bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine oocytes in secondary follicles grow and acquire meiotic competence in severe combined immunodeficient mice
Authors: Senbon Shoichiro , Ota Atsushi , Tachibana Masao , Miyano Takashi
Published: October 2003

Cortical tissues containing only primordial and primary follicles, or secondary follicles 140-190 μm in diameter, were collected from bovine ovaries and xenografted under the kidney capsules of female severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Histological examination revealed that all grafts were well vascularised and contained surviving follicles at 4 or 6 weeks after grafting. Primordial and primary follicles survived but did not develop beyond the one-layer stage. Secondary follicles, on the other hand, had formed antra at 4 weeks after grafting. The mean diameter of secondary follicles, which was 165.2 ± 17.0 μm (n = 42) before grafting, had developed to 442.9 ± 77.9 μm (n = 37) and 592.9 ± 116.0 μm (n = 45) in diameter at 4 and 6 weeks after grafting, respectively. The mean diameter of oocytes, which was 55.1 ± 4.9 μm (n = 42) before grafting, also increased significantly (4 weeks: 105.6 ± 6.3 μm; 6 weeks: 122.2 ± 2.6 μm; p < 0.05). Oocytes were recovered from follicles that had developed to more than 400 μm in diameter after 6 weeks, and were subjected to subsequent mature culture. Of these oocytes, 34% (11/32) resumed meiosis and 6% (2/32) matured to the second metaphase. Follicular fluid in bovine antral follicles developed in SCID mice had the 69 kDa protein, which was detected by anti-mouse albumin antibody but not by anti-bovine albumin antibody in immunoblotting analysis. These results demonstrated that bovine secondary follicles develop to the antral stage in SCID mice, and that the oocytes in the follicles acquire the meiotic competence.
Developing the Dissertation Prospectus
Authors: Fox Richard L.
Published: October 2003

The central research questions that I wanted to pursue in my
dissertation were clear to me early in my graduate school career. I
wanted to explore why some groups in the United States were so
woefully unrepresented in many of the nation's high-level political
offices. In 1991, when I began to think more concretely about my
topic, there were only two women serving in the U.S. Senate, and the
literature exploring the experiences of women candidates was very
limited. Because of the seeming injustice of this situation, I
quickly knew I wanted to jump into this area of research to see if I
could shed some light on what was causing the enormous discrepancy
in the number of men and women being elected to top offices.
NAMING, AGENCY, AND “A TISSUE OF FALSEHOODS” IN THE HISTORY OF MARY PRINCE
Authors: Rauwerda A. M.
Published: October 2003

THE 1831 SLAVE NARRATIVE THE HISTORY OF MARY PRINCE is generally thought to be Mary Prince’s autobiography.1 However, there is reason to believe that neither the narrating voice nor Prince’s name are actually hers, and that the agency ascribed to her in this narrative may be more representative of the agendas of external creators of the text than of Prince herself. In The History of Mary Prince, Prince’s name appears in various forms (Mary Prince, Mary Princess of Wales, Mary James, and Molly Wood) each of which reflects the objectives of different editors and owners. Editorial and mediatory figures such as Thomas Pringle, Susanna Moodie (née Strickland), John Wood, Moira Ferguson, and Ziggi Alexander manifest their influence in intrusions into the narrative, appendices, editorial prefaces, and introductions, all of which serve to construct Prince in ideologically and politically loaded ways, and which, in many cases, actually change her name by so doing. These givers of names generally attempt to hide their manipulations, and inadvertently also hide Prince.
ETHNOGRAPHIC COLLECTING AND TRAVEL: BLURRING BOUNDARIES, FORMING A DISCIPLINE
Authors: Franey Laura
Published: October 2003

“To tell you the truth, Stein,” I said, with an effort that surprised me, “I came here to describe a specimen. . . .” “Butterfly?” he asked, with an unbelieving and humorous eagerness. “Nothing so perfect,” I answered, feeling suddenly dispirited with all sorts of doubts. “A man!” “Ach so!” he murmured, and his smiling countenance, turned to me, became grave. Then after looking at me for a while he said slowly, “Well — I am a man, too.”

— Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim(ellipsis in original)

ETHNOGRAPHIC TRAVEL ACCOUNTS AND THE COLLECTING of objects — whether body parts or cultural products — functioned together in the Victorian era as a means of “knowing” other peoples and places to a degree not previously possible. It is true that travelers had long been involved in the appropriation of foreign peoples and their cultural products: we need only think of Christopher Columbus or James Cook returning to Europe with Native Americans or Pacific Islanders and their handicrafts in tow.1 But the importance of both writing about and collecting foreign peoples took on new urgency at a time when scientific organizations and newly-forming disciplines were seeking not only to classify and catalog races but also to determine the moments and means of their differentiation. The historical development of a racialized humankind as the object of intense scientific inquiry, along with the general growth of scientism and the professionalization of scientific disciplines in the Victorian period, resulted in an intense need for raw materials that could be transformed or interpreted into scientific data about non-Europeans. To a considerable extent, anatomists, natural historians, armchair ethnologists, and anthropologists created this data about race based on the information supplied by travel narratives and by the objects — including skulls, skeletons, and cultural artifacts — sent or brought to Europe by travelers to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
CAMEO APPEARANCES: THE DISCOURSE OF JEWELRY IN MIDDLEMARCH
Authors: Arnold Jean
Published: October 2003

