bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sovereign Wealth Funds' Development Role: The Importance of Establishing A Sovereign Fund In Iraq
Authors: Kadhim Hasan Latif , Marzuk Atef Lavi
Published: July 2022

The rise of sovereign wealth funds has transformed global financial markets. They hold considerable financial assets and invest in developing nations, both those they own and those that wish to invest in them if their investment policy is more welcoming to developing countries. The results indicate that the operations of sovereign funds and the allocation of their assets are active in developed industrial countries. These countries have the most favorable financial and real estate ecosystems and dynamic financial markets that can use these funds profitablyArab sovereign funds are among the most crucial financing funds in the world that can contribute to achieving Arab economic unity. Exploiting the advantages available in the Arab economies provides a suitable productive ground for investing the funds of sovereign funds in successful development projects. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment entities dedicated to achieving national goals. SWFs' inherent characteristics as long-term investors and their governmental mandate may make them an ideal vehicle for promoting sustainability. However, SWFs must adhere to sustainability standards as part of their larger strategy as a prerequisite.
Using RCA and the Balanced Scorecard to Assess the firm Performance
Authors: Kadhim Hatem Karim , Abdulzahra Ali Noori
Published: July 2022

For the objectives of this article, we wish to underline the significance of resource consumption accounting and the balanced scorecard in today's accounting processes and how they assist an economic unit to work better. Consequently, it indicates that the Balanced Scorecard method may be upgraded by accounting for resource consumption and explains how this enhances performance management efficiency and answers difficulties concerning complementing views. Researchers analyzed data from the Najaf men's clothing factory from 2018 and conducted in-depth interviews with department leaders and employees to investigate the economic unit's efficiency. The data was acquired through site visits and personal interviews. As a result, an increase in financial and non-financial indicators' efficiency may be accomplished by combining resource consumption accounting (RCA) with a balanced scorecard (BSC), according to the results (financial, customer, internal operations, and learning and growth perspectives) (financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth perspectives) (financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth perspectives). Thus, the economic unit of the sample will be granted a superior performance efficiency rating.
Workplace Spirituality, Self-Empowerment and Efficiency: A Religious Perspective
Authors: Al-Hadrawi Baqer Khudair , Al-zurfi Ali Raheem
Published: July 2022

Workplace spirituality is a construct widely discussed over the past few decades, and it is a much-disputed inquiry field that is gaining the interest of practitioners and scholars. However, some clarifications regarding concepts and definitions are necessary to structure and direct the current debate. This study aims to study the role of workplace spirituality, where many researchers have emphasized its importance for achieving self-empowerment among employees. For that purpose, a total of 200 Questionnaires were distributed to respondents working at the Shrine of Imam Ali (Peace be upon him ), out of which 185 forms that were filled correctly were used for analysis. Research data was collected and analyzed through statistical analysis by employing a package (SPSS). The findings show that workplace spirituality has a tremendously positive effect on workplace spirituality in employees' self-empowering. Furthermore, the study's results will contribute to the literature by creating awareness concerning the subject not only for organization management but also for its members.
Administrative Empowerment and Management Readiness In Crisis Time: A Case Of University of Misan
Authors: Abraheem Mohammad Kalil
Published: July 2022

This study seeks to recognize the impact of administrative empowerment in preparedness for crisis management from the perspective of administrative staff in Misan University. The purpose of this study is to discover the answer to the following question: What role does administrative empowerment play in Misan University's capacity to react to a crisis situation? The questionnaire was the most important tool that the researcher utilized to obtain primary data and information from the fieldwork participants. According to the findings of this study, administrative empowerment has a significant influence on Misan University's capacity to react to crises in an effective manner.
Resources Consumption Accounting, Cost Reduction For Customers, and Competitive Advantage: An Iraqi Case Study
Authors: Alsafar Montader Ismail
Published: July 2022

Accuracy and quality of customer cost information depend on the selection and execution of a contemporary strategy to cost accounting and administration that is responsive to fierce competition between economic units and incorporates resource consumption accounting. RCA, the latest generation of cost accounting and contemporary management software, enables managers to make informed choices and establish effective plans. This research intends to illustrate the influence of resource consumption accounting in rationalizing customer costs in the bags / Hilla facility by lowering product prices, detecting idle energy, and identifying the factory's best customers. In the Al-Hilla / Al-Hilla / Al-Hilla plant, a case-study technique was applied. Through this process, an evaluation of the laboratory's actual expenses and the application of resource consumption accounting are made using the laboratory's existing data for the year 2018. The research concluded that the effectiveness of customer cost analysis is contingent on the technique used and that accounting for resource consumption is one of the most effective and accurate methods for cost rationalization. The resource consumption accounting highlights the economic unit is resources, the entwined relationships between them, and their optimum usage. Furthermore, it finds idle (untapped) energy and eliminates it from goods and services to minimize prices. Thus, the researcher's most significant suggestions affirm that enough attention is given to the application of resource consumption, accounting for their contribution to attaining this aim.
Managerial Skills and Competencies of Future Managers in UAE
Authors: Sulieman Moyaid
Published: July 2022

