bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cancelled Marriage Contract from the Judaean Desert (XHev/Se Gr. 2)
Authors: Cotton Hannah
Published: May 2006

With the publication of the Greek part of the Babatha Archive in 1989 and some of the documents from the Greek-Syriac archives of Mesopotamia and the Middle Euphrates in 1989–1991, the contribution of perishable material from places other than Egypt to the study of the Roman Near East and the Roman Empire in general has become obvious. But this is just the tip of an iceberg that has been surfacing for a while. The parchments and papyri from Dura Europus, discovered in the 1920s, were published in final form in 1959: they range from the first century C.E. to the middle of the third century C.E. with texts mainly in Latin and Greek, a few in Aramaic and Iranian and one in Syriac.
Roman Army Pay Scales
Authors: Speidel M. Alexander
Published: May 2006

How much did Rome pay the soldiers serving in the legions and the auxilia, who expanded and defended her empire? The answer is of some significance not only to the history of the Roman army but to the political, social, and economic history of the Roman Empire in general. Many a learned article has therefore been devoted to this matter and steady progress has been made. Yet problems remain, the evidence being scanty and often not readily intelligible. Work on the 600 and more writing-tablets from the legionary fortress of Vindonissa (Switzerland), currently in progress, has turned up a missing link in the chain of evidence. The new text, a pay receipt of an auxiliary soldier, reveals a new sum and thus allows the reconstruction of the Roman army's pay scales through the first three centuries A.D. The overall pay model given below reconciles all the hitherto known evidence.
Predicting the composition of Canadian southern boreal forest in different fire cycles
Authors: Bergeron Yves , Dansereau Pierre‐René
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Post‐fire succession was reconstructed for a sector located in the southern part of the Québec boreal forest. Forest composition for different periods since fire was evaluated using a stand initiation map together with ecological maps representing both site conditions and stand types. Nine fires covering at least 100 ha and representing a chronosequence of more than 230 yr were used. Although a relatively clear successional pattern from deciduous to coniferous composition relating to time‐since‐fire was observed,Pinus banksianastands showed an erratic distribution not related to succession but possibly to the pre‐fire stand composition. A comparison with forest cover maps produced after a recent spruce budworm outbreak, showed that succession toward coniferous dominance appeared to be interrupted by spruce budworm(Choristoneura fumiferana)outbreaks which, by killingAbies balsamea, lead to a mixed deciduous forest composition. A simple empirical model based on a negative exponential distribution of age classes was developed to evaluate how changes in the fire cycle would affect the composition of the forest mosaic. The transition between deciduous dominance and coniferous dominance occurs in a fire cycle > 200 yr. Although pure deciduous stands tend to disappear during long fire cycles, the proportion of mixed stands remains relatively constant. Prediction of the forest composition for longer fire cycles is complicated by the interaction between post‐fire composition and stand vulnerability to spruce budworm outbreaks.
Soil seed bank and species turnover in a limestone grassland
Authors: Milberg Per , Hansson Margareta L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The vegetation and soil seed bank in a limestone grassland in southern Sweden were studied in permanent 1‐m2 subplots which had been either grazed or not grazed for 17 yr. Of the 92 species recorded, 18 were present only in the seed bank, 28 were more frequent and 24 were less frequent in the seed bank than in the vegetation and 22 were not detected in the seed bank. Among the species present in the seed bank, therophytes were over‐represented.

