bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floodplain catastrophes in the UK Holocene: messages for managing climate change
Authors: Lewin J. , Macklin M. G.
Published: May 2010

Floodplains may be transformed when environmental changes or human activity causes alluvial systems to cross channel pattern thresholds. Thresholds between pattern states based on occurrence fields are only available for some pattern distinctions, and these may not encompass the alluvial contexts and range of dynamic factors involved. Pattern changes now known from the UK Holocene are reviewed as a basis for appreciating the potential for future transformations in a changing environment. These involved episodic boulder and gravel spreads in upland environments, and braiding $\leftrightarrow$ meandering, anastomosing → meandering and active $\leftrightarrow$ inactive transformations in more lowland contexts. Concern for possible impacts of climatic change need to be grounded in an appreciation of the nature and scale of these past changes. Some potential future changes may be relatively predictable in location (braiding $\leftrightarrow$ meandering); others are more difficult given both present knowledge and the varying, modified and inheritance‐rich ‘contexts of vulnerability’ that floodplains now represent. Implications for management are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis as a tool to infer hydrologic response types and controlling variables in a humid temperate catchment
Authors: Ali Geneviève A. , Roy André G. , Turmel Marie‐Claude , Courchesne François
Published: May 2010

We assess the ability of multivariate statistical analyses applied to event hydrographs parameters, to characterize a catchment hydrological behaviour. Motivation for such an approach lies in the fact that streamflow records have yet to be exploited to their full potential towards hydrological interpretation and can be used to infer a catchment state of connectivity from a qualitative standpoint. We have therefore processed 96 event hydrographs from a small headwater temperate humid forested catchment using principal component analysis, variation partitioning and classification tree analysis. These techniques prove to be promising in discriminating contrasted types of hydrologic responses (e.g. low‐ vs high‐magnitude events, slow vs quick timing events), identifying the main hydro‐meteorological variables that control these responses and determining thresholds values of the hydro‐meteorological variables leading to a switch between catchment response types. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms and pathways of lateral flow on aspen‐forested, Luvisolic soils, Western Boreal Plains, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Redding Todd , Devito Kevin
Published: May 2010

Rainfall simulation experiments by Redding and Devito (2008, Hydrological Processes 23: 4287–4300) on two adjacent plots of contrasting antecedent soil moisture storage on an aspen‐forested hillslope on the Boreal Plain showed that lateral flow generation occurred only once large soil storage capacity was saturated combined with a minimum event precipitation of 15–20 mm. This paper extends the results of Redding and Devito (2008, Hydrological Processes 23: 4287–4300) with detailed analysis of pore pressure, soil moisture and tracer data from the rainfall simulation experiments, which is used to identify lateral flow generation mechanisms and flow pathways. Lateral flow was not generated until soils were wet into the fine textured C horizon. Lateral flow occurred dominantly through the clay‐rich Bt horizon by way of root channels. Lateral flow during the largest event was dominated by event water, and precipitation intensity was critical in lateral flow generation. Lateral flow was initiated as preferential flow near the soil surface into root channels, followed by development of a perched water table at depth, which also interacted with preferential flow pathways to move water laterally by the transmissivity feedback mechanism. The results indicate that lateral flow generated by rainfall on these hillslopes is uncommon because of the generally high available soil moisture storage capacity and the low probability of rainfall events of sufficient magnitude and intensity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracing solute infiltration using a combined method of dye tracer test and electrical resistivity tomography in an undisturbed forest soil profile
Authors: Kim Jae Gon , Park Sam‐Gyu , Yi Myeong‐Jong , Kim Jung‐Ho
Published: May 2010

An accurate prediction of solute infiltration in a soil profile is important in the area of environmental science, groundwater and civil engineering. We examined the infiltration pattern and monitored the infiltration process using a combined method of dye tracer test and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in an undisturbed field soil (1 m × 1 m). A homogeneous matrix flow was observed in the surface soil (A horizon), but a preferential flow along macropores and residual rock structure was the dominant infiltration pattern in the subsurface soil. Saturated interflow along the slopping boundaries of A and C1 horizons and of an upper sandy layer and a lower thin clay layer in the C horizon was also observed. The result of ERT showed that matrix flow started first in A horizon and then the infiltration was followed by the preferential flows along the sloping interfaces and macropores. The ERT did not show as much detail as the dye‐stained image for the preferential flow. However, the area with the higher staining density where preferential flow was dominant showed a relatively lower electrical resistivity. The result of this study indicates that ERT can be applied for the monitoring of solute transportation in the vadose zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing the flush of stream chemical runoff from forested watersheds
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Tao Fulu , Shi Peijun , Xu Wei , Sun Yu , Fukushima Takehiko , Onda Yuichi
Published: May 2010

