bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin family member ST2 and mortality in acute dyspnoea
Authors: Socrates T. , DeFilippi C. , Reichlin T. , Twerenbold R. , Breidhardt T. , Noveanu M. , Potocki M. , Reiter M. , Arenja N. , Heinisch C. , Meissner J. , Jaeger C. , Christenson R. , Mueller C.
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  Socrates T, deFilippi C, Reichlin T, Twerenbold R, Breidhardt T, Noveanu M, Potocki M, Reiter M, Arenja N, Heinisch C, Meissner J, Jaeger C, Christenson R, Mueller C. (Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA). Interleukin family member ST2 and mortality in acute dyspnoea. J Intern Med 2010; 268: 493–500.

Objectives.  The study objective was to investigate the prognostic utility and patient‐specific characteristics of ST2 (suppression of tumorigenicity 2), assessed with a novel sensitive assay.

Background.  Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 signalling has been shown to be associated with death in cardiac and pulmonary diseases.

Design/Subjects.  In an international multicentre cohort design, we prospectively enrolled 1091 patients presenting with acute dyspnoea to the emergency department (ED). ST2 was measured in a blinded fashion using a novel assay and compared to B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT‐proBNP. The primary end‐point was mortality within 30 days and 1 year. The prognostic value of ST2 was evaluated in comparison and in addition to BNP and NT‐proBNP.

Results.  Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 concentrations was higher amongst decedents than among survivors (median 85 vs. 43 U mL−1, P < 0.001) and also higher in patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when compared with preserved LVEF (P < 0.001). In receiver operator characteristics analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for ST2, BNP and NT‐proBNP to predict 30‐day and 1‐year mortality were 0.76, 0.63 and 0.71, and 0.72, 0.71 and 0.73, respectively. The combinations of ST2 with BNP or NT‐proBNP improved prediction of mortality provided by BNP or NT‐proBNP alone. After multivariable adjustment, ST2 values above the median (50 U mL−1) significantly predicted 1‐year mortality (HR 2.3, P < 0.001).

Conclusion.  In patients presenting to the ED with acute dyspnoea, ST2 is a strong and independent predictor of 30‐day and 1‐year mortality and might improve risk stratification already provided by BNP or NT‐proBNP.
Mechanism of water‐stress induced cavitation in conifers: bordered pit structure and function support the hypothesis of seal capillary‐seeding
Authors: DELZON SYLVAIN , DOUTHE CYRIL , SALA ANNA , COCHARD HERVE
Published: July 2010

Resistance to water‐stress induced cavitation is an important indicator of drought tolerance in woody species and is known to be intimately linked to the anatomy of the xylem. However, the actual mechanical properties of the pit membrane are not well known and the exact mode of air‐seeding by which cavitation occurs is still uncertain. We examined the relationship between cavitation resistance and bordered pit structure and function in 40 coniferous species. Xylem pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (P50, a proxy for cavitation resistance) varied widely among species, from −2.9 to −11.3 MPa. The valve effect of the pit membrane, measured as a function of margo flexibility and torus overlap, explained more variation in cavitation‐resistance than simple anatomical traits such as pit membrane, pit aperture or torus size. Highly cavitation resistant species exhibited both a high flexibility of the margo and a large overlap between the torus and the pit aperture, allowing the torus to tightly seal the pit aperture. Our results support the hypothesis of seal capillary‐seeding as the most likely mode of air‐seeding, and suggest that the adhesion of the torus to the pit border may be the main determinant of cavitation resistance in conifers.
Retroperitoneoscopic living donor nephrectomy: initial experience with a unique hand‐assisted approach
Authors: Capolicchio J.‐P. , Feifer A. , Plante M. K. , Tchervenkov J.
Published: July 2010

Capolicchio J‐P, Feifer A, Plante MK, Tchervenkov J. Retroperitoneoscopic living donor nephrectomy: initial experience with a unique hand‐assisted approach. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 352–359. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The retroperitoneoscopic (RP) approach to live donor nephrectomy (LDN) may be advantageous for the donor because it avoids mobilization of peritoneal organs and provides direct access to the renal vessels. Notwithstanding, this approach is not popular, likely because of the steeper learning curve. We feel that hand‐assistance (HA) can reduce the learning curve and in this study, we present our experience with a novel hand‐assist approach to retroperitoneoscopic live donor nephrectomy (HARP‐LDN). Over a one‐yr period, 10 consecutive patients underwent left HARP‐LDN with a mean body mass index of 29 and three with prior left abdomen surgery. The surgical technique utilizes a 7 cm, muscle‐sparing incision for the hand‐port with two endoscopic ports. Operative time was an average of 155 min., with no open conversions. Mean blood loss was 68 mL, and warm ischemia time was 2.5 min. Hospital stay averaged 2.7 d with postoperative complications limited to one urinary retention. Our modified HARP approach to left LDN is safe, effective and can be performed expeditiously. Our promising initial results require a larger patient cohort to confirm the advantages of the hand‐assisted retroperitoneal technique.
Medical epidemiology of patients surviving ten years after liver transplantation
Authors: Simo Kerri A. , Sereika Stephanie , Bitner Nathan , Newton Kimberly N. , Gerber David A.
Published: July 2010

