bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant Feeding Practices Using Local Flours in Relation to Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6 to 24 Months Surveyed in Maternal and Child Protection Centers of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Bamba Mandoué Stéphanie , Gbogouri Grodji Albarin , Agbo Edith Adouko , Digbeu Dogoré Yolande , Brou Kouakou
Published: September 2018

Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the use of local flours in supplementary feeding for 6 to 24 month old children in relation to their nutritional status in Abidjan.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 480 mother-child couples in twelve maternal and child protection centers located in four municipalities in Abidjan. Questionnaires focused on the economic characteristics of mothers, the frequency of use of local flours, sources of local flours, ingredients used for flour production. The local composite flours mainly consumed by the children were sampled for biochemical analysis.
Results: Our of the 480 mothers, 73% had an income-generating activity and 27% had no activity, 10% of them were students. About 13% of the mothers with income-generating activities use only local flours, 10% of them mainly use industrial flours and 50% alternately use local flours and industrial flours. All mothers used cereals for flour production, 1% of the mothers used cassava and 98.54% used soya flour as supplement. The local flour mainly consumed, "Anango baka" with two variants, was unbalanced as far as its nutrient composition is concerned. The nutritional status of the children surveyed showed that stunting was the most widespread form of malnutrition with a prevalence of 17.9%.
Conclusion: The three local composite flours used by the mothers showed a poor nutritional value. A high rate of chronic malnutrition has been reported for 6 to 24 month old children visiting maternal and child protection centers located in Abidjan.
Investigation of the Integrity of aC:H Coatings on Stainless Steel Micro-Moulds during Thermal Cycling
Authors: Griffiths C.A. , Rees A. , Llewelyn G. , Fonseca O. V.
Published: September 2018

Micro-injection moulding (µIM) is a key technology for scaling down larger geometry components and can include functional features at the micrometre scale and as far as the sub-micrometre length scale. Thermal cycling of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (aC:H) coated Stainless Steel (SS) has been investigated to simulate long-term micro-injection moulding (µIM) wearing and damage. Micro indentations and cracks were made into the mould and predictions of the crack behaviour were made using thermal expansion models. Validation of the results was performed with multiple heating and cooling cycles along with hardness measurements of the damage to the coating. The undamaged surfaces showed no major deformation but the cracks were shown to propagate and change in behaviour. The first two heat cycles of the testing had the most significant effect on the substrate with varying thermal expansions of materials being the main cause. The aC:H is shown to have excellent properties for mould tool applications but delamination could occur in areas susceptible to damaged and periodic surface inspection will be required preserve tool life.
1660: Restoration and Revolution1
Authors: Worden Blair
Published: September 2018

The restoration of the monarchy in 1660, however much it may have owed to hatred of the Puritan Republic or to contingencies of events or to the political dexterity of leading actors, could not have been achieved peaceably without roots in public opinion and without the movement which gave voice to it: the campaign for a free parliament that swept through the nation in 1659-60. The movement produced the destruction of the Rump and the calling of the Convention, the assembly which recalled the king. It supplied a mechanism to overcome the otherwise insuperable animosity between the two leading parties opposed to the Republic, the royalists and the presbyterians. And it drew on impassioned sentiments about parliamentary liberties and electoral rights which had previously been used to anti-monarchical ends, but which in 1660 gave the return of the monarchy the authority of national sentiment.
Visions of monarchy and magistracy in women’s political writing, 1640–80
Authors: Capern Amanda L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses early-modern English women writers and the number and patterns of their publication of religious and secular texts between 1640 and 1680. The chapter’s focus is on the impact of the English Civil War and Cromwellian Republic on women’s political thought, particularly their ideas about temporal monarchy and the highest magistrate, or God. The women writers featured include the puritan and parliamentarian writers Eleanor Davies, Mary Pope, Katherine Chidley and Mary Cary, and the Catholic, Anglican and royalist writers Helen More, Elizabeth Major, Dorothy Pakington and Rachel Jevon. Quakers examined include Margaret Fell, Dorothy Burch and Priscilla Cotton. Margaret Cavendish’s work is classified as uniquely secular at a time when women’s political thinking was almost entirely shaped by religion.
Restoration opera and the failure of patronage
Authors: White Bryan
Published: September 2018

Despite experiments in the 1650s, through-sung opera failed to gain a firm foothold in Restoration England. Explanations for this circumstance have focussed on English taste, the finances of London’s theatre companies, and the popularity of native ‘dramatick opera’. While these were obstacles to the progress of through-sung opera in England, they do not explain why Thomas Betterton and the United Company ventured a rumoured £4000 on the production of Dryden’s and Grabu’s Albion and Albanius (1685).The lack of royal patronage has been overlooked as a barrier to the development of opera in England. Charles II displayed an ambivalent attitude to through-sung opera (English or otherwise) throughout his reign. His reticence to provide direct financial support was the most significant factor in the failure of the art form to find an important place in English culture of the Restoration period.
‘The Name of King will light upon a Tarquin’: republicanism, exclusion, and the name of king in Nathaniel Lee’s Lucius Junius Brutus
Authors: Calvi Lisanna
Published: September 2018

