bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic sparse matrix error control for linear scaling electronic structure calculations
Authors: Rubensson Emanuel H. , Sałek Paweł
Published: September 2005

Efficient truncation criteria used in multiatom blocked sparse matrix operations for ab initio calculations are proposed. As system size increases, so does the need to stay on top of errors and still achieve high performance. A variant of a blocked sparse matrix algebra to achieve strict error control with good performance is proposed. The presented idea is that the condition to drop a certain submatrix should depend not only on the magnitude of that particular submatrix, but also on which other submatrices that are dropped. The decision to remove a certain submatrix is based on the contribution the removal would cause to the error in the chosen norm. We study the effect of an accumulated truncation error in iterative algorithms like trace correcting density matrix purification. One way to reduce the initial exponential growth of this error is presented. The presented error control for a sparse blocked matrix toolbox allows for achieving optimal performance by performing only necessary operations needed to maintain the requested level of accuracy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1628–1637, 2005
Oxidation of metronidazole with sodium N‐bromo‐p‐toluenesulfonamide in acid and alkaline media: A kinetic and mechanistic study
Authors: Puttaswamy  , Jagadeesh R. V. , Gowda N. M. Made
Published: September 2005

A kinetic study of oxidation of metronidazole (Met) with sodium N‐bromo‐p‐toluenesulfonamide or bromamine‐T (BAT) has been carried out in HClO4 (30°C) and NaOH (40°C) media. The experimental rate laws obtained are –d[BAT]/dt=k[BAT][Met]x [H+]y in acid medium and –d[BAT]/dt=k[BAT][Met]x [OH−]y/[PTS]z in alkaline medium, where x, y, and z are less than unity and PTS is p‐toluenesulfonamide. The reaction was subjected to changes in (a) ionic strength, (b) concentration of added reduction product PTS, (c) concentration of added neutral salts, (d) dielectric permittivity, and (e) solvent isotope effect. In both media, the stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1, and the oxidation product of metronidazole was identified as its aldehyde. The reaction was studied at different temperatures, and the activation parameters have been evaluated. The reaction constants involved in the proposed schemes were deduced. The reaction was found to be faster in acid medium in comparison with alkaline medium, which is attributed to the involvement of different oxidizing species. Mechanisms proposed and the rate laws derived are consistent with the observed kinetics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 700–709, 2005
The production of organic nitrates from various anthropogenic volatile organic compounds
Authors: Espada Cyntia , Grossenbacher John , Ford Kevin , Couch Tara , Shepson Paul B.
Published: September 2005

Production of organic nitrates from OH reaction with cyclohexane, cyclohexene, n‐butane, 1‐bromopropane, and p‐xylene in the presence of NO was studied. The total organic nitrate yields for cyclohexane and n‐butane were determined to be 17 ± 4 and 7 ± 2% respectively, which is in good agreement with previous determinations. Total yields for cyclohexene, 1‐bromopropane, and p‐xylene were 2.5 ± 0.5, 1.2 ± 0.3, and 3.2 ± 0.7 respectively. The yield for cyclohexene was five times smaller than that for cyclohexane. The 1‐bromopropane yield is three times smaller that that for n‐propane, but similar to that for propene, indicating that the effect of Br substitution in the reactant may be similar to that for OH substitution. The only nitrooxy product detected for p‐xylene was 4‐methylbenzylnitrate, which was formed following H abstraction from either methyl group. No organic nitrate was detected for peroxy radicals produced from OH addition to the ring, which accounts for 90% of the OH oxidation of p‐xylene. The calculated k3b/k3 value for p‐methyl benzyl peroxy radicals (0.32) was slightly smaller than for n‐octyl peroxy radicals (0.39). These data imply that substituent inductive effects impact the k3b/k3 ratios. We found no significant difference in the k3b/k3 ratios for primary vs. secondary peroxy radicals of the same carbon chain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 675–685, 2005
A multi-mode model of a non-classical atom laser produced
by outcoupling from a Bose-Einstein condensate with squeezed
light
Authors: Haine S A , Hope J J
Published: September 2005

We examine the properties of an atom laser produced by
outcoupling from a Bose-Einstein condensate with squeezed light.
We introduce a method which allows us to model the full multimode
dynamics of the squeezed optical field and the outcoupled atoms.
We show that for experimentally reasonable parameters that the
quantum statistics of the optical field are almost completely
transferred to the outcoupled atoms, and investigate the
robustness to the coupling strength and the two-photon detuning.
Carrier-envelope phase-stabilized amplifier system
Authors: Rauschenberger J , Fuji T , Hentschel M , Verhoef A-J , Udem T , Gohle C , Hänsch T W , Krausz F
Published: September 2005

