bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELEMENTAL CONTENT IN TOMATO SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY PRETRANSPLANT CONDITIONING
Authors: Garton Ronald , Widders Irvin E.
Published: February 2019

Processing tomato seedlings cultured in 288 cell plug trays were fertilized with solutions containing either 75-32-62 or 150-64-124 ppm N-P-K until the 4 to 5 true leaf stage (12 cm tall). At this developmental. stage, the seedlings were nutrient conditioned with 0-0-0, 75-32-62, 150-64-124, 300-128-248 or 450-194-374 ppm N-P-K for up to 12 days. Within 3 days of initiation of pretransplant fertilization treatments, both the contents and mean concentrations in shoot tissue of total N, P, K and soluble NO3- were significantly altered. The maximum effects on tissue concentrations were observed within 5 days. Shoot growth rate of seedlings was affected within 5 to 8 days by a modification of elemental concentration within fertilizer solutions. The benefits of nutrient conditioning on tomato seedlings will be discussed.
STABLE GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF CRANBERRY USING ELECTRIC DISCHARGE PARTICLE ACCELERATION
Authors: Serres Rod , McCown Brent , McCabe Dennis , Stang Elden , Russell Dave , Martinell Brian
Published: February 2019

Electric discharge particle acceleration was used to introduce three foreign genes into the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). These genes were NPTII (conferring resistance to the antibiotic, kanamycin), GUS (allowing for visual verification), and B.t. (conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects). Adventitious buds were induced on stem sections prior to bombardment with DNA-coated gold pellets. Bombarded stem sections were then transferred to a selection medium containing kanamycin. The surface of the medium was overlaid with a thin layer of kanamycin solution. Approximately 35 days after blasting, proliferating cell masses and elongating shoots were observed amidst the mass of kanamycin-inhibited tissue. Seven weeks after blasting, a histochemical assay verified GUS expression in these tissues, and polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the presence of the introduced genes.
MOVEMENT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. CAMPESTRIS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Dane Fenny , Shaw Joe , Kloepper Joe W.
Published: February 2019

The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), causal agent of black rot disease in crucifers was tagged with the luciferase gene complex of the marine bacterium Vibrio fisheri. The growth of the bioluminescent strain in plants and the environment can be monitored by its light emissions. Susceptible cabbage plants were either mist, wound or debris inoculated in the field, soil was inoculated with debris or with suspension culture of genetically engineered Xcc. Plant, soil and air samples will be taken at biweekly intervals to monitor the spread of the bioluminescent bacterium within as well as outside the environmental release site. The transfer of exotic DNA to other bacteria in the environment will also be studied.
RESPONSE OF SOUR CHERRIES TO FOLIAR BORON SPRAYS
Authors: Hanson Eric J.
Published: February 2019

Field trials were conducted in 1988 and 1989 in several Michigan locations to determine if fruit set and yield of sour cherry (Prunus cerasu s L. cv `Montmorency') can be increased by boron (B) applications. Orchards varied in age (6-12 years) and initial leaf B concentrations (18-32 ppm dry weight). Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and B sprays (500 ppm B) applied to the leaves in Sept. Fall B sprays increased B concentrations in flowers the following spring by 50-100%. The percentage of flowers which set fruit was either unaffected by sprays or increased by as much as 100%.. Fruit yields were unaffected by B sprays in some trials, and increased by as much as 100% in others. No visual symptoms of B deficiency were observed. Results of 1990 trials will also be presented.
PHENOLOGY OF FLOWERING IN CULTIVATED HELICONIA CHARTACEA
Authors: Criley Richard A. , Lekawatana Setapong
Published: February 2019

Although in florescences of H. chartacea `Sexy Pink' can be harvested year'round in Hawaii, flowering is heaviest during the summer while demand is higher during winter months. The research was directed at identifying influences affecting the timing and rate of flower development, Dissection of apices of pseudostems which began development during June-July showed reproductive development (3-6 cm) in Jan-Feb when @6 leaves had unfurled. Some pseudostems had aborted the growing point after initiation had occurred. Data from 141 flowering pseudostems over 2 years of sampling showed that approx. 46 weeks were required from shoot emergence to flowering. Seasonal variation existed for leaf number and developmental period. The paper will analyze the influence of temperature on these two components of flowering.
INFLUENCE OF DRYING AIR VOLUMES ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PECANS
Authors: Brown Robert , Sistrunk Laurence , Aldred William , Storey J. Benton
Published: February 2019

`Stuart' pecans were harvested as soon as shucks would split in the fall of 1989 and 45 kg inshell samples were placed in 30 × 30 × 105 cm drying bins. The nuts were dried at air volumes of either 0, 1.27, 1.56, 1.84, or 2.12 m3/min down to 4% moisture. Air temperature in the drying bins was maintained at uniform 35°C with the exception of the 0 air volume treatment which was allowed to dry at room temperature. Four random samples of each treatment were held in frozen storage awaiting fatty acid analysis. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolinic fatty acids were separated in a 183 cm × 3 mm packed column using a 10% Silar 10C phase on a Gas Chrom QII, 100/120. The samples dried with a air volume of 1.27 m3/min retained a significantly higher oleic acid content than the 0 and 2.12 m3/min drying volumes. The 1.27 m3/min volume retained 64.55 % oleic acid compared with 61.37'% for the 0 velocity sample and 59.61% for 2.12 m3/min treatment. The more desirable oleic/linoleic ratio of 2.24 was found in the 1.27 m3/min sample compared to a 1.78 ratio in the 2.12 m3/min sample. Increased volume of air in the drying bins was thus deleterious to these samples because of the loss of monounsaturated fatty acid.
RESPONSE OF COMMON BERMUDAGRASS TURF TO FERTILIZER AMENDMENTS AND IMAZAQUIN HERBICIDE
Authors: Kopec D. , Heathman S.E. , Mancino C.F. , Scott R.A.
Published: February 2019

