bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Producing Potentials of Three Freshwater Actinomycetes Isolated from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Sibanda Timothy , Mabinya Leonard V. , Mazomba Ntsikelelo , Akinpelu David A. , Bernard Kim , Olaniran Ademola O. , Okoh Anthony I.
Published: July 2010

Crude extracts of three actinomycetes species belonging to Saccharopolyspora (TR 046 and TR 039) and Actinosynnema (TR 024) genera were screened for antibacterial activities against a panel of several bacterial strains. The extracts showed antibacterial activities against both gram-negative and gram-positive test bacteria with inhibition zones ranging from 8 to 28 mm (TR 046); 8 to15 mm (TR 039); and 10 to 13 mm (TR 024). The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.078 to 10 mg/mL (TR 046); 5 to >10 mg/mL (TR 039); and 1.25 to 5 mg/mL (TR 024). Time-kill studies revealed that crude extract of TR 046 showed strong bactericidal activity against Bacillus pumilus (ATCC14884), reducing the bacterial load by 104 cfu/mL and 102 cfu/mL at 4× MIC and 2× MIC, respectively, after 6 h of exposure. Similarly, against Proteus vulgaris (CSIR 0030), crude extract of TR 046 achieved a 0.9log10 and 0.13log10 cfu/mL reduction at 5 mg/mL (4× MIC) and 1.25 mg/mL (2× MIC) after 12 h of exposure. The extract was however weakly bactericidal against two environmental bacterial strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis); and against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 19582): the extract showed bacteriostatic activities at all concentrations tested. These freshwater actinomycetes appear to have immense potential as a source of new antibacterial compound(s).
Demethylating Agents in the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Howell Paul M. , Liu Zixing , Khong Hung T.
Published: July 2010

Gene silencing resulting from aberrant DNA methylation can lead to tumorigenesis. Therefore, drugs that inhibit or interfere with DNA methylation have been used to reactivate and induce silenced gene re-expression in malignancies. Two demethylating agents, azacitidine and decitabine, are approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and are now considered the standard of care in MDS. In this review, we discuss clinical data, including clinical benefits and toxicities, which led to the approval of azacitidine and decitabine. We also summarize findings from clinical trials that used these two demethylating agents in the treatment of solid tumors. Lastly, we discuss some limitations in the use of azacitidine and decitabine in cancer therapy.
Optimal Configuration of Redundant Inertial Sensors for Navigation and FDI Performance
Authors: Shim Duk-Sun , Yang Cheol-Kwan
Published: July 2010

This paper considers the optimal sensor configuration for inertial navigation systems which have redundant inertial sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometers. We suggest a method to determine the optimal sensor configuration which considers both the navigation and FDI performance. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to show the performance of the suggested optimal sensor configuration method.
Les espaces politiques restreints de la droite radicale espagnole. Une analyse des facteurs politiques de la faiblesse de la nouvelle droite en Espagne
Authors: Llamanzares Ivân , RAMIRO Luis
Published: July 2010

La droite radicale n'a pas été en mesure de construire une offre politique attractive, pas plus qu'elle n'a réussi une présence institutionnelle marquante dans la démocratie espagnole. Cet échec se produit aujourd'hui alors que l'Espagne partage les mêmes caractéristiques socio-économiques que d'autres pays européens, qui eux ont une nouvelle droite radicale importante. À partir de ce constat, cet article analyse l'imbrication de circonstances, afférentes aux jeux et aux institutions politiques, qui ont rendu difficile l'émergence des partis de droite radicale en Espagne. Deux facteurs ont restreint de façon drastique leurs chances. Le premier, c'est leur éclatement au niveau idéologique et organisationnel. Le second, c'est la compétition impulsée par le Partido Popular, dont l'origine, les dispositions et les stratégies lui ont permis d'avoir recours avec succès à l'électorat le plus proche de la droite radicale.
Une méthode pour l'étude de l'organisation interne des sites d'habitat : l'analyse spatiale des ossements animaux. L'exemple de Levroux (Indre) / A method for the study of internal organisation of habitats : animal bones spatial analysis. example at Levroux (Indre)
Authors: Krausz Sophie
Published: July 2010

Une importante collection d'ossements animaux provenant du site laténien de Levroux (Indre) a permis de réaliser une expérience méthodologique. Le but était de découvrir une méthode pertinente d'analyse spatiale adaptée aux contextes archéologiques et aux problématiques actuelles concernant les grands sites d'habitat. A la suite d'une série d'investigations méthodologiques, statistiques et mathématiques, l'application d'un protocole mis en œuvre à partir des collections de chaque espèce animale a permis de cerner différents types de déchets associés, révélant des activités d'origine différente. La répartition des déchets détermine une organisation de l'espace qui n'était pas perceptible auparavant. L'habitat laténien de Levroux est composé de différents quartiers, déterminés par divers types d'activités entourant les animaux : des quartiers de rejets liés à la boucherie, à l'artisanat de l'os et de la corne, à la consommation courante montrent l'image d'une gestion cohérente de l'espace occupé.
L'aménagement hydraulique de la Claise tourangelle et de ses affluents du Moyen-Âge à nos jours / Mills on the claise and its tributaries in Indre-et-Loire from the Middle Ages to modern times
Authors: Guichané Raoul
Published: July 2010

