bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The catalytic dealkylation of alkyl phenols at elevated pressures
Authors: Milnes M. H. , Dean R. E.
Published: July 2010

The most successful catalysts previously used in atmospheric pressure experiments were screened for their suitability for hydrodealkylation of o‐cresol at elevated pressures. Active charcoal was easily the best, while coke functioned well at higher temperatures, with soda‐lime and zinc fluoride on alumina notably less successful; the last named gave rise to a high yield of non‐phenolic compounds.

Active charcoals from various sources were compared under standard conditions in the hydrodealkylation of o‐cresol at 50 atm, and the best two grades were used successfully to dealkylate high boiling acids tar acids derived from low temperature carbonisation of coal.

These gave high yields of dealkylated phenols, and unchanged feed stock was recycled such that in two passes 90% of the feed reacted to give over 25 % phenol and cresols. The catalytic activity of the charcoals waned slowly and irreversibly under reaction conditions, and attempts to combat this by alteration of reaction variables and use of impregnating agents only effected marginal improvements.
Influence of triethanolamine on the hydration characteristics of tricalcium silicate
Authors: Ramachandran V. S.
Published: July 2010

The hydration characteristics of 3CaO.SiO2 or β2CaO.SiO2 are studied by an addition of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0% triethanolamine. The amount of Ca(OH)2 found at 1, 3, 7 or 28 days was in the order C3S + 0% TEA > C3S +0.1% TEA > C3S + 0.5% TEA > C3S+1.0% TEA, irrespective of whether lime was estimated by X‐ray, DTA, TGA or chemical analysis. The rate of hydration, in terms of the disappearance of 3CaO.SiO2, showed that hydration proceeded faster in the presence of TEA after 1 day. Additions of TEA increase the induction period, promote the formation of a C‐S‐H with higher CaO/SiO2 ratio, increase the formation of non‐crystalline Ca(OH)2 and enhance the surface area of the hydrated silicate product.
The metabolism of penicillium chrysogenum and the production of penicillin using a high yielding strain, at different temperatures
Authors: McCann E. P. , Calam C. T.
Published: July 2010

Results are presented for a series of penicillin V fermentations run at temperatures from 19 to 30 °C. Data are given for penicillin production, cell production and carbon dioxide evolution. Consumption of arachis oil, lactose and glucose is recorded and some additional analytical results are provided. Penicillin production reached 10 000 to 11 000 units of penicillin V/ml. Optimal temperatures were 25 to 27 °C. The results are briefly discussed, and are published in the hope that they may be of value to others working in this field.
The unit cell of NaCaHSiO4: An electron‐microscope and X‐ray study
Authors: Alan Gard J. , Ramsay Cameron G. , Taylor Harry F. W.
Published: July 2010

Results of selected‐area electron diffraction show that NaCaHSiO4 is monoclinic, with a = 5.72, b = 7.06, c = 5.48 Å, β = 122.5°, Z = 2, space group P21 or P21/m. A larger, B‐centred monoclinic unit cell can also be chosen and is dimensionally similar to the orthorhombic cell of Na2SO4(III) to which NaCaHSiO4 may be structurally related. NaCaHSiO4 may also be structurally related to several of the Ca2SiO4 polymorphs. Indexed X‐ray powder data are given.
Solute rejection by porous glass membranes. III. Reduced silica dissolution and prolonged hyperfiltration service with feed additives
Authors: Vernon Ballou E. , Leban Mark I. , Wydeven Theodore
Published: July 2010

It was found that inclusion of 0.3 g/l AlCl3,6H2O as a feed additive in hyperfiltration tests was sufficient to stabilise a porous glass membrane (batch A‐1) with relatively high volume flux and modest solute rejection characteristics. One‐tenth of this concentration was not sufficient. Further testing was directed toward treatment of porous glass membranes with concentrated aluminium chloride solution for a limited time, followed by hyperfiltration with a dilute feed additive. As little as 0.003 g/l AlCl3,6H2O stabilised batch A‐1 for 80 h; while batch A‐5, with lower volume flux and higher solute rejection characteristics, could be stabilised with no feed additive but only treatment with a concentrated aluminium solution every 100 h.

Other experiments showed a similar equilibrium silica solubility, about 110 parts/million, in all solutions regardless of AlCl3, HC1, NaCl, or urea addition. The test which showed rates of silica dissolution revealed, however, that both low pH and aluminium lowered the rate of solution. The effectiveness of porous glass membrane stabilisation by aluminium treatment or reduced pH was also reflected in greatly reduced silica concentration of the effluent from hyperfiltration tests. Treatment of porous glass membranes with ferric and zirconyl chlorides was also tested, but aluminium chloride was the most effective in reducing silica loss.

