bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiological exposure of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation in contemporary practice
Authors: Biasco Luigi , Pedrazzini Giovanni , De Backer Ole , Klersy Catherine , Bellesi Luca , Presilla Stefano , Badini Matteo , Faletra Francesco , Pasotti Elena , Ferrari Enrico , Demertzis Stefanos , Moccetti Tiziano , Aviano Davide , Moccetti Marco
Published: July 2018

Background

Radiological exposure associated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is unknown and might impact on broadening indications to lower risk patients. Radiological exposure of TAVI patients and its predictors are herein reported.

Methods

Radiological exposure derived from exams/procedures performed within 30 days preceding/following TAVI were acquired and converted into effective-dose. Total effective-dose was defined as the sum of each single dose derived from diagnostic/therapeutic sources. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to recognize correlates of exposure.

Results

Seventy-five patients aged 82.6 ± 6.0 years with a median Euroscore II 3.6 [IQR 1.93–6.65] were analysed. Median total effective-dose was 41.39 mSv [IQR 27.93–60.88], with TAVI accounting for 47% of it. Age (coefficient −0.031, 95% CI −0.060 to −0.002; P = 0.031) and previous history of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA; coefficient −0.545; 95% CI −1.039 to −0.010; P = 0.046) resulted as inversely correlated to total effective-dose (log-transformed), whereas left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 50% (coefficient 0.430, 95% CI 0.031–0.828; P = 0.035) was directly associated.

Conclusion

Multiple radiological sources are responsible for the observed exposure, with TAVI being the prominent source. Age is inversely related to the radiological exposure.
ARSITEKTUR RUMAH ULU OGAN
Authors: Hidayat Husnul
Published: July 2018

ABSTRAK. Rumah Ulu adalah rumah tradisional yang berada di daerah uluan Sumatera Selatan. Sebaran Rumah Ulu di daerah Pasemah, Semendo, Minanga, Lamban Tuha dan Ogan. Rumah Ulu adalah rumah panggung dengan bentuk dasar segi empat dan kemiringan atap yang curam. Rumah Ulu di daerah Ogan disebut Rumah Ulu Ogan dan bisa dijumpai di tepian sungai Ogan. Kondisinya kurang terawat dan sudah banyak mengalami perubahan bentuk maupun bahan konstruksinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji arsitektur Rumah Ulu Ogan. Lokasi penelitian berada di permukiman Desa Mendala, Kecamatan Peninjauan Ogan Komering Ulu. Hasil identifikasi selanjutnya dianalisis untuk menentukan karakter arsitekturnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, Rumah Ulu Ogan memiliki tampilan yang khas yang tidak dimiliki pada Rumah Ulu daerah lainnya, yaitu tiang-tiang tinggi yang menopang atap pada teras depan. Denah rumah bangunan inti berbentuk segi empat dengan tambahan ruang pada sisi kanan, kiri dan belakang serta beranda rumah ada di sebelah kiri. Tidak ada sekat yang permanen dalam rumah. Atap pada bangunan inti berbentuk pelana dengan kemiringan 55 derajat yang terhubung dengan atap tambahan di sekelilingnya, bubungan atap datar atau tidak melengkung dan memiliki tebeng layar yang tegak. Ada ornamen ukiran pada bagian atap dinding dan balok lantai yang menghadap ke depan rumah. Tata letak Rumah Ulu Ogan berpola linier yang berlapis, memanjang dan sejajar aliran sungai juga orientasi bangunan tidak selalu menuju ke sungai. Kata kunci: arsitektur, Rumah Ulu, Ogan ABSTRACT. Rumah Ulu is a traditional house located in Uluan area of South Sumatra. The distribution of Rumah Ulu in the area of Pasemah, Semendo, Minanga, Lamban Tuha and Ogan. Rumah Ulu is a stilt house with a rectangular base shape and a steep roof slope. Rumah Ulu in the Ogan area is called Rumah Ulu Ogan and can be found on the banks of the Ogan river. The conditions are lack of maintenance and have undergone much change in shape and construction materials. This research is aimed to study the architecture of Ogan's house. The research site is located in the Mendala village settlement, Sub-District of Ogan Komering Ulu District. Further identification results are analyzed to determine the character of the architecture. The result shows Rumah Ulu Ogan has a distinctive look that is not owned in the home of other areas, namely high poles that support the roof on the front porch. House structure of the rectangular core building with additional space on the right side, left and back and the porch of the house on the left. There is no permanent bulkhead in the house. The roof of the saddle-shaped core building with a 55-degree slope connected to an additional roof around it, a flat roof ridge or non-curved and has an upright sidewall. There are ornaments carved on the roof of the walls and floor beams that face the front of the house. The layout of Ogan's house is linearly patterned, elongated and parallel to the flow of the river also the orientation of the building does not always go to the river. Keywords: architecture, Rumah Ulu, Ogan
Pengaruh Modul Besaran Ruang Terhadap Tata Ruang Rumah Sangat Sederhana
Authors: Mauliani Lily
Published: July 2018

