bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of 400 and 800 mg Etodolac vs. 1,000 mg Paracetamol in Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Randomized, Double‐blind, Crossover, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Öztürk Vesile , Ertaş Mustafa , Baykan Betül , Şirin Hadiye , Özge Aynur ,   The Mig‐Etol Study Group
Published: June 2012

Aim:  We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of etodolac, in acute migraine attacks in comparison with paracetamol (acetaminophen).

Methods:  We designed a randomized, double‐blind, crossover phase III clinical trial for patients diagnosed with migraine for at least 1 year, according to ICHD‐II criteria. Two hundred and twenty‐nine adult patients having 2 to 8 attacks monthly from 17 centers were included. The patients were instructed to use 3 attack treatment packages consisting of 1,000 mg paracetamol, 400 mg etodolac, and 800 mg etodolac on 3 migraine attacks of moderate–severe intensity each in a 3‐month treatment period, interchangeably.

Results:  Any pain medication was used in 1,570 migraine attacks while study treatments were used in 1,047 attacks. The results for 1,000 mg paracetamol, 400 mg etodolac, and 800 mg etodolac were as follows: response of headache at 2 hours 44.9%, 48.3% and 46.1%; pain‐free at 2 hours 19.2%, 19.3% and 24.1%; sustained pain‐free from 2 to 24 hours 34.3%, 38.3% and 41.1%; relapse rates in 2 to 24 hours 7.3%, 14.3% and 9.7%. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the headache response, pain‐free, sustained pain‐free, and relapse rates. Nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, or photophobia decreased similarly in all groups within 24 hours of treatment administration. Drug‐related adverse events were noted in 8 patients with 1,000 mg paracetamol, in 9 patients with 400 mg etodolac and in 9 patients for 800 mg etodolac during the study.

Comment:  Our study showed that etodolac is a safe and effective alternative in acute migraine treatment and showed comparable efficacy to paracetamol 1,000 mg. Etodolac may be considered as an alternative option for acute treatment of migraine.
The Challenge of Detecting Contemporary Forms of Discrimination
Authors: Nier Jason A. , Gaertner Samuel L.
Published: June 2012

While the persistent and widespread racial and gender inequalities that exist in the United States are almost certainly due to a combination of many different factors, one likely source of inequality is discrimination. As decades of research in social psychology suggest, this discrimination is often subtle and difficult to detect, and in some instances, may be unintentional. Although this type of discrimination is subtle, it is nonetheless damaging to those who are its victims and the cumulative effects of such discrimination may be substantial. In the domains of race and gender, in which individuals are presumably legally protected from discrimination, people are deprived of their civil rights when they face such behavior. Therefore, an important goal for research and practice in intergroup relations is to develop techniques that allow such discrimination to be reliably detected and to distinguish discriminatory conduct from behavior that is not influenced by subtle racial and gender biases.
Identifying Discrimination at Work: The Use of Field Experiments
Authors: Pager Devah , Western Bruce
Published: June 2012

Antidiscrimination law offers protection to workers who have been treated unfairly on the basis of their race, gender, religion, or national origin. In order for these protections to be invoked, however, potential plaintiffs must be aware of and able to document discriminatory treatment. Given the subtlety of contemporary forms of discrimination, it is often difficult to identify discrimination when it has taken place. The methodology of field experiments offers one approach to measuring and detecting hiring discrimination, providing direct observation of discrimination in real‐world settings. In this article, we discuss the findings of two recent field experiments measuring racial discrimination in low wage labor markets. This research provides several relevant findings for researchers and those interested in civil rights enforcement: (1) it produces estimates of the rate of discrimination at the point of hire; (2) it yields evidence about the interactions associated with discrimination (many of which reveal the subtlety with which contemporary discrimination is practiced); and (3) it provides a vehicle for both research on and enforcement of antidiscrimination law.
Developing the Research Basis for Controlling Bias in Hiring
Authors: Bendick Marc , Nunes Ana P.
Published: June 2012

Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, gender, age, disability, gender orientation, and other characteristics continues to distort employers’ hiring decisions and thereby limit employment opportunities for historically excluded groups. Research in psychology, sociology, economics, and management provides insights concerning the mechanisms of bias and interventions to mitigate their effects, but important questions remain. The innovative research technique of matched pair testing offers laboratory‐like controlled conditions in quasi‐experiments in real‐world hiring situations. We propose seven types of testing studies to advance conceptual understanding of hiring bias and improve hiring practices.
Dearth by a Thousand Cuts?: Accounting for Gender Differences in Top‐Ranked Publication Rates in Social Psychology
Authors: Cikara Mina , Rudman Laurie , Fiske Susan
Published: June 2012

