bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical Characterization of Human β-D-N-Acetyl Hexosaminidase from Normal Individuals and Patients with Tay-Sachs Disease
Authors: Bartholomew William R. , Rattazzi Mario C.
Published: July 2009

An immunological distinction has been demonstrated between the two forms of human β-D-N-acetyl hexosaminidase (hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B). Absorption experiments indicate that a specific antigenic site (α) is present on hexosaminidase A and is either absent or masked on hexosaminidase B. In addition to the unique α-site, a second site (β)is also present on hexosaminidase A. The β-site is shared by both enzyme forms and appears to be responsible for the cross-reaction exhibited by these isoenzymes with unabsorbed antisera.
Simple Methods of Rabbit Hemolytic Complement Component Assays
Authors: Lindorfer Jean F. , Fong Jack S.C. , Good † Robert A.
Published: July 2009

Simple methods for the titration of rabbit C1 and C5-9 have been developed which do not require purified complement components. The stable cellular intermediate, sheep erythrocyte-rabbit antibody-bovine complement C4 and C2 (SHEACBo42) is used for these assay methods with kinetic studies on the interaction between rabbit C1 and C5-9 with SHEACBo42 forming the basis for the methods. Furthermore, these assay methods have many applications for the evaluation of in vivo complement activation of both the classical and alternate pathways.
The Immunogenicity of Phenacetin and some of its Metabolites in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frey J.R. , Geleick H. , Geczy A. , de Weck A.L.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were sensitized by p-phenetidin and 2-hydroxy p-phenetidin, two minor metabolites of phenacetin, as demonstrated by delayed type skin tests in vivo and by specific stimulation of sensitized leukocytes in vitro, phenacetin itself and the major metabolite N-acetyl-p-aminophenol being inactive. On the other hand, p-phenetidin as well as phenacetin itself induce immunological tolerance and desensitization of already sensitized animals. In this system, however, exclusively the oral route appears to be effective for induction of immunological tolerance and desensitization, in contrast to the intravenous route which is effective in other haptenic systems.
Modulation of Lymphocytic Responses by Factors in Human Plasma
Authors: Knoke J. , Kanaide A. , Powell A.E.
Published: July 2009

Mitogen-induced blast transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied using a microplate culture technique. Cells and plasmas from normal individuals were interchanged to that sources of variation in the degree of transformation could be evaluated. Also evaluated was the normal range of plasma effects. It was found that the cells of different individuals vary considerably in their responses to mitogens in a given plasma, but the hierarchy of responses is fairly consistent from plasma to plasma. Furthermore, plasmas vary from donor to donor, but also settle into a fairly consistent hierarchy regardless of the cells employed. Finally, new hierarchies are established when materials from the same donors are collected after an interval of a week. It was shown that special, nonrandom interactions may occur which are not attributable simply to the average response of a given cell and the average response to the plasma used. The range of variation to be expected in a normal system, established here, should permit comparison of plasma effects in a more interpretable framework than previously was possible.
Thymus-independent IgM and IgG Responses in Mice to Flagellar Antigens
Authors: Huchet Roger , Feldmann Marc
Published: July 2009

The antibody response to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten was studied in mice depleted of T cells. It was found that ‘nude’ mice or neonatally thymectomized mice which had also been injected with antilymphocyte serum responded after the injection of DNP conjugated to the thymus-independent carrier, Salmonella flagella (DNP Fla), but not the thymus-dependent carrier, fowl γ-globulin. The IgM primary response was completely normal, but the IgG response was about 1/5–1/3 of normal. The IgM secondary response was normal but the IgG response was minimal. The results indicate that in the CBA/H/Wehi strain, and in non-inbred nude mice IgM production to DNP Fla is a thymus-independent process, in the sense that the magnitude of the response does not depend on T cells. The IgG response to DNP Fla, while present, was reduced, and may thus be partly thymus dependent. The results were interpreted in the light of current knowledge of the mechanism of T/B lymphocyte cooperation, which involves two factors, a specific factor which is a complex of IgT and antigen, which acts indirectly on B cells first binding to macrophages, forming a matrix of antigen, and a non-specific factor which acts directly on B cells. It is speculated that the relative lack of IgG in the absence of T cells may be partly due to a deficiency in the non-specific factor. Furthermore, the diminished persistence of antigen which has been reported by Mitchell et al. in nude mice, as compared with their litter mates, would also influence the later IgG response relatively more than the earlier IgM response.
Transfer Factor in vitro
Authors: Arala-Chaves M. , Ramos M.T.F. , Rosado R. , Branco P.
Published: July 2009

20 batches of leucocyte extract (16 from positive donors to PPD and Candida, one from a positive donor to PPD but negative to Candida and three from non-sensitive donors) were prepared by a modification of the method routinely used at our laboratory, in which cold saline was replaced by lymphocyte culture medium as the washing fluid for leucocyte suspensions, and in which the use for distilled water and lyophilisation was avoided during processing. Contrary to leucocyte extracts prepared by the routine method, the batches of transfer factor obtained from sensitive donors were capable of strongly and specifically enhancing blast transformation in cultures of normally unresponsive or weakly responsive leucocytes stimulated by specific antigens (Candida and PPD). A much weaker non-specific stimulatory activity on cultures not stimulated by antigen or stimulated by Con-A or PHA was also present in extracts obtained both from sensitive and non-sensitive donors.
Heterogeneity of Antigen from Callus of Man
Authors: Mæland J.A. , Krogh H.K. , Tönder O.
Published: July 2009

