bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Messages to use in population-level campaigns to reduce mental health-related stigma: consensus development study
Authors: Clement Sarah , Jarrett Manuela , Henderson Claire , Thornicroft Graham
Published: December 2012

Aim-To develop and measure consensus about which type of message should be included in population-level campaigns to reduce mental health-related stigma.Methods- A panel of 32 experts attending an international conference on mental health stigma participated in a consensus development exercise. A modified nominal group technique was used incorporating two voting rounds, an overview of research evidence and group discussion.Results- There was high consensus (≥ 80°) regarding the inclusion of two of the message types presented - (i)recovery-orientedand (ii)see the personmessages, and reasonable consensus (≥ 70°) regarding (iii)social inclusion / human rightsand (iv)high prevalence of mental disordersmessages. Ratings differed according to whether the participant was a psychiatrist or had personal experience of mental ill health. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed four themes: (i) benefits of messages countering the ‘otherness’ of people with mental ill health; (ii) problematic nature of messages referring to aetiology; (iii) message impact being dependent on the particular audience; (iv) need for specific packages of messages.Conclusions- This study supports the use ofrecovery-orientedmessages andsee the personmessages.Social inclusion / human rightsmessages andhigh prevalence of mental disordersmessages also merit consideration.

Declaration of Interest: This study was funded through a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Programme grant awarded to the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and in relation to the NIHR Specialist Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London and the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. The views and opinions expressed herein are the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the funding bodies. GT has received an unrestricted educational grant from Lundbeck and commissions from the Commonwealth of Australia for a review of their mental health plan. GT and CH lead the independent evaluation team for the UK ‘Time to Change: Let's end mental health discrimination now’ programme. GT has been a member of the independent evaluation team for Scotland's ‘See Me’ campaign.
Acute inpatient psychiatry in England: an old problem and a new priority
Authors: Lelliott Paul
Published: December 2012

With the development of community care, the number of National Health Service psychiatric beds in England has been reduced to between one-fifth and one-quarter of those provided in the mid-1950s. Psychiatric bed numbers are close to the irreducible minimum if they have not already reached it. The problems facing today's acute psychiatric admission wards include: poor design, maintenance and ambience; a lack of therapeutic and leisure activities for patients leading to inactivity and boredom; frequent incidents of aggression and low-level violence and problems with staffing. It is suggested that there are a number of underlying causes: First, there has been failure to plan inpatient services, or to define their role, as attention has focused on new developments in community care. Second, the reduction in bed numbers has led to a change in the casemix of inpatients with a concentration on admission wards of a more challenging group of patients. Third, admission ward environments are permeable to the adverse effects of local street life, including drug taking. After years of neglect, acute inpatient psychiatric services in England are now high on the UK Government agenda. The paper lists a number of national initiatives designed to improve their quality and safety. A recent review of qualitative research suggests that acute psychiatric wards in other countries face similar problems to those reported in England. It is suggested that there might be a need for joint action which might take the form either of international research about acute inpatient care or the development of international standards and a common quality improvement system.
AZD5213: a novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist permitting high daytime and low nocturnal H3 receptor occupancy, a PET study in human subjects
Authors: Jucaite Aurelija , Takano Akihiro , Boström Emma , Jostell Karl-Gustav , Stenkrona Per , Halldin Christer , Segerdahl Märta , Nyberg Svante
Published: December 2012

The histamine H3 receptor represents an appealing central nervous system drug target due to its important role in the neurobiology of cognition and wake-sleep regulation. The therapeutic benefit of H3 antagonists/inverse agonists may be hampered by disruption of sleep that has been observed in humans with prolonged high H3 receptor occupancy (H3RO), extending into night-time. AZD5213 is a highly selective H3 antagonist (in vitro inverse agonist) developed to achieve a pharmacokinetic profile permitting circadian fluctuations of H3RO. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in rodent behavioural models of cognition. In human subjects, AZD5213 was safe and well tolerated following repeated doses (1–14 mg/d) and demonstrated a short (∼5 h) half-life. In this PET study H3RO was measured using the radioligand [11C]GSK189254 ([11C]AZ12807110) in seven young male volunteers following single doses of AZD5213 (0.05–30 mg). H3RO was calculated using the Lassen plot method. The plasma concentrations and the affinity constant (Ki,pl 1.14 nmol/l, corresponding to the plasma concentration required to occupy 50% of available receptors) were used to estimate the H3RO time-course. AZD5213 showed dose and concentration dependent H3RO ranging from 16 to 90%. These binding characteristics and the pharmacokinetic profile of AZD5213 indicate that high daytime and low night-time H3RO could be achieved following once daily oral dosing of AZD5213. Fluctuations of H3RO following circadian rhythm of the histamine system may be expected to reduce the risk of sleep disruption while maintaining daytime efficacy. AZD5213 may thus be an optimal compound to evaluate the clinical benefit of selective H3 antagonism in cognitive disorders.
Exposures in early life: associations with DNA promoter methylation in breast tumors
Authors: Tao M.-H. , Marian C. , Shields P. G. , Potischman N. , Nie J. , Krishnan S. S. , Berry D. L. , Kallakury B. V. , Ambrosone C. , Edge S. B. , Trevisan M. , Winston J. , Freudenheim J. L.
Published: December 2012

