bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous pressure measurements in the pharynx and esophagus during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Skatvedt Olav
Published: October 2006

Pressure measurements were made preoperatively at six sites in the pharynx and esophagus in 18 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients, 3 social snorers, and 6 healthy normal controls. Repeat measurements were made approximately 2 months after uvulopalatopharyngoglossoplasty (UPPGP) in 10 of the OSAS patients. The pressure transducers were contained in a thin silicone tube inserted through one nostril, and measurements were made both in the awake state and throughout a night's sleep. Oxygen saturation was also continuously recorded and, additionally, nasal and oral airflow measurements were made as the postoperative control. The majority of patients had obstruction in more than one pharyngeal segment, and the site(s) of obstruction differed in the awake and sleeping states. After UPPGP, 3 of the patients had neither subjective nor objective evidence of obstruction, while the remaining 7, although subjectively improved, had varying degrees of residual obstruction in the nasopharynx and at the level of the soft palate.
Relationship of chronic ethmoidal sinusitis, maxillary sinusitis, and ostial permeability controlled by sinusomanometry: Statistical study
Authors: Bertrand B. , Eloy PH.
Published: October 2006

Three hundred sixty‐seven successive patients suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) were thoroughly examined by means of maxillary sinusoscopy, a CT scan of the facial sinuses, and sinusomanometry (SMM). Ninety‐eight cases of unilateral CMS, 269 cases of bilateral CMS, and 444 chronic ethmoidal sinusitis (CES) cases were evaluated. According to SMM, the maxillary ostia were divided into two groups: 1. maxillary ostium patency (MOP) group and 2. the maxillary ostium nonpatency (MONP) group. The unilateral and bilateral pathologies were separately analyzed so as to minimize the effects of general or systemic causes on the results. MONP is, in both bilateral and unilateral groups, significantly linked with the presence of ethmoidal sinusitis (P < 10−6; P = .026), while the correlation between MOP and the ethmoid status does not appear to be significant in either group. Thus, there seems to be a close relationship between CES and maxillary ostial dyspermeability in cases of CMS.
Disgust is a factor in extreme prejudice
Authors: Taylor Kathleen
Published: October 2006

Understanding intergroup prejudice is a dominant research focus for social psychology. Prejudice is usually conceptualized as a continuum of positive/negative affect, but this has limitations. It neither reflects people's ability to maintain simultaneous positive and negative stereotypes of others nor explains extreme prejudice (bigotry). Some researchers have proposed multidimensional models of prejudice in which different negative emotions are evoked depending on the situation. Extending this to bigotry raises the question of which emotions are most relevant. Therefore, this study looked at ‘anti‐group’ texts – writings which promote extreme intergroup hostility – and analysed the frequency of emotive language. Findings suggest that bigotry may be distinguished by high levels of disgust.
Human rights is not enough: The need for demonstrating efficacy of an ethical approach to interviewing in India
Authors: Alison Laurence , Sarangi Sudhansu , Wright Allison
Published: October 2006

Purpose. The present study compared attitudes about Human Rights (HR) and the advocation of coercive interviewing practices amongst Indian Police Officers, Offenders and a sample from the General Public.

Method. 100 Police Officers, 50 Offenders and 50 members of the General Public completed a questionnaire that assessed their attitudes about the Human Rights of suspects and the use of coercion in suspect interviews.

Results. Police Officers and the Public accepted both custodial violence and the use of intimidating interrogation strategies more readily than Offenders. They were also more prepared to suspend Suspects' Human Rights. Further, individuals who scored high on a coercive belief scale (CBS) were particularly inclined to favour custodial violence and suspend Human Rights. In addition, the self‐reported frequency with which Police Officers used intimidating and non‐intimidating interviewing techniques was related to their beliefs about Suspects' Human Rights and the extent to which they perceived intimidating interviewing methods to be useful.

Conclusion. Attitudes about effective interviewing strategies may well be embedded within a broad social context. The effectiveness of a Human Rights Agenda requires that officers in India are informed of the effectiveness of ethical interviewing standards and the practical and legal dangers of using inappropriate methods.
Effects of Child- and Adolescent-Onset Endogenous Cushing Syndrome on Bone Mass, Body Composition, and Growth: A 7-Year Prospective Study Into Young Adulthood
Authors: Leong Gary M , Abad Veronica , Charmandari Evangelia , Reynolds James C , Hill Suvimol , Chrousos George P , Nieman Lynnette K
Published: October 2006

The long-term effects on bone and fat mass in children with endogenous CS are unknown. In 14 children followed for 3–7 years into young adulthood after cure of CS, whereas bone mass largely recovered, persisting increases in total body and visceral fat suggests an increase risk of the metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: Endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) is associated with decreased bone mass and increased central fat mass. Whereas bone mass seems to improve after successful treatment, little is known about whether central fat persists.

Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 14 children (10 girls and 4 boys) and adolescents with CS who were successfully treated and remained eucortisolemic. Growth, puberty, bone mass, and body composition were evaluated at baseline and during regular follow-up for 3 years and in seven children for a further 4 years of remission to assess final adult height (FH), BMI, bone mass, and body composition.

Results: CS compromised growth, leading to about a −0.8 SD loss of FH and 0.9 SD increase in weight and BMI. BMD apparent density (BMAD) SD Score (SDS) at the lumbar spine (LS) at diagnosis were −1.8 and −1.25, respectively, and after 3 years of follow-up approached the mean with no further increase apparent up to 7 years of follow-up. Whereas hip BMD SDS increased from −1.3 at diagnosis to −0.40 at 3 years and 0 at 7 years of follow-up, femoral neck BMAD remained at or around 0 SDS at diagnosis and during follow-up. BMI was >25 kg/m2 in five of seven adult subjects, most of whom were women. Total body fat and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous was abnormally high in the majority of these subjects, whereas LS volumetric BMD was −0.7 SDS.

