bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brittle tectonics and paleostress analysis of the Strzegom – Sobótka granite massif
Authors: Fiałkiewicz Mariusz , Grochmal Bartłomiej , Olkowicz Marcin , Bulcewicz Kamil , Dąbrowski Marcin
Published: February 2023

The Strzegom – Sobótka Massif has been subject of brittle tectonics studies for more than a century. Due to an ongoing extensive mining activity, numerous good exposures occur in a relatively small area, especially in the western part of the massif. A pioneering tectonic model of jointing in granite was established by Cloos (1922) for the study area, in which the NW-SE striking joint set is the dominant one (Q) and the perpendicular set (S), striking NE-SW, is longitudinal to mineral fabric. Also, there are two sets of the so-called diagonal joints, which are supposedly younger and strike N-S and W-E.The effects of field work conducted in 20 quarries in the Strzegom – Sobótka Massiff are presented in the form of a tectonic map. In addition to direct measurements in the field, photogrammetric models were produced using aerial photographs to allow structural analysis within hardly accessible walls. For inaccessible quarries joint orientations were extracted using orthophoto maps. Several examples of fault related structures were identified and documented during field work in the studied granite quarries. Faults with slickensides and kinematic indicators were scarce but paleostress analyses were conducted whenever possible.We discuss our field measurements of joint and fault orientations in relation to different petrographic types of granites and their lateral extent to address the effects of petrographic differentiation on the evolution of brittle tectonic structures in granites. We compare our new measurements to the results of previous tectonic studies of the Strzegom – Sobótka Massiff and paleostress analyses conducted for several other parts of the Sudetes. We also discuss our new results in terms of the Alpine reactivation of the Sudetes Mountains.
Tracking methane fluxes using intact polar and core lipids in an aridity transect of the Okavango Delta (Botswana)
Authors: Lattaud Julie , Gondwe Mangaliso , Rush Darci , Hopmans Ellen , Helfter Carole , De Jonge Cindy
Published: February 2023

Wetland methane (CH4) emissions are the largest natural source in the global CH4 budget, contributing to roughly one third of total natural and anthropogenic emissions. As the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the atmosphere after CO2, CH4 is strongly associated with climate feedbacks. The different pathways of biochemical cycling of CH4, which exert a primary control on atmospheric CH4 concentrations through its production and biological consumption, remain poorly constrained. It is therefore crucial to understand and, if possible, quantify these variable CH4 sources to natural climate variability.We studied a soil transect (up to seven sites, 250 m long) across a seasonal floodplain at Nxaraga on the south-west part of the Chief’s Island, Okavango Delta, Botswana, over three years (2018 – 2020, 50 samples in total). Previous studies showed a clear link between CH4 fluxes and soil water content in the area, with CH4 fluxes in the seasonally flooded soils of up to 492 nmol m-2 s-1.To constrain biomass active in CH4 production (specifically, methanogenic archaea) intact and core isoprenoid lipids (and their stable carbon isotope signature) were quantified on a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) and on an high-resolution mass spectrometer ("Orbitrap"). To constrain biomass of CH4 oxidizers (i.e. bacterial methanotrophs), core (hopanol) and intact lipids (i.e., bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs)) were analyzed non-derivatized on an Orbitrap. Confirming their proposed methanotroph source, BHP-aminopentol and methylcarbamate-BHP were detected and their variation correlated positively with those of hopanols and archaeol lipids. Methyl-amino BHPs however were not detected in the soils. In-depth study of their environmental variation points towards two bacterial communities depending on the pH, EC and water content of the soils. This will be confirmed or refuted by bacterial community profiling based on 16S RNA genes, and functional genes for methane oxidation
Characterization of lowland permafrost mires in subarctic Sweden
Authors: Bangalore Lakshmiprasad Radhakrishna , Peth Stephan , Karoline Woche Susanne , Graf Thomas
Published: February 2023

25% of the Northern hemisphere is underlain by permafrost, and this area has decreased during recent decades because of climate change. The effects of climate change are especially pronounced in subarctic regions such as the Abisko region in Sweden. Abisko is located along the southern boundary of permafrost occurrence in Eurasia. The existence of permafrost is also observed at low altitudes due to the combined effect of peatlands and low precipitation. Seasonal thawing of permafrost results in the development of the active layer. The active layer depth is one of the climate change indicators which influences the ecological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes in permafrost regions. Prior studies show that the active layer thickness in subarctic Sweden is increasing at 0.7 - 1.3 cm/year.The main purpose of the study is to establish a methodology to collect input and calibration datasets for cryohydrogeological models. The following experiments were conducted at the Storflaket mire in Abisko to determine the (i) thermal properties by the installation of temperature loggers, estimation of thermal conductivity, and heat capacity, (ii) hydrological properties by the installation of soil moisture sensors, determination of soil moisture retention properties, and hydraulic conductivity, and (iii) geological properties by estimating porosity, bulk density, organic matter content, and visual soil parameters (color, distance to permafrost table from surface, and rooting depth). Results of the experiments demonstrated that the permafrost mire is a highly porous, organic matter-rich soil with variable rooting depth. The van Genuchten Mualem model was found to adequately represent the variably saturated properties of the soil. The soil moisture and temperature sensors showed spatial variability affected by surface type, soil type, and vegetation depth. The measured mean thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of 0.409 W/(mK) and 3.15 MJ/(m3K) are within the range of literature values for highly organic peatland soils. The measured parameters provide the database for cryohydrogeological models to estimate active layer depth due to climate change.
Extratropical Stratospheric Air Intrusions Over the Western North Pacific and the Genesis of Downstream Monsoon Low-Pressure Systems
Authors: Selvakumar Vishnupriya , Ettamal Suhas , Sukumaran Sandeep
Published: February 2023