ABSTRAK. Bangunan rumah sangat sederhana pada permukiman padat penduduk pada umumnya merupakan bangunan yang tidak memenuhi syarat kelayakan sebuah hunian, Ketidaklayakan bangunan rumah tidak saja dari segi luasan masing-masing ruang di dalamnya tetapi juga dari segi kenyamanan ruang yang mencakup pencahayaan, penghawaan serta penataan perabot di dalam ruang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara besaran ruang dan tata ruang rumah sangat sederhana ini adalah metode deskriptif, berdasarkan fenomena yang terjadi di lapangan. Modul besaran ruang rumah sangat sederhana yang relatif sangat kecil menuntut adanya penyelesaian pada disain tata ruangnya. Dengan modul besaran ruang rumah sangat sederhana sebesar 3 x 3 m2 pemecahan masalah yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menata ruang dengan sistem split level. Dengan sistem tersebut memungkinkan terjadinya pemisahan ruang privat berdasarkan jenis kelamin serta pengoptimalan pencahayaan dan penghawaan alami. Kata Kunci: modul, besaran ruang, tata ruang  ABSTRACT. A simple residential building in densely populated settlements, generally, is a building that does not meet the requirement of a dwelling, not laying the house not only in terms of the area of each space in it but also in terms of comfort space that includes lighting, air conditioning and the arrangement of furniture within a room. The research method that has been used to find out the correlation between space and spatial layout of this simple house is a descriptive method, based on phenomena that occurred in the field. Module size of the house space is very simple which is relatively minimal demands the completion of its spatial design. With the module size of a very simple home space 3 x 3 m2 problem solving can be done to arrange space with a split-level system. With such an arrangement allows the separation of private areas by sex and optimization of natural lighting and air conditioning.Keywords: module, dimension of space, layout
Book review: Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe
Authors: Heinz Dominic
Published: July 2018

Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe is a study of territorial dynamics within party systems and party organizations in Western European multi-layered systems. It argues that processes of state restructuring and party crisis have forced parties to adapt their competitive strategies and internal structures. With the logic of territorial party competition becoming more complex, parties in Europe have developed quite different responses to deal with the challenges of multi-level politics. This book challenges the 'national bias' of party research which has traditionally focused on the statewide level by assuming broadly uniform patterns. Speaking to students of party politics and territorial studies, it contributes to a new territorial approach which acknowledges the importance of multi-layered institutional framing for party politics. Its also includes a thorough comparative analysis of vertical linkages and sub-state autonomy in Austrian, Belgian, British, German and Spanish parties.
Statistics and Reviewers 2013
Authors: Heinz Dominic
Published: July 2018

Statistics and Reviewers 2013
Conclusion
Authors: Mueller Sean
Published: July 2018

The three articles included in this special issue are extremely diverse, both in terms of objects studied and methods employed. Travelling from Russia to the EU is a long journey to undertake. Reconciling formal economic models, discourse analysis, and domestic institutionalism is no less challenging. However, at least three commonalities emerge: state formation, territorial identity and the importance of the informal dimension of federalism.
Cooperation beyond the state: Constraints on linking regional emissions trading systems
Authors: Unger Charlotte
Published: July 2018

Recently many regions worldwide have implemented emissions trading systems (ETSs) to cap greenhouse gas emissions. These initiatives may hold the potential of providing a new bottom-up architecture for international climate policy. Cooperation or ‘linkage’ between regional emissions trading systems would improve their efficiency. Yet, linking has been realized only on very few occasions.This article deals with the question why linking of ETSs, especially between the EU and California, is still lagging behind. It seeks to go beyond common approaches and focuses on political difficulties that arise for regions that do not have the status and the mandate of a nation state.
THE JURISDICTIONAL BASIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
Authors: Viau Sara
Published: July 2018

As Falk notes, the International Criminal Court represents an idealistic mentality, optimistic about the possibility of reforming the international system in order to prevent certain behaviour by establishing an international authority capable of punishment and deterrence. Growing support for the International Criminal Court can be directly related to the growth of legal regimes committed to the protection of human rights, and to the growth of international humanitarian law, which presupposes a conception of the individual as the bearer of rights and obligations, as well as an interest in protecting the individual from gross violations of human rights. Now that the International Criminal Court has received sufficient ratifications from Member States of the United Nations, it exists as a legal entity with jurisdiction over international crimes and a mandate to hold perpetrators of human rights abuses accountable for their actions. As such, the Court can be seen as a declaration that certain behaviour will not be tolerated by the international community, and that individuals will be held accountable for violating these standards.
The Dangers of Decentralization. Clientelism, the State, & Nature in a Democratic Indonesia
Authors: Barter Shane Joshua
Published: July 2018

