bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiments in Practice Change
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

This chapter tracks the rise of nontraditional peacekeeping practices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, analyzing the process by which new ways of practicing impartiality emerged, spread, and became institutionalized. It argues that new practices emerged through both innovation and improvisation, and that crises—like the fall of Goma in 2012—were often drivers of change. The chapter also highlights the key role played by senior leaders, and the impact of vertical, horizontal, and managed learning among blue helmets. This chapter concludes by showing that normative disagreements among member states are often a barrier to formal institutionalization, and it confirms that practice change can precede norm change, a finding that underlines the limitations of top-down theories of norm implementation.
Conclusion
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

The book’s final chapter returns to the original puzzle and synthesizes the book’s core findings about intrusive impartiality and the process by which new peacekeeping practices emerge, spread, and become institutionalized. It summarizes the book’s theory of change, and it explains how its theoretical framework can be used to study authority and change in other spheres of global governance. It also situates these contributions within wider debates in international relations theory about the relationship between norm-based theorizing and practice-based approaches. This chapter also discusses the book’s policy implications, highlighting findings about political and ideological contestation, the role of senior leaders, the impact of UN hiring and staffing practices, different approaches to learning and training for blue helmets, and the appeal of “soft” forms of institutionalization like best practices. It concludes by speculating about the future of intrusive impartiality and identifying new questions that emerge out of this research.
Social by Nature
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

Humans have a fundamental need for social connection. In fact, our need for other people is just as essential as our need for food, water, and shelter. We can’t survive—let alone thrive—without the support of other people. And yet, in the modern world, we often view connection as a luxury rather than an essential need. In this chapter, we describe the essential nature of social connection—highlighting the fact that connection makes us happy and healthy, while feeling lonely increases our odds of sickness and early death. We also explain how individual differences like extraversion and attachment style affect the way people go about meeting their need for connection.
Epidemiology
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