After Titus Oates’s ‘popish forgeries’, which prompted a crisis in the succession, the production of Nathaniel Lee’s Lucius Junius Brutus was undoubtedly provocative. The play ostensibly celebrates the birth of a republic. This essay questions the conventional Whig reading of the play as one of republican heroism. As was the case with many anti-monarchical writings of the 1640s and 1650s, the play pivots on the distinction between ‘king’ and ‘tyrant’. But, in fact, Brutus expels the ‘name’ and retains the ‘thing’, the substance of kingship, investing his consulship with the power which was once Tarquin’s. Eventually he is seen as ‘more Tyrannical than any Tarquin’ (5.1.114). Nevertheless, the representation of Brutus apparently proved too subtle (or maybe too cryptic) an interpretation for contemporaries and the play was (safely) consigned to censure, lest it stir the bugbear of a new ‘Commonwealth without a king’.
Introduction: a transnational approach to co-operative history
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of co-operation and reviews the relevant secondary literature, as well as outlining the significance of the study in the context of broader debates on transnational history. Co-operation was from its beginnings shaped by transnational contacts and exchange, and from 1895 it also had its own international organisation, the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA), but there hitherto been very few studies of co-operation beyond the confines of the nation state. The aim of the book is to explore the meanings of co-operation and co-operative internationalism in the ICA from the late nineteenth century until the Second World War. The introductory chapter also discusses the historiographical context for the book and briefly discusses the methods and sources on which it is based.
Co-operation in the Nordic countries before 1914: international networks and the transmission of ideas
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

The chapter introduces the co-operative movement in the Nordic countries (excluding Iceland), summarising the history of co-operation in each country in turn. It asks what were the main influences on the development of co-operation in the Nordic context, and in particular, what was the role of foreign models of co-operation. The Rochdale system of co-operation was a common reference point across the entire region, but it was never the only model for how to organise a co-operative society: co-operators also drew on examples from Germany and Ireland, among others. Particular attention is paid here to the role of Nordic contacts in shaping the development of co-operation and how the personal networks of certain key individuals were gradually replaced by more formal institutional links. The chapter examines similarities and differences across the region and considers the extent to which these supported or undermined the existence of a common co-operative movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: September 2018

The conclusion returns to the main questions posed at the start of the book and sums up the findings of the empirical chapters. The main challenge for the ICA during the period studied was to develop a distinctively co-operative ideology and programme that would allow it to respond consistently to the crises and political challenges that it faced. This was not always easy, and different positions over the aims of co-operation were often the source of conflict. The Nordic co-operative organisations made a prominent and distinctive contribution to this debate, arguing for the neutrality of co-operation and its independence from other organisations such as the socialist labour movement.
Emily Carr and the legacy of Commonwealth modernism
Authors: Modigliani Leah
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the importance of landscape painting in the formation of early twentieth-century Canadian national identity, in particular the Theosophical aspirations and quest for the genius loci of the Group of Seven painters in Ontario, and Emily Carr in British Columbia. Jeff Wall’s published texts that describe the influence of Carr on his peers’ work, and their desire to work outside of the problematic of colonialism, necessitates this examination. Historian Lorenzo Veracini’s discussions of the many narratives utilized by settler colonial societies to authenticate and rationalize their rights to indigenous land are introduced in relationship to the discursive framing of texts that supported and documented Lawren Harris and Carr’s paintings. The national and regional legacy of spiritually-infused landscape painting was antithetical to young artists and intellectuals like Jeff Wall and Ian Wallace, who came to maturity in the late 1960s, and who were committed to revealing man’s alienation from his industrial environment through Marxist-informed critiques of capitalism.
Lumière, Méliès, Pathé and Gaumont: French filmmaking in the suburbs, 1896–1920
Authors: Lack Roland-François
Published: September 2018

The siting of early movie studios outside the gates of Paris had direct consequences for the promotion of the suburban landscape as an object of visual interest rich with narrative potential. Addressing the dynamics of ‘creative interaction’ between filmmaker and location, the author examines common industry practices from the turn of the century to 1920 based on an extensive filmography of Pathé and Gaumont shorts and features. Generic street views shot in such suburbs as Vincennes served to depict places that the fiction tagged as Parisian; editing-room sleight-of-hand could make two topographically distant locales appear as contiguous. Viewers were indifferent, however, to precise localisations of the streets, buildings and topographical features projected on screen; what mattered was the development of a rapport between narrative form and mood, character and place, as the comic films of Max Linder and the crime serials of Louis Feuillade make clear.
Roads, rivers, canals: spaces of freedom from Epstein to Vigo
Authors: Pautrot Jean-Louis
Published: September 2018