Une approche nouvelle de l'histoire des moulins s'est ébauchée au cours de nos recherches sur l'aménagement de la Claise et de ses affluents. La puissance d'une roue hydraulique dépend de deux impératifs : les lois de la physique et les caractéristiques du cours d'eau qui l'actionne. Comme ces impératifs sont invariants, on peut, dans une certaine mesure, remonter dans le temps si les archives sont insuffisantes. La même approche nous a conduit à définir pour chaque cours d'eau un taux d'utilisation et un taux d'équipement, et à suivre les évolutions de ces taux en fonction du temps et des circonstances. On pourra, de cette façon, étudier, individuellement ou par groupes, les moulins et les cours d'eau impliqués dans ce phénomène historique aux multiples aspects : technique, scientifique, économique, social et même paysager.
La prospection archéologique systématique sur le tracé de l'autoroute A 71 (section Bourges-sud du Cher). lre partie /Systematic archaeological survey along the route of the a 71 motorway (section from Bourges to the Southern limit of the department of the Cher) (Part one)
Authors: Ferdière Alain , Rialland Yannick
Published: July 2010

Between 1979 and 1983 the present authors carried out systematic field-walking preceding the construction of the A. 71 motorway (the section from Bourges to the southern limit of the department of the Cher). This was part of a comprehensive project which continued, until 1984, with surveys and the excavation of sites thus identified, watching-briefs and ultimately the analysis of the data obtained. Only the field- walking component is dealt with here ; the publication of the main excavations is to follow. At the time this was an experimental project with the aim of facilitating cooperation between archeolo- gists and developers in the context of the large-scale works ; to test methods and techniques of survey best suited to various periods and conditions ; and as a multi-period study of settlement in this region of Berry (Champagne, the valley of the Cher and southern Boischaut) from prehistory to the present day, not forgetting landscape archeology and ethnographic aspects. Following on introduction to the theoretical frame-work of the project and the methods employed, the results are presented according to the different periods of human habitation.
Contribution de l'archéomagnétisme à l'étude du gisement du Bronze final 3b de Lignât (Saint-Georges-ès-Allier, Puy-de-Dôme) / The contribution of archaeomagnetism to the study of the late Bronze age 3b site of Lignat (Saint- Georges-ès-Allier, Puy-de-Dôme)
Authors: Gardette Guillemette , Moutmir Abdelkrim , Surmely Fréderic
Published: July 2010

La fouille de sauvetage menée sur le site de Lignât à la fin de l'année 1991 a permis de dégager les vestiges d'une occupation dont la principale phase peut être datée du Bronze final 3b. Il s'agit d'un petit établissement qui groupait quelques habitations. Les vestiges découverts traduisent l'importance des activités agro-pastorales et artisanales, sans que l'on puisse déceler les traces d'une spécialisation bien marquée. Parmi les témoins domestiques, il faut noter la présence de plaques-foyers dont certaines ont connu plusieurs réutilisations visibles. Pourtant, il semble que la durée d'occupation du site ait été plutôt brève. Ce diagnostic de terrain a été confirmé par les études archéomagnétiques qui ont permis, en outre, de calculer une direction archéomagnétique à partir de deux structures jugées contemporaines et de mettre en évidence le remaniement partiel de l'une d'entre elles. Ces résultats montrent le grand intérêt de mener de semblables études qui apparaissent particulièrement prometteuses pour la datation et la caracterisation des occupations pré et protohistoriques.
Les pratiques funéraires au couvent et monastère de l'Ave Maria de Paris de la fin du Moyen-Âge à l'époque moderne / Burial customs at the convent and monastery of the Ave Maria in Paris from the end of the Middle Ages to the modern period
Authors: Du Bouëtiez de Kerorguen Emmanuelle
Published: July 2010

L'Ave Maria de Paris (XVe-XVIIe s.), situé au cœur de la capitale, regroupait un monastère de clarisses et un couvent de cordeliers. Les fouilles ont porté sur l'église et ses abords immédiats. Elles ont mis au jour une centaine de sépultures, riches d'enseignement sur des pratiques funéraires peu connues dans le contexte franciscain de stricte observance : laïcs et cordeliers dans la nef (ces derniers ayant la tête à l'est), moniales en pleine terre à l'extérieur de l'église. Souvent trouvés de façon marginale ce sont ici vingt cercueils et deux cœurs de plomb qui ont été exhumés. En usage depuis l'Antiquité, ils connurent un développement sans précédent à l'époque moderne et particulièrement au XVIIe s.
Le "palais" de Limeray : Une étude de bâti en Indre-et-Loire / The "palace" at Limeray: an architectural survey in Indre-et-Loire
Authors: Scheffer Marie-Ève , Serre Sylvie
Published: July 2010

Une étude de bâti a été réalisée sur un édifice situé dans la commune de Limeray (Indre-et-Loire) en avril et mai 1994. Après l'analyse des éléments remarquables de ce bâtiment, appelé " Le Palais " à l'Époque moderne, les auteurs proposent des hypothèses de fonction. Plutôt qu'à une maison polyvalente urbaine, l'édifice semble s'apparenter à une salle de justice implantée dans une agglomération secondaire.
Une maison de ville du bas Moyen Age à Étampes (Essonne), rue de La Roche-Plate / A town-house of the late Middle Ages at Etampes (Essonne), rue de La Roche Plate
Authors: Dufour Jean-Yves , Claude Caroline , Dhénin Michel
Published: July 2010

