bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Physically Based Percolation Model of the Effective Electrical Conductivity of Particle Filled Composites
Authors: Cai Wen-Zhong , Tu Shan-Tung , Gong Jian-Ming
Published: March 2006

The fundamental mechanism of the non-universality of exponent t in the classical percolation equation is discussed on the basis of the comparison of lattice percolation and continuum percolation systems in the present study. The intrinsic universality of percolation exponents is revealed by analyzing the power-law percolation relationship between two different scales (microstructure and macroscopic properties). In view that the classical percolation equation with fitting parameters lacks a clear correlation to the microstructure features, a physically based percolation model is proposed to characterize the effective electrical conductivity of particle filled composites by means of the combination of effective medium (EM) and percolation equations with universal exponents. It is shown that the present model agrees well with the experimental data. Furthermore, the effect of particle shape on the percolation threshold and the effect of electrical conductivity of particle on the effective properties of composites are discussed.
Comparison of Various Shear Deformation Theories for Bending, Buckling, and Vibration of Rectangular Symmetric Cross-ply Plate with Simply Supported Edges
Authors: Aydogdu Metin
Published: March 2006

In the present study, unified shear deformation theory which was proposed by Soldatos, K.P. and Timarci, T. (1993). A Unified Formulation of Laminated Composite, Shear Deformable Five-degrees-of-freedom Cylindrical Shells on the Basis of a Unified Shear Deformable Shell Theory, Compos. Struct., 25(1–4): 165–171 is used to analyze simply supported symmetric cross-ply rectangular plates for deflections, stresses, natural frequencies, and buckling loads. This theory enables the selection of different in-plane displacement components to represent shear deformation. Exponential shear deformation theory, which is proposed by Karama et al., 40(6) (2003). Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Composite Beam by New Multi-layered Laminated Composite Structures Model with Transverse Shear Stress Continuity, Int J Solids Struct., 40: 1525–1546, is used for the first time to analyze the problem considered. Results which are found by exponential theory are compared with those obtained by using the parabolic shear deformation theory of Reddy, J.N., 51(4) (1984). A Simple Higher-order Theory for Laminated Composite Plates, J Appl Mech., 51: 745–752, the trigonometric shear deformation theory of Touratier, M., 29(8) (1991). An Efficient Standard Plate Theory, Int. Jnl. Engng. Sci., 29(8): 901–916, the hyperbolic shear deformation theory of Soldatos, K.P., 94(3–4) (1992). A Transverse Shear Deformation Theory for Homogeneous Monoclinic Plates, Acta Mech., 94: 1995–220 and with the available three-dimensional elasticity solutions. The study shows that while the transverse displacement and the stresses are best predicted by the exponential shear deformation theory, the parabolic shear deformation and the hyperbolic shear deformation theories yield more accurate predictions for the natural frequencies and the buckling loads.
Improved Damping in VARTM Composite Structures using Perforated Viscoelastic Layers
Authors: Robinson M. J. , Kosmatka J. B.
Published: March 2006

Recent work has shown that damped composite structures can be fabricated successfully by co-curing embedded damping layers in carbon/epoxy prepreg laminates using autoclave processing. However, no attention has been given to embedding damping layers into composite structures using low-cost fabrication methods such as the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The current research presented in this article outlines a unique method of embedding impermeable damping layers into low-cost composite plates fabricated using the VARTM process. The damping layers are perforated with a series of small holes to allow the resin to flow through the damping layer and completely wet-out the plate. Experimental vibration and stiffness testing are performed to investigate the effect of perforation hole diameter and hole spacing on the damped structural behavior. Results show that the damping and stiffness can be very sensitive to perforation spacing, size, and location. It is shown that for small diameter moderately spaced perforations (99.7% damping area or greater) the damping increased by a factor of 14.3 over undamped plates, whereas slightly increasing the hole diameter or decreasing the spacing (95% damping area) resulted in significantly lower damping performance (2.2 factor increase over the undamped plate). For displacement critical vibration suppression, it was shown that plates with perforated damping layers will out-perform fully damped plates. Experimental and finite element results as well as practical design considerations for fabricating damped composite structures using the VARTM process are presented.
Computational Simulation of Composites Reinforced by Planar Random Fibers: Homogenization and Localization by Unit Cell and Mean Field Approaches
Authors: Duschlbauer Dominik , BÖhm Helmut J. , Pettermann Heinz E.
Published: March 2006

