bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficiency in Lighting for Historical Buildings: Case Study of the El Aman Caravanserai in Province of Bitlis, Turkey
Authors: Kocaman Behcet
Published: October 2020

Historical buildings are bridges between the past and the present. Moreover, it is a mirror of the life of societies, which lived in other ages. Historic buildings need to be illuminated to provide better visual conditions. The demand for electricity is increasing day by day. Energy must be used efficiently to reduce the amount of energy being dissipated. Therefore, energy efficiency in the lighting for historical buildings is a topic of great importance. Various luminaires are used for interior and exterior lighting of historic buildings. However, new lighting technologies, such as light emitting diode (LED) luminaires, are many times more efficient than traditional technologies, such as incandescent luminaires. The use of new technologies can lead to significant reductions in net energy consumption and associated reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Historic buildings can serve as powerful and highly visible demonstrations of energy-efficient lighting technologies. In this study, the cost and energy efficiency have been analyzed considering the investment costs and the energy consumption of LED luminaires instead of luminaires with incandescent, halogen and metal halide lamps using almost the same luminous flux in the example of the El Aman Caravanserai in Bitlis, Turkey. As a result, of the calculations, the annual energy consumption (9-066.6 kW·h) was reduced by 78.21 % compared to the conventional system (41-610 kW·h) installed with incandescent, halogen and metal halide lamps. Thus, the cost of using LED lighting system have been amortised in about 135 days. Later, lighting has been made with less energy consumption, and the energy has been used efficiently.
On Methodology for Designing Architectural Lighting of Production Site Interior Part 111: Results and Conclusions
Authors: Voronov Vladimir V. , Shchepetkov Nikolay I.
Published: October 2020

This is the final, third part, on the presentation of Chapter 4 and the results of the Vladimir Voronov thesis [1], successfully defended at the Moscow Architectural Institute in 1985 and devoted to the author’s method of designing architectural lighting for industrial interiors with three main upper lantern types of natural daylight and artificial lighting.
The method was developed on the basis of longterm analytical calculations and numerous experiments conducted according to all the laws of statistics in natural conditions and in the camera “Mirror-type artificial sky” created by the author using planar and volumetric (on mock-ups) light modelling with careful measurement of lighting parameters characterizing various states, qualities and options for luminance composition, light saturation of the interior space, contrast of lighting, etc.
The conclusions of the dissertation give a general picture of the research work performed, the main meaning of which is the belief that the design of lighting in industrial (and in any other) interiors is not limited to providing elementary normalized lighting parameters, but is a complex, sophisticated, and creative task of architectural design where the light – natural and artificial – is the main “actor”, providing functional and aesthetic qualities to the interior.
Advanced Approaches in Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ceballos Bryan , Alexander Michael , Lakey Jonathan R. T.
Published: October 2020

The cure for Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is likely to require an effective strategy for suppressing or evading the immune system. When considering curative treatments, it is almost inevitable to consider novel ways of inducing tolerogenicity to insulin-producing β cells. While the main mechanism of achieving tolerogenicity is restoring regulatory T cell (CD4+CD25+Fox3+) to effector T-cell (CD4+Fox3-) homeostasis, the means of achieving this are multifarious. The advent of a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen was an early indication of how immunotherapeutics affect β-cell function. As newer biologics are developed, suppressing the immune system continues to become more specific and dynamic. An ever-evolving field of immunology has shifted the paradigm of how T1DM is understood, and the repurposing of T-cell-based biotechnology has the potential to change the way that it is treated. Regulatory T cells can be bioengineered to express T-cell receptors with affinity for peptide–human leukocyte antigen complexes that are frequently encountered in T1DM. Exosomes with embedded T-cell receptors can be isolated from regulatory T cells for use as an off-the-shelf therapy.
Impact of Phyiotherapy on the Motor Development of Infants of Different Gender and Getational Age
Authors: Dudonienė Vilma , Danylivienė Dangira , Varnienė Lina
Published: October 2020

Research background. It is very important to recognize children whose motor development deviates from the normal, and it is affected or exposed to risk factors. The biggest attention should be paid on early diagnosis of motor development delay, and abilitation. This would let avoid severe impairments of motor development and complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of physiotherapy on motor development of infants of different gender, gestational age, height, weight, growing in infant home,. Research methods. Were analyzed motor development of 20 randomly selected infants (age 15.7 ± 10.25 weeks), growing in Klaipėda infant home. Subjects received physiotherapy with duration of 3 months. Munich functional developmental diagnostics scale was used to assess the development of three gross motor functions: crawling, sitting and walking. Research results. Before physiotherapy motor coefficient of about twenty percent of infants’ was rated < 50. Physiotherapy  significantly (p < 0.05) improved infants’ gross motor functions: crawling, sitting and walking, and motor coefficient of the large majority of subjects after physiotherapy was rated as normal, i. e. > 70. There were no significant differences in motor coefficients between girls and boys. After physiotherapy motor coefficient of walking in full-term babies was significantly higher compared to preterm born babies (p < 0.05). Motor coefficient of sitting and walking in normal weight babies after physiotherapy was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to low weight babies. After physiotherapy motor coefficient of infants with different height improved significantly, but in taller babies it improved significantly more (p < 0.05) than in shorter babies. Conclusions. Applied physiotherapy significantly improved motor development of infants of different birth age, height and weight, growing in infant home. No significant differences in motor coefficients between girls and boys were identified. Birth age, height and weight are important for motor development.Keywords: physiotherapy, motor coefficient, birth, age, height, weight.
Assessement of Independence and Cognitive Function in Acute Period after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Juodytė Raimonda , Drozdova Margarita , Mingaila Sigitas
Published: October 2020

