bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Systems Theory: Its Past and Potential
Authors: Caws Peter
Published: September 2015

This paper has three parts. First, I discuss what I take as the original stimulus and the purpose of general systems theory (GST) to be, why I think it is important, and how I came to be involved in it. I reflect on von Bertalanffy's general system (sic) theory and the early debates on the topic, stressing the essential concept of isomorphism, with its rewards in following up parallel developments in different domains, and its risks and temptations in the projection of grand and all‐inclusive systems. Second, I discuss the direction my own work took after my term as President of the Society for General Systems Research (1966–1967), and how it diverged from the early program, in particular in its emphasis on the difference between system and structure and on the essential role of individual subjectivity in the latter. I stress the importance of the concept of ‘relation’ as underlying that of ‘system’, and in particular the difference between relations as embodied in physical systems and relations as components of intentional structures that may or may not correspond to physical systems. In the third and final part, I discuss the place of GST in the philosophy of science, especially in connection with the unity of science movement, and its potential for the organization of this domain. I ask what light the concept of system can throw on our knowledge of the universe and its worlds (a distinction explained in the paper), and what the risks are of assuming tight isomorphisms between mathematical structures and physical systems, for example, in cosmology and quantum mechanics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General Systems Theory: Its Present and Potential
Authors: Rousseau David
Published: September 2015

In the first part of this paper, I present a brief overview of contemporary research addressing key questions about General Systems Theory (GST), such as what it is, what form it might take, whether developing it is a realistic prospect, how close we are to having it and what practical activities could help us develop it further. In the second part, I consider the early general systemists' ambition to leverage GST to build a ‘better world’, and address the question of what could be meant by this, from a systems perspective. I argue that GST should have a key role in working towards such a world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Surface Structure Control Cooling During Continuous Casting on Hot Ductility of Microalloyed Steel
Authors: Lückl Martin , Caliskanoglu Ozan , Ilie Sergiu , Six Jakob , Kozeschnik Ernst
Published: September 2015

Crack formation on the surface of continuously cast microalloyed steel can cause severe production problems. In the present investigation, the impact of the thermal history of “Surface Structure Control Cooling” (SSCC) on the ductility behavior of Ti‐killed microalloyed steel is examined with the goal of preventing transverse cracks. The SSCC heat treatment consists of a double phase transformation as a result of intensive cooling and reheating. Metallography and transmission electron microscopy analysis are carried out to describe the evolution of microstructure and precipitation state. In addition, the precipitate phase fraction, mean radius, and number density are simulated with the thermokinetic software MatCalc and compared with experimental results. The results of the computer simulations are in good agreement with experimental observation and a clear correlation between precipitation and reduced ductility is observed.
Physicochemical properties of infrared heat‐moisture treated wheat starch
Authors: Ismailoglu Sadiye Ozden , Basman Arzu
Published: September 2015

In this study, wheat starch was tempered to 20 or 30% moisture content and infrared (IR) treated at 550 or 730 W for 30, 60, 90 min. Infrared‐treated wheat starch samples mostly retained birefringence and typical A‐type diffraction pattern. Intensity of a new peak (at 2θ = 20°) slightly increased as the IR power increased. Relative crystallinity values decreased after the infrared treatment, especially at the higher moisture content (30%) or IR power (730 W). Significant increases in To, Tp, and Tc–To values and decrease in ΔH were observed after the infrared treatment (p < 0.05). Remarkable changes in thermal properties were observed for the starch samples treated at higher moisture contents. Decrease observed in retrogradation enthalpies of the infrared‐treated wheat starches after 7 days of storage was not significant. Infrared treatment at 30% moisture content and 550 or 730 W caused decreases in viscosity values. The sample treated at 30% moisture content and 730 W for 90 min gave the lowest viscosity values. Results of the present study were consistent with the results of the literature using conventional heat‐moisture treatment methods and this revealed that infrared heat‐moisture treatment may provide an alternative route for modification of wheat starch in a shorter time.
Resolvent Estimates for High-Contrast Elliptic Problems with Periodic Coefficients
Authors: Cherednichenko K. D. , Cooper S.
Published: September 2015

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the resolvents

$${(\mathcal{A}^\varepsilon+I)^{-1}}$$

(

A

ε

+
I
)

-
1

of elliptic second-order differential operators

$${{\mathcal{A}}^\varepsilon}$$

A

ε

in

$${\mathbb{R}^d}$$

R

d

with periodic rapidly oscillating coefficients, as the period

$${\varepsilon}$$

ε

goes to zero. The class of operators covered by our analysis includes both the “classical” case of uniformly elliptic families (where the ellipticity constant does not depend on

$${\varepsilon}$$

ε

) and the “double-porosity” case of coefficients that take contrasting values of order one and of order

$${\varepsilon^2}$$

ε
2

in different parts of the period cell. We provide a construction for the leading order term of the “operator asymptotics” of

$${(\mathcal{A}^\varepsilon+I)^{-1}}$$

(

A

ε

+
I
)

