bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensor Localization in Three-Dimensional Space
Authors: Ammari Habib M. , Chen Angela J.
Published: February 2020

Thanks to key advances in wireless communication and electronics, sensors have emerged as an appealing technology for several interesting applications, such as civilian (health and environment monitoring), natural (disaster detection), military (battlefield surveillance), and agricultural (precision agriculture) applications, to name a few. When grouped together, these sensors form a network to measure and gather data of the surrounding environment with respect to a specific phenomenon. The sensors are battery-powered, tiny devices that possess all the characteristics of a traditional computer, including storage, processing, and communication capabilities. In addition, these sensors are capable of sensing the environment and collecting data regarding several parameters, such as temperature, light, sound, vibration, etc. Unfortunately, all the sensors' capabilities are limited due to their physical size. In particular, the sensors have limited battery power as usually they are equipped with AA/AAA batteries whose lifetime is short. Therefore, the main challenge in the design of this type of network is the sensors' battery power (or energy), which is a critical component for the operation of the whole network. Moreover, these sensors communicate (possibly) wirelessly with each other to collect sensed data and accomplish the goals of their missions. To this end, the sensors are required to know their locations and those of their neighbors. Therefore, sensor localization is a crucial aspect for the design and development of wireless sensor networks. Various algorithms and protocols have been developed for sensor localization in both two-dimensional and three- dimensional wireless sensor networks. However, the problem of sensor localization in a three-dimensional space has not been investigated in the literature as extensively as its counterpart in a two-dimensional space. In this book chapter, we propose to study the sensor localization problem in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks. More precisely, this book chapter's sole focus will be on three-dimensional sensor deployment, and it aims to provide an overview of the existing solutions to the localization problem in a three-dimensional space. Basically, it proposes a classification of localization algorithms, and discusses different three-dimensional sensor localization approaches along with their motivation and evaluation.
An Efficient Intrusion Detection System for Selective Forwarding and Clone Attackers in IPv6-Based Wireless Sensor Networks under Mobility
Authors: Gara Fatma , Ben Saad Leila , Ben Ayed Rahma
Published: February 2020

Security in mobile wireless sensor networks is a big challenge because it adds more complexity to the network in addition to the problems of mobility and the limited sensor node resources. Even with authentication and encryption mechanisms, an attacker can compromise nodes and get all the keying materials. Therefore, an intrusion detection system is necessary to detect and defend against the insider attackers. Currently, there is no intrusion detection system applied to IPv6-based mobile wireless sensor networks. This paper is mainly interested in detecting the selective forwarding and clone attacks because they are considered among the most dangerous attackers. In this work, the authors design, implement, and evaluate a novel intrusion detection system for mobile wireless sensor networks based on IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. The new intrusion detection system can be extended to other attacks such as wormhole and sybil attacks. The simulations results show that the detection probability is 100% for selective attackers under some cases.
Equilibrate and Minimize the Energy Consumption in a Cluster for Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Jerbi Wassim , Trabelsi Hafedh , Guermazi Abderrahmen
Published: February 2020

The Cluster Head is selected on the basis of maximum number of nodes connected, thus several sensor nodes cannot reach any CH, even though they are in the transmission range. These nodes are called the isolated nodes. To solve this problem, the proposed a sub_cluster protocol, its role is to reduce the sensor nodes which do not belong the cluster. The major novel contribution of the proposed work is the sub_cluster protocol which provides coverage of the whole network with a minimum number of isolated nodes and has a very high connectivity rates. The sub_cluster protocol allows firstly with great cluster can be grouped many sub_cluster protocol connected to major CH, each sub_cluster protocol, can be connected of the maximum nodes non CH.
Performance Evaluation of Quality of Service in IEEE 802.15.4-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mohanty Sanatan , Patra Sarat Kumar
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of many tiny, autonomous sensor nodes capable of sensing, computation and communication. The main objective of IEEE 802.15.4 based WSN standard is to provide low cost, low power and short range communication. Providing QoS in WSN is a challenging task due to its severe resource constraints in terms of energy, network bandwidth, memory, and CPU. In this chapter, Quality of Service (QoS) performance evaluation has been carried out for IEEE 802.15.4 networks based WSN star and mesh topology using routing protocols like AODV, DSR and DYMO in QualNet 4.5 simulator. Performance evaluations metrics like Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), throughput, average end to end delay, energy per goodput bit, network lifetime of battery model and total energy consumption which includes transmission, reception, idle and sleep mode were considered for both the topology. From the simulation studies and analysis, it can be seen that on an average DSR and DYMO performs better than AODV for different traffic load rates.
A Fuzzy Knowledge Based Fault Tolerance Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Acharya Sasmita , Tripathy C. R.
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the focus of considerable research for different applications. This paper proposes a Fuzzy Knowledge based Artificial Neural Network Routing (ANNR) fault tolerance mechanism for WSNs. The proposed method uses an exponential Bi-directional Associative Memory (eBAM) for the encoding and decoding of data packets and application of Intelligent Sleeping Mechanism (ISM) to conserve energy. A combination of fuzzy rules is used to identify the faulty nodes in the network. The Cluster Head (CH) acts as the data aggregator in the network. It applies the fuzzy knowledge based Node Appraisal Technique (NAT) in order to identify the faulty nodes in the network. The performance of the proposed ANNR is compared with that of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Dual Homed Routing (DHR) and Informer Homed Routing (IHR) through simulation.
Secure Image Processing and Transmission Schema in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Elhoseny Mohamed , Farouk Ahmed , Batle Josep , Shehab Abdulaziz , Hassanien Aboul Ella
Published: February 2020

