bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Systems in Developmental Science
Authors: Witherington David C.
Published: March 2015

In its mathematical, methodological, and conceptual grounding, the dynamic systems (DS) approach to development offers a unique, relationally focused model for understanding developmental process. Proponents of the DS approach, however, are metatheoretically divided with respect to what constitutes the very nature of explanation in developmental science, resulting in two distinct ontological frameworks within the approach: an inclusive, pluralistic framework and an exclusive, monistic framework. The purpose of this chapter is to articulate the metatheoretical divide that currently exists within theDSapproach and to address the implications of this divide for realization of the approach's potential as a Relational‐Developmental‐Systems paradigm. The chapter begins with an overview of historical influences on theDSapproach to development, specifically targeting the multidisciplinary frameworks of von Bertalanffy's general systems theory and nonlinear dynamical systems theory. Alternate ways of marrying these multidisciplinary influences are discussed and used to anchor the chapter's delineation of theDSapproach to development through its ontologically distinct variants. The chapter ends by framing metatheoretical division within the DS approach in terms of the Relational‐Developmental‐Systems and Cartesian‐Split‐Mechanistic paradigms.
Emotional Development and Consciousness
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: March 2015

This chapter presents the idea that consciousness, conceived as self‐reflection, and its development is the central feature of human emotional development. While human self‐reflection is a materialistic feature of our brains, its mentalistic feature is part of a large system called the self. Part of the self‐system in humans has the ability to turn inward and be an object of its reflection. This self‐reflection along with action patterns in response to environmental events, made up of facial, vocal, motor, and physiological responses, organized patterns of responses to specific environmental events, is what is meant by emotions. The development of this aspect of the self‐system develops over the first year and a half of life and is influenced by the nature of the environmental events (called socialization) as well as the temperament of the child.
Development of Personal and Cultural Identities
Authors: Chandler Michael J. , Dunlop William L.
Published: March 2015

This chapter is about dualisms: dualisms in general, and, more particularly, about those dichotomies of thought that set selves apart from society, and conceptually isolate individuals from their communities. Because these familiar cleavages between persons and collectives can only be understood in the context of centuries’ worth of commitments to substance dualisms more generally, the chapter begins with an introductory detour through earlier crash‐sites of contested claims about the alleged vices and virtues of dualistic thought more generally. It is obviously not enough, however, to simply document and bemoan the isolationist tactics common to most anthropologies, psychologies, and sociologies, as each (with its own unique and nonoverlapping units of analysis) continues to pass one another like proverbial ships in the night. Rather, it is argued, a promising first step out of this doctrinaire dilemma gets its footing by treading on common concepts that already exist at the margins of those paradigms governing such usual disciplinary divides. The concepts of personal and cultural continuity are offered up as provisional examples of such shared constructs, and are enlisted in the service in a post‐Durkheimian account of differential suicide rates in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous cultures.
Positive Youth Development and Relational‐Developmental‐Systems
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Lerner Jacqueline V. , P. Bowers Edmond , John Geldhof G.
Published: March 2015

Interests in the strengths of youth, the plasticity of human development, and the concept of resilience coalesced in the 1990s to foster the development of the concept of positive youth development (PYD). As discussed by Hamilton (1999), the concept of PYD was understood in at least three interrelated but nevertheless different ways: (1) as a developmental process; (2) as a philosophy or approach to youth programming; and (3) as instances of youth programs and organizations focused on fostering the healthy or positive development of youth. We use concepts drawn from relational developmental systems theories and the tripartite conception ofPYDsuggested by Hamilton as frames to review the literature on (a) the different theoretical models of thePYDdevelopmental process; (b) philosophical ideas about, or conceptual approaches to, the nature of youth programming with a special emphasis on the model of PYD with the most extensive empirical support, the Five Cs Model ofPYD; and (c) key instances of programs aimed at promoting PYD. We also discuss the conceptual and practical problems in integrating these three facets ofPYDscholarship, and conclude by explaining why understanding complex development requires multimethod integration as well as an integration of ideographic and nomothetic perspectives.
Mixed Methods in Developmental Science
Authors: Tolan Patrick H. , Deutsch Nancy L.
Published: March 2015

Mixed methods are increasingly recognized as advantageous and particularly informative for developmental science research. Initially and typically referring to the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods within or across studies, the approach can be considered more general than that, referring to the juxtaposition of different analytic methods to increase how informative a study or set of studies can be. This approach recognizes that different methods, within and across quantitative and qualitative types, each have different assumptions and capabilities. Multiple methods help to overcome limitations that occur with any single analytic method and bolster clarity and robustness of understanding. This chapter outlines the theoretical, design, and practical issues in use of mixed methods in developmental science. The key constructs, epistemological framework, theoretical considerations, approaches to different qualitative and quantitative methods and different arrangements in mixing methods are described. Limitations, critical and emerging issues, and exemplars of mixed methods applications are provided.
Child Maltreatment
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree L.
Published: March 2015

