bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Lie or Not to Lie
Authors: Dube Bevelyn
Published: January 2017

New digital technologies have radically transformed the face of journalism in general and photo journalism in particular. These new technologies have not only made it easy for photo journalists to obtain images and to transmit them quickly to newsrooms and consumers across the globe, but they have also provided limitless opportunities for photo manipulation to take place, thus raising questions about the authenticity of those images. This has led to some scholars calling for the rethinking of media ethics to address these ethical dilemmas. This chapter, therefore, examines the codes of conduct for journalists in ten southern African countries to ascertain whether they have responded to this ethical dilemma brought in by the new digital technologies and if so, whether these responses give adequate guidance to journalists when called upon to make ethical decisions while processing photographs. The concepts of truth, reality and accuracy are also interrogated in the chapter. Findings revealed that most of the codes which do not make reference to photo manipulation are outdated and that those which do, are not comprehensive enough to give guidance to photo journalists.
Media-Invented Stories and Outright Lies a Threat to Journalism Ethics and Media Credibility
Authors: Lando Agnes Lucy
Published: January 2017

Several authors have researched on diverse challenges affecting media practice in different parts of the world: the growing influence of bribery (Dirbaba, 2010), one-sided and distorted reporting (Mfumbusa, 2008), pornographic and oversexed content, an inclination to acceptance of the brown envelope (Kasoma, 2010; Skjerdal, 2010; White, 2011; Nwabueze, 2010), and the disconnect between media training and practice (Lando, 2013). But with ICT, contemporary challenges include sources of news. With the aid of modern technology, a story that has appeared in one media house or platform can be reproduce in another without the reproducing journalist citing the previous source, and without disclosing to audiences that the story being presented is not original. Further, some journalists have presented stories that only exist in their fantasy. All these are cases of media lies. This chapter examines select cases of media lies and the ethical and credibility threat they pose to journalism.
EKAP
Authors: Alsaç Umit
Published: January 2017

In this chapter the author, who has served as one of the lead administrators and designers of Turkey's e-procurement platform (EKAP) discusses the development of the system since May 2009. Specific focus and discussion will be on three main choices on how to develop the system. Will it be mandatory or voluntary? Is it better to create a platform centrally or delegate responsibility to individual public/private parties? How will applications in the platform be introduced, step by step or all at once? The author argues that as a centralized and mandatory e-procurement platform and developed step by step, EKAP successfully transformed public procurement procedures in Turkey, thanks to right choices made regard to the development of the system.
Electronic Government Procurement in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Harper Leslie , Sanchez Daniel
Published: January 2017

The chapter explores the topic of electronic government procurement (e-GP) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the factors that affected the development of such systems, how they evolved differently across the region and the challenges going forward. The information included in this chapter will provide insight on how e-GP implementation has been a key element in public procurement reform in LAC as well as important lessons from the region.
Service Risk Management in Emerging Economies
Authors: Akgunduz Yilmaz
Published: January 2017

The economies of countries face various risks depending on the environmental conditions. While some of these risks do not pose very serious negative effects on developed economies, they may be destructive on non-developed, underdeveloped or emerging economies. Risk management is accepted as a process for all economies. The risk management process starts with the determination of the risks, and goes on with the assessments of the risks, the determination of various strategies that may respond to the risks; and the application of the most suitable one from among these strategies. In risk management, in order to respond to the risk, emerging economies may select one of the methods like tolerating the risk (accepting it), managing it, transferring, eliminating or making use of its opportunities. In this chapter, the risk management strategies have been explained, examples are given from Turkey, which is has many characteristics of an emerging economic structure.
Always On
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: January 2017

Social media is often viewed as a solution to service sector engagement issues, since it presents a cost-effective alternative to traditional promotional strategies; acting both as a promotional platform and a forum for customer engagement. Social media is increasingly being used by service sector organisations to engage with communities and create dialogue between organisations and their service users. In a world where consumers are increasingly ‘always on', the challenge is how to effectively use social media as a key promotional, communications and engagement tool, and to move its use from broadcast platforms to forums for online customer engagement. The aim of this chapter is to understand how service sector organisations are engaging with social media platforms and customer communities; to identify whether, in an ‘always on' world, this represents the ideal method of community building, or whether it is being used as a more cost effective broadcast tool; and to identify areas of good practice.
Transforming the Narrative of Violence in Kenya to a Narrative of Nonviolence
Authors: Muriuki Mukurima
Published: January 2017

