bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report of the Spectroscopy Committee—1952–1953
Authors: Formo M. W. , Goldwasser S. , Lingard A. L. , O'Connor R. T. , Stillman R. C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

As a result of the work herein reported, several conclusions can be drawn:

Reasonably reproducible results, using A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Cd 7‐48, revised May, 1951, can be obtained in the hands of experienced operators.

No particular increase in either precision or accuracy is obtained by using a 45‐min. isomerization time.

Background corrections are unnecessary and probably undesirable when k′268 is greater than 1.0 and when k′315 is greater than 1.0.

The present method is valueless for determining the composition of oils such as fish oils containing unsaturated acids of higher unsaturation than tetraene.

Because of the presence of cis‐ and trans‐isomers in all hydrogenated oils and the presence of iso‐acids (position isomers) in hydrogenated oils which contained higher unsaturation than diene,i.e., linolenic or arachidonic acids, the present method is not satisfactory for the analysis of hydrogenated oils.

As hydrogenated oils contain a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐isomers, analysis of such samples by the techniques of the present method followed by calculations, using constants obtained from acids prepared by bromination‐debromination methods (which have been shown to consist of cis‐ and trans‐mixtures) might afford more satisfactory results than use of the constants prepared from the natural acids (the all cis‐isomers). The results of these collaborative studies show that use of the debromination constants for the calculation on hydrogenated soybean oil instead of the recommended natural‐acid constants did not give much more satisfactory results.
The fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil at various stages of solvent extraction
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Choudhury R. Basu Roy
Published: May 2007

The variation in the fatty acid composition of the glyceride portion of cottonseed oil at various stages of solvent extraction has been investigated. Prime cottonseed meats were flaked and extracted in glassware rate extraction apparatus, using commercial hexane up to different degrees of extractions. The fatty acid composition of cottonseed oil obtained after extracting the flakes to different residual oil contents was determined by gas‐liquid partition chromatography. No difference was found.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: I. Synthesis and mass spectrometry of thiazolidinones
Authors: Ahmad Nasirullah F. , Osman S. M. , Pimlott W.
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of alkyl chain‐substituted thiazolidinones from oxo acids is described. Reactions of mercaptoacetic acid with three oxoesters, methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate, methyl 12‐oxooctadecanoate and methyl 9,10‐dioxooctadecanoate gives excellent yields of the corresponding thazolidinones. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of these long‐chain thiazolidinone derivatives are discussed.
Determination of the solid fat content of hard confectionery butters
Authors: van den Enden J. C. , Rossell J. B. , Vermaas L. F. , Waddington D.
Published: May 2007

A method is described for the determination of the solid fat content in hard confectionery butters of the nonstabilized type, e.g., palm kernel sterine. The method is based on the technique of low‐resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) by means of which the solid fat content of a fat sample can be calculated directly from the relative intensity of signals arising from protons in both the liquid and solid phases. A measuring procedure is reported, based on the use of the Bruker Minispec p20i low‐resolution pNMR spectrometer, and attention is drawn to the stabilization pretreatment to which the fat samples need to be subjected prior to measurement in the pNMR instrument. The entire procedure is straightforward to operate and ideally suited to the measurement of large numbers of samples. The relationship between the solids content (N‐value) and dilatation (D‐value) is discussed and an interconversion table is given. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method are indicated.
Analysis of SO3‐Sulfonation products of 1‐Alkenes by spectrometric methods
Authors: Boyer J. L. , Canselier J. P. , Castro V.
Published: May 2007

The preparation and identification of four types of SO3‐sulfonated products of 1‐alkenes are described.13C and, to a lesser extent,1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are used to ascertain the structures of 2‐alkenesulfonic acids, β‐sultones (as 2‐methoxyalkanesulfonic acids), γ‐ and δ‐sultones. The mass spectra of some methyl 2‐methoxyalkanesulfonates and 4‐alkyl‐δ‐sultones are also studied. Sufficiently volatile mixtures are separated by gas liquid chromatography after methylation of the sulfonic groups.
Comparison of infrared spectrophotometric and lead salt‐alcohol methods for determination of trans octadecenoic acids and esters
Authors: Swern Daniel , Knight H. B. , Shreve O. D. , Heether M. R.
Published: May 2007

The scope and limitations of the lead salt‐alcohol method (11, 19) have been defined as a result of observations in the authors' laboratories and in others. Trans octadecenoic acids and esters are not determined specifically by this method, and when large amounts of cis acids or esters are present, they are also isolated with the solid acid fraction.

The infrared spectrophotometric method, previously described by the authors (14), and the lead salt‐alcohol method have been applied to a variety of synthetic mixtures of known composition and to other materials. Comparison of the data indicates that the infrared method is more rapid, specific, and accurate than the lead salt‐method; it is directly applicable to the determination of trans isomers in acid or ester mixtures; only small samples are required; and they can be recovered if necessary.