Chemical analysis of treated and tested membranes showed that aluminium remained in the pore structure in concentrations comparable to that of reactive silica hydroxyls. This is greater than the apparent concentration of ion exchange sites, and considerably less than total free hydroxyl concentration. Since suitable aluminium treatment or feed additive maintains membrane flux, rejection, and pore size characteristics, despite loss of soluble silica in the effluent, it appeared that added aluminium was retained in the membrane structure in amounts equivalent to the dissolved silica.
Structure and properties of microcrystalline waxes
Authors: Ratnasamy Paul , Anand K. S. , Gupta D. C.
Published: July 2010

The structure of three series of microcrystalline waxes has been studied using X‐ray diffraction and i.r. techniques. Their relative methylene/methyl group ratios as well as solid state parameters like size and shape of the unit cell, crystallite size and total crystalline fraction have been calculated. An attempt has been made to correlate these structural data with gross physical properties like oil content and needle penetration point. These correlations are found to hold good within any given series but varies from one series to another.
Estimation of nitric oxide emissions from an internal combustion engine
Authors: Butler John D. , Thorne David M.
Published: July 2010

The analysis of nitric oxide, the principal nitrogen oxide in raw exhaust gas, is described by two different techniques. Concordance of analytical determinations using the Saltzman colorimetric solution method with the gas phase chemiluminescence method is demonstrated.

By dilution of exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine with nitrogen it is shown that gas samples can be stored for periods of at least 30 min without significant change in sample composition with respect to nitric oxide. This procedure enables reliable estimations of nitric oxide in exhaust gas contained in a sealed transportable vessel to be performed at sites remote from the sample point, without introducing errors due to loss of nitric oxide by chemical reaction in the time between sampling and analysis.
Wet air oxidation of glucose with hydrogen peroxide and metal salts
Authors: Brett Robert W. J. , Gurnham C. Fred
Published: July 2010

Wet air oxidation (the patented Zimmermann process) destroys organic matter in sewage sludge by bringing a sludge‐air mixture to elevated temperature (260 to 370 °C) and pressure (12.4 MPa) and holding it for a reaction time of 35 to 55 min. These conditions result in 70 to 80% COD removal with carbon dioxide, water, short chain aliphatic acids, and ash as products. Energy recovery provisions enable the process to be self‐contained at sludge concentrations of 4.5 to 5% which are difficult to obtain. An additive to the process which would enable successful oxidation to proceed with less concentrated sludge, at lower pressures and shorter times would be useful.

Hydrogen peroxide in combination with several metal salts was tested as an additive. Hydrogen peroxide plus dichromate was found to destroy 70% of the COD of a glucose solution (500 mg/1 COD) at 150 °C and 5.2 MPa in 15 min. The ratio of the equivalents of the substances glucose: hydrogen peroxide: dichromate stood as 13 : 6.5 : 1.

The amount of COD destroyed exceeded the oxidative equivalents of peroxide and dichromate present; hence it was concluded that molecular oxygen was incorporated in the reaction.
Filtration characteristics of aluminium hydroxide mixtures (alumina hydrates)
Authors: Chakaloz Temel , Senel Güngör
Published: July 2010

The specific cake resistance of the alumina hydrates obtained from sodium aluminate solutions was investigated against the caustic ratio, ageing and filtration pressure using a laboratory test filter at constant pressure filtration conditions. The alumina hydrate product was produced from sodium aluminate solutions by seeding the aluminium hydroxide crystals of definite size distribution at constant solution temperature.

The specific cake resistance was found to increase with the caustic ratio and filtration pressure and to decrease with the ageing of alumina hydrates in aluminate solutions.
A mathematical model for iron ore reduction: Continuous multi‐stage fluidised system with solids if size distribution and elutriation occurs
Authors: Doheim M. A.
Published: July 2010

A mathematical model for fluidised bed reduction of iron ores is developed. The model describes a continuous multi‐stage system with solids of non‐uniform size and elutriation occurring. The model is based on the combination of a kinetic model, residence time distribution of solids, particle size distribution, and a fluidised bed model. In the fluidised bed model certain considerations, which apply to the real system, allow us to assume that the dense phase is the active region in the fluidised bed with respect to the chemical reaction, while the bubble phase gas passes through the bed unaffected. The model was applied to published data and found to be in good agreement. It may be applied to any systems which satisfy those considerations. This treatment allows the problems of bubble behaviour and the difficult estimation of its various parameters to be by‐passed.

The model can be used in improving the design and operation of fluidised reduction units.
Quality assessment of molecular sieve zeolites by thermal analysis
Authors: Borthakur P. C. , Chattaraj B. D. , Dutta S. N. , Iyengar M. S.
Published: July 2010

Investigations on various types of molecular sieve zeolites have been carried out by differential thermal analysis. The smoothness of the d.t.a. curve at the region of zeolitic water loss is a criterion for a particular type of molecular sieve. Inflection in this region indicates the presence of either non zeolitic material or of more than one type of molecular sieve. Quality of any molecular sieve zeolite can thus be effectively assessed by differential thermal analysis.
Barium aluminate hydrates. IV. α‐BaO.Al2O3.4H2O
Authors: Moinuddin Ahmed A. H. , Dent Glasser Lesley S.
Published: July 2010

α‐BaO.Al2O3.4H2O has been synthesised and studied by infrared, X‐ray and thermal analytical techniques. The compound of approximate formula BaO.Al2O3.0.5H2O, described in Part III, forms as a dehydration product, and appears to be identical with the compound β‐BAH2 described by other workers. A possible explanation for the discrepancy in water content is discussed.
Applications of n.m.r. In process development of acrylates. I. Quantitative analysis in the process for methyl acrylate
Authors: Kulkarni S. Y. , Pansare V. S.
Published: July 2010