Conclusions: Despite remission of CS, children and adolescents have significant alterations in body composition that result in a small but significant decrease in bone mass and increase in visceral adiposity. Although bone mass largely recovers after endogenous CS, changes in total and visceral fat suggest these subjects are at increased risk of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, long-term monitoring of body fat and bone mass is mandatory after treatment of CS.
Reducing Premature Infants' Length of Stay and Improving Parents' Mental Health Outcomes With the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment (COPE) Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Program: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Feinstein Nancy F. , Alpert-Gillis Linda , Fairbanks Eileen , Crean Hugh F. , Sinkin Robert A. , Stone Patricia W. , Small Leigh , Tu Xin , Gross Steven J.
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. Although low birth weight premature infants and parents are at high risk for adverse health outcomes, there is a paucity of studies that test early NICU interventions with parents to prevent the development of negative parent-infant interaction trajectories and to reduce hospital length of stay. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of an educational-behavioral intervention program (ie, Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment) that was designed to enhance parent-infant interactions and parent mental health outcomes for the ultimate purpose of improving child developmental and behavior outcomes.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS. A randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 260 families with preterm infants from 2001 to 2004 in 2 NICUs in the northeast United States. Parents completed self-administered instruments during hospitalization, within 7 days after infant discharge, and at 2 months' corrected age. Blinded observers rated parent-infant interactions in the NICU.

INTERVENTION. All participants received 4 intervention sessions of audiotaped and written materials. Parents in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program received information and behavioral activities about the appearance and behavioral characteristics of preterm infants and how best to parent them. The comparison intervention contained information regarding hospital services and policies.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES. Parental stress, depression, anxiety, and beliefs; parent-infant interaction during the NICU stay; NICU length of stay; and total hospitalization were measured.

RESULTS. Mothers in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program reported significantly less stress in the NICU and less depression and anxiety at 2 months' corrected infant age than did comparison mothers. Blinded observers rated mothers and fathers in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program as more positive in interactions with their infants. Mothers and fathers also reported stronger beliefs about their parental role and what behaviors and characteristics to expect of their infants during hospitalization. Infants in the Creating Opportunities for Parent Empowerment program had a 3.8-day shorter NICU length of stay (mean: 31.86 vs 35.63 days) and 3.9-day shorter total hospital length of stay (mean: 35.29 vs 39.19 days) than did comparison infants.

CONCLUSIONS. A reproducible educational-behavioral intervention program for parents that commences early in the NICU can improve parent mental health outcomes, enhance parent-infant interaction, and reduce hospital length of stay.
Prevention of Orofacial Clefts: Does Pregnancy Planning Have a Role?
Authors: Mossey Peter A. , Davies Janet A. , Little Julian
Published: October 2006

Objective:

To investigate the association between pregnancy planning and orofacial clefts in the United Kingdom.

Design:

Case–control study.

Setting:

Scotland and the Manchester and Merseyside regions of England.

Participants:

One hundred and ninety-one children born with nonsyndromic orofacial cleft, 1997 to 2000, and 247 controls.

Main outcome measure:

Cleft lip with and without cleft palate, and cleft palate.

Results:

There was an inverse association between planning for pregnancy and orofacial cleft in the offspring (odds ratio [OR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.33–0.79). An unplanned pregnancy together with smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy resulted in almost treble the risk of a child with an orofacial cleft when compared with those who planned their pregnancy and did not smoke (OR = 2.92, CI = 1.50–5.65).

Conclusions:

Planned pregnancies were associated with a lower risk of orofacial clefts. Isolation of the elements of pregnancy planning implicated in these results is difficult. Current preconception advice needs to reach a wider audience; however, for maximum impact, efforts are needed to reduce the numbers of unplanned pregnancies.
Cleft Lip and Palate Repair in Hay-Wells/Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome
Authors: Cabiling David S. , Yan Albert C. , McDonald-McGinn Donna M. , Zackai Elaine H. , Kirschner Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Hay-Wells/ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Mutations in the p63 gene recently have been shown to be etiologic in the majority of cases of ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. To date, there have been no reports to document wound healing after cleft lip and/or palate repair in ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting patients. We describe two patients with ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome and provide a review of the literature. There have been no reported instances of wound healing complications in affected patients. Seventeen percent (3/18) of reported patients required revisions or repair of oronasal fistulae. Cleft lip and palate repair can be performed safely in patients with Hay-Wells syndrome.
Spatial variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewers
Authors: Gasperi J. , Moilleron R. , Chebbo G.
Published: October 2006

In Paris, the OPUR research programme created an experimental on-site observatory of urban pollutant loads in combined sewer systems in order to characterise the dry and wet weather flows at different spatial scales. This article presents the first results on the spatial variability of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load during wet weather flow (WWF). At the scale of a rain event, investigations revealed that (i) PAH concentrations were relatively homogenous whatever the spatial scale and were greater than those of the dry weather flow (DWF), (ii) PAH distributions between dissolved and particulate phases were constant, and (iii) PAH fingerprints exhibited a similar pattern for all catchments. Moreover, an evaluation of the contribution of DWF, runoff and erosion of sewer deposits to WWF load was established. According to the hypothesis on the runoff concentration, the contributions were evaluated at 14, 8 and 78%, respectively, at the scale of the Marais catchment. For all the catchments, the runoff contribution was found quite constant and evaluated at approximately 10%. The DWF contribution seems to increase with the catchment area, contrary to the sewer erosion contribution, which seems to decrease. However, this latter still remains an important source of pollution. These first trends should be confirmed and completed by more investigations of rain events.
Recent findings on sinks for sulfide in gravity sewer networks
Authors: Nielsen A.H. , Hvitved-Jacobsen T. , Vollertsen J.
Published: October 2006

