bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Patient–Doctor Race Concordance on Rates of Weight‐Related Counseling in Visits by Black and White Obese Individuals
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Simon Alan E. , Cooper Lisa A.
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of patient‐provider race concordance on weight‐related counseling among visits by obese patients. We hypothesized that race concordance would be positively associated with weight‐related counseling. We used clinical encounter data obtained from the 2005–2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS). The sample size included 2,231 visits of black and white obese individuals (ages 20 and older) to their black and white physicians from the specialties of general/family practice and general internal medicine. Three outcome measures of weight‐related counseling were explored: weight reduction, diet/nutrition, and exercise. Logistic regression was used to model the outcome variables of interest. Wald tests were used to statistically compare whether physicians of each race provided counseling at different rates for obese patients of different races. We did not observe a positive association between patient–physician race concordance and weight‐related counseling. We found that visits by black obese patients to white doctors had a lower odds of exercise counseling as compared to visits by white obese patients to white doctors (odds ratio (OR) = 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.95), and visits by black obese patients to black physicians had lower odds of receiving weight‐reduction counseling than visits among white obese patients seeing black physicians (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.90). Black obese patients receive less exercise counseling than white obese patients in visits to white physicians and may be less likely than white obese patients to receive weight‐reduction counseling in visits to black physicians.
Effect of a dielectric thin film on the photodetachment of H− near a metal surface
Authors: Wang De-hua , Huang Kai-yun
Published: January 2011

The photodetachment of H− near a metal surface covered with a dielectric thin film has been studied using the closed orbit theory. The results show that the thickness and the dielectric constant of the dielectric thin film have great effect on the photodetachment of negative ion. For a given dielectric thin film, with the increase in the thickness of the film, the amplitude of oscillation of the cross section becomes strengthened and the oscillation frequency becomes decreased. If we fix the thickness of the film and vary the dielectric constant, we find the oscillating amplitude of the cross section is also changed. With the increase in the dielectric constant, the oscillating amplitude in the cross section becomes increased first and then gets decreased. This study provides a new understanding and will guide the future experiment study on the photodetachment process of negative ion in the presence of a coarse metal surface.
Inverter topologies and control structure in photovoltaic applications: A review
Authors: Nema Savita , Nema R. K. , Agnihotri Gayatri
Published: January 2011

The inverter is an integral component of the power conditioning unit of a photovoltaic power system and employs various dc/ac converter topologies and control structure. It has to meet various international standards before it can be put in commercial use. The function of inverter in distributed power generation system on top of photovoltaic generation includes dc-ac conversion, output power quality assurance, various protection mechanisms, and system controls. The requirements in terms of low cost, high efficiency, high reliability, and tolerance over wide range of input voltage variations have driven the inverter development toward simpler topologies, lower component counts, and tighter modular design. Historically, the inverters employed in PV technology may be classified based on number of power processing stages, type of power decoupling, types of interconnection between the stages, and types of grid interface. Based on power processing stage, the inverter may be classified as single stage and multiple stage inverters. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various inverter topologies and control structure employed in PV applications with associated merits and demerits. The paper also gives the recent trends in the development of PV applications.
A large aperture magnification lens for velocity map imaging
Authors: Zhang Yongwei , Yang Chung-Hsin , Wu Shiou-Min , van Roij Andre , van der Zande Wim J. , Parker David H. , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2011

We have designed and implemented a large aperture electrostatic Einzel lens that magnifies the images of low energy ions or electrons in a standard velocity map imaging apparatus by up to a factor of 5 while allowing the normal use of the apparatus (without blocking any part of the detector). The field strength in the interaction region remains reasonably constant with or without magnification, and the lens can be used in the normal “crush” mode or with any of the different variants of the “slicing” mode. We have characterized the performance of the lens by imaging ion recoil due to two-photon resonant three-photon ionization [(2+1) REMPI] of O(3P2) atoms and by imaging slow NO molecules from the near-threshold photodissociation of the NO–Ar van der Waals complex.
A first principles molecular dynamics study of lithium atom solvation in binary liquid mixture of water and ammonia: Structural, electronic, and dynamical properties
Authors: Pratihar Subha , Chandra Amalendu
Published: January 2011