Visual tropes of movement and passage in French films of the 1920s and 1930s qualify the suburb as a locus of temporary release from the constraints of authority, industrialization and modernity as well as from an unmoving rural past. Suburban roadways and waterways allow world-weary individuals momentarily to reinvent themselves. Commenting on films by Jean Renoir (La Fille de l’eau, 1924; La Nuit du carrefour, 1932), Jean Epstein (La Glace à trois faces, 1927) and Marcel Carné (Nogent, el Dorado du dimanche, 1929), the author highlights moments of phenomenological discovery and psychological negotiation. Where the canals showcased in Jean Vigo’s poetic realist L’Atalante, classified in its time as a river barge film, allow for progressive self-discovery, motorways and the attendant car culture of the interwar period reflect in other titles an ‘accelerating transformation of the world’. Tropes of euphoric mobility and freedom would lose their force by the close of the 1930s, when the mood sours and the suburb turns dark.
The banlieue in French cinema of the 1930s
Authors: Reader Keith
Published: September 2018

Assessing popular comedies and dramas, the author argues that in 1930s French cinema the banlieue is an ‘imagined community’ that resists transfer to a map. Its dual function as a space of social relegation and popular entertainment correlates to a specifically Parisian social geography where the affluent, verdant west contrasts sharply with the industrial northeast. Suburban locales allow the exploration of themes ranging from proletarian downfall (Le Jour se lève, Marcel Carné 1939) and murder (Cœur de Lilas, Anatole Litvak 1932) to open-air pleasure-seeking (Partie de campagne, Jean Renoir, 1936/1946) and the socialising dimension of popular song. By bringing together a variegated set of films from the left-leaning screenplays of Jacques Prévert to the Pétainist Notre-Dame de la Mouise (Robert Péguy, 1941), the author probes the tension inherent in the imagined banlieue between work and play, riches and poverty, redemption and despoilment.
A crucible of emotions: Maurice Pialat’s L’Amour existe
Authors: Cardonne-Arlyck Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

By turns elegiac and polemical, Maurice Pialat’s twenty-minute essay film L’Amour existe (1960) encompasses at once an individual life, the history of France from the pre-war period through WWII and the Trente Glorieuses, and the visual representation of the banlieue from Impressionist painting to poetic realism. The ineluctable push of time is embodied in the forward motion of trains, buses, bicycles and people, as well as in slow tracking or panning shots that survey the impoverished landscapes of greater Paris from dawn to dusk and into the night. The author underscores the formative qualities of an intimate, unseen and lost space in which suburban beauty lays hidden, and where, in keeping with Pialat’s chosen title, ‘love exists’. Behind the overwhelming forces of poverty, routine and modernization that its richly layered commentary denounces, L’Amour existe points to what these forces have silenced, what could have been revealed but remained invisible and unsaid. The critical faculty of the movie camera to reveal hidden realities in the apparently bleakest of worlds is reaffirmed.
The banlieue wore black: post-war French polar, from Becker to Corneau
Authors: Met Philippe
Published: September 2018

This overview charts the evolution from the 1950s to the 1980s of the French detective or crime film (le polar). Proto-noir films shot before World War II had been primarily centred on Paris, a trend furthered in post-war works which regularly conjoined seedy Pigalle and the glamorous Champs-Elysées as two sides of the same coin. From Jacques Becker (Casque d’or, 1952; Grisbi, 1954) to Jean-Pierre Melville (Le Doulos, 1962; Le Samouraï, 1967) via Jules Dassin (Rififi, 1955), a gradual shift toward suburban locales takes place around new genre conventions and motifs. The suburbs variously lend themselves to hideouts, shootouts and executions; to the sale of all things illegal or counterfeit; to the gloomy atmospherics of railway tracks, deserted roadways and abandoned villas. A subsequent generation of directors would exploit the multi-faceted social and geographical reality of the modern housing estates that encroached upon traditional allotments of single-family homes and pockets of suburban wasteland; Henri Verneuil’s mainstream caper Mélodie en sous-sol (1963) thus portrays a disorientatingly mutating Sarcelles. Most decisively, Alain Corneau’s naturalistic noirs Série noire (1979) and Choix des armes (1981) add a sociological dimension to the genre by broaching questions of violence, alienation and devastation.
Towers of evil: Jean-Claude Brisseau
Authors: Vasse David
Published: September 2018