The infrared method is suggested as a necessary tool to investigators conducting research on the oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, composition, and hydrogenation of fats and their components and derivatives, and on the preparation of pure unsaturated acids and esters.
Review of the polymorphism of saturated even glycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: May 2007

In order to give a unified picture of recent findings on glyceride polymorphism a review is presented which covers in some detail the saturated single fatty acid triglycerides, the mixed C16−C18 saturated triglycerides, saturated diglycerides, and saturated monoglycerides. Mention is made, merely by way of comparison, of unsaturated and saturated‐unsaturated triglycerides and unsaturated diglycerides.

The value of a knowledge of glyceride polymorphism in the identification of naturally occurring glycerides is indicated by a number of examples.
Surface lipids ofLigia oceanica; Part II: The ester fractions
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Raie M. Y. , Weatherston I.
Published: May 2007

The surface lipids ofLigia oceanica have been isolated and fractionated into long chain wax esters, secondary alkylacetates, sterol esters, triglycerides, and alkenyl acyl diol esters. The fatty acid composition of these classes have been determined by gas liquid chromatography on Apiezon L, diethyleneglycol succinate and show that there are different biosynthetic pools of fatty acid for wax esters and triglycerides. The surface lipids have unusual constituents which may be important in water proofing the crustacean.
Characterization and identification of lipids by their critical solution temperatures
Authors: Schmid H. H. O. , Mangold H. K. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: May 2007

The mutual solubility of two liquids which are not miscible in all proportions is essentially a function of the temp. Rising temp usually increases the solubility, possibly reaching a point, i.e., the upper critical solution temp (CST), at which the two components become miscible in all proportions. The CST is characteristic for the two liquids involved.

A microtechnique developed by Fischer simplifies rapid and accurate determinations of the upper critical solution temp. This technique is described and its application to the characterization and identification of pure lipids and lipid mixtures is demonstrated. The significance of this simple laboratory procedure and its relation to complementary analytical methods is discussed.
Some practical aspects of thin‐layer chromatography of lipids
Authors: Pelick Nicholas , Wilson T. L. , Miller M. E. , Angeloni F. M. , Steim J. M.
Published: May 2007

This report describes methods for the thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of lipids and some practical aspects of the methods.

In order to present some basis for choosing the correct powder for particular separations, some properties of several widely used silica gel powders are compared. The effect of binder material such as calcium sulfate in silica gel is studied. The three systems, silica gel as a polar phase, silver nitrate‐impregnated silica gel, and reversed phase systems are described with application to neutral lipids. Also included are the applications of TLC to the polar lipids, such as phospholipids, cerebrosides, sulfatides, sphingomyelin and other glycolipids from various sources. The pitfalls and precautions involved in these separations are discussed in detail.
Deuterium tracer studies of the mechanism of homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of sorbic acid with pentacyanocobaltate II
Authors: Mabrouk A. F. , Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Exchange of deuterium and hydrogen during homogeneous catalytic reduction of sorbic acid with pentacyanocobaltate II has been investigated three ways: isotopic exchange between D2 and H2O, H2‐D2O exchange, and D2‐anhydrous methanol exchange. In contrast to experiments with heterogeneous catalysts, where complete exchange and equilibration occur readily, mass spectrometric analysis of the gas phase above the pentacyanocobaltate II shows slow, incomplete exchange during the course of reduction of either catalyst alone or catalyst and substrate.

Mass spectra of methyl hexenoates from the deuterium exchange experiments have been examined. The fragmentation patterns of the esters reduced in the presence of D2O were compared with those reduced in H2O and with authentic 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hexenoates. Little or no exchange occurred with the hydrogen of valeric acid in the presence of pentacyanocoblatate deuteride ion [DCo(CN5)]3蜢 and deuterium oxide. Experimental results indicate that either the hydrogen or deuterium that adds to the double bond originates predominantly from the solvent. It appears that the hydrogen atoms on the ै‐carbon atoms in both 2‐ and 3‐hexenoates exchange with deuterium during reduction in heavy water solutions.
Determination of the length of polymethylene chains in salts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kirby Elizabeth M. , Evans‐Vader Marra J. , Brown M. Adele
Published: May 2007

The length of polymethylene chains is determined by counting the number of, or measuring the position of, methylene vibration peaks in the 1070舑710 cm蜢1 and/or the 1380舑1170cm蜢1 regions of the IR spectrum of salts of fatty acids. Plotting this peak position against the phase relationship of the vibration in adjacent methylenes gives a curve which is independent of the chain length. (Thephase relationship, ऴ/ॠ=k/(m+1); where ० is the phase difference in radians between adjacent methylenes in a chain;m is the number of methylenes in the chain;k=1,2,3,舰m, withk=1 generally assigned to the in‐phase vibration.) Separate curves are obtained for methylene wagging and for two arrays of coupled twisting‐rocking vibrations.

Coupled twisting‐rocking vibrations give as many as one peak per methylene group in the 1070舑710 cm蜢1 region with silver, sodium, potassium and barium salts of saturated acids. Lead salt peaks split. These peaks show the total length of salts of both saturated andtrans‐unsaturated acids, but only the length of the carboxylate segment in salts ofcis‐unsaturated acids. (The carboxylate segment comprises the carbons from the carboxylate carbon to the first unsaturated carbon, inclusive.)

