bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Traditional Bridging or Suspension-Exercise Bridging on Lateral Abdominal Thickness in Individuals With Low Back Pain
Authors: Guthrie Rebecca J. , Grindstaff Terry L. , Croy Theodore , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Saliba Susan A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Individuals with low back pain (LBP) are thought to benefit from interventions that improve motor control of the lumbopelvic region. It is unknown if therapeutic exercise can acutely facilitate activation of lateral abdominal musculature.

Objective:

To investigate the ability of 2 types of bridging-exercise progressions to facilitate lateral abdominal muscles during an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) in individuals with LBP.

Design:

Randomized control trial.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

51 adults (mean ± SD age 23.1 ± 6.0 y, height 173.6 ± 10.5 cm, mass 74.7 ± 14.5 kg, and 64.7% female) with LBP. All participants met 3 of 4 criteria for stabilization-classification LBP or at least 6 best-fit criteria for stabilization classification.

Interventions:

Participants were randomly assigned to either traditional-bridge progression or suspension-exercise-bridge progression, each with 4 levels of progressive difficulty. They performed 5 repetitions at each level and were progressed based on specific criteria.

Main Outcome Measures:

Muscle thickness of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) was measured during an ADIM using ultrasound imaging preintervention and postintervention. A contraction ratio (contracted thickness:resting thickness) of the EO, IO, and TrA was used to quantify changes in muscle thickness.

Results:

There was not a significant increase in EO (F1,47 = 0.44, P = .51) or IO (F1,47 = .30, P = .59) contraction ratios after the exercise progression. There was a significant (F1,47 = 4.05, P = .05) group-by-time interaction wherein the traditional-bridge progression (pre = 1.55 ± 0.22; post = 1.65 ± 0.21) resulted in greater (P = .03) TrA contraction ratio after exercise than the suspension-exercise-bridge progression (pre = 1.61 ± 0.31; post = 1.58 ± 0.28).

Conclusion:

A single exercise progression did not acutely improve muscle thickness of the EO and IO. The magnitude of change in TrA muscle thickness after the traditional-bridging progression was less than the minimal detectable change, thus not clinically significant.
Effective Exercises for Targeting the Gluteus Medius
Authors: Hamstra-Wright Karrie L. , Bliven Kellie Huxel
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:

The gluteus medius (GM) is thought to play an important role in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling femoral adduction and internal rotation during functional activity. GM weakness, resulting in decreased stabilization and control, has been suggested to be related to lower extremity dysfunction and injury. Many clinicians focus on strengthening the GM to improve lower extremity kinematics for the prevention and rehabilitation of injury. An indirect way to measure GM strength is through electromyography. It is generally assumed that exercises producing higher levels of activation will result in greater strengthening effects.3 Understanding what exercises result in the greatest level of GM activation will assist clinicians in their injury prevention and rehabilitation efforts.

Focused Clinical Question:

In a healthy adult population, what lower extremity exercises produce the greatest mean GM activation, expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction?
The Effectiveness of Injury-Prevention Programs in Reducing the Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Sprains in Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Paszkewicz Jeffrey , Webb Tristen , Waters Brian , McCarty Cailee Welch , Van Lunen Bonnie
Published: August 2016

Clinical Scenario:

There is a high incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in adolescents participating in pivoting sports such as soccer, basketball, and handball. Most ACL injuries in athletes are noncontact injuries, with a mechanism of sudden deceleration, change in direction, or landing from a jump. These mechanisms coupled with an increase in contraction of the quadriceps have been shown as risk factors for ACL injuries. Injuries to the ACL may require surgery, a long rehabilitation, and the potential for reinjury. Studies have shown reductions in lower extremity injury rates using training protocols that focus on landing mechanics, balance training, strength training, and/or agility training. There has been some thought that starting preventive training programs with adolescent athletes may be the most effective approach to reducing adolescent ACL injuries.

Focused Clinical Question:

Can lower extremity injury-prevention programs effectively reduce ACL injury rates in adolescent athletes?
Effects of Different Hip Rotations on Gluteus Medius and Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Activity During Isometric Side-Lying Hip Abduction
Authors: Lee Ji-hyun , Cynn Heon-seock , Choi Sil-ah , Yoon Tae-lim , Jeong Hyo-jung
Published: August 2016

Context:

Gluteus medius (Gmed) weakness is associated with some lower-extremity injuries. People with Gmed weakness might compensate by activating the tensor fasciae latae (TFL). Different hip rotations in the transverse plane may affect Gmed and TFL muscle activity during isometric side-lying hip abduction (SHA).

Objectives:

To compare Gmed and TFL muscle activity and the Gmed:TFL muscle-activity ratio during SHA exercise with 3 different hip rotations.

Design:

The effects of different hip rotations on Gmed, TFL, and the Gmed:TFL muscle-activity ratio during isometric SHA were analyzed with 1-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

20 healthy university students were recruited in this study.

