bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Specially-Affecting States Doctrine
Authors: Yeini Shelly Aviv
Published: May 2018

The orthodox view of the Specially-Affected States Doctrine (SASD), grounded in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) 1969 judgment in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, is that practice leading to the emergence of a customary rule must include that of states “whose interests were specially affected.” The framing of this passage of the North Sea Continental Shelf judgment seems to imply both a positive and a negative importance for the practice of specially-affected states. Such practice is a requirement for the emergence of a new rule of customary international law. Acceptance by specially-affected states is, in other words, necessary but not sufficient for a rule of custom to emerge. Whether practice of specially-affected states can be sufficient to form a general custom is not resolved by this formulation, although it seems reasonable to infer that the ICJ had in mind that the combined involvement of specially-affected and other states was needed for the formation of such a rule of customary international law concerning basic principles of continental shelf delimitation. Conversely, the absence of rule-supporting practice by specially-affected states would have a negating effect on the emergence of a rule of customary international law, despite rule-affirming practice of states not specially affected. On this view, practice of only such states could not crystalize into a custom. One commentator has suggested that the negative construction does not mean that a single specially-affected state necessarily holds veto power over the formation of a new rule of customary international law, but asserted that “[i]f several ‘states whose interests are specially affected’ object to the formation of a custom, no custom can emerge.” Unsurprisingly, given this level of abstraction, such formulations do not themselves provide specificity as to how many (or which) specially-affected states would be sufficient to prevent the formation of a custom in a particular situation.
Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acute sinusitis and pharyngitis in an integrated healthcare system
Authors: Chauhan Lakshmi , Young Heather , Knepper Bryan C. , Shihadeh Katherine C. , Jenkins Timothy C.
Published: May 2018

We evaluated the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acute sinusitis and pharyngitis. Overall, 81% of antibiotic prescriptions for acute sinusitis were inappropriate and 48% of antibiotic prescriptions for pharyngitis were inappropriate. Types of prescribing errors differed between the 2 infections, including lack of an indication for antibiotics and excessive duration in ~50% of sinusitis cases and incorrect antibiotic dose in ~33% of pharyngitis cases.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018; 0, 1–3
Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition and its relationship to dynamic mode decomposition and resolvent analysis
Authors: Towne Aaron , Schmidt Oliver T. , Colonius Tim
Published: May 2018

We consider the frequency domain form of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), called spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD). Spectral POD is derived from a space–time POD problem for statistically stationary flows and leads to modes that each oscillate at a single frequency. This form of POD goes back to the original work of Lumley (Stochastic Tools in Turbulence, Academic Press, 1970), but has been overshadowed by a space-only form of POD since the 1990s. We clarify the relationship between these two forms of POD and show that SPOD modes represent structures that evolve coherently in space and time, while space-only POD modes in general do not. We also establish a relationship between SPOD and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD); we show that SPOD modes are in fact optimally averaged DMD modes obtained from an ensemble DMD problem for stationary flows. Accordingly, SPOD modes represent structures that are dynamic in the same sense as DMD modes but also optimally account for the statistical variability of turbulent flows. Finally, we establish a connection between SPOD and resolvent analysis. The key observation is that the resolvent-mode expansion coefficients must be regarded as statistical quantities to ensure convergent approximations of the flow statistics. When the expansion coefficients are uncorrelated, we show that SPOD and resolvent modes are identical. Our theoretical results and the overall utility of SPOD are demonstrated using two example problems: the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation and a turbulent jet.
Direct measurement of the Sears function in turbulent flow
Authors: Li Mingshui , Yang Yang , Li Ming , Liao Haili
Published: May 2018

The applicability of the strip assumption in the estimation of the unsteady lift response of a two-dimensional wing in turbulent flow is investigated. The ratio between the lift spectrum calculated from the two-wavenumber analysis and the lift spectrum calculated from the strip assumption is used to evaluate the accuracy of the strip assumption. It is shown that the accuracy of the strip assumption is controlled by the ratio of the turbulence integral scale to the chord and the aspect ratio. With an increase of these two parameters, the ratio for evaluating the accuracy of the strip assumption increases, the one-wavenumber transfer function obtained from the strip assumption approaches the Sears function gradually. When these two parameters take suitable values, the strip assumption could be applicable to the calculation of the unsteady lift on a wing in turbulent flow. Here, the term aspect ratio refers to the ratio of the specified span (an finite spanwise length of the two-dimensional wing) to the chord, the unsteady lift is calculated over this specified spanwise length. The theoretical analysis is verified by means of force measurement experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. In the experiment, a square passive grid is installed downstream of the entrance of the test section to generate approximately homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Three rectangular wings with different aspect ratios ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}=3$, 5 and 7) are used. These wing models have an NACA 0015 profile cross-section and a fixed chord length$c=0.16~\text{m}$. The testing results show that, at a fixed ratio of turbulence integral scale to chord, the deviation between the experimental one-wavenumber transfer function obtained from the strip assumption and the Sears function is reduced with increasing aspect ratio, as expected by the theoretical predictions. However, due to the effect of thickness, the experimental values at high frequencies cannot be captured by the Sears function which is derived based on the flat plate assumption. In practical applications, the effect of thickness on the transfer function should be considered.
Acceleration statistics of tracer particles in filtered turbulent fields
Authors: Lalescu Cristian C. , Wilczek Michael
Published: May 2018