IN RECENT TIMES, the covert yet insistent relation between aesthetics and political economy has claimed significant critical focus, for these two discourses have implicated and complicated each other in puzzling ways.1 In offering some background to this relation, Mary Poovey has traced the modern history of aesthetics and political economy to a common origin within the eighteenth-century field of moral philosophy.2 As a study in search of cultural cohesion, moral philosophy drew together a wide-ranging set of critiques including ethics, aesthetics, economics, and government. Then, in the second half of the eighteenth century, the field branched, Poovey tells us, shaping new categories of knowledge through such works as Edmund Burke’s Enquiry (1757) on aesthetics and Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) on political economy. As these divisions in knowledge became further refined through discursive practice in the Victorian Age, aesthetics and political economy appeared to have little to do with each other; however, Poovey argues that “one way to remember the originary relationship between these two discourses — and to measure the toll exacted by their division — is to tease from each its past and present entanglements with gender” (“Aesthetics” 8). In this essay, I take up her call by examining the relation between aesthetics and political economy, as they inscribe their mediations on gender roles in George Eliot’s Middlemarch.
A PROFESSIONAL CONTEST OVER THE BODY: QUACKERY AND RESPECTABLE MEDICINE IN MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT
Authors: Murayama Toshikatsu
Published: October 2003

IT IS NOT LIKELY THAT MANY readers of Martin Chuzzlewit will remember Mr. Bevan’s profession. The gentleman so kind as to lend Martin and Mark Tapley money to go back to England is not just one of few honest persons in the vulgar, shoddy world of Dickens’s America, but a doctor as well: “[H]e made Martin acquainted with his name, which was Bevan: and with his profession, which was physic, though he seldom or never practised” (280; ch.17). We find many other medical persons in the novel: Jobling the doctor, Lewsome the medical assistant, and Mrs. Gamp, the most famous or notorious nurse in English literature, but they are not highly commendable characters and never offer effective cures to their patients. Jobling is a pretentious swindler, and Lewsome assists, albeit unintentionally, Jonas Chuzzlewit’s attempt to murder his father. One would be reluctant to be nursed by Sairey Gamp, however tremendous she is as a product of a great literary imagination. As if to endorse the reader’s suspicion, Old Martin Chuzzlewit does not trust any doctors and has an amateur, Mary Graham, carry “a small medicine-chest” to care for him (26; ch. 3). The doctor treating Lewsome never seems very efficient in his practice (410, 416; ch. 26), and the only apparently reliable doctor “seldom or never practise[s].” No doctor or nurse can give proper treatment to the numerous sick people in this text full of physical disorders.
Culture, politics and the European intelligentsia
Authors: LEPENIES WOLF
Published: October 2003

A distinctive German culture no longer exists, it has become merged into Western culture. De-Nazification foundered and the old elites and the émigrés re-emerged and came together. The November revolution in the GDR was not one of either the workers or of a cultural elite but one of the grassroots, the ordinary people; however the GDR lacked any cultural modernity. When a country loses a war, cultural policy has to serve the need for revenge. France and Germany have competed on which was more revolutionary in the past and who had the greater potential for future revolutions. The current dilemma, however, over the enlargement of Europe rests more on harsh economic problems of how to reconcile the desires of the have-nots with the desire of the haves to have more, and who feel threatened by the have-nots.
Dissatisfaction and mistrust in West European democracies
Authors: DOGAN MATTEI
Published: October 2003

An important proportion of citizens do not manifest confidence in many basic institutions (parliaments, parties, unions, army, public bureaucracies, big business, courts, ecclesiastic hierarchy, police) nor in the political class. Such a deficit of trust is attested by a wealth of empirical data. Nonetheless, the legitimacy of democratic regimes is not challenged: European citizens do not conceive realistically of an alternative system of government. A new counter-power is playing an increasing and crucial role in advanced pluralist democracies – that of magistrates and journalists combined. France and Italy are considered as typical cases, concerning in particular corruption at the highest level of the State and society. What types of citizens are needed in advanced democracies? Ignorant, naive, deferential, credulous, believers in myths or well informed, rationally distrustful citizens? Today, democracy is permanently under the supervision of the public, as attested by surveys conducted periodically.
Amphibious man
Authors: RESCHER NICHOLAS
Published: October 2003

