bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Ortho Arylation of sp2 CH Bonds of N‐Aryl‐2‐amino Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Koley Moumita , Dastbaravardeh Navid , Schnürch Michael , Mihovilovic Marko D.
Published: June 2012

The direct arylation of N‐(2‐pyridyl) substituted anilines is described. Arylation takes place in ortho position to the amine functionality and is directed by the pyridine N‐substituent. Remarkably, N‐arylation was never observed as a competing process even though conditions also suitable for Buchwald–Hartwig reactions were applied. The scope of the reaction was investigated in terms of aryl donors as well as the electronic nature of the substrate. Good yields were obtained for most examples through an operationally simple procedure, which did not require inert conditions or even glove box techniques. Pd(OAc)2 was applied as a cheap catalyst and boronic acids as readily available aryl donors. To obtain full conversion, 1,4‐benzoquinone and a silver salt (e.g., Ag2O) were required as additives and reacted at relatively mild temperatures (e.g., 80 °C). Additionally, the pyridine‐directing group was cleaved after the reaction to give ortho‐arylated aniline derivatives.
Phosphorus(III) Cations Supported by a PNP Pincer Ligand and Sub‐Stoichiometric Generation of P4 from Thermolysis of a Nickel Insertion Product
Authors: Herbert David E. , Miller Adam D. , Ozerov Oleg V.
Published: June 2012

Neutral, mono‐, and dicationic phosphorus(III) compounds are accessible with a supporting PNP pincer ligand (PNP=[4‐Me‐2‐iPr2P‐C6H3)2N]). Reaction of (PNP)H with PCl3 and nBu3N furnished (PNP)PCl2 (1), which displays a highly temperature‐dependent structure in solution. Synthesis and characterization by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography of Cl/Br‐scrambled derivatives, a monocationic derivative [(PNP)PCl][HCB11H11] (4), and the dicationic derivatives [(PNP)P][OTf]2 (5), [(PNP)P][B(C6F5)4]2 (6), [(PNP)P][B12Cl12] (7) established that 1 not only undergoes several fluxional processes in solution but also possesses a temperature‐dependent ground state structure. Reaction of 1 with a Ni0 source initially leads to a phosphine–phosphinidene complex, followed by thermal generation of P4.
Merging Organocatalysis and Gold Catalysis—A Critical Evaluation of the Underlying Concepts
Authors: Loh Charles C. J. , Enders Dieter
Published: June 2012

While both organocatalysis and gold catalysis have their roots deeply entrenched in the landscape of modern organic chemistry, an exciting trend in the complementary merging of organocatalysis and especially AuI catalysis has emerged in the last four years. This niche area has been developing rapidly and this minireview serves to pin‐point the fundamental concepts guiding reaction design in these binary catalytic systems. Moreover, the proven synthetic utility of organo/AuI multicatalytic systems in accessing molecular frameworks, previously a challenge to single catalytic systems, has resulted in this new concept permeating numerous areas of organocatalysis, such as primary/secondary amine, Brønsted acid, hydrogen‐bonding as well as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. The first detailed account of these recent developments is systematically presented.
Chirality Effects on the IRMPD Spectra of Basket Resorcinarene/Nucleoside Complexes
Authors: Filippi Antonello , Fraschetti Caterina , Piccirillo Susanna , Rondino Flaminia , Botta Bruno , D'Acquarica Ilaria , Calcaterra Andrea , Speranza Maurizio
Published: June 2012

The IRMPD spectra of the ESI‐formed proton‐bound complexes of the R,R,R,R‐ and S,S,S,S‐enantiomers of a bis(diamido)‐bridged basket resorcin[4]arene (R and S) with cytosine (1), cytidine (2), and cytarabine (3) were measured in the region 2800–3600 cm−1. Comparison of the IRMPD spectra with the corresponding ONIOM (B3LYP/6‐31(d):UFF)‐calculated absorption frequencies allowed the assessment of the vibrational modes that are responsible for the observed spectroscopic features. All of the complexes investigated, apart from [R⋅H⋅3]+, showed similar IRMPD spectra, which points to similar structural and conformational landscapes. Their IRMPD spectra agree with the formation of several isomeric structures in the ESI source, wherein the N(3)‐protonated guest establishes noncovalent interactions with the host amidocarbonyl groups that are either oriented inside the host cavity or outside it between one of the bridged side‐chains and the upper aromatic nucleus. The IRMPD spectrum of the [R⋅H⋅3]+ complex was clearly different from the others. This difference is attributed to the effect of intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the C(2′)OH group and the aglycone oxygen atom of the nucleosidic guest upon repulsive interactions between the same oxygen atom and the aromatic rings of the host.
Plant Cystoliths: A Complex Functional Biocomposite of Four Distinct Silica and Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Phases
Authors: Gal Assaf , Hirsch Anna , Siegel Stefan , Li Chenghao , Aichmayer Barbara , Politi Yael , Fratzl Peter , Weiner Steve , Addadi Lia
Published: June 2012