Wagging vibrations in the 1380舑1170 cm蜢1 region show the total chain length of saturated salts and the length of the carboxylate segment in unsaturated salts, bothcis andtrans. This region also has peaks for twisting‐rocking vibrations, and they are most conspicuous in the spectra of silver and barium salts.
Isolation of soybean protein: Effect of processing conditions on yields and purity
Authors: Cogan Uri , Yaron Anina , Berk Zeki , Mizrahi Sylvia
Published: May 2007

The process of soybean‐protein isolation, comprising extraction in dilute calcium hydroxide and precipitation with hydrochloric acid at pH 4.5, was evaluated from the viewpoint of the effect of processing conditions on yields and product purity. The course of extraction and the effect of particle size and agitation indicate that the process is quite rapid even when coarse meal is treated under mild agitation. The heattreatment history of the meal is the main factor governing the extraction and isolation yields. The precipitation yield is unaffected by temperature. Two steps of curd washing were found to suffice for maximum product purity. The purity is also improved considerably by preliminary sifting of the meal.
Polymerizable derivatives of long‐chain fatty alcohols. III. Copolymers of some alkyl acrylates and acrylonitrile
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Palm William E. , Port William S.
Published: May 2007

Coplymers of acrylonitrile containing 5 to 28 mole % (11 to 70 weight %) of three alkyl acrylates (butyl, octyl, and octadecyl) were prepared in t‐butanol solution. The copolymers were capable of being molded at about 300–400°F. under a pressure of about 2,000 p.s.i. The magnitude of both the tensile strength and the characteristic low temperature of the copolymers varied inversely with the weight percentage of the acrylate present without regard to its alkyl type. The copolymers were oriented with an accompanying three‐fold increase in the tensile strength. Good resistance to several selected reagents was shown by all the copolymers.
Heated fats. I. Studies of the effects of heating on the chemical nature of cottonseed oil
Authors: Firestone David , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Shue Glen M.
Published: May 2007

When cottonseed oil was heated at 225°C. in the presence of air for long periods of time, nonurea adduct‐forming monomers and dimers were formed which were toxic to rats. Analyses showed that the toxic fractions contained moderate amounts of carbonyl and hydroxyl and that they contained unsaturation difficult to remove by hydrogenation. Cyclic structures appeared to be present in the dimer fraction. The production of nonurea adducting monomers and dimers is associated with polymerization and other reactions of linoleic acid.
A natural soil and mechanism of removal: Part II
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Iimori M.
Published: May 2007

Based on the findings of interaction between dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) and high molecular weight nitrogen compounds in natural soil in the first report of this series, artificially soiled clothes containing protein were prepared and a washing test was carried out with a use of DBS or nonyl phenol‐polyoxyethylene adduct (NPEO). Cattle serum globulin, cod sperm protamine and feather keratin of wild duck were used as protein. The built DBS detergent showed better detergency on the artificially soiled clothes than the built NPEO detergent at a same surfactant concentration of 0.05%, although no difference was observed in the redeposition test between these detergents. A significant dissolving action of DBS was observed. Results indicate that when discussing the mechanism of dissolution of natural soil or in the course of modifying the artificially soiled clothes, a chemical reaction between DBS and protein had to be considered in addition to the well known physico‐chemical surface activity of the surfactant for removal of soil.
Isopropyl alcohol extraction of oil and lipids in the production of fish protein concentrate from herring
Authors: Drozdowski B. , Ackman R. G.
Published: May 2007

The extraction of lipid from fatty fish (herring) by the Halifax process for producing fish protein concentrate, using isopropyl alcohol (IPA), is virtually complete. The largest portion of the lipid is found in the first extract and high quality triglyceride oil is readily recovered by cooling this extract; under certain circum‐stances it can also be recovered from the second extract. The phospholipids are extracted without obvious degradation and together with free fatty acids are found mostly in the IPA‐rich phase from the first extraction. Residual lipid in fish protein concentrate resembles the starting lipid of the fish. Detailed fatty acid compositions are given for various materials.
The triglycerides of sable fish (anaplopoma fimbria). II. fatty acid distribution in triglyceride fractions as determined with pancreatic lipase
Authors: Dolev Ami , Olcott H. S.
Published: May 2007

Sable fish muscle lipids were fractionated on a silicic acid column with mixtures of chloroform and methanol as eluting solvents. Three main peaks containing only triglycerides were isolated; 11 additional peaks contained phosphorous. Each of the 3 triglyceride peaks was separately fractionated into 300 fractions on silica gel columns impregnated with silver nitrate. Mixtures of petroleum ether and ethyl ether were the eluting solvents. About 25 distinct fractions were isolated from each column. The fractions were characterized for fatty acid content by gas chromatography of the methyl esters. The results showed that the fractionation did not depend upon the presence of single fatty acids but upon total unsaturation. Fatty acid distribution within each fraction was determined with the use of hog pancreatic lipase, followed by thin‐layer chromatography and gas chromatography.
Gas‐solid chromatography of hydrocarbons on activated alumina
Authors: List G. R. , Hoffmann R. L. , Evans C. D.
Published: May 2007