Jean-Claude Brisseau’s early forays into filmmaking were inseparable from the social milieu he knew best, the blighted world of the social housing projects surrounding Paris and the particular institutions, formal or informal, that shape the prospects of French youth in particular. In the space of a decade, from the late 1970s to the year of the release of De Bruit et de fureur, Brisseau crafted a metaphysical approach to suburban existence that bears witness to the delinquency, disquiet and dereliction that parch the imaginary. Beneath the despoiled surface of ordinary things, the director consistently unveils a maleficent, almost supernatural essence that compounds the suffering of the human animal. Youth who routinely strive for transcendence, or simply for the right to receive an education, are brought to the brink of crisis. Focusing on violent death in La Vie comme ça (1978), on the instrumentalisation of relationships in L’Échangeur (1981) and on the Shakespearean vision informing De Bruit et de fureur (1988), the author paints a portrait of a humanity torn between elevation and despoilment, between nothingness and the light.
The Roman inheritance
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

This chapter opens with an investigation of John’s impression of the material inheritance of ancient Rome. It examines how John would have accessed Roman writings, looking in particular at his means of access to sources in the library of Canterbury cathedral. It looks in depth at John’s use of the works of Cicero and Seneca, establishing the texts to which he had access at the point of composition of his major works. Finally, it introduces the role played by patristic writers in the transmission of classical texts to the Middle Ages, focusing particularly on the works of Augustine, Lactantius, Gregory and Ambrose.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Daly Irene
Published: September 2018

John of Salisbury – who styled his Roman predecessors as Cicero noster and Seneca noster – was an avid consumer of classical texts, and in that respect he was a typical product of the Parisian schools of the twelfth century. However, his works are far more than a formulaic assemblage of pithy aphorisms pulled from the classical collections of the libraries to which he had access. Instead, they must be seen as genuine attempts to interrogate the classical world in order to find lessons for the medieval present. This is what differentiates him from many of his contemporaries, who used the classics only to add rhetorical flourishes to their works or as a source of illustrative anecdotes. John also employed these techniques, but went beyond them, engaging fully with the philosophical ideas the texts contained. His incorporation of key concepts from Stoicism places him at the apogee of the Roman Renaissance of the twelfth century, a revival that was, in part, crafted by his pen. John’s writings, however, must be seen within the context of their production; his political thought is best understood when his works are examined within the social and cultural milieux in which he was an actor. John – as cleric, advisor, Christian, scholar and exile – used classical sources to formulate a political thought that defies unitary classification. Although the ...
The queer common: resisting the public at Gezi Park and beyond
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2018

Millions of people across Turkey protested police violence, state totalitarianism, urban gentrification, and a host of other concerns during the Gezi Park protests in late May 2013. The protests merged with Gay Pride Istanbul and fundamentally changed queer and trans peoples’ relationships with the Turkish public. This chapter establishes “the queer common” as the sexualized lines of flight which destabilise the normal ways queers are governed – a concept for understanding queer resistance against the state. The chapter argues that the state and other institutions manipulate the public to assert one acceptable model of heteronormative belonging. This assemblage (which brings together the police, the family, Sunni Islam, media and other institutions) naturalises Turkish citizenship. The chapter draws on interviews with queer activists to explore queer resistance at Gezi, challenges to ‘normalised’ Turkish identity, and the renegotiation of the state’s production of violence against queer and trans people.
Nostalgia and the post-war Labour Party
Authors: Jobson Richard
Published: September 2018

This book examines the impact that nostalgia has had on the Labour Party’s political development since 1951. In contrast to existing studies that have emphasised the role played by modernity, it argues that nostalgia has defined Labour’s identity and determined the party’s trajectory over time. It outlines how Labour, at both an elite and a grassroots level, has been and remains heavily influenced by a nostalgic commitment to an era of heroic male industrial working-class struggle. This commitment has hindered policy discussion, determined the form that the modernisation process has taken and shaped internal conflict and cohesion. More broadly, Labour’s emotional attachment to the past has made it difficult for the party to adjust to the socioeconomic changes that have taken place in Britain. In short, nostalgia has frequently left the party out of touch with the modern world. In this way, this book offers an assessment of Labour’s failures to adapt to the changing nature and demands of post-war Britain.
Conclusion
Authors: Jobson Richard
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that nostalgia has shaped Labour’s political development since 1951 in a number of fundamental ways. Labour’s nostalgia-identity has revolved around positively idealised memories of a late nineteenth and early twentieth century heroic male traditional industrial working class. This nostalgia has proven to be problematic in the face of the social and economic changes that have taken place in Britain. It has limited the extent to which modernising agendas could be pursued, defined the parameters within which senior Labour figures could operate and determined the options available to the party. At certain times, Labour has also actively sought to reinstate and restore nostalgic visions of the past in the present. This chapter explores the significance of this book’s findings for the contemporary Labour Party and it outlines and problematizes potential future developments.
The city and the suburban village
Authors: Greenhalgh James
Published: September 2018

