bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LSST Target-of-opportunity Observations of Gravitational-wave Events: Essential and Efficient
Authors: Cowperthwaite P. S. , Villar V. A. , Scolnic D. M. , Berger E.
Published: March 2019

We present simulated observations to assess the ability of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and the wide-fast-deep (WFD) survey to detect and characterize kilonovae—the optical emission associated with binary neutron star (and possibly black hole–neutron star) mergers. We expand on previous studies in several critical ways by exploring a range of kilonova models and several choices of cadence, as well as by evaluating the information content of the resulting light curves. We find that, depending on the precise choice of cadence, the WFD survey will achieve an average kilonova detection efficiency of ≈1.6%–2.5% and detect only ≈3–6 kilonovae per year. The detected kilonovae will be within the detection volume of the Advanced LIGO/Virgo (ALV). By refitting the best resulting LSST light curves with the same model used to generate them, we find that the model parameters are generally weakly constrained, and are accurate to at best a factor of 2–3. Motivated by the finding that the WFD will yield a small number of kilonova detections, with poor light curves and marginal information content, and that the detections are in any case inside the ALV volume, we argue that target-of-opportunity follow-up of gravitational-wave triggers is a much more effective approach for kilonova studies. We outline the qualitative foundation for such a program with the goal of minimizing the impact on LSST operations. We argue that observations in the gz-bands with a total time investment per event of ≈1.5 hr per 10 deg2 of a search area is sufficient to rapidly detect and identify kilonovae with ≳90% efficiency. For an estimated event rate of ∼20 per year visible to LSST, this accounts for ∼1.5% of the total survey time. In this regime, LSST has the potential to be a powerful tool for kilonovae discovery, with detected events handed off to other narrow-field facilities for further monitoring.
The Effect of Dark Matter–Dark Radiation Interactions on Halo Abundance: A Press–Schechter Approach
Authors: Sameie Omid , Benson Andrew J. , Sales Laura V. , Yu Hai-bo , Moustakas Leonidas A. , Creasey Peter
Published: March 2019

We study halo mass functions with the Press–Schechter formalism for interacting dark matter models, where matter power spectra are damped due to dark acoustic oscillations in the early universe. After adopting a smooth window function, we calibrate the analytical model with numerical simulations from the “effective theory of structure formation” (ETHOS) project and fix the model parameters in the high-mass regime, M
h ≳ 3 × 1010
M
⊙. We also perform high-resolution cosmological simulations with halo masses down to M
h ∼ 108
M
⊙ to cover a wide mass range for comparison. Although the model is calibrated with ETHOS1 and cold dark matter simulations for high halo masses at redshift z = 0, it successfully reproduces simulations for two other ETHOS models in the low-mass regime at low and high redshifts. As an application, we compare the cumulative number density of halos to that of observed galaxies at z = 6, and find that the interacting dark matter models with a kinetic decoupling temperature below 0.5 keV is disfavored. We also perform the abundance-matching analysis and derive the stellar–halo mass relation for these models at z = 4. Suppression in halo abundance leads to less massive halos that host observed galaxies in the stellar mass range

M

*

≃

10

5

–

10

7

M

⊙

.
The Halo Mass of Optically Luminous Quasars at z ≈ 1–2 Measured via Gravitational Deflection of the Cosmic Microwave Background
Authors: Geach J. E. , Peacock J. A. , Myers A. D. , Hickox R. C. , Burchard M. C. , Jones M. L.
Published: March 2019

We measure the average deflection of cosmic microwave background photons by quasars at

. Our sample is selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to cover the redshift range 0.9 ≤ z ≤ 2.2 with absolute i-band magnitudes of M

i
 ≤ −24 (K-corrected to z = 2). A stack of nearly 200,000 targets reveals an 8σ detection of Planck's estimate of the lensing convergence toward the quasars. We fit the signal with a model comprising a Navarro–Frenk–White density profile and a two-halo term accounting for correlated large-scale structure, which dominates the observed signal. The best-fitting model is described by an average halo mass

and linear bias b = 2.7 ± 0.3 at

, in excellent agreement with clustering studies. We also report a hint, at a 90% confidence level, of a correlation between the convergence amplitude and luminosity, indicating that quasars brighter than M

i
 ≲ −26 reside in halos of typical mass

, scaling roughly as

at

mag, in good agreement with physically motivated quasar demography models. Although we acknowledge that this luminosity dependence is a marginal result, the observed M
h–L
opt relationship could be interpreted as a reflection of the cutoff in the distribution of black hole accretion rates toward high Eddington ratios: the weak trend of M
h with L
opt observed at low luminosity becomes stronger for the most powerful quasars, which tend to be accreting close to the Eddington limit.
The Mass–Metallicity Relation of Local Active Galaxies
Authors: Thomas Adam D. , Kewley Lisa J. , Dopita Michael A. , Groves Brent A. , Hopkins Andrew M. , Sutherland Ralph S.
Published: March 2019

