bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SILVIA: An operational system to monitoring landslides forced by heavy precipitations at national scale in Peru
Authors: Millan Carlos , Lavado Waldo , Vega Fiorella , Felipe Oscar , Acuña Julia , Takahashi Ken
Published: March 2020

In Peru, heavy precipitations (PR) are the second natural phenomenon with the greatest number of people affected in recent decades. Landslides (known as “huaycos” in Peru) are mostly produced by PR and located overall on the Andes mountains. In this regard, to monitoring and inform in advance about the most susceptible regions to landslides, the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI) has launched the national system for monitoring of landslides produced by PR, called SILVIA (“Sistema de Monitoreo de Movimientos en Masa generados por Lluvias Intensas” in spanish).

The methodology couple PR thresholds (7 days of antecedent PR) from PISCO operational precipitation (a gridded daily precipitation product of SENAMHI) with the susceptibility map for landslide hazard produced by the Peruvian Geological, Mining and Metallurgical Institute (INGEMMET). Both inputs products are combined in a purposely-built hazard matrix to get a spatially and temporally variable for landslide hazard: while statistical PR thresholds are used to accomplish a temporal definition with very coarse spatial resolution, landslide susceptibility maps provide static spatial information about the probability of landslide occurrence at fine spatial resolution. The hazard matrix combines three susceptibility classes (S1, low susceptibility; S2 medium susceptibility; S3 high and very high susceptibility) and three PR rate classes (L1, L2, L3), defining three hazard classes, from P1 (low hazard) to P3 (high hazard).

SILVIA has been launched by SENAMHI (https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=monitoreo-silvia) at a national scale. The implementation of SILVIA as a warning system has been improved using precipitation daily forecasting generating a daily-time forecast system to cope with streams activation in subbasins (“Activación de quebradas”, https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=aviso-activacion-quebrada).
Geoscience Education with Models in Primary School
Authors: Çekiç Mehmet
Published: March 2020

Geoscience Education with Models in Primary School

Mehmet Çekiç

Şehitlik İlkokulu, Şanlıurfa, Turkey (mehmetcekic26@gmail.com)

 

Science can be a difficult area for students to understand in complex and abstract subjects.  Especially geoscience is a subject which should be concretizatied for a better learning. Therefore, using of models in complex and abstract subjects becomes very important.  It provides convenience for the teaching of problems about which students encounter the assosication and concretization in daily life. For this reason, geoscience subjects must be supported by necessary materials and students should be provided by learning by doing. Students benefit from tools such as models and posters to provide permanent and easy learning.

Geoscience education with models;

-Provides an understanding events that cannot be detected by five sensory organs.

-Makes complex topics more understandable.

-Makes easy to learn abstract ideas and concepts.

-Provides permanent learning.

 

Objectives of geoscience education with models;

-To enable students to become active in the teaching environment.

-To increase students’  interest for the geoscience subjects.

-To ensure the permanent learning of the students.

-To develop students’ teamwork and collaboration skills.

-To improve students’ creativity skills.

 

In primary school students' positive attitudes towards school and learning affect the following educational life. Geoscience education with models is one of the important ways for primary school students to increase the desire for learning and to develop positive attitudes towards school. Besides, learning the subject by making their own models for the students contributes to show interest the science and to develop a researcher personality.
A review of specific storage values from pore pressure response to passive in situ stresses: Implications for sustainable groundwater management
Authors: Timms Wendy A , Chowdhury M Faysal , Rau Gabriel C
Published: March 2020

Specific storage (Ss) values are important for analyzing the quantity of stored groundwater and for predicting drawdown to ensure sustainable pumping. This research compiled Ss values from multiple available studies based on pore pressure responses to passive stresses, for comparison and discussion with relevant poroelastic theory and groundwater applications. We find that Ss values from pore pressure responses to passive in situ stresses ranged from 1.3x10-7 to 3.7x10-5 m-1 (geomean 2.0x10-6 m-1, n=64 from 24 studies). This large Ss dataset for confined aquifers included both consolidated and unconsolidated strata by extending two recent literature reviews. The dataset included several passive methods: Individual strains from Earth tides and atmospheric loading, their combined effect, and values derived from soil moisture loading due to rainfall events. The range of Ss values spans approx. 2 orders of magnitude, far less than for hydraulic conductivity, a finding that has important implications for sustainable groundwater management. Both the range of values and maximum Ss values in this large dataset were significantly smaller than Ss values commonly applied including laboratory testing of cores, aquifer pump testing and numerical groundwater modelling. 