Low-pressure systems (LPS) are convectively coupled vortices that contribute nearly half of the summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. About one-third of the boreal summer monsoon LPS are caused by downstream amplification of westward propagating disturbances from the western North Pacific (WNP). Analysis of downstream LPS events from 1979 to 2017 reveals that 43% of them are caused by extratropical stratospheric air intrusions over the WNP. Stratospheric air intrusions lead to high tropospheric potential vorticity (PV), and the downstream vortex seeds are observed to initiate and intensify to the southwest of the PV anomalies. The PV anomalies can deform the temperature in its neighborhood and cause adiabatic lifting, which in turn can induce and intensify low-level cyclonic vortices. The subsequent intensification of the low-level vortex is aided by deep convection, observed to the southwest of the PV anomaly, through vortex stretching and low-level PV generation by diabatic heating.
By how much can co-condensation of semi-volatile compounds alter clouds?
Authors: Wang Yu , Neubauer David , Chen Ying , Liu Pengfei , Luo Beiping , Proske Ulrike , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Marcolli Claudia , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: February 2023

Semi-volatile compounds (organics, nitrate, chloride) are ubiquitous in atmospheric aerosols and usually contribute over 50 % to particulate matter worldwide (Jimenez et al., 2009). Co-condensation of semi-volatiles and water vapour can enhance aerosol particle growth and facilitate their activation to cloud droplets, affecting cloud properties and thus the Earth's radiation balance.Yet, the effect of co-condensation on aerosol hygroscopic growth is not well constrained as the loss of semi-volatiles during drying and heating in traditional aerosol sampling devices (e.g., by HTDMA, CCN counter) is poorly understood. Here, we developed a novel method to derive aerosol hygroscopic growth by considering the co-condensation effect, from open-access data including visibility, PM2.5 mass concentration and meteorological parameters (Wang and Chen, 2019). By applying our visibility method and thermodynamic modelling in Delhi (India), we found that the co-condensation of HCl with water vapour can largely enhance aerosol hygroscopicity by doubling the light extinction coefficient of wetted particles and halving the critical supersaturation needed for cloud droplet activation (as shown in Fig. 1 a-b, Gunthe et al., 2021). Our recent results showed that the co-condensation effect in Chinese megacities (Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai) is as significant as in Delhi, but acts via co-condensation of HNO3.The next question is how significant the co-condensation effect is globally and how much it can alter clouds and the radiation balance. Here, we combine novel field observation, a cloud parcel model, and an aerosol-climate model to disentangle this question. The particle and gas composition, particle size distribution, and air parcel cooling rate are essential factors for the co-condensation effect in a rising air parcel.Our preliminary sensitivity study (doubling hygroscopicity) in a climate model showed that the co-condensation effect plays only a minor role in clouds formation globally, but significantly increases cloud droplet number concentration and liquid cloud cover in regions with large anthropogenic emissions, e.g. East/Southeast Asia, India, Europe, East US. Consistently, parcel model calculations confirm that for a given cooling rate, co-condensation increases the number of activated cloud nuclei. Our study will help to develop a parameterization for aerosol-climate models to include the co-condensation effect on cloud formation.ReferencesGunthe, S. S., et al. (2021), Enhanced aerosol particle growth sustained by high continental chlorine emission in India, Nature Geoscience.Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2009), Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326(5959), 1525-1529.Wang, Y., and Y. Chen (2019), Significant Climate Impact of Highly Hygroscopic Atmospheric Aerosols in Delhi, India, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(10), 5535-5545.
Water-energy-carbon nexus in Illinois - water supply risk for carbon capture
Authors: Zhang Zhenxing , Getahun Elias , Keefer Laura , Qie Guanping , Felipe Prada Sepulveda Andres
Published: February 2023