This chapter examines nonviolence as conflict resolution method in Kenya, and postulates that the advantages presented by nonviolence stand to help society overcome the trappings presented by violence. The author explores the idea of violence as laid out in the narrative and structure of the Kenyan society, the plausible reasons that gives rise to violence as a way of agitation for perceived rights and freedoms, and resolving conflicts.This chapter has focused on the history of Kenya with respect to the aspirations that existed during the time of clamor for independence and how the inability to make those dreams a reality curtailed the dreams, hopes, and aspirations of many who fought for independence and therefore creating a disenfranchised population, and above all, planting seeds of violence. This chapter observes that economic empowerment is a necessary tool to inculcate the theme of nonviolence in society. The author suggests using activities such as soccer and other related sports to create ambassadors and warriors for nonviolence.
Detecting Problems of Coexistence
Authors: López Carlos Monge , Saborido David Montalvo , Torrego Juan Carlos
Published: January 2017

Coexistence, democracy, citizenship, peace, tolerance, respect, cooperation, empathy and other similar terms are some concepts that make up the principles and aims of present education. For this reason, education managers design, develop and assess processes that try to reduce problems of coexistence. The main aim of this chapter is to show strategies for detecting problems of coexistence at school and to analyze the students' role in these processes. The background of the chapter is based on the following topics: school as a conflictive place, types of problems in coexistence, definitions and characteristics of the term conflict and models to improve coexistence at schools. After considering these ideas, the next step involves the analysis of some strategies for detecting problems of school coexistence. An important part of these strategies emphasizes student role in this task. However, students are often not properly trained to detect problems of coexistence at schools. Consequently, there are some processes for creating a school context based on democratic resolution of conflicts.
Holistic, Evolving Aspects of Nonviolence for Bringing About Needed Social-Political Change and Important Practitioners of Nonviolence
Authors: Groff Linda
Published: January 2017

This article examines holistic, evolving aspects of nonviolence—as a goal and as the desired means for bringing about needed social-political change, whether in schools or society, along with important practitioners of nonviolence. It covers Gandhi's principled and spiritually-based nonviolence for collective social-political change (Part 1); a number of other nonviolence practitioners in the Gandhian tradition—from different countries and spiritual-religious traditions working for different goals in their respective countries (Part 2); strategic nonviolence of Gene Sharp and others (Part 3); and additional forms of working nonviolently within existing systems that have emerged since Gandhi's time (Part 4).
Improving Minority Student Persistence
Authors: Hilton Yvonne R. , Gray Monica
Published: January 2017

Student persistence in college is a major concern for every institution of higher education. Statistics show that the greatest percentage of attrition occurs after the freshman year. Many studies surrounding this phenomenon tend to focus on pre-college predictors to gain knowledge into mass premature departure during the freshman to sophomore transition. However, very few have looked at institutional factors and how they may explain the problem. Further, most research studies have been done at relatively large and predominantly white institution. This chapter investigates student satisfaction with institutional factors at a small Historically Black College and University (HBCU). Specifically, it looks at how the campus environments may impact freshman students' decisions to return for their sophomore year. While freshman students were dissatisfied with certain aspects of the university they consider to be important, the results precluded good prediction in a practical sense if they influence their decision not to return.
Minority Recruitment and Retention Among Gifted Students
Authors: Stallworth Chandra A. , Thomas Ken D.
Published: January 2017

Consistent with the national goal implemented by our current government, Auburn University is also working to recruit and retain underrepresented minorities in higher education. The rationale for this is simple, that is to allow a greater advantage when competing against others. One of the ways to foster this competition is by nurturing our gifted underrepresented minority students. In the 2010-2011 school year, the Honors College, which serves as a gateway for underrepresented minority students, developed a distinct focus on helping our students reach and their educational/academic goals. Within this paper we will go over some of the steps we have begun to take to reach our goal, in addition to future plans we have to continue these efforts.
Developing a Learning Community of Engineers Through an Honors First-Year Seminar
Authors: Johnson Melissa L. , Spear Kristy
Published: January 2017

First-year engineering majors face a myriad of obstacles as they begin college. Taking challenging foundational coursework, navigating new expectations for performance and experience, and understanding the broader impact of their academic interests are just a few of those obstacles. In addition, female students sometimes face additional barriers to success, particularly as some question their own competence in the field. This chapter focuses on a first-year seminar for honors students that highlights the high impact practices (Kuh, 2008) students should participate in throughout their undergraduate career. These practices include global engagement, undergraduate research, and internships that are essential for early exposure to future career interests. By developing both formal and informal learning communities within the seminar (Johnson, Pasquini, & Rodems, 2013), first-year students are exposed to opportunities, mentoring, and support that help them make informed decisions about their major and career.
Addressing Cultural and Gender Project Bias
Authors: Loy Jennifer , Cooper Rae
Published: January 2017

Engaged student learning is based on creating significant learning experiences for every student. Attracting a more diverse student body into Engineering requires a re-evaluation of the conventional project topics that dominate the discipline. Recognising and addressing cultural and gender bias in the development of project work allows for the education of Engineering faculty on the development of a range of project work opportunities that support the learning for a more diverse cohort. The selection of set project work has the potential to negatively impact the learning experience of minority students. This chapter considers the elements influencing set project work and provides strategies for understanding cultural and gender bias, and for redesigning project work that provides for a more diverse cohort.
A Globally Focused, Experiential Educational System for STEM Fields
Authors: Sakulich Aaron , Peterson Amy
Published: January 2017