An n.m.r. method is developed for the quantitative analysis of the components in the compositions obtained in a process for the production of methyl acrylate. The average error of the method is about ± 2.0%.
Synthesis of 5‐cyclohexadecenone from cyclododecanone
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Suga Kyoichi , Fujita Tsutomu , Gomi Tetsuo
Published: July 2010

5‐Cyclohexadecenone is prepared from cyclododecanone via four new steps: chlorination, Grignard reaction with vinylmagnesium chloride and rearrangement with aluminium isopropoxide, revinylation with vinylmagnesium chloride and oxy‐Cope rearrangement.
Significance of low water—solid ratio and temperature on the physico‐mechanical characteristics of hydrates of tricalcium aluminate
Authors: Ramachandran Vangipuram S. , Feldman Rolf F.
Published: July 2010

Hydration characteristics are reported of tricalcium aluminate studied at 20 and 80 °C using water‐solid ratios of 0.2 and 1.0. Hydration products were subjected to differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, length change, porosity and pore size distribution, and micro‐hardness measurements.

Hydration proceeds faster at 80 °C than at 20 °C and the cubic C3AH6 phase is detected in the first few seconds. At 20 °C hydration occurs with the initial formation of the hexagonal phases and expansion is continuous. At higher temperatures and a water‐solid ratio of 0.2, after an initial small expansion, the dimensional change is low. The product at 80 °C develops more than fourfold the hardness value developed at 20 °C. After 2 days of hydration, porosity, per cent C3AH6 and microhardness are 15.2%, 83% and 38.9 kg/mm2; corresponding values for the product obtained at 20 °C are 21.5%, 75% and 9.1 kg/mm2. Microstructural examination of the material formed at 80 °C indicates a closely welded and continuous network of the cubic phase. These results reveal that at a low water‐solid ratio and higher temperatures the formation of the cubic phase from C3A results in an enhancement of strength.
Studies on miscible oil
Authors: Souza Decio A. , Piedad José R.
Published: July 2010

The type of miscible oil studied in this paper was composed of the sodium sulphoricinate (turkey red oil), water, a hydrocarbon and oleic acid.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship of the components in order to find which compositions give one phase. One mathematical equation was found to apply to many of the experimental data.
A centrifugal method for the evaluation of polymer membranes for reverse osmosis
Authors: Hollahan John R. , Wydeven Theodore , McCullough Robert P.
Published: July 2010

A rapid and simple method employing the laboratory centrifuge shows promise for evaluation of membrane performance during reverse osmosis. Results are presented for cellulose acetate membranes for rejection of salt and urea dissolved solids. Implications of the study are to rapid screening of membrane performance, use in laboratories with limited facilities, and possible space waste water purification.
Characteristics of amphibole asbestos dust surfaces in aqueous media with reference to quartz
Authors: Prasad N. A. , Pooley F. D.
Published: July 2010

Experiments on the electrokinetic properties of amphibole asbestos dust samples from various localities of South Africa showed that amphiboles have similar surface properties. The electrokinetic studies on quartz serve as an aid and augment the investigation of the amphibole asbestos dust surfaces as quartz has been the subject of detailed study by several authors.

Investigation was carried out using the streaming potential and micro‐electrophoresis techniques, where possible. The isoelectric point of the mineral amosite was found to occur at pH 3.1 to 2 and that of crocidolite at pH 3.3 to 4 whereas quartz is isoelectric at pH 2.2 through a reaction with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions exclusively.

Due to the manner in which amphibole fibres are formed there is an edge and face structure on the amphibole fibre surface. The total surface charge on the amphibole fibres is therefore a function of the combined face and edge charge. The experimentations confirmed that the face charge on amphibole fibres is therefore due to the presence of silica and the edge charge due to the layers of metal cations sandwiched between layers of silica.

Several samples of commercial amosite and crocidolite have been used in the investigation but the majority of the results were obtained from reference samples of crocidolite and amosite supplied by the International Union against Cancer. The importance of the surface properties of dust particles in the development of dust related disease is an area where little is known, this paper compares the surface properties of two of the major amphibole asbestos minerals with that of a known pathogenic mineral quartz.
The preparation of an immobilised glucose isomerase. I. The production and selected properties of the partially‐purified enzyme from Lactobacillus brevis
Authors: Kent C. A. , Emery A. N.
Published: July 2010

A strain of Lactobacillus brevis producing glucose isomerase was grown in a xylose‐containing medium. Production of intracellular glucose isomerase was four times that previously reported. Methods for the release of enzyme were compared, and a process for the production of an enzyme concentrate proposed involving (i) heat autolysis of the cells at 40 °C for 8 h; (ii) precipitation of nucleic acids with manganese chloride; (iii) precipitation of enzyme with ammonium sulphate, collecting the fraction precipitated between 60 and 85% saturation, and (iv) heat treatment of the dissolved enzyme at 55 °C in the presence of Co2+ for 10 min.

