bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O Chaos das 5
Authors: Schiavoni Flávio Luiz , Siqueira Adilson , Constante Rogério Tavares , Silva Junior Igino De Oliveira , Morandi Thiago De Andrade , Carvalho Fábio Dos Passos , Araújo João Teixeira , Gomes André Lucas Nascimento , Resende Frederico Ribeiro , Santos Luísa Lugon-Moulin Brazil , De Paulo Avner Maximiliano , De Souza Carlos Eduardo Oliveira , Rodrigues Allyson Da Cruz , Andrade Igor Alves Estevam , Prado Aneliza Rodrigues , Da Silva Patrick Veniali , Teixeira João Lucas Ruas , De Lima Aretha Brito , Lima e Silva Bruna Guimarães , Silva Ívyla Nascimento , Pereira Wanderson Andre Martins , De Oliveira Rafael Gomes , Da Silva Octávio Ferreira Deluchi Cerqueira , Santos Junior Valdir De Siqueira , Recinella Matteo Vinicius Alves
Published: May 2020

“O Chaos das 5” is an audiovisual digital performance. The guideline of the performance is inspired by Alice, from Lewis Carroll book - Alice in the Wonderland, as a metaphor to take the audience to a synthetic and disruptive wonder world. The concept of the performance is to conceive the possibility to the audience to interact through digital interfaces creating an immersive and participatory experience by combining three important layers of information (music, projections and gestures) through their cellphones. Once that the audience members take part of the show on an immersive aspect, there is no stage or another mark to limit the space of the performers and the audience.
Introduction to automatic audio classification
Authors: Tavares Tiago
Published: May 2020

This hands-on workshop comprises essential techniques for digital signal processing and machine learning. Participants will use the Python libraries librosa and scikit-learn as support to build an automatic audio classification system. The workshop will use explorations in toy problems to approach theoretical aspects. Later, it will discuss practical issues for building a scientific applications in the field.
Personenbezogenes Predictive Policing
Authors: Sommerer Lucia
Published: May 2020

Verbrechen verhindern bevor sie geschehen? Dieses verlockende Narrativ ist nicht länger nur Science-Fiction. Computergestützte Systeme mit dem Ziel kriminelles Verhalten vorauszusagen werden weltweit eingesetzt. Die Autorin beleuchtet diesen Einsatz kritisch mit rechtswissenschaftlich-interdisziplinärem Zugang. Sie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Technologie eine Aushöhlung verfassungsrechtlicher Garantien mit sich bringt und beachtliche Risiken für Rechtsstaat und Gesellschaft birgt. Insbesondere droht sich die Kriminalitätskontrolle in eine – in Anlehnung an Arendt – selbstauferlegte Gedankenlosigkeit zu begeben. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Vorschlag für Mindestanforderungen, an denen sich die Technologie in Zukunft orientieren sollte.
Reform der AGB-Kontrolle im B2B-Bereich
Authors: Herresthal Carsten
Published: May 2020

Die Rechtsprechung zur AGB-Kontrolle im B2B-Bereich wird mittlerweile als gravierender Wettbewerbsnachteil des deutschen Vertragsrechts betrachtet. Die „Flucht“ aus dem deutschen materiellen Recht ist u. a. im Bank- und Kapitalmarktrecht wie auch bei Unternehmenskäufen festzustellen. Der Band skizziert die aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum deutschen AGB-Recht bei Rechtsgeschäften zwischen Unternehmern, systematisiert und diskutiert die Reformvorschläge und unterbreitet einen eigenen Regelungsvorschlag zur Änderung des BGB. Dabei werden u. a. die Möglichkeiten einer neuen Bereichsausnahme, einer Änderung der Individualabrede sowie die Modifikation des Maßstabs der Inhaltskontrolle im B2B-Bereich analysiert. Der Band basiert u. a. auf einem Workshop an der Universität Regensburg, in dem die Regelungsalternativen mit Teilnehmern aus Wissenschaft, Verwaltung und Praxis intensiv erörtert wurden. Prof. Dr. Carsten Herresthal forscht u. a. zu Fragen des Bank- und Kapitalmarktrechts an der Universität Regensburg.
Vom Bail-out-Verbot zur solidarischen Bail-out-Pflicht?
Authors: Kousoula Pipitsa
Published: May 2020

Diese Arbeit versucht, im Rahmen der allgemeinen Vorschriften des europäischen Rechts sowie der Wirtschaftskrise bewältigenden Maßnahmen und insbesondere des ESM auf die Hauptfrage der theoretischen Bedeutung und der praktischen Rolle des europäischen, mitgliedsstaatlichen Solidaritätsprinzips sowohl in Zeiten ständigen ökonomischen Wachstums als auch in Krisenperioden eine solide Antwort zu geben. Als Methodologisches Instrument stellt die Interpretation der mitgliedsstaatlichen Solidarität in allen den vergangenen sowie heutigen Vorschriften des europäischen Rechts dar. In der Analyse der verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen der europäischen Solidarität werden, ihre Normativität, Justiziabilität und ihre Adressaten sowie ihr Verhältnis zu dem Subsidiaritäts- und zum Souveränitätsprinzip bestimmt. Als Endergebnis ist die Mehrdimensionalität der Solidarität und ihre Funktion als Verfassungsgrundsatz, Zielsetzung und Wert der EU bestätigt.
Das Schicksal internationaler Schiedsverfahren in der Insolvenz des Schiedsbeklagten
Authors: Kraus Maximilian
Published: May 2020