The linear thermoelastic and thermophysical behavior of a short fiber reinforced composite material with planar random fiber arrangement is investigated by advanced numerical and analytical micromechanical methods. On the one hand, finite element based multi-fiber unit cells are introduced that contain 40-50 short fibers in arrangements approximating 2D random orientation distributions. On the other hand, the same fiber arrangements are investigated by an extended Mori-Tanaka mean field approach that can handle both statistical and discrete descriptions of the fiber orientations. Within the Mori-Tanaka scheme average microfields are extracted for individual fibers, and finite-length cylindrical reinforcements are modeled via averaged dilute concentration tensors that are evaluated numerically by finite element analysis. Homogenization and localization are performed for a metal matrix composite consisting of copper, reinforced by 21 vol% of carbon fibers that closely approximate a planar random arrangement. Simulation results on the macroscopic and microscopic linear elastic, thermoelastic, and thermal conductivity responses obtained by the two approaches are compared and excellent agreement is found.
Modified SDOF Models for Improved Representation of the Impact Response of Composite Plates
Authors: Feraboli Paolo
Published: March 2006

Previous research has shown that simple single degree of freedom (SDOF) models can be used successfully to reproduce the force-time response of composite plates subjected to low-velocity impacts (LVI). In particular, a simple spring-mass (SM) model yields accurate estimates of the peak contact force as a function of impact energy. The major limitation of this model is that it applies only to elastic impact events, and ceases to be valid after the onset of damage. The effort of this investigation is to modify the SM model, while retaining the simplicity of its formulation, and to extend its range of validity to the super-critical regime. Three models are derived, namely the damaged stiffness, the dissipated energy, and the spring-mass-dashpot models, and their validity is examined through comparisons with experimental data. Impact force-time traces for carbon/epoxy laminates exhibiting various combinations of laminate thickness and support span are collected, and it is found that the additional unknowns introduced for each of the models, although determined empirically, are strongly related to the structural parameters for each configuration investigated.
Fiber-reinforced Polymer Bars Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles and Different Loading Rates
Authors: Koller Renèe , Chang Sunyoung , Xi Yunping
Published: March 2006

The use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) has increased due to their excellent corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight-ratio, and stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, different coefficients of thermal expansion of the constituent materials result in high residual stresses which can accentuate microcracking and void generation in cold climates. This article presents the effects on durability of carbon and glass FRP reinforcing bars due to combined freeze-thaw cycles and different loading rates. Specifically, the degradation of FRP bars due to coupled freeze-thaw cycling, tension, and tensile fatigue loading are experimentally investigated. After a series of cyclic environmental preconditioning, the properties of GFRP bars are evaluated from several aspects: ultimate strength under different loading rates, elastic modulus, fatigue strength, and failure mode analysis.
Preparation of Polyimide/Inorganic Nanoparticle Hybrid Films by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Liu Lizhu , Liang Bing , Wang Wei , Lei Qingquan
Published: March 2006

In this study polyimide/inorganic silica–alumina nanoparticle hybrid films are first prepared by sol–gel method to find a promising method for enhancing thermal property and other properties. Silica sol and alumina sol starting from tetraethoxysilicane (TEOS) and aluminum isopropylate (AIP) are doped in a solution of poly (amic acid). The hybrid films are obtained by a stepwise heating method. The structure, micro-morphology, and thermal properties of the films are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The micrographs show uniform distribution of club shaped particles in the films containing silica and alumina. The micrographs of polyimide/silica hybrid films revealed sphericity and uniform distribution of particles. Al2O3 particles are poorly dispersed and are prone to agglomerate in the polyimide/alumina hybrid films. Moreover, there are chemical bonds between inorganic and organic phases in the hybrid films. The thermodecomposition temperature of the hybrid films is also improved markedly after the addition of silica and alumina nanoparticles.
A Simple Method and Program for the Analysis of the Microstructure-Stiffness Interrelations of Composite Materials
Authors: Mishnaevsky L.
Published: March 2006

A simple efficient method for the estimation of stiffness of materials with arbitrarily complex and irregular microstructures is developed on the basis of a combination of Reuss and Voigt estimates for the stiffness of a composite. A program which designs complex microstructures as an array of cells in an interactive session, and then estimates the Young’s modulus of designed arbitrary microstructures is developed. A combined Reuss-Voigt model is developed for the calculation of Young’s modulus of bilayers with inclined interfaces. A subroutine, which links the developed program and the commercial FE codes and allows the automatic generation of micromechanical finite element models of the designed microstructures is built-in in the program. Using this model, the effect of the smoothness of the transition region in graded composites on the stiffness of the materials is studied. It is shown that the stiffness of graded composites increases with increasing the smoothness of the transition region between the phases.
Mode II Delamination and Damage Resistance of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Laminates Interleaved with Thermoplastic Particles
Authors: Gao Feng , Jiao Guiqiong , Lu Zhixian , Ning Rongchang
Published: March 2006

