bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Коллективные и индивидуальные модели памяти о “Великой Отечественной войне” (1941–1945 гг.)
Authors: Шайде Кармен
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
World War II or, as it was called in the Soviet Union, the “Great Patriotic War” still plays a very significant role in Russia. Specific rituals and traditions of, what we may call, “commemoration cult” were established by Leonid Brezhnev, developed by his successors and were cherished in Russia up to the present day. This article examines two examples of that “commemoration cult”: the memoirs of war written by Irina Ehrenburg (born 1911), and the one written by Marina Pavlovna Chechneva (born 1922). Irina Ehrenburg served during the war as interpreter and war correspondent. Chechneva fought as one of the so-called “night witches”, as they called the pilots of the (all-women) night bomber regiment. The article focuses on how specific patterns of the overall “commemoration cult” have influenced Ehrenburg’s and Chechneva’s memoirs. Ehrenburg reflects first the early death of her husband and then draws the attention of the reader to the negative sides of the war. While Ehrenburg paints a rather realistic picture, Chechneva follows the patterns of the Brezhnevian glorification of the war without forgetting to mention specific problems women encountered while serving in combat troops. Depending on the individual biography and experiences, the two women reflect the course of the war differently. Interesting enough, while some parts of their memoirs deviate decisively from the “official” commemoration cult, other parts reflect the typical patterns of the commemoration cult to be found in specific social groups.
Islamic Law, Imperial Order: Muslims, Jews, and the Russian State
Authors: Crews Robert D.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Роберт Круз считает, что в ходе колонизации Центральной Азии шариат из локальных вариантов интерпретации различных текстов или общего морального руководства превратился в жесткий кодекс юридических предписаний. Именно этот “жесткий шариат”, по мнению Круза, питает воображение защитников идеи “исламского государства”. Данная общая эволюция шариата в статье рассматривается в контексте российской имперской колонизации на примере эволюции юридических практик в Самарканде. Круз учитывает, что юридические процедуры там стремились определять как российские юристы, так и представители мусульманской религиозной мысли. С другой стороны, конкурирующие стороны, прежде всего, самаркандские мусульмане и евреи, определяли эти нормы и практики в процессе судебных разбирательств. Хотя в долгосрочной перспективе российские имперские власти предполагали включить Центральную Азию в сферу европей-ского законодательства, на деле они укрепили авторитет исламских судей и предоставили им реальные властные ресурсы. Несмотря на то, что соревнующиеся стороны обычно могли выбирать между местным традиционным судопроизводством и имперскими государственными судами, система связала исламскую юридическую практику и судебные институты с государственными институтами империи. Скажем, в то время, как местные евреи требовали разбора своих претензий в российских судах, исламские судьи жаловались тем же российским властям, что евреи не обращаются в шариатские суды. Каждая сторона ожидала, что колониальные власти поддержат именно ее. Вырабатывая собственную позицию, российские чиновники обсуждали вопросы гражданства, подданства, привилегий и баланса интересов различных народностей – жителей Самарканда. Сенат санкционировал выведение евреев из-под юрисдикции шариатских судов и таким образом шариат, ранее функционировавший как общий юридический ресурс для евреев и мусульман, превратился в юридическую систему, чье действие ограничивалось мусульманской общиной. Это развитие сопровождалось усилением роли и реальной власти шариатских судов применительно к мусульманскому населению, чему активно способствовали российские власти. В то же время, участие царских чиновников в обсуждении роли религиозного законодательства влияло на восприятие и мнения по этому вопросу самих мусульман. Стремясь к поддержанию порядка, империя соблазняла своих подданных возможностью использовать нелиберальные механизмы управления – именно это наследие должно быть включено в генеалогию различных политических проектов ХХ века. Другими словами, взаимодействие местных мусульманских общин с колониальным режимом привело к появлению новых версий шариата, составивших основу современных проектов “исламского государства”.
История университета как история памяти корпорации?
Authors: Вишленкова Елена , Малышева Светлана , Сальникова Алла
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Introduction to the publication of archival documents on the history of Kazan University focuses on the attempt to commemorate the bicentennial of the University by writing a historical narrative of its development. According to the authors, the history of Kazan University underwent profound ruptures and the continuity of historical narrative is impossible to achieve. Collective essays on the university history produced to commemorate the institution’s bicentennial became an object of heated debates among members of the University community, especially in the light of the struggles for the right to trace the origins of departments and chairs from the original 28 chairs founded in 1804. Especially, the text on the last decade of the University history proved to be highly controversial. There emerged a spontaneous movement to create different histories of various departments and schools within the University. The history of the University now proved that memory of the University’s communities is highly divisive.