Die Eröffnung des Insolvenzfahrens über das Vermögen des Beklagten eines anhängigen Schiedsverfahrens wirft komplexe Fragestellungen dahingehend auf, ob und unter welchen Voraussetzungen das Schiedsverfahren fortgeführt werden kann. Bei grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalten multiplizieren sich die auftretenden Probleme, da die Frage des anwendbaren Rechts hinzukommt, es gleichzeitig aber an einem eindeutigen Kollisionsrecht zur Beantwortung dieser Frage fehlt. Denn das Schiedsgericht eines internationalen Schiedsverfahrens kann nicht so eindeutig wie ein staatliches Gericht einem bestimmten Forum zugeordnet werden („conflict-of-conflict-of-law problem“, De Ly). In klarer Abgrenzung zu den existierenden Meinungen geht die Arbeit von dem das Schiedsverfahren dominierenden Grundsatz der Parteiautonomie aus und entwickelt so einen eigenständigen Ansatz einer ergebnisorientierten kollisionsrechtlichen Sonderanknüpfung. Sie enthält zudem eine praxisgerechte Handreichung für Schiedsgerichte.
Die Garantenstellung des Amtstierarztes
Authors: Thilo Annabelle
Published: May 2020

Seit geraumer Zeit wird allgemein ein Vollzugsdefizit bei der Umsetzung des Tierschutzgesetzes beklagt. Dies betrifft insbesondere Amtsveterinäre, welche vom Gesetzgeber als zentrale Kontrollinstanz vorgesehen sind. Das vorliegende Werk spannt einen Bogen von den rechtsphilosophischen Grundlagen des Tierschutzgesetzes bis zu der Bedeutung und Anwendung seiner Prinzipien in der Strafverfolgungspraxis. Erörtert werden neben dogmatischen Fragen der strafrechtlichen Verantwortung von Amtsveterinären auch wesentliche Aspekte der zentralen Strafnorm des Tierschutzgesetzes (§ 17) sowie aktuelle Probleme im Tierschutzrecht. Dabei legt die Verfasserin auch die erste empirische Untersuchung ihrer Art in Deutschland vor, im Rahmen derer mittels Analyse von Strafakten verschiedener Bundesländer untersucht wird, ob und inwieweit eine effektive Umsetzung von Tierschutznormen durch Amtstierärzte, Staatsanwaltschaften und Gerichte stattfindet, insbesondere hinsichtlich gewerblicher Tierhaltung.
Desafios na gestão de uma escola estadual no Paraná/Brasil a partir da filosofia de linguagem de Bakhtin
Authors: Magnin Luana Silvy de Lorenzi Tezza , Takahashi Adriana Roseli Wunsch , Petean Gustavo Henrique , Pan Miriam Aparecida Graciano de Souza
Published: May 2020

Atribui-se à educação papel central quanto ao exercício da liberdade, cidadania e de uma sociedade democrática. Contudo, a realidade das escolas públicas aponta para a precarização. Neste artigo propõe-se a contribuir na área de organizações ao analisar os principais desafios na gestão de uma escola pública do Estado do Paraná, por meio de um estudo de caso em uma escola de Curitiba, a partir da perspectiva de Mikhail Bakhtin. Os resultados apontam que os enunciados da profissionalização e eficiência do serviço público atuam sobre a produção de resultados como o Índice Ideb, deixando o processo educativo em sentido amplo em segundo plano. Conclui-se que se faz necessário conhecer a realidade cotidiana das escolas para então propor alternativas que minimizem as dificuldades identificadas.Palavras-chave: Bakhtin; educação; gestão; políticas públicas.
Futuros, tecnologias e relacionamentos: uma análise do filme Her (Ela) como desafio para a Teologia Prática
Authors: Metz Artur Grams , Cézar Adam Júlio
Published: May 2020

O ser humano tenta prever o futuro na tentativa de dar forma e sentido ao presente. Os mitos, as narrativas, a religião e a arte foram os meios encontrados para olhar o futuro. O Cinema hoje funciona como um mecanismo poderoso para este empreendimento, considerando as grandes mudanças culturais e relacionais do nosso tempo. Este artigo pretende analisar esta relação entre futuro, tecnologia e relacionamentos, buscando entender os avanços e as limitações humanas como algo relevante para a Teologia Prática, como área teológica que emerge da prática para a prática da vida concreta de pessoas do presente. Para tanto, oferecerá algumas definições de Cinema e de seu papel frente ao futuro-presente, num primeiro momento. Em seguida, apresentará ideias sobre a relação humana com o futuro, e, finalmente, analisará o filme Her, traçando alguns desafios para a Teologia Prática.
A Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento de Campinas na confluência do religioso e do secular (1847-1908)
Authors: Da Silva Ana Rosa Cloclet , Amstalden Gabriel De Barros
Published: May 2020