Sulfide buildup in sewer networks is associated with several problems, including health impacts, corrosion of sewer structures and odor nuisance. In recent years, significant advances in the knowledge of the major processes governing sulfide buildup in sewer networks have been made. This paper summarizes this newly obtained knowledge and emphasizes important implications of the findings. Model simulations of the in-sewer processes important for the sulfur cycle showed that sulfide oxidation in the wetted biofilm is typically the most important sink for dissolved sulfide in gravity sewers. However, sulfide emission and thereby potential hydrogen sulfide buildup in the sewer atmosphere is of particular importance in sewers constructed with large diameter pipes, in sewers constructed with steep slopes and in sewers conveying low pH wastewater. Precipitation of metal sulfides is only important when the sulfide concentration in the wastewater is low; i.e. less than 1 g S m−3.
Implementation impediments to institutionalising the practice of sustainable urban water management
Authors: Brown R.R. , Sharp L. , Ashley R.M.
Published: October 2006

It is now well accepted that there are significant challenges to realising the widespread and self-sustaining implementation of sustainable urban water management. It is argued that these challenges are entrenched within the broader socio-political framework, yet often unsuccessfully addressed within the more narrow scope of improving technical knowledge and design capacity. This hypothesis is investigated through a comparative analysis of three independent research projects investigating different dimensions of the water cycle, including stormwater management in Australia and sanitary waste management and implementation of innovative technologies in the UK. The analysis reveals significant and common socio-political impediments to improved practice. It was evident that the administrative regime, including implementing professionals and institutions, appears to be largely driven by an implicit expectation that there is a technical solution to solve water management issues. This is in contrast to addressing the issues through broader strategies such as political leadership, institutional reform and social change. It is recognised that this technocratic culture is inadvertently underpinned by the need to demonstrate implementation success within short-term political cycles that conflict with both urban renewal and ecological cycles. Addressing this dilemma demands dedicated socio-technical research programs to enable the much needed shift towards a more sustainable regime.
The role of in situ unit operation/process infiltration treatment on partitioning and speciation of rainfall-runoff
Authors: Guo T. , Sansalone J. , Piro P.
Published: October 2006

Management decisions regarding the potential fate and toxicity of anthropogenic metal elements requires a knowledge of metal partitioning and speciation as mediated by in situ control systems (ICS). This study focussed on Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb, common anthropogenic metal elements generated in the built environment and examined the influence of variable event-based hydrology and passive ICS by an engineered partial exfiltration reactor (PER) system on partitioning and speciation. The feasibility and efficiency of the PER as an in situ stormwater runoff control strategy to attenuate levels of metal elements was evaluated. Results indicate that higher rainfall intensity resulted in higher dissolved fraction (fd) values for influent Zn, Cu and Cd, but did not have a significant influence on partitioning of Pb. Speciation indicated that divalent fractions of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb were changed marginally by the PER. Cu and Pb mainly complexed with organic matter in the influent, while carbonate complexes of these metals in the effluent significantly increased. The PER consistently and statistically reduced all loadings of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn for all examined events, whether on a mass or concentration basis. As an unsaturated flow unit operation/process the PER can efficiently remove ionic or complexed forms of metal elements. Such UOPs are a potential quality and quantity ICS strategy for rainfall-runoff.
Sampling for representative micropollutant loads in sewer systems
Authors: Ort C. , Gujer W.
Published: October 2006

Most commercially available auto-sampling devices do not support a continuous flow-proportional sampling mode, which would conceptually be the best for collecting representative composite samples. Instead different discrete sampling modes are available. Household chemicals can show considerable random short-term variations. With the anticorrosive benzotriazole, relating to a middle-frequent household activity, we show that, besides an accurate flow meter, mainly three factors are decisive for the representativeness of a substance's average load: the substance's load pattern, the sampling frequency and the length of the composite sample. When the sampling intervals are 10 minutes or longer, errors in the order of ±40% (standard deviation) or more have to be accepted, if the substance of interest is contained in a low number of wastewater pulses (i.e. the level of household activity). This particularly holds true for specific pharmaceuticals e.g. carbamazepine. Ammonium would be less critical, because it relates to a larger number of sources in the same catchment.
The effect of climate change on urban drainage: an evaluation based on regional climate model simulations
Authors: Grum M. , Jørgensen A.T. , Johansen R.M. , Linde J.J.
Published: October 2006

That we are in a period of extraordinary rates of climate change is today evident. These climate changes are likely to impact local weather conditions with direct impacts on precipitation patterns and urban drainage. In recent years several studies have focused on revealing the nature, extent and consequences of climate change on urban drainage and urban runoff pollution issues.

This study uses predictions from a regional climate model to look at the effects of climate change on extreme precipitation events. Results are presented in terms of point rainfall extremes. The analysis involves three steps: Firstly, hourly rainfall intensities from 16 point rain gauges are averaged to create a rain gauge equivalent intensity for a 25 × 25 km square corresponding to one grid cell in the climate model. Secondly, the differences between present and future in the climate model is used to project the hourly extreme statistics of the rain gauge surface into the future. Thirdly, the future extremes of the square surface area are downscaled to give point rainfall extremes of the future.

The results and conclusions rely heavily on the regional model's suitability in describing extremes at time-scales relevant to urban drainage. However, in spite of these uncertainties, and others raised in the discussion, the tendency is clear: extreme precipitation events effecting urban drainage and causing flooding will become more frequent as a result of climate change.
Infiltration of a copper roof runoff through artificial barriers
Authors: Athanasiadis K. , Helmreich B. , Wilderer P.A.
Published: October 2006

On-site infiltration of a copper roof runoff may contribute to deterioration of the ground and ground water. To avoid such a negative effect the performance of two different technical systems, equipped with four different barrier materials, regarding copper elimination was examined in a field study. During the period March 2004 to January 2005, 16 rain events were examined. Copper concentrations between 200 and 11,000 μg/L in the roof runoff during a rain event were observed. The cover material of the roof and the drainage system were responsible for the high concentrations of copper in the roof runoff. It was evident that roof aspects facing towards the wind direction were receiving higher rainfall, thus were establishing higher copper runoff rates. The retention facilities have reached a performance of up to 97% regarding copper elimination.
Experimental analysis of the Hydrass flushing gate and laboratory validation of flush propagation modelling
Authors: Campisano A. , Creaco E. , Modica C.
Published: October 2006

