bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further Validation of the Cognitions and Behaviors Scale Using a Clinical Sample of Adult Female Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Fabelo-Alcover Humberto E. , Lipton Marjorie
Published: April 2003

Objective: To further assess the psychometric qualities of the Cognitions and Behaviors Scale (CABS) using a clinical sample of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Method: The CABS and other standardized measures, along with a demographic questionnaire, were completed by 148 adult female clients seeking counseling services at an agency that specializes in treating survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Results: Data from the present clinical sample suggests that the CABS has strong internal consistency as well as strong concurrent validity. The mean scores of participants in the clinical sample were significantly higher than two subgroups of the norming sample. Conclusions: The results suggest that the CABS can be validly and reliably used in a clinical setting with adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Additional data should be obtained to further assess its test-retest reliability and its efficacy as an outcome measure.
Writing Up Qualitative Research... Better
Authors: Wolcott Harry F.
Published: April 2003

The author presents his views for breaking from the traditional order (“Chapter Two” in many studies) and segregation of topics—literature review, theory, and method—in favor of integrating these components into a report only as needed. He urges researchers to consider alternative ways of satisfying the intent of a literature review. He questions whether traditional requirements result in theories being forced or presented prematurely, and raises the possibility of presenting multiple or cumulative theories toward the study’s end. He notes that qualitative research is based on participant observation and the resulting insights and wonders whether an emphasis on methodology detracts from our studies. Engaging writing can result when writers are free to break with tradition and present their findings in discovery-oriented ways.
Reembodying Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: April 2003

Although there are four large categories of research data, qualitative researchers have tended to emphasize interview data. Naive views of the interview, disembodied views of participant observation, and a virtual neglect of the material world have led to qualitative work that is not as full-bodied as it should be. Survey and qualitative researchers often share the realist’s assumption that interview responses index some external reality of facts and feelings, respectively. The Western cultural tendency to separate body from mind, and to elevate the mental over the corporeal, has trivialized the extent to which the body is the obvious point of departure for any process of knowing, especially participant observation. This cultural tendency, as well as a weakness for mistaking words for things and for viewing material objects as neutral and mute, contribute to the neglect of the material world.
Qualitative Health Research: Challenges for the 21st Century
Authors: Morse Janice M.
Published: April 2003

To understand complex human phenomena, it is necessary to triangulate the results of multiple separate projects that use diverse methods. Using the example of suffering, a research program emerging from studies exploring comfort was initiated. A model of enduring and emotional suffering (or releasing) was developed, and, using this model as a scaffold, eight subsequent projects explored the interaction of enduring and emotional suffering in various contexts and with different populations. Although there remains much to learn, the researcher argues that using this programmatic approach to explore new areas is an efficient and effective way to gain understanding of complex human phenomena.
In Conversation: High School Students Talk to Students about Tobacco Use and Prevention Strategies
Authors: Clark Vicki L. Plano , Miller Dana L. , Creswell John W. , McVea Kristine , McEntarffer Rob , Harter Lynn M. , Mickelson William T.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this multi-site qualitative study is to explore how adolescents talk about tobacco use. Sixty-six students in four high schools became co-researchers and led focus group interviews with 205 fellow students. From the interviews, the authors develop a story line that reports how adolescents begin smoking, how smoking becomes a pervasive influence, how attitudes form about smoking, what it means to be a smoker, and, ultimately, student suggestions for tobacco use prevention. Embedded within this story line are complex questions and contradictions. We explore whether peers really are influential, if the media is important, whether smoking is a matter of personal choice, if schools actually promote tobacco use, and whether adolescents can quit smoking.
Appraising the Evidence: Reviewing Disparate Data Systematically
Authors: Hawker Sheila , Payne Sheila , Kerr Christine , Hardey Michael , Powell Jackie
Published: April 2003

The authors describe a method of systematically reviewing research from different paradigms. They draw on the methods adapted, developed, and designed during a study concerned with the delivery of care across professional boundaries. Informed by the established method of systematic review, the authors undertook the review in distinct stages. They describe the methods developed for each stage and outline the difficulties encountered, the solutions devised, and the appraisal tools developed. Although many of the problems encountered were related to the critical assessment of qualitative research, the authors argue that the method of systematic review can be adapted for use with different data and across disciplines.
Cultural Influences on the Use of Social Support by Chinese Immigrants in Japan: "Face" as a Keyword
Authors: Matsudaira Tomomi
Published: April 2003

