bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meeting the Multifaceted Needs of Expectant and Parenting Young Families Through the Pregnancy Assistance Fund
Authors: Margolis Amy , Rice Tara , Banikya-Leaseburg Mousumi , Person Ann E. , Clary Elizabeth , Zief Susan , Adamek Katie , Harding Jessica F.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The Pregnancy Assistance Fund (PAF) program funds states and tribes to provide a wide range of services to improve health, social, educational, and economic outcomes for expectant and parenting teens and young adults, their children, and their families. This introductory article to the Maternal and Child Health Journal supplement Supporting Expectant and Parenting Teens: The Pregnancy Assistance Fund provides a description of the PAF program, including the program goals and structure, participants and communities served, and services provided; presents data on the reach and success of the program; and describes lessons learned from PAF grantees on how to enhance programs and services to have the best outcomes for expectant and parenting young families.

Methods

Performance measure data are used to describe the reach and success of the PAF program, and implementation experiences and lessons learned from PAF grantees were gathered through a standardized review of grantee applications and from interviews with grant administrators.

Results

Since its establishment in 2010, the PAF program has served 109,661 expectant and parenting teens, young adults, and their families across 32 states, including the District of Columbia, and seven tribal organizations; established more than 3400 partnerships; and trained more than 7500 professionals. Expectant and parenting teens and young adults who participated in the PAF program stay in high school, make plans to attend college, and have low rates of repeat pregnancy within a year.

Conclusions

Expectant and parenting teens and young adults in the PAF program demonstrated success in meeting their educational goals and preventing repeat unintended pregnancies. In addition, the staff who implemented the PAF programs learned many lessons for how to enhance programs and services to have the best outcomes for expectant and parenting young families, including creating partnerships to meet the multifaceted needs of teen parents and using evidence-based programs to promote program sustainability.
Partner*innen-Benachrichtigung als Präventionsmaßnahme bei STI in Deutschland
Authors: Enders Kristina , Schu Martina , Cannizzaro Gianna
Published: May 2020

Hintergrund

Weltweit ist Partner*innen-Benachrichtigung (PB) ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Prävention sexuell übertragbarer Infektionen (STI). Allerdings gibt es erhebliche Unterschiede in der Umsetzung. In der Strategie der Bundesregierung zur Eindämmung von STI wird PB besondere Bedeutung zugemessen. Um nun die Situation in Deutschland genauer einschätzen zu können, hat das BMG eine Situationsanalyse zu PB in Auftrag gegeben. Im Fokus steht dabei PB in anonymen Teststellen.

Methoden

Es kam ein dreistufiges Verfahren zur Anwendung: Sekundäranalyse zu Evidenzen und Leitlinien, qualitative Interviews mit Fachkräften aus insgesamt 16 anonymen Teststellen sowie Fragebogenerhebungen und leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Klient*innen.

Ergebnisse

In Deutschland existieren sowohl STI-übergreifend als auch -spezifisch medizinische Leitlinien, die PB empfehlen, dies jedoch nur sehr knapp. Bei anonymen Teststellen sind Verfahren zu PB, die über Informationen zu Reinfektionsrisiken hinausgehen, wenig verbreitet. Auch konnten nahezu keine einrichtungsspezifischen Regelungen identifiziert werden. So konzentriert sich die Beratung auf die Aufklärung zu (Re‑)Infektionsrisiken unter Einbezug des diagnostischen Fensters. Beratung über verschiedene Möglichkeiten von PB sowie Motivation und Unterstützung findet dabei selten statt. Fachkräfte und Klient*innen votieren für eine Stärkung der Beratung zu PB, wünschen sich ein strukturiertes Vorgehen und Regeln dazu.

Schlussfolgerung

Mit Blick auf Beratung zu PB zeigen sich große Unterschiede in der Umsetzung, divergierende Haltungen und nahezu keine einrichtungsbezogenen Regeln oder Tools. Spezifische Kompetenzen für PB existieren kaum, Fortbildung zu hilfreichen Verfahren gibt es wenig, wird aber gewünscht. Die Studie zeigt konkrete Verbesserungsbedarfe auf.
Cost-Effectiveness of Operative Versus Non-Operative Treatment for Clavicle Fracture: a Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Kask Gilber , Raittio Lauri , Mattila Ville M. , Launonen Antti P.
Published: May 2020

Purpose of Review

Operative and non-operative treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures seems to yield comparative functional results. Furthermore, it has been suggested that surgery is more expensive compared with non-operative treatment of clavicle fracture. Cost-effectiveness seems to be more important in trends of treatment decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cost-effectiveness of clavicle fracture treatment.

Recent Findings

Seven publications were selected, and 5 studies showed that operative treatment is more expensive than non-operative treatment. The mean overall cost per person in discounted prices was 10,230 USD for operative and 7923 USD for non-operative treatment. The mean absence from work ranged 8–193 and 24–69 days for operative and non-operative treatment, respectively. Studies varied in methods of assessing the cost-effectiveness of treatment modalities.

