bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Hamilton George C.
Published: March 2022

A 14-year-old orchard at the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, N.J. was used in this test. Sprays were applied to single-tree plots consisting of 2 replicates each of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious arranged in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff, ca. 6 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Spray dates were 1 May (P), 24-25 May (PF), 11 Jun (1C), 10 Jul (2C), 9 Aug (3C) and 30 Aug (4C). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per tree, brushing mites onto glass plates and counting motile mites. Descriptions of sampling methods for various insects listed in table 1 are as follows: WALH = white apple leafhopper damaged leaves/500 leaves/tree, STLM = spotted tentiform leaf miner damaged leaves/500 leaves/tree, EASF = European apple sawfly damaged fruit clusters/100 fruit clusters/tree, AA = average apple aphids/20 terminals/tree, RAA = rosy apple aphid colonies/tree. In table 2, ERM days = total accumulation of mite days from petal fall (24 May) to last counting date. Mite days were calculated as follows; MD = MDl + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MDl = mite days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = number of days between Ml and M2. Data were transformed to log x + 1, x + 0.5 or arcsin x prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. (P = 0.05; DMRT).
Efficacy of Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, Summer, 1984
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course in Newton, Mass. Granular materials were applied by hand-shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid materials were applied in 3 liters water from a 12-liter capacity watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 2.5 m by 2.5 m plot. All tests were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Plots were watered with 1.5 cm irrigation (pH 6.6) 2 h after application. All plots were treated 20 Aug and sampled 9 Oct. Two 0.093-m2 sections of sod, 7.5 cm deep were removed from the center meter of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Residues of Insecticides on American Elm, Cuyahoga, Co., Ohio, 1983
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

The crowns of street–lawn American elms, Ulmus americana L., (avg 64.0 cm in dbh; 20.1 m in height) were sampled at 16 weeks postspray to determine chemical residue. These trees were previously sprayed at bud break with candidate insecticides for evaluation against twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle. Treatments were 4 insecticides applied at 2 concentrations and methoxychlor applied at 1 concentration. Each treatment was applied to 3 single tree replicates. Sevin 4-Oil was mixed in diesel fuel; all others were mixed in water. A John Bean 300G Rotomist mist blower equipped with 3 DC-5 nozzles with no. 45 cores was used. Each tree received an average of 24.6 liters of finished spray except methoxychlor-treated trees averaged 9.5 liters. When trees were sprayed on 5 May, the ambient temperature was 2–10°C, the sky was clear, and the wind was 0-5 kph. Between treatment and assay, the mean temperature was 20.6°C and the total rainfall was 37.9 cm. For assay, 5 twigs were collected from each of the 12 sectors (3 vertical levels and 4 quadrants) in each tree crown. A circular bark sample (4.5 mm2) was cut from the crotch of each twig. Samples from each vertical level were combined for assay and were analyzed on a Varian Aerograph chromatograph equipped with a 63 Ni electron capture detector. For Sevin assay, phenol conversion by the microscale derivatization technique was used. Aliquots were injected on a 0.64 cm (O.D.) by 0.6 m column packed with 2% OV-225 on 60/80 Gas Chrom Q (AW; DMCS treated). Nitrogen exit flow was 40 to 60 ml/min. Pydrin was extracted by soaking samples in hexane overnight. Aliquots were injected on a 2 mm (I.D.) by 1.2 m column packed with 3% Dexsel-300 on 100/120 Gas Chrom Q. Nitrogen exit flow was 20 to 25 ml/min. Methoxychlor extracts were prepared by soaking samples in hexane overnight. The column, 0.64 cm (O.D.) by 1.8 m, was packed with 5% DC-11 on 70/80 Aeropack 30. Nitrogen exit flow was 30 to 35 ml/min.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Pydrin, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. , Dripps James E.
Published: March 2022

