conducted using the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was performed in the Medline, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases. The studies were evaluated according to the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument (MERSQI), and the LoE of the study was established according to the classification system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM), which has been adapted by the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery.

Results Of all the studies included in this review, seven referred to validated simulators. These 7 studies were assigned an average MERSQI score of 8.57 from 18 possible points. None of the studies was randomized or conducted in a high-fidelity environment. The best evidence was provided by the studies with the human placenta model, which received a score of 2b and a degree of recommendation of 3.

Conclusion Brazilian simulators can be reproduced in the different laboratories that are available in the country. The average MERSQI score of Brazilian studies is similar to the international average score. New studies should be undertaken to seek greater validation of the simulators and carry out randomized controlled trials.
Mortimer Sloper Howell (1841–1925), lecteur de Raḍī al-dīn al-Astarābāḏī (VIIe/XIIIe siècle), et deux lithographies indiennes
Authors: Larcher Pierre
Published: September 2019

Cet article présente deux lithographies indiennes du Šarḥ al-Kāfiya et du Šarḥ al-Šāfiya de Raḍī al-dīn al-Astarābāḏī (m. en ou après 688/1289), faites à Delhi, respectivement en 1282/1866 et 1283/1866. Elles ont appartenu à Mortimer Sloper Howell (1841–1925), magistrat britannique en Inde et auteur d’une grammaire arabe en sept volumes parus à Allahabad entre 1880 et 1911. La grammaire de Howell suit le plan du Mufaṣṣal de Zamaḫšarī (m. 538/1144) en quatre parties : nom, verbe, particule, ce qui est commun aux trois parties précédentes ou à deux d’entre elles. Le Šarḥ al-Šāfiya est couvert d’annotations, très certainement de la main même de Howell, mais le Šarḥ al-Kāfiya en est vierge. Cela semble devoir être mis en relation avec le développement que Howell donne, dans la lignée du Šarḥ al-Šāfiya, à la quatrième partie du Mufaṣṣal, qui traite essentiellement de phonologie. C’est ce développement qui a attiré l’attention sur la grammaire de Howell et, à travers elle, le Šarḥ al-Šāfiya de Raḍī al-dīn al-Astarābāḏī de linguistes arabisants comme Jean Cantineau (1899–1956) et Henri Fleisch (1904–1985). Une enquête dans la grammaire de Howell montre que l’autre partie du Šarḥ al-Šāfiya, qui traite de morphologie, et le Šarḥ al-Kāfiya, qui traite de syntaxe, en sont des sources tout aussi importantes et, par suite, que Howell peut encore servir de médiateur entre Raḍī al-dīn al-Astarābāḏī et les arabisants.
Evaluation of studies on extended versus standard infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics
Authors: Chen Melanie , Buurma Valerie , Shah Monica , Fahim Germin
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To summarize the current literature on the use and clinical efficacy of extended-infusion (EI) beta-lactam antibiotics, including piperacillin–tazobactam, meropenem, and cefepime.

Gram-negative infections are a serious concern among hospitalized patients and require innovative pharmacokinetic dosing strategies to achieve clinical success, especially as the emergence of resistant gram-negative pathogens has outpaced the development of new antibiotics. Beta-lactam antibiotics exhibit time-dependent activity, which means that optimal efficacy is achieved when free drug concentrations stay above the minimum inhibitory concentration for an extended duration of the recommended dosage interval. EI piperacillin–tazobactam therapy has demonstrated improved clinical outcomes and decrease mortality in critically ill patients with gram-negative infections, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. EI meropenem has shown higher therapeutic success rates for patients with febrile neutropenia and shorter intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) with a reduction in ventilator days in patients with multidrug-resistant ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, a larger study showed no difference in clinical outcomes between standard-infusion and EI meropenem. EI cefepime has been associated with decreased mortality and shorter ICU LOS in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Common challenges associated with EI beta-lactam antibiotics include Y-site incompatibilities, lack of intravenous access, and tubing residuals. It is important to note that factors such as diverse patient populations and study methodology, along with various antibiotic dose regimens, may have contributed to conflicting data on EI beta-lactam therapy.