A flush can be defined as stream chemical exhibiting higher concentrations during the prophase of a storm event at an event scale, or exhibiting progressively lower concentrations during several successive storms at a seasonal scale. Investigating the flush characteristics of chemical runoff from forested watersheds is important and helpful to understand the chemical dynamics as well as to design a sampling schedule strategy during storm events. Here, three parameters describing the flush characteristic are quantified and the flush characteristics of chemicals from four Japanese forested watersheds (Mie, Kochi, Nagano and Tokyo) were investigated at both event and seasonal levels. We found that the characteristics of the flush were complicated, and depended on the constituents of the hydrochemistry, climate and runoff quality. Generally, the flush occurs more readily for particulate components than for those in solution; the flush on nitrate‐nitrogen is weaker in regions of nitrogen saturation, such as Nagano and Tokyo, than in Mie and Kochi. Rainfall feature was the main factor controlling the flush of particulate components. However, the source available in a watershed plays a main role on the flushes of dissolve chemicals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐year study of rainfall and soil water controls on Scots pine transpiration under Mediterranean mountain conditions
Authors: Llorens P. , Poyatos R. , Latron J. , Delgado J. , Oliveras I. , Gallart F.
Published: May 2010

This study is focused on the analysis of the relationship between sap‐flow‐derived transpiration measured in a Scots pine stand in the Vallcebre research catchments (NE Iberian Peninsula) and meteorological and rainfall data. The first part of the study is focused on the analysis of temperature and rainfall anomalies. Then, the Scots pine transpiration response to inter‐annual rainfall variability, soil water stress and water table depth variations during the period 1997–2000 is analysed. This period includes the extremely dry year of 1998, which allows us to infer the response of Scots pine transpiration to severe droughts. Scots pine transpiration during the summer presented a high inter‐annual variability, largely related to rainfall amounts. Daily transpiration during dry summers was 40% of the transpiration of a summer day with average rainfall. Moreover, during dry summers, transpiration rates were not fully recovered even after significant rainfall events. The analysis of the dependence of Scots pine transpiration on available water indicated the strong limitation on transpiration induced by water content in the whole soil profile as well as by water table position. Under these drought conditions, a reduction of runoff and deep water stores was observed at the catchment scale, suggesting that the predicted increase in the frequency of severe summer droughts may threaten the current role of Mediterranean mountain catchments as suppliers of water resources for lowland areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat tracing of heterogeneous hyporheic exchange adjacent to in‐stream geomorphic features
Authors: Lautz Laura K. , Kranes Nathan T. , Siegel Donald I.
Published: May 2010

There are many field techniques used to quantify rates of hyporheic exchange, which can vary in magnitude and direction spatially over distances of only a few metres, both within and between morphological features. We used in‐stream mini‐piezometers and heat transport modelling of stream and streambed temperatures to quantify the rates and directions of water flux across the streambed interface upstream and downstream of three types of in‐stream geomorphic features: a permanent dam, a beaver dam remnant and a stream meander. We derived hyporheic flux estimates at three different depths at six different sites for a month and then paired those flux rates with measurements of gradient to derive hydraulic conductivity (K) of the streambed sediments. Heat transport modelling provided consistent daily flux estimates that were in agreement directionally with hydraulic gradient measurements and also identified vertical heterogeneities in hydraulic conductivity that led to variable hyporheic exchange. Streambed K varied over an order of magnitude (1·9 × 10−6 to 5·7 × 10−5 m/s). Average rates of hyporheic flux ranged from static (q < ±0·02 m/day) to 0·42 m/day. Heat transport modelling results suggest three kinds of flow around the dams and the meander. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the use of a gridded climate surface for modelling groundwater recharge in a semi‐arid region (Okanagan Basin, Canada)
Authors: Smerdon B. D. , Allen D. M. , Neilsen D.
Published: May 2010

Spatially distributed groundwater recharge was simulated for a segment of a semi‐arid valley using three different treatments of meteorological input data and potential evapotranspiration (PET). For the same area, timeframe, land cover characteristics and soil properties, groundwater recharge was estimate using (i) single‐station climate data with monthly PET calculated by the Thornthwaite method; (ii) single‐station climate data with daily PET calculated by the Penman–Monteith method; and (iii) daily gridded climate data with spatially distributed PET calculated using the Penman–Monteith method. For each treatment, the magnitude and distribution of actual evapotranspiration (AET) for summer months compared well with those estimated for a 5‐year crop study, suggesting that the near‐surface hydrological processes were replicated and that subsequent groundwater recharge rates are realistic. However, for winter months, calculated AET was near zero when using the Thornthwaite PET method. Mean annual groundwater recharge varied from ∼3·2 to 10·0 mm when PET was calculated by the Thornthwaite method, and from ∼1·8 to 7·5 mm when PET was calculated by the Penman–Monteith method. Comparisons of bivariate plots of seasonal recharge rates estimated from single‐station versus gridded surface climate reveal that there is greater variability between the different methods for spring months, which is the season of greatest recharge. Furthermore, these seasonal differences are shown to provide different results when compared to the depth to water table, which could lead to different results of evaporative extinction depth. These findings illustrate potential consequences of using different approaches for representing spatial meteorological input data, which could provide conflicting predictions when modelling the influence of climate change on groundwater recharge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A field‐based investigation to examine underwater soundscapes of five common river habitats
Authors: Tonolla Diego , Acuña Vicenç , Lorang Mark S. , Heutschi Kurt , Tockner Klement
Published: May 2010