Simo KA, Sereika S, Bitner N, Newton KN, Gerber DA. Medical epidemiology of patients surviving ten years after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 360–367. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The transition into extended long‐term follow‐up after liver transplantation raises a new series of issues with respect to continuing care of this population. A retrospective study was performed, analyzing patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) and survived ≥10 yr at a single institution. Long‐term comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and obesity were identified and standardized prevalence ratios ([SPR]) utilized to compare with the general US population. There was an increased prevalence of HTN ([SPR] = 2.25 ± 0.61), DM ([SPR] = 2.67 ± 0.72), and CKD ([SPR] = 15.3 ± 4.04) but not CAD or obesity. In multivariate analysis, non‐viral etiology of end‐stage liver disease was associated with CKD (OR 3.42 CI 1.11–10.53), and an initial glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (CKD stages III–V) was associated with HTN (OR 4.62 CI 1.14–18.73) after OLT. Creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL at 10 yr was associated with an initial GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (p = 0.000) and CAD after OLT (p = 0.012). Patients, 10 yr after OLT, have a significantly higher prevalence of HTN, DM, and CKD than the general population, which is not confounded by obesity. Increased vigilance and proactive management are required to further improve long‐term outcomes.
Increased availability of family donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a population with increased incidence of consanguinity
Authors: Balcı Yasemin I. , Tavil Betul , Tan Cagman S. , Ozgur Tuba T. , Bulum Burcu , Cetin Mualla , Balcı Mustafa , Yalcın Songul , Tezcan Ilhan , Uckan Duygu
Published: July 2010

Balcı YI, Tavil B, Tan CS, Ozgur TT, Bulum B, Cetin M, Balcı M, Yalcın S, Tezcan I, Uckan D. Increased availability of family donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a population with increased incidence of consanguinity. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 475–480. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The study was planned to determine the frequency of parental and non‐sibling family donor transplants in our center and to investigate the rate of familial donor availability at two HLA‐typing laboratories in Turkey.

Among 203 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 151 (74.4%) received stem cells from siblings, 48 (23.6%) from non‐sibling family donors, two (1.0%) from unrelated cord blood, and two (1.0%) autologous transplantation. Of these 48 patients received stem cells from non‐sibling family donors; donors were mothers for 26 (12.8%), fathers for 20 (9.9%), and aunts for two (1.0%). The rate of transplants from parental donors was 22.6% in this patient population with increased frequency of inherited diseases (58.1%). Among these 203 patients, there was consanguinity between parents in 60.6% of the patients.

Of 833 subjects applying as donor candidates to HLA‐typing laboratories, 527 (63.3%) had HLA 6/6 identical family donors. Among 527 full‐matched donors, 479 (90.9%) were sibling, 21 (4.0%) were fathers, and 17 (3.2%) were mothers. The remaining 10 (1.9%) were other relatives.

The results have shown that the unfavorable factor of consanguinity marriage may increase the availability of family donors for HSCT in particularly developing countries where large donor registries are lacking.
Decreased expression of XPO4 is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liang Xiao‐ting , Pan Ke , Chen Min‐shan , Li Jian‐jun , Wang Hui , Zhao Jing‐jing , Sun Jian‐cong , Chen Yi‐bing , Ma Hai‐qing , Wang Qi‐jing , Xia Jian‐chuan
Published: July 2010

Background and Aim:  Exportin 4 (XPO4) is a recently‐discovered candidate tumor‐suppressor gene identified in a liver cancer mouse model. To investigate the role of XPO4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis, we determined XPO4 expression and its correlation to prognosis in human primary HCC.

Methods:  The XPO4 mRNA transcription level in HCC cell lines and tissue samples were detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). XPO4 protein expression in 123 primary HCC clinical surgical specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemical detection.

Results:  Real‐time quantitative PCR showed a decrease in XPO4 expression in HCC cell lines BEL‐7402, Hep‐G2, and SK‐hep1 compared to the normal liver cell line LO2. Decreased XPO4 mRNA was also found in the majority of tumor tissues compared with matched non‐tumor liver tissues (P = 0.004). Immunohistochemical detection revealed that XPO4 expression was reduced in 51 of 123 (41.5%) tumor resection samples compared with adjunct non‐tumor tissues. We also found XPO4 expression to be significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.045) and histopathological classification (P = 0.004). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that the downregulation of XPO4 resulted in a significantly poor prognosis (P = 0.008, log–rank test), and multivariate Cox's analysis showed that XPO4 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of HCC patients (P = 0.013).

Conclusions:  Our data suggest that XPO4 could be involved in the progression of human HCC and could serve as a potential target for gene therapy in the treatment of HCC.
Helicobacter pylori and pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer
Authors: Mishra Raghvendra R , Tewari Mallika , Shukla Hari S
Published: July 2010

Background and Aim:  Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare but leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. The incidence of GBC is increasing at an alarming rate in the Varanasi region, and its etiology remains obscure.

Methods:  A total of 108 patients, 54 with GBC and 54 with gallstone diseases (GSD), were examined for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in gallbladder specimens by rapid urease test, biochemical test, histology, culture, serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and partial DNA sequencing. PCR was done using heat shock protein‐60 (Hsp60) gene‐nested primers.