The question of whether one or more antigens are involved in the reaction between antibodies in human serum and callus of man was investigated. Callus was collected from an individual with congenital hyperkeratosis. Preparations were obtained by extraction of homogenated callus with (1) phenol water (PW), and (2) the combined use of trypsin digestion and phenol water extraction (TPW). The phenol and water phases were studied using indirect haemagglutination technique. All preparations sensitized erythrocytes for agglutination by human serum except for the phenol phase of the PW preparation. Absorption and inhibition experiments showed that one antigen present in the TPW water phase was also present in the PW water phase. In addition, the PW water phase contained another antigen. In the phenol phase of the TPW preparation a third antigen was demonstrated. Serological cross-reactivity between the antigens and bacteria isolated from callus was not demonstrated. The results of immune adherence test with sections of human skin and unabsorbed or absorbed human serum indicated that the two water phase antigens are present in normal human skin.
Drug-Induced Immunological Tolerance to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Mice: Effective Combination Therapy with Vincristine and Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Schwarze G. , Scheurlen P.G.
Published: July 2009

Studies involving the combined use of cyclophosphamide (Cy) and vincristine (Vc) suggest a further step towards the induction of immunological unresponsiveness in mice sensitized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The usefulness of this combination has been confirmed by testing the effect of different timing and dosing schedules on the plaque-forming cell capacity as well as on the uptake of 14C-thymidine into spleen cell suspensions. A temporary but marked increase in DNA synthesis could be demonstrated in mice treated with a small dose of Vc 1 day after primary immunization with SRBC. Additional challenge with a single injection of 1 mg Cy per animal at this finite period of time resulted in complete immunotolerance, while a transient and partial immunosuppression occurred after treatment with either Vc or Cy alone. Two different patterns of tolerance could be defined: a short-term non-specific unresponsiveness lasting for about 2 weeks and an antigen-specific unresponsiveness lasting for about 6 weeks. The proposed explanation for this tolerance, induced by dose- and time-dependent administration of two cytostatic agents acting at various stages of the cell cycle might be a more intensive effect of Cy on immunocompetent cells growing (partially) synchronously after treatment with Vc.
Delayed Hypersensitivity Induced by Carrageenan
Authors: Mizushima Y. , Wada Y. , Yasuhira K.
Published: July 2009

Carrageenan containing a trace of polypeptide induced, without adjuvant, an intense and persistent delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. This hypersensitivity was transferred by peritoneal exudate cells, and the delayed reaction was not associated with demonstrable Arthus-type skin reaction after a single-dose immunization. The roles of the polysaccharide component and of the polypeptide portion of the carrageenan in induction and elicitation are discussed.
In vitro Studies of a Chemotactic Lymphokine in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Wahl Sharon M. , Altman Leonard C. , Oppenheim Joost J. , Mergenhagen Stephan E.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocytes from guinea pigs with delayed cutaneous reactivity to DNP-OA when challenged with this antigen in vitro elaborated a small molecular weight mediator which is chemotactic for monocytes. The in vitro production of mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) chemotactic factor (CTX) was carrier specific and appeared to correlate with delayed hypersensitivity. Production of this lymphokine by specific antigen or mitogen-stimulated spleen cells occurred within 8–24 h of incubation, preceding measurable lymphocyte proliferation. MNL CTX was found to be sensitive to proteases and resistant to digestion by neuraminidese. Moreover, MNL CTX was distinguishable from C5 and from other guinea pig lymphokines.
Multiple IgM Autoantibodies in a Nonhuman Primate
Authors: Persellin R.H. , Chang R.J.
Published: July 2009

Eight howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) maintained in captivity showed a variety of serologic abnormalities. These included positive tests for rheumatoid factors, antinuclear antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, heterophil agglutinins and a biologic false positive VDRL. In all cases studied, the antibodies detected were of the IgM class of immunoglobulins. All animals had a distinctive form of hepatic disease characterized by pigmentary deposits. It is suggested that the serologic abnormalities seen in these monkeys arise as a consequence of this disorder and resemble findings in humans with some forms of chronic liver disease.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Secondary Immune Response of the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Orsini Margaret Ward , Blazkovec A.A.
Published: July 2009

The secondary immune response patterns of young adult male and female hamsters injected with SRBC were studied and compared. Females were shown to produce higher number of PFC per spleen than did males. No major differences were shown to exist between males and females using serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers as parameters of comparison. The spleens of all animals were evaluated in terms of organ weight, total splenocyte count per spleen and spleen weight expressed as percent of total body weight. A partial but indirect explanation of female advantage over the male is reflected in a significantly greater splenic mass, i.e., lymphoid tissue, for females than for males of equivalent age and weight.
Degranulation of Sensitised Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells in Response to Antigen, Compound 48/80 and Polymyxin B
Authors: Tizard I.R. , Holmes W.L.
Published: July 2009

The degranulation of mast cells under the influence of compound 48/80, polymyxin B sulphate and specific antigen was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that granules appeared to leave the cell through a process of exocytosis. In addition, pores appeared on the surface of treated cells. No differences were noted in the morphology of degranulation brought about by the three agents tested. It is concluded that both exocytosis and pore formation are significant mechanisms in mast cell degranulation.
Liver Histamine and Zinc in Guinea Pig Anaphylaxis
Authors: Hahn F. , Jobke A.
Published: July 2009

