bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auditory Frequency Discrimination in Patterned-Sound-Naive Albino Rats
Authors: Patchett Robin F.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that prior patterned or varied auditory experience was necessary for the development of discrimination of auditory frequency, Sprague-Dawley albino rats were deprived of patterned sound from birth by the technique of rearing them in white noise. The sound-deprived rats learned a frequency discrimination as easily as controls reared in varied sound conditions.
Graphological Signs for Extraversion
Authors: Lester David , McLaughlin Sheila , Nosal Grace
Published: September 2011

Graphological signs of extraversion were rated from handwriting samples of undergraduates ( ns = 35 males, 31 females; 23 males, 20 females) and correlated with extraversion scores from an objective psychological test. No evidence was found for the validity of the graphological signs.
Stability and Consistency of Factor Structure of Least Preferred Co-Worker Scale for Different Age Groups
Authors: Hardy Robert C.
Published: September 2011

It was the purpose of this study to investigate the generalizability of Fiedler's (1967) least preferred co-worker scale to different age groups. The scale was administered to junior high, senior high, and college students, and the data from each age group were factor analyzed. The resulting factor structures and the factor structure from a previously reported sample of Army trainees were compared. To determine the stability of the factor structures, each of the three populations of this study were randomly split into two sub-populations, factor analyzed, and the resulting factor structures were compared. These analyses indicated that the scale yielded a single, strong, and stable factor for the junior and senior high school populations. The factor structures for the college students yielded three factors which were moderately strong and stable.
The Luscher Color Test: A Validity Study
Authors: Donnelly Frank A.
Published: September 2011

Concurrent validity of the Luschet Color Test was studied by correlating these scores and those on the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis for 50 male and 48 female undergraduates. Specific relationships between the two tests were not found although general ones were. There was 81% agreement between the two tests as to the presence or absence of emotional problems for the 98 college students. The possibility of using the test to screen quickly is suggested.
Simultaneous Monotic Masking as a Function of Linguistic Violations
Authors: Chermak Gail D.
Published: September 2011

An investigation was conducted to determine whether grammatical, semantical, and phonological constraints affect aural masking. The rationale centered around the non-representative and non-optimal characteristics of white noise as a masker. Also, prior conclusions that content and linguistic rules do not influence masking warranted examination. Six lists, each of 25 monosyllabic words, were consecutively presented to the right ear along with a simultaneously competing message of 36 college-age, normal hearing, native speakers of English. The 6 classes of competing messages were forward grammatical strings, forward semantically anomalous strings, forward ungrammatical strings, and the same 3 sets reproduced backwards. Articulation scores computed in percentages served as measures. Performances when the forward semantically anomalous strings and the forward ungrammatical strings functioned as maskers were depressed relative to the other conditions and not significantly different from each other.
Relationship between Visual Orientation and Susceptibility to Motion Sickness
Authors: Pitblado Colin , Mirabile Charles S
Published: September 2011

24 male subjects were divided into 3 groups, on the basis of their susceptibility to motion sickness. All subjects were then required to set a luminous line in an apparently vertical position while viewing the line from a body position which was deviated 70° laterally from the upright. No visible frame of reference was available. A significant relationship between motion sickness susceptibility and errors in judging the vertical was discovered, the “intermediate” susceptibility group making the greatest errors. The role of the vestibular system in visual orientation and motion sickness is discussed. The result also indicates the potential value of using perceptual performance as a tool in the study of motion sickness and its correlates.
Use of Negation to Justify Correct Judgments of Conservation by Boys
Authors: Young Gerald
Published: September 2011

Boys ( N = 70) in Grades 1 and 2 were preselected for verbal ability and given measures of conservation and negation. Of 59 boys who gave at least one logical justification on the conservation tasks, where the probing consisted of one question, only 5 boys used justifications of negation. Users of negation were matched with nonusers and retested using probing with as many as five questions. The users needed significantly fewer questions per task to elicit such justifications than nonusers and each was operational on the negation measure. Negation may be more relevant for the acquisition of conservation by users than by the majority of these children.
Electromyographic and Girth Considerations Relative to Strength Training
Authors: Hosler W. W.
Published: September 2011

19 male and 23 female volunteers were tested for surface electromyograms. Girth and skinfold measures were taken at the same location, while cable tensiometer readings indicated quadriceps strength. After a 7-wk. strength improvement program, measures were repeated. Both men and women increased their quadriceps strength. The men's thigh girth significantly increased, whereas the women's did not. Both groups demonstrated significant electromyogram change for a 16-lb. load, whereas only the men showed significant change for a 26-lb. load.
Objectivity and Effect of Order of Appearance in Judging of Synchronized Swimming Meets
Authors: Wilson Vietta E.
Published: September 2011

