bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy: What to Expect
Authors: Petit Michel
Published: April 2019

Another reform of the CAP is on the agenda. This common policy, which was initiated almost 60 years ago is criticised by almost everybody. Even farmers, who are the main beneficiaries, are critical. Moreover, many NGOs that are concerned with a broad range of issues such as the environment, food safety, animal welfare, etc. argue that the CAP makes matters worse in these domains. These shortcomings and criticisms of the CAP suggest that a radical reform is in order. Yet, an analysis of the main determinants of the CAP since its inception suggests that such an outcome is very unlikely. The article focus is on a few long‐term economic and institutional forces which determine the interests of, and positions taken by, the main actors involved in the political process where they pursue their own objectives. The CAP debate today is dominated more than ever by the contradiction between the extreme pressures to cut public expenditures and the desire to protect farmers’ incomes which will be greatly affected by cuts in European payments. In this context, other societal concerns, although very vocal, will probably not be much taken into account. Similarly, equity concerns raised by the uneven distribution of payments received by farmers will probably be addressed only marginally.
Rational application of antibiotics—The influence of anaesthetists’ gender on self‐confidence and knowledge
Authors: Heim Markus , Schneider Frederick , Mutlak Haitham , Schulz Christian M. , Hachenberg Thomas , Zoller Michael , Soukup Jens , Pawlik Michael , Schön Julika , Kees Martin , Hübler Matthias , Sander Michael , Ernst Christian , Jacob Matthias , May Matthias ,   MR2 Study Group
Published: April 2019

Background

High rates of multiresistant pathogens require detailed knowledge about rational utilization of antibiotics. Many physicians consider themselves uncertain about the interpretation of microbiological diagnostics. We examined whether self‐confidence, self‐rated knowledge, and objective knowledge regarding the use of antibiotics are associated with gender.

Methods

For this survey study, in 2017, anaesthesiologists and residents of 16 anaesthetic departments in Germany were asked to complete the Multiinstitutional Reconnaissance of practice with Multiresistant bacteria (MR2) survey. It consists of 55 items evaluating self‐confidence regarding the practical use of antibiotics (n = 6), self‐rated theoretical knowledge (n = 16), and objective knowledge (n = 5). Their answers to these items in relation to their gender were analysed using Chi‐square, Kruskal‐Wallis‐H‐Tests, and unadjusted as well as adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

Six hundred eighty‐four (response rate: 53.9 %) questionnaires were returned and were available for analysis. Female doctors (35.5 %) felt less self‐confident (P < 0.001). Self‐rated knowledge differed in overall mean (P = 0.014) and the unadjusted (odds ratio [OR]: 0.55; P = 0.013) but not in the adjusted logistic regression (OR: 0.84; P = 0.525). Objective knowledge differed after pooling questions (61.2% correct answers vs 65.4%, P = 0.01) but not with respect to single items and the adjusted logistic regression (OR: 0.83, P = 0.356).

Conclusion

Less self‐confidence and a lower self‐rated knowledge were found in female anaesthetists; this is consistent to the gender phenomena observed by other researchers. Nevertheless, between the 2 groups objective knowledge did not differ significantly in any item.
A significant incidental finding on cone beam computed tomography: multiple myeloma
Authors: Biun J , Lok V , Koong B , Huang TC
Published: April 2019

Cone beam computed tomography is widely used in dentistry. Incidental findings are common, with many requiring intervention or monitoring. We present a rare case of previously undiagnosed, asymptomatic multiple myeloma first identified incidentally on cone beam computed tomography and panoramic radiography. This case highlights the diverse range of lesions that may appear on cone beam computed tomography and the importance of radiologic interpretation.
A candidate gene approach identifies variants in SLC45A2 that explain dilute phenotypes, pearl and sunshine, in compound heterozygote horses
Authors: Holl H. M. , Pflug K. M. , Yates K. M. , Hoefs‐Martin K. , Shepard C. , Cook D. G. , Lafayette C. , Brooks S. A.
Published: April 2019

Variations in the SLC45A2 gene are responsible for the dilution phenotypes cream and pearl in domestic horses. Cream dilution is inherited in an incomplete dominant manner, diluting only red in the heterozygous state but both red and black pigments when two alleles are present. The pearl dilution is recessive and dilutes only the red and black pigment in the homozygous state or when paired with a cream allele. Horses that inherit one copy of pearl (Cprl) and one copy of the dominant cream allele (CCr) display a dilution phenotype similar to that of homozygous cream, suggesting that pearl is the result of a different variation in the same gene responsible for cream. We sequenced SLC45A2 in two ‘false double dilute’ horses that appeared phenotypically homozygous cream but tested as possessing only a single CCr allele. We also sequenced one known pearl carrier to screen for putative causal variants. The missense variant ECA21:SLC45A2:c.985G>A; p.Ala329Thr (Cprl) was present in one false double dilute and the pearl carrier and was also genotyped in an additional 126 horses for statistical evaluation. The genotype matched the expected phenotype in all horses (P‐value = 6.5 × 10−41) and is identical to a pearl variant found previously. The second false double dilute horse and one non‐dilute offspring genotyped as heterozygous for a novel missense variant ECA21:SLC45A2:c.568G>A (p.Gly190Arg), the proposed Csun variant (for the name of the horse). This variant produces a recessive dilution similar to pearl and indicates that multiple alleles of SLC45A2 result in dilution phenotypes in the domestic horse.
Rural pharmacy workforce: Influence of curriculum and clinical placement on pharmacists' choice of rural practice
Authors: Taylor Selina M. , Lindsay David , Glass Beverley D.
Published: April 2019