White oak trees (7-10 m tall) intermixed with red oaks and red maple were selected in Centre Co., PA on 3 Jun after inspection revealed a moderate population of hatching gypsy moth egg masses. Three rates of Pydrin, 1 of carbaryl, plus a water control were applied on 8 Jun (replicated five times in a RCB design) using a Solo backpack mist blower. The pesticides were applied between 08:00 and 11:30 when the wind was l-3h mph and temperature was 72-80°F. Larval survival was assessed by taking 1-minute time counts of each tree using a single observer.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Ozaki’ Anthurium, Hawaii, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Mar to May on plants grown in volcanic cinders under 80% polypropylene net shade. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. Eleven weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal; Danitol 2.4EC, 0.2 and 0.4; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Dursban 50W, 1.0 and 2.0. The spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment, including the check plants, at the rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal, or 12 fl oz/100 gal. During the test period, the avg max temp was 30.8°C and the avg min temp was 16.3°C.
Phytotoxicity on ‘Luv and Surf’ Potted-Chrysanthemum, Hawaii, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Aug and Sep on ‘Luv’ and ‘Surf’ chrysanthemums potted in a peat/vermiculite/perlite mix and grown under a fiberglass greenhouse. Each treatment consisted of 7 potted-plants. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a compressed CO2 sprayer at 40 lb/in2 and equipped with an adjustable cone nozzle. Seven weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates in lb(AI)/100 gal: Avermectin 0.15EC, 0.01 and 0.02; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.16 and 0.32; Trigard 75WP, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5. During the test period the avg max temp was 29.7°C and the avg min temp was 19.6°C.
Phytotoxicity Tests on Flowers and Foliage of ‘Pink Mink’ Protea, Hawaii, 1983
Authors: Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on field-grown protea which averaged 8.2 cm in trunk diam and 2.0 m tall. Each treatment consisted of 6 trees arranged in 2 blocks. Insecticides were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8004 nozzle. During the flush growth season, 11 weekly applications were made to the foliage at 2 x and 4x the recommended use rate beginning 1 Jul. The recommended use rates in lb(AI)/100 gal for the tested insecticides were: Lannate L, 0.45; Pounce 3.2EC, 0.2; Supracide 2EC, 0.5; Vydate L, 1.0. During the flowering season, another 7 weekly applications were made to developing flowers at 2 x and 4 x the recommended use rate beginning 16 Sep. The spreader-sticker, Triton B-1956 was added to each treatment at a rate of 3 fl oz/100 gal. During the foliage test period the avg max temp was 23.4°C and the avg min temp was 13.6°C. During the flower test period the avg max temp was 22.7°C and the avg min temp was 13.2°C. Foliage and flowers were evaluated on a scale from 0, no damage to 4, severe damage (unmarketable).
Edding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Spring, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Hayakawa G. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Fountain Valley, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1 X, 2 x, and 4 x rates of FMC 54800 2E and FMC 54800 10WP (1 x =0.125 lb AI/100 gal H20). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runofF with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems® Nozzle at 10 psi on Apr 11 and 25, 22-24°C and 20-21°C, respectively. Phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check weekly.
Foliar Sprays for Sycamore Defoliators, 1982 and 1984
Authors: Solomon J. D. , Thompson L. C.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling defoliators oi young sycamore plantations in west central Mississippi. Trees were in their second year of growth and ranged from 1.8 to 2.7 m (6-9 ft) in height. Four infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Foliar applications were made using a 7.6 liter handsprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 liter finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Complete counts of all defoliator larvae were made for each test tree before treatment. Counts were comparatively low, ranging from 5 to 20 larvae per tree. Therefore, all defoliator species were combined for analysis. The percentage data were subjected to arcsine tranformation, analysis of variance, and Duncan’s new multiple range test at the 0.05 level. A separate phytotoxicitv test was conducted in 1982 in an 8-month-old plantation where trees averaged 1.4 m (4.6 ft) in height. Each chemical and rate were randomly assigned tc plots consisting of 3 trees with 3 replications. Trees were sprayed to runoff. Maximum temperatures were above 32.2°C (90°F) for the spray date and following 13 days. Phytotoxicity was evalated at 2, 7, and 16 days after treatment.
Evaluation of Adult Black Vine Weevil Control on Taxus and Effect on Fecundity, 1984
Authors: Caldwell D. L. , Kunickis E. J.
Published: March 2022

