bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensemble Kalman filtering
Authors: Houtekamer P. L. , Mitchell Herschel L.
Published: August 2006

An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been implemented at the Canadian Meteorological Centre to provide an ensemble of initial conditions for the medium‐range ensemble prediction system. This demonstrates that the EnKF can be used for operational atmospheric data assimilation.

We show how the EnKF relates to the Kalman filter. In particular, to make the ensemble approximation feasible, we have to use a fairly small ensemble with many less members than either the number of model coordinates, or the number of independent observations, or the (unknown) dimension of the dynamical system. To nevertheless obtain good results, we must (i) counter the tendency of the ensemble spread to underestimate the true error, and (ii) localize the ensemble covariances. The localization is severe and leads to imbalance in the initial conditions.

The operational EnKF is used to investigate to what extent our system respects the underlying hypotheses of both the Kalman filter and its ensemble approximation. In particular, we quantify the imbalance in the initial conditions and the magnitude of the model‐error component. The occurrence of imbalance constrains the ways in which time interpolation can be performed and in which parametrized model error can be added. With this study we hope to obtain and provide guidance for further improvements to the EnKF. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Convective‐scale assimilation of radar data: progress and challenges
Authors: Sun Juanzhen
Published: August 2006

Active research has been carried out in recent years to assimilate high‐resolution observations into numerical models to improve precipitation forecasting. Considerable progress has been made although great scientific and technological challenges still exist. This paper reviews techniques used in convective‐scale data assimilation research. Experiences in the assimilation of radar observations into high‐resolution numerical models are presented. A number of future challenges in convective‐scale data assimilation are discussed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Opportunities for enhanced collaboration within the data assimilation community
Authors: McLaughlin Dennis , O'Neill Alan , Derber John , Kamachi Masafumi
Published: August 2006

Recent advances in sensor technology, telecommunications and computation open up new possibilities for the application of data assimilation concepts across the Earth sciences. As a result, the data assimilation community is expanding beyond meteorology and oceanography to include representatives from climatology, hydrology, atmospheric chemistry, ecology and other disciplines. This development offers new opportunities for collaboration between the operational and research sides of the community. Opportunities exist not only in traditional forecasting applications, but also in areas such as reanalysis, model diagnosis, development of new model parametrizations, and observing‐system design. Disciplinary scientists from outside the traditional data assimilation community are starting to appreciate that data assimilation can provide an integrated view of earth processes over a range of time and space scales. Operational data assimilation groups have special expertise and capabilities that are needed by newcomers to the field. If the scope of the operational community expands to include a wider range of applications, the entire field will likely benefit from new ideas, new resources, and increased visibility and recognition. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of MIPAS observations using a three‐dimensional global chemistry‐transport model
Authors: Baier F. , Erbertseder T. , Morgenstern O. , Bittner M. , Brasseur G.
Published: August 2006

MIPAS observations are assimilated using a modified version of the chemistry‐transport model ROSE to derive consistent global chemical analyses of the stratosphere. Due to different retrieval schemes applied, available MIPAS datasets are expected to differ in quality and coverage. In this study we investigate the sensitivity of the data assimilation scheme to two different sample datasets. ENVISAT/MIPAS baseline observations of H2O,O3,HNO3,CH4,N2O and NO2, covering October–November 2003, are considered. Sequential assimilation is performed using an optimum interpolation scheme with error propagation. It is shown that all assimilated model species benefit significantly from observations. Results are analysed using observation minus first‐guess error statistics and are additionally compared to UARS/HALOE data. Optimized assimilation parameters are derived using χ2 diagnostics. Two different MIPAS data products are examined: the European Space Agency operational product and the Institute for Meteorology Karlsruhe (IMK) scientific product. Assimilation results show some significant differences with respect to the dataset type used. For example, regions with increased stratospheric H2O concentrations near the tropical tropopause are only present when IMK data are applied. Both datasets are found to be well suited for global assimilation experiments to study the chemistry and dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Ensemble data assimilation for an eddy‐resolving ocean model of the Australian region
Authors: Oke P. R. , Schiller A. , Griffin D. A. , Brassington G. B.
Published: August 2006

The Bluelink Ocean Data Assimilation System (BODAS) is an ensemble optimal interpolation system applied to a global ocean general‐circulation model with 10 km resolution around Australia. BODAS derives estimates of forecast‐error covariances (FECs) from a stationary 72‐member ensemble of intraseasonal model anomalies. The FECs are localized around each observation to reduce the negative effects of sampling error and to increase the rank of the ensemble. The FECs have characteristics that reflect the length‐scales and the anisotropy of the ocean circulation in different regions. BODAS assimilates in situ and satellite‐derived observations of temperature, salinity and sea‐level anomaly. Results from a 13‐year ocean re‐analysis demonstrate that the reanalysed fields are often in very good agreement with withheld observations, and provide a good synoptic representation of the eddy field around Australia. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Treating strong adjoint sensitivities in tropical eddy‐permitting variational data assimilation
Authors: Hoteit I. , Cornuelle B. , Köhl A. , Stammer D.
Published: August 2006