In order to evaluate thermoplastic particle interlayer toughening effect on compression strength after impact (CAI) and damage resistance under quasi-static concentrated force, both non-interleaved and interleaved specimens of three types of carbon-fiber epoxy composites, HT7/5228, HT3/NY9200G, and HT3/5224, are fabricated. Mode II fracture toughness test and quasi-static indentation (QSI) test are conducted. The experimental results indicate that the interlayer zones formed by particles and matrix can significantly suppress delamination; mode II delamination resistance and damage resistance are significantly enhanced. The interleaved specimen can achieve small damage area at the expense of greater indent depth in local region. The toughening mechanisms are chiefly as follows: geometrical effect of interlayer, crack path deflection, and crack-tip shielding. Furthermore, a large amount of energy is absorbed by ductile deformation and ultimate failure of thermoplastic particles.
Investigation of the Effect of Styrene Content on the Ultimate Curing of Vinylester Resins by TGA-FTIR
Authors: Cardona F. , Rogers D. , Davey S. , Van Erp G.
Published: March 2006

The influence of styrene content on styrene added vinylester resin (VER) is investigated. The network structure and its thermal properties is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the combination of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) (TGA-FTIR). The glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) of the resins are found to decrease systematically with increasing styrene content, which decreases the crosslink density of the cured materials. The Tgof VER samples cured 97-98% is significantly lower, by as much as 25°C, than the Tgof a fully cured (100%) sample. This is due to the plasticizing effect of unreacted styrene in the network. The combination of TGA and FTIR confirm the evolution of gaseous styrene moieties at the degradation temperature of vinylester groups, the relative amount of styrene emitted being higher with increasing styrene content. A good correlation is found between the thermal properties by DSC and the results obtained from the TGA-FTIR system.
Interactions of BDTDACl and DTABr Surfactants with Montmorillonite in Aqueous Systems
Authors: Günister E. , Ünlü C. H. , Atici O. , Ece O. I. , Güngör N.
Published: March 2006

In this study, the effect of the two cationic surfactants (benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BDTDACl) and dodecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (DTABr)) on the electrokinetic and rheologic properties of Na-montmorillonite dispersion (3% w/w) has been investigated at their concentrations between 0 and 10 mmol/L. Experimental results reveal that cationic surfactants are attached on the surface of negatively charged clay particles and also they penetrate into the interlayer of clay particles. The intercalation of surfactants with clay minerals is shown to lead to an increase in the interlayer spacing of montmorillonites by X-ray diffraction. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra obtained from the modified bentonite products reveal the characteristic absorption bands. The morphology of bentonite dispersions was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both X-ray diffraction data and scanning electron micrographs of intercalated montmorillonites indicate that most of the montmorillonites are dispersed randomly in the organo-clay dispersion.
Experimental Investigation of the Buckling of Polymeric Composites During Simultaneous High Heat Flux Exposure and Compressive Loading
Authors: Liu L. , Holmes J. W.
Published: March 2006

A cone calorimeter is modified to study the effect of simultaneous high heat flux surface heating and compressive loading on the failure time of fiberglass-reinforced vinyl-ester matrix polymeric composites. Compressive loading of test samples during heat exposure is achieved by using a specially designed mechanical loading fixture that mounted directly below a radiant cone heater. Using specimens with a heated length of 74 and 100 mm, the effect of surface heat fluxes from 25 to 75 kW/m2 and compressive loads from 3.5 to 10.5 MPa on failure time and failure mode is examined. For an intermediate heat flux level of 50 kW/m2, the time-to-failure of the composite varied from 404s at 3.5 MPa to 131s at 10.5 MPa. All test conditions cause catastrophic failure instability, even at compressive stresses as low as 3.5 MPa. Measurement of the axial and transverse displacements of specimens shows the existence of a thermal bendin moment during the combined thermal and mechanical loading. In addition to experimental results for the relationship between heat flux, compressive load and failure-time, details of the experimental procedure, including the modifications made to the cone calorimeter to allow simultaneous mechanical loading are discussed.
Inverse Analysis to Determine Hygrothermal Properties in Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Vaddadi Pavankiran , Nakamura Toshio , Singh Raman P.
Published: March 2006