Individual taxus in 3-gal containers were treated using a 5-liter Burgess hand-pump sprayer. Plants were sprayed to the point of run-off on 28 Aug. Soil applications of Mavrik and Cygon were made in 500 ml of water to each plant. Plants were in a loamy sand (84% sand) potting medium with a CEC = 12, 3.7% organic matter, and soil pH of 5.1. Rainfall (inches) occurred on 30 Aug (0.25), 1 Sep (0.13), and 3 Sep (0.03). The treated foliage was replaced with untreated foliage following this 2-day rating. A replicate consisted of 8 weevils in a Telan petri dish. There were 5 replicates/treatment. A 2 to 3-inch section of taxus was placed in each petri dish, 8 days after treatment (DAT). The weevils were maintained at ambient temperature and light conditions in the laboratory. At the end of the test, ill eggs from each dish were pooled by treatment and counted to obtain the total eggs during the 5 day test. Mortality was evaluated by gently prodding and examining weevils in a darkened room and observing their movement 30 min later after they were placed on a 3 x 3 in sq of paper.
Taxus, Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Field-Grown Plants, Lake Co., Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A heavily-infested block of yews, 40-50 cm wide, growing in well-drained old Lake Erie sandy soil was chosen for evaluating insecticides for efficacy against black vine weevil larvae infesting field plants. Wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrates were applied with a watering can, using 1.9 liters of finished material per each microplot (61 x 305 cm) containing at least 3 taxus plants. Granular products were applied salt shaker fashion from modified, plastic-capped glass vials and then watered-in with 1.9 liters of water per microplot. The entire treatment area was cultivated immediately prior to and following application. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was employed. Some microplots were treated 24 Aug, some 28 Sep, and others on both dates. On 24 Aug the sky was sunny at 30°C and a 25 kph breeze; on 28 Oct the sky was sunny at 24°C and a breeze of 8 kph. Adults were ovipositing throughout Aug and Sep.Treatment effectiveness was evaluated during May, by counting the number of living larvae within 20 X 20 X 20-cm root balls on 3 plants within the interior of each treated microplot. Root balls were placed over large plastic trays with shallow sides and shaken vigorously until all soil was dislodged.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Ticks, 1984
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of the cattle tick, and the southern cattle tick, in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Falcon Heights and Mission, TX, and the tropical horse tick, and the winter tick, in colony at Kerrville, TX, are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are tested. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsiflable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient (AI) (w/v), 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. The compounds not soluble in xylene are usually formulated (14.3% AI) (w/v) in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsiflable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% AI; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. Prior to treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, and weighed. For treatment, groups of ticks are placed into 20-25 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 s and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27 ± 1°C and ±80% RH for oviposition. After 2-3 wk, the female ticks are discarded, and the eggs are weighed and held for another 4-5 wk when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Other groups of 10 ticks, which are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, and pyrrolidinone (equivalent to the 1% concentration of AI) and handled as treated ticks, are used as treated controls. Effectiveness is determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each group of treated ticks with that of the control ticks.
Control of Face and Horn Flies with Ectiban Tail Tapes on Dairy Cattle, 1984
Authors: Hall R. D. , Doisy K. E. , Fischer F. J.
Published: March 2022

A herd of 26 dairy cows at the University of Missouri Foremost Dairy was treated on 20 Jun with 1 Ectiban tail tape/tail. The tapes contained 1.8 g permethrin each and were wrapped loosely above the switch of the cleaned tail. The 3 pesticide-containing glass vials within the tapes were crushed after installation on each animal treated. Retention was unsatisfactory (96% loss within 6 days); therefore, new tapes were installed on 5 Jul. The latter tapes were applied by first crushing the glass vials and then stretching the tapes firmly around the animals’ cleaned tails. A nearby herd of 15 untreated dairy cows served as a control during the course of the experiment and a herd of 28 beef cows treated with two 7.5% flucythrinate (Guardian) ear tags/head was used as a standard. In all cases, assessment of treatment efficiency was made on a weekly basis via inspection of 15 head selected at random from each herd. Inspections were made only during mid-day while the animals were pastured away from barns and corrals. Face flies were counted on the entire face and horn flies on a single side of each animal examined. Data thus obtained were converted to log10 (n +1) prior to analysis; however, true averages were tabulated.
Comparison of Guardian, Ectrin and Fearing Insecticide Tags for Face Fly Control, 1984
Authors: Johnson G. D. , Campbell J. B. , Myran D. D. , Nichols J. T.
Published: March 2022

Three separately pastured groups of cattle were ear tagged (1 tag/hd) the first week of Jun with 1 of the following insecticide tags; Guardian flucyfhrinate (7.5% AI), Ectrin fenvalerate (8.0% AI), or Fearing permethrin (94.0% AI). The groups with Guardian or Ectrin tags each contained 50 Hereford x Angus yearling heifers. The group with Fearing tags consisted of 16 mixed breed cattle of various ages and sex. An untagged group of 23 Hereford x Angus heifers served as a control. Face fly counts were made once/week from 14 Jun-2 Aug on 10 randomly selected cattle from each group between 1:00 and 3:00 p.m.
Apple, Seasonal Control at Reduced Insecticide Rates, 1984
Authors: Townsend H. G. , Millington W. M.
Published: March 2022