O artigo analisa aspectos da reforma e atuação da Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento na cidade de Campinas, no período de 1847 a 1908. Pautada em documentação de natureza diversificada, objetiva compreender o papel desempenhado por esta instituição leiga, na confluência da Igreja institucional, da política e da religiosidade local. Para tanto, valoriza a atuação pessoal de alguns de seus membros na construção e manutenção das condições simbólicas e materiais da devoção ao Santíssimo Sacramento, bem como aspectos circunstanciais do contexto recortado: a cidade de Campinas. Como argumento central, sustenta que o perfil desta associação pode ser melhor compreendido antes pela sua tendência colaborativa, que de resistência às diretrizes da Igreja institucional, no contexto das reformas ultramontanas. O que significa reconhecer a complexidade dos processos históricos, no decorrer dos quais o religioso e o secular modelaram-se de maneira recíproca.
Mulheres na construção da cultura da paz e no enfrentamento de violências de gênero
Authors: Caron Lurdes , Graupe Mareli Eliane , Lessmann Reckziegel Juliane Cristina
Published: May 2020

Este artigo objetiva refletir sobre a cultura da paz difundida pela Organização das Nações Unidas e o papel das mulheres no enfrentamento de violências de gênero. Trabalhamos com pesquisa bibliográfica a partir de autores que refletem sobre o tema da cultura da paz e o enfrentamento de violências de gênero. A reflexão indica que as mulheres podem contribuir na construção da cultura da paz na medida em que começam a questionar as violências de gênero, os sistemas excludentes, machistas, sexistas e, se dispõem a tecer novas relações sociais pautadas no diálogo, na comunicação não violenta, na construção de relações justas e equitativas.
Sínodo da Amazônia, diálogo intercultural e inter-religioso e solidariadade: conhecendo os Mbya Guarani
Authors: Tarachuque Jorge , Souza Waldir
Published: May 2020

Este texto na perspectiva do Sínodo da Amazônia acontece num contexto de extrema relevância tendo em vista a realidade dos graves impactos sociais, econômicos, culturais e ambientais nesta região que compreende nove países da América do Sul. Traz a Igreja e sociedade o desafio de se conhecer mais profundamente os povos originários e as comunidades tradicionais para uma ação efetiva e engajada de solidariedade profética aos Povos Indígenas e aos Povos da Floresta. Neste propósito de conhecer as culturas, opta-se por adentrar na cultura de um desses povos, cujo ethos é caminhar em busca da Terra Sem Males, o povo Mbya Guarani, que pelo próprio modo de ser, marca presença em seus territórios tradicionais, do Rio Grande do Sul ao Espírito Santo, (RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ e ES) e posteriormente chegando também no Pará, além da Argentina, Uruguai, Paraguai e Bolívia. O povo Mbya Guarani sobreviveu há mais de 500 anos ao projeto colonizador e tem resistido ao projeto neo-colonizador com muita sabedoria. Além disso, pode nos ensinar o Bem Viver onde aconteça o respeito à Mãe Terra, a harmonia e interação do ser humano e a biodiversidade da Casa Comum.
Upper Limb Dexterity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Alonso Ricardo N. , Eizaguirre Maria B. , Cohen Leila , Quarracino Cecilia , Silva Berenice , Pita Maria C. , Yastremiz Cecilia , Vanotti Sandra , Garcea Orlando
Published: May 2020

Background:

Scales to assess disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) rarely provide reliable data on actual global impairment. Upper limb dysfunction is usually overlooked, which has a negative effect on patient well-being. We sought to analyze associations among upper limb dexterity, lower limb speed, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score; the difference in upper limb dexterity between patients with EDSS scores less than 5 and 5 or greater; and the associations that upper limb dexterity, lower limb speed, and EDSS score have with health-related quality of life measurements and depression.

Methods:

A total of 140 adults with MS were evaluated using the Nine-Hole Peg Test, Timed 25-Foot Walk test, EDSS, Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life (MusiQoL) questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory. Thorough descriptive-analytical research was conducted using the Spearman correlation, multiple linear regression, and structural equation modeling.

Results:

Upper limb dexterity was more closely related to EDSS score than lower limb speed (r = 0.43 vs 0.29, R2 = 0.38) and was greatest in patients with EDSS scores less than 5 (P < .01). Moreover, upper limb dexterity was negatively associated with EDSS score and the MusiQoL questionnaire (rS = −0.557 to −0.321, P < .05). The correlation that depression has with upper limb dexterity loss was higher than the one it has with lower limb speed (0.098 vs 0.066, t > 1.96).

Conclusions:

Upper limb dexterity is associated with global disability, depression, and health-related quality of life. We advocate for the assessment of upper limb dexterity in patients with MS to adopt a better approach to their functional impairment.
Designing Information Technology in the Postmodern Age
Authors: Coyne Richard
Published: May 2020

Coyne examines the entire range of contemporary philosophical thinking—including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, pragmatism, phenomenology, critical theory, hermeneutics, and deconstruction—comparing them and showing how they differ in their consequences for design and development issues in electronic communications, computer representation, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and multimedia.

Designing Information Technology in the Postmodern Age puts the theoretical discussion of computer systems and information technology on a new footing. Shifting the discourse from its usual rationalistic framework, Richard Coyne shows how the conception, development, and application of computer systems is challenged and enhanced by postmodern philosophical thought. He places particular emphasis on the theory of metaphor, showing how it has more to offer than notions of method and models appropriated from science.

Coyne examines the entire range of contemporary philosophical thinking—including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, pragmatism, phenomenology, critical theory, hermeneutics, and deconstruction—comparing them and showing how they differ in their consequences for design and development issues in electronic communications, computer representation, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and multimedia. He also probes the claims made of information technology, including its presumptions of control, its so-called radicality, even its ability to make virtual worlds, and shows that many of these claims are poorly founded.

