bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VISITE VIRTUELLE: LA PLACE DE DRUMMONDVILLE AU SEIN DU WEB
Authors: GAUTHIER CLAUDIA
Published: March 2008

L'automate de l'information est souvent présentée comme un outil de développement des régions. Or, très peu d'études ont été réalisées à ce jour sur les façons dont les villes et les régions se sont appropriées l'internet et l'analyse des effets socio‐spatiaux de l'autoroute de l'information reste à faire. Cet article propose un éclairage empirique sur l'appropriation d'Internet dans une ville moyenne particulièrement dynamique au plan économique, Drummondville au Québec. Un total de 127 sites et pages Web portant sur la ville ont ainsi été analysés, tant au plan des organismes associés à leur production que de leur contenu. C'est ce portrait d'une toile en pleine construction qui est présenté ici. II met en lumière une appropriation plutôt timide de l'Internet, dont les usages se rapprochent beaucoup de ceux offerts par les médias traditionnels.

Much hope is placed in the information highway as an opportunity for regional development. Very few studies have been conducted on the actual degree to which the Internet has actually been appropriated at the local and regional scales, and its overall social and spatial impact has been hardly measured. This paper is aimed at shedding some light on the development of the Internet in a mid‐sized city of southern Quebec, Drummondville, known for its economic dynamism. A total of 127 websites and pages are analyzed, in terms of the organizations associated with their creation and in terms of their content. The results highlight a very timid approach toward the Internet and uses not very different from those offered by traditional media.
ESPACE SOCIAL COMMUNAUTAIRE ET VIRTUEL: CONTINUITÉS ET DISCONTINUITÉS
Authors: FORTIN ANDRÉE , SANDERSON DUNCAN
Published: March 2008

Pour appréhender l'espace électronique qui se construit sur Internet et ses liens avec l'espace géographique, nous avons élaboré une typologie des pages Web et des indicateurs permettant de saisir l'insertion de divers sites dans un espace social et électronique. II appert que la relation entre l'espace électronique régional (pages Web), et l'espace social et territorial de la collectivité qui le soutient est complexe et ambigu. À travers les sites Web, les communautés projettent des identités et des projets de développement, ce qui suggère des questions fondamentales à propos du fondement géographique du lien social.

In order to better understand the electronic spaces that are being created on the Internet, along with their relationship to actual (social) geography, the authors propose a typology of web pages and indicators that will help locate various sites in social and electronic space. The relationship between the electronic space in the regions (represented through web pages) and the social and territorial space of the community which supports these pages appears complex and ambiguous. Through their web pages, communities project identities and developmental aspirations, and this raises various questions in relation to the spatial basis of social relationships.
Immigration and the changing Canadian city
Authors: HIEBERT DANIEL
Published: March 2008

The impact of immigration on Canadian cities since the Second World War has been profound, especially following the removal of barriers to non‐European immigrants in the 1960s and the significant increase in the number of immigrants admitted since the mid‐1980s. Over two million immigrants entered Canada in the 1990s and the vast majority have settled in just a few metropolitan areas. As a result, the social geography of large Canadian cities has been transformed, an issue that has attracted considerable attention from Canadian geographers. In this paper, research on these changes—published by cultural, social, and urban geographers between 1996 and 1999—is surveyed. This work is exceedingly diverse in emphasis and method, and has contributed a great deal to our understanding of the relationship between immigration and urban change, particularly in the areas of housing, the labour market, and neighbourhood life. In general, geographers are emphasizing the complexity of outcomes, highlighting on the one hand the importance of local contingency, and on the other the growing connections between Canadian cities and global processes. This research challenges traditional theories of immigration and urban structure, and in so doing will redefine the way we conceptualize urban spatial structure and urban social life.

L'impact de l'immigration sur les villes canadiennes depuis la seconde guerre mondiale a été profond, particulièrement depuis la suppression des barrières à l'égard des immigrants ne venant pas d'Europe dans les années 1960, et l'augmentation significative du nombre d'immigrants dans les années 1980. Plus de deux millions d'immigrants sont entrés au Canada dans les années 1990, dont la grande majorité s'est installée dans seulement quelques métropoles. Cela a provoqué une transformation de la géographie des grandes villes canadiennes, phénomène qui a attiré une attention considérable de la part des géographes canadiens. Dans cet article, des recherches sur ces changements, publiés par des praticiens des géographies culturelle, sociale et urbaine entre 1996 et 1999, sont passées en revue. Les champs d'investigation et les méthodes de ces travaux sont extrèmement divers. Ces derniers ont grandement contribuéà notre compréhension du rapport entre immigration et changements urbains, particulièrement dans les domaines du logement, du marché du travail, et de la vie de quartier. En général, les géographes mettent l'accent sur la complexité des conséquences, en soulignant d'un côté l'importance de la contingence locale, et de l'autre les relations croissantes entre les villes canadiennes et les processus globaux. Ces recherches remettent en question les théories tradition‐nelles sur l'immigration et la structure urbaine et, chemin faisant, redéfinissent notre façon de conceptualiser la structure spatiale et la vie sociale des villes.
The diffusion of alternative health care: a Canadian case study of chiropractic and naturopathic practices
Authors: WILLIAMS ALLISON M.
Published: March 2008