This chapter is concerned with the ways in which functional models of community and sociability were being framed spatially in post-war Britain, focusing on the design and provision of housing on post-war housing estates like Manchester’s famous Wythenshawe estate as well as on Hull’s less famous examples. It argues that concerns about the nature of society were bound up in the designs and promotion of new housing schemes. The study of housing and community design functions as a lens through which historiographical concerns about modernity, consumerism and town planning might be analysed. The chapter examines the design of shopping centres to shed light upon the mechanisms of sociability and interaction that were being programmed into the design of housing, concluding that a combination of consumer habits, retailer opposition and planning naivety worked to reduce the effectiveness of the plans in producing functional estates.
Conclusion
Authors: Greenhalgh James
Published: September 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The sublime contained: academic compromises
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 assesses the extent of Burke’s immediate influence on academic painters and explores their predilection for dramatic or terrifying subject matter. The correspondence between Burke and his protégé James Barry is examined as an example of the fascination exerted by the Enquiry on the painters of the pre-Romantic generation, and of their keenness to demonstrate the sublimity of painting through neoclassical principles. The rest of the chapter examines other examples of academic painters who addressed the Burkean challenge from the perspective of neoclassical aesthetics, and successfully conflated existing pictorial formulae with the new taste for terror. The work of Henry Fuseli, in particular, is presented as a conscious and informed response to contemporary theories of the sublime, including Burke’s, which sought dynamism, irrationalism and affective power while remaining within the boundaries of academic aesthetics.
Immersive spectatorship at the panorama and the aesthetics of the sublime
Authors: Ibata Hélène
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on what appears to be one of the most conscious responses to the Burkean challenge: the invention of the panorama by the Irish-Scottish painter Robert Barker in the late 1780s. By literally removing the edges of representation, and immersing its viewers within an uninterrupted circular view, the panorama created a striking illusion of reality which, at least while the medium was still novel, caused unprecedented spectatorial thrills. While the medium could be linked to a tradition of illusion and immersion which predated the Enlightenment reflexion on the sublime, Barker clearly saw its relevance as a means to deny the limitations of painting. The chapter’s analyses of programmes, narratives and descriptions of panoramas by Robert Barker, Henry Aston Barker, Robert Ker Porter and Robert Burford suggest that this conception of the panorama as the most adequate pictorial vehicle of the sublime was to endure for several decades.
Debating Tudor policy in sixteenth-century Ireland
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

During the sixteenth-century officials and interested parties in Ireland composed hundreds of papers on crown policy in the country and sent them to the metropolitan government in England. The information contained in these ‘reform’ treatises substantially shaped how senior ministers in England viewed an Ireland which very few of them had visited personally. Moreover these documents informed much of these ministers’ outlooks on the Irish of Ireland and the allegedly backward political and social system operating there. Perhaps most importantly, these treatises argued for the adoption of specific policies to confront various problems perceived in Ireland. Some of these in arguing for ‘reform’ through an aggressive programme of regional conquest and colonization were highly coercive, while others in proposing that ‘reform’ could be achieved through educational and social reform or the expansion of the court system had a more sanguine view of Ireland. Whatever the approach, a great many of these were in due course implemented in Ireland. In time the decision to implement these same policies played a major role in shaping the history of early modern Ireland and indeed the wider British state. As such these treatises are central to how the Tudors governed Ireland. This book offers the first extended treatment of the approximately six-hundred extant ‘reform’ treatises. In doing so it examines not just the content of this large body of papers, but how officials and other parties on the periphery of the Irish government debated policy in sixteenth-century Ireland and what impact their writings had.
Treatise writing and the expansion of Tudor government in mid-Elizabethan Ireland, 1565–1578
Authors: Heffernan David
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses a wide array of policy developments in mid-Elizabethan Ireland including drives to colonise parts of Ulster and Munster, to establish new systems of crown taxation, to extend the institutions of the English state into the more remote parts of Ireland and to spread the Protestant faith. In doing so it argues that there was a major expansion of the English state in Ireland at this time. This led to an increasing need to find new ways of financing the state apparatus there and the implementation of policies designed to bring more remote parts of the country under control, for instance by establishing colonies in north-east Ulster. It also argues that there was an intensifying of the drive to protestantise the country at this time, in large part owing to the excommunication of Elizabeth I in 1570. Throughout the ‘reform’ treatises written at this time are examined in order to fully examine how these policies were being debated and promoted by officials in Ireland.
Cheerleaders or players? Centre-left parties on the ground and the EU
Authors: Hertner Isabelle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 examines the involvement of the party on the ground in the selection of MEP candidates and the formulation of European policy. It reveals three principal findings. First, the involvement of the grassroots in the selection of candidates for the European elections is rather limited. In theory, Labour, the PS and SPD have inclusive selection procedures in place. In practice, patronage is indispensable, and the members often rubberstamp nominations made by a small group of people. Second, this chapter reveals that the party grassroots are generally interested in EU policy. Yet, and third, only very few of the local and regional parties effectively scrutinise the party leaderships or attempt to influence them. Despite these trends, there are some significant differences in how the parties deal with the EU. The SPD appeared to be the ‘EU-savviest’. Overall, the parties on the ground were not just ‘cheerleaders’ in support of the party leadership. In particular, the PS activists were far too critical of the party leadership’s behaviour to count as cheerleaders. Still, they were no ‘players’ either, as the main decisions related to the EU were controlled by small circles of regional and national leaderships.
Residences and gardens
Authors: Macknight Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2018