Results confirm that Ss is overestimated by assuming incompressible grains, particularly for consolidated rocks. It was also evident that Ss that commonly assumes uniaxial conditions underestimate Ss that accounts for areal or volumetric conditions.  Further research is required to ensure that Ss is not underestimated by assuming instantaneous pore pressure response to strains, particularly in low permeability strata. However, in low permeability strata Ss could also be overestimated if based on total porosity (or moisture content) rather than a smaller free water content, due to water adsorbed by clay minerals. Further evaluation is also required for influences on Ss from monitoring bore construction (ie. screen and casing or grouting), and Ss derived from tidal stresses (undrained or constant mass conditions) that could underestimate Ss applicable to groundwater pumping (drained or changing mass conditions). In summary, poroelastic effects that are often neglected in groundwater studies are clearly important for quantifying water flow and storage in strata with changing hydraulic stress and loading conditions. 
The 2018 Mw 6.8 Zakynthos, Greece, earthquake – strike-slip and thrust faulting in shallow subduction
Authors: Sokos Efthimios , Gallovič František , Evangelidis Christos P. , Serpetsidaki Anna , Plicka Vladimír , Kostelecký Jan , Zahradník Jiří
Published: March 2020

On October 25, 2018, at 22:54 UTC, an Mw 6.8 earthquake occurred southwest of Zakynthos island in the Ionian Sea. This is an area with different styles of faulting and the locus of strong events thus ideal for fault interaction studies. The 2018 Zakynthos earthquake was recorded by broad-band and strong-motion networks and provides an opportunity to resolve such faulting complexity. We used waveform inversion and backprojection of strong motion data, partly verified by co-seismic GNSS data, too. The aftershock sequence was relocated, and the moment tensors of the strongest events were evaluated. Stress inversion shows that the region is under sub-horizontal southwest-northeast compression, enabling mixed thrust- and strike-slip faulting. Based on detailed waveform inversion studies, we conclude that the 2018 mainshock consisted of two fault segments: a low-dip thrust, and a dominant, moderate-dip, right-lateral strike slip, both in the crust. This model explains the observed large negative CLVD component of the mainshock. Slip vectors of both ruptured segments, oriented to SW, are consistent with plate motion in the area. The sequence can be explained in terms of trench-orthogonal fractures in the subducting plate and reactivated faults in the upper plate. The 2018 event, and an Mw 6.6 event of 1997, occurred near three localized swarms of 2016 and 2017. Future numerical models of the slab deformation and ocean-bottom seismometer observations may illuminate possible relations between earthquakes, swarms and fluid paths in the region.
Diversity in the Indian lithosphere revealed from ambient noise and earthquake tomography
Authors: Saha Gokul Kumar , Rai Shyam S.
Published: March 2020

We present evidence of significant diversity in the Indian cratonic lithosphere mantle based on the analysis of 3-D shear wave velocity maps. These images are obtained through the inversion of 21600 fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion data retrieved from ambient noise and from earthquake waveforms. The velocity model is constructed using two step approach-firstly generating group velocity maps at 1° square grid at time periods from 10s to 100s; and subsequently inversion of dispersion data at each grid node to a depth of 200 km in terms of velocity-depth model. Analysis of velocity images suggest a bipolar characteristics of lithospheric mantle. We observe a two layer-lithospheric mantle correlated with the Eastern Peninsular India comprising of Archean cratons like east Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Chotanagpur, Bundelkhand and Proterozoic Vindhyan Basin. The intra lithospheric mantle boundary is at a depth of ~90 km where Vs increases from 4.5 km/s to over 4.7 km/s. The positive velocity gradient continues to a depth of 140-180 km beyond which it reverses the trend and mapped as layer with lower velocity Vs of 4.3-4.4 km/s, as which could be possibly defined as the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Geologically, the region correlates with the kimberlite fields with the xenoliths showing presence of eclogite in them. The other group of Precambrian terrains like 3.36 Ga western Dharwar, eastern Deccan Volcanics, southern Granulite terrane and the Marwar block in western India are characterized by an almost uniform mantle with shear wave velocity of 4.4-4.5 km/s, also supported by other seismological studies. We do not observe any low-velocity layer underlying these terrains. Presence of such a uniform lower than expected mantle velocity could be due to its fertilization through an early geodynamic process. The velocity imprint of Deccan volcanism is best preserved in term of the thinned lithosphere (100-120 km) restricted to the westernmost part of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP). This suggests that the plume-Indian lithosphere interaction was primarily confined to the western most Deccan volcanic province and possibly extending into the Indian ocean.
Enriched nutrient availability strengthens the net C uptake of the northernmost ecosystem station in Greenland
Authors: López-Blanco Efrén , Jackowicz-Korczynski Marcin , Mastepanov Mikhail , Skov Kirstine , Westergaard-Nielsen Andreas , Williams Mathew , R. Christensen Torben
Published: March 2020