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the historical issues accompanying the study of child maltreatment and address advances, as well as challenges, that have emerged over decades of research in this area. A developmental psychopathology perspective provides a framework for discussing etiological models, psychological and biological sequelae, and methodological considerations, as well as for highlighting implications for intervention and social policy. The utilization of a multilevel perspective that integrates socioemotional, cognitive, psychophysiological, neurobiological, and genetic perspectives is infused throughout our discussion of research. We conclude by proffering recommendations for research initiatives that will continue to advance the field and ultimately improve the lives of children who have been victimized by abuse and neglect.
Socially Responsible Marketing (
SRM
)
Authors: Jones Ellis
Published: March 2015

Companies practice socially responsible marketing when they accurately communicate to consumers about their positive social and environmental practices. Many corporations engage in the opposite practice, greenwashing, by falsely presenting themselves as committed to ecological sustainability and/or social justice issues. While the former is preferable, the latter has become increasingly sophisticated and dominant in the marketplace.
Monodisperse Polystyrene Foams via Microfluidics – A Novel Templating Route
Authors: Quell Aggeliki , Elsing Jonas , Drenckhan Wiebke , Stubenrauch Cosima
Published: March 2015

We have developed a templating route for the synthesis of monodisperse and highly ordered polystyrene foams. The route is based on the generation of monodisperse templates, namely of foamed emulsions and emulsions, respectively, via microfluidic techniques. The polymerization of the templates leads to polystyrene foams with controllable pore size, pore size distribution and connectivity and thus opens up a new arena for the synthesis of tailor‐made polymer foams.
Molecular portrait of breast cancer in China reveals comprehensive transcriptomic likeness to Caucasian breast cancer and low prevalence of luminal A subtype
Authors: Huang Xiaoyan , Dugo Matteo , Callari Maurizio , Sandri Marco , De Cecco Loris , Valeri Barbara , Carcangiu Maria Luisa , Xue Jingyan , Bi Rui , Veneroni Silvia , Daidone Maria Grazia , Ménard Sylvie , Tagliabue Elda , Shao Zhimin , Wu Jiong , Orlandi Rosaria
Published: March 2015

The recent dramatic increase in breast cancer incidence across China with progressive urbanization and economic development has signaled the urgent need for molecular and clinical detailing of breast cancer in the Chinese population. Our analyses of a unique transethnic collection of breast cancer frozen specimens from Shanghai Fudan Cancer Center (Chinese Han) profiled simultaneously with an analogous Caucasian Italian series revealed consistent transcriptomic data lacking in batch effects. The prevalence of Luminal A subtype was significantly lower in Chinese series, impacting the overall prevalence of estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive disease in a large cohort of Chinese/Caucasian patients. Unsupervised and supervised comparison of gene and microRNA (miRNA) profiles of Chinese and Caucasian samples revealed extensive similarity in the comprehensive taxonomy of transcriptional elements regulating breast cancer biology. Partition of gene expression data using gene lists relevant to breast cancer as “intrinsic” and “extracellular matrix” genes identified Chinese and Caucasian subgroups with equivalent global gene and miRNA profiles. These findings indicate that in the Chinese and Caucasian groups, breast neoplasia and the surrounding stromal characteristics undergo the same differentiation and molecular processes. Transcriptional similarity across transethnic cohorts may simplify translational medicine approaches and clinical management of breast cancer patients worldwide.
The path of least resistance to success in chronic hypertension?
Authors: Eng Marvin H. , Klein Andrew J.P.
Published: March 2015

Key Points

The ROX Coupler is a stented arterial‐venous anastomosis intended for implantation in the external iliac artery and vein.

Prior studies of the ROX Coupler show that it increases cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and decreases systemic vascular resistance, thereby lowering blood pressure.

Clinical data for the ROX Coupler demonstrates significant reduction in blood pressure but proximal venous stenoses have been seen post‐implantation requiring treatment
Misogyny in heart disease?
Authors: Silva Rafael C. , Lemos Pedro A.
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Overall, mid‐term outcomes of edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system do not seem to be markedly affected by gender

Nevertheless, there seems to be subtle differences in the results of men and women treated with MitraClip, which might affect patient selection and therapeutic strategy

Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to fully assess the potential differences in specific subsets
Should MitraClip be preferred over surgery in high‐risk patients with severe MR and CKD?
Authors: Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Marmagkiolis Kostas
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) may lead to worsening renal function due to a decrease in stroke volume, increase in systemic vascular resistance, and venous pooling.

Percutaneous treatment with MitraClip seems to improve renal function in certain patient groups.

Larger studies are needed to prove that MitraClip is the preferred strategy in patients with severe MR and chronic kidney disease
Smaller may not be better if you cut corners
Authors: Hansen James , Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: March 2015

Key points

5‐Fr transradial sheathless guide technique using a 4‐Fr mother–child technique can be accomplished with excellent clinical success

An enhanced risk for local traumatic injury to the radial artery was observed that may stem from the imperfect transition and taper between catheters, or friction inherent in the catheter surface design, that technologic advances may be able to address in the future

If larger sheath technology is not feasible, this sheathless approach presents an option whether the risk/benefits appear favorable despite the potential from radial artery trauma
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Thermal Behavior, and Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Silver Borate AgB3O5.
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Falkowski Viktoria , Schauperl Michael , Liedl Klaus R. , Huppertz Hubert
Published: March 2015