To determine the objectivity of judges and whether the scores of swimmers were affected by the order in which they competed data were analyzed for 87 AAU and 84 World meet swimmers who swam 6 and 5 figures for 8 and 12 different judges respectively. In both meets, the order of the swimmer's appearance was randomly drawn prior to each meet. The inter-correlations for the judges showed moderate objectivity, with 196 of 288 correlations above .80. The first group of 30 swimmers who performed in the World meet had significantly lower scores than swimmers in Groups 2 or 3 while no significant differences were found among groups for the AAU meet. When each group of 30 was subdivided into thirds no significant differences were found for any group in either meet. The direction of curves for the group mean scores for each meet was strikingly similar and suggests that continued investigation into “order effects” is warranted.
Dose-Related Heart-Rate, Perceptual, and Decisional Changes in Man following Marihuana Smoking
Authors: Schaefer Carl F. , Gunn C. G. , Dubowski Kurt M.
Published: September 2011

Information processing was tested in 12 male subjects after smoking marihuana containing 0, 10, or 20 mg. of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in three consecutive experimental sessions according to a Latin square protocol. Successful dose control was indicated both by the dose-related linear increase observed in heart rate and by preliminary assays of THC metabolites excreted in the urine. During tachistoscopic presentation of varying numbers of circles, statistically significant decrements in information processing occurred as a function of THC dosage. However, adding irrelevant information (triangles) to the display of circles eliminated effects of marihuana on accuracy of counting. Complex reaction times for oddity discrimination increased significantly only after the high dose. Nonetheless, both the social and high doses inappropriately inhibited the general tendency to respond to changing stimuli during oddity discrimination. Marihuana had no effect on field-dependence as measured by the Rod-and-frame test.
Evaluation of Guidelines for Safe Exposure to Continuous Noise of Moderate and High Intensity
Authors: Schori Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

In a 1974 report the Environmental Protection Agency made predictions, based upon extrapolations from the literature, as to what constitutes a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve, i.e., a “safe exposure” curve. However, because of a dearth of data for brief exposures to noise, they were uncertain as to the accuracy of some of their predictions. Therefore, in the present investigation, the TTS2 consequences of brief exposures to noise were systematically evaluated. Specifically, 40 subjects were tested at each of 10 appropriately spaced durations of exposure to noise. The 90th percentile TTS2 at 4000 Hz was determined for each duration of exposure and then a multiple regression equation was fitted to these values. From this equation, a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve was calculated, which represents our predictions as to the trade-offs between noise intensity and duration of exposure necessary to produce 90th percentile TTS2 of 5 dB. A comparison of our predictions to those of the EPA (in the area of uncertainty) suggests that the conservative EPA predictions may be too conservative while the EPA's modified and extended CHABA-criterion predictions (from Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Council Committee on Hear., Bioacoustics, Biomechanics) may not be sufficiently conservative. Although our predictions reflect the trends which were actually observed in the present investigation, it would be unreasonable to assume that our predictions are more than “ball park” estimates of reality. They do suggest, though, that in reality a 5 dB equal 90th percentile TTS2 curve would probably be intermediate between the conservative EPA curve and EPA's modified and extended CHABA criterion curves.
Reliability and Trend for Field Independence as Measured by the Portable Rod-and-Frame
Authors: Rusch Reuben , Lis Donna
Published: September 2011

A popular type of portable rod-and-frame (Model PR-20) test was administered to 7-, 8-, 9- and 10-yr.-old subjects and re-administered 3 yr. and 3 mo. later. Internal consistency and stability were reported for each age level and sex separately. Internal consistency ranged from .53 to .99. Stability ranged from .26 to .90. There was a tendency for boys to be more field-independent than girls and for older subjects to be more field-independent than younger ones.
Relations of Scores on WPPSI and WISC-R at a One-Year Interval
Authors: Rasbury Wiley , Coy Julia G. Mc , Perry Nathan W.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to provide information regarding the relationship between the WPPSI and the WISC-R, over a 1-yr. interval, for a sample of middle-class children of above average intelligence. There were 47 males and 43 females who were an average of 5.6 yr. at the time of first testing and 6.5 yr. at the time of second testing. The data, analyzed by a linear regression analysis, showed that the WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs could be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy, i.e., standard errors of estimate: Verbal IQ = 8.86, Performance IQ = 8.15, Full Scale IQ = 7.14. The results were discussed in terms of the degree of similarity between cognitive skills measured by the two tests and the clinical utility of such information.
Perception of Horizontality by Male and Female College Students
Authors: Kelly Joseph T. , Kelly Gwendolyn N.
Published: September 2011

