bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRONGLY COHEN–MACAULAY IDEALS OF SMALL SECOND ANALYTIC DEVIATION
Authors: CORSO ALBERTO , POLINI CLAUDIA
Published: May 2007

In this paper, the strongly Cohen–Macaulay ideals of second analytic deviation one are characterized
in terms of the depth properties of the powers of the ideal in the ‘standard range’. This provides an
explanation of the behaviour of certain ideals that have appeared in the literature.
TRANSLATING FINITE SETS INTO CONVEX SETS
Authors: MATOUšKOVA EVA
Published: May 2007

Let X be a reflexive Banach space, and let C ⊂ X be a closed,
convex and bounded set with empty interior.
Then, for every δ > 0, there is a nonempty finite set F
⊂ X with an arbitrarily small diameter,
such that C contains at most δ · |F| points of any translation of F. As a corollary, a separable Banach
space X is reflexive if and only if every closed convex subset of X with empty interior is Haar null.
WEAKLY COMPACT HOMOMORPHISMS BETWEEN SMALL ALGEBRAS OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: GALINDO PABLO , LINDSTRÖM MIKAEL
Published: May 2007

The weak compactness of the composition operator CΦ(f) = f ○ Φ acting on the uniform algebra
of analytic uniformly continuous functions on the unit ball of a Banach space with the approximation
property is characterized in terms of Φ. The relationship between weak compactness and compactness of
these composition operators and general homomorphisms is also discussed.
DIMENSIONS OF JULIA SETS OF HYPERBOLIC MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: STALLARD GWYNETH M.
Published: May 2007

It is known that, if f is a hyperbolic rational function, then the Hausdorff, packing and box dimensions
of the Julia set, J(f), are equal. In this paper it is shown that, for a hyperbolic transcendental meromorphic
function f, the packing and upper box dimensions of J(f) are equal, but can be strictly greater than the
Hausdorff dimension of J(f).
SELF-COMPLEMENTARY VERTEX-TRANSITIVE GRAPHS NEED NOT BE CAYLEY GRAPHS
Authors: LI CAI HENG , PRAEGER CHERYL E.
Published: May 2007

A construction is given of an infinite family of finite self-complementary, vertex-transitive graphs which
are not Cayley graphs. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first known examples of such graphs.
The nature of the construction was suggested by a general study of the structure of self-complementary,
vertex-transitive graphs. It involves the product action of a wreath product of permutation groups.
ASYMPTOTICALLY SHARP BOUNDS IN THE HARDY–LITTLEWOOD INEQUALITIES ON MEAN VALUES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: AVKHADIEV F. G. , WIRTHS K.-J.
Published: May 2007

Let f be analytic in the unit disc, and let it belong to the Hardy space Hp, equipped with the usual norm ∥f∥p. It is known from the work of Hardy and Littlewood that for q > p, the constants

[formula here]

with the usual extension to the case where q = ∞, have C(p, q) < ∞ .The authors prove that

[formula here]

and

[formula here]
THE COINVARIANT ALGEBRA AND REPRESENTATION TYPES OF BLOCKS OF CATEGORY O
Authors: BRÜSTLE TH. , KÖNIG S. , MAZORCHUK V.
Published: May 2007

Let [Gfr ] be a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra over the complex numbers. Let A be the finite-dimensional algebra of a (regular or singular) block of the BGG-category [Oscr ]
. By results of Soergel, A
has a combinatorial description in terms of a subalgebra C0 of the coinvariant algebra C. König and
Mazorchuk have constructed an embedding from C0-mod into the category [Fscr ](Δ) of A-modules having
a Verma flag. This is the main tool for the classification of [Fscr ]
(Δ) into finite, tame and wild representation
types presented here. As a consequence a classification of A-mod into finite, tame and wild representation
types is obtained, thus re-proving a recent result of Futorny, Nakano and Pollack.
THE INDEX OF TOEPLITZ OPERATORS ON FREE TRANSFORMATION GROUP C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: PARK EFTON
Published: May 2007

Let Γ be a discrete group acting on a compact manifold X, let V be a Γ-equivalent Hermitian vector
bundle over X, and let D be a first-order elliptic self-adjoint Γ-equivalent differential operator acting on
sections of V. This data is used to define Toeplitz operators with symbols in the transformation group
C*-algebra C(X)[rtimes ]Γ, and it is shown that if the symbol of such a Toeplitz operator is invertible, then the
operator is Fredholm. In the case where Γ is finite and acts freely on X, a geometric-topological formula
for the index is stated that involves an explicitly constructed differential form associated to the symbol.
MATHEMATICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors: ATIYAH MICHAEL
Published: May 2007

A survey is given of several key themes that have characterised mathematics in the 20th century. The
impact of physics is also discussed, and some speculations are made about possible developments in the
21st century.
OBITUARY MARY LUCY CARTWRIGHT (1900–1998)
Authors: Hayman W. K.
Published: May 2007

Mary Cartwright with J. E. Littlewood FRS first observed the phenomena which
developed into Chaos Theory. Thus she had a significant effect on the modern world.
She was the only woman so far to be a president of the London Mathematical
Society, one of the first to be a Fellow of the Royal Society, and the first woman to
serve on its Council. She was born on 17 December 1900 and died on 3 April 1998.
SQUARES IN THE CENTRE OF THE GROUP ALGEBRA
OF A SYMMETRIC GROUP
Authors: MURRAY JOHN
Published: May 2007