Due to the dominance of the biomedical model in North America, other types of health care, such as the various forms of alternative health practices, are viewed as ancillary. Alternative health care practices, such as chiropractic and naturopathy are a growing phenomenon which are becoming increasingly available and accessible throughout North America, due to their expanding acceptance and use. The spatial growth of chiropractic and naturopathic practitioners in two Canadian provinces is described for the period between 1984 and 1993. This spatial description, framed within Brown's innovation diffusion model, provides insight into the geographical dimensions of these growing phenomena. In addition to exhibiting contagious diffusion, both practitioner groups exhibit the same hierarchical pattern that has been found with alternative health care practitioners in the United States. The many supply and demand factors influencing the diffusion of these two alternative health care practices are discussed in light of the forms of diffusion found. As alternative health care is under‐researched by geographers, this research is a preliminary contribution, providing an initial spatial understanding of its growing presence.

La prépondérance du modéle biomédical américain maintient le statut ancillaire des formes de soins de santé alternatives. Les pratiques de soins de santé alternatives, telles que la chiropractie et la naturopathie, sont des phénoménes de plus en plus répandus et dont la disponibilité et l'accessibilité augmentent en Amérique du Nord en raison du niveau croissant de leur acceptation et utilisation par le public. Il sera question ici de l'expansion géographique des praticiens en chiropractie et en naturopathie dans deux provinces canadiennes entre 1984 et 1993. Cette analyse géographique, qui s'appuie sur le modele de diffusion des innovations de Brown, explique les dimensions géographiques de ces phénoménes en pleine croissance. En plus de présenter une diffusion de type contagieuse, les deux groupes de praticiens présentent la même forme hiérarchique de diffusion que celle observée aux États‐Unis. Les nombreux facteurs d'offre et de demande qui affectent la diffusion de ces deux pratiques de soins de santé alternatives sont examinés. Puisque l'étude des soins de santé alternatifs est encore limitée en géographie, cette recherche jette les premiers jalons d'une meilleure compréhension géographie de ce phénoméne en croissance.
Human need in rural developing areas: perceptions of wildlife conservation experts
Authors: CAMPBELL L.M.
Published: March 2008

‘Sustainable use’ and ‘community‐based conservation’ are two contemporary concepts in wildlife conservation policy. Their rise represents a shift away from traditional conservation techniques, and a merging of narratives about conservation and development. While policy statements by major conservation organisations emphasise the necessity of the shift, evidence to date suggests that, in practice, implementation of these concepts has been limited.

This paper considers the extent to which sustainable use and community‐based conservation have been accepted (or not) by a specific group of conservation experts, and what this level of acceptance implies for conservation in practice. Based on in‐depth interviews with experts in marine turtle biology and/or conservation policy, the paper considers the willingness and ability of such experts to incorporate human development needs and issues into conservation activities. The suitability of conservation organisations as promoters of rural development, and implications of their further involvement as such, are discussed.

Les principes de ‘l'utilisation durable’ et de ‘la protection de l'environnement par la communauté’ sont deux concepts courants dans la politique de la defense de la flore et de la faune. La montée de ces concepts représente un écart par rapport aux techniques traditionnelles de la défense de l'environnement, ainsi qu'un lieu de convergence ou les récits sur la protection des ressources naturelles, et sur développement se fusionnent. Bien que les déclarations de principe faites par d'importants organismes de protection soulignent la nécessité de poursuivre cette nouvelle orientation, il y a de bonnes raisons de penser que la mise en pratique de ces concepts a été, jusqu'a présent, trés limitée.

Cet article traitera de la mesure d'acceptation accordée à ces deux concepts, au sein d'un groupe spécifique de spécialistes en défense des ressources naturelles, ainsi que les répercussions de ce niveau d'acceptation pour la pratique de la protection. A partir d'entrevues en profondeur menées avec des experts en la biologie des tortues marines et/ou en la politique de leur protection, l'article examinera la volonté, ainsi que la capacité, de tels experts d'intégrer les exigences humaines aux activités de protection. Seront également considérées la question de l'aptitude de ces organismes de protection à promouvoir le développement rurale, et les consequences possibles de leur implication continue dans celui‐ci.
Confrontation, consultation, cooperation? Community groups and urban change in Canadian port‐city waterfronts
Authors: HOYLE BRIAN
Published: March 2008

The process of urban waterfront change in port cities is influenced by a wide range of factors, and the roles of urban planners, port authorities and property developers are often moderated by those of community groups. Using established methodology based on structured tape‐recorded interviews with group representatives, this paper explores the attitudes and character of a range of such groups in a series of contrasted Canadian port cities. The outcomes show substantial but varying influence and, although many activities and perceptions are place‐specific, a widespread awareness of global as well as local issues is revealed.

