bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring AEM waveforms with a ground loop
Authors: Davis Aaron , Macnae James
Published: October 2008

Measuring a transmitter-current waveform provides critical data unavailable for some airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems yet needed to model AEM data quantitatively. We developed a novel experimental method of measuring an airborne transmitter waveform by monitoring the current induced in a closed, multiturn, insulated ground loop of known inductance [Formula: see text] and resistance [Formula: see text]. The transmitter waveform of five different time-domain systems is deconvolved from the measured ground-loop response when excited by the primary electromagnetic field of the AEM system. In general, our measurements agree well with contractor-described transmitter current waveforms, although crucial differences exist between our deconvolved waveforms and those described in the literature. Using the pulse-per-second feature of a GPS antenna, the ground loop can monitor the frequency drift of a frequency-domain system. The ground loop behaves like a lossy electric-field antenna when the resistance closing the ground loop is too large. This leads to negatives in the response of coincident-loop systems without including induced polarization effects. After observing exponentially decaying, oscillating-current responses in high-resistance ground loops, we model the observed current with an LRC circuit whose resistance and capacitance represent generalized effective antenna and free-space values. Our model predicts responses that closely match the damped oscillations seen in the airborne response during flyover; however, it does not work well on conductive ground.
“Where' Your People From, Girl?”: Belonging to Race, Gender, and PlaceBeneath Clouds
Authors: Diprose Rosalyn
Published: October 2008

This article explores the impossibility and necessity of belonging to gender, race, and place. It does so against the background of Ivan Sen's Australian film Beneath Clouds (2001), with the specificities of Australian landscape and the rural/urban divide that it captures, and of race politics in contemporary Australia. In the context of the film, the question “Where' your people from, girl?” implies the recognition of the addressee's indigenous heritage at a time when she has been passing as white. Such a question could be viewed as sexist or racist, as a call to identify oneself in terms of fixed, hierarchical, and discriminatory categories of gender, race, and family. But given who asks the question and where, this article argues that the question is an offer of community, though not community understood as shared group identity based on mutual recognition and understanding. Rather, the idea of community developed in this article is of an open sense of belonging together to race, gender, and place, a sensibility of belonging that expresses one's indeterminate difference, that opens one toward a future and a past, that must be continually renewed through relations with others, and that is essential to one's life. The paper also argues that this belonging is corporeal, lived, and that it engenders and transforms sociopolitical meaning. On the basis of this model of community, the harm of racism and sexism lies not in the effects of categorization and objectification, but in the impact of any political denial of the uniqueness and openness of belonging and in the disabling of the capacity for community that accompanies this denial. These ideas are explored with reference to the philosophies of Merleau-Ponty and Nancy and contemporary theorists of race and gender including Alcoff, Haslanger, Langton, and Ziarek.
The effects of soot-contaminated engine oil on wear and friction: A review
Authors: Green D A , Lewis R
Published: October 2008

During the diesel engine combustion process, soot particles are produced and are either exhausted into the atmosphere or absorbed by the engine's lubricant. Soot-contaminated lubricant has been shown to produce significant amounts of engine wear. The main mechanism of soot-related wear is through abrasion, but, at increased levels of soot content in the lubricant, starvation of the contact can occur, which can increase wear further. High concentrations of soot can increase the local acidic level and, around the piston where high temperatures and volatile gases coexist, corrosion may also occur. In this paper, the current understanding of engine wear due to soot contamination and the previous research performed is reviewed. The paper also discusses soot formation and its general effects within the engine (including friction and efficiency), as well as other issues including filtration or removal, effects on the lubricant, engine design and operation, and future industry targets and technologies related to soot contamination.
Experiment-based software optimization for multiple-injection control in a common-rail system
Authors: Zhu K-Q , Xu Q-K , Mao X-J , Zhuo B , Wang J-X
Published: October 2008

Multiple-injection technology is being widely used in common-rail injection (CRI) systems for diesel engines. The precise control of the injected fuel quantity (FQ) and timing of every injection will directly affect the engine efficiency and exhaust performance. As the engine speed becomes faster, when more than five injections are engaged in per combustion cycle, the injection interval (between consecutive injections) will become increasingly shorter. In experiments based on the green diesel (GD)—CRI system applied in the YC6112 engine, the FQ of the main injection (MI) was found unbalanced when the pilot injection (PiI) is very close to it. According to the experimental analysis, this phenomenon was validated to mainly result from the electrohydraulic delay and the fuel pressure waves in the line leading from the rail to the injector. In order to minimize this influence, a software compensating strategy, which made an additive correction of the injection quantity, was developed. By this optimized software, not only does the MI FQ become steadily even when the PiI is very close to it, but also the conventional system-restricted injection interval can be decreased to as short as possible. This contributes to fulfilling the multiple-injection technology in the GD—CRI system and provides further benefit for the triple-injection function or greater. It also provides a successful example for up-to-date CRI systems to improve the multiple-injection performance in any other engine types by this software optimization method.
High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis of Genomic and Whole-Genome Amplified DNA
Authors: Cho Michael H , Ciulla Dawn , Klanderman Barbara J , Raby Benjamin A , Silverman Edwin K
Published: October 2008

Background: High-resolution melting curve analysis is an accurate method for mutation detection in genomic DNA. Few studies have compared the performance of high-resolution DNA melting curve analysis (HRM) in genomic and whole-genome amplified (WGA) DNA.

