bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Method of Using Heart Rate to Estimate Energy Expenditure during Exercise
Authors: Pettitt Robert W. , Pettitt Cherie D. , Cabrera Chad A. , Murray Steven R.
Published: October 2007

The American College of Sports Medicine advocates prescribing aerobic exercise intensities based upon target heart rate (THR); however, it advocates estimating oxygen uptake (V̇O2) using metabolic equations Derivations from metabolic equations presume metabolic responses for a given intensity and volume of exercise is exact for each athlete Conversely HR enables the coach to better estimate intensity and energy expenditure relative to an individual athlete's aerobic capacity. To develop estimates of V̇O2 and subsequent energy expenditure during exercise at THR, the coach must have actual or estimated rest and maximal HR and V̇O2 values, respectively. This methodological paper describes step-by-step procedures for calculating energy expenditure during exercise at a given THR. Procedures for estimating rest and maximal HR and V̇O2 values are provided to enable the coach an immediate means of implementing this technique into their practice. Quantification of energy expenditure aids the coach in monitoring individualized training responses and developing nutritional plans with input from a dietician
Referee Decision Making in a Video-Based Infraction Detection Task: Application and Training Considerations
Authors: MacMahon Clare , Starkes Janet , Deakin Janice
Published: October 2007

This study addressed factors that influence referee decision making in basketball. Four different groups of basketball officials were shown video clips testing their ability to detect fouls and violations (infractions). In a knowledge-priming condition, referees were given a rules test before infraction detection. In an infraction-priming condition, referees were instructed to focus on defensive fouls. The results did not show clear effects of knowledge or infraction priming. This implies that neither a pre-game review of the rules or league recommendation, nor the common coach behaviour of asking a referee to focus on a particular infraction influence performance in the calls that are made. Rather, the results indicate that detecting infractions in video clips may be influenced by features of the video tool. Performance is influenced by the specific clips and their format sequencing. These findings illustrate the complexity of referee decision-making, and provide guidance for designing coaching tools for this skill. In particular, this research suggests that referee decision-making tools progress in perceptual difficulty (e.g., on-the-ball to off-the-ball infractions)
Increases in Jump-and-Reach Height through an External Focus of Attention
Authors: Wulf Gabriele , Zachry Tiffany , Granados Carolina , Dufek Janet S.
Published: October 2007

The present study examined whether the previously observed benefits of an external focus of attention (i.e., focusing on the movement effect), relative to an internal focus (i.e., focusing on one's body movements) and control conditions, would generalize to tasks requiring maximum force production, such as jumping. In two experiments, participants performed a vertical jump-and-reach task. A Vertec™ measurement device was used to determine jump-and-reach height. Participants performed under three conditions in a within-participant design: External focus (i.e., focus on the rungs of the Vertec that were to be touched), internal focus (i.e., focus on the finger, with which the rungs were to be touched), and control conditions (i.e., focus on jumping as high as possible). Experiment 1 showed that participants' jump-and-reach height was greatest with an external focus. Those results were replicated in Experiment 2. In addition, it was observed that the vertical displacement of the center of mass was greater under the external focus condition, compared to the other two conditions. This suggests that participants jumped higher by producing greater forces when they adopted an external focus. These findings indicate that the previously shown benefits of an external attentional focus generalize to tasks requiring maximal force production
Light-dependent RNA interference with nucleobase-caged siRNAs
Authors: Mikat Vera , Heckel Alexander
Published: October 2007

Within the past years RNA interference (RNAi) has become one of the most valuable tools for post-transcriptional gene silencing. Making RNAi temporally and/or spatially controllable would even enlarge its scope of application. Attaching a light-removable protection group to siRNAs is a very promising approach to achieve this control over RNAi. It has been reported that modifying siRNA nucleobases surrounding the mRNA cleavage site between the 10th and 11th nucleotides successfully suppresses RNAi. We investigated the influence of photolabile protection groups at these and the adjacent nucleobases on siRNA activity and chose to incorporate caged deoxynucleotides instead of ribonucleotides. The siRNAs designed by these means were shown to be completely inactive. By irradiation with UV light (366 nm) they could be fully reactivated and showed the same activity as their unmodified siRNA counterparts.
Towards a Global Regime on Contract Compliance?
Authors: Erridge Andrew , Fee Ruth
Published: October 2007

English

This article assesses arguments on contract compliance in relation to national and international regional policies. A wide range of policy types from no policy to combinations of employment equity and contract compliance are found, suggesting that prospects for the development of a global regime through the World Trade Organisation are not favourable. This will result in increased business costs from varying national and regional requirements, use of social and employment conditions to protect national contractors, and social dumping. An approach combining governmental and business action is proposed to overcome the problems facing intergovernmental agreement on norms and specific measures.
Housing Policy: does it have a future?
Authors: Malpass Peter
Published: October 2007