Let Z be the centre of the group algebra of a symmetric group [Sscr ](n) over a field F characteristic p. One
of the principal results of this paper is that the image of the Frobenius map z → zp, for z ∈ Z, lies in
span Zp′ of the p-regular class sums. When p = 2, the image even coincides with Z2′. Furthermore, in all
cases Zp′ forms a subalgebra of Z. Let pt be the p-exponent of [Sscr ](n). Then jpt = 0, for each element j of
the Jacobson radical J of Z. It is shown that there exists j ∈ J such that jpt−1 ≠
0. Most of the results
are formulated in terms of the p-blocks of [Sscr ](n).
ON PERFECT ISOMETRIES FOR TAME BLOCKS
Authors: KESSAR RADHA , LINCKELMANN MARKUS
Published: May 2007

Any 2-block of a finite group G with a quaternion defect group Q8 is Morita equivalent to the
corresponding block of the centraliser H of the unique involution of Q8 in G; this answers positively an
earlier question raised by M. Broué.
SOME NEW AND OLD ASYMPTOTIC REPRESENTATIONS
OF THE JOST SOLUTION AND THE WEYL m-FUNCTION
FOR SCHRÖDINGER OPERATORS ON THE LINE
Authors: RYBKIN ALEXEI
Published: May 2007

For the general one-dimensional Schrödinger operator −d2/dx2+q(x) with real q ∈ L1(ℝ), this paper
presents a new series representation of the Jost solution which, in turn, implies a new asymptotic
representation of the Weyl m-function for locally summable q. This representation is then applied to
smooth potentials q to obtain Weyl m-function power asymptotics. The condition q(N) ∈ L1(x0, x0+δ),
for N ∈ ℕ0, allows one to derive the (N+1) term for almost all x ∈ [x0, x0+δ), thereby refining a
relevant result by Danielyan, Levitan and Simon.
Smoothness of Holonomies for Codimension 1 Hyperbolic Dynamics
Authors: Pinto A. A. , Rand D. A.
Published: May 2007

Hyperbolic invariant sets Λ of C1+γ diffeomorphisms where either the stable or unstable leaves are 1‐dimensional are considered in this paper. Under the assumption that the Λ has local product structure, the authors prove that the holonomies between the 1‐dimensional leaves are C1+α for some 0 < α < 1.
Topological Tomography in Convexity
Authors: Montejano L. , Shchepin E.
Published: May 2007

The main theorem of this paper generalizes a classic Aumann's characterization of compact convex sets, via the acyclicity of their hypersections, to arbitrary weakly closed subsets of a locally convex linear space.
CURVES, DOMAINS AND PICARD'S THEOREM
Authors: ZHANG GUANG YUAN
Published: May 2007

Based on computing spherical lengths of polygonal curves and spherical areas of domains bounded by
polygonal curves on the complex plane, this paper proves a property of holomorphic functions and, as
an application, gives a very brief proof of a famous inequality obtained by L. V. Ahlfors which easily
implies Picard's theorem. Taken together with the arguments given by Alhfors, therefore, this paper in
fact gives an elementary, brief and geometrical proof of Picard's theorem.
ON THE ZERO MODES OF WEYL–DIRAC OPERATORS AND
THEIR MULTIPLICITY
Authors: BALINSKY A. A. , EVANS W. D.
Published: May 2007

It is proved that the existence of zero modes of Weyl–Dirac operators is a rare phenomenon. An estimate
of the multiplicity is given in term of the magnetic potential.
COMPLETE MANIFOLDS WITH SECTIONAL CURVATURE
BOUNDED BELOW AND LARGE VOLUME GROWTH
Authors: XIA CHANGYU
Published: May 2007

This paper provides a proof that an n-dimensional complete open Riemannian manifold M with sectional
curvature KM [ges ] −1 is diffeomorphic to a Euclidean n-space Rn if the volume growth of geodesic
balls in M is close to that of the balls in an n-dimensional hyperbolic space Hn(−1) of sectional
curvature −1.
RESTRICTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC GROUP
REPRESENTATIONS TO FINITE SUBGROUPS
Authors: DERKSEN HARM
Published: May 2007

Suppose that H is a finite subgroup of a linear algebraic group, G. It was proved by Donkin that there
exists a finite-dimensional rational representation of G whose restriction to H is free. This paper gives a
short proof of this in characteristic 0. The author also studies more closely which representations of H
can appear as a restriction of G.
ASYMPTOTIC TRACTS OF LOCALLY UNIVALENT
FUNCTIONS
Authors: BARTH KARL F. , RIPPON PHILIP J.
Published: May 2007

Several results are proved, related to an old problem posed by G. R. MacLane, namely whether functions
in the class [Ascr ] that are locally univalent can have arc tracts. In particular, a proof is given of an assertion
of MacLane that if f ∈ [Ascr ] is locally univalent and has no arc tracts, then f′ ∈ [Ascr ].
SYMMETRIC GROUPS, WREATH PRODUCTS,
MORITA EQUIVALENCES, AND BROUÉ'S ABELIAN
DEFECT GROUP CONJECTURE
Authors: CHUANG JOSEPH , KESSAR RADHA
Published: May 2007

It is shown that for any prime p, and any non-negative integer w less than p, there exist p-blocks of
symmetric groups of defect w, which are Morita equivalent to the principal p-block of the group Sp [rmoust ] Sw.
Combined with work of J. Rickard, this proves that Broué's abelian defect group conjecture holds for
p-blocks of symmetric groups of defect at most 5.
Quasitriangular Hopf Algebras of Dimension pq
Authors: Natale Sonia
Published: May 2007