Methods: In 39 paired genomic and WGA samples, 23 amplicons from 9 genes were PCR amplified and analyzed by high-resolution melting curve analysis using the 96-well LightScanner (Idaho Technology). We used genotyping and bidirectional resequencing to verify melting curve results.

Results: Melting patterns were concordant between the genomic and WGA samples in 823 of 863 (95%) analyzed sample pairs. Of the discordant patterns, there was an overrepresentation of alternate melting curve patterns in the WGA samples, suggesting the presence of a mutation (false positives). Targeted resequencing in 135 genomic and 136 WGA samples revealed 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All SNPs detected in genomic samples were also detected in WGA. Additional genotyping and sequencing allowed the classification of 628 genomic and 614 WGA amplicon samples. Heterozygous variants were identified by non–wild-type melting pattern in 98% of genomic and 97% of WGA samples (P = 0.11). Wild types were correctly classified in 99% of genomic and 91% of WGA samples (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: In WGA DNA, high-resolution DNA melting curve analysis is a sensitive tool for SNP discovery through detection of heterozygote variants; however, it may misclassify a greater number of wild-type samples.
Venturing into the borderlands of playfulness
Authors: Pichlmair Martin
Published: October 2008

Playfulness is a vague and ambiguous term. While it is easy to realize that a specific situation is playful, the concept itself is hard to grasp. Situations shift in and out of playfulness, leaving the term with hazy borders. This essay attempts to contribute to analysing playfulness
in a rather unusual form. Instead of directly approaching the target, we take a stroll into the borderland that surrounds it, embarking on a quest to mark the borders of playfulness.
Relevance and potential of sphingosine-1-phosphate in vascular inflammatory disease
Authors: van der Giet Markus , Tölle Markus , Kleuser Burkhard
Published: October 2008

The typical pathological feature of atherosclerosis is inflammation. In the last years, it has become evident that inhibition of inflammation is one important therapeutic option in atherosclerosis. Recently, sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was identified as a crucial molecule with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Indeed, S1P activates various G protein-coupled receptors, namely S1P1–S1P5. In the vasculature, mainly S1P1–3 receptors are present. FTY720, after phosphorylation to FTY720-P, is an orally active S1P mimetic. FTY720 has been developed for therapy in the field of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. In analogy to S1P, FTY720 shows potent anti-inflammatory effects and several groups have tested the in vivo effects of FTY720 on the progression of inflammatory vascular diseases. They could show that S1P receptor activation might lead to a partial inhibition of the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. S1P receptor activation therefore might be a concept for anti-inflammatory drug treatment. However, it is not clear how S1P and FTY720 exactly act on vascular inflammation. This review article gives a brief overview over the known actions of S1P in vascular inflammatory disease.
Test Results from Round Robin on Precracking and CTOD Testing of Welds
Authors: Graham Stephen M. , Stanley Richard
Published: October 2008

A weld fracture toughness round robin test program was initiated by ASTM to evaluate a proposed annex to E1290-93 on fracture toughness testing of ferritic steel weldments. The focus of the round robin was on specimen preparation procedures and their effect on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). The local compression procedure was used to reduce the influence of residual stress on precrack curvature. Specimens were tested at −196 °C, which is on the lower shelf for this metal, to minimize variability in fracture toughness and maximize influence of residual stress. Seven labs participated in the round robin and among them conducted 51 tests per E1290-93 to measure CTOD. Statistical analysis of the data showed that crack curvature decreased by 5.2 % ±2.1 % for each 1 % increase in local compression, over the range of compressions tested (0–2.9 % with a nominal target value of 1 %). However, mean values of curvature varied significantly between labs, and when results from all labs are considered, local compression of about 1 % did not reliably reduce crack front curvature. It appears that the procedure used is more important than the amount of local compression, as evidenced by the straight cracks obtained by two labs that exercised tight control on local compression. The statistical analysis revealed that the mean value of measured CTOD for all data with less than 10 % curvature was not statistically different than the mean for less than 20 %, as it is in BS7448 (1997). Perhaps the most surprising observation from this round robin is that there does not appear to be a correlation between CTOD measured at −196 °C and amount of local compression or crack front curvature.
Vasa praevia: diagnosis and management
Authors: Murray Aoife , Murphy Deirdre J
Published: October 2008

Vasa praevia occurs when unprotected fetal vessels cross the cervix beneath the presenting part.

It occurs in approximately 1 in 3000–6000 births.

Rapid fetal haemorrhage can result.

A high index of suspicion and appropriate use of prenatal ultrasonography may prevent perinatal death.

Learning objectives:

To recognise the risk factors and diagnostic criteria.

To review the role of expert ultrasonography.

To recognise the need for prompt action and a clear care plan.

Ethical issues:

Should prenatal detection of vasa praevia be a routine component of antenatal care?

Should resource constraints influence the availability of prenatal diagnostic testing?