Species turnover in the vegetation was estimated from presence/absence data collected in 1980, 1986 and 1990. Turnover was high, but there were no differences between grazed and ungrazed subplots. The turnover for individual species was also high in many cases. There was no clear relationship between the turnover of a species and its presence in the persistent seed bank.
An analysis of book review criteria and motivation
Authors: Mucina Ladislav
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The book review process for multi‐authored volumes such as symposia proceedings and compendia is analysed and discussed. The criteria used in book reviewing as listed by Keddy (1991) as well as a set of new ones have been screened in a selection of 142 multi‐authored volumes reviewed in Ecology, Journal of Ecology, Vegetatio, and Journal of Vegetation Science. Too often many important book review criteria have not been taken into account at all. Use of a standard set of book review criteria is suggested to avoid personal bias as much as possible.
Integrating GIS and remote sensing for vegetation analysis and modeling: methodological issues
Authors: Goodchild Michael F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. GIS and remote sensing have emerged as distinct spatial data handling technologies with their own methods of data representation and analysis. Combining them as tools to support vegetation analysis and modeling thus presents a number of challenges. The paper begins by describing the major data sources, applications, and software characteristics of each technology, and then compares them within a consistent terminological framework that emphasizes the digital representation of continuously varying spatial data. Because the spatial continuum can be discretized in many different ways, and because each can only approximate the truth, both GIS and remote sensing are subject to error and uncertainty. Integration, and subsequent analysis and modeling, require that explicit attention be directed to uncertainty. The paper reviews the models of error that have been developed in recent years for spatial data and examines their use in the interface between GIS and remote sensing. The paper looks at the functional requirements of modeling, and includes discussion of error propagation.
Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Authors: Turner Monica G. , Hargrove William W. , Gardner Robert H. , Romme William H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A map of burn severity resulting from the 1988 fires that occurred in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery and used to assess the isolation of burned areas, the heterogeneity that resulted from fires burning under moderate and severe burning conditions, and the relationship between heterogeneity and fire size. The majority of severely burned areas were within close proximity (50 to 200 m) to unburned or lightly burned areas, suggesting that few burned sites are very far from potential sources of propagules for plant reestablishment. Fires that occurred under moderate burning conditions early during the 1988 fire season resulted in a lower proportion of crown fire than fires that occurred under severe burning conditions later in the season. Increased dominance and contagion of burn severity classes and a decrease in the edge: area ratio for later fires indicated a slightly more aggregated burn pattern compared to early fires. The proportion of burned area in different burn severity classes varied as a function of daily fire size. When daily area burned was relatively low, the proportion of burned area in each burn severity class varied widely. When daily burned area exceeded 1250 ha, the burned area contained about 50 % crown fire, 30 % severe surface burn, and 20 % light surface burn. Understanding the effect of fire on landscape heterogeneity is important because the kinds, amounts, and spatial distribution of burned and unburned areas may influence the reestablishment of plant species on burned sites.
A comparative study of above‐ground productivity of dominant U.S. Gulf Coast marsh species
Authors: Pezeshki S. R. , DeLaune R. D.
Published: May 2006

Above‐ground productivity of dominant freshwater, brackish, and salt‐marsh species from the U.S. Gulf Coast was evaluated using both gas exchange techniques and harvest methods. Both techniques showed significant differences in productivity among the study species which represent major components of their respective communities.

Estimates of net aerial primary productivity using the harvest method yielded 3683 g dw (dry weight) m−2yr−1 for Spartina alterniflora (tall), 2008 g dw m−2yr−1 for S. alterniflora (short), 3677 g dw m−yr−1 for S. patens and 1641 g dwm−yr−1 for Panicum hemitomon. Carbon balance estimated from gas exchange calculation yielded values approximately equivalent to a biomass accumulation of 6024 g dw m−2yr−1 for S. alterniflora (tall), 3047 g dw m−yr−1 for S. alterniflora (short), 5702 g dw m−yr−1 for S. patens, and 2912 g dm−yr−1 for P. hemitomon. The net aerial primary production was estimated to be approximately 61% of total productivity in S. alterniflora (tall‐form) and 66%o of total productivity in short‐form, 64% in S. patens and 56%) in P. hemitomon. The assimilation data also indicated that Spartina alterniflora and S. patens continue carbon fixation throughout the year while assimilation in Panicum hemitomon is absent due to lack of live leaves during the winter. Various aspects of harvest and gas exchange techniques are discussed.
Fine root biomass within experimental canopy gaps: evidence for a below‐ground gap
Authors: Wilczynski C. J. , Pickett S. T. A.
Published: May 2006