Let p and q be odd prime numbers. It is shown that all quasitriangular Hopf algebras of dimension pq over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero are semisimple and therefore isomorphic to a group algebra.
On Free Planes in Lattice Ball Packings
Authors: Henk Martin , Ziegler Günter M. , Zong Chuanming
Published: May 2007

This note, by studying the relations between the length of the shortest lattice vectors and the covering minima of a lattice, proves that for every d‐dimensional packing lattice of balls one can find a four‐dimensional plane, parallel to a lattice plane, such that the plane meets none of the balls of the packing, provided that the dimension d is large enough. Nevertheless, for certain ball packing lattices, the highest dimension of such ‘free planes’ is far from d.
Global Attractivity in a Delay Population Model Under Impulsive Perturbations
Authors: Yu J. S. , Tang X. H.
Published: May 2007

This paper provides sufficient conditions that guarantee the global attractivity of the zero solution of a delay population model under impulsive perturbations.
On Sets that Meet Every Hyperplane in n‐Space in at Most n Points
Authors: Dijkstra Jan J. , Van Mill Jan
Published: May 2007

A simple proof that no subset of the plane that meets every line in precisely two points is an Fσ‐set in the plane is presented. It was claimed that this result can be generalized for sets that meet every line in either one point or two points. No proof of this assertion is known, however. The main results in this paper form a partial answer to the question of whether the claim is valid. In fact, it is shown that a set that meets every line in the plane in at least one but at most two points must be zero‐dimensional, and that if it is σ‐compact then it must be a nowhere dense Gδ‐set in the plane. Generalizations for similar sets in higher‐dimensional Euclidean spaces are also presented.
Free Entropy
Authors: Voiculescu Dan
Published: May 2007

Free entropy is the analogue of entropy in free probability theory. The paper is a survey of free entropy, its applications to von Neumann algebras and its connections to random matrix theory, as well as a discussion of open problems and of a basic variational problem, connected to random multimatrix models.
LECTURES ON TENSOR CATEGORIES AND MODULAR FUNCTORS (University Lecture Series 21)
Authors: Lochak Pierre
Published: May 2007

By Bojko Bakalov and Alexander Kirillov, Jr: 221 pp., US$29.00, isbn 0‐8218‐2686‐7 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001).
RATIONAL POINTS ON CURVES OVER FINITE FIELDS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS (London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 285)
Authors: Galbraith Steven D.
Published: May 2007

By Harald Niederreiter and Chaoping Xing: 245 pp., £27.95 (LMS members' price £20.96), isbn 0‐521‐66543‐4 (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
ANATOMY OF THE MONSTER: II
Authors: NORTON SIMON P. , WILSON ROBERT A.
Published: May 2007

We describe the current state of progress on the maximal subgroup problem for the Monster sporadic simple group. Any unknown maximal subgroup is an almost simple group whose socle is in one of 19 specified isomorphism classes.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification:20D08.
A BRAIDED SIMPLICIAL GROUP
Authors: WU JIE
Published: May 2007

By studying the braid group action on Milnor's construction of the 1-sphere, we show that the general higher homotopy group of the 3-sphere is the fixed set of the pure braid group action on certain combinatorially described groups. This establishes a relation between the braid groups and the homotopy groups of the sphere.

2000Mathematical Subject Classification: 20F36, 55P35, 55Q05, 55Q40, 55U10.
ALMOST FRÉCHET DIFFERENTIABILITY OF LIPSCHITZ MAPPINGS BETWEEN INFINITE-DIMENSIONAL BANACH SPACES
Authors: JOHNSON WILLIAM B. , LINDENSTRAUSS JORAM , PREISS DAVID , SCHECHTMAN GIDEON
Published: May 2007

We give several sufficient conditions on a pair of Banach spaces X and Y under which each Lipschitz mapping from a domain in X to Y has, for every $\epsilon > 0$, a point of $\epsilon$-Fréchet differentiability. Most of these conditions are stated in terms of the moduli of asymptotic smoothness and convexity, notions which have appeared in the literature under a variety of names. We prove, for example, that for $\infty > r > p \ge 1$, every Lipschitz mapping from a domain in an $\ell_r$-sum of finite-dimensional spaces into an $\ell_p$-sum of finite-dimensional spaces has, for every $\epsilon > 0$, a point of $\epsilon$-Fréchet differentiability, and that every Lipschitz mapping from an asymptotically uniformly smooth space to a finite-dimensional space has such points. The latter result improves, with a simpler proof, an earlier result of the second and third authors. We also survey some of the known results on the notions of asymptotic smoothness and convexity, prove some new properties, and present some new proofs of existing results.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 46G05, 46T20.
SYMMETRY GROUP ANALYSIS OF WEAK SOLUTIONS
Authors: ĐAPIĆ N. , KUNZINGER M. , PILIPOVIĆ S.
Published: May 2007

Methods of Lie group analysis of differential equations are extended to weak solutions of (linear and non-linear) partial differential equations, where the term `weak solution' comprises the following settings: distributional solutions; solutions in generalized function algebras; solutions in the sense of association (corresponding to a number of weak or integral solution concepts in classical analysis). Factorization properties and infinitesimal criteria that allow the treatment of all three settings simultaneously are developed, thereby unifying and extending previous work in this area.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 46F30, 22E70, 35Dxx, 35A30.
ON ARTIN'S CONJECTURE, II: PAIRS OF ADDITIVE FORMS
Authors: BRÜDERN J. , GODINHO H.
Published: May 2007

It is shown that the system of two additive equations a_1 x_1^k + \ldots + a_s x_s^k = b_1 x_1^k + \ldots + b_s x_s^k =0 where $k \ge 2$ and $a_j$, $b_j$ are any given integers, has non-trivial solutions in all $p$-adic fields provided only that $s > 8k^2$. The constant 8 can be reduced when $k$ is not a power of 2. It is expected, in accordance with a classical conjecture of Artin, that the bound $8k^2$ can be replaced by $2k^2$.