In an attempt to write a synthetic and all-inclusive history of the University, the authors attempt to see the main focus of their work in what they identify as “the University style” or a cultural code of the University. It is this cultural code that the authors believe can be imposed upon the variety of sources and materials in order to help create a narrative of the University history. The University is further treated as a place of memory, while different aspects of the self-representation of the University community are reconstructed on different levels of the cultural code. The authors explore instances of “forgetting”, whereby particular events, perceived as shameful within the cultural code, have been obscured and removed from the University’s past. Given the University location as the easternmost institution of higher learning, the authors discuss orientalist tropes in the cultural code of the school. They also explore memory of women in the University. Discussing the structure of memory, the authors note its asymmetric character: the pre-1917 period is characterized by the proliferation of memoirs, whereas the Soviet period is dominated by official documents. Nevertheless, during the Soviet period memoirs of the University graduates were collected through a librarian’s initiative and the authors make use of these materials to discuss the role of the University in the progressive narrative of the making of Soviet personality. The authors further discuss different places of memory of the University, including the figure of the rector and various personalities associated with the school (including that of V. I. Lenin), and commemorating practices (monuments and museums) on the University campus.
Первая примерка “имперских одежд”: византийская идеологическая система и проблема княжеских Венцов в Древней Руси X – XIII вв
Authors: Долгов Вадим
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
V. Dolgov’s article explores perceptions of Byzantine imperial ideologies and symbols in ancient Rus in the 10 th to 13 th centuries. Dolgov analyzes interpretations of the policies of Rus’ princes as either demonstrative rejection or acceptance of Byzantine ideologies. The author opts for the hypothesis according to which the Rus’ princes’ use of Byzantine symbols and ideas signifies their attempt to follow their own state-building strategies and to seek prestige for their realm. Correspondingly, the Rus’ princes appropriated “imperial” forms from Byzantium and used them to enhance their realm’s symbolic status without reflecting upon the essence of these notions. The fact that educated bookmen in Kievan Rus’ did not pay much attention to the essence of the imperial notion reinforces such a conception. By the 11 th century the Byzantine imperial legacy in Kievan Rus’ was partly processed by the “barbarians” and partly forgotten.

To further understand Byzantine legacies in Kievan Rus’, the author suggests analyzing the problem of the crown as a symbol of princely authority. Despite the scarcity of written sources, the author reviews contemporary iconography and imagery and comes to the conclusion that in the semiotics of princely power, the round hat with fur coating signified princely authority without functioning as a crown. On later coins, princes are depicted in Byzantine style crowns or in traditional princely hats with fur coating. The ceremony of crowning is conspicuously absent from the sources.

The author concludes that although initially the princes of Rus’ attempted to copy Byzantine symbols, the relative insignificance of Rus for Byzantium prevented full acceptance of Byzantine imperial regalia and symbols.
Постсоветская Центральняя Азия: тенденции политического ислама
Authors: Алымкулов Нарынбек , Ашакеева Гуляйым
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In this article the authors discuss the prospects and potential of political Islam in post-Soviet Central Asia. According to the authors, the Soviet regime left an ambiguous legacy in Central Asia. On the one hand, the republics of Central Asia developed their national cultures and acquired institutions of statehood, thus progressing to agrarian-industrial societies. On the other hand, the Soviet regime was detrimental to the region’s development by precluding a market economy and democratic institutions and subjecting its population to Stalinist terror and forced collectivization. One of the results of Soviet rule was the emergence of unstable states. The authors demonstrate that various groups offered solutions to the crises of Central Asian societies. Political Islam was one such solution. As religion became an instrument of influencing a “lost society”, the number of Islamic and Christian missionaries coming to Kyrgyzstan increased dramatically, as did the number of mosques. There emerged Islamic organizations, which became bases for a limited number of Islamic parties. A minority of Islamic groups subscribed to a fundamentalist vision of Islam, demanding a cleansing of the religion from popular traditions and its Sufi legacy and a return to “pure” Islam based on the Koran. The authors also explore the intellectual lineage of Central Asian “fundamentalism”. They argue that fundamentalist Islamic movements were combined with the national-liberation movement after the Russian conquest of the region. Soviet authority unwillingly contributed to Central Asian fundamentalism by fighting against the “superstitions” of popular Islam, thus preparing the ground for the victorious march of “fundamentalist” purist Islam. Drawing on Sergei Abashin’s thesis, the authors explore the role of modernization and increased mobility in the development of new forms of Islamic consciousness in Central Asia. Attempting to forecast possible developments in the region, the authors believe that extremist excesses are unavoidable in a situation of political and economic crisis. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish between “extremism” and “fundamentalism”: if the latter is the result of centuries-long transformations in Islam, the former is born out of the current post-Soviet crisis in the region. There is no necessary connection between the two, since in the Central Asian republics “extremism” and “fundamentalism” are often used as labels by the old nomenklatura, which preserved power in the post-Soviet era in order to delegitimize political opposition.
