bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of GaWRKY1, a Cotton Transcription Factor That Regulates the Sesquiterpene Synthase Gene (+)-δ-Cadinene Synthase-A
Authors: Xu Yan-Hua , Wang Jia-Wei , Wang Shui , Wang Jian-Ying , Chen Xiao-Ya
Published: May 2004

The cotton (+)-δ-cadinene synthase (CAD1), a sesquiterpene cyclase, catalyzes a branch-point step leading to biosynthesis of sesquiterpene phytoalexins, including gossypol. CAD1-A is a member of CAD1 gene family, and its promoter contains a W-box palindrome with two reversely oriented TGAC repeats, which are the proposed binding sites of WRKY transcription factors. We isolated several WRKY cDNAs from Gossypium arboreum. One of them, GaWRKY1, encodes a protein containing a single WRKY domain and a putative N-terminal Leu zipper. Similar to genes encoding enzymes of cotton sesquiterpene pathway, GaWRKY1 was down-regulated in a glandless cotton cultivar that contained much less gossypol. GaWRKY1 showed a temporal and spatial pattern of expression comparable to that of CAD1-A in various aerial organs examined, including sepal, stigma, anther, and developing seeds. In suspension cells, expression of both GaWRKY1 and CAD1-A genes and biosynthesis of sesquiterpene aldehydes were strongly induced by a fungal elicitor preparation and methyl jasmonate. GaWRKY1 interacted with the 3× W-box derived from CAD1-A promoter in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid system and in vitro. Furthermore, in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, overexpression of GaWRKY1 highly activated the CAD1-A promoter, and transient assay in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves demonstrated that W-box was required for this activation. These results suggest that GaWRKY1 participates in regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in cotton, and CAD1-A is a target gene of this transcription factor.
Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry as a New Tool for Real Time Analysis of Root-Secreted Volatile Organic Compounds in Arabidopsis
Authors: Steeghs Marco , Bais Harsh Pal , de Gouw Joost , Goldan Paul , Kuster William , Northway Megan , Fall Ray , Vivanco Jorge M.
Published: May 2004

Plant roots release about 5% to 20% of all photosynthetically-fixed carbon, and as a result create a carbon-rich environment for numerous rhizosphere organisms, including plant pathogens and symbiotic microbes. Although some characterization of root exudates has been achieved, especially of secondary metabolites and proteins, much less is known about volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by roots. In this communication, we describe a novel approach to exploring these rhizosphere VOCs and their induction by biotic stresses. The VOC formation of Arabidopsis roots was analyzed using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), a new technology that allows rapid and real time analysis of most biogenic VOCs without preconcentration or chromatography. Our studies revealed that the major VOCs released and identified by both PTR-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were either simple metabolites, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, 2,3,-butanedione, and acetone, or the monoterpene, 1,8-cineole. Some VOCs were found to be produced constitutively regardless of the treatment; other VOCs were induced specifically as a result of different compatible and noncompatible interactions between microbes and insects and Arabidopsis roots. Compatible interactions of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and Diuraphis noxia with Arabidopsis roots resulted in the rapid release of 1,8-cineole, a monoterpene that has not been previously reported in Arabidopsis. Mechanical injuries to Arabidopsis roots did not produce 1,8-cineole nor any C6 wound-VOCs; compatible interactions between Arabidopsis roots and Diuraphis noxia did not produce any wound compounds. This suggests that Arabidopsis roots respond to wounding differently from above-ground plant organs. Trials with incompatible interactions did not reveal a set of compounds that was significantly different compared to the noninfected roots. The PTR-MS method may open the way for functional root VOC analysis that will complement genomic investigations in Arabidopsis.
Extensive Phenotypic Variation in Early Flowering Mutants of Arabidopsis
Authors: Pouteau Sylvie , Ferret Valérie , Gaudin Valérie , Lefebvre Delphine , Sabar Mohammed , Zhao Gengchun , Prunus Franck
Published: May 2004

Flowering time, the major regulatory transition of plant sequential development, is modulated by multiple endogenous and environmental factors. By phenotypic profiling of 80 early flowering mutants of Arabidopsis, we examine how mutational reduction of floral repression is associated with changes in phenotypic plasticity and stability. Flowering time measurements in mutants reveal deviations from the linear relationship between the number of leaves and number of days to bolting described for natural accessions and late flowering mutants. The deviations correspond to relative early bolting and relative late bolting phenotypes. Only a minority of mutants presents no detectable phenotypic variation. Mutants are characterized by a broad release of morphological pleiotropy under short days, with leaf characters being most variable. They also exhibit changes in phenotypic plasticity across environments for florigenic-related responses, including the reaction to light and dark, photoperiodic behavior, and Suc sensitivity. Morphological pleiotropy and plasticity modifications are differentially distributed among mutants, resulting in a large diversity of multiple phenotypic changes. The pleiotropic effects observed may indicate that floral repression defects are linked to global developmental perturbations. This first, to our knowledge, extensive characterization of phenotypic variation in early flowering mutants correlates with the reports that most factors recruited in floral repression at the molecular genetic level correspond to ubiquitous regulators. We discuss the importance of functional ubiquity for floral repression with respect to robustness and flexibility of network biological systems.
The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril
Authors: Santos Henrique Pessoa dos , Purgatto Eduardo , Mercier Helenice , Buckeridge Marcos Silveira
Published: May 2004

