bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autophagic receptor p62 protects against glycation‐derived toxicity and enhances viability
Authors: Aragonès Gemma , Dasuri Kalavathi , Olukorede Opeoluwa , Francisco Sarah G. , Renneburg Carol , Kumsta Caroline , Hansen Malene , Kageyama Shun , Komatsu Masaaki , Rowan Sheldon , Volkin Jonathan , Workman Michael , Yang Wenxin , Daza Paula , Ruano Diego , Dominguez‐Martín Helena , Rodríguez‐Navarro José Antonio , Du Xue‐Liang , Brownlee Michael A. , Bejarano Eloy , Taylor Allen
Published: November 2020

Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with the typical American high glycemia diet and result in accumulation of high levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), particularly upon aging. AGEs form when sugars or their metabolites react with proteins. Associated with a myriad of age‐related diseases, AGEs accumulate in many tissues and are cytotoxic. To date, efforts to limit glycation pharmacologically have failed in human trials. Thus, it is crucial to identify systems that remove AGEs, but such research is scanty. Here, we determined if and how AGEs might be cleared by autophagy. Ourin vivomouse andC.elegansmodels, in which we altered proteolysis or glycative burden, as well as experiments in five types of cells, revealed more than six criteria indicating that p62‐dependent autophagy is a conserved pathway that plays a critical role in the removal of AGEs. Activation of autophagic removal of AGEs requires p62, and blocking this pathway results in accumulation of AGEs and compromised viability. Deficiency of p62 accelerates accumulation of AGEs in soluble and insoluble fractions. p62 itself is subject to glycative inactivation and accumulates as high mass species. Accumulation of p62 in retinal pigment epithelium is reversed by switching to a lower glycemia diet. Since diminution of glycative damage is associated with reduced risk for age‐related diseases, including age‐related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's, discovery of methods to limit AGEs or enhance p62‐dependent autophagy offers novel potential therapeutic targets to treat AGEs‐related pathologies.
The future representativeness of Madagascar's protected area network in the face of climate change
Authors: Coldrey Kevin M. , Turpie Jane K.
Published: November 2020

With many species predicted to respond to a changing climate by shifting their distribution to climatically suitable areas, the effectiveness of static protected areas (PAs) is in question. The Madagascan PA network area has quadrupled over the past 15 years, and, although conservation planning techniques were employed to prioritise suitable areas for protection during this process, climate change impacts were not considered. We make use of species distribution models for 750 Madagascan vertebrate species to assess the potential impacts of climate change on (1) species richness across Madagascar, (2) species gain, loss and turnover in Madagascar's PAs and (3) PA network representativeness. Results indicate that Madagascar is predicted to experience substantial shifts in species richness, with most PAs predicted to experience high rates of species turnover. Provided there are no barriers to species movements, the representativeness of the current PA network will remain high for the species that are predicted to survive changes in climate by 2070, suggesting that little benefit will be gained from establishing new PAs. However, this rests on the assumption of mobility through areas currently characterised by fragmentation and anthropogenic activity, something that will require considerable expansion in conservation efforts in order to achieve.
Characterizing the immune cell population in the human fetal membrane
Authors: Jacobs Sara O. , Sheller‐Miller Samantha , Richardson Lauren S. , Urrabaz‐Garza Rheanna , Radnaa Enkhtuya , Menon Ramkumar
Published: November 2020

Problem

This study localized CD45+ immune cells and compared changes in their numbers between term, not in labor (TNIL) and term, labor (TL) human fetal membranes.

Method of study

Fetal membranes (amniochorion) from normal TNIL and TL subjects were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and flow cytometry for evidence of total (CD45+) immune cells as well as innate immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells) using specific markers. Fetal origin of immune cells was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SRY gene in Y chromosome.

Results

CD45+ cells were localized in human fetal membranes for both TNIL and TL. A threefold increase in CD45+ cells was seen in TL fetal membranes of (7.73% ± 2.35) compared to TNIL (2.36% ± 0.78). This increase is primarily contributed by neutrophils. Macrophages and NK cells did not change in the membranes between TNIL and TL. Leukocytes of fetal origin are present in the fetal membranes.

Conclusion

The fetal membranes without decidua contain a small proportion of immune cells. Some of these immune cells in the fetal membrane are fetal in origin. There is a moderate increase of immune cells in the fetal membranes at term labor; however, it is unclear whether this is a cause or consequence of labor. Further functional studies are needed to determine their contribution to membrane inflammation associated with parturition.
The state of psychiatric research in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Roche Glen Cedric , Fung Paul , Ransing Ramdas , Noor Isa Multazam , Shalbafan Mohammadreza , El Hayek Samer , Koh Eugene Boon Yau , Gupta Anoop Krishna , Kudva Kundadak Ganesh
Published: November 2020

Introduction

This study aims to review recent scientific publications and research output in the field of psychiatry, from a series of countries in the Asia‐Pacific region (Australia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, and Nepal), with a view to identify themes and similarities across regions, as well as to examine the barriers and challenges in mental health research faced by countries in the region.