Understanding of the principle of horizontality was tested by having 314 university students draw the water surface on pictures of tilted bottles. Adults appear to have difficulty with this task and females performed much more poorly than males.
Comparison of Reading Programs for Children with Low Levels of Reading Readiness
Authors: Summerell Sally , Brannigani Gary G.
Published: September 2011

The present study compared the relative effectiveness of a phonetic approach (Distar) and use of a special alphabet (Johnny Right-to-Read) to reading instruction for children with low levels of reading readiness. Subjects were 12 male and 12 female second graders. While both groups made significant gains in word and paragraph meaning, children in the Distar group made significantly greater gains in reading comprehension than those in the Johnny Right-to-Read group. In addition to the Distar program's emphasis on the development of auditory and visual comprehension skills, the present results might be related to the highly structured presentation and comprehensiveness of this program.
Background Interference Procedure and Discriminant Function Analysis in Predicting Clinically Determined Categories of Learning Disability
Authors: Mallinger Barry L.
Published: September 2011

There is a need to determine the extent to which the “Background Interference Procedure” as an adjunct to the Bender-Gestalt can account for criterion variance beyond that level predicted by an optimal battery. Discriminant functions empirically classified subjects into clinical categories of learning disability. A reduced battery of intellective and visual-motor predictors generated two significant functions, accounting for 91% of the variance. The first dimension reflected over-all intellectual functioning, the second, psychomotor skills. Empirical classification accurately categorized 71% of all subjects across five criterion groups. The functions efficiently separated the criteria, but the six Background Interference Procedure predictor variables did not improve prediction. Implications include using the Background Interference Procedure for early screening of learning disabilities and employing discriminant functions for data reduction and construct validation of teachers' and judges' ratings.
Originality and Perceptual Set: Comparative Study of Hungarians and Americans
Authors: Khatena Joe , Zétényi Tamás
Published: September 2011

208 Hungarian and 200 American college adults were administered Sounds and Images. The criterion for breaking away from perceptual set was the production of non-sound images given sound stimuli. In response to four sounds presented three times, the greatest number of non-sound images was produced to the second and fourth sound stimuli by all subjects; Hungarians produced more non-sound images to the second and Americans to the fourth stimulus. Further, Americans produced a significantly greater number of non-sound images than Hungarians.
Effect of Weight and Sex on Perception of Line Length
Authors: Gibbs Lillian L. , Anderson Rosemarie
Published: September 2011

56 obese and 103 normal-weight college students were asked to make line-length estimations of lines on either a light of dark background. Analysis of the results showed significant interactions between weight and contrast and sex and contrast, with the line estimations by women and normal-weight individuals being more dependent on the contrast.
Ability Factors in Motor Learning
Authors: Kleinman Matthew
Published: September 2011

Research dealing with the role of basic ability factors in motor learning has been characterized by an ever increasing realization of the high degree of task specificity associated with the acquisition of motor skills. Although various theoretical arguments have been offered to account for the changing factor structure of abilities which apparently accompanies increase in proficiency in motor performance, such theories have, by and large, ignored the role of information-processing models, as well as factors pertaining to human neurological organization. Theoretical positions and empirical research concerning the role of ability factors in motor learning are discussed and analyzed in the light of the limitations imposed by factors of task taxonomy.
Two-Pulse Temporal Resolution Threshold in the Peripheral Visual Field
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: September 2011

Using a 700-nm light-emitting diode, the minimum inter-pulse interval between two successively flashing pulses presented to 21 retinal loci along horizontal and vertical meridian were measured. The results showed inter-pulse interval changed as a W-shaped function of eccentricity on both meridians.
Comparison of Biofeedback Pulse Wave Velocity and Progressive Relaxation in Essential Hypertensives
Authors: Walsh Peter , Dale Alexander , Anderson David E.
Published: September 2011

In a study undertaken to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of two behavioral treatments for essential hypertension (biofeedback on arterial pulse-wave velocity and progressive relaxation) 24 hypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to either a relaxation or biofeedback treatment group for 5 weekly sessions. In a second stage of the study 16 of the original subjects received both biofeedback and relaxation treatments during 5 additional weekly sessions. Results indicated that biofeedback and relaxation were equally effective in initial lowering of blood pressure in hypertensives. Although biofeedback training led to superior reductions at the 3-mo. follow-up point, after 1 yr. the blood pressures of both groups were not only equal but well below those presented at the beginning of the study.
Analysis of Processing Demands in Partial Report
Authors: Matthew Jon S. , Antes James R.
Published: September 2011