Conclusion

Based on most published literature, there appears to be a favorable trend toward use of EI beta-lactam therapy in clinical practice, particularly in critically ill patients with gram-negative infections.
A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: Perry Ryan K , Heraty John M
Published: September 2019

The Holarctic species Cirrospilus vittatusWalker, 1838 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an important parasitoid of lepidopteran, dipteran, coleopteran, and hymenopteran leaf miners. One of the defining characteristics of the species has been its presumed extensive color variation, with individuals ranging from almost completely dark metallic green or blue to completely yellow with no metallic markings. An integrative approach utilizing morphological and molecular data (28S-D2, COI, ITS2) reveals that C. vittatus sensu lato in North America is a species complex comprised of at least four distinct, sometimes sympatric, species that can attack the same host. This species complex emerges as a monophyletic group, separate from Cirrospilus s.s., which we designate Burkseus gen. n. The species Burkseus vittatus comb. n. is redefined and has a Holarctic distribution, and B. flavoviridis (Crawford) comb. n. is reinstated from synonymy with B. vittatus. The following combinations are also proposed: B. elongatus (Bouček) comb. n., B. pinicolus (Askew) comb. n., and B. singa (Walker) comb. n. The following species are described as new: Burkseus sigillatus n. sp. and B. robustus n. sp. Some of the species are sympatric at several locations, but they remain molecularly and morphologically distinct. The delimitation of these species impacts our ability to assess their potential as biological control candidates against Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and future invasive leaf miner threats.
Highlights in the Field of Veterinary Entomology, 2018
Authors: Murillo Amy C
Published: September 2019

The 2018 annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America meeting theme ‘Crossing Boarders’ guided the veterinary highlight compilation of papers, focusing on the themes: 1) emerging and re-emerging pest threats; 2) alternative control methods; and 3) tools for future research. Here the papers presented are summarized to serve as a presentation archive.
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Denmark From 2009 to 2014; Characteristics and Predictors for Treatment Outcome
Authors: Holden Inge K , Lillebaek Troels , Andersen Peter H , Bjerrum Stephanie , Wejse Christian , Johansen Isik S
Published: September 2019

Background

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) represents an increasing percentage of tuberculosis (TB) cases in Europe. However, strategies on TB prevention and successful treatment outcomes primarily target pulmonary TB. In this nationwide study, we present characteristics of EPTB, treatment outcomes, and predictors for unfavorable treatment outcomes.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with EPTB from 2009 to 2014 were included. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for unfavorable outcome. The following definitions were used: unfavorable outcome: the sum of treatment failed, lost to follow-up, and not evaluated; patient delay: time from TB-related symptom onset until first hospital contact related to TB; doctor delay: time from first TB-related contact in the health care system to start of TB treatment.

Results

A total of 450 EPTB cases were notified, which represented 21.1% of all TB cases in Denmark. Immigrants accounted for 82.9%. Lymph nodes were the most common site of EPTB (55.4%) followed by pleural TB (13.4%). Patient delay was significantly longer among immigrants than Danes (60 vs 30 days; P < .01), whereas doctor delay was significantly longer among Danes (38.5 vs 28 days; P < .01). Treatment completion rates were high and reached 90.9% in 2014. Male gender (odds ratio [OR], 5.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79–15.04) and age 0–24 years (OR, 16.39; 95% CI, 2.02–132.64) were significantly associated with unfavorable outcome.

Conclusions

EPTB represented a significant number of all TB cases and was predominantly seen among younger immigrants in Denmark. To maintain high treatment completion rates, increased focus on male gender and young age is needed.
The effects of testosterone administration on muscle areas of the trunk and pelvic floor in hysterectomized women with low testosterone levels: proof-of-concept study
Authors: Tapper John , Huang Grace , Pencina Karol M. , Li Zhuoying , Arver Stefan , Martling Anna , Blomqvist Lennart , Buchli Christian , Travison Thomas G. , Storer Thomas W. , Bhasin Shalender , Basaria Shehzad
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of testosterone administration on trunk and pelvic floor muscle area in women with low testosterone levels.

