bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels and Domains In Personality: An Introduction
Authors: Emmons Robert A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This special issue is centered around the problem of levels and domains in personality functioning. What kind of constructs—and at what levels and in what domains—are needed to understand what a person is like? To account for the complexity and scope of human lives, personality psychologists have traditionally put forth lists and taxonomies of factors, features, and variables that must be taken into consideration in formulating an adequate psychological portrait of the whole person. The five‐factor model of personality traits has recently been offered as a comprehensive framework; however, critical analyses of the trait concept have revealed the limitations of a trait‐based model of personality. Recognizing that the concept of trait is indispensable to a vital psychology of personality, this special issue aims to (a) communicate recent developments and organizational frameworks for understanding the person at multiple levels and in varied domains, and (b) articulate and elaborate units of analysis that, when combined with trait assessments, yield a psychology of personality that is commensurate with the complexity of individual functioning and that offers greater potential for the attainment of the original goals of the discipline.
Psychological Needs and the Facilitation of Integrative Processes
Authors: Ryan Richard M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The assumption that there are innate integrative or actualizing tendencies underlying personality and social development is reexamined. Rather than viewing such processes as either nonexistent or as automatic, I argue that they are dynamic and dependent upon social‐contextual supports Pertaining to basic human psychological needs. To develop this viewpoint, I conceptually link the notion of integrative tendencies to specific developmental processes, namely intrinsic motivation; internalization; and emotional integration. These processes are then shown to be facilitated by conditions that fulfill psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and forestalled within contexts that frustrate these needs. Interactions between psychological needs and contextual supports account, in part, for the domain and situational specificity of motivation, experience, and relative integration. The meaning of psychological needs (vs. wants) is directly considered, as are the relations between concepts of integration and autonomy and those of independence, individualism, efficacy, and cognitive models of “multiple selves.”
A Clinical‐Empirical Model of Personality: Life after the Mischelian Ice Age and the NEO‐Lithic Era
Authors: Westen Drew
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A theory of personality should lead to both accurate prediction and interpretive understanding. Aside from its empirical uses, a personality theory should provide a grammar that allows personality psychologists to infer meaning from overt behavior with more sophistication than a layperson, and the best laboratory for testing the interpretive utility of a personality theory remains the clinic. With respect to the appropriate data for constructing and evaluating theories of personality, an overreliance on questionnaire data is problematic for several reasons: It assumes that understanding people requires no training, it mistakes research on the conscious self‐concept for research on personality, it conflates implicit and explicit knowledge, it fails to address defensive biases, and it lacks interrater reliability. Consideration of both empirical and clinical data points to three questions that define the elements of personality necessary for a comprehensive assessment of an individual: (a) What psychological resources–cognitive, affective, and behavioral dispositions–does the individual have at his or her disposal? (b) What does the person wish for, fear, and value, and how do these motives combine and conflict? (c) How does the person experience the self and others, and to what extent can the individual enter into intimate relationships?
Evolution, the Five‐Factor Model, and Levels of Personality
Authors: MacDonald Kovin
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article interprets the five‐factor model as subsuming variation in normative, species‐typical systems with adaptive functions in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. It is argued that the evolutionary logic of personality systems is apparent in the patterning of mean sex differences in personality. Personality systems are conceptualized as evolved motivational systems with an affective core. The evolved motive dispositions at the core of personality anchor a hierarchy of levels of cognitive and behavioral functioning aimed at attaining or avoiding the affective states central to these personality systems. Personality systems are seen as often in dynamic conflict within individuals and as highly compartmentalized in their functioning between settings. While variation in personality consists of a range of viable strategies for humans, extremes on these systems tend to be maladaptive, although in at least some cases individuals who approach the maladaptive extremes of individual variation may be viewed as engaging in high‐risk evolutionary strategies. Within this wide range of viable strategies, personality variation functions as a resource environment for individuals in the sense that personality variation is evaluated according to the interests of the evaluator.
The Personal Script as a Unit of Analysis for the Study of Personality
Authors: Demorest Amy P.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article presents the construct of a “personal script” as an important variable for the study of personality. Personal scripts are construals that individuals form to understand and deal with personally significant experiences of living. A number of differences are outlined between the personal script construct and the field's more predominant trait construct. It is argued that the personal script construct can provide new perspectives on questions which have been addressed previously by the trait construct having to do with personality description. This claim is illustrated with two studies, one addressing the issue of group differences using a nomothetic method of personal script assessment, and the other addressing the issue of personal consistency using an idiographic method of personal script assessment. It is further suggested that the personal script construct can also allow researchers to ask new questions having to do with the dynamics of personality development and change.
