bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foucault's Technologies
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Michel Foucault is rarely viewed as a philosopher of technology, yet academics and students routinely refer to his terms ‘technologies of power’, ‘governmental technologies’, and ‘technologies of the self’. This book is a response to the contradiction between the paucity of research into Foucault’s technological thought and the abundance of technological vocabulary and metaphors in his own writings as well as in the commentary literature. It aims to provide the most extensive examination so far of the role of technology in Foucault’s work. The book argues that technology serves neither as the object of Foucault’s analysis nor as a convenient metaphor for making arguments, but rather as integral to his thinking and writing. As the book’s title Foucault’s Technologies indicates, it explores not Foucault and modern technology, defined as technical devices like television, smartphones, or industrial machines, but rather Foucault’s approach to the theme of technology and his use of technological terms. The book proceeds through Foucault’s thought, reconstructing his mature concept of technology, the dispositif. The reader also travels a route paved with discussions of how Foucault’s work intersects with that of other key thinkers, particularly Heidegger, Althusser, Nietzsche, and Deleuze. While presenting efforts in intellectual history, the book ultimately focuses on the analytical implications for ‘users’, showing how researchers can benefit from Foucault’s technological approach. As such, the book offers an analytical framework effective for the study of problems in present-day welfare states and the emergent world of data-capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

The Introduction begins with some of Foucault’s own words on technology, each of which presents important ways in how he thinks technologically. It proceeds by discussing the notion of technology itself in Foucault’s work and, more broadly, evaluates the critique voiced by some scholars that technology is an imprecise term. The chapter then outlines the book’s key contribution: the reconstruction of Foucault’s technological thought. Next, it positions the book in the literature on Foucault’s approach to technology. Although it highlights important points in these studies, it notes that none of them undertake a systematic reconstruction of Foucault’s technological thought. Finally, the introduction discusses how the book utilizes elements of intellectual history, paying attention to Foucault’s cautioning against this tradition’s key modes of inquiry. It stresses that the book prioritizes the future analytical potential of Foucault’s technological concepts over the reconstruction of past influences, conceptual origins, and intellectual contexts.
The ‘Eye’ of Technology
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 begins by discussing how the development of humanity is intricately tied to technology. Modernity is marked by a tendency towards ‘blind optimization’, that is, the growing technological exploitation of all aspects of our genetic and mental capacities with the purpose of maximizing efficiency for its own sake. Heidegger and Foucault are both pivotal in critically exploring this theme, both discerning a particular modern world view, or ‘gaze’, which turns both nature and humans into exploitable resources. The chapter compares Heidegger and Foucault around ‘the eye of technology’, focusing on their respective concepts of Gestell and dispositif. It takes its starting point in Giorgio Agamben’s (2009) decisive but poorly supported claim that Gestell and the dispositif are ‘perfectly corresponding’ concepts. While the two terms evince broad parallels in terms of their attention to visualization, human disposition, and historical contingency, the chapter’s close comparison reveals significant philosophical and methodological differences.
Comparative analysis of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu languages
Authors: Edelsten Peter , Guérois Rozenn , Marten Lutz
Published: November 2024

Following a long tradition of historical-comparative work in Bantu, recent years have seen an increase in studies adopting systematic, parametric approaches to morphosyntactic variation in Bantu. In parallel with this, there have been a number of research projects to record and analyse typological data using large-scale online databases. This chapter presents a particular approach within this wider context, focusing on a new database built around parametric data, used for storing, analysing, and comparing morphosyntactic data from Bantu languages. The chapter discusses conceptual, empirical, and methodological issues which lie behind the parametric study of Bantu morphosyntactic variation, including issues involved in the selection of languages, the design of the parameter set, the types of analysis supported, and other factors affecting the design of the database. The relevance of this quantitative approach to the analysis of Bantu morphosyntax is then illustrated by two case studies.
Micro-variation of noun-modifying constructions in Bantu languages
Authors: Yoneda Nobuko
Published: November 2024

Noun-modifying constructions, most typically relative clauses, make use of similar constructions across many Bantu languages. There is a great degree of variation, however, in terms of what semantic relations can be expressed by these constructions. In typological studies of noun modification, the difference between the inner and outer relation has often been discussed. The inner relation is one in which the head noun fills an argument position of the modifying clause, while the outer relation is one in which the head noun cannot fill an argument position of the modifying clause. Previous studies of relative clauses in Bantu languages have only dealt with noun modification in the inner relation, and none have examined in detail the outer relation. This chapter thus adds to the existing typology of noun-modifying constructions, including both inner and outer relations, in order to capture the micro-variation involved in noun-modifying constructions in Bantu languages.
Approaches, Ordering, Interrelationships, Modalities
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

