bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability and accuracy of the iterative differential quadrature method
Authors: Tomasiello Stefania
Published: September 2003

In this paper the stability and accuracy of an iterative method based on differential quadrature rules will be discussed. The method has already been proposed by the author in a previous work, where its good performance has been shown. Nevertheless, discussion about stability and accuracy remained open. An answer to this question will be provided in this paper, where the conditional stability of the method will be pointed out, in addition to an examination of the possible errors which arise under certain conditions. The discussion will be preceded by an overview of the method and its foundations, i.e. the differential quadrature rules, and followed by a numerical case which shows how the method behaves when applied to reduce continuous systems to two‐degree‐of‐freedom systems in the non‐linear range. In particular, here the case of oscillators coupled in non‐linear terms will be treated. The numerical results, used to draw Poincaré maps, will be compared with those obtained by using the Runge–Kutta method with a high precision goal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
c‐Type method of unified CAMG and FEA. Part 1: Beam and arch mega‐elements—3D linear and 2D non‐linear
Authors: Ray Debabrata
Published: September 2003

Computer‐aided mesh generation (CAMG) dictated solely by the minimal key set of requirements of geometry, material, loading and support condition can produce ‘mega‐sized’, arbitrary‐shaped distorted elements. However, this may result in substantial cost saving and reduced bookkeeping for the subsequent finite element analysis (FEA) and reduced engineering manpower requirement for final quality assurance. A method, denoted as c‐type, has been proposed by constructively defining a finite element space whereby the above hurdles may be overcome with a minimal number of hyper‐sized elements. Bezier (and de Boor) control vectors are used as the generalized displacements and the Bernstein polynomials (and B‐splines) as the elemental basis functions. A concomitant idea of coerced parametry and inter‐element continuity on demand unifies modelling and finite element method. The c‐type method may introduce additional control, namely, an inter‐element continuity condition to the existing h‐type and p‐type methods. Adaptation of the c‐type method to existing commercial and general‐purpose computer programs based on a conventional displacement‐based finite element method is straightforward. The c‐type method with associated subdivision technique can be easily made into a hierarchic adaptive computer method with a suitable a posteriori error analysis. In this context, a summary of a geometrically exact non‐linear formulation for the two‐dimensional curved beams/arches is presented. Several beam problems ranging from truly three‐dimensional tortuous linear curved beams to geometrically extremely non‐linear two‐dimensional arches are solved to establish numerical efficiency of the method. Incremental Lagrangian curvilinear formulation may be extended to overcome rotational singularity in 3D geometric non‐linearity and to treat general material non‐linearity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite cover method for linear and non‐linear analyses of heterogeneous solids
Authors: Terada Kenjiro , Asai Mitsuteru , Yamagishi Michihiro
Published: September 2003

We introduce the finite cover method (FCM) as a generalization of the finite element method (FEM) and extend it to analyse the linear and non‐linear mechanical behaviour of heterogeneous solids and structures. The name ‘FCM’ is actually an alias for the manifold method (MM) and the basic idea of the method has already been established for linear analyses of structures with homogeneous materials. After reviewing the concept of physical and mathematical covers for approximating functions in the FCM, we present the formulation for the static equilibrium state of a structure with arbitrary physical boundaries including material interfaces. The problem essentially involves the discontinuities in strains, and possibly has the discontinuities in displacement caused by interfacial debonding or rupture of material interfaces. We simulate such non‐linear mechanical behaviour after presenting simple numerical examples that demonstrate the equivalence between the approximation capabilities of the FCM and those of the FEM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation in eclampsia
Authors: Oehm E. , Reinhard M. , Keck C. , Els T. , Spreer J. , Hetzel A.
Published: September 2003

Eclampsia is frequently associated with brain edema, cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Its underlying cerebrovascular pathophysiology is still poorly understood. We examined cerebral autoregulation by a non‐invasive multimodal assessment in a 28‐year‐old primaparous woman with postpartal eclampsia. Transcranial Doppler sonography showed considerably increased cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of all basal cerebral vessels. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multifocal vasogenic brain edema. Using transfer function analysis, a severely decreased phase shift between respiratory‐induced 0.1‐Hz oscillations of arterial blood pressure and CBFV was observed, indicating substantial disturbance of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA). In contrast, CO2‐vasomotor reactivity of the right middle cerebral artery was only slightly reduced. We therefore assume that the cerebral arteriolar dysfunction in eclampsia leads primarily to an impairment of the autoregulatory mechanism that is followed by different degrees of arteriolar vasodilation. Because of its probably high sensitivity to hemodynamic disturbances, assessment of DCA might be of great value in early pre‐eclampsia for risk prediction of cerebral arteriopathy and eclampsia. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of ranula at 21 weeks of gestation
Authors: Önderoǧlu L. , Saygan‐Karamürsel B. , Deren Ö. , Bozdaǧ G. , Tekşam Ö. , Tekınalp G.
Published: September 2003