Enzyme concentrates prepared using steps (i) to (iii) only showed considerable competing activity, and produced sigmoid kinetics. The use of enzymes prepared using the full method showed that substrate inhibition was apparent at glucose concentrations above approximately 30% w/v. The apparent KM value was calculated as 10 to 12% w/v (glucose), based on the definition of KM as KM= So at Vo ‐ Vmax(observed)/2. The equilibrium concentrations of fructose and glucose were 62 and 38% respectively, and were independent of temperature between 35 and 60 °C.
The reversibility of the reaction CaCO3 ⇄ CaO+CO2
Authors: Barker Ronald
Published: July 2010

The reversibility of the reaction CaCO3 ⇌ CaO+CO2 has been examined through a large number of cycles (up to 40), mainly at 866 °C. The decomposition to the oxide is always 100% but the reactivity of the oxide so formed to carbon dioxide falls off markedly after a rapid initial reaction. There is a large increase in surface area on going from the non‐porous calcium carbonate to the oxide and this is due to the formation of pores, mostly very small (< 4 nm). The fast component of the back reaction is a surface reaction and the subsequent slow reaction is controlled by the slow diffusion of carbon dioxide through the newly formed carbonate layer. The reversibility of the reaction decreases with the number of cycles, rapidly at first and then more slowly: the first effect is probably due to loss of pore volume in the oxide and the second to sintering of the carbonate.
Derivatives of 2,6‐dinitrodiphenylamine as dyes for synthetic fibres
Authors: Peters Arnold T.
Published: July 2010

2,6‐Dinitrodiphenylamine and its derivatives were synthesised and shown to have excellent dyeing properties on synthetic fibres. Fastness to light of the dyeings was found to be inferior to those of analogous derivatives of 2‐nitro‐diphenylamine. Reasons for this decreased photochemical stability are discussed.
Hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides and bayerite conversion
Authors: Yoldas Bulent E.
Published: July 2010

A study of hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides as a function of water temperature, and structural transformation of the resultant hydroxides was conducted. Hot water hydrolysis of aluminium alkoxides produces boehmite, whereas cold water hydrolysis results in formation of amorphous monohydroxide. This amorphous phase contains OR groups whose removal by water during aging causes the material to convert to bayerite or boehmite.

Bayerite conversion takes place below 80 °C by a dissolution‐recrystallisation process in which the gradual liberation of OR groups by water appears to play an important role. Boehmite conversion takes place above 80 °C where vigorous liberation of OR groups occurs and the slow stoichiometric bayerite conversion diminishes. Neither conversion takes place in pure alcohol.
Economic evaluation of enzymic utilisation of waste cellulosic materials
Authors: Das Kumudeswar , Ghose Tarun K.
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with a review of the methods available for utilisation of waste cellulosic materials and gives a brief description of the process developed for enzymic saccharification of cellulose. For economic evaluation of the process, a cost estimate has been drawn up after a careful analysis of the cost elements involved in the production of glucose. A similar cost‐structure based on the process for the production of SCP from waste newspaper is also presented. The estimated price of glucose or biomass from this source appears to be compatible with the reported market price of these products.
Fermentative production of puromycin by Streptomyces alboniger
Authors: Abou‐Zeid Abou‐Zeid A. , Shaheen Ahmed B. , El‐Dewany Ahmed I.
Published: July 2010

Two strains of Streptomyces alboniger NRRL B‐1832 and 2403 were used for the biosynthesis and production of puromycin using different media. Streptomyces alboniger NRRL B‐2403 produced more puromycin than NRRL B‐1832 on medium composed of (amounts in g/1), soybean meal 10.0; corn steep 20.0; dextrin 10.0; NaCl 5.0; CaCO3 2.0, and K2HPO4 2.0. When the carbon and nitrogen sources of the basal medium were replaced by different carbon and nitrogen sources it was found that dextrin, sucrose, starch and maltose favoured the production of higher titres of puromycin, while generally organic nitrogen sources such as soybean meal and fodder yeast (40.0 and 50.0% total nitrogen) stimulated puromycin yield.

On the evidence of their chemical compositions and because they are cheap and produced locally Egyptian black, strap molasses and fodder yeast are preferably used in medium for the production of puromycin. The other conditions favouring and controlling the production and biosynthesis of puromycin by fermentation were investigated.
Attachment of microorganisms in a packed column: Metabolite diffusion through the microbial film as a limiting factor
Authors: Saunders Peter T. , Bazin Michael J.
Published: July 2010

Pirt's theory in which microbial growth in a packed column is considered to be limited by diffusion of nutrient is modified and extended to include a consideration of two species systems. Equations are derived to describe the fate of a substrate when the substrate itself is limiting microbial growth and when oxygen is limiting. In the latter case reactions obey zero order kinetics while in the substrate limited process 'half‐order' kinetics occur. Theoretical considerations imply that limitation of microbial growth by surface area availability is unlikely. The limited experimental data available supports this conclusion but when the same data is applied to the theory of the active layer the results are inconclusive. Even if correct, the theory is not likely to be important in effluent purification.
Sulphur isotope ratios of some power plant flue gases: A method for collecting the sulphur oxide
Authors: Forrest Joseph , Klein James H. , Newman Leonard
Published: July 2010

Analyses of flue gases from fossil fuel power plants for both concentrations of sulphur oxides and the distribution of stable sulphur isotopes therein have been made. Apparatus and procedures are described for isokinetically sampling flue gas and collecting adequate samples for mass spectrometry. Results of these measurements are tabulated and their significance discussed.
Evaluation of the activity of pozzolanic materials
Authors: Hanna Kaissar M. , Afify Aly
Published: July 2010

Compressive strength and solubilisation tests were carried out to evaluate the pozzolanic activity of some natural and artificial materials. Strength tests were performed on mortar made with cements composed of 61% Portland cement clinker, 35% pozzolanic material and 4% gypsum. 1 : 1, by weight, pozzolana‐lime mixtures were used for the determination of the amount of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 rendered soluble in cold HCl (d = 1.12) by reaction between Ca(OH)2 and the pozzolanic materials under investigation. Both of the mortar specimens and the pozzolana‐lime pastes were cured for 90 days at 25±1°C.