Danitol and FMC 54800 were applied to single tree plots replicated 5 times in a completely randomized block design. Reduced rate applications were made on 17 May, 14 Jun, 28 Jun, 12 Jul, and 26 Jul using a FMC 4000 airblast sprayer. Full rate applications were made on 9 Aug and 23 Aug. Test trees received a regular fungicide program but no other insecticides during the season. ERM populations were evaluated by brushing leaf samples onto glass plates. Insect control was determined at harvest from samples of 100 fruit from each tree. Each fruit was rated from 1 (no scale) to 5 (heavy scale infestation) for SJS, and the number of fruit with other insect damage was noted. CM and OFM damage were recorded as wormy fruit.
Evaluation of Guardian™ 7.5% Ear Tags for Cattle Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

The following treatment groups were established 31 Mar 1984, on 2 separate mixed-breed beef cattle herds in Montgomery Co, VA: A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag, consisting of 21 adult cows and 16 calves. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear. Two adult cows, 2 heifers, and 2 steers were used for evaluation. The 6 evaluation animals harbored moderate–heavy infestations of L. vituli, S. capillatus, and B. bovis. B) Untreated control, consisting of 21 adult cows and 16 calves. Six cows, with moderate–heavy infestations of L. vituli, S. capillatus, B. bovis, and H. eurysternus, were used for evaluation.
Evaluation of Three Formulations of Guardian 7.5% Ear Tags for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy was evaluated Jun–Sep for face fly and horn fly control on beef cattle. Ectrin 8.0% ear tags and Permectrin 10.0% ear strips were evaluated for comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established on mixed-breed herds in Montgomery CO, VA: A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag (Formulation ‘A’), consisting of 20 cows, 20 calves, and one bull. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear, on 14 Jun. B) Guardian 7.5% ear tag (Formulation ‘B’), consisting of 40 heifers and 2 bulls. Each animal received 2 ear tags, one in each ear, on 15 Jun. C) Guardian 7.5% esir tag (Formulation ‘C’), consisting of 26 heifers and 10 steers. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 15 Jun. The steers were later removed from pasture and only the heifers were used for evaluation. D) Ectrin 8.0% ear tag, consisting of 39 cows, 39 calves, and 1 bull. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 14 Jun. E) Permectrin 10.0% ear strip, consisting of 21 cows, 21 calves, and 1 bull. Each animal received 2 ear strips, 1 in each ear, on 25 Jun. F) Untreated control, consisting of 21 cows and 16 calves. All test herds were maintained in separate pastures and all were situated within ca. 2 mi of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd for 12 wk posttreatment. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal. Pretreatment counts were made on all herds, except treatment E.
Mouse-Cutebebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC (w/v) in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dermally. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Pear: Early Season Pear Psylla Control, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Beers E. H. , Meagher R. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to non-replicated 0.4 acre plots consisting of the cultivars Bartlett, Anjou, and Bosc (6 years old). Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi, with the exception of the first Lorsban treatment, which was applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2-wk intervals on the cultivar Bartlett. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from 4 trees randomly selected in each plot. PP pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Damage Caused by Popillia Japonica on Treated Grape Foliage, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. A.
Published: March 2022