The anaphylactic histamine release from guinea pig liver under amino-guanidine protection was studied in vivo by injecting antigen into the portal vein. No significant decrease of liver histamine could be observed 2 min after antigen, whereas a significant, though small increase of plasma histamine in the liver blood occurred indicating a histamine release of 1.2% of total liver histamine. When histamine was injected into the portal vein of normal guinea pigs at a dosage about 1.75 times the amount of total liver histamine, 48.8% or even more was retained by the liver. Since, on the basis of our previous studies on heparin release, the liver mast cell disintegration must be considered greater than is suggested by the extent of histamine output, much of the histamine released from the mast cells is probably taken up by the liver cells and metabolized. Zinc which is assumed to link histamine to heparin, was not increased in the liver blood plasma upon challenge with antigen. The guinea pig liver possibly acts as a buffer organ preventing histamine overload of the blood during anaphylaxis. It serves this function by binding hepatic as well as extrahepatic histamine, and in addition, by the heparin-mediated release and activation of liver histaminase which acts both locally and systemically.
The Inactivator of the First Component of Human Complement (C1INA)
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Iida Kyoko , Inai Shinya
Published: July 2009

The mechanism of the inactivation of human CĪ by CĪINA was studied. The reaction of CĪ with C1INA led to the formation of two complexes which were demonstrated as two bands using acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The reaction was accompanied by the decrease of C1r, CĪs and CĪINA activities. One band formed a precipitin line with anti-C1r and anti-CĪINA, and its molecular weight was 220,000. Another band reacted with anti-CTs and anti-C1INA, and its molecular weight was 187,000. Molecular weight of C1r, CĪs and CĪINA were 102,000, 90,000 and 116,000, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that CĪINA formed a 1:1 molecular complex with C1r and with CĪs, leading to the inactivation of these components.
Immunoglobulin Production in Chicken Harderian Glands
Authors: Albini B. , Wick G. , Rose Elaine , Orlans Eva
Published: July 2009

The Harderian gland of chickens is known to become infiltrated by plasmacytoid cells 2–4 weeks after hatching. Most of these cells carry immunoglobulin surface determinants (ISD). By indirect immunofluorescence procedures and using heavy-chain-specific antisera to chicken IgM, IgG and IgA, it was possible to delineate the percentage of cells with surface determinants of different immunoglobulin classes. It was found that up to the fourth week after hatching, most of the cells bear IgM as ISD. From the fourth to the ninth week, both IgG- and IgA-positive cells form the bulk of the lymphoid cell population, whereas later on, IgA alone was the predominant specificity of ISD. Cytoplasmatic staining of fixed cells revealed a similar pattern of immunoglobulin class distribution, the IgA-producing cells forming clusters within the stroma of the Harderian gland along and around the excretory ducts. IgG-producing cells were also encountered in groups in the interepithelial regions, but IgM-positive cells occurred singly. IgA was also detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, mostly in the supranuclear portion.
Human Lymphocytes with Receptors for IgG
Authors: Frøland S.S. , Wisløff F. , Michaelsen E.
Published: July 2009

Human lymphocytes with receptors for IgG (EA-RFC) were detected in peripheral blood by their ability to form rosettes with human erythrocytes sensitized with human (Ripley anti-CD) or rabbit IgG. EA-RFC were shown to be different from T-lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC), both by direct studies of mixed rosette suspensions and by separation of EA-RFC and E-RFC by depletion of either EA-RFC or E-RFC by gradient centrifugation of the corresponding rosettes, as well as by fractionation of cells on HSA/anti-HSA columns, which very effectively and selectively retain EA-RFC. Proportions of EA-RFC were also within the normal range in patients with profound lack of T-cells and were not increased during in vitro lymphocyte culture in the presence of T-cell mitogens. The majority of EA-RFC was also distinct from B-lymphocytes as identified by membrane-bound Ig. Thus, EA-RFC could be separated from B-lymphocytes by fractionation on nylon columns retaining B-lymphocytes, but not EA-RFC, by fractionation on HSA/anti-HSA columns retaining EA-RFC but not B-lymphocytes, as well as by depletion of EA-RFC by gradient centrifugation of rosettes. The correlation between EA-RFC and B-lymphocytes in blood was also very poor, both in patients with pathologically low proportions of either normal or malignant B-lymphocytes as well as with abnormally high proportions. It is therefore concluded that EA-RFC represent a population of lymphocytes largely unrelated to human T- and B-lymphocytes as identified by conventional markers.
Non-Immunogenicity of Purified Hyaluronic Acid Preparations Tested by Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Authors: Richter Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