Генеалогический поиск в современной России: Реабилитация “истории” через семейную “память”
Authors: Здравомыслова Елена , Ткач Ольга
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In their coauthored article Elena Zdravomyslova and Olga Tkach explore the fashion for genealogical research and family history among various strata of Russian society after the collapse of communism. The authors interpret this quest as part of the search for alternative history in postcommunist societies, i.e., filling the blank spots of official historical narrative and rehabilitating the human and personal dimension of history. The article offers a sociological perspective on the specificity of biography and family history as instruments of forging and suppressing memory in Soviet society and the transition to a period of flourishing genealogical research, which was accompanied by the “privatization” of history and the involvement of civil society and commercial organizations in creating “alternative” historical memory.
Историческая память и конструирование региона после присоединения к империи: Особая форма правления в Бессарабии в 1812–1828 гг
Authors: Таки Виктор
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In this article Viktor Taki analyses the Russian imperial policy in Bessarabia in the first half of the 19 th century. According to the author, historical memory and interpretations of the past were crucial in determining the staus of Bessarabia. Although practical policies and administrative concerns might have been decisive in shaping the eventual decision on the abolition of the special autonomous status of Bessarabia wihin the Russia empire, it was the alleged lack of “authentic” historical memory of Bessarabia as cultural and political region that contributed to the annihilation of Bessarabia’s autonomy. Nevertheless, in the long run Bessarabia’s role as part of the Russian empire helped shape perceptions of the region as a separate and distinct region.
Реформа письменности в Татарстане и культурная память
Authors: Фрингс Андреас
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
This article is concerned with the effects of policies on the Tatar alphabet in the 1920’s on the cultural memory of the Tatars. It begins with a discussion of the concept of cultural memory as developed by the German Egyptologist Jan Assmann. A short chronological introduction to the history of Tatar alphabet policy in the 1920’s follows. This introduction describes the main events that lead to the replacement of the Arab-based alphabet, used by Tatars for centuries, by the Latin script. The article treats several aspects of the relations between the reform in alphabets and cultural memory. Areas examined include cultural and religious memory (i.e., exactly which cultural memories were attacked and who tried to defend which aspects of memory); issues of canon and censorship (how to intentionally change the cultural memory of a given group of people and the instruments of creating cultural memory); and issues of ethnic identity and script, which analyzes the effects of memory politics in the context of the creating of new group identities. This last section specifically deals with the creation of a Tatar nation in place of a pan-Islamic or pan-Turkic identity. As a whole, the article serves two purposes. First, it scrutinizes the reform of the Tatar alphabet in order to criticize superficial judgments of that policy. Second, the paper bases its concept of cultural memory on methodological individualism and thereby demonstrates that cultural memory is not a given recollection, but always object of strategic, intentional action.
Empire: A Few Thoughts
Authors: Sked Alan
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Алан Скед обращается к интерпретации современной политики США сквозь призму концепции империи. Он отмечает важную особенность исторического наследия и политической репрезентации американской политики, которые являются антагонистами имперской идеологии, хотя внешне политика США может вызывать ассоциации с имперской экспансией и контролем. Автор обращает внимание на то, что традиционные исторические империи стремились не столько к контролю, сколько к аннексии и интеграции новых территорий в единое имперское пространство. Заключительная реплика комментария Скеда призывает учитывать историческое разнообразие имперских стратегий интеграции и контроля, характерное для колониальных и континентальных империй, а также парадокс деколонизации, которая черпала источники вдохновения и легитимации в современной европейской цивилизации колонизаторов.
Tatar Language Policies in Comparative Perspective: Why Some Revivals Fail and Some Succeed
Authors: Gorenburg Dmitry
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
В статье Дмитрия Горенбурга разбирается вопрос о том, насколько проводимые по инициативе и при поддержке правительства программы языкового возрождения способны изменить лингвистическую ситуацию в регионе, входящем в большое гетерогенное государство с отличным (от титульного регионального) языком большинства. В поисках ответа автор обращается к исследованию языковой политики в одном из регионов Российской Федерации – Татарстане, население которого почти поровну разделено на татар и русских. Татарстан, таким образом, позволяет увидеть, в какой степени правительственные усилия по возрождению татарского языка могут быть успешными в ситуации, когда население продолжает широко пользоваться русским языком и рассматривать его как более престижный и полезный.

Основной целью политики возрождения в Татарстане татарского языка являлось расширение его использования в публичной сфере и воспитание поколения, которое бы считало татарский основным языком в повседневном общении. Автор оценивает успех этой программы сдержанно: она привела к расширению публичной сферы использования татарского языка, но не сломила тенденцию к сокращению числа грамотных татарофонов и этнических татар, общающихся между собой преимущественно по-татарски. Проводя сравнительный анализ между типологически схожими ситуациями в разных регионах и странах, Горенбург показывает, что успех правительственной политики возрождения языка в значительной степени зависит от того, насколько местные культурные активисты способны повысить статус “ущемленного” языка, иначе у правительственных программ нет шансов изменить лингвистическое поведение населения. Однако даже в этом случае усилия правительства могут стимулировать представителей нетитульных этнических групп изучать титульный язык по прагматическим соображениям (карьерным, статусным).
