bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Mustards as Alkylating Agents: A Review on Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Current USFDA Status of Drugs
Authors: More Ghansham S. , Thomas Asha B. , Chitlange Sohan S. , Nanda Rabindra K. , Gajbhiye Rahul L.
Published: March 2019

Background & Objective: :

Nitrogen mustard derivatives form one of the major classes of anti-cancer agents in USFDA approved drugs list. These are polyfunctional alkylating agents which are distinguished by a unique mechanism of adduct formation with DNA involving cross-linking between guanine N-7 of one strand of DNA with the other. The generated cross-linking is irreversible and leads to cell apoptosis. Hence it is of great interest to explore this class of anticancer alkylating agents.

Methods::

An exhaustive list of reviews, research articles, patents, books, patient information leaflets, and orange book is presented and the contents related to nitrogen mustard anti-cancer agents have been reviewed. Attempts are made to present synthesis schemes in a simplified manner. The mechanism of action of the drugs and their side effects are also systematically elaborated.

Results::

This review provides a platform for understanding all aspects of such drugs right from synthesis to their mechanism of action and side effects, and lists USFDA approved ANDA players among alkylating anticancer agents in the current market.

Conclusion: :

Perusing this article, generic scientists will be able to access literature information in this domain easily to gain insight into the nitrogen mustard alkylating agents for further ANDA development. It will help the scientific and research community to continue their pursuit for the design of newer and novel heterocyclic alkylating agents of this class in the coming future.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FIVE DIFFERENT METHODS FOR DNA EXTRACTION FROM SEMEN OF BUFFALO BULL
Authors: KUMARI RAJNI , BATRA KANISHT , KUMAR VINAY , KUMAR AMAN , MAAN SUSHILA , NANDA TRILOK
Published: March 2019

Success of PCR based molecular method is highly dependent on quality extraction of DNA template. There are many methods currently available for DNA purification from semen; but, problems related to contamination with foreign DNA, PCR inhibitors, and susceptibility to fragmentation are very common. In the present study, five different DNA extraction procedures were examined to ascertain their relative effectiveness for extracting DNA from semen samples of buffalo bull. The five methods included- two commercially supplied kits (Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, Purelink Invitrogen), modified Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit method, Chelex 100 method and Phenol-chloroform with modified lysis buffer method. The quality and quantity assessment of the differentially extracted DNA revealed significant differences among the five procedures. Modified Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit method was found to be most appropriate for extracting high quality and suitable quantity of DNA from semen of buffalo bull.
Impact Analysis of the Mechanization Program for Tribal Paddy Farmers of Goa
Authors: GUPTA MATHALA JULIET , PITRE ASHISH M. , PANDURNAG SUMATI CHAVAN , VANJARI SALONI SALIL
Published: March 2019

This paper assessed the impact of the mechanization of the 8 tribal paddy farmers’ groups of Goa benefited in the year 2011 through the Tribal sub-plan program of ICAR-CCARI through results of surveys conducted in 2012 and 2015. Shift to mechanization among beneficiaries was significant in power tillers (64-100%) but less in power reapers(0-91%). Also significant saving in manpower (Power tillers:33.3% to 60%, power reapers: 33.3% to 83.3%), , time (field capacity increased (power tillers : 41.7% to141%, power reapers :58.1% to 912.8%) and cost(power tillers :44.7% to 59.1%, power reapers : 57.8% to 82.9%) was reportedthrough the use of equipment as compared to desi plough or manual methods of harvesting. Some constraints like lack of access roads and training in use and maintenance of the equipment were reported by the beneficiary farmers.
Health related management practices at pig farms of north east India
Authors: RAJESH JB , RAJKHOWA S , DIMRI U , PRASAD H , CHETHAN GE , . ZOSANGPUII
Published: March 2019

A survey has been conducted among the pig farmers in rural areas of all north east hill states of India about the management practices they are following for the better income from swine farming. Parameters studied are mainly managemental practices like housing system, feed supplementation, deworming, vaccination and treatment strategies. As per the present study findings, the intensive housing system was followed by 56.22% of farms, 73.09% of animals were supplemented with nutritional supplements with either iron, minerals and vitamins or both Deworming and vaccination practices were followed in 52.61% and 54.22% of the animals, respectively. About 23.69% of the total animals were treated with antibiotics at one or the other time. The findings of the present study stresses the need of improvement in the health related managemental practices which can play a vital role in controlling the disease outbreaks and can improve the economic status of small scale pig farmers.
Safety of Electronic Cigarette Use During Breastfeeding: Qualitative Study Using Online Forum Discussions
Authors: Johnston Emily Jade , Campbell Katarzyna , Coleman Tim , Lewis Sarah , Orton Sophie , Cooper Sue
Published: March 2019

Background

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are an increasingly popular alternative to smoking, helping to prevent relapse in those trying to quit and with the potential to reduce harm as they are likely to be safer than standard cigarettes. Many women return to smoking in the postpartum period having stopped during pregnancy, and while this can affect their decisions about breastfeeding, little is known about women’s opinions on using e-cigs during this period.

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore online forum users’ current attitudes, motivations, and barriers to postpartum e-cig use, particularly as a breastfeeding mother.