Based on this literature review, routine operative treatment seems to be more expensive. In some cases, operative treatment might be more cost-effective. In all studies, direct and indirect costs of health care were calculated, but a great heterogeneity exists in the sources of cost data between countries. The cost-effectiveness of the treatment of clavicle fracture depends strongly on the cost of operative treatment and length of absence from work. Cost-effectiveness analysis could be a routine in RCT studies in the future.
Neurologic, clinical, and immunologic features in a cohort of HTLV-1 carriers with high proviral loads
Authors: Ferraz Sheila N. , Costa Gabriela F. , Carneiro Neto José Abraão , Hebert Thiago , de Oliveira Cassius J. V. , Guerra Mariele , Oliveira Lívia M. A. , Carvalho Edgar M.
Published: May 2020

A high proviral load (PVL) is recognized as a risk factor for human T cell leukemia virus-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), but there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating whether or not HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL are at risk of developing HAM/TSP or other HTLV-1-related diseases. Here, we compare the incidence of clinical manifestations and the cytokine levels in 30 HTLV-1 carriers with high (> 50,000 copies/106 PBMC) and an equal number of subjects with low proviral load. Participants were followed for 3 to 16 years (median of 11 years). The PVL, IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-10 levels were quantified at entry and at the end of the follow-up. Among the self-reported symptoms in the initial evaluation, only the presence of paresthesia on the hands was more frequent in the group with high PVL (p < 0.04). The production of IFN-γ was higher in the group with high PVL group (median of 1308 versus 686 pg/ml, p < 0.011) when compared with the control group in the first assessment. There was no difference in the occurrence of urinary symptoms or erectile dysfunction, periodontal disease, Sicca syndrome, and neurologic signs between the two groups during the follow-up. The observation that none of the HTLV-1 carriers with high PVL and with exaggerated inflammatory response progressed to HAM/TSP indicates that other factors in addition to the PVL and an exaggerated immune response are involved in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
On the Impact of Texture and Grain Size on the Pseudoelastic Properties of Polycrystalline Fe–Ni–Co–Al–Ti Alloy
Authors: Sobrero C. E. , Lauhoff C. , Wegener T. , Niendorf T. , Krooß P.
Published: May 2020

The effects of thermomechanical treatments on crystallographic texture and grain size evolution and their impact on the pseudoelastic properties in Fe41–Ni28–Co17–Al11.5–Ti2.5 (at.%) were studied in the present paper. The results show that cold rolling leads to brass-type texture in this alloy, which is typical for low stacking fault energy materials. Thermal treatments up to 1300 °C were conducted and it is shown that the presence of β-phase helps to control grain growth. After the dissolution of the secondary phase induced by heat treatment at higher temperatures, a strong {230}〈001〉 recrystallization texture evolves in cold rolled samples already upon imposing medium reduction ratios. Finally, good pseudoelastic properties are found in conditions being characterized by adequate texture and grain sizes spanning over the entire thickness of the samples tested.
Kontrazeption bei Risikopatientinnen
Authors: Heun X. , Skala C.
Published: May 2020

Die Frage nach sicheren kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen stellt sich häufig im gynäkologischen Alltag. Aufgrund der Fülle an effektiven kontrazeptiven Methoden muss die geeignete Maßnahme für jeden einzeln bestimmt werden. Kombinierte orale Kontrazeptiva (KOK) sind aufgrund ihrer Benutzerfreundlichkeit und ihrer Sicherheit eine häufig verschriebene und akzeptierte Form der Kontrazeption. Die klassische Pille besteht aus einem Östrogen- und Gestagenanteil. Durch den Östrogenanteil ergibt sich ein erhöhtes Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen. Gerade bei Patientinnen mit Vorerkrankungen ist wegen eines erhöhten Risikos bezüglich kardiovaskulärer Komplikationen bei der Verschreibung von hormonellen kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen ein genaues Hinschauen notwendig und gegebenenfalls auf eine andere Kontrazeption auszuweichen. Dabei ist das Wissen über die Kontraindikationen sowie einflussreiche Risikofaktoren entscheidend. Je größer das Risiko für ein kardiovaskuläres Ereignis eingestuft wird, desto eher wird man eine Östrogengabe vermeiden wollen. Im Folgenden werden das Prinzip der kombinierten oralen Kontrazeption dargestellt, die Kontraindikationen präsentiert, Risikopatienten definiert und anhand von einigen Beispielen ein Plan für eine risikoarme Kontrazeption erstellt.
Influence of tension of the nuchal cord to the developmental output in a one-year-old child
Authors: Karabeg Edina , Karabeg Enes , Karabeg Adi
Published: May 2020

Objective:

Influence of nuchal umbilical cord tension in a newborn on the developmental outcome at the end of the first year.

Methods:

and subjects of research: The research is prospective, conducted in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Una Sana Canton), for a period of five years. In the research study, we included newborns with a nuchal cord (tight and loose) and newborns without a nuchal cord (control group). We were tracking and recording the Apgar score and the conventional cardiotocography (CTG) findings in both groups. The development of newborns was monitored by the Munich Functional Scale and the development was evaluated at the end of the first year of life.