In today's economy, which is marked by workforce diversity, growing global competition, and various organizational architecture models, skills and competencies are crucial to the success of any firm. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is undergoing rapid transformations in many areas of life, including health, education, infrastructure, as well as travel and tourism. The need of having the right skills and traits to manage a changing environment is highlighted by the new global climate. To assure success and preserve a competitive advantage, under COVID-19, which has become part of our working life, today's firms demand new managerial abilities, managerial competencies, and ways of thinking. This qualitative study looks at the evolution of managerial abilities and competencies in developed nations over the last several decades.Its major purpose is to investigate these skills and encourage UAE managers to pay attention to and implement them in their firms.
The Inculcation of Custom In The Lease Contract: A Comparative Study
Authors: Abdulraoof Sabah Erees
Published: July 2022

This article will discuss custom from a broad perspective by surveying selected court and tribunal rulings and relevant literature. It analyzes the place and nature of tradition, emphasizing objections to custom's legal applicability. The contract arises from the concurrence of two wills that tend towards creating a specific legal effect on the contracting parties and the contracted party. So it happens in the lease contract for the lessor and the lessee. The lease contract is one of the contracts that the Iraqi legislator has designated and regulated, with a summary of the contract's provisions and forms. The legislator retracted a number of them due to their familiarity and established customs and practices among dealers, which contributed to crystallizing numerous solutions to disputes that may arise during the contract term between the lessor and lessee. It can be accomplished by examining the contract's comparing and regulating legal texts and deducing the role performed by common custom. Then, it reflects positively on the judiciary, resolving protracted issues. Finally, it contributes to the strength of judicial judgments regardless of whether the judge relies on the legal text, custom, or the rules of justice. The primary objective is to arrive at a just verdict and do right.
Terms of Reference of The Iraqi Commercial Court
Authors: Abed Raghad Fawzi
Published: July 2022

In light of the Iraqi Supreme Judicial Council No. (74) for the year 2000 and its influence on the economic and commercial side, this study attempts to illustrate the viability of founding the Iraqi Commercial Court. It is the whole seed. The goal is to make commercial conflicts more swiftly and efficiently resolved through establishing an expert commercial judiciary. Specialized judges with high expertise and knowledge help ensure that court judgments are successful in both processes and causes. In light of the statement published by the Supreme Judicial Council No. (74) for the year 2020, the research focuses on the efficacy of the Iraqi commercial Court in addressing commercial disputes. This article reveals that the Iraqi legislative attempts to attract international investment and the Iraqi executive branch's continued efforts to resolve investor concerns by modifying the Investment Law. The Iraqi court has successfully developed a stable legal environment for multinational firms. Commercial courts, acknowledged as fair by international businesses, were established to accomplish this. As a result of Iraq's communist past, foreign investment was viewed as a source of skepticism and mistrust for many years. These courts will undoubtedly play a significant role in advancing Iraq's progress. However, courts alone will not provide the long-term guarantees needed to transform Iraq's legal framework for domestic and foreign businesses to operate inside. Civil law countries like Iraq necessitate significant reforms to the country's intellectual property, investment, and arbitration regimes.
Economic Analysis of The Trade Contracts: An Economic Perspective
Authors: AL-BSHERAWY Ammar Kareim
Published: July 2022

The social, economic, and legal sciences system is an integrated system that requires knowing the nature and limits of the relationship between law and economy and whether this relationship is earthy or an equivalent relationship. We note that the research idea should provide a legal reading of the theory of economic analysis from a legal perspective since the basis of the convergence between economic law is the idea of benefits generally framed by the view of the contract.  Comparing the corporate contract provisions in Iraqi and other legal systems will help us build this institution in Iraqi corporate law and avoid any disputes and disagreements between its members and third parties on the content of a corporate contract. This article proposes that Iraq should explore resolving the issue by implementing some rights inalienability limits in copyright law already present in several other jurisdictions abroad. It explores the rationales for implementing such rules in Iraq civil law, including uneven negotiating power, prediction, fairness, and valuable methods. These studies illustrate the capacity of various alienability measures to raise author compensation in the face of assertions that such limits are useless.
Recovery of Damage For Lost Profits In Bank Deposit
Authors: Lafta Naseer Sabbar
Published: July 2022