Processing demands in the Sperling (1960) whole- and partial-report tasks were evaluated with the simple reaction-time probe procedure. 6 subjects responded to a buzzer probe presented at various temporal locations in the processing interval associated with performance in whole or partial report. The results showed relative increases in processing demands in partial report in the temporal vicinity (± 200 msec.) of the delivery of the auditory indicator cue as indicated by increases in probe reaction-time. Furthermore, reacting to the probe during this interval interfered with partial-report performance. This mutual interference was not detected when whole report was performed concurrently with the probe task. The results were interpreted in terms of an analysis of central processing capacity.
Effect of Vocal vs Non-Vocal Music on Visual Recall
Authors: Belsham Richard Lee , Harman David W.
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female college students were given a detailed photograph as well as a 20-item questionnaire pertaining to the photograph. In quiet surroundings one group listened to a non-vocal recording while the other group listened to an identical recording with a vocal. The recording with both voice and instruments impaired the recall task significantly more than a recording solely of instruments.
Adaptive Training and Individual Differences in Perception
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Greenawalt James P. , Thornton Carl L. , Williamson Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Four types of training techniques were compared in the training of a perceptual concept-formation task. Adaptive training, a technique in which one parameter in the learning situation is varied so that the difficulty of a learning task remains constant for that individual, was compared to three intermediate approaches to training (self-adaptive, in which the trainees could control their own pace of learning by indicating when they felt they had mastered the problem, fixed sequence, and fixed task). The relationship between individual trainee's perceptual style and various stages of training was also investigated. Perceptual style was measured by the Hidden Figures Test, the Rod-and-frame Test, a Distracting Context Test, and a Cancellation Test. Results showed a definite (time to perform the task) advantage in favor of the adaptive training method. Fewer errors were committed under the self-adaptive approach, but the task completion time was significantly higher. Further analysis showed that for the adaptive-training group, measures of perceptual style could be used as predictors of future task success. No such relationship was found for other training techniques. In particular, field-independence appears to be important early in training but becomes increasingly less important, and for the final training criterion trials, is not predictive of performance. In contrast, the Distracting Context Test-II, early in training, is not an important predictor but is an important predictor for the final criterion trials.
Children's Problem Solving in Relation to Perceptual Habit
Authors: Cicirelli Victor G.
Published: September 2011

The left-to-right and top-to-bottom perceptual scanning habits established in reading were hypothesized to transfer to a problem-solving task, lessening effectiveness of problem solving where the habitual response did not coincide with the demands of the problem. Responses of 120 first-grade children to seven problems were studied; the child was asked to press bulbs in a 5 × 5 array to determine which of two or more alternative patterns was “correct.” The majority of initial bulb presses were in positions predicted from reading habits (upper left corner, middle of the top row, or middle of the left column of the array). Those subjects initially pressing one of the predicted bulbs scored significantly more poorly than subjects initially pressing other bulbs on those problems where the upper left bulbs did not contain information relevant to the solution of the problem.
Selective Attention in a Multiple-Response Reaction-Time Task
Authors: Stratton Richard K.
Published: September 2011

Consistently higher correlations (.74 to .89) were noted between hand and foot RT of 7 subjects assigned to a contralateral group than for another 7 assigned to an ipsilateral group ( rs = .80 to .51). Subjects button pressed to onset of a light.
Reply to Blum
Authors: Jennings Luther B. , George Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

Methodological criticisms are answered, and additional reasons for questioning Blum's theory and method are offered.
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Making Absolute Judgments of Monaurally Presented Pure Tones
Authors: Pendse Shripad G.
Published: September 2011

Some recent studies have suggested that hemispheric asymmetry may be related to the quantity of information contained in a stimulus. To test this possibility, 20 subjects were given an auditory absolute-judgment task in which they were required to identify 3, 5, or 7 pure tones recorded on a tape. The presentation was monaural, and headphone placement was randomly alternated across subjects. The left ear showed a statistically significant advantage in identifying 5 tones and an insignificant advantage in identifying 3 or 7 tones. This result is discussed in terms of previous work on auditory channel-capacity and the desirability of using an absolute-judgment paradigm to study hemispheric asymmetry for other kinds of stimuli is indicated.
Relationship of Field-Dependence—Independence to Posture and Judgment of Time Duration
Authors: Phillips John R.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between 84 field-dependent subjects and 84 field-independent subjects, posture, and judgment of duration of time were examined. An analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the two groups of subjects in the judgment of a 40-sec. interval while in the standing, sitting, or horizontal postures or in the comparison of the three postures. Mean judgments of durations became larger from standing to sitting to horizontal postures and over trials for the three postures. It was suggested that the lengthening of the judgment of the 40-sec. interval could be related to a decrease in kinesthetic stimulation with a resultant increase in muscular relaxation which led to a decrease in vigilance.
Contemporary Dilemmas in Personality Assessment Illustrated in a Diagnostic Case Study
Authors: Greene Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Hand Test and California Psychological Inventory data produced by two nonviolent sex offenders are presented in case study format. Marked similarities in personality of these subjects are noted and discussed in relation to difficulties which plague the field of measurement and evaluation. Social relevancy is noted and the need for systematic study of large samples is emphasized.
Motion in Instructional Media: Some Subject-Display Mode Interactions
Authors: Blake Tyler
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to test the hypothesis that motion in visual media can be differentially effective in enhancing the learning of complex spatial relations as a function of the viewer's aptitude. 84 subjects (42 males and 42 females) of high and low spatial aptitude (as measured by the Guilford-Zimmerman Test of Spatial Visualization) were taught the movement patterns of 5 chessmen with 1 of 3 instructional films: (1) a “stills” condition which simulated a slide presentation, (2) an “Arrows” condition which was identical to the “Stills” condition except for the addition of an animated cueing arrow, (3) a “Full Motion” condition which followed a standard motion picture format. Subjects of high aptitude showed no differences between instructional modes. Subjects of low aptitude performed better with both motion conditions but no differences were found between them.
Judged Brightness as a Function of Dark, Intermediate, and Light Adaptation
Authors: Davis Jeff T. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: September 2011

