bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying time-varying coordination of multimodal speech signals using correlation map analysis
Authors: Vilela Barbosa Adriano , Déchaine Rose-Marie , Vatikiotis-Bateson Eric , Camille Yehia Hani
Published: March 2012

This paper demonstrates an algorithm for computing the instantaneous correlation coefficient between two signals. The algorithm is the computational engine for analyzing the time-varying coordination between signals, which is called correlation map analysis (CMA). Correlation is computed around any pair of points in the two input signals. Thus, coordination can be assessed across a continuous range of temporal offsets and be detected even when changing over time due to temporal fluctuations. The correlation algorithm has two major features: (i) it is structurally similar to a tunable filter, requiring only one parameter to set its cutoff frequency (and sensitivity), (ii) it can be applied either uni-directionally (computing correlation based only on previous samples) or bi-directionally (computing correlation based on both previous and future samples). Computing instantaneous correlation for a range of time offsets between two signals produces a 2D correlation map, in which correlation is characterized as a function of time and temporal offset. Graphic visualization of the correlation map provides rapid assessment of how correspondence patterns progress through time. The utility of the algorithm and of CMA are exemplified using the spatial and temporal coordination of various audible and visible components associated with linguistic performance.
Forward masking as a method of measuring place specificity of neural excitation in cochlear implants: A review of methods and interpretation
Authors: McKay Colette M.
Published: March 2012

This paper reviews the psychophysical forward masking methods that have been used to investigate place specificity in cochlear implantees. These experiments are relevant for investigating whether the individual variability in outcomes for people using the same device can be explained by individual variations in frequency resolution or whether place specificity is affected by different modes of stimulation (such as bipolar, monopolar or tripolar) in the same person. Unfortunately, there has been no consensus about the methods used to derive electrical forward masking functions, or in the way that they are interpreted in relation to place specificity. Here, the different methods are critically examined to provide insight into the optimal methods that should be used to measure and interpret spatial forward masking functions in electric hearing. It is shown that, in order to separate the temporal effects of masking decay from the place-specificity information, different analyses of the functions are needed depending on whether a fixed-probe or fixed-masker method is employed. The effects of unit of measurement on specificity measures and the effects of subject listening strategy on the forward masked functions are also discussed.
Separation of nonstationary sound fields in the time-wavenumber domain
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Zheng , Thomas Jean-Hugh , Bi Chuan-Xing , Pascal Jean-Claude
Published: March 2012

A number of sound field separation techniques have been proposed for different purposes. However, these techniques just consider the separation of sound fields in the space domain and are restricted to stationary sound fields. When the sound fields are nonstationary, it is also necessary to perform the separation in the time domain. Therefore, on the basis of the propagation principle of sound pressure in the time-wavenumber domain, a nonstationary sound field separation technique with two closely spaced parallel measurement surfaces is proposed. It can separate the nonstationary signals generated by the primary sources in both time and space domains when the disturbing sources exist on the other side of the measurement plane. The signals in time and space domains are separated by using the spatial Fourier transform method and the time domain deconvolution method. A simulation involving two monopoles driven by nonstationary signals demonstrates that the method proposed can remove the influence of disturbing sources in both time and space domains. The feasibility of this method is also demonstrated by an experiment with two loudspeakers located on two sides of measurement planes. Additionally, to comment more objectively on the separation results, some indicators are computed in both the simulation and experiment.
Time reversed elastic nonlinearity diagnostic applied to mock osseointegration monitoring applying two experimental models
Authors: Rivière Jacques , Haupert Sylvain , Laugier Pascal , Ulrich T. J. , Le Bas Pierre-Yves , Johnson Paul A.
Published: March 2012

This study broadens vibration-like techniques developed for osseointegration monitoring to the nonlinear field. The time reversed elastic nonlinearity diagnostic is applied to two mock models. The first one consists of tightening a dental implant at different torques in a mock cortical bone; the second one allows one to follow glue curing at the interface between a dental implant and a mock jaw. Energy is focused near the implant interface using the time reversal technique. Two nonlinear procedures termed pulse inversion and the scaling subtraction method, already used successfully in other fields such as contrast agents and material characterization, are employed. These two procedures are compared for both models. The results suggest that nonlinear elasticity can provide new information regarding the interface, complementary to the linear wave velocity and attenuation. The curing experiment exhibits an overall low nonlinear level due to the fact that the glue significantly damps elastic nonlinearity at the interface. In contrast, the torque experiment shows strong nonlinearities at the focus time. Consequently, a parallel analysis of these models, both only partially reflecting a real case, enables one to envisage future in vivo experiments.
Asymmetry and dynamics of a narrow sonar beam in an echolocating harbor porpoise
Authors: Koblitz Jens C. , Wahlberg Magnus , Stilz Peter , Madsen Peter T. , Beedholm Kristian , Schnitzler Hans-Ulrich
Published: March 2012

