bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender issues: survey
Authors: Heschel Susannah
Published: November 2023

In early twentieth-century Germany, the young Franz Rosenzweig was about to convert to Christianity. Raised in an assimilated home, he was determined to enter the Church as a religious Jew, and so decided to attend Yom Kippur services in a small Orthodox synagogue rather than his parents’ Reform temple. Overwhelmed by the liturgy and piety he encountered, he renounced his intention to convert, becoming instead one of the most notable twentieth-century Jewish thinkers. Franz Rosenzweig’s near-conversion to Christianity is one of the best-known stories of modern Jewish thought; that the event may never have occurred in the manner described does not diminish its importance as myth.
Sexuality
Authors: Solomon Mark
Published: November 2023

Gender has become one of the primary categories under which thinking Jews (re)evaluate themselves in the modern world; but there has been relatively little articulation of change in fundamental attitudes to sexuality outside of gay, lesbian, or queer discourse. Hence, this chapter considers modern developments in Jewish understandings of sexuality, concentrating primarily on homosexuality. Modern Jewish apologetics consistently portrays traditional Jewish teaching on sex and sexuality as positive, balanced, and healthy, in contrast with alleged Christian hostility to sex and promotion of celibacy.
Introduction: The Author and the Book
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

How can one reduce the great peril, the great danger with which fiction threatens our world? The answer is: One can reduce it with the author. The author is the principle of thrift in the proliferation of meaning The author does not precede the works, he is a certain functional principle by which, in our culture, one limits, excludes, and chooses; in short, by which one impedes the free circulation, the free manipulation, the free composition, decomposition, and recomposition of fiction.
Clytemnestra’s Ghost: The Aeschylean Legacy in Gluck’s Iphigenia Operas
Authors: Phillippo Susanna
Published: November 2023

The story of Agamemnon and his murderous wife is a lynchpin of Gluck’ s 1779 opera Iphigenie Tauride, and in the earlier Iphigenie Aulide it hovers ominously over the on-stage events. As past or future history, the story plays a key role in the portrayal of these operas’ characters and in the themes which their present stories and struggles evoke. Gluck’ s operas are not unique in this respect: a large number of eighteenth-century versions of the myth of Agamemnon’ s Daughter integrate her parents’ story into the characters’ wider struggles with the family history past, present and to come. Each adapting artist shapes the thematic role and impact of that story to serve their own individual designs.
Agamemnon in Russia
Authors: Trubotchkin Dmitry
Published: November 2023

Seneca’ s Agamemnon has never been produced in Russia or the USSR, and the Agamemnon of Aeschylus has never been performed as a separate play. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the Oresteia in the Russian theatrical tradition and the role played by the first play in Aeschylus’ trilogy in particular. The Oresteia is the only ancient drama to appear regularly on the stage in the twentieth century in Russia; and whilst its production history includes a theatrical disaster that had a direct effect on the fate of the Moscow Academic Art Theatre (or MAAT II),1 it was also the only play to survive during the difficult years for the arts, notably in the 1930s and 1940s. No other Greek or Roman play has had such a dramatic stage history in Russia.
Never Quite Showing his Hand
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

In 1985, the poet Michael Donaghy interviewed Paul Muldoon for the Chicago Review. Towards the end of the interview the two con sider why, in recent decades, a number of Irish poets have looked to America for inspiration. Muldoon’s explanation is that ‘in terms of writing it seems to me that a lot of exciting things have happened here’—and he then declares that ‘One of my favorite poets is Robert Frost.’ Donaghy notes that ‘You’ve mentioned Frost in other inter views, and so has Seamus Heaney. In a way it seems to suggest that you two see more going on in Frost than a lot of Americans do.
Travel Sickness: Medicine and Mobility in the Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Renaissance
Authors: Horden Peregrine
Published: November 2023

Thus the late antique Life of Homer by one Proclus (possibly not the famous Platonist).He implicitly contrasts the limited mobility of the Homeric age with the greater ease of maritime communications characteristic of Roman imperial times. He offers us a perception of increasing Mediterranean mobility.
Family Romances
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

The late plays focus with unusual intensity on certain family dynamics, especially the relationship between father and daughter. They also focus on the fundamental importance of these bonds and on the healing power they have when they are restored after long separations. In Shakespeare’s tragedies the same bond (as in Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Hamlet, and Othello) features, in combination with the powerful pressure of the absent or present mother on her children. They are at the heart of the psychological dramas most of all because violent tragic power results from the dissolution of these bonds under extreme pressure. In Shakespeare’s comedies fathers and daughters are again central, but the dynamic is very different.
Generation and Nation
Authors: Vati Peter Schneider’s , Der Vorleser Bernhard Schlink’s
Published: November 2023