Periodical cleansing operations prove necessary inside sewer systems in order to reduce hydraulic and environmental problems owing to the accumulation of deposits on the bottom of channels. For this objective, new effective hydraulic devices based on the scouring effects of flushing waves have been recently set up and adopted in many sewer systems. In this paper, the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on the hydraulic operation of the Hydrass flushing gate are reported. The experimental analysis has been carried out using a laboratory channel and a reduced scale model of the gate, in order to characterise the flushing waves generated by the device. The numerical analysis has been performed using a mathematical model specifically developed for the simulation of flushing waves inside sewer channels. The comparison of numerical results and experimental data has allowed evaluation of the applicability under unsteady flow conditions of the outflow relations determined for the Hydrass gate in a previous investigation under steady flow conditions.
On the issue of trend and noise in the estimation of extreme rainfall properties
Authors: Rauch W. , De Toffol S.
Published: October 2006

Up until today extreme rainfall properties are frequently applied in sewer design guidelines. Uncertainty in the estimation of such properties will hence directly influence the dimensions of sewers, structures and pumps. In this paper the issue of potential trend and noise in the estimation is investigated for 6 rain series ranging from 19 to 55 years in duration. Different to recent research that predicts a – climate induced–increase in heavy precipitation no clear indication for such trend was found in the investigated historical rain series. Another important aspect is the length of the rain series that is required for the estimation of extreme rainfall properties and the associated uncertainty. The analysis indicates that at least a period of 10 years should be used for the estimation. But even so the possible deviation expressed in terms of the 90 percentile is in the order of 5 to 10% of the ‘true value’, defined as the value derived when the whole given series is used for the estimation.
Occurrence and relative abundance of mosquitoes in stormwater retention facilities in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Hunt W.F. , Apperson C.S. , Kennedy S.G. , Harrison B.A. , Lord W.G.
Published: October 2006

Throughout the 2004 mosquito season, 52 stormwater retention facilities were sampled to characterize the seasonal occurrence and relative abundance of mosquito species in relation to the structural complexity and biological diversity of the facilities. The three different types of facilities included standard wet ponds (n=20), innovative ponds (n=14), and wetland ponds (n=18). All retention structures were sampled at the beginning, middle and end of the mosquito season so that seasonal changes in mosquito production could be characterized. Overall samplings, mosquitoes were collected from 34% of the retention structures. Fourteen species representing 7 genera were collected, but only 5 species (Culex erraticus, Cx. territans, Anophelesquadrimaculatus, An. punctipennis and Uranotaenia sapphirina) were commonly collected in all three types of stormwater management facilities. In general, the seasonal prevalence and relative abundance of mosquito species did not vary among three types of retention structures. A significant association (P<0.01) between the presence of mosquito larvae or pupae and the absence of mosquitofish was found for innovative and wetland stormwater retention facilities but not for standard retention facilities (P>0.05).
Filter media for stormwater treatment and recycling: the influence of hydraulic properties of flow on pollutant removal
Authors: Hatt B.E. , Siriwardene N. , Deletic A. , Fletcher T.D.
Published: October 2006

Improved urban water management in Australia is of national importance. Water resources are stretched and urban runoff is a recognized leading cause of degradation of urban waterways. Stormwater recycling is an option that can contribute to easing these problems. Biofilters are effective structural stormwater pollution control measures with the potential for integration into stormwater treatment and recycling systems. However, premature clogging of biofilters is a major problem, with resulting decreased infiltration capacity (and hence the volume of stormwater the system can detain) and increased detention time. This paper presents preliminary findings with respect to the effect of clogging on pollutant removal efficiency in conventional stormwater filter media. A one-dimensional laboratory rig was used to investigate the impact of clogging on pollutant removal efficiency in a conventional biofiltration filter media (gravel over sand). Both the individual gravel layer and the overall multi-filter were highly efficient at removing suspended solids and particulate-associated pollutants. This removal efficiency was consistent, even as the filters became clogged. Removal of dissolved nutrients was more variable, with little reduction in concentrations overall. Although preliminary, these results challenge the concept that increased detention time improves the treatment performance of stormwater filtration systems.
The callousness pathway to severe violent delinquency
Authors: Pardini Dustin A.
Published: October 2006

Children and adolescents who exhibit a callous interpersonal style seem to be at risk for developing severe forms of violent behavior. Theoretical models suggest that children with low levels of temperamental fearfulness may be at increased risk for developing callous traits because they are relatively unaffected by punishment. This study examines hypotheses about the callousness pathway to severe violent delinquency in a cross‐sectional sample of 169 (97=males, 72=females) adjudicated adolescents. Structural equation modeling is used to test mediation models regarding the relation between temperamental fear, punishment concern, callousness, and severe violent delinquency. The findings of the study indicate that the relation between low levels of temperamental fear and increased callousness is mediated by a lack of concern about being punished for aggressive acts. Although low levels of fear and punishment concern were both related to increased levels of severe violent delinquency, increased levels of callousness mediated these relations. All findings remained significant after controlling for the potential confounds of gender, race, and social desirability. The results provide a heuristic for understanding the callousness pathway to severe violent behavior in youth. However, longitudinal investigations replicating these results are necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn. Aggr. Behav. 32:590–598, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IGF1, growth pathway polymorphisms and schizophrenia: A pooling study
Authors: Gunnell D. , Lewis S. , Wilkinson J. , Georgieva L. , Davey G. Smith , Day I.N.M. , Holly J.M.P. , O'Donovan M.C. , Owen M.J. , Kirov G. , Zammit S.
Published: October 2006

