bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Strength and Durability of M70 Grade Quaternary Blended Concrete Manufactured Using SCMs
Authors: Chavan Ashok D. , Rattan Dr.V. K. , Patil Dr.Y.S.
Published: October 2024

This research addresses the dual imperatives of durability and sustainability in modern construction by exploring the use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) to partially replace Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete mixes. The study aimed to achieve three key objectives: improving economic feasibility, enhancing sustainability, and optimizing concrete performance. Various SCMs such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and micro silica were blended to create quaternary concrete mixes (TM2, TM3, TM4, and TM5), which underwent comprehensive laboratory testing. Tests included assessments of compressive strength, water permeability, Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT), Rapid Chloride Migration Test (RCMT), and electrical resistivity. Results demonstrated that SCM-based concretes exhibit superior strength, enhanced durability, and improved microstructure compared to traditional OPC concrete. TM4, notably with 25% GGBS replacement, showed optimal performance, meeting stringent standards for water permeability at 28 and 56 days. RCPT and RCMT results confirmed reduced chloride ion penetration across all mixes, with TM4 exhibiting the lowest rates. Electrical resistivity tests highlighted TM3 and TM5 as top performers, surpassing industry durability benchmarks. The study advocates for widespread adoption of SCM-blended concretes in construction, citing their economic benefits and positive environmental impact
A Comprehensive Examination of Optimization Techniques and Photovoltaic Systems in Energy Management Systems
Authors: K Mujeeb Rahuman , Jacob Anish Joseph , K.R Seena , Mathew Arun S
Published: October 2024

The Energy Management System (EMS) has the potential to enhance transmission operators' understanding of transmission and sub transmission networks as a whole. It has the capability to function as either a completely integrated system or as an independent system. The utilization of this technology facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources, ensures the dependability of the microgrid, and maximizes cost and economic efficiency within the interconnected power market. Energy Management Systems (EMSs) must successfully address dispatch optimization difficulties related to the available production and storage capacity in order to fulfill technoeconomic and environmental objectives. The inclusion of market data, real-time microgrid status and operational restrictions, as well as fabrication and demand forecasting data, is crucial in this context. Nevertheless, ongoing research is being conducted to create a system that minimizes capital expenses and functions solely on renewable energy sources. This necessitates the implementation of a hybrid system that is affordable for the typical individual. The primary objective and influence of the study is to provide information on current demand response programs and ideas for optimizing energy management systems. Furthermore, this research provides a thorough examination of demand response and optimization tactics, solar systems, and their diverse methodologies, alongside contemporary energy management systems
Environment friendly soil stabilization using Lignin Biopolymer
Authors: ENAYATHALI Dr.S.SYED
Published: October 2024

Theusingofligninbiopolymerforsoilstabilizationoffersasustainablesolutionthatpromotes environmental protection and conservation while meeting the engineering and agricultural wishes for soil control. the usage of lignin biopolymer for soil stabilization is an incredible environmentallyfriendlymethod.Lignin,acomplicatednaturalpolymerfoundinplantmobile partitions,hasdiversepackagesbecauseofitspotentialtobindsoildebristogetherandenhance soil systems like Biodegradability, Soil Erosion, development of Soil houses, reduction of Chemical utilization, Waste usage, Compatibility with natural farming
Multi-Step Approach for Plant Disease IdentificationUsing Neural Network
Authors: Upadhyay Smita , Hingrajiya Prof. Krishna
Published: October 2024

Accurate identification of plant diseases is crucial for preventing reductions in agricultural productivity and quantity. The study of patterns that are visible to the human eye and indicate disease states in plants is known as plant pathology. Maintaining plant health and identifying plant diseases are essential to agriculture's long-term viability. Manually monitoring plant diseases is a challenging task. It necessitates a substantial amount of effort, and specialized knowledge in the field of plant diseases, and also demands a significant amount of time for processing. Therefore, image processing is utilized to identify plant illnesses by taking leaf images and comparing them with existing data sets. The dataset comprises many plant species in picture format. The primary objective of this research was to utilize image processing and MobileNet V2 with Transfer Learning to identify plant illnesses promptly and precisely. The role of agriculture in guaranteeing food security and economic stability is significant, and quick detection of plant diseases is essential in reducing crop loss. The objective of this research is to address the existing limitations in disease detection methods by proposing a new and automated approach for identifying plant diseases where we got 99.00 accuracy
Antioxidant capacity and drug-like activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus against D3, DJR-1, and SOD-1: A Computational exploration
Authors: Gautam Priyanka , Rana Krishna , Lukose Jibi
Published: October 2024