A fetal sublingual cystic lesion was diagnosed by routine prenatal ultrasonography at 21 weeks of gestation and followed up until term in a tertiary care center. Fetal growth was normal as was the amniotic fluid volume. Ex utero intrapartum treatment was performed and the cyst was aspirated to allow breathing and swallowing during planned Cesarean section. The cyst was totally excised when the newborn was 27 days of age and histological examination revealed a mucous cyst of the mouth floor. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal blood sampling in twin pregnancies
Authors: Antsaklis A. , Daskalakis G. , Souka A. P. , Kavalakis Y. , Michalas S.
Published: September 2003

Objective

To evaluate the role of fetal blood sampling for prenatal diagnosis in twin pregnancies.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 84 twin pregnancies that had undergone fetal blood sampling between the years 1977 and 2000. These results were compared with those from a similar study on amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

Results

Miscarriage occurred in 3.6% of cases after fetal blood sampling. The total fetal loss rate was 13.6% and the fetal loss that could be attributed to the procedure was 8.2%. The procedure‐related fetal loss rate was dependent on the indication for fetal blood sampling. The rates of preterm delivery at ≤ 32 weeks, preterm delivery at ≤ 35 weeks, perinatal mortality at ≤ 28 weeks, perinatal mortality at > 28 weeks and neonatal mortality were 16.9%, 28.3%, 10.9%, 3.1% and 7.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

Fetal blood sampling in twin pregnancies carries higher risks for the fetus than do amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. However, it remains useful in evaluating the fetal condition in special circumstances such as hydrops and infection. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bony fragments in the uterus: an association with secondary subfertility
Authors: Basu M. , Mammen C. , Owen E.
Published: September 2003

Bone within the uterine cavity is an unusual finding in women with secondary subfertility, and is usually associated with a past history of termination of pregnancy. The etiology is unknown, but theories include retained fetal bone and osseous metaplasia of endometrial tissue. We describe the cases of three subfertility patients, all with a history of surgical termination of pregnancy. Each patient underwent a hysteroscopy after highly echogenic foci were seen in the uterus on transvaginal ultrasound examination. During hysteroscopy, several coral‐like bony fragments were seen and removed by sharp curettage. On histological examination, these fragments were found to be mature, necrotic bone. This case report confirms the importance of routine baseline evaluation of the endometrium in subfertile women with a history of termination of pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: a review of the literature
Authors: Condous G. , Okaro E. , Bourne T.
Published: September 2003

Early pregnancy complications include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancies, adnexal masses and pregnancies of unknown location. In this review, we evaluate the role of conservative management in these complications. We also evaluate the role of transvaginal sonography for diagnosis, treatment and follow up.

When managing women with early pregnancy complications, it is important to recognise the normal sonographic milestones in the first trimester. Understanding the pattern of serum human chorionic gonadotropin change in early normal pregnancy and the correlation between low serum progesterone levels and the spontaneous resolution of a pregnancy are also important concepts.

Guidelines for assessing suitability for conservative management should be strictly governed by evidence based protocols. Women can then be offered expectant or medical treatment as appropriate. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venous Doppler ultrasound in 146 fetuses with congenital heart disease
Authors: Gembruch U. , Meise C. , Germer U. , Berg C. , Geipel A.
Published: September 2003

Objective

To assess the influence of isolated congenital heart disease (CHD) on fetal venous Doppler blood flow velocity waveforms.

Methods

Doppler flow velocimetry was performed in the inferior vena cava and ductus venosus in 146 consecutive fetuses with antenatally diagnosed CHD. Gestational age ranged between 19 and 39 weeks. Fetuses with isolated CHD without non‐immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) (Group A, n = 89) were separated from seven fetuses showing isolated CHD with NIHF (Group B) and 50 cases complicated by chromosomal or other extracardiac malformations, intrauterine growth restriction or non‐cardiogenic NIHF (Group C). The control group comprised 109 healthy fetuses of uncomplicated pregnancies. Individual peak velocity index for veins (PVIV) measurements were converted into their Z‐scores (delta values) for statistical analysis.

Results

There was no statistical difference between fetuses with isolated CHD (Group A) and controls, for the delta PVIV of neither the ductus venosus nor the inferior vena cava. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between non‐isolated CHD fetuses (Group C) and controls for both vessels. However, in a separate analysis of isolated right heart malformations compared with the remaining isolated heart malformations (Groups A and B), a significant difference was observed for the ductus venosus, but not the inferior vena cava. There was an overall survival of 62%. In Group A, 58% of fetuses survived despite increased PVIV and 22% of fetuses with normal venous Doppler had an adverse outcome. All fetuses with cardiogenic NIHF (Group B) died.