Hymenaea courbaril is a leguminous tree species from the neotropical rain forests. Its cotyledons are largely enriched with a storage cell wall polysaccharide (xyloglucan). Studies of cell wall storage polymers have been focused mostly on the mechanisms of their disassembly, whereas the control of their mobilization and the relationship between their metabolism and seedling development is not well understood. Here, we show that xyloglucan mobilization is strictly controlled by the development of first leaves of the seedling, with the start of its degradation occurring after the beginning of eophyll (first leaves) expansion. During the period of storage mobilization, an increase in the levels of xyloglucan hydrolases, starch, and free sugars were observed in the cotyledons. Xyloglucan mobilization was inhibited by shoot excision, darkness, and by treatment with the auxin-transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid. Analyses of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid in the cotyledons revealed that its increase in concentration is followed by the rise in xyloglucan hydrolase activities, indicating that auxin is directly related to xyloglucan mobilization. Cotyledons detached during xyloglucan mobilization and treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid showed a similar mobilization rate as in attached cotyledons. This hormonal control is probably essential for the ecophysiological performance of this species in their natural environment since it is the main factor responsible for promoting synchronism between shoot growth and reserve degradation. This is likely to increase the efficiency of carbon reserves utilization by the growing seedling in the understorey light conditions of the rain forest.
New Technologies in Food Preservation and Processing: Part II
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: May 2004

The exploitation of new technologies and effective technology transfer
are vital ingredients for the long‐term competitiveness of all
organizations. When referring to developments in food technologies, the
use of the term “new” will mainly be in the context of new to the user
rather than new to science. Provides a brief overview of some of the
recently established processes such as ohmic heating, microwave
sterilization and novel methods to decontaminate herbs and spices, which
are starting to have an impact on the food industry. Highlights
developments in emerging technologies and discusses the implications of
high pressure, ultrasound, electric field and intense light treatments
together with novel slicing techniques with regard to their potential
for food processing in the next century.
Software Selection
Authors: Seaman Claire
Published: May 2004

The first in a new series which provides up‐to‐date information on
computer software which is of interest to those working in the areas of
food and nutrition. Deals with a meal‐planning package called Omnimeal
and a nutritional analysis package called the Better Diet Analyser.
Discusses the capabilities of each package and their suitability for use
with different groups of people, and includes details of the
registration fees and the addresses from which further information can
be obtained.
Software selection V
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: May 2004

Features the Fast Food Diner software program produced by British Meat and aimed at teachers and pupils studying Food Technology at Levels 3 and 4 of the National Curriculum.
Cultural Change and Managerial Careers
Authors: Salama Alzira , Easterby‐Smith Mark
Published: May 2004

Analyses the links between the process of cultural change and managerial
career systems. Describes qualitative research conducted in Jaguar Cars,
British Airways, British Nuclear Fuels and British Airports Authority
while experiencing major changes associated with privatization
decisions. Concludes that in order to understand corporate culture
change it is necessary to consider the impact of both senior managers
and human resource management procedures, in particular managerial
career systems, within the context of the particular history of the
organization in question.
Future competency profiling
Authors: Henderson Fenella , Anderson Neil , Rick Steve
Published: May 2004

Describes a three‐phase study to validate and redesign the graduate
assessment centres used by ICL. Analyses results by multimethod
multitrait correlation matrix and intercorrelating ratings of dimensions
both across and within exercises. Factor analyses correlation matrices
by the principal components method. Evaluates differences between the
hired and rejected groups by discriminant function analysis. Assesses
the predictive validity by multiple regression analysis on the
performance ratings and salary information. Discusses the redesign of
the recruitment procedure to select for future competences as well as
present day requirements.
Contested terrain
Authors: Currie Graeme
Published: May 2004