Methods

Data were collected via publicly accessible (identified by Google search) online forum discussions, and a priori codes identified. All transcripts were entered into NVivo for analysis, with a template approach to thematic analysis being used to code all transcripts from which themes were derived.

Results

Four themes were identified: use, perceived risk, social support and evidence, with a number of subthemes identified within these. Women were using e-cigs to prevent postpartum return to smoking, but opinions on their safety were conflicting. They were concerned about possible transfer of harmful products from e-cigs via breastmilk and secondhand exposure, so they were actively seeking and sharing information on e-cigs from a variety of sources. Although some women were supportive of e-cig use, others provided harsh judgement for mothers who used them.

Conclusions

E-cigs have the potential to reduce the number of women who return to smoking in the postpartum period and potentially improve breastfeeding rates, if breastfeeding mothers have access to relevant and reliable information. Health care providers should consider discussing e-cigs with mothers at risk of returning to smoking in the postpartum period.
A Digital Diabetes Prevention Program (Transform) for Adults With Prediabetes: Secondary Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Alwashmi Meshari F , Mugford Gerald , Abu-Ashour Waseem , Nuccio Misa
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing among adults globally. Research has demonstrated that a diabetes prevention program (DPP), which focuses on developing and maintaining health-promoting lifestyle modifications, can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes among at-risk individuals. The implementation of a digitally adapted DPP has the potential to prevent prediabetes on a national and global scale by using technology and behavior change science.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel digital therapeutic DPP (Transform) on weight loss, body mass index (BMI), exercise frequency, and work absenteeism.

METHODS

This study was a secondary analysis of retrospective data of adults with prediabetes who were enrolled in the Transform DPP from December 2016 to December 2017. The program incorporates interactive mobile computing, remote monitoring, an evidence-based curriculum, behavior tracking tools, health coaching, and online peer support to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. The analysis included data that were collected at baseline and after 4 months of the Transform DPP.

RESULTS

The sample (N=273) comprised people with prediabetes who completed 4 months of the Transform program. Participants included 70.3% women, with a mean age of 54.0 (SD 11.2) years. On average, participants decreased their weight by 13.3 lbs (6.5%) and their BMI by 1.9 kg/m2. On average, participants increased their exercise frequency by 1.7 days per week, and absenteeism was reduced by almost half a day per month.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the digital therapeutic DPP (Transform) is effective at preventing type 2 diabetes through a significant reduction in body weight and an increase of physical activity. A prospective, controlled clinical study is warranted to validate these findings.
Bentuk Dan Mekanisme Pemberdayaan Oleh Asosiasi Petani Tembakau Indonesia (APTI) Guna Mendukung Ketahanan Ekonomi Petani Tembakau di Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Nuryanti Nuryanti , Subejo Subejo , Guntoro Budi
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIndonesian Tobacco Farmers Association (APTI) was an organization which was formed for facilitating tobacco farmers. This association had been conducting various efforts on farmer empowerment.This research was aimed to described the forms and mechanism of tobacco farmer’s empowerment developed by the APTI Temanggung to supported economic resilience’s farmer,This study used mixed research methods, with strategy of concurrent embedded (qualitative and quantitative method).The research results showed that there were 4 (four) programs which were successfully established and implemented by APTI Temanggung, namely (a). the empowerment program of APTI Central Java chapter to took care of farmers’ education, (b). Business Credit for Tobacco Farming (KUMPT) program, (c). mentoring, coaching and assisting tobacco farmers program, and (d). the main developmental program of APTI to advocated farmers about tobacco’s regulation. All forms of empowerment done by APTI were facilitated by using different empowerment mechanism for each program.ABSTRAK Asosiasi Petani Tembakau Indonesia (APTI) sebagai organsiasi dengan tujuan untuk memfasilitasi petani tembakau dengan melakukan berbagai upaya pemberdayaan petani. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menggambarkan bentuk dan mekanisme pemberdayaan petani tembakau yang dikembangkan oleh (APTI) Temanggung guna mendukung ketahanan ekonomi petani tembakau. Penelitian ini menggunakan mixed methods dengan strategi embedded konkuren (kualitatif dan kuantitatif).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program-program pemberdayaan yang berhasil dibentuk dan dilaksanakan APTI Temanggung ada 4 (empat) yaitu (a) program pemberdayaan APTI DPD Jateng peduli pendidikan, (b) program Kredit Usaha Mandiri Pertanian Tembakau (KUMPT), (c) program pembimbingan pembinaan dan pendampingan petani tembakau, dan (d) program pemberdayaan utama APTI adalah advokasi regulasi pertembakauan. Semua bentuk pemberdayaan yang dilakukan APTI Temanggung adalah fasilitasi dengan mekanisme tiap program berbeda-beda.
Pengaruh Proses Pelaporan Dan Penyetoran Pajak Serta Kepuasan Dan Kepatuhan Dalam Wajib Pajak Pribadi Kabupaten Sleman Terhadap Ketahanan Ekonomi Wilayah
Authors: Ferdiana Diki , Laksmi Ayu Chairina
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT This study examinedthe influence of the process of reporting and depositing taxes as well as satisfaction and compliance in personal taxpayers in Sleman regency against economic resilience. The purpose of this study was to analyzed the influence of the process of reporting and depositing taxes and taxpayer compliance and compliance with economic resilience.This research was an empirical research by taking samples of taxpayers in Sleman District. Survey data were analyzed statistically using descriptive method and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of computer program AMOS v22. The results showed that the process of reporting and depositing taxes and satisfaction and compliance in taxpayershad posistive influence, which had a significant impact on the economic resilience of the region. This could be said as a form of economic resilience of the region which was the basis of national resilienceABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pengaruh proses pelaporan dan penyetoran pajak serta kepuasan dan kepatuhan dalam wajib pajak pribadi di Kabupaten Sleman terhadap ketahanan ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh proses pelaporan dan penyetoran pajak serta kepuasan dan kepatuhan wajib pajak terhadap ketahanan ekonomi.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian empiris dengan mengambil sampel para wajib pajak di Kabupaten Sleman. Data survei dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan metode deskriptif dan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dengan bantuan program komputer AMOS v22.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pelaporan dan penyetoran pajak serta kepuasan dan kepatuhan dalam wajib pajak berpengaruh posistif, yang berdampak signifikan terhadap ketahanan ekonomi wilayah. Hal ini dapat dikatakan sebagai wujud dari ketahanan ekonomi wilayah yang merupakan dasar dari ketahanan nasional.
Treatment patterns and outcomes for patients with unresectable stage III and metastatic melanoma in the USA
Authors: Tarhini Ahmad , Atzinger Christopher , Gupte-Singh Komal , Johnson Courtney , Macahilig Cynthia , Rao Sumati
Published: March 2019