In this study, the author demonstrates that cultural differences between China and Japan contribute to the social support relationships in the early migration stages. Twenty-two Chinese immigrants in Japan underwent semistructured interviews, the data from which were analyzed qualitatively. The author identified three impression management strategies that related to concepts of shared "face," social debt and benevolence, and independence. All three reflect the Chinese concept of face. This social context enhanced immigrants' commitment to support relationships and to the use of available support from Japanese providers. The author discusses differences between face and self-esteem in terms of impression management strategies. The findings suggest that cultural conflict must be recognized if integration of cultural differences between the two countries is to be achieved.
Evocation of Meaning Through Poetic Condensation of Narratives in Empirical Phenomenological Inquiry Into Human Suffering
Authors: Öhlen Joakim
Published: April 2003

The phenomenological interest to gain insight into the human being with lived experiences characterized as composite, diverse, ambiguous, vague, obvious, and concealed challenged this researcher in the process of doing life-world phenomenology. While researching the phenomenon of suffering, the author sought ways to intensify and evoke the embedded meanings in oral narratives, and he presents a model for poetic condensation of oral narratives to enhance the evocation of the meaning of suffering. Examples of narrated text are compared to the condensed narrative. Reading poetic condensed narratives of suffering has the potential to create a sense of the phenomenon responsive to and shaped by the way suffering is experienced.
Hovering Between Suffering and Enduring: The Meaning of Living With Serious Chronic Illness
Authors: Öhman Marja , Söderberg Siv , Lundman Berit
Published: April 2003

Illness is part of life and hence always has a place in a life history. All that went on before the time of the illness, how life was in the past and what hopes and dreams were interrupted and changed, all influence the experiences of illness. The authors interviewed 5 women and 5 men with different kinds of serious chronic illnesses and used phenomenological hermeneutic method to interpret the transcribed interviews. They present the findings in three major themes: experiencing the body as a hindrance, being alone in illness, and struggling for normalcy. Participants seemed to hover between an escape from the emotional suffering pain of illness and the emotionless state of enduring. The comprehensive understanding illuminated that living with a serious chronic illness means living a life that is hovering between enduring and suffering but also including the process of reformulation of the self.
Ethics and Ethnography: An Experiential Account
Authors: Goodwin Dawn , Pope Catherine , Mort Maggie , Smith Andrew
Published: April 2003

In this article, the authors discuss an ethical dilemma faced by the first author during the fieldwork of an ethnographic study of expertise in anesthesia. The example, written from the perspective of the first author, addresses a number of ethical issues commonly faced, namely, the researcher-researched relationship, anonymity and confidentiality, privacy, and exploitation. She deliberates on the influences that guided her decision and in doing so highlights some of the elements that combine to shape the data. The authors argue that this process of shaping the data is a symbiotic one in which the researcher and the community being studied construct the data together.
Feminist Theory in Technical Communication
Authors: Smith Elizabeth Overman , Thompson Isabelle
Published: April 2003

This study extends the corpus of an earlier qualitative content analysis about women and feminism and identifies the knowledge claims and themes in the 20 articles that discuss gender differences. Knowledge claims are reflected in expressions such as androgyny; natural collaborators; hierarchical, dialogic, and asymmetrical modes; web; connected knowers; different voice; ethic of care; ethic of objectivity; continuous with others; connected to the world; the cultural divide; visual metaphor; andgender-free science. Built from knowledge claims, the themes in the 20 articles include gender differences in language use, learning, and knowledge construction; gender differences in collaboration; and reviews of research about gender differences and political calls for action. Although the 20 articles provide little support for the existence of gender differences, by introducing, discussing, testing, and revising new ideas about women and feminism, they serve as an example of the process of knowledge accumulation and remodeling in technical communication.
Teaching and Learning Design Presentations in Engineering
Authors: Dannels Deanna P.
Published: April 2003

In courses within technical disciplines, students are often asked to give oral presentations that simulate a professional context. Yet learning to speak like a professional in this academic context is a process often laden with complications. Using activity theory and situated learning as theoretical frameworks, this article explores the teaching and learning of one of the most common oral genres in technical fields—the design presentation. A study of the teaching and learning of this oral genre in three sequential engineering design courses reveals critical academic and workplace contradictions regarding audience, identity, and structure. Results of this study show that in the teaching and learning of design presentations, audience and identity contradictions were managed by a primary deference to the academic context whereas structural contradictions were addressed by invoking both workplace and academic activity systems.
Using The Concept Of Land To Ground The Teaching Of Management And The Natural Environment
Authors: Walck Christa
Published: April 2003