Aquatic river habitat types have been characterized and classified for over five decades based on hydrogeomorphic and ecological variables. However, few studies considered the generation of underwater sound as a unique property of aquatic habitats, and therefore as a potential information source for freshwater organisms. In this study, five common habitat types along 12 rivers in Switzerland (six replicates per habitat type) were acoustically compared. Acoustic signals were recorded by submerging two parallel hydrophones and were analysed by calculating the energetic mean as well as the temporal variance of ten octave bands (31·5 Hz–16 kHz). Concurrently, each habitat type was characterized by hydraulic and geomorphic variables, respectively. The average relative roughness, velocity‐to‐depth ratio, and Froude number explained most of the variance of the acoustic signals created in different habitat types. The average relative roughness predominantly affected middle frequencies (63 Hz–1 kHz), while streambed sediment transport increased high‐frequency sound pressure levels (2–16 kHz) as well as the temporal variability of the recorded signal. Each aquatic habitat type exhibited a distinct acoustic signature or soundscape. These soundscapes may be a crucial information source for many freshwater organisms about their riverine environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information Media, Social Imagination, and Public Society during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Authors: Wang Hung-tai
Published: May 2010

The flourishing development of media during the Ming and Qing eras affected the building of new methods of interpersonal interactions between an individual and society as well as between the people themselves. By virtue of media like Dibao 邸报 (court liaison reports), drama or novels, interpersonal interactions could reach beyond space and object restrictions. These media could thus rapidly spread particular or individual news to the general public, making those who were absent from the scene feel as if they were “experiencing” it, and at the same time allowing them to “participate in” social affairs beyond their knowledge. In this way, mass media surpassed the individual living sphere, ultimately forming a “public sphere.” Under the influence of these media, each individual could join this “public sphere” and be connected with the imagined “general public.” That is to say, mass media created an “imagined society.” In addition to a personal limited “real world,” there was an immense “fictitious world” for everyone to take part in and experience. Accordingly, interactions between people developed into interactions between each individual and the abstract society, which could cut across space limitations, and establish an immense “public society.”
The Cases of Caozheng and Social Order in the Localities in the Qing Empire—An Investigation Centers in the Lawsuit Filed by Kuang Guangwen over the Excessive Taxation
Authors: Wu Qi , Xiao Lihong
Published: May 2010

The cases of caozheng 漕政 (The government administration of the collection and transport of grain taxes by water in the former times) are present in all stages in the Qing Dynasty. The social interaction and interest dispute involve the commoners, officials, and gentries in the localities in all kinds of caozheng cases. Caozheng cases that are inspired by lofty motives and filed under the established procedure are often mingled with trumped-up charges that are pressed through illegitimate means. They are employed as conventional methods by both commoners and officials for their own interests. By virtue of an in-depth analysis of such representative cases as the lawsuit issued by Kuang Guangwen, it is plainly evident that caozheng cases happen on many occasions because the long-standing malpractices spread uncontrollably in the middle and late stages of the Qing. It is both the attitude taken by the local officials towards the management of caozheng and their rationale behind the exercise of power that always dictated how such incidents take place and come to an end and therein lies the crux of a persistent problem. The caozheng cases reflects the pervasive influence that the collection of grain taxes extends on the life of the gentries and commoners, and the far-reaching effect that the taxation exerts on the change of the social order in the localities. In essence the cases reveal, to a greater or lesser degree, the circumstances under which the national affairs of Qing are administered in society in the localities, and the tendencies that are displayed in the social order in the localities.
A Preliminary Study of the Theatres Built by Cantonese Merchants in the Late Qing
Authors: Ching May-bo
Published: May 2010

Around the year 1891, four theatres were established in the Guangzhou Prefecture. Three were located in the provincial city of Guangzhou, and one was in the town of Foshan. For a long time, Chinese operas were, on most occasions, performed either in private gardens or in public outdoor spaces. We may presume that the rise of these theatres as an urban phenomenon in the late nineteenth century would ultimately transform the form and style of opera performance in one way or another. However, material concerning the above-mentioned theatres is too limited for us to understand their buildings, furnishings, stage and seat arrangements, lighting and sound effects, and other related aspects. It is therefore very difficult for us to explore the possible connection between the physical elements of these theatres and the style of opera performances. Fortunately, in the mid-nineteenth century, some Cantonese merchants who were active in San Francisco hired a number of opera troupes from Guangzhou to travel to San Francisco and perform in American theatres. Some years later, they even built their own theatres in China Town especially for the performance of Chinese opera. English materials describing these overseas performances and theatres allow us to have some idea of what a Chinese theatre might be like, and to speculate how these overseas experiences may have left an impact on local opera troupes back in Guangzhou.
A Comparison of Local Autonomy in Shanghai and Tianjin in the Late Qing: From the Perspective of the Establishment of City Administrative Organizations
Authors: Zhang Limin
Published: May 2010