Methods

Seven psychiatrists from seven countries reviewed recent published and ongoing research in psychiatry in their respective nations, with respect to themes, as well as any barriers or challenges faced by mental health researchers.

Results

While the seven nations included in this review vary in terms of research capabilities and economic development level, they share many similarities both in terms of research direction, and with regards to challenges faced. Limitations in the form of sociocultural differences from the West, and a lack of funding were some of the barriers identified.

Discussion

Mental health research in the region has been progressing well. However, more varied research in the form of qualitative or economic studies are lacking, as are multi‐center studies. The similar issues that nations face with regards to research could perhaps benefit from collaborative efforts and initiatives for the furtherance of research in the region.
Pilot study comparing the effects of thinning processes on the cross‐sectional morphologies of Early and Late Acheulian handaxes
Authors: Caruana M. V.
Published: November 2020

The refinement of handaxes, defined as increasing planview symmetry and profile thinness, has been used to distinguish Early and Late Acheulian assemblages. However, recent studies have found that this is not a ubiquitous trend throughout the Acheulian industry. Yet, research suggests that Late Acheulian handaxes differ from earlier forms in the complexity and extent of thinning procedures. To test the discriminatory power of thinning in distinguishing Early and Late Acheulian handaxes, cross‐sectional shapes are compared through geometric morphometric techniques. Results suggest that analysing cross‐sectional outlines can identify variance relating to reduction processes, which differentiate handaxes from Early and Late Acheulian assemblages.
Feasibility of laparoscopic total gastrectomy with splenectomy for proximal advanced gastric cancer: A comparative study with open surgery
Authors: Akimoto Eigo , Kinoshita Takahiro , Sato Reo , Yoshida Mitsumasa , Nishiguchi Yukiko , Harada Junichiro
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Total gastrectomy with splenectomy (TGS) is sometimes performed for treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer invading the greater curvature because metastasis to splenic hilar nodes is expected. Despite the widespread use of laparoscopic procedures, the feasibility of laparoscopic TGS (LTGS) has been scarcely reported because of its technical difficulties.

Methods

This retrospective single‐institutional study included 93 consecutive patients with proximal advanced gastric cancer who underwent either LTGS or open TGS (OTGS) from 2010 to 2018. The patients who underwent LTGS (n = 12) were compared with a 1:2 ratio propensity score‐matched cohort of patients who underwent OTGS (n = 20). Clinical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the two groups.

Results

The patients' baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. The operating time was longer (332.5 vs 222.5 minutes, P < .01) but the blood loss volume was smaller (34.5 vs 426 mL, P < .01) in the LTGS than OTGS group. The incidence of postoperative morbidity (≥ Clavien‐Dindo grade III) was much lower (0.0% vs 36.8%, P = .02) and the median postoperative hospital stay was shorter (9 vs 11 days, P < .01) in the LTGS than OTGS group. The median number of harvested No. 10 or 11 days lymph nodes was equivalent between the two groups.

Conclusions

Although TGS is not a common procedure, LTGS may be safely performed in selected patients when carried out by an experienced surgical team. The oncological safety remains unclear and needs to be further examined in future trials.
Local adaptation of laparoscopic smoke evacuator in COVID‐19 pandemic situation
Authors: Nugroho Adianto , Saunar Rofi , Lalisang Toar J. M. , Wiradisuria Errawan
Published: November 2020

The pandemic of COVID‐19 has been a game changer in many aspects of medical care, including laparoscopic surgery service. Uncertainty in the early pandemic has led to the fear of doing laparoscopic surgery with regard to the possibility of SARS‐COV‐2 transmission through surgical smoke. We carried out laparoscopic surgery during the COVID‐19 pandemic with intention to test our local adaptation of a laparoscopic smoke evacuator. Twenty‐five laparoscopic cases for digestive surgery were performed with uneventful results. In summary, a low cost local adaptation of laparoscopic smoke and safe surgical behavior should be the standard of care when delivering laparoscopic surgery service in the pandemic era and forward.
Adult moulting and dimorphism in a new species of Sphenoderes (Kinorhyncha: Kentrorhagata)—Is the exception becoming the rule?
Authors: Sørensen Martin V. , Herranz Maria
Published: November 2020

Adult dimorphism (i.e. non‐sexual dimorphism observed among sexually mature specimens) and the existence of two morphologically distinct adult stages are for the first time reported from a species of the kentrorhagid kinorhynch genus Sphenoderes. The dimorphism was found in a new species, Sphenoderes neptunus sp. nov., from the Gulf of Naples, Italy, and a formal description is provided. While dimorphism between adult life stages of kinorhynchs so far have been restricted to differences in the two posteriormost segments, the dimorphism in the new species is expressed in spine lengths throughout the entire trunk, as well as in presence or absence of cuspidate spines. The implications for comparative kinorhynch morphology and taxonomy are discussed, and it is concluded that adult dimorphism and the occurrence of more than one adult life stage always should be considered as a possibility when exploring kinorhynchs of the orders Kentrorhagata and Xenosomata. Despite the comparative challenges prompted by the adult dimorphism, species of Sphenoderes can still be distinguished by differences in shape of midventral placid and distribution of sensory spots. Conversely, spine patterns as differential characters should be used with caution, and only after ensuring that specimens belonging to the same adult stage are compared.
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia, penile cancer precursors and human papillomavirus prevalence in symptomatic preputium: a cross‐sectional study of 351 circumcised men in Sweden
Authors: Kristiansen Sinja , Bjartling Carina , Svensson Åke , Forslund Ola , Torbrand Christian
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of pathological disease and spectrum of human papillomavirus (HPV) types among symptomatic foreskin tissue.

