bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living With Cerebral Palsy in Malaysia
Authors: Kaur Randhawa Rajvin , Aravindhan Kiirtaara
Published: September 2018

The authors in this chapter highlights the reality of cerebral palsy in Malaysia. The chapter is a blend experiential account and factual details. The experiential fragment includes a personal case study, providing 32 years' worth of experience and first-hand details on the life of a cerebral palsy individual in Malaysia. The factual fragment provides researched information on the general reality of cerebral palsy in Malaysia, which includes regulations, existing services and support systems, ergonomics, awareness, and inclusion. This chapter also includes an interview with a fellow CP individual. The chapter ends with an interesting take-home message that aims to encourage and motivate those negatively affected.
Fetishism and Consumer Value
Authors: Branch John
Published: September 2018

Fetishism is the attribution of value to an object. To understand fetishism, therefore, requires a grasp of the value which is attributed to an object. More dynamically, it points to the need to comprehend the mechanisms—the processes—by which value is attributed to a product. The purpose of this chapter is to offer a new conceptualization of consumer value. The chapter begins by presenting a brief review of the consumer value literature, situated within the broader context of axiology. It then summarizes research which explored the concept of consumer values (plural) in the specific social context of the high-fidelity audio culture—those people for whom high-fidelity audio has been fetishized. The chapter continues by offering and explaining the new conceptualization of consumer value, and suggesting future research directions. Finally, it discusses the new conceptualization of consumer value with respect to consumer culture in general, and to fetishism in particular.
Mimetic Desire as Illustrated in The Joneses
Authors: Burns David J.
Published: September 2018

Individuals' participation in the marketplace has exceeded all projections. As opposed to a leisure-based utopia that was predicted by many, even with most basic needs being satisfied, most individuals continue to strive to obtain more and more income to participate in the marketplace at progressively higher rates. This chapter examines this seemingly counter-intuitive reality. Specifically, this phenomenon is explored within the theories of Rene Girard, where the concept of mimetic desire is discussed and advanced as a primary motivation behind most present-day consumption. The movie, The Joneses, is the used as an avenue to illustrate the theories of Rene Girard. Several conclusions are drawn.
Advertising and Consumerism in Nigeria
Authors: Endong Floribert Patrick C.
Published: September 2018

Nigeria-based telecom companies yearly generate revenues that surpass their returns in other countries due to their growing number of subscribers. In spite of this development, the consumer has, in various ways, remained exploited by telecom companies. Two ways in which such exploitation has been perpetrated include misleading promotions and unsolicited commercial calls. This chapter examines these two anti-consumer paradigms under three principal research questions: What is the state of consumerism in the Nigerian telecom sector? What are some of the anti-consumer cultures prevailing in this sector? And how do consumer protection associations come to terms with these anti-consumer practices? The chapter is thus divided into three main parts. The first part provides a conceptual definition of consumerism. The second part explores consumerism in the Nigerian telecom sector, and the last part deals with misleading advertisements and unsolicited commercial calls as forms of anti-consumer practices.
School Shootings
Authors: Goforth Patricia A.
Published: September 2018

In the late 1990s, a series of school shootings shocked the nation. Seemingly innocent children with little to no history of deviant behavior engaged in horrific acts of violence against their fellow students and teachers. The previously held beliefs that schools were safe had been shattered by these acts, and social scientists answered the call to find answers as to how and why these acts occurred. In this chapter, the authors discuss what is known about school shooters in terms of characteristics, behaviors, history, as well as the social dynamics of the communities in which they typically reside. While a profile of a school shooter has been deemed inaccurate, are we doomed to make the same mistakes by overlooking signals or warnings provided by shooters?
Why Psychology and Criminal Justice Can Only Take Us So Far
Authors: Fisher Lisa
Published: September 2018

Concerns about continued increases in violent behavior in American schools and schools' ability to mitigate and reduce risks abound. Psychology and criminal justice have contributed much to what we know and understand about violence in schools; however, the author argues that these dominant disciplinary perspectives also obscure some important aspects of these phenomena, namely focus on underlying cultural logics that may be impacting violence in schools. In this chapter, the author sets out to achieve two objectives. First, she provides an overview of areas of focus in current literature in psychology and criminal justice that represent the dominant framework within which school violence in the U.S. is viewed. Additionally, she examines those disciplinary perspectives in terms of specific strengths and limitations. Second, she presents and describes a series of social psychological theories and pulls those theories into a coherent framework to demonstrate the value of the social psychological lens in studies of school violence and stimulate further discussion and research on this important topic.
Examining the Victim-Offender Overlap
Authors: Radu Monica Bixby
Published: September 2018