The herbicide imazaquin is used for purple nutsedge control on certain turfgrasses. Common bermudagrass exhibits stunting and slight discoloration effects after applications at the label rate. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of either N, Fe, or Mn applied either 2 days before or after applications of the imazaquin. Three applications were made 8-10 days apart in 1988. Initially, amendments applied prior to the herbicide reduced the discoloration. Fe was as effective as N in preventing discoloration, but not in correcting discoloration (after herbicide application). After the second and third applications, Fe was superior to N when used in the “preventative” mode. Mn showed no real effects. Two weeks after the third applications were made, the plots which received either none (checks) or any of the three amendments without the herbicide had better color than those which received the herbicide with or without the amendments. Iron chlorosis-type symptoms were a function of the amendment type-used, as N-enhanced chlorosis occurred on N checks and on herbicide plots receiving N, regardless of application order.
PENETRATION OF OCTYLPHENOXY SURFACTANTS THROUGH ISOLATED TOMATO FRUIT CUTICLES
Authors: Petracek Peter D. , Knoche Moritz , Bukovac Martin J.
Published: February 2019

Despite the widespread use of surfactants to enhance the performance of foliar applied chemicals, the mechanisms for this enhancement are poorly understood. The penetration of surfactant per se through the cuticular membrane (CM) may play a pivotal role. Thus, we examined CM penetration by octylphenoxy surfactants (Triton X series) using a finite dose (Franz) diffusion cell. The effect of hydrophile length was studied using 14C surfactant (15.9 mm in 20 mm citrate buffer: pH 3.2) with 3, 9.5, 12, 16, and 40 ethylene oxide units per molecule (EO). One 5-μl droplet of surfactant solution was applied to the outer morphological surface of CM enzymatically isolated from mature tomato fruit. The inner CM surface remained in contact with stirred buffer at 25°C. The buffer was sampled periodically through a side portal over 648 h. Penetration curves (time vs. % penetrated) for all surfactants were characterized by three phases: lag, linear, and asymptotic. Lag: There was no effect of EO on the length of the lag phase (average 5 h) Linear: Steady state penetration (0.6 to 1.1% / h) was inversely related to log EO content. Asymptotic: About 70% of applied short EO (3 to 16) surfactants penetrated while 25% of the 40 EO penetrated in 648 h.
THE EFFECTS OF PREHARVEST ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANTS AND SCALD DEVELOPMENT IN APPLES
Authors: Barden Cynthia L. , Bramlage W. J.
Published: February 2019

Superficial scald development on apples is related to preharvest environmental conditions, perhaps through effects on endogenous antioxidant concentrations In 1989 we examined effects of maturity, light, and preharvest temperatures (< 10°C) on endogenous antioxidant levels in the fruit at harvest and on scald development after long-term storage in 0°C air. Cortland apple trees were sprayed with 500 ppm ethephon 1 month before normal harvest to create maturity differences. Fruit on other Cortland trees were bagged 1 month prior to harvest to reduce light interception. Samples also were harvested from other Cortland trees after exposures to different numbers of hours < 10°C, Hours < 10°C before harvest were negatively correlated to scald development. Ethephon treatment decreased scald incidence, and bagging increased it, The total lipid-soluble antioxidant activity increased with increasing hours < 10°C and with ethephon treatment, while bagging of fruit slightly decreased this antioxidant activity. To better understand the relationships between preharvest factors and antioxidant levels, individual antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, α tocopherol, anthocyanins and glutathione, are being analyzed.
NITROGEN ALLOCATION AND ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT AND REMOVAL IN LEAVES AND FRUIT OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZED AND NITROGEN-DEFICIENT WALNUT TREE CANOPIES
Authors: Kelley K.M. , Weinbaum S.A. , Catlin P.B. , Muraoka T.T.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen (N) deficiency reduced biomass and altered N allocation within large walnut tree canopies (Juglans regia L. cv Serr). N-fertilized control trees contained 2.5 times more N in current year spurs, leaves and fruit than did those of N-deficient trees. The N content and biomass allocated to kernels was reduced in N-deficient canopies to a greater extent than was al location to current year shoots and foliage. N removal in abscised leaves and fruit was 3 times greater in canopies of fertilized trees than in N-deficient trees.

