bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functionalization of Glycals Leading to 2-Deoxy-O-glycosides, Aminosugars, Nitrosugars and Glycosidase Inhibitors: Our Experience
Authors: Lahiri Rima , Dharuman Suresh , Vankar Yashwant D.
Published: December 2012

Glycals have been transformed into a variety of functionalized substrates which have been found to be useful in synthesizing some aminosugars, N-glycopeptides, nitrosugars and some iminosugars which are potential glycosidase inhibitors. An account of work that has been done in our laboratory
is briefly discussed here.
4(R/S)-Amino/Guanidino-substituted Proline Peptides: Design, Synthesis and DNA Transfection Properties
Authors: Umashankara M. , Nanda Manaswini , Sonar Mahesh , Ganesh Krishna N.
Published: December 2012

Collagen is a major structural protein found in the connective tissues of higher organisms and mammals and its biomechanical properties are related to the high thermal stability of its triple helical structure. The primary structure of collagen is composed of the repeating tripeptide
motif of Pro-Hyp-Gly, where Hyp is 4 R -hydroxy proline. Cationic collagen mimetics consisting of [Pro(X)-Pro(Y)-Gly]6 where Pro(X) and Pro(Y) are 4(R/S)-amino/guanidine proline have been synthesized and shown to form triplexes more stable than the unmodified collagen
peptide [Pro-Hyp-Gly]6. The origin of hyperstability is due to conformational pre-organization of proline pucker arising from the electronegativity of the cationic group. These cationic collagen peptides are shown to be effective cell penetrating and plasmid DNA transfecting agents.
The results have potential for design of new collagen mimetics for biomaterial applications and efficient cell penetrating agents for drug delivery applications.
Waste Management: Tobias Smollett and Remediation
Authors: Mann Annika
Published: December 2012

The uncertain position of Tobias Smollett in studies of the novel must be reconsidered when his final texts, The History and Adventures of an Atom (1769) and The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), are examined in terms of the consumer revolution and in light of contemporary scientific advances in the study of “mediums.” Smollett, with an anxious eye towards the acceleration of print production and consumption during his lifetime, and keenly aware of a medical discourse that increasingly emphasized the human body as porous and involuntarily affected by its environment, turns in his final texts to remediation in an attempt to make print visible as a uniquely transformative medium. Smollett’s later career illuminates a different configuration than that normally presented in current studies of the novel in the eighteenth century: one in which texts appear not as consumer products but as omnipresent mediums, and where reading has become an involuntary bodily function rather than a voluntary act. This configuration looks forward to the contested status of print at the outset of the Romantic period.
Communal Sexuality: Mutual Pleasure in Sade’s La Philosophie dans le boudoir
Authors: Parker Kate
Published: December 2012

Sade’s La Philosophie dans le boudoir (1795) envisions mutual pleasure as the most elusive and transcendent experience available to libertines, achievable only by submitting oneself wholly to the expansive, unpredictable group dynamics of orgy. In this model of intense communal pleasure, I contend, Sade evinces a keen interest in the literature and modes of sensibility—particularly in how the orgy emulates its representations of shared and mutual communities of feeling. By further incorporating the fraught politics of looking and feeling epitomized by this literary tradition, Sade constructs through the orgy a (limited) liberatory sexual politics and a narrative of progressive sexual community, both of which are defined and shaped by the female body in particular, as it is this body that registers the group sentimental response. The male libertine’s obsessive focus on the sentimental female body thus draws him into the collective pleasures of the orgy and reveals, in unexpected ways, a communal—as opposed to complementary or oppositional—politics of pleasure in Sade’s work.
Cyanoaroylation of Imines Bearing a Thiazole Ring using Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) as an Eco-Friendly Cyanide Source
Authors: Li Zheng , Niu Pengxian , Li Rongzhi , Zhang Yupeng , Ma Ben , Yang Jingya
Published: December 2012

The efficient and environmentally friendly cyanoaroylation of imines bearing a thiazole ring via a one-pot three-component condensation of N-arylidenethiazol-2-amines, aroyl chlorides and potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) is described. This protocol has the advantages of using an eco-friendly cyanide source, a simple work-up procedure and affords high yields of products.
Efficient Ionic Liquid-Catalysed Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of 4,6-diaryl- and 4,5-fused pyrimidine-2-thiones
Authors: Gupta Richa , Chaudhary Ram Pal
Published: December 2012

