bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model of winter soft wheat variety for steppe condition zone
Authors: Fomenko M. A , Grabovets A. I , Oleynikova T. A , Babrovskaya E. A , Chernousov E. V
Published: April 2024

Due to the increased aridization of the environment in the main agricultural zones of the Don, the parameters of the model of winter soft wheat varieties of intensive and semi-intensive types have been clarified. At the present stage, the potential productivity of intensive wheat at a high agrofone is 9,0-10,5 t/ha of grain, which is due to the productive stem of 660-800 ears/m2. In semi-intensive varieties on the average agrophone, the values of these indicators are respectively 7,0-7,5 t/ha and 580-620 ears/m2. The productivity of the ear, respectively, should be 1,2-1,5 g and 1,1-1,2 g and with a grain share in the cenosis of 40-45% and 36-38%, respectively. With different stress factors, the peculiarities of the formation of agroecotypes of new varieties were revealed. The selection criterion for drought-resistant productive forms was the selection of genotypes with a high yield index. However, the main trend related to productivity and adaptability in drought conditions is the creation of new genotypes with increased grain weight from the plant and from the ear. This is the most objective integrated assessment of their drought resistance. The progress in the yield growth of semi-dwarf and medium-sized wheat varieties is also due to an increase in the capacity of cenosis. as a result of the use of new parameters of the model of intensive and high-intensity genotypes, varieties of winter soft wheat Donmira, Akapella, Bogema, Bylina Dona i Pal'mira 18, Kuryanochka 19, Pafos, developed for the Central Chernozem, North Caucasus, Lower Volga, Middle Volga and Ural regions, were created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2019-2022. These varieties are well adapted for arid regions according to the complex of breeding and valuable traits.
Influence of crop rotations on soil density
Authors: Zamyatin S. A , Svechnikov A. K
Published: April 2024

The survey objective is to study and evaluate soil density as one of its most important agrophysical properties. А two-factor experiment was conducted with two establishment of trial in 1996-2021 yrs.: factor A - crop rotations (one grain-grass and three fruit-changing), factor B - the level of mineral fertilizers. For the first time in the Mari El Republic, it was studied and found that the soil bulk density under perennial legumes in a layer of 0-20 cm was 1.34-1.28 g/cm3, under winter crops 1.29-1.28 g/cm3, spring crops 1.26-1.24 g/cm3, potatoes 1.15-1.12 g/cm3. Soil density decreased by the end of the growing season. Long-term fertilizations promotes the root development and leads to soil decompaction. The lowest average density per rotation was under the crops of the second crop rotation, where manure was used for potatoes. It was 1.24-1.23 g/cm3 at the beginning of the growing season. Potato cultivation increased soil density by 0.01 g/cm3 without organic fertilizations in crop rotations I and III. Perennial grasses without growing potatoes further increased the soil density at the vegetation beginning to 1.27-1.26 g/cm3. This trend persisted under crop rotations by the middle of the growing season. The difference between the soil density of grain-grass and fruit-changing crop rotations was 0.03-0.04 g/cm3 by the vegetation end.
Polymers usage in new plant nutrition system organization
Authors: Bamatov I. M
Published: April 2024

The agricultural sector is constantly looking for new technologies (methods) to increase the efficiency of inputs (agrochemicals) and minimize possible anthropogenic impact on the environment. Accordingly, producers are proposing the use of controlled or slow-release fertilizers (technologies) to optimize the delivery of nutrients (using a polymer) to plants or chemicals to more effectively control weeds, pests and diseases (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides). This article considers the possibility of introducing innovative farming systems, where, in addition, agrarian producers, in addition to the goal of increasing yields, must maintain and increase soil fertility, including replenishment of nutrient reserves in the soil.
Investigation of nitrogen fixation activity soybeans plants by mineral fertilizers foliar treatment
Authors: Marzhokhova M. Kh , Kashukoev M. V
Published: April 2024