The current lifestyle and rising health concerns have increased the demand for nutraceuticals (nutrition + pharmaceuticals) food and food products, providing health benefits beyond essential nutrition. Advances in research and technology has enhanced the quality of life, allowed us to fight diseases, and enhanced longevity. Unfortunately, due to the heightened longevity it leads to rise in the incidences of age-related diseases such as Parkinson Disease (PD) arising through cellular, genetic, and multifactor pathophysiological processes. Treating PD using antioxidants by modulating oxidative stress via interaction with DJR 1 protein and D3R could be a best strategy. In this study 32 polyphenolic compounds from Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) were evaluated using prediction of molecular properties and in silico docking studies. All selected compounds were subjected to ADMET followed by docking to investigate newly designed proteins' binding affinities and conformations. Extensible toxicity prediction protocol of Discovery studio (2019) used to predict their molecular properties, important to be a drug candidate. Molecular docking simulations of Jackfruit with novel designed PD and ROS associated protein has been the focus of our work. Artonin K and Artonin S were the most potent inhibitors as for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, physicochemical, and docking properties
Design Analysis of an automatic corn cob packaging machine by CAD modelling and FEA
Authors: Bhashyam Lokesh , (Zheng)Li DR jeremy
Published: October 2024

The use of packaging medium is a normal practice in both small and big industries. This is mostly applied in granular materials like rice, beans and sugar. However, packaging is also done to other bit products that require the same for safety like corn cobs. Packaging of products makes it easier to transport to the market. In industrial application packaging of corn cob is not common. Most cases the corns are removed from the cob and then packaged for sale. This project will be focusing on designing a packaging system, to be used in the manufacturing industry for faster and reliable packaging of corn cobs. The system will be packaging corns of different sizes, from 6 to inches at a speed rate of 500 sweet corn cobs per hour. The machine will be fully automated and as such will be controlled using an industrial controller. The idea is to manually place the corn cobs on to the feeding conveyor belt, then the automatic packaging is done with the aim of reducing human efforts and time consumption. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was also carried to determine quality control and failure to ascertain whether the machine would be safe for fabrication (Emmanuel O., 2021). The equipment designed by this software has a good stability, intuitive operating platform and convenient which improves the working performance and efficiency (Luo, 2022)
Preparation of silver nanoparticles using Hyssop plant extract
Authors: Saleh Rasha Hosam
Published: October 2024

In the production of silver nanoparticles, Ag-NPs, we relied on green chemistry, and the method included the use of an extract from the wild hyssop plant, which has great medicinal value according to modern medical studies. To prepare the necessary extract, a plant sample was collected from the highlands of the Syrian coast. To find the ideal concentration for the preparation, multiple concentrations of plant extracts were used to create silver nanoparticles. The study used an X-ray diffraction device (XRD), a visible light absorptiometry (UVVIS), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and then the resulting silver nanoparticles were measured and their nanosized range was determined. The highest wavelength that the silver nanoparticles could reach was also determined. It absorbs light within the wavelength range of 400-450 nanometers
Development of a Distance Education Platform Providing Secure Data Storage and Tamper-Proof Certification: Robust Guard
Authors: GÜRFİDAN Remzi
Published: October 2024

Distance education is a learning model in which students and teachers carry out education and training activities through internet-based technologies without being in the same physical environment. This model makes it possible to reach wider masses by eliminating geographical restrictions and allows individuals to learn at their own pace and at convenient times by offering time and space flexibility. In the study, challenges such as security of documents, student authentication and exam security in distance education are discussed and it is emphasized that these problems can be overcome largely with blockchain-based solutions. Using blockchain methods, students' exam results and certificates are securely stored and protected against tampering. Performance measurements of the transactions performed on the blockchain are carried out and the upper limits of the prepared infrastructure are tested and determined. These experiments are important in determining the scalability of Robust Guard and its service against intense data flow. According to the experiments, the capacity of the network starts to strain after 60 units of data. The aim of this study is to develop a distance learning platform with secure storage and certification services and to provide a more secure alternative to existing distance learning frameworks
Evaluating Pile Bearing Capacity Through Integration of Laboratory Testing and Empirical Correlations
Authors: Gupta Shubham , Singh Vaibhav , Garg Dr. Chinar
Published: October 2024

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of pile bearing capacity assessment using three distinct methodologies: laboratory testing, the N.V. Nayak method, and the Stroud correlation. The study aims to provide a detailed comparison of these approaches to determine their accuracy and reliability in predicting pile bearing capacity. Laboratory testing involves direct measurement of soil properties and pile behavior under controlled conditions, offering high precision in the evaluation process. The N.V. Nayak method, an empirical approach, provides practical and widely-used guidelines for assessing pile capacity based on soil parameters and pile dimensions. The Stroud correlation, another empirical method, utilizes standard penetration test (SPT) results to estimate pile bearing capacity. By applying these three methods to a series of test piles, the research evaluates the consistency and accuracy of each approach. Comparative analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of laboratory testing, the N.V. Nayak method, and the Stroud correlation, offering insights into their applicability in various geotechnical scenarios. The findings aim to guide engineers in selecting the most appropriate method for accurate pile bearing capacity assessment, ultimately contributing to safer and more efficient foundation design in construction projects
Design Analysis of an automatic corn cob packaging machine by CAD modelling and FEA
Authors: Bhashyam Lokesh , (Zheng)Li DR jeremy
Published: October 2024