We demonstrate a novel scheme for carrier-envelope (CE)
phase stabilization of few-cycle laser pulses from a mode-locked
oscillator. Our scheme utilizes a monolithic, collinear geometry
which obviates the need for splitting the laser output, where a
fraction is used for CE-phase control and the remainder used for
experiment. Rather than using a microstructured fiber and
frequency-doubling crystal to generate the beating signal needed
for CE-phase locking, in our scheme self-phase modulation and
difference-frequency generation occur simultaneously in a single
periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal and are used to
generate equivalent signals. Direct phase-locking and
recompression of the output is enabled because the PPLN crystal
transmits the majority of the incident fundamental relatively
unaffected. As a result, the output provides few-cycle pulses with
an unprecedented degree of short- and long-term reproducibility of
the electric field waveform. These unique features, along with the
simplicity of the scheme make it perfectly suitable for use in
seeding CE-phase stabilized amplified laser systems. Results from
a 3 kHz amplified Ti:sapphire system will be presented that
validate our assertions.
Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis der Ermüdungstragfähigkeit von vergüteten und einsatzgehärteten Stirnrädern
Authors: Höhn B.‐R. , Oster P. , Hertter T.
Published: September 2005

The work presents a calculative proof of strength for compensated and case hardened spur gears taking into account the different stress conditions in the tooth root and on the tooth flank. The basis of the proof of stregth is the local comparision of the occured stresses and the allowed stresses in the spur gear. The complex stress condition on the tooth flank is illustrated. On the flank occours a three dimensional stress condition with turnig principial stress systems. Furthermore the influences on this stress condition of residual stresses and of the contact of technical surfaces are discussed. Especially the described complex stress condition on the tooth flank asks for a calculation with an adequate criterion of failure. For this purpose a variant of the Schubspannungsintensitätshypothese (SIH) is proposed. The applicability of the proposed model is verified with numerous results of experiments. Some of the calculations are presented here. Altogether there is a good conformity between the test results and the calculated results especially for the ammount of the fatigue limit, the kind of damage (e.g. tooth root breackage, pitting, tooth breackage in the region of the flank) and the position of the beginning of the damage.
The effect of psychological motivation on volumes voided during uroflowmetry in healthy aged male volunteers
Authors: Tong Yat‐Ching
Published: September 2005

Aims

To study the effect of psychological motivation on the voided volume during uroflowmetry in aged‐male volunteers.

Methods

An open contest of free‐flow rate was held for the elderly community. People over 60 years old with no prior history of lower urinary tract symptoms were invited to compete. Participants were given the suggestion to void only when strong desire was experienced because greater the volume, faster the flow. One month later, 20 of the male participants were asked to come back for an office uroflowmetry, given the instruction to hold until strong desire was experienced. The results of the maximum flow rate, mean flow rate, and voided volume were compared between these two tests.

Results

In the first uroflowmetry, the average voided volume for the 20 participants was 532 ± 109 ml; maximum flow rate and average flow rate were 27.1 ± 9.4, and 17.2 ± 6.4 ml/sec, respectively. The voided volume decreased significantly in the second uroflowmetry (338 ± 82 ml, P < 0.01); the maximum and average flow rates did not changed significantly (24.2 ± 9.5 and 14.9 ± 6.9 ml/sec, respectively). No participant had a shift of more than one standard deviation between the two tests on the Siroky's flow‐rate nomogram.

Conclusions

With psychological motivation to win the contest, the participants showed greater tolerance to bladder filling. This suggests that the state of mind can affect the perception on bladder sensation. On the other, the performance on emptying function is not significantly improved by motivation. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of proton‐conducting organic–inorganic polymeric materials by ASAXS
Authors: Prado Luís A. S. de A. , Goerigk G. , Ponce M. L. , Garamus V. M. , Wittich H. , Willumeit R. , Schulte K. , Nunes S. P.
Published: September 2005

The distribution of ZrO2 and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) in a matrix of sulfonated polyether ketone was investigated by anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering (ASAXS). Scattering curves were obtained using X‐ray energies near the Zr and W absorption edges, allowing the independent analysis of the distribution of ZrO2 and PTA in the sample. The interaction between both inorganic components improved their dispersion considerably when compared with films containing just one of the additives. The synergism was correlated to previous investigations concerning proton conductivity and permeability of the membranes developed for direct methanol fuel cell. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2981–2992, 2005
Prediction of disulfide connectivity from protein sequences
Authors: Chen Yu‐Ching , Hwang Jenn‐Kang
Published: September 2005

The difficulties in predicting disulfide connectivity from protein sequences lie in the nonlocal properties of the disulfide bridges that involve cysteine pairs at large sequence separation. Though some progress has been recently made in the prediction of disulfide connectivity, the current methods predict less than half of the disulfide patterns for the data set sharing less than 30% sequence identity. In this report, we use the support vector machines based on sequence features such as the coupling between the local sequence environments of cysteine pair, the cysteines sequence separations, and the global sequence descriptor, such as amino acid content. Our approach is able to predict 55% of the disulfide patterns of proteins with two to five disulfide bridges, which is 11–26% higher than other methods in the literature. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D domain‐swapped human cystatin C with amyloidlike intermolecular β‐sheets
Authors: Janowski Robert , Kozak Maciej , Abrahamson Magnus , Grubb Anders , Jaskolski Mariusz
Published: September 2005