Methods:

Participants were hysterectomized women with total testosterone<31 ng/dL and/or free testosterone<3.5 pg/mL; participating in the Testosterone Dose Response in Surgically Menopausal Women (TDSM) trial. All participants received a standardized transdermal estradiol regimen during the 12-week run-in period, and were then randomized to receive weekly intramuscular injections of placebo, or 3, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg testosterone enanthate for 24 weeks. Muscle areas of the trunk and pelvis were measured at baseline and end of treatment using 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Total and free testosterone levels were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and equilibrium dialysis, respectively. Testosterone effect on muscle areas was analyzed using linear regression models.

Results:

A total of 24 women who had available baseline and posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging were included in the analysis. Increased cross-sectional areas of the paraspinal, psoas, and abdominal wall muscles were seen after testosterone administration. The estimated mean change (95% CI; P value) between treatment groups was 4.07 cm2 (1.26-6.88; P = 0.007) for paraspinal, 1.60 cm2 (0.10-3.09; P = 0.038) for psoas major, and 7.49 cm2 (1.96-13.02; P = 0.011) for abdominal wall muscles. Increases in psoas muscle area were significantly associated with changes in free testosterone concentrations. No significant changes in obturator internus and pelvic floor muscle areas were observed.

Conclusion:

Short-term testosterone administration in women with low testosterone levels was associated with increased trunk muscle area.
Rescue and concomitant analgesics in placebo-controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain and low back pain
Authors: Grøvle Lars , Hasvik Eivind , Haugen Anne Julsrud
Published: September 2019

Rescue medication is commonly offered to participants in placebo-controlled trials of analgesic drugs. The use of pain medication in addition to the placebo or experimental drug may complicate the interpretation of effects and tolerability, but this issue has received little methodological attention. This study examined the handling and reporting of rescue and concomitant analgesic use in trials of pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain and low back pain. We based our review on 265 trials included in 2 recent systematic reviews: 83 trials of low back pain and 182 of neuropathic pain. In total, 117 (44%) trials permitted rescue medication and 126 (48%) allowed participants to continue all or some of their usual analgesics. The utilization of rescue medication increased over time, occurring in 18% of trials before 2000 compared with 55% after 2000. Forty-one trials (16%) permitted both rescue analgesics and continued use of prestudy analgesics. More than one-third of the trials permitting rescue medication did not report the actual rescue drug consumption, and over half of the trials allowing concomitant analgesics did not report whether intake changed during the trial. Only 22 (19%) of the trials permitting rescue medication included complete information about whether rescue medication was used as an outcome, specified the drugs used, specified how consumption was assessed and measured, and reported and analyzed the use of rescue medication in each trial arm. Our findings suggest that poorly described procedures and incomplete reporting are likely to hinder the interpretation, critical appraisal, and replication of trial results.
Resonant waves and localization phenomena in lattices
Authors: Abdukadirov Sagdulla A. , Ayzenberg-Stepanenko Mark V. , Osharovich Gregory G.
Published: September 2019

Transient wave processes in mass-spring lattices excited by point oscillating sources are studied. Dispersion properties of uniform periodic three-dimensional (3D) square-cell and two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal-cell lattices including revealed star-shaped localization phenomena are analysed. The resonant-like waves and localization-like patterns in non-uniform lattices possessing predetermined and randomly distributed defects are numerically examined in order to identify the sensitivity of star-shape forms to different types of defects.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 1)’.
Frequency-dependent impedance and surface waves on the boundary of a stratified dielectric medium
Authors: Cherednichenko Kirill , Graham William
Published: September 2019

We analyse waves propagating along the interface between half-spaces filled with a perfect dielectric and a Lorentz material. We show that the corresponding interface condition leads to a generalization of the classical Leontovich condition on the boundary of a dielectric half-space. We study when this condition supports propagation of (dispersive) surface waves. We derive the related dispersion relation for waves along the boundary of a stratified half-space and determine the relationship between the loss parameter, frequency and wavenumber for which interfacial waves exist.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 1)’.
Rats Sniff off Toxic Air
Authors: Chen Haoxuan , Li Xinyue , Yao Maosheng
Published: September 2019

