bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New horizons of digital literary criticism
Authors: Younis Eman
Published: April 2020

Digital literature has undoubtedly brought about many changes to the literary system and has re-established our understanding of many concepts related therein, including how we conceptualize the reader, the author, and the text. Therefore, it is only natural for a change to also be brought about in our conceptualization of the critic who addresses this literature, and, consequently, the concept of literary criticism itself. Based on the above, this study aims to shed light on the new perspectives presented by digital literature in the field of criticism by exploring the critical process and suggesting new terminologies that can describe this criticism. This study is based on a previous study written by myself and my colleague, which was published in a book entitled Al-tafāʿil al-fannī al-adabī fī al-shiʿir al-raqamī: qaṣīdah ‘shajar al-Būghāz’ namūdajan (Artistic Literary Interaction in Digital Poetry: The Būghāz Tree, 2015). That said, the present study differs from the previous study in that the previous study aimed to uncover the digital aesthetics of the poem and therefore focuses on the end result of the criticism, while the present work aims to uncover digital criticism perspectives. Consequently, the present study focuses on the critical process itself, which shall be discussed below. The distinctiveness of our research lies in its focus on the interactive critical process in Arabic digital literature in order to delve into the horizons of digital criticism.
The generalized orthomodularity property: configurations and pastings
Authors: Chajda Ivan , Fazio Davide , Ledda Antonio
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we consider a generalization of the notion of orthomodularity for posets to the concept of the generalized orthomodularity property (GO-property) by considering the $LU$-operators. This seemingly mild generalization of orthomodular posets and its order theoretical analysis yield rather strong application to effect algebras and orthomodular structures. Also, for several classes of orthoalgebras, the GO-property yields a completely order-theoretical characterization of the coherence law, and, in turn, of proper orthoalgebras.
Association of Psychological Stress with Physical Fitness in a Military Cohort: The CHIEF Study
Authors: Lin Ko-Huan , Chen Yu-Jung , Yang Szu-Nian , Liu Ming-Wei , Kao Chung-Cheng , Nagamine Masanori , Vermetten Eric , Lin Gen-Min
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Psychological stress is associated with sedentary behavior, which may impair exercise performance. The aim of our study was to examine the association between psychological stress and physical fitness in military personnel.

Method

A military cohort of 4080 subjects in Taiwan was used for the analysis. The Brief Symptoms Rating Scale (BSRS-5) includes items of anxiety, depression, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and insomnia measured by a five-point Likert-type scale of 0–4. Psychological stress was defined as normal (n = 3657), slight (n = 314), and great (n = 109) by BSRS-5 score ≤5, 6–9, and ≥10, respectively. Aerobic fitness and anaerobic fitness were evaluated by the time of 3000-meter running and the numbers of 2-min sit-ups and 2-min push-ups, respectively. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the relationship.

Results

As compared with normal stress, slight and great stress were positive dose-dependently correlated with 3000-meter running time (β = 9.09 and 14.44; P = 0.0032 and 0.048, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, service specialty, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, hemoglobin levels, and exercise frequency. Similarly, those with slight stress were more likely to be the worst 10% performers in the 3000-meter run test relative to the normal individuals (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals: 1.50, 1.00–2.24). By contrast, there was no relationship of psychological stress with the numbers of 2-min sit-ups and 2-min push-ups.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the presence of higher psychological stress on military personnel may reduce their cardiorespiratory fitness but not affect the anaerobic fitness.
Nutritional risk in critically ill patients: how it is assessed, its prevalence and prognostic value: a systematic review
Authors: Cattani Aline , Eckert Igor C , Brito Júlia E , Tartari Rafaela F , Silva Flávia M
Published: April 2020

Context

Nutritional risk (NR) screening is the first step of nutrition care process. Few data are available in literature about its prevalence, nor, to our knowledge, is a universally accepted reference method for the intensive care unit (ICU).

Objective

The aim for this systematic review was to summarize evidence regarding the prevalence of NR and the predictive validity of different tools applied for NR screening of critically ill patients.

Data Sources

The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to December 2019 using the subject headings related to critically ill patients and NR screening. The current systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (identifier: CRD42019129668).

Data Extraction

Data on NR prevalence, predictive validity of nutritional screening tools, and interaction between caloric-protein balance and NR in outcome prediction were collected.

Data Analysis

Results were summarized qualitatively in text and tables, considering the outcomes of interest.

Results

From 15 669 articles initially identified, 36 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, providing data from 8 nutritional screening tools: modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC; n = 26 studies) and Nutritional Risk Screening–2002 (NRS-2002; n = 7 studies) were the most frequent; the NR prevalence was 55.9% (range, 16.0% to 99.5%). Nutritional risk was a predictor of 28-day and ICU mortality in 8 studies. Interactions between caloric-protein balance and NR on outcome prediction presented were scarcely tested and presented heterogeneous results (n = 8).