Oligomerization of human cystatin C (HCC) leads to amyloid deposits in brain arteries, and this process is greatly accelerated with a naturally occurring L68Q variant. The crystal structures of N‐truncated and full‐length HCC (cubic form) showed dimer formation via three‐dimensional (3D) domain swapping, and this observation has led to the suggestion that an analogous domain‐swapping mechanism, but propagated in an open‐ended fashion, could be the basis of HCC fibril formation. Here we report that full‐length HCC, when crystallized in a new, tetragonal form, dimerizes by swapping the same secondary structure elements but with a very different overall structure generated by the flexibility of the hinge linking the moveable elements. The β‐strands of the β‐cores of the two folding units of the present dimer are roughly parallel, while they formed an angle of about 100° in the previous two structures. The dimers pack around a crystallographic dyad by extending their molecular β‐sheets in an intermolecular context. At the other edge of the molecular β‐sheet, side‐chain–side‐chain hydrogen bonds propagate the β‐structure in the same direction. In consequence, a supramolecular crystal structure is generated, with all the β‐strands of the domain‐swapped dimers being perpendicular to one crystallographic direction. This observation is relevant to amyloid aggregation of HCC, as X‐ray diffraction studies of amyloid fibrils show them to have ordered, repeating structure, consistent with the so‐called cross‐β structure, in which extended polypeptide chains are perpendicular to the fiber axis and form infinite β‐sheets that are parallel to this axis. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mössbauer study of the relationship between magnetic properties and Jahn–Teller distortion in La1–xBax(Mn,Fe)O3 perovskites
Authors: Kou Zhi‐qi , Ma Xiao , Di Nai‐li , Li Qing‐an , Cheng Zhao‐hua
Published: September 2005

The local structural distortion and its effect on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of the Fe‐doped La1–xBaxMnO3 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.35) compounds were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements. The Mössbauer spectra show clear evidence of the local structural distortion of the Mn(Fe)O6 octahedron on the basis of non‐zero nuclear quadrupole interactions for high‐spin Fe3+ ions. It was found that the local structural distortion decreases significantly with the introduction of a few per cent of Ba, reaches a minimum around x = 0.13, and then increases slightly on further increasing the Ba concentration. The Ba‐concentration dependence of the Jahn–Teller coupling strength estimated from the Mössbauer results was found to be consistent with the magnetic properties. Consequently, the connection between this local structural distortion and the colossal magnetoresistive behavior of this family of materials can be well explained. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the magnetic compensation effect of lithium‐chromium ferrites Li0.5CrxFe2.5–xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.55)
Authors: Rais A. , Gismelseed A. M. , Al‐Omari I. A.
Published: September 2005

Lithium‐chromium ferrites Li0.5Fe2.5–xCrxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.55) were studied using X‐ray diffraction, magnetization measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction patterns show that all samples have cubic spinel structure. The temperature dependent magnetic measurements revealed that a magnetic compensation point appears at chromium concentration x = 1.05, 1.25 and 1.55. Moreover, it was observed that the Curie temperature TC decreases and approaches the compensation temperature TK as Cr3+ substitution for Fe3+ increases. The magnetization data at all concentrations are discussed in the light of Néel's molecular field model taking into account the cation distributions obtained using the analysis of Mössbauer spectra. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous measurement of wafer curvature and true temperature during metalorganic growth of group‐III nitrides on silicon and sapphire
Authors: Krost A. , Schulze F. , Dadgar A. , Strassburger G. , Haberland K. , Zettler T.
Published: September 2005

We present an in situ method for the simultaneous determination of wafer curvature and true growth temperature during metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of group‐III‐nitrides on silicon. The measurement configuration allows determining the wafer curvature by the reflections of parallel laser beams, and at the same time, the wafer temperature is measured by emissivity‐corrected pyrometry. The bending of the substrates due to strained layers and unequal thermal expansions coefficients causes a change in the surface temperature of the wafer, although the monitored process temperature is constant. Thereby both kinds of curvatures, concave and convex, lead to an opposed temperature variation. Thus, by growing LED structures on silicon a temperature shift up to 45 K with respect to the susceptor was observed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real‐time diagnostics for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Aspnes D. E.
Published: September 2005

Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy is a complicated process whereby constituents of incoming reactant species are incorporated into the growing crystal through a number of stages. A range of optical probes has been developed to provide detailed information about these stages and the sample as growth proceeds. While many of these probes are mature, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and polarimetry (SP) are both undergoing rapid improvements as a result of applications in integrated‐circuits technology. Here, I review some of these advances and the motivation behind them, and illustrate capabilities with an application regarding the heteroepitaxial growth of GaSb on GaAs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of indium nanowires – an adsorption study
Authors: Fleischer K. , Chandola S. , Esser N. , McGilp J. F.
Published: September 2005