33 subjects were randomly assigned to a dark-, intermediate-, or light-adapted condition. They were then presented with two lighted surfaces of different brightness and asked to adjust the comparison stimulus to apparent equality with that of the standard stimulus. Results showed a significant interaction between adaptation level and stimulus intensity. The dark-adapted group showed greater accuracy at low stimulus intensities than at medium or high, while the intermediate- and light-adapted groups were more accurate in judging brightness at medium and high stimulus intensities. Differences in perceived brightness were cited as contributing to this finding.
Perception of Exertion in the Elderly, Effects of Aging, Mode of Exercise and Physical Training
Authors: Sidney K. H. , Shephard ROY. J.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of perceived exertion by the Borg psychophysical scale have been made on 26 men and 30 women aged 60 to 70 yr. All were volunteers for a pre-retirement exercise programme. During progressive bicycle ergometer exercise lines relating the ratings of exertion to heart rate were closely similar in men and women, scores at all heart rates being 2 or 3 units higher than in young adults. A brief progressive exercise protocol on the treadmill yielded somewhat lower ratings than bicycle ergometer work, the discrepancy being marked in women. At any given oxygen intake, ratings were higher for females than males and higher for old than young subjects. However, when oxygen intake was expressed as a percentage of the directly measured maximum oxygen intake, scores became independent of sex and age. A 34-wk. period of conditioning substantially reduced heart rates but had little effect on the perception of effort at a given work load. This unexpected result may reflect a closer approximation of core and skin temperatures with reduction of sub-cutaneous fat.
Influence of Recall on Reliability of Autokinetic Perception in a Portable Apparatus
Authors: Haines James R. , Farrow Bobby J. , Santos John F.
Published: September 2011

A previous study of the influence of recall on autokinetic perception was replicated using portable apparatus. An autokinetic test was given to 76 male subjects who were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 19 subjects each. Two groups were retested after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The other two groups were asked to recall their initial experience after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The results were similar to those reported previously, in that intertrial correlations for length of line and maximal excursion from the starting point were generally higher for the recall than for the retest conditions. Latencies were not consistent with this finding. These results were discussed in comparison with previous studies of the reliability of autokinetic perception.
Human Time Estimation: Bibliography
Authors: Guay Michel , Hall Craig
Published: September 2011

Journal articles and several other types of publications concerned with human time estimation are divided into the following three chronological sections: 1960–1964, 1965–1969, and post 1969. Each section includes experimental, theoretical, and methodological papers.
Establishing Walking by Severely Retarded Children
Authors: Haavik Sarah , Altman Karl
Published: September 2011

This article examines the implications of independent ambulation for severely retarded children and reviews the literature describing behavioral interventions which facilitate walking. Findings from applied behavior analysis of single subjects support the value of operant techniques in the acquisition of walking. An operationally defined, data-based, four-level sequence for training walking beginning with momentary standing and ending with independent walking on command is described. Representative data from five severely retarded children are presented.
Bibliography: Piaget's Theory and Exceptional Children, 1974
Authors: Flagg Joan B. , Williams Robert
Published: September 2011

This is a bibliography of 55 citations which, in lieu of annotations, is keyed to abstracts in Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Dissertation Abstracts International, ERIC Research in Education, Exceptional Child Education Abstracts, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Abstracts, and Psychological Abstracts.
Masking Effects of Similar and Dissimilar Letters: A Test of the Interactive Channels Model
Authors: Townsend James T. , Snodgrass Joan Gay
Published: September 2011