Aim:
To describe treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with unresectable stage III and metastatic/stage IV melanoma.
Materials & methods:
An observational retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with advanced melanoma before 1 November 2015 who initiated a new line of therapy (LOT) from 1 January 2015 to 31 May 2016.  
Results:
Among 487 patients, ipilimumab monotherapy (27.5%) was the most common first line of therapy (1LOT) in 2015, surpassed by nivolumab monotherapy (21.5%) in 2016. 12-month survival was ≥80.1%; proportions were highest forpatients treated with nivolumab + ipilimumab (86.6%). All treatments relatively well tolerated in real-world setting and adverse events were consistent with the previously reported safety profiles.
Conclusion:
This study provides important insights into real-world advanced melanoma treatment patterns and demonstrates encouraging treatment safety and patient survival data.
Intento suicida y psicosis debida a déficit de vitamina B12, a propósito de un caso
Authors: Morillo de Nieto Zuleika , Guzmán Esquea Deseado , Ortiz Yosira
Published: March 2019

Introducción: El folato y la vitamina B12 juegan un papel importante en el correcto desarrollo, diferenciación y funcionamiento del Sistema Nervioso Central. Intervienen en la producción de mielina y son indispensables para numerosas reacciones que implican la metilación y biosíntesis de ácidos nucleicos, además de intervenir en la síntesis de proteínas, neurotransmisores, ácidos grasos y fosfolípidos.  Su deficiencia se asocia a alteraciones cognitivas, irritabilidad, depresión, psicosis, demencia, entre otras. 

Material y Métodos: En este trabajo se presenta el caso de una joven de 17 años, sin antecedentes mórbidos conocidos, que presentó cuadro de un mes de evolución, caracterizado por intento suicida, alucinaciones visuales y auditivas, idea delirante de daño tipo persecutoria, cefalea y parestesias en miembros inferiores. Ingresada en unidad de psiquiatría y consultada por departamento de neurología.

Se le realizaron analíticas y estudios especializados que incluían hemograma, glicemia, perfil renal, hepático, virales, electrolitos, perfil tiroideo, panel 6, tomografía de cráneo y EEG, sin evidencia patológica. Posteriormente con vitamina B12 y ácido fólico, evidenciando niveles de Vit B12 reducidos (110pg-ml), iniciamos la reposición de vitamina B12 intramuscular y añadimos Risperidona 3 mg cada 24 horas.

Conclusión: La paciente presentó remisión total de los síntomas, a partir del tratamiento de Vitamina B12 y los controles pertinentes del departamento de psiquiatría y hematología.
Teacher’s questioning skills and students’ responses in science subject based on parenting style perspectives
Authors: Sari Nurhaty Purnama , Hasibuan Wilda Fasim
Published: March 2019

Parenting styles were considered as one of important factors in determining students’ performance in science, especially in elementary school. This study aimed to explain the teacher's questioning skills and student’ responses in science subject based on parenting styles in elementary schools in Batam. This descriptive qualitative research was conducted in the first semester of academic year 2017/2018 and involved four classroom teachers and 109 students. The data collection techniques used were questionnaire and observation. The findings of this study showed that the teacher questioning skills in science subject in elementary schools in Batam were good enough. Meanwhile, the highest frequent parenting style used was authoritarian (94.83%). Yet the style led the students to be less active in learning processes.
The influence of city planning on the emergence of heat islands in megacities with a tropical climate (Hanoi)
Authors: Le Minh Tuan
Published: March 2019