Changes in the optical anisotropy of the Si(111)‐In:(4 × 1) surface and its low temperature (8 × 2) phase upon adsorption of additional indium and caesium were monitored by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy. It is shown that, at submonolayer coverages, characteristic changes in the optical anisotropy occur, which are independent of the type of adsorbate and are correlated with the disappearance of the phase transition. The behaviour is shown to be consistent with the model that charge density wave formation occurs at the transition temperature. The optical anisotropy of the chains is measured in the near infrared regime and discussed in terms of interband transitions and anisotropic conductance. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum phase transitions and superconductivity: Proposal for the phase diagram of alkali‐doped fullerides and by universality HTSC including Wigner solids
Authors: Squire Richard H. , March Norman H.
Published: September 2005

The present study has two prime aims. The first is to attempt an explanation of the recent experiment on a high Tc cuprate in which the superconductivity is suppressed by an applied magnetic field of 58 tesla (T). We propose an interpretation in terms of a specific quantum transition, namely a magnetically induced Wigner solid of charge carriers. Second, we explore similarities between superconductivity in alkali‐doped fullerides and the high Tc cuprates based on an interpretation of Uemura‐type plots. A phase diagram for alkali‐doped fullerides is proposed that contains possible universal quantum phase transitions. Evidence is presented that suggests the superconducting phase is located between Wigner solids of charge carriers in fullerides at higher and lower doping at T = 0. Implications are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of silver cluster cations Ag (n = 1–4) with ethylene
Authors: Tian Zhixin , Tang Zichao
Published: September 2005

Reactions of silver cluster cations Ag with ethylene have been studied using a reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Chemisorbed Agn(C2H4) (n = 1–3, m = 1–6) complexes were observed. For a given value of n, the abundances of Agn(C2H4) (n = 1–3, m = 1–6) species first increase and then decrease, with the maximum of the intensity distribution usually at m = 4. This maximum does not change with the ethylene concentration in the mixed gas, the stagnation pressure of the mixed gas, or the size of Ag (n = 1–3). A complementary extensive theoretical study on the structure and binding of Agn(C2H4) (n = 1–4, m = 1–4) is also reported. Preferred binding sites, binding energies, geometries, vibrational frequencies, and ionization potentials are determined using density functional theory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of adefovir in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Bi Hui‐chang , Zhong Guo‐ping , Zhou Shufeng , Chen Xiao , Huang Min
Published: September 2005

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the concentrations of adefovir [9‐(2‐phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, PMEA] in human plasma. After one‐step protein precipitation of plasma samples by methanol, adefovir was analyzed by LC/MS/MS using positive electrospray ionization. Chromatography was performed on a C18 column. The extraction recoveries of adefovir were found to be 85.1–89.3%. Adefovir was stable under routine laboratory conditions. A minimal matrix effect resulting in a slight ionization enhancement of adefovir (<10.9%) was observed, which did not markedly affect the behavior of the calibrations curves and accuracy and precision data. The method had a chromatographic run time of 7.8 min and a linear calibration curve over the concentration range 1.5–90 ng/mL for adefovir. The lower limit of quantification of the method was 1.5 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision was less than 8.4%. These results indicated that this LC/MS/MS method has high selectivity and efficiency, and acceptable accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The validated LC/MS/MS method has been successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers treated with oral adefovir dipivoxil at 10 and 20 mg. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose deprivation mediates interaction between CTDK‐I and Snf1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Van Driessche Benoit , Coddens Séverine , Van Mullem Vincent , Vandenhaute Jean
Published: September 2005

Ctk1 is a kinase involved in transcriptional control. We show in the two‐hybrid system that Ctk1 interacts with Snf1, a kinase regulating glucose‐dependent genes. Co‐purification experiments confirmed the two‐hybrid interaction but only when cells were grown at low glucose concentrations. Deletion of Ctk1 or its associated partners, Ctk2 and Ctk3, conferred synthetic lethality with null mutants of Snf1 or Snf1‐associated proteins. Northern blot analysis suggested that Ctk1 and Snf1 act together in vivo to regulate GSY2. These findings support the view that Ctk1 interacts with Snf1 in a functional module involved in the cellular response to glucose limitation.
Dupuytren’s Contracture: An Update of Biomolecular Aspects and Therapeutic Perspectives
Authors: CORDOVA A. , TRIPOLI M. , CORRADINO B. , NAPOLI P. , MOSCHELLA F.
Published: September 2005

The so-called fibrogenic cytokines, able to induce the growth of fibroblasts and their differentiation into myofibroblasts and to stimulate their production of extracellular matrix, are involved in the genesis of Dupuytren’s contracture. Although many studies have been made of biomolecular aspects of palmar fibromatosis, practical applications from them are still far from imminent because of the real difficulty of blocking their action in vivo, even in a chronic, progressive lesion such as Dupuytren’s disease. Consequently, surgical excision of the palmar fascia still remains the treatment of choice.
P–T conditions of Grenville-age eclogite facies metamorphism and amphibolite facies retrogression of the Glenelg–Attadale Inlier, NW Scotland
Authors: STOREY C. D. , BREWER T. S. , TEMPERLEY S.
Published: September 2005