Interventions:

Participants performed isometric SHA: frontal SHA with neutral hip (frontal SHAN), frontal SHA with hip medial rotation (frontal SHA-MR), and frontal SHA with hip lateral rotation (frontal SHA-LR).

Main Outcome Measures:

Surface electromyography measured the activity of the Gmed and the TFL. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the statistical significance of Gmed and TFL muscle activity. When there was a significant difference, a Bonferroni adjustment was performed.

Results:

Frontal SHA-MR showed significantly greater Gmed muscle activation than frontal SHA-N (P = .000) or frontal SHA-LR (P = .015). Frontal SHA-LR showed significantly greater TFL muscle activation than frontal SHA-N (P = .002). Frontal SHA-MR also resulted in a significantly greater Gmed:TFL muscle-activity ratio than frontal SHA-N (P = .004) or frontal SHA-LR (P = .000), and frontal SHA-N was significantly greater than frontal SHA-LR (P = .000).

Conclusions:

Frontal SHA-MR results in greater Gmed muscle activation and a higher Gmed:TFL muscle ratio.
Proprioception Considerations in Surgery
Authors: Safran Marc R. , Caldwell George L. , Fu Freddie H.
Published: August 2016

The role of surgery in proprioception, and the current role of proprioception in surgery, is unclear due to the lack of scientific research and clinical studies. The main components of proprioception in surgery are viewed to be preservation of afferents, promotion of regeneration of mechanoreceptors, and modification of protective reflex arcs in the postoperative patient. Soft tissue tension is hypothesized to be important in the efficiency of proprioceptors. Further, postoperative rehabilitation concentrating on proprioception may improve the results of surgery. With better understanding by clinicians, proprioception may play a bigger role in surgical technique, prosthetic replacement choice, and even indications for surgery. Further, proprioceptive testing may help determine the time course for optimal functional outcome following procedures. Thus, the future for proprioception in surgery and clinical application is expanding rapidly.
Knee Joint Proprioception Revisited
Authors: Barrack Robert L. , Lund Peter J. , Skinner Harry B.
Published: August 2016

Extensive histological studies have now confirmed a definite link between the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the central nervous system. Preliminary histological evidence indicates that this neurological connection may be restored following reconstruction utilizing a free graft. In spite of this apparent graft reinnervation, clinical studies indicate that proprioception in the reconstructed knee probably remains inferior to that of the contralateral normal knee. A number of abnormalities of gait, reflexes, and muscle firing patterns have been discovered following an ACL tear. The degree to which a successful repair or reconstruction corrects these abnormalities remains uncertain, but again it appears that some abnormalities remain even during normal walking. Increased activity of the hamstrings as well as of the vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius seems to be an adaptive mechanism to stabilize the knee after ACL injury. These muscle firing patterns seem to be trainable to some degree and should be incorporated into postinjury and postsurgical rehabilitation protocols.
Closed Kinetic Chain Assessment Following Inversion Ankle Sprain
Authors: Worrell Teddy W. , Booher Laurie D. , Hench Karla M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the injured versus noninjured lower extremity on three single-leg hop tests following inversion ankle sprain. Twenty-two subjects with a history of unilateral inversion ankle sprain participated in this study. Subjects performed the three single-leg hop tests (hop for distance, hop for time, and agility hop). An independentttest was used to compare extremities. No significant differences existed on any hop test for the 22 subjects. In 8 of the 22 subjects who reported pain with activities of daily living and/or sports activities, an independentttest revealed no significant difference on hop test performance between extremities. We conclude that these three single-leg hop tests lack sensitivity (validity) in detecting lower extremity performance deficits as reported by the subjects following inversion ankle sprain.
Comparability of Work Output Measures as Determined by Isokinetic Dynamometry and a Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise
Authors: Rosenthal Michael D. , Baer Lawrence L. , Griffith Penny P. , Schmitz Fredrik D. , Quillen William S. , Finstuen Kenn
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between work output as measured by the Lateral Step-Up Test (LSUT) and work output as measured by a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer test (KCT). Forty subjects were randomly assigned to one of two different testing orders. Subjects performed each test with their dominant leg only. Group 1 performed the LSUT followed by the KCT. The second group performed the same two exercises in reverse order. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed (Kin-Com work = Constant + Age + Gender + Lateral step-up work) and was found to provide a good fit to the data. Gender, age, and lateral step-up work were each subsequently analyzed, with the other independent variables held constant. A significant relationship existed (r= .74,p< .01) between the calculated work performed on the LSUT and Kin-Com work. This preliminary finding suggests that clinicians may consider employing standardized closed kinetic chain exercise tests as an objective measure of musculoskeletal performance.
Biomechanical Differences of Open and Closed Chain Exercises with Respect to the Shoulder
Authors: Dillman Charles J. , Murray Tricia A. , Hintermeister Robert A.
Published: August 2016