A non-destructive method is described to calculate total spur, leaflet and fruit numbers. Calculations were based on ratios of fruit counts on selected scaffold limbs to total fruit number per tree. Dry weight and N content of representative spurs, leaflets and fruit permitted estimation of whole canopy biomass and N content in these organs. N contained in current year spurs and the N lost from the tree in fruit and leaf litter were calculated for both N-fertilized control and N-deficient trees.
FATE OF APPLIED NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON OREGON CRANBERRIES.
Authors: Wilder Kris L. , Hart J. M. , Poole Arthur , Myrold David D.
Published: February 2019

Little work has been done to establish the rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer applications to optimize return from fertilizer expenditures and minimize potential for ground and surface water pollution in Oregon cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). Predicting cranberry N requirements is difficult because cranberries require little N and soil tests for N are not helpful for perennial crops, especially when grown in shallow sandy soils. We used 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate to measure both plant uptake and movement of fertilizer N in a south coastal Oregon cranberry bed. A bed planted to the Stevens variety was fertilized with 15N-labelled ammonium sulfate at two rates (18 kg/ha and 36 kg/ha) applied at five phonological stages: popcorn, hook, flowering, early bud, and late bud. Plant N uptake and translocation were measured throughout the growing season in uprights, flowers, berries, and roots, Initial results indicate that when N was applied at popcorn stage approximately 12% of the N was present in the above-ground vegetative biomass at harvest. Incorporation of fertilizer N into the duff and mineral soil was measured. An estimate of fertilizer N leaching was made by trapping inorganic N below the root zone using ion exchange resin bags.
LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY RESPONSE TO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION.
Authors: Smagula John M. , Erich. M. Susan
Published: February 2019

Nutrition Surveys of commercial blueberry fields in 1987 and 1988 indicated leaf phosphorus levels were below the standard (0.125%) in most fields. To determine if phosphorus was limiting, liquid phosphorus (23% phosphoric acid) was applied preemergence at 0, 22.4, 44.8 67.2, or 88.6 kg/ha to 3 commercial blueberry fields identified in 1987 as very low (<.111%), 3 low (.111-.125%), and 3 adequate (>.125%) in leaf phosphorus. Phosphorus concentration in leaf tissue sampled in July 1989 increased linearly with increasing rates of phosphorus. Phosphorus application raised leaf phosphorus levels more in fields which had levels below 0.125%. Fields with higher phosphorus levels were also higher in leaf nitrogen, potassium, and calcium.
A MODEL FOR PLANT GROWTH IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Bates Maynard E.
Published: February 2019

A simple plant growth model has been developed based on the analysis of growth curves of lettuce and spinach in numerous controlled environment experiments. The model incorporates elements for genetic potential, plant spacing, photosynthetic photon flux, photoperiod, environment, and morphology. Predicted parameters are relative growth rate, mean plant weight, and plant growth efficiency. Prediction may be on an hourly or daily basis. Examples drawn from data on various species and cultivars will be presented.
EFFECTS OF GROUNDCOVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND WATER DEFICIT STRESS ON QUALITY OF APPLE
Authors: Russell Steven G. , Blankenship Sylvia M. , Skroch Walter A.
Published: February 2019

A field study was initiated in 1981 in western North Carolina to determine the influence of eight groundcover management systems on quality of `Redchief Red Delicious' apple (Malus domestica) grafted onto rootstock of M VIIA. Management systems included: bare soil, Secale cereale mulch, minimal cultivation, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Muhlenbergia schreberi and Rubus sp. Thus far, fruit quality data indicate that fruits produced in plots of cool-season grasses are smaller and less mature than those produced in vegetation-free plots or plots of warm-season grasses. A negative correlation was noted between high fruit quality and water deficit stress as measured by water potential and stomatal conductance.
EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING AND CHEMICAL THINNING ON GROWTH AND FRUITING OF `McINTOSH' APPLE TREES.
Authors: Schupp James R. , Farm Highmoor
Published: February 2019

Mature `McIntosh'/MM.111 apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) trees were treated to evaluate the response of root pruned trees to chemical thinning and to determine if reducing the crop load increased fruit size on root pruned trees. The trees were root pruned at full bloom in 1988 and 1989, by cutting on both sides of the row 1m from the trunk and 30cm deep. Water, 600mg/liter carbaryl, 5mg/liter napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or NAA plus carbaryl were applied when fruit diameter was approximately 10mm. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was increased by thinning treatments in 1988, but root pruning had no effect. In 1989, root pruning reduced TCSA increment by 35%. Shoot length was reduced by root pruning both years. All treatments reduced percent fruit set in 1989, however root pruned trees and trees treated with NAA had the highest fruit numbers at harvest. Preharvest fruit drop was reduced by root pruning in both 1988 and 1989. Root pruning had no influence on the response of apple trees to chemical thinning. Removing a portion of the crop with chemical thinners was partially successful in counteracting the reduction in fruit size caused by root pruning.
ISOZYME CHARACTERIZATION OF CARIBBEAN FORBIDDEN FRUIT (CITRUS SP.) CLONES AND SEEDLINGS
Authors: Bowman Kim D. , Gmitter Frederick G.
Published: February 2019

