bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VOC emissions, evolutions and contributions to SOA formation at a receptor site in eastern China
Authors: Yuan B. , Hu W. W. , Shao M. , Wang M. , Chen W. T. , Lu S. H. , Zeng L. M. , Hu M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by two online instruments (GC-FID/MS and PTR-MS) at a receptor site on Changdao Island (37.99° N, 120.70° E) in eastern China. Reaction with OH radical dominated chemical losses of most VOC species during the Changdao campaign. A photochemical-age-based parameterization method is used to calculate VOC emission ratios and to quantify the evolution of ambient VOCs. The calculated emission ratios of most hydrocarbons agree well with those obtained from emission inventory data, but determined emission ratios of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) are significantly higher than those from emission inventory data. The photochemical-age-based parameterization method is also used to investigate primary emissions and secondary formation of organic aerosol. The primary emission ratio of organic aerosol (OA) to CO is determined to be 14.9 μg m−3 ppm−1, and secondary organic aeorosols (SOA) are produced at an enhancement ratio of 18.8 μg m−3 ppm−1 to CO after 50 h of photochemical processing in the atmosphere. SOA formation is significantly higher than the level determined from VOC oxidation under both high-NOx (2.0 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO) and low-NOx conditions (6.5 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher alkanes (> C10) account for as high as 17.4% of SOA formation, which suggests semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) may be a large contributor to SOA formation during the Changdao campaign. The SOA formation potential of primary VOC emissions determined from field campaigns in Beijing and Pearl River Delta (PRD) is lower than the measured SOA levels reported in the two regions, indicating SOA formation is also beyond explainable by VOC oxidation in the two city clusters.
Secondary organic aerosol formation exceeds primary particulate matter emissions for light-duty gasoline vehicles
Authors: Gordon T. D. , Presto A. A. , May A. A. , Nguyen N. T. , Lipsky E. M. , Donahue N. M. , Gutierrez A. , Zhang M. , Maddox C. , Rieger P. , Chattopadhyay S. , Maldonado H. , Maricq M. M. , Robinson A. L.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The effects of photochemical aging on emissions from 15 light-duty gasoline vehicles were investigated using a smog chamber to probe the critical link between the tailpipe and ambient atmosphere. The vehicles were recruited from the California in-use fleet; they represent a wide range of model years (1987 to 2011), vehicle types and emission control technologies. Each vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer using the unified cycle. Dilute emissions were sampled into a portable smog chamber and then photochemically aged under urban-like conditions. For every vehicle, substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation occurred during cold-start tests, with the emissions from some vehicles generating as much as 6 times the amount of SOA as primary particulate matter after three hours of oxidation inside the chamber at typical atmospheric oxidant levels. Therefore, the contribution of light duty gasoline vehicle exhaust to ambient PM levels is likely dominated by secondary PM production (SOA and nitrate). Emissions from hot-start tests formed about a factor of 3–7 less SOA than cold-start tests. Therefore, catalyst warm-up appears to be an important factor in controlling SOA precursor emissions. The mass of SOA generated by photo-oxidizing exhaust from newer (LEV1 and LEV2) vehicles was only modestly lower (38%) than that formed from exhaust emitted by older (pre-LEV) vehicles, despite much larger reductions in non-methane organic gas emissions. These data suggest that a complex and non-linear relationship exists between organic gas emissions and SOA formation, which is not surprising since SOA precursors are only one component of the exhaust. Except for the oldest (pre-LEV) vehicles, the SOA production could not be fully explained by the measured oxidation of speciated (traditional) SOA precursors. Over the time scale of these experiments, the mixture of organic vapors emitted by newer vehicles appear to be more efficient (higher yielding) in producing SOA than the emissions from older vehicles. About 30% of the non-methane organic gas emissions from the newer (LEV1 and LEV2) vehicles could not be speciated, and the majority of the SOA formed from these vehicles appears to be associated with these unspeciated organics. These results for light-duty gasoline vehicles contrast with the results from a companion study of on-road heavy-duty diesel trucks; in that study late model (2007 and later) diesel trucks equipped with catalyzed diesel particulate filters emitted very little primary PM, and the photo-oxidized emissions produced negligible amounts of SOA.
A rapid method to derive horizontal distributions of trace gases and aerosols near the surface using multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Y. , Li A. , Xie P. H. , Wagner T. , Chen H. , Liu W. Q. , Liu J. G.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We apply a novel experimental procedure for the rapid measurement of the average volume mixing ratios (VMRs) and horizontal distributions of trace gases such as NO2, SO2, and HCHO in the boundary layer, which was recently suggested by Sinreich et al. (2013). The method is based on two-dimensional scanning multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). It makes use of two facts (Sinreich et al. 2013): First, the light path for observations at 1° elevation angle traverses mainly air masses located close to the ground (typically < 200 m). Second, the light path length can be calculated using the simultaneous measured absorption of the oxygen dimer O4. Thus, the average value of the trace gas VMR in the atmospheric layer between the surface and the altitude, for which this observation was sensitive, can be calculated. Compared to the originally proposed method, we introduce several important modifications and improvements: We apply the method only to measurements at 1° elevation angles, for which the uncertainties are especially small. Using only 1 elevation angle also allows an increased temporal resolution. We apply correction factors (and their uncertainties) as function of the simultaneously modelled O4 absorption. In this way the correction factors can be directly determined according to the measured O4 dAMF. Finally, the method is extended to trace gases analysed at other wavelengths and also to the retrieval of the aerosol extinction. Depending on the atmospheric visibility, the typical uncertainty of the results ranges from about 15 to 30%. We apply the rapid method to observations of a newly developed ground-based multifunctional passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy (GM-DOAS) instrument in the north-west outskirt near Hefei City in China. We report NO2, SO2, and HCHO VMRs and aerosol extinction for four azimuth angles and compare these results with those from simultaneous long-path DOAS observations. Good agreement is found (squares of the correlation coefficients for NO2, SO2, and HCHO were 0.92, 0.84, and 0.59, respectively), verifying the reliability of this novel method. Similar agreement is found for the comparison of the aerosol extinction with results from visibility meters. Future studies may conduct measurements using a larger number of azimuth angles to increase the spatial resolution.
Biology and air–sea gas exchange controls on the distribution of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the ocean