An experiment consisting of 6 treatments to control Japanese beetle adults was located at Wooster, OH. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 18 Jul, and 6 Aug at the rate of 1870 liters/ ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 psi) and equipped with a 9505E-Tee Jet nozzle. Visual observations for feeding damage to foliage were made on the 2.4 m of canopy between the trunks of the 2 vines from the east side of the row on 5 dates from 17 Jul-14 Aug. This was accomplished by examining 10 shoots per treatment for beetle feeding. Each shoot was rated 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 depending on how many of the 5 terminal leaves were damaged. Readings of 0 indicated no damage, while 5 indicated feeding on all leaves. Ratings were totaled and compared by treatment.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluation, 1984
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Walter Sandra
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied to 5 single-tree replications of 5-year-old trees in a randomized block design. Each treatment was applied to runoff on 17 May (petal fall) and on 20 Jul with a Myers V7710-5EO2G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Other pesticides applied separately to all treatments were 70 sec oil, Dithane M-45, Trithion, Benlate, Guthion, Topsin-M, Polyram, Dikar and Penncap-M. Treatment effectiveness was determined by sampling 20 leaves from the periphery of each tree (100/treatment), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Control of the Borer Complex on Almonds, 1984
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Hendricks L. C. , Barclay L. W. , Younce E. L.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a commercial almond (4th leaf) orchard in Livingston, CA. Six treatments of insecticides combined with various paint-water mixtures and a control were replicated 10 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Trees were inspected before the application. Only trees with active feeding sites, indicated by frass piles, were included in the study. Materials were applied to the trunk from the ground to the secondary branches with a Hudson hand-held sprayer on 6 Jun. All materials were applied as 9.4 gal of spray mixture per acre. After application, trees were inspected at weekly intervals from 12 Jun through 7 Sep, and the number of frass piles was counted and removed. Also, for a 2 man-hour search period on 22 May and at approximately weekly intervals from 16 Jun through 7 Sep, larvae were extracted for identification from active feeding sites in trees outside the test plot.
Citrus Red Mite Control on Citrus, 1983
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Port Sulpher, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Each plot was surrounded by 4 untreated trees to serve as a buffer between treatments. Pesticides were applied on 15 Jun ’83 with a FMC Speed Sprayer operated at 1200 RPM and 250 psi and a 4 nozzle hand gun. Trees were sprayed until runoff (approx 2.5 gal/tree). Evaluations were made on 29 Jun and 13 Jul by randomly selecting 10 leaves per tree as follows: 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stereo-microscope, and the number of mites recorded.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Leafminer on Beans, 1983
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded 24 Oct ’83 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single 25 ft long row on 3 ft centers. The plots were irrigated by an overhead sprinkler twice a week. There were 4 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 17, 23, Nov, 1, and 8 Dec with a CO2 powered, 2.5 gal hand-held sprayer with 40 psi at a rate of 100 gal of water per acre. Leafminer counts were taken on 15 Dec by counting the total numbers of mines on 1 trifoliate leaf (selected from the middle of the plant) per plant on 10 randomly selected plants per plot. The leafminer population was normal. Other insect species did not build-up in the plots.
Seed Maggot Control, 1984
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

A hand-pushed ‘V’ belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds and distribute insecticide granules in the furrow. Overfurrow granular treatments were applied with a hand-pushed Gandy applicator as 7-inch bands that were lightly incorporated with a hand rake after planting. A 2-4 inch band of meat and bone meal was placed over the row to increase oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Each plot consisted of single-row treatments 15 ft long 3 ft apart in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. All seed treatments were made 13 Jun and each crop planted in separate plots 21 Jun. Damage counts were made 3 Jul (corn), and 6 Jul (snap beans, squash, and soybeans). Emerged seedlings in each row of the squash, soybean, and snap bean plots were counted, with an avg % calculated on the no. of damaged plants observed. In the corn plot, an avg % damage was calculated by recording the injury in 25 seed pieces/row.
Insecticide Evaluation on Fall Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Klostermeyer Lyle E. , Mullins Charles A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for efficacy against broccoli insect pests at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN. Broccoli was transplanted on 26 Jul. Plots were 20 ft (15 plants) x 3 rows (36 inches) with 1 border between plots. On 26 Jul and 1 Sep, 1 inch each day of irrigation water was added. Total rainfall from transplant to harvest was 6.09 inches. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied over the top and along both sides with a compressed-air hand sprayer at 30 gal/acre on 15 Aug and 5 Sep and at 50 gal/acre on 20 Sep. Rainfall from 5-20 Sep was 0.77 inches, and from 20-30 Sep was 1.03 inches. Insects were counted in situ on 3 plants from the center row of each plot on 15, 22 Aug and 5, 12, 20, 24, 27 Sep, and 3 Oct. Pretreatment means 5 Sep were 8.2 cross-striped cabbageworms, 1.7 cabbage loopers, and 1.5 imported cabbageworms per 3 plants. Heads, at least 6 inches in diam were hand cut, trimmed to 6 inches in length, bagged, weighed and diam measured on 12, 17, 20, 24, 27 Sep and 3 Oct. Heads were then soaked in a salt water bath (4 tsp/gal) for 30 min. Bath water was poured through fine cloth to recover insects present in the head. Woodchucks reduced stand in 2 blocks to 77 and 15% with very few remaining plants producing heads Data are therefore reported as means from 2 replicates only. All plots were accidentally oversprayed by other personnel on 16 Sep with Pydrin so no counts are reported until the second spraying on 5 Sep.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