Man inhabits two realms, that of reality and that of the imagination. The progress of science is a complex negotiation between these two realms, a dialectic in which fact-oriented observations and probability-oriented imagination are inseparably intertwined. But there are many signs that, recently, the natural equilibrium between these two has become destabilized and artifice and imagination have gained the upper hand to a distinctly unhealthy extent. In both science and scholarship we seem to be involved in an increasing and deeply problematic shift from pre-occupation with virtual rather than actual reality.
False confessions after repeated interrogation: the Putten Murder Case
Authors: WAGENAAR WILLEM A.
Published: October 2003

Suggestive or misleading interrogation techniques may have the effect that innocent people start to remember having committed a serious crime. Confessions are therefore not the best possible evidence, especially not when it is obvious that the interrogation contained elements of suggestion and deception. The problem is illustrated by a case that has become famous in The Netherlands, because two innocent men were imprisoned for about eight years, after obviously false confessions. The confessions were obtained during long and repeated interrogations in which various types of psychological deception were used. In the end, the amount of contradiction, and even of sheer impossibilities, made it clear that the confessions were false and the men innocent. Some of the literature on the creation of false memories is reviewed. It is argued that the practice of criminal investigation may elicit even stronger effects, because empirical research is constrained by ethical limits. The objective of criminal investigation seems to put no limit on what is deemed acceptable, even though we know quite well that the elicitation of false confessions is a serious risk. European agreements about criminal interrogation techniques may provide an effective protection against undesirable practices; but it will not be easy to convince the European legislators of this.
The myth of early globalization: the Atlantic economy, 1500–1800
Authors: EMMER PIETER
Published: October 2003

In recent historiography, it has been argued that the expansion of Europe between 1500 and 1800 created a ‘system’ in the Atlantic by which the economies of Europe, West Africa and the New World were closely interconnected by trade and migration. However, the available evidence suggests that the economic implications of such a system were of marginal importance. Rather than boosting the economy, the ‘Atlantic System’ stimulated the expansion of European values and norms, such as private property, monogamy, the nuclear family, free labour and the place of women and children in society.
Evaluation-driven design of a robust coreference resolution system
Authors: POPESCU-BELIS ANDREI
Published: October 2003

In this paper, we describe a system for coreference resolution and emphasize the role of evaluation for its design. The goal of the system is to group referring expressions (identified beforehand in narrative texts) into sets of coreferring expressions that correspond to discourse entities. Several knowledge sources are distinguished, such as referential compatibility between a referring expression and a discourse entity, activation factors for discourse entities, size of working memory, or meta-rules for the creation of discourse entities. For each of them, the theoretical analysis of its relevance is compared to scores obtained through evaluation. After looping through all knowledge sources, an optimal behavior is chosen, then evaluated on test data. The paper also discusses evaluation measures as well as data annotation, and compares the present approach to others in the field.
RESPONSIBILITY ATTITUDES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS IN A
STUDENT POPULATION
Authors: Smári Jakob , Gylfadóttir Thórhildur , Lind Halldórsdóttir Gudrún
Published: October 2003

Excessive responsibility has been proposed as a cognitive factor in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. In the present study the relationships of Salkovskis' measure of Responsibility Attitudes (RAS) (Salkovskis et al., 2000) with the total scale and the subscales of the PI-WSUR (Burns, Koertge, Formea, & Sternberger, 1996) measure of obsessive compulsive symptoms, as well as with a measure of depression (CES-D), were studied with a sample of 356 students (108 males and 248 females). As expected, the correlation between RAS and PI-WSUR was stronger than the correlation between RAS and CES-D, supporting the specific role of excessive responsibility in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Among the subscales of PI-SWUR the strongest correlation of RAS was with Obsessional Thoughts About Harm to Self/Others (OTAHSO) and then with Checking. The OTAHSO was the only PI-WSUR subscale to show a significant partial correlation with RAS when other subscales and CES-D scores were taken into consideration. These results indicate that responsibility attitudes may play quite different roles in relation to different obsessive-compulsive symptom domains and that cognitive theory should take this more explicitly into account.
Measurement and sources of technical efficiency of land tenure contracts in Ethiopia
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed M. , Gebremedhin Berhanu , Benin Samuel , Ehui Simeon
Published: October 2003

The degree to which prevailing land tenure arrangements constrain agricultural productivity, and the sources of inefficiency associated with land tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa are unresolved. Using a stochastic frontier production function, this paper examines the economic efficiency and the determinants of inefficiency of alternative land tenure arrangements in Ethiopia. The results show that sharecropping and borrowing are less technically efficient than owner-cultivation or fixed rentals due to restrictions imposed on them by landowners and the interactions of the land market with other imperfect and absent input markets. Thus, a policy to facilitate more efficient transactions of land between farmers and functioning of input markets are expected to reduce inefficiencies associated with these tenure systems.
The Zoroastrian fire temple in the ex-Portuguese colony of Diu, India
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad
Published: October 2003