Conclusion

Doppler studies of the ductus venosus and inferior vena cava in fetuses with isolated CHD do not present sufficient alterations to be a reliable marker for screening purposes for CHD in mid‐second‐ and third‐trimester fetuses. Furthermore, venous Doppler did not predict fetal outcome in cases of isolated CHD. Abnormal venous Doppler results were mainly attributable to myocardial dysfunction and also to severe right heart obstruction even in the absence of congestive heart failure. Therefore, venous Doppler studies are clinically helpful in indirectly monitoring cardiac function in fetuses with cardiac malformations. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cue for Passion: on the Dynamics of Shakespearean Acting
Authors: Marowitz Charles
Published: September 2003

Critics and scholars continue to delve assiduously into the literary nuances of Shakespeare's plays, and increasingly the Theatre Studies community pursues the task of documenting performance. But the dynamics of Shakespearean acting continue to be fogged by ideologies and assumptions dating back to the debate between Alfred Harbage and Bertram Joseph in the early post-war period, and to even earlier disputes between inspirational and intellectual interpretations. Here, director and critic Charles Marowitz looks retrospectively at the problem by exploring the living constituents of the actor's art as it grapples with the canon, touching in the process on acting styles from the seventeenth century to the present, and on the divergence between American and British approaches. During his years in England, Charles Marowitz founded the Open Space Theatre and was a close collaborator with Peter Brook at the Royal Shakespeare Company, notably during the Theatre of Cruelty season. He has published two dozen books on a variety of theatrical subjects, the most recent being Stage Dust: a Critic's Cultural Scrapbook from the 1990s (Scarecrow Press) and Roar of the Canon: Kott and Marowitz on Shakespeare (Applause Books). He is currently Artistic Director of the Malibu Stage Company in California.
The Acteon Complex: Gaze, Body, and Rites of Passage in ‘Hedda Gabler’
Authors: Østerud Erik
Published: September 2003

Hedda Gabler has long been acknowledged as among the most problematic as well as one of the greatest of Ibsen's plays, requiring a delicate balance to be struck in production between a clearly defined social context and the need to express Hedda's existential selfhood. Here, Erik Østerud, developing a view of the play which as early as 1893 recognized it as ‘waltz tunes over an abyss of nothingness’, defines the three distinct ‘worlds’ around which Hedda circles – those characterized by Aunt Julie, the red-haired singer, and Judge Brack – and her struggles to reconcile Løvberg's impetuous idealism with Brack's facade of conformity. Calling upon a wide range of cultual references, but with a vision focused on the actuality of the play's scenography, Østerud sees the separate social groupings as at once interlocked through a mythic analogy with the cult of Dionysus, and in more contemporary terms giving us an ‘overview of the total economy of sexuality within a bourgeois society that is dominated by panoptical supervision and strong sexual repression’. Erik Østerud is Professor of Scandinavian Literature at the University of Trondheim, having previously taught at Aarhus, Berkeley, and Oslo. His most recent publication is Theatrical and Narrative Space (Aarhus University Press, 1998).
The Ventriloquial Paradox: George Steiner's ‘The Portage to San Cristobal of A. H.’
Authors: White Nick
Published: September 2003

Surveying the intellectual passions and pursuits of a lifetime in his memoir Errata: an Examined Life (1997), George Steiner commented that ‘such was the response to The Portage to San Cristobal of A. H. and to Alec McCowen's overwhelming interpretation on stage of the dominant figure that I could have made of the novel or novella my foremost business’. Adapted by Christopher Hampton and directed at the Mermaid by John Dexter in 1982, The Portage is the only example of Steiner's fiction to have been dramatized for the stage. Through the character of A. H., Steiner – Britain's foremost scholar, critic, and polemicist on the Shoah and European thought in a ‘posthuman’ era – proposes the metaphysical idea of ‘negative transcendence’ as necessary to any attempt to understand Jewish fate during the Holocaust, a perspective unique amongst dramatic representations seen in Britain. The play itself has not been produced on the professional stage in the following twenty years, and critics and commentators continue to be perplexed by Steiner's decision to present his arguments in such a fashion. Nick White argues that while the novel's weaknesses were mercilessly exposed by the ‘translation’ of Steiner's novel into the dramatic idiom of stage naturalism, it was the subsequent controversy which exposed as fundamentally flawed Steiner's attempt (through recourse to the ideas and language of his own critical writing) to construct a composite, ‘inter-textual’ identity for the character A. H. He goes on to show that the initial confusion became polarized around conflicting interpretations of Steiner's intentions: were the arguments advanced by A. H. to be understood as an accurate rendering, or a misinterpretation – by the master manipulator of language, A. H. – of Steiner's published theses about the compulsions upon which Jewish fate depended during the Holocaust?
Raised and Written in Contradictions: the Final Interview Jan Kott in conversation with Allen J. Kuharski
Authors: Kuharski Allen J.
Published: September 2003