Objective

This two‐phase study aimed to explore the influence of a university rural curriculum and clinical placements on pharmacists' choice to practise in a rural or remote area.

Design

A sequential mixed‐methods approach involved the design of both a questionnaire and semistructured in‐depth interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data.

Setting

Regional, rural and remote practice areas according to the Pharmacy Access/Remoteness Index of Australia classifications.

Participants

Ninety‐two pharmacists from varied areas of practice, working in rural and remote locations across Australia, participated in the study.

Main outcome measures

University curriculum and clinical placements during the degree and their influence on the current rural workforce.

Results

In the survey sample, two‐thirds of the current rural pharmacy workforce's choice of practice location was significantly influenced by positive rural placement experiences. Rural practice was, however, not included in the curriculum for 50% of the rural workforce in the sample, although graduates from regional universities experienced up to 80% more exposure to rural curricula. In this sample, rural origin was also not found to be a significant determinant of rural practice, while rural lifestyle, family commitments, remuneration, career opportunities and other contractual agreements have had a greater influence than university education.

Conclusion

Although the positive influence of rural placements has been identified, there is still a way to go in terms of the development of a meaningful rural curriculum. This highlights that universities have a role to play in addressing this issue to produce graduates who are better prepared for the opportunities and challenges of rural pharmacy practice.
Semen quality is affected by HLA class I alleles together with sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Marques P. I. , Gonçalves J. C. , Monteiro C. , Cavadas B. , Nagirnaja L. , Barros N. , Barros A. , Carvalho F. , Lopes A. M. , Seixas S.
Published: April 2019

Background

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus includes several genes with key roles in antigen presentation and immune response, some of them inclusively found to be associated with non‐obstructive azoospermia. Still, HLA connections to other infertility phenotypes such as semen hyperviscosity (SHV), asthenozoospermia (AST), and oligozoospermia (OLI) have been often neglected.

Objectives

In this work, we aimed to evaluate the association of HLA class I and II genes with SHV, AST, and OLI phenotypes while exploring a possible role in an adaptive immune response to sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

Materials and methods

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed in a Portuguese cohort of 71 infertility cases and 68 controls, followed by HLA typing using a specific software—HLA*PRG:LA tool. Molecular screenings of seven STD were carried out in a subset of 72 samples (30 cases and 42 controls).

Results

Statistical tests uncovered three protective alleles: HLA‐A*11:01, associated with all forms of male infertility (p = 0.0006); HLA‐DQB1*03:02 with SHV and OLI (PSHV = 0.0303, POLI = 0.0153); and HLA‐A*29:02 with OLI (p = 0.0355), which was found to interfere in sperm number together with HPV (p = 0.0313). Five risk alleles were also identified: two linked with SHV (HLA‐B*50:01, p = 0.0278; and HLA‐C*06:02, p = 0.0461), another one with both SHV and OLI (HLA‐DQA1*05:01, PSHV = 0.0444 and POLI=0.0265), and two with OLI (HLA‐C*03:03, p = 0.0480; and HLA‐DQB1*03:01, p = 0.0499). Here, HLA‐C*03:03 carriers tend to be HPV infected.

Conclusions

The application of HLA*PRG:LA tool to the study of male infertility provided novel insights for an HLA correlation with semen quality, namely among SHV and OLI phenotypes. The discovery of an HLA‐A*29:02/HPV crosstalk, together with former reports of HLA alleles conferring resistance–susceptibility to diverse human pathogens, raises the hypothesis of a mechanistic link between male infertility, HLA polymorphism, and host response to STD.
Rapid and accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori from biopsy specimens using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Bakhtiari Somaye , Hasanvand Banafsheh , Pajavand Hamid , Alvandi Amirhooshang , Abiri Ramin
Published: April 2019

Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a promising nucleic acid‐based assay for quick, accurate and cost‐effective diagnosis of many infectious agents. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of LAMP for rapid and accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori in biopsy specimens. Patients suffering from one or several gastroduodenal disorders were enrolled in the study. Specificity, sensitivity, and the positive and negative predictive values of LAMP were compared with the gold standard result, which was the assembled result of culture, rapid urease test and polymerase chain reaction. Sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values of LAMP in comparison with the gold standard result were 100%, 30.76%, and 87.67% and 100% respectively [%95 CI]. As the diagnostic value of LAMP is favourable, the method is an optimum technique for diagnosis the presence of H. pylori in different clinical and environmental samples.
Cryopreservation of immature oocytes of the indigeneous Vietnamese Ban Pig
Authors: Somfai Tamas , Nguyen Van Khanh , Vu Huong Thu Thi , Nguyen Huong Le Thi , Quan Huu Xuan , Viet Linh Nguyen , Phan Son Le , Pham Lan Doan , Cuc Ngo Thi Kim , Kikuchi Kazuhiro
Published: April 2019

We report the cryopreservation of oocytes from Ban miniature pigs which are endemic in Vietnam. Immature cumulus‐oocyte complexes were collected from antral follicles of 7–8 mo old female cyclic Ban pigs and vitrified in micro‐drops. Oocyte morphology, lipid content, post‐warming survival, nuclear maturation, and embryo development were compared to those of oocytes from commercially slaughtered Landrace × Large white hybrid pigs. The size of oocytes in the two breeds was similar. However, significantly lower amounts of intracellular lipid were detected in Ban oocytes. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between Ban and Landrace × Large white oocytes in percentages of post‐warming survival (93.1 ± 3.4% vs. 70.7 ± 16.7%, respectively) and nuclear maturation after in vitro maturation (80.4 ± 5.1% vs. 90.0 ± 1.3% respectively). Similarly, cleavage (30.8 ± 7.8% vs. 10.3 ± 6.1%, respectively) and blastocyst development rates (9.4 ± 5.0% vs. 0.79 ± 0.79, respectively) were not different (p > 0.05) between vitrified Ban and Landrace × Large white oocytes after in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. In conclusion, high survival and maturation rates were achieved after vitrification of immature Ban oocytes and their cryo‐tolerance was similar to that of Landrace × Large white oocytes, despite the difference in lipid content. We succeeded to generate reasonable rates of blastocysts from vitrified Ban oocytes by in vitro fertilization.
Retinal vascular abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A window to the brain
Authors: Appaji Abhishek , Nagendra Bhargavi , Chako Dona M. , Padmanabha Ananth , Hiremath Chaitra V. , Jacob Arpitha , Varambally Shivarama , Kesavan Muralidharan , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , Rao Shyam V. , Webers Carroll A. B. , Berendschot Tos T. J. M. , Rao Naren P.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The examination of retinal microvascular abnormalities through fundus photography is currently the best available non‐invasive technique for assessment of cerebral vascular status. Several studies in the last decade have reported higher incidences of adverse cerebrovascular events in Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, retinal microvasculature abnormalities in SCZ and BD have remained under‐explored, and no study has compared this aspect of SCZ and BD till date.

Methods

Retinal Images of 100 SCZ patients, BD patients, and healthy volunteers each were acquired by trained individuals using a non‐mydriatic camera with a 40‐degree field of view. The retinal images were quantified using a valid semi‐automated method. The average of left and right eye diameters of the venules and arterioles passing through the extended zone between 0.5 and 2 disc diameters from the optic disc were calculated.

Results

The groups differed significantly with respect to average diameters of both retinal venules (P < 0.001) and retinal arterioles (P < 0.001), after controlling for age and sex. Both SCZ and BD patients had significantly narrower arterioles and wider venules compared to HV. There were also significant differences between SCZ and BD patients; patients with BD had narrower arterioles and wider venules.

Conclusion

Considering the affordability and easy accessibility of the investigative procedure, retinal microvascular examination could serve as a potential screening tool to identify individuals at risk for adverse cerebrovascular events. The findings of the current study also provide a strong rationale for further systematic examination of retinal vascular abnormalities in SCZ and BD.
Radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for high‐ and very high‐risk prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic experience of patients eligible for either treatment
Authors: Reichard Chad A. , Hoffman Karen E. , Tang Chad , Williams Stephen B. , Allen Pamela K. , Achim Mary F. , Kuban Deborah A. , Chapin Brian F.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To compare radical prostatectomy (RP) vs radiotherapy (RT) with androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) in the setting of patients with high‐risk and very high‐risk (VHR) prostate cancer who were deemed eligible for either therapy and made a treatment choice after consultation in a multidisciplinary prostate cancer clinic (MDPCC), and to compare the MDPCC patients’ outcomes to a matched Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cohort.

Patients and methods

Prospectively collected, retrospective study comparing patients who underwent RP (231 patients) vs RT+ADT (73) from 2004 to 2013. Biochemical recurrence (BCR), local recurrence, distant metastasis failure, and overall survival (OS) were calculated for each treatment group overall and according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk strata. A propensity score matched comparison with a SEER cohort was performed for OS.

Results

There was no difference in local recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–7.9; P = 0.06), distant metastasis failure (HR 2.5, 95% CI 0.8–7.8; P = 0.1) and OS (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.4–4.8; P = 0.6) between patients undergoing RP vs RT+ADT. Patients treated via the MDPCC survived on average 16.9 months (95% CI 13.1–20.8) longer than those in the matched SEER cohort.