Peak and retrograde P–T conditions of Grenville-age eclogites from the Glenelg–Attadale Inlier of the northwest Highlands of Scotland are presented. Peak conditions are estimated as c. 20 kbar and 750–780°C, in broad agreement with previous work. The eclogites subsequently followed a steep decompression path to c. 13 kbar and 650–700°C during amphibolite facies retrogression. Peak eclogite facies metamorphism occurred > 1080 Ma and retrogression at c. 995 Ma, suggesting fairly sluggish uplift rates of < 0.3 km/Ma and cooling rates of < 1.25°C/Ma, when compared with other parts of the Grenville orogeny and/or modern orogens. However, current poor constraints on the timing of peak metamorphism mean that these rates cannot be used to interpret the geodynamic evolution of this part of the orogen. The P–T–t data, together with petrology and the field relationships between the basement rocks of the Glenelg–Attadale Inlier and the overlying Moine Supergroup, mean that it is difficult to support the currently held view that an unconformable relationship exists between the two. It is suggested that more data are required in order to re-interpret the Neoproterozic tectonic evolution of the northwest Highlands of Scotland.
globalization, terrorism, and the english language in nigeria
Authors: adamo grace ebunlola
Published: September 2005

this paper examines the concept of globalization in relation to terrorism, and argues that the ‘imposition’ of the english language on the world, africa, and in particular nigeria (through the media, information technology, and other means of propaganda, and under the guise of globalization) is a form of linguistic terrorism. it consequently views globalization as another name for imperialism and domination by the west, and argues that the continued use of english in all spheres of life will make the nigerian state stagnant, if not indeed retrogressive, rendering growth and development elusive. as a step in the direction of a cure, it therefore advocates renewed interest in the adoption of an indigenous national language for nigeria.
ms and the eu: naming a non-starter
Authors: ross nigel j.
Published: September 2005

the eu recently forced microsoft to issue a second version of its windows xp operating system without a built-in windows media player, ruling that, by bundling its own media player, microsoft was effectively blocking competition from rivals (particularly real player and quicktime). microsoft's monopolistic approach in this case also landed it a fine of €497.2 million ($665m). the wrangling lasted well over a year, during which time windows xp with bundled media player had been sold so widely in europe as to partly invalidate the eu's attempts at stopping the us company monopolising and controlling the market. ‘the second version of windows will reflect what consumers want, and not what microsoft imposes on them,’ was the triumphant but belated comment of mario monti, the former eu commissioner in charge of competition.
is efl a modern trojan horse?
Authors: qiang niu , wolff martin
Published: September 2005

teaching and learning english as a foreign language: an adverse perspective. in china english is viewed as the ‘gatekeeper’ to higher education, employment, economic prosperity and social status. is chinese, as a result, drowning in the sea of english?
Social behaviour in an Australian velvet worm, Euperipatoides rowelli (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)
Authors: Reinhard Judith , Rowell David M.
Published: September 2005

Onychophora lead a cryptic lifestyle as predators in decaying logs and leaf litter. Hence, very little is known about their behaviour. They are generally assumed to possess only a limited behavioural repertoire, even though their surprisingly evolved brain suggests otherwise. Our studies on the Australian species Euperipatoides rowelli show for the first time that onychophorans are indeed capable of complex behaviour. Euperipatoides rowelli individuals form aggregations of up to 15 females, males and young. These aggregations are not random assemblages, but close social groups organized in a hierarchy based on female dominance. Food is hunted collectively, but the dominant female of a group feeds alone, before other females, males and young. Hierarchy within a group is established by aggressive‐dominant and passive‐subordinate behaviours, the latter leading to tolerance of body contact and aggregation. Euperipatoides rowelli from foreign groups, i.e. from different logs, are met with intense aggression, and individuals rarely aggregate. The reasons for this aggression are not clear, but we suggest that its origins lie in kin recognition. The evolution of social behaviour within the Onychophora is discussed with respect to their ecology, population genetics and phylogeny.
Life‐history traits and sexual dimorphism of the Atlantic forest maned sloth Bradypus torquatus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)
Authors: Lara‐Ruiz Paula , Chiarello Adriano Garcia
Published: September 2005

This work presents new data from 48 maned sloths Bradypus torquatus captured between November 2002 and November 2003 in three regions of the Atlantic forest where the largest remnant populations of this species are found. Data from another long‐term study, carried out from 1994 to 1996 and from 1999 to the present (n=14), were also used, making a total sample of 62 sloths. Average adult body weight is 6594±236 g and average head‐body length is 66.5±0.8 cm (n=35), indicating that Bradypus torquatus is the heaviest of all four Bradypus species. Individuals from lower‐montane forests (600–1000 m a.s.l.) are significantly larger (head–body length; t‐test; P=0.001) than individuals from the lowlands (<350 m a.s.l.), suggesting altitudinal differentiation between populations. Sexual dimorphism, here reported for the first time, was found in body length (females are significantly larger than males) and in other external characters, such as mane size and form (darker and larger in males), and size and shape of the external genitalia. Most differences between sexes are, however, only discernible in reproductively active individuals. Breeding is slightly seasonal; minimum observed interbirth interval was 1 year and litter size was always one. Infants stayed with their mothers until 8–11 months old; started feeding on solid food as early as 2 weeks old but continued suckling until c. 4 months of age. Age of sexual maturity was estimated at 2–3 years and the oldest captured maned sloth was a healthy male who was at least 12 years of age. Overall, results indicated that maned sloths are similar in these aspects to congeneric species. Information presented here significantly improves the current knowledge on this endangered sloth species and is useful for the proper planning and implementation of in situ conservation strategies such as translocations and reintroductions.
Do solitary, seismic signalling Cape mole‐rats (Georychus capensis) demonstrate spontaneous or induced ovulation?
Authors: van Sandwyk James H. d. T. , Bennett Nigel C.
Published: September 2005