Research background. According to the WHO, traumatic brain injury in 2020 will be one of the predominant causes of death and disability. Today, traumatic brain injury is a serious social problem, causing high morbidity and mortality, as well as high social costs. The most common traumatic head injury victims are young adults of productive age; that is why professional skills and the quality of health could be affected (Oliveira et al., 2012). The aim of the study was to evaluate independence and levels of cognitive functions of people with traumatic head brain injury. Research methods. Thirty four patients took part in the study. They were 51.5 ± 18.5 years old. The patients were selected according their diagnosis – traumatic head brain injury (S06-S06.9 according IDC-10) and being threated in hospitals (not longer than one week after hospitalization). Consciousness and neurological condition of patients were tested in the study according to Glasgow Coma Scale, independence skills – according to Functional Independence Measure, and cognitive function – according to Cognistat test. Research results. Analysing patients, with TBI, cognitive function disorders using Cognistat test, it was established that construction abilities and memory were the furtherst from the normal level and ability to repeat was the closest. Independence abilities were better while eating, hygiene procedures, going to the toilet, dressing up if cognitive functions were less impaired (p < 0.05). Conclussions. 1. For patients with mild or medium traumatic brain injury, cognitive functions are impaired, memory or construction abilities suffer most of all. 2. The most difficult task is to climb the stairs or wash themselves if patients get TBI. 3. Independence abilities depend on the level of TBI, but not on the level of cognitive function.Keywords: traumatic brain injury, cognitive functions, rehabilitation.
Multiple Sclerosis and Imbalance Visual Interface
Authors: Penkovskienė Jūratė , Imbrasienė Daiva , Paunksnis Alvydas , Slavinskytė Viktorija , Šakalienė Rasa , Juodžbalienė Vilma , Malcienė Lina
Published: October 2020

Research background. In patients with multiple sclerosis vision disorders affect the balance and gait. Impaired balance, gait increases the risk of collapse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationship between visual acuity, balance and gait disorders in people with multiple sclerosis. Research methods. Fullerton balance test, balance confidence scale, up and go test, visual acuity were tested using Snellen methodology with Landolt rings. Research results. Balance of subjects without any visual acuity disorders was significantly better (p < 0.05), gait was also faster in subject without visual acuity disorders, but we did not establish statistical significance (p > 0.05). Conclusions: 1. Balance of subject with multiple sclerosis and decreased visual acuity is impaired, but possibility to fall is low. 2. Balance of subjects with multiple sclerosis and without any visual acuity disorders was significantly better compared to subjects whose had any disorders of visual acuity. Gait in subjects without any visual acuity disorders was faster compared to gait of subjects which decreased visual acuity, but there was no statistical significance established.Keywords: multiple sclerosis, balance, gait, visual acuity disorders.
Relationship Between Dental Occlusion Class, Head Position and Body Posture of The Upper Part of the Body
Authors: Jurgelaitienė Giedrė , Dudonienė Vilma , Jurgelaitis Marius
Published: October 2020

The close anatomical and neuronal (sensory and motor) linkage between the upper cervical spine and the craniofacial section documented in literature accounts for relationships between the jaw position and the inclination of the cervical spine. The issue of relationships between dental occlusion, body posture and temporomandibular disorders is a controversial topic in dentistry, and it is often a source of speculations. A description of the available knowledge about the physiology of the body posture – dental occlusion relationship is fundamental to discuss the possible diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the assessment of body posture in subjects with occlusal abnormalities or patients with temporomandibular disorders. The orthostatic position of the skull is kept by a complex muscular mechanism involving head, neck and shoulder girdle muscles. Since TMJ, cervical spine and occlusion are intimately related, a functional abnormality or the position of one of them may affect the function or the position of the others (Baião da Neiva et al., 2011). Object of the study: relationship between dental occlusion class, head position and body posture of the upper part of the body. Aim of the study: to determine relationship between dental occlusion class, head position and body posture of upper part of the body. Methods and organization of the study: The study involved 52 subjects. Participants were divided into two age groups: first group (n = 42, 20–28 years) and second group (n = 10, 45–49). 1987 W. W. K. Hoeger subjective volunteer’s posture evaluation model, where the deviation from the norm was defined by score, was chosen for the evaluation. Also the posture was rated digitally. Subjects’ photographs of posture were rated by software AutoCAD 2013 programme. Dental occlusion was assessed according to Angle classification. Conclusion: No strong, statistically significant linkage between the evaluated parameters were found. Additional research is needed to ground scientifically based relationship between masticatory system, musculoskeletal system and body posture.Keywords: dental occlusion class, head position, body posture.
Impact of Physiotherapy on Quality of Life and Arm Function after Breast Cancer Surgery in Women of Different Age
Authors: Tvarijonavičienė Aušra
Published: October 2020