Focuses on feelings about culture and change in the health service and the impact of management development programmes on the change process. The issues raised in a series of semi‐structured interviews are taken forward to a case study, a medium‐sized hospital trust. The researcher “hangs around and listens into” a management development programme aimed at middle managers with a nursing background. The theme of ideological conflict comes into central focus. Analysis of outcomes suggests that the managerial assumptions on which the programme is based result in resistance from participants. They resist the attempts of facilitators to provide “closure” whereby managerial ways of doing things are suggested as the “obvious way ahead”. Advocates that management education particularly in the health service should have a pluralistic orientation. As part of such pluralism more critical approaches should be considered beyond conventional and problematic conceptions of knowledge relating to management. These are reductionist in considering a manager as “having a set of technical competences” rather than exhibiting “a way of being”.
Looking into the Black Box: Using Experimental Data to Find out How
Training Works
Authors: Ham John C. , LaLonde Robert J.
Published: May 2004

Considers the relative effectiveness of using experimental training
programmes. Uses the US experience of programme evaluation to make two
main points. First, many of the key questions concerning the effects of
training cannot be answered using simple estimators, even in the
presence of experimental data. Second, addressing such issues in a
non‐experimental setting raises additional problems, particularly the
need to model the selection process by which individuals enter training.
Crane automation
Authors: Backhouse C J , Price R A , Moore P R
Published: May 2004

Looks at research work into crane automation for the construction
industry. Describes the six major areas of the project: analysis of
existing crane structures and mechanisms, the general problem of remotely
grabbing a load, the application of latest sensor technology, system
integration, control and communications, teleoperator and data‐logging
system and crane demonstrator construction. Also considers the use of
advanced telemetry for communication between cranes and for the remote
control operation of the cranes. Concludes that the project demonstrated that
the emerging distributed control concepts are applicable to crane
technology.
Curio NDT robot for the construction industry
Authors: Chamberlain D A , Bleakley G J
Published: May 2004

Examines a prototype robot which is being developed to carry out
non‐destructive inspection maintenance and repair [IMR] of
buildings and structures. Describes some of the areas where IMR is crucial
i.e. bridges, tall buildings and petro‐chemical storage tanks and the
variety of inspection tasks a robot would be required to carry out. Looks at
the essential technologies to be considered for a successful inspection robot
and outlines the areas of access and mobility, robot construction, control
strategy and the external sensing systems it would need. Concludes that this
prototype is capable of delivering single NDT packages and that in the future
it is intended that the robot will be able to exchange its own NDT packages.
Expresses some reservation about whether a free climbing version would be
viable.
Review of the use of robotics and opportunities in the food and drinks industry
Authors: Wallin Peter J.
Published: May 2004

A review of the use of robotics in the food and drinks industry based on
a report commissioned by MAFF [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food].Outlines trends and changes, and robot sales figures in the food
market. Looks at problems areas and technology limitation. Stresses the need
for adequate research projects to fully realize the potential of robotic
systems so that known technology can be applied to specific
food‐manufacturing solutions. Concludes that there is a huge potential
for the development of automated systems for the food industry, however
technologies need to be integrated to enable specific food machines to be
developed which meet the necessary hygiene and food industry
requirements.
Robots and food—low margins need different solutions
Authors: Tillett N D
Published: May 2004

Examines the effectiveness of using expensive robotics equipment in the
food industry where profit margins are low and labour is less expensive than
in other industries. Looks at the work undertaken at the Silsoe Research
Institute into developing appropriate low‐cost technology for basic food
applications. Projects discussed include robotic teat cups for milking cows
and a robotic mushroom harvesting; both using pneumatic power transmission.
Concludes that food production will become an important application for
robotics when it is generally accepted as cost effective.
Fish deboning requires knowledge of anatomy
Authors: Friedrich W E , Spooner N R , Lim P K
Published: May 2004

Outlines the development of a sensor‐quipped robot system using
knowledge‐based information processing techniques. The prototype
application concerns the removal of the lateral pin bones from fish fillets
by means of waterjet cutting, guided by a gantry robot. Describes the sensor
system and how it gathers information about each individual fish, and the
knowledge‐based control system which based on it’s a priori
knowledge of fillet characteristics, determines the cutting
co‐ordinates of the proposed cutting path. Gives trial results and
concludes that the system is a practical solution for the processing of
naturally varying products.
Israeli robots teach the world
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Examines the use of robots in Israeli industry. Two thriving sectors are
responsible for the majority of automation installation—carbide inserts
and the electronics industry, with robots also being employed in a number of
kibbutzes industries including lens manufacturing and furniture production.
Discusses the products of Eshed Robotec, the Israeli specialist in education
robotics. A joint venture with Yaskawa of Japan has resulted in a
low‐cost industrial robot for lightweight application and Eshed is
diversifying into robots for high school. It has developed a low‐cost
teaching robot for 11–15 year olds which includes a robot, controller
and a teaching package. The main market is expected to be the USA.
Affordable optical seam tracking‐ meta torch systems break the
price barrier
Authors: Kölbl Wolfgang
Published: May 2004