Because of the negative consequences associated with adolescent behavioral problems, such as violence, more research is needed that focuses on the interconnectedness between unsafe schools, bully victimization, and subsequent violence. Additional research may also help identify the processes through which victimized individuals become offenders. Drawing from Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Coleman's social capital theory, this researcher argues that the bonds between youths and their families and youths and their schools are important for understanding violent offending. Additionally, this chapter merges insights from sociological and criminological research to explore how unsafe schools and victimization occurring in multiple contexts contributes to youths becoming violent offenders. This chapter also provides policy implications, stressing the importance of an approach that considers how we can best invest in youth's future by bridging families and schools to promote safer schools for all students.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Wright Michelle F.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to examine cyberbullying among children and adolescents. This chapter is organized into six sections, including (1) explaining the definitions, technologies used, the role of anonymity, and prevalence rates of cyberbullying, (2) discussing the characteristics and risk factors associated with cyberbullying involvement, (3) reviewing research findings on the psychological and behavioral consequences resulting from cyberbullying involvement, (4) discussing solutions and recommendations, (5) exploring future directions, and (6) providing conclusions. The chapter will draw on qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-design research methodologies from psychology, sociology, social work, and criminology.
Violence is as American as Cherry Pie
Authors: Stanko Stephen C. , Crews Gordon A.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to offer “food for thought” regarding an under researched area of juvenile violence causation: the possible connection between steadily increasing incarceration rates and steadily increasing incidents of school violence. Unfortunately, the negative, and sometimes violent, traits individuals develop while incarcerated are often brought out into their lives in society and personal lives, which often involve the raising of children. Research has documented the impacts that being incarcerated can have upon an individual. There is growing research supporting that these newly developed traits and behaviors can easily be imbedded in the children in which they have contact with upon release. The authors argue that we should not be surprised about the increases in juvenile violence given the constant flow of individuals in and out of American prisons. This is not to say that everyone who has served time will follow this path, but this is one area where actions and patterns of behavior which have been developed in one social environment can saturate another.
Discourse of Integrating Science and Literacy
Authors: Hong Huili , Moran Renee M. R. , Jennings LaShay , Robertson Laura , Fisher Stacey
Published: September 2018

The authors start this chapter with a reconceptualization of science literacy and proceed to discuss why science literacy matters and why discourse in various forms matters to science literacy. Then, drawing on their recent research study on science literacy integration, the authors center on the teacher-student interactive discourses revolving around science concepts and literacy skills. They particularly examined some of the seemingly off-topic classroom dialogues. Doing so aims to explore how the potential opportunities of science literacy integration can be discursively co-constructed by the teacher and the students in naturally occurring classroom activities. Further, doing so aims to show science literacy integration can become more enjoyable to students. Meanwhile, the authors advocate that both science and literacy teachers should see themselves as teachers of language as well as examine and think how their classroom discourse can be orchestrated for the purposes of integrating science and literacy.
Using Nonfiction Texts and Literature Circles to Rethink Science Learning
Authors: Magee Paula A. , Govett Aimee Lee , Leeth Jane H.
Published: September 2018

In school, science and literacy are often seen as separate entities. Science is frequently taught as fact-based, instruction-oriented, and free from biases and assumptions. Reading and writing, on the other hand, are often seen as personal, connected to cultural ideas and values, and more open to interpretation. In reality, neither are accurate, as both science and literacy are personal, connected to cultural values, as well as grounded in discipline structure and facts. One only has to look at critical issues, such as climate change, industrialization of food, and the mental health crisis to confirm that science is connected to people and their lives. Students, especially at the secondary and college level, are often taught, incorrectly, that science can be learned by following cookbook labs and memorizing facts. One powerful tool for teachers is strengthening the connections between science and literacy. Doing this supports students to challenge the ways they think about, learn, and do science.
Implementation of STEM at the District, School, and Classroom Level
Authors: Strayhorn Mary D.
Published: September 2018

At the district level of a school system, there are immense pressures to add value to the community as a whole. This is achieved through high test scores, graduation rates, and the production of a vital workforce that will propel the community financially. This is a daunting task when the rate of information growth is increasing exponentially faster than educators can adapt. Offering STEM education is an effective means of meeting this demand. This chapter will outline steps that will facilitate the implementation of STEM throughout a school district, school, and classrooms.
The Documentation for the Preservation of Great Decorations in “Quadratura” in Noble Palaces of Pontremoli (Italy)
Authors: Bertocci Stefano , Bercigli Monica
Published: September 2018

The themes of conservation and dissemination of heritage, both tangible and intangible, are actually central in the scientific debate. Modern technologies play a crucial role in the transition into the “digital age” and it is essential to make the best use of their potential. This chapter describes a pipeline, made precisely thanks to well-established previous experiences, which is applied to the case study of the noble palaces of Pontremoli and their decorations in “quadrature.” It is illustrated how starting from the data of digital survey it is possible to construct and realize a virtual world in the form of a “videogame,” which is useful as a tool for easier disclosure of cultural heritage.
Relax Player App With Relaxation Melodies and Different Sounds
Authors: Baker Abu , Khan Majid
Published: September 2018