Although the Arctic tundra is an essential contributor to the global carbon (C) cycle, there is a lack of reference sites from where full C exchange dynamics can be characterized under harsh conditions and remoteness. The Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) programme efforts have envisioned integrated and long-term activities to contribute to the basic scientific understanding of the Arctic and their responses to climate changes. Here we present 20+ years across the 2008-2018 period of C flux and ancillary data from two twin ecosystem stations in Greenland: Zackenberg (74°N) and Kobbefjord (64°N). In this project we show that Zackenberg fen has a significant higher C sink strength in a higher latitude during regularly shorter growing seasons compared to Kobbefjord fen. This ecosystem acted as a sink of CO2 uptaking on average -50 g C m-2 (range of +21 to -90 g C m-2), more than twice compared to Kobbefjord (-18 g C m-2 as average and range of +41 to -41 g C m-2). We found that Zackenberg is a nutrient richer fen - the increased C uptake strength is associated with 3 times higher levels in soils of dissolved organic carbon and 5 times more plant nutrients, including dissolved organic nitrogen, nitrates. Additional evidences from in-situ sampling point to higher leaf area index (140%), foliar nitrogen (71%), and leaf mass per area (5%) in the northernmost site supporting the nutrient richer hypothesis. To test this overarching hypothesis, we further used the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (SPA) model. We can explain ~68%, ~80% and ~67% of the variability of daily net ecosystem exchange of CO2, photosynthesis and respiration respectively applying the model parameterization previously used in Kobbefjord but with increases in initial C stocks, leaf mass per area, N content and Q10 of foliar and root respiration rates. Therefore, we conclude that the limitations of plant phenology timing in Zackenberg regarding net C uptake have not only been counterbalanced but also intensified due to richer compositions of nutrients and minerals. More high-temporal monitoring activities in Arctic ecosystems are needed not only to allow straightforward comparisons of key biogeochemical processes but also to help us understand the underlying differences in sensitive and rapidly changing ecosystems.
Early development of a deep sea volcano offshore Mayotte revealed by seafloor mapping : first results from the MAYOBS cruises
Authors: Deplus Christine , Feuillet Nathalie , Thinon Isabelle , Jorry Stephan , Fouquet Yves , Bachèlery Patrick , Bermell Sylvain , Besson Florian , Bickert Manon , Gaillot Arnaud , Guérin Charline , Le Friant Anne , Paquet Fabien , Pierre Delphine , Pitel-Roudaut Mathilde
Published: March 2020

The early development and growth of seamounts are poorly known as the birth of a volcano on the sea bottom has been rarely observed. The on-going Mayotte seismo-volcanic crisis is associated with the formation of a new seafloor volcano at a water depth of 3300 m and provides the opportunity to study its early development.

Four oceanographic cruises, MAYOBS 1 to 4, were carried out between May and July 2019 aboard the French R/V Marion Dufresne. High resolution bathymetry and backscatter data as well as sub-bottom profiler, gravity and magnetic profiles were collected during each cruise. A dense network of profiles has been achieved over the new volcano at different epochs, allowing to assess its detailed morphology and the evolution through time. During MAYOBS4, a deep-towed underwater camera provided sea bottom videos and photos on the volcano.

First results indicate that the new volcano is still growing at the end of July 2019. Repetitive surveys in May, June and July 2019 allow to document the morphological evolution of the volcano, to estimate the volume of material emplaced between each epoch and to discuss the emitted lava rate.

The new volcano has a starfish shape and is now 820 m high. Steep slopes are observed close to the summit and several radial ridges developed from its central part, displaying hummocky morphology similar to the ones observed along mid oceanic axial volcanic ridges. At the bottom, flat areas with high backscatter could indicate channelized lava flows emplaced at higher effusion rates. The morphological analysis combined with video imagery brings constraints to the eruptive processes yielding to the formation of a nascent volcano.

 
Numerical age dating of Danube terraces from one fault block (Rauchenwarth) west of the Vienna Basin Transform Fault (Austria)
Authors: Neuhuber Stephanie , Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger Zsófia , Lüthgens Christopher , Martin Philip , Salcher Bernhard , Hintersberger Esther , Braucher Régis , Lachner Johannes , Braumann Sandra , Fiebig Markus
Published: March 2020

Fluvial terraces within the extensional structure of the Vienna Basin have been dissected by faults related to the sinistral movement of the Vienna Basin Transform Fault System (VBTF, Decker et al., 2005). Each fault block within the basin displays a slightly different succession of terraces regarding their number, elevation, and preservation. Generally, altitudes of terrace bases within the Vienna Basin vary between 5 and 130 m above the recent Danube river bed.

This study focuses on one clearly confined fault block, the Rauchenwarth Plateau, located south of the Danube. The plateau forms the western part of intra-basinal hills crossing the Vienna Basin and consists mainly of Miocene sediments that are in part covered by quaternary fluvial terrace deposits at different elevations. The entire succession is widely covered by loess or re-deposited aeolian sediments. To depict the formations below the loess cover we use 19 wells to construct three sections crossing the eastern part of the block in E-W and two parallel sections in N-S direction. The sections show that three levels of fluvial terraces at the northern eastern side of the block are preserved. The lowest and highest levels are accessible in gravel pits with well-defined Miocene bases. These two levels with terrace bases ~67 m and ~24 m above the recent Danube contain large quartz cobbles suitable for dating using in-situ produced 26Al and 10Be. Sample sets were taken at 11 m (higher terrace) and 14 m (lower terrace) below todays surface. Sandy sediments from the lower level were in addition dated by luminescence on feldspar using the pIRIR 225 signal. Age calculations using the isochron method (Balco and Rovey, 2008) as well as inverse modelling for the upper level suggest burial durations of ~1.2 Ma. Results of age calculations using cosmogenic nuclides as well as luminescence ages for the lower level will be presented at the conference.