Patients and Methods

Consecutively excised symptomatic foreskins from 351 men were sent for histopathological evaluation. During the surgical procedure, a fresh biopsy was taken for HPV analysis by modified general primer polymerase chain reaction. A medical questionnaire regarding medication, smoking habits, number of lifetime sexual partners, former diseases and surgery performed on penis was completed by all participants.

Results

The most common clinical diagnosis and cause for circumcision was phimosis, seen in 85.2%. Histopathologically inflammatory dermatological conditions were present in 87% of the men. The most common histopathological diagnosis was lichen sclerosus (LS) observed among 58.7%. Notably, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) was present in 2% without former clinical suspicion. Overall, HPV was detected in 17.1% of the men and 28 different HPV types were found. High‐risk (HR) HPV types were identified in 9.1% and HPV16 was present in 2.3%. Current smoking increased the risk of HPV (crude odds ratio [OR] 2.8, confidence interval [CI] 1.4–5.6; P = 0.005). Having >15 lifetime sexual partners increased the risk of HPV (crude OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–5.1; P = 0.003) and when adjusted for current smoking the OR was substantially increased (OR 6.0, 95% CI CI 2.2–16.8; P < 0001).

Conclusions

Histopathological evaluation of circumcised symptomatic foreskin revealed PeIN in 2% of the men without any clinical suspicion of malignancy and that treatable dermatological conditions were present in 87%, LS being the most common. HR‐HPV types were present in 9%. Due to risk of malignant development both in PeIN and in inflammatory skin diseases we recommend sending all excised foreskins from patients with symptoms for histopathological evaluation as guidance for further clinical management.
Stem cell ‘therapy’ advertisements in China: Infodemic, regulations and recommendations
Authors: Lv Jianwei , Su Yeyang , Song Lingqiao , Gong Xia , Peng Yaojin
Published: November 2020

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, in addition to the pandemic itself, a phenomenon called an ‘infodemic’—defined by the World Health Organization as the spread of misleading information on the pandemic—has also gained attention. In the field of stem cell research, researchers and regulators have been fighting against false and misleading information, particularly advertisements for unproven and unauthorized stem cell–based interventions for decades. However, how existing legal and regulatory measures, which vary by country, can be employed to combat such false information is unclear. In this article, we examine the situation in China, where the spread of unauthorized stem cell ‘therapies’ has drawn patients from not only within China but also from abroad. First, we assess how and to what extent online advertisements promote unproven and unauthorized stem cell–based interventions directly to patients and prospective health consumers in China. Next, we survey the landscape for existing regulatory and administrative measures that may be used to combat false and misleading advertisements in this area. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide three main recommendations that may improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the regulatory measures in curtailing illegitimate advertising of unproven and unauthorized stem cell–based interventions in China. In conclusion, we also call for international collaboration among researchers and regulators in studying and strengthening regulations in this critical area that has so far been neglected in scholarly and policy discussions.
Juggling the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cytopathology point of view
Authors: Iaccarino Antonino , Pisapia Pasquale , Vigliar Elena , Vielh Philippe , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: November 2020

Since its first identification in China at the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has rapidly spread all over the world, becoming an international healthcare emergency. In the era of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19), several aspects of normal life, including those related to the medical activities, have been radically changed. Extraordinary measures have been adopted by different nations to cope with the rapid diffusion of COVID‐19 all over the world. In hospitals, careful attention has been paid to manage infected patients with a possible detrimental effect for patients affected by other diseases. As with other medical fields, cytopathology laboratories have also drastically modified their activities to cope with the COVID‐19 healthcare emergency. Here, the main effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on the routine practice of cytopathology are summarised, focusing on the prioritisation policy adopted by cytopathologists worldwide.
Benefits of continuous positive airway pressure on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Shang Wenli , Zhang Yingying , Wang Guizuo , Han Dong
Published: November 2020

Aim

To conduct a meta‐analysis to determine the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on glycaemic control and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).

Methods

A systematic search was made of the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane databases, andclinicaltrials.gov, without language restrictions. Randomized controlled trials on treatment of type 2 diabetes and OSA with CPAP, compared with sham CPAP or no CPAP, were reviewed. Studies were pooled to obtain standardized mean differences (SMDs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Seven trials (enrolling 691 participants) met the inclusion criteria. CPAP showed significant effects on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; SMD −0.32, 95% CI −0.60 to −0.03;P= 0.029), fasting glucose (SMD −0.39, 95% CI −0.76 to −0.02;P= 0.040), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR; SMD −1.05, 95% CI −1.91 to −0.19;P= 0.016), systolic blood pressure (SMD −1.18, 95% CI −2.29 to −0.07 mm Hg;P= 0.037), and diastolic blood pressure (SMD −1.29, 95% CI −2.48 to −0.09;P= 0.035).

