bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to the Boussinesq Hierarchy
Authors: Dickson Ronnie , Gesztesy Fritz , Unterkofler Karl
Published: November 2010

We develop a new systematic approach to the Boussinesq (Bsq) hierarchy based on elementary algebraic methods. In particular, we recursively construct Lax pairs for the Bsq hierarchy by introducing a fundamental polynomial formalism and establish the basic algebro ‐geometric setting including associated Burchnall ‐ Chaundy curves, Baker ‐ Akhiezer functions, trace formulas, and Dubrovin ‐ type equations for Dirichlet and Neumann divisors.
Carathéodory ‐ Fejér Problem for Pairs of Meromorphic Functions
Authors: Alpay D. , Bolotnikov V.
Published: November 2010

We continue our study of families of pairs of matrix‐valued meromorphic functions P(ρ,P) depending on two parameters p and P introduced in [2]. These include as special cases the projective Schur, Nevanlinna and Carathéodory classes. A two sided Carathéodory Fejér interpolation problem is defined and solved in P(ρ,P), using the fundamental matrix inequality method. A corresponding Schur algorithm is studied. Finally we also consider the case of functions (as opposed to pairs).
On Generalized Carathéodory's Conditions in Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Bugajewski Dariusz , Wójtowicz Daria
Published: November 2010

In this paper we prove that generalized Carathéodory's conditions (so called (G) conditions) imply well ‐ known general conditions which guarantee existence and some properties of solutions of the Cauchy problem, in the Carathéodory sense, as e.g. continuous dependence on initial conditions.
BMO Functions on Compact Sets
Authors: Korey Michael , Tarkhanov Nikolai
Published: November 2010

Let P be an elliptic differential operator of order p with real analytic coefficients on in open set Q ⊂ ℝn. Given a compact set K ⊂ Ω, we describe the closure in BMO(K) of the space of mentions of Pf = 0 on neighborhoods of K.
A Remark on the Sobolev Regularity of Classical Solutions to Uniformly Parabolic Equations
Authors: Milani Albert
Published: November 2010

We prove that C2+α,1+α/2 (Q̄) solutions of problem (1.6) below are in a subspace Hcm+2(Q) of Hm+2,(m+2)/2(Q) for all m ∈ ℕ, if f and the coefficients are in Hcm(Q)∪Cα,α/2 (Q̄). We apply this result to obtain global existence of Sobolev solutions to the quasilinear problem (1.26) below.
Complemented Copies of l1 in Spaces of Vector Measures and Applications
Authors: Randrianantoanina Narcisse
Published: November 2010

Let X be a dual Banach space and Ω be a compact Hausdorff space. We give a characterization af those sequences in the space of all regular X‐ valued countably additive measures with bounded variation, defined on the σ‐ field ∑ of Borel subsets of Ω which generate complemented copies of l1, in terms of weak*‐densities. As an application, we prove that if a dual Banach space X has Pełczyński's property (V*) then so does the space of X‐ valued countably additive measures with the usual variation norm.
Infinitesimale Starrheit hermitescher Quadriken in allgemeiner Lage
Authors: Ežov V. , Schmalz G.
Published: November 2010

In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß hermitesche Quadriken der Kodimension k im C n+k mit 3 ≤ k ≤ n2‐−3 “in allgemeiner Lage” keine nichttrivialen Automorphismen besitzen, die in einparametrige Gruppen einbettbar sind. Dieses Resultat ist yon Bedeutung für die Konstruktion von Normalformen für CR‐Mannigfaltigkeiten höherer Kodimension.
What Are Signed Contents and Measures?
Authors: König Heinz
Published: November 2010

The paper develops the notion of signed contents and measures on the basis of a new definition. It form a common roof for some well‐known partial notions which appeared to be incompatible. The paper also redefines the notion of angular pairs of contents and measures, to the effect that the two notions are connected via an attended Jordan decomposition theorem. The decisive idea is a new difference formation for contents and measures.
The Connection between the Characteristic Roots and the Corresponding Solutions of a Single Linear Differential Equation with Comparable Coefficients
Authors: Lantsman M. H.
Published: November 2010

Given a linear differential equation of the form x (n) + a1 (t) x (n‐1) + …+ an (t) x = 0 with variable coefficients defined on the positive semi ‐axis for t ≫ 1. We denote its fundamental set of solutions (FSS) by {exp [∫ ri (t) dt] } (i = 1, 2,…,n). In this paper we look for the asymptotic connection (as t → ∞) between the logarithmic derivatives ri (t) of an FSS and of the roots of the characteristic equation yn + a1 (t) yn‐1 +… + an (t) = 0. We mainly consider the case when the coefficients of the equation and the characteristic roots are comparable and have the power order of growth for t → ∞. We discuss the conditions when the functions λii(t) are equivalent to the corresponding roots λii(t) of the characteristic equation as t → ∞.
Regularity of Distance Measures and Sets
Authors: Mattila Pertti , Sjölin Per
Published: November 2010

