bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare's Language
Authors: Stagg Robert , Plescia Iolanda
Published: May 2024

The mere association of the words “Shakespeare” and “language” suggests a wide range of potential critical approaches. It is sometimes tempting to argue that Shakespeare’s language is best accessed by one method, subject, or disciplinary field. Yet none holds a singular key to Shakespeare’s language, and we must bring a variety to bear on this essential feature of his craft. As with Solomon’s judgment, any attempt to cut Shakespeare’s language into disciplinary pieces will likely mutilate his writing. This entry on “Shakespeare’s Language” brings together vastly different approaches to argue that every element of his language deserves dedicated attention. We have combined macro-linguistic and stylistic scholarship related to the social, political, philosophical, and psychological imports of linguistic choices, including detailed accounts of “style,” form, and meter, with scholarship that delves into micro-linguistic elements as miniscule as the use of single words (e.g. modals, deictics), which, however, can become so significant as to reveal whole attitudes. Tempting though it is to attribute these attitudes to Shakespeare himself, the studies we have highlighted make clear that the ultimate value of such linguistic constructions lies in, for example, the building of character and the plotting of dramatic structure. Curiously, while many studies over recent decades have focused on linguistic matters, few of them have used the word “language” in their titles, as if there were no need, or as if there was a certain reluctance to call attention to what is, in effect, the very bone and marrow of Shakespeare’s artistry. Yet, as the selections included in this bibliography show, no consideration of wider issues such as performance, scholarly editing, adaptation, and reception can do without careful linguistic study, and the scholarship presented here ranges from lexical description, etymology, and metaphor, to grammar and syntax, to idiosyncratic uses of language and their application to authorship questions; from issues of linguistic identity tied to the history of English to multilingual Shakespeare and the mediation of Shakespeare through translation. Indeed, the question of identity seems to be as crucial in dealing with Shakespeare’s language as it is with his biography: the need to identify Shakespeare as the “father of modern English” has been so pressing that numerous linguistic myths about the size and novelty of his vocabulary have long circulated. The enduring strength of such myths says a lot about us, and about whom we would like Shakespeare to be.
Celia Cruz
Authors: Hudde Hermann
Published: May 2024

Celia Cruz (b. 1925–d. 2003) emblematizes one of the most remarkable artists of the second half of the twentieth century, enduring her place in Latin American music and the history of popular music worldwide. Growing up in Havana, Cuba, Cruz received accolades all through her teenage years for her abilities as a singer. In the last years of the 1940s, Cruz sang solo and with Las Mulatas de Fuego in radio stations, theaters, and cabarets, both within Cuba and abroad as part of the popular music circuit. In 1947–1948, Cruz—although a Catholic—recorded a 78-rpm recording for the Parnat label in Cuba, singing Santería chants accompanied by Batá drums and a Yoruba choir. In 1948, Cruz made her first recording abroad in Venezuela and joined the conjunto Sonora Matancera soon after. During the 1950s, this musical affiliation provided her with a solid platform to continue her artistic transformation. Nevertheless, the political climate in Cuba changed with the end of Fulgencio Batista’s authoritarian regime and the beginning of the Cuban Revolution regime in 1959. La Sonora Matancera’s tour of Mexico in 1960 led to the group’s decision to leave Cuba. Cruz’s music was immediately banned by the new autocratic regime and her reentry onto the island was prohibited. This experience changed “La Guarachera de Cuba,” who never fantasized about communism and whose life and music were defined by a love of freedom. Cruz worked in Mexico’s music and movie industries until she settled in the United States. Once in New York City, Cruz, who married fellow band member and boogaloo Pedro Knight in 1962, established a significant recording and performance collaborations with Tito Puente, and later with Willie Colón, Rubén Blades, Ray Barreto, Héctor Lavoe, and Johnny Pacheco, for the labels Tico, Fania, and Vaya. Aside from joining the Fania All-Stars, Cruz’s big break in the United States began with the album Celia & Johnny (1974), after which she grew into a celebrity musician—though always recognized for her humble personality, work ethic, and moral values. As a result, the “Queen of Salsa,” became a global icon in the world of popular music. With her famous “¡Azúcar!” and her musical art, Cruz impacted the salsa music scene and converted it into an international music genre. Over the course of her artistic path, Cruz—an Afro-Cuban woman who embraced and promoted Latinidad—constantly reinvented herself and adapted to new realities without losing sight of her artistic vision.
Illegal shooting of protected nongame birds along power lines coincides with places and times of peak legal recreational shooting
Authors: Thomason Eve C , Belthoff James R , Poessel Sharon A , Katzner Todd E
Published: May 2024