We systematically measure the gas-phase metallicities and the mass–metallicity relation of a large sample of local active galaxies for the first time. Observed emission-line fluxes from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey are compared to a four-dimensional grid of photoionization models using the Bayesian parameter estimation code NebulaBayes. For the first time we take into account arbitrary mixing between H ii region and narrow-line region (NLR) emission, and the models are also varied with metallicity, ionization parameter in the NLR, and gas pressure. The active galactic nucleus oxygen abundance is found to increase by

Δ
O

/

H
∼
0.1

dex as a function of host galaxy stellar mass over the range

10.1
<
log

M

*

/

M

⊙

<
11.3

. We also measure the metallicity and ionization parameter of 231,000 star-forming galaxies for comparison with the sample of 7670 Seyfert 2 galaxies. A systematic offset in oxygen abundance of 0.09 dex is observed between the mass–metallicity relations of the star-forming and active galaxies. We investigate potential causes of the offset, including sample selection and the treatment in the models of diffuse ionized gas, pressure, and ionization parameter. We cannot identify the major cause(s), but suspect contributions due to deficiencies in modeling the ionizing spectra and the treatment of dust physics. Optical diagnostic diagrams are presented with the star-forming and Seyfert data colored by the inferred oxygen abundance, ionization parameter, and gas pressure, clearly illustrating the trends in these quantities.
Unraveling the Complex Structure of AGN-driven Outflows. IV. Comparing AGNs with and without Strong Outflows
Authors: Luo Rongxin , Woo Jong-Hak , Shin Jaejin , Kang Daeun , Bae Hyun-Jin , Karouzos Marios
Published: March 2019

Active galactic nucleus (AGN)-driven outflows are considered as one of the processes driving the coevolution of supermassive black holes with their host galaxies. We present integral field spectroscopy of six Type 2 AGNs at z < 0.1, which are selected as AGNs without strong outflows based on the kinematics of [O iii] gas. Using spatially resolved data, we investigate the ionized gas kinematics and photoionization properties in comparison with AGNs with strong outflows. We find significant difference between the kinematics of ionized gas and stars for two AGNs, which indicates the presence of AGN-driven outflows. Nevertheless, the low velocity and velocity dispersion of ionized gas indicate relatively weak outflows in these AGNs. Our results highlight the importance of spatially resolved observation in investigating gas kinematics and identifying the signatures of AGN-driven outflows. While it is unclear what determines the occurrence of outflows, we discuss the conditions and detectability of AGN-driven outflows based on a larger sample of AGNs with and without outflows, suggesting the importance of gas content in the host galaxies.
Is Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A a PeVatron?
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Liu Siming
Published: March 2019

Cassiopeia A, a well-observed young core-collapse supernova remnant (SNR), is considered to be one of the best candidates for studying very high-energy particle acceleration up to PeV via the diffusive shock mechanism. Recently, MAGIC observations revealed a γ-ray spectral cutoff at

∼
3.5

TeV

, suggesting that if the TeV γ-rays have a hadronic origin, SNR Cas A can only accelerate particles to tens of TeV. Here, we propose a two-zone emission model for regions associated with the forward (zone 1) and inward/reverse shocks (zone 2). Given the low density in zone 1, it dominates the high-frequency radio emission, soft X-ray rim via the synchrotron process, and TeV γ-ray via the inverse Comptonization. With a relatively softer particle distribution and a higher cutoff energy for electrons, emissions from zone 2 dominate the low-frequency radio, hard X-ray via the synchrotron process and GeV γ-ray via hadronic processes. There is no evidence for high-energy cutoffs in the proton distributions implying that Cas A can still be a PeVatron. Hadronic processes from zone 1 dominate very high-energy gamma-ray emission. Future observations in the hundreds of TeV range can test this model.
Brightest Cluster Galaxy Alignments in Merging Clusters
Authors: Wittman David , Foote Drake , Golovich Nathan
Published: March 2019

The orientations of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and their host clusters tend to be aligned, but the mechanism driving this is not clear. To probe the role of cluster mergers in this process, we quantify alignments of 38 BCGs in 22 clusters undergoing major mergers (up to ∼1 Gyr after first pericenter). We find alignments entirely consistent with those of clusters in general. This suggests that alignments are robust against major cluster mergers. If, conversely, major cluster mergers actually help orient the BCG, such a process is acting quickly because the orientation is in place within ∼1 Gyr after first pericenter.
A Model of Rotating Convection in Stellar and Planetary Interiors. I. Convective Penetration
Authors: Augustson K. C. , Mathis S.
Published: March 2019