One-pot three-component condensation of aromatic ketones (1-tetralones, acetophenones, indane-1,3-dione), substituted aromatic aldehydes and thiourea in the presence of N-methylpyridinium tosylate under solvent free conditions at 100–110 °C for 2–4 h afforded tetrahydrobenzo[ h]quinazoline-2-thiones, pyridimidine-2-thiones and indeno-pyrimidine-2-thiones in excellent yields. All synthesised thiones were screened for their antimicrobial activities.
Metal Catalyst-Free Amination of 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic Acid in Superheated Water
Authors: Lan Cong , Xia Zhi-Ning , Li Zheng-Hua , Liang Rong-Hui
Published: December 2012

A series of N-arylanthranilic acid derivatives were synthesised by amination of 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid with various arylamine in superheated water with potassium carbonate as base. Good yields were achieved within 2-3 h at 150-190 °C. The results indicated that this metal catalyst-free method is a simple, environmentally-friendly and efficient synthesis of N-phenylanthranilic acid derivatives. Furthermore, it will work with an alkylamine and phenol.
Facile and Green Method for the Synthesis of 4-Amino-1,2-Dihydrobenzo [4,5]Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyrimidine-3-Carbonitriles Catalysed by Ammonium Acetate
Authors: Hu Lingjun , Zhan Zhajun , Lei Min , Hu Lihong
Published: December 2012

A facile and green method for the synthesis of 4-amino-1,2-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2- a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile derivatives has been developed by one-pot condensation of 2-aminobenzimidazole, aldehydes, and malononitrile catalysed by ammonium acetate in ethanol. The inexpensive and readily available catalyst and easy workup is environmentally friendly.
Meningitis in Children: A Study in Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata
Authors: Joardar Swarnali , Joardar Gautam Kumar , Mandal Panka Kumar , Mani Siddhartha
Published: December 2012

Background: Meningitis in children constitutes a formidable illness worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality. The etiological agents and other associated epidemiological factors contributing to its occurrence and prognosis varies from place to place. Identification of these factors is crucial for the reduction of this important health problem. This record-based observational study was conducted in Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India to identify the socio-demographic profiles, etiological types and nutritional status of the meningitis cases admitted in the Pediatric Medicine department in this institute during the last three years and to find out the duration of hospital stay, case fatality rates and seasonal variations in different etiological types of the disease. Materials and Method: This observational record based study was conducted in Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, a tertiary care hospital located in central area of the city of Kolkata, India. It provides health care services to the urban population as well as rural population of different districts of the state of West Bengal, and also to population from outside of the state. The available records of all the meningitis cases admitted in pediatric medicine department of the Institution from January 2007 to December 2009 were studied. The variables included were age, sex, religion, residence, nutritional status, etiological type of meningitis, duration of hospital stay, case fatality rate (CFR) and seasonal variation. The collected data were analyzed with suitable statistical methods. Results: A total of 326 meningitis cases in the age group below twelve years comprised the study population. More than 27% of the cases were infants and about 44% were below three years of age. The majority of the cases were male (60.43%), Hindu (64.42%) by religion and rural (74.23%) by residence. Fifty seven percent of the cases were tuberculous and 34.66% were pyogenic by etiological type. Among those who survived (224) the overall prevalence of undernutrition was 66.52% with a significantly higher proportion of undernutrition observed in tuberculous meningitis (75.59%) compared to that among pyogenic meningitis (54.16%). For 59.06% of tuberculous and 57.32% of pyogenic cases the hospital stay was between 1-2 weeks. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 31.29%. Compared to viral meningitis, the CFR was significantly higher both in pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis. Some seasonal variation was also observed with two peaks in case of pyogenic and four peaks in case of tuberculous meningitis. Conclusion: It can be concluded that case fatality rate was quite high in pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis even in this era of modern medicine. Higher proportion of patients from rural locations and a high prevalence of undernutrition among the cases point to socio-economic aspects of the disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i1.13031 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (1): 20-25
Meeting Micronutrient Requirements for Health and Development: An Update
Authors: Alam M Jahangir , Mobarak R , Alam HS Kamrul , Haque M Shafiul , Tayab M Abu
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i1.13035Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (1): 36-45
The Urea Cycle Disorders (UCD): A Case Report
Authors: Islam Md Tariqul , Islam Md Imnul , Hoque Seikh Azimul , Saleh Abu Sadat Md , Parvin Zobayda , Saha Narayan Chandra
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i1.13039Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (1): 46-48
Successful Treatment of a Child with Toxic Methemoglobinemia due to Nail Polish Remover Poisoning
Authors: Patra Soumya , Sikka Gurleen , Bose Debarshi , Panwar Neha , Khaowas Ajoy Kumar , Sarkar Debanjali
Published: December 2012