Juxtaposed Scripts, Traits, and the Dynamics of Personality
Authors: Thorne Avrll
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Although personality is theoretically composed of multiple facets that function in lively interrelatedness, the interplay among these multiplicities has mostly been missed by research that focuses on traits as the primary unit of personality. The juxtaposition of contrary interpersonal scripts is a promising way to capture dynamic processes of personality. A case study is used to illustrate the dynamic interplay between sociotropic (extraverted) and avoidant scripts. Whereas standard trait measures do not reveal how extraversion and avoidance co‐relate in everyday experience, the dynamics are revealed by study of interpersonal scripts in narratives of memorable encounters. Similarities between the present approach and recent dialectical approaches to the self‐concept are discussed (Hermans & Kempen, 1993). Such approaches, particularly when articulated so as to interface with more generalized units of personality, can be highly useful for advancing understanding of personality dynamics.
A Multifactorial Approach to the Study of Gender Characteristics
Authors: Koestner Richard , Aube Jennifer
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The present article reviews some of the central conceptual issues confronted by gender researchers as they have tried to forge a theory of gender identity that can account for the complexity and diversity of gender‐related characteristics displayed by women and men. An emerging consensus suggests that gender is incorporated into an individual's self‐concept in multiple and loosely connected ways. We review one example of this emerging multiplicity perspective, Spence's (1993) multifactorial gender identity theory, and describe three recent studies testing its usefulness. We also discuss ways in which multiplicity models of gender could benefit from considering parallel developments in the general personality literature regarding the problem of levels or domains. In particular, it is argued that Me Adams's (this issue) integrative three‐level model of the structure of personality offers a helpful framework for guiding future test construction and theory development in gender research.
Developmental Truths in Memories of Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Thorne Avril
Published: April 2006

This study of age‐related changes in memories of personally important encounters showed “developmental truths,” that is, patterns that converged with prior developmental theories and research. Participants were 47 males and 48 females in their early 20s. An average of 16 memories were collected from each person during an intensive personal interview. Memories were coded for age at the time of the episode, the identity of the other person with whom the study participant was interacting, what the participant wanted from the other person, and the outcome. As expected, memories of encounters with parents and about wanting help prevailed for childhood, whereas memories of encounters with close friends and about wanting intimacy prevailed by mid‐adolescence. Memories about wanting to help others were sparse for this young‐adult sample, but, like needs for intimacy, increased with age. Although patterns for males tended to be more dramatic than patterns for females, this trend appeared more attributable to actual developmental differences in social dynamics than to differences in the degree to which current concerns intruded into the memory process. The advantages of personally salient, event‐specific retrospective reports for understanding personality development and change are discussed.
Life after Trauma: Personality and Daily Life Experiences of Traumatized People
Authors: Bunce Scott C. , Larson Randy J. , Peterson Christopher
Published: April 2006

In this study, we explored differences in personality and daily life experiences of traumatized (n= 26) versus nontraumatized (n= 30) college students. Study participants completed a variety of personality measures as well as a 28–day experience sampling study assessing daily activities, emotions, and physical health. Although not differing on general demographics, traumatized individuals reported more trait anxiety and lower self–esteem than nontraumatized individuals. They scored higher on Neuroticism, were more introverted, and were less emotionally stable than nontraumatized participants. Traumatized individuals also reported more cognitive disturbances, emotional blunting, and interpersonal withdrawal. They did not report being more depressed, but did endorse cognitive styles associated with heightened risk for depression. Earlier age of trauma was associated with more pathological outcomes: lower self–esteem and psychological well–being, more anxiety, more pessimism, and emotional constriction of positive mood. We compare this symptom profile to that of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Extraversion: A “Hidden” Personality Factor in Coping?
Authors: Amirkhan James H. , Risinger Rhonda T. , Swickert Rhonda J.
Published: April 2006

Recent evidence suggests a larger role for personality determinants of the coping response than has been traditionally held. In the two studies presented here, we examined the influence of personality on the use of social support and other coping strategies in samples of undergraduate students. The first study surveyed a range of coping responses to naturally occurring stressors and found that Extraversion was related to social support seeking, optimism (identified as germane to coping in prior research) was related to problem solving, and both dispositions were negatively related to avoidance. The second study used an experimental approach and multiple personality measures to correct for possible methodological problems in the first. Extraversion again proved to be associated with help seeking; moreover, this relationship accounted for that of another disposition, self‐esteem—a construct considered crucial in the literature. The utility of personality variables, particularly Extraversion, in predicting and explaining the choice of a coping strategy is discussed.