Conclusions

Prevalence of NR in patients in the ICU varies widely; a satisfactory predictive validity was observed, especially when mNUTRIC or NRS-2002 were applied.
Mobile Marketing
Authors: Carah Nicholas
Published: April 2020

The mobile device is a critical touchpoint between the logistical and promotional infrastructure of marketing and the everyday lives of consumers. Mobile devices like the smartphone are taken up by marketers as part of their efforts to harness consumer creativity and to make consumers visible. Mobile marketing emerges from a longer history of marketers creating more open-ended relationships with cultural practices. This chapter examines the role of the mobile in the forms of marketing that have emerged around major platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Google, and Snapchat. The mobile enables marketers to manage more open-ended, participatory, and data-driven brands. The smartphone is a site of continuous experimentation with geolocative, algorithmic, contextual, and augmented reality forms of advertising. The smartphone both invites consumers to participate in co-creating brands and opens them up to sophisticated forms of data-driven tracking and targeting. Consumers undertake the productive labor of translating their lived experience into data. A critical account of mobile marketing needs to account for how marketers shape the development of digital media platforms as cultural infrastructure.
Mobile Photography
Authors: Ling Rich , Li Yuling
Published: April 2020

In this chapter, we examine the growth of everyday mobile-based photography. In particular, we examine nonprofessional photography in day-to-day life. We start by discussing the elements that came together to form this type of mediation, and then look at the different social formations that have developed. These include the spread of increasingly mundane expressive photos and the dramatic growth of instrumental photos. We examine people’s use of selfies, and the idea of “ad hoc curation” as a way of introducing photos into the flux of everyday social interaction. We also discuss eventual issues that are introduced by our increased access to photography such as the perpetual need to pose for the camera, the deceitful use of images, and changes in the etiquette of being photographed.
Privacy From Your Mobile Devices?
Authors: Dwyer Tim
Published: April 2020

In a post-Snowden world people tend to be more aware that they are living in times of intensified surveillance and diminishing privacy. There is a widespread assumption that populations are being “watched” and “listened” to by both governments and corporations, and this has been amplified in an era of ubiquitous smartphone ownership. It is argued that the Internet of things, expanding categories of personalized media content, mobile communications in locative social media, apps, and searching all present a range of affordances that complicate and threaten personal privacy. The rise of algorithmic computational processes in the mass scale accumulation of personal data by platform intermediaries requires new responses that must begin with an understanding of the way publics are using mobile devices. A key task is to trace out an account of the implications of digital footprints and the usage of personal data points by governments and corporations for citizens’ and consumers’ everyday lives.
Robotization of Mobile Communication
Authors: Taipale Sakari , Turja Tuuli , van Aerschot Lina
Published: April 2020

The aim of this chapter is to systematize the discussion regarding robotization of mobile communication. The chapter begins by clarifying the fundamental role of both robot hardware and robot software in this process. This is followed by a critical overview of existing research, which is classified into three categories. First, robotization is understood as the hybridization of the human body with existing ordinary mobile devices. Second, the incorporation of new robotic software, such as algorithms, artificial intelligence, and virtual assistants, into mobile devices is seen to robotize them from inside. Third, the convergence of smart communication devices, typically as user interfaces with robot hardware, is seen to contribute to the robotization of mobile communication. The chapter is concluded by clarification of the boundary between quasi-robot and robot and outlining the ways in which the robotization of smart mobile communication will proceed in the future.
Mobile Phones in Action
Authors: Licoppe Christian
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the research-oriented toward mobile communication and done within the perspective of ethnomethodology and/or conversation analysis (EM/CA). The first line of investigation focuses on the way specific affordances of mobile devices may enable or constrain certain actions and features of the sequential organization of talk. The second one is concerned with understanding how mobile phones and the kind of on-screen resources and events they make available on the move may constitute relevant resources in the organization of activities involving co-present participants. Eventually, to take into account the multiplication of communicative functionalities and social media apps currently available on smartphones and dealing in depth with the example of video-mediated communication, the author sketches the kind of research agenda that could make mutually relevant mobile communication research and EM/CA in the context of the current development of mobile technologies and resources.
Mobile Methods
Authors: Boase Jeffrey
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces key issues and considerations relating to the collection of social scientific data on—and with—mobile devices. The author begins by arguing that it is better to define “mobile methods” as methods that involve the use of mobile devices, rather than as methods typically used by mobile researchers. Next, the author discusses several ways in which mobile devices can be integrated into survey, interview, and field method designs. Finally, he considers how mobile digital trace data can be used ethically and two different ways in which it can be woven into the data-collection process to augment rather than replace traditional methods.
The Apocryphal Acts of Thomas and Empire
Authors: Joseph Clara A. B.
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that studies on the Apocryphal Acts of Thomas tend toward Eurocentrism in ignoring the anti-imperial discourse that underlies heresy and fiction. Some of the main questions discussed are why prioritizing the Roman Empire when examining the early Christian period is problematic, how empire studies modify heresiology, and why the relationship between the Apocryphal text and the community of Thomas Christians of India deserves to be reexamined against the biases of modern-day research, especially when such research is overdetermined by imperial discourse. The chapter contributes to the study of literature and religion and Eastern Christianity in the post-colonial era.
Global Justice and the Role of the State
Authors: Ronzoni Miriam , Valentini Laura
Published: April 2020