Authors: Schmittner A. , Gruber N. , Mix A. C. , Key R. M. , Tagliabue A. , Westberry T. K.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Analysis of observations and sensitivity experiments with a new three-dimensional global model of stable carbon isotope cycling elucidate processes that control the distribution of δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the contemporary and preindustrial ocean. Biological fractionation and the sinking of isotopically light δ13C organic matter from the surface into the interior ocean leads to low δ13CDIC values at depths and in high latitude surface waters and high values in the upper ocean at low latitudes with maxima in the subtropics. Air–sea gas exchange has two effects. First, it acts to reduce the spatial gradients created by biology. Second, the associated temperature-dependent fractionation tends to increase (decrease) δ13CDIC values of colder (warmer) water, which generates gradients that oppose those arising from biology. Our model results suggest that both effects are similarly important in influencing surface and interior δ13CDIC distributions. However, since air–sea gas exchange is slow in the modern ocean, the biological effect dominates spatial δ13CDIC gradients both in the interior and at the surface, in contrast to conclusions from some previous studies. Calcium carbonate cycling, pH dependency of fractionation during air–sea gas exchange, and kinetic fractionation have minor effects on δ13CDIC. Accumulation of isotopically light carbon from anthropogenic fossil fuel burning has decreased the spatial variability of surface and deep δ13CDIC since the industrial revolution in our model simulations. Analysis of a new synthesis of δ13CDIC measurements from years 1990 to 2005 is used to quantify preformed and remineralized contributions as well as the effects of biology and air–sea gas exchange. The model reproduces major features of the observed large-scale distribution of δ13CDIC as well as the individual contributions and effects. Residual misfits are documented and analyzed. Simulated surface and subsurface δ13CDIC are influenced by details of the ecosystem model formulation. For example, inclusion of a simple parameterization of iron limitation of phytoplankton growth rates and temperature-dependent zooplankton grazing rates improves the agreement with δ13CDIC observations and satellite estimates of phytoplankton growth rates and biomass, suggesting that δ13C can also be a useful test of ecosystem models.
Cyclone trends constrain monsoon variability during late Oligocene sea level highstands (Kachchh Basin, NW India)
Authors: Reuter M. , Piller W. E. , Harzhauser M. , Kroh A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Climate change has an unknown impact on tropical cyclones and the Asian monsoon. Herein we present a sequence of fossil shell beds from the shallow-marine Maniyara Fort Formation (Kachcch Basin) as a recorder of tropical cyclone activity along the NW Indian coast during the late Oligocene warming period (~ 27–24 Ma). Proxy data providing information about the atmospheric circulation dynamics over the Indian subcontinent at this time are important since it corresponds to a major climate reorganization in Asia that ends up with the establishment of the modern Asian monsoon system at the Oligocene–Miocene boundary. The vast shell concentrations are comprised of a mixture of parautochthonous and allochthonous assemblages indicating storm-generated sediment transport from deeper to shallow water during third-order sea level highstands. Three distinct skeletal assemblages were distinguished, each recording a relative storm wave base. (1) A shallow storm wave base is shown by nearshore molluscs, reef corals and Clypeaster echinoids; (2) an intermediate storm wave base depth is indicated by lepidocyclinid foraminifers, Eupatagus echinoids and corallinacean algae; and (3) a deep storm wave base is represented by an Amussiopecten bivalve-Schizaster echinoid assemblage. These wave base depth estimates were used for the reconstruction of long-term tropical storm intensity during the late Oligocene. The development and intensification of cyclones over the recent Arabian Sea is primarily limited by the atmospheric monsoon circulation and strength of the associated vertical wind shear. Therefore, since the topographic boundary conditions for the Indian monsoon already existed in the late Oligocene, the reconstructed long-term cyclone trends were interpreted to reflect monsoon variability during the initiation of the Asian monsoon system. Our results imply an active monsoon over the Eastern Tethys at ~ 26 Ma followed by a period of monsoon weakening during the peak of the late Oligocene global warming (~ 24 Ma).
Geostrophic currents and kinetic energies in the Black Sea estimated from merged drifter and satellite altimetry data
Authors: Menna M. , Poulain P. -M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Drifter measurements and satellite altimetry data are merged to reconstruct the surface geostrophic circulation of the Black Sea in the period 1999–2009. This combined dataset is used to estimate pseudo-Eulerian velocity statistics for different time periods. Seasonal and interannual variability of currents and kinetic energy fields are described with particular attention to the mesoscale and sub-basin coastal eddies. The mean currents are generally stronger in winter and enhanced speeds are observed in the period 2002–2006. The most intense activity of sub-basin Batumi Eddy occurs in summer with greater speeds and dimensions in 2006 and 2008. The sub-basin Sevastopol Eddy is generated in spring from a meander of the Rim Current. Mesoscale eddies located along the Anatolia, Caucasus and Crimea coasts are permanent, quasi-permanent or intermittent features and can interact and merge with each other, showing higher values of kinetic energy.
Short-wavelength undulatory extinction in quartz recording coseismic deformation in the middle crust – an experimental study
Authors: Trepmann C. A. , Stöckhert B.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Deformation experiments are carried out on natural vein quartz in a modified Griggs-type solid medium apparatus to explore the preservation potential of microfabrics created by crystal-plastic deformation at high stress, overprinted during subsequent creep at lower stress. A corresponding stress history is expected for the upper plastosphere, where fault slip during an earthquake causes quasi-instantaneous loading to high stress, followed by stress relaxation. The question is whether evidence of crystal-plastic deformation at high stress, hence an indicator of past seismic activity, can still be identified in the microstructure after overprint by creep at lower stresses. First, quartz samples are deformed at a temperature of 400 °C and constant strain rate of 10−4 s−1 ("kick"), and then held at 900 to 1000 °C at residual stress ("creep"). In quartz exclusively subject to high-stress deformation, lamellar domains of slightly differing crystallographic orientation (misorientation angle < 2°) and a few tens of micrometres wide occur. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), these areas show a high density of tangled dislocations and cellular structures. After "kick and creep" experiments, pronounced short-wavelength undulatory extinction (SWUE) is observed in the polarization microscope. The wavelength of SWUE is up to 10 μm, with oscillatory misorientation of up to a few degrees. TEM inspection reveals domains with high density of dislocations and differing diffraction contrast bound by poorly ordered dislocation walls. Only zones with exceptional damage generated during high-stress deformation are replaced by small new grains with a diameter of about 10 to 20 μm, forming strings of recrystallized grains. For large original grains showing SWUE, the Schmid factor for basal ⟨ a ⟩ glide is found to be high. SWUE is taken to reflect high-stress crystal-plastic deformation, the modified microstructure being sufficiently stable to be recognized after subsequent creep as an indicator of past seismic activity.
Modelling environmental influences on calving at Helheim Glacier, East Greenland
Authors: Cook S. , Rutt I. C. , Murray T. , Luckman A. , Selmes N. , Goldsack A. , Zwinger T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Calving is an important mass-loss process for many glaciers worldwide, and has been assumed to respond to a variety of environmental influences. We present a grounded, flowline tidewater glacier model, using a physically realistic calving mechanism, which is applied to Helheim Glacier, East Greenland. By qualitatively examining both modelled size and frequency of calving events, and the subsequent dynamic response, the model is found to produce a realistic representation of calving behaviour. Experiments use four environmental variables which have been suggested to affect calving rates: water depth in crevasses, basal water pressure, undercutting of the calving face by submarine melt and backstress from ice mélange. Of the four variables, only crevasse water depth and basal water pressure were found to have a significant effect on terminus behaviour when applied at a realistic magnitude. These results are in contrast to previous modelling studies, which have suggested that ocean temperatures could strongly influence the calving front. The results raise the possibility that Greenland outlet glaciers could respond more strongly than previously thought to the recent trend of increased surface melt observed in Greenland, as surface ablation can strongly affect water depth in crevasses and water pressure at the glacier bed.
The Inside Out of Childhood Archaeology
Authors: Taxel Itamar , Iserlis Mark , Yannai Eli
Published: September 2013