This article explores how the concrete concept of land, its specific manifestation in place, and a land ethic can ground the teaching of management and the natural environment. Ten themes for a land construct are developed. Applications for using the concept of land in management education are described in detail.
Study on Home Caregiving for Elders with Alzheimer's and Memory Impairment
Authors: Li Yushi (Boni) , Sprague Danielle
Published: April 2003

This article studies the cause and effect relationships home caregivers experience in the process of caring for family members with Alzheimer's and memory impairment. This study is unique in that it distinguishes between actual and conceptual stress experienced by the caregivers. The purpose of this study is to find out what type of assistance will be needed in the process of caregiving depending on the nature of stress experienced. One hundred forty-eight home caregivers in the greater Cincinnati tri-state area were studied by questionnaires.
Experiential Education and Oncology: Applications for Professionals and Clients
Authors: Walsh-Burke Katherine
Published: April 2003

Adventure-based counseling approaches that have evolved from experiential education methods are increasingly being used to assist individuals and groups facing cancer and other serious illnesses. These programs are utilized to increase participants' sense of self-efficacy, enhance group members' problem-solving and communication skills, and foster a sense of mutual trust and support. Health and mental health professionals can benefit from training in experiential education methods because they may refer clients to these programs as an adjunct to traditional therapies. They may also find that experiential education methods are useful in helping existing groups in their health care settings achieve participants' learning and problem-solving goals. Interdisciplinary teams can also benefit through enhanced communication, problem solving, and cohesion promoted in adventure-based programs. This article reviews relevant literature on experiential education and describes the application of experiential and adventure-based methods by professionals working with cancer survivors.
Grief Experiences of Women in Prison following the Death of a Loved One
Authors: Ferszt Ginette G.
Published: April 2003

One of the most important issues that an individual confronts during one's life is the death of a significant person. Given the contextual nature of grief, incarcerated women are faced with unique challenges when they experience the death of a loved one during their imprisonment. Yet little is known about the grieving process under these circumstances. This article, based on a qualitative research study, examines the experience of three women who suffered the death of a significant person while in a state medium-security prison. The context of the prison complicated the grieving process, resulting in disenfranchised grief.
The Long Road to Legalizing Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands
Authors: Visser Jacob J. F. , Herman H. , Meijburg Kloot
Published: April 2003

The authors describe developments in Dutch society during the second half of the twentieth century in relation to legislative measures concerning medical decisions toward the end of life. Euthanasia and physician-assisted death are matters of such criticality that they have been debated heavily for more than thirty years. Organizations, groups, and individuals from all levels in society have discussed not only the medical and moral aspects or the patients' perspective but also have demanded transparency through research and fact-finding. Also the legal, political, and even international ramifications were taken into consideration. The role of the government was to facilitate the ongoing debate until parties reached some form of consensus. In 2002, it finally culminated in a law that legalized the detailed procedures that had immersed over time and were agreed upon by all those involved.
Minimizing Fire Risk during Eye Surgery
Authors: Ho Sin-Yee , French Peter
Published: April 2003

Supplemental oxygen under the drapes in high concentrations can lead to fires in ophthalmic theaters. This study attempted to eliminate the fire risk while maintaining the required therapeutic effect. The sample consisted of 201 patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery, with 104 subjects in the control group and 97 in the experimental group. A quasi-experimental design compared the existing method of oxygen administration (100% supply) with a new method (experimental) providing 24% oxygen supply. Measurements of the oxygen concentration were taken along with the fractional inspiratory carbon dioxide (FiCO2), the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), the end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and the respiratory rate (RR). There was a significant difference in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations under the drapes (p < .05). The fractional inspiratory carbon dioxide was reduced in the experimental group. The new method was adopted to reduce the risk of fire in ophthalmic operating theaters.
Is Self-Reported Height or Arm Span a More Accurate Alternative Measure of Height?
Authors: Brown Jean K. , Feng Jui-Ying , Knapp Thomas R.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-reported height or arm span is the more accurate alternative measure of height. A sample of 409 people between the ages of 19 and 67 (M = 35.0) participated in this anthropometric study. Height, self-reported height, and arm span were measured by 82 nursing research students. Mean differences from criterion measures were 0.17 cm for the measuring rules, 0.47 cm for arm span, and 0.85 cm and 0.87 cm for heights. Test-retest reliability was r = .997 for both height and arm span. The relationships of height to self-reported height and arm span were r = .97 and .90, respectively. Mean absolute differences were 1.80 cm and 4.29 cm, respectively. These findings support the practice of using self-reported height as an alternative measure of measured height in clinical settings, but arm span is an accurate alternative when neither measured height nor self-reported height is obtainable.
Doing What Feels Right
Authors: Kisfalvi Veronika , Pitcher Patricia
Published: April 2003