Breast cancer is the most common oncological disease among women. After breast cancer surgery women face various physical and psychosocial problems. They often suffer from arm lymphedema, poor posture, and pain. Side effects of breast cancer surgery can greatly affect general physical health and quality of life. To manage the problems it is necessary to apply rehabilitation. The most important part of rehabilitation is physiotherapy with the main aim of helping patients to recover and to achieve their maximum functional level (Hsieh et al., 2008). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of physiotherapy on differently aged women’s arm function after breast cancer surgery. The sample size of the survey was 40 women who were referred for post operative outpatient rehabilitation. The participants were divided into two age groups: I group – women aged 35–49 years (n = 20, average age 42 ± 4.30 yrs.); II group – women aged 50–64 years (n = 20, average age 56 ± 5.39 yrs.). Shoulder range of motion, arm circumference and pain were measured before and after 14 physiotherapy procedures, their general health state and quality of life were assessed as well. Shoulder range of motion increased, arm swelling and pain on the operated side decreased significantly in women of different age. General health status and quality of life after physiotherapy improved significantly both in younger and older women, but there were no significant differences between groups. After breast cancer surgery more than half of the women had psychological problems and were worried about their health in future, and less than half experienced body image problems and faced various social problems. Physical therapy was equally effective for both younger and older women.Keywords: physiotherapy, breast cancer, lymphedema, quality of life.
On the Eco-, Edible and Fast-decomposing Packaging in the Food Industry
Authors: Berketova L. , Polkovnikova V.
Published: October 2020

At the moment, all economically developed countries face the problem of pollution of the surrounding world, and one of the main pollutants is packaging. Packaging helps to preserve its contents from various damages, and informative and attractive packaging is an indispensable attribute of the marketing process. Most products are Packed in a huge amount of film and paper, which is thrown out by the consumer to the landfill. As a result, there are growing landfills for garbage, 40 % of which is disposable packaging. In the conditions of increased demand for so-called healthy food products, the question of packaging this food in no less "healthy" packaging arose. Eco-friendly, biodegradable, and edible packaging is one of the relatively new trends in the field of ecology. The international standard ASTM D-6400 "Standard specification for marking plastics intended for aerobic composting in municipal or industrial facilities" regulates the development of bioplastic mass technologies. According to the Standard specification for compostable plastics, biodegradable and decomposable plastics are classified into the following groups: starch, cellulose and protein based plastics; aliphatic polyesters; polylactic acids; polytrihydroxybutyrate; polyhydroxalkanoates; bio-derived polyethylene and lipid-derived polymers. According to the method of decomposition, bioplastics are divided into compostable plastic and photo-degradable plastics. The range of biodegradable plastics includes: starch; natural polyesters; renewable resource polyesters; synthetic aliphatic polyesters; aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters; hydro-biodegradable polyester; water-soluble polymers; photo-biodegradable plastics and controlled degradation of dietary supplements. In the Russian Federation, the issues of bioplastic production have not been developed and are not legally fixed. Today, the main types of edible packaging include natural casings for meat products, wafer cups for ice cream, craft paper, cardboard, wood, cellulose, and others. Jute bags are a potential biodegradable packaging material. Many companies produce modern disposable eco-friendly dishes made of wood, bamboo, carbonized bamboo, sugar cane and other eco-friendly materials without the use of chemicals.
Understanding Liberal Values in the Modern Russian Cultural and Historical Context
Authors: Nemtsov A.
Published: October 2020

The article attempts to theoretically comprehend the transformation of liberal values in the process of economic and political reforms carried out in Russia after collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the collapse of the world system of socialism. Some approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the “cold war”, as well as its results and outcomes, are analyzed. The article describes the main problems faced by Russian society and the Russian government in connection with the abolition of the Communist ideology. Based on the analysis of these approaches, we propose a hypothetical model of coexistence and confrontation between “two worlds” and two types of man within the framework of the Cristian worldview paradigm, in essence, two concepts of humanism. The author reveals the specifics of Russia’s modern opposition with what took place during the cold war. An attempt is made to understand this confrontation in a more General way.
Cultural and Ethnic Features of Experience of the Chuvash in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Gerasimova K.
Published: October 2020