Two identical ceramic rattles dated to the Early Islamic period (ninth–eleventh centuries CE), retrieved from excavations at Mishmar David (Israel), were studied using petrographic analysis and x-ray radiography. The petrography shows that the rattles were made of a typical Egyptian Nile Valley clay, while the x-ray radiography provides important data regarding their interior, including the sounding elements they contain. Given the rarity of contemporaneous ceramic rattles and the foreign origin of the specimens, the present study contributes to the broader discipline of childhood archaeology in the Early Islamic Near East, providing additional evidence of the Egyptian presence in Early Islamic Palestine, and contributes to a better understanding of the technology used in the manufacture of these mundane objects.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Electrochemical Properties of Acetylacetonato-Ruthenium Complexes Containing Substituted Pyridine Ligands
Authors: Wu Xiuli , Ye Rufei , Jia Ai-Quan , Chen Qun , Zhang Qian-Feng
Published: September 2013

Treatment of Ru(acac)3 with 2-cyano-pyridine and 3,5-dimethyl-pyridine in the presence of zinc dust as reducing agent in refluxing THF afforded the ruthenium(II) complexes cis-[RuII(acac)2(2- CN-py)2] (1) and cis-[RuII(acac)2(3,5-Me2-py)2] (2), respectively. Interaction of Ru(acac)3 with 3- Me-pyridine and 3,5-Me2-pyridine in the presence of Br2 in refluxing THF gave the ruthenium(III) complexes [RuIII(acac)Br2(3-Me-py)2] (3) and [RuIII(acac)Br2(3,5-Me2-py)2] (4), respectively. The four complexes have been spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized, and their crystal and molecular structures have been established by X-ray crystallography
Zirconium Transition Metal (Poly)antimonides – Syntheses, Characterization and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Greiwe Magnus , Krause Maximilian , Osters Oliver , Dorantes Alma , Piana Michele , Nilges Tom
Published: September 2013