Among the writings Coyne visits are works by Heidegger, Adorno, Benjamin, Gadamer, Derrida, Habermas, Rorty, and Foucault. He relates their views to information technology designers and critics such as Herbert Simon, Alan Kay, Terry Winograd, Hubert Dreyfus, and Joseph Weizenbaum. In particular, Coyne draws extensively from the writing of Martin Heidegger, who has presented one of the most radical critiques of technology to date.
The Natural and the Normative
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: May 2020

Gary Hatfield examines theories of spatial perception from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century and provides a detailed analysis of the works of Kant and Helmholtz, who adopted opposing stances on whether central questions about spatial perception were amenable to natural-scientific treatment. At stake were the proper understanding of the relationships among sensation, perception, and experience, and the proper methodological framework for investigating the mental activities of judgment, understanding, and reason issues which remain at the core of philosophical psychology and cognitive science.

Hatfield presents these important issues as living philosophies of science that shape and are shaped by actual research programs, creating a complex and fascinating picture of the entire nineteenth-century battle between nativism and empiricism. His examination of Helmholtz's work in physiological optics and epistemology is a tour de force.

Bradford Books imprint
Connectomic analysis reveals an interneuron with an integral role in the retinal circuit for night vision
Authors: Park Silvia JH , Lieberman Evan E , Ke Jiang-Bin , Rho Nao , Ghorbani Padideh , Rahmani Pouyan , Jun Na Young , Lee Hae-Lim , Kim In-Jung , Briggman Kevin L , Demb Jonathan B , Singer Joshua H
Published: May 2020

Night vision in mammals depends fundamentally on rod photoreceptors and the well-studied rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway. The central neuron in this pathway, the AII amacrine cell (AC), exhibits a spatially tuned receptive field, composed of an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround, that propagates to ganglion cells, the retina’s projection neurons. The circuitry underlying the surround of the AII, however, remains unresolved. Here, we combined structural, functional and optogenetic analyses of the mouse retina to discover that surround inhibition of the AII depends primarily on a single interneuron type, the NOS-1 AC: a multistratified, axon-bearing GABAergic cell, with dendrites in both ON and OFF synaptic layers, but with a pure ON (depolarizing) response to light. Our study demonstrates generally that novel neural circuits can be identified from targeted connectomic analyses and specifically that the NOS-1 AC mediates long-range inhibition during night vision and is a major element of the RB pathway.
Research to Integrate Services for Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury, Mental Health, and Addictions: Proceedings of a MultiDisciplinary Workshop
Authors: Wiseman-Hakes Catherine , Colantonio Angela , Ryu Hyun , Toccalino Danielle , Balogh Robert , Grigorovich Alisa , Kontos Pia , Haag Halina (Lin) , Kirsh Bonnie , Nalder Emily J. , Mann Robert , Matheson Flora I. , Riopelle Richard , Wilcock Ruth , Chan Vincy
Published: May 2020

We present the findings from a one-day, multidisciplinary meeting to gather feedback for an integrated knowledge translation research project addressing the integration of health services and supports for individuals with traumatic brain injury, mental health, and/or addictions; especially those who experience homelessness/vulnerably housed, intersect with the criminal justice system, and are survivors of intimate partner violence. This meeting brought together persons with lived experience, service providers, decision makers, and researchers, who provided feedback that further refined the research methodology and highlighted existing gaps. This event was successful in inviting collaboration, knowledge exchange and dissemination, and advancing an important knowledge-to-action cycle for this research.
Using phenology data to improve control of invasive plant species: A case study on Midway Atoll NWR
Authors: Taylor Robert V. , Holthuijzen Wieteke , Humphrey Ann , Posthumus Erin
Published: May 2020

1. Restoration of degraded lands often depends on knowledge of invasive plant species’ ecology coupled with well‐timed treatments to control them. Little is known about the reproductive phenology of Verbesina encelioides (golden crownbeard), which is a highly invasive annual forb species at Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). Efforts to control V. encelioides on Midway Atoll NWR were challenging, especially when targeted plants went to seed before being treated.

2. To obtain this information, we documented the timing of key reproductive life cycle events in cohorts of V. encelioides plants on Midway Atoll NWR for 12 months beginning in August 2016; we visited these plants every 3–7 days and noted which phenophases the plants exhibited.

3. We found that it took an average of 76 days for V. encelioides to transition from leaves to seed drop, although the time required varied across the year (range: 31–175 days). Accordingly, invasive plant control schedules were adjusted to re‐treat infested areas every 30 days.

4. By incorporating phenology information into invasive plant control operations at Midway Atoll NWR, efforts to eradicate V. encelioides will have a higher chance of succeeding. Standardized methods, such as those from the USA National Phenology Network, provided useful tools for optimizing the timing of management practices; moreover, these data may help to better inform management of invasive plant species with regard to restoration efforts at a global scale.
Investigating split‐filter dual‐energy CT for improving liver tumor visibility for radiation therapy
Authors: DiMaso Lianna D. , Miller Jessica R. , Lawless Michael J. , Bassetti Michael F. , DeWerd Larry A. , Huang Jessie
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Accurate liver tumor delineation is crucial for radiation therapy, but liver tumor volumes are difficult to visualize with conventional single‐energy CT. This work investigates the use of split‐filter dual‐energy CT (DECT) for liver tumor visibility by quantifying contrast and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR).