Conclusions

Continuous positive airway pressure treatment significantly improved glycaemic control and insulin resistance, as shown by the decreased HbA1c levels, fasting glucose levels and HOMA‐IR values in patients with type 2 diabetes and OSA.
Standing computed tomography of the equine limb using a multi‐slice helical scanner: Technique and feasibility study
Authors: Mageed M.
Published: November 2020

Computed tomography (CT) is an important cross‐sectional diagnostic modality for lameness localised to the equine distal limb. The necessity of general anaesthesia to perform CT scans has limited its use in the equine orthopaedic field. Therefore, many attempts have been made to perform CT of the distal limb in standing horses. This retrospective report aims to describe the technical set‐up and the feasibility of using a multi‐slice helical CT unit recently introduced into the equine market. The medical records of the patients undergoing a standing CT in the period between March 2019 and January 2020 were reviewed. The imaged anatomical region and the image quality were assessed. Thirty‐two horses met the inclusion criteria, and the following anatomical areas have been imaged: front foot/pastern (n = 14), metacarpophalangeal joint (n = 11), front proximal suspensory ligament (n = 2), carpus (n = 2), metatarsophalangeal joint (n = 2) and tarsus (n = 1). In 97% of the cases, excellent imaging quality was obtained. Motion artefact is the main cause of poor image quality. The feet and the metacarpophalangeal region can be easily imaged. Imaging the proximal anatomical regions of the limb is more challenging but achievable.
Validation of the D:A:D chronic kidney disease risk score in people living with HIV: the IeDEA West Africa Cohort Collaboration
Authors: Poda A , Kabore NF , Malateste K , De Rekeneire N , Semde A , Bikinga Y , Patassi A , Chenal H , Messou E , Dabis F , Ekouevi DK , Jaquet A , Cournil A
Published: November 2020

Objectives

A risk score for long‐term prediction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) has been developed using data from the D:A:D cohort. We assessed the performance of the D:A:D risk score in a cohort of PLHIV in West Africa.

Methods

Data from PLHIV starting antiretroviral treatment in four clinics in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Togo participating in the IeDEA West Africa collaboration were analysed. CKD was defined as two consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) of ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The D:A:D score (short version) was calculated using age, gender, nadir CD4 and baseline eGFR and was categorized into low, medium, and high‐risk groups.

Results

In 14 930 participants (70% female, median age = 38 years; median nadir CD4 count = 183 cells/µL) followed for a median duration of 5.7 years, 660 (4.4%) progressed to CKD, with an incidence [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 7.8 (7.2–8.4) per 1000 person‐years (PY). CKD incidence rates were 2.4 (2.0–2.8), 8.1 (6.8–9.6) and, 30.9 (28.0–34.1) per 1000 PY in the low‐, medium‐ and high‐risk groups, respectively. In the high‐risk group, 14.7% (95% CI: 13.3; 16.3) had progressed to CKD at 5 years. Discrimination was good [C‐statistics = 0.81 (0.79–0.83)]. In all, 79.4% of people who progressed to CKD were classified in the medium‐ to high‐risk group at baseline (sensitivity) and 66.5% of people classified in the low risk group at baseline did not progress to CKD (specificity).

Conclusions

These findings confirm the validity of the D:A:D score in identifying individuals at risk of developing CKD who could benefit from enhanced kidney monitoring in West African HIV clinics.
Stress‐induced crystal axis spiral rotation in multiferroic β'‐Gd2(MoO4)3 observed only in glass crystallization
Authors: Komatsu Takayuki , Honma Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2020

Stress‐induced crystal axis spiral rotation in multiferroic β'‐Gd2(MoO4)3 crystals observed only in the crystallization of Gd2O3‐MoO3‐B2O3 glasses is a new world of glass‐crystallization being beyond the usual crystal growth engineering. The self‐powdering phenomenon in crystals synthesized in an electric furnace and the appearance of periodic birefringence images observed in laser‐patterned single crystal lines are reviewed together with some new data. Extremely large stresses are created at the interface between super‐cooled liquids and crystals due to the density difference between glasses/liquids with larger density and crystals with smaller density, and the crystal axis spiral rotation is induced in β'‐Gd2(MoO4)3 crystals in order to relax and release stresses at the interface. The structural origin of the density difference between glasses and crystals is discussed, and the uniqueness of the crystallization of Gd2O3‐MoO3‐B2O3 glasses is emphasized. The possibility of the synthesis of dense bulk glass‐ceramics with β'‐Gd2(MoO4)3 crystals is tried using a slow melt‐cooling processing.
HLA class II eplet mismatch load improves prediction of dnDSA development after living donor kidney transplantation
Authors: Tafulo Sandra , Malheiro Jorge , Santos Sofia , Dias Leonídio , Almeida Manuela , Martins La Salete , Pedroso Sofia , Mendes Cecília , Lobato Luísa , Castro‐Henriques António
Published: November 2020