The diversification of the STEM labor force is essential to the health of the American economy, both because diverse teams are more adept at achieving project goals and because of shifting national demographics. Although the professional STEM workforce is currently more diverse than ever, sustained increases in diversity over the last 20 years has been relatively limited and may be decelerating. The focus of this chapter is specific programmatic components that can be implemented to intentionally supporting STEM students of diverse backgrounds. The hub of such an educational system would be Individual Development Plans (IDPs), which would empower students to follow an intentional path during their studies, combined with a strong focus on reflection and connection through ePortfolios and experiential learning both in academic projects and extracurricular professional activities such as internships.
Urban Development Through Smart Cities in India
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: January 2017

India is on the path of developing its smart cities at a faster pace in near future. But what constitutes a smart city and what is purpose of this focus remains to be explored. Through in depth literature review and grounded approach this paper, appraises the genesis of smart city to develop a better understanding of urban problems. It explores how smart cities intend to relate the infrastructure, operational functioning, planning through management, control and optimization to ensure equity, fairness for realizing better quality of city life. The paper also attempts to review how informed participation creates shared knowledge for democratic governance. Anticipated paradigm shifts that will occur in this area of research and the expected impacts in developing and planning smart cities in general and in particular the steps being taken in India in development of smart cities is delved into.
A Copula Based Method for the Classification of Fish Species
Authors: Dhawal Raj Singh , Chen Liang
Published: January 2017

The proposed work develops a method for classification of the species of a fish given in an image, which is a sub-ordinate level classification problem. Fish image categorization is unique and challenging as the images of same fish species can show significant differences in the fish's attributes when taken in different conditions. The authors' approach analyses the local patches of images, cropped based on specific body parts, and hence keep comparison more specific to grab more finer details rather than comparing global postures. The authors have used Histogram of Oriented Gradients and colour histograms to create representative feature vectors; feature vectors are summarized using Copula theory. Their method is very simple yet they have matched the classification accuracy of other proposed complex work for such problems.
Improved Boosting Model for Unsteady Nonlinear Aerodynamics based on Computational Intelligence
Authors: Zhao Boxu , Luo Guiming , Zhu Jihong
Published: January 2017

The large-amplitude-oscillation experiment was carried out with two levels of freedom to provide data. Based on the wind tunnel data, polynomial regression, least-square support vector machines and radial basis function neural networks are studied and compared in this paper. An improved model was also developed in this work for unsteady nonlinear aerodynamics on the basis of standard boosting approach. The results on the wind tunnel data show that the predictions of the method are almost consistent with the actual data, thus demonstrating that these methods can model highly nonlinear aerodynamics. The results also indicate that improved boosting model has better accuracy than the other methods.
The Effects of Money Laundering (ML) on Growth Application to the Gulf Countries
Authors: Issaoui Fakhri , Hassen Toumi , Wassim Touili
Published: January 2017

The strategic goal of this paper is to study the effects of the prevention policies against money laundering on growth in the gulf countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and Oman) from 1980 to 2014. Thus, the logistic regression (logit model) had given three fundamental results. The first had shown that the main policies in matter of fight against money laundering (anti money laundering law AMLL, suspicious transaction reporting STR, the criminalizing of terrorist financing CTF) have had positive effects on the increasing of probabilities to realize more growth. The second is that the said policies have had positive effects on the increasing of the degree of openness of the whole sample. The third is that the variable (proximity) had a positive and significant effect on anti-money laundering policies.
Russian Active Measures and September 11, 2001
Authors: Hotchkiss Michael Bennett
Published: January 2017

The early English-language promoters of Nostradamus (Orson Welles and Erika Cheetham) had strong Leftist-Marxist connections including ties to the Cambridge 5 spy ring. Nostradamus was the top search anomaly of Sept 11, 2001. Interest was driven by a surge in emails and text messages via the internet. This behavior is discussed in relation to known cyber threats from 2001. Similar spikes in Nostradamus searches (Google Trends) emanated from Poland (April 2010), Ukraine (March 2014), and in Hungary (August 2015). Nostradamus mirrors proven Russian disinformation operations, such as those that today implicate 9/11 as being an “inside job” by the US government, or that the CIA killed JFK, or that the CIA engineered the AIDS virus. Noting Nostradamus' use by both the Allies and the Axis powers as a psychological warfare tool in World War 2, the case is made that it was the Russians carrying out an “information attack” on 9/11 that is consistent with Russian cyber warfare and active measures strategy; and that they may have used similar techniques elsewhere since 2001.
Emergency Ethics, Law, Policy & IT Innovation in Crises
Authors: Kerasidou Xaroula , Buscher Monika , Liegl Michael , Oliphant Rachel
Published: January 2017