The linear relationship found to exist between compressive strength and solubilisation of SiO2 and R2O3 is represented by the equation:

where S is the compressive strength in kg/cm2 of mortar cubes made with pozzolanic cement containing 35% by weight pozzolana; and sol. SiO2 + sol. R2O3 represents the percentages by weight of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 rendered soluble by reaction between Ca(OH)2 and the pozzolana constituent of the cement, and corrected for the sol. SiO2 and R2O3 of the original pozzolana.

Granulated slag and diatomaceous earth gave results not satisfying the above relation; reasons for this are discussed.
Experiments with solid fuel for a pulsed co2 gas dynamic laser
Authors: Yellin Nehama , Gabai Amnon
Published: July 2010

Experiments with solid fuel for a pulsed CO2 gas dynamic laser are reported. The oxidation of solid cyanurictriazide, C3N12, was carried out by solid hexanitroethane under vacuum or in nitrogen atmosphere, and by the gaseous oxidants N2O diluted in N2 or in air. The best results are achieved by combustion of cyanurictriazide in air. The laser output energy from this solid fuel is equivalent to that achieved by gaseous fuel, at the same experimental lasing conditions.
Liquid phase hydrogenation of aniline in a trickle bed reactor
Authors: Govindarao Venneti M. H. , Ramana Murthy Karri V.
Published: July 2010

A rate equation is developed for the liquid phase hydrogenation of aniline over cylindrical catalyst pellets of 30% nickel deposited on clay in a trickle bed reactor. The equation takes into account external and internal diffusional limitations, and describes the experimental data adequately. The hydrogenation reaction is first order with respect to hydrogen and zero order with respect to aniline. Effectiveness factors are in the range 0.003–0.03. Apparent activation energy of the reaction is 12.7 kcal/mol and true activation energy is 39.6 kcal/mol.
Metachromic interactions between azo and triphenylmethane dyes in aqueous solution
Authors: Owen Eryl D. , Al‐Akil Tarek N. , Read Roger L.
Published: July 2010

Interactions between dilute aqueous solutions of the triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet and the disazo dyes Brilliant Orange or Brilliant Yellow at room temperature produce strong metachromic absorptions at 494 nm which are absent from the spectra of either component alone. The addition of acetone, ethanol or methanol to these solutions or raising their temperature reverses the interaction. It is suggested that these observations are consistent with a strong interaction occurring between adjacent molecules of crystal violet which are held together in a specific orientation by interacting with a stereoregular network of disazo dyes held together by hydrogen bonding.
Catalysed destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons
Authors: Bond Geoffrey C. , Sadeghi Nasser
Published: July 2010

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, C2H2Cl2, C2HCl3 and C2Cl4) are efficiently converted to HCl and CO2 over Pt/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts on which a hydrocarbon fuel is being oxidised catalytically at about 450°C: conversions generally exceed 95% if the catalyst contains 0.8% or more Pt. Conversions are almost independent of vapour pressure of chlorinated hydrocarbon, and are not strongly temperature dependent between 420 and 500 °C. Catalysts containing 0.2 and 0.5% Pt give 32%2% and 68–75% conversion with all six reactants at about 420 °C.
Kinetics of the vapour phase oxidation of ethyl alcohol on vanadium pentoxide catalyst
Authors: Ganguly Narayandas , Janakiram Kallakuri , Nag Nabinkrishna , Bhattacharyya Sudhirkumar
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of V2O5‐catalysed vapour phase oxidation of ethyl alcohol were studied with the help of a differential fixed‐bed flow reactor. The partial pressures of alcohol, oxygen and water were varied in the ranges: 6–10 × 10–3 atm, 1–10 % × 10–1 atm, and 0–169 × 10–3 atm respectively in the temperature range 228–264 °C. The rate equation:

deduced by the assumptions of the steady‐state redox mechanism, was found to conform to the experimental results. The energies of activation for the partial reactions, namely reduction and oxidation of the catalyst, were found to be 18.9 and 11.8 kcal/mol. The influence of different products was also studied in detail.
Recovery of zinc, cadmium and mercury (ii) from chloride and sulphate media by solvent extraction
Authors: Rice Nevill M. , Smith Michael R.
Published: July 2010

The extraction of zinc, cadmium and mercury from chloride and sulphate media by solvating extractants, liquid anion and liquid cation exchangers has been reviewed both from the literature and by experiment. The results have been discussed in terms of both practical process possibilities and the use of slope analysis to identify the extracted species. These show that slope analysis cannot give positive unambiguous identification of extraction stoichiometry in systems in which the extracted metal species contains coordinating ligands from the aqueous phase. However, in the extraction of Zn and Cd from sulphate media by di(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) the extracted species is shown to be an MR2(HR)2 monomer by slope analysis demonstrating its use in simple systems. In the case of amines and solvating reagents such as TBPc and TOPO zinc appears to be extracted from Cl– media as either ZnCl2 or sometimes HZnCl3 whereas Cd and Hg(II) appear to be always extracted as HCdCl3 and HHgCl3 species. The use of aqueous phase complexing by Cl– to improve the separation of Zn and Cd by extraction is clear. Some results are presented for the recovery of zinc from sulphate media by oximes and mercury from sulphuric acid media by amines and DEHPA.
Effect of residence time spectrum in the oligomerisation of isobutene from mixed butenes
Authors: Gupta Ashok K. , Gupta Om P. , Bhattacharyya Kshitindra K.
Published: July 2010

