bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of Symmetry in Physicians’ Prescription Behavior: Evidence from SEM-Based Multivariate Approach
Authors: Ahmed Rizwan Raheem , Channar Zahid Ali , Soomro Riaz Hussain , Vveinhardt Jolita , Streimikiene Dalia , Parmar Vishnu
Published: December 2018

The aim of this paper is to examine the direct impact of marketing and medical tools on the symmetry of physicians’ prescription behavior in the context of the Pakistani healthcare sector. This research also investigates the moderating influence of corporate image and customer relationship in an association of marketing & medical tools, and the symmetry of physicians’ prescription behavior. The survey involved a research sample of 740 physicians, comprising 410 general practitioners and 330 specialists. A series of multivariate approaches such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analyses, and conditional process analysis are employed. The findings of the study showed that marketing & medical tools have a direct, positive, and significant influence on physicians’ symmetrical prescription behavior. Corporate image and customer relationship have also a significant impact as moderating variables between marketing & medical tools, and the symmetry of prescription behavior of physicians. The outcomes of this research are beneficial to marketers and medical managers in the pharmaceutical industry.
Friction-Induced Vibrations during Tightening of Bolted Joints—Analytical and Experimental Results
Authors: Baramsky Nicolaj , Seibel Arthur , Schlattmann Josef
Published: December 2018

Bolted joints are one of the most used machine elements. Holding together structures of all sizes, the integrity rests on their shoulders. Thus, an accurate and reliable assembly of the joint is crucial. While it is the aim to not experience friction-induced vibrations at all, at some situations, it is unavoidable. These cases, however, have yet been out of the focus of control algorithms due to the volatile nature of the process. This contribution delivers analytical and experimental results for the occurrence of friction-induced vibrations during tightening of bolted joints. Previous findings of system characteristic constants could be validated, which can be used to monitor the tightening process even while strong vibrations during the tightening process occur. Additionally, a real-time algorithm is presented which allows for an advanced process monitoring and control by identifying process characteristics based on which predictions of the process can be made. These measures significantly improve the capabilities to reach the target values of the tightening process.
A Riemannian Geometry Theory of Three-Dimensional Binocular Visual Perception
Authors: Neilson Peter D. , Neilson Megan D. , Bye Robin T.
Published: December 2018

We present a Riemannian geometry theory to examine the systematically warped geometry of perceived visual space attributable to the size–distance relationship of retinal images associated with the optics of the human eye. Starting with the notion of a vector field of retinal image features over cortical hypercolumns endowed with a metric compatible with that size–distance relationship, we use Riemannian geometry to construct a place-encoded theory of spatial representation within the human visual system. The theory draws on the concepts of geodesic spray fields, covariant derivatives, geodesics, Christoffel symbols, curvature tensors, vector bundles and fibre bundles to produce a neurally-feasible geometric theory of visuospatial memory. The characteristics of perceived 3D visual space are examined by means of a series of simulations around the egocentre. Perceptions of size and shape are elucidated by the geometry as are the removal of occlusions and the generation of 3D images of objects. Predictions of the theory are compared with experimental observations in the literature. We hold that the variety of reported geometries is accounted for by cognitive perturbations of the invariant physically-determined geometry derived here. When combined with previous description of the Riemannian geometry of human movement this work promises to account for the non-linear dynamical invertible visual-proprioceptive maps and selection of task-compatible movement synergies required for the planning and execution of visuomotor tasks.
Effect of Density and Total Weight on Flow Depth, Velocity, and Stresses in Loess Debris Flows
Authors: Shu Heping , Ma Jinzhu , Yu Haichao , Hürlimann Marcel , Zhang Peng , Liu Fei , Qi Shi
Published: December 2018

Debris flows that involve loess material produce important damage around the world. However, the kinematics of such processes are poorly understood. To better understand these kinematics, we used a flume to measure the kinematics of debris flows with different mixture densities and weights. We used sensors to measure pore fluid pressure and total normal stress. We measured flow patterns, velocities, and depths using a high-speed camera and laser range finder to identify the temporal evolution of the flow behavior and the corresponding peaks. We constructed fitting functions for the relationships between the maximum values of the experimental parameters. The hydrographs of the debris flows could be divided into four phases: increase to a first minor peak, a subsequent smooth increase to a second peak, fluctuation until a third major peak, and a final continuous decrease. The flow depth, velocity, total normal stress, and pore fluid pressure were strongly related to the mixture density and total mixture weight. We defined the corresponding relationships between the flow parameters and mixture kinematics. Linear and exponential relationships described the maximum flow depth and the mixture weight and density, respectively. The flow velocity was linearly related to the weight and density. The pore fluid pressure and total normal stress were linearly related to the weight, but logarithmically related to the density. The regression goodness of fit for all functions was >0.93. Therefore, these functions are accurate and could be used to predict the consequences of loess debris flows. Our results provide an improved understanding of the effects of mixture density and weight on the kinematics of debris flows in loess areas, and can help landscape managers prevent and design improved engineering solutions.
Les sarcophages mérovingiens de la Tourasse à Toulouse et du Petit Paradis à Bruguières (Haute-Garonne)
Authors: Vidal Michel
Published: December 2018