English

This article begins by looking at the idea that housing policy in Britain has come to an end, at least in terms of the formulations that were generally accepted throughout much of the post1945 period. Reference is made to two particular contributions, by Bramley and Kleinman, who both argue that housing can now be understood as an adjunct of other social programme areas, such as social security and regeneration. The article then goes on to consider arguments for believing that there are still serious genuine housing problems to be tackled. This leads into a review of the UK labour government’s stance on housing and its performance during its first 18 months in office. The article concludes with some modest proposals for the development of effective housing policy measures beyond the end of the century, arguing that housing is so important in terms of its impact on life chances that it should be at the heart of social policy.
Midregional Pro-A-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Carboxy-Terminal Provasopressin May Predict Prognosis in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Masiá Mar , Papassotiriou Jana , Morgenthaler Nils G , Hernández Ildefonso , Shum Conrado , Gutiérrez Félix
Published: October 2007

Background: Markers to better assess severity of disease in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) would help improve medical care of this condition. The hemodynamic biomarkers carboxy-terminal provasopressin (CT-proAVP; copeptin) and midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) are increased under septic conditions, in which MR-proANP has been described as a prognostic predictor. We aimed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of MR-proANP and CT-proAVP to predict mortality in patients with CAP.

Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study of patients with CAP. We measured biomarkers in serum samples obtained at diagnosis and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify potential predictors of mortality.

Results: CT-proAVP and MR-proANP concentrations were measured in 173 patients. We found a positive correlation between pneumonia severity index (PSI) and MR-proANP (rs = 0.68, P <0.0001) and between PSI and CT-proAVP (rs = 0.44, P <0.0001). Median (interquartile range) CT-proAVP and MR-proANP values were 8.2 (5.3–16.8) and 73.6 (44.6–144.0) pmol/L, respectively. Nonsurvivors had significantly higher MR-proANP and CT-proAVP than survivors (median 259.0 vs 71.8 pmol/L, P = 0.01, and 24.9 vs 8.1 pmol/L, P = 0.03, respectively). In multivariate analysis including PSI, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, CT-proAVP, and MR-proANP concentrations, only CT-proAVP remained an independent predictor of death (odds ratio 1.05, P = 0.007). Cutoff values of >18.9 pmol/L for CT-proAVP and >227 pmol/L for MR-proANP showed the highest diagnostic accuracy to predict mortality.

Conclusions: CT-proAVP and MR-proANP may be used to predict prognosis in patients with CAP.
Association of C-Reactive Protein with Surrogate Measures of Insulin Resistance among Nondiabetic US Adults: Findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002
Authors: Meng Yuan-Xiang , Ford Earl S , Li Chaoyang , Quarshie Alexander , Al-Mahmoud Ahmad M , Giles Wayne , Gibbons Gary H , Strayhorn Gregory
Published: October 2007

Background: Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and insulin resistance (IR) are associated with increased rates of adverse cardiovascular events. We sought to examine the relationship of CRP with surrogate measures of IR among nondiabetic adults in the US.

Methods: We conducted analyses using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. We analyzed a nationally representative sample of 2514 men and nonpregnant women age ≥20 years who were non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or Mexican American.

Results: After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride, CRP was significantly associated with 10 IR measures (all P values <0.01). The strength of the association attenuated after further adjustment for waist circumference (change in adjusted regression coefficients ranging from 60.0% to 75.1%). The association of CRP with each IR surrogate was similar (standardized regression coefficient ranges from 0.06 to 0.09). The association of CRP (>3 vs <1 mg/L) with the homeostasis model for assessment of IR (≥75th vs <75th percentile) was statistically significant among people with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3–5.1) or with a body mass index <25 kg/m2 (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5–4.2).

Conclusions: CRP was significantly associated with the surrogate measures of IR among nondiabetic adults. Obesity may play an important role in the association of CRP with IR in this nationally representative sample.
Metabolomics Identifies Perturbations in Human Disorders of Propionate Metabolism
Authors: Wikoff William R , Gangoiti Jon A , Barshop Bruce A , Siuzdak Gary
Published: October 2007

Background: We applied untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to the diseases methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia (PA).

Methods: We used a screening platform that used untargeted, mass-based metabolomics of methanol-extracted plasma to find significantly different molecular features in human plasma samples from MMA and PA patients and from healthy individuals. Capillary reverse phase liquid chromatography (4 μL/min) was interfaced to a TOF mass spectrometer, and data were processed using nonlinear alignment software (XCMS) and an online database (METLIN) to find and identify metabolites differentially regulated in disease.

Results: Of the approximately 3500 features measured, propionyl carnitine was easily identified as the best biomarker of disease (P value 1.3 × 10−18), demonstrating the proof-of-concept use of untargeted metabolomics in clinical chemistry discovery. Five additional acylcarnitine metabolites showed significant differentiation between plasma from patients and healthy individuals, and γ-butyrobetaine was highly increased in a subset of patients. Two acylcarnitine metabolites and numerous unidentified species differentiate MMA and PA. Many metabolites that do not appear in any public database, and that remain unidentified, varied significantly between normal, MMA, and PA, underscoring the complex downstream metabolic effects resulting from the defect in a single enzyme.

Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that metabolomics can expand the range of metabolites associated with human disease and shows that this method may be useful for disease diagnosis and patient clinical evaluation.
Analytical Validation and Biological Evaluation of a High–Molecular-Weight Adiponectin ELISA
Authors: Sinha Madhur K , Songer Traci , Xiao Qiang , Sloan John H , Wang Jin , Ji Shaoquen , Alborn William E , Davis Randy A , Swarbrick Michael M , Stanhope Kimber L , Wolfe Bruce M , Havel Peter J , Schraw Todd , Konrad Robert J , Scherer Philipp E , Mistry Jehangir S
Published: October 2007

Background: Of the 3 circulating multimeric forms of adiponectin, the high–molecular-weight (HMW) form, as measured by size-exclusion and/or immunoblotting techniques, is a better index of insulin sensitivity for monitoring health and disease than is total adiponectin. We aimed to develop a simple ELISA to measure HMW adiponectin.

Methods: We pretreated serum or plasma samples with digestion solution containing proteinase K (Millipore, ESDS). HMW (Millipore, EZHMWA-64K) and total adiponectin (Millipore, EZHADP-61K) concentrations were measured in treated and untreated samples, respectively, from 108 individuals and from 20 morbidly obese patients before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after gastric-bypass surgery.

Results: The ELISA has a dynamic range of 3–200 μg/L and a detection limit of 0.8 μg/L. Intraassay and interassay CVs were <4% and <10%, respectively. Sample-dilution curves paralleled the calibration curves. Fast protein liquid chromatography profiles of the proteinase K-treated samples revealed predominantly HMW adiponectin. Values for HMW adiponectin produced with this method are comparable with those obtained with Western blot analysis (y = 0.77x − 0.15; r = 0.96; n = 56). Body mass index (BMI)- and sex-related changes were more pronounced for HMW adiponectin and percentage of HMW adiponectin than for total adiponectin. HMW and total adiponectin increased after bypass surgery, but changes in HMW adiponectin were more pronounced and preceded changes in total adiponectin.

Conclusion: This simple, rapid ELISA for HMW adiponectin recognizes the HMW isoform, produces results closely correlated with those obtained with Western blotting, and appears to better distinguish BMI-, sex-, and weight loss–associated differences than assays for total adiponectin.
The Online Marketing of Food to Children: Is It Just Fun and Games?
Authors: Moore Elizabeth S. , Rideout Victoria J.
Published: October 2007

The alarming increase in childhood obesity has captured the attention of a broad set of citizens and institutions, with calls for action becoming increasingly powerful. Particular questions are being raised about the impacts of food marketing on children. The Internet has become an important marketing communications tool and is being used by advertisers to target children. This has prompted calls for a review of online marketing practices from public health officials, policy makers, consumer advocates, and industry groups. The objectives of this study are to inform decision makers about the nature of online marketing to children and to identify practices that may raise policy concerns. The authors report results of the first systematic content analysis of food marketers’ Web sites that either target children directly or contain content of interest to them. The authors identify 11 online marketing practices of public policy relevance. They discuss the empirical findings in terms of these issues and outline research needs.
Fast-Food Marketing and Children's Fast-Food Consumption: Exploring Parents’ Influences in an Ethnically Diverse Sample
Authors: Grier Sonya A. , Mensinger Janell , Huang Shirley H. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Stettler Nicolas
Published: October 2007

Fast-food marketing to children is considered a contributor to childhood obesity. Effects of marketing on parents may also contribute to childhood obesity. The authors explore relevant hypotheses with data from caregivers of 2- to 12-year-old children in medically underserved communities. The results have implications for obesity-related public policies and social marketing strategies.
The American Marketing Association Definition of Marketing: Moving from Lagging to Leading Indicator
Authors: Ringold Debra Jones , Weitz Barton
Published: October 2007

Rather than constraining scholars whose focus is marketing and society, the 2004 American Marketing Association (AMA) definition of marketing has provoked warranted criticisms of the informal and sporadic AMA definition-making process and has served as a catalyst for vigorous discourse on the proper conceptual domain and impact of marketing. Thus, the 2004 AMA definition of marketing has stimulated an important, healthy debate and has motivated reform of the AMA definition-making process.
What does the Definition of Marketing Tell us about Ourselves?
Authors: Wilkie William L. , Moore Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2007

Following a brief historical examination of how the American Marketing Association has changed its definition of marketing across time, this essay identifies the 2004 effort as actually a definition of “marketing management,” not of the larger field of marketing itself. The concern with this definition is that it is incomplete; marketing management is important, but it is not all of marketing. The essay discusses six limitations that arise from the narrow conception that has been adopted and then presents the broadened conception of an “aggregate marketing system” that should adjoin marketing management as central to thinking in this field. The essay concludes with a recap of recent developments toward modification of the 2004 definition that indicate that this appears likely to happen.
The New American Marketing Association Definition of Marketing: An Alternative Assessment
Authors: Zinkhan George M. , Williams Brian C.
Published: October 2007