The preferential solvation of solutes in mixed solvent systems is an interesting phenomenon that plays important roles in solubility and kinetics. In the present study, solvation of a lithium atom in aqueous ammonia solution has been investigated from first principles molecular dynamics simulations. Solvation of alkali metal atoms, like lithium, in aqueous and ammonia media is particularly interesting because the alkali metal atoms release their valence electrons in these media so as to produce solvated electrons and metal counterions. In the present work, first principles simulations are performed employing the Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics method. Spontaneous ionization of the Li atom is found to occur in the mixed solvent system. From the radial distribution functions, it is found that the Li \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^+$\end{document}+ ion is preferentially solvated by water and the coordination number is mostly four in its first solvation shell and exchange of water molecules between the first and second solvation shells is essentially negligible in the time scale of our simulations. The Li \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^+$\end{document}+ ion and the unbound electron are well separated and screened by the polar solvent molecules. Also the unbound electron is primarily captured by the hydrogens of water molecules. The diffusion rates of Li \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^+$\end{document}+ ion and water molecules in its first solvation shell are found to be rather slow. In the bulk phase, the diffusion of water is found to be slower than that of ammonia molecules because of strong ammonia–water hydrogen bonds that participate in solvating ammonia molecules in the mixture. The ratio of first and second rank orientational correlation functions deviate from 3, which suggests a deviation from the ideal Debye-type orientational diffusion. It is found that the hydrogen bond lifetimes of ammonia–ammonia pairs is very short. However, ammonia–water H-bonds are found to be quite strong when ammonia acts as an acceptor and these hydrogen bonds are found to live longer than even water–water hydrogen bonds.
Efficient source for the production of ultradense deuterium D(-1) for laser-induced fusion (ICF)
Authors: Andersson Patrik U. , Lönn Benny , Holmlid Leif
Published: January 2011

A novel source which simplifies the study of ultradense deuterium D(-1) is now described. This means one step further toward deuterium fusion energy production. The source uses internal gas feed and D(-1) can now be studied without time-of-flight spectral overlap from the related dense phase D(1). The main aim here is to understand the material production parameters, and thus a relatively weak laser with focused intensity ≤1012 W cm−2 is employed for analyzing the D(-1) material. The properties of the D(-1) material at the source are studied as a function of laser focus position outside the emitter, deuterium gas feed, laser pulse repetition frequency and laser power, and temperature of the source. These parameters influence the D(-1) cluster size, the ionization mode, and the laser fragmentation patterns.
Comparison of hydration reactions for “piano-stool” RAPTA-B and [Ru(η6− arene)(en)Cl]+ complexes: Density functional theory computational study
Authors: Chval Zdeněk , Futera Zdeněk , Burda Jaroslav V.
Published: January 2011

The hydration process for two Ru(II) representative half-sandwich complexes: Ru(arene)(pta)Cl2 (from the RAPTA family) and [Ru(arene)(en)Cl]+ (further labeled as Ru_en) were compared with analogous reaction of cisplatin. In the study, quantum chemical methods were employed. All the complexes were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level using Conductor Polarizable Continuum Model (CPCM) solvent continuum model and single-point (SP) energy calculations and determination of electronic properties were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2pd)/CPCM level. It was found that the hydration model works fairly well for the replacement of the first chloride by water where an acceptable agreement for both Gibbs free energies and rate constants was obtained. However, in the second hydration step worse agreement of the experimental and calculated values was achieved. In agreement with experimental values, the rate constants for the first step can be ordered as RAPTA-B > Ru_en > cisplatin. The rate constants correlate well with binding energies (BEs) of the Pt/Ru–Cl bond in the reactant complexes. Substitution reactions on Ru_en and cisplatin complexes proceed only via pseudoassociative (associative interchange) mechanism. On the other hand in the case of RAPTA there is also possible a competitive dissociation mechanism with metastable pentacoordinated intermediate. The first hydration step is slightly endothermic for all three complexes by 3–5 kcal/mol. Estimated BEs confirm that the benzene ligand is relatively weakly bonded assuming the fact that it occupies three coordination positions of the Ru(II) cation.
Brownian dynamics simulation of insulin microsphere formation from break-up of a fractal network
Authors: Li Wei , Gunton J. D. , Khan Siddique J. , Schoelz J. K. , Chakrabarti A.
Published: January 2011

Motivated by a recent experiment on insulin microsphere formation where polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used as the precipitating agent, we have developed a simple theoretical model that can predict the formation of a fractal network of insulin monomers and the subsequent break-up of the fractal network into microsphere aggregates. In our approach the effect of PEG on insulin is modeled via a standard depletion attraction mechanism via the Asakura-Oosawa model. We show that even in the context of this simple model, it is possible to mimic important aspects of the insulin experiment in a Brownian Dynamics simulation. We simulate the effect of changing temperature in our model by changing the well depth of the Asakura-Oosawa potential. A fractal network is observed in a “deep quench” of the system, followed by a “heating” that results in a break-up of the network and subsequent formation of microspheres.
Quantum theory of time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy: Direct versus cascade processes and application to CDCl3
Authors: Zhao Bin , Sun Zhigang , Lee Soo-Y.
Published: January 2011

