bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INTERLENDING AND AVAILABILITY OF AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: REPORT OF A SURVEY CONDUCTED IN 1979
Authors: Pinion Catherine F.
Published: February 2008

A survey was carried out in 1979 into the loan availability and provision of audiovisual materials in the United Kingdom, whether through the Regional Library Bureaux or through separate co‐operative arrangements such as the Greater London Audio Specialization Scheme. Interlending practices are seen in relation to basic audiovisual provision and demand in public and educational libraries. The effects of inadequate bibliographical control, copyright problems and the practical aspects of the inter/ending of audiovisual materials are discussed. The results of the enquiry indicate limited provision, small demand and a widespread lack of knowledge concerning the existence of audiovisual materials and their availability.
MINIMAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CHECKING OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN REQUESTS
Authors: Smith Malcolm , Smith ES
Published: February 2008

Bibliographic checking of interlibrary loan requests is a common and time‐consuming activity. The Lending Division does some bibliographic work on over 8,000 requests every week, and in addition requesting libraries carry out checks of varying degrees of thoroughness before submitting their requests. So far, there has been little evidence to show whether this activity is necessary and actually results in an increase in the number of requests which are satisfied.
PLANNING INTERLENDING SYSTEMS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Line Maurice B , Smith Sidney , Hardjo Prakoso Mastini , Nwoye SW
Published: February 2008

The following collection of papers begins with a statement of ideas and principles by Maurice Line and Sidney Smith, who between them have first‐hand knowledge of the library systems of several developing countries and have carried out intensive studies of document supply in a few. The statement represents their own views, which inevitably reflect their own background and experience in a highly centralised document service (the British Library Lending Division) in a country (the United Kingdom) that has reached a high level of library development. As a result, the authors may well have taken for granted some things that constitute real barriers in other countries — and possibly also over‐estimated some other aspects.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND, 1979–80
Authors: Pilling Stella , Smith Sidney
Published: February 2008

Details are given of the main developments in library co‐operation throughout 1979/80. A description of the topics considered by the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation is provided, as well as a report on the activities of the Advisory Committee on Interlibrary Loans. Notes from each of the regional systems, together with a round‐up of developments from the numerous co‐operative schemes which serve local industry, complete the overall picture of co‐operation within the United Kingdom.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF TRANSLATIONS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATIONS CENTRE
Authors: van Bergeijk D
Published: February 2008

Multilingual user guides, manuals and thesauri, and more linguistically universal classification schemes need to be produced to help overcome the language barrier when searching for references. Such developments however would be of only limited value unless the full document can be made available in a language known to the user. In some countries centres have been founded to provide help with the identification of existing translations, these centres include the International Translation Centre. Published translations include translated books reports and journals while unpublished translations are those which are completed on an ad hoc basis. Bibliographic control is achieved by listing in abstracting/indexing journals or on bibliographic data bases. Publications including Journals in Translation for translated journals and World Transindex for ad hoc translations, can be used to trace the existence of a translation. The availability of the translated document itself varies according to the two types of translations. Published translations are reasonably accessible while ad hoc translations are scattered over many libraries and translating agencies. Libraries can help at both the stage of acquiring the reference and identifying and obtaining the documents.
IV A VIEW FROM BARBADOS
Authors: Gill Michael E
Published: February 2008

Interlending in Barbados is assisted by the close proximity of all the major libraries, connected by a reliable telephone system. International requests are routed via the University of West Indies Library to the British Library Lending Division for journals, but to a wider selection of libraries for monographs. The choice is difficult and time‐consuming for monograph requests, and automated union catalogues produced in other countries could help in this respect. It is heartening that small collections of periodicals satisfy a high proportion of demand, but actual titles remain to be identified.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING AROUND THE WORLD — A REVIEW OF RECENT PAPERS — XI
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

A survey on the relative importance of various library functions, including interlibrary lending, introduces this review. Various national library systems are considered, with emphasis on the degree of centralization involved. A central lending collection is proposed for France. Both decentralized and centralized solutions are put forward for India and Japan. The latter also claims an international role. Unplanned decentralized systems in the Netherlands and Belgium are described and the planned decentralized system in the Federal Republic of Germany is defended. The accuracy of location information in the USA is considered briefly. A number of items on interlending in Australia are reviewed, with particular attention to the effects of the new voucher payment system.
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON NATIONAL DOCUMENT PROVISION
Authors: Line MB
Published: February 2008