In this essay, the authors provide a commentary on the American Marketing Association's current definition of marketing. After briefly outlining the evolution of marketing definitions, they challenge several aspects of the most recent definition. In particular, they stress that the new definition may not reflect the expanse of current marketing thought and practice, and they suggest that the limitations in scope and other shortcomings of the definition may have consequences on marketing scholarship, practice, and policy making. Building on these observations, the authors offer several criteria for creating a formal definition of marketing.
Marketing as Constructive Engagement
Authors: Shultz Clifford J.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this essay is to provoke a more comprehensive, historically accurate, and meaningful definition of marketing. Toward that outcome, the author introduces a framework for marketing that argues for constructive engagement with a complex, conflicted, and increasingly interdependent world in which marketing can and should play an important role. The framework offers a new synthesis commensurate with ideals generally espoused in macromarketing. An illustration based on longitudinal study of Vietnam is shared, with implications for current global affairs and with new directions for meaningful marketing research and practice.
Implications of the Revised Definition of Marketing: From Exchange to Value Creation
Authors: Sheth Jagdish N. , Uslay Can
Published: October 2007

The distinctive difference between the 1985 and the 2004 American Marketing Association definitions of marketing is the lack of exchange. In the new definition, a focus on creating and delivering value through customer relationships replaces the historical focus on the exchange paradigm. The authors welcome this change and discuss its implications, the limits of the exchange paradigm, the merits of value creation, and the future paradigm for marketing.
Aaron Cicourel's contributions to language use, theory, method, and measurement
Authors: Davies Philip , Mehan Hugh
Published: October 2007

Aaron Cicourel's contributions to sociology and other disciplines are discussed. Cicourel brought to sociology the philosophical and linguistic principle that language plays an active role in creating and sustaining social interaction and social reality; Cicourel and his colleagues pioneered the use of videotape as an analytic tool, which enabled them to vividly illustrate the importance of organizational and interpersonal constraints on social interaction and communication. His empirical studies of healthcare and schooling uncovered linguistic and organizational practices that contribute to the assembly of steps on students' academic careers and patients' diagnoses, treatments, and healthcare outcomes. Cicourel's work provides a wealth of empirical evidence for the argument that there is a reflexive relationship between social structure and social action as displayed in language use.
Discourses in European Union organizations: Aspects of access, participation, and exclusion
Authors: Wodak Ruth
Published: October 2007

The aim of this paper is to make processes of co-constructing, negotiating, defining, legitimizing, and justifying inclusion/exclusion in European Union (EU) organizations transparent, both on a structural and on a discursive level. Moreover, individual experiences from migrants present everyday exclusionary practices. In this attempt, I use research on EU organizations and on discrimination in eight EU countries (focus-group discussions) as illustrative examples. I propose a ‘discourse-historical’ framework, which relates different discursive and structural forms of inclusion and exclusion to each other. I assume that many contradictions come into play, while discursive shifts in inclusion and exclusion are decided upon. These contradictions imply—
Global markets as global conversations
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr
Published: October 2007

Financial markets are one of the most iconic and influential structures of our time. The foreign exchange market in particular is also the most genuinely global market—and the largest market worldwide, with an average daily turnover of 1.8 trillion US dollars. The foreign exchange market is also structurally like a massive conversational interaction system; many of its transactions are conducted through electronically mediated ‘conversations’. Transactions not conducted through conversations but through an electronic broker also display a sequential turn-taking structure. In this paper, I analyze the streaming ‘flow’ architecture of this market in terms of its sequential structures and their technological and economic aspects. I also specify and analyze several types of texted sequences that articulate and illustrate the response-based interaction system of this market. I argue that informational sequences are particularly important; the informational liquidity of this market sustains and supports the market's economic liquidity.
A personal, retrospective view of ecological validity
Authors: Cicourel Aaron V
Published: October 2007

The notion of ecological validity has been an abiding topic either implicitly or explicitly during my entire academic career. Ecological validity focuses on how we seek to convince others of the viability and authenticity of our claims and can be understood by our use of primary and secondary data sources such as official statistics, demographic distributions, sample surveys, structured interviews, open-ended or unstructured interviews, and recorded discourse during social interaction. Ecological validity, however, can only be approximated in the social and behavioral sciences. The key issue is the extent to which data are congruent with systematic time samples of events and activities within local institutional or organizational settings. For example, direct observation of and participation in the everyday activities or practices of human actors during their daily life experiences by the use of, when possible, audio or video recordings. Systematic behavioral sampling by biological (behavioral ecological) studies of nonhuman animals (Altmann 1974; Krebs and Davies 1997) can serve as a guide for social scientists. This paper selectively discusses three previous research projects that attempted to approximate ecological validity.
Coriolis Erosion Testing Approach for Relatively Thick Coatings
Authors: Tian Harry H. , Addie Graeme R.
Published: October 2007