The author studies five sarcophagal tombs found not far from Toulouse. The funerary furniture found there can be dated to the middle of the 6th century A.D. The presence of these five isolated burial places perhaps argues in favour of a thinly-settled population on the outskirts of the city of Toulouse in the late Middle Ages.
Archéologie et archéométrie : quelques réflexions
Authors: Boüard Michel de
Published: December 2018

La plupart des courants nouveaux qui animent aujourd'hui la recherche archéologique tendent assez exclusivement à rénover les démarches du raisonnement archéologique ; ils ne prêtent guère d'attention à la description, à la définition externe et interne des données de toute nature auxquelles s'applique ce raisonnement. Au contraire, l'archéométrie se propose d'utiliser, pour une plus complète connaissance de ces données, les moyens de recherche offerts par la physique, la chimie, et diverses autres sciences. Ses objectifs sont les mêmes que ceux de l'archéologie : toutes deux ont une finalité historique. Cependant, beaucoup d'archéologues s'obstinent à éluder les problèmes déontologiques et méthodologiques que pose aux archéologues le développement de l'archéométrie.

L'auteur propose un certain nombre de moyens propres à rendre plus habituelle, plus éclairée et plus efficace la nécessaire coopération entre les archéologues et les spécialistes de l'analyse et de la datation en laboratoire.
Discovery of Tidal RR Lyrae Stars in the Bulge Globular Cluster M62∗
Authors: Minniti Dante , Fernández-Trincado José G. , Ripepi Vincenzo , Alonso-García Javier , Ramos Rodrigo Contreras , Marconi Marcella
Published: December 2018

The RR Lyrae (RRL) rich globular cluster M62 (NGC 6266) is one of the most massive globular clusters in the Milky Way, located in the dense region of the Galactic bulge, where dynamical processes that affect the survival of globular clusters are maximized. Using Gaia second data release data we have found clear evidence for an excess of RRLs beyond the cluster tidal radius of M62, associated partly with stars stripped into the Galaxy field. This is confirmed with new Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Variables in the Via Lactea Extended survey observations, which discard any differential reddening effect as the possible cause of the observed RRL density excess. We also determined the orbit of M62 using accurate new measurements of its distance, radial velocity, and proper motions, finding that its orbit is prograde with respect to the direction of the Galactic rotation. Orbits are integrated in the non-axisymmetric galactic model GravPot16, which includes the perturbations due to the central Galactic bar. M62 shows a particular orbital behavior, having a dynamical signature of the bar-bulge region. The small extra-tidal RRLs extensions that are observed are roughly aligned toward the galactic center, and the direction is almost perpendicular to the galactic plane, not with its motion along its orbit. This may be a clear sign of bulge-crossing shocks during the last passage close of the cluster toward its perigalacticon. M62 would be the first clear observed case of bulge shocking in the inner Galaxy acting on a globular cluster.
Introduced Japanese burrowing cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) micado) range continues to expand in North America
Authors: Bowles David E.
Published: December 2018

Japanese burrowing cricket, Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) micado (Saussure, 1877), was introduced into the eastern United States in 1959 and has since increased its distributional range to include the eastern Great Plains and the northern United States. Although generally thought of as an urban species associated with human habitation, some specimens are now being captured in more remote areas, which is attributed to this species sometimes being macropterous and dispersing through flight. Public data sources such as BugGuide and iNaturalist were found to be sound, passive tools for identifying the expanding range of this species in the Americas. Collection and observation in atypical habitats suggest that potential ecological impacts may be occurring.
Capabilities of gamma-spectrometry methods for on-line monitoring of nitride SNF pyrochemical reprocessing
Authors: Kanashov Boris , Smirnov Valery , Kadilin Vladimir , Ibragimov Renat , Dedenko Grigory , Vlasik Konstantin , Rudenko Vladimir , Glagovsky Eduard , Lupar Yevgeny , Poletov Grigory , Lomtev Yevgeny , Smirnov Aleksandr , Khrunov Vladimir
Published: December 2018

The paper reports the first test results for detectors of various types and equipment of gamma-spectrometry channels under external radiation originating from pyrochemical reprocessing of spent mixed nitride uranium-plutonium (MNUP) fuel. Testing was carried out on a solid-state detector with a CdZnTe crystal, a scintillation detector with a LaBr3crystal, and an ionization chamber based on compressed xenon. Simulated external gamma-radiation was created by means of a Co-based scattered gamma-radiation source. The paper also describes an experimental facility and a measurement technique, and presents the facility testing results for the above three detectors. The solid-state detector was proved to have the best performance. However, achieving the design characteristics of the gamma-spectrometry channel requires new solutions for protection and collimation of gamma-radiation produced by a real MNUP SNF reprocessing facility. What is meant here is the influence of the detectors’ geometry on the configuration of the protective collimator which is proposed to be used in real conditions. Thus, if a Xe-based detector is used, the calculated mass of the protective collimator is 900 kg, while it is possible to use less massive protection for the other detectors. In addition, when manufacturing neutron shielding for detectors based on CdZnTe and LaBr3, it is necessary to consider the neutron radiation factor in MNUP SNF processing. It is possible to surround the collimator with a moderating layer (for example, polyethylene) and create inside it a skin from a thermal neutron absorber (for example, based on cadmium).
Diatoms from Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska, USA
Authors: Bahls Loren , Luna Tara
Published: December 2018