Fiber-reinforced composite laminates are often used in severe environments such as high temperature and humidity conditions. Therefore, it is of practical interest to establish a simple but robust method to determine material properties that define the hygrothermal behavior of composites under various conditions. In this article a novel inverse analysis approach is presented to identify the diffusivity, maximum moisture content, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and coefficient of moisture expansion (CME) of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites subjected to various conditions of environmental exposure. This procedure involves three distinct steps. First, the transient expansions and weight gains are experimentally measured under different temperatures and humidity conditions. Next, reference solutions are established from detailed computational models, which incorporate the heterogeneous nature of composite's microstructure. Finally, the Kalman filter technique is utilized to extract best estimates of the material parameters of interest. The use of inverse analysis is necessitated by the fact that backward relations from the measured parameters to the unknown properties are not directly apparent. The results show diffusivity to be a strong function of temperature while the maximum moisture content to be a strong function of relative humidity. For the case of material expansion, moisture induced strains as well as thermal strains exhibit slight dependence on temperature. In addition to estimating the material parameters of interest, detailed studies are conducted to investigate the source of scatterings observed in the expansion measurements during heating and moisture absorption, and possible 3D effects in measurements.
Effects of Temperature on the Bearing Strength of CF/Epoxy Pinned Joints
Authors: Hirano Noriyoshi , Takao Yoshihiro , Wang Wen-Xue
Published: March 2006

Pinned joint bearing tests are conducted at room temperature (25°C) and at high (150°C) and low (-100°C) temperatures for CF/epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates cured at 180°C with two stacking sequences, namely, [0/45/-45/90]3S and [90/-45/45/0]3S. Then, the evolution of microscopic damage as a function of load is examined by using an optical microscope. This article presents an original set of experimental data on the bearing strength of CF/epoxy pinned joints at high and low temperatures, as well as room temperature, while the previous studies did not cover the wide range of temperatures. Moreover, a technique for dynamically monitoring the load is developed to obtain the damage at the maximum load. The critical damage has not been distinguished from the secondary ones in the previous literature. It is found that the bearing failure of a pinned joint is composed of various damages depending on environmental temperatures; further, the strength of the pinned joint is closely related to the compressive kinking failure of all the inner 0° layers. Other characteristic features of the damage evolution at each temperature are discussed in detail.
Smart Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Composites
Authors: Shifeng Huang , Dongyu Xu , Jun Chang , Ronghua Xu , Lingchao Lu , Xin Cheng
Published: March 2006

In this study carbon fiber reinforced cement-based composites (CFRC) are fabricated by compressing, and the smart properties of the composites are studied. The results show that there exists a remarkable negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) in the composite. The resistivities of the composites formed under 10 MPa are more sensitive to temperature than that of the composites formed under 2 MPa, and the critical temperature zone of the composites formed under 10 MPa (100-130°C) is narrower than that of the composites formed under 2 MPa (50-100°C). The fractional change in resistance of CFRC shows obvious one-to-one correspondence with cyclic load. The amplitude of the fractional change in resistance of the composites formed under 10 MPa is obviously larger than that of the composites formed under 2 MPa, which is more suitable for the application of important buildings such as bridges, dams, and so on to realize the real-time, dynamic and health monitoring, and damnification evaluation.
The Relationship of Information Sharing Norms and Leader Behavior
Authors: Wofford J. C. , Calabro P. J. , Sims Alan
Published: March 2006

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the behavior pattern of leaders and the willingness of their subordinates to share information. Measures of information sharing norms were obtained from 250 individuals within business organizations along with assessments of the leadership behaviors of their supervisors. Factor analysis of the information sharing measures revealed five information categories. Factor analysis of the leadership measures yielded two dimensions of leadership behavior. Leaders who gave greater emphasis to their personal relationships with subordinates in their leadership patterns were found to have subordinates with greater willingness to share information than leaders who were not oriented to personal relationships. As the degree of control exercised by the leader over his subordinates increased, the tendency for the subordinates to share information decreased.
The E.P.R.G. Schema and Multinational Management: A Perspective of Employment Practices
Authors: Mahmoud Shah
Published: March 2006

In order to develop geocentric orientation, multinationalfirms must develop management and marketing tactics that can effectively deal with local market environments. These firms cannot allow themselves to optimize on an international scale. Local market decisions must be made in light of their effect upon the entire company.
Changing Patterns of Significant Authors on Leadership and Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Van Fleet David D.
Published: March 2006

This paper develops four lists of leading authors on leadership and managerial effectiveness and examines the distribution over time of works by those authors on those topics. In this way, not only are leading authors identified, but changing patterns are also determined. This approach suggests that number of citations, while inadequate as a sole measure of importance, may assist in identifying leading authors for teachers to use in course design, scholars to use in literature searches, and students of management thought to use in examining patterns of change.
The Effects of Anonymity Versus Identified But Confidential Response Conditions In Organizational Research
Authors: Armenakis Achilles A. , Feild Hubert S. , Holley William H. , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: March 2006