Thanks to NKFIH 124807; OMAA 90öu17, the INSU/CNRS, the ANR through the program “EQUIPEX Investissement d’Avenir” and IRD

References

Balco, G., Rovey, C., 2008. Am. J. of Science 308, 1083-1114.

Decker, K., et al., 2005. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 305-320.
Post-fire moss colonization and rehabilitation in forests of the Southwestern USA
Authors: Grover Henry , Bowker Matthew , Fulé Peter , Doherty Kyle , Sieg Carolyn , Antoninka Anita
Published: March 2020

With wildfires increasing in extent and severity in the Southwestern USA, practitioners need new tools to rehabilitate recently burned ecosystems. Fire mosses consist of three species, Ceratodon purpureus, Funaria hygrometrica, and Bryum argenteum, that naturally colonize burned landscapes, aggregate soils, and can be grown rapidly in the greenhouse. We explored the efficacy of fire moss as a passive and active postfire rehabilitation tool. First, we conducted a natural survey of moss colonization and function on 10 severely burned areas in the Southwestern USA. We tested 11 landscape scale predictors of fire moss cover and found that it is most strongly influenced by insolation, pre-fire vegetation type, soil organic carbon, and time since fire. We also found that, when compared to bare soils, fire mosses increase infiltration by 50% on average and soil stability by more than 100%. Using this information, we selected two study sites on which to inoculate greenhouse grown fire moss. Directly after a wildfire near Flagstaff, Arizona we added sieved moss, finely ground moss, and moss combined with diatomaceous earth and rolled into pellets (n=15). After two years of growth, B. argenteum was the only successful species and no treatment had attained more than 1% cover on average, pellet treated plots had higher moss colonization (p <.001).

Four months after a wildfire in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, we added greenhouse cultivated moss that was sieved as well as high and low cover of pellets (n= 12). After 1.5 years of growth, we found increased B. argenteum cover with a mean of 10.5% on plots that received high cover of pellets compared to 5.1% cover for controls (p= .02). Currently we are analyzing data to determine if this cover influenced point scale erosion and infiltration metrics. Our results indicate that fire mosses are functionally important colonizers of north facing severely burned hillslopes, however more research is necessary to develop them as an active rehabilitation tool.
Global temperature response to regional and sectoral air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Authors: Lund Marianne T. , Aamaas Borgar , Stjern Camilla W. , Klimont Zbigniew , Berntsen Terje K. , Samset Bjørn H.
Published: March 2020

Achieving the ambition of the Paris Agreement and meeting the Sustainable Development Goals require both near-zero levels of long-lived greenhouse gases and deep cuts in emissions of so-called short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), including methane and black carbon. Here we present a comprehensive dataset of contributions to future global temperature change from emissions of CO2 and individual SLCFs from 7 economic sectors and 13 source regions, both as they are today and as they are projected to change under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Such detailed knowledge about the mix of emissions from individual sources and benefits and trade-offs of reductions is essential for designing efficient mitigation strategies at the national and international levels, as well as for informing policy processes on how to best address linkages between climate, sustainable development and air quality.

Our results demonstrate that the mitigation potential inherent in the present SLCF emissions is highly inhomogeneous across region and sector, and that co-emissions of all species – including CO2 – should be considered in any targeted climate policy. We also reinforce the importance of reducing methane emissions, from agriculture, waste management and energy production, for reducing warming in the near-term. In contrast, in many regions, reducing industry emissions brings air quality benefits but may cause a net additional near-term warming. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity is expected to continue under the SSPs. Most scenarios project a particularly strong increase in aerosol and other SLCF emissions in South Asia and Africa South of the Sahara, suggesting that technology development and air pollution legislation in these regions is a key step in the transition to a low emission future. Moreover, both rapidly increasing and decreasing emissions of SLCFs will play an important role in shaping the regional climate and air quality.

By using an analytical climate model, we build a methodological framework that can be used to estimate the impact of any emission scenarios. Our data set hence provide a toolkit for further studies of implications of mitigation pathways and policy responses, and support assessments of environmental impacts.
Some Aspects on the Anatomy and Histology of the Alimentary Canal of Hydrocyon lineatus, White Nile, Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Faiza
Published: March 2020