Before being able to address the individual elements of the refugee definition, it is important to cover several ‘framework’ issues that overset their interpretation. This chapter first examines the main approaches that have been taken: the ‘literal approach’; the ‘circumstantial approach’; the ‘US subjective approach’; the ‘case-by-case’ approach; and the human rights approach. It is argued that the human rights approach is the only one that adheres closely to VCLT rules. Having looked at the history of this approach and its main versions, this chapter seeks to evaluate its merits and demerits. The author concludes that it has justifiably come to be regarded as the approach most conducive to achieving a truly universal definition of key elements of the refugee definition, although more clarification is needed. Hence international human rights law (IHRL) norms are to be applied to the definition unless there are cogent reasons not to. The chapter then turns to consider the question of whether there is a correct order in which to tackle the key elements (it is concluded there is not). A more vexed issue is how the different elements of the definition fit together. The author seeks to deploy the wide agreement that the approach to the definition must be holistic to draw a line under what has become an abstruse ‘meta-level’ of inquiry regarding the proper location or ‘home’ of certain inquiries. Finally this chapter discusses the book’s use of various modalities such as personal, material and temporal scope.
‘Being Persecuted’ and Serious Harm
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This chapter contends that it is now possible to provide considerable content to the meaning of the ‘being persecuted’ element of the refugee definition. In line with VCLT rules, it is best understood in terms of sufficiently severe violations of human rights. In relation to material scope, the main types of harm involved in acts of persecution are identified and analysed: physical violence and related harm; psychological and related harm; socio-economic harms; and environmental harms. There follows analysis of the main specific forms of persecution: gender-specific, age-and child-specific, sexual orientation-specific, and disability-specific acts. Section 3 focuses on the modalities of persecution in terms of acts of persecution and actors, both state and non-state, of persecution. Whilst accepting that the term ‘being persecuted’ conveys a predicament, it remains one concerning acts or measures. Analysis is made of laws and related measures, these being the main structural medium through which state authorities operate. Section 4 analyses the main ‘incidents’ of persecution in terms of: individual assessment; intensity (including the distinction between persecution and discrimination); actual or threatened harm; indirect or derivative harm; duration; intentionality; and individualisation (individual and group persecution). Brief coverage is given in Section 5 of temporal scope, including past and current persecution, with specific attention paid to sur place claims. This chapter ends by proposing a number of ‘basic propositions’ seen to furnish content for a working definition of persecution. Several suggested propositions follow, representing the author’s own attempts to resolve several ongoing debates.
Conclusions
Authors: Storey Hugo
Published: November 2024

This chapter reflects upon the main questions posed in Chapter 1, in particular whether it is now possible to give key terms of the refugee definition more content in the form of a ‘working definition’. To this end the chapter first assembles in the one place all the ‘basic propositions’ set out at the end of each of the book’s foregoing chapters. Then follows interrogation of the nature and status of these ‘basic propositions’; the extent to which they take a legal form; the extent to which they constitute lex lata or de lege ferenda; the role of the ‘suggested propositions’; the extent to which the working definition provides a framework for definition; the role of VCLT rules; their significance for the definition as a whole; the extent to which the ‘basic propositions’ can be said to reflect ‘quasi-state practice’; a comparison of the working definition with existing codification measures; a comparison with existing sources of interpretive guidance; and an evaluation of possible drawbacks to the working definition endeavour. An attempt is then made to substantiate the claims made in Chapter 1 that more content to the refugee definition has been agreed than many think. This chapter then offers this study’s working definition as a stepping-stone to concretising further definition of key terms. It concludes that for the present the most feasible means of achieving that would be for UNHCR, in consultation with the judicial and other pillars, to undertake wholesale revision of Part 1 of the 1979 UNHCR Handbook.
Techniques
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

Dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT), like all psychodynamic approaches, relies on listening to unconscious communication through an appreciation of the patient’s unique use of language, how they tell their story, what they omit to say, and their non-verbal communication. However, due to its time-limited nature, DIT introduces structure into the sessions while striving to allow for an emergent focus. To this end, it draws on many established psychoanalytic techniques, such as the interpretation of the transference, the use of countertransference. and the interpretation of defences, but also integrates other types of interventions, namely expressive/exploratory techniques, supportive techniques, mentalizing interventions, and sparsely used directive interventions.
Research on Psychotherapy Outcomes, Fidelity and Mechanisms of Change in Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

As dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) is a comparatively new model, research on the model is ongoing. This new chapter for the second edition provides an up-to-date overview of the meta-analytic evidence base of psychodynamic therapy for depression as well as of the evidence base now available for DIT. The current research literature supports the validity of DIT, its effectiveness, and its theoretical assumptions. The chapter discusses research on fidelity to psychodynamic principles in DIT and examines the working mechanisms of change in DIT. It outlines the development of competence rating scales for DIT therapists and the relationship that exists between clinical competence and symptomatic improvement on routine measures of anxiety and depression. In the future, trials of DIT for complex care and research into DIT training would both be valuable, as would more research on the Therapist Competence Scale.
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy for Patients with Functional Somatic Disorders
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

Patients presenting with persisting somatic complaints or functional somatic disorders (FSDs) constitute a large subset of patients seen in routine health care. This new chapter describes adaptations of the dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) model for the treatment of patients with FSDs (DIT-FSD). Empirical evidence supporting this approach is summarized, and the main adaptations of the DIT model for treating patients with FSDs are outlined and illustrated with clinical examples. These adaptations include a greater emphasis than in ‘standard’ DIT on empathic validation, and supportive and normalizing interventions more generally; a greater emphasis on the DIT therapist’s use of flexibility in moving along the spectrum of interventions aimed at fostering the process of mentalizing and interventions that focus on increasing insight into the patient’s repetitive interpersonal pattern (i.e. the interpersonal-affective focus); and a key role for interventions aimed at increasing embodied mentalizing through micro-slicing of (interpersonal) experiences and events.
Future Directions for Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick
Published: November 2024

This brief new chapter considers the potential broadening scope of dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) with different patient populations and modes of delivery such as individual therapy, in groups, and in hybrid formats. It suggests that DIT might offer a particularly interesting transdiagnostic approach, firmly rooted in psychoanalytic thinking and research, for patients across the spectrum of psychopathology. Finally, the chapter addresses the future of training in DIT, including its adaptations for online delivery and the extended 20-day training format.
Should Economists Deceive? Prosocial Lying, Paternalism, and the “Ben Bernanke Problem”
Authors: DeMartino George F.
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the conditions under which economists feel justified in abandoning honesty and transparency with respect to what they can and cannot know. This is a clear departure from norms around scientific rigor associated with the economics profession, but George DeMartino argues that the profession has normalized “prosocial lying”—that is, making false or unknowable statements about probable outcomes to shape public behavior. The wide acceptance among economists that prosocial lying or strategic speaking serves the public interest has made the practice a norm—albeit one that is antithetical to, yet coexisting alongside, the academic enterprise. As DeMartino points out, however, many economists are so secure in their sense of superior knowledge vis-à-vis the public, they do not see the contradiction. They further believe that moving the public toward broader acceptance of trade liberalization or curtailing fear during a financial crisis serves the greater good, regardless of whether it is achieved through neglect of distributional consequences or explicit falsehoods. In his strong dissent, DeMartino points out that prosocial lying is coercive and paternalistic at its core, undermining the quality of policy debate and damaging confidence in expert opinion.
AI in Biology Education Assessment
Authors: Nehm Ross H.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter I review a decade of research on the artificial intelligence (AI)-based EvoGrader assessment system and its associated ACORNS instrument to demonstrate the complex consequences of developing technological tools designed to replicate human tasks (in this case, computer scoring of biological explanations). Many of the examples highlight the challenge of cleanly disentangling automation efforts from the educational systems in which they operate. AI scoring performance is impacted by instructor discourse practices, disciplinary language, writing fatigue, implementation conditions, English learner attributes, and many other variables. Consequently, efforts to improve automated scoring may (intentionally or unintentionally) reveal crucial insights into the educational contexts in which AI-based assessments operate. These findings suggest that future AI-assessment development work should be grounded in a “systems” perspective that explicitly acknowledges and integrates features of the broader educational ecosystem and considers benefits of the development process beyond the assessments themselves.
Supporting Simulation-Mediated Scientific Inquiry through Automated Feedback
Authors: Hee-Sun Lee , Gey-Hong Gweon , Amy Pallant
Published: November 2024