As a contribution to our knowledge of diatom biodiversity and biogeography in the United States, high resolution light microscope images are provided for 139 diatom taxa recorded from lake, stream, spring and glacier habitats in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. The spring had the highest taxa richness of the four habitats that were sampled, likely owing to the relative stability of this habitat compared to the others. Most of the taxa were described from northern and alpine locations in Europe and North America and are typical of habitats in the northern Rocky Mountains, with two notable exceptions. Surirellaarctica had been reported previously only from locations in the High Arctic of North America, north of 68°N latitude. Gomphonemacaperatum has a disjunct distribution in montane regions of the eastern and far western contiguous United States. This may be the first record of this taxon from Alaska.
A new species of Austrocodrus Ogloblin (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae, Austroserphinae), a Gondwanic relict from southernmost South America
Authors: Rodríguez-Serrano Enrique , Zúñiga-Reinoso Alvaro
Published: December 2018

Austrocodrusgladiogeminussp. n. is described from southernmost South America. It is a member of the primitive subfamily Austroserphinae (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae), which is distributed in Oceania and South America, and is characterized from other Austrocodrus species by its relatively larger body size, the presence of long and sword-shaped ovipositor sheaths, M arising very close and distal to 1cu-a, and Cu and m-cu joining at a distance equivalent to the length of 2cu-a. We consider this species to be a Gondwanan relict. It has southernmost distribution of any proctotrupid.
Introduction of the Exocelina casuarina-group, with a key to its representatives and descriptions of 19 new species from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Copelatinae)
Authors: Shaverdo Helena , Sagata Katayo , Balke Michael
Published: December 2018

Nineteen new species of Exocelina Broun, 1886 from New Guinea are described herein: E.adelbertensissp. n., E.ambuasp. n., E.bewanisp. n., E.cyclopssp. n., E.ibalimisp. n., E.kekisp. n., E.kumulensissp. n., E.mendiensissp. n., E.menyamyasp. n., E.okapasp. n., E.piusisp. n., E.pseudofumesp. n., E.pseudopusillasp. n., E.pusillasp. n., E.simasp. n., E.simbaiensissp. n., E.simbaijimisp. n., E.sumokedisp. n., and E.yoginofisp. n. All of them, together with five already described species, have been united into the newly defined casuarina-group, a polyphyletic complex of related species with similar shape of the median lobe and paramere setation. An identification key to all known species of the group is provided, and important diagnostic characters (habitus, color, male protarsomeres 4–5, median lobes, and parameres) are illustrated. Data on the distribution of the species are given, showing that most of the species occur in the central, mountain part of Papua New Guinea.
The immatures of Bezzia chilensis Spinelli & Ronderos, 2001 (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Anjos-Santos Danielle , Díaz Florentina , Spinelli Gustavo Ricardo , Ronderos María Marcela
Published: December 2018

The fourth instar larva and the pupa ofBezziachilensisSpinelli & Ronderos, 2001 are described for the first time. The immature stages were collected from macrophytes and filamentous algae in streams of the Patagonian steppe, in the provinces of Neuquén and Chubut, Argentina. The described stages were photographed and illustrated with a phase-contrast microscope and scanning electron microscope. Data on the bionomics of the species, new records and tables for characters of the known larvae and pupae ofBezziaKieffer, 1899 from the Neotropical region are provided.
Changing Perceptions of the European Union in Central Asia
Authors: Arynov Zhanibek
Published: December 2018

L’année 2018 marque le 25e anniversaire du début des relations diplomatiques entre l’Union européenne (UE) et les pays d’Asie centrale. Au cours de cette période, l’UE n’a cessé d’accroître sa présence dans la région. Pour autant, l’UE n’est pas encore devenue un acteur puissant en Asie centrale. En comparaison avec d’autres acteurs, et en particulier la Russie, la Chine et les États-Unis, l’influence politique et économique de l’UE reste limitée. Toutefois, l’avantage relatif de l’UE par rapport aux autres acteurs réside dans l’image positive et bienveillante qui lui est attribuée. L’UE peut tirer parti de son attractivité et de son « soft power », un avantage qui tend à diminuer rapidement depuis peu. Afin de conserver son image positive dans la région, l’UE doit envisager de prendre des mesures appropriées en révisant sa stratégie. Une option consiste à développer des outils de communication basés sur Internet, qui seront adaptés à l’Asie centrale, sans pour autant nécessiter d’importantes ressources de la part de l’UE.
Providing Security along the Silk Road: Bridging the Russian and Chinese Security Concerns in Central Asia
Authors: Vishnevskaya-Mann Anastasia
Published: December 2018