Throughout the Cold War and after, Southeast Asian dictatorships lay somewhere between predatory and developmental states, posting high growth rates but with equally high costs. Rulers such as Sarit, Marcos, and Suharto were surrounded by networks of patrons and clients that went all the way to the village level. These regimes were as agnostic towards environmental effects of their modernization programmes as they were towards democracy, the rule of law, and the rights of their citizens. Even though economic growth improved the livelihoods of their populations, Southeast Asian countries were left with weak states, clientelist social structures, and severe environmental damage. A solution offered by activists and academics alike was the creation of decentralized, democratic systems where communities could have greater control over political power and natural resources. The ‘Third Wave’ of democratization in Southeast Asia, from 14 October, to EDSA, to Reformasi helped realize these hopes.
Philosophical Methodology in Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship
Authors: Clarke Evan
Published: July 2018

Will Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship, from 1995, represents the opening salvo in an extensive debate regarding the legitimacy of collective rights for minority cultures. Against liberals who maintain that such rights run counter to liberalism, Kymlicka argues that groupdifferentiated rights are a valid extension of basic liberal values. The bulk of his book, then, is taken up with the task of demonstrating that liberalism is already heavily invested in the group; that despite its exaggerated fidelity to the autonomous individual, liberalism recognizes the centrality of group identification in social and political life. Insofar as he can make this recognition explicit, Kymlicka can clear away whatever obstacles prevent us from affirming the legitimacy, and indeed the necessity, of group-differentiated rights for minority cultures.
The Consequences of Federal Origins Learning from the Spanish Experience
Authors: Jeram Sanjay
Published: July 2018

Post-Franco Spanish governance represents a rare case of a stable multinational federation in comparative and historical perspective.1 In contrast to other multinational federations that arose from dictatorial rule, such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, Spain has not compromised its geographical integrity, and its federal institutions are still operating after more than two decades. Moreover, the first attempt to decentralize Spain in response to nationalist mobilization failed miserably, and led to civil war and fascism.2 This makes Spain’s peaceful and stable transition to a multinational federal democracy that much more remarkable. The question, then, is what accounts for the stability of Spain’s post-1978 federation?
FEDERALISM AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN NIGERIA
Authors: Okpanachi Eyene , Garba Ali
Published: July 2018

In comparison with established democracies Nigeria is a highly populated and ethnic fragmented state. Therefore after colonial rule and independence a federal constitutional structure was supposed to bring the processes for conflict resolution between the ethnic groups. In 1960 Nigeria started as a highly decentralised state and went through important changes until 1999 towards greater centralisation which found its culmination in regular military governments and open conflicts. Until 1999 each constitution promulgated by the military was considered as a step towards the transition to democracy. After the constitution making process, political actors aspired to constitutional reforms in a democratic way. Those attempts at mega constitutional change were not successful, which lead to military coups once again. This paper traces back mega-constitutional change in Nigeria between 1999 until 2007. After a brief introduction the paper proceeds with the foundations of federalism and constitution making in Nigeria. The following three paragraphs deal with the politics of constitutional change in Nigeria from 1999 until 2007. The final part of the paper compares the failure of Nigerian constitutional reforms with the case of Canada. As in the Canadian case, sub constitutional change in Nigeria is presented as a possible answer to demands of reform, instead of mega-constitutional reform.
Introduction FEDERALISM, RECONCILIATION, AND POWER-SHARING IN POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES
Authors: Loizides Neophytos , Kovras Iosif , Ireton Kathleen
Published: July 2018

This special issue examines the interplay between reconciliation in postconflict societies and alternative mechanisms of political accommodation. In our introductory article, we define and explore the central concepts used in post-conflict studies while investigating the potential linkages between reconciliation and federal or power-sharing arrangements. We argue that addressing issues of justice, reconciliation and amnesty in the aftermath of conflict frequently facilitates cooperation in establishing successful institutional mechanisms at the political level. We also examine the degree to which reconciliation at the grassroots level should be seen as a prerequisite of consolidating power-sharing arrangements among elites particularly in the form of federal agreements. Finally, we discuss the individual contributions to the special issue and highlight the importance of incorporating insights from the literature of transitional justice and post-conflict reconciliation to the study and practice of federalism.
SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND: THE TWO EDGED SWORD OF INTERNATIONAL INTERVENTION
Authors: Kenning David
Published: July 2018

