bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health promotion in the upper level of comprehensive school from the viewpoint of school personnel and mental health workers
Authors: Puolakka Kristiina , Kiikkala Irma , Haapasalo‐Pesu Kirsi‐Maria , Paavilainen Eija
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 37–44 Mental health promotion in the upper level of comprehensive school from the viewpoint of school personnel and mental health workers

Prevalence of mental health problems among adolescents varies from 10 to 30%. Therefore, mental health promotion in school has risen as a very important developing area in public health services. The need is international. Despite the large number of projects and recommendations on the promotion of schoolchildren’s mental health, the literature does not offer a comprehensive theoretical description of what mental health work with people of this particular age really is as a whole. The theory can be constructed by combining and comparing the viewpoints of the different parties – the employees, the schoolchildren and their families – as well as previous knowledge of the subject. The purpose of this research was to produce a description of the concepts used by employees when addressing the subject of promoting mental health in the upper level of comprehensive schools (grades 7–9). The description has been produced by analysing interviews with nine people who work with schoolchildren, as well as workgroup memos related to the development work. The respondents work in the fields of primary healthcare, specialised healthcare, the education authority and social services. The analysis was conducted by applying the grounded theory method. The research target was a Finnish upper‐level comprehensive school with 446 pupils. Four key concepts were found: The concept of a school environment comprises the physical and social conditions in the school, the curricula and other instructions. Human resources comprise representatives of various organisations, their competencies and time‐consumption opportunities. The schoolchildren and their families and also their friends are key operators and partners. The concept of work to promote mental health is related to enhancing the school’s conditions, recognising problems and offering help, co‐operation and joint agreement. The produced description clarifies the overall picture of mental health work in schools and facilitates the finding of key development areas.
Measuring the participation of elderly patients in the discharge process from hospital: a critical review of existing instruments
Authors: Foss Christina , Askautrud Marianne
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 46–55
 
Measuring the participation of elderly patients in the discharge process from hospital: a critical review of existing instruments

Measuring patients’ experiences has been a major task for health care organisations during the past decade. The discharge process is identified as a vulnerable component of health care in need of assessment, especially when it concerns elderly persons. There are no published reviews or systematic assessment of the existing instruments developed to capture patients’ perspective on the discharge process. This study gives a review of existing survey instruments designed to assess patients’ perspectives on the discharge process. We used systematic searches for potentially relevant instruments in MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for English language studies published between 1998 and 2009 was considered to evaluate the patients’ perspective on the discharge process. Ten studies were included and assessed according to the established criteria, and the studies presented a total of 47 items related to participation. The review identified only one instrument designed specifically to capture participation in the discharge process. The main focus is on the information flow from the professional to the patient and never vice versa. Few of the instruments studied/analysed to what degree the patients were invited to share their knowledge, and none of the instruments inquired whether, in the patients’ experiences, their perspective was taken into account. The major finding of the review is that none of the existing instruments capture the full range of participation, nor do they cover those areas of the discharge process identified by elderly patients themselves as the most essential.
Career success perception and work‐related behaviour of employees in geriatric care – a pilot study in a German geriatric care facility
Authors: Eith Thilo K. , Stummer Harald , Schusterschitz Claudia
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 45–52
 
Career success perception and work‐related behaviour of employees in geriatric care – a pilot study in a German geriatric care facility

Introduction:  One of the job characteristics of geriatric care is the long‐term relationship of the employees to the elderly people they are interacting with. However, these relationships are characterised by the fact that despite of the care provided by the employees, the patients experience physical suffering during the relationship, which often ends with their deaths. Although that is to be expected in this profession, it can be interpreted as personal failure and may be a reason why employees in geriatric care feel exhausted and perceive strain and stress in the job.

Aim:  The objective of this study was to explore the influence of career success perceptions on geriatric care staffs’ coping and work‐related behaviour.

Method:  Data were collected in 2008 in a German geriatric care facility using the standardised psychometric questionnaire ‘AVEM’ (Occupational Stress and Coping Inventory) as well as a previously developed ranking of career success dimensions in geriatric care. The 69 employees, who participated were of various age groups, had different work experience and were working in distinct areas of expertise.

Results:  The results show that men experience higher success at work and have more career ambitions than women. Differences in age with regard to success perception at work could not be identified. However, there is an influence of the intensity of contact between patient and employees on the perception of career success. Also, a correlation between the career success dimension happiness in the job and work experience could be verified.

Conclusion:  The current results show no impact of subjective career success dimensions on work‐related coping behaviour. At the same time, the results point to differences in the relevance of subjective career success dimensions regarding the demographics of employees in geriatric care. Thus, demographics may be considered as health resources and can have positive health impacts for employees in caring‐professions.
Witnessing and experiencing domestic violence: a descriptive study of adolescents
Authors: Lepistö Sari , Luukkaala Tiina , Paavilainen Eija
Published: April 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 70–80
 
Witnessing and experiencing domestic violence: a descriptive study of adolescents

Objective:  The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of different types of domestic violence among adolescents and associations between the family background and different types of domestic violence.

