bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hubungan Pemerintah Daerah dengan DPRD Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi dalam Penetapan APBD Tahun 2017
Authors: Zulfa Harirah MS
Published: April 2021

Determination of the budget and regional expenditure income (APBD) of Kuantan Singingi Regency has a polemic in the formulation process. The delay in the enactment of this regional budget regulation indicates that there is a bad relationship between the regional head and the Kuantan Singingi district parliament. To answer the problems that occur, an analysis is conducted to find the bright spots of the polemic. This research was conducted to see the relationship between the DPRD and local government in the process of formulating the APBD. This research uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques namely by studying literature and using previous research. This study uses Stone's interaction type theory, namely decisional type, anticipated reaction type, non-decisional making type, systemic type. The results showed that the relationship between the local government and the Regional Parliament of Kuantan Singingi in the formulation of the 2017 Regional Budget was included in the type of non-decisional making interaction. This type of interaction is a form of interaction that is influenced by the presence of a strong majority group in influencing the process of formulating the APBD, especially on the submission and agreement of the KUA-PPAS by providing public issues so that a bad image is formed.
Peran Kepala Desa Dalam Meningkatkan Pembangunan Di Desa Tanjung Batu Kecil Kecamatan Buru Kabupaten Karimun Propinsi Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Mitrayati
Published: April 2021

One of the success of village development is influenced by the role of the Village Head, thus the role of the Village Head becomes very important in the village development process in order to facilitate development and increase community awareness to participate in village development in relation to the Tanjung Batu Kecil Village, Buru District, Based on the results of the initial survey, the researchers found phenomena that: first, until now there has been no concept / model of village development that can be an optimal solution in efforts to reduce poverty in the village. Second, the village development that is carried out is sectoral, which will only provide partial solutions as well and with a temporary time, so there is no guarantee of the continuity of the development program. Third, the human resources in the village, both the apparatus and the community, have contributed greatly to the slowing of various efforts to implement village development itself, limited funding sources. The type of research used is qualitative descriptive research type. The details of the informants used in this research are as follows: Village Head 1 person, Village Secretary and Village Apparatus 4 people, Head Guard 2 people. The role of the village head as a mobilizer Ie the village head to move or invite the community to jointly take concrete actions to develop the village. In increasing public awareness to participate in an activity, there are various ways in which the village government has done all this in order to expedite the implementation of development in the Village and so that the residents of Tanjung Batu Kecil Village are accustomed to positive village activities
Entering a Community of Writers: The Writing Center, Doctoral Students, and Going Public with Scholarly Writing
Authors: Fry Sara , Keith Melissa , Gardner Jennifer , Bremner Gilbert Amanda , Carmona Amanda , Schroeder Sabrina , Kleinsasser Audrey
Published: April 2021

In addition to taking advanced courses, graduate students navigate a potentially challenging transition of learning to write for publication. We, the authors, explored solutions to this transition with a study designed to explore the research questions: How does a systematic effort to help doctoral students enter a community of writers via writing center collaboration influence doctoral students’: (1) proficiency with academic writing, (2) writing apprehension, (3) self-efficacy as writers, and (4) comfort with “going public” with their writing? We used a collaborative, multi-layered self-study research approach because it allowed us to focus on critical examination of teaching practices that are of interest to the practitioner/researcher and to the greater educational community. Authors/participants include the co-director of a university Writing Center; two professors of a doctoral-level qualitative research methods course; four doctoral students who participated in a series of writing center collaborations; and one master’s student who served as a writing center consultant. These four perspectives provide unique insights into how writing center collaborations supported graduate students in developing their writing proficiency and efficacy, helping to initiate them into a community of writers who “go public” with their scholarship.
Work Related Paternal Absence among Petroleum Workers in Canada
Authors: Nuttgens Simon , Doyle Emily , Chang Jeff
Published: April 2021

Work-Related Parental Absence (WRPA) is common in contemporary family life. Industries such as aviation, fishing, logging, mining, and petroleum extraction all require the employee to work away from family from short to significant periods of time. In Canada’s petroleum industry, work schedules that involve parental absence are especially common. There has been ample research conducted on the impact of military deployment on families, some research on how mining families are impacted by WRPA, and a small amount of research on the effects of WRPA among offshore European petroleum workers and their families. However, there is no research currently available that investigates the impact of WRPA on Canadian oil and gas petroleum workers and their families. In this article, we share the results of a qualitative study that examined the experience of WRPA through interviewing 10 heterosexual couples. Use of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis identified a tripartite thematic structure consisting of positive, negative, and neutral aspects of the WRPA experience, which in turn were shaped by specific adaptive strategies undertaken by families. The results of this research provide important insights into a common, yet poorly understood, lifestyle within the Canadian employment landscape.
Avatar Kinect: Drama in the Virtual Classroom among L2 Learners of English
Authors: Bianchi Robert , Yyelland Byrad , Yang Joseph , McHarg Molly
Published: April 2021