Dans les villes portuaires, le processus de changement du front urbano‐portuaire est influencé par un large éventail de facteurs, et les rôles des planificateurs urbains, des autorités portuaires et des promoteurs immobiliers sont souvent tempérés par les groupes de citoyens. A partir d'une méthodologie éprouvée (entrevues dirigées et enregistrées avec des representants des ces differents groupes) l'article explore les attitudes et particularités d'un échantillon des différents groupes dans une série de villes portuaires canadiennes aux caractéristiques contrastées. L'enquête met en évidence des influences substantielles mais variables et, quoique beaucoup d'activités et de perceptions soient spécifiques aux différents lieux, une prise de conscience généralisée des enjeux aussi bien globaux que locaux a été révélée.
Looking for solutions in the Canadian North: modern treaties as a new strategy
Authors: SAKU JAMES C. , BONE ROBERT M.
Published: March 2008

Modern land claim agreements (MLCAs) are having an impact on Aboriginal economic and social development. This economic impact stems from the substantial land and cash received through the surrender of land rights. The creation of an economic structure that allows the recipients to manage their land and business is another important component of modern land claim agreements. In this paper, we compare economic development of Aboriginal peoples living in three different areas of the Canadian North, namely, the Western Arctic, the Central Arctic and Northern Quebec, over a ten year period. Even in this short‐term period, we argue that those in the Western Arctic and Northern Quebec who had their agreements signed much earlier would have seen a more rapid and persistent advancement in their economic development than those in the Central Arctic (Kitikmeot and Keewatin census regions) whose claims were settled in 1993 as part of the larger Tungavik Federation of Nunavut Final Agreement. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and data from the 1981, 1986 and 1991 Canadian censuses, we have undertaken a longitudinal analysis for each region. The results support our hypothesis.

Les accords sur litiges fonciers (ALFs) ont une incidence sur le développement économique et social des aborigènes. Cette incidence économique provient de l'acquis considérable de terres et d'argent reçus suite à l'abandon des droits fonciers. La création d'une structure économique qui permet aux bénéficiaires de gérer leurs terres et leurs affaires est une autre composante importante des accords sur les litiges fonciers. Cet compare le développement économique des populations autochtones dans trois régions différentes du Nord du Canada, à savoir l'Arctique occidental, l'Arctique central et le nord du Québec, sur une période de dix ans. Nous soutenons que, même sur cette période courte, les populations autochtones de l'Arctique occidental et du nord du Québec dont les accords avaient été signés plus tôt ont dû bénéfier d'un progrès plus rapide et soutenu que les populations autochtones de l'Arctique central (les zones de recensement de Kitikmeot et Keewatin) dont les litiges ont été réglés en 1993 dans le cadre de l'ensemble des accords finaux de la Fédération Tungavik du Nunavut. Recourant à l'analyse en composante principale (ACP) et des données des recensements canadiens de 1981, 1986 et 1991, nous avons entrepris une analyse longitudinale pour chaque région. Les résultats confirment notre hypothèse.
Intermodal freight terminals: locality and industrial linkages
Authors: MCCALLA ROBERT J. , SLACK BRIAN , COMTOIS CLAUDE
Published: March 2008

The areas around eight Canadian intermodal freight terminals form the focus of this study. Two basic research questions are addressed: What is the character of the zones adjacent to the terminals and what is the functional tie between industries located in these zones and the terminals themselves? There are three seaports (Halifax, Montreal and Vancouver), three airports (Dorval‐Montreal, Pearson‐Toronto and Vancouver) and two rail yards (both in the Toronto region) in the study. In total, 196 manufacturing and wholesaling firms were part of the study.

Transportation land use is areally most extensive in six of the eight terminal zones. Industrial land use, while significant in area, is not the most dominant land use surrounding any of the terminals. No one socio‐economic characteristic defines the areas around the terminals. Businesses in close proximity to the terminals make rather modest use of the terminals. Less the 30 percent of the interviewed firms used the nearby terminal for their freight shipments; only 3 percent of the firms indicated that proximity to the terminal was a primary locational consideration. The relationship between industrial location and the terminals is more indirect, than direct, based on the high level of accessibility found in the terminal zones.
Pour une localisation optimale des centres de transbordement intermodaux entre réseaux de transport: formulation et extensions
Authors: ARNOLD PIERRE , PEETERS DOMINIQUE , THOMAS ISABELLE , MARCHAND HUGUES
Published: March 2008