Breathing air is a fundamental human need, yet its safety, when challenged by various harmful or lethal substances, is often not properly guarded. For example, air toxicity is currently monitored only for single or limited number of known toxicants, thus failing to fully warn against possible hazardous air. Here, we discovered that within minutes living rats emitted distinctive profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via breath when exposed to various airborne toxicants such as endotoxin, O3, ricin, and CO2. Compared to background indoor air, when exposed to ricin or endotoxin aerosols breath-borne VOC levels, especially that of carbon disulfide, were shown to decrease; while their elevated levels were observed for O3 and CO2 exposures. A clear contrast in breath-borne VOCs profiles of rats between different toxicant exposures was observed with a statistical significance. Differences in MicroRNA regulations such as miR-33, miR-146a and miR-155 from rats’ blood samples revealed different mechanisms used by the rats in combating different air toxicant challenges. Similar to dogs, rats were found here to be able to sniff against toxic air by releasing a specific breath-borne VOC profile. The discovered science opens a new arena for online monitoring air toxicity and health effects of pollutants.

TOC
Early life stress impairs social function through AVP-dependent mechanisms
Authors: Brydges Nichola M. , Hall Jessica , Best Caroline , Rule Lowenna , Watkin Holly , Drake Amanda J. , Lewis Catrin , Thomas Kerrie L. , Hall Jeremy
Published: September 2019

Impaired social function is a core feature of many psychiatric illnesses. Adverse experiences during childhood increase risk for mental illness, however it is currently unclear whether stress early in life plays a direct role in the development of social difficulties. Using an animal model of pre-pubertal stress (PPS), we investigated effects on social behaviour, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (AVP). We also explored social performance and AVP expression in participants with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who experienced a high incidence of childhood stress. Social behaviour was impaired and AVP expression increased in animals experiencing PPS and participants with BPD. Behavioural deficits in animals were rescued through administration of the AVP receptor 1a antagonist Relcovaptan (SR49059). AVP levels and recognition of negative emotions were significantly correlated in BPD participants only. In conclusion, early life stress plays a profound role in the precipitation of social dysfunction, and AVP mediates at least part of this effect.
Age-related differences in white matter: Understanding tensor-based results using fixel-based analysis
Authors: Kelley Shannon , Plass John , Bender Andrew R. , Polk Thad A.
Published: September 2019

Aging is associated with widespread alterations in cerebral white matter (WM). Most prior studies of age differences in WM have used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), but typical DTI metrics (e.g., fractional anisotropy; FA) can reflect multiple neurobiological features, making interpretation challenging. Here, we used fixel-based analysis (FBA) to investigate age-related WM differences observed using DTI in a sample of 45 older and 25 younger healthy adults. Age- related FA differences were widespread but were strongly associated with differences in multifiber complexity (CX), suggesting that they reflected differences in crossing fibers in addition to structural differences in individual fiber segments. FBA also revealed a frontolimbic locus of age-related effects and provided insights into distinct microstructural changes underlying them. Specifically, age differences in fiber density were prominent in fornix, bilateral anterior internal capsule, forceps minor, body of the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract, while age differences in fiber cross section were largest in cingulum bundle and forceps minor. These results provide novel insights into specific structural differences underlying major WM differences associated with aging.
Multi-scale systems genomics analysis predicts pathways, cell types and drug targets involved in normative human cognition variation
Authors: Pai Shraddha , Hui Shirley , Weber Philipp , Narayan Soumil , Whitley Owen , Li Peipei , Labrie Viviane , Baumbach Jan , Bader Gary D
Published: September 2019