The Cape mole‐rat Georychus capensis is a solitary subterranean rodent that exhibits seasonal reproduction. This study set out to determine whether the female Cape mole‐rat is an induced or spontaneous ovulator. Eleven females were collected from the field just before the breeding season and housed individually. Urine was collected for 5 weeks. Females were subjected to one of three trials: housed separately without a male; allowed only non‐physical contact with unvasectomized males; placed in direct contact with four vasectomized males. Urine was collected for a further 5 weeks and urinary progesterone profiles established. Females housed in direct contact with males exhibited heightened progesterone concentrations and the presence of corpora lutea in their ovaries. The act of coitus seems to be necessary for ovulation to occur in the females even though males were not capable of fertilization.
The predatory impact of the freshwater invader Dikerogammarus villosus on native Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda); influences of differential microdistribution and food resources
Authors: MacNeil Calum , Platvoet Dirk
Published: September 2005

Predation between invading and native species can produce patterns of exclusion and coexistence. Dikerogammarus villosus, a Ponto‐Caspian amphipod species, has invaded many central European freshwaters in the past decade, replacing native Gammarus amphipod species. For instance, the arrival of D. villosus in Holland has been accompanied by the decline of Gammarus duebeni and G. tigrinus populations within invaded systems. This study examined what may happen when D. villosus eventually encounters native Dutch populations of Gammarus pulex, and how factors such as microhabitat and food resource availability could contribute to a future species replacement or coexistence. A laboratory simulation of a lake/pooled area of river indicated that G. pulex and D. villosus differed in distribution within the same habitat, and showed that although the distribution of the native differed in the presence of the invader, the presence of the native had no effect on the distribution of the invader. Gammarus pulex suffered severe intraguild predation (IGP) from D. villosus in mixed species treatments with no reciprocal predation of D. villosus by G. pulex. This IGP occurred regardless of whether no alternative food resource was available (91% of the G. pulex population eliminated after 7 days), or alternative foods/prey were available to excess, such as leaf material (85%), chironomids (77%) or fish food flakes (74%). We conclude that although differential microdistribution of the two species could promote coexistence, the presence of alternative foods/prey resources, merely slow the rate of IGP and replacement of the native by the invader. Our study joins one of an increasing number emphasizing the potential damaging impacts of D. villosus on native communities.
Two unusual presentations of acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Kula Serdar , Olguntürk Rana , Özdemir Osman
Published: September 2005

Patients with acute rheumatic fever sometimes present with atypical signs and symptoms. In these circumstances, the Jones criterions may not be sufficient to make a clinical diagnosis. We describe here two patients with unusual presentations, highlighting that, both in regions where the disease is endemic, or where it is seen only sporadically, physicians should be more alert and careful in making the diagnosis.
Surgical treatment of marked mitral valvar deformity combined with I-cell disease ‘Mucolipidosis II’
Authors: Daimon Masahiro , Yamagishi Masaaki
Published: September 2005

I-cell disease is a rare, hereditary, and fatal disease, which is often complicated with disease of the cardiac valves. We have experienced a case of severe mitral valvar insufficiency in a 9-month-old male infant with I-cell disease. Mitral valvoplasty was difficult, because the leaflets were remarkably hypertrophic, and the tendinous cords were elongated and adherent. Despite these difficulties, surgery proved effective in the treatment of the congestive heart failure, allowing for further treatment of the I-cell disease.
A Dobutamine paradox: eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted heart of a 9-year-old girl undergoing cardiac transplantation
Authors: Fenton Matthew , Burch Mike , Sebire Neil
Published: September 2005

We describe a 9-year-old girl who was noted to have eosinophilic myocarditis in her native heart after it was explanted during cardiac transplantation. On the basis of absence of evidence for primary or secondary eosinophilia, we suggest that the prolonged use of dobutamine prior to transplantation might have induced the eosinophilic myocarditis.
Splenic state in surviving patients with visceral heterotaxy
Authors: Nagel Bert H. P. , Williams Helen , Stewart Louise , Paul Joanne , Stümper Oliver
Published: September 2005

