bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow‐injection determination of manganese (II) using surfactant enhanced diperiodatonickelate (IV)‐rhodamine 6G chemiluminescence
Authors: Asghar Muhammad , Yaqoob Mohammad , Siddiqui Masood Ahmed , Munawar Nusrat , Waseem Amir , Nabi Abdul
Published: August 2019

Chemiluminescence (CL) of the rhodamine 6‐G‐diperiodatonickelate (IV) (Rh6‐G‐Ni(IV) complex) in the presence of Brij‐35 was examined in an alkaline medium and implemented using flow‐injection analysis to analyze Mn(II) in natural waters. Brij‐35 was identified as the surfactant of choice that enhanced CL intensity by about 62% of the reaction. The calibration curves were linear in the range 1.7 × 10−3 – 0.2 (0.9990, n = 7) and 8.0 × 10−4 – 0.1 μg ml−1 (0.9990, n = 7) with limits of detection (LODs) (S:N = 3) of 5.0 × 10−4 and 2.4 × 10−4 μg ml−1 without and with using an in‐line 8‐hydroxyquinoline (8‐HQ) resin mini‐column, respectively. The sample throughput and relative standard deviation were 200 h−1 and 1.7–2.2% in the range studied respectively. Mn(II) concentrations in certified reference materials and natural water samples was successfully determined. A brief discussion about the possible CL reaction mechanism is also given. In addition, analysis of V(III), Cr(III) and Fe(II) was also performed without and with using an in‐line 8–HQ column and selective elution of each metal ion was achieved by adjusting the pH of the sample carrier stream with aqueous HCl solution.
Nanostructured Antimicrobials in Food Packaging—Recent Advances
Authors: Azeredo Henriette M. C. , Otoni Caio G. , Corrêa Daniel S. , Assis Odílio B. G. , de Moura Márcia R. , Mattoso Luiz Henrique C.
Published: August 2019

Active food packaging systems promote better food quality and/or stability, such as by releasing antimicrobial agents into food. Advantages of adding antimicrobials to the packaging material instead of into the bulk food include controlled diffusion, reduced antimicrobial contents, and improved cost effectiveness. Nanostructured antimicrobials are especially effective due to their high specific surface area. The present review is focused on recent advances and findings on the main nanostructured antimicrobial packaging systems for food packaging purposes. Several kinds of nanostructures, including both inorganic particles and organic structures, have been proven effective antimicrobials by different mechanisms of action and with different application scopes. Moreover, there are systems containing nanocarriers to protect antimicrobials and deliver them in a controlled fashion. On the other hand, scientific data about migration of nanostructures onto food and their toxicity are still limited, requiring special attention from researchers and regulation sectors.
Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase from the Oleaginous Microalga Nannochloropsis Uncovers Its Potential Role in Promoting Lipogenesis
Authors: Xue Jiao , Chen Ting‐Ting , Zheng Jian‐Wei , Balamurugan Srinivasan , Liu Yu‐Hong , Yang Wei‐Dong , Liu Jie‐Sheng , Li Hong‐Ye
Published: August 2019

Microalgae have long been considered as potential biological feedstock for the production of wide array of bioproducts, such as biofuel feedstock because of their lipid accumulating capability. However, lipid productivity of microalgae is still far below commercial viability. Here, a glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase from the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica is identified and heterologously expressed in the green microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa to characterize its function in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is found that the G6PD enzyme activity toward NADPH production is increased by 2.19‐fold in engineered microalgal strains. Lipidomic analysis reveals up to 3.09‐fold increase of neutral lipid content in the engineered strains, and lipid yield is gradually increased throughout the cultivation phase and saturated at the stationary phase. Moreover, cellular physiological characteristics including photosynthesis and growth rate are not impaired. Collectively, these results reveal the pivotal role of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase from N. oceanica in NADPH supply, demonstrating that provision of reducing power is crucial for microalgal lipogenesis and can be a potential target for metabolic engineering.
Enrichment of HDL proteome and phospholipidome from human serum via IMAC/MOAC affinity
Authors: Javeed Rabia , Hussain Dilshad , Jabeen Fahmida , Saeed Adeela , Fatima Batool , Ashiq Muhammad Naeem , Najam‐ul‐Haq Muhammad
Published: August 2019

High‐density lipoproteins (HDLs) have anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties and are potentially cardio‐protective. Defective HDL function is caused by alterations in both the proteome and lipidome of HDL particles. As potential biomarkers, the development of analytical methods is necessary for the enrichment of HDLs. Therefore, a method for selective enrichment of HDLs using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) is presented. SPE‐based isolation of HDLs from whole serum is adopted as an alternative to traditional ultracentrifugation methods followed by SDS–PAGE. The enrichment mechanism relies on isoelectric points of lipoproteins and metal oxide. Negatively charged lipoprotein particles interact with positively charged metal oxides and IMAC affinity, which acts as a cation. Identified proteins from HDL through MALDI–MS analysis are apo AI, AII, AIV, CI, CIII, E, J, M, H, serum amyloid A and other nonapoproteins that are part of HDL particles and perform cellular functions. This serum‐based proteomics approach gives insight into the functional role of HDL. HDL‐associated phospholipids have also been analyzed by LDI–MS. Results suggest that the adopted analytical strategy is a feasible idea to extract lipoproteins from serum. A comparative study of healthy and diseased samples using this approach will provide valuable information in future.
miR‐124‐3p availability is antagonized by LncRNA‐MALAT1 for Slug‐induced tumor metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cui Rong‐Jun , Fan Jia‐Lin , Lin Yu‐Cui , Pan Yu‐Jia , Liu Chi , Wan Jia‐Hui , Wang Wei , Jiang Zheng‐Yuan , Zheng Xiu‐Lan , Tang Jie‐Bing , Yu Xiao‐Guang
Published: August 2019

Background

As an oncogene, long noncoding RNA metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) can promote tumor metastasis. Hyperexpression of MALAT1 has been observed in many malignant tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role and mechanism of MALAT1 in HCC remain unclear.