A key component in the operation of a biosonar system is the radiation of sound energy from the sound producing head structures of toothed whales and microbats. The current view involves a fixed transmission aperture by which the beam width can only change via changes in the frequency of radiated clicks. To test that for a porpoise, echolocation clicks were recorded with high angular resolution using a 16 hydrophone array. The beam is narrower than previously reported (DI = 24 dB) and slightly dorso-ventrally compressed (horizontal −3 dB beam width: 13°, vertical −3 dB beam width: 11°). The narrow beam indicates that all smaller toothed whales investigated so far have surprisingly similar beam widths across taxa and habitats. Obtaining high directionality may thus be at least in part an evolutionary factor that led to high centroid frequencies in a group of smaller toothed whales emitting narrow band high frequency clicks. Despite the production of stereotyped narrow band high frequency clicks, changes in the directionality by a few degrees were observed, showing that porpoises can obtain changes in sound radiation.
On acoustic propagation in three-dimensional rectangular ducts with flexible walls and porous linings
Authors: Lawrie Jane B.
Published: March 2012

The focus of this article is toward the development of hybrid analytic-numerical mode-matching methods for model problems involving three-dimensional ducts of rectangular cross-section and with flexible walls. Such methods require first closed form analytic expressions for the natural fluid-structure coupled waveforms that propagate in each duct section and second the corresponding orthogonality relations. It is demonstrated how recent theory [Lawrie, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 465, 2347–2367 (2009)] may be extended to a wide class of three-dimensional ducts, for example, those with a flexible wall and a porous lining (modeled as an equivalent fluid) or those with a flexible internal structure, such as a membrane (the “drum-like” silencer). Two equivalent expressions for the eigenmodes of a given duct can be formulated. For the ducts considered herein, the first ansatz is dependent on the eigenvalues/eigenfunctions appropriate for wave propagation in the corresponding two-dimensional flexible-walled duct, whereas the second takes the form of a Fourier series. The latter offers two advantages: no “root-finding” is involved and the method is appropriate for ducts in which the flexible wall is orthotropic. The first ansatz, however, provides important information about the orthogonality properties of the three-dimensional eigenmodes.
SNARE Proteins: One to Fuse and Three to Keep the Nascent Fusion Pore Open
Authors: Shi Lei , Shen Qing-Tao , Kiel Alexander , Wang Jing , Wang Hong-Wei , Melia Thomas J. , Rothman James E. , Pincet Frédéric
Published: March 2012

Facilitating Fusion and Release

For neurotransmitters to be released from a neuron, a synaptic vesicle must fuse with the plasma membrane and form a fusion pore. Soluble
N
-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes are the core protein machinery involved in fusion; however, there has been debate regarding the mechanism. While in vitro studies have found that a single SNARE can cause fusion of two bilayers, in vivo studies have shown that a minimum of three SNAREs are required for neurotransmitter release. The apparently contradictory results are explained by

Shi
et al.

(p.
1355
), who monitored fusion of vesicles to membrane nanodiscs. While a single SNARE complex was sufficient to fuse bilayers, a minimum of three SNARE complexes were required to open a pore large enough for neurotransmitter release.
Navigating the Anthropocene: Improving Earth System Governance
Authors: Biermann F. , Abbott K. , Andresen S. , Bäckstrand K. , Bernstein S. , Betsill M. M. , Bulkeley H. , Cashore B. , Clapp J. , Folke C. , Gupta A. , Gupta J. , Haas P. M. , Jordan A. , Kanie N. , Kluvánková-Oravská T. , Lebel L. , Liverman D. , Meadowcroft J. , Mitchell R. B. , Newell P. , Oberthür S. , Olsson L. , Pattberg P. , Sánchez-Rodríguez R. , Schroeder H. , Underdal A. , Vieira S. Camargo , Vogel C. , Young O. R. , Brock A. , Zondervan R.
Published: March 2012

The United Nations conference in Rio de Janeiro in June is an important opportunity to improve the institutional framework for sustainable development.
New Institute Aims to Help Academics Make Medicines
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: March 2012

This week, Merck launched a new nonprofit research institute to help academics turn their basic biology insights into drug compounds ready for human tests.
On Teaching, Tuition, and Talent
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: March 2012

U.S. research universities are being asked to improve instruction, hold down costs, and promote economic growth. Are they up to the challenge?
Specificity of the Tuberculin Skin Test Is Modified by Use of a Protein Cocktail Containing ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in Cattle Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Flores-Villalva S. , Suárez-Güemes F. , Espitia C. , Whelan A. O. , Vordermeier M. , Gutiérrez-Pabello J. A.
Published: March 2012

The mycobacterial immunodominant ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens are strongly recognizable in tuberculosis-infected cattle, and they do not elicit a response in cattle without infection. In addition, they are absent in most environmental mycobacterial species, and therefore, their use can be an alternative to purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin in the development of a more specific skin diagnostic test in cattle. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential of an ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (E6-C10) protein cocktail in a skin test format in naturally tuberculosis-infected and paratuberculosis-infected cattle. We also included MPB83 as a third component in one of the protein cocktail preparations. The protein cocktail was tested at different dose concentrations (5, 10, and 15 μg per protein). The best skin response to the E6-C10 protein cocktail was obtained with 10 μg. Subsequently, this concentration was tested in 2 herds with high and low bovine tuberculosis prevalence, the latter with paratuberculosis coinfection. Our data show that the E6-C10 cocktail allows identification of an important proportion of animals that PPDB is not able to recognize, especially in low-prevalence herds. The protein cocktail did not induce reactions in tuberculosis-free cattle or in paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Addition of MPB83 to the protein cocktail did not make any difference in the skin reaction.
Selection Pressure on HIV-1 Envelope by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the Conserved CD4-Binding Site
Authors: Wu Xueling , Wang Charlene , O'Dell Sijy , Li Yuxing , Keele Brandon F. , Yang Zhongjia , Imamichi Hiromi , Doria-Rose Nicole , Hoxie James A. , Connors Mark , Shaw George M. , Wyatt Richard T. , Mascola John R.
Published: March 2012