Result:  Forty (74%) patients with GBC had gallstones. Upon culture, H. pylori colonies were identified in 24 (44%) GBC and 18 (33%) GSD specimens. H. pylori was detected in 20 (37%) GBC and 15 (28%) GSD samples upon histology. Serology was positive in 17 (32%) GBC and 15 (28%) GSD patients. The DNA isolated from GBC and GSD specimens was amplified by PCR with Hsp60‐nested primers in 18 (33%) patients with GBC and 15 (28%) with GSD (P > 0.05). These sequences had 98% similarity with the presubmitted Hsp60 sequences of H. pylori in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information's GenBank.

Conclusion:  The results revealed that H. pylori was present in a large population, including both GBC and GSD patients, which indicates its endemic presence in the Varanasi region. Thus, it appears H. pylori might not have a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of GBC in our region.
Transient elastography
Authors: Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen
Published: July 2010

In clinical practice, it is important to assess the severity of liver fibrosis in patients with various liver diseases to determine the prognosis, decide treatment, and monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Liver biopsy is limited by its invasiveness and patient acceptability. The development of transient elastography provides clinicians with a non‐invasive, accurate, and reproducible tool to estimate liver fibrosis. The technique has been validated among many liver diseases and requires only simple training. Due to its non‐invasive nature and ease of use, transient elastography can be used repeatedly on patients, and is optimal for large‐scale epidemiological studies, in which stable patients with no indication for liver biopsy can also be included. However, falsely‐high liver stiffness measurements might occur during acute hepatitis, extrahepatic cholestasis, congestive heart failure, and amyloidosis. Failed acquisition is also common in obese patients. The development of S and XL probes might cater for different population groups, but calibration in patients with liver biopsy is essential.
How to write a Cochrane systematic review
Authors: HENDERSON LORNA K , CRAIG JONATHAN C , WILLIS NARELLE S , TOVEY DAVID , WEBSTER ANGELA C
Published: July 2010

The Cochrane Collaboration is a global network whose aim is to improve health‐care decision making through systematic reviews of the effects of health‐care interventions. Cochrane systematic reviews are published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews within The Cochrane Library (
http://www.thecochranelibrary.com), and regularly updated as new evidence arises. Cochrane Reviews are undertaken by teams of volunteer authors, who have access to free training resources, reference texts and software for preparing and maintaining their review. Here we aim to describe the steps involved to undertake a new or update an existing Cochrane Review.
Quorum sensing modulation of a putative glycosyltransferase gene cluster essential for Xanthomonas campestris biofilm formation
Authors: Tao Fei , Swarup Sanjay , Zhang Lian‐Hui
Published: July 2010

Findings from previous studies suggest that the quorum sensing signal DSF (diffusible signal factor) negatively regulates biofilm formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) by affecting the expression of manA encoding biofilm dispersion and an unknown factor(s). In this study, by analysing the double deletion mutant ΔrpfFΔmanA, in which DSF biosynthesis gene rpfF and biofilm dispersal gene manA were deleted, we found that DSF modulated biofilm development by suppression of a mechanism essential for biofilm formation. Transposon mutagenesis of ΔrpfFΔmanA and subsequent analyses led to the identification of a novel gene locus xagABC encoding a putative glycosyl transferase system. Genetic analysis revealed that the transcriptional expression of xagABC was negatively regulated by DSF through the RpfC/RpfG two‐component regulatory system. Deletion of the xag genes resulted in decreased extracellular polysaccharide production, abolished Xcc biofilm formation and attenuated the bacterial resistance to oxidative stress. Furthermore, we provide evidence that xagABC and manA were differentially expressed in Xcc and the biofilm formed by overexpression of xagABC in wild‐type Xcc could be dispersed by ManA. These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which Xcc switches between planktonic growth and biofilm lifestyle.
Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission of human pathogens
Authors: Berger Cedric N. , Sodha Samir V. , Shaw Robert K. , Griffin Patricia M. , Pink David , Hand Paul , Frankel Gad
Published: July 2010

Much research into food‐borne human pathogens has focused on transmission from foods of animal origin. However, recent investigations have identified fruits and vegetables are the source of many disease outbreaks. Now believed to be a much larger contributor to produce‐associated outbreaks than previously reported, norovirus outbreaks are commonly caused by contamination of foods from hands of infected workers. Although infections with Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli O157 have been linked to beef more often than to any other food product, severe outbreaks have been traced to consumption of contaminated radish sprouts and pre‐packaged spinach. Similarly, while infections with Salmonella have mainly been linked to consumption of foods of animal origin, many outbreaks have been traced to contaminated fresh produce. E. coli O157 binds to lettuce leaves by alternative mechanisms involving the filamentous type III secretions system, flagella and the pilus curli. Association of Salmonella with fresh produce appears to be serovar‐specific involving flagella, curli, cellulose, and O antigen capsule. A better understanding of plant, microbiological, environmental, processing and food handling factors that facilitate contamination will allow development of evidence‐based policies, procedures and technologies aimed at reducing the risk of contamination of fresh produce.
Disasters, Victimization, and Children’s Mental Health
Authors: Becker‐Blease Kathryn A. , Turner Heather A. , Finkelhor David
Published: July 2010