HLA donor‐specific antibodies developed de novo after transplant remain a major cause of chronic allograft dysfunction. Our study main purpose was to determine whether HLA MM, assessed traditionally and by HLA total and AbVer eplet mismatch load (EptMM and EpvMM) assessed with HLAMatchMaker, had impact on dnDSA development after living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). We retrospectively analysed a cohort of 96 LDKT between 2008 and 2017 performed in Hospital Santo António. Seven patients developed dnDSA‐II and EpvMM and EptMM were greater in dnDSA‐II group compared to the no dnDSA‐II (18.0 ± 8.7 versus 9.9 ± 7.9, p = .041 and 41.3 ± 18.9 versus 23.1 ± 16.7, p = .018), which is not observed for AgMM (2.29 versus 1.56; p = .09). In a multivariate analysis, we found that preformed DSA (HR = 7.983; p = .023), living unrelated donors (HR = 8.052; p = .024) and retransplantation (HR = 14.393; p = .009) were predictors for dnDSA‐II (AUC = 0.801; 0.622–0.981). HLA‐II EpvMM (HR = 1.105; p = .028; AUC = 0.856) showed to be a superior predictor of dnDSA‐II, when compared to AgMM (HR = 1.740; p = .113; AUC = 0.783), when adjusted for these clinical variables. Graft survival was significantly lower within dnDSA‐II patient group (36% versus 88%, p < .001). HLA molecular mismatch analysis is extremely important to minimize risk for HLA‐II dnDSA development improving outcome and increasing chance of retransplant lowering allosensitization.
Who Is Responsible for Killer Robots? Autonomous Weapons, Group Agency, and the Military‐Industrial Complex
Authors: Taylor Isaac
Published: November 2020

There has recently been increasing interest in the possibility and ethics of lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), which would combine sophisticated AI with machinery capable of deadly force. One objection to LAWS is that their use will create a troubling responsibility gap, where no human agent can properly be held accountable for the outcomes that they create. While some authors have attempted to show that individual agents can, in fact, be responsible for the behaviour of LAWS in various circumstances, this will not be possible in all cases. This article argues, however, that by assigning responsibilities to group agents operating within the military‐industrial complex, as well as the military‐industrial complex as a whole, we may be able to close the responsibility gap, or at least reduce its costs. Insofar as the potential for responsibility gaps poses an ethical barrier to the development and deployment of LAWS, this argument, if sound, may show their use to be morally permissible in a greater range of cases.
MiR‐223‐3p inhibits rTp17‐induced inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by targeting NLRP3
Authors: Long Fu‐quan , Kou Cai‐xia , Li Ke , Wu Juan , Wang Qian‐qiu
Published: November 2020

The incidence of syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subsp pallidum (T pallidum) infection is accompanied by inflammatory injuries of vascular endothelial cells. Studies have revealed that T pallidum infection could induce inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in macrophages. MicroRNA‐223‐3p (miR‐223‐3p) was reported to be a negative regulator in inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to explore whether miR‐223‐3p regulates T pallidum‐induced inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in vascular endothelial cells, and determine the mechanisms which underlie this process. MiR‐223‐3p levels in syphilis and control samples were determined. The biological function of miR‐223‐3p in the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis was evaluated in T pallidum‐infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We observed a dramatic decrease in miR‐223‐3p levels in syphilis patients (n = 20) when compared to healthy controls (n = 20). Moreover, miR‐223‐3p showed a notable inhibitory effect on recombinant Tp17 (rTP17)‐induced caspase‐1 activation, resulting in decrease in IL‐1β production and pyroptosis, which was accompanied by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in HUVECs. Additionally, the dual‐luciferase assay confirmed that NLRP3 is a direct target of miR‐223‐3p. Moreover, NLRP3 overexpression or knockdown largely blocked the effects of miR‐223‐3p on T pallidum‐induced inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in HUVECs. Most importantly, a notable negative correlation was observed between miR‐223‐3p and NLRP3, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β, respectively, in the serum of syphilis patients and healthy controls. Taken together, our results reveal that miR‐223‐3p targets NLRP3 to suppress inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in T pallidum‐infected endothelial cells, implying that miR‐223‐3p could be a potential target for syphilis patients.
Identification of tea white star disease and anthrax based on hyperspectral image information
Authors: Lu Bing , Jun Sun , Ning Yang , Xiaohong Wu , Xin Zhou
Published: November 2020

Hyperspectral images were used to identify the two similar diseases of tea white star disease and anthrax in this research. The average spectra of healthy leaves, white star disease, and anthrax leaves were collected, respectively. It was found that the average spectrum of white star disease and anthrax had strong morphological correlation and poor classification results. Then, the mask technology was used to segment the diseased region of leaves in order to get the best region of interest. After that, the average spectral separability of diseased region was significantly improved. Finally, through the comparison of the classification results between support vector machine and extreme learning machine (ELM), it was found that the ELM model based on neural network structure got the best identification results, and its classification accuracy reached 95.77%. This study provides a new method to identify similar diseases of leaf plants.