Since the collapse of the state in Somalia in 1991 the country has been the recipient of numerous international interventions and operations but has not as yet reached a sustainable peaceful settlement, despite at one point costing the UN almost two billion dollars a year in its operations. In contrast Somaliland, the area that seceded in the north, despite not being recognised by international governments and having been on the brink of several civil wars, has reached a level of political reconciliation and economic growth that compares favourably to the rest of Somalia. This article argues that the international actors’ misinterpretation of Somali social and political organisation during intervention, Somaliland’s ability to engage in a form of democracy that is based on traditional politics and the different experience the area had during colonialism has meant that its society has reached an unlikely level of peace and reconciliation.
INTRODUCTION FEDERALISM, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND POLICY-MAKING
Authors: Gamper Anna , Palermo Francesco
Published: July 2018

This special issue examines local government; one of the less explored and yet most relevant aspects of federal studies. The special issue looks at cases that demonstrate how the growing role of local government has a considerable impact on federal systems.
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT APPROACH IN LOCAL GOVERNANCE – ITS RELEVANCE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A Case Study of Sri Lanka
Authors: Withanachchi Sisira Saddhamangala
Published: July 2018

This research paper seeks to examine to what extent local governance iseffective in alleviating the vicious circle of poverty. Furthermore, traditional social relationships in Sri Lankan society are relatively and critically discussed in the notion of social capital. In Sri Lanka, local government institutions, administrative divisional secretaries, the Gramaseva division, civil society and the business community are the entities of local governance at the grass roots governance level that directly involve participation of the general public. The article studies the effect of Local Governance on poverty alleviation and observes people’s direct involvement in relation to their socio – economic development in the local governance political body. The Kasiwattapura at Polhena Gramaseva Division in the Matara Municipal Council is selected to study this theoretical component.
MIGDAL GOES CANADIAN: Deconstructing the ‘Executive’ in the Study of Canadian Federalism
Authors: Collins Emmet
Published: July 2018

Over the 20th century the field of comparative politics was subject to a debate about the proper way of theorizing the state. Society-centric scholars initially put the state in the background, while later state-centric authors brought the state back in, making it the focal point of their analysis. Dissatisfied with both, Joel S Migdal published State in Society (2001), which advocated for a rethinking of the study of the state. Migdal argued that the state must be considered as a fragmented actor among many others in society. This theory of fragmentation of the state would seem to be naturally applicable to the study of federalism. Yet this has not been the case. This paper argues that Migdal’s approach would be a useful addition to the study of federalism and intergovernmental relations, using Canada as a test case. A brief review of some key literature first places Migdal’s approach in terms of the broader debate between ‘societalists’ and ‘statists’. Migdal’s approach is then applied to a particular facet of the literature on Canadian federalism: executive federalism. The paper concludes that although federalism in Canada has been studied extensively, Migdal’s notion of ‘state in society’ would provide us a useful way to further our understanding of federalism and intergovernmental relations.
John A. Macdonald, “the Chinese” and Racist State Formation in Canada
Authors: Stanley Timothy
Published: July 2018

In 1885, John Alexander Macdonald took the right to vote away from men racialized as Chinese on the grounds that they were biologically different from “Canadians” and that their presence threatened “the Aryan character” of Canadian society.  Through the 1885 Electoral Franchise Act, Macdonald was seeking to consolidate colonial expansion into the west by constituting the federal polity around the owners of private property, i.e., of land that had been converted from the collective control of Indigenous people. As elsewhere in the world, European colonialism in Canada involved taking control of Indigenous people’s territories and converting it to the private ownership of European colonizers.  Making ownership of property the key to membership in the federal polity explains Macdonald’s initial support for giving the vote to women. It also explains why his legislation gave the vote to Indigenous people who met the property qualification. For Macdonald, ownership of private property was the final proof of an individual’s acculturation to colonial dominance. Property-owners from China, by contrast, threatened European dominance in British Columbia. Basing exclusion on alleged biological difference made it inescapable and permanent. The 1885 Act was thus a key moment in forming the racist state in Canada. Indeed, the strong opposition to Macdonald’s introduction of biological racism, including in the Canadian Senate on the part of his own appointees, underscores the significance of this change, one that would have consequences for racialized and excluded groups for many years to come
Moving Unsettlement: Excursions into Public and Pedagogical Memory
Authors: Decter Leah
Published: July 2018

This paper reflects upon my recent durational performance art work, memoration #2: constituent parts, which I undertook in Kingston, Ontario in response to the bicentenary celebrations of John A. Macdonald’s birth. The performance and its discussion in this paper invoke temporal and political through-lines from the colonial policies instituted by John A. Macdonald to contemporary structures of racial power and dominant settler mythologies that continue to shape mainstream Canadian imaginaries and spaces. I suggest that a strategic performance of the white settler body -- the embodiment of the exalted white subject, as articulated by Sunera Thobani -- can produce disturbances to the perpetuation of white settler dominance in the lands now known as Canada. memoration #2 interferes with icons of material culture that imbue white settler emplacement and infiltrates civic space, university architectures, sites of memorialization and celebratory impulses that assume state and white settler primacy. Further, as an intervention into sites that are inscribed into daily life with disregard for their bonds to historical and ongoing colonial nation-building, the performance works to reveal the well-honed practices of biased amnesia that contribute to the maintenance of colonial beliefs, systems and values. By scrutinizing the embodied, symbolic and relational gestures of this performance, this paper considers the potential, complexities and limits of performative acts that aim to resist colonial power from a critical white settler positionality and invites reflection on non-colonial futures.
Contested Histories of Racialization and the Legacies of Sir John A Macdonald
Authors: Viswanathan Leela , Morgensen Scott L.
Published: July 2018