The immunogenicity of purified hyaluronic acid (HA) from human umbilical cord and rooster comb, and of some modified HA preparations, was studied in rabbits. HA preparations contained 0.28–0.57% of protein or peptides (Folin’s method). Rabbits received four intramuscular injections at 4-weekly intervals of the following potential immunogens, emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant: (1) human umbilical cord HA (HUC-HA), 500 μg/dose; (2) HUC-HA, precipitated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 500 μg/dose; (3) HUC-HA-ovalbumin conjugate, precipitated with CPC, 500 μg/dose, and (4) rooster comb HA at dose levels of 5, 50 and 500 μg. Rabbit sera were tested before, during, and after immunization for PCA reactive antibodies against HA in guinea pigs. 11 of 25 pre-immunization sera showed low titres of HA-cross-reactive antibodies. No formation of PCA reactive antibodies against any of the four HA preparations was observed during or after immunization.
Suppression of Tuberculin and Phytohemagglutinin Skin Tests by Large Tumors in Inbred Mice
Authors: Wells J.H. , Cain W.A. , Wells R.S. , Bozalis J.R.
Published: July 2009

Suppression of PPHA and PPD paw test was observed in mice with a transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Serum from tumor-bearing mice contained a factor which suppressed paw test reactivity in normal mice. Less suppression of paw test was seen in mice previously injected with complete Freund adjuvant. It is suggested that these observations form the basis of an experimental model for study of tumor-associated cutaneous anergy.
Gastric Fetal Sulphoglycoprotein Antigen (FSA) and Blood Group Antigens A and B
Authors: Häkkinen Ilkka P.T.
Published: July 2009

Acid gastric glycoproteins deriving from 180 non-cancerous FSA secretors, 74 gastric cancer patients (FSA positives), and 28 young controls (FSA negatives), all in blood group A or B were analyzed for content of blood group antigens and for the relation of FSA (or No in young controls) to these. The Ouchterlony analysis revealed six different combinations in the same glycoprotein molecules or separately. There seemed to be a trend towards disappearance of blood group antigens in gastric cancer, although some of the non-cancerous FSA positives and gastric cancer samples showed quite a similar polydisperse picture. The glycoproteins deriving from young controls were strictly monodisperse and showed a strong positivity for blood group antigens. The practical importance of the present data lies in the fact that they provide the possibility of following the FSA blood group picture of non-cancerous FSA positives. This may warrant further clinical examinations as the picture alters.
Mitogen-Reactive Lymphocytes in the Embryonic Chicken Thymus in Organ Culture
Authors: Sällström Jan F. , Alm Gunnar V.
Published: July 2009

Thymic and splenic lymphocytes of 6- to 8-week-old chickens responded well to the mitogens PHA and ConA in semimicro cultures using serum-free RPMI 1640 medium. Embryonic thymic lymphocytes, derived from 20-day-old embryos or the thymic anlagen of 10-day-old embryos after 10 days in organ culture, showed relatively low, but significant, in vitro responses to both PHA and ConA. The optimal concentration of PHA was generally higher for thymic cells than for splenic cells. Furthermore, while the embryonic thymic lymphocytes responded best at high ConA concentrations, thymic and splenic cells from the young chickens gave peak responses at lower ConA concentrations.
The Mechanism of the Adjuvant Effect of Bordetella pertussis: the Substance Responsible for the Selective Enhancement of IgE Antibody Production
Authors: Mota I. , Perini A. , Trindade V.S.
Published: July 2009

An investigation was made to find out the substance present in B. pertussis responsible for the enhancement of IgE antibody production in guinea pigs. Antigen was injected in guinea pigs along with either ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, lymphocytosis promoting factor or Hpopolysaccharide obtained from B. pertussis. It was concluded that the Hpopolysaccharide is the main active material responsible for the enhancement of IgE antibody production in guinea pigs.
In vitro Studies of Concanavalin-A-Induced Histamine Release from Human Basophils: Excess Bridging in the Inhibitory Region of the Dose-Response Curve
Authors: Magro Albert M.
Published: July 2009

Concanavalin-A (Con A)-induced histamine release from human basophils was studied in vitro. The quantity of histamine released was accurately measured by a spectrofluorometric assay. It was determined that release induced by lower doses of Con A (suboptimum) is inhibited by monomer-Fc-specific anti-IgE whereas release induced by high doses of Con A (supraoptimum) is enhanced by the monomer: In addition, release induced by a near optimum concentration of antigen E can be inhibited by increasing concentrations of Con A. The data indicate that high concentrations of Con A render the basophil unresponsive by excess bridging and it appears that this cell turn-off is mediated by the membrane-bound IgE.
Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the Intestine of Rats
Authors: Kelly J.D. , Dineen J.K. , Goodrich B.S. , Smith I.D.
Published: July 2009

The relative activities of synthetic prostaglandins of the A, B, E and F classes in causing expulsion of N. brasiliensis worms from the small intestine of rats was compared by intraduodenal injection on day 6 of a primary infection. This showed that prostaglandins E1 and E2 were highly effective. The prostaglandins of the A and B classes were less effective than those of the E class. Injection of PGF1α or F2α caused a modest reduction in the worm count when compared with infection controls, but this was not statistically significant. In a parallel study, the capacity of the biogenic amines (histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine) to cause worm expulsion was also tested by intraduodenal injection on day 6 of a primary infection. Neither amine had any activity.The results are discussed in context with current knowledge of the mechanism of worm expulsion, and it is concluded that prostaglandins (particularly of the E class) are more likely to be endogenous mediators of expulsion of N. brasiliensis in the rat than the biogenic amines.
Autoagglutinins to Trypsinized Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Kasukawa Reiji , Yoshida Takeo
Published: July 2009