The chapter critically analyzes the role played by the state in the global justice debate. It surveys the different ways in which statists and cosmopolitans invoke the state either to justify the scope and content of their preferred principles of justice or to explain how such principles might be realized. The chapter also distinguishes between two conceptualizations of the state: as a system of institutions and as an agent in its own right. On the basis of this analysis, the authors conclude that both at the level of justification and at that of realization, the most plausible positions with respect to global justice lie somewhere in between full-blown cosmopolitanism and full-blown statism. While principles of egalitarian justice are not confined to the state, they do not extend in identical form to the global realm. Similarly, while the state—as we know it—is insufficient to realize plausible principles of justice (be they statist or cosmopolitan), what realizing justice requires falls short of the creation of a comprehensive global sovereign.
Global Gender Justice
Authors: Jaggar Alison M.
Published: April 2020

This chapter surveys the rapidly expanding philosophical work on global gender justice. The chapter clarifies some central themes, beginning by identifying several structural features of the current global order which are facially gender-neutral but are profoundly reshaping global gender relations and divisions of labor. The feminization of the global labor force raises questions about the justice of migration for gendered employment such as sex and domestic work as well as the international trade in procreative services. The chapter also touches briefly on some gendered implications of environmental degradation. It raises epistemological questions about identifying, measuring, and explaining gender injustice and discusses how political responsibility for addressing injustices should be assigned. Overall, the chapter shows that gender concerns are integral to most aspects of global justice and that reflection on these sheds new light on some central issues of global justice.
International Law
Authors: Ratner Steven R.
Published: April 2020

International law is central to both the discourse and practice of global justice. It offers a critical institutional site for transforming theories about global justice into binding rules with institutional enforcement; many of its rules have strong claims to morality; and it can offer insights into the nature of just arrangements at the international level. This chapter first introduces the key participants and fundamental norms of international law that respond to the various claims of those participants. Second, it elaborates on the range of engagement by international legal scholarship with questions of global justice. Legal scholars have incorporated concepts of justice in their work even as their overall pragmatic orientation has limited the nature of their inquiries. Third, the chapter synthesizes the different encounters of political and moral philosophical work on global justice with international law. While some philosophers have directly inquired into the morality of legal rules and others have relied on those rules as part of broader moral arguments, others exhibit skepticism about and distance from international law. Some of that distance stems from different missions of philosophy as compared to law, but some is based on an unjustified suspicion of legal rules. It concludes with some suggestions for future collaboration between philosophical and legal approaches to global justice.
The Right to Resist Global Injustice
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2020

This chapter tries to motivate support for what it terms the Right of Resistance against Global Injustice, where this should be understood as a right to bring about greater global justice. More specifically it defends two conceptions of this core idea. Roughly stated, the first maintains that persons have the right to take direct action that will immediately and directly secure their rights or the rights of others (what is referred to as the Right of Resistance against Global Injusticei (RRGIi)). The second holds that persons have the right to engage in action that transforms the underlying social, economic, and political structures that perpetuate injustice in order to bring about greater justice in the future (what is referred to as the Right of Resistance against Global Injusticeii (RRGIii)). These formulations are approximate and need to be explicated more fully, but they express the key ideas. The chapter seeks to specify these more fully, and to address various questions about the meaning, content, grounding, and limits of these rights.
Global Justice and Global Citizenship
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: April 2020

While the concept of global citizenship has a pedigree dating back more than 2000 years, as well as many current advocates and interpreters, scholarly critics tend to dismiss it as simply incoherent. How, they ask, can it be possible to practice global citizenship in the absence of some global state? This chapter argues that, although the full formal trappings of citizenship are not likely to emerge anytime soon at the global level, individuals can make important contributions toward realizing its substance there. In assuming duties to promote comprehensive rights protections for others who do not share their state citizenship, and promoting the sort of supra-state institutional transformation that could more reliably secure such protections, they can enact some key aspects of global citizenship. Further, such an institutionally developmental approach to global citizenship is shown to be less distinct than claimed from domestic conceptions, which define citizenship partly in terms of ideals and practices that are acknowledged to need further development.
Transforming Global Justice Theorizing
Authors: Watene Krushil
Published: April 2020

