bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between the Biogenetic Temperament and Character and Psychopathology in Adolescents
Authors: Kim Seog Ju , Lee Soo Jin , Yune Sook Kyeong , Sung Young Hoon , Bae Soojeong C. , Chung Ain , Kim Jihyun , Lyoo In Kyoon
Published: February 2006

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between patterns of temperament and character and self-reported psychopathology in adolescents from the community. Sampling and Methods: The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) and Youth Self-Report (YSR) instruments were administered to 623 Korean middle school students (boys/girls = 331/292; age = 13.3 ± 0.9 years old). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between temperament and character based on Cloninger’s biogenetic theory of personality and youth psychopathology of internalizing and externalizing problems. Results: Internalizing problems of the YSR (withdrawn, somatic complaint and anxious/depressed scales) were significantly related to high Harm Avoidance and low Reward Dependence (JTCI temperament) and low Self-Directedness and high Self-Transcendence (JTCI character). Externalizing problems of the YSR (delinquency and aggression) were significantly associated with high Novelty Seeking and high Harm Avoidance (JTCI temperament) and low Self-Directedness, low Cooperativeness and high Self-Transcendence (JTCI character).Conclusions: Findings of the current study suggest that specific patterns of temperament and character potentially influence adolescents’ psychopathology in the community.
‘Mind Control’ Experiences on the Internet: Implications for the Psychiatric Diagnosis of Delusions
Authors: Bell Vaughan , Maiden Cara , Muñoz-Solomando Antonio , Reddy Venu
Published: February 2006

Background: The DSM criteria for a delusion indicate that it should not include any beliefs held by a person’s ‘culture or subculture’. The internet has many examples of people reporting ‘mind control experiences’ (MCEs) on self-published web pages, many of which suggest a community based around such beliefs and experiences. It was hypothesized that some of these reports are likely to reflect delusional beliefs and the hyperlinks between web reports were likely to show evidence of social structure, demonstrating the ‘culture or subculture’ exemption to be increasingly redundant in light of new technology. Sampling and Methods: Texts from web sites reporting MCEs (n = 10), experience of cancer (n = 10), depression (n = 10) and being stalked (n = 10) were identified, and were blind-rated by three independent psychiatrists for the presence of delusions. Hyperlinks from web sites reporting MCEs were used to create a network structure; this was compared with a size-matched, randomly generated network and known social networks from the literature using social network analysis. Conclusions: The sampled web-published accounts of MCEs are highly likely to be influenced by delusional beliefs. Social network analysis suggests there is significant evidence of an online community based around these beliefs. The fact that individuals can form a community based on the content of a potentially delusional belief presents a paradox for the DSM diagnostic criteria for a delusion, and suggests the need to revise and revisit the original operational definition in the light of these new technological developments.
Analysis of Delusional Statements from 15 Japanese Cases of ‘Folie à Deux’
Authors: Shimizu Mitsue , Kubota Yasutaka , Calabrese Joseph R. , Toichi Motomi , Kato Satoshi , Baba Hisamitsu
Published: February 2006

Background: Although many studies have reported folie à deux (FAD) cases, there has not yet been a study systematically examining patients’ delusional statements. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in patients’ delusional statements across the clinical course from the perspective of discourse analysis. Sampling and Methods: First, we presented a case of FAD in a married Japanese couple. Second, we examined 14 other cases of FAD from Japanese literature and analyzed changes in subjective pronoun (SP) use in each patient’s delusional statements. Results: Observed delusions of FAD were classified into the following two categories, based on the SP: (1) We-type: ‘We are persecuted’, and (2) Non We-type: mostly ‘I am persecuted’. Interestingly, We-type was generally observed in paranoid schizophrenia, paranoid disorder, and shared psychotic disorder. In contrast, Non We-type was predominantly observed in nonparanoid schizophrenia. Conclusions: The present classification might reflect two different mechanisms of delusional association in FAD. Possible mechanisms of delusional transmission in schizophrenia were discussed. The present study has a clear limitation in the small number of cases from only Japanese literature. Furthermore, the relatively high occurrence of FAD between married couples in the Japanese literature may have introduced some bias into the present results. Further studies on FAD are needed, however, the present method of examining the SP seems to be useful in order to investigate the psychological mechanism of delusion formation between plural subjects.
Diterpenoid Alkaloid Derivatives as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents in American Trypanosomiasis
Authors: González Patricia , Marín Clotilde , Rodríguez-González Isabel , Illana Antonio , Mateo Hector , Longoni Silvia Stefánia , Rosales María Jose , González-Coloma Azucena , Reina Matías , Sánchez-Moreno Manuel , Díaz Jésus G.
Published: February 2006