This study presents a qualitative approach to exploring classroom behaviour using dramaturgical analysis of student interactions in relation with, and as mediated through, a gesture-based gaming software among L2 learners of English at two international branch campuses in the Arabian Gulf where face-to-face interactions between unrelated members of the opposite sex are generally discouraged. We investigated whether Avatar Kinect might provide a safe way for young males and females to interact while discussing social issues in a composition course. Data were collected through personal observation and survey. Five key themes emerged from the study. First, some participants chose to perform at front stage and others chose to remain back stage. Second, front stage participants chose avatars with gender and skin colour similar to themselves. Third, all participants appeared to be engaged in the interactive role play processes and with one another. Fourth, front stage actors appeared to act without inhibition. Finally, all participants expressed frustration with technology shortcomings.
How Do We Like to Learn Qualitative Data Analysis Software?
Authors: Freitas Fábio , Ribeiro Jaime , Brandão Catarina , Azevedo de Almeida Carla , Neri de Souza Francislê , Costa António
Published: April 2021

The learning of Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) can represent a great challenge and obstacle to the adoption of these tools in support of research. Thus, it seems imperative that CAQDAS developers devise strategies and tools that stimulate and support researchers in the learning process of their applications. To this end, this study focuses on the learning preferences of CAQDAS users. A focus group was conducted with experienced CAQDAS users and an online questionnaire was administered to 232 users from 29 different countries and representing a diversity of 26 CAQDAS. The obtained data allow to infer that the users privilege the learning in context of training, but, when it comes to self-learning, they tend to opt for interactive tools and to resort to tutorial videos. These results seem to indicate that users are looking for solutions that provide them with a learning experience that is more adapted to their style and in the shortest time possible.
A Review of Teaching Qualitative Research: Strategies for Engaging Emerging Scholars
Authors: DeHart Jason
Published: April 2021

This review highlights salient features of the book, Teaching Qualitative Research: Strategies for Engaging Emerging Scholars. The review notes the practical applications of the book, including the advice that the book’s authors offer about beginning research projects. Of particular note in the review is the way the authors balance a classroom introductory approach to qualitative work, while also giving attention to the depth and complexity of the methodologies that are used.
SOME COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH SPEAKING CLASS OF ENGLISH MAJORED FRESHMEN AT TAY DO UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM
Authors: Phan Thi Minh Uyen , Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang , Nguyen Thi Quynh Giao
Published: April 2021

In the 21st century, speaking is considered to be one of the most important skills for language learners. However, it is so difficult for students to master this skill. It is so difficult for students to master this skill because they encounter in some common mistakes when speaking in class. Therefore, the purpose of this research aimed at finding out common errors in English speaking class of English majored freshmen at Tay Do University. Specifically, this study is done to figure out whether English majored freshmen at Tay Do University encounter regularly with some mistakes while speaking English in class. In this study, a questionnaire embraced 28 questions, including questions and statements which were used as the main instruments to collect the data. The participants in this study were 91 English majored freshmen in the 3 classes of English 14A, 14B, 14C at Tay Do University. The results of the study pointed out that the English-majored freshmen had some common errors and difficulties with vocabulary, pronunciation, psychology in English speaking class. It is hoped that this research can be helpful for both the English-majored freshmen and other non-majored English students at Tay Do University to realize their common errors in the process of improving and developing their speaking skill.

 Article visualizations:
Zuverlässigkeit von Zinsprognosen in der Region Asien-Pazifik. Chancen für das Portfoliomanagement
Authors: Filiz Ibrahim , Nahmer Thomas , Spiwoks Markus , Bizer Kilian
Published: April 2021

Wir untersuchen Zinsprognosen aus Australien, China, Hongkong, Indien, Indonesien, Malaysia, Neuseeland, Singapur, Südkorea, Taiwan und Thailand. Wir werten 532 Prognosezeitreihen mit insgesamt 85.264 einzelnen Zins-prognosen aus. Wir nehmen einen Vergleich zur naiven Prognose vor und untersuchen die Prognosezeitreihen auf gegenwartsorientierte Verlaufsanpassungen. Außerdem verwenden wir den Vorzeichentest und den Test auf Unverzerrtheit. Die Ergebnisse fallen teilweise recht ernüchternd aus. 95,9% aller Prognosezeitreihen sind vom Phänomen der gegenwartsorientierten Verlaufsanpassung geprägt. 99,4% aller Prognosezeitreihen erweisen sich als verzerrt. Nur ein kleiner Teil der Prognosezeitreihen (3,6%) bildet die künftige Zinsentwicklung signifikant genauer ab als eine naive Prognose. Zum Teil fallen die Untersuchungsergebnisse jedoch auch überraschend positiv aus. Der Vorzeichentest offenbart, dass 48,3% aller Prognosezeitreihen die künftige Entwicklungsrichtung signifikant besser erfassen als eine Zufallsprognose.
Aktuelle Reform des Landesfinanzausgleichs-Gesetzes in Rheinland-Pfalz. Eine finanzwissenschaftliche Bewertung
Authors: Döring Thomas
Published: April 2021