Herein we report on the syntheses, crystal structures and first electrochemical characterizations of ternary zirconium transition metal (poly)antimonides Zr2TSb3 (with T = Cu, Pd) and Zr3TSb7 (with T = Ni, Pd). The compounds were synthesized by arc-melting, followed by an annealing procedure at elevated temperatures. Phase analysis and structure analysis were performed by powder and singlecrystal measurements. The electrochemical properties of all compounds were measured in half cells against lithium to test their potential as anode materials for Li batteries. The Zr3TSb7 phases show metallic behavior with conductivities of 10-1 S cm-1 within a temperature range of 324 to 428 K
Cerium Valence Change in the Solid Solutions Ce(Rh1-xRux)Sn
Authors: Niehaus Oliver , Abdala Paula M. , Riecken Jan F. , Winter Florian , Chevalier Bernard , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: September 2013

The solid solutions Ce(Rh1-xRux)Sn were investigated by means of susceptibility measurements, specific heat, electrical resistivity, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic measurements as well as XAS data show a cerium valence change in dependence on the ruthenium content. Higher ruthenium content causes an increase from 3.22 to 3.45 at 300 K. Furthermore χ and χ-1 data indicate valence fluctuation for cerium as a function of temperature. For example, Ce(Rh0:8Ru0:2)Sn exhibits valence fluctuations between 3.42 and 3.32 in the temperature range of 10 to 300 K. This could be proven by using the interconfiguration fluctuation (ICF) model introduced by Sales and Wohlleben. Cerium valence change does not influence the tin atoms as proven by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, but it influences the electrical properties. Ce(Rh0:9Ru0:1)Sn behaves like a typical valence fluctuating compound, and higher ruthenium content causes an increase of the metallic behavior
Ternary Antimonides RE4T7Sb6 (RE=Gd–Lu; T =Ru, Rh) with Cubic U4Re7Si6-type Structure
Authors: Schellenberg Inga , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Schwickert Christian , Eul Matthias , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: September 2013

The ternary antimonides RE4T7Sb6 (RE=Gd-Lu; T =Ru, Rh) have been synthesized from the elements by arc-melting and subsequent annealing in an induction furnace. The samples have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Four structures were refined on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: U4Re7Si6 type, space group Im3m with a=862.9(2) pm, wR2=0.0296, 163 F2 values for Er4Ru7Sb6; a=864.1(1) pm, wR2=0.1423, 153 F2 values for Yb4Ru7Sb6; a=872.0(2) pm, wR2=0.0427, 172 F2 values for Tb4Rh7Sb6; and a=868.0(2) pm, wR2=0.0529, 154 F2 values for Er4Rh7Sb6, with 10 variables per refinement. The structures have T1@Sb6 octahedra and slightly distorted RE@T26Sb6 cuboctahedra as building units. The distorted cuboctahedra are condensed via all trapezoidal faces, and this network leaves octahedral voids for the T1 atoms. The ruthenium-based series of compounds was studied by temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. Lu4Ru7Sb6 is Pauli-paramagnetic. The antimonides RE4Ru7Sb6 with RE=Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm show Curie-Weiss paramagnetism. Antiferromagnetic ordering occurs at 10.0(5), 5.1(5) and 4.0(5) K for Dy4Ru7Sb6, Ho4Ru7Sb6 and Er4Ru7Sb6, respectively, while Tm4Ru7Sb6 remains paramagnetic. Yb4Ru7Sb6 is an intermediate-valent compound with a reduced magnetic moment of 3.71(1) μB per Yb as compared to 4.54 μB for a free Yb3+ ion
Acceptance of Disability and the Risk of Frailty
Authors: St. John Philip D. , Montgomery Patrick
Published: September 2013

BackgroundThe objectives are to determine if: 1) accepting disability as a part of aging is associated with frailty; and 2) accepting disability is associated with becoming frail over a five-year period.MethodsSecondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of 1,751 community-dwelling adults aged 65+. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with the statement: “When you reach my age, you have to accept a fair degree of discomfort and physical disability” on a five-point scale. Frailty was categorized as not frail or frail. The sample was re-interviewed five years later.ResultsThe mean age was 75.5 years, 62.3% were women, and the mean education was 10.2 years. Accepting disability as a part of aging was strongly associated with frailty at time 1; the unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.47 (1.25, 1.72) and this association persisted after adjusting for confounding factors. Accepting disability was also associated with becoming frail; the unadjusted OR and 95% CI was 1.51 (1.20, 1.90), and this association also persisted after adjusting for potential confounding factors.ConclusionsAccepting disability as a part of aging is associated with being frail and becoming frail.
Remapping Hydroecoregion Boundaries: A Proposal for Improving the Base of the Running Water Monitoring Procedures
Authors: Lorenzo Traversetti  , Alessandro Manfrin  , Massimiliano Scalici
Published: September 2013