The use of packaging medium is a normal practice in both small and big industries. This is mostly applied in granular materials like rice, beans and sugar. However, packaging is also done to other bit products that require the same for safety like corn cobs. Packaging of products makes it easier to transport to the market. In industrial application packaging of corn cob is not common. Most cases the corns are removed from the cob and then packaged for sale. This project will be focusing on designing a packaging system, to be used in the manufacturing industry for faster and reliable packaging of corn cobs. The system will be packaging corns of different sizes, from 6 to inches at a speed rate of 500 sweet corn cobs per hour. The machine will be fully automated and as such will be controlled using an industrial controller. The idea is to manually place the corn cobs on to the feeding conveyor belt, then the automatic packaging is done with the aim of reducing human efforts and time consumption. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was also carried to determine quality control and failure to ascertain whether the machine would be safe for fabrication (Emmanuel O., 2021). The equipment designed by this software has a good stability,intuitive operating platform and convenient which improves the working performance and efficiency (Luo, 2022)
Economic Analysis of Polymer Flooding Materials During Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Braye Oritom Hezekiah - , Godwin.J Nmegbu Chukwuma , N Wami Emenike. , G Akpa Jackson.
Published: October 2024

Cost-benefit analysis was used to ascertain the most cost-effective polymer material for polymer flooding using sixteen sand packs. Various combinations of polymer were used for the flooding each of the sand packs. In this analysis key variables such as capital expenditure, price of oil, and operating expenditures were considered. The cost-benefit ratio was used to evaluate the various polymer flooding. The results obtained for sand packs without polymer flooding had a cost of benefit ratio of 3.53 while the enhanced sand packs had varying degrees of profitability as indicated by the benefit cost ratio. The most economically viable is the use of the biopolymer gotten from caladium bicolor with a benefit cost ratio of 5.52
Implementing ESP for the Construction Training Institute in Kuwait
Authors: Almutawa Aysha , Almekaimi Meshari , Dashti Farah
Published: October 2024

The aims of this research include: 1. To identify the needs of the construction training institute (CTI) English curriculum for construction students, and 2. To develop appropriate English skills in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. This research draws inspiration from the instructional scaffolding approach established by Jerome Burner in the 1960s and has been advocated and cited in the Northern Illinois University Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning; this curriculum development process emphasizes guided instruction, class participation, group work, and independent practice. By scaffolding the learning process, instructors aim to provide comprehensive support for learners as they master new concepts and skills in English language proficiency relevant to the construction industry. The methodology gathered follows the ADDIE framework: analyze,design, develop, implement, and evaluate. Key considerations in curriculum development include ensuring alignment with ISO 9001: 2015 accreditation standards relevant to industry needs
Krebs cycle rewired for macrophage and dendritic cell effector functions
Authors: Ryan Dylan Gerard , O'Neill Luke A. J.
Published: July 2017

The Krebs cycle is an amphibolic pathway operating in the mitochondrial matrix of all eukaryotic organisms. In response to proinflammatory stimuli, macrophages and dendritic cells undergo profound metabolic remodelling to support the biosynthetic and bioenergetic requirements of the cell. Recently, it has been discovered that this metabolic shift also involves the rewiring of the Krebs cycle to regulate cellular metabolic flux and the accumulation of Krebs cycle intermediates, notably, citrate, succinate and fumarate. Interestingly, a new role for Krebs cycle intermediates as signalling molecules and immunomodulators that dictate the inflammatory response has begun to emerge. This review will discuss the latest developments in Krebs cycle rewiring and immune cell effector functions, with a particular focus on the regulation of cytokine production.
Toward a structural understanding of nucleic acid‐sensing Toll‐like receptors in the innate immune system
Authors: Zhang Zhikuan , Ohto Umeharu , Shimizu Toshiyuki
Published: July 2017

The history of mankind has been plagued by the tug of war with viral infections. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and other receptors of the innate immune system constitute an early defense system against invading viruses by recognizing the viral genetic material, the nucleic acids (NAs). Agonistic ligands of NA‐sensing TLRs play an emerging role in the treatment of viral diseases, demonstrating a crucial role of these receptors. Recently, crystal structures have afforded new insights into TLR recognition of NAs. An aberrant activation by self‐NAs, which leads to the inflammation and autoimmunity, is avoided by strict regulation of NA–TLR interaction at multiple check‐points. This Review summarizes the novel structural understanding of NA‐sensing by TLRs and regulatory mechanisms of these receptors.
The role of the electron temperature on ion loss from Mars
Authors: Brecht Stephen H. , Ledvina Stephen A. , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports the results of hybrid simulations of the Mars‐solar wind interaction. The focus is on the role of the low altitude (<500 km) electron temperature profile on the ionospheric chemistry, dynamics, and loss rates of oxygen ions. It is found that the loss rates of O+ and O2+ from the Martian ionosphere are changed depending on the electron temperature profile being used. Test simulations show that diamagnetic effects (specifically the ambipolar electric field) are an important part of the solar wind interaction with Mars.
Slow slip events in the early part of the earthquake cycle
Authors: Voss Nicholas K. , Malservisi Rocco , Dixon Timothy H. , Protti Marino
Published: July 2017