A diverse population of grapefruit-like Citrus growing in Saint Lucia (West Indies), called forbidden fruit, was examined as a potential germplasm source for Citrus genetic improvement. Four clones from this population were studied by leaf isozyme analysis, and a distinct resemblance between forbidden fruit and grapefruit (C. × paradisi Macfady.) was observed at several loci, including identical banding patterns for peroxidase, phosphoglucose mutase, phosphohexose isomerase, and shikimic acid dehydrogenase. These results support morphological and historical indications of a close taxonomic relationship between modern grapefruit cultivars and Caribbean forbidden fruit. Comparison of isozyme allele segregation among seedlings of several forbidden fruit clones and grapefruit cultivars demonstrated a much higher degree of zygotic embryony in the former. Morphological diversity and zygotic embryony in the Caribbean forbidden fruit population may make it a useful genetic resource for breeding grapefruit and other Citrus species.
TRANSFERRING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ENERGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT TO GROWERS
Authors: Freeman Mark , Handley Dale
Published: February 2019

Much technology concerning efficient use of agricultural energy and water is available. However, this technology is underutilized by many growers because of inadequate training. This Extension program educates growers about evaluating irrigation systems, soil and water problems, irrigation scheduling, and energy use (of pumps). The program uses different communication tools to create awareness in growers, and then encourage adoption. These tools include in-depth surveys, condensed written material, small group discussions, and videotapes. The program also coordinates efforts among various governmental and private agencies.
EVALUATION OF A CONTAINERIZED GRADIENT CONCEPT AS A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR TOMATOES
Authors: Geraldson C. M.
Published: February 2019

During the 1970s a mulched gradient concept was adapted by the Florida vegetable industry and the average yield of tomatoes was doubled. Currently, because of potential water restrictions and society's increasing concerns about environmental pollution, a containerized gradient concept is being evaluated. Containers, media and nutrient/water balance are major components being evaluated to maximize water use efficiency and minimize pollution and, at the same time, maintain or increase the existing competitive excellence. Three seasons of results indicate tomato yields equivalent to those produced commercially; water use has averaged 4 liters/plant/day (about 1/5 to 1/10 that used commercially; and leaching, fumigation and plastic mulches have been eliminated. The concept as a sustainable production system is considered commercially feasible.
TISSUE-CULTURED RASPBERRY PLANT ESTABLISHMENT
Authors: Trinka David , Pritts Marvin
Published: February 2019

Tissue-cultured (TC) plantlets are becoming the preferred planting stock for raspberry growers because of their uniformity, ease of handling, general vigor and disease status. However, previous studies have shown that TC plants are sensitive to many preemergent herbicides and to cultivation within several weeks after planting. ln addition, little is unknown about handling practices for TC plants relative to conventionally propagated plants during the establishment year. We subjected TC raspberries cv. Heritage to different management practices during the establishment year and monitored plant performance over two years to determine if better recommendations could be made for TC plantlets. One set of management practices examined weed control, and treatments included straw mulch, black polyethylene mulch, white on black polyethylene match, napropamide herbicide, simazine herbicide, hand weeding, and an untreated control. A second factor was fertilizer placement, with calcium nitrate applied on the soil surface around the plant or placed in the planting hole. A third factor was row cover application during the first six weeks of growth. Significant differences in soil moisture, soil temperature, plant growth, and yield occurred among the 22 treatments, and results suggested that TC plants require a different set of management practices than conventional propagules.
EFFECT OF HEDGING ON FROST TOLERANCE OF `DELITE' RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Neuendorff E. W. , Patten K. D.
Published: February 2019

A late spring frost, -2°C on 10 Mar 1989, destroyed all blossoms on `Delite' rabbiteye blueberries. To determine the effect of hedging as a rejuvenation method, six-year-old `Delite' plants were pruned on 26 April 1989. All branches were removed at 46 cm from ground level. Unpruned control plants were approximately 184 cm tall. On 21 Mar 1990 a frost of -2°C occurred. Two days later bud damage was assessed on three wood types: spring-old (SO), spring growth on old, weak wood; spring-new (SN), spring growth on vigorous 1-year-old shoots; and fall (F), postharvest late summer/fall growth. Buds were identified as to their stage of development. Buds formed on both types of spring wood were further developed than those on fall wood. As flower stage advanced frost damage increased. Blossoms on fall growth were most frost tolerant and SN was more hardy than SO. Subsequent yields will be determined and reported.
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES AND GROUPS OF AN IMPATIENS GERMPLASM COLLECTION
Authors: Lerch Virginia D. , Ng Timothy
Published: February 2019

Since the introduction of New Guinea impatiens in 1980 the genus Impatiens has remained the number one selling bedding plant in the U.S. However, basic information concerning the genus is lacking. This study was undertaken to estimate genetic and phenotypic diversity within species and groups of an Impatiens germplasm collection representing seven countries. It includes plants from the 1970 plant expedition co-sponsored by USDA-ARS and the Longwood Foundation (Kennett Square, PA); donations from the Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew, England); and ovule cultured interspecific hybrids created by Dr. Toru Arisumi (USDA, Beltsville, MD). The collection was grown in a common environment and characterized for 31 qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, and electrophoretically characterized for several enzymes using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence concerning putative interspecific hybrids and relationships among Impatiens groups based on morphological and electrophoretic characterization and diversity indices will be presented. Isozyme patterns lending support to hypotheses of center of origin, migration and evolution of Impatiens will also be discussed.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LIMITATIONS OF SOMATIC HYBIDIZATION
Authors: Lee Cheol Hee , Paek Kee Yoeup , Power J. Brian , Cocking Edward C.
Published: February 2019

This study was designed to assess the general limitations of somatic hybridization as one of the key technologies for genetic manipulation in plants. The limits of somatic hybridization against different taxonomic backgrounds, intraspecific to interfamilial, were also assessed. Protoplast culture studies provided essential information relating to the species cultural and morphogenetic capacity. several #elect Ion strategies for the recovery of somatic hybrid colonies/plants were developed and assessed using various combinations of protoplast sources and species in the genera Petunia, Nicotiana, Salpiglossis and Chrysanthemum. Morphological, cytological and biochemical analyses were performed to confirm the hybridity of plants or cell lines recovered following protoplasm fusion (using 4-5 methods) and selection.