WSN as a new category of computer-based computing platforms and network structures is showing new applications in different areas such as environmental monitoring, health care and military applications. Although there are a lot of secure image processing schemas designed for image transmission over a network, the limited resources and the dynamic environment make it invisible to be used with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In addition, the current secure data transmission schemas in WSN are concentrated on the text data and are not applicable for image transmission's applications. Furthermore, secure image transmission is a big challenging issue in WSNs especially for the application that uses image as its main data such as military applications. The reason why is because the limited resources of the sensor nodes which are usually deployed in unattended environments. This chapter introduces a secure image processing and transmission schema in WSN using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Homomorphic Encryption (HE).
Energy Efficient Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ahmad Awais , Paul Anand , Jabbar Sohail , Rho Seungmin
Published: February 2020

Avoiding from congestion and provision of reliable communication characterising the low energy consumption and high data rate is one of the momentous challenges at Media Access Control (MAC) layer. This become more difficult to achieve when there is energy constraint mixed with mobility of nodes. Same issue is addressed in this underlying paper. Here we have proposed a Time-Sharing Energy Efficient Congestion Control (TSEEC) technique for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (TDMA) and Statistical Time Division Multiple Access Protocol (STDMA) are major constituents of this technique. These helps in conserving the energy by controlling the sleeping, waking up and listening states of sensor nodes. Load Based Allocation and Time Allocation Leister techniques further helps in conserving the network energy minimizing the network congestion. First mentioned technique is designed on the basis of STDMA Protocol and uses the sensor node information to dynamically assign the time slots while later said technique is does the job of mobility management of sensor node. This Time Allocation Leister techniques further comprises of Extricated Time Allocation (ETA), Shift Back Time Allocation (SBTA), and eScaped Time Allocation (STA) sub techniques for managing the joing and leaving of nodes to cluster and redundant\absence of data for communication respectively. To control the movement of mobile sensor nodes, we have also introduced mobility pattern as part of TSEEC that helps in making the protocol adaptive to traffic environment and to mobility as well. A comparitive analysis of proposed mechanism with SMAC is performed in NS2 along with mathematical anslysis by considering energy consumption, and packet deliver ratio as performance evaluation parameters. The results for the former outperforms to that of later. Moreover, comparative analysis of the proposed TSEEC with other MAC protocols is also presented.
Design and Implementation of a Robust Acoustic Recognition System for Waterbird Species Using TMS320C6713 DSK
Authors: Boulmaiz Amira , Messadeg Djemil , Doghmane Noureddine , Taleb-Ahmed Abdelmalik
Published: February 2020

In this paper, a new real-time approach for audio recognition of waterbird species in noisy environments, based on a Texas Instruments DSP, i.e. TMS320C6713 is proposed. For noise estimation in noisy water bird's sound, a tonal region detector (TRD) using a sigmoid function is introduced. This method offers flexibility since the slope and the mean of the sigmoid function can be adapted autonomously for a better trade-off between noise overvaluation and undervaluation. Then, the features Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients post processed by Spectral Subtraction (MFCC-SS) were extracted for classification using Support Vector Machine classifier. A development of the Simulink analysis models of classic MFCC and MFCC-SS is described. The audio recognition system is implemented in real time by loading the created models in DSP board, after being converted to target C code using Code Composer Studio. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TRD-MFCC-SS feature is highly effective and performs satisfactorily compared to conventional MFCC feature, especially in complex environment.
A Comparative Evaluation of Mining Techniques to Detect Malicious Node in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Singh Mandeep , Kaur Navjyot , Kaur Amandeep , Pushkarna Gaurav
Published: February 2020