This book gives an overview of the concepts that form the underpinnings of epidemiology and epidemiologic research. The aim is to create a coherent fabric of epidemiologic thinking for the reader. The emphasis is not on statistics, formulas, or computation, but on the underlying epidemiologic principles and concepts. This core content is supplemented with historical notes, a discussion of scientific inference, details about infectious disease epidemiology, and some advanced topics that serve as an on-ramp into further study for those who elect to pursue it. The overall organization is to begin with basic concepts such as causation and inference, progress to a presentation of epidemiologic measures of disease occurrence such as risk and incidence, and then measures that compare occurrence between groups of people that have had different exposures. From there, basic study designs are explained, and the ways to identify and control for errors in these studies are emphasized. The later chapters deal with analysis of epidemiologic data using methods intended to measure effects in a way that addresses meaningful questions and reduces sources of error. Little or no background is required of the reader. Basic concepts such as the definition of a cause and the process by which causal theories are evaluated are not assumed, but elaborated with straightforward examples. Each chapter contains a list of questions that serve as a basis for discussion of key concepts.
Epidemiology in Clinical Settings
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Epidemiology is often described as the basic science of public health, focusing on disease prevention, but it also has applications among patients with disease, before and after diagnosis. Screening for disease attempts to identify people with undiagnosed disease who might benefit from early treatment. Epidemiologic methods also assist in assessing prognosis among those with a given disease, and in studying the success and safety of different therapeutic options. Pharmacoepidemiology is a branch of epidemiologic research that focuses on the safety and effectiveness of medical products, including therapeutic drugs, devices, and vaccines. This chapter covers methodological tools and sources of bias for screening, prognosis, and pharmacoepidemiology.
Leadership with Impact
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Following the release of the initial edition of Leadership with Impact: Preparing Health and Human Service Practitioners in the Age of Innovation and Diversity, the authors have had the privilege of extensively instructing on these leadership concepts and observing the application of the IDDEA Leadership Framework in various organizational settings. Their experiences garnered from both classroom teachings and active participation in the National Executive Leadership and Fellowship Program in collaboration with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the National Latino Behavioral Health Association (NLBHA) have yielded consistent feedback affirming the practicality, viability, and effectiveness of the IDDEA Leadership Framework. Nonetheless, recognizing areas for enhancement, the authors present the following additions in this second edition. Primarily, three new chapters are introduced that delve into financial management and antiracist leadership practices. Additionally, practical scenarios illustrating the application of leadership and management concepts outlined in the chapters are provided. Furthermore, content is incorporated exploring how leaders and organizations have been impacted by and responded to significant crises, natural and man-made disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive literature review featuring new research and content has been conducted to update each chapter. The authors have also expanded their interviews with diverse health and human service practitioners actively leading their organizations and championing social change and innovation in these uncertain times. Their compelling personal and professional stories serve as a continued source of inspiration.
Teamwork, Collaboration, and Motivation
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4, “Teamwork, Collaboration, and Motivation,” focuses on the impact of building and maintaining positive relationships in the workplace. The quality of interaction with others guides the attitudes and behaviors of all participating parties. The nature of these relationships can significantly affect our lives, including levels of work engagement and satisfaction, well-being, motivation, and commitment. Building positive working relationships by understanding others’ perspectives and effectively sharing our points of view are very important skills for social architects to craft and master. This chapter reviews key aspects of human behavior, relationships, collaboration, and motivation that can be applied when working with others.
Leadership and Communication Strategies
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5, “Leadership and Communication Strategies,” demonstrates the power of the communication process. Sharing information requires paying particular attention to what information is being shared, how it is delivered, and how it is received. Communication forms include verbal, visual, written, and nonverbal messages, which can be perfected through systematic learning and skill practice. The chapter also highlights the importance of understanding others’ emotional expressions to improve working relationships. A discussion on cross-cultural communication is included because interaction with individuals from different cultures or diverse groups is part of our daily lives. Social architects constantly build bridges, foster relationships, and establish successful collaborations with effective communication.
The Role of Budgets in Mission-Driven Success
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 7, “The Role of Budgets in Mission-Driven Success,” describes the importance of the financial aspect as innovations are designed and formulated in health and human services. The chapter focuses on how health and human service leaders can approach the budget process as they develop, sustain, and implement innovative programs. The concepts presented can be utilized throughout the budgetary cycle. Leaders must know funding models and revenue strategies to support their budgets. At the same time, leaders understand how to plan expenses necessary to achieve desired goals and objectives. Finally, the chapter considers perspectives from organizational leaders, such as executive directors, high-level management, and the board of directors.
Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 8, “Race and Ethnicity: Past and Present,” provides a brief historical background on the socially constructed notion of race and ethnicity and how historically disenfranchised groups continue to experience more significant challenges and disadvantages in our society. Racial disparities have been constant and significant throughout US history. Social architects should be aware of these racial challenges and work toward building an equitable and just society, influencing others to embrace a social justice framework in their everyday lives. The charge for health and human service leaders is to facilitate and empower others to improve the conditions seen as unfit and unjust in systems and communities.
Women in Leadership
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 11, “Women in Leadership,” examines theoretical, systems, and institutional gender issues in the workplace. If health and human service organizations make it difficult for women to be promoted, they will continue to turn down leadership opportunities. Currently, the system makes it almost impossible to accommodate lifestyle choices and demands. Many organizations acknowledge the importance of work–life balance and can tie the benefits to a healthier workforce. Yet, women still report feeling guilty for putting their family ahead of work, while employees who put work ahead of family are acknowledged for their dedication and loyalty. This chapter discusses how social architects can create more leadership opportunities for women and notes that the existing patriarchal power models must be broken down and rebuilt in a form that promotes unity without sexism and has the support of all groups.
Organizational Strategic Planning
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 12, “Organizational Strategic Planning,” sets the basis for how innovative leaders envision effective organizations’ proper structure and management. Innovative leaders acknowledge the enormous value of strategic planning in accomplishing desired organizational goals and objectives. The strategic planning process can be complex, guiding the current organizational state to be examined and the one desired to be planned and properly executed. Social architects are designers, stewards, and coaches who have the task of building the capacity and capability of the organization to adjust and thrive continuously in its changing environment. The critical components of a successful organizational strategic plan include a broad vision of what the organization should be (aspiration), the organization’s mission or core values (identity), specific goals (direction), and operationalized objectives (benchmarks).
Making Financial Globalization
Authors: Park Clara
Published: November 2024

Why did financial globalization occur? Finance has traditionally been local and state controlled. However, around the turn of the century, over a hundred countries---even those without comparative advantages in financial services---agreed to open up their financial markets to foreign banks, insurers, and securities firms. Making Financial Globalization offers a novel account of business and politics in which firms engage in multilateral lobbying to create a new international agreement that would lower entry barriers around the world. Firms formed coalitions across industries and countries and helped shape the new international regime in trade in financial services. In turn, governments liberalized their financial market to bring external capital into their economy and subsequently embarked on domestic regulatory reforms to lower their entry barriers. The book upends the traditional view of the dominance of state actors in regime creation and shows how firms increasingly shape international economic policies.
Structures of Feeling
Authors: Martelli Francesca K. A.
Published: November 2024