Confusion of the terms open and closed kinetic chain and scarcity of research comparing kinetic chain exercises that have similar mechanics and loading prompted this case study. Exercises were classified by the boundary condition of the distal segment and presence of an external load. Classifications included a fixed boundary condition with an external load (FEL), a movable boundary with an external load (MEL), and a movable boundary with no external load (MNL). It was hypothesized that if the direction and mass of loading in MEL and FEL exercises were similar, the electromyographic activity of the primary muscle groups involved would be comparable. Muscular activity was monitored from six shoulder muscles during one MNL, four MEL, and five FEL exercises. The results indicated that MEL and FEL exercises having similar biomechanics produced comparable muscular activity. Evaluation and selection of exercises for patients should be based upon mechanics and loading that achieve appropriate muscle activity.
EMG Activity of Six Muscles and VMO:VL Ratio Determination during a Maximal Squat Exercise
Authors: Schaub Peter A. , Worrell Teddy W.
Published: August 2016

During knee rehabilitation, squats are a commonly used closed kinetic chain exercise. We have been unable to locate data reporting electromyographic (EMG) activity of lower extremity musculature during maximal effort squats and the contribution of gastrocnemius and gluteus maximus muscles. Therefore, the purposes of this study were (a) to quantify EMG activity of selected lower extremity muscles during a maximal isometric squat and during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and (b) to determine ratios between the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) during maximal isometric squat and MVIC testing. Twenty-three subjects participated in a single testing session. Results are as follows: intraclass correlations for MVIC testing and squat testing ranged from .60 to .80 and .70 to .90, respectively. Percentage MVIC during the squat was as follows: rectus femoris 40 ± 30%, VMO 90 ± 70%, VL 70 ±40%, hamstrings 10 ± 10%, gluteus maximus 20 ± 10%, and gastrocnemius 30 ± 20%. No statistical difference existed in VMO:VL ratios during MVIC or squat testing. We conclude that large variations in muscle recruitment patterns occur between individuals during isometric squats.
VMO:VL Ratios and Torque Comparisons at Four Angles of Knee Flexion
Authors: Worrell Teddy W. , Connelly Steven , Hilvert John
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the intrasession and intersession reliability of EMG vastus medialis oblique:vastus lateralis (VMO:VL) ratios at four knee positions (0, 45, 60, and 90°) at 100 and 60% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Once reliability was established, the second purpose was to determine VMO:VL ratios and torque at each knee position. Thirty-two subjects participated in two sessions; 19 subjects were tested at 100% MVIC and 13 were tested at .60% MVIC. Results revealed the following intraclass correlations: 100% MVIC intrasession .40-.80, intersession .40-.70; 60% MVIC intrasession .60-.90, intersession .50-.80. A significant difference in torque occurred at all knee positions except 60 versus 90°. No significant difference existed in VMO:VL ratios at the four positions of knee flexion. Pain and measurement error significantly increased during 100% MVIC testing. It was concluded that no selective VMO recruitment occurred as revealed by the VMO: VL ratios in asymptomatic subjects. Future study is needed that reports EMG reliability data during exercises that theorize selective VMO recruitment.
The Physiological Basis for Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation for the Upper Extremity
Authors: Lephart Scott M. , Henry Timothy J.
Published: August 2016

The confusion between the termsopen kinetic chainandclosed kinetic chainbecomes even greater with application to the upper extremity. Upper extremity function is very difficult to define, due to the numerous shoulder positions and the great velocities with which the shoulder can move. Classifying exercises for rehabilitation of the upper extremity is very difficult due to the complexity of the joint. Many definitions and classification systems have been proposed; however, none of these entirely encompass rehabilitation of the upper extremity. Using previous classifications we have developed a Functional Classification System that is designed to serve as a template for upper extremity rehabilitation. This system has been designed to restore functional shoulder stability, which is dependent upon proper scapulothoracic and glenohumeral stability, and humeral control; all of these are in part mediated by neuromuscular mechanisms. The objective of our new Functional Classification System is to restore functional stability of the shoulder by reestablishing neuromuscular control for overhead activities.
Social Support: Exploring Its Role in the Context of Athletic Injuries
Authors: Udry Eileen
Published: August 2016