The present study is an attempt to describe the gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of the economically important Nile fish, Hydrocyon lineatus, which is exclusively a carnivorous fish. The genus Hydrocyan is a member of the family Characidae. The family Characidae is a very generalized group confined to the fresh waters of Africa and South America. The species number about 500, of which only one-fifth are African. Of the twenty African genera only eight are represented in the Nile system. Living specimens of Hydrocyon lineatus were used during this work to study some aspects of the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal. The general organization and structure of the different layers was found to confirm to the case found in general chordate organization. Nonetheless, it was thought pertinent to conclude that similarity in structure of the caeca to that of the intestine would justify replacement of the old nomenclature from pyloric caeca to intestinal caeca. Again, the presence of an intestinal mucosal fold could possibly be a characteristic diagnostic feature of the group in as much as it could be pleisiomorphic characteristic only occurring in lower groups of chordates.
Tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary evolution of the strike-slip margins of eastern Austral Africa (Mozambique Channel): palaeogeographic constrains
Authors: Robin Cecile , Guillocheau François , Baby Guillaume , Ponte Jean-Pierre , Delaunay Antoine , Dietrich Pierre , Roche Vincent , Leroy Sylvie , Revillon Sidonie , Dall'Asta Massimo
Published: March 2020

The geological evolution of the Mozambique Channel sensu largowas controlled by three major transfer zones (Davie, Mozambique and Agulhas/Falklands), (1) related to the migration of four continents (Africa, Madagascar, Antarctica, South America), (2) recording five major volcanic episodes from 186 Ma to today and (3) contemporaneous of the uplift of several plateaus (e.g. Southern African Plateau), affecting a quite heterogeneous lithosphere of Archean to Neoproterozoic ages. This is therefore a unique area for a better understanding of (1) the evolution of transform margins in a volcanic setting and (2) the relationships between deformation, relief growth and sediment routing evolution. We established in the frame of the PAMELA (Passive Margin Experiment LAboratory) project (TOTAL, IFREMER, CNRS) a chart and nine paleogeographic maps (with tectonic structures, magmatism, catchments and sediment routing system) to better constrain the timing of evolution of this domain. The main results are as follows:

(1) 255-240 Ma: a first E-W extension (Karoo “Rifts”) with no ocean opening;

(2) 185-160 Ma: a second NW-SE extension between Antarctica/Madagascar and Africa coeval of the Karoo Large Igneous Province and initiation of volcanic margins along the future Somali Ocean;

(3) 160-145 Ma: major change of the plate migration toward a N-S extensional initiation of very oblique margins along the Mozambique Fracture Zone (FZ), indicating an Antarctica motion toward SSE;

(4) 134 Ma: onset of the migration of the Falkland continental domain along the Agulhas FZ;

(5) 115 Ma: major deformation of the four plates with (i) end of the southward migration of Madagascar and (ii) major inversion along the Davie FZ (initiated around 135 Ma) and uplift of Madagascar;

(6) 92-70 Ma: uplift of the Southern Africa Plateau first eastward (92 Ma) and second westward (81-70 Ma);

(7) 40 Ma: onset of the uplift of the Zimbabwe/Zambia/Malawi Plateaus, East African Dome and Madagascar Plateau – last uplift of the Southern African Plateau;

(6) 11-5 Ma: acceleration of the uplift of the Zimbabwe/Zambia/Malawi Plateaus and East African Dome – growth of a dome crossing the Mozambique Channel from Madagascar to southern offshore of the Limpopo Plain.
Comparison of fire products in Mongolia reveals contrasting results
Authors: Lehnert Lukas , Phan Thanh Noi
Published: March 2020

Fires have become a major concern worldwide because of their serious effects, such as economic losses, alteration of ecosystems often leading to enhanced soil erosion, air pollution, and contribution to global warming through releasing CO2. In Mongolia, the dry climate with strong winds together with the low population number resulting in weak firefighting capabilities forces the generation of fires which are therefore considered the main natural disaster seriously affecting ecosystems and producing dramatic economic damages. Due to the advantages of remote sensing, i.e. wide coverage, high spatio-temporal resolution, easy access, and relatively low expense (or free), satellite data has been widely used for fire studies from local to regional and global scales. Depending on the study area scale, various fire products from different sensors have been used, e.g. the Landsat – TM/ETM+/OLI sensor; the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Fire_CCI 5.1 (developed by the European Spatial Agency); and the fire products from the AVHRR sensor. To date, among all the fire products, MODIS data is most widely used in fire-related studies. The new sensor onboard the geostationary Himawari satellite (AHI-8), is providing a new level of data (i.e. very high temporal resolution - 10 minute, along with a high spatial resolution - 0.5 to 2.0 km) for monitoring fires. Since available it has received much attention from the remote sensing application community. However, because this is still a new satellite data, it has not been popularized in applications and research. More studies of assessments and evaluations of this data are needed in various fields, particularly in fire research. In addition, the MODIS instruments were only designed with six years of operating lifetime in mind, therefore both instruments (the Terra and Aqua satellites) are expected to only last until 2020. This makes it necessary to implement a study to evaluate the existing MODIS data, as well as the potential replacement data for fire detection in Mongolia. This motivates us to implement the present study, for which our goals are: (i) to compare the MODIS (MCD64A1) and AHI-8 products in their effectiveness for detecting fires in Mongolia, and (ii) to test the plausibility of the detected fires based on changes in multivariate satellite data before and after the fire events. In order to achieve these goals, we use data from the last five years from July 2015 to July 2019 over the entire Mongolian country. Our results reveal that there is a difference between MODIS and AHI-8 products in detecting fires in Mongolia.
How much more carbon can be sorbed to soil?
Authors: Abramoff Rose , Georgiou Katerina , Guenet Bertrand , Torn Margaret , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhang Haicheng , Feng Wenting , Jagadamma Sindhu , Kaiser Klaus , Kothawala Dolly , Mayes Melanie , Ciais Philippe
Published: March 2020