What portrait of late republican society does ad Fam. deliver? Unlike the other letter collections, which each address a single named individual, ad Fam. is especially well placed to answer this question because the letters it contains are written to multiple addressees. Chapter 5 homes in on Fam. 13, where we see the distribution of late republican society at its widest, in order to explore how this society resembles or differs from that to which the collection’s imperial readership belongs. The letters of recommendation in Fam. 13 show Cicero representing the interests of friends and acquaintances of all different ranks from across the republican empire, and offer a more cosmopolitan, socially mobile portrait of late republican society than we see in other letter books. This chapter argues that the inclusion and position of this book within ad Fam. makes the collection as a whole accessible to the more expansive interests of imperial readers. The recommendation letters in Fam. 13 are, furthermore, primarily taken up with protecting the property interests of Cicero’s social network. This chapter elucidates the ‘structure of feeling’ that Cicero’s preoccupation with property expresses, as anxieties about economic redistribution are freighted with further anxieties about the social transformations that these changes presage.
Patterns That Remain
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

Patterns That Remain: A Guide to Healing for Asian Children of Immigrants empowers readers to heal from diasporic wounds and become people, partners, and parents who embody abundance mentalities grounded in joy, balance, and gratitude. Each chapter addresses culturally relevant topics among the Asian American community and is informed by research and stories from diverse Asian American community members and thought leaders. Readers will learn how scarcity mindsets, generational patterns, historical trauma, and other cultural scripts contribute to unhelpful patterns of thoughts, attitudes, and actions that impact relationships and overall well-being. The book combines history, storytelling, and culturally grounded perspectives to provide an inspirational, validating, and practical framework toward healing. Informed by the author’s lived experiences as a Filipina and Chinese immigrant as well as by her professional identities as a professor, researcher, and mental health clinician, Patterns That Remain provides the foundation for timely conversations and centers the importance of healing, personal growth, and unlocking the power behind our stories.
Childhood Attachment Wounds in Adult Relationships
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides a brief history of attachment theory, including pioneers in the field such as Harry Harlow, John Bowlby, and Mary Ainsworth. Adult attachment styles (i.e., secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized) are outlined and examples are provided. The ways in which growing up Asian American may have contributed to the development of attachment wounds in adulthood are described, with a focus on cultural values, the American Dream, and Asian immigrant parenting styles. Alternative perspectives are provided to increase empathy and understanding as to how Asian American and immigrant parents may have struggled to cultivate emotional connections in ways that left us with attachment wounds.
Wholehearted Acceptance
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

Building upon the presence of insecure adult attachment styles, in this chapter the author proposes a new healing orientation that is designed to deepen intimate relationships and meaningful connections. The author conceptualizes how wholehearted acceptance may represent a crucial component of healing and achieving secure attachment styles among Asian American adults. The importance of this concept is emphasized, and the ways in which it is grounded in research and psychological theory are provided. The author defines the orienting elements that may resonate deeply with Asian Americans and children of Asian immigrants, offering excerpts from interviews with thought leaders and community members.
On Parenting and Healing Diasporic Wounds
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

With a deeper understanding of the ways in which historical trauma, intergenerational patterns, cultural scripts, and scarcity mindsets can create barriers to optimal psychological health, secure relationships, and overall well-being, this chapter provides a few specific strategies to take healing to the next level. Though it involves difficult work, the importance of breaking inherited parenting patterns and learning to radically accept our own parents is established. The value of strengthening other adult relationships, such as the ones we cultivate with our friends and community members, is also discussed. Examples of how community members and thought leaders have begun to cultivate compassionate awareness and diasporic healing are provided. Readers are encouraged to embrace the power of storytelling and to begin unlocking the power of their families’ stories.
Who Are the People of a Country Called Prison?
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter begins by debunking the pervasive myth that all people in prison are violent and scary. It then examines the very different way that most people from the Country Called Prison grew up. As children, they frequently experienced a very different psychosocial development process than children in traditional American families. Our examination demonstrates that most prison inmates are not violent and scary but are often poorly educated, poorly socialized, often addicted, and frequently mentally ill. The authors suggest that the reason for the continued high recidivism rate of former prison inmates is that solutions are based on the erroneous assumption that it is only the offender’s fault. Therefore, to make the current culture of the Country Called Prison more prosocial, the authors propose solutions that focus on restoring the psychosocial development process of its citizens.
Living in a Country Called Prison
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, the authors deliberate on the reasons that prison environments have changed so little since the infamous Stanford prison experiment conducted by Phillip Zimbardo in 1970. In this discussion, we bring to light the four different subcultural groups that coexist within the prison geographic region: inmates, security personnel, administrative staff, and licensed professionals. Each group has its own language, customs and values, perceptions of power, and relationship patterns. Since adults learn new cultural behaviors through observation, instruction, imitation, and reinforcement, the authors propose strategies that rely on these principles to shift the prison environment toward a milieu that encourages human development and growth rather than human degradation.
A Path to Success
Authors: Grymes James A. , Kusz Veronika
Published: November 2024