In a representative sample of 2,030 U.S. children aged 2–17, 13.9% report lifetime exposure to disaster, and 4.1% report experiencing a disaster in the past year. Disaster exposure was associated with some forms of victimization and adversity. Victimization was associated with depression among 2‐ to 9‐year‐old disaster survivors, and with depression and aggression among 10‐ to 17‐year‐old disaster survivors. Children exposed to either victimization only or both disaster and victimization had worse mental health compared to those who experienced neither. More research into the prevalence and effects of disasters and other stressful events among children is needed to better understand the interactive risks for and effects of multiple forms of trauma.
Unpacking Trauma Exposure Risk Factors and Differential Pathways of Influence: Predicting Postwar Mental Distress in Bosnian Adolescents
Authors: Layne Christopher M. , Olsen Joseph A. , Baker Aaron , Legerski John‐Paul , Isakson Brian , Pašalić Alma , Duraković‐Belko Elvira , Đapo Nermin , Ćampara Nihada , Arslanagić Berina , Saltzman William R. , Pynoos Robert S.
Published: July 2010

Methods are needed for quantifying the potency and differential effects of risk factors to identify at‐risk groups for theory building and intervention. Traditional methods for constructing war exposure measures are poorly suited to “unpack” differential relations between specific types of exposure and specific outcomes. This study of 881 Bosnian adolescents compared both common factor–effect indicator (using exploratory factor analysis) versus composite causal–indicator methods for “unpacking” dimensions of war exposure and their respective paths to postwar adjustment outcomes. The composite method better supported theory building and most intervention applications, showing how multitiered interventions can enhance treatment effectiveness and efficiency in war settings. Used together, the methods may unpack the elements and differential effects of “caravans” of risk and promotive factors that co‐occur across development.
Exploring Posttraumatic Growth in Children Impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the Phenomenon and Developmental Considerations
Authors: Kilmer Ryan P. , Gil‐Rivas Virginia
Published: July 2010

This study explored posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive change resulting from struggling with trauma, among 7‐ to 10‐year‐olds impacted by Hurricane Katrina. Analyses focused on child self‐system functioning and cognitive processes, and the caregiving context, in predicting PTG at 2 time points (Time 1 n = 66, Time 2 n = 51). Findings suggest that rumination, both negative, distressing thoughts and constructive, repetitive thinking, plays an important role in PTG. Hypotheses regarding future expectations and perceived competence were not fully supported, and, unexpectedly, coping competency beliefs, realistic control attributions, and perceived caregiver warmth did not contribute to PTG models. With 1 exception (positive reframing coping advice), caregiver‐reported variables did not relate to PTG; no caregiver variable reached significance in final models. Relevant theory, developmental considerations, and future directions are discussed.
Generating Classic Mosaics with Graph Cuts
Authors: Liu Y. , Veksler O. , Juan O.
Published: July 2010

Classic mosaic is an old and durable art form. Generating artificial classic mosaics from digital images is an interesting problem that has attracted attention in recent years. Previous approaches to mosaic generation are largely based on heuristics, and therefore it is harder to analyse, predict and improve their performance. In addition, previous methods have a number of disadvantages, such as requiring that the number of tiles in a mosaic is known a priori, or relying on extensive user interaction, or using heuristics for tile placement that lead to visible artefacts. We propose a classic mosaic generation algorithm that is based on a principled global optimization. Our approach is fully automatic. We design and optimize an objective function that incorporates the desired mosaic properties, such as tile alignment to significant image edges, prohibiting tile overlap, etc. Our optimization method is based on graph cuts, which proved to be a powerful optimization tool in graphics and computer vision. Experimental comparison to previous work demonstrate the advantages of our approach.
Expression of Ten‐m/Odz3 in the fibrous layer of mandibular condylar cartilage during postnatal growth in mice
Authors: Murakami Takashi , Fukunaga Tomohiro , Takeshita Nobuo , Hiratsuka Koichi , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Yamashiro Takashi , Takano‐Yamamoto Teruko
Published: July 2010

It has been speculated that the mandibular condyle develops via the differentiation of the fibroblast‐like cells covering the condyle into chondrocytes; however, the developmental mechanisms behind this process have not been revealed. We used laser‐capture microdissection and cDNA microarray analysis to elucidate the genes that are highly expressed in these fibroblast‐like cells. Among these genes, the transcription of Ten‐m/Odz3 was significantly increased in the fibroblast‐like cells compared with other cartilage tissues. For the first time, we describe the temporal and spatial expression of Ten‐m/Odz3 mRNA in relation to the expression of type I, II, and X collagen mRNA, as determined by in‐situ hybridization in mouse mandibular condylar cartilage and mouse femoral cartilage during the early stages of development. Ten‐m/Odz3 was expressed in the fibrous layer and the proliferating and mature chondrocyte layers, which expressed type I and II collagen, respectively, but was not detected in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer. Furthermore, we evaluated the in‐vitro expression of Ten‐m/Odz3 using ATDC5 cells, a mouse chondrogenic cell line. Ten‐m/Odz3 was expressed during the early stage of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. These findings suggest that Ten‐m/Odz3 is involved in the differentiation of chondrocytes and that it acts as a regulatory factor in the early stages of the development of mandibular condylar cartilage.
The Pseudomonas syringae effector protein HopZ1a suppresses effector‐triggered immunity
Authors: Macho Alberto P. , Guevara Carlos M. , Tornero Pablo , Ruiz‐Albert Javier , Beuzón Carmen R.
Published: July 2010

Featured paper: See Editorial p877
Hereditary Chin‐trembling with Nocturnal Myoclonus and Tongue‐biting in Dizygous Twins
Authors: Johnson Laurence F. , Kinsbourne Marcel , Renuart A. William
Published: July 2010

A fine, rapid, intermittent chin tremor was noted in one of dizygous twin boys, aged 21 months, who had presented with occasional myoclonic jerking and tongue‐biting. It transpired that the other twin, the father, and several male paternal relatives had had a similar tremor. Male prevalence of a recessively inherited non‐progressive brain‐stem abnormality was inferred.