We present results from direct numerical simulations of tracer particles advected in filtered velocity fields to quantify the impact of the scales of turbulence on Lagrangian acceleration statistics. Systematically removing spatial scales reduces the frequency of extreme acceleration events, consistent with the notion that they are rooted in the small-scale structure of turbulence. We also find that acceleration variance and flatness as a function of filter scale closely resemble experimental results of neutrally buoyant, finite-sized particles, corroborating the picture that particle size determines the scale on which turbulent fluctuations are sampled.
Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life
Authors: Lanigan Julie
Published: May 2018

Childhood obesity is a serious challenge for public health. The problem begins early with most excess childhood weight gained before starting school. In 2016, the WHO estimated that 41 million children under 5 were overweight or obese. Once established, obesity is difficult to reverse, likely to persist into adult life and is associated with increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. Preventing obesity is therefore of high importance. However, its development is multi-factorial and prevention is a complex challenge. Modifiable lifestyle behaviours such as diet and physical activity are the most well-known determinants of obesity. More recently, early-life factors have emerged as key influencers of obesity in childhood. Understanding risk factors and how they interact is important to inform interventions that aim to prevent obesity in early childhood. Available evidence supports multi-component interventions as effective in obesity prevention. However, relatively few interventions are available in the UK and only one, TrimTots, has been evaluated in randomised controlled trials and shown to be effective at reducing obesity risk in preschool children (age 1–5 years). BMI was lower in children immediately after completing TrimTots compared with waiting list controls and this effect was sustained at long-term follow-up, 2 years after completion. Developing and evaluating complex interventions for obesity prevention is a challenge for clinicians and researchers. In addition, parents encounter barriers engaging with interventions. This review considers early-life risk factors for obesity, highlights evidence for preventative interventions and discusses barriers and facilitators to their success.
Links between psychotic and neurotic symptoms in the general population: an analysis of longitudinal British National Survey data using Directed Acyclic Graphs
Authors: Kuipers J. , Moffa G. , Kuipers E. , Freeman D. , Bebbington P.
Published: May 2018

Background

Non-psychotic affective symptoms are important components of psychotic syndromes. They are frequent and are now thought to influence the emergence of paranoia and hallucinations. Evidence supporting this model of psychosis comes from recent cross-fertilising epidemiological and intervention studies. Epidemiological studies identify plausible targets for intervention but must be interpreted cautiously. Nevertheless, causal inference can be strengthened substantially using modern statistical methods.

Methods

Directed Acyclic Graphs were used in a dynamic Bayesian network approach to learn the overall dependence structure of chosen variables. DAG-based inference identifies the most likely directional links between multiple variables, thereby locating them in a putative causal cascade. We used initial and 18-month follow-up data from the 2000 British National Psychiatric Morbidity survey (N = 8580 and N = 2406).

Results

We analysed persecutory ideation, hallucinations, a range of affective symptoms and the effects of cannabis and problematic alcohol use. Worry was central to the links between symptoms, with plausible direct effects on insomnia, depressed mood and generalised anxiety, and recent cannabis use. Worry linked the other affective phenomena with paranoia. Hallucinations were connected only to worry and persecutory ideation. General anxiety, worry, sleep problems, and persecutory ideation were strongly self-predicting. Worry and persecutory ideation were connected over the 18-month interval in an apparent feedback loop.

Conclusions

These results have implications for understanding dynamic processes in psychosis and for targeting psychological interventions. The reciprocal influence of worry and paranoia implies that treating either symptom is likely to ameliorate the other.
The association between depressive and sleep symptoms for predicting incident disease onset after 6-year follow-up: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Poole Lydia , Jackowska Marta
Published: May 2018

Background

The independent effects of depressive symptoms and sleep problems for future physical illness risk have yet to be studied systematically across a variety of disease endpoints.

Methods

We analysed data from 7395 participants (65.81 ± 9.39 years; 54.8% female) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Baseline was wave 4 and participants were followed up for 6 years until wave 7. Sleep was measured using an adapted version of the Jenkins Sleep Problems questionnaire and depressive symptoms using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Participants with the illness of interest at baseline [coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer, diabetes/high blood glucose, arthritis] were excluded from models predicting the onset of that illness at follow-up. Logistic regression was used, entering depressive symptoms and sleep problems simultaneously into models controlling for a wide range of covariates.

Results

In fully adjusted models depressive symptoms predicted incident CHD (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04–1.20, p = 0.004) and diabetes/high blood glucose (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.22, p = 0.002) independent of sleep problems; both depressive symptoms (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04–1.16, p = 0.002) and sleep problems (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.26, p = 0.019) predicted incident arthritis.