2000 Mathematical Subject Classification:11D72.
LOCAL GRADIENT ESTIMATES FOR QUOTIENT EQUATIONS IN CONFORMAL GEOMETRY
Authors: GUAN PENGFEI , LIN CHANG-SHOU , WANG GUOFANG
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we extend the local gradient estimates established in [8, 10] to the conformal quotient equations. An existence of solutions of the conformal quotient equations follows from the local gradient estimates and the paper [14] of Gursky and Viaclovsky.
COHERENT SYSTEMS OF GENUS 0 II: EXISTENCE RESULTS FOR k ≥ 3
Authors: LANGE H. , NEWSTEAD P. E.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we continue the investigation of coherent systems of type (n,d,k) on the projective line which are stable with respect to some value of a parameter α. We work mainly with k < n and obtain existence results for arbitrary k in certain cases, together with complete results for k = 3. Our methods involve the use of the "flips" which occur at critical values of the parameter.
ON THE GEOMETRY OF MODULI SPACES OF COHERENT SYSTEMS ON ALGEBRAIC CURVES
Authors: BRADLOW S. B. , GARCÍA-PRADA O. , MERCAT V. , MUÑOZ V. , NEWSTEAD P. E.
Published: May 2007

Let C be an algebraic curve of genus g ≥ 2. A coherent system on C consists of a pair (E,V), where E is an algebraic vector bundle over C of rank n and degree d and V is a subspace of dimension k of the space of sections of E. The stability of the coherent system depends on a parameter α. We study the geometry of the moduli space of coherent systems for different values of α when k ≤ n and the variation of the moduli spaces when we vary α. As a consequence, for sufficiently large α, we compute the Picard groups and the first and second homotopy groups of the moduli spaces of coherent systems in almost all cases, describe the moduli space for the case k = n - 1 explicitly, and give the Poincaré polynomials for the case k = n - 2. In an appendix, we describe the geometry of the "flips" which take place at critical values of α in the simplest case, and include a proof of the existence of universal families of coherent systems when GCD (n,d,k) = 1.
DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND COMMUTANTS IN CROSSED PRODUCTS
Authors: SVENSSON CHRISTIAN , SILVESTROV SERGEI , DE JEU MARCEL
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we describe the commutant of an arbitrary subalgebra A of the algebra of functions on a set X in a crossed product of A with the integers, where the latter act on A by a composition automorphism defined via a bijection of X. The resulting conditions which are necessary and sufficient for A to be maximal abelian in the crossed product are subsequently applied to situations where these conditions can be shown to be equivalent to a condition in topological dynamics. As a further step, using the Gelfand transform, we obtain for a commutative completely regular semi-simple Banach algebra a topological dynamical condition on its character space which is equivalent to the algebra being maximal abelian in a crossed product with the integers.
A HIGH FLEXIBILITY DESIGN FOR CLOCK DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN SYSTEM ON CHIP
Authors: KAO CHI-CHOU
Published: May 2007

The idea of combining high-speed digital cores, memory arrays, analog blocks, and communication circuitry onto a single chip has led to a whole new design era of System on Chips (SoCs). The clock distribution network is one of the important issues in SoCs that consumes a significant portion of the total performance. In this paper, a flexible capacitance is used to make the clock distribution network more flexible for designing the clock distribution network. Therefore, if some IP (intellectual property) cores are changed in the system, we do not need to redesign the overall clock distribution network. This new approach facilitates the clock timing and synchronization of IPs so that IPs can be inserted or removed from the distribution network without affecting the whole performance of a SoC. This design uses efficiently the available resources and maintains clock signal integrity. The experimental results confirm the efficiency of the proposed design.
CURRENT CONTROLLED PRECISION RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Authors: MAHESHWARI SUDHANSHU
Published: May 2007

A novel full-wave precision rectifier employing a single current controlled conveyor (CCCII) with three outputs, two complementary MOS transistors, and a resistor is proposed. The circuit enjoys high input impedance, current controlled output, good zero-crossing performance, and linearity. Another current controlled precision rectifier with no external resistor is also derived from the proposed circuit. RSPICE simulations using real device parameters are included to verify the proposed circuits.
PIECEWISE AFFINE SYSTEM MODELING AND CONTROL OF PWM CONVERTERS
Authors: TAHAMI FARZAD , MOLAEI BEHROOZ
Published: May 2007