Tremblement héréditaire du menton chez des faux jumeaux

Un tremblement du menton fin, rapide, intermittant a été observé chez l̂un de deux jumeaux hétérozygotes, agé de 21 mois, qui avait présenté des secousses myocloniques occasionnelles et des morsures de la langue. On a découvert ensuite que l̂autre jumeau, le pére et plusieurs parents masculins de la famille paternelle avaient présenté un trouble identique. On en conclut à une prévalence masculine d̂une anomalie du tronc cérébral non progressive, héréditaire sur le mode récessif.

Erbliches Kinn‐Zittern bei dizygoten Zwillingenk

Ein feinschlägiger, schneller, intermittierender Kinn‐Tremor wurde bei einem von dizygoten Zwillingsknaben mit 21 Monaten bemerkt, der wegen gelegentlicher myoklonischer Krämpfe und Zungenbeißen eingeliefert wurde. Es fand sich, daß der andere Zwilling, der Vater und mehrere männliche Verwandte der váterlichen Linie ähnliche Krankheitszeichen boten. Daraus wurde eine männliche Bevorzugung einer rezessiv vererbten nicht fortschreitenden Abnormitát des Hirnstammes abgeleitet.

Temblor de mentón hereditaria en gemelos dizigotos

Se observó un temblor de mentón, fino, rápido e intermitente en uno de los dos gemelos varones dizigotos de 21 meses de edad, que habia presentado sacudidas mioclónicas ocasionales y mordedura de lengua. Se halló que el otro mellizo, el padre y varios parientes masculinos del padre habian sufrido tambien lo mismo. Se infirió una anomalía de tronco cerebral, no progresiva, heredada recesivamente y con predominio en varones.
The Natural Development of Nocturnal Bladder Control
Authors: Peterson Rolf A.
Published: July 2010

The possibility of considering the child̂s reaction to the change from a dry state to a wet urinous state as an important variable in normal nocturnal bladder control is presented. The learning paradigm, ways in which the change can become aversive (innate and learned) and future research are discussed.

Développement naturel du contrôle vésical nocturne

La possibilité de considérer la réaction de l̂enfant au passage d̂un état sec à humide (urinaire) comme une variable importante du contrôle vésical nocturne normal est discutée. Les paradigmes d̂apprentissage, les voies par lesquelles ce passage peut devenir opérant (inné ou appris) et des voies de recherche future sont également discutés.

Die natürliche Entwicklung der nächtlichen Blasenkontrolle

Die Möglichkeit, die kindliche Reaktion auf den Wechsel vom Trockensein zum (urinösen) Naßsein als einen wichtigen Faktor der normalen náchtlichen Blasenkontrolle zu betrachten, wird dargestellt. Das Lernparadigma, Wege, durch die der Wechsel aversiv werden kann (angeboren und erlernt) und die zuk ünftigen Forschungsarbeiten werden diskutiert.

Desarrollo natural del control nocturno de la vejiga

Se presenta la posibilidad de considerar la reacción del niño frente al cambio del estado seco al humedo (orina) como una variable importante en el control nocturno de la vejiga. Se discute el paradigma de aprendizaje, las vias por las cuales el cambio puede resultar aversivo (innato o aprendido), asi como las futuras investigaciones.
The Language Characteristics of Hyperverbal, Hydrocephalic Children
Authors: Swisher Linda Peck , Pinsker Esther Jill
Published: July 2010

A group of hydrocephalic children considered by clinicians to be hyperverbal were interviewed in a conversational setting and then given the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). Each child was matched with a non‐hydrocephalic child of a similar age and with a similar history of hospitalization. Depending on their age, these hyperverbal, hydrocephalic children exhibited one or more of the following unusual characteristics: hyperverbality, inappropriate language usage, and an itpa profile which reflected the superficiality of their output.

Caraeteristiques linguistiques des enfants hydrocéphales et hyperverbaux

Un groupe de jeunes hydrocéphales considéred par des cliniciens comme hyperverbaux ont été étudiés au cours de la conversation et à partir de l̂Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA).

Chaque enfant a été comparé à un enfant non hydrocéphale de même âge et avec les mêmes antécédents d̂hospitalisation. En fonction de leur âge, ces enfants hydrocéphales, hyperverbaux présentaient une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques inhabituelles suivantes: verbalisme usage inapproprié du langage et un profil d̂ITPA qui montrait le caractère superficiel de leur production verbale.

Die Sprachcharakteristika hyperverbaler Kinder mit Hydrocephalus

Eine Gruppe hydrocephalischer Kinder, die von Klinikern für hyperverbal gehalten wurden, wurde im Rahmen einer Unterhaltung interviewt und dann dem Illinois Test für Psycholinguistische Fähigkeiten (ITPA) unterzogen. Jedes Kind wurde mit einem gleichaltrigen nicht‐hydrocephalischen Kind mit ähnlich langem Krankenhausaufenthalt verglichen. Altersabhängig zeigten diese hyperverbalen Kinder mit Hydrocephalus eines oder mehrere der folgenden ungewöhnlichen Charakteristika: Hyperverbalität, ungeschickter Sprachgebrauch und ein ITPA‐Profil, das die Oberflächlichkeit ihrer Aussagen darstellte.