Publication in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, a flagship indicator of scientific prestige, shows dramatic gender disparities. A bibliometric analysis included yoked‐control authors matched for PhD prestige and cohort. Though women publish less, at slower annual rates, they are more cited in handbooks and textbooks per JPSP‐article‐published. No gender differences emerged on variables reflecting differential qualifications. Many factors explain gender discrepancy in productivity. Among top publishers, per‐year rate and first authorship especially differ by gender; rate uniquely predicts top‐male productivity, whereas career‐length uniquely predicts top‐female productivity. Among men, across top‐publishers and controls, productivity correlates uniquely with editorial negotiating and being married. For women, no personal variables predict productivity. A separate inquiry shows tiny gender differences in acceptance rates per JPSP article submitted; discrimination would be a small‐but‐plausible contributor, absent independent indicators of manuscript quality. Recent productivity rates mirror earlier gender disparities, suggesting gender gaps will continue.
The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context
Authors: Sadler Melody S. , Correll Joshua , Park Bernadette , Judd Charles M.
Published: June 2012

We examined implicit race biases in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college‐aged participants and police officers showed anti‐Black racial bias in their response times: they were quicker to correctly shoot armed Black targets and to indicate “don't shoot” for unarmed Latino, Asian, and White targets. In addition, police officers showed racial biases in response times toward Latinos versus Asians or Whites, and surprisingly, toward Whites versus Asians. Results also showed that the accuracy of decisions to shoot was higher for Black and Latino targets than for White and Asian targets. Finally, the degree of bias shown by police officers toward Blacks was related to contact, attitudes, and stereotypes. Overestimation of community violent crime correlated with greater bias toward Latinos but less toward Whites. Implications for police training to ameliorate biases are discussed.
The Missing Quadrants of Antidiscrimination: Going Beyond the “Prejudice Polygraph”
Authors: Kang Jerry
Published: June 2012

Behavioral realists urge the law to respond to new scientific discoveries about the reality of contemporary discrimination. But in thinking about how the law might respond, it is easy to frame the question as: When should evidence from scientific instruments, such as the Implicit Association Test, be admissible in a discrimination lawsuit. In other words, should we admit into evidence the results of some “Prejudice Polygraph”? But this framing, which focuses on specific facts, found ex post is too narrow and obscures a much broader range of potential legal responses. Indeed, by considering both specific and general facts, as well as both ex post and ex ante time orientations, four separate quadrants of analysis emerge. Psychologists, legal scholars, and policymakers should not miss these other quadrants of antidiscrimination.
Life‐Threatening Disparities: The Treatment of Black and White Cancer Patients
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Eggly Susan , Griggs Jennifer J. , Underwood Willie , Orom Heather , Albrecht Terrance L.
Published: June 2012

Cancer mortality and survival rates are much poorer for Black patients than for White patients. We argue that Black–White treatment disparities are a major reason for these disparities. We examine three specific kinds of Black–White treatment disparities: disparities in information exchange in oncology interactions, disparities in the treatment of breast cancer, and disparities in the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. In the final section, we discuss possible causes of these disparities, with a primary focus on communication within medical interactions and the role that race‐related attitudes and beliefs may play in the quality of communication in these interactions.
Racism and Social Capital: The Implications for Social and Physical Well‐Being
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Libretti Madeline , Rivera Luis , Walsemann Katrina M.
Published: June 2012

Racism can be manifest at the cultural, institutional and individual levels, and can exert effects at the intrapersonal level if targeted individuals internalize attitudes toward their own racial/ethnic groups. The general aim of this article is to examine the ways in which all levels of racism undermine the development of peer relations, one component of social capital; and consequently affect the health and well‐being of targeted individuals. The evidence suggests that cultural racism inculcates attitudes that may foster race‐related social distancing; institutional racism isolates individuals from the opportunities to develop the skills needed to develop cross race‐relations and promotes engagement with peers who exhibit antisocial behavior; interpersonal racism may erode the quality of routine interpersonal exchanges and engender anxiety about interacting with cross‐race peers; and internalized racism may undermine the benefits of cross‐race peer interactions. To the degree that racism affects the ability to form, maintain and benefit from peer relationships, it can contribute to racial disparities in economic, social and health‐related outcomes and undermine the types of social cohesion that promote national unity.
Intergroup Disparities and Implicit Bias: A Commentary
Authors: Fisher Emily L. , Borgida Eugene
Published: June 2012

Despite changing societal norms that are less tolerant of overt discrimination, demonstrable disparities between racial and gender groups remain. The contributors to this impressive special issue document and offer explanations for these disparities in employment and professional contexts, and with regard to disparate outcomes associated with the legal system, and in medical and health care contexts. In our commentary, we examine these aggregate‐level disparities and the individual‐level explanatory accounts proposed for their existence. The evidence that these papers present is often enough to rule out alternative explanatory accounts, and implicit bias remains a viable account for disparities that, to varying degrees, fit with the available data and the claim that implicit biases are contributing to an understanding of ongoing real‐world disparities. As such, we believe that implicit bias research will continue to play a crucial role in understanding and hopefully reducing these aggregate‐level disparities in employment, legal, and health care domains.
Contemporary Discrimination in the Lab and Field: Benefits and Obstacles of Full‐Cycle Social Psychology
Authors: Dasgupta Nilanjana , Stout Jane G.
Published: June 2012