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) VRC01 was isolated from a slowly progressing HIV-1-infected donor and was shown to neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains by binding to the conserved CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of gp120. To better understand the virologic factors associated with such antibody development, we characterized HIV-1 envelope (Env) variants from this donor and five other donors who developed broadly neutralizing antibodies. A total of 473
env
sequences were obtained by single-genome amplification, and 100 representative
env
clones were expressed and tested for entry and neutralization sensitivity. While VRC01 neutralizes about 90% of the genetically diverse heterologous HIV-1 strains tested, only selective archival Env variants from the VRC01 donor were sensitive to VRC01 and all of the Env variants derived from the donor plasma were resistant, indicating strong antibody-based selection pressure. Despite their resistance to this broadly reactive MAb that partially mimics CD4, all Env variants required CD4 for entry. Three other CD4bs MAbs from the same donor were able to neutralize some VRC01 escape variants, suggesting that CD4bs antibodies continued to evolve in response to viral escape. We also observed a relatively high percentage of VRC01-resistant Env clones in the plasma of four of five additional broadly neutralizing donors, suggesting the presence of CD4bs-directed neutralizing antibodies in these donors. In total, these data indicate that the CD4bs-directed neutralizing antibodies exert ongoing selection pressure on the conserved CD4bs epitope of HIV-1 Env.
Some Remarks on Quantum Brachistochrone
Authors: Masillo Fabio
Published: March 2012

We study some aspects of the quantum brachistochrone problem. Physical realizability of the faster pseudo-hermitian version of the problem is also discussed. This analysis, applied to simple quantum gates, supports an informational interpretation of the problem that is quasi-hermitian invariant.
Revisiting the role of spike afterhyperpolarization and spike threshold in motoneuron current-frequency gain
Authors: Lee Robert H. , Mitchell Cassie S.
Published: March 2012

The relationship between synaptic or injecting input level and firing rate is an important metric to characterize neuron input-output dynamics. In this study, we examine two long-held, but never validated, assumptions in the “algebraic summation of afterhyperpolarization” theory, which explains how firing rate varies with input (typically referred to as input current-frequency modulation or “F-I gain”). In the theory, the afterhyperpolarizations themselves, along with spike threshold, were assumed constant. That is, whereas they were central concepts in the theory, they were not included in any feedback loops, wherein they could both affect and be affected by firing rate. We performed intracellular recordings from spinal motoneurons in the adult cat to determine whether F-I gain correlates with the afterhyperpolarization and/or spike threshold. We observe that the afterhyperpolarization does indeed appear to be out of the F-I gain mechanism loop, and thus that original assumption holds. However, the presented experimental evidence indicates that the spike threshold appears to be in the loop. That is, spike threshold variation associated with input correlates with F-I gain. We present an extension to the original theory, which explains the F-I gain experimental correlations.
Countercurrent Air-Water Flow in a Scale-Down Model of a Pressurizer Surge Line
Authors: Futatsugi Takashi , Yanagi Chihiro , Murase Michio , Hosokawa Shigeo , Tomiyama Akio
Published: March 2012

Steam generated in a reactor core and water condensed in a pressurizer form a countercurrent flow in a surge line between a hot leg and the pressurizer during reflux cooling. Characteristics of countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) in a 1/10-scale model of the surge line were measured using air and water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The experimental results show that CCFL takes place at three different locations, that is, at the upper junction, in the surge line, and at the lower junction, and its characteristics are governed by the most dominating flow limitation among the three. Effects of inclination angle and elbows of the surge line on CCFL characteristics were also investigated experimentally. The effects of inclination angle on CCFL depend on the flow direction, that is, the effect is large for the nearly horizontal flow and small for the vertical flow at the upper junction. The presence of elbows increases the flow limitation in the surge line, whereas the flow limitations at the upper and lower junctions do not depend on the presence of elbows.
A New Optimization via Simulation Approach for Dynamic Facility Layout Problem with Budget Constraints
Authors: Azimi Parham , Charmchi Hamid Reza
Published: March 2012

A new efficient heuristic algorithm has been developed for the dynamic facility layout problem with budget constraint (DFLPB) using optimization via simulation technique. The heuristic integrates integer programming and discrete event simulation to address DFLPB. In the proposed algorithm, the nonlinear model of the DFLP has been changed to a pure integer programming (PIP) model. Then, the optimal solution of the PIP model has been used in a simulation model that has been designed in a similar manner as the DFLP for determining the probability of assigning a facility to a location. After a sufficient number of runs, the simulation model obtains near optimum solutions. Finally, to test the performance of the algorithm, several test problems have been taken from the literature and solved. The results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient in terms of speed and accuracy than other heuristic algorithms presented in previous works.
Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Targeting Key Intracellular Pathways and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis
Authors: Fitzpatrick Leo R.
Published: March 2012