An International Seminar on National Document Provision, organized by the IFLA Office for International Lending in co‐operation with the British Council, was held at the British Library Lending Division from 22 to 24 September, 1980. The aim of the seminar was to discuss document provision as part of the general theme of Universal Availability of Publications (UAP). It was hoped that it would also provide ideas and information that could be useful for the Unesco/IFLA International Congress on UAP to be held in May 1982.
OVERLAP OF MAJOR LISTS OF SERIALS: A SURVEY OF LISTS USED BY THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Clews John
Published: February 2008

Early in 1980, a survey was made to determine the degree of overlap between each of seven major lists of serials used in checking requests for serial titles not held by the British Library Lending Division. Previously reported surveys have examined what happens to serial requests satisfied outside the Lending Division, but have not distinguished between requests for which the Lending Division holds other issues of the serial in question and requests for titles the Lending Division does not hold at all. The majority of requests not satisfied from Lending Division stock are in the former category. However, failures due to absence of titles require a similar number of staff, because the likelihood of finding a location is less in such cases, and because more work is required to verify the titles.
COMPUTER NETWORK SYSTEMS: THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON CO‐OPERATIVE INTERLENDING IN THE USA
Authors: De Gennaro Richard
Published: February 2008

Recent developments in the USA have favoured decentralized networks rather than centralized resource libraries. US libraries have virtually no central planning or funding and the main drive towards progress is the initiative of individual libraries. This has created in the last ten years three major computer utilities — OCLC, RLG, WLN — and some twenty regional networks. OCLC is now in effect a commercial enterprise. Its shared cataloguing system can serve as an on‐line union catalogue; this has led to the development of an interlibrary loan subsystem which has increased the volume and changed the pattern of interlending. RLG and WLN have highly developed computer systems, but it is too early to assess their impact on inter/ending. These computer networks would be complemented, not duplicated by central resource libraries; with the National Periodicals Center effectively shelved, the Center for Research Libraries could take on a more dynamic role. Commercial vendors are often overlooked, but are an important element in document delivery systems. They are completely outside conventional library systems and might cream off the profitable end of the document supply market.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING: A SOUTH‐EAST ASIAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Wijasuriya DEK , Kadir Bacha Abdullah
Published: February 2008

This paper surveys interlending in the countries that comprise the consortium of National Libraries and Documentation Centres — South‐East Asia, ie Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. A questionnaire survey revealed that the volume of interlending varied greatly between these countries and was generally low. The number of interlibrary loan requests sent abroad was far greater than the number received. Only a minority of libraries had telephone and Telex links, but many had reprographic equipment. Requests were sent mainly to subject specialist libraries, and union catalogues and central collections were less used. Charges were minimal. The importance of maintaining national and international statistics is stressed. This is one function of national interlending centres, which should be established as independent units in all countries.
THE URQUHART BUILDING OF THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION: THE DESIGN OF A SINGLE FUNCTION LIBRARY BUILDING
Authors: Smith ES
Published: February 2008

A staged building programme has been necessary to meet the growth in demand on the British Library Lending Division and to house its increased stock. The Urquhart Building, the main building on the site, is designed for easy access to high‐use stock, fast flow of material, and future flexibility. The ground floor receives and despatches post, and mechanical handling equipment moves request forms and library materials to the processing and records area on the first floor and the six further storeys that house stock. There are large areas for access and machinery on the storage floors. The shelving for both hard‐copy and microforms was specially designed. Mechanical handling systems include conveyors in the packing areas, automatic vertical elevators, and mobile containers to carry request forms between request processing and storage areas. Other buildings on the site will be used for future stock expansion.
VI A VIEW FROM BANGLADESH
Authors: Karim KM
Published: February 2008

An interlending system is vital for the development and support of literacy, education and research, and of industry and the economy generally. Interlending takes place between certain groups of libraries, but progress is hampered by the lack of a strong national library to give leadership in shared acquisition and interlending policies. Another difficulty arises because different types of library come under different government departments, with no co‐ordinating agency. Progress will depend on systematic co‐operation between libraries.
VII A VIEW FROM BRAZIL
Authors: PM Mueller Suzana
Published: February 2008

Factors that influence library planning in Brazil include its large size, its very young population, its struggling semi‐industrialized economy, the uneven level of education, and low levels of research activity and publishing output. Modernization means that the demand for documents is potentially very large. Document supply will be organized through different economic or administrative sectors, such as agriculture, energy, or education. However, these will need to be co‐ordinated to avoid gaps or unnecessary duplication in subject coverage, and some degree of centralization is desirable.
STOCK MOVE 1980 AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Leadley Ian , Airey Pam , Wray Peter
Published: February 2008

