bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmentação de Overlays P2P como Suporte para Memórias Tolerantes a Intrusões
Authors: Böger Davi da Silva , Fraga Joni , Alchieri Eduardo , Wangham Michelle
Published: August 2022

Este artigo descreve nossa experiência no desenvolvimento de uma infraestrutura que permite a construção de memórias compartilhadas tolerantes a intrusões para sistemas de larga escala. A infraestrutura faz uso de um overlay P2P e do conceito de Replicação Máquina de Estados (RME). O conceito de segmentação é introduzido sobre o espaço de chaves do overlay para permitir o uso de algoritmos de suporte à RME. No presente artigo descrevemos a infraestrutura proposta em sua estratificação e algoritmos. Além disso, realizamos uma análise da solução apresentada e dos custos envolvidos.
Rumo à Caracterização de Disseminação Ilegal de Filmes em Redes BitTorrent
Authors: Schmidt Adler Hoff , Barcellos Marinho Pilla , Gaspary Luciano Paschoal
Published: August 2022

O compartilhamento de conteúdo por meio de redes BitTorrent (BT) é atualmente um dos principais responsáveis pelo volume de dados na Internet. Relatórios de monitoração recentes constataram que os conteúdos sendo compartilhados são, em ampla maioria, ilegais e que filme é o tipo de mídia mais comum. Esforços de pesquisa realizados para entender a dinâmica de produção e de compartilhamento de conteúdo em redes BT não oferecem informações precisas sobre o comportamento por trás da disseminação ilegal de filmes, sendo esse o principal objetivo e contribuição deste artigo. Para realizar tal análise, monitorou-se todos os arquivos torrent de filmes publicados na principal comunidade pública de BT durante 30 dias e ingressou-se nos enxames, sem compartilhar conteúdo, a fim de obter informações adicionais acerca de compartilhamento. Como resultado, apresenta-se, caracteriza-se e discute-se quem produz e quem publica torrents de cópias ilícitas, o que é produzido e quem atua como primeiro provedor dos conteúdos.
Combinando Algoritmos de Classificação para Detecção de Intrusão em Redes de Computadores
Authors: Ramos Alex L. , Santos Cícero N. dos
Published: August 2022

Detecção de intrusão é o processo de monitorar e analisar eventos que ocorrem em uma rede em busca de sinais de intrusão. A literatura apresenta inúmeros trabalhos que utilizam técnicas de comitês de classificadores para resolver problemas de detecção. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de detecção em três níveis. Em cada nível são aplicados classificadores gerados por um mesmo algoritmo base e seus resultados são combinados nos níveis posteriores. O ultimo nível de classificação forma um comitê de comitês, que tenta viabilizar uma maior precisão na detecção. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que o modelo proposto apresenta melhor desempenho em relação a outros trabalhos encontrados na literatura.
Static Detection of Address Leaks
Authors: Silva Gabriel Quadros , Pereira Fernando Magno Quintão
Published: August 2022

Taint analysis is a form of program analysis that determines if values produced by unsafe sources might flow into sensitive functions. In this paper we use taint analysis to establish if an adversary might discover the address of any program variable at runtime. The knowledge of an internal program address seems, in principle, a harmless information; however, it gives a malicious user the means to circumvent a protection mechanism known as address space layout randomization, typically used in modern operating systems to hinder buffer overflow attacks, for instance. We depart from previous taint analyses because we also track indirect information leaks, in which confidential data is first stored in memory, from where it flows into some sensitive operation. We have implemented our analysis into the LLVM compiler and have used it to report 204 warnings in a test suite that contains over 1.3 million lines of C code, and includes traditional benchmarks such as SPEC CPU 2006. Our current implementation reduces by more than 14 times the number of sensitive operations that a developer would have to inspect in order to find address leaks manually. Furthermore, our analysis is remarkably efficient: it has been able to process more than 8.2 million assembly instructions in 19.7 seconds!
SDA-COG – Sistema de Detecção de Ataques para Rede de Rádios Cognitivos
Authors: Gavinho Filho Joffre , Carmo Luiz F. R. C. , Machado Raphael C. S. , Pirmez Luci
Published: August 2022

Este trabalho descreve um Sistema de Detecção de Ataques (SDA) para redes de rádios cognitivos a partir da integração dos métodos de detecção por Localização e por Reputação. O sistema é validado através de simulações que avaliam o desempenho do mesmo face aos ataques específicos de emulação do usuário primário (Primary User Emulation - PUE) e falso diagnóstico do sensoriamento do espectro (Sense Spectrum False Feedback - SSFF).
Cleaning up the PKI for Long-Term Signatures
Authors: Vigil Martín A. G. , Custódio Ricardo Felipe
Published: August 2022