Ethics, law, and policy are cornerstones for effective IT innovation in crisis response and management. While many researchers and practitioners recognise this, it can be hard to find good resources for circumspect innovation approaches. This paper reviews The Library of Essays on Emergency Ethics, Law and Policy (2013), a four Volume series edited by Tom D. Campbell, that presents a collection of 113 seminal articles and chapters on emergency ethics, law and policy, and emergency research ethics. Building on a selective summary overview of each volume, the authors draw out core themes and discuss their relevance to research concerned with the design and use of intelligent systems for crisis response and management. The series brings together important insights for information system design and organizational innovation, but there is a lack of attention to socio-technical dimensions of emergency response and management. The authors conclude by discussing research within ISCRAM and the related fields of science and technology studies and IT Ethics, showing that entering into a conversation would be highly productive.
An Artificial Intelligence-Based Vehicular System Simulator
Authors: Chan Marvin T. , Chan Jonathan T. , Chan Christine , Gelowitz Craig
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a vehicular system simulator, which enables the human player to race a car against three system-controlled cars in a three-dimensional road system. The objective of the vehicular system simulator is not to support defeating the opponent in a car race, but to provide the player with a challenging and enjoyable racing experience. Therefore, it is important that the system simulates human driving behavior and adopts cognitive computing. The paper discusses development of the vehicular system simulator using the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that are supported in the game engine of Unity. The design and implementation of the vehicular system simulator are presented. The discussion includes some possible extensions of the current version of the system so that it can be adapted to be a simulation system for education purposes
Ig Light Chain Precedes Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement during Development of B Cells in Swine
Authors: Sinkora Marek , Sinkorova Jana , Stepanova Katerina
Published: January 2017

The current mammalian paradigm states that 1) rearrangements in the IgH locus precede those in IgL loci, 2) IgLλ genes rearrange only when IgLκ genes are consumed, and 3) the surrogate L chain is necessary for selection of productive IgH gene rearrangements. We show in swine that IgL rearrangements precede IgH gene rearrangements, resulting in the expression of naked IgL on a surface of precursor B cells. Findings also suggest that there is no dependency on the surrogate L chain, and thus the authentic IgL proteins may be used for selection of the IgH repertoire. Although rearrangement starts with IgLκ genes, it is rapidly replaced by IgLλ rearrangement. Fast replacement is characterized by occurrence of IgLλloIgLκlo dual-expressing precursors in which IgLκ expression is a remnant of a previous translation. Most IgLκ+ B cells are then generated later, indicating that there are two waves of IgLκ synthesis in different developmental stages with IgLλ gene rearrangements in between. In the absence of stromal cells, the stepwise order of rearrangements is blocked so that IgLλ gene rearrangements predominate in early B cell development. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that some mammals can use an inverted order of Ig loci rearrangement. Moreover, a situation in which the generation of BCR-bearing IgLκ is delayed until after IgLλ becomes the dominant isotype may help explain the extreme deviations in the IgLκ/IgLλ ratios among mammals.
DNA-Containing Exosomes Derived from Cancer Cells Treated with Topotecan Activate a STING-Dependent Pathway and Reinforce Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Kitai Yuichi , Kawasaki Takumi , Sueyoshi Takuya , Kobiyama Kouji , Ishii Ken J. , Zou Jian , Akira Shizuo , Matsuda Tadashi , Kawai Taro
Published: January 2017

Danger-associated molecular patterns derived from damaged or dying cells elicit inflammation and potentiate antitumor immune responses. In this article, we show that treatment of breast cancer cells with the antitumor agent topotecan (TPT), an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, induces danger-associated molecular pattern secretion that triggers dendritic cell (DC) activation and cytokine production. TPT administration inhibits tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice, which is accompanied by infiltration of activated DCs and CD8+ T cells. These effects are abrogated in mice lacking STING, an essential molecule in cytosolic DNA–mediated innate immune responses. Furthermore, TPT-treated cancer cells release exosomes that contain DNA that activate DCs via STING signaling. These findings suggest that a STING-dependent pathway drives antitumor immunity by responding to tumor cell–derived DNA.
Epidemiology of Echinococcosis Among Schoolchildren in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, China
Authors: Cai Huixia , Guan Yayi , Ma Xiao , Wang Liying , Wang Hu , Su Guoming , Zhang Xuefei , Han Xiumin , Ma Junying , Liu Yu Fang , Li Jun , Zhang Jingxiao , Wang Yongshun , Wang Wei , Du Rui , Lei Wen , Wu Weiping
Published: January 2017

Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease that is highly endemic in Qinghai Province. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of echinococcosis among schoolchildren in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture to improve early diagnosis and treatment of patients and to provide information for echinococcosis prevention and control. A total of 11,260 schoolchildren from five counties (Maqin, Gander, Dari, Jiuzhi, and Banma) in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, were screened for echinococcosis. Screening involved ultrasound imaging combined with serologic examination as an auxiliary diagnostic test. The prevalence of echinococcosis in the schoolchildren was 2.1% (235/11,260), with a rate of 0.8% for cystic echinococcosis (CE; 89/11,260) and 1.3% for alveolar echinococcosis (AE; 146/11,260). Additionally, one child had a mixed infection. The prevalence ranged between 1.1% and 4.1% among the five investigated counties, and was highest in Dari County (4.1%). The prevalence of echinococcosis was higher in girls than in boys and gradually increased with age. In addition, children with CE mainly had type 1 (CE1) and type 3 (CE3) lesions, and children with AE mainly had small-diameter calcified lesions, suggesting that they were in the early asymptomatic stage of echinococcosis. In conclusion, children of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture appear to exhibit the highest recorded prevalence of CE and AE globally. Ultrasound is useful for screening populations in regions where both CE and AE are endemic.
Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Fola Abebe A. , Harrison G. L. Abby , Hazairin Mita Hapsari , Barnadas Céline , Hetzel Manuel W. , Iga Jonah , Siba Peter M. , Mueller Ivo , Barry Alyssa E.
Published: January 2017

Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have varying transmission dynamics that are informed by molecular epidemiology. This study aimed to determine the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax and P. falciparum throughout Papua New Guinea (PNG) to evaluate transmission dynamics across the country. In 2008–2009, a nationwide malaria indicator survey collected 8,936 samples from all 16 endemic provinces of PNG. Of these, 892 positive P. vivax samples were genotyped at PvMS16 and PvmspF3, and 758 positive P. falciparum samples were genotyped at Pfmsp2. The data were analyzed for multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity. Overall, P. vivax had higher polyclonality (71%) and mean MOI (2.32) than P. falciparum (20%, 1.39). These measures were significantly associated with prevalence for P. falciparum but not for P. vivax. The genetic diversity of P. vivax (PvMS16: expected heterozygosity = 0.95, 0.85–0.98; PvMsp1F3: 0.78, 0.66–0.89) was higher and less variable than that of P. falciparum (Pfmsp2: 0.89, 0.65–0.97). Significant associations of MOI with allelic richness (rho = 0.69, P = 0.009) and expected heterozygosity (rho = 0.87, P < 0.001) were observed for P. falciparum. Conversely, genetic diversity was not correlated with polyclonality nor mean MOI for P. vivax. The results demonstrate higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax across the country. Although P. falciparum shows a strong association of these parameters with prevalence, a lack of association was observed for P. vivax and is consistent with higher potential for outcrossing of this species.
A Clinical Study of Laryngeal Cysts
Authors: Shaik Feroz B , Kumar Chowdary KVS
Published: January 2017

Aim

To study cases of cysts of larynx and review the literature regarding precipitating factors and methods of treatment.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study of eight cases of cysts of larynx in our hospital was carried out from July 2012 to December 2015. In all cases, diagnosis was made by video laryngoscopy and was treated by microlaryngeal surgery under general anesthesia (GA).

Results

Eight patients with laryngeal cysts were identified, of which five were male and three were female. The mean age was ranging from 40 to 60.

On examination, two were diagnosed with cysts from epiglottis, three from aryepiglottic folds, two from false vocal cords, and one from the ventricle.

Conclusion

As saccular cysts are identified to be associated with neoplastic transformation, it is important to recognize the laryngeal saccular cyst and manage appropriately in its early stages and to differentiate it from other laryngeal cysts. Thorough diagnostic evaluation and surgical intervention necessitates the appropriate management.

How to cite this article

Kumar Chowdary KVS, Srikanth N, Shaik FB. A Clinical Study of Laryngeal Cysts. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2016;6(2):53-56.
Computerized Tomographic Assessment of Vocal Cord Palsy: Otolaryngologist's Purview
Authors: Pandey Apoorva K , Maithani Tripti , Varma Arvind , Gangrade Sharad , Malhotra Ankur
Published: January 2017

Aims and objectives

Vocal cord palsy (VCP) can be definitely depicted on computed tomograpy (CT) scan by identifying key points at the level of true vocal cords and aryepiglottic folds. There are various VCP mimics and imaging shortcomings, and these can usually be circumvented by thoughtfully assessing the scan plan and level, and a diligent search for additional characteristics.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study consisted of 10 cases of unilateral VCP, who all had been clinically diagnosed of VCP and further evaluated by CT. Pre- and postcontrast enhanced axial CT from skull base to aorto-pulmonary window were done and multiplanar three-dimensional reconstruction of images in coronal and sagittal planes along with volume-rendered imaging was done.

Results

Most consistent findings in VCP were thickening of ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold and medialization of ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold (100%), followed by dilation of ipsilateral pyriform sinus (90%) and dilatation of ipsilateral laryngeal ventricle (80%). Etiologic causes were ascertained in three cases: Thyroid malignancy, tuberculosis, and pyriform sinus malignancy. The last etiology was probably a VCP mimic.