Illegal killing of protected nongame birds is pervasive and can be demographically relevant. In 2021 and 2022, we evaluated spatial and temporal patterns in illegal killing of birds along 69.7 km of power lines in the Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in Idaho, USA, to provide insight into potential drivers behind the activity and key information to manage this threat across the American west. The illegal shooting of 8 species of raptors and corvids we documented was clumped both temporally and spatially, as opposed to being randomly distributed across the year and landscape. We found 72 illegally shot birds, most killed during spring months (March to May), coincident with peak time periods of legal recreational shooting activity, and in places with high levels of recreational shooting. We also found evidence of targeted killing of raptors in the conservation area in areas not associated with recreational shooting. Given the numbers of nesting pairs of some local raptor species, this shooting is likely demographically relevant for some but not all local populations. Likewise, with the prevalence of recreational shooting across the American west, the inference we draw is broadly relevant beyond our Idaho study area. The insight our work provides can enable owners of power lines, law enforcement agencies, and resource managers to coordinate in outreach, regulatory, and law enforcement action to manage a threat that may have widespread impacts for some avian species.
The roles of abiotic and biotic factors in driving range shifts: An invasive Pomacea snail facilitates Rostrhamus sociabilis (Snail Kite) northward range expansion
Authors: Machado-Stredel Fernando , Atauchi P Joser , Nuñez-Penichet Claudia , Cobos Marlon E , Osorio-Olvera Luis , Khalighifar Ali , Peterson A Townsend , Fletcher Robert J
Published: May 2024

Rostrhamus sociabilis (Snail Kite) have recently expanded their range in Florida, tracking the invasion of a Pomacea snail (P. maculata), and exhibiting considerable changes in bill size and feeding niche. This range expansion is not aligned with changes in climatic conditions or the distribution of their historic prey (P. paludosa). The Eltonian Noise Hypothesis (ENH), which posits that interactive (biotic) factors have stronger effects on species’ distributions at local scales, predicts that noninteractive (abiotic) factors are generally more relevant at geographic extents. However, in this study, we explore the R. sociabilis range shift as a potential counterexample of the ENH. Under the biotic-abiotic-mobility framework (BAM), we explore the role of biotic and abiotic factors in the northward range expansion of this endangered species. Over the past 15 years, R. sociabilis have begun consuming the more-abundant invasive snails more often, while increasing in bill size, expanding ~175 km northward from previous range limits in the Kissimmee River Valley. We developed ecological niche models using 3 algorithms (Maxent, generalized linear model, ellipsoids) and found stability in climatic suitability between past and present models. Moreover, although native snails occur in northern Florida, R. sociabilis have had a historically patchy northern distribution due in part to the availability of appropriate wetland conditions. We found a strong latitudinal cline, with bill length increasing with latitude at least through 2020, suggesting that this morphological change broadened the species’ biotic suitable area and distributional potential. The interplay between changes in phenotype and biotic interactions has been poorly documented in distributional ecology, given a lack of rich occurrence datasets. Here, we highlight a case in which a biological invasion and subsequent changes in morphology and diet have facilitated the expansion of a specialized predator into areas that were unsuitable until recently.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Seumas , Bossomaier Terry
Published: May 2024

In this work a set of ethical guidelines have been devised to give direction to regulation and other measures constitutive of effective and ethically sustainable webs of prevention in the service of cybersecurity. Webs of prevention are to be understood as institutionally embedded means of discharging collective moral responsibilities directed to the realization of the collective good of cybersecurity. These webs of prevention are fashioned to combat cyberthreats in the various thematic cybersecurity domains discussed in this work—namely, privacy/autonomy, freedom of political communication, criminal justice, public health, and cyber conflict.
Climate Change
Authors: Schofield John
Published: May 2024