We present a quantum mechanical wave packet treatment of time-resolved femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), or two-dimensional (2D) FSRS, where a vibrational coherence is initiated with an impulsive Raman pump which is subsequently probed by FSRS. It complements the recent classical treatment by Mehlenbacher et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 131, 244512 (2009)]. In this 2D-FSRS, two processes can occur concurrently but with different intensities: a direct fifth-order process taking place on one molecule, and a cascade process comprising two third-order processes on two different molecules. The cascade process comprises a parallel and a sequential cascade. The theory is applied to the 2D-FSRS of CDCl\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$_3$\end{document}3 where calculations showed that: (a) the cascade process is stronger than the direct fifth-order process by one order of magnitude, (b) the sidebands assigned to C–Cl E and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$A_1$\end{document}A1 bends, observed on both sides of the Stokes C–D stretch frequency, are not due to anharmonic coupling between the C–D stretch and the C–Cl bends, but are instead due to the coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) and coherent Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CSRS) fields produced in the first step of the cascade process, (c) for each delay time between the femtosecond impulsive pump and FSRS probe pulses, the line shape of the sidebands shows an inversion symmetry about the C–D stretch frequency, and this is due to the 180\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^\circ$\end{document}∘ phase difference between the CARS and CSRS fields that produced the left and right sidebands, and (d) for each sideband, the line shape changes from positive Lorentzian to dispersive to negative Lorentzian, then to negative dispersive and back to positive Lorentzian with the period of the bending vibration, and it is correlated with the momentum of the wave packet prepared on the ground-state surface by the impulsive pump along the sideband normal coordinate.
Experimental access to elastic and thermodynamic properties of RbMnFe(CN)6
Authors: Boukheddaden K. , Loutete-Dangui E. D. , Codjovi E. , Castro M. , Rodriguéz-Velamazán J. A. , Ohkoshi S. , Tokoro H. , Koubaa M. , Abid Y. , Varret F.
Published: January 2011

We use spectroscopic ellipsometry to study the elastic and thermodynamic properties of the structural first-order transition of the cooperative Jahn–Teller solid, RbMn[Fe(CN)6]. While the analysis of the thermal dependence of the dielectric constant revealed a remarkable energy shift in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer band, that of the refractive index allowed to evaluate the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient in the two phases through the Gladstone–Dale relation. The access to the elastic properties of the solid is obtained with the reflectivity under pressure measurements, from which we estimated the bulk modulus values in the low- and high-temperature phases as BLT=30(±3) GPa and BHT=23(±2) GPa, respectively. Assuming the system is isotropic, the corresponding Debye temperature values have been found to be θDLT(SE)≃360(±25) K and θDHT(SE)≃290(±20) K, in good agreement with those derived from independent Mössbauer spectrometry investigations which led to θDLT(Moss)≃332(±7) K and θDHT(Moss)≃280(±11) K. Moreover, we have been able to extract from the SE data, the entropy change at the transition, ΔS≈64 J K−1 mol−1, which has been also found in good agreement with the value, ΔS≈60±5 J K−1 mol−1, derived from calorimetric experiments performed in this work.
Half-metallic ferromagnetism of chalcopyrite ZnCrAs2: A first-principles prediction
Authors: Yu L. H. , Yao K. L.
Published: January 2011

Using the first-principles density functional method, we predict the half-metallic ferromagnetism of ZnCrAs2 in chalcopyrite structure with a magnetic moment of 2.0 μB per formula unit. The band structures show the spin-up electrons are metallic, but the spin-down bands have a gap of 1.01 eV, and the energy gap between the top of valence band and the Fermi level is 0.52 eV. Based on the Heisenberg model, the magnetic exchange constants between Cr–Cr interactions for the first three nearest-neighbors were obtained, all three have the ferromagnetic character. From the estimate of mean-field approximation, the chalcopyrite ZnCrAs2 is a possible room-temperature ferromagnet.
Electronic and thermoelectric analysis of phases in the In2O3(ZnO)k system
Authors: Hopper E. Mitchell , Zhu Qimin , Song Jung-Hwan , Peng Haowei , Freeman Arthur J. , Mason Thomas O.
Published: January 2011

The high-temperature electrical conductivity and thermopower of several compounds in the In2O3(ZnO)k system (k=3, 5, 7, and 9) were measured, and the band structures of the k=1, 2, and 3 structures were predicted based on first-principles calculations. These phases exhibit highly dispersed conduction bands consistent with transparent conducting oxide behavior. Jonker plots (Seebeck coefficient versus natural logarithm of conductivity) were used to obtain the product of the density of states and mobility for these phases, which were related to the maximum achievable power factor (thermopower squared times conductivity) for each phase by Ioffe analysis (maximum power factor versus Jonker plot intercept). With the exception of the k=9 phase, all other phases were found to have maximum predicted power factors comparable to other thermoelectric oxides if suitably doped.
Kinetics of hydrogen bonds in aqueous solutions of cyclodextrin and its methyl-substituted forms
Authors: Jana Madhurima , Bandyopadhyay Sanjoy
Published: January 2011

Molecular dynamics simulations of β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and its two methyl-substituted derivatives, namely, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) have been performed in aqueous solutions. Detailed analyses were carried out to investigate the effects of substitution on the kinetics of cyclodextrin–water and water–water hydrogen bonds formed by water present in the hydration layers around these macromolecules as well as those formed by water inside their cavities. It is observed that increased geometrical constraints due to substitution of the OH groups of the glucose rings of the BCD molecule result in rapid establishment of hydrogen bond breaking and reformation equilibria for DIMEB and TRIMEB. This has been found to be the microscopic origin of highly rigid arrangement of water around TRIMEB and inside its cavity, as against water in and around BCD and DIMEB.
Impurity-modulated electron properties in a double-quantum-dot Aharonov–Bohm ring
Authors: Zhang Sha , Li Hui , Gong Wei-Jiang , Wei Guo-Zhu
Published: January 2011