Methods

Thirty human HCC and paracancerous tissue specimens were collected, and the human hepatoma cell lines Huh7 and HepG2 were cultured according to standard methods. MALAT1 and Snail family zinc finger (Slug) expression were measured by real‐time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay verified the direct interaction between miR‐124‐3p and Slug(SNAI2) or MALAT1. Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to examine invasion and migration, and a subcutaneous tumor model was established to measure tumor progression in vivo.

Results

MALAT1 expression was upregulated in HCC tissues and positively correlated with Slug expression. MALAT1 and miR‐124‐3p bind directly and reversibly to each other. MALAT1 silencing inhibited cell migration and invasion. miR‐124‐3p inhibited HCC metastasis by targeting Slug.

Conclusions

MALAT1 regulates Slug through miR‐124‐3p, affecting HCC cell metastasis. Thus, the MALAT1/miR‐124‐3p/Slug axis plays an important role in HCC.
Essential Oil Compositions and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Five Lavandula stoechas Cultivars Grown in Thailand
Authors: Insawang Suchawadee , Pripdeevech Patcharee , Tanapichatsakul Chutima , Khruengsai Sarunpron , Monggoot Sakon , Nakham Thanawut , Artrod Angkana , D'Souza Priya E. , Panuwet Parinya
Published: August 2019

The essential oils of five Lavandula stoechas cultivars grown in Thailand were characterized for their volatile compounds using GC‐FID and GC/MS methods as well as screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Dried aerial parts, including flowers and stems from each cultivar, were subjected to hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oil yields were 0.18 %–0.82 % w/w. Of the 95 compounds detected and identified, 1,8‐cineole, fenchone, and camphor were considered the major compounds. Essential oil from each cultivar demonstrated different patterns of antibacterial activity and a variety of antioxidant properties. The highest antibacterial activity, MIC=0.39 mg mL−1, was observed from the essential oil of L. stoechas ‘major’ (against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium) and the essential oil of L. stoechas ‘white lavender’ (against S. typhimurium). The essential oil of L. stoechas×viridis ‘St. Brelade’ possessed the highest antioxidant capacity, as determined by the DPPH and ABTS assays (IC50 of 67.65 and 89.26 mg mL−1, respectively). The results indicated that some of these essential oils could be used as key ingredients in lavender oil products in Thailand to increase their therapeutic efficacy, depending on their intended application.
Satisfactory short‐term outcome after anlotinib and docetaxel chemotherapy in tongue cancer with N3 cervical lymph node metastasis: A case report
Authors: Deng Yi , Zhong Zhao‐Yang , Tan Xiao‐Rong , Wang Shuai , Qian Kai
Published: August 2019

Patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and cervical lymph node metastasis are particularly difficult to treat. This is the first report of about anlotinib combined with docetaxel chemotherapy for chemotherapy‐refractory TSCC with cervical lymph node metastasis, may provide a new, suitable therapeutic option for these patients.
Extreme traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the upper limb
Authors: Ramdass Michael J.
Published: August 2019

Traumatic arteriovenous fistula with steal syndrome of the extremity is rare. A useful technique is herein described involving complete ligation of the fistulous connection with a distal bypass procedure done using reversed great saphenous vein to salvage the upper limb.
The Generalized Caffarelli‐Kohn‐Nirenberg Theorem for the Hyperdissipative Navier‐Stokes System
Authors: Colombo Maria , De Lellis Camillo , Massaccesi Annalisa
Published: August 2019

We introduce a notion of suitable weak solutions of the hyperdissipative Navier‐Stokes equations, and we achieve a corresponding extension of the regularity theory of Caffarelli‐Kohn‐Nirenberg. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is the corporate social responsibility–innovation link homogeneous?: Looking for sustainable innovation in the Spanish context
Authors: García‐Piqueres Gema , García‐Ramos Rebeca
Published: August 2019

This study examines if the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and innovation is homogeneous or depends on the type of CSR practice and/or the type of innovation. The paper focuses on the three dimensions of the “three bottom line” of CSR (economic, social, and environmental) and on the so‐called “fateful triangle” of innovation, which together with studied product and process innovation types also considers organizational innovation. The theoretical framework is based on the resource‐based view and the knowledge‐based view approaches. In analysing sustainable innovation in the Spanish context, we look at a set of firms taking data for the 2009–2014 Spanish Community Innovation Survey. The empirical study uses random effect probit panel data methodology. The results show that, although the positive effect of CSR on innovation is confirmed for the majority of the cases, there are differences depending on the innovation type and the CSR dimension.
Cis‐control of Six1 expression in neural crest cells during craniofacial development
Authors: Wu Zhaoming , Rao Yanxia , Zhang Sushan , Kim Eun‐Jung , Oki Shinya , Harada Hidemitsu , Cheung Martin , Jung Han‐Sung
Published: August 2019

Background

Six1 is a transcriptional factor that plays an important role in embryonic development. Mouse and chick embryos deficient for Six1 have multiple craniofacial anomalies in the facial bones and cartilages. Multiple Six1 enhancers have been identified, but none of them has been reported to be active in the maxillary and mandibular process.