Let μ be a Radon measure with compact support in IRn such that

equation image

We show that the imw of μ x μ under the distance map (x, y) → |x‐ y| is an absolutely continuous measure with density of class Ca‐(n+1)/2. As a corollary we get that If AC IRn is a Suslin set with Hausdorff dimension greater than (n+1)/2, then the distance set {|x‐y| : x, y ϵ A} has non‐empty interior.
Explicit Universal Deformations of Even Galois Representations
Authors: Böckle Gebhard
Published: November 2010

We investigate the case of deformations of even Galois representations. Our methods are the group theoretic ones mainly developed by Nigel Boston to study odd representations. We present conditions for Borel and tame cases under which the universal deformation ring is isomorphic to ℤp[[T]] and where we compute the universal deformation explicitly. Furthermore we produce a family of examples of totally real S3 extensions which satisfy the above conditions in the tame case and we give examples in the Borel case. Finally we study the change of the deformation space under enlarging the ramification and thus give an example of an even representation that is not twist‐finite.
On the Matrix Spectral Function of a Generalized Second‐Order Differential Operator in a Ramified Space
Authors: Weber Matthias
Published: November 2010

The existence of a unique n × n matrix spectral function is shown for a selfadjoint operator A in a Hilbert space L2α(m). This Hilbert space is a subspace of the product of spaces L2(mi) with measures m1, i = 1, n, having support in [0,∞]. The inner product in L2α (m) is the weighted sum of the inner products in the L2(mi), i.e., (f, g)m,α=∑αi(fi,gi)mi,f=(f1,…fn), g=(g1,…gn)∈Lα2(m), with positive constants αi = 1, …, n. The operator A is given by (A f)i = −Dmi Dx+ f, with generalized second order derivatives Dmi D+x. The elements of the domain of A have continuous representatives satisfying f1(0) fj(0), i, j = 1, n, and an additional gluing condition at 0.
Fatigue performance of injection‐molded short e‐glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6,6. II. Effects of melt temperature and hold pressure
Authors: Zhou Yuanxin , Mallick P. K.
Published: November 2010

Tensile and fatigue properties of an injection molded short E‐glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6,6 have been studied as a function of two key injection molding parameters, namely melt temperature and hold pressure. It was observed that tensile and fatigue strengths of specimens normal to the flow direction were lower than that in the flow direction, indicating inherent anisotropy caused by injection molding. Tensile and fatigue strengths of specimens with weld line were significantly lower than that without weld lines. For specimens in the flow direction, normal to the flow direction and with weld line, tensile strength and fatigue strength increased with increasing melt temperature as well as increasing hold pressure. The effect of specimen orientation on the tensile and fatigue strengths is explained in terms of the difference in fiber orientation and skin‐core morphology of the specimens. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Testing the biosocial model of borderline personality disorder: Results of a prospective 5‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Arens Elisabeth A. , Grabe Hans‐J. , Spitzer Carsten , Barnow Sven
Published: November 2010

Since its initial formulation, the biosocial theory of borderline personality disorder (BPD) still lacks robust empirical evidence, given there are no prospective longitudinal studies testing the main assumptions of the model. The current study examined longitudinally whether temperamental traits harm avoidance (HA) and novelty seeking (NS), internalizing and externalizing disorders, trauma and perceived invalidating parenting style, as measured during adolescence, contributed to the risk of BPD, diagnosed on the basis of standardized clinical interviews 5 years later. Individuals with BPD (n = 17) from a community sample of 416 young adults were compared to individuals with depressive disorders (n = 17) and psychiatrically healthy subjects (n = 34). Results indicated that adolescent internalizing disorders as well as the interaction of HA and perceived maternal overprotection predicted the risk of BPD 5 years later. NS was not shown to be a predisposing vulnerability. Results are interpreted as confirmation of the biosocial model. Gender‐specific etiological differences are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influences of axial field upon circular magnetization and eddy‐current anomaly factor in Fe‐based nanocrystalline wire
Authors: Li Y. F. , Vázquez M.
Published: November 2010

Fe‐based soft magnetic wire with transverse magnetic anisotropy was obtained by stress current annealing. Its circular permeability, µ = µ′ – jµ″, has been determined from the measurements of impedance, Z = R + jωL, as a function of frequency (f = 10 – 105 Hz), AC current amplitude (I = 0.1 – 100 mA) and DC bias field (H = 0 – 5.4 kA/m). An experimental study of the influence of H upon the circular magnetization and the f‐dependent µ = µ′ – jµ″ has been performed. It is concluded that the axial field, H, evolution of the circular permeability, µ = µ′ – jµ″, the relaxation frequency, fτ, and the eddy‐current anomaly factor, η, can be explained in terms of the modification of domain structure by the applied axial field H.
Langasite based miniaturized functional structures: Preparation, high‐temperature properties and applications
Authors: Sauerwald Jan , Richter Denny , Ansorge Erik , Schmidt Bertram , Fritze Holger
Published: November 2010