An open challenge in human genetics is to better understand the link between genotype variation and the various molecular, cellular, anatomical and physiological systems that it can affect. To address this challenge, we performed genotype-phenotype-systems analysis for accuracy in nine cognitive tasks from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (3,319 individuals aged 8-21 years). We report a region of genome-wide significance within the 3’ end of the FBLN1 gene (p=4.6×10−8), associated with nonverbal reasoning, a heritable form of complex reasoning ability. Integration of published brain-specific ‘omic maps reveals that FBLN1 shows greatest expression in the fetal brain, is a marker of neural progenitor cells, is differentially expressed in schizophrenia and increases genetic risk for bipolar disorder. These findings suggest that nonverbal reasoning and FBLN1 variation warrant further investigation in studies of neurodevelopmental disorders and psychosis. Using genotype-pathway analysis, we identify pathways related to development and to autonomic nervous system dysfunction associated with working memory accuracy. Top-ranking pathway genes include those genetically associated with multiple diseases with working memory deficits, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease, and that are also markers for specific brain cell types. Our findings identify novel molecular players involved in specific cognitive tasks and link variants to genes, pathways, cell types, diseases and drugs. This work advances the “molecules-to-behaviour” view of cognition, and provides a framework for using systems-level organization of data for other biomedical domains.
State-dependent pontine ensemble dynamics and interactions with cortex across sleep states
Authors: Tsunematsu Tomomi , Patel Amisha A , Onken Arno , Sakata Shuzo
Published: September 2019

The pontine nuclei play a crucial role in sleep-wake regulation. However, pontine ensemble dynamics underlying sleep regulation remain poorly understood. By monitoring population activity in multiple pontine and adjacent brainstem areas, here we show slow, state-predictive pontine ensemble dynamics and state-dependent interactions between the pons and the cortex in mice. On a timescale of seconds to minutes, pontine populations exhibit diverse firing across vigilance states, with some of these dynamics being attributed to cell type-specific activity. Pontine population activity can predict pupil dilation and vigilance states: pontine neurons exhibit longer predictable power compared with hippocampal neurons. On a timescale of sub-seconds, pontine waves (P-waves) are observed as synchronous firing of pontine neurons primarily during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but also during non-REM (NREM) sleep. Crucially, P-waves functionally interact with cortical activity in a state-dependent manner: during NREM sleep, hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) precede P-waves. On the other hand, P-waves during REM sleep are phase-locked with ongoing hippocampal theta oscillations and are followed by burst firing in a subset of hippocampal neurons. Thus, the directionality of functional interactions between the hippocampus and pons changes depending on sleep states. This state-dependent global coordination between pontine and cortical regions implicates distinct functional roles of sleep.
Evidence for pre-climacteric activation of AOX transcription during cold-induced conditioning to ripen in European pear (Pyrus communis L.)
Authors: Hendrickson Christopher , Hewitt Seanna , Swanson Mark E. , Einhorn Todd , Dhingra Amit
Published: September 2019

European pears (Pyrus communis L.) require a range of cold-temperature exposure to induce ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening. Physiological and hormonal responses to cold temperature storage in pear have been well characterized, but the molecular underpinnings of these phenomena remain unclear. An established low-temperature conditioning model was used to induce ripening of ‘D’Anjou’ and ‘Bartlett’ pear cultivars and quantify the expression of key genes representing ripening-related metabolic pathways in comparison to non-conditioned fruit. Physiological indicators of pear ripening were recorded, and fruit peel tissue sampled in parallel, during the cold-conditioning and ripening time-course experiment to correlate gene expression to ontogeny. Two complementary approaches, Nonparametric Multi-Dimensional Scaling and efficiency-corrected 2-(ΔΔCt), were used to identify genes exhibiting the most variability in expression. Interestingly, the enhanced alternative oxidase (AOX) transcript abundance at the pre-climacteric stage in ‘Bartlett’ and ‘D’Anjou’ at the peak of the conditioning treatments suggests that AOX may play a key and a novel role in the achievement of ripening competency. There were indications that cold-sensing and signaling elements from ABA and auxin pathways modulate the S1-S2 ethylene transition in European pears, and that the S1-S2 ethylene biosynthesis transition is more pronounced in ‘Bartlett’ as compared to ‘D’Anjou’ pear. This information has implications in preventing post-harvest losses of this important crop.
The relationship between cash holdings, investment opportunities and financial constraint with audit fees
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad , Kardan Behzad , Salehi Mahdi
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between cash holdings, investment opportunities and financial constraint with audit fees in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to collect data, all manufacturing companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange are used to test the hypotheses during 2008–2015. Panel data and combined data regression model were used for data analysis. Tests were performed using R statistical software.