Plant cystoliths are mineralized objects that are formed by specialized cells in the leaves of certain plants. The main mineral component of cystoliths by volume is amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and the minor component is silica. We show that the silica stalk is formed first and is essential for ACC formation. Furthermore, the cystolith is shown to be composed of four distinct mineral phases with different chemical properties: an almost pure silica phase grades into a Mg‐rich silica phase. This Mg‐rich silica is overlaid by a relatively stable ACC phase. A bulky and less stable ACC phase encapsulates the first ACC phase. This architecture poses interesting questions about the role of Mg in the silica phase and suggests a strategy for ACC stabilization that takes advantage of a precise regulation of the mineral‐growth microenvironment.
Eurocode 6 Teil 3 – Bemessung von Mauerwerkswänden nach dem vereinfachten Verfahren
Authors: Hauer Markus
Published: June 2012

Auch nach der Umstellung auf den Eurocode 6 steht mit dessen Teil 3 eine vereinfachte Berechnungsmethode zur Verfügung. Wesentliche Teile aus dem Eurocode 6 wurden bereits im Jahr 2004 in DIN 1053‐100 für die Berechnung von Mauerwerk mit semiprobabilistischem Sicherheitskonzept aufgenommen. Die aus dieser Norm bekannten Gleichungen werden nun für teilweise aufliegende Deckenplatten ergänzt. Zusätzlich wird für Mauerwerksbauten bis drei Geschosse ein stark vereinfachtes Bemessungskonzept angeboten.

Eurocode 6 Part 3 – Design of masonry walls according to the simplified calculation method. Eurocode 6 provides simplified calculation methods for masonry structures.

The main basics from Eurocode 6 are well known in Germany from DIN 1053‐100, which already introduced semiprobalistic considerations for masonry structures.

The equations from DIN 1053‐100 had been completed for partially supported wall‐floor junctions. Furthermore an even more simplified calculation method was introduced for building structures up to three storeys.
Harvest selection on Atlantic cod behavioral traits: implications for spatial management
Authors: Olsen Esben Moland , Heupel Michelle R. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Moland Even
Published: June 2012

Harvesting wild populations may contrast or reinforce natural agents of selection and potentially cause evolutionary changes in life‐history traits such as growth and maturation. Harvest selection may also act on behavioral traits, although this field of research has so far received less attention. We used acoustic tags and a network of receivers to monitor the behavior and fate of individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, N= 60) in their natural habitat on the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Fish with a strong diel vertical migration, alternating between shallow‐ and deep‐water habitats, had a higher risk of being captured in the fishery (traps, gillnet, hand line) as compared to fish that stayed in deeper water. There was also a significant negative correlation between fish size (30–66 cm) and the magnitude of diel vertical migration. Natural selection on behavior was less clear, but tended to favor fish with a large activity space. On a monthly time scale we found significant repeatabilities for cod behavior, meaning that individual characteristics tended to persist and therefore may be termed personality traits. We argue that an evolutionary approach to fisheries management should consider fish behavior. This would be of particular relevance for spatial management actions such as marine reserve design.
Soil properties affect pinyon pine – juniper response to drought
Authors: Peterman Wendy , Waring Richard H. , Seager Trent , Pollock William L.
Published: June 2012

Since the late 1990s, drought‐driven dieback has affected more than a million hectares of pinyon pine‐juniper woodlands in the southwestern USA. Analysis of annual aerial surveys by the US Forest Service and soil survey data shows that most of the mortality occurred between 2003 and 2004 and that 70% was restricted to soils mapped as having available water storage capacities (Ac) <100 mm. We conducted a more refined analysis and found that asAcincreased in increments of 50 mm up to 300 mm, the distribution of areas with observed mortality decreased exponentially from 42% to 3% (n = 6 classes,r2 = 0.93). We used this information in a process‐based stand growth model, physiological principles predicting growth, to assess year to year variation in gross photosynthesis between 1985 and 2005 with climatic data at monthly intervals from four weather stations where pinyon‐juniper woodlands were confirmed by satellite imagery. A sensitivity analysis identified sustained periods of drought and supported field observations that once canopy leaf area approaches a maximum value, the majority of mortality should be restricted to soils withAcvalues <100 mm. Additional analyses indicated that differences in soil texture played a small part (<10%) in the variation of gross photosynthesis and that consecutive years of drought may have a cumulative effect on pinyon pine vulnerability to bark beetle attack. Disturbances reducing canopy leaf area index should result in less pine mortality in the future, although conversion to shrub and grassland may occur if climate conditions continue to become less favorable. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioinspired Ion Recognition in Hexanuclear Copper Pyrazolate Metallacycles
Authors: Galassi Rossana , Burini Alfredo , Mohamed Ahmed A.
Published: June 2012