Introduction. Rapid urbanization causes critical changes in global, as well as changes in earth surface temperature. The transformation of land use purposes significantly affects the surface temperature and exacerbates the effect of the negative heat island. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study to optimize urban cooling. Gives town-planning recommendations for limiting the negative impact of urban heat islands (UHI) on human. Analyzing urban and suburban planning in the city of Hanoi, the author proposes the use of certain town-planning principles that contribute to reducing the effect UHI. Materials and methods. This study is focused on green space using as a means of combating environmental problems due to the effect of urban heat island and creating a favorable urban ecological environment. The definition of the relationship between the ratio of green spaces and a decrease in temperature is given. The analysis was taken from 21 green spaces of the city of Hanoi. Results. The study showed a relationship between the intensity of heat reduction and the shape indicator of green space - a linear inverted system and the positive effect of the green zone on reducing the effects of heat island. Conclusions. One of the most important tasks of a city planner is the placement and adjustment of industrial zones of the city, the main transport arteries of the city, meaning that the placement and planning of industrial, residential and public territories, and also the system of roads depends on the formation of “heat islands”, which in the tropical climate of Vietnam, adversely affects human health.
Principles of area development strategic planning (the case of the free state of Bavaria)
Authors: Ilyichev Vyacheslav А. , Kolchunov Vitaliy I. , Bakaeva Natalya V.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. To accomplish the task of area development a new creative approach, that is urban development connected with the dramatic improvement of the quality of urban development environment, is proposed. In the context of this approach, the study of the experience and practice of area development strategic planning using the example of the Free State of Bavaria as a German region with significant scientific potential and economic strength is of great interest. The purpose of area development strategic planning is the achievement of such a situation when the welfare of the people living in the area increases. Today, in the context of spatial development imbalances, violation of territorial integrity, environmental pollution and other challenges, the development of new cities is an exceptional practice. Materials and methods. The methodological framework of the research is a new conceptual approach to the city planning environment, that is urban development. The methods of the research are: familiarization with relevant regulatory documents of the Federal Republic of Germany and system analysis of urban planning documentation for the accomplishment of the tasks of strategic planning of area development. Results. The specifics of the area planning in Germany including specifics of area comprehensive development (types, purposes, objectives and the content of urban regulatory documents) has been revealed. The analysis of the strategic planning of area development in Bavaria performed in terms of urban development principles shows that the emphasis in the development is on the historical value of settlements. Special attention is paid to the redevelopment of industrial and transport zones. Elements of Smart City are employed in the area management. Conclusions. The experience of strategic planning of area development using the example of the Free State of Bavaria can be helpful for practice of regulating the process of area development in Russia.
Numerical simulations of local and global buckling of hyperelastic tubes with different cross-sections
Authors: Kovalevsky Lukasz , Andreev Vladimir I. , Emelo Stanislav
Published: March 2019

Introduction. An approach to the application of finite element programs (FEM) ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit with various equations of state of incompressible isotropic hyperelastic materials is presented when analyzing compressed and stretched shell elements of elastomers. Elastomers are commonly used in construction as well as in structural shell elements, in particular pipes of different cross sections. Materials and methods. Three FEM models for pipes with the same length and initial stiffness were created. Pipes with elliptical, square and triangular cross sections are considered. Three types of structural models of rubber-like material (elastomer) were used - with a polynomial elastic energy function in the form of the MV model and the standard models of Neo - Hooke and Mooney - Rivlin. In the FEM models of the analyzed pipes, not enter initial imperfections. Numerical modeling buckling of pipes was performed for two types of initial and boundary conditions - for quasistatic and dynamic problems. Results. It is shown that the type of buckling depends on the cross section of the pipe. Comparison of buckling solutions for simulated pipes with different structural models demonstrated a good correlation of the results. An approximate history of the deformation of an elliptical sample analyzed by ABAQUS/Standard, loaded by moving the boundary, is given. Conclusions. It has been established that the ABAQUS/Standard program allows the use of incompressible hyperelastic materials, the ABAQUS/Explicit program does not provide this possibility. This implies the need to set the parameters of the material associated with the spherical part of the stress tensor. The parameter should not be too small, otherwise it will lead to numerical errors. Solving problems on the stability of pipe models with different physical models give good correlations of results.
Numerical investigations of work of driven pile on claystones
Authors: Sychkina Evgeniya N. , Antipov Vadim V. , Ofrikhter Yan V.
Published: March 2019