The new title compound is prepared in a Walker‐type multianvil device from a mixture of Ag2O and B2O3 (gold capsule, 3 GPa, 600 °C, 20 min) and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, and single crystal Raman and IR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Li2Ca2Si2O7: Structural, Spectroscopic and Computational Studies on a Sorosilicate.
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Brunello Emanuele , Hejny Clivia , Krueger Hannes , Schmidmair Daniela , Tribus Martina , Toebbens Daniel M.
Published: March 2015

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of Li2CO3, CaCO3, and SiO2 (Pt crucible, 900 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkali Metal — Yttrium Borohydrides: The Link Between Coordination of Small and Large Rare‐Earth.
Authors: Sadikin Yolanda , Stare Katarina , Schouwink Pascal , Brix Ley Morten , Jensen Torben R. , Meden Anton , Cern� Radovan
Published: March 2015

The system Li—M—Y—BH4 (M: K, Rb, Cs) contains five new compounds, KY(BH4)4 (I), RbY(BH4)4 (II), Rb3Y(BH4)6 (III), Cs2Y(BH4)5 (IV), and Cs3Y(BH4)6 (V) which are characterized by synchrotron powder XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and periodic DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Ion Intercalation into Two‐Dimensional Transition‐Metal Carbides: Global Screening for New High‐Capacity Battery Materials.
Authors: Eames Christopher , Islam M. Saiful
Published: March 2015

A screening of (Li+, Na+, K+, or Mg2+) intercalated 2D M2C compounds (M: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta) with F‐, H‐, O‐, and OH‐functionalized surfaces as potential battery electrodes is performed by DFT methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 Nanotubes Fabricated by a Simple Molten Salt Approach with Excellent Cycling Stability and Enhanced Rate Capability in Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Miao Xue , Li Chun , Chu Wei , Wu Ping , Tong Dong Ge
Published: March 2015

Large scale preparation of Li9V3(P2O7)3 (PO4)2 nanotubes is performed by a simple molten salt route without the use of a surfactant as a template.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic‐Radius‐Driven Selection of the Main‐Group‐Metal Cage for Intermetalloid Clusters [Ln@PbxBi14‐x]q‐ and [Ln@PbyBi13‐y]q‐ (x/q = 7/4, 6/3; y/q = 4/4, 3/3).
Authors: Ababei Rodica , Massa Werner , Weinert Bastian , Pollak Patrik , Xie Xiulan , Clerac Rodolphe , Weigend Florian , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: March 2015

Reactions of the binary Zintl anion (Pb2Bi2)2‐ with Ln(Me4Cp)3 (Ln: La, Ce, Nd, Gd, Sm, Tb) in presence of [2.2.2]crypt in en/toluene yields ten [K([2.2.2]crypt)]+ salts of Ln‐doped semimetal clusters with 13 or 14 surface atoms.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Phase Synthesis (IoLiPS) of 2‐Aminothiazoles and Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
Authors: Choudhary Sunita , Muthyala Manoj Kumar , Kumar Anil
Published: March 2015

Acetophenones (I) give title compounds (III) or (V) upon reaction with either thiourea (II) or 2‐aminopyridine (IV) in the presence of ionic liquid‐supported hypervalent iodine compound ILI.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Nazarov Reaction of Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzo[b]thiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Sakae Mikei , Oshitani Shun‐suke , Ibara Chie , Natsuyama Machiko , Nokami Toshiki , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: March 2015

A very simple protocol for the synthesis of cyclopentano‐fused indole (II), benzofuran and benzothiophene derivatives is developed using an economical Fe‐catalyzed Nazarov cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Benzylic Monobromination of Methyl Toluates in Aqueous CTAB.
Authors: Reddy Kancharla , Rajanna Kamatala C. , Venkateswarlu Marri , Saiprakash P. K.
Published: March 2015

All reactions are performed using microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, or conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: A New DMAP‐Catalyzed and Microwave‐Assisted Approach for Introducing Heteroarylamino Substituents at Position‐4 of the Quinazoline Ring.
Authors: Gellis Armand , Kieffer Charline , Primas Nicolas , Lanzada Gilles , Giorgi Michel , Verhaeghe Pierre , Vanelle Patrice
Published: March 2015

A broad variety of hetarylamines and anilines reacted with 2‐trichloro‐4‐chloroquinazoline (II) to give corresponding 4‐aminated compounds in varying yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Aluminosilicate‐Catalyzed Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes and Acetals.
Authors: Ito Suguru , Tanuma Kenji , Matsuda Kohei , Hayashi Akira , Komai Hirotomo , Kubota Yoshihiro , Asami Masatoshi
Published: March 2015

The applied catalyst can be reused without a significant loss of catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Scope and Limitations of the Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolizidinones and Related Compounds by a Simple Precursor Approach via Addition of Lithium Allylmagnesates to 2‐Pyridones and RCM as Key Steps.
Authors: Sosnicki Jacek G. , Struk Lukasz , Idzik Tomasz , Maciejewska Gabriela
Published: March 2015

The three‐step synthesis of quinolizidinones (VI) is extended to the synthesis of azepine and azocine derivatives (X) as well as to spiro‐fused products such as (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Multicomponent Synthesis of Indoles, Pyrazoles, and Pyridazinones by Functionalization of Alkenes.
Authors: Matcha Kiran , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: March 2015