The chemistry of anion‐encapsulation assemblies in copper pyrazolates is reminiscent of the work on the halide‐ and chalcogenide‐centered cubic copper(I) dithiolates. Great efforts have been made to determine the relationship between the design of the ligands, reaction conditions, and the structure of the metallacycles. Fine‐tuning the substituent on the pyrazole ligand and controlling the reaction stoichiometry has led to the synthesis of cages, crowns, and anticrowns. These metallacycles are composed of six copper atoms interlinked by the same number of pyrazolate ligands and encapsulate an anion in the cavity.
Preparation of Carboxylato‐Coordinated Titanium Alkoxides from Carboxylic Anhydrides: Alkoxido Group Transfer from Metal Atom to Carbonyl Group
Authors: Czakler Matthias , Artner Christine , Schubert Ulrich
Published: June 2012

Reaction of titanium(IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OiPr)4, with an equimolar amount of phthalic anhydride resulted in the transfer of an isopropoxido group from the metal atom to one carbonyl group of the anhydride and coordination of the thus formed monoester to the titanium atom. One monoester ligand in Ti2(OiPr)6(μ2‐OOC‐C6H4‐COOiPr)(η1‐OOC‐C6H4‐COOiPr)(iPrOH) is bridging and the other is η1‐coordinated. When the reaction is performed in the presence of 1 mol‐equiv. of acetic acid, the oxido cluster Ti6(μ3‐O)6(OiPr)6(μ2‐OOC‐C6H4‐COOiPr)6 was instead obtained. The μ3‐oxygen groups in the latter compound are due to esterification of acetic acid by the cleaved isopropyl alcohol.
Practical Oxidative Homo‐ and Heterocoupling of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Immobilized Copper in MCM‐41
Authors: Xiao Ruian , Yao Ruiya , Cai Mingzhong
Published: June 2012

A practical oxidative homo‐ and heterocoupling of terminal alkynes was achieved in CH2Cl2 at 25 °C by using a 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyl‐functionalized MCM‐41‐immobilized copper(I) complex (MCM‐41–2N‐CuI, 1 mol‐%) as the catalyst, piperidine (0.1 or 3 equiv.) as the base, and air as the environmentally friendly co‐oxidant, yielding a variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,4‐disubstituted 1,3‐diynes in good to excellent yields. This heterogeneous copper catalyst showed a higher catalytic activity than CuI and can be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration of the reaction mixture and used for at least 10 consecutive runs without any decrease in activity.
Mechanistic Insight into the Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [3+2+2] Cocyclization of Ethyl Cyclopropylideneacetate with Alkynes: DFT Calculations
Authors: An Yanhong , Cheng Caihong , Pan Ben , Wang Zhihong
Published: June 2012

DFT investigations were employed to explore the complete reaction mechanism of the nickel‐catalyzed [3+2+2] cocyclization of ethyl cyclopropylideneacetate and alkynes. The lowest‐energy pathway involves the formation of a π complex between the methylenecyclopropane moiety and the nickel atom and occurs through a sequence of ring‐opening and ring‐closing reactions with C–C bond formation as the rate‐determining step. The crucial conversion of nickelacycloheptadiene to an eight‐membered nickelacycle was suggested to happen in a stepwise mechanism instead of the previously proposed cyclopropenyl–butenyl rearrangement.
A fault location method based on genetic algorithm for high‐voltage direct current transmission line
Authors: Li Yongli , Zhang Shuo , Li Hongbo , Zhai Yongchang , Zhang Weiya , Nie Yao
Published: June 2012

A fault location method based on genetic algorithm for high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line is proposed in this article. This method adopts the Bergeron model of transmission line, in which the voltage at any point of the line can be calculated by the voltage and current data sampled at both terminals of the line, and the fault position can be identified using the distributed characteristics of voltage along the line. Unlike the traditional fault location methods based on the Bergeron model, which depend on accurate line parameters and highly synchronized samples at two terminals of the line, the proposed method takes line parameters and asynchronous time at two terminals of the line together with the unknown fault location as the variables in model building to obtain the fault location. As an optimization problem, the model is solved by genetic algorithm. The significant advantage of the method is that it can reduce the influence of line parameter deviation and asynchronous samples at two terminals to the fault location result. The purpose of proposing this method is to avoid the situation without location result for the traveling wave fault location method when a grounding fault occurred with high resistance and to improve the accuracy of fault location result under harsh environment condition. The simulation model of a typical 500 kV HVDC transmission line in the Chinese power system was built by PSCAD, and MATLAB was used to verify the algorithm. Actual fault recording data obtained from the south grid of China were used to test the effectiveness of this method. Simulation results show that the proposed method is valid and is capable of eliminating the influence of line parameters deviation and asynchronous data on the accuracy of fault location results for the HVDC transmission line. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INFERTILITY INSURANCE MANDATES AND MULTIPLE BIRTHS
Authors: Buckles Kasey S.
Published: June 2012

In 2002, 15.4% of women of childbearing age in the USA reported struggles with infertility. Over the past 3 decades, drugs and assisted reproductive technologies have been developed to treat infertility, but treatment is costly. Since 1985, several states have adopted insurance mandates that require providers to cover or offer infertility treatments. In this paper, I examine the impact of strong mandate‐to‐cover laws on multiple births, which are associated with infertility treatment use. I also investigate whether the laws had heterogeneous treatment effects.