A monomodal model for stellar and planetary convection is derived for the magnitude of the rms velocity, degree of superadiabaticity, and characteristic length scale as a function of rotation rate as well as with thermal and viscous diffusivities. The convection model is used as a boundary condition for a linearization of the equations of motion in the transition region between convectively unstable and stably stratified regions, yielding the depth to which convection penetrates into the stable region and establishing a relationship between that depth and the local convective Rossby number, diffusivity, and pressure scale height of those flows. Upward and downward penetrative convection have a similar scaling with rotation rate and diffusivities, but they depend differently upon the pressure scale height, due to the differing energetic processes occurring in convective cores of early-type stars versus convective envelopes of late-type stars.
Chemical Abundances of Main-sequence, Turnoff, Subgiant, and Red Giant Stars from APOGEE Spectra. II. Atomic Diffusion in M67 Stars
Authors: Souto Diogo , Prieto C. Allende , Cunha Katia , Pinsonneault Marc , Smith Verne V. , Garcia-Dias R. , Bovy Jo , García-Hernández D. A. , Holtzman Jon , Johnson J. A. , Jönsson Henrik , Majewski Steve R. , Shetrone Matthew , Sobeck Jennifer , Zamora Olga , Pan Kaike , Nitschelm Christian
Published: March 2019

Chemical abundances for 15 elements (C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni) are presented for 83 stellar members of the 4 Gyr old solar-metallicity open cluster M67. The sample contains stars spanning a wide range of evolutionary phases, from G dwarfs to red clump stars. The abundances were derived from near-IR (λ1.5–1.7μm) high-resolution spectra (R = 22,500) from the SDSS-IV/Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) survey. A 1D local thermodynamic equilibrium abundance analysis was carried out using the APOGEE synthetic spectral libraries, via χ2minimization of the synthetic and observed spectra with the qASPCAP code. We found significant abundance differences (∼0.05–0.30 dex) between the M67 member stars as a function of the stellar mass (or position on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram), where the abundance patterns exhibit a general depletion (in [X/H]) in stars at the main-sequence turnoff. The amount of the depletion is different for different elements. We find that atomic diffusion models provide, in general, good agreement with the abundance trends for most chemical species, supporting recent studies indicating that measurable atomic diffusion operates in M67 stars.
CHIANTI—An Atomic Database for Emission Lines. XV. Version 9, Improvements for the X-Ray Satellite Lines
Authors: Dere K. P. , Zanna G. Del , Young P. R. , Landi E. , Sutherland R. S.
Published: March 2019

CHIANTI contains a large quantity of atomic data for the analysis of astrophysical spectra. Programs are available in IDL and Python to perform calculation of the expected emergent spectrum from these sources. The database includes atomic energy levels, wavelengths, radiative transition probabilities, rate coefficients for collisional excitation, ionization, and recombination, as well as data to calculate free–free, free–bound, and two-photon continuum emission. In Version 9, we improve the modeling of the satellite lines at X-ray wavelengths by explicitly including autoionization and dielectronic recombination processes in the calculation of level populations for select members of the lithium isoelectronic sequence and Fe xviii–xxiii. In addition, existing data sets are updated, new ions are added, and new total recombination rates for several Fe ions are included. All data and IDL programs are freely available at http://www.chiantidatabase.org or through SolarSoft, and the Python code ChiantiPy is also freely available at https://github.com/chianti-atomic/ChiantiPy.
Modular Force Structure: Risk for NATO Common Defence?
Authors: Zetocha Karel
Published: March 2019