This review identifies possible pharmacological targets for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) within the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Specifically, there are several targets within the IL-23/IL-17 pathways for potential pharmacological intervention with antibodies or small molecule inhibitors. These targets include TL1A (tumor necrosis factor-like molecule), DR3 (death receptor 3), IL-23, IL-17 and the receptors for IL-23 and IL-17. As related to IBD, there are also other novel pharmacological targets. These targets include inhibiting specific immunoproteasome subunits, blocking a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism (sphingosine kinase), and modulating NF-κB/STAT3 interactions. Several good approaches exist for pharmacological inhibition of key components in the IL-23 and IL-17 pathways. These approaches include specific monoclonal antibodies to TL1A, IL-17 receptor, Fc fusion proteins, specific antibodies to IL-17F, and small molecule inhibitors of IL-17 like Vidofludimus. Also, other potential approaches for targeted drug development in IBD include specific chemical inhibitors of SK, specific small molecule inhibitors directed against catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome, and dual inhibitors of the STAT3 and NF-κB signal transduction systems. In the future, well-designed preclinical studies are still needed to determine which of these pharmacological approaches will provide drugs with the best efficacy and safety profiles for entrance into clinical trials.
Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Moulton Paula Valencia , Yang Wei
Published: March 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting millions of people worldwide and will continue to affect millions more with population aging on the rise. AD causality is multifactorial. Known causal factors include genetic predisposition, age, and sex. Environmental toxins such as air pollution (AP) have also been implicated in AD causation. Exposure to AP can lead to chronic oxidative stress (OS), which is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Whereas AP plays a role in AD pathology, the epidemiological evidence for this association is limited. Given the significant prevalence of AP exposure combined with increased population aging, epidemiological evidence for this link is important to consider. In this paper, we examine the existing evidence supporting the relationship between AP, OS, and AD and provide recommendations for future research on the population level, which will provide evidence in support of public health interventions.
Transvaginal Ultrasound in Fertile Patients with Suspected Appendicitis: An Experience Report of Current Practice
Authors: Tabbara Malek , Evangelopoulos Nikolaos , Raio Luigi , Banz Vanessa , Zimmermann Heinz , Kim-Fuchs Corinne , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K.
Published: March 2012

Background. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) in female patients with acute right lower quadrant (RLQ) abdominal pain is time and infrastructure intensive and not always available. This study aims to evaluate the role of TVU in these patients.Methods. Retrospective analysis identified 224 female patients with RLQ pain and TVU.Results. TVU revealed an underlying pathology in 34 (15%) patients, necessitating a diagnostic laparoscopy in 12 patients. Six patients (2%) had a true gynaecological emergency. The remaining 23 patients did not require surgery. The other 190 patients with RLQ pain had a bland TVU; 127 (67%) were discharged, while 63 patients (33%) received a diagnostic laparoscopy.Conclusion. The incidence of true gynaecological emergencies requiring urgent surgical intervention is very low in our patient cohort. TVU is a helpful tool if performed by a physician who is well trained in TVU.
MicroRNAs in Postischemic Vascular Repair
Authors: Caporali Andrea , Emanueli Costanza
Published: March 2012

The termangiogenesisdescribes the growth of endothelial sprouts from preexisting postcapillary venules. More recently, this term has been used to generally indicate the growth and remodeling process of the primitive vascular network into a complex network during development. In adulthood, angiogenesis is activated as a reparative process during wound healing and following ischemia, and it plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis as well as in inflammatory diseases and diabetic retinopathy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that negatively control gene expression of target mRNAs. In this paper, we aim at describing the role of miRNAs in postischemic angiogenesis. First, we will describe the regulation and the expression of miRNAs in endothelial cells. Then, we will analyze the role of miRNAs in postischemic vascular repair. Finally, we will discuss the role of circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in ischemic diseases.
Reduction of Dynamics with Lie Group Analysis
Authors: Iwasa M.
Published: March 2012

This paper is mainly a review concerning singular perturbation methods by means of Lie group analysis which has been presented by the author. We make use of a particular type of approximate Lie symmetries in those methods in order to construct reduced systems which describe the long-time behavior of the original dynamical system. Those methods can be used in analyzing not only ordinary differential equations but also difference equations. Although this method has been mainly used in order to derive asymptotic behavior, when we can find exact Lie symmetries, we succeed in construction of exact solutions.
Novel Applications of Ferrites
Authors: Valenzuela Raúl
Published: March 2012

The applications of ferrimagnetic oxides, or ferrites, in the last 10 years are reviewed, including thin films and nanoparticles. The general features of the three basic crystal systems and their magnetic structures are briefly discussed, followed by the most interesting applications in electronic circuits as inductors, in high-frequency systems, in power delivering devices, in electromagnetic interference suppression, and in biotechnology. As the field is considerably large, an effort has been made to include the original references discussing each particular application on a more detailed manner.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Participate in Preventing Graft Rejection
Authors: Wang Yan , Gu Xiaodong , Xiang Jianbin , Chen Zongyou
Published: March 2012