Quantifying the upper limit of stable soil carbon storage and relative saturation is essential for guiding policies designed to increase soil carbon storage, such as ‘4 per 1000’ sequestration initiative. Carbon stabilization processes are diverse, but one particular pool of carbon that is considered stable across climate zones and soil types is the mineral-associated fraction, measured using density or size fractionation. Some soil carbon decomposition models assume sorption to minerals is the main form of stabilization in this fraction. We estimate the global capacity of mineral soils in six soil orders to sorb additional dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We gathered data from 400 DOC sorption experiments representing 133 soil profiles across six soil orders. We used the relationship between DOC added and DOC sorbed to calibrate a modified Langmuir sorption equation, from which we quantified the DOC sorption potential in each soil. We found that the sorption potential is empirically related to climate variables (including mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation) and soil geochemical variables (chiefly, percent clay, pH, and soil order). From this relationship, we then estimated the DOC sorption potential for 14631 profiles distributed globally. This amount was 1.4 (global median; 95% CI: 0.50, 2.8) kg C m-3, totaling 102 Pg C globally across six soil orders, representing up to a 7% increase in the existing total C stock. We show that there is greater capacity for additional DOC sorption in subsoils (30cm-1m) compared to top-soils (0-30cm). The gap between the modest potential of mineral sorption processes found in this study and the large total capacity of long-term organic matter stabilization (2541 Pg C for the six soil orders of this study) indicates that other mechanisms such as aggregation, the sorption of microbial necromass, layering, and co-precipitation also play a critical role in stable organic matter formation and persistence.
Significance and implementation of SMART Monitoring Tools
Authors: Koedel Uta , Dietrich Peter , Nixdorf Erik , Fischer Philipp
Published: March 2020

The term “SMART Monitoring” is often used in digital projects to survey and analyze data flows in near- or realtime. The term is also adopted in the project Digital Earth (DE) which was jointly launched in 2018 by the eight Helmholtz centers of the research field Earth and Environment (E&E) within the framework of the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Within DE, the “SMART monitoring” sub-project aims at developing workflows and processes to make scientific parameters and the related datasets SMART, which means specific, measurable, accepted, relevant, and trackable (SMART).

“SMART Monitoring” in DE comprises a combination of hard- and software tools to enhance the traditional sequential monitoring approach - where data are step-by-step analyzed and processed from the sensor towards a repository - into an integrated analysis approach where information on the measured value together with the status of each sensor and possible auxiliary relevant sensor data in a sensor network are available and used in real-time to enhance the sensor output concerning data accuracy,  precision, and data availability. Thus, SMART Monitoring could be defined as a computer-enhanced monitoring network with automatic data flow control from individual sensors in a sensor network to databases enhanced by automated (machine learning) and near real-time interactive data analyses/exploration using the full potential of all available sensors within the network. Besides, “SMART monitoring” aims to help for a better adjustment of sensor settings and monitoring strategies in time and space in iterative feedback.

This poster presentation will show general concepts, workflows, and possible visualization tools based on examples that support the SMART Monitoring idea.
Catchment land use and river morphological changes effect on flow and pollution load of Halda River: implication in integrated river management
Authors: Karmakar Shyamal , Hoque Md. Enamul , Mamun M M Abdullah Al , Parvez Mohammad Ayub , Datta Srijon , Islam Md. Nazrul , Karim Mir Enamul , Alam Mohammad Shafiul
Published: March 2020

Halda River originated and ends inside Bangladesh, is a unique natural carp spawning habitat that underwent a massive channel modification, intensive land use and land cover changes across its basin both in the upstream and downstream area over the decades. The carp fish breeding habited is heavily disturbed that marked by a significant reduction in fish spawning in recent years. The fish habitat of this river is reported as critically endangered in many studies. However, these problems are not studied in a hydrological perspective apart from fish spawning characterization and water quality nexus. We have studied the flow regime of the catchment for different seasons and its effects on water quality, siltation, and erosion of this river at 12 cross-sections at the upper course and middle course. Water level and discharge data that are available from the regulatory authority, Bangladesh Water Development Board for the last 40 years at an upstream cross-section and rainfall data at 4 stations of the catchment were studied and integrated to understand nutrient load using QSWAT. The upstream-downstream linkage is heavily regulated followed by the construction of an earthen dam and rubber dam on its major tributaries at upstream for irrigation to the agricultural land that was revealed from this study and field visits. Moreover, basin land-use and land-cover change would have a significant contribution to sediment dynamics eventually causing siltation and erosion in downstream cross-section. The increase in agricultural land that altered forest vegetation would affect runoff characteristics and water quality. We have reported that the change in sediment load and siltation in its downstream and at different hydraulic structure points (here sluice gate, irrigation canals, and embankments) would be attributed to land-use change and flow regulation. This study reports the relationship to the hydraulic response viz. discharge, the water level of this river system to the catchment land use and siltation. Floods are more likely to occur in the downstream region compared to the upstream region in the same hydro-meteorological regime in this basin as it revealed from the river section changes over time.
Deep convection variability in the Labrador versus Irminger Sea over the last decades
Authors: Rühs Siren , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W. , Dowd Michael , Getzlaff Klaus , Myers Paul G. , Oliver Eric
Published: March 2020

