bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial avoidance of patches of polluted chernozem soils by soil invertebrates
Authors: Gongalsky Konstantin B. , Belorustseva Svetlana A. , Kuznetsova Daria M. , Matyukhin Alexander V. , Pelgunova Lyubov A. , Savin Fyodor A. , Shapovalov Alexander S.
Published: February 2009

Soil invertebrates and heavy metal concentrations are heterogeneously distributed in the soil of steppe plots surrounding an iron mining enterprise in southern Russia. This study assesses whether patches of high soil invertebrate abundance coincide with patches of low concentrations of pollutants. For this aim, spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) was applied. Three valleys in Belogorye Nature Reserve were chosen. One valley faced the tailing pond to the north and the other two faced south‐east or south‐west. Two sampling plots were chosen in each valley, 60 m apart from each other. On every plot 16 soil cores were collected from a grid of 4 × 4 units with a 5‐m distance between each sample unit. Each soil core had an area of 76 cm2 and was 12–15 cm deep. All macroinvertebrates were hand‐sorted and identified to family. Abundance of soil invertebrates was not controlled by patches of metal concentration in the soil. Epigaeic groups, like insects and other invertebrates inhabiting the litter layer, were not directly associated with local parameters of the soil. On the contrary, belowground invertebrate abundance (elaterid larvae and earthworms) showed significant dissociation with some heavy metal (Fe, Pb, Zn) concentrations in the soil. The patchiness of soil pollution may act as a leading factor of belowground soil invertebrate distribution. The spatial structure of animal populations in industrially transformed soils needs further research.
An excess of emission in the dark cloud LDN1111 with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
Authors: Scaife A. M. M. , Hurley-Walker N. , Green D. A. , Davies M. L. , Grainge K. J. B. , Hobson M. P. , Lasenby A. N. , López-Caniego M. , Pooley G. G. , Saunders R. D. E. , Scott P. F. , Titterington D. J. , Waldram E. M. , Zwart J. T. L.
Published: February 2009

We present observations of the Lynds' dark nebula LDN 1111 made at microwave frequencies between 14.6 and 17.2 GHz with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager. We find emission in this frequency band in excess of a thermal free–free spectrum extrapolated from data at 1.4 GHz with matched uv coverage. This excess is >15σ above the predicted emission. We fit the measured spectrum using the spinning dust model of Draine & Lazarian and find the best-fitting model parameters agree well with those derived from the Scuba data for this object by Visser, Richer & Chandler.
THE ATTITUDES OF EUROPEAN CONSUMERS TOWARD INNOVATION IN BREAD; INTEREST OF THE CONSUMERS TOWARD SELECTED QUALITY ATTRIBUTES
Authors: LAMBERT J.L. , LE‐BAIL A. , ZUNIGA R. , VAN‐HAESENDONCK I. , VNZEVEREN E. , PETIT C. , ROSELL M.C. , COLLAR C. , CURIC D. , COLIC‐BARIC I. , SIKORA M. , ZIOBRO R.
Published: February 2009

This survey concerns industrial bread making and has been carried out within the European project entitled EU‐FRESHBAKE (October 2006 to October 2009), which concerns the bake‐off technology. This technology consists in producing bread at industrial level (frozen most of the time) and to retail the bread in “baking stations” or in small vending shops.

The objectives of this survey were (1) to better understand the attitude of the European innovations in bread and (2) to understand the main determinants of it. Two main categories of consumers were observed; (1) frequent (daily) buyers with a focus on quality and pleasure and (2) less frequent buyers (once a week) with a more pronounced interest in nutrition, shelf life and energy (process). The first group was named the “crust group” and the second one the “crumb group.” The “crumb group” seems to be the one that is the most interested in the outcomes of the EU‐FRESHBAKE project.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This survey brings interesting information regarding the expectations of EU consumers toward innovation in bread making. Bread is a very symbolic food, carrying a lot of messages coming from religion, social classification and from well being.

Among the key messages to be withdrawn from this survey, it appears that northern and eastern Europe, and also the young population, are expecting from bread a food that must adapt to the constrain of life. It must have a long shelf life and it must carry a nutritional value. On the other hand, French and southern Europe countries are bringing more attention to the pleasure and to the freshness of the product. There is thus a complex matrix of social and qualitative attitudes toward bread from one country to the other. Innovation can be considered as a positive image in some countries, whereas it may have a very negative image in other countries.
A Retrospective Examination of the Relationship Between Implementation Quality of the Coordinated School Health Program Model and School‐Level Academic Indicators Over Time*
Authors: Rosas Scott , Case Jane , Tholstrup Linda
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:  Although models such as the coordinated school health program (CSHP) are widely available to address student health needs, school professionals have been unconvinced that scarce resources should be allocated to improving student health. Concern that attention may be diverted from meeting academic accountability goals is often seen as a reason not to attend to student health. Despite continuing calls for the study of multicomponent health programs in relation to educational achievement, the understanding of the extent to which adherence to the characteristics of CSHP contributes to or compromises academic outcomes over time remains incomplete.