Wireless sensor networks have gained attention over the last few years and have significant applications for example remote supervising and target watching. They can communicate with each other though wireless interface and configure a network. Wireless sensor networks are often deployed in an unfriendly location and most of time it works without human management; individual node may possibly be compromised by the adversary due to some constraints. In this manner, the security of a wireless sensor network is critical. This work will focus on evaluation of mining techniques that can be used to find malicious nodes. The detection mechanisms provide the accuracy of the classification using different algorithm to detect the malicious node. Pragmatically the detection accuracy of J48 is 99.17%, Random Forest is 80.83%, NF Tree is 81.67% and BF Tree is 72.33%. J48 have very high detection accuracy as compared with BF Tree, NF Tree Random Forest.
Energy-Efficient Routing Techniques for Wireless Sensors Networks
Authors: Osamaa Asmaa , El-Said Shaimaa Ahmed , Hassanien Aboul Ella
Published: February 2020

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which normally consist of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes each capable of sensing, processing, and transmitting environmental information, are deployed to monitor certain physical phenomena or to detect and track certain objects in an area of interests. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data depending on local information and parameters such as signal strength, power consumption, location of data collection and accretion. Only reachable nodes are able to communicate with each other directly to collect and transmit data. The motes have limited energy resources along with constraints on its computational and storage capabilities. Thus, innovative techniques that eliminate energy inefficiencies that would shorten the lifetime of the network are highly required. Such constraints combined with a typical deployment of large number of sensor nodes pose many challenges to the design and management of WSNs and necessitate energy-awareness at all layers of the networking protocol stack. In this chapter, we present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs that take into consideration the energy issue.
Case Study on WSN Based Smart Home Garden with Priority Driven Approach
Authors: Durugkar Santosh R. , Poonia Ramesh C. , Naik Radhakrishna B.
Published: February 2020

The proposed system focuses on utilizing the available water for a home garden in an effective way. The same approach is applicable to agriculture (large field), as our country's economy depends up on the agriculture. Therefore, agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. In this paper, the authors have proposed a novel approach priority driven scheduling based irrigation model (for home garden) which supplies optimum and good quality water to the crops. The most important part for such system is Wireless Sensor Network which irrigates the plants. The proposed system will be very useful as it immediately irrigates the plant. In this process, soil moisture values will be sensed and compared to find out the lowest value. It means water will be given immediately to such plants where moisture values are low. Such systems will start new era in agriculture and will prove itself as a major requirement in the future due to many critical factors such as irregularity of monsoon, less availability of water, etc.
Sensing Coverage in Three-Dimensional Space
Authors: Ammari Habib M. , Shaout Adnan , Mustapha Fatme
Published: February 2020

Efficient sensor deployment has been one of the most challenging and interesting research areas. The importance and effectiveness of real-world sensing applications, such as underwater and atmospheric sensing, military applications, health systems, and alert systems, which target specific events, raise the need for adaptable design of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The main challenge in the design of such networks is the optimal sensor deployment, which helps extend the operational network lifetime. Indeed, by maintaining coverage and connectivity with the least number of active nodes and least communication cost, the operable time of the network is guaranteed to be prolonged. The study of two-dimensional (2D) WSNs introduced a significant advancement to the wireless sensor computing technology for different types of smart environments. Nevertheless, 2D WSNs were not sufficient concerning certain applications that require three-dimensional (3D) design. Previous work focused on the design and analysis of various approaches to cover a 3D field of interest, and expanded existing design from 2D to 3D space. Hence, the complexity of such approaches is a major stumbling block. To alleviate this problem, more efficient solutions for the design of WSNs for 3D space deployment have been introduced. By tessellation of the 3D space, which is one of the proposed solutions, researchers studied the partitioning of the space based on Voronoi tessellation by generating identical space-filling cells. Using space fillers cells, which are represented by polyhedra, to model the sensing range of the sensor nodes is assumed to be an optimal solution since these polyhedra can fill a 3D space without leaving gaps or overlaps among them. In the existing literature, the coverage problem in 3D space is concerned with finding the polyhedron that can best approximate the spherical sensing range and eliminates gaps without scarifying the network connectivity. Therefore, the latter is directly related to the sensor node placement strategy. This book chapter studies various proposed solutions for the design of 3D WSNs, with a focus on coverage and connectivity. More specifically, it presents several space filling polyhedra, including the cube, truncated octahedron, hexagonal prism, and rhombic dodecahedron. Also, it compares all these space filling polyhedra to cover a 3D space.
Source Location Privacy Using Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Singh Jyoti Prakash , Dutta Paramartha
Published: February 2020