Though they fall either side of the watershed of 1989, Peter Schneider ‘s story Vati (Dad, 1987) and Bernhard Schlink’s novel Der Vorleser (The Reader, 1995) have such obvious points of contact that they have already been the object of comparative analysis.1 Both record the emotional confusion of a central figure—respectively a lawyer and a legal historian—who discovers that a person he loves served in the concentration camps. As articulate professionals, the two men are able to formulate their emotional dilemmas very precisely, yet their self-knowledge is limited and both leave much unsaid.
Memorial Landscapes
Authors: Mauthausen Ebensee , Morbus Kitahara Christoph Ransmayr‘s
Published: November 2023

This chapter returns to the literal roots of Nora‘s term lieu de mémoire, that is, to the ways in which memory attaches itself to place. National Socialist crimes have, of course, always been associated with place names and remembered in situ, but over the last twenty years German and Austrian memory has been increasingly dispersed, with memorial activity moving outwards from the sites of major crimes to the sites of relatively lesser crimes, from the mostly isolated sites of SS torture and murder to the city-centre sites of Gestapo torture and murder, from sites of execution to sites of judicial or bureaucratic support for execution, from the confines of the concentration camps to the etiolated routes of the death marches, from the centralized prison camps at which forced labourers slept to the scattered industrial sites at which they worked, and, finally, from the sites where victims died together in their hundreds and their thousands to the infinitely more scattered sites at which, before the crimes began, they lived, worked, and studied.
Introduction
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

Whether it was the voice of a boy or a girl I cannot say, but again and again it repeated the refrain ‘Take it and read, take it and read’. At this I looked up, thinking hard whether there was any game in which children used to chant words like these, but I could not remember ever hearing them before. I stemmed my flood of tears and stood up, telling myself that this could only be a divine command to open my book of Scripture and read the first passage on which my eyes should fall. in an instant, as I came to the end of the sentence, it was as though the light of confidence flooded into my heart and all the darkness of doubt was dispelled.
The Behaviour of Literary Silence: Repetition, Aporia, Implosion
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

The theoretical understanding of literary silence indicates a path along which we might trace literary silence. One might say that the previous chapter established a set of associations, perhaps a certain ‘mind set’, that in turn will enable us to understand, or at least approach, literary silence. Concepts like force, difference, and jeu now describe and point towards literary silence. However, these theoretical concepts do not directly reveal or address how literary silence positively can be explored in the text. The next step is therefore to explore the more concrete behaviour of literary silence in texts and to indicate how literary silence emerges in the text, what dynamics it produces and is produced through. By behaviour, I mean the textual dynamics or ‘patterns’ of literary silence as a textual phenomenon. I will develop three such dynamics, namely repetition, aporia, and implosion.
Introduction
Authors: Small Helen
Published: November 2023

Where curiosity is at work the desire for knowledge is never entirely distinct from the desire to be transformed by knowledge. To be curious is to be like a child, as Alfred Russel Wallace recognized when he contemplated the persistent restless ness, after sixty-two years, of Darwin’s wish to understand the workings of the natural world. More specifically, to be curious is to be like a child who wants to grow up-who wants to know what adults know (or what they are assumed to know), and who claims, as by right, the power to contest their versions of the world. Whatever curiosity’s ends-and the content and quality of knowledge are to be distinguished here from the disposition toward knowledge-it requires putting oneself out in the world.
Transmission, Response, and Development: Clamour Writing 1460– 1553
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

The praier and complaynte of the ploweman, a sixteenth-century printed edition of an earlier lollard treatise, is one among many examples of later medieval and early modern texts which, I shall argue in this chapter, transmit, respond to, and develop the traditions of clamour writing. It has gone largely unremarked that a rather large number of Reformation complaint tracts and pamphlets are framed as petitionary texts. In his 1871 edition of three of these texts, J. Meadows Cowper observed in passing that ‘the form of a petition or supplication’ seems to have been ‘a favourite mode of expressing the grievances under which the people groaned’, but this observation has never been developed
Doctoring and Self-Forgiveness
Authors: Blustein Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In the vast philosophical literature in moral psychology on the subject of forgiveness, most attention by far has been directed to its interpersonal version, that is, to forgiveness of others rather than forgiveness of self. There is a relatively small number of philosophical papers that explicitly takes up self-forgiveness in a sustained way (Snow 1993; Hughes 1994; Holmgren 1998, 2002; Dillon 2001). Most discussions of forgiveness do not mention self-forgiveness or mention it only in passing, perhaps because it is thought that the concept of self-forgiveness is problematic or that the analysis of other-forgiveness can be transposed without significant alteration to cases of self-forgiveness or for some other reason (Downie 1965; Haber 1991).
Talk Of God As Creator
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