Results:

Statistically, there was a significant presence (P< .001) of Apgar score lower than 7 in newborns with nuchal cord concerning the control group. There were significantly lower Apgar score findings in newborns with a tight nuchal cord compared to ones with a loose nuchal cord (P<.001). Pathological cardiotocographic findings were monitored and the statistical significance in neonates with a nuchal cord concerning the control group. Cardiotocographic data in a neonatal group with tight nuchal cord were statistically significantly lower concerning cardiotocographic data in neonates with a loose nuchal cord (P<.001). Infants at the age of 1 year born with tight nuchal cord were found to have a significant developmental delay compared to those born with loose nuchal cord and control group (P<.001).

Conclusion:

The nuchal cord is the risk factor for later developmental deviation. Early diagnosis of the nuchal cord, especially tight cord around the neck (nuchal cord), is important for the prevention of later morbidity.
AN EM ALGORITHM FOR FITTING A NEW CLASS OF MIXED EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION MODELS WITH VARYING DISPERSION
Authors: Tzougas George , Karlis Dimitris
Published: May 2020

Regression modelling involving heavy-tailed response distributions, which have heavier tails than the exponential distribution, has become increasingly popular in many insurance settings including non-life insurance. Mixed Exponential models can be considered as a natural choice for the distribution of heavy-tailed claim sizes since their tails are not exponentially bounded. This paper is concerned with introducing a general family of mixed Exponential regression models with varying dispersion which can efficiently capture the tail behaviour of losses. Our main achievement is that we present an Expectation-Maximization (EM)-type algorithm which can facilitate maximum likelihood (ML) estimation for our class of mixed Exponential models which allows for regression specifications for both the mean and dispersion parameters. Finally, a real data application based on motor insurance data is given to illustrate the versatility of the proposed EM-type algorithm.
Introduction to complementary feeding in the first year of life and risk of overweight at 24 months of age: changes from 2004 to 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts
Authors: Schneider Bruna Celestino , Gatica-Domínguez Giovanna , Assunção Maria Cecília Formoso , Matijasevich Alicia , Barros Aluísio J. D. , Santos Iná S. , Silveira Mariângela Freitas
Published: May 2020

Complementary feeding (CF) and overweight relationships during early childhood are inconsistent in the literature. We described the association of CF during the first year of life with risk of overweight at 24 months of age in the population-based 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts (2004c and 2015c). CF introduction was evaluated at the 3 and 12 months’ follow-ups by asking mothers using a list of foods. Risk of overweight at 24 months of age was BMI-for-age z-score above +1sd from the median of the WHO 2006 growth standards. Our analyses included 3823 (2004c) and 3689 (2015c) children. Early introduction CF (before 6 months of age) prevalence in 2004c was 93·3 (95 % CI 92·5, 94·1) % and in 2015c was 87·2 (95 % CI 86·1, 88·2) %. Tea was the item introduced earlier in both 2004c (68·8 %) and 2015c (55·7 %). At 6 months of age, vegetable mash was the most introduced food in 2004c (33·5 %) and 2015c (47·9 %). Between 2004c and 2015c, the introduction of fresh milk decreased 82·1 to 60·5 % and yogurt from 94·4 to 78·1 % during the first year. Risk of overweight prevalence at 24 months was 33·0 (95 % CI 31·6, 34·5) % in 2004c and 32·0 (95 % CI 30·5, 33·5) % in 2015c. In 2015c, the adjusted odds of risk of overweight at 24 months were increased 1·66 and 1·50 times with the early introduction of fresh/powdered milk: plus water, tea or juice, and plus semi-solid/solid food groups, respectively. It is essential to reinforce the adherence to global recommendations on timely feeding introduction and encourage exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months of age to prevent child overweight.
Thermodynamic assessment of allocation of energy and exergy of the nutrients for the life processes during pregnancy
Authors: Semerciöz Ayşe Selcen , Yılmaz Bayram , Özilgen Mustafa
Published: May 2020

Thermodynamic analyses are performed to quantify allocation of the nutritional energy and exergy to most of the life processes by pregnant mice. In these analyses, ‘internal work performance’ is calculated for the first time in the literature for metabolism during pregnancy and found substantially higher than the ‘external work performance’. Variation of the daily entropy generation rates and the daily internal work performance rates during the course of pregnancy showed a highly similar phasic behaviour. With the progression of the pregnancy, external work performance decreased and second law efficiency increased significantly. On the 13th day of pregnancy, net energy extracted from the food at the cellular energy metabolism subsystem was 15·0 kJ; approximately 3 kJ of it was employed for daily internal work performance, 0·8 kJ was allocated to daily external work performance and 0·8 kJ was stored in the adipose tissue without entering into the cellular energy metabolism subsystem. Heat generation in association with internal and external work performance was 9·1 and 2·2 kJ, respectively. Energy, pertinent to the first law, and exergy (useful energy), pertinent to the second law, balances are described graphically, and comparison of these plots showed that the total exergy of the nutrients allocated to internal and external work performance and heat generation is substantially smaller in magnitude when compared with those of energy balance.
Who Wants To Be a Politician? Basic Human Values and Candidate Emergence in the United Kingdom
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: May 2020