Faced with confusing and sometimes contradictory research results linking team composition to performance, recent research on top management teams (TMTs) has begun to investigate hitherto unexplored variables that might influence the hypothesized relationships. Increasing attention is being paid to the nature and quality of TMT strategic decision-making processes, with scholars arguing that diversity per se will not affect performance outcomes unless that diversity is allowed to make itself felt through systematic debate. The findings presented here suggest that diversity and debate may not be enough; a powerful CEO's emotional reactions, rooted in character, may short-circuit the presumed linkages between diversity, decision-making processes, and performance. This has important theoretical and methodological implications for this research stream, helping to explain why existing large-sample research in this area has failed to produce consistent and robust results. Suggestions are made for ways to improve theorizing and research design in this important research domain.
Racioethnic Diversity and Group Members’ Experiences
Authors: Martins Luis L. , Milliken Frances J. , Wiesenfeld Batia M. , Salgado Susan R.
Published: April 2003

This study examines the effects of a group’s racioethnic diversity on its members’ experiences in two organizational contexts: one that is relatively heterogeneous in racioethnicity and another that is more homogeneous. Additionally, this study examines the effects of diversity on the deeper level trait of collectivism, in both contexts. The authors propose that the extent of racioethnic diversity in the organizational context will determine whether group members pay attention and react to racioethnic category differences or focus on deeper level differences in values and attitudes within their groups. Consistent with this notion, it was found that a group’s racioethnic diversity has stronger negative effects on its members’ experiences in the more homogeneous context than in the more heterogeneous one. The authors also found that a group’s diversity in collectivism has significant negative effects on its members’ experiences in the more heterogeneous context but not in the more homogeneous one.
Using Needs Assessment to Resolve Controversies in Diversity Training Design
Authors: Roberson Loriann , Kulik Carol T. , Pepper Molly B.
Published: April 2003

Needs assessment is an important element in training design, and organizational diversity training programs are frequently criticized for their lack of attention to the needs assessment process. This paper explores the link between needs assessment and diversity training design. First, a review of the needs assessment literature reveals that an emphasis on organizational analysis has led to the neglect of other kinds of assessment data. Second, a review of the diversity training literature identifies five areas of controversy. We describe the needs assessment questions that organizations can ask to resolve each controversy and better tailor diversity training to their own needs. Finally, based on the design controversies and needs assessment questions, we provide an agenda for future research on the effectiveness of various kinds of diversity training interventions
Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren: An Exploration of Their Experiences and Emotions
Authors: Williamson Jonathan , Softas-Nall Basilia , Miller Jill
Published: April 2003

A qualitative study was designed to provide an in-depth understanding of the experiences and emotions of grandmothers raising their grandchildren. Participants included 7 grandmothers ranging in age from 48 to 80. In-depth, semistructured interviews were used. A computer program, NUD*IST, was used for data coding, and careful and thorough readings were made of transcripts and field notes. The grandmothers' stories revealed common themes of anger, frustration, loss, hurt, and depression. There was also love, satisfaction, pride, joy, feeling needed and youthful, and other positive emotions. A key finding was that grandmothers who did not report depression had positive and helpful relationships with the parents of the grandchildren, whereas the grandmothers with persistent depression had conflictive involvement with the parents. The findings may be useful to counselors and family therapists in treating families headed by grandmothers.
The Angry, the Angrier, and the Angriest: Relationship Implications
Authors: Willhite Robert , Eckstein Daniel
Published: April 2003

It has been argued that anger is the first emotion human beings experience and the last that we learn to manage effectively. It is recognizable at 4 months of age, and many of us spend a lifetime dealing with it. Because anger is part of most interpersonal relationships, it challenges couples and families. Anger is so unpleasant that we usually blame someone else for it when, in reality, it begins within ourselves. This article provides tools to help you understand your anger and responses to it individually and as a family unit. You are then enabled to apply anger management principles to your own situation.
Relationship Enhancement Couples and Family Outcome Research of the Last 20 Years
Authors: Accordino Michael P. , Guerney Bernard G.
Published: April 2003

Twenty years of outcome research conducted on Relationship Enhancement (RE) couples and family therapy are reviewed. Studies testing RE with premarital and marital couples as well as special populations are included. Effect sizes are included to provide further information on the comparison of treatment to control groups. Implications for practitioners and research are discussed.
What We Learned From the 9/11 First Anniversary
Authors: Jordan Karin
Published: April 2003