Children are most susceptible to accidental exposure of common household substances and one of the common household substances is nail polish remover. The chemical N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine is a chemical commonly found in artificial fingernail solutions. Its oxidation metabolite phenylhydroxylamine is presumably one of the most potent chemical producers of methemoglobin. Fingernail care products account for a significant number of pediatric poisonings in the western world with few fatalities. We are presenting a case of accidental ingestion of nail polish remover with lethal Methemoglobinemia (Serum methemoglobin level-72%). This patient was treated successfully with injection methylene blue. However, even small amounts can be dangerous to children, so it is important to keep this and all household chemicals in a safe place. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i1.13040 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (1): 49-50
Talons Cusp in Mandibular Anteriors  An Unusual Presentation in A Child Patient
Authors: Rao Prasanna Kumar , Shetty Shishir Ram , Prabhu Rachana V , Veena KM , Chatra Laximikanth , Shenai Prashanth
Published: December 2012

Talons cusp is a dental anomaly also known as an eagles talon. It is an extra cusp on an anterior tooth which arises as a result of evagination on the surface of a crown before calcification has occurred. The exact etiology is unknown. The incidence is less than 6%. Commonly involved is maxillary lateral incisors, with some instances of bilateral involvement. The anomaly has been reported to be rare in the mandible. This article reports unusual case of talons cusp, which affecting permanent mandibular central incisors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v36i1.13041 Bangladesh J Child Health 2012; Vol 36 (1): 51-52
Rational use of antibiotic
Authors: Rasul CH
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v43i1-2.13013 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2010; 43: 1-2
Socio-demographic determinants of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in a teaching hospital
Authors: Ajad MA , Ahmed MU
Published: December 2012

It was a prospective study carried out of all cases of haematemesis and or melaena at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital between December 2004 and March 2005 and determined demographic profile, clinical presentation, cause and outcome of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh. Fifty adult patients presenting with haematemesis and or melaena admitted consecutively into medical units were evaluated through proper history taking, thorough clinical examination, endoscopic examination within 48 hours of first presentation and other related investigations. Patients who were not stabilized haemodynamically within 48 hours of resuscitation and endoscopy could not be done within that period were excluded from this study. Out of 50 patients 44 were male and 6 were female and average age of the patients was 39.9 years. Most of the patients belonged to low socio-economic condition- Farmers (22%), Service holder (18%), Laborers (l6%), Students (l4%), Businessman (8%), House wife (4%) and others (l8%). Farmers, service holders and laborers were the most affected group (57%). Among the patients monthly income (Tk) was > 20000/= (2%), 15000-20000/= (8%), 8000-15000 /= (10%) and 0-8000/= (80%). Haematemesis and melaena (42%), melaena (42%), Haematemesis (16%) were the presenting features. Endoscopy revealed that duodenal ulcer (34%) was the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding followed by rupture of portal varices (16%), neoplasm (10%), gastric ulcer (08%) and gastric erosion ( 06%). Peptic ulcer disease still remains as the major cause of upper (GI) haemorrhage though cases of ruptured oesophageal varices are gradually increasing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v43i1-2.13014 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2010; 43: 3-6
Results of internal fixation and anterior muscle pedicle bone grafting in old femoral neck fracture
Authors: Khalil MI , Rahman A
Published: December 2012

Sixteen cases of old fracture neck femur were treated by internal fixation and anterior muscle pedicle bone grafting of rectus femoris, sartorius bone block from anterior superior iliac spine. The treatment period were from January 2000 to December 2009 at Khulna Medical College Hospital and some private hospital. Different methods of fixation and bone grafting procedure were reported. We did this procedure by open reduction and internal fixation by cannulated hip screws and muscle pedicle bone grafting. Additional cancellous bone grafting were done in every cases. Follow up period was 2 to 7 years (average 5 years). Evaluation parameter were union, non union. collapse of neck, avascular necrosis of femoral head (AVN) coxavara, shortening, pain, range of movement and functional activities and over all satisfaction of patient. The results of fracture healing rate was good (9), fair (4) and poor (3). The technique is simple, rewarding and easy access of fixation and muscle pedicle bone grafting. Bone graft was placed by making a gutter at fracture site and maintained by a screw or prolin suture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v43i1-2.13016 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2010; 43: 10-11
Freud and the Neocons: The Narrative of a Political Encounter from 1949–2000
Authors: ffytche Matt
Published: December 2012