Introduction. Reviewed the features of the work of the pile on Permian claystones with the help of numerical and field experiments, analytical calculations. Materials and methods. Numerical modeling was performed in the Plaxis 3D and Midas GTS NX software packages. Full-scale tests of driven piles are made in accordance with the requirements of GOST 20276-2012. The obtained results are compared with the results of analytical calculations according to SP 24.13330.2011. Results. The scientific novelty of the investigation consists in a comparative analysis of the results of numerical modeling of the interaction of a driving pile with claystones with the results of field tests and analytical calculations. Finite element analysis in software package Plaxis 3D using Hardening Soil model shows higher values of settlement (up to 6 times) in relation to stabilized settlement of full-scale pile tests. Calculations in the software package Midas GTS NX showed overestimated values of pile settlements in relation to full-scale pile tests (13-24 times). Analytical calculations in accordance with SP 24.13330.2011 also showed overestimated (up to 3 times) values of the maximum pile settlement in relation to the stabilized settlement during full-scale pile tests. Conclusions. The calculations by the finite element method in the package Plaxis 3D and Midas GTS NX, by the analytical method according to SP 24.13330.2011, show overestimated values of settlement in relation to the stabilized settlement of piles on claystones. Using the Linear-Elastic model for claystones in numerical calculations in Plaxis 3D provides a value close to the settlement of full-scale pile. However, the use of this model is not fully justified for claystones due to the presence of residual deformations and the nonlinear character of pile settlement during loading. Necessary to correct the existing numerical and analytical methods for calculating pile foundations on claystones. It is necessary to continue the work on the further generalization of the experience of arranging piles on weathered claystones in order to evaluate the long-term work of not only a single pile, but also a pile foundation.
Principles of spatial organization and agrarian structure of Ancient Rome
Authors: Gvozdeva Inna Andreevna
Published: March 2019

In archaic societies the idea of the spatial organisation was embodied in the cosmogony and was accompanied by a complicated ritual. The Romans embraced the principles of spatial thinking from the Etruscans inherited from them also ritual. In ancient traditions, it is this ritual which have obscured the main ideas on division of space. Reconstruction of the heavenly temple on earth made by the priest largely depended on his individual perception of this task. Adapting the projection of the celestial temple to the spatial division, the Romans gradually began to get rid of the undeﬁned elements of the ritual. Now it was focused on conducting of the principal axes, namely on their orientation towards the four cardinal points. First one held the line designating the East-West, then the perpendicular line North-South. Thus was created the cross of divisors with conﬁned spaces, i.e. coordinate system. The main element of the theory of the Roman spatial division was the limit - a straight line, just held on geographical areas. All limits (main and parallel) precisely deﬁned section of land. In practice, the Roman surveyors carefully spaced and accurately divided areas with limits. These principles are used by the Romans in the organization of the lands in Italy and in the provinces.
Origin of Spartan kings from Heracles
Authors: Darvin Alexey Leonidovich
Published: March 2019

The descent of Spartan kings from Heracles is considered to be the secondary myth interpretation about the “Return of the Heracledae”. It was associated with Dorian conquest of the Peloponnese in the ancient tradition (Tyrtaeus, Pindar, Herodotus, Isocrates, Ephor). The myth of the “Return of the Heracledae” is known to be one of the genealogical ﬁction what was invented in Argos and developed further in Sparta. There was a powerful argument for inheritance the rights of the royal title and performing the functions of the high priest in the community if the person was known as the descendant of Heracles belonging to the royal dynasties (Agiades and Euripontides). Apart from that, the power of Spartan kings outside Sparta could be justified if they were related to Heracles. In addition, this belonging to the descendants of Heraclides was above everything. It was one of the most important propaganda arguments to substantiate the legitimacy of the possession of conquered lands in Laconia and Messenia and provide “pro-Achaean” policy by the authorities of Sparta. However, the image of Heracles and his cult did not have the essential meaning in the religious life of the Spartan polis. The heavenly patrons of the kings were “divine twins” - the Dioscuri (Tindaridae). To conclude, it seems to be very controversial that the philosophical and ethical image of Heracles (as the main cynic hero) had a great inﬂuence on the representatives of the royal diarchy of the late classical and hellenistic periods.
Ethnocultural contacts of the medieval population of the Eastern Aral Sea region on the data of archaeological research of the XX century
Authors: Barinova Elena Borisovna
Published: March 2019

The article analyzes material evidence of contacts of the nomadic and sedentary population of the Eastern Aral Sea region during the Middle Ages, which are known from written sources. The article is based on materials of archaeological research presented by Soviet scientists in the territory of the Eastern Aral Sea region. Comprehensive archaeological research of the monuments of Kesken-kujuk-kala, Khodja-kazgan 3, Kyz-Molla, Zangarkala, Sarlitam-kala, Saikuduk-kala, Asanas, Khoja-Kazgan 1, Jan-kala (Jend), Murzaly, Kzay, Uigarak , Irkibay, Kum-kala 2, Martyk, Kos-tobe, Beshtam-kala and others on the whole conﬁrms the information of written sources that two cultural traditions coexisted on the territory of the Eastern Aral region - sedentary and nomadic. The nomadic tradition is a symbiosis of Oguzo-Kypchak elements, which is clearly manifested in the analysis of species, forms and ornaments of vessels.
Kalmak and oirats: toponym in the religious history of the peoples of Central Asia
Authors: Kitinov Baatr Uchaevich
Published: March 2019