Designing an effective feedback system that functions in real-world classrooms is both complex and painstaking. Using a conjecture map, we delineate the design research process related to an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled automated feedback system called HASbot. In particular, we focus on whether and how automated feedback on scientific argument artifacts can improve students’ simulation-mediated scientific inquiry. We describe the design of HASbot in terms of domain model, student model, progress support model, and user interface. We investigated mediating processes using students’ simulation interactions from log data, changes in scientific arguments when students used HASbot, and students’ epistemic discourse. We discuss challenges in developing AI-afforded automated feedback systems to support science practices: (1) improving AI-based diagnostic models, (2) improving automated feedback design and strategies for science practices, (3) soliciting larger impacts through teacher buy-ins, and (4) addressing equity concerns in AI.
Using Evidence-Centered Design to Develop an Automated System for Tracking Students’ Physics Learning in a Digital Learning Environment
Authors: Kubsch Marcus , Grimm Adrian , Neumann Knut , Drachsler Hendrik , Rummel Nikol
Published: November 2024

Providing individualized support to students greatly improves learning but is challenging for teachers to provide for all learners. The challenge is to continuously assess students’ learning and then provide respectively individualized support. Here, AI-based systems have the potential to help provide individualized support for all learners through automation. While recent work has demonstrated that traditional assessments can validly and reliably be scored automatically, it remains unclear how to automatically assess students’ learning on the granularity needed for individualized support, i.e., on a task-to-task basis as students engage in learning. Drawing on evidence-centered design, we developed a framework for how to build AI-based assessments for existing, high-quality digital learning environments that provide valid and reliable information about student learning based on the artifacts that students produce as they engage in tasks. We demonstrate how we applied the framework and discuss questions of validity and bias of the resulting assessments.
A Systematic Review on Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Teaching Practice
Authors: Shi Lehong , Choi Ikseon
Published: November 2024

A burgeoning scholarly interest has emerged in exploring the roles of artificial intelligence (AI) in education. To enhance our understanding of how AI has supported and transformed teaching practices, we systematically reviewed the literature on AI in teaching studies according to the proposed three-dimensional framework. Through analyzing forty-four eligible studies, we categorized five types of AI applications in supporting teaching. Across various AI applications, we categorized three salient pedagogical roles of AI in supporting and enhancing teaching practices, namely (1) AI as an instructional partner, (2) AI as an evaluative partner, and (3) AI as a pedagogical decision partner. Furthermore, the technological characteristics of AI in teaching were identified, encompassing AI–teacher interactivity, AI automaticity, and AI autonomy, collectively constituting the distinctive profile of AI technology in teaching. By shedding light on the current research foci and identifying literature gaps of AI in supporting teaching practices, this study provides valuable insights on shaping and informing the discourse concerning AI’s transformative impact on instructional paradigms and pedagogical innovations.
A Design Framework for Integrating Artificial Intelligence to Support Teachers’ Timely Use of Knowledge-in-Use Assessments
Authors: He Peng , Shin Namsoo , Zhai Xiaoming , Krajcik Joseph
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, including machine learning and data mining, have been extensively adopted to automate scoring of student responses to performance-based assessment tasks in classrooms, subsequently generating informative assessment reports. Although the innovative potential of these technologies is widely acknowledged, teachers often find it challenging to utilize these assessment data for instructional decisions. This is particularly evident when the data are sourced from assessments aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards in classroom environments. This chapter introduces a design framework guiding by cognitive theories to facilitate teachers’ utilization of AI-based knowledge-in-use assessments in support of their instructional decisions. The framework comprises four stages: engaging with the AI system via professional learning support, evaluating the automatically generated assessment reports, considering AI-suggested instructional strategies, and determining instructional decisions and actions. Furthermore, this chapter provides insight into the current project design work, which encompasses automated reports on student knowledge-in-use performance and content-specific instructional strategies.
Use of Machine Learning to Score Teacher Observations
Authors: Bradford Lydia
Published: November 2024