Broccoli yield, population estimates and feeding damage of cruciferous pests were used as indicators to determine the efficacy of Penncap-M. There was a 3-ft row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and 3 ft alley spacing between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul, following incorporation of 3 lb 10-10-10 fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft into a tilled plot and fumigation with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft). A compressed air sprayer, with Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzles (one for the first application and 2, with a boom spacing of 30 inches, for the second and third applications) were used to deliver a foliar broadcast spray. Applications were made on 8, 15 Aug, and 5 Sep, coinciding with the seedling, post-seedling and mature plant growth stages. On 2 Aug it was necessary to treat all plants with Lannate to reduce a flea beetle population which would have caused high seedling mortality if left uncontrolled. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep bv weighing whole plants. Adult flea beetle populations on whole plants were assessed on 15 Aug by using the following rating index: 0 = 0 beetles, 1 = 1-10 beetles, 2 = 11-20 beetles, 3 = 21-30 beetles, 4 = 31-40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles. Flea beetle feeding damage was also evaluated on 8 Aug by counting the number of feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant. At the time of harvest (20 Sep) all imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper larvae on 5 randomly chosen plants per replicate were counted.
Phytotoxicity of Lorsban to Direct-Seeded Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Grower concerns for reduced and uneven stands of Lorsban-treated cabbage in the spring of 1984 prompted a test to determine the potential for phytotoxicity of Lorsban to direct-seeded cabbage. The plots were seeded on 21 Sep using a John Deere Flexiplanter unit mounted on a tractor. The soil was wet and planting conditions were marginal. These planting conditions were similar to the conditions in the spring when the uneven stands had occurred. Plots consisted of 30-ft single-row treatments replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The entire plot was planted twice, one plot being irrigated with 1 inch of water on 24 Sep and the other left unirrigated. Treatments in each plot consisted of 2 series of 5 rates of Lorsban 4E, plus an untreated check. Lorsban 4E for 1 of the series of treatments (Lorsban I) was donated by a grower who had noted uneven stands. Lorsban 4E for the other series (Lorsban II) was supplied to us by Dow Chemical Corp. The Lorsban treatments were applied in 30 gal of water/acre as a 2-3 inch band over the furrow after planting. A CO2 power sprayer mounted on wheels with an attached speedometer was used to apply the spray. All water and insecticide calculations were made on a 36-inch row width basis. Stand counts were taken and plant heights were measured from the center 20 ft of each treatment on Oct 10, Fifteen plants/treatment were measured. Heights given are in inches.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Michael Saluta , Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design replicated 4 times was used. Plots were 7.5 ft by 3 ft and consisted of 10 plants per replicate. There was a 3-ft row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants and a 3-ft alley spacing between replicates. Prior to planting, 3 lb 10-10-10- fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft were incorporated into a tilled plot. The soil was fumigated with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft). Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul. Insecticide was applied as a foliar broadcast spray over the row using a compressed air sprayer. A Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzle (25-30 psi, 20 gal/acre) was used for the first application, and 2 Teejet 8003 nozzles, with a boom spacing of 30 inches, were used for the second and third applications. Applications, which were made on 8 Aug, 15 Aug and 5 Sept, corresponded with the seedling, post-seedling and mature plant growth stages, respectively. Prior to these experimental treatments, an application of methomyl was delivered to all plants on 2 Aug. This was necessary to reduce a heavy flea beetle infestation which would have resulted in heavy seedling mortality if left untreated (Penncap-M was not vet available for use). The presence of flea beetle adults and their damage was assessed on 15 Aug. The following rating index was used to assess the quantity of adult flea beetles per plant; (0 = ((beetles, 1 = 1- 10 beetles, 2 = 11 - 20 beetles, 3 = 21 - 30 beetles, 4 = 31 - 40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles). The number of flea beetle feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant was used for rating flea beetle feeding damage. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep by weighing marketable heads.
Collard Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

Collards were transplanted 2 Jun near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-inch centers. White plastic mulch was used on all plots. Terraclor was used in the transplant water. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (HC 17 70°) delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. Insecticide applications were made on 16, 23, 30 Jun, 7, 14 and 25 Jul. Dipel WP (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) and Sevin 80SP (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) were applied to ABG-6146 treatment plots on 16 Jun and 23 Jun, respectively. Insects were counted 16, 23 and 30 Jun, and damage was evaluated 30 Jun, 19 Jul and 8 Aug. Harlequin bug damage was evaluated 8 Aug.
Control of European Corn Borer on Early Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert C.
Published: March 2022