Conclusions

Sleep problems and depressive symptoms, and a combination of both, were differentially associated with physical illness onset 6 years later. Our findings highlight the importance of taking into account somatic and affective experiences when looking across a variety of different physical illnesses.
Effects of slow-wave activity on mood disturbance in major depressive disorder
Authors: Goldschmied Jennifer R. , Cheng Philip , Hoffmann Robert , Boland Elaine M. , Deldin Patricia J. , Armitage Roseanne
Published: May 2018

Background

Studies have demonstrated that decreases in slow-wave activity (SWA) predict decreases in depressive symptoms in those with major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting that there may be a link between SWA and mood. The aim of the present study was to determine if the consequent change in SWA regulation following a mild homeostatic sleep challenge would predict mood disturbance.

Methods

Thirty-seven depressed and fifty-nine healthy adults spent three consecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. On the third night, bedtime was delayed by 3 h, as this procedure has been shown to provoke SWA. The Profile of Mood States questionnaire was administered on the morning following the baseline and sleep delay nights to measure mood disturbance.

Results

Results revealed that following sleep delay, a lower delta sleep ratio, indicative of inadequate dissipation of SWA from the first to the second non-rapid eye movement period, predicted increased mood disturbance in only those with MDD.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that in the first half of the night, individuals with MDD who have less SWA dissipation as a consequence of impaired SWA regulation have greater mood disturbance, and may suggest that appropriate homeostatic regulation of sleep is an important factor in the disorder.
Welfare State Attitudes and Support for Social Europe: Spillover or Obstacle?
Authors: BAUTE SHARON , MEULEMAN BART , ABTS KOEN
Published: May 2018

This study investigates how support for Social Europe is related to citizens’ welfare attitudes. On the one hand, welfare attitudes can spill over from the national to the European level, given that Social Europe aims to achieve similar goals to those of national welfare states. On the other hand, support for the welfare state can be an obstacle, if citizens perceive the nation state and the European Union as competing or substituting governance levels. Using data from the 2014 Belgian National Election Study, we take a multidimensional approach to Social Europe, capturing attitudes toward social regulations, member state solidarity, European social citizenship, and a European social security system. Results demonstrate that citizens who are more positive about the welfare state are also more supportive of Social Europe. However, positive welfare attitudes do not affect all dimensions of Social Europe to the same extent. The spillover effect of support for basic welfare state principles is strongest for policy instruments of Social Europe that are less intrusive to national welfare states (EU social regulations). By contrast, welfare state critique has a stronger impact on support for more intrusive instruments (European social citizenship).
Aliens in Latin America: Intervention, Arbitration and State Responsibility for Rebels
Authors: GREENMAN KATHRYN
Published: May 2018

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the question of state responsibility for injuries done by rebels to foreign nationals, or ‘aliens’, in its territory became an important one for international law. Initially, it was common for disputes regarding such responsibility to be resolved through diplomacy, backed up, not infrequently, by the threat and even the use of force. Later it became a matter which also led increasingly to arbitration; beginning around the middle of the nineteenth century a growing number of arbitral tribunals dealt with claims against states for injuries done to aliens by rebels. From the first, established in 1839, there followed a series of 40 mixed claims commissions which touched on state responsibility for rebels. Nearly three-quarters of these arbitrations involved a Western state against one of the new Latin American republics. In this article, I explore how intervention in Latin America, and particularly its turn to arbitration, produced the highly-contested doctrine of state responsibility for rebels. Reading this history in the context of decolonization, capitalist expansion and economic imperialism in Latin America, I argue that the doctrine of state responsibility for rebels was produced out of and used to manage the transition from old colonialism to new imperialism in the region so as to guarantee foreign trade and investment. Understanding this history, I argue, helps us to put back together the pieces of alien protection which fragmented after 1945 and illuminates how international law continues to protect foreign investment against rebels in the decolonized world.
Plausibility in the Provisional Measures Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice
Authors: LANDO MASSIMO
Published: May 2018

In 2009, the International Court of Justice introduced plausibility as a requirement for indicating provisional measures under Article 41 of its Statute. Upon its introduction, plausibility was conceived as a test to establish that the rights asserted by applicant states might exist under international law. However, the Court subsequently developed the plausibility test into a higher standard, which requires the Court also to assess that the alleged conduct of the respondent state might breach that applicant state's asserted rights. This development has important implications for provisional measures proceedings before the Court. First, one could distinguish two aspects of plausibility, legal and factual. Second, plausibility has different functions in requests for provisional measures depending on whether the applicant state asserts rights arising under a treaty or under customary international law. Third, the Court's enquiry into plausibility could overlap with the enquiry intoprima faciejurisdictionratione materiae, although these two requirements conceivably entail different thresholds. Fourth, plausibility in provisional measures indicated in interpretation proceedings could be seen to be different from plausibility in provisional measures indicated in ordinary contentious proceedings.
‘A development of practical Catholic Emancipation’: laying the foundations for the Roman Catholic urban landscape, 1850–1900
Authors: NICGHABHANN NIAMH
Published: May 2018