The influence of the residence time spectrum on the conversion, selectivity and product composition in the oligomerisation of isobutene from mixed butenes in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor was studied at a temperature of 65 °C and impeller Reynolds number in the range of 36 × 104 to 67 × 104. The average residence time and its spectrum affected the conversion of olefins in the feed gas, the selectivity and the octene yields. It was established that for best yields of 2,4,4‐trimethyl pent‐1‐ene obtained from the mixed butenes feed, the residence time spectrum should be as narrow as possible. The results indicate that for good yield and selectivity in iso‐octene production from a C4 olefin fraction, Reynolds number of mixing of around 68 × 104 or slightly higher would be most desirable.
The stabilisation of PVC: A study of the reaction of dry hydrogen chloride with white lead suspended in hot mineral oil
Authors: John Michell E. W.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of dry hydrogen chloride with a suspension of white lead in hot mineral oil (MO) has been studied by withdrawing samples and examining the solids by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The white lead basic lead carbonate was slowly converted into tribasic lead chloride, which itself reacted to form “basic lead chloride X”, and this was finally converted into normal lead chloride. Similarities between this reaction sequence and that observed when plumbonacrite (another basic lead carbonate) was used as a thermal stabiliser in an unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blend indicate that this plumbonacrite behaved to a large extent as a scavenger for hydrogen chloride produced by thermal decomposition of the polymer. However, it is suggested that true stabilisation (by free radical exchange reactions which retard thermal decomposition of the polymer) may also take place to varying extents in rigid (unplasticised) PVC blends, depending on the formation and mobility of intermediate stabilising species (the most effective of which seem to be the lead compounds of organic acids). This behaviour is different from that in plasticised materials where true stabilisation seems to be the dominant reaction. XRPD data are tabulated for the uncharacterised “basic lead chloride X”.
Oxidation of ferrous hydroxide suspensions. II
Authors: Prasad Turaga P. , Ramasastry Vemuri V.
Published: July 2010

Ferrous hydroxide suspensions, obtained by the addition of sodium carbonate to ferrous sulphate solutions, have been oxidised. The rates and extents of oxidation have been studied at room temperature (28±3°C) as a function of time by varying the air flow rate, concentration of sodium carbonate and concentration of ferrous sulphate. Expressions have been obtained giving the relation between the velocity constant, k, and the air flow rate as well as k and the concentration of ferrous sulphate.
Effect of electric field on isomer ratio formed during the mononitration of toluene
Authors: Hanson Carl , Pratt Michael W. T. , Sohrabi Tahereh , Sohrabi Morteza
Published: July 2010

The distribution of isomers in mononitration of toluene is demonstrated to be dependent upon the properties of the solvents involved. An empirical model has been derived to relate the isomer ratio with the dipole moments and dielectric constants of the solvents. Based on this observation, an investigation into the effect of electric field on the distribution of isomers in continuous mononitration of toluene has been carried out.
Side reactions in hydrogenolyses of substituted benzylic alcohols with palladium–carbon catalysts
Authors: Tyman John H. P.
Published: July 2010

In the hydrogenolysis of methoxy‐substituted benzylic alcohols side reactions of demethoxylation and ring saturation can occur under mild conditions which depend on the activity of the palladium–carbon catalyst used. Chromato‐graphic and spectroscopic examination of reaction products is desirable to find the extent of by‐product formation.
Barley grain as carbon substrate for fungal protein production in a farm process
Authors: Reade Austin E. , Smith Ronald H.
Published: July 2010

A simple, non‐aseptic, submerged aerobic fermentation was sought in which microbial protein could be synthesised from non‐protein nitrogen, at the expense of barley carbohydrate, to supplement the protein content of barley grain for non‐ruminant feeding. Screening of 23 isolates of fungi in shake flask cultures showed that microbial protein could be successfully produced by a number of different species in a medium containing barley as a source of carbohydrate. Protein synthesis was markedly affected by the addition of different sources of non‐protein N to the fermentation; and (NH4)2SO4 or urea proved to be good N sources in this respect. Aspergillus oryzae was selected as the most suitable species for protein synthesis, based on its performance when supplemented with the various N sources. The growth rate of A. oryzae in stirred culture was such that high yields of mycelial protein could be achieved within 24 h from a culture inoculated with a spore suspension. Under the conditions of growth used in these experiments there appeared to be little advantage in adding more than 2% barley to the medium. Higher yields of protein could be achieved at barley concentrations in excess of 2%, but only if the incubation period was extended. The tolerance of A. oryzae to low pH values was exploited to enable fungal cultures to be grown under non‐aseptic conditions. Good yields of protein were obtained in 40 litre cultures grown at pH 3.5 in a modified domestic washing machine. Although protein yields were poor, non‐aseptic growth was also sucesssful at pH 3.5 in 1000 litre cultures grown in an agricultural feed‐mixing vessel.
A new model for a hollow fibre enzyme reactor
Authors: Mashelkar R. A. , Ramachandran P. A.
Published: July 2010