The word Kalmak is spread in a number of medieval Muslim sources. In research of the scholars this word is understood as an indicator of development or separatism (“piece”, “backward”), or religious orientation (not Muslims) for Oirats or some kind of nomadic people. To deﬁne the origin and development of its meaning, it is important to draw data from a number of important sources; for example, according to “Tarikh-i Rashidi”, Kalmak means the territory of Western and South-Western Mongolia, whose inhabitants were called, respectively, as Kalmaks, and mainly were not Muslims. In the context of the struggle of diﬀerent Islam traditions during the process of Islamization of the uluses of Juchi and Chaghatay, this word began to denote all those who remained pagan or Buddhist, and since such “refuseniks” had been found in all the Genghisid uluses, the sources recorded the presence of Kalmaks almost everywhere. Besides, the historical tradition relates the Buddhist Oirats to Kalmaks, but initially Oirats had nothing common with that nation, and only with Oirats’ movement in Genghis Khan’s times to the named territories (Kalmak), this word was transferred to them, already, as an ethnonym. Oirats became Buddhists at the end of the fourteenth - beginning of the ﬁfteenth centuries, facilitated by political, economic, ideological and other reasons. A study of the sources leads to conclusion, that the Kalmak’s ﬁrst meaning was the region’s name, where peoples were known as not Muslims, and therefore this word acquired a religious context and for this reason was ﬁnally entrenched to the Oirats.
The Despost`s Apprentice. Donald Trump`s Attack on Democracy de Brian Klaas
Authors: Díaz González José Andrés
Published: March 2019

Reseña del libro:The Despost`s Apprentice. Donald Trump`s Attack on Democracy de Brian Klaas
La participación política de los evangélicos en Chile (1999-2017)
Authors: Mansilla Miguel Ángel , Orellana Urtubia Luis Alberto , Panotto Nicolás
Published: March 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la relación que los evangélicos han construido con los políticos y la política chilena en los últimos 20 años. Para el abordaje metodológico, recurrimos a la estrategia de estudio de caso. Realizamos un relevamiento, sistematización y análisis de fuentes secundarias (notas periodísticas de medios seculares y confesionales, páginas web, bibliografía especializadas y archivos personales). Los principales resultados del artículo son: una repolitización del mundo evangélico a partir de 1999; permanentes conflictos políticos entre líderes evangélicos metropolitanos, los cuales son generalizados a todo el espectro evangélico nacional; politización del mito de la libertad de conciencia y la politización mito fundacional “Chile para Cristo”.
Secularización, laicidad y fundamentalismo religioso en las sociedades occidentales contemporáneas: Algunos aportes para la discusión
Authors: Pineda Sancho Andrey
Published: March 2019

En las últimas décadas, el mundo occidental ha conocido una singular revitalización religiosa. Lejos de desaparecer de los escenarios sociopolíticos o del ámbito vital más inmediato de las poblaciones, la religión no sólo ha mantenido muchas de sus antiguas atribuciones sociales, sino que, al mismo tiempo, ha encontrado nuevas vías de expresión. Ello, sin embargo, ha corrido de forma paralela al declive de la influencia sociocultural de las viejas instituciones religiosas y a la transformación generalizada de las estructuras del creer. Si bien el mundo de hoy aloja dentro de sí una oferta religiosa mucho más robusta y plural, lo cierto es que esta diversidad ha traído consigo una relativización de las distintas creencias, así como la posibilidad de que estas no pasen necesariamente por el control de las instituciones que históricamente han procurado decidir sobre sus contenidos. Así las cosas, el presente artículo pretende dibujar una vía de ingreso adecuada para comprender la confluencia de las dos tendencias descritas, pero sobre todo apta para escapar a las contradicciones empíricas que estas parecen sugerir.
Overconfidence and risk behavior in family firms
Authors: Orlando Beatrice , Renzi Antonio , Sancetta Giuseppe , Vagnani Gianluca
Published: March 2019

This study proposes an original theoretical contribution on the risk behavior of family firms. Our study how the risk propensity of family firms is influenced by those family members who are in direct control of the company (e.g. by participating of the board of directors)
Disclosure on enterprise risk and company performance: Evidence from Spain
Authors: Merino Elena , Sánchez Jesús Antonio , Manzaneque Montserrat
Published: March 2019

As a result of the last economic crisis, several international (OECD) and supranational (European Union) organizations showed special concern for the establishment of an adequate control and supervision of risks, transferring this concern to the business context. In fact, the lack of efficiency in the function of supervision and control of risks by companies has been pointed out as one of the causes of the recent crisis from different areas (academic and institutional). In this sense, different reports, standards and recommendations are guiding the process of implementation of risk control and supervision systems by companies as well as delimiting the information to disclosure. In this context, this study empirically investigates the association between disclosure on enterprise risk that they face in the development of their activity and firm performance over a sample of Spanish companies that were listed in Continuous Market during 2013-2017 period
Is attenuation technique sensitive enough to be used to make distinction between FF and FFF spectrum of therapy linac
Authors: Toth Arpad , Dragojlovic Luka , Ignjatov Nevena , Mikalacki Mirjana , Krmar Miodrag
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study was to check if attenuation analysis is sensitive enough to make a distinction between photon energy spectra of standard accelerators and accelerators operating without a field flattening filter. Attenuation measurements were performed in two operating modes of a medical linear accelerator: with a flattening filter and without it, at nominal energy of 6 MV. Numerical and Laplace transform pair methods were used for spectra reconstruction. Although the difference between two attenuation curves is very small, as expected both reconstruction techniques produce slightly softer spectra at flattening filter free mode. The most important conclusion of this pilot study is that attenuation analysis can be a sensitive tool which is able to detect spectral differences between photon beams of an accelerator operating in two regimes.
Universal system of passive heat removal from the core of a research reactor
Authors: Uzikov Vitaly , Uzikova Irina
Published: March 2019