Personality Change in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Chronic Disease and Aging
Authors: Mendelsohn Gerald A. , Dakof Gayle A. , Skaff Marilyn
Published: April 2006

Parkinson's disease patients (N= 41, mean age = 65 years) were described by themselves and their spouses as they were presently and before their illness using the Adjective Check List. Equivalent self‐ and spouse descriptions were obtained from the members of a matched community sample (N= 96). Descriptions of patients and their spouses converged, both reporting sharp, pervasive (e.g., on all of the Big Five dimensions), and uniformly negative change in personality. Similar, but much less marked change was found in the community sample. The data as a set suggest that the reported changes in the patients were veridical and that their magnitude was primarily the result of the disease rather than aging. Evidence of continuities in personality (for example, differential stability) was also noted. We argue that the illness accelerated and intensified changes normally expected in later life.
The Conflicted Individual: Personality‐Based and Domain Specific Antecedents of Ambivalent Social Attitudes
Authors: Thompson Megan M. , Zanna Mark P.
Published: April 2006

Historically, attitude theory and research has assumed that attitudes are largely unconflicted and unidimensional summary statements of feelings and beliefs. More recent work has reexamined this assumption (Thompson, Zanna, & Griffin, in press). The present article details two studies that continue to investigate this notion, examining antecedent variables assumed important in the genesis of attitudinal ambivalence. The first study focuses upon personality‐based factors such as individuals' Need for Cognition (NFC) and Personal Fear of Invalidity (PFI) (a heightened concern with error). The pattern of results was consistent with our predictions: High NFC was associated with less ambivalence and high PFI was associated with greater ambivalence. The second study investigated a domain‐specific antecedent. It was predicted that higher involvement would reduce the level of ambivalence experienced. Further, involvement was expected to moderate the effect of the personality‐based antecedents. Again, results confirmed our hypotheses. High
Distinguishing Reactive versus Reflective Autonomy
Authors: Koestner Richard , Losier Gaëtan F.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The present study distinguished reactive and reflective conceptions of autonomy. Following Henry Murray, personality theorists such as Gough and Heilbrun (1983) have emphasized the interpersonal and reactive aspects of autonomy, defining it as an orientation to act independently of others. More recently, Deci and Ryan (1991) highlighted the intrapersonal and reflective aspects of autonomy, describing it in terms of experiencing a sense of choicefulness about one's actions. Study 1 showed that measures derived from the two conceptions of autonomy are loosely related and that only reactive autonomy is associated with the Big Five trait factors of personality. Study 2 used an interval‐contingent experience sampling methodology to show that reactive and reflective autonomy relate in different ways to daily affect and to the use of mood regulation strategies. Study 3 used an event‐contingent experience sampling methodology to show that the social experiences associated with the two types of autonomy varied as a function of whether the interactions involved peers or authority figures. Together, the studies demonstrate the importance of distinguishing reactive and reflective conceptions of autonomy.
Social‐Emotional Adjustment and Patterns of Alcohol Use among Young Adults
Authors: Weinberger Daniel A. , Bartholomew Kim
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Individual differences in social‐emotional adjustment, jointly defined by levels of distress and self‐restraint, were used to evaluate (a) patterns of alcohol use, (b) reasons for use, and (c) associated problems in two college samples of young adults (N= 287 and N= 215). As hypothesized, low self‐restraint was associated with high levels of alcohol use, drinking to increase positive affect, and high levels of alcohol‐related problems. Subjective distress was not related to levels of use; however, it was associated with drinking to escape negative moods and social discomfort and with excessive alcohol‐related problems. Both high distress and low self‐restraint predicted problem drinking beyond what could be accounted for by quantity or frequency of alcohol use or by peers' use. Within Weinberger and Schwartz's (1990) six‐group typology, reactive individuals (high distress–low restraint) were especially likely to be problem drinkers, even when compared to groups with equivalent alcohol use. In a separate study, knowledgeable peers' reports validated the differences between reactive and repressive individuals, the two groups most likely to have inaccurate self‐reports.
Experimental Personality Designs: Analyzing Categorical by Continuous Variable Interactions
Authors: West Stephen G. , Aiken Leona S. , Krull Jennifer L.