Conclusion

Radiologic evaluation is inarguably useful for determining the etiology of VCP, particularly for lesions within neck and thoracic cavity. Most crucial objective in assessing a case of VCP is to exclude the presence of a life-threatening primary lesion as the cause of VCP.

How to cite this article

Pandey AK, Gangrade S, Malhotra A, Varma A, Maithani T. Computerized Tomographic Assessment of Vocal Cord Palsy: Otolaryngologist's Purview. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2016;6(2):57-63.
An Unusual Case of Stridor
Authors: Dutta Angshuman , Sabarigirish Kunjumally , Kavitha Y
Published: January 2017

Stridor is a high-pitched breath sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the larynx or lower in the tracheobronchial tree. Multiple etiologies simultaneously causing stridor are rare. An interesting case of papillary carcinoma thyroid with subglottic stenosis presenting as stridor is discussed.

How to cite this article

Dutta A, Sabarigirish K, Saxena S, Kavitha Y. An Unusual Case of Stridor. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2016;6(2):83-85.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Larynx: A Case Report and Rare Experience
Authors: Dass Arjun , Verma Hitesh , Singhal Surinder K , Punia Rajpal S , Bhutani Mohit
Published: January 2017

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for less than 1% of laryngeal tumors. Surgery is the treatment of choice which can be combined with adjuvant radiotherapy. We present a rare case of ACC of glottis and subglottis presented to us with respiratory distress.

How to cite this article

Verma H, Dass A, Punia RS, Singhal SK, Gupta N, Bhutani M. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Larynx: A Case Report and Rare Experience. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2016;6(2):86-88.
Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Lung: A Rare Case Presentation
Authors: Parinita S , Rao KN Mohan , LNU Vivek
Published: January 2017

Localized fibrous tumors of the lung arise from the visceral pleura and are pedunculated. They also project into the pleural cavity. The tumor with an entirely pulmonary location is extremely rare. We present here a rare case of intrapulmonary localized fibrous tumor with review of the literature.

How to cite this article

Parinita S, Rao KNM, Vivek. Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Lung: A Rare Case Presentation. J Med Sci 2016;2(2):42-44.
Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Lennartz Sinikka T. , Marandino Christa A. , von Hobe Marc , Cortes Pau , Quack Birgit , Simo Rafel , Booge Dennis , Pozzer Andrea , Steinhoff Tobias , Arevalo-Martinez Damian L. , Kloss Corinna , Bracher Astrid , Röttgers Rüdiger , Atlas Elliot , Krüger Kirstin
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The climate active trace-gas carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere. A missing source in its atmospheric budget is currently suggested, resulting from an upward revision of the vegetation sink. Tropical oceanic emissions have been proposed to close the resulting gap in the atmospheric budget. We present a bottom-up approach including (i) new observations of OCS in surface waters of the tropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and (ii) a further improved global box model to show that direct OCS emissions are unlikely to account for the missing source. The box model suggests an undersaturation of the surface water with respect to OCS integrated over the entire tropical ocean area and, further, global annual direct emissions of OCS well below that suggested by top-down estimates. In addition, we discuss the potential of indirect emission from CS2 and dimethylsulfide (DMS) to account for the gap in the atmospheric budget. This bottom-up estimate of oceanic emissions has implications for using OCS as a proxy for global terrestrial CO2 uptake, which is currently impeded by the inadequate quantification of atmospheric OCS sources and sinks.
Impacts of air pollution and climate on materials in Athens, Greece
Authors: Christodoulakis John , Tzanis Chris G. , Varotsos Costas A. , Ferm Martin , Tidblad Johan
Published: January 2017