Machine learning (ML) in STEM education has brought new innovations in designing and scoring assessments for both teachers and students. This chapter explores a new method that uses ML to score teacher observations into mediator variables and treatment fidelity indicators. This example takes observation field notes and their respective scores from two different science interventions and optimizes and compares different ML methods using cross-validation, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics and time to train. The optimal ML method for this dataset was the multinomial logistic regression, which had an accuracy score of 0.57 with text only and 0.61 when accounting for question number and observer identification, which was a 191% improvement upon the baseline, and a time-to-train of 1.34 seconds. This method was not only the optimal method but an easy-to-use method to hyperparameterize and train quickly, a viable option for researchers interested in doing similar work. Overall, this chapter lays out a foundation for researchers interested in exploring text scoring in their own research from the data preprocessing stage to choosing the optimal method to additional considerations for its use in their research.
Fair Artificial Intelligence to Support STEM Education
Authors: Xing Wanli , Li Chenglu
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education researchers to automatically investigate, assess, and scaffold students’ learning inquiries. Regardless of the many benefits of AI in education, there are ethical concerns about its fairness. Numerous studies have found that AI can biasedly treat people with specific attributes across domains such as business, medicine, and education. Although there are extensive educational studies showing that AI can be a promising tool to power next-generation STEM learning environments, few studies have proactively addressed the potential bias issues of AI in education. This chapter aims to guide the building of fair and ethical AI in STEM education by operationalizing AI fairness, investigating its importance, and discussing current attempts to enhance AI fairness in education. To this end, we investigated three state-of-the-art cases of fair AI in educational settings to decode their debiasing strategies, findings, and implications for researchers and practitioners in STEM contexts.
Supporting Inclusive Science Learning through Machine Learning
Authors: Roski Marvin , Hoppe Anett , Nehring Andreas
Published: November 2024

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into science education offers the potential to improve teaching and learning processes. Alongside these developments, global education has evolved to include diverse learners by shifting from a disability-centered perspective to a broad understanding of inclusion, aiming at supporting all learners. Linking AI, science education, and inclusive pedagogy promises to understand and model individualized learning supported by ML and learning analytics to enable accessible learning experiences. In this chapter, the NinU-framework (proposed by the Network for Inclusive Science Education: NinU), which bridges inclusive pedagogy and science education, is linked with AI-based perspectives leading to the novel Artificial Intelligence in Inclusive Science Education (AIISE) framework. This chapter describes the AIISE framework and provides researchers with criteria to consider when addressing inclusivity and avoiding discrimination in ML-enhanced learning. It extends the established “NinU scheme” and provides a roadmap for integrating AI into inclusive science education.
Conclusions and Foresight on AI-Based STEM Education
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming
Published: November 2024

The concluding chapter of this volume serves as a capstone to a comprehensive exploration of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. Situated in the context of a rapidly evolving academic landscape, this chapter synthesizes key insights from the book’s four thematic sections—AI-Driven Assessments; AI Tools for Transforming STEM Learning; AI-based STEM Instruction and Teacher Professional Development; and Ethics, Fairness, and Inclusiveness of AI-based STEM Education. It distills the transformative potential and challenges of AI in STEM education, offering a nuanced understanding of its multifaceted impact. The chapter also presents a set of actionable recommendations aimed at guiding future research, policy, and practice. These recommendations emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, ethical considerations, and a commitment to inclusivity and fairness. As AI technologies continue to permeate educational settings, this chapter serves as both a reflective summary and a forward-looking roadmap, aiming to equip educators, policymakers, researchers, and AI developers with the tools and perspectives needed to navigate this complex, interdisciplinary field. It posits that while the integration of AI into STEM education offers unprecedented opportunities, it also necessitates a balanced, responsible approach rooted in empirical evidence and ethical principles.
America First
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter completes the book’s analysis of the case of the American New Right. It begins by setting out a conception of the twenty-first-century American media sphere as ‘hybrid’: involving the diachronic layering of multiple technologies, including the internet. It then turns to address debates about the impact of online filter bubbles and echo chambers. Moving beyond these ideas, the chapter points to the confluence of two key trends to explain the New Right’s breakthrough: the growth of a bombastic and radical conservative media style in the 1990s and early 2000s, and the online activities of the post-paleoconservative alt-right. The chapter concludes by examining the distributive affordances produced at the intersection of these trends—contending that they produced a protean, shifting media sphere in which the distributive affordances existed for the New Right to advance.
Affording redemption
Authors: Dougall Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter concludes the book. It first restates the volume’s core arguments and contributions, before returning to the question of the internet’s relative importance for nationalist challenges to global order. The chapter then draws comparisons between the cases of Greater Britain and the American New Right and considers developments beyond the temporal scope of the argument. Future research avenues are outlined, in closing.
Appel-incident or Escalation to the Second Level of Jurisdiction
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyses the substance of the debates at the second level of jurisdiction—a part wanted a harsher punishment on Sax, and the other part (he) did not consider the sentence to be just—and how the political and economic landscape changed again, including the approval of an authoritarian constitution, the electoral triumph of the Order party, and industrial promotion initiatives, such as the 1849 National Exhibition. Oddly enough, it was at this event that the defendant and his brasswinds won the first and only prize awarded to wind instrument makers, which challenged the legal ruling that had dismissed these products. However, this and other informal pressures did not succeed in getting the Court of Appeal (16 February 1850) to disassociate itself from the sentence that the lower court had rendered in 1848 and continued to consider those brasswinds illegitimate.
With Malice Aforethought
Authors: Diago Ortega José-Modesto
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyses one of the business strategies to undermine rivals at any cost. The confrontation between Sax and Gautrot seemed to have ended in 1859 with a financial and a commercial agreement in the form of a licence. However, this could not be further from the truth for the latter, who had to endure five more (unexpected) years of close surveillance and lost profits because the French parliament had authorized the extension of Sax’s monopoly. Sax, convinced that Gautrot was not respecting the agreed contract, inflicted a raid on him. This action was orchestrated on the eve of the expiry of the saxotromba patent. The treacherous seizure took place simultaneously at the Gautrot’s Paris factory and its Château-Thierry branch. Of course, this attack opened a new case between the two, which lasted seventeen months and escalated once again to Cassation.
The locative domain in Pero
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Pero (West Chadic) has the locative domain as part of its semantic structure. The evidence for the existence of the locative domain consists of the interaction of the locative-only preposition tì with the locative value of the noun in directional predication. If the noun is inherently locative, the preposition tì is not deployed in the locative complement. If the noun is not inherently locative, the preposition tì must code the locative complement. The locative domain is composed of three subdomains: stative locative predication, directionality, and spatial relations. Directionality is coded only by verbs and verbal inflection. An outstanding feature of Pero is that every directional predication must indicate whether the event originated at some place and ended in a location inferred from the ongoing discourse (‘ventive’) or did not culminate in a place inferred from the ongoing discourse.
Implications for linguistic theory
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: November 2024