One of the important application domain of sensor network is monitoring a region and/or tracking a target. In such type of applications, the location of the source node tracking that target is very important. At the same time, if the location of the node currently tracking the target is captured by an adversary then that target may fall into a difficult situation. In this chapter, a solution to source location privacy with the help of Ant Colony Optimization is proposed. The idea of pheromone level is normally used to find out the shortest path between the source node and the base station that to minimize the energy consumption of the networks. The pheromone level of the ants is used here to guide the ants to follow different paths to hide the source location from adversaries who uses traffic analysis to capture the source node.
Mobile Sink with Mobile Agents
Authors: Borawake-Satao Rachana , Prasad Rajesh Shardanand
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has been drawing considerable attention and discussion in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields. In modern applications for future internet the MSN (Mobile Sensor Network) is a key factor. Mobility allows the applications of Wireless Sensor Network to be compatible with IoT (Internet of Things) applications. As mobility enhances capability of the network it also affects the performance of the network at each layer. In recent years the various methodologies are proposed to handle mobility. Most of them use mobility for efficient data collection in WSNs. The purpose of this paper is to study effects of mobility on various performance parameters of the network and to explore the effective techniques to handle mobility in network. This paper proposes Mobile Sink with Mobile Agent mobility model for WSN which will increase the lifetime of the network using sink and agent node mobility.
Wireless Sensor Networks Localization
Authors: Abo-Elhassab Ahmed Elsayed , El-Kader Sherine Mohamed Abd , Elramly Salwa
Published: February 2020

Localization is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. Localization means the determination of geographical locations of sensor nodes, consequently detecting the event location and to initiate a prompt action whenever necessary. The localization process passes with three phases distance and/or angle estimation phase, position phase and algorithm phase. There are many techniques can be used in each phase, some of these techniques may add additional devices, cost, power consumption, or delay to the network. This chapter includes a classification and overview of the most popular localization techniques in each phase, also high lighting the problems of these techniques and their solutions in such a way that helps in understanding localization concepts especially with respect to WSN localization.
Long-Term Synchronization of Hybrid Sensors Networks
Authors: Madhushri Priyanka , Jovanov Emil
Published: February 2020

This article presents synchronization of a hybrid distributed sensor network with wired and wireless sensors. Authors present an implementation of a sleep monitoring system as a hybrid sensor network that combines wireless inertial sensors controlled by a custom smartphone application as an extension of the polysomnographic (PSG) monitor to improve user's comfort. The authors developed an original method of synchronization of wireless sensor data with the PSG records using an auxiliary audio synchronization signal generated by the smartphone. The timestamps on the smartphone are synchronized with the timestamps from inertial sensors, and time of generated synchronization pulses recorded by the PSG. The individual data streams were synchronized using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) mechanism. Authors present the system organization and the results of analysis of the whole night monitoring, including the analysis of channel reliability and clock drift. Clock drift has been reduced from 10-30 seconds to 5.1± 3 milliseconds which is with an improved accuracy as compare to existing methods.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Congestion Control Models in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ganesan Sangeetha , Muthuswamy Vijayalakshmi , Sannasi Ganapathy , Arputharaj Kannan
Published: February 2020

Congestion control is an important factor for performance improvement in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Congestion occurs due to various reasons including a variation in the data rate between incoming and outgoing links, buffer size, flooding attacks and multiple inputs and minimum output capability. Various outcomes of congestion in sensor networks include immense packet loss or packet drop, fast energy depletion, unfairness across the network, reduced node performance and increased delay in packet delivery. Hence, there is an extreme need to check channel congestion in order to enhance the performance with better congestion management. The job of choosing a suitable congestion control technique is a challenging task for the network designer. In this article, the authors traverse through the underlying conceptual ideas on congestion control schemes which come under six unique models. This article highlights a survey on the existing works done so far on congestion control domains in sensor networks. A comparative analysis based on Quality of Service parameters has been discussed.
Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kibirige George William , Sanga Camilius A.
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large number of low-cost, resource-constrained sensor nodes. The constraints of the WSN which make it to be vulnerable to attacks are based on their characteristics which include: low memory, low computation power, they are deployed in hostile area and left unattended, small range of communication capability and low energy capabilities. Examples of attacks which can occur in a WSN are sinkhole attack, selective forwarding attack and wormhole attack. One of the impacts of these attacks is that, one attack can be used to launch other attacks. This book chapter presents an exploration of the analysis of the existing solutions which are used to detect and identify passive and active attack in WSN. The analysis is based on advantages and limitations of the proposed solutions.
Context-Aware Broadcast in Duty-Cycled Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Jemili Imen , Ghrab Dhouha , Belghith Abdelfettah , Mosbah Mohamed
Published: February 2020