What kind of ‘answer’ is it possible to give to questions like those concerning the so-called mystery of existence and others which constitute the theological enterprise? Even if we agree to postulate a ‘cosmos-explaining-being’, or even God as creator, what are the resources of language with which the results of these inquiries may be elaborated? We have already had to qualify and hedge rather carefully what we are to mean by ‘explanation’ in the theological quest for intelligibility in our existence in all its aspects, so it is not surprising that we should use models, metaphor, and analogies and all kinds of images to express what ex hypothesi transcends and is other than everything that exists.
New Perspectives On The Relation Between Man And The Universe
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

From these contrasts between the scientific perspective on the world of the then of 1 900 and the now of the second half of the twentieth century, it becomes clear that we have in our times witnessed an unparalleled saltation in the expansion of human consciousness of the world which is its ambience. This expansion has, curiously and significantly, been coupled with a new awareness of the fragility of human knowledge consequent upon the realization, on the one hand, of its ambiguity, on account of the loss of the ‘impossible’ objective spectator through the Uncertainty Principle and relativity; and also consequent upon, on the other hand, the physical limitations which constitute ‘horizons’ beyond which we are unable to explore the universe.
The Mental And The Material
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

What is true about the interface between biology and the physical sciences is also true of interfaces higher up in the scale of complexity of the hierarchy of natural systems. At these levels we begin to be concerned with phenomena which are particularly relevant to individual and social human life and many of the terms used in the discussions are likely to change. For it is of the very essence of the non-reducibility of a theory describing a higher level in the natural hierarchies with which we have been concerned up till now that it implies that certain phenomena are ‘emergent’ with respect to lower-level theories.
The Tension Between Belief In God As Creator And Appraisal Of The Evolved Nature Of Man
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

With man’s arrival, there appears an apparently irresolvable tension between, on the one hand, man’s freedom in his own self-determination, to work against, as well as with, God’s action immanent in his creative processes and, on the other hand, God’s overall and ultimately transcendent and not-to be-set-aside intentions in creation.
The Relevance Of Theology To Any View Of Man
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

So far we have been examining how various features of the scientific landscape modify and enlarge, or should do so, the way we may conceive of God’s relation to the world, that is, the doctrine of creation. In the last lecture, in examining the scientific analyses of man at various levels, we stressed the non reducible level of the human person who has a history which succeeds, indeed supersedes, biological evolution. Man is evolved out of and in the physical stuff of the universe and, although biologically adapted and one of the most (if not the most) successful of species, to judge by his proliferation, nevertheless in his personal being he searches to fill the gap between reality and his unfulfilled aspirations.
Implications Of The Meaning For Evolved Man Of What God Was Unveiling In Jesus The Christ
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

We have argued that any assessment today of the significance of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus has to be made both in the light of the way we have to conceive of God’s action in a world now best described from the perspective of the sciences; and in the light of what historical scholarship tells we can reasonably know about Jesus’ teaching and the events surrounding his life, death, and resurrection.
Man’s Role In Creation Reconsidered
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

We must now assess both the kind of response from man to nature which is called for and his role in creation, in the light of the understanding of God’s relation to the world which we have developed in relation to the scientific perspective on that of the community. What this ‘cost’ might be and what kind of new communal awareness and altruism will be called for has scarcely begun to be discerned.
Emotions and Narrative
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: November 2023

Richard Strauss’s opera Der Rosenkavalier comes to a dramatic climax in the Trio of its last act, which is one of the most extraordinary examples of the way in which music can allow the characters in an opera to express their different emotions simultaneously, while held together by the musical structure. Strauss’s librettist, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, was very well aware of the importance of the handling of emotional effect at this point. Here are his comments on the end of the last act: The end must be very good, or it will be no good at all. It must be psycho- logically convincing and at the same time tender, the words must be charming and easy to sing, it must be properly split up into conversation and again into numbers, it must provide a happy ending for the young people and yet not make one too uncomfortable about the Marschallin.
Beyond Words: Enjoying Abstractions
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: November 2023

I now want to consider some relationships between sensation and emotion that may seem to be far removed from controlling narrative associations. Pleasures indeed that may be as non-verbal as those of enjoying wine. They principally occur in our looking at abstract art, and in our enjoyment of ‘absolute’ music; that is, music which is independent of the setting of any text. I will follow Peter Kivy in calling this ‘music alone’. For with the rise in the later eighteenth century of ‘pure’ instrumental music, art as formal expression took over from art as representation as a critical concern. Music had till then been firmly associated with text, and so the new instrumental idiom was ‘the avant garde of the age of Enlightenment’, because it did not rely on representation.
Emergence and Mind
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: November 2023

It is not possible to engage in reflection on the relationship of mind and brain without considering the evolutionary history that produced brains in the first place. Or rather, it is certainly possible, since many have written treatises in the philosophy of mind without considering evolution. A dualist might well conclude that she is not required to consider evolution since, however the brain got here, thought is something qualitatively different from it, being only contingently dependent (at most) on brain states. Strictly speaking, a physicalist philosopher might also think that he can dispense with evolutionary history, since the details of the brain as a biological system are of only contingent interest; what matters finally is to complete the structure of understanding upwards from its foundational microphysical laws and processes.
Urban Utterances: Merchants, Artisans, and the Alphabet in Caxton’s Dialogues in French and English
Authors: Cooper Lisa H
Published: November 2023