Methods

Split‐filter DECT contrast‐enhanced scans of 20 liver tumors including cholangiocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and liver metastases were acquired. Analysis was performed on the arterial and venous phases of mixed 120 kVp‐equivalent images and VMIs at 57 keV and 40 keV gross target volume (GTV) contrast and CNR were calculated.

Results

For the arterial phase, liver GTV contrast was 12.1 ± 10.0 HU and 43.1 ± 32.3 HU (P < 0.001) for the mixed images and 40 keV VMIs. Image noise increased on average by 116% for the 40 keV VMIs compared to the mixed images. The average CNR did not change significantly (1.6 ± 1.5, 1.7 ± 1.4, 2.4 ± 1.7 for the mixed, 57 keV and 40 keV VMIs (P > 0.141)). For individual cases, however, CNR increases of up to 607% were measured for the 40 keV VMIs compared to the mixed image. Venous phase 40 keV VMIs demonstrated an average increase of 35.4 HU in GTV contrast and 121% increase in image noise. Average CNR values were also not statistically different, but for individual cases CNR increases of up to 554% were measured for the 40 keV VMIs compared to the mixed image.

Conclusions

Liver tumor contrast was significantly improved using split‐filter DECT 40 keV VMIs compared to mixed images. On average, there was no statistical difference in CNR between the mixed images and VMIs, but for individual cases, CNR was greatly increased for the 57 keV and 40 keV VMIs. Therefore, although not universally successful for our patient cohort, split‐filter DECT VMIs may provide substantial gains in tumor visibility of certain liver cases for radiation therapy treatment planning.
Additive Functionalization and Embroidery for Manufacturing Wearable and Washable Textile Supercapacitors
Authors: Huang Qiyao , Wang Dongrui , Hu Hong , Shang Jian , Chang Jian , Xie Chuan , Yang Yu , Lepró Xavier , Baughman Ray H. , Zheng Zijian
Published: May 2020

Electronic textiles require rechargeable power sources that are highly integrated with textiles and garments, thereby providing outstanding durability and washability. In contrast, present power sources fabricated using conventional ex situ strategies are difficult to integrate with clothing and can degrade during garment washing. Here, a new manufacturing strategy named additive functionalization and embroidery manufacturing (AFEM) is reported, which enables textile‐based supercapacitors (TSCs) to be directly fabricated on woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics. The additive principle of AFEM allows developing TSCs with different types of electrode materials, device architectures, pattern designs, and array connections. High‐machine‐speed, programmable‐design industrial embroidering equipment is used to fabricate TSCs with high areal energy storage and power capabilities, which are retained during many cycles of severe mechanical deformation and industrial laundering with waterproof encapsulation.
Anodization for Simplified Processing and Efficient Charge Transport in Vertical Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lim Kyung‐Geun , Guo Erjuan , Fischer Axel , Miao Qian , Leo Karl , Kleemann Hans
Published: May 2020

Vertical organic transistors are an attractive alternative to realize short channel transistors, which are required for powerful electronic devices and flexible electronic circuits operating at high frequencies. Unfortunately, the vertical device architecture comes along with an increased device fabrication complexity, limiting the potential of this technology for application. A new design of vertical organic field‐effect transistors (VOFETs) with superior electrical performance and simplified processing is reported. By using electrochemical oxidized aluminum oxide (AlOx) as a pseudo self‐aligned charge‐blocking structure in vertical organic transistors, direct leakage current between the source and drain can be effectively suppressed, enabling VOFETs with very low off‐current levels despite the short channel length. The anodization technique is easy to apply and can be surprisingly used on both n‐type and p‐type organic semiconductor thin films with significant signs of degradation. Hence, the anodization technique enables a simplified process of high‐performance p‐type and n‐type VOFETs, paving the road toward complementary circuits made of vertical transistors.
Direct Pyrolysis of Supermolecules: An Ultrahigh Edge‐Nitrogen Doping Strategy of Carbon Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Yin Jian , Sun Minglei , Wang Wenxi , Chen Cailing , Altunkaya Mustafa , Emwas Abdul‐Hamid , Han Yu , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: May 2020

Most reported carbonaceous anodes of potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have limited capacities. One approach to improve the performance of carbon anodes is edge‐nitrogen doping, which effectively enhances the K‐ion adsorption energy. It remains challenging to achieve high edge‐nitrogen doping due to the difficulty in controlling the nitrogen dopant configuration. Herein, a new synthesis strategy is proposed to prepare carbon anodes with ultrahigh edge‐nitrogen doping for high‐performance PIBs. Specifically, self‐assembled supermolecule precursors derived from pyromellitic acid and melamine are directly pyrolyzed. During the pyrolysis process, the amidation and imidization reactions between pyromellitic acid and melamine before carbonization enable the successful carbonization of pyromellitic acid–melamine supermolecule. The obtained 3D nitrogen‐doped turbostratic carbon (3D‐NTC) possesses a 3D framework composed of carbon nanosheets, turbostratic crystalline structure, and an ultrahigh edge‐nitrogen‐doping level up to 16.8 at% (73.7% of total 22.8 at% nitrogen doping). These features endow 3D‐NTCs with remarkable performances as PIB anodes. The 3D‐NTC anode displays a high capacity of 473 mAh g−1, robust rate capability, and a long cycle life of 500 cycles with a high capacity retention of 93.1%. This new strategy will boost the development of carbon anodes for rechargeable alkali‐metal‐ion batteries.
Ultralow Optical and Electrical Losses via Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching of Antireflective Nanograss in Conductive Mesh Electrodes
Authors: Kim Kyunghwan , Ki Bugeun , Bong Haekyun , Choi Keorock , Oh Jungwoo
Published: May 2020