Using birth certificate data from 1980–2002, I show that the laws had a small and statistically insignificant impact on multiple birth rates. However, I find that there were over 5300 mandate‐induced triplet and higher‐order births over the period, for which the delivery costs alone are estimated to be over $900 million. Increases in multiple birth rates are only observed for women over 30 and are greater for women who are married, white, or have a college degree. This is consistent with previous work, which finds that the mandates did not reduce disparities in treatment use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SOCIAL BENEFITS AND ABATEMENT COSTS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM RESTORING DRAINED FEN WETLANDS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE ELBE RIVER BASIN (GERMANY)
Authors: Grossmann Malte , Dietrich Ottfried
Published: June 2012

This paper presents estimates of the costs and benefits of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through fen wetland restoration. This study takes previous research on GHG emissions from peat wetlands further by coupling water‐level‐dependent emission functions with a landscape‐ and basin‐scale assessment of the hydrology and water management of wetlands. For this purpose we use a water management model for the Elbe River Basin that includes the major lowland fen wetland sites as water users. Based on the resultant estimates of the GHG emissions of wetlands and the reduction potential of management options under a more realistic description of water availability, this paper provides improved estimates of the benefits of restoration in terms of the shadow price of carbon and the GHG abatement costs of wetland restoration measures. An econometric approach is used to develop abatement cost estimates for wetland restoration.

We find mean current emissions over 35 wetland sites (3840 km²) to be in the range of 17.5–25.5 tCO2e ha‐1. The median of estimated abatement costs for fen stabilisation scenarios are within a range of €10–20 tCO2e‐1 and for restoration scenarios in a range of €7–14 tCO2e‐1. Fen wetland restoration can therefore potentially contribute to mitigation targets at low cost. An approach focused on restoration is a more efficient strategy compared to an approach centred on agri‐environmental schemes, even though both components are required in a zoning approach. However the effects of climatic change may reduce the effectiveness of wetland restoration measures by roughly 50%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phototoxic effects of fluorescent protein KillerRed on tumor cells in mice
Authors: Shirmanova Marina V. , Serebrovskaya Ekaterina O. , Lukyanov Konstantin A. , Snopova Ludmila B. , Sirotkina Marina A. , Prodanetz Natalia N. , Bugrova Marina L. , Minakova Ekaterina A. , Turchin Ilya V. , Kamensky Vladislav A. , Lukyanov Sergey A. , Zagaynova Elena V.
Published: June 2012

KillerRed is known to be a unique red fluorescent protein displaying strong phototoxic properties. Its effectiveness has been shown previously for killing bacterial and cancer cells in vitro. Here, we investigated the photototoxicity of the protein on tumor xenografts in mice. HeLa Kyoto cell line stably expressing KillerRed in mitochondria and in fusion with histone H2B was used. Irradiation of the tumors with 593 nm laser led to photobleaching of KillerRed indicating photosensitization reaction and caused significant destruction of the cells and activation of apoptosis. The portion of the dystrophically changed cells increased from 9.9% to 63.7%, and the cells with apoptosis hallmarks from 6.3% to 14%. The results of this study suggest KillerRed as a potential genetically encoded photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in ischemic heart disease
Authors: von Knobelsdorff‐Brenkenhoff Florian , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette
Published: June 2012

Ischemic heart disease is the most frequent etiology for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early detection and accurate monitoring are essential to guide optimal patient treatment and assess the individual's prognosis. In this regard, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), which entered the arena of noninvasive cardiovascular imaging over the past two decades, became a very important imaging modality, mainly due to its unique versatility. CMR has proven accuracy and is a robust technique for the assessment of myocardial function both at rest and during stress. It also allows stress perfusion analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution, and provides a means by which to differentiate tissue such as distinguishing between reversibly and irreversibly injured myocardium. In particular, the latter aspect is a unique benefit of CMR compared with other noninvasive imaging modalities such as echocardiography and nuclear medicine, and provides novel information concerning the presence, size, transmurality, and prognosis of myocardial infarction. This article is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the various applications of CMR for the assessment of ischemic heart disease from a clinical perspective. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:20–38. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climatic response to changes in vegetation in the Northwest Hetao Plain as simulated by the WRF model
Authors: Yu Entao , Wang Huijun , Sun Jianqi , Gao Yongqi
Published: June 2012

Considering the ‘Green Great Wall’ project and future climate change, the vegetation in the Northwest Hetao Plain (NWHP) of China is expected to undergo considerable changes. In this study, the climatic response to prescribed changes in vegetation is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. When the vegetation is changed from ‘bare or sparsely vegetated’ category to ‘grassland’ in the NWHP, the climate shows both local and remote responses. Locally, the temperature increases in the winter but decreases in the summer. The precipitation level increases substantially in the summer while increases slightly in the winter, which is mainly caused by the increase in the amount of water‐vapour and circulation adjustment. Additionally, atmospheric circulation anomalies also lead to remote circulation responses, including a decrease in precipitation over Central North China and an increase in precipitation over Central and South China. The results of this study bring to light the local and remote climatic responses to changes in vegetation in the NWHP using a state‐of‐the‐art regional climate model. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Forecasting the onset of cloud‐to‐ground lightning using radar and upper‐air data in Romania
Authors: Antonescu Bogdan , Burcea Sorin , Tǎnase Adrian
Published: June 2012