The results of the study of nitrogen-fixing activity during foliar treatment of vegetative soybean plants with liquid mineral fertilizers containing macro-microelements in various forms in the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria are presented. The object of research is the early ripe soybean variety SK Veda. The soil of the experimental plot is a leached, medium-thick, low-humus, heavy loamy chernozem on carbonate clays, with a humus content in the arable layer of 3.1 %, pHkcl 5.0, mobile phosphorus 7.5 and exchangeable potassium 8.0 mg/100 g of soil. Encrustation of soybean seeds was carried out using a specific film-forming agent based on soybean phosphatides with the inoculant Nitrofix. The results of studies for 2020-2022 are given. with an assessment of the dynamics of the formation of the symbiotic apparatus by the number of nodules (pcs/m2) and by the mass of nodules (g/m2) in ontogeny of the macrosymbiont. The peak of nodule formation in soybean plants of the SK Veda variety fell on the flowering phase. The highest nodulation rates were noted in the control variant: in 2020 - 306 pcs/m2; in 2021 - 408 pcs/m2; in 2022 - 96 pcs/m2. It has been shown that foliar treatment of soybean plants with nutrient deficiency correctors has an impact on nodulation rates, with differences being noted depending on the treatment time. In the variant of Polydon NPK treatment in the primordial leaf phase, the nodulation parameters were minimal in the experiment over the years of the study (86; 216; 56 pcs/m2). Treatment of SK Veda soybean plants in the primordial leaf phase with molybdenum-containing fertilizers ensures the formation of larger nodules. The values of the nodule weight in the flowering phase in the variant of the treatment of Polydon plants with molybdenum in the primordial leaf phase increased by 1.56; 2.09; 1.11 times, respectively, for 2020, 2021, 2022. Nitrogenase activity averaged 26.4-281.6 µg N2/plant.h over the years of the study hour. In the control (inoculation with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms), the activity of nitrogenase was 208.3 µg N2/plant.h. Inoculation of soybean seeds with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and foliar treatment of plants with Polydon molybdenum increased nitrogenase activity by 35.2-19.1 % and increased protein content by 5.0-3.9 % relative to control, depending on the treatment phase.
Usage of different planting schemes for mini-tubers potato growing under North Ossetia-Alania republic conditions
Authors: Oves E. V , Kardanova I. S , Etdzaeva K. T , Gaitova N. A
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of different planting schemes of the base lines on the quantitative yield of mini-tubers in the conditions of Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The object of the research was microplants and microtubers of new promising potato varieties Gulliver, Sadon and Varyag. The experiments were carried out in 2020-2022, laid on a peat substrate using planting patterns 25x25 cm in plastic pots, 25x30 and 25x15 cm in the ground. Growing mini-tubers according to the scheme 25x25 cm in pots contributed to the formation of from 139.4 to 155.5 pcs/m2 with a standard seed fraction yield of 88-94%. An increase in the nutrition area as a result of planting the base lines into the soil according to the 25x30 cm scheme reduced the number of formed mini-tubers by 19.4-49,0 pcs/m2 with a standard yield of 77-85%. According to the 25x15 cm scheme, the total yield of mini-tubers increased by 19-35 pieces/m2, but the yield of the standard fraction decreased to 57-74%. In the original seed production of potatoes, an important indicator in the cultivation of mini-tubers is the yield of a fraction of more than 20 mm in transverse diameter. The maximum yield of mini-tubers with such dimensional characteristics was noted when planting micro-plants according to the scheme 25x25 cm - 113.7 pcs/m2. The use of micro-tubers according to this scheme reduced the number of mini-tubers with a fraction of more than 20 mm to 91.7 pcs/m2 or by 19%. As a result of applying the schemes of 25x30 and 25x15 cm, the quantitative yield of mini-tubers with a fraction of more than 20 mm did not depend on the origin of the base lines and amounted to 58.5-65.6 pcs/m2. Based on the studied planting schemes in protected ground in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the maximum yield of mini-tubers with the best dimensional characteristics was obtained as a result of planting the base lines according to the 25x25 cm scheme in plastic pots. Reducing the feeding area according to the 25x15 cm scheme reduced the yield of mini-tubers of a fraction of more than 20 mm by 1.8-1.9 times.
Influence of mineral fertilizer on soil microflora
Authors: Zamyatin S. A , Maksimova R. B
Published: April 2024

The biomass of organic matter entering the soil after a particular crop affects the formation of humus, the phytosanitary state of the soil, and agricultural crops can use nutrients from plant residues much more efficiently than from mineral fertilizers. The article presents the results of many years of experiments on the study of the effect of stubble and root residues on the biological activity of soddy-podzolic soil using the application method in a field six-field crop rotation in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the field on the experimental field of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FARC of the North-East according to the experience laid down in 1998. The repetition of options is three times, the location of the plots is systematic. It has been established that the activity of soil microflora mainly depends on the presence of organic matter in the soil. The highest activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms on a natural background of fertility is observed in the second crop rotation when manure is applied for potatoes - 22.9% in the first period of exposure and 54.7% in the second period of exposure. The lowest biological activity of the soil for the first 45 days was noted in the grain-grass crop rotation (83% of cereals) - 17.7% and 43.4% - in the second period of exposure. This is due to the deficiency of organic substances due to their insufficient intake. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 for pre-sowing cultivation significantly increases the biological activity of the soil in relation to the unfertilized background, and a rather high intensity of decomposition of flax cloth was observed in the second crop rotation - for the first 45 days - 24.9%, for 90 days - 56.8%. Correlation analysis (1998-2019) between the average value of canvas decomposition under crops for the entire growing season and the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) showed a close direct relationship, which in the first exposure period (45 days) was 0.87-0.90, in the second period of exposure - 0.86...0.89.
Breeding institutions of Russia and their contribution to improving the apple tree assortment
Authors: Sedov E. N , Korneeva S. A , Yanchuk T. V
Published: April 2024