When mind is at peace, body responds in the same tone. Contrarily, a little anxiety or worry may upset the peace of mind and body, leading to faster heartbeat, taut muscles, high or low blood pressure, abnormal hormone secretion, and over sweating. These are the common symptoms of stress. These may, in turn, lead to serious health issues, as well as psychological disorders, such as insomnia (sleeplessness), anger, and tendency to commit suicide. Nowadays the ratio of suicide is on the increase on a day-to-day scale. To overcome all these problems, and cater to human right to enjoy an environment of peace and quiet for better mental and physical performance, the authors have developed an Android-based offline, multi-functional mobile application: Relax Player App. It panoramically arrays natural sounds, animal sounds, instrumental music, white noise, and brain soothing melodies to relax and freshen up user's ears and mind. It also has in-built mechanism to create one's own melody by mixing these sounds, adding to its appeal.
Usage of Social Media Among LIS Students in India
Authors: Thanuskodi S.
Published: September 2018

Social media has become a popular method for students to share information and knowledge and to express emotions. They enable students to exchange videos files, text messages, pictures, and knowledge sharing. They provide an opportunity for students to improve social networking and learning processes, which promotes knowledge in society. This study examined the use of social media among LIS students of selected universities in India. The main objectives of the study are to find out the reasons why LIS students use social media, to identify students' perception of social media, and to find out the frequency of social media usage. The study used a questionnaire in order to discover the use of SNS. Well-structured questionnaires were distributed among 400 LIS students in India. Out of the 400 questionnaires distributed, 360 were completely filled and returned, giving a return rate of 90%.
A Cito Analytical Study of Doctoral Theses in Legal Research
Authors: Nair Radha V. , Thanuskodi S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter gives a vivid introduction of the topic selected by the investigator, its terms are explained, and an overview of the methodology adopted for analyzing the objectives framed for the research are also highlighted. The researcher has adopted citation analysis as a technique for analyzing the doctoral dissertations, taken for the study. Citation analysis leads to the measurement of productivity or progress of a subject field and also in establishing the relationship of the authors, institutions, etc. In the present study, a total of 44,522 citations were analyzed from 107 PhD theses in law, which were collected from the legal educational institutions in Kerala.
Automatic Address Scheduling and Management for Broadband IP Networks
Authors: Bi Jun , Xie Chongfeng , Li Chen , Sun Qiong
Published: September 2018

The increase in number, diversity, and complexity of modern network devices and services creates unprecedented challenges for the currently prevailing approach of manual IP address management. Manually maintaining IP addresses could always be sub-optimal for IP resource utilization. Besides, it requires heavy human effort from network operators. To achieve high utilization and flexible scheduling of IP network addresses, it is necessary to automate the address scheduling process in the Internet of the future. Based on analysis of the gap between existing address management methods and emerging requirements of the IP network, this chapter illustrates CASM, a new approach for IP address scheduling, including its background, use cases, requirements, general framework, system architecture, interface, and workflow. A prototype system is developed and evaluated based on data from real-world networks and users in two Chinese provinces. Experimental results demonstrate that our system can largely improve the address utilization efficiency and reduce the workload of network resource maintenance.
Design of New Reconfigurable and Miniature Microstrip Planar Antennas
Authors: Er-Rebyiy Ridouane , Zbitou Jamal , Tajmouati Abdelali , Latrach Mohamed
Published: September 2018

Recently, wireless communication systems have developed rapidly and have become more mobile and small. This necessarily requires the adequacy of its design. The materials used should be as much as possible small and at a lower cost. So low cost with reduced volume and low weight are some of the major challenges that must be faced by the designer of modern telecommunications equipment. The microstrip planar antenna is an attraction and the most crucial component used in mobile systems, and its miniaturization is one of the research challenges. This chapter focuses on the concept of miniature reconfigurable antennas by presenting and discussing the state of art with contributions in designing reconfigurable miniature printed antennas.
Design of Miniaturized Antenna for RFID Applications
Authors: Ihamji Mohamed , Abdelmounim Elhassane , Bennis Hamid , Latrach Mohamed
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the design of some miniature antenna for RFID application, in the ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, by using two techniques. The first technique is the use of slots inserted into the microstrip antenna, and the second technique is the use of the fractal structure. In the end, both techniques are used together in one structure to get the benefit of each technique at the same time. These antennas are designed for RFID system. They can be used in a variety of fields such as access control, transport, banks, health, and logistics. One major consideration for handheld and portable RFID system applications is the compact size. Therefore, the design of miniature RFID antennas is important, and the microstrip antenna is a good choice because they are known to be low-profile, low weight, easy to make, and mechanically robust.
Cutting Edge: TGF-β and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signals Modulate Distinct Metabolism of Regulatory T Cell Subsets
Authors: Priyadharshini Bhavana , Loschi Michael , Newton Ryan H. , Zhang Jian-Wen , Finn Kelsey K. , Gerriets Valerie A. , Huynh Alexandria , Rathmell Jeffery C. , Blazar Bruce R. , Turka Laurence A.
Published: September 2018