To study fine root biomass in response to canopy gap formation, we determined fine root biomass in the upper 15 cm of soil within four experimental canopy gaps, and within the surrounding intact forest. Sampling was conducted throughout the growing season (May through August) following gap creation. We observed a mid‐season decrease in root biomass within gaps, and within the intact forest surrounding the gaps during June and July. Later in the season, less fine root biomass was found within canopy gaps than within the intact forest, and this trend may be attributed to root death accompanying the tree(s) that were felled to form the gaps. These results provide strong evidence for the formation of a below‐ground gap in association with the creation of a canopy gap.
The influence of habitat structure on arthropod diversity in Argentine semi‐arid Chaco forest
Authors: Gardner Sarah M. , Cabido Marcelo R. , Valladares Graciela R. , Diaz Sandra
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The Argentine Chaco is a mosaic of grassland and open forest habitats maintained by natural disturbance activities such as fire. Since the introduction of domestic livestock and other human activities, the balance of this mosaic has been significantly altered, both in plant species and structural composition. This study focuses on the impact of such changes on the diversity of ground‐dwelling arthropods within semi‐arid Chaco forest. Quantitative measures of habitat structure and arthropod diversity were taken in forest areas previously subjected to grazing, logging and ploughing. Results indicated that arthropod diversity was smaller on sites with reduced structural complexity, with marked changes in arthropod family composition. The habitat components relating to plant architectural and vertical diversity were particularly influential on arthropod diversity. The guild size ratio of predatory to non‐predatory arthropods also differed significantly between habitats suggesting a change in the resource base available to some groups. The latter suggests a shift in the functional organisation of the forest ecosystem which could have important repercussions for the diversity of other trophic levels.
The dynamics of experimental arable weed communities under different management practices
Authors: McCloskey M. , Firbank L.G. , Watkinson A.R. , Webb D.J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Weed communities, comprising 12 introduced species at constant starting densities and three species already present in the seed bank, were followed through three years of continuous winter wheat. The wheat and weeds were subjected to two treatments in a split‐plot factorial design, organic contrasting with conventional fertilizer, and ploughing plus hand‐roguing contrasting with minimum tillage plus herbicide. The minimum tilled plots developed in a uniform manner, and became dominated by very high densities of Anisantha sterilis. Agrostemma githago and Galium aparine also persisted in these plots at lower densities. The ploughed plots had a lower total density but a greater range of species. Stellaria media, Veronica persica and Avena fatua were the most common; other species occurred at lower densities. The major effect of fertilizer treatment was a greater initial increase by G. aparine on the organic, minimum tilled plots compared with the conventionally fertilized, minimum tilled plots. Species associated with minimum tillage were annuals with either no or a short term seed bank and autumn germination and rather predictable dynamics, whereas species that did well under ploughing were either spring germinating or had a persistent seed bank, implying greater annual variation in population size associated with weather conditions. There seemed no clear way to distinguish between those species which were abundant on the ploughed plots and those which were scarce under all conditions using readily accessible data.
Seedling emergence and survival in contrasting soil microsites in Patagonian Monte shrubland
Authors: Bisigato Alejandro J. , Bertiller Mónica B.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The potential of two perennial species (Larrea divaricata and Stipa tenuis) to colonize different soil microsites was analyzed in the Patagonian Monte shrubland. We hypothesize that the short‐lived grass S. tenuis is more able to colonize the soil of microsites beneath vegetation patches where N‐fertility is higher than those in bare soil, while the long‐lived shrub L. divaricata colonizes different soil microsites irrespective of their N fertility. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the emergence and survival of both species in different soil microsites at different water, inorganic N and seed densities. In all cases soil microsites were seed limited since the addition of viable seeds increased seedling emergence. Both species showed, however, different abilities to emerge and survive in different soil microsites. Microsites of bare soil were more favourable for seedling emergence and survival of L. divaricata than those beneath vegetation patches, independent of their water status. This ability of L. divaricata can not be explained on the basis of increased water or N availability, but probably because of lower salt content of bare soil. The addition of inorganic N reduced the survival of L. divaricata in both microsites but increased individual plant performance. The emergence and survival of S. tenuis was not different in both types of soil microsites but the addition of inorganic N increased seedling emergence and plant biomass. According to these results, emergence and plant performance of S. tenuis may be promoted during humid years by increased concentration of inorganic N. Since N mineralization occurs at a higher rate in soil microsites beneath vegetation patches than in those of bare soil, higher plant performance and probably establishment of S. tenuis is to be expected. These results are consistent with an existing conceptual model of plant dynamics under various grazing intensities in the Patagonian Monte shrubland based on previous field observations.
Effects of fire, mowing and nitrogen addition on root characteristics in tall‐grass prairie
Authors: Benning T.L. , Seastedt T.R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Root harvests and root windows were used to study the influence of fire, mowing and nitrogen additions on root lengths, biomass, and nitrogen content in tall‐grass prairie. Four years of nitrogen additions (10 g m2 yr−1) increased below‐ground mass by 15 % and nitrogen concentration in that mass by 77 %. In general, live roots and rhizomes exhibited greater increases in nitrogen concentrations than detrital roots and rhizomes. After four years of treatment, live roots and rhizomes immobilized an additional 1.5 to 5 g/m2 of nitrogen, depending upon specific treatment, while dead roots and rhizomes immobilized an additional 3 to 3.5 g/m2. Average root growth parameters, as measured with root windows, were positively correlated with above‐ground peak foliage biomass; however, the only significant correlation was between average new root growth and above‐ground peak foliage biomass (r = 0.73, p ≤ 0.04). Root growth and decay, as measured by annual mean values for eight root windows over a four year interval, were insensitive to climatic and treatment effects.
Gradient analysis of dry grassland vegetation in Denmark
Authors: Ejrnæs Rasmus , Bruun Hans Henrik
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We present a gradient analysis of 620 vegetation samples covering most of the floristic and environmental variation in semi‐natural grassland vegetation on well‐drained soils in Denmark. Vegetation was sampled using frequency in subplots. Explanatory variables were surface inclination, aspect, pH, geographical co‐ordinates together with indications of soil type. Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed four floristic gradients that could be interpreted in ecological terms by measured variables supplemented with site calibrations based on weighted averaging of Ellenberg's indicator values. All four axes were interpreted using rank correlation statistics, and linear and non‐linear multiple regression of sample scores on explanatory variables. The first gradient was from dry calcareous to humid acidic grasslands; the second reflected an underlying gradient in fertility; the third reflected regional differentiation and the fourth was associated with variation in intensity of competition as indicated by association with calibrated Grime‐CSR values for the plots. We applied subset ordination to the data as a supplement to traditional permutation and correlation statistics to assess the consistency of ordination results. DCA axes 1 and 2 were consistent in space and time.