A new model based on the concept of axial dispersion has been developed for predicting the performance of a hollow fibre enzyme reactor. It is shown that a simple closed form analytical solution for the prediction of the reactor performance results. The model parameters are obtained a priori from the welldefined hydrodynamic conditions. The agreement between the model predictions and the numerical solutions is excellent over a wide range of variables. The comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data shows good agreement. The model can be easily extended to include further complications. The extension to non‐Newtonian substrates is discussed and results for reactor performance under these conditions are given.
Thermal conductivity of suspension and emulsion materials
Authors: Chaurasia Pramod B. Lal , Chaudhary Dhanraj R. , Bhandari Roop C.
Published: July 2010

A technique for the prediction of effective thermal conductivity of porous materials previously developed by the authors has been extended to suspension and emulsion systems and its capability is supported by the available experimental data. A nomogram which estimates the effective thermal conductivity for these systems from the knowledge of constituent conductivities and proportions is also provided.
Solvent extraction of metals from chloride solutions
Authors: Lawson Gregory J.
Published: July 2010

A review is presented of a series of investigations into the extraction of copper, iron, zinc and cadmium into kerosene solutions of Lix or Kelex reagents from aqueous solutions containing chloride ions. The effects of chloride ions on the extraction of copper and iron were smaller than might have been expected to result from the formation of inextractable metal chlorocomplexes, and the extractants retained their selective properties. Extraction with Kelex 100 from chloride solution increased the separation between zinc and cadmium, in comparison with sulphate solutions.
Kinetic analysis of gluconic acid production byPseudomonas ovalis
Authors: Ghose Tarun K. , Ghosh Purnendu
Published: July 2010

A simple growth model is proposed on the basis of the reaction scheme for the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid. The model considers the combined effects of both glucose and oxygen substrates. Kinetic analysis of the system has been made. Computer solution of the equations proposed are obtained and the adequacy of the models confirmed.
Recovery of boric acid from ulexite by leaching with hydrochloric acid derived from waste chlorine gas and froth flotation
Authors: Yarar Baki
Published: July 2010

A process for producing boric acid from ulexite and the recovery of the product by flotation is described. It was found that the degree of conversion of ulexite to boric acid decreased with rising HCl concentration. The undissolved mineral, together with other impurities such as clays, could be depressed by Quebracho, Orzan‐S, Daxad‐23 or starch, the first two being more effective. Concentrates assaying 97.1% H3BO3 were obtained without resorting to recrystallisation of the product. No flotation reagents other than the above‐mentioned were necessary for the process.
Derivatives of 4‐amino‐2‐nitrodiphenylamine as dyes for synthetic polymer fibres
Authors: Peters Arnold T.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of a series of substituted 4‐amino‐2‐nitrodiphenylamines is described. These compounds dye synthetic polymer fibres in bordeaux to violet‐blue shades of moderate to poor light fastness. Light fastness properties are enhanced by the use of substituents which decrease the basicity of the 4‐amino group; such substitution, however, results in colour shifts into the yellow to orange region.
Hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide to the corresponding nitrophenols
Authors: Bhave Madhav D. , Chandalia Sampatraj B.
Published: July 2010

The hydrolysis of o‐ and p‐nitrochlorobenzene with aqueous sodium hydroxide was studied at temperatures of 100–160°C and at a pressure corresponding to the vapour pressure of the aqueous solution, so that the system was maintained in the liquid phase. The rate of reaction, as well as the yield and quality of the product, were poor when no catalyst was used. The use of cuprous oxide and manganese dioxide as catalysts was found to be suitable for the process. The effects of temperature, amount of caustic soda, ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase, type and amount of catalyst, speed of agitation and period of reaction on the conversion and yield of nitrophenols were studied with a view to obtaining the most suitable conditions for the production of o‐ and p‐nitrophenol.
Kinetics of the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over oxide catalysts
Authors: Sharma Chandra S. , Ramachandran Palghat A. , Hughes Ronald
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the oxidation of carbon monoxide over five commercially available oxide catalysts have been determined at CO concentrations of 4–15 mol% and initial temperatures up to 170°C. The reaction showed a fractional dependence on the concentration of CO and was inhibited by CO2. From an analysis of the data a Langmuir‐Hinshelwood reaction scheme is proposed.
Apparatus for slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus for eight‐channel gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slabs is described. It can be easily and cheaply constructed. The use of the buffer for cooling enables high voltage gradients to be applied giving good separation and resolution in under 2 h. A destaining apparatus, which does not use electrophoresis and is suitable for slab or “disc” gels, has been developed.
Reduction characteristics of Fe‐Bi‐P mixed oxide catalysts and their ammoxidation activities of propylene
Authors: Oka Hideaki , Harano Yoshio , Imoto Tatsuya
Published: July 2010

The characteristics of Fe‐Bi‐P mixed oxide catalysts of different compositions for reduction by propylene or ammonia and the ammoxidation activities of propylene were studied using a McBain type thermobalance and the pulse reaction technique respectively. By comparing the dependency of the reduction characteristics and catalytic activity with oxide composition and also the reduction rates and reoxidation rates of the reduced catalyst it was concluded that the ammoxidation of propylene on Fe‐Bi‐P mixed oxide catalyst proceeds through alternate repetition of reduction by propylene and reoxidation by oxygen, and that abstraction of allylic hydrogen from adsorbed C3H6 is the rate determining step.
Polymer‐attached palladium‐τ‐complexes
Authors: Hojabri Fereidun
Published: July 2010