To meet the challenge of wear and corrosion attack in various applications, coating has been an effective protection approach for the work surface of engineering components, including slurry pump wet-end parts (e.g., impellers, liners, and shells). The coated wear parts that handle flowing slurry are exposed to both sliding and impact erosion along with possible corrosion factors. In such erosive wear conditions, relatively thick coatings including overlays may be needed to extend service life of the wear components. Different wear testing methods have been used to evaluate the tribological properties of coating materials under both dry and wet wear conditions. Previous studies have shown that Coriolis erosion testing is a valuable and effective approach to study erosive wear behaviors of materials in flowing slurry conditions such as within a centrifugal slurry pump system. Although extensive research can be found on wear of hard coating materials, coating erosive wear research conducted using Coriolis wear testing methods is very limited. This paper demonstrates that Coriolis erosion testing can be applicable for both sliding and impact wear on relatively thick coatings (typically, 250 μm or thicker). By adjusting test parameters within the Coriolis erosion testing system, such as flow rate (or solids particle velocity), solids type, size, and concentration, and impact angle, various types of coatings can be tested for different erosive wear conditions. Through such Coriolis erosion testing, erosion rate and tribological characteristics of coatings can be determined and evaluated. The coating examples used in this study include NiCrSiB, NiWCrSiB, WC-NiCrSiB, and WC-Co-Cr coatings produced with flame-spray, sintering and/or high-velocity-oxygen-fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity-air-fuel (HVAF) processes. Some related factors have also been discussed.
Bewegungsintentionsschätzung auf Basis von Gelenkkoordination (Motion Intention Estimation Based on Interjoint Coordination)
Authors: Vallery Heike , Buss Martin
Published: October 2007

Für die Gangrestitution halbseitig gelähmter Patienten durch motorisierte Orthesen, genauso wie für intelligente Prothesen, stellt die Koordinierung gesunder und robotisch unterstützter Gliedmaßen eine regelungstechnische Herausforderung dar. Der hier vorgeschlagene Ansatz verwendet die Methode der Hauptkomponentenanalyse, um die Kopplungen der Freiheitsgrade im gesunden menschlichen Gang zu analysieren. Auf Grundlage dieser statistischen Zusammenhänge werden in Echtzeit aus den Bewegungen des gesunden Beins passende Bewegungen für das kranke Bein geschätzt. So kann die Intention eines teilweise gelähmten oder beinamputierten Patienten aus seiner übrigen Körperbewegung abgeleitet werden, um die beeinträchtigten Glieder zu aktuieren oder zu überwachen. Um diesen Ansatz zu evaluieren, werden Simulationen mit aufgezeichneten Gangtrajektorien gesunder Probanden durchgeführt. Die Resultate dieser theoretischen Untersuchungen zeigen ein vielversprechendes Potential.

For the restitution of walking of a hemiplegic patient by means of a motorized orthosis, as well as in intelligent prosthetics, a major challenge is the coordination of healthy and robotically assisted limbs. The approach suggested here employs the method of Principal Components Analysis to first analyze the coupling of human joint motion in healthy subjects. Based on this knowledge, adequate motion for inoperable limbs in impaired patients is estimated on-line from sound limb motion. Thus, the intention of a partially paralyzed person or an amputee can be deduced from residual body motion, in order to coordinately actuate or supervise the impaired limbs. To evaluate the approach, simulations with recorded gait trajectories of healthy subjects are performed. The results of these theoretical investigations show a promising potential.
Kooperative Mensch-Maschine-Systeme in der Chirurgie und Rehabilitation (Cooperative Human-Machine Systems in Surgery and Rehabilitation)
Authors: Korb Werner , Burgert Oliver , Schulze-Kissing Dirk , Riener Robert
Published: October 2007

Bestmögliche Funktionalität bei optimierter Nutzungssicherheit sind wesentliche Zielkriterien für die Gestaltung von Unterstützungssystemen. Eine Möglichkeit ist die Nutzung von kooperativen Mensch-Maschine-Systemen. Eine Übersicht über den Entwurf und die Evaluation von solchen kooperativen Systemen ist Thema des vorliegenden Artikels. Im Wesentlichen werden die Optimierung der Funktionalität und der Sicherheit sowie der Verlässlichkeit von kooperativen Systemen untersucht. Abschließend werden Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Chirurgie und Rehabilitation vorgestellt.

The optimal functionality combined with the safety are the essential criteria for support systems design. One possibility is the application of cooperative Human-Machine Systems. The objective of this article is to present an overview of the design, implementation and evaluation of cooperative Human-Machine Systems. In particular, functionality optimization, safety and reliability of such systems will be examined and analyzed. Finally we present different applications in the area of surgery and rehabilitation.
Optimierung der automatisierten Beatmung bei akutem Lungenversagen mit Hilfe der elektrischen Impedanztomographie (Enhancement of Automated Protective Ventilation Strategies in Respiratory Failure using Electrical Impedance Tomography)
Authors: Luepschen Henning , Meier Torsten , Leonhardt Steffen
Published: October 2007

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die erfolgreiche Umsetzung eines automatischen lungenschonenden Beatmungsverfahrens für Patienten mit akutem Lungenversagen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Integration der elektrischen Impedanztomographie (EIT) in das Gesamtkonzept und auf der Gewinnung von nichtinvasiven Regelgrößen.