In this paper we present a new approach for the conventional X.509 Public Key Infrastructures (PKI). Our goal is to reduce the effort to handle signatures in the long term. The novelty is that a Root CA reissues subordinate certificates of final users, but adjusting validity periods to exclude the periods after a revocation. The Root CA also authenticates timestamps. The result is the cleaned PKI, which is simpler than the conventional PKI because: a) there is no revocation; b) there is no intermediary Certification Authority; c) signatures are trustworthy as long as the used cryptographic algorithms remain secure. As benefits, we reduce the need of timestamps and consequently the demand for storage space and processing time to use signed documents.
Identificação de Autoria de Documentos Eletrônicos
Authors: Oliveira Jr. Walter R. de , Oliveira Luiz E. S. , Justino Edson J. R.
Published: August 2022

Entre as demandas das perícias forenses está a identificação da autoria de documentos eletrônicos. Compressores de dados e a Distância Normalizada de Compressão (NCD) são ferramentas que auxiliam o perito a executar esta tarefa. Estudou-se o desempenho destas ferramentas em uma base de dados com 3000 documentos eletrônicos em português, de 100 diferentes autores, e foram obtidas taxas médias de acerto superiores a 70%, indicando que esta técnica é promissora. Verificou-se, também, a influência da quantidade de documentos de treinamento no desempenho desta técnica.
Rubrica construcionista para avaliação de atividades didáticas
Authors: Avila Christiano Martino Otero , Cavalheiro Simone André da Costa
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta o processo de elaboração de uma rubrica que visa identificar o nível de alinhamento de uma determinada atividade didática com a teoria construcionista. O objetivo deste instrumento é o de dar suporte ao desenvolvimento/avaliação de planos de atividades considerando dimensões construcionistas, estimulando disposições que apoiam o Pensamento Computacional. A rubrica foi avaliada, em dois ciclos, com apoio do coeficiente de concordância de Kappa, o qual permitiu analisar a dispersão das respostas dos avaliadores, para cada critério considerado (pragmático, sintônico, sintático, semântico e social). A partir de alterações realizadas, entre o ciclos, os resultados mostraram uma evolução no índice de concordância para todos os critérios.
A User Experience and Usability Test on Playing Games Specified as Graph Grammars in GrameStation
Authors: Silva Júlia Veiga da , Silva Junior Braz Araujo da , Foss Luciana , Cavalheiro Simone André da Costa
Published: August 2022

GrameStation is a game engine based on Graph Grammar, a formal language used to describe systems and verify properties. Despite being intuitive, understanding a Graph Grammar may not be trivial for those who do not have previous experiences with this formalism. Therefore, we propose an experiment to analyze the support given by GrameStation during the running of games modeled as Graph Grammars in order to facilitate this understanding. We analyzed three groups of people with different levels of knowledge about Graph Grammar. They played two games in the platform and answered a questionnaire. It was found that the greatest difficulty was in understanding how to make the mappings to progress in the game and, as a consequence, the addition of tutorials in the platform was mentioned by several participants.
Avaliação de uma Qualificação Docente para o Ensino de Programação por meio do uso de Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem e a Teoria da Carga Cognitiva
Authors: Berssanette João Henrique , Francisco Antonio Carlos de
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da avaliação dos participantes sobre um curso de qualificação docente para o ensino de programação de computadores, por meio do uso de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem e a teoria da carga cognitiva. Para tanto, os dados de investigação do estudo foram obtidos por meio da implementação da referida qualificação junto a docentes das áreas de computação, informática e afins. Entre os resultados do estudo, encontram-se: a avaliação a qualificação desenvolvida, bem como a percepção dos participantes, quanto a possibilidade de reflexão sobre o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e a prática no ensino de programação por meio desta.
O custo Emocional de Professores Durante um Semestre Remoto na Pandemia: um Estudo de Caso na Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Authors: Ferreira Willams Pinto , Scaico Alexandre , Dantas Pasqueline
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de um estudo realizado com professores universitários no início da pandemia provocada pelo COVID-19. Buscou-se identificar suas emoções e as circunstâncias que as mais recorrentes foram disparadas. Para nossa surpresa, na coleta de dados realizada através de diários, os participantes registraram com mais frequência a ocorrência de emoções positivas: satisfação, felicidade, diversão e orgulho. Já as emoções negativas mais reportadas foram: frustração, tristeza, culpa e preocupação. Algo que foi possível identificar é que ministrar aula é a circunstância que mais disparou emoções, tanto quando os participantes registravam satisfação, quando frustração. Nota-se que os resultados preliminares apresentados no artigo convergiram para o quê a literatura afirma sobre a importância da conexão entre professor e aluno durante o processo de ensinar, um componente que se alterou significativamente por causa do ensino remoto.
Inserção de conteúdos de Interação Humano-Dados e Privacidade de Dados na disciplina de Interação Humano-Computador
Authors: Coleti Thiago Adriano , Morandini Marcelo , Filgueiras Lucia Vilela Leite
Published: August 2022