A variational data assimilation system has been implemented for the tropical Pacific Ocean using an eddy‐permitting regional implementation of the MITgcm. The adjoint assimilation system was developed by the Estimation of the Circulation and the Climate of the Ocean consortium, and has been extended to deal with open boundaries. This system is used to adjust the model to match observations in the tropical Pacific region using control parameters which include initial conditions, open boundaries and time‐dependent surface fluxes. This paper focuses on problems related to strong adjoint sensitivities that may impede the model fit to the observations. A decomposition of the velocities at the open boundaries into barotropic and baroclinic modes is introduced to deal with very strong sensitivities of the model sea surface height to the barotropic component of the inflow. Increased viscosity and diffusivity terms are used in the adjoint model to reduce exponentially growing sensitivities in the backward run associated with nonlinearity of the forward model. Simplified experiments in which the model was constrained with Levitus temperature and salinity data, Reynolds sea surface temperature data and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data were performed to demonstrate the controllability of this assimilation system and to study its sensitivity to the starting guesses for forcing and initial conditions. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Multi‐model fusion and error parameter estimation
Authors: Logutov O. G. , Robinson A. R.
Published: August 2006

A robust and practical methodology for multi‐model ocean forecast fusion has been sought. Present regional ocean forecasting systems adapt and evolve in response to modelled processes. This makes it imperative that a forecast combination methodology be adaptive and capable to operate with a small sample of past validating events. To this end, we consider an extension of maximum‐likelihood error parameter estimation to multi‐model predictive systems, and utilize the resulting methodology for adaptive Bayesian model fusion. The methodology consists of the following three general steps: (a) parametrization of forecast uncertainties through either a suitable parametric family (e.g. covariance models) or through a low‐rank approximation (e.g. flow‐dependent error subspaces); (b) update of uncertainty parameters via maximum likelihood; and (c) combining model forecasts based on their uncertainty parameters via maximum likelihood. In order to implement step (b), we have extended the maximum‐likelihood error parameter estimation methodology to multi‐model forecasting systems using the expectation‐maximization technique, with the true state‐space vector at observation locations treated as missing data. With only one forecasting model, the procedure reduces to the standard maximum‐likelihood error parameter estimation. The proposed multi‐model fusion methodology neglects cross‐model error correlations in order to gain the capability to work with a small sample of past events. We illustrate the methodology with a two‐model forecasting example (HOPS, ROMS) within the framework of the real‐time forecasting experiment held in Monterey Bay during 2003. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Initial Labor Market Conditions and Long-Term Outcomes for Economists
Authors: Oyer Paul
Published: August 2006

Each year, graduate students entering the academic job market worry that they will suffer due to uncontrollable macroeconomic risk. Given the importance of general human capital and the relative ease of publicly observing productivity in academia, one might expect that long-term labor market outcomes for students graduating in unfavorable climates will resemble long-term outcomes for those graduating in favorable climates. In this paper, I analyze the relationship between macroeconomic conditions at graduation, initial job placement, and long-term outcomes for Ph.D. economists from seven programs. Using macroeconomic conditions as an instrument for initial placement, I show that a quality and type of initial job have a causal effect on long-term job characteristics. I also show that better initial placement increases research productivity, which helps to limit the set of economic models that can explain the effect of initial placement on long-term jobs.
Does the Academic Labor Market Initially Allocate New Graduates Efficiently?
Authors: Smeets Valérie , Warzynski Frédéric , Coupé Tom
Published: August 2006

It is not surprising that economics graduate students from elite and very good schools find better jobs after completion of their Ph.D. degree, on average, than do candidates from less prestigious universities. Yet the job market outcome for candidates from the same university varies quite a lot. While the top candidates from the elite schools are often able to find jobs in other elite universities, it is unclear how “average” candidates from elite schools fare compared to the top students from relatively less prestigious schools and how the relative job market outcome relates to future success as a researcher. The objective of this paper is to investigate these issues. In this paper, we compare the career trajectories of candidates coming from three different types of schools: elite universities, “very good” universities, and “good” universities. We define three types of graduates within each group: those who placed best; those who had an average placement; and those who found jobs at lower levels. Then, for each of these nine groups, we look at initial and current affiliations and we compare publication patterns of the graduates more than a decade into their academic careers. Can we say that the initial allocation was efficient, in the sense that those who placed higher were also more productive in research terms? And to what extent does the labor market for economists adapt and allow economists to move between schools as the ability of individuals to publish their work manifests itself over time?
The Flow Approach to Labor Markets: New Data Sources and Micro–Macro Links
Authors: Davis Steven J , Faberman R. Jason , Haltiwanger John
Published: August 2006