There is evidence that epigenetic changes occur early in breast carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that early-life exposures associated with breast cancer would be associated with epigenetic alterations in breast tumors. In particular, we examined DNA methylation patterns in breast tumors in association with several early-life exposures in a population-based case–control study. Promoter methylation of E-cadherin, p16 and RAR-β2 genes was assessed in archived tumor blocks from 803 cases with real-time methylation-specific PCR. Unconditional logistic regression was used for case–case comparisons of those with and without promoter methylation. We found no differences in the prevalence of DNA methylation of the individual genes by age at menarche, age at first live birth and weight at age 20. In case–case comparisons of premenopausal breast cancer, lower birth weight was associated with increased likelihood of E-cadherin promoter methylation (OR = 2.79, 95% CI, 1.15–6.82, for ⩽2.5 v. 2.6–2.9 kg); higher adult height with RAR-β2 methylation (OR = 3.34, 95% CI, 1.19–9.39, for ⩾1.65 v. <1.60 m); and not having been breastfed with p16 methylation (OR = 2.75, 95% CI, 1.14–6.62). Among postmenopausal breast cancers, birth order was associated with increased likelihood of p16 promoter methylation. Being other than first in the birth order was inversely associated with likelihood of ⩾1 of the three genes being methylated for premenopausal breast cancers, but positively associated with methylation in postmenopausal women. These results suggest that there may be alterations in methylation associated with early-life exposures that persist into adulthood and affect breast cancer risk.
Curiosity analyzes Martian soil samples
Authors: Showstack Randy , Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2012

NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has conducted its first analysis of Martian soil samples using multiple instruments, the agency announced at a 3 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. “These results are an unprecedented look at the chemical diversity in the area,” said NASA's Michael Meyer, program scientist for Curiosity.
John B. “Jack” Townshend (1927–2012)
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Finn Carol A.
Published: December 2012

Jack Townshend, geophysicist and dedicated public servant, died on 13 August 2012 in Fairbanks, Alaska. He was 85. Jack's career with the federal government, most of it with the national magnetic observatory program, spanned more than six solar cycles of time, and he retired only days before his death. The duration of Jack's career encompassed an important period in the history of the advancement of our understanding of the Earth. Jack's career of contributions, his life, and his personality are worthy of retrospective celebration.
Remote sensing atmospheric trace gases with infrared imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Leifer Ira , Tratt David M. , Realmuto Vincent J. , Gerilowski Konstantin , Burrows John P.
Published: December 2012

Atmospheric pollution affects human health, food production, and ecosystem sustainability, causing environmental and climate change. Species of concern include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), and the greenhouse gases (GHG) methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Trace gas remote sensing can provide source detection, attribution, monitoring, hazard alerts, and air quality evaluation.
Building a diverse geoscience workforce
Authors: Macdonald R. Heather , Blodgett Robert H. , Hodder Janet
Published: December 2012

Preparing Students in Two‐Year Colleges for Geoscience Degrees and Careers; Tacoma, Washington, 18–21 July 2012 Building a strong and diverse geoscience workforce is a critical national challenge. An important role is played by 2‐year colleges (2YCs) in increasing both the number and diversity of geoscience graduates. At the workshop, called Preparing Students in Two‐Year Colleges for Geoscience Degrees and Careers, faculty from 2YCs and 4‐year colleges and universities (4YCs), as well as representatives from professional organizations, discussed the successes and challenges of programs, strategies, and activities that support career preparation of 2YC students for geoscience careers, either as geotechnician graduates or geoscience majors at 4YCs. The workshop program, which includes links to presentations and specific examples of these strategies, can be found at http://serc.carleton.edu/sage2yc/workforce2012/program.html.
Simple formulas calculate cloud droplet concentration
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2012

Droplets in clouds form on atmospheric aerosols known as cloud condensational nuclei. More than 90% of cloud droplets nucleate within a few tens of meters above the base of clouds, where the air is supersaturated. The microphysical processes of drop formation within this thin layer above the cloud base determine the structure of the entire cloud, which can be 10–14 kilometers deep. Cloud structure in turn determines the cloud's effects on local and global weather and climate, so the accurate representation of droplet nucleation processes is important for modeling atmospheric processes on scales from single clouds to global scales. However, even with advanced supercomputers, cloud models cannot simulate the small‐scale processes in the thin layer above the cloud base, so analytical solutions are needed.
La Niña caused global sea level drop
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2012

The 2011 La Niña was so strong that it caused global mean sea level to drop by 5 millimeters, a new study shows. Since the early 1990s, sea level has been rising by about 3 millimeters per year, satellite data show. But between the beginning of 2010 and the middle of 2011, sea level fell by 5 millimeters. This occurred concurrently with the La Niña phase of the El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO involves a shift in ocean surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific and changes in precipitation patterns around the world. Previous studies have shown that strong El Niño events can increase sea level temporarily.
A core‐top study of dissolution effect on B/Ca in Globigerinoides sacculifer from the tropical Atlantic: Potential bias for paleo‐reconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry
Authors: Coadic R. , Bassinot F. , Dissard D. , Douville E. , Greaves M. , Michel E.
Published: December 2012