The requirements for apple cultivars are constantly increasing due to the improvement of their cultivation techniques. Even cultivars, which satisfied consumers 20-30 years ago, now do not meet due to the changed requirements. One of the main reasons for this lag of breeders is the duration of the juvenile period in hybrid apple seedlings. According to our data, it takes 27 years to create one cultivar (from hybridization to inclusion of the cultivar in the State Register of Breeding Achievements). The task is to reduce this period to at least 20 years. This reduction depends on the breeders. The final assessment of the apple cultivar largely depends on the State Commission of the Russian Federation for Testing and Evaluation of Cultivars. Below is information on the number of apple cultivars created in large Russian breeding institutions. 57 apple cultivars have been created and zoned in the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, of which 4 cultivars have already been zoned in 4 regions, 4 apple cultivars are zoned in 3 regions, 10 cultivars are zoned in 2 regions, the remaining cultivars are zoned in one region so far. FSBSI FSC named after I. V. Michurin (former CSL named after I. V. Michurin and Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named after I. V. Michurin). 37 apple cultivars were created and zoned. Of particular interest, in our opinion, are such new cultivars as Academic Kazakov, Blagovest, Bylina, Vishnevaya, Vympel, Pamyat Nesterova, Krasnoye Rannye, Munster, Flagman and Fregat. FSBSI FSC of Horticulture (Birulyovo). 18 apple cultivars have been created and zoned. All of them are zoned in the Central Region of Russia. North Caucasian FSSC of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking. 34 apple cultivars have been created and zoned, of which 5 cultivars are already cultivated in two regions. Crimea. Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Scientific Center (Crimean Experimental Gardening Station). 14 apple cultivars have been developed. FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of RAS. 37 apple cultivars have been developed. In this article, the authors tried to show the tremendous work that apple breeders are doing in different regions of Russia.
Technology for non-contact assessment of the udder physiological state for early diseases diagnosis
Authors: Yurochka S. S , Pavkin D. Yu , Pekhalskiy I. A , Khakimov A. R , Polikanova A. A
Published: April 2024

The results of a study on the creation of technology for non-contact detection of local temperature changes in the skin of the udder and teats are presented. The focus of the technology is the early diagnosis of mastitis in cows, since this disease of the udder is one of the most common and causes great damage to dairy farming, leading to a decrease in milk yield. The technology makes it possible to determine the temperature increase in local areas of the udder skin, to carry out early diagnosis and reduce additional costs associated with the treatment of mastitis. This paper presents an algorithm for non-contact temperature diagnostics of local areas of the skin of the udder of cows using 3 thermal imaging modules that allow you to receive thermograms simultaneously from all local areas of the skin of the udder. We have derived formulas for the main parameters of thermal imaging modules for their location relative to each other. Data collection can be carried out both in the dynamic and in the static position of the animal. This algorithm assigns one of 3 possible statuses to the animal: “healthy”, “suspicion of subclinical mastitis”, “suspicion of clinical mastitis”.
Several aspects of the cows viability in the Amur region
Authors: Klyuchnikova N. F , Klyuchnikov M. T
Published: April 2024

The influence of intensive breeding of Australian Holstein heifers on their future viability and productivity in the dairy farm OAO "Zarya" (Khabarovsk region) is showed as an example. The researches determined, that the overweights of twenty-four-hours up to 400 g is the main cause of late coupling of heifers. From 3416 individuals 40,2 % had calvings in the age after 30 months. And what is more, the researches exposed the pronounced seasonal prevalence of calvings and the hightened meetings of cows with longevity (27) in the group of animals of born seasons and first calving "autumn-autumn", while there were no individuals elder than 4 calvings from 69 cows in the seasons "summer-summer". In practice, more attention should be paid to an even distribution of calvings throughout the year. It is advisable for owners of small dairy cattle farms to postpone summer calving to the autumn-winter season, which will significantly increase the economic efficiency of the farm.
Clonal micropropagation of apple trees
Authors: Tashmatova L. V , Matsneva O. V , Khromova T. M
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the review is to analyze the state of knowledge of the issue of apple tree reproduction in Russia and abroad. Of all the methods of tissue culture, clonal micropropagation is the most studied, which has a number of advantages in comparison with traditional vegetative multiplication: obtaining healthy material, rapid reproduction, obtaining genetically homogeneous material, the possibility of releasing material throughout the year. Micropropagation has played an important role in the production of healthy, disease-free plants and in the rapid multiplication of apple varieties and rootstocks. This review shows that over the past decades, foreign and domestic researchers, including scientists of our institute, have developed a large number of methods for cultivating of varieties and rootstocks of apple trees. Due to the heterozygosity of the genus Malus, protocols for specific gene types are often developed. The conducted research analysis showed that the successful reproduction of apple trees is influenced by external and internal factors (genotype, physiological state, components of nutrient media, conditions of adaptation of micro-plants). The review reflects various approaches to solving such problems as obtaining an aseptic culture at the initiation stage, reducing the negative effect of phenol oxidation products, increasing the proliferative activity of explants using various nutrient media, as well as natural and synthetic growth hormones - cytokinins, problems of stimulating root formation as a result of the use of various types of auxins and methods of exposure, the development of conditions for the adaptation of microplants of varieties and rootstocks of apple trees in vivo. The emergence of new varieties will require the development of new cultivation conditions.
Assessment of the Effect of Various Catalysts on the Destruction of Food Waste during Their Processing
Authors: Baikin A. S. , Sevostyanova E. P. , Grishina E. V. , Kaplan M. A. , Nasakina E. O. , Sergienko K. V. , Konushkin S. V. , Sevostyanov S. M. , Nefedova S. E. , Demin D. V. , Glinushkin A. P. , Sevostyanov M. A.
Published: April 2024