The article contains the results of study research to determine the cultural and ethnic characteristics of the experience of Chuvash in extreme conditions. Also, given their psychological characteristics and their manifestation in extreme conditions.
The Opioidergic System of Immune Cells: A New Pharmacological Target in the Therapy of “Cytokine Storm”
Authors: Karkischenko V. N. , Pomytkin I. A. , Skvortsova V. I.
Published: October 2020

This article proposes a new pharmacological approach to suppressing “cytokine storm” syndromes based on the use of opioid peptides. Immune cells possess a complete opioid signaling system consisting of all three types of opioid receptors: mu (μ), delta (δ) and kappa (κ). These cells also express proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin and prodinorphin, which serve as precursors for such receptor agonists as β-endorphin, methenkephalin and dynorphins, respectively. A distinct feature of the opioid system of immunocytes consists in an increased expression of all its components in response to the action of cytokines and inﬂammation, which indicates participation of this system in regulating the immune response. It has been recently shown that dynorphins are likely to play an important role in inhibiting the expression of proinﬂammatory cytokines by immune cells through impeding the translocation of the active nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) dimer. Given the key role of the canonical pathway of NF-κB activation in cytokine expression realized when activating a variety of receptors, suppression of this pathway using opioid peptides provides a new pharmacological approach to solving the “cytokine storm” problem. The relevance of this approach is associated with the COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic, the role of the “cytokine storm” in which has been established by numerous studies.
The Combined Use of Leutragin and Pulmonary Surfactant-BL Increases Animal Survival in a Model of Fatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Karkischenko V. N. , Pomytkin I. A. , Gasanov M. T. , Stepanova O. I. , Klesov R. A. , Ogneva N. S. , Savchenko E. S. , Skvortsova V. I.
Published: October 2020

This study aims to investigate effects of leutragin — a stabilized analogue of the endogenous hexapeptide dynorphin 1-6 — in combination with pulmonary surfactant-BL on animal survival in an experimental fatal model of “cytokine storm” and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in C57Bl/6Y mice. Compared to the control, administration of leutragin and pulmonary surfactant-BL in a combined regimen led to a statistically signiﬁcant increase in the survival rate and a decrease in the risk of death in animals with ARDS. It was shown that the suppression of proinﬂammatory cytokine production in the lungs with a simultaneous replenishment of the endogenous surfactant with an exogenous pulmonary surfactant is a promising new pharmacological approach to the treatment of ARDS accompanied by a “cytokine storm”.
Effects of Tocilizumab, an Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonist, on Cytokine Expression and Animal Survival in a Model of Fatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Karkischenko V. N. , Pomytkin I. A. , Petrova N. V. , Maksimenko S. V. , Skripkina M. M. , Levashova A. I. , Dengina S. E.
Published: October 2020

This study aims to investigate effects of tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody to interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptors, on cytokine expression and animal survival in a model of fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) characterized by high mortality rates and increased IL-6 production in the lungs. The expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferons α (IFN-α) and β (IFN-β) in the lungs was assessed by real-time PCR. Cytokine production was assessed by enzyme immunoassay. Although tocilizumab did not affect the expression of the studied cytokines in the lungs of animals with ARDS, it changed the proﬁles of their release. An acute multifold increase in the levels of IL-6 in the lungs was observed in the ﬁrst two hours after the administration of tocilizumab, followed by a decrease of IL-6 to lower values similar to those observed in intact animals. Tocilizumab did not reduce mortality in treated animals with ARDS compared to those without treatment. Thus, the inhibition of the IL-6 receptor signaling pathway alone does not provide an effective solution to the problem of reducing mortality from ARDS associated with the development of a “cytokine storm”.
Neuroisualization of Pharmaco-EEG Effects of Leutragine by Normalized Cat Brain Electrograms
Authors: Fokin Yu. V. , Karkischenko N. N. , Borisova M. M.
Published: October 2020

The central mechanisms of leutragine during inhalational administration were investigated by analyzing normalized brain cat electrograms obtained by the method of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). According to the conducted pharmaco-electroencephalography (pharmaco-EEG) analysis, Leutragine demonstrates a maximum effect on the parameters of brain electrograms approximately 30 minutes after administration followed by its persistence for about 2 hours. The observed effect is characterized predominantly by a deprimation of all analyzed rhythms compared to the initial values. Normalized brain electrograms (NBE) are less pronounced in the area of the hippocampus, although being more pronounced in the area of the cingulate gyrus and posterior hypothalamus. This may indicate the leucinencephaline regulation of intracentral relations of the brain. The most signiﬁcant effects obtained in high-frequency β- and γ-rhythms (about 20–25, 40 and 60 Hz) indicate an increase in the γ-activity of interneurons and inhibition of pyramidal cells, which may indicate an anti-anxiety, antidepressant, antiepileptic, analgesic and similar actions of the substance under study. The NBE parameters were found to identical under the action of Leutragine and the derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (glutamine, gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut), mainly at frequencies of about 40 and 60 Hz. Similar NBE parameters were obtained under the action of nootropics (semax), which is expressed in the activation of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus posterior at frequencies of about 60–65 Hz. This suggests that the action of Leutragine reﬂects the mechanisms of GABAergic modulation of the hippocampus and prefrontal neocortex, at the same time as having a positive effect on mental performance, memory consolidation and cognitive function. Leutragine can be used to model and study mechanisms exhibiting a positive effect in the treatment of diseases caused, among other things, by the new coronavirus infection COVID-19.
Poultry Litter Biochar Increases Mycorrhizal Colonisation, Soil Fertility and Cucumber Yield in a Fertigation System on Sandy Soil
Authors: Solaiman Zakaria M. , Shafi Muhammad Izhar , Beamont Euan , Anawar Hossain M.
Published: October 2020