-
1

in the sense of operator-norm convergence and prove order

$${O(\varepsilon)}$$

O
(
ε
)

remainder estimates.
U18666A Treatment Results in Cholesterol Accumulation, Reduced Na+, K+‐ATPase Activity, and Increased Oxidative Stress in Rat Cortical Astrocytes
Authors: Copetti‐Santos Daniela , Moraes Vitoria , Weiler Dácio Franco , de Mello Alexandre Silva , Machado Fernanda de Souza , Marinho Jéssica Pereira , Siebert Cassiana , Kolling Janaina , Funchal Cláudia , Wyse Angela T. S. , Coelho Janice Carneiro
Published: September 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of U18666A, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis and its intracellular transport, on oxidative stress parameters in cortical astrocytes cultured from Wistar rats (0–3 days old). The cultures were incubated with U18666A (0.25 µg/mL) for 48 h, conditions that are considered ideal to mimic Niemann–Pick type C disease. A variety of indicators of oxidative stress were measured. U18666A treatment increased cholesterol 2‐fold in treated compared to control astrocytes. Oxidative stress was significantly elevated in treated cells as demonstrated by a 1.7‐fold increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a 60 % decrease is sulfhydral groups, and a 3.7‐fold increase in carbonyl groups, indicative of increased lipid and protein oxidation following U18666A treatment. Consistent with these changes, both catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly reduced nearly 50 % in treated compared to control astrocytes. Collectively, these change resulted in a 50 % reduction in Na+, K+‐ATPase specific activity following U18666A treatment, suggesting a significant alteration in its plasma membrane environment. Overall, these changes indicate that U18666A treatment results in increased cholesterol levels and an increased level of oxidative stress in cortical astrocytes, consistent with what is observed in Niemann–Pick type C disease.
The (5Z)‐5‐Pentacosenoic and 5‐Pentacosynoic Acids Inhibit the HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Moreira Lizabeth Giménez , Orellano Elsie A. , Rosado Karolyna , Guido Rafael V. C. , Andricopulo Adriano D. , Soto Gabriela Ortiz , Rodríguez José W. , Sanabria‐Ríos David J. , Carballeira Néstor M.
Published: September 2015

The natural fatty acids (5Z)‐5‐pentacosenoic and (9Z)‐9‐pentacosenoic acids were synthesized for the first time in eight steps starting from either 4‐bromo‐1‐butanol or 8‐bromo‐1‐butanol and in 20–58 % overall yields, while the novel fatty acids 5‐pentacosynoic and 9‐pentacosynoic acids were also synthesized in six steps and in 34–43 % overall yields. The ∆5 acids displayed the best IC50's (24–38 µM) against the HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, comparable to nervonic acid (IC50 = 12 µM). The ∆9 acids were not as effective towards HIV‐RT with the (9Z)‐9‐pentacosenoic acid displaying an IC50 = 54 µM and the 9‐pentacosynoic acid not inhibiting the enzyme at all. Fatty acid chain length and position of the unsaturation was important for the observed inhibition. None of the synthesized fatty acids were toxic (IC50 > 500 µM) towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Molecular modeling studies indicated the structural determinants underlying the biological activity of the most potent compounds. These results provide new insights into the structural requirements that must be present in fatty acids so as to enhance their inhibitory potential towards HIV‐RT.
The effectiveness of a new approach using movies in the training of medical students
Authors: Zeppegno Patrizia , Gramaglia Carla , Feggi Alessandro , Lombardi Ada , Torre Eugenio
Published: September 2015

Introduction The use of movies in medical (particularly psychiatric) education has been often limited to portraits of mental illness and psychiatrists. The Psychiatric Institute of the Università del Piemonte Orientale has a longstanding tradition of working with/on movies according to a method developed by Eugenio Torre, using dynamic images as educational incitements. Our aim is to describe the preliminary results on the impact of this intervention in medical students.

Methods The cinemeducation project lasted 6 months, and included 12 meetings. Forty randomly selected participants were assessed with: Attitudes Towards Psychiatry Scale (ATP-30), Social Distance Scale (SDS), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), both at baseline and after 6 months, when the workshop was concluded.

Results A significant increase was found in the ATP-30 score, and a reduction of the SDS and IRI-Personal Distress scale scores.

Conclusions Informal feedback from participants was strongly positive. Preliminary results from the assessment of participants are encouraging. Students’ attitudes towards psychiatry and ability to tolerate anxiety when experiencing others’ distress improved, while stigma decreased. The evocative power of movie dynamic images, developed in the group and integrated with the help of the group leader, can enrich students’ knowledge, both from a cognitive and emotional standpoint.
PKA‐mediated phosphorylation of Dexras1 suppresses iron trafficking by inhibiting S‐nitrosylation
Authors: Chen Yong , Mathias Lauren , Falero-Perez Juliana M. , Kim Sangwon F.
Published: September 2015

Dexras1 is a small GTPase and plays a central role in neuronal iron trafficking. We have shown that stimulation of glutamate receptors activates neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leading to S‐nitrosylation of Dexras1 and a physiological increase in iron uptake. Here we report that Dexras1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) on serine 253, leading to a suppression of iron influx. These effects were directly associated with the levels of S‐nitrosylated Dexras1, whereby PKA activation reduced Dexras1 S‐nitrosylation in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, we found that adiponectin modulates Dexras1 via PKA. Hence these findings suggest the involvement of the PKA pathway in modulating glutamate‐mediated ROS in neurons, and hint to a functional crosstalk between S‐nitrosylation and phosphorylation.
The East India Company’s Conquest of Assam, India, and “Community” Justice:Panchayats/Melsin Translation
Authors: SHODHAN Amrita
Published: September 2015