Please cite this article as: Murray A, Murphy DJ. Vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:217–223.
Examining the Lag Time Between State-Level Income Inequality and Individual Disabilities: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Gadalla Tahany M. , Fuller-Thomson Esme
Published: October 2008

State-level income inequality has been found to have an effect on individual health outcomes, even when controlled for important individual-level variables such as income, education, age, and gender. The effect of income inequality on health may not be immediate and may, in fact, have a substantial lag time between exposure to inequality and eventual health outcome. We used the 2006 American Community Survey to examine the association of state-level income inequality and 2 types of physical disabilities. We used 6 different lag times, ranging between 0 and 25 years, on the total sample and on those who resided in their state of birth. Income inequality in 1986 had the strongest correlation with 2006 disability levels. Odds ratios were consistently 10% higher for those born in the same state compared withthe total population.
Correlates of Incarceration Among Young Methamphetamine Users in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Authors: Thomson Nicholas , Sutcliffe Catherine G. , Sirirojn Bangorn , Keawvichit Rassamee , Wongworapat Kanlaya , Sintupat Kamolrawee , Aramrattana Apinun , Celentano David D.
Published: October 2008

Objectives. We examined correlates of incarceration among young methamphetamine users in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2005 to 2006.

Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1189 young methamphetamine users. Participants were surveyed about their recent drug use, sexual behaviors, and incarceration. Biological samples were obtained to test for sexually transmitted and viral infections.

Results. Twenty-two percent of participants reported ever having been incarcerated. In multivariate analysis, risk behaviors including frequent public drunkenness, starting to use illicit drugs at an early age, involvement in the drug economy, tattooing, injecting drugs, and unprotected sex were correlated with a history of incarceration. HIV, HCV, and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection were also correlated with incarceration.

Conclusions. Incarcerated methamphetamine users are engaging in behaviors and being exposed to environments that put them at increased risk of infection and harmful practices. Alternatives to incarceration need to be explored for youths.
Performance of broiler fed with different commercial compound feeds of Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain MA , Roy BC , Islam MM , Miah MY
Published: October 2008

An attempt was made to investigate the responses of broiler to feed the compound feeds of different feed mills located in Bangladesh. Keeping this view in mind, a total of 260 of star-bro broiler chicks were fed on compound diets in the age duration of day old to 38 days to compare the performance of broilers of different dietary groups. All the forms of feed were of identical (pellet feed) as well as same management and environment were provided for all the treatments. The body weight gain was highest in T2 dietary group (P < 0.01) which was statistically similar with T1 group. Feed intake of the 5 treatments differed significantly (P < 0.01). T1 dietary group showed high trend of feed consumption. Higher FCR value (P < 0.01) was observed for T5 dietary group which indicated low feed conversion efficiency. On the other hand, T2 and T1 dietary groups showed better feed conversion efficiency. Survivability percent of all treatments was not differed significantly (P>0.05). Significant differences were obtained for meat yield parameters such as body weight, blood loss, shank weight, liver weight, abdominal fat, dressed carcass and edible carcass weight. On the other hand, non significant differences were obtained for feather loss, gizzard weight, spleen weight, heart weight, head weight. Except the body weight (P < 0.01) no significant results were observed for sex(s) as well as interaction between treatment and sex effect for all other meat yield parameters. The results of this experiment from biological responses of birds gave an impression that compound feeds of the feed mills T1, T2 and T3 were found to be better than those feeds of T4 and T5 feed mills for the production of commercial broiler for the age duration of day old to 38 days of age. Key words: Compound feeds (pellet), broiler, feed mills, performance DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1291 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 97-101
Effect of concentrate supplementation on growth and reproductive performance of rabbit under rural condition
Authors: Hasanat MS , Hossain ME , Mostari MP , Hossain MA
Published: October 2008

Crossbred New Zealand White meat type 8 male and 16 female rabbits aged 3.5 to 4.5 months weighing 9.5 to 13.0 kg were used in a 128 day trial to study the effects of concentrate supplementation on growth and reproductive performance of rabbit under rural condition. Rabbits were divided according to live weight into two treatment groups, i.e. T1 (conventional diet) and T2 (conventional diet + concentrate 75 g/d per rabbit) with four replications per treatment in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). All animals had free access to locally available green grasses. Results showed that, average daily live weight gain was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in T2 (13.02 Â± 0.43 g/d) than T1 (5.30 Â± 0.43 g/d) group. Litter weight at birth was better (p < 0.05) in T2 (180.38 Â± 16.37g) than T1 (137.19 Â± 16.37g) group. Litter size at weaning differed (p < 0.05) and the mean values were 1.37 Â± 0.30 for T1 and 2.37 Â± 0.27 for T2 group. Kit weight at weaning was superior (p < 0.01) in T2 (408.12 Â± 3.85g) than T1 (310.62 Â Â± 3.56g) group. Kit mortality up to weaning was higher (p < 0.01) in T1 (45.0 Â± 10.07 %) than T2 (26.92 Â± 10.7 %) group. These results indicate that, supplementation of concentrate in addition to conventional feeding may improve growth and reproductive performance of rabbit under rural condition.Â  Key words: Crossbred, New Zealand White rabbit, reproductive performance, growth, concentrate DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v4i2.1296 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (2): 129-132
Production of formalin killed fowl typhoid vaccine using local isolates of Salmonella Gallinarum in Bangladesh
Authors: Haider MG , Rahman MM , Hossain MM , Rashid M , Sufian MA , Islam MM , Haque AFMH
Published: October 2008