This article highlights the necessity of applying evidence‐based social psychological research to identify the causes and consequences of implicit bias as they occur in the real world. We first outline a number of benefits that emerge from complementing controlled laboratory experiments with field studies chief among them is that the latter bolster external validity and the applicability of laboratory research to real‐world settings where social problems are rooted. Second, we briefly (1) highlight where in the process of decision‐making discrimination might occur, as demonstrated by field studies (i.e., when do perceivers’ implicit attitudes get translated into action) and (2) identify some underlying causes. Finally, we speculate about possible remedies for implicit bias in the real world, some of which have been tested in prior research whereas others are yet to be tested.
Resuscitating Critical Psychology for “Revolting” Times
Authors: Fine Michelle
Published: June 2012

Playing with the doubled use of the term “revolting”—as an adjective to describe the repulsive inequality gaps that litter the globe and as a delightful gerund to capture the thrilling days of global collective protest—this Lewin address muses about social psychology's debt in politically difficult times of massive inequality and sustained oppression. I venture back to the 1930s for inspiration, reviewing the writings of Lewin, Jahoda, and Dollard, as well as the research of W.E.B. Du Bois in the early 1900s and Ignacio Martín‐Baró toward the latter part of the 1900s, to understand how social psychologists have intervened theoretically and empirically to contest injustice, inspire solidarity, and advance more just social arrangements. Calling for research that both documents the collateral damage of neoliberalism and generates alternative visions of democracy and justice, the second half of the article sketches a critical participatory action research project conducted with urban youth, which was designed to challenge both the strategic disinvestment in the public sphere and the concomitant conservatizing pressures on our methods of social inquiry, raising questions about “evidence‐based practice” and the current marketing of Randomized Clinical Trials as the “gold standard.”
Cardiac Contractility Modulation for Heart Failure: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: KWONG JOEY S.W. , SANDERSON JOHN E. , YU CHEUK‐MAN
Published: June 2012

Background: Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) emerges as a promising device treatment for heart failure (HF). This meta‐analysis aimed to systematically review the latest available randomized evidence on the effectiveness and safety of CCM in HF.

Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were searched in November 2011 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials comparing CCM with sham treatment or usual care. Primary outcomes of interest were all‐cause mortality, all‐cause hospitalizations, and adverse effects. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for dichotomous data using a random‐effects model.

Results: Three studies enrolling 641 participants were included. Pooled analysis showed that, compared to control, CCM did not significantly improve all‐cause mortality (n = 629, RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.50–2.86, P = 0.69), nor was there a favorable effect in all‐cause hospitalizations. No increase in adverse effects with CCM was observed.

Conclusions: Meta‐analysis of data from small randomized trials suggests that CCM, although with no clear benefits in improving clinical outcomes, is not associated with worsening prognosis. Large, well‐designed trials are needed to confirm its role in HF patients for whom cardiac resynchronization therapy is contraindicated or unsuccessful. (PACE 2012; 35:1111–1118)
Persistent Atrial Fibrillation is Associated with Inability to Recover Atrial Contractility after MAZE IV Surgery in Rheumatic Disease
Authors: TINETTI MATIAS , COSTELLO RAMIRO , CARDENAS CESAR , PIAZZA ANTONIO , IGLESIAS RICARDO , BARANCHUK ADRIAN
Published: June 2012

Background:

MAZE IV surgery is effective in restoring sinus rhythm (SR) and atrial contraction (AC) in patients with nonrheumatic persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is less information on its effectiveness to restore AC in patients with rheumatic disease.

Aims:

To assess the effectiveness of the MAZE IV surgery in restoring AC in patients with rheumatic disease and long persistent AF.

Methods:

Prospective, consecutive study in patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery and had long persistent AF in whom MAZE IV surgery was performed. The presence of AC was assessed by lateral mitral annulus tissue Doppler.

Results:

A total of 75 patients were included. Mean age 60 years (±11.7); 27 men (36%). AF duration was 63 months (±34.1). Primary indication for surgery: rheumatic mitral stenosis 67 patients and mitral insufficiency eight patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 51.8% (±12.1) and mean left atrial area was 37 cm2 (±10.3). After a mean follow‐up of 28 months (±9.3), 69 patients remained alive and 59 were in SR. AC was detected in 37.3% (Group A) and absent in 62.7% (Group B). The mean difference between groups was the high prevalence of AF longer than 5 years in group B (P = 0.000001). There were no differences related to left atrial size, LVEF, and age.