The East India Company troops fighting the Burmese aggression on the frontier of Bengal in Eastern India “freed” upper and lower Assam territories in 1825. David Scott of the Bengal Service was appointed to oversee the establishment of civil and revenue administration in these frontier territories. He established a hierarchical multiple structure of “native courts”—calledpanchayats—as the chief medium of civil and criminal justice. This was ostensibly continuing a traditional Assamese form of dispute resolution—themel; however, the British criminal jury as well as the expert assessor model animated the system. After his death in 1831, the system was brought in line with the rest of the Bengal administration based on the British court system. His experiment, paralleled in many other newly conquered and ceded districts from the Madras territories to Central India, suggests the use of this mode in post-conquest situations by British administrators in South Asia.
FOLK INTUITIONS AND THE NO-LUCK-THESIS
Authors: Ziółkowski Adrian
Published: September 2015

According to the No-Luck-Thesis knowledge possession is incompatible with luck – one cannot know that p if the truth of one's belief that p is a matter of luck. Recently, this widespread opinion was challenged by Peter Baumann, who argues that in certain situations agents do possess knowledge even though their beliefs are true by luck. This paper aims at providing empirical data for evaluating Baumann's hypothesis. The experiment was designed to compare non-philosophers’ judgments concerning knowledge and luck in one case that Baumann takes to be in favor of his claim and other cases where, according to him, absence of knowledge coincides with luck. The results show that the cases do not differ in a significant way between each other with respect to verdicts regarding knowledge and luck. In all cases subjects were more reluctant to judge that the ‘Gettierized’ belief is knowledge and more likely to judge that it is true by luck in comparison to a belief that is an uncontroversial instance of knowledge. However, the negative relationship between knowledge and luck ascriptions predicted by the No-Luck-Thesis was almost absent. The data raise some doubts about the No-Luck-Thesis, but the reasons for doubt are different than what Baumann expected.
Splash behaviour and oily marine aerosol production by raindrops impacting oil slicks
Authors: Murphy David W. , Li Cheng , d’Albignac Vincent , Morra David , Katz Joseph
Published: September 2015

The high-speed impact of a droplet on a bulk fluid at high Weber number (We) is not well understood but is relevant to the production of marine aerosol by raindrop impact on the sea surface. These splashes produce a subsurface cavity and a crown which closes into a bubble canopy, but a floating layer of immiscible oil, such as a crude oil slick, alters the splash dynamics. The effects of oil layer fluid properties and thickness, droplet size and impact speed are examined by high-speed visualization. Oil layer rupture and crown behaviour are classified by dimensional scaling. The subsurface cavity volume for impact on thick layers is shown to depend on the Reynolds number (Re), although canopy formation at highReintroduces a competingWeeffect since rapid canopy closure is found to retard cavity expansion. Time-resolved kinematic measurements show that thin crude oil slicks similarly alter crown closure and cavity growth. The size and spatial distributions of airborne droplets are examined using high-speed holographic microscopy. The droplets have a bimodal distribution with peaks at 50 and$225~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$and are clustered by size at different elevation angles. Small droplets ($50~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$) are ejected primarily at shallow angles, indicating production by splashing within the first$100~{\rm\mu}\text{s}$and by breakup of microligaments. Larger droplets ($225~{\rm\mu}\text{m}$) are found at steeper elevation angles, indicating later production by capillary instability acting on large ligaments protruding upward from the crown. Intermittent droplet release while the ligaments grow and sweep upward is thought to contribute to the size-dependent spatial ordering. Greater numbers of small droplets are produced at high elevation angles when a crude oil layer is present, indicating satellite droplet formation from ligament breakup. A crude oil layer also increases the target fluid Ohnesorge number, leading to creation of an intact ejecta sheet, which then ruptures to form aerosolized oil droplets.
On fluid–particle dynamics in fully developed cluster-induced turbulence
Authors: Capecelatro Jesse , Desjardins Olivier , Fox Rodney O.
Published: September 2015