The concept of modular forces seems to be an ideal solution for a topical dilemma: how to build a single set of units for a wide range of military operations. However, the concept of unit modularity has its limitations. The article explains how the modular force structure supports flexibility and consequently brings increased demand on the number of support units. For this reason, the modular force organisation cannot be built without massive investment in support capabilities. The concept of modularity includes the risk that shortage of support units will significantly limit the readiness of forces for a large conventional war. The author presents four recommendations for the application of the concept of modularity at a national level to facilitate the formation of allied forces.
Maternal Mortality and Maternal Health Care in Nigeria: Implications for Socio-Economic Development
Authors: Olonade Olawale , Olawande Tomike I. , Alabi Oluwatobi Joseph , Imhonopi David
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Even though maternal mortality, which is a pregnancy-related death is preventable, it has continued to increase in many nations of the world, especially in the African countries of the sub-Saharan regions caused by factors which include a low level of socioeconomic development.
AIM: This paper focuses on cogent issues affecting maternal mortality by unpacking its precipitating factors and examining the maternal health care system in Nigeria.
METHODS: Contemporary works of literature were reviewed, and the functionalist perspective served as a theoretical guide to examine the interrelated functions of several sectors of the society to the outcome of maternal mortality.
RESULTS: It was noted that apart from the medical related causes (direct and indirect) of maternal mortality, certain socio-cultural and socioeconomic factors influence the outcome of pregnancy. Also, a poor health care system, which is a consequent of weak social structure, is a contributing factor.
CONCLUSION: As a result, maternal mortality has debilitating effects on the socioeconomic development of any nation. It is therefore pertinent for the government to improve maternal health and eradicate poverty to ensure sustainable development.
Prevalence of Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Among Adult in Tabuk - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mohamed Nagwa A.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common but chronic condition that can cause death, and is seen as a substantial source of disability and health costs. A balance between prevention and intervention, as is the case with other infectious diseases, is the best way to stem the increasing burden of CVD.
AIM: This study assesses the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, in a sample from the University of Tabuk.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done in 2018, with 120 employees and students at the University of Tabuk (in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia), for those over age 20 (60 males and 60 females) from different faculties and departments at the university.
RESULTS: Assessment was done with 120 participants to assess the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, at the University of Tabuk, in which the prevalence is actually higher than in most cities of Saudi Arabia. Ten percent of participants are hyperglycemic and 10% are developing problems in that area, with no significant difference between males and females.
CONCLUSION: This study shows that cardiovascular risk factors will influence those with major health disorders in the future. Consequently, a nationwide campaign encouraging wholesome eating, better lifestyles, as well as physical activity, is a healthcare priority.
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia Successfully Treated with Cryotherapy
Authors: Caca-Biljanovska Nina , Arsovska-Bezhoska Irina
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia is an uncommon, benign, vasoproliferative cutaneous neoplasm with uncertain origin. It preferably affects middle-aged adults, manifesting as plum-colored pruritic papules, nodules and plaques, which can persist indefinitely, relapsing over time. Different response/resistance to various therapeutic modalities and frequent recurrences impose a great therapeutic dilemma.
CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present a 77-year-old male patient with a 7-month-history of unrecognized cutaneous manifestations on his left shoulder and flank. Based on the investigations, the diagnosis of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia was established. We applied cryotherapy as a treatment of choice. The complete regression of the skin lesions and three years disease-free period was achieved.
CONCLUSION: Although surgery is the standard therapeutic approach, the disease recurs despite multiple surgical attempts. Therefore, we recommend cryotherapy as effective and safe treatment modalities for angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Knowing the recurring nature of this disease, the patients with angiolymphoid hyperplasia should stay on short-term follow up in order to monitor if new lesions occur.
Ovarian Cancer Immature Teratoma Type in Pregnancy: Management and Feto-Maternal Outcomes
Authors: Ni Luh Lany Christina Prajawati , I Nyoman Bayu Mahendra , AAG Putra Wiradnyana , Ketut Ariawati , I Gusti Ayu Sri Mahendra Dewi
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Immature teratoma is malignant ovarian germ cell tumours (MOGCTs). The case in pregnancy is very rare which less than 1% of all ovarian teratoma cases. The aim is to reach optimal and comprehensive management for immature ovarian teratoma in pregnancy to gain the healthiest maternal and fetal outcomes.
CASE PRESENTATION: Thirty-one years old female G2P1A0, 8 weeks 1-day pregnancy, with left ovarian solid tumour 15 x 15 x 15 cm in size. At gestational age (GA) of 19 weeks 5 days, the size of the tumour was increasing rapidly to 30 x 30 x 30 cm. Alfa-fetoprotein raised to 699.9 IU/mL and LDH 579 U/L. The patient had gone primary conservative left oophorectomy, omentectomy, and ascites fluid cytology with histopathological conclusion grade II immature teratoma of left ovary containing the immature neuroepithelial and fat component: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 25 weeks 3 days GA, no spreading. Amniocentesis performed at 27 weeks 2 days GA, the fetus had normal 46 chromosomes and sex XX without major structural abnormality. The patient had BEP chemotherapy start at 27 weeks 2 days GA. Patient in labour at 40 weeks 2 days GA. The female baby had spontaneous delivery with 2700 grams in body weight without congenital abnormality. Complete surgical staging performed at 58th days postpartum and histopathological result there was no malignant cell anymore, but post-chemotherapy ovarian atrophy feature had found on the contralateral ovary. The patient showed psychosocial problem including post-chemotherapy depression and premature ovarian failure (POF). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) ER and PR of teratoma tissue showed immature component had ER (-) and PR (+). Follow up of the baby was in good condition.
CONCLUSION: BEP chemotherapy become regimen choice for this case with fetal outcomes was good, but there was a POF sign on the mother. Survival of patient on this case is 62%, free recurrence survival post-BEP 84% and progressivity post complete surgical staging 8% without delay the chemotherapy.
Inverted Proximal Ileal Loop Prolapse with Ileal Rupture through a Patent Omphalomesenteric Duct: A Rare Case
Authors: Handayani Handayani , Zega Yamoguna , Ziliwu Tati , Yaputra Faldi , Minori Nora
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Prolapse of the small intestine through the umbilicus is indeed a rare presentation and is the most significant complication of the patent omphalomesenteric duct which requires pediatric surgical emergency due to its significant increase of mortality. To date, it is less than twenty cases of this presentation have been reported in medical literature. We are reporting a case of the same in an infant presenting with it on 1st week after he was delivered, but was followed by ileal rupture as well.
CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a patent omphalomesenteric duct with ileal prolapse and ileal rupture as its complication. It is a case of a 1-year-old infant with a history of unusual bleed-on-touch mass emerging from the anterior abdominal wall with absent umbilicus. Once his condition is stabilised, he underwent a reduction of the prolapsed bowel along with complete excision of the omphalomesenteric duct and restoration of the ileal continuity. Post-operatively he regained normal bowel function and resumed breastfeeding 5 days after surgery.
CONCLUSION: This case is an important addition to the literature about patent omphalomesenteric duct with complications of inverted proximal ileal loop prolapse and ileal rupture.
The Influence of Oral Multivitamins Supplementation on Selected Oxidative Stress Parameters and Lipid Profiles among Sudanese Patients with Type-2 Diabetes
Authors: Altoum Abd Elgadir A. , Abbas Mohammed Y. , Osman Ahmed L. , Ahmed Sharique , Babker Asaad MA
Published: March 2019