This article discusses how counselors can assist individuals, families, and communities to prepare and deal effectively with first-year anniversaries of traumatic events. These anniversaries represent psychological importance to traumatic events, so the effects need to be addressed preventively, not reactively. Counselors can become important resources in helping individuals, families, and communities in this process. This article provides specific guidelines in what needs to be considered when dealing with survivors, victims, their families and friends, communities, and the country at large to prepare and deal more effectively with the one-year anniversary of traumatic events that influence not just a community but the whole nation. More specifically, the article emphasizes five areas for counselors to consider: (a) expected anniversary reactions, (b) education that can help prepare for the one-year anniversary, (c) mental health services, (d) how counselors can help schools with the one-year anniversary, and (e) what counselors should remember.
The Local Politics of Decentralized Environmental Policy in Guatemala
Authors: Gibson Clark C. , Lehoucq Fabrice E.
Published: April 2003

This article identifies the conditions leading to successful decentralized environmental management in the developing world. It focuses on Guatemala, a country where lawmakers have devolved forest protection to 331 municipalities. This study is based on an original survey of 100 randomly chosen mayors who held office between 1996 and 2000 and a database constructed from several national censuses that include geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and biophysical variables. It suggests that local community pressure and central government support encourage mayors to value forest protection. Survey results also indicate that mayors allocate staff to forest protection when the central government makes this a priority. Mayors also dedicate personnel to this sector when they have more education and when their municipalities boast larger amounts of forested area.
Evaluating the Appropriateness of College-Age Norms for Use With Adolescents on the NEO Personality Inventory—Revised
Authors: Sherry Alissa , Henson Robin K. , Lewis Jean G.
Published: April 2003

The NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO PI-R) measures normal personality characteristics and has demonstrated appropriate score reliability and validity. It is normed for two groups of individuals, college-age individuals 17 to 20 years old and adults 21 and older. Often, personality instruments normed on older individuals have been used with adolescent populations. To examine the appropriateness of this decision, the current study explored the differences between an adolescent sample ( n = 79) and a college-age sample ( n = 80) on the 30 facets and the five domains of the NEO PI-R. Group differences on the facet and domain scales were analyzed using descriptive discriminant analysis. Results indicated that the adolescent and college groups differed on each of the five domains. As expected, the groups also scored differently using the aggregated domain-level variables as the outcome measures. Suggestions for future research include the development of normative data for the adolescent population.
Factor Analysis of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe)
Authors: Stout Julie C. , Ready Rebecca E. , Grace Janet , Malloy Paul F. , Paulsen Jane S.
Published: April 2003

The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), formerly called the Frontal Lobe Personality Scale (FLOPS), is a brief behavior rating scale with demonstrated validity for the assessment of behavior disturbances associated with damage to the frontal-subcortical brain circuits. The authors report an exploratory principal factor analysis of the FrSBe–Family Version in a sample including 324 neurological patients and research participants, of which about 63% were diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases (Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases). The three-factor solution accounted for a modest level of variance (41%) and confirmed a factor structure consistent with the three subscales proposed on the theoretical basis of the frontal systems. Most items (83%) from the FrSBe subscales of Apathy, Disinhibition, and Executive Dysfunction loaded saliently on three corresponding factors. The FrSBe factor structure supports its utility for assessing both the severity of the three frontal syndromes in aggregate and separately.
Pharmacologically Regulated Induction of Silent Mutations (PRISM): Combined Pharmacological and Genetic Approaches for Learning and Memory
Authors: Frankland Paul W. , Ohno Masuo , Takahashi Eiki , Chen Adele P. , Costa Rui M. , Kushner Steven A. , Silva Alcino J.
Published: April 2003

Mouse transgenic and knock-out approaches have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory. These approaches have successfully identified a large number of molecules with either a central or modulatory role in learning and memory. However, there are limitations associated with first-generation mutant mice, which include, for example, the lack of temporal control over the mutation. Recent technical developments have started to address some of these shortcomings. Here, the authors review a newly developed inducible approach that takes advantage of synergistic interactions between subthreshold genetic and pharmacological manipulations. This approach is easily set up and can be used to study the functional interactions between molecules in signaling pathways. NEUROSCIENTIST 9(2): 104–109, 2003.
From Physician to Consumer: The Effectiveness of Strategies to Manage Health Care Utilization
Authors: Flynn Kathryn E. , Smith Maureen A. , Davis Margaret K.
Published: April 2003