Este trabalho apresenta ações específicas conduzidas para selecionar e aplicar conteúdos de Interação Humano-Dados e Privacidade de Dados dentro do conteúdo das disciplinas de Interação Humano-Computador, em cursos de graduação na área de computação. As ações foram motivadas pela ampla utilização de ferramentas interativas que manipulam dados e, consequentemente, interferem na privacidade, segurança e liberdade das pessoas. Os conteúdos propostos foram oferecidos inicialmente em palestras e integrados aos demais itens do conteúdo programático. Os resultados indicam que os conteúdos permitiram despertar a preocupação com o design e a privacidade dos usuários.
Robótica e Aprendizagem Cooperativa como ferramenta de Aprendizado: Um Relato de Experiência do PACCE
Authors: Silva Marcelo M. , Guerra Camila D. , Severo Marianna , Máximo Jonas B. C. , Castro Antonio J. R. , Queiroz Neto Valdemir de , Aguilar Paulo A. C. , Nunes Maria Simone
Published: August 2022

A robótica tem sido usada de várias maneiras nas salas de aula ao longo dos anos para desenvolver habilidades e permitir que os alunos vejam, de forma lúdica, os conceitos vistos. Neste trabalho, identificou-se que a metodologia de Aprendizagem Cooperativa, quando trabalhada em conjunto com a robótica, permitiu aos participantes uma boa experiência para trabalhar desde conceitos básicos de eletrônica a fundamentos de robótica. Durante 4 meses, um grupo de trabalho focado no ensino de Robótica Educacional com a metodologia de Aprendizagem Cooperativa buscou desenvolver atividades explorando os conceitos de Robótica Educacional com alunos no início da graduação.
Obituary: Alan Jones (1933–2021)
Authors: Sinai Nicolai
Published: August 2022

Obituary: Alan Jones (1933–2021)
Size in the process of design and realisation in emerging architecture: The Digital Chain approach
Authors: Marković Slađana
Published: August 2022

Emerging architecture, based on computational methodologies directly connected to design and realization, places new approaches in front of us and requires an examination of existing terms. One of them is the principle of the Digital Chain, established by CAAD Chair at ETHZ as an uninterruptible digital process with every step as a programmed entity connected by CAAD/CAM technology to universal interfaces. This paper investigates size in the design and realisation in emerging architecture following the principle of Digital Chain as a digital approach based on coding, manipulatively iterative, through scale and proportion, by variables. Code is connection from design to realization with complexity in its content of parameters (input) and in variations of received product (output) at one side. However, it is simple manipulation of the parameters (i.e. architectural expressions - size, scale and proportion) used and a complex combination of unique scale with different variables and direct correlations to the proportion as utilization of architectural products, such as drawings, models, prototypes or realizations. This paper considers emergence of size as a mixture of scale unification and proportion output (dimensionality) as components of code decided on the architect as fluid energy of the Digital Chain approach.
Situated learning in a theory course on urbanisation: Lessons from Banja Luka
Authors: Novaković Nevena , Milaković Anita , Simonović Dijana
Published: August 2022

Many theoretical and methodological efforts have been made to extend the disciplinary field of architecture and urbanism from the urban in the traditional sense to the larger territorial scales of contemporary urbanisation. This paperdiscusses the ways of studying the dispersed and polymorphic urban form that still needs to be understood. The discourse is developed around the situated learning model adequate for understanding the planetary urbanisation theory and the dispersed city. The learning model is applied inside the Urbanisation in the Western Balkan Countries course at the master's studies in Architecture and Urbanism (University of Banja Luka). The situated learning model engages students in the research of real-life context, culture and situation, and therefore, connects the theories of large-scale urbanisation with the inquiry about familiar space. Furthermore, the learning approach advocates an inquiry-based strategy to learning about urbanisation and a dispersed urban form in theoretical courses. The course employs the techniques typically taught in design studios, such as mapping, collage imagery and three-dimensional modelling. The paper could contribute to the considerations on the education of architects as professionals that will deal with the growing scales of contemporary urbanisation, specifically in the Western Balkan countries..
The hyperreal: A new normal for teaching post-Covid: Transformation of remote teaching explained through Baudrillard's four stages of simulation
Authors: Dixit Mitesh , Bartosh Amber
Published: August 2022

The pandemic's redefinition of spatial interface brought with it the need to reconsider our territories of occupation and to study both the 2d and 3d as our built and unbuilt environment. The distinctions between physical, digital, actual, and virtual have evolved and blurred, and we must prepare our students for the new dimensions which we all occupy and engage. Through alternate methods of exploration, investigation, and documentation, we as architects and educators must reconceptualise what constitutes the territory of architecture and use the changes the pandemic has forced upon us to expand our understanding of the architectural landscape and site. Through a comparison with Baudrillard's theory of simulation from his book "Simulacra and Simulation", this paper describes the evolutionary phases of design instruction over the course of the pandemic. It describes the teaching techniques utilised to help students comprehend the concept of space, landscape, and territory in a time when the events of the world simultaneously constrained us to our domestic habitations and extended our international reach through data and internet connectivity. The foreground, background and focus of the video conference call is playfully examined; the process of remote site analysis is assessed, and the expansion of architecture into the virtual realm is explored. The transformative existing and speculative impact of hybrid-reality architecture is revealed and discussed.
Midwives’ ethical practice in selected labour units in Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Mathibe-Neke J M , Mashego M M
Published: August 2022

Background. Midwives provide the majority of maternal and child healthcare in South Africa (SA). The care provided by midwives during childbirth is a unique life experience for women, and in order to provide safe care, midwives are expected to comply with ethical principles, policies and legislation governing their profession, as guided by the International Confederation of Midwives.