Langasite single crystals show piezoelectrically excited bulk acoustic waves up to 1470 °C and are, therefore, used to prepare high‐temperature functional components such as membranes, cantilevers and field emission tips. The underlying concept includes monolithic structures to avoid thermal stress at elevated temperatures. In order to control the preparation processes, wet chemical etch rates, the transport of dopants and their impact on the materials properties of langasite are determined. Heavily Sr‐doped langasite shows a strong increase in conductivity which is used to realize monolithic electrodes by local doping. Further, the stability of small langasite structures is confirmed up to 1350 °C. Biconvex membranes could be operated in the fundamental and 3rd resonance mode up to 700 °C. The fundamental modes of those 16.3 MHz resonators show quality factors of 500 at the above‐mentioned temperature. Further, field emitter tips of 27 nm in radius are prepared and demonstrated to be operational up to at least 600 °C. The mechanical displacement and the electrical response of vibrating cantilevers is characterized simultaneously and found to be consistent. Finally, the feasibility of sensor film coated membrane arrays to distinguish between CO and H2at 600 °C is demonstrated.
20S proteasome inhibitory activity of flavonoids isolated fromSpatholobus suberectus
Authors: Shim Sang Hee
Published: November 2010

The promising biological role of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) in cancer therapy has recently emerged. Inhibition of proteasome has been proposed as a new therapeutic target for treatment of cancer. Bioassay‐guided fractionation of a MeOH extract of the stems ofSpatholobus suberectusresulted in seven compounds, liquiritigenin (1), isoliquiritigenin (2), genistein (3), daidzein (4), medicarpin (5), 7‐hydroxyflavanone (6) and formononetin (7), which were evaluated for the first time for their inhibitory effect on 20S proteasome. Among the isolated compounds, 2, 3 and 6 exhibited inhibitory activities on human 20S proteasome with IC50values of 4.88 ± 1.5, 9.26 ± 1.2 and 5.21 ± 1.5 µm, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L.
Authors: Appel Kurt , Rose Thorsten , Fiebich Bernd , Kammler Thomas , Hoffmann Christine , Weiss Gabriele
Published: November 2010

Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) is important in herbal medicine for treating anxiety or nervousness, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), symptoms of opiate withdrawal, insomnia, neuralgia, convulsion, spasmodic asthma, ADHD, palpitations, cardiac rhythm abnormalities, hypertension, sexual dysfunction and menopause. However, the mechanism of action is still under discussion. Despite gaps in our understanding of neurophysiological processes, it is increasingly being recognized that dysfunction of the GABA system is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, including anxiety and depressive disorders. Therefore, the in vitro effects of a dry extract of Passiflora incarnata (sole active ingredient in Pascoflair® 425 mg) on the GABA system were investigated. The extract inhibited [3H]‐GABA uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes but had no effect on GABA release and GABA transaminase activity. Passiflora incarnata inhibited concentration dependently the binding of [3H]‐ SR95531 to GABAA‐receptors and of [3H]‐CGP 54626 to GABAB‐receptors. Using the [35S]‐GTPγS binding assay Passiflora could be classified as an antagonist of the GABAB receptor. In contrast, the ethanol‐ and the benzodiazepine‐site of the GABAA‐receptor were not affected by this extract.

In conclusion, the first evidence was shown that numerous pharmacological effects of Passiflora incarnata are mediated via modulation of the GABA system including affinity to GABAA and GABAB receptors, and effects on GABA uptake. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamic characteristics of air flowing into and out of precipitating convection over the west Pacific warm pool
Authors: Kingsmill David E. , Houze Robert A.
Published: November 2010

Aircraft data from the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA‐COARE) indicate the validity of current conceptual models used in cumulus parametrization theories. This study makes use of 1 s (˜ 100m) measurements of temperature, dew‐point temperature and pressure taken along the aircraft flight tracks and airborne radar data. The radar data are used to determine the location, depth and horizontal extent of the convection and to categorize the thermodynamic data according to whether the measurements were obtained in precipitation areas or in regions of inflow to convection.

Inflow regions had the highest values of equivalent potential temperature (θe), both in the boundary layer and lower free atmosphere, where the convection was deepest and most horizontally extensive, implying a relationship of θe to both the depth and breadth of convection. The observations suggest that the thickness of the layer of high‐θe air may determine the sustainability and, therefore, the horizontal extent of warm‐pool convection. The spectrum of values of θe in the boundary layer of inflow regions was broad, indicating that the field of θe was highly non‐uniform at the 1 s (˜100m) scale sampled by the aircraft.

The boundary‐layer air in precipitating regions also exhibited a broad spectrum of θe values, indicating the presence of both outflow from downdraughts and a significant amount of air with characteristics similar to inflow regions. The lowest values in the distribution were about 345 K, suggesting that air parcels transported down into the boundary layer originated from no higher than about 1500 m, or that they underwent substantial mixing.
The relative importance of non‐sea‐salt sulphate and sea‐salt aerosol to the marine cloud condensation nuclei population: An improved multi‐component aerosol‐cloud droplet parametrization
Authors: O'Dowd Colin D. , Lowe Jason A. , Smith Michael H. , Kaye Andrew D.
Published: November 2010