Conclusions:

In patients with rheumatic disease, the absence of correlation between SR recovery and AC recovery post MAZE IV surgery is significant. A history of long persistent AF lasting more than 5 years was a strong predictor for the absence of AC.
(PACE 2012; 35:999–1004)
Atrial Tachycardia Originating from the Atrial Septum in a Patient with Dextrocardia and Complex Structural Heart Disease
Authors: NIU YA‐LEI , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , LIN YENN‐JIANG , LO LI‐WEI , HU YU‐FENG , LEE PI‐CHANG , CHEN SHIH‐ANN
Published: June 2012

We report a case with dextrocardia, corrected transposition of the great arteries. He also had an atrial septum defect (ASD) with patch repair. Activation map showed a centrifugal activation from a focal origin on the systemic lower left atrial ASD patch. Ablation of the origin can terminate the atrial tachycardia. (PACE 2012; 35:e306–e308)
Recurrent Ventricular Fibrillation Related to Hypokalemia in Early Repolarization Syndrome
Authors: MYOJO TAKUYA , SATO NOBUYUKI , NIMURA ASAMI , MATSUO AYA , TANIGUCHI OSAMU , NAKAMURA HIDEKI , KARIM TALIB AHMED , SAKAMOTO NAKA , TAKEUCHI TOSHIHARU , KAWAMURA YUICHIRO , HASEBE NAOYUKI
Published: June 2012

We describe a case of early repolarization syndrome in which augmented J waves were documented during an electrical storm associated with hypokalemia. The patient was referred to our hospital for therapy to treat recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF). The 12‐lead electrocardiogram showed giant J waves associated with hypokalemia during multiple episodes of VF. Although antiarrhythmic agents or deep sedation were not effective for the VF, an intravenous supplementation of potassium completely suppressed the VF with a reduction in the J‐wave amplitude. Our report discusses the possible relationship between hypokalemia and VF in early repolarization syndrome.
(PACE 2012; 35:e234–e238)
A Unique Case of Parachute Mitral Valve in an Adult: An Abnormally Long Chorda Tendinea
Authors: Isılak Zafer , Deveci Onur Sinan , Yalcın Murat , Uz Omer , Dogan Mehmet , Uzun Mehmet
Published: July 2012

A 24‐year‐old man referred to our department for echocardiographic examination after a 2/6 precordial holosystolic murmur is being heard on routine physical examination. Transthoracic echocardiography in the parasternal long‐and short‐axis and apical views demonstrated an abnormally long chorda tendinea in the left ventricle and the chordal insertions of both of the mitral valve leafl ets were to a single large papillary muscle, creating a parachute valve. Doppler assessment yielded neither signifi cant mitral stenosis nor left ventricular out flow tract obstruction. Finally, no medical or surgical therapy was planned and an annual control examination with an echocardiography was recommended to the patient.
Unique Morphological Variations of Transient Midventricular Syndrome: A Case Series‐Review
Authors: Mohar Dilbahar S. , Kim Jin Kyung , Patel Pranav M.
Published: July 2012

Older individuals (especially women) enduring an inciting emotional or physical event are prone to developing left ventricular ballooning syndrome. Ballooning of apical distribution is the most common type. However, a midventricular variant is increasingly reported. As this variant becomes further delineated, we describe a case series in which various morphological patterns of midleft ventricular segments are seen. Each case involves a female patient with a presumptive diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, who upon further cardiac workup demonstrated normal epicardial coronary blood flow. Subsequent cardiac imaging, including transthoracic echocardiography, revealed unique midventricular dilation and akinesis, with preserved or hypercontractility of the basal and apical segments. However, more unique to this, was the fact that the left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities were of either “symmetric” ballooning morphology, involving all mid segments of the left ventricle; or more dramatically, “asymmetric” ballooning morphology, which involves abnormal regional motion of only a focal left ventricular wall. Furthermore, we review current literature on midventricular ballooning and propose likely mechanisms and optimal treatment strategies in the face of potential complications of midventricular ballooning syndrome.
Electoral redistricting and minority political representation in Canada and the United States
Authors: Forest Benjamin
Published: July 2012

This article compares the political representation of visible minorities in Canada and the United States, focusing on differences in federal redistribution (redistricting) practices and constituency composition. Although the two countries both use territorially‐based electoral systems, they operate under different legal standards and institutional environments for the creation of ridings (districts). In the US, redistricting is a highly political process, yet must respect strict population equality standards. Litigation over redistricting is common, and courts adjudicate voting and representation under a constitutional system enforcing strong individual rights. In contrast, Canada's redistribution process is relatively nonpartisan, permits large population variances among ridings, places more emphasis on community rights, and is seldom subject to extensive court challenges. Despite these differences, the two countries exhibit striking similarities in the overall level of visible minority representation relative to population share. Conversely, Canada's population inequalities among ridings create a systematic disadvantage for visible minorities. Political attention to visible minority representation is stronger in the US, but the means to achieve it are constrained both by the judicial limits on group representation and the constitutional limits on the use of racial identity. Canada has a framework for political representation that could easily accommodate significant visible minority representation but lacks the political imperative to use it, in part because doing so would run counter to Canada's multicultural image of these groups as immigrants rather than as non‐white minorities.
Estimation of Sinusoidal Flow Heterogeneity in Normal and Diseased Rat Livers from Tracer Dilution Data Using a Fractal Model
Authors: WEISS MICHAEL , LI PENG , ROBERTS MICHAEL S.
Published: July 2012

Please cite this paper as: Weiss M, Li P, Roberts MS. Estimation of sinusoidal flow heterogeneity in normal and diseased rat livers from tracer dilution data using a fractal model. Microcirculation 19: 723–728, 2012.