Abstract. For more than 10 years now the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, has contributed to the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) ICP Materials (International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments) programme for monitoring the corrosion/soiling levels of different kinds of materials due to environmental air-quality parameters. In this paper we present the results obtained from the analysis of observational data that were collected in Athens during the period 2003–2012. According to these results, the corrosion/soiling of the particular exposed materials tends to decrease over the years, except for the case of copper. Based on this long experimental database that is applicable to the multi-pollutant situation in the Athens basin, we present dose–response functions (DRFs) considering that dose stands for the air pollutant concentration, response for the material mass loss (normally per annum) and function, the relationship derived by the best statistical fit to the data.
Cloud albedo changes in response to anthropogenic sulfate and non-sulfate aerosol forcings in CMIP5 models
Authors: Frey Lena , Bender Frida A.-M. , Svensson Gunilla
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The effects of different aerosol types on cloud albedo are analyzed using the linear relation between total albedo and cloud fraction found on monthly mean scale in regions of subtropical marine stratocumulus clouds, and the influence of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) on this relation. Model experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) are used to separately study the responses to increases in sulfate, non-sulfate and all anthropogenic aerosols. A cloud brightening on month-to month scale due to variability in the background aerosol is found to dominate even in the cases where anthropogenic aerosols are added. The aerosol composition is found to be of importance for this cloud brightening, that is thereby region dependent. There is indication that absorbing aerosols to some extent counteract the cloud brightening, but scene darkening with increasing aerosol burden is generally not supported, even in regions where absorbing aerosols dominate. Regional, monthly mean cloud albedo is found to increase with the addition of anthropogenic aerosols, and more so with sulfate than non-sulfate. The changes in AOD due to anthropogenic aerosols are typically small compared to the AOD variability within a given aerosol forcing scenario, and the magnitude of the change in cloud albedo due to anthropogenic aerosols is small and not directly related to the strength of the month-to-month cloud brightening due to aerosols. The diversity in changes in cloud albedo in this set of models is rather related to the different changes in cloud water content between the experiments.
Tree–grass phenology information improves light use efficiency modelling of gross primary productivity for an Australian tropical savanna
Authors: Moore Caitlin E. , Beringer Jason , Evans Bradley , Hutley Lindsay B. , Tapper Nigel J.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The coexistence of trees and grasses in savanna ecosystems results in marked phenological dynamics that vary spatially and temporally with climate. Australian savannas comprise a complex variety of life forms and phenologies, from evergreen trees to annual/perennial grasses, producing a boom–bust seasonal pattern of productivity that follows the wet–dry seasonal rainfall cycle. As the climate changes into the 21st century, modification to rainfall and temperature regimes in savannas is highly likely. There is a need to link phenology cycles of different species with productivity to understand how the tree–grass relationship may shift in response to climate change. This study investigated the relationship between productivity and phenology for trees and grasses in an Australian tropical savanna. Productivity, estimated from overstory (tree) and understory (grass) eddy covariance flux tower estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), was compared against 2 years of repeat time-lapse digital photography (phenocams). We explored the phenology–productivity relationship at the ecosystem scale using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indices and flux tower GPP. These data were obtained from the Howard Springs OzFlux/Fluxnet site (AU-How) in northern Australia. Two greenness indices were calculated from the phenocam images: the green chromatic coordinate (GCC) and excess green index (ExG). These indices captured the temporal dynamics of the understory (grass) and overstory (trees) phenology and were correlated well with tower GPP for understory (r2 =  0.65 to 0.72) but less so for the overstory (r2 =  0.14 to 0.23). The MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) correlated well with GPP at the ecosystem scale (r2 =  0.70). Lastly, we used GCC and EVI to parameterise a light use efficiency (LUE) model and found it to improve the estimates of GPP for the overstory, understory and ecosystem. We conclude that phenology is an important parameter to consider in estimating GPP from LUE models in savannas and that phenocams can provide important insights into the phenological variability of trees and grasses.
Hydrological variations of the intermediate water masses of the western Mediterranean Sea during the past 20 ka inferred from neodymium isotopic composition in foraminifera and cold-water corals
Authors: Dubois-Dauphin Quentin , Montagna Paolo , Siani Giuseppe , Douville Eric , Wienberg Claudia , Hebbeln Dierk , Liu Zhifei , Kallel Nejib , Dapoigny Arnaud , Revel Marie , Pons-Branchu Edwige , Taviani Marco , Colin Christophe
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We present the neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) of mixed planktonic foraminifera species from a sediment core collected at 622 m water depth in the Balearic Sea, as well as εNd of scleractinian cold-water corals (CWC; Madrepora oculata, Lophelia pertusa) retrieved between 280 and 442 m water depth in the Alboran Sea and at 414 m depth in the southern Sardinian continental margin. The aim is to constrain hydrological variations at intermediate depths in the western Mediterranean Sea during the last 20 kyr. Planktonic (Globigerina bulloides) and benthic (Cibicidoides pachyderma) foraminifera from the Balearic Sea were also analyzed for stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes. The foraminiferal and coral εNd values from the Balearic and Alboran seas are comparable over the last  ∼  13 kyr, with mean values of −8.94 ± 0.26 (1σ; n =  24) and −8.91 ± 0.18 (1σ; n =  25), respectively. Before 13 ka BP, the foraminiferal εNd values are slightly lower (−9.28 ± 0.15) and tend to reflect higher mixing between intermediate and deep waters, which are characterized by more unradiogenic εNd values. The slight εNd increase after 13 ka BP is associated with a decoupling in the benthic foraminiferal δ13C composition between intermediate and deeper depths, which started at  ∼  16 ka BP. This suggests an earlier stratification of the water masses and a subsequent reduced contribution of unradiogenic εNd from deep waters. The CWC from the Sardinia Channel show a much larger scatter of εNd values, from −8.66 ± 0.30 to −5.99 ± 0.50, and a lower average (−7.31 ± 0.73; n =  19) compared to the CWC and foraminifera from the Alboran and Balearic seas, indicative of intermediate waters sourced from the Levantine basin. At the time of sapropel S1 deposition (10.2 to 6.4 ka), the εNd values of the Sardinian CWC become more unradiogenic (−8.38 ± 0.47; n =  3 at  ∼  8.7 ka BP), suggesting a significant contribution of intermediate waters originated from the western basin. We propose that western Mediterranean intermediate waters replaced the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), and thus there was a strong reduction of the LIW during the mid-sapropel ( ∼  8.7 ka BP). This observation supports a notable change of Mediterranean circulation pattern centered on sapropel S1 that needs further investigation to be confirmed.
Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis
Authors: Hibert Clément , Malet Jean-Philippe , Bourrier Franck , Provost Floriane , Berger Frédéric , Bornemann Pierrick , Tardif Pascal , Mermin Eric
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We conducted controlled releases of single blocks within a soft-rock (black marls) gully of the Rioux Bourdoux torrent (French Alps). 28 blocks, with masses ranging from 76 kg to 472 kg, were used for the experiment. An instrumentation combining video cameras and seismometers was deployed along the traveled path. The video cameras allow to reconstruct the trajectories of the blocks and to estimate their velocities at the time of the different impacts with the slope. These data are compared to the recorded seismic signals. As the distance between the falling block and the seismic sensors at the time of each impact is known, we were able to determine the associated seismic signal amplitude corrected from propagation and attenuation effects. We compared the velocity, the loss of potential energy, the kinetic energy and the momentum of the block at each impact to the true amplitude and the energy of the corresponding part of the seismic signal. Our results suggest that the amplitude of the seismic signal scales with the momentum of the block at the impact. We also found a scaling law between the potential energy lost, the kinetic energy and the energy of the seismic radiation generated by the impacts. By combining these scaling laws, we inferred the mass and the velocity before impact of each block directly from the seismic signal. Despite high uncertainties, the values found are close to the true values of the mass and the velocities of the blocks. These relationships also provide new insights to understand the source of high-frequency seismic signals generated by rockfalls.
Estimation of 1 km Grid-based WATEM/SEDEM Sediment Transport Capacity Using 1 Minute Rainfall Data and SWAT Semi-distributed Sediment Transport Capacity Results for Han River Basin of South Korea
Authors: Jung Chung-Gil , Jang Won-Jin , Kim Seongjoon
Published: January 2017