It has been hypothesized that insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) and components of the growth‐hormone (GH)‐IGF axis may underlie reported associations of poor fetal and childhood growth with schizophrenia. We have investigated the association of schizophrenia with 16 SNPs spanning the IGF1 gene with an inter‐marker distance of approximately 2–3 kb. We also examined associations with four common functional polymorphisms of genes involved in aspects of the GH‐IGF system—the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), growth hormone (GH1), and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP3). The study was based on an analysis of pooled DNA samples from 648 UK and Irish cases of schizophrenia and 712 blood donor controls and of 297 Bulgarian parent offspring trios. In replicated pool analyses, none of the 16 SNPs in IGF1 nor the 4 key SNPs in the other growth pathway genes were associated with schizophrenia. SNP coverage of IGF1 was extensive, so our findings do not support a major role for IGF‐I in the aetiology of schizophrenia. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adduktbildung und Dimerisierung von α‐Piperidinoacetonitril bei Umsetzung mit n‐Butylmagnesiumchlorid. V. Mitt. über Umsetzungen von α‐Aminonitrilen
Authors: Thies H. , Schönenberger H. , Qasba P. K.
Published: October 2006

Die Reaktionsmechanismen, die dem unterschiedlichen Verhalten von t‐ und n‐Butyl‐magnesiumchlorid gegenüber α‐Piperidinoacetonitril zugrunde liegen, werden untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen Mengenverhältnisse der Reaktionsprodukte 3‐Amino‐2,4‐dipiperidinocrotononitril und Butyl‐α‐piperidinomethylketon gehen auf sterische Hinderung und auf verschiedenartige Nucleophilie des t‐ und n‐Butylrestes zurück.
Zusammenhang zwischen chemischer Struktur und chromatographischem Verhalten bei Herzglykosiden. IV. Mitt.: Darstellung und Strukturanalyse neuer partiell acetylierter Gitoxine
Authors: Nover L.
Published: October 2006

Durch milde alkalische Hydrolyse von Pentaacetyl‐gitoxin und Säulenchromatographie des Hydrolysegemisches wurden vier neue, partiell acetylierte Gitoxine dargestellt.

Die chemische Strukturaufklärung der vier Verbindungen sowie zwei ihrer Spaltprodukte wird wesentlich durch eine dünnschichtchromatographische Strukturanalyse auf der Grundlage der RM‐Wert‐Theorie unter Verwendung von chromatographischen Daten für 28 Gitoxigenin‐ und Digitoxigenin‐Derivate in vier Systemen gestützt. Diese partiell acetylierten Gitoxine (Monoacetyl‐G‐γ + ‐δ, Diacetyl‐G‐γ, Diacetyl‐G‐γ,16 + ‐δ,16, Triacetyl‐G‐γ,δ,16; vgl. hierzu Abb. 1) unterscheiden sich von Gitoxin durch ihre gute Löslichkeit. Die Toxizität liegt mit 1,10–1,8 mg/kg Katze im Bereich anderer, vergleichbarer Acetylderivate.
α‐Alkylmercapto‐ und α‐Arylmercapto‐alkylisocyanate
Authors: Böhme H. , Pasche W.
Published: October 2006

Durch Umsetzung α‐halogenierter Thioäther 1 mit Silbercyanat gewonnene α‐Alkylmercapto‐ bzw. α‐Arylmercapto‐alkylisocyanate 2 reagieren mit Ammoniak, primären oder sekundären Aminen zu α‐Mercaptoalkyl‐carbamiden 4 und mit Alkoholen zu α‐Mercaptoalkyl‐carbamidsäureestern 3.
Über Inhaltsstoffe aus Espeletia schultzii Wedd., 1. Mitt
Authors: Kloss P.
Published: October 2006

Blüten und Blätter der im Titel genannten Pflanze enthalten Wachs‐ und Harzstoffe. Daraus wurde eine Diterpencarbonsäure, Grandiflorensäure, isoliert und die Konstitution aufgeklärt.
Zur Kenntnis der N,O‐Bis(carbamoyl)‐hydroxylamine 35. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Hitze M.
Published: October 2006

Durch Anwendung der Boc‐Schutzfunktion gelingt die Herstellung von N,O‐Bis(carbamoyl)‐hydroxylaminen, deren Eigenschaften mit denen der isomeren 3‐Hydroxybiurete [N,N‐Bis‐(carbamoyl)‐hydroxylamine] verglichen werden.
Ringschlußreaktionen von 1‐Acyl‐5‐alkoxy(aroxy)carbonyldiaminoguanidinen zu 1,2,4‐Triazolen
Authors: Gehlen H. , Uteg K.‐H.
Published: October 2006

1‐Acyl‐5 alkoxycarbonyl‐diaminoguanidine (I) cyclisieren beim Erhitzen in einem neutralen Lösungsmittel unter Wasserabspaltung zu 5‐substituierten 3‐Alkoxycarbonylhydrazino‐1,2,4‐triazolen (V) und 3‐Amino‐4‐alkoxycarbonylamino‐1,2,4‐triazolen (VI). Dagegen cyclisieren die Verbindungen I beim Erhitzen in Laugen unter Eliminierung von ROH zu acylierten 3‐Hydrazino‐1,2,4‐triazolonen‐(5) (III) und 3‐Amino‐4‐acylamino‐1,2,4‐triazolonen‐(5) (IV).