The upkeep of aristocratic residences required constant interaction between nobles, stewards, servants and labourers, as well as professional architects and designers. From coastal manor houses to riverside châteaux and alpine villas, these properties regularly needed repair and beautification. Owners dictated when modern conveniences like electric lighting and plumbing were introduced to their homes, how furnishing and art should be selected and arranged, and what kinds of features would characterise the exterior, such as arboreta, fountains, and garden beds. This chapter explains the evolution of French legislation for protecting private residences and gardens showing how nobles responded to an increasingly interventionist State from the founding of the Monuments historiques to key laws passed under the Third Republic.
Narrative and servitude
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the tools that were available to early commentators for understanding Atlantic slavery, and what textual and graphic strategies can reveal about the knowledge about, and responses to, slavery. Early accounts of the colonies reflect shared understandings of the social, ecological and religious domains to various extents. These accounts also had recourse to the Graeco-Roman tradition, particularly Roman slave law, and to Scripture to understand slavery, though not without significant interrogations. Colonial-era narratives were historicising narratives, relying on shared understandings of human agency, chronology and knowledge, but excluding Amerindian and African peoples from these domains. Knowledge about slaves, which was produced in a polemical climate in which the script had considerable power to inform and to edify, was essentially oblique. Colonial-era texts that are self-consciously representative can also be instructive about human space and the perception of human coexistence. Engravings of slavery testify to some prescriptive potential, and can also illustrate what was gratifying about plantation power.
Conclusion
Authors: Harrigan Michael
Published: September 2018

The book ends with suggestions about the ways colonial narratives contributed to shaping collective representations of slaves and slavery. Representations were produced in distinct contexts, reflecting the concerns of individuals and collectivities, but they also reflected colonial social structures. The dynamic of reflecting slaves in colonial narratives may be compared with the ‘problem’ of ‘inclusion’ (Miers and Kopytoff). It is, tellingly, the result of multiple interactions. Colonial narratives were, no doubt, received according to individual or collective reading or listening experiences, but they also functioned by creating the social specificity of slaves.
Thinking about security
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

This foundational chapter explores the evolution and meaning of “security” in the African context. It explores how the meaning has changed from the colonial period through the immediate post-independence period to today. It introduces the reader to the concept of “human security” and explains why it is particularly relevant and useful in understanding and assessing 21st century African security challenges. It questions traditional, state-centric notions of security and shows how the traditional top-down approach to African security is inadequate in addressing modern-day security challenges.
Identity conflict
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

A basic feature of the universal human condition is the need to find commonality with others and form larger associations at the individual, group, and community level. This is at the heart of the concept of identity. A variety of factors ranging from physical attributes, language, and culture to societal norms and structures work to promote a self-awareness and self-consciousness of sameness with a larger collective. Probably nowhere else in the world is group identity—be it ethnic, racial, religious, sectarian or communal—so closely associated with persistent, and even genocidal, violence than in Africa. This makes identity conflict a primary threat to peace and security on the continent.
Failing states
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

States are the only contemporary political organizations that enjoy a unique legal status under international law—sovereignty—and are deemed to possess an exclusive monopoly on the legitimate use of force within their borders. A central feature of the state is to provide for the delivery of public goods (such as security) to its citizenry, and states fail to function as states when they can no longer do this. While the concept of “state failure” or “failing states” is much debated, the consequences of such failure are all too real, especially in Africa. Endemic violence, ethnic and religious tensions, rampant human rights abuses, rising terrorism and crime, along with a lack of legitimacy and political inclusion, as well as an inability to exercise effective control over territory are hallmarks of failing states.
The future of African security
Authors: Emerson Stephen , Solomon Hussein
Published: September 2018