A locally isolated Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) was used for fowl typhoid vaccine production. 2 x 107 colony forming unit (CFU) of SG was used for the vaccine production. The fowl typhoid vaccine was produced with the local isolates of SG (LRI 49) strain. Efficacy study of the vaccine was performed primarily in laboratory trial in 6 weeks and then in 8 weeks old commercial layers in the field. Chickens were boasted after 4 wks of vaccination. Rapid serum plate agglutination (SPA) test and ELISA were carried out for the detection of antibody response against SG vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds. Positive results of the rapid plate agglutination and the ELISA were 81% and 77% in laboratory trial, and 76.4% and 73.8% in field trial, respectively. The chickens of vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were challenged with the infective dose (2 x 2 x 107CFU) of freshly prepared live SG bacteria and lesions were not detected in vaccinated birds at necropsy.Â  The vaccine was proved safe and effective in terms of preventing of fowl typhoid in chickens in Bangladesh. Â  Key words: Fowl typhoid vaccine, potency, ELISA, plate agglutination test, Salmonella Gallinarum Â Â  DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1306 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 33-38
Seroprevalence of salmonellosis in layer chickens with isolation, identification and antibiogram study of their causal agents
Authors: Akter MR , Choudhury KA , Rahman MM , Islam MS
Published: October 2008

Salmonellosis is a common problem in poultry farms of our country. Indiscriminate use of antibiotic to control the disease results drug resistance and limits the therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of the disease. This study was conducted during the period from January to May 2006 at Gobindapur of Dinajpur district. The present study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of salmonellosis in layer flocks and antibiogram study following isolation of Salmonellae. A total of 225 Star cross 579 brown chickens were studied with rapid serum plate agglutination test. Liver of 200 dead birds was studied for isolation and identification of Salmonellae. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test of isolated Salmonellae was performed with commercial sensitivity discs. The overall seroprevalence was recorded 23.11%. The prevalence was varied from age to age. The highest rate was 28% in above 20 weeks of age. The antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (80%), nitrofurantoin (100%), sulphamethoxazole/ trimeoprim and amoxycillin (50%), tetracycline (60%) but resistant to penicillin-G and erythromycin. Further studies should be conducted on serotyping of the isolated Salmonellae, isolation and identification of Salmonellae from different feed and environmental sample. Key words: Salmonellosis, seroprevalence, antibiogram, layer chickens DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1307 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 39-42
Hjarreâs disease in chickens: clinical, pathological, microbiological and therapeutic findings
Authors: Islam MN , Fatema BZ , Faruk MI
Published: October 2008

Hjarre's disease (Coligranuloma) in commercial chickens was investigated and detected in 5 layer flocks out of 47 outbreaks based on clinical, pathological, microbiological and therapeutical findings. The investigation areas were at Dinajpur and Nilphamari districts, but the laboratory examinations were conducted at Dinajpur Government Veterinary College, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The flocks had 441, 212, 690, 5400 and 735 birds aged between 26 to 64 weeks and reared in cages. The clinical signs of the affected birds varied markedly from farm to farm and diarrhoea, depression, soiled vent, reduces egg production, loss of body condition and death were recorded. The morbidity rate was around 100%, but the mortality rate was 3-9%. At necropsy the birds showed characteristics nodular lesions on the serosal surface of the intestine, uterus, mesentery and in liver. The affected organs were processed for the bacteriological examination and the organisms were isolated and identified without typification. Gram stained impression smears from the necrotic areas of the nodules revealed gram negative organisms which were isolated by culturing using different agar media and identified by their colony characteristics including biochemical reaction in differential media. No acid fast organisms found on acid fast staining of the impression smears. The collected organs were processed and stained for the histopathological study, where granulomatous inflammation and the characteristic caseation necrosis were recorded. The flocks were treated individually either with colistin sulphate, or fluoroquinolones, or oxytetracycline considering the apparently presence of concurrent infection. The present findings indicated that the poultry is sensitive to colistin sulphate. Key words: Hjarre's disease, E. coli, clinico-pathology, therapy, chickens DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1309 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 49-53
Caudal epidural analgesia in sheep by using lignocaine hydrochloride and bupivacaine hydrochloride
Authors: Lucky NS , Hashim MA , Ahmed JU , Sarker K , Gazi NM , Ahmed S
Published: October 2008

The present investigation was conducted to find out the effect of different analgesic drugs in sheep. A series of 30 analgesic trials (caudal epidural analgesia) were conducted in sheep with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (LH), 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (LHA) and 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (BH) in Veterinary Clinic, BAU, Mymensingh during January to April 2007. Analgesic injection was administered into low epidural space in 3 groups (A, B and C), each consisting of 10 apparently healthy sheep aged between 1 and 1.5 years. Effects of analgesic drugs on heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature were monitored. Heart rates significantly decreased but respiration rates decreased nonsignificantly and rectal temperature non significantly increased during low epidural analgesia with 0.5% BH. Heart rates and respiration rates increased significantly when 2% LH and 2% LHA were used. LH (2%) showed rapid spreading and was also free from any side effect. Duration of analgesia was prolonged with 2% LH compared to other analgesic drugs. Peak point of analgesia was more with 2% LHA as compare to other analgesic drugs. There was no significant difference between 0.5% BH and 2% LHA in terms of their analgesic effect. Drowsiness, tympany and shivering were observed when 0.5% BH was used. It appears from the present study that 2% LH was more effective in low epidural analgesia. Key words: Analgesia, peak point, low epidural, sheep DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1319 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 77-80
Congenital lateral patellar luxation in a shorail dog: a case report
Authors: Rahman MM , Ahasan ASML
Published: October 2008