At sufficient mass loading and in the presence of a mean body force (e.g. gravity), an initially random distribution of particles may organize into dense clusters as a result of momentum coupling with the carrier phase. In statistically stationary flows, fluctuations in particle concentration can generate and sustain fluid-phase turbulence, which we refer to as cluster-induced turbulence (CIT). This work aims to explore such flows in order to better understand the fundamental modelling aspects related to multiphase turbulence, including the mechanisms responsible for generating volume-fraction fluctuations, how energy is transferred between the phases, and how the cluster size distribution scales with various flow parameters. To this end, a complete description of the two-phase flow is presented in terms of the exact Reynolds-average (RA) equations, and the relevant unclosed terms that are retained in the context of homogeneous gravity-driven flows are investigated numerically. An Eulerian–Lagrangian computational strategy is used to simulate fully developed CIT for a range of Reynolds numbers, where the production of fluid-phase kinetic energy results entirely from momentum coupling with finite-size inertial particles. The adaptive filtering technique recently introduced in our previous work (Capecelatroet al.,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 747, 2014, R2) is used to evaluate the Lagrangian data as Eulerian fields that are consistent with the terms appearing in the RA equations. Results from gravity-driven CIT show that momentum coupling between the two phases leads to significant differences from the behaviour observed in very dilute systems with one-way coupling. In particular, entrainment of the fluid phase by clusters results in an increased mean particle velocity that generates a drag production term for fluid-phase turbulent kinetic energy that is highly anisotropic. Moreover, owing to the compressibility of the particle phase, the uncorrelated components of the particle-phase velocity statistics are highly non-Gaussian, as opposed to systems with one-way coupling, where, in the homogeneous limit, all of the velocity statistics are nearly Gaussian. We also observe that the particle pressure tensor is highly anisotropic, and thus additional transport equations for the separate contributions to the pressure tensor (as opposed to a single transport equation for the granular temperature) are necessary in formulating a predictive multiphase turbulence model.
Universality of sea wave growth and its physical roots
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir E. , Badulin Sergei I. , Hwang Paul A. , Caulliez Guillemette
Published: September 2015

Assuming resonant nonlinear wave interactions to be the dominant physical mechanism of growing wind-driven seas we propose a concise relationship between instantaneous wave steepness and time or fetch of wave development expressed in dimensionless wave periods or lengths. This asymptotic physical law derived from the first principles of the theory of weak turbulence does not contain wind speed explicitly. The validity of this law is illustrated by results of numerical simulations, in situ measurements of growing wind seas and wind-wave tank observations. The impact of this new view of sea-wave physics is discussed in the context of conventional approaches to wave modelling and forecasting.
Multiple bubbles and fingers in a Hele-Shaw channel: complete set of steady solutions
Authors: Vasconcelos Giovani L.
Published: September 2015

Analytical solutions for both a finite assembly and a periodic array of bubbles steadily moving in a Hele-Shaw channel are presented. The particular case of multiple fingers penetrating into the channel and moving jointly with an assembly of bubbles is also analysed. The solutions are given by a conformal mapping from a multiply connected circular domain in an auxiliary complex plane to the fluid region exterior to the bubbles. In all cases the desired mapping is written explicitly in terms of certain special transcendental functions, known as the secondary Schottky–Klein prime functions. Taken together, the solutions reported here represent the complete set of solutions for steady bubbles and fingers in a horizontal Hele-Shaw channel when surface tension is neglected. All previous solutions under these assumptions are particular cases of the general solutions reported here. Other possible applications of the formalism described here are also discussed.
Disappearance Beyond Recall: A Social Context for Bronze Age Aurochs Extinction in Britain?
Authors: Evans Christopher
Published: September 2015

The interest which attaches to the history of extinct British animals can only be equalled by the regret which must be felt, by all true naturalists, at theirdisappearance beyond recallfrom our fauna (Harting 1880, 3; emphasis added).

The implications of pit-deposits containing aurochs/Bos primigeniusskulls dating to the Bronze Age, found in two recent excavations in Bedfordshire are outlined. Involving a review of related findings in south-eastern England, these serve as a platform to consider the dynamics of aurochs extinction, which is held to have occurred in Britain by the middle–later centuries of the 2nd millenniumbc. It should be stressed that, although consulting many ‘expert’ colleagues, this paper is not written from a faunal remains-specialist perspective. It is essentially discursive and primarily intended to highlight a significant site-recovery trend. It reflects, moreover, on issues of broad social relevance. Holocene human-induced extinctions have both an inherent curiosity and poignancy. Indeed now, faced with currently threatened mass-species loss, they can even involve – beyond regret – a sense of cumulative guilt.
The effects of chronictrans-resveratrol supplementation on aspects of cognitive function, mood, sleep, health and cerebral blood flow in healthy, young humans
Authors: Wightman Emma L. , Haskell-Ramsay Crystal F. , Reay Jonathon L. , Williamson Gary , Dew Tristan , Zhang Wei , Kennedy David O.
Published: September 2015

Single doses of resveratrol have previously been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) with no clear effect on cognitive function or mood in healthy adults. Chronic resveratrol consumption may increase the poor bioavailability of resveratrol or otherwise potentiate its psychological effects. In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups study, a total of sixty adults aged between 18 and 30 years received either placebo or resveratrol for 28 d. On the 1st and 28th day of treatment, the performance of cognitively demanding tasks (serial subtractions, rapid visual information processing and 3-Back) (n41 complete data sets) was assessed, alongside blood pressure (n26) and acute (near-IR spectroscopy (NIRS)) and chronic (transcranial Doppler) measures of CBF (n46). Subjective mood, sleep quality and health questionnaires were completed at weekly intervals (n53/54). The results showed that the cognitive effects of resveratrol on day 1 were restricted to more accurate but slower serial subtraction task performance. The only cognitive finding on day 28 was a beneficial effect of resveratrol on the accuracy of the 3-Back task before treatment consumption. Subjective ratings of ‘fatigue’ were significantly lower across the entire 28 d in the resveratrol condition. Resveratrol also resulted in modulation of CBF parameters on day 1, as assessed by NIRS, and significantly increased diastolic blood pressure on day 28. Levels of resveratrol metabolites were significantly higher both before and after the day’s treatment on day 28, in comparison with day 1. These results confirm the acute CBF effects of resveratrol and the lack of interpretable cognitive effects.
Kojibiose ameliorates arachidic acid-induced metabolic alterations in hyperglycaemic rats
Authors: Moisés Laparra José , Díez-Municio Marina , Javier Moreno F. , Herrero Miguel
Published: September 2015