AIM: The objective of the current study was to assess the influence of oral multivitamins supplementation on some oxidative stress parameters (serum Vitamin A, C, E, Zinc, Malondialdehyde (MDA)) and lipid profile among Sudanese patients with type- 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
MATERIAL AND METHOD: Three hundred Sudanese patients with T2DM and Hundred healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Blood was collected after overnight fasting for 10-12 hrs. Fasting plasma glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c%), Serum zinc, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Vitamins A, E, and C levels were measured using standardised laboratory techniques. Data was collected with the help of a structured questionnaire and direct interview.
RESULTS: Biochemical parameters of the study population were shown a highly significant difference (P value < 0.05), between the means of serum vitamin A, C, E, Zinc, MDA, HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, FBG, total cholesterol and LDL. Significant differences in serum vitamin A, C, E, Zinc, MDA, triglycerides, HDL and FBG between people with diabetes who used multivitamins and diabetics who did not use it (P-value < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The study observed a significant increase in serum levels of vitamin A, C & E and other biomarkers parameters in patients with T2DM who take oral multivitamins supplements; such improvement may lead to minimising the diabetic complications. Further studies are needed to explore the possible therapeutic role of multivitamins supplements for T2DM patients.
High Fetuin-A Level as a Protective Factor to Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Indonesian Regular Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Muzasti Riri Andri , Loesnihari Ricke
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of cardiovascular disease decreases in the general population, this pattern is not followed in hemodialysis patients. Hence cardiovascular events still occur in 50% of cases resulting in hemodialysis patients. One of the risk factors is vascular calcification. The pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, but recent years studies have shown that vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs as a result of the interaction of stimulatory and inhibitory factors. One of the inhibitory factors is Fetuin-A. Until now there has been no data on levels of Fetuin-A as a risk factor for abdominal aortic calcification in Indonesia.
AIM: To determine the effect of Fetuin-A levels on abdominal aortic calcification in regular hemodialysis patients.
METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study on 76 regular hemodialysis patients at Rasyida Renal Hospital Medan. Fetuin-A level was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Assessment of abdominal aortic calcification was done by lateral lumbar X-ray.
RESULTS: Most patients (68.4%) had abdominal aortic calcification, in both layers; intima and media (44.7%). Abdominal aortic calcification was associated with Fetuin-A level and age. Multivariate analysis showed that high Fetuin-A levels were significantly associated with abdominal aortic calcification.
CONCLUSION: High Fetuin-A level appeared to be a protective factor against abdominal aortic calcification in regular hemodialysis patients in Indonesia.
Neurological Alterations in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Among Adolescents
Authors: Almenabbawy Khaled , Helal Suzette Ibrahim , Elzaree Fatma A. , Galal Essam M. , Fathy Ahmed , Azmy Ashraf
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic disorders of metabolism characterised by high blood glucose levels. There is an increased prevalence of Type 1 DM in children and adolescents with its adverse complications especially microvascular ones (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) that might cause multiple organ damage.
AIM: To study the relation between DM and neurological affection.
METHODS: Fifty-nine children with type I DM, divided randomly into 2 groups, aged 8-18 years old of both sexes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All children were subjected to full history taking, physical, neurological and systemic examination.
RESULTS: There was an affection of motor power in both upper limbs as well as lower limbs. Also, we found that there was an affection of the superficial peripheral sensation affecting both upper and lower limbs.
CONCLUSION: Neurological assessment of children with diabetes mellitus type I should be a routine to early discover these manifestations which can have a deteriorating effect on the child’s health.
Application of Imaging Technologies in Breast Cancer Detection: A Review Article
Authors: Safarpour Lima Zeinab , Ebadi Mohammad Reza , Amjad Ghazaleh , Younesi Ladan
Published: March 2019