Jan Kott invited me to conduct this formal ‘final interview’ early in 2001, after I shared with him a draft of the essay ‘Arden and Absolute Milan’ that follows. The essay and the interview were the culmination of over fifteen years of friendship and intermittent writing about Kott, which had extended to the translation of his works. I first met Jan and his wife Lidia at Berkeley in 1986, when they travelled from Los Angeles to see a production of Tadeusz Różewicz's White Marriage that I had directed and designed there, which proved the start of a long personal and professional relationship. I interviewed Kott at his modest apartment in Santa Monica, California, over the weekend of 31 March to 2 April 2001. Lidia had passed away the summer before, and his own health was extremely frail, requiring twenty-four-hour care by a group of charming and attentive Polish-speaking women. He shared his apartment after Lidia's death with an energetic black-and-white kitten, whose energy and mischief amused him greatly. Born in the Chinese Year of the Tiger, he had a cereal box decal of Tony the Tiger stuck next to the name-plate on his apartment door (the name Kott also means ‘cat’ in Polish). He was not able to move about without a nurse and a walking frame, but he nevertheless insisted on inviting me out to dinner in a local Polish restaurant, where he heartily ate a meal of steak tartar and flaczki (Polish tripe soup), accompanied by a shot or two of vodka. His nurse, who was with us, seemed amused but not at all astonished by this performance. Afterwards, he admitted this was his first meal out of the house in months – it was possibly his last. In spite of his physical weakness, Kott's mind remained lucid, and he had clearly rehearsed the interview extensively before our meetings in person. Most of the questions I had prepared proved unnecessary. What is published here is culled from approximately five hours of taped material, which Kott later edited along with myself. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my Philadelphia colleague, Helena Morawska White, for her time and energy in transcribing the taped interviews in Polish, and to Michal Zadara for his careful work in translating the unedited text into English.
Mapping the Terrain: a Survey of Site-Specific Performance in Britain
Authors: Wilkie Fiona
Published: September 2003

Who is producing site-specific performance in Britain? Who sees it? Where do these performances occur, or, more particularly, ‘take place’? What tools are used to construct a performance of place? Why is the site-specific mode chosen? And, crucially, how is it variously defined? Drawing on a survey of British practitioners conducted between November 2000 and December 2001, Fiona Wilkie sets out to explore these questions. While pointing to the wide variety of practices that might be delineated by the term ‘site-specific’, she analyzes the implications of such generalizations as can be made – about the types of performance site chosen, the effects of funding policy on the character of work being made, the possibilities for identifying a ‘site-specific’ audience, and the debates surrounding the terminology itself. Fiona Wilkie is currently completing a PhD at the University of Surrey, on which this article is based, which aims to develop a theoretical model for site-specific performance, with particular reference to the spectatorial role.
‘King Lear’ as an Experimental Musical: the Japanese Production of ‘Ria O’
Authors: Kerr Douglas
Published: September 2003

The avant-garde Japanese company Ban'yu Inryoku was formed following the death in 1983 of the inspirational writer and director Shuji Terayama, who has subsequently become a cult figure. This article explores his influence – both limiting and liberating – on the production by one of the founders of the company, his disciple J. A. Seazer, of an experimental musical version of King Lear, as Ria O. Douglas Kerr places the production – seen in England during the Japan Festival of 1991 – within the context of evolving attitudes towards the avant-garde theatrical movement in Japan during the late 'sixties, notably as modified by the national trauma of the gas attack in Tokyo of 1995. Adapting Shakespeare was a break with the Terayama tradition of presenting only works collectively created by the ensemble – and it also made their work more accessible to the intercultural festival circuit. Explicated by the printed synopsis which forms a ‘map’ of the play for its audiences, the production also used Brechtian signboards to signal the titles of scenes, while being predicated also on the ‘representation of the inner and the outer experience’ which was Artaud's perception of Balinese performance. Lear himself was in this sense the entranced dancer, depending on the guidance of his supporters. Douglas Kerr, who explores here the tensions between the cultural elements employed and between the ideological pulls for conservatism and for social change, is currently an advanced PhD student at Stanford University in American Literature. His interests include Performance Poetics and Buddhism in contemporary American poetry.
Carnival, Cultural Identity, and Mustapha Matura's ‘Play Mas’
Authors: Schäffner Raimund
Published: September 2003

Carnival has been appropriated in many ways – by cultural critics after Bakhtin, who expanded the pre-Lenten festival to embrace all such inversions of the established order; by elegant maskers imposing their own social status on the celebration; and more recently by popular entertainers, creating the kind of mass event typified by the midsummer carnival at Notting Hill, divorced alike from religious and calendric associations. Here, Raimund Schäffner considers the critique dramatized in Mustapha Matura's Play Mas (1974) of the appropriation of carnival by the dominant political forces of the state in the context of the Trinidadian inheritance of social and racial tensions, colonial and post-colonial – the context also for the dismissal of the event as socially divisive rather than socially critical by such a figure as Derek Walcott. Raimund Schäffner teaches English and post-colonial literature in the English Department at the University of Heidelberg. He is the author of a book on David Edgar and British political drama after 1968, and of articles on David Edgar, Howard Brenton, Caryl Churchill, and Doug Lucie.
Remembering Martin Esslin, 1918–2002
Authors: Trussler Simon
Published: September 2003