The first of this book’s thematic chapters addresses the wicked problem of climate change. This is the wicked problem that archaeologists have engaged with most. It is also an area of research that has long focused the minds of heritage practitioners, concerned with the impacts of coast erosion on the survival of what are currently terrestrial archaeological sites, for example. The chapter provides examples from around the world that involve conventional archaeological research, coastal monitoring, and science-led investigations. It outlines the extent to which archaeology and heritage practice have engaged with climate change. It asks why does climate change research need archaeology and offers examples of how archaeologists are addressing this issue. It looks at how small wins and policy entrepreneurship can provide a framework for archaeological and heritage-based investigations to play a central and meaningful role within climate change research.
Health and Well-being
Authors: Schofield John
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 relates the concepts of wicked problems and small wins to health and well-being, presenting some of the significant impacts that archaeology and heritage studies have had. The chapter outlines what health and well-being mean and the degree to which they constitute a wicked problem. It introduces the notion of social capital as one way of framing this problem and World Health Organization data as another. Cultural participation has been proven to benefit health in various ways, and both archaeology and heritage practice are discussed as examples of this, including excavations, with the additional benefits of taking people out of doors. Place attachment is also relevant, helping people to form identity and provide security in an unstable world. The chapter presents examples of small wins and the policy work of heritage organizations which can make a very significant difference to individuals and to communities.
The Context
Authors: Rusterholz Caroline
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 sets the stage for a study of teenage sex. It provides an overview of the social, cultural, and political contexts that made young people’s sexuality an object of sociological inquiry and public discussion, and paints a picture of youth sexual behaviour through statistics and data gathered in sexual health surveys during the period under study. It then turns to the way youth sexuality was perceived and debated by experts and the mass media. The chapter then turns to the key players in sexual health services before the opening of Brook, namely the Family Planning Association (FPA) and Marie Stopes Foundation, and highlights their main values. Finally, it focuses on the key role played by Helen Brook in expanding sexual health services to unmarried young women.
General Conclusions
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch
Published: May 2024

This section gives the final summary of the more detailed analyses of the previous chapters. It discusses the role of Heraclitus in the Derveni papyrus, who provides a philosophical explication of various religious phenomena, including sacrifice described at length in the opening columns. Then the chapter recapitulates the strategies of the Derveni commentator who attempts to explain away some disturbing features of the Orphic poems. The interpretation provided in the book establishes parallels between the successive generations of the gods from the Orphic theogony preserved in the Derveni papyrus and the various steps in which the world progressively acquires its current shape. At the same time, it briefly compares the approach of the Orphic poem and its Presocratic commentator to the traditional religion.
The Nature of Biodiversity
Authors: Kassen Rees
Published: May 2024

This final chapter serves three purposes. The first is to summarize the key results in the form of a sketch for a general theory for the evolution of biodiversity. The second is to place these results into the broader context of evolutionary biology by discussing explicitly the limitations of the experimental evolution approach. The third is to offer some directions forward to guide future work on the evolution of biodiversity, both for experimental evolution in particular and for evolutionary biology more generally. These also strike close to the heart of this book, and the title of this chapter—the nature of biodiversity.
“Directed in the path of duty”
Authors: Smith Eric C.
Published: May 2024

The British invasion of Charleston in 1780 displaced Hart to Hopewell, New Jersey, where he accepted the pastorate of the Philadelphia Baptist Association’s largest congregation. Hart’s diaries and letters from this period provide a window into how the events of the American Revolution impacted the life of one ordinary Baptist minister, as he closely observed the war’s developments, attempted to minister to local troops, and begged his wife and children by post to join him in his new home. The war also thrust upon Hart a new set of pastoral challenges, as the large Hopewell church proved to be internally divided and resistant to his revivalist ministry. He did, however, find a niche in the broader Philadelphia Association, where he helped hold the line for traditional Baptist orthodoxy during the years of major doctrinal innovation after the Revolutionary War, contending with the rise of the New Divinity, Universalism, and a host of more radical religious sects.
Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Salem Peter , Olson Kelly Browe , White Abby
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the impetus for and evolution of family dispute resolution (FDR) in the public and private sectors. It discusses the rapid early development of family mediation and how it became a catalyst for FDR development as well as legal practice changes that support and mirror collaborative FDR processes. It identifies the challenges created by a constantly evolving field of practice. It touches on the multitude of FDR processes, from preventive parent education programs and collaborative mediation processes to hybrid processes including parenting coordination through family arbitration. It is encouraged by the number of processes that foster collaborative behavior, focus on integrative negotiation, and, most importantly, emphasize the well-being of children. The chapter also discusses the complicated evolution of FDR, where similar processes go by different names, some jurisdictions have limited oversight, and the availability of public and private resources has a large impact on their capacity and use.
Early Negotiation Processes
Authors: Lande John
Published: May 2024