Elsewhere in this issue (p. 50–56) E S Smith describes the new extension to the British Library Lending Division's Urquhart Building, which provides an additional 65 kilometres (40 miles) of shelving. In order to make the most efficient use of the total 130 kilometres (80 miles) capacity in the Urquhart Building, a vast amount of library stock had to be moved. It was important that this move should interfere as little as possible with the Lending Division's normal operations and it was therefore planned in great detail to be executed quickly and with the minimum of disruption to the loan/photocopy service.
UNIVERSAL AVAILABILITY OF PUBLICATIONS IN HUNGARIAN LIBRARIES
Authors: Rácz‐Nagy Aranka
Published: February 2008

Hungarian libraries have been organized into networks since the 1950s, and more recently there have been efforts to co‐ordinate acquisitions. The high cost of foreign publications is a problem. Legal deposit laws provide libraries with a generous number of copies of Hungarian publications, and this compensates to some extent for inadequacies in union catalogues. The National Széchényi Library is at present the main focus for interloan requests, but it normally acts only as a switching centre because it does not lend material. New regulations will promote the use of a larger number of supplying libraries. 23% of all requests are satisfied by libraries abroad. Interlending demand is at a relatively low level in Hungary, but shows a steady growth. Improvement requires government backing on policy and finance. Two new bodies that will bring some improvement are the Central Storage Library, a repository centre, and the Central Register of Libraries, which collects data on library holdings.
MINIMAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CHECKING OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN REQUESTS
Authors: Smith Malcolm
Published: February 2008

An investigation of the effects of submitting inter‐library loan requests after only a minimal check on their bibliographic details was first proposed in the UK by the British Library Lending Division because both requesting libraries and the Lending Division were finding it increasingly hard to spend much time and effort on the checking of requests. It was thought that a practical recognition of this fact on both sides might reduce work without a significant effect on the service. A higher proportion of requests might have to be returned by the Lending Division, but the speed of response to the majority might actually be improved. To test this, three experiments were conducted in co‐operation with selected borrowers. The first of these studies, carried out in the Summer of 1979 with Durham University Library, was reported in the April 1980 issue of Interlending Review. The results were encouraging, and two further studies were carried out in 1980, one with Manchester Polytechnic Library and the other with Nottinghamshire Public Library. Full reports on these surveys have been compiled. This note brings together the results of this work and presents the general conclusions.
SPEAKING FOR A CINDERELLA: UNPLANNED DECENTRALIZED INTERLENDING
Authors: Vervliet HDL
Published: February 2008

In a recent Unesco report entitled National interlending systems, four types of interlending system were identified; the fourth model (Model D) is unplanned decentralization. This is described as ‘not a system at all’; nevertheless it occurs frequently and, if the time and money necessary to set up better models are lacking, it is necessary to try to upgrade Model D. The cost of Models A, Band C (planned centralization or decentralization) should not be underestimated; they are perhaps applicable only to subcontinents. Union catalogues are necessary in decentralized systems, but their cost could be lowered by automation; speed of supply and goodwill on the part of net lenders can only be improved by cost recovery. Alternative methods of payment should be considered, including a system based on an international guarantee fund.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND 1980–81
Authors: Smith ES , Chauveinc Marc , Erik Røed Jan
Published: February 2008

Interlending in the past year has evidently been affected by the financial climate. The overall traffic has dropped slightly as has the number of requests received direct by the British Library Lending Division. It is not surprising therefore that a lot of consideration has been given to the possible pattern of interlending in the future and in particular the role of the National Committee on Regional Library Co‐operation as well as that of the regional bureaux. Discussion on a national scale has been initiated on the future role of union catalogues and how they may affect the mechanism for interlending.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT DELIVERY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: I
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

The principles of national interlending put forward by Line and Vickers and those for international lending developed by the IFLA Office for International Lending are considered in the Belgian context. A report on statistics in French university libraries and a survey of interlibrary borrowing by Antwerp University Library are summarized. Attention is drawn to some aspects of interlibrary loan costs. Various aspects of union catalogues are reported: the proposed German Union Catalogue (Deutscher Gesamtkatalog); union catalogue automation in France; the impact of the OCLC interlending subsystem on one US library; and a union list of serials/co‐operative acquisition scheme. Brief accounts are given of document delivery in South Africa, the use of telecopiers in a small network, and standardization of interlibrary loan procedures. A handbook on international lending in socialist countries and three reports of relevance to interlending in the Netherlands are mentioned.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: van Trier GM
Published: February 2008