WE RECORD with sadness the death in February of Martin Esslin, who had been an Advisory Editor of Theatre Quarterly and New Theatre Quarterly since 1972.
Doing Things with Words: Directing Dario Fo in the UK
Authors: Ghelardi Marco
Published: September 2003

By the early 'eighties, Dario Fo seemed to have achieved a unique place in British theatre, with both Accidental Death of an Anarchist and Can't Pay? Won't Pay! enjoying long West End runs, while he himself retained the respect of the alternative and fringe community for his radical politics and championship of popular theatre forms. Yet although he was subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, interest in Fo's work seems to have gone into a steady decline in Britain. This is only in part attributable, argues Marco Ghelardi, to a less favourable political and theatrical climate: it has also to do with the topicality and adaptability which is integral to Fo's approach to playwriting, and more especially with an acting style apparently inimical to British traditions – a style based in the collective and the situational rather than the individual and the psychological. Marco Ghelardi is a young playwright, director, and producer whose career has involved him in both the British and Italian traditions. He has also been an assistant director in opera (notably at Covent Garden), and with his theatre company, Outlaw Theatre, he has recently managed to bring a Fo production, Johan Padan and the Discovery of America, back to the Riverside in London, where it opened in May of this year.
The Long Road Home: Athol Fugard and His Collaborators
Authors: Burns Hilary
Published: September 2003

Fugard's identity as a playwright was firmly rooted in the struggle against apartheid. What happened to this identity when the post-apartheid ‘New’ South Africa emerged? Black South Africans have followed Nelson Mandela's lead in accomplishing their ‘Long Walk to Freedom’. Why is it so difficult for Fugard to find a role in this new country and put an end to his inner exile? Hilary Burns explores this question in the light of the development of Fugard's whole opus, and the relationship between form and content in plays where the content has tended to overshadow the form. Burns is a professional actor with a career-long commitment to theatre that seeks to challenge or develop issues relevant to today's society. She has worked extensively in small-scale touring theatre, the London fringe, and regional theatre, and has also made appearances in TV and film. In November 2000, she spent a month with the Market Theatre of Johannesburg which inspired her book, The Cultural Precinct, about South African theatre, in particular how the theatres born in the protest era have responded to the challenges of the new society. Her study of the Market Theatre yesterday and today will follow in NTQ72.
Theatre Audience Surveys: towards a Semiotic Approach
Authors: Olsen Christopher
Published: September 2003

Surveys are used to define an audience in a quantifiable way. Awareness of the typical gender, age, and income of their patrons, along with their rating of a theatre's facilities, help theatre producers to address an audience's needs. However, producers seldom explore the audience response to a specific performance – something that is difficult to quantify. Thus, the audience's interaction with the performance – whether with particular actors, the space configuration, or with fellow spectators – is neglected in favour of such demographics as age, income, and occupation. Christopher Olsen suggests that surveys handed out to audience members might benefit from a more qualitative approach based on semiotic analysis. He asked sixty professional theatres in the USA – ranging from major repertory institutions to small theatres targeting specific audiences – to send examples of recent audience surveys they have conducted. Using the surveys (of which the most extensive is reproduced in full), as a guide, he tabulates the most common questions asked, and offers examples of further survey questions guided by semiotic principles. Chris Olsen is currently an adjunct professor at Montgomery College and Shenandoah University in the Washington, DC, area. Having written his dissertation on the Arts Lab phenomenon in Britain during the late 1960s and early 1970s, he is now working on a book about the second wave of the Off-Off-Broadway movement in New York.
Fragile Currency of the Last Anarchist: the Plays of Maxwell Anderson
Authors: DiNapoli Russell
Published: September 2003

Maxwell Anderson's plays have been overshadowed in the American and world theatre, alike by the canonical post-war writers of the succeeding generation and by writers such as Clifford Odets and Thornton Wilder of his own, who are felt to be more representative of the prevailing mood. Russell DiNapoli argues that it was Anderson's very atypicality which merits his reconsideration. As a playwright, he steadfastly kept to his own ideological course while influenced at the same time by the changing fashions which made for success on Broadway – the resulting creative tensions having both positive and negative effects on his contemporary as on his posthumous reputation. A New Yorker, Russell DiNapoli took his Master of Fine Arts degree in Theatre at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his doctorate in Philology at the Universidad de Valencia, Spain, where he is currently a member of the Department of English and German. He has written and directed several plays in Valencia, where he has lived since 1977, the most recent being a Spanish adaptation of the Prologue in Maxwell Anderson's Key Largo.
The Mud and the Wind: an Inquiry into Dramaturgy
Authors: Korish David
Published: September 2003