La localisation des centres de transbordement où s'opère le changement de mode ou de réseau de transport intervient de façon déterminante dans la compétitivité du transport multimodal. L'objet de cette contribution est de discuter cette problématique en l'envisageant sous l'angle particulier de la théorie de la localisation. Ainsi, la localisation de centres de transbordement entre réseaux est définie comme un problème de type discret qui cherche à localiser des unités (équipements techniques) permettant le transfert dun réseau à un autre avec pour objectif de réduire les coûits de transport totaux. Une formulation mathématique de ce problème, reposant sur de la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers, est proposée et argumentée. La souplesse de cette formulation autorise plusieurs extensions qui peuvent être combinées de manière à représenter diverses situations rencontrées dans la pratique.
Restructuring, gender and employment in flux: a geography of regional change in Cornwall, Ontario
Authors: MCKENNA MEGAN K.L. , ROBERGE ROGER A.
Published: March 2008

For the past two decades, uneven development in general, and the changing structure of the labour market in particular, have figured prominently in geographic literature explaining the possible trajectories of restructuring events in industrial countries. This paper explores the regional nature of various socio‐economic processes shaping gendered employment patterns in Cornwall, eastern Ontario. Focussing on the dimensions of workforce ‘feminisation’ we argue for a critical reexamination of gender‐neutral regional geographies in understanding how gendered divisions of labour and local identity formation and concepts of ‘class’ are in flux.
Model tuning and its impact on modelled climate change response: Hudson Bay sea ice, a case study
Authors: GOUGH WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2008

The impact of climate model parameterization is examined using Hudson Bay sea ice as a case study. The implicit diffusion of an upstream scheme used in a three dimensional ocean general circulation model is locally determined by using a one dimension proxy model of Hudson Bay with atmospheric, cryospheric and oceanic components. Using this proxy model, distinct pairs of values for the thermal conductivity of sea ice and thermal diffusivity of sea water are found that reproduce the current climatology of sea ice thickness in Hudson Bay. These pairs of values are subsequently used in a 3°C warming scenario. The resulting ice thicknesses are shown to be highly dependent on the choice of these pairs of values as well as the seasonal distribution of the warming.
Die Auswanderung: religion, culture, and migration among Old Colony Mennonites
Authors: BOWEN DAWN S.
Published: March 2008

Migrations among the Mennonite people were historically undertaken in an attempt to secure religious freedom. Migrations are still being made by the most conservative Mennonite groups. This article briefly examines the process of migration in Mennonite history, and emphasizes the role of migration among one particular group, the Old Colony. A Mennonite settlement in northern Alberta serves as a case study for this investigation, and demonstrates that the preservation of lifestyle is a fundamental objective of all Old Colony migrations. Between 1950 and 1970, families from this community moved, in succession, to another part of northern Alberta, to a new settlement in Belize, and finally, in a remarkable exodus, to Bolivia.
Structural adjustment programs and housing affordability in Accra, Ghana
Authors: KONADU‐AGYEMANG KWADWO
Published: March 2008

Due to the persistent socio‐economic problems that have beset African countries since the late 1970s, many of them have been forced to accept IMF and World Bank sponsored Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Ghana came under one such program in 1983. While proponents of the program point to growth in GDP and other measures as evidence of successful adjustment in Ghana, critics have pointed to the negative impacts on the labor market, women, farmers and the like. This paper seeks to add to the debate by examining the impacts of SAPs on housing production, delivery and affordability from 1983–1998. It argues that since shelter is a very important basic need, what happens to its production, affordability and access under the SAPs should be considered among the criteria for judging their success or failure. The paper examines housing affordability in Accra, Ghana, using standard measurement criteria applied by lending institutions to determine affordability. It uses market data to compare and contrast housing prices and income ratios in Ghana from 1980 to 1998. The analysis is based on a combination of primary and secondary data from market surveys, the Ministry of Housing, the Ghana Statistical Services and a variety of other sources. It concludes that not all the dramatic increases in the price of both developed and undeveloped land over the past 16 years can be wholly attributed to the ongoing Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) per se. Nonetheless, SAP inspired policies such as currency devaluation and hikes in interest rates have contributed greatly to these changes. The end result is that real estate prices have been pushed beyond the affordability of a significant proportion of Ghana's population.
Historical coastline adjustment at MacVanes Pond Inlet, Eastern Prince Edward Island
Authors: GILES PHILIP T.
Published: March 2008

Sea levels are rising throughout the Atlantic Provinces at present and this is expected to continue throughout this century, forcing general coastline retreat and adjustment. In this study, a part of the coastline of eastern Prince Edward Island is examined for changes during historical time (1784–1994) using maps and aerial photography. MacVanes Pond is located between Basin Head Harbour and South Lake, all three of which were once lagoons connected to the same tidal circulation system. Sand barrier retreat has closed the connection to Basin Head Harbour and it is now a separate body of water. Meanwhile, the location of a tidal inlet at MacVanes Pond has been strongly influenced by longshore drift and the inlet has closed, re‐opened to the northeast, and subsequently shifted to the southwest. Human activities in the area have previously been, and will continue to be, affected by sea level rise and transgression.