Los caracteres del lenguaje en niños hidrocefálicos con hiperverbalismo

Un grupo de niños hidrocefálicos considerados por los clínicos como hiperverbales fueron entrevistados en un encuentro conversacional y posteriormente se les aplicó el test de Illinois de habilidad psicolinguística (ITPA). Cada niño fue aparejado con un niño no hidrocefálico de edad similar y con una historia similar de hospitalización. En dependencia con su edad estos niños hidrocefálicos hiperverbales presentaban una o más de las características infrecuentes siguientes: hiperverbalismo, utilización inapropiada del lenguaje y un ITPA que reflejaba la superficialidad de su expresión.
Simple and Choice Reaction Time in Spastic Hemiplegics
Authors: Rees J. A. T.
Published: July 2010

The results of tests to determine reaction times in a group of 10 patients with spastic hemiplegia (mean age 18.4 years) suggest four main conclusions. (1) There are fundamental differences between congenital and acquired cases of unilateral brain injury. (2) There are differences in the nature of the response mechanisms in ‘Travel’ and ‘no‐travel’ conditions of simple reaction times. (3) As task complexity increases, so the relative disadvantage of the spastic hemiplegic diminishes. (4) Differences in the performance of this hemiplegic group are differences of level rather than of standard of performance.

Les ŕesultats de tests déterminant les temps de réaction dans un groupe de 10 malades présentant une hémiplégie spastique (moyenne d̂âge 18 ans 4 mois) suggèrent 4 conclusions principales. (1) Il existe des différences fondamentales entre les cas congénitaux et acquis avec lésions cérébrales uni‐latérales. (2) On note des différences de nature des mécanismes de réponse selon les conditions ‘travel’ et ‘no travel’ du temps de réaction simple. (3) Le désavantage relatif de l̂hémiplégique spastique diminue lorsque la complexité de la tâche s'accroit. (4) Les differences de performance de ce groupe hémiplégique sont des différences de degré plutôt que de nature.

Die Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung von Reaktionszeiten in einer Gruppe von 10 Patienten mit spastischer Hemiplegie (mittleres Alter 18, 4 Jahre) legen vier hauptsächliche Schlüsse nahe. (1) Zwischen congenitalen und erworbenen Fällen von einseitiger Hirnverletzung gibt es grundsätzliche Unterschiede. (2) Es gibt Unterschiede in der Natur der Reaktionsmechanismen bei ‘Wanderungs’‐ und ‘Nicht‐Wanderungs’‐Bedingungen der einfachen Reaktionszeit. (3) Der relative Nachteil des spastischen Hemiplegikers vermindert sich, indem die Komplexität der Aufgabe zunimmt. (4) Unterschiede in der Verrichtung dieser hemiplegischen Gruppe gehen eher auf Unterschiede im Grad als im Standard der Verrichtung zurück.

Los resultados de los tests para determinar los tipos de reacción de los pacientes con hemiplegia espástica (edad promedia de 18, 4 años) sugieren cuatro conclusiones principales. (1) Hay diferencias fundamentals entre los casos congénitos y adquiridos de lesión cerebral unilateral. (2) Hay diferencias en el tipo de los mecanismos de respuesta en las condiciones de desplazamiento y no desplazamiento en el tiempo de reacción simple. (3) La desventaja relativa de la hemiplegia espástica disminuye al aumentar la complejidad de la tarea. (4) Las diferencias en la realization de este grupo hemiplégico son más bien de nivel que de standard.
Uniformly Sensitive Weight Standard Charts: 32 Weeks Gestation to 18 Years of Age
Authors: Dixon R. A.
Published: July 2010

A percentile weight standard chart is presented which provides for accurate plotting of an infant's weight from 32 weeks gestation to 5 years of age, including the traditional birth junction at 40 weeks. Another reference chart provides for accurate reading of cross‐sectional standards of weight at any age from 32 weeks gestation to 18 years. A third chart is intended for following the growth of an individual child for a prolonged period at any age up to 18 years. These three charts make use of logarithmic scales to provide the desired sensitivity for plotting or reading off.

Une table de poids standard en percentile est présentée, permettant une référencei précise du poids d'un enfant de 32 semaines de gestation à 5 ans d'âge et incluant la traditonnelle jonction de la naissance à 40 semaines. Une seconde table de référence permet une lecture directe et précise du poids moyen à n'importe quel âge de 32 semaines de gestation à 18 ans. Une troisième table est prévue pour suivre la croissance individuelle d'un enfant durant une période prolongée à n'importe quel âge jusqu'à 18 ans. Les trois tables font appel à des échelles logarithmiques pour fournir la sensibilité souhaitée de référence ou de lecture.

Eine prozentuale Gewichtstabelle wird präsentiert, die eine genaue Bestimmung von der 32 Gestationswoche bis zum 5 Lebensjahr ermöglicht, einschließlich der ublichen Geburtsüberschneidung in der 40 Woche. Eine zweite Tabelle sorgt für eine genaue Bestimmung des Dewichtes bei Überschneidungen in jedem Alter zwischen der 32 Woche und dem 18 Lebenjahr und eine dritte Tabelle ist für den Wachstumsvergleich eines einzelnen Kindes während einer längeren Zeit bis zum 18 Lebensjahr vorgesehen. Die drei Tabellen bedienen sich logarithmischer Tafeln, um die gewünschte Genauigkeit für die Gewichtsbestimmung zu ermöglichen.