Conclusions

Long‐term outcomes appear similar amongst patients with high‐risk and VHR prostate cancer deemed eligible for either RP or RT, and treated after consultation in a MDPCC. Outcomes of the MDPCC patients were superior to those of the matched SEER cohort.
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in corneal neovascularization
Authors: Zhang Jiahao , Wang Shurong , He Yuxi , Yao Boyuan , Zhang Yan
Published: April 2019

Corneal neovascularization (CNV), a pathological process of angiogenesis, can lead to serious consequences in the cornea. CNV is generally proved to associate with inflammation in the cornea closely, which is mainly elicited by the disruption of equilibrium between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are vital factors in the formation of CNV. Especially VEGFs are convinced to be the core angiogenic factors in CNV, and MMPs are proved to exert dual effects on the process. Strikingly, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) are determined to play key roles in the formation of CNV, while the mechanism is still vague. In this review, the latest researches are reviewed to discuss the role of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in CNV, respectively, and some inhibitors of them are presented. We hope to provide a new direction of drug research for CNV.
Mysterious presentation of autoantibody in a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patient
Authors: Sugawara Masashiro , Sanpei Yui
Published: April 2019

Background

Treatment with interferon beta often leads to the development of relapses and expedites functional disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. An accurate diagnosis frequently requires the presence of anti‐aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) antibodies when we encounter a patient who manifests atypical radiological findings.

Case presentation

A 35‐year‐old woman developed sudden vertigo and had lesions around her bilateral dentate nuclei, a part of which was enhanced with gadolinium. Soon, she developed optic neuritis. Other lesions in the central nervous system and anti‐AQP4 antibody staining using cell‐based assays were not detectable. During the treatment with interferon beta‐1a, re‐examination of the anti‐AQP4 antibody staining led to a positive result; however, this was detectable by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The latent development of an intractable hiccup and a postrema lesion fulfilled the latest diagnostic criteria of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, even if the patient did not have anti‐AQP4 antibodies.

Conclusions

Anti‐AQP4 antibodies detected only by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay might be a false positive result. However, alteration in the immune balance between T‐helper cell type 1 and T‐helper cell type 2 were suspected during the treatment with interferon beta‐1a.
Untapped potential of collective intelligence in conservation and environmental decision making
Authors: Vercammen Ans , Burgman Mark
Published: April 2019

Environmental decisions are often deferred to groups of experts, committees, or panels to develop climate policy, plan protected areas, or negotiate trade‐offs for biodiversity conservation. There is, however, surprisingly little empirical research on the performance of group decision making related to the environment. We examined examples from a range of different disciplines, demonstrating the emergence of collective intelligence (CI) in the elicitation of quantitative estimates, crowdsourcing applications, and small‐group problem solving. We explored the extent to which similar tools are used in environmental decision making. This revealed important gaps (e.g., a lack of integration of fundamental research in decision‐making practice, absence of systematic evaluation frameworks) that obstruct mainstreaming of CI. By making judicious use of interdisciplinary learning opportunities, CI can be harnessed effectively to improve decision making in conservation and environmental management. To elicit reliable quantitative estimates an understanding of cognitive psychology and to optimize crowdsourcing artificial intelligence tools may need to be incorporated. The business literature offers insights into the importance of soft skills and diversity in team effectiveness. Environmental problems set a challenging and rich testing ground for collective‐intelligence tools and frameworks. We argue this creates an opportunity for significant advancement in decision‐making research and practice.
Evaluation of in vitro testing strategies for hazard assessment of the skin sensitization potential of “real‐life” mixtures: The case of henna‐based hair‐colouring products containing p‐phenylenediamine
Authors: de Ávila Renato Ivan , Veloso Danillo F. M. C. , Teixeira Gabriel C. , Rodrigues Thaisângela L. , Lindberg Tim , Lindstedt Malin , Fonseca Simone G. , Lima Eliana M. , Valadares Marize C.
Published: April 2019

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by henna‐based hair‐colouring products has been associated with adulteration of henna with p‐phenylenediamine (PPD).

Objectives

To develop a testing approach based on in vitro techniques that address key events within the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway in order to evaluate the allergenic potential of hair‐colouring products.

Methods

The following in vitro assays were used to test the sensitizing capacity of hair dye ingredients: the micro‐direct peptide reactivity assay (mDPRA); the HaCaT keratinocyte‐associated interleukin (IL)‐18 assay; the U937 cell line activation test (U‐SENS)/IL‐8 levels; the blood monocyte‐derived dendritic cell test; and genomic allergen rapid detection (GARD skin). Those techniques with better human concordance were selected to evaluate the allergenic potential of 10 hair‐colouring products.