Objective. To establish midwives’ perception of ethical and professional practice in selected labour units of public healthcare, in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province, SA.

Methods. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive cross-sectional design was applied by use of in-depth interviews. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to draw a sample from midwives with 2 or more years of experience working in the labour units. Data saturation was reached with the eighth participant. The digitally recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was based on interpretive description.

Results. The findings revealed that midwives do understand the ethical code of conduct. They experience challenges such as staff shortages, non-compliance with policies and lack of managerial support, which compromise ethical conduct to a certain extent.

Conclusion. It is hoped that the suggested administrative, midwifery practice and research recommendations will guide the process of empowering midwives in ethical practice.
Social Values Analysis Toward Ecotourism Development in The Kei Islands
Authors:   Graduate Program of Ecotourism Management and Environmental Services, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Academic Ring Road, Campus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia 16680, Kabalmay J , Avenzora R , Darusman D , Zulbairnarni N
Published: August 2022

The application of carrying capacity has the potential to protect tourist areas, both natural and cultural, and is related to the local community lifestyle and the potential of tourist destinations. The condition of the people of the Kei Islands who are still experiencing conflicts of interest in several areas leads to an unplanned development that is not according to plan or can even change or destroys the character of natural and cultural resources. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the condition of social values ​​related to the current social carrying capacity and the past 10 years. A total of 600 people from 10 community groups were involved and the primary. Primary data were obtained through filling out of a list of questions by respondents using a closed-ended questionnaire by applying the “one score one indicator scoring system”. The data were analyzed was carried out in a quantitative descriptive manner based on the average value of each indicator. A paired t-test was conducted to determine the difference between the current and the condition 10 years ago. The results showed that the local community's response to tourism development activities under both now and 10 years ago felt positive and negative impacts. The social situations that produce positive impacts were conducive situations, associations, cooperative situations, and productive collaborations, while the negative ones were dissociation, conflict, and war. This showed that communication and economic aspects must be the attention of the parties to reduce conflicts of interest and enhance the development of ecotourism in the Kei Islands.
Water-Based Settlement and the Loss of Community Water Resilience
Authors: Yodsurang Patiphol , Uekita Yasufumi , Shimizu Ikuro
Published: August 2022

After the first dam was built in the Chao Phraya River during the 1950s, several water-controlled structures and megaprojects were built throughout the basin. For the first 30 years, water levels were stable, and the dams largely provided flood prevention. However, in recent years, global warming and climate change have been driving the frequency and intensity of extreme events. Local people have gradually lost their resilience against living with water during the years of a stable flood and flow system. This caused the interiority of the amphibious culture to drown into an oblivion state in the water-based settlement. The investigation was conducted in two villages with identical environmental conditions and similar cultural livelihoods in the floodplain of Ayutthaya Province against seasonal water intrusion. The physical characteristics of housing and cultural landscape of the waterfront villages were analysed via floor plans and cross-sectional study to explain the physical changes through time. The primary investigation revealed that the loss of the underneath space is an important indicator of housing changes resulting from the water conditions becoming more stable. Individuals have started to forget how to live with water. At the same time, the characteristics of the stilt house with an underneath space indicated that the communities continue to practice resilience to co-exist with the flood phenomenon.
Deep Interior: Sensorial Encounters of Orang Suku Laut with the Sea
Authors: Suryantini Rini , Saginatari Diandra Pandu , Yatmo Yandi Andri
Published: August 2022

This paper explores the idea of a deep interior during an encounter between a sea tribe and the sea, as an intimate interaction between the body and nature that consists of liquid matter, the earth’s surface, and the sea inhabitants. This paper introduces the idea of intimate engagement with such a liquid environment to reveal its interiorisation. It arguably positions ecological understanding through reading and responding to nature as the key to interiorisation. This study learns about the livelihood of a sea tribe, Orang Suku Laut (OSL), in the Riau Archipelago, Indonesia, mainly through food hunting and gathering activities. Through the trajectories produced during food-sourcing activities, it is revealed that reading and responding to nature depends on the multiple layers of nature’s dynamic entities: physical features, climatic conditions and particular signs. The deep interior suggests a different spatial understanding and ways of inhabiting the world, constructing an intimate interiorisation with ecology.
A Comparison of Adverse Short-Term Outcomes After Forefoot Amputation Based on Patient Height
Authors: Kaur Kushkaran , Cornell Rhonda S. , Meyr Andrew J.
Published: August 2022

Background: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate adverse short-term outcomes after partial forefoot amputation with a specific comparison performed based on patient height.

Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was analyzed to select patients with a 28805 Current Procedural Terminology code (amputation, foot; transmetatarsal) who underwent the procedure with “all layers of incision (deep and superficial) fully closed.” This resulted in 11 patients with a height of 60 inches or less, 202 with a height greater than 60 inches and less than 72 inches, and 55 with a height of 72 inches or greater.