Actuellement, le niveau de la mer s'élève dans la région des provinces de l'Atlantique et l'on prévoit que cette tendance se maintiendra tout au long du présent siècle, ce qui aura pour effet général de faire reculer le littoral et de le modifier. La présente étude examine une partie du littoral est de l'Île‐du‐Prince‐Édouard pour y déceler des changements qui se sont produits dans le temps (1784–1994) à partir de cartes et de photographies aériennes. L'étang MacVanes est situé entre le bassin Head‐Harbour et le lac South, trois plans d'eau qui étaient autrefois des lagunes reliées au même système de marée. Or, une barre de sable a fermé le lion avec le bassin Head‐Harbour, qui est maintenant une masse d'eau distincte. Entre‐temps, l'emplacement d'un goulet de marée à l'étang MacVanes a été grandement influencé par la dérive littorale, au point de se fermer pour se frayer une nouvelle ouverture au nord‐est et par la suite au sud‐ouest. Les activités humaines de cette région ont été affectées, et continueront de l'être, par l'élévation du niveau de la mer et sa transgression.
Settlement pattern, environmental factors and ethnic background on a southwestern Quebec frontier (1795–1842)
Authors: ROY LOUIS , DOMON GÉRALD , PAQUETTE SYLVAIN
Published: March 2008

In studies of frontier settlement patterns, different site factors are recognized as influential on the immigrant settlement process. Environmental factors such as soil features, while widely cited as crucial, have rarely been studied in enough depth to measure their relationship to other phenomena such as ethnic attractiveness. Qualitative and quantitative case studies in early 19th century Godmanchester township's sequence of land occupancy indicate that pioneer settlers in this region of Quebec were influenced by a mixed set of factors that changed over time. In reconstructing Godmanchester's land colonization process and pattern based on local historical sources and Lower‐Canada manuscript censuses of 1825, 1831 and 1842, the traditional way of understanding such processes was put into question. Geomorphological deposits, while remaining a relatively decisive factor in determining settlement patterns until the end of the 1820s, were gradually displaced by ethnic proximity, as revealed in censuses up to 1842. To understand this settlement pattern, one must consider the pioneers' goals from their perspective: they were primarily interested in self‐sufficiency and were not all necessarily market‐oriented farmers. From this standpoint, attractive land to settle seems more appropriate than the standard assumption of good land for cash‐crop farming.

Dans les études portant sur la colonisation des fronts pionniers, les variables reconnues susceptibles d'orienter la marche du peuplement sont multiples. Pour expliquer la localisation des colons, une majorité de ruralistes accorde la prépondérance aux propriétés du sol. Bien qu'elle soit considérée déterminante par plusieurs, l'attirance ethnique ne se voit pas attribuer une importance équivalente. Afin d'évaluer le rôle respectifde ces deux facteurs, nous avons reconstitué l'occupation initiale du sol dans le canton de Godmanchester (Québec). Pour y parvenir, nous avons consulté l'historiographie locale et dépouillé les recensements nominatifs de 1825, 1831 et 1842. Nos résultats indiquent que les deux variables examinées exercent une influence sur l'orientation du peuplement mais que leur attrait respectif ne s'exprime pas nécessairement au même moment. Après avoir été décisifs jusqu'à la fin des années 1820, les dépôts de surface semblent ensuite perdent de leur influence au profit de l'attirance ethnique. Pour comprendre ce patron d'implantation, il importe de reconnaître que les colons sont des producteurs résidentiels plutôt que des agriculteurs commerciaux. Ces derniers recherchent probablement davantage des sites facilitant l'établissement de leur famille que des terres propices à l'agriculture de marché.
Following America into the second industrial revolution: new rules of competition and Ontario's farm machinery industry, 1850–1930
Authors: WINDER CORDON M.
Published: March 2008

Despite the hiatus in farm expansion from 1880 to 1900, Canadian‐owned Massey‐Harris became a competitive multinational corporation as American branch plants arrived in Ontario. This equivocal performance in Canada's agricultural implements industry poses problems for explanations of Canada's branch plant economy. Most commentators blame an ill‐conceived National Policy for promoting and protecting inefficient industry and frustrating industrial development. In reviewing their explanations, I use systematic comparisons among plants as well as between the Ontario, New York, Ohio, and Illinois industries. I argue that Canada's National Policy was an effective industrial policy that promoted competitive implement manufacture under the constraints of Victorian era technology. Problems emerged in the 1880s, however, as Chicago firms developed mass production in harvesting machinery, and these became entrenched as gasoline tractor development swept the industry after 1900. Ontario firms struggled, but they outperformed competitors in New York and Ohio, who had been industry leaders in] 880. Canada's branch plant economy in the farm machinery industry was made in Chicago and by mechanical engineers, not in Ottawa and by politicians.