An efficient synthesis of 2‐(2,2,2‐trifluoromethyl)‐substituted indoles is achieved by a three‐component reaction of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, alkenes, and sodium triflinate.
ChemInform Abstract: Photo‐Organocatalysis of Atom‐Transfer Radical Additions to Alkenes.
Authors: Arceo Elena , Montroni Elisa , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: March 2015

The photochemical activity of a simple organic molecule enables the intermolecular atom‐transfer radical addition of haloalkanes onto olefins at ambient temperature and under illumination by a household light bulb is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroalkenes with 4,5‐Methano‐L‐Proline as Organocatalysts.
Authors: Yu Han , Liu Mouming , Han Sheng
Published: March 2015

While 2‐aryl‐1‐nitroethenes (II) and (IV) give Michael adducts (III) and (V), resp., in high yields with excellent dia‐ and enantioselectivities, the reaction with 2‐cyclohexyl‐1‐nitroethene fails.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of Aromatic Ketones Using Olefins as Acyl Equivalents Through Selective ortho Aromatic C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Khemnar Ashok B. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2015

A regioselective ortho‐acylation of 2‐phenylpyridines and 1‐phenylpyrazole is developed using styrenes as an acyl equivalent.
ChemInform Abstract: Operationally Convenient Method for Preparation of Sulfonamides Containing α,α‐Difluoro‐β‐amino Carbonyl Moiety.
Authors: Xie Chen , Wu Lingmin , Mei Haibo , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of a novel type of fluorinated sulfonamides with high pharmaceutical potential can be scaled up.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Nucleophilic Strategy for Synthesis of Thiocyanates and Trifluoromethyl Sulfides from Thiols.
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Sakagami Konomi , Miyamoto Yumi , Jin Xiongjie , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of variously substituted disulfides starting from alkyl‐ and aryl‐ or hetaryl‐substituted thiols and trimethylsilyl thiols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkoxy Base‐Mediated Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Benzene with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Liu Wei , Xu Lige , Bi Yanlan
Published: March 2015

The radical coupling of unsubstituted benzene (II) with aryl iodides (I) promoted by mixed alkoxy bases affords biaryls in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Controlled Bifurcated Cascade Process for the Selective Preparation of Dihydrocarbazoles or Dihydropyridoindoles.
Authors: Mo Dong‐Liang , Wink Donald J. , Anderson Laura L.
Published: March 2015

The reactions of nitrones with electron‐deficient allenes provide dihydrocarbazoles under conditions A) whereas under conditions B) dihydropyridoindoles are formed with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium Catalyzed Solvent‐Free Multicomponent Synthesis of Cytotoxic Dibenzo[a,h]anthracenes from Aldehydes, 2‐Hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, and 2‐Naphthol.
Authors: Hueso‐Falcon Idaira , Amesty Angel , Martin Patricia , Lopez‐Rodriguez Matias , Fernandez‐Perez Leandro , Estevez‐Braun Ana
Published: March 2015

Derivatives (Iva,b,d), (VIb), (IX), as well as (XII) exhibit cytotoxic activity against HEL and MCF7 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aroylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines via CuCl2 Catalyzed Tandem Dual Carbon—Nitrogen Bonding.
Authors: Kaswan Pinku , Pericherla Kasiviswanadharaju , Rajnikant Rajnikant , Kumar Anil
Published: March 2015

Crucial advantages of the presented approach are an economically attractive catalyst, ligand, and additive free conditions as well as ubiquitous air as an oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated One‐Pot Access to 2,3‐Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxathiines from o,o′‐Dihydroxydisulfides.
Authors: Viglianisi Caterina , Sinni Aidona , Menichetti Stefano
Published: March 2015

o‐Thioquinones, generated via a copper‐mediated 1,4‐elimination at sulfur of o,o′‐dihydroxy disulfides (I), are trapped in an inverse electron‐demand hetero Diels—Alder reaction with electron‐rich alkenes to give dihydrobenzooxathiines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Triethanolamine as an Inexpensive and Efficient Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of Novel 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyridazine‐5,8‐diones under Ultrasound Irradiation in Water and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Khoraamabadi‐zad Ahmad , Azadmanesh Mohammad , Karamian Roya , Asadbegy Mostafa , Akbari Maryam
Published: March 2015

The reaction works well in the case of 2‐mono‐, 3‐mono‐ and di‐substituted benzaldehydes (II) but fails with 4‐substituted benzaldehydes (V) forming intermediate Knoevenagel adducta (VI) only instead.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Free Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidines via Cope‐Type Hydroamination of 1,4‐Diarylbuta‐1,3‐diynes.
Authors: Singha Raju , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: March 2015

15 Title compounds of type (III) and (V) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and in silico and in vitro Mode‐of‐Action Analysis of Novel Dihydropyrimidones Targeting PPAR‐γ.
Authors: Bender Andreas , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

A variety of novel dihydropyrimidine derivatives (IV), (VI) (17 examples in all) are synthesized via multicomponent Biginelli‐type reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydropyrazolo[4,3‐c]azepines via Iodine‐Mediated Intramolecular Hydrative Cyclization.
Authors: Batchu Harikrishna , Batra Sanjay
Published: March 2015