Language Policy in the Russian Federation: Russian as the “State” Language
Authors: Chevalier Joan F.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Настоящая статья посвящена анализу новейшего законодательства, регулирующего языковую политику в России. В центре внимания автора – проект закона “О государственном языке Российской Федерации” в контексте языковой политики начиная с 1990 г. Она интерпретирует этот закон как попытку разрешить потенциальный конфликт между федеральной и республиканскими языковыми политиками. В статье проводится сравнение проектов закона и анализ его обсуждения, которые демонстрируют тенденцию к централизации федеральной политики в сфере языка на фоне обострения публичных дискуссий о статусе русского языка в Российской Федерации. Это, в свою очередь, позволяет автору делать выводы о том, как общественное мнение понимает роль языка в формировании национальной идентичности.
Jews are from Mercury, Apollonians are from… Mercury?
Authors: Klier John Doyle
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Для Джона Клиера, описывающего себя как меркурианца, ушедшего от изначально данных ему традиционных характеристик (религия, этническое происхождение и проч.), книга Слёзкина представляется трудно поддающимся описанию, ловким и изобретательным сочинением, в котором афористичность выражения порой растворяется в головоломном содержании. При чтении двух первых глав книги, в которых вводится основная антропологическая модель (деление человечества на меркурианцев и аполлонианцев ), Клиером двигало любопытство. В то же время третья глава, посвященная судьбе российских евреев в СССР, воспринимается им в рамках профессиональных стандартов и потому оценена наиболее критически. Эта часть является, по мнению Клиера, малоубедительной попыткой проиллюстрировать модерный процесс меркурианизации и одновременно тенденцию меркурианцев к аполлонийству. Третья глава не дает разрешения этой, по выражению Клиера, “проблемы метаморфозы”. Примеров, когда традиционные оседлые аполлонианцы превращаются в свою меркуриальную противоположность, масса; меркурианец же, похоже, сохраняет лояльность своему древнему происхождению. Предложенная Ю. Слёзкиным дихотомия, по мнению Клиера, интересна и будоражит мысль, но не объясняет, почему из всех меркурианцев именно современные евреи оказались самыми деятельными и эффективными представителями модерности.
Герои и Предатели: Симптомы Коллективной Травмы В Народных Песнях Великой Отечественной Войны
Authors: Кормина Жанна
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Zhanna Kormina’s article is devoted to an analysis of folklore songs that revolve around the theme of a soldier’s return from the Great Patriotic War. Kormina explores the differences between the popular perceptions of war and the official discourse. The author argues that as a result of the war, a large segment of the Soviet population internalized aspects of national identity. The key factor was the distinctive language with which the state spoke to, engaged, and mobilized the population for the war effort. A peculiar feature of this new language was the rendition of abstract patriotic slogans into images and terms taken from the sphere of everyday life, such as those of motherhood and spousal faithfulness. The author demonstrates how the common imagery was used in officially sponsored lyrics and popular ballads to the effect of telling different stories about the war.
Images of Languages and the Politics of Language and Identity in Ukraine: The Burden of the Past and Contestation in the Present
Authors: Søvik Margrethe B. , Filippova Olga
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Cтатья посвящена проблеме неоднозначной языковой ситуации, которая сложилась в независимой Украине в результате взаимодействия унаследованной от советских времен языковой политики с “непрямой” языковой политикой постсоветского времени. Авторы анализируют высказывания студентов о статусе украинского и русского языков в особом контексте города Харькова, города с “мифологическим” имперским прошлым, который сейчас находится в процессе переопределения собственной идентичности в независимой Украине. Далее в статье рассматривается вопрос о том, какая роль отводится языку в проекте украинской нации и независимого государства. Наконец, авторов интересуют драматические репрезентации “русских” и “украинцев” в их отношении к лингвистическим стереотипам.
Situating Empire
Authors: Beissinger Mark
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Марк Бейссингер размышляет о роли языка в современных политических и научных дебатах о сущности и роли империи. Обращаясь к текстам редакторов Ab Imperio и подводя итог собственным размышлениям, он выделяет четыре аспекта проблемы. Во-первых, он считает империю в значительной степени “заявкой”, которая имеет не меньшее значение для обретения имперского статуса, чем структурные “имперские” черты. Во-вторых, язык империи требует тщательного изучения, поскольку помогает обнаружить изменения в составе политических сил, вовлеченных в имперские отношения. В-третьих, язык саморепрезентации империй прошлого оказывает самое непосредственное влияние на то, как выстраивают свой образ и свою политику государства позднейшего периода. Наконец, в-четвертых, изучение языка самоописания империи позволяет увидеть, что граница между империей и другими формами государственности не является столь четкой и принципиальной, как представляется исследователям, стоящим на структуралистских позициях.