Findings

The results obtained from the statistical analysis of research hypotheses indicated that there is a significant relationship between cash holdings and audit fees. Furthermore, the relationship between cash holdings, financial constraints and audit fees was significant. In addition, there was no significant relationship between cash holdings, investment opportunities and audit fees.

Originality/value

The current study employed a unique topic in terms of a developing country, and the results may give strength to other developing nations.
A sustainable value generator in the Italian wine industry
Authors: Gromis di Trana Melchior , Bava Fabrizio , Pisoni Pietro
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic impact of a shift toward a more sustainable model in the wine industry. In particular it aims to identify the business activities which are more involved in this process under an economic perspective, as well as the strategies applied to guarantee profits.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is based on a single case study: Casa E. di Mirafiore e Fontanafredda. It is one of the main wine producers in Italy as well as one of the main drivers for the diffusion of a sustainable culture in the region.

Findings

The company value chain in the short time is negatively influenced by these changes, but at the same time they are strategic investments able to provide new opportunities for sales and cost reductions.

Research limitations/implications

The work uses a sole case study approach. As theoretical implications the study highlights how the “green shift” may be supported under an economic perspective. And it also shows the need to extend the evaluation over the sole company.

Practical implications

This research reduces an information gap concerning the economic effect produced by a sustainable conversion. It may inspire other companies to perform this evolution.

Originality/value

The research explores how Fontanafredda performed a conversion of its business model toward sustainability. This analysis is performed on the value chain but also over it.
The careers of university professional staff: a systematic literature review
Authors: Gander Michelle , Girardi Antonia , Paull Megan
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Human capital is a key component of the success of organisations, and career development of staff is a vital component to both increasing and retaining human capital. Universities are no different, their people are key to their mission. There has been limited rigorous study of the careers of professional staff in the academy. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review methodology resulted in a review of 23 articles dedicated to research on careers of professional staff in higher education (HE). Thematic analysis identified a series of enablers and barriers that influence career development and progression.

Findings

Career enablers and barriers have been found to exist at both the institutional and individual levels. Within the HE context, professional staff have a hybrid career mindset, desiring traditional and more contemporary career factors, leading to a reciprocal relationship between the organisation and the individual.

Research limitations/implications

There is a need for future research to investigate the hybrid career mindset, and the reciprocal relationship, both to add depth to understanding of careers for professional staff in universities, and to examine this in other settings.

Practical implications

Universities may need to consider ways to integrate institutional support for high performance work systems (HPWS) with opportunities for professional staff, while individuals may need to consider adopting career self-management behaviours (CSMB) to fit their hybrid mindset.

Originality/value

This review has highlighted organisations and individuals will benefit if the relationship between HPWS and CSMB is better understood for the hybrid career mindset.
Maximum propulsive efficiency of two pitching and plunging plates in tandem at low Reynolds number
Authors: Ortega-Casanova Joaquin , Fernandez-Feria Ramon
Published: September 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to consider the thrust force generated by two plunging and pitching plates in a tandem configuration in forward flight to find out the configuration that maximizes the propulsive efficiency with high-enough time-averaged lift force.

Design/methodology/approach

To that end, the Navier–Stokes equations for the incompressible and two-dimensional flow at Reynolds number $500 are solved. As the number of parameters is quite large, the case of constant separation between the plates (half their chord length), varying seven non-dimensional parameters related to the phase shift between the heaving motion of the foils, the phase lag between pitch and heave of each plate independently and the frequency and amplitude of the heaving and pitching motions are considered. This analysis complements some other recent studies where the separation between the foils has been used as one of the main control parameters.

Findings

It is found that the propulsive efficiency is maximized for a phase shift of 180° (counterstroking), when the reduced frequency is 2.2 and the Strouhal number based on half the plunging amplitude is 0.17, the pitching amplitude is 25° and when pitch leads heave by 135° in both the fore -plate and the hind plate. The propulsive efficiency is about 20 per cent, just a bit larger than that of an isolate plate with the same motion as the fore-plate, but the corresponding lift force is negligible for a single plate. The paper discusses this vortical flow structure in relation to other less efficient ones. Finally, the effect of the separation between the plates and the Reynolds number is also briefly discussed.