In February 2014 a Mw = 7.0 slow slip event (SSE) took place beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. This event occurred 17 months after the 5 September 2012, Mw = 7.6, earthquake and along the same subduction zone segment, during a period when significant postseismic deformation was ongoing. A second SSE occurred in the middle of 2015, 21 months after the 2014 SSE and 38 months after the earthquake. The recurrence interval for Nicoya SSEs was unchanged by the earthquake. However, the spatial distribution of slip for the 2014 event differed significantly from previous events, having only deep (~40 km) slip, compared to previous events, which had both deep and shallow slip. The 2015 SSE marked a return to the combination of deep plus shallow slip of preearthquake SSEs. However, slip magnitude in 2015 was nearly twice as large (Mw = 7.2) as preearthquake SSEs. We employ Coulomb Failure Stress change modeling in order to explain these changes. Stress changes associated with the earthquake and afterslip were highest near the shallow portion of the megathrust, where preearthquake SSEs had significant slip. Lower stress change occurred on the deeper parts of the plate interface, perhaps explaining why the deep (~40 km) region for SSEs remained unchanged. The large amount of shallow slip in the 2015 SSE may reflect lack of shallow slip in the prior SSE. These observations highlight the variability of aseismic strain release rates throughout the earthquake cycle.
Grain size‐dependent strength of phyllosilicate‐rich gouges in the shallow crust: Insights from the SAFOD site
Authors: Phillips Noah John , White Joseph Clancy
Published: July 2017

The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drilling project directly sampled a transitional (between creeping and locked) segment of the San Andreas Fault at 2.7 km depth. At the site, changes in strain rate occur between periods of coseismic slip (>10−7 s−1) and interseismic creep (10−10 s−1) over decadal scales (~30 years). Microstructural observations of core retrieved from the SAFOD site show throughgoing fractures and gouge‐rich cores within the fractures, evidence of predominantly brittle deformation mechanisms. Within the gouge‐rich cores, strong phases show evidence of deformation by pressure solution once the grain size is reduced to a critical effective grain size. Models of pressure solution‐accommodated creep for quartz‐phyllosilicate mixtures indicate that viscous weakening of quartz occurs during the interseismic period once a critical effective grain size of 1 μm is achieved, consistent with microstructural observations. This causes pronounced weakening, as the strength of the mixture is then controlled by the frictional properties of the phyllosilicate phases. These results have pronounced implications for the internal deformation of fault zones in the shallow crust, where at low strain rates, deformation is accommodated by both viscous and brittle deformation mechanisms. As strain rates increase, the critical effective grain size for weakening decreases, localizing deformation into the finest‐grained gouges until deformation can no longer be accommodated by viscous processes and purely brittle failure occurs.
Magnetospheric Multiscale analysis of intense field‐aligned Poynting flux near the Earth's plasma sheet boundary
Authors: Stawarz J. E. , Eastwood J. P. , Varsani A. , Ergun R. E. , Shay M. A. , Nakamura R. , Phan T. D. , Burch J. L. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Goodrich K. A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Torbert R. B.
Published: July 2017

The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission is employed to examine intense Poynting flux directed along the background magnetic field toward Earth, which reaches amplitudes of nearly 2 mW/m2. The event is located within the plasma sheet but likely near the boundary at a geocentric distance of 9 RE in association with bulk flow signatures. The fluctuations have wavelengths perpendicular to the magnetic field of 124–264 km (compared to an ion gyroradius of 280 km), consistent with highly kinetic Alfvén waves. While the wave vector remains highly perpendicular to the magnetic field, there is substantial variation of the direction in the perpendicular plane. The field‐aligned Poynting flux may be associated with kinetic Alfvén waves released along the separatrix by magnetotail reconnection and/or the radiation of waves excited by bursty bulk flow braking and may provide a means through which energy released by magnetic reconnection is transferred to the auroral region.
Water stress detection in the Amazon using radar
Authors: van Emmerik Tim , Steele‐Dunne Susan , Paget Aaron , Oliveira Rafael S. , Bittencourt Paulo R. L. , Barros Fernanda de V. , van de Giesen Nick
Published: July 2017