Various types of anti‐reflective technologies are capable of increasing the light absorption of optical devices. The electrical conductivity of the collected carriers must also be increased for efficient photoelectric conversion. However, increasing the front electrode area reduces the amount of light absorption, causing shading and resistive losses to conflict in front‐illuminated devices. In this study, a low‐reflectance surface and high‐conductance electrode for Schottky photodiodes are fabricated using metal‐assisted chemical etching (MacEtch). Si nanograss (SiNG) and Ag‐mesh formed via MacEtch serve as a subwavelength surface and buried electrodes, respectively. SiNG increases light absorption without causing shading loss, while the buried Ag‐mesh considerably improves electrical conductivity. The SiNG/Ag‐mesh structure exhibits a solar weighted reflectance of 1.20% and a sheet resistance of 5.48 Ω □−1. The SiNG/Ag‐mesh Schottky photodiode exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 89.5% at a wavelength of 860 nm and an internal photoemission effect in the sub‐band gap. The self‐organized SiNG/Ag‐mesh, fabricated through a simple wet‐etching method, simultaneously addresses the issues of optical and electrical losses, enabling the application of this technique to a wide range of optoelectronic devices.
Highly Conductive Alkaline‐Earth Metal Electrodes: The Possibility of Maintaining Both Low Work Function and Surface Stability for Organic Electronics
Authors: Liu Yunfei , Ding Tao , Chen Xiaotian , Bai Fuquan , Genco Armando , Wang Haoran , Chen Chen , Chen Ping , Mazzeo Marco , Zhang Yuantao , Duan Yu
Published: May 2020

The realization of a highly efficient and transparent light‐emitting display isan ambitious but highly desirable goal since several obstacles need to be solved. One of the most challenging issues is the fabrication of a suitable transparent cathode on the top emitting surface. Evaporated Ca thin film is one theoretically promising candidate due to its remarkable optical transparency, conductivity, and matched work function (WF) on the electron injection side. However, until now, keeping metallic Ca working as a stand‐alone electrode is not possible because its highly reactive characteristics cause ultrathin Ca film to react with organics. In this work, atomic layer deposition ZnO is presented with the intention of protecting a vulnerable ultrathin Ca layer while preserving its low WF in the entire structure. In this research, a transparent cathode that maintains a low WF of 3.31 eV is built, enabling highly transparent (nearly 90% in the visible range) organic light‐emitting diodes with external quantum efficiencies that reach 22.7%, 19.3%, and 17.9% for green, yellow, and blue emissions, respectively, and reaching an emission balance. The luminance of the devices is about three times higher when compared with the devices without protective structures, which are even likely to fail to operate.
High‐Aspect‐Ratio Plasmonic Heterostructures for In Vivo Enhanced Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in the Second Near‐Infrared Biological Window
Authors: Xu Yifan , Zhou Bin , Zhuang Chao , Zhou Jianhua , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi
Published: May 2020

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive bio‐imaging modality that is widely used in both fundamental research and clinical practice. Contrast agents with strong light‐scattering properties are a prerequisite for OCT imaging. Bio‐imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) has recently attracted significant attention based on reduced light absorption, suppressed photon scattering, and negligible autofluorescence. OCT contrast agents with both strong light‐scattering cross‐sections in the NIR‐II window and excellent biocompatibility are highly desirable. In this article, Ag‐based rod‐shaped plasmonic nanostructures are presented as NIR‐II OCT contrast agents. As a high‐aspect‐ratio heterostructure, the Ag nanorods coated with mesoporous silica shells (AgNR@mSiO2) are developed to achieve plasmon resonance at 1330 nm and excellent biocompatibility. By taking advantage of their huge light‐scattering cross‐sections, which provide the strongest scattering reported to date among various nanoscale OCT contrast agents, the heterostructures are used to perform efficient in vivo OCT imaging of crucian carp eyes and chicken blood vessels in the NIR‐II window. The captured images exhibit enhanced contrast with large imaging depth. These results demonstrate that the developed AgNR@mSiO2 heterostructures are promising OCT contrast agents, that can provide guidance and reference for the development of highly efficient NIR‐II imaging probes.
Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hexatomic N‐Heterobiaryls
Authors: Cheng Dao‐Juan , Shao You‐Dong
Published: May 2020

Axially chiral hexatomic N‐heterobiaryls are among the most important class of structures with extensive utility in asymmetric catalysis as chiral ligands and organocatalysts, as exemplified by QUINAP and QUINOX. Besides, these atropisomers have attracted broad attention due to their application in drug discovery. Hence, it is not surprising that extensive efforts have been devoted for the pursue of efficient catalytic asymmetric methods for their direct and atroposelective construction. In addition to the direct heteroaryl‐aryl cross‐coupling, which remains as a challenge, a series of creative catalytic asymmetric strategies based on pre‐formed heterobiaryl systems have been developed by taking advantage of the intrinsic property of N atom on the heteroarenes. Generally, the methods employed extensively involved kinetic resolution, dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation, dynamic kinetic resolution and desymmetrization reaction. A growing number of approaches through stereoselective de novo formation of a six‐membered N‐heteroaromatic ring have also been reported for specific applications in this field. This review summarizes recent advancements of axially chiral hexatomic N‐heterobiaryls construction by means of asymmetric catalysis, including their scope, limitations, mechanisms and applications.