The averaged switch modeling approach is a powerful method for representing the behavior of a wide variety of converters through equivalent circuits. The model is not linear and it is common to perform a small signal linearization about an operating point and design a linear controller. Models obtained with such method involve considerable approximation and produce results that are limited for high performance controller designs. In this paper a piecewise affine approximation technique is introduced for modeling PWM converters. This model is much more precise in predicting the dynamic response of averaged nonlinear model comparing the linear model. This paper also presents a piecewise linear controller synthesis method for PWM converters described by the proposed PWA model. The proposed controller is very efficient and effective. The design method is well suited for converters having a wide range of variation about their operating point. A simulation example on buck-boost converter is presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method for modeling the dynamics of the converter and designing the appropriate controller.
SELF-TIMED ARCHITECTURE FOR MASKED SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
Authors: KOCAK TASKIN , HARRIS GEORGE R. , DEMARA RONALD F.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, a novel architecture for self-timed analog-to-digital conversion is presented and designed using the NULL Convention Logic (NCL) paradigm. This analog-to-digital converter (ADC) employs successive approximation and a one-hot encoded masking technique to digitize analog signals. The architecture scales readily to any given resolution by utilizing the one-hot encoded scheme to permit identical logical components for each bit of resolution. The four-bit configuration of the proposed design has been implemented and assessed via simulation in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. Furthermore, the ADC may be interfaced with either synchronous or four-phase asynchronous digital systems.
NOISE-AWARE SPLIT-PATH DOMINO LOGIC AND ITS CLOCK DELAYING SCHEME
Authors: PARK DONGKYU , YOON SEOKSOO , JUNG INHWA , KIM CHULWOO
Published: May 2007

This paper describes an improved domino logic using split-path (SP) and revised clock-delaying (CD) scheme. SP domino logic is a high-speed operation because it ameliorates the charge-sharing problem by splitting the stacked NMOS transistors used for logic evaluation. Additionally, SP domino logic removes the use of signal ordering. Dual threshold voltage (Vt) assignment methodology for the SP domino logic circuit is also proposed in order to provide the improved performance with low power-consumption overhead. Our experimental results of SP domino logic circuit show that the proposed logic provides the performance improvement up to 15% compared to the conventional domino logic circuit, under the same noise conditions. For further performance enhancement of the domino logic, CD methodology is applied. Moreover, an optimized delay cell is proposed to reduce the clock-delay overhead required to compensate the process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. 32-b Han–Carlson prefix adders using the proposed CD SP domino logic circuits and the conventional CD domino logic circuits were designed to verify the performance enhancement of the proposed circuit. Simulation results show that the total delay of the 32-b adder using the proposed circuit is 454 ps of 5.47FO4 in a 0.18-μm CMOS process.
THE INDEPENDENCE OF FUZZY VARIABLES WITH APPLICATIONS TO FUZZY RANDOM OPTIMIZATION
Authors: LIU YIAN-KUI , GAO JINWU
Published: May 2007

This paper presents the independence of fuzzy variables as well as its applications in fuzzy random optimization. First, the independence of fuzzy variables is defined based on the concept of marginal possibility distribution function, and a discussion about the relationship between the independent fuzzy variables and the noninteractive (unrelated) fuzzy variables is included. Second, we discuss some properties of the independent fuzzy variables, and establish the necessary and sufficient conditions for the independent fuzzy variables. Third, we propose the independence of fuzzy events, and deal with its fundamental properties. Finally, we apply the properties of the independent fuzzy variables to a class of fuzzy random programming problems to study their convexity.
FUZZY DOMINANCE: A NEW APPROACH FOR RANKING FUZZY VARIABLES VIA CREDIBILITY MEASURE
Authors: PENG JIN , JIANG QIN , RAO CONGJUN
Published: May 2007

Comparison of fuzzy variables is considered one of the most important topics in fuzzy theory. A new approach for ranking fuzzy variable via credibility measure — fuzzy dominance is presented in this paper. Some basic properties of fuzzy dominance are investigated. As an illustration, the cases of fuzzy dominance rule for triangular fuzzy variables are examined.
MAXIMUM ENTROPY PRINCIPLE FOR FUZZY VARIABLES
Authors: LI XIANG , LIU BAODING
Published: May 2007

The concept of fuzzy entropy is used to provide a quantitative measure of the uncertainty associated with every fuzzy variable. This paper proposes the maximum entropy principle for fuzzy variables, that is, out of all the membership functions satisfying given constraints, choose the one that has maximum entropy. The problem is what is the specific formulation of the maximum entropy membership function. The purpose of this paper is to solve this problem by Euler–Lagrange equation.
Oligohydramnios Decreases Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Expression in Fetal Rat Lungs
Authors: Chen Chung-Ming , Wang Leng-Fang , Chou Hsiu-Chu , Lang Yaw-Dong
Published: May 2007

Objective: To evaluate the effects ofexperimental oligohydramnios on lung growth, expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors, and lung morphology in fetal rats. Methods: On day 16 of gestation, we anesthetized timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams and punctured uterine wall and fetal membranes of each uterine sac which resulted in oligohydramnios. The fetuses in the opposite uterine horn served as controls. On days 19 and 21 of gestation, the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and weighed, and the lungs were dissected free and weighed. Results: Rats exposed to oligohydramnios exhibited significantly lower lung/body weight ratios on days 19 and 21 of gestation and significantly lower radial saccular counts on day 21 of gestation than did the control rats. Lung PDGF-A and PDGF-B gene and protein expression and elastin level were significantly decreased in rats exposed to oligohydramnios on days 19 and 21 of gestation. The PDGF receptor alpha and beta gene expression levels were significantly decreased in rats exposed to oligohydramnios on day 19 of gestation. Conclusion: A decreased PDGF expression may be important in the pathogenesis of oligohydramnios-induced pulmonary hypoplasia and suggests that supplementation may provide useful therapeutic strategies.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation Is Safe and Effective: A Long-Term Study in Patients with Drug-Refractory Gastroparesis in Three Regional Centers
Authors: Anand Curuchi , Al-Juburi Amar , Familoni Babajide , Rashed Hani , Cutts Teresa , Abidi Nighat , Johnson William D. , Minocha Anil , Abell Thomas L.
Published: May 2007