The Amazon rainforest plays an important role in the global water and carbon cycle, and though it is predicted to continue drying in the future, the effect of drought remains uncertain. Developments in remote sensing missions now facilitate large‐scale observations. The RapidScat scatterometer (Ku band) mounted on the International Space Station observes the Earth in a non‐Sun‐synchronous orbit, which allows for studying changes in the diurnal cycle of radar backscatter over the Amazon. Diurnal cycles in backscatter are significantly affected by the state of the canopy, especially during periods of increased water stress. We use RapidScat backscatter time series and water deficit measurements from dendrometers in 20 trees during a 9 month period to relate variations in backscatter to increased tree water deficit. Morning radar bacskcatter dropped significantly with increased tree water deficit measured with dendrometers. This provides unique observational evidence that demonstrates the sensitivity of radar backscatter to vegetation water stress, highlighting the potential of drought detection and monitoring using radar.
Temporal static stress drop variations due to injection activity at The Geysers geothermal field, California
Authors: Staszek M. , Orlecka‐Sikora B. , Leptokaropoulos K. , Kwiatek G. , Martínez‐Garzón P.
Published: July 2017

We use a high‐quality data set from the NW part of The Geysers geothermal field to determine statistical significance of temporal static stress drop variations and their relation to injection rate changes. We use a group of 322 seismic events which occurred in the proximity of Prati‐9 and Prati‐29 injection wells to examine the influence of parameters such as moment magnitude, focal mechanism, hypocentral depth, and normalized hypocentral distances from open‐hole sections of injection wells on static stress drop changes. Our results indicate that (1) static stress drop variations in time are statistically significant, (2) statistically significant static stress drop changes are inversely related to injection rate fluctuations. Therefore, it is highly expected that static stress drop of seismic events is influenced by pore pressure in underground fluid injection conditions and depends on the effective normal stress and strength of the medium.
Ozone depletion following future volcanic eruptions
Authors: Eric Klobas J. , Wilmouth David M. , Weisenstein Debra K. , Anderson James G. , Salawitch Ross J.
Published: July 2017

While explosive volcanic eruptions cause ozone loss in the current atmosphere due to an enhancement in the availability of reactive chlorine following the stratospheric injection of sulfur, future eruptions are expected to increase total column ozone as halogen loading approaches preindustrial levels. The timing of this shift in the impact of major volcanic eruptions on the thickness of the ozone layer is poorly known. Modeling four possible climate futures, we show that scenarios with the smallest increase in greenhouse gas concentrations lead to the greatest risk to ozone from heterogeneous chemical processing following future eruptions. We also show that the presence in the stratosphere of bromine from natural, very short‐lived biogenic compounds is critically important for determining whether future eruptions will lead to ozone depletion. If volcanic eruptions inject hydrogen halides into the stratosphere, an effect not considered in current ozone assessments, potentially profound reductions in column ozone would result.
Ice‐dammed lake drainage in west Greenland: Drainage pattern and implications on ice flow and bedrock motion
Authors: Kjeldsen Kristian K. , Khan Shfaqat A. , Bjørk Anders A. , Nielsen Karina , Mouginot Jeremie
Published: July 2017

Ice‐dammed lakes drain frequently in Greenland, but the impacts of these events differ between sites. Here we study the quasi‐cyclic behavior of the ~40 km2 Lake Tininnilik in west Greenland and its impact on ice flow and crustal deformation. Data reveal rapid drainage of 1.83 ± 0.17 km3 of water in less than 7 days in 2010, leading to a speedup of the damming glacier, and an instantaneous modeled elastic bedrock uplift of 18.6 ± 0.1 mm confirmed by an independent lakeside GPS record. Since ice‐dammed lakes are common on Greenland, our results highlight the importance of including other sources of surface loading in addition to ice mass change, when assessing glacial isostatic adjustment or elastic rebound using geodetic data. Moreover, the results illustrates a linkage between subglacial discharge and ice surface velocity, important for assessing ice flux, and thus mass balance, in a future warming climate.
How important are diapycnal mixing and geothermal heating for the deep circulation of the Western Mediterranean?
Authors: Ferron B. , Bouruet Aubertot P. , Cuypers Y. , Schroeder K. , Borghini M.
Published: July 2017

The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ε and the associated diapycnal turbulent mixing is inferred from a set of microstructure observations collected over several cruises from year 2012 to 2014. The geographical distribution of ε highlights several regions of enhanced levels of turbulence ranging from 10−9 to 10−6 W kg−1: the Sicily Channel, the Corsica Channel, and the Ligurian Sea. Elsewhere, ε was small, often below 10−10 W kg−1. Below 1300 m, geothermal heating provides three‐fold more buoyancy than small‐scale turbulence. Geothermal heating and turbulent diffusion provide enough buoyancy to balance 15% to 50% of a mean yearly deep water formation rate of 0.9 to 0.3 sverdrup (106 m3/s), respectively. The remaining part has to eventually overflow through the Strait of Gibraltar.
Relative roles of surface temperature and climate forcing patterns in the inconstancy of radiative feedbacks
Authors: Haugstad A. D. , Armour K. C. , Battisti D. S. , Rose B. E. J.
Published: July 2017