The infrastructures of devotion and religious worship in Ireland changed dramatically during the course of the nineteenth century. This article examines the foundation stone ceremonies that marked the beginning of several large-scale building Roman Catholic church building projects between 1850 and 1900, and in particular considers the extent to which these highly visible and ceremonial events prefigured the more permanent occupation of public space by the new buildings. These foundation stone ceremonies were complex events that reflected contemporary political issues such as land rights as much as they engaged with the spiritual concerns of the Roman Catholic congregations in Ireland during this period.
Football clubs, city images and cultural differentiation: identifying with rivalling Vitesse Arnhem and NEC Nijmegen
Authors: VERRIET JON
Published: May 2018

How are deep relationships between city and club identification formed, and are they inevitable? The aim of this article is to provide a historical analysis of the rivalry between two football clubs, Vitesse Arnhem and NEC Nijmegen, explicating their various ‘axes of enmity’. Supporters, club officials and observers of these two clubs created and selectively maintained similarities between respective city image and club image. The process of ‘othering’ influenced both city and club images and helped create oppositional identities. Herein, football identification reflects broader societal needs for a place-based identity, and for a coherent image of both self and other.
A Naturalistic Comparison of Group Transdiagnostic Behaviour Therapy (TBT) and Disorder-Specific Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Groups for the Affective Disorders
Authors: Gros Daniel F. , Merrifield Colleen , Rowa Karen , Szafranski Derek D. , Young Lisa , McCabe Randi E.
Published: May 2018

Background:Transdiagnostic psychotherapies are designed to apply the same underlying treatment principles across a set of psychiatric disorders, without significant tailoring to specific diagnoses. Several transdiagnostic psychotherapy protocols have been developed recently, each of which has its own strengths and weaknesses. One promising treatment is Transdiagnostic Behaviour Therapy (TBT), in that it is one of the few transdiagnostic treatments to date shown to be effective in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. However, TBT has only been investigated via individual psychotherapy.Aims:The present study investigated the effectiveness of a group protocol for TBT, compared with disorder-specific group psychotherapies, in a naturalistic setting.Method:109 participants with various diagnoses of affective disorders completed either group TBT (n= 37) or a disorder-specific group psychotherapy (n= 72). Measures included assessments of psychiatric symptomatology and transdiagnostic impairment at baseline and post-treatment.Results:Overall, participants in the TBT group demonstrated significant improvements across all measures. When compared with disorder-specific groups, no statistical differences were observed between groups across symptoms; however, participants in the TBT group demonstrated roughly twice the treatment effect sizes in transdiagnostic impairment compared with participants in the disorder-specific groups. In addition, when participants from the most well-represented diagnosis and disorder-specific treatment (social anxiety disorder) were investigated separately, participants in the TBT group demonstrated significantly larger improvements in comorbid depressive symptoms than participants in the disorder-specific treatment.Conclusions:Pending replication and additional comparison studies, group TBT may provide an effective group treatment option for patients with affective disorders.
Food in rural northern Norway in relation to Sami ethnicity: the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey
Authors: Petrenya Natalia , Skeie Guri , Melhus Marita , Brustad Magritt
Published: May 2018

Objective

To estimate current food intake in the population of northern Norway and to investigate the impact of self-perceived Sami ethnicity and region of residence on food intake.

Design

The data are part of the second cross-sectional survey of the Population-based Study on Health and Living Conditions in Regions with Sami and Norwegian Populations (the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey, 2012–2014). Food intake was assessed by an FFQ. Ethnic and regional differences in food intake were studied by sex-specific, multivariable-adjusted quantile regression models.

Setting

Ten municipalities (rural northern Norway).

Subjects

Males (n2054) and females (n2450) aged 40–69 years (2743 non-Sami, 622 multi-ethnic Sami, 1139 Sami).

Results

The diet of Sami participants contained more reindeer meat, moose meat, food made with animal blood and freshwater fish; and contained less lean fish and vegetables. In the inland region, the consumption of reindeer meat was greatest in Sami participants, followed by multi-ethnic Sami participants and non-Sami participants, who had the lowest consumption (median 25, 12 and 8 g/d, respectively). Compared with the inland region, fish roe/liver intake was higher in the coastal region and lean fish intake was twice as high (41 and 32 g/d in males and females, respectively).