One of the techniques utilised in the management of cancer in all stages is multiple biomedical imaging. Imaging as an important part of cancer clinical protocols can provide a variety of information about morphology, structure, metabolism and functions. Application of imaging technics together with other investigative apparatus including in fluids analysis and vitro tissue would help clinical decision-making. Mixed imaging techniques can provide supplementary information used to improve staging and therapy planning. Imaging aimed to find minimally invasive therapy to make better results and reduce side effects. Probably, the most important factor in reducing mortality of certain cancers is an early diagnosis of cancer via screening based on imaging. The most common cancer in women is breast cancer. It is considered as the second major cause of cancer deaths in females, and therefore it remained as an important medical and socio-economic issue. Medical imaging has always formed part of breast cancer care and has used in all phases of cancer management from detection and staging to therapy monitoring and post-therapeutic follow-up. An essential action to be performed in the preoperative staging of breast cancer based on breast imaging. The general term of breast imaging refers to breast sonography, mammography, and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) of the breast (magnetic resonance mammography, MRM).
Further development in technology will lead to increase imaging speed to meet physiological processes requirements. One of the issues in the diagnosis of breast cancer is sensitivity limitation. To overcome this limitation, complementary imaging examinations are utilised that traditionally includes screening ultrasound, and combined mammography and ultrasound. Development in targeted imaging and therapeutic agents calls for close cooperation among academic environment and industries such as biotechnological, IT and pharmaceutical industries.
The Determinants of Salivary Cotinine Concentration in Smokeless Tobacco Users
Authors: Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Sayed Saeed , Jadgal Mohammad Saeed , Zareban Iraj , Fallah Zadeh Hossein
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco products due to their high nicotine content are highly addictive and ultimately lead to an increased risk of oral cavity, laryngeal and oesophagal cancer.
AIM: This research was conducted with the aim of assessing the relationship between the salivary cotinine concentration and demographic characteristics and smokeless tobacco use for the first time in tradespeople in Chabahar, Iran.
METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 different tradespeople using smokeless tobacco in Chabahar who were selected through simple random sampling in 2018. In addition to the salivary cotinine measurement, data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with demographic and behavioural items. The data obtained were analysed in SPSS-16 using descriptive and inferential statistics.
RESULTS: The mean salivary cotinine score was 887.7 ± 180.7 in men and 611.2 ± 139.7 in women, making for a significant intergroup difference (P = 0.043). The mean salivary cotinine score was higher in those who used two or more smokeless tobacco products compared to those who used one type of tobacco, and a significant difference was observed between the type of smokeless tobacco used and the salivary cotinine score in the participants (P = 0.005).
CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the regression analysis, the type of smokeless tobacco used was a strong predictor of the concentration of salivary cotinine in the participants. It is, therefore, necessary for the government to adopt appropriate policies and take educational measures to reduce the vending and use of these substances.
Comparison of Mean VEGF-A Expression Between Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients and Non-Ischemic Stroke Subject
Authors: Setyopranoto Ismail , Sadewa Ahmad Hamim , Wibowo Samekto , Widyadharma I Putu Eka
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Glucose and oxygen supply to neurons are disrupted during acute ischemic stroke, resulting in hypoxia. This event, in turn, activates the transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), which is responsible for activating genes responsible for angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF and their receptor systems exert complex mechanisms of angiogenesis, including the stimulator, inhibitors, angiogenic and modulator. VEGF-A is the primary regulator of angiogenesis, both during physiological and pathological conditions. Nevertheless, the role of VEGF on the prognosis of hypoxia remains controversial.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to address if there is any difference between the mean expression of VEGF-A between acute ischemic patients and non-ischemic stroke subjects.
METHODS: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design, the population in this research is the acute ischemic stroke patients and non-ischemic stroke subjects, which were admitted on Emergency Room and later treated in the Stroke Unit, Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Subjects were recruited using the purposive method, yielding a total of 64 subjects on both groups. Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke was established using a head CT scan. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria and willing to participate in the study were asked to provide informed consent. Laboratory analysis was conducted during the first 24 hours after being treated at Stroke Unit, Dr Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with venous blood was withdrawn VEGF-A levels between acute ischemic stroke and non-ischemic stroke subjects were subsequently compared. Categorical variables (including gender) were tested using either chi-square or Fisher exact test. Interval data was examined using student t-test if data distribution was normal.
RESULTS: As many as 35 acute ischemic stroke and 35 non-ischemic stroke patients were included in the study, among whom were 18 men (51.43%) and 17 women (48.57%) among stroke patients and 21 (60%) men and 14 (40%) women among subjects without stroke. The average of the subject's age on stroke and non-ischemic stroke group was 58.51 and 48.57 years old. VEGF-A levels were significantly higher in the non-stroke group (561.77 ± 377.92) compared with stroke group (397.78 ± 181.53) with p = 0.02.
CONCLUSION: expression of VEGF-A in acute ischemic stroke group was lower when compared with the non-stroke group.
Challenging Diagnostics of Biofilm Associated Periprosthetic Infection in Immunocompromised Patient: A Clinical Case
Authors: Naumenko Zinaida S. , Silanteva Tamara A. , Ermakov Artem M. , Godovykh Natalia V. , Klushin Nikolay M.