Iraq's banking system is different in that it includes nationalized banks, private banks, foreign banks, Islamic banks, particular development banks, and cooperative banks. Currently, the size of loan defaults in the banking industry is enormous. However, the popular view is that loans and advances have a higher recovery rate. This article aims to explore the problems governing banking operations in Iraq and summarize the provisions of Iraqi legislation relating to the recovery of bank profit losses. According to the study given in this example, lending practices with Iraqi banking instruments are similar to those of traditional banks with comparable products. Moreover, the study identifies critical strategically weak connections in the banking sector's development, which has impeded the country's overall economic progress. The results indicate that the rewards under this legal system in Iraq include insurance against loss of profits resulting from bank interest. This situation is problematic on the ground, especially for non-fixed or non-fixed deposits. In addition, demonstrating earning potential is not an obstacle for the buyer in this scenario. However, when the bank deposit contract carries interest and the customer does not pay the amount of interest due to the bank's bankruptcy. The bank loses an opportunity to recover only by proving that the customer has breached the contract terms.
The Role of Custom In Contract Interpretation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Abdulraoof Sabah Erees
Published: July 2022

Custom serves various purposes within the context of contracts, as evidenced by the fact that the contract's content must be carefully stated since this content is decided by the contracting parties' phrases expressing their shared intent. Occasionally, the terms are ambiguous and must be interpreted by the court. Custom is one of the aspects that assist in resolving this uncertainty by showing the meaning of words and acts and their signals of the genuine intents and objectives demonstrated. The contracting parties made extensive use of the text's hints and evidence, but this is without pardon for adhering to the literal look of the term because viewing words as flexible templates would bring out the essence of the meaning they convey. Thus, it is unsurprising that the purpose of the terms varies according to events and conditions. Thus custom is an essential tool for assisting the judge in ascertaining the contractors' true intentions to identify the term's meaning in the contract.
The Concept of Iraqi Commercial Court
Authors: Abed Raghad Fawzi
Published: July 2022

With the emergence of new types of disputes, we anticipate the injection of numerous cases and lawsuits into a single regulatory structure, posing numerous problems related to the judiciary's exhaustion, the length of the dispute, the inaccuracy and caution required when issuing resolutions to these disputes, which prompted states to adopt an important principle in their constitutions, namely the judiciary's specialization. Indeed, speeding up the judicial process is associated with achieving justice, as necessary procedures must be completed from the time the case is filed to the time the role of a judgment is established, provided that the legal texts and principles governing the dispute before the judiciary are considered, and then justice is achieved by combining the elements of time and mastery, as can be expected from the time required to resolve a case in the ordinarily. This period is due to the close scheduling of hearings before the competent court as a result of the small number of cases brought before it; on the other hand, the judge who is concerned with experience and know-how avoids the use of experts in all small and large matters, as his specialization in the field of advocacy and the filings before him from the S.A.N. allow him to develop his skill and strengthenhis judgments outside of his area of expertise.
Role of Effective Emotional Intelligence In Improving The Functionality of Administrative Institutions
Authors: Gouasmia Sihem
Published: July 2022

In light of the rapid changes that we are witnessing at all levels, the importance of leadership in various administrative institutions is highlighted. It is increasingly essential in the security field in particular, and the administration cannot in any way be isolated from modern organizational concepts. The concept of emotional intelligence has limited those concepts. He works with her and is happier in his currency, and he performs better in his job since he can use his intelligence to improve and raise decision-making. It can introduce happiness, joy, trust, and cooperation among his employees through his relationship. Emotional awareness is the cornerstone of the leader's ability to become emotionally intelligent.
Applicable Law of Insurance Contract Actions
Authors: AlJubory Zeena Hazim
Published: July 2022

The insurance contract is a legal agreement in which the insured agrees to pay the insured or the beneficiary a sum of money, salary, or other financial compensation in the case of an insured accident, in exchange for installments or other payments to the insured. In case of the insurance contract for the injured person from the insured accident, against the insured responsible for covering this incident in insurance. The law granted a claim known as direct litigation, in which the believer determined the right to replace the insured before the person responsible for the accident and to demand the insured's rights through the suite of solutions, which is what we will attempt to clarify in our research. The distinction in the law that determines the availability of the conditions for accepting direct action and the case for solutions, and whether they are subject to the law governing this contract or are a privilege granted to the creditor against the debtor's debtor, and whether the law governing the debtor's performance otherwise applies to the solutions? In the subject of law, we relied on the insurance contract claims on the comparative study curriculum to ascertain the nature of the problem and review pertinent legal rules to determine the appropriateness of their application to the subject at hand and to illustrate the Iraqi legislator's position in detail in comparison to the Egyptian, French, and American law.
Motives of The Terrorism Phenomenon Among Youth and The Role of Laws In Dealing With It
Authors: Al-Obaidi Nabeel Madallah Hamad
Published: July 2022