Collectively, early negotiation processes are much more common than hostile court cases. This chapter illustrates a wide variety of approaches to early negotiation in family cases. It describes “kitchen-table” negotiations between the parties that lead to uncontested divorces or other agreements such as modifications of court orders. Many lawyers in traditional legal practice routinely seek to settle family law cases at the earliest appropriate time. In addition, some lawyers offer specialized early negotiation services, particularly collaborative law. This chapter describes procedures for case assessment used in these various processes. The conclusion describes general benefits and risks of early negotiation and suggests how these processes can benefit more parties and lawyers.
Integrating Issues of Culture in Family Dispute Resolution
Authors: Bhatia Gitu
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides a holistic perspective and a framework on how to become competent and responsive to families from different cultural groups. It helps broaden the concept of culture beyond ethnic and racial factors and provides a way of integrating this contextual knowledge of all family structures and parenting practices based in diverse cultural beliefs and experiences into the dispute resolution process. It also encourages family dispute resolution professionals to examine their own beliefs and values and how these might impact their assessment and communication practices. In addition to increasing the emotional and cognitive empathy for diverse families in the dispute resolution process, each section of this chapter will conclude with some practical suggestions and implications for working with individuals and families.
The Afterlives of Film Grain
Authors: Suárez Juan A.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 explores the persistence of the grainy image in post-underground queer film: in AIDS activist film of the eighties and early nineties and in experimental queer cinema from the nineties to the present. In both repertoires grain connotes different forms of precarity and fragility. In a context characterized by the devastation of AIDS, it connoted the fragility of immunocompromised bodies and of queer memory; and in a context dominated by the digital image, it connoted various kinds of “poor images” and channeled memory, fantasy, and—in some kinds of hand-processed film—an abstract notion of sexuality and corporeality. In both cases, precarity and vulnerability inspire reparative impulses and unprecedented forms of relationality and resistance, which are conveyed through the swarming instability of grain.
A Flaw in the Design?
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O.
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the often-repeated point that the Internet was not developed with security in mind. By running through a brief history of cybersecurity, it investigates how the choices made in the 1970s and ’80s led to this decision. The chapter explains why security was not built in from the beginning and how that led to today’s cybersecurity policy problems, such as ransomware, government monitoring of Internet communications, and law enforcement’s desire for “backdoors” into devices. It focuses on the key fork of what if the Internet Protocol had been encrypted, and its wider implications for cyber conflict, the Internet of Things (IoT), and encryption backdoors. Whether the Internet can be re-engineered to improve cybersecurity and what would be lost as a result are major questions addressed here.
Lorraine Hansberry
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3, “Lorraine Hansberry: ‘The Second Sex may well be the most important work of this century,’ ” offers a close reading of Lorraine Hansberry’s critical commentary on The Second Sex, highlighting several key themes, including her critique of the biographical imperative approach to Beauvoir and The Second Sex, as well as the positive and negative reception of the text (by Hansberry and others) when it was first published and translated into English. Some important differences between Hansberry and Beauvoir in their approaches to the woman question, the Negro question, and Marxism, as well as existentialism and complicity, are also underscored. It is argued that unlike Beauvoir, who emphasizes woman’s complicity and compares woman’s oppression to other systems of oppressions (but ultimately privileges the former over the latter), Hansberry emphasizes the non-complicity and agitation of the oppressed and notes how class, colonial, and gender oppressions are interconnected systems of oppression. Furthermore, Hansberry prefers historical materialism to existentialism.
Having “the Talk” about Race
Authors: Jernigan Maryam M. , Sanders Kendall R.
Published: May 2024

There has been renewed and increasing interest for parents and caretakers regarding how to initiate and have conversations about race with children. Guidance around this topic has most often focused on discussions with older children and adolescents. The present chapter uses a developmental approach to helping caretakers navigate necessary discussions about the realities of race and race-related stressors that youth are exposed to at early ages and across their life span. The chapter will also provide strategies to promote the positive development of children’s racial identities, which serve to buffer them from the negative race-related experiences they will encounter or witness in the larger society.
Navigating the Political World
Authors: Hourigan Shannon E.
Published: May 2024

War, racial injustice, violence, and school shootings are all regular topics in the news. Parents want to raise their children to be best able to navigate the world that they inhabit, but it can feel overwhelming to talk with children about these upsetting topics. This chapter discusses the way in which talking about some of these things can help kids build resilience and provides guidance for how to have age-appropriate conversations that help kids feel safe and protected.
Rules and Expectations
Authors: Sagarin Johanna , Bronfman Elisa
Published: May 2024