This paper presents the successful realisation of an automated lung-protective ventilation method for patients suffering from acute respiratory failure. Main issues are the integration of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) into the ventilation setup and the extraction of reliable process variables.
Eignung des Electrowettingprinzips zur Wiederherstellung der menschlichen Akkommodationsfähigkeit (Suitability of the Electrowetting Principle to Restore Human Accommodation)
Authors: Bergemann Mark
Published: October 2007

Die Beeinflussung des Benetzungsverhaltens eines elektrisch leitfähigen Fluids durch ein elektrisches Feld (Electrowetting) ist ein mögliches Wirkprinzip zur Wiederherstellung der Akkommodationsfähigkeit des menschlichen Auges durch ein mechatronisches Mikrosystem. In diesem Beitrag wird die Meniskusbewegung einer Electrowettinglinse elektromechanisch modelliert, das Verhalten im Strahlengang des Auges untersucht und die Eignung des Wirkprinzips im Hinblick auf die biomedizinische Anwendung bewertet.

Electric influence on the wetting properties of a conducting liquid (electrowetting) is one alternative to restore the accommodative ability of the human eye by means of a mechatronic microsystem. In this contribution an electromechanical model is presented which describes the meniscus´ movement of an electrowetting lens. The refractive behaviour inside the human eye is investigated and evaluated with regard to its appropriateness for the envisaged biomedical application.
Crystal structure and twinning of HfPdGe
Authors: Prots Yurii , Demchyna Roman , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schwarz Ulrich
Published: October 2007

The crystal structure of the intermetallic compound HfPdGe is investigated by means of X-ray single crystal and high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction in combination with light microscopy. Investigated specimens exhibit twinning which can be described by a six-domain model of a monoclinic basic structure. The crystal structure of HfPdGe (space group P21/m, Pearson symbol mP18, a = 6.6573(1) Å, b = 3.9359(1) Å, c = 11.4411(2) Å, β = 90.102(1)°, Z = 6) comprises a three-dimensional polyanion of alternating palladium and germanium atoms with Pd—Ge distances varying between 2.499(2) Å and 2.647(3) Å. The structural motif of HfPdGe contains fragments of the TiNiSi and the ZrNiAl structure types.
New monodiphosphate Li9Cr3(P2O7)3(PO4)2: X-ray crystal structure and vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Dridi Nezha , Arbib El Hassan , Valentini Veronica , Mattei Giorgio
Published: October 2007

The new monodiphosphate Li9Cr3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 was synthesized and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. It crystallizes in the trigonal space group P-3c1 with the following unit cell constants: a = b = 9.684(1) Å, c = 13.605(1) Å, V = 1104.9(2) Å3. The three-dimensional framework is made up of [(CrP2O7)3(PO4)2]9– layers, with CrO6 octahedra sharing vertices and edges with mono- and diphosphate groups. Li cations, spread over three different sites, fill up the remaining cavities, stabilizing the framework via Li—O bonds, making up tetrahedral arrangements at Li(2) and Li(3), and a complex hexacoordination at Li(1). IR and Raman spectra of Li9Cr3(P2O7)3(PO4)3 confirm the centrosymmetric structure and the bent configuration of the POP bridge of the diphosphate group.
Spatial chemistry of the aluminium—platinum compounds: a quantum chemical approach
Authors: Baranov Alexey , Kohout Miroslav , Wagner Frank R. , Grin Yuri , Bronger Welf
Published: October 2007

It was shown by quantum chemical calculations (TB-LMTO-ASA) for the compounds of the system aluminium—platinum that the Bader's atomic volumes and charges of platinum and aluminium atoms change with the concentration. This behaviour is in contrast to Vegard's approach which assumes constant volume increments of the constituents in the whole concentration region. Introduc ing the variation of the atomic volume with the composition extends the Vegard's approach and allows non-linear and even non-monotonic slope of the atomic volume vs concentration dependency, which is observed experimentally in several systems.
Prevalance of intermolecular Bi … S interactions in bismuth dithiocarbamate compounds: Bi(S2CNR2)3
Authors: Lai Chian Sing , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: October 2007

A series of crystal structures of tris(N,N-di-isobutyldithiocarbamato)bismuth(III), Bi{S2CN(iBu2)}3 (1), tris(N,N-tetramethylenedithiocarbamato)bismuth(III), Bi{S2CN(CH2)4}3 (2), tris(N,N-hexamethylenedithiocarbamato)bismuth(III) chloroform solvate, Bi(S2CN(CH2)6)3 · CHCl3 (3), and tris(N-methyl, N-phenyldithiocarbamato)-bismuth(III) hemi acetonitrile solvate, Bi(S2CN · (Me)Ph)3 · 0.5 CH3CN (4) has been determined and each structure shows the presence of three chelating dithiocarbamate ligands as well as two (in (1) and (2)) or one (in (3) and (4)) intermolecular Bi … S interactions leading to the formation spherical dimeric aggregates. The conclusion of this structural study is that regardless of the size of the dithiocarbamate-bound R groups, intermolecular Bi … S interactions dominate the crystal packing in Bi(S2CNR2)3.
Crystal-structure determination of the fluorescent bisazomethine pigment C36H26N4O4 from X-ray powder data
Authors: Schmidt Martin U. , Brüning Jürgen , Buchsbaum Christian , Alig Edith , Fink Lothar
Published: October 2007