The French English phrasebook that William Caxton printed at Westminster sometime between the years 1480 and 1483 begins by selling itself.
‘A Form as Grecian Goldsmiths Make’: Enshrining Narrative in Chrtien de Troyes’ Cligs and the Stavelot Triptych
Authors: Chaganti Seeta
Published: November 2023

The Presence of a luxuriously elaborate vision of Byzantine life in Chrtien de Troyes’ Arthurian romance Cligs is not surprising, given the historical and political backdrop that the twelfth century provides for this text. During this century, crusaders voyaged east and reacted with equal amounts of envy and mistrust upon seeing this new world and the forms of power, protocol, and prestige it contained. But Cligs itself, rather than reflecting explicitly the politically antagonistic awareness of the Eastern empire which the West was developing during this period, testifies to an awareness that was aesthetically oriented.
Regional Knowledge Capabilities and Open Innovation: Regional Innovation & stems and Clusters in the Asymmetric Knowledge Economy
Authors: Cooke Philip
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, a systematic account of the idea and content of regional innovation systems is reprised. This rests intellectually on discoveries made by regional scientists, economic geographers, and innovation analysts working at the national level, who observed several features of actual innovation processes by firms and among firms and researchers that put in question received wisdom. The received wisdom was often rather influenced by philosophy and sociology of science that uncritically internalized autobiographical accounts by famous scientists. They stressed the logical progression of discovery from theory to experiment, confirmation to validation, and science to technology, but left many puzzles, not least how change occurred.
Introduction
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

At the end of his essay, ‘Hebraism and Hellenism’ (1869), Matthew Arnold strikes a troubled note of concern regarding his fellow Victorians, at sea without the stability of an unquestioned Christianity for support, and desperate for a new guiding force.
Secularization: Dickens to Hardy
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

According to the sociologist of religion Steve Bruce, writing in God is Dead: Secularization in the West, ‘modernization creates problems for religion’. By evoking Nietzsche’s infamous pronouncement in the book’s title, Bruce signals from the outset his belief that the problems had proved too much for Christianity by the beginning of the twentieth century, and the rest of his book details the ways in which the forces of modernity brought this to pass. Despite Bruce’s confident and articulate defence of the secularization thesis, his writing is notably defensive at several points, inadvertently revealing the extent to which secularization theory has been the subject of vociferous criticism over the past twenty years. Following Rodney Stark and William Bainbridge’s rejection of the secularization paradigm in The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation, which claimed that religion has shown a capacity to renew itself amidmodernity through cults and sects, scholars from amultitude of disciplines have become increasingly sceptical about the notion that a linear and inescapable erosion of faith was at an advanced stage by the second half of the nineteenth century. Historians have questioned the assumption that late Victorians were significantly less religious than their predecessors; sociologists have expressed doubts about the quantitative data used to chart a decline; and literary and cultural critics have shown a renewed interest in the multitude of writings from the second half of the nineteenth century pertaining to the supernatural.
Uses of the Word heros
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

In some cases it seems possible to assign the occurrence to one or other ofthe uses: this is class (3) above. In such cases we are dealing with hgures who are simultaneously heroes of epic and heroes of cult, in a context where both senses seem relevant. The ease with which in Pindar one use may shade into the other is an apparent difficulty for the view that the ‘two senses, the religious and the secular, are not derived one from the other, nor from a single original sense’. These unclear cases invite us to probe a little further into the history of the word.
Heroization of the War Dead
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

The question of whether the Greek war dead were heroized has been repeatedly addressed and a range of answers returned. It has been claimed simply: ‘Those who fell in battle for their country were made heroes and received a cult.’ On the other hand it has been claimed, ‘it is the exception, not the rule, for those who fall in battle to receive heroic honours’. Finally, it has been denied that the war dead were heroized in the Classical period. Faced with this divergence of opinions, we must review the evidence.
Living in the Fifth Century
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

In our study of the heroization of athletes the possibility was raised that the process of heroization might begin in the athletes’ own lifetimes. This raises all sorts of questions; in particular, it has implications for the widespread view that a cult of the living (in the form of ruler cult) became common only after Alexander the Great. The reasons for this watershed in the cult of the living have been sought in both the religious and political domain.
Isthmian 7 Pankration Victor and War Dead
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