The impurity-modulated electron transport properties in a double quantum dot (QD) Aharonov–Bohm ring are theoretically studied, by considering impurities locally and nonlocally coupled to the QDs in the ring arms, respectively. It is found that the impurities influence the electron transport in a nontrivial way: in the case of zero magnetic flux, a single-level impurity leads to the appearance of Fano line shapes in the conductance spectra, and the positions of Fano antiresonances are determined by both the impurity-QD couplings and the QD levels separated from the Fermi level; whereas when a magnetic flux is introduced with the phase factor ϕ=π the Breit–Wigner line shapes appear in the conductance curves. Compared with the local-impurity case, nonlocal impurities alter the conductance period versus the magnetic flux. In addition, when many-body effect is considered within the second-order approximation, we find the important role of the Coulomb interaction in modifying the electron transport.
Step bunching-induced vertical lattice mismatch and crystallographic tilt in vicinal BiFeO3(001) films
Authors: Kim T. H. , Baek S. H. , Jang S. Y. , Yang S. M. , Chang S. H. , Song T. K. , Yoon J.-G. , Eom C. B. , Chung J.-S. , Noh T. W.
Published: January 2011

Epitaxial (001) BiFeO3 thin films grown on vicinal SrTiO3 substrates are under large anisotropic stress from the substrates. The variations of the crystallographic tilt angle and the c lattice constant, caused by the lattice mismatch, along the film thickness were analyzed quantitatively using the x-ray diffraction technique. By generalizing the Nagai model, we estimated how step bunching resulted in the vertical lattice mismatch between adjacent BiFeO3 layers, which induced the strain relaxation and crystallographic tilt. The step bunching was confirmed by the increased terrace width on the BiFeO3 surface.
Stability of magnetic nanoparticles inside ferromagnetic nanotubes
Authors: Neumann R. F. , Bahiana M. , Escrig J. , Allende S. , Nielsch K. , Altbir D.
Published: January 2011

During the last years great attention has been given to the encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles. In this work we investigated the stability of small magnetic particles inside magnetic nanotubes. Multisegmented geometries were tested in order to optimize the stability of the particle inside the nanotubes. Our results evidenced that multisegmented nanotubes are more efficient to entrap the particles at temperatures up to hundreds of kelvins.
Absolute deformation potentials and robust ab initio model for band shifts induced by (001) biaxial strain in group IIIA-VA semiconductors
Authors: Kadantsev Eugene S. , Hawrylak Pawel
Published: January 2011

A model for the evolution of conduction and valence bands of IIIA-VA (InAs, GaAs, and InP) semiconductors under (001) biaxial strain is developed. The model is based on the ab initio calculations which take into account finite strain dependent relaxation of the reference levels. The results of ab initio full potential calculations of absolute deformation potentials (ADPs) and (001) biaxial strain-modified band edges are reported. It is shown that in type I heterostructures subjected to (001) compressive biaxial strain, the corrections due to nonzero ADP of the core reference levels reduce the strained band offset for holes.
Monolithic single GaN nanowire laser with photonic crystal microcavity on silicon
Authors: Heo Junseok , Guo Wei , Bhattacharya Pallab
Published: January 2011

Optically pumped lasing at room temperature in a silicon based monolithic single GaN nanowire with a two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity is demonstrated. Catalyst-free nanowires with low density (∼108 cm−2) are grown on Si by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the nanowires are of wurtzite structure and they have no observable defects. A single nanowire laser fabricated on Si is characterized by a lasing transition at λ=371.3 nm with a linewidth of 0.55 nm. The threshold is observed at a pump power density of ∼120 kW/cm2 and the spontaneous emission factor β is estimated to be 0.08.
Magnetically uniform and tunable Janus particles
Authors: Sinn Irene , Kinnunen Paivo , Pei Shao Ning , Clarke Roy , McNaughton Brandon H. , Kopelman Raoul
Published: January 2011

Magnetic particles serve as an important tool for a variety of biomedical applications but often lack uniformity in their magnetic responsiveness. For quantitative analysis studies, magnetic particles should ideally be monodisperse and possess uniform magnetic properties. Here we fabricate magnetically uniform Janus particles with tunable magnetic properties using a spin-coating and thermal evaporation method. The resulting 2 μm ferromagnetic particles exhibited a 4% magnetic response variability, and the 10 μm ferromagnetic particles exhibited a 1% size variability and an 8% magnetic response variability. Furthermore, by reducing the film thickness, the particle behavior was tuned from ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic.
Role of oxygen for highly conducting and transparent gallium-doped zinc oxide electrode deposited at room temperature
Authors: Wong L. M. , Chiam S. Y. , Huang J. Q. , Wang S. J. , Pan J. S. , Chim W. K.
Published: January 2011