Bien que l’Asie centrale demeure une région relativement stable, elle fait face à divers problèmes de sécurité : risque de radicalisation, terrorisme, affrontements ethniques, trafic de drogue et répercussions de l’Afghanistan. Zone d’influence de plus en plus disputée entre la Chine et la Russie, la sécurité y est assurée par un réseau de mécanismes bilatéraux ainsi que par les organisations régionales de sécurité (OTSC et OSC). En raison de la détérioration de l’économie russe et de la diminution de l’effet de levier sur les États d’Asie centrale, le rôle de l’OTSC se réduit. Depuis l’élargissement de l’OCS, la question se pose de savoir si l’organisation sera en mesure de continuer à servir de plate-forme de médiation entre les intérêts de la Chine et ceux de la Russie. Les deux pays, réticents à s’engager dans une coopération multilatérale à part entière, préfèrent leurs propres formes de coopération en matière de sécurité, tant avec les États de la région qu’entre eux. Ce filet de sécurité pourrait toutefois s’avérer insuffisant.
L’impact économique et financier du Brexit
Authors: Mourlon-Druol Emmanuel
Published: December 2018

Depuis le vote du peuple britannique pour quitter l’Union européenne le 23 juin 2016, les analyses de l’impact économique et financier du Brexit sur le Royaume-Uni et sur l’Europe sont légion. Apocalyptiques ou fantasmées, objectives ou biaisées, ces analyses occultent souvent l’impact le plus important : l’inquantifiable perte des bénéfices d’une relation de coopération étroite entre Londres et le continent tissée depuis plus d’un demi-siècle.
Le défi de la démocratie européenne
Authors: Lefebvre Maxime
Published: December 2018

L’affirmation du rôle du Parlement européen est une réponse au reproche de déficit démocratique dans l’Union. Cette affirmation reste inachevée, du fait de la nature même de l’Union européenne. On doit concevoir cette Union comme une « fédération en devenir », équilibrant la légitimité des démocraties nationales et celle du Parlement européen. La procédure de désignation des Spitzenkandidaten , candidats têtes de liste des partis européens, permet de renforcer l’espace du débat public européen.
Où va l’Afghanistan ?
Authors: Racine Jean-Luc
Published: December 2018

Dans une conjoncture marquée par l’échec des interventions militaires, des attentats multiples et des législatives critiquées, l’incertitude est réelle dans le pays. Mais le gouvernement tient, et les divisions entre talibans limitent les avances de ces derniers. L’apparition de Daech pose un problème qui mobilise les acteurs extérieurs. La question centrale demeure celle du dialogue à entretenir avec les talibans. La société afghane elle-même bouge, mais ses perspectives demeurent brouillées.
Numerical Analysis of the Sugarcane Bagasse Drying by Cyclone
Authors: Ribeiro de Souza J.A. , de Farias Neto Severino Rodrigues , de Lima E. Santana , Barbosa de Lima A.G. , Monteiro Lopes H.
Published: December 2018

Drying is a simultaneous process of heat and mass transfer and dimensional changes. In recent years, cyclones have been used as a modern drying technology. In this sense, this research proposes a numerical study to describe drying of sugarcane bagasse, using the cyclone as dryer. Herein, it was adopted the Eulerian-Lagrangian model in steady state. The Reynolds stress model was considered to describe turbulence of the gas phase, while a transient lumped model was used to describe heat and mass transfer on the particulate phase (sugarcane bagasse). Particles were considered with irregular shape, composed of a binary mixture (solid part and water). The solution of the proposed model was obtained using the commercial software Ansys CFX 12. Results of the moisture content, temperature, dimension variation, and paths of particles, as well as velocity, pressure, and temperature distributions of the gas phase inside the cyclone are presented and analyzed. It has been found that the obtained components for axial and tangential velocity inside the cyclone are in good agreement with experimental data available in the literature, and that the drying kinetics, heating, dimensional variations, and residence time of particles are affected by the velocity of the gas phase, velocity of the particles, and the flow direction of gas and particles at the entrance of the feed duct.
Water Absorption in Sisal Fiber Reinforced-Polymeric Matrix Composites: Three-Dimensional Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Gomes dos Santos D. , Barbosa de Lima A.G. , de Sousa Costa P. , de Lima E. Santana , Moreira G. , Nascimento J.J. Silva
Published: December 2018

In this work was conducted a theoretical and experimental study of water absorption in polyester matrix composites reinforced with sisal fiber at temperatures of 25, 50 and 70°C. A fiber content 44.6% sisal fibers, and 55.4% polyester matrix were used in the manufacture of the polymer composite. The dimensions of the composite were 20x20x3mm3 and 20x20x6mm3. Water absorption tests were conducted by immersion of the samples in a distilled water bath and the water uptake calculated by weight difference of the samples in the dry and wetted condition at different elapsed time. A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to predict mass transfer during the water absorption inside the parallelepiped solid. Results of water absorption kinetic and moisture content distribution inside the composites showed the more favorable areas which presents delamination problems due the weakness of the fiber-matrix interface and consequently, reduction in the mechanical properties. It was found that the high water bath temperatures accelerate the absorption process and that the water absorption of the sisal reinforced polymer composite with 3 mm of thickness was faster than the with 6 mm of thickness.
Multiphase Fluid Flow in Porous-Fibrous Media: Fundamentals, Mathematical Modeling and Applications on Polymeric Composites Manufacturing
Authors: Porto T.R. Nascimento , Barbosa de Lima A.G. , de Amorim Júnior W.F.
Published: December 2018