Many strategies are commonly used to influence physician behavior in managed care organizations. This review examines the effectiveness of three mechanisms to influence physician behavior: financial incentives directed at providers or patients, policies/procedures for managing care, and the selection/education of both providers and patients. The authors reach three conclusions. First, all health care systems use financial incentives, but these mechanisms are shifting away from financial incentives directed at the physician to those directed at the consumer. Second, heavily procedural strategies such as utilization review and gatekeeping show some evidence of effectiveness but are highly unpopular due to their restrictions on physician and patient choice. Third, a future system built on consumer choice is contradicted by mechanisms that rely solely on narrow networks of providers or the education of physicians. If patients become the new locus of decision making in health care, provider-focused mechanisms to influence physician behavior will not disappear but are likely to decline in importance.
Charity Care: Do Not-for-Profits Influence for-Profits?
Authors: Clement Jan P. , White Kenneth R. , Valdmanis Vivian
Published: April 2003

This study further examines whether not-for-profit hospitals exert pressure on for-profit hospitals to provide charity care and whether for-profit hospitals react differently than not-for-profit hospitals to managed care pressures and hospital competition in providing charity care. A two equation model is estimated using 1996 data from California hospitals. The results indicate that in mixed ownership markets, for-profit hospitals provide significantly less charity care as not-for-profit hospitals in the market provide more. Unexpectedly, study for-profit hospitals were not more influenced by price competition than other hospitals with respect to charity care. Having a unique role in providing charity care may justify continuing tax exemption for not-for-profit hospitals and enhance interest in payment and other policies with regard to conversions to ensure that not-for-profit hospitals continue to be represented in market areas.
Health Insurance and Family Structure: The Case of Adolescents in Skipped-Generation Families
Authors: Kirby James B. , Kaneda Toshiko
Published: April 2003

Since 1970, both the number and proportion of children being parented by a grandparent without the help of a parent has increased substantially. The increase in skipped-generation households has generated much concern from policy makers because such households are, on average, disadvantaged compared with most other household types. One important challenge facing grandparents with parenting responsibilities is securing health insurance for their dependent grandchildren. In this study, the authors investigate the extent to which grandparents raising their grandchildren were able to secure health insurance for their dependent grandchildren. They find that adolescents living in skipped-generation families in 1995 were more often uninsured, more often publicly insured, and less often privately insured compared with adolescents in other family types. Even after controlling for income, work status, and education, adolescents in skipped-generation families were still more likely to have public insurance and less likely to have private insurance compared with other adolescents.
Rating Outlets for Health Care Management Research: An Update and Extension
Authors: Williams Eric S. , Stewart Randall T. , O’Connor Stephen , Savage Grant T. , Shewchuk Richard
Published: April 2003

The ongoing discussion of our intellectual community requires that occasionally an effort be made to value the outlets for our research and erect guideposts for our colleagues to signal important contributions to our discipline. This study extends previous work through a survey sent to 1,254 academics involved in health care management research that asked them to rate 54 potential outlets for their research. Ratings were made on journal knowledge, quality, and relevance. Two survey waves resulted in 389 responses (adjusted response rate 37.8 percent). For quality and relevance, journal rankings were separated into A, B, and C categories. The results correlated strongly with the two previous studies in this area. This study extends previous research and provides a categorization of journals on knowledge, quality, and relevance that may assist in faculty performance evaluation and identification of appropriate outlets for manuscripts.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Primary Care Experiences of Children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Stevens Gregory D. , Shi Leiyu
Published: April 2003

Substantial racial and ethnic disparities persist in children’s health and use of health services in the United States. Although equitable access to primary care services is widely promoted as one of the most feasible remedies to reduce health disparities, there has only recently been an effort to assess its quality, particularly for children. Racial and socioeconomic differences in access to care have been previously well documented, but recent research has begun to elucidate differences in more qualitative experiences in the receipt of primary care. This article presents a synthesis and critique of the existing research according to the core attributes of primary care: first-contact care, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, and coordination. Finally, the article proposes an agenda for further research into the pathways by which racial and ethnic disparities in primary care exist.
A Comparison of Abusive and Nonabusive Mothers of Abused Children
Authors: Baumann Barbara L. , Kolko David J.
Published: April 2003