It is to be argued that terrorism, with its different objectives and means, is the result of various reasons, including political, economic, social, and psychological. It is agreed that studying these causes is a difficult task because it requires the hollowness of most of the complex problems facing individuals and the international community alike, in which the causes of terrorism lie, and some have invoked this difficulty. It would be better to focus first on taking urgent practical measures to combat terrorism without being involved in trying to identify it. Its causes are numerous and complex. Still, there is a view that identifying and eliminating the causes of terrorism must precede action to take any measures to prevent terrorism. The authors stressed the impossibility of removing terrorism unless it was part of a planned process to root out the phenomenon and warned that hasty action would exacerbate the phenomenon. In our view, the diagnosis of the causes of terrorism, particularly after its recent expansion, must be made before any effective measures are taken to eradicate it in the long run. But this does not mean that action to take steps to prevent terrorism must necessarily wait to identify and eliminate the causes of terrorism. In the face of the seriousness of this phenomenon and its possible consequences and effects, researchers and those interested in violence research in general and terrorism research. In particular, needed to devote their efforts to highlight this dangerous phenomenon to clarify its nature, root its roots, explore its tributaries and search for its motives. Its excites are an analysis of their causes to identify the dangers in an effort to treat them and take what is necessary to reduce or, instead, eliminate their seriousness. Terrorism as a criminal phenomenon or behavior deviates from the social norms of conduct prevailing in society because criminal behavior is not purely a fact criminalized by law. Still, behavior emanates from humans living in a particular environment and the middle of a specific society. The reasons and motives of terrorism explain this phenomenon. Therefore, the interpretation of this phenomenon applies to it; what is said about understanding the criminal phenomenon in general, and has international and internal laws (Iraqi) addressed the problem of terrorism? And did you do that?.
The Impact of Strategic Planning on Improving Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of University of Misan
Authors: Abraheem Mohammad Kalil
Published: July 2022

The paper aims to highlight the importance of strategic planning and job satisfaction and highlight the intellectual and cognitive aspects of the study variables, strategic planning, and job satisfaction, which increases their philosophical clarity and concepts. It also aims to reveal the impact of strategic planning on improving job satisfaction at The University of Misan. The results indicate no statistically significant difference between the views of the members of the research sample on the impact of strategic planning on improving job satisfaction due to the following personal characteristics; sex, age, academic achievement, and years of experience. Furthermore, the findings indicate no statistically significant differences between the views of the research sample members on the impact of strategic planning on improving job satisfaction depending on the gender of the respondent. The findings also reveal that depending on the respondent's age; there is no statistically significant impact of strategic planning on improving job satisfaction. Moreover, the study finds no statistically significant effect of strategic planning on enhancing job satisfaction depending on the respondent's academic achievement. Furthermore, there are also no statistically significant differences between the views of the members of the research sample on the impact of strategic planning on improving job satisfaction depending on the number of years of respondent experience. Therefore, this study Emphasizes the role of strategic planning in enhancing job satisfaction. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to conceptualize how to improve the level of job satisfaction of staff at the University of Misan, which contributes to enhancing the university's performance.
THE ROLE OF WATER SITUATION IN IRAQ IN EXACERBATING THE PROBLEM OF FOOD SECURITY IN IRAQ
Authors: Bekheet Heider Nima
Published: July 2022

Water is of great importance in human life, as no human society can live without it since the first human communities were established on the banks of rivers. The research problem is the limited water supply in Iraq compared to the growing demand due to improved living standards and rising populations, fluctuating from year to year and high levels of pollution and problems with upstream countries Turkey, Syria, and Iran. This article examines the real economic consequences of demand-driven water scarcity in Iraq’s ‘midstream' socioeconomic growth route, taking into account trade-offs between macroeconomic effects and food security. The study employs an advanced degree of detail in its exploratory analytical water usage model in economic activities, allowing for internal adaptation of a specific sector to water shortage. The results indicate the absence of a valid international agreement regulating the water quotas of the rivers shared between Iraq, Turkey, and Syria to control shared water. As a result, the country's water losses are high, with up to 70 percent of agricultural losses and up to 40 percent in domestic use. Moreover, the continuing problems between Iraq and the upstream countries are likely to increase due to the growing demand for water,  which is not limited to river water but may include the management of shared groundwater in the future.
The Role of Fiscal Policies In Financing Human Development In Iraq
Authors: Bekheet Heider Nima
Published: July 2022