Results: Results of the primary outcome measures found no significant differences among groups with respect to the development of a superficial surgical site infection (0% versus 6.4% versus 5.5%; P = .669), deep incisional infection (9.1% versus 3.5% versus 10.9%; P = .076), or wound disruption (0% versus 5.4% versus 5.5%; P = .730). In addition, no significant differences were observed among groups with respect to unplanned reoperations (9.1% versus 16.8% versus 12.7%; P = .630) or unplanned hospital readmissions (45.5% versus 23.3% versus 20.0%; P = .190).

Conclusions: The results of this investigation demonstrate no differences in short-term adverse outcomes after partial forefoot amputation with primary closure based on patient height. Although height has previously been described as a potential risk factor in the development of lower-extremity pathogenesis, this finding was not observed in this study from a large US database.
Modeling osteoporosis to design and optimize pharmacological therapies comprising multiple drug types
Authors: Jörg David J , Fuertinger Doris H , Cherif Alhaji , Bushinsky David A , Mermelstein Ariella , Raimann Jochen G , Kotanko Peter
Published: August 2022

For the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, several drug classes with different mechanisms of action are available. Since only a limited set of dosing regimens and drug combinations can be tested in clinical trials, it is currently unclear whether common medication strategies achieve optimal bone mineral density gains or are outperformed by alternative dosing schemes and combination therapies that have not been explored so far. Here, we develop a mathematical framework of drug interventions for postmenopausal osteoporosis that unifies fundamental mechanisms of bone remodeling and the mechanisms of action of four drug classes: bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone analogs, sclerostin inhibitors, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand inhibitors. Using data from several clinical trials, we calibrate and validate the model, demonstrating its predictive capacity for complex medication scenarios, including sequential and parallel drug combinations. Via simulations, we reveal that there is a large potential to improve gains in bone mineral density by exploiting synergistic interactions between different drug classes, without increasing the total amount of drug administered.
Deep evaluation of the evolutionary history of the Heat Shock Factor (HSF) gene family and its expansion pattern in seed plants
Authors: Liao Yiying , Liu Zhiming , Gichira Andrew W. , Yang Min , Mbichi Ruth Wambui , Meng Linping , Wan Tao
Published: August 2022

Heat shock factor (HSF) genes are essential in some of the basic developmental pathways in plants. Despite extensive studies on the structure, functional diversification, and evolution of HSF genes, their divergence history and gene duplication pattern remain unknown. To further illustrate the probable divergence patterns in these subfamilies, we analyzed the evolutionary history of HSF genes using phylogenetic reconstruction and genomic syntenic analyses, taking advantage of the increased sampling of genomic data from pteridophytes, gymnosperms and basal angiosperms. We identified a novel clade that includes HSFA2, HSFA6, HSFA7, and HSFA9 with a complex relationship, which is very likely due to orthologous or paralogous genes retained after frequent gene duplication events. We hypothesized that HSFA9 derives from HSFA2 through gene duplication in eudicots at the ancestral state, and then expanded in a lineage-specific way. Our findings indicate that HSFB3 and HSFB5 emerged before the divergence of ancestral angiosperms, but were lost in the most recent common ancestors of monocots. We also presumed that HSFC2 derives from HSFC1 in ancestral monocots. This work proposes that during the radiation of flowering plants, an era during which there was a differentiation of angiosperms, the size of the HSF gene family was also being adjusted with considerable sub- or neo-functionalization. The independent evolution of HSFs in eudicots and monocots, including lineage-specific gene duplication, gave rise to a new gene in ancestral eudicots and monocots, and lineage-specific gene loss in ancestral monocots. Our analyses provide essential insights for studying the evolutionary history of this multigene family.
Association between lung function impairment with urinary heavy metals in a community in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Haddi Ammar Amsyar , Ja’afar Mohd Hasni , Ismail Halim
Published: August 2022

Lung function status can be directly or indirectly affected by exposure to pollutants in the environment. Urinary heavy metals may be an indirect indicator of lung function impairment that leads to various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to explore the prevalence of lung function impairment as well as its association with urinary heavy metal levels and other influencing factors among the community in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Urinary sampling was done during various community events in the housing areas of Klang Valley between March and October 2019. Only respondents who consented would undergo a lung function test. Urine samples were obtained and sent for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis for heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration. Of the 200 recruited respondents, 52% were male and their ages ranged from 18 years old to 74 years old with a mean age of 38.4 ± 14.05 years. Urinary samples show high urinary Cd level in 12% of the respondents (n = 24) whereas none recorded a high urinary Pb level. There was a positive correlation between the levels of urinary Cd and urinary Pb (r = 0.303; p = 0.001). Furthermore, a negative correlation was detected between urinary Cd level and forced vital capacity (FVC) (r =  − 0.202, p = 0.004), force expiratory volume at the first second (FEV1) (r =  − 0.225, p = 0.001), and also force expiratory flow between 25–75% of FVC (FEF 25–75%) (r =  − 0.187, p = 0.008). However, urinary Pb did not show any correlation with lung function parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that urinary Cd had a significant negative effect on FVC (p = 0.025) and FEV1 (p = 0.004) based on the predicted value. Additionally, other factors such as education level (p = 0.013) also influenced lung function. However, no interaction was detected between heavy metals or other factors. In short, there was a significant negative linear relationship between urinary Cd and lung function, whereas urinary Pb was not associated with lung function. Beside acting as a biomarker for cadmium exposure level, urinary Cd may also be applied as indirect biomarker for asymptomatic chronic lung function deterioration among the healthy population.
Electrocardiographic Risk Factors for a Common Cardiac Condition
Authors: Littmann Laszlo
Published: August 2022