The vast majority of research dealing with athletic injuries has examined injuries from physical or environmental perspectives. However, there has been a growing awareness of the role of psychosocial factors in the injury process. Specifically, social support has been identified as a variable that may play a significant role in both the etiology of and recovery from athletic injuries. The overall purpose of this discussion is to review and integrate the literature that has examined the role of social support as it relates to athletic injuries. More specifically, this paper will (a) discuss conceptual issues related to social support, (b) explore the role of social support as a potential moderator variable in the life stress-injury relationship, (c) examine the contribution of social support to the rehabilitation process, and (d) suggest directions for future research based on the extant social support literature.
The Effect of Personal Goals, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Satisfaction on Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Theodorakis Yannis , Malliou Parascevi , Papaioannou Athanasios , Beneca Anastasia , Filactakidou Anastasia
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effect of goal setting on injury rehabilitation, specifically, differences in personal goal setting, self-efficacy, self-satisfaction, and performance between injured and noninjured subjects. Two experimental groups (32 women with knee injuries and 29 noninjured women) and one control group (n= 30) were used. Subjects performed four trials of a knee extension task on an isokinetic dynamometer. Prior to the third and fourth trials, subjects in the experimental groups set personal goals and completed self-efficacy and self-satisfaction scales. There were significant performance improvements for the two experimental groups; correlation coefficients between self-efficacy, self-satisfaction, goal setting, and performance were significant at the .001 level Personal goal setting was affected by level of ability and in turn had a direct effect on performance. Self-efficacy and self-satisfaction were affected by ability or performance but had no significant effect on personal goals or performance. The findings indicate that personal goal setting might be an important determinant for performance improvement in injury rehabilitation programs.
Effect of Speed and Experience on Kinetic and Kinematic Factors during Exercise on a Stair-Climbing Machine
Authors: Shih Jiping , Wang Y. Tai , Moeinzadeh Manssour H.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this project was to explore the interaction between kinematic and kinetic factors and to investigate whether this relationship was affected by different speed conditions when subjects exercised on stair-climbing machines A secondary purpose was to determine if there were any differences in kinematic and kinetic factors between experienced and inexperienced subjects The kinematic parameters included hip angle, knee angle, and pedal angle The kinetic parameters were maximum force applied on the pedals, maximum force applied on the handrails, maximum hip moment, and maximum knee moment Data from a two-way (Speed × Experience) analysis of variance suggested that there were significant differences in maximum force applied on the pedal maximum force applied on the handrail and maximum hip moment across the speed and experience conditions. In all the testing conditions, using a stair-climbing machine had a smaller impact force on the feet than was found in a previous study that examined impact force for fast walking on a level surface.
The Effect of Upper Trapezius Taping on Electromyographic Activity in the Upper and Middle Trapezius Region
Authors: Morin Gary E. , Tiberio David , Austin Gary
Published: August 2016

A characteristic of scapulothoracic dysfunction is the tendency for the upper regions of the trapezius to hypertrophy in relation to its middle and lower portions. This creates a muscular imbalance that can alter scapular position and subsequently the length–tension relationship of the shoulder muscles. Tape was applied over the right upper trapezius to inhibit electrical activity in the muscles of 10 uninjured subjects. EMG activity was recorded in two locations of the upper trapezius and one location in the middle to lower trapezius region while each subject maintained an isometric contraction designed to activate both muscles. With the tape applied, there was a statistically significant reduction in EMG activity of the upper trapezius with a corresponding increase in the middle/lower trapezius. The ability of the tape to alter trapezius activity in this fashion may help correct muscular imbalances in the trapezius muscle.
The Effects of Cryotherapy Applied through Various Barriers
Authors: Tsang Kavin K.W. , Buxton Barton P. , Guion W. Kent , Joyner A. Barry , Browder Kathy D.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in skin temperature during ice application through a dry towel and a dry elastic bandage compared to application on bare skin. Nine subjects completed a 30-min treatment session that consisted of 0.68 kg of cubed ice applied under three conditions: through a dry towel, through a dry elastic bandage, and directly on the skin (control). Following the removal of the ice, all subjects were monitored for 20-min for skin temperature (S temp). There was a significant interaction in S temp between the control (12.50 ± 4.39 °C) and dry towel (23.48 ± 2.88 °C) conditions, the control (12.50 ± 4.39 °C) and dry elastic wrap (27.47 ± 2.36 °C) conditions, and the dry towel (23.48 ± 2.88 °C) and dry elastic wrap (27.47 ± 2.36 °C) conditions. The findings indicated that using a barrier (dry towel or dry elastic bandage) limits the temperature-reducing capacity of the ice and therefore its potential physiological effects.
Incidence of Associated Knee Lesions with Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Retrospective Cohort Assessment
Authors: Arangio George A. , Cohen Edward W.
Published: August 2016