An important consideration when using questionnaires in organizational research is whether or not they should be administered under anonymous or identified but confidential response conditions. If the responses are to be used with other data (e.g., that obtainable from personnel files), respondent identification is mandatory. Research findings in the literature on the anonymity question suffer from two main inadequacies. First the research subjects may be students, thereby making inferences for research using employees impractical. Second, the research using employees as subjects does not deal with issues of high risk (e.g., a subordinate's perception of the technical expertise of his supervisor). The present study recognized these limitations by (1) using employees of a public agency as subjects and (2) dealing with high risk issues. The researchers concluded that under the anonymous condition, responses will be significantly more negative than under the IBC condition.
Graduate Business Education - 75th Anniversary (1900-1975)
Authors: Wheelen Thomas L. , Hunger J. David
Published: March 2006

This paper gives a brief overview of graduate business education at the two oldest graduate schools of business - Amos Tuck and Harvard. Its purpose is to give an historical overview of the MBA program in U.S. since its inception seventy-five years ago.
Birth Order and Managerial Achievement: Another Look
Authors: Popp Gary E. , Davis Herbert J.
Published: March 2006

A study was conducted to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the probability of successful managerial achievement in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry between only-born, early-born and later-born managers. Respondents included 440 male managers. Of the subjects, 181 were classified as first-line managers, 156 as middle managers, and 103 were in top management.

Only-born top managers were found to be significantly over-represented when compared to other ordinal positions. Only-born first-line managers were under-represented. Only-born middle managers at all levels of management were found to be as statistically expected. No predicted birth-order effects were found in any family ordinal position other than only-borns. The findings suggested that the only born has a proportionally better chance of reaching top management in the petro-chemical manufacturing industry than any other birth order. The results also seem to indicate that while many similarities appear to exist in only a first born, significant differences also seem to be present.
Designing an Effective Problem Solving Organization With The MAPS Design Technology
Authors: Kilmann Ralph H. , Lyles Marjorie A. , Mitroff Ian I.
Published: March 2006

Because of increasingly dynamic and changing environments there is a greater need to create particular problem-solving designs so that frequently emerging problems can be defined and addressed. The MAPS Design Technology is a systematic set of methodologies to actually create problem-solving designs distinct from the organization's operational design. It is argued that the latter design is best for guiding specific, day-to-day activities while the problem-solving design is needed for the ill-defined, long-term concerns of the organization. Without a technology such as MAPS, the organization is expected to have a fairly difficult time in trying to create and decide on something as important and complex as organization design by simply intuitive processes.
An Empirical Test of the Decision to Participate Model
Authors: Mondy R. Wayne , Edens Frank N.
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this research was to test one facet of the set of propositions known as "the decision to participate." [6] The investigation was undertaken to discover background characteristics of individuals who had the greatest prospect for achieving success from an environment in which organizational inducements were minimal. As hypothesized it was found that individuals who remained with the firm being studied present a biographical data profile suggesting low contribution potential.
The Effects of Organizational Communication on Job Satisfaction and Motivation Factors for Management
Authors: Burton Gene E. , Pathak Dev S. , Zigli Ron M.
Published: March 2006

Most executives agree that effective communication is essential for the successful performance of organizations. In fact, it seems clear that communication is the key to all interpersonal activity. Communication is the process for conveying meaning from one person to another or from the formal organization to the individual employee. Communications from the organization are the essential ingredients in the formation of individual role expectations, better known as "sent roles. " [9, p. 15]Role Clarity may be defined as the extent to which required information is communicated -to and understood by the employee. In other words, the worker experiences a lack of role clarity when the information needed to do his job effectively is either nonexistent or inadequate. Prior research shows that role clarity problems lead to stress, tension, anxiety, dissatisfaction, turn-over, lack of job interest, and less innovation. [1;5;8;9;16] One conclusion from these studies would be that different workers from different working environments have varying degrees of role clarity needs. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research with respect to the specific effects of role clarity on the need structures of workers.
Human Resource Accounting: Why The Delay?
Authors: Powell James Donald , Sciullo Henry A. , Mattson Gertrude
Published: March 2006

Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is a concept which held the promise of being a valuable tool for management and accounting. Yet for all its potential, the implementation of HRA on a broad scale seems to have been slow in coming.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine some conceptual aspects of HRA and to summarize some of the experiences of companies implementing it with the purpose of arriving at some tentative conclusions about the factors that might have caused the delay in implementation. Among the questions discussed are:

1. Was HRA a weak concept? Discussed here are the myriad advantages that HRA's proponents claim for it.

2. Are the technical implementation problems insurmountable?

3. What costs should be considered in capitalizing humans? Related questions involve accumulation of costs, choice of amortization method, and disposition of unamortized costs.

4. What has been the experience of companies such as American Telephone and Telegraph and the R. G. Barry Corporation who have implemented HRA?