This gradient analysis is discussed in a context of plant strategy theory and species diversity models. Ecocline patterns lend support to the view that grazing not only favours the ruderal strategy but also the stress‐tolerant strategy. The low rank of competition as an explanatory variable for the floristical gradients supports the notion that competitive effects play a subordinate role for species composition compared to microclimate and soil conditions in infertile semi‐natural grasslands.
The Administrators of Roman Egypt
Authors: Brunt P. A.
Published: May 2006

Before A.D. 70 the prefecture of Egypt was the greatest prize in an equestrian career—four praetorian prefects were promoted to it—and thereafter it ranked only just below the praetorian prefecture, to which no fewer than fourteen governors of Egypt were advanced between 70 and 235. In the other great provinces of the empire legati Augusti pro praetore could leave finance to the procurators, while proconsuls perhaps soon came to retain little of their original responsibility for the collection of taxes, and had no army to command. The prefect of Egypt combined fiscal with military and judicial functions. So did the presidial procurators of such areas as Mauretania or Noricum, but the importance of Egypt and the complexity of its administration set the prefect far above them. Egypt was probably the most populous province in the empire and contributed more than any other to the revenues, partly in grain that provided much of Rome's essential food, and its exploitation was a vast public enterprise of which the prefect was the managing director. He also had to do justice not only under Roman law but under the traditional laws of the native Egyptians and of the Greek settlers, among subjects who were both litigious and turbulent. Only defence against external attack was a simpler problem than in other frontier regions.
Deductive Completeness
Authors: Kosta Došen
Published: May 2006

This is an exposition of Lambek's strengthening and generalization of the deduction theorem in categories related to intuitionistic propositional logic. Essential notions of category theory are introduced so as to yield a simple reformulation of Lambek's Functional Completeness Theorem, from which its main consequences can be readily drawn. The connections of the theorem with combinatory logic, and with modal and substructural logics, are briefly considered at the end.
Pure Proof Theory Aims, Methods and Results: Extended Version of Talks Given at Oberwolfach and Haifa
Authors: Pohlers Wolfram
Published: May 2006

Apologies. The purpose of the following talk is to give an overview of the present state of aims, methods and results in Pure Proof Theory. Shortage of time forces me to concentrate on my very personal views. This entails that I will emphasize the work which I know best, i.e., work that has been done in the triangle Stanford, Munich and Münster. I am of course well aware that there are as important results coming from outside this triangle and I apologize for not displaying these results as well.

Moreover the audience should be aware that in some points I have to oversimplify matters. Those who complain about that are invited to consult the original papers.

1.1. General. Proof theory startedwithHilbert's Programme which aimed at a finitistic consistency proof for mathematics.

By Gödel's Theorems, however, we know that we can neither formalize all mathematics nor even prove the consistency of formalized fragments by finitistic means. Inspite of this fact I want to give some reasons why I consider proof theory in the style of Gentzen's work still as an important and exciting field of Mathematical Logic. I will not go into applications of Gentzen's cut-elimination technique to computer science problems—this may be considered as applied proof theory—but want to concentrate on metamathematical problems and results. In this sense I am talking about Pure Proof Theory.

Mathematicians are interested in structures. There is only one way to find the theorems of a structure. Start with an axiom system for the structure and deduce the theorems logically. These axiom systems are the objects of proof-theoretical research. Studying axiom systems there is a series of more or less obvious questions.
Programs, Grammars and Arguments: A Personal View of some Connections between Computation, Language and Logic
Authors: Lambek J.
Published: May 2006

As an undergraduate I was taught to multiply two numbers with the help of log tables, using the formula

Having graduated to teach calculus to Engineers, I learned that log tables were to be replaced by slide rules. It was then that Imade the fateful decision that there was no need for me to learn how to use this tedious device, as I could always rely on the students to perform the necessary computations. In the course of time, slide rules were replaced by pocket calculators and personal computers, but I stuck to my original decision.

My computer phobia did not prevent me from taking an interest in the theoretical question: what is a computation? This question goes back to Hilbert's 10th problem (see Browder [1976]), which asks for an algorithm, or computational procedure, to decide whether any given polynomial equation is solvable in integers. It quickly leads to the related question: which numerical functionsf: ℕn→ ℕ are computable?

While Hilbert's 10th problem was only resolved in 1970, this related question had some earlier answers, of which I shall single out the following three:

(1)f is recursive(Gödel, Kleene),

(2)f is computable on an abstract machine(Turing, Post),

(3)f is definable in the untyped λ-calculus(Church, Kleene).

These tentative answers were shown to be equivalent by Church [1936] and Turing [1936–7].