METHODS:  A retrospective study was conducted of CSHP implementation across 158 public schools in Delaware, serving grades K‐12. Using a doubly multivariate design, this study examined 3 levels of CSHP implementation across 5 school‐level academic indicators for 3 years. Indicators included school performance, school progress, and aggregated student performance in 3 content areas—reading, mathematics, and writing. Data for the years prior to, during, and following implementation of CSHP were analyzed.

RESULTS:  Multivariate main effects of year by implementation level were detected. CSHP schools with high levels of implementation had better school‐level performance and progress ratings. CSHP implementation did not have an effect on reading, math, and writing indicators, though all groups showed significant improvements over time in these areas.

CONCLUSIONS:  Results of this study suggest that quality implementation of CSHP does not adversely impact school‐level academic indicators over time. Moreover, findings suggest a better fit with school‐wide accountability indicators than with specific content‐based achievement indicators.
Salient Environmental and Perceptual Correlates of Current and Established Smoking for 2 Representative Cohorts of Indiana Adolescents
Authors: Seo Dong‐Chul , Bodde Amy E. , Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: February 2009

PURPOSE:  A secondary analysis of 2000 and 2004 Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey (IYTS) data was conducted to investigate salient environmental and perceptual correlates of adolescents’ current and established smoking while controlling for demographic variables such as gender, grade, and race/ethnicity and to compare the pattern of significant correlates between the years.

METHODS:  The IYTS was an anonymous school‐based survey regarding tobacco use; familiarity with pro‐ and anti‐tobacco media messages; exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); minors’ access to tobacco products; and general knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about tobacco. In 2000, a representative sample of 1416 public high school students in grades 9‐12 and 1516 public middle school students in grades 6‐8 (71.44% and 72.53% response rates, respectively) were surveyed. In 2004, 3433 public high school students and 1990 public middle school students (63.04% and 65.44 % response rates, respectively) were surveyed.

RESULTS:  Significant predictors of adolescents’ current and established smoking habits included exposure to ETS either in homes or in cars, exposure to pro‐tobacco messages, perceived benefit of smoking, and perceived peer acceptance of smoking. The influence of exposure to pro‐tobacco messages greatly outweighed exposure to any anti‐tobacco messages.

CONCLUSIONS:  The findings of this study warrant that more efforts and resources be placed on preventing youth from being exposed to ETS, and to control pro‐tobacco marketing and improve the tobacco counter‐marketing messages. The perceived benefits of smoking found here indicate that smoking for relaxation and weight control may be major influencing factors on adolescent smoking.
Potential of rainwater utilization in residential housing in Poland
Authors: Słyś Daniel
Published: February 2009

Systems for rainwater collection, storage and utilization are commonly used in many countries as sources of reduced quality water to be used in a sanitary network system of buildings and for watering, among others. In Poland, despite its potable water resources being almost the lowest in Europe, rainwater is utilized in a very limited manner. This paper presents a simulation model, as well as the results of analysis, evaluating the potential for utilizing rainwater under Polish climatic conditions, for utilizing various parameters of rainwater‐usage systems based on the precipitation data for the last decade. The economies of applying such systems in Poland are analysed, and the factors that restrict development of water catchment methods are defined.
Promoting urinary continence with older people: a selective literature review
Authors: Agnew Rona , Booth Jo
Published: February 2009

As the population of older people increases so does the prevalence of urinary incontinence experienced. Despite its complex aetiology most of the contributing factors are reversible, when accurate assessment leads to the development of a person‐centred continence care plan. This selective literature review highlights that a change in perspective among older people and healthcare professionals will enable a focus on bladder rehabilitation and proactive approaches to managing urinary incontinence, even in the very frail population. The need to design tools to facilitate such developments is discussed together with the need for greater focus on educational support that considers the wider context and the multiple factors that influence practice.
Promoting urinary continence with older people: key issues for nurses
Authors: Booth Jo , Kumlien Suzanne , Zang Yuli
Published: February 2009

Urinary incontinence is one of the most common and distressing of the conditions experienced by older people. It is not just associated with physical and cognitive frailty but also features significantly in the fit community living population. Urinary incontinence is known to be hidden and under‐reported. Yet the needs of older people across the globe in relation to urinary incontinence will increase with the changing demography.