Herein we hypothesise the positive effects of kojibiose (KJ), a prebiotic disaccharide, selected for reducing hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vivo that could modulate the severity of saturated arachidic acid (ARa)-induced liver dysfunction in hyperglycaemic rats. Animals were fed daily (20 d) with ARa (0·3 mg) together or not with KJ (22 mg approximately 0·5 %, w/w diet). Glucose, total TAG and cholesterol contents and the phospholipid profile were determined in serum samples. Liver sections were collected for the expression (mRNA) of enzymes and innate biomarkers, and intrahepatic macrophage and T-cell populations were analysed by flow cytometry. ARa administration increased the proportion of liver to body weight that was associated with an increased (by 11 %) intrahepatic macrophage population. These effects were ameliorated when feeding with KJ, which also normalised the plasmatic levels of TAG and N-acyl-phosphatidylethenolamine in response to tissue damage. These results indicate that daily supplementation of KJ significantly improves the severity of ARa-induced hepatic alterations.
DNA metabarcoding of insects and allies: an evaluation of primers and pipelines
Authors: Brandon-Mong G.-J. , Gan H.-M. , Sing K.-W. , Lee P.-S. , Lim P.-E. , Wilson J.-J.
Published: September 2015

Metabarcoding, the coupling of DNA-based species identification and high-throughput sequencing, offers enormous promise for arthropod biodiversity studies but factors such as cost, speed and ease-of-use of bioinformatic pipelines, crucial for making the leapt from demonstration studies to a real-world application, have not yet been adequately addressed. Here, four published and one newly designed primer sets were tested across a diverse set of 80 arthropod species, representing 11 orders, to establish optimal protocols for Illumina-based metabarcoding of tropical Malaise trap samples. Two primer sets which showed the highest amplification success with individual specimen polymerase chain reaction (PCR, 98%) were used for bulk PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The sequencing outputs were subjected to both manual and simple metagenomics quality control and filtering pipelines. We obtained acceptable detection rates after bulk PCR and high-throughput sequencing (80–90% of input species) but analyses were complicated by putative heteroplasmic sequences and contamination. The manual pipeline produced similar or better outputs to the simple metagenomics pipeline (1.4 compared with 0.5 expected:unexpected Operational Taxonomic Units). Our study suggests that metabarcoding is slowly becoming as cheap, fast and easy as conventional DNA barcoding, and that Malaise trap metabarcoding may soon fulfill its potential, providing a thermometer for biodiversity.
Limits to the host range of the highly polyphagous tephritid fruit flyAnastrepha ludensin its natural habitat
Authors: Birke A. , Acosta E. , Aluja M.
Published: September 2015

Anastepha ludens(Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly polyphagous fruit fly that is able to develop in a wide range of hosts. Understanding the limits of this pest's host range could provide valuable information for pest management and plant breeding for pest resistance. Previous studies have shown that guavas (Psidium guajava(Myrtaceae) L.), are not attacked under natural conditions byA. ludens. To understand this phenomenon, guavas were exposed to natural infestation byA. ludensand to other fruit fly species that infest guavas in nature (Anastrepha striataSchiner,Anastepha fraterculus(Wiedemann),Anastepha obliqua(Macquart)). Once the susceptible phenological stage of guavas was determined, fruit infestation levels were compared betweenA. ludensandA. striata. Choice and non-choice tests were performed under field-cage conditions. Under field conditions, guavas were susceptible toA. striataandA. fraterculusattack all the way from when fruit was undeveloped to when fruit began to ripen. No infestation byA. ludenswas recorded under natural conditions. Similar results were obtained when forced exposures were performed, indicating that unripe guavas were preferred byA. striataover ripe fruit, and that infestation rates were higher at early fruit maturity stages. Under forced oviposition conditions,A. ludenslarvae were unable to develop in unripe guavas but did so in fully ripe fruit. However,A. ludensfitness parameters were dramatically affected, exhibiting reduced survival and reduced pupal weight compared to conspecifics that developed in a natural host, grapefruit. We confirm thatP. guajavashould not be treated as a natural host of this pestiferous species, and suggest that both behavioral aspects and the fact that larvae are unable to adequately develop in this fruit, indeed represent clear limits toA. ludens's broad host range.
A TEXTUAL NOTE TO PLATO, GORGIAS 465a4
Authors: Romani Mistretta Marco
Published: September 2015

Gorgias 465a2-7

τέχνην δὲ αὐτὴν οὔ φημι εἶναι ἀλλ’ ἐμπειρίαν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔχει λόγον οὐδένα ᾧ προσφέρει ἃ προσφέρει ὁποῖ’ ἄττα τὴν φύσιν ἐστίν, ὥστε τὴν αἰτίαν ἑκάστου μὴ ἔχειν εἰπεῖν. ἐγὼ δὲ τέχνην οὐ καλῶ ὃ ἂν ᾖ ἄλογον πρᾶγμα· τούτων δὲ πέρι εἰ ἀμφισβητεῖς, ἐθέλω ὑποσχεῖν λόγον.
HOW'S YOUR FATHER? A RECURRENT BILINGUAL WORDPLAY IN MARTIAL
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: September 2015