This work provides information about polymer composite manufacturing by using liquid composite material molding, with particular reference to resin transfer molding process (RTM). Herein, several topics related to porous media, fluid flow, mathematical modeling, computational methods, composite manufacturing and industrial applications were presented. Simulation of resin flow into a fibrous (reinforcement) inserted in a parallelepiped mold has been performed, using the Ansys FLUENT® software, and different results of resin volumetric fraction, stream lines and pressure distribution inside the mold, and volumetric fraction always flow rate (inlet and outlet gates) of the resin, as a function of filling time, have been presented and discussed.
Robot-assisted resection of gastric duplication cysts in a child: a detailed case report
Authors: Rizzo Riccardo , Lisi Gabriele , Marino Nino , Lauriti Giuseppe , Di Renzo Dacia , Lelli Chiesa Pierluigi
Published: December 2018

Gastric duplication cysts (GDCs) represent 4-9% of alimentary tract duplications. Early diagnosis and surgical excision are essential to avoid morbidity or neoplastic degeneration. Roboticassisted excision of GDCs has never been described in childhood. We report an asymptomatic male patient with 2 gastric cystic masses at ultrasonography (US)-study (diameter 25mm and 8mm), increasing in size at follow-up. At 20 months of age, magnetic- resonance-imaging-scan confirmed 2 round gastric masses (44×35mm and 16×12mm, respectively). Two months later, an elective robotic-assisted excision of GDCs was completed without complications. The patient was discharged at day 6 after procedure. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of GDCs. At a 2-year follow- up, US-study did not evidence any issue. In this first reported case of robotic-assisted cystectomy for CGD in childhood, the procedure seems safe, effective, and feasible. This approach improves the movements of the surgical instruments with better 3- D visualization in comparison with the laparoscopic approach.
Corrective wedge ostectomy for an atypical femoral procurvatum deformity stabilised with a supracondylar bone plate
Authors: Smalle Tesh M. , Coetzee Gert L. , Naude Stephanus H.
Published: December 2018

Physeal fractures of the distal femur are among the most commonly encountered fractures in skeletally immature dogs. These fractures respond poorly to conservative management and thus early surgical reduction and stabilisation are recommended. A 7-month-old intact male Border collie presented with a history of chronic lameness. Clinical examination revealed a predominantly non-weight-bearing lameness of the right hindlimb and concurrent muscle atrophy. A pronounced, but atypical, procurvatum deformity of the right distal femur was diagnosed on survey radiographs. Malunion of a Salter–Harris Type III physeal fracture was suspected as there was an associated history of trauma. A cranially based closing wedge ostectomy was performed to address the femoral deformity and subsequently stabilised using a supracondylar bone plate. The dog recovered well and was moderately weight-bearing lame on the right hindlimb 6 weeks post-operatively. Ten months following the operation the range of motion had improved in the right stifle and no signs of lameness were evident at a walk. We advocate surgical correction of sagittal plane deformities of the distal femur using the CORA method. Overall, a good functional outcome was achieved, which is consistent with previously reported cases with similar deformities.
Unilateral subcutaneous fibroma in the distal femoral region of a 5-year-old Nooitgedacht mare
Authors: Poore Luke A. , Duncan Neil , Williams June
Published: December 2018

A non-ossified unilateral subcutaneous fibroma was diagnosed in the distal femoral region of a 5-year-old Nooitgedacht mare. Histopathological examination of the excised mass revealed long interweaving bundles of semi-mature monotonous collagenous connective tissue with fusiform nuclei without mitotic figures. The mare made an uneventful recovery following surgical removal of the neoplasm. Subcutaneous fibromas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of skin swellings associated with the limbs of horses.
Malnutrition and risk factors in tunisian patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Othman Rym , Ksira Imen , Smida Amal , Berriche Olfa , Mahjoub Feten , Mansour Sabrine , Belghith Jihed , Jamoussi Henda
Published: December 2018

Background and Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent digestive cancer. Its occurrence is associated with many factors including nutrition and lifestyle. CRC is often associated to malnutrition which worsens its prognosis. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with CRC. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study about fifty patients with CRC recruited in the Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery of “La Rabta” Hospital in Tunis as well as fifty random controls. The groups were matched for age and sex. The nutritional status of patients was assessed by anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests (albumin), and three nutritional scores. Dietary intakes were quantified by a frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall. Results: Significant risk factors were obesity (P = 0.02), menopause (P = 0.006) and the high consumption of red meat (P = 0.002), processed meat (P = 0.002), fried foods (P = 0.0001), and sugar (P = 0.0001). The consumption of green tea (P = 0.003), fruit (P = 0.001), and cereals (P = 0.0001) was higher in controls. Malnutrition was common measured by the body mass index, the percentage of weight loss (42%), albumin (60%), and different nutritional scores. The energy and protein intakes of patients were below the recommended requirements in 94% and 92% of patients, respectively. Deficiencies in minerals, vitamins, and trace elements were found. Conclusions: Malnutrition was very common in patients with CRC with multiple vitamin and mineral deficits.
Numbers with Almost all Convergents in a Cantor Set
Authors: Roy Damien , Schleischitz Johannes
Published: December 2018