The year 2015 marked the bicentenary of Sir John A. Macdonald’s birth and sparked renewed interest in his legacies and the contested histories of race and racialization in Canada. One version of a monolithic history of Canada venerates Sir John A. Macdonald for his role as Canada’s first Prime Minister, a paternal figure of Confederation, and a nation builder who implemented projects of infrastructure and industrial development (i.e., Canadian Pacific Railway) and systems of land tenure and ownership. This dominating story of Macdonald’s legacies reflects a historical canon of biographies, dramatic plays, musicals, guided tours and monuments such that Macdonald’s history is conflated with a founding history of Canada. By contrast, diverse and different stories about human erasure, physical and cultural displacement, and assimilation—notably, of Black, Asian, and Indigenous peoples—are made marginal by the dominating discourse of so-called Canadian national progress. The essays presented in this issue of the Journal of Critical Race Inquiry (JCRI) (Volume 3, Number 1) contest dominant interpretations of the legacies of Sir John A. Macdonald by offering theoretical, performative, and experiential analyses of Canadian history, race, colonialism, and Indigenous cultural resurgence.
The University as a Neoliberal and Colonizing Institute: A Spatial Case Study Analysis of the Invisible Fence between York University and the Jane and Finch Neighbourhood in the City of Toronto
Authors: Eizadirad Ardavan
Published: July 2018

Jane and Finch is notoriously known in the City of Toronto as a high profile “Priority Neighbourhood” characterized by poverty, crime and violence. And yet, it is situated in close proximity to York University, a place of higher learning characterized by modernism, order, multiculturalism, and innovation. Using a spatial analysis, the first half of this essay traces the social, cultural, and historical development of Jane and Finch and York University, contrasting the rapid development and expansion of York University in relation to the slow growth and deteriorating living conditions of Jane and Finch. The second half of the essay explores the racialization of physical and social differences between York University and Jane and Finch. In particular, I explore how interlocking systems of domination produce, maintain, and (re)produce an invisible fence that constitutes York University as a civilized space and Jane and Finch as a spectacle of violence and delinquency. Overall, this article uses York University as a case study to argue that the university, as an extension of the State, participates in a neoliberal and colonizing project that constructs York University as a safe place of higher learning at the expense of social marginalization, stigmatization, and exclusion of the Jane and Finch community and Othering of its residents. By the racialization of Jane and Finch and Othering of its immigrants and visible minorities, York University exemplifies the processes by which whiteness is protected and privileged and the university’s perpetuation of poverty and violence in Jane and Finch are masked.
BOOK REVIEW: Revolutionary mothering: Love on the front lines, edited by A.P. Gumbs, C. Martens, & M. Williams. (2016). Oakland, CA: PM Press.
Authors: Motapanyane Maki
Published: July 2018

BOOK REVIEWRevolutionary mothering: Love on the front lines, edited by A.P. Gumbs, C. Martens, & M. Williams. (2016). Oakland, CA: PM Press.
The new Brazilian identification system: unique features of a general transformation.
Authors: Kanashiro Marta Mourão , Doneda Danilo
Published: July 2018

The adoption of a new ID document in Brazil, most commonly known as RIC (Registro de Identidade Civil or Civil Identity Registry) has already a long story, having started with its provision by Law number 9.454, enacted in 1997. In order to contribute to the analysis and critique this process, this paper highlights the specificities of the Brazilian implementation of the new identity document (RIC). Therefore, we will firstly present the general characteristics of this new document and its historical context and, secondly, we point out the unique features that mark its implementation.
The Norwegian Data Inspectorate: Between Governance and Resistance
Authors: Lohne Kjersti
Published: July 2018

In response to the growing impact of information and communication technologies, data protection authorities have been established across Europe. However, despite the role of these authorities as enforcers of privacy and data protection legislation, surveillance studies have so far offered little attention to their role in resistance. From the outset of a critical socio-legal examination of the Norwegian Data Inspectorate, the focus of this paper is on the role of data protection authorities in resisting surveillance. More specifically, the paper asks what possibilities the Norwegian Data Inspectorate has for genuinely resisting surveillance, and how its institutional structure affects these possibilities. Through a two-pronged analysis of the Inspectorate, consisting of an institutional mapping and a typology of resistance strategies, the paper finds that there is a fundamental tension between the Inspectorate’s role as a state administrative body and a privacy-advocating ombudsman, exemplified by its role in resisting the implementation of the EU Data Retention Directive in Norwegian law.
Surveillance Studies and Visual Art: An Examination of Jill Magid's Evidence Locker
Authors: Finn Jonathan
Published: July 2018