New data sources and products developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census highlight the fluid character of U.S. labor markets. Private sector job creation and destruction rates average nearly 8 percent of employment per quarter. Worker flows in the form of hires and separations are more than twice as large. The data also underscores the lumpy nature of micro-level employment adjustments. More than two-thirds of job destruction occurs at establishments that shrink by more than 10 percent within the quarter, and more than one-fifth occurs at those that shut down. Our study also uncovers highly nonlinear relationships of worker flows to employment growth and job flows at the micro level. These micro relations interact with movements over time in the cross-sectional density of establishment growth rates to produce recurring cyclical patterns in aggregate labor market flows. Cyclical movements in the layoffs-separations ratio, for example, and the propensity of separated workers to become unemployed reflect distinct micro relations for quits and layoffs. A dominant role for the job-finding rate in accounting for unemployment movements in mild downturns and a bigger role for the job-loss rate in severe downturns reflect distinct micro relations for hires and layoffs.
The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding
Authors: Autor David H , Duggan Mark G
Published: August 2006

The U.S. Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program has grown dramatically over the last 20 years in size and expense. This growth poses significant risks to the finances of the DI program and the broader Social Security system, and raises troubling questions as to whether the program is being misused by claimants. This article first provides an overview of the Disability Insurance program, describing who qualifies for the program, how an individual applies for benefits and how the level of benefits is determined. Next, we summarize the factors responsible for the growth in the DI rolls and discuss how the characteristics of DI recipients have changed as a result. We then explore the extent of moral hazard in the DI program and the effectiveness of the screening process in distinguishing meritorious from nonmeritorious claims. Finally, we identify the challenges that the DI program creates for Social Security finances and Social Security reform, and discuss potential reforms to the DI program.
The Determinants of Mortality
Authors: Cutler David , Deaton Angus , Lleras-Muney Adriana
Published: August 2006

The pleasures of life are worth nothing if one is not alive to experience them. Through the twentieth century in the United States and other high-income countries, growth in real incomes was accompanied by a historically unprecedented decline in mortality rates that caused life expectancy at birth to grow by nearly 30 years. In the years just after World War II, life expectancy gaps between countries were falling across the world. Poor countries enjoyed rapid increases in life-expectancy through the 1970s, with the gains in some cases exceeding an additional year of life expectancy per year, though the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the transition in Russia and Eastern Europe have changed that situation. We investigate the determinants of the historical decline in mortality, of differences in mortality across countries, and of differences in mortality across groups within countries. A good theory of mortality should explain all of the facts we will outline. No such theory exists at present, but at the end of the paper we will sketch a tentative synthesis.
Is routine vaginal examination necessary for asymptomatic women attending sexual health services?
Authors: Lee D M , Chen M Y , Bradshaw C S , Fairley C K
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to determine whether our sexual health service could be streamlined by dispensing with routine vaginal examination of asymptomatic women, without missing important diagnoses.

This was an audit of asymptomatic women presenting to the centre who had had a Papanicolaou (PAP) smear in the previous two years.

Of the 421 women who were eligible, no abnormalities were found on genital inspection in 392 (93%) individuals. Abnormalities detected on clinical examination included one case (0.2%) with mucopurulent cervicitis that tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, four (1%) with warts or molluscum contagiosum, and one with an asymptomatic genital ulcer of unknown cause.

Dispensing with the vaginal examination in asymptomatic women who have had a speculum examination as part of biennial cervical screening may be appropriate in settings where sensitive non-invasive testing for sexually transmitted infections (STI) is in use and STI prevalence is low.
Obstructive sleep apnoea among HIV patients
Authors: Lo Re V , Schutte-Rodin S , Kostman J R
Published: August 2006

The development of body weight gain and lipodystrophy due to antiretroviral therapy may lead to disturbances in sleep, particularly the obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome. A retrospective review of the medical records of consecutively identified HIV-infected subjects who were diagnosed with OSA by overnight polysomnography between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2004 was performed. Twelve HIV-infected subjects with OSA confirmed by polysomnography (total apnoea/hypopnoea index ≥ 5) were identified. Daytime somnolence, fatigue, and snoring were the most common symptoms identified. Eleven (92%) subjects were overweight/obese, and seven (58%) had lipodystrophy. Eleven (92%) had a neck size ≥40.0 cm. Increased neck circumference, overweight or obese body mass index, and lipodystrophy are therefore potential risk factors for OSA among HIV patients. Clinicians caring for HIV patients with these characteristics should inquire about daytime somnolence, fatigue, and snoring and consider evaluation for a sleep-related disorder such as OSA. Overnight polysomnography can aid in the diagnosis of sleep disturbances.
Clinical standards for the screening and management of acquired syphilis in HIV-positive adults
Authors: Nandwani Rak , Fisher Martin ,   Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases HIV Special Interest Group
Published: August 2006