The records of 141 consecutive patients with confirmed complete anterior cruciate ligament injuries were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred and sixty-two associated injuries were divided into 25 injury complexes. Isolated injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament occurred in 40 cases (28.4%). Injuries of the medial meniscus occurred in 62 cases (38.2%), while injuries of the lateral meniscus occurred in 37 cases (22.8%). Injuries to the medial collateral ligament complex occurred in 42 cases (25.9%). Injuries to the lateral collateral ligament, posterior deep popliteus-arcuate ligament complex, and posterior cruciate ligament were found to be positively correlated (rho = .81, p = .001, and rho = .77, p = .001, N = 141, respectively). Injuries to the medial collateral ligament and the posterior oblique ligament were likewise positively correlated (rho = .45, p = .001, N = 141).
Lower Limb EMG Activity during Selected Stepping Exercises
Authors: Willett Gilbert M. , Karst Gregory M. , Canney Ellen M. , Gallant Derrick , Wees Jodene M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected lower limb muscles during forward- and backward-facing stair-stepping exercises using a hydraulic step ergometer and during step aerobics using a standard 8 in. high step. Surface electrodes recorded EMG data from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles on the right lower limbs of 13 healthy subjects under each of the four exercise conditions. Normalized mean EMG amplitude data were used to test for activity-dependent differences. Results indicated that (a) the VL and VMO were significantly (p < .05) more active during step ergometry than during step aerobics, (b) the BF was significantly (p < .05) more active during step aerobics than during step ergometry, and (c) when forward- versus backward-facing positions were compared, there were no statistically significant differences in mean EMG activity for either of the activities. These findings provide information relevant to the use and progression of stepping exercises commonly used for knee muscle strengthening and knee injury rehabilitation programs.
Changes in Muscle Activation during Wall Slides and Squat-Machine Exercise
Authors: Blanpied Peter R.
Published: August 2016

Closed kinetic chain exercises are commonly used in strengthening and rehabilitation programs. Altering positions of body segments and supports might affect the way these exercises are performed. The purpose of this study was to compare gluteal, quadriceps, hamstring, and plantar flexor muscle activations during wall-slide (WS) vs. squat-machine (SM) exercise. In addition, the effects of support location and foot position were investigated. Twenty women performed 8 exercises, to 60° of knee flexion. Results indicated that placing the foot forward caused an increase in all muscle activations except in the plantar flexors, which showed an increase with the foot placed in line with the hip. This effect was exaggerated during WS for the plantar flexors and quadriceps and during SM for the hamstrings. When the support was located at the scapular level, hamstring and gluteal activations were greater, and quadriceps activity was less during SM than during WS. These results could be used to target specific muscle groups during strengthening exercise.
Effects of Bracing on Isokinetic Torque for the Chronically Unstable Ankle
Authors: Hartsell Heather D. , Spaulding Sandi J.
Published: August 2016

Because the effects of bracing on dynamic torque production are unknown, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flexible and semirigid braces on isokinetic torque production at varying velocities produced by the invertor and evertor muscles for the chronically unstable ankle. Ten healthy and 14 chronically unstable ankles were tested, with a repeated-measures design including joint motion (inversion, eversion), muscle contraction type (concentric, eccentric), brace condition (unbraced, flexible, semirigid), and velocity (60, 120, 180, 240°/s). Multiple ANOVAs with repeated-measures and Bonferroni-adjusted comparisons were performed. Results showed that the chronically unstable ankle was significantly weaker than the healthy ankle, regardless of muscle contraction type or joint motion, and that bracing did not deter the muscles' ability to produce peak torque either concentrically or eccentrically. The chronically unstable ankle requires enhanced strengthening, particularly eccentrically and at higher, more functional velocities. Bracing can reduce or prevent injury to the ankle without deterring torque production.
Natural History Study of Athletes with PCL-Deficient Knees
Authors: Shelbourne K. Donald , Gray Tinker
Published: August 2016

Few natural history studies exist of patients with isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. This report reviews a study of 133 patients followed prospectively for a mean of 5.4 years from the time of their PCL injury. The mean subjective score was 84 of 100 points, and the scores were not statistically different for different grades of PCL laxity. The injured PCL usually healed with some laxity, but the laxity did not increase with time from injury. There was a trend toward medial joint arthrosis, but it was not related to the grade of PCL laxity. Regardless of PCL laxity, 1/2 of patients returned to the same sport at the same level, 1/3 returned to the same sport but at a lower level, and 1/6 could not return to the same sport. The results of this study can be used as a baseline for evaluating surgical treatment methods.
Functional Training for the Restoration of Dynamic Stability in the PCL-Injured Knee
Authors: Borsa Paul A. , Sauers Eric L. , Lephart Scott M.
Published: August 2016

Functional training for the purpose of restoring dynamic joint stability has received considerable interest in recent years. Contemporary functional training programs are being designed to complement, rather than replace, traditional rehabilitation protocols. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to present a management strategy for restoring dynamic stability in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-injured knee. The strategy presented integrates five key concepts: (a) planned variation of exercise, (b) outcomes-based assessment, (c) kinetic chain exercise, (d) proprioception and neuromuscular control, and (e) specificity of activity. Pertinent research findings and a clinical rationale are provided for using functional training in the restoration of dynamic stability in the PCL-injured knee.
Test–Retest Reliability of the Standing Heel-Rise Test
Authors: Ross Michael D. , Fontenot Elizabeth G.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The standing heel-rise test has been recommended as a means of assessing calf-muscle performance. To the authors' knowledge, the reliability of the test using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) has not been reported.