As the energy efficiency remains a key issue in wireless sensor networks, duty-cycled mechanisms acquired much interest due to their ability to reduce energy consumption by allowing sensor nodes to switch to the sleeping state whenever possible. The challenging task is to authorize a sensor node to adopt a duty-cycle mode without inflicting any negative impact on the performance of the network. A context-aware paradigm allows sensors to adapt their functional behavior according to the context in order to enhance network performances. In this context, the authors propose an enhanced version the Efficient Context-Aware Multi-hop Broadcasting (E-ECAB) protocol, which combines the advantages of context awareness by considering a multi criteria and duty-cycle technique in order to optimize resources usage and satisfy the application requirements. Simulation results show that E-ECAB achieves a significant improvement in term of throughput and end-to-end delay without sacrificing energy efficiency.
WSN Management Self-Silence Design and Data Analysis for Neural Network Based Infrastructure
Authors: Kamila Nilayam Kumar , Dhal Sunil
Published: February 2020

In recent Wireless Sensor Network environment, battery energy conservation is one of the most important focus of research. The non-maintainable wireless sensor nodes need modern innovative ideas to save energy in order to extend the network life time. Different strategy in wireless sensor routing mechanism has been implemented to establish the energy conservation phenomenon. In earlier days, the nodes are dissipating maximum energy to communicate with each other(flooding) to establish the route to destination. In the next evolution of this research area, a clustering mechanism introduced which confirms the energy saving over the flooding mechanism. Neural Network is an advanced approach for self-clustering mechanism and when applied on wireless sensor network infrastructure, it reduces the energy consumption required for clustering. Neural network is a powerful concept with complex algorithms and capable to provide clustering solutions based on the wireless sensor network nodes properties. With the implementation of Neural Network on Wireless Sensor Network resolves the issues of high energy consumption required for network clustering. The authors propose a self-silence wireless sensor network model where sensor nodes change the sensing and transmitting mechanism by making self-silent in order to conserve the energy. This concept is simulated in neural network based wireless sensor network infrastructure of routing methodology and the authors observe that it extends the network life time. The mathematical analysis and simulation study shows the improved performance over the existing related neural network based wireless sensor routing protocols. Furthermore, the performance & related model parameters data set analysis provides the respective dependent relation information.
Sensor Data Geographic Forwarding in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Spaces
Authors: Ammari Habib M. , Ahmed Amer
Published: February 2020

A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes that have the ability to sense phenomena in a given environment and collect data, perform computation on the gathered data, and transmit (or forward) it to their destination. Unfortunately, these sensor nodes have limited power, computational, and storage capabilities. These factors have an influence on the design of wireless sensor networks and make it more challenging. In order to overcome these limitations, various power management techniques and energy-efficient protocols have been designed. Among such techniques and protocols, geographic routing is one of the most efficient ways to solve some of the design issues. Geographic routing in wireless sensor networks uses location information of the sensor nodes to define a path from source to destination without having to build a network topology. In this paper, we present a survey of the existing geographic routing techniques both in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) spaces. Furthermore, we will study the advantages of each routing technique and provide a discussion based on their practical possibility of deployment.
Energy Aware Optimized Routing Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network
Authors: Prusty Alok R. , Sethi Srinivas , Nayak Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2020