Results

In contrast to the information on the label, chromatographic analyses identified PPD in all products. The main henna biomarker, lawsone, was not detected in one of the 10 products. Among the techniques evaluated by testing hair dye ingredients, the mDPRA, the IL‐18 assay, GARD skin and the U‐SENS correlated better with human classification (concordances of 91.7%‐100%) and were superior to the animal testing (concordance of 78.5%). Thus, these assays were used to evaluate hair‐colouring products, which were classified as skin sensitizers by the use of different two‐of‐three approaches.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the toxicological consequences of, and risks associated with, the undisclosed use of PPD in henna‐based “natural” “real‐life” products.
Augmented Reality Brings the Real World into Natural History Dioramas with Data Visualizations and Bioacoustics at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Authors: Harrington Maria C. R. , Tatzgern Markus , Langer Tom , Wenzel John W.
Published: April 2019

This paper introduces the AR Perpetual Garden App and highlights reasons why it is unique and important in its use of immersive, augmented reality for informal learning. The design and construction of the application created a virtual diorama based on facts, using realistic 3D models and accurate perspective. Design affordances permit annotations with interactive and multimodal facts and stories, delivering interactive knowledge artifacts. The app combines real and virtual into one holistic and comprehensive learning experience, transferring scientific knowledge to the novice in an instant. The use of immersive augmented reality produced from accurate information, data visualizations, and bioacoustics creates context‐sensitivity experiences inside the gallery and outside in the gardens. Distribution through the Apple and Google app stores to schools and homes can extend the broader impact of the educational mission of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and its biological research center, the Powdermill Nature Reserve.
Clinical guidance on the contemporary use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Ward Natalie C. , Page Michael M. , Watts Gerald F.
Published: April 2019

There is now significant evidence for the benefits of lowering low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Although statins are the most widely prescribed lipid‐lowering therapy that effectively lower LDL‐c, especially in combination with ezetimibe, some patients require adjunctive therapy to further lower LDL‐c and mitigate attendant risk of ASCVD. The gap can be filled by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies whose use is currently supported by two recent cardiovascular outcome studies and new treatment guidelines. We provide an overview of extant studies investigating PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies in various patient populations, an update of the guidelines regarding their use and a case‐based discussion.
Environmental and stand conditions related to Fistulina hepatica heart rot attack on Castanea sativa
Authors: Regué Adrià , Bassié Ludovic , de‐Miguel Sergio , Colinas Carlos
Published: April 2019

Castanea sativa forests in north‐eastern Spain have historically been healthy and have been good producers of timber and non‐wood forest products. In the last quarter of a century, Fistulina hepatica has gained relevance in this ecosystem and is believed to be responsible for Chestnut Red Stain (CRS), which inflicts heart rot in trees and causes severe economic losses. The fungus grows in the heartwood and produces no external symptoms that would enable early detection. With the objective of developing an inexpensive method to detect heart rot and to discover possible relationships between the severity of F. hepatica attack and the silvicultural management or site characteristics of chestnut stands, 38 pure C. sativa plots were selected, sampled and analysed for the presence of the fungus. DNA was extracted from the heartwood samples, and PCR was used to amplify target sequences with specific F. hepatica primers for non‐homologous ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Correlation analysis was used to inspect the multiple interactions among the environmental and management variables examined, and a predictive model was designed for forest managers to estimate the risk of infection. Both analyses revealed that stress variables were related to CRS severity. This result is especially relevant since temperatures are expected to rise in coming decades throughout the northern rim of the Mediterranean region, where chestnut is an important species. This study provides two tools for better managing chestnut forests in the coming years: an inexpensive and fast tool for diagnosis and a predictive model to estimate the risk of infection.
Tumor suppressor proteinCYLDregulates morphogenesis of dendrites and spines
Authors: Li Jun , Sekine‐Aizawa Yoko , Ebrahimi Saman , Tanaka Shinji , Okabe Shigeo
Published: April 2019

Cylindromatosis tumor suppressor protein (CYLD) was initially identified as a tumor suppressor deubiquitylating protein in familial cylindromatosis patients. Proteomic analyses using rodent brain samples revealed enrichment ofCYLDin purified postsynaptic density fractions. Here, we report thatCYLDregulates dendritic growth and postsynaptic differentiation in mouse hippocampal neurons.CYLDshowed diffuse localization in rapidly growing dendrites, but was gradually concentrated in spines. Overexpression and knockdown ofCYLDin the early stage of cultured neurons demonstrated thatCYLDpositively regulated dendritic growth. Phenotypes in dendritic morphogenesis induced byCYLDoverexpression and knockdown could be reversed by manipulation of the critical acetylation site of α‐tubulin, suggesting tubulin acetylation is a downstream pathway ofCYLD‐dependent dendritic growth. Overexpression and knockdown ofCYLDin the later stage of cultured neurons revealed thatCYLDpromoted formation of postsynaptic spines. Influence ofCYLDon spines was not affected by co‐expression of acetylation mutant forms of α‐tubulin, indicating thatCYLDregulates dendritic growth and spine formation through different molecular mechanisms. Analyses with the truncated and mutated forms ofCYLDdemonstrated that the first microtubule‐binding domain ofCYLDwas critical for spine formation. These results suggest important roles ofCYLDin sequential promotion of dendritic growth and postsynaptic spine maturation.
Association between non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and asymptomatic vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: Wu J. , Zhang J. , Wang A. , Chen S. , Wu S. , Zhao X.
Published: April 2019