There is a continuing argument about the benefits of biochar on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, crop growth, yield, and fertility of soil. There is also limited research on the effects of biochar on AM colonization, cucumber yield, and soil fertility improvement. Therefore, this investigation aimed to determine the impact of poultry litter biochar (PLB) on colonization of roots by indigenous AM fungi in agricultural soil and their contribution to cucumber yield, nutrition, and soil fertility improvement. A field trial was conducted to assess the effect of PLB combined with compound poultry manure (CPM) and nitrophos (NP) fertilizer to investigate the response of treatments on nutrient-deficient sandy soils. Plant growth responses to biochar showed better plant growth and yield of cucumber. Application of biochar with and without CPM and NP reduced the negative impact of nutrient deficiency stress on cucumber growth. AM fungal colonization, soil fertility, and cucumber yield were improved with the combined application of biochar, CPM, and NP fertilizer. Post-harvest, soil C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn increased with application of biochar applied with CPM and NP. Biochar application with CPM and NP also increased the percent root colonization of cucumber. Use of biochar with CPM and NP has the potential to improve plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil fertility. Further studies in various agro-ecological conditions would help utilize this technology in sustainable crop production.
Study to Determine Levels of Cadmium in Cocoa Crops Applied to Inland Areas of Peru: “The Case of the Campo Verde-Honoria Tournavista Corridor”
Authors: Rosales-Huamani Jimmy Aurelio , Breña-Ore Jorge Luis , Sespedes-Varkarsel Svitlana , Huamanchumo de la Cuba Luis , Centeno-Rojas Luis , Otiniano-Zavala Alonso , Andrade-Choque Joseps , Valverde-Espinoza Santiago , Castillo-Sequera Jose Luis
Published: October 2020

The presence of cadmium (Cd) in cocoa crops is currently a serious problem for farmers and producers in various regions of South America. Because its exports of cocoa and derivatives to European markets are threatened by possible signs of contamination in cocoa beans for export. Territories with a low organic component predated and exploited by illegal logging, burning and the intensity of unsustainable land use is common in large Amazonian areas in countries of the region. These factors were incorporated in statistical analysis in order to relate them to the contents of Cd in soil, leaves and beans in the study areas located in Peru. Such as the Campo Verde-Honoria-Tournavista corridor (Ucayali Region and Huanuco Region). Cadmium concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a consequence of this study, we determined and concluded that the observed difference in distribution of Cd contents by sectors can be explained by previous land use and age of cocoa crop. Indeed, the average content of Cd in soil in all cocoa growing areas is higher than the standard established by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment (MINAM). However, when the measurements obtained in previously predated and exploited sectors are not considered, the Hotelling’s T2 simultaneous 90% confidence interval contains the value of the Peruvian standard 1.4 mg/kg. Therefore, with this information we prepare a geochemical Cd map in soils for the study area, which will help cocoa producers to identify areas that exceed the allowed Cd values. In this way, we can carry out in the future a mitigation plan for areas with Cd problems, which allows to reduce their content with major challenges to sustainable agriculture and rural development.
Suitability of Black Soldier Fly Frass as Soil Amendment and Implication for Organic Waste Hygienization
Authors: Klammsteiner Thomas , Turan Veysel , Fernández-Delgado Juárez Marina , Oberegger Simon , Insam Heribert
Published: October 2020

Because of its nutritious properties, the black soldier fly has emerged as one of the most popular species in advancing circular economy through the re-valorization of anthropogenic organic wastes to insect biomass. Black soldier fly frass accumulates as a major by-product in artificial rearing set-ups and harbors great potential to complement or replace commercial fertilizers. We applied frass from larvae raised on different diets in nitrogen-equivalent amounts as soil amendment, comparing it to NH4NO3 fertilizer as a control. While the soil properties did not reveal any difference between mineral fertilizer and frass, principal component analysis showed significant differences that are mainly attributed to nitrate and dissolved nitrogen contents. We did not find significant differences in the growth of perennial ryegrass between the treatments, indicating that frass serves as a rapidly acting fertilizer comparable to NH4NO3. While the abundance of coliform bacteria increased during frass maturation, after application to the soil, they were outcompeted by gram-negatives. We thus conclude that frass may serve as a valuable fertilizer and does not impair the hygienic properties of soils.
Tolerance to Drought and Water Stress Resistance Mechanism of Castor Bean
Authors: Papazoglou Eleni G. , Alexopoulou Efthymia , Papadopoulos George K. , Economou-Antonaka Garifalia
Published: October 2020