These clinical standards for the screening and management of acquired syphilis in HIV-positive patients in the UK were first made available on the MSSVD website in February 2002. They have been updated by the 2006 UK National Guideline on the Sexual Health of People with HIV which is also published in this issue of the Journal [pp. 594–606]. Many of the recommendations remain in force and therefore the original document is published in full here.
An unexpected case of panuveitis
Authors: Malu M K , Radcliffe K W
Published: August 2006

We report a case of sight-threatening secondary syphilis with HIV co-infection where atypical pattern of skin manifestations resulted in a delay in making the correct diagnosis. However, despite marked visual loss by the time correct diagnosis was made, the patient responded well, albeit slowly, to a course of intravenous benzyl penicillin.
Hepatitis delta virus super-infection in a co-infected patient with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and a surface antigen-negative hepatitis B virus variant
Authors: Gordien Emmanuel , Bouhassoune Karim , Calboreanu Alexandrina , Alloui Chakib , Rico-Garcia Maité , Salmon-Céron Dominique , Legal Frédéric , Dény Paul , Sogni Philippe , Podevin Philippe
Published: August 2006

Human immunodeficiency virus infection has a major impact on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and favours the emergence of viral mutants. We describe an acute hepatitis D virus superinfection in an HIV-1-infected patient under HAART treatment who was previously a chronic carrier of a surface negative HBV variant resistant to lamivudine.
HIV testing in Scotland. Are we meeting the standard? BASHH Scotland National Audit 2004
Authors: Ross F , Wardle D , Currie A , Baguley S
Published: August 2006

Most sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with increased risk of HIV transmission. The draft Scottish Sexual Health Strategy (2003) proposed that 'HIV testing [should be] offered to all GUM clinic attendees not known to be HIV infected who present with a new STI. … Reasons for non-uptake should be recorded.'

We performed a national audit comparing practice in Scottish genitourinary (GU) medicine services against these standards.

The results show that practice is highly variable but overall in 2004 Scottish GU medicine clinics were failing to meet the strategy standard.
Survey and Assessment of Wind-Speed and Windpower in Egypt, Including Air Density Variation
Authors: Essa Khaled S.M. , Mubarak Fawzia
Published: August 2006

Nearly 5 years of meteorological data were analysed from 18 stations throughout Egypt, classified as located in Mediterranean, Inland, and Red Sea zones. The national annual average wind speed was 5.8 m/s at 10 m height. The Hurguda station (Red Sea coast) has 5.8 m/s mean annual wind speed and the largest peak wind speed there was 13.8 m/s, with 98% of wind-speed records being in the range of 3 to 10 m/s. Dekhala station (Inland) has the least annual average wind speed of 2.3 m/s, with 98.5% of wind speed records in the range of 1 to 5 m/s. For Mediterranean stations, Port Said has the largest mean wind speed of 4.9 m/s. A general wind energy potential considering both wind speed and air density was derived. Comparison are made between Weibull, Rayleigh, and actual data distributions of wind speed and wind power of two years (2003 and 2004). A Weibull distribution is the best match to the actual probability distribution of wind speed data for most stations. The maximum wind energy potential was 373 W/m2 in June at El-Tor (Red Sea coast) where the annual mean value was 207 W/m2.
The Effect of Group Interactions on Satisfaction Judgments: Satisfaction Escalation
Authors: Bohlmann Jonathan D. , Rosa José Antonio , Bolton Ruth N. , Qualls William J.
Published: August 2006

This study investigates how people’s satisfaction judgments are modified after they interact with other group members. It integrates research on customer satisfaction and social influence to develop hypotheses about how an individual’s satisfaction is influenced by discrepancies between her expectations about the satisfaction of other group members and their actual opinions as revealed in group discussion. It also considers how this effect is moderated by the individual’s susceptibility to social influence and perceptions of group cohesiveness. Two empirical studies demonstrate significant social influence effects on satisfaction judgments in groups. Study One analyzes group satisfaction data collected over time using a mixed-effects regression. It shows that an individual’s perceived discrepancy between others’ satisfaction judgments and expected group satisfaction has an important influence on her postdiscussion satisfaction judgments. Moreover, individuals discount the prediscussion satisfaction judgments of other group members in favor of perceived satisfaction and its discrepancy with expectations. Group cohesiveness accentuates the perceived discrepancy with expected group satisfaction. Study Two analyzes survey data from dyads drawn from a cross-sectional sample of organizational buyers who purchase from the same supplier. It models the decision maker’s satisfaction with a service supplier as a function of end-user satisfaction. It shows that social influence effects exist in purchasing groups within organizations. Both studies demonstrate that individual-level postdiscussion satisfaction judgments tend to become more extreme, a phenomenon we call satisfaction escalation.
The Changing Architecture of Advertising Agencies
Authors: Horsky Sharon
Published: August 2006