Indigenous philosophies are essential to indigenous peoples’ self-determination, and essential to the pursuit and realization of justice for indigenous peoples globally. Given this contention, the absence of indigenous philosophies in mainstream global justice theorizing is problematic for the continued relevance of global justice theorizing today. The aim of this chapter is to think seriously about how to remedy this problem, and to begin to provide some of the solutions for moving forward, focusing particularly on Māori philosophies and Kaupapa Māori theory. More specifically, following a discussion of the importance of indigenous philosophies for global justice, we explore (1) why even the strongest (in intercultural terms) mainstream approach to justice—the capability approach—has so far fallen short, and (2) why indigenous methodologies remain vital to the appropriate articulation and inclusion of indigenous philosophies in justice theorizing. In so doing, the chapter highlights some of the opportunities within, and challenges to, mainstream justice theorizing—and philosophy more generally—for remedying this shortfall.
Lives and Visions
Authors: Beckman Patricia Zimmerman
Published: April 2020

Mystical writers of Lives and Visions employ distinct, explicit strategies to evoke mystical experience in their audiences. Beyond claims of historical meaning and truths, the texts focus on the process of knowing and encounter with the divine. After tracing biblical and early historical resources, three case studies on Hildegard of Bingen, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Annie Dillard elucidate mystical writing techniques of visionary exegesis, narrative protagonist flexibility, and creative generative prose. This chapter interrogates how form works in authorizing claims, theological anthropology, and understanding of divine essence and encounter in the world. Embedded here is also an invitation to contemporary practitioners to carry on this artful work of mystical theology.
Cataphasis, Visualization, and Mystical Space
Authors: Albertson David
Published: April 2020

To grasp the legitimacy of cataphatic mystical theology, it is important to move beyond medieval binaries of power, gender, and literacy. Instead, cataphasis and visionary mysticism should be re-examined as practices of active spatial projection, navigation, and annotation. Historical instances from pre-modern Christianity and modern space theories suggest various ways to reconceive mystical theologies as fundamentally spatial, even geometrical, phenomena. This model is applied to Hildegard of Bingen’s major works, Scivias and Liber divinorum operum. In both texts, Hildegard’s images construct complex spaces of enclosure, from Mary’s womb to the cosmic egg to God’s unfathomable Wisdom. But where her images remain static allegories in the earlier work, in the later they manifest greater mobility and depth, demanding a more spatialized hermeneutics. The example of Hildegard’s visionary mysticism suggests that space is a useful category for understanding the nature of cataphasis and the limits of apophasis today.
Anthropology
Authors: Sheldrake Philip
Published: April 2020

Theological anthropology explores Christian understandings of human identity. In mystical theology, this broadly takes three forms. First, ‘positive’ or kataphatic anthropology focuses on what we may affirm about the various dimensions of human identity. In this chapter, this is illustrated with reference to Julian of Norwich. Second, ‘negative’ or apophatic anthropology emphasizes that the human ‘self’, like the God with whom it is united, is ultimately beyond our capacity to define. Alongside further references to Julian, mention is made of Meister Eckhart and The Cloud of Unknowing. Finally, liberationist anthropology is a dimension of liberation theology which emerged during the last part of the twentieth century. Several exponents such as Segundo Galilea and Gustavo Gutiérrez draw upon Christian mysticism. Liberationist anthropology involves an essentially collective understanding of human identity as well as a socially critical approach to how human existence is shaped by dominant cultural or political forces.
Mystics as Teachers
Authors: Maguire Joanne
Published: April 2020

Mystics who speak and write for others act as teachers in various ways. Studies of mysticism and religious experience have tended to consider a mystical quest as a highly individual and idiosyncratic venture, but it is apparent that many mystics wrote and spoke to instruct their followers. Teaching implies recipients of that teaching, both as individuals and in aggregate, and it implies superior knowledge, which is based in small part on the mystic’s own experience but relies almost entirely on inspiration from God. Although there is no one mystical curriculum or pedagogical approach in Christian traditions, many mystics adhere to content and methods that are rooted firmly in traditional doctrines and practices. This chapter examines mystics as teachers primarily through the lenses of sources, authority, and methods, each of which is understood to be derived from and modelled on God and mediated through a teacher.
The political economy of Kenya
Authors: Cheeseman Nic , Kanyinga Karuti , Lynch Gabrielle
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces the politics of Kenya by focusing on three identities and relationships that have animated its politics over the last 100 years: community, clientelism, and class. This stylized approach is not intended to downplay the importance of formal political and economic institutions. Instead, it is designed to emphasize the need to consider formal institutions in the context of their informal counterparts in order to understand continuity amidst change. Ethnic identities and clientelism have dominated much discussion of Kenyan politics and political economy. To this we add class relations—or what might more accurately be called the degree of elite cohesion—an issue that has often been overlooked, but which plays an important role in shaping the rules of the political game. The chapter analyzes these factors and uses them to explain the key developments in Kenyan politics from the colonial era to the present day.
High-stakes ethnic politics
Authors: Mueller Susanne D.
Published: April 2020