Practical Applications

There is a certain similarity in disease characteristics between white star disease and anthracnose disease of tea. The similarity leads to a low accuracy in the classification and identification of diseases using hyperspectral technology. In order to solve this problem, this research proposed a spectrum extraction method based on the region of interest of the spots region. The experimental results showed that the average spectrum obtained from the leaf spots region could significantly improve the characterization of tea white star disease and anthrax, and the classification accuracy of the prediction model was significantly improved. This study provides a theoretical reference for the identification of tea similar diseases.
Comparison of uniaxial and triaxial accelerometer outputs among individuals with and without Down syndrome
Authors: Leung W. , Schuna J. M. , Yun J.
Published: November 2020

Background

Using uniaxial accelerometry approach in measuring physical activity levels of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) might underestimate their energy expenditure due to the unique mediolateral walking pattern. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine and compare the relationship between two types of accelerometer outputs, uniaxial and triaxial, and energy expenditure in individuals with and without DS.

Methods

Eighteen participants with DS and 19 participants without DS wore a GT3X+ accelerometer and a portable metabolic system in three different walking conditions.

Results

Correlations between
and each of the two accelerometer outputs (uniaxial: r = 0.75, triaxial: r = 0.75) were not significantly different among individuals without DS (z = 0.14, P = 0.89); however, significant differences in the relationship between
and accelerometer outputs (uniaxial: r = 0.53, triaxial: r = 0.64) were observed among individuals with DS (z = −1.72, P < 0.046).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that when using accelerometers to measure physical activity levels for individuals with DS, triaxial outputs may better predict physical activity levels.
Preliminary evidence for an association between intake of high‐fat high‐sugar diet, variations in peripheral dopamine precursor availability and dopamine‐dependent cognition in humans
Authors: Hartmann Hendrik , Pauli Larissa K. , Janssen Lieneke K. , Huhn Sebastian , Ceglarek Uta , Horstmann Annette
Published: November 2020

Obesity is associated with alterations in dopaminergic transmission and cognitive function. Rodent studies suggest that diets rich in saturated fat and refined sugars (HFS), as opposed to diets diets low in saturated fat and refined sugars (LFS), change the dopamine system independent of excessive body weight. However, the impact of HFS on the human brain has not been investigated. Here, we compared the effect of dietary dopamine depletion on dopamine‐dependent cognitive task performance between two groups differing in habitual intake of dietary fat and sugar. Specifically, we used a double‐blind within‐subject cross‐over design to compare the effect of acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion on a reinforcement learning and a working memory task, in two groups that are on opposite ends of the spectrum of self‐reported HFS intake (low vs high intake: LFS vs HFS group). We tested 31 healthy young women matched for body mass index (mostly normal weight to overweight) and IQ. Depletion of peripheral precursors of dopamine reduced the working memory specific performance on the operation span task in the LFS, but not in the HFS group (P = 0.016). Learning from positive‐ and negative‐reinforcement (probabilistic selection task) was increased in both diet groups after dopamine depletion (P = 0.049). As a secondary exploratory research question, we measured peripheral dopamine precursor availability (pDAP) at baseline as an estimate for central dopamine levels. The HFS group had a significantly higher pDAP at baseline compared to the LFS group (P = 0.025). Our data provide the first evidence indicating that the intake of HFS is associated with changes in dopamine precursor availability, which is suggestive of changes in central dopamine levels in humans. The observed associations are present in a sample of normal to overweight participants (ie, in the absence of obesity), suggesting that the consumption of a HFS might already be associated with altered behaviours. Alternatively, the effects of HFS diet and obesity might be independent.
The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel layer of mandibular mouse incisors
Authors: Smith Charles E. , Hu Yuanyuan , Strauss Mike , Hu Jan C.‐C. , Simmer James P.
Published: November 2020

Focal stacks are an alternative spatial arrangement of enamel rods within the inner enamel of mandibular mouse incisors where short rows comprised of 2–45 enamel rods are nestled at the side of much longer rows, both sharing the same rod tilt directed mesially or laterally. The significance of focal stacks to enamel function is unknown, but their high frequency in transverse sections (30% of all rows) suggests that they serve some purpose beyond representing an oddity of enamel development. In this study, we characterized the spatial distribution of focal stacks in random transverse sections relative to different regions of the inner enamel and to different locations across enamel thickness. The curving dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in transverse sections complicated spatial distribution analyses, and a technique was developed to “unbend” the curving DEJ allowing for more linear quantitative analyses to be carried out. The data indicated that on average there were 36 ± 7 focal stacks located variably within the inner enamel in any given transverse section. Consistent with area distributions, focal stacks were four times more frequent in the lateral region (53%) and twice as frequent in the mesial region (33%) compared to the central region (14%). Focal stacks were equally split by tilt (52% mesial vs. 48% lateral, not significant), but those having a mesial tilt were more frequently encountered in the lateral and central regions (2:1) and those having a lateral tilt were more numerous in the mesial region (1:3). Focal stacks having a mesial tilt were longer on average compared to those having a lateral tilt (7.5 ± 5.6 vs. 5.9 ± 4.0 rods per row, p < 0.01). There was no relationship between the length of a focal stack and its location within the inner enamel. All results were consistent with the notion that focal stacks travel from the DEJ to the outer enamel the same as the longer and decussating companion rows to which they are paired. The spatial distribution of focal stacks within the inner enamel was not spatially random but best fit a null model based on a heterogenous Poisson point process dependent on regional location within the transverse plane of the enamel layer.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale scores at 2‐week post‐partum may reflect those at 4‐week post‐partum: A single‐center retrospective observational study
Authors: Matsuoka Hideki , Iwami Shuichiro , Maeda Marisa , Suizu Ai , Fujii Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2020