Radiative feedbacks robustly vary over time in transient warming simulations. Published studies offer two explanations: (i) evolving patterns of ocean heat uptake (OHU) or radiative forcing give rise to OHU or forcing “efficacies” and (ii) evolving patterns of surface temperature change. This study seeks to determine whether these explanations are indeed distinct. Using an idealized framework of an aquaplanet atmosphere‐only model, we show that radiative feedbacks depend on the pattern of climate forcing. Yet the same feedbacks arise when the temperature pattern induced by that climate forcing is prescribed in the absence of any forcing. These findings suggest the perspective that feedbacks are influenced by efficacies of forcing and OHU is equivalent to the perspective that feedbacks are dependent on the temperature patterns induced by those forcings. Prescribed surface temperature simulations are thus valuable for studying the temporal evolution of radiative feedbacks.
River networks dampen long‐term hydrological signals of climate change
Authors: Chezik K. A. , Anderson S. C. , Moore J. W.
Published: July 2017

River networks may dampen local hydrologic signals of climate change through the aggregation of upstream climate portfolio assets. Here we examine this hypothesis using flow and climate trend estimates (1970–2007) at 55 hydrometric gauge stations and across their contributing watersheds' within the Fraser River basin in British Columbia, Canada. Using a null hypothesis framework, we compared our observed attenuation of river flow trends as a function of increasing area and climate trend diversity, with null‐simulated estimates to gauge the likelihood and strength of our observations. We found the Fraser River reduced variability in downstream long‐term discharge by >91%, with >3.1 times the attenuation than would be expected under null simulation. Although the strength of dampening varied seasonally, our findings indicate that large free‐flowing rivers offer a powerful and largely unappreciated process of climate change mitigation. River networks that integrate a diverse climate portfolio can dampen local extremes and offer climate change relief to riverine biota.
Elasticity of ε‐FeOOH: Seismic implications for Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Thompson E. C. , Campbell A. J. , Tsuchiya J.
Published: July 2017

We have calculated the structure and elasticity of low‐spin ferromagnetic ε‐FeOOH to 140 GPa using density functional theory calculations with a Coulombic self‐interaction term (U). Using these data, the elastic moduli and sound velocities of ε‐FeOOH were calculated across the pressure stability of the hydrogen bond symmetrized structure (30 to 140 GPa). The obtained values were compared with previously published values for phase H (MgSiH2O4) and δ‐AlOOH, which likely form a solid solution with ε‐FeOOH. In contrast to these Mg and Al end‐members, ε‐FeOOH has smaller diagonal and larger off‐diagonal elastic constants, leading to an eventual negative pressure dependence of its shear wave velocity. Because of this behavior, iron‐enriched solid solutions from this system have smaller shear wave velocities than surrounding mantle and therefore are a plausible contributor to large low‐shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) which exhibit similar seismic properties. Additionally, ε‐FeOOH has substantial shear wave polarization anisotropy. Consequently, if iron‐rich solid solutions from the FeOOH–AlOOH–MgSiH2O4 system at the core‐mantle boundary exhibit significant lattice‐preferred orientation due to the strong shear stresses which occur there, it may help explain the seismically observed SH > SV anisotropy in this region.
Constant electrical resistivity of Ni along the melting boundary up to 9 GPa
Authors: Silber Reynold E. , Secco Richard A. , Yong Wenjun
Published: July 2017

Characterization of transport properties of liquid Ni at high pressures has important geophysical implications for terrestrial planetary interiors, because Ni is a close electronic analogue of Fe and it is also integral to Earth's core. We report measurements of the electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Ni at pressures 3–9 GPa using a 3000 t multianvil large volume press. A four‐wire method, in conjunction with a rapid acquisition meter and polarity switch, was used to overcome experimental challenges such as melt containment and maintaining sample geometry and to mitigate the extreme reactivity/solubility of liquid Ni with most thermocouple and electrode materials. Thermal conductivity is calculated using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. Electrical resistivity of solid Ni exhibits the expected P dependence and is consistent with earlier experimental values. Within experimental uncertainties, our results indicate that resistivity of liquid Ni remains invariant along the P‐dependent melting boundary, which is in disagreement with earlier prediction for liquid transition metals. The potential reasons for such behavior are examined qualitatively through the impact of P‐independent local short‐range ordering on electron mean free path and the possibility of constant Fermi surface at the onset of Ni melting. Correlation among metals obeying the Kadowaki‐Woods ratio and the group of late transition metals with unfilled d‐electron band displaying anomalously shallow melting curves suggests that on the melting boundary, Fe may exhibit the same resistivity behavior as Ni. This could have important implications for the heat flow in the Earth's core.
Kinetic and potential sputtering of an anorthite‐like glassy thin film
Authors: Hijazi H. , Bannister M. E. , Meyer H. M. , Rouleau C. M. , Meyer F. W.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we present measurements of He+ and He+2 ion‐induced sputtering of an anorthite‐like thin film at a fixed solar wind‐relevant impact energy of ~0.5 keV/amu using a quartz crystal microbalance approach (QCM) for determination of total absolute sputtering yields. He+2 ions are the most abundant multicharged ions in the solar wind, and increased sputtering by these ions in comparison to equivelocity He+ ions is expected to have the biggest effect on the overall sputtering efficiency of solar wind impact on the Moon. Our measurements indicate an almost 70% increase of the sputtering yield for doubly charged incident He ions compared to that for same velocity He+ impact (14.6 amu/ion for He+2 vs. 8.7 amu/ion for He+). Using a selective sputtering model, the new QCM results presented here, together with previously published results for Ar+q ions and SRIM results for the relevant kinetic‐sputtering yields, the effect due to multicharged‐solar‐wind‐ion impact on local near‐surface modification of lunar anorthite‐like soil is explored. It is shown that the multicharged‐solar‐wind component leads to a more pronounced and significant differentiation of depleted and enriched surface elements as well as a shortening of the timescale over which such surface‐compositional modifications might occur in astrophysical settings. In addition, to validate previous and future determinations of multicharged‐ion‐induced sputtering enhancement for those cases where the QCM approach cannot be used, relative quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS)‐based measurements are presented for the same anorthite‐like thin film as were investigated by QCM, and their suitability and limitations for charge state‐enhanced yield measurements are discussed.
E
lmira
R
eformatory
Authors: Hawley Francis Frederick
Published: July 2017