Interlending in the Netherlands is based on a national system for the supply of scholarly literature and a regional system for supplying a wider range of material mainly between public libraries. Some 725,000 requests were made in 1979. Most requests are satisfied through union catalogues or printed union lists. In addition to the 12 provincial centres, the 13 regional support libraries have a central role in the regional supply system; they received 131,708 requests in 1980 and satisfied 27%. A single centre in each region is recommended. A survey of the national system showed that 40% of all requests at this level came from academic libraries, 40% from special libraries and 20% from public libraries. Most requests are for science and technology (60%), for English language material (55% of all requests; 70% of requests for journals), and for more recent material (65% published in the last ten years). The satisfaction rate was 76% (higher for requests sent to union catalogues): half were supplied in two weeks, two‐thirds in three weeks. Important gaps in journal coverage were identified, eg in medicine. An on‐line national union catalogue will be available in 1984 and will be used to distribute requests more evenly between libraries, but specific grants to support the interlending function in major supplying libraries will still be necessary, and charges should be made. Improved union catalogues are envisaged at the regional level also.
TRANSPORT SCHEMES FOR INTERLIBRARY LENDING: THE UK EXPERIENCE
Authors: Merry KJ
Published: February 2008

Where postal services are slow, unreliable or expensive, dedicated transport schemes for interlending purposes should be considered; their usefulness will vary from one country to another, according to local circumstances. In the UK, feasibility studies were followed by the setting up of transport schemes in a number of the UK library regions, and a national scheme linking the regions was envisaged. Transport schemes were not considered worthwhile in the larger regions with less interlending activity. A methodology for setting up schemes has been devised. The present transport schemes are financially competitive and likely to remain so. UK experience might provide a framework for assessing potential schemes in other countries.
FUTURE STORAGE REQUIREMENTS AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION: FIXED OR MOBILE SHELVING?
Authors: Russon David , Kútik Ing V , Clarke Ann
Published: February 2008

The British Library Lending Division's main ‘Urquhart’ building has 130 kilometres (80 miles) of shelving. The first half of this building was completed in 1972–73. and in 1980 an extension provided an extra 65 kilometres (40 miles) of shelves, which are used to house recently acquired monograph and serial stock, as well as some older serials and microform publications. Even before this extension had been completed planning was well advanced on the buildings that would be necessary when it became full. The total length of the Division's present shelving is approximately 160 kilometres (100 miles). In 1973, at the time the British Library was formed, the Lending Division had stock that filled approximately 65 kilometres (30 miles) of shelves. When the extension to the Urquhart building was opened in 1980, the stock had grown to occupy 105 kilometres (66 miles) and it is expected to expand at a rate of about 7.5 kilometres (4.7 miles) per year. By 1985, the present buildings will therefore be operationally full (operational capacity is reached when about 85% of shelf‐space is occupied).
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT DELIVERY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: II
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

In the USA, location of material has improved with new automated methods, but delivery of documents is still a problem, and many small libraries cannot participate in the new bibliographic networks. The OCLC interlending subsystem and those of RLIN and UTLAS (in Canada) are giving high satisfaction rates and improved speeds of supply, though they are less favourable to the borrower than interlending through on‐line circulation systems. The National Library of Medicine is planning an automated interlending system, with emphasis on serial requests. UTLAS envisages greater use of local minicomputers in distributed networks. Statistics from New Zealand illustrate growth and patterns of interlending. A survey in India demonstrates the need for an agreed policy on interlending between university libraries. Relative costs of different supply centres are looked at from a Belgian viewpoint. Information on tracing and obtaining conference literature in chemistry is presented in a handbook in the FRG. The possibility of setting up an electronic document delivery system in the European Communities is examined. Finally, the need for improved worldwide provision of publications and some possible solutions are discussed.
UNION CATALOGUE AUTOMATION AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Ede Stuart
Published: February 2008

Aware of both the opportunities for automation of its union catalogues and of the problems posed by a potential shift to uncontrolled direct interlending stimulated by the growth of the co‐operatives' shared cataloguing databases, the British Library set up an Ad hoc Working Party on Union Catalogues, which reported in April. A strategy of interlending catalogue provision is proposed that has as its main elements a Union Finding List of Foreign Language Monographs on COM, a Lending Division monograph stock catalogue, on COM and on‐line, and the Combined Regional Locations List enhanced with Lending Division stock. Work is under way to choose a system capable of supporting these catalogues as well as the acquisition, cataloguing and request checking activities of the Division. The first phases of operation are scheduled for 1984.
THE TRANSMISSION OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN REQUESTS: A REVIEW OF METHODS, WITH COMMENTS ON THEIR USE AT THE BRITISH LIBRARY LENDING DIVISION
Authors: Barden Philip
Published: February 2008