Looks at the new generation of MetaTorch sensor systems which cost a
fraction of the original sensors produced ten years ago as well as being
smaller in size, lighter and having greater flexibility. Describes the basic
principles of optical seam sensing using state of the art
charge‐coupled devices [CCDs], laser diodes and a
microprocessor which controls and monitors the major functions. New vision
software interfaces to most industrial robots and welding machines for both
normal arc‐welding and laser welding. Concludes that previously the
widespread use of adaptive vision sensing has been prevented by its
relatively high price; the new price structure is likely to have an
impact on the use of intelligent sensing systems for many industrial
applications.
A history of reliability and service for ABB’s robots at
clares
Authors: Rooks Brian
Published: May 2004

Examines the history of Clares Merchandise Handling Equipment Limited,
the UK’s leading manufacturer of supermarket shopping trolleys and its
long connection with robotic welding technology. Its first robot was
installed in 1976 and it has recently installed the 25th robot at its
Somerset factory. Describes the MIG welding operation that many of the
robots are used for and concludes that it is the company’s intentions
to invest in robots in the future.
State of the art in robotic assembly
Authors: Rampersad Hubert K
Published: May 2004

Examines the external development, bottlenecks and development
tendencies in robotic assembly. Looks at current market trends and the way in
which technological developments can play a role by enabling companies to
optimize price, quality and delivery times through rationalization and
automation of parts manufacturing and assembly. Discusses the importance of
synchronisation between the assembly system and the parts manufacturing.
Outlines the main areas where bottlenecks can occur in the application of
robotic assembly systems: covering the high complexity of the product and
process design, the limited accuracy of the product parts and problems with
the peripheral equipment. Ends by summarising areas of development in the
robot and in the peripheral equipment.
Multi‐arm robotics: a solution to fast re‐configuration for changing automated tasks
Authors: Dodds G. , Cao B. , Hamilton K.
Published: May 2004

Outlines the methods and costs of converting existing robotic systems to new applications and gives research results of software and hardware conversion strategies which speed up re‐configuration. Discusses the trade‐offs between buying new solutions or upgrading old ones, describes the uses and extra costs of multi‐arm systems and attempts to generalize the applications to which they can be put. Concludes that the application of co‐operating, multi‐arm systems can provide high system reusability, although this is at the cost of greater planning needs, some of which have been met. Continued enhancement of processing power, sensing and operator interfaces are permitting multi‐arm systems to be used and reused in versatile, high dexterity industrial applications.
Robot collision avoidance
Authors: Brunn Paul
Published: May 2004

Planning for collision avoidance is essential in any robot application, but for most single robot cells the ancillary equipment and tooling remain in fixed and known positions relative to the cell and thus collision avoidance strategies can be planned once only, at the start of program development. With multiple robot cells not only do the robots have to avoid the tools and furniture of the cell but also one another. The technology to allow robots to navigate around objects and select optimum paths is still not as cheap or reliable as would be required for use in standard manufacturing applications. Concludes that multiple robots in the same space can have many advantages and the technology exists to allow them to work together in an unsynchronized manner, checking for collisions before each movement, but that technology currently requires considerable effort on the part of robot users to develop and test their own software.
Dassault adaptive cells
Authors: da Costa Sylvain
Published: May 2004

Describes the ARMA concept, adaptive robotized multifunction assembly cell, as used at CTRI Robotics, a division of Dassault Aviation. The concept evolved in response to the demand for flexibility in automation system design, having recognized the inherent limitations of overspecialized equipment. Defines the mobility and placement corrective systems, the assembly process, information system, programming system, quality system, cell pilot, process control and man/machine interface. Concludes that the ARMA concept was implemented to provide the capabilities necessary automatically to assemble the Rafale fighter but, more importantly, is flexible enough also to assemble other and future aircraft.
Oxford – education with vision
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Describes the work undertaken by Oxford University’s robotics group, founded in 1985 by Professor Mike Brady. States that these university scientists have their feet firmly on the ground and illustrates this by giving details of a number of industrially‐sponsored projects with which they are involved; in the medical, automotive and defence sectors. Shows how the group fits in to Oxford’s engineering department as a whole.
Towards a water‐powered robot
Authors: Usher Simon , Taylor P.M. , Wilkinson A.J. , Keiffer J. , Taylor G.E.
Published: May 2004

Reports on the progress made and problems experienced by the University of Hull while working in conjunction with J.H. Turner to develop a prototype water‐powered robot.
Triumph takes on more robots
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Looks at the employment of robots at Triumph Motorcycles, detailing the areas in which they are used and how they are beneficial.
Parallel robots perfect propellors
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: May 2004