Public faith in politicians and associated systems of governance is desperately low. At the same time, public opinion of politicians is characterized by a vernacular of psychological accusations pertaining to greed, self-interest and careerism. This article tests the verity of these claims by comparing quantitative data on the Basic Human Values (Schwartz 1992) of 106 UK Members of Parliament (MPs) and 134 unsuccessful parliamentary candidates with data collected from the British public in the seventh wave of the European Social Survey. It explores (a) how politicians differ psychologically from those they govern and (b) how personality characteristics such as basic values inform candidate emergence. The study finds that politics is a profession few ‘ordinary’ people care to enter. MPs attribute significantly more importance to Self-Transcendence values than the comparatively conservative population they govern, but the relative importance they ascribe to Power values seems to have an equally strong predictive effect on candidate emergence.
Kairomones fromEuschistus herosegg masses and their potential use forTelenomus podisiparasitism improvement
Authors: Tognon R. , Sant'Ana J. , Michereff M. F. F. , Laumann R. A. , Borges M. , Blassioli-Moraes M. C. , Redaelli L. R.
Published: May 2020

Telenomus podisiAshmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is the most important egg parasitoid ofEuschistus heros(Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and its successful parasitism is related to their searching ability to find suitable hosts under a complex chemical environment using host-reliable cues. Thus, the objective of this study was to elucidate chemical substances on the external layer ofE. heroseggs and report its potential kairomonal activity onT. podisi. We tested female wasps in olfactometer system to synthetic compounds obtained from a chemical identification ofE. herosegg masses. The synthetic blend was also evaluated in parasitism tests under laboratory and semi-field conditions. We identified 31 substances from egg surface extracts, including monoterpenes, aldehydes and alkanes. Among those compounds, a synthetic solution including camphene, β-pinene, limonene and benzaldehyde-induced chemotaxic behaviour on the wasps and increased the parasitism onE. heroseggs, either in laboratory or semi-field test, suggesting its potential use toT. podisimanipulation and parasitism improvement.
PRIMITIVE RECURSIVE DECIDABILITY FOR THE RING OF INTEGERS OF THE COMPOSITUM OF ALL SYMMETRIC EXTENSIONS OF ℚ
Authors: JARDEN MOSHE , RAZON AHARON
Published: May 2020

Let ℚsymmbe the compositum of all symmetric extensions of ℚ, i.e., the finite Galois extensions with Galois group isomorphic toSnfor some positive integern, and let ℤsymmbe the ring of integers inside ℚsymm. Then, TH(ℤsymm) is primitive recursively decidable.
Effects of road salt on a free-living trematode infectious stage
Authors: Milotic D. , Milotic M. , Koprivnikar J.
Published: May 2020

Many temperate freshwater habitats are at risk for contamination by run-off associated with the application of road de-icing salts. Elevated salinity can have various detrimental effects on freshwater organisms, including greater susceptibility to infection by parasites and pathogens. However, to better understand the net effects of road salt exposure on host–parasite dynamics, it is necessary to consider the impacts on free-living parasite infectious stages, such as the motile aquatic cercariae of trematodes. Here, we examined the longevity and activity of cercariae from four different freshwater trematodes (Ribeiroia ondatrae, Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp. and an unidentified strigeid-type) that were exposed to road salt at five different environmentally relevant concentrations (160, 360, 560, 760 and 960 mg/ml of sodium chloride). Exposure to road salt had minimal detrimental effects, with cercariae activity and survival often greatest at intermediate concentrations. Only the cercariae of Cephalogonimus sp. showed reduced longevity at the highest salt concentration, with those of both R. ondatrae and the unidentified strigeid-type exhibiting diminished activity, indicating interspecific variation in response. Importantly, cercariae seem to be relatively unaffected by salt concentrations known to increase infection susceptibility in some of their hosts. More studies will be needed to examine this potential dichotomy in road salt effects between hosts and trematodes, including influences on parasite infectivity.
A conditional learnability argument for constraints on underlying representations
Authors: RASIN EZER , KATZIR RONI
Published: May 2020

We explore the implications of a particular approach to learning for an architectural question in phonology. The learning approach follows the principle of Minimum Description Length (MDL), which has recently been used for learning in both constraint-based and rule-based phonology. The architectural question on which we focus is whether the grammar allows language-specific statements to be made at the level of the lexicon, as was assumed in early generative phonology, or whether such statements are prohibited, as is commonly assumed within more recent work. We show that under MDL, the architectural question has real empirical implications: across a range of seemingly natural representational schemes, an ability to make language-specific statements about the lexicon is needed to ensure the learnability of an important aspect of phonological knowledge.
Understanding the interplay between food structure, intestinal bacterial fermentation and appetite control
Authors: Dagbasi A. , Lett A. M. , Murphy K. , Frost G.
Published: May 2020