By focusing on the establishment of city administrative organizations, this paper attempts to explore the differences between the local autonomy of Shanghai and Tianjin with a particular emphasis on the causes, purpose, founders, philosophy, form, content and effects. As two of the earliest cities implementing local autonomy, Shanghai and Tianjin are different in many ways due to the different background of their initiators and the social forces involved. By analyzing these differences and their individual characteristics, this paper attempts to explore the ways in which urban administrative organizations were established in China.
Quarantine Sovereignty during the Pneumonic Plague in Northeast China (November 1910–April 1911)
Authors: Hu Cheng
Published: May 2010

The pneumonic plague, which spread over Northeast China during the winter of 1910 and the spring of 1911, caused a great many deaths and brought about severe social turmoil. After compulsory quarantine and other epidemic preventative measures were enforced by the Russian and Japanese colonial authorities in both north and south Manchuria, the local government of Northeast China, lacking similar quarantine and epidemic prevention procedures, was under the threat of forced intervention. It had to establish modern public health agencies in a short time following the compulsory quarantine and epidemic prevention methods of the Russian and Japanese colonial authorities, although they caused many social conflicts and confrontations. In this respect, the quarantine and epidemic prevention measures that were implemented at that time can never be simply and absolutely labeled as “progressive.” However, a “sympathetic understanding” can be upheld for the sufferings of the common people, for the various unpleasant but necessary measures taken by the Chinese government in order to safeguard sovereignty and prevent Russian and Japanese intervention, and also for the transformation of public health systems later carried out because of lessons learned from this painful experience.
Histone deacetylases in viral infections
Authors: Herbein Georges , Wendling Daniel
Published: May 2010

Chromatin remodeling and gene expression are regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) that condense the chromatin structure by deacetylating histones. HDACs comprise a group of enzymes that are responsible for the regulation of both cellular and viral genes at the transcriptional level. In mammals, a total of 18 HDACs have been identified and grouped into four classes, i.e., class I (HDACs 1, 2, 3, 8), class II (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10), class III (Sirt1–Sirt7), and class IV (HDAC11). We review here the role of HDACs on viral replication and how HDAC inhibitors could potentially be used as new therapeutic tools in several viral infections.
A multi-criteria distribution model for global software development projects
Authors: Lamersdorf Ansgar , Münch Jürgen
Published: May 2010

The allocation of development tasks to sites is one of the most important activities in the management of global software development projects. Its various influences on the risks and benefits of distributed projects require careful consideration of multiple allocation criteria in a systematic way. In practice, however, work is often allocated based on only one single criterion such as cost, and defined processes or algorithms for task allocation are typically not used. Existing research approaches mainly focus on selected aspects such as the minimization of cross-site communication and are difficult to adapt to specific environments. This article presents a customizable multi-criteria model for task allocation in global software development projects. Based on an analysis of the state of the practice, a set of requirements was derived and used for evaluating existing task allocation models from different domains. The Bokhari algorithm was identified as a suitable starting point and modified with respect to the fulfillment of the requirements. The modification includes the development of mechanisms for customization, the incorporation of cause-effect relationships, and the use of probabilistic modeling of uncertainty with Bayesian networks. The application of the model is demonstrated in different scenarios that represent typical hypothetical and real distribution decision problems in industrial contexts. Experience from applying the model to such problems has shown, for instance, that depending on the weight of different criteria, very different task distributions will result. This demonstrates, in consequence, the need for systematic multi-criteria task allocation support in global software development.
Chaotic and stable perturbed maps: 2-cycles and spatial models
Authors: Braverman E. , Haroutunian J.
Published: May 2010

As the growth rate parameter increases in the Ricker, logistic and some other maps, the models exhibit an irreversible period doubling route to chaos. If a constant positive perturbation is introduced, then the Ricker model (but not the classical logistic map) experiences period doubling reversals; the break of chaos finally gives birth to a stable two-cycle. We outline the maps which demonstrate a similar behavior and also study relevant discrete spatial models where the value in each cell at the next step is defined only by the values at the cell and its nearest neighbors. The stable 2-cycle in a scalar map does not necessarily imply 2-cyclic-type behavior in each cell for the spatial generalization of the map.
Estimating parameters by anticipating chaotic synchronization
Authors: Wei Hengdong , Li Liping
Published: May 2010

Anticipating chaotic synchronization based parameter estimation of chaotic system is investigated. We propose a method to estimate the unknown parameters of the interested chaotic system even if only a scalar time series is available. Although the Krasovskii–Lyapunov functional method often results in delay-independent stability condition, stability of the synchronization manifold usually relates to time delay. We analyze the stability of anticipating synchronization based parameter estimation numerically. Series of driven systems are used to increase the anticipation time, however, result in longer time to estimate the unknown parameters. These results are also confirmed by numerical simulations.
Role of intraspecific competition in the coexistence of mobile populations in spatially extended ecosystems
Authors: Yang Rui , Wang Wen-Xu , Lai Ying-Cheng , Grebogi Celso
Published: May 2010