This case report describes a patient in their 60s with a history of several months of recurrent dizziness and occasional palpitation who presented to the emergency department after an episode of syncope.
Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus
Authors: Jarach Carlotta M. , Lugo Alessandra , Scala Marco , van den Brandt Piet A. , Cederroth Christopher R. , Odone Anna , Garavello Werner , Schlee Winfried , Langguth Berthold , Gallus Silvano
Published: August 2022

Importance

To date, no systematic review has taken a meta-analytic approach to estimating the prevalence and incidence of tinnitus in the general population.

Objective

To provide frequency estimates of tinnitus worldwide.

Data Sources

An umbrella review followed by a traditional systematic review was performed by searching PubMed-MEDLINE and Embase from inception through November 19, 2021.

Study Selection

Research data from the general population were selected, and studies based on patients or on subgroups of the population with selected lifestyle habits were excluded. No restrictions were applied according to date, age, sex, and country.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Relevant extracted information included type of study, time and location, end point, population characteristics, and tinnitus definition. The study followed the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guideline.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Pooled prevalence estimates of any tinnitus, severe tinnitus, chronic tinnitus, and diagnosed tinnitus as well as incidence of tinnitus were obtained using random-effects meta-analytic models; heterogeneity between studies was controlled using the χ2test, and inconsistency was measured using theI2statistic.

Results

Among 767 publications, 113 eligible articles published between 1972 and 2021 were identified, and prevalence estimates from 83 articles and incidence estimates from 12 articles were extracted. The pooled prevalence of any tinnitus among adults was 14.4% (95% CI, 12.6%-16.5%) and ranged from 4.1% (95% CI, 3.7%-4.4%) to 37.2% (95% CI, 34.6%-39.9%). Prevalence estimates did not significantly differ by sex (14.1% [95% CI, 11.6%-17.0%] among male individuals; 13.1% [95% CI, 10.5%-16.2%] among female individuals), but increased prevalence was associated with age (9.7% [95% CI, 7.4%-12.5%] among adults aged 18-44 years; 13.7% [95% CI, 11.0%-17.0%] among those aged 45-64 years; and 23.6% [95% CI, 19.4%-28.5%] among those aged ≥65 years;P < .001 among age groups). The pooled prevalence of severe tinnitus was 2.3% (95% CI, 1.7%-3.1%), ranging from 0.5% (95% CI, 0.3%-0.7%) to 12.6% (95% CI, 11.1%-14.1%). The pooled prevalence of chronic tinnitus was 9.8% (95% CI, 4.7%-19.3%) and the pooled prevalence of diagnosed tinnitus was 3.4% (95% CI, 2.1%-5.5%). The pooled incidence rate of any tinnitus was 1164 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 479-2828 per 100 000 person-years).

Conclusions and Relevance

Despite the substantial heterogeneity among studies, this comprehensive systematic review on the prevalence and incidence of tinnitus suggests that tinnitus affects more than 740 million adults globally and is perceived as a major problem by more than 120 million people, mostly aged 65 years or older. Health policy makers should consider the global burden of tinnitus, and greater effort should be devoted to boost research on tinnitus.
The Prevalence of Gender-Diverse Youth in a Rural Appalachian Region
Authors: Kidd Kacie M. , Sequeira Gina M. , Mann Michael J. , Smith Megan L. , Benton Brandon R. , Kristjansson Alfgeir L.
Published: August 2022

This study discusses a survey that explores youth gender identity in the Appalachian region.
Loss of function of an Arabidopsis homologue of JMJD6 suppresses the dwarf phenotype of acl5, a mutant defective in thermospermine biosynthesis
Authors: Matsuo Hirotoshi , Fukushima Hiroko , Kurokawa Shinpei , Kawano Eri , Okamoto Takashi , Motose Hiroyasu , Takahashi Taku
Published: August 2022

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the ACL5 gene encodes thermospermine synthase and its mutant, acl5, exhibits a dwarf phenotype with excessive xylem formation. Studies of suppressor mutants of acl5 reveal the involvement of thermospermine in enhancing mRNA translation of the SAC51 gene family. We show here that a mutant, sac59, which partially suppresses the acl5 phenotype, has a point mutation in JMJ22 encoding a D6‐class Jumonji C protein (JMJD6). A T‐DNA insertion allele, jmj22‐2, also partially suppressed the acl5 phenotype while mutants of its closest two homologs JMJ21 and JMJ20 had no such effects, suggesting a unique role for JMJ22 in plant development. We found that mRNAs of the SAC51 family are more stabilized in acl5 jmj22‐2 than in acl5.
Structural Evolution of C60 Molecular Crystal Predicted by Neural Network Potential
Authors: Ni Kun , Pan Fei , Zhu Yanwu
Published: August 2022