Advancement in wireless technology made human life become simple and easy going. Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Network (WASN) is one of the friendly wireless networks used to monitor the most unfriendly and ever changing dynamic environment that restricts continuous human attention. WASN has drawn significant attentions due to its unique capabilities to deal with complex network operation in highly resource constrained network construct. This ad hoc and unstructured deployment of tiny sensor nodes operate with controlled transmission range, processing capabilities, as well as very limited battery backup. The severe power depletion affects the existence of active nodes. Hence, data forwarding and reliable packet routing in such phenomenon oriented network becoming a challenge. In this chapter the clustering and hierarchical routing approaches for WASN environment has been briefly presented followed by some optimization strategies applicable to cluster routing process. This chapter can help researchers to think fresh dimensions of ongoing research in WASN cluster routing.
A Comparative Study of Range-Free and Range-Based Localization Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Shahra Essa Qasem , Sheltami Tarek Rahil , Shakshuki Elhadi M.
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Network is deployed in many fields including military operations, mechanical applications, human services, smart homes, etc. However, deploying WSN encounters many challenges. One of the challenges is localizing the node position, especially mobile targets in critical situations. In this paper, the authors compare two types from range-free localization algorithms and one type from range-based algorithms, namely: Received Signal Strength (RSS), Centroid, and Distance Vector Hop (DV-Hops) protocols, using Cooja simulator. RSS localization algorithms require determining values of the RSS from the anchor nodes around the mobile node, to calculate the distance between the unknown mobile and the first three anchor nodes in the mobile range. The centroid localization requires only three anchors to compute the location of the mobile sensor without the need for distance measuring. Lastly, the DV-Hop algorithm uses routing tables of each anchor in the network topology to compute the Average Distance of Hops. The results show that rang-based algorithms are more accurate than range-free.
Impact of Duty-Cycling
Authors: Bouadem Nassima , Kacimi Rahim , Tari Abdelkamel
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) became omnipresent in our daily life. As a result, they have emerged as a fruitful research topic, because of their advantages, especially their low cost and easy deployment. However, these attractive merits imply that available resources, especially energy, in each sensor node have to be wisely used through different network dynamics. Beside other techniques, duty-cycling (DC) is the first widely used one to save energy in WSNs. However, due to the continuous changes, mainly in the energy availability, the nodes have to operate in a very low DC which is a required strategy in many applications in order to keep the network operational. This article presents a detailed survey that provides an interesting view of different DC schemes which are proposed to tackle the specific WSN challenges, and it also gives a novel classification of DC schemes that includes the most recent techniques. The last part aims to investigate the impact of the low DC on both the network and the application layer.
A Broadcasting Scheme for Transaction Processing in a Wireless Environment
Authors: Singh Prakash Kumar
Published: February 2020

In broadcasting, schemes are widely used in a wireless environment. In this chapter, a heuristic broadcasting scheme is proposed that directly affects the concurrency of database transactions. The proposed broadcasting scheme is suitable for real-time transactions. A heuristic scheme is developed in a mobile environment to enhance system performance. Further simulation results in the chapter show that the proposed broadcasting scheme is suitable to improve transaction processing in a wireless environment.
A Cloud Trusting Mechanism Based on Resource Ranking
Authors: Daniel Ajai K.
Published: February 2020

The cloud-based computing paradigm helps organizations grow exponentially through means of employing an efficient resource management under the budgetary constraints. As an emerging field, cloud computing has a concept of amalgamation of database techniques, programming, network, and internet. The revolutionary advantages over conventional data computing, storage, and retrieval infrastructures result in an increase in the number of organizational services. Cloud services are feasible in all aspects such as cost, operation, infrastructure (software and hardware) and processing. The efficient resource management with cloud computing has great importance of higher scalability, significant energy saving, and cost reduction. Trustworthiness of the provider significantly influences the possible cloud user in his selection of cloud services. This chapter proposes a cloud service selection model (CSSM) for analyzing any cloud service in detail with multidimensional perspectives.
Performance Enhancement of Outlier Removal Using Extreme Value Analysis-Based Mahalonobis Distance
Authors: A Joy Christy , A Umamakeswari
Published: February 2020

Outlier detection is a part of data analytics that helps users to find discrepancies in working machines by applying outlier detection algorithm on the captured data for every fixed interval. An outlier is a data point that exhibits different properties from other points due to some external or internal forces. These outliers can be detected by clustering the data points. To detect outliers, optimal clustering of data points is important. The problem that arises quite frequently in statistics is identification of groups or clusters of data within a population or sample. The most widely used procedure to identify clusters in a set of observations is k-means using Euclidean distance. Euclidean distance is not so efficient for finding anomaly in multivariate space. This chapter uses k-means algorithm with Mahalanobis distance metric to capture the variance structure of the clusters followed by the application of extreme value analysis (EVA) algorithm to detect the outliers for detecting rare items, events, or observations that raise suspicions from the majority of the data.
An Empirically Supported Taxonomy of Misinformation
Authors: Chong Mark , Choy Murphy
Published: February 2020

Fake news, which includes both disinformation and misinformation, has been a challenge for many countries in the last few years. Disinformation has been present in modern history as part of the tool kit of PSYOPS for the military. Likewise, misinformation has been part of human history for a long time. Hoaxes, rumors, and urban legends—all of which can be classified as differing types of misinformation, although they are not commonly addressed as such—have been exploited by adversarial organizations for their own benefit. This study will propose a comprehensive taxonomy to tackle fake news, disinformation, and misinformation and assess the level of threat they pose to society. A comprehensive comparison with existing typologies will also be included.
Understanding the Landscape of Online Deception
Authors: Hage Hicham , Aïmeur Esma , Guedidi Amel
Published: February 2020