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells and have a tremendous potential to suppress immune responses. MDSCs accumulate during tumor progression, autoimmunity, chronic infection, transplantation, and other pathological conditions and can potently suppress T-cell function. Here, we discuss recent findings that describe the molecular mechanisms of MDSCs suppressing T-cell immune responses as well as recent observations that MDSCs may have roles in transplant tolerance.
Prevalence of HIV Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV Type 1 Isolates in Antiretroviral Therapy Naïve Population from Northern India
Authors: Sinha S. , Ahmad H. , Shekhar R. C. , Kumar N. , Dar L. , Samantaray J. C. , Sharma S. K. , Bhargava A. , Pandey R. M. , Mitsuyasu R. L. , Fahey J. L.
Published: March 2012

Objective. The increased use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV, adversely leading to the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). In this study we aim to evaluate the prevalence of HIVDR mutations in ART-naive HIV-1 infected patients from northern India.Design. Analysis was performed using Viroseq genotyping system based on sequencing of entire protease and two-thirds of the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) region ofpolgene.Results. Seventy three chronic HIV-1 infected ART naïve patients eligible for first line ART were enrolled from April 2006 to August 2008. In 68 patients DNA was successfully amplified and sequencing was done. 97% of HIV-1 strains belonged to subtype C, and one each to subtype A1 and subtype B. The overall prevalence of primary DRMs was 2.9% [2/68, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3%–10.2%]. One patient had a major RT mutation M184V, known to confer resistance to lamivudine, and another had a major protease inhibitor (PI) mutation D30N that imparts resistance to nelfinavir.Conclusion. Our study shows that primary HIVDR mutations have a prevalence of 2.9% among ART-naive chronic HIV-1 infected individuals.
Akt: A Double-Edged Sword in Cell Proliferation and Genome Stability
Authors: Xu Naihan , Lao Yuanzhi , Zhang Yaou , Gillespie David A.
Published: March 2012

The Akt family of serine/threonine protein kinases are key regulators of multiple aspects of cell behaviour, including proliferation, survival, metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Growth-factor-activated Akt signalling promotes progression through normal, unperturbed cell cycles by acting on diverse downstream factors involved in controlling the G1/S and G2/M transitions. Remarkably, several recent studies have also implicated Akt in modulating DNA damage responses and genome stability. High Akt activity can suppress ATR/Chk1 signalling and homologous recombination repair (HRR) via direct phosphorylation of Chk1 or TopBP1 or, indirectly, by inhibiting recruitment of double-strand break (DSB) resection factors, such as RPA, Brca1, and Rad51, to sites of damage. Loss of checkpoint and/or HRR proficiency is therefore a potential cause of genomic instability in tumor cells with high Akt. Conversely, Akt is activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a DNA-PK- or ATM/ATR-dependent manner and in some circumstances can contribute to radioresistance by stimulating DNA repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Akt therefore modifies both the response to and repair of genotoxic damage in complex ways that are likely to have important consequences for the therapy of tumors with deregulation of the PI3K-Akt-PTEN pathway.
Proteomic Portrait of Human Breast Cancer Progression Identifies Novel Prognostic Markers
Authors: Geiger Tamar , Madden Stephen F. , Gallagher William M. , Cox Juergen , Mann Matthias
Published: March 2012

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States. Of the different subtypes, estrogen receptor–negative (ER−) tumors, which are ErbB2+ or triple-negative, carry a relatively poor prognosis. In this study, we used system-wide analysis of breast cancer proteomes to identify proteins that are associated with the progression of ER− tumors. Our two-step approach included an initial deep analysis of cultured cells that were obtained from tumors of defined breast cancer stages, followed by a validation set using human breast tumors. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and quantification by Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC), we identified 8,750 proteins and quantified 7,800 of them. A stage-specific signature was extracted and validated by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Overall, the proteomics signature reflected both a global loss of tissue architecture and a number of metabolic changes in the transformed cells. Proteomic analysis also identified high levels of IDH2 and CRABP2 and low levels of SEC14L2 to be prognostic markers for overall breast cancer survival. Together, our findings suggest that global proteomic analysis provides information about the protein changes specific to ER− breast tumor progression as well as important prognostic information. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2428–39. ©2012 AACR.
Tumor Microenvironment Complexity: Emerging Roles in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Swartz Melody A. , Iida Noriho , Roberts Edward W. , Sangaletti Sabina , Wong Melissa H. , Yull Fiona E. , Coussens Lisa M. , DeClerck Yves A.
Published: March 2012

The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of cells, soluble factors, signaling molecules, extracellular matrix, and mechanical cues that can promote neoplastic transformation, support tumor growth and invasion, protect the tumor from host immunity, foster therapeutic resistance, and provide niches for dormant metastases to thrive. An American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) special conference held on November 3–6, 2011, addressed five emerging concepts in our understanding of the TME: its dynamic evolution, how it is educated by tumor cells, pathways of communication between stromal and tumor cells, immunomodulatory roles of the lymphatic system, and contribution of the intestinal microbiota. These discussions raised critical questions on how to include the analysis of the TME in personalized cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Res; 72(10); 2473–80. ©2012 AACR.
Bridging the Gap: Moving Predictive and Prognostic Assays from Research to Clinical Use
Authors: Williams P. Michael , Lively Tracy G. , Jessup J. Milburn , Conley Barbara A.
Published: March 2012