Ethnic politics in Kenya matured under colonial restrictions, intensifying after Independence during both the one- and the multi-party period. The result was weak non-programmatic political parties and institutions and an expansion of patronage politics. Once the presidency became competitive, polarization increased, with winning and losing viewed in ethnic terms. This culminated in elite-led ethnically targeted violence to win elections and to citizens voting against non-co-ethnics out of fear. This chapter examines theories of ethnicity and evidence that co-ethnics of presidential winners receive more high-level government appointments and public goods than non-co-ethnics, subsequently losing them when their president loses. The fear of loss and the willingness of ethnic elites to engage in conflict to avert loss reinforces clientelism, weakens political parties, and highlights the inability of politicians to make credible non-ethnic commitments to voters. These factors also heighten the possibility of violence and threaten democracy.
The lessons and legacies of the “Kenya debate”
Authors: Harbeson John W. , Holmquist Frank
Published: April 2020

The Kenya Debate concerned whether authentic capitalist development would take place on the periphery of the global economy. Capitalism has deepened, but prior internal developments, extreme inequality by social class, a profoundly changing international order at the time of the debate, and the subsequent predatory political behavior of the political class have set Kenya’s economy on a very problematic path. This chapter discusses core features of that path, including incentives for the political class to use ethnicity to divide citizens and construct political bases that, in turn, has resulted in a flawed democracy, chronic corruption, a fragile state, continuing and perhaps growing inequality, frequent electoral violence, and enduring poverty. The chapter traces how circumstances have changed in ways the debaters could scarcely have imagined, particularly with the 2010 Constitution, whose ultimate corrective influence on the behavior of the political class remains to be seen.
North Eastern
Authors: Kochore Hassan H.
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the impact of devolution on North Eastern Kenya through the lens of the “center/periphery” divide. First of all, it will briefly highlight the political and economic context of the region prior to devolution in 2010. It will then move on to an analysis of how the region has been thrust into the center of national politics and development discourse in the devolution era. More specifically, I argue that the new focus on county politics and Kenya’s Vision 2030 economic plan have dovetailed to give the region a new political and economic relevance. The second part of the chapter then delves into county-level politics, exploring how the ethnic matrix has been reconfigured following the 2013 elections and what this has meant for post-devolution politics and development. Particularly important is the amplification of ethnic-based politics and emergence of council of elders, which have contributed to exclusion, resentment, and violence. Generally, while devolution has led to new opportunities for North Eastern Kenya, life remains precarious due to a variety of factors that I reflect on at the end of the chapter.
Central
Authors: Burbidge Dominic , Raji Thomas
Published: April 2020

The chapter discusses how devolution has played out in the former Central Province of Kenya, comprising the counties of Kiambu, Kirinyaga, Murang’a, Nyandarua, and Nyeri. Devolution was a controversial provision of the Kenyan Constitution, and many in central Kenya believed during its early stages that its costs outweighed its benefits. Further, because most voters backed Uhuru Kenyatta for the presidency, there was not the same desire for local self-government as elsewhere in the country. Central Kenya therefore represents the extreme test of the devolution model—if it is to be said to have become a permanent feature of Kenyan political life, it must be embraced there too. Taking this as the challenge, the chapter finds that, somewhat surprisingly, the new local government structure has been strongly endorsed by citizens and politicians of central Kenya due to the culture of localised self-sufficiency that endures within the traditions of the Kikuyu community.
Mobile technology and development
Authors: Ndemo Bitange , Aiko Dennis
Published: April 2020

Mobile technologies are creating unprecedented changes in Kenya. The ways in which people conduct business have been disrupted, and citizens can access information and services in a more efficient manner. Kenya is also among the leading countries to leverage mobile technology for greater financial inclusivity. This chapter reviews the policy framework that has underpinned Kenya’s digital transformation, as well as the impact and disruptions caused by innovations in information and communication technologies (ICT) that have been introduced as a result. The chapter considers the potentially transformative role of emerging mobile and digital technologies by assessing the favorable economic, organizational, political, social, and cultural environments necessary for their development. It concludes that the development of a progressive policy in a fast-changing technological landscape has catapulted Kenya to the ranks of innovative nations, but that such technology is not a panacea for broader development and governance concerns.
Sexual-minority rights and activism
Authors: Hassinen Sini
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers an overview of the legal, political, and social position of sexual minorities in Kenya. Current developments are illustrated through the lens of public narratives. The chapter provides a comparison between master and counter-narratives. Master narratives rely on cultural scripts of homosexuality being illegal, immoral, and against African values, and are reproduced through religious arguments and performative political spectacles that seek to evoke public emotions in ways that marginalize non-heterosexual individuals. The legitimacy of these claims is contested by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) activists through counter-narratives, which call for the recognition and legal implementation of their rights. The chapter also conveys the ways in which LGBTI activists have made advancements for the recognition of their legal rights in court, particularly through the new Constitution, and for their social rights using both popular and subversive media.
Federal Education Policy
Authors: Urban Wayne J.
Published: April 2020