The primary obscenity futuo (‘the male part in sexual intercourse with a woman’) is unsurprisingly rare in literary Latin. Apart from a single occurrence in Horace's Satires (1.2.127, in a passage evoking the adultery mime), its usage is limited to the even lower genre of scoptic epigram, as represented by Catullus, Octavian, Martial and the Priapeia, though it frequently occurs in graffiti. Adams has shown how it tends to be a neutral and even affectionate term, lacking any sense of aggression, though not of the assertion of conventional virility. Nevertheless, it is used almost exclusively of recreational, extramarital and/or illicit sex. This may be in part a function of the way in which its obscenity and low linguistic register (closely equivalent to its English equivalent ‘fuck’) restrict it to the low genres which tend to deal with such subject matter, but this is a potentially circular argument and, whether chicken or egg came first, the undeniable result is an association of the verb with intercourse which is not primarily or even in any way aimed at procreation. It is striking and anomalous, therefore, when Martial uses futuo, on five occasions, in contexts relating to the production (or avoidance of the production) of children. Of course, on a purely logical and biological level, the connection between futuo (specifically the penetration of the vagina by the penis, carefully differentiated by Martial in particular from sexual practices involving other orifices and/or members, such as pedicatio, fellatio and cunnilingus) and the engendering of children is an obvious one. Nevertheless, the aforementioned strong associations of the verb with sex aimed at everything but procreation renders its use in this context jarring. This incongruity and clash of registers is, of course, characteristic of Martial's technique, and the obscenity gains an added spice from being applied to respectable marital relations. The jarring quality is an end in itself and accounts for itself. Yet I wish to argue that there is a further dimension to this discordant association of ‘fucking’ and ‘begetting’, based on a bilingual wordplay between futuo and its near-homonym, the Greek verb φυτεύω. By means of this pun, Martial mischievously suggests not only that ‘fucking’ can be mentioned in the context of ‘begetting’, but also that the two are—in accordance with biology but against all decorum—identical.
THE MONTH NAME ΑΓΑΓΥΛΙΟΣ, ARTEMIS ΑΓΑΓΥΛΑΙΑ AND HOMERIC PHRASEOLOGY
Authors: Macedo José Marcos
Published: September 2015

The month name Ἀγαγύλιος is attested in Thessaly and Achaia Phthiotis. Recently, excavations at a Thessalian temple of Apollo in Pythion, at the foot of Olympus, have brought to light numerous ex-votos dedicated to Apollo, Poseidon and to an Artemis whose epiclesis is Agagylaia. Neither the month name nor the epiclesis, which is certainly to be connected with the month name, has yet received an explanation.
Georges Florovsky's Monograph “Herzen's Philosophy of History”: The New Archival Material and the Reconstruction of the Full Text—ERRATUM
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul
Published: September 2015

Due to a Publisher's error, the article by Paul Gavrilyuk published in November 2013 via FirstView was duplicated in the April 2015 issue of Harvard Theological Review. The article should be cited using the doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0017816013000321.

The publisher regrets the error.
The anthelmintic efficacy of natural plant cysteine proteinases against the equine tapeworm, Anoplocephala perfoliatain vitro
Authors: Mansur F. , Luoga W. , Buttle D.J. , Duce I.R. , Lowe A.E. , Behnke J.M.
Published: September 2015

Papaya latex has been demonstrated to be an efficacious anthelmintic against murine, porcine, ovine and canine nematode parasites, and even those infecting poultry, and it has some efficacy against rodent cestodes. The active ingredients of papaya latex are known to be cysteine proteinases (CPs). The experiments described in this paper indicate that CPs in papaya latex, and also those in pineapples, are highly efficacious against the equine cestode Anoplocephala perfoliatain vitro, by causing a significant reduction in motility leading to death of the worms. The susceptibility of A. perfoliata to damage by CPs was considerably greater than that of the rodent cestodes Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma. Our results are the first to report anthelmintic efficacy of CPs against an economically important equine helminth. Moreover, they provide further evidence that the spectrum of activity of CPs is not restricted to nematodes and support the idea that these plant-derived enzymes can be developed into useful broad-spectrum anthelmintics.
Sublingual dermoid cysts: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kyriakidou E , Howe T , Veale B , Atkins S
Published: September 2015

Background:

Dermoid cysts in the floor of the mouth are relatively uncommon developmental lesions. They are thought to arise in the midline and along the lines of embryonic fusion of the facial processes containing ectodermal tissue.

Case report:

A 17-year-old female presented with a 3-month history of a growing, progressive swelling in the mouth floor. Clinical examination revealed a rather large symmetrical, soft swelling in the mouth floor, displacing the tongue superiorly. The fast growing nature and size of the lesion raised suspicion of potential compromise to the airway. Surgical excision was therefore performed.