It has been recently shown that B/Ca in planktonic foraminiferal calcite can be used as a proxy for seawater pH. Based on the study of surface sediments (multi‐cores) retrieved along a depth transect on the Sierra Leone Rise (Eastern Equatorial Atlantic), we document the decrease of B/Ca and Mg/Ca of Globigerinoides sacculifer shells with increasing water depth and dissolution. This effect of dissolution on B/Ca may potentially represent a severe bias for paleo‐pH reconstructions using this species. Samples of G. sacculifer were analyzed independently at two laboratories for B/Ca and Mg/Ca. Both sets of results show a systematic decrease of B/Ca and Mg/Ca along the depth transect, with an overall loss of ~14 µmol/mol (~15%) for B/Ca and of ~0.7 mmol/mol (~21%) for Mg/Ca between the shallowest (2640 m) and the deepest (4950 m) sites. Because of this dissolution effect, surface water pH reconstructed from B/Ca of G. sacculifer decreases by ~0.11 units between the shallowest site and the deepest site, a magnitude similar to the expected glacial/interglacial surface water pH changes.
Noctilucent cloud variability and mean parameters from 15 years of lidar observations at a mid‐latitude site (54°N, 12°E)
Authors: Gerding M. , Höffner J. , Hoffmann P. , Kopp M. , Lübken F.‐J.
Published: December 2012

Noctilucent clouds (NLC) are an important tracer of temperature and dynamics of the summer mesopause region. Our site at Kühlungsborn (Germany, 54°N) is at the equatorward edge of the NLC region and therefore of special interest for the understanding of these clouds. 41 nights (63 h) of NLC are observed since 1997. They form the largest lidar data set from mid‐latitudes. NLC are typically weak, with nearly 70% having a backscatter coefficient βmax,532nm<2 ⋅ 10−10 m−1 sr−1. The seasonal variation of NLC shows maximum occurrence around the temperature minimum (saturation maximum) but lower temperatures (higher saturation) at the beginning compared to the end of the season. Mean centroid altitude is 82.7 ± 0.03 km, with strong NLC being typically lower and vertically thinner compared to weak clouds. NLC occurrence was lowest in the years 2000–2002 and reached a maximum in 2009 with a rate of 19%. Overall, NLC are less frequent and dimmer compared to higher latitudes. The occurrence is highly anti‐correlated with solar activity. Beside NLC, we are measuring mesospheric temperatures since 2002 by lidars, complemented by microwave observations of water vapor (since October 2009) and radar observations of mesospheric winds. NLC occurrence is found anti‐correlated with ambient temperatures (r = −0.85 at 84 km), while low temperatures are necessary but not sufficient for individual events. Meridional winds at 84 km are weakly anti‐correlated with NLC occurrence (r = −0.58 at 84 km). Furthermore, we find some biennial variation of NLC occurrence in part of the time series. Any additional trend has not yet been detected.
Finding a Niche in the Global Software Marketplace: The Case of the Peruvian Firm LOLIMSA, Technologias Para Salud
Authors: Carmel Erran
Published: December 2012

In 2005, a successful Peruvian-based software company was seeking to grow by exporting its software products. The case illustrates the entrepreneurial challenges in selling software products from a developing nation that is not on the forefront of the technology world. LOLIMSA has successfully grown its market into several Latin countries outside of Peru. The firm is considering trying to enter the lucrative American market for the second time, but knows that the investment in market entry is substantial.
Lifebushido: The Challenge of the Crowdsourcing Labor Markets
Authors: Carmel Erran
Published: December 2012

A small US-based crowdsourcing platform illustrates the entrepreneurial challenges in a new ‘industry’ – the crowdsourcing industry. The firm's president founded and manages a virtual firm, which he launched even before the term crowdsourcing was coined. He has chosen to focus his firm, initially, on selling labor services to the American real estate market. Now that he has successfully built a network of reliable providers and repeat clients, his dilemma is how to grow his firm.
Healthware S.p.A. – from an underdeveloped region of Italy – can it be a global firm?
Authors: Carmel Erran , Vaia Giovanni
Published: December 2012

Healthware, a digital communication agency specializing in healthcare, is based in Salerno Italy. The firm has 72 employees in two countries as well as clients in 14 countries. The case illustrates the location trade-offs of operating – and growing – a global digital company far from the epicenter of Italian business. The theme is universal. Once the firm is far from a nation's epicenter, a dynamism may be absent but the advantages are quite tangible: lower costs and employee stability. This teaching case is based on actual companies, people, and events, though some details have been dramatized or disguised.
Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Lithium Bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide Separators for Applications in Ionic Liquid Batteries
Authors: Truong Yen Bach , Kao Pon , Kyratzis Ilias Louis , Huynh Chi , Graichen Florian H. M. , Bhatt Anand I. , Best Adam S.
Published: December 2012