Epidemiological and clinical evidence highlight the benefit of dietary fibre consumption on body weight. This benefit is partly attributed to the interaction of dietary fibre with the gut microbiota. Dietary fibre possesses a complex food structure which resists digestion in the upper gut and therefore reaches the distal gut where it becomes available for bacterial fermentation. This process yields SCFA which stimulate the release of appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY. Food structures can further enhance the delivery of fermentable substrates to the distal gut by protecting the intracellular nutrients during upper gastrointestinal digestion. Domestic and industrial processing can disturb these food structures that act like barriers towards digestive enzymes. This leads to more digestible products that are better absorbed in the upper gut. As a result, less resistant material (fibre) and intracellular nutrients may reach the distal gut, thus reducing substrates for bacterial fermentation and its subsequent benefits on the host metabolism including appetite suppression. Understanding this link is essential for the design of diets and food products that can promote appetite suppression and act as a successful strategy towards obesity management. This article reviews the current evidence in the interplay between food structure, bacterial fermentation and appetite control.
A survey on blockchain-based platforms for IoT use-cases
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Jabed Morshed , Ferdous Md Sadek , Biswas Kamanashis , Chowdhury Niaz , Muthukkumarasamy Vallipuram
Published: May 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently emerged as an innovative technology capable of empowering various areas such as healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, smart homes and supply chain with real-time and state-of-the-art sensing capabilities. Due to the underlying potential of this technology, it already saw exponential growth in a wide variety of use-cases in multiple application domains. As researchers around the globe continue to investigate its aptitudes, a collective agreement is that to get the best out of this technology and to harness its full potential, IoT needs to sit upon a flexible network architecture with strong support for security, privacy and trust. On the other hand, blockchain (BC) technology has recently come into prominence as a breakthrough technology with the potential to deliver some valuable properties such as resiliency, support for integrity, anonymity, decentralization and autonomous control. Several BC platforms are proposed that may be suitable for different use-cases, including IoT applications. In such, the possibility to integrate the IoT and BC technology is seen as a potential solution to address some crucial issues. However, to achieve this, there must be a clear understanding of the requirements of different IoT applications and the suitability of a BC platform for a particular application satisfying its underlying requirements. This paper aims to achieve this goal by describing an evaluation framework which can be utilized to select a suitable BC platform for a given IoT application.
Declining trends in Hepatitis A seroprevalence over the past two decades, 1998–2017, in Pune, Western India
Authors: Deoshatwar Avinash R. , Gurav Yogesh K , Lole Kavita S
Published: May 2020

Reduction in seroprevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is known to be associated with improvements in socioeconomic conditions of the community. National Institute of Virology, Pune has been studying seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses in Pune region over the past four decades. In total, 1438 samples were collected from urban general (UGEN), urban lower socioeconomic stratum (ULSES) and rural (RURAL) populations of the Pune district. Based on estimates in previous studies, subjects were enrolled from age groups ‘6–10’, ‘15–25’ and ‘40 + ’ years. HAV seroprevalence in younger population showed a significant decline. A significant decline in HAV seroprevalence in ‘15–25’ years age group in UGEN (from 85.9% to 73.9%; OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.25–0.86) and RURAL (from 98.6% to 91.4%; OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.05–0.45) populations suggested that the trend probably started more than a decade ago. Seroprevalence of HAV among ULSES ‘6–10’ children was found to be significantly higher (70.4%) than that among the RURAL children (44.2%; OR = 3.0, 95%CI: 1.7–5.2) and UGEN children (40.4%; OR = 3.5, 95%CI: 1.8–6.7). In view of increasing rates of urbanisation in India, ULSES population needs special consideration while designing future studies and viral hepatitis vaccination/elimination strategies. Our findings call for robust population-based studies that consider heterogeneity within populations and dynamics of socio-economic parameters in various regions of a country.
Denotational semantics for guarded dependent type theory
Authors: Bizjak Aleš , Møgelberg Rasmus Ejlers
Published: May 2020

We present a new model of guarded dependent type theory (GDTT), a type theory with guarded recursion and multiple clocks in which one can program with and reason about coinductive types. Productivity of recursively defined coinductive programs and proofs is encoded in types using guarded recursion and can therefore be checked modularly, unlike the syntactic checks implemented in modern proof assistants. The model is based on a category of covariant presheaves over a category of time objects, and quantification over clocks is modelled using a presheaf of clocks. To model theclock irrelevance axiom, crucial for programming with coinductive types, types must be interpreted as presheaves internally right orthogonal to the object of clocks. In the case of dependent types, this translates to a lifting condition similar to the one found in homotopy theoretic models of type theory, but here with an additional requirement of uniqueness of lifts. Since the universes defined by the standard Hofmann–Streicher construction in this model do not satisfy this property, the universes in GDTT must be indexed by contexts of clock variables. We show how to model these universes in such a way that inclusions of clock contexts give rise to inclusions of universes commuting with type operations on the nose.
Two females with coronary artery occlusion caused by presumed Kawasaki disease would have delivered without recognition of ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Tsuda Etsuko , Noda Takashi , Noguchi Teruo
Published: May 2020