Evolutionary-game based models of nonhierarchical, cyclically competing populations have become paradigmatic for addressing the fundamental problem of species coexistence in spatially extended ecosystems. We study the role of intraspecific competition in the coexistence and find that the competition can strongly promote the coexistence for high individual mobility in the sense that stable coexistence can arise in parameter regime where extinction would occur without the competition. The critical value of the competition rate beyond which the coexistence is induced is found to be independent of the mobility. We derive a theoretical model based on nonlinear partial differential equations to predict the critical competition rate and the boundaries between the coexistence and extinction regions in a relevant parameter space. We also investigate pattern formation and well-mixed spatiotemporal population dynamics to gain further insights into our findings.
Spatially explicit scenario analysis for reconciling agricultural expansion, forest protection, and carbon conservation in Indonesia
Authors: Koh Lian Pin , Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: May 2010

Palm oil is the world's most important vegetable oil in terms of production quantity. Indonesia, the world's largest palm-oil producer, plans to double its production by 2020, with unclear implications for the other national priorities of food (rice) production, forest and biodiversity protection, and carbon conservation. We modeled the outcomes of alternative development scenarios and show that every single-priority scenario had substantial tradeoffs associated with other priorities. The exception was a hybrid approach wherein expansion targeted degraded and agricultural lands that are most productive for oil palm, least suitable for food cultivation, and contain the lowest carbon stocks. This approach avoided any loss in forest or biodiversity and substantially ameliorated the impacts of oil-palm expansion on carbon stocks (limiting net loss to 191.6 million tons) and annual food production capacity (loss of 1.9 million tons). Our results suggest that the environmental and land-use tradeoffs associated with oil-palm expansion can be largely avoided through the implementation of a properly planned and spatially explicit development strategy.
Dependence of resonant magnetic perturbation experiments on the DIII-D plasma shape
Authors: Hudson B. , Evans T. , Petty C. , Snyder P.
Published: May 2010

The shape of the cross-section of fusion plasma experiments in many devices is a key determinant of the resulting plasma characteristics. Experiments to attempt suppression of edge localized modes (ELMs) by the technique of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) were performed in the DIII-D tokamak in varying plasma shapes. It was found that while ELM suppression in a plasma shape similar to the ITER shape with a single magnetic null was possible, ELM suppression could not be attained in a balanced or upward-biased double-null (DN) shape, although the ELMs in the DN shape were smaller and of higher frequency than the ones before RMP was applied. Calculation of the peeling–ballooning stability of the plasma showed that the ELMing plasma is stable to type-I ELMs, suggesting the ELMs are of another type.
Spontaneous toroidal rotation driven by the off-diagonal term of momentum and heat transport in the plasma with the ion internal transport barrier in LHD
Authors: Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Nagaoka K. , Osakabe M. , Morita S. , Goto M. , Yokoyama M. , Funaba H. , Murakami S. , Ikeda K. , Nakano H. , Tsumori K. , Takeiri Y. , Kaneko O.
Published: May 2010

A spontaneous rotation in the co-direction is observed in plasmas with an ion internal transport barrier (ITB), where the ion temperature gradient is relatively large (∂T
i/∂r ∼ 5 keV m−1 and
) in LHD. Because of the large ion temperature gradients, the magnitude of the spontaneous toroidal flow,
, becomes large enough to cancel the toroidal flows driven by tangential injected neutral beams and the net toroidal rotation velocity is almost zero at the outer half of the plasma minor radius even in the plasmas with counter-dominant NB injections. The effect of velocity pinch is excluded even if it exits because of zero rotation velocity. The spontaneous toroidal flow appears in the direction of co-rotation after the formation of the ITB, not during or before the ITB formation. The causality between the change in
and ∂T
i/∂r observed in this experiment clearly shows that the spontaneous rotation is driven by the ion temperature gradient as the off-diagonal terms of momentum and heat transport.
Shafranov shift measurements by a soft x-ray CCD camera for internal diffusion barrier discharges in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Suzuki C. , Ida K. , Sakamoto R. , Yoshinuma M.
Published: May 2010

Magnetic axis shift (Shafranov shift) in a high density operational regime with an internal diffusion barrier (IDB) formation in Large Helical Device experiments has been studied using a two-dimensional imaging system composed of a soft x-ray CCD camera and beryllium filters. Magnetic axis positions are derived from the fitting of pre-calculated equilibria to measured (line-integrated) soft x-ray profiles assuming that the emissivity profile could be expressed by Fourier–Bessel series expansion. It has been clearly observed that the Shafranov shift in a plasma with IDB is much larger than that without IDB at a similar average beta value measured by a diamagnetic loop because of the strongly peaked pressure profile in this regime. According to systematic analyses of the Shafranov shift for various high density plasmas in this regime, the dependence of the Shafranov shift on the central beta value is summarized and compared with that in discharges without IDB.
Effects of edge collisionality on ELM characteristics in the grassy ELM regime
Authors: Oyama N. , Kojima A. , Aiba N. , Horton L.D. , Isayama A. , Kamiya K. , Urano H. , Sakamoto Y. , Kamada Y.
Published: May 2010