In contrast to other marketing activities, advertising is usually outsourced—historically, to an integrated full-service advertising agency that provides both creative and media services. Recently, major changes have occurred, specialized media shops have appeared, and large holding companies with several agencies and a separate media shop have emerged. This paper describes how firms in the current industry structure choose their agents. A theoretical section specifies the firm's decision process in obtaining the creative and media components. Conditions under which one or both could be effectively produced internally are identified. In the prevalent case when these components are outsourced, we evaluate whether they can be more efficiently produced by a bundled full-service agency or by unbundling to separate agents. An empirical section tests the theory implications with cross-sectional data on U.S. firm choices of advertising agents. The bundled full-service agency is still widely used. Firms with large advertising budgets unbundle to take advantage of media discounts obtained by market-making media shops. Internal agencies are used when firms have internal creative abilities, or have low-level requirements in both creative and media. The creative and media agencies within holding companies are found to act independently.
Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints—Questions and Answers
Authors: Huff D
Published: August 2006

With current expectations for building exteriors to prevent all air and water entry into the building interior, the need for a near pertect seal of weatherproofing sealant joints has reached new levels of intensity. The need for better field tests has increased accordingly. To reach these goals, ASTM Standard C-1521-02a [1] has been developed and adopted. The practice outlines a nondestructive procedure. This procedure provides an examiner of the joint the option of inducing an artificial strain to the sealant bead using a blunt instrument so that the sealant is subjected to a stress at the bond line typical to the anticipated cyclic movement endured by the sealant during the normal service life of the joint. The advantage of this methodology is that it allows an unlimited amount of testing to be conducted. While the procedure does not specify a specific instrument to induce the strain, a device able to accomplish this procedure in a uniform, controlled, and calibrated fashion has been developed. The paper outlines a description of the device and its capabilities. The paper also provides a discussion of the use of statistical sampling when the option of 100 % testing is not feasible or required. The author believes that the future of field testing of installed weather proofing sealant joints should include enhanced nondestructive procedures. Continued field use, research, and development are essential in the quest for a near perfect building seal.
Proactive Mitigation of PCTFE-Related Ignition Hazards in Oxygen Systems: I. Development of a Voluntary Consensus Standard Specification to Control Property Variation in Finished PCTFE Parts
Authors: Waller JM , Julien HL , Newton BE , Beeson HD
Published: August 2006

Revelations of dimensional instability in polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) semifinished articles and finished parts raised concerns that leaks or part failure could occur during service, leading to catastrophic component or system failure, especially in high-pressure gaseous oxygen systems where flow friction, flow resonance, or kindling chain ignition mechanisms are operative. These concerns culminated in the release of an internal NASA Kennedy Space Center Problem Advisory and a Government-Industry Data Exchange Program Problem Advisory on PCTFE. Release of the advisories coincided with a task group study examining the factors contributing to property variation in PCTFE. More specifically, the effect of resin grade, process route, annealing method, and machining on dimensional stability, molecular weight, and crystallinity was determined. To better control dimensional stability, for example, a Biot-Fourier method is described that allows calculation of the time needed for PCTFE parts of known geometry to reach thermal equilibrium during annealing. A voluntary consensus material specification was then implemented to control properties in finished PCTFE parts used in aerospace applications.
The Sham ECT Literature: Implications for Consent to ECT
Authors: Ross Colin A.
Published: August 2006

The author reviewed the placebo-controlled literature on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression. No study demonstrated a significant difference between real and placebo (sham) ECT at 1 month posttreatment. Many studies failed to find a difference between real and sham ECT even during the period of treatment. Claims in textbooks and review articles that ECT is effective are not consistent with the published data. A large, properly designed study of real versus sham ECT should be undertaken. In the absence of such a study, consent forms for ECT should include statements that there is no controlled evidence demonstrating any benefit from ECT at 1 month posttreatment. Consent forms should also state that real ECT is only marginally more effective than placebo.
The SSRI Trials in Children: Disturbing Implications for Academic Medicine
Authors: Leo Jonathan
Published: August 2006

The recent announcement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requiring pharmaceutical companies to warn patients about the increased likelihood of suicidal thoughts when taking antidepressants was largely due to the recent availability of data that had gone unreported in the original research reports. The current article is a summary of the comparison between the published literature and the recently released data available on the FDA web site, with a focus on Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft. The discrepancies between the two versions suggest that the scientific community was not given enough information in the published medical literature to make adequately informed decisions about the optimal method for treating emotionally distressed children. There are many voices that want to blame the FDA for its role in the widespread use of these medications. The current article focuses on the role that academic medicine, played in the process whereby these medications became so widely accepted.
A Curious Consensus: “Brain Scans Prove Disease”?
Authors: Jackson Grace E.
Published: August 2006