Palladium‐τ‐complexes can be attached to polymers producing a new type of palladium catalyst, with the properties of heterogeneous catalysts, for the polymerisation of certain olefins. Two different methods of linkage are described: (a) fixation through a phosphine ligand, and (b) formation of a τ‐complex between palladium and polymer support.
A model for diazacyclopropane synthesis
Authors: Jagannadharao Yaddanapudi , Viswanath Dabir S.
Published: July 2010

The formation of 3‐methyl‐3‐ethyl diazacyclopropane, an intermediate in the manufacture of hydrazine and its derivatives, was studied by reacting chloramine, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone in a semi‐batch reactor provided with a stirrer. The conversion (based on chlorine) was found to increase with ammonia to chlorine ratio (8–20), agitator speed (1000–3000 rev/min), temperature (5–65°C), and lower ketones. The reaction was mass transfer controlled and first order with respect to chloramine with an activation energy and frequency factor of 5.67 kcal/gmol and 4.61 s−1 respectively. The stirred cell model due to Gal‐Or and Resnick represented the experimental data with an average absolute deviation of 5.3%.
Recovery of sulphur from calcium sulphate by reaction with carbon tetrachloride vapour in the presence of active charcoal
Authors: Bhuiyan Nurul Haque , Rahman Matiur
Published: July 2010

With a view to recovering the sulphur component of calcium sulphate, the action of carbon tetrachloride vapour on calcium sulphate in the presence of active charcoal was studied in the temperature range 600–900°C. The reactions that took place can be represented as
Aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons in soil. Significance of an initial rise in oxygen uptake rate following contamination with oil
Authors: Blakebrough Norman , Garner Philip J. , Knap Arne H. , Raisbeck J. Micheal , Heppell David
Published: July 2010

The addition of hydrocarbon oil to soil results in a marked, though brief, increase in the rate of oxygen uptake by the soil. Investigation of this phenomenon in an electrolytic respirometer has shown that it cannot be accounted for by oxidation of part of the added hydrocarbon. It is probably due to microbial lysis or the release of nutrients induced by addition of the oil.
Energy requirements for single cell protein production
Authors: Lewis Christopher W.
Published: July 2010

The direct and indirect energy inputs to SCP production by microbial fermentations from six different substrates are assessed, together with labour and land area requirements. Future energy savings envisaged with improving technology are described, and found to be of minor significance. From an energy point of view SCP production from hydrocarbon substrates compares most unfavourably with that from carbohydrates, particularly carbohydrate wastes, although the former is less land intensive. Large‐scale units give greater protein yields per unit of labour than do small‐scale plants. The applicability of SCP to Third World food problems seems limited due to its high energy production requirements.
Azeotropic data for the systems formed by representatives of the homologous series of alkanes and alcohols
Authors: Roekens Edward J. L. , Verhoeye Lucien A. J.
Published: July 2010

Data on azeotropic mixtures published in the literature often show large scattering. In this study two experimental methods are developed for determination of these data: one method is based on determination of the position of the minimum in the boiling point curve; the other method is based on distillation by means of a very efficient column. Both methods are applied to the systems formed by the representatives of the homologous series of alkanes from pentane to nonane branched hydrocarbons also included and of the homologous series of alcohols from ethanol to pentanol. The results obtained by both methods are in good mutual agreement. This increases the reliability of the data. The data are also computed by means of a method based on the group contribution method. Agreement of computed and experimental data is satisfactory.
Ammoniothermal treatment of silica gel and simultaneous changes in surface area
Authors: Girgis Badie S.
Published: July 2010

A high surface area silica gel was structurally modified by autoclaving in ammonium hydroxide solutions with pH values of 9–12, at temperatures of 100–180°C, and for periods up to 5 h. Drastic variations in the texture of the xerogel took place leading to a considerable decrease in the specific surface, and to an accompanying increase in the mean particle diameter, pore radius, and number of OH groups per unit area. The extent of change depends generally on the temperature, duration of treatment, and pH of solution, although the last factor seems to be the most prominent. Such variation is ascribed to the enhanced dissolution of silica in the alkaline solution. Activation energies of hydrolysis of the siloxane bond were calculated as 17.2–19.0 kJ/mol, from a relationship correlating change in surface area with time.
Synthesis of some new styryl oxazolophenoxazines
Authors: Metwally Saoud A. M. , Youssef Mohamed S. K.
Published: July 2010

Reductive acetylation of 3‐aminophenoxaz‐2‐one (II) gave 3‐acetylamino‐2‐acetoxy‐phenoxazine (IV). Thermolysis of (IV) gave 2‐methyl‐5H‐oxazolo(4,5‐b)phenoxazine (V). The styryl derivatives (VIII) were synthesised by condensation of (V) with aromatic aldehydes. Quaternisation of (V) was carried out giving (VII). Oxidation of (V) using SeO2 gave 2‐formyl‐5H‐oxazolo(4,5‐b)phenoxazine (VI). Fragmentation patterns of certain of the products under electron impact are suggested.