Subjects identified which of two target letters was presented when the target was accompanied by a similar or dissimilar noise letter, the target appeared on the right or left of fixation, and the target was central or peripheral to the noise letter. Although performance deteriorated in the presence of noise letters compared to control conditions, masking was no greater with similar than dissimilar noise letters. Rather masking effects were specific to particular target-mask pairs, suggesting facilitation of target perception when mask and target shared features critical to the target-discrimination task. Thus, no evidence for Estes' interactive channels model was obtained. Neither the left vs right position of the target nor its centrality had any effect on accuracy or speed. Correct latencies to a target covaried with its accuracy of detection, but incorrect latencies were more strongly associated with the target identified than with the target presented.
Field-Dependence-Independence and Lateral Eye Movements following Verbal and Spatial Questions
Authors: Ehrlichman Howard
Published: September 2011

In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant ( r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement.
Changes in Rem Dream Content during the Night: Implications for a Hypothesis about Changes in Cerebral Dominance across Rem Periods
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

REM dream content was scored for categories suggesting the predominant influence of the left hemisphere, e.g., good ego functioning, verbalization, or the right hemisphere, e.g., music, spatial salience, bizarreness. Data from 5 samples of college men showed consistent evidence of an increase in the prominence of left-, but not right-, related categories from earlier to later REM periods. These data suggest there is an increase in left hemisphere control/dominance across the REM periods during the night. Two sets of predictions based on this hypothesis (using more direct estimates of the hypothesized change) yielded supportive evidence. First, as predicted, there was a positive relation between change in percentage of right eye movement (R %) and (a) temporal position of the REM period and (b) change in left-related categories; greater R% was associated with later REM periods and with more prominent left- (but not right-) hemisphere categories. Second, as predicted, there was a positive relation between the diminution of the ratio of left to right EEG amplitudes (L/R) and (a) temporal position of the REM period and (b) prominence of verbal activity. As expected, this relation was attenuated for those subjects showing a preference for left-handedness. Two possible explanations for the inferred increase in left-hemispheric influence during the night are suggested.
A Battery-Operated Touch Switch
Authors: Milligan W. L. , Holley Richard
Published: September 2011

This note describes a touch-sensitive electric switch based on a Darlington amplifier transistor. Since the switch is battery-operated, it may be used in psychophysiological recording applications where 60-Hz interference usually causes problems.
Additivity of Cues in Perception of Verticality
Authors: Shinar David
Published: September 2011

Visual cues affecting perception of verticality in different situations were combined within a single percept and shown to be additive. When the independent effects of the Zöllner illusion cues and the rod-and-frame test cues affected the perception of verticality in the same direction, the total illusion was enhanced; when these cues counteracted each other, the illusion was attenuated by an equal magnitude.
Evaluation of a Media Campaigns Effect on Reporting Patterns of Child Abuse
Authors: Friedrich William N.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to determine what effect a media campaign had on child-abuse reporting patterns, pre-campaign measures were contrasted with post-campaign measures. The mean number of reports/day increased significantly. Reports from one of the three major reporting groups, i.e., professionals, increased significantly. Five basic types of abuse were also examined, and the number of reports in two of the categories, i.e., soft tissue and abuse with neglect, also increased significantly.
Avoidance of the Ontological Confrontation of Death and a Phenomenological Encounter with a Simulated Death Atmosphere
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Thauberger Eileen M. , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

A field-setting was designed to simulate a death atmosphere in which to explore differences between an avoidance versus a confrontation approach to death. Scores for 44 individuals on the Thauberger Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Death Scale were used to identify “avoiders” and “confronters” as well as were correlated with attitude scores and a behavior rating with respect to a phenomenological encounter of a field-setting with a coffin. The predictive validity coefficients were of respectable magnitude. A number of comparisons between high and low scorers on the Avoidance of Ontological Confrontation of Death were made, and some differences in the phenomenological approaches between “avoiders” and “confronters” to the field-setting were noted and discussed.
Body Locus and Form Perception
Authors: Heller Morton A.
Published: September 2011

Forms were drawn on the palms, forearms, or biceps of 42 subjects, with vision excluded. Subjects were then required to make a visual match to the drawn forms. It was expected that the accuracy of form recognition would be a direct function of the sensitivity of the receptor surface. Thus the palm was expected to yield more accurate form recognition than the forearm or bicep. Form recognition was significantly worse on the forearm than on other skin locations. The adequacy of a skin surface as an information transducer does not appear to be a simple function of cutaneous sensitivity since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the palm and bicep.
Perception of Parental Sex Guilt and Sexual Behavior and Arousal of College Students
Authors: Abramson Paul R. , Michalak Patricia , Alling Charlene
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between perceptions of parental sex guilt and the sexual arousability and sexual activity of 63 single male and 89 single female undergraduates. The results indicate that the same sex parent is perceived as more influential in determining the sex guilt of the child whereas the perceived sex guilt of the mother may have more influence on the sexual arousability of the son and the sexual activity of the daughter.
Effect of Similarity Training on Imitation
Authors: Feder Janice , Fouts Gregory
Published: September 2011