In this work, we found that a desirable amount of oxygen can reduce defect related scattering in enhancing carrier mobility for pulsed laser deposited zinc oxide. However, excessive oxygen can lead to formation of oxygen interstitials that can act as compensation or scattering centers. At higher oxygen pressures, structural changes that increase grain boundary scattering prove to be very important. We introduce a simple transparency index to quantify the transmission of the thin films for usage as electrodes in photovoltaic devices. An excellent resistivity of ∼3.9×10−4 Ω cm and an electron mobility of ∼19.2 cm2/V s with a transparency index of 0.84 (84% of total solar spectrum transmitted) were achieved at room temperature suggesting possible applications in plastic devices.
Photo-Dember terahertz emitter excited with an Er:fiber laser
Authors: Klatt G. , Surrer B. , Stephan D. , Schubert O. , Fischer M. , Faist J. , Leitenstorfer A. , Huber R. , Dekorsy T.
Published: January 2011

A terahertz emitter based on the lateral photo-Dember effect is shown to efficiently generate terahertz radiation with a peak frequency of 0.7 THz and an electric field amplitude up to 5 V/cm when excited by 90 fs pulses centered at 1.55 μm. A thin layer of In0.53Ga0.47As grown on InP provides the substrate material in which unidirectional lateral photo-Dember currents are excited. Since photo-Dember terahertz emitters do not require an external bias, they do not suffer from high dark currents limiting the application of biased InGaAs photoconductive terahertz emitters.
Silicon concentration dependence of optical polarization in AlGaN epitaxial layers
Authors: Murotani Hideaki , Yamada Yoichi , Miyake Hideto , Hiramatsu Kazumasa
Published: January 2011

The optical polarization of Si-doped AlxGa1−xN epitaxial layers (x=0.37–0.95) has been studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The predominant polarization component of the band-edge PL switched from E⊥c to E∥c at an Al composition between 0.68 and 0.81. This critical Al composition was much higher than in previous reports for AlGaN epitaxial layers. In addition, the predominant polarization in Al0.55Ga0.45N epitaxial layers switched from E⊥c to E∥c with increasing Si concentration. Therefore, the topmost valence band changed from the heavy-hole band to the crystal-field split-off-hole band with decreasing in-plane compressive strain induced by Si doping.
Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior
Authors: Karatsoreos Ilia N. , Bhagat Sarah , Bloss Erik B. , Morrison John H. , McEwen Bruce S.
Published: January 2011

Circadian (daily) rhythms are present in almost all plants and animals. In mammals, a brain clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus maintains synchrony between environmental light/dark cycles and physiology and behavior. Over the past 100 y, especially with the advent of electric lighting, modern society has resulted in a round-the-clock lifestyle, in which natural connections between rest/activity cycles and environmental light/dark cycles have been degraded or even broken. Instances in which rapid changes to sleep patterns are necessary, such as transmeridian air travel, demonstrate negative effects of acute circadian disruption on physiology and behavior. However, the ramifications of chronic disruption of the circadian clock for mental and physical health are not yet fully understood. By housing mice in 20-h light/dark cycles, incongruous with their endogenous ∼24-h circadian period, we were able to model the effects of chronic circadian disruption noninvasively. Housing in these conditions results in accelerated weight gain and obesity, as well as changes in metabolic hormones. In the brain, circadian-disrupted mice exhibit a loss of dendritic length and decreased complexity of neurons in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex, a brain region important in executive function and emotional control. Disrupted animals show decreases in cognitive flexibility and changes in emotionality consistent with the changes seen in neural architecture. How our findings translate to humans living and working in chronic circadian disruption is unknown, but we believe that this model can provide a foundation to understand how environmental disruption of circadian rhythms impacts the brain, behavior, and physiology.
Augmented glucose-induced insulin release in mice lacking Go2, but not Go1or Giproteins
Authors: Wang Ying , Park Sangeun , Bajpayee Neil S. , Nagaoka Yoshiko , Boulay Guylain , Birnbaumer Lutz , Jiang Meisheng
Published: January 2011

Insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells is a complex and highly regulated process. Disruption of this process can lead to diabetes mellitus. One of the various pathways involved in the regulation of insulin secretion is the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins.Bordetella pertussistoxin (PTX) promotes insulin secretion, suggesting the involvement of one or more of three Giand/or two Goproteins as suppressors of insulin secretion from β cells. However, neither the mechanism of this inhibitory modulation of insulin secretion nor the identity of the Gi/oproteins involved has been elucidated. Here we show that one of the two splice variants of Go, Go2, is a key player in the control of glucose-induced insulin secretion by β cells. Mice lacking Go2α, but not those lacking α subunits of either Go1or any Giproteins, handle glucose loads more efficiently than wild-type (WT) mice, and do so by increased glucose-induced insulin secretion. We thus provide unique genetic evidence that the Go2protein is a transducer in an inhibitory pathway that prevents damaging oversecretion of insulin.
Introduction à la théorie analytique de la traduction et de l’interprétation
Authors: Guidere Mathieu
Published: January 2011

Despite the major changes that occurred in the world during the last decade, translation theory has not taken into account the inevitable impact of these changes on the translation profession. Neither theorists nor professional translators have analyzed enough the remarkable change in perspective and method that occurred in the language field as a whole and primarily in the translation practice. This paper presents some important aspects of this change of perspective which calls for a new theoretical paradigm. The latter, which we refer to as translation­analysis, is currently a fast-growing activity.
Quantitative analysis of Zamenhof’s Esenco kaj estonteco
Authors: Liu Haitao
Published: January 2011