Palliative strategies to contain urinary incontinence predominate in practice, although the reasons for this are not fully understood. Conservative approaches including lifestyle adjustments and behavioural therapies form the mainstay of active continence promotion but their routine use by nurses working with older people seems to be minimal. Promoting continence with older people is an area of practice long overdue for significant and sustainable practice development.
The Chemokine CCL5 Is Essential for Leukocyte Recruitment in a Model of Severe Herpes simplex Encephalitis
Authors: Vilela Márcia Carvalho , Mansur Daniel Santos , Lacerda‐Queiroz Norinne , Rodrigues David Henrique , Lima Graciela Kunrath , Arantes Rosa Maria Esteves , Kroon Erna Geessien , Da Silva Campos Marco Antônio , Teixeira Mauro Martins , Teixeira Antônio Lúcio
Published: February 2009

The Herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1) is responsible for several clinical manifestations in humans, including encephalitis. To induce encephalitis, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 104 plaque‐forming cells of HSV‐1 by the intracranial route. Met‐RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted) (10 μg/mouse), a CC chemokine family receptor (CCR)1 and CCR5 antagonist, was given subcutaneously the day before, immediately after, and at days 1, 2, and 3 after infection. Treatment with Met‐RANTES had no effect on the viral titers. In contrast, intravital microscopy revealed that treatment with Met‐RANTES decreased the number of leukocytes adherent to the pial microvasculature at days 1 and 3 after infection. The levels of the chemokines CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL9 increased after infection and were enhanced further by the treatment with Met‐RANTES. Treatment with a polyclonal anti‐CCL5 antibody 2 h before the intravital microscopy decreased leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation of infected mice. In conclusion, CCL5, a chemokine that binds to CCR1 and CCR5, is essential for leukocyte adhesion during HSV‐1 encephalitis. However, blocking of CCR1 and CCR5 did not affect HSV‐1 replication, suggesting that other immune mechanisms are involved in the process of infection control.
The Role of Stress Factors during Aging of the Immune System
Authors: Bauer Moisés E. , Jeckel Cristina M. Moriguchi , Luz Clarice
Published: February 2009

This manuscript reviews current evidence suggesting that aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) may be closely related to chronic stress and stress factors. Healthy aging has been associated with emotional distress in parallel to increased cortisol to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratio. The impaired DHEA secretion together with the increase of cortisol results in an enhanced exposure of lymphoid cells to deleterious glucocorticoid actions. The lack of appropriated growth hormone signaling during immunosenescence is also discussed. It follows that altered neuroendocrine functions could be underlying several immunosenescence features. Indeed, changes in both innate and adaptive immune responses during aging are also similarly reported during chronic glucocorticoid exposure. In addition, chronically stressed elderly subjects may be particularly at risk of stress‐related pathology because of further alterations in both neuroendocrine and immune systems. The accelerated senescent features induced by chronic stress include higher oxidative stress, reduced telomere length, chronic glucocorticoid exposure, thymic involution, changes in cellular trafficking, reduced cell‐mediated immunity, steroid resistance, and chronic low‐grade inflammation. These senescent features are related to increased morbidity and mortality among chronically stressed elderly people. Overall, these data suggest that chronic stress leads to premature aging of key allostatic systems involved in the adaptation of the organisms to environmental changes. Stress management and psychosocial support may thus promote a better quality of life for elderly people and at the same time reduce hospitalization costs.
Modulation of the Immune System by Ouabain
Authors: Rodrigues‐Mascarenhas Sandra , De Oliveira Andreia Da Silva , Amoedo Nívea Dias , Affonso‐Mitidieri Ottilia R. , Rumjanek Franklin D. , Rumjanek Vivian M.
Published: February 2009

Ouabain, a known inhibitor of the Na,K‐ATPase, has been shown to regulate a number of lymphocyte functions in vitro and in vivo. Lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and monocyte function are all affected by ouabain. The ouabain‐binding site occurs at the α subunit of the enzyme. The α subunit plays a critical role in the transport process, and four different α‐subunit isoforms have been described with different sensitivities to ouabain. Analysis by RT‐PCR indicates that α1, α2, and α3 isoforms are all present in murine lymphoid cells obtained from thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. In these cells ouabain exerts an effect at concentrations that do not induce plasma membrane depolarization, suggesting a mechanism independent of the classical inhibition of the pump. In other systems, the Na,K‐ATPase acts as a signal transducer in addition to being an ion pump, and ouabain is capable of inducing the activation of various signal transduction cascades. Neither resting nor concanavalin A (Con A)‐activated thymocytes had their levels of phosphorylated‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (P‐ERK) modified by ouabain. However, ouabain decreased p38 phosphorylation induced by Con A in these cells. The pathway induced by ouabain in lymphoid cells is still unclear but might vary with the type and state of activation of the cell.
Intrapituitary Expression and Regulation of the gp130 Cytokine Interleukin‐6 and Its Implication in Pituitary Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Renner Ulrich , De Santana Eliane Correa , Gerez Juan , Fröhlich Bianca , Haedo Mariana , Pereda Marcelo Paez , Onofri Chiara , Stalla Günter K. , Arzt Eduardo
Published: February 2009