It is now commonplace to refer to the contemporary world as a surveillance society.  The tremendous proliferation of surveillance over the late twentieth and early twenty-first century has been met by a continually expanding body of scholarly work on the topic.  However, such work remains largely based in the social sciences, specifically in the fields of sociology and criminology.  While this work has been invaluable in many ways, it tends to emphasize empirical investigations of surveillance programs.  By contrast, a growing body of work by artists and activists on surveillance questions the larger, more abstract issues associated with life in a surveillance society.  The article examines Jill Magid’s Evidence Locker to argue that analyzing works of visual art not only complements the existing academic literature on surveillance, but that it raises distinctly new questions about citizens’ own roles and responsibilities in a surveillance society.
The Spy in the Cab: The Use and Abuse of Taxicab Cameras in San Francisco
Authors: Anderson Donald
Published: July 2018

Since security cameras were first required in San Francisco taxicabs in 2003, their unfolding story has come to contain many elements familiar to surveillance studies: the initial introduction of new technology in the wake of a moral panic; a failure of maintenance and a lapse into unreliability; and finally a resurgence accompanied by surveillance creep. This trajectory is explored using the concept of “surveillance slack,” and the stages of slackening and tensing of taxicab camera surveillance will be considered in terms of their shaping by issues of acceptability (where the line between use and abuse is drawn), of effectiveeness (what the cameras are perceived to be doing), and, underlying both of these, of integration, that is, how the slackness or tautness of surveillance interacts with existing lines of tension and conflict in the taxi industry. Since security cameras were first required in San Francisco taxicabs in 2003, their unfolding story has come to contain many elements familiar to surveillance studies: the initial introduction of new technology in the wake of a moral panic; a failure of maintenance and a lapse into unreliability; and finally a resurgence accompanied by surveillance creep. This trajectory is explored using the concept of “surveillance slack,” and the stages of slackening and tensing of taxicab camera surveillance will be considered in terms of their shaping by issues of acceptability (where the line between use and abuse is drawn), of effectiveness (what the cameras are perceived to be doing), and, underlying both of these, of integration, that is, how the slackness or tautness of surveillance interacts with existing lines of tension and conflict in the taxi industry. Since security cameras were first required in San Francisco taxicabs in 2003, their unfolding story has come to contain many elements familiar to surveillance studies: the initial introduction of new technology in the wake of a moral panic; a failure of maintenance and a lapse into unreliability; and finally a resurgence accompanied by surveillance creep. This trajectory is explored using the concept of “surveillance slack,” and the stages of slackening and tensing of taxicab camera surveillance will be considered in terms of their shaping by issues of acceptability (where the line between use and abuse is drawn), of effectiveness (what the cameras are perceived to be doing), and, underlying both of these, of integration, that is, how the slackness or tautness of surveill
Talkin' About A Revolution
Authors: Vonn Micheal
Published: July 2018

--
Caveat Emptor: A Perspective on Consumer Privacy Online
Authors: Margulis Steve T. , Marx Gary T.
Published: July 2018

--
Future-Proofing Privacy: Time for An Ethical Introspection?
Authors: Rauhofer Judith
Published: July 2018

-
Resisting Public Health Surveillance: Anonymous HIV Testing and the Imperative of Health
Authors: O'Byrne Patrick , Bryan Alyssa
Published: July 2018