Presumably in recognition of the fact that there is no chemical test that can be used to diagnose any of the alleged mental illnesses, journalists and medical opinion leaders have proclaimed that brain scans—particularly,functionalimaging studies—can be used to confirm the presence of psychiatric disease. Although the scientific record contradicts these assertions, the news media have ignored a critical evaluation of what, exactly, the new technologies purport to explain. The article that follows presents a critical analysis of the theoretical, practical, and philosophical limitations of thefunctionalneuroimaging modalities (fMRI, PET, SPECT), and why these methods arenotused outside of the research setting in the clinical practice of psychiatry today.
Rethinking Schizophrenia: Its Original Nature, Its Drug-Altered Character, and Thoughts About Its Treatment
Authors: Lehrman Nathaniel S.
Published: August 2006

The nature of schizophrenia has changed markedly over the past half-century because the drugs used to treat it aggravate the disability it causes. This aggravation results from (1) the brain damage caused by the drugs themselves and (2) the replacement of the doctor-patient relationship, psychiatry’s most important therapeutic tool—within which patients’ problems and behaviors should be addressed—by a narrow psychiatric focus on drug effects upon symptoms. Psychiatry today thus resembles 19th century obstretrics, in which, as Ignaz Semmelweis pointed out then, physicians’ activities harm the patients they care for.
Domestic iterated one-point extensions of algebras by two-ray modules
Authors: Bobiński Grzegorz , Skowroński Andrzej
Published: August 2006

In the paper, we introduce a wide class of domestic finite dimensional algebras over an algebraically closed field which are obtained from the hereditary algebras of Euclidean type , n≥1, by iterated one-point extensions by two-ray modules. We prove that these algebras are domestic and their Auslander-Reiten quivers admit infinitely many nonperiodic connected components with infinitely many orbits with respect to the action of the Auslander-Reiten translation. Moreover, we exhibit a wide class of almost sincere domestic simply connected algebras of large global dimensions.
Variation of the reduction type of elliptic curves under small base change with wild ramification
Authors: Kida Masanari
Published: August 2006

We study the variation of the reduction type of elliptic curves under base change. A complete description of the variation is given when the base field is the p-adic field and the base change is of small degree.
Representation of Hilbert algebras and implicative semilattices
Authors: Celani Sergio
Published: August 2006

In this paper we shall give a topological representation for Hilbert algebras that extend the topological representation given by A. Diego in [4]. For implicative semilattices this representation gives a full duality. We shall also consider the representation for Boolean ring.
On representation theory and the cohomology rings of irreducible compact hyperkähler manifolds of complex dimension four
Authors: Guan Daniel
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we continue the study of the possible cohomology rings of compact complex four dimensional irreducible hyperkähler manifolds. In particular, we prove that in the case b
2=7, b
3=0 or 8. The latter was achieved by the Beauville construction.
Absolutely continuous functions of several variables and diffeomorphisms
Authors: Hencl Stanislav , Malý Jan
Published: August 2006

In [4], a class of absolutely continuous functions of d-variables, motivated by applications to change of variables in an integral, has been introduced. The main result of this paper states that absolutely continuous functions in the sense of [4] are not stable under diffeomorphisms. We also show an example of a function which is absolutely continuous with respect cubes but not with respect to balls.
Surface diffusion of Pb on clean Si surfaces
Authors: Dolbak Andrey , Zhachuk Ruslan , Olshanetsky Boris
Published: August 2006

Pb diffusion on clean Si(111), (100), and (110) surfaces was studied by Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction in the temperature range from 100 to 300°C. It is shown that lead transport along sillicon surfaces takes place via the mechanism of solid-phase spreading with a sharp moving boundary. The temperature dependence of the Pb diffusion coefficients on Si(111), (100) and (110) surfaces have been obtained. A Si(110)-4×2-Pb surface structure has been observed for the first time.
Magnetic phases in UNi2Si2
Authors: Svoboda Pavel , Javorský Pavel , Honda Fuminori , Sechovský Vladimír , Menovsky Alois
Published: August 2006

The tetragonal compound UNi2Si2 exhibits in zero magnetic field three different antiferromagnetic phases belowT N=124 K. They are formed by ferromagnetic basal planes, which are antiferromagnetically coupled along thec-axis with the propagation vectorq=(0, 0, q z). Two additional order-order magnetic phase transitions are observed below T N, namely atT 1=108 K and T 2=40 K in zero magnetic field. All three phases exhibit strong uniaxial anisotropy confining the U moments to a direction parallel to the c-axis. UNi2Si2 single crystals were studied in detail by measuring bulk thermodynamic properties, such as thermal expansion, resistivity, susceptibility, and specific heat. A microscopic study using neutron diffraction was performed in magnetic fields up to 14.5 T parallel to the c-axis, and a complex magnetic phase diagram has been determined. Here, we present the analysis of specific-heat data measured in magnetic fields up to 14 T compared with the results of the neutron-diffraction study and with other thermodynamic properties of UNi2Si2.
The representation dimension of domestic weakly symmetric algebras
Authors: Bocian Rafał , Holm Thorsten , Skowroński Andrzej
Published: August 2006