Published: April 2006

Theories hypothesizing interactions between a categorical and one or more continuous variables are common in personality research. Traditionally, such hypotheses have been tested using nonoptimal adaptations of analysis of variance (ANOVA). This article describes an alternative multiple regression‐based approach that has greater power and protects against spurious conclusions concerning the impact of individual predictors on the outcome in the presence of interactions. We discuss the structuring of the regression equation, the selection of a coding system for the categorical variable, and the importance of centering the continuous variable. We present in detail the interpretation of the effects of both individual predictors and their interactions as a function of the coding system selected for the categorical variable. We illustrate two‐ and three‐dimensional graphical displays of the results and present methods for conducting post hoc tests following a significant interaction. The application of multiple regression techniques is illustrated through the analysis of two data sets. We show how multiple regression can produce all of the information provided by traditional but less optimal ANOVA procedures.
Delay of Gratification, Psychopathology, and Personality: Is Low Self‐Control Specific to Externaiizing Problems?
Authors: Krueger Robert F. , Caspi Avshalom , Moffitt Terrie E. , White Jennifer , Stouthamer‐Loeber Magda
Published: April 2006

We assessed the delay of gratification behavior of 428 twelve and thirteen‐year‐old boys, half of whom were known to manifest symptoms of behavioral disturbance. Consistent with the hypothesis that low self‐control is a risk factor specific to externalizing (aggressive and delinquent) disorders, boys who showed signs of externalizing disorders tended to seek immediate gratification in a laboratory task more often than both nondisordered boys and boys who showed signs of internalizing (anxious and depressed) disorders. In addition, children who were able to delay immediate gratification were described by their mothers as ego controlled, ego resilient, conscientious, open to experience, and agreeable. These results suggest that poor delay of gratification may be one of a select number of specific risk factors for externalizing
Personal Influences on Professional Work: An Empirical Case Study of B. F. Skinner
Authors: Demorest Amy P. , Slegel Paul F.
Published: April 2006

This study addresses the hypothesis that individuals have characteristic ways of looking at the world that are revealed not only in their life story but also in their professional work. It seeks to provide the first empirical test of this hypothesis using systematic methods for data selection, interpretation, and matching, as applied to the case of B. F. Skinner. Using the salience identifier “primacy” (Alexander, 1990), Skinner's first research design and the first paragraph of his autobiography were selected for analysis. Adopting a personological approach to interpretation, “scripts” (Tomkins, 1987) were derived from these materials by blind and independent coders. A matching task (Allport, 1961) then indicated that the scripts derived from Skinner's work and life were substantially similar and significantly more similar than random pairs of scripts. A search through other autobiographical and professional writings by Skinner revealed that the elements of the discovered script appear recurrently in his imagery.
Adaptational Style and Dispositional Structure: Coping in the Context of the Five‐Factor Model
Authors: Watson David , Hubbard Brock
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
We review prior evidence—and present data of our own—linking measures of adaptational style to the traits comprising the five‐factor model of personality. Neuroticism has been studied most extensively and is consistently associated with passive and ineffective coping mechanisms. Conscientiousness has emerged as an equally powerful predictor of coping; however, it is related to active, problem‐focused response strategies. Extraversion is less broadly related to coping but tends to be correlated with social support seeking, positive reappraisal, and problem‐focused coping. Openness is largely unrelated to many traditional coping inventories, but appears to reflect a more flexible, imaginative, and intellectually curious approach to problem solving. Finally, Agreeableness is only modestly related to coping. These results demonstrate the value of using well‐articulated taxonomic schemes as a framework for trait‐based research.
Construing Benefits from Adversity: Adaptotional Significance and Disposltional Underpinnings
Authors: Affleck Glenn , Tennen Howard
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe discovery of benefits from living with adversity has been implicated in psychological well‐being in numerous investigations, is pivotal to several prominent theories of cognitive adaptation to threat, and can be predicted by personality differences. This article summarizes the prevalence and adaptive significance of finding benefits from major medical problems, locates the place of benefit‐finding in stress and coping theories, and examines how it may be shaped by specific psychological dispositions such as optimism and hope and by broader personality traits such as Extraversion and Openness to Experience. The distinction between beliefs about benefits from adversity (benefit‐finding) and the use of such knowledge as a deliberate strategy of coping with the problem (benefit‐reminding) is underscored and illustrated by daily process research on coping with chronic pain.