5. Has implementation of HRA been slowed by an "intramural" struggle between behavioral theorists and financial specialists?

The paper concludes with some recommendations for hastening the widespread use of HRA. Among these are: more cautious implementation of HRA systems, use of HRA for internal purposes, and a general toning down of the rhetoric about HRA's promise from its proponents.
Faculty Consulting: Fact and Fallacy
Authors: Kuhn David G. , Lee John W.
Published: March 2006

This study was designed to detect differences in student reactions to classroom instruction between faculty actively engaged in related outside consulting and those faculty not actively engaged in related outside consulting. Data was obtained from Florida State University's Student Instructional Rating System. Analysis indicated a number of significant differences. Interpretation of the results suggests that engagement in related outside consulting and teaching effectiveness are positively related to each other.
The Management Crunch: A Challenge for Business Education
Authors: Burton Gene E. , Pathak Dev S. , Zigli Ron M.
Published: March 2006

This study investigated the factors relevant to management motivation of today's college students. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire administered to 78 juniors and seniors in a large College of Business in the nation's Southeast. Among other findings, this study seemed to indicate that management and marketing majors offer strong management potential while accounting, banking, general business, health administration and business education majors appear to be a poor source of managerial talent.
Is The Contingency Theory Of Organization A Technology-Bound Conceptualization?
Authors: Herbert Theodore T. , Matthews Ronald D.
Published: March 2006

The applicability of Lawrence and Lorsch's Contingency Theory of Organization to an industry other than one characterized by process manufacturing was investigated, with Contingency Theory methodology being replicated in a study based on the banking industry. Measures of performance, differentiation, integration, and conflict resolution modes were obtained in a field study of three major banks competing in the same geographical region. High-performer and low-performer data typically fell into patterns predicted by the Contingency Theory, although differences (notably in differentiation measures) were noted. The general replication of patterns and findings in a service industry lends support to the Contingency Theory as an important conceptual and analytical tool.
A Doctoral Field in Business Strategy-Policy
Authors: Greenwood W. T.
Published: March 2006

No less than twenty doctoral programs in Business Strategy-Policy are needed immediately to meet the academic market needs of the coming decade, created by the recent AACSB requirement of the "core" course at both the undergraduate and MBA levels.

The objectives of the course have been universally defined and confirmed by the Gordon and Howell and the Pierson reports, and by the AACSB. Recent studies of the field have identified four major trends: emphasis on strategy as well as policy formulation and administration, fusion of strategy-policy with business-society and business environmental problems, comparative analysis of business firms with their economic-industrial environments, and the inclusion and emphasis of the role and functions of the board of directors.

Professional education for business defined by the AACSB has for the past twenty years focused on the practitioner application of the administrative process to business problems (Business Administration), thereby suggesting at least a 50-50% point of departure in a curriculum emphasis on theory and practice. This point of departure is applied to a suggested doctoral program content in bibliographical essay form including the following: I. Policy Environment (A) Social, Political-Legal and Ethical Philosophy, II. Policy Environment (B) Economic Growth and Industry Competition, III. Business Strategy and Policy Theory and Practice, and IV. General Management Decision-Making Systems and Methodologies.
The Relationship of Managerial Behavior Dimensions and Situational Variables
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: March 2006

Prior research of situational effects on leadership and managerial behavior have been primarily concerned with three situational variables-task structure, position power and leader member relations-and two dimensions of behavior-task oriented and relationship oriented. This study attempts to establish a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between situational variables and managerial behavior by expanding the scope of study for both elements. Six managerial behavior dimensions and 23 situational variables were assessed for managers within six organizations. The results show a substantial proportion of the variance of each managerial behavior dimension is accounted for by the situational variables.
The Ethics of Social Responsiblity: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Mears Peter , Smith Jerald
Published: March 2006

An instrument was designed to measure the ethical aspect of social responsibility. It was administered to 359 respondents, factor analyzed to ascertain major dimensions and then subjected to discriminant analysis.

Four dimensions emerged in the factor analysis but only two were found to be useful in predicting a respondent's work experience. This is taken to indicate that although differences do exist, there is an underlying dimension on some of the ethical issues.