Murine Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiated in vitro (induced Tregs [iTregs]) in the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β rely predominantly upon lipid oxidation to fuel mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 expression underlies this metabolic preference, as it suppresses glycolysis and drives oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, we show that in contrast to iTregs, thymic-derived Tregs (tTregs), engage in glycolysis and glutaminolysis at levels comparable to effector T cells despite maintained Foxp3 expression. Interestingly, exposure of tTregs to the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β represses PI3K-mediated mTOR signaling, inhibits glucose transporter and Hk2 expression, and reprograms their metabolism to favor oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, replicating the effects of inflammation via elevation of PI3K signaling has minimal effects on tTregs but dramatically enhances the glycolysis of normally oxidative iTregs, resulting in reduction of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, these findings suggest both extrinsic and intrinsic factors govern the unique metabolic signature of Treg subsets.
Influenza A Virus Infection Causes Chronic Lung Disease Linked to Sites of Active Viral RNA Remnants
Authors: Keeler Shamus P. , Agapov Eugene V. , Hinojosa Michael E. , Letvin Adam N. , Wu Kangyun , Holtzman Michael J.
Published: September 2018

Clinical and experimental observations suggest that chronic lung disease is linked to respiratory viral infection. However, the long-term aspect of this relationship is not yet defined using a virus that replicates at properly high levels in humans and a corresponding animal model. In this study, we show that influenza A virus infection achieves 1 × 106–fold increases in viral load in the lung and dose-dependent severity of acute illness in mice. Moreover, these events are followed by persistence of negative- and positive-strand viral RNA remnants for 15 wk and chronic lung disease for at least 26 wk postinfection. The disease is manifested by focal areas of bronchiolization and mucus production that contain increased levels of viral RNA remnants along with mucin Muc5ac and Il13 mRNA compared with uninvolved areas of the lung. Excess mucus production and associated airway hyperreactivity (but not fibrosis or emphysema) are partially attenuated with loss of IL-13 production or signaling (using mice with IL-13 or STAT6 deficiency). These deficiencies cause reciprocal increases in l17a mRNA and neutrophils in the lung; however, none of these disease endpoints are changed with IL-13/IL-17a compared with IL-13 deficiency or STAT6/IL-17a compared with STAT6 deficiency. The results establish the capacity of a potent human respiratory virus to produce chronic lung disease focally at sites of active viral RNA remnants, likely reflecting locations of viral replication that reprogram the region. Viral dose dependency of disease also implicates high-level viral replication and severity of acute infection as determinants of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and COPD with IL-13–dependent and IL-13/IL-17–independent mechanisms.
Explotación intensiva de la tintorera Prionace glauca y del marrajo Isurus oxyrinchus: Análisis de la pesquería en el Atlántico noreste entre 2001 y 2016
Authors: Biton-Porsmoguer Sebastián
Published: September 2018

Las tintoreras (Prionace glauca) y los marrajos (Isurus oxyrinchus) son especies objetivo explotadas por los palangreros españoles y portugueses. Las tripulaciones desembarcan los tiburones en la lonja de Vigo (España). La flota palangrera perdió 15 unidades de pesca entre 2004 y 2016. Del 2001 al 2016, las cantidades desembarcadas de marrajos disminuyeron cuando las cantidades de tintoreras subieron notablemente. Según los informes del ICCAT, el stock de tintorera no está sobreexplotado. Sin embargo, el stock del marrajo sí lo estaría en el Atlántico noreste. Los tiburones capturados y vendidos en la lonja son en la gran mayoría, juveniles, siendo la madurez sexual muy tardía para ambas especies. Las autoridades deben tomar medidas para reducir la presión de la pesca ejercida sobre ambas especies.
Análisis de la composición de especies en la pesquería de cerco orientada a la captura de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) en la Zona Norte de Chile
Authors: Hernández-Santoro Carola , Suárez-Ahumada Benjamín
Published: September 2018

Se analizó la composición y proporción de especies en las capturas de la pesquería industrial y artesanal que opera con red de cerco de la zona norte de Chile. En este estudio se utilizó información biológico-pesquera obtenida a bordo de embarcaciones pesqueras entre los años 2004 y 2012, a través del Programa de Seguimiento de Pesquería Pelágicas de la Zona Norte de Chile. Se analizaron 9.639 lances de pesca. Se determinaron cuatro perfiles se captura que explicaron un 34,27% de la varianza. Los perfiles estuvieron compuestos principalmente por anchoveta Engraulis ringens, jurel Trachurus murphyi y caballa Scomber japonicus, con un alto porcentaje de anchoveta. Sólo un perfil presentó especies que componen la fauna acompañante. Se examinó la influencia del tipo de flota, la variabilidad temporal (año, mes y trimestre de recalada), el periodo del día, la posición geográfica, la temperatura superficial del lance, la zona de pesca y la distancia a la costa en la composición de los perfiles de captura utilizando modelos lineales generalizados. Las variables con mayor influencia estadística sobre los perfiles de captura fueron el trimestre de recalada, el periodo del día, la zona, la distancia a la costa y la temperatura. Se observó una baja proporción de especies no objetivo, influenciadas principalmente por la zona de pesca y el período del día.
Crecimiento y capacidad de biorremediación de Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophycea, Chlorophyta) cultivada en aguas residuales generadas en el cultivo del pez dorado Seriola lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae)
Authors: Ramos Roberto , Pizarro Roberto
Published: September 2018