Isthmian 7, at three triads in length, is one of Pindar’s shorter and more accessible odes. It celebrates the Isthmian victory of a Theban pankratiast, Strepsiades (verses 21-2). Its date is unknown. Verses 25-36 refer to a battle fought by Thebes in which the victor’s uncle, also called Strepsiades, fell, but the battle cannot be identified. We do not need to suppose that it was recent history when Isthmian 7 was composed. The ode was performed at Thebes: the eponymous nymph of the city is invoked in verse 1, and there is obvious Theban colour in verses 1-15 and 27-39.
Pythian 2 Locrian Saviour and Cyprian Hero
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

The occasion of Pythian 2 has been debated since antiquity. On the one hand, verses 5-6 imply celebration of a specific chariot victory.On the other hand, verses 9-12 imply Hieron has already had several successes with the chariot. Hieron’s only attested chariot victories are in the 29th Pythian festival, in 474 or 470 bc, and at Olympia in 468 bg. Both of these have been proposed as the occasion for Pythian 2.However, it is awkward for each of these views that neither Delphi nor Olympia is mentioned in the ode. The only clear historical reference in the ode is to a conflict between Locri and Rhegium, which occurred at some time within the years 478-476 bc (see below). It is likely that this conflict was a recent one when the ode was composed. This assumption is supported by two arguments from silence: Pythian 2 makes no reference either to the founding of Aitna (476/5 bc) or to the battle of Cumae (474 bc), and may thus reasonably be supposed to precede them.
Epilogue
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

An important set of conclusions of this book concerns the extent of heroization: we should take seriously the possibility that in the Classical period heroization, particularly of the war dead and of athletes, was more widespread than has often been supposed. One consequence will be that the proliferation of heroizations in the Hellenistic period comes less suddenly than it is generally held to do. More radically though, this book has argued a need to rethink the workings of heroization in the Classical period: the critical possibility here is that a person’s posthumous cult might be anticipated in his lifetime. The phrase ‘might be anticipated’ is ambiguous, but the ambiguity is a helpful one. On the one hand, it conveys the possibility that a posthumous cult might be looked forward to while the person was still alive: the subjective aspect of hero cult. On the other hand, it conveys the possibility that a person’s posthumous cult might be realized ahead of its time, in a partial or a full sense: that a person might receive religious attentions in his own lifetime which fell short of a cult; or that he might, exceptionally, receive a full cult, heroic or divine, while still alive.
Plotinus’ Cosmology: An Overview Of II . 1
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: November 2023

In II.1 Plotinus is concerned to defend the thesis that the universe, the heavens, and the heavenly bodies are all everlasting. It was pointed out above that this general view was shared by Aristotle and probably Plato, but Plotinus here is engaged in espousing the view in a more precise form that Plato and Aristotle never explicitly took up, namely that the universe, the heavens, and the heavenly bodies all remain numerically the same individuals for all time.
Outlines
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

Outlining has already been touched on; but it is so indispensable that we need to look at it more fully. Every longish piece of writing is the better for an outline setting out the overall plan. Outlines have two main aims: to control the number of parts (and consequently the scale) and to determine the sequence of parts. Considerations of scale affect writing at every point. If quotation seems called for and your word limit is 300, it would be futile to think of quoting more than a phrase or two.
Quotation
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

Quotation has its enemies: James Boswell tells how ‘Mr Wilkes censured it as pedantry. Johnson. “No, Sir, it is a good thing; there is a community of mind in it. Classical quotation is the parole [password] of literary men all over the world.” ‘ Opposition continues: Ambrose Bierce calls quotation ‘the act of repeating erroneously the words of another’; and A. S. Byatt supposes it imparts ‘a kind of papery vitality and independence to, precisely, cultural clichés cut free from the web of language that gives them precise meaning’. All the same, quotation is a chief resource for a writer; it just needs to be used judiciously, taking into account context, readership, and immediate purpose.
Regional Bibliography
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: November 2023

Petty, Michael]. The Cambridgeshire collection; an annotated catalogue of the books and articles, pamphlets and periodicals. [In trod. to accompany fiche catalogue]. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire libraries, Central library, 1983. 4op. + microfiche. 21cm. (Reprod. from typewriting). Forster, Harold. The rise and fall of the Cambridge muses. [Collns. of Cambridge verse]. Cambridge Bib Soc Trans 8pt2:141-72 ’82.
Norway 19131–14
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

Letters to Russell suggest that July and most of August were spent on the Hochreith—a usual pattern. The weather was ‘constantly rotten’ (LW to BR 22.7.13).

The weather here is most abominable, it rains all day like mad. Just now a crash of thunder came down and I said ‘Hell!’, which shews that English swear-words are well in my bones. (LW to BR summer 1913)

The undergraduate slang and the mild swear-words are a characteristic sign of good spirits. His work was going exceptionally well. In the same letters he says that he felt nearer than he had ever felt before to the solution of all his problems.