We report two females with coronary artery occlusion caused by presumed Kawasaki disease that delivered children without any special treatment. After a 58-year-old female had ventricular tachycardia, a giant coronary artery aneurysm with calcification at the bifurcation of the left coronary artery and segmental stenosis of the right coronary artery were pointed out by CT angiography. She had an episode of sepsis when 3 years old. Further, she remembered chest pain during sleep after that episode. She had delivered twice without any complication during her 20s. Her diagnosis was undiagnosed coronary artery lesions caused by presumed Kawasaki disease and a previous myocardial infarction, and she underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. The other 48-year-old female was accidentally discovered to have coronary artery calcification on CT, while experiencing pneumonia. Her CT angiograms revealed a right coronary artery occlusion and coronary artery calcification at segments 1, 6, and 11. She had a history of “scarlet fever” before 12 months. Premature ventricular contractions were detected, while delivering her first child when 31 years old. However, she was not diagnosed as ischaemic heart disease and delivered twice by a vaginal delivery without any complication. Current guidelines recommend systemic anti-coagulation and anti-platelet therapy for all patients with giant aneurysms resulting from Kawasaki disease in childhood. The two women reported here were fortunate not to have had complications during pregnancy and delivery despite their severe coronary artery aneurysms, which were unrecognised clinically until later in life. They were lucky cases.
From the St. Petersburg paradox to the dismal theorem
Authors: Cato Susumu
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to consider the meaning of the dismal theorem, as presented by Martin Weitzman [(2009) On modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change. Review of Economics and Statistics91, 1–19]. The theorem states that a standard cost–benefit analysis breaks down if there is a possibility of catastrophes occurring. This result has a significant influence on debates regarding the economics of climate change. In this study, we present an intuitive similarity between the dismal theorem and the St. Petersburg paradox using a simple discrete probability distribution.
Political Power, Religious Authority, and the Caliphate in Eighteenth-Century Indian Islamic Thought
Authors: ZAMAN MUHAMMAD QASIM
Published: May 2020

This article examines how Shah Wali Allah of Delhi (d. 1762), one of the most prominent scholars of eighteenth-century India whose thought has continued to be influential in many Muslim circles to the present day, conceptualized the interplay of political power and religious authority. Though several of Wali Allah's numerous writings have received considerable scholarly attention, this aspect of his political and religious thought has, oddly, been much neglected. A close reading of Wali Allah's writings reveals him to be keenly interested not just in the immediately relevant issues of the chronic political instability afflicting his age but also in the broader, theoretical, questions of how political power undergirds the moral force of religious norms and institutions. It is his unusually blunt but robust recognition that power is part of what enables a religious tradition to evolve and change that this article explores. That recognition—buried in writings that purport to be about the merits of Islam's first caliphs—has other important implications, too, notably for an understanding of the broad political context in which the sacred law itself undergoes change.
Low intake of dietary fibre among Brazilian adolescents and association with nutritional status: cross-sectional analysis of Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents data
Authors: Figueiredo Moreira Carolina Ferraz , Cople-Rodrigues Claudia dos Santos , Giannini Denise Tavares , Kuschnir Maria Cristina Caetano , de Oliveira Cecilia Lacroix
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To evaluate dietary fibre intake in Brazilian adolescents and its association with nutritional status.

Design:

This was a cross-sectional study including data from the Brazilian multicentre Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA). Data analysed were geographic region, sex, age, nutritional status, sexual maturation stage, socioeconomic status, school type and level of physical activity. For nutritional status classification, BMI/age was used by sex. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall. Dietary fibre intake was expressed in g/d, and adequacy was determined using dietary reference intake (DRI) values. Complex sample design was considered in statistical analysis, and logistic regression was used to estimate OR for fibre intake and nutritional status.

Setting:

Brazilian municipalities with more than 100 000 inhabitants.

Participants:

A total of 71 740 adolescents aged 12–17 years were included.

Results:

The average total dietary fibre intake was 19·1 g/d (95 % CI 18·5, 19·7), and only 13·1 % (95 % CI 11·6, 14·7) of Brazilian adolescents reached the recommendations. The results of logistic regression analysis adjusted for geographic region, sex and type of school showed that overweight and obese adolescents were 1·6 and 1·8 times more likely, respectively, to have inadequate dietary fibre intake (P< 0·0001).

Conclusions:

Brazilian adolescents had a significantly inadequate dietary fibre intake. This was particularly notable in adolescents with excess weight. Education policies on nutrition must be implemented, as dietary fibre plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of obesity and other chronic diseases.
Validation of a revised General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Australia
Authors: Thompson Courtney , Vidgen Helen Anna , Gallegos Danielle , Hannan-Jones Mary
Published: May 2020

Objective:

This study aimed to validate a nutrition knowledge questionnaire appropriate for use in Australia.

Design:

Nutrition knowledge is essential in establishing and maintaining strategies that reduce the burden of disease and promote wellbeing. The General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ) was developed in the United Kingdom in 1999 and validated for Australia in 2008. Changes in national nutrition recommendations and food availability prompted the redevelopment and revalidation of the UK questionnaire in 2016. However, the Australian questionnaire had not been subsequently updated.

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Content validity was determined using a sample of academic dietitians in Australia (n8). Face validity was undertaken with retail employees (n11) whose highest level of education was secondary school. Ninety-three undergraduate nutrition and engineering students at Queensland University of Technology completed the questionnaire for construct validity, and nineteen students were contacted a week later for test–retest reliability.