Une fouille de sauvetage réalisée pendant l'été 1993 au 53 rue de La Roche-Plate, a permis de mettre au jour à Étampes, une maison du bas Moyen Âge. Le niveau bas d'un bâtiment observé à l'angle d'une voirie présente deux phases d'aménagement datables du XIVe siècle. Une cheminée et les restes d'une cuve en mortier hydraulique peuvent s'interpréter dans un cadre domestique ou s'intégrer dans un contexte artisanal. Une fosse maçonnée riche en mobilier céramique témoigne de l'occupation du site au XIIIe siècle.
Le cimetière celtique de Cortrat (Loiret) / The celtic burial ground at Cortrat (Loiret)
Authors: Rapin André , Zurfluh Hubert
Published: July 2010

The second restoration phase of the metallic objects of this small cemetery of the evolution of the latenian armament of the ancient phases of the second iron age. The assembly techniques and the repairing of the " iron scabbard " have become, thanks to the technological analysis of this very deteriorated documentation, a precious contribution for the diachronic classification of the arms. The frequent association between one "spear type ", a sword module and the decoration of the corresponding "scabbard " allowed to better define the hypothesis of a latenien panoply characteristic of the IVth century before Christ. Finally, on the regional perspective, this modest necropolis situated on the south side of the Seine Basin has allowed the analysis of an ancient documentation, non identified until now. The hypothesis of it's attribution to the Northern Senons opens to new questions concerning the migration of the Senons of the Adriatic and concerning their possible origins.
Note sur des importations gréco-italiques en Région Centre : quelques éléments méconnus / Notes on greco-italic importations in the Région Centre : some previously unknown elements
Authors: Ferdière Alain
Published: July 2010

Deux petits bronzes découverts l'un à Binas (Loir-et-Cher), l'autre à Orléans, semblent correspondre à des objets d'importation italico-étrusques du Ier Âge du Fer.
La villa gallo-romaine de Richebourg (Yvelines)
Authors: Barat Yvan
Published: July 2010

The Gallo-Roman villa of Richebourg in the west of the Ile-de-France lies on the border between the Carnutes and the Aulerci Eburovices, on the road from Paris to Dreux of the Itinerary of Antoninus. A villa was first built immediately after Julius Caesar's conquest. The succeeding buildings of the Augustan era are of monumental appearance indicative of the social and political importance of the owners. A large "fortified " tower/granary suggests a fiscal role, perhaps to do with the corn supply (annona). Also notable is a garden area with a plantation plan of flower pots, as well a sizeable sanctuary zone. In the middle of the third century, the site was abandonned by the owner. Howewer, considerable agricultural activity continued up to the last decade of the third century.
Étude d'un lot de mobilier du Néolithique moyen II d'affinité nord-orientale découvert à Lapalisse (Allier) / Study of a set of ceramics dating from mid Neolithic age II, showing north-eastern affinity, discovered at Lapalisse (Allier)
Authors: Liegard Sophie , Urgal Alain , Fourvel Alain , Liégard Denis
Published: July 2010

The site of Chez Duret at Lapalisse was the object of an exploratory pre-digging, in 1996, which

made it possible to collect an important set of mid neolithic ceramics. This ceramics presents forms inherited from the chassean culture, but the list denotes a very strong north-eastern influence, especially from the Burgundian Mid Neolithic group (N.M.B.).
Nouvelles recherches sur les travaux césariens devant Gergovie (1995-1999) / New research on the caesarian works in front of Gergovia
Authors: Deberge Yann , Guichard Vincent , Feugère M. , Leguet D. , Tourlonias D.
Published: July 2010

Des travaux de recherches ont récemment été entrepris afin de vérifier le tracé des vestiges mis au jour au XIXe s. au pied de l'oppidum de Gergovie et identifiés alors aux ouvrages de siège de César. Ces travaux, tout en confirmant l'exactitude des recherches anciennes, apportent des éléments nouveaux concernant la fonction et la datation des fossés découverts.
Lugdunum en territoire Ségusiave : les limites occidentales de la colonie retrouvées ? / Lugdunum in Segusiavan territory : western limits of the refund colony
Authors: Celli Pascal , Garraud Colette , Litaudon Jean-Claude , Cervantes Serge
Published: July 2010

La découverte d'un fanum en prospection - dans le prolongement de prospections de grande

ampleur - entre Saint-Chamond (42) et les abords de Lyon (69) a amené, par recoupement, à mettre en valeur la zone frontière séparant la colonie de Lyon à l'ouest du territoire Ségusiave, territoire aux dépens duquel elle s'est étendue. Cette étude a été réalisée en confrontant différents critères d'ordre topographique, toponymique et archéologique (prospections ciblées et complémentaires).
Une occupation mésolithique du boréal dans la vallée de l'Oise : le site des "Prés-Saint-Laurent" à Beaumont-sur-Oise (Val d'Oise) / A mesolithic occupation in the Oise valley of the boreal: the «Pré-Saint-Laurent» at Beaumont-sur-Oise (Val-d'Oise)
Authors: Souffi Bénédicte
Published: July 2010