Inland waters are constituted by a lot of seriously threatened habitats. The increasing need to safeguard these ecosystems led European Union Member States to propose the Water Framework Directive which decided the creation of homogeneous areas characterized by very similar geology, topography and climate, known as hydroecoregions (HER) and firstly proposed by the French National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (Cemagref). Watercourses reference conditions had to be defined within any HER in order to confront any sampling site. HERs are consistent with European scale maps but important local reinterpretations in order to define more precise boundaries and extensions for each hydroecoregion are required and this point constitutes the main goal of this manuscript.Latium is a climatically very homogeneous region and it’s roughly divided into three major portions confirming Cemagref’s proposal. Geological and topolographical maps were then used in order to achieve a more detailed characterization of this region in order to obtain a more defined map. All our results allow to better define similarities and differences both between streams and within the same stream allowing to entirely locate each water course within the same HER. It would be important to follow up this study by proposing a similar approach for the entire national territory based on an appropriate region knowledge.
Los geoparques como entes de conservación vinculante: geodiversidad, biodiversidad y patrimonio cultural
Authors: Cortez José Luis Sánchez
Published: September 2013

A casi un siglo de la aparición de la primer área protegida en los Estados Unidos, los componentes del patrimonio natural, han experimentado un desarrollo diferencial entre ambos, siendo la biodiversidad mayormente desarrollada que la geodiversidad. Se revisó literatura de varias fuentes impresas y electrónicas que relacionan el patrimonio geológico con la biodiversidad y el desarrollo local, así también la intervención de geoparques como enlace entre el ambiente y las comunidades. Los geoparques surgen luego de una hegemonía de áreas protegidas bajo diferentes conceptos, dando una identidad a la conservación del patrimonio geológico: la geoconservación. Los geoparques como parques de la Tierra, abarcan geodiversidad, biodiversidad y patrimonio cultural. Este concepto vincula directamente a la comunidad con su territorio, enmarcado en el uso sustentable del recurso, a través de Geoturismo, en un marco legal e institucional adecuado.
Densidade de Pseudopaludicola falcipes (Hensel, 1867) em sítios de reprodução na caatinga, nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Lisboa Elizardo Batista Ferreira , Chaves Leonardo da Silva , Lyra-Neves Rachel Maria de , Moura Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de
Published: September 2013

A Caatinga é considerada o segundo ecossistema mais degradado do Brasil. São registradas quarenta espécies de anuros no domínio morfoclimático da Caatinga, sendo assim, 8% da riqueza total de anfíbios do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi registrar informações a respeito da densidade de indivíduos de Pseudopaludicola falcipes e a influência dos fatores abióticos em sua atividade reprodutiva, em distintos sítios de reprodução, dentro do d omínio m orfoclimático da Caatinga. Este estudo foi realizado na Reserva Particular de Patrimônio Natural – RPPN Fazenda Tamanduá, no município de Santa Terezinha – PB. Foram identificadas duas áreas com ocorrência de vocalização de Pseudopaludicola falcipes: os macroambientes, Ambiente A e Ambiente B . O trabalho foi realizado entre os dias 16 e 18 de maio de 2011, período compreendido dentro da estação chuvosa. As expedições foram realizadas no período noturno, entre as 18 e 20 horas, quando a espécie estudada apresentava atividade de vocalização mais intensa. Os valores indicam que os indivíduos da espécie estudada distribuem-se obedecendo ao padrão de Distribuição Agrupada. A densidade registrada mostrou-se ligeiramente maior no Ambiente A quando comparada ao Ambiente B. A densidade populacional em sítios de vocalização é fortemente limitada pela distância intraespecífica entre os machos, pois alguns leiuperídeos exibem comportamento territorial, expulsando outros machos satélites e/ ou machos vocalizadores próximos ao seu sítio de vocalização. A agregação de indivíduos em diferentes sítios reprodutivos da espécie Pseudopaludicola falcipes não mostrou ser influenciada pelos fatores temperatura e umidade de forma direta ou indireta , apesar desses fatores estarem comumente associados com o comportamento reprodutivo, influenciando a atividade de vocalização de anfíbios anuros em geral.
A parte final do artigo 28 do C.P.P. e a independência funcional do Promotor de Justiça
Authors: Martins Erlon Leal
Published: September 2013

O tema tratado se refere na análise da possibilidade de o Procurador-Geral de Justiça designar um Promotor de Justiça, órgão de execução de 1º grau, para que ofereça, de forma obrigatória, a peça acusatória inicial, conforme a previsão contida na parte final do artigo 28 do Código de Processo Penal. A Constituição da República de 1988 elevou o Ministério Público a uma condição nunca vista, atribuindo novas funções, inclusive, a defesa da ordem jurídica e das instituições democráticas, e cercando-lhe de garantias para o bom desempenho de seu novo mister, elencando algumas destas à categoria de princípios, tais como a independência funcional, a unidade e a indivisibilidade, previstos no artigo 127, § 1º, da Carta Magna, que sequer podem ser suprimidos pelo Poder Constituinte Derivado, pois se assim fosse estar-se-ia a burlar as cláusulas pétreas. Por adquirir a natureza jurídica de princípio constitucional explícito, a independência funcional há de ser preservada e respeitada por todas as normas infraconstitucionais, para que não haja qualquer subordinação funcional em relação aos Procuradores e Promotores de Justiça, o que não se verifica na análise da parte final do artigo 28 do Código de Processo Penal, ao pronunciar que o Procurador-Geral de Justiça poderá designar um membro do Ministério Público para obrigatoriamente oferecer denúncia.
Prescrição virtual à luz do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana
Authors: Santana Magna Oliveira Pires de
Published: September 2013