Methods:  The survey included 1393 ninth‐graders from one Finnish municipality.

Results:  Domestic violence is fairly common in the lives of adolescents. Sixty‐seven percent of respondents had experienced parental symbolic aggression, 55% mild violence and 9% severe violence during their childhood. Twelve percent of adolescents had witnessed parent‐to‐parent violence. Witnessing domestic violence and exposure to parental violence is associated with a number of adolescents’ background factors such as self‐perceived health, satisfaction with life, family relationships, parenting practice, school bullying and sexual activity.

Conclusions:  The findings stress the relevance of corporal punishment and witnessing domestic violence as a risk factor for more severe domestic violence and sexual abuse. Different types of domestic violence have a major effect on adolescent well‐being and risk behaviours. To break the negative cycle, nurses and other professionals working with adolescents in different settings should pay attention to all forms of violence, including the milder ones.
The vertical integration of Lisbon and sustainable development strategies across the EU: How different governance architectures shape the European coherence of policy documents
Authors: Steurer Reinhard , Berger Gerald , Hametner Markus
Published: April 2010

In Europe, sustainable development (SD) is pursued with not one but two overarching strategies, i.e., the so‐called Lisbon and SD strategies. While the Lisbon Strategy is a genuinely European response to global economic and social pressures, SD strategies are national efforts corresponding with international (mainly United Nations) guidance to better coordinate and integrate economic, social and, in particular, environmental policies. The present paper explores the vertical coordination and coherence of the two pan‐European strategies. After reviewing the international background of SD strategies and the EU origins of the Lisbon strategy, the paper characterizes and compares the governance architectures of the two strategies. With a solid background on how vertical policy integration functions in the two processes, the paper then shows how this affects the coherence of respective strategy structures and monitoring indicators. Based on an extensive empirical stocktaking study of the objectives and indicators in Lisbon and SD strategies across Europe it is shown that, despite the stronger European coordination through the Open Method of Coordination, the Lisbon process entailed only slightly more coherent national strategies than international guidance did in the context of SD strategies. Thus, the paper concludes that the influence international organizations such as the UN and the OECD have on national policy‐making must not be underestimated.
Green procurement in the Asian public sector and the Hong Kong private sector
Authors: Ho Linda W.P. , Dickinson Nicholas M. , Chan Gilbert Y.S.
Published: April 2010

Since the 1980s, green purchasing/green procurement has increasingly been recognised as an effective means of addressing and reducing negative environmental impacts related to product production and consumption around the world. This paper reviews the procurement practices and policies of five Asian countries and Hong Kong, in the context of an international overview of green purchasing and practices. The extent of government involvement in green procurement is found to directly determine its overall effectiveness, and up‐to‐date information resources clearly enhance delivery and performance. A case study in Hong Kong demonstrates how public leadership on green procurement has advanced green procurement in the private sector.
Diachronous Palaeoproterozoic deformation and metamorphism in the Committee Bay belt, Rae Province, Nunavut: insights from 40Ar–39Ar cooling ages and thermal modelling
Authors: BERMAN R. G. , SANDEMAN H. A. , CAMACHO A.
Published: April 2010