Effects of the edge collisionality on ELM characteristics have been investigated in the grassy ELM regime on JT-60U. Both in the high and low q regions (q
95 > 6 and q
95 ∼ 4.3), ELM amplitude becomes higher at high edge collisionality (density). This collisionality dependence is opposite to the dependence observed in the type I ELM regime, where the ELM amplitude decreases with increasing edge collisionality. The stability analysis suggests that the grassy ELM at q
95 ∼ 4.3 can be triggered by the infinite-n ballooning mode localized inside the pedestal, when peeling–ballooning modes are stable. In the case of higher collisionality, peeling–ballooning modes can also be unstable, and as a result a larger ELM can be triggered. Since both stability boundaries for infinite-n ballooning mode and peeling–ballooning modes are located near the operational point, a small change in the pedestal condition such as a local pressure gradient and/or a bootstrap current can determine the most unstable mode. This mechanism is considered as a possible candidate for the appearance of a mixture ELM of grassy ELMs and large ELMs.
First observation of ELM pacing with vertical jogs in a spherical torus
Authors: Gerhardt S.P. , Ahn J-W. , Canik J.M. , Maingi R. , Bell R. , Gates D. , Goldston R. , Hawryluk R. , Le Blanc B.P. , Menard J. , Sontag A.C. , Sabbagh S. , Tritz K.
Published: May 2010

Experiments in a number of conventional aspect ratio tokamaks have been successful in pacing edge localized modes (ELMs) by rapid vertical jogging of the plasma. This paper demonstrates the first pacing of ELMs in a spherical torus plasma. Applied 30 Hz vertical jogs synchronized the ELMs with the upward motion of the plasma. 45 Hz jogs also lead to an increase in the ELM frequency, though the synchronization of the ELMs and jogs was unclear. A reduction in the ELM energy was observed at the higher driven ELM frequencies.
Progress in the development of ELM pace-making with non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations in NSTX
Authors: Canik J.M. , Sontag A.C. , Maingi R. , Bell R. , Gates D.A. , Gerhardt S.P. , Kugel H.W. , LeBlanc B.P. , Menard J. , Paul S. , Sabbagh S. , Soukhanovskii V.A.
Published: May 2010

The application of non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations has been shown to destabilize edge-localized modes (ELMs) in the National Spherical Torus Experiment. This ELM-triggering effect is used to controllably introduce ELMs into lithium-enhanced ELM-free H-mode discharges, reducing the typical impurity accumulation while maintaining high energy confinement. Recent improvements to the triggering techniques are described. The perturbation waveform has been improved, with large amplitude, short duration perturbations allowing rapid, highly reliable triggering, with reduced braking of toroidal rotation. The rapid triggering allowed the ELM frequency to be increased to over 60 Hz, leading to a reduction in the average ELM size. Combined with improved gas fuelling, this method has resulted in periods of stationary global conditions, although plasma profiles do continue to evolve.
Comparing 1.5D ONETWO and 2D SOLPS analyses of inter-ELM H-mode plasma in DIII-D
Authors: Owen L.W. , Canik J.M. , Groebner R.J. , Callen J.D. , Bonnin X. , Osborne T.H.
Published: May 2010

A DIII-D inter-ELM H-mode plasma that is in approximate transport equilibrium is analysed with the 1.5D ONETWO core code and the 2D SOLPS code. In order to investigate the importance of core–edge coupling and 2D effects, including divertor fuelling across the X-point and poloidal asymmetries that are not explicitly included in ONETWO, the domain of SOLPS is extended to very near the magnetic axis. Two principal objectives are (1) to determine whether poloidal asymmetries in the plasma distributions are large enough to vitiate a core-type interpretive plasma transport analysis and (2) to determine whether the interpretive transport coefficients and neutral beam power and particle sources from ONETWO, when used in 2D SOLPS full plasma simulations, yield the same quality fits to the measured upstream density and temperature profiles as obtained with ONETWO. Results show that only a small increase in the separatrix value of the particle diffusion coefficient, and no change in the thermal diffusivities from ONETWO was needed to get excellent agreement of the upstream SOLPS density and temperature profiles and the Thomson scattering and CER data. Good agreement of the ONETWO and SOLPS flux surface averaged distributions of the core electron and D+ densities and temperatures are also obtained. Likewise the C6+ density, with a simple chemical sputtering model based on a constant fraction of the divertor D+ flux, the core heat and particle fluxes and the neutral density reveal no 2D effects in the core/pedestal region that would vitiate a 1.5D treatment of the inter-ELM H-mode plasma.
The Effect of Fast‐Food Availability on Obesity: An Analysis by Gender, Race, and Residential Location
Authors: Dunn Richard A.
Published: May 2010