En dépit de l'hiatus dans l'expansion du pare agricole entre 1880 et 1900, la société canadienne Massey‐Harris est devenue une grande société multinational compétitive lorsque des usines‐succursales américaines ont fait leur arrivée en l'Ontario. Cette baisse de performance de I'Industrie canadienne de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles pose des problèmes sur le plan de l'explication de l'économie des usines‐succursales canadiennes. Pour la plupart des analystes, cette situation serait due à une politique nationals mal‐conçue. Celle‐ci aurait favorisé et protégé une Industrie inefficace, et ainsi frustré le développement industriel. En passant en revue ces analyses, je procède à une série de comparisons systématiques, d'une part des usines entre elles et, d'autre part, entre les industries de New York, de l'Ohio et de l'lllinois. J'avance que la Politique nationale canadienne etait une politique industrielle efficace qui a su promouvoir une Industrie de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles compétitive dans le cadre de la technologie de l'époque victorienne et de ses contraintes. Des problèmes, qui ont fait leur apparition au cours des années 1880, suite à l'adoption par les sociétés de Chicago de la production de masse des moissonneuses, ont perduré suite à l'arrivée en masse des tracteurs à essence après 1900. Ce fut un moment très difficile pour les sociétés de l'Ontario mais elles réussirent à battre leurs concurrents de New York et de l'Ohio qui étaient leaders de l'industrie en 1880. Dans l'industrie des engins agricoles, le sort de l'économie des usines‐succursales était décidéà Chicago, par des ingénieurs en mécanique agricole, non à Ottawa, par des hommes politiques.
Social status and children's behaviour: do ecological correlations reflect family‐level associations?
Authors: LECLAIR JAMES A.
Published: March 2008

During the past 60 years, Geographers and Sociologists have approached the problem of mental illness from an ecological perspective, endeavouring to identify variables which may offer insight into the potential cause(s) of mental disturbance. Implicit in much of this research is an assumption that ecological correlates offer insight into processes which may be occurring at the level of the individual or family. Relatively little has been done, however, to assess the utility of the ecological approach in identifying potential individual/family‐level risk factors. This paper examines results from a mental health survey of children attending grades K through 4 in the most highly urbanised portion of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. Ecological correlations were used to assess the relationships between five social status indicator variables and the prevalence of problem behaviour within the sample at the census tract level. For the purposes of comparison, data collected in the survey were used to determine the degree of association between behavioural status and potential risk factors measured at the family‐level. Results for both types of analysis suggest a link between social status and children's mental health. However, differences apparent in the relationships between problem behaviour and variables at each scale reinforce the need for caution in the interpretation of ecological analyses.

Pendant les 60 dernières années, les géographes et sociologues ont approché le problème de la maladie mentale d'une perspective écologique, essayant d'identifier les variables qui peuvent offrir un aperçu dans une (des) cause(s) potentielle(s) de trouble mental. Implicite dans beaucoup de cette recherche est une supposition que les corrélations écologiques offrent un aperçu dans les processus qui peuvent se produire au niveau de l'individu ou de la famille. Relativement peu a été fait, cependant, pour évaluer l'utilitaire de l'approche écologique en identifiant différents facteurs de risque potentiels d'un niveau individuel/famille. Get article examine des résultats d'une enquête de santé mentale des enfants aujardin d'enfants jusqu‘à la quatrieme année dans la partie la plus urbaine de “Greater Victoria”, Colombie Britannique. Des corrélations écologiques ont été employées pour évaluer les rapports entre cinq indicateurs variables de statut social et la prédominance du comportement problématique dans l’échantillon au niveau de région de recensement. Pour les huts de. la comparaison, des données rassemblées dans l'enquête ont été employées pour déterminer le degré d'association entre le statut de comportement et les facteurs de risque potentiel mesurés au niveau de famille. Les résultats pour les deux types d'analyse suggèrent un lien entre le statut social et la santé mentale des enfants. Cependant, les différences évidentes dans les rapports entre le comportement problématique et les variables à chaque échelle renforce le besom d'attention dans l'interprétation des analyses écologiques.
Paysages identitaires et ruralité de proximité: regards croisés à Petit‐Saguenay (Québec)
Authors: FORTIN MARIE‐JOSÉ , CACNON CHRISTIANE
Published: March 2008

Au Québec, plusieurs groupes d'acteurs travaillent à structure? un pmjet d'avenir pour le monde rural. La question identitaire traverse leurs réflexions. Le rapport au territoire est conçu comme un trait spécifique de l'identité rurale contemporaine. Par ailleurs, le paysage offre un cadre de référence pertinent à l'analyse de cette identité façonnée par les acteurs. Cela suppose que, d'un point de vue théorique, le paysage soit envisagé selon une approche construc‐tiviste, qui va au‐delà des formes visibles pour englober aussi les références aux pratiques territori‐ales et les intentions des acteurs sociaux, de même que des dimensions immatérielles, telles les représentations et l'affectivité. En d'autres mots, le paysage est id défini comme un construit social. En confrontant ce cadre de référence à une enquête réalisée dans un village d'une région du Québec, nous avons constaté que les acteurs locaux lisent le paysage à partir de critères endogènes, c'est‐à‐dire propres à leur vécu territorial. Pour ces acteurs, le paysage agit à la fois comme agent de médiation et de communication de même qu'il participe à la construction de l'être‐ensemble.