L'occupation à l'époque mésolithique du site des "Prés-Saint-Laurent" à Beaumont-sur-Oise est

attestée par la présence de 52 armatures caractéristiques et confirmée par l'abondance de restes bruts issus d'un débitage lamellaire. L'occupation semble se rattacher au stade moyen du Mésolithique (Boréal) par la présence d'armatures typiques (pointes à base retouchée et géométriques), et en raison de l'absence d'armatures relatives à un Mésolithique récent (absence de trapèzes et feuilles de gui) et de témoins d'un débitage de type Montbani. Ce dernier point confère une certaine cohérence chronologique à la série, à l'échelle du Boréal. L'objectif principal de cet article est de présenter les caractéristiques chrono-culturelles de cette occupation mésolithique dont la durée sera toutefois difficile à déterminer (occupation unique de longue durée ou succession d'occupations courtes saisonnières). Cette présentation se fera principalement à partir de l'assemblage d'armatures, cohérent sur le plan typologique et considéré comme le moins ambigu, face à la présence intrusive de quelques éléments néolithiques et paléolithiques.
L'enclos cultuel de Corent (Puy-de-Dôme) : festins et rites collectifs / The ritual enclosure of Corent (Puy-de- Dôme) : feasting and ceremonials
Authors: Poux Matthieu , Deberge Yann , Foucras Sylvain , Gasc Julie , Pasquier Dorian , Guichard Vincent , Malacher Fernand
Published: July 2010

Renewed excavations on the sanctuary of Corent have revealed a rectangular enclosure, preceding

a monumental gallery from the roman period. The ditches produced many finds, mainly sheep bones and amphorae sherds dating back to the 1st Century B.C. (La Tène D2). Such deposits characterise, better than weapons or coins, cultual activities punctuated by public feasts with animal sacrifices and wine libations. The parallel with recent discoveries brings to light a new pattern of gallic sanctuary, specifically dedicated to feasting. Detailed study of the deposits allows a precise analysis of these ceremonials. Their relationship with other objects (weapons, ceramic and metal vessels, coins, tokens, rings, brooches...) reveals the role they played in the political organisation and evolution of the Arverni territory in the late Iron Age. Probably founded in the 2nd century B.C., the enclosure was removed during the roman Conquest to make room for the monumental development of the sanctuary, that lasted until the 3rd century A.D.
« Wages and Prices Guideposts ». L'expérience des principes directeurs en matière de salaires et de prix aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Caire Guy
Published: July 2010

La pratique des principes directeurs en matière de salaires et de prix, politique des revenus informelle et non autoritaire, est une expérience s'efforçant de préserver l'équilibre interne de l'économie américaine menacée par une poussée des coûts salariaux et son équilibre externe compromis par des difficultés de la balance des paiements. Pour cela, des directives sont formulées à partir de 1962 par le Comité des conseillers économiques. L'accueil réservé à ces recommandations n'a pas été très favorable ; des critiques juridiques ou sociales nombreuses ont été formulées à leur encontre. Cette politique, qui semble cependant avoir porté certains fruits, a été à l'origine d'une réflexion économique appro­fondie. Elle soulève en effet une série de problèmes : problèmes de méthodologie statistique puisque sa formulation ou le jugement qu'on peut porter sur elle (à la suite des travaux de Perry) reposent sur une comparaison des évolutions de prix, revenus et productivités ; problèmes d'analyse économique puisque se trouvent soulevées les questions complémentaires des causes du processus inflationniste et de l'efficacité d'une action sur les revenus ; problèmes enfin de politique écono­mique dans la mesure où l'on est conduit à se demander si la formulation des objectifs a été suffisamment claire et si la sélection des instruments retenus a été la plus judicieuse.
Psychologie cognitive et analyse des décisions économiques
Authors: Schmidt Christian
Published: July 2010

Cognitive Psychology and Economic Decision-Making The topic of the paper is to explain how the economic theories of decision- making have been transformed by the recent contributions of the cognitive psychology, through Khaneman and Tversky's prospect theory. A first part, in an historical perspective, reminds the use of German psychophysiolo- gists'discoveries by the British margi- nalists at the end of XIXe century. A second part is devoted to the analysis of prospect theory, as the starting point of a new paradigme and discusses some of its applications, namely in behavioral finance. A last part wonders about the ways for cognitive psychology to penetrate game theory.
Une analyse économique de la concurrence fiscale
Authors: Raspiller Sébastien
Published: July 2010

An Economic Analysis of Tax Competition The question of tax competition is of great importance for France, generally considered as poorly rated in this competition. The first part of this paper examines the messages delivered by the theoretical literature on tax competition. These messages remain inconclusive. One fundamental reason is that similar models can reach opposite conclusions depending on the behavioural assumptions that are made concerning states. This theoretical deadlock did not preclude the development of more pragmatic approaches, which are reviewed in the second half of the paper.
Le rôle des interactions dans les choix fiscaux des agglomérations françaises
Authors: Paty Sonia
Published: July 2010