The ex-Portuguese town of Diu on the island with the same name off the south coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat, is one of the best-preserved and yet least-studied Portuguese colonial towns. Diu was the last of the Portuguese strongholds in India, the control of which was finally achieved in 1539 after many years of futile struggle and frustrating negotiations with the sultanate of Gujarat. During the late sixteenth and seventeenth century Diu remained a main staging post for Portuguese trade in the Indian Ocean, but with the appearance of the Dutch, and later the French and British, on the scene the island gradually lost its strategic importance. The town was subjected to little renovation during the nineteenth century while in the twentieth century Diu was no more than an isolated Portuguese outpost with meagre trade until it was taken over by India in 1961. As a result, unlike the other former Portuguese colonies in India – Daman and Goa – Diu has preserved most of its original characteristics: a Portuguese colonial town plan, a sixteenth-century fort and a number of old churches, as well as many of the eighteenth and nineteenth-century houses.
On the structure of acronyms and neighbouring categories: a prototype-based account
Authors: López Rúa Paula
Published: October 2003

This article reports the results of a study based on a corpus of simple (i.e. only written) and complex (both written and oral) shortenings, that is, initialisms (a category comprising acronyms, e.g. laser, and alphabetisms, e.g. BBC), as well as clippings (lab), blends (motel), and abbreviations (Mr). The study intends to confirm the validity of the tools provided by the revised version of prototype theory for a systematic account of these metalinguistic categories, which are often neglected in lexical morphology. A set of defining parameters and possible values was devised and applied to the items of the corpus. As a result, these items were distributed along a continuum of central, peripheral, and borderline cases of all the categories considered. The body of the article is an in-depth account of the centre–periphery structure of the superordinate category of initialisms, with particular attention being paid to the fuzzy boundaries featuring clippings and blends. In the last section, shortenings are categorized and represented by means of a radial polycentric network of the type devised in Lakoff (1987).
Is the rock partridge Alectoris graeca saxatilis threatened in the Dolomitic Alps?
Authors: Cattadori Isabella M. , Ranci‐Ortigosa Giovanna , Gatto Marino , Hudson Peter J.
Published: October 2003

Changes in abundance and the risk of extinction of the rock partridge Alectoris graeca saxatilis in the Dolomitic Alps were investigated using a density‐dependent model that incorporated dispersal and environmental stochasticity. The study was based on spring and summer counts collected from sample areas in geographically distinct mountain groups. Extinction probability was investigated by simulating a discrete population and a metapopulation consisting of local populations connected by dispersal. Persistence was not guaranteed when the species was examined as a discrete population. When we used a metapopulation approach, the persistence was assured but local extinctions with subsequent recolonizations of a number of empty areas were observed. The analysis was repeated using hunting statistics, when there were no restrictions on hunting policies, and a similar high extinction pattern was found. Our simulations suggested that long‐term persistence of rock partridge could be guaranteed only when immigration was included into the demographic model. However, if the increased population's fragmentation recorded since the 1950s persists the extinction of some of the subpopulations appears inevitable.
BRCA2 and predisposition to pancreatic and other cancers
Authors: Arnold Meghan A. , Goggins Michael
Published: October 2003

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer deaths in the industrialised world. Recent work has focused on the genetics of pancreatic cancer with a goal of finding an early detection marker that might allow for greater rates of survival than are currently possible. The breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2) is one of numerous genes implicated in familial pancreatic cancer. Carriers of germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of several cancers, among them pancreatic adenocarcinoma. During pancreatic carcinogenesis, bi-allelic inactivation of BRCA2 occurs as a late event, suggesting that other genetic events must occur before neoplastic cells can tolerate loss of BRCA2.
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: molecular genetics and clinical implications
Authors: Parkes Miles , Jewell Derek
Published: October 2003

The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an area of enormous topical interest. Crohn's disease is one of the first polygenic diseases in which a susceptibility gene (NOD2) has been positionally cloned, providing proof of principle for methodologies that to date had been mired in uncertainty. IBD has been highly unusual among polygenic diseases in providing replicated candidate susceptibility regions using genome-scanning methodologies and linkage analysis. Such studies have identified loci with replicated evidence for linkage on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 12, 14 and 16 – the latter recently yielding NOD2. The next stage is fine mapping each of the remaining candidate loci and identifying the precise genes involved. Although progress is slow, the identification of NOD2 together with technological advances and the availability of increasingly large panels of patients and multiply affected families provide the basis for great optimism. The ultimate goal is a better understanding of disease pathogenesis – both genetic and environmental – with a rational redefinition of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and a rational, specific therapeutic approach to each genotypically defined subclass of IBD.
Sphingolipid signalling: molecular basis and role in TNF-α-induced cell death
Authors: Malagarie-Cazenave Sophie , Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie , Ségui Bruno , Gouazé Valérie , Tardy Claudine , Cuvillier Olivier , Levade Thierry
Published: October 2003