1‐Acyl‐5‐aroxycarbonyl‐diaminoguanidine (II) liefern unabhängig vom Lösungsmittel nur die Produkte III und IV.
Heterocyclengröße als begrenzender Faktor für die Lactambildung
Authors: Möhrle H. , Engelsing R.
Published: October 2006

Dehydrierungsversuche mit Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA an Aminoalkoholen mit N‐Heterocyclen verschiedener Größe zeigen, daß bei Heptamethylenimin‐Derivaten zwar eine Dehydrierung eintritt, aber Polymerisierungserscheinungen die sonst übliche Lactambildung verhindern.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften der optisch aktiven Bromisovale
Authors: Auterhoff H. , Lang W.
Published: October 2006

Es wurden aus razemischer α‐Bromisovaleriansäure die D‐ und L‐Isomere dargestellt und über die optisch aktiven Chloride mit Harnstoff D‐ und L‐Bromisoval synthetisiert. Die krampfunterdrückende Wirkung an der Maus nach Gabe von Pentetrazol war beim L‐Bromisoval etwa 3mal größer als beim D‐Bromisoval.
Ein neuer Weg zur Herstellung magensaftresistenter Wirkstofformen
Authors: Frömming K.‐H. , Sandmann R.
Published: October 2006

Choleinsäuren lassen sich als magensaftresistente Wirkstoffe verwenden; sie zeigen in vitro zusätzlich eine verzögerte Freisetzung des Wirkstoffes.
Aminolyse des Oxazolinrings bei halogenmethyl‐substituierten Hexahydro‐oxazolopurinen1)
Authors: Kleine K. H. , Haller R.
Published: October 2006

Die Reaktion von halogenmethyl‐substituierten Hexahydro‐oxazolopurinen mit primären oder sekundären Aminen führt zu einer aminolytischen Spaltung des Oxazolinrings; zwei Aminreste werden in das Molekül eingeführt. Die Struktur der entstandenen Verbindungen wird kernresonanzspektroskopisch untersucht.
Kohlensäure‐alkylester‐amidoxime (N‐Hydroxy‐O‐alkyl‐isoharnstoffe) 42. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Nebel G.
Published: October 2006

Durch Hydroxylaminolyse der Hydrochloride von O‐Alkylisoharnstoffen erhält man die in der Überschrift genannten Verbindungen, von denen einige Acylierungs‐ und Folgereaktionen beschrieben werden. Die Umsetzung von O‐Methylisoharnstoff mit Benzhydroximsäurechlorid führt zu 5‐Amino‐3‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol.
Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung 12. Mitt.: Untersuchungen zum Geltungsbereich1)
Authors: Knabe J. , Höltje H.‐D.
Published: October 2006

Das 1‐Cinnamyl‐dihydroisochinolin VII erleidet als vinylenhomologe 1‐Benzylverbindung mit Säuren Umlagerung, das 1‐Styryl‐dihydroisochinolin VIII dagegen Disproportionierung. Besonders glatt verläuft die Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung bei der 1‐Allylverbindung XX.
Δ‐Pyrroline aus Alkinyl‐hydantoinen
Authors: Schulte K. E. , Reisch J. , Plener M.
Published: October 2006

α‐Amino‐hexin‐(5)‐carbonsäuren (II) lassen sich nicht durch alkalische bzw. saure Hydrolyse aus 5‐Butinyl‐hydantoinen (I) darstellen. Nach kürzerer Einwirkungszeit (2 1/2 bis 5 Std.) von 15proz. HCl erfolgt Wasseranlagerung an die Dreifachbindung, es entstehen Oxoalkyl‐hydantoine (IV). Mit stärkerer Salzsäure (25%) und längerer Einwirkung entstehen Pyrrolin‐carbonsäuren (III). Letztere treten auch dann auf, wenn die Butinyl‐hydantoine mit Barytlauge bei 150° (15 atü) verseift werden. Propinyl‐cycloalkanspirohydantoine (VII) verhalten sich bei saurer Hydrolyse gleich; es bilden sich Cycloalkanopyrrolin‐carbonsäuren (IX).
Schichtchromatographische Trennung und Reinigung von China‐Alkaloiden
Authors: Böhme H. , Bitsch R.
Published: October 2006

Die Trennung von Chinin, Chinidin, Cinchonin, Cinchonidin, Hydrochinin und Hydrochinidin gelang mittels zweidimensionaler Dünnschichtchromatographie unter Verwendung vorwiegend polarer Laufmittelgemische in der einen und vorwiegend unpolarer in der anderen Richtung. — Chinin, Chinidin, Hydrochinin und Hydrochinidin wurden mittels präparativer Schichtchromatographie gereinigt. Schmelzpunkte und Spezifische Drehungen der reinen Basen und daraus dargestellter Salze wurden zur Überprüfung der DAB‐7‐Angaben bestimmt.
Synthese neuer Hydrazide der α‐(p‐Acetylamino‐phenylamido)‐zimtsäure
Authors: Demetrescu Cătălina , Manu Viorica
Published: October 2006

Es wurden 14 neue Hydrazide der α‐(p‐Acetylamino‐phenylamido)‐zimtsäure mit antidepressiver Wirkung synthetisiert. Die Struktur dieser Verbindungen wurde chemisch und IR‐spektroskopisch bewiesen. Der Einfluß der Acetylamino‐Gruppe wie auch der Substituenten am Benzolring der Zimtsäure auf die pharmakodynamische Wirkung wird diskutiert.
Darstellung, Reaktionen und Eigenschaften unsymmetrisch substituierter 3‐Azapentadiene. 16. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an Acyl‐enaminen
Authors: Eiden F. , Iwan J.
Published: October 2006

Aminomethylen‐malonsäurediäthylester (1) reagiert mit substituierten Acetaldehyden (2a, b, c) zu den 3‐Azapentadienen 3a, b, c, die durch katalytisches Hydrieren in die 3‐Azapentene 8a und b bzw. 9c überführt werden können. 8a und b entstehen auch durch Reaktion von Äthoxymethylen‐malonsäurediäthylester (10) mit den Aminen 11a und b.
Arzneimittelanalyse durch Kernmagnetische Resonanz 3. Qualitative und quantitative Analyse von analgetisch wirkenden Kombinationspräparaten
Authors: Rehse K.
Published: October 2006

Die qualitative und quantitative Schnellanalyse von Tabletten, die Mischungen von Phenazon (I), Coffein (II), Phenacetin (III) und Aminophenazon (IV) enthalten, wird mit Hilfe der Kernresonanzspektroskopie durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung von vier Komponenten dauert 30 Minuten. Der Fehler beträgt um 5%.
Bestimmung von Flufenaminsäure, deren Derivaten und analogen Verbindungen
Authors: Dell H.‐D. , Kamp R.
Published: October 2006