The Role of Interactions in the Tax Choices of the French Cities The aim of this article is to explain the French agglomerations tax choices and more particularly the role of horizontal and vertical tax interactions in the choice of their local business tax. Initially, we build a model of local tax choice which takes into account both externalities. Then we estimate this model using the spatial econometrics techniques for the year 2004. We test the assumption that the rate of local business tax chosen by an agglomeration depends on those of the concurrent agglomerations, the departmental rate and the regional rate. We observe significant tax interactions between the French agglomerations. In addition, the local and departmental tax rates appear to be strategic complements. On the other hand, the regional rates do not seem to influence significandy the French agglomerations tax choices.
Que peut-on attendre des Contrats Nouvelle Embauche ?
Authors: Cahuc Pierre , Carcillo Stéphane
Published: July 2010

cole. Il ressort de cette analyse que le CNE devrait augmenter les embauches mais aussi les licenciements. Dans ce contexte, le CNE pourrait entraîner, à terme, 70 000 emplois supplémentaires, mais au prix d'une légère détérioration du bien-être des demandeurs d'emploi. Nous montrons aussi qu'une réforme étendant et complétant l'introduction du CNE par une réduction sensible du coût de la procédure du licenciement économique, compensée par des indemnités de licenciement plus généreuses, serait susceptible d'avoir un fort impact sur l'emploi : à terme, 250 000 emplois supplémentaires seraient créés et le bien-être des demandeurs d'emploi serait amélioré.
Les réseaux de relations : quelles perspectives pour l'économie du marché du travail ?
Authors: Fontaine François
Published: July 2010

François Fontaine Les réseaux de relations : quelles perspectives pour l'économie du marché du travail ? Nous proposons une revue de la littérature empirique et théorique sur les interactions qui lient les réseaux de relations et le marché du travail. Bien que plus d'un tiers des emplois soient pourvus par l'intermédiaire des réseaux, leur effet sur l'efficacité du marché du travail ou sur les inégalités et leur reproduction reste encore mal compris. Les nombreux travaux empiriques et la diversité de leurs résultats posent le problème de savoir si nous sommes en mesure de dépasser cette diversité pour comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents. Cette compréhension est essentielle si l'on souhaite réfléchir aux politiques économiques adaptées. L'analyse théorique, tout en restant encore aujourd'hui modeste dans sa portée, apporte quelques éléments de réponse.
L'amérique et ses pauvres, de Roosevelt à Reagan
Authors: Kaspi André
Published: July 2010

America and its poor, from Roosevelt to Reagan, André Kaspi

While Roosevelt's New Deal seemed promised to eternity, the economic crisis has led to a rejection of the costly beneflts of the Welfare State. The author tells its history, that of the heroic times of the 1930s when the government created it from scratch, and that of the 1960s, when prosperity recovered made the scandal of mass poverty unbearable to J. Kennedy. This led to legislation which modified substantially the social landscape in the United States. Today, the President no longer has a free hand . Welfare is denigrated, but poverty is still the « throbbing pain » of such a rich country.
Le parti communiste français à l'épreuve des années noires
Authors: Azéma Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

The French Communist Party during the ordeal of the dark years, Jean-Pierre Azéma.

Recent French publications and yet unpublished communications to a colloquium held in Paris in October 1983 indicate the progress in research on a particularly difflcult and still very contentious period in the history of the French Communist Party : that which started after Munich (1938) and ended with the laun-ching of the National Front (1941). The Party's geography and membership are better known. When it was hit by the war, the Party was losing momentum, but in the autumn of 1941, with 10 to 12,000 devoted militants, it was still the main organized force. The value of its cadres and the strength of its social roots can be perceived better. But divergent interpretations of its strategic line (whether dictated by the Komintern, or continually responsive to the theme of national independence) do not yet make it possible to give a clear answers to the central questions : when, why and how did the French Communist Party join the Resistance ?
C'est un très périlleux héritage que guerre
Authors: Contamine Philippe
Published: July 2010

«A very perilous heritage is war»

Philippe Contamine.

The medieval millennium is perceived as a long era of violence, with punitive expeditions and private wars as the most spectacular feature of the feudal System. Despite the efforts of the Church and later of the royal power, public insecurity could long be confused with the state of war in the modem sense. The major conflicts of the Middle Ages, and particularly the Hundred Years' War, caused real traumas among the people and disturbed the balance of society and power. Nevertheless, all things considered, the effects of the wars do not appear so negative. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the comparison between devastated France and better protected England is not so unfavourable to the country of Joan of Arc.
L'évolution à long terme de la nationalisation en France
Authors: Bauchet Pierre
Published: July 2010

The long term evolution of French nationalization, Pierre Bauchet.

A point by point comparison of the nationalizations of the 1930s, of 1945-1946 and of 1982 shows the originality of those of the Liberation. Their motives were in keeping with pre-war hopes. The urgency of a purge and the political conditions of the country helped to make them well accepted, and the management methods of the new national firms were to set the way for others. Today, however, the idea of nationalization is in a crisis. Having gone in 1982 beyond the limits set in 1945, France might do well to ponder : should there be denationalization ?
Les troubles du nord-constantinois en mai 1945
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

The North Constantine demonstration of May 1945 an insurrectional attempt ?, Charles-Robert Ageron. In May 1945, very violent demonstrations broke out in Algeria. Since then, various explanations have been given in an attempt to understand something that European public opinion hardly noticed. For some, it was an insurrectional attempt ; for others, hunger riots or a peasant uprising. All such theses were based on political biases. New sources now make it possible to evaluate better both the divergent interpretations of the events, the number of victims and the state of political forces of a budding nation. Thus the idea of a colonialist provocation or that of an Algerian Popular Party maneuvre can be rejected. On the other hand, the APP's leaders' hesitations concerning strategy and their catastrophic consequence on the movement itself can no longer be neglected. The demonstrations now appear to have been essential as preparations for the Algerian revolution.
Vienne fin de siècle
Authors: Pollak Michael
Published: July 2010

Vienna at the end of last century. The limits of the historic example, Michael Pollak.