Describes the fully automatic robot cell used by Dutch propeller manufacturer Van Voorden, in particular the Multicraft 560 robot at the heart of the cell. Explains the mechanics of the robot and its applications, and benefits for companies such as Van Voorden.
Software synchronization for radial forging machine manipulators
Authors: Rooks Brian W.
Published: May 2004

Presents a case study of Oilgear Towler, supplier of one of the most sophisticated electro‐hydraulic control systems for a Eumuco Hasenclever radial forging machine. One of the key elements of the system is the control of two synchronized manipulators and four forging rams.
Using robot simulation to determine safeguards
Authors: Lapham John
Published: May 2004

Examines efforts made to ensure the safety of operators in using robots. Looks at the use of simulation of robotic workcells, which in particular provides the benefit of allowing the user to develop and design workcells months before use. Details the method used and concludes that simulation can involve the safety engineer in processes at an early stage, before it is too costly to make necessary safety changes.
A new controller for the fastest industrial robot
Authors: Berthod Laurent
Published: May 2004

A new efficient controller has been designed for the Aria‐Delta parallel robot family to help increase their capabilities and reduce the required resources and development time. Introduces briefly the robot structure and characteristics, then the controller itself, the hardware components and software modules, its new tools and its overall advantages and performance.
Vision‐based tracking and control of remotely controlled vehicles
Authors: Shirinzadeh Bijan
Published: May 2004

Describes the current research into vision‐based control of remotely controlled vehicles. The research at Robotics and Mechatronics Research Laboratory (RMRL), Monash University, Australia, aims to establish the foundation for future studies in control actions on levers and joysticks for guiding remotely operated vehicles. Use is made of a remote‐controlled car which is tracked by an overhead camera. A frame grabber is utilized to process the images and pass the necessary information about the relative position of the vehicle to the computer. Two servo‐driven mechanical arms are controlled to move the joysticks on the remote control unit. Focuses attention on simplified strategies for tracking and the subsequent control of such vehicles. Describes experimental facility comprising of the mechatronic components and their integration within this research‐based apparatus. Also presents future work in this area.
A neural architecture for autonomous learning
Authors: Gaussier P. , Joulain C. , Banquet J.P. , Revel A. , Lepretre S. , Moga S.
Published: May 2004

Psychology and neurobiology nowadays provide a large amount of precise information on visual system function. This information can be used in the design of autonomous systems capable of learning and recognising objects and places important for survival in complex unknown (real or virtual) environments. Our work is based on the principles that perception is fundamentally a dynamic process in constant interaction with movement; and that learning can be made simpler if the systems are not required to learn the invariants of their environment (e.g. preservation of neighbour topological relations, or connectivity of the space). The techniques that contribute to devising these adaptive systems in continuous interaction with their environment could significantly influence our approach to programming and the man‐machine interface.
Cobots
Authors: Peshkin Michael , Colgate J. Edward
Published: May 2004

Collaborative robots – “cobots” – are intended for direct interaction with a human worker, handling a shared payload. They are a marked departure from autonomous industrial robots which must be isolated from people for safety reasons. Cobots are also distinct from teleoperators, in which a human operator controls a robot and payload remotely. Cobots interact with people by producing software‐defined “virtual surfaces” which constrain and guide the motion of the shared payload, but add little or no power. Ergonomic as well as productivity benefits result from combining the strength and computer‐interface of the cobot with the sensing and dexterity of the human worker. This paper explains cobots as one approach to an emerging class of materials handling equipment called Intelligent Assist Devices (IADs). We describe two cobots of this class presently in industrial testbed settings. Future applications of cobots’ virtual surfaces are tool guidance in image guided surgery, and haptic display in which the surfaces of a CAD model can be felt.
A Brief Examination of the Japanese Innovative Process: Part 2
Authors: Herbig Paul A. , Palumbo Fred
Published: May 2004

Within the last two decades, the Japanese economic machine has caught up
with, if not overtaken, the US as the world′s leading economy. Japan has
virtually conquered the American consumer electronics, semiconductor,
and machine tool marketplace and, except for quotas, would have done the
same for the automotive segment. One of the reasons given is of the
Japanese innovative abilities. How truly innovative are the Japanese? In
what ways do they innovatively prosper and struggle? Examines the
innovative process in Japan, its advantages and disadvantages, and
projects a future scenario for the Japanese.
Predicting market responses with a neural network:
Authors: van Wezel Michiel C. , Baets Walter R.J.
Published: May 2004

Market response modelling is well covered in the marketing
literature. However, much less research has been undertaken in the use
of neural networks for market response modelling. Describes experiments
to fit neural networks to the consumer goods market. Compares the neural
network approach with several other possible models. Focuses on the
out‐of‐sample performance of the models. Describes a method for
adjusting the neural network architecture which leads to better
performance on out‐of‐sample data.
Increasing Meeting Efficiency with a GDSS
Authors: Aiken Milam , Hawley Del , Zhang Wenxia
Published: May 2004