Part I of The Last Romantic in His Own Words begins with a radio address in which Dohnányi reminisced about his happy childhood in Pozsony, Austria-Hungary. At the age of seventeen, Dohnányi took the surprising step of attending conservatory not in nearby Vienna, but in Budapest, sharing the details of his entrance examination in a letter to his father. Shortly after graduating from the Academy of Music in Budapest, Dohnányi launched his international career to great acclaim, as evidenced in interviews from London and Kristiania, Norway. In 1905, he accepted a prestigious position at the Royal Academy of Music in Berlin, which necessitated turning down a similar offer from the Academy of Music in Budapest. He settled in Berlin with his first wife, Elza Kunwald, and their charmingly named children, Hans(el) and Grete(l). Although Dohnányi’s name was mentioned in connection with the directorship of the Hungarian opera, he remained in Germany until the beginning of World War I.
The National Liberation Struggle Resumes
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

With the educated faction genuinely committed to a liberal political order so small and the mass of the population so uneducated and traditional in its way of life, the outcome of the crisis of 1858 was, unsurprisingly, not a liberal order but the replacement of the oligarchy with a new authoritarian regime: Prince Mihailo Obrenović fused Miloš’s patriarchal autocracy with the Constitutionalists’ modernizing bureaucratic elitism. The energy unleashed by the revolution was channeled first into an assault on Austrian Serbs and Constitutionalist bureaucrats, then into a renewed national liberation movement which the disappointed Liberals could support. Yet the outcome in 1867 was once again ambiguous. Mihailo roused the nation against the imperial overlord but settled for a significant but incomplete victory in collaboration with it, just as his father had done in the Second Serbian Uprising 42 years before. While this may have been the best Serbia could have achieved in the circumstances, it produced Liberal and nationalist frustration, opening a new phase of political conflict.
Achievement of Independence
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Prince Milan Obrenović led Serbia to independence and became its first modern king. The first part of his rule witnessed the emergence of the Radical party, which would grow into an organized mass opposition of a kind his predecessors had not faced. Interlinked with this revolutionary threat at home were the revolutionary pressures in the wider Balkans confronting the Ottoman Empire, of which Serbia was still formally part, resulting in major uprisings in Hercegovina and Bosnia in 1875 and in the Bulgarian region in 1876. With danger for the regime went opportunity, for Serbian statesmen, primarily Liberals, sought to exploit these anti-Ottoman rebellions to achieve Serbia’s independence and expand its borders, while managing the revolutionary contagion at home. Radicals influenced by Svetozar Marković’s ideas viewed Milan’s regime of prince, bureaucracy and army as a continuation of Ottoman oppression, and the struggle against it as part of the wider struggle against the empire; they mobilized against both. Milan’s regime under Liberal management navigated between managing this threat and fulfilling Serbia’s national mission of liberation and unification. It did so with some success, resulting in an ultimately successful anti-Ottoman war and international recognition of Serbia’s independence within modestly expanded borders.
Court and Radicals
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Serbia’s achievement of independence and the fall of Jovan Ristić’s Liberal government cleared the arena for the battle to begin in earnest between the old Serbian elite of court, army and bureaucracy and the emerging Radical party counter-elite. Milan took power much more directly into his own hands by replacing the domineering Ristić with his protégés, the Young Conservatives, soon renamed Progressives. Yet the Regency Constitution and the Progressive government’s liberalizing reforms enabled the Radicals, through their populist rhetoric and agitation in the countryside, to emerge rapidly as the party commanding most of the population’s support. Thus began a struggle of two Serbias: a struggle between the state and peasant masses, over whether Serbia would modernize along Western lines or preserve its traditional rural society and institutions, and between an Austrophile and a Russophile foreign alignment. The Young Conservative government’s idealistic decision to hold elections in 1880 without police manipulation released from the bottle the genie of the People’s Radical Party, which emerged as a peasant-based counter-elite to challenge the existing royal, bureaucratic and military elite.
Defeat and Occupation