The cultural flowering of Vienna at the end of the 19th century fascinates many historians. They try to elucidate the apparent contradiction between the political decline of the Empire, undermined by the powerlessness of authoritarianism as of liberalism, ready to sink under the shock of the First world war, and the extraordinary artistic, literary, and philosophic flowering of its capital. Searching for their cultural identity, writers, journalists, and artists contributed to the glow and influence of a nation which was playing a lesser economic and diplomatic role. Is it proper to use this historical case to make a parallel with situations which are different in time and space, such as the United States in the 1970s? In history, what are the limits of historic example ?
Mickey go home !
Authors: Ory Pascal
Published: July 2010

Mickey go home! The de-Americanization of the comic strip (1945-1950), Pascal Ory.

American cultural hegemony, which had reached France even before the Second World War, became more marked after 1945. In the case of the comic strip, a Francophone tradition succeeded in resisting the influence of American funnies. Thanks to protectionist legislation, a «moderate synthesis», joining moralism and modernity inspired by Catholic movements, managed to impose a style, a « clean line », which long ensured the reputation of a French-Belgian school (Herge, Jacobs, Franquin, etc.) at the expense of American heroes.
La micro-informatique en territoire historien
Authors: Zysberg André , Rousso Henry
Published: July 2010

Micro-data processing in the historians' territory. A talk with Andre Zysherg.

In the 1960s, heavy data processing invaded the historians' territory but change basically neither the topics nor the methods of history. While it undoubtedly made a contribution, its results are nevertheless negative on the whole. Today, micro data processing makes it possible to have greater and easier access to certain efficient techniques. But historians must learn to recognize the objective limits of such a to and not rely only on the computer to improve their research.
Le fascisme italien et la vision du futur
Authors: Milza Pierre
Published: July 2010

Italian fascism and the vision of the future, Pierre Milza

Mussolini's vision of the future was primarily a banal imperialist plan : fascist Italy would break out of the bars of the " Mediterranean prison " and would surge forward, great among the greats of the 21st century, on to the ocean and towards India. Already in 1937, in a draft by Il Duce, Europa 2000, there were totalitarian omens : the appeal for more births and the plan of " cultural revolution " were meant to fashion a "new man ". But how could the very conservative official ideal of an Imperial Roman soldier-laborer be reconciled with the indispensable futurism of such geopolitics ? Only war, Mussolini thought, could resolve this contradiction.
Lectures sur les avenirs flous de la longue crise
Authors: Bouvier Jean
Published: July 2010

Reading on the hazy futures of the long crisis, Jean Bouvier

Since 1973, the world economy has settled into the long crisis which tolls the end of our intellectual haughtiness. The crisis had not been foreseen in the scenarios of the future worked out at the time growth. Nevertheless, however flawed, economic forecasting, probability, and futurology are indispensable. Futurology, above all, which attempts to organize the unpredictable by transforming an imprecise future into a multitude of possible futures. To challenge this — an easy task when one rereads, as the author does, the most recent works — does not preclude making hypotheses for the end of the 1980s. In France, they can be summed up in three fateful terms : low growth, unemployment, inflation.
Vichy, le grand fossé
Authors: Rousso Henry
Published: July 2010

Vichy, the big split, Henry Rousso

The Vichy regime undoubtedly was the result of a specific crisis, the prisoner of a war contingency. However, the Marshal Pétain's regime purposely played on the old wounds which split the French, those of the 1930s as well as older ones, such as the Dreyfus affair or even that of 1789. It is very much the archetype of the Franco-French wars. More proof of that is to be found in the conflicts which it produced after 1945, at the time of the Cold War, under de Gaulle, and again at the present time.
L'union sacrée, l'exception qui confirme la règle
Authors: Becker Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2010

The Sacred Union - the exception which confirms the rule ?, Jean-Jacques Becker. The Sacred Union ! This historic precedent haunts French collective memory, and feeds the speeches advocating national unity. In 1914, the feeling was indeed virtually unanimous : national defense demanded that political cleavages be put aside. It is clear that this strong national feeling carried at first more weight than the centrifugal forces. Soon, however, the reference to the Sacred Union became tainted by second thoughts : the call for consensus had partisan motives. This second version, opposed in its very essence to any democratic peace time functioning, prevailed in later attempts, which explains their failure. Never after, not even in 1939, were there anything but partial Sacred Unions.
Les progrès du consensus
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

The progress of consensus, René Rémond

The France of dissension so visible, should not hide the France of agreement conquered step by step. Through crises and clashes, France has learned some minimal rules which shore up democracy. Physical violence and extremism have retreated ; indifference toward religion has put on end to some old quarrels ; the electorate has become more homogeneous. With the passing of time, from one century to another, France has in disagreement learned democracy and made, limping along, progress in national consensus.
Marseille, ville de migrations
Authors: Témime Emile
Published: July 2010

Marseille, a city of immigration, Emile Témime.