Языковая Политика в Российской Империи и Украинский Перевод Библии (1860–1906)
Authors: Вульпиус Рикарда
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Success or failure of Ukrainian nation-building within the Russian Empire largely depended on whether Ukrainians and Ukrainophiles would succeed in developing Ukrainian as a standard language, whereas Russians and Russophiles would try to hinder it. A central issue was the question whether the printing of a bible in Ukrainian could be the next step after the translation of the holy scripture into Russian. This contribution is the first to show the entire competition of the forces struggling for and against the printing of a Ukrainian bible translation – a conflict that lasted half a century. It becomes evident that the society’s general tensions within the Russian Empire forced the government to give way in 1904; however, Ukrainophile forces had layed the foundations for the breakthrough before.

The ban on the Ukrainian bible in mid 19 th century started the rigid imperial politics of language, its cancellation decisively helped the development of the Ukrainian national movement. The story of the Ukrainian bible translation underlines more than anything else the significance of language for the emancipation of non-dominant ethnies. At the same time however, it is pleaded not to classify forced russification of the late tsarist government and church administration towards the Ukrainian speaking population directly as “Imperial History”. Rather, it should be seen against the background of the project of the Great-Russian-Nation. The imperial viewpoint played a role for Russians and Russophiles in so far as they feared a Polish-Ukrainian interaction, in particular after the uprising in January 1863; the behaviour of the imperial centre towards other nationalities also served as important reference for Ukrainophiles in order to demand a bible in mother tongue for the Ukrainian speaking population as well. However, the project of the Great-Russian-Nation shows clearly that Russian-Ukrainian relations have to be seen as a special relationship, as the history of two mutual exclusive projects of nation-building within the framework of the Russian empire.
Theories and Politics of Central Asian Identities
Authors: Khalid Adeeb
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
В статье анализируются эпистемологические основания дискуссии вокруг “Этнического атласа Узбекистана” и выступлений А. Ильхамова. Автор показывает, что разделительные линии между конструктивизмом и примордиализмом в исследовательской позиции экспертов не являются характерной особенностью социальных наук постсоветского региона, а восходят к общему научному наследию позитивизма и его трансформации под воздействием эпистемологических вызовов ХХ в. Используя пример языка самоописания и описания группы сартов, автор показывает как социальная идентификация трансформируется в национально-групповую и как, начиная с конца XIX в., различные агенты исторического процесса (имперская администрация, местные элиты и активисты) по-разному определяли значение этой групповой идентификации, вместе с тем разделяя основное убеждение эры национализма.
Имперские Языки: Постскриптум Для AI
Authors: Томпсон Эндрю С.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In the “Imperial Languages: Postscript” Andrew Thompson reconstructs intellectual history of his article and reflects on the future of imperial “identity politics” studies. Among the biggest influences on his understanding of imperial languages A. Thompson cites David Eastwood’s pioneering essay “Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism” (1992), Koebner’s and Schmidt’s “Imperialism. The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840–1960” (); Hugh Cunningham’s “The Language of Patriotism, 1750–1914” (1981); studies on the semantic of “nationalism” and “imperialism” written in terms of “dominion” historiography. More generally, he describes the context in which several scholars – most notably, John Darwin, Phil Buckner, Carl Bridge, Kent Fedorowich – were formulating the idea of a “British (imperial) world”, thereby re-positioning the empire’s settler societies (neo-Britains) at the center of Commonwealth-Imperial historiography. These trends inspired Thompson to embark on the task of charting the history of the “British world” as a political concept in later-Victorian and Edwardian Britain. Among the main ideas his article was meant to convey Thompson singles out the role of political imaginings of empire that resolved around the self-governing or settler regions of empire, and struggled to accommodate the tropical dependencies – India included. Second, he wanted to show how closely entwined were definitions of “nation” and “empire” in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In doing this, he intended to go beyond “official” or high political discourses to look at representations of empire from the “subaltern groups” of British politics. All these themes are developed further in his new book, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth Century (2005). Thompson welcomes the fact that historians of other empires are now grappling with similar questions, but suggest to think about the bigger question of “where we go next?”, namely about the future of “identity politics” in twenty-first century imperial historiography. Set in this context, he founds Ab Imperio ’s exploration of the relationship between European empires and the rise of the nation-state very timely.