Conclusion:

Differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in the floor of the mouth is of paramount importance, as the recommended surgical techniques vary depending on the anatomical position of the lesions. The intraoral approach is preferred for those lesions that do not extend beyond the mylohyoid muscle boundaries; this leads to a satisfactory cosmetic and functional outcome.
DRONES, TRANSFORMATION AND POLARITY IN ANNA THORVALDSDÓTTIR'S ORCHESTRAL MUSIC
Authors: Long Stephen
Published: September 2015

The music of Icelandic composer Anna Thorvaldsdóttir has been inspired by nature, not in a manner that results in specific pictorial evocation, but in the sense that her reflections on natural phenomenon are catalysts for explorations of a range of compositional polarities, including flow and stasis, stability and volatility, transparency and opacity, and expansion and contraction. Her observation of droning as a natural state has led to a dynamic creative use of drones that challenges and expands commonly held notions of their compositional potential. The article discusses their use, along with other compositional devices and processes, in the delineation of these polarities and the resulting formal structure of selected works for orchestra and chamber orchestra. These resources include disruption devices and morphing techniques that facilitate overlapping and transformation of layers of material. The particular compositional focus of each piece has led to fresh applications of these resources, imparting a distinct character to each piece and contributing to an ongoing renewal of the composer's compositional palette.
THE CASE FOR A BRITISH DARMSTADT
Authors: Smith Neil Thomas
Published: September 2015

The problematic relationship between UK composers and the Darmstadt Summer Courses is well known. Christopher Fox, Björn Heile and Martin Iddon among others have discussed why this platform for discussion and ideological conflict has not been to this country's taste. This article argues, however, that just such an event organised in the UK would enliven and enrich contemporary music making through increased knowledge exchange and collaboration. After exploring how Darmstadt operates within Germany, and its perception in the UK, a concluding tentative sketch will be made of how such a British Darmstadt might begin, and the benefits it would bring.
Robert Ashley Crash, Roulette Intermedium, New York
Authors: Just Travis
Published: September 2015

Following its premiere at the Whitney Biennial in Spring 2014 (for which, with very limited seating, tickets were effectively unavailable), Robert Ashley's last opera, Crash (2014), had a run at Roulette in Brooklyn this April. The composer passed away just before its premiere, leaving us with an elegant final word in a daunting body of work but also with the challenge of situating this opera within Ashley's artistic legacy.
MaerzMusik 2015: ‘Festival for Time Issues’
Authors: Gardner Evan
Published: September 2015

The torch of artistic direction has passed from Matthias Osterwold to Berno Odo Polzer. Under the former, MaerzMusik was unique among the large European international festivals for its focus on interdisciplinary concerts, sound installations, crossover projects and use of digital media. Concerts often took place in alternative venues ranging from Berlin's most (in)famous nightclub, Berghain, to the Hamburger Bahnhof, a train station transformed into a museum of modern art. The home of the festival, Haus der Berliner Festspiele, was almost exclusively employed for sound installations and music theatre performances. One always had to be sure to buy tickets in advance for fear of facing a sold-out concert; the capacity of the alternative venues was often limited.
GNSS Network RTK Regional Ionospheric Modelling Studies And Performance Analysis
Authors: Tang Weiming , Jin Lei , Cui Jianhui , Shi Chuang , Zhang Yongfeng
Published: September 2015

In this paper the Grid correction method (GRID) was proposed for the first time as an interpolation method of the double differenced ionospheric delay for GNSS Network RTK. The Distance Interpolation Method (DIM), Linear Interpolation Method (LIM), the Kriging Interpolation Method (KRG) and the GRID are described and compared in the aspect of their interpolation performance. It was shown in the tests that the GRID interpolation method performed better than the other three. For mid-latitude stations, its interpolation accuracy is better than 1 cm, and the extrapolation accuracy is better than 2 cm. Furthermore, the GRID method can achieve a good performance even at low satellite elevation, and also its interpolation accuracy can be better than 2 cm at low latitudes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisexposure of livestock in a German dairy farm: implications forintra vitamdiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in an officially tuberculosis-free country
Authors: EISENBERG T. , NESSELER A. , SAUERWALD C. , KLING U. , RIßE K. , KAIM U. , ALTHOFF G. , FIEGE N. , SCHLEZ K. , HAMANN H.-P. , FAWZY A. , MOSER I. , RIßE R. , KRAFT G. , ZSCHÖCK M. , MENGE C.
Published: September 2015