The requirements for transmission methods are accuracy, speed, ease of use, ability to switch requests, ability to respond to requests, and cost. Postal services are still most commonly used. Telephone and Telex are faster, but can be expensive. New alternatives include automatic document request services, direct requesting by computer, automated request switching systems, and telefacsimile. These new methods will become more popular as costs of equipment decrease.
NATIONAL ACQUISITION POLICIES AND SYSTEMS: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Collins Judith , Finer Ruth
Published: February 2008

Acquisition is an essential element in Universal Availability of Publications. An extensive literature review and a questionnaire survey revealed that few countries have a national acquisition policy but that there are numerous examples of informal arrangements involving substantial numbers of libraries. Factors influencing the existence and nature of a national acquisition system include the level of national commitment to libraries, attitudes of libraries to co‐operation, and administrative responsibility for libraries. National plans must be geared to national needs and circumstances; systems may be centralized or decentralized (by subject or other features), and may be centrally planned or based on voluntary co‐operation. The National Library may have a critical role to play. Five possible models are: a centralized unit of first resort; a decentralized region‐based system; centralized national subject libraries; decentralized responsibilities; and a central collection of journals only. Each country can decide on the appropriate model for its situation and requirements.
THE AVAILABILITY OF OLD, RARE AND PRECIOUS BOOKS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

Demand by remote users for old, rare and precious books is small but not insignificant. Special features affecting availability, whether by loan or photocopy, include scattered holdings, fragility, monetary value, rarity and restrictive conditions of gift. Union lists, of which there are several examples, are a first step towards availability. Where facsimiles and reprints exist they can be used for loan purposes. Not all older books are rare or precious, and many could be lent. A central repository accepting books withdrawn from other libraries can make them available subsequently. Electrostatic copies can often be made, or photographic copies in cases of fragility or tight binding; in both cases a second copy could be made for a national centre. Microfilming, whether as a commercial project or by individual libraries, can also avoid loan of the original. Other photographic or digital forms of capturing and storing texts may become more widely used. A national programme for improved availability could include union lists, a microfilming programme, a national register of microfilms or other copies, and a central repository of copies and/or originals. In the UK, some but not all of these elements exist. Union listing is very advanced. The British Library Lending Division serves as a national repository and has a good collection of facsimiles, reprints and microform research collections, all available for loan. Although there are limits to availability, much more could be done. The interests of bibliographic control, conservation and availability fortunately all coincide.
IMPROVING THE AVAILABILITY OF GREY LITERATURE
Authors: Vickers Stephen , Wood David N
Published: February 2008

IFLA's Universal Availability of Publications programme is concerned with highlighting and solving problems concerned with the widest possible availability of recorded knowledge. Its concern includes the improvement of access to grey literature (material not available through normal bookselling channels) at both national and international levels. At the national level centralization linking bibliographic control and availability is advocated. A centralized approach has already been adopted in the UK where the British Library Lending Division has developed a fairly comprehensive collection of report literature, translations, theses, conference proceedings and back up documents to synopsis journals etc. Through its monthly publication, British Reports Translations and Theses, it is also involved with the bibliographic control of grey literature.
Materials handling
Authors: Drury Jolyon
Published: February 2008

No one in an organisation knows better than the facilities manager just how hot the competition for space can be—and materials handling is one area in which it is only too easy for the unproductive to push out the productive. The expense of office space—with City of London rentals now exceeding £30/ft2, £12/ft2 common even in the suburbs, and the rate contribution now averaging 55 per cent of rental countrywide—means that facilities managers must continually be on their guard against unstructured uses. Materials delivery, storage, circulation and expulsion as waste are all essential but unproductive elements in the life cycle of the building, and particularly prone to encroach on office space if not formally planned.
Microform
Authors: Hucklesby Gretchen
Published: February 2008

Sometimes it seems that the chief product of administration is paper. Paper copy is still the favourite medium of communication in and between offices of all kinds, which creates a volume of material whose size is a problem in itself and whose management demands further supportive skills. In the electronic office of the future, we are assured, the computer will solve this problem: in practice, however, it has been observed to make its own contribution to the difficulty. Meanwhile, microfilm recording continues to provide a solution, chiefly on account of its simplicity, ease of handling and distribution and finally its economy.
VOLUNTARILY CHILDLESS MARRIAGES
Authors: Baum Frances
Published: February 2008