A method for forecasting the onset of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flashes is examined. Reflectivity data and upper‐air measurements were analysed for 49 convective storms observed in 36 different days over southern Romania during the convective season (May–September) from 2003 to 2005. The radar reflectivity data were associated with the CG lightning flash locations obtained from the Romanian National Lightning Detection Network. The CG lightning initiation signature is based on reflectivity thresholds (35 and 40 dBZ) at a given environmental temperature aloft (−10 and − 15 °C). We have found that the best predictor is the 35 dBZ radar reflectivity at the height of the − 10 °C isotherm, with a probability of detection of 95%, and mean lead time of 17 min before the first CG lightning. In previous studies, it was found that the onset of CG lightning flashes had greater threshold value for reflectivity (40 dBZ) and shorter lead time (13 min). The results presented in this study are currently used in the nowcasting operational activities at the Romanian National Meteorological Administration. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Smad8/BMP2‐engineered mesenchymal stem cells induce accelerated recovery of the biomechanical properties of the achilles tendon
Authors: Pelled Gadi , Snedeker Jess G. , Ben‐Arav Ayelet , Rigozzi Samuela , Zilberman Yoram , Kimelman‐Bleich Nadav , Gazit Zulma , Müller Ralph , Gazit Dan
Published: June 2012

Tendon tissue regeneration is an important goal for orthopedic medicine. We hypothesized that implantation of Smad8/BMP2‐engineered MSCs in a full‐thickness defect of the Achilles tendon (AT) would induce regeneration of tissue with improved biomechanical properties. A 2 mm defect was created in the distal region of murine ATs. The injured tendons were then sutured together or given implants of genetically engineered MSCs (GE group), non‐engineered MSCs (CH3 group), or fibrin gel containing no cells (FG group). Three weeks later the mice were killed, and their healing tendons were excised and processed for histological or biomechanical analysis. A biomechanical analysis showed that tendons that received implants of genetically engineered MSCs had the highest effective stiffness (>70% greater than natural healing, p < 0.001) and elastic modulus. There were no significant differences in either ultimate load or maximum stress among the treatment groups. Histological analysis revealed a tendon‐like structure with elongated cells mainly in the GE group. ATs that had been implanted with Smad8/BMP2‐engineered stem cells displayed a better material distribution and functional recovery than control groups. While additional study is required to determine long‐term effects of GE MSCs on tendon healing, we conclude that genetically engineered MSCs may be a promising therapeutic tool for accelerating short‐term functional recovery in the treatment of tendon injuries. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1932–1939, 2012
Stability of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the lesser toes: A cadaveric study
Authors: Suero Eduardo M. , Meyers Kathleen N. , Bohne Walter H.O.
Published: June 2012

Dorsal instability of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) of the lesser toes is an important cause of forefoot pain. Both conservative and surgical treatment options have been proposed. However, the role of each static stabilizing structure has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that isolated sectioning of the plantar plate (PP) would result in greater dorsal translation compared to isolated sectioning of the medial collateral ligaments (MCL) or lateral (LCL) collateral ligaments, or the extensor hood (EH), and that combined injury to two or more structures would result in greater dorsal translation compared to isolated PP injury. Fifty‐four cadaveric lesser toe specimens were randomized into groups for individual and combined sectioning of the PP, EH, and LCL and MCL. A 30 N axial load was applied to each specimen in the plantar–dorsal direction and dorsal translation of the phalanx was measured for each condition. ANOVA was used to compare groups. A 19% change in MTP translation was found from intact after sectioning the PP. No significant difference in translation was seen after individual sectioning of the EH, MCL, or LCL. A significant increase in translation occurred from intact with the following sectioning combinations: MCL + LCL, 37%; EH + MCL + LCL, 45%; and PP + MCL + LCL, 63%. Thus, the PP is the main restraint for dorsal MTPJ translation. MCL and LCL have important partial contribution to MTPJ stability. Injury to the PP, individually, or combined injuries to the PP, EH, MCL, or LCL, appear to cause significant instability that may warrant more aggressive treatment. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1995–1998, 2012
Effect of Echinacea purpurea L. on oxidative status and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers
Authors: Lee Tzu Tai , Ciou Jhih Ying , Chen Chung Li , Yu Bi
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Echinacea purpurea L. (EP) is a popular herbal antioxidant and immunomodulator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of EP on meat quality and oxidative status in broilers. Two hundred and fifty (1‐day‐old) male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated to five groups including the control (corn‐soybean meal diet) and 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP powder groups, with two replicates per treatment group.