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Serbia in 1914 was forced to wage a war of survival against Austria-Hungary, a far larger and more powerful predatory neighbor. This was, for the Serbian political classes, a moment of both extreme vulnerability and extreme ambition. It appeared an opportunity finally to liberate and unite with, or annex, the Habsburg South Slav lands. Yet Serbia was constrained by its own limited strength, the diplomacy of its Great Power allies and its ongoing conflicts with other Balkan states and peoples. By 1917, Serbia was occupied and on the brink of destruction as an independent state, while Russia, on which Serbia's leaders had placed so much hope, was losing on the battlefield and undergoing a revolution that would soon knock it out of the war altogether. Bulgaria’s intervention ensured Serbia’s defeat and occupation and threatened to annihilate Serbian nationhood in the more than half of the country it occupied. Yet the military reforms undertaken since the 1990s not only produced impressive initial victories for Serbia’s army, but enabled it to survive the defeat of 1915–1916, preserving the kernel of Serbian statehood and the possibility of a revival once the tide of the war turned.
Liberation and Unification
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Serbia’s political and military leadership was at the start of 1917 bitterly divided three ways between Prince Regent Aleksandar and his White Hand, Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and his Radicals, and the mutually sympathetic Black Hand and Independent Radicals. Despite Serbia’s setbacks, Pašić retained his ambitious plans for South Slav unification under Serbia’s leadership, for which he waged careful diplomacy with the Entente allies and representatives of the Habsburg South Slavs, above all in the Yugoslav Committee. Inevitably, Serbia’s internal divisions extended into its negotiations on South Slav unification as the Independents sought allies among the Habsburg South Slavs to offset Radical hegemony, leading them to embrace a more Yugoslavist approach to unification in opposition to Pašić’s Serbia-centred approach. Serbia’s leaders embraced the cause not merely of pan-Serb but of South Slav unification to pre-empt the establishment of a rival independent South Slav state on, or Italy’s acquisition of, territory they considered rightfully theirs. Unification on Serbia’s terms and under its leadership left the Radical model of nationhood hegemonic and the prince regent, his popularity and self-confidence cemented by his central role in the victorious wars of 1912–1918, as the leading actor in the new state.
Reign of the Second King Aleksandar
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

For all the emphasis of historians on the national question as the reason for interwar Yugoslavia’s instability, it is remarkable how little it changed the nature of the political struggle in Serbia. King Petar turned out to represent not the start of constitutional monarchy but a mere interlude arising from the temporary destruction of royal authority in 1903. Serbia’s immersion in Yugoslavia shifted the balance of power in the state back toward the crown, giving it a much larger range of parties to play off against each other and much more plausible internal enemies against which to mobilize the Serbian population, while socio-economic change weakened the once mighty Radical party. The establishment of King Aleksandar’s dictatorship marked the culmination of the authoritarian, elitist policies pursued by Serbian monarchs since the Obrenović era. His much greater use of violence than previous Serbian monarchs reflected the difference between dominating a small, ethnically homogeneous state and dominating a large multinational one with many unwilling subjects. Nevertheless, Aleksandar’s was still a personal regime like Mihailo’s and the first Aleksandar’s, so his murder in 1934 meant not just a change of ruler but a change of regime.
Fascism and Court Radicalism
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

King Aleksandar’s death in 1934, like the death or fall of previous Serbian monarchs, began the transition to a more liberal regime, but once again this was a question of degrees as the regime remained one of controlled parliamentarism in which power remained with the court. Power passed to a regency headed and solely controlled by Aleksandar’s first cousin, Prince Pavle Karađorđević, pending the new King Petar II's attainment of his majority. Like Aleksandar Obrenović in 1900, Prince Pavle sought to sideline hardline authoritarian and militarist elements and share power with Radical and other civilian politicians enjoying a degree of popular support. Again, the transition to a gentler regime created enemies from among the authoritarian elements without mollifying the pro-parliamentary opposition. And again, the regime’s supposed “betrayal” of Serbian national interests catalyzed opposition to it. The regime's Agreement with the Croat opposition, reached in 1939 and establishing an autonomous Croatian province within Yugoslavia, did not end the power struggle in Yugoslavia between Serbia and Croatia while it exacerbated political strife in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Meanwhile, the 1930s witnessed also the appearance of fascist groups and ideologies in Serbia, reflecting the spirit of the times.
End of the Yugoslav Kingdom
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