The effect of sub‐cloud aerosol on cloud droplet concentration was explored over the north Atlantic and east Pacific under a variety of low and high wind speed conditions. A relationship of the form ofD= 197{1 ‐ exp(‐6.13 × 103*A)} was found to fit best the relationship between cloud droplet concentration (D; cm‐3) and sub‐cloud aerosol concentration (A; cm‐3) under low to moderate wind conditions. A few noticeable deviations from this relationship were observed which occurred under moderate to high wind speed condition. Under these high wind conditions, sea‐salt aerosol provided the primary source of cloud nuclei due to their higher nucleation activity and larger sizes, even under sulphate‐rich conditions. Simple model simulations reveal that the activation of sea‐salt nuclei suppresses the peak supersaturation reached in cloud, and thus inhibits the activation of smaller sulphate nuclei into cloud droplets. A multi‐component aerosol‐droplet parametrization for use in general circulation models is developed to allow prediction of cloud droplet concentration as a function of sea‐salt and non‐sea‐salt‐(nss) sulphate nuclei. The effects of enhancing an existing nss‐sulphate cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) population with sea‐salt nuclei are to reduce the number of cloud droplets activated under high (polluted) sulphate conditions and to increase the cloud droplet concentration under low (clean) sulphate conditions. The presence of sea‐salt CCN reduces the influence of nss‐sulphate CCN on cloud droplet concentrations, and thus is likely to reduce the predicted effect of nss‐sulphate indirect radiative forcing.
Large‐eddy simulation of the convective boundary layer over an idealized patchy urban surface
Authors: Cai X.‐M.
Published: November 2010

This study investigates the structure of thermal plumes driven by different patchy urban surfaces using large‐eddy simulation. An idealized surface pattern with different sizes of ‘park area’ and ‘built‐up area’ is assumed. These two types of urban surface correspond to ‘colder’ and ‘hotter’ areas over which different surface sensible‐heat fluxes are specified. The stability parameter Zi/L (where Zi is the boundary‐layer depth and L is the Obukhov length‐scale) is large enough that a free‐convection regime is considered. The study has three main aims: (i) to examine the effects of different surface patterns, including its ‘skewness’, on the turbulent structure and growth rate of an urban convective boundary layer (UCBL); (ii) to test the influence of model configuration, such as the domain size and the vertical resolution in the entrainment layer, on the turbulent structure of a UCBL; and (iii) to investigate the behaviour of thermal plumes in the UCBL when a weak wind shear is present. The results show that: (i) the surface pattern plays an important role in determining the power spectrum of the vertical‐velocity fluctuations—the positive skewness of the surface heat‐flux pattern enhances both the lifetime of the surface‐driven modes and the skewness of the vertical‐velocity fluctuations, and patchy surface patterns cause higher boundary‐layer growth rates for a time t within the range 4t* < t < 16t* (where t* = Zi/w* and w* is the convective velocity‐scale), but contribute little at later times; (ii) the domain size must be large enough (larger than 5Zi) in order to resolve correctly the surface‐driven mode, and the vertical grid resolution in the entrainment layer has a small effect on the UCBL growth and on the turbulent statistics in the UCBL; and (iii) the wind is shown to have smoothing effects on the power spectrum, similar to the findings of Dörnbrack and Schumann in their study of a convective boundary layer over a one‐dimensional wavy terrain—for small values of the ratio d/Zi (where d is the length‐scale of the surface pattern) this effect is very significant, but for large values the effect is reduced.
Cascade interpolation for semi‐Lagrangian advection over the sphere
Authors: Nair Ramachandran , Côté Jean , Staniforth Andrew
Published: November 2010

A cascade interpolator, previously proposed by the authors for semi‐Lagrangian advection in Cartesian geometry, is extended to spherical geometry. It is evaluated using two test problems—solid‐body rotation and strong deformational flow—and found to be both accurate and efficient. The second problem is particularly challenging. It is a generalization to spherical geometry of Doswell's idealized cyclogenesis problem with an exact solution.
Robust parameter design using a supersaturated design for a response surface model
Authors: Matsuura, Shun , Suzuki, Hideo , Iida, Takahisa , Kure Hirotaka , Mori Hatsuo
Published: November 2010

Recently, the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to robust parameter design has attracted a great deal of attention. In some cases, experiments are very expensive and may require a great deal of time to perform. Central composite designs (CCDs) and Box and Behnken designs (BBDs), which are commonly used for RSM, may lead to an unacceptably large number of experimental runs. In this paper, a supersaturated design for RSM is constructed and its application to robust parameter design is proposed. A response surface model is fitted using data from the designed experiment and a stepwise variable selection. An illustrative example is presented to show that the proposed method considerably reduces the number of experimental runs, as compared with CCDs and BBDs. Numerical experiments are also conducted in which type I and II error rates are evaluated. The results imply that the proposed method may be effective for finding the effects (i.e. main effects, two‐factor interactions, and pure quadratic effects) of active factors under the ‘effect sparsity’ assumption. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new damage index for RC buildings based on variations of nonlinear fundamental period
Authors: Massumi Ali , Moshtagh Ehsan
Published: November 2010