While fake and distorted information has been part of our history, new information and communication technologies tremendously increased its reach and proliferation speed. Indeed, in current days, fake news has become a global issue, prompting reactions from both researchers and legislators in an attempt to solve this problem. However, fake news and misinformation are part of the larger landscape of online deception. Specifically, the purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of online deception to better frame and understand the problem of fake news. In detail, this chapter offers a brief introduction to social networking sites, highlights the major factors that render individuals more susceptible to manipulation and deception, detail common manipulation and deception techniques and how they are actively used in online attacks as well as their common countermeasures. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the double role or artificial intelligence in countering as well as creating fake news.
Designing Interiors
Authors: Crespi Luciano
Published: February 2020

The following is a theoretical reflection about the re-development of existing spaces. First, various changes in the way we live worldwide are considered, especially in industrialised countries. Then a process that spans from research to design is proposed to identify those actions required to reach an innovative response to the problem at hand. The second part of chapter illustrates a series of possible design strategies collected from the interior design work of past masters and contemporary designers. The goal is to offer a possible reading of certain important examples, providing an inventory, by definition an incomplete one, of design approaches, ways of thinking, and practices. Sometimes there is a common thread, sometimes not.
Public Space “Under Influence”
Authors: Coralli Monica
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores the intersections between the notions of “urban interior design” and “public space” in West African cities. The artistic dynamics at work reshape the spaces by discussing their colonial imprint and the symbolism they have successively been charged with. As the nature of the projects is very diverse, both in terms of techniques and materials used and the objectives pursued, there is a clear desire to take greater account of the human dimension and to establish connections between local roots and the globalizing push. Through the analysis of some experiments carried out in Dakar, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, and Douala, the author identifies seven trends. The examples presented her relate to one or more of them. The projects combine the aesthetic approach with an ethical message: they translate into a citizen commitment to better, fairer, and more inclusive spaces.
Rethinking Retail Design in the Experience Economy
Authors: Megchun Beatriz Itzel Cruz
Published: February 2020

This chapter seeks to explore and discuss the way commercial companies and non-commercial companies have transformed the design and the delivering of products and services offered. This work aims to contribute to the discussion of the character of interiors by exploring empirical cases. These cases exhibit experiences comprised of emotional as well as functional interactions between customers and service providers. Their key attribute is to deliver a personal experience that stirs feelings, sensations, and emotions that are memorable and inclusive. The result of this research intends to enable professionals to have a series of instruments that are multidisciplinary in nature so that they can use them in their design practice.
Art and Space
Authors: Crespi Giulia
Published: February 2020

The duo “art and space” looks very easy to understand: art interacts with spaces, uses spaces, or simply fills spaces. However, starting from this simple consideration, what this chapter would like to propose is a reflection about a kind of art that creates spaces and places instead, expanding the discussion about the interdisciplinary approach of artists to creation. Considering the works of some artists that have made the intervention on spaces one of their prerogatives, the research focuses on the new connections that arise between the artist and the public through these creations. The imagery of Yayoi Kusama, Tomas Saraceno, Anish Kapoor, Cristina Iglesias, Carsten Nicolai, Rudolf Stingel, among others, allows a different perception, most of time asking to the spectator itself an active part in the work of art. The chapter offers a specific case study dedicated to the work of the Dutch artist Krijn de Koning.
Post mortem artefacts that mimic deliberate physical violence and ante mortem lesions – revisited
Authors: Warushahennadi J. , Ruwanpura P. R.
Published: February 2020

No abstract available
Sudden death of an infant due to endocardial fibroelastosis - case report
Authors: Rathnaweera R. H. A. I.
Published: February 2020

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is an idiopathic disorder of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world that is characterized by the development of restrictive cardiomyopathy. It is characterized by proliferation of both elastic and collageneous fibers within the endocardium, causing diffuse or localized thickening. A three month old baby was admitted to a local hospital in Galle, with a history of sudden onset shortness of breathing for one day. Baby was found to be in a state of heart failure and died within few hours after admission. At the post-mortem examination, heart was found to be enlarged with dilated left ventricle. The endocardium of both ventricles was markedly thickened. Histopathology showed a thick layer of collagenous fibrous tissue and elastin fibres confirmed by Vangisen Elastin stain. The cause of death was given as endocardial fibroelastosis. The underlying mechanisms of myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. It is hypothesized that infectious, inflammatory and nutritional processes are involved in this process. This case highlighted the importance of special histology staining methods when arriving at the cause of death.
An omphalocele, epispedias, cleft palate, cranial deformity and facial dysmorphism: a case with midline and laterality defects
Authors: Prabodha L. B. L. , Amarasena T. S. D. , Ilayperuma I. , Nanayakkara B. G.
Published: February 2020