The preparation of fullerene and a wide range of derivatives has attracted much attention in past decades. Understanding the structural evolution starting from fullerene is critical to guide the experimental exploration but has been paid less attention yet. Using ab initio molecular dynamics or global structural search algorithm accompanied with density functional theory calculations can give a glance of the potential energy surface (PES), but suffers high cost and low efficiency. Herein, by using neural network potentials and stochastic surface walking global structural search method, an accelerated energy calculation, and the higher efficient PES mapping starting from C60 molecular crystal are reported. The structural evolution is found to follow an order of molecular crystal → polymers → opened caged ordered structures → 3D) curved carbon and graphite under zero pressure. Under high pressures, e.g., 50 GPa, the evolution follows a pathway of fullerene → sp2 and sp3 hybrid carbon → sp3 amorphous carbon and crystal diamond. The electronic property calculation of the obtained structures in the evolution pathway shows a band gap depending on the order parameter of the generated structures, suggesting that more novel carbons can be potentially prepared in experiments, starting from C60.
Enhanced Figure of Merit via Hybridized Guided‐Mode Resonances in 2D‐Metallic Photonic Crystal Slabs
Authors: Sarkar Swagato , Ghosh Anik Kumar , Adnan Mohammad , Aftenieva Olha , Gupta Vaibhav , Fery Andreas , Joseph Joby , König Tobias A. F.
Published: August 2022

Metallic nanostructures are highly attractive for refractive index sensing, as the evanescent field from the associated plasmonic resonances resides in close proximity to the adjacent analyte media. However, this benefit is often reduced due to broad plasmonic lineshapes producing poor quality factors. The rational design provides strategies for narrowing the plasmonic modes by incorporating photonic diffraction, which promotes surface lattice resonances . Due to the stringent parametric dependencies, these resonances in metallic lattices are not always feasible, particularly when a straightforward fabrication route with fewer process steps is desired. Herein, hybridized guided‐mode resonance in a 2D‐metallic photonic crystal slab (2D‐mPhCs) is introduced that ensures high‐quality hybrid modes while maintaining a simple fabrication methodology. In direct comparison to its constituent plasmonic and photonic modes, this concept is discussed for sensing applications. The “figure of merit (FOM)” is frequently regarded as a valid metric for measuring sensing performanceensuring high‐quality modes with an improved detection limit. The experimental results confirm enhanced FOM (three to six times) for the hybrid modes, in contrast to the constituent counterparts. For optoelectronic applications, such as photodetection and photocatalysis, these hybrid structures with high‐quality modes offer a promising platform to harvest light at the metal–semiconductor interfaces.
Harnessing Biobased Materials in Photosynaptic Transistors with Multibit Data Storage and Panchromatic Photoresponses Extended to Near‐Infrared Band
Authors: Ercan Ender , Lin Yan‐Cheng , Sakai‐Otsuka Yoko , Borsali Redouane , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: August 2022

Owing to ever‐increasing environmental impact, nature‐inspired biomimetic electronics are key to unlock the potential of developing environmentally friendly brain‐like computing and biomimetic artificial‐intelligence systems. Thus far, the development of photosynaptic devices via green processing using biobased materials has become a major challenge, owing to restrictions in complex architecture, material design, and stimulation wavelength. This article reports on the first bioinspired phototransistor using biocomposites comprising semiconducting block copolymers, poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐block‐maltoheptaose, and bacteriochlorophyll (BCHL), which extend the photoresponse from visible to UV to near‐infrared light, to exhibit fundamental sensing, computing, and memory functions. The superior ultrafast (50 ms) and multilevel (>9 bits) photoresponses of a single cell of the synaptic devices are attributed to hydrogen‐bonding interaction (i) between the block copolymers to facilitate the self‐assembled microstructure, and (ii) within the block copolymer and BCHL to homogeneously disperse the natural chromophore. Notably, a two‐terminal flexible synaptic device comprising biocomposites and a biobased poly(ethylene furanoate) substrate with high mechanical endurance is demonstrated to exhibit synaptic functionality and environmentally benign properties without using a gate impetus and hazardous ingredients. Collectively, the photosynaptic transistor comprising a biocomposite successfully provides an effective guide for applications in artificial visual perception, sensing, and memory in neuromorphic computing and intelligent systems.
Role of Thermally Occupied Hole States in Room‐Temperature Broadband Gain in CdSe/CdS Giant‐Shell Nanocrystals
Authors: Tanghe Ivo , Llusar Jordi , Climente Juan I. , Barker Alex , Paternò Giuseppe , Scotognella Francesco , Polovitsyn Anatolii , Khan Ali Hossain , Hens Zeger , Van Thourhout Dries , Geiregat Pieter , Moreels Iwan
Published: August 2022