Various lipidic molecules serve as second messengers for transducing signals from the cell surface to the cell interior and trigger specific cellular responses. Sphingolipids represent a complex group of lipids that have recently emerged as new transducers in eukaryotic cells. Several sphingolipid molecules are able to modulate cell growth, differentiation and death. This review summarises current knowledge of the signalling functions of sphingolipids, especially in the regulation of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-mediated cytotoxic effects. TNF-α is a multifaceted cytokine that controls a wide range of immune responses in mammals, including induction of programmed cell death (also called apoptosis). On the basis of recent observations, a working model is proposed for the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of sphingolipid generation following TNF-α receptor 1 activation. The implications of these findings for the development of future pharmacological strategies to prevent the cytotoxic TNF-α response and subsequent cellular dysfunctions (as seen in various human diseases) are discussed.
Are ecological and evolutionary theories scientific?
Authors: MURRAY BERTRAM G.
Published: October 2003

Scientists observe nature, search for generalizations, and provide explanations for why the world is as it is. Generalizations are of two kinds. The first are descriptive and inductive, such as Boyle's Law. They are derived from observations and therefore refer to observables (in this case, pressure and volume). The second are often imaginative and form the axioms of a deductive theory, such as Newton's Laws of Motion. They often refer to unobservables (e.g. inertia and gravitation). Biology has many inductive generalizations (e.g. Bergmann's Rule and ‘all cells arise from preexisting cells’) but few, if any, recognized universal laws and virtually no deductive theory. Many biologists and philosophers of biology have agreed that predictive theory is inappropriate in biology, which is said to be more complex than physics, and that one can have nonpredictive explanations, such as the neo‐Darwinian Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Other philosophers dismiss nonpredictive, explanatory theories, including evolutionary ‘theory’, as metaphysics. Most biologists do not think of themselves as philosophers or give much thought to the philosophical basis of their research. Nevertheless, their philosophy shows in the way they do research. The plethora ofad hoc(i.e. not universal) hypotheses indicates that biologists are reluctant inductivists in that the search for generalization does not have a high priority. Biologists test their hypotheses by verification. Theoretical physicists, in contrast, are deductive unifiers and test their explanatory hypotheses by falsification.

I argue thattheoreticalbiology (concerned with unobservables, such as fitness and natural selection) is not scientific because it lacks universal laws and predictive theory. In order to make this argument, I review the differences between verificationism and falsificationism, induction and deduction, and descriptive and explanatory laws. I show how these differ with a specific example of a successful and still useful (even if now superseded as explanatory) deductive theory, Newton's Theory of Motion. I also review some of the philosophical views expressed on these topics because philosophers seem to be even more divided than biologists, which is not at all helpful.

The fact that biologydoes nothave predictive theories does not constitute irrefutable evidence that itcannothave them. The only way to falsify this philosophical hypothesis, however, is to produce a predictive theory with universal biological laws. I have proposed such a theory, but it has been presented piecemeal. At the end of this paper, I bring the pieces together into a deductive theory on the evolution of life history traits (e.g. clutch size, mating relationships, sexual size dimorphism).
The evolution of intelligence: adaptive specializationsversusgeneral process
Authors: MAGPHAIL EUAN M. , BOLHUIS JOHAN J.
Published: October 2003

Darwin argued that between‐species differences in intelligence were differences of degree, not of kind. The contemporary ecological approach to animal cognition argues that animals have evolved species‐specific and problem‐specific processes to solve problems associated with their particular ecological niches: thus different species use different processes, and within a species, different processes are used to tackle problems involving different inputs. This approach contrasts both with Darwin's view and with the general process view, according to which the same central processes of learning and memory are used across an extensive range of problems involving very different inputs. We review evidence relevant to the claim that the learning and memory performance of non‐human animals varies according to the nature of the stimuli involved. We first discuss the resource distribution hypothesis, olfactory learning‐set formation, and the ‘biological constraints’ literature, but find no convincing support from these topics for the ecological account of cognition. We then discuss the claim that the performance of birds in spatial tasks of learning and memory is superior in species that depend heavily upon stored food compared to species that either show less dependence upon stored food or do not store food. If it could be shown that storing species enjoy a superiority specifically in spatial (and not non‐spatial) tasks, this would argue that spatial tasks are indeed solved using different processes from those used in non‐spatial tasks. Our review of this literature does not find a consistent superiority of storing over non‐storing birds in spatial tasks, and, in particular, no evidence of enhanced superiority of storing species when the task demands are increased, by, for example, increasing the number of items to be recalled or the duration of the retention period. We discuss also the observation that the hippocampus of storing birds is larger than that of non‐storing birds, and find evidence contrary to the view that hippocampal enlargement is associated with enhanced spatial memory; we are, however, unable to suggest a convincing alternative explanation for hippocampal enlargement. The failure to find solid support for the ecological view supports the view that there are no qualitative differences in cognition between animal species in the processes of learning and memory. We also argue that our review supports our contention that speculation about the phylogenetic development and function of behavioural processes does not provide a solid basis for gaining insight into the nature of those processes. We end by confessing to a belief in one major qualitative difference in cognition in animals: we believe that humans alone are capable of acquiring language, and that it is this capacity that divides our intelligence so sharply from non‐human intelligence.
Policy and Party Competition in Japan after the Election of 2000
Authors: KATO JUNKO , LAVER MICHAEL
Published: October 2003