The process of destruction of solid household waste occurs mainly under the action of microflora and leads to mass loss due to mineralization of organic matter, with separation of filtrate and gases. Considering the basic principles of the action of enzyme preparations, it is promising to create conditions for fermentation of the nutrient solution by a consortium of microorganisms, for example, existing in the soil. Another promising direction may be to stimulate the growth and development of native microflora (microorganisms and fungi) due to the effects of surfactants and/or providing preliminary hydrolysis of the substrate. The effect of stimulating catalyst additives on the weight loss of food waste samples was evaluated and compared. The effect was recorded in the form of a loss of substrate mass and a decrease in its volume. Variants of catalysts (honey syrup, protein hydrolysate, potassium hydrophosphate), their combinations, as well as a commercial drug and water as a comparison were investigated. Under anaerobic conditions, it was shown that the losses due to the release of gases were small, while the option with a commercial catalyst showed the greatest efficiency. Under aerobic conditions, when using a combination of molasses and an alkaline medium as a catalyst, a faster mass loss was shown, which slowed down by the end of the experiment. At the same time, an additional amount of alkali (2.8% of the substrate weight) had a significant effect on the substrate due to the alkaline hydrolysis of the components, which made them more accessible for further microbiological destruction.
Influence of Basic Tillage Technologies on the Transformation of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Agrochernozem and the Activity of Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes
Authors: Belousova E. N. , Belousov A. A.
Published: April 2024

The influence of dump and minimal agrochernozem processing technologies on the activity of nitrogen cycle enzymes and their role in the transformation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds was evaluated. The most significant differences in the seasonal dynamics of the fraction content of difficult-to-hydrolyze nitrogen compounds were found in the soil of the barley agrocenosis in all types of tillage. When using surface disking, the dynamics of their content was determined by the activity of protease. The high availability of the soil with easily hydrolyzable nitrogen was revealed, which indicated that there was no need for nitrogen fertilizers. The dependence of the dynamics of the content of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds on the activity of protease was ambiguous. Under conditions of minimal tillage, the formation of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds was inversely dependent on the proteolysis process. The plane-cutting method of loosening caused an increase in the level of urease activity relative to dump plowing and surface disking.
Effectiveness of the Use of Manure, Biocompost and Siderates for Vegetable Crops
Authors: Borisov V. A. , Uspenskaya O. N. , Kolomiets A. A. , Vasyuchkov I. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Excessive fascination in vegetable growing with mineral (especially nitrogen) fertilizers has led to significant contamination of soils and products with nitrate, heavy metals, and other toxicants. The scientific literature has accumulated considerable material on the use of various kinds of fertilizers, especially mineral fertilizers. A well-established trend towards the development of organic farming on a global scale requires a more indepth study of the effect of organic fertilizers on vegetable yields and adjustments to previously developed fertilizer systems for vegetable crops. The research was carried out by the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of the All-Russian scientific research institute of vegetable growing-branch of the Federal scientific center of vegetable growing and three experimental stations of the Institute on sod-podzolic, alluvial meadow soils, typical, ordinary and leached chernozems in the Non-chernozem zone, the North Caucasus and Western Siberia. It was found out that the efficiency of the use of cattle manure on average for 6 crops on 6 types of soils was 33% of the increase in yield. The highest increases were found in cucumber (62%) and table beet (54%) crops; cabbage and carrots increased yields by 27 and 22%, respectively, tomato and onion - by an average of 17%. The efficiency of manure was inversely proportional to the amount of humus content in the soil. Studies of the effectiveness of the use of biocomposts based on chicken manure revealed that the biocompost increased the yield of 12 vegetable crops on alluvial meadow soil by an average of 20, mineral fertilizers - by 28%, the joint application of these fertilizers allowed to increase yields by 35%. Green fertilizers (siderates) in the conditions of the Central Processing Plant allowed to increase the yield of vegetables by 8-15%, peas, pea mixture and phacelia turned out to be the most effective, yellow lupin and sunflower were ineffective. In the irrigated conditions of the Rostov region, the complex application of mineral fertilizers, manure and siders increased the yield of vegetable crops from 23.6 to 49.6 t/ha, i.e. by more than 2 times.
Radiation Processing of Seed Potatoes as a Method for Suppressing Various Forms of Rhizoctonia in New Harvest Tubers
Authors: Chulikova N. S. , Malyuga A. A. , Bliznyuk U. A. , Borshchegovskaya P. Yu. , Zolotov S. A. , Zubritskaya Ya. V. , Ipatova V. S. , Chernyaev A. P. , Rodin I. A.
Published: April 2024

This study focuses on the impact of pre-planting irradiation of seed potatoes on the phenophases of the root crop and proliferation of fungus Rhizoctonia solani on the new crop tubers. A two-year monitoring of seed potatoes after irradiation shows that treatment of tubers with 30-40 Gy decreases the spread of fungal infection on the surface of the tubers. It was found that low-energy electrons, used in the experiment, are the most effective irradiation treatment, since they penetrate in the upper layers of potato tubers affected by the fungus.
Study of the Long-Term Effect of Mineral Fertilizers in a Stationary Experiment in the Steppe Volga Region
Authors: Pronko V. V. , Zhuravlev D. Y. , Yaroshenko T. M. , Klimova N. F.
Published: April 2024