Flufenaminsäure ist UV‐spektroskopisch bestimmbar. Empfindlicher und spezifischer ist der fluorimetrische Nachweis nach Überführung in Heterocyclen. Mit Formaldehyd wird 1‐(m‐Trifluormethyl‐phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydro‐3,1,4‐benzoxazin, mit konz. H2SO4 (4) (2)‐Trifluormethylacridon gebildet, die sich zur Analyse (<1 γ) verwenden lassen. Der Einfluß von Substituenten wird am Beispiel von 16 Verbindungen untersucht. Bestimmungen aus biologischem Material werden angegeben.
Über basisch substituierte Tryptamine und Tryptophole. 3. Mitt.: Pharmakologische Prüfung in 1‐ und 2‐Stellung basisch substituierter Derivate
Authors: Eichele O. , Mutschler E.
Published: October 2006

Es wird die pharmakologische Prüfung von 1‐(Dialkylaminomethyl)‐tryptamin‐ und ‐tryptophol‐Derivaten sowie von 2‐(Piperidinomethyl)‐tryptophol‐Derivaten beschrieben. Die wirksamste Verbindung dieser Reihe ist das 1‐(Piperidinomethyl)‐benzoyltryptopholmethojodid, das am mit Doryl® stimulierten Ileum der Ratte etwa 4mal stärker wirkt als Scopolamin‐n‐butylbromid (Buscopan®) und am mit Histamin stimulierten Ileum des Meerschweinchens gute Antihistamineigenschaften aufweist. Am isolierten Vorhof des Meerschweinchens konnte die positiv inotrope Wirkung dieser Substanz als ein indirekt sympathomimetischer Effekt charakterisiert werden.
Synthese neuer N1‐(Diphenylsulfonyl‐carboxy)‐ N2‐acyl‐hydrazine
Authors: Demetrescu C. , Manu V.
Published: October 2006

Es wurden 8 N1‐(Diphenylsulfonyl‐carboxy)‐N2‐acyl‐hydrazine durch Ringspaltung der Cinnamyliden‐, Furfuryliden‐ bzw. Cyclohexyliden‐oxazolone in der Schmelze mit verschiedenen Diphenylsulfonylhydraziden synthetisiert.

Die neuen Verbindungen lassen nach den bisherigen pharmakologischen Prüfungen tranquillisierende und spasmolytische Wirkungen erwarten.
Die Synthese von 2‐Methylthio‐5‐arylsulfonylpyrimidin‐4‐carbonsäuren. 2. Pyrimidine
Authors: Bennur S. C. , Badiger V. V.
Published: October 2006

2‐Methylthio‐5‐arylthiopyrimidin‐4‐carbonsäuren mit verschiedenen elektronenliefernden Substituenten am Benzolkern wurden mit Peressigsäure zu 2‐Methylthio‐5‐arylsulfonyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐carbonsäuren oxidiert.
Zur Kondensation einiger 1,3‐Diketone mit Schwefelwasserstoff
Authors: Uhde W. , Hartke K.
Published: October 2006

Analog 3‐Methyl‐acetylaceton kondensiert 1‐Acetylindanon ‐(2) (3) mit Schwefelwasserstoff in Gegenwart von Chlorwasserstoff zu einem Trithiabicyclo‐nonadien 4, während das 2‐Acetylcyclopentanon (9) unter denselben Bedingungen des Tetrathia‐adamantan 10 liefert.
Polarographische Bestimmung tertiärer Amine über ihre Aminoxide Mitt.: Einfluß der Adsorption auf die Reduktion der Aminoxide
Authors: Hoffmann H.
Published: October 2006

Die Form der Strom‐Spannungs‐Kurven, die bei der Reduktion der Aminoxide erhalten werden, ist in erheblichem Ausmaß von der N‐Oxidkonzentration, der Ionenstärke und vom Vorhandensein grenzflächenaktiver Substanzen abhängig. Es werden die für eine quantitative Bestimmung der Aminoxide wichtigsten Erscheinungen beschrieben.
2,2‐ und 1,2‐Di‐aralkylthio‐ und ‐aralkylsulfon‐propane
Authors: Böhme H. , Laun H. , Haack B.
Published: October 2006

Aralkylmercaptane 2 und Aceton lassen sich mittels Chlorwasserstoff zu 2,2‐Dimercapto‐propanen 1 kondensieren, die beim Erhitzen in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff zu Mercaptan 2 und Isopropenylsulfid 3 gespalten werden. Bei der Readdition von 2 und 3 entstehen je nach Ausgangsprodukten und Versuchsbedingungen 2,2‐Dimercapto‐propane 1 oder 1,2‐Dimercapto‐propane 4, deren Identifizierung NMR‐spektroskopisch oder über die Sulfone 5 bzw. 8 erfolgen kann. Die Addition von Mercaptanen an Isopropenylsulfide 3 oder 9 erlaubt auch die Darstellung durch verschiedene Reste substituierter 2,2‐ bzw. 1,2‐Dimercapto‐propane, die durch Oxidation in die entsprechenden Disulfone 10 – 17 zu überführen sind.
Zur Acylierung von prim. Aminen durch Phthalimide. 1. Mitt.
Authors: Endres W.
Published: October 2006

Umsetzungen von Phthalimiden 1 mit prim. Aminen 2 ergeben eine unspezifische Acylierungsfähigkeit von 1 (unter ihnen das Phthalimidoglutarimid) gegenüber 2. Als Acylierungsprodukte treten Phthalimide 4 und/oder Phthalamide 5 auf. Dies rechtfertigt die Annahme, daß eine Aminolyse mit biogenen Substraten als Ursache der durch Thalidomid bedingten Schäden in Betracht zu ziehen ist.
Addition von Oximen an Carbodiimide unter Tetrafluorborsäure‐Katalyse. 12. Mitt. über Carbodiimide
Authors: Radau M. , Hartke K.
Published: October 2006