Results:

In the 117-scored questionnaire, nutrition students scored consistently higher in each of the four sections and overall (87 %,M102, IQR 95, 107) compared with engineering students (77 %,M82, IQR 76, 87·25,P< 0·01). Internal reliability of the questionnaire was high (α= 0·92) as was test–retest reliability (rs= 0·96, ICC2,1= 0·99). AUS-R NKQ determined significant differences between individuals with known higher levels of nutrition knowledge and obtained high validity, reliability and consistency within an Australian sample.

Conclusions:

AUS-R NKQ refined through this research is valid and would be an appropriate questionnaire for assessing the effectiveness of nutrition knowledge-based interventions for public health programmes, clinicians and researchers.
Correlates of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among adolescents
Authors: Beaulieu Dominique , Vézina-Im Lydi-Anne , Turcotte Stéphane , Guillaumie Laurence , Boucher Danielle , Douville Frédéric , Simard Dominic
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To identify correlates and underlying beliefs regarding the adolescents’ intention to abstain from consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the consumption of ≤1 daily portion of SSB.

Design:

Correlational study.

Setting:

Region of Chaudière-Appalaches in the province of Quebec, Canada.

Participants:

311 adolescents aged 13–18 years completed a self-administrated online questionnaire based on the Reasoned Action Approach. Frequency and quantity of different types of SSB within the past month were measured.

Results:

Total mean SSB intake was 882·6 ml/d (654·0 kJ/d ). Only 11·3 % abstained from SSB within the last month. Intention to abstain from SSB was explained by identification as SSB abstainers (β = 0·47), perceived norm (β = 0·32), attitude (β = 0·30), age 13–14 years (β = –0·27) and perception of the school environment (β = 0·14), which explained 66 % of the variance. Consumption of ≤1 daily portion of SSB was explained by the intention to abstain (OR = 1·55; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·11), perceived behavioural control to abstain (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·29, 2·52), sex (girls v. boys: OR = 2·34; 95 % CI 1·37, 3·98) and socio-economic status (advantaged v. disadvantaged school: OR = 2·08; 95 % CI 1·21, 3·56). Underlying beliefs (i.e. more energy, decreased risk of addiction and friends’ approval) associated with intention as well as perceived barriers (e.g. access to SSB, after an activity that makes you thirsty), and facilitating factors (e.g. access to water) linked to SSB consumption were identified.

Conclusions:

The results can inform public health interventions to decrease SSB consumption and their associated health problems among adolescents.
Sentimental politics or structural injustice? The ambivalence of emotions for political responsibility
Authors: Head Naomi
Published: May 2020

Stories and representations of suffering are frequently central to attempts to arouse our emotions and initiate political action. Yet, the evocation of emotion and, in particular, empathy, remains politically ambivalent. It does not necessarily lead to the acknowledgement of political responsibility or to actions to address the historically-constituted roots of contemporary structural injustices. Moving beyond the legal, moral, and institutional boundaries of political responsibility, this article argues for greater recognition of its affective dimensions. In particular, it differentiates between a sentimental politics and testimonial empathy to better understand the affective dynamics of political responsibility. While the former finds close company with pity and a lack of acknowledged political responsibility, the latter offers an ethical–political orientation towards radical reflexivity and social transformation, situating experiences of injustice within wider networks of power, privilege, and agency. Drawing on the work of feminist, cultural, and social theorists, the article offers a critical conceptualisation of testimonial empathy and its limits. The article illustrates the insights offered by re-thinking political responsibility in terms of testimonial empathy through a close reading of a historical account of structural injustice – slavery in the United States – as written in Harriet A. Jacobs’ 1861 slave narrative.
Self-maintenance vs. goal attainment: drivers of mortality anxiety in organized civil society
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole , Correa Patricia
Published: May 2020

When do membership-based civil society organizations such as interest groups, political parties or service-oriented organizations consider their existence under threat? Distinguishing pressures of organizational self-maintenance from functional pressures of goal attainment, which all voluntary membership organizations – irrespective of their political or societal functions - need to reconcile, we propose a framework theorizing distinct categories of drivers of mortality anxiety in organized civil society. To test our hypotheses, we apply ordered logistic regression analysis to new data covering regionally and nationally active interest groups, service-oriented organizations and parties in Germany, Norway, Switzerland and the UK. We find that factors enhancing intraorganizational resilience thereby facilitating self-maintenance as well as exposure to different representation challenges complicating goal attainment have significant effects on mortality anxiety experienced by interest groups, political parties and service-oriented organizations alike – the former reducing, the latter enhancing it. Stressing the importance of a stable, durable organizational infrastructure with loyal and involved members to operate in increasingly volatile and diverse environments, our findings highlight the on-going importance of ‘traditional’ (sometimes considered ‘outdated’) organization-building.
Broad Consistency Between Observed and Simulated Trends in Sea Surface Temperature Patterns
Authors: Olonscheck Dirk , Rugenstein Maria , Marotzke Jochem
Published: May 2020