The cyclization fails with substrate analogs bearing secondary instead of primary amino groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Agelamadins C—E, Bromopyrrole Alkaloids Comprising Oroidin and 3‐Hydroxykynurenine from a Marine Sponge Agelas sp.
Authors: Kusama Taishi , Tanaka Naonobu , Sakai Kanae , Gonoi Tohru , Fromont Jane , Kashiwada Yoshiki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: March 2015

isolation, structure, and antimicrobial activity
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Halogenation‐Reductive Elimination Chemistry of Organopalladium and ‐Platinum Complexes
Authors: Vigalok Arkadi
Published: March 2015

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas Phase Studies of the Pesci Decarboxylation Reaction: Synthesis, Structure, and Unimolecular and Bimolecular Reactivity of Organometallic Ions
Authors: O'Hair Richard A. J. , Rijs Nicole J.
Published: March 2015

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in β‐C‐Glycosides: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Lalitha Krishnamoorthy , Muthusamy Kumarasamy , Prasad Y. Siva , Vemula Praveen Kumar , Nagarajan Subbiah
Published: March 2015

Review: 188 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Significances of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazolines and Related Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Yusuf Mohamad , Jain Payal
Published: March 2015

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Contemporary Avenues in Catalytic PH Bond Addition Reaction: A Case Study of Hydrophosphination
Authors: Koshti Vijay , Gaikwad Shahaji , Chikkali Samir H.
Published: March 2015

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Iridium‐Catalyzed Synthesis Initiated by the Cleavage of C—H, N—H, and C—O Bonds
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Tsuchikama Kyoji , Pan Shiguang
Published: March 2015

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Phosphines Through C—P Bond Formation
Authors: Wauters Iris , Debrouwer Wouter , Stevens Christian V.
Published: March 2015

Review: 272 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon—Fluorine Bond Activation for the Synthesis of Functionalized Molecules
Authors: Unzner Teresa A. , Magauer Thomas
Published: March 2015

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomolecule‐Compatible Chemical Bond‐Formation and Bond‐Cleavage Reactions Induced by Visible Light
Authors: Hu Chenchen , Chen Yiyun
Published: March 2015

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Taming Hazardous Chemistry in Flow: The Continuous Processing of Diazo and Diazonium Compounds
Authors: Deadman Benjamin J. , Collins Stuart G. , Maguire Anita R.
Published: March 2015

Review: 103 refs.
Rheologische Charakterisierung von Fermentersuspensionen
Authors: Basedau Dirk , Lüdersen Ulrich , Glasmacher Birgit
Published: March 2015

Die Erhebung rheologischer Daten ist bei der Auslegung von Anlagen und Apparaten sowie bei dessen Optimierung unerlässlich. Oft lassen sich Biosuspensionen aufgrund ihrer physikalischen Beschaffenheit nicht bzw. nur unzureichend genau rheologisch charakterisieren. Mithilfe eines speziellen, an der Hochschule Hannover entwickelten, großmaßstäblichen Kapillarviskosimeters sollen rheologische Daten von Biosuspensionen aus Biogasanlagen vor Ort und ohne Vorbehandlung erhoben werden. Die gemessenen scheinbaren Größen werden ausgewertet und korrigiert, so dass absolute Viskositätsdaten zur Verfügung stehen.
Multiple imputation for the analysis of incomplete compound variables
Authors: Zhao Jiwei , Cook Richard J. , Wu Changbao
Published: March 2015

In many settings interest lies in modelling a compound variable defined as a function of two or more component variables. When one or more of the components are missing, the compound variable is not observed and a strategy for handling incomplete data is required. Analyses based on individuals with complete data are inefficient and yield potentially inconsistent estimators. We develop a multiple imputation strategy in this setting with an auxiliary model for imputing the compound variable directly, and one based on a multivariate imputation model for the component variables. Asymptotic properties of the imputation‐based estimators are presented for the case in which the imputation model is correctly specified, and a shrinkage estimator is proposed to reduce the bias arising from misspecification of the imputation model. Finite sample properties of the various estimators are examined through simulations. An application to data from the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey involving a study of body mass index illustrates the approach. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 240–264; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
T1 and T2 estimation in complex domain: First results on clinical data
Authors: Baselice Fabio , Caivano Rocchina , Cammarota Aldo , Ferraioli Giampaolo , Pascazio Vito
Published: March 2015

Purpose

The article provides a practical method for generating T1 and T2 maps from multiple, sequentially acquired Spin Echo images. First results on real data for diagnostic purposes are presented and discussed in order to investigate the possible clinical usages of the proposed technique. The main advantage of the method is its ability in identifying even very small variation in one or both relaxation time maps, allowing a more clear differentiation of tissues across the whole image, instead of highlighting only high vascularized regions, such as in contrast medium based images.

Theory and Methods

For the joint estimation of relaxation time maps, the method exploits the full complex acquired data instead of amplitude acquisitions. This allows having an estimator able to provide unbiased results even in case of tissues characterized by weak Signal to Noise Ratio.

Results

The effectiveness of the proposed approach is shown on different real case studies: a phantom dataset for quantitative analysis and three human brain datasets for diagnostic purposes.