In 1984, K. Mahler asked how well elements in the Cantor middle third set can be approximated by rational numbers from that set and by rational numbers outside of that set. We consider more general missing digit sets $C$ and construct numbers in $C$ that are arbitrarily well approximable by rationals in $C$, but badly approximable by rationals outside of $C$. More precisely, we construct them so that all but finitely many of their convergents lie in $C$.
DESTRUCTION OF LACTIC ACID STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGE BY HYPOCHLORITE AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS*
Authors: Parker R. B. , Elliker P. R.
Published: December 2018

A modification of the Weber and Black method was employed to compare rate of destruction of lactic streptococcus bacteriophage by sodium hypochlorite and quaternary ammonium compounds. At concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm, the hypochlorite exhibited faster destruction of phage than did the quaternary ammonium compounds. At 200 ppm both quaternaries and hypochlorites completely inactivated the phage in a 15-second exposure period. Results indicated that an active hypochlorite should be preferable to quaternary compounds for destruction of bacteriophage on dairy equipment. Different phage strains for both Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris showed marked variations in resistance to quaternary ammonium germicides.
THE OCCURRENCE AND SURVIVAL OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN ITALIAN CHEESE CURD MADE FROM RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK*
Authors: Gilman Herbert L. , Marquardt J. C.
Published: December 2018

Br. abortus was recovered from five out of six Italian cheese curds made from raw milk. Br. abortus was recovered from three out of four samples of batch milk from a plant making the curd. After pasteurization, the authors were unable to recover the organism from either the milk or the curd made from this milk. The organism apparently is able to survive the usual manufacturing process for this type of cheese when made from raw infected milk.
EXIGENT PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF QUALITY APPRAISAL STANDARDS IN THE PROCUREMENT OF DAIRY PRODUCTS FOR MILITARY REQUIREMENTS*
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: December 2018

The relationship of the Veterinary Corps to the Surgeon General and the Quartermaster General; a discussion of the types of milk provided under the newly revised Federal Specification G-M-381e; coliform requirements of this new specification as they will apply to military purchases of fresh milk; other specification changes concerned with analytical, processing, and procurement provisions; estimate of the effect of emergency procurement on existing milk supplies; personal observations in uncontrolled milk areas; military use of frozen homogenized milk; and the relationship of sanitary requirements to the quality of butter and cheese.
MISSOURI'S PLAN FOR MILK ANALYSTS IN THE STATE AND LABORATORY CERTIFICATION
Authors: Adams Irma C.
Published: December 2018

The objectives of a milk workshop has been outlined and the technic of handling it was covered. There were twelve laboratories in the State that participated with six staff members conducting the week's work. The agenda dealt with the fundamentals of milk bacteriology and adhered completely to Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, Ninth Edition, 1948. Where alternate procedures were allowed the most practical method was agreed upon and accepted as Missouri's Standard Procedure.

Details of certification of milk laboratories were developed.
PEROXIDASE INACTIVATION IN PROCESSED CUCUMBER PICKLES1,2
Authors: Nebesky E. A. , Esselen W. B. , Fellers C. R
Published: December 2018

In the processing of cucumber pickle products such as Kosher Style dill and Processed dill pickles attention should also be given to the destruction of enzymes present in the product, as well as potential spoilage microorganisms, which may lead to the development of undesirable changes in color, flavor, and aroma during storage.
VACCINES IN DAIRY ANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL*
Authors: Scheidy S. F.
Published: December 2018

A number of important diseases of dairy cattle can be prevented by the use of vaccines. Such vaccines are produced and distributed under the supervision of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry.

In this article pertinent information is given with respect to vaccines for use against anthrax, blackleg, malignant edema, bacillary hemoglobinuria, brucellosis, hemorrhagic septicemia, and several other less important diseases of dairy cattle.
SYNTHETIC CULTURE MEDIA FOR REFERENCE USE IN DAIRY BACTERIOLOGY*
Authors: Pelczar Michael J. , Brown J. Howard
Published: December 2018

Having noted that different lots of the same brand of milk plating agar showed considerable irregularity in colony counts of the same samples of milk, the authors devised a reproducable synthetic medium in dry form which might serve as a Reference Standard against which different lots of peptone media could be evaluated. Milk samples plated in this synthetic medium yielded colony counts comparable to those obtained in samples of the TGEM medium of two different manufacturers provided only that plates containing the synthetic medium were incubated longer to allow for the somewhat slower development of the colonies.
EFFECT OF PREHEATING TIME ON THE INACTIVATION OF PHOSPHATASE IN MILK*
Authors: Lear S. A. , Foster H. G.
Published: December 2018

The authors consider the incongruities encountered when the phosphatase test is applied to milk and offer a practical mathematical solution for some of them. Experiments are described wherein it was possible to evaluate the individual effects of the preheating, holding and cooling segments of the heating (pasteurizing) curve on the inactivation of phosphatase in milk. Thus experimental data were obtained that satisfied the requirements of the mathematical equations used currently in the food canning industry to calculate the total lethal heat effect of a process.