Volatile hydrocarbons representative of those in autoxidizing fats were analyzed on a single column of activated alumina by gas‐solid adsorption chromatography (GSC). Mixtures of C1 to C8 paraffins anda‐olefins were readily separated from one another, and from several branched hydrocarbons in less than 40 min. Semilog plots of carbon number versus log retention time for these individual mixtures indicate that good separations may be expected when all components are present simultaneously. Alumina is a unique chromatographic substrate for these separations. Since no liquid phase is employed, wide temperature ranges may be applied, column bleeding is eliminated and the system becomes ideal for temperature programming even on single column instruments. This system of GSC offers a convenient and direct method for hydrocarbon analysis since more polar materials such as aldehydes, ketones and esters are irreversibly adsorbed on alumina. It shows promise not only for the analysis of volatiles in the flavor evaluation of edible oils, but also as an aid in solving many other food and biological problems.
Effect of moisture level on volatile carbonyls in cottonseed oil heated to 210C
Authors: Dornseifer Theodore P. , Kim Sun C. , Keith Elizabeth S. , Powers John J.
Published: May 2007

Cottonseed oil containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% added moisture was heated to simulate food‐frying conditions. The volatile carbonyls from the heated oil were crystallized as 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and then regenerated for separation by gas‐liquid chromatography. Nineteen peaks were observed for the dry oil; oil with added moisture had fewer peaks. Oil containing added moisture produced more total carbonyl by weight than did dry oil. Maximum production of carbonyls occurred in the oil with 2.5% added moisture.
Fatty acids of bovine milk glycolipids and phospholipids and their specific distribution in the diacylglycerophospholipids
Authors: Morrison W. R. , Jack E. L. , Smith L. M.
Published: May 2007

Milk lipids were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thinlayer chromatography (TLC). Ceramide monohexoside (CMH), ceramide dihexoside (CDH), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl serine (PS), and sphingomyelin (Sph) were isolated, and the purity of each was checked by infrared spectroscopy and TLC. The diacylphospholipids were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A and the products separated by TLC. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from the various fractions and analyzed by gas chromatography.

The glycolipids, CMH and CDH, and Sph contained large amounts of long‐chain saturated fatty acids, especially C22:0, C23:0, and C24:0, PE, PS, and PC contained C10‐C22 normal and branched‐chain saturated fatty acids, and C15‐C20 unsaturated fatty acids (mainly monoenes). The distributions of saturated acids between the ॅ艂‐ and ॆ‐positions were respectively: PE, 46 and 11%; PS, 65 and 19%; and PC, 72 and 53%. PC was exceptional in that there was 10.8% myristic acid in the ॆ‐position and only 5.6% in the ॅ艂‐position. PE and PS were similar in composition except that in PE oleic acid was evenly distributed, and in PS was largely in the ॆ‐position. In general, PC was much more saturated than PE or PS, and there was no overall pattern governing the specific distribution of the fatty acids in the three diacylphospholipids. Comparison with PC from other bovine tissues and from egg lecithin showed that fatty acids are located much less specifically in milk phospholipids than in PC from other sources.
Tall oil fatty acid mixtures as a new approach to quality alkyds
Authors: Roberts George T. , Kraft William M. , Staff Donald A. , Belsky Peter
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Tall oil fatty acids may replace up to 50% of linseed or soya fatty acids, using the High Polymer Alkyd Technique, to obtain similar dry rates and resistances of conventional all‐linseed or soy long‐oil vehicles. Tall oil fatty acids also can be substituted for 25% of either linseed or soya fatty acids without adverse effects on the drying rates of conventionally prepared long‐oil alkyds.

Tall oil fatty acids likewise may be used in conjunction with the alcoholysis type of alkyds by the use of the High Polymer Technique. These vehicles show properties similar to conventional resins prepared from linseed oil and improvements over resins based on soybean oil.
Fats for the food industry: Implications for cholesterol‐lowering
Authors: Nestel Paul , Noakes Manny , Clifton Peter
Published: May 2007

The special needs of the food industry may not always coincide with what is healthiest for consumers. People always demand optimal taste, flavor and texture; they expect shelf‐stability, convenience and novelty. The edible oils and fat industry has been particularly vulnerable in this regard but has tried, often very successfully, to modify its products to take into account the customer's preferences and their health. The following review illustrates some potential strategies in the retail and commercial sectors, especially in baking, frying and food service areas. Given the large increase in the consumption of convenient, small portion meals, the fat content and composition of such meals and products will critically influence further outcomes in areas related to cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and diabetes.
Antioxidants, lipoprotein oxidation, and arterial function
Authors: Richard Bruckdorfer K.
Published: May 2007

Lipoproteins have an important influence on arterial tissues. High levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) may inhibit arterial function in terms of the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium. This inhibition is enhanced by the oxidation of these lipoproteins which may occur during the development of atherosclerosis. Many of these effects are due to lipid oxidation products. The impairment of the release of nitric oxide and vasodilatation may be partially attenuated by antioxidants. LDL may also enhance the activity of blood platelets, especially when they are mildly oxidized. Oral administration of antioxidants may decrease the activation of platelets to a limited extent. Lipid peroxides may play a role in these processes.
Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression
Authors: Adams Peter B. , Lawson Sheryl , Sanigorski Andrew , Sinclair Andrew J.
Published: May 2007