Delayed by flu he arrived in England in late August for a holiday with Pinsent. Pinsent indeed, less favoured than Russell, had been waiting with some anxiety for a letter. A trip to Spain had been planned, but now Wittgenstein suggested other possibilities.
‘He descended into hell’: The Depths of God’s Self-Emptying Love on Holy Saturday in the Thought of Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: Oakes Edward T
Published: November 2023

1

Any version of the Incarnation-the doctrine that somehow or another (meaning, however conceived) the infinite God became (meaning, was transformed into) a finite human being-requires by definition a correlative doctrine of kenosis (self-emptying) in order to be coherent. For that is what such a doctrine of infinite-becoming finite entails in its very assertion. After all, the infinite can only become finite by emptying itself of its infinity, otherwise it will not have become, been turned into, the finite. In other words, without some notion along the lines of kenosis we are left with sheer paradox. Not that Christian theology can ever dispense with paradox entirely, for everything about the Christian proclamation involves paradox in one form or another. Indeed, because of its doctrine of Incarnation, Christianity might be said to be the quintessentially paradoxical religion. For that reason, the subsidiary doctrine of kenosis cannot be said (at least in its usual guises) to attempt to abolish the paradoxes of Christian doctrine, only to leave them seeming less flagrantly self-contradictory. For example, to say ‘the infinite has become the finite’ is a paradox. To explain that paradox by saying ‘the infinite has emptied itself to become finite’ certainly resolves the paradox.
Empson, Piaget, and Child Logic in Wartime
Authors: Piette Adam
Published: November 2023

The child psychologist Jean Piaget’s interviews with children in the 1920s formed the basis of his research into the development of logic and reasoning in the human mind. Empson’s defence of his own brand of metaphysical verse against the charge of escapism is well known. John Haffenden has shown, in the notes to the Complete Poems , the uses Empson makes of early Piaget to bolster his complex and witty disclaimer of escapism, in particular Piaget’s theory of autism and collective monologue in the chatter of children at play in his first important work, The Language and Thought of the Child (1926). The Leavisite brickbat that metaphysical modernist poetry iswilfully egocentric and obscure, withdrawn from the social world of moral realities, self-indulgently revelling in redundantly puzzling language games, is cleverly related to Piaget on primitive child logic because of Leavis’s turn against Empson after the Alice essay.
The Machinery of a Rich and Full Response: Empson as Philosopher-Critic
Authors: Norris Christopher
Published: November 2023

Empson was never much given to ‘philosophy’ in the various forms that achieved academic prominence during the period (roughly 1930 to 1970) when his work nevertheless engaged a whole range of distinctly philosophical interests and concerns. Nor was he well disposed towards ‘theory’ in the sense of that term which took hold among mainly French-influenced literary intellectuals from the early 1970s on but which first emerged — and had already attracted Empson’s hostile notice — with the American New Criticism some three decades earlier. All the same he was a highly original theorist and philosopher-critic — without rival in this country at least since Coleridge — and one whose contributions have been drastically undervalued, in part no doubt through his own keenness to abjure any credit (or blame) in that regard but also through his habit of adopting positions strongly at odds with just about every tenet of ‘advanced’ theoretical wisdom.
Commentary
Authors: Mcgroarty Kieran
Published: November 2023

Plotinus begins by attacking the equation of living well and eudaimonia, which was accepted by Aristotle,3 Epicurus, and the Stoics. Without further qualification in ontological terms, this equation, Plotinus insists, logically gives plants and animals the possibility of a share in eudaimonia. Since, Plotinus insists, mutatis mutandis, plants and animals can satisfy the basic criteria of living lives proper to their own natures without impediments, and living lives through to their own proper ends, then they cannot be denied eudaimonia, if eudaimonia is to be found in life in general.
The Crisis of Government
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

The precise date of Milton’s return from continental Europe remains uncertain. He himself, writing in 1654, recalls, ‘I returned home after a year and three months, more or less, at almost the same time as Charles [I] broke the peace and renewed the war with the Scots, which is known as the second Bishops’ War.’ The skirmish at Newburn-on-Tyne to which he alludes took place on 28 August 1640. If the usual assumption, that he left England about May 1638, is correct, and if he has remembered the length of his absence, the date of his return would have been about August 1639.
Posthumous Life and Nachlass
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Milton died on the night of 9–10 November 1674. He was buried beside his father near the altar in St Giles Cripplegate on 12 November. The significance of burial in a conformist church is difficult to ascertain, especially as it is not clear whether the choice was Milton’s or that of one of his surviving relatives. Bunhill Fields, the cemetery of puritan England, might have been a more fitting and convenient choice; Milton’s home was almost opposite it. But the timing made interment there less likely than would have been the case a few years later. Cartloads of bones from the charnel house in St Paul’s churchyard had been buried there in 1549, and in 1665 it was decided to use the site for a plague pit.
Forms of Elegy: Stevenson, Muldoon, Hill, Fisher
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