615 human sera taken from healthy donors, pregnant women and patients with various diseases were tested against human erythrocytes of blood group·which had been treated with trypsin. In healthy donors, 7 of 252 (2.8%) sera showed positive reaction, whereas in systemic lupus erythematosus 12 of 49 (24.5%) sera were positive. The agglutination occurred at an optimum temperature of 20 °C. Consistently negative results were observed in indirect antiglobulin tests. The agglutinin was a mercaptoethanol-sensitive macromolecule. It was apparently an immune antibody to an antigen which is present under the cell surface of all human erythrocytes.
Antibody-Induced in vitro Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity in Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Authors: Wasserman J. , von Stedingk L.-V. , Perlmann P. , Jonsson J.
Published: July 2009

Chicken erythrocytes were labelled with 51Cr and treated with Fab-fragment of rabbit anti-ChRBC IgG antibodies conjugated with human thyroglobulin. When incubated with sera from patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and highly purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors or guinea pigs, the red cells were lysed, as assessed by isotope release. The time course of the reaction was slow but reached high levels at 72 h of incubation. The activity of the sera was not correlated to their titre of haemagglutinating antibodies to thyroglobulin.
Effect of Trichinella spiralis Infection on the Cell-Mediated Immune Response to BCG
Authors: Molinari J.A. , Cypess R.H. , Ebersole J.L.
Published: July 2009

Mice infected with Trichinella spiralis have shown resistance to both intravenous and intraperitoneal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Since protection against L. monocytogenes is mediated by cellular immunity, the effect of infection with T. spiralis on the immune response to BCG was investigated. ICR/CD1 mice were infected with 200 T. spiralis at 14, 56, 98 and 112 days preceding intravenous administration of 4 × 106 viable BCG. Groups were tested for delayed hypersensitive foot pad responses 28 days following BCG inoculation. All mice receiving T. spiralis and BCG exhibited a marked potentiation of the 24-hour foot pad response to Old Tuberculin over that shown by the appropriate controls.
Effects of Pokeweed Mitogen, Cholera Toxin and Prostaglandin E1 on Immunoglobulin Production and Cyclic AMP Levels in Tonsillar Lymphocytes
Authors: Smith Richard S. , Sherman Nancy A. , Coffey Ronald G.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocytes from human tonsils and adenoids and three compounds – pokeweed mitogen (PWM), cholera toxin and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) – were used to study the relationship of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion and intra-cellular levels of cyclic 3′5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). PWM-stimulated lymphocytes synthesized and secreted increased amounts of both IgG and IgA during 120 h of culture, but cAMP levels were not increased during 60 min incubation with PWM. However, both cholera toxin and PGEt significantly increased cAMP levels within 60 min, but did not increase IgG or IgA formation during 72 or 120 h of culture.
Human Milk Immunoglobulins and Agglutinins to Rabbit Erythrocytes
Authors: Haneberg B.
Published: July 2009

IgA was found in all samples of milk from 34 healthy lactating women. A correction factor for concentration of IgA in milk, related to serum IgA, was established. The concentration decreased from its initial high level, reaching a minimum 2 weeks after parturition. IgG was also constantly present, but in low concentration while IgM, though not consistently found, was sometimes present in relatively high concentration. All samples agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes to titres ranging from 16 to 2,048. The titre in milk showed positive correlation with the serum titre. Mothers who were delivered up to 8 weeks prior to term secreted milk with titres in the same range as those who were delivered at term. Results of inhibition and antiglobulin tests, as well as gel filtration studies, showed that most of the agglutinins were confined to IgA. Immunization studies revealed that IgM, in addition to IgA, reacted with the erythrocytes. The agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes may serve as markers for antibody activity in milk.
The Inhibitory Effect of Nicotinamide on Asthma-Like Symptoms and Eosinophilia in Guinea Pigs, Anaphylactic Mast Cell Degranulation in Mice, and Histamine Release from Rat Isolated Peritoneal Mast Cells by Compound 48/80
Authors: Bekier Estera , Wyczółkowska Janina , Szyc Hanna , Maśliński Cz.
Published: July 2009

The prior treatment of guinea pigs with nicotinamide diminished the symptoms of experimental bronchial asthma and the intensity of anaphylactic shock. Nicotinamide was also found to inhibit anaphylactic mast cell degranulation in mice and histamine release from rat-isolated peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80. The role of nicotinamide in bronchial asthma is discussed.
Suppression of Cellular Immunity in Rats and Mice by Maternal Treatment with 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
Authors: Vos Joseph G. , Moore John A.
Published: July 2009

Treatment of female F-344 rats and C57B1/6 mice with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during the latter half of gestation and in the postnatal period resulted in a severe depletion of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex of the offspring. Cellular immunity was impaired in these animals. Allograft rejection times were prolonged in rats and mice. Graft-versus-host (GVH) activity of spleen cells as well as the response of rat thymus and spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced on a cell-for-cell basis. No reduction occurred in the response of thymus cells to concanavalin A (Con A). Maternal treatment postnatally on day 0, 7 and 14 with 5 μg TCDD/kg of body weight reduced total PHA and Con A response recoverable from the thymus by 91 and 74%, respectively. Histologically, depletion of thymic cortex was not due to lymphocyte destruction. There was no adrenal hypertrophy. Stress-induced release of glucocorticoids is not considered responsible for the immune suppression observed. In contrast to the marked effects in early life, reduced responsiveness of spleen cells to PHA in mice treated with TCDD when 1 month old was only seen at a dose level that was clearly toxic. In 4-month-old mice, PHA responsiveness as well as GVH activity were not decreased. Response of unstimulated and stimulated thymus and spleen cell cultures was not reduced by adding TCDD in vitro. In TCDD-exposed rats, decreased eosinophilia was observed in acidophilic cells in the adenohypophysis. This finding is discussed in view of the effect of TCDD on the thymus, and a possible mode of action of TCDD is proposed.
Application of in vitro and in vivo Assay Techniques in the Isolation of Rye Grass (Lolium perenne) Pollen Allergens
Authors: Lynch N.R. , Turner K.J.
Published: July 2009