Many vital reinforced concrete (RC) buildings experience moderate or severe earthquakes in their lifetime because they are located in hazardous areas. However, their importance cause to be evaluated by different types of damage functions. In these procedures, structures are usually modelled. These models neither correctly display the effects of the cracks that emerge and plastic hinges nor precisely consider the effects of asymmetric configuration and infill panels. Furthermore, the actual nonlinear dynamic behaviour of existing buildings could be evaluated by assessing nonlinear dynamic characteristics such as the fundamental period. These dynamic characteristics, which are obtained by some field tests such as forced and/or ambient vibration methods, comprise the aforementioned effects. This paper offers a damage index (pattern) for seismic damage assessment of RC buildings based on the variation of the nonlinear fundamental period, which is obtained by field tests. Finally, the seismic situation of existing RC buildings that have experienced an earthquake is precisely and expeditiously assessed by this new damage index. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four Dysprosium(III) Compounds Based On 1H‐Benzimidazole‐5,6‐dicarboxylic Acid via Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Sun Ya‐Guang , Xiong Gang , Guo Mei‐Yan , Ding Fu , Wang Lei , Gao En‐Jun , Zhu Ming‐Chang , Verpoort Francis
Published: November 2010

Four compounds [Dy(H2bidc)(Hbidc)(H2O)8]·8H2O (1), {[Dy(Hbidc)(H2O)2(Htzac)]·3H2O}n (2), [Dy(C2O4)0.5(Hbidc)(H2O)3]n (3), {[Dy2(Hbidc)2(H2O)(SO4)]·H2O}n (4) (H3bidc = 1H‐benzimidazole‐5,6‐dicarboxylic acid, H2tzac = 1H‐3‐amino‐5‐carboxy‐1,2,4‐triazole) were synthesized with hydrothermal synthesis and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray analysis revealed that the four coordination compounds have different structures: Compound 1 is a three dimensional supermolecular structure joined by hydrogen bonding interactions based upon dinuclear units. Compound 2 is a three dimensional supermolecular structure combined by hydrogen‐bonding interactions based upon one dimensional coordination chain including a T4(1)‐type water cluster chain. The structure of compound 3 is built of two dimensional (3,6)‐connected kgd‐type (43)2(46.66.83) layers with a right‐handed and a left‐handed helical chain, which are further extended into three dimensional supramolecular architecture by hydrogen bonding interactions. Compound 4 displays a three dimensional framework containing a dinuclear dysprosium building unit with a (3,8)‐connected (4.52)2(42.510.612.7.83) topological framework. In addition, the photoluminescent property of compound 3 was investigated.
Chronic Pain after Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal Hernia Repair: A Randomized Comparison of Light and Extralight Titanized Polypropylene Mesh
Authors: Schopf Stefan , von Ahnen Thomas , von Ahnen Martin , Schardey Hans
Published: November 2010

Background

The aim of this prospective, randomized, single‐blinded clinical trial was to compare the incidence of chronic pain after laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair (TAPP) using a 35‐g/m2 titanized polypropylene mesh and a 16‐g/m2 titanized polypropylene mesh. The reported incidence of chronic pain in patients who underwent laparoscopic hernia repair is a serious problem. The techniques of dissection, mesh fixation, and the mesh material used have all been identified as being part of the problem. Excellent biocompatibility through a unique combination of a lightweight open porous polypropylene mesh covered with a covalent‐bonded titanium layer has been claimed. The aim of this study was to find out whether the titanium surface alone or the difference in material load between the two available meshes influences clinical outcomes.

Methods

Three hundred eighty patients with 466 inguinal hernias were operated on between 2002 and 2006 with the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) technique. Mesh fixation with staples was carried out routinely. After the dissection was completed just prior to the implantation of the mesh, patients were randomized into two groups. In Group A, 250 (53.6%) inguinal hernias were repaired with a 35‐g/m2 titanized polypropylene mesh, and in Group B, 216 (46.4%) inguinal hernias were repaired with a 16‐g/m2 titanized polypropylene mesh. The primary outcome was chronic pain 3 years after surgery. The degree of pain was determined using a visual analog scale (VAS) with a range from 0 to 10. The secondary outcome was the rate of recurrence.

Results

The postoperative period of observation was at least 3 years for every patient. In both groups, 90% of the patients could be questioned and examined clinically: in Group A (Light), 5.3% of the patients and in Group B (Extralight), 1.5% of the patients suffered from chronic pain. Chronic pain was significantly more common in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.037). There was no difference with respect to the rate of recurrence: for Group A it was 3.1% and for Group B it was 2.6% (p = 0.724).

Conclusions

Chronic pain is not very common in patients who have had their inguinal hernias repaired with titanium‐covered polypropylene mesh. Reducing the material load from 35 to 16 g/m2 seems to further improve the biocompatibility of these meshes, thus improving the clinical outcome by reducing chronic pain to a rare event. The role of staples in causing chronic pain following inguinal hernia repair may be overestimated. There was no evidence supporting the notion that the use of the 16‐g/m2 titanized meshes is associated with increased recurrence rates.
The Retrospect and Prospect of Sixty Years’ Research about the Six Dynasties in the Mainland of China
Authors: Li Tianshi
Published: November 2010

Since the founding of the P.R.C. over 60 years ago, research on Six dynasties history in the Mainland of China has undergone many twists and turns: The first 17 years saw major steps forward, laying the foundation for progress to be made on Six dynasties historical research. During the period of the “The Great Cultural Revolution,” the research on Six dynasties came to a halt, with Reform and Opening-up heralding advances in terms of forming research bodies, academic activities, publications, the expansion of research fields, the opening-up of new ways of thinking among many others. Nevertheless, at the same time there existed gaps in the research, methodology, shoddy and rushed work, among other shortcomings.
Rupture and Continuity: Scholar-Official Clan Culture in the Six Dynasties and the Legacy of Chinese Civilization
Authors: Wang Yongping
Published: November 2010