Five years ago a conference on Children and Marriage would probably not have included a paper on marriages without children. Having children in marriage conforms to one of society's strongest expectations; conversely not having any is portrayed as both undesirable and deviant. Society's prescriptions relating to parenthood have given rise to a number of assumptions about childless marriages. Briefly, these maintain that the causes of childlessness are almost always involuntary, that marriages without children will be less satisfactory and more prone to divorce than parental marriages, and that childlessness is generally associated negatively with various measures of mental health. It is only recently that such assumptions have been questioned, and that voluntary childlessness has become a subject of research in its own right, rather than as an aberration from the “normal” pattern of behaviour. In Britain three chief reasons for an upsurge in interest in childless by choice marriages are apparent. Firstly, there have been indications that couples are delaying childbirth in marriage and this has led to speculation that in some cases, at least, this delay would lead to higher rates of childlessness when this cohort of women had completed childbearing. Figure 1 illustrates both this trend and the fact that in the past high rates of childlessness in early marriage were associated with high rates of final childlessness. Secondly, in 1976 a pressure group was formed by some voluntarily childless individuals; its aim was to campaign for a reduction in pronatalist pressure in society. This group attracted a good deal of interest from the popular press and in the late seventies and early eighties many articles looking at various aspects of voluntary childlessness have been published. Thirdly, and most significantly, voluntary childlessness represents an alternative family form and has come into the realm of sociological studies of the family along with other lifestyles (such as one‐parent families or homosexual couples) that were once considered deviant and therefore outside the mainstream of society. It is now recognised that such living arrangements are both valid as subjects for study in their own right and in terms of the understanding they may give of more traditional arrangements.
RESTARTING A FAMILY: HAVING CHILDREN IN SECOND MARRIAGES
Authors: Clark David
Published: February 2008

It is extremely likely that present trends towards mass divorce and remarriage will lead to some changes in the fertility behaviour of those affected. As remarriages come to represent an increasing proportion of all marriages, it is apparent that childbearing and childrearing practices are diversifying and that our conventional assumptions about parenthood and childhood are going to require fairly continuous revision. In the light of this it is useful to consider some of the more obvious connections between remarriage and fertility and to look at the sort of implications which these might have for relationships between parents and children. Does divorce reduce fertility? Does remarriage increase it? How might divorce and remarriage alter the duration and tempo of the childbearing years and what are the likely family arrangements which might ensue? Such questions raise a number of difficulties when looked at within the established categories of fertility research and I therefore hope to suggest some ways in which data of various kinds may be pieced together in order to provide a reasonably comprehensive picture of the problem.
MARITAL SEPARATION AND CHILDREN: SOME PROBLEMS OF METHOD AND THEORY
Authors: Richards M.P.M.
Published: February 2008

It is estimated that more than a quarter of British marriages are likely to end in divorce and that about two thirds of these couples will have children living with them. Thus the experience of a parental divorce is commonplace for large numbers of children. For this reason and because of the widespread belief that divorce and marital separation are the cause of many social, psychological and medical problems, it is of some importance that we understand how children are affected. However, though much is written about divorce and children, there is a great lack of evidence derived from scientific study. Most of what is said in public discussions either comes from the experience of a few who may or may not be typical or are the expression of beliefs which may have more to do with the hopes and fears of the community in general than the experiences of those who go through a divorce.
THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Saaty Thomas L.
Published: February 2008

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement. When applied in decision‐making, it assists one to describe the general decision operation by decomposing a complex problem into a multi‐level hierarchic structure of objectives, criteria, subcriteria and alternatives. The AHP provides a fundamental scale of absolute magnitudes to represent judgments in the form of paired comparisons. A ratio scale of relative magnitudes expressed in priority units is then derived from each set of comparisons. An overall ratio scale of priorities is synthesized to obtain ranking of the alternatives. What is illustrated here is an application of the AHP to a retributive ongoing conflict in which the parties maximize both their benefits from and costs to the opponent. Using the AHP, benefit and cost hierarchies are constructed for the parties, four for each, involving actual and perceived benefits and costs of concessions. Similarly, a mediator must construct his own hierarchies to evaluate and propose changes in judgments and new concessions to improve an impasse in negotiation.
INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE AS ANTECEDENTS OF JOINT BENEFIT IN NEGOTIATION DYADS
Authors: Tutzauer Frank
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the relationship between integrative potential, information exchange, and behavioral and perceptual indicators of negotiation outcome. A measure of integrative potential is introduced that allows the researcher to quantify how much potential for integrativeness is contained in various bargaining scenarios. An experiment using a variant of Pruitt's (1981) bargaining scenario was conducted to investigate the usefulness of the measure. In particular, competitiveness interacted with information exchange to affect joint benefit. It is concluded that integrative potential can help develop useful theories of integrative bargaining.
THE IMPACT OF STATE PAY POLICY AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING STRUCTURE ON THE CHARACTER OF INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT
Authors: Kelly Aidan , Brannick Teresa
Published: February 2008