Group meetings are a daily component of most businesses but are often
considered as unproductive or even a “waste of time” by many participants.
Over the past decade, computer‐based systems called group decision
support systems (GDSSs) have been developed to improve meetings, and
studies have shown that the systems can increase their efficiency and
effectiveness as well as the group members′ satisfaction with them.
Describes this new technology with its advantages and disadvantages and
shows how two corporations used GDSSs to improve their meeting
productivity.
Integrating Advanced Information Systems and Technology in Future
Organizations
Authors: Hoplin Herman P.
Published: May 2004

With major technical change taking place every two years, the control of
old scientific management is now seriously challenged. This situation
presents either an opportunity or frustration and must be addressed
towards making order out of what otherwise would be chaos. It is high
time that the matter of integrating advanced information systems (AIS)
be seriously addressed. Over the short history of computer‐based
information systems, professionals have gone through a series of
generations which were initially based on heavy technical developments
of hardware, soon followed by software, and later by peopleware.
Information systems (IS) soon became a feature of major courses of
action in carrying out business functions. A greater demand for
applications led to the need for integrated systems where business
processes were facilitated and enhanced by information technology (IT).
Technology and systems are changing; opportunities for success as well
as competitive pressures are cascading on management; and management
concerns point to the need for new managerial guidelines. Addresses AISs
which are more than just organizational re‐engineering. AISs change
both the thinking and decision‐making processes requiring organizational
changes.
Resolving Conflict between MIS and Manufacturing
Authors: Arthur Gowan Jack , Mathieu Richard G.
Published: May 2004

“Turf Wars” between corporate management information systems (MIS) and
corporate manufacturing threaten the success of computer integrated
manufacturing (CIM). Co‐operation between MIS and manufacturing is
essential in the planning, design and implementation of cross‐functional
information systems, and it is information systems that are the biggest
source of CIM failure. Takes the position that both MIS and
manufacturing have been slow to recognize their contrasting corporate
cultures and to deal with resolving the conflict between the two groups.
In order to understand the conflict between MIS and manufacturing
better, identifies the technical and organizational differences. From
this, identifies seven “points of conflict” specific to identifying CIM
implementation that are the focal point of the “turf wars”. Presents a
framework for resolving the MIS/manufacturing conflict, based on prior
research in organizational diversity. The goal is to resolve conflict by
understanding and leveraging diversity, not by diminishing it. Proposes
an empirical research agenda to test the framework. In conclusion,
recommends collaborative research between the MIS and manufacturing
communities to study the technical and organizational issues related to
CIM.
New Technologies and Future Trends in Computer Security
Authors: Forcht Karen A. , Pierson Joan
Published: May 2004

Looks at the wide‐ranging changes which are taking place in the computer
industry and what this means for security issues. Highlights current
computer crimes and looks at why computer crime has been able to
increase, e.g. computer terrorism, sale of contaminated software, and
why today there is a greater need for computer security. Refers to the
Berne Convention and the “gold card proposal”. Discusses the attitudes
for and against trans‐border data flow, and the now very public issue of
privacy, including how the buying of information is being tackled and
the consequences of the cashless society.
Organizational effectiveness and commitment through strategic management
Authors: Thibodeaux Mary S. , Favilla Edward
Published: May 2004

Asserts that top management needs to be aware of both high and low consensus among their management teams in terms of commitment to what they say they are doing in the organization. All too often leaders in organizations who are conditioned by repetitive refrains of hearing the “customer is number one” come to believe it and fail to evaluate the extent to which it is actually operative in the firm. Attempts to give a background for strategic management and organizational effectiveness and to relate a current observation to answer the question: do we do what we say we do? Emphasizes the importance of strategic management and organizational effectiveness. Presents an array of organizational effectiveness concepts that relate to strategic management processes. Uses data from a New York Stock Exchange listed company with more than 1,500 employees to investigate the level of commitment and consensus among the top management team, and presents the findings.
Interlending and document supply: a review of recent literature XXXVIII
Authors: Gould Sara
Published: May 2004

This review of the literature in interlending and document supply looks this time at recent published material in the areas of standards, ILL systems, unmediated document supply, distance education and the concept of universal availability of publications. Articles on the various faces of electronic publishing and electronic document delivery abound, and these are also reviewed.
Interlending and Document Supply: A Review of Recent Literature: XXV
Authors: Barwick Margaret
Published: May 2004