This paper reports the results of the latest in a series of expert surveys of party policy positions in Japan and considers some of the implications of these results for our understanding of party competition and government formation in recent Japanese politics.
Logic program specialisation through partial
deduction: Control issues
Authors: LEUSCHEL MICHAEL , BRUYNOOGHE MAURICE
Published: October 2003

Program specialisation aims at improving the overall performance of programs by performing
source to source transformations. A common approach within functional and logic programming,
known respectively as partial evaluation and partial deduction, is to exploit partial
knowledge about the input. It is achieved through a well-automated application of parts of the
Burstall-Darlington unfold/fold transformation framework. The main challenge in developing
systems is to design automatic control that ensures correctness, efficiency, and termination.
This survey and tutorial presents the main developments in controlling partial deduction over
the past 10 years and analyses their respective merits and shortcomings. It ends with an
assessment of current achievements and sketches some remaining research challenges.
Why are safeguards under the WTO so unpopular?
Authors: BOWN CHAD P.
Published: October 2003

In recent years, more countries have increasingly turned to explicit,
codified trade policy instruments of the international trading system such as
antidumping measures. Countries have also increasingly participated in the
institutions established to facilitate trade in the international system, such as the
WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding. Given these phenomena, a natural
question to consider is why haven't countries resorted to the WTO's safeguards
provisions at a similar pace? This paper focuses on the economic incentives
generated by reforms in the Uruguay Round, and argues that in order to address the
relative unpopularity of the application of safeguards measures, further reforms
must be made to WTO's Antidumping Agreement and the rules of the Dispute
Settlement Understanding.
Regulatory standards in the WTO: Comparing intellectual property rights with competition policy, environmental protection, and core labor standards
Authors: MASKUS KEITH E.
Published: October 2003

The negotiation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) greatly expands the purview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) into domestic regulatory standards. This evolution immediately raises the question of whether other regulatory standards, including competition policy, environmental standards, and worker rights, should be added to the WTO agenda. Indeed, the Doha Declaration opened the door for negotiations on the environment and competition policy but not labor standards. In this paper I review the logic and evidence for this decision based on economic arguments for multilateral management of market externalities, policy coordination problems, and systemic trade issues. The review concludes that, conditional upon the protection of intellectual property rights in the WTO, a strong case may be made for including competition rules. The case is weaker for environmental regulation (if by that is meant a set of WTO rules on permissible standards) and quite weak for core labor standards.
Fault trends on the seaward slope of the Aleutian Trench: Implications for a laterally changing stress field tied to a westward increase in oblique convergence
Authors: Mortera‐Gutiérrez Carlos A. , Scholl David W. , Carlson Richard L.
Published: October 2003

Normal faults along the seaward trench slope (STS) commonly strike parallel to the trench in response to bending of the oceanic plate into the subduction zone. This is not the circumstance for the Aleutian Trench, where the direction of convergence gradually changes westward, from normal to transform motion. GLORIA side‐scan sonar images document that the Aleutian STS is dominated by faults striking oblique to the trench, west of 179°E and east of 172°W. These images also show a pattern of east‐west trending seafloor faults that are aligned parallel to the spreading fabric defined by magnetic anomalies. The stress‐strain field along the STS is divided into two domains west and east, respectively, of 179°E. Over the western domain, STS faults and nodal planes of earthquakes are oriented oblique (9°–46°) to the trench axis and (69°–90°) to the magnetic fabric. West of 179°E, STS fault strikes change by 36° from the E‐W trend of STS where the trench‐parallel slip gets larger than its orthogonal component of convergence. This rotation indicates that horizontal stresses along the western domain of the STS are deflected by the increasing obliquity in convergence. An analytical model supports the idea that strikes of STS faults result from a superposition of stresses associated with the dextral shear couple of the oblique convergence and stresses caused by plate bending. For the eastern domain, most nodal planes of earthquakes strike parallel to the outer rise, indicating bending as the prevailing mechanism causing normal faulting. East of 172°W, STS faults strike parallel to the magnetic fabric but oblique (10°–26°) to the axis of the trench. On the basis of a Coulomb failure criterion the trench‐oblique strikes probably result from reactivation of crustal faults generated by spreading.
Auroral source region: Plasma properties of the high‐latitude plasma sheet
Authors: Kletzing C. A. , Scudder J. D. , Dors E. E. , Curto C.
Published: October 2003