The formation of a language community in a planned language is one of the most important steps in its development. Esperanto is the only fully functional language with relative success among more than one thousand planned language projects. Model texts have played a very significant role in the development of Esperanto. Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de lingvo internacia (Essence and future of the international language idea) by the founder of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, is an important document on Esperanto. Taking the essay as the research object, this paper carries through lexical and syntactical analysis on Esperanto by adopting the research methods of quantitative linguistics and complex networks. The results show that the morpheme distribution of Esperanto follows a power law, word frequency distribution fits Zipf’s Law, word length distribution is an exponential curve, and word class distribution obeys linear law. It is also clear that Esperanto is a language with SVO word order preference, the mean dependency distance of Esperanto is 3.85, and the distribution of the dependency distance tends to a minimum, making it typologically a head-middle language. A 43.6% dependency relation appears in adjacent words. The complex syntactic networks of Esperanto display the characteristics of small-world, scale-free networks. All of these quantitative characteristics of Esperanto demonstrate that it is structurally a normal human language.
‘The Reproducer to the Reader’
Authors: Bregman Alvan
Published: January 2011

In November 1844, Samuel Naylor published his Reynard the Fox: A Renowned Apologue of the Middle Age, Reproduced in Rhyme. The book was beautifully produced, much reviewed and generally very well received. In June 1846, however, a cruelly negative review appeared in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Review, one that Naylor answered in 1847 in a separately printed Postscript. A.L. Willoughby, the only scholar to have written about Naylor and his translation, was unable to locate a copy of the Postscript and knew nothing about its contents. No subsequent notice has been made of the Postscript, a copy of which I have now discovered, and which I describe and analyze in this article. The Postscript, entitled “The Reproducer to the Reader” consists of a long critical and imaginative dialogue between the author and a spectral Reynard, thus providing a hitherto unknown and unusual literary incarnation of this character.
De Fiorenzuola à Galland
Authors: Vignali Stefania
Published: January 2011

Cette communication se propose dans un premier temps d’esquisser brièvement le chemin parcouru par le célèbre recueil de fables d’origine indienne, le Livre de Calila et Dimna. Transmis du sanscrit à l’arabe, puis au latin, ce texte a transité par l’italien, avec le Discorso degli animali de Angelo Fiorenzuola, pour arriver enfin en France. La tradition française des fables a certainement puisé à ce texte, dont une traduction anonyme parut chez Cottier à Lyon en 1559, sous le titre “Le plaisant et facétieux discours des animaux”. Notre attention se focalise ensuite sur les rapports éventuels de dérivation entre les différents recueils qui sont en rapport avec ces fables d’origine indienne, à partir du XVe siècle. Il est question de la traduction fournie en 1579 par Pierre de Larivey (“Deux livres de filosophie fabuleuse”), de celle faite par Gilbert Gaulmin en 1644 (“Livre des lumières, ou la Conduite des roys”), et de la traduction d’Antoine Galland, au XVIIIe siècle (“Les contes et fables indiennes, de Bidpaï et de Lokman”). Une analyse philologique des différentes traductions de quelques fables extraites de ces recueils est également proposée.
Translator status
Authors: Dam Helle V. , Zethsen Karen Korning
Published: January 2011

The present article is part of a larger project which investigates the occupational status of professional translators. The studies conducted so far within the framework of the project have been based on questionnaires and mainly been of a quantitative nature. The present article reports on a qualitative analysis of the wealth of comments which the translators who participated in the questionnaire studies wrote in response to an open invitation to comment on anything in relation to the study and its subject. In order to structure the translators’ comments, we have relied on Algirdas-Julien Greimas’ actantial model. Themes identified as important facilitators of or barriers to status included translator training, recognition of translators’ expertise, authorization, level of professionalization and income.
When the blind lead the blind
Authors: Holton Brian
Published: January 2011

When the blind lead the blind, both shall fall in the ditch (Matt. XV, iv)
Crossed Beams Study on the Dynamics of F Atom Reaction with 1,2-Butadiene
Authors: Xiao Chong-fa , Shen Guan-lin , Wang Xiu-yan , Yang Xue-ming
Published: January 2011

We have investigated the dynamics of the F+C4H6 reaction using the universal crossed molecular beam method. The C4H5F+H reaction channel was observed in this experiment. Angular resolved time-of-flight spectra have been measured for the C4H5F product. Product angular distributions as well as kinetic energy distributions were determined for this product channel. Experimental results show that the C4H5F product is largely backward scattered with considerable forward scattering signal, relative to the F atom beam direction. This suggests that the reaction channel mainly proceeds via a long-lived complex formation mechanism, with possible contribution from a direct SN2 type mechanism.
Mechanistic Investigation on the Reaction of O− with CH3CN Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: Yu Feng , Wu Li-xia , Zhou Xiao-guo , Liu Shi-lin
Published: January 2011