Recently, University of Illinois has been working on the front-end engineering design (FEED) of carbon capture facilities for several power plants in Illinois. While carbon capture facilities often would need cooling water for operation, the water demand for power plants carbon capture facilities has not received much attention. For the two real-world FEED design projects (the Prairie State Generating Company (PSGC) and the 21st Century Power plant (21CPP)), we comprehensively analyze the water demand and supply risks for the two carbon capture facilities. Both power plants and the associated carbon capture facilities are expected to run for decades and thus climate change would play key role in managing water supply risks which is important for informing the engineering design of water system and cooling system of the carbon capture facilities. Both historic and future hydrologic conditions are examined to determine water supply risks. Future hydrologic conditions are simulated using hydrologic models and global circulation models (GCM) results. The climate scenarios are adopted from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projection Phase 5 (CMIP5) datasets. Three representative concentration pathways (RCPs), i.e. RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, are employed for exploring different future carbon dioxide emission scenarios. This work explores the tradeoff between water footprint and carbon footprint of power plants in Illinois and provides scientific information for water management and carbon management and for engineering design of the real-world carbon capture facilities.
Hybrid-Vlasov simulation of soft X-ray emissions at the Earth's dayside magnetospheric boundaries
Authors: Grandin Maxime , Connor Hyunju K. , Hoilijoki Sanni , Battarbee Markus , Pfau-Kempf Yann , Ganse Urs , Papadakis Konstantinos , Palmroth Minna
Published: February 2023

Solar wind charge exchange produces emissions in the soft X-ray energy range which can enable the study of near-Earth space regions such as the magnetopause, the magnetosheath and the polar cusps by remote sensing techniques. The Solar wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission aims to obtain soft X-ray images of near-Earth space thanks to its Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) instrument. While earlier modelling works have already simulated soft X-ray images as might be obtained by SMILE SXI during its mission, the numerical models used so far are all based on the magnetohydrodynamics description of the space plasma. To investigate the possible signatures of ion-kinetic-scale processes in soft X-ray images, we use for the first time a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation of the geospace from the Vlasiator model. The simulation is driven by fast and tenuous solar wind conditions and purely southward interplanetary magnetic field. We first produce global images of the dayside near-Earth space by placing a virtual imaging satellite at two different locations, providing meridional and equatorial views. We then analyse regional features present in the images and show that they correspond to signatures in soft X-ray emissions of mirror-mode wave structures in the magnetosheath and flux transfer events (FTEs) at the magnetopause. Our results suggest that, although the time scales associated with the motion of those transient phenomena will likely be significantly smaller than the integration time of SMILE SXI, mirror-mode structures and FTEs can collectively produce detectable signatures in the soft X-ray images. For instance, a local increase by 30% in the proton density at the dayside magnetopause resulting from the transit of multiple FTEs leads to a 12% enhancement in the line-of-sight- and time-integrated soft X-ray emissivity originating from this region. Likewise, a proton density increase by 14% in the magnetosheath associated with mirror-mode structures can result in an enhancement in the soft X-ray signal by 4%. These are likely conservative estimates, given that the solar wind conditions used in the Vlasiator run can be expected to generate weaker soft X-ray emissions than the more common denser solar wind. These results will contribute to the preparatory work for the SMILE mission by providing the community with quantitative estimates of the effects of small-scale, transient phenomena occurring on the dayside.
Bayesian calibration of an ice sheet model for the Amundsen Sea Embayment region.
Authors: Bevan Suzanne , Cornford Stephen , Otosaka, Inés , Surawy-Stepney Trystan , Gilbert Lin , Martin Daniel
Published: February 2023

Mass loss from the Amundsen Sea Embayment of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been increasing over recent decades and is a major contributor to global sea level rise. Predictions of future sea level rise are increasingly modelled using ensembles of simulations within which model parameters and external forcings are varied widely then scored according to observations. Accurately reporting the uncertainty associated with these predictions is vital to enable effective planning for, and maybe construction of defences against, rising sea levels. Here we constrain, or calibrate, an ensemble of simulations of ice loss from the Amundsen Sea Embayment using the BISICLES ice sheet model with remotely sensed observations of surface elevation change and ice speed. The calibrations make it possible to reduce the 90% credibility bounds of predicted contributions to sea-level rise by 40%.
Are volcanic melts less viscous than we thought? The case of Stromboli basalt
Authors: Valdivia Pedro , Zandonà Alessio , Kurnosov Alexander , Boffa-Ballaran Tiziana , Deubener Joachim , Di Genova Danilo
Published: February 2023

Magma viscosity is one of the most critical physical properties controlling magma transport dynamics and eruptive style. Magma viscosity strongly depends on the melt phase composition (including dissolved volatile phases) and temperature, and, subordinately, on the crystal and bubble cargo. Several studies have experimentally investigated the dependence of melt viscosity on composition and temperature. However, recent studies have demonstrated that volcanic melts can be prone to nanocrystallization and dehydration during viscosity measurements. Such phenomena affect the reliability of experimental data and jeopardize the predictive ability of previous empirical models of magma viscosity. Here, we demonstrate the magnitude of inaccuracies in the determination of melt viscosity by presenting a new viscosity model of Stromboli basalt that considers the water-dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg), measured via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the melt fragility (m) derived by Brillouin spectroscopy. While anhydrous Stromboli basalt is not prone to nanocrystallization, we show that Fe-Ti-oxides are rapidly formed in the hydrous melt during viscosity measurements. Compared to our parameterization, previous empirical models overestimated 2-5 times the melt viscosity at eruptive conditions. These differences can strongly affect the ability to predict magma dynamics and emplacement processes, which are ultimately the basis for risk assessment and decision-making during volcanic crises.
Scheduling System for Remote Control of Instruments used for Atmospheric Observation
Authors: Schumann Martin , Munke Johannes , Hachinger Stephan , Hannawald Patrick , Beck Inga , Götz Alexander , Goussev Oleg , Handschuh Jana , Heller Helmut , Mair Roland , Rehm Till , Wittmann Bianca , Wüst Sabine , Bittner Michael , Schmidt Jan , Kranzlmüller Dieter
Published: February 2023