Statistical results from a survey of 93 passes through the high‐latitude extension of the plasma sheet of electron data from the Hydra instrument on the Polar spacecraft show that the values for electron density can range from 0.01 to 0.5 cm−3 with an average value around 0.1 cm−3 on the poleward side and 0.3 cm−3 on the equatorward side. Electron mean energy is found to have an average value near 900 eV on the equatorward side and 400 eV on the poleward side but varies from 100 eV to 4 keV. These values for density and mean energy are similar to those reported for measurements made in the equatorial plasma sheet by several previous spacecraft. The character of the electron distributions has been compared with Maxwellian and κ‐distributions with the result that the κ‐distribution with κ ≤ 10 yields an acceptable fit to the data twice as often as a Maxwellian distribution. This is similar to results found in the equatorial plasma sheet for both electrons and ions. The variation of electron density and mean energy around their average values have been compared with several solar wind parameters which have been developed to correlate solar wind variation with magnetospheric activity level. Few of these parameters are found to provide significant correlation with high‐latitude plasma sheet electron density or temperature with the notable exception of solar wind density and solar wind particle flux which correlate with plasma sheet density.
Modifications to the Titheridge upper ionosphere and plasmasphere temperature model
Authors: Webb P. A. , Essex E. A.
Published: October 2003

In 1998, J. E. Titheridge presented a computationally simple, yet accurate, model for the electron and ion temperatures (Te and Ti) in the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere. The model is centered on a theoretically based equation with only two free parameters at a base height of 400 km: the electron temperature (To) and electron temperature gradient (Go). Titheridge fitted this equation to satellite Te observations to determine the mean day and night variations in To and Go as functions of latitude and also estimated corrections for changes in solar flux, geomagnetic activity, and diurnal variations. Here we augment the satellite Te data originally fitted by Titheridge with results from a more recent satellite‐based empirical model and use the enlarged Te data base to determine new functions for the day and night latitudinal variations in To and Go. In addition, the solar flux correction has been modified so that increasing F10.7 now corresponds to decreasing To rather than to increasing To. This modification yields better agreement with incoherent radar observations and the predictions of a theoretical model. Furthermore, corrections for seasonal variations and the separation of geographic and geomagnetic coordinates are introduced. All of the above modifications have been incorporated to improve the functional forms of the To and Go expressions, without noticeably decreasing the computational speed and elegance of the original Titheridge model.
Early/fast VLF events produced by electron density changes associated with sprite halos
Authors: Moore Robert C. , Barrington‐Leigh Christopher P. , Inan Umran S. , Bell Timothy F.
Published: October 2003

The magnitudes of scattered fields produced during early/fast very low frequency (VLF) events observed at 13 closely spaced (∼65 km) sites are compared with those expected for sprite halo disturbances using a numerical model of wave propagation within the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide. Three different early/fast events of varying magnitudes are analyzed using three different nighttime ambient lower ionospheric electron density profiles. The electron density disturbances associated with sprite‐halo events are determined using a full‐wave electromagnetic (FWEM) model. Observed scattered field amplitudes of typical (VLF amplitude changes of 0.2 dB < ΔA < 0.8 dB) Early/fast events agree with model calculations within a factor of two when the peak return stroke currents (as recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network, referred to in this work as NLDN) are used to determine the sprite‐halo characteristics. Scattered field amplitudes associated with larger early/fast events (ΔA > 1 dB) are found to be within a factor of seven for peak currents of causative lightning based on NLDN. However, in previous studies, some sprite‐producing lightning flashes have exhibited large slow‐tail components, indicating substantial continuing currents and implying charge removal up to 2–3 times larger than that inferred from the peak current reported by NLDN. For the cases discussed in this paper, scattered field calculations using disturbances caused by 2–3 times larger charge removal are found to be within a factor of two of the measured values. VLF scattering from electron density changes associated with sprite halos thus appear to be the underlying cause of at least some of the VLF perturbations observed as early/fast events.
Dynamics of active magmatic and hydrothermal systems at Taal Volcano, Philippines, from continuous GPS measurements
Authors: Bartel Beth A. , Hamburger Michael W. , Meertens Chuck M. , Lowry Anthony R. , Corpuz Ernesto
Published: October 2003