A Dispositional and Situational Assessment of Children's Coping: Testing Alternative Models of Coping
Authors: Ayers Tim S. , Sandier Irwin N. , West Stephen G. , Roosa Mark W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Dispositional and situational measures of children's coping were developed using a theoretically based approach. Two studies (N1 = 217; N2 = 303) assessed the psychometric characteristics of these measures in fourth‐ through sixth‐grade children. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a four‐factor model of dispositional coping (active, distraction, avoidant, and support seeking) provided a better fit to the data than either the problemversus emotion‐focused (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) or passive versus active (Billings & Moos, 1981) coping models. The four‐factor model was largely invariant with respect to age and gender. Moderate to high correlations were found between the parallel subscales of the dispositional and situational measures of coping. Although the four factor structures of the dispositional and situational measures were generally similar, factor loadings and correlations between dimensions were not equivalent.
Coping and Personality: Third Time's the Charm?
Authors: Suls Jerry , David James P.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn this special issue, a third generation of research is represented which recognizes and demonstrates that individual differences in personality play an important role in the coping process. Although progress is apparent, there are several unresolved issues, including the best way to measure coping and whether “type of coping” matters in naturalistic settings. Three potentially important parameters of coping—range, patterning, and competence—are described, but only the first has received systematic empirical attention. The study of coping might also be advanced by researchers giving more attention to the differences between problem situations in which traits are more easily expressed (“weak” situations) versus those where normative criteria and constraints are explicit (“strong” situations).
Filipino Personality Structure and the Big Five Model: A Lexical Approach
Authors: Church A. Timothy , Reyes Jose Alberto S. , Katigbak Marcia S. , Grimm Stephanie D.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In lexically based studies, we derived Filipino personality dimensions and related them to the Big Five model. In Study 1, Filipino high‐school and college students (N= 629) rated themselves on a near‐comprehensive list of 861 Filipino (Tagalog) trait adjectives. In Study 2, Filipino high‐school and college students (N= 1,531) rated 280 markers of dimensions identified in Study 1. Some students (n= 473) also completed the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory. Seven comparable Filipino dimensions were identified in factor analyses in the two studies. We concluded that the dimensions we labeled Concern for Others (vs. Egotism), Conscientiousness. Gregariousness, and Intellect were quite similar to Big Five Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Intellect, respectively. The Filipino Self‐Assurance dimension was most similar to Big Five Neuroticism. The Filipino Temperamentalness dimension was more complex in Big Five terms, overlapping Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism. A final Filipino factor resembled a Negative Valence or Infrequency dimension. More than five factors had to be extracted to obtain Philippine dimensions resembling all of the Big Five.
Emotional Experience and Its Relation to the Five‐Factor Model in Estonian
Authors: Alllk Jüri , Realo Anu
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In this article we studied relations between self‐rated emotional experience and the five‐factor model of personality. Replicating previous findings we found that two dominant dimensions of emotional experience, Negative Affect and Positive Affect (that accounted for three to five times more total variance among Estonian emotion‐related terms than any other factors) are selectively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion. Data supported the hierarchical taxonomy scheme proposed by Watson and Clark (1992) in which two broad higher order affective states were each composed of several correlated but still clearly distinguishable moods with their specific content. The content of specific emotions mapped systematically onto measures of personality: Affect scales explained 40% to 50% of the total variance of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, approximately 20% of the total variance of Agreeableness, and only 13% of Openness to Experience. Besides the replication of the hierarchical bipartite structure of emotion terms itself in a non‐Indo‐European language, our data demonstrated that the general pattern of associations between affect and personality domains is also generalizable across languages and cultures.
Personality, Social Networks, and Perceived Social Support among Alcoholics: A Structural Equation Analysis
Authors: Russell Daniel W. , Booth Brenda , Reed David , Laughlin Philip R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In this study we tested relations among personality characteristics, social network properties, and perceived social support both concurrently and prospectively. A sample of 294 men in treatment at a Department of Veterans Affairs Alcohol Treatment Unit was assessed during treatment and 3 months after discharge. Results of the cross‐sectional structural equation analyses indicated that the personality characteristics of extraversion and neu‐roticism were related to both social network properties and perceived social support. Characteristics of the alcoholic's social network were also related to perceived availability of support. Longitudinal analyses of perceived social support after treatment indicated that two social network properties (size of the network and the proportion of confidants) were predictive net of initial levels of social support. Extraversion and neuroticism were found to be indi‐rectly related to perceived social support at Time 2 through their effects on social network properties and perceived social support during treatment. Implications of these findings for models of the nature and determinants of perceived social support are discussed.