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a multipurpose crop; its oil has numerous applications worldwide and the last decade demonstrated a growing international demand. The aim of this work was to investigate the level of castor bean tolerance to drought and its possession of a water stress resistance mechanism by applying three different water regimes in a glasshouse pot experiment conducted for two years. The treatments applied were 70% (T70-control), 55% (T55) and 40% (T40) of the available soil moisture. The results showed that the growth parameters height, trunk diameter, and fresh and dry weights of leaves and stems were not affected by the moderate water scarcity (T55), while they were significantly decreased by T40. Significant decrease in leaf number was observed in both T55 (17%) and T40 (27%) plants, with a delay of 4 weeks in the lower treated plants. Leaf area was decreased by 54% and 20% in T55 and T40 respectively, indicating that its reduction was mainly due to a reduction of leaf size than of leaf number. The leaf water potential was increased negatively with increasing stress, showing a water loss and decrease of turgidity in cells. Stomatal resistance was significantly higher at the higher water scarcity and this response indicates a water stress resistance mechanism. This result was also confirmed by the regression analysis performed between stomatal resistance and leaf water potential. In conclusion, castor bean showed a tolerance ability under water stress conditions and its early physiological reaction allows its acclimatization to drought conditions.
IgE Antibodies against Cancer: Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Chauhan Jitesh , McCraw Alex , Nakamura Mano , Osborn Gabriel , Sow Heng , Cox Vivienne , Stavraka Chara , Josephs Debra , Spicer James , Karagiannis Sophia , Bax Heather
Published: October 2020

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are well known for their role in allergic diseases and for contributions to antiparasitic immune responses. Properties of this antibody class that mediate powerful effector functions may be redirected for the treatment of solid tumours. This has led to the rise of a new class of therapeutic antibodies to complement the armamentarium of approved tumour targeting antibodies, which to date are all IgG class. The perceived risk of type I hypersensitivity reactions following administration of IgE has necessitated particular consideration in the development of these therapeutic agents. Here, we bring together the properties of IgE antibodies pivotal to the hypothesis for superior antitumour activity compared to IgG, observations of in vitro and in vivo efficacy and mechanisms of action, and a focus on the safety considerations for this novel class of therapeutic agent. These include in vitro studies of potential hypersensitivity, selection of and observations from appropriate in vivo animal models and possible implications of the high degree of glycosylation of IgE. We also discuss the use of ex vivo predictive and monitoring clinical tools, as well as the risk mitigation steps employed in, and the preliminary outcomes from, the first-in-human clinical trial of a candidate anticancer IgE therapeutic.
Is Antimicrobial Dosing Adjustment Associated with Better Outcomes in Patients with Severe Obesity and Bloodstream Infections? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sirard Stéphanie , Abou Chakra Claire Nour , Langlois Marie-France , Perron Julie , Carignan Alex , Valiquette Louis
Published: October 2020

The impact of adjusted treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with severe obesity is unclear. This study included adults with severe obesity admitted for bloodstream infections between 2005 and 2015. The patients were grouped according to the percentage of the appropriateness of the dosage of their antimicrobial treatment: 80–100% = good, 20–79% = moderate, and 0–19% = poor. The association between antimicrobial adjustment and a composite of unfavourable outcomes [intensive care unit stay ≥72 h, duration of sepsis >3 days, length of stay ≥7 days or all-cause 30-day mortality] was assessed using logistic regression. Of 110 included episodes, the adjustment was rated good in 47 (43%) episodes, moderate in 31 (28%), and poor in 32 (29%). Older age, Pitt bacteremia score ≥2, sepsis on day 1, and infection site were independent risk factors for unfavourable outcomes. The level of appropriateness was not associated with unfavourable outcomes. The number of antimicrobials, consultation with an infectious disease specialist, blood urea nitrogen 7–10.9 mmol/L, and hemodialysis were significantly associated with adjusted antimicrobial dosing. While the severity of the infection had a substantial impact on the measured outcomes, we did not find an association between dosing optimization and better outcomes.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers of Natural Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Borges Alexandra , de Freitas Victor , Mateus Nuno , Fernandes Iva , Oliveira Joana
Published: October 2020