Elmira Reformatory in the United States is known to criminologists and penologists as the institutional birthplace of the “reformatory movement” where young and first offenders could work their way up and out of the prison through application and good institutional adjustment. Historians know its previous incarnation as a dreaded prisoner‐of‐war “death camp” where one in four confined prisoners died. Both iterations deserve discussion, though its second incarnation will be the primary focus.
Desistance and “Aging Out” After Punishment
Authors: Haas Henriette S.
Published: July 2017

The decline of criminal energy with growing age in the general offender population is replicated in a similar pattern for the active and serious criminals. Predictions of their dangerousness can be made more accurate by using longitudinal statistics on reoffending according to age, crime type, and previous convictions as base rates. For this purpose Blumstein and Larson conceived a model of the interactions between offenders and the criminal justice system. It can be used to calculate the average number of offenses committed by a given type of offender, such as street criminals or sex offenders, after release from long prison sentences. As a consequence of the aging‐out effect the number of offenses will be considerably reduced after several years behind bars, even for those ex‐convicts who were not able or not willing to benefit from rehabilitation programs.
Foreign National Prisoners
Authors: Ravagnani Luisa
Published: July 2017

This entry explores the sensitive matter of the considerable presence of foreign national prisoners detained within penal institutions around the world. After a brief analysis of what appears to be a growing trend, the author lists the main difficulties faced by foreign persons from their arrest until the time of their release. The concluding part underlines how only ad hoc supranational legal mechanisms can provide a valid means of protecting foreign national prisoners' rights while creating real opportunities for effective post‐sentence social reintegration with the aim of consequently reducing the presence of foreign national prisoners in prison facilities. This, however, can only be achieved where these measures are correctly implemented and based on the drafting of operating protocols jointly agreed by all countries involved.
G
uantanamo
B
ay
Authors: Cantora Andrea , Restivo Lauren
Published: July 2017

The United States gained Guantanamo Bay in 1902 from Cuba, and since its inception the use of it has transformed with time. It is one of the oldest US foreign military bases in the world and is centrally located in southeast Cuba in the Orient Province. It was originally used as a naval base and coaling mine and then in the 1990s it was used as a refugee camp. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States has used this site as a prison base for suspected terrorists as part of the “War on Terror.” Since its use as a prison system, it has been the subject of political and legal debate. This entry will discuss Guantanamo Bay's history, the usage of it as a prison, and the prison's legal and social ramifications.
A
lcatraz
Authors: Chi‐Fang Tsai Lily
Published: July 2017

The Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary is famously known as “The Rock.” It was a maximum security, minimum privilege penitentiary operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons under the US Department of Justice from 1934 to 1963. The island is located 1.25 miles off the coast in San Francisco Bay, California. Given its isolated location and impenetrable reputation, Alcatraz dealt with the most incorrigible prisoners in federal prisons and demonstrated that the federal government was taking a more punitive approach to rampant crime and the notorious criminals of the 1920s and 1930s. Nonetheless, because of high maintenance costs, Alcatraz finally closed after operating for 29 years.
Community Justice
Authors: Wong Kevin
Published: July 2017

Community justice offers a nontraditional approach to delivering justice and broadly encapsulates any crime prevention and justice activity that involves local communities. It is based on the principles of inclusion and social justice, restoration, public safety, stewardship, and norm affirmation. Operationally, it is based at a neighborhood level and involves problem solving and a decentralization of authority and accountability, prioritizing the quality of community life and emphasizing community involvement. In practice, there are few examples of community justice that are integrated across the criminal justice system or operate wholly outside of it. The implementation of community justice schemes is limited by community capacity and the extent to which citizens want to be involved. There is continuing debate about the meaning of the term, the desirability of expanding the domain of community justice, its application to a widening range of activities as well as its use as a convenient label to denote an unequivocal public good that is beyond being challenged.
Family Therapy for Juveniles
Authors: Belcher John
Published: July 2017