The analysis of the results obtained over 48 years in a long stationary experiment with fertilizers, which is located in the Saratov region (Russia) on the southern heavy loam chernozem, is presented. The influence of various types and doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of 6-field crop rotation, yield and grain quality of cultivated crops (winter and spring wheat, millet, barley, oats) has been studied. The optimal doses of fertilizers for the arid steppe of the Volga region have been identified, providing maximum yield increases and the greatest payback of 1 kg of mineral fertilizers. The influence of the conditions of humidification of the growing season on the yield of grain crops, the accumulation of protein in the grain and the removal of nutrients from the soil is shown. The scales of carbon losses, gross nitrogen and phosphorus reserves have been established both in untreated soil and with the systematic application of various doses of mineral fertilizers over 48 years of observations.
Changes in Fertility of Alluvial Meadow Soil under Different Fertilizer Systems in Vegetable Crop Rotation
Authors: Vasyuchkov I. Yu. , Borisov V. A. , Uspenskaya O. N.
Published: April 2024

In a laboratory and field experiment conducted in the climatic conditions of the Moscow region, it was found that after 2 rotations (6 years) saturated vegetable crop rotation (late white cabbage – carrots – table beets) on alluvial meadow medium loamy soil with annual application of biocompost at a dose of 6 t/ha (total of 18 t/ha), the humus content in the soil stabilized, a tendency to accumulation of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen fraction (+6%) was noted and the consumption of mobile forms of phosphorus (–4%) and potassium (–6%), as well as soil decompression. The use of mineral fertilizers in single and one-and-a-half doses revealed a tendency to decrease the content of humus in the soil (by 3–4%), hydrolyzable nitrogen (by 7–8%) and the accumulation of mobile phosphorus (by 1–15%) and potassium (by 3–22%). The introduction of a low dose of mineral fertilizers led to a deterioration of soil fertility, a decrease in the content of humus (–5%), mobile phosphorus and potassium (by 5 and 17%). Slightly more effective was the introduction of biocompost annually at a dose of 3 t/ha. With the joint application of biocompost (6 t/ha) and a single dose of NPK, stabilization of the humus content in the soil at the initial level, accumulation of hydrolyzable nitrogen (by 9%), mobile phosphorus and potassium (by 5–6%) was noted. During 2 rotations, there was a decrease in the content of exchangeable calcium (by 1–10% from the initial level) and magnesium (by 3–11%) and weak acidification of the soil (a decrease in pHKCl by 1–2% from the initial indicator). It was found that the average productivity of arable land without the use of fertilizers was 50 t/ha, increased by 14 when the half dose was applied, by 28 when the single dose was applied, and by 42% when the half dose was applied, the use of biocompost at doses of 3 and 6 t/ha provided an increase in productivity by 8–16%. With the joint annual application of biocompost with a single dose of NPK, the average productivity of crop rotation increased by 26–35%.
Effect of Lime Aftereffect and Systematic Application of Fertilizers on Agrochemical Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil and Grain Yield
Authors: Kirpichnikov N. A. , Bizhan S. P.
Published: April 2024

A long-term field experiment shows a change in the agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil and the yield of winter wheat and spring barley under the direct action of different doses of lime and after 35 years of their aftereffect. It was found that the high efficiency of lime aftereffect with the advantage of a large dose (23 t CaCO3/ha) is due to a significant increase in the content of mobile aluminum in the soil and the level of hydrolytic acidity against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers, especially some nitrogen-potassium fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride.
Monitoring of Agroecological Condition of Arable Soils of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia
Authors: Lukin S. V.
Published: April 2024

Based on the analysis of the results of agroecological monitoring, it was found that in the Central Chernozem region (CCR) for 2016–2020, compared with 2001–2005, there was a significant increase in the use of mineral fertilizers (1.8–7.8 times) and the volume of chemical soil reclamation (2.3–43.9 times). The highest level of application of mineral fertilizers (156 kg/ha) was achieved in the Kursk region, organic fertilizers (8.83 t/ha) and liming of acidic soils (65.9 thousand hectares per year) – in the Belgorod region. The minimum level of mineral fertilizers (88.1 kg/ha) and liming (13.0 thousand ha) was registered in Voronezh, and the use of organic fertilizers (0.24 t/ha) – in the Tambov regions. Over the same years, the yield of grain and leguminous crops increased by 1.51–2.19 times. The maximum yield was achieved in Kursk (4.95 t/ha) and Belgorod (4.87 t/ha) regions, the minimum – in Tambov (3.67 t/ha) and Voronezh (3.62 t/ha). As of 01.01.2021, the most significant increase in the provision of soils with organic matter, mobile forms of P2O5 and K2O, a decrease in the proportion of acidic soils was noted in the Belgorod region. In arable soils of the Tambov region the maximum weighted average content of organic matter (6.5%) was recorded, the minimum (4.7%) was noted in the Kursk region. The highest content of mobile forms of P2O5 (143 mg/kg) and K2O (169 mg/kg) was observed in the soils of Belgorod, the lowest (respectively 88 and 106 mg/kg) – in the Tambov regions. The highest proportion of acidic soils (77.9%) was recorded in the soils of arable land in the Lipetsk region, while in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions it was 31.0%. Arable soils of the region are mainly characterized by low availability of mobile forms of zinc, copper and cobalt. The highest proportion of soils with low availability of mobile forms of sulfur (95.1%) and manganese (88.3%) was noted in the Tambov region, the lowest – respectively in the Voronezh (74.7%) and Lipetsk (3.1%) regions.
Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatment of Spring Wheat Seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) with Organic Acids of Natural Origin in a Rarefied Medium on Plant Growth and Development
Authors: Verkhovtseva N. V. , Kubarev E. N. , Balashov G. R. , Robert A. E.
Published: April 2024