I shall discuss here some of the more recent developments of these notions of computability and their relevance to linguistics and logic. I hope to be forgiven for dwelling on some of the work I have been involved with personally, with greater emphasis than is justified by its historical significance.
How to Compute Antiderivatives
Authors: Freiling Chris
Published: May 2006

This isnotabout the symbolic manipulation of functions so popular these days. Rather it is about the more abstract, but infinitely less practical, problem of the primitive. Simply stated:

Given a derivativef: ℝ → ℝ, how can we recover its primitive?

The roots of this problem go back to the beginnings of calculus and it is even sometimes called “Newton's problem”. Historically, it has played a major role in the development of the theory of the integral. For example, it was Lebesgue's primary motivation behind his theory of measure and integration. Indeed, the Lebesgue integral solves the primitive problem for the important special case whenf(x)is bounded. Yet, as Lebesgue noted with apparent regret, there are very simple derivatives (e.g., the derivative ofF(0) = 0,F(x)=x2sin(1/x2)forx≠ 0) which cannot be inverted using his integral.

The general problem of the primitive was finally solved in 1912 by A. Denjoy. But his integration process was more complicated than that of Lebesgue. Denjoy's basic idea was to first calculate the definite integralf(x) dxover as many intervals (a,b) as possible, using Lebesgue integration. Then, he showed that by using these results, the definite integral could be found over even more intervals, either by using the standard improper integral technique of Cauchy, or an extension technique developed by Lebesgue (see appendix for details).
Zermelo and the Skolem Paradox
Authors: Dalen Dirk Van , Ebbinghaus Heinz-Dieter
Published: May 2006

On October 4, 1937, Zermelo composed a small note entitled “Der Relativismus in der Mengenlehre und der sogenannte Skolemsche Satz”(“Relativism in Set Theory and the So-Called Theorem of Skolem”) in which he gives a refutation of “Skolem's paradox”, i.e., the fact that Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory—guaranteeing the existence of uncountably many sets—has a countable model. Compared with what he wished to disprove, the argument fails. However, at a second glance, it strongly documents his view of mathematics as based on a world of objects that could only be grasped adequately by infinitary means. So the refutation might serve as a final clue to his epistemological credo.

Whereas the Skolem paradox was to raise a lot of concern in the twenties and the early thirties, it seemed to have been settled by the time Zermelo wrote his paper, namely in favour of Skolem's approach, thus also accepting the noncategoricity and incompleteness of the first-order axiom systems. So the paper might be considered a late-comer in a community of logicians and set theorists who mainly followed finitary conceptions, in particular emphasizing the role of first-order logic (cf. [8]). However, Zermelo never shared this viewpoint: In his first letter to Gödel of September 21, 1931, (cf. [1]) he had written that the Skolem paradox rested on the erroneous assumption that every mathematically definable notion should be expressible by a finite combination of signs, whereas a reasonable metamathematics would only be possible after this “finitistic prejudice” would have been overcome, “a task I have made my particular duty”.
Inscriptions from Rhodes
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

Mr. Albert Biliotti, the British Pro-Consul at Rhodes, who in conjunction with his brother has been carrying on excavations in that island for some years, has sent me the following eight inscriptions which he has noted from time to time and which, so far as I know, are unpublished. He has very kindly placed at my disposal his copies and, where they could be procured, paper impressions.

1. On a fragment of marble, 5 inches high by 7½ inches broad, discovered in the course of excavations on the Akropolis of Kamiros: complete on the upper and left-hand sides: from a paper impression.
IV.—A Ring with the inscribed ‘Attulas’
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: May 2006

In the Leake collection of gems now in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, there is a very curious silver ring brought from Thessaly by Colonel Leake (he has himself engraved Thessaly on the inside) with raised gold letters soldered on the field. The second letter is destroyed in the lower part, and thus the inscription has been read as ΑΣΤϒΛΑΣ. Upon close examination, however, and as will be seen from the accompanying facsimile, we find that in no case could the second letter have been a Σ, of which there is a specimen in the last letter, and that it undoubtedly was a Τ, for there is just a remnant of the gold of the perpendicular stroke under the middle of the horizontal bar.
The Homeric Land System
Authors: Ridgeway William
Published: May 2006

The object of the following pages, the substance of which was read before the Cambridge Branch of the Hellenic Society in 1883, is to examine into the true nature of the land-system of the Greeks of the Homeric age by means of the evidence contained in the poems themselves.