The development of clinically useful molecular diagnostics requires validation of clinical assay performance and achievement of clinical qualification in clinical trials. As discussed elsewhere in this Focus section on molecular diagnostics, validation of assay performance must be rigorous, especially when the assay will be used to guide treatment decisions. Here we review some of the problems associated with assay development, especially for academic investigators. These include lack of expertise and resources for analytical validation, lack of experience in designing projects for a specific clinical use, lack of specimens from appropriate patient groups, and lack of access to Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified laboratories. In addition, financial support for assay validation has lagged behind financial support for marker discovery or drug development, even though the molecular diagnostic may be considered necessary for the successful use of the companion therapeutic. The National Cancer Institute supports a large number of clinical trials and a significant effort in drug development. In order to address some of these barriers for predictive and prognostic assays that will be used in clinical trials to select patients for a particular treatment, stratify patients into molecularly defined subgroups, or choose between treatments for molecularly defined tumors, the National Cancer Institute has begun a pilot program designed to lessen barriers to the development of validated prognostic and predictive assays. Clin Cancer Res; 18(6); 1531–9. ©2012 AACR.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Breast Cancer Stem Cells in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer and Their Role in Response to Endocrine Therapy and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji , Shimizu Chikako , Tsuda Hitoshi , Saji Shigehira , Osaki Akihiko , Shigekawa Takashi , Aogi Kenjiro
Published: March 2012

Background: Breast cancer stem cells are rich in triple negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive breast cancers. The role of these stem cells in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers is unknown. Therefore, we launched this retrospective biomarker analysis to clarify the role of stem cells in relation with endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from primary stage IV, hormone receptor-positive breast cancers prior to endocrine therapy were obtained from 4 cancer centers in Japan between 1999 and 2008. We examined the expression of ALDH1 and CD44/CD24 in breast tissue and correlated the results with response to endocrine therapy and patient prognosis. Results: ALDH1-positive and CD44+CD24– cancer cells were found in 16% of 92 samples and 27% of 77 samples, respectively. Response to endocrine therapy was similar in the ALDH1-positive and ALDH1-negative tumor groups, and between CD44+CD24– and other tumor groups. After a median follow-up period of 793 days, neither ALDH1 positivity nor CD44+CD24– status of tumor cells was related to progression-free survival (ALDH1 positive vs. negative, 378 vs. 292 days, p = 0.53; CD44+CD24– vs. others, 224 vs. 269 days, p = 0.52) or overall survival (ALDH1 positive vs. negative, 1,348 vs. 1,479 days, p = 0.17; CD44+CD24– vs. others, 1,071 vs. 1,462 days, p = 0.54). Conclusions: There is no correlation between biomarker expression and outcome in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
Administration of Vincristine in a Patient with Machado-Joseph Disease
Authors: Colpo Anna , Wilson Frederick H. , Nardi Valentina , Hochberg Ephraim
Published: March 2012

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a major problem because it represents the dose-limiting side effect of a significant number of antineoplastic drugs, such as vinca alkaloids. Hereditary neuropathies usually predispose to severe vincristine neurotoxicity. Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old man with Machado-Joseph disease, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, treated with a vinca alkaloid without exacerbation of neurological symptoms.
In Memoriam J. W. de Jong (1921–2000)
Authors: Ruegg
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
On a Number of Names for Lotos in Particular Aravinda
Authors: Lienhard
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Josephson, Judith, The Pahlavi Translation Technique as Illustrated by Hōm Yašt
Authors: Degener
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Textual Notes on Vidyākara's Subhāsitaratnakosa
Authors: Browne
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Kaul, Advaitavadini and Chattopadhyay, Sukumar, eds., Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts. Volume IV: Manifestation of Nature –Srsti Vistāara
Authors: Mayrhofer
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Fausbøll, [Michael] Viggo, The Dhammapada. Being a collection of moral verses in Pali. Edited a second time with a literal Latin translation and notes for the use of Pali students
Authors: Scherer
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
The Brief Catalogues to the Narthang and the Lhasa Kanjurs. A Synoptic Edition of the bKa' 'gyur rin po che'i mtshan tho and the rGyal ba'i bka' 'gyur rin po che'i chos ts'an so so'i mts'an byan dkar chag bsdus pa
Authors: Ehrhard
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Narendra K. Wagle and Olle Qvarnström (eds.), Approaches to Jaina Studies: Philosophy, Logic, Ritulas and Symbols
Authors: v. Hinüber
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Darius' Ascent to Paradise
Authors: West
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Oberhammer, Gerhard [Ed.], Studies in Hinduism. Vedism and Hinduism.
Authors: Bailey
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Where and what is the priyám dhama of a Vedic god?
Authors: Bodewitz
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Yotsuya, Kodo, The Critique of Svatantra Reasoning by Candraki¯rit and Tsong-kha-pa. A Study of Philosophical Proof According to Two Pra¯sangika Madhyamaka Traditions of India and Tibet
Authors: Yoshimizu
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Maithrimurti, Mudagamuwe, Wohlwollen, Mitleid, Freude und Gleichmut. Eine ideengeschichtliche Untersuchung der vier apramānas in der buddhistischen Ethik und Spiritualität von den Anfängen bis hin zum frühen Yogācāra
Authors: Freiberger
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Traitana und raēta(o)na
Authors: Oettinger  , Jackson
Published: March 2012