Results

We studied two Six1 enhancers in the chick neural crest tissues during craniofacial development. We showed that two evolutionarily conserved enhancers, Six1E1 and Six1E2, act synergistically. Neither Six1E1 nor Six1E2 alone can drive enhancer reporter signal in the maxillary or mandibular processes. However, their combination, Six1E, showed robust enhancer activity in these tissues. Similar reporter signal can also be driven by the mouse homolog of Six1E. Mutations of multiple conserved transcriptional factor binding sites altered the enhancer activity of Six1E, especially mutation of the LIM homeobox binding site, dramatically reduced the enhancer activity, implying that the Lhx protein family be an important regulator of Six1 expression.

Conclusion

This study, for the first time, described the synergistic activation of two Six1 enhancers in the maxillary and mandibular processes and will facilitate more detailed studies of the regulation of Six1 in craniofacial development.
Meta‐analyzing the likely cross‐species responses to climate change
Authors: Ortega Jean C. G. , Machado Nathália , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre Felizola , Rangel Thiago F. , Araújo Miguel B. , Loyola Rafael , Bini Luis Mauricio
Published: August 2019

Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) have different performances in predicting potential geographic distributions. Here we meta‐analyzed the likely effects of climate change on the potential geographic distribution of 1,205 bird species from the Neotropical region, modeled using eight ENMs and three Atmosphere‐Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCM). We considered the variability in ENMs performance to estimate a weighted mean difference between potential geographic distributions for baseline and future climates. On average, potential future ranges were projected to be from 25.7% to 44.5% smaller than current potential ranges across species. However, we found that 0.2% to 18.3% of the total variance in range shifts occurred “within species” (i.e., owing to the use of different modeling techniques and climate models) and 81.7% to 99.8% remained between species (i.e., it could be explained by ecological correlates). Using meta‐analytical techniques akin to regression, we also showed that potential range shifts are barely predicted by bird biological traits. We demonstrated that one can combine and reduce species‐specific effects with high uncertainty in ENMs and also explore potential causes of climate change effect on species using meta‐analytical tools. We also highlight that the search for powerful correlates of climate change‐induced range shifts can be a promising line of investigation.
Temperature and stoichiometric dependence of phytoplankton traits
Authors: Hofmann Peter , Chatzinotas Antonis , Harpole W. Stanley , Dunker Susanne
Published: August 2019

Understanding the links between intraspecific trait variability and environmental gradients is an important step toward unravelling the mechanisms that link species performance to environmental variation. Here, we performed a comparative, experimental study to investigate variability of cellular traits in three prokaryotic and three eukaryotic freshwater phytoplankton species along gradients of temperature and nitrogen:phosphorus ratio (N:P) in laboratory microcosms. Temperature and N:P strongly affect phytoplankton growth and are changing due to climate change and eutrophication. Metabolic theory and allometric scaling predict that smaller organisms should be favored at higher temperatures through improved metabolic uptake partly due to greater surface area to volume ratios. In addition, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration should increase due to higher chlorophyll synthesis in response to light limitation at higher cell densities. We found that cell volume both increased and decreased with temperature, whereas intermediate N:P yielded higher growth rates and more extreme conditions yielded bigger cell volumes. Species growth responses to these gradients were distinct and not related to phylogenetic differences. Meaningfully coupled traits like the chl a fluorescence and cell volume shifted consistently and can improve our understanding of individual cell responses to abiotic drivers. This study showed that intraspecific trait variability of freshwater phytoplankton harbors potential for short term acclimation to environmental gradients. Finally, the high trait variability in some species has strong implications for their ecology and the accuracy of predictions where responses may differ when based on mean or fixed trait values.
Icaritin promotes tumor T‐cell infiltration and induces antitumor immunity in mice
Authors: Hao Haibang , Zhang Qi , Zhu Hai , Wen Yuxiang , Qiu Ding , Xiong Jian , Fu Xiaolan , Wu Yuzhang , Meng Kun , Li Jian
Published: August 2019