The twelfth session of the International School of Theatre Anthropology (ISTA) held in Bielefeld, Germany, in August 2000, set out to explore, under the title ‘Action, Structure, Coherence’, the relationship between the actor and text – and specifically between actors trained in the Odin and other physically-rooted traditions and texts of the supposedly ‘classical’, text-based theatre of western Europe. David Korish here reports on three encounters between different pairs of actors and their texts, and their several means of developing a dynamic physical score appropriate to the text concerned. The co-founder and director of Teatro Abya Yala, an independent theatre company based in San José, Costa Rica, David Korish is also a member of the faculty of the School of Dramatic Arts of the National University of Costa Rica.
The Lived Experience
Authors: Brustein Robert
Published: September 2003

JAN KOTT was a seminal critical mind of the twentieth century and one of the last of its theatre intellectuals. I mourn him as a friend and colleague. It is now almost half a century since this Polish expatriate first published Shakespeare Our Contemporary, a book that exploded our thinking about how Shakespeare could be produced on stage. It was Kott's habit to urge contemporary parallels on the classics, not through specious updating but through lived experience – in his case, a life under the Nazi occupation and later under Communism.
Remembering Jan
Authors: Marowitz Charles
Published: September 2003

EVERY SO OFTEN, usually on a weekend, I would meet Jan Kott in Santa Monica for a coffee and a bagel. Having been weaned in the seedier cafés of Paris and Warsaw, this was a cosy reminder of the bohemian life he led before becoming an academic, a critic, a Resistance-fighter and an émigré.
Three‐dimensional structure from feathered two‐dimensional marine seismic reflection data: The eastern Nankai Trough
Authors: Nedimović Mladen R. , Mazzotti Stéphane , Hyndman Roy D.
Published: September 2003

For a typical two‐dimensional (2‐D) marine multichannel seismic reflection survey, cross currents cause receiver cable side drift, and data collection becomes a limited swath 3‐D survey. Processing of swath marine survey data using standard 2‐D imaging procedures can create spurious discontinuities and wipeouts in the images of reflection events. These anomalies are commonly attributed to geology and tectonics during interpretation. We show how discontinuous reflections and wipeouts are created wherever subsurface structures have significant cross‐profile dip. We also show that more accurate imaging can be achieved by cross‐dip processing, which takes into account the 3‐D character of the data and of the geology. The final products are a much improved stack, determinations of structural dips at right angles to the survey line, and an improved velocity model. We apply this cross‐dip processing to data from the eastern Nankai Trough, SW Japan. Improved imaging combined with the new cross‐dip information allows us to constrain better the 3‐D character of the deformation in the accretionary prism and oceanic crust. In particular, the extracted structural cross‐dip values provide evidence that supports two hypotheses related to the underthrusting of a large oceanic ridge (Paleo‐Zenisu ridge) underneath the accretionary wedge: (1) Parts of the accretionary wedge basins have been uplifted and deformed due to the subduction of a volcano on the ridge. (2) The early phase of oceanic lithosphere shortening, which produced the underthrusted Paleo‐Zenisu ridge, was related to N‐S compression oblique to the general plate motion in this region.
Surface deformation and tectonic setting of Taiwan inferred from a GPS velocity field
Authors: Bos Annemarie G. , Spakman Wim , Nyst Marleen C. J.
Published: September 2003

We have determined the present‐day surface deformation of Taiwan by computing the velocity gradient field and fault slip from 143 GPS velocity vectors. In southern Taiwan the derived strain and rotation rates and fault slips are indicative of lateral extrusion toward the south. In northern Taiwan we infer the onset of gravitational collapse which is induced by the on‐land extension of the Okinawa Trough. In the eastern Central Range the observed inverted NW‐SE extension is consistent with geological observations and high heat flow measurements. This could be the result of exhumation of crustal material. The model further shows a significant decrease in slip rate northward along the Longitudinal Valley fault at 23.7°N. The northern Coastal Range shows high strain rates and two oppositely rotating blocks. By combining the surface deformation model with seismicity data and seismic tomography we are able to propose a coherent model for the present‐day tectonic activity. Both seismicity and tomography show further evidence for active, southward propagating exhumation of a crustal slice in the eastern Central Range. Offshore east Taiwan we deduce strong evidence of a southward propagating crustal tear fault, accommodating most of the Philippine Sea Plate‐Eurasian Plate convergence. The tear is the crustal response to incipient northwestward subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. Thus the Ryukyu Trench is bending southward becoming almost perpendicular to the convergence direction, while subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate continues. In this setting a sudden rapid southward propagation of the afore mentioned tear is conceivable.
Discharge indices for water quality loads
Authors: Vogel Richard M. , Stedinger Jery R. , Hooper Richard P.
Published: September 2003