Conclusions

When compared with non-Sami participants, those with solely self-perceived Sami ethnicity reported a significantly different intake of several foods, especially reindeer meat in the inland region. Multi-ethnic Sami tended to have similar diets to non-Sami. Residence in the coastal region predicted higher fish and roe/liver intake.
Parting ways or lashing back? Withdrawals, backlash and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Soley Ximena , Steininger Silvia
Published: May 2018

This paper will analyse instances and threats of withdrawal from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in order to assess whether those cases can be qualified as backlash. Backlash often serves as an umbrella term for any form of disagreement, hence we differentiate ‘backlash’ from closely connected concepts such as ‘contestation’ and ‘resistance’. In the empirical part of this paper, we examine four cases of withdrawal from the IACtHR or threats thereof, namely Trinidad and Tobago, the Dominican Republic, Peru and Venezuela. The case-studies revealed that the criticism against the IACtHR is fuelled by a combination of three conditions, namely costs of membership, the domestic political system and the domestic impact of the judgments. Ultimately, the specific framework of the IACtHR allows innovative starting points to manage state discontent, in particular the two-tiered structure, the alliance with civil society and the presence of compliance partners within the state.
The limits of international adjudication: authority and resistance of regional economic courts in times of crisis
Authors: Caserta Salvatore , Cebulak Pola
Published: May 2018

The paper compares the involvement of four regional economic courts in legal disputes mirroring constitutional, political and social crises at national or regional levels. These four judicial bodies of the EU, the Andean Community, the East African Community and the Central American Integration System have all faced varied forms of resistance to their involvement and their general authority. By comparing these four case-studies from across the globe, the paper identifies institutional and contextual factors that explain the uneven resistance. While the regional economic courts in Central America and East Africa were subject to backlash from the Member States, their counterparts in Europe and Latin America avoided backlash but at the price of achieving only a narrow authority.
Dopamine and intertemporal choice in humans
Authors: F. Münte Thomas , Ye Zheng , Marco-Pallarés Josep , M. Krämer Ulrike , Schüle Rebecca , Schöls Ludger , Rojo-Fite Nuria , Camara Estela , Cunillera Toni , Cucurell David , Rodriguez-Fornells Antoni
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in the mediation of cost/benefit evaluations involved in the intertemporal choices between immediate and delayed rewards. This involvement was further investigated in two studies of normal participants that had to decide between a smaller immediate and a larger delayed reward in a series of 27 decisions.In study 1 the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist pramipexole or placebo were administered in a double-blind cross-over protocol prior to the decisions. In study 2 the same experiment was conducted in two groups of normal participants that were homozygous for either the 7repeat or the 4 repeat variant of the exon III polymorphism of the Dopamine D4 receptor gene. Dopaminergic involvement is highlighted by the results.
Die Erneuerung der Praxisanleitung
Authors: Quernheim German
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Weiterbildung zur Praxisanleitung wird in Deutschland seit 40 Jahren angeboten. Seither haben sich nicht nur die Rahmenbedingungen verändert, sondern auch das Verständnis von Praxisanleitung. Dieses soll im Folgenden dargestellt werden. Praxisanleitung gilt heute als eine professionelle Dienstleistung, bei der Lernende und neue Mitarbeiter / innen im Fokus stehen.
Digitale Kompetenz unter Lehrenden – Eine Annäherung an eine schwierige Definition und die Messung der Medienkompetenz
Authors: Vogt Nicolas
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Im Pflegesektor sind die dort tätigen Menschen einem stetigen Wandel unterworfen. Der demographische Wandel, Veränderungen der eigenen Arbeit durch neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse oder die Technisierung der Pflege stellen nur einige Herausforderungen dar. Hierbei müssen Pflegekräfte immer wieder neue Lernherausforderungen meistern. Digitale Medien können einen hohen Nutzen leisten, jedoch ist ihr Einsatzspektrum noch nicht vollends ausgeschöpft.
Zur Diskussion des CHC-Modells im Kontext des Leistungssports
Authors: Würth Sabine , Hofer Andreas , Amesberger Günter
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Cattell-Horn-Carroll Modell (CHC-Modell) wird als potentielles Rahmenmodell vorgestellt, um kognitive Basisfähigkeiten im leistungssportlichen Kontext zu betrachten. Mit dem Determinationstest (DT) wird beispielhaft ein Testverfahren aus dem Wiener Testsystem auf seine psychometrischen Eigenschaften geprüft, Aspekte der speed & efficiency als Komponenten des CHC-Modells zu erfassen, die im Sport von hoher Bedeutsamkeit sind. Zur Konstruktvalidierung wird ergänzend der Cognitrone (COG), der u.a. den CHC-Bereich memory & efficiency abbildet, in Teilstichproben eingesetzt. Auf der Datenbasis von österreichischen Leistungssporttreibenden sowie Sportstudierenden werden Kriteriums- und Konstruktvalidität sowie Test-Retest-Stabilität des DT berichtet. Der DT scheint einen Beitrag leisten zu können, zwischen Sportartenbündeln zu differenzieren, die (a) hohe Anforderungen (z.B. Tennis) bzw. (b) geringe Anforderungen (z.B. Skilanglauf) an speed & efficiency stellen. In Spielsportarten, die stark auf speed & efficiency als auch der memory & efficiency rekurrieren, korrelieren die Daten des DT und COG erwartungsgemäß höher als bei den beiden anderen Sportartenbündeln.
Intense Granular Sheetflow in Steep Streams
Authors: Palucis Marisa C. , Ulizio Tom , Fuller Brian , Lamb Michael P.
Published: May 2018