A shorail dog of 1.5 years old was admitted to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University with a clinical sign of weight bearing lameness of left hind leg. Physically and radiographically, it was diagnosed as grade IV lateral patellar luxation. Attempt was taken to treat the disease by combined tibial tuberosity transposition and trochlear resection. But after 8 months the symptoms attributed again as wire became torn and patella displaced laterally. Key words: Congenital, patellar luxation, trochlear resection, wire suture DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1329 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 121-124
Isolation, identification and characterization of Salmonella from duck
Authors: Mondal T , Khan MSR , Alam M , Purakayastha M , Das M , Siddique MP
Published: October 2008

The present study was performed with the aim to isolate and identify Salmonella organism from diarrhoeic and apparently healthy ducks and to characterize duck Salmonella by biochemical test. Antibiotic sensitivity analysis of duck Salmonella was performed. A total of 65 cloacal samples were collected from ducks of three different regions such as Char Nilokkhiya, BAU Poultry Farm and Boyra, Mymensingh. Out of 65 samples 9 (13.07%) were found positive. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the duck isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole and cephalexin but these isolates were highly resistant to chloramphenicol. Key words: Salmonella, duck, isolation, identification, characterization DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1331 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 07-12
Standardization of age and route for duck plague vaccine in local ducklings of vaccinated and non- vaccinated parent origin
Authors: Kayesh MEH , Khan MSR , Islam MA , Gani MO , Islam MR , Karim MR , Islam MS , Kabir A
Published: October 2008

The study was carried out to determine the appropriate age and route of vaccination with duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) in experimentally reared local ducks during the period from September 2006 to May 2007. A total of 90 local ducklings were divided into eight groups namely A, C, D and E for vaccinated parent origin and B, F, G and H for non-vaccinated parent origin. Again Group C, D, E, F, G and H were divided into subgroups C1 & C2; DÂ­1& DÂ­2; E1& E2; F1 & F2; G1 & G2; H1 & H2 respectively and contained 5 ducklings each. Group A and B contained 15 ducklings in each group and were used as unvaccinated control and also for studying persistence of maternally derived antibody level. Highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group A was found 53.33 Â± 4.03 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (â¤4) at the age of day 21 and highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group B was found 29.86 Â± 1.45 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (â¤4) at the age of day 16. Ducklings of different sub-groups were vaccinated with duck plague vaccine at day 14, day 21 and day 28 through intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous route at the dose rate of 1ml per duckling. Sera were collected from vaccinated ducklings on day 7, day 14 and day 21 after vaccination and antibody titre was measured by passive hemagglutination test. Among the vaccinated subgroups, the highest mean PHA titre was found 89.60 Â± 15.67 and 83.20 Â± 19.20 in subgroups E1 (vaccinated at day 28) and F1 (vaccinated at day 14) respectively. At challenge, ducklings of vaccinated subgroups showed 100% protection except C1 and C2 (showed 80% protection) and control subgroups showed 0% protection. From the results of protection test it may be concluded that both intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous routes are equally suitable for duck plague virus vaccination in ducklings and the optimum age for vaccination to ducklings originated from vaccinated parent to duck plague vaccine might be at day 21 or 28 and ducklings originated from non-vaccinated parent at day 14 or 21 instead of usual schedule of day 28. Key words: Vaccination, duck plague vaccine, age, route, ducklings DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1335 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. 2008. 6 (1): 27-30
Effect of vitamins, minerals and probiotics on production of antibody and live weight gain following vaccination with BCRDV in broiler birds
Authors: Monoura P , Rahman M , Khan MFR , Rahman MB , Rahman MM
Published: October 2008

The effect of vitamins, minerals and probiotics supplementation to the balanced ration of the broiler chicks on the immune response and growth performance after vaccination with BCRDV was evaluated. For this 50 broiler birds were divided into five equal groups such as A, B, C, D and E, and five types of separate treatments with normal poultry feed were provided to the indivisual experimental groups. All the birds were vaccinated with BCRDV primarily at 3 days of age and boostered at 17 days of age. The birds of group A, B, C and D were supplemented with only probiotics, mixture of probiotics and minerals, mixture of probiotics, minerals and vitamins, respectively. The birds of group E were kept as vaccinated control. Blood samples were collected at the age of 9, 12, 16, 23, 26 and 30 days sequencially. The serum antibody titres were measured by HI test and ELISA. The highest value of HI antibody titre was 384Â±242.65 (Mean Â±SD) in group B at 23 days of age. The lowest value of HI at 23 days was 56Â±32.86 (Mean Â±SD) obtained in group C. The ELISA antibody titre was also highest (4675.12Â±485.72) at 23 days in group B and obviously the lowest (2169.38Â±724.45) in control group E. In case of group C, the ELISA antibody titre was 3105.73Â±877.57 at 23 days but then the titre decreased gradually compared to control group. The highest body weight (1420Â±90.82) was recorded at 30 days of age in group D and the lowest value (1188Â±44.38) was in group B. Key words: Probiotics, BCRDV, broiler birds DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1336 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 31-36
Population density of helminths in ducks: effects of hostâs age, sex, breed and season
Authors: Farjana T , Islam KR , Mondal MMH
Published: October 2008