Rules and expectations are helpful and necessary for children. They should evolve as children mature, and they should have easily understood reasoning behind them. Creating and keeping rules with consistency and flexibility provide a safe structure within which children can develop resilience and self-determination. Enforcing rules consistently can pose challenges, particularly during adolescence or when your child resists. The authors offer suggestions that parents can apply to make these practices work in their own families.
Stealth Musicals
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 explores two popular trends from TikTok’s Golden Age (summer 2019) that make use of sound bites from the original cast recordings of Heathers: The Musical and Six. Contrary to Beetlejuice TikTok trends that lived within the dramaturgical world of the musical, the “Martha Dumptruck in the Flesh” challenge from Heathers: The Musical and the “Yeah that didn’t work out” challenge from Six were, by and large, detached from the musicals. These musicals became what the chapter terms “stealth musicals,” or the genre of undercover musicals that proliferate on TikTok in ways that are removed from the show’s dramaturgy. With viral canonization, Heathers: The Musical and Six demonstrate how cultural capital accrues in digital spaces. As a result, sound bites such as “Martha Dumptruck in the flesh” enter a public life that extends beyond the musical themself.
DIY Diva Drag
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores TikTok’s “do it yourself” (DIY) drag culture as it intersects with the mega musical Wicked. Although Wicked TikTok content runs the gamut, there is a noticeable trend of queer men performing Elphaba drag to the musical’s rousing act one finale, “Defying Gravity.” These TikTokers engage in what I call “DIY Drag,” or TikTokian drag performances that make use of quotidian objects to achieve a fully fledged drag performance. In the case of Elphaba drag, a towel, bed sheet, and a Swiffer WetJet achieve the same result as an extensive drag costume and makeup routine. As this chapter conveys, drag is native to TikTok, having been a core aesthetic of the app since its debut in the United States. TikTok normalizes drag culture, thus forging spaces in which queer men can engage in drag performances as part of the mainstream, normalized, and expected culture.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s conception of uses of arguments to give reasons for believing that their conclusions are true, i.e., in short, reason-giving uses of arguments. This conception will be developed in Chapters 3 and 4. The aim here is to develop a baseline conception of reason-giving uses of arguments that can be accommodated by different approaches to argumentation such as epistemic, pragmatic, and pragma-dialectic approaches. Accordingly, the chapter begins by considering dictionary characterizations of senses of the expressions argument and argue in section 2.2. Section 2.3 samples textbook characterizations of argument in the fields of informal logic, argumentation studies, and formal logic. The discussions in sections 2.2 and 2.3 set the background for the book’s conception of reason-giving uses of arguments given in section 2.4.
Fundamental Value Change
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8, “Fundamental Value Change,” discusses whether societal moral attitudes toward effectiveness in altruistic contexts could change. Could people become more inclined to think that it is important to be effective when helping others? A survey of the literature on how philosophical arguments influence attitudes and behavior shows that the effects are mixed. The upshot is that arguments may have the greatest effect on people who find expansive altruism and effectiveness-focus intuitively appealing (i.e., the effective altruist enthusiasts from Chapter 7). Next, it is shown that social norms can be powerful vehicles of change. People are strongly influenced by their peers. If some people were to adopt effectiveness-oriented thinking in their altruistic efforts, others would become more likely to do so as well. In this way, a norm cascade may be triggered, leading to higher adoption rates.
Understanding Maritime Security
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

Understanding Maritime Security provides a concise introduction to the history and evolution of security issues at sea and their corresponding solutions. It equips maritime security analysts, professionals, and students with the necessary knowledge to comprehend maritime security in its entirety. The authors provide a history of maritime security and show how analytical frameworks, including legal analyses, international relations theory, securitization, practice theory, and root cause analysis help to understand maritime security. Key issues of the maritime security agenda are discussed in depth. These include interstate conflicts, terrorism, and grey-zone warfare, as well as blue crimes such as piracy, smuggling, and illicit fishing. The book shows the range of actors involved in maritime security and details the repertoire of maritime security solutions, such as maritime security governance, strategies, information sharing, coordination, and capacity-building. The authors also analyze future trends and show how the critical infrastructure agenda, emerging technologies, cyber security, climate change, biodiversity loss, and the resurgence of geopolitics impact maritime security. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in security and the sea. It is essential reading for those aiming to pursue careers in navies, coast guards, maritime law enforcement, or security and risk analysis.
Political Judging
Authors: Lundmark Thomas
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores various definitions or themes of the political role of judges. Equating political judging with legislative activity, which is indisputably value-laden, would mean that all judicial glosses and statements of common-law rules are legislative in nature and therefore political because they too are value-laden, and they too produce rules that look like legislation. Judicial intuition, here referred to as ‘hunching’, is also value-laden but generally unconscious. Fact-finding is also influenced by value-laden factors. The ‘lurches’ that are discussed in this chapter are more obvious examples of value-laden judging because the changes that they make in the law are major. The practice of judicial overruling is due to a perceived need to correct a precedent or to renovate the law in cases where the precedent was decided against a legal or factual background that no longer exits. However, some instances of overruling can only be explained by the ascension of new judges to the court, resulting in political (value-laden) overruling. Finally, this chapter discusses the issue of ideological judging. A judge’s ideology, whether conscious or unconscious, can have a substantial influence on the judge’s decision-making. Critically, this influence is seldom revealed in the rationalization of the judge’s decisions, in the so-called reasoning of the court. What role does political judging play in legal reasoning? The conclusion of this chapter is that politics, by any definition, has at least the potential to influence almost all judicial activity, including how judges reason in all permutations of the word ‘reason’.
System-Contextual Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas
Published: May 2024