Regional‐scale 40Ar–39Ar data presented in this paper reveal significant across‐strike and along‐strike age differences in the Committee Bay belt (CBb), Rae Province, Nunavut, Canada, that complement variations in observed monazite ages. 40Ar–39Ar hornblende ages are c. 1795, 1775, and 1750 Ma in the western, eastern and central parts of the Prince Albert Group (PAG) domain respectively. The migmatite domain and Walker Lake intrusive complex are characterized by c. 1750–1730 40Ar–39Ar hornblende ages without significant along‐strike variation. The 40Ar–39Ar data provide important constraints on the cooling history and on thermal modelling that elucidates the controls on diachroneity and metamorphic patterns within the belt. In the western CBb, prograde monazite growth occurred 26 ± 10 Myr earlier in the migmatite domain (1864 ± 9 Ma; peak P–T = 5 kbar−700 °C) than in the PAG domain (1838 ± 5 Ma; peak P–T = 5 kbar−580 °C). Calculations indicate that this earlier monazite growth results from tectonic thickening of higher heat productivity Archean lithologies in the migmatite domain, which undergoes more rapid prograde heating than the less radiogenetic and lower grade rocks of the PAG domain. Granite generation via biotite dehydration melting at 800 °C and 20 km depth is predicted to occur c. 1835 Ma, in agreement with geochronological constraints. The tectonic burial of crustal domains with contrasting radiogenic properties also explains the general congruence of lower to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic zones generated during the two main orogenic cycles (i.e. M2–D1 and M3–D2). The modelled timing of prograde monazite growth in the migmatite domain suggests that D2 tectonic thickening began at 1872 ± 9 Ma, some 8 ± 3 Myr before monzazite growth, coeval with the inferred time of collision of the Meta Incognita terrane with the southern Rae Province. Along‐strike diachroneity, reflected in 25 Myr younger monazite and 40Ar–39Ar hornblende ages in the eastern relative to the western PAG domain, cannot be accounted for by heat productivity contrasts along the belt. Instead the younger deformation and metamorphism in the eastern CBb was driven by its proximity to the eastern promontory of the Superior Province which collided with the Rae Province at c. 1820 Ma. The 40Ar–39Ar data presented here support the interpretation that the youngest monazite in the CBb crystallized at c. 1790 Ma in the central CBb when this part of the belt was downfolded into a gentle synformal structure while the western part of the belt cooled through 40Ar–39Ar hornblende closure. The results of this study illustrate the important influence of contrasting rock properties on the thermal evolution of orogenic belts and on the temporal record of this evolution.
CARBOHYDRATE RELEASE BY A SUBTROPICAL STRAIN OF SPONDYLOSIUM PYGMAEUM (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE): INFLUENCE OF NITRATE AVAILABILITY AND CULTURE AGING1
Authors: Piedras Fernanda Reinhardt , Baisch Paulo Roberto Martins , Da Silva Machado Maria Isabel Corrêa , Vieira Armando Augusto Henriques , Giroldo Danilo
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the influence of nitrate availability on growth and release of dissolved free and combined carbohydrates (DFCHOs and DCCHOs) produced by Spondylosium pygmaeum (Cooke) W. West (Zygnematophyceae). This strain was isolated from a subtropical shallow pond, located at the extreme south of Brazil (Rio Grande, RS). Experiments were carried out in batch culture, comparing two initial nitrate levels (10/100 μM) in the medium. Growth was monitored by direct microscopic cell counts and chl a content. Nitrate consumption was determined by ion chromatography, while the production of extracellular carbohydrates was monitored by the phenol‐sulfuric method. The monosaccharide compositions of DFCHOs and DCCHOs were determined in each growth phase by HPLC with pulse amperometric detection (HPLC‐PAD). At the end of the experiment, the total composition of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) molecules >12 kDa was determined by gas chromatography. Nitrate availability had no influence on S. pygmaeum cell density at any phase. On the other hand, chl a content decreased after a few days growth when the availability of nitrate was restricted, but continued to rise when nitrate was plentiful. Also, nitrate depletion was faster at 10 μM nitrate. No influence of the growth phase or nitrate availability on the total carbohydrates (TDCHOs) released per cell was observed. Only DCCHOs were released by S. pygmaeum, and the composition varied between growth phases, especially at lower nitrate availability. EPS molecules >12 kDa were composed mainly of xylose, fucose, and galactose, as for other desmids. However, a high N‐acetyl‐glucosamine content was found, uniquely among desmid EPSs.
Clinical (Nonforensic) Application of Ethyl Glucuronide Measurement: Are We Ready?
Authors: Jatlow Peter , O’Malley Stephanie S.
Published: April 2010

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) are minor metabolites of ethanol. Multiple studies have documented that, depending upon the amount of alcohol consumed, they can be measured in biological fluids for hours to days after the parent compound can no longer be detected. Testing for the presence of EtG, in a manner analogous to urinary drug abuse screening, has largely been restricted to forensic and law enforcement situations. Despite a real need for an objective and possibly quantitative marker of ethanol exposure for use in conjunction with outpatient clinical trials and treatment programs, measurement of these metabolites has seen only limited clinical application. The barriers to more extensive clinical use of EtG/EtS testing, particularly misleading assay results that can occur as a consequence of inadvertent exposure to nonbeverage ethanol‐containing substances, are reviewed and put into perspective. Additional information needed to develop guidelines for optimal clinical utilization of EtG/EtS measurements is discussed.
Drinking Against Unpleasant Emotions: Possible Outcome of Early Onset of Alcohol Use?
Authors: Buchmann Arlette F. , Schmid Brigitte , Blomeyer Dorothea , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Jennen‐Steinmetz Christine , Schmidt Martin H. , Esser Günter , Banaschewski Tobias , Mann Karl , Laucht Manfred
Published: April 2010

Background:  Recent animal and human studies indicate that the exposure to alcohol during early adolescence increases the risk for heavy alcohol use in response to stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this effect may be the consequence of a higher susceptibility to develop “drinking to cope” motives among early initiators.

Methods:  Data from 320 participants were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study. Structured interviews at age 15 and 19 were used to assess age at first alcohol experience and drunkenness. The young adults completed questionnaires to obtain information about the occurrence of stressful life events during the past 4 years and current drinking habits. In addition, alcohol use under conditions of negative states was assessed with the Inventory of Drinking Situations.

Results:  The probability of young adults’ alcohol use in situations characterized by unpleasant emotions was significantly increased the earlier they had initiated the use of alcohol, even when controlling for current drinking habits and stressful life events. Similar results were obtained for the age at first drunkenness.