The potential energy profile of the reaction between the atomic oxygen radical anion and acetonitrile has been mapped at the G3MP2B3 level of theory. Geometries of the reactants, products, intermediate complexes, and transition states involved in this reaction have been optimized at the (U)B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level, and then their accurate relative energies have been improved using the G3MP2B3 method. The potential energy profile is confirmed via intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations of transition states. Four possible production channels are examined respectively, as H+ transfer, H-atom transfer, H2+ transfer, and bi-molecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction pathways. Based on present calculations, the H2+ transfer reaction is major among these four channels, which agrees with previous experimental conclusions.
Influence of Vibrational Excitation on Stereodynamics for O(3P)+D2→OD+D Reaction
Authors: Liu Shi-li , Shi Ying
Published: January 2011

Theoretical investigations on the stereodynamics of the O(3P)+D2 reaction have been calculated by means of the quasi-classical trajectory to study the product rotational polarization at collision energy of 104.5 kJ/mol on the potential energy surface of the ground 3A″ triplet state. The vector properties including angular momentum alignment distributions and four polarization dependent generalized differential cross-sections of product have been presented. Furthermore, the influence of reagent vibrational excitation on the product vector properties has also been studied. The results indicate that the vector properties are sensitively affected by reagent vibrational excitation.
Adsorption Behaviors of 4-Mercaptobenzoic Acid on Silver and Gold Films
Authors: Ma Wen-qiang , Fang Yan , Hao Gang-ling , Wang Wei-guo
Published: January 2011

The adsorption behaviors of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid on silver and gold nanoparticles were studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and density functional theory. The silver and gold films by electrodeposition have the same excellent characteristics as SERS-active substrates. At the same, the SERS spectra indicate that 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of gold nanoparticles through the S atom, and that the carboxyl group is far away from surface of gold nanoparticles, and that there is a certain angle between the plane of benzene ring and gold film. However, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules are adsorbed on the surfaces of silver nanoparticles through the carboxyl group, and the S atom is far away from surface of silver nanoparticles, and there is also a certain angle between the plane of benzene ring and the surface of silver nanoparticles. Here it is demonstrated the calculated Raman frequencies are in good agreement with experimental values, and the calculated Raman frequencies are also helpful to infer the adsorption behaviors of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid molecules.
Predicting Rate Constants for Nucleophilic Reactions of Amines with Diarylcarbenium Ions Using an ONIOM Method
Authors: Zhang Zhi-ping , Wang Chen , Fu Yao , Guo Qing-xiang
Published: January 2011

The rate constants of the nucleophilic reactions between amines and benzhydrylium ions were calculated using first-principles theoretical methods. Solvation models including PCM, CPCM, and COSMORS, as well as different types of atomic radii including UA0, UAKS, UAHF, Bondi, and UFF, and several single-point energy calculation methods (B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BHANDH, PBEPBE, BMK, M06, MP2, and ONIOM method) were examined. By comparing the correlation between experimental rate constants and the calculated values, the ONIOM(CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2df,2p):B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2p))// B3LYP/6-31G(d)/PCM/UFF) method was found to perform the best. This method was then employed to calculate the rate constants of the reactions between diverse amines and diarylcarbenium ions. The calculated rate constants for 65 reactions of amines with diarylcarbenium ions are in agreement with the experimental values, indicating that it is feasible to predict the rate constant of a reaction between an amine and a diarylcarbenium ion through ab initio calculation.
Preparation of MnxNi0.5−xZn0.5Fe2O4 Nanorods by the Co-precipitation Method
Authors: Li Qiao-ling , Chang Chuan-bo , Zhang Wei , Zhang Hao
Published: January 2011

MnxNi0.5−xZn0.5Fe2O4 nanorods were successfully synthesized by the thermal treatment of rod-like precursors that were fabricated by the co-precipitation of Mn2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+ in the lye. The phase, morphology, and particle diameter were examined by the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The magnetic properties of the samples were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The results indicated that pure Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanorods with a diameter of 35 nm and an aspect ratio of 15 were prepared. It was found that the diameter of the MnxNi0.5−xZn0.5Fe2O4 (0≤x≤0.5) samples increased, the length and the aspect ratio decreased, with an increase in x value. When x = 0.5, the diameter and the aspect ratio of the sample reached up to 50 nm and 7−8, respectively. The coercivity of the samples first increased and then decreased with the increase in the x value. The coercivity of the samples again increased when the x value was higher than 0.4. When x = 0.5, the coercivity of the MnxNi0.5−xZn0.5Fe2O4 sample reached the maximal value (134.3 Oe) at the calcination temperature of 600°C. The saturation magnetization of the samples first increased and then decreased with the increase in the x value. When x = 0.2, the saturation magnetization of the sample reached the maximal value (68.5 emu/g) at the calcination temperature of 800 °C.
Fabrication of Polyaniline/Silver Nanocomposite Under Gamma-ray Irradiation
Authors: Huang Zhi-hui , Shi Lei , Zhu Qing-ren , Zou Jun-ting , Chen Tan
Published: January 2011