This chapter treats four system-contextual arguments: constitutional conformity, Drittwirkung, Treu und Glauben, and analogies, chosen because of their importance in civil-law jurisdictions like Germany and because three—Drittwirkung, Treu und Glauben, and analogies—are poorly understood in the English-speaking legal world. In Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court mostly only has jurisdiction over controversies involving constitutional issues. As demonstrated in Herrenreiter, if the Federal Constitutional Court discerns a constitutional issue in a controversy otherwise outside its jurisdiction, the Court can substitute itself as the last appellate instance in place of, for example, the Federal Supreme Court. Drittwirkung is translated into English as the ‘third-party effect’ or the ‘horizontal effect’ of constitutional rights. In practice, Drittwirkung is an argument for bending the law in the direction that the judges see fit, illustrated by the examples of Lüth and the familial guaranties case. Treu und Glauben (‘good faith’) in Germany has a longer history than constitutional conformity but works in a similar way, except that it does not confer jurisdiction on the Federal Constitutional Court, as illustrated by the cases in this chapter. Finally, this chapter addresses statutory analogies as understood in the civil-law world: the technique of legal argument, in which judges borrow policies from other statutes to justify a decision that cannot readily be justified by textual, historical, or purposeful arguments. Statutory analogies are hidden behind fictional gaps in the statutory scheme; unlike Treu und Glauben, the doctrine of statutory analogies can be employed to create new causes of action.
Intentionality
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on intentionality itself, that is, on the nature of the contact between subject and object. It explores and commends a tradition which construes intentionality as intrinsically relational, contra some present-day views which understand intentionality as a non-relational mental representation (7.1). Starting from the discussion of the Aristotelian roots and the medieval developments of the doctrine of intentionality, it points at the importance of the medieval distinction between formal and objective reality for a proper understanding of this doctrine (7.2). This distinction is further developed in early modern thought, and especially in Antoine Arnaud’s argument against a ‘representative being’ which mediates between subject and object (7.3). After discussing the modern rejuvenation of the doctrine of intentionality by Franz Brentano and later thinkers influenced by him, the chapter concludes that the doctrine of intentionality explains knowledge in terms of a sui generis assimilation of cognizer and cognized, namely, a sui generis presence of an aliud to a subject (7.4).
Introduction
Authors: González Campañá Núria
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains how the EU has played an important (if unintended) role in pro-independence trends within EU Member States, since it makes small statehood appealing. The EU bolsters the significance of statehood by limiting full participation in its institutions to Member States. Furthermore, small States enjoy a relatively good status within the EU, with their relative standing on the international scene strengthened as a result of EU membership. Without the perspective of the EU umbrella it is difficult to imagine some of these secessionist movements pushing so hard for independence. EU membership reduces the risk of independence, making it arguable that the EU is one of the causes of the resurgence of separatist movements in some EU Member States. This first chapter also overviews the rest of the chapters of the book and at the end explains the methodology used along it.
Metre (I): Alternating Metres
Authors: Sawyer Daniel
Published: May 2024

After some encouraging words on metre’s accessibility and pleasures, this chapter offers a basic guide to alternating (sometimes called ‘stress-syllabic’ or ‘accentual-syllabic’) metres. Natural stress and metrical beats are explained and distinguished. The chapter lays out some of the most common linguistic events that grease the wheels of metre: elision, syncope, and synizesis. The history of the four-beat line is traced from around 1200 on, in anonymous romances, John Barbour, and, later, in the work of John Gower and the early Chaucer, together with septenary couplets and their afterlife in, for example, Emily Dickinson and modern hymns. Then the account turns to the coming of the five-beat line in Chaucer. The chapter’s final part considers the different directions in which subsequent poets took the five-beat line, seeking to show the multiple possibilities of the five-beat pattern in the creative hands of poets such as John Lydgate and Thomas Hoccleve.
Introduction
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the present book. Drawing inspiration from George Berkeley, the chapter claims that the problem of evil extends to various belief systems, including atheism, pantheism, axiarchism, and Eastern traditions. Contrary to common perception, supernaturalist theists have advantages in addressing the problem compared to naturalist atheists. The chapter also explains the aim of the present book: to contribute to globalizing the field of the philosophy of religion by challenging the thesis that the problem of evil is solely a concern for traditional Western monotheists. It emphasizes that the problem is a significant hurdle for diverse perspectives and suggests it may pose a greater obstacle for atheists than traditional theists.
Responses to the Problem of Impermanence
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: May 2024