Growing CdSe/CdS nanocrystals from a large CdSe core, and employing a giant CdS shell, a continuous, broadband gain spectrum, covering the spectral range between the CdSe and the CdS band edge, is induced. As revealed by k·p calculations, this feature is enabled by a set of closely spaced S‐, P‐ and, for larger CdSe cores, D‐state hole levels, which are thermally occupied at room temperature, combined with a sparse density of electron states. This leads to a range of bleach signals in the transient absorption spectra that persist up to a microsecond. By extending a state‐filling model including relevant higher‐energy states and a Fermi–Dirac distribution of holes at finite temperature, it is shown that thermal occupancy can lower the gain threshold for excited states. Inclusion of Gaussian broadening of discrete transitions also leads to a smoothening of the gain threshold spectrum. Next to a direct measurement of the gain threshold, a method is also developed to extract this from the gain lifetime, taking advantage that population inversion is limited by Auger recombination and recombination rates scale with the exciton density as 〈N〉·(〈N〉 − 1). The results should be readily extendable to other systems, such as perovskite or III–V colloidal nanocrystals.
TENG Applications in Transportation and Surrounding Emergency Management
Authors: Xu Nuo , Han Jing , Xiong Yao , Wang Zhong Lin , Sun Qijun
Published: August 2022

With the rapid development of transportation technology, people's lives are becoming more and more convenient, but the popularity of high speed transportation also increases the probability of emergencies. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct real‐time and accurate monitoring on transportation conditions to reduce the occurrence of emergencies. For possibly emergencies in other circumstances (e.g., meteorological disasters, geological disasters, and maritime disasters), emergency management is also critical to ensure the security of people and property. Prediction and early‐warning can help to detect abnormal situations and take measures, prior to potential risks. The basis of real‐time and effective transportation monitoring and emergency management requires a continuous and stable power supply for randomly distributed sensors and actuators. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been extensively investigated in different transportation circumstances to harvest the surrounding energy and drive distributed sensors for self‐powered wireless monitoring. This article surveys the research progress in TENGs in road transportation, bridge transportation, railway transportation, and maritime transportation, and related surrounding emergency management. Representative applications and the main achievements are summarized for these different application scenarios. A perspective on TENG research is given, and the remaining challenges facing TENGs in transportation and emergency management are discussed, along with potential solutions.
Strong Metal–Support Interaction in Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Luo Zhouxin , Zhao Guoqiang , Pan Hongge , Sun Wenping
Published: August 2022

Strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) in supported metal catalysts, typically accompanied by the formation of encapsulation layers over metal nanoparticles, has drawn intense research attention owing to a variety of intriguing behaviors. In particular, recent years have witnessed enormous progress in constructing SMSI between novel components as well as in understanding the nature of SMSI. Notably, SMSI also provides substantial possibilities for designing and modulating advanced heterogeneous catalysts toward a wide range of applications. Therefore, a systematic and critical overview is highly desirable to highlight the recent advances in SMSI and to discuss its applications in heterogeneous catalysts. In this review, the formation process of SMSI is described based on the typical material systems, and then the surface energy minimization mechanism is discussed by fully taking account of new material systems as well as novel construction strategies. Moreover, the principles of using SMSI to control the activity, selectivity, and stability of supported metal catalysts are demonstrated with an emphasis on thermocatalysis and electrocatalysis. To conclude, personal perspectives on the opportunities and challenges for SMSI are provided.
Changes in the fatty acid composition of brown shrimp, Crangon crangon, after boiling
Authors: Saborowski Reinhard , Tanara Adrian , Fricke Enno , Koch Marie , Hagen Wilhelm
Published: August 2022

Brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.), is the most valuable target of coastal fisheries in the southern North Sea. Annual landings exceeded 30,000 tons in the last decade, yielding up to 100 Mio Euro. The shrimp are boiled immediately after capture onboard the fishing vessel for preservation and easy peeling. After landing, the shrimp are collected by traders and exported for manual peeling. Only the muscle of the pleon is returned and sold as regional delicacy. The remains, comprising the cephalothorax, the shell of the pleon, and, in case, adhering eggs, account for up to 70% of the total body mass. This potential resource, for example as aquaculture feed, has not yet been considered for exploitation. In this respect, the fatty acid (FA) profile and the share of essential FAs are crucial quality factors. Since boiling alters the quality of shrimp, this study evaluates changes in the FA composition of shrimp muscle and remains by comparing frozen and boiled samples. Major FAs in C. crangon were the saturated palmitic acid (PA, 16:0), accounting for 16.6%–19.1% of total fatty acids (TFAs), and the long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC‐PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n‐3), 16.1–21.6%TFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6(n‐3), 11.5–13.6%TFA). Frozen muscle and frozen remains showed similar FA profiles. Boiling changed the FA profile. PA, EPA, and DHA decreased by up to 25%, whereas palmitoleic acid 16:1(n‐7) and oleic acid 18:1(n‐9) increased by 2% to 3% each. Boiled muscle and boiled remains showed similar FA profiles. Despite the loss of FAs, the boiled shrimp remains are suggested to be a suitable PUFA supplement for aquaculture feeds, deserving further investigation.