In 1939-1941, as its strategic position worsened, Yugoslavia’s government tried to remain neutral and stay out of World War II, but this was sabotaged by the domestic opposition in Serbia. This opposition culminated in a military putsch in March 1941, triggered by the government’s attempt to avert a German invasion by joining the Tripartite Pact of Germany, Italy and Japan. This was a reprise of the 1903 putsch and would plunge Yugoslavia into World War II as the earlier putsch, albeit less directly, had set Serbia on the road to World War I. The 1941 putsch was the product of Serbian opposition to the authoritarian court regime that had ruled Yugoslavia since 1929, when King Aleksandar had overthrown the Serbian political parties, and particularly since 1935, when Prince Regent Pavle and prime minister Milan Stojadinović had sidelined the military in favor of the new generation of Court Radicals. For all that interwar Yugoslav politics had apparently been dominated by the national question, the act that finally triggered the kingdom’s destruction was carried out by Serbs from Serbia against other Serbs from Serbia. It was a chapter in an inter-Serbian power struggle that the unification of Yugoslavia had not fundamentally changed.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

The first Yugoslavia that existed from 1918 to 1941 is widely viewed as having been brought down by its unresolved national conflict. Yet it was destroyed by a foreign invasion triggered by a putsch that represented merely the latest battle in a long-standing internal conflict between two rival factions of Serbia’s elite, in which Croats, Slovenes, prečani Serbs and other non-Serbian Yugoslavs played wholly secondary roles. The way in which the first modern Serbian state ended should not, however, obscure its achievements. From the verge of national destruction in 1813, Serbia emerged from humble peasant beginnings to become a modern European country with an educated elite, university, schools, theatres, libraries, banks, factories, embassies, cinemas, automobiles and other trappings of modern life common to European states. The state-building process culminated at the turn of the century in the creation of a modern army, militarily effective but highly politicized, responsible for the spectacular victories of 1912–1914 and 1918 but also for the tragedies of 1903, 28 June 1914, 1915, and 1941. The ambiguous outcome of Serbia’s state-building process thus has contradictory lessons.
The intellectual underpinnings of the AfCFTA
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Chapter 3 summarizes some of the main tenets of the thinking on regional integration of two leading African academics, Adebajo Adedeji and Thandika Mkandawire, making the links with the current agenda of the AfCFTA. As Minister of Planning in Nigeria in the period after the Biafran war, Adedeji was one of the founders of ECOWAS in 1975, and was also instrumental in the creation of the 1991 treaty establishing the African Economic Community (the Abuja Treaty), which lays out the broad framework for the future steps in continental integration, including the AfCFTA. Mkandawire, a Malawian national, argued that to succeed, the continental project needed to be built up from within and could not depend on outside help. He believed there was a need to build up bureaucratic capacity on the continent with the capacity to articulate an African-centric view of priorities. He also firmly believed that continental integration needed to be built up from below, rather than through top-down approaches. Chapter 3 concludes by stressing commonalities in the views of Adedeji and Mkandawire on continental integration.
Weaknesses of Africa’s Current Patterns of Integration Into the Global Economy
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on reviewing the record of African exports through taking advantage of preferential market access schemes like the United States’ Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and the EU’s Everything But Arms initiative. Preferential market access to high-income economies was started in the 1960s and 1970s—mostly with good intentions (to help economic diversification). Yet the empirical evidence reveals that the outcomes have generally been disappointing—Africa still principally exports commodities to the high-income economies, in exchange for their manufactured products. This failure to catalyze structural change is reflected in the fact that, over the last two decades, trading relations with high income countries have gradually been eclipsed in favor of trade with other developing countries—particularly India and China. However, like the trading relations with the EU or the US, trade with China and India also suffers from a structural weakness—it too is dominated by commodity exports and manufactured imports. The chapter concludes that these challenges lend even more weight to arguments that the regional route to economic diversification should be pursued vigorously through the AfCFTA.
Africa’s Trials and Tribulations with Global Trade Governance
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Rather than depending on preferential market access, the multilateral system offers an alternative—and, many economists would say, better—way for African countries to engage in the global trading system. In the mid-1990s, the WTO emerged as a key organ of the governance and management of global trade. In principle, it is one the most democratic of global institutions where the principle of “one country, one vote” is followed. Yet the WTO remains the international institution in which the African voice is, perhaps, least heard. This chapter discusses the limitations and frustrations for the Africa group of countries in terms of reaping benefits from WTO agreements. Not only has the continent struggled to speak with one voice, it has gained very few concessions in terms of opening up agricultural markets in high income economies. The WTO agenda has tended to be dominated by the priorities of high-income economies—e.g. strengthening intellectual property, liberalising services trade, investment-related rules, etc. The informal governance of trade through global value chains is also critically reviewed. Expectations that there will be a sudden sea-change in the global trading system that favors the African continent are misplaced.
Conclusions
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