The use of natural products for the treatment of protozoal infections (Leishmania and Trypanosoma spp.) is well known and has been documented since ancient times. We have already established an in vitro culture system using mammalian host cells (Vero) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in which the time course of parasite growth is determined quantitatively. This system was used to screen anti-T. cruzi agents using two experimental models: simultaneous cell infection and compound addition or preincubation of the parasite with the test compound prior to cell infection. Among 64 diterpenoid alkaloids tested, including C19 and C20 skeletons, five C20 compounds were active on T. cruzi epimastigotes: azitine, isoazitine and 15,22-O-diacetyl-19-oxodihydroatisine had moderate effects on the parasite, while atisinium chloride and 13-oxocardiopetamine were potent T. cruzi epimastigote growth inhibitors with activity levels similar to that of benznidazole, used as the reference drug. Additionally, these compounds decreased the ability of metacyclic forms to invade mammalian cells, their intracellular replications and their transformation into trypomastigotes, with no toxicity to the host cell. These results suggest that these alkaloids are structural leads of clinically active compounds against T. cruzi and probably other members of the Trypanosomatidae.
A Spanish Founder Mutation in the Chloride Channel Gene, CLCNKB, as a Cause of Atypical Bartter Syndrome in Adult Age
Authors: Gorgojo Juan José , Donnay Sergio , Jeck Nikola , Konrad Martin
Published: February 2006

Background: Mutations in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, usually cause classic Bartter syndrome (cBS) or a mixed Bartter-Gitelman phenotype in the first years of life. Methods: We report an adult woman with atypical BS caused by a homozygous missense mutation, A204T, in the CLCNKB gene, which has previously been described as the apparently unique cause of cBS in Spain. Results: The evaluation of this patient revealed an overlap of phenotypic features ranging from severe biochemical and systemic disturbances typical of cBS to scarce symptoms and diagnosis in the adult age typical of Gitelman syndrome. The tubular disease caused a dramatic effect on mental, growth and puberal development leading to low IQ, final short stature and abnormal ovarian function. Furthermore, low serum PTH concentrations with concomitant nephrocalcinosis and normocalcaemia were observed. Both ovarian function and serum PTH levels were normalized after treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Conclusions: The present report confirms a weak genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with CLCNKB mutations and supports the founder effect of the A204T mutation in Spain. In our country, the genetic diagnosis of adult patients with hereditary hypokalaemic tubulopathies should include a screening of A204T mutation in the CLCNKB gene.
High Recurrence Rate of Uterine Fibroids on Transvaginal Ultrasound after Abdominal Myomectomy in Japanese Women
Authors: Nishiyama Sachie , Saito Mayuko , Sato Kodo , Kurishita Masahiro , Itasaka Toshimichi , Shioda Kyoko
Published: February 2006

Aim: To evaluate the recurrence rate of uterine fibroids (UF) after abdominal myomectomy and the risk factors for recurrences. Methods: In aretrospective study, transvaginal ultrasound examinations were performed in 135 women after abdominal myomectomy. The main outcome measures were cumulative UF recurrence rates after abdominal myomectomy. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the cumulative recurrence rate, and log-rank tests were applied to compare survival curves among different categorical groups of potential risk factors for recurrences. Results: The cumulative UF recurrence rates at 12 and 24 months after abdominal myomectomy were 12.4 and 46.0%, respectively. Women who had a history of previous myomectomy had a higher hazard of UF recurrence than women without such a history (hazard ratio 4.1, 95% confidence interval 1.20–13.6). The women having four or more UFs had a higher hazard than those who had less than four UFs (hazard ratio 3.7, confidence interval 1.41–9.88). After adjusting these variables to each other, the hazard ratio remained similar. Conclusions: The UF recurrence rate detected by transvaginal ultrasound after abdominal myomectomy was high, but did not require any additional surgery. Physicians need to consider the timing of the myomectomy, taking into account complications of pregnancy and infertility due to UF recurrence.
Food Intake and Serum Selenium Concentration in Elderly People
Authors: González Sonia , Huerta José M. , Fernández Serafina , Patterson Ðngeles M. , Lasheras Cristina
Published: February 2006

Background/Aims: It is becoming apparent that the essential trace element selenium plays a critical role in the maintenance of optimal health status. The objective of this study was to identify the food groups that most contributed to selenium intake and its serum levels in elderly people. Methods: Dietary intake was assessed in 205 institutionalized elderly by means of a 1-year food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Intake of macronutrients and minerals of the diet were estimated. Selenium was determined in serum and analyzed by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Selenium intake and serum concentration were both within the normal range. The major contributors to selenium intake were cereals and bakery, fish and shellfish, meat and meat products and dairy products. All of them except cereals were also associated to serum selenium. Intake of animal protein, but not the vegetable one, contributed to serum selenium. Conclusion: An adequate intake of fish and meat would be of importance to improve selenium status and health principally in elderly people who are at high risk of mineral deficiency.
Allium Vegetable Diet Can Reduce the Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress but Does Not Alter Plasma Cholesterol Profile in Rats
Authors: Choi Eun-Young , Cho Youn-Ok
Published: February 2006