Визуальный Язык Описания “Русскости” В XVIII – Первой Четверти XIX Века
Authors: Вишленкова Елена
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article by Elena Vishlenkova explores the peculiarity of the visual language of self-description in the Russian Empire and its potential for constructing Russian identity. The author contends that visual language was central to the process of constructing “Russianness” due to the following considerations: the majority of Russia’s population was illiterate, mass visual production was superior to other “languages” in terms of its communicative and semiotic potential, and due to the existence of a link between visual and verbal projects of Russianness and the subsequent concept of the “Russian people.” The author analyzes mass graphic production from the 18 th century to the first quarter of the 19 th century in Russia. She scrutinizes the ethnographic illustrations (“costumes”), caricatures, print making and the decoration of kitchen ware, medals, and bas-reliefs. The author contends that there were at least three visual images of Russianness: “ethnographic,” “populist,” and “Slavic.” Vishlenkova focuses on the various intentions of the authors of constructed Russianness, the practices of representation, and the emerging visual conventions of the perception of art. In terms of intentionality, she differentiates between the desire of the authorities to capture a cumulative image of the subject-population, the search for a medium for interaction between elites and the people in the situation of war, and the response to the intellectual challenge of German Romanticism. The author demonstrates the development of representations of Russianness from conventionality to naturalism and metaphoric elevation. The narrative also captures the ruptures and alternative modalities of representations that resulted from the limitations of collective art production and the lack of authenticity in the process of the development of visual language.
Чрезвычайное положение от колониального Алжира до современной франции (1955–2005): Судьба Одного Закона
Authors: Тено Сильви
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In her article Sylvie Thénault explores the introduction and development of the French emergency situations law. The author demonstrates that the immediate context for the emergence of this law was the conflict in Algeria. The colonial context rendered the peculiar status of this law in the French legal system: in most of its stipulations it resembles martial law, except with respect to the rights of civil authorities. The author unpacks the contemporaneous debates for and against the law and traces the history of its application: against the forces of the Algerian independence movement, against the French forces fighting Algeria’s independence, and, more recently, in the context of the disturbances in the Paris suburbs in 2005. The author concludes her legal and historical analysis with the observation that the law was an offspring of both the French colonial empire and the political tradition of the French nation-state shaped by the Revolution.
К Морфологии Визуального Постсоветского Постфольклора
Authors: Григорьева Елена
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article focuses on the structure and functionality of visual content in new forms of mass media in post-Soviet Russia. The visual culture of post-Soviet society is studied in its relation to the socialist school visual subculture of the previous period. Soviet (and thus post-Soviet) mass consciousness was formed through specific emblematic media, e.g., the school textbook. This mnemonic and persuasive tool had all-Union general application and is responsible for the specific configuration of collective emblematic memory of several generations. The article is aimed at following literally “visual traces” of this school’s classical material in a new media environment.

Mass visual culture in the former Soviet space, of course, has been subjected to dramatic changes. First, the most striking difference is that the main part of visual ideological propaganda has been replaced with commercial (or pseudo-commercial) advertisements. And second, completely new forms of mass communicative (but also figurative) culture have appeared, e.g., the Internet. The Internet has gained major importance among the most active strata (young intellectuals, “the children of 70s”) during the last 10 years and can be considered an extremely dynamic experimental field generating new forms of mentality, communication, representation, and languages. It is also remarkable that the Internet connects Russian-speaking “former Soviet people” all over the world, which makes it in a paradoxical way a kind of replacement for the USSR. This new “Union” lives according to new laws and speaks new forms of language, but still, old propaganda patterns and motives can be discovered even there. These forms are considered as a new kind of folklore discourse.
Remembering the Dead and the Living of the Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz : The Past and Present of Gendered Rural Life in Azerbaijan
Authors: Yalçýn-Heckmann Lale
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
В статье рассматриваются воспоминания сельских жителей Азербайджана о том времени, когда жизнь общества была организована вокруг колхозов и совхозов. В обыденных разговорах это время предстает как анонимное прошлое, для которого характерны социальная активность, богатая интеллектуальная жизнь и материальный достаток. Идеализация колхозно-совхозного прошлого сопровождается его деперсонализацией. Деятельность конкретных людей – активных агентов этого прошлого – осмысливается с точки зрения стратегий формирования новых альянсов или препятствий, создаваемых в процессе становления новых социальных отношений (таких, как слухи или публичные обвинения). Спорный, проблематичный характер отношений и событий той, прошлой жизни реактивируется и вспоминается в ограниченном коллективном контексте, в частности, в поминальных ритуалах яза .