Objectives:  Up to now, vascular indicator‐dilution curves have been analyzed by numerical integration or by fitting empirical functions to the data. Here, we apply a recently developed mechanistic model with the goal to quantitatively describe flow distribution in the sinusoidal network of normal rat livers and those with high‐fat emulsion‐induced NASH.

Methods:  Single‐pass outflow concentration data of sucrose were obtained from in situ perfused rat livers after impulse injection. The model fitted to the data consists of a continuous mixture of inverse Gaussian densities assuming a normal distribution of regional flow. It accounts for the fractal flow heterogeneity in the organ and has three adjustable parameters with a clear physiological interpretation.

Results:  The model fitted the data well and revealed that the intrahepatic flow dispersion of 49.6 % in the control group increased significantly to 87.2 % in the NASH group (p < 0.01). In contrast to previously used empirical functions, the present model exhibits a power‐law tail (∼t−2.4), which is a signature of fractal microvascular networks.

Conclusions:  The approach offers the possibility to determine hepatic blood flow heterogeneity in perfused livers and to evaluate the functional implications.
Phase Diagram, Temperature Stability, and Electrical Properties of (0.85−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.10Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.05PbZrO3–xPbTiO3 System
Authors: Luo Nengneng , Li Qiang , Xia Zhiguo , Chu Xiangcheng
Published: June 2012

(0.85−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.10Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.05PbZrO3–xPbTiO3 [(0.85−x)PMN–0.10PFN–0.05PZ–xPT] polycrystalline ceramics with morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositions were prepared using the modified columbite precursor method. The phase transitional behaviors, composition‐dependent electrical properties, and temperature‐dependent piezoelectric properties were investigated, respectively. XRD and Raman spectrum analysis indicated that MPB compositions were located around the region with the PT content of x = 0.30–0.34, confirmed by their corresponding dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties. The composition with x = 0.32 possessed the optimum properties with dielectric permittivity εr, tangent loss tan δ, piezoelectric coefficient d33, electromechanical coupling coefficient kp, remnant polarization Pr, and coercive field Ec of 3432, 0.017, 626 pC/N, 0.56, 29.90 μC/cm2, and 7.23 kV/cm, respectively. The phase diagram mapped indicated that this quaternary system possesses the similar MPB region with that of other binary and ternary systems. The quaternary system PMN–PFN–PZ–PT possessed more competitive d33, kp, and Tr−t than that of Fe‐free ternary 0.59Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.05PbZrO3–0.36PbTiO3 (0.59PMN–0.05PZ–0.36PT) near MPB, exhibiting comparable Pr, Ec, εr, tan δ, and Tc. Temperature‐dependent field‐induced‐strain and the as‐calculated high field d33 also confirmed higher temperature stability for Fe‐contained PMN–PFN–PZ–PT.
Correlation Between Structural Characteristics and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Scheelite Ca1−xCdxMoO4 Solid Solution
Authors: Rama Rao S. D. , Roopas Kiran S. , Murthy V. R. K.
Published: June 2012

Ca1−xCdxMoO4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) ceramics were prepared by solid‐state reaction method. Tetragonal scheelite structure with I41/a space group was observed in all these compositions. Microwave dielectric properties such as quality factor (Q × f), dielectric constant (εr), and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) were measured in the microwave frequency range. Rietveld refinement was performed on all these compositions and bond valences of A‐, B‐site cation, and oxygen were calculated. Influence of these structural parameters on the microwave dielectric properties was examined. Q × f was correlated with the average covalence of A‐, B‐site cations. The variation in εr was explained with ionic polarizability of Cd+2 ions. The deviation of observed polarizability from theoretical polarizability and τf of all these compositions were explained with oxygen bond valence. The well‐sintered Ca1−xCdxMoO4 ceramics showed highly promising microwave dielectric properties (εr = 8–10, Q × f = 46000–53000 GHz and τf = −22 to −57 ppm/°C).
Microstructure Engineering to Drastically Reduce the Leakage Currents of High Voltage ZnO Varistor Ceramics
Authors: Peiteado Marco , Reyes Yhasmin , Cruz Ana M. , Calatayud David G. , Fernandez‐Hevia Daniel , Caballero Amador C.
Published: June 2012