Objective:

To determine the test-retest reliability of the standing heel-rise test.

Design:

Single-group repeated measures.

Participants:

Seventeen healthy subjects.

Settings and Infevention:

Each subject was asked to perform as many standing heel raises as possible during 2 testing sessions separated by 7 days.

Main Outcome Measures:

Reliability data for the standing heel-rise test were studied through a repeated-measures analysis of variance, ICC2, 1 and SEMs.

Results:

The ICC2,1 and SEM values for the standing heel-rise test were .96 and 2.07 repetitions, respectively.

Conclusions:

The standing heel-rise test offers clinicians a reliable assessment of calfmuscle performance. Further study is necessary to determine the ability of the standing heel-rise test to detect functional deficiencies in patients recovering from lower leg injury or surgery
A Comparison of Knee-Extension Torque Production with Biphasic versus Russian Current
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Golestani Shahin , Hill Shante
Published: August 2016

Context:

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to prevent the atrophy and strength loss associated with immobilization.

Objective:

To compare the effects of biphasic current and the modulated “Russian” current on muscular torque production during different contraction conditions.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

In a within-subjects design, 10 healthy subjects in an athletic training laboratory received NMES.

Interventions:

Isometric knee-extension torque was recorded with the Biodex™ under 4 conditions: maximum voluntary contraction (MVC; control), MVC superimposed with low-intensity stimulation (sham), MVC superimposed with high-intensity stimulation, and high-intensity stimulation only.

Main Outcome Measure:

Data normalized for body weight were analyzed using a 2 (current type) X 4 (condition) repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results:

The main effect for current type was not significant, F1,9 = .03, P = .87.
Comparison of Rehabilitation Methods in the Treatment of Patellar Tendinitis
Authors: Wilson Julie K. , Sevier Thomas L. , Helfst Robert , Honing Eric W. , Thomann Aly
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To compare outcomes of 2 rehabilitation protocols on patellar tendinitis subjects.

Design:

Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Outpatient rehabilitation clinic.

Subjects:

Randomized into 2 rehabilitation groups—traditional (n= 10) and ASTM AdvantEDGE (n= 10).

Main Outcome Measures:

Clinical data and self-reported questionnaires collected at 0, 6, and 12 weeks.

Results:

On completion of the 6th week, 100% of the ASTM AdvantEDGE group and 60% of the traditional group had resolved. The unresolved subjects were crossed over to the ASTM AdvantEDGE for additional therapy. At the end of the additional therapy, 50% of the crossover subjects had resolved. The ASTM AdvantEDGE group's clinical outcomes and weekly journals indicated a statistically significant (P= .04) improvement in subjective pain and functional-impairment ratings.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that ASTM AdvantEDGE resulted in improved clinical outcomes in treating patellar tendinitis.
Effect of Practica Types in Preservice Adapted Physical Education Curriculum on Attitudes Toward Disabled Populations
Authors: Stewart C. Craig
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effects of four practica situations on the attitudes of undergraduate students toward disabled individuals. Students enrolled in two undergraduate adapted physical education classes were studied during two academic quarters. They had the option of being involved in one of four practica situations. The attitudes of the students were measured with the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons scale. Interpretation of the statistical analyses revealed that, as a group, the adapted physical education students’ attitudes improved over a 10-week period and that certain practica experiences tended to affect attitudes more than others.
An Analysis of Learning Trials and Their Relationship to Achievement in Volleyball
Authors: Buck Marilyn , Harrison Joyce M. , Bryce G. Rex
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between learning trials and achievement for four volleyball skills—set, forearm pass, serve, and spike. The subjects studied totaled 58 male and female students in two university beginning-volleyball classes. Twenty-two class periods were videotaped, and the tapes were analyzed to determine all correct and incorrect skill trials made by each student each day for the four skills studied. The data analysis included learning trials, learning curves, and achievement. The most consistent result of the statistical analyses was the importance of the total correct trials in determining achievement. For the forearm pass, the serve, and the spike, outside-of-class participation increased the number of total correct trials. The beginning skill level, represented by the pretest score, also influenced achievement. Average trials per day per student were very low, and low-skilled students did not get as many correct or total trials as high-skilled students. This study supports previous studies that suggest that discrete trials might be a more appropriate measure of student achievement than ALT-PE or time-on-task.
“I Say What I Mean,” Said Alice: An Analysis of Gendered Discourse in Physical Education
Authors: Wright Jan , King R.C.
Published: August 2016