Phenolic compounds are one of the most widespread classes of compounds in nature, with several beneficial biological effects being associated with their anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. Their application in the prevention or treatment of numerous chronic diseases have been studied, but a major drawback is still the low bioavailability of these compounds, as well as their instability towards pH, temperature, and light in some cases. Nanotechnology has emerged as an alternative to overcome these limitations, and the use of lipidic encapsulation systems is a promising technique to achieve an efficient drug delivery, protecting molecules from external factors and improving their bioavailability. In this review, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers are highlighted as an important tool for the improvement of the bioavailability and stability of natural phenolic compounds, including their preparation methods and functionalization approaches and the discussion of several applications for putative use in cosmetic and pharmacologic products.
Allium subhirsutum L. as a Potential Source of Antioxidant and Anticancer Bioactive Molecules: HR-LCMS Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Study
Authors: Badraoui Riadh , Rebai Tarek , Elkahoui Salem , Alreshidi Mousa , N. Veettil Vajid , Noumi Emira , A. Al-Motair Khaled , Aouadi Kaïss , Kadri Adel , De Feo Vincenzo , Snoussi Mejdi
Published: October 2020

This study investigated Allium subhirsutum L. (AS) anticancer and antioxidant effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in a murine model of skeletal metastases due to inoculation of Walker 256/B cells. Phytochemical composition of AS extract (ASE) was studied by High Resolution-Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (HR-LCMS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) were determined. In vitro, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by reducing power and antiradical activity against DPPH. Cancer cells’ proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic development and angiogenesis were evaluated using Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells. The p-coumaric acid was the major phenolic acid (1700 µg/g extract). ASE showed high levels of TPC and TFC and proved potent antioxidant effects. ASE inhibited Walker 256/B and MatLyLu cells’ proliferation (Half-maximal inhibitory concentration: IC50 ≃ 150 µg/mL) and induced apoptosis. In silico and in vivo assays confirmed these findings. ASE effectively acts as a chemo-preventive compound, induces apoptosis and attenuates angiogenesis and osteolytic metastases due to Walker 256/B malignant cells.
Protection of Polyphenols against Glyco-Oxidative Stress: Involvement of Glyoxalase Pathway
Authors: Cianfruglia Laura , Morresi Camilla , Bacchetti Tiziana , Armeni Tatiana , Ferretti Gianna
Published: October 2020

Chronic high glucose (HG) exposure increases methylglyoxal (MGO)-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and is involved in the onset of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and chronic-degenerative diseases. Under physiologic conditions the harmful effects of MGO are contrasted by glyoxalase system that is implicated in the detoxification of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS) and maintain the homeostasis of the redox environment of the cell. Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and present various health benefits. Aims of the study were to investigate the effects of HG-chronic exposure on glyco-oxidation and glyoxalase system in intestinal cells, using CaCo-2 cells. Moreover, we studied the effect of apple polyphenols on glyco-oxidative stress. Our data demonstrated that HG-treatment triggers glyco-oxidation stress with a significant increase in intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, AGEs, and increase of Glyoxalase I (GlxI) activity. On the contrary, Glyoxalase II (GlxII) activity was lower in HG-treated cells. We demonstrate that apple polyphenols exert a protective effect against oxidative stress and dicarbonyl stress. The increase of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH) levels in HG-treated cells in the presence of apple polyphenols was associated with a decrease of GlxI activity.
Calibration of Melt, Shear Modulus, and Flow Stress Models for Cerium Subjected to Intensive Dynamic Loading
Authors: Zocher Marvin A. , Plohr JeeYeon N. , Burakovsky Leonid
Published: October 2020

Calibration parameters are developed for melt, shear modulus, and flow stress models for cerium subjected to dynamic loading. Parametric calibration is developed for the Lindemann melt law and for the shear modulus and flow stress models of Steinberg, Cochran, and Guinan.
Effect of Laser Remelting on Wear Behavior of HVOF-Sprayed FeCrCoNiTiAl0.6 High Entropy Alloy Coating
Authors: Chen Lijia , He Dingyong , Han Bing , Guo Zhen , Zhang Li , Lu Longxing , Wang Xu , Tan Zhen , Zhou Zheng
Published: October 2020

In this study, a laser remelting process was applied to the FeCrCoNiTiAl0.6 high entropy alloy coating in order to improve the density and the surface quality of the coating. The coating was fabricated by high-velocity-oxygen-fuel (HVOF) technology. The microstructure and phase composition of the coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). Moreover, the wear behavior of the coating was evaluated by use of a ball-on-disc test. The coating was denser after laser remelting treatment by eliminating the previous lamellar structure. The microstructure of the laser-remelted coating exhibits two body-centered cubic (BCC) phases, which is different from the HVOF coating. In addition, aluminum oxide formed during laser remelting. Different from the wear mechanism of the HVOF coating, which comprised abrasion and fatigue, the major wear of the laser remelted coating was abrasion.
Structural Hierarchy-Enhanced Network Representation Learning
Authors: Li Cheng-Te , Lin Hong-Yu
Published: October 2020