Discusses the problems of determining the cost of interlibrary loan and
charging for services and describes developments in interlibrary lending
throughout the world. Highlights advances at British Library Document
Supply Centre (BLDSC) and L′Institut de l′Information Scientifique et
Techniques (INIST). Describes various projects, surveys and initiatives
and gives visions of the future.
From barter to business ‐ a moral history of charging for interlibrary loans
Authors: Wright Christopher
Published: May 2004

The rapid growth of interlibrary loans in recent years has forced us to take a hard look at the practical and financial aspects of what we once thought of as a simple barter system. One good turn (the loan of a book) deserves another. The concepts of “reciprocal borrowing: and “resource sharing” are yielding to accounting principles and business processes. Charging for loans is becoming an acceptable practice. Which leads to the question, where did we get the idea that loans should be free in the first place? Early proponents of interlibrary loans in the USA did not shrink from the idea of charging but were stymied by the mechanics of collecting and distributing money. Our moral reluctance to charge is a relatively recent and perhaps transitory phenomenon. Bibliographic utilities have resolved many of the accounting problems. In the light of history, the decision to charge has more to do with mechanics than morality.
Innovation in medium‐sized insurance companies: how marketing adds value
Authors: Johne Axel , Davies Robert
Published: May 2004

Companies under threat can call upon three main types of innovation. First, market innovation – improving the mix of markets served. Second, product innovation – improving the mix of products offered. Third, process innovation – improving the mix and efficiency of internal operations. All types of innovation pose challenges, particularly to companies with little or no experience of managing change. Reports on efforts in five companies which needed to change to stay alive. Describes the types of innovation chosen by their CEOs and the means used to start the innovation process. Marketing considerations were found to be of decisive importance.
Customer Preferences for Financial Services: An Analysis
Authors: Boyd William L. , Leonard Myron , White Charles
Published: May 2004

With bank deregulation and more sophisticated customers, it has become
very important that banks and other financial institutions determine the
factors which are pertinent to the customer′s selection process. Through
a survey of households, evaluates the relative importance attached to
selection criteria used to choose a financial institution. The results
provide the basis for a demographic and behavioural profile which is
used to examine the emphasis of some criteria over others.
Bank Patronage Factors of Muslim and Non‐Muslim Customers
Authors: Haron Sudin , Ahmad Norafifah , Planisek Sandra L.
Published: May 2004

A fiercer level of competition is becoming the most influential factor in the structure and activities of the banking system around the globe. Banks are competing not only with themselves, but also with other financial institutions within the financial industry. In a plural society such as in Malaysia, the competition is becoming fiercer with the existence of the Islamic bank, which was established specifically to cater for the needs of the Muslim population in the country. To attract more customers, both conventional and Islamic banks should have information on factors used by customers in selecting their banks. Investigates how Muslims and non‐Muslims select their banks and what services they use frequently. Results show that there are many similarities between Muslims and non‐Muslims in their selection of banks and utilization of services.
The effects of free banking on overall satisfaction: the use
of automated teller machines
Authors: Goode Mark , Moutinho Luiz
Published: May 2004

At present banks and building societies cross‐subsidize certain
types of accounts, namely student accounts, from profits made in other
areas of their business. The banks and building societies offer free or
subsidized banking in an attempt to attract and retain new business from
people who may have higher earning capacity in the future. Most banks in
the UK offer a free £400 overdraft and lower interest
rates/charges on loans (7 per cent against 18.9 per cent) services and
overdrafts over this level to students. Tests a hypothesized model which
is designed to measure the effects of free banking on perceived overall
satisfaction attached to the use of automated teller machines (ATMs) for
bank services. Overall, a number of important differences were found
between students and “normal” customers with regard to
confidence, charges and frequency of use.
Private and public banks: a comparison of customer expectations and perceptions
Authors: Kangis Peter , Voukelatos Vassilis
Published: May 2004

Reports the findings of a survey among customers of private and public sector banks in Greece on service quality perceptions and expectations. Finds that quality expectations and evaluation of services received were marginally higher in the private than in the public sector in most of the dimensions measured; the relative importance attached to each quality attribute was, however, of a similar profile for the two sectors. The perception of the profile of services received was, however, different between sectors, thus suggesting that they did deliver a different quality of service. Discusses the implications for strategy since sectoral differentiation in banking is becoming blurred as a result of increasing overlap between services and competition from related and substitute industries. Identifies the distinctiveness of what is perceived as a service on offer as essential ingredient to competitive positioning in financial services.
The behavioral consequences of PC banking
Authors: Mols Niels Peter
Published: May 2004

This article compares users of PC‐based home banking systems with non‐users. A questionnaire study with responses from 669 bank consumers from Denmark shows that users of PC banking are more satisfied, are less price sensitive, have higher intentions to repurchase and provide more positive word‐of‐mouth than non‐users. For the banks these results indicate that, in the future, PC banking systems will become a stable source of revenue from a mass of loyal customers.
Provision of electronic banking in the UK and the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Daniel Elizabeth
Published: May 2004