Background and purpose

Carotid atherosclerosis, especially rupture of plaques, is related to cerebrovascular diseases. Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C) is relevant to cerebrovascular diseases and may be a potential risk factor. We designed this study to investigate the association between non‐HDL‐C and the prevalence of asymptomatic vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

Methods

We enrolled 2888 participants who underwent carotid atherosclerotic plaque detection and non‐HDL‐C measurement, with no history of taking lipid‐lowering agents, from the Asymptomatic Polyvascular Abnormalities in Community study. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between non‐HDL‐C levels and the presence of asymptomatic vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

Results

In our study, 1505 subjects had asymptomatic vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaques and 1383 subjects had stable plaques. After adjustment for confounding factors, the odds ratios for vulnerable plaques of non‐HDL‐C levels in the middle and highest tertile groups were 1.02 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.23) and 1.50 (95% confidence interval, 1.23–1.82), respectively (P trend < 0.01).

Conclusion

In our community‐based observational and cross‐sectional study, non‐HDL‐C level was a significant risk factor for the occurrence of asymptomatic vulnerable carotid plaques.
Fatigue resistance of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal clasps for removable partial dentures
Authors: Peng Tzu‐Yu , Shimoe Saiji , Tanoue Naomi , Akebono Hiroyuki , Murayama Takeshi , Satoda Takahiro
Published: April 2019

With the rapid development of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems, the application of zirconia in removable partial dentures is expected to expand. Clasps composed of zirconia should improve esthetics without inducing the risk of metal allergy. The aim of this study was to examine the fatigue resistance of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y‐TZP) clasps for removable partial dentures. Yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal and cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) alloy were prepared using CAD/CAM systems. Specimens were either of the semicircular type or of the flat type, with cross‐sectional areas of taper ratios of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00. All specimens were tested using the cantilever test and the constant displacement fatigue test, and data were analyzed using ANOVA. During the cantilever test, the maximum displacement prior to fracture was greater than the required undercut, and the semicircular‐type specimen exhibited a higher fracture load than the flat type. None of the specimens displayed permanent deformation and showed almost the same degree of deformation after fatigue testing. A lower taper ratio was associated with lower average load values and greater displacement. Within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that Y‐TZP provides the required undercut and adequate retentive force for removable partial denture clasps. Additionally, Y‐TZP and Co‐Cr alloy had almost the same degree of deformation even after the simulated lifespan of removable partial dentures.
Prédation du hérisson d'Algérie Atelerix algirus (Insectivora, Erinaceidae) sur quelques organismes nuisibles aux végétaux dans les milieux agricoles à Djelfa (Algérie)
Authors: Guerzou A. , Derdoukh W. , Guerzou M. , Souttou K. , Doumandji S.
Published: April 2019

L’étude du régime alimentaire d’Atelerix algirus a été réalisée dans 3 milieux agricoles de la région de Djelfa, au niveau des Hauts Plateaux algériens. Cette étude a permis de recenser 134 espèces‐proies. Parmi ces espèces, les insectes dominent, avec des taux de présence très élevés dans les 3 stations: 96.2% à Taicha, 95.3% à El Khayzar et 98.1% à Guayaza. Parmi ces insectes, les organismes nuisibles les plus consommés sont Rhizotrogus sp. (AR% = 24.3%) et Zabrus sp. (AR% = 15.6%) dans la station de Taicha; Formicidae sp. ind. (AR% = 18.3%) et Messor sp. (AR% = 11.5%) dans la station d'El Khayzar; et Messor sp. (AR% = 29.5%) et Messor arenarius (AR% = 12.6%) dans la station de Guayaza. Parmi les organismes nuisibles des cultures consommés par A. algirus, nous avons également noté la présence de Passer sp. (AR% = 0.17%) à El Khayzar et Meriones shawi (AR% = 0.2%) à Taicha.
Effects of pulsed inhaled nitric oxide on arterial oxygenation during mechanical ventilation in anaesthetised horses undergoing elective arthroscopy or emergency colic surgery
Authors: Wiklund M. , Kellgren M. , Wulcan S. , Grubb T. , Nyman G.
Published: April 2019

Background

Administration of pulsed inhaled nitric oxide (PiNO) improves arterial oxygenation in spontaneously breathing anaesthetised healthy horses and in horses undergoing colic surgery. However, because hypoventilation commonly occurs, horses are often mechanically ventilated to prevent hypercarbia.

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of PiNOon arterial oxygenation during anaesthesia in mechanically ventilated healthy horses and horses undergoing colic surgery.

Study design

Prospective nonblinded clinical trial.