Â A study was conducted to investigate the population density of helminth parasites in domestic ducks (Anas boschas domesticus) in relation to host's age, sex, breed and seasons of the year from March 2002 to May 2003. A total of 300 ducks were collected from different villages of Netrokona and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh and autopsied to collect the parasites and counted to determine the population density of parasites. Off 300 ducks examined, 290 (96.66%) were infected with 17 species of helminth parasites in which 11 species were trematodes, 4 were cestodes and 2 nematodes. Among the parasites, density of cestodes was the highest (33.15Â±5.26), followed by trematodes (5.98Â±1.32); and nematodes (2.95Â±0.68). Mean density of parasites increased with the increase of age (young: 21.23Â±1.09, adult: 26.18Â±2.14 and old: 27.87Â±2.98) while the mean density of most of the helminth parasites was higher in female ducks (31.35Â±4.72) than in males (27.52Â±3.32). Indigenous ducks (33.72Â±3.61) were infected with the highest load of helminths than Khaki Campbell breed (29.61Â±4.32) of ducks. Mean density of most trematodes (5.42Â±0.80) were highest in winter season whereas mean density of all cestodes (48.43Â±4.85) and nematodes (4.13Â±1.76) were highest in summer. Â The present study suggests that age, sex, breed of ducks and seasons of the year influence the parasitic infection to a greater extend. Key words: Population density, helminths, duck, Bangladesh DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1338 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 45-51
Histomorphology and histochemistry of testis of indigenous bull (Bos indicus) of Bangladesh
Authors: Gofur MR , Khan MZI , Karim MR , Islam MN
Published: October 2008

Histomorphological and histochemical features of testes were studied in six adult indigenous bulls (Bos indicus) of two different age groups, 1 year 9 months to 2 years of age (group A) and 2 years 3 months to 2 years 6 months of age (group B) during the period from September 2006 to April 2007 by using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain, Verhoeff's stain, Van Gieson's stain and Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction (PAS) stain. The testes were surrounded by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis (consisted of mesothelium and connective tissue) and tunica albugenia mainly composed of collagen fibers. The seminiferous tubules were tortuous, two ended loops and varying in appearance and the wall of tubules consisted of lamina propria, basement membrane supported by reticular fibers and a lining of complex stratified epithelium consisted of sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. The sertoli cells are irregulary columnar cells, extended from basal lamina to lumen of tubules and the spermatogenic cells situated between the sertoli cells in an orderly manner with four to eight layers occupying the space between the basal lamina and the lumen of the tubules. There was presence of both spermatid and spermatozoa in the lumen of some seminiferous tubules of testes of bulls of both age groups. The spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes showed more staining affinity than the spermatid in routine staining technique. The basement membrane of tubules, spermatid and spermatozoa showed positive affinity whereas spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes showed negative affinity to PAS stain. The interstitial tissues located between the sminiferous tubules, consisted of connective tissue network, mainly composed of collagenous and reticular fibers; blood and lymph vessels with Leydig cells. The Leydig cells were present as single or groups within intertubular spaces. It was concluded that the thickness of tunica albuginea, the stratification of growing spermatogenic cells and cross sectional length and breadth of the seminiferous tubules of testes were higher in the bull of group B than group A and the number of Leydig cells were more in the testis of group A than group B and in between left and right testes, the thickness of tunica albuginea and cross sectional length and breadth of the seminiferous tubules were higher in the left testis but the number of Leydig cells was higher in right testis in both age groups. Key words: Testis, seminiferous tubule, Leydig cell, indigenous bull DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1341 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 67-74
Bacterial flora associated with repeat breeding and uterine infections in dairy cows
Authors: Gani MO , Amin MM , Alam MGS , Kayesh MEH , Karim MR , Samad MA , Islam MR
Published: October 2008

The study was conducted on 51 uterine biopsy samples collected from 14 normal fertile and 37 repeat breeding cows for bacteriological examinations to find out the prevalence of bacterial flora and their role in repeat breeding syndrome. Presence of bacteria was detected in 23 samples (62.2%) repeat breeding cases in contrast to only 4 (28.6%) bacterial infections from normal fertile cows. About 60% of the microbial isolates were commonly recovered from repeat breeders as well as from normal fertile cows in varying proportions. Of the 37 suffered from repeat breeders, 23 samples (62.2%) yielded 54 bacterial isolates; where Staphylococcus was predominant 14 (37.8%), followed by Bacillus 13 (35.1%), E. coli 11 (29.7%), Pseudomonas 7 (18.9%) while Gram negative minute rod shaped bacteria was 9 (24.3%). The isolates of Pseudomonas and Gram negative minute rod shaped bacteria were obtained only from repeat breeder cows with mucopurulent uterine discharges. There was a positive correlation (r=0.94) between repeat breeders and bacterial infection of uterus. Antibiotic sensitivity in the present study showed that almost all types of bacterial isolates were found moderately and highly sensitive to amoxicillin, oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Key words: Bacteria, repeat breeding, uterine biopsy, histopathology and antibiotic sensitivity DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1342 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 79-86
Entropy and Uncertainty
Authors: Robinson Derek W.
Published: October 2008