The somatic hybrid callus/plants were obtained at intraspecific to interfamilial levels by complementation to chlorophyll proficiency, together with media selection or complementation of nitrate reductase deficient mutants as follows; P. Hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. hybrida cv. Blue Lace (intraspecific), P. hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. inflata and P. parviflora (interspecific), P. parviflora (+) N. tabacum (intergeneric), S. sinuata (+) P. hybrida var. Monsanto, P. parodii and N. tabacum (intertribal), and C. morifolium (+) S. sinuata.

From this study, it appeared that there were no taxonomic limits to the production and proliferation of somatic hybrid cell lines. However, obtaining morphologically normal hybrid plants met with limited success as the taxonomic relationships became more distant. The regeneration capacity of somatic hybrids seemed to be controlled by both parental species. Somatic incompatibility mechanism was also shown to operate on chromosome elimination. Such chromosome elimination may well be advantageous in plant improvement.
THE GENETICS AND BREEDING FOR SALT TOLERANCE IN MELON, CUCUMIS MELO.
Authors: Mendlinger Samuel , Pasternak Dov
Published: February 2019

The increasing salinity of both irrigated lands as well as irrigation water in many parts of the world have emphasized the importance of having appropriate breeding strategies for developing salt tolerant cultivars. In a program to breed for salt tolerance (high yield and good quality at 5,000 ppm salinity) in melons, several breeding strategies were tried. The only systems that succeeded was using combining abilities in a hybrid program. We found that salinity did not effect the number of fruit or fruit quality but only fruit weight. Fruit weight of hybrids grown in fresh water was controlled by dominant genes (h2=0.09) whereas the same hybrids grown under salinity had fruit weight control by additive genes (h2=0.54) Therefore, we were capable of breeding tolerant hybrids from non-tolerant parents.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A MALE-STERILE SYSTEM WITH A CLOSELY LINKED SEEDLING MARKER TO FACILITATE F1 HYBRID TOMATO SEED PRODUCTION
Authors: Tigchelaar Edward C.
Published: February 2019

The coupling phase linkages have been synthesized between the gene aw (without anthocyanin) and the male sterile gene ms15 (and its alleles ms26, ms47, and an Israeli source of male sterility). Less than 2 map units separate aw and ms15 on chromosome 2, providing a convenient seedling marker gene to rapidly identify male sterility for both inbred development and hybrid seed production. The seedling marker also provides a convenient marker to rapidly assess hybrid seed purity. Unique features of each of the alleles involved in male sterility and their use in inbred and hybrid development will be described.
INHERITANCE OF ZINGIBERENE IN LYCOPERSICON
Authors: Rahimi Fazal R. , Carter Catherine
Published: February 2019

Zingiberene, a sesquiterpene, was detected in the foliage extract of L. hirsutum f. hirsutum Humb. and Bonp1. (hir), and confirmed by GC-MS. Zingiberene does not exist in L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (gla), which instead contains 2-tridecanone. 2-Tridecanone confers resistance to gla against Colorado Potato Beetle. The Presence of Zingiberene is associated with resistance against Colorado Potato Beetle in hir, which does not contain 2-tridecanone. The gene that conditions zingiberene acts differently in two different genetic backgrounds. In gla × hir this gene acts as a single recessive gene, while in L. esculentum × hir it acts as a single dominant gene. This situation, which has been studied in F2 and backcross populations of crosses in both directions are examined and discussed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PEACH ROOTS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION TIMING
Authors: Lasswell James L. , Worthington Josiah W.
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted June 2, July 27, and October 15, 1988 to determine root concentrations within the dry and wetted soil of trickle-irrigated peach trees (Redglobe variety) in Windthorst fine sandy loam soil. Two “dryland” and four irrigation treatments (based on time of year irrigation initiated and previous irrigation history) were used. A single soil core sample 2.2 cm in diameter and 80 cm deep was taken 50 cm from trickle emitters on each of 8 trees per irrigation treatment and a single sample taken the same distance from the trunk on the “dry” side of the 8 trees in each dryland treatment. Each core was sectioned into 20-cm increments, washed, roots collected, separated (small, feeder roots; large suberized roots), dried and weighed.