In den Bundesländern haben sich Fragen zur fiskalisch angemessenen Ausgestaltung des kommunalen Finanzausgleichs mittlerweile zu einem dauerhaften Streitpunkt in der politischen – zunehmend aber auch verfassungsrechtlichen – Auseinandersetzung zwischen Landes- und Kommunalebene entwickelt. Dies gilt nicht zuletzt auch für Rheinland-Pfalz, wo auf eine entsprechende Klage der Kommunen gegen das Land der Verfassungsgerichtshof in seinem Urteil vom 14. Februar 2012 (VGH N 3/11) das seinerzeit bestehende Landesfinanzausgleichsgesetz in Teilen für verfassungswidrig erklärt hat.
Finanzwissenschaftliche Kommentierung der für 2019 geplanten Änderungen des Gemeindefinanzierungsgesetzes
Authors: Döring Thomas
Published: April 2021

Beim vorliegenden Beitrag handelt es sich um die Schriftfassung der Stellungnahme, die der Autor in seiner Funktion als finanzwissenschaftlicher Sachverständiger im Rahmen der Anhörung des Ausschusses für Heimat, Kommunales, Bauen und Wohnen zum Gesetzentwurf der Landesregierung zur Regelung der Zuweisungen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen an die Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbände im Haushaltsjahr 2019 (GFG 2019 – Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen – Drucksache 17/3302) abgegeben hat. Die Stellungnahme bezieht sich nicht auf die Gesamtheit aller vorgenommen Neureglungen. Vielmehr wird sich auf die folgenden – als wesentlich angesehenen – Punkte der geplanten Änderung des Finanzausgleichsgesetzes konzentriert: Beibehaltung des Verbundquotensatzes in Höhe von 23 %, Keine Gewährung einer kommunalen Mindestfinanzausstattung, Unveränderte Dotierung der Teilschlüsselmassen für Gemeinden, Kreise und Landschaftsverbände, Aktualisierung der Werte für die Einwohnergewichtung im Rahmen der Hauptansatzstaffel, Anpassung der Gewichtungsfaktoren für die bestehenden Nebenansätze (Schüler-, Soziallasten-, Zentralitäts- sowie Flächenansatz), Beibehaltung der bisherigen Zuweisungen für besondere Bedarfe sowie die geplanten Veränderungen von Investitions- und Sonderpauschalen. Auf die genannten Maßnahmen wird nachfolgend jeweils gesondert in Form einer eigenständigen finanzwissenschaftlichen Bewertung eingegangen.
A FORMAÇÃO INICIAL DOCENTE EM PORTUGUÊS LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA EM CONTEXTO MEDIADO PELO COMPUTADOR: reflexões e projeções
Authors: Kfouri Marta Lúcia Cabrera
Published: April 2021

Em termos gerais, a aprendizagem em tandem envolve pares de falantes proficientes de diferentes línguas trabalhando, de forma colaborativa, para aprenderem a língua um do outro, sem a presença de um professor, por meio de um programa computacional. Este estudo tem como participante uma licencianda em Letras Português-Espanhol por uma universidade pública paulista interagindo com uma mexicana, doutoranda em Linguística Aplicada na Espanha, e uma mediadora brasileira, autora da investigação. O objetivo é analisar, sob uma perspectiva interpretativista, de que maneira crenças, discursos e reflexões se manifestam e se (re)constroem em relação ao processo de aprender línguas em um contexto mediado pelo computador, o teletandem, que representa uma possibilidade real de comunicar-se com alguém e aprender sua língua-cultura. Da mesma forma, tem potencial para promover oportunidades significativas de reflexão crítica, em busca de uma coerência para a formação inicial de professores, especialmente para o português língua estrangeira, e conscientização quanto à responsabilidade pela aprendizagem em parceria. Por fim, considerando os resultados da investigação, podemos notar que o contexto pode colaborar com a formulação de diretrizes oficiais de formação superior docente que contemplem essas novas realidades e necessidades, ou seja, uma educação teórico-prática coerente e adequada aos novos tempos e contextos.
CONFLUÊNCIAS ENTRE CINEMA E ENSINO: reflexões mediadas por Mikhail Bakhtin, Darcy Ribeiro e Paulo Freire
Authors: Bezerra Carolina Cavalcanti , Medeiros Laércia Maria Bertulino de
Published: April 2021

Resenha Cr´ítica
NA PLATAFORMA
Authors: Silva Marcelo Medeiros da
Published: April 2021

Conto Literário
ESTUDOS DE TELEVISÃO E LINGUAGENS NO TELEJORNALISMO BRASILEIRO
Authors: LUCENA NETO FRANCISCO ACIOLY DE , ACIOLY Natália Luiza Carneiro Lopes
Published: April 2021