It is suggested that researchers attempting to develop a workable definition of social responsibility take this ethical dimension into consideration.
A Comparison of Four Studies Using A Conditional Model for the Determination of Worker Needs
Authors: Burton Gene E. , Pathak Dev S. , Zigli Ron M. , Burton David B.
Published: March 2006

Before management can utilize unsatisfied worker needs to modify worker behavior, a practical technique is required for the measurement of the various dimensions of job satisfaction and the transformation of that data into a cost-effective behavioral modification program. This report describes such a technique developed by the authors and successfully applied to four separate studies of job satisfaction involving four diverse work groups.
A Comparative Evaluation of the Management of Learning Grid Applied to the Business Policy Learning Environment
Authors: Keys J. Bernard , Bell Robert R.
Published: March 2006

Two independent sections completed the business policy course utilizing two different modes of learning. One section participated in a business game, studied business cases, and read assigned readings. The other section did not utilize readings but participated in the same game and cases. A pre- and post-test indicated significant levels of learning in both sections. No differences in conceptualization for the study and its interpretation are provided by the use of The Management of Learning Grid.
The Relationships of Participation in Goal-Setting and Decision-Making With Subordinate Attitudes and Perceptions
Authors: Aplin John , Leveto Greg A.
Published: March 2006

In an organization having several years' experience with an MBO system, 135 managers' attitudes and perceptions were collected via questionnaire. Job attitudes, perceptions of the superior, attitudes toward the objective system, and perceived organizational support were analyzed with respect to perceived influence in goal-setting and relationships to perceived influence in routine decision making. Different relationships were found for the different types of influence (participation). It was concluded that participation must be viewed as multifaceted.
Leader Interventions to A meliorate the Negative Consequences of Collective Group Failure
Authors: Price Kenneth H. , Garland Howard
Published: March 2006

In laboratory groups the consequences of positive, negative, and no leader feedback were examined following collective group failure. Results suggested that positive leader feedback, following collective failure, is a more effective strategy than negative leader feedback to increase group integration, perceived task motivation, and leader endorsement. The type of feedback had no impact on compliance with the suggestions of the leader. In addition, the target of feedback (group versus individual) had no impact on any of the dependent measures.
Correlates of Subordinate Attributions of Supervisory Influence
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Butterfield D. Anthony
Published: March 2006

Several studies have shown that supervisors' influence over subordinates is derived from upward influence in the organization. However, little is known about subordinate attributions connected with perceptions of supervisory influence. Data about 398 first- and second-level supervisors from a nationwide insurance organization revealed that perceived supervisory influence was significantly related to perceptions of supervisory effectiveness, influence over valued rewards and the task, and one's feelings of personal influence.
Organizational Volatility and Rates of Leader Succession
Authors: Helmich Donald L.
Published: March 2006

The study tests the contention that variations in the focal organization's context, reflecting strategies of coopting, competing, capitalizing, and corpulating, constrain the periodicity of succession in the office of chief executive within the setting of 58 petrochemical companies. Contextual variation is identified through a coefficient of volatility which accounts for economic trends in corporate growth (or decline) through least squares deviations. Results suggest that high presidential succession rates are influenced by both a low degree of variation over time in board membership and a high degree of variation in debt to equity structure. The relationship between board size variation and succession rate is somewhat unexpected, and it is even more predominant when surveyed companies are classified according to the degree of successfulness (profitability and return on investment). Further analysis reveals a prediction model for successor tenure based on volatility variables and moderator effects.
Employee Orientation and Job Satisfaction Among Professional Employees in Hospitals
Authors: Jauch Lawrence R. , Sekaran Uma
Published: March 2006

This study examines the relationship between job satisfaction and employee orientations of professionals in small rural hospitals. Organizational loyalty, peer loyalty and professional identification were used as predictors. Organizational loyalty was found to be the predominate orientation predicting job satisfaction. Replication in other settings is necessary for understanding more completely the effects of employee orientations on job satisfaction.
Exploring the Relationship Between Level of Office Noise and Salary Recommendations: A Preliminary Research Note
Authors: Sauser William I. , Arauz Carlos G. , Chambers Randall M.
Published: March 2006

This small scale study extends the research concerning the effects of environmental conditions on evaluative interpersonal judgments. Twenty male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to two conditions: (a) noisy (taped office noise played at 70-80 decibels) and (b) quiet (ambient noise at 55-57 decibels). After a 20-minute adaption period, the subjects evaluated five simulated resumes and recommended starting salaries f or each job applicant. Subjects working in the noisy condition recommended significantly lower starting salaries, with a mean group difference of $971. Alternative theoretical explanations for this finding, as well as its practical implications, are discussed. The noise level-evaluative judgment relationship appears to be a potentially fruitful area for systematic research in organizational settings.
A Note on Handling Missing Data
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A.
Published: March 2006

Researchers are often confronted with missing data for some subjects and variables. The usual method of handling this problem deletes subjects with missing data and thereby reduces the sample size. An alternative approach suggested by Cohen (1968) investigates the randomness of the missing data with respect to other variables and permits the researcher to use the information obtained to further understand the relationships among variables. This note compares three methods of treating missing data with respect to the results obtained, the informational value of each method, the population to which the results can be referred, and statistical power.
The Managerial Experience of Management Professors: Are The Blind Leading the Blind?
Authors: Wren Daniel A. , Atherton Roger M. , Michaelsen Larry K.
Published: March 2006