Aims and Methods: This study investigated the effect of Allium vegetable intake on the antioxidative activity and on the plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS), Allium cepa (AC), Allium fistulosum (AF), or Allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into three groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 h after having been exercised like the DE group. The antioxidative activity of the Allium vegetables was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. Results: In AS, AC, AF and AT animals, the ratios of GSH/GSSG were significantly higher than those of the control animals in BE and AE. The level of liver MDA was lower than that of control animals in AE. Compared to control animals, catalase activity of AS animals was higher in BE but was lower in AE while SOD activity of AS animals was lower in both BE and AE. Catalase activity of AC animals was higher in BE and DE while SOD activity of AC animals was higher in DE. There were no differences between AF and control in catalase activities regardless of exercise. There were no differences between control animals and AT animals in SOD activities regardless of exercise. Plasma cholesterol profiles were not significantly different in rats fed different Allium vegetable diets. Conclusion: It is suggested that Allium vegetable diets have antioxidative activities and can reduce the oxidative stress that results from exercise in rats but do not alter the plasma cholesterol profile.
Octreotide Exerts Only Acute, but No Sustained, Effects on MRI Enhancement of Liver Metastases in Carcinoid Syndrome
Authors: Zomerhuis Menno T. , Hussain Shahid M. , Feelders Richard A. , van der Lely Aart-Jan , de Herder Wouter W.
Published: February 2006

We have investigated the acute and sustained hemodynamic effects of octreotide on hepatic metastases of midgut carcinoids using contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Seven patients with the carcinoid syndrome and metastasized midgut carcinoid tumors underwent functional dynamic multi-phase gadolinium-enhanced MRI of selected liver metastases at baseline and 60 min after the subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 100 µg octreotide, and also after 3 months with three times daily (t.i.d.) 100 µg octreotide s.c. Baseline MRIs showed the typical aspect of carcinoid liver metastases with a very bright signal on the T2-weighted sequences and intense enhancement in the arterial phase after injection of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate. MRIs 60 min after the s.c. administration of 100 µg octreotide showed a 34.9 ± 6.2% (mean ± SD) reduction in relative enhancement in the selected liver metastases as compared to baseline. In 2 patients, however, there was no (significant) reduction in the relative enhancement in the selected liver metastases 60 min after the s.c. administration of 100 µg octreotide as compared to baseline. Only in 2 patients did the MRIs at 3 months show a decrease in relative enhancement in one of the selected liver metastases. At 3 months, with 100 µg octreotide s.c. t.i.d., there was no correlation between the change in relative enhancement on MRI and the change in 24-hour 5-HIAA excretion. There is thus only an acute effect of octreotide on the perfusion of liver metastases. This study further shows that contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI can be a very useful tool for studying hemodynamic effects of medical therapies on liver metastases in patients with metastatic midgut carcinoids.
Plasma Homocysteine and Vascular Disease in Psychogeriatric Patients
Authors: Nilsson Karin , Gustafson Lars , Hultberg Björn
Published: February 2006

Background: There is a high frequency (40–50%) of elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in elderly patients with mental disorders, and patients with a history of vascular disease exhibit significantly higher plasma tHcy concentration than patients without vascular disease. Method: The main objective of the present study was to further investigate the association between plasma tHcy concentration and vascular disease in psychogeriatric patients. We have therefore investigated 304 psychogeriatric patients and determined plasma tHcy and its most important determinants (folate and cobalamin status and renal function), and the natriuretic peptide N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The patients were classified into several groups of vascular disease according to the findings of brain imaging and presence of a history/symptoms indicating manifest occlusive arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Results: Plasma tHcy concentration is associated with the presence of vascular disease in psychogeriatric patients. The presence of vascular disease is also associated with higher age, higher serum NT-proBNP, renal impairment and lower serum folate concentration than in patients without vascular disease. The significant association between plasma tHcy concentration and vascular disease remained after correction for age and for cystatin C differences between the groups of patients without and with vascular disease. In the present population with only 16% of the patients showing elevated plasma tHcy, renal function was a more important determinant for plasma tHcy concentration than folate status. Conclusion: Plasma tHcy concentration is associated with vascular disease. In the present population of psychogeriatric patients renal function is associated with vascular disease and elevated plasma tHcy concentration. Thus, the association between plasma tHcy concentration and vascular disease might partially be explained by impairment of renal function.
Proteomic Identification of Lower Apolipoprotein A-I in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Liu Hsing-Cheng , Hu Chaur-Jong , Chang Jan-Gowth , Sung Shing-Ming , Lee Long-Shyong , Yuan Rey-Yue , Leu Sy-Jye
Published: February 2006