This article discusses federal educational policy and provisions, briefly in the nineteenth century and more fully in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It details federal educational activity in the interests of equity and equality, such as desegregation and Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty. It concentrates on the negative political reaction that has plagued federal educational activity, especially from conservatives suspicious of federal dominance. It also discusses ways around opposition to federal educational involvement, such as federal sponsorship and encouragement of educational endeavors in para-states and nonfederal institutions such as universities. The discussion also highlights federal educational efforts in various twentieth-century administrations, particularly the Truman, Johnson, Carter, and George W. Bush administrations, but also focuses on congressional legislation during those administrations.
Colonial Politics
Authors: Conway Stephen
Published: April 2020

This essay begins by examining the establishment of English political systems in the North American colonies in the seventeenth century. It then goes on to look at eighteenth-century developments, and particularly at the conditions that allowed the colonial assemblies to assume increasing importance in colonial government. The final section considers the efforts made by ministers and officials in London to check the power of the assemblies and assert more control from the imperial center. It sheds fresh light on the great constitutional dispute between London and the colonies that formed an important aspect of the American Revolution.
Political Advertising and the Media
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Kim Eunji
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that the shift toward earlier presidential advertising and the advent of micro-targeting have increased the power of political advertising dollars. The rise of third-party advertising has altered the electoral and legislative dynamic. Other factors, such as the rise of nondisclosing third-party political advertising, the increased prevalence of internet advertising, and micro-targeting, have reduced the ability of journalists and the public to hold messengers accountable for the deceptions in political ads. These shifts have posed challenges for scholars bent on understanding the effects of political advertising.
Tax and Fiscal Regimes in the United States
Authors: Brownlee W. Elliot
Published: April 2020

This essay traces the long swings in the development of fiscal and tax regimes over the course of American history. The first was a republican swing that began during the colonial era and continued until the Civil War, producing tax systems that relied heavily on tariffs and property taxes. The second was a capitalist-state swing, creating much greater reliance on protective tariffs. This swing began during the Civil War, weakened during the early twentieth century, and continued until the financing of World War I began in 1916. A progressive swing, associated with the rise to fiscal dominance of the income tax, continued through the rest of the twentieth century but weakened significantly after 1945. Another swing began during the late 1970s and produced a “neoliberal” or “retroliberal” regime in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
The Experience of Flow: Theory and Research
Authors: Nakamura Jeanne , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: April 2020

This chapter describes flow, the experience of complete absorption in the present moment, and the experiential approach to positive psychology that it represents. Flow theory and research have suggested one answer to the question of what constitutes a good life. The model of optimal experience and development that is associated with the concept of flow is summarized, and the chapter describes several ways of measuring flow, giving particular attention to the experience sampling method. Some recent research concerning the outcomes and dynamics of flow, its conditions at school and work, and interventions that have been employed to foster flow are reviewed. Finally, some of the promising directions for flow research moving into the future are identified.
PRMdb: A Repository of Predicted RNA Modifications in Plants
Authors: Ma Xuan , Si Fuyan , Liu Xiaonan , Luan Weijiang
Published: April 2020

Evidence is mounting that RNA modifications play essential roles in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. So far, over 150 RNA modifications catalyzed by distinct enzymes have been documented. In plants, genome-wide identification of RNA modifications is largely limited to the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, while lacking in diverse non-model plants. Here, we present PRMdb, a plant RNA modification database, based on the analysis of thousands of RNA-seq, degradome-seq and small RNA-seq data from a wide range of plant species using the well-documented tool HAMR (high-throughput analysis of modified ribonucleotide). PRMdb provides a user-friendly interface that enables easy browsing and searching of the tRNA and mRNA modification data. We show that PRMdb collects high-confidence RNA modifications including novel RNA modification sites that can be validated by genomic PCR and reverse transcription PCR. In summary, PRMdb provides a valuable web resource for deciphering the epitranscriptomes in diverse plant species and will facilitate functional studies of RNA modifications in plants. RPMdb is available via http://www.biosequencing.cn/PRMdb/.
Functional Identities and Zero Lie Product Determined Banach Algebras
Authors: Brešar Matej
Published: April 2020