Quantifying sediment transport rates in mountainous streams is important for hazard prediction, stream restoration, and landscape evolution. While much of the channel network has steep bed slopes, little is known about the mechanisms of sediment transport for bed slopes between 10% < S < 30%, where both fluvial transport and debris flows occur. To explore these slopes, we performed experiments in a 12‐m‐long sediment recirculating flume with a nearly uniform gravel bed. At 20% and 30% bed gradients, we observed a 4‐to‐10 particle‐diameter thick, highly concentrated sheetflow layer between the static bed below and the more dilute bedload layer above. Sheetflow thickness increased with steeper bed slopes, and particle velocities increased with bed shear velocity. Sheetflows occurred at Shields stresses close to the predicted bedload‐to‐debris flow transition, suggesting a change of behavior from bedload to sheetflow to debris flow as the bed steepens.
Titan's Meteorology Over the Cassini Mission: Evidence for Extensive Subsurface Methane Reservoirs
Authors: Turtle E. P. , Perry J. E. , Barbara J. M. , Del Genio A. D. , Rodriguez S. , Le Mouélic S. , Sotin C. , Lora J. M. , Faulk S. , Corlies P. , Kelland J. , MacKenzie S. M. , West R. A. , McEwen A. S. , Lunine J. I. , Pitesky J. , Ray T. L. , Roy M.
Published: May 2018

Cassini observations of Titan's weather patterns over >13 years, almost half a Saturnian year, provide insight into seasonal circulation patterns and the methane cycle. The Imaging Science Subsystem and the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer documented cloud locations, characteristics, morphologies, and behavior. Clouds were generally more prevalent in the summer hemisphere, but there were surprises in locations and timing of activity: Southern clouds were common at midlatitudes, northern clouds initially appeared much sooner than model predictions, and north polar summer convective systems did not appear before the mission ended. Differences from expectations constrain atmospheric circulation models, revealing factors that best match observations, including the roles of surface and subsurface reservoirs. The preference for clouds at mid‐northern latitudes rather than near the pole is consistent with models that include widespread polar near‐surface methane reservoirs in addition to the lakes and seas, suggesting a broader subsurface methane table is accessible to the atmosphere.
Afterslip Enhanced Aftershock Activity During the 2017 Earthquake Sequence Near Sulphur Peak, Idaho
Authors: Koper Keith D. , Pankow Kristine L. , Pechmann James C. , Hale J. Mark , Burlacu Relu , Yeck William L. , Benz Harley M. , Herrmann Robert B. , Trugman Daniel T. , Shearer Peter M.
Published: May 2018

An energetic earthquake sequence occurred during September to October 2017 near Sulphur Peak, Idaho. The normal‐faulting Mw 5.3 mainshock of 2 September 2017 was widely felt in Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Over 1,000 aftershocks were located within the first 2 months, 29 of which had magnitudes ≥4.0 ML. High‐accuracy locations derived with data from a temporary seismic array show that the sequence occurred in the upper (<10 km) crust of the Aspen Range, east of the northern section of the range‐bounding, west‐dipping East Bear Lake Fault. Moment tensors for 77 of the largest events show normal and strike‐slip faulting with a summed aftershock moment that is 1.8–2.4 times larger than the mainshock moment. We propose that the unusually high productivity of the 2017 Sulphur Peak sequence can be explained by aseismic afterslip, which triggered a secondary swarm south of the coseismic rupture zone beginning ~1 day after the mainshock.
A Maximum Spreading Speed for Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Walsh B. M. , Welling D. T. , Zou Y. , Nishimura Y.
Published: May 2018

Past observations and numerical modeling find magnetic reconnection to initiate at a localized region and then spread along a current sheet. The rate of spreading has been proposed to be controlled by a number of mechanisms based on the properties within the boundary. At the Earth's magnetopause the spreading speed is also limited by the speed at which a shocked solar wind front can move along the magnetopause boundary. The speed at which a purely north to south rotational discontinuity propagates through the magnetosheath and contacts the magnetopause is measured here using the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree Solar Wind Roe‐Type Upwind Scheme global magnetohydrodynamics model. The propagation speed along the magnetopause is fastest near the nose of the magnetopause and decreases with distance from the subsolar point. The average propagation speed along the dayside magnetopause is 847 km/s. This is significantly larger than observed rates of reconnection spreading at the magnetopause of 30–40 km/s indicating that, for the observed conditions, the speed of front propagation along the magnetopause does not limit or control the spreading rate of reconnection.
NaCl Crust Architecture and Its Impact on Evaporation: Three‐Dimensional Insights
Authors: Nachshon Uri , Weisbrod Noam , Katzir Roee , Nasser Ahmed
Published: May 2018

Salt precipitation over porous media due to evaporation is known to affect various important processes, including evaporation itself. Many studies have shown that salt crust precipitation reduces evaporation rate, and it has been suggested that the crust constitutes a barrier to vapor flow. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how a porous medium such as the salt crust does not enable upward liquid water transfer by capillary flow. Herein, we show by various imaging methods that the salt crust grows out of specific nucleation centers, to create an elevated crust approximately 1 mm above the matrix surface, most of which is disconnected from the matrix. This indicates that evaporation from a porous medium that is covered by NaCl efflorescence salt crust may occur below the crust, at the soil surface.
The Inequality of Climate Change From 1.5 to 2°C of Global Warming
Authors: King Andrew D. , Harrington Luke J.
Published: May 2018