Marseille, a city of ail dangers ? National fancy quickly associates insecurity and immigration. To retrace the history of the migratory waves which reached the shores of the Phocaean city is to try, beyond successive stereotypes to reconstitute the phenomenon of sedimentation in this crossroads and asylum city. And to ask questions about the effect of these waves on Marseille's population and urban space.
L'immigration maghrébine en France
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

North African immigration in France : a historical overview, Charles-Robert Ageron.

The number of North Africans now living in France equals that of the Europeans present in North Africa at the end of the colonial period. Starting from this " ruse of history ", the author recalls some obvious facts which seem to have been forgotten in the present discussion on immigration. Until 1959, the massive importation of North African workers did not stem from calculations of business leaders or French officials. Conversely, it was not only under-development, under-employment and overpopulation which made so many North Africans cross the Mediterranean : imagination also played its role ; the call of the " paradise of man " excited the social mobility of these people. Everything changed in the 1950s, when immigration became a family process of a permanent nature and the French realized this alteration.
L'évolution des attitudes politiques des immigrés maghrébins
Authors: Leveau Rémy , Wihtol de Wenden Catherine
Published: July 2010

The changing political attitudes of North African immigrants, Rémy Leveau, Catherine Wihtol de Wenden.

From 1925 to 1962, the thirst for independence took the place of other political demands for the North African, mostly Algerian, immigrants in France. But since Algeria's independence, in the winding context of Franco-Algerian relations, these immigrants have experienced a painful double break : with their fatherland, to which they will not return ; with their second country, which offers them a precarious status. However, since 1968, their installation in the heart of production and their relative assimilation in French society, with the phenomenon of the " second generation " and the feminization of immigration, are leading them to try out forms of compromise which will allow them to cross the frontiers of the French political space.
L'Allemagne fédérale se penche sur son passé
Authors: François Étienne
Published: July 2010

West Germany focuses on its past, Etienne François.

The Federal Republic of Germany is no longer a country without a past, suffering from amnesia after the trauma of Nazism. A strong desire for history stirs its inhabitants who crowd exhibitions and devour books. This exaltation and this rediscovery of the past are mobilising the historical profession, strongly divided and prone to polemics. In the multiplication of research, the critical sensibility of an Alltagsgeschichte, very attentive to the fringes and to daily life, is very promising. But the much-fought historicism has not given up and the social premises of this renewal of history are not always clearly formulated.
Sur l'analyse historique des phénomènes électoraux : les attentes d'un politologue
Authors: Gaxie Daniel
Published: July 2010

The historical analysis of electoral phenomena. The expectations of a political scientist, Daniel Gaxie.

In his own language, a political scientist questions electoral histories and wishes for a better coordination of the respective efforts of history and political science to break through the voting secrets of contemporary France. His argumentation and questions deal essentially with the problems of electoral mobilization, of electoral behavior and of voting procedures. How has the voting reflex been acquired since 1848 ? What was the exact role of political parties in educating the electorate ? What is it that makes one vote for a political family : socio-demographic characteristics, more irrational forces, the mood of the times or political marketing ?
La gauche sait-elle gérer la France ? (1936-1937/1981-1984)
Authors: Franck Robert
Published: July 2010

Does The Left know how to manage France (1936-1937 / 1981-1984), Robert Franck.

The comparison between the economic policies of the 1936 Popular Front and those of the left of 1981 is inevitable. Not only does the memory of 1936 obsess Pierre Mauroy's first governments, but the similarities are also striking. The two experiences follow a chronology which displays the same rhythm. Both are conditioned by constraints - « inheritances » - of the same type, and primarily by a major economic crisis. The record of one leads to questions about the other.
"Bac-génération 84". L'enseignement du temps présent en terminale
Authors: Cornette Joël , Luc Jean-Noël
Published: July 2010

" Bac-Generation " 84. The teaching of the present in the final year of « lycée », Joël Cornette, Jean-Noël Luc.

Vingtième siècle has made an exclusive questionnaire survey of the first school year (1983-1984) in which the new history curriculum was taught in the final year of French lycées. One hundred seventy-two teachers show by their answers the obstacle course that a serious preparation for the examination necessitates, their reflections concerning the traps and the benefits of a « history of the present », a collective meditation on objectivity in history, and a portrait of part of the generation of young French people who will make the history of the year 2000.
La liturgie funèbre des communistes (1924-1983)
Authors: Bernard Jean-Pierre A.
Published: July 2010

Communist funeral liturgy (1924-1983), Jean-Pierre Bernard

Reports in L'Humanité on the deaths and funerals of the major French and international communist leaders from Lenin to Waldeck Rochet are examined. They show an ethic of sacrifice to the cause of the working class, a policy of active memory, and an aesthetic of ritual, all three minutely adjusted by the Party in the service of its cause.
« La croix » devant la marée brune
Authors: Fleury-Vilatte Béatrice
Published: July 2010

« La Croix » and the brown tide, Alain Fleury.

La Croix, one of the main French Catholic publications, had an ambiguous attitude toward the rise of national socialism. Torn between its deep anti-communism and the fears that the anti-Catholic persecution inspired to some of its journalists, the newspaper gave, up to the war an unclear image of Germany, a reflection of its internal contradictions and its fascination/repulsion for the Nazi regime.
Vichy a-t-il été libéral ?Le sens de l'intermède Flandin
Authors: Wieviorka Olivier
Published: July 2010

Was Vichy libéral ? The meaning of the Flandin intermezzo, Olivier Wieviorka.