Interleukin (IL)‐6, a member of the gp130 cytokine family, is sometimes designated as an “endocrine” cytokine because of its strong regulatory influence on hormone production. Systemically acting IL‐6 derived from immune cells is a potent stimulator of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and therefore plays an important role in modulating immune–neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory or infectious processes. However, IL‐6 is also produced within the anterior pituitary by so‐called folliculostellate (FS) cells and is also synthesized in and released by tumor cells in pituitary adenomas. Growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor‐beta), neuropeptides (e.g., pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide), or hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids) regulate IL‐6 production both in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Interestingly, components of the innate immune system, such as toll‐like receptor 4 and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domains (NODs), are expressed in FS and pituitary tumor cells. Therefore, cell‐wall components of bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide, diamino pimelic acid) stimulate IL‐6 production in normal and tumoral pituitary. The intrinsic IL‐6 production by FS cells in normal anterior pituitary may participate in immune–neuroendocrine interactions during inflammatory processes. In pituitary adenomas, IL‐6 stimulates hormone secretion, tumor cell proliferation, and the production of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, suggesting an important role of IL‐6 in the pathophysiology and progression of pituitary adenomas.
Leptin and the Immune Response
Authors: Goldberg Anna Carla , Goldberg‐Eliaschewitz Freddy , Sogayar Mari Cleide , Genre Julieta , Rizzo Luiz Vicente
Published: February 2009

Leptin is involved in the control of energy storage by the body. Low serum leptin levels, as seen in starvation, are associated with impaired inflammatory T cell responses that can be reversed by exogenous leptin. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Several defects in T cell function have also been described, and allergy, autoimmune disease, and lymphomas or other malignancies can be present. Previous studies in Brazilian CVID patients have shown that, in contrast with mononuclear cells from healthy controls, CVID cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin and added leptin increased the proliferative response and decreased activation‐induced apoptosis. Interleukin (IL)‐2 and especially IL‐4 production also increased significantly, although the effects of exposure to leptin were not observed uniformly in CVID patients. The majority, however, responded in some degree, and some exhibited completely restored values of the four parameters.These remarkable results indicate leptin could be used to improve immune function in these patients. On the other hand, we found no specific correlation between serum leptin levels and the number of infectious events over a 24‐month period, presence of autoimmunity, allergies, or cancer in these patients. The results suggest that the absolute value of serum leptin does not determine the clinical behavior of patients or responses to leptin in vitro. Of note is the divergence between serum leptin, response to leptin in vitro, and the presence of autoimmunity, indicating the need to identify the cellular and molecular players involved in the regulation of the immune response by leptin in CVID.
The Role of Neuroimmunomodulation in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Maccioni Ricardo B. , Rojo Leonel E. , Fernández Jorge A. , Kuljis Rodrigo O.
Published: February 2009

The idea that alterations in the brain immunomodulation are critical for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis provides the most integrative view on this cognitive disorder, considering that converging research lines have revealed the involvement of inflammatory processes in AD. We have proposed the damage signal hypothesis as a unifying scheme in that release of endogenous damage/alarm signals, in response to accumulated cell distress (dyslipidemia, vascular insults, head injury, oxidative stress, iron overload, folate deficiency), is the earliest triggering event in AD, leading to activation of innate immunity and the inflammatory cascade. Inflammatory cytokines play a dual role, either promoting neurodegeneration or neuroprotection. This equilibrium is shifted toward the neurodegenerative phenotype upon the action of several risk factors that trigger innate damage signals that activate microglia and the release of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and some trophic factors. In this neuroimmunomodulatory hypothesis we integrate different risk factors with microaglial activation and the resulting neuronal alterations and hyperphosphorylations of tau protein. The progression of AD, with slowly increasing damage in brain parenchyma preceding the onset of symptoms, suggests that tissue distress triggering damage signals drives neuroinflammation. These signals via toll‐like receptors, receptors for highly glycosylated end products, or other glial receptors activate sensors of the native immune system, inducing the anomalous release of cytokines and promoting the neurodegenerative cascade, a hallmark of brain damage that correlates with cognitive decline.
Leptin Action in the Thymus
Authors: Velloso Lício A. , Savino Wilson , Mansour Eli
Published: February 2009

Leptin was first characterized as a hormone that plays a central role in the control of body adiposity. A number of studies later revealed several other functions for leptin, including the capacity to modulate immune system activity. Currently, leptin occupies an important position as a unifying mechanism integrating nutritional status and immune function. Here, we will review some of the actions of leptin in the immune system, with special attention to the functions it exerts in the thymus.
Neuronal Cell Survival
Authors: De Araujo Elizabeth Giestal , Da Silva Gustavo Mataruna , Dos Santos Aline Araujo
Published: February 2009