An attempt is made to reconstruct a Proto-Indo-Iranian legend, mainly on the basis of a passage in the Avestan Ardvīsūr-Yast (Yt. 5,61 f.) and a so far misinterpreted RVedic verse (1,115,5). The legend seems to involve a hero named *Traitana/*Trāitana who rescues a devout mortal from water by killing a hostile creature (*dāsa-). By comparing this legend with a set of closely related RVedic legends, in which mortals are rescued at sea or from imprisonment by Indra or the Aśvin, it is assumed that the story of *Traitana/*Trāitana belonged to a genre once forming a part of an otherwise lost heroic poetry of Indo-Iranian age.
Leslie C. Orr: Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God. Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu
Authors: Wilden
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Simson, Georg von (ed.), Prātimoksasūtra der Sarvāstivädins
Authors: Skilling
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Meulenbeld, G. Jan, A History of Indian Medical Literature [Groningen Oriental Studies Voulme XV/I–III]
Authors: Zysk
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Jātarūpa's Commentary on the Amarakośa for the first time critically edited together with an Introduction, Appendices and Indices by Mahes Raj Pant
Authors: Hinüber
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Remarks on the Transition from Rgvedic Composition to S´rauta Compilation
Authors: Proferes
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Zum Altindischen Totenritual (Studien Zu Den Rituellen Su¯tras IV)
Authors: Sprockhoff
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Indian Logic and Indian Syllogism
Authors: Oetke
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Quelques Réflexions Sur L'apophatisme De Śankara
Authors: Biardeau Madeleine
Published: March 2012

On a l'habitude de considerer Śankara comme le plus apophatique des théologiens-philosophes de Brahman. Sa conception d'un absolu parfaitement hétérogène au monde de la māyā commande en effet une démarche négative stricte, qui lui est d'ailleurs facilitée par les textes révélés – śruti – ou transmis par la tradition – smrti – auxquels il se réfère.
Two Sogdian Etymologies
Authors: Mehendale M. A.
Published: March 2012

(1) The word for “astrologer” occurs in Buddh. Sogdian as snptsr and in Man. Sogdian as snbtsr (cf. W. B. Henning, Sogdica, p. 21, 22). Benveniste in his edition of the Vessantara Jätaka apparently divides the word into two parts, snpt and sr, and suggests to compare the first part of the word with Persian sambät, sambūt “vision, fantôme” (p. 90.22).
Le Présent Avestique Uz-Vaedaya
Authors: Benveniste E.
Published: March 2012

Les présents indo-iraniens de vid- “savoir” ont en commun, outre les différents états du thème, quelques formes spécialisées par le préverbe. Sont également indiens et iraniens les causatifs v. ā-vedátya-, av. ā-vaēδaya-; - v. prati-vedátyat-, av. paiti-vaēδaya-; - v. ni-ved´ya- (Br.), av.ni-vaēδaya-, qui concordent en outre par leur sens. Ces présents énoncent des valeurs de “consécration” ou d' “invitation”, liées à d'identiques formules rituelles, par lesquelles on “convie” les dieux à l'oblation.
La Transposition Des Dieux Souverains Mineurs En Heros Dans Le Mahābhārata
Authors: Dumézil Georges
Published: March 2012

En 1947, Stig Wikander a éc1airé d'un jour inattendu la structure de l'immense matiére du Mahābhārata, c'est-á-dire de la rivalité qui oppose deux groupes de cousins qu'on peut appeler schématiquement les “bons” et les “mechants". Les bons, qui ont pour eux les droits et, en gros, les vertus, sont d'abord et pendant longtemps frauduleusement dépouillés, persécutés par les méchants. Mais arrive un moment, une suite de jours, où tout se règle par la force des armes. C'est une terrible bataille, où les bons finissent par triompher, les méchants étant exterminés. Le poème se termine par Ie règne du bon roi et l'entrée des bons héros dans la vie bienheureuse de l'au-delà.
Two Prasun Notes
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: March 2012

Morgenstierne (NTS, 15.211 § 51, and 259) derives this from *ghana-tara, with a question-mark of doubt. In Prasun we expect a nasal cluster to lose its nasal to the following obstruent; still, such a vowel syncope is not entirely self-explanatory, and we might expect internal -t- to vanish. Besides, a closer connexion seems to be available.
SKT. ADŚAM: GR. “ΈΔPAKON?Brief Communication
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J.
Published: March 2012