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Iron‐Mediated Cyanoalkylsulfonylation/Arylation of Active Alkenes with Cycloketone Oxime Derivatives via Sulfur Dioxide Insertion
Authors: Chen Zan , Zhou Quan , Wang Qiao‐Lin , Chen Pu , Xiong Bi‐Quan , Liang Yun , Tang Ke‐Wen , Liu Yu
Published: May 2020

Iron‐mediated radical cyanoalkylsulfonylation/arylation of active olefins with cycloketone oxime derivatives via cleavage of C−C single bond and insertion of SO2 is developed for the preparation of cyanoalkylsulfonylated oxindoles. This difunctionalization of carbon−carbon double bond via a radical pathway involves cyclobutanone oxime ester fragmentation, sulfonyl radical generation and radical addition/5‐exo cyclization. The methodology displays good functional group tolerance and does not require any external bases or oxidants.

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Preparation and Characterization of a Water‐Soluble Kraft Lignin
Authors: Maitz Silvia , Schlemmer Werner , Hobisch Mathias Andreas , Hobisch Josefine , Kienberger Marlene
Published: May 2020

Kraft lignin can be extracted from black liquor generated during wood digestion. At present, water soluble kraft lignin is prepared chemically. Here, a method for the preparation of a purified form of CO2‐precipitated softwood kraft lignin, which forms a stable aqueous solution at a pH value of 8.9 is described. The lignin samples are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The comparison of water‐washed lignin with reference samples of unwashed‐ and acid‐washed lignin shows that the water‐washed lignin has a higher molecular weight compared to the reference samples, while the content of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups is similar. Solubility studies show that drying of washed lignin has a significant effect on its dissolution in water. Charge titration and dynamic light scattering experiments show that water‐washed lignin forms a stable colloid in aqueous solution.
Relief of Biofilm Hypoxia Using an Oxygen Nanocarrier: A New Paradigm for Enhanced Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Hu Dengfeng , Zou Lingyun , Yu Weijiang , Jia Fan , Han Haijie , Yao Ke , Jin Qiao , Ji Jian
Published: May 2020

Biofilms are chief culprits of most intractable infections and pose great threats to human health. Conventional antibiotic therapies are hypodynamic to biofilms due to their strong drug resistance, closely related with biofilm hypoxia. A new strategy for enhanced antibiotic therapy by relieving biofilm hypoxia is reported here. A two‐step sequential delivery strategy is fabricated using perfluorohexane (PFH)‐loaded liposomes (lip) as oxygen (O2) carriers (denoted as lip@PFH@O2) and commercial antibiotics. The results indicate that the two‐step sequential treatment exhibits much lower minimum bactericidal concentrations than the antibiotic treatment alone. In this design, the lip@PFH@O2 holds positively charged surface for better biofilm penetration. After penetrating into biofilm, oxygen can be released from lip@PFH@O2 by inches, which greatly relieves biofilm hypoxia. With the relief of hypoxia, the quorum sensing and the drug efflux pumps of bacteria are suppressed by restraining related gene expression, leading to the reduced antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the in vivo experimental results also demonstrate that lip@PFH@O2 can effectively relieve biofilm hypoxia and enhance therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics. As a proof‐of‐concept, this research provides an innovative strategy for enhanced antibiotic therapy by relieving hypoxia, which may hold a bright future in combating biofilm‐associated infections.
Product design: Formulation of a screen‐printable sintering‐type conductive paste
Authors: Yan Lawrence K. Q. , Tam Sze Kee , Fung Ka Y. , Ng Ka M.
Published: May 2020

Due to the complexity of the screen‐printing operation and the rheological behaviors of the screen‐printable paste, such a paste is usually formulated by trial‐and‐error. In this report, a systematic procedure, based on heuristics and mechanistic models, for the design of a screen‐printable paste is developed. The procedure is demonstrated by a case study of the formulation of a conductive paste of copper particles.
Efficient Cu‐catalyzed Synthesis of Benzimidazoles Using Ammonia as Nitrogen Source in Water
Authors: Li Minxin , Tang Yanling , Gao Hui , Rao Gaoxiong , Mao Zewei
Published: May 2020

In present work, we have developed an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles via Cu‐catalyzed Ullmann condensation reaction of o‐halobenzanilides with ammonia in water. This protocol is applicable to a wide variety of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles bearing functional groups tolerance, which features one‐pot, high yields, functional groups tolerable and green solvent.
Die elektrische Widerstandsmessung zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Betonstählen im Beton unter ermüdungsrelevanter Belastung
Authors: Kortmann Lukas , Höpfner Marvin , Spyridis Panagiotis
Published: May 2020