Icaritin, a hydrolytic product of icariin isolated from traditional Chinese herbal medicine genus Epimedium, has many pharmacological and biological activities. Here, we show that icaritin can effectively decrease tumor burden of murine B16F10 melanoma and MC38 colorectal tumors in a T‐cell dependent manner. The treatment effects are associated with increased CD8 T‐cell infiltration and increased effector memory T‐cell frequency. In vivo depletion of CD8 T cell using an anti‐CD8 monoclonal antibody abolished the antitumor effect, which supports the critical role of CD8 T cells during icaritin treatment. By analyzing immune cells in the tumor tissue, we found reduced frequency of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid‐derived suppression cells (MDSCs) infiltration and downregulation of PD‐L1 expression on MDSCs after icaritin treatment. This was not limited to MDSCs, as icaritin also decreased the expression of PD‐L1 on neutrophils. Importantly, the combination of anti‐PD‐1/CTLA‐4 and icaritin significantly enhances antitumor ability and increases the efficacy of either treatment alone. Our findings reveal that icaritin induces antitumor immunity in a CD8 T‐cell‐dependent way and justify further investigation of combining immune checkpoint therapy to icaritin‐based antitumor therapy.
[2+2] Cycloadduct of Titanium Silylidene and Benzonitrile
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Horiguchi Satoru , Gapurenko Olga A. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I. , Gornitzka Heinz , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: August 2019

The first [2+2] cycloadduct of the transition metal silylene complex and nitrile was synthesized by the reaction of titanium silylidene and benzonitrile. Only one regioisomer was exclusively isolated, in which the C atom of the nitrile group was bound to titanium whereas the N atom was bound to silicon, which was explained by steric effects. Based on its NMR spectroscopic and X‐ray crystallographic data, this [2+2] cycloadduct was classified as possessing predominantly metallacycle resonance structure.
Solution and Solid‐State Structure of the First NHC‐Substituted Rhenium Heptahydrides
Authors: Grieco Gabriele , Blacque Olivier
Published: August 2019

The structure of three new bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) heptahydride rhenium complexes ([ReH7(NHC)2] with NHC= IMes (2b) (1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethyl phenyl) imidazol‐2‐ylidene), IMesCl2 (4b) (4,5‐dichloro‐1,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethyl phenyl)‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene) BIMes (5b) (1,3‐Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐benzo imidazole ylidene), and of the known complex [ReH7(PPh3)2] (1) (bis(triphenyl phosphine)‐rhenium heptahydride), and the one of their labelled counterparts 2c‐d7, 4c‐d7, and 5c‐d7, were established in solution. The compounds exchanged with HD (2 bar) at 60 °C in deuterated THF to produce statistically distributed isotopomers. This exchange pointed to the intermediacy of H2 complexes and dynamic systems with fast equilibration processes of all hydride positions. T1min measurements were run on 2b, 4b, 5b and 1 in deuterated methylcyclohexane: 2b T1min = 144 ms, 5b T1min = 127 ms, both at 203 K. For 4b two T1min values were obtained corresponding to the 1H‐NMR signals of the hydrides: T1min = 119 ms and T1min = 128 ms both at 203 K. The T1min values determined are typical of terminal rhenium polyhydrides and for 1 was reported a comparably short value of T1min (70 ms, [D8]toluene, at –73 °C), typical of complexes that contain dihydrogen ligands. D‐NMR T1min measurements were also run for the fully deuterated compounds 2c‐d7, 4c‐d7, 5c‐d7 and of 1c‐d7 allowing to calculate the ionicities of the metal hydride bonds. The Re‐D ionicity values were obtained from the Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constant (DQCC) determinations. They were in the range of 0.61–0.71 for the fully labelled complexes: 2c‐d7: T1min = 15 ms, i = 61 %; 4c‐d7: (A) T1min = 20 ms, i = 67 %, (B) T1min = 41 ms, i = 77 %; 5c‐d7: T1min = 24 ms, i= 70 %; and 1c‐d7: T1min = 26 ms, i = 71 %. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies on 4b enabled us to refine the hydride positions with only restraints in the bond lengths and thermal parameters. The X‐ray solid structure resembles a pseudo‐capped square antiprismatic geometry.
Microbial Synthesis of Nonionic Long‐Chain Sophorolipid Emulsifiers Obtained from Fatty Alcohol and Mixed Lipid Feeding
Authors: Zerhusen Christian , Bollmann Timo , Gödderz Andreas , Fleischer Peter , Glüsen Birgit , Schörken Ulrich
Published: August 2019

Starmerella bombicola is known to produce sub‐terminally hydroxylated lactonic sophorolipids (SLs), while Candida kuoi synthesizes acidic open chain SLs with terminally hydroxylated fatty acids. Upon feeding glucose and fatty alcohols both strains form long‐chain nonionic SLs. According to structure elucidation the SLs consist of a hydroxylated fatty acid esterified with fatty alcohol and linked via a glycoside bond to the diacetylated sophorose unit. Palmityl, stearyl, and oleyl alcohols lead to products with lipid chain lengths of C32 or C36. Oleyl alcohol is the preferred substrate leading to 45 g L−1 of the double unsaturated C36 SL with S. bombicola and 20 g L−1 with C. kuoi. Scale up from shake flask to 1.5 L fermentations is possible and 65 g L−1 long‐chain SLs are obtained with S. bombicola within 7 days. Mixed feeding of oleic acid and a variety of fatty alcohols leads to new long‐chain SLs. In the presence of oleic acid the yeasts do not oxidize the fatty alcohol and thus the production of biosurfactants with tailored chain length is possible. The long‐chain SLs show good emulsification ability of water/paraffin oil mixtures at low energy input and reduced interfacial tension significantly.