It has long been observed that the Vedic evidence does not support the assumption of a thematic aorist adśarn. Wackernage1 withdrew the equation adŕśarn (sic): ακov (Altind. Gramm., I [1896], p. 32, 1. 28) in the Berichtigungen (p. 344). In 1926 he pointed out that, since dśeyam RS., dśema AS. do not justify the assumption of an a-aorist, all Vedic forms must be referred to a root aorist ádarśam, pI. 1 adśma (JB.) Analogical new formations are adarśma TS. III. 2. 5. 4 and adarśu AB. 7. 17. 3. In Debrunner's Nachträge ad Ai. Gr. I. 32 [1957], however, the old equation recurs in a modified form, adŕśam being replaced by “TS. adŕśan“, and in Hauschild's revised version of Thumb's Handbuch des Skt. I (1958), p. 247, we find again “á-dś-at ‘er sah’, gr. ακov, idg. *e-dk-et”. This calls for some comment.
Notes on the Asokan Rock Edicts
Authors: Norman K.R
Published: March 2012

In a footnote to his very valuable study of the Asokan inscriptions, Professor Alsdorf writes “no systematic, comprehensive investigation of the different versions (apart from the purely linguistic aspect), of their true textual variants, their translation technique, and the mistakes committed in translating has so far been undertaken; it is urgently needed.” The following notes, which do not aim at completeness, represent the beginnings of an attempt to find patterns in the committing of mistakes, and in the methods of expression, and to employ the findings to explain certain difficulties. They are written in the hope that they may prove of some value to anyone undertaking the task Alsdorf outlines.
A Fragment of the Sanskrit Sumukhadhāraī
Authors: Desyatovskaya M. I. Vorobyeva , Levin G. M. Bongard , Tyomkin E. N.
Published: March 2012

Among the Central Asian documents from the collection of N. F. Petrovsky kept in the Manuscript Collection of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Asia, USSR Academy of Sciences, under the code SI P/65a there is a fragment of a manuscript written in Brāhmi. The fragment is a sheet of yellowish paper, 65.5 × 6 centimetres. 5.5 cm. from the left edge recto there is a circle in black ink, 2 cm. in diameter, with a hole in the centre evidently for a cord. The text is written in black ink, 4 lines on each page. The script is Upright Central Asian Calligraphic Brāhmi, the size of characters is 1 cm. (width) × 0.5 cm. (height). The spacing is 1 cm. On the left margin recto the number of the sheet is preserved - 6.
Zur Gestalt der Erde im Weltbild des frühen Buddhismus
Authors: Kottkamp Heino
Published: March 2012

In the gāthās of the Migālopa-Jātaka and the Gijjha-Jātaka an old Indian narrative is handed down in two basically identical versions which, however, differ from each other, in that the first and older one ascribes a square shape to the earth while the second one conceives it in the form of a wheel. Searching for an explanation for the coexistence of these seemingly contradictory cosmographic pictures in a canonical collection of Buddhist texts, the author of this article discusses in general the archaic cosmological concept of the flat circular disk of the earth, compares relevant sources from vedic and brahmanic literature, and points to some non-Indian tales which are of special interest particularly in regard to the Jātaka versions.
F.B.J. Kuiper: Bibliography 1987–1996
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Reviews
Authors: Terentiev
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Reviews
Authors: Vetter
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Ápaśyam Jāyām ámahīyamānām (rv.IV.1813c)
Authors: Kuiper
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Problems in the Writing of AJANTĀ'S History: The Epigraphic Evidence
Authors: Cohen
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Reviews; Gurinder Singh Mann, The Goindval Pothis: The earliest extant source of the Sikh canon
Authors: McLEOD
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
A Reply To Professor Mark Tatz
Authors: Galloway
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Reviews; Samiran Chandra Chakrabarti (ed.): Some Aspects of Vedic Studies.
Authors: Mylius
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Oetke, Claus. Vier Studien zum altindischen Syllogismus
Authors: Nenninger
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Siegfried Lienhard, The Divine Play of Lord Krishna. A Krishnalīlāa Painting from Nepal
Authors: Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Friedlander, Peter G. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Hindi Manuscripts in the Library of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
Authors: Wiles
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
The Mandala of Candi Gumpung (Sumatra) and the Indo-Tibetan Vajrasekharatantra
Authors: Nihom
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Ryokai Shiraishi, Ascetism in Buddhism and Brahmanism
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Jan Houben, The sambandha-samuddesa (Chapter on relation) and Bhartrhari's Philosophy of Language
Authors: Ramseier
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Bernhard Kölver, Constructing Pagodas according to traditional Nepalese drawings
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Bulcus Siklós, The Vajrabhairava Tantras, Tibetan and Mongolian Versions, Engish Translation and Annotations
Authors: Decleer
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Johannes Schneider, Der Lobpreis der Vorzüglichkeit des Buddha. Udbhatasiddhasvāmins Viśesastava mit Prajñāvarmans Kommentar
Authors:   Dietz
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Heinz Bechert, Singhalesisische Handschriften
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Johannes Schneider, Sukrtidatta Pantas Kārtavīryodaya. Ein neuzeitliches Sanskrit- Mahākāvya aus Nepal
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
R. F. Young and S. Jebanesan, The Bible Trembled. The Hindu- Christian Controversies of Nineteenth-century Ceylon
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Volume VII. AbhidharmaBuddhism to 150 A.D.
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Roque Mesquita, Madhva und seine unbekannten literarischen Quellen
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Yonder World in the Atharvaveda
Authors: Bodewitz
Published: March 2012

No Abstract