Economic and social movements and changes in people's lives are linked to the development process and the consequence of the interaction. As a result of worldwide changes, the idea of development has been broadened to include more than just economic progress, making it part of the continuing process of sustainable development. Therefore, this research will study fiscal policies and their prominent role in financing human development in Iraq and the calendar effect. Their relationship is quantitative and identifies the various concepts and variables related. The findings indicate that there is a positive impact of the general budget on human development in Iraq as evidence the value of the coefficient of determination of 78%, which shows the significant role played by the budget in effect on the value of human development in Iraq guide during the period 2007-2019. On the other hand, findings from this study show that budgets' social role is heavily influenced by factors such as salaries and unemployment rates and mandatory social contributions, and the human development index. It suggests a need to continue developing the workforce's professional and personal skills.
The Relationship Between Good Governance and Economic Development In Arab Countries: A Cross Country Perspective
Authors: Bekheet Heider Nima
Published: July 2022

The concept of good governance has grown in prominence over the last several years. Reform and good governance projects have proliferated, with the United States spearheading various programs to bring about substantial political change in the Middle East. Due to the absence of democracy, restrictions on civil liberties, and the lack of fair elections, independent institutions, and transparency in many nations, this transformation has become necessary for all Arab countries. The article discusses the notion of good governance and patterns in development in Arab countries from the late twentieth century to the present. Additionally, it seeks to examine the link between good governance and economic development. The findings reveal a clear correlation between the form of government institutions and the potential for growth in Arab states. Improved governance and a move toward democracy broaden such countries' growth prospects
Water Management Problems In Iraq and The Potential Role of Traditional Oil Revenues: An Analytical Study
Authors: Al Sudani Mohammed
Published: July 2022

Water plays a significant role in all spheres of life, whether economic, political, or social. It demonstrates the importance of water in Iraq through its applications in all spheres of life, mainly agricultural and industrial. The research aims to examine the concept of available water resources and the causes and effects of the Iraqi water crisis. The study discusses the effects of water security on all sectors and services. With the necessary solutions to this crisis, considering Iraq's large oil reserves and associated natural gas production, as well as the low Iraqi per capita income that is insufficient to meet its water requirements, and the impact of this effective in resolving the problem of water shortage flowing into Iraq, as it suffers from severe water poverty in comparison to the rest of the world, One of the more traditional forms of energy
The Role of Non-Traditional Energy Sources In Enhancing Energy Security In The USA and Its Expected Implications For Iraq
Authors: Bekheet Heider Nima
Published: July 2022

Non-traditional energy sources are continually evolving and boosting output to the point that they may eventually compete with conventional energy sources. It is necessary to reduce its imports of crude oil and natural gas, notably Iraqi oil, To increase the United States' energy security. Therefore, energy security is a critical issue globally, especially in the United States of America. The energy security issue is proven by the rising demand for energy in exchange for the supply available. The study's objective is to educate students on energy security while also highlighting the US economy and energy balance. It intends to investigate the development of non-traditional energy sources and their consequences for the future production and pricing of conventional energy in the United States and around the globe. It attempts to analyze and understand the shale oil and shale gas revolution's impact on Iraq's oil exports and income. The findings demonstrate that the shale oil and gas revolution and the substantial and unanticipated increases in their production have contributed significantly to the United States of America's solid security. It will diminish worldwide demand for oil and gas, lowering global prices in the short and medium-term, particularly oil prices, which would have a detrimental effect on the Iraqi economy
THE IMPACT OF UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES ON THE IRAQI ECONOMY, PRICE DISCRIMINATION - DUMPING AS A MODEL
Authors: Abdulkadhim Dadoosh Ali , Mustafa Alomary Manahel
Published: July 2022

Globalization has gradually removed the protection that existed to protect producers from unfair trade practices, as the case of imperfect competition within international trade is presented through a descending curve of average costs with an increase. Therefore, economies of scale are gradual. Often, some producers (the monopolistic firms) do not adjust the price relative to the index, and the change in prices for different consumers is called price discrimination. When speaking of the concept of international trade, dumping is the most common type of price discrimination in trade. Price practices are unfair when a country or company calculates a lower price for its exported products compared to the effects of goods and services sold locally. Therefore, it negatively affects the country's social welfare, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) allows such damage to be countered through trade defense instruments (TDIs). The commodity dumping policy, which increased through trade openness after 2003 in Iraq, led to a decline in the productive sectors, especially (the industrial and agricultural sectors), as most of the imported goods were of poor quality or counterfeit, which competed with local products and removed them from the market because of their low prices. Thus, this helped the exposure of the Iraqi economy to the outside world. The main objective of the research is to address the concept of unfair commercial practice in the reality of the Iraqi economy and to analyze the trade policy of neighboring countries, including combating commodity dumping and related legislation and price discrimination under the concept of monopoly.
EMERGENCIAS OBSTÉTRICAS
Authors: Gallegos Vintimilla Santiago Homero , León Reinoso Marcelo Antonio
Published: July 2022