Das Ermüdungsverhalten von Betonstahl, Spannstahl und Beton ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten immer stärker in den Fokus der Wissenschaft geraten. Neben den stetig steigenden Anforderungen an z. B. Brückenbauwerke und Windenergieanlagen, die längere Lebensdauern und dadurch höhere Anzahlen an Belastungszyklen fordern, werden neue Konstruktionen immer filigraner und schlanker unter Berücksichtigung der ressourcenschonenden Bauweise konstruiert. Zudem werden bestehende Bauwerke im Rahmen von Strukturwandlungen umfunktioniert und mit veränderten Einwirkungen belastet. Dadurch steigt der Einfluss des Ermüdungsverhaltens der Werkstoffe in der Tragwerksbemessung bedeutend. Diese Arbeit bezieht Teile der vorhandenen Erkenntnisse über die Ermüdung und die elektrische Widerstandsmessung aufeinander und stellt die durchgeführten dynamischen Versuche und den statischen Versuch mit entsprechender Kennwertauswertung und Analyse vor. Abschließend wird aufgeführt, dass die elektrische Widerstandsmessung ein vielversprechendes und zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren zur Zustandsbewertung im Bereich des Ermüdungsphänomens ist, die Messmethode allerdings bezüglich der fehlerfreien Anwendbarkeit infolge sekundärer Messeinflüsse noch optimiert werden muss. Im Weiteren werden die Berechnungen und Auswertungen der Ermüdungsversuche dazu genutzt, einige europäische Bemessungsnormen und verschiedene Testergebnisse für das Ermüdungsverhalten von Betonstahl näher zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen.
Adding versus averaging: Evaluability theory applied to job choice decisions
Authors: Acikgoz Yalcin
Published: May 2020

While the unique roles of individual job attributes (e.g., salary and benefits) in job and organizational attraction have received extensive research attention, research examining the mechanisms through which an overall evaluation of a job option is made by combining evaluations of individual attributes is scarce. The current study examined the process through which job choice decisions are made under three conditions: when evaluating a single job offer, when comparing two job offers, and when evaluating more than two job offers. In Study 1, it was found that when a single job offer is evaluated, the average of perceived values of attributes in an offer (e.g., the perceived attractiveness of a salary) drives the choice, whereas the difference between jobs is what matters when two jobs are evaluated simultaneously, potentially leading to a preference reversal between conditions when the same two jobs are evaluated. In Study 2, it was found that average values of attributes across options (e.g., average salary in all job offers received) influence job choice when more than two job offers are evaluated simultaneously. These findings indicate that in all three conditions, job choice decisions are influenced by the evaluability of the choice set, which becomes low when a single job offer is evaluated without any context, or when more than two job offers are evaluated simultaneously, and becomes high when two jobs are compared with each other. When evaluability is low, candidates resort to averaging as the decision rule, whereas adding is used when evaluability is high.
Erweiterte Konstruktionsregeln für robuste Stahlbetonstützen
Authors: Empelmann Martin , Matz Henrik
Published: May 2020

Der Trend zu „leichten“, filigranen und ressourceneffizienten Tragwerken führt zu einer zunehmenden Struktur‐ und Materialoptimierung im Bauwesen. Parallel dazu gibt es eine Zunahme von Naturgefahren und sonstigen Bedrohungssituationen. Die verminderten Umlagerungsmöglichkeiten in Kombination mit der steigenden Gefahr von unplanmäßigen Einwirkungen können zu einer unzureichenden Tragwerksrobustheit führen. Ein Versagen des Gesamttragwerks aufgrund von Teilschäden muss verhindert werden. Die Robustheit der maßgebenden Einzelbauteile ist dabei von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Bei Stahlbetonstützen kann besonders bei Einsatz hochfester Betone trotz Einhaltung derzeitiger Regelungen zur konstruktiven Durchbildung ein robustes Verhalten nicht in jedem Fall sichergestellt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zunächst unter Zuhilfenahme eines numerischen Stützenmodells das Tragverhalten sowie charakteristische Traganteile von Stahlbetonstützen. Ein praxisgerechtes mechanisches Modell wird vorgestellt, mit dem das Nachbruchverhalten von Stahlbetonstützen berechnet und die Robustheit bewertet werden kann. Anschließende Parameterstudien zeigen den Einfluss verschiedener Konstruktionsparameter auf die Robustheit und sind die Basis eines Diskussionsbeitrags für erste erweiterte Konstruktionsregeln für robuste Stahlbetonstützen.
Chromosome‐scale scaffolds for the Chinese hamster reference genome assembly to facilitate the study of the CHO epigenome
Authors: Hilliard William , MacDonald Madolyn L. , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: May 2020

The Chinese hamster genome serves as a reference genome for the study of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the preferred host system for biopharmaceutical production. Recent re‐sequencing of the Chinese hamster genome resulted in the RefSeq PICR meta‐assembly, a set of highly accurate scaffolds that filled over 95% of the gaps in previous assembly versions. However, these scaffolds did not reach chromosome‐scale due to the absence of long‐range scaffolding information during the meta‐assembly process. Here, long‐range scaffolding of the PICR Chinese hamster genome assembly was performed using high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C). This process resulted in a new “PICRH” genome, where 97% of the genome is contained in 11 mega‐scaffolds corresponding to the Chinese hamster chromosomes (2n = 22) and the total number of scaffolds is reduced by three‐fold from 1,830 scaffolds in PICR to 647 in PICRH. Continuity was improved while preserving accuracy, leading to quality scores higher than recent builds of mouse chromosomes and comparable to human chromosomes. The PICRH genome assembly will be an indispensable tool for designing advanced genetic engineering strategies in CHO cells and enabling systematic examination of genomic and epigenomic instability through comparative analysis of CHO cell lines on a common set of chromosomal coordinates.