This study was performed on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham N.H. and utilized sweet corn that was planted on 25 May ’84. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The spray treatments were applied using a B & G CO2 pressurized (40psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. The granular treatments were applied by hand. All applications were directed into the whorls when 58.6% of the corn plants showed signs of European corn borer leaf feeding injury and before tassels began to emerge from the whorls. Two spray applications were made 5 days apart and the granular treatment was applied once. Evaluations for the % of injured stalks and ears were made at harvest time on 20 Jul ’84 by examining all plants in each treatment.
Spirea Aphid Control, 1985
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Appelboom T. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5-tree plots replicated 5 times. Materials were applied dilute on 8 May using a truck mounted sprayer with a hand gun at 200 psi applied to runoff using ca 1.25 gal/tree. Ten growth terminals were randomly selected around each tree and tagged. The 250 tagged terminals per treatment were examined for apterous aphids pretreatment and 2, 7, 14 and 21 days posttreatment. Control was measured by % infestation of tagged terminals.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1984
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ trees at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 27 Jul, using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering 30 gal of finished material per tree. Aphid counts were made on 30 Jul. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Yellow Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1985
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ trees at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 29 Jul using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering 29 gal of finished material per tree. Posttreatment counts were made at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnuts, 1985
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Barclay L. W. , Barnett W. W.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, CA. Seven treatments were replicated 8 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run-off (600 gal spray mixture per acre) with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 PSI. Applications were made on 4 Sep when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts per replicate (tree) for navel orangeworm on 18 Sep.
European Corn Borer Control in Snap Beans, 1984
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted at Bancroft, WI on 5 May ’84 in 3 randomized I complete blocks each 10 rows deep × 150 ft long.
Timing Dimilin Applications Against Codling Moth, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Tree Fruit Research Center. Four single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Dimilin was applied at approximate degree day intervals shown in the tables. Degree days were calculated from daily maximum and minimum temperatures using a sine wave method and initiated after first moth catch in pheromone traps. Two applications were made against first generation in most instances, while only 1 application was made against second generation. All fruit on test trees were examined after first generation on 13 Jul and at harvest on 26 Sep.
Apple, Control of the White Apple Leafhopper, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Two identical tests were conducted in a 6-year-old apple orchard to evaluate efficacy of insecticides in controlling white apple leafhopper. Insecticides were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. Four single-tree replicates were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made 15 May when first 4th stage nymphs were present in samples. Twenty-five leaves from each tree were examined and nymphs counted and recorded. Treatments were applied 15 May. Posttreatment counts using the same method as described above were made on 22 May.
Effect of Dimilin on Broccoli for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Lasota Joan A. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

The plot consisted of broccoli and cabbage arranged in a total of 12 blocks (10 plants per block) with 7 ft of row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and a 5-ft alley spacing between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Seedlings were transplanted into the field on 1 Aug at the VPI & SU Hortic Res Farm, following incorporation of 200 lb/ac nitrogen, 100 lb/acre phosphate, 100 lb/acre potash fertilizer, and 1.74 tons/acre lime. Metolachlor was also incorporated for nutsedge and broadleaf weed control. A compressed air sprayer, uniformly calibrated to spray until runoff 2 application rates (0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal water) of Dimilin to broccoli seedling, was used in the greenhouse on 2 Jul and 12 Jul. Post-seedling spray applications of Dimilin at similar rates were made in the field on 8 Aug, 19 Aug, and 26 Aug. Applications to mature plants were made on 3 Sep, 9 Sep, and 17 Sep. A compressed air sprayer with two Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzles was used to deliver a foliar broadcast spray of 20 gal/acre. Maintenance fungicide applications of chlorotholonil were made at each insecticide date, on treated and control plants. At the time of harvest (25 Oct), a damage rating was used to evaluate feeding damage on 5 randomly chosen broccoli plants per replicate. The following rating index was used: 1 = 0-5% defoliation; 2 = 6-25% defoliation; 3 = 26-50% defoliation; 4 = 51-75% defoliation; 5 = 76-100% defoliation. Also at harvest, all imported cabbageworm larvae (small = instars 1-3; large = instars 4 & 5) were counted on 5 randomly chosen plants per replicate. Larvae were counted on both broccoli leaves and heads.
Insect Control on Cabbage, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