Rye grass (Lolium perenne) pollen extracts were fractionated by gel filtration (Sephadex G-25, G-50, and G-75) and ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex). The allergenic activity of the pollen fractions was assessed by both in vivo (monkey passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; PCA) and in vitro (inhibition of the radioallergosorbant test; RAST) techniques. A rye grass pollen allergen was isolated in both monomeric (MW 33,000) and dimeric (MW 64,000) forms. While the latter preparation exerted the greatest allergenic activity in vivo, the activity of both components was equal when tested by RAST inhibition. On the other hand, a low molecular weight allergen was detected in the pollen extract which, although it exerted significant activity in the RAST inhibition test, was only weakly active in monkey PCA. It was concluded that the antigenic valence of the allergen exerted a strong influence on its in vivo activity, but that this factor was of little importance in the in vitro test.
Studies on the Effect of Cyclophosphamide on T and B Lymphocytes in the Blood, Lymph Nodes, and Thymus of Normal Guinea Pigs
Authors: Revell P.A.
Published: July 2009

Cyclophosphamide administered three times at 48-hour intervals to normal guinea pigs caused a fall in the percentage of B lymphocytes and a rise in that of T lymphocytes in the blood. A single injection of cyclophosphamide caused little change in the percentage of T and B lymphocytes. There was a marked reduction in total lymphocyte count with both dose regimes with resultant falls in T and B cell levels when these were expressed as reacting cells/mm3 of blood. Cyclophosphamide, when injected three times at 48-hour intervals, caused the percentage of B lymphocytes to fall and that of T lymphocytes to rise in lymph nodes. There was no alteration in T or B lymphocyte levels in thymus following cyclophosphamide treatment.
ATP Level and CO2 Production of Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Diamant B. , Norn S. , Felding P. , Olsen N. , Ziebell A. , Nissen J.
Published: July 2009

The short and long-term effects of the anaphylactic reaction on energy metabolism of rat mast cells were studied. The ATP content amounted to 12.1 ± 1.1 ×10––16 moles per mast cell in different experiments. Following antigen challenge (horse serum 0.6%), a significant decrease of the ATP level was obtained: 16% at 30 sec and 38% at 2 min with no further change up to 10 min. The decrease was evident in the absence of metabolic substrates as well as in the presence of pyruvate. However, glucose completely counteracted the fall in ATP level. The fall in ATP content and the release of histamine were both related to the antigen concentration. No change in ATP level was observed in controls or by antigen challenge of mast cells from nonsensitized rats. Pyruvate was metabolized by oxidative metabolism in the mast cell. The CO2 production amounted to 2.2 ×10––16 moles CO2/mast cell/min and was completely abolished by antimycin A. Antigen challenge of sensitized rat mast cells increased the CO2 production by 30%, while no increase was observed with cells from non-sensitized rats. The increase in oxidative metabolism was not correlated to the histamine release. Thus, the same enhancement in CO2 production was obtained with antigen concentrations over a great range. 2,4-Dinitrophenol mimicked the effects of antigen on the ATP level as well as on the oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. The results indicate that the antigen-antibody reaction exerts effects on the energy production in the mast cells consistent with an uncoupling of oxidative phospho-rylation.
Time Course of Homocytotropic and Passive Haemagglutinating Antibody Synthesis in the Marsupial Setonix Brachyurus (the Quokka)
Authors: Lynch N.R. , Turner K.J.
Published: July 2009

The capacity of the marsupial Setonix brachyurus (the quokka) to synthesize homocytotropic antibody (HCA) against ovalbumin (OA), dinitrophenylated haemocyanin (DNP-Hc) and a rye grass pollen allergen (RPA) was investigated. The magnitude of the HCA response mounted by immunized quokkas was found to depend upon the type and dose of antigen administered, as well as the adjuvant and injection schedule employed. Thus, low HCA titres against OA and DNP were detected in quokka sera after immunization in conjunction with Al(OH)3 gel or Freund’s complete adjuvant, but not Bordetella pertussis vaccine. Also, while vigorous passive haemagglutinating antibody (HA) responses were mounted by this marsupial against Hc, no HCA directed against this antigen was detected, regardless of the adjuvant used. RPA, which was isolated on the basis of its ‘allergenicity’ in atopic humans, was found to be only weakly immunogenic in this marsupial, stimualting only low HA titres and almost no HCA synthesis. In general terms, the HCA response mounted by immunized quokkas was only of low magnitude and, for DNP-Hc but not OA, appeared to be inversely related to the HA response.
Macro- and Microdifferences in Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Authors: Wiener A.S. , Socha W.W.
Published: July 2009