Se evaluó el crecimiento y la eficiencia de remoción de nutrientes disueltos por la microalga Chlorella vulgaris utilizando el efluente generado por la producción de Seriola lalandi. En un periodo de estudio de 8 días se evaluaron condiciones experimentales indoor y outdoor utilizando una concentración inicial de Chlorella vulgaris de 2,06·106 ± 4,16·103 células mL-1.  En la determinación del crecimiento y remoción de nutrientes se utilizaron 12 estanques cilíndrico-cónicos transparentes de 50 L de capacidad. Se emplearon tres (3) estanques para cada condición experimental, indoor (3) y outdoor (3), con agua efluente del cultivo de dorado, los restantes seis (6) estanques fueron los controles utilizando agua de mar filtrada a 1 µm, desinfectada y enriquecida con medio de cultivo general F/2, en la condición indoor (3) y outdoor (3), respectivamente. El resultado de crecimiento en la condición indoor alcanzó un valor máximo de 4,17·106 ± 7,57·105 células mL-1 en el día 6, crecimiento similar se alcanzó en los estanques controles que obtuvieron 4,75·106 ± 2,29·105 células mL-1,  mientras que en la condición experimental outdoor el crecimiento máximo obtenido fue de 2,81·106 ± 2,69·105 células mL-1 alcanzado en el día 2, en comparación con los estanques controles que tuvieron un crecimiento máximo de 1,83·107 ± 2,29·105 células mL-1. Los mejores resultados de remoción de nutrientes se registraron con nitrito, alcanzando valores de 91,67 y 88,41%, en las condiciones indoor y outdoor, respectivamente. Por su parte, el nitrato fue removido en un 57,47 y 29,31% para las condiciones indoor y outdoor. En cuanto a la remoción de amonio el valor fue similar con 42,22% para ambas condiciones experimentales. Finalmente, el fosfato registró una remoción del 65,78% en indoor y 75,78% en outdoor. Los resultados demuestran que la utilización de la microalga Chlorella vulgaris para la absorción de nutrientes y crecimiento en aguas residuales es factible, lo que abre perspectivas alentadoras para su aplicación en procesos depurativos en la actividad piscícola u otra industria que genere efluentes con estas características.
Essais de traitement de la Theilériose bovine grecque par quelques antipaludiques de synthèse : la quinacrine et la paludrine
Authors: Cardassis J.
Published: September 2018

L’inefficacité thérapeutique de l’acaprine (zothélone, pirevan, babesan) et de la gonacrine (trypaflavine, acriflavine) contre la Theilériose bovine grecque a incité l’auteur, à l’instar des auteurs français en Afrique du Nord, à essayer certains médicaments antipaludiques de synthèse, tels que la quinacrine et la paludrine. La quinacrine, employée seule ou en association avec un sel de quinine, est dépourvue de toute activité schizonticide ou gaméticide sur Theileria dispar de la Grèce.

Par contre, la paludrine ayant permis la guérison de 17 animaux traités précocement semble un excellent médicament antitheilérique à action schizonticide. Les doses du médicament utilisées au cours de ces essais furent de 2 à 3 g par injection intramusculaire. 2 à 3 injections pratiquées à 24 heures d’intervalle paraissent suffisantes pour obtenir l’effet stabilisant désiré.
Operator Precautions
Authors:   OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Published: September 2018

These general operator precautions apply to off-road work machines as defined in SAE J1116, and Agricultural Tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, Nov 2004. These should not be considered as all-inclusive for all specific uses and unique features of each particular machine. Other more specific operator precautions not mentioned herein should be covered by users of this recommended practice for each particular machine application.
R134a Refrigerant Charge Determination Test Method
Authors:   HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this document is to establish guidelines for determining the critical R134a refrigerant charge for off-road, self-propelled work machines as defined in SAE J1116 and Agricultural Tractors as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390. It will develop a minimum to maximum refrigerant charge range in which the HVAC system can maintain proper operation. Operating conditions and characteristics of the equipment will influence the optimum charge. Since these conditions and characteristics vary greatly from one application to another, careful consideration should be taken to determine the optimum R134a refrigerant charge for the HVAC system.
Long-Term Evolution of Corrosion Potential of Carbon Steel in Alkaline Radioactive Waste Environments
Authors: Evans K.J. , Sridhar N. , Rollins B.C. , Chawla S. , Beavers J.A. , Page J.
Published: September 2018