Effective discharge has been used to describe the streamflow level that is responsible for transporting the most sediment over the long term. Careful inspection reveals that this concept may not have been well defined, and different interpretations have led to conflicting representations. Because total load is ultimately the quantity of interest, we define a new index, the half‐load discharge, which is that discharge above and below which half the total long‐term load is transported. The value of the half‐load discharge is derived for a reasonable model of flows and constituent concentration. The effective discharge has generally been thought to be a relatively common or frequent flood. The half‐load discharge is generally a much greater and less frequent flow than commonly used estimators of the effective discharge. Relations provided here for the frequency and magnitude of the half‐load discharge provide evidence that it is relatively rare floods that transport most of the sediment over the long term. These ideas apply to other constituents as well.
Convective quasi‐equilibrium in the tropical western Pacific: Comparison with midlatitude continental environment
Authors: Zhang Guang J.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the nature of convective quasi‐equilibrium in the tropical western Pacific using the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) sounding data. Results are compared with those in midlatitudes using data from the southern Great Plains in the United States. It is shown that precipitation is highly correlated to the free tropospheric large‐scale forcing in both the tropics and midlatitudes. In the tropics, but not in the midlatitudes, precipitation is also highly correlated to the total large‐scale forcing that includes surface fluxes. This is because the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are small over the tropical ocean; thus their contribution to the total large‐scale forcing is relatively small compared to the free tropospheric forcing. The opposite is true for midlatitude continental convection. It is also shown that the free tropospheric quasi‐equilibrium between convection and large‐scale forcing recently proposed by the author for midlatitude continental convection is equally accurate for tropical oceanic convection. The quasi‐equilibrium proposed by Arakawa and Schubert is less accurate in depicting convective stabilization for data averaged from 3 to 24 hours. On timescales longer than 24 hours the two are comparable. Comparisons are made with other studies that use the Arakawa‐Schubert quasi‐equilibrium concept, and seemingly contradictory results are reconciled.
Screening for mammalian neural genes via fluorescence-activated cell sorter purification of neural precursors from
Sox1
-
gfp
knock-in mice
Authors: Aubert Jerome , Stavridis Marios P. , Tweedie Susan , O'Reilly Michelle , Vierlinger Klemens , Li Meng , Ghazal Peter , Pratt Tom , Mason John O. , Roy Douglas , Smith Austin
Published: September 2003

The transcription factor Sox1 is the earliest and most specific known marker for mammalian neural progenitors. During fetal development,
Sox1
is expressed by proliferating progenitor cells throughout the central nervous system and in no tissue but the lens. We generated a reporter mouse line in which
egfp
is inserted into the
Sox1
locus.
Sox1
GFP
animals faithfully recapitulate the expression of the endogenous gene. We have used the GFP reporter to purify neuroepithelial cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from embryonic day 10.5 embryos. RNAs prepared from Sox1
GFP+
and Sox1
GFP-
embryo cells were then used to perform a pilot screen of subtracted cDNAs prepared from differentiating embryonic stem cells and arrayed on a glass chip. Fifteen unique differentially expressed genes were identified, all previously associated with fetal or adult neural tissue. Whole mount
in situ
hybridization against two genes of previously unknown embryonic expression,
Lrrn1
and
Musashi2
, confirmed the selectivity of this screen for early neuroectodermal markers.
Neuroectodermal differentiation from mouse multipotent adult progenitor cells
Authors: Jiang Yuehua , Henderson Dori , Blackstad Mark , Chen Angel , Miller Robert F. , Verfaillie Catherine M.
Published: September 2003

We recently showed that a rare cell from murine bone marrow, which we termed multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), can be expanded for >120 population doublings. Mouse (m)MAPCs differentiate into mesenchymal lineage cells as well as endothelium and endoderm, and, when injected in the blastocyst, mMAPCs contribute to most if not all somatic cell lineages including the different cell types of the brain. Our results, reported herein, demonstrate that mMAPCs can also be induced to differentiate into cells having anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics similar to those of midbrain neurons. Differentiation to a neuronal phenotype was achieved by coculturing mMAPCs with astrocytes, suggesting that neuronal differentiation may require astrocyte-derived factors similar to what is required for the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells to neurons. Differentiation of mMAPCs to neuron-like cells follows similar developmental steps as described for embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells. MAPCs therefore may constitute a source of cells for treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Indian hedgehog and β-catenin signaling: Role in the sebaceous lineage of normal and neoplastic mammalian epidermis
Authors: Niemann C. , Unden A. B. , Lyle S. , Zouboulis Ch. C. , Toftgård R. , Watt F. M.
Published: September 2003