Methods

Fifty horses undergoing elective arthroscopy (Group A) and 30 horses undergoing colic surgery (Group C) in dorsal recumbency were included in the study. Every second horse in each group received PiNO(A‐INO, C‐INO), the others served as controls (A‐CN, C‐CN). All horses were mechanically ventilated and anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. PiNOwas mechanically delivered at the proximal end of the endotracheal tube as a pulse during the first part of each inspiration. Data were collected at the start (baseline, before PiNO) and at the end of inhalation anaesthesia. The Tukey method was used to compare baseline and end values for each parameter.

Results

Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) increased from (median [IQR]) 13.6 (9.3, 30.1) at baseline to 24.2 (18.6, 37.0)kPa at the end of anaesthesia in A‐INO(P = 0.005) and from 7.7 (6.4, 8.5) to 15.5 (9.9, 26.9)kPa in C‐INO(P = 0.007). Mean (95%CI) difference in F‐shunt between baseline and end were −6 (−10; −1) and −11 (−22; −1) % in A‐INO(P = 0.005) and C‐INO(P = 0.04) respectively. There was no change in PaO2or F‐shunt from baseline to end of anaesthesia in A‐CNor C‐CN.

Main limitations

Cardiac output was not measured, thus O2delivery could not be calculated.

Conclusions

The combination of mechanical ventilation and PiNOimproved pulmonary gas exchange during anaesthesia by a simultaneous decrease in F‐shunt and improved alveolar ventilation.
Particulate matter induces pro‐inflammatory cytokines via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK possibly leading to dermal inflammaging
Authors: Kim MinJeong , Kim Ju Hee , Jeong Guk Jin , Park Kui Young , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Seo Seong Jun
Published: April 2019

Particulate matter (PM) is known to have harmful effects on human health. Epidemiological studies have suggested that PM exposure is related to skin diseases and extrinsic skin ageing. However, the mechanisms by which PM affects skin are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of PMs on epidermal inflammation and skin ageing using a co‐culture of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and fibroblasts (HDF). SRM 1648a (pmA) and 1649b (pmB), which mainly comprise heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively, were used as reference PMs. Cytotoxic effects, activation of AhR, phosphorylation of p38 kinase and ROS generation were examined in PM‐treated HaCaT cells. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by PMs was shown to be critically important for the increases in IL‐1α and IL‐1β expression. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP1 and COX2 were markedly increased in HDF cells co‐cultured with PM‐treated HaCaT cells. In conclusion, PMs induce the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes via the p38 MAPK pathway, and these interleukins increase the expression of MMP1 and COX2 in HDF cells. These results suggest that PMs trigger skin ageing via p38 MAPK activation and interleukin secretion in epidermal keratinocytes.
Understanding transparency in UK defence management
Authors: Thompson Gabriela , Louth John
Published: April 2019

Transparency has become a key word in UK defence management, but its meaning is unclear; there are those that argue that it is too abstract to be implemented in its true essence, whilst others argue that it is inherently incompatible with the New Public Management Model which dominates public sector management today. Through observing the way individuals operationalise the concept in the defence community, we attempt to illustrate what transparency seems to mean in practice by focussing on how it is understood and recognising the impact it has and is expected to have.
Does increased hedging lead to decreased price efficiency? The case of VIX ETPs and VIX futures
Authors: Fernandez‐Perez Adrian , Frijns Bart , Tourani‐Rad Alireza , Webb Robert I.
Published: April 2019

We examine the impact of the introduction of VIX exchange‐traded products (ETPs) on the information content and pricing efficiency of VIX futures. We document that trades in VIX futures have become less informative and that pricing errors exhibit more persistence after the introduction of VIX ETPs. In addition, we observe that the price process of the VIX futures has become noisier over time. These findings suggest that the introduction of the VIX ETPs had a prominent effect on the properties and dynamics of the VIX futures.
Adverse effects of chronic treatment with the Main subclasses of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review
Authors: Silva BF , Peixoto GML , da Luz SR , de Moraes SMF , Peres SB
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The aim of the review was to elucidate the adverse effects of chronic treatment with the main subclasses of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

Methods

A systematic review was carried out using the methods recommended in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis Protocols (PRISMA‐P). Searches of articles in MEDLINE, SCIELO, Web of Science and LILACS were conducted from January to October 2018 based on the following descriptors and keywords: ‘HIV’ [AND]; ‘AIDS’ [OR]; ‘HAART’ [AND]; ‘Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy’ [OR]; ‘Adverse Effects’ [AND]. All articles selected described the biochemical changes produced by, and the main adverse effects of, using one or more of the following HAART subclasses: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs) and other new drugs. The selected articles included patients living with HIV (PLWH) initiating or continuing any type of HAART. The results are presented qualitatively and discussed.

Results

Twenty‐one articles found in the searches were selected for the review, and they included a total of 5626 participants. Seven of the studies investigated mainly NRTIs, three studies mainly NNRTIs, eight studies predominantly PIs, and three studies other antiretroviral drugs as the main treatment. The most common adverse effects on biochemical parameters were the emergence of anaemia for NRTIs as well as NNRTIs and PIs, and plasma lipid alterations caused by their prolonged use. In general, it was found that biological differences among individuals can cause differences in adverse effects, such as virological and treatment failure.