The long-term shifts of corrosion potential are important in predicting the likelihood of localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel used for storing radioactive wastes in underground storage tanks. Although considerable work has been done in understanding the passivity and corrosion potential of steel in various electrolytes, an important aspect of the current work is in assessing the effects of multiyear exposures of steel in waste simulants and their effects on corrosion potential. It is shown that SCC susceptibility of steel in nitrate increases at the long-term corrosion potential in solutions without organics (either by applying that potential or letting the corrosion potential increase over time). The long-term increase in corrosion potential results principally from a decrease in the passive current density with time of exposure. The present work shows that such a reduction in passive current density is accompanied by changes in the semi-conductive properties of the passive film, which itself may be a result of changes in stoichiometry of the film over time. Nitrite reduction is the most likely cathodic reaction with a small contribution from oxygen reduction. However, the presence of organic species in the environment can result in additional anodic reactions that may decrease the corrosion potential.
Simulated and observed horizontal inhomogeneities of optical thickness of Arctic stratus
Authors: Schäfer Michael , Loewe Katharina , Ehrlich André , Hoose Corinna , Wendisch Manfred
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Two-dimensional horizontal fields of cloud optical thickness τ derived
from airborne measurements of solar spectral, cloud-reflected radiance are
compared with semi-idealized large eddy simulations (LESs) of Arctic
stratus performed with the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling
(COSMO) atmospheric model. The measurements were collected during the
Vertical Distribution of Ice in Arctic Clouds (VERDI) campaign carried out in
Inuvik, Canada, in April/May 2012. The input for the LESs is obtained from
collocated airborne dropsonde observations of a persistent Arctic stratus
above the sea-ice-free Beaufort Sea. Simulations are performed for spatial
resolutions of 50 m (1.6 km × 1.6 km domain) and 100 m
(6.4 km × 6.4 km domain). Macrophysical cloud properties, such as
cloud top altitude and vertical extent, are well captured by the COSMO
simulations. However, COSMO produces rather homogeneous clouds compared to
the measurements, in particular for the simulations with coarser spatial
resolution. For both spatial resolutions, the directional structure of the
cloud inhomogeneity is well represented by the model. Differences between the
individual cases are mainly associated with the wind shear near cloud top and
the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. A sensitivity study
changing the wind velocity in COSMO by a vertically constant scaling factor
shows that the directional, small-scale cloud inhomogeneity structures can
range from 250 to 800 m, depending on the mean wind speed, if the simulated
domain is large enough to capture also large-scale structures, which then
influence the small-scale structures. For those cases, a threshold wind
velocity is identified, which determines when the cloud inhomogeneity stops
increasing with increasing wind velocity.
Heterogeneous N2O5 uptake coefficient and production yield of ClNO2 in polluted northern China: roles of aerosol water content and chemical composition
Authors: Tham Yee Jun , Wang Zhe , Li Qinyi , Wang Weihao , Wang Xinfeng , Lu Keding , Ma Nan , Yan Chao , Kecorius Simonas , Wiedensohler Alfred , Zhang Yuanhang , Wang Tao
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Heterogeneous uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) and
production of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) are important nocturnal
atmospheric processes that have significant implications for the production
of secondary pollutants. However, the understanding of N2O5 uptake
processes and ClNO2 production remains limited, especially in China.
This study presents a field investigation of the N2O5
heterogeneous uptake coefficient (γ(N2O5)) and ClNO2
production yield (ϕ) in a polluted area of northern China during the
summer of 2014. The N2O5 uptake coefficient and ClNO2 yield
were estimated by using the simultaneously measured ClNO2 and total
nitrate in 10 selected cases, which have concurrent increases in the
ClNO2 and nitrate concentrations and relatively stable environmental
conditions. The determined γ(N2O5) and ϕ values
varied greatly, with an average of 0.022 for γ(N2O5)
(±0.012, standard deviation) and 0.34 for ϕ (±0.28,
standard deviation). The variations in γ(N2O5) could not
be fully explained by the previously derived parameterizations of
N2O5 uptake that consider nitrate, chloride, and the organic
coating. Heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 was found to have a strong
positive dependence on the relative humidity and aerosol water content. This
result suggests that the heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 in Wangdu is
governed mainly by the amount of water in the aerosol, and is strongly water
limited, which is different from most of the field observations in the
US and Europe. The ClNO2 yield estimated from the
parameterization was also overestimated comparing to that derived from the
observation. The observation-derived ϕ showed a decreasing trend with
an increasing ratio of acetonitrile to carbon monoxide, an indicator of
biomass burning emissions, which suggests a possible suppressive effect on
the production yield of ClNO2 in the plumes influenced by biomass
burning in this region. The findings of this study illustrate the need to
improve our understanding and to parameterize the key factors for γ(N2O5) and ϕ to accurately assess photochemical and
haze pollution.
Free Tropospheric Aerosols at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory:
More Oxidized and Higher Sulfate Content Compared to
Boundary Layer Aerosols
Authors: Zhou Shan , Collier Sonya , Jaffe Daniel A. , Zhang Qi
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Understanding the properties and lifecycle processes of aerosol particles in regional air masses is crucial for constraining the climate impacts of aerosols on a global scale. In this study, characteristics of aerosols in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) of a remote continental region in the western US were studied using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer deployed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO; 2763 m a.s.l.) in central Oregon in summer 2013. In the absence of wildfire influence, the average (±1σ) concentration of non-refractory submicrometer particulate matter (NR-PM1) at MBO was 2.8 (±2.8) µg m−3 and 84 % of the mass was organic. The organic aerosol (OA) at MBO from these clean periods showed clear diurnal variations driven by the boundary layer dynamics with significantly higher concentrations occurring during daytime, upslope conditions. NR-PM1 contained a higher mass fraction of sulfate and was frequently acidic when MBO resided in the FT. In addition, OA in the FT was found to be highly oxidized (O/C ~ 1.17) with low volatility. In contrast, OA associated with BL air masses had an average O/C of 0.67 and appeared to be semivolatile. The significant compositional and physical differences observed between FT and BL aerosols may have important implications for understanding the climate effects of regional background aerosols.
Technical note: A simple theoretical model framework to describe plant stomatal “sluggishness” in response to elevated ozone concentrations
Authors: Huntingford Chris , Oliver Rebecca J. , Mercado Lina M. , Sitch Stephen
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Elevated levels of tropospheric ozone, O3, cause damage to
terrestrial vegetation, affecting leaf stomatal functioning and reducing
photosynthesis. Climatic impacts under future raised atmospheric greenhouse
gas (GHG) concentrations will also impact on the net primary productivity
(NPP) of vegetation, which might for instance alter viability of some crops.
Together, ozone damage and climate change may adjust the current ability of
terrestrial vegetation to offset a significant fraction of carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions. Climate impacts on the land surface are well
studied, but arguably large-scale modelling of raised surface level
O3 effects is less advanced. To date most models representing ozone
damage use either O3 concentration or, more recently,
flux-uptake-related reduction of stomatal opening, estimating suppressed
land–atmosphere water and CO2 fluxes. However there is evidence
that, for some species, O3 damage can also cause an inertial
“sluggishness” of stomatal response to changing surface meteorological
conditions. In some circumstances (e.g. droughts), this loss of stomata
control can cause them to be more open than without ozone interference. To
both aid model development and provide empiricists with a system on to which
measurements can be mapped, we present a parameter-sparse framework
specifically designed to capture sluggishness. This contains a single
time-delay parameter τO3, characterizing the timescale for
stomata to catch up with the level of opening they would have without damage.
The larger the value of this parameter, the more sluggish the modelled
stomatal response. Through variation of τO3, we find it is
possible to have qualitatively similar responses to factorial experiments
with and without raised O3, when comparing to reported measurement
time series presented in the literature. This low-parameter approach lends
itself to the inclusion of ozone-induced inertial effects being incorporated
in the terrestrial vegetation component of Earth system models (ESMs).
Application of micro-tensile test for material characterization of mild steel DC01
Authors: Konopik P. , Farahnak P. , Rund M. , Prochazka R. , Dzugan J.
Published: September 2018