Evidence is presented that the graded differences observed among the subgroups of A in man and nonhuman primates, and in newborn as compared with adults is due, not to differences in the nature of the determinant group nor to differences in the number of antigenic sites on the red cell envelope, but to differences in the length of the chain subjacent to the determinant group.
Contact Sensitivity in vitro
Authors: Jones J.M. , Amos H.E.
Published: July 2009

Beryllium in various physical forms was studied for its ability to induce increased 14C-thymidine incorporation by allergised guinea pig lymphocytes. No increase was observed. It was further shown that beryllium had an inhibitory effect on the response of normal lymphocytes to PHA and on the response of allergised lymphocytes to antigen. These results support the finding in other systems that beryllium can suppress DNA synthesis.
Enhancement of Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse by Concanavalin A
Authors: Gollapudi V.S.S. , Kind L.S.
Published: July 2009

SWR mice injected with Concanavalin A (Con A) and Ovalbumin (Ov) one immediately after the other or with mixtures of Con A and Ov produced reaginic antibodies to Ov (titer 1:80) after primary immunization and reaginic antibody levels of 1:640 after secondary immunization. Mixtures of Con A and Ov were shown to contain soluble complexes which could be precipitated by 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG). Mixtures of Con A and human serum albumin or Con A. and bovine serum albumin did not form soluble complexes and did not induce detectable reagin formation. The possible role of soluble Con A-Ov complexes in stimulating reaginic antibody is discussed.
Immunological Comparison of Various Human Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Proteins
Authors: Lin T.M. , Halbert S.P.
Published: July 2009

Direct immunodiffusion comparicon with specific antisera demonstrated that all of the four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins (PAPPs) described in our laboratory are distinct from the pregnancy zone protein (von Schoultz); (α2-pregnoglobulin (Berne); pregnancy-associated α2-glycoprotein (SP3) (Bohn); new serum α2-macroglobulin (Stimson); PAG (Horne); pregnancy-associated α2-globulin (Kasukawa); Pal (McLaren), and Xh protein (Dunston). All the latter proved to be immunologically identical to each other, and apparently represent the same protein described under different names. It was confirmed that none of the PAPPs is immunochemically related to placental alkaline phosphatase. PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and the pregnancy zone protein, but not HPL (PAPP-D), showed a decreased anodic mobility when treated with neuraminidase; their reactivities with antibody were essentially unaffected by the enzyme, however. Certain detergents had no effect on the immunological reactivities of the PAPPs and the pregnancy zone protein in whole plasma, while butanol and desoxycholate partially, and urea, SDS and cetylpyridinium largely inactivated them.
Comparison of the Properties of Two Antigen-Induced Guinea Pig Lymphokines
Authors: Ashworth L.A.E. , Eckersley B.J. , Ford W.H.
Published: July 2009

The properties of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) and mitogenic factor (MF) were compared using culture supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymph node cells from inbred guinea pigs. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 indicated molecular weights of about 60,000 and 25,000 for MIF and MF, respectively. The lymphokines also differed with respect to heat sensitivity, MIF being largely inactivated by 60°C for 20 min, whereas MF was unaffected by this treatment. The time course of production, antigen specificity of induction, and susceptibility to neuraminidase were also examined.
Determination of Serum C9 Level by Immunodiffusion
Authors: Kawachi-Takahashi S. , Tanaka K. , Takahashi M. , Kawashima T. , Shimada K.
Published: July 2009

The measurement of the ninth component of complement (C9) in human serum can be easily carried out by the Mancini method using antiserum raised against purified C9. The average C9 level in 29 healthy adults was 44.5 ± 10.6 μg/ml. The serum C9 level was often elevated in patients with infectious or allergic skin diseases. The C9 level remained normal in most patients with collagen diseases. The availability of the monospecific antiserum has permitted identifying C9 in human serum as α2-globulin.
Specific Inhibitory Action of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lymphocyte Transformation Induced by PHA and PPD
Authors: Mertin J. , Hughes D.
Published: July 2009

Both saturated (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFS) inhibited PHA- and PPD-induced lymphocyte transformation. The degree of inhibition varied with the nature of the fatty acid (FA) and further comparison with their effect on unstimulated lymphocyte cultures suggests a specific action of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) on the lymphocyte PHA- and -PPD interaction. These findings are briefly discussed in the light of similar observations with PUFA-derived prostaglandins.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection in Rats
Authors: Love R.J.
Published: July 2009

A larval N. brasiliensis infection is expelled before reaching maturity in rats given both antiserum and sensitised lymphocytes but developing larvae are not expelled from rats given antiserum or cells alone. The immunity of animals given both components is as strong as immunity in actively immunised rats. The effects of immunity do not become evident until the larvae have migrated to the intestine. Developing larvae are more susceptible to the combined action of cells and antiserum than adult worms.
Effect of Concanavalin A on Immunologic Abnormalities of New Zealand (NZB/W) Mice
Authors: Gershwin Eric , Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: July 2009

The administration of Concanavalin A (Con A) to young New Zealand (NZB/W) mice has been previously found to render them tolerable to BGG. The corresponding mechanism is unknown but is consistent with other observations that Con A is capable of activating a suppressor T cell population. We have further explored this possibility by giving New Zealand mice Con A from 1 month until 11 months of age and monitoring several known immunologic abnormalities. Con-A-treated mice, in contrast to littermate controls, were found to have lower anti-DNA levels, less proteinuria, a better response to primary sheep red cell immunization and normally rejected skin allografts.
Intracellular Localization of the Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in a Long-Term Human Lymphoid Cell Line
Authors: Prystowsky Michael B. , Sorokin Carol F. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Hirschhorn Kurt , Glade Philip R.
Published: July 2009