Aim

Most Japanese institutions screen for post‐partum depression (PPD) using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at outpatient visits conducted at 2‐ and 4‐week post‐partum, but there are no published data on the usefulness of EPDS scores 2‐week post‐partum. In the present study, relationships between 2‐week post‐partum EPDS scores and 4‐week post‐partum EPDS scores were investigated to determine whether 2‐week scores may facilitate early intervention in high‐risk mothers.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 451 deliveries from 2017 to 2019 was conducted at a single institution. EPDS scores were obtained using the Japanese EPDS 2‐ and 4‐week post‐partum, in conjunction with other perinatal data from medical records.

Results

In total, 334 of 451 mothers (74.1%) completed the EPDS at both 2‐ and 4‐week post‐partum and were included in the analysis. Of 48 who had higher scores 2‐week post‐partum, 21 (43.8%) continued to be at high risk of PPD. Of 284 who had lower scores 2‐week post‐partum, 9 (3.2%) transitioned to scores indicating high risk. Women considered high‐risk 4‐week post‐partum tended to have exhibited higher scores 2‐week post‐partum. Women who had experienced more deliveries tended to exhibit lower scores, and psychiatric illness was strongly associated with higher EPDS scores (odds ratio 11.2, 95% confidence interval 3.7–33.8, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Two‐week EPDS scores closely reflected 4‐week scores, and may facilitate early intervention to prevent PPD. Primiparous mothers and those with a history of psychiatric illness should be followed‐up closely.
Impact of hydroxychloroquine on the gestational outcomes of pregnant women with immune system problems that necessitate the use of the drug
Authors: Beksac Mehmet Sinan , Donmez Hanife Guler
Published: November 2020

Aim

To evaluate the impact of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with immune system disorders that necessitate the use of the drug.

Methods

This cohort consisted of 202 pregnancies with poor obstetric history and immune system problems. Patients enrolled in special antenatal care program were administered low‐dose low‐molecular‐weight heparin, low‐dose salicylic acid and low‐dose corticosteroid (prophylaxis protocol) as soon as their pregnancies were confirmed. Pregnancies with systemic lupus erythematosis, Sjogren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis were additionally administered HCQ 200 mg daily as a part of their routine treatment. Pregnancies using HCQ were included in the study group (n = 39) while the remainders were included in control group (n = 163). We compared the groups in terms of the presence of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction (FGR), preeclampsia and preterm birth, as well as gestational week at birth, birthweight and “APGAR score of <7” at 10th minute.

Results

Miscarriage rates were 28.2% and 28.2% while preterm birth rates were 16.6% and 28.2% in the control and study groups, respectively (P = 0.215). Preeclampsia and HCQ‐related side effects were not detected in the groups. There were also no significant differences between the groups in terms of FGR, gestational day at birth, birthweight and the presence of “APGAR score <7” at 10th minute (P = 0.462, P = 0.064, P = 0.273 and P = 0.627, respectively).

Conclusion

Low‐dose low‐molecular‐weight heparin, low‐dose salicylic acid and low‐dose corticosteroid prophylaxis together with HCQ seem to be promising in pregnancies with immune system disorders. HCQ seems to be a safe and effective drug in low dosages.
Diagnosis and management of paediatric Clostridioides difficile infection in a tertiary centre: A prospective audit
Authors: Gates Victoria , Best Emma , Roberts Sally , Swager Terri , Voss Lesley
Published: November 2020

Aim

The optimisation of diagnosis and management of paediatric Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) has importance on multiple levels, from individual patient to population disease management and infection control. This study aimed to evaluate current practice at a paediatric tertiary hospital against Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases 2016 guidelines.

Methods

Prospective audit was undertaken. All positive C. difficile tests (by two step immunoassay then polymerase chain reaction) over 6 month period were reviewed for appropriateness of testing, including review of clinical characteristics and treatment of appropriately requested positive tests (CDI cases). Consecutive test requests for C. difficile over 2 month period were reviewed for appropriateness of testing.