Conclusions:  The findings strengthen the hypothesis that alcohol experiences during early adolescence facilitate drinking to regulate negative affect as an adverse coping strategy which may represent the starting point of a vicious circle comprising drinking to relieve stress and increased stress as a consequence of drinking.
The Relationship Between Genetic Influences on Alcohol Dependence and on Patterns of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Myers John , Dick Danielle , Prescott Carol A.
Published: April 2010

Background:  Genetic factors impact substantially both on alcohol consumption (AC) and on the risk for alcohol dependence (AD). However, we know little about the degree to which measures of AC index the genetic risk for AD.

Methods:  We assessed a lifetime history of AD by DSM‐IV criteria and four measures of AC at the time of heaviest drinking (drink frequency, regular quantity, maximum quantity, and drunk frequency) in 5,073 adult twins from same‐sex pairs from the Virginia Twin Registry. Structural models were fitted using Mx.

Results:  We found evidence for different genetic structure in the sexes. In women, genetic risk for AD and for the four measures of AC was entirely shared. In men, the AC measures captured 85% of the genetic risk for AD. In women, the genetic relationship with AD was strongest for drunk frequency and in men for both drunk frequency and regular quantity.

Conclusions:  In a population‐based sample of twins, four relatively simple measures of AC obtained for the time of lifetime heaviest drinking were able to capture all (in women) or a very large proportion (in men) of the genetic risk for the complex multi‐dimensional construct of AD. If replicated, these results have practical implications for studies aiming to assess genetic risk for AD.
Recruitment of Additional Brain Regions to Accomplish Simple Motor Tasks in Chronic Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Parks Mitchell H. , Greenberg Daniel S. , Nickel Mark K. , Dietrich Mary S. , Rogers Baxter P. , Martin Peter R.
Published: April 2010

Background:  Chronic alcohol‐dependent patients (ALC) exhibit neurocognitive impairments attributed to alcohol‐induced fronto‐cerebellar damage. Deficits are typically found in complex task performance, whereas simple tasks may not be significantly compromised, perhaps because of little understood compensatory changes.

Methods:  We compared finger tapping with either hand at externally paced (EP) or maximal self‐paced (SP) rates and concomitant brain activation in ten pairs of right‐hand dominant, age‐, and gender‐matched, severe, uncomplicated ALC and normal controls (NC) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Results:  Mean tapping rates were not significantly different in ALC and NC for either task, but SP tapping variances were greater in ALC for both hands. SP tapping was more rapid with dominant hand (DH) than non‐dominant hand (NDH) for both groups. EP and SP tapping with the non‐dominant hand demonstrated significantly more activation in ALC than NC in the pre and postcentral gyri, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and the middle temporal gyrus. Areas activated only by ALC (not at all by NC) during NDH tapping included the inferior frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus. There were no significant group activation differences with DH tapping. No brain regions activated more in NC than ALC. SP tapping in contrast to EP activated fronto‐cerebellar networks in NC, including postcentral gyrus, anterior cingulate, and the anterior lobe and vermis of the cerebellum, but only parietal precuneus in ALC.

Conclusions:  These findings with NDH finger tapping support previous reports of neurocognitive inefficiencies in ALC. Inferior frontal activation with EP in ALC, but not in NC, suggests engagement of regions needed for planning, organization, and impulse regulation; greater contralateral parietal lobe activation with SP in ALC may reflect right hemispheric impairments in visuospatial performance. Contrasting brain activation during SP and EP suggests that ALC may not have enlisted a fronto‐cerebellar network as did NC but rather employed a higher order planning mode by recruiting parietal lobe functions to attain normal mean finger tapping rates. Elucidation of the compensatory neural mechanisms that allow near normal performance by ALC on simple tasks can inform functional rehabilitation of patients in recovery.
Human Rights Forum: Remembering Japanese‐American Internment
Authors: Suzuki Peter T
Published: April 2010

Gretchen E Schafft is contributing editor of “Human Rights Forum,” the AAA Committee for Human Rights column in Anthropology News.
Funding a “Healthy Mix” of Research: Peer Review at NSF
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: April 2010

Deborah Winslow is contributing editor of “Gateway to NSF,” the National Science Foundation column in Anthropology News.
Bone response of Mg ion‐implanted clinical implants with the plasma source ion implantation method
Authors: Cho Lee‐Ra , Kim Dae‐Gon , Kim Jong‐Hwa , Byon Eung‐Sun , Jeong Yong‐Soo , Park Chan‐Jin
Published: April 2010

Objectives: This study examined the bone response of magnesium (Mg) ion‐implanted implants produced using a plasma source ion implantation method.

Materials and methods: The surface characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The screw‐type titanium implants were treated with resorbable blasting media (RBM) and divided into one control group (RBM implants) and three test groups (Mg ion‐implanted implants with different retained Mg doses). Twenty‐four implants from each group were placed into the tibiae of 24 New Zealand white rabbits. After allowing 6 weeks for healing, the removal torque (RTQ) was measured and the implants were subjected to histomorphometric analysis.