In this study of 20 moderately to severely depressed patients, diagnosed using current research diagnostic criteria and excluding known bipolar affective disorder and reactive depression, we investigated relationships between severity of depression and levels and ratios of n‐3 and n‐6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL). Severity of depression was measured using the 21‐item Hamilton depression rating scale (HRS) and a second linear rating scale (LRS) of severity of depressive symptoms that omitted anxiety symptoms. There was a significant correlation between the ratio of erythrocyte PL arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and severity of depression as rated by the HRS (P<0.05) and the LRS for depression (P< 0.01). There was also a significant negative correlation between erythrocyte EPA and the LRS (P<0.05). The AA/EPA ratio in plasma PL and the ratio of erythrocyte long‐chain (C20 and C22 carbon) n‐6 to long‐chain n‐3 PUFA were also significantly correlated with the LRS (P<0.05). These findings do not appear to be simply explained by differences in dietary intake of EPA. We cannot determine whether the high ratios of AA/EPA in both plasma and erythrocyte PL are the result of depression or whether tissue PUFA change predate the depressive symptoms. We suggest, however, that our findings provide a basis for studying the effect of the nutritional supplementation of depressed subjects, aimed at reducing the AA/EPA ratio in tissues and severity of depression.
Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on brain composition and neural function in term infants
Authors: Gibson Robert A. , Neumann Mark A. , Makrides Maria
Published: May 2007

There is a need to determine whether there is a dietary requirement for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) by term infants to achieve their full developmental potential. Studies of brain fatty acid composition demonstrated that infants who were breast fed had greater levels of cerebral cortex DHA than did infants who were formula fed, suggesting that DHA in the cerebrum is dependent on a supply in the diet. Some physiological studies reported that electrophysiological and behavioral assessments of visual function were improved in breast‐fed infants relative to those fed formula and that this was related to the length of breast feeding. While some randomized studies of DHA supplementation of infant formula to term infants demonstrated that the visual function of formula‐fed infants could be improved to breast‐fed levels by adding DHA to formula, others failed to demonstrate an effect. Variations in dietary treatments and methods of assessment make comparison of the studies difficult. Further work is necessary to rigorously establish if there are long‐term benefits of dietary DHA to the term infant.
Impact of fat substitutes on fat intake
Authors: Miller Gregory D. , Groziak Susan M.
Published: May 2007

Dietary fat is the number one nutrition concern of Americans. In response to rising consumer demand for reduced‐fat foods, the food industry has developed a multitude of nonfat, lowfat, and reduced‐fat versions of regular food products. To generate reduced‐fat or fat‐free products that have the same organoleptic characteristics of the regular fat version, food manufactures frequently employ fat substitutes in the formulation of these foods. Fat substitutes are made from either carbohydrate, protein, or fat, or a combination of these components. Researchers have questioned the impact of fat substitutes on both fat and caloric intake. The majority of research studies in which fat substitutes were either covertly or overtly substituted for dietary fat indicate that in short‐term, carefully‐controlled conditions, fat substitutes can decrease both dietary fat intake and percentage of calorie intake from fat. However, individuals compensate for the caloric deficit created by the fat substitutes by increasing their consumption of other macronutrients, primarily carbohydrate. The long‐term effect of fat substitutes on the fat intake of free‐living individuals and weight control are unknown. People tend to eat more of a food when they know that food is reduced in fat. Fat substitutes should not be considered a substitute for sound nutrition education and a healthy lifestyle which includes regular exercise.
Esterification and transesterification of 9(10)‐carboxystearic acid and its methyl esters. Kinetic studies
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Butterfield R. O. , Frankel E. N.
Published: May 2007

9(10)‐Carboxystearic acid and its mono‐ and dimethyl esters were esterified and transesterified with 1‐butanol, 2‐methoxyethanol, 2‐chloroethanol, 2,2‐dimethylpentanol, 2‐ethylhexanol and 1‐octanol. Rate studies for the sulfuric acid‐catalyzed esterification of 9(10)‐carboxystearic acid to alkyl 9(10)‐carboxystearate and alkyl 9(10)‐carboalkoxystearate indicate than on an average the terminal carboxyl is approximately 26–27 times more reactive than the branched carboxyl group. Esterification is highly dependent on catalyst concentration. Steric hindrance in 2,2‐dimethylpentanol and the electrophilic character of 2‐methoxyethanol and 2‐chloroethanol markedly retard the rate. In addition to the expected diesters, 2‐chloroethanol yields esters containing extra‐O‐CH2CH2‐ groups. The rate of transesterification of the terminal ester group of mono‐ and dimethyl esters of 9(10)‐carboxystearic acid is about two times faster than the rate of esterification of the branched carboxyl group. Transesterification of the branched 9(10)‐ester group is extremely slow.
Characteristics of beechnut oil (Fagus orientalis lipsky) of turkish origin
Authors: Dandik L. , Sahin E. , Karaosmanoğlu F. , Isiğigür A. , Aksoy H. A.
Published: May 2007