Elegy is a form defined by content. Although this was not always the case, the Greek and Roman elegy having a strict verse-form and a ‘fairly broad range of topics’, the word in the modern period has been largely associated with ‘mortal loss and consolation’.1 As a result, according to Jahan Ramazani, the genre now ‘permeates a wide range of poems about war, love, race, gender, meditation, the self, the family, and the poet’.2 His definition, relying on that prolific ‘about’, hints at a list which might continue indefinitely. As long as the work is ‘about’ death or loss, however loosely defined, it can be classed as an elegy. It need not even necessarily be a poem. Virginia Woolf wondered if she might call her novels elegies, since their themes and moods as well as their poetic styles seemed essentially elegiac. Elegy, unlike almost all other literary genres, takes its name from what it is about, rather than from any conventional structure.
Anonymity, Violation, and Memory Loss
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: November 2023

The inscribed texts on funerary monuments play an important role in naming the deceased and his or her position in society. As Connerton highlights, the fact that something is inscribed demonstrates a will to be remembered. If there is one thing that the majority of epitaphs have in common it is the naming of the deceased. How important was the survival of one’s name? For Pliny the Younger, at least, nothing affected him so strongly ‘as the desire of a lasting name’.2 This sentiment is echoed in the epitaph of Marcus Antonius Antius Lupus, a military tribune put to death by the emperor Commodus. The inscription expressed the conviction that despite his treatment by Commodus his name would be a cause for perpetual celebration.
Statement Of Aims
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

Religion is action. Actions are carried out by people. But not everyone can or may do everything. Even in ancient religions there were specialists, holders of enduring functions. They might look after sanctuaries, prepare great feast days, carry out special rituals, perform burials, or act as political advisers. The aim of this book is to uncover this personal infrastructure of the city of Rome. Accordingly, the annual lists cover all religious specialists belonging to cults attested in Romefor every year between 300 bc and ad 499, from pontifex maximus to servus publicus.
Livy, Priests’ Names, and The Annales Maximi 1
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

The prerequisite for any prosopographical study is a comprehensive critique of sources. In the case of a prosopography of the Republican priesthoods, as is attempted here in the biographies section, such a critique is lacking. In the following I attempt to link the difficulties confronting us in respect of information on priestly offices, cooptations, and deaths, with a general critique of the sources for Livy’s historical oeuvre. My analysis includes the controversial annales maximi of the supreme pontiffs, and offers a new interpretation of those records.
Religion And Administration In The Late Imperial Period
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: November 2023

The office of the pontifex maximus is widely seen as the most important symbol of religious centralization in the Roman Empire. Although the office increasingly became a normal component of the emperor’s honorific style, this loss of autonomy by the office was seen not as a loss of its religious significance, but as a token of the sacralization of the office of Augustus. The integration of priestly offices into senatorial and equestrian careers did not lead to analogous interpretations. On the contrary, in this area the normal conclusion was that there had been a loss of religious significance, that priestly office was an indication less of specialist religious roles than of political success and Imperial favour.
Freud and psychoanalysis
Authors: Surprenant Céline
Published: November 2023

Psychoanalytic literary criticism emerges specifically from a therapeutic technique which the Viennese neurologist Sigmund Freud developed for the treatment of hysteria and neurosis at the end of the nineteenth century. A description of the cure, which one of Freud’s patients ingeniously called ‘the talking cure’, gives an idea of the unusual origin of this approach to literature. The therapy evolved from the initial observation that patients were relieved of their neurotic symptoms by recalling the memory of certain events and ideas related to infantile sexuality. During the cure, which consists of an interchange of words between a patient and an analyst, the latter draws the patient’s attention to signs of forgotten or repressed memories which perturb his or her speech. But, for the therapy to work, the patient must obey the fundamental rule: namely, he or she must say everything that comes into his or her mind, ‘even if it is disagreeable, even if it seems unimportant or actually nonsensical’. A first difficulty lies in the fact that I am pressed to tell embarrassing thoughts which I would rather keep quiet about.
Psychoanalysis after Freud
Authors: Paccaud-Huguet Josiane
Published: November 2023

The conceptual edifice of psychoanalysis could not have developed without philosophy, the arts, and, more recently, linguistics and poetics. We shall focus in this chapter on Jacques Lacan’s project grounded in the premise that the unconscious is ‘structured like a language’, which in turn can highlight important aspects of the life of signs in human societies. There are two major, but not mutually exclusive, periods in Lacan’s work. The years inspired by structuralist linguistics, which brought forth the signifier, the signifying chain, the Symbolic, the Name of the Father, desire, and the subject enmeshed in the other’s discourse, and the post-structuralist years of the return to poetry—’I was not enough of a poet’, he claimed in a late seminar. Aware of historical variations in the structure he attempted to map out, he did not hesitate to give a revolutionary impulse to his own concepts (i.e. literally making them revolve) in order to highlight a dimension so far concealed by over-emphasis on the Symbolic.
Deconstruction
Authors: Thomson Alex
Published: November 2023