To “Correlate Psychology and Social Ethics”: Gordon Allport and the First Course in American Personality Psychology
Authors: Nicholson Ian A. M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis article explores the historical origins of what is widely regarded as the “first course in American personality psychology”: Gordon Allport's 1925 course entitled “Personality: Its Psychological and Social Aspects.” It argues that the professional focus and disciplinary context of Allport's course were much more complicated than is generally believed. Far from being a completely novel and distinctively psychological venture, Allport's course drew upon the moral concerns and the pedagogical and discursive practices of Harvard's Department of Social Ethics. Allport's course on “Personality” represented a subtle attempt to bring Victorian concerns with character development together with the newly emerging ideal of objectivity.
Introduction: Personality Psychology and the Case Study
Authors: McAdams Dan P. , West Stephen G.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis article introduces theJournal of Personality'sspecial issue on the life voyage of Dodge Morgan who, in 1986 at the age of 54, sailed solo around the world in 150 days. Before the voyage, Morgan agreed to participate in an intensive psychological case study, the data for which provide the focus for this special issue. William Nasby and Nancy W. Read have organized the vast array of psychological data obtained from Morgan and produced a complex and illuminating interpretation of his life, drawing liberally from the five‐factor trait model of personality and the life‐story model of adult identity. This introduction provides a historical and intellectual context for Nasby and Read's study by considering the various ways in which personality psychologists have employed the case study in research and examining the many conceptual and methodological problems and possibilities that arise in the psychological study of the single case.
1. Introduction
Authors: Nasby William , Read Nancy W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In this article, we introduce the case study of Dodge Morgan, who, at the age of 54, completed a nonstop, solo circumnavigation of the earth in his boat American Promise. Our investigation builds upon a unique foundation of qualitative and quantitative data, which includes extensive formal assessments, content analysis of Morgan's voyage log, additional autobiographical material, and diverse collateral biographical sources. We describe our intent of applying two theoretical models of personality, the five‐factor model and the life‐story model, to the data, and present an overview of their differing perspectives and predictions. We discuss technical challenges of methodology and integration, and introduce the subsequent chapters comprising the full case study.
3. The Voyager and the Voyage
Authors: Nasby William , Read Nancy W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Chapter 3 presents the biography of Dodge Morgan from childhood through the end of his remarkable voyage. Derived from biographical and autobiographical sources, his life narrative is presented chronologically as basic data for our case study. The importance of his male role models, his early love of sailing, and his later adventures on boats, in Alaska, and in the business world are illustrated. We describe the context of his voyage and his intense, thorough voyage preparations, both external and internal. We also delineate his successful circumnavigation in detail.
4. Personality Profiles
Authors: Nasby William , Read Nancy W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Chapter 4 discusses the origins of the Dodge Morgan case study and the circumstances of his assessments. We present findings in the contexts of both the five‐factor model (FFM) and the life‐story model (LSM). We interpret Personality Research Form scale scores within the five‐factor structure in order to create Morgan's FFM personality profile, which is supplemented with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) data. We structure his LSM profile from multiple evaluations, including his TAT protocol and his earliest memories; from autobiographical data, including his published writings; and from additional biographical sources. Finally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of each theory and profile construction method.
7. The Hero's Return
Authors: Nasby William , Read Nancy W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Chapter 7 discusses the synthesis of the five‐factor and life‐story models into an integrative model that is applied to the case study of Dodge Morgan. Such integration allows new ways of thinking, considers multiple levels of analysis, and solves problems that cannot be approached by either model individually. Through the combined lenses of these trait and phenomenological models, one can not only view an individual personality at a higher level of abstraction, but also achieve a different understanding of the models themselves. We discuss the impact of the voyage on Morgan's psychological development; we also analyze post‐voyage assessments and personal documents with reference to consistency and change, personal meaning, and the balancing of agentic and communal motivations.
8. Reflections on the Journey
Authors: Nasby William , Read Nancy W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In the context of the Dodge Morgan case study, we discuss holistic analysis of personality. In such analysis, apparently separate, even contradictory, approaches can be integrated to produce a metalevel understanding. In our analysis, a trait and a phenomenological model worked effectively in concert; qualitative and quantitative analyses produced a fruitful synergy. We consider the implications of multilevel understanding of personality for future investigations. We also consider the limitations of personality theory with respect to the construct of personality change, as well as the changes in the investigators' perspectives that occurred over the period of study of the Morgan data.