Published: March 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of joint arthroplasty. The identification of microorganisms in biofilm-related PJI is challenging yet significant stage of the treatment process. Medical microbiology methods, such as pure culture isolation, remain the gold standard. However, the error rate of classical methods may vary from 10% to as high as 42% due to the inability to detect bacteria growing within biofilms. Other methods of detection are being explored to improve the management of PJI.
AIM: Accurate identification of PJI contributing microorganisms in a patient with acute postoperative PJI after total hip joint arthroplasty and systemic lupus erythematosus in anamnesis.
METHODS: We used microbial culture methods followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
RESULTS: Perioperative an intraoperative cultural analysis of 8 different culture samples of tissue and prosthetic origin was insufficient for bacterial or fungal detection. Scanning electron microscopy revealed detailed biofilm visualisation on the surface of the prosthetic component. The biofilm exterior was composed of microbial clusters made of 10 or more cells with either pear- or bottle-shaped morphology, 3-6 mcm in length and 1.5-3 mcm in diameter. Rod-shaped microorganisms of 0.7-1 mcm length and up to 0.5 mcm in diameter were found adjacent to these clusters.
CONCLUSION: Additional methods for PJI agents’ detection are time-and cost-effective in the case of the challenging diagnostics of biofilm-related PJI, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Using combined diagnostic approaches increases the accuracy of detection, justifies treatment strategies and improves clinical outcomes.
Dark or Bright Half of the Moon: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experience of Iranian Heart Failure Patients Regarding their Quality of Life
Authors: Moshki Mahdi , Khajavi Abdoljavad , Hashemizadeh Haydeh , Vakilian Farveh , Minaee Shima , Martin Shadi S.
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a major public health problem in different societies and has numerous impacts on quality of life (QOL).
AIM: The present study was carried out with the aim to explore the experience of HF patients regarding the negative effects of the disease on their QOL.
METHODS: In this qualitative exploratory study data collection was performed through face-to-face, semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 19 patients with HF, who were selected through purposive sampling method from April to September 2017. Data analysis was carried out based on the framework analysis method.
RESULTS: The negative consequences of HF on QOL emerged in the form of 6 main themes including symptoms, disease complications, cognitive impairment, psychological distress, functional limitations and economic problems. Most of the participants (14 out of 19) assessed their QOL as well or very well.
CONCLUSION: The majority of the patients in this study, despite the many negative impacts of HF, had a high QOL that could indicate their satisfaction and effective coping with HF by creating a positive outlook and the perceived positive effects of the disease.
Assessment of Tp-Te Interval and Tp-Te/Qt Ratio in Patients with Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Boduroglu Yalcin , Son Osman
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmic disorders in the aortic aneurysm (AA) have been rarely reported.
AIM: The study aimed to assess the repolarisation indices of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (mainly Tp-Te interval and Tp-Te/QT ratio) in patients with AA.
METHODS: A group of 98 patients with AA and 75 patients as control were recruited. Many of indices of ventricular arrhythmia were assessed.
RESULTS: Many of indices like QT, QTc, QTpc, Tp-Te/QT, Tp-Te/QTc, Tp-Tec/QTc, S-Tp, S-Tpc, S-Te, S-Tec and fQRS were found to be significantly different in AA group (for all P < 0.05). However, QTp, mean Tp-Te and Tp-Tec were not found different (for all P < 0.05). Aortic diameter (Ao-D) was found to have a positive correlation with QTc, QTpc, S-Tp, S-Tpc, S-Te, S-Tec, fQRS (for all P < 0,05) and negative correlation withTp-Te/QT (P = 0.047). The best cut-off level for prediction of Tp-Te ≥100 ms was found the Ao-D > 43.5 mm in ROC analysis (AUC: 0.69; P = 0.151) with sensitivity 60% and specificity 79.6%.
CONCLUSIONS: Although our study did not find any differences for mean Tp-Te interval between groups, many of other indexes of TDR were found to be significantly different. Ao-D was found to have significant correlations with many indices.
Surgical Outcomes After Fixation of Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation with Hook Plate and Coracoacromial Ligament Transfer Technique
Authors: Mitev Konstantin , Zafiroski Gorgi , Mladenovski Saso , Nikolov Ljupco
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Treatment of acute and chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocations is still controversial. We aimed evaluation of surgical outcomes after using the combined technique with a hook plate and transposition of the coracoacromial ligament in the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation.
CASE PRESENTATION: During two years 4 patients (2 acute and 2 chronic cases) were operated with this technique. Three male and one female with an average 37 (26-43) years old were: three on the right and one of the left side. Rockwood classification was used. The evaluation was done according to Constant score - preoperatively, 3 months after the operation and 3 months after the titanium plate was removed.
CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the effectiveness using this combined technique show excellent result in all four patients. No surgical site infection and the favourable cosmetic result were present.
Advanced Ulcerated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Hand with Locoregional Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis – Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Tempel Sven , Albert Wolfgang , Hansel Gesina , Heinig Birgit
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the hand is the most common soft-tissue malignancy in this particular region. A literature survey suggested a higher rate of metastases in advanced SCC of the hand compared to head-and-neck cutaneous SCC.
CASE REPORT: An 84-year-old man presented with an ulcerated firm tumour on the dorsum of his right hand. A diagnostic biopsy confirmed the diagnosis SCC. Imaging suggested an involvement of the tendons of digits 3 and 4. A diagnostic ultrasound suggested a loco-regional axillary lymph node metastasis. After discussion in the interdisciplinary tumour board, amputation of the affected digits followed by lymph node excision was recommended.
CONCLUSIONS: Advanced SCC of the hand requires interdisciplinary management. Amputation is part of the surgical spectrum in advanced cases.
The Effect of Local Pharmacological Agents in Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Eltimamy Ahmed , El-Sharaby Fouad Aly , Eid Faten Hussien , El-Dakrory Amr Emad
Published: March 2019