In this poster contribution, we present a scheduling system for automated remote operation of instruments at high-altitude research facilities and similar remote sites. Via web-based interfaces, the system allows instrument owners as well as authorized third-party scientists to schedule and execute measurements and observations.The system has been developed as a thesis project in the context of the AlpEnDAC-II ("Alpine Environmental Data Analysis Centre", www.alpendac.eu) collaboration (funded by the Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection). Consequently, the scheduler and interfaces have been integrated with the AlpEnDAC Operating-on-Demand functionalities. A first use case for the framework has been the operation of an airglow imager (FAIM) in Oberpfaffenhofen (DE).We describe the design and implementation of our system for scheduling and execution of multi-user observations on instruments, including scheduling-data transfers and data retrieval. Our core implementation uses an optimization-based scheduler (Google's OR-Tools) to ensure maximum instrument use and to minimize idle times. Results show that the scheduler is reliable, fast, and is consistently able to provide optimal observation plans. The extensibility of the system is guaranteed by the usage of modern software in the core of the system, including well-defined and specified communication through REST APIs. Thus, it can easily be adapted to other settings and instruments, which is also facilitated by a modern deployment strategy using Docker and Kubernetes.
Plagioclase textural and compositional parameterization: A tool for tracking magma dynamics at Stromboli
Authors: Schiavon Beatrice , Mollo Silvio , Pontesilli Alessio , Del Bello Elisabetta , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Forni Francesca , Petrone Chiara , Nazzari Manuela , Tiepolo Massimo
Published: February 2023

The Present-day (<1.2 kyr) activity of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy) is characterized by periodic and mildly explosive “Strombolian” eruptions alternating with episodic lava effusion and more violent eruptive events (i.e., major explosions and paroxysms). The plumbing system controlling the eruptive behavior is fed by a vertically-extended mush column in which the shallow magmatic reservoir (highly porphyritic or Hp-magma) is continuously refilled with mafic magmas (low porphyritic or Lp-magma) rising from depth. Currently, we are investigating the textural and compositional attributes of plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites from nineteen scoria clasts ejected during mild to violent explosions at Stromboli over a timespan of ~18 years, from 2003 to 2021. The morphological stability of large-sized, euhedral phenocrysts is superimposed on an internal textural heterogeneity due to growth-dissolution phenomena associated with the input rate of hot, H2O-rich recharge magmas rising from depth. As a result, the volumetric plagioclase proportion, dominant size, and number of phenocrysts per unit volume decrease from mild to violent explosions, responding to a more efficient magma mixing process via sustained injections of mafic magmas into the shallow reservoir. Crystallization of hybridized recharge basaltic melts is faithfully recorded by intracrystalline major-trace element and Sr-isotope variations in plagioclase phenocrysts, providing temporal and spatial constraints on crystal recycling and mush remobilization phenomena. On the other hand, the formation of anhedral plagioclase microlites is controlled by fast growth kinetics taking place in the uppermost part of the conduit during magma acceleration towards the surface. Under such highly dynamic crystallization conditions, the microlite number density closely depends on the increase of melt liquidus temperature via magma decompression and H2O exsolution. This mutualism allows to model the degassing rate and ascent velocity of magma under open-conduit flow regimes for the different eruptive styles, thereby supporting the idea that violent explosions at Stromboli are driven by sustained influxes of recharge magmas leading to strong acceleration, decompression, and H2O exsolution before magma discharge at the vent.
Visualizing and communicating probabilistic flood forecasts maps for decision-making
Authors: Boucher Marie-Amélie , Jean Valérie , Frini Anissa , Roussel Dominic
Published: February 2023