Circumnavigating Dodge Morgan's Interpersonal Style
Authors: Wiggins Jerry S.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The Interpersonal Circumplex Model provides a third perspective on Dodge Morgan's personality that clarifies and extends the perspectives provided by the five‐factor and life‐story models. Classification of Morgan as a prototypical autonomous personality “type” allows for nomothetic interpretations based on an extensive empirical literature. An explicit structural representation of agency and communion served to reveal the diversity of substantive interpretations that have been made with respect to these metaconcepts. Agreement on a structural representation of agency and communion might lead to more uniform interpretations of their dynamic relations with each another.
Determinants of Inconsistent Personality Descriptions: Trait and Target Effects
Authors: Hampson Sarah E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The determinants of inconsistent trait use were examined in four studies that investigated the effects of personality domain, target, and trait features on the use of inconsistent trait pairs in descriptions of the self and others. Inconsistencies were defined as the endorsement of both poles of a descriptively and evaluatively antonymic trait pair from the same personality domain (e.g., “friendly” and “rude”). Across the first three studies, inconsistencies were found to be most frequent for the domain of Emotional Stability and least frequent for the domain of Intellect. Descriptions of the self included more inconsistencies than did descriptions of other targets, who varied on the dimensions of liking and familiarity. In the final study, the association between inconsistent use and the trait features of observability, stability, causality, and desirability was examined. Together, these studies identified three determinants of the systematic use of inconsistent trails in personality descriptions: target of description, social desirability of the trait pair, and personality domain.
The Psychological Consequences of Fame: Three Tests of the Self‐Consciousness Hypothesis
Authors: Schaller Mark
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Three investigations tested the hypothesis, that the attainment of fame leads to chronic self‐consciousness. One of these studies also examined the relationship of self‐consciousness with self‐destructive behavior. Analyses of Kurt Cobain's and Cole Porter's song lyrics indicated increased use of first‐person singular pronouns after each songwriter attained celebrity. An analysis of John Cheever's short stories indicated greater use of the first‐person narrative voice following his first brush with fame. Other analyses revealed that variations in Cheever's fame were positively correlated with use of first‐person singular pronouns in his private letters and journals. These measures of self‐consciousness were also positively correlated with Cheever's self‐reported alcohol use. Together, these, three studies offer the first empirical support for a self‐consciousness hypothesis linking celebrity to self‐destructive Behavior.

In the urge to find a better, more perfect self, the possibility of uncovering a worse, more misshapen one hangs like a threatening cloud. Lurking behind every chance to be made whole by fame is the axman of further dismemberment.

(Braudy, 1986, p. 8)
Seeing Masculine Men, Sexy Women, and Gender Differences: Exposure to Pornography and Cognitive Constructions of Gender
Authors: Frable Deborrah E. S. , Johnson Anne E. , Kellman Hildy
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relation between men's exposure to pornography and their beliefs about men and women. Study 1 presents an individual difference measure for assessing exposure to pornography that was then used in six subsequent studies. In Study 2, high exposure scores predicted being male, having a sexual partner, and the reasons for viewing sexual materials. In Studies 3 and 4, high exposure men were more likely than low exposure men to think that most men perform masculine behaviors. In Studies 5 and 6, high exposure men were also more likely lo generate sexual descriptions of women spontaneously. Finally, in Study 7, high exposure men perceived the most gender differences after viewing sexual or sexual/violent music videos; low exposure men perceived the most differences after viewing sexual or romantic ones. These studies suggest that exposure to pornography is related to broad and fundamental ways of understanding men, women, and gender relations.
Adult Attachment Styles, the Desire to Have Children, and Working Models of Parenthood
Authors: Rholes W. Rholes , Simpson Jeffry A. , Blakely Barbara S. , Lanigan Leigh , Allen Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
College students who had yet to marry and begin a family were asked about their desire to have children and their beliefs and expectations about themselves as parents (Study 1) and the characteristics of their prospective children (Study 2). Persons with more avoidant and anxious‐ambivalent models of close adult relationships harbored more negative models of parent‐hood and parent‐child relationships. These findings indicate that working models of parenting and parent‐child relationships form well before marriage and the birth of children and that these models are systematically associated with attachment styles in adult relationships. The findings also suggest ways in which insecure attachments between child and parent may be influenced by the caregiver's models of parenting and parent‐child relationships.