To date, there has been little research published about public health surveillance and HIV testing/prevention. Accordingly, an exploratory project was undertaken, involving a detailed review of local public health law, and the distribution of surveys about self-reported STI testing/diagnosis, HIV testing practices, and sexual behaviours among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. A review of the public health law indicated that, in the local context, there is a pervasive public health surveillance apparatus that requires mandatory reporting of identified communicable diseases, including HIV. Results of the survey indicated that individuals who reported a preference for, or use of, anonymous HIV testing were more likely to have reported having (a) been tested for, and diagnosed with, STIs, (b) a self-reported history of anal sex, (c) more sexual partners, and (d) been aware of criminal prosecutions against people living with HIV for not disclosing their HIV status. At first glance, it appeared as though anonymous HIV testing represented a form of resistance to public health surveillance; a strategy by which individuals who are likely to test positive for HIV circumvent surveillance. However, when these results were examined using Lupton’s “Imperative of Health” framework, it became clear that one must appreciate the two-pronged nature of anonymous HIV testing. On the one hand, knowing one’s HIV status can be beneficial; for example, it corresponds with decreased HIV transmission and improved quantity / quality of life for people living with HIV. On the other hand, anonymous testing represents a complicit acceptance of the imperative of health, and an internalization of public health surveillance. From this perspective, true resistance to public health surveillance would manifest as an absolute rejection of HIV testing.
'Caught on Camera': The media representation of video surveillance in relation to the 2005 London Underground bombings
Authors: Kroener Inga
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the representation of video surveillance by the print media in the immediate aftermath of the London Underground bombings in 2005. It presents the findings of a mixed methods analysis, drawing on content and discourse analysis to present the main themes that arise in the print media at the time. The paper shows that there is a recurrent theme of ‘them’ and ‘us’ during this time; a broader theme also found in the traditional sociological literature and other analyses of surveillance. Coverage of the use of video surveillance during this time is resoundingly positive, with only a few dissenting voices drawing out the ethical and social implications of the strong calls for increased surveillance in the immediate aftermath of the bombings (both in the UK and worldwide). Finally, the paper focuses on the dichotomy that exists in the print media at the time; a juxtaposition of visibility and invisibility of the bombers. Alongside this dichotomy there is also a contradiction. There are repeated calls for increased surveillance despite recurrent statements that however much surveillance there had been on the Underground, the bombings would not have been preventable.
‘Abnormal’ Bodies on the Borders of Inclusion: Biopolitics and the Paradox of Disability Surveillance
Authors: Saltes Natasha
Published: July 2018

When conducted according to the biomedical definition of disability, ‘disability surveillance’ involves monitoring bodies against normative ontological standards, classifying ‘abnormality’ and problematizing ‘abnormal bodies’ as risky. While disability surveillance that operates within a biomedical perspective contributes to the exclusion of disabled people, the counting and classifying of disabled people is necessary to achieve the aims and objectives of the disability rights movement. In examining this paradox, this paper looks at the ways in which the Canadian government defines and measures disability and the implication of discriminatory immigration policies and ableist biometric technologies. A theoretical framework with which to situate and examine disability surveillance is proposed. Drawing from the work of Foucault on normality/abnormality and subsequent literature on biopolitics, this paper contextualizes the paradoxical implications of surveillance practices that target disabled people.
A Closed Circuit Technological Vision: On Minority Report, event detection, and enabling technologies
Authors: Gad Christopher , Hansen Lone Koefoed
Published: July 2018

In a combined analysis, we investigate how the movie Minority Report can inform and nuance the vision of technological capacities that we identify in event detection literature. The vision in MR of an effective, pre-emptive and preventive techno-politics reflects important areas of event detection research, but it is also a vision for which the movie has become a common cultural reference. While they express similar conceptions of surveillance and technological potentials, MR also becomes a resource for discussing the broader ‘techno’-culture of event detection, showing how surveillance systems are imbued with cultural assumptions and preferences, most notably that technology has strong enabling capacities. By juxtaposing MR and event detection research, we thus demonstrate that it is an important analytical task to understand the assumptions on which such systems are constructed, as well as their social and political implications.
Subverting ID from above and below: The uncertain shaping of India’s new instrument of e-governance
Authors: Rao Ursula , Greenleaf Graham William
Published: July 2018

This article traces the contours of a new biometric project in India that aims to develop a universal biometric database for the unique identification of India’s residents (UID, The Indian Unique Identification Project). It was launched in 2009 and by mid-2013 registered 430 million enrolments, making it the largest biometric experiment in the world. What is the rationale for and structure of this new instrument of governance and how does it affect the relation between citizens and state institutions? We discuss the legal framing of the project and present an ethnographic case study about its implementation among poor people in Delhi. We argue that within the heterogeneous social space of India the biometric project has opened up a terrain for multiple social negotiations. While the new technology propels fantasies about a corruption free well-ordered society the implementation runs up against innumerable challenges. The project struggles to find a definite legal form and suitable goals. Furthermore, the emerging link between people, computer generated data and projects of governance remains weak. By unpacking the relation between new technologies, emerging legalities, cultural bodies and social classifications, we evidence that UID is not one but many projects. Rather than a truth statement about identity UID is a ground for testing new relations between citizens and the state. They concern political question of the desire for order versus fear of control, and epistemological question of the inter-relation between regimes of transparency and social complexity.
Image and exposure: Envisioning genetics as a forensic-surveillance matrix
Authors: Kruger Erin
Published: July 2018