Three problems connecting functional identities to the recently introduced notion of a zero Lie product determined Banach algebra are discussed. The first one concerns commuting linear maps, the second one concerns derivations that preserve commutativity and the third one concerns bijective commutativity preserving linear maps.
Impact of ICD10 and secular changes on electronic medical record rheumatoid arthritis algorithms
Authors: Huang Sicong , Huang Jie , Cai Tianrun , Dahal Kumar P , Cagan Andrew , He Zeling , Stratton Jacklyn , Gorelik Isaac , Hong Chuan , Cai Tianxi , Liao Katherine P
Published: April 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of an RA algorithm developed and trained in 2010 utilizing natural language processing and machine learning, using updated data containing ICD10, new RA treatments, and a new electronic medical records (EMR) system.

Methods

We extracted data from subjects with ≥1 RA International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes from the EMR of two large academic centres to create a data mart. Gold standard RA cases were identified from reviewing a random 200 subjects from the data mart, and a random 100 subjects who only have RA ICD10 codes. We compared the performance of the following algorithms using the original 2010 data with updated data: (i) a published 2010 RA algorithm; (ii) updated algorithm, incorporating ICD10 RA codes and new DMARDs; and (iii) published algorithm using ICD codes only, ICD RA code ≥3.

Results

The gold standard RA cases had mean age 65.5 years, 78.7% female, 74.1% RF or antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) positive. The positive predictive value (PPV) for ≥3 RA ICD was 54%, compared with 56% in 2010. At a specificity of 95%, the PPV of the 2010 algorithm and the updated version were both 91%, compared with 94% (95% CI: 91, 96%) in 2010. In subjects with ICD10 data only, the PPV for the updated 2010 RA algorithm was 93%.

Conclusion

The 2010 RA algorithm validated with the updated data with similar performance characteristics as the 2010 data. While the 2010 algorithm continued to perform better than the rule-based approach, the PPV of the latter also remained stable over time.
Thinking Imperially: The British Fascisti and the Politics of Empire, 1923–35
Authors: Liburd Liam J
Published: April 2020

This article sets out to examine what fascism actually meant to its earliest British adherents focusing on Britain’s first self-proclaimed fascist group, the British Fascisti (BF). Drawing on material from the BF’s newspapers, the popular press, and archival sources, it argues that its members conceived of British fascism as an imperial solution to a crisis imagined in imperial terms. They envisioned British fascism in practice as the metropolitan extension of repressive imperial violence—that is, the ability to take whatever steps deemed necessary to safeguard the law, order, and the status quo, whether on the streets of Britain or those of the Punjab. In this sense, the article maintains, the BF formed part of a broader British political tradition, one that saw the ‘ethos’ of Empire as a means of averting Britain’s decline. It begins by introducing the BF and their ideology, moving to a discussion of how the Jewish-Bolshevik plot against the British Empire imagined by BF members reflected the colonial experiences of their leading personnel. It then interrogates the BF’s proposed antidote to this anti-imperial conspiracy. By emulating the qualities and behaviour of Britain’s imperial heroes and living an ‘imperial’ way of life, they hoped to restore Britain to greatness. It concludes with a call for further research into the overlapping histories of British fascism and the British Empire.
Do Election Laws Restricting Public Road Publicity Reduce Road Traffic Crashes and Their Consequences?
Authors: Nazif-Munoz Jose Ignacio , Cuadrado Cristóbal , Oulhote Youssef , Spengler John
Published: April 2020

Background:

In April 2016, Chile enacted the Law 20,900, which restricted electoral publicity on public roads. It established two important regulations: first, candidates were allowed, 30 days before any election, to publicize their campaigns in specific street locations. Second, roadside publicity must follow strict size standards to avoid visual contamination. This article examines the impact of this regulation in reducing road traffic crashes.

Methods:

We obtained a number of traffic injuries and fatalities per population from public records. A time-series difference-in-difference study, using generalized linear models with an interaction between time-period and intervention, compared a municipal election period before the introduction of Law 20,900 (2012) to the first municipal election affected by the law (2016). We adjusted for precipitation and temperature, and applied models to three cities: Santiago, Gran-Valparaíso, and Concepción. We assessed the overall impact of the intervention using random effects meta-analyses.

Results:

The law was associated with a decrease of 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.02, −0.00) in Santiago, a decrease of 0.01 (95% CI: −0.03, −0.00) in Valparaíso and an increase of 0.09 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.13) in Concepción, in all daily injuries and fatalities per 100,000 population. After 40 days of its implementation, the intervention was associated with a mild absolute reduction of 34 (95% reduction interval: −270, 67) traffic injuries and fatalities.