Монгольская империя и Чингисхан в конструировании идентичности
Authors: Амоголонова Дарима , Скрынникова Тататьяна
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The introduction to the forum “Imperial Legacies as a Resource for Nation-Building: The Case of Chinggis Khan” situates the discourses of Buryat national identity in the context of the post-Soviet identity crisis and the search for a new sense of belonging. The authors argue that the Buryat case is distinguished from other post-Soviet cases by the trend to ground Buryat identity in the past of a distinctly cosmopolitan and imperial polity, the Mongol empire. The constructed memory about this past provides a sense of association with a historic and heroic statehood (the empire of Chinggis Khan), a rich culture (Buddhism), and the entire region of Eurasia. In the course of constructing a new historical memory, the imperial past gets formatted and imbued with the modern concepts of ethnogenesis and exclusive ethnic identity. The authors of the introduction also situate the construction and actualization of historical memory of the Mongol empire in the context of the forthcoming 800 th anniversary of the foundation of the Mongol empire. The introduction surveys a series of cultural activities (theater festivals, publications, etc.) that have been launched as part of the preparation for the anniversary and that have contributed to the politically-charged and mythology-loaded process of redefining the canon of Buryat national identity.
“Этногенез” Узбеков как Элемент Наследия Советской Науки
Authors: Ларюэль Марлен
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article by Marlene Laruelle, a former research fellow of the French Institute of Central Asian Studies in Tashkent, focuses on the concept of ethnogenesis in post-Soviet Uzbekistani scholarship and political discourse. The article surveys the development of the methodological apparatus of Soviet ethnography, the emergence of the primordialist inclination to equate the ethnic group with the territorial administrative unit, and fluctuations in ethnographic, historical, and archeological identification of the ethnic origins of the contemporary Uzbek titular nationality. Laruelle traces the impact of Soviet ethnography on the formation of Uzbekistani sciences and the influence of the shifting priorities of Soviet nationality policy on nation-specific scholarship. Thus the author contends that Zhdanovshchina in the Union Republics resulted in an overrepresentation of the respective titular nationality in the national historical narrative that underpinned the legitimacy of the territorial and political boundaries of the national units of the USSR. The article demonstrates how political concerns about legitimacy influenced the shift in the discussion on Uzbek ethnogenesis to the concept of the origin of modern Uzbek nation in the sedentary Turkic population of the region. Taking the example of the academic career of Karim Shaniazov, the author demonstrates a continuity in the employment of the concept of ethnogenesis in post-Soviet Uzbekistan and discusses the persisting political implications of this concept for the affirmation of a distinct Uzbek identity (separate from the Kazakh and Tajik ones) and the claim of legitimacy of the Uzbek nation-state.
Героический Эпос и Конструирование Образа Исторического Врага
Authors: Румянцев Сергей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article explores the revival of ancient epic poetry in post-Soviet nation-building. In particular, it focuses on the uses and abuses of the epic Kitabi Dede Korkud (“The Book of my Grandfather Korkud”) by leading historians, especially the authors of history textbooks, in post-Soviet Azerbaijan. Applying mythological motives, the authors of history textbooks present the confrontation between Armenia and Azerbaijan as an eternal assault of the enemy-nation against the nation-sufferer. The epic Kitabi Dede Korkud emerged during the 10 th –11 th centuries as part of the verbal poetic tradition of the Oguz Turks in Central Asia, from where they resettled to Anadolu and the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. It describes the enemies of the Oguz at the time – the Kipchak tribes. In later versions, the collective image of Christians came to occupy the place of the Kipchaks. And with time the “Christians” evolved into Georgians. The article presents an overview of the scholarly study of the epic by such renowned figures as Bartold, Zhirmunskiy, and Badalov, who treated it as a piece of literature and a source on the nomadic Oguz lifestyle. The text of the epic is available in a 16 th -century version and is known in two manuscripts. The new Azerbaijan national history textbooks adapt the epic to the current political situation, giving preference to conflict with the Armenians. Legendary events are presented as real and are used to reconstruct the eternal “national” enemies (Armenians), friends (Turks), national values, ethnic genealogy, and territory (and to confirm the territorial pretensions of Azerbaijan). The author notes that it is difficult to say how successful the new textbooks are in circulating this ethno-centrist version of history. But one should not underestimate their impact on the formation of children’s and teenagers’ self-perceptions and group identity, in particular vis-à-vis neighboring regions.
Латиница или Кириллица: Проблема Выбора Алфавита в Белорусском Национальном Движении во Второй Половине ХIX – Начале ХХ Века
Authors: Токть Сергей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
An important feature of the Belarusian national movement at the beginning of the 20 th century was the use of two scripts – Cyrillic and Latin – in newspapers and books. The newspapers Naša Dola and Naša Niva , as well as many book editions, were published in both scripts, despite significant financial costs. This situation was rooted in the particular confessional division in Belarusian society – Orthodox Belarusians used Cyrillic and Catholics used the Latin script. In 1912, circumstances compelled Naša Niva to use only one script: the majority of its readers supported the use of Cyrillic. An essential role was played by historical argument – ancient texts in the Belarusian language used Cyrillic. Moreover, a majority of the literate population in Belarus at the beginning of the 20 th century used “Russian letters.” But books based on the Latin script also had a reading audience, primarily in Catholic villages. Therefore, the periodicals of the Christian Democrat wing of the national movement continued to use the Latin script.