On à priori grounds we might have expected, or at least should not be surprised, to find in the Iliad and Odyssey some traces of that primitive system known as the ‘Open-Field’ or ‘Common-Field’ system of agriculture, which the researches of recent years have proved to have once prevailed over a great part of the earth, and of which many survivals still exist.
Iasos
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

To a traveller sailing over the Aegean from the West, and threading his course between the Sporades towards the Carian coast, two headlands would stand out as prominent landmarks, Mount Poseidion to the north and the city of Myndos to the south. Between these two points lies the middlemost of the three large bays into which the coastline of Caria is irregularly broken. And nearly in the innermost recess of this central bay —for the bay itself is subdivided into a number of lesser inlets—a little rocky island, of only a mile and a quarter in circumference, lies close to the Carian mainland, to which indeed in later days it has become united by a narrow isthmus. Upon this rocky islet, lurking as it were behind the shelter of inclosing shores, a Greek colony—from Argos, it was said—had early established itself. But in their struggle with the Carian natives, who resented their intrusion, the settlers experienced such reverses, that they were glad to invite the son of Neleus, the founder of Miletus, to come to their relief. This he did, and with important results; for this influx of Ionian settlers from Miletus, while it repaired the fortunes of the little colony, transformed lasos from a Dorian into an Ionian city.
Two Naucratite Vases
Authors: Gardner Ernest A.
Published: May 2006

The two vases of which portions are reproduced upon Pl. LXXIX. may serve as representative specimens of the two most important classes of Naucratite pottery. They were both found, mixed with innumerable other fragments, amid the rubbish that covered the whole area of the temenos of Aphrodite, excavated by me in the season 1885–6. The two smaller figures represent the two sides of one fragment. These two vases are of especial interest, because they were both beyond any doubt made in Naucratis. Last year the special name of Naucratite ware was given to a class of vases covered with a fine whitish glaze, and with a polychrome decoration outside; black inside, with lotus patterns in red and white. This ware was often found by Mr. Petrie in 1884–5, and also in 1885–6, with dedicatory inscriptions painted on before baking, thus proving beyond doubt its local origin. The fragment now figured with a sphinx is one of the finest specimens of this same ware; in its treatment both inside and outside it preserves the essential characteristics that may be seen in the simpler examples.

The other vase, with the lions and the stag, is one of a set of large bowls of which I found several nearly complete; in 1884–5 only a few fragments had appeared. These always have a dark glaze inside—red or black according to the firing; on this are painted concentric circles in white and purple. Their ornamentation is identical with that found on the inside of the eye-bowls; hence it would seem that these large bowls are a development of the eye-bowl type, just as the large polychrome vases are of the other Naucratite ware.
The Site and Antiquity of the Hellenic Ilion
Authors: Mahaffy J. P.
Published: May 2006

There is an interesting question in relation to Dr. Schliemann's Trojan excavations, which seems yet unsettled; it is this: when was the historical Ilion really founded? and the answer to this question involves another of considerable interest: was the historical Ilion on the site of the mythical Troy? If its foundation be recent, and in historical times, there is room for doubt as to the identity of the sites, and accordingly the ancient inquirers who denied this identity also denied the antiquity of Ilion. I propose, therefore, to review the evidence as briefly as possible by the light of recent discussions, and beg leave for this very brevity's sake to be allowed through the following argument to call the heroic city Troy, and the historical Ilion, without further specification.

Both Dr. Schliemann and I had come independently to the same conclusion on the seeond question just stated. He was led by his excavations, and I by a critical examination of the historical notices of the ancients, to assert the identity of the two sites, and we advanced from this to the further conclusion, that the alleged foundation of Ilion in historical times on a new site was not true, and that probably Ilion succeeded to the site and traditions of Troy without any considerable interruption. This was the general opinion throughout Greek history, till a very learned man, Demetrius of Scepsis, undertook to destroy the claims to a heroic ancestry of the Ilians, then rich and insolent through the favour of Lysimachus.
On the Hermes of Praxiteles
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

It is well-known how, in the spring of 1877, the German explorers at Olympia had the good fortune to dig up the chief parts of a statue which had been seen by Pausanias in the same spot, and had been described by him in the following words:—χρόνῳ δὲ ὕστερον καὶ ἄλλα ἀνέθεσαν ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον, Ἑρμῆν λίθου, Διόνυσον δὲ φέρει νήπιον, τέχνη δέ ἐστι Πραξιτέλους (Paus. v. 17, 3).

The bulk of the statue is in exquisite preservation. The greater part however of the right arm of Hermes is missing. Since the whole motive of the subject depends upon the action of the arm, speculation has been busy as to the most probable restoration of this limb.

With a view to the solution of this problem, Benndorf has collected together a series of types of the Hermes and Dionysos group. His list is not exhaustive, and he seems to have passed over certain instances of importance.