Analyses of data for the small, feeder roots showed a significant difference (0.01 level) in root density between treatments, between sample times (each treatment), and with depth (each treatment). Root concentrations were highest in soils that had received irrigation in previous years and also when irrigation was initiated early in the year. Root concentrations were also found to be highest in the top 20 cm of soil regardless of treatment.
INFLUENCE OF PREHARVEST IRRIGATION CUTOFF DURATION AND POSTHARVEST WATER DEPRIVATION IN ALMOND
Authors: Goldhamer David , Viveros Mario , Shackel Ken
Published: February 2019

Previously well irrigated mature `Nonpareil' almond trees (Prunus dulcis) were subjected to varying periods of water deprivation prior to harvest and then to either full or no postharvest irrigation. Eight preharvest water deprivation (PWD) lengths ranging from 14 to 63 days were evaluated on a sandy loam soil with a rooting depth of about 1.5 m.

Development of tree water deficits occurred rapidly following PWD. Predawn leaf water potential decreased to about -1.8 and -3.1 MPa after 10 and 20 days, respectively. Defoliation began about 30 days after PWD and trees subjected to more than 50 days completely defoliated. The rate of hull split was directly related to the PWD duration. With early cutoffs, the size of the hull split-arrested nuts at harvest was large compared with the same nut type in later cutoffs suggesting that as nuts develop, large nuts are preferential sinks for assimilates. Kernel size was only mildly reduced by PWD during the first study year. There was a trend toward lower total kernel yield with longer PWD as a result of smaller kernel girth but yield differences were not significant. The number of nuts remaining in the tree after shaking was not related to PWD. Bark strength increased after PWD with 10 to 14 days required to prevent shaker damage. Postharvest irrigation resulted in late season defoliation but no rebloom. Bloom density reductions in 1990 were related more to the lack of 1989 postharvest irrigation than to early PWD.
VARIATION IN FRUIT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PRICKLY PEARS (OPUNTIA SPECIES)
Authors: Kuti Joseph O.
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the results from a two-year study on fruit quality characteristics of prickly pear accessions belonging to five Opuntia species (O. ficus-indica, O. hyptiacantha, O. inermis, O. linderheimeri and O. megacantha) from a germplasm collection at Texas A&I University. Fruit soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid contents were determined using standard procedures. Significant differences in fruit soluble solids and ascorbic acid contents were observed. Accessions belonging to O. ficus-indica consistently had the highest soluble solids (> 12%) and ascorbic contents (>24mg/100g) while accessions belonging to O. lindheimeri consistently had the lowest soluble solids (<8%) and ascorbic acid contents (< 10mg/100g). Fruit acidity was generally low (<0.19%) for all the species. The results suggest potential for developing prickly pears for the fresh fruit market in south Texas.
SENSITIVITY OF CUCUMBER LINES TO CHILLING INJURY
Authors: Cabrera Roberto M. , Saltveit M.E. , Owens K.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L.) of 13 cultivars were chilled at 2.5C for up to 10 d, Pitting scores after 8 d at 2.5C and 6 d at 20C ranged from 0.0 (none) in `HP 138' to 7.7 (severe) in `Poinsett 76' fruit. Ion leakage, as the increase in conductivity in a 0.3 M mannitol solution bathing excised disks of mesocarp tissue and expressed as % of the total ion content of the tissue, was lowest in `MDR I' (4.5%) and highest in `HP 159' (11%) after 6 d at 2.5C. After 10 d at 2.5C, however, the lowest was in `Navajo' (5.5%) and the highest in `Poinsett 76' (15%). Resistant lines, e.g., `Dasher II' and `HP 138' showed ion leakage of 7.6% and 5.4% after 6 d, and 8.4% and 7.5% after 10 d. Exudates from cut fruit were collected on filter paper. The fresh and dry wt of exudates from fruit held 8 d at 12.5C ranged from 144 to 346 mg and 16 to 47 mg, respectively. Conductivity of the exudates was highest in `PS 34885' (177 uSiemen/cm) and lowest in `Rawa' (83 uS/cm). The fresh wt of exudate from 6 lines ranged from 99 to 164 mg after 10 d at 2.5C followed by an additional 2.4 d at 20C. The % solid-of the exudates was higher in more resistant lines, e.g., `Dasher II' (8%) and `HP 138' (4%) than in more sensitive lines, e.g., `Poinsett 76' (2%) and `MDR I`(2%). Conductivity of the exudates from chilling sensitive lines were higher than from resistant lines, 60 vs. 30 uS/cm, respectively.
DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: Bradshaw David W.
Published: February 2019

The keynote address for this session was presented by Drs. Rachael and Stephen Kaplan. They presented the concept of “Thereness” - that the knowledge that the availability of a good view of vegetation from the workplace was more important to the psychological well-being of workers than the actual use of that view. M.K. Honeyman then presented results of a study which showed that vegetation does contribute to psychological wellbeing, and the lack of vegetation may create stress. Dr. E. Matsuo, in his paper, stated that all human creative actions are motivated by the urge to either foster or to acquire, and to be kept from either of these two would prevent us from living a fulfilled life. He also cautioned that we should account for the value of horticulture as a part of human life rather than just report the dollar value of the economics of horticulture.. Dr. B. Hull then stated that community is the overlapping of the extensions of the self-images of the people within that community. A. Mukherjee reported that community, state and regional planning must be coordinated to protect existing farms, watersheds and views as urban developments spread into rural areas. With time remaining, Bilge Friedlaender made an oral presentation of her poster outlining the making of seven community gardens, and closed with a moving statement of oar responsibilities for the stewardship of our earth.
BREEDING SWEETPOTATO FOR RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE INSECT PESTS
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: February 2019