Originality/value

The kinematics of two flapping plates in tandem configuration that maximizes the propulsive efficiency are characterized discussing physically the associated vortical flow structures in comparison with less efficient kinematic configurations. A much larger number of parameters in the optimization procedure than in previous related works is considered.
The influence of basalt fabrics modifications on their resistance to contact heat and comfort properties
Authors: Miśkiewicz Pamela , Frydrych Iwona , Pawlak Wojciech
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the influence of modifying the fabric surface made from basalt fibers by the magnetron sputtering of chromium and aluminum layers on its resistance to contact heat and comfort properties.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to modify the surface of basalt fabric, the process of physical deposition from the gas phase was used. It relies on creating a coating on a selected substrate by applying physical atoms, molecules or ions of specific chemical compounds. The trial of modification was carried out using the magnetron sputtering method due to the material versatility, application flexibility and ability to apply layers on substrates of various sizes and properties.

Findings

The findings obtained regarding the heat resistance to contact heat and thermal insulation (comfort) properties show different values depending on the type of metal deposited and the thickness of coating layer. It was found that the modification of basalt fabric surface at the micrometer level changes the tested parameters.

Research limitations/implications

This paper presents the results of resistance to contact heat and thermal insulation properties only for the twill fabric made of basalt fiber. The surface modification of fabric was carried out using the chromium and aluminum of two values of layer thickness (1 and 5 µm).

Originality/value

So far, no tests have been carried out to modify the surface of fabric made from basalt fiber yarns using the magnetron sputtering method. In addition, it has not been studied, how the modification of fabric affects its resistance to contact heat and thermophysiological properties.
Do minority shareholders benefit from parent-subsidiary mergers?
Authors: Koerniadi Hardjo , Tourani-Rad Alireza
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the operating and stock performance of subsidiaries prior to a parent–subsidiary merger and examine whether minority shareholders benefit from such a merger.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper employs a refined performance-adjusted discretionary accrual model as a measure for earnings management prior to parent–subsidiary mergers.

Findings

This paper finds evidence supporting the notion that subsidiaries’ operating performance is manipulated downward prior to parent–subsidiary mergers, but the incentive to expropriate minority shareholders depends on a parent’s percentage ownership of its subsidiary prior to the merger.

Practical implications

The findings of this paper have practical implications for investors and especially for policy makers to regulate this type of mergers.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the thin literature on parent–subsidiary mergers by providing empirical evidence that parent companies can expropriate their minority shareholders’ wealth in these mergers. This finding is consistent with the minority expropriation hypothesis, which contradicts the findings in prior studies on this unique type of mergers.
Enhancing job satisfaction among local government servants in Ghana
Authors: Mickson Michael K. , Anlesinya Alex
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of transformational and transactional leadership behaviours on local government worker’s job satisfaction as well as to determine which one of these two leadership behaviours is a better predictor of job satisfaction among local government servants in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

The research used a questionnaire to collect 322 usable data from the respondents, and employed multiple regressions to analyse the data.

Findings

The results showed that both transformational leadership and transactional leadership behaviours have significant positive effects on employee job satisfaction in Ghana’s Local Government service. Surprisingly, critical examination of the results further revealed that transactional leadership behaviour is a better predictor of job satisfaction relative to transformational leadership behaviour in Ghana’s Local Government Service. Moreover, the findings suggested that the influence of both leadership behaviours on job satisfaction may vary by workers’ age, level of education and gender.

Practical implications

These results imply that the more transactional and transformational leadership behaviours are exhibited or demonstrated by leaders, the more satisfaction local government servants will experience with their jobs. It further means that depending on the context or work environment, transactional leadership can surpass transformational leadership in enhancing employee outcomes. It also reinforces the need to ensure equity in employee reward systems as well as treatment of different age, educational and gender groups.

Originality/value

This result has contributed to knowledge by providing empirical evidence to refute the popular claim that transformation leadership produces better outcomes than transactional leadership. Besides, this study highlights the important roles of transformational and transactional styles in ensuring job satisfaction among the local government sub-sector, a generally under-researched sector.