Many researches have been trying to find the potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We hereby used the proteomics method to search for protein expression differences in the serum between AD patients and controls. We enrolled 59 AD patients and 74 age- and sex-matched controls in this study. Ten AD patients and 10 controls were selected for proteomic analysis. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) was found to have a lower expression in the AD group by a proteomics two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study. We further measured the serum ApoA-I level which was significantly lower in the AD patients (112.29 ± 21.33 mg/dl) in comparison to the controls (144.53 ± 19.91 mg/dl; p < 0.0002). Lower serum ApoA-I levels might be a potential biomarker for AD.
Small Artery Dementia in Japan: Radiological Differences between CADASIL, Leukoaraiosis and Binswanger’s Disease
Authors: Tomimoto Hidekazu , Ohtani Ryo , Wakita Hideaki , Lin Jin-Xi , Ihara Masafumi , Miki Yukio , Oshima Fumiko , Murata Takaho , Ishibashi Kenichi , Suenaga Toshihiko , Mizuno Toshiki
Published: February 2006

CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a hereditary small artery disease which is phenotypically similar to Binswanger’s disease (BD), a nonhereditary form of small artery disease. Recent studies have indicated that lesions in the temporopolar, medial frontopolar areas and external capsule are frequently seen in Caucasian patients with CADASIL. However, it remains unclear whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings are helpful in diagnosing small artery disease outside countries with Caucasian populations, since CADASIL is rare despite the high prevalence of small artery disease in Japan. We examined 58 patients with small artery disease, all of whom were devoid of major vessel occlusion or severe stenosis. These patients included 7 patients from 3 families with CADASIL, 27 nondemented patients with extensive leukoaraiosis (LA) and 24 patients with BD. On T2-weighted MR images, hyperintensities in the temporopolar areas were observed in all 7 patients with CADASIL, whereas these lesions were observed in only 1 subject from each of the nondemented LA and BD groups. Hyperintensities in the medial frontopolar areas were seen in 4 of the 7 patients with CADASIL (57%) and in 14 of the 24 patients with BD (58%), and were more frequent than in the nondemented LA group (4 of the 27 patients; 15%). In contrast, hyperintensities in the external capsule were frequently observed in all groups. Therefore, temporopolar lesions can also serve as diagnostic markers for CADASIL in non-Caucasian patients.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene G-308A Polymorphism Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Bantis Christos , Heering Peter J. , Aker Sendogan , Siekierka Magdalena , Kuhr Nicola , Grabensee Bernd , Ivens Katrin
Published: February 2006

Background: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine. Recently, the G-308A polymorphism of the TNF-α gene has been associated with modified gene expression and increased TNF-α production in the -308A allele. We evaluated its influence on the incidence and clinical course of membranous glomerulonephritis. Methods: We studied 53 patients with biopsy-proven primary membranous glomerulonephritis followed up for 5.7 ± 4.9 years. 100 volunteers were analyzed as controls. According to the slope of the curve of reciprocal serum creatinine against time, group A (slow progressors, n = 35) and group B (fast progressors, n = 18) were defined. TNF-α G-308A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Results: The frequency of the A-allele (associated with higher TNF-α levels) was significantly higher in patients than control subjects (patients: G-allele: 0.66, A-allele: 0.34; controls: G-allele 0.85, A-allele 0.15, p < 0.001). Similarly, the genotype distribution differed significantly between our study and control populations (patients: GG-genotype: 41.5%, GA: 49.1%, AA 9.4%; controls: GG: 71%, GA: 27%, AA 2%, p = 0.001). Age, renal function, proteinuria and blood pressure were similar at the time of renal biopsy between patients with different genotypes (NS). There was also a tendency towards an overpresentation of the A-allele in group B indicating a possible impact on the progression of membranous nephropathy, but a significance was not reached. Furthermore, no impact on renal survival in the Kaplan- Meier analysis was detected (NS). Conclusion: Our results suggest that TNF-α gene G-308A polymorphism is a risk factor for the development of membranous glomerulonephritis.
Burden of Pancreatic Cancer and Disease Progression: Economic Analysis in the US
Authors: Chang Stella , Long Stacey R. , Kutikova Lucie , Bowman Lee , Crown William H. , Lyman Gary H.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: The few studies that have estimated the costs of pancreatic cancer were limited by small sample sizes, geography or patient age range. Using a large nationwide claims database, this study examines the cost of pancreatic cancer beginning with initial diagnosis and the additional costs when disease progresses. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a claims database of 3 million individuals covered by large US employers. The study population consisted of patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 1999–2000 and a demographically matched control group. Utilization and costs were summarized as monthly means. Changes in cancer severity and treatment over time were used to approximate disease progression and its associated costs. Results: The study included 412 pancreatic cancer patients and 1,236 controls. The mean follow-up time was 7.5 months. Regression-adjusted monthly costs attributable to pancreatic cancer were USD 7,279; over 60% resulted from hospitalizations. Patients with disease progression (over 50%) incurred an additional USD 15,143 per month compared to patients without disease progression. Conclusion: Compared to patients without cancer, the costs of pancreatic cancer patients were substantial, especially when patients experienced disease progression. New therapies that prevent or delay disease progression could potentially offset the costs to patients, providers and society.
Effect of Inhaled Steroids on Increased Collagen Synthesis in Asthma
Authors: Kai Sachiko , Nomura Akihiro , Morishima Yuko , Ishii Yukio , Sakamoto Tohru , Kiwamoto Takumi , Iizuka Takashi , Sekizawa Kiyohisa
Published: February 2006