The effect of pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) with succinic and salicylic acids at concentrations of 10–5 M and 10–3 M with and without the use of a vacuum infiltrator was studied. The obtained results showed a positive effect of seed treatment under conditions of rarefied pressure (0.9 atm, 15 min) on the development of coleoptile and seedling root on the 7th day of germination. On day 3 (when determining the germination energy), the effect of a rarefied medium did not reveal a significant effect. Under stressful conditions of plant development with hyperthermia, it was found that treatment of seeds with salicylic acid at a concentration of 10–3 M in a rarefied environment provided the best result in reducing stress load by suppressing catalase activity. Succinic acid at a concentration of 10–5 M proved to be the best option as a growth enhancer. Together with the use of a rarefied medium, such treatment most significantly accelerated the development of the coleoptile and the root of the seedling on the 7th day of germination.
Endophytic Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for the Development of Means to Control the Number of the Colorado Potato Beetle in Potato Crops
Authors: Sorokan A. V. , Benkovskaya G. V. , Mardanshin I. S. , Alekseev V. Yu. , Rumyantsev S. D. , Maksimov I. V.
Published: April 2024

Currently, the search for B. thuringiensis strains to be used as biological control agents is based on their toxicity to insects in laboratory tests. At the same time, a number of strains of these bacteria are able to exist in symbiotic relationships with host plants, including being endophytes. The ability of B. thuringiensis strains to penetrate into the internal tissues of plants was evaluated by counting colony-forming units (CFU) of microorganisms 7 days after inoculation of sterile potato plants in test tubes; insecticidal activity was tested on larvae of the 3rd age obtained from overwintered adults of the Colorado beetle collected from fields in the Chishminsky and Iglinsky districts of Bashkortostan. It was shown that the strain of B. thuringiensis B-5351, which inhabits the surface (50.01 ± 8.10 CFU × 105/g) and internal tissues (38.92 ± 9.62 CFU × 105/g) of plant shoots, but has less insecticidal activity than the strain B. thuringiensis B-5689, which exhibits high insecticidal activity and colonizes mainly plant roots (25.37 ± 3.82 CFU × 105/g), reduced colonization of potato crops by the Colorado potato beetle, and also increased the yield of tubers in a 2-year experiment (2020–2021). Under the influence of B. thuringiensis B-5351, a decrease in the number of larvae of early age was observed, in contrast to B. thuringiensis B-5689, which caused longer metamorphosis processes. Apparently, the effect of B. thuringiensis B-5351 was the death of insects. It is important that processing B. thuringiensis B-5351 contributed to a significant decrease in the number of late-instar larvae on crops treated with this strain, as well as the degree of defoliation of plants by the pest, which was not observed with the action of B. thuringiensis B-5689. On plots treated with B. thuringiensis B-5351, the yield of commercial tubers and the total yield increased. A method is proposed for studying the endophytic potential of strains in relation to the terrestrial part of plants to search for biocontrol agents as a basis for creating algorithms for constructing microbiomes in agrocenoses.
Influence of Mineral Fertilizers on the Dynamics of Biomass Aaccumulation and Plant Growth of Winter Rye
Authors: Vitkovskaya S. E. , Shavrina K. F.
Published: April 2024

The dynamics of biomass and height of Secale cereale L. plants was studied in a long-term stationary field experiment on sod-podzolic light loamy soil. Systematic application of mineral fertilizers (option 2 – N65P50K50, option 3 – N100P75K75) had a significant impact on the height and biomass of plants at all tested stages of vegetation (eight time points within 50 days). To describe the dynamics of biomass and height of Secale cereale L. plants, sigmoid (logistic) and linear models are well suited, which made it possible to calculate such parameters as maximum biomass and height (M2, g : H2, cm), maximum speed (Vmax, g ⋅ day–1 (cm ⋅ day–1)) and average speed (b, g ⋅ day–1 (cm ⋅ day–1)). The Vmax values of the growth of raw plant biomass in variants 2 and 3 exceeded this indicator for the control variant by 1.7–2.0 times; Vmax of plant height growth varied within 4.2–4.6 cm ⋅ day–1, did not depend on the application of mineral fertilizers. The application of mineral fertilizers led to an increase in the average growth rate of the biomass of plants Secale cereale L. (b, g ⋅ day–1), in relation to the control, by more than 2 times.
ICP-OES-Analysis for Humic Substance
Authors: Kolmykov R. P.
Published: April 2024