Germany has been an officially bovine tuberculosis (bTB)-free (OTF) country since 1996. Gradually rising numbers of bTB herd incidents due toMycobacterium bovisandM. capraein North-Western and Southern Germany during the last few years prompted the competent authorities to conduct a nationwide bTB survey in 2013/2014. This led to the detection of a dairy herd in which as many as 55 cattle reacted positively to consecutiveintra vitamtesting. Test-positive animals lacked visible lesions indicative of bTB at necropsy. Extensive mycobacterial culturing as well as molecular testing of samples from 11 tissues for members of theM. tuberculosiscomplex (MTC) yielded negative results throughout. However, caseous lymphadenitis of Ln. mandibularis accessorius was observed during meat inspection of a fattening pig from the same farm at regular slaughter at that time. Respective tissue samples tested MTC positive by polymerase chain reaction, andM. tuberculosisT1 family were identified by spoligotyping. Four human reactors within the farmer's family were also found to be immunoreactive. As exposure of livestock toM. tuberculosisis not generally considered, its impact may result in regulatory and practical difficulties when using protocols designed to detect classical bTB, particularly in OTF countries.
A new method to generate non-autonomous discrete integrable systems via convergence acceleration algorithms
Authors: HE YI , HU XING-BIAO , TAM HON-WAH , ZHANG YING-NAN
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we propose a new algebraic method to construct non-autonomous discrete integrable systems. The method starts from constructing generalizations of convergence acceleration algorithms related to discrete integrable systems. Then the non-autonomous version of the corresponding integrable systems are derived. The molecule solutions of the systems are also obtained. As an example of the application of the method, we propose a generalization of the multistep ϵ-algorithm, and then derive a non-autonomous discrete extended Lotka–Volterra equation. Since the convergence acceleration algorithm from the lattice Boussinesq equation is just a particular case of the multistep ϵ-algorithm, we have therefore arrived at a generalization of this algorithm. Finally, numerical experiments on the new algorithm are presented.
Echocardiographic two-dimensional view of the pulmonary valve in infants: the high transsternal view
Authors: Granados Miguel A. , Albert Leticia , Toral Belén
Published: September 2015

Neonates and small infants have unique characteristics that make it possible to obtain echocardiographic views that are inaccessible in older patients. A high transsternal approach through the cartilaginous sternum and the thymus gland allows visualisation of a short-axis view of the pulmonary valve. This view should be included as part of routine protocols for echocardiographic examinations performed in this age group.
ISO standard modeling of a large Arabic dictionary
Authors: KHEMAKHEM AIDA , GARGOURI BILEL , BEN HAMADOU ABDELMAJID , FRANCOPOULO GIL
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we address the problem of the large coverage dictionaries of Arabic language usable both for direct human reading and automatic Natural Language Processing. For these purposes, we propose a normalized and implemented modeling, based on Lexical Markup Framework (LMF-ISO 24613) and Data Registry Category (DCR-ISO 12620), which allows a stable and well-defined interoperability of lexical resources through a unification of the linguistic concepts. Starting from the features of the Arabic language, and due to the fact that a large range of details and refinements need to be described specifically for Arabic, we follow a finely structuring strategy. Besides its richness in morphology, syntax and semantics knowledge, our model includes all the Arabic morphological patterns to generate the inflected forms from a given lemma and highlights the syntactic–semantic relations. In addition, an appropriate codification has been designed for the management of all types of relationships among lexical entries and their related knowledge. According to this model, a dictionary named El Madar1has been built and is now publicly available on line. The data are managed by a user-friendly Web-based lexicographical workstation. This work has not been done in isolation, but is the result of a collaborative effort by an international team mainly within the ISO network during a period of eight years.
Phonological processing in late second language learners: The effects of proficiency and task
Authors: WHITE ERIN JACQUELYN , TITONE DEBRA , GENESEE FRED , STEINHAUER KARSTEN
Published: September 2015

Using event related brain potentials (ERPs), we examined the neurocognitive basis of phonological discrimination of phoneme /h/ in native English speakers and Francophone late second language (L2) learners, as a function of L2 proficiency and stimulus/task demands. In Experiment 1, native and non-native (L2 only) phonological contrasts were presented as syllables during a task that directed attention to phonological form. Phonological categorization was assessed with MMN, N2b and P3b effects. In Experiment 2, the same contrasts were presented as words/ pseudowords during a task that directed attention to semantics. Phonological discrimination was assessed with N400 pseudoword effects. High proficiency L2 learners displayed similar ERPs as native speakers in both experiments; low proficiency L2 learners showed discrimination of non-native contrasts in Experiment 1 (directed attention task) only. Thus, L2 phonological discrimination by late learners may depend on stimulus/task factors and occurs in a wider range of contexts as L2 proficiency improves.
Microscopy Characterization of Silica-Rich Agrowastes to be used in Cement Binders: Bamboo and Sugarcane Leaves
Authors: Roselló Josefa , Soriano Lourdes , Santamarina M. Pilar , Akasaki Jorge L. , Melges José Luiz P. , Payá Jordi
Published: September 2015

Agrowastes are produced worldwide in huge quantities and they contain interesting elements for producing inorganic cementing binders, especially silicon. Conversion of agrowastes into ash is an interesting way of yielding raw material used in the manufacture of low-CO2 binders. Silica-rich ashes are preferred for preparing inorganic binders. Sugarcane leaves (Saccharum officinarum, SL) and bamboo leaves (Bambusa vulgaris, BvL and Bambusa gigantea, BgL), and their corresponding ashes (SLA, BvLA, and BgLA), were chosen as case studies. These samples were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Spodograms were obtained for BvLA and BgLA, which have high proportions of silicon, but no spodogram was obtained for SLA because of the low silicon content. Different types of phytoliths (specific cells, reservoirs of silica in plants) in the studied leaves were observed. These phytoliths maintained their form after calcination at temperatures in the 350–850°C range. Owing to the chemical composition of these ashes, they are of interest for use in cements and concrete because of their possible pozzolanic reactivity. However, the presence of significant amounts of K and Cl in the prepared ashes implies a limitation of their applications.