Background: We previously reported that sputum levels of procollagen type I C-terminal peptide (PICP), a marker of ongoing collagen type I deposition, are increased in proportion to airway inflammation in asthma patients. Objectives: In this study, we examined the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on increased collagen synthesis in step 2–4 asthmatics. Methods: We compared the sputum PICP concentrations of 25 steroid-naive asthmatics, 25 normal volunteers, and 10 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Asthma subjects were also instructed to start fluticasone propionate treatment, and the percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s, sputum eosinophil counts, sputum PICP concentrations, and sputum transforming growth factor-β-positive cell counts before treatment were compared with those 1 month after treatment. Results: Sputum PICP concentrations were detected in the following order: asthma group ≧ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group > control group. Asthma patients showing high sputum PICP belonged to step 4, although there was no correlation between sputum PICP and asthma severity. Treatment with fluticasone propionate not only significantly improved the mean percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (from 66.7 to 87.2%), but also decreased the mean sputum eosinophil counts (from 13.4 to 5.8%), the mean sputum PICP concentrations (from 30.8 to 10.2 ng/ml), and the mean sputum tumor growth factor-β-positive cells (from 11.3 to 2.8%). Nevertheless, a significant difference in sputum PICP concentrations was still observed between the control group and the steroid-treated asthma group. Conclusions: The present results suggest that inhaled corticosteroid treatment might reduce sputum indexes of collagen metabolism and eosinophilic inflammation in asthma patients.
Relationship between Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel 1 and MUC5AC in Goblet Cell Hyperplasia Induced by Interleukin-13 in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yasuo Masanori , Fujimoto Keisaku , Tanabe Tsuyoshi , Yaegashi Hironobu , Tsushima Kenji , Takasuna Keiichirou , Koike Takeshi , Yamaya Mutsuo , Nikaido Toshio
Published: February 2006

Background:Interleukin (IL)-13 has recently been reported as the major T-helper 2 cytokine involved in mucus overproduction and oversecretion in allergic airways. However, the relationship between human calcium-activated chloride channel-1 (hCLCA1) and MUC5AC induced by IL-13 in vitro has not been fully investigated. Objectives: The present study examines whether IL-13 induces the expression of hCLCA1 in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. We also investigated the relationship between hCLCA1 and MUC5AC expression and the development of goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH). Methods: NHBE cells were isolated from human bronchi, and cultured with an air-liquid interface. hCLCA1 and MUC5AC gene and protein expression, as well as GCH were examined in the cells after exposure to IL-13. Results: Incubation with IL-13 for 14 and 21 days increased the total number of epithelial cells, the number of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained epithelial cells, the number of goblet cells, as well as expression of mRNA and protein of hCLCA1 and MUC5AC. The number of goblet cells with secretory granules also increased after 21 days of incubation with IL-13. Niflumic acid, a chloride channel inhibitor, reduced mRNA expression of hCLCA1 and MUC5AC, and reduced the number of PAS-positive cells after incubation with IL-13. NHBE cells exposed or not to IL-13 expressed IL-13 receptor α1 (IL-13Rα1), and an antibody to IL-13 Rα1 also reduced the number of PAS-positive cells after exposure to IL-13. Conclusions: IL-13 might induce the expression of MUC5AC and hCLCA1 gene and protein in well-differentiated NHBE cells. These cells might also differentiate into goblet cells and become hyperplastic.
Smart Damping Modulation of Carotid Wall Energetics in Human Hypertension
Authors: Armentano Ricardo L. , Barra Juan G. , Santana Daniel Bia , Pessana Franco M. , Graf Sebastian , Craiem Damian , Brandani Laura M. , Baglivo Hugo P. , Sanchez Ramiro A.
Published: February 2006

Damping is the conversion of mechanical energy of a structure into thermal energy, and it is related to the material viscous behavior. To evaluate the role of damping in the common carotid artery (CCA) wall in human hypertension and the possible improvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, we used noninvasive CCA pressure (tonometry) and diameter (B-mode echography) waveforms in normotensive subjects (NT group; n=12) and in hypertensive patients (HT group; n=22) single-blind randomized into HT–placebo (n=10) or HT-treated (ramipril, 5 to 10 mg/d during 3 months; n=12). Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) null tonus condition was achieved from in vitro pressure and diameter waveforms (Konigsberg microtransducer and sonomicrometry) measured in explanted human CCA (n=14). Arterial wall dynamics was described by viscous (η), inertial (
M
), and compliance (
C
) parameters, mean circumferential wall stress, viscous energy dissipation (