A majority of the approximately 240,000 children in this country who were physically maltreated in 1997 live with their mothers, regardless of whether their mothers committed the abuse. This study compared service use and functioning at intake for families of physically abused children as a function of the mother's offender status. Analyses found few differences in the initial functioning and subsequent services received by abusive and nonabusive mothers and their children. Abusive mothers did receive fewer services overall and were significantly less likely to receive individual parent services as compared to nonabusive mothers. This was true, despite abusive mothers receiving less positive parent ratings by their children at intake as compared to nonabusive mothers. Results from this study highlight the similarities among abusive families, whether or not the mother perpetrated the abuse. Future research should include abusive families in the control group to have the greatest impact on developing effective identification and prevention programs. These results also emphasize the importance of collecting data from multiple informants. The only significant difference in maternal functioning was found on a child-completed rating. Mothers involved in child protective services may be less likely to reveal negative information about their own functioning.
Attributions and Adjustment Following Child Sexual and Physical Abuse
Authors: Valle Linda Anne , Silovsky Jane F.
Published: April 2003

Individuals who experience child physical or sexual abuse are at greater risk for adjustment problems. However, the heterogeneity of symptomatology observed across individuals following child abuse suggests that outcome is determined by multiple factors. The authors review literature examining the relationships among childhood physical or sexual abuse, attributions, and adjustment. Implications for application and future research are discussed.
Children's Perceptions of their Abusive Experience: Measurement and Preliminary Findings
Authors: Kolko David J. , Brown Elissa J. , Berliner Lucy
Published: April 2003

Contemporary clinical formulations and recent research highlight the importance of cognitive-attributional symptoms in explaining the outcomes of child abuse. This study is directed toward the preliminary identification and measurement of these attributions. From a larger sample, 47 child abuse victims (ages 6 to 18) were administered a 16-item interview measure designed to evaluate several attributions common to this population. Children and their caregivers also completed several other clinical measures. A priori constructs containing most items were formed and found to possess internal consistency and modest stability. Analyses revealed the utility (e.g., differences across abuse types and relationships with perpetrator), criterion validity (e.g., relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder, internalizing symptoms), and content validity (e.g., professional input/ratings) of certain constructs and individual items. These findings identify some of the attributional sequelae of child abuse that deserve further clinical attention and research evaluation. Suggestions for developments in these two areas are discussed.
Asthma, Allergy, and Sinopulmonary Disease in Pediatric Condition Falsification
Authors: Feldman Kenneth W. , Stout James W. , Inglis Andrew F.
Published: April 2003

Reports of pediatric condition falsification (PCF) have noted, but not emphasized, exaggerated complaints of real and common illnesses. Among the most frequent chronic childhood illnesses are asthma, allergy, drug sensitivity, and ear and sinopulmonary infections. The most common pediatric surgery is the insertion of myringotomy tubes. A computer database of 104 PCF victims from 68 families spanning from 1974 to 1998 was searched for the frequency of these conditions. Outright falsification or extreme exaggeration of severity of asthma or allergies was noted in 52 children (50%), sinopulmonary infections in 50 (48%), and drug reactions or sensitivities in 30 (29%). Forty-five children (43%) had otolaryngologic surgery, including ear tubes. In all, 71 children (68%) had at least one of these conditions. Associated victimand perpetrator characteristics are described. Children with PCF are not only subjected to induced illnesses and excessive medical diagnostic and therapeutic efforts but also victimized by the consequences of false and exaggerated complaints of common pediatric diseases.
Characteristics of Young Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: A Pilot Study
Authors: Silovsky Jane F. , Niec Larissa
Published: April 2003

Sexual behavior problems (SBP) have been increasingly recognized in young children. Despite rising awareness, previous research has focused on school-age children with SBP and adolescent sex offenders. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the history, adjustment, and social environment of preschool children with SBP. Thirty-seven young children with SBP were evaluated. As expected, significant emotional and behavior problems were evident, and caregivers reported high levels of stress related to parenting. Contrary to findings among school-age samples, more of the children were female (65%) than male (35%). Many (62%) did not have substantiated histories of sexual abuse. Many children had experienced physical abuse (47%) and/or witnessed interparental violence (58%). Only four (11%) had no known history of sexual abuse, physical abuse, or witnessing domestic violence. Although further research is necessary, results supported the need to consider the developmentally unique presentation of young children with SBP.
Health Concerns of University Women with a History of Child Physical and Sexual Maltreatment
Authors: Runtz Marsha G.
Published: April 2003