In Quebec, there are a number of groups actively engaged in structuring future plans for the rural milieu. The question of identity runs throughout their reflections, and the relationship between actors and territory is seen as a specific trait of contemporary rural identity. Furthermore, the concept of landscape provides a pertinent frame of reference for the analysis of this identity. From a theoretical point of view, this presupposes that landscape be envisaged according to a constructivist approach which would go beyond the visible forms to include territorial practices and intentions of the social actors as well as the immaterial dimensions such as the perceptions. In other words, landscape is seen as a social construction. This frame of reference was used to analyse observations gathered in a village situated in an outlying region of Quebec, and it was noticed that the local actors perceive the landscape according to endogenous criteria, i.e.: criteria specific to their real‐life territorial experience. For these actors, the landscape is both an agent of mediation and communication and a participant in the construction of a whole, a way of being or living together (“l'etre‐ensemble”).
Inscrire le pouvoir municipal dans l'espace urbain: la formation du réseau des pares à Montréal et Toronto, 1880–1940
Authors: DACENAIS MICHÈLE
Published: March 2008

Comment le réseau des pares urbains, ce précieux legs constitué en majeure partie entre la fin du 19e siècle et le milieu du 2CP siècle, s'est‐il forméà Montréal et Toronto? Est‐il possible de dégager un pattern d'implantation des pares et plus globalement des espaces de loisir qui nous renseignerait sur les logiques ayant présidéà leur aménagement? En reconstituant le processus de formation de tels réseaux entre 1880 et 1940, cet article met aujour certaines des caractéristiques de l'intervention des administrations montréalaise et torontoise dans le secteur des loisirs urbains et plus largement dans le développement de la ville. Autant que des espaces récréatifs, les pares peuvent être considérés comme des lieux par l'intermédiaire desquels le pouvoir municipal, en plein développement à cette époque, a cherchéà marquer le tissu urbain de sa présence, a se déployer dans l'espace. Plus qu'un travail d'aménagement physique, l'aménagement des pares représente ainsi un travail de structuration politique. Cet article presente ce double processus de structuration du territoire montréalais et torontois: d'abord sur le plan physique, en reconstituant comme les réseaux des pares se sont déployés dans l'espace urbain des deux villes; puis sur le plan politique, en examinant la manière dont les autorités locales vont considérer le problème et les modalités de leurs interventions.

How was the system of urban parks, a treasured legacy of the end of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, formed in Montreal and Toronto? Is it possible to discern a pattern regarding the creation of parks and leisure spaces in general that would enlighten us on the principles of their management? By retracing the development of this network between 1880 and 1940, this article identifies certain traits characterizing Montreal and Toronto municipal governments with regard to their policies in the urban leisure sector, and more generally, the cities' growth. In addition to being recreational spaces, parks may also be seen as a medium through which emerging municipal powers sought to make their mark on the urban fabric, to increase their visibility in the city. Therefore, park management was more than a simple administrative question: it also served a broader goal of fashioning political structures. This article describes both facets of territorial development in Montreal and Toronto: on a geographical/material level, by retracing the process through which a network of parks was incorporated into the urban landscape of both cities; and on a political level, by examining way in which local authorities conceived of this process and planned their actions.
Toward Improvements of Oomycete Transformation Protocols
Authors: MCLEOD ADÉLE , FRY BARBARA A. , ZULUAGA A. PAOLA , MYERS KEVIN L. , FRY WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Some of the most important plant pathogens worldwide are oomycetes, and billions of dollars are expended annually to suppress diseases they cause. More efficient disease suppression technologies will be derived from a better understanding of the basic biology of these organisms, but inefficient transformation currently limits basic molecular investigations. Of the various approaches, transformation of protoplasts using polyethylene glycol/calcium chloride remains most successful, but the frequency of stable transformation remains low and inconsistent. Here we report that modifications of a protocol, previously used for Arabidopsis mesophyll cells, successfully releases protoplasts from four different oomycetes (Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora sojae, and Pythium aphanidermatum). The protoplasts of all oomycetes were able to take up DNA and regenerate, with protoplast release as well as regeneration being most efficient in P. aphanidermatum. In addition to a good protoplast production system, more effective transformation vectors may improve stable transformation rates. We constructed, and evaluated 17 novel candidate transformation vectors for their ability to drive transient expression of the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in P. infestans and P. aphanidermatum. Five of the newly constructed vectors were also evaluated in P. sojae and P. citricola, and exhibited a similar pattern of transcriptional activity as in P. infestans and P. aphanidermatum. One of the newly constructed vectors, pDBHAMT35G, containing a chimeric promoter, supported the highest GUS expression in P. infestans and P. citricola, and could potentially be useful for future studies.
Morphological Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium aureolum from a Tributary of Chesapeake Bay
Authors: TANG YING ZHONG , EGERTON TODD A. , KONG LESHENG , MARSHALL HAROLD G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Cultures of four strains of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt) G. Hansen were established from the Elizabeth River, a tidal tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear‐encoded large sub‐unit rDNA sequencing, and culturing observations were conducted to further characterize this species. Observations of morphology included: a multiple structured apical groove; a peduncle located between the emerging points of the two flagella; pentagonal and hexagonal vesicles on the amphiesma; production and germination of resting cysts; variation in the location of the nucleus within the center of the cell; a longitudinal ventral concavity; and considerable variation in cell width/length and overall cell size. A fish bioassay using juvenile sheepshead minnows detected no ichthyotoxicity from any of the strains over a 48‐h period. Molecular analysis confirmed the dinoflagellate was conspecific with G. aureolum strains from around the world, and formed a cluster along with several other Gymnodinium species. Morphological evidence suggests that further research is necessary to examine the relationship between G. aureolum and a possibly closely related species Gymnodinium maguelonnense.
Molecular profile and genetic diversity of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT)‐producing Escherichia coli isolates from diarrheal patients
Authors: OLOOMI MANA , BOUZARI SAEID
Published: March 2008