Probabilistic flood forecasts often concentrate on streamflow, but water depth and extent might convey more tangible flood information for some people. Water depths and extent can also be used more directly than streamflow as part of an impact-based forecasting set-up. However, within a probabilistic or ensemble approach, the uncertainty inherent to water extent and depth applies to all three spatial dimensions: the depth itself is uncertain, and so is the extent in terms of latitude and longitude. The notion of forecast uncertainty is generally well accepted by users, and on the one hand, the addition of new information (flood extent, depth, velocity, etc.) has the potential to be useful for decision makers. On the other hand, it also has the potential to be overwhelming and confusing. Therefore, visualising probabilistic flood forecast maps and communicating the information to the general public and to decision-makers poses multiple challenges. In this presentation we will synthesise the results from a large-scale survey of forecast users, including 28 government representatives, 52 municipalities, 9 organisations, as well as 37 citizens and farmers. Those different groups have different roles, realities, and perspectives. They also have different needs and preferences in terms of hydrological forecasts. The survey consisted of individual and group interviews. The participants were asked a variety of open questions regarding their needs and preferences for hydrological forecasts and also for the visualisation and the communication of those forecasts. One key element of the interviews was the presentation of four alternative visualisation prototypes for probabilistic forecasts of flood depth and extent. The participants were asked to compare those prototypes, to express their preferences in terms of colour maps, wording and the representation of uncertainty. They also provided useful comments on potential modifications to those prototypes and sometimes suggested ideas for entirely new prototypes. Our results highlight that most participants, regardless of their role or background, had the same overall preference in terms of the proposed prototypes, with prototype number 2 the overall favorite (all prototypes will be shown and explained during the presentation). Nevertheless, we also found several specificities among the respective preferences of different user groups. Our results also highlight specific issues related to the understanding of probabilities in the context of flood forecast maps.  The results of this research are currently being used to inform the design of the new forecast communication and visualisation platform in the province of Quebec, Canada.
Hydrous secondary plumes: towards understanding the enigmatic «finger» structures in the intraplate lithospheric mantle
Authors: Cloetingh Sierd , Koptev Alexander , Lavecchia Alessio , Kovács István , Beekman Fred
Published: February 2023

Many vertical seismic velocity anomalies originate in the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle (410–660 km) and form so-called secondary plumes. These anomalies are interpreted as the result of thermal effects of large-scale thermal upwelling (primary plume) in the lower mantle and/or deep dehydration of fluid-rich subducting oceanic plates. We present the results of thermo-mechanical modelling to investigate the dynamics of such small-scale thermal and chemical (hydrous) anomalies rising from the lower part of the Earth’s upper mantle. Our goal is to determine the conditions that allow thermo-chemical secondary plumes of moderate size (initial radius of 50 km) to penetrate the overlying lithosphere, as detected in seismo-tomographic studies in such intra-continental areas as the Tengchong volcano in south-western China and the Eifel volcanic fields in north-western Germany. To this end, we investigate the effect of the compositional deficit of the plume density due to the presence of water and hydrous silicate melts. In our models, secondary plumes of purely thermal origin do not penetrate the overlying plate, but flatten at its base, forming “mushroom”-shaped structures at the level of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. On the contrary, plumes with enhanced density contrast due to a chemical (hydrous) component are shown to be able to penetrate upward through the lithospheric mantle to shallow depths near the Moho. Our findings can explain the enigmatic observations of columnar (“finger”-shaped) anomalies in the intraplate lithospheric mantle discovered in Europe and China. We argue that a chemical component is a characteristic feature not only of conventional hydrous plumes developed in the big mantle wedge over presently descending oceanic slabs, but also of upper mantle plumes in other tectonic settings.
What distinguishes 100-year precipitation extremes over Central European river catchments from more moderate extreme events?
Authors: Pfahl Stephan , Ruff Florian
Published: February 2023

Historical extreme flooding events in Central European river catchments caused high socioeconomic impacts. Previous studies investigated single events in detail but did not focus on an analysis of the underlying extreme precipitation events in general as historical events are too rare for a robust assessment of their generic dynamical causes. This study attempts to fill this gap by analyzing a set of realistic daily 100-year large-scale precipitation events over five major European river catchments with the help of operational ensemble prediction data from the ECMWF. The dynamical conditions during such extreme events are investigated and compared to those of more moderate extreme events (20- to 50-year). 100-year precipitation events are generally associated with an upper-level cut-off low over Central Europe in combination with a surface cyclone southeast of the specific river catchment. The 24 hours before the event are decisive for the exact location of this surface cyclone, depending on the location and velocity of the upper-level low over Western Europe. The differences between 100-year and more moderate extreme events vary from catchment to catchment. Dynamical mechanisms such as an intensified upper-level cut-off low and surface cyclone are the main drivers distinguishing 100-year events in the Oder and Danube catchments, whereas thermodynamic mechanisms such as a higher moisture supply in the lower troposphere east of the specific river catchment are more relevant in the Elbe and Rhine catchments. For the Weser/Ems catchment, differences appear in both dynamical and thermodynamic mechanisms.
Magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetic cyclostratigraphy for a part of the Miocene passive margin deposits at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA
Authors: Kodama Kenneth , Pazzaglia Frank
Published: February 2023