During recent years, material characterization based on miniature tensile specimens has been investigated extensively. The Small Punch Test (SPT) is often used for determination of tensile properties but alternative miniature tensile specimen geometries have been suggested due to the limitations of the SPT specimen geometry. However, compared to SPT, the Micro-Tensile Test (M-TT) has a significant advantage since it does not need previous established correlations and enables direct results conversion into standard terms. In this paper, the applicability of the M-TT is investigated for material characterization including Lankford coefficients, hardening laws and stress-strain curves. For this purpose, mild steel DC01 M-TT samples were extracted from sheet in Rolling, Transverse and Diagonal Directions. Moreover, M-TT samples were machined to achieve different thicknesses for indicating thickness effects on strain path.
The role of punch eccentricity in small punch testing
Authors: Šebek F. , Dymáček P. , Kubík P. , Hůlka J. , Petruška J.
Published: September 2018

The small punch testing technique under quasi-static loading was examined in the view of punch eccentricity role. It might arise especially when the ball is used as the penetrating tool, instead of hemispherical-ended punch. The austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was chosen to execute several various “large scale” tests in order to calibrate the multi-linear stress–strain relationship along with the ductile fracture criterion KHPS. All the calibration procedure was performed without using the small punch testing. Then, the model was applied to small punch tests to observe the prediction ability when compared to real small punch experiments. Consequently, a numerical study was conducted to see the role of eccentricity in the case of 2 and 2.5 mm ball diameters used as the penetrating tool. The magnitude of eccentricity up to 0.3 mm was numerically tested. The results showed negligible role of eccentricity for 2 mm ball diameter and minor role for 2.5 mm diameter and studied material.
SSTT2018 Swansea University Experimental investigations on the failure of a coating-substrate compound by means of the C-specimen concept and the small punch test
Authors: Selent M. , Abendroth M. , Kuna M. , Kiefer B.
Published: September 2018