Chapter 12, ‘Implications for linguistic theory’, discusses the main implications of the findings in this study for linguistic theory. The chapter focuses on the contribution of the volume to three areas of importance for linguistic theory: (i) The existence of the semantic structures encoded in the grammatical systems of an individual language as the primary object of semantic description, (ii) the status of the lexicon as a not fully autonomous coding means, and (iii) the formation of utterances. This last section summarizes evidence against the autonomy of syntax and sketches a hypothesis about how utterances are formed in natural languages.
General Introduction
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2024

This chapter includes an historical background of research in primate cognition, a description of the ecological approach to cognition that highlights three of its defining characteristics (flexibility, representation, and complexity), and a description of primates and their lives, which includes information about their taxonomy, evolutionary history, key morphology adaptations, geographical distribution, habitat use, activity patterns, diet, and social organization. There is also a plan of the book as a whole (both volumes). The current volume focuses on primate social cognition. It thus focuses on processes of competition and cooperation, social strategies and communication, social learning and culture, and theory of mind and metacognition. Volume 2 focuses on primate physical cognition. It thus focuses on primates’ understanding of space and objects, quantities and time, features and categories, and tools and causality.
Hard Power
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

The establishment and consolidation of the European Communities were dependent on the new international order of the Cold War. To what extent did Europeans help to create or shape that order? Most historians of the post-war era, even if they acknowledge that new transnational contacts complicated policy-making and tested allegiances, accept that the domestic agenda, usually resting on the need for reconstruction and reconciliation, and security policy, which seemed to require the involvement of the United States, were uppermost in politicians’ minds for at least two decades after the Second World War. Such conditions did not prevent European integration occurring in the 1950s, since they were accompanied by an unrepeatable special context, resting on the geopolitics of the Cold War and a corresponding shift in the ‘German question’, which made integration more likely. When it did occur, despite being erratic and faltering, European integration acquired its own momentum, turning the EEC into the focal point of Western Europe within a few years. Nevertheless, with economics, politics, and diplomacy interlinked, questions about the EU’s geopolitical role remain open.
European Stories
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