Este artigo centra-se na abordagem da Transmídia diante de uma matéria jornalística intitulada "Ministério Público denuncia o ex-presidente Lula e mais dez pessoas", exibida em 11/10/2016 no telejornal da TV Record, emissora de televisão brasileira, que abordou o envolvimento dos Governos do Brasil e Angola, atrelados a uma empreiteira brasileira chamada Odebrecht, envolvendo manobras financeiras de origens duvidosas quanto à sua licitude, e demonstrado um jornalismo investigativo em combate à corrupção.
Definition of Dialects: Accounting for Turkic Languages in the Collections of the British Library
Authors: Erdman Michael
Published: April 2021

The British Library’s Chagatai collections are poorly named. In this overview of language and linguistic diversity in the Library’s Turkic holdings, I explore why the term “Chagatai” has been applied erroneously to works exhibiting a number of different linguistic characteristics. I examine how the history of language among Central Asian Turkic communities appears within these collections, and what intellectual trends they encapsulate. In conclusion, I ask how we might describe them better in an effort to make them more meaningful as an archive, and to align them more closely with the worldviews and knowledge of contemporary Turkic communities.
Whose plan is it? The importance of place
Authors: Muir Laurelle
Published: April 2021

The effects of climate change are escalating and developing and maintaining disaster resilience in communities is a major objective. Yet the active involvement of communities as major stakeholders in building their capacity to prepare, respond to and recover from natural hazards has had less focus in emergency management planning. For communities living in hazard-prone areas, the continuity of risk and disaster awareness and the significance of preparation at the local level can be critical to people’s capacity to appropriately respond to disaster events. In 2011, the significant flood event in Brisbane saw community-led response and recovery efforts supported by place-based organisations that traditionally work within communities. However, as communities evolve and change, learnings can dissipate over time. As such, 10 years on from the 2011 floods, how well prepared are communities living in flood-prone areas of Brisbane? This paper outlines how community and stakeholder engagement can develop disaster resilience at the local level. The focus is on strong working relationships between participants in emergency management planning and response including community-based organisations and, by extension, the community.
Narrativas Públicas e Constitucionalismo na Abdicação de D. Pedro I em 1831
Authors: Pandolfi Fernanda Cláudia
Published: April 2021

Em um momento de intensas disputas políticas em torno da organização da ordem constitucional no final do Primeiro Reinado, as narrativas, entendidas como relatos que misturavam rumores, fatos e emoções, disseminaram-se amplamente na esfera pública. Analisaremos em que medida e de que maneira essas narrativas - a recolonização do Brasil e a do Imperador antinacional – geraram comportamentos que contribuíram para a Abdicação. A partir de referenciais analíticos sobre a disseminação de narrativas e rumores, concluiu-se, que as narrativas estimularam comportamentos que as confirmavam e assim amplificaram seus efeitos, reunindo grupos com demandas diversas em torno de uma causa comum, o que contribuiu para deslegitimar a figura do imperador.
LÍMITES A LAS RETRIBUCIONES DE LOS CARGOS ELECTOS LOCALES
Authors: ALDOMÀ BUIXADÉ JOSEP , FONT I LLOVET TOMÁS , VILALTA REIXACH MARC
Published: April 2021

La aprobación de la Ley 27/2013, de 27 de diciembre, de Racionalización y Sostenibilidad de la Administración Local ha supuesto, entre otras muchas cuestiones, una modificación importante del régimen retributivo de los cargos electos locales. En este sentido y partiendo de un repaso general al régimen económico de los miembros de las corporaciones locales, este trabajo pretende dar respuesta a algunos de los principales interrogantes que plantea dicha reforma, especialmente en lo que se refiere a las limitaciones máximas que pueden percibirse.

toki-administrazioaren Arrazionalizazio eta Iraunkortasunari buruzko abenduaren 27ko 27/2013 Legea onartzeak tokiko hautetsien ordainsarien araubidea nabarmen aldatzea ekarri du, besteak beste. Testuinguru horretan eta tokiko korporazioetako kideen araubide ekonomikoaren berrikuspen bat oinarri hartuta, lan honetan erreforma horren ondorio diren zalantza nagusiak argitu nahi dira, batik bat jaso daitezkeen gehienezko ordainsariei buruzkoak.

the approval of Act 27/2013 of December 27th on Rationalisation and Sustainability of Local Administrations meant, among many other issues, an important amendment to the emoluments regime of local elected representatives. In this regard and on the basis of a general overview of the economic regime of the officials working for local corporations, this work aims to respond to some of the primary questions posed by this reform, especially with regard to the maximum limits to the emoluments to be percieved.
Behandeling van lumbale discushernia: open versus endoscopische discectomie?
Authors: SYS J. , VERVAECKE A.
Published: April 2021

Open (micro) discectomie is a routine treatment for patients with a lumbar disc hernia and incapacitating sciatica, resistant to conservative treatment. Alternatively, the full-endoscopic discectomy has been increasingly performed over the past years.

While the surgical instrumentation for this approach has improved and the necessary specialized training is widely available, the technique remains challenging for the surgeon and the assumed/theoretical advantage regarding patient morbidity is still unproven.