Este artigo buscou três objetivos. O primeiro deles foi entender a prescrição virtual, denominada também como prescrição penal antecipada, reconhecimento antecipada da prescrição penal, prescrição em perspectiva, prognose prescricional, prescrição precalculada ou projetada, à luz do panorama doutrinário e exemplificativo acerca do tema, a fim de fundamentar a aplicabilidade dessa nova modalidade prescricional. O segundo objetivo consistiu na compreensão do princípio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana dentro de um contexto histórico e valorativo, que norteia as relações intersubjetivas e as estabelecidas entre o Estado e os administrados, irradiando seus efeitos para todo o ordenamento jurídico. Por último, objetivou-se apontar a dignidade da pessoa humana – valor fundamental do sistema normativo – como respaldo jurídico do instituto prescricional em comento, ressaltando as implicações de um processo penal inócuo e inútil, afastado do propósito do Direito Penal e do que preceitua o Estado Democrático de Direito, na vida privada do réu. Diante disso, pode-se vislumbrar a aplicabilidade do tema em face da preservação da dignidade da pessoa humana.
Educação para o trânsito sob a égide da cidadania no ambiente escolar
Authors: Vasconcelos Alana Danielly
Published: September 2013

Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a importância da educação para o trânsito nas escolas através da reflexão sobre os possíveis caminhos que enfatizam essa importância. Pois, diante dos problemas conflituosos em nossa sociedade, se faz necessário uma reflexão no comportamento, para que as gerações futuras não cometam os mesmos erros da geração atual. Falar de educação para o trânsito não é só citar leis e regras, mas também é falar de uma educação na qual se aprende valores que tornem uma sociedade harmônica, sustentável e, sobretudo, é um exercício da democracia e da cidadania no espaço público. Assim, pretende-se explanar o tema educação para o transito numa abordagem transversal, objetivando favorecer momentos de análise e de reflexões sobre a realidade, compreendendo o quanto é importante, na práxis educativa, uma relação entre aprender sobre a realidade e aprender a partir da realidade.
Análisis “ex-post-facto" del estado consumatório denotativo de los principios de la Declaración del Rio en padrón personal
Authors: Almeida Josimar Ribeiro de , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: September 2013

La Declaración del Rio no está firmada en su estado legal. Sin embargo, se espera de los gobiernos y de las personas un fuerte compromiso en el sentido de juntarse a sus principios, inclusive cómo determinadores del padrón para la Educación Ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo es, por conseguinte, demonstrar a través de la análisis “ex-post-facto”, la relación entre disposición-actitud, hábitos y valores, y la asociación de respuestas para valorizar la educación ambiental conforme los principios internalizados en el padrón. La metodologia de investigación adoptada fue de entrevistas enfocadas cómo “rapport”, registro de respuestas conforme recomendaciones do Survey of Michigan y efecto Zeigarmk. Considerando la relación de la causa enfocada cómo del tipo II (ROSENBERG, 1984), la variable padrón personal (X) influyindo en nivel de solidariedad (Tabla I) y coeficiente Q para bipolaridad de evaluación (Tabla III), muestran la efetividad (Y) para la Declaración de Rio na muestra tipica estudiada. Se trata por conseguiente de una relación asimétrica.
« Des privations ne peuvent pas constituer une fortune »
Authors: Nootens Thierry
Published: September 2013

Au début du XXe siècle, la situation financière des femmes mariées de la bourgeoisie québécoise pouvait être mise à l’épreuve lorsque des obligations contractées dans l’espace public engendraient saisies, faillites ou états de gêne. Les contrats de mariage prévoyant une séparation de biens entre les conjoints et des donations au profit des épouses étaient destinés à les mettre à l’abri en cas de problèmes du genre. À partir de l’analyse de procès rapportés par la jurisprudence, cet article tente de soupeser l’efficacité concrète de ces pratiques sociojuridiques. Si certaines femmes réussissaient à faire prévaloir la protection de leurs biens et à faire reconnaître les promesses qui leur avaient été faites en contrat de mariage, leur condition se révélait en général assez fragile en cas de litige. Cette fragilité était accentuée par leur condition juridique inférieure, qui rendait leur participation aux procédures parfois problématique, par l’indécision des tribunaux de la province quant à l’interprétation à donner à certaines clauses des contrats de mariage ainsi que par la mission assez malaisée des magistrats qui devaient protéger de concert épouses et créanciers des ménages.
An Experimental Investigation of the Free Jet Flow from a Radially Lobed Nozzle Using Hot-Wire Anemometry
Authors: Amini Noushin , Sekaran Aarthi , Schwaenen Markus , Vijaykumar Anand , Ranjan Devesh
Published: September 2013