RESULTS: The results indicated that the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% EP significantly increased water‐holding capacity and decreased storage loss of breast and thigh fillets at 35 days old. For fillet colour, L* (lightness) values were lower, and a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were higher with EP supplementation. Lower crude fat contents were observed in EP groups in comparison with control at 35 days of age in breast and thigh fillets, respectively. Production of malondialdehyde was slightly reduced in serum of EP supplemented birds compared to the control group. Results for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher for the 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP supplemental groups than control group in serum. Liver and spleen tissues results showed that the antioxidative enzymes activities were higher with EP powder at 35 days of age.

CONCLUSION: Dried EP can be used as a feed additive to improve the meat quality and oxidative status in Arbor Acres broilers. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
The Factor Structure of Tourist Satisfaction at Pilgrimage Destinations: the Case of Medjugorje
Authors: Krešić Damir , Mikulić Josip , Miličević Katarina
Published: June 2012

Although there is an abundance of studies on secular tourist satisfaction and perceived quality of respective tourist destinations, these issues have remained largely neglected when it comes to pilgrimage destinations. The objective of this paper thus is to investigate the key drivers of tourist satisfaction in a pilgrimage destination context by using the case of Medjugorje, one of the most renowned shrines to the Virgin Mary in the world. A recently proposed moderated regression analysis is used to explore whether individual destination attributes can be classified into factors with either a larger or smaller potential to generate satisfaction than dissatisfaction, according to the three‐factor theory of customer satisfaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous Polysaccharide‐Based Scaffolds for Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Lavergne Mélanie , Derkaoui Mohammed , Delmau Catherine , Letourneur Didier , Uzan Georges , Le Visage Catherine
Published: June 2012

Human ECFCs contribute to vascular repair. For this reason, they are considered as valuable cell therapy products in ischemic diseases. Porous scaffolds are prepared that are composed of natural polysaccharides, pullulan and dextran, by chemical crosslinking without use of organic solvents. These porous scaffolds, which have pores with an average size of 42 µm and a porosity of 21%, preserve the viability and the proliferation of cord‐blood ECFCs. After 7 d of culture in porous scaffolds, ECFCs express endothelial markers (CD31 and vWf) and maintain endothelial functions. The cultured cells can be easily retrieved by enzymatic degradation of the porous scaffolds. In vitro results suggest that the porous scaffold could allow cell delivery of ECFCs for treatment of vascular diseases.

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Manufacturing of Surface Relief Structures in Moving Substrates Using Photoembossing and Pulsed‐Interference Holography
Authors: Picot Olivier T. , Alcalá Rafael , Sánchez Carlos , Dai Mian , Hughes‐Brittain Nanayaa F. , Broer Dirk J. , Peijs Ton , Bastiaansen Cees W. M.
Published: June 2012

Photoembossing is a cost‐effective technique for the production of complex surface relief structures in a photopolymer film, achieved via contact‐mask exposure to UV‐light. Here, photoembossing is explored using interference holography with a CW laser and a nanosecond pulsed laser. It is shown that identical surface relief structures are produced if the photopolymer film is kept in a fixed position. In the case of a moving substrate, relief structures are only obtained with the pulsed laser and the heights of the relief structures and their shape are the same as in the static experiments. This illustrates that photoembossing in combination with pulsed laser interference holography is potentially useful in the production of large area structured films using roll‐to‐roll processes.

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Global attractor for the Navier–Stokes equations with the heat convection in a cylindrical pipe
Authors: Kacprzyk Piotr
Published: June 2012

Global existence of regular solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the heat convection in a cylindrical pipe has already been shown. In this paper, we prove the existence of the global attractor to the equations and convergence of their solutions to a stationary one. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upper (lower) bounds of the eigenvalues, spread and the open problems for the real symmetric interval matrices
Authors: Wu Junliang
Published: June 2012

This work is concerned with exploring the upper bounds and lower bounds of the eigenvalues of real symmetric matrices of order n whose entries are in a given interval. It gives the maximum and minimum of the eigenvalues and the upper bounds of spread of real symmetric interval matrices in all cases. It also gives the answers of the open problems for the maximum and minimum of the eigenvalues of real symmetric interval matrices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extension of the Tau numerical algorithm for the solution of linear and nonlinear Lane–Emden equations
Authors: Karimi Vanani S. , Soleymani F.
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical algorithm for solving the Lane–Emden equations as singular initial value problems. The proposed algorithm is based on an operational Tau method (OTM). The main idea behind the OTM is to convert the desired problem to some operational matrices. Firstly, we use a special integral operator and convert the Lane–Emden equations to integral equations. Then, we use OTM to linearize the integral equations to some operational matrices and convert the problem to an algebraic system. The concepts, properties, and advantages of OTM and its application for solving Lane–Emden equations are presented. Some orthogonal polynomials are also used to reduce the volume of computations. Finally, several experiments of Lane–Emden equations including linear and nonlinear terms are given to illustrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green tea epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) promotes neural progenitor cell proliferation and sonic hedgehog pathway activation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Li Maoquan , Xu Xueqing , Song Min , Tao Huansheng , Bai Yun
Published: June 2012

Scope

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a lifelong feature of brain plasticity that appears to be critically involved in adult brain function and neurological disease. Recent studies suggest that (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), which is the main polyphenolic constituent of green tea, may be used for the prevention and treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that EGCG promotes adult neurogenesis, which may be beneficial to hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory.