El estado de gestación es un proceso fisiológico. El 20% de gestantes presentan complicaciones que aumentan la mortalidad materna y perinatal. Como tendencia en los últimos años, en el mundo, medio millón de embarazadas muere por estas emergencias obstétricas. Alto porcentaje de las complicaciones se presenta sin factores de riesgo, pasando a ser la prevención, identificación precoz e intervención, herramientas fundamentales para mitigar la morbi-mortalidad. Este capítulo reseña las emergencias que con mayor frecuencia y morbimortalidad se presentan. Esto no ayudara a estar preparados con el fin de obtener un resultado perinatal adecuado.
ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA
Authors: Pérez Ramírez Jacinto Eugenio , Salinas Vázquez Pablo Segundo , Vizñay Guzmán María Gabriela
Published: July 2022

Esta patología se describe por una restricción crónica del flujo de aire, su evolución clínica es heterogénea ya que se debe a alteraciones a nivel alveolar ocasionadas por exposición agentes nocivos, esta entidad puede ser reversible de forma parcial. 

Debido a su alta tasa de morbimortalidad se considera como un problema de salud pública, ocupando a nivel mundial el tercer casillero.

Según el estudio Platino se encontró una prevalencia del 16.9% en aquellas personas con una edad superior a los 40 años con antecedentes de hábitos tabáquicos versus 29.3% a 48% en aquellos fumadores activos, convirtiéndose este hábito en un factor de riesgo. 

Se encontró una prevalencia variable en el estudio Crónicas el cual asociaba a esta patología con el antecedente de tuberculosis; finalmente el estudio PUMA analizó tanto el sub diagnóstico como diagnóstico erróneo en Latinoamérica con una prevalencia del 15.5%.
Daños ocasionados por sistemas de inteligencia artificial
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Navas Navarro Susana
Published: July 2022

Los sistemas de inteligencia artificial desde la perspectiva del Derecho son motivo de grandes de debates. Uno de ellos, en el que se está trabajando actualmente, es el de la responsabilidad civil. ¿Quién debe responder por los daños que ocasionen? Esto exige detenerse en cuestiones clásicas como es la causalidad tanto natural como jurídica o las que se suscitan en relación con la carga de la prueba. Para ello deben analizarse los materiales y propuestas de regulación que la Unión europea está desarrollando (por ejemplo, la Resolución del Parlamento europeo acerca de un régimen de responsabilidad civil en materia de inteligencia artificial de 20 de octubre de 2020, la Artificial Intelligence Act o las recientemente aprobadas Leyes de mercados y de servicios digitales, entre otras), así como a reflexionar acerca de los ajustes que deben hacerse en el derecho de daños español. Además, se plantean los nuevos desafíos que las tecnologías inteligentes representan para su fabricante. En este sentido, deben revisarse conceptos tales como la de producto, defecto, productos, momento de puesta en circulación, riesgos del desarrollo o plazos, entre otros. ¿Debe considerarse el sistema de inteligencia artificial producto? ¿cómo se puede evaluar su mal funcionamiento? ¿cómo se conciben las actualizaciones y mejoras del sistema en relación con el momento de puesta en circulación? ¿debe eliminarse la causa de exoneración por los riesgos del desarrollo? De estos y otros aspectos trata este ensayo. Se espera que el beneficio derivado del desarrollo de proyectos de inteligencia artificial en Europa genere 54,8 billones de euros para el 2030 y produzca un ahorro de costes en diferentes ámbitos como el de la salud, el tráfico o el medio ambiente de casi 500 billones de euros. Uno de los pilares para que ello tenga lugar son los datos. El acceso a los mismos es fundamental. Los datos son el bien digital por excelencia, de ahí que también encuentren su acomodo en esta obra.
¿Qué somos los psicólogos? Una perspectiva metodológica sobre la cuestión «ciencia-tecnología» en Psicología
Authors: MORENO RODRÍGUEZ Rafael
Published: July 2022

Con considerable frecuencia, el tema ciencia-tecnología aplicado a nuestra disciplina es planteado y debatido por los psicólogos, discutiéndose si nuestro trabajo debe ser propio de científicos o de técnicos, opinándose sobre si hay base para tal distinción y qué sentido podría tener, y enjuiciándose las razones por las que se debería considerar una y otra cosa. Además de estas discusiones, y muchas veces al margen de ellas, cada uno de los mismos psicólogos se sienten personalmente decantados hacia uno de los campos, sintiéndose además lejanos y diferentes unos de otros. Estas y otras cuestiones parecidas son abordadas en el presente artículo, tratando de mostrar cómo una perspectiva metodológica puede resultar conveniente para resituar ciertos aspectos del tema.
El papel del psicólogo en la lucha contra el desempleo
Authors: M. DE PABLO URBAN Juan
Published: July 2022