The authors report that when one minute preheating time with straight line heating is used, it will contribute 0.40 percent and 29.91 percent of the total lethal heat respectively when the holding temperatures are 146.3° F and. 163.4° F.
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF A FACULATIVE AEROBIC SPORE-FORMING BACTERIUM IN EVAPORATED MILK
Authors: Ruyle E. H. , Sognefest P.
Published: December 2018

Spores of a faculative acrobic spore-forming rod tentatively identified as Bacillus subtilis and responsible for sweet coagulation of evaporated milk has been found to show unusual heat resistance above regular evaporated milk sterilization processes. The organism does not produce acid or gas and the spoilage is manifest only by coagulation of the product. It is assumed that the organism entered through the raw milk and multiplied in the product and equipment as a result of faulty clean-up procedures.
AVERAGE PLATE COUNT RATIOS OF DAIRY PRODUCTS CALCULATED FOR PERIODS OF SIX MONTHS
Authors: Courtney J. L.
Published: December 2018

Average standard plate count ratios occurring during 6 six-month grading periods were 1.9, 1.9, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.5. A total of 12,109 samples were examined during the three years with an over-all average of 1.8. It is suggested that state and local administrators may find the average ratio helpful in maintaining satisfactory technique among laboratory workers and in securing reasonably comparable results among different laboratories.
ACTION OF ALKYL-DIMETHYL-BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON SOME ORGANISMS CAUSING BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Yancey Frances S. , Faber John E.
Published: December 2018

A commercial preparation of alkyldimethyl-benzyl was examined for its effectiveness in destruction of bacteria commonly associated with bovine mastitis. Cold aqueous solutions of this compound may have value as an added safeguard when used as a disinfecting rinse for dairy farm equipment against organisms of bovine mastitis if used following a carefully planned rinsing and washing procedure including boiling water. It cannot be depended upon to disinfect in conjunction with cold washing procedures.
PRESERVATION OF CHOCOLATE DRINK BY FREEZING
Authors: BABCOCK C. J. , STROBEL D. R. , YAGER R. H. , WINDHAM E. S.
Published: December 2018

To determine the effectiveness of freezing as a preservative of chocolate drink, three commercial samples processed as follows were used: Sample 1.—Skimmilk through plate heater at 165–175°F and into vat, standardized to 1% butterfat and cocoa (20 lb. 100 gal.) powder with stabilizer and sugar (30 lb 100 gal) added. Held in vat 20 min. Sample 2—Skimmilk heated in vat and 95 lb of chocolate syrup and 54 lb of sugar added 193 gal of skimmilk. Held at 160°F for 30 min. Sample 3.—590 gal of skimmilk heated to 90–110°F sugar (280 lb) and cocoa (90 lb) powder added and then standardized with 38% cream. Heated to 160°F for 30 min. The samples were checked for flavor, frozen at −10°F and stored at 0°F. Samples were removed from storage at monthly intervals for determination of flavor and sedimentation.

Data are presented showing analyses of the samples of chocolate drink prior to freezing, analyses of sections of the samples after freezing, degree of sedimentation, and the effects of methods of thawing on the degree of sedimentation. After 13 months of storage, samples of the three chocolate drinks showed no flavor deterioration, or sedimentation to an objectionable degree.
PUBLIC RELATIONS*
Authors: Robertson J. L.
Published: December 2018

Public relations is a patent and integral part of industry's and health department's daily affairs. Representatives of both must understand and practice good public relations to accomplish business and sanitation objectives. Every experience and action results in good or bad public relations. The Sanitarian should plan and strive for good public relations, based on an understanding of industry's problems and community needs. This approach should result in prevention by guidance through education rather than correction by enforcement through police action. Practical steps are suggested.
NEW ENGLAND GREEN PASTURES PROGRAM
Authors: Judd S. G.
Published: December 2018

The New England states have inaugurated a yearly contest in comparative ratings in the improvement of pastures and roughage crops. Governmental agencies and commercial firms are co-operating, and the judging is handled under the direction of county agents. The prizes are awarded at colorful exercises held on Governors' Day.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COLONY PRODUCTIVITY OF SIX MILK PLATING MEDIA
Authors: Pessin Vivian , Robertson A. H.
Published: December 2018

Colony productivities of 5 media (2 containing skim milk, 2 milk-free, and 1 synthetic) have been compared with that of the official (TGEM) medium, authorized by the American Public Health Association. The chief objective was to discover a suitable milk-free medium to replace the TGEM medium. Work on improving the milk-free media is being continued. The synthetic medium (selected amino acids, vitamins, purines, pyrimidines, mineral salts, glucose and agar) gave about 95 percent productivity of the TGEM medium. A synthetic medium has potential use as a reference productivity standard.
TANK TRUCK PICK-UP FOR BULK MILK COOLING TANKS AT FARMS*
Authors: Goslee H. Clifford
Published: December 2018

The two tank truck pick-up routes which have been operating in Connecticut during the last three years can attribute much success from very frequent fieldmen's visits to the farms, much sampling of the milk, and many improvements in methods and equipment.

Four new routes have been started and three more will be operating in a few weeks. The present interest by both dealers and producers is so ravenous that rigid control is imperative. Fortunately, the 1951 Connecticut legislature gave the Commissioner of Farms & Markets authority to establish rules and regulations to control all phases of the project.

Already, methods have been established for the sampling and testing of the farm milk for butterfat, utilizing “standard methods” with a few supplementary requirements.