Conclusions:

This study estimates that the regulation of public road publicity had an overall mild effect on reducing traffic injuries and fatalities in three large cities in Chile.
Development of an Institutional Periprocedural Management Guideline for Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Lewin Andrea R. , Collins Peter E. , Sylvester Katelyn W. , Rimsans Jessica , Fanikos John , Goldhaber Samuel Z. , Connors Jean M.
Published: April 2020

Patients on oral anticoagulation commonly undergo surgery or other invasive procedures. Periprocedural management of oral anticoagulants involves a careful balance of the thromboembolic risk and bleeding risk. To standardize clinical practice at our institution, we developed a guideline for periprocedural management for patients taking oral anticoagulants that incorporates published data and expert opinion. In this article, we present our clinical practice guideline as a decision support tool to aid clinicians in developing a consistent strategy for managing periprocedural anticoagulation and for safely bridging anticoagulation in patients who require it.
BILATERAL SEROUS RETINAL DETACHMENT AND UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH PEMBROLIZUMAB TREATMENT IN METASTATIC MELANOMA
Authors: de Vries Ewout W. , Schauwvlieghe Ann-Sofie , Haanen John B. , de Hoog Joeri
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To describe the pathological features, treatment, and resolution of pembrolizumab-associated retinal detachment.

Methods:

A case report with a brief review of the literature and details of patient presentation, physical examination, systemic workup, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine angiography.

Results:

A 25-year-old white woman was diagnosed with unresectable metastatic melanoma of the skin with a BRAF V600E mutation. The patient was treated with pembrolizumab injections every 3 weeks, upon which quick remission was seen of the metastases. After five injections, visual acuity of the patient deteriorated to 20/32 in the right eye. Ocular examination revealed bilateral panuveitis, papillitis, and serous retinal detachments. Treatment consisted of an oral prednisone taper schedule, topical prednisolone drops, and cessation of the pembrolizumab therapy, after which complete resolution of the subretinal fluid was seen.

Conclusion:

Pembrolizumab therapy may cause the development of panuveitis, papillitis, and serous retinal detachment, symptoms which are able to be controlled with lengthy steroid therapy.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Kocuria Keratitis and Comparison With Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Keratitis
Authors: Kate Anahita , Bagga Bhupesh , Joseph Joveeta , Mohamed Ashik
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To describe the clinical features and outcomes of Kocuria keratitis and to compare the same with those of Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal (CoNS) keratitis.

Methods:

Medical records of cases with microbiologically proven Kocuria keratitis, seen from January 2011 to December 2017 were reviewed. The data related to predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility, and the treatment and their outcomes were collected. These parameters were also compared with those of consecutive patients with CoNS keratitis.

Results:

Medical records of 23 patients (n = 23 eyes) with Kocuria keratitis were reviewed, and after exclusion of 6 mixed infections, 17 cases with only Kocuria infection were analysed. The median visual acuity at presentation was finger counting 0.5 m [LogMAR 2.00 (1.70–2.70)]. The ulcer was characterized by a central infiltrate (88.2%) involving the anterior stroma (58.8%) with an associated hypopyon (29.4%). Kocuria rosea was the most common species (47.8%). Ninety percent of the isolates identified were susceptible to vancomycin and ofloxacin. In 12 cases (70.6%), the ulcer resolved with the use of topical antibiotics alone in 52 (29–79) days, whereas 3 eyes were subjected to therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. On comparing the 44 cases of CoNS keratitis, the demographics and the visual acuity at presentation were comparable. Both groups had a similar in presentation response with medical therapy (P, 0.48) and those requiring surgical intervention (P, 0.76).

Conclusion:

Kocuria is a rare but potential cause of keratitis manifesting in the presence of a compromised ocular surface. Similar to CoNS, it has good clinical response with medical management.
Bilateral Chondroid Metaplasia of Conjunctiva Associated With Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Authors: Mancera Norberto , Whitfield Whitney , Margo Curtis E. , Bajric Jasmina
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To describe a case of a patient with bilateral proliferation of chondrocytes of the lower palpebral conjunctiva.

Methods:

Observational case report and review of relevant literature.

Results:

Conjunctival biopsy from an 83-year-old man with bilateral acquired lower conjunctival nodules revealed a benign proliferation of chondrocytes. A general medical evaluation revealed serum monoclonal gammopathy with light-chain proteinuria.

Conclusions:

Bilateral-acquired benign chondrocyte tumefactions of the palpebral conjunctiva have not been previously reported. This initiated a search for a biologically plausible explanation. The findings in this report support that these proliferations represent chondroid metaplasia related to light-chain deposition. The diagnosis requires exclusion of other forms of chondrocyte proliferation including well-differentiated chondrosarcoma.