‘Greenback’ cabbage seedlings were transplanted on 7 Mar at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 36 ft long separated by a 3-ft buffer. The cabbage transplants were sprinkler irrigated for 2 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alternate week applications were initiated when transplants were 2 wk of age. Application dates included 21 Mar, 4 and 18, Apr and 2 and 16 May. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer was operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1-6 per row and carrier (water) increased from 50 gal/acre (21 Mar-4 Apr) to 100 gal/acre (18 Apr on). Disk type cone nozzles incorporated D 1-3 disks, #23 or 25 cores and 50 mesh screens. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on no. of larvae/plant found on 10 plants/replicate (40 per treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate every week. The diamondback moth, and cabbage looper, were recorded separately. Aphid counts were indexed as follows: 1 = 0-10, 2 = 11-25, 3= 26-50, 4 = 51 +. Because of high initial densities, and the rapid movement of alate aphids between plots, index values approaching one can be considered good.
Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 15 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25 ft long and 5 ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 41 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep and 17 Sep. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 26 Sep. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 20 Sep and are expressed as percent defoliation. Yield (percent marketable heads) were taken on 2 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Thomas Cathy
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ seeds were planted on 3 Jul in a Hagerstown silt loam soil. Seed spacing was 3 inch. Plants were thinned to ca. 1 plant every 18 inch. Plots consisted of a single row 25-ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 16 Sep using a CO2-pressurized Bak-Pak sprayer delivering 20 gallons per acre at 20 psi. Imported cabbageworm was sampled on 5 plants per plot. At harvest (1 Nov) heads were rated for insect damage using a 1-6 scale (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe head and leaf damage). A rating >3 was considered not suitable for fresh market. Rainfall totalled 4.44 inch for Jul, 2.76 inch for Aug, 2.44 inch for Sep and 1.55 inch for Oct. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (F) were 85.0 and 51.8 for Jul, 86.8 and 51.0 for Aug, 84.8 and 40.0 for Sep, and 73.8 and 32.8 for Oct.
Imported Cabbageworm Control, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul , Thomas Cathy
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ seeds were planted on 3 Jul in a Hagerstown silt loam soil. Seed spacing was 3 inch. Plants were thinned to ca. 1 plant every 18 inch. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied 16 Sep using a CO2-pressurized Bak-Pak sprayer delivering 20 gal per acre at 20 psi. Imported cabbageworm was sampled on 5 plants per plot. At harvest (1 Nov) heads were rated for insect damage using a 1-6 scale (1 = no apparent insect feeding, 6 = severe head and leaf damage). A rating >3 was considered not suitable for fresh market. Rainfall totalled 4.44 inch for Jul, 2.76 inch for Aug, 2.44 inch for Sep and 1.55 inch for Oct. Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures (F) were 85.0 and 51.8 for Jul, 86.8 and 51.0 for Aug, 84.8 and 40.0 for Sep, and 73.8 and 32.8 for Oct.
Carrot Weevil Control in Carrots, 1985
Authors: Wells Art , Olsen Larry , Comegys George
Published: March 2022

Fresh market carrots were interplanted in a celery field with a history of severe carrot weevil problems in Cass County, Michigan, on 17 Jun. Soil type was muck. After carrot emergence, the celery was cut to maximize the likelihood of movement of the pest into the carrots. Three plots of single rows, 30 ft long, arranged in a complete randomized design were sprayed with foliar insecticides. Directed applications were made with a CO2 hand boom sprayer with 1 nozzle over the row and a nozzle on either side of the row directed toward the base of the plants. Materials were applied in 50 gpa using 70 psi and TJ-6502 nozzles. The experimental pyrethroids Baythroid 2EC and Pydrin 2.4EC were applied on 3, 12, 20, 30 Aug and 6 and 13 Sep. Spray dates for the standard Vydate were 3, 12, and 20 Aug only, due to label restrictions. The entire plot area was oversprayed with Bravo on 30 Aug for disease control. On 20 Sep the number of plants/10 ft of row, the number of plants damaged by carrot weevil, and the weight of the plants were recorded. Percent damage values were calculated for carrot weevil feeding and the yield was expressed as number of 50 lb bags/acre.
Wireworm Control in Sweet Corn, 1985.
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide-treated and untreated corn seed were planted in Pike Co., GA on 6 Apr. The test was arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. The soil type was a Cecil clay loam. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). The planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20 psi) and an electric metering unit for delivery of granular insecticides. Liquid and granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 30-ft plots which were separated on each side by an untreated border row. The numbers of healthy and wireworm damaged plants were counted in each plot 17 and 42 days after planting. Each plant with wireworm damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, stunting or complete wilting). Examination of the subterranean parts of damaged plants and soil sampling in untreated border rows of each replicate resulted in the collection of no corn infesting soil insects other than the 3 wireworm species listed above.