Results: The surface roughness and surface morphology of the test groups were similar. The Mg ion‐implanted implants with a 2.3 × 1015 ions/cm2 retained dose showed a significantly higher RTQ than the other implants. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that the bone contact of this group was superior to the other groups.

Conclusion: The bone response of Mg ion‐implanted implant showed results superior or similar to an RBM‐treated implant. The optimal Mg ion concentration that induced the strongest osseointegration was approximately 9%.

To cite this article:
 Cho L‐R, Kim D‐G, Kim J‐H, Byon E‐S, Jeong Y‐S, Park C‐J. Bone response of Mg ion‐implanted clinical implants with plasma source ion implantation method. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 848–856. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01862.x
The speed of sound correlates with implant insertion torque in rabbit bone: an in vitro experiment
Authors: Veltri M. , Valenti R. , Ceccarelli E. , Balleri P. , Nuti R. , Ferrari M.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: This study investigated the correlation of quantitative ultrasound with bone quality as evaluable from implant final insertion torque.

Material and methods: Implants were planned at diaphyses (group 1) and epiphyses (group 2) of 16 rabbit femurs where amplitude‐dependent speed of sound (Ad‐SOS) was measured. The insertion torque from 7‐mm‐long implants placed at planned sites was recorded. The correlation between cutting torque and Ad‐SOS was evaluated using Spearman's coefficient.

Results: Statistics were based on data from 15 diaphyses and 13 epiphyses. The mean insertion torque was 8.8 N cm while the mean Ad‐SOS was 1710.9 m/s. A negative correlation resulted between insertion torque and Ad‐SOS.

Conclusions: In the rabbit bone model investigated, quantitative ultrasound correlates inversely with implant insertion torque. Although this correlation remains to be verified in humans because rabbit femur does not convincingly represents different human bone qualities, it seems that ultrasound could convey potentially useful, pre‐surgical, site‐specific, non‐invasive information on bone mechanical characteristics therefore deserving further research efforts.

To cite this article:
 Veltri M, Valenti R, Ceccarelli E, Balleri P, Nuti R, Ferrari M. The speed of sound correlates with implant insertion torque in rabbit bone: an in vitro experiment. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 751–755. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01873.x
Endoscopic‐assisted removal of an intraorbital dislocated dental implant
Authors: Griffa Alessandro , Viterbo Stefano , Boffano Paolo
Published: April 2010

Objectives: Displacement of dental implants in the orbit is extremely rare. The aim of this article is to present and discuss the endoscopic management of a dental implant dislocated in the orbit.

Material and methods: A 40‐year‐old woman underwent the placement of three dental implants at the upper right molar region, but during the intervention, the implant was displaced in the orbit.

Results: The implant was removed endoscopically through the existing oroantral communication: the postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusion: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on a displaced non‐zygomatic dental implant into the orbit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the endoscopic approach is highly reliable and minimally invasive to remove foreign bodies from paranasal sinuses.

To cite this article:
 Griffa A, Viterbo S, Boffano P. Endoscopic‐assisted removal of an intraorbital dislocated dental implant. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 778–780. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01894.x
Formaldehyde‐releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde‐releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1
Authors: De Groot Anton C. , Le Coz Christophe J. , Lensen Gerda J. , Flyvholm Mari‐Ann , Maibach Howard I. , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan
Published: April 2010

This is one of a series of review articles on formaldehyde‐releasers and their relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy and in this paper formaldehyde‐releasers used as durable press chemical finishes (DPCF) in textiles are discussed. The literature on allergy to DPCF since 1980 is presented in two parts. Part 1 (this article) presents a short historical overview of the problems with formaldehyde in clothes and discusses the chemistry of durable press chemical finishes, legislation in various countries, and studies on the amount of formaldehyde present in clothes. In addition, the DPCF that have caused contact allergy are presented with CAS, synonyms, molecular formula, chemical structure, applications, and patch test studies. In the forthcoming part 2, the frequency of sensitization to DPCF, occupational contact sensitization, relevance of patch test reactions, and relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy will be reviewed, followed by a discussion of both parts of the article together.
Genetic differentiation between three ecological variants (‘type’, ‘mysorensis’ and ‘intermediate’) of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Vipin  , Dube Madhulika , Gakhar S. K.
Published: April 2010