Background: Drug-refractory gastroparesis has previously been without acceptable alternative therapies. Although gastric electrical stimulation has been used for over a decade, no long-term multicenter data exist. Methods: We studied 214 consecutive drug-refractory patients with the symptoms of gastroparesis (146 idiopathic, 45 diabetic, 23 after surgery) who consented to participate in a variety of clinical research and clinical protocols at three centers from January 1992 through January 2005, resulting in 156 patients implanted with a gastric electrical stimulation device and the other 58 patients serving as controls. The patients were stratified into three groups: (1) consented but never permanently implanted; (2) implanted with permanent device, and (3) consented while awaiting a permanent device. The patients were followed over time for gastrointestinal symptoms, solid gastric emptying, health-related quality of life, survival, device retention, and complications. Demographics, descriptive statistics, and t tests were used for comparison between baseline and latest follow-up. Results: At latest follow-up, median 4 years for 5,568 patient months, most patients implanted (135 of 156) were alive with intact devices, significantly reduced gastrointestinal symptoms, and improved health-related quality of life, with evidence of improved gastric emptying, and 90% of the patients had a response in at least 1 of 3 main symptoms. Most patients explanted, usually for pocket infections, were later reimplanted successfully. There were no deaths directly related to the device. Conclusion: Based on this sample of patients, implanted with gastric electrical stimulation devices at three centers and followed for up toward a decade, gastric electrical stimulation for drug-refractory gastroparesis is both safe and effective.
Effects of Partial Ablation of the Cerebellum on Sustained Swimming in Goldfish
Authors: Matsumoto Noritaka , Yoshida Masayuki , Uematsu Kazumasa
Published: May 2007

To investigate the role of the corpus cerebelli in the control of sustained swimming or cruising in goldfish, Carassius auratus, we conducted experiments examining the effects of partial ablation of the corpus cerebelli (CC) on swimming performance against constant water flow at various speeds. Ten out of 15 CC-ablated fish successfully maintained sustained swimming against water flow even at the highest speed tested (3.0 body lengths per second). This result showed that the CC is not crucial for generating the simple swimming motor pattern, although some effects of the surgical operation itself on the capability of the sustained swimming were found in both sham-operated and CC-ablated fish. However, we found that both tail-beat amplitude and frequency in CC-ablated goldfish tended to be greater than that of control fish at the same swimming speeds. The thrust index (square of the value obtained by multiplying the tail beat frequency (Hz) by twice the tail beat amplitude (mm)) was significantly larger in CC-ablated fish than in control fish at higher swimming speeds (≧2.0 body length per second). This result suggests that CC-ablated goldfish produced more thrust by tail beats than control fish to maintain sustained swimming at higher speeds. We concluded that in goldfish the CC plays no major role in the posture control and generation of simple forward swimming movement, although the integrity of the CC is important for execution of normal swim gait.
Central Projections of Sensory Systems Involved in Honey Bee Dance Language Communication
Authors: Brockmann Axel , Robinson Gene E.
Published: May 2007

Honey bee dance language is a unique and complex form of animal communication used to inform nest mates in the colony about the specific location of food sources or new nest sites. Five different sensory systems have been implicated in acquiring and communicating the information necessary for dance language communication. We present results from neuronal tracer studies identifying the central projections from four of the five. Sensory neurons of the dorsal rim area of the compound eyes, involved in acquiring sun-compass based information, project to the dorsal-most part of the medulla. Sensory neurons of the neck hair plates, required to transpose sun-compass based information to gravity-based information in the dark hive, project to the dorsal labial neuromere of the subesophageal ganglion. Sensory neurons from the antennal joint hair sensilla and the Johnston’s organ, which perceive information on dance direction and distance from mechanostimuli generated by abdomen waggling and wing vibration, project to the deutocerebral dorsal lobe and the subesophageal ganglion, and the posterior protocerebrum, respectively. We found no ‘dance-specific’ projections relative to those previously described for drone and queen honey bees and other insect species that do not exhibit dance communication. We suggest that the evolution of dance language communication was likely based on the modification of central neural pathways associated with path integration, the capability to calculate distance, and directional information during flight.
Effects of Thiopental on Ca2+ Currents and Intracellular Ca2+ Transient in Single Atrial Cells from Guinea Pig
Authors: Kimura Maki , Shibukawa Yoshiyuki , Momose Yasunori , Sugaya Makoto , Yamamura Shigeo , Suzuki Takashi , Hatakeyama Noboru , Yamazaki Mitsuaki
Published: May 2007

The effects of thiopental on Ca2+ currents and intracellular Ca2+ transient in single atrial cells from guinea pigs were studied by means of a whole-cell voltage-clamp method and Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye. Thiopental inhibited L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.8·10–5 mol/l). Moreover, the mode of Ca2+ current inhibition by thiopental showed no use dependency. Electrical stimulation-induced intracellular Ca2+ transient was significantly suppressed by 10–5 mol/l thiopental. However, the caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ releasing pathway from sarcoplasmic reticulum was not affected by thiopental. Our results indicate that thiopental inhibits L-type Ca2+ currents, but not release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that the negative inotropic action of thiopental is mainly due to inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels in guinea pig atrial myocytes.
Quality of Life of Patients with Nephrolithiasis and Recurrent Painful Renal Colic
Authors: Diniz Denise H.M.P. , Blay Sérgio Luís , Schor Nestor
Published: May 2007