This chapter critically discusses several responses to the problem of impermanence, such as hermitism, hedonism, indifferentism, and transcendentalism, that have been introduced by Japanese thinkers. In contrast to contemporary responses to the problem of evil in the West, which typically start with abstract theoretical explanations of how God and evil can coexist, the Eastern responses to the problem of impermanence stand out for their emphasis on practical advice. These responses often offer guidance regarding how to react to or cope with impermanence rather than relying on abstract theories. The chapter argues that a careful analysis shows that the only potentially satisfactory response to the problem of impermanence is transcendentalism, which requires supernaturalism. The chapter infers from this finding that the problem of impermanence poses a more significant challenge for naturalists than for supernaturalists.
Conclusion
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: May 2024

This concluding chapter offers a concise summary of the present book’s main argument. The book contends that the problem of evil arises not only for traditional theists but also for atheists and other non-theists, including pantheists, axiarchists, and followers of Eastern religious traditions. The book argues that traditional theists, who usually espouse supernaturalism, are in a better position than atheists and other non-theists, who usually espouse naturalism, to respond to the problem because any potentially successful response requires supernaturalist resources. Moreover, the book suggests that if atheists/non-theists can develop a successful response to the problem of evil, it is likely that traditional theists can adopt it as well. Hence, the problem of evil should no longer be seen as a challenge only for traditional theists.
Jurisdiction, Law, and Fact
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

Any system of administrative law must have some rules concerning review of law and fact. The courts determined the scope of such review and sought to balance the imperative for control with the desire to accord proper scope for administrative autonomy. There were two contending approaches. The collateral/jurisdictional fact doctrine was the principal doctrinal tool for such review. There is analysis of its foundational precepts, followed by difficulties in its application. There is then examination of the alternative doctrinal approach, which was the commencement theory of review, with discussion of its foundational precepts and the consequences of its application. This is followed by reflection on attempts to reconcile the two bodies of jurisprudence and the conceptual difficulties with the suggested criterion. The analysis of the case law concludes with that in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Etiological Debunking Beyond Belief
Authors: Schechter Joshua
Published: May 2024

Learning information about the etiology of one’s beliefs can reduce the justification a thinker has for those beliefs. Learning information about the etiology of one’s desires, emotions, or concepts can similarly have a debunking effect. This chapter develops a unified account of etiological debunking that applies across these different kinds of cases. According to this account, etiological debunking arguments work by providing reason to think that there is no satisfying explanation of how it is that some part of our mental life is fitting. The role that etiological information plays is to help to rule out (or render less plausible) potential explanations, given our background views about the world. This account suggests several potential morals for epistemology, the philosophy of mind, and metaethics.
Special Measures for Young and Vulnerable Witnesses
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi
Published: May 2024

This chapter describes a witness in criminal proceedings that is eligible for assistance, such as an individual under the age of 18 at the time of the hearing. It explains that the time of the hearing in relation to a witness means the time when it falls to the court to make a determination for the purposes of section 19(2). It also provides references to the quality of a witness’s evidence in terms of completeness, coherence, and accuracy. The chapter talks about how a witness in criminal proceedings is eligible for assistance if the court is satisfied that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of fear or distress on the part of the witness. It reviews special measures that are applied to prosecution and defence witness and are available in all youth and adult magistrates’ courts.
Creative Utility, Technology, and Gender
Authors: Gadir Tami
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that DJs face precarious working conditions, which are a greater struggle when combined with gender and other common forms of discrimination. The DJ is viewed as an edgy entrepreneur, enacting the gendered, neoliberal belief that hard work and competition are rewarded with success. While intersectional social justice struggles such as the #MeToo movement have had a positive effect on gender asymmetries in DJ culture, old divisions between high and low culture influence whether DJing is taken seriously as music-making. From such a defensive posture, notions of high versus low also affect DJ culture internally, for example, through DJs’ relationships with music technologies. These follow the widespread forms of gender prejudice applied to technological expertise—predominantly that cis women are less technically capable than cis men. Ultimately, this chapter makes sense of all such gender and neoliberal ideologies in dance music through an understanding of DJing as labor.
Pronouns and Gender
Authors: Kirk-Giannini Cameron Domenico , Glanzberg Michael
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces readers to the empirical questions at issue in debates over gendered pronouns and assesses the plausibility of various possible answers to these questions. It has two parts. The first is a general introduction to the linguistics and psychology of grammatical gender. The second focuses on the meanings of gendered pronouns in English. It begins with a discussion of some of the methodological limitations of empirical approaches to the topic and the normative implications of those limitations. It then argues against three simple theories of the semantics of gendered pronouns in English and proposes an alternative that fares better: the Gender-First View. Finally, it discusses the singular use of ‘they’ and its connection to nonbinary gender identities.
In Praise of Spoken Philosophy
Authors: Saarinen Esa
Published: May 2024