A high-resolution cyclostratigraphic age model was constructed from paleomagnetic and rock magnetic (anhysteretic remanent magnetization, ARM, and magnetic susceptibility, χ) data for 926 cm of section from the Miocene Calvert and Choptank formations exposed at the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA.  The paleomagnetic data are noisy due to a weak depositional remanence plagued by viscous overprinting.  Thermal demagnetization shows that most of the section is reversed polarity, with three normal polarity intervals, one near the base of Shattuck bio-lithozone 11 and two at the base of zone 13.  These data, combined with biostratigraphic constraints, indicate that the normal sections fall in sub-chrons C5C, C5Bn.1n and C5AD.  Time missing in an unconformity at the base of zone 12 spans ~200 kyr, cutting out sub-chron C5Bn.2n and an unconformity below the base of zone 14 spans ~400 kyr based on the missing normal polarity sub-chron C5AC.  Overall, the 11.5 m of section studied spans ~2.5 Myr, with ~0.6 Myr missing in the unconformities, resulting in a mean sediment accumulation rate (SAR) of ~0.6 cm/kyr.  Time series analysis of the ARM and χ time series identifies periodicities that are likely driven by orbitally-forced global climate change. Statistically significant spectral peaks with stratigraphic wavelengths of 230-270 cm, 22-14 cm and 8-10 cm are identified as long eccentricity (405 kyr), obliquity (~40 kyr) and precession (~20 kyr), respectively. Using Acycle software, eCOCO analysis of the χ time series suggests unsteady SARs of ~0.4-1.0 cm/kyr below Shattuck zone 12, an increase to ~0.6 cm/kyr for zone 12 and the base of zone 13, and a decrease to ~0.3-0.4 cm/kyr for the upper part of zone 13, and zones 14 and 15.  These results show that the continental margin subsided slowly, punctuated by long-eccentricity driven eustasy that shifted the locus of silici-clastic deposition. The coarsening- and shallowing-up of the Calvert Formation, particularly above the younger unconformity, indicates that either regional subsidence or terrestrial sediment flux, or possibly both, were unsteady, indicating complex interactions of recent dynamic uplift and climate change across the U.S. Atlantic margin. 
A Titov-Dèmoulin Type CME Generator for Finite β Plasmas
Authors: Sokolov Igor , Gombosi Tamas , Zhao Lulu
Published: February 2023

We provide exact analytical solutions for the magnetic field produced by prescribed current distributions located inside a toroidal filament of finite thickness. In application to the MHD equilibrium of a twisted toroidal current loop in the solar corona, the Grad-Shafranov equation is decomposed into an analytic solution describing an equilibrium configuration against the pinch-effect from its own current and an approximate solution for an external strapping field to balance the hoop force.  Our solutions can be employed in numerical simulations of coronal mass ejections. When superimposed on the background solar coronal magnetic field, the excess magnetic energy of the twisted current loop configuration can be made unstable by applying flux cancellation to reduce the strapping field. Such loss of stability accompanied by the formation of an expanding flux rope is typical for the Titov-Dèmoulin eruptive event generator. The main new features of the proposed model are:
i)   The filament is filled with finite β plasma with finite mass and energy,ii)  The model describes an equilibrium solution that will spontaneously erupt due to magnetic reconnection of the strapping magnetic field arcade, andiii) There are analytic expressions connecting the model parameters to the asymptotic velocity and total mass of the resulting CME, providing a way to connect the simulated CME properties to multipoint coronograph observations.
Reappraisal of the geodynamic evolution of the mantle massifs of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone based on new field, petrochemical and geochronological data
Authors: Ogunyele Abimbola Chris , Bonazzi Mattia , Sanfilippo Alessio , Decarlis Alessandro , Zanetti Alberto
Published: February 2023

The Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ) is the westernmost sector of the Southern Alps. It is constituted by granulite-to-amphibolite-facies continental crust representing the basement of the Adria plate. The IVZ contains many orogenic mantle peridotites. The largest mantle bodies are aligned along the Insubric Line at the lowest stratigraphic units, in contact with mafic-ultramafic crustal intrusives. Mantle bodies in the central and southern sectors of IVZ are spinel lherzolites with spinel dunites and variable amount of clinopyroxenite, websterite and subordinate anhydrous/hydrous gabbroic bodies (e.g. the Baldissero, Balmuccia, Premosello peridotites). Conversely, modally-metasomatised spinel harzburgites with large dunite bodies and phlogopite-and-amphibole-bearing websterites (e.g. the Finero peridotite) crop out in the northern IVZ.The constant association of the IVZ mantle peridotites with High-T shear zones suggests that none of them was emplaced into the crust by mantle diapirism. Alternative hypotheses involve emplacement at the crustal level at the onset of the Mesozoic extensional regime or tectonic addition to accretionary wedges of Paleozoic subduction zones. Recent gravimetric and seismic data converge in indicating that high-density rocks are very close to the surface near the Insubric Line, thus supporting the possibility that the largest mantle peridotites may be a direct expression of the underlying subcontinental mantle.This contribution focuses on new field, petrographic, geochemical and geochronological data, to address some relevant issues, such as the nature of the spinel lherzolite (refractory residue vs. refertilised mantle), the origin of pyroxenites and gabbros, the relationships with the associated crustal intrusives and the record of Mesozoic tectono-magmatic events.The final goal is to provide new insights into the geodynamic evolution of the mantle bodies and the mantle-crust systems at the Laurasia-Gondwana margin, defining in particular how the mantle heterogeneity acquired during Paleozoic may have governed the rifting process of the Adria margin in Jurassic times.
Throughfall variability between oak and beech trees in a mountainous Mediterranean catchment
Authors: Dionigi Marco , Verdone Matteo , Penna Daniele , Barbetta Silvia , Massari Christian
Published: February 2023