This paper presents the results of an analysis of a universal cooling system for the core of re- search reactors built on the passive principle of natural convection. A 3-D model, technologi- cal and design diagrams of the reactor installation are provided, along with examples of nu- merical evaluation of transients during the operation of the cooling circuit in normal and emergency modes to substantiate the possibility of using such a cooling system in research re- actors of small and medium power. The principal feature of the described passive system is the absence of not only active elements, such as circulation pumps and shut-off and control valves from the cooling circuit, but also of passive elements with moving parts, such as a check valve. The cooling circuit includes only vessels, piping and a heat exchanger. The absence of elements with mechanical moving parts can significantly reduce the likelihood of equipment failures and improve the reliability of such a cooling system while also reducing its cost. The versatility of the proposed system allows it to be used for a wide range of research reactor plants with various capacities, which are nowadays being developed designed to carry out programs in various areas of research and applied usages related to nuclear technologies.
Ionizing radiation in pediatric radiology: Do medical staff and parents know enough - a regional study in Serbia
Authors: Lovrenski Jovan , Zahorjanski Sanja , Strahinic Mina , Varga Ivan , Lovrenski Aleksandra , Brestovacki-Svitlica Branislava
Published: March 2019

Determine the level of knowledge and awareness of health professionals, medical students and parents concerning possible risks associated with ionizing radiation in pediatric population. A cross-sectional study has been conducted in two healthcare institutions and Faculty of Medicine, by filling out two anonymous questionnaires (questionnaire 1 ? medical staff and medical students, questionnaire 2 ? parents of the children). It included 254 respondents. The majority of examinees assessed their knowledge about ionizing radiation as moderate. Less than half clinicians, both specialists and residents, were informed about Image gently campaign. Over 60 % of doctors assessed that diagnostic radiology procedures arIemoafgteengepnetrlyformed unnecessarily in children. Even though 60-80 % of clinicians claimed they do inform parents in everyday clinical practice, however over 70 % of parents affirmed that they had never been informed about effects of ionizing radiation before diagnostic procedures. Between 50 % and 85 % of pediatricians and pediatric surgeons greatly underestimated the effective doses in computed tomography and fluoroscopy procedures. There were 58-100 % of clinicians who were aware that computed tomography increases the risk of carcinoma development. General knowledge of medical staff, medical students, and parents about ionizing radiation and potential risks in pediatric population is poor. Therefore, organized education is required.
Potentials and prospects for implementation of renewable energy sources in Serbia
Authors: Dragovic Njegos , Vukovic Milovan , Riznic Dejan
Published: March 2019

Serbia is dependent on imports of crude-oil and natural gas, but is endowed by reserves of lignite and the potential of renewable energy sources. Serbia has a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector and to increase the share of renewable in gross final energy production 27% by 2020. Serbia?s total estimated technically usable potential of renewable energy sources is 5.65 Mtoe per year. Biomass has the highest potential for use in Serbia (3.448 Mtoe), followed by hydro power (1.679 Mtoe), solar energy (0.240 Mtoe), geothermal energy (0.180 Mtoe), and wind energy (0.103 Mtoe). This paper presents the potential of renewable energy sources available in Serbia, with current status of their use and prospects for further exploitation.
Mathematical model of energy efficiency in internal spur gears
Authors: Dobratic Predrag , Ristivojevic Mileta , Rosic Bozidar , Mitrovic Radivoje , Trifkovic Dragan
Published: March 2019

The impact of geometric parameters of teeth and lubricating oils to the efficiency of involute internal spur gears, when the transverse contact ratio is 2 < ?? ?3, has been analyzed in this paper. The mathematical model and computer program for determining the current and the effective value of the efficiency have been developed. The influence of the character of load distribution and energy losses due to heating effects during the meshing period is included in the factor of load distribution. The results of computer simulation are given in the form of a diagram of the current values of the efficiency during the meshing period. Also, the values of effective efficiency for the considered cylindrical gear pairs have been calculated.
Performance evaluation of nanofluid on parabolic trough solar collector
Authors: Vijayan Gopalsamy , Rajasekaran Karunakaran
Published: March 2019

In the present work, the performance of aluminum oxide and deionized water nanofluid used as heat transfer fluid on a parabolic trough solar collector system with hot water generation tank is evaluated. The parabolic trough solar collector is developed using easily and locally accessible materials. Five different concentrations of aluminum oxide and deionized water based nanofluid from 0.5-2.5% is prepared by the magnetic stirrer initially and then the mixture is subjected to ultrasonication process to break aggregates with the absence of surfactant. The prepared nanofluids are allowed to flow through the absorber which is located at a focal point of the solar collector. The performance of nanofluid is compared with pure deionized water. The test is conducted from 8.00 a. m. to 16.00 p. m. daily in the whole length of the test span. The heat transfer fluid is allowed to flow at a mass-flow rate of 0.020 kg/s and 0.09246 m/s velocities. The maximum solar radiation is 821 W/m2, and maximum efficiency is observed at noon time 60.41% for deionized water and 60.49% for 2.5% volumetric fraction of alumina nanofluid. The efficiency enhancement was 3.90% than deionized water. The influence of the critical parameter on the performance is also examined.
An approach to computational fluid dynamic air-flow simulation in the internal combustion engine intake manifold
Authors: Galambos Stjepan , Nikolic Nebojsa , Ruzic Dragan , Doric Jovan
Published: March 2019