Deep convection in the subpolar North Atlantic has been suggested to be a key process impacting the strength and variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation as well as the ocean’s uptake and deep storage of heat and anthropogenic CO2. However, the spatial pattern and strength of deep convection are subject to variability on interannual-to-decadal timescales and despite intense research in the field the nature of this variability is not fully understood. In this work, we employ a hindcast simulation with the eddy-rich (1/20°) ocean/sea-ice model configuration VIKING20X to analyze the variability of deep convection in the subpolar North Atlantic over the last decades (1980-2018). A special focus is set on mixed layer depth (MLD) pattern and deep water formation characteristics in the Labrador versus Irminger Sea. We show that, in agreement with observations, the VIKING20X hindcast captures strong convection events with particularly deep MLDs in the winters of the early 1980s, late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as in recent years. Yet, there are large differences in the spatial pattern of the deep convection events, as well as in the volume and thermohaline properties of the newly formed deep water. Most notably, in recent years deep convection intensity, and in particular its spatial extent, increased in the Irminger Sea and decreased in the Labrador Sea compared to the late 1980s and early 1990s. We finally discuss potential drivers of the simulated changes, thereby contrasting the relative importance of wintertime atmosphere-ocean buoyancy fluxes and oceanic preconditioning.
Strategies to raise interest for science in tomorrow´s students
Authors: Aguirre Murúa Gustavo
Published: March 2020

The interest of secondary level students for science and technology has been decreasing in the recent years. According to PISA 2018 (Programme for International Student Assessment) Spain is scored in the level 2 (483 points) in science, slightly below of other countries of the EU like France (493), Ireland (496), Germany (503) or United Kingdom (505) and far from the top of the list: China (590), Singapore (551) or Estonia (530).
There is a wide gap between top-performing and low-achieving students in our secondary school. Many reasons could be responsible of this fact, such as socio-economic status, gender or immigrant background. Science teachers cannot ignore this tendency; we need to act in order to awake the interest for science and technology of our students. 
The aim of this paper is to present ideas and strategies followed in the last years by science teachers of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer secondary school to increase the motivation of students for experimental science and the improvement of their academic results. The strategies are divided in three groups according to their temporal length: long, medium and short.
Long term strategies include working with small groups of students with similar capacities and cooperative learning. Medium term strategies entail the annual participation in the Fair of Science and in a multimedia Science competition based on the Trivial Pursuit. Short term activities involve Lab practices, Computer games and guided tours to permanent and temporary exhibitions.  
Although we do not have statistical analyses of the academic results over a long period of time following the teaching practices described above, we can appreciate a qualitative improvement if we replace some theorical framework of science for experiences that consider student´s interest and capabilities, helping them with individualized learning and assessment in ways that foster their engagement and talents. In this path, we have used teaching-learning´s index to quantify the academic evolution of students over the last 3 years in Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer secondary school and the results show really good evolution in “percentage of students with all the subjects passed” and the “successful completion of the grade level previous to the last, in the high school”.
Speleothem record from Pentadactylos cave (Cyprus): high-resolution insight into climatic variations during MIS 6 and MIS 5
Authors: Nehme Carole , Verheyden Sophie , Kluge Tobias , Weissbach Therese , Nader Fadi , Gucel Salih , Charalambidou Iris , Cheng Hai , Edwards Lawrence , Claeys Philippe
Published: March 2020