In the Six dynasties, the clans of the scholar-official stratum not only occupied a dominant place in social and cultural life but also played an important role in maintaining Chinese civilization. As a succession of northern minorities entered the Central Plains, foreign culture became widespread and the Chinese people and culture experienced an unprecedented crisis. Thanks to the scholar-official clans who shouldered the burden of preserving Chinese culture, Chinese civilization was able to persist through the ages to become an “unbroken” civilization. These clans can be categorized in three groups according to their territorial origin: “Clans of the Wu Area” which developed in Jiangnan after the Han dynasty; “Immigrant Clans” which moved to Jiangnan from the north during the Jin dynasty and the ensuing dynasties, these being referred to jointly as “the Southern Clans”; and “the Northern Clans,” being those clans that remained in their homelands (Shandong and the Central Shaanxi Plain) during the period of ethno-national amalgamation in the north of China. Though these clans had various cultural characteristics due to different historical roots, cultural traditions and ancestry, their clan learning had a common core, i.e., the study and practice of Confucian rites as established in the Han dynasty. This formed the basis for the integration of Han with other cultures, making a sound foundation for the further development of the Chinese civilization.
Omega‐3 Index Correlates with Healthier Food Consumption in Adolescents and with Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adolescent Boys
Authors: O'Sullivan Therese A. , Ambrosini Gina L. , Mori Trevor A. , Beilin Lawrie J. , Oddy Wendy H.
Published: November 2010

The Omega‐3 Index, a measure of long‐chain omega‐3 fats in red blood cell membranes, predicts heart disease mortality in adults, but its association with cardiovascular risk factors in younger populations is unknown. We determined the Omega‐3 Index in adolescents participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort, assessed associations with diet, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, and investigated independent associations with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Red blood cell fatty acid analysis was determined for 1,301 adolescents aged 13–15 years. Risk factors examined were blood pressure, fasting blood insulin and glucose concentrations, and fasting blood lipids including ratios. The mean Omega‐3 Index was 4.90 ± 1.04% (range 1.41–8.42%). When compared with categories identified in adults, 15.6% of adolescents were in the high risk category (Index < 4%). Age (P < 0.01), maternal education (P < 0.01) and BMI (P = 0.05) were positively associated with the Omega‐3 Index. The Index was positively associated with dietary intakes of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.01), protein (P < 0.01), omega‐3 fats (P < 0.04), and food groups of fish and wholegrains (both P < 0.01), and negatively associated with intakes of soft drinks and crisps (both P < 0.01). In boys, the Omega‐3 Index was independently associated with total (β = 0.06, P = 0.01) and HDL‐cholesterol (β = 0.03, P = 0.01), and diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.68, P = 0.04). The predictability of the Index for the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life warrants further investigation in the adolescent population.
European (Im)Migration Policy and Environmental Change: Institutional and Governance Gaps
Authors: Warner Koko
Published: November 2010

Immigration gains a new dimension when climate and/or environmental change contribute to migration. This article defines and explores concepts related to environmentally induced migration, analyses the relevant policies or lack thereof, and suggests ways to bridge the policy gaps that exist in this area. Environmental events or changes are categorised into rapid- or slow-onset processes, and policies for and responses to each category are further explored and explained. Although some regions are equipped to handle an influx of migrants due to these particular circumstances, the majority of regions investigated have policies that can only partially respond to this phenomenon.
A comparison of methods of assessment of dietary selenium intakes in Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Duffield Anna J. , Thomson Christine D.
Published: November 2010

The aims of the present study were (1) to compare three methods of assessment of dietary Se intake, i.e. chemical analysis of duplicate diets, diet records and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed specifically for Se, and (2) to determine dietary Se intakes of residents of Otago, New Zealand. The FFQ was completed by 110 free-living adults. Diet records (3 d) and duplicate diet collections were carried out by forty-three of these subjects chosen on the basis of low blood Se concentration, and during a period when consumption of the high-Se foods fish, kidney, liver and Brazil nuts was discouraged. Mean Se intakes were similar for duplicate diet analysis (29 (sd 13) μg/d) and diet record assessments (28 (sd 15) μg/d). Estimates of intakes from the FFQ for the subgroup of forty-three subjects were higher (51 (sd 26) μg/d) than those from duplicate diets and diet records. Values from duplicate diet analysis and diet record assessments were strongly correlated (r0·7,P= 0·0001), but difference plots indicated a lack of agreement between the two methods. Thus, diet record assessment was not adequate for predicting dietary Se intakes of individuals. Significant correlations were found for relationships between Se intake from duplicate diets (μg/kg body weight per d) and plasma Se, Se intake from diet records (μg/d and μg/kg body weight per d) and plasma Se; and Se intake from the FFQ and whole-blood Se. Se intakes from duplicate diets and diet records were similar to those reported previously for New Zealanders, but lower than the recommended intakes in the USA (National Research Council, 1989), Australia (Truswellet al.1990) and the UK (Department of Health, 1991) and the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency (1996) normative requirement.
Prelude to Unification: The Yemen Arab Republic, 1962–1990
Authors: Burrowes Robert D.
Published: November 2010