Polyaniline (PANI)/silver composite was one-step synthesized under γ-ray irradiation. The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Visible, and X-ray diffraction, which indicated that PANI and face-centered-cubic silver were synthesized under γ-ray irradiation. The reaction mechanism were discussed, which revealed that the PANI was formed by the reaction of aniline cation radicals formed by the reaction of aniline cation and ·OH, and Ag was formed by the reaction of Ag+ and e−aq. The morphology of the composite consisted of PANI nanofibers and Ag nanoparticles, and the mechanism of the morphology formation was discussed, which revealed that the rapid mixing like polymerization process might play an important role. It was revealed that the transport behavior of the composite well fitted with the variable-range-hopping model in 80–300 K and deviated from the model below 80 K.
Ag-catalyzed Synthesis of Tb(BO2)3 Nanorods
Authors: Yang Lan , Zhou Li-qun , Huang Ying , Tang Zi-wei
Published: January 2011

Well-crystallized with excellent luminescent properties, Tb(BO2)3 nanorods were first successfully synthesized by a simple solid-state method with Ag as catalyst. The result of X-ray diffraction showed that the Tb(BO2)3 nanorods could be well-crystallized at 700 °C. As-prepared straight nanorods of Tb(BO2)3 had the typical diameters in the range of 100–200 nm, the thickness of 30–50 nm and the lengths up to 3 μm by transmission electron microscopy and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction indicated that the nanorod calcined at 700 °C was single-crystalline. Based on the fact that Ag nanoparticles attached to the tips and middles of the Tb(BO2)3 nanorods, a growth model of the Tb(BO2)3 nanorods was proposed. Photoluminescence spectra under excitation at 369 nm showed that these Tb(BO2)3 phosphors had a green emission at 546 nm, which is ascribed to 5D4→7F5 transition. The effect of calcining temperature on the structures, morphologies, and luminescent properties of Tb(BO2)3 phosphors were studied.
Synthesis and Properties of Pr1−xRbxMnO3 (0.05≤x≤0.08) with Perovskite-Type Structure
Authors: Wang Dong , Tang Kai-bin , Liang Zheng-hua , Nie Yan-xiang
Published: January 2011

Rb-substitued Pr1−xRbxMnO3 (0.05≤x≤0.08) was successfully synthesized by solid state reaction. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that all the compounds were orthorhombic with the space group of Pnma. Spin glass behaviors were observed for all the compounds at low temperature, suggesting the competition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic. The temperature dependence of the resistivity for the compound Pr0.92Rb0.08MnO3.02 at 0 and 2 T magnetic field was also investigated. The compound shows semiconducting behavior, and the band gap is 0.3 eV. The maximum magnetoresistance is about 30% at 2 T magnetic field near 116 K.
Type 2 Diabetes and Persons at High Risk of Diabetes
Authors: Geiss Linda S. , Cowie Catherine C.
Published: January 2011

This chapter documents the past growth of diabetes in the United States, and warns about a possible future in which effective public health policies to prevent or reduce the public health burden of diabetes have not been implemented. It documents trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes, identifies population groups that are particularly vulnerable to the disease, briefly discusses leading risk factors, examines trends in prediabetes and gestational diabetes, and analyzes projections of the future burden of diabetes. Because epidemiologic sources of disease data are unable to distinguish between types of diabetes, and because the vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2, the data presented within the chapter reflect type 2 diabetes.
Risk Factors for Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Dabelea Dana , Lawrence Jean M. , Meigs James B. , Teff Karen
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides an overview of key risk factors for type 2 diabetes, beginning with metabolic risk factors, including those that are related directly to obesity, followed by discussions of overweight itself with consideration of the obesity epidemic; behavioral risk factors; early-life risk factors; demographic, social, and community factors; and a discussion of risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease, driven by a multitude of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, which is rapidly emerging as one of the most critical public health threats of our time. There is, however, reason for optimism with a dose of realism. Opportunities for primary prevention derive from the clear and compelling evidence that sustained, moderate weight loss can markedly reduce the risk of development of type 2 diabetes.
Non-Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Libman Ingrid M. , LaPorte Ronald E. , Libman Astrid M. , Arias Pablo
Published: January 2011

Although type 2 is the most frequent type of diabetes around the world, type 1 remains the main form of diabetes in childhood. Inherited diabetes syndromes, such as maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), have also received attention in recent years as more information has become available on their pathophysiology and optimal management. This chapter summarizes available information on the prevalence and incidence of non-type 2 diabetes and its risk factors. It includes discussion of type 1 diabetes and diabetes that is (1) related to genetic defects of β-cell function such as MODY and neonatal diabetes, (2) associated with pancreatic disease such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), (3) caused by drugs and toxins, and (4) related to certain common genetic syndromes such as Down's syndrome.
Diabetes and Acute Metabolic Complications, Infections, and Inflammation
Authors: Egede Leonard E. , Soule Jeremy B.
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the complications, infections, and inflammation associated with diabetes. These include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemia, influenza and pneumonia, lower-extremity infections, and mucormycosis and malignant otitis externa.