Abstract  Anopheles stephensi is the main vector of urban malaria in South Asia. Three ecological variants (‘type’, ‘mysorensis’and‘intermediate’) of An. stephensi have been reported on the basis of ecology and egg morphology. However, it is unclear if there is any genetic isolation between the three variants. We analyzed the three variants of An. stephensi using eight microsatellite loci and found that large and significant genetic differentiation exists between them (mean FST= 0.393 and mean RST= 0.422). Pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation between the variants were ‘type’ versus ‘mysorensis’ (mean FST= 0.411 and mean RST= 0.308), ‘type’ versus ‘intermediate’ (mean FST= 0.388 and mean RST= 0.518) and ‘intermediate’ versus ‘mysorensis’ (mean FST= 0.387 and mean RST= 0.398) and all were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The greater sensitivity of RST in differentiation indicated that mutations and not genetic drift had generated the differences between three variants of An. stephensi. The present study indicated large genetic differentiation and presence of non‐significant low level of gene flow between the three variants (‘type’, ‘mysorensis’and‘intermediate’) of An. stephensi.
Testing the effect of individual color morphology on immune response in bush‐crickets
Authors: Berggren Åsa
Published: April 2010

Abstract  Despite the growing interest in how an individual's immune response is correlated to morphological and ecological factors, little empirical data has been available from wild insect populations. Many insects have different color morphs and exhibit differences in immune responses. Links are expected to exist between body colors and immune function in insects, because the same biochemical precursors involved in the immune response are responsible for melanin‐based color markings. In this study, I assay the immune response of two different color morphs of 377 wild‐caught bush‐crickets, Metrioptera roeseli, from 20 populations by measuring individual encapsulation responses to a surgically implanted nylon monofilament. There was no difference between green and brown bush‐cricket morphs (low melanin vs high melanin investment in cuticula color respectively) and their ability to mount an immune response to the implant. Further study is needed on the relationship between color morphology and immune response in wild insects, and whether trade‐offs occur between factors during an insect's development phase and long‐term health.
Antitermitic effect of the Lantana camara plant on subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Ding Wei , Hu Xing Ping
Published: April 2010

Abstract  The insecticidal effects of Lantana camara L. (flowers, leaves, stems and roots) and the soil where lantana had been growing, on foraging activity and survival of the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes were examined in a 3‐week experiment. The soil in which lantana had been growing had no effect on termite tunneling and survival. Incorporation of chipped fresh lantana leaves and stems into soil had no effect on mortality but caused significant reduction in tunneling. The 5‐cm wide barrier of soil with lantana tissue incorporated effectively repelled groups of both species from penetrating the barrier and thus prevented infestation of a piece of wood on the other side of the barrier. C. formosanus was more sensitive in avoiding the barrier than R. flavipes. Leaves, stems and flowers were more repellent than roots. These results provide preliminary evidence that fresh‐cut lantana leaves, stems and flowers may have use as additives to garden mulches against termites.
Pine wilt disease in Yunnan, China: Evidence of non‐local pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) populations revealed by mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Fu Da‐Ying , Hu Shao‐Ji , Ye Hui , Haack Robert A. , Zhou Ping‐Yang
Published: April 2010

Abstract  Monochamus alternatus (Hope) specimens were collected from nine geographical populations in China, where the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) was present. There were seven populations in southwestern China in Yunnan Province (Ruili, Wanding, Lianghe, Pu’er, Huaning, Stone Forest and Yongsheng), one in central China in Hubei Province (Wuhan), and one in eastern China in Zhejiang Province (Hangzhou). Twenty‐two polymorphic sites were recognized and 18 haplotypes were established by analyzing a 565 bp gene fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II (CO II). Kimura two‐parameter distances demonstrated that M. alternatus populations in Ruili, Wanding and Lianghe (in southwestern Yunnan) differed from the other four Yunnan populations but were similar to the Zhejiang population. No close relationship was found between the M. alternatus populations in Yunnan and Hubei. Phylogenetic reconstruction established a neighbor‐joining (NJ) tree, which divided haplotypes of southwestern Yunnan and the rest of Yunnan into different clades with considerable bootstrapping values. Analysis of molecular variance and spatial analysis of molecular variance also suggested significant genetic differentiation between M. alternatus populations in southwestern Yunnan and the rest of Yunnan. Our research suggests that non‐local populations of M. alternates, possibly from eastern China, have become established in southwestern Yunnan.
The promise of bone cancer proteomics
Authors: Byrum Stephanie , Montgomery Corey O. , Nicholas Richard W. , Suva Larry J.
Published: April 2010

Mass spectrometric analysis of the low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) range of the serum/plasma proteome is revealing the existence of large numbers of previously unknown peptides and protein fragments, predicted to be derived from circulating low‐abundance proteins. While genomics and proteomics are the primary discovery research tool, recent innovations in high‐throughput proteomics are now standard practice for biomarker and target discovery. Surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (SELDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is the current mainstay for serum or plasma analysis, although other methods are emerging as alternative high‐throughput approaches. From a proteomics perspective, the bone cancers, such as myeloma, breast and prostate cancer bony metastases, and osteosarcoma, are likely among the least studied. As recent advances in proteomic technology have thrust the bone cancer field into the era of proteomics, a review of the current status of the proteome as it relates to the skeletal consequences of malignancy seems reasonable.
Nocturnin: a circadian target of Pparg‐induced adipogenesis
Authors: Kawai Masanobu , Green Carla B. , Horowitz Mark , Ackert‐Bicknell Cheryl , Lecka‐Czernik Beata , Rosen Clifford J.
Published: April 2010