An analysis of the teacher language used in physical education lessons reveals the influence of many discourses that are current in our culture, including those related to gender. The subtle meanings carried in the linguistic choices made by teachers provide one framework through which girls and boys come to form particular relationships with their bodies. These relationships are culturally constructed and influence the desire to be active and the choice of activities. The process of gender production can be made visible by a comparative analysis of the lexico-grammatical structure of texts from two gymnastic lessons using the systemic functional model of linguistics developed by Michael Halliday (1978, 1985). The most distinctive features that have emerged from the analysis have been the different linguistic choices made by male and female teachers in the grammatical realization of interpersonal meanings. These differences contribute to the construction of a social order for the participants in physical education lessons that mirrors the gender relations in the culture of the larger society. Revealing the way the language works provides for the possibility of different linguistic choices—choices that may constitute a different social reality.
The Influence of Content Development on the Effectiveness of Instruction
Authors: Rink Judith E. , French Karen E. , Werner Peter H. , Lynn Susan , Mays Amy
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on student learning of different ways of structuring student practice of complex motor skills. Previous research indicated that students who practiced the volleyball set and serve with a four-step progression learned more than students who practiced only the final test for the same number of practice trials; the effect of motivation and practice focused on specific learning cues was unclear. The present study investigated the specific role of progression, refinement, and motivation in learning the volleyball set and serve. Ninth-grade students were randomly assigned to one of five groups: (a) control, (b) final-test practice with refinement tasks after every five trials, (c) final-test practice with motivational feedback only, (d) four-step progression, and (e) four-step progression with refinement after every five trials. All experimental groups were pretested and posttested using the AAHPERD volleyball tests for the set and serve and practiced each skill 10 times a day for 6 days. The results supported the positive effect of providing students with a progression and the need for refinement tasks for parts of the progression.
Bringing the Teaching Act Back into Sport Pedagogy
Authors: Metzler Michael W.
Published: August 2016

This thematic article is based upon personal reflections and tangible evidence that the emphasis in sport pedagogy has shifted away from doing research on instruction and toward doing research on teachers. Several contributing factors to this trend are discussed along with implications for continued change in the patterns of sport pedagogy. Suggestions are made that could alter these patterns and address how to conduct research on teaching that is both meaningful to practice and valued in the academy. Finally, there is a call to question the role of traditional sport disciplines and subdisciplines in the conduct of professional practice and the conceptualization of sport pedagogy.
Children’s Feelings of Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction: Relationship to Measures of Physical Fitness and Activity
Authors: Page Randy M. , Frey James , Talbert Richard , Falk Cindy
Published: August 2016

Approximately 600 elementary school children (Grades 1-6) completed a loneliness rating scale and several fitness tests. Children who scored within low, average, and high ranges on the loneliness scale were compared to determine whether there were differences in levels of reported performance on fitness tests. ANCOVA tests revealed that lonely children were less physically fit and physically active than were those who were not lonely. Grade-specific analyses revealed that the relationship between levels of loneliness and physical fitness/physical activity appears to be most profound at the third- and fourth-grade levels. The results from this study suggest that lonely children may lack the social and/or physical skills necessary to effectively interact and function in group settings (physical activity is often a social activity for children). This could potentially perpetuate a cycle of poor social interaction, rejection or withdrawal, reduced physical activity, and reduced physical fitness.
An Analysis of Student Teachers’ Intentional, Perceived, and Operational Motor Skills and Physical Fitness Curriculum
Authors: Steinhardt Mary , Lambdin Dolly , Kamrath Mary , Ramirez Teresita
Published: August 2016

This study examined the congruence of time usage in the areas of motor skill and physical fitness among three curriculum perspectives: the intentional (teacher’s ideal curriculum), the perceived (teacher’s recall), and the operational (observations by an outsider). Data were collected on 5 randomly selected days for each of 6 student teachers and were summarized in percent time per week for fitness instruction, skill instruction, motor skill activity, physical fitness activity, and nonactivity. Results revealed that skill and fitness activities were present in the existing curriculum as described from each perspective. However, the actual curriculum taught as perceived by the student teachers differed from the curriculum they ideally intended to teach. Student teachers varied in the accuracy of their perceptions of what occurred during class. In general, the curriculum as observed by the investigators differed from both the intentional and perceived domains. Reasons are proposed, but questions remain as to how the intentional domain is developed and why the three domains (perceived, operational, and intentional) are different.
Fitness Load and Exercise Time in Secondary Physical Education Classes
Authors: Li Xiao Jun , Dunham Paul
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effect of secondary school physical education on fitness load. Fitness load was defined as the product of the mean heart rate above threshold (144 bpm) and fitness time (the duration of the heart rate above threshold). The relationship of fitness load and skill level of students was also studied. Teachers of 24 classes classified students as having high, moderate, or low skill ability. Seventy-two students, 1 from each skill level in each class, wore heartwatches to record heart rate at 15-s intervals. Student behavior was videotaped and coded. Twenty-one percent of the classes produced an overload effect, and 79% did not. The highly and moderately skilled students achieved fitness load more frequently than their lower skilled colleagues. The relationship between fitness load and percentage of time exercising was r = .66, indicating 44% common variance.
Pedagogical Considerations Regarding Perceptions of Dance Competence
Authors: Bibik Janice M.
Published: August 2016