Abstract. When assessing the total sediment yield of a watershed through sediment transport from soil erosion process, the ratio of sediment delivery is a critical and uncertain factor during modelling. This study is to estimate watershed scale sediment yield distribution of 1 km by 1 km spatial resolution with the evaluation of RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) rain erosivity (R factor) for 14 years (2000–2013) using 1 minute data from 16 rainfall gauging stations in Han River basin (34,148 km2) of South Korea. The WATEM/SEDEM sediment delivery algorithm based on RUSLE R, soil erodibility K, length-slope LS factors was adopted. The average R factor values of 1 minute for the basin were evaluated as 3,812 MJ/ha mm/year. To determine the 1 km grid-based KTC (transport capacity coefficient generally given as 100) for the WATEM/SEDEM sediment transport estimation, the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) MUSLE (Modified USLE) results from 181 sub-watersheds (from 50 km2 to 300 km2) were used. The SWAT simulated suspended solids versus observed ones at 7 locations showed average R2 (determination of coefficient) of 0.72. Using the SWAT sediment yields, the spatial KTC based on 60 minutes R factor was determined at each sub-watershed from 0.16 to 142.6 with average value of 12.7 for the whole basin.
Evaluating the streamflow simulation capability of PERSIANN-CDR daily rainfall products in two river basins on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Xiaomang , Yang Tiantian , Hsu Koulin , Liu Changming , Sorooshian Soroosh
Published: January 2017

Abstract. On the Tibetan Plateau, the limited ground-based rainfall information owing to a harsh environment has brought great challenges to hydrological studies. Satellite-based rainfall products, which allow for a better coverage than both radar network and rain gauges on the Tibetan Plateau, can be suitable alternatives for studies on investigating the hydrological processes and climate change. In this study, a newly developed daily satellite-based precipitation product, termed Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks – Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), is used as input for a hydrologic model to simulate streamflow in the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the simulated streamflows using PERSIANN-CDR precipitation and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) precipitation are closer to observation than that using limited gauge-based precipitation interpolation in the upper Yangtze River basin. The simulated streamflow using gauge-based precipitation are higher than the streamflow observation during the wet season. In the upper Yellow River basin, gauge-based precipitation, GLDAS precipitation, and PERSIANN-CDR precipitation have similar good performance in simulating streamflow. The evaluation of streamflow simulation capability in this study partly indicates that the PERSIANN-CDR rainfall product has good potential to be a reliable dataset and an alternative information source of a limited gauge network for conducting long-term hydrological and climate studies on the Tibetan Plateau.