The effect of increasing the reward value of stimulus similarity in a match-to-sample task upon subsequent imitation (behavioral similarity) was assessed. Subjects ( N = 48) were assigned to three groups: an experimental group (similarity) who received reinforcement for stimulus matching, and two control groups who served to help assess the effects of reinforcement and exposure to the match-to-sample task. Subjects were then exposed to televised models demonstrating task-oriented and task-incidental behaviors, and their subsequent imitation was observed. Only the results for males with task-incidental imitation were consistent with the hypothesis, and several research and clinical implications were discussed.
Hypoxemia and Auditory Reaction Time in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Aisenberg Ruth B. , Rosenthal Amnon , Wolff Peter H. , Nadas Alexander S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if previously documented performance deficits of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are peculiar to centrally mediated visual tasks or are also manifested on tests of other centrally mediated sensory functions such as hearing. A simple auditory reaction time test was, therefore, performed on 239 patients with congenital heart disease, 43 of whom were cyanotic. Results indicated that (a) there is no significant relationship between level of arterial oxygen saturation and auditory RT. (b) Auditory RT for the group as a whole declines until the mid-teens and then rises, a pattern at variance with that of normal subjects. (c) The auditory RT of females was significantly higher, i.e., slower, than that of males.
Comparison of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Indices of Cerebral Dysfunction
Authors: Vogt A. T. , Heaton Robert K.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed and compared the diagnostic accuracies of eight cerebral dysfunction indices based upon the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Patients with extreme values of the Halstead Impairment Index were used to compose Impaired and Not Impaired groups. The Impaired group did significantly worse than the Not Impaired group on all 11 WAIS subtests, and there was little overlap between the groups in Full Scale IQ. The WAIS cerebral dysfunction indices ignore such differences in over-all level of performance and instead use patterns of subtest scores in making diagnostic classifications. Seven of the eight indices predicted impairment status at levels which exceed chance, but the total correct classification rates were quite modest. Statistical correction for group age differences reduced classification rates even more. Deviation score analyses were employed to assess relative strengths and deficits on the WAIS subtests, controlled for over-all level of performance. Compared to the Not-impaired group, Impaired subjects did relatively poorly on Block Design and Object Assembly, and relatively well on Information, Comprehension, Vocabulary, and Picture Completion. Significant education effects and education by impairment status interactions also occurred for several subtests. It was concluded that the WAIS indices have limited value in screening for cerebral dysfunction, and reasons for this were discussed.
Developmental Study of Similarity Judgments Involving Dimensions
Authors: Fahrmeier Edward D. , Medin Douglas L.
Published: September 2011

In order to examine the nature of dimensional processing in children, kindergarten and third grade children were asked to make similarity judgments for unidimensional sets of stimuli differing in color (hue), size, and shape, respectively. Age differences were generally confined to the color set. The judgments of the older children were more internally consistent and more similar to those of other children in their age group than were the younger children's. The frequency of good-fitting scaling solutions was also higher for the older children. The processing of color in a relational manner thus seems to develop more slowly than relational processing of size or shape. Results from any task which depends on or is facilitated by relational processing could be altered by the dimensions used. The methods developed in the paper also provide an alternate method of studying sedation.
Effect of Similarity on Social Schemas
Authors: Jackson Thomas T. , Klopfer Frederick J.
Published: September 2011

Kuethe (1962), using the Felt Figure Replacement Technique, found that non-identical human figures (man-woman) were replaced closer together than identical non-human figures (two identical rectangles). This finding was attributed to the operation of a social schema that humans “go together.” The present experiment examined this finding, with similarity of form held constant and similarity of dimension varied. Perception of dimensional differences rather than social schemas may be a more viable explanation for the differences in replacement of the figures. These results add to the growing evidence that the technique must be subjected to much closer scrutiny before being widely accepted.
Combined Effects of Tobacco and Caffeine on the Components of Choice Reaction-Time, Heart Rate, and Hand Steadiness
Authors: Smith D. L. , Tong J. E. , Leigh Gillian
Published: September 2011