Three health symptom checklists were used to measure physical health concerns among university women in relation to prior child physical maltreatment (CPM) (20%, n = 153) and child sexual abuse (CSA) (19%, n = 143). A history of CPM was related to all three general areas of health concerns as well as to many of the specific subscales comprising the measures (e.g., muscular-skeletal symptoms and gynecological problems), whereas an interaction between CSA and CPM was linked to greater premenstrual distress subscale scores (particularly emotional and behavioral symptoms). Overall, although CSA was not related to health symptoms, within the CSA subgroup, greater duration and severity of CSA was predictive of higher premenstrual distress even after controlling for CPM. This study emphasizes the need for greater awareness of the physical health-related correlates of both physical and sexual maltreatment in childhood and their associated implications for women's health care needs.
Using Recidivism Data to Evaluate Project Safecare: Teaching Bonding, Safety, and Health Care Skills to Parents
Authors: Gershater-Molko Ronit M. , Lutzker John R. , Wesch David
Published: April 2003

Project SafeCare was an in-home research and intervention, grant-funded program designed to teach parents who were reported for child abuse and neglect. Parents who participated in Project SafeCare received training in three aspects of child care: treating illnesses and maximizing their health-care skills (health), positive and effective parent-child interaction skills (bonding), and maintaining hazard-free homes (safety) for their children. Postcontact (after initial intake was made and the program began) incidents of child abuse and neglect for maltreating parents who participated in and completed Project SafeCare were compared to a comparison group of maltreating families from the point of initial intake through a 24-month follow-up period. The comparison group (referred to as the Family Preservation group) received intervention from Family Preservation programs. Families who participated in Project SafeCare had significantly lower reports of child abuse and neglect than families in the comparison group.
Posttreatment Victimization and Violence Among Adolescents Following Residential Drug Treatment
Authors: Hawke Josephine M. , Jainchill Nancy , De Leon George
Published: April 2003

This article examines the relationships among experiences of childhood abuse, psychiatric disorders, self-reported victimization, and violent behavior, with a focus on gender differences. Data were obtained from treatment entry and 5-year post-treatment interviews of 446 adolescent clients in therapeutic community (TC) drug treatment programs throughout the United States and Canada. Fifty-eight percent of the sample indicated that they engaged in serious violent behaviors (e.g., beatings, threatening or using weapons against other people, or violent crimes such as assaults, rapes, murders) in the 5 years following their separation from TC treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that victimization in the posttreatment period was the most significant factor associated with violent behavior, and pretreatment childhood abuse experiences and psychiatric disorders were not significantly related to the odds of violent behavior. There were significant gender differences in self-reported victimization and violent behavior. The findings suggest that violence in young adulthood for males is related to increasing involvement in violent lifestyles that include drug trafficking, while violence among females is associated with the social and psychological consequences of drug involvement and victimization. High rates of violent involvement and victimization among former adolescent clients suggests the utility of incorporating interventions such as safety-oriented strategies for females or interventions that address involvement in the drug use lifestyles (i.e., use and dealing) for both males and females into residential treatment to reduce the likelihood of future violence.
Dominance Theater, Slam-a-Thon, and Cargo Cults: Three Illustrations of How Using Conceptual Metaphors in Qualitative Research Works
Authors: Dexter Sara , LaMagdeleine Donald R.
Published: April 2003

Although a metaphor is often viewed either as a literary device or as the distinguishing characteristic of figurative language, taking a conceptual view of metaphor enables delving into the research process itself. Specifically, the authors address how a metaphor is both reflexive of a researcher’s worldview and potentially generative of new research directions previously unconsidered. To illustrate this, the authors examine three case studies that exemplify how a conceptual metaphor can greatly facilitate the researcher’s understanding of an emerging topic and its defining issues. They conclude by suggesting some premises and steps researchers should consider if interested in using conceptual metaphors as an analytic tool.
Challenging the Educational Imaginary: Issues of Form, Substance, and Quality in Film-Based Research
Authors: Barone Tom
Published: April 2003

This article addresses issues of quality in film-based educational research projects. It recommends criteria related to aesthetic form and substance as appropriate for judging the usefulness of educational films in achieving one possible goal for film-based educational research. That goal is to effectively challenge the prevailing educational imaginary. This imaginary is described as a set of images of schools and school people, rooted in the larger culture, that supports a debilitating master narrative about education. Issues of quality and utility are explored within the context of one teacher-made film exhibited at (among other places) a film festival at the author’s college of education.
Writing Rhythm: Movement as Method
Authors: Cancienne Mary Beth , Snowber Celeste N.
Published: April 2003

As choreographers, dancers, and researchers, the authors explain how choreography and self-reflective writing inform qualitative practices such as articulating the importance of the self as a place of discovery within the research process. The authors use choreography to explore dance as a place of inquiry and the body as a site for knowledge and to examine how this awareness influences their interpretation of educational research. They conclude by discussing the problems and possibilities of this artful approach to educational research.