Auslander’s representation dimension measures how far a finite dimensional algebra is away from being of finite representation type. In [1], M. Auslander proved that a finite dimensional algebra A is of finite representation type if and only if the representation dimension of A is at most 2. Recently, R. Rouquier proved that there are finite dimensional algebras of an arbitrarily large finite representation dimension. One of the exciting open problems is to show that all finite dimensional algebras of tame representation type have representation dimension at most 3. We prove that this is true for all domestic weakly symmetric algebras over algebraically closed fields having simply connected Galois coverings.
Kinetics of electrode reaction coupled to ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface
Authors: Komorsky-Lovrić Šebojka , Lovrić Milivoj
Published: August 2006

In the theoretical model it is assumed that a graphite disk electrode is covered by a thin film of solution of decamethylferrocene (dmfc) and some electrolyte CX in nitrobenzene and immersed in an aqueous solution of the electrolyte MX. Oxidation of dmfc is accompanied by the transfer of anion X
− from water into nitrobenzene since it is also assumed that cations dmfc
+ and C
+ are insoluble in water and cation M
+ is insoluble in nitrobenzene. Kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction can be determined if the total potential difference across the nitrobenzene/water interface is maintained constant by adding the electrolytes CX and MX in concentrations which are much higher than the initial concentration of dmfc in nitrobenzene.
Determination of gold, palladium and copper by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on silica gel modified with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl group
Authors: Imamoglu Mustafa , Aydin Ali , Dundar Mustafa
Published: August 2006

A preconcentration method of gold, palladium and copper based on the sorption of Au (III), Pd (II) and Cu (II) ions on a column packed with 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl bonded silica gel is described. The modified silica gel was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and C, H, N elemental analysis. At column preconcentration, the effects of parameters such as pH, volume, flow rate, matrix constituents of solutions and type of eluent on preconcentration of gold, palladium and copper were studied. The recoveries of Au (III), Pd (II) and Cu (II) were 98.93±0.51, 98.81±0.36 and 99.21±0.42 % at 95 % confidence level, respectively. The detection limits (δ) of the elements were 0.032, 0.016 and 0.012 μg ml−1, respectively. The preconcentration method was applied for determination of gold and palladium in certified reference material SARM 7B and copper in river and synthetic seawater by FAAS. Gold, palladium and copper were determined with relative error lower than 10 %.
Synthesis and characterization of Mn-, La-Mn- and La-Ca-Mn-citrates as precursors for LaMnO3 and La1−xCaxMnO3
Authors: Petrova Nikolina , Todorovsky Dimitar , Vasileva Veselinka
Published: August 2006

Mn-, LaMn- and LaCaMn-citrates were synthesized at 60–120°C in ethylene glycol medium using chlorides or nitrates as metal sources. Their composition, IR spectra and thermal decomposition were studied. Equimolar La/Mn ratio has been established in the complex, prepared from chloride solution with the same initial composition of the metals. In the isolated three-metallic complex the molar ratio of the metals deviates from the composition in the initial solution. The final products of the heating of Mn- and mixed-metal LaMn-citrates at 1000°C are phase-homogeneous Mn3O4 (hausmannite) and LaMnO3 respectively. Parasitic phase(s) are observed in LaxCa1−xMnyO3, produced from LaCaMn-citrate.
Novel Ni−Fe-oxide systems for catalytic oxidation of cyanide in an aqueous phase
Authors: Stoyanova Maria , Christoskova Stoyanka
Published: August 2006

Catalytic activity of mixed Ni−Fe oxide systems with respect to air oxidation of aqueous cyanide solution at 308 K was investigated. The catalysts employed were prepared by an oxidation-precipitation method at room temperature and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. The cyanide oxidation rate was found to be dependent on the catalyst's calcination temperature, pH of the medium, and catalyst loading. Results revealed that the catalyst calcined at 120°C is the most active where up to 90% of free cyanide (4 mM) was removed after oxidation for 30 minutes in the presence of 2.5 g/L catalyst at pH 9.5. The cyanide conversion becomes less favorable as the pH of the solution increases (with other constant parameters). The selectivity data showed that carbon dioxide is the main oxidation product, regardless of pH of the solution.
Cosmological perturbations in FRW model with scalar field within Hamilton-Jacobi formalism and symplectic projector method
Authors: Baleanu Dumitru
Published: August 2006