In this paper we have argued that the reasons for the unusually high level of unofficial strike action in Ireland has little to do with the nature of the industrial relations system, or with any deep‐seated historical ideological conflict among the principal interest groups. Rather it was the marked departure in public policy in relation to pay and collective bargaining that were the principal causes of high proportions of unofficial strikes. Our basic view about unofficial strikes is that they arise because of the presence of some structural rigidity, which, in turn, results from the nature of the bargaining structure. For example, an extended period of centralized pay bargaining leads to a stiffening of local employer‐employee relationships and procedures which, previously in a decentralized structure, were more flexible and less strict and precise in their formulation and application. This change in the bargaining structure leads to increased levels of unofficial action for a variety of reasons, which are discussed in the paper. There are also other contextual and structural factors which may influence or intensify levels of unofficial action: the type of work in which people are engaged, the strike issue, sector ownership, industry, trade union, and firm size.
SIMULATION REVIEWS
Authors: Greenhalgh Leonard , Nadler Lawrence B. , Keeshan Nadler Marjorie
Published: February 2008

This intraorganizational simulation allows participants to negotiate three aspects of a Carrera (Porsche) marketing/production plan. Participants read background information and assume the role of six vice‐presidents and a president. In their role descriptions they learn of their positions on production volume, body styles, and turbo charger options for the Carrera. Subsequently the participants—with equal number for and against every issue (the president is neutral)—hammer out the product plan for the next year.
MANAGING CUSTOMER‐BROKER CONFLICT IN THE SECURITIES INDUSTRY
Authors: Kelly Eileen P. , Clark Lawrence S.
Published: February 2008

Considerable controversy has arisen in recent years over the management of customer‐broker conflict in the securities industry. Attention has been focused on the supposed voluntariness and neutrality of the conflict management processes. Arbitration, which is the standard form of conflict management in the securities industry, has received particularly strong criticism. This article explains the basis for customer‐broker conflicts, the controversy surrounding the use of arbitration as a means of conflict management, and the case law regulating securities disputes.
SIMULATION REVIEW
Authors: Lewicki Roy J.
Published: February 2008

This simulation allows participants, as a group, to determine the features to be offered on two models of Videomaster's recording units. After reading background information about the models and their features, the participants assume the role of five vice‐presidents and a senior R&D electronics engineer. As a group, they make the decision; then they are debriefed and guided through a discussion of decision‐making and negotiation processes.
RELATIVE STATUS OF EMPLOYEES AND STYLES OF HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH KOREAN MANAGERS
Authors: Lee Chang‐Won
Published: February 2008

An onsite experimental study was conducted in order to observe conflict management styles of 90 middle‐level managers from a large Korean furniture manufacturing company. By using accomplices, conflict conditions were introduced in a controlled setting which simulated the features of a work environment. The experiment manipulated the relative status among the subjects and observed the influence of this treatment on the subjects' choices among different conflict management styles. Both structured observations and self‐report questionnaires converged to show that conflict management styles differed significantly when the managers interacted with superiors, peers, or subordinates: the managers were mainly avoiding with superiors, compromising with peers, and competing with subordinates. The current research suggests that the relative status among the parties in conflict determines the choice of conflict management styles.
POWER BALANCING IN MEDIATION: OUTCOMES AND IMPLICATIONS OF MEDIATOR INTERVENTION
Authors: Ippolito Carol A. , Pruitt Dean G.
Published: February 2008