Practical Applications: Sophorolipids are produced by fermentation on industrial scale focusing on cleaning and detergent applications. Mainly lactonic or anionic open‐chain forms are used today. The new long‐chain SLs presented in this manuscript are accessible with existing production technology and can be produced with high titers from cost‐efficient renewable raw materials. In contrast to the commercial products the long‐chain SLs are more hydrophobic and exhibit a strong emulsification behavior. Therefore they have the potential to broaden the application range of SLs in future. They may be useful as novel emulsifiers for cosmetic creams and lotions, pharmaceutical ointments and food products or may find application in oil spill remediation.
Cardiac Lipid Metabolism Is Modulated by Casimiroa edulis and Crataegus pubescens Aqueous Extracts in High Fat and Fructose (HFF) Diet‐Fed Obese Rats
Authors: Pérez‐Ramírez Iza F. , González‐Dávalos María L. , Mora Ofelia , Silva Isaac , Gallegos‐Corona Marco A. , Guzmán‐Maldonado Salvador H. , Reynoso‐Camacho Rosalía
Published: August 2019

This study aim to evaluate the effect of Casimiroa edulis and Crataegus pubescens aqueous extracts on cardiac lipotoxicity in obese rats. Both extracts decrease cardiac hypertrophy and steatosis in high fat and fructose (HFF)‐diet‐fed obese rats. C. pubescens decreases the cardiac content of 16 and 18 carbon‐length fatty acids, whereas C. edulis extract does not alter the fatty acid profile. Regarding lipotoxic compounds, C. pubescens reduces the cardiac content of 16 and 18 carbon‐length ceramides and diacylglycerols, whereas C. edulis extract reduces ≥20 carbon‐length lipotoxic compounds. Both extracts down‐regulate fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (Acaca) (lipogenesis), glyceril‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (Gpat) (diacylglycerol synthesis) and serine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Spt1) (ceramide synthesis), and up‐regulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (Cpt1) and acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (Acadm) (β‐oxidation), and the greatest effect is observed with C. pubescens. In addition, C. edulis exerts the greatest cardiac anti‐inflammatory activity, whereas C. pubescens shows the highest cardiac antioxidant activity. The cardioprotective effect of C. pubescens may be associated with its content of (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate, (+)‐catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and β‐campesterol, whereas the beneficial effect of C. edulis may be related to its high content of steroidal saponins and alkaloids. Therefore, these results demonstrate that both herbal aqueous extracts ameliorate cardiac lipotoxicity in HFF‐diet‐fed rats, and C. pubescens exerts a greater beneficial effect.

Practical Applications: This study proposes the characterization of fatty acids and lipotoxic compounds (ceramides and diacylglycerols) of cardiac tissue in combination with the determination of the expression of specific genes related to lipid metabolism to identify the mechanisms associated with the cardioprotective effects of herbal extracts. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the cardioprotective potential of Casimiroa edulis and Crataegus pubescens aqueous extracts through the modulation of cardiac lipid metabolism in high fat and fructose diet fed obese rats. Therefore, these herbs can be used for the development of functional beverages or the extraction of bioactive compounds with cardioprotective effect.
Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characterization of Veiled Extra Virgin Olive Oil Turbidity for Degradation Risk Assessment
Authors: Breschi Carlotta , Guerrini Lorenzo , Domizio Paola , Ferraro Giovanni , Calamai Luca , Canuti Valentina , Masella Piernicola , Parenti Alessandro , Fratini Emiliano , Fia Giovanna , Zanoni Bruno
Published: August 2019

Six different 300 kg batches of olive fruits are processed and the resulting six 20 kg batches of oil are collected at the end of the “decanter.” These batches of oil are subjected to four different water and solid particle separation treatments so as to obtain the following oil samples: veiled oil, filtered oil, “solid particle‐only” oil, and “water‐only” oil. The applied separation treatments show that water content has an important role in the degree of turbidity. High water content values (>0.2% w/w) are related to water activity values of >0.6 which are suitable for chemical and enzymatic reactions. The veiled oil samples are contaminated by microorganisms, but non‐proportional behavior occurs between the microbial cell count and the water and solid particle contents.

Practical Applications: The results of this study recommend a multi‐approach method to characterize turbidity, based on control markers such as the degree of turbidity, water content and water activity, solid particle content, microbial contamination, and phenolic compound content. In this way, each degree of turbidity can be associated with a different level of risk of veiled extra virgin olive oil degradation during shelf life.
Preparation of n‐3 Polyunsaturated Phosphatidylglycerol from Salmon Roe Lipids by Phospholipase D and In Vitro Digestion
Authors: Chen Liping , Beppu Fumiaki , Miyashita Kazuo , Hosokawa Masashi
Published: August 2019

Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a highly functional phospholipid (PL), which has many physiological functions. However, naturally occurring PG binding n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 PUFA) is low in content, resulting in a scarcity of industrial bio‐resources of n‐3 PUFA enriched PG. The current study investigates the preparation of salmon roe PG (SRPG) from three types of salmon roe lipids and glycerol via phospholipase D (PLD)‐mediated transphosphatidylation. The yields of SRPG obtained from salmon roe total lipid (SRTL) and salmon roe PL (SRPL) are higher than those obtained from purified salmon roe phosphatidylcholine (SRPC) in aqueous system. Following a 24 h reaction with 0.75 U PLD, SRTL, and SRPL yield up to 96.4 mol% and 96.7 mol% SRPG, respectively. In addition, more fatty acids are released from synthesized SRPG via hydrolysis by pancreatic enzymes than from SRPC and soybean PC in in vitro digestion model. Fatty acids at the sn‐2 position of SRPG are completely liberated by 0.04 U of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) during a 6 h reaction, whereas fatty acids of SRPC are partially unhydrolyzed even after a 24 h reaction. Our results suggest that SRPG converted from salmon lipids by PLD is a functional PL with high bioavailability of n‐3 PUFAs.