Enlazando con un trabajo anterior, publicado en esta misma revista, Hipótesis sobre las consecuencias psicopatológicas y sociales del desempleo, donde se exponían los costos individuales y sociales del fenómeno del paro, se pretende en este artículo centrar cuál es la actitud y cuáles las funciones que el psicólogo debe desempeñar en la lucha contra el desempleo, cómo se reflejan éstas en la acción institucional pública y privada y cuáles son las líneas propuestas durante las jornadas, celebradas sobre este tema, desarrolladas en París (Octubre, 1985) por la Fedération des Psychologues.
Conductismo radical y práctica investigadora: ¿por qué es skinneriano el Análisis Experimental del Comportamiento?
Authors: BENJUMEA RODRÍGUEZ Santiago , FERNÁNDEZ SERRA Francisco , ARIAS HOLGADO M. Francisca , GÓMEZ SANCHO Luis E.
Published: July 2022

El presente trabajo se sitúa en la perspectiva de analizar los procesos implicados en el desarrollo de la actividad científica, más que en el estudio de las características formales de los productos científicos. Dicho abordaje se realiza desde la teoría skinneriana de la conducta (condicionamiento operante). Así, se estudian tres momentos de la actividad científica: a) la selección del dato científico como conducta verbal discriminativa, b) el establecimiento de relaciones entre variables entendido como detección de relaciones de contingencia entre eventos y, c) la derivación de nuevos conceptos como u n caso de conducta gobernada por reglas. Por otra parte, las características metodológicas implícitas en la práctica del Análisis Experimental de la Conducta (AEC) se confrontan con las ideas propuestas anteriormente. Finalmente, se concluye que dichas características del AEC son altamente consistentes con el análisis de la actividad científica como conducta operante, dándose cuenta del alto grado de coherencia alcanzado por los conductistas radicales respecto a, por un lado, los aspectos formales de su práctica investigadora (AEC) y, por otro, al contenido de sus productos teóricos (condicionamiento operante).
Skinner y la psicología: lo que hizo, lo que no hizo y lo que nos corresponde hacer
Authors: RIBES IÑESTA Emilio
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo, realizado desde el interior del espacio conceptual conductista, se reflexiona, en primer lugar, sobre el papel de Skinner en relación con los diversos conductismos para, después, abordar la concepción skinneriana de la explicación científica, la lógica de la investigación y la construcción teórica. Posteriormente se analizan las innovaciones que, dentro de la teoría del condicionamiento, introdujo Skinner, destacando las ventajas que ello supuso así como los nuevos problemas que planteó a la teoría de la conducta. A continuación se realiza una aproximación a la contribución metodológica de Skinner –la operante libre– y se evalúa su impacto histórico sobre las prácticas de investigación psicológica. Se destaca también el interés skinneriano por el comportamiento humano y cómo sólo de forma analógica y muy parcialmente Skinner se acercó a su análisis experimental en el laboratorio; se resalta cómo el resto de su abordaje de la conducta humana puede caracterizarse como un análisis hermeneútico y de extensión definicional y teórica. En tal sentido se revisan, principalmente, sus concepciones sobre la conducta gobernada por reglas y la conducta verbal. Finalmente, se analiza la lógica del nacimiento y evolución de la tecnología conductual con base skinneriana, subrayando las restricciones que el paradigma del condicinamiento operante impuso a la metodología aplicada al ser extrapolado a situaciones sociales humanas.
La Psicología más allá del dualismo y el cerebrocentrismo
Authors: PÉREZ-ÁLVAREZ Marino
Published: July 2022

The article begins by discussing the self-conception of psychology as a natural science based on the supposed scientific method. This positivist self-conception, apart from leaving irrevocable themes of psychology worthy of its name, is at the base of the persistent dualism and the acclaimed brain-centrism with which it is intended to overcome that one. Variants of dualism are shown in different approaches to psychology, including the psychology of information processing, cognitive neuroscience and evolutionary psychology. Some points are offered to overcome the dualism, as well as examples of current non-dualist psychologies. The good news is that we can get out of dualism and brain-centrism, as long you think beyond the commonplaces.
Las relaciones entre cerebro y conducta: ¿hay posibilidades de comunicación?
Authors: MARTÍNEZ SÁNCHEZ Héctor
Published: July 2022

The discussion on the contributions of neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience specifically, to the understanding of animal and human behavior remains an issue on the agenda of Psychology in general, and also a particular issue for the experimental behavior analysis. The notable increase in the neuroscience research in recent years has displaced the interest outside behavioral research. However, different philosophical, conceptual and methodological aspects are involved in this discussion, so it marks the distance between both domains. At same time, paradoxically, if we are really interested in acquiring a more complete understanding of behavior, those aspects could be considered to establish possibleinteractions between neuroscience and behavior analysis.
Sobre cuestionamientos, crisis y crítica en Psicología
Authors: FIERRO BARDAJÍ Alfredo
Published: July 2022