Se presenta una tabla standard de peso en percentiles que hace posible la situatión precisa del peso de un niño desde las 32 semanas de gestación a los 5 años de edad, incluyen‐do el punto tradicional de las 40 semanas. Una 2° tabla de referencia hace posible la lectura precisa de los standards en sección cruzada del peso a cualquier edad desde las 32 semanas de gestación a los 18 años y una 3° tabla está encaminada a seguir el crecimiento individual del niño durante un período prolongado a cualquier edad hasta los 18 años. Las 3 tablas utilizan escalas logarítmicas para conseguir la precisión deseada para localizar o leer.
The Influence of Dominance on the Asymmetry of Cervical and Dorsal Muscles
Authors: Süssová J. , Pfeifler J. , Dušek J.
Published: July 2010

With the use of electromyographs (emgs), lateral dominance was found to have an influence on the generation of asymmetries of the axial muscles. A highly significant difference was found between emg recordings from the cervical muscles of left‐handed and those of right‐handed children. There was a highly significant correlation between a preponderance of electrical activity in the cervical muscles on one side and a dominance of the other side, especially when the arms were extended forward.

It is suggested that lateral dominance influences the generation of asymmetry of the axial muscles, and may indeed be an initiating factor in such asymmetry.

Influence de la dominance latérale sur l'asymétrie des muscles cervicaux et dorsaux Par l'utilisation d'électromyographies (emg), on a pu montrer que la dominance latérale a une influence sur l'origine d'asymétrie dans les muscles axiaux. Une différence hautement significative a été trouvée entre les enregistrements des muscles cervicaux d'enfants gauchers et droitiers. Il y avait une corrélation hautement significative entre la prépondérance de l'activitéélectrique dans les muscles cervicaux d'un côté et une dominance de l'autre côté spécialement quand les bras étaient étendus en avant.

Il est suggéré que la dominance latérale est à l'origine d'une asymétrie des muscles axiaux et peut être réellement le facteur déclenchant d'une telle asymétrie.

Der Einfluβ des Rechtsänder‐oder Linkshänder‐tums auf die Asymmetrie der Hals‐und Rücken‐muskulatur

Mit Hilfe von Elektromyogrammen (emgs) fand man, daß die Seitenbevorzung auf die Entwicklung von Asymmetrien der axialen Muskulatur einen Einfluß ausübt. Ein hoch signifikanter Unterschied wurde zwischen den emg‐Aufzeichnungen der Halsmuskeln bei Linkshändern und bei Rechtshandern gesehen. Es bestand eine hoch signifikante Beziehung zwischen dem Vorherrschen elektrischer Aktivität der Halsmuskeln auf einer Seite und der bevorzugten Aktivität auf der anderen Seite, vor allem, wenn die Arme nach vorne ausges‐treckt wurden.

Es wird angenommen, daß die Seitenbevorzugung die Entwicklung einer Asymmetrie axialer Muskeln beeinflußt und in der Tat einen ursächlichen Faktor einer solchen Asymmetrie darstellt.

La influencia de la dominancia sobre la simetria de los músculos cervicales y dor sales Utilizando electromiografia (emg) se encontró que la dominancia lateral tenia una influencia en la generación de asimetrias en los músculos axiales. Se encontró una diferencia altamente significativa entre los trazados emg de los músculos cervicales de niños zurdos y dextrómanos. Habia una correlatión altamente significativa entre una preponderancia de la actividad eléctrica en los músculos cervicales en un lado y una dominancia del lado contrario, especialmente cuando los brazos se extendian hacia adelante.

Se sugiere que la dominancia lateral influencia la generación de asimetrias en los músculos axiales, y puede ser realmente un factor de iniciación de esta asimetria.
Head Injuries in Children
Authors: Jennett Bryan
Published: July 2010

Almost one‐sixth of general surgical admissions to a children's hospital are primarily because of a head injury. The management of these children aims at providing the optimum conditions for the recovery of normal neurological function and, if secondary complications develop, to ensure that they are recognised and treated early.

A chronological account is given for the management of an uncomplicated head injury causing unconsciousness, from the initial diagnosis to the convalescent period, and the special problems of intracranial haematoms, depressed fracture of the skull and epilepsy following head injury are discussed.

Traumatismes de la tête chez l'enfant

Presque un sixième de l'ensemble des admissions chirurgicales dans un hôpital d'enfants est expliqué avant tout par un traumatisme céphalique. Les soins donnés à ces enfants visent àétablir les conditions les meilleures pour une récupération d'une fonction neuro‐logique normale et si des complications surviennent pour les reconnaitre et les traiter précocément.

Un compte‐rendu chronologique est établi pour les soins donnés aprés traumatismes crâniens non compliqués et perte de conscience, depuis le diagnostic initial jusqu'à la période de convalescence; les problémes spéciaux d'hématomes intra‐crâniens, les fractures du crâne avec enfoncement et l'épilepsie consécutive aux traumatismes sont discutés.