Managers and students have frequently criticized management professors, accusing them of having little practical experience outside their academic "ivory towers." This research challenges these assertions. The typical management professor has 12 years of managerial experience and 7 years of nonmanagerial experience. However, most of this experience was obtained prior to 1970. This research also investigates other factors pertaining to the managerial experience of management professors.
A Comparison of Two Inventory Decision Models
Authors: Bechtold Stephen E. , Nast Donald A.
Published: March 2006

This paper critically examines and compares the ROQ inventory model, which is based upon a criterion of maximizing return on investment in inventory, with the familiar EOQ inventory model, which results from the criterion of maximizing residual income from investment in inventory. The EOQ model generally encourages a larger investment in inventory than the investment suggested by the ROQ model. It is shown that this additional investment always earns at a rate that is never less than the opportunity cost of capital, and therefore, maximizes shareholder wealth. It is also demonstrated that the ROQ may lead to unrealistically high order frequencies.
Does Equity Describe the Results of Allocation Experiments?
Authors: Garland Howard , Judd Ben
Published: March 2006

Adams' (1963, 1965) theory of inequity has recently been extended to predict the results of allocation experiments. Most of these experiments have been limited to groups of size two. The present experiment had subjects distribute bonuses among groups of two, four, or six workers in which one key worker produced 10, 30, 50, 70, or 90% of the group's output. Mean bonus allocations provided strong support for an equity rule, with added trends toward overreward of 50% producers and underreward of 70 and 90% producers in four and six person groups. Closer examination of reward distributions revealed that equity was the average of a number of divergent strategies. The complexities of determining allocation strategies from post hoc examination of reward distributions are discussed.
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction: Current Practices and Future Considerations
Authors: O'Connor Edward J. , Peters Lawrence H. , Gordon Steve M.
Published: March 2006

Data are reviewed which indicate that a lack of standardized measurement is currently apparent within the job satisfaction literature. While several other instruments were used repeatedly, 71 measures (46% of the 155 instances in which job satisfaction was measured) appeared only once in five leading journals during the 1973 to 1975 period. Similar results were evident when data from 1976 to 1978 were examined. The authors argue that the continued usage of non-replicated measures may be doing a great disservice to the job satisfaction field not only by failing to provide fair tests of conceptual propositions but by precluding the incremental building of knowledge across studies. Three alternative strategies are discussed and arguments are presented supporting the current need for serious thought concerning the nature of experienced satisfaction and for rigorous construct validation of job satisfaction measures.
Job Scope-Employee Reaction Relationships: Methodological Considerations
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Van Sell Mary , Aldag Ramon J.
Published: March 2006

This study tests whether apparent relationships between job scope and employee reactions which have been isolated by previous research may be confounded by pay and by intercorrelations among employee reactions. Pay is found to be related to job scope, but not to confound observed job scope-employee reaction relationships. Controlling for organizational commitment and satisfaction with work itself is found to substantially deflate the relationship between job scope and job involvement. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Prospects For MBA Enrollments, 1978-1990
Authors: White Rudolph A. , Billings C. David , Brown Robert D.
Published: March 2006

Beyond doubt realistic projections of MBA enrollment are needed, but the available estimates are unreliable. This study provides an alternative methodology for projecting MBA's to 1990. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) projects MBA's by compounding a series of five past ratios. The NCES methodology projects a decline in MBA's beginning in 1984-85. Our methodology examines variables reflecting costs, benefits, institutional factors and changes in the age-eligible population. The model that best explains MBA output of the past 12 years and interrelates future conditions, projects MBA enrollments to increase at a decreasing rate through 1990-91. Also, there will be a continuation of the enrollment shift from the traditional full-time MBA program to part-time evening MBA programs on urban campuses.
The Measurement of Technology Within Organizations
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Middlemist R. Dennis
Published: March 2006

Research has found technology to play a key role in the explanation of organizational behavior. Although important, the literature lacks comparative studies of the effects of the subunit and job technology on behavior within organizations. One of the reasons for this research deficit is the lack of a multipurpose measure of the technology variable. This research reports on the development and three studies to test the reliability and validity of an instrument to measure the technology level of jobs and subunits. The revised instrument was found to discriminate among jobs in three subunits employing different technologies (a long-linked, a mediating, and an intensive). The instrument was also found useful in differentiating jobs and units by technology within a large complex organization. A third study found the instrument to be reliable as determined by the test-retest method. Overall, the results show the instrument to have promise for comparative research.