Practical Applications: Phosphatidylglycerol rich in n‐3 PUFAs is prepared from salmon roe lipids (SRPG) catalyzed by PLD. The SRPG yields reach 96.4 mol% and 96.7 mol% of phosphatidylcholine contained in SRTL and SRPL, respectively, in aqueous reaction system. Fatty acids rich in n‐3 PUFAs at sn‐2 position of prepared SRPG are rapidly liberated by PLA2 in an in vitro digestion model.
Stereodirecting Effect of C3‐Ester Groups on the Glycosylation Stereochemistry of L‐Rhamnopyranose Thioglycoside Donors: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐ and β‐L‐Rhamnopyranosides
Authors: Lei Jin‐Cai , Ruan Yu‐Xiong , Luo Sheng , Yang Jin‐Song
Published: August 2019

The tuning effect of C3‐ester groups on the glycosylation stereochemistry of L‐rhamnopyranose (L‐Rha) ethyl thioglycoside donors is described. On one hand, the L‐Rha thioglycoside donors carrying 3‐O‐arylcarbonyl or levulinoyl group undergo highly α‐selective glycosylation to afford a wide variety of α‐L‐rhamnoside products in high chemical yields. On the other hand, the glycosylation of the 3‐O‐4‐nitropicoloyl and 2‐pyrazinecarbonyl group substituted L‐Rha thioglycosides displays β‐stereoselectivity. Only or predominant β anomeric products are obtained when these L‐Rha donors couple with the primary or reactive secondary acceptors, while the β‐selectivity may decrease significantly when these donors react with less reactive secondary alcohols. The synthetic utility of the newly developed α‐ and β‐directing L‐Rha donors 1h and 1e has been demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of a structurally unique trisaccharide 9, which is derived from the cell wall polysaccharide of Sphaerotilus natans.
A systematic review of IoT communication strategies for an efficient smart environment
Authors: Souri Alireza , Hussien Aseel , Hoseyninezhad Mahdi , Norouzi Monire
Published: August 2019

The massive increase in actuators, industrial devices, health care devices, and sensors, has led to the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), fast and flexible information technology communication between the devices. As such, responding to the needs in speedily way, and matching the smart services with modified requirements, IoT communications have facilitated the interconnections of things between applications, users, and smart devices in order to gain extra advantage of the numerous services of the Internet. In this paper, the authors first provided a comprehensive analysis on the IoT communication strategies and applications for smart devices based on a systematic literature review. Then, the communication strategies and applications are categorized into four main topics including device‐to‐device, device‐to‐cloud, device‐to‐gateway, and device‐to‐application scenarios. Furthermore, a technical taxonomy is presented to classify the existing papers according to search‐based methodology in the scientific databases. The technical taxonomy presents five categories for IoT communication applications including monitoring‐based communications, routing‐based communications, health‐based communications, intrusion‐based communications, and resource‐based communications. The evaluation factors and infrastructure attributes are discussed based on some technical questions. Finally, some new challenges and forthcoming issues of future IoT communications are presented.
Compensatorytrans-regulatory alleles minimizing variation inTDH3expression are common withinSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Metzger Brian P. H. , Wittkopp Patricia J.
Published: August 2019

Heritable variation in gene expression is common within species. Much of this variation is due to genetic differences outside of the gene with altered expression and is trans-acting. This trans-regulatory variation is often polygenic, with individual variants typically having small effects, making the genetic architecture and evolution of trans-regulatory variation challenging to study. Consequently, key questions about trans-regulatory variation remain, including the variability of trans-regulatory variation within a species, how selection affects trans-regulatory variation, and how trans-regulatory variants are distributed throughout the genome and within a species. To address these questions, we isolated and measured trans-regulatory differences affecting TDH3 promoter activity among 56 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, finding that trans-regulatory backgrounds varied approximately twofold in their effects on TDH3 promoter activity. Comparing this variation to neutral models of trans-regulatory evolution based on empirical measures of mutational effects revealed that despite this variability in the effects of trans-regulatory backgrounds, stabilizing selection has constrained trans-regulatory differences within this species. Using a powerful quantitative trait locus mapping method, we identified ∼100 trans-acting expression quantitative trait locus in each of three crosses to a common reference strain, indicating that regulatory variation is more polygenic than previous studies have suggested. Loci altering expression were located throughout the genome, and many loci were strain specific. This distribution and prevalence of alleles is consistent with recent theories about the genetic architecture of complex traits. In all mapping experiments, the nonreference strain alleles increased and decreased TDH3 promoter activity with similar frequencies, suggesting that stabilizing selection maintained many trans-acting variants with opposing effects. This variation may provide the raw material for compensatory evolution and larger scale regulatory rewiring observed in developmental systems drift among species.
Lung metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Seok Jungirl , Lee Doh Young , Kim Won Shik , Jeong Woo‐Jin , Chung Eun‐Jae , Jung Young Ho , Kwon Seong Keun , Kwon Tack‐Kyun , Sung Myung‐Whun , Ahn Soon‐Hyun
Published: August 2019

Background

Distant metastasis of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is most commonly identified in the lung, but risk factors are still on debate.