When compared to open (micro) discectomie, the existing literature fails to attribute significant decreases in length of hospital stay or complication rates to the full-endoscopic approach, therefore making the cost-benefit analysis uninteresting due to the higher associated cost.

The structural lack of financing of Belgian hospitals leads to intrinsic budgetary limitations which are emphasized if the hospitals have to carry the extra costs related to endoscopic disc surgery themselves.
Education in China Since Mao
Authors: Saywell William G.
Published: April 2021

Policies in Chinese education, particularly higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates and the political fortunes of different leaders and factions. These changes have involved shifts in emphasis between "redness"and "expertness", between education as a party device designed to inculcate and sustain revolutionary values and education as a governmental instrument used to promote modernization. In the most recent period since Mao's death and the "Gang of Four's" ouster in the fall of 1976, there has been a return to pragmatism with the radical policies and stress on political goals of the Cultural Revolution period giving way to a renewed emphasis on developing professional and technical skills. These objectives are being promoted by the reintroduction of earlier moderate policies governing curricula, admission standards and academic administration and by extraordinary measures, including international educational exchanges, designed to overcome the Cultural Revolution's disruptive impact. These new policies have provoked some criticism from those concerned about elitist aspects of the current system and a reduced commitment to socialist values. Since educational policy is highly sensitive to shifting political currents, future changes in this area will serve as a barometer of new political trends.
Post Secondary Education in a Prison Theory and Praxis
Authors: Duguid Stephen
Published: April 2021

A discussion of the replicability of the University of Victoria program at Matsqui Institu- tion in terms of other prisons in North America. The theory behind the program is discussed, i.e., Kohlberg's theory of moral development and its relationship to behavior. The program is analyzed in terms of relations with the institution, type of courses, the necessity of establishing an alternative community within the prison and the type of staff necessary to maintain the program. The necessity of encouraging a "student identity "is stressed in order to facilitate the development process implicit in the program.
Business Administration Students in Five Canadian Universities: A Study of Values
Authors: Hurka Slavek J.
Published: April 2021

Using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey (A VL ) for measuring dominant values, 513 business administration students from five schools in the Prairie Region were tested. The A VL scale measures relative importance of student values in six basic areas: theoretical, econo- mic, aesthetic, social, political and religious. The sample included 349 men and 164 women enrolled in different class levels (years 1 to 4) in five schools of business. Significant differences were found between business student values and the norms for the general college population, and between the values of male and female business adminis- tration students. Differences were progressively less significant when business students were compared by class levels and by schools.
Beyond Survival: Policies for Academic Revitalization in An Uncertain Environment
Authors: Fleming Thomas
Published: April 2021

Confronted with growing public skepticism concerning the value of higher education, the spiralling costs of educational services and an overall mood of economic retrenchment and uncertainty, academic organizations face the need to develop policies to maintain their institutional health under increasingly difficult conditions. This discussion briefly describes educational developments since 1945 - particularly those factors which have contributed to the present climate of adversity - and explores how these historical forces have altered the complexion of university governance. Special attention is directed toward a review of proposals for academic revitalization found in recent literature and an examination of policies currently under consideration by senior administrators at univer- sities in Western Canada.
Survey of York University 1976-78 Bachelor's Degree Graduates in Psychology Located in Greater Toronto
Authors: Rennie David L.
Published: April 2021

A survey was made of 325 graduates who obtained a Bachelor's degree in psychology between 1976-78. It was found that (a) 73.5% of the alumni were in the labour force, with the majority working in either parapsychological jobs, teaching, or business management; (bj the average salaries of the men and women were $14,610 and $12,020, respectively; (c) the unemployment rates for men and women were 9.8% and 6.1%; (d/ these rates were elevated by the rates for the 1978 graduates; and (e) 41.8% of the graduates went on to further training. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of the Bachelor's degree in today's marketplace, and in terms of university programming in undergraduate edu- cation in psychology.
Student Evaluation of Teaching
Authors: McCready Douglas J.
Published: April 2021

The analysis of factors which influence student valuations of teaching is the subject of this paper. An empirical test, using the evaluations carried out in the School of Business and Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University shows that the grades granted by instructors do not relate significantly to the evaluations of that instructor by students. Factors which do relate to higher evaluations include: early morning classes, small classes, optional subjects, and senior classes. From a survey of how faculty react to the evaluations, it appears that most faculty do not find the evaluations useful in making improvements in their own teaching.
The Process of Decision-Making in Universities
Authors: Lawless David J,
Published: April 2021