W
D

), peak strain energy (

W
St

), damping ratio (ξ=

W
D

/

W
St

), and modeling isobaric indexes

C
Iso

and

W
St(Iso)

. The lack of VSM tonus isobarically increased wall stress and reduced η,

C
Iso

, and damping (
P
<0.01). Wall stress, η, and

W
D

were greater in HT than in NT (
P
<0.015) and arrived near normal in HT-treated (
P
<0.032 respect to HT), with no changes in HT–placebo. Whereas

C
Iso

increased in HT-treated (
P
<0.01) approaching the NT level, ξ did not vary among groups. During hypertension, because of the

W
St

increase, the arterial wall reacts increasing

W
D

to maintain ξ. ACE inhibition modulates VSM activation and vessel wall remodeling, significantly improving wall energetics and wall stress. This protective vascular action reduces extra load to the heart and maintains enhanced arterial wall damping.
Association of a Continuous Quality Improvement Initiative With Practice and Outcome Variations of Contemporary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Moscucci Mauro , Rogers Eva Kline , Montoye Cecelia , Smith Dean E. , Share David , O’Donnell Michael , Maxwell-Eward Ann , Meengs William L. , De Franco Anthony C. , Patel Kirit , McNamara Richard , McGinnity John G. , Jani Sandeep M. , Khanal Sanjaya , Eagle Kim A.
Published: February 2006

Background—

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of a continuous quality improvement program with practice and outcome variations of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and Results—

Data on consecutive PCI were collected in a consortium of 5 hospitals; 3731 PCIs reflected care provided at baseline (January 1, 1998, to December 31, 1998), and 5901 PCIs reflected care provided after implementation of a continuous quality improvement intervention (January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2002). The intervention included feedback on outcomes, working group meetings, site visits, selection of quality indicators, and use of bedside tools for quality improvement and risk assessment. Postintervention data were compared with baseline and with 10 287 PCIs from 7 hospitals added to the consortium in 2002. Quality indicators included use of preprocedural aspirin or clopidogrel, use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers and postprocedural heparin, and amount of contrast media per case. Outcomes selected included emergency CABG, contrast nephropathy, myocardial infarction, stroke, transfusion, and in-hospital death. Compared with baseline and the control group, the intervention group at follow-up had higher use of preprocedural aspirin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockers, lower use of postprocedural heparin, and a lower amount of contrast media per case (
P
<0.05). These changes were associated with lower rates of transfusions, vascular complications, contrast nephropathy, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and combined end points (all
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Our nonrandomized, observational data suggest that implementation of a regional continuous quality improvement program appears to be associated with enhanced adherence to quality indicators and improved outcomes of PCI. A randomized clinical trial is needed to determine whether this is a “causal” or a “casual” relationship.
Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , Leip Eric P. , Larson Martin G. , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Beiser Alexa , Wilson Peter W.F. , Wolf Philip A. , Levy Daniel
Published: February 2006

Background—

Lifetime risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not previously been estimated, and the effect of risk factor burden on lifetime risk is unknown.

Methods and Results—

We included all Framingham Heart Study participants who were free of CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, angina, stroke, claudication) at 50 years of age. Lifetime risks to 95 years of age were estimated for men and women, with death free of CVD as a competing event. We followed up 3564 men and 4362 women for 111 777 person-years; 1757 had CVD events and 1641 died free of CVD. At 50 years of age, lifetime risks were 51.7% (95% CI, 49.3 to 54.2) for men and 39.2% (95% CI, 37.0 to 41.4) for women, with median survivals of 30 and 36 years, respectively. With more adverse levels of single risk factors, lifetime risks increased and median survivals decreased. Compared with participants with ≥2 major risk factors, those with optimal levels had substantially lower lifetime risks (5.2% versus 68.9% in men, 8.2% versus 50.2% in women) and markedly longer median survivals (>39 versus 28 years in men, >39 versus 31 years in women).

Conclusions—

The absence of established risk factors at 50 years of age is associated with very low lifetime risk for CVD and markedly longer survival. These results should promote efforts aimed at preventing development of risk factors in young individuals. Given the high lifetime risks and lower survival in those with intermediate or high risk factor burden at 50 years of age, these data may be useful in communicating risks and supporting intensive preventive therapy.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Activation With Pioglitazone Improves Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Nondiabetic Patients With Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Campia Umberto , Matuskey Linda A. , Panza Julio A.
Published: February 2006

Background—

Patients with cardiovascular risk factors have endothelial dysfunction, a key element in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The thiazolidinediones have been shown to exert multiple antiatherosclerotic actions in diabetic patients. This study tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone improves endothelial function in nondiabetic patients with major risk factors.