We give a survey of the basic statistical ideas underlying the definition of entropy in information theory and their connections with the entropy in the theory of dynamical systems and in statistical mechanics.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Some Quinazolin-4-(3H)-one Derivatives
Authors: Georgey Hanan , Abdel-Gawad Nagwa , Abbas Safinaz
Published: October 2008

A number of 3-substituted-2-(substituted-phenoxymethyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives 4a,b, 5a-c, 6, 7a-f, 8a-e and 9a,b have been synthesized. Their structures have been elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses and spectroscopic studies (IR, 1H-NMR, MS). A preliminary evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of the prepared compounds has indicated that compounds 4b, 7b-f, 8a and 9b exhibit significant anticonvulsant activity, while compounds 6, 8b and 8d show mild to moderate activity.
Un réactif social : le parrainage. Du XVIe siècle à la Révolution : Nobles, bourgeois et paysans dans un bourg perché du Jura
Authors: Berthet Abbé
Published: October 2008

Les notes qu'on va lire sont très neuves. Elles attirent l'attention sur certaines relations d'ordre personnel et humain que les historiens, contraints d'envisager de haut les problèmes sociaux de l'Ancien Régime, négligent s'ils les aperçoivent : mais, le plus souvent, ils net les voient point.

Il s'agit des rapports d'honneur ou d'amitié que, dans le cadre de nos villages et de nos bourgs, entretenaient nobles et non nobles. Il a semblé à l'abbé berthel que les registres de baptême avaient leur mot à dire sur leur évolution. De là son article. Qu'il soit le bienvenu, comme tous ceux qui nous aideront à pénétrer dans l'intimité — si difficile à reconstituer — de ces groupes sociaux de l'ancienne France : villes, bourgs, villages, dont fut faite la vie même, la vie totale et globale de notre pays.
La crise économique en France à la fin de l’Ancien Régime
Authors: Lefebvre Georges
Published: October 2008

M. C.-E. Labrousse, à qui nous devions déjà cette Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au XVIIIe siècle, parue en 1933 cl dont l'importance a été signalée par les Annales, entreprend maintenant de publier les résultats de sa longue enquête sur la crise de l'économie française pendant le règne dé Louis XVI. Le premier volume de ce grand ouvrage qui, semble-t-il, en comportera au moins trois, mérite d'ores et déjà l'attention des historiens, et tout particulièrement celle des spécialistes de l'histoire révolutionnaire.
Une industrie motrice : La haute couture parisienne et son évolution
Authors: Marcel Rouff
Published: October 2008

« L'histoire du Costume, dans les deux derniers siècles, laisse assez Voir que les maîtres de la Couture font à la femme son image — et que la Mode, dans ses grandes lignes, livre à l'historien une explication souvent profonde de l'état d'une société, des phases du goût, des goûts, et même des idées dirigeantes. »

Cette citation n'est pas de moi. Elle est tirée d'un des derniers numéros de la revue Formes et Couleurs. Mais je la fais mienne et la prends comme préface à l'histoire de la Mode dans l’entre-deux-guerres, étant convaincu que l'histoire du Costume, de 1918 à 1939, aidera l'historien à expliquer cette période extraordinaire. J'ai eu l'avantage de la vivre au sein même de la Mode, aussi bien en France qu'à l'étranger, et, d'après ce que j'ai vu et vécu, je voudrais essayer de montrer que cette époque tant critiquée a marqué, du moins, l'apogée dei la richesse et des bienfaits de tout genre, que la Mode française pouvait apporter au pays.
Problèmes de guerre : Un commentaire de lénine sur clausewitz
Authors: Nicolle Paul
Published: October 2008

On n'accusera pas les Editions Médicis de manquer d'opportunité, lorsqu'elles nous présentent un livre intitulé : Les Fondements théoriques de la guerre, et de la paix en U. R. S. S.

Première originalité : l'auteur n'est pas français. Avant de rejoindre, en qualité de chargé de mission près de l'armée américaine, le front d'Europe occidentale, M Bert,hold G. Friedl était professeur de langue et de civilisation russes à l'Université de Missouri. S'il n'a point hésité à nous donner, au passage, cette primeur en notre langue, c'est qu'il a vécu longuement chez nous — il est docteur de l'Université de Paris — et qu'il nous aime. De par ses connaissances et ses sympathies, nul n'est plus qualifié pour entreprendre cette tâche urgente : favoriser l'interprétation de trois civilisations restées trop cloisonnées : l'américaine, la russe, la française.
Croisade et marchandise. Pourquoi Simon de Montfort s'en alla défaire les Albigeois
Authors: Varagnac André
Published: October 2008

Nous savons peu de chose sur Simon de Montfort, le chef de la Croisade contre les albigeois. Villehardouiu le cite parmi les seigneurs qui s'enrôlèrent pour la quatrième Croisade, mais ne poussèrent pas jusqu'à Constantinople. Il les accuse de couardise, mais le reproche semble, en l'espèce, mal fondé, puisque le même Simon apparaît, quelques années plus tard, comme l'un des chevaliers les plus fanatiques, toujours prêt à courir sus à ses ennemis. Habile capilaine, il défait complètement, à Muret, les forces supérieures des Occitans et des Aragonais coalisés. Bâtisseur d'un Etat éphémère, il crée, par ses Constitutions de Pamiers, les rudiments de l'administration languedocienne. Mais il ne sait pas être un pacificateur : son avidité inhumaine suscite l'insurrection sous ses pas, et il meurt, d'un coup de hasard, sous les murs de Toulouse révoltée.
La Mystique du panjaponisme. Un « Mein Kampf » nippon
Authors: Marchand Louis
Published: October 2008