Canadian universities are considered by some in the public and private sector to be inefficient organizations, largely because of the inability to make decisions related to cost effectiveness. There is a threat to introduce other control mechanisms into the decision-making autonomy of the universities. In fact, universities are very complex organizations and comparable with other complex systems. They are probably as effective in their operation as other organizations in the public and private sector when they are examined according to a set of criteria of effectiveness. They could be compared on these criteria but full data are lacking. In terms of their autonomy Canadian universities enjoy a greater amount of local decision-making than universities in many other countries. British and German universities, although they are quite different, achieve high standards without the same autonomy as Canadian universities. But are they really as efficient and should we allow ourselves to be pushed in the direction of control to which they are subject or should we resist it?
Employment Training — A Government Perspective
Authors: Dodge David A. , Wilkinson Lynn E.
Published: April 2021

Federal involvement in employment training, from the establishment of the Royal Military College in 1884 to the legislation of the National Training Program in 1982, has been to ensure a qualified Canadian labour force. The evolving Canadian economy and the changing world of work have required a federal role varying from passive financing to direct training involvement. An examination of current and future demographic and employment trends, altered demand patterns, changing technology, new challenges of employment and unemployment, and a narrowing global community; in Federal reports and papers indicates that a com- prehensive, cooperative human resource strategy is essential to Canadian econo- mic health and international competitiveness.
Direct Funding to Users: A Schematic Analysis
Authors: Downey James , Fritz Howard
Published: April 2021

Direct funding to users, or student-choice programs, are usually referred to as 'voucher schemes' in the literature. The literature, however, has little to say about vouchers in the context of post-secondary education. A voucher scheme at the elementary or secondary school level operates in an environment of com- pulsory attendance and makes vouchers available to all school-age children who use them to buy education at the school of their choice. At the post-secondary level, where attendance is not compulsory, a voucher scheme would have to take into account (among other things) how many vouchers to make available, how much they should be worth, and who would receive them. In this respect vouchers resemble scholarships. They could, of course, be made available to all students admitted to an accredited post-secondary institution; on the other hand, if the supply of vouchers were limited, they could be rationed on the basis of academic achievement, family income, athletic ability, competi- tive examinations, etc. The term 'voucher schemes' has become synonymous with systems that emphasize student choice in determining the allocation of resources to and within education. The coinage of the term is generally attributed to Milton Friedman, who used it in his 1955 essay, 'The Role of Government in Education'.1 In 1980 Friedman re-examined and reaffirmed the concept in a much-publicized book he wrote in collaboration with Rose Friedman, 'Free to Choose'.2 More recently still John Holland and Saeed Quazi,3 in a study done for the Secretary of State, reviewed the voucher literature and proposed a scheme that incorporates a financial aid component with a means test. Generally speaking, the reasons put forward for adopting a voucher scheme are these: greater social equity, improved institutional efficiency, enhanced federal visibility in funding of post-secondary education, and promotion of specific fields of study.
The Nature of Policy-Making in Universities
Authors: Taylor William H.
Published: April 2021

Policy-making in universities has been characterized in a variety of ways. The bureaucratic, collegial, political, and organized anarchy models have all been proposed as descriptions of the process. Although each of these models is useful in the study of university policy-making, they fail to provide a complete explanation of the phenomenon. An alternate approach to the conceptualization and analysis of policy-making is proposed and applied to a recent case at The University of Calgary. The proposed model describes policy-making as a set of "policymaking systems" each of which is temporary in nature and develops in response to an identifiable stress in the institutional environment.
Senates, Unions, and the Flow of Power in American Higher Education
Authors: Kemerer Frank R.
Published: April 2021

This article draws on longitudinal survey research to examine the influence pro- files of senates standing alone on college campuses in the United States, as well as the influence profiles of coexisting senates and faculty unions. The article discusses the forces prompting a flow of power away from faculty deliberative bodies and speculates on the future of faculty senates as hard times came to American higher education.
Electronic and Micrographic Publishing, Cost Effectiveness, and Accessibility
Authors: Montagnes Ian
Published: April 2021

The author considers the major advantages and disadvantages of electronic publishing for the academic community. He considers economic issues in terms of both obvious and hidden costs for both publishers and users, as well as a variety of non-economic questions such as access for authors and readers, moti- vation of scholars, appropriateness of subject areas, storage, the implications of centralization and standardization, copyright, and implications for libraries. He also examines the history and future potential of microforms. He concludes that sciences will move first to electronic publishing, and that the spread will be gradual. He cautions against moving too quickly in this area.
The University and Manpower Planning: A Re-Examination of the Issues in the Light of Changing Economic Conditions and New Developments in Labour Market Information
Authors: Skolnik Michael L.
Published: April 2021

The search for effective public policy approaches for relating higher education to the needs of the labour market was a subject of much attention in the 1960s and early 1970s, and the verdict was largely against centralized comprehensive manpower planning. This paper re-examines the role of manpower planning in the university sector, in light of new economic imperatives and new data production initiatives by Employment and Immigration Canada. It concludes by rejecting what is conventionally referred to as manpower planning, and offering, instead, a set of guidelines for improving the linkage between universities and the labour market within the framework of existing institutional and policy structures.
Book review of "Using Research for Strategic Planning"
Authors: Fenske Robert H.
Published: April 2021