In batteries the separator plays a crucial role within the cell. Commercially available separators, e.g. polyolefins, glass fibres, or polyolefins with ceramic coatings, do not have ideal compatibility with ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. In this study, we report on the use of electrospinning to fabricate poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes for use with IL electrolyte based batteries. Four electrospun membranes have been prepared; a neat PVDF, PVDF doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and two LiTFSI-doped membranes based on either thermal or UV cross-linking. The membranes were characterised by a number of techniques and the key characteristics of all electrospun membranes included small fibre sizes and high porosity. The tensile strengths of the cross-linked membranes approached those of commercial membranes. Electrochemical performance was measured using coin cell cycling and the thermally cross-linked membrane gave the lowest cell overpotential as well as the lowest cell resistance.
Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji)
Authors: Peck D. M. , Habili N. , Nair R. M. , Randles J. W. , de Koning C. T. , Auricht G. C.
Published: December 2012

In the mid 2000s subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seed producers in South Australia reported symptoms of a red-leaf disease in fields with reduced seed yields. The red-leaf symptoms resembled those caused by several clover-infecting viruses. A set of molecular diagnostic tools were developed for the following viruses which are known to infect subterranean clover: Alfalfa mosaic virus; Bean leafroll virus (BLRV); Beet western yellows virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Soybean dwarf virus and Subterranean clover stunt virus. Surveys of subterranean clover seed production fields in 2008 in the south-east of South Australia and western Victoria identified Bean leafroll virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus as present, with BLRV the most widespread. Surveys of pasture seed production fields and pasture evaluation trials in 2009 confirmed that BLRV was widespread. This result will allow seed producers to determine whether control measures directed against BLRV will overcome their seed losses. Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) was implicated as a potential vector of BLRV because it was observed to be colonising lucerne plants adjacent to subterranean clover seed production paddocks with BLRV, and in a glasshouse trial it transmitted BLRV from an infected lucerne plant to subterranean clover in a persistent manner.
Some factors that contribute to poor survival of rhizobia on preinoculated legume seed
Authors: Hartley E. J. , Gemell L. G. , Deaker R.
Published: December 2012

Preinoculation of seed is a convenient alternative method to inoculating seed on-farm. With preinoculation, a range of plant-growth and protection agents, polymer adhesives, colour pigments or dyes, and powder materials may be incorporated into an inoculant adhesive-slurry prior to seed coating. However, our recent point-of-sale surveys support findings of previous studies that survival of rhizobia on preinoculated seed is variable and can be poor. We focussed our research, both in the laboratory and at commercial facilities, on some of the factors that may contribute to poor survival of rhizobia on preinoculated seed. We found that rhizobial survival was affected by water quality; filtration improved cell survival but was not equal to distilled water. We also found that polymers affected cell survival differently for each rhizobial strain, and that slowing the desiccation rate reduced the cell rate of decline. Although fewer in cell number, older inoculant afforded more protection for survival of rhizobial cells. There is a need to test each ingredient and stage in the seed-coating process for compatibility to determine the best practices to promote rhizobial survival on seed. Failure to act on these factors prolongs the status quo of the findings from recent retail surveys.
A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in south-eastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes
Authors: Humphries A. W. , Peck D. M. , Robinson S. S. , Rowe T. , Oldach K.
Published: December 2012

A new bluegreen aphid biotype (BGA, Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) has been found in south-eastern Australia that causes severe damage and mortality in seedlings of previously resistant pasture legume cultivars. Populations of BGA collected at Urrbrae and Binnum, SA in 2009 caused 100% mortality in 29 cultivars of annual and perennial Medicago spp. and annual Trifolium spp. Delaying inoculation from the first trifoliate to the 6–8 trifoliate stage and removing susceptible genotypes from experiments had no impact on reducing mortality from 100% in previously resistant barrel medics. A half-sib family of lucerne from the SARDI breeding program has maintained resistance to the Urrbrae 2009 BGA.
A detailed study of the virulence of BGA populations collected from Toowoomba (Qld), Tamworth, Howlong (NSW), Launceston (Tas.), Colebatch, Kimba, Urrbrae and Vivonne Bay (SA) in 2010–11 on 33 pasture legumes provides evidence of new virulent BGA being widespread, despite these populations causing less severe damage and mortality than the two populations collected in 2009.
Boron tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.)
Authors: Howie J. H.
Published: December 2012

Boron (B) is present at toxic levels in the subsoils of much of the semiarid south-eastern Australian cereal-livestock zone. Boron toxicity is typically associated with alkaline soils, where annual medics (Medicago spp.) are generally the best-adapted pasture legume. New medic cultivars have been developed for which there is no published B tolerance information. Five species of annual medic represented by 13 cultivars were grown in soil amended with B and evaluated for B tolerance. A rating system based on expression of symptoms was modified from earlier research. There was a wide range of response to B, both between and within species. Cultivars varied widely in their expression of symptoms; from showing no or few leaf symptoms (tolerant) to significant leaf necrosis (very sensitive). An integrated summary of both published and previously, unpubl. data for these and other medics is presented to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date comparison between different species and most commercial cultivars. This information will be useful for plant breeders, agronomists and farmers who manage soils with high B levels.
Exploring short-term ley legumes in subtropical grain systems: production, water-use, water-use efficiency and economics of tropical and temperate options
Authors: Bell Lindsay W. , Lawrence John , Johnson Brian , Whitbread Anthony
Published: December 2012