Eight male smokers were tested under 6 conditions comprising the combinations of 200 mg. caffeine or no caffeine, with no cigarette, one 0.3-mg. nicotine cigarette or one 1.3-mg. nicotine cigarette, for decision time and motor time scores on a choice reaction-time task. Heart rate was monitored from a pretest period throughout the session, and hand steadiness measured on repeated occasions. Decision-time scores were significantly decreased by both caffeine and nicotine, but no interaction was found. The high-nicotine cigarette had the greatest effect. Motor time scores were improved by caffeine only. Both caffeine alone and nicotine alone accelerated the heart rate but in combination appeared to have antagonistic effects. Hand steadiness was significantly impaired by both drugs but with no interaction.
The “Blue Seven” is Not a Phenomenon
Authors: Knowles Philip L.
Published: September 2011

Three studies investigated a reported preference for humans to choose blue and seven in a free choice. Such preferences were compared against 109 respondents' favorite color and number. The conditional relationship between color and number was examined. The results replicate the earlier reports of a preference for blue and seven. Generally blue was chosen as the respondents' favorite color. No conditional relationship between blue and seven was observed.
The Distribution of Dart Tosses
Authors: Goodman David , Schutz Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that elliptical targets more closely reflect the actual distribution of scores than do circular targets and therefore yield more reliable data. Based on 1000 dart-throws by each of 6 subjects, equations for 5 homothetic ellipses were derived and targets developed. 30 subjects provided data for a test-retest analysis of both the elliptical and conventional circular targets. Greater variability was observed about the vertical axis than about the horizontal axis; however, the test-retest reliabilities of .53 and .69 for the circular and elliptical targets, respectively, were only moderate and not significantly different.
Two Modes of Administration of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test to Kindergarten Children
Authors: Caskey William E. , Larson Gerald L.
Published: September 2011

Using Otis-Lennon IQs 104 kindergarten children were paired and divided into two groups. The first was administered a group Bender test based on transparencies of the Bender designs and 10 to 14 days later the standard individual Bender Test. The second group was administered the Bender tests in reverse order. A significant correlation was found between Koppitz scores from the group and the individual Bender scores. It is suggested that the group Bender test might be used as a screening device without significant loss of information on a later administration of the individual Bender test.
Use of an Auditory Cue to Improve Bowling Performance of Visually Handicapped Persons
Authors: Reid Carol , French Ronald , Shultz Barry
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of an auditory cue on the performance of visually handicapped. Bowling performance was significantly superior with the audible goal locater than without for both 15 acquired and 15 congenitally visually handicapped.
Effects of Age, Sex, and Brightness of Field on Open-Field Behaviors of Rats
Authors: Seliger Deborah Levy
Published: September 2011

48 male and 48 female Holtzman rats, ages 50, 100, and 150 days, were tested in a black or white open field to determine the effect of varying brightness of the field upon ambulation and defecation scores. There were significant negative correlations between all ambulation and defecation scores, except for the 50-day-old animals. Ambulation scores decreased over trials for all animals; defecation scores remained the same. Trials did not interact with age, sex, or brightness on either measure. In both fields females crossed more squares than males at ages 100 and 150 days, but there were no sex differences in ambulation at age 50 days. Most notable was a sex difference as a function of brightness of field; whereas male scores did not differ, females ambulated significantly more and tended to defecate less in the white field. Results are described in terms of the need for standardization of the open field.
An Electronic Apparatus to Measure the Retinal-Neural Fading Phenomena
Authors: Albee Janet L. , Albee Paul R. , Young Francis A.
Published: September 2011

Fading and regeneration of visual stimuli is a phenomenon which occurs under the condition of redundant visual stimulation in the human eye. By totally encompassing a subject's visual field with large sheets of colored cardboard, which provided an undifferentiated ground, it was found that the color spontaneously disappeared and reappeared. This evidence suggested that the cycle is a fundamental aspect of the visual process. The Retinal-Neural Fading Phenomena Device was developed using light-emitting diodes (LED) as the stimulus source. This allowed the quantitative measurement of the rate of fade and degree of satiation the eye undergoes under a redundant presentation equivalent to stabilized images. The rate and degree of satiation to redundant stimulation appears to correlate highly with a subject's reading efficiency. The data suggested that rapid and deep satiation was the favored outcome if one is to be free from reading or perceptual disorders. This leads to the speculation that rapid fade of afterimages of previously read symbols is required to prepare the visual system for new material. Conversely, the inability to suppress afterimages may be a physiological factor in the “dyslexic syndrome.”
Body Boundary and Field-Dependence
Authors: Siegel Howard B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between body boundary articulation, as measured by Fisher and Cleveland, and Witkin's field dependence-independence dimensions of perception. While these two concepts seem to be logically connected, no significant relationships ( rs of .15 to .35) were obtained for 20 undergraduates. There is a need for further clarification and refinement in the concepts of Penetration and Barrier scores for body image.