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars with high levels of resistance to root damaging insects have been developed through the collaborative efforts of a multidisciplinary research team. These resistances were combined with other traits necessary for a successful cultivar such as: disease resistances; high yield; long storage life; prolific sprout production; marketable root size, shape and skin at tributes; and culinary excellence. Adpotion of quantitative genetic principles, development of a wide gene base, sequential selection schemes, use of effective selection criteria and appropriate susceptible standards contributed to the program's success. These achievements were made with, little prior knowledge about inheritance patterns, gene action, mechanisms of resistance or a complete knowledge of the insects concerned. The value of insect resistant cultivars has become better appreciated with the recent decrease in chemical alternatives.
BREEDING SOUTHERNPEA AND TOMATO FOR RESISTANCE TO INSECT PESTS
Authors: Fery Richard L.
Published: February 2019

The use of multidisciplinary teams has been the key to making progress in the development of insect resistant southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars; both the plant breeder and the entomologist have primary program responsibilities. The basic approach encompasses three separate but interrelated phases: 1) evaluation of germplasm collections to locate needed sources of resistances, 2) genetic studies to determine the inheritance of resistances, and 3) breeding programs to transfer resistance genes into adapted germplasm. The basic approach must usually be supplemented by concurrent research to, determine the nature and value of resistances and to develop evaluation procedures, selection criteria, and plant breeding methodologies. Selected examples from research projects on southernpea (resistances to cowpea curculio, southern green stinkbug, leaf footed bug, leaf miners, and thrips) and tomato (resistances to tomato fruitworm, tobacco hornworm, and Colorado potato beetle) will be used to illustrate approaches and methodologies.
MANAGING ENVIRONMENT TO OPTIMIZE PRODUCTION AND MINIMIZE COSTS
Authors: Bates Maynard E.
Published: February 2019

Increased production and reduced costs are goals of all plant growers. As a rule, introduction of computer-based control of the plant environment in a well-designed greenhouse will result in yield increases of thirty percent (30%) over other control techniques. A simple model will show how these changes impact profitability.

New technologies in sensors, interfaces, computers, software, and plant growth knowledge are being applied to management of the crop environment. Examples of direct canopy temperature measurement, online plant weight measurement, integration and control of photosynthetic photon flux, and nutrition control will be presented. Integrated process control is replacing setpoint maintenance. Models are being developed for incorporation into environmental control systems. Examples for solar irradiance and crop growth will be demonstrated.

Ultimately expert systems based on artificial intelligence technology will manage crop production in controlled environments. These systems will incorporate information on crop genome, local climate, cultural practices, pests and diseases, economics, and markets, in addition to environmental control. A possible configuration of the hardware and software for such a system will be discussed.
SCIENCE CURRICULA IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
Authors: Lawson Anton E.
Published: February 2019

According to recent surveys 80% of the primary, 90% of intermediate grade teachers, and 50% of all teachers base their instruction upon a single textbook; almost all questions arise from information in the textbook and most center on terminology; the common pattern of science instruction is assign, recite, test, and discuss the test, all based upon the textbook. The result of such instruction is that students demonstrate poor science achievement (both in terms of discipline specific knowledge and in terms of an ability to think and act in a scientific way) and poor attitudes towards science. In contrast, a number of excellent science K-12 programs have been developed in this country during the past 10-20 years and when used properly, achievement and attitude gains are considerable. Regrettably our system of district level control makes implementation of these superior programs difficult.
INNOVATIVE IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES IN NURSERY PRODUCTION TO REDUCE WATER USAGE
Authors: Kabashima John
Published: February 2019

Several production nurseries were surveyed about techniques used to reduce water usage and runoff. The nurseries surveyed used from 400,000 gallons of water per day to 5,000,000 gallons of water per day during peak usage. Water availability and the potential for nitrate runoff from large production nurseries to contaminate the environment have resulted in requirements by regulatory agencies to decrease water usage and runoff. Nurseries have complied by using techniques such as drip irrigation, subirrigation, pulsing, recycling, and computer controlled irrigation systems. The use of techniques such as recycling and “better management practices” have resulted in significant decreases (approximately 30%) in water usage.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROIRRIGATION FOR CITRUS PRODUCTION IN FLORIDA
Authors: SMAJSTRLA ALLEN G.
Published: February 2019

The use of microirrigation in Florida citrus production has increased rapidly in recent years. Most new groves are now being developed with microspray or drip irrigation. Many existing sprinkler and seepage (subirrigation) systems have also been converted to micro irrigation. Although water management districts have encouraged the use of micro irrigation for water conservation, research results which solved problems with the practical implementation of this technology and which demonstrated economic incentives are primarily responsible for its popularity in Florida citrus production. Research programs have (1) developed management techniques to eliminate emitter clogging, (2) demonstrated the effective use of microspray systems for freeze protection, (3) increased young tree growth with respect to conventional irrigation methods, (4) demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of microirrigation, and (5) developed management techniques for efficient use of water and nutrients in fruit production.
Growth Control in Eastern Thornless Blackberry with NAA
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi
Published: February 2019