Electronic or online banking is the newest delivery channel to be offered by the retail banks in many developed countries and there is wide agreement that this channel will have a significant impact on the market. Aims to quantify the current provision of electronic services by major retail banking organisations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Additional insight into the banks‘ adoption of this new channel is gained by exploring two areas important in the analysis of new offerings, that is: an organisation‘s approach to innovation; and their view of the current and future markets. By use of a mailed questionnaire, it was found that 25 per cent of the banks in the UK and the Republic of Ireland which responded to this survey are already offering online transactional services to consumers in their homes. The largest group of respondents (50 per cent) are those that are currently testing or developing such services, while just 25 per cent of the respondents were in organisations not providing or developing such services. It is also found that the organisation‘s vision of the future, their prediction of customer acceptance, which tends to be very low, and their organisational culture of innovation are the most important of the suggested factors in their adoption of electronic delivery.
Working towards the millennium: the British Library’s plans for the year 2000
Authors: Stephens Andy , Jackson Marie
Published: May 2004

Describes the main thrusts of the British Library’s aims for the year 2000 and explains the processes which have been developed to ensure that the vision can be realized. Looks forward to the period following the opening of the Library’s new building at St Pancras and establishing a single Library, operating a single collection, based on the two major sites at St Pancras and Boston Spa, and offering maximum access through full use of new technology, including electronic networks.
Little and large: an exploration of Britannica CD and The Wordsworth Encyclopedia
Authors: Chandler Helen E.
Published: May 2004

Reviews the multimedia Britannica CD encyclopedia and the less expensive Wordsworth Encyclopedia. Discusses their benefits and limitations. Concludes that they complement each other and are of value in general research.
Towards the millennium…and beyond: Brent libraries, 2008
Authors: Tyerman Karen
Published: May 2004

Spotlights the Brent libraries’ “Beyond the millennium project”, planning ahead for the year 2008. Outlines the multicultural nature of the borough, the political context and the library service in general. Highlights the central aim of the project ‐ to put libraries at the heart of local communities ‐ embracing the values of effective service, positive customer involvement, commitment to excellence and imagination. Anticipates that by 2008 libraries will operate seven days a week, offer wide‐ranging IT‐based services, using the most advanced technologies, and become an enabler of lifelong learning.
School Management Training:
Authors: Imants Jeroen G.M. , Van Putten Cees M. , Leijh Gabrielle
Published: May 2004

Discusses a method for the evaluation of school management training
programmes, and explores the usefulness of this evaluation approach
within the context of two school management training programmes.
Investigates whether the impact of these training programmes on
principals and teachers can be demonstrated by changes in their
self‐efficacy. Training effects are determined by means of repeated
measures. Finds significant principal effects and no teacher effects.
Discusses theoretical and practical implications within the context of
self‐efficacy theory and a model for staff development.
Implementing teamworking in a higher education setting: a case study
Authors: Varey Richard J.
Published: May 2004

Describes how, in response to the major changes in the operating environment for a higher education institution, an approach to teamworking was piloted and facilitated by one of the authors. Describes the approach taken and highlights some of the issues raised in the programme, with explanations. Discusses lessons learned from the initiative.
Towards improving care for children with diabetes in Kuwait
Authors: Shaltout A.A. , Qabazard M.A. , Al Khawari M. , Bushnaq R. , Abdella N.A. , Abdul Salam R. , Mughal H.
Published: May 2004

Presents the results of a medical audit of the records of 199
children diagnosed as diabetic and admitted to Al‐Amiri Hospital,
Kuwait. Uses the measurement of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) to
indicate the levels of control achieved. Finds that the degree of
glycaemic control compares favourably with studies done in other
hospitals, but unfavourably with specialized diabetic clinics. Proposes
that glycaemic control could be improved by provision of the services of
specialized support staff such as dietitian, educator, psychologist and
health visitor.
Measuring service quality at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2004

Evaluates the service quality of four clinics at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center using a questionnaire methodology. The SERVQUAL instrument was administered to patients of the Medical Breast, Leukemia, Medical Gastroenterology and Bone Marrow Aspiration clinics. Results show that, according to the service gap methodology of comparing expectations and perceptions across all four clinics, the issues of billing accuracy and waiting times are deemed by patients as significant problems. In comparing the individual clinics, the Medical Gastroenterology and Leukemia clinics are best performers and the Medical Breast clinic is the worst. However, these differences in performance are due to differences in patients’ expectations of service quality, rather than differences in perceptions. Concludes that customer expectations can have a strong impact on a firm’s evaluation of its service quality.