Biomass production, soil water extraction, and water-use efficiency (WUE, kg dry matter (DM)/ha.mm growing-season water use) of tropical, summer-growing and temperate, winter-growing forage legumes suited to short-term rotations with crops were compared over several growing seasons in southern Queensland. Tropical legumes lablab (Lablab purpureus cvv. Highworth and Endurance), burgundy bean (Macroptillium bracteatum cvv. Cardarga/Juanita mix), and butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgara) were compared with forage sorghum (Sorghum spp. cv. Silk and cv. Sugargraze). Temperate legumes snail medic (Medicago scutellata cv. Sava), lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. UQL-1), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium cv. Wilpena), and purple vetch (Vicia benghalensis cv. Popany) were compared with forage oats (Avena sativa cv. Taipan/Genie). Production and WUE of winter legumes was highly variable, with oats producing more biomass than the legumes, except in 2009 where oat establishment was poor. In years with good establishment, WUE of oats (14–28 kg DM/ha.mm), snail medic (13–25 kg DM/ha.mm), and sulla (12–20 kg DM/ha.mm) were similar, but the production and WUE of vetch were generally lower (6–14 kg DM/ha.mm). Sulla dried the soil profile by 60–100 mm more than the annual species, but less than lucerne. Summer legumes, burgundy bean, and lablab performed similarly, although always produced less biomass and had lower WUE than forage sorghum. Lucerne extracted more water and maintained a drier profile by 70–150 mm and had lower WUE (<10 kg DM/ha.mm) than burgundy bean or lablab (9–30 kg DM/ha.mm). Of the legumes tested, burgundy bean and lablab seem the most likely to be profitably integrated into subtropical cropping systems. Further evidence of the rotational benefits provided by these legumes is required before they will be favoured over the perceived reliability and higher productivity of annual grass-type forages.
Australian Legume Research – synthesis and future directions
Authors: Virgona J. M. , Harris C. , Kemp S. , Evans J. , Salmon R.
Published: December 2012

The Australian Legumes Symposium was the first in a planned series of regular technical symposia organised by the Australian Grasslands Association. The aim was to provide researchers with the opportunity to interact, present up-to-date reviews on topics related to pasture legume science, present results of current research and participate in planning of future research and development relevant to pasture legumes. This paper is intended to be the key output of the forum – a summary of findings and highlights from review and contributed research papers as well as identifying key research priorities for the future. In terms of the former, reviews presented at the symposium provided an overview of the development and role of pasture legumes in temperate farming systems. Closely related topics – nitrogen (N) fixation, N balance of farming systems and management of legume inoculation provided a focus on the importance of legumes in terms of N input and overall productivity. International perspectives on lucerne – its improvement and adoption provided a noticeable contrast to the apparent paucity of research into this species in Australia – despite its widespread use in temperate farming systems. In terms of content, there were many other papers delivered dealing with a wide diversity of relevant issues. On one hand the diversity of work in pasture legume research and development may stem from the wide array of expertise available in Australia and New Zealand, while on the other it might suggest that research and development inputs are being thinly spread over a large number of species.
With respect to determining research priorities, it was surprising that participants were most concerned with how research is funded and conducted and the need to address this by reconsidering current arrangements. A greater role for economic analysis in determining research priorities was foreshadowed. The identification and management of acid-tolerant perennial legumes for higher rainfall zone permanent pastures was nominated as a major research priority, as was the need to address problems related to pre-inoculation of legume seed. The clear message from the symposium was that there needs to be a reorganisation of pasture legume improvement in order for gains to be effectively realised, and to maintain research and development capacity.
Heterogeneous ozonolysis of pirimicarb and isopropalin: mechanism of ozone-induced N-dealkylation and carbonylation reactions
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Youfeng , Zhang Wang , Liu Changgeng , Shu Xi , Shu Jinian
Published: December 2012

Environmental contextPesticides emitted to the atmosphere can undergo extensive chemical transformations through reaction with atmospheric oxidants. Understanding the atmospheric lifetime and degradation mechanism of typical pesticides is very important to health and environmental risk assessments. We investigate the degradation products, lifetimes and reaction mechanisms of two representative pesticides oxidised by ozone in order to understand the environmental behaviours of these pesticides and their analogues. AbstractN,N-Dialkyl-substituted pyrimidine and N,N-dialkylaniline are basic structures for many pesticides. In this study, the heterogeneous reactions of O3 with pirimicarb and isopropalin adsorbed on silica particles are investigated. The N-dealkylation and carbonylation of the N,N-dialkyl group have been observed as the important reaction pathways for both pirimicarb and isopropalin. The measured effective rate constants for pirimicarb and isopropalin under room temperature (298 ± 2 K) are 1.45 × 10–18 (s.d. ±0.17) and 2.70 × 10–19 cm3 molecules–1 s–1 (±0.27). The corresponding half-life for the particulate pirimicarb and isopropalin are 5.6 and 30 days, assuming an average tropospheric ozone concentration of 40 ppbv. Detailed reaction mechanisms are proposed for the first time based on the density functional theory calculations. In addition, the transformation of –NO2 into –NHOH is observed in the ozonolysis of isopropalin, which has not been reported in previous studies.
1H NMR metabolomics of Eisenia fetida responses after sub-lethal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate
Authors: Lankadurai Brian P. , Simpson André J. , Simpson Myrna J.
Published: December 2012