Methods and results

We show that EGCG treatment significantly increased the number of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐labeled cells in adult hippocampal neural progenitor cell (NPC) cultures and in the dentate gyrus of adult mice. Meanwhile, EGCG markedly improved spatial cognition in mice. These events are associated with the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. We observed that EGCG triggered a robust upregulation of Shh receptor (Patched) mRNA and protein expression in cultured NPCs as well as an upregulation of the downstream Shh transcriptional target Gli1. These changes were further confirmed in the hippocampus of mice administered EGCG. The blockage of the Shh signal with the pharmacological inhibitor cyclopamine attenuated EGCG‐induced hippocampal neurogenesis.

Conclusion

Our results provide strong evidence that EGCG enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
A unified formulation for interface coupling and frictional contact modeling with embedded error estimation
Authors: Masud Arif , Truster Timothy J. , Bergman Lawrence A.
Published: June 2012

We present a derivation of a new interface formulation via a merger of continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin concepts, enhanced by the variational multiscale method. Developments herein provide treatment for the pure‐displacement form and mixed form of small deformation elasticity as applied to the solution of two problem classes: domain decomposition and contact mechanics with friction. The proposed framework seamlessly accommodates merger of different element types within subregions of the computational domain and nonmatching element faces along embedded interfaces. These features are retained in the treatment of multibody small deformation contact problems as well, where an unbiased treatment of the contact interface stands in contrast to classical master/slave constructs. Numerical results for problems in two and three spatial dimensions illustrate the robustness and versatility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New criteria on stability analysis for uncertain neutral system with mixed time‐varying delays
Authors: Chen Huabin
Published: June 2012

This paper mainly studies the problem of the robustly stability analysis for uncertain neutral system with mixed time‐varying delays. By constructing an augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, some new delay‐dependent criteria can be established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Compared with some existing results, our delay‐dependent criteria can be shown to be some less conservative ones via some illustrative numerical examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis for thalassaemia in Egypt: what changed parents' attitude?
Authors: El‐Beshlawy A. , El‐Shekha A. , Momtaz M. , Said F. , Hamdy M. , Osman O. , Meshaal S. , Gafaar T. , Petrou M.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To present the current status of the prenatal diagnosis services and results from the largest thalassaemia center in Egypt treating 3000 patients. Traditionally, prenatal diagnosis has not been successful in reducing the births of affected children in Egypt, because the majority of women undergoing prenatal diagnosis continued to have affected pregnancies.

Methods

Seventy‐one pregnant mothers at risk for β‐thalassaemia underwent prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling (n = 57) or amniocentesis (n = 14) between 11 to 14 weeks of gestation. Molecular characterization of fetal DNA by reverse dot blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction‐amplification refractory mutation system techniques was conducted in all cases.

Results

Twenty‐four women (33.8%) were found to have affected fetuses; 100% of these women opted to terminate the pregnancy. The change in attitude towards termination of pregnancy was related to in‐depth counseling of the religious aspects towards prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy. Forty‐eight women (66.2%) with normal or carrier fetuses for β‐thal requested human leukocyte antigen typing of the fetal material to determine if the fetus was a human leukocyte antigen match for their existing thalassaemic siblings.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that prenatal diagnosis is feasible and acceptable in Egypt, a Muslim country, provided an in‐depth discussion, which also addresses the religious considerations of prevention, is held with the couples. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indole‐based polymer and its silver nanocomposite as advanced antibacterial agents: synthetic path, kinetics of polymerization and applications
Authors: Srivastava Ambika , Singh Pooja , Kumar Rajesh , Verma Satish Kumar , Kharwar Ravindra Nath
Published: June 2012

Atom transfer radical polymerization of 1‐allylindole‐3‐carbaldehyde (AIC) was studied by employing 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide as initiator in toluene. It led to controlled radical polymerization of AIC, with an increase of molecular weight along with the conversion of the monomer, and a relatively narrow molar mass distribution was obtained, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The living nature of poly(1‐allylindole‐3‐carbaldehyde) (PAIC) was confirmed by the chain extension polymerization whereas 1H NMR analysis showed that the major population of PAIC retained the chain‐end functional group. PAIC and its silver nanocomposite were found to be biologically active against some tested bacterial pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests revealed that PAIC exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonae whereas PAIC/Ag nanocomposite showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and K. pneumonae. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing the double burden of depression and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: June 2012

About a third of patients with Parkinson's disease show clinically significant symptoms of depression, which often emerge before the motor symptoms and the risk persists throughout the course of the disease. Recent studies indicate that depression in Parkinson's disease is as treatable as it is in the general population and shed more light on its optimal management.
Distinctive thermodynamic properties of solute–solvent hydrogen bonds in self‐associated solvents
Authors: Sedov Igor A. , Solomonov Boris N.
Published: June 2012