Methods and Results—

The study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Eighty patients with either hypertension or hypercholesterolemia were enrolled. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), and patients were further classified as insulin sensitive or insulin resistant. In each treatment phase, patients received either pioglitazone 45 mg daily or placebo for 8 weeks. Endothelial function and laboratory tests were performed at the end of each 8-week period. Treatment with pioglitazone significantly lowered plasma insulin (−22.9%;
P
<0.001), improved QUICKI insulin sensitivity index (3.7%;
P
<0.001), increased HDL cholesterol (8.2%;
P
<0.001), and reduced triglycerides (−15.1%;
P
=0.003), free fatty acids (−14%;
P
=0.005), and C-reactive protein (−28.6%;
P
=0.001). Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved endothelium-dependent dilation to bradykinin (
P
=0.01) without affecting the response to sodium nitroprusside (
P
=0.31). In multivariable analysis, only changes in total cholesterol were predictors of improved endothelial reactivity with pioglitazone.

Conclusions—

In nondiabetic patients with cardiovascular risk factors, pioglitazone treatment enhances insulin sensitivity, decreases C-reactive protein, and improves endothelial vasodilator function. These effects do not appear to be closely related, suggesting that pioglitazone may have beneficial vascular properties independent of its effect on insulin sensitivity and inflammation.
Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer Regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Cardiovascular Cells
Authors: Schmidt Roland , Bültmann Andreas , Ungerer Martin , Joghetaei Nader , Bülbül Özgür , Thieme Sven , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Toole Bryan P. , Gawaz Meinrad , Schömig Albert , May Andreas E.
Published: February 2006

Background—

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to promote progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications such as plaque rupture. It has been suggested that, on tumor cells, the extracellular MMP inducer (EMMPRIN) is involved in MMP synthesis by as yet unknown mechanisms. On cardiovascular cells, regulation of EMMPRIN in vivo or any functional relevance for MMP induction in vitro has not yet been studied. Thus, we studied EMMPRIN expression on monocytes in acute myocardial infarction (MI) and its potential relevance for MMP activation.

Methods and Results—

In 20 patients with acute MI, surface expression of EMMPRIN was significantly enhanced on monocytes compared with in 20 patients with chronic stable angina. EMMPRIN upregulation was associated with increased expression of the membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) on monocytes (flow cytometry) as well as MMP-9 activity (gelatin zymography) in the plasma. At 6 months after successful revascularization, EMMPRIN, MT1-MMP, and MMP-9 had normalized. The secretion of MMP-9 by monocytes was induced by monocyte adhesion to immobilized recombinant EMMPRIN or to EMMPRIN-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Moreover, adherent EMMPRIN-transfected monocytic cells stimulated MMP-2 activity of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Gene silencing of EMMPRIN by small-interfering RNA hindered lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte secretion of MMP-9, indicating a predominant role of EMMPRIN in MMP-9 induction.

Conclusions—

EMMPRIN and MT1-MMP are upregulated on monocytes in acute MI. During cellular interactions, EMMPRIN stimulates MMP-9 in monocytes and MMP-2 in smooth muscle cells, indicating that EMMPRIN may display a key regulatory role for MMP activity in cardiovascular pathologies.
Familial Aggregation of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis in the Western Part of France
Authors: Probst Vincent , Le Scouarnec Solena , Legendre Antoine , Jousseaume Valérie , Jaafar Philippe , Nguyen Jean-Michel , Chaventré André , Le Marec Hervé , Schott Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2006

Background—

Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is the most common valvular defect in developed countries. Unlike mitral valve prolapse, there is no demonstration that a familial factor could play a role in the occurrence of this disease. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a familial aggregation for CAVS.

Methods and Results—

We used the files of 2527 consecutive patients operated on for CAVS in our institution between 1992 and 2002 to map the distribution of operated CAVS in the western part of France. In a second step, we investigated clinically and genealogically the clusters with the highest rates of operated CAVS to detect familial forms of the disease. The geographic distribution of CAVS is highly heterogeneous, with an average frequency of operated CAVS of 1.13 per 1000 inhabitants but up to 9.38 per 1000 in specific parishes. A screening of the population from the parishes with the highest rate of operated CAVS allowed us to identify 5 families with ≥3 sibs affected by CAVS. A large genealogical analysis performed in one of these families allowed us to link 48 patients who derived from 34 nuclear families. Genealogical information could be traced to a common ancestor within 13 generations.

Conclusions—

Identification of clusters and large families affected by a classic form of CAVS demonstrates a familial aggregation for this disease.
Observed Relationships between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation
Authors: L’Heureux Michelle L. , Thompson David W. J.
Published: February 2006

There is increasing evidence indicating that the climate response to variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) includes not only thermally forced zonal wind anomalies in the subtropics but also eddy-driven zonal wind anomalies that extend into the mid–high latitudes of both hemispheres. In this study, new insights into the observed seasonally varying signature of ENSO in the extratropical zonal-mean circulation are provided and the associated linkages with the dominant patterns of extratropical variability are examined.