This paper employs an identification strategy based on county‐level variation in the number of fast‐food restaurants to investigate the effect of fast‐food availability on weight outcomes by geographic location, gender, and race/ethnicity. The number of interstate exits in the county of residence is employed as an instrument for restaurant location. Using the 2004–2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and self‐collected data on the number of fast‐food restaurants, I find that availability does not affect weight outcomes in rural counties, but does tend to increase body mass index among females and non‐Whites in medium‐density counties. These results are robust to specification choices.
Global analysis of microarray data reveals intrinsic properties in gene expression and tissue selectivity
Authors: Kim Changsik , Choi Jiwon , Park Hyunjin , Park Yunsun , Park Jungsun , Park Taesung , Cho Kwanghui , Yang Young , Yoon Sukjoon
Published: May 2010

Motivation: It is expected that individual genes have intrinsically different variability in the global expressional trend among them. Thus, the consideration of gene-specific expressional properties will help us to distinguish target-selective gene expression over non-selective over-expression.

Results: The re-standardization and integration of heterogeneous microarray datasets, available from public databases, have enabled us to determine the global expression properties of individual genes across a wide variety of experimental conditions and samples. The global averages and SDs of expression for each gene in the integrated microarray datasets were found to be intrinsic properties, which were consistent among independent collections of datasets using different microarray platforms. Using the gene-specific intrinsic parameters to rescale the microarray data, we were able to distinguish novel selective gene expression [cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and Collagen X] in breast cancer tissues from non-selective over-expression, a difference that has not been detectable by conventional methods.

Availability and Implementation: The web-based tool for GS-LAGE is available at http://lage.sookmyung.ac.kr

Contact:  yoonsj@sookmyung.ac.kr

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Injection of solids to lift coastal areas
Authors: Germanovich Leonid N. , Murdoch Lawrence C.
Published: May 2010

Catastrophic flooding in coastal areas is an ongoing problem that may be aggravated by projected sea-level rise. We present a method of flood protection called SIRGE (solid injection for raising ground elevation), where the ground surface is raised by injecting sediment-laden slurry into hydraulic fractures at shallow depths. The injection process is repeated at adjacent locations to create a network of sub-horizontal, overlapping injections of solid material (hydraulic fractures). We argue that injecting sediment over large lateral distances would cause a lasting surface uplift that scales with the thickness of injected sediment at depth. We support this concept by an analysis showing that, in contrast to hydraulic fractures in petroleum reservoirs, hydraulic fractures in soft, shallow formations would typically grow in the toughness-dominated regime. It appears that the SIRGE process could be implemented to lift ground elevations in places such as Venice or New Orleans. Experimental and geological examples indicate that hydraulic fractures of suitable orientation and size can be created in areas with appropriatein situstresses.
Celerinatantimonas diazotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium representing a new family in the Gammaproteobacteria, Celerinatantimonadaceae fam. nov.
Authors: Cramer Melissa J. , Haghshenas Nicole , Bagwell Christopher E. , Matsui George Y. , Lovell Charles R.
Published: May 2010

Five strains representing a novel family within theGammaproteobacteriawere isolated from the estuarine grassesSpartina alternifloraandJuncus roemerianus. All strains were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, short, motile, polar monotrichous rods that were mesophilic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, had DNA G+C contents of 41.5–44.4 mol% and required seawater salts or NaCl. Growth was observed at pH 3.5–8.0. Polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, phospholipids and unidentified aminolipids were found in the representative strain S-G2-2T. The major menaquinone and ubiquinone were MK-8 (100 %) and Q-8 (93 %), respectively. Predominant fatty acids present were C12 : 0aldehyde and/or unknown fatty acid 10.9525 (MIDI designation) and/or iso-C16 : 1I/C14 : 03-OH, C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0, C17 : 0cyclo and C18 : 1ω7cand/or C18 : 1ω6c. The nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains were very similar (99–100 % similarity), and the strains were identified as members of the same species by DNA–DNA relatedness measurements. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strains formed a monophyletic lineage within the orderAlteromonadales. All five strains fixed N2. Analysis of partialnifHgene sequences also revealed a monophyletic lineage within theGammaproteobacteria, and the sequences were dissimilar to those of any previously described diazotroph. Differences between the novel strains and other members of theAlteromonadalesinclude the inability to produce cytochrome oxidase. The novel strains were metabolically versatile. On the basis of the information described above, the new genus and speciesCelerinatantimonas diazotrophicagen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed to accommodate the five strains within a new family,Celerinatantimonadaceaefam. nov. The type strain ofCelerinatantimonas diazotrophicais S-G2-2T( = ATCC BAA-1368T = DSM 18577T).
Sphingomonas rubra sp. nov., isolated from bioreactor wastewater
Authors: Huo Ying-Yi , Xu Xue-Wei , Liu Sheng-Pan , Cui Heng-Lin , Li Xue , Wu Min
Published: May 2010