A 7 year old male child with cleft soft palate, omphalocele, epispedias, posterior prominence of the skull, prominent forehead with high anterior hair line, dextraposition of the heart, right sided inguinal hernia, mental retardation, generalized hypotonia and flexion deformity of both toes and fingers presented to the paediatric clinic, Teaching Hospital Karapitiya, for the follow up management. Furthermore, the child had subtle dysmorphic features including, broad nasal bridge, hypertelorism and low set ears. He was the second child of the family and there were no other family history of congenital anomalies. The karyotype was 46XY. Mutations in chromosome bands 3p12-21, ZIC3 gene in human X chromosome and Wolf- Hirschhorn syndrome involving heterozygous deletion of 4p16.3 region (4p syndrome) can be presented with above clinical features and it is necessary to investigate the patient further for the genetic involvement.
Versatile electrical stimulator for providing cardiac-like electrical impulses in vitro
Authors: Gabetti Stefano , Putame Giovanni , Montrone Federica , Isu Giuseppe , Marsano Anna , Audenino Alberto , Massai Diana
Published: February 2020

In the perspective of reliable methods alternative to in vivo animal testing for cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) research, the versatile electrical stimulator ELETTRA has been developed. ELETTRA delivers controlled and stable cardiac-like electrical impulses, and it can be coupled to already existing bioreactors for providing in vitro combined biomimetic culture conditions. Designed to be cost-effective and easy to use, this device could contribute to the reduction and replacement of in vivo animal experiments in CTE.
Clarifying mid-brain organoids: Application of the CLARITY protocol to unperfusable samples
Authors: Magliaro Chiara , Ahluwalia Arti
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to apply a workflow, integrating delipidation methods and advanced 3D imaging techniques for mapping of the global neuronal organization of brain organoids. These are self-organizing constructs in vitro generated from human pluripotent stem cells encased in a Matrigel shell, which resemble downscaled structural and functional features of human brains. In particular, we focused on midbrain organoids, widely considered a promising tool for studying dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease. The evaluation of the microanatomical alterations at a patient-level will potentially guide future research of this neuropathy, providing meaningful human specific data in line with the European Directives and the 3Rs principles.
Ethical issues in Ph.D. training at the Politecnico di Milano
Authors: Aliverti Andrea
Published: February 2020

Ethical issues are fundamental in research, especially when multidisciplinary groups are involved. Ethical norms may protect human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, public health and safety. However, there are specific cases, which are not covered by rules and standards, and an interpretation is required. Based on these premises, since 5 years, the PhD School of the Politecnico di Milano has been offering PhD courses covering ethical issues, among which “Ethics in Research”, briefly presented in this contribution.
On the transferability of tissue engineering technologies to the design of tissue models
Authors: Ciardelli Gianluca
Published: February 2020

3D tissue-engineered models are promising tools in the screening and evaluation of drugs and therapies as well as in the investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in disease onset and progression. In this context, we describe our efforts in soft tissue replication, to design in vitro models that have the potential to provide better insight into the development of ageing process and related pathologies, with particular reference to the cardiovascular field.
Swiss 3R Competence Centre: Promoting the 3Rs implementation
Authors: Eskes Chantra
Published: February 2020

This contribution describes the history and activity of the Swiss 3R Competence Centre (3RCC), which has been founded in 2018. Among the most relevant activities, a call for project proposals on 3Rs was launched in 2018, with 47 proposals received for selection, followed by a call for nominations for a 3Rs award, which will be announced in Sept. 2019. Implementation of a 3Rs educational program has also been carried out since 2018. The 3RCC is also developing an e-Learning module to promote the implementation of alternatives to animal testing. Finally, the centre activity is addressed to help fostering good experimental design and biostatistics practices and support.
Advanced culture systems for ex vivo human vascular tissue conditioning
Authors: Fiore Gianfranco Beniamino , Seminati Simona , Coppadoro Lorenzo Pietro , Pederzani Elia , Piola Marco , Soncini Monica
Published: February 2020

Our experience shows that using bioengineering approaches facilitates the understanding of vascular physio-pathological mechanisms and, in perspective, will speed up the development of new life-saving treatments. The use of human samples, particularly operating room-derived samples, which would have been otherwise discarded, is a very valuable approach. In line with the 3Rs principles, this methodology is worth the cost of being set up and managed, wherever and whenever possible