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT)‐producing Escherichia coli strains are
considered to be a heterogeneous group of E. coli. In the present
investigation, 20 CDT‐producing E. coli strains, which had already been
shown to be cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf) gene positive, were
selected by PCR. Since these strains proved to be CDT producers on CHO cells but
were partially characterized by PCR, they were subjected to PCR analysis to
amplify the complete coding region of cdt genes. Moreover, the genetic
relatedness of these strains was examined by pulse field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE). To check the extent of homogeneity of these strains at the chromosomal
level, tRNA insertion site analysis was performed. The CDT‐producing E.
coli strains under investigation were shown to be heterogeneous and diverse in regard to their genetic analysis. This observed diversity could be an independent acquisition of virulence genes that might occur through horizontal gene transfer by mobile genetic elements. This conclusion is based on the fact that data shown by tRNA insertion site analysis revealed that there is no common pattern of insertion among these isolates although they do share a common trait of CDT production.
Presence of epidermal allantoin further supports oxidative stress in vitiligo
Authors: Shalbaf Mohammad , Gibbons Nicholas C. J. , Wood John M. , Maitland Derek J. , Rokos Hartmut , Elwary Souna M , Marles Lee K. , Schallreuter Karin U.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  Xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO) catalyses the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and finally to uric acid in purine degradation. These reactions generate H2O2 yielding allantoin from uric acid when reactive oxygen species accumulates. The presence of XO in the human epidermis has not been shown so far. As patients with vitiligo accumulate H2O2 up to mm levels in their epidermis, it was tempting to examine whether this enzyme and consequently allantoin contribute to the oxidative stress theory in this disease. To address this question, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, immunoreactivity, western blot, enzyme kinetics, computer modelling and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis were carried out. Our results identified the presence of XDH/XO in epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes. The enzyme is regulated by H2O2 in a concentration‐dependent manner, where concentrations of 10−6 m upregulates the activity. Moreover, we demonstrate the presence of epidermal allantoin in acute vitiligo, while this metabolite is absent in healthy controls. H2O2‐mediated oxidation of Trp and Met in XO yields only subtle alterations in the enzyme active site, which is in agreement with the enzyme kinetics in the presence of 10−3 m H2O2. Systemic XO activities are not affected. Taken together, our results provide evidence that epidermal XO contributes to H2O2‐mediated oxidative stress in vitiligo via H2O2‐production and allantoin formation in the epidermal compartment.
Expression of NAD+ dependent 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and protection of prostaglandins in human hair follicle
Authors: Michelet Jean François , Colombe Laurent , Gautier Brigitte , Gaillard Olivier , Benech Florence , Pereira Rui , Boulle Christophe , Dalko‐Csiba Maria , Rozot Roger , Neuwels Michel , Bernard Bruno Alain
Published: March 2008

Abstract:  NAD+ dependent 15‐hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenate (15‐PGDH) catalyses oxidation of 15(S)‐hydroxyl group of prostaglandins and as a result inactivates their physiological potential. Positive effects of prostaglandins or prostaglandin analogues were reported on terminal hair, vellus hair or eyelash growth and a complex prostaglandin network was recently described in human hair follicle. In the present study, we showed that 15‐PGDH was expressed in human hair follicle mainly in melanocytes and keratinocytes, which brought us to consider this enzyme as a possible target to sustain local prostaglandin production. Using a recombinant enzymatic strategy, specific 15‐PGDH inhibitors were screened. We identified a thiazolidine dione derivative exhibiting efficacy on follicular outer root sheath keratinocytes, since it concomitantly decreased the production of deactivated 13,14 dihydro 15‐ketoprostaglandin F2α and sustained prostaglandin F2αin vitro production. In the context of recent interest in prostaglandins and prostaglandin analogues as hair regrowth agents, we postulated that the use of selected 15‐PGDH inhibitors could reinforce or prolong the effect of these physiological mediators on hair and skin.