Kopfverletzungen bei Kindern

Fast ein sechstel der gesamten chirurgischen Aufnahmen in einem Kinderkrankenhaus erfolgen wegen Kopfverletzungen. Die Behandlung dieser Kinder ist darauf abgestimmt, die bestmöglichen Bedingungen zu schaffen für die Wiederherstellung normaler neuro‐logischer Funktionen und falls sekundär Komplikationen auftreten, sicher zu stellen, daß diese erkannt und so früh wie möglish behandelt werden.

Es wird ein chronologischer Bericht über die Behandlung einer unkomplizierten Kopfver‐letzung mit Bewußtlosigkeit von der ersten Diagnose bis zum Rekonvaleszenzstadium gegeben. Die speziellen Probleme des intracraniellen Hämatons, der Impressionsfraktur und der durch Kopfverletzung ausgelösten Epilepsie werden diskutiert.

Traumas craneales en niños

Casi una sexta parte de los ingresos por cirugía general en un hospital infantil tiene por causa fundamental un trauma craneal. El tratamiento de estos niños apunta a conseguir las condiciones óptimas para la recuperación de la función neurológica normal y, en caso de desarrollarse complicaciones secundarias, asegurar el que Sean reconocidas y tratadas precozmente.

Se da una descripción cronológica de la manera de actuar frente a un trauma craneal sin complicaciones pero causando pérdida de conocimiento desde el diagnóstico inicial hasta la fase de convalecencia. Se discuten también los problemas especiales del hematoma intracraneal, la fractura con depresión del cráneo y la epilepsia consecutivos a un trauma de cráneo.
Modifications of Language Situations in an Institution for Profoundly Retarded Children
Authors: Fraser William
Published: July 2010

Forty‐nine severely mentally subnormal children (c.a. 3.7 to 15.9 years, m.a. 50 to 129 weeks) and of broad syndrome heterogeneity, were given individual and group training, using a reduced and a normal language corpus, to ascertain whether naming behaviour would be enhanced. The experiment was controlled to try and ensure that the main dependent variables were the language corpus technique, and individual v group training situation. A simplified language technique was not in any way superior in furthering acquisition of names, but the individual training situation was significantly superior to the group training situation, in particular amongst those between m.a. 50 and 102 weeks, irrespective of syndrome, age, d.q., or motility rating.

49 enfants très arriérés, âgés de 3 ans 7 mois à 15 ans 9 mois (âge mental de 50 à 129 semaines) et d'origine variée, ont reçu un entrainement individuel et en groupe, faisant appel à un taux de langage réduit ou normal, de façon à voir si le comportement de dénomination s'en trouvait modifié. L'expérience a été contrôlée pour s'assurer que les principales variables dépendantes étaient bien le tau de langage et la situation d'apprentissage individuel ou en groupe.

On a pu mettre en évidence que la technique de langage simplifié ne facilitait en aucune facon l'acquisition de la dénomination mais que l'entrainement individuel était significative‐ment supérieur à l'entrainement de groupe, particulièrement pour les enfants d'âge mental compris entre 50 et 102 semaines, ceci quelque soit I'origine, I'iige, le qd ou le taux de mobilité.

49 schwer abnorme Kinder im Alter von 3.7 und 15.9 Jahren (geistiges Alter 50–129 Wochen) mit vielen verschiedenen Syndromen, bekamen Einzel‐ und Gruppentraining mit einem reduzierten und einem normalen Sprachkörper, um festzustellen ob das Verhalten zu Namen gesteigert würde. Die Untersuchung wurde kontrolliert, um sicher zu sein, daβ die Sprachkörpertechnik und die individuelle im Gegensatz zur Gruppentraining‐Situation die hauptsächlich abhängigen Veränderlichen sind.

Es ergab sich, daß eine vereinfachte Sprachtechnik keineswegs besser die Erlernung von Namen förderte, daß aber die individuelle Training‐Situation signifikant besser war als die Gruppen‐training‐Situation, insbesondere für die Kinder mit einem geistigen Alter von 50–102 Wochen, ohne Unterschied in Syndrom, Alter, d.q. oder Bewegungsfähigkeit.
The Outlook for the Child with a Myelomeningocele for whom Early Surgery Was Considered Inadvisable
Authors: Hide D. W. , Williams H. Parry , Ellis H. L.
Published: July 2010

Ninety‐nine children with myelomeningocele who were born in a defined area in a specified period and who were not given early surgical treatment have been studied. Ninety‐two of the children died before they reached their first birthday. Brief clinical details are given of the four children who lived more than two years. A policy of careful selection of the most severely affected infants is unlikely to result in the survival of large numbers of extremely handicapped people.

Die Prognose für ein Kind mit einer Meningomyelocele, bei dem ein frühzeitiger operativer Eingriff nicht ratsam erschien

Es wurden 99 Kinder mit Meningomyelocelen untersucht, die in einem bestimmten Gebiet innerhalb eines gewissen Zeitraums geboren wurden, und die nicht friihzeitig operativ versorgt wurden. 92 der Kinder starben in ihren ersten Lebensjahr. Von den vier Kindern, die länger als zwei Jahre lebten, werden kurze klinische Angaben gemacht.

Selbst wenn man eine sorgfältige Auswahl der am schwersten betroffenen Kinder trifft, wird dies wohl kaum dazu führen, daß eine groß e Anzahl der hochgradig behinderten Kinder überlebt.