Subcellular fractions of the human lymphoid cell line PGLC-33H were obtained by N2 cavitation and differential centrifugation. The purity of the fractions was assessed by the use of the following marker enzymes: β-glucuronidase for the lysosomal-intermediate fraction; a nonspecific esterase for the microsomal fraction; and LDH for the supernatant fraction. These subcellular fractions were studied for MIF activity utilizing human lymphoid cells from established lines as target cells. MIF activtiy was most consistently found in the microsomal fraction. Also, MIF activity was closely associated with the relative specific activity of esterase. No such correlation with MIF activity could be demonstrated for β-glucuronidase or LDH.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Uremic Rat
Authors: Munster Andrew M. , Leary Anne G. , Wilson Robert A. , Greenberg Stuart A.
Published: July 2009

The popliteal node assay of the graft-versus-host reaction in the inbred rat provides a sensitive measure of cell-mediated immunity. Spleen cells from uremic Lewis rats as well as normal cells cultured in uremic serum demonstrated significant immunosuppression which was proportional to the severity of the uremia.
Studies in Immunodermatology
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Jablonska Stefania , Jarzabek-Chorzelska Maria , Marciejowska Eva , Rzesa Genoweda , Chorzelski Tadeusz P.
Published: July 2009

Indirect immunofluorescent (IF) tests on sections of normal human skin reveal the presence of antibodies to the stratum corneum in most normal human sera. Sera absorbed with hyperkeratotic scales gave negative reactions. These reactions appeared to correspond to those of the stratum corneum antibodies which were first detected by Krogh and Tonder by immune adherence, though this remains to be documented since the conjugate alone stained the stratum granulosum in a pattern comparable to that of the IF staining reported by Krogh. The staining was caused by conjugates with high but not by those with low fluorescein to protein ratios. In indirect IF tests, comparable titers of stratum corneum antibodies were found in sera of psoriasis patients and control subjects. Since they reacted with the stratum corneum of the antibody producer they are referred to as autoantibodies. Direct IF tests of psoriatic lesions revealed the presence of in vivo bound IgG as well as other immunoglobulins and complement in the stratum corneum. To differentiate staining with conjugated protein from direct and indirect IF staining of the stratum corneum a four-compartment test was devised. Skin sections were treated with saline or with stratum corneum antibodies and then with conjugates without (compartments 1 or 2) or with (compartments 3 or 4) anti-IgG antibodies. Sections were read by the method of Kawamura and his associates with both UV and BV illumination. Compartment 3 is a direct IF test and compartment 4 is an indirect IF test. In four-compartment tests performed on both biopsies of psoriatic lesions or scales the difference between compartments 1 or 2 and 3 affords a measure of in vivo bound IgG and the difference between compartments 3 and 4 provides information on the presence of free stratum corneum antigen. With this four-compartment test system it was found that in vivo fixation of IgG occurs in the intercellular areas of the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions or scales and that this corresponds to the site of binding of the srtatum corneum autoantibodies. This in vivo binding of IgG in the stratum corneum of psoriatic lesions resembles somewhat the intercellular fixation of IgG in the stratum spinosum in pemphigus. In the materials examined in these preliminary studies most, if not all of the stratum corneum antigen appeared to be covered with in vivo bound IgG.
Assay of Chemotaxis by a Reversible Boyden Chamber Eliminating Cell Detachment
Authors: Jungi Thomas W.
Published: July 2009

A modified in vitro assay for measuring chemotaxis of leucocytes is presented. A closed chamber is used in preference to an open one thus allowing reversal of the chamber during the incubation. The responding cells which at the time the chamber is turned over are inside the filter, then migrate upwards and are consequently retained on the filter by gravity. This chamber is compared with the conventional type and various parameters are examined using guinea pig eosinophils and other cell types. Loss of cells in the conventional Boyden technique is negligible for rabbit peritoneal neutrophils but is considerable for human and guinea pig neutrophils and eosinophils. This is circumvented by the proposed method; accordingly it allows more accurate quantitation in clinical and experimental work.
Lymphoid Cells in Infectious Mononucleosis Classified According to T and B Cell Markers
Authors: Aiuti F. , Rocchi G. , D’Amelio R. , Giunta S. , Fiorilli M.
Published: July 2009

It has been demonstrated that peripheral blood lymphocytes, particularly the ‘atypical’ ones, are predominantly of the T type in infectious mononucleosis (IM). This is based on membrane marker studies (E rosettes, receptor for complement, receptor for Fc fragment of immunoglobulins (Ig), and membrane Ig) and by anti-T lymphocyte serum. On the other hand, lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from IM patients show the characteristics of B lymphocytes. This permits the supposition that EBV infects B lymphocytes and stimulates them to proliferate. The cell proliferation is unlimited in vitro and is probably controlled in vivo by T cells. The reduction of cellular immunity in vivo, which contrasts with the high number of T cells in peripheral blood, could be explained by the fact that T cells are engaged in the regulation of B cell proliferation.