This chapter locates the growing lack of relevance for philosophy as an academic discipline and as a contributing force to society at large, as linked to the dismissed status the profession’s dismissal of spoken philosophy and orality as a form of expression. Taking inspiration from Socrates, from Plato’s reservations about written philosophy, and from Merleau-Ponty’s idea of “the total function of the philosopher” and paying close attention to the significance of the often-disregarded questions of style in the conduct of philosophy, the chapter lays out a case for new type of university philosophy and a philosophy at large that aids people in the conduct of their lives. From the point of view of the applied philosophy of language and metaphilosophy defended here, this new approach places a high priority on addressing people as people, in their everyday naivety, contradictions, “animal spirits,” tendencies toward non-openness, as well as their hopes and strivings for something “transcendent” The chapter argues that philosophy, and the use of language in conducting philosophy, should meet humanity head-on as it seeks to renew itself. It explores and argues for philosophy as an enterprise that wants to be relevant to the lives of people as they are actually lived, as opposed to offering mere abstractions. The result is a call for the renewal of spoken philosophy, orality, and special kind of life-philosophical lecturing as a contributing force in the actual lives of people.
The Semantics of Iconography and Code Words
Authors: Kulvicki John
Published: May 2024

Philosophers have recently turned their attention to code words and dogwhistles. This chapter claims that some of those practices work exactly as iconographic interpretation works with pictures. Exemplars of it are not the kinds of code words that the recent literature focuses on. This reveals that there are two very different phenomena out there: spinning codes, which are the focus of most recent work, and distracting codes, the focus of this chapter. It can sometimes be hard to decide which kind of code is being employed, but having both in mind can explain more features of coded speech than having either by itself.
Slurring Words and Slurring Articulations
Authors: Stojnić Una , Lepore Ernie
Published: May 2024

Slurs are epithets that denigrate a group simply on the basis of membership, e.g., on the basis of race, ethnicity, origin, religion, gender, or ideology. They provide powerful linguistic weapons, carrying a characteristic pejorative sting or punch, prone to cause offense, outrage, and even injury. So much so, that they can be subject to media censorship, and sometimes even legislation. As to the nature and source of their characteristic sting, the predominant position is to invoke some aspect of meaning—either semantically encoded or pragmatically conveyed. It is because of what a particular slur term means or conveys that it is suitable to be thus weaponized. Consequently, most efforts at understanding pejorative language have been attempts to characterize the meanings and how these meanings compose with the meanings of other sorts of expressions. The few who reject this assumption locate the source of offense in the taboo status of pejorative language. In other words, the slurs themselves and/or their associations are the source of their offensive sting, not their meanings. The chapter challenges both sorts of approaches and defends a novel alternative according to which the source of a pejorative effect is negative associations triggered, not by slurs, but rather, by certain articulations of these expressions—phonological or orthographic. We need to distinguish slurs from their articulations because, surprisingly, the latter can trigger an effect even when the former is not tokened, and even when articulated, a slur can lose its offensive potency if its articulation is standard, or so we will argue.
The Sabbath
Authors: Tonstad Sigve
Published: May 2024

The Seventh-day Adventist understanding of the Sabbath underwent refinement and enrichment in the twentieth century as Adventist scholars were able to study at top research universities. With this came a new appreciation for Jewish Sabbath theology and practice and scholarly work demonstrating the resilience of the seventh-day Sabbath in the New Testament. “The New Perspective on Paul” muted the stigma of “legalism” that was previously a common objection to Sabbath observance in Protestant theology. Coinciding with the surging “consumer society,” the first decades of the twenty-first century would witness a near tsunami of Sabbath-affirming books. The Seventh-day Adventist contribution to the resurgent interest in the Sabbath is noteworthy for emphasizing the Sabbath as a divine commitment and not only a divine commandment. Other emphases include the Sabbath and human community, healing, liberation, social justice, ecology, and even Sabbath economics.
Creation
Authors: Standish Timothy G.
Published: May 2024

The Seventh-day Adventist Church’s belief in a recent, literal, week-long creation is rooted in a specific understanding of the Bible and anchored in multiple doctrines elucidated in the Seventh-day Adventist Statement of 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This belief was not inherited directly from the preceding Millerite movement or other denominations at the time of the church’s inception, although similar views were widespread among other Christians. The creation doctrine is a continuing source of theological and scientific discussion within the church and in dialogue with those of other faiths. While tension between the doctrine of creation and current science is acknowledged, and various options for resolving the tension explored, the doctrine remains essentially unchanged since the church’s beliefs were first formalized.