The subject of this paper is modeling of an intake manifold of a four-stroke
IC engine using contemporary software tools. Virtual 3D CAD model of an
intake manifold was designed based on a real intake manifold of a
four-stroke IC engine. Based on the CAD model a 3D CFD model of the intake
manifold was created. The modeling has been done with the purpose of
simulation of the air flow inside the intake manifold in order to monitor
values of the internal pressure during several seconds of the engine
operation in three different operating points. Also, an experiment was
conducted, which included measurements of intake manifold pressure in the
same engine operating points in the course of a time interval of
approximately the same duration. The results of both the simulation and the
experimental measurements have been shown in the paper proving that the
created model was good enough for the intended purpose.
Total costs of shell and tube heat exchangers with concentric helical tube coils
Authors: Jaric Marko , Martic Igor , Budimir Nikola , Svetel Igor , Milanovic Mihailo
Published: March 2019

The paper deals with the manufacturing costs of shell and tube heat exchangers with concentric helical tube coils. The most common correlations for calculating prices of shell and tube heat exchangers found in accessible literature were tested using the market data for a comparison and they have shown significant deviations. A new correlation for estimating prices of heat exchangers with concentric helical tubes (when the shell is made of carbon steel and the helical tube of copper) was determined in the following form: Cin = 614?S0.627/hts
DNA Damage Does Not Cause BrdU Labeling of Mouse or Human β-Cells
Authors: Sharma Rohit B. , Darko Christine , Zheng Xiaoying , Gablaski Brian , Alonso Laura C.
Published: March 2019

Pancreatic β-cell regeneration, the therapeutic expansion of β-cell number to reverse diabetes, is an important goal. Replication of differentiated insulin-producing cells is the major source of new β-cells in adult mice and juvenile humans. Nucleoside analogs such as BrdU, which are incorporated into DNA during S-phase, have been widely used to quantify β-cell proliferation. However, reports of β-cell nuclei labeling with both BrdU and γ-phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γH2AX), a DNA damage marker, have raised questions about the fidelity of BrdU to label S-phase, especially during conditions when DNA damage is present. We performed experiments to clarify the causes of BrdU-γH2AX double labeling in mouse and human β-cells. BrdU-γH2AX colabeling is neither an age-related phenomenon nor limited to human β-cells. DNA damage suppressed BrdU labeling and BrdU-γH2AX colabeling. In dispersed islet cells, but not in intact islets or in vivo, pro-proliferative conditions promoted both BrdU and γH2AX labeling, which could indicate DNA damage, DNA replication stress, or cell cycle–related intrinsic H2AX phosphorylation. Strategies to increase β-cell number must not only tackle the difficult challenge of enticing a quiescent cell to enter the cell cycle, but also achieve safe completion of the cell division process.
Fasting-Induced Transcription Factors Repress Vitamin D Bioactivation, a Mechanism for Vitamin D Deficiency in Diabetes
Authors: Aatsinki Sanna-Mari , Elkhwanky Mahmoud-Sobhy , Kummu Outi , Karpale Mikko , Buler Marcin , Viitala Pirkko , Rinne Valtteri , Mutikainen Maija , Tavi Pasi , Franko Andras , Wiesner Rudolf J. , Chambers Kari T. , Finck Brian N. , Hakkola Jukka
Published: March 2019

Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels correlate with the prevalence of diabetes; however, the mechanisms remain uncertain. Here, we show that nutritional deprivation–responsive mechanisms regulate vitamin D metabolism. Both fasting and diabetes suppressed hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2R1, the main vitamin D 25-hydroxylase responsible for the first bioactivation step. Overexpression of coactivator peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), induced physiologically by fasting and pathologically in diabetes, resulted in dramatic downregulation of CYP2R1 in mouse hepatocytes in an estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα)–dependent manner. However, PGC-1α knockout did not prevent fasting-induced suppression of CYP2R1 in the liver, indicating that additional factors contribute to the CYP2R1 repression. Furthermore, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation repressed the liver CYP2R1, suggesting GR involvement in the regulation of CYP2R1. GR antagonist mifepristone partially prevented CYP2R1 repression during fasting, suggesting that glucocorticoids and GR contribute to the CYP2R1 repression during fasting. Moreover, fasting upregulated the vitamin D catabolizing CYP24A1 in the kidney through the PGC-1α-ERRα pathway. Our study uncovers a molecular mechanism for vitamin D deficiency in diabetes and reveals a novel negative feedback mechanism that controls crosstalk between energy homeostasis and the vitamin D pathway.