The zonal-mean extratropical atmospheric response to ENSO is characterized by two principal features: an equivalent barotropic dipole in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) zonal-mean zonal flow with centers of action located near ∼40° and ∼60° during austral summer, and a weaker, but analogous, dipole in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) with centers of action located near ∼25° and ∼45° during early and late boreal winter. Both structures are accompanied by eddy momentum flux anomalies that exhibit a remarkable degree of hemispheric symmetry. In the SH, the extratropical signature of ENSO projects strongly onto the primary mode of large-scale variability, the southern annular mode (SAM). During the austral summer, roughly 25% of the temporal variability in the SAM is linearly related to fluctuations in the ENSO cycle. An analogous relationship is not observed in association with the principal mode of climate variability in the NH, the northern annular mode (NAM).

It is argued that the seasonally varying impact of ENSO on the extratropical circulation is consistent with the impact of the thermally forced subtropical wind anomalies on the dissipation of equatorward-propagating wave activity at subtropical latitudes.
Extension of Drought Records for Central Asia Using Tree Rings: West-Central Mongolia*
Authors: Davi N. K. , Jacoby G. C. , Curtis A. E. , Baatarbileg N.
Published: February 2006

Central Asian drought has had drastic impacts on vast regions over recent years. Longer records and insight into temporal drought patterns could aid greatly in anticipating extreme events and agrarian planning. Mongolia is representative of the central Asian region, and tree-ring resources are used herein to extend the climate record and test for solar influence and/or Pacific Ocean teleconnections. Absolutely dated tree-ring-width chronologies from five sampling sites in west-central Mongolia were used in precipitation models and an individual model was made using the longest of the five tree-ring records (1340–2002). The tree-ring sites are in or near the Selenge River basin, the largest river in Mongolia and a major input into Lake Baikal in Siberia. Regression models resulted in a reconstruction of streamflow that extends from 1637 to 1997 and explains 49% of the flow variation. Spectral analysis indicated significant variation in the frequencies common to Pacific Ocean variations [Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and ENSO] and also some quasi-solar and lunar-nodal periodicities similar to previous Mongolian hydrometeorological reconstructions in eastern Mongolia based on tree rings.
Proving the value of information services using metrics
Authors: Ryan Frank
Published: February 2006

Describes a methodology for revealing the productivity benefits provided by corporate information services in financial terms. Emphasizes the importance of measuring usage, and explains how a personal Relational Database Management System, such as Microsoft Access, can help to achieve this. Demonstrates how usage measurement can be applied to enquiry services, end-user access to commercial online information services, and current awareness services. Stresses the importance of convincing budget holders of the value of information services in terms of time saved. Explains that time tariffs need to be assigned to each service being measured, and shows the flexibility of a database system in providing hard data as a result of this exercise. Finally shows how time saved needs to be translated into cost saving. Also explains how data collected for use, cost and value reports can additionally be used to provide individual usage feedback, to assess the value of mature information services, to inform team leaders of their team members' information use, and to spot anomalies in usage.
Competitive intelligence
Authors: Murphy Christopher
Published: February 2006

Explains the importance of corporate documents in competitive intelligence and outlines the data that can be extracted from the different types. Demonstrates their use in understanding the industry in which the company operates, differentiating between voluntary disclosure and documents demanded by law. Explains the use of the Certificate of Incorporation, Memorandum & Articles of Association and the Annual Return. Details the intelligence that can be gleaned from a company’s annual report, including the use of the directors’ report, balance sheet, profit & loss account, cash flow statement, notes to the financial statements and auditor’s report. Outlines the disclosure requirements for companies quoted on stock exchanges, and also reviews ad hoc company filings such as company renamings, registered office address change, appointments and resignations of directors, changes in directors’ personal details, and any pledge of a company’s assets as security for a loan or credit. Shows how such data gathering can be systematically planned and future orientated, even in smaller organizations. Points out that effective use of such disparate pieces of data for CI purposes requires both welldeveloped research skills and an awareness of the business implications of the data found.
Business writing for strategic communications
Authors: Scammell Alison
Published: February 2006

Provides an outline of the role of business writing in the communications strategy of an organization, department or information service. Makes clear that writing is a fundamental business skill and that the quality of an organization's communications activity can affect its survival. Offers an overview of some of the tools, methods, formats and media available for use in a communications campaign. Explains the connections between marketing and communications and reviews the various available communication tools. Outlines the general principles of business writing and then discusses the requirements of different media and formats. These include: websites, intranets and extranets; blogs; press or news releases; letters to the editor; newsletters; marketing literature; and reports. Concludes that, although business writing may seem to be bound by rules and standards, it is a very creative activity once the writer has developed a public relations or communications mindset.