Environmental contextPerfluoroalkyl acids are persistent environmental contaminants that are also found in soils. We use a metabolomics approach based on nuclear magnetic resonance analyses to investigate the responses of earthworms to exposure to sub-lethal levels of two perfluoroalkyl acids. The results indicate that this metabolomics approach is able to delineate the toxic mode of action of contaminants present at sub-lethal levels. AbstractMetabolomics entails the analysis of endogenous metabolites within organisms exposed to an external stressor such as an environmental contaminant. We utilised 1H NMR-based metabolomics to elucidate sub-lethal toxic mechanisms of Eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Earthworms were exposed to a range of concentrations of PFOA (6.25 to 50 μg cm–2) and PFOS (3.125 to 25 μg cm–2) by contact tests for 2 days. Earthworm tissues were extracted using a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water, and the polar fraction was analysed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. NMR-based metabolomic analysis revealed heightened E. fetida toxic responses with higher PFOA and PFOS exposure concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited significant separation between control and exposed earthworms along PC1 for all PFOA and PFOS exposure concentrations. Leucine, arginine, glutamate, maltose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are potential indicators of PFOA and PFOS exposure as these metabolite concentrations fluctuated with exposure. Our data also indicate that PFOA and PFOS exposure may increase fatty acid oxidation and interrupt ATP synthesis due to a disruption in the inner mitochondrial membrane structure. NMR-based metabolomics has promise as an insightful tool for elucidating the environmental toxicology of sub-lethal contaminant exposure.
A plea for improved education about ‘the Other' in Israel and Palestine
Authors: Kibble David G.
Published: December 2012

This study outlines the current and recent ‘state of play’ in Israeli and Palestinian schools concerning the education of students about ‘the Other’. This is seen to be far from satisfactory. An examination of the complexities involved in learning about ‘the Other’ and of education programmes in other countries that have been afflicted by internal conflict show the need for a properly developed peace education programme to be developed in Israel and Palestine if real peace in the region is to be promoted.
PtdIns4P synthesis by PI4KIIIα at the plasma membrane and its impact on plasma membrane identity
Authors: Nakatsu Fubito , Baskin Jeremy M. , Chung Jeeyun , Tanner Lukas B. , Shui Guanghou , Lee Sang Yoon , Pirruccello Michelle , Hao Mingming , Ingolia Nicholas T. , Wenk Markus R. , De Camilli Pietro
Published: December 2012

Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) has critical functions via both direct interactions and metabolic conversion to PI 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) and other downstream metabolites. However, mechanisms that control this PtdIns4P pool in cells of higher eukaryotes remain elusive. PI4KIIIα, the enzyme thought to synthesize this PtdIns4P pool, is reported to localize in the ER, contrary to the plasma membrane localization of its yeast homologue, Stt4. In this paper, we show that PI4KIIIα was targeted to the plasma membrane as part of an evolutionarily conserved complex containing Efr3/rolling blackout, which we found was a palmitoylated peripheral membrane protein. PI4KIIIα knockout cells exhibited a profound reduction of plasma membrane PtdIns4P but surprisingly only a modest reduction of PtdIns(4,5)P2 because of robust up-regulation of PtdIns4P 5-kinases. In these cells, however, much of the PtdIns(4,5)P2 was localized intracellularly, rather than at the plasma membrane as in control cells, along with proteins typically restricted to this membrane, revealing a major contribution of PI4KIIIα to the definition of plasma membrane identity.
Munc13 controls the location and efficiency of dense-core vesicle release in neurons
Authors: van de Bospoort Rhea , Farina Margherita , Schmitz Sabine K. , de Jong Arthur , de Wit Heidi , Verhage Matthijs , Toonen Ruud F.
Published: December 2012

Neuronal dense-core vesicles (DCVs) contain diverse cargo crucial for brain development and function, but the mechanisms that control their release are largely unknown. We quantified activity-dependent DCV release in hippocampal neurons at single vesicle resolution. DCVs fused preferentially at synaptic terminals. DCVs also fused at extrasynaptic sites but only after prolonged stimulation. In munc13-1/2–null mutant neurons, synaptic DCV release was reduced but not abolished, and synaptic preference was lost. The remaining fusion required prolonged stimulation, similar to extrasynaptic fusion in wild-type neurons. Conversely, Munc13-1 overexpression (M13OE) promoted extrasynaptic DCV release, also without prolonged stimulation. Thus, Munc13-1/2 facilitate DCV fusion but, unlike for synaptic vesicles, are not essential for DCV release, and M13OE is sufficient to produce efficient DCV release extrasynaptically.
What’s Hecuba to Shakespeare?*
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: December 2012