The characteristics of beechnut oil (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) of Turkish origin were investigated. The fatty acid composition was determined by capillary gas chromatography. The oil showed the characteristics of a semidrying oil.
Putting the system back into systems change: a framework for understanding and changing organizational and community systems
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Nowell Branda , Yang Huilan
Published: May 2007

Systems change has emerged as a dominant frame through which local, state, and national funders and practitioners across a wide array of fields approach their work. In most of these efforts, change agents and scholars strive to shift human services and community systems to create better and more just outcomes and improve the status quo. Despite this, there is a dearth of frameworks that scholars, practitioners, and funders can draw upon to aid them in understanding, designing, and assessing this process from a systemic perspective. This paper provides one framework—grounded in systems thinking and change literatures—for understanding and identifying the fundamental system parts and interdependencies that can help to explain system functioning and leverage systems change. The proposed framework highlights the importance of attending to both the deep and apparent structures within a system as well as the interactions and interdependencies among these system parts. This includes attending to the dominant normative, resource, regulative, and operational characteristics that dictate the behavior and lived experiences of system members. The value of engaging critical stakeholders in problem definition, boundary construction, and systems analysis are also discussed. The implications of this framework for systems change researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Implementation of extended neonatal screening and a metabolic unit in the State of Qatar: Developing and optimizing strategies in cooperation with the Neonatal Screening Center in Heidelberg
Authors: Lindner M. , Abdoh G. , Fang‐Hoffmann J. , Shabeck N. , Al Sayrafi M. , Al Janahi M. , Ho S. , Abdelrahman M. O. , Ben‐Omran T. , Bener A. , Schulze A. , Al Rifai H. , Al Thani G. , Hoffmann G. F.
Published: May 2007

Qatar is a country in the Gulf area and member of the Gulf Cooperation Council states. The country is populated by original Qatari tribes that amount to about 200 000 people and about 600 000 expatriates mainly from Arabic and Asian countries. Inbreeding over centuries and high rates of consanguinity in the Qatari population and in some groups of expatriates, in addition to large family sizes and rapid population growth, have contributed to a high frequency of autosomal recessive disorders. In December 2003 Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha and the University Children's Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany, started an extended state‐wide neonatal screening programme for metabolic and endocrine disorders, with the laboratory situated in Heidelberg, Germany. All aspects of the screening process had to be adapted to the unique situation of the laboratory being 6000 km from the birthplace of the neonates. Within 32 months, samples of 25 214 neonates were screened. In 28 cases an endocrine or metabolic diagnosis was identified (incidence 1:901, in Germany 1:1728). In particular, a variety of monogenic metabolic diseases were prevalent, with 19 patients detected giving an incidence of metabolic diseases of 1:1327 (Germany 1:2517). Each euro spent on the screening programme saved more than 25 euros in health and social costs. The programme revealed a high incidence of treatable inborn metabolic diseases in the population of Qatar. A reliable screening for classical homocystinuria showing a unique incidence of >1:3000 and for sickle cell disease has now been added.
Hsp56 mRNA in Paracentrotus lividus embryos binds to a mitochondrial protein
Authors: Di Liegro Carlo Maria , Rinaldi Anna Maria
Published: May 2007

We previously demonstrated that Paracentrotus lividus Hsp56 mitochondrial chaperonin is constitutively expressed during development, that it has a specific territorial distribution, both in normal and heat‐shocked embryos, and that its amount increases after heat shock [Roccheri MC, Patti M, Agnello M, Gianguzza F, Carra E, Rinaldi AM. Localization of mitochondrial Hsp56 chaperonin during sea urchin development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;287:1093–98] and cadmium treatment [Roccheri MC, Agnello M, Boneventura R, Matranga V. Cadmium induces the expression of specific stress proteins in sea urchin embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;321:80–7]. In this study, we looked at Hsp56 mRNA during normal development and under stress conditions. The messenger is almost constantly expressed at all stages of development and its amount is steadily increased in stressed embryos. Moreover, we found, using T1 RNase protection assay, that the most proximal region of the 3′‐UTR of the Hsp56 mRNA binds a 40 kDa protein: this factor is more abundant in the mitochondrial extract and, more specifically, in the outer membrane of the organelle.
Effect of the phytoestrogen, genistein‐8‐C‐glucoside, on Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro
Authors: Rucinska Agata , Kirko Sergej , Gabryelak Teresa
Published: May 2007