Historically, European integration appears likely, given the breadth of support for diplomatic and economic cooperation after 1918, and improbable, if one bears in mind the absence of an institutional framework for cooperation before the First World War and the failure of governments to cooperate after it. International organizations and inter-state conflicts had co-existed in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. In the second half of the century, it seemed as though the imperatives of the Cold War would at once reduce the number of inter-state conflicts in the rim around the Soviet Union, with the exception of ‘proxy’ wars, and push governments to participate in US-backed, ‘Western’ organizations rather than specifically European ones. However, although they continue to belong to a panoply of international organizations, European states have cooperated most fully on the European level and have delegated more powers to European institutions than to their international counterparts, begging a series of questions about how and why they have done so. In this institutional context, how far have citizens come to identify with the European Union?
Identity
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

It is tempting either to underplay or to overstate the contrast between ‘depthless’ cosmopolitans and ‘tribal’ authoritarians during an era of globalization. In some respects, citizens’ national and European affiliations have existed uneasily alongside each other or have come into conflict. The far right, in particular, has sought to profit from such tensions, becoming more markedly Eurosceptical since the 1990s. At the same time, many citizens evidently have had multiple attachments to the nation-state, the European Union and to other groups and institutions. Most voters were ‘less concerned about Europe’ than politicians were, remarked John Major as he struggled to ratify the Maastricht Treaty in parliament, facing opposition from a small minority of Conservative MPs (and a number of ‘bastards’, as he had called ex-ministerial colleagues off-air). Since the spheres in which the EU and member states operate are distinct and well-defined, there have been relatively few clash points, when parties and individuals have had to choose between the position of their own government and that of ‘Brussels’. National governments themselves are responsible for the ‘history-making decisions’ of the EU in the European Council, which generally works by minimizing differences between member states. In these circumstances, a majority of citizens in most member states—except the UK, Austria, and Scandinavia, at different points in time—have maintained national and European affiliations and allegiances, notwithstanding the fluctuation of events, over a long period.
Conclusion
Authors: Hewitson Mark
Published: November 2024

Histories of European integration and the European Community, together with political studies of the EU, tend to overstate the role of the founders of European institutions and understate the longer-term significance of national governments. An insider’s view of the institutions as they evolved is necessary. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Community project seemed to be proceeding according to plan, with the effective development of the European Coal and Steel Community and the creation of the European Economic Community. Even critics accept that the liberal framework for a customs union regulated by the principle of competition enjoyed a certain amount of success, reinforcing the institutional structure of the EEC. The same institutions, though, were also established, reformed, and limited through deliberate acts of governments, in whose territories they operated and from whose coffers they have been funded. Although the ‘history-making decisions’ of member states are referred to regularly and turning-points at intergovernmental conferences and European Council meetings have been studied in detail, the more routine decision-making of governments, which found expression in Councils of Ministers but which was prepared and discussed in internal and bi-lateral meetings, has received less attention. Although national governments, which are accountable to voters, domestic media, and public opinion, have had to adjust to changing historical conditions and an evolving set of European institutions, together with a rotating series of leaders, they have managed, to date, to retain control of politics on the European level.
Introduction
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Eschenauer-Engler Tanja , Kuehn David
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the volume by presenting and contextualizing the main research question: Why do some militaries defend an embattled autocrat challenged by peaceful mass protest, whereas others side with the opposition or decide to stage a coup d’état? To do so, the chapter explains the crucial importance of “dictators’ endgames” for the understanding of authoritarian regime survival, civil–military relations, and democratic transitions. Reviewing the existing literature, the chapter highlights the contribution of the book in addressing the limitations in the existing scholarship. Next, we summarize the conceptual and theoretical frameworks, the core argument, and the main empirical findings. The chapter closes with a brief overview of the structure of the book and the contents of the following chapters.
On the Government of Liberty
Authors: Kuntz Friederike
Published: November 2024

The liberal script is a product of practice. It is inscribed by numerous devices, whose agency is often ignored. Notably, instructional texts have been prominent intermediators of the liberal script since the 19th century, guiding thinking and conduct. This paper stresses this practical materiality of the liberal script, drawing on Latour and Foucault. Through a study of 19th-century dictionaries, manuals, and textbooks, it illustrates how instructional texts assembled liberalism into a script for government. The exploration highlights the liberal script as an assemblage of entities, subjects, means, forces, ways of doing and seeing human government, and institutions. It also outlines the government of liberty, which forms the core of this script and extends across the state and the international realm. The proposed neo-materialist approach to the liberal script encourages an exploration of this script’s materiality from the 19th to the 21st century and exemplifies instructional techniques across the analyzed texts.
Reallocation
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: November 2024