Background: Quality of life (QoL) has not been a priority goal for patients with recurrent painful colic of renal lithiasis. Aim: To evaluate QoL in patients with recurrent painful symptoms due to renal colic. Methods: In this case-control study, 194 subjects (97 cases/97 controls) were matched according to age and gender. Cases were patients at an outpatient clinic with a confirmed diagnosis of nephrolithiasis with recurrent painful renal colic. The control group consisted of patients seen at an ophthalmology outpatient clinic for refraction symptoms. Main outcome measures: QoL was measured using the SF-36. Results: Average SF-36 dimension scores for cases and controls, respectively, were: physical function 70/95, role-emotional function 33.3/100, role limitations due to physical problems 25/100, bodily pain 41/84, general health status 52/82, vitality 45/80, social function 62.5/100 and mental health 52/84. All values were statistically different (p < 0.001). Using multiple linear regression, there was a statistically significant QoL drop in subjects with lithiasis. Low social and economic levels were associated with the following SF-36 domains: physical function, general health status, vitality and mental health. The influence of the diagnosis on role-physical and role-emotional domains. Analysis of the physical and mental components of the SF-36 Scale showed significantly lower averages between cases and controls: PCS (p < 0.001) and MCS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The QoL of patients with painful recurrent symptoms due to renal colic was substantially impaired.
A Critical Appraisal of the Radiological Evaluation of Nephrocalcinosis
Authors: Cheidde Lara , Ajzen Sérgio Aron , Tamer Langen Cecilia Helena , Christophalo Dejaldo , Pfeferman Heilberg Ita
Published: May 2007

Background/Aim: The level of agreement concerning the diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis (NC) based on ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) or kidney/ureter/bladder (KUB) X-ray was assessed. Methods: Sequences of KUB+US+CT from 62 patients, 48 with at least one exam suggesting NC and 14 with pelvicalyceal calcifications (nephrolithiasis) were reviewed twice by 3 radiologists (firstly randomized and secondly presenting KUB+US+CT of each patient together). Results: The intraobserver concordance varied from 76 to 90% for KUB, 77 to 85% for US and 82 to 89% for CT. There was a significant change in diagnosis between the 1st and 2nd reviews for observer 1 in KUB and CT, for observer 2 in US, but not for observer 3. Evaluating patients’ exams together did not provide a better agreement. The highest sensitivity and specificity (92 and 89%, respectively) were only attained when 2 exams suggested NC diagnosis, being CT one of them. These enabled us to suggest that 33 out of 48 (62.5%) patients had NC (evidenced in US+CT+KUB (81.8%), US+CT (12.1%) or KUB+CT (6.1%). Conclusion: The low level of concordance renders the radiological diagnosis of NC difficult. Nephrocalcinosis should be confirmed by CT combined with either US or KUB.
Primitive Reflexes in Parkinsonism
Authors: Klawans Jr. H.L. , Paulson G.W.
Published: May 2007

Several of the primitive reflexes, such as corneomandibular, palmomental, and the glabella tap sign are common in parkinsonism. The glabella tap sign is particularly characteristic, and may change during the course of the therapy with L-dopa. The glabellar reflex is less likely to reverse under L-dopa when other primitive reflexes are associated with it.
Electroencephalogram in Juvenile Endemic Goiter and in Acute Goiter
Authors: Mortara M. , Pacini L. , Rubino R. , Tafuri A. , Musso E.
Published: May 2007

EEG were taken in 27 cases of juvenile endemic goiter and in 5 cases of acute goiter in endemic areas. These conditions, which may be equated nosologically, are virtually always marked by bioelectric changes, which continue even after the thyroid swelling has subsided. In the patients with juvenile endemic goiter the EEG was pathologic in 26 cases (96.3%) and borderline in 1 case. The most frequent changes were theta rhythms at 4–5 cps in 14 cases and at 5–7 cps in 9 other cases. In 3 tracings theta rhythms were associated with delta potentials. In 24 cases potentials with sharp, spike and spike and wave patterns were also present. In all 5 patients presenting acute goiter EEG changes were observed: theta rhythms at 4–5 cps in 1 case, at 5–7 cps in 2 cases and theta rhythms associated with delta waves in 2 other cases. Sharp waves were present in 4 cases. These EEG patterns do not tally with those observed by other workers in so-called primary hyper- and hypothyroidism but they do tally witn those seen in the secondary conditions in which it is accepted that a diencephalohypophyseal disturbance underlies the changes. It is concluded that the EEG both in acute and in juvenile endemic goiter reveals brain signs, regardless of the thyroid function.
Stereotaxic Atlas of the Mesencephalon in the Albino Rat
Authors: Hurt G.A. , Hanaway J. , Netsky M.G.
Published: May 2007

Adetailed stereotaxic atlas is presented of the mesencephalon in the albino rat of the Charles River derived (CD) strain. The Kopf stereotaxic frame was used and the head positioned to allow easy surgical access to the mesencephalon. To insure proper positioning of the head before operative intervention, the alignment was checked by two sets of measurements: the distance between earbars, and measurements of the coordinates of bregma and lambda. Because some structures are not easily approached stereotaxically without traversing other parts of the midbrain and supratentorial regions, an oblique approach was tested and found useful. Of 18 test lesions, 14 were within 0.25 mm of the target.
The Corneomandibular Reflex
Authors: Paulson G.W. , Bird M.T.
Published: May 2007