The energetic losses associated with the leakage currents can represent a serious problem for the efficient performance of ZnO‐based varistor ceramics. However, by properly tailoring the microstructure of these ceramics, the leakage currents can be drastically reduced. Pursuing this goal, two intended doping strategies have been attempted over a standard high‐voltage varistor formulation based on the ZnO–Bi2O3–Sb2O3 ternary system. The first strategy focuses on the stabilization of the secondary Zn2.33Sb0.67O4 spinel particles; on cooling the ceramic, this spinel phase reversely transforms into a pyrochlore conductive structure whose presence favors the current flow in the varistor prebreakdown region (i.e., high leakage current values). A certain amount of TiO2 incorporated into the spinel lattice impedes its reverse transformation to pyrochlore, thus reducing the varistor leakage current. The second strategy leans on the insertion of an insulating phase in between the skeleton of Bismuth‐rich phases. This skeleton provides a continuous network through the whole varistor microstructure for the current to flow, so the inclusion of an insulating phase may serve as a physical blockade to break off that connectivity. Such a phase is yielded by properly doping with SiO2. Eventually, the combination of both strategies leads to a decrease of two orders of magnitude in the varistor leakage current.
Postpartum monitoring of retained placenta.Two cases of abnormally adherent placenta
Authors: TORRENGA BAS , HUIRNE JUDITH A. , BOLTE ANTOINETTE C. , VAN WAESBERGHE JAN HEIN T. M. , DE VRIES JOHANNA I.P.
Published: June 2012

To save fertility, hysterectomy may be avoided with abnormal placental adherence by leaving the placenta in situ. Several reports support this strategy, but no reports are available on optimal follow‐up strategies. We present two women with conservative treatment of placenta accreta and describe the prospective monitoring of the clinical course, placental regression, and recovery of the uterine anatomy using serial sonography, hysteroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. There was no postpartum hemorrhage. Menstrual cyclicity resumed within 18 weeks. The human chorionic gonadotropin serum levels normalized within 10 weeks, whereas regression of placenta tissue was slow and continued up to nine months after delivery. In both cases placental remnants persisted; in one woman they were removed and uterine anatomy restored. She had a subsequent uneventful pregnancy afterwards. The presented systematic follow‐up provides tools to monitor and treat other women in similar ways.
Assessing HER2 amplification by IHC, FISH, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis (real‐time PCR) following LCM in formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded tissue from 40 women with ovarian cancer
Authors: Hillig Thore , Thode Jørgen , Breinholt Marie F. , Franzmann Maria‐Benedicte , Pedersen Carsten , Lund Flemming , Mygind Henrik , Sölétormos György , Rudnicki Martin
Published: June 2012

We compare HER2 receptor amplification analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR) DNA copy‐number assay following laser capture microdissection (LCM) in formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded tissue from 40 women with verified ovarian cancer. We speculate that LCM should result in a more accurate assessment of HER2 amplification in our real‐time PCR assay compared with IHC and FISH. HER2 overexpression measured by IHC, FISH, or real‐time PCR was found in 5.0%, 5.0%, and 22.5%, respectively. HER2 negative results measured by IHC, FISH, or real‐time PCR were found in 95%, 92.5%, and 60.0%, respectively. Analysis failed for IHC, FISH, or real‐time PCR in 0%, 2.5%, or 17.5% of cases. Concordance between IHC and FISH, IHC and real‐time PCR, or FISH and real‐time PCR were 89.7%, 72.7%, or 78.1%, respectively. Only few ovarian cancer patients were HER2 overexpressed measured by IHC or FISH and thus could be eligible for antibody‐based therapy with trastuzumab (Herceptin). Interestingly, we find an increased number of HER2 positive patients by real‐time PCR analysis on microdissected cancer cells, suggesting a number of HER2 positive patients not detected by current methods. Thus, the concept of quantitative measurement of HER2 on microdissected cancer cells should be explored further.
Expression of snail, twist, and Zeb1 in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Merikallio Heta , Pääkkö Paavo , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Kinnula Vuokko , Harju Teihu , Soini Ylermi
Published: June 2012

We examined 56 malignant mesotheliomas, 117 lung adenocarcinomas, and 34 metastatic lung adenocarcinomas with antibodies to transcription factors involved in epitheliomesenchymal transition. The tumors were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies zeb1, twist, and snail. Malignant mesotheliomas exhibited a stronger expression of zeb1 and twist than lung adenocarcinomas (p < 0.001 for both). Metastatic adenocarcinomas displayed a more frequent expression of zeb1 and twist (p < 0.001 for both) than lung adenocarcinomas. Patients with snail positive mesotheliomas experienced a better survival (p = 0.046), whereas in lung adenocarcinomas, this trait predicted worse survival (p = 0.024). Biphasic mesotheliomas had a more frequent expression of snail or zeb1 than epithelioid and sarcomatoid mesotheliomas as a group (p = 0.034 and p = 0.005, respectively). E‐cadherin was more commonly present in epithelioid mesotheliomas (p = 0.002). Cases with snail positivity showed a significantly lower apoptotic index (p = 0.039). Malignant mesotheliomas display strong twist and zeb1 expression, which may be an indication of transdifferentiation between the epithelioid and sarcomatoid cell types with biphasic mesotheliomas representing tumors in active transition. Metastatic adenocarcinomas show a higher expression of zeb1 and twist than primary lung tumors, confirming our previous findings and highlighting their significance in the metastatic process. Snail expression is associated with poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinomas, but an opposite effect was seen in mesothelioma, a fact which may be related to the different cellular origin of epithelial and mesothelial cells.
Large‐scale geographic variation in iridescent structural ornaments of a long‐distance migratory bird
Authors: Legagneux Pierre , Clark Robert G. , Guillemain Matthieu , Eraud Cyril , Théry Marc , Bretagnolle Vincent
Published: June 2012