The possibilities of optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (OES-ICP analysis) (in radial plasma observation) of humic preparations (HP) are evaluated, the proposed technique allows quantifying up to 24 elements (As, Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Si, S, Sr, Ti, V and Zn). The list of these elements will allow determining the value of such preparations for soil nutrition, and will also help to avoid danger if the content of toxic impurities in them goes beyond their maximum permissible concentrations. In the absence of standard samples with certified contents of the elements to be determined, the correctness of the analysis for the macrocomponent composition is confirmed by comparing the results of gravimetric determination of the ash content of the studied objects with the calculated data obtained when processing the results of OES-ICP analysis. Systematic errors in the determination of trace impurities were minimized by using the method of adding standard solutions (from matrix influences), as well as 6 parallel measurements of samples prepared independently of each other. The correctness of the methodology was also evaluated by using model solutions close to the possible micro-impurity mineral composition of HP using the Student’s t-test. The results obtained for the isolated fraction of humic acids are compared with the literature data.
Agrogeochemical Technologies for Managing CO2 Flows in Agroecosystems. Message 2. Restoration of the Microbial Link of the Agrogeochemical Cycle
Authors: Bashkin V. N. , Galiulina R. A.
Published: April 2024

The application of agrogeochemical technologies aimed at restoring agrogeochemical cycles in agricultural ecosystems, primarily in the microbial link regulating CO2 flows, is considered. Examples of recultivation of disturbed and polluted soils, waterlogged and/or over-dried soils are given and their impact on the amount of CO2 flux is estimated. A complex of agrogeochemical technologies aimed at assessing and stabilizing the microbial link of the biogeochemical cycle in agroecosystems is presented. Examples of the use of these technologies for the regulation of CO2 emissions in agroecosystems are given. Using one of these technologies, an almost 5-fold decrease in the rate of CO2 flows during the reclamation of disturbed pasture ecosystems of the tundra is shown. It is necessary to further develop and use agrogeochemical technologies aimed at restoring biogeochemical cycles in agroecosystems, primarily in the microbial link regulating CO2 flows.
Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Reserves with Zero Processing of Chernozem in the Conditions of the Forest-Steppe Zone of the Middle Volga Region
Authors: Orlova L. V. , Trots N. M. , Platonov V. I. , Balashov E. V. , Sushko S. V. , Kolesnichenko I. N. , Orlov S. V. , Kruglov E. V.
Published: April 2024

The transition from conventional soil treatment technology to zero treatment technology contributes to an increase in carbon sequestration (Sorg) in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere into the soil and, as a result, a reduction in the adverse effects of the greenhouse effect on the ecological state of the environment. The effectiveness of the application of zero tillage is to a greater or lesser extent due to specific agro-climatic conditions, crop rotation systems, fertilizers and plant protection, soil quality and stability. The influence of zero tillage on the dynamics of sorghum reserves and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O, CH4) in the agro-climatic conditions of crop production (LLC “Orlovka AIC”, Samara region) was investigated. The study was conducted on agrochernozem heavy loam in September–November 2021 in conditions of an abnormally arid growing season and high summer temperatures. On plots with zero tillage, plant residues were received: 268–1720 kg С/ha, 3–66 kg N, 0.2–7.7 kg P and 12–44 kg K/ha. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are proposed for further improving the efficiency of zero tillage technology due, firstly, to reducing its adverse effect on the density of soil composition, and, secondly, taking into account the influence of underlying parent rocks and relief on water erosion of soil and redistribution of granulometric fractions of soil in the agricultural landscape, which will allow using this technology according to principles of adaptive landscape farming.
Analysis of the Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Isoenzyme Polymorphism Connection with Its Tolerance to the Cadmium Influence
Authors: Dikarev A. V. , Dikarev V. G. , Dikareva N. S.
Published: April 2024

In was the laboratory experiment carried on with the spring barley variants, which shown a contrasting reactions to the cadmium influence. The topic of this work was a searching of the connection of the barley variants response to the toxic stress with the isoenzyme polymorphism of some ferments, which are determined a plants tolerance to the environmental stress. It was taken 14 spring barley variants with the different geographic origin (7 – tolerant to Cd2+ and 7 – sensitive) for this task. Such variants were selected on the base of the morphometric criteria in our previous work. The seeds of these variants were germinated and then a protein extracts were prepared from the seedlings. The extracts were separated by electrophoresis in the polyacrilamide gel. The gel blocks after this process were stained for discovering of the enzyme activity zones. The list of the ferments used was follows: superoxidedismutase, peroxidase, glutamatedehydrohenase, alcoholdehydrohenase, malatedehydrohenase, glutationedehydrohenase, glucose-6-phosphatedehydrohenase, catalase. The frequencies of all enzyme activity zones were counted, and thus such frequencies were compared for the groups of the Cd2+ tolerant and sensitive barley variants. Consequently, it was discovered the specific alleles, which are found in the tolerant or sensitive variants with the much probability. Therefore, some conclusion can be stated: the reaction of the selected barley variant to the Cd2+ influence is connected with some specific isozyme variants. The data, collected in this work, can be used for forecasting of the tolerance of the selected barley variants to the Cd2+.
Amino Acid Composition and Biological Value of Irrigated Potato Tubers on Chestnut Soil at Increasing Doses of Sulfur Fertilizers (with NPK)
Authors: Merkusheva M. G. , Ubugunov L. L. , Boloneva L. N. , Lavrentieva I. N.
Published: April 2024