On 22 May 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) carried out their old pledge to unite into a single Republic of Yemen. This historic event occurred less than three years after the YAR, seemingly secure and comfortable in its separateness, celebrated its silver jubilee in 1987. This article traces and assesses political development and socioeconomic modernization in the YAR over this more than 25-year period, and hazards some guesses on the implications of these changes for current efforts to implement Yemeni unification.
Evidence of selective changes in winter wheat in middle-European environments reflected by allelic diversity at loci affecting plant height and photoperiodic response
Authors: ŠÍP V. , CHRPOVÁ J. , ŽOFAJOVÁ A. , MILEC Z. , MIHALIK D. , PÁNKOVÁ K. , SNAPE J. W.
Published: November 2010

Genes for adaptation to climatic conditions can have an impact on the expression of genes for agricultural productivity. This study tested the hypothesis that winter wheat cultivars registered in middle Europe (especially the Czech and Slovak Republics) during the period 1976–2009 were differentially adapted to different regions, reflecting selection for different allelic combinations. This was tested by analysing for the presence of alleles at theRhtandPpdloci using molecular markers and gibberellic acids (GA) response tests. Four allelic variants (174, 192, 165 and 198-bp) were detected at theXgwm261locus linked toRht8on chromosome 2D. The 198-bp allele was rare, but present in some of the most widely grown cultivars. Of 85 cultivars grown in the area of Czech Republic, the 174-bp allele predominated in frequency and area (39 cultivars), often in combination withPpd-D1b(30 out of 39 cultivars) andRht-D1b(15 out of 30 cultivars). In neighbouring Slovakia, the 192-bp allele, generally associated withPpd-D1a, was detected in 30 out of 40 cultivars; in 12 cultivars accompanied by a GA-insensitive allele on 4B chromosome (pedigree analyses indicated a high prevalence of theRht-B1dallele). The 192-bp (Rht8)/Ppd-D1alinkage block was broken up in 7 out of 22 cultivars that carried the 192-bp allele in the ‘Czech collection’. Analysis of the effects of year of registration on allele frequency showed a decline in GA-insensitive cultivars released recently in both countries, and great changes in the frequency of the 2D alleles during the period 1981–2009 in the Czech Republic. The pedigrees of successful cultivars were examined to find probable sources ofXgwm261192-bp, 174-bp and 165-bp alleles on 2D andRhtgenes located on chromosomes 4B and 4D. These results will impact on breeding strategies and the exploitation of existing registered wheat cultivars in different regions and growing systems.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of Potamotrygonocotyle Mayes, Brooks & Thorson, 1981 (Monogenoidea: Monocotylidae) with a description of four new species
Authors: Domingues M.V. , Marques F.P.L
Published: November 2010

The marine-derived stingrays of Potamotrygonidae, endemic to South American river systems, host an interesting parasite fauna equally related to marine lineages. Among those lineages, the diversity and phylogenetic relationships within Potamotrygonocotyle – a monocotylid monogenoidean specific to potamotrygonids – are poorly known, since 9 of 10 species attributed to this genus have been described in the past 3 years. Here, we readdress the diversity of Potamotrygonocotyle after examining the gills of 436 potamotrygonid individuals representing 12 described and 14 potentially undescribed species of freshwater stingrays from 19 major river systems of South America (i.e. sub-basins). We recognized 12 valid species within the parasite genus, of which four are described in this study. Our taxonomic decisions were based on the phylogenetic analysis of 14 ingroup terminal taxa and 12 morphological characters, which resulted in the following hypothesis of sister-group relationships: ((P. dromedarius, P. tatianae sp. nov.), (P. rionegrense, P. auriculocotyle sp. nov., ((P. quadracotyle, P. umbella), (P. septemcotyle sp. nov., (P. chisholmae, P. uruguayense)), (P. tsalickisi, P. eurypotamoxenus, P. rarum, (P. tocantinsense sp. nov., P. aramasae))))). According to our hypothesis, the absence of autapomorphic features for some nominal species, and the re-evaluation of morphological variation among populations, led us to consider P. eurypotamoxenus and P. uruguayense as junior synonymys of P. tsalicksi and P. chisholmae, respectively. Finally, we address the importance of biogeographic and host representation, in order to fully understand the patterns of morphological variation and host specificity within this group. We found that hypotheses of species delimitation depend greatly on efforts to sample specimens throughout its distributional range and that host specificity within this genus varies dramatically among lineages.
New music and its myths: Athenaeus' reading of theAulosrevolution (Deipnosophistae14.616e–617f)
Authors: Leven Pauline A.
Published: November 2010

Scholarship on the late fifth-century BC New Music Revolution has mostly relied on the evidence provided by Athenaeus, the pseudo-PlutarchDe musicaand a few other late sources. To this date, however, very little has been done to understand Athenaeus' own role in shaping our understanding of the musical culture of that period. This article argues that the historical context provided by Athenaeus in the section of theDeipnosophistaethat cites passages of Melanippides, Telestes and Pratinas on the mythology of theaulos(14.616e–617f) is not a credible reflection of the contemporary aesthetics and strategies of the authors and their works. Athenaeus is both following the structure of Aristotle's discussion of the topic of theaulosinPolitics8.1341a-1342b and accepting the élite ideological position given there. Athenaeus' text thus does not provide evidence for the historical context in which late fifth-century authors were composing, but rather constitutes an attempt to illustrate Aristotle's argument with poetic examples from late fifth-century poets.
Xenophon's parasangs
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2010