When Hamlet reflects on the charged power of the tragic theater, the figure who haunts his imagination is Hecuba, Queen of Troy, whose tragedy came to define the genre in sixteenth-century Europe. As a bereaved mourner who seeks revenge, Hecuba offers a female version of Hamlet. Yet even while underscoring her tragic power, Shakespeare simultaneously establishes a new model of tragic protagonist, challenging the period’s longstanding identification of tragedy with women. In exploring why both Hamlet and Shakespeare are preoccupied with Hecuba, this article argues that ignoring the impact of Greek plays in sixteenth-century England has left a gap in our understanding of early modern tragedy. Attending to Hecuba highlights Shakespeare’s innovations to a genre conventionally centered on female grief. In invoking Hecuba as an icon of tragedy, Shakespeare both reflects on and transforms women’s place in the genre.
On the Convent Threshold: Poetry for New Nuns in Early Modern Italy*
Authors: Brundin Abigail
Published: December 2012

In early modern Italy the entry of a woman into a nunnery was celebrated with lyric poems composed by male friends and would-be friends of the woman’s family, and, on occasion, by the woman herself. This genre of occasional verse marking nuns’ vestition and profession ceremonies has generally been overlooked by scholars, despite the considerable attention paid to early modern nuns in recent decades. Many of these poems were printed and served a public function, demonstrating how convents were embedded within early modern cultural networks. The poems, replete with Petrarchan tropes, anagrams, and play on the women’s names, illustrate the adaptability of secular literary modes in the wake of the Council of Trent. Rare poems by the women themselves — generally more private works that survive only in manuscript — go beyond the limits of the genre and offer a sometimes surprisingly intimate glimpse of how these women artfully responded to their own experiences.
Direct observation of ozone formation on SiO2 surfaces in O2 discharges
Authors: Marinov D , Guaitella O , Booth J P , Rousseau A
Published: December 2012

Ozone production is studied in a pulsed O2 discharge at pressures in the range 1.3–6.7 mbar. Time-resolved absolute concentrations of O3 and O are measured in the post-discharge using UV absorption spectroscopy and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence. In a bare silica discharge tube ozone is formed mainly by three-body gas-phase recombination. When the tube surface is covered by a high specific surface silica catalyst heterogeneous formation becomes the main source of ozone. The efficiency of this surface process increases with O2 pressure and is favoured by the presence of OH groups and adsorbed H2O on the surface. At p = 6.7 mbar ozone production accounts for up to 25% of the atomic oxygen losses on the surface.
Reduction of critical current density in a spin valve with a perpendicular polarizer and a planar biaxial free layer
Authors: Chang Jui-Hang , Chen Hao-Hsuan , Chang Ching-Ray
Published: December 2012

Ultrafast magnetization switching of a spin valve consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized polarizer and an in-plane magnetized free layer with uniaxial and higher order anisotropy is studied. Here we report the analytical results in which a modified asteroid and current–field state diagram are derived from an effective one-dimensional free energy for higher order anisotropy. Because additional crystalline axes provide an additional nutation channel, the critical current density for the biaxial case is smaller than that commonly observed for quadratic anisotropy. This will be of importance for the design of spin-torque-transfer magnetic random access memories and nano-oscillators.
Drift and clustering of daughter negative ions of H2O in parent gas
Authors: de Urquijo J , Bekstein A , Ruiz-Vargas G , Gordillo-Vázquez F J
Published: December 2012

The mobility of daughter negative ions of H2O in parent gas has been measured with a pulsed Townsend technique over the density-reduced field strength, E/N, range 9–100 Td and a pressure range 2–16 Torr. It has been found that the mobility of the anions is dependent on the gas pressure. Using a transport theory considering the influence of the permanent dipole field of H2O, we have found that the pressure-dependent mobilities can be associated with a series of cluster ions of the type OH−(H2O)
n
(n = 1–3), with the mass of the cluster species increasing with the total gas pressure. Also, the mobility of H− and OH− could be estimated. Using a Townsend avalanche simulator we have been able to explain the measured ionic currents in terms of an ion–molecule reaction scheme with a single set of swarm and reaction coefficients for each value of the density-reduced field strength, E/N, at several pressures. Regarding the positive ions, the only drifting ion is H3O+, the mobility of which could be estimated. The rate constants relative to the formation of the OH−(H2O)
n
(n = 1–3) species were also derived from this study.
Twinning in GaAsSb grown on (1 1 1)B GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Chen Y R , Chou L C , Yang Y J , Lin H H
Published: December 2012