My principal object in this paper is to attempt to show that a certain group of types contains the clue to the restoration of the missing arm, although they do not represent the arm in its true position; and on the other hand to show that certain types which have the arm in its true position, are untrustworthy guides as to the restoration of the attribute attached to it.
On the Characters of Theophrastus
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

I lately enriched a village library with some volumes of Dickens; but, to my disappointment, the country-folk did not care for them. And the reason was not only that all those amusing vulgarities seem neither vulgar nor amusing to rustic readers; but far more because their way of life is so entirely removed from that life of the office, the back-parlour, and the street, with which the great humourist has to do, that they cannot imagine it. My failure made me reflect how imperfect is our acquaintance with the scenery and associations of classical life, and how much of the wit and fun of ancient humourists may be lost upon us, who live in such a different world from theirs. This misgiving must strike the reader of the Characters: he feels that they are sketched from life, but he craves for a completer familiarity with the Athens of the 4th century, without which many of the minuter touches may be missed. The very quality in Theophrastus which some have called ‘superficial,’ makes a fresh demand upon the reader. The author indicates only the external symptoms of character, not concerning himself with a deeper analysis.
Some Points in the Later History of the Greek Language
Authors: Freeman Edward A.
Published: May 2006

It is, I believe, at least a tolerated doctrine within the precincts of the Society for Promoting Hellenic Studies that the Hellenic tongue is not dead. Nay, I trust that it may be also a tolerated doctrine if I hold that the Hellenic tongue is now alive, not in the sense of having come to life after ages of death, but in the sense of never having been dead at all. At the meeting which called our body into being, words were spoken, not casual words from the lips of any casual speaker, but words of authority spoken from the chair, which ruled, plainly enough at least for me, that our researches, whether into art or language or any other branch of the study of Greek history and Greek life, were not to be shut up within the bounds of a few arbitrarily chosen centuries. When, five years back, I stood on the plain of Olympia, the hills which looked down on, that plain looked down on a living summary of the life of the Greek people from the days of Iphitos to the days of Justinian. Among the buildings of which the foundations, and something more than the foundations, had been brought to light, there were representatives of at least four distinct epochs. There were two stages of purely native work, two stages of work in which other elements were added to those which were native.
On the Electra and Antigone of Sophocles
Authors: Lloyd W. Watkiss
Published: May 2006

The Electra of Sophocles betrays by the plainest indications that it is not a composition complete and rounded within itself, but only a fragment having the qualified completeness which fits it to contribute towards a larger symmetry. The action embraced falls short, it is very true but little, of full conclusion; Clytemnestra and her accomplice Aegisthus fall by the avenging sword of Orestes, and no such hints are admitted of the future troubles of the avenger, as in the treatment of the same subject by Aeschylus prepare for the concluding drama, the Eumenides. The moral dilemma, however, is neither wrought out to its complete statement nor to its most impressive solution. I find indeed in the play an illustration of a well-defined heroic nature and the eventualities of circumstance colliding with exalted character on the most critical emergencies; still we rise from the scene with sympathies in agitation—with minds eager upon interesting inquiries not pacified by adequate response.

The Electra is the second of the preserved plays of Sophocles—the Antigone being another—which bears the name of a heroine for its title; there is this further and more intimate analogy between the two plays, that both the heroines are called on, or believe themselves so, to interfere between rulers of the state and their political victims in the interest of domestic piety, and in doing so exercise an influence and acquire an importance that elevate them to the dignity of the tragic stage.
Antiquities from the Island of Lipara
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The two painted vases reproduced on Pl. LXII. are part of a collection of antiquities found in some twenty tombs, which were excavated in 1879 in the island of Lipara, not far from the present town of that name. The precise locality is known as the Contrada Diana and is the property of Signor Scolarici. A road leading to it is called the Via Diana, and this name seems to have originated in the ruins of three small shrines which popular opinion has attributed to that goddess. The presence of these shrines in close proximity to the tombs has led to the conviction that this particular spot was the ancient cemetery of Lipara.

The history of Lipara is briefly this. Known originally as the island Meligounis, but having no population, probably owing to its volcanic nature, it was first taken possession of by settlers from the adjoining coast of Italy, then under the legendary rule of Auson, and named after him Ausonia. The descendants of Auson continued to govern the newly-acquired island until about 580 B.C., when a colony of Rhodians and Knidians made its appearance. These colonists had started from their homes for Sicily, and had there with much disaster to themselves taken part in the war raging between the towns of Selinus and Egesta.
Inscription with a New Artist's Name, from Anaphe
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

Marble plinth from the Temple of Apollo at Anaphe. From an excellent impression of Mr. Theodore Bent. Present length of marble 20½ inches; height 5 inches.

I am not aware that this dedication has been previously published. It is inscribed in beautiful letters of the best time, and can hardly be later than the fifth century. The name of the artist is otherwise unknown. The surface is beautifully preserved, and the dots of interpunction are quite clear in line 2: in line 1 there were none. The characters in line 1 are slightly larger than in the second.
A Head in the possession of Philip Nelson, Esq., M.B.
Authors: Gardner Ernest
Published: May 2006

The head reproduced upon Pl. XI. has recently been acquired by Philip Nelson, Esq., M.B., and we are indebted to him both for his courteous permission to publish the head and for the photographs, taken by himself, from which our illustration is derived. The head is of Parian marble, and is clearly of Greek workmanship; it is also evidently derived from an original of the very highest artistic merit. It is in excellent preservation, except that the end of the nose and a part of the lips on the right side have been restored.