Application of sulfur fertilizers at the doses of 15 and 30 kg/ha (with NPK) for irrigated potatoes on chestnut soils of Western Transbaikalia is the most effective for production of marketable tubers with the maximum value of bioenergy coefficient. With increasing the doses of sulfur, in spite of the insignificant increase of crude protein content, the amount of amino acids and the index of essential acids significantly increased in comparison with the control and the background. Replacement of limiting sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine + cystine) with leucine was noted. The highest biological value of potato protein at the level of 72–74% was found at the doses of 15 and 30 S kg/ha (with NPK).
Dynamics of the Content and Distribution of Trace Elements in Sod-Podzolic Soils and Plants of Agrocenoses
Authors: Utkin A. A. , Akanova N. I. , Noda I. B.
Published: April 2024

The paper presents the results of a survey of sod-podzolic soils for agricultural purposes and plants of reference sites of the Ivanovo region for the content of boron, copper, cobalt, manganese and zinc in them, conducted in 2014 and 2021. Correlation analysis determined the influence of individual physical and chemical properties of soils on the content and distribution of available forms of trace elements in the soil and the relationship between the trace elements themselves. Changes in the availability of trace elements of the soils of the plots have been established. According to the amount of content of available forms of trace elements in soils, the need for the use of micronutrients is determined. The sequences of crops were determined by the content of trace elements in grain and straw of cereals, the green mass of forage grasses, as well as the distribution of trace elements between parts of the grown crop. Grain, straw and green mass were evaluated for compliance with veterinary standards for the content of copper, zinc and cobalt in feed. The coefficients of accumulation of trace elements by plant products of crops are calculated and their comparative analysis is carried out. By the magnitude and sign of the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of trace elements in plants, the manifestation of antagonism and synergy between trace elements was determined. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between the content of mobile forms of trace elements in the soil and their content in plant products, as well as between the content of trace elements in grain and straw of cereals revealed their strength and the ambiguous nature of the relationships..
Biological Efficiency of Tank Mixtures of Preparations for the Protection of Spring Wheat and Their Effect on Grain Quality
Authors: Doronin V. G. , Ledovskiy E. N. , Pakhotina I. V. , Molod Ya F.
Published: April 2024

In relatively favorable humidification years, the loss of spring wheat grain harvest from fungal infections – brown leaf and stem rust, powdery mildew, etc., has increased significantly, reaching 25–30% or more of the gross grain harvest. The purpose of the study conducted in 2018–2021 is to improve protection measures against harmful leaf–stem diseases in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of  Western Siberia. Main tasks: monitoring the phytosanitary situation, studying the biological effectiveness of chemical fungicides, biological preparations, growth regulator and tank mixtures, including with liquid complex fertilizer, in spring wheat crops, determining the effect of various preparations on grain yield and quality. The study was conducted in short-term multivariate field experiments. The plot area is 25 m2, the repetition is fourfold, the placement of options is randomized. The effectiveness of the drugs was compared with the control variant without protection from diseases. The use of chemical fungicides, tank mixtures of them with fertilizer, growth regulator in the sowing of spring wheat Omsk 36 provided a high level of biological effectiveness against leaf-stem diseases. The maximum efficiency indicators against brown leaf and stem rust were obtained with the use of tank mixtures of the drugs Soligor + Fast and Furious, Rex Plus + Larixin and Title Duo + Fast and Furious (98.4–99.7%). The best results of protection against powdery mildew were mixtures of drugs Rex Plus + Fast and Furious and Soligor + Larixin, respectively 78.8 and 81.2%. The greatest increases in grain yield to control were obtained in the variants of the use of the drugs Rex Plus + Larixin and Title Duo + Fast and Furious, respectively 1.80 and 1.89 t/ha. The level of economic efficiency in this case was more than 50%. The use of fungicides and tank mixtures significantly increased the nature and weight of 1000 grains. There was an increase in the gluten content from 1.2 to 5.1% in variants with the phytoregulator Larixin, protein – by 0.85–1.71%. In a field experiment similar to the scheme with Melody wheat, conducted in adverse weather conditions in 2020 and 2021, grain yield growth from the use of drugs was not obtained. The main reasons are the dry weather and, accordingly, the low incidence of diseases in the crop. Treatment with Larixin and its tank mixtures with Title Duo, Rex Plus and Soligor fungicides significantly increased the protein content in the grain by 0.80–1.50%, gluten – up to 2.0%. The obtained results testified to the high biological and economic efficiency of the use of modern fungicides and tank mixtures with a growth regulator and fertilizer in conditions of high infestation of spring wheat with leaf–stem diseases.