The Paris Agreement aims to keep global warming well below 2°C above preindustrial levels with a preferred ambitious 1.5°C target. Developing countries, especially small island nations, pressed for the 1.5°C target to be adopted, but who will suffer the largest changes in climate if we miss this target? Here we show that exceeding the 1.5°C global warming target would lead to the poorest experiencing the greatest local climate changes. Under these circumstances greater support for climate adaptation to prevent poverty growth would be required.
Spatial Distribution of Diffusivity Coefficients and the Effects on Water Mass Modification in the North Pacific
Authors: Kouketsu Shinya
Published: May 2018

Three‐dimensional velocity, diapycnal mixing, and isopycnal mixing fields were estimated based on long‐term mean (2001–2015) salinity distributions obtained with Argo float arrays on neutral‐density (γ) surfaces. Strong estimated isopycnal mixings were associated with the Kuroshio Extension, subtropical boundary, and the west coast of North America, and strong estimated diapycnal mixing was associated with the Izu‐Ogasawara and Hawaiian ridges, which are internal wave‐generation spots. Patterns of the mixing coefficient distributions were consistent with previous estimates by other methods. We used the mixing coefficient fields to reveal the spatial patterns of volume transports and salinity budgets on isopycnal layers. Whereas relatively large eddy transports associated with thickness diffusivity contributed to the spatial patterns of volume transports, the contributions of spatial changes in diapycnal mixing were small. Spatial changes of diapycnal mixing strongly affected those of salinity, especially in the layers around North Pacific Intermediate Water (26.5–27.0γ and 27.0–27.5γ), whereas spatial changes of isopycnal mixing were important for water mass modification in all layers. This analysis suggests that the clear salinity minimum formed regionally along the Kuroshio Extension decays because of locally strong diapycnal mixing as well as isopycnal mixing. Although the results support the utility of using the spatial distributions of water properties to infer water mass modifications, assessments based on direct measurements of mixing and fine‐scale parameterization are needed to clarify the localized effects of mixing on water mass modifications because the inversion errors in this study were not small enough to enable detection of high‐resolution spatial changes.
Representing and Understanding the Carbon Cycle Using the Theory of Compartmental Dynamical Systems
Authors: Sierra Carlos A. , Ceballos‐Núñez Verónika , Metzler Holger , Müller Markus
Published: May 2018

Models representing exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere include a large variety of processes and mechanisms, and have increased in complexity in the last decades. These models are no exception of the simulation versus understanding conundrum previously articulated for models of the physical climate, which states that increasing detail in process representation in models, and the simulations they produce, hinders understanding of holistic system behavior. However, recent theoretical progress on the mathematical representation of the carbon cycle in ecosystems may help to provide a general framework for the qualitative understanding of models without compromising detail in process representation. Here we (1) briefly review recent ideas on the theory of transient dynamics of the terrestrial carbon cycle and its matrix representation, pointing out issues of interpretation, (2) show that these ideas can be further generalized in the mathematical concept of nonautonomous compartmental systems, and (3) provide thoughts on how this framework can be used to address a new set of questions in carbon cycle science.
Various stress stimuli rewire the profile of liver secretome in a p53-dependent manner
Authors: Charni-Natan Meital , Solomon Hilla , Molchadsky Alina , Jacob-Berger Adi , Goldfinger Naomi , Rotter Varda
Published: May 2018

Liver is an important secretory organ that consistently manages various insults in order to retain whole-body homeostasis. Importantly, it was suggested that the tumor-suppressor p53 plays a role in a variety of liver physiological processes and thus it is being regarded as a systemic homeostasis regulator. Using high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis, we identified various p53-dependent liver secretome profiles. This allowed a global view on the role of p53 in maintaining the harmony of liver and whole-body homeostasis. We found that p53 altered the liver secretome differently under various conditions. Under physiological conditions, p53 controls factors that are related mainly to lipid metabolism and injury response. Upon exposure to various types of cancer therapy agents, the hepatic p53 is activated and induces the secretion of proteins related to additional pathways, such as hemostasis, immune response, and cell adhesion. Interestingly, we identified a possible relationship between p53-dependent liver functions and lung tumors. The latter modify differently liver secretome profile toward the secretion of proteins mainly related to cell migration and immune response. The notion that p53 may rewire the liver secretome profile suggests a new non-cell autonomous role of p53 that affect different liver functions and whole organism homeostasis.
Increased H3K27ac level of ACE mediates the intergenerational effect of low peak bone mass induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure in male offspring rats
Authors: Xiao Hao , Wen Yinxian , Pan Zhengqi , Shangguan Yangfan , Qin Jun , Tan Yang , Jiang Hongqiang , Li Bin , Zhang Qi , Chen Liaobin , Wang Hui
Published: May 2018

Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) induces developmental toxicities of multiple organs in offspring. Here, we verified the intergenerational effect of low peak bone mass induced by PDE and investigated its intrauterine programming mechanism. Pregnant rats were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 mg/kg/d dexamethasone from gestation day (GD) 9 to 20. Some pregnant rats were killed for the fetuses on GD20, and the rest went on to spontaneous labor to produce the first-generation (F1) offspring. The adult F1 male offspring were mated with normal females to produce the F2 offspring. In vivo, PDE leads to low peak bone mass in F1 male offspring rats at postnatal week (PW) 28. Furthermore, PDE reduced the bone mass in F1 male offspring from GD20 to PW12. Meanwhile, the osteogenic differentiation was suppressed and the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was activated continuously by PDE. Moreover, the histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) level in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) promoter region was increased by PDE from GD20 to PW12. Likewise, PDE induced the low peak bone mass and the activated local RAS in F2 male offspring. Meaningfully, the H3K27ac level of ACE was increased by PDE in the F2 offspring. In vitro, dexamethasone inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation and promoted RAS activation. Furthermore, dexamethasone recruited CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and p300 into the BMSCs nucleus by activating glucocorticoid receptor, which cooperatively increased the H3K27ac level in the ACE promoter region. In conclusion, PDE induced the low peak bone mass and its intergenerational effect, which was mediated by sustained activation of RAS via increasing H3K27ac level of ACE.
Dynamics of self-reorganization explains passivation of silicate glasses
Authors: Gin Stéphane , Collin Marie , Jollivet Patrick , Fournier Maxime , Minet Yves , Dupuy Laurent , Mahadevan Thiruvilla , Kerisit Sebastien , Du Jincheng
Published: May 2018

Understanding the dissolution of silicate glasses and minerals from atomic to macroscopic levels is a challenge with major implications in geoscience and industry. One of the main uncertainties limiting the development of predictive models lies in the formation of an amorphous surface layer––called gel––that can in some circumstances control the reactivity of the buried interface. Here, we report experimental and simulation results deciphering the mechanisms by which the gel becomes passivating. The study conducted on a six-oxide borosilicate glass shows that gel reorganization involving high exchange rate of oxygen and low exchange rate of silicon is the key mechanism accounting for extremely low apparent water diffusivity (∼10−21 m2 s−1), which could be rate-limiting for the overall reaction. These findings could be used to improve kinetic models, and inspire the development of new molecular sieve materials with tailored properties as well as highly durable glass for application in extreme environments.
Combined Rho-kinase inhibition and immunogenic cell death triggers and propagates immunity against cancer
Authors: Nam Gi-Hoon , Lee Eun Jung , Kim Yoon Kyoung , Hong Yeonsun , Choi Yoonjeong , Ryu Myung-Jeom , Woo Jiwan , Cho Yakdol , Ahn Dong June , Yang Yoosoo , Kwon Ick-Chan , Park Seung-Yoon , Kim In-San
Published: May 2018

Activation of T cell immune response is critical for the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Current immunotherapies have shown remarkable clinical success against several cancers; however, significant responses remain restricted to a minority of patients. Here, we show a therapeutic strategy that combines enhancing the phagocytic activity of antigen-presenting cells with immunogenic cell death to trigger efficient antitumour immunity. Rho-kinase (ROCK) blockade increases cancer cell phagocytosis and induces antitumour immunity through enhancement of T cell priming by dendritic cells (DCs), leading to suppression of tumour growth in syngeneic tumour models. Combining ROCK blockade with immunogenic chemotherapy leads to increased DC maturation and synergistic CD8+ cytotoxic T cell priming and infiltration into tumours. This therapeutic strategy effectively suppresses tumour growth and improves overall survival in a genetic mouse mammary tumour virus/Neu tumour model. Collectively, these results suggest that boosting intrinsic cancer immunity using immunogenic killing and enhanced phagocytosis is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
Targeting repair pathways with small molecules increases precise genome editing in pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Riesenberg Stephan , Maricic Tomislav
Published: May 2018

A now frequently used method to edit mammalian genomes uses the nucleases CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 or the nickase CRISPR/Cas9n to introduce double-strand breaks which are then repaired by homology-directed repair using DNA donor molecules carrying desired mutations. Using a mixture of small molecules, the “CRISPY” mix, we achieve a 2.8- to 7.2-fold increase in precise genome editing with Cas9n, resulting in the introduction of the intended nucleotide substitutions in almost 50% of chromosomes or of gene encoding a blue fluorescent protein in 27% of cells, to our knowledge the highest editing efficiency in human induced pluripotent stem cells described to date. Furthermore, the CRISPY mix improves precise genome editing with Cpf1 2.3- to 4.0-fold, allowing almost 20% of chromosomes to be edited. The components of the CRISPY mix do not always increase the editing efficiency in the immortalized or primary cell lines tested, suggesting that employed repair pathways are cell-type specific.