One of the central issues in neuroscience today is the study of the mechanisms of neuronal survival. Since the discovery of nerve growth factor (almost 60 years ago), many groups have clearly demonstrated the central role of neurotrophins on the regulation of neuronal cell survival during developmental stages as well as during adult life. However, neurotrophins are not alone in regulating neuronal survival, and many groups have demonstrated the effect of different cytokines on this phenomenon. In this brief review we will address the effect of interleukins (IL), particularly IL‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐4, on the survival of neuronal cells.
The Adrenal Steroid Response during Tuberculosis and Its Effects on the Mycobacterial‐driven IFN‐γ Production of Patients and Their Household Contacts
Authors: Bozza Veronica , D'Attilio Luciano , Didoli Griselda , Santucci Natalia , Nannini Luis , Bogue Cristina , Del Rey Adriana , Besedovsky Hugo , Bay Maria Luisa , Bottasso Oscar
Published: February 2009

Earlier studies revealed that patients with tuberculosis (TB) have imbalanced immunoendocrine responses and that adrenal steroids [cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)] can modify their specific cell‐mediated immune response. Because most household contacts (HHCs) of contagious TB patients develop a subclinical and self‐controlled process (latent TB), we studied some features of their immune and endocrine responses, particularly those related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Nineteen HHCs, 24 untreated TB patients (15 moderate, 9 advanced), and 18 healthy controls of similar age were studied. Patients had increased and reduced levels of cortisol and DHEA, respectively. DHEA levels were also reduced in HHCs. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis sonicate resulted in increased in vitro lymphoproliferation in HHCs, while advanced patients showed the lowest response. Significantly higher amounts of interferon (IFN)‐γ were detected in supernatants from stimulated PBMC of HHCs when compared to controls and TB patients. Addition of cortisol to the cultures inhibited mycobacterial antigen‐driven IFN‐γ production in all groups, although HHC supernatant contained significantly higher concentrations. In contrast, addition of DHEA to cultures of cells from HHCs resulted in increased IFN‐γ levels. These results suggest the existence of a particular immunoendocrine relation assuring a preserved IFN‐γ production in healthy housemates of TB patients.
The Immune–Pineal Axis
Authors: Couto‐Moraes Renato , Palermo‐Neto João , Markus Regina Pekelmann
Published: February 2009

The temporal organization of mammals presents a daily adjustment to the environmental light/dark cycle. The environmental light detected by the retina adjusts the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, which innervate the pineal gland through a polysynaptic pathway. During the night, this gland produces and releases the nocturnal hormone melatonin, which circulates throughout the whole body and adjusts several bodily functions according to the existence and duration of darkness. We have previously shown that during the time frame of an inflammatory response, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α, inhibit while anti‐inflammatory mediators, such as glucocorticoids, enhance the synthesis of melatonin, interfering in the daily adjustment of the light/dark cycle. Therefore, injury disconnects the organism from environmental cycling, while recovery restores the light/dark information to the whole organism. Here, we extend these observations by evaluating the effect of a mild restraint stress, which did not induce macroscopic gastric lesions. After 2 h of restraint, there was an increase in circulating corticosterone, indicating activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In parallel, an increase in melatonin production was observed. Taking into account the data obtained with models of inflammation and stress, we reinforce the hypothesis that the activity of the pineal gland is modulated by the state of the immune system and the HPA axis, implicating the darkness hormone melatonin as a modulator of defense responses.
Neuropilins, Semaphorins, and Their Role in Thymocyte Development
Authors: Mendes‐da‐Cruz Daniella Arêas , Lepelletier Yves , Brignier Anne C. , Smaniotto Salete , Renand Amédée , Milpied Pierre , Dardenne Mireille , Hermine Olivier , Savino Wilson
Published: February 2009

Some molecules described in the nervous system are also expressed in cells involved in the control of the immune response, suggesting they have a role as common mechanisms between neuroendocrine and immune systems. In this review, we focus on the expression and role of neuropilins (NPs) and their soluble ligands class 3 semaphorins in thymus physiology, particularly migration of developing thymocytes. We also discuss the concept of multivectorial thymocyte migration, including semaphorins, as a new individual cell migration vector.
Cytokine Control of Adult Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Bauer Sylvian
Published: February 2009

The neuropoietic cytokine family includes interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), among others. These cytokines have been shown to alter neural stem cell (NSC) self‐renewal and progenitor cell division and differentiation, which could be mediated by the Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Using neurospheres from the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ), we found that acute or chronic exposure to LIF or CNTF differentially affects sphere development and sphere growth. Both cytokines also favor the amplification of NSCs. Contrasting results were obtained with IL‐6 or leptin, although both cytokines also activate the JAK/STAT pathway. Stimulating NSC self‐renewal in vivo could be of therapeutic interest for treating neurodegeneration. When applied to the adult mouse brain, chronic LIF stimulates NSC self‐renewal but prevents the emergence of more differentiated progeny. On the other hand, acute LIF treatment stimulates SVZ regeneration, most likely through an increase in NSCs. These results reveal that cytokine effects could vary as a function of exposure duration and suggest that, in the search for strategies to promote brain repair, in vivo acute LIF treatment could promote cell replacement.
Geocoding Quality and Implications for Spatial Analysis
Authors: Zandbergen Paul A.
Published: February 2009