Forests and trees are integral part to the global water cycle and therefore vital for water security. Forest and mountain ecosystems serve as source areas for more than 75% renewable water supply, delivering water to over half the world’s population.Throughfall generally represents about 70% of bulk precipitation, with a much smaller portion, less than 5%, delivered to the forest floor along tree trunks (i.e., stemflow), and the remainder (~25%) intercepted by the forest canopy and evaporated back to the atmosphere.The partitioning of water into these three pathways is largely controlled by seasonality, precipitation characteristics, meteorological conditions in addition to physiological and morphological traits related to forest composition.This study aims to determine the spatial and seasonal variability of throughfall in oak and beech trees growing on two hillslopes of contrasting aspect in the Ussita stream basin (44 km2), Apennine Mountains, central Italy.Throughfall was measured during 30 sampling periods between July 2022 and December 2022 at four locations by means of gutters connected to tipping buckets. characterized by different land cover, e.g., beech trees and oak trees. Specifically, two monitoring plots are located on a hillslope facing south and the monitoring two stations are located on a hillslope facing north. Moreover, two meteorological stations provide open-area precipitation measurements.The measurements show that the leafed canopy phase reduced the amount of throughfall in all four experimental sites. In particular, beech trees exhibited the largest inter seasonal differences in throughfall partitioning. This is mainly related to the rapid defoliation characterizing the beeches’ sites starting from September.The volumetric throughfall was higher during medium and severe rainfall events, while during low rainfall the forest canopy was found intercepting most of the precipitation. On the contrary, during severe events, the forest canopy storage capacity was saturated and most of the rainfall occurring after the saturation was converted into throughfall.The measurements carried out during medium rainfall events indicate that the differences between canopy structure in oak and beech trees, such as the number of canopy layers and branches orientation, can strongly affect the rainfall partitioning. Oak trees, with high number of canopy layers, low seasonal defoliation and roughness of the bark, have higher canopy storage values than beech trees and are able to generate less throughfall.Additional data to be collected during the next months will allow us to extend the results achieved in the first phase of analysis.
Machines simulate hydrologic processes using a simple structure but in a unique manner – a case study of predicting fine scale watershed response on a distributed framework
Authors: Kim Dongkyun , Lee Yongoh
Published: February 2023

An LSTM-based distributed hydrologic model for an urban watershed of Korea was developed. The input of the model is the time series of the 10-minute radar-gauge composite rainfall data and 10-minute temperature data at the 239 model grid cells, and the output of the model is the 10-minute flow discharge at the watershed outlet. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficients of the calibration period (2013-2016) and validation period (2017-2019) were 0.99 and 0.67, respectively. Normal events were better predicted than the extreme ones. Further in-depth analyses revealed that: (1) the model composes the watershed outlet flow discharge by linearly superimposing multiple time series created by each of the LSTM units. Unlike conventional hydrologic models, most of these time series greatly fluctuated in both positive and negative domain; (2) the runoff to rainfall ratio of each of the model grid cells does not reflect its counterpart parameters of the conceptual hydrologic models  revealing that the model simulates the watershed responses in a unique manner; (3) the model successfully reproduced the soil-moisture dependent runoff processes, which is an essential prerequisite of continuous hydrologic models; (4) Each of the LSTM units have different temporal sensitivity to a unit rainfall stimulus, and the LSTM units that is sensitive to rainfall input have greater output weight factors nearby the watershed outlet, and vice versa. This means that the model learned a mechanism to separately consider the hydrologic components with distinct response time such as direct runoff and the low frequency baseflow. AcknowledgementThis research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program (Grant Number: 2021R1A2C2003471) and the Basic Research Laboratory Program (Grant Number: 2022R1A4A3032838) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.
Origin of the Earth’s magnetic field from the Fermi electrons
Authors: Kletetschka Gunther
Published: February 2023