Implications of Mothers' Personality for Their Parenting and Their Young Children's Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna , Lee Clark Anna , Goldman Marguerita Sitrin
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Using.a recent model (Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994), we examined implications of mothers' personality (N= 103) for parenting and children's developmental outcomes, using multiple personality self‐reports, lengthy, repeated naturalistic observations, and mothers' reports about‐parenting and their child. Mothers high in negative emotionality and disagreeable‐ness showed more negative affect and their chidren were more defiant and angry; they also reported more power assertive and less nurturant parenting, as well as less secure attachment, more behavioral problems, and.lower internalizatton of rules in their children. Mothers high in constraint and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) socialization reported more secure attachment and better internalization of rules; CPI socialization also correlated negatively with observed maternal verbal power assertion and children's defiance and anger, and positively with compliance. Regression analyses indicated that mothers' personality, particularly negative emotionality and socialization, influenced broadly conceptualized adaptive child outcomes, even after the influence of parenting was controlled.
Stability and Change in Psychosocial Resources during Caregiving and Bereavement in Partners of Men with AIDS
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Folkman Susan
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effects of caregiving and bereavement on psychosocial resources in HIV + and HIV− caregivers of men with AIDS. We explored three hypotheses regarding these effects: the “wear and tear” hypothesis, which asserts that the chronic stress of caregiving and bereavement diminishes resources; the “enhancement” hypothesis, which asserts that caregiver resources may increase in response to increased demands; and the “personality” hypothesis, which asserts that psychosocial resources reflect stable personality characteristics. We addressed four questions: (a) What are the effects of caregiving on resources? (b) How do these resources vary by the imminence of the partner's death? (c) What is the effect of the partner's death on these resources? and (d) How does the caregivers' HIV serostatus influence the effects of caregiving and bereavement on resources? Support for the personality hypothesis predominated, with some support for the wear and tear hypothesis, depending on the resource in question. In general, HIV seropositivity did not put people at additional risk for resource depletion.
Understanding responsibility: Adolescents' views of delegation and follow‐through within the family
Authors: Goodnow Jacqueline J. , Warton Pamela M.
Published: April 2006

Most studies of responsibility emphasize judgments about blame, with cognitive sophistication as the major basis for variations in judgments. The present study explores an alternative. The judgments are about actions that should be taken, with interpersonal relationships as the major basis. In the situations considered, one sibling asks another to take on a job normally done by the asker. The judgments have to do with the responsibility to follow‐through, and with the implementation of responsibility (appropriate as against inappropriate ways to remind, give details, or check that the job has been done). Among 14‐ and 18‐year‐olds, the majority regarded follow‐through as an obligation, with some variation as a function of circumstances. Judgments about appropriate and inappropriate implementation showed a concern with avoiding both negative attributions and the appearance of coercion, in line with the nature of the relationship. Age differences were not significant but gender, in combination with age, was a factor on some judgments. Overall, the results point to the feasibility and the value of considering responsibility in terms of appropriate actions and of linking the analysis of judgments about responsibility to analyses of relationships.
Social process theory of emotion: A dynamic systems approach
Authors: Fogel Alan , Nwokah Eva , Dedo Jae Young , Messinger Daniel , Dickson K. Laurie , Matusov Eugene , Holt Susan A.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we apply a dynamic systems perspective to infant emotional development. We propose that emotions are not states but self‐organizing dynamic processes intimately tied to the flow of an individual's activity in a context. We review data on the relationship between emotional actions and the social context, in particular the development of smiling and laughter. These data are more adequately explained by our perspective than by other theories of emotional development. We provide a model for how emotional processes in early infancy become embedded into sociocultural systems, and suggest new avenues of research on emotional development.
Child effects in socialization research: Some conceptual and data analysis issues
Authors: Russell Alan , Russell Graeme
Published: April 2006

This paper examines issues associated with the conceptualization of child effects in socialization research and outlines possible data analysis strategies that may be used with contemporaneous correlational data from parents and children. The paper begins with an outline of some recognized prohlems in the studv of child effects. The role of cognitive factors, which complicate efforts to disentangle child effects, is emphasized, in an attempt to clarify further the meaning of child effect, three different types of effect are outlined and then a distinction is made between moderator and mediator variables. In general, a moderator variable specifies when certain outcomes will hold (e.g. for one type of child but not another), whereas a mediator variable indicates how or why the outcome occurs. The distinction between moderator‐mediator variables provides the main focus of the paper. It assists in the conceptualization of child effects, as well as having direct implications for data analysis strategies. The relevance of the distinction is illustrated via data from a study of family relationships. The use of correlations, multiple regressions with interaction terms, and latent variable path analysis are examined as ways of investigating moderator and then mediator variables. Conclusions are reached about conceptual and data analysis difficulties associated with attempts to determine child effects.