Aim:To identify patients with visceral heterotaxy who are at risk from fulminant sepsis.Methods:We studied 38 patients, 37 having undergone abdominal ultrasound, all 38 having examination of blood films to establish presence of Howell-Jolly bodies, and all 38 documented to have had pneumococcal vaccination and prophylaxis with penicillin. We checked whether the parents were aware of the splenic state of their child, and when possible, we compared current results of blood films with those obtained postnatally.Results:Two of the 17 patients with multiple spleens, all 11 without a detectable spleen, and 1 of 9 patients with a normal spleen, showed Howell-Jolly bodies in their blood films. In 5 of 23 patients with serial blood films, Howell-Jolly bodies had not been seen postnatally, but could now be detected in current blood films. Of these patients, 2 had multiple spleens, 1 did not have a spleen, and 1 had a solitary spleen of normal size. In the other patient, ultrasound could not be performed. Only one of these patients was receiving penicillin prophylactically, and had received pneumococcal vaccination. Of the 15 patients in whom Howell-Jolly bodies were present in the blood, only 8 parents knew about the potential risk for infection. Another 7 parents were sure that their child was taking penicillin regularly, and had received pneumococcal vaccination.Conclusions:Howell-Jolly bodies can be found in the blood of patients with visceral heterotaxy independent of the anatomical state of the spleen. As Howell-Jolly bodies can be encountered in the blood of such patients with increasing age, those with multiple and solitary spleens should be monitored regularly to identify those at risk. Parental knowledge of the splenic state, and compliance for prophylaxis using penicillin, and pneumococcal vaccination, were unsatisfactory in our cohort.
A numerical study of open water formation in sea ice
Authors: Haapala J. , Lönnroth N. , Stössel A.
Published: September 2005

A multicategory sea ice model that explicitly takes into account redistribution of undeformed ice into categories of ridged and rafted ice is introduced with the intention of investigating the simulation of the open water fraction within sea ice. The performance of this model is compared with that of a reduced model that accounts for only two categories, the latter type of sea‐ice model being most widely used in global climate models. Two idealized scenarios are considered: polynya formation along a coastline under offshore winds and a low‐pressure system passing over an ice field. Furthermore, the two models are compared under more real‐world forcing conditions as they exist in the Weddell Sea. In simplified situations, both models produce identical results. Upon introduction of more realistic ambient conditions, however, the multicategory model produces larger open water fractions than the two‐level model. Concomitantly, and consistently with earlier findings, the multicategory model produces thicker ice. This is a result of the larger horizontal gradients of ice motion which, in turn, are due to the weaker ice strength that arises from a higher abundance of thinner ice. This leads to more open water as well as increased dynamical growth of ice. The open water fraction is of relevance in global ocean circulation models, where the amount of open water influences the deep‐ and bottom‐water formation rates such as in conjunction with Antarctic coastal polynyas.
A self‐consistent model of plasma and neutrals at Saturn: Neutral cloud morphology
Authors: Jurac S. , Richardson J. D.
Published: September 2005

We present a model of the plasma and neutral environment that treats plasma and neutrals self‐consistently, using Voyager plasma and ultraviolet H observations and Hubble Space Telescope OH measurements as constraints. The neutral distributions are determined with a Monte Carlo model, and the plasma distributions are determined with a diffusive transport model including sources and losses. We find a larger percentage of molecular ions than in previous work, that H2O is the dominant neutral near the satellite sources but OH is dominant elsewhere, and that the total H2O source required is 1028 H2O/s, a factor of 3 larger than previously thought. The large amount of water appears to emanate from Enceladus's orbital distance, and the production mechanism remains unclear. We produce density contours for each neutral species and discuss the implications of these results in anticipation of new data from Cassini.
Ion acoustic auroral structures in the presence of hot ion precipitation in the upper ionosphere
Authors: Mahmood S. , Saleem H.
Published: September 2005

The linear and nonlinear ion acoustic waves with electric field parallel to the external magnetic field have been investigated in a two‐ion component plasma. The theoretical model is applied to the upper ionosphere to explain the solitary structures with predominantly parallel polarization and density fluctuations observed by Freja. The hot ion precipitation to the ionospheric region has been taken into account. The estimates made by the present theoretical model for electric field magnitude (∼100 mV/m) and density humps (15–20)% within the nonlinear solitary structures are in good agreement with the observations. The vertical scale size of the structure is predicted to be of the order of a few meters depending upon the background density and electron temperature.
Modeling a large solar proton event in the southern polar atmosphere
Authors: Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Ulich Thomas , Seppälä Annika , Turunen Esa , Botman Aurelein , Thomson Neil R.
Published: September 2005