This study examined how college-age students in a beginning jazz and modem dance class construct their self-perceptions of dance competence. Each class was videotaped one class per week for 12 weeks. During the 12th week a perceived competence in dance scale was administered to the students (N=26) and the teacher. Results indicated that 57.7% of the students’ perceptions of their competence were congruent with the teacher’s; 42.3% were incongruent (15.3% higher, 27% lower). Based on interviews, these groups displayed distinct characteristics regarding attribution for success, interpretation of feedback, and focus on classroom activities. Videotape analysis using the Dyadic Adaptation of CAFIAS indicated there was no differential treatment of the students by the teacher. It was concluded that, rather than the teacher expectation effect, the students’ interpretation of themselves in the instructional context accounted for their self-perceptions of their competence.
Matching the Self: The Paradoxical Case and Life History of a Late Career Teacher/Coach
Authors: Templin Thomas J. , Grant Bevan , Sparkes Andrew , Schempp Paul
Published: August 2016

This case study focuses on a late career, male teacher/coach and reveals the multidimensionality of his life and career. It demonstrates the influence of significant career and life events, as well as the social context in which the teacher/coach works. Overall, a life history approach describes the paradox of the employment/accommodation of a veteran elementary teacher as a physical educator at the secondary school in which he coaches. This study reveals the marginality of physical education and its teachers at the secondary school level in contrast to the importance of interscholastic athletics and those who serve in varsity coaching roles. The study shows how the teacher studied is both a good-fit and a weak-fit stayer (Yee, 1990). Equally, it demonstrates how one’s conception of self (Nias, 1985) relates to professional and personal circumstance. Finally, the research demonstrates the value of and need for biographical research in sport pedagogy.
The Influence of Teacher Education Programs on the Beliefs of Student Teachers: General Pedagogical Knowledge, Pedagogical Content Knowledge, and Teacher Education Course Work
Authors: Graber Kim C.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to (a) examine how student teachers believed they incorporated general pedagogical knowledge into lessons, (b) examine how student teachers believed they incorporated pedagogical content knowledge into lessons, and (c) examine the beliefs held by student teachers regarding those elements of their teacher education program that most directly guided their practice. Twenty student teachers, 7 teacher educators, and 8 cooperating teachers were interviewed. Data were analyzed and grouped into themes. The results indicate that the degree to which students incorporated general pedagogical knowledge into teaching was contingent on the placement setting, support of the cooperating teacher, influence of pupils, and level the student teacher was teaching. Student teachers had greater difficulty incorporating pedagogical content knowledge. The student teachers from one university all believed they were primarily influenced by one particular teacher educator. A single powerful individual may be more important in shaping preservice student beliefs than an entire program of courses and experiences.
Effects of Practice and Command Styles on Rate of Change in Volleyball Performance and Self-Efficacy of High-, Medium-, and Low-Skilled Learners
Authors: Harrison Joyce M. , Fellingham Gilbert W. , Buck Marilyn M. , Pellett Tracy L.
Published: August 2016

This study compared volleyball achievement and task-specific self-efficacy for high-, medium-, and low-skilled learners using two teaching styles. Students were pre-, mid-, and posttested on skills and self-efficacy and were ability grouped from skill pretest scores. Learning trials were tallied for 58 students in two university classes, and growth curves for each student were created by plotting the percentages of successful trials against the 19 instructional days. ANOVA, used to determine relationships between the teaching styles and the rate of change in volleyball performance, revealed two significant aptitude treatment interactions (ATIs). For skill practice, low-skilled learners did better with command style on the set, and the practice style was best for low-skilled learners on the spike. Self-efficacy increased for all students, with no significant difference in style.
A Feminist Poststructuralist Methodology for the Study of Gender Construction in Physical Education: Description of a Study
Authors: Wright Jan
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings and methodology of a study investigating the production and reproduction of gender in physical education lessons in three schools in New South Wales, Australia. The intention of the paper is to demonstrate how questions raised within a feminist examination of the construction of gender in physical education can be explored using both the methodology provided by a poststructuralist approach informed by Michel Foucault and the analytical tools provided by semiotics and systemic functional linguistics. Although some results of the analysis are provided, these serve more as examples of the potential of such an approach rather than as an exhaustive report of outcomes.
Retrieval and Review
Authors: Locke Lawrence F.
Published: August 2016

The primary prupose of this section is to bring materials to the attention of JTPE readers that they would have missed if this were the only journal they read. A second purpose is to introduce a variety of retrieval sources for locating research reports, research reviews, and research-based articles. Items are included that relate to teaching, teachers, and teacher development in physical education. Suggestions concerning items that might be abstracted for subsequent issues are welcome.