NAA at 0.25% to 1.0% applied in late May on the basal portion of thornless blackberry (Rubus, subgenus Eubatus) primocanes inhibited lateral shoot growth in the treated area and reduced the number of primocanes. However, regrowth occurred near or below ground from axillary buds not contacted by NAA. Rates of (0.25% and 0.12570 NAA did not affect the terminal or lateral growth above the treated area. The reduced number of basal lateral shoots facilitated machine harvesting. Chemical name used: napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Volatile Compounds of the Curry Plant
Authors: Charles Denys J. , Simon James E.
Published: February 2019

The curry plant [Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don in Loudon ssp. italicum or H. angustifolium (Lam.) DC (Asteraceae)], a popular ornamental herb with a curry-like aroma, was chemically evaluated to identify the essential oil constituents responsible for its aroma. Leaves and flowers from greenhouse-grown plants were harvested at full bloom. Essential oils were extracted from the dried leaves via hydrodistillation and the chemical constituents analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry. The essential oil content was 0.67% (v/w). Sixteen compounds were identified in the oil and included: neryl acetate (51.4%), pinene (17.2%), eudesmol (6.9%), geranyl propionate (3.8%),β-eudesmol (1.8%), limonene (1.7%), and camphene (1.6%). While the aroma of the curry plant is similar to that of a mild curry powder, the volatile chemical profile of the curry plant does not resemble that reported for commercial curry mixtures.
Plant Production Cost-accounting/Management System
Authors: Power Kevin C. , Fitzgerald Jay B. , Meyer George E. , Schulte Dennis D.
Published: February 2019

A microcomputer program has been developed to keep records on energy, labor costs, product pricing, and revenue predictions for greenhouse and nursery production. The program manages plant production data, potentially enabling the grower to improve production and profits. The grower can use the program to determine how much it costs to produce individual plants, to ascertain labor costs and where to reallocate employees. Advertising and other indirect costs can be included to determine cost of production on a per-plant or per-square-foot basis.
Tolerance of Tepary and Navy Beans to NaCl During Germination and Emergence
Authors: Goertz Steven H. , Coons Janice M.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of two tepary bean lines (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius) and one navy bean cultivar (P. vulgaris L. `Fleetwood') were tested with 0.0-, – 0.3-, –0.6-, -0.9-, -1.2-, or – 1.5-MPa NaCl solutions to determine their relative salt tolerance during germination and emergence. Developmental stage was not affected at – 0.3 MPa, but with salinities more negative than -0.9 MPa, `Fleetwood' developed more slowly than the tepary lines; no plants emerged at – 1.5 MPa. Teparies tended to maintain higher water and osmotic potentials than navy over the range of NaCl concentrations used, although turgor was similar for all three genotypes. Leaf area was reduced more in navy than in white tepary at – 0.6 and – 0.9 MPa. Dry weights of navy were higher than those of either tepary bean at all NaCl concentrations, although decreases at higher salinities relative to 0.0 MPa were greater for navy than for teparies. Root: shoot ratios were higher at – 0.3 MPa than at 0.0 MPa, but were lower at the higher NaCl concentrations for all three genotypes. Overall, tepary beans tolerated NaCl better than navy. The characteristic that best indicated differences in salt tolerance was developmental stage.
Shoot Growth and Gross Photosynthesis of Evergreen Azaleas
Authors: Ballantyne David J.
Published: February 2019

The influence of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and gibberellic acid (GA3) sprays on shoot elongation was determined for `Coral Bells' (Kurume or R. obstusum hybrid), `Fashion' (Glen Dale or R. indicum × Kurume hybrid), `Hexe' (R. obtusum × R. simsii hybrid), `Hinocrimson' (Kurume or R. obtusum hybrid), `Hinodegiri' (Kurume or R. obtusum hybrid), and `Red Wing' (Brooks hybrid) azalea. GA3 at 1 mm was more effective in stimulating shoot elongation of `Coral Bells', `Fashion', `Hinodegiri', and `Red Wing' than of `Hexe' or `Hinocrimson'. GA3 sprays were more effective in stimulating elongation when applied to plants growing at irradiance levels of 350 μmol·s-1·m-2 than to plants growing at either 200 or 100 μmol·s-1·-2. Gross photosynthesis of leaf segments was higher for a slow-growing cultivar (Hinocrimson) than for a faster-growing cultivar (Fashion). `Hinocrimson' produced stouter shoots (greater dry weight/cm) than did `Fashion'.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUXES ON CALCEOLARIA AND ASTER
Authors: Dansereau Blanche , Serge Gagnon
Published: February 2019

The first study was undertaken during fall 1989 and the second in winter 1990 using Callistephus chinensis `Pink Carpet', and Calceolaria herbeohybrida `Anytime mixture' seedlings. In both experiments, four photosynthetic photon flux levels were used; 30, 60, 90 and 120 mmol m-2 s-1 to obtain a 16 hr photoperiod. All lighting treatments were provided by HPS lamps (400 W) and compared to natural light condition (control). The utilisation of this electrotechnology not only increased vegetative growth but also reproductive development which resulted in shortening production time. Flower number was also greatly enhanced. Differences measured between control plants and those having received a supplementary light treatment were greater during fall 1989 than winter 1990 study.