Results

Of 70 consecutive test requests, 64 met laboratory criteria for processing. Of these, 31 (48%) out of 64 were asymptomatic or had clinically insignificant or laxative‐associated diarrhoea. Overall, 44 (63%) out of 70 were deemed inappropriate requests. Of 45 positive tests, 17 (38%) were appropriately requested. Amongst inappropriate requests, 13 (46%) out of 28 were treated; those aged >2 years were significantly more likely to be treated (P < 0.05). Thirteen children were treated unnecessarily. Only one out of seven positive tests in infants (<1 year) was appropriately requested. Haematology/oncology patients accounted for 41% of cases. Treatment was in accordance with guidelines in 58% of cases.

Conclusions

Inappropriate testing for C. difficile and variable clinical response to positive tests have sequelae including unnecessary antibiotics for hospitalised children. Areas for improvement have been identified and this study confirms the need for establishment of national paediatric CDI guidelines with increased awareness of these by clinicians.
Factors related to passing the safety fast test among neonates with hypoglycaemia in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Olowoyeye Abiola , Eisenberg Ruth , Kim Mimi , Havranek Tomas
Published: November 2020

Aim

To investigate the success rates and predictors of safety fast test among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for hypoglycaemia.

Methods

A retrospective review of neonates transferred from the newborn nursery unit to the neonatal intensive care unit for intravenous dextrose therapy for hypoglycaemia from January 2016 to June 2019. Neonatal clinical and demographic variables were abstracted from the medical records. A successful safety fast test was defined by blood glucose >60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) at 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after a feed.

Results

Of the 76 neonates who had a safety fast test, 80% passed on their first attempt. Neonates who passed the safety fast test were less likely to be premature/small for gestational age (54.1% vs. 92.9%, P = 0.03), required less maximum glucose infusion rate (median 6 vs. 7 mg/kg/min; P = 0.04), and were younger at fasting challenge (median 5 vs. 9 days; P = 0.02), required lower overall intravenous glucose load (median 12 vs. 24 g/kg; P = 0.006).

Conclusion

Safety fast test may be a useful tool evaluating discharge readiness of neonates with persistent hypoglycaemia.
A systematic study of North American Angelica species (Apiaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequences and fruit morphology
Authors: Liao Chen‐Yang , Gao Qing , Katz‐Downie Deborah S. , Downie Stephen R.
Published: November 2020

Angelica is a taxonomically complex genus widespread throughout the North Temperate Zone. Previous phylogenetic studies of the genus have focused primarily on its East Asian species. The relationships among its North American members, the monophyly of these species, and the value of fruit morphology in circumscribing its taxa have yet to be examined. This study represents the most comprehensive sampling of Angelica to date (100 species) and includes all 26 species in North America. Relationships are inferred using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses of ITS sequences and, for multiple accessions of each North American species, cpDNA ndhF‐rpl32, rpl32‐trnL, and psbM‐psbD sequences. The fruit morphological characters examined were those considered phylogenetically important in East Asian Angelica. The results revealed that the North American species fell into three major clades: North American Angelica clade, Archangelica clade, and the Eurasian Angelica clade. Angelica dawsonii has affinities with Lomatium brandegeei. Fourteen species within the North American Angelica clade were strongly supported as monophyletic. Two paraphyletic species resulted in new combinations in A. lineariloba and A. venenosa. Conflict between the ITS‐derived and cpDNA‐derived phylogenies and the lack of resolution in portions of the trees may be due to chloroplast capture and rapid species radiation. Fruit morphology supported some interspecific relationships based on molecular data, and relationships revealed by ITS and cpDNA data were roughly in accordance with fruit classification type and geographic distribution region, respectively. A diagnostic key based on fruit morphology is provided for the identification of the North American Angelica taxa.
Relapse and regression to severe wasting in children under 5 years: A theoretical framework
Authors: Schaefer Robin , Mayberry Amy , Briend André , Manary Mark , Walker Polly , Stobaugh Heather , Hanson Kerstin , McGrath Marie , Black Robert
Published: November 2020

Systematic reviews have highlighted that repeated severe wasting after receiving treatment is likely to be common, but standardised measurement is needed urgently. The Council of Research & Technical Advice for Acute Malnutrition (CORTASAM) released recommendations on standard measurement of relapse (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment as per recommended discharge criteria), regression (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment before reaching recommended discharge criteria) and reoccurrence (wasting after 6 months of exit from treatment as per recommended discharge criteria). We provide a theoretical framework of post‐treatment relapse and regression to severe wasting to guide discussions, risk factor analyses, and development and evaluations of interventions. This framework highlights that there are factors that may impact risk of relapse and regression in addition to the impact of contextual factors associated with incidence and reoccurrence of severe wasting more generally. Factors hypothesised to be associated with relapse and regression relate specifically to the nutrition and health status of the child on admission to, during and exit from treatment and treatment interventions, platforms and approaches as well as type of exit from treatment (e.g., before reaching recommended criteria). These factors influence whether children reach full recovery, and poorer nutritional and immunological status at exit from treatment are more proximate determinants of risk of severe wasting after treatment, although post‐treatment interventions may modify risks. The evidence base for many of these factors is weak. Our framework can guide research to improve our understanding of risks of relapse and regression and how to prevent them and inform programmes on what data to collect to evaluate relapse. Implementation research is needed to operationalise results in programmes and reduce post‐treatment severe wasting at scale.