Twinning in GaAsSb thin film grown on (1 1 1)B GaAs substrate has been investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). We observed twins and double twins in samples grown at a temperature lower than 525 °C with (2 × 2) surface reconstruction. Lattice image of cross-sectional TEM shows strong disorders existing at the interfaces where the double twin, formed in the primary twin with respect to (1 1 1)B mirror plane, joins the bulk or twins with respect to the other {1 1 1} plane. The disorder resulting from the latter joint is able to extend to the surface, leading to pyramid surface structure. Phi-scan XRD was used to quantify the twin density by measuring the additional (2 2 0) peaks resulting from the twins. As the growth temperature increases to 550 °C with

surface reconstruction, twin density drastically decreases. Cross-sectional TEM shows only misfit dislocations along the growth plane.
Corrigendum: Anisotropic bonded magnets fabricated via surfactant-assisted ball milling and magnetic-field processing
Authors: Poudyal Narayan , Nguyen Van Vuong , Rong Chuan-bing , Ping Liu J
Published: December 2012

The full text of this article is available in the PDF provided.
Heating and current drive by ion cyclotron waves in the activated phase of ITER
Authors: Dumont R.J. , Zarzoso D.
Published: December 2012

Waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) are expected to play a central role in the heating of ITER plasmas during deuterium (D)–tritium (T) operation. These waves can also be used to drive current by direct electron damping of the fast wave, provided an appropriate antenna phasing is used. The corresponding current profile is peaked near the magnetic axis, and can have a beneficial effect on the discharge stability and performance. In this paper, two scenarios applicable during the activated phase of ITER operation are compared: second harmonic tritium heating and minority helium-3 heating, which differ in the addition of a small fraction of 3He ions (2%) in the DT mixture for the latter. The resulting change of the dominant ICRF heating scheme causes the discharge properties to differ appreciably. In this paper, a full-wave code is coupled to a Fokker–Planck solver and a current drive module to investigate in detail the effect of ICRF waves on the discharge. The impact of phasing on the scenario in terms of plasma heating and current drive efficiency is studied by simulating ICRF heating with various antenna toroidal spectra. It is found that despite a lower current drive efficiency, the addition of 3He in the discharge increases the single-pass absorption rate, the ion heating fraction, and makes the scenario essentially immune to details in the toroidal phasing and fast ion properties.
A model for microinstability destabilization and enhanced transport in the presence of shielded 3D magnetic perturbations
Authors: Bird T M , Hegna C C
Published: December 2012

A mechanism is presented that suggests shielded 3D magnetic perturbations can destabilize microinstabilities and enhance the associated anomalous transport. Using local 3D equilibrium theory, shaped tokamak equilibria with small 3D deformations are constructed. In the vicinity of rational magnetic surfaces, the infinite-n ideal MHD ballooning stability boundary is strongly perturbed by the 3D modulations of the local magnetic shear associated with the presence of near-resonant Pfirsch–Schlüter currents. These currents are driven by 3D components of the magnetic field spectrum even when there is no resonant radial component. The infinite-n ideal ballooning stability boundary is often used as a proxy for the onset of virulent kinetic ballooning modes and associated stiff transport. These results suggest that the achievable pressure gradient may be lowered in the vicinity of low order rational surfaces when 3D magnetic perturbations are applied. This mechanism may provide an explanation for the observed reduction in the peak pressure gradient at the top of the edge pedestal during experiments where edge localized modes have been completely suppressed by applied 3D magnetic fields.
Executive Summary: Diagnosis and Management of Prosthetic Joint Infection: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of Americaa
Authors: Osmon Douglas R. , Berbari Elie F. , Berendt Anthony R. , Lew Daniel , Zimmerli Werner , Steckelberg James M. , Rao Nalini , Hanssen Arlen , Wilson Walter R.
Published: December 2012

These guidelines are intended for use by infectious disease specialists, orthopedists, and other healthcare professionals who care for patients with prosthetic joint infection (PJI). They include evidence-based and opinion-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with PJI treated with debridement and retention of the prosthesis, resection arthroplasty with or without subsequent staged reimplantation, 1-stage reimplantation, and amputation.
Surgical Treatment of Sporadic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A State of the Art Review
Authors: Haugvik Sven-Petter , Labori Knut Jørgen , Edwin Bjørn , Mathisen Øystein , Gladhaug Ivar Prydz
Published: December 2012

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare neoplasms. They are clinically diverse and divided into functioning and nonfunctioning disease, depending on their ability to produce symptoms due to hormone production. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment and remains the cornerstone therapy for this patient group, even in patients with advanced disease. Over the last decade there has been a noticeable trend towards more aggressive surgery as well as more minimally invasive surgery in patients with PNETs. This has resulted in improved long-term survival in patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease treated aggressively, as well as shorter hospital stays and comparable long-term outcomes in patients with limited disease treated minimally invasively. There are still controversies related to issues of surgical treatment of PNETs, such as to what extent enucleation, lymph node sampling, and vascular reconstruction are beneficial for the oncologic outcome. Histopathologic tumor classification is of high clinical importance for treatment planning and prognostic evaluation of patients with PNETs. A constant challenge, which relates to the treatment of PNETs, is the lack of an internationally accepted histopathological classification system. This paper reviews current issues on the surgical treatment of sporadic PNETs with specific focus on surgical approaches and tumor classification.