Depuis 1868, les Japonais se sont assimilé notre civilisation avec une facilité extraordinaire, et cela est connu du monde entier. Ce qui l'est moins, c'est que l'esprit public au pays du Soleil Levant s'est transformé. ces dernières années, avec une rapidité non moins surprenante. Nous avons nous-même assisté à cette évolution. Pendant notre premier séjour au Nippon, de 1923 à 1925, nous avons trouvé une population pacifique, amie de la France, adonnée tout entière à l'industrie, aux sciences et aux arts, curieuse de s'instruire, ouverte à toutes les lumières, d'où qu'elles viennent. Nous y sommes retourné en 1932, nous avons constaté un certain changement dans l'esprit public. Mais, à partir de 1935, c'est une véritable révolution intellectuelle et morale qui s'est déroulée sous nos yeux.
Sur une histoire du cinéma
Authors: Friedmann Georges
Published: October 2008

M. Georges Sadoul, l'un des meilleurs spécialistes et critiques français du cinématographe, commence la publication d'une importante Histoire, générale du Cinéma, qui comprendra plusieurs volumes. Le premier, qui vient de paraìtre, relate l'Invention du Cinéma (1832-1897), depuis les travaux des précurseurs jusqu'aux débuts de l'essor planétaire du cinéma, à l'aube d'une époque à laquelle il se trouve (non par l'effet du hasard) si remarquablement adapté.
Exégèse de Désastre : Iéna, la crise de l'État prussien et la genèse du Romantisme
Authors: Brunschwig Henri
Published: October 2008

L'effondrement de la Prusse après Iéna : une surprise pour toute l'Europe. On s'étonna du manque de cohésion d'une armée célèbre par sa discipline, de la désorganisation d'un système administratif réputé pour la valeur de ses fonctionnaires et, surtout, des signes de désaffection donnés par un peuple dont le loyalisme était proverbial. Comment s'expliquer cet effondrement, sinon en reconsidérant l'édifice, dont, après Kover, toute une génération d'historiens a minutieusement étudié les rouages ? Puis en décrivant les principaux aspects d'une crise qui, s'attaquant à l'économie et à l'équilibre social, transforma la mentalité populaire et s'exprima, par la plume des intellectuels, en un langage nouveau.

En apparence, ce sont l'armée et l'administration qui caractérisent l'Etat prussien à la, fin du XVIIIe siècle. Mais, ce qui le rend incomparable aux autres puissances, c'est un dépouillement méthodique de la presse, des mémoires, des études politiques ou économiques publiées entre la fin du règne de Frédéric II et la catastrphe de 1806, — qui, seul, permet d'en prendre lentement conscience.
De la Constituante à Napoléon : Les vicissitudes de l'impôt indirect
Authors: Schnerb Robert
Published: October 2008

Notre collaborateur, M. R. Sehnerb, nous a offert pour les Annales l'article qu'on va lire. Nous l'avons accepté avec plaisir, parce que nous tenons à attirer de nouveau l'attention de tous — des historiens, mais aussi des techniciens et surtout des simples citoyens — sur ce problème de l'impôt qui n'est point étudié. Jamais étudié. Je veux dire comme il sied, et autrement qu'à la Marion.

Rares partout, les historiens qui ont le courage de pénétrer dans les fourrés, les ronciers de la finance publique, et d'en commencer le débroussaillement. Il y faut de fortes bottes. Plus rares en France que partout, ces pionniers, et quand on a cité R. Sehnerb… J'ai dit en son temps, dans les Annales, le plaisir que j'avais à le voir s'orienter de ce côté. Et nous montrer, par ses études même, ce qu'une analyse sociale à l'affût de renseignements précis pouvait espérer de travaux qui, en apparence, n'ont de quoi intéresser que les historiens — et les plus rébarbatifs.
Dialogues de Grands Esprits : Leibniz, spinoza et le problème de l'incroyance au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Febvre Lucien
Published: October 2008

« Leibniz juge de Spinoza : qu'avons-nous à faire, historiens, avec un livre, avec une thèse philosophique de Sorbonne qui porte ce titre ? Ne nous trompons point de rayon. Ne transformons pas les Annales en Revue Philosophique… » Ainsi disent les sages, amis des justes barrières. Leur prudence éprouvée se trouve en défaut aujourd'hui. Confiez-vous à Georges Friedmann, installez-vous au coeur de son livre : quel beau voyage, plein de périls, mais que la finesse du guide permettra d'éviter — quel beau voyage pour l'historien à travers les profondeurs de l'esprit et du cœur des hommes, des grands hommes du XVIIe siècle finissant !…

L'esprit, le coeur : vieux mots, grands mots. Je ne les écris que pour « rattraper » ce qu'il y a de sec, d'inexact et de pauvre dans la conception traditionnelle d'une histoire Intellectuelle n'accordant d'attention qu-au seul jeu des concepts.