This entry discusses the importance of involving the family in the treatment and rehabilitation of youth involved in the juvenile justice system. The youth's family environment, whether it be the biological parents or the foster parents, should be included in the treatment process.
A
bu‐
J
amal,
M
umia
Authors: Bones Paul D. C.
Published: July 2017

Mumia Abu‐Jamal was arrested in 1981 for the death by shooting of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner, and subsequently sentenced to death. Mumia's trial was full of irregularities, such as contradictory witness testimony and controversial decisions by the judge. During his time on death row, Abu‐Jamal wrote several books and worked as a radio correspondent, which led to an international movement for his release from prison. In 2001, his death sentence was rescinded by a federal judge, but his request for a new trial was denied. After a decade of appeals by the Philadelphia district attorney's office to reinstate the death sentence, they dropped their pursuit in 2011. Mumia is currently serving a life sentence without parole.
Deprivation Model
Authors: Elling Peterson Bryce
Published: July 2017

The deprivation model stems from a body of sociological work that was produced in the mid‐1900s. This model provides a framework for understanding how the custodial environment of prisons and jails can influence inmates' behavior and lead to violence and other forms of institutional misconduct. This entry provides a synopsis of the historical and theoretical development of the deprivation model, as well as a discussion of the model's implications for policy and practice. The entry also includes the state of current research and the direction of future research on the deprivation model.
Escapes from Prison
Authors: Peterson Bryce Elling , Mellow Jeff
Published: July 2017

One of the most important functions of prison is to keep potentially dangerous criminals out of society. However, on rare occasion some inmates do manage to escape from prion. This entry describes the definitions of several different types of escape incidents and discusses the potential explanations for who is likely to escape from prison, why these inmates escape, and which facilities are more susceptible to escape. The essay further examines some of the methods inmates use to facilitate their escape, theoretical explanations of escape incidents, policy implications for preventing escapes, and directions of future research.
A
uschwitz
Authors: Jenks David
Published: July 2017

The Auschwitz concentration camp was designed primarily to execute European Jews and various other groups that Hitler and Nazi Germany deemed unfit for life in German society. The camp was designed, built, and operated throughout World War II, eventually being shut down after Germany's defeat in 1945. It was estimated that more than 1.1 million people were executed at Auschwitz.
B
razil, Corrections in
Authors: Taborda Jos G. V. , de Castro Bins Helena Dias , de Borba Telles Lisieux E.
Published: July 2017

Brazil is a federation that possesses national laws, which are hierarchically superior, and state laws. Only legally sane people can be found guilty. The concept of criminal insanity requires the accused to present with some mental disorder at the time of the crime such that he or she would not be able to understand that the action was wrong or would be incapable of behaving according to his or her understanding. In Brazil, incarcerated people present high levels of psychopathology. The number of mentally ill prisoners has been growing due to the stressors and poor prison conditions and to changes in psychiatric service models resulting in a consequent reduction of psychiatric beds in the community. Attention given to the mental health of prisoners is very inconsistent and presents huge regional differences. The penitentiary conditions in Brazil are precarious and need to be improved.
Chaplains
Authors: Denney Andrew S.
Published: July 2017

Chaplains serve as one of the oldest continuous roles inside corrections facilities in the United States. Originally meant to function as a religious and moral figurehead inside penitentiaries and other correctional institutions, the role of chaplain has gone through substantial changes over the past 200 years or so. Though chaplains now function largely in an administrative capacity, they still have a crucial role for inmates and correctional institutions alike, enabling the latter to meet the constitutional and legislative requirements of various religious freedoms guaranteed to inmates.
Andrews,DonaldArthur
Authors: Stephen Wormith J.
Published: July 2017

In a career that spanned four decades, Donald Arthur Andrews (1941–2010) had a profound influence in the field of correctional psychology. He was among a critical few psychologists and criminologists in the 1970s who rebuffed Martinson's popular, but now infamous, “nothing works” doctrine. He expanded the early and relatively simple, static risk assessment of offenders by introducing dynamic risk variables, also known as “criminogenic needs,” into the assessment process. He did this in large part through the development of the widely popular Level of Service scales. A review of his own research and that of others on treatment effectiveness led to his theoretical General Personality and Cognitive Social Learning perspective of criminal behavior and the principles of Risk–Needs–Responsivity, which is now commonly used around the world to guide the development, implementation, and delivery of offender treatment programs in a more efficacious manner.
Drug Courts
Authors: Koetzle Deborah
Published: July 2017

Drug courts provide a community based alternative to incarceration for the treatment of drug offenders. Since their inception in 1989, drug courts have been implemented in the United States and in several nations around the world. The empirical evidence suggests that the combination of judicial supervision, substance abuse treatment, and close monitoring reduces recidivism by 8–15%. The variation in effectiveness is likely the result of how drug courts are implemented. In an effort to improve overall effectiveness, the National Association of Drug Court Professionals has developed empirically based standards intended to guide drug court practices.