A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, motile, neutrophilic bacterium, designated strain BH3T, was isolated from wastewater of a sequential batch reactor treating wastewater taken from a leather plant. The isolate grew in 0–8 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 6–9 and at 4–45 °C. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that strain BH3T had characteristics typical of members of the genus Sphingomonas, such as the presence of sphingolipids, Q-10 and 2-hydroxymyristic acid and the absence of 3-hydroxy fatty acids. The presence of C18 : 1ω7c (39.2 %) and C16 : 0 (11.2 %) as major fatty acids, C14 : 0 2-OH (20.6 %) as the major 2-hydroxy fatty acid and homospermidine as the major polyamine indicated that strain BH3T belonged to the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain BH3T was 65.6 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the isolate and closely related members of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto ranged from 92.6 to 97.3 %, the highest sequence similarities being to Sphingomonas melonis DSM 14444T (97.3 %) and Sphingomonas aquatilis DSM 15581T (97.3 %). Based on its phenotypic characteristics and the results of DNA–DNA hybridization studies and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain BH3T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto, for which the name Sphingomonas rubra sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH3T ( = CGMCC 1.9113T  = JCM 16230T).
Arthrobacter livingstonensis sp. nov. and Arthrobacter cryotolerans sp. nov., salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant species from Antarctic soil
Authors: Ganzert Lars , Bajerski Felizitas , Mangelsdorf Kai , Lipski André , Wagner Dirk
Published: May 2010

Two novel cold-tolerant, Gram-stain-positive, motile, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strains, LI2T and LI3T, were isolated from moss-covered soil from Livingston Island, Antarctica, near the Bulgarian station St Kliment Ohridski. A rod–coccus cycle was observed for both strains. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed an affiliation to the genus Arthrobacter, with the highest similarity to Arthrobacter stackebrandtii and Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus for strain LI2T (97.8 and 97.7 % similarity to the respective type strains) and to Arthrobacter kerguelensis and Arthrobacter psychrophenolicus for strain LI3T (97.4 and 97.3 % similarity to the respective type strains). The growth temperature range was −6 to 28 °C for LI2T and −6 to 24 °C for LI3T, with an optimum at 16 °C for both strains. Growth occurred at 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum growth at 0–1 % (w/v) for LI2T and 0.5–3 % (w/v) for LI3T. The pH range for growth was pH 4–9.5 with an optimum of pH 8 for LI2T and pH 6.5 for LI3T. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 for LI2T and anteiso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 0 for LI3T. Physiological and biochemical tests clearly differentiated strain LI2T from A. stackebrandtii and A. psychrochitiniphilus and strain LI3T from A. kerguelensis and A. psychrophenolicus. Therefore, two novel species within the genus Arthrobacter are proposed: Arthrobacter livingstonensis sp. nov. (type strain LI2T  = DSM 22825T  = NCCB 100314T) and Arthrobacter cryotolerans sp. nov. (type strain LI3T  = DSM 22826T  = NCCB 100315T).
Reclassification of Leifsonia ginsengi (Qiu et al. 2007) as Herbiconiux ginsengi gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Herbiconiux solani sp. nov., an actinobacterium associated with the phyllosphere of Solanum tuberosum L.
Authors: Behrendt Undine , Schumann Peter , Hamada Moriyuki , Suzuki Ken-ichiro , Spröer Cathrin , Ulrich Andreas
Published: May 2010

In the context of studying the effects of transgenic fructan-producing potatoes on the community structure of phyllosphere bacteria, a group of strains closely related to the species Leifsonia ginsengi was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the new isolates and L. ginsengi DSM 19088T formed a lineage at the genus level and this finding was supported by chemotaxonomic characterization. The peptidoglycan type of the representative isolate, K134/01T, and L. ginsengi DSM 19088T was B2γ, with d- and l-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and glycine, alanine and threo-3-hydroxyglutamic acid. The almost-complete substitution of glutamic acid by threo-3-hydroxyglutamic acid supported the differentiation of the new strains from recognized species of the genus Leifsonia. Furthermore, the detection of substantial amounts of the fatty acid cyclohexyl-C17 : 0 in the new isolates and L. ginsengi DSM 19088T was a prominent chemotaxonomic feature for a clear demarcation of these strains from all genera of the family Microbacteriaceae that display the B2γ cell-wall type. Comparative phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses of the isolates and L. ginsengi DSM 19088T revealed the separate species status of the isolates. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that L. ginsengi should be classified as the type species of a novel genus, Herbiconiux gen. nov., with the name Herbiconiux ginsengi gen. nov., comb. nov. (type strain wged11T = CGMCC 4.3491T = JCM 13908T = DSM 19088T = NBRC 104580T). The phyllosphere isolates are assigned to a novel species, Herbiconiux solani sp. nov. (type strain K134/01T = DSM 19813T = LMG 24387T = NBRC 106740T).