AIM: Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement has gained a massive interest to decrease the total treatment time. Local pharmacological agents might be used for that purpose as a practical, effective and inexpensive alternative. A systematic review was achieved to evaluate the evidence in that topic.
METHODS: A search was conducted on electronic databases including PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science (Thompson Reuters), EMBASE (OvidSP), and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Wiley) in addition to hand searching of relevant journals till June 2018. Only studies written in English were utilised. Publications were selected, assessed systematically and graded by two observers according to Bondemark grading system.
RESULTS: Only two human studies were found investigating the effect of Relaxin and Prostaglandins in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. No obvious side effects were reported. Relaxin showed no increase in the rate of tooth movement while prostaglandin showed a marked increase in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.
CONCLUSION: There is below moderate evidence showing no effect of relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement, while inconclusive evidence was found regarding Prostaglandin in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. More prospective well-conducted clinical trials are needed to reach a proper conclusion regarding the local pharmacological agents which can be safely used to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.
Determination of Highest Dose of Ammonia without Effect at Work Environment through the Expression of Interleukin-2 Cell in Rattus Novergicus
Authors: Tualeka Abdul Rohim , Wibrata Dwi Ananto , Ahsan Ahsan , Rahmawati Pudji , S Russeng Syamsiar , Wahyu Atjo , Sukarmin Sukarmin
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: For determining the threshold limit value firstly determined the highest dose of ammonia without effect (NOAEL). However, research on the determination of NOAEL ammonia didn't conduct in Indonesia.
AIM: The aim of this study to determine the value of the highest dose of ammonia without effect (No Observed Adverse Effect Level/NOAEL) through interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression on white mice.
METHODS: This study used experimental laboratory research with post-test only control group design using white mice as experimental subjects. The treatment group divided into 6 groups (a group of controls and five groups with different ammonia exposure through inhalation). The trend curve of Remmele Scale Index (IRS) and histopathologic analysis could be used for determining NOAEL.
RESULT: The location of the highest dose of ammonia without any effect (NOAEL) of white mice was in the second group, with 0.0103 mg/kg body weight dose. Analysis of statistical tests Kruskal Wallis stated there was no significant difference in interleukin-2 expression between the control with ammonia exposed group with a significance of p (0.747) > α (0.05).
CONCLUSION: There is no difference between some interleukin-2 expression in the lymphocyte cell lung white mice group exposed to ammonia and control group. The highest dose of ammonia without any effect (NOAEL) on white mice was 0.0103 mg/kg body weight.
Investigation of Frequency of the Lethal Triad and Its 24 Hours Prognostic Value among Patients with Multiple Traumas
Authors: Khatir Iraj Goli , Bozorgi Farzad , Ghanbari Hesam , Jahanian Fatemeh , Arabi Mohsen , Ahidashti Hamed Amini , Hosseininejad Seyed Mohammad , Ramezani Mir Saeid , Montazer Seyed Hossein
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND: Death in multiple trauma (MT) patients is one of the serious concerns of the medical service provider. Any prediction of the likelihood of death on the assessment of the patient's condition is performed using different variables, one of the tools in the triage of patients to determine their condition.
AIM: We aimed to investigate the frequency and the predictive value of death in 24 hours triad of death in patients qualified with multiple traumas admitted to Imam Khomeini hospital.
METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and predictive value of 24-hour triad of death among patients with MT referred to an emergency department. Three factors including acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy and predictive value of 24-hour death were evaluated. Arterial blood gas, oral temperature and blood samples for coagulation factors were analysed. Data were analysed using SPSS version 19. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was used to determine the predictive value of the triad of death.
RESULTS: A group of 199 MT patients referring to Imam Khomeini hospital during the first 6 months of 2015 were evaluated for the first 24 hours of admission. Logistic regression analysis showed that using the following formula based on the triad of death can predict death in 96% of cases can be based on the triad of a death foretold death upon admission to the emergency room. It should be noted that this prediction tool as 173 people left alive after 24 hours as live predicts (100% correct).
CONCLUSION: The triad of death is one of the tools in the triage of patients to determine their condition and care plan to be used, provided valuable information to predict the prognosis of patients with a medical team.