The compound C36H26N4O4, a derivative of Pigment Yellow 101, is one of the few organic pigments that show fluorescence in the solid state. Since single crystals could not be grown, the structure was determined from powder data. The X-ray powder pattern could be indexed with an orthorhombic unit cell. The space group remained ambiguous. The crystal structure was solved by lattice energy minimisation in different space groups using the program CRYSCA. Subsequently, the structure was refined by the Rietveld method using restraints. The compound crystallises in a herringbone pattern in Pbcn with a = 30.117(1) Å, b = 9.723(2) Å, c = 9.511(3) Å, Z = 4 with the molecule on an inversion centre. The insolubility and the solid-state fluorescence can be explained from the crystal structure.
Refinement strategies for fullerene structures: use of local, non-crystallographical point group symmetry
Authors: Shopova Denitsa , Panthöfer Martin , Petricek Václav , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2007

The crystal structure of C70·Se8·CS2 was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data at 100 K. Due to some peculiarities of the space group Pca21 and the presence of local centres of symmetry, the crystal structure refinement turned out to be problematic. Instead of stabilizing the refinement procedure by means of a very high number of restraints about direct neighbour distances and -angles, and the shape of the probability density function of the carbon atoms of the fullerene molecules, the molecular structure of the C70 molecules was treated as a rigid body applying a local symmetry restraint in a local coordinate framework, and the TLS-formalism, using the JANA2000 program.The crystal structure may be derived from the NiAs structure type, with the fullerene molecules forming a highly distorted hexagonal closed packing. In order to enable lone-pair-p-interactions between the fullerene and the chalcogene molecules, the Se8-rings are shifted from the centres of the octahedral voids towards the triangular faces.
Large-quantity single crystal synthesis of TPA-ZSM-5 using KOH as a mineralizer
Authors: Kamiya Natsumi , Torii Yuki , Sasaki Masahiro , Nishi Koji , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: October 2007

Single crystals of TPA-ZSM-5 were synthesized using KOH as a mineralizer instead of NaOH. The size of the TPA-ZSM-5 crystals after 120 h was approximately 100 μm. When KOH was used, the quantity of TPA-ZSM-5 crystals formed was increased, and Al distribution in the crystal was uniform. The form and quality of these crystals were suitable for single crystal X-ray diffraction. Nucleation of the analcime by-product, which is formed in the presence of NaOH, is inhibited when KOH is used, because the potassium ion does not act as a template for the analcime structure. Instead, zeolite W was observed as a by-product. However, compared to analcime, the amount of zeolite W was lower, and it was easier to separate from TPA-ZSM-5. Thus, potassium ions play an important role in the production of large quantities of high-quality ZSM-5 with a uniform Al distribution.
On hydrogen bonding in 2-amino-3-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propane diol (TRIS) – variable temperature neutron single crystal and DFT study
Authors: Smrčok L'ubomír , Piccoli Paula M. Briggs , Schultz A. J. , Sládkovičová Mariana , Mach Pavel
Published: October 2007

Geometry of hydrogen bonds in 2-amino-3-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propane diol (TRIS) was accurately determined by single crystal TOF neutron diffraction at 30 K, 100 K and 170 K. The structure of TRIS can be formally described as a structure formed by layers of molecules stacked along the b-axis. Within layers the molecules are coupled by O—H … O'/N hydrogen bonds, while the adjacent layers are linked by weaker N—H … O bonds. Weak intramolecular C—H … O contacts stabilize the molecule. Refined anisotropic displacement parameters are analyzed using the TLS approach at each temperature. Frequencies of translational and librational modes are compared to those obtained by solid state calculations. Molecular DFT calculations with simulated crystal environment were used to reveal the influence of hydrogen bonds on molecule's geometry. The shape the molecule has in crystal is not optimal under the absence of external forces and in the structure is maintained at the expense of ∼33 kcal/mol. Comparison of molecular and solid state DFT frequency calculations predicts red shifts of O—H stretching frequencies due to formation of hydrogen bonds.
What is a crystal? – follow-up
Authors: Ben-Abraham Shelomo I.
Published: October 2007

Having started the discussion on “What is a crystal?” and having carefully read all contributions to it, I feel obliged to summarize and draw some (interim) conclusions. Even though written and printed, I consider this to be a round-table discussion. Hence, I shall refrain from mentioning names and acknowledging credit unless that cannot be avoided.
Biased Distributions and Decay of Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements in the Chicken Genome
Authors: Abrusán György , Krambeck Hans-Jürgen , Junier Thomas , Giordano Joti , Warburton Peter E
Published: October 2007