Methods

Risk factors for lung metastasis were evaluated by using Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results

Of 112 patients, 48% had distant metastasis; 94.4% of whom had lung metastasis. Univariable analysis revealed sublingual or minor salivary gland, tumor size ≥2.5 cm, and perineural invasion as risk factors (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.99 [1.02–3.91], 2.57 [1.19–5.58], and 2.46 [1.28–4.74], respectively), whereas size, perineural invasion, and local recurrence were risk factors in multivariable analysis (HR: 2.29 [1.05–4.96], 2.32 [1.09–4.96], and 2.68 [1.24–5.79], respectively).

Conclusion

Sublingual gland or minor salivary glands ACC has a higher risk of lung metastasis. If the site is not considered, the following factors increased the risk of lung metastasis; (a) size ≥2.5 cm, (b) perineural invasion, and (c) local recurrence.
Mixed Fibrinolytic Phenotypes in Decompensated Cirrhosis and Acute‐on‐Chronic Liver Failure with Hypofibrinolysis in Those With Complications and Poor Survival
Authors: Blasi Annabel , Patel Vishal C. , Adelmeijer Jelle , Azarian Sarah , Hernandez Tejero Maria , Calvo Andrea , Fernández Javier , Bernal William , Lisman Ton
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims

Patients with liver disease acquire complex changes in their hemostatic system, which results in a fragile rebalanced status. The status of the fibrinolytic system is controversial, as is the role of fibrinolytic dysfunction in bleeding and thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Here, we aimed to determine fibrinolytic status and its relationship with outcome in acutely ill patients with cirrhosis.

Approach and Results

We assessed plasma fibrinolytic potential in a large cohort of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD, n = 52) or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF, n = 57). Compared with 40 healthy volunteers, median clot lysis times (CLTs) were shorter in patients with AD but comparable to controls in patients with ACLF. However, the variability in CLTs in patients was much larger than in healthy controls, and in both patient groups, a proportion of patients had clearly prolonged or shortened CLTs. The variability in CLTs in patients was not readily explained by variations in plasma levels of key fibrinolytic proteins. However, CLTs were clearly related to clinical characteristics, with longer CLTs in patients with sepsis and patients with any organ failure (as defined by the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease organ failure scores). CLTs were not different between patients that did or did not experience bleeding or a thrombotic event during follow‐up. Baseline CLTs were substantially longer in patients that died within 30 days of admission.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates a mixed fibrinolytic phenotype in acutely ill patients with cirrhosis with baseline hypofibrinolysis associated with sepsis, organ failure, and short‐term mortality. These associations may be explained by defective clearance of intraorgan microthrombi that have been proposed to drive organ failure.
The “eyes have it,” but when in development?: The importance of a developmental perspective in our understanding of behavioral memory formation and the hippocampus
Authors: Edgin Jamie O. , Liu Yating , Hughes Katharine , Spanò Goffredina , Clark Caron A. C.
Published: August 2019

Lynn Nadel has been a trailblazer in memory research for decades. In just one example, Nadel and Zola‐Morgan [Infantile amnesia, In Infant memory, Springer, Boston, MA, 1984, pp. 145–172] were the first to present the provocative notion that the extended development of the hippocampus may underlie the period of infantile amnesia. In this special issue of Hippocampus to honor Lynn Nadel, we review some of his major contributions to the field of memory development, with an emphasis on his observations that behavioral memory assessments follow an uneven, yet protracted developmental course. We present data emphasizing this point from memory‐related eye movements [Hannula & Ranganath, Neuron, 2009, 63(5), 592–599]. Eye tracking is a sensitive behavioral measure, allowing for an indication of memory function even without overt responses, which is seemingly ideal for the investigation of memory in early childhood or in other nonverbal populations. However, the behavioral manifestation of these eye movements follows a U‐shaped trajectory—and one that must be understood before these indictors could be broadly used as a marker of memory. We examine the change in preferential looking time to target stimuli in school‐aged children and adults, and compare these eye movement responses to explicit recall measures. Our findings indicate change in the nature and timing of these eye movements in older children, causing us to question how 6‐month‐old infants may produce eye movements that initially appear to have the same properties as those measured in adulthood. We discuss these findings in the context of our current understanding of memory development, particularly the period of infantile amnesia.
S1PR5 regulates NK cell responses in preventing graft‐versus‐host disease while preserving graft‐versus‐tumour activity in a murine allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation model
Authors: Wang Feiyan , Zhao Shasha , Gu Zhenyang , Zhao Xiaoli , Yang Nan , Guan Lixun , Liu Tong , Wang Li , Fang Shu , Zhu Chengying , Luo Lan , Li Meng , Wang Lili , Gao Chunji
Published: August 2019