Nuclear receptors (NRs) control cell fate and regulate tissue function. Some of the NRs are expressed in a circadian and tissue‐specific manner. Clock genes are part of the circadian network and fine‐tune gene expression in adipose and skeletal tissues. Pparg, a master transcription factor that determines adipogenesis, exhibits a circadian expression pattern in white adipose tissue and liver. Here we report the finding that the message and protein for a peripheral clock gene, nocturnin, is markedly upregulated with Pparg activation in adipocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. Nocturnin is also expressed in relatively high amounts in other tissues that may have physiologic relevance for bone, including the brain and hypothalamus. Of importance, we found polymorphic strain differences in bone marrow nocturnin expression that relate to phenotypic determinants of skeletal acquisition. Defining the function of nocturnin in peripheral tissues should provide new insights into lineage allocation and the intimate relationship between nuclear receptors and physiologic timekeeping.
TAK1 mediates BMP signaling in cartilage
Authors: Greenblatt Matthew B. , Shim Jae‐Hyuck , Glimcher Laurie H.
Published: April 2010

Although many signals are capable of activating MAPK signaling cascades in chondrocytes in vitro, the function of these pathways remains unclear in vivo. Here we report the phenotype of mice with a conditional deletion of TGF‐β‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a MAP3K family member, in cartilage using the collagen 2α promoter. These mice display chondrodysplasia characterized by neonatal‐onset runting, delayed formation of secondary ossification centers, and defects in formation of the elbow and tarsal joints. This constellation of defects resembles the phenotype of mice deficient for receptors or ligands involved in signaling by BMP family members. Chondrocytes from these mice show evidence of defective BMP signaling in vivo and in vitro. Surprisingly, deletion of TAK1 seems to affect not only activation of the p38 MAPK signaling cascade, but also activation of the BMP‐responsive Smad1/5/8. Biochemical analysis suggests that TAK1 can interact with Smad proteins and promote their activation through phosphorylation, revealing a previously unrecognized crosstalk between the MAPK and Smad arms of BMP signaling.
The birth of the osteoclast
Authors: Chambers T.J.
Published: April 2010

Thirty‐five years ago it had become clear that the osteoclast was not a bone cell but an immigrant into bone, derived from the hemopoietic system. Among hemopoietic cells, mononuclear phagocytes seemed the most likely precursors. However, for the progeny of wandering cells such as those to achieve nonrandom localization implies control by the local bone cells (cells of the osteoblastic lineage). To test this idea, we extracted osteoclasts from bone and observed their behavior in culture. We noted that calcitonin induced a striking shape change, which reflected suppression of cytoplasmic motility. Because bone resorption is likely to depend on motile processes, we used this response to infer the regulation of osteoclasts by systemic and local hormones and osteoblastic cells. We went on to provide direct evidence for the predominantly osteoblastic regulation of osteoclasts by measuring the ability of isolated osteoclasts to resorb the surface of bone slices.
The nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid hormones and vitamin D gene regulation
Authors: Margolis Ronald N. , Christakos Sylvia
Published: April 2010

Nuclear receptors bind to chromatin and seed formation of complexes comprising coregulators at the hormone response element. Nuclear receptors and coregulators can mediate chromatin remodeling, epigenetic modification, and ultimately gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation has shown that nuclear receptors bind to chromatin throughout the genome, often at locations distant from the transcription start site. New findings related to the regulation of key vitamin D target genes in intestine and bone as well as nonclassical actions of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3], including effects on breast cancer cells and on the immune system, are discussed. These studies will form the basis for future studies examining global networks regulated by the vitamin D receptor. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3, similar to those of other steroids, is complex, involving regulation of gene activity at a range of locations.
Hox11 paralogous genes are required for formation of wrist and ankle joints and articular surface organization
Authors: Koyama Eiki , Yasuda Tadashi , Wellik Deneen M. , Pacifici Maurizio
Published: April 2010

Limb skeletal elements are connected by distinct synovial joints, but the mechanisms regulating joint formation, diversity, and organization remain unclear. Previous studies showed that Hox11 mouse mutants have severe developmental defects in radius and ulna and tibia and fibula, but wrist and ankle joint formation and characteristics were not examined in detail. We now find that E11.5 and E12.5 triple Hox11aaccdd mutants exhibit a significant reduction in prospective carpal and tarsal mesenchyme. Although the mesenchyme became segmented into individual carpal and tarsal skeletal elements with further development, the elements were ill defined and the more proximal elements (radiale, ulnare, talus, and calcaneous) actually underwent involution and/or fusion. Wild‐type carpal and tarsal elements displayed a thick articulating superficial zone at their outer perimeter that expressed genes typical of developing joint interzones and articulating cells, including Gdf5, Erg, Gli3, collagen IIA, and lubricin, and defined each element anatomically. In mutant wrists and ankles, the superficial zone around each element was thin and ill defined, and expression of several of those genes was low and often interrupted. These and other data provide novel and clear evidence that Hox11 paralogous genes regulate wrist and ankle joint organization and are essential for establishing carpal and tarsal element boundary and maintaining their articulating surface tissue.
Interactions between breast, bone, and brain regulate mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation
Authors: Wysolmerski John J.
Published: April 2010