Iridescent colours produced during moult likely play an important role in pair formation in birds. We sought to quantify geographic variation in such colouration in a duck species, Eurasian teal Anas crecca, in winter (when mating occurs) to evaluate whether this variation reflects birds’ breeding origins or differential individual migration strategies in both males and females. We combined information on feather production region and individual attributes (body size, sex and age) of Eurasian teal from 82 wintering sites in France. Feather production region (moult site or natal origin) was inferred using feather deuterium values (δDf). We performed spectral measurements to evaluate speculum colour and brightness contrasts for 1052 teal collected over four years. Colouration differed strongly among wintering regions, with birds wintering in eastern France exhibiting higher colour contrast than those wintering in the west. Body size and colouration were positively related. There were no differences in cohort‐specific δDf values between separate wintering regions in France, indicating that within a winter quarter teal originated from areas across the entire breeding range. Overall, patterns of spatial variation in feather colouration were related most closely to body size which was consistent with predictions of a differential migration hypothesis, with larger and more colour‐contrasting birds wintering closer to their breeding grounds. Because moult speed is also known to affect colour production, early breeders or individuals that skipped reproduction may have invested more or earlier in their feather quality to gain potential advantages in monopolizing future mates.
A single session of motivational interviewing as an additive means to improve adherence in periodontal infection control: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Stenman Jane , Lundgren Jesper , Wennström Jan L. , Ericsson Jessica S. , Abrahamsson Kajsa H.
Published: June 2012

Aim

To evaluate the effect of a single session of motivational interviewing (MI) on self‐performed periodontal infection control.

Material and Methods

A randomized, examiner masked, controlled clinical trial of 6‐month duration was performed involving 44 patients with chronic periodontitis, referred for periodontal treatment. At baseline, all subjects were examined concerning marginal gingival bleeding (MBI) and plaque (PI). Test subjects received a single MI‐session before initiation of the periodontal treatment. Otherwise, all patients followed the same treatment protocol for conventional educational intervention and non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Efficacy variables for evaluation of self‐performed periodontal infection control were MBI (primary variable) and PI.

Results

The MI intervention resulted in a negligible decrease (3–4%) in MBI and PI that was not significantly different from the changes observed in the control group without any intervention. Neither was any additive effect of the initial MI‐session found on the standard of oral hygiene subsequent to conventional treatment. A desirable MBI score of ≤20% at the end of treatment was associated with being a female patient, whereas high plaque scores at baseline counteracted a corresponding desirable final PI of ≤20%.

Conclusion

A single freestanding MI session as a prelude to conventional periodontal treatment had no significant effect on the individuals' standard of self‐performed periodontal infection control in a short‐term perspective.
The influence of reflection on portfolio learning in undergraduate dental education
Authors: Koole S. , Vanobbergen J. , De Visschere L. , Aper L. , Dornan T. , Derese A.
Published: June 2012

Introduction

Disparity exists between the growing consensus about the positive effects of reflection on performance and the scarcity of empirical evidence demonstrating this effect. Portfolios are considered a useful instrument to assess and supervise competence‐based education and to stimulate reflection. The present study describes the introduction of a portfolio in a social dentistry and oral health promotion course and investigates student reflection as a predictor for the acquisition of the other competences in the course.

Methods

Fourth year undergraduate dental students (n = 110) in the course ‘Society and Health’ between 2008 and 2011 collected evidence in their portfolios, demonstrating the acquisition of five competences: the ability to (1) assess the oral health profile of a target group; (2) integrate theoretical models in health promotion; (3) search for and apply scientific evidence; (4) work trans‐, multi‐ and/or trans‐disciplinarily; (5) reflect on personal development. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the predictive value of reflection on the other course related competences.

Results

Reflection scores proved to significantly predict other course‐related competences, when analysing all students between 2008 and 2011 and for each year separately, explaining between 10.7% and 25.5% of the variance in the other competences.