Conclusion

The proposed method shows very interesting and promising results when applied to clinical datasets. The innovative technique is able to evaluate the biological topography and highlight lesions not otherwise easily distinguishable with standard examinations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 43A: 166–176, 2015.
The Predictive Performance Evaluation of Biased Regression Predictors With Correlated Errors
Authors: Dawoud Issam , Kaçiranlar Selahattin
Published: March 2015

When the interdependence of disturbances is present in a regression model, the pattern of sample residuals contains information which is useful in the prediction of post‐sample drawings and when multicollinearity among regressors is also present, it is useful to use biased regression estimators. This information is exploited in the biased predictors derived here. Also, the predictive performance of various biased predictors with correlated errors is discussed and all pair‐wise comparisons are made among these predictors. The theoretical results are illustrated by a numerical example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pleistocene on the hoof: a synopsis
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Stringer Christopher B.
Published: March 2015

‘The Pleistocene on the hoof’ is a collection of research papers presented in honour of Andy Currant, emeritus curator of fossil mammals at the Natural History Museum, London. They are intended to show something of the breadth of Andy's interests and include contributions to micromammal palaeogeography and biostratigraphy, the morphology, classification and interpretation of fossil deer, electron spin resonance dating, palaeoanthropology, megafaunal extinctions, the ichnology of Jamaica, and the exploration of ideas on human evolution by H. G. Wells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incident Vertebral Fractures and Risk Factors in the First Three Years Following Glucocorticoid Initiation Among Pediatric Patients With Rheumatic Disorders
Authors: LeBlanc Claire MA , Ma Jinhui , Taljaard Monica , Roth Johannes , Scuccimarri Rosie , Miettunen Paivi , Lang Bianca , Huber Adam M , Houghton Kristin , Jaremko Jacob L , Ho Josephine , Shenouda Nazih , Matzinger Mary Ann , Lentle Brian , Stein Robert , Sbrocchi Anne Marie , Oen Kiem , Rodd Celia , Jurencak Roman , Cummings Elizabeth A , Couch Robert , Cabral David A , Atkinson Stephanie , Alos Nathalie , Rauch Frank , Siminoski Kerry , Ward Leanne M ,   the Canadian STeroid-Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) Consortium
Published: March 2015

Vertebral fractures are an important yet underrecognized manifestation of osteoporosis in children with chronic, glucocorticoid-treated illnesses. Our goal was to determine the incidence and clinical predictors of vertebral fractures in the 3 years following glucocorticoid initiation among pediatric patients with rheumatic disorders. Incident vertebral fractures were evaluated according to the Genant semiquantitative method on lateral radiographs at baseline and then annually in the 3 years following glucocorticoid initiation. Extended Cox models were used to assess the association between vertebral fractures and clinical risk predictors. A total of 134 children with rheumatic disorders were enrolled in the study (mean ± standard deviation (SD) age 9.9 ± 4.4 years; 65% girls). The unadjusted vertebral fracture incidence rate was 4.4 per 100 person-years, with a 3-year incidence proportion of 12.4%. The highest annual incidence occurred in the first year (6.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9% to 11.7%). Almost one-half of the patients with fractures were asymptomatic. Every 0.5 mg/kg increase in average daily glucocorticoid (prednisone equivalents) dose was associated with a twofold increased fracture risk (hazard ratio (HR) 2.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.5). Other predictors of increased vertebral fracture risk included: (1) increases in disease severity scores between baseline and 12 months; (2) increases in body mass index Z-scores in the first 6 months of each 12-month period preceding the annual fracture assessment; and (3) decreases in lumbar spine bone mineral density Z-scores in the first 6 months of glucocorticoid therapy. As such, we observed that a clinically significant number of children with rheumatic disorders developed incident vertebral fractures in the 3 years following glucocorticoid initiation. Almost one-half of the children were asymptomatic and thereby would have been undiagnosed in the absence of radiographic monitoring. In addition, discrete clinical predictors of incident vertebral fractures were evident early in the course of glucocorticoid therapy. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adverse Fat Depots and Marrow Adiposity Are Associated With Skeletal Deficits and Insulin Resistance in Long-Term Survivors of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Mostoufi-Moab Sogol , Magland Jeremy , Isaacoff Elizabeth J , Sun Wenli , Rajapakse Chamith S , Zemel Babette , Wehrli Felix , Shekdar Karuna , Baker Joshua , Long Jin , Leonard Mary B
Published: March 2015

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT) survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) exhibit bone deficits and excess adiposity, potentially related to altered mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. We examined associations among fat distribution, bone microarchitecture, and insulin resistance in alloHSCT survivors after TBI. This was a cross-sectional observational study of 25 alloHSCT survivors (aged 12 to 25 years) a median of 9.7 (4.3 to 19.3) years after alloHSCT compared to 25 age-, race-, and sex-matched healthy controls. Vertebral MR spectroscopic imaging and tibia micro-MRI were used to quantify marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and trabecular microarchitecture. Additional measures included DXA whole-body fat mass (WB-FM), leg lean mass (Leg-LM), trunk visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and CT calf muscle density. Insulin resistance in alloHSCT survivors was estimated by HOMA-IR. AlloHSCT survivors had lower Leg-LM (p < 0.001) and greater VAT (p < 0.01), MAT (p < 0.001), and fat infiltration of muscle (p = 0.04) independent of WB-FM, versus matched controls; BMI did not differ. Survivors had lower bone volume fraction and abnormal microarchitecture including greater erosion and more rod-like structure versus controls (all p = 0.04); 14 had vertebral deformities and two had compression fractures. Greater WB-FM, VAT, MAT, and muscle fat infiltration were associated with abnormal trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.04 for all). AlloHSCT HOMA-IR was elevated, associated with younger age at transplantation (p < 0.01), and positively correlated with WB-FM and VAT (both p < 0.01). In conclusion, the markedly increased marrow adiposity, abnormal bone microarchitecture, and abnormal fat distribution highlight the risks of long-term treatment-related morbidity and mortality in alloHSCT recipients after TBI. Trabecular deterioration was associated with marrow and visceral adiposity. Furthermore, long-term survivors demonstrated sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and vertebral deformities. Future studies are needed to identify strategies to prevent and treat metabolic and skeletal complications in this growing population of childhood alloHSCT survivors. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Estimating China's Foreign Aid 2001–2013
Authors: Kitano Naohiro , Harada Yukinori
Published: March 2015