Введение к Форуму: Алфавит, Язык и Национальная Идентичность в Российской Империи
Authors: Долбилов Михаил , Сталюнас Дариус
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The guest editors of the Ab Imperio special forum on “Alphabet, Language and National Identity in the Russian Empire” introduce in their foreword the general historiographic context for discussing alphabet reforms in the Russian Empire, as well as present the contributions published in this forum. Mikhail Dolbilov and Darius Staliūnas note that the alphabet question in the Russian Empire does not appear to be a narrow subject in so far as alphabet preservation and reforms were intrinsically linked to the symbolic dimension of language as a marker and instrument of national identity. The guest editors trace the history of alphabet reforms in respect to the Russian language and stress the acute character of linguistic debates in the wake of the Great Reforms, when processes of constructing and negotiating national identity swept the emancipated peasantry. The guest editors collate the findings of the articles’ authors, noting the diverse structure of governmental decision making and the impact of governmental policies on the multifaceted competition between different nation-building projects and visions of national and cultural boundaries. They also explicate the rationale for excluding from consideration the language policies and alphabet reforms of the Volga-Kama region, observing that government policy there was to a much greater extent influenced and mediated by an expert community of linguists. Finally, Dolbilov and Staliūnas trace the political and symbolic significance of alphabet preservation and reform in the history of the 20 th century and in the context of globalization and contemporary political and legal debates on the Latinization and Cyrillicization of languages in the Russian Federation.
Введение: Этнология, Национальное Становление и Политика в Узбекистане
Authors: Ларюэль Марлен
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The introduction to the forum “Constructing a National History in a Language of Soviet Science after the Collapse of the USSR: The Case of Uzbekistan” by Marlene Laruelle thematizes the problem area of the forum and places it in the context of the relationship between ideology/political power, science, and identity building in post-Soviet Central Asia. The author of the introduction explicates the reasons behind the politicization of such fields as history, ethnography, and archeology in contemporary Uzbekistan, and demonstrates how the publication of Alisher Il’khamov’s Atlas revealed fundamental problems in the discourses of nationhood and their relevance to power and scholarship in post-Soviet Uzbekistan. Laruelle surveys the debates on Atlas in Uzbekistan that involved the authors of this publication, representatives of “official” Uzbekistani science, and Russian and international experts, and demonstrates how the debate gradually outgrew the initial parameters and became a debate on the problem of socially and politically relevant knowledge, the theoretical assumptions of primordialism and constructivism in studies of ethnicity and nationalism, and the legitimizing and delegitimizing impact of nationalism studies on the regimes of nationalizing states in the post-Soviet space. The introduction also briefly presents the history of the publication of a thematic forum on Atlas in the Russian journal The Ethnographic Review as well as the input to the debate of the contributors of the present forum.
Язык и Структура: Проблема Интерпретации Субъектности в Современной Российской Политике
Authors: Морозов Вячеслав
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In his introductory essay, Viacheslav Morozov offers a series of questions on the study of contemporary Russian politics. The key question for the author is the relationship between the structure (political semantic and political culture) and the subject of political action and the ability of the political subject to alter the persistence of conventional modes of political perception and practice. Morozov warns that some analyses of Putin’s policies and political performance may suffer from a distorting lack of distance and thus exaggerate the role of agency in bringing about change in the political culture. Morozov further demonstrates the possible impact of the analysis of the language and “structural” predicaments of Putin’s rule on actual political process, as this optics effectively eliminates the possibility of political and moral judgment.
Язык как Инструмент Гражданского Равенства
Authors: Хрох Мирослав
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In this article Miroslav Hroch attempts to explore the historical roots of linguistic components of national identity. The article combines general observations on the nature of the linguistic situation in early modern Europe and the relationship between linguistic and other identities. Introducing the concepts of diglossia and bilingualism, Hroch analyzes the linguistic situation in early modern Bohemia before and after 1620. Arguing that diglossia was acceptable to many in the divided society of the ancién régime , Hroch nevertheless pays attention to linguistic tensions in those areas of Bohemian life where Czech was preserved (in particular, in monastic orders). Hroch also explores the emergence of the Czech national movement’s linguistic demands and argues that around the beginning of the 19th century these demands acquired a new meaning, which centered on the role of language as an instrument of civil equality. Accordingly, Hroch argues, Czech linguistic nationalism can be interpreted in the framework of the emergence of civil society and the growing demands for political participation. Yet, Hroch argues, these new demands sustained their appeal to the masses due to the presence of historical memory of the former efflorescence of the Czech language prior to 1620 and of the subject position of this language in the Austrian monarchy. Hroch’s article thus revisits traditional interpretations of linguistic nationalism as ethnic and non-civic and offers a new perspective on the linguistic demands of national movements in the context of the social history of nationalism.