Did Pierre-Etienne Flandin, Vichy's Foreign Affairs minister from 13 December 1940 to 10 February 1941, after the dismissal of Laval and the arrival of Darlan, have the time and the desire to deal a liberal card ? Could the regime resist the Germans after the Montoire meeting ? Archives in hand, the author concludes on these issues hotly debated by historians, from R. Paxton to M. Cointet, that a " double game " was impossible and points out that Flandin did not try to transform the nature of a State of which he expected only that it would save his personal strategy.
La résistance allemande au régime nazi. L'historiographie en république fédérale
Authors: Müller Klaus-Jürgen
Published: July 2010

German resistance to the Nazi regime. Historiography in the Federal Republic of Germany, Klaus-Jùrgen Millier.

Four phases appear in the historiography of German resistance to Nazism. At the end of the 1940s it was urgent to attest the reality of this resistance. During the cold war, its memory served to legitimate and consolidate the rebirth of West Germany, but at the expense of exclusions, concerning e.g. the communist resistance. During the 1960s, a new generation of historians attempted to debank an overly heroic image. Lastly, in the 1970s and 1980s, research developed in many directions, trying to understand not only the motivations of some of the resistants (such as those of 20 July, 1944), but the whole phenomenon including its effects within the German population.
L'Asie en 1986 : l'avenir n'est plus ce qu'il était
Authors: Verceil Claude
Published: July 2010

Asia in 1986. The future is no longer what it used to be, Claude Verceil.

The diagnosis seemed hopeless. Asia was doomed to overpopulation, hunger, and war. And yet ! Recent developments continent seem to have proved wrong the prophets of doom. Population growth is controlled better ; people are generally able to feed themselves ; economic development is accelerating ; stabilization of political regimes and a beginning of democratization, a reduction of international tensions - all these indicators have moved to green.
Les français et la sécurité sociale. Sondages d'opinion (1945-1982)
Authors: Schnapper Dominique , Brody Jeanne , Kastoryano Riva
Published: July 2010

The French and Social Security Public opinion surveys (1945-1982), Dominique Schnapper, Jeanne Brody, Riva Kastoryano.

Opinion poils show the deep attachment of the French to Social Security since its creation in 1945. Beyond ideological debates, its management and deficit have been worrying the insured, who are also contributors, for more than 30 years. Generally speaking, despite deep economic changes, the System has not been questioned. The article is based on an exhaustive study of all available polls.
Récit de vie, discours social et parole vraie
Authors: Robin Régine
Published: July 2010

Life story, social discourse, and true words, Régine Robin

To think that oral history is a more democratic history escaping the traps of institutions and power is illusory. Life stories always incorporate social discourse and social " noise " ; they are built on stereotypes ; they fit into frameworks. " Making the silence of history talk ", Michelet's old ambition, may be possible only through fiction, far from the " raw facts " that oral history is supposed to provide.
La résistible ascension de Mao
Authors: Chevrier Yves
Published: July 2010

Mao's resistible ascent, Yves Chevrier.

A hybrid party with its mixed urban and rural origins, a State party forged hammered by intellectuals out of a guerrilla army, the Chinese Communist party was slow to plebiscite Mao. Contrary to legend, Mao took a long time to conquer power. Hesitations persisted for a long time on the role of the peasantry in relation to that of the urban population and on the nationalist accent. Whatever the resistances and regardless of the gap between the Maoist project and social reality, Mao did put his personal imprint on the whole period. Historiography must yet explain his ascent.
Les relations entre l'état et la banque de France depuis les années 1950
Authors: Bouvier Jean
Published: July 2010

Relations between the State and the Bank of France since the 1950s, Jean Bouvier.

Created under Bonaparte, nationalized in 1936, the Bank of France, unlike the German Bundesbank or the US Federal Reserve System, has always been tightly monitored by the State. Its governor is accountable to the Minister of the Economy and Finance. Its status, despite the compromise reached in 1973, makes it both a free institution and a public service. The conflicts between its managers and the government have had more effects than generally realized on French economic and monetary policies since the Liberation. At a time when greater autonomy is under consideration, the article sheds light on the rather secret and agitated history of the Bank of France.
Jeunesse et société dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

Youth and society in interwar France, Antoine Prost.

In the French society of the interwar period, still close to the 19th century, the social organization of passage from childhood to adulthood, which defines youth, differed greatly as between the bourgeoisie and the remaining strata, working class or peasants. There was no single youth, but two youths. Neither the bourgeois youth nor the youth of the masses were at odds with society. Integration mechanisms proved stronger than generational conflicts.
Crise du syndicalisme, crise de la classe ouvrière ou crise du salariat?
Authors: Capdevielle Jacques
Published: July 2010

Trade union crisis, working class crisis or wage-earner crisis ? Jacques Capdevielle.

French trade unionism, as that of other developed countries, is in dire straits. While the diagnosis is generally agreed upon, the quest for causes and remedies is difflcult. Trade unionism is confronted with a real revolution, caused by a structural mutation of labor which began about 20 years ago. In its daily life, if not in the factory, the working class has been diluted within the wage earning class, and this dilution both integrated and split it : two convergent factors, in any case, which made it lose its specificity. As if this phenomenon was not complex enough, its analysis was hampered for a long time, at least in France, by the reference to a mythical working class.