Many spatial analysis techniques rely on the ability to geocode individual locations based on addresses or other descriptive information. The quality of geocoding and its effect on spatial analysis have received some attention in the literature, in particular in the field of health. This article reviews the foundation of geocoding and presents a framework for evaluating geocoding quality. Errors introduced by street gecoding include incompleteness, positional error, and incorrect assignment to geographic units. A review of empirical studies suggests that these errors are neither small nor random in nature and that substantial bias may be introduced in spatial analysis that employs the results of geocoding. Several alternatives have also emerged, including the use of address points and parcels, and these are gradually becoming more widely used. Several areas for future research on geocoding have been identified: (i) refinements of address data models to incorporate complex addressing situations; (ii) development of error propagation techniques to determine the level of geocoding quality required for a particular analysis scenario; (iii) development of measures of reliability for geocoding results; (iv) comparative analysis of geocoding quality across different jurisdictions; and (v) validation of online geocoding services and volunteered geographic information.
Multi‐Tasking: Scale in Geography
Authors: Ruddell Darren , Wentz Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2009

Geographers are inherently focused on the integrated processes and systems that comprise the physical and social environment; however, to date, geographic research on scale has remained relatively isolated within subdisciplines. While scale has become an increasingly important research topic in the field of geography, little effort has been made to identify commonality between research themes. This article investigates scalar issues among five research themes within geography, which are physical geography, human geography, the modifiable areal unit problem, geographic information science, and nature and society. The thrust of this paper is threefold: (i) to review scalar issues among the five research themes; (ii) to discuss alternative theoretical frameworks to investigate scale; and (iii) to call for greater theoretical and methodological integration to help resolve scalar issues.
Claudin 6 Is a Positive Marker for Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors
Authors: Birks Diane K. , Kleinschmidt‐DeMasters Bette K. , Donson Andrew M. , Barton Valerie N. , McNatt Sean A. , Foreman Nicholas K. , Handler Michael H.
Published: February 2009

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are highly aggressive pediatric brain tumors characterized by the presence of rhabdoid cells and negative immunostaining for INI1 (BAF47). Histogenesis is unknown and diagnosis can be challenging because of their extreme morphological and immunophenotypic heterogeneity. Currently no signature markers other than INI1 loss have been identified. To search for possible candidate proteins of interest in AT/RTs, Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays were utilized to investigate nine AT/RTs vs. 124 other tumor samples. The most distinctive gene identified was claudin 6 (CLDN6), a key component of tight junctions. CLDN6 showed moderate or higher mRNA expression in eight of nine AT/RTs, with little to no expression in 114 of 115 other tumors. Average expression was 38‐fold higher in AT/RTs vs. other samples. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of 33 tumor specimens found positive membrane staining in seven of seven AT/RTs, and was negative in 26 of 27 other brain tumor samples. Notably, none of the 16 medulloblastomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors showed IHC staining for CLDN6. IHC staining results closely matched the level of mRNA expression detected by microarray. CLDN6 may be a useful positive marker to help further identify AT/RTs for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Clinical epidemiological analysis of the relationship between pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus: Data from a single institution in China
Authors: KUANG Tian Tao , JIN Da Yong , WANG Dan Song , XU Xue Feng , NI Xiao Ling , WU Wen Chuan , LOU Wen Hui
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the relationship between pancreatic cancer (PC) and diabetes mellitus.

METHODS:  All PC patients diagnosed and treated at Zhongshan hospital from January 1991 to December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. During this period, 770 non‐digestive tract, non‐neoplastic and non‐hormone‐related patients matched for sex and age were collected as controls. The incidence of diabetes mellitus between the two groups was compared.

RESULTS:  Between the PC group and the control group, sex and age of the patients were well matched. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 34.63% in the PC group and 8.83% in the control group (P < 0.001, RR = 5.19). In the PC group there was no correlation between age, sex, site of the cancer, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. In this group with diabetes, 74.56% experienced onset within two years of cancer diagnosis. Of the control patients, 57.35% had had diabetes for under 2 years (P = 0.009, RR = 2.18). In the PC group with diabetes, 5.9% had had diabetes for more than 10 years while compared with 8.8% of the controls (P = 0.42).

CONCLUSION:  Whether diabetes mellitus is a result of or a risk factor for PC is still unclear. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is much higher in the PC patients. The onset of diabetes mellitus in adults might be an alerting factor that could lead to an early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Modulation of cytokine gene expression in spleen and Peyer's patches by feeding dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei in mice
Authors: JAIN Shalini , YADAV Hariom , SINHA Pushpalata Ravindra , MAROTTA Francesco
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE:   In present study, feeding effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus casei on immune system in terms of cytokine gene expression in the spleen and Peyer's patches of mice was evaluated.