In mammalian epidermis, the level of β-catenin signaling regulates lineage selection by stem cell progeny. High levels of β-catenin stimulate formation of hair follicles, whereas low levels favor differentiation into interfollicular epidermis and sebocytes. In transgenic mouse epidermis, overexpression of β-catenin leads to formation of hair follicle tumors, whereas overexpression of N-terminally truncated Lef1, which blocks β-catenin signaling, results in spontaneous sebaceous tumors. Accompanying overexpression of β-catenin is up-regulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and its receptor, Patched (PTCH/Ptch). In ΔNLef1 tumors
Ptch
mRNA is up-regulated in the absence of SHH. We now show that PTCH is up-regulated in both human and mouse sebaceous tumors and is accompanied by overexpression of Indian hedgehog (IHH). In normal sebaceous glands IHH is expressed in differentiated sebocytes and the transcription factor GLI1 is activated in sebocyte progenitors, suggesting a paracrine signaling mechanism. PTCH1 and IHH are up-regulated during human sebocyte differentiation
in vitro
and inhibition of hedgehog signaling inhibits growth and stimulates differentiation. Overexpression of ΔNLef1 up-regulates IHH and stimulates proliferation of undifferentiated sebocytes. We present a model of the interactions between β-catenin and hedgehog signaling in the epidermis in which SHH promotes proliferation of progenitors of the hair lineages whereas IHH stimulates proliferation of sebocyte precursors.
Ingestion of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression in planarians
Authors: Newmark Phillip A. , Reddien Peter W. , Cebrià Francesc , Alvarado Alejandro Sánchez
Published: September 2003

Freshwater planarian flatworms are capable of regenerating complete organisms from tiny fragments of their bodies; the basis for this regenerative prowess is an experimentally accessible stem cell population that is present in the adult planarian. The study of these organisms, classic experimental models for investigating metazoan regeneration, has been revitalized by the application of modern molecular biological approaches. The identification of thousands of unique planarian ESTs, coupled with large-scale whole-mount
in situ
hybridization screens, and the ability to inhibit planarian gene expression through double-stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference, provide a wealth of tools for studying the molecular mechanisms that regulate tissue regeneration and stem cell biology in these organisms. Here we show that, as in
Caenorhabditis elegans
, ingestion of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA can inhibit gene expression in planarians. This inhibition persists throughout the process of regeneration, allowing phenotypes with disrupted regenerative patterning to be identified. These results pave the way for large-scale screens for genes involved in regenerative processes.
Maintenance of stem cell populations in plants
Authors: Sharma Vijay K. , Carles Cristel , Fletcher Jennifer C.
Published: September 2003

Flowering plants have the unique ability to produce new organs continuously, for hundreds of years in some species, from stem cell populations maintained at their actively growing tips. The shoot tip is called the shoot apical meristem, and it acts as a self-renewing source of undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cells whose descendents become incorporated into organ and tissue primordia and acquire different fates. Stem cell maintenance is an active process, requiring constant communication between different regions of the shoot apical meristem to coordinate loss of stem cells from the meristem through differentiation with their replacement through cell division. Stem cell research in model plant systems is facilitated by the fact that mutants with altered meristem cell identity or accumulation are viable, allowing dissection of stem cell behavior by using genetic, molecular, and biochemical methods. Such studies have determined that in the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
stem cell maintenance information flows via a signal transduction pathway that is established during embryogenesis and maintained throughout the life cycle. Signaling through this pathway results in the generation of a spatial feedback loop, involving both positive and negative interactions, that maintains stem cell homeostasis. Stem cell activity during reproductive development is terminated by a temporal feedback loop involving both stem cell maintenance genes and a phase-specific flower patterning gene. Our current investigations provide additional insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate stem cell activity in higher plants.
Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation
Authors: Gurdon J. B. , Byrne J. A. , Simonsson S.
Published: September 2003

The transplantation of a somatic cell nucleus to an enucleated egg results in a major reprogramming of gene expression and switch in cell fate. We review the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming by nuclear transfer. The serial transplantation of nuclei from defective first-transfer embryos and the grafting of cells from such embryos to normal host embryos greatly increases the proportion of nuclei that can be seen to have been reprogrammed. We discuss possible reasons for the early failure of most nuclear transfers from differentiated cells and describe the potential value of growing oocytes, rather than unfertilized eggs, as a source of nuclear reprogramming molecules and for the eventual identification of these molecules. Nuclear transfer provides a possible route for the creation of stem cells from adult somatic cells.
Therapeutic cloning in the mouse
Authors: Mombaerts Peter
Published: September 2003

Nuclear transfer technology can be applied to produce autologous differentiated cells for therapeutic purposes, a concept termed therapeutic cloning. Countless articles have been published on the ethics and politics of human therapeutic cloning, reflecting the high expectations from this new opportunity for rejuvenation of the aging or diseased body. Yet the research literature on therapeutic cloning, strictly speaking, is comprised of only four articles, all in the mouse. The efficiency of derivation of embryonic stem cell lines via nuclear transfer is remarkably consistent among these reports. However, the efficiency is so low that, in its present form, the concept is unlikely to become widespread in clinical practice.