Africa is a security environment fraught with many dangers, but one too that presents great opportunities for addressing the most pressing global—and not just African—challenges. With more than its share of fragile, unstable states, impoverished societies, and endemic conflict, the continent was once seen almost exclusively as an incubator of instability and insecurity; a venue for addressing rising challenges and an exporter of global security threats. But this is no longer the case. Africa, like everywhere else in the world, is becoming increasingly integrated into a globalized security system, whereby Africans are just as vulnerable to threats emanating from outside the continent as they are from home-grown ones. Thus, Africa—and what happens there—matters more than ever. Simply ignoring it and hoping for the best through a policy of containment and isolation is not a viable option in today’s globalized and interdependent world.
Introduction
Authors: Margree Victoria , Orrells Daniel , Vuohelainen Minna
Published: September 2018

The introduction to the volume sets Richard Marsh in his historical context and argues that our understanding of late-Victorian and Edwardian professional authorship remains incomplete without a consideration of Marsh’s oeuvre. The introduction discusses Marsh as an exemplary professional writer producing topical popular fiction for an expanding middlebrow market. The seeming ephemerality of his literary production meant that its value was not appreciated by twentieth-century critics who were constructing the English literary canon. Marsh’s writing, however, deserves to be reread, as its negotiation of mainstream and counter-hegemonic discourses challenges our assumptions about fin-de-siècle literary culture. His novels and short stories engaged with and contributed to contemporary debates about aesthetic and economic value and interrogated the politics of gender, sexuality, empire and criminality.
Automata, plot machinery and the imperial Gothic in Richard Marsh’s The Goddess
Authors: Hultgren Neil
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses Richard Marsh’s 1900 novel The Goddess in relation to the late-Victorian imperial Gothic mode of writing. It suggests that Marsh’s novel demystifies the occult and supernatural aspects of the imperial Gothic through its depiction of a mechanical goddess. Marsh’s goddess is notable because she is not a supernatural being but an automaton, an example of ‘clockwork machinery’ set in violent motion by the novel’s criminal antagonist. Marsh’s novel looks back to Tipu’s tiger, a late-eighteenth-century automaton from Mysore, India, which enacted the death of an Englishman by a tiger. Marsh recalls Indian violence against the English through a fictional reimagining of the tiger, a familiar museum piece, as a goddess. The exposure of the goddess’s machinery is a shocking aesthetic strategy that strips the imperial Gothic of its veil of mysticism and, through a negotiation of the plot machinery of the fantastic, interrogates imperial Gothic conventions.
‘Something was going from me – the capacity, as it were, to be myself’: ‘transformational objects’ and the Gothic fiction of Richard Marsh
Authors: Pedlingham Graeme
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the treatment of objects, things, in Marsh’s major Gothic works: The Beetle, The Goddess and The Joss. The increasing popularity in the late nineteenth century of collecting and consuming objects offers a context in which boundaries between people and things become uncertain, with objects seemingly exercising a disturbing agency. Marsh’s texts present mutually transforming encounters between objects and characters that question the stability of identity. The chapter suggests that whilst transgressing boundaries between self and not-self is often explored in critical analysis through mesmerism, a more appropriate conceptual framework for Marsh is provided by object relations psychoanalysis, and specifically Christopher Bollas’s notion of ‘transformational objects’. Developing this notion in relation to Bill Brown’s ‘thing theory’, the chapter identifies Marsh’s objects as ‘transformational things’, encounters with which often lead to terrifying breakdowns of selfhood, conveying a pervasive sense of existential horror and exposing the precariousness of late-nineteenth-century identity.
‘A Defect in the Mind’: Cognitive Ableism in Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels
Authors: Gabbard D. Christopher
Published: September 2018

While John Locke’s impact on Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, an eighteenth-century satire, is a well-worn topic of scholarly discussion, Gulliver as the butt of a satire concerning an important aspect of Lockean epistemology has not been considered. In the 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke distinguishes between person (an abstract thinker) and man (an individual with a human shape but little capacity for thought). Locke’s differentiation underwrites the modern concept of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Cognitive ableism is the belief in the superiority of person over man, of the thinker over the individual with less capacity for thought. Approaching Book Four of the Travels from a disability studies perspective, this chapter argues that Locke’s person/man binary broadly comes into play, that the character of Gulliver straddles the person/man divide, and that his characterization parodies Locke’s distinction. Book Four satirizes cognitive ableism through its protagonist, who exhibits an extreme form of it.
Peter the ‘Wild Boy’: What Peter Means to Us
Authors: Branch Katie , Fleat Clemma , Grove Nicola , Smith Tim Lumley , Meader Robin
Published: September 2018