METHODS:   Animals were divided into three groups and fed with; synthetic diet [control group (CD)], dahi containing mixed dahi culture [control dahi‐fed group (CDF)]; and probiotic dahi fed group (PDF) for 28 days. The mRNA levels of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6 and IFN‐γ were examined after 14 and 28 days. Total lactobacilli and lactococci counts were determined in the feces.

RESULTS:   The mRNA levels of IFN‐γ in both spleen and Peyer's patches was found to be significantly increased in PDF animals after 14 and 28 days (P < 0.05) compared with CD and CDF groups. The abundance of IL‐2 mRNA also increased significantly in the Peyer's patches of PDF‐fed animals. No significant changes were observed in mRNA levels of IL‐4 and IL‐6 in both spleen and Peyer's patches during whole experimental period. Further, total fecal lactobacilli and lactococci counts in the PDF group were significantly increased during first 10 days, then remained higher up to day 28 compared to other two groups.

CONCLUSION:   It is concluded that feeding probiotic dahi enhanced the expression of Th1 type cytokines (IFN‐γ and IL‐2), especially in the mucosal immune organ (Peyer's patches) rather than in systemic organs (the spleen). This indicates that feeding with probiotic dahi may strengthen the host immune system and protect against the progression of various immune‐mediated diseases.
Blood concentration of pantoprazole sodium is significantly high in hepatogenic peptic ulcer patients, especially those with a poor CYP2C19 metabolism
Authors: SHAO Jian Guo , JIANG Wen , LI Ke Qing , LU Jian Rong , SUN Yuan Yuan
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE: To determine the plasma concentration of pantoprazole sodium by high performance liquid chromatography and its distribution in patients with different CYP2C19 genotypes in an attempt to provide experimental data for the clinical dosage adjustment of the drug.

METHODS: Patients with liver disease and associated peptic ulcer were genotyped according to their CYP2C19 wild‐type sequences and mutations in CYP2C19m1 and CYP2C19m2 by the principles of the American Surgical Association using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP). The plasma concentration of pantoprazole sodium was detected after oral administration of the enteric‐coated capsules in all patients. Included in the present study were 21 patients with primary liver cancer complicated by pathogenic peptic ulcers (confirmed by endoscopy), 22 patients with fatty liver and 25 healthy volunteers between January 2006 and October 2007. The subjects were administered orally with pantoprazole sodium at 40 mg/day for 1 week consecutively. The drug concentration was detected at 24 h and 1 week after drug administration by drawing 3.0 mL blood from the cubital vein.

RESULTS: The plasma concentration of pantoprazole sodium was related to the CYP2C19 enzyme type. The plasma concentration of extensive metabolizers (EM) was lower than that of poor metabolizers (PM) in the healthy control group at day 7 of drug administration. Regardless of PM or EM, the plasma concentration of pantoprazole sodium in primary liver cancer patients was higher than that in fatty liver patients, and even higher than that in healthy controls (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CYP2C19 activity is inversely correlated with the severity of liver disease, especially in PM patients.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the freshwater fishes Telestes souffia and Telestes muticellus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: DUBUT VINCENT , MARTIN JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , COSTEDOAT CAROLINE , CHAPPAZ RÉMI , GILLES ANDRÉ
Published: February 2009

Ten novel polymorphic microsatellites (seven with perfect motifs) were isolated from vairone species (Telestes souffia and Telestes muticellus), which are endangered European cyprinid species. Together with 11 previously published cyprinid‐specific loci, five multiplex sets were optimized, allowing the genotyping of 21 polymorphic loci. The level of genetic diversity was assessed in 97 individuals from the two species T. souffia and T. muticellus. We also successfully applied the 21 microsatellites to nine related species. These primers will thus be useful in assessing population structure of the vairone and other cyprinid species, with application for conservation issues and phylogeographical approaches.
Isolation of microsatellite loci from the endangered plant Galium catalinense subspecies acrispum (Rubiaceae)
Authors: MCGLAUGHLIN MITCHELL E. , RILEY LYNN , HELENURM KAIUS
Published: February 2009

Galium catalinense subspecies acrispum (Rubiaceae) is a state‐endangered perennial shrub endemic to San Clemente Island. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from G. catalinense ssp. acrispum. These loci show high levels of variability, averaging 6.5 alleles per locus and an expected heterozygosity of 0.550. One locus exhibited significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.01) and one pair of loci exhibited significant linkage disequilibrium.
Effect of Seven Different Modalities of Antihypertensive Therapy on Pulse Pressure in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Stage I Hypertension
Authors: Alici Gokhan , Aliyev Farid , Bellur Gokmen , Okcun Baris , Türkoğlu Cengizhan , Karpuz Hakan
Published: February 2009