Turbulence is a ubiquitous and important phenomenon in fluid mechanics and is also seen as a challenging topic of study in graduate education. In order for students to truly understand the physics of fluid flow and to use this knowledge to evaluate flow conditions, learning about the different measurement techniques employed for this purpose is essential. With this in mind, a graduate-level course in turbulence measurement techniques was introduced at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University around 20 years ago. The idea was to expand undergraduate students' knowledge of instrumentation and merge it with concepts in fluid mechanics, to ensure that students have a chance to follow the theoretical and practical aspects of flow measurement. The course was recently revamped to incorporate a project that allows students to work with one of the measurement methods discussed in class – hot-wire anemometry (HWA). Different post-processing techniques and turbulence analysis methods are discussed in class and implemented in the project. The present paper reviews a project carried out by one group of graduate students and discusses its impact on their learning. The paper presents details of the project, including the design of the experiment, methodology and analysis of data (the raw data are available on the website of the corresponding author and can be used as a teaching aid for related courses).
Why is the Stress Tensor Symmetric?
Authors: Okrouhlík M.
Published: September 2013

The paper considers the meaning of stress and of other mechanical variables that are consensually defined and cannot be described or measured directly. Further, the stress tensor symmetry is discussed.
BIOHEMIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA SARKOPLAZMATIČNIH I MIOFIBRILARNIH PROTEINSKIH PROFILA U RAZLIČITIM KOBASICAMA TOKOM PERIODA ZRENJA
Authors: Samelak Ivan , Kukrić Zoran , Mandić Snježana , Hasanagić Dino , Pavičić Svjetlana , Matoš Snježana
Published: September 2013

SDS-PAGE elektroforezom analizirani su proteinski profili polusušenih kobasica proizvedenih u tradicionalnim i industrijskim uslovima. Pripremom uzoraka razdvojene su sarkoplazmatične i miofibrilarne frakcije.Računarskim programom Total Lab denzitometrijski su preračunate količine proteina u uzorcima i procentulane zastupljenosti pojedinačnih proteina. Molekulske mase proteina su proračunate na osnovu baždarne krive za standard poznatih molekulskih masa.  Praćene su kvalitativne i kvantitativne  promjene proteina tokom zrenja prvog, desetog i dvadesetog dana. Rezultati pokazuju različite vrijednosti između varijanti kobasica a takođe su evidentne i promjene tokom zrenja kod obe varijante u objema frakcijama. Tradicionalna kobasica u sarkoplazmatičnoj frakciji sadrži proteine srednjih i malih molekulskih masa (od 77- 20 kDa) i samim tim trpi manje transformacije i razgradnju proteina,  dok industrijska kobasica kroz isti period zrenja trpi veću razgradnju, veća je i učestalost različitih proteina (od 123- 20 kDa). S druge strane miofibrilarne frakcije obe kobasice imaju sličan proteinski sastav (od 120- 20 kDa) i trpe slične procese razgradnje i transformacije proteina. Obzirom na to da su se različito mijenjale i pH vrijednosti tokom eksperimenta razmatrano je u kojoj su mjeri ove promjene uticale na proteinske profile tokom zrenja. Ukupan intenzitet proteolitičkih procesa nije bio isti kod različitih kobasica iako je kod obe varijante nakon dvadesetog dana evidentno iščezavanje proteina većih molekulskih masa i povećanje broja proteina manjih molekulskih masa.
Mammalian genes induce partially reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells in non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species
Authors: Rosselló Ricardo Antonio , Chen Chun-Chun , Dai Rui , Howard Jason T , Hochgeschwender Ute , Jarvis Erich D
Published: September 2013

Cells are fundamental units of life, but little is known about evolution of cell states. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are once differentiated cells that have been re-programmed to an embryonic stem cell-like state, providing a powerful platform for biology and medicine. However, they have been limited to a few mammalian species. Here we found that a set of four mammalian transcription factor genes used to generate iPSCs in mouse and humans can induce a partially reprogrammed pluripotent stem cell (PRPSCs) state in vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms, in mammals, birds, fish, and fly, which span 550 million years from a common ancestor. These findings are one of the first to show cross-lineage stem cell-like induction, and to generate pluripotent-like cells for several of these species with in vivo chimeras. We suggest that the stem-cell state may be highly conserved across a wide phylogenetic range.
High-order social interactions in groups of mice
Authors: Shemesh Yair , Sztainberg Yehezkel , Forkosh Oren , Shlapobersky Tamar , Chen Alon , Schneidman Elad
Published: September 2013

Social behavior in mammals is often studied in pairs under artificial conditions, yet groups may rely on more complicated social structures. Here, we use a novel system for tracking multiple animals in a rich environment to characterize the nature of group behavior and interactions, and show strongly correlated group behavior in mice. We have found that the minimal models that rely only on individual traits and pairwise correlations between animals are not enough to capture group behavior, but that models that include third-order interactions give a very accurate description of the group. These models allow us to infer social interaction maps for individual groups. Using this approach, we show that environmental complexity during adolescence affects the collective group behavior of adult mice, in particular altering the role of high-order structure. Our results provide new experimental and mathematical frameworks for studying group behavior and social interactions.
Cytoplasmic dynein crosslinks and slides anti-parallel microtubules using its two motor domains
Authors: Tanenbaum Marvin E , Vale Ronald D , McKenney Richard J
Published: September 2013