Di‐tert.‐butyl‐carbodiimid reagiert mit Oximen unter HBF4‐Katalyse zu den Oxim‐O‐carbonsäure‐(N,N'‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐amidin)‐tetrafluorboraten 3, aus denen mit Alkalilauge die zugehörigen Ketoxim‐O‐carbonsäure‐(N,N'‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐amidine) 4a–e erhalten werden können. Die freien Aldoxim‐O‐carbonsäure‐(N,N'‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐amidine) 4f–g sind unbeständig und zerfallen in Di‐tert.‐butylharnstoff und Benzonitril bzw. Benzisoxazol.
Cyclische Hydrazin‐Acetale
Authors: Zinner G. , Kilwing W.
Published: October 2006

Aldehyde und 1.2‐disubstituierte Hydrazine werden zu 1,3,4‐Oxadiazolidinen (A) und Hexahydro‐1.2.4.5‐tetrazinen (B) umgesetzt. A lassen sich durch Eliminierung einer der beiden Aldehyd‐Komponenten vermittels Hydrazon‐ oder Oxim‐Bildung in B überführen.
Die Bromierung von Aminothiazol‐Derivaten
Authors: Suciu D.
Published: October 2006

Die Bromierung von 2‐Allylamino‐4‐methyl‐5‐acetyl‐thiazol (1) führt über das Additionsprodukt an die Allylgruppe (2) zum Tribromderivat 3. Bromiert man das N‐Allyl‐N‐acetyl‐Derivat 4, entsteht das N‐Allyl‐ω‐brom‐Derivat 5 und daraus nach neuerlicher Bromierung 3. Die Charakterisierung von 3 und 5 erfolgte durch die Synthese der Dithiazole 6a ‐ d.
Untersuchungen über die Lichtstabilität wäßriger Phenazon‐Lösungen
Authors: Reisch J. , Ossenkop W. F.
Published: October 2006

Die Lichtstabilität wäßriger Phenazon‐Lösungen wird durch die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff nur geringfügig vermindert. Basisches Milieu dagegen induziert – wie am Beispiel des Diäthylamins gezeigt wurde – den Photoabbau des Phenazons, bei dem vor allem N‐Phenyl‐N‐acetonyl‐N′,N′‐diäthylharnstoff, N‐Phenyl‐N′,N′‐diäthylharnstoff und 1‐Phenyl‐3,4‐dimethyl‐5(H)‐imidazolon‐(2) gebildet werden.
Darstellung und Acylierung cyclischer N.N′‐Dihydroxyaminale
Authors: Zinner G. , Kilwing W.
Published: October 2006

2.3‐Bis(hydroxylamino)‐2.3‐dimethyl‐butan (1) bildet mit Aldehyden 1.3‐Dihydroxy‐imidazolidine (2, 3), die sich ohne Spaltung der Aminal‐Struktur an beiden Hydroxylgruppen acylieren lassen.
Über Aminale und Halbaminale von α‐Ketoaldehyden 43. Mitt. über α‐halogenierte Amine
Authors: Böhme H. , Sadanandam Y. S.
Published: October 2006

Aus α‐Ketoaldehyden 1 und 1 Mol sekundärem Amin entstehen die Halbaminale 4, die durch Dehydrierung in Glyoxylsäureamide 6 übergehen. Aminale 5 sind durch Kondensation von α‐Ketoaldehyden 1 mit 2 Mol. oder durch Umsetzung von α,α‐Dichlorketonen 2 mit 4 Mol. sekundärem Amin zugänglich, sie werden durch Acetylchlorid zu α‐halogenierten Aminen 8 gespalten. Durch Kondensation von α,α‐Dichloraceton und 2 Mol. Dimethylamin oder Piperidin entstehen Derivate von 1‐Amino‐3‐dichlormethyl‐2‐buten‐1‐carbonsäureamiden 16.
Synthese potentieller Cholinesterase‐reaktivatoren und ‐protektoren. Derivate des 4‐Pinakolylpyridins
Authors: Reiner R. , Scherer A.
Published: October 2006

Mehrere 4‐pinakolylsubstituierte Mono‐ und Bis‐pyridinium salze wurden synthetisiert und auf ihre In‐vitro‐Wirkung auf Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) und partiell DFP‐inhibierte Acetyl‐cholinesterase (DP‐AChE) untersucht. Dabei wurde gefunden, daß die Affinität dieser Verbindungen zur AChE (Eigenhemmung) so hoch ist, daß die resultierende reversible Enzyminhibition stärker als die Reaktivierung der DP‐AChE ist.
Über die Nenitzescu‐Reaktion in Eisessig. Bemerkungen zu einer Arbeit von W. Werner
Authors: Eiden F. , Kuckländer U.
Published: October 2006

Die Darstellung von 6‐Hydroxy‐indol‐Derivaten durch Anwendung der Nenitzescu‐Reaktion in Eisessig setzt eine sachgemäße Verfahrensweise voraus und ist, wie die Synthese von 1b und d zeigt, nicht auf 1a beschränkt.
Anlagerung von Sulfinsäuren an aktivierte Alkene. 1. Mitt. über Sulfone als chemische Transportformen germicid wirkender Stoffe
Authors: Messinger P.
Published: October 2006

Durch Anlagerung von Sulfinsäuren 3 an aktivierte Alkene 4,6,8,10 und 12 entstehen die Sulfone 5,7,9,11 und 13.
Zur Darstellung von 2‐Amino‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐chromenen. Reaktionen von 1,4‐Pentadien‐3‐onen 3. Mitt.
Authors: Otto H. H.
Published: October 2006

Aus 2,6‐Diarylidencyclohexanonen erhält man durch Michael‐Addition von Cyanessigestern und anschließende Cyclisierung vorwiegend 2‐Amino‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐chromene (7). Als Nebenprodukte können in einigen Fällen 5,6,7,8‐Tetrahydrocumarine (9) isoliert werden.