In this study, we investigated the effect of different antihypertensive agents on pulse pressure (PP). The study was designed in a prospective manner and patients were sequentially allocated to one of the seven different therapy groups, according to the order of enrollment (every first patient to group I, every second patient to group II, and etc). Patients in group I received 10 mg of lisinopril, in group II 10/6.25 mg of lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide, in group III 80 mg of valsartan, in group IV 80/6.25 mg of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide, in group V 5 mg of amlodipine, in group VI 1.25 mg of indapamide, and finally those in group VII received 50 mg of atenolol. The reduction in PP was more significant in patients receiving lisinopril, lisinopril hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan, and valsartan hydrochlorothiazide, when compared with patients receiving indapamide, atenolol, and amlodipine (P < 0.05 for each group). Factors such as age, gender, and body mass index were not found to significantly influence the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents on PP. The reduction in PP was more apparent with lisinopril, lisinopril hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan, and valsartan hydrochlorothiazide in diabetic patients, when compared with those without diabetes (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). And also patients on therapy with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors had a greater reduction in PP with lisinopril, lisinopril hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan, and valsartan hydrochlorothiazide (P < 0.001, P < 0.05).
Adiponectin, an Unlocking Adipocytokine
Authors: Sun Yiyi , Xun Keli , Wang Changguang , Zhao Haiyu , Bi Huichang , Chen Xiuping , Wang Yitao
Published: February 2009

A large number of studies revealed that adiponectin, a protein secreted specifically by adipose tissue, exhibits antiinflammatory, antiatherogenic, and antidiabetic properties. This 247‐amino acid protein contains four differentiable domains and exists in five different configurations, which binds three kinds of receptors. The plasma adiponectin concentration is at amazing microgram level and the gender difference is very clear. Obese subjects showed decreased plasma level of adiponectin while exercise seems to restore it. Many researchers demonstrated that it could be a reliable biomarker for multiple diseases. However, there is controversy about its role in inflammation since its plasma concentration decreases in some inflammatory diseases and increases under some other inflammatory conditions. The signal transduction pathway is still not very clear yet. Could adiponectin be a promising drug target?
Therapeutic Development in Cardiac Syndrome X: A Need to Target the Underlying Pathophysiology
Authors: Lim Tiong K. , Choy AnnaMaria J , Khan Faisel , Belch Jill JF , Struthers Allan D , Lang Chim C
Published: February 2009

Morbidity of patients with cardiac syndrome X (typical anginal‐like chest pain and normal coronary arteriogram) is high with continuing episodes of chest pain and frequent hospital readmissions. Management of this syndrome represents a major challenge for the treating physician. Conventional therapies with antianginal agents such as nitrates, calcium channel antagonists, classic β‐adrenoceptor blockers and nicorandil have been tried, with variable success. However, this might be related to a failure to target the underlying pathophysiology and, clearly, more effective therapies are needed. Supporting evidence for the important role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome X has come from the recent observation that basal superoxide production predicts future cardiovascular events in this patient group. This review will discuss the pathophysiology, current medical management and potential new pharmacological treatment for patients with cardiac syndrome X which target endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

What's already known about this topic?

 •Morbidity of patients with cardiac syndrome X is high.

 •The important role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of cardiac syndrome X.

What does this article add?

 •This review will discuss the pathophysiology, current medical management and potential new pharmacological treatment for patients with cardiac syndrome X which target endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
Multiculturalism, Latin Americans and ‘Indigeneity’ in Australia
Authors: Cohen Erez
Published: February 2009

What are the relations between the discourse of ‘multiculturalism’ and that of ‘indigeneity’ in Australia? In problematising these relations this paper explores the affiliations that Latin American migrants and political refugees living in Adelaide have with the notion of indigeneity. For some Latin Americans affiliations with the struggle of Aboriginal people and indigeneity is a product of strong political identification with the political left and the struggle for human rights in their countries of origin. At the same time references to Latin Americans' indigeneity are often evoked within Australian multicultural settings and performances that promote ‘cultural diversity’ and are consumed by White Australians for their exotic otherness and as forms of cultural enrichment. Such representations work to marginalise further the migrants (and the ‘indigenous’) into a cultural sphere which marks them as the tolerated ethnic ‘Other’.
The Reconstitution of Aboriginal Sociality Through the Identification of Traditional Owners in New South Wales
Authors: Correy Simon
Published: February 2009

This paper argues that native title determination applications, facilitated by the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993, constitute a modern social phenomenon. A characteristic of these applications is that they contain processes associated with demonstrating traditional modes of land ownership, which compel claimants to engage in critically reflexive projects that contain the potential to problematise fundamental dimensions of their intersubjective‐accord, including the very concept of indigenous relatedness. With particular reference to situations in New South Wales, this paper suggests that the identification of traditional owners and the definition of claimant groups actively contribute to the reconstitution of contemporary Aboriginal sociality. In this process, ideas of relatedness are converted into ideas of descent and concomitantly notions of kinship, personhood and identity are reconstructed. Early anthropological research regarding descent, kinship and the relevance of groups to descriptions of society has alerted us to some of the problems highlighted in this paper, but they appear to have been largely forgotten in native title processes.