No abstract
Governing Boards in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Dennison John. D. , Harris Robert
Published: April 2021

Since 1960 postsecondary education in Canada has been characterized by the development of a large number of non-university institutions, usually called colleges or technical institutes. Provincial government policy has been to delegate policy and management roles in these institutions to governing boards, composed largely of lay appointees. This study examines the views held by board members in one province, British Columbia, towards many of the most important issues in curriculum, management, and structure which affect the non-university sector. The results indicate that board members tend to reject strong centralization of the system. Further, they support the essential values which have characterized British Columbia colleges as comprehensive, accessible, community-based institutions governed by lay boards.
L'évaluation des programmes d'études réorientée par l'utilisation d'un modèle de simulation
Authors: Piedalue Gilles , Feuvrier Pierre
Published: April 2021

Cet article propose d'abord une définition synthétique et opérationnelle capable d'intégrer les aspects politiques et techniques de l'évaluation institutionnelle des programmes d'études. Il présente ensuite un modèle qui tient compte de la problématique complexe de l'évaluation, modèle dont l'implantation sur ordi-nateur dynamise tout le processus de son asservissement aux contraintes de l'environnement institutionnel.
A Survey of University Policy Makers' Preferences and Expectations for Provincial Examinations
Authors: Traub Ross E. , McLean Leslie D.
Published: April 2021

A survey was conducted of persons responsible for making undergraduate admission policies at Ontario universities to ascertain their preferences and expectations for provincial examinations. Fifty-eight individuals, at least two from each university, responded to a series of questions by telephone interview or questionnaire. Strong support was expressed for the reintroduction of provincial examinations for mathematics and first language (English or français) courses in the final year of the secondary school program. Most respondents rejected the use of scores on province-wide examinations for rating secondary schools and adjusting school marks. Instead, they expressed a preference for having applicants report both teacher-assigned course marks and provincial examination scores.
Education Students as Consumers: Choice of a University Education
Authors: Pain Beverly J.
Published: April 2021

This study examined the university student-institutional relationship within a consumer behavior framework, which portrays the student as a consumer of the educational services offered by a university. The research examined some of the characteristics of full-time university students registered in the College of Education, University of Saskatchewan, and selected aspects of the decision process employed by these students when they made the decision to attend university for the academic year under study. Students did search for information, with the amount of search declining from first through fourth year. University students were the most used source of information. The most used evaluative criteria were the college program and previous investment in the program. No students felt that someone else had made the decision for them and approximately 68% were satisfied, at the end of the academic year, with their decision to attend.
La reconnaissance des acquis expérientiels: étude de cas de la politique d'admission des adultes à l'Université Laval
Authors: Heon Lucie , Clourtier Renee , Belanger Pierre W.
Published: April 2021

Has the inclusion of experience as a criterion of admission for adult students raised significantly the chances of these students of being admitted? The authors analyse the new admission policy at Laval University (1980) and, from a sample of400 candidates' dossiers, its practice age and a fair amount of experience appear to be important factors opening the door of university. However, the effects of these factors are particularly enhanced if experience is close to academic or cognitive learning or combined with a CEGEP diploma and a grade higher than 65%. Thus, experience does not seem to be used as a basis of admission of its own, but mainly to corroborate academic ability already expressed by good grades.
Political Science B.A. Graduates from the University of Calgary: Education and Career Paths
Authors: Archer Keith
Published: April 2021

A mailed questionnaire was administered to 199 graduates of the B.A. programme in political science between 1967 and 1985. It was found that (a) most graduates (63%) continued studies after graduation, although the proportion who did so increased as rates of unemployment increased; (b) the most popular occupations among graduates were lawyer (22.2%), manager or consultant (17%), teacher (14.8%) and civil servant (14.8%), with males more likely than females to be employed in each of these except law; (c) of the four most popular occupations, two (teacher and civil servant) are becoming closed to graduates with cutbacks in the growth of public sector spending; and (d) that the graduate of the 1980s is much more flexible both during and after university than were previous graduates. These findings are discussed with reference to the changing employment prospects for political science graduates.
Cash Transfers Matter! A Critique of the Senate Report on Postsecondary Education
Authors: Dean James M.
Published: April 2021

The Standing Senate Committee on National Finance has recently recommended a major change in the way that the federal government provides support to the provinces for postsecondary education. It recommends that the cash transfers under EPF be eliminated and replaced with additional transfers of tax points to the provinces designed to provide the same amount of money. The Committee believes that the current arrangements do not influence the spending priorities of the provinces and such a change would not alter this fact. This paper argues that the Senate Report is based on an economic approach to grants that has been under serious question for 15 years. Both the traditional and the modern theory of grants are discussed. It is argued that there are reasons to believe that a change to the new arrangements would influence provincial spending priorities. Empirical estimates of the change show that provincial governments could be expected to decrease their support for postsecondary education by between $38 to $48 million per year over the next 5 years as a direct result of the proposed change in the way the transfers are made.
International Students in Higher Education: A Follow-up Study of University Graduates
Authors: Zelmer Amy E. , Johnson Neil A.
Published: April 2021