Genistein‐8‐C‐glucoside (G8CG) belongs to isoflavones, which are a subclass of flavonoids, a large group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants. A number of studies on flavonoids show their cardioprotective and antiosteoporosis properties in in vitro and in vivo models. As a phytoestrogen, genistein has recently generated interest as a potential anticancer and antiatherogenic agent. Several flavonoids are known as antioxidants and scavengers of free oxygen radicals. In the current investigation we used glycosylated genistein (genistein‐8‐C‐glucoside) from flowers of lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). Many authors have found that the action of genistein is not so simple, although many reports conducted in vitro have demonstrated that it is cytotoxic and genotoxic. Therefore, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of this compound in Chinese hamster ovary cells (line CHO) were studied. A colorimetric MTT assay to assess cytotoxicity and a Comet assay for the detection of DNA damage were used. Apoptosis was determined by the Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide staining technique. We have also demonstrated antioxidant properties of G8CG. The level of reactive oxygen species generated by G8CG alone and/or H2O2 was evaluated with fluorescence probes: dichlorofluorescein‐diacetate (DCFDA) by flow cytometry. The cells were exposed to various concentrations of genistein‐8‐C‐glucoside (1–290 μM) and hydrogen peroxide (10–130 μM) and the effect of G8CG alone or in combination with H2O2 was determined. The results reveal that G8CG at concentrations higher than 10 μM significantly reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and DNA damage. However at lower concentrations (5 and 7.5 μM), G8CG showed antioxidant properties, but had no cytotoxic or genotoxic activity.
Somatic focus/awareness: Relationship to negative affect and pain in chronic pain patients
Authors: O'Brien Erin M. , Atchison James W. , Gremillion Henry A. , Waxenberg Lori B. , Robinson Michael E.
Published: May 2007

Somatic focus refers to the tendency to notice and report physical symptoms, and has been investigated in relation to chronically painful conditions. This study investigated the relationship between somatic focus, as measured by the Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL), negative affect and pain. A secondary purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in these relationships. Participants included 280 chronic pain patients (69.6% females, 88.9% Caucasian), who completed a battery of self‐report measures on somatic focus, pain, negative affect, coping, and dysfunction. Results for the overall sample revealed that the PILL shares considerable variance with measures of negative affect, particularly with the physiological components of anxiety and depression. When the results were analyzed separately for male and female patients, it was found that several components of negative affect and cognitive factors play a stronger role in predicting somatic focus among men compared to women. Additional analyses then examined whether somatic focus was predictive of male and female patients’ pain reports. Results indicated that somatic focus explained a small, but unique amount of variance in female patients’ pain reports, which differed from the relationship observed among male patients.
Identification of alternatively spliced TIMP‐1 mRNA in cancer cell lines and colon cancer tissue
Authors: Usher P.A. , Sieuwerts A.M. , Bartels A. , Lademann U. , Nielsen H.J. , Holten-Andersen L. , Foekens J.A. , Brünner N. , Offenberg H.
Published: May 2007

TIMP‐1 is a promising new candidate as a prognostic marker in colorectal and breast cancer. We now describe the discovery of two alternatively spliced variants of TIMP‐1 mRNA. The two variants lacking exon 2 (del‐2) and 5 (del‐5), respectively, were identified in human cancer cell lines by RT‐PCR. The del‐2 variant was, furthermore, detected in extracts from 12 colorectal cancer tissue samples. By western blotting additional bands of lower molecular mass than full‐length TIMP‐1 were identified in tumor tissue, but not in plasma samples obtained from cancer patients.

The two splice variants of TIMP‐1 may hold important clinical information, and either alone or in combination with measurement of full‐length TIMP‐1 they may improve the prognostic and/or predictive value of TIMP‐1 analyses.
Dietary oxidised fat up regulates the expression of organic cation transporters in liver and small intestine and alters carnitine concentrations in liver, muscle and plasma of rats
Authors: Koch Alexander , König Bettina , Luci Sebastian , Stangl Gabriele I. , Eder Klaus
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that treatment of rats with clofibrate, a synthetic agonist of PPARα, increases mRNA concentration of organic cation transporters (OCTN)-1 and -2 and concentration of carnitine in the liver. Since oxidised fats have been demonstrated in rats to activate hepatic PPARα, we tested the hypothesis that they also up regulate OCTN. Eighteen rats were orally administered either sunflower-seed oil (control group) or an oxidised fat prepared by heating sunflower-seed oil, for 6 d. Rats administered the oxidised fat had higher mRNA concentrations of typical PPARα target genes such as acyl-CoA oxidase, cytochrome P450 4A1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferases-1A and -2 in liver and small intestine than control rats (P < 0·05). Furthermore, rats treated with oxidised fat had higher hepatic mRNA concentrations of OCTN1 (1·5-fold) and OCTN2 (3·1-fold), a higher carnitine concentration in the liver and lower carnitine concentrations in plasma, gastrocnemius and heart muscle than control rats (P < 0·05). Moreover, rats administered oxidised fat had a higher mRNA concentration of OCTN2 in small intestine (2·4-fold;P < 0·05) than control rats. In conclusion, the present study shows that an oxidised fat causes an up regulation of OCTN in the liver and small intestine. An increased hepatic carnitine concentration in rats treated with the oxidised fat is probably at least in part due to an increased uptake of carnitine into the liver which in turn leads to reduced plasma and muscle carnitine concentrations. The present study supports the hypothesis that nutrients acting as PPARα agonists influence whole-body carnitine homeostasis.
The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: Safeguarding the Interests of African States
Authors: Bekker Gina
Published: May 2007