This paper takes the ‘visual’ as the primary subject to engage in a dialogue about surveillance by drawing upon the specific case of the genetic image. Specifically, the genetic image has shifted from the ‘one gene for one identification’ model used in the criminal law to, what are now, categorical, contextual and pattern-based configurations of DNA profiling that are able to compare multiple genetic samples in a singular image. The ability to profile genetics for law and security purposes is, thus, protracting well beyond the confines of the criminal legal domain (i.e. the crime scene, forensic laboratory, courtroom) and into the realm of surveillance: national security, defense, immigration, military and even humanitarian domains. Such a notable transition in visual profiling has also been met with a synonymous reformation in the status of genetic data as it converts from evidence in the realm of criminal law to, now, intelligence in the surveillance-based contexts noted above. This visual reclassification of genetic data reorients DNA to an informing, as opposed to an identifying role. Finally, how experts, scientists, legalists and other relevant practitioners conceive and represent ‘truth’ and ‘trust’ in light of an increasingly diverse range of genetic imagery is subject for discussion.
Spouse-busting: Intimacy, adultery, and surveillance technology
Authors: Gregg Melissa
Published: July 2018

This paper explores emerging practices of intimacy, publicity and privacy evident in online and mobile media applications. It focuses on platforms that facilitate, obscure or reveal adulterous behavior, to understand the surveillance logic underpinning these products. Spouse-busting websites and their accompanying devices are part of a booming industry that renders marital disloyalty open to both amateur and professional surveillance. Promotional testimonies highlight the ease with which monitoring equipment can be deployed, drawing on authenticating 'user-generated' aesthetics to reinforce product credentials. The very need for adultery technologies is symptomatic of a period in which some individuals see few options for intimate support - few visions or practices of community - other than the fulfillment to be gained from a dependent partner. As Laura Kipnis argues, the modern relationship is one in which lovers 'must know everything there is to know about one another' (2003: 162). This accords with broader transformations in intimacy encouraging openness and communication between self-directed individuals. The paper offers an alternative reading to these dominant ideals. It suggests that adultery apps evidence a modest ethics of erasure that might work to decouple the pact between surveillance, transparency and security.
‘My fingerprint on Osama’s cup.’ On objectivity and the role of the fictive regarding the acceptance of a biometric technology
Authors: Krasmann Susanne , Kuehne Sylvia
Published: July 2018

In inquiring about the social acceptance of the digital fingerprint during our research, we discovered the crucial role the fictive plays in our interviewees’ experiencing and assessment of control and security technology. Social acceptance is thus a heterogeneous phenomenon, not only because it depends on the situational features of dealing with the technology, but also, notably, because facts and fiction intermingle, sometimes indistinctly, within the discourses on surveillance and security. Mistrust in the technology tends to feed on fictive imageries, while at the same time resting on an unwavering belief in the objectivity of fingerprint data, presumably a clearly decipherable and reliable form of forensic proof. Against this backdrop, the article seeks to investigate the fictive’s critical role in countering security technologies.
Automated Experimentation in Walden 3.0. : The Next step in Profiling, Predicting, Control and Surveillance
Authors: Van Otterlo Martijn
Published: July 2018

Big data technologies are increasingly able to automatically gather data, experiment with action strategies, observe results of such strategies, and learn from their effects. When privacy issues are framed as “control over information” it becomes apparent that some areas in the digital world might be heading to what I call Walden 3.0; communities of interest that are influenced and controlled by measurement and experimentation. Instead of bringing forward Orwell’s 1984 dystopia in the privacy domain as is typically done, I sketch how current developments might be better studied in the context of Skinner’s utopian novel Walden Two. I illustrate several issues through a running example from the domain of artificial intelligence, and by pointing to several areas where automated experimentation can arise. Finally, I raise questions on how to cope with and study the phenomenon of automated experimentation.
Gaps in the gaze: Informatic practice and the work of public health surveillance
Authors: French Martin
Published: July 2018

Many works that may be situated within the interdisciplinary field of Surveillance Studies have described dangerous potentialities associated with the pervasive, IT-mediated merger of once discrete data sets. In effect, these works cautioned about the rise of “big data” before it was named as such. Even so, they share an uncomfortable consonance with euphoric claims about the revolutionary transformation portended by big data. Situating both euphoric and critical accounts of the IT-mediated gaze within a larger informatic ethos — a spirit in the Weberian sense of this term, defined above all by its concealment of the labor that makes IT work — this article argues that discourse on the data-driven, information revolution must be supplemented by a more modest discourse empirically rooted in the everyday, pragmatic realities of IT. Where it departs from well-established social scientific analyses of IT, however, is in its development of a novel concept: informatic practice. Informatic practice may be defined as the sum of labor or activity that materializes information, including, for instance, such mundane activities as data entry. To empirically illustrate some complexities associated with informatic practice, this article discusses process challenges associated with the implementation of a large-scale (or “big”), regionally interconnected public health information system in Ontario, Canada. Informed by science and technology studies (STS) and actor-network theory (ANT), it uses documentary evidence and interviews with 38 key informants to describe informatic practice and to illustrate the mutations—the natural change—introduced into the IT-mediated gaze by everyday, material practices. This complicates both critical and euphoric claims about big data.