Network representation learning (NRL) is crucial in generating effective node features for downstream tasks, such as node classification (NC) and link prediction (LP). However, existing NRL methods neither properly identify neighbor nodes that should be pushed together and away in the embedding space, nor model coarse-grained community knowledge hidden behind the network topology. In this paper, we propose a novel NRL framework, Structural Hierarchy Enhancement (SHE), to deal with such two issues. The main idea is to construct a structural hierarchy from the network based on community detection, and to utilize such a hierarchy to perform level-wise NRL. In addition, lower-level node embeddings are passed to higher-level ones so that community knowledge can be aware of in NRL. Experiments conducted on benchmark network datasets show that SHE can significantly boost the performance of NRL in both tasks of NC and LP, compared to other hierarchical NRL methods.
Characterization of Quinoa Seeds Milling Fractions and Their Effect on the Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough
Authors: Coțovanu Ionica , Batariuc Ana , Mironeasa Silvia
Published: October 2020

Replacement of refined wheat flour with milling fractions of quinoa seeds represents a useful way for the formulation of value-added baked products with beneficial characteristics to consumers. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition and physical properties of different particle sizes of quinoa flour on Falling number index (FN) and dough rheological properties determined by Mixolab in a planned research based on design of experiment by using full factorial design. The ash and protein contents were higher in medium particle size, whereas the carbohydrates presented a lower value, this fraction having also the highest water absorption and water retention capacity. The reduction of particles led to an increased swelling capacity and a decreased bulk density. The particle size significantly influenced the FN values in linear and quadratic terms (p < 0.05), showing a decrease with the particle size increasing. Particle size decrease significantly increased water absorption and the rate of protein weakening due to heat (C1–2), whereas starch gelatinization rate (C3–2), starch breakdown rate related to amylase activity (C3–4) and starch retrogradation speed (C5–4) decreased. By increasing the amount of quinoa flour (QF) in wheat flour, the dough stability and the torques C2, C3, C4 and C5 followed a decreased trend, whereas water absorption and dough development time rose. Optimization, determined by particle size and level of QF added in wheat flour based on which of the combination gives the best rheological properties, showed that the composite flour containing 8.98% quinoa flour of medium particle size was the most suitable.
Simple Ventilators for Emergency Use Based on Bag-Valve Pressing Systems: Lessons Learned and Future Steps
Authors: Castro-Camus Enrique , Ornik Jan , Mach Cornelius , Hernandez-Cardoso Goretti , Savalia Bhushan , Taiber Jochen , Ruiz-Marquez Armando , Kesper Karl , Konde Srumika , Sommer Caroline , Wiener Julian , Geisel David , Hüppe Franziska , Kräling Gunter , Mross Peter , Nguyen Johnny , Wiesmann Thomas , Beutel Björn , Koch Martin
Published: October 2020

As part of a plethora of global efforts to minimize the negative effects of the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) pandemic, we developed two different mechanisms that, after further development, could potentially be of use in the future in order to increase the capacity of ventilators with low-cost devices based on single-use-bag-valve mask systems. We describe the concept behind the devices and report a characterization of them. Finally, we make a description of the solved and unsolved challenges and propose a series of measures in order to better cope with future contingencies.
cAMP Signaling in Pathobiology of Alcohol Associated Liver Disease
Authors: Elnagdy Mohamed , Barve Shirish , McClain Craig , Gobejishvili Leila
Published: October 2020

The importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cellular responses to extracellular signals is well established. Many years after discovery, our understanding of the intricacy of cAMP signaling has improved dramatically. Multiple layers of regulation exist to ensure the specificity of cellular cAMP signaling. Hence, disturbances in cAMP homeostasis could arise at multiple levels, from changes in G protein coupled receptors and production of cAMP to the rate of degradation by phosphodiesterases. cAMP signaling plays critical roles in metabolism, inflammation and development of fibrosis in several tissues. Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a multifactorial condition ranging from a simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, which might lead to hepatocellular cancer. To date, there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD. Hence, identifying the targets for the treatment of ALD is an important undertaking. Several human studies have reported the changes in cAMP homeostasis in relation to alcohol use disorders. cAMP signaling has also been extensively studied in in vitro and in vivo models of ALD. This review focuses on the role of cAMP in the pathobiology of ALD with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting cAMP signaling for the treatment of various stages of ALD.
Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease in the Context of Tau Pathology
Authors: Perea Juan Ramón , Bolós Marta , Avila Jesús
Published: October 2020

Microglia are the cells that comprise the innate immune system in the brain. First described more than a century ago, these cells were initially assigned a secondary role in the central nervous system (CNS) with respect to the protagonists, neurons. However, the latest advances have revealed the complexity and importance of microglia in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia associated with aging. This pathology is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which forms senile plaques in the neocortex, as well as by the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, a process that leads to the development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Over the past few years, efforts have been focused on studying the interaction between Aβ and microglia, together with the ability of the latter to decrease the levels of this peptide. Given that most clinical trials following this strategy have failed, current endeavors focus on deciphering the molecular mechanisms that trigger the tau-induced inflammatory response of microglia. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on the physiological and pathological functions of tau protein and microglia. In addition, we analyze the impact of microglial AD-risk genes (APOE, TREM2, and CD33) in tau pathology, and we discuss the role of extracellular soluble tau in neuroinflammation.