Peter the Wild Boy was famous in his day as a feral child who provided inspiration and example for philosophical debates about nature and nurture, and the essential qualities of humanity. Openstorytellers, a performance company whose members have intellectual and learning disabilities, has developed a performance and workshop based on his story. In this chapter the members of Openstorytellers reflect on the implications of the ways Peter is represented in literature and popular culture, and draw important connections between his life and their own.
Afterword: Migrations
Authors: Davies Joshua
Published: September 2018

The Afterword is framed by a reading of Caroline Bergvall’s text and performance Drift (2013) and explores ideas of migration across time and space. Using Thomas Nail’s recent work on the figure of the migrant and Paul Zumthor’s celebrated work on ‘mouvance’ the Afterword asks, following Sara Ahmed’s work on orientation, what cultural possibilities emerge if we celebrate the diversity, multiplicity and untimeliness of ideas of the Middle Ages, rather than attempt to limit or define it. It suggest that medievalist acts of cultural memory often rely on an idea of the Middles Ages as singular, closed-off and stable, but nevertheless demonstrate its multiplicity, openness and indeterminacy.
Truth is always the same
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

Part I (chapters 2-5) focus on Daniel Waterland. This introductory chapter to Part I offers a sense of eighteenth-century orthodoxy’s doctrinal content and its modes of argument. It does so by sketching the lineaments of Daniel Waterland’s theological approach. It begins by considering Waterland’s 1710 Advice to a young student, a compulsory educational manual for eighteenth-century Magdalene College students. The bulk of the chapter anatomizes the arguments in a set of archidiaconal visitation charges. His message in them was clear: truth is constant; some doctrines are fundamental to Christianity; and those fundamentals are to be found in the primitive sources of the Christian past rightly interpreted. This chapter establishes which truths the eighteenth-century orthodox thought were constant and how they could be recovered in their original purity from the primitive Christian past.
Philosophy-lectures or the Sermon on the Mount: Samuel Clarke and the Trinity
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter concerns God’s nature. It focuses especially on the Christological debates between Daniel Waterland and his era’s most influential Christologically heterodox polemical divine, Samuel Clarke. Firstly, it examines how Newtonianism or Lockeanism could produce different conceptions of God. Secondly, it anatomizes the competing historical narratives which demonstrated how and why the ancient, primitively pure of Christian thinking about God got perverted. Finally, it explains why charges of imposture were so prevalent in eighteenth-century English polemical divinity.
Flood of resentment: assailing the primitive Church
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

Conyers Middleton’s History of the Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero (1741) proved not to be a vehicle for personal and professional redemption. Its content rankled the orthodox, and the book failed to remove the heterodox stain to his reputation. While he profited financially from the publication, his ecclesiastical career remained stalled, his resentment metastasized and he returned again to overt polemical divinity. This chapter explores how orthodox coercion and punishment could intensify and deepen a polemical divine’s heterodoxy. It explains what about an ostensibly theologically neutral work bothered the orthodox. It explains why Middleton returned to overt polemical divinity during the mid 1740s, uninhibited by hopes of ecclesiastical promotion. Finally, it shows how his treatment of miracles focused on epistemological and hermeneutical problems that had long consumed him and whose origins he explicitly traced to England’s Reformation.
Popery in its proper colours
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

Part III of this book deals with Zachary Grey. This introductory chapter to Part III anatomizes eighteenth-century orthodox anti-popery. It begins by showing how Zachary Grey’s own family history emblematized the complicated legacy of England’s Reformation. It turns next to consider his undergraduate reading notebooks, which foreshadow his mature thought regarding the English church and state. It concludes with a close examination of his unpublished work on Islam and the Portuguese Inquisition, which reveal clearly the lineaments of his anti-popish thought.
The religion of the first ages: primitivism and the primitive Church
Authors: Ingram Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter illustrates how the history of the early Christian church was not an abstruse subject during the eighteenth century but a topical one. For the primitive church remained the standard for both orthodoxy and orthopraxis well into the eighteenth century. This chapter demonstrates how that was the case by focusing especially on two pieces by Zachary Grey — his Examination of the fourteenth chapter of Sir Isaac Newton’s observations upon the prophecies of Daniel (1736) and his Short history of the Donatists (1741). Grey’s engagement with Netwon’s work on prophecy centred osn Newton’s treatment of saints and of God’s nature. In writing about these subjects, Newton had aimed to show that the post-fourth-century church was infested with theological impurities; Grey’s rejoinder aimed to show that the eighteenth-century Church of England understood both the saints and God’s nature in a primitively pure way. Grey’s treatment of the ancient Donatist heresy similarly related to contemporary concerns. For he tried to show that Methodism was not novel but, instead, a revival of an ancient heretical sect which had almost rent asunder the fourth-century North African church.