The genomes of birds are much smaller than mammalian genomes, and transposable elements (TEs) make up only 10% of the chicken genome, compared with the 45% of the human genome. To study the mechanisms that constrain the copy numbers of TEs, and as a consequence the genome size of birds, we analyzed the distributions of LINEs (CR1's) and SINEs (MIRs) on the chicken autosomes and Z chromosome. We show that (1) CR1 repeats are longest on the Z chromosome and their length is negatively correlated with the local GC content; (2) the decay of CR1 elements is highly biased, and the 5′-ends of the insertions are lost much faster than their 3′-ends; (3) the GC distribution of CR1 repeats shows a bimodal pattern with repeats enriched in both AT-rich and GC-rich regions of the genome, but the CR1 families show large differences in their GC distribution; and (4) the few MIRs in the chicken are most abundant in regions with intermediate GC content. Our results indicate that the primary mechanism that removes repeats from the chicken genome is ectopic exchange and that the low abundance of repeats in avian genomes is likely to be the consequence of their high recombination rates.
Sequence-Level Population Simulations Over Large Genomic Regions
Authors: Hoggart Clive J , Chadeau-Hyam Marc , Clark Taane G , Lampariello Riccardo , Whittaker John C , De Iorio Maria , Balding David J
Published: October 2007

Simulation is an invaluable tool for investigating the effects of various population genetics modeling assumptions on resulting patterns of genetic diversity, and for assessing the performance of statistical techniques, for example those designed to detect and measure the genomic effects of selection. It is also used to investigate the effectiveness of various design options for genetic association studies. Backward-in-time simulation methods are computationally efficient and have become widely used since their introduction in the 1980s. The forward-in-time approach has substantial advantages in terms of accuracy and modeling flexibility, but at greater computational cost. We have developed flexible and efficient simulation software and a rescaling technique to aid computational efficiency that together allow the simulation of sequence-level data over large genomic regions in entire diploid populations under various scenarios for demography, mutation, selection, and recombination, the latter including hotspots and gene conversion. Our forward evolution of genomic regions (FREGENE) software is freely available from www.ebi.ac.uk/projects/BARGEN together with an ancillary program to generate phenotype labels, either binary or quantitative. In this article we discuss limitations of coalescent-based simulation, introduce the rescaling technique that makes large-scale forward-in-time simulation feasible, and demonstrate the utility of various features of FREGENE, many not previously available.
On Recombination-Induced Multiple and Simultaneous Coalescent Events
Authors: Davies Joanna L , Simančík František , Lyngsø Rune , Mailund Thomas , Hein Jotun
Published: October 2007

Coalescent theory deals with the dynamics of how sampled genetic material has spread through a population from a single ancestor over many generations and is ubiquitous in contemporary molecular population genetics. Inherent in most applications is a continuous-time approximation that is derived under the assumption that sample size is small relative to the actual population size. In effect, this precludes multiple and simultaneous coalescent events that take place in the history of large samples. If sequences do not recombine, the number of sequences ancestral to a large sample is reduced sufficiently after relatively few generations such that use of the continuous-time approximation is justified. However, in tracing the history of large chromosomal segments, a large recombination rate per generation will consistently maintain a large number of ancestors. This can create a major disparity between discrete-time and continuous-time models and we analyze its importance, illustrated with model parameters typical of the human genome. The presence of gene conversion exacerbates the disparity and could seriously undermine applications of coalescent theory to complete genomes. However, we show that multiple and simultaneous coalescent events influence global quantities, such as total number of ancestors, but have negligible effect on local quantities, such as linkage disequilibrium. Reassuringly, most applications of the coalescent model with recombination (including association mapping) focus on local quantities.
Population Genetics of Polymorphism and Divergence Under Fluctuating Selection
Authors: Huerta-Sanchez Emilia , Durrett Rick , Bustamante Carlos D
Published: October 2007

Current methods for detecting fluctuating selection require time series data on genotype frequencies. Here, we propose an alternative approach that makes use of DNA polymorphism data from a sample of individuals collected at a single point in time. Our method uses classical diffusion approximations to model temporal fluctuations in the selection coefficients to find the expected distribution of mutation frequencies in the population. Using the Poisson random-field setting we derive the site-frequency spectrum (SFS) for three different models of fluctuating selection. We find that the general effect of fluctuating selection is to produce a more “U”-shaped site-frequency spectrum with an excess of high-frequency derived mutations at the expense of middle-frequency variants. We present likelihood-ratio tests, comparing the fluctuating selection models to the neutral model using SFS data, and use Monte Carlo simulations to assess their power. We find that we have sufficient power to reject a neutral hypothesis using samples on the order of a few hundred SNPs and a sample size of ∼20 and power to distinguish between selection that varies in time and constant selection for a sample of size 20. We also find that fluctuating selection increases the probability of fixation of selected sites even if, on average, there is no difference in selection among a pair of alleles segregating at the locus. Fluctuating selection will, therefore, lead to an increase in the ratio of divergence to polymorphism similar to that observed under positive directional selection.