Since the 1980s, the neoliberal allocative script has been highly resilience through successive transformations in the 1990s, the 2000s, and during the financial and Eurozone crises, maintaining its predominance despite contestation from the progressive script. But today the neoliberal script has come under increasing challenge from alternative scripts, first with the regressive populist anti-liberal script serving as a democratic backlash to the impact of neoliberal transformations, then with the COVID-19 crisis response that seemed to put a pause on the neoliberal script, and finally with a more progressive liberal script focused on sustainability. To explain this, we use the analytical framework of discursive institutionalism to consider not only the resilience of the ideas and discourse of the neoliberal script but also the challenges from alternative scripts.
Publicity and Privacy
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner
Published: November 2024

The liberal script has always promised both publicity (as a condition of legitimate government) and privacy (as a right indispensable to autonomous individual self-development). The chapter reconstructs this initially promise and identifies some of the blind spots in the actual history of liberal thought and institutions. It also briefly analyzes a number of structural transformations of the public and the private sphere since the 18th century. It then diagnoses contemporary challenges to the public sphere and to privacy and asks whether these challenges can be met from within the liberal script. In particular, competition and pluralism, individual rights, and transparency are suggested as possible remedies for the problems posed by social media; the limits of these remedies in the face of the novel character of platforms is also acknowledged.
The Good and the Right
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 2 revisits the material discussed in Lecture 1.
Duty, Motive and Reason
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 4 discusses reasons as motives, and as always containing desires/emotions. What has morality to say about motives? The rightness of an act must be able to ‘enter into’ the agent’s motive for doing it. And the agent must conceive of ethical goodness as belonging only to things that are possible ends of voluntary actions. So, both goodness-theories and rightness-theories must make some assumptions about motives/desires. Strawson asks: what are the minimal assumptions about motives that are required of any ethical theory?
The Dualism in Motive
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 7 looks for a theory with the same structure as Kant’s but different elements: two opposed motives. Morality is founded on the recognition of other selves whose ends we make ours. Our motivation is Caritas – love in the widest sense. Strawson discusses the conflict between Caritas and the egocentric motives.
Duties and Goods and ‘Rightness’
Authors: Strawson P. F. , Dancy Jonathan
Published: November 2024

Lecture 10 asks: do our actual moral convictions match the account of the origin of moral thought developed in the previous lectures? Strawson addresses concepts of the disinterested motive; the duties of one’s station; veracity; and the origin of conflicts of duty. Can there be a duty to oneself? Strawson argues not. Duties are addressed to humanity at large – making the ends of others one’s own ends. Similar questions arise about the good: do our convictions about value match the account? We see things as good because we feel we ought to pursue them. Strawson proposes that this solves the problem about the relation between value and duty. He distinguishes two senses of ‘good’: (1), a fundamental sense, in which the good is what we ought to strive for; (2) what I would feel obliged to strive for in a certain kind of situation. Other uses of ‘good’ as in, for example, ‘good action’ may be distinguished. Strawson ends by discussing Broad’s distinction between the materially right, the formally right, and the subjectively right.
The International Political Economy of the Right to Food, 1960–2019
Authors: Fakhri Michael
Published: November 2024

This chapter situates the right to food within the history of food sovereignty movements and their engagement with the Food and Agricultural Organization and World Trade Organization, and the broader history of international trade law. This includes examining the dynamic between social movement and international institutions and the distribution of power and wealth generated by the institutions, practices, legal rules, and social organizations surrounding (or laying claim to) the right to food. This history relates to studies of food regimes, where a food regime is the set of explicit and implicit rules governing the production and consumption of food on a world scale. The chapter provides an example of how a legal analysis of food regimes analytically opens up an understanding of international institutions as sites of struggle within themselves where power and meaning are negotiated and mediated.
From Moynihan to Piketty
Authors: Wolfinger Nicholas H. , McKeever Matthew
Published: November 2024

Much research in recent years has documented the soaring level of income inequality in America. Although many people have speculated on how the growth in mother-headed families has contributed to inequality, there’s relatively little research comparing inequality between mothers, and almost no scholarship on inequality within the population of single mothers. The results presented here show that income inequality has grown even faster for never-married mothers than for married and, especially, divorced mothers. Over the past three decades, a popular discourse has emerged surrounding “Murphy Brown mothers,” successful professional women who choose to have a child on their own. We show that this discourse is largely nonsense: there are very few prosperous never-married mothers. Instead, inequality among this population has grown because more never-married mothers are faring worse in recent years.