The Hamilton-Jacobi analysis is applied to the dynamics of the scalar fluctuations about the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric. The gauge conditions are determined from the consistency conditions. The physical degrees of freedom of the model are obtained by the symplectic projector method. The role of the linearly dependent Hamiltonians and the gauge variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism is discussed.
The impact of local spatial resistance on the movement behaviour of Tenebrio molitor L.
Authors: Jopp Fred
Published: August 2006

Although the impact of vegetation and other environmental factors on the distribution of terrestrial invertebrates has been known since the 1950s, basic knowledge about their interaction with micro-landscape elements is lacking. In experimental model systems, the impact of varying local spatial resistance (LSR) on the distribution of Tenebrio molitor individuals was analysed in the laboratory. In the setups, LSR led to a reduction of the average distance covered (move step length) and a reduction of the velocity (the maximum speed ranging from 36.1 in the control groups to 20.4 [mm*step−1] in areas with a maximum LSR). Also, the covered distances per individual varied among three groups, from 2.97 m in the control to 1.11 m in areas with medium LSR to 0.88 m in areas with maximum LSR. Thus, in areas with LSR, animals were forced by their habitats to perform shorter move steps on average and covered less distance. The distance covered (i.e., dispersal performances) were not correlated with such factors as sex, weight and length of the Tenebrio individuals from other studies. Analysis of the data for net squared displacement indicated that the dispersal of the beetles did not follow a diffusion process. The move step directions of the dispersal data showed pronounced autocorrelation, which means that in contrast to other findings, the individuals were not performing a random walk. This effect was strongly dependent on the temporal resolution (i.e. grain), and was also influenced by the experimental conditions. The entire array of data showed high variability among the sub-groups (as well as many outliers), revealing nonparametric characteristics. The results showed that the specific physical configuration of suitable habitat for Tenebrio is one of the key indicators of landscape connectivity on the micro-scale.
Familial and inherited breast cancers in Lower Silesia (Poland)
Authors: Bębenek Marek , Rutkowska Anna , Błaszczyk Jerzy
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of hereditary and familial breast cancers among Lower Silesian women. The questionnaires, dealing with cancer episodes in first-and second-degree relatives, were sent to 5,000 females, who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984 and 2005. Twenty-five percent of the questionnaires were completed and returned. Their analysis and further counseling revealed that 24.9% of the responders met the criteria for familial breast cancer (FBC), including 10.5% definitive cases. Mutations in BRCA1 were detected in 32.5% and 1.9% of patients with definitive and suspected FBC, respectively. They all represented three of the abnormalities of the BRCA1 gene: 300T/G, 4153delA and 5382insC. No mutations of BRCA2 were found in material studied. Although a fraction of FBCs identified in our study was similar to those described in other European countries and in the United States, the percentages of genetic mutations seen on routine tests were relatively low. Consequently, the standardized analysis of oncological pedigree seems to be a more valuable diagnostic tool if patients with familial aggregations of breast cancer are targeted in a prophylactic context only.
The Politics of Cultural Studies and Cool Capitalism
Authors: Mcguigan Jim
Published: August 2006

This article traces various trajectories of development in the field of Cultural Studies, identifying five in particular: theoreticism, methodism, pragmatism, subjectivism, and consumerism. The article concentrates on the consumerist trajectory as it emerged in Britain. While “the Birmingham School” and “British Cultural Studies” have been used to label this trajectory, it is more accurately named “Hallian Cultural Studies” since Stuart Hall was its leading exponent and inspiration. Hall himself, however, is not necessarily responsible for the problems associated with the consumerist trajectory in the work of his followers. There is a discernible homology and, indeed, to an extent, a convergence between consumerist Cultural Studies and the neoliberal ideology of consumer sovereignty, named here as “cool capitalism.” The genealogy of “cool” is traced and its incorporation into capitalism examined. In effect, this strand of academic work, consumerist and one-dimensional Cultural Studies, which started out as critical of prevailing forms of cultural, economic, and political power, has ceased, in many respects, to be so. In conclusion, it is argued that Cultural Studies should renew its commitment to critique in the public interest and in a multi dimensional framework of analysis.
Vast Clearings: Emergency, Technology, and American de-Urbanization, 1930–1945
Authors: Clancey Gregory
Published: August 2006

This article is one step toward an urban history of the United States that foregrounds “emergency” as a clearing device. American cities were strategically targeted during the sustained mid-twentieth century depression and war by a complex of groups – the Federal government, corporations, professional organizations, and universities – who coordinated survival largely at the expense of existing urban fabric. Together they invented “the house” as a new type of space – at once national, masculine, and high-tech – whose connection to urban densities was casual if not inherently confrontational. “The house” was only the beginning of an emergency response that would eventually declare cities “blighted,” and hence susceptible to large-scale winnowing.