The final chapter focusses on some critical aspects for the effective implementation of the AfCFTA, including the need for Africa’s largest economies to take a lead in the process; greater efforts to coordinate economic policy, particularly industrial policy; and a rapid adoption of a comprehensive framework on competition regulation. Greater competitiveness within the African market is needed to help spur innovation and minimize anti-competitive practices. Moreover, an accelerated programme for addressing non-tariff barriers is required—tariff-reductions alone will not stimulate the greater intra-African trade flows. Encouraing the formation of sectoral coalitions, such as the African Auto Pact, would help increase political pressure at the highest levels for the removal of the NTBs. The AfCFTA needs to build constituencies of winners that will coalesce around continental integration. The AfCFTA will not be able to address all of Africa’s developmental challenges. Nor does it exonerate member states form the responsibility of having well developed national policies to tackle some of other pressing developmental challenges. It is clearly a project that is going to be decades in the making. But it will ultimately change the prospects for the continent achieving its developmental objectives.
How to Draw the World
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

Crockett Johnson’s Harold and the Purple Crayon is a small book about big ideas—ideas about childhood, creativity, politics, psychology, art, and reality itself. In thirty brief chapters, this book explores those ideas, illuminates the creative process, and offers a primer on how picture books work. To that end, How to Draw the World considers the book’s small size, Harold’s clear line, the real “Harolds” who inspired the title character, the role of the book’s three colors (purple, brown, white), the apparent invisibility of Johnson’s design choices, the limits imposed by the offset color lithography printing process, the history of the crayon, and the book’s circulation into the hands of many real children around the world.
Introduction
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces Crockett Johnson’s Harold and the Purple Crayon (1955). It highlights the significance of the book, an inspiration for Prince, improvisational theatre, and experiments in virtual reality. Moreover, Harold and the Purple Crayon is one of the most succinct expressions of imaginative possibility ever created. The book shows how the mind can change the world, and how dreams can make realities while telling readers they can improvise, invent, and draw a new path despite the forces beyond their control. The chapter references Harold and the Purple Crayon as a case study to examine the art and design of the picture book.
Harold and Me
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This autobiographical chapter looks into the author’s memories of reading Harold and the Purple Crayon. It highlights the book’s vivid sense of how the imagination can change reality. Whether reading or writing them, stories both transported the author to other worlds and changed the way they saw his own. The chapter reflects on how getting reacquainted with Harold returned the author to the delights of early childhood, such as the magic of getting pulled into a story. Children’s books have much to teach those who are no longer children. Adults may reach understandings unavailable to less experienced readers, just as children may arrive at interpretations lost to adults who have forgotten their childhoods.
General Hastings 'Pug' Ismay
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