Conclusion

Undergraduate dental students' competences related to social dentistry and oral health promotion were significantly predicted by the reflection scores obtained in a portfolio‐based context. In line with the growing consensus about the benefits of reflection for dental students and professionals, results suggest the value to further develop the integration of reflection in dental education and practice.
Diabetic foot ulcers treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a review of the literature
Authors: Bishop Alexandra J , Mudge Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) has been used as an adjunct for healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) for decades. However, its use remains controversial. A literature search was conducted to locate clinical studies and assess the available evidence. Ten prospective and seven retrospective studies evaluating HBO for DFUs were located. These were reviewed and the outcomes were discussed. One study reported no difference in outcomes between patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen and the control group. However, their regime differed from all other studies in that the patients received hyperbaric oxygen twice rather than once daily. Reduced amputation rates and improved healing were the most common outcomes observed.
The Maternal‐to‐Zygotic Transition in Higher Plants
Authors: Xin Hai‐Ping , Zhao Jing , Sun Meng‐Xiang
Published: June 2012

During early embryogenesis in mammals and higher plants, the maternal‐to‐zygotic transition (MZT) marks the turnover of developmental control from maternal products to de novo zygotic genome transcripts. Intensive studies in animals indicate that early embryonic development is largely maternally controlled. In recent years, the MZT has drawn the attention of botanists, as it is important for understanding the mechanism of embryogenesis and hybrid vigor. In this study, we present a brief overview of some aspects of the MZT in flowering plants. Based on what we have learned from Nicotiana tabacum, we hypothesize that the MZT occurs before zygotic cell division and that the development of the fertilized egg cell in flowering plants can be divided into two phases: the zygote stage, which is mainly controlled maternally, and the one‐celled proembryo stage, in which zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs and is required for zygote division.

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[ Meng‐Xiang Sun (Corresponding author)]
A Cautionary Tale of Purity, Labeling and Product Literacy in the Gluten‐Free Market
Authors: WOROSZ MICHELLE R. , WILSON NORBERT L.W.
Published: July 2012

Like the market for organics, the gluten‐free products market is expanding rapidly. Rapid expansion in the organic foods market led to changes in the regulatory structure, which in turn, made possible the transition of organics from something considered exclusive and value‐laden, to something that is conventional and void of many of the original substantive characteristics. Moreover, this process of conventionalization has contributed to a decline in product literacy. Despite a standardized label, consumers generally know less about the products' attributes once conventionalization has occurred. Using the case of organics, we show how the current governance structure for gluten might also be in the process of conventionalization. Yet, this trajectory is not inevitable. Transmutation of the market, which is accomplished via critical analysis and consumers' active engagement in defining “gluten‐free,” may provide an antidote to product dilution and may improve product literacy for those who need or desire gluten‐free products most.
Medication adherence among homeless patients: A pilot study of cell phone effectiveness
Authors: Burda Charon , Haack Mary , Duarte Ana C. , Alemi Farrokh
Published: June 2012

Purpose: We examined the feasibility of using cell phones to monitor medication adherence among homeless participants and collected data for research purposes.

Data sources: Ten homeless individuals with a co‐occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders who were receiving psychopharmacologic treatment participated in the study. All psychopharmacologic treatment was provided by a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner. Cell phones were provided to participants with unlimited phone service for 45 days. An automated telephone system was programmed to call participants daily for 30 days. All participant responses were reported to a computer and reviewed by study staff on a daily basis.

Conclusions: The automated calls reached study participants 93% of days and, when reached, participants reported 100% adherence with the prescribed medication regimen. Exit interviews indicated strong support for the usefulness of the phone and the value of the call and survey as reminders to take their medication. No patients dropped out of this study.

Implications for practice: This pilot study establishes the feasibility of using cell phones to monitor and manage medication regimens for hard‐to‐reach populations, such as the homeless with co‐occurring disorders. It also establishes that this technology would work for research data collection.

Disclaimer  The views expressed in this article do not represent the views of the Veterans Administration or the United States Government.
Community structure and cluster definition of Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, in the Bahamas
Authors: Elliser Cindy R. , Herzing Denise L.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Fission‐fusion dynamics typical of many delphinid populations allow for a variety of social grouping patterns. Identifying these groupings is crucial before conducting a detailed social structure analysis. This study analyzed the structure of a population of Bahamian spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis. Through long‐term observations and preliminary analysis, three clusters were defined: Northern, Central, and Southern. To quantitatively investigate these delineations, we conducted analysis on 12 yr of sighting data using SOCPROG 2.3. Coefficients of association (CoA) were calculated using the half‐weight index, with individuals sighted six or more times per pooled period (3 yr each). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MD), hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis and Mantel tests were conducted to determine if any divisions were present. Mantel tests and MD plots analysis supported the delineations into the three clusters. Cluster analysis showed cluster groupings, but with less clear distinctions between the clusters. The amount and strength of associations were significantly higher within clusters than between clusters. Based on behavioral and geographic overlap, these clusters did not meet the definition of separate communities and thus were termed social clusters. These fine scale, within community divisions, are biologically and socially important aspects of their community and are crucial in understanding the dolphins’ social structure.