Literature on power differentials within mediation sessions has indicated that when power imbalances are too great, mediation is not the proper venue for the resolution of these disputes. However, when there is not an incapacitating imbalance, it is possible that mediators can take steps to rectify this situation. A field study was conducted at two community dispute settlement centers in New York State, with the proceedings of 73 actual cases transcribed and then coded to: (1) determine the impact of unequal power on the outcome of interpersonal mediation; (2) examine how mediators deal with unequal power; (3) assess the impact of mediator efforts to balance power discrepancies, and (4) determine the impact of disputant characteristics on differences in power and outcome. It was found that the mediators in the present study did attempt to remedy power imbalances: by encouraging the more passive disputant to participate more in the hearing by criticizing aggressive disputants, and by asking embarrassing questions of more argumentative disputants and those taking a determined principled stance. However, contrary to expectations, it was found that mediator efforts to balance power discrepancies were not successful, power discrepancies did not lead to unequal agreements, and being a female or a minority did not lead to an unfair outcome.
EXTRAJUDICIAL MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION: EVALUATION OF GERMAN VICTIM‐OFFENDER‐RECONCILIATION PROGRAMS
Authors: Bilsky Wolfgang
Published: February 2008

This paper evaluates juvenile delinquency mediation in the West German judicial system. It describes three programs which spearheaded mediation in Germany. The evaluation concentrates on the influence of program organization and implementation on effectiveness of mediation. First, results from four studies that evaluate the oldest of these programs are reported. These studies deal with (a) the number of cases suited to mediation, (b) the actual amount of mediation, (c) the practicability of mediation as judged by program experts, and (d) the acceptance of mediation by victims and offenders. Second, a comparative analysis of all three programs is presented focusing on (a) program goals and (b) impact of implementation on the preselection of cases and the role of the mediator. An overall evaluation shows that media‐tion is an effective means of conflict management beyond petty offense; recommendations of the police proved helpful in selecting cases for mediation; the complexity of conflicts suggests a special training for mediators.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS: AN ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK
Authors: Modavi Neghin
Published: February 2008

This discussion forwards a political economy framework for the analysis of the role and impact of political intervention on the process and outcome of environmental conflicts. The proposed analytic approach, advocated by the class‐centric state perspective, focuses on the economic roots of political action in conflict situations. The paper provides a critique of the existing analytic approaches to conflict analysis. The paper also offers a brief account of Hawaii's land use policy and history of land‐related environmental conflicts to illustrate the potential of the political economy approach.
SINO‐SOVIET BORDER RELATIONS: CONFLICT AND COMMUNICATION
Authors: Mastroianni George R.
Published: February 2008

China and the Soviet Union have disputed portions of their common border for centuries, sometimes violently. Some analysts base this dispute on competing territorial ambitions and deep‐seated cultural antipathy. The perspective elaborated here, using an historical‐structural rather than quantitative approach, is that modern China uses the border dispute as a convenient means of communicating with the Soviet Union when a particularly forceful, dramatic, or public forum is needed to accomplish Chinese objectives. Support for this hypothesis, derived from an analysis of China's relations with other neighbors, is also discussed.
TARGETS OF MERGERS: APPLYING A NEGOTIATIONS PERSPECTIVE TO PREDICT DEGREE OF RESISTANCE
Authors: Sharma Anurag , Shapiro Debra L. , Kesner Idalene F.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, findings from the negotiation literature are tested in the context of mergers. Firms' relative threat capacity, surveillance by constituents, accountability to constituents, and the attractiveness of initial offers are shown to predict management's resistance to mergers in a manner consistent with theories in the negotiation literature. The pattern of predicted two‐way and three‐way interactions support speculations and findings previously reported in the negotiation literature as well. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
COMMUNICATION WITHIN A DISPUTE MEDIATION: INTERACTANTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROCESS
Authors: Hale Claudia L. , Bast Cathy , Gordon Betsy
Published: February 2008

The intent of the research reported in this paper was to add to our understanding of the factors which affect a participant's beliefs concerning whether he/she has been fairly treated within a dispute mediation. A study was conducted using role‐play mediations involving peer‐mediators with undergraduate students posing as roommates experiencing a conflict. Approximately 2 weeks after the mediations, 25 of the disputant‐subjects met with one of the researchers to review a video tape of their particular mediation and discuss the communication which occurred The results of those interviews are presented and discussed in terms of their implications for procedural justice theory and the conduct of interpersonal dispute mediations.
THE HORMEL STRIKE AT AUSTIN, MINNESOTA
Authors: Kuhle Brenda , Knox Karen
Published: February 2008

In 1984, Local P‐9 of the United Food and Commercial Worker's Union (UFCW) launched a publicity campaign to protest wage cuts at the George A. Hormel Company of Austin, Minnesota. This corporate campaign was followed in August, 1985, by a bitter strike. After P‐9 had been striking for nearly a year, the international officers of the UFCW placed the local P‐9 union in trusteeship, replaced its officers, and negotiated a new labor contract.