An improved understanding of medium and short-term changes in temperature and rainfall in the East Mediterranean is necessary for a comprehensive description of the regional climate regime. In particular, it can help advancing current climate models and predictions. A new paleoclimate record from Cyprus gives new insights into climatic variations during MIS 6 and 5 for this region. A 66 cm long speleothem from Pentadactylos cave in the Kyrenia range (800 m asl) was extensively dated with the U/Th method and investigated for petrography, fluid inclusions, stable and clumped isotopes. The stalagmite grew from 174.6 ± 0.7 to 112.2 ± 0.5 ka BP. The growth rate varies from 31 to 5 mm/ka during the early-MIS6 and evolving from 123 to 18 mm/ka at the end-MIS6. The onset of MIS5e is marked by a high growth rate (125 mm/ka) until growth decreased drastically after 122 ka. Growth rate and stalagmite diameter as well as δ18O and δ13C curves are positively correlated. We interpret the δ18Oc signal as being controlled by effective infiltration and thus rainfall amount. Climate conditions during early-MIS6 were highly variable (δ18Oc) on a millennial-scale with several short-lived wet episodes during sapropel 6. From 141 to 132 ka, δ18Oc suggests general dry/cold conditions with low bio-pedological activity, followed by a growth stop during H11. The δ18O values during the Eemian wet period in Cyprus are driven by the source effect (sapropel 5). Stable conditions during MIS 5e were rather short: ~2 ka, as shown in the δ13C signal. After 122 ka, a slow deterioration of the soil cover coupled with low rainfall amounts during the glacial inception period show rather a regional decoupling phase. Fluid inclusions show a clear shift (4-5‰) in δ18Ow between end-MIS 6 and MIS 5e. Clumped isotopes measurements indicate kinetic effects between calcite and water of up to ~1‰. After correction for kinetics using Δ47, an estimate for the MIS6-5 temperature shift in the East-Mediterranean is >10°C.
Impacts of different treatment methods on spread of pathogens from organic wastes to vegetable crops in Nigeria
Authors: Chukwu Vince , Smith Jo , Strachan Norval , Avery Lisa , Obiekezie Smart
Published: March 2020

Organic wastes, such as cattle manure, are widely used as organic amendments but may constitute a potential risk to human and animal health if they are not properly treated before application to agricultural soil. This study investigated the impact of different common household treatment methods on the reduction of pathogens in organic wastes and the spread of pathogens to food crops. Fresh cattle manure was subjected to three different treatments available to households; anaerobic digestion, burning and composting. Sub-samples were screened for E. coli contents using standard plating and IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray 2000 system. The numbers of organisms were used to assess the effectiveness of the treatment methods in the reduction of pathogens in the organic wastes. The E. coli count of the cattle manure was 391.42 CFU/g before treatment. After treatment, there was significant reduction in the E. coli in all treatments. Burning was most effective at reducing pathogens in the cattle manure (95%) followed by anaerobic digestion (50%) and composting (40%). Ash, bioslurry, compost and untreated manure were all significantly different in the ratio of pathogens to nitrogen. Bioslurry contained more nitrogen than ash, compost and untreated manure. Application of the recommended nitrogen dose of 120 kg/ha as bioslurry resulted in significantly lower contamination of soil (4.19 most probable number (MPN) per g) than ash (9.73 MPN/g), compost (6.89 MPN/g) or untreated manure (13.77 MPN/g). The E. coli content of lettuce grown on soil amended with ash, bioslurry or compost at recommended rates was significantly lower than lettuce crop grown on soil amended with untreated cattle manure. The results from this study provide information on the transmission of the pathogens remaining in the treated and untreated wastes when applied as organic fertilizer to food crops. This information will help to reduce the potential risks associated with the use of organic manures in growing food crops, as well as determining the optimum rate of application of organic waste after treatment.
Reduced diversity and productivity of diatoms and other protists during the Early Holocene in the subarctic North Pacific
Authors: Zimmermann Heike H. , Kruse Stefan , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Schulte Luise , Nürnberg Dirk , Tiedemann Ralf , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: March 2020

Marine protists are a phylogenetically diverse group of single-celled eukaryotes that respond sensitively to changes in environmental conditions. Yet, our understanding how long-term climate variability has shaped the taxonomic composition is mostly unknown, especially of non-biomineralizing groups, such as green algae, since traditional micropaleontological studies are limited to the analysis of microfossil remains with often hardly discernable morphological differences between species (e.g. diatoms). Here we present a sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) record of the marine sediment core SO201-2-12KL, which was retrieved from the eastern continental slope of Kamchatka at 2173 m water depth (N 53.992660°, E 162.375830°) and covers the past 19.9 thousand years. We applied sedaDNA metabarcoding to 63 samples using a diatom-specific, short plastid marker that is part of the rbcL gene. Additionally, we used metagenomic shotgun sequencing on a subset of 26 samples to investigate the overall taxonomic composition of protists. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing revealed a variety of unicellular plankton groups mostly from green algae (especially Bathycoccus) and diatoms. At 11.1 cal kyr BP only single sequences assigned to green algae, diatoms and coccolithophorids could be detected. Metabarcoding showed strong variability in the richness of diatom sequence variants, which was highest during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas. From about 11.4 cal kyr BP diatom taxonomic diversity strongly decreased until about 10.7 cal kyr BP. This was associated with highest taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover recorded over the past 19.9 cal kyr. Concomitant with this we recorded sequences assigned to Skeletonema subsalsum, a coastal diatom associated with low salinities or freshwater. Tentatively, as we wait for the confirmation by further sequencing, we suggest that the reduced protist diversity during the Early Holocene resulted from sea surface freshening, which led to a strengthened vertical stratification which could have reduced past productivity due to limited nutrient supply from deeper waters to the photic zone.