Conclusions

One or more occurrences of adverse effects of the chronic utilization of drugs were found for all subclasses of HAART, and certain combinations of drugs from different subclasses were also found to be associated with adverse events.
Psychological wellbeing and use of alcohol and recreational drugs: results of the British HIV Association (BHIVA) national audit 2017
Authors: Parry S , Curtis H , Chadwick D ,   the British HIV Association Audit and Standards Sub‐Committee
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The aim of this national audit was to assess adherence of services providing HIV care in the UK to national standards and guidelines regarding psychological support and the assessment of alcohol and recreational drug use (including chemsex drugs) in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods

Participating sites completed a survey of their services’ care pathways relating to psychological support and substance use. They performed a case‐note review of up to 40 adult PLWH per service, reviewing sociodemographic and clinical information and assessment of psychological wellbeing, drug use and alcohol use. The surveys and case notes were assessed against relevant British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines and standards.

Results

The survey was completed by 112 services. Of these, 73%, 82% and 73% had formal annual processes for assessing the psychological wellbeing, alcohol use and drug use, respectively, of PLWH. Case‐note data were provided for 4486 PLWH from 119 sites. Audited rates of assessment of PLWH were 66.0% for psychological wellbeing, 68.0% for alcohol use, 58.4% for recreational drug use and 16.8% for chemsex drug use. Variation between clinical services was wide, with ranges from < 10% to 100% routinely assessing PLWH for each of these domains. Services using assessment tools performed better.

Conclusions

Assessment of PLWH for psychological wellbeing and alcohol and recreational drug use is variable in UK clinics, with a significant minority of services not documenting that they assessed these factors routinely. Wider adoption of assessment tools or proformas to assess PLWH in these areas is likely to improve surveillance for psychological morbidity and problematic alcohol or drug use.
Incorporating Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index with early surgical intervention can maximize survival in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Yen , Cheng I‐Hung , Ou Chien‐Hui , Tsai Yuh‐Shyan , Tong Yat‐Ching , Cheng Hong‐Lin , Yang Wen‐Horng , Lin Yung‐Ming , Cheng Yu‐Sheng
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To determine the optimal surgical timing in high‐risk patients with Fournier's gangrene by the Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index.

Methods

From 1989 to 2018, 118 male patients diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene with complete medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ demographics, laboratory parameters at initial diagnosis, Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index and Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index, and the time interval from emergency room arrival to surgical intervention were collected. The Fournier's gangrene patients were categorized into low‐risk (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index ≤2) and high‐risk groups (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index >2). Differences between the variables within the two groups were analyzed. The optimal surgical timing was analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic curve in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients.

Results

The overall mortality of 118 Fournier's gangrene patients was 14.4%. After risk stratification with the Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index scoring system, the mortality of low‐risk and high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients was 1.3% and 41.0%, respectively. In the high‐risk group, the time interval from emergency room arrival to surgical intervention was the only variable with a significant difference between survivors and non‐survivors (P = 0.039). The optimal surgical timing was determined at 14.35 h, which allowed the highest sensitivity (0.688) and specificity (0.762) to affect mortality. The mortality was significantly lower in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients with early surgical intervention compared with late intervention (23.8% vs 68.8%, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

The Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index is a quick and reliable screening tool for first‐line physicians to identify high‐risk patients with Fournier's gangrene (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index >2) who have poor survival outcomes. We recommended early surgical intervention within 14.35 h to maximize the survival of high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients.
Inflexibility of Share Repurchases*
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoru
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates the flexibility inherent in open market share repurchases. Open market share repurchases are recognized as being flexible, since managers believe that they are not an ongoing commitment. However, I find that such returns significantly decrease upon announcing the completion of a repurchase program if firms do not concurrently announce new program authorizations. I also find that announcement returns significantly decline with completion rates and that a high completion rate acts as a negative signal, revealing that firms have finished the repurchasing activities and do not intend to continue share repurchasing in the foreseeable future. These results indicate that share repurchases are less flexible than they were previously thought to be.
Measuring Systemic Risk: Capital Shortfall and CSRISK*
Authors: Wang Jying‐Nan , Hsu Yuan‐Teng , Lee Joe‐Ming , Chen Chih‐Chun
Published: April 2019

This study proposes a new measure of systemic risk named CSRISK, which identifies a financial institution's capital shortfall under the worst scenario conditional on a substantial market decline. The CSRISK index requires only public financial data, including accounting and market trading information, which is time and cost effective. The empirical sample consists of 238 US banks over the time period 2003–2013. Overall, we find that it is increasing from 2004 to 2009 and then starts to slightly decrease. This systemic risk measure has the potential to be widely applied in the practical aspects of risk management and macroprudential policy making.