It has been demonstrated that even though the corneomandibular response is uncommon in normal young adulthood or in later childhood, this primitive response is often found in the neonatal period.
Angelina Grimké: Asceticism, Millenarianism, and Reform
Authors: Foletta Marshall
Published: May 2007

Current scholarship surrounding Angelina Grimké rests on an idealized construction of her personal and intellectual development. Her papers, however, reveal a more complex person, plagued by depression and driven by an ascetic temperament. Consequently, Grimké's 1843 millenarian obsessions may speak more fully to her intellectual character than her abolitionism and feminism.
The Tarring and Feathering of Thomas Paul Smith: Common Schools, Revolutionary Memory, and the Crisis of Black Citizenship in Antebellum Boston
Authors: Moss Hilary J.
Published: May 2007

The essay explores an 1851 incident of violence among black Bostonians centering on conflicts about the merits of school desegregation. The episode reveals differing concepts of and approaches to citizenship in the African-American community, tensions that were exacerbated by abolitionist activity, Revolutionary memory, and the Fugitive Slave Law.
The Alternative Taxonomies of Melville's “The Encantadas”
Authors: Tanyol Denise
Published: May 2007

The essay examines how Melville's “The Encantadas” reveals the colonial underpinnings of seemingly disinterested nineteenth-century natural history, particularly Darwin's The Voyage of the “Beagle.” Whereas Darwin's formulation of the Galapagos Islands grants readers dominion over exotic lands, Melville's slippery islands defy the classification-as-preparation-for-occupation scheme of texts like Darwin's.
Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii
Authors: Kashay Jennifer Fish
Published: May 2007

Although Western traders and American Calvinist missionaries in early-nineteenth-century Hawaii represented native Hawaiians in similar ways, they held different philosophies about the Sandwich Islands and their people. These differing imperialist agendas led to constant tension and clashes between the two Western groups, especially over commerce and access to native labor.
Uncovering Physiologic Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep/Wake Regulation through Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Kronauer Richard E. , Gunzelmann Glenn , Van Dongen Hans P. A. , Doyle Francis J. , Klerman Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2007

Mathematical models of neurobehavioral function are useful both for understanding the underlying physiology and for predicting the effects of rest-activity-work schedules and interventions on neurobehavioral function. In a symposium titled “Modeling Human Neurobehavioral Performance I: Uncovering Physiologic Mechanisms” at the 2006 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics/Society for Mathematical Biology (SIAM/SMB) Conference on the Life Sciences, different approaches to modeling the physiology of human circadian rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral performance and their usefulness in understanding the underlying physiology were examined. The topics included key elements of the physiology that should be included in mathematical models, a computational model developed within a cognitive architecture that has begun to include the effects of extended wake on information-processing mechanisms that influence neurobehavioral function, how to deal with interindividual differences in the prediction of neurobehavioral function, the applications of systems biology and control theory to the study of circadian rhythms, and comparisons of these methods in approaching the overarching questions of the underlying physiology and mathematical models of circadian rhythms and neurobehavioral function. A unifying theme was that it is important to have strong collaborative ties between experimental investigators and mathematical modelers, both for the design and conduct of experiments and for continued development of the models.
Modeling the Behavior of Coupled Cellular Circadian Oscillators in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Indic Premananda , Schwartz William J. , Herzog Erik D. , Foley Nicholas C. , Antle Michael C.
Published: May 2007

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus is the site of the master circadian clock in mammals, a complex tissue composed of multiple, coupled, single-cell circadian oscillators. Mathematical modeling is now providing insights on how individual SCN cells might interact and assemble to create an integrated pacemaker that governs the circadian behavior of whole animals. In this article, we will discuss the neurobiological constraints for modeling SCN behavior, system precision, implications of cellular heterogeneity, and analysis of heterogeneously coupled oscillator networks. Mathematical approaches will be critical for better understanding intercellular interactions within the SCN.
Neuronal Models for Sleep-Wake Regulation and Synaptic Reorganization in the Sleeping Hippocampus
Authors: Best Janet , Diniz Behn Cecilia , Poe Gina R. , Booth Victoria
Published: May 2007

In this article, we discuss mathematical models that address the control of sleep-wake behavior in the infant and adult rodent and a model that addresses changes in single-cell firing patterns in the hippocampus across wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states. Each of the models describes the dynamics of experimentally identified neuronal components—either the firing activity of wake-and sleep-promoting neuronal populations or the spiking activity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Our discussion of each model illustrates how a mathematical model that describes the temporal dynamics of the modeled neuronal components can reveal specifics about proposed neuronal mechanisms that underlie sleep-wake regulation or sleep-specific firing patterns. For example, the dynamics of the models developed for sleep-wake regulation in the infant rodent lend insight into the involved brain-stem neuronal populations and the evolution of the network during maturation. The results of the model for sleep-wake regulation in the adult rodent suggest distinct properties of the involved neuronal populations and their interactions that account for long-lasting and brief waking bouts. The dynamics of the model for sleep-specific hippocampal neural activity proposes neural mechanisms to account for observed activity changes that can invoke synaptic reorganization associated with learning and memory consolidation.