This paper analyses one aspect of Xenophon's representation of space, focusing on the famous stages-and-parasangs formula employed by Xenophon in theAnabasis. It starts by discussing the meaning of his terms, and then explores patterns of repetition and variation in his account of the march, split into three sections (the marches upcountry, to the sea and along the coast). Rather than explaining Xenophon's usage in terms of sources, it suggests that variations in the marching formula elaborate the successive stages of the Greeks' encounter with the spaces of the Achaemenid Empire.
TheContest of Homer and Hesiodand the ambitions of Hadrian
Authors: Uden James
Published: November 2010

This article examines the compilation known as theContest of Homer and Hesiod. More usually mined for the material it preserves from the sophist Alcidamas, here I advance a reading that seeks to make sense of the compilation as a whole and situates the work ideologically in its Imperial context. An anecdote early in the compilation depicts the emperor Hadrian enquiring about Homer's birthplace and parents from the Delphic Oracle; he is told that Telemachus was Homer's father and Ithaca his homeland. When the text says that we must believe this self-evidently absurd response on account of the status of the emperor, its author is satirizing Hadrian's ambitions to participate in the Greek intellectual world and the pressures on scholars to accept Hadrian's authority in their field. Moreover, the compiler has linked this anecdote to the long account of the poetic contest between Homer and Hesiod in order to draw an unflattering parallel between Hadrian and King Panedes, who, as writers such as Lucian and Dio Chrysostom suggested, exposed his ineptitude in choosing Hesiod over Homer as the victor of the contest.
The tragedian as critic: Euripides and early Greek poetics
Authors: Wright Matthew
Published: November 2010

This article examines the place of tragic poetry within the early history and development of ancient literary criticism. It concentrates on Euripides, both because his works contain many more literary-critical reflections than those of the other tragedians and because he has been thought to possess an unusually ‘critical’ outlook. Euripidean characters and choruses talk about such matters as poetic skill and inspiration, the social function of poetry, contexts for performance, literary and rhetorical culture, and novelty as an implied criterion for judging literary excellence. It is argued that the implied view of literature which emerges from Euripidean tragedy is both coherent and conventional. As a critic, Euripides, far from being a radical or aggressively modern figure (as he is often portrayed), is in fact distinctly conservative, looking back in every respect to the earlier Greek poetic tradition.
Hegel's Conception of the Study of Human Nature
Authors: Acton H. B.
Published: November 2010

It is easy to understand why Hegel's philosophy should be little studied by English-speaking philosophers today. Those who at the beginning of the twentieth century initiated the movement we are now caught up in presented their earliest philosophical arguments as criticisms of the prevailing Anglo-Hegelian views. It may now be thought illiberal to take much interest in this perhaps excusably slaughtered royal family, and positively reactionary to hanker after the foreign dynasty from which it sometimes claimed descent. Hegel was a systematic philosopher with a scope hardly to be found today, and men who, as we say, wish to keep up with their subject may well be daunted at the idea of having to understand a way of looking at philosophy which they suspect would not repay them for their trouble anyway. Furthermore, since Hegel wrote, formal logic has advanced in ways he could not have foreseen, and has, it seems to many, destroyed the whole basis of his dialectical method. At the same time, the creation of a science of sociology, it is supposed, has rendered obsolete the philosophy of history for which Hegel was at one time admired. In countries where there are Marxist intellectuals, Hegel does get discussed as the inadvertent forerunner of historical and dialectical materialism. But in England, where there is no such need or presence, there do not seem to be any very strong ideological reasons for discussing him. In what follows I shall be asking you to direct your thoughts to certain forgotten far-off things which I hope you will find historically interesting even if you do not agree with me that they give important clues for an understanding of human nature and human society.
Scientific Beliefs about Oneself
Authors: MacKay Donald
Published: November 2010

In the never-ending debate about the scope and limits of science, the hottest argument now centres on the scientific study of man himself. Can there be a science of man at all, in any comprehensive sense? Or is the idea in some way ultimately self-defeating, like that of pulling oneself up by one's own shoelaces? My purpose in this paper is not to venture a direct answer to this ticklish question, but rather to highlight one or two desirable characteristics of a science which I think must inevitably be lacking in any attempt to turn the scientific spotlight upon ourselves. Whether we call the attainable residue by the name of ‘science’ is less important than that we see clearly what not to expect of it.
The Conversation between the Generations
Authors: Laslett Peter
Published: November 2010

I choose this somewhat awkward title because it seems to me to be necessary to insist on the uncertainty, the lack of structure, in the connection between the generations. This is due to a large extent of course to the multiple character of the expression ‘generation’ itself; it is a word with such a tangle of related and overlapping meanings attached to it that it is surprising to find that it goes on being used without qualificatory adjectives. Let us look at a few of the notions which ‘generation’ covers.