Planetary magnetic field production mechanism may require consideration of fermi electrons. While avoiding the Boussinesq approximation and considering a presence of Fermi electrons in a planetary core, a new hypothesis how the planetary magnetic field may operate is proposed. The overall topology concerns both the core’s north hemisphere (NH) and south hemisphere (SH) that produce its own magnetic polarities due to a sense of the Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect). Magnetism can be generated due to the electric current form the core’s fermi electrons that follow the more conducting spiraling plumes from the convection heat exchange. NH produces magnetic flux directed toward the north (reversed polarity) while SH produces magnetic flux directed to the south (normal polarity). When NH is more buoyant than SH, the overall dipolar reversed polarity is produced. When SH of the core is more buoyant, the overall normal magnetic polarity is produced. Overall planetary magnetic field is then generated from a core’s heat exchange competition between its NH and SH. For this hypothesis supports is found from the theoretical arguments, from the topology of finite element modeling, and from the evidence of a historical magnetic reversal record. Calculations considering the presence of Fermi electrons in the core allow for heat gradient generated magnetic flux estimate between 0.1 mT and 3 mT inside the liquid core. Finite element modeling topology of simulated magnetic dipoles near inner/outer core boundary (IOB) oriented only northward in NH and southward in SH supported that todays’ surface magnetic field observations are consistent with the outer core fields between 0.1 mT and 3 mT. Individual treatment of normal and reversed polarity durations supported that a predominance of magnetic polarity durations relates to the existing temperature models near the core/mantle boundary (CMB) that have a consistent effect on the heating exchange within the core.
Lithofacies Combination Characteristics and Distribution Law of Fine-grained Sedimentary Rocks in the Ek2 Member of Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: Ji Nuannuan
Published: February 2023

The thick-bedded fine-grained sedimentary rock2) of the second member of the Kongdian Formation is a typical lacustrine source rock, and has been considered as the main target of shale oil exploration in recent years. Fine-grained sedimentary rocks have strong heterogeneity and poor plane continuity, which is the basis of shale oil and gas accumulation. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the research on lithology, lithofacies and lithofacies combination of fine-grained sedimentary rocks.Based on the observation and description of cores from Well G108-8, Well GD12, and Well GD14, combined with analysis of thin sections and X-ray diffraction data, lithofacies of the Ek2 fine-grained sedimentary rocks can be divided into six types, including laminated felsic fine-grained sedimentary facies according to mineral compositions and sedimentary structures, massive felsic fine-grained sedimentary rocks, laminated mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks, massive mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks, laminated carbonate fine-grained rocks, and massive carbonate fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Due to the vertical frequent alternation of lithofacies, lithofacies assemblages are proposed to describe the distribution law of the Ek2 fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which can be named felsic lithofacies assemblages, felsic bedded with carbonate lithofacies assemblages, mixed lithofacies assemblages, carbonate bedded with felsic lithofacies assemblages, and carbonate lithofacies assemblages. The mineral compositions, sedimentary structures, and containing lithofacies types show significant differential among these lithofacies assemblages, which can be consisted with the evolution of sedimentary environment.The method of combining the acoustic travel time (AC) log and density log is established to identify lithofacies assemblages in the study area, which can be used to study the distribution law. Lithofacies assemblages transformed from mixed to felsic bedded with carbonate in the lower part of the Ek21, while from felsic to carbonate in the upper part of the Ek21. From the margin to center of the lacustrine basin, lithofacies assemblages have two trends during the sedimentary period of Ek21. Lithofacies assemblages present felsic, felsic bedded with carbonate, and mixed from the margin to center with the humid climate and strong detrital input. Furthermore, lithofacies assemblages present mixed, carbonate bedded with felsic, and carbonate from the margin to center with the arid climate and weak detrital input.
Tracking the Subsolar Bow Shock and Magnetopause
Authors: Sibeck David , Silveira Marcos
Published: February 2023

Global magnetohydrodynamic models predict that plasma velocities vary almost linearly from 0 km s-1 at the stationary subsolar magnetopause to ~0.25 VSW at the subsolar bow shock, where VSW is the solar wind velocity.  We show how two-point measurements of the plasma velocity  within ~15° of the Sun-Earth line can be used to determine gradients in the plasma velocity and consequently the time-dependent location of both the subsolar magnetopause and the subsolar bow shock.  A case study employing multiple simultaneous THEMIS spacecraft observations confirms that velocity gradients in the subsolar magnetosheath are linear, except when spacecraft observe rapid fluctuations downstream from the quasi-parallel bow shock.  The method may be useful to those binning magnetosheath observations to develop empirical models, those seeking to determine whether reconnection and hence magnetopause erosion are steady or bursty, and those determining the stand-off distance of the bow shock (or equivalently the polytropic index in the solar wind).
Diurnal variation of columnar and surface in-situ HCHO over Seoul in SIJAQ 202
Authors: chang Lim-Seok , Kim Donghee , Bae Min-Suk , Park Rokjin
Published: February 2023

The GEMS capability to monitor daily changes in key air pollutants was examined with ground-based remote sensing in the SIJAQ 2021 campaign (October 16 - November 11, 2021). In particular, HCHO, a type of GEMS primary product, plays an important role in urban photochemistry as a unique radical source. Diurnal cycles of both columnar and in situ HCHOs were measured in Seoul during SIJAQ 2021. Surface in situ HCHO was higher than toluene known to be abundant in Seoul during the KORUS-AQ period. We analyzed the sensitivities for the main factors controlling HCHO behavior using the land surface-meteorology-chemistry coupled 0-D box-model. Primary emissions, along with background HCHO, contributed significantly to the diurnal variation of HCHO in Seoul. Assuming that HCHO is well mixed within PBL, the vertical integration of modeled HCHO was well matched with  the columnar HCHO.