Solute–solvent hydrogen bonding affects reactivity and other properties of dissolved species. In self‐associated media, because of cooperativity and solvent reorganization, the thermodynamic functions of solute bonding with bulk solvent can be different from those of bimolecular solute–solvent complexes. Using available experimental data on the Gibbs free energies of solvation in aliphatic alcohols and water, we have determined the energies of solute–solvent hydrogen bonding for various proton accepting solutes. We show that the increase in the strength of hydrogen bonds because of the cooperative effect is strong for bonding with bulk water and significantly less so with bulk aliphatic alcohols. The hydrogen bonding Gibbs free energies for the same solute with bulk water and alcohol are correlated, but they correlate poorly with the energies of formation of the corresponding bimolecular solute–solvent complexes. Thus, the traditional hydrogen bond basicity scales, based on data for bimolecular complexes, do not correctly describe the thermodynamics of hydrogen bonding with self‐associated solvents. Our results may help to define a separate solute basicity scale for associated media. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping of polyvinylidene difluoride with cobalt nitrate: Structural, electrical, and magnetic properties
Authors: Fontaine Katie , Lopez Wendy , Crisman Everett , Derov John , Euler William B.
Published: June 2012

Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) doped with a few percentage of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate induces transition into the ferroelectric β‐phase. Infrared spectra show peaks indicative of β‐phase PVDF at 1277 cm−1 and loss of the α‐phase peak at 790 cm−1 while polarization measurements show loops consistent with relaxor ferroelectric behavior. Electronic spectroscopy shows that the Co2+ ion is in a six‐coordinate environment, and this is confirmed by magnetic susceptibility. Thermal measurements show that the PVDF melts near 155 °C, depending on the Co2+ content, and that there are several other thermal features that are associated with the hydrated cobalt nitrate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Etching and Deposition Mechanism of an Alcohol Plasma on Polycarbonate and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate): An Adhesion Promotion Mechanism for Plasma Deposited a:SiOxCyHz Coating
Authors: Hall Colin J. , Murphy Peter J. , Griesser Hans J.
Published: June 2012

Favourable properties of polycarbonate have led to it replacing glass in many applications; however it does require a protective coating. Plasma deposited protective coatings of amorphous SiOxCyHz have, however, shown marginal adhesion to polycarbonate. This study has shown that plasma pre‐treatments using vapours from the alcohol family improved the coating adhesion on two types of polycarbonate. It is suggested that these plasmas both etch the polycarbonate and deposit a thin plasma polymer layer. It was previously reported that a similar adhesion improvement was obtained on PMMA, however under shorter treatment times. The variation has been linked to the difference in etch rates of the two polymers. This has led to an improved understanding of the etching mechanism of both polymers when exposed to radicals.

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Growth mechanism of thermally processed Cu(In,Ga)S2 precursors for printed Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells
Authors: Klugius Ines , Miller Rebekah , Quintilla Aina , Friedlmeier Theresa M. , Blázquez‐Sánchez David , Ahlswede Erik , Powalla Michael
Published: June 2012

We investigate a process used for the selenisation of particle‐based precursors to prepare low‐cost Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) solar cells. It is suitable for high throughput with a short optimum selenisation duration of 3–5 min and employs a rapid thermal annealing system with elemental selenium vapour. Homogeneous crack‐free Cu(In,Ga)S2 precursor films of up to 1 µm are obtained via doctor blading. The high selenium vapour pressure in the selenisation reaction chamber results in the formation of a compact Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 layer on top of a carbon‐rich underlayer. In order to investigate the phase development in the film, the selenisation process was interrupted at different stages and the samples were monitored via XRD and surface‐sensitive Raman measurements. We find the formation of a polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 phase already after 1 s at the target temperature of 550 °C. Furthermore, the effect of initial precursor thickness on solar cell parameters is discussed. Complete solar cells are prepared by conventional methods, leading to conversion efficiencies well above 8%. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Properties of Nepeta crassifolia Boiss & Buhse and Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad
Authors: Tundis Rosa , Nadjafi Farsad , Menichini Francesco
Published: June 2012

This article reports phytochemical and biological studies on Nepeta binaludensis and Nepeta crassifolia. Both species were investigated for their angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties through three in vitro models [2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay]. Aerial parts were extracted with methanol and partitioned between water and subsequently n‐hexane, ethyl acetate and n‐butanol. N. binaludensis methanol extract exerted significantly higher reducing power (1.9 μM Fe(II)/g) than did the positive control butylhydroxytoluene (63.2 μM Fe(II)/g) in FRAP assay. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found for N. crassifolia, with IC50 values of 9.6 and 12.1 µg/mL for ethyl acetate and n‐butanol fractions, respectively. n‐Butanol fraction of both species showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 59.3 and 81.7 µg/mL for N. binaludensis and N. crassifolia, respectively. Phytochemical investigations resulted in the isolation of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, apigenin, luteolin and ixoroside. Apigenin‐7‐O‐glucoside, 8‐hydroxycirsimaritin and cirsimaritin were furthermore identified in N. crassifolia ethyl acetate‐soluble fraction. Nepetanudoside B was isolated from the n‐butanol fraction of N. binaludensis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.