Dr. Nelson has kindly supplied me with the following information as to the history of the head and as to its dimensions and present condition. It was acquired by him in Bath at the sale of the collection of the late Captain Maignac, who inherited it from his father-in-law, an artist named Walton, a contemporary of the painter Barker of Bath, 1769–1847. This Walton in all probability brought the head from Italy, where he is known to have travelled and collected pictures, &c.; but there seems to be no more exact record as to its origin. The head seems to have remained practically unknown to archaeologists until its acquisition by Dr. Nelson, who, appreciating its importance, sent photographs to the British Museum in July, 1897.
Mr. G. B. Grundy on Pylos and Sphacteria
Authors: Burrows Ronald M.
Published: May 2006

It is with personal reluctance that I, like Mr. Grundy, again take up the argument. It is probably, however, better for the reader if the two sides thrash it out. The main reason why so many of the full-dress debates of archæology, on the λογєῖον for instance, or the ‘Old Temple,’ are still obscure for the non-combatant, is because the protagonists seem to get bored with each other's arguments, and pass them over in silence as self-evident fallacies. The result is endless, indecisive summarizing by those not immediately concerned.

In the present number of the Journal, p. 234, Mr. Grundy expresses his astonishment that the walls on Pylos and Sphacteria, as photographed in Plates VII., IX. and X., of the preceding number present no more definite marks of date. This is surely a failure to recognize the conditions of the problem.
Some Pontic Milestones
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

The following Roman milestones were copied by Mr. J. G. C. Anderson and myself in August 1899 on the direct road between Niksar (Neo-Caesarea) and the ancient bridge on the Halys near Vezir Keupru (Neo-Claudiopolis). I arrange them from East to West.

1. At Zilkhor, a village near the right bank of the Lycus, about 22½ English miles from Niksar and 4½ from the bridge over the Iris at the site of Magnopolis, nearly opposite to Herek. The stone, which is of coarse marble and broken above, stands in an old cemetery outside and west of the village.
Alexandrian Hexameter Fragments
Authors: Goodspeed Edgar J.
Published: May 2006

In the winter of 1900 a number of Greek papyrus fragments came into my hands in Cairo, through one of the most trustworthy of the local dealers. They had to be sorted out from a mass of miscellaneous fragments, with which they had probably been found. The shop was rather dark, and the pieces had not been cleaned; but the hand was clearly literary, and the few words I made out in sorting them over, led me to think that they were, like most literary papyri, Homeric. It was not until some months later, in Oxford, that a more leisurely inspection of them revealed their unusual character, and convinced me of their true importance, as the fragments, unfortunately meagre, of some Alexandrian hexameter poem, no longer extant. A further examination disclosed some curious features, chief among them a system of spelling that seems to mark these pieces as unique among published Greek papyri.
On the Tumulus of Choban Tepeh in the Troad
Authors: Calvert Frank
Published: May 2006

I derive the materials of the present paper from some memoranda which I find amongst my archaeological notes and which relate to certain explorations to which I was not a party, made so long ago as 1887. I have thought that the particulars then obtained may be deemed sufficiently interesting to deserve a record in the history of Trojan archaeological discovery.

The subject is one of the four small tumuli dotted about and near the hill of Balli-Dagh, the crest of which according to the now exploded theory of Le Chevalier (1785) was supposed to represent the Pergamos of Troy. In a memoir contributed to the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of 1864, I proved that the site in question was no other than that of the ancient city of Gergis. In the same paper I gave an account of the results of the excavation of one of the group of three tumuli on Balli-Dagh, the so-named Tomb of Priam. The other two, namely Le Chevalier's Tomb of Hector, and an unnamed hillock, were excavated respectively by Sir John Lubbock (about 1878) and Dr. Schliemann (1882) without result. The present relates to the fourth mound on the road between the villages of Bournarbashi and Arablar (as shown in the published maps), which goes by the name of Choban Tepeh (Shepherd's hillock) and the Tomb of Paris, according to Rancklin (1799).
An Inscribed Scarab
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

The above inscription appears on a very rudely formed scarab of translucent noble serpentine, which was acquired by Professor Petrie in Egypt; I publish it here with his permission; for the identification of the material I am indebted to Professor Bonney. The name Λαῖλαψ is only known as the name of a dog. It occurs as the hound of Procris in Ovid's Metamorphoses III. 771, and also among the hounds of Actaeon, ibid. III. 211, and in Hyginus Fab. 181. It is possible that this rude scarab may have been hung, as an ornament or amulet, on the neck of a hound; but perhaps such a decoration is more suitable to a pet dog; in that case the imposing name may have been given in playful irony.

The ς at the end is superfluous; it may be an abbreviation of some sort; or possibly may be due to the hand of a foreigner who did not appreciate the significance of the Greek ψ. The lettering is of the late Hellenistic or of the Roman age.