Despite current concern about declining foreign student enrolments in Canadian post-secondary institutions, there remains a paucity of information regarding international students' perceptions and performance after returning to their own countries. To assist in overcoming this deficiency, this paper reports about methodological procedures, results and research and policy implications from an investigation of CIDA graduates who had studied at the University of Alberta between 1972 and 1984. A range of substantive outcomes are presented: educational attainments and characteristics of students; marital and family circumstances; preferred programs of study; use of and satisfaction with university facilities; academic and personal interaction; prior and subsequent employment; adjustments to Canada; advantages and disadvantages accruing from studying in Canada; as well as comments about the experience and advice for prospective international students. The findings had policy implications relating to correction of imbalances according to gender, nationality and employment background of students, as well as to provision for academic, personal, recreational and financial needs of international students. Suggestions are also made about data collection emphases, strategies for establishing and maintaining contact with informants, and productive avenues for future inquiry.
The Staging of Examinations: A Student Response to the Institutional Perspective
Authors: Albas Daniel , Albas Cheryl
Published: April 2021

When universities administer examinations, they do so dramaturgically. That is, they use spaces, props, equipment, and bodies to convey specific messages (that examinations are important, serious, formal affairs which reflect the larger societal values of universalism and individualism) to students. Drama and dramaturgy require both actors and an audience; the interaction consists of the effect that the one has on the other, that the other has on the one and both of these. The focus of this paper is on the interaction between the message and students' response to it, that is, the students' definition of the situation. In particular, emphasis is upon the notion that the dramaturgical messages given by the university will be interpreted largely as they were intended to be, that in some cases the effect of the message is dysfunctional, either because it is misinterpreted or because it is challenged.
Studying Part-Time in Canada's Universities: A Social Change Perspective
Authors: Anisef Paul
Published: April 2021

Part-time university undergraduate students participation in the Canadian postsecondary education system has grown substantially over the past several decades. This growth raises questions concerning the factors influencing students' decisions to enrol full or part-time. The research presented here is based on the 1973-74 and 1983-84 National Postsecondary Student Surveys conducted by Statistics Canada and examines the changing influence of demographic, regional, socioeconomic and financial factors on registration status. The results indicate: (1) a diminishing impact of regional forces in choosing part-time registration status; (2) a dramatic increase of women in part-time studies (particularly older women); (3) that being married and having dependent children has become significantly less of a barrier for enroling part-time; (4) that students from more educationally advantaged backgrounds were more likely to register full-time in both survey years and the effect of parents' education remained unchanged across the surveys; (5) students that either applied for a government loan or borrowed to finance their studies were more likely to enrol full-time; this pattern was clearer for both sexes in 1983/84 than in 1974/75. These detailed findings are evaluated in terms of social changes in Canada, particularly with respect to women's increased participation in education and the labor market. While part-time university students constitute a relatively new clientele in higher education, their number and diversity is likely to grow, increasing our need to acquire new and more detailed information.
Les diplômés de l'immersion: implications dans le domaine de l'enseignement du français
Authors: Wesche Marjorie Bingham
Published: April 2021

Cet article présente les résultats de trois études portant sur les diplômés d'immersion de la région d'Ottawa. La première étude vise à présenter les cours de français offerts à des apprenants de langue seconde de niveau universitaire. Cette étude a été menée dans quatre universités où étudient la majorité des diplômés d'immersion de la région d'Ottawa; soit les universités d'Ottawa, Carleton, Queen's etMcGill. L'étude offre une description des choix de cours, des programmes et des services offerts en français depuis 1985. La seconde étude comprenait une enquête sur les études antérieures enfrançais de tous les étudiants anglophones de première année de l'Université d'Ottawa en 1987. De plus, elle cherchait à connaître leurs intentions quant à l'utilisation de leur langue seconde. L'étude a démontré que plus de 20% de ces étudiants avaient suivi un programme d'immersion et que la majorité voulait poursuivre des études de français. La troisième étude, de type longitudinal, a permis de suivre, de 1985 à 1988, un groupe d'étudiants universitaires diplômés d'immersion. Au début de leurs études universitaires, ces étudiants avaient une compétence fonctionnelle élevée en français (bien que moins élevée que celle d'un locuteur natif). De plus, cette compétence restait élevée tout au long de leurs études universitaires. Cependant, en première comme en troisième année, ils disaient utiliser assez peu leur langue seconde à l'extérieur de la classe et ne suivre que quelques cours enfrançais. Les participants à cette étude ont affirmé qu'ils évitent de suivre leurs cours en français de peur d'obtenir des notes peu élevées ou à cause du nombre restreint de cours optionnels au sein de leur programme universitaire. En s'inspirant de ces raisons évoquées par les étudiants, l'auteure propose des changements aux niveaux pédagogique et administratif afin d'encourager ces étudiants à suivre plus de cours en français