This article examines the extent to which the decision to establish the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights was motivated by the desire of African states to safeguard their own interests at the expense of effectively protecting human rights in Africa. Using an examination of the drafting history of the Banjul Charter and the establishment of the African Commission as a background, this article explores the potential implications for the future of human rights protection on the continent as a result of the creation of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights and its proposed merger with the African Court of Justice.
The Harmonization of Business Law in Africa: Is Article 42 of the OHADA Treaty a Problem?
Authors: Enonchong Nelson
Published: May 2007

The primary function of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) is to modernize and harmonize the business laws of member states. The wider objective of OHADA is to attract foreign investment into the OHADA zone and to achieve economic integration in Africa as whole, as other African countries join OHADA. However, article 42 of the treaty establishing OHADA stipulates that French is the working language of the organization. This paper argues that this provision does not facilitate the goal of economic integration in Africa and that in one member state, Cameroon, article 42 presents serious constitutional and human rights difficulties. The paper suggests that article 42 should be amended in order to make it easier for key OHADA objectives to be attained and in order to remove the serious problems created in Cameroon.
Influence of an upper-hybrid pump on temperature relaxation processes in a magnetized plasma
Authors: PAVLENKO V. N. , PANCHENKO V. G.
Published: May 2007

By means of kinetic fluctuation theory, the relaxation process between the electron and ion temperatures in a magnetized homogeneous plasma is considered. The cases when the external upper-hybrid pump wave excites modified convective cells and ion-acoustic waves are analysed. The inverse relaxation time in the regime where the turbulent fluctuations are developed is calculated for these cases and its dependence on the pump wave and plasma parameters is deduced.
Sustainability of community-based conservation: sea turtle egg harvesting in Ostional (Costa Rica) ten years later
Authors: CAMPBELL LISA M. , HAALBOOM BETHANY J. , TROW JENNIE
Published: May 2007

In 1995, a study found that the socioeconomic benefits from a legalized commercial harvest of sea turtle eggs in Ostional (Costa Rica) were substantial and widely recognized by Ostional residents. Legal and administrative structures ensured community participation in and control of resource use, and evidence indicated support for community-based conservation (CBC) was high. In 2004, the study was repeated to assess how perceptions of the egg harvest might have changed over time. There were continued high levels of support for conservation and positive perceptions of the project's impacts on the economy, environment and community. Some explanations for impact rankings have changed, with greater emphasis on the importance of conservation and awareness of how this is achieved, greater animosity towards one government agency and greater concern about the impacts of tourism on the egg harvesting project. Between surveys, a variety of social, political and economic changes have occurred. The CBC concept has been further refined and critiqued; by examining a CBC project over time, this paper considers the durability and flexibility of the incentive, legal and administrative structures associated with a successful example of CBC.
Hyperaccretion
Authors: King Andrew R.
Published: May 2007

Accretion at rates exceeding the Eddington limit is common in close binaries. I summarize the arguments leading to the conclusion that such stellar–mass systems appear as ultraluminous X-ray sources when viewed close the the inner accretion disc axis, and like SS433 when viewed from other angles.

I show that AGN are unlikely to achieve electron–scattering Eddington ratios as high as ULXs, so there are few ULX analogues among quasars. However hyperaccretion of dusty matter is common among AGN. The resulting outflow naturally has a toroidal geometry, and may well be the origin of the dusty torus invoked in unified AGN schemes.
X-ray emission properties of BLAGN in the XMM-2dF Wide Angle Survey
Authors: Mateos S. , Watson M. G. , Tedds J. A. , Carrera F. J. , Page M. , Corral A.
Published: May 2007

We present the preliminary results of the X-ray spectral analysis of one of the largest samples of X-ray selected BLAGN assembled so far from the XMM-2dF Wide Angle Survey. The sample, with 641 spectroscopically identified BLAGN, provides a unique resource to carry out a statistical analysis of the emission properties of these objects over a broad range of X-ray luminosities and redshifts. The X-ray spectra of the majority of the objects were best fitted with a power law with a near constant mean spectral photon index. No obvious trend of this spectral parameter with X-ray luminosity or redshift was found.

We measured the mean photon index of our objects to be ∼1.96 ± 0.05 with an intrinsic dispersion σ=0.22±0.03. X-ray absorption was detected in ∼8% of the sources, with no preferred luminosity or redshift and having typical values of the absorbing column density ≤1022cm−2.
Cosmological evolution of the AGN kinetic luminosity function
Authors: Merloni Andrea , Heinz Sebastian
Published: May 2007

We present a first attempt to derive the cosmological evolution of the kinetic luminosity function of AGN based on the joint evolution of the flat spectrum radio and hard X-ray selected AGN luminosity functions. An empirical correlation between jet power and radio core luminosity is found, which is consistent with the theoretical assumption that, below a certain Eddington ratio, SMBH accrete in a radiatively inefficient way, while most of the energy output is in the form of kinetic energy.

We show how the redshift evolution of the kinetic power density from such a low-ṁ mode of accretion makes it a good candidate to explain the so-called “radio mode” of AGN feedback as outlined in many galaxy formation schemes.