We have modeled the effects of the Sodankylä Ion Chemistry model (SIC) electron density profiles on VLF propagation across the southern polar region during the first few days of the 4–10 November 2001 solar proton event (SPE). The results show that the SIC model is accurately reproducing the changes in ionization during the SPE. These results were obtained by approximating the SIC electron density profiles to the Wait β and h′ profiles where the densities were below 1000 el cm−3, a limitation that means during SPEs the technique is typically sensitive in the altitude range 50–60 km. The calculated values of β and h′ were applied to the part of the propagation path poleward of the L = 4 boundary for the Hawaii (NPM)–Halley great circle path. Comparing the change in amplitude of NPM at Halley during the SPE with the GOES satellite proton flux measurements, we observe a good correlation and thus conclude that the variability observed in the VLF data is primarily caused by >50 MeV proton fluxes. This suggests that the SPE produced ionization dominates all other precipitation sources at these altitudes during 4 and 5 November 2001. Consequently, these results suggest that the assumption made during the SIC modeling runs of 4–5 November 2001 of only having proton precipitation and no significant energetic electron precipitation was reasonable. Our work strongly suggests that VLF subionospheric propagation is a reliable tool for the study of SPEs and that it is particularly effective when used in conjunction with an atmospheric model such as SIC.
Distribution and inventory of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean: Comparison of three data‐based methods
Authors: Lo Monaco C. , Goyet C. , Metzl N. , Poisson A. , Touratier F.
Published: September 2005

The Southern Ocean is thought to play an important role in the context of global warming and anthropogenic emissions of CO2 due to its high sensitivity to both climate change and changes in the carbon cycle. Assessing the penetration of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) into the Southern Ocean is therefore highly relevant to reduce the uncertainties attached to both the present knowledge of anthropogenic carbon inventories and predictions made by current ocean carbon models. This study compares different data‐based approaches for estimating the distribution of Cant in the ocean: a recently developed method based on the composite Tracer Combining Oxygen, Inorganic Carbon, and Total Alkalinity (TrOCA) and the “historical” back‐calculation methods (the so‐called ΔC* and preformed dissolved inorganic carbon methods). Note that the back‐calculation technique requires special care when used in the Southern Ocean, where surface oxygen can significantly deviate from equilibrium with the atmosphere. All three methods were applied to data collected at the Indian‐Atlantic boundary (WOCE line I6), where significant transient tracer concentrations were observed in deep and bottom waters. North of 50°S, distribution and inventories of Cant are coherent with previous data‐based and model estimates, but we found larger storage of Cant south of 50°S as compared to the midlatitude region. In that, our results disagree with most previous estimates and suggest that the global inventory of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean could be much larger than what is currently believed.
Analysis of multiscale radiometric data collected during the Cold Land Processes Experiment‐1 (CLPX‐1)
Authors: Tedesco M. , Kim E. J. , Gasiewski A. , Klein Marian , Stankov B.
Published: September 2005

Histograms of brightness temperatures collected at 18.7 and 37 GHz over the Fraser and North Park Meso‐Scale Areas during the Cold Land Processes Experiment by the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/A) airborne sensor are modelled by a log‐normal distribution (Fraser, forested area) and by a bi‐modal distribution (North Park, patchy‐snow, non‐forested area). The brightness temperatures are re‐sampled over a range of resolutions to study the effects of sensor resolution on the shape of the distribution, on the values of the average brightness temperatures and standard deviations. The histograms become more uniform and the spatial information in the initial distribution is lost for a resolution larger than 5000 m, in both areas. The values of brightness temperatures obtained by re‐sampling the PSR‐A data at 25 km resolution are consistent with those recorded by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) satellite radiometers at similar resolutions.
The added value of spaceborne passive microwave soil moisture retrievals for forecasting rainfall‐runoff partitioning
Authors: Crow W. T. , Bindlish R. , Jackson T. J.
Published: September 2005

Using existing data sets of spaceborne soil moisture retrievals, streamflow and precipitation for 26 basins in the United States Southern Great Plains, a 5‐year analysis is performed to quantify the value of soil moisture retrievals derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) X‐band (10.7 GHz) radiometer for forecasting storm event‐scale runoff ratios. The predictive ability of spaceborne soil moisture retrievals is objectively compared to that obtainable using only available rainfall observations and the antecedent precipitation index (API). The assimilation of spaceborne observations into an API soil moisture proxy is demonstrated to add skill to the forecasting of land surface response to precipitation.
Filamin is essential for shedding of the transmembrane serine protease, epithin
Authors: Kim Chungho , Cho Yongcheol , Kang Chan‐Hee , Kim Moon Gyo , Lee HyoSeon , Cho Eun‐Gyung , Park Dongeun
Published: September 2005

Epithin is a type II transmembrane serine protease that exists in a soluble and membrane‐bound form. Shedding is thought to be important in regulating its action, but little is known regarding the intracellular events that trigger such shedding. Here, we show that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) causes the release of epithin. It also causes accumulation of the protein at the site of cell–cell contacts, and this accumulation is dependent on the formation of cortical actin. In addition, we have identified the actin‐binding protein, filamin, as the linker between epithin and the actin cytoskeleton. The interaction of epithin and filamin was enhanced by PMA, and epithin was not released from filamin‐deficient M2 cells. We also show that the release of epithin does not require its own activity and is blocked by a metalloprotease inhibitor, GM6001. These results show that filamin has an essential role in shedding by linking epithin to the as yet unidentified metalloprotease‐shedding enzyme(s).