General Lord Ismay’s name is little known today, but he participated in, and was witness to, decision-making at the highest level of government, before, during and after the Second World War. Immediately prior to the outbreak of hostilities, he was Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence responsible for advising government on strategy and preparations for war. As wartime Chief Staff Officer to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, he became a close confidant and rarely left Churchill’s side, whether in Britain or abroad at international conferences. He was instrumental in conciliating the sometimes-fractious relationship between the Prime Minister and the Service Chiefs of Staff. In 1947, Ismay went to India as Chief of Staff to the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, and was closely involved in the drama of Partition. As the first Secretary General of NATO from 1952 to 1957, he was instrumental in building the foundations of the Alliance and preserving its unity and cohesion at the height of the Cold War. He also played a central role in reshaping the higher management of defense in Britain, including the creation of the Ministry of Defence. This fascinating book tells the story of his life and work.
Corridors of Power
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter recounts Ismay’s return to the Committee of Imperial Defence, first as deputy to Sir Maurice Hankey, its secretary, and then as his successor. It describes Ismay’s policy disagreements with Hankey over subjects such as appeasement and rearmament, his admiration for Churchill, and his advice to Prime Minster Chamberlain prior to the Munich agreement. It also describes the important initiatives which he took to prepare the government for war, including the coordination of departmental action through the government War Book and the construction of the Cabinet War Rooms beneath Whitehall. In addition, it describes Ismay’s criticisms of government action during the disastrous campaign in Norway in April-June 1940. It concludes with his appointment by Chamberlain as head of a central staff reporting to the chairman of the Military Coordination Committee: Winston Churchill.
Discord and Harmony
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter describes Ismay’s role in mediating the deteriorating relationship between Churchill and senior military officers: the service Chiefs of Staff—in particular the CIGS General Dill; and the commanders in the Middle East—successively Generals Wavell and Auchinleck. The chapter also describes Ismay’s role in strengthening Anglo-American relations, establishing friendships with, amongst others, Harry Hopkins and Avrell Harriman, and advocating the creation of a Joint Staff in Washington. It recounts his participation in an Anglo-American delegation to Moscow and his meeting with Stalin. It also examines Ismay’s role in the establishment of the strategic deception organization: the London Controlling Section. The chapter concludes with the replacement of General Dill by General Brooke.
‘The Trough of the War’
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter describes Ismay’s experiences and observations in the year that he referred to at the time as being “the trough of the war.” It examines his role in Churchill’s incorrect assumptions about the security of Singapore, his attempts to mediate in the relationship between Churchill and General Auchinleck, and his role in the further development of the strategic deception organization: the London Controlling Section. It covers Ismay’s participation in Churchill’s visit to Washington for an Anglo-American conference, his observations of the American Combined Chiefs of Staff and of the state of training of the American army, his developing relationship with General Eisenhower, and his temporary rift with Eisenhower’s chief of staff, General Bedell Smith. It recounts further disputes between Churchill and the Service Chiefs of Staff, and between the Chiefs of Staff themselves, and Ismay’s continuing role as mediator.
‘Conference Year’
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines Ismay’s participation in, and observations of, the seven international conferences which took place in 1943 and which determined the high-level strategy of the Allied nations. It describes the initial tense, confrontational atmosphere which characterized the Anglo-American conferences—often with General Marshal and General Brooke in opposite corners—and Ismay’s efforts (in addition to General Dill’s) to achieve harmony and cohesion. The chapter also covers the conference of foreign ministers in Moscow at which Ismay accompanied Foreign Secretary Eden and won plaudits from him for establishing an atmosphere of trust with the Russian Foreign Minister Molotov. It concludes with an account of Ismay’s collapse with mental exhaustion at the end of the Cairo conference in December 1943 and his subsequent four-week convalescence.
From War to Peace
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

In covering the final months of the war, this chapter includes Ismay’s recollections of the Allied conferences at Malta, Yalta, and Potsdam, an account of one of Churchill’s final clashes with the Chiefs of Staff (over Air Marshal Tedder), and the feasibility study commissioned by Churchill for an offensive (codenamed “Unthinkable”) against the Soviet Union. The chapter describes Ismay’s farewell to Churchill as Prime Minister and his relationship with the new Prime Minister Attlee, Ismay’s proposals for the central organization of defense and his cooperation with Eisenhower about a joint Anglo-American approach to the developing Soviet threat. It also includes his initial work assisting Churchill in the research and writing of Churchill’s memoirs.
Partition—Making the Plan
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter follows Ismay’s appointment as chief of staff to Viceroy Mountbatten and the planning for the termination of British rule in India which was announced in June 1947. It gives a short background to Ismay’s relationship with Mountbatten and to the events in India (including the 1943-44 Bengal Famine) leading up to their arrival in India in March 1947. It recounts the intense and rushed planning which took place, including Ismay’s meetings with Nehru, Jinnah, and Gandhi (and his candid opinion of them), and his private assessment of the situation as described in letters to his wife. It covers his return to London to brief the Cabinet, the sudden amendment to the plan which resulted from Nehru’s rejection of it, and the meeting in early June in Delhi at which Mountbatten announced the plan to the political leaders.