Cytoplasmic dynein is the predominant minus-end-directed microtubule (MT) motor in most eukaryotic cells. In addition to transporting vesicular cargos, dynein helps to organize MTs within MT networks such as mitotic spindles. How dynein performs such non-canonical functions is unknown. Here we demonstrate that dynein crosslinks and slides anti-parallel MTs in vitro. Surprisingly, a minimal dimeric motor lacking a tail domain and associated subunits can cause MT sliding. Single molecule imaging reveals that motors pause and frequently reverse direction when encountering an anti-parallel MT overlap, suggesting that the two motor domains can bind both MTs simultaneously. In the mitotic spindle, inward microtubule sliding by dynein counteracts outward sliding generated by kinesin-5, and we show that a tailless, dimeric motor is sufficient to drive this activity in mammalian cells. Our results identify an unexpected mechanism for dynein-driven microtubule sliding, which differs from filament sliding mechanisms described for other motor proteins.
Patient Trajectories
Authors: Pescosolido Bernice A.
Published: September 2013

The patient trajectory targets the sequence of events and turning points (called “critical junctures”) in treatment. Once a trajectory is initiated, there may be intermittent and alternating, acute, stable, unstable, and upward/downward phases. In its purest forms, a patient trajectory has no set course because it is shaped and managed through ongoing interactions of concerned actors. However, some trajectories, like the dying trajectory, have only a downward course or a clear, common endpoint. For example, Fisher, in a study of retirement facilities, talks about “illness career descent” or the movement through the social structure of the health care facility as an elderly resident's health declines. The fundamental contribution of the patient trajectory concept is its focus on dynamics, emphasizing the temporal aspects of the processes of care and its effects on medical staff, families, and the patient.
Adaptive neural network‐based optimal control of nonlinear continuous‐time systems in strict‐feedback form
Authors: Zargarzadeh H. , Dierks T. , Jagannathan S.
Published: September 2013

This paper focuses on neural network (NN) based optimal control of nonlinear continuous‐time systems in strict‐feedback form when the system dynamics are known by using an adaptive backstepping approach. A single NN‐based adaptive approach is designed to learn the solution of the infinite horizon continuous‐time Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation while the corresponding optimal control input that minimizes the HJB equation is calculated in a forward‐in‐time manner without using value and policy iterations. First, the optimal control problem is solved for a generic multi‐input and multi‐output nonlinear system with a state feedback approach. Then the approach is extended to a single‐input and single‐output nonlinear system by using output feedback via a nonlinear observer. Lyapunov techniques are used to show that all signals are uniformly ultimately bounded and that the approximated control signals approach the optimal control inputs with small bounded error both for the state and output feedback‐based controller designs. In the absence of NN reconstruction errors, asymptotic convergence to the optimal control is demonstrated. Finally, simulation examples are provided to validate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐Infrared Photoregulated Drug Release in Living Tumor Tissue via Yolk‐Shell Upconversion Nanocages
Authors: Zhao Lingzhi , Peng Juanjuan , Huang Qi , Li Chunyan , Chen Min , Sun Yun , Lin Qiuning , Zhu Linyong , Li Fuyou
Published: September 2013

Phototrigger‐controlled drug‐release devices (PDDs) can be conveniently manipulated by light to obtain on‐demand release patterns, thereby affording an improved therapeutic efficacy. However, no example of the PDDs has been demonstrated beyond the cellular level to date. By loading 7‐amino‐coumarin derivative caged anticancer drug chlorambucil to yolk–shell structured nanocages possessing upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) as moveable core and silica as mesoporous shell, a near‐infrared (NIR)‐regulated PDD is successfully created. In vitro experiments demonstrate that drug release from the PDD could be triggered by continuous‐wave 980 nm light in a controlled pattern. The PDD could be taken up by cancer cells and release the drug to kill cancer cells upon NIR irradiation. Further in vivo studies demonstrate that the PDD can effectively response the NIR stimuli in living tissue. This is the first example of successful NIR‐regulated drug release in living animal model. Such achievement resolves the problem of low tissue penetration depth for traditional PDDs by adopting UCNPs as an NIR light switcher, which gives impetus to practical applications.
Graphene‐Mesoporous Silica‐Dispersed Palladium Nanoparticles‐Based Probe Carrier Platform for Electrocatalytic Sensing of Telomerase Activity at Less Than Single‐Cell Level
Authors: Wu Li , Wang Jiasi , Sun Hanjun , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: September 2013

Human telomerase is a specialized ribonucleoprotein polymerase and is used as a clinical cancer marker and special target for chemotherapy. Traditional telomerase detection uses “telomerase repeat amplification protocol” (TRAP) assay. However, TRAP is questioned because it requires use of DNA polymerases, which is susceptible to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐derived artifacts and time‐consuming. Here, a novel PCR‐free, electrocatalytic assay for signal‐amplified detection of telomerase activity using graphene‐mesoporous silica‐dispersed palladium nanoparticles‐based probe carrier platform to improve probe‐target recognition is reported. The low background noise is achieved by using DNA site‐specific cleavage endonuclease and the detection signal is amplified by using hemoglobin. As a highly efficient electron sink, hemoglobin does not carry out direct reduction at the surface, minimizing false positives. These merits make this assay highly sensitive, achieving the sensitivity comparable to TRAP. The developed electrocatalysis assay is PCR‐free, simple in design, and fast in operation, therefore avoiding PCR amplification‐related errors, which make it more reliable to evaluate telomerase activity for clinical use.