From its very beginning Psychology has been highly questioned and/or in open crisis. To explain this fact the present essay invokes some underlying structural factors, such as its position between biological and anthroposocial sciences and its internal multiplicity. Some historical factors are also argued: its low level of self-criticism, its submission to excessive academic and editorial constraints, and its distortion due to divulgation aims through books, even bestsellers, addressed to the general public.
Algunos problemas de la Psicología y propuestas de solución
Authors: DELGADO LORENZO Eparquio
Published: July 2022

La Psicología es una ciencia joven que aún tiene muchos problemas diversos que superar. A lo largo del artículo se analizan cuatro aspectos relacionados con la disciplina que nos pueden ayudar a identificar algunos de estos problemas:la coexistencia de múltiples psicologías y la falta de acuerdo sobre su objeto de estudio, la superfragmentación de la disciplina en áreas cada vez más pequeñas, la falta de diferenciación entre «psicología popular» y «psicología científica»y la confusión que provoca entre estudiantes, profesionales y legos, la dificultad para conocer la formación y pericia de un profesional y la precariedad laboral en el ámbito profesional de la psicología, con casi un 96% de contratos temporalesy 12.695 desempleados a finales de 2017. Finalmente, se proponen algunas iniciativas y orientaciones para mejorar la situación, donde tanto las universidades, los docentes, los estudiantes, los investigadores y los clínicos, y los colegios profesionales han de ser agentes activos para que esta situación pueda cambiar hacia un mejor futuro de la Psicología.
Eficiencia de las terapias: ¿un paso más allá de la eficacia? Análisis crítico del modelo cognitivo-conductual
Authors: FROXÁN-PARGA María Xesús , ALONSO-VEGA Jesús , TRUJILLO SÁNCHEZ Carolina , ESTAL MUÑOZ Víctor
Published: July 2022

The proliferation of outcome research has placed the cognitive-behavioral model as the therapy of choice for most psychological problems. This type of research leaves aside the analysis of behavioral change processes that underlie the success of different treatmentstechniques. Therefore, it would no longer be important to know what is that makes a technique works as long as it gives the expected results. Consequently, the cognitive-behavioral model has lost the theoretical reflection and the experimental foundation that characterized the modification of behavior on which it was based on its origins. From our perspective, process research would be a necessary preliminary step to outcome research so that it could explain how and why psychological treatments work, avoiding that the clinician simply applies theprocedures described in the standardized manuals.
La investigación en el síndrome de burnout: reflexión crítica desde una perspectiva metodológica
Authors: AGUAYO ESTREMERA Raimundo
Published: July 2022

Research in Psychology is characterised by using the scientific method, specifically the hypothetico-deductive model. Recently, several authors have shown some of the problems that psychologists face when conducting research.For instance, a wide variety of theoretical models, lack of replication studies, study design errors, high rate of false positive, inappropriate data analysis practices and ineffective and slow scientific knowledge transmission. Through a narrative review, this study aims to critically analyse the occurrence of these problems in the field of Occupational Health Psychology, particularly regarding the burnout syndrome. Evidence suggests that some problems mentioned at a general level coincide with those in this field. Finally, these results are discussed.
Usos y abusos de la creatividad
Authors: MARTÍN BRUFAU Ramón , CORBALÁN BERNÁ Javier
Published: July 2022

Interest in creativity has increased considerably in recent decades, this represents a significant change to an area of scientific research that not so long ago was considered marginal or scientifically irrelevant. However, this growth in popularity is not always accompanied by the rigor required by scientific disciplines. The objective of this work is to try to summarize some of these difficulties and the advances in the field of the study of creativity as an area of interest for Psychology.
Mentiras, maquillajes y mercantilización en la Psicología
Authors: VALERO AGUAYO Luis
Published: July 2022

The Psychology as a science has a critical situation due to the accumulation of a series of lies, make-ups and marketing of psychological knowledge. The review of the journal Science about the lack or replication of a majority of psychological studies was a red light about the kind of publication that Psychology is producing. The pressure to publish over the authors, leads us to look for shortcuts that include the falsification of research, cosmetics in the data,or the exaggeration in conclusions. Similarly, the need for greater diffusion of psychological knowledge, especially on therapies and pseudo-therapies, leads to marketing and sale practices; we sold anything new that is attractive, althoughit does not have empirical endorsement. The time has come to stop and reflect through where we want to run the Psychology as scientific matter. This text offers some alternatives to reduce the possibility of lies and make-ups in research. Those could be carried out by university authorities and teachers, by psychological journals and professional societies, and especially, by the researchers themselves, promoting the open-access to research, pre-registration, and the social networks for researchers.