The Department is now working on methods and standards to ensure high quality milk. In addition to our present code requirements, consideration will be given to all of the newer methods of milk production not now specifically covered in existing codes (state or U.S.P.H.S.)
THE EFFICIENCY OF HOLDING TUBES USED IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHORT-TIME PASTEURIZERS
Authors: Jordan W. K. , Holland R. F. , White J. C.
Published: December 2018

The efficiency of a holding tube depends on the size of pipe used and the velocity of flow through the tube. Tests conducted on glass and metal pipe in sizes from one to four inches in diameter showed that, for a given capacity, highest efficiency can be obtained by constructing the holding tube of the smallest practical size of pipe. There was no difference between the efficiencies of comparable glass and metal holding tubes.
CANNING PLANT SANITATION*
Authors: Doyle E. S.
Published: December 2018

The canning industry has always had to consider sanitation, but as the result of a “spot” survey, an intensive educational nation-wide program was authorized in 1945, and the development is described. An early conclusion was the necessity of each plant having a trained man responsible for the plant sanitation. Cannery sanitation as compared with Public Health Sanitation is largely a matter of plant efficiency, product quality and esthetics. Various categories of cannery sanitation and their application are described. There is an important place for the industry sanitarian as well as the enforcement sanitarian, and there is need for a standardization of concepts between the two.
MILK QUALITY
Authors: Freeman T. R.
Published: December 2018

In this discussion the author attempts to show that our modern concepts of quality are the result of a slow, evolutionary process. Individual and collective viewpoints regarding milk quality are influenced by educational background, economic and social status, scientific information, and political subterfuge. Even our present standards of quality should not be regarded as fixed values.
A SANITATION STUDY OF FOUNTAIN MIXED MILK DRINKS*
Authors: Fiske Franklin H.
Published: December 2018

A study was conducted on the sanitation problems involved in the preparation of fountain mixed milk drinks and quality determination of the ingredients and the finished product. Investigation was made of the factors involved in the control of materials and practices in the manufacture of fountain drinks. The methods of sampling and analyzing the products and the comparison of the results are presented. A great variation in the quality of the products is evident. Determination is made of the influence of substandard ingredients on the final product and the effect of poor soda fountain utensil sanitation.
THE BEST SANITARIANS ARE GOOD SALESMEN
Authors: King James A.
Published: December 2018

A parallel is drawn between the role of a salesman and that of sanitarians.

The author discusses some of the principles of salesmanship and education which the sanitarian may profitably apply in his work. It is suggested that human relations can be approached in a scientific manner as well as the physical problems involved in sanitation.

Failure in human relations is equivalent to failure as a sanitarian. The key to success is a liking for people.
MILK COOLING — AS YOU FIND IT*
Authors: Springstead C. S.
Published: December 2018

A study was made of the factors influencing the temperature of milk delivered to Erie County, New York, processing plants under existing local conditions. One of the most interesting facts developed was that even with ideal transportation facilities there were wide changes in the temperatures of 40-quart cans of milk and these changes could be predicted for any market. It also re-emphasized that low quality milk needs lower cooling temperatures than high quality milk.
FOOD-BORNE DISEASES IN THE NAVY — A TRAINING PROGRAM FOR FOOD SERVICE PERSONNEL AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE*
Authors: Stewart Lieutenant Fred E. , Mytinger Lieutenant Junior Grade Robert E.
Published: December 2018

From the need for intensive training in food sanitation in the Navy has evolved a program of in-service courses at various levels of Navy life and for various degrees of specialization of assignments, as well as of organized classes at civilian schools which Navy personnel may attend. The principle behind such training is the development of proper attitudes toward safe food handling rather than the rote memorizing of facts. Such “attitude-formation” methods are used for food-service workers, and training of professional scope for potential instructors. Visual aids and classroom discussion techniques are also used.
FARM TANK HOLDING OF MILK WITH TANK TRUCK PICK-UP
Authors: Bryant C. B. A. (Bill)
Published: December 2018

Bill Bryant presents informally his observations on many practical aspects of the new system of hauling milk by tank pickup in widely scattered parts of the United States. He reports that the work-load is eased, milk quality is improved, delivery is facilitated, and economies in collection and operation are secured.
CHEMICALS IN FOOD*
Authors: Newton Roy C.
Published: December 2018

Public misunderstanding regarding chemicals in food must be corrected by the food industry itself, Dr. R. C. Newton. vice president of Swift & Company in charge of research, said May 27, 1952.

Speaking at the 43rd annual convention of the Flavoring Extract Manufacturers' Association at Chicago's Edgewater Beach Hotel, Dr. Newton said chemicals play an important role in future progress in the food industry. However, he advocated thorough testing of new substances before they are used.

Pointing out that actually all foods are chemical. Dr. Newton said for centuries man has used many chemicals in processing his foods.

“These chemicals have stood the test of time and are universally accepted as wholesome”, he said. “There is no logical reason, therefore, why the public sometimes should give the word ‘chemical’ a sinister connotation.”

“Safety is the first and by all odds the most important consideration with respect to human food. The food industry has always subscribed to the principle of safety first and by and large is favorable to a compulsory program for pre-testing of all new chemical substances in food. Our industry must make its position clear on this point.

“It is time the various segments of the food industry announce in unequivocal terms the high standard of ethics which has in the past and will in the future be its guide.