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) remains a major complication following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) leading to high transplant‐related mortality. Natural killer (NK) cells have been found to mitigate GVHD without attenuating the graft‐versus‐tumour (GVT) activity in the murine model of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 5 (S1PR5) is a very important chemokine receptor on NK cells that governs NK cell distribution in vivo and trafficking at lesion sites. Our preliminary studies showed that the incidence of GVHD was negatively correlated with S1PR5 expression in the NK cells of patients after allo‐HSCT. In the present study, we found that S1PR5 deficiency in murine NK cells blocked the migration of NK cells from the bone marrow to the GVHD target organs and attenuated the inhibitory effects on the alloreactive T cells, especially CD3+CD8+T cells, which may be the reason why the loss of S1PR5 in NK cells could aggravate GVHD in recipient mice. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that the absence of S1PR5 expression in NK cells did not interfere with the antitumour effects of NK cells and T cells in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that S1PR5 plays an essential role in balancing GVHD and GVT activity.
The National SunSmart Schools Program: Impact on sun protection policies and practices in Australian primary schools
Authors: Hunkin Hugh , Pollock Kate , Scupham Rebecca
Published: August 2019

Issue addressed

Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation during childhood is a significant determinant of lifetime skin cancer risk, but can be mitigated through primary schools' adoption of appropriate sun protection policies and practices. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in these policies and practices in Australia, and to assess the impact of the National SunSmart Schools Program.

Methods

A random sample of primary schools were selected in 2011 and 2016 (N = 1577, 1533), and asked to complete a survey describing their current sun protection policies and practices. Significant changes across the study period, and relative to previously reported data from 2005, were identified.

Results

Sun protection policies and practices remained relatively stable over the period, although there was a notable decrease in incorporating sun protection material into the curriculum. SunSmart membership was associated with a significantly greater likelihood of several policies and practices being employed. The launch of the SunSmart program in New South Wales was linked with significant improvements to sun protection practices, relative to other states and territories.

Conclusion

The National SunSmart Schools program continues to have a substantial impact in supporting the adoption of appropriate sun protection policies and their practical implementation.

So what?

Even small changes to sun protection practices in Australian primary schools can have a major positive impact on long‐term health outcomes. SunSmart membership can be leveraged to broaden existing policies and practices, targeting priority areas such as shade provision and the incorporation of sun protection into school curriculum.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura patients' attitudes toward depression management: A qualitative study
Authors: Terrell Deirdra R. , Tolma Eleni L. , Stewart Lauren M. , Shirley Erin A.
Published: August 2019

Background and aims

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder characterized by acute episodes of systemic microvascular thrombosis; TTP is more common in adults, women, and African‐Americans (Blacks). Our Oklahoma TTP Registry documented that survivors have an increased prevalence of depression compared with the general population; however, many patients' depression remains untreated. Moreover, studies identifying attitudes toward depression management are lacking. The objective of this study was to identify TTP patients' attitudes towards pharmacotherapy. As a secondary question, we explored attitudes towards counseling.

Methods

We interviewed TTP patients with major depression who had experience with different management strategies (previous/current pharmacotherapy treatment versus no pharmacotherapy treatment). Eligibility criteria included (a) age > 18 years, (b) ADAMTS13‐deficient TTP, (c) enrolled in the Oklahoma Registry, and (d) moderate/major depression on either the Beck Depression Inventory II or Patient Health Questionnaire from 2004 to 2012. Qualitative purposive sampling was used to interview patients with a range of experiences with TTP and depression symptom management. Our study was based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Reasoned Action. Patients were asked about their views on depression (attitudes), their family and friends' views (social norms), and ways they cope with depression.

Results

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted between June and October 2013. Data saturation was achieved after interviewing 16 patients (nine, pharmacotherapy and seven, no pharmacotherapy). The majority (88%) were women; 56% were Black, and the median age was 49 years. Patients in both groups believed TTP was life altering and traumatic and that counseling improved depressive symptoms. However, the pharmacologic group believed medication improved one's quality of life, whereas the no pharmacotherapy group was not sure pharmacotherapy was effective and expressed fears related to potential addiction and side effects. When asked about cultural views to depression management, many Black patients stated that in the Black community, a person is taught to deal with his/her emotional issues instead of asking strangers for help.

Conclusion

Ensuring effective depression management is a critical part of TTP care. Understanding attitudes toward management will assist in tailoring patient discussions.
Changes over time in near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of peat soil following reclamation for agriculture
Authors: Hyväluoma Jari , Räty Mari , Kaseva Janne , Keskinen Riikka
Published: August 2019

Reclamation of peat bogs for agriculture changes the physical and chemical characteristics of the peat matrix, for example, drainage and tillage accelerate decomposition, altering peat porosity, pore size distribution, and hydraulic properties. This study investigated changes in near‐saturated hydraulic conductivity over time after drainage of peat soil for agricultural use by conducting tension infiltrometer measurements in a mire that has been gradually drained and reclaimed for agriculture during the past 80 years (with fields drained 2, 12, 40, and 80 years before the measurements). At pore water pressure closest to saturation (pressure head −1 cm), hydraulic conductivity in the newest field was approximately nine times larger than that in the oldest field, and a decreasing trend with field age was observed. A similar (but weaker) trend was observed with −3 cm pressure head (approximately four times larger in the newest field in comparison to the oldest), but at −6 cm head, there were no significant differences. These results indicate that peat degradation reduces the amount of millimetre‐sized pores in particular. They also indicate that changes in peat macroporosity continue for several decades before a new steady state is reached.