In previous work at the Institute of Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg the thermomechanical fatigue of corrosion protection coatings was investigated, which had been manufactured by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) of a nickel-base superalloy. The failure behaviour of this coating-substrate compound under thermomechanical cyclic service loading is characterised by the combination of multiple damage mechanisms. During the course of the project, two dominant damage mechanisms were identified, that result in a functional failure of the coating. The first significant damage mechanism is the formation of delamination areas between coating and substrate, which result in local coating spallings, if they reach a critical size. The second important damage mechanism is the initiation and the propagation of inter-particle cracks in the coating. Regarding the functionality of the corrosion-preventive coating, these cracks become critical if they extend across the whole layer thickness up to the substrate. In order to further investigate the interface delamination between coating and substrate, the so-called C-specimen concept (CSC) has been developed. The characterisation of the inter-particle failure of the pure coating on the other hand is realised by the small punch test (SPT). In this contribution, both possible sources of the coating-substrate compound failure behaviour are addressed and have been experimentally examined by the use of the CSC and the SPT. These tests were conducted with the purpose of building a sufficiently detailed experimental data base suitable for the parameter identification of cyclic cohesive zone-based failure models.
Application of the small punch test to evaluate the integrity of a cold spray titanium coating
Authors: Wong A. , Tan Y.L. , Pilot M. , Lancaster R.J. , Jeffs S.P. , Li F. , Tan A.W.Y. , Sun W. , Liu E. , Mitchell I.
Published: September 2018

Metal Cold Spray (MCS) is currently under evaluation for its suitability for aerospace applications. However, before this technology can be implemented into the jet engine, the mechanical performance and structural integrity of this novel process must be fully understood. Limited data is currently available to determine key materials properties given the discrete and transient nature of a MCS component. Furthermore, it is extremely challenging to produce uniaxial test coupons that are truly representative of the in-service geometry. As such, the small punch (SP) test offers an attractive alternative, since miniature disc SP specimens can be extracted from localised discrete locations. This paper will report the findings from an experimental collaborative programme of work currently being undertaken by Swansea University, Rolls-Royce Singapore and Nanyang Technological University Corp Lab to understand the contrasting modes of failure in a Ti-6Al-4V coating sprayed on to a Ti-6Al-4V substrate, which is expected to have properties akin to a forged variant. This will include a series of SP tests to assess the integrity and performance across the substrate, bond line and coating. Results will be supported by additional microstructural and fractographic investigations.
Influência da intervenção sensório-motora no sistema respiratório de recém-nascidos prematuros
Authors: Tedesco Natália Matos , Silva Geisy Hellen Mamedes , Reco Mariane De Oliveira Nunes , Marangoni Daniele De Almeida Soares , Santos Mara Lisiane de Moraes dos , Merey Leila Foester
Published: September 2018

Introduo: A interveno sensrio-motora utilizada para prevenir ou minimizar alteraes no desenvolvimento de recm-nascido pr-termo (RNPT). Entretanto, mais estudos sobre sua influncia em RNPT hospitalizados so necessrios. Objetivos: Verificar a influncia da interveno sensrio-motora sobre parmetros fisiolgicos e peso corporal em RNPT hospitalizados. Mtodos: Avaliaram-se 30 RNPT estveis, submetidos a uma interveno sensrio-motora durante 10 minutos dirios por 3 dias consecutivos. Anlises comparativas foram realizadas considerando as variveis frequncia respiratria (FR), frequncia cardaca (FC), saturao de oxignio (SaO2), Boletim Silverman-Andersen (BSA) e peso corporal, mensuradas imediatamente antes da interveno, imediatamente aps, e no 15 minuto aps trmino da interveno. Resultados: A FR foi maior no 15 minuto aps a interveno do que antes (p0,05). A SaO2 aumentou logo aps a interveno (p0,05). O peso corporal aumentou ao longo dos trs dias (p0,001). A FC e o BSA permaneceram constantes. Concluso: A interveno sensrio-motora pode ter contribudo para melhor frequncia respiratria e saturao de oxignio e demonstrou-se segura aos RNPT.
Níveis plasmáticos de homocisteína em mulheres idosas com úlceras nos pés
Authors: Silva Alexandre De Souza e , Oliveira José Jonas de , Silva Jasiele Aparecida de Oliveira , Souza Dayane Neiry de , Külkamp Maria Helena , Baganha Ronaldo Júlio
Published: September 2018

Introduo: A homocistena um amino cido produzido no fgado e seus nveiselevados apresentam relao com aterosclerose e lceras. Objetivo: Avaliar osnveis plasmticos de homocistena de mulheres idosas com lceras nos membros inferiores. Mtodos: Participaram 40 mulheres idosas, idade mdia 67,46,49 anos, divididas em grupo com lcera (GU) e controle (GC). A avaliao da presena de lcera foi realizada por observao, a avaliao da concentrao de homocistena (mol/L) foi realizada por high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) e a aferio da presso arterial foi realizada pelo uso de um esfigmomanmetro aneroide HICO HM 1001. Resultados: Nveis de homocistena mais elevados para o grupo lcera 17,69 6,82 versus controle 11,70 1,51. As presses arteriais sistlica e diastlica no apresentaram diferenas entre os grupos ulcera134,1619,28/74,1611,64 e controle 136,1516,09/77,69 5,99 respectivamente. Concluso: Conclui-se que os nveis plasmticos de homocistena em mulheres idosas com lcera esto aumentados.