Mammalian reproduction requires that nursing mothers transfer large amounts of calcium to their offspring through milk. As a result, lactation is associated with dramatic alterations in bone and mineral metabolism, including reversible bone loss. One theme that has emerged from recent studies examining these adaptations is that the lactating breast actively participates in regulating bone and mineral metabolism. This review will detail our current knowledge of interactions between the breast, skeleton, and hypothalamus during lactation and will consider implications that this reproductive physiology has for the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and breast cancer.
Diet‐induced obesity alters bone remodeling leading to decreased femoral trabecular bone mass in mice
Authors: Cao Jay J. , Sun Li , Gao Hongwei
Published: April 2010

Obesity‐derived body mass may be detrimental to bone health through not well‐defined mechanisms. In this study we determined changes in bone structure and serum cytokines related to bone metabolism in diet‐induced obese mice. Mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) had higher serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and leptin but lower osteocalcin concentrations than those fed the normal‐fat diet. The HFD increased multinucleated TRAP‐positive osteoclasts in bone marrow compared to the control diet. Despite being much heavier, mice fed the HFD had lower femoral bone volume, trabecular number, and connectivity density and higher trabecular separation than mice on the control diet. These findings suggest that obesity induced by a HFD increases bone resorption that may blunt any positive effects of increased body weight on bone.
The formation of osteoclasts in multiple myeloma bone disease patients involves the secretion of soluble decoy receptor 3
Authors: Brunetti Giacomina , Oranger Angela , Mori Giorgio , Centonze Matteo , Colaianni Graziana , Rizzi Rita , Liso Vincenzo , Zallone Alberta , Grano Maria , Colucci Silvia
Published: April 2010

Soluble decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, has recently been reported to increase osteoclast (OC) differentiation. Its impact on the skeleton was reinforced by a study on DcR3 transgenic mice showing a decreased bone mass through the elevation of OC number, providing some initial evidence of DcR3 involvement in bone diseases. In this study we show that malignant plasma cells and T lymphocytes from myeloma patients directly produce DcR3, and this molecule supports the elevated formation of OCs in both peripheral blood and bone marrow from the patients. We also show that serum DcR3 levels in myeloma patients are significantly higher compared to controls.
Alteration of Notch signaling in skeletal development and disease
Authors: Tao Jianning , Chen Shan , Lee Brendan
Published: April 2010

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for specifying and regulating organogenesis and tissue renewal. Human and mouse genetic studies have demonstrated mutations in many components of the Notch signaling pathway that cause skeletal patterning defects. More recently, the in vivo effects of Notch signaling on osteoblast specification, proliferation, and differentiation have been demonstrated in addition to its regulation of osteoclast activity. However, while our understanding of canonical Notch signaling in skeletal biology is rapidly evolving, the role of noncanonical Notch signaling is still poorly understood. In a pathologic context, aberration of Notch signaling is also associated with osteosarcoma. These studies raise the question of how Notch may interact with other signaling pathways, such as Wnt. Finally, manipulation of Notch signaling for bone‐related diseases remains complex because of the temporal and context‐dependent nature of Notch signaling during mesenchymal stem cell and osteoblast differentiation.
Lrp5 and bone formation
Authors: Yadav Vijay K. , Ducy Patricia
Published: April 2010

Lrp5, the mutated gene in osteoporosis pseudoglioma (OPPG) and the high bone‐mass syndrome (HBM), regulates bone formation, while β‐catenin, the molecular node of Wnt signaling, regulates bone resorption, suggesting that Lrp5 could act in a Wnt‐independent manner. Using microarray and conditional gene deletion in mice, we showed that Lrp5 actually enhances bone formation by inhibiting the expression, in duodenum, of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, the rate‐limiting enzyme in the serotonin biosynthetic pathway. Accordingly, serotonin circulating levels are high in Lrp5−/− mice and OPPG patients but low in HBM patients, and normalizing serum serotonin levels rescues the bone phenotype of the Lrp5−/− mice. We also showed that serotonin acts on osteoblasts through the Htr1b receptor and the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding to inhibit their proliferation. This study shows that Lrp5 acts in gut cells, not in osteoblasts, to control bone formation via a Wnt‐independent pathway and identifies a new hormone, serotonin, and a novel endocrine axis regulating bone mass. These findings may have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of low bone‐mass disorders.