This paper aims to estimate China's net foreign aid from 2001 to 2013 as compared with net official development assistance (ODA) figures, which the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) customarily uses. First, a practical definition to capture China's foreign aid activities as a proxy for China's ODA was proposed. Second, both net and gross disbursements of China's foreign aid were estimated. Third, the results were compared with DAC members' ODA; China's donor ranking has moved up from 16th in 2001 to 6th in 2012 and 2013. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal FCFS allocation rules for periodic‐review assemble‐to‐order systems
Authors: Huang Kai , de Kok Ton
Published: March 2015

In Assemble‐To‐Order (ATO) systems, situations may arise in which customer demand must be backlogged due to a shortage of some components, leaving available stock of other components unused. Such unused component stock is called remnant stock. Remnant stock is a consequence of both component ordering decisions and decisions regarding allocation of components to end‐product demand. In this article, we examine periodic‐review ATO systems under linear holding and backlogging costs with a component installation stock policy and a First‐Come‐First‐Served (FCFS) allocation policy. We show that the FCFS allocation policy decouples the problem of optimal component allocation over time into deterministic period‐by‐period optimal component allocation problems. We denote the optimal allocation of components to end‐product demand as multimatching. We solve the multi‐matching problem by an iterative algorithm. In addition, an approximation scheme for the joint replenishment and allocation optimization problem with both upper and lower bounds is proposed. Numerical experiments for base‐stock component replenishment policies show that under optimal base‐stock policies and optimal allocation, remnant stock holding costs must be taken into account. Finally, joint optimization incorporating optimal FCFS component allocation is valuable because it provides a benchmark against which heuristic methods can be compared. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 158–169, 2015
Antibiotic use from conception to diagnosis of child leukaemia as compared to the background population: A nested case–control study
Authors: Gradel Kim Oren , Kærlev Linda
Published: March 2015

Background

The role of infection in the aetiology of childhood leukaemia is unknown. We used prescriptions of antibiotics from Danish pharmacies as a proxy measure for the occurrence of infections.

Procedure

We investigated the association between exposure to antibiotics, from conception to leukaemia diagnosis, and the risk of leukaemia. Incident cases of leukaemia among children in Denmark, 1995–2008, with mothers having their earliest conception date in 1995, were individually matched to population controls by age, sex and municipality. Conditional logistic regression analyses assessed antibiotic redemptions in different time periods from conception up to 6 months before the diagnoses of all leukaemia types, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia [ALL] and ALL in 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children, adjusting for several potential confounders.

Results

A total of 120/360 (33.3%) leukaemia mothers and 1,081/3,509 (30.8%) control mothers redeemed antibiotics during pregnancy (P = 0.32). For children, the equivalent numbers were 276 (76.7%) and 2,665 (75.9%) (P = 0.76). Histograms of antibiotic redemptions showed no temporal differences between leukaemia mothers/children and controls, which was confirmed in adjusted regression analyses (OR [95% CI]: 1.02 [0.75–1.38]). Only antibiotics redeemed during the first year after birth differed from this (OR [95% CI] for ALL diagnosed in 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children: 0.46 [0.31–0.66]).

Conclusions

In this hypothesis generating study, the similar amount and pattern of antibiotic redemptions in children with and without leukaemia indicate that infections play a minor role in the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. However, less antibiotic redemptions during the first year of life conform to Greaves' ‘delayed infection hypothesis’. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1155–1161. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A longitudinal study of cannabis use initiation among high school students: Effects of social anxiety, expectancies, peers and alcohol
Authors: Schmits Emilie , Mathys Cécile , Quertemont Etienne
Published: March 2015

This study identified protective and risk factors of cannabis use initiation, including expectancies and social anxiety. A questionnaire was completed twice by 877 teenagers. Logistic regressions, mediation and moderation analyses were performed. Significant risk factors were alcohol use, peer users, perceptual enhancement, and craving expectancies. Protective factors were negative behavior expectancies and social anxiety. Social anxiety protected from initiation through the mediating role of perceptual enhancement and craving expectancies, whatever the role of peer users and alcohol use. Findings are discussed in terms of risk and protection, in an overall approach including internalizing factors. Results support the identification of an internalizing profile of adolescents for prevention or treatment and the importance of social anxiety and expectancies in intervention.
Protective roles of selenium and zinc against postnatal protein‐undernutrition‐induced alterations in Ca2+‐homeostasis leading to cognitive deficits in Wistar rats
Authors: Adebayo Olusegun L. , Sandhir Rajat , Adenuga Gbenga A.
Published: March 2015