Using seven single‐model ensembles and the two multimodel ensembles CMIP5 and CMIP6, we show that observed and simulated trends in sea surface temperature (SST) patterns are globally consistent when accounting for internal variability. Some individual ensemble members simulate trends in large‐scale SST patterns that closely resemble the observed ones. Observed regional trends that lie at the outer edge of the models' internal variability range allow two nonexclusive interpretations: (a) Observed trends are unusual realizations of the Earth's possible behavior and/or (b) the models are systematically biased but large internal variability leads to some good matches with the observations. The existing range of multidecadal SST trends is influenced more strongly by large internal variability than by differences in the model formulation or the observational data sets.
A Census of Magnetospheric Electrons From Several eV to 30 keV
Authors: Walsh Brian M. , Hull Arthur J. , Agapitov Oleksiy , Mozer Forrest S. , Li Haimeng
Published: May 2020

A survey of electrons with energies between ∼1 eV and 30 keV was conducted using measurements from the THEMIS spacecraft over radial distances between 3 and 12 Earth radii. Two distinct populations are observed, one with a peak energy near 10 eV and one at approximately 1 keV. These populations are present 88% of the time in the magnetosphere. The warm population (∼10 eV) is generally more dense (∼1 cm−3) and extends across the dayside. These warm electron characteristics are similar to the ion warm plasma cloak. The hot distribution (∼1 keV) peaks in number density (∼0.2 cm−3) near midnight and into the morning sector. Since the populations are transported through different evolutionary paths, there are spatial regions within the magnetosphere where the density ratio of the populations (warm to hot, nw/nh) is much larger or smaller than unity. At L shells greater than ∼6, near midnight and into the dawn sector, the density of the hot population is close to a factor of 10 larger than the warm populations. In other regions, the warm electron population is typically slightly more dense (∼2×) than the hot population.
A Model Investigation of the Influences of the South‐East Madagascar Current on the South‐East Madagascar Bloom
Authors: Dilmahamod A. F. , Penven P. , Aguiar‐González B. , Reason C. J. C. , Hermes J. C.
Published: May 2020

The South‐East Madagascar Bloom, one of the most compelling biogeochemical features of the Indian Ocean, occurs sporadically during austral summer in the oligotrophic waters south‐east of Madagascar, where it can cover up to 1% of the global ocean surface area. Its spatial extension and its timing are highly variable. A high‐resolution biophysical model is used to investigate a previous hypothesis that the onset of a particular circulation of the South‐East Madagascar Current advects fresher and nutrient‐rich waters eastward, feeding the bloom. The model is able to reproduce an intermittent phytoplankton bloom with large spatial variability but in the subsurface layers, as well as the presence of an irregular retroflection of the South‐East Madagascar Current. The simulated bloom occurs within a shallow stratified mixed layer, with fresher waters at the surface, parallel to the water mass in an observed bloom. The model results suggest, from a nutrient flux analysis, that horizontal advection of low‐salinity nutrient‐rich Madagascan coastal waters can indeed trigger a phytoplankton bloom. The coupled model is also able to resolve a bloom that is atmospherically forced by cyclonic activity.
Time‐Dependent Crustal Accretion on the Southeast Indian Ridge Revealed by Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 Search
Authors: Parnell‐Turner Ross , Sim Shi J. , Olive Jean‐Arthur
Published: May 2020

Our understanding of oceanic crustal formation is mostly limited to observations of young crust formed in the past several million years, due to the thick sediments on older crust and the remote location of many spreading centers. Here we use 40 m‐resolution bathymetric data collected over hundreds of square kilometers during the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on the flank of the Southeast Indian Ridge, which provides a record of crustal accretion from 11–23 Ma. Spectra calculated from the data show a characteristic timescale of 300–400 kyr and no evidence for periodicity coinciding with glacial cycles. This characteristic timescale could be explained by fluctuations in melt supply and the amount of faulting, leading to variations in crustal thickness. We show that this timescale of variation is consistent with porosity waves observed in a two‐phase flow model, which persist over millions of years.
Cadmium Pollution From Zinc‐Smelters up to Fourfold Higher Than Expected in Western Europe in the 1980s as Revealed by Alpine Ice
Authors: Legrand M. , McConnell J. R. , Lestel L. , Preunkert S. , Arienzo M. , Chellman N. J. , Stohl A. , Eckhardt S.
Published: May 2020

Estimates of past emission inventories suggest that toxic heavy metal pollution in Europe was highest in the mid‐1970s for lead and in the mid‐1960s for cadmium, but these previous estimates have not been compared to observations. Here, alpine ice‐cores were used to document cadmium and lead pollution in western Europe between 1890 and 2000. The ice‐core trends show that while lead pollution largely from leaded gasoline reached a maximum in ~1975 as expected, cadmium pollution primarily from zinc smelters peaked in the early‐1980s rather than in ~1965 and was up to fourfold higher than estimated after 1975. Comparisons between ice‐core trends, estimated past emissions, and state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric aerosol transport and deposition modeling suggest that the estimated decreases in cadmium emissions after 1970 were based on overly optimistic emissions reductions from the introduction of pollution control devices and other technological improvements.