Although the French philosopher Jacques Derrida did not invent the term ‘deconstruction’—he found it in a dictionary—it was an obsolete and archaic word when he first started to use it in the 1960s. Yet these days you are just as likely to come across it in a newspaper or in the title of a film such as Woody Allen’s Deconstructing Harry as in an academic journal, and in the field of architecture or of environmental policy, as in literary studies, where Derrida’s work first made an impact in the English-speaking world.
Ibsen’s Visual World Spectacles, Painting, Theater
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: November 2023

In mid-June 1873, shortly after finishing Emperor and Galilean, Ibsen left Dresden for Vienna to spend a good part of the summer as the Dano-Norwegian representative on the jury for painting and sculpture at the Universal Exhibition. On 30 August 1873, he published a short notice about the experience in Morgenbladet. After listing the members of the jury and discussing the distribution of medals among the different nations, he warns readers against drawing any conclusions about the strengths of each nation’s art from the numbers: “In addition to this, medals could only be given to living artists, and only for works created after the year 1863, a circumstance to which some countries, notably England, had paid no heed. The consequence was that although the English exhibition consisted almost exclusively of masterpieces, it only received a relatively low number of medals” (19: 143). The passage dismayed Ibsen’s biographer Michael Meyer:
“First and Foremost a Human Being” Idealism, Theater, and Gender in A Doll’s House
Authors: Moi Toril
Published: November 2023

Emperor and Galilean is pivotal in Ibsen’s work, literally as well as figuratively. It stands in the middle of his production: twelve plays come before, twelve plays come after. This enormous double play, a world-historical prose tragedy, also stands alone at the center of Ibsen’s œuvre. Four years (an unusually long gap for Ibsen) separate Emperor and Galilean from its neighbor on either side. In 1869 Ibsen finished The League of Youth, an entertaining comedy about politics and inauthenticity. In 1873 he published Emperor and Galilean, and in 1877, Pillars of Society. Together these three plays constitute Ibsen’s transition from being the author of Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867) to becoming the author of A Doll’s House (1869). Of these three, Emperor and Galilean is by far the most important for an understanding of Ibsen’s modernism, for here Ibsen develops not just a full-scale analysis of modernity in Europe, but a new understanding of what theater is and what it can do. It also marks the moment in which Ibsen breaks with Norwegian nationalism and defines himself as a European: the immodest subtitle “A World-Historical Play” says it all. After Emperor and Galilean, Ibsen’s Norwegians are Europeans.
‘Dolphins in the Sea’ (Isthmian 9. 7): Pindar and the Aeginetans
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: November 2023

The title of my chapter alludes to the creatures whom Pindar memorably compares to the Aeginetans, maritime and music-loving worshippers of Apollo Delphinios (see below, n. 3). My subtitle declines the obvious ‘Pindar and Aegina’, because it is Pindar’s people I am chiefly interested in, and I want to avoid the usual scholarly misuse of single geographical abstractions to designate plural political agents (‘Corinth’, ‘Sparta’, and so on, meaning the male decision- taking elite). But one must start with the island itself, because Pindar was acutely and eloquently conscious of its singularity as a place.
A critical review of the application of economic evaluation methodologies in occupational health and safety
Authors: Tompa Emile , Dolinschi Roman , Niven Karen , de Oliveira Claire
Published: November 2023

With limited time and competing demands on scarce funds, many organizations are apt to focus only on those occupational health and safety (OHS) issues that are required by law, or the ones demonstrated to have an impact on the bottom line. Prevention initiatives may not always bring financial returns, yet if an intervention has health and safety benefits, then it still may be a good business decision for some organizations. Essentially, doing a good job of health and safety is regarded by some organizations as a critical part of business, and is considered a key benefit in its own right. Nonetheless, information on the costs and consequences of an OHS intervention is an invaluable input into the decision of whether or not to undertake it.
Consequences
Authors: Tompa Emile , Dolinschi Roman , de Oliveira Claire
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about measuring the consequences of occupational health and safety (OHS) interventions. Consequences include changes in health states, as well as non-health values created and resources saved. Improvements in health or reductions in its rate of deterioration, are the most important outcome of interest in OHS. Health is of value to individuals for several reasons; it is of value for its own sake and also because it makes other things possible. Good health facilitates the fulfilment of social roles, such as working, domestic responsibilities, parenting, undertaking community service, and enjoying leisure. Reductions in work disability and their related productivity implications are central to OHS interventions. These are attained through interventions directed at primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention (see Box 11.1 for definitions). Other important values created and resources saved due to OHS interventions include reduced claims administration expenses, reduced health care expenditures and reduced out-of-pocket expenses for workers.