Postnatal protein‐undernutrition impacts on mental development and cognition in children and can lead to problem with attention and unresponsiveness which compromise children's ability to learn. These behavioral disorders might be due to alteration in calcium homeostasis as calcium plays critical roles in fundamental functions of neuron. The role of low protein diet as well as Se and Zn supplementation on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), Ca2+‐ATPase, Na+‐K+‐ATPase, calpain and caspase‐3 activities from rat cortex and cerebellum were investigated. Well‐fed (WF) and low protein diet‐fed (LPDF) rats were given diets containing 16% and 5% casein, respectively, for a period of 10 weeks. Then, the rats were supplemented with Se and Zn at a concentration of 0.15 mg L−1 and 227 mg L−1, respectively, in drinking water for 3 weeks. The results obtained from the study showed a significant increase in [Ca2+]i; calpain and caspase‐3 activities as well as increase transfer latency in water maze study and reductions in Ca2+‐ATPase and Na+‐K+‐ATPase activities for LPDF rats compared to WF rats. Se and Zn supplementation to LPDF rats reversed the elevation in [Ca2+]i, calpain and caspase‐3 activities and restored the cognitive deficits and the activities of Ca2+‐ATPase and Na+‐K+‐ATPase. Conclusively, protein‐undernutrition results in the accumulation of synaptosomal calcium and inhibition of calcium transporters presumably via free radical generations and results in cognitive impairment which also probably results from neuronal death in rats through calpain activation and the caspase cascade mechanisms. However, Se and Zn supplementations ameliorated the anomalies observed.
Phanerozoic diversity and neutral theory
Authors: Holland Steven M. , Sclafani Judith A.
Published: March 2015

Although Phanerozoic increases in the global richness, local richness, and evenness of marine invertebrates are well documented, a common explanation for these patterns has been difficult to identify. Evidence is presented here from marine invertebrate communities that there is a Phanerozoic increase in the fundamental biodiversity number (θ), which describes diversity and relative abundance distributions in neutral ecological theory. If marine ecosystems behave according to the rules of Hubbell’s Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, the Phanerozoic increase inθsuggests three possible mechanisms for the parallel increases in global richness, local richness, and evenness: (1) an increase in the per-individual probability of speciation, (2) an increase in the area occupied by marine metacommunities, and (3) an increase in the density (per-area abundance) of marine organisms. Because speciation rates have declined over time and because there is no clear evidence for an increase in metacommunity area through the Phanerozoic, the most likely of these is an increase in the spatial density of marine invertebrates over the Phanerozoic, an interpretation supported by previous studies of fossil abundance. This, coupled with a Phanerozoic rise in body size, suggests that an increase in primary productivity through time is the primary cause of Phanerozoic increases inθ, global richness, local richness, local evenness, abundance, and body size.
Dietary linoleic acid requirements in the presence of α-linolenic acid are lower than the historical 2 % of energy intake value, study in rats
Authors: Choque Benjamin , Catheline Daniel , Delplanque Bernadette , Guesnet Philippe , Legrand Philippe
Published: March 2015

Previous studies on rats and human subjects have established that the linoleic acid (LA) requirement is 2 % of the total energy intake (en%), but is obtained in the absence of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and consequently appear to be overestimated. This raises questions since a recent study including ALA has suggested to divide the historical value by four. However, this recent study has remained inconclusive because the animals used were not totally LA-deficient animals. For the first time, the present study was especially designed using physiological and biochemical markers and performed in two steps: (1) to achieve a specificn-6 fatty acid deficiency model using growing male rats fed either a 0 en% from LA/0 en% from ALA (0LA/0ALA), 0LA/0·5ALA or 2LA/0·5ALA diet, born from female rats fed a 0LA/0·5ALA diet; and (2) to refine the required level of LA in the presence of ALA using rats fed either a 0LA/0ALA, 0·5LA/0·5ALA, 1LA/0·5ALA, 1·5LA/0·5ALA diet, born from female rats fed a 0LA/0·5ALA diet. The first step shows that the best LA deficiency model was obtained using rats fed the 0LA/0ALA diet, born from female rats fed the 0LA/0·5ALA diet. The second step demonstrates that in growing rats, LA deficiency was corrected with an intake of 1–1·5 en% from LA and 0·5 en% from ALA. These data suggest that the requirements in humans should be revisited, considering the presence of ALA to set up the recommendation for LA.
Meteorite traces on a shatter cone surface from the Agoudal impact site, Morocco
Authors: SCHMIEDER M. , CHENNAOUI AOUDJEHANE H. , BUCHNER E. , TOHVER E.
Published: March 2015

The recently discovered Agoudal impact site in Morocco is a small, eroded impact structure with well-developed shatter cones. A scanning electron microscopic study of a shatter cone surface has revealed the presence of schreibersite – a phosphide very rare on Earth but common in iron meteorites – and Fe–Ni oxides. This is the first reported evidence for primary meteoritic matter adherent to shatter cones and suggests that the Agoudal crater was formed by the impact of an iron meteorite, probably the Agoudal IIAB iron. Shatter cones from other terrestrial impact structures might also hold valuable information about the nature of the impacting projectiles.