A dense network of continuous single‐ and dual‐frequency GPS receivers at Taal Volcano, Philippines, reveals four major stages of volcanogenic deformation: deflation, from installation in June 1998 to December 1998; inflation, from January to March 1999; deflation, from April 1999 to February 2000; and inflation, from February to November 2000. The largest displacements occurred during the February–November 2000 period of inflation, which was characterized by ∼120 mm of uplift of the center of Volcano Island relative to the northern caldera rim at average rates up to 216 mm/yr. Deformation sources were modeled using a constrained least squares inversion algorithm. The source of 1999 deflation and inflation in 2000 were modeled as contractional and dilatational Mogi point sources centered at 4.2 and 5.2 km depth, respectively, beneath Volcano Island. The locations of the inflationary and deflationary sources are indistinguishable within the 95% confidence estimates. Modeling using a running 4‐month time window from June 1999 to March 2001 reveals little evidence for source migration. We suggest that the two periods of inflation observed at Taal result from episodic intrusions of magma into a shallow reservoir centered beneath Volcano Island. Subsequent deflation may result from exsolution of magmatic fluids and/or gases into an overlying, unconfined hydrothermal system.
Shear heating of a fluid‐saturated slip‐weakening dilatant fault zone: 2. Quasi‐drained regime
Authors: Garagash Dmitry I. , Rudnicki John W.
Published: October 2003

This paper analyzes slip on a fluid‐infiltrated dilatant fault for imposed (tectonic) strain rates much slower than the rate of fluid exchange between the gouge zone and the surroundings and for exchange of heat slower than of fluid, typical of interseismic or most laboratory loading conditions. The limiting solution, corresponding to the infinitely rapid drainage rate, developed in the companion paper by Garagash and Rudnicki [2003], yielded unbounded slip acceleration for sufficiently large slip weakening of the fault. Analysis for rapid but finite drainage rates (quasi‐drained condition) reveals two types of possible instability. The first is inertial instability (a seismic event) characterized by an unbounded slip rate and attributed to the destabilizing effects of shear heating and fault slip weakening. The second corresponds to loss of uniqueness and arises from the small pressure increase caused by shear heating for rapid but finite rates of drainage. This instability emerges for even small amounts of thermomechanical coupling and a large range of dilatancy and slip weakening. Its resolution probably requires a more elaborate frictional description (e.g., rate and state), but within the slip‐weakening framework here, leads to either slip arrest or inertial instability. The response is always unstable (in one of these two ways) for sufficiently large thermal coupling or initial stress regardless of the amount of slip weakening and dilatancy. The counterintuitive stabilizing effect of increased slip weakening or decreased dilatancy, similar to the effect in the companion paper, also occurs for nearly drained slip.
Seismic gaps and earthquakes
Authors: Rong Yufang , Jackson David D. , Kagan Yan Y.
Published: October 2003

McCann et al. [1979] published a widely cited “seismic gap” model ascribing earthquake potential categories to 125 zones surrounding the Pacific Rim. Nishenko [1991] published an updated and revised version including probability estimates of characteristic earthquakes with specified magnitudes within each zone. These forecasts are now more than 20 and 10 years old, respectively, and sufficient data now exist to test them rather conclusively. For the McCann et al. forecast, we count the number of qualifying earthquakes in the several categories of zones. We assume a hypothetical probability consistent with the gap model (e.g., red zones have twice the probability of green zones) and test against the null hypothesis that all zones have equal probability. The gap hypothesis can be rejected at a high confidence level. Contrary to the forecast of McCann et al., the data suggest that the real seismic potential is lower in the gaps than in other segments, and plate boundary zones are not made safer by recent earthquakes. For the 1991 Nishenko hypothesis, we test the number of filled zones, the likelihood scores of the observed and simulated catalogs, and the likelihood ratio of the gap hypothesis to a Poissonian null hypothesis. For earthquakes equal to or larger than the characteristic magnitude, the new seismic gap hypothesis failed at the 95% confidence level in both the number and ratio tests. If we lower the magnitude threshold by 0.5 for qualifying earthquakes, the new gap hypothesis passes the number test but fails in both the likelihood and likelihood ratio tests at the 95% confidence level.
A three‐dimensional model of the mean and seasonal circulation of the Gulf of California
Authors: Marinone S. G.
Published: October 2003

The mean and seasonal circulation of the Gulf of California is simulated with a three‐dimensional numerical model, forced by the Pacific Ocean through specifying the sea level, the temperature, and the salinity fields at its entrance. At the sea surface, the wind and the heat and freshwater fluxes are specified. The model reproduces the observed mean and seasonal variability of sea level, of heat and salt balances, and the sea surface temperature (SST) climatology. It also reproduces the general surface circulation of the northern gulf, which consists of a seasonally reversing basin‐wide gyre. It is found that tides and heat fluxes are both indispensable to reproduce the spatial structure and temporal evolution of the SST. Tides provide the mixing to upwell the cooler subsurface waters in the large islands area, and the heating from the surface raises the SST. The general circulation of the southern part of the gulf is due to the wind and the Pacific forcing. In the Ekman layer, two periods of anticyclonic circulation and one cyclonic per year occur; below this layer, two cyclonic periods develop. In the northern part, the tides play an important role in producing mean residual currents, and both, tides and winds, compete against the Pacific forcing to produce a cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation once a year. Contrary to conclusions of previous studies, the thermohaline circulation is found to be unimportant in the gulf.