This article examines the impact of Freud on conservative liberal intellectuals in America particularly during the Cold War. It argues that, compared with studies of the ‘radical’ or left-wing assimilations of psychoanalysis, the Freud of the political Right has been relatively neglected. It concentrates on three figures in particular – Irving Kristol, Norman Podhoretz and Leo Strauss, all of whom were a major influence on the formation of American neoconservatism, and ultimately on the Bush administration at the time of the War on Terror. The article also examines the role of Lionel Trilling in mediating Freudian ideas to Kristol and Podhoretz, who were disaffected with the progressive aspects of liberalism, and shifted their allegiance to the Right by the 1980s. Freud's work, especially Civilization and its Discontents, functions as an ideological landmark at the borderline of their reflections on religion, morality, the failures of democracy and the foundations of social order.
Chemical Ecology of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Potential for Alternative Control Methods
Authors: Sablon Ludovic , Dickens Joseph , Haubruge Éric , Verheggen François
Published: December 2012

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) has been a major insect pest to potato farming for over 150 years and various control methods have been established to reduce its impact on potato fields. Crop rotation and pesticide use are currently the most widely used approaches, although alternative methods are being developed. Here we review the role of various volatile and nonvolatile chemicals involved in behavior changes of CPB that may have potential for their control. First, we describe all volatile and nonvolatile chemicals involved in host plant localization and acceptance by CPB beetles, including glycoalcaloids and host plant volatiles used as kairomones. In the second section, we present the chemical signals used by CPB in intraspecific communication, including sex and aggregation pheromones. Some of these chemicals are used by natural enemies of CPBs to locate their prey and are presented in the third section. The last section of this review is devoted a discussion of the potential of some natural chemicals in biological control of CPB and to approaches that already reached efficient field applications.
Aggregate-then-Curate: how digital learning champions help communities nurture online content
Authors: Whitworth Andrew , Garnett Fred , Pearson Diana
Published: December 2012

Informational resources are essential for communities, rooting them in their own history, helping them learn and solve problems, giving them a voice in decisionmaking and so on. For digital inclusion and inclusion in the informational and democratic processes of society more generally it is essential that communities retain the skills, awareness and motivation to create and manage their own informational resources. This article explores a model for the creation of online content that incorporates the different ways in which the quality and relevance of information can be assured. This model, ‘‘Aggregate-then-Curate’’ (A/C), was developed from earlier work concerning digital inclusion in UK online centres, models of informal e-learning and ecologies of resources. A/C shows how creating online content can be viewed as a 7-step process, initiated by individuals but bringing in ‘‘digital learning champions’’, other community members and formal educational institutions at different stages. A/C can be used to design training to help build the capacity to manage community informational resources in an inclusive way. The article then discusses and evaluates MOSI-ALONG, a Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) funded project founded on these ideas, which illustrates how A/C can be used to design training to help build the capacity to manage community informational resources in an inclusive way. This conclusion is supported by evaluations of the work done so far in MOSI-ALONG.Keywords: curation; digital inclusion; object-centred sociality; ecology of resources; inclusion; online content; social media; digital learning champions; communities(Published: 19 December 2012)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2012, 20: 18677 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v20i0.18677
Adapting online learning resources for all: planning for professionalism in accessibility
Authors: McAndrew Patrick , Farrow Robert , Cooper Martyn
Published: December 2012

Online resources for education offer opportunities for those with disabilities but also raise challenges on how to best adjust resources to accommodate accessibility. Automated reconfiguration could in principle remove the need for expensive and time-consuming discussions about adaptation. On the other hand, human-based systems provide much needed direct support and can help understand options and individual circumstances. A study was carried out within an EU-funded accessibility project at The Open University (OU) in parallel with studies at three other European universities. The study combined focus groups, user-testing, management consultation and student survey data to help understand ways forward for accessibility. The results reinforce a holistic view of accessibility, based on three factors: positioning the university as a positive provider to disabled students; developing processes, systems and services to give personal help; and planning online materials which include alternatives. The development of a model that helps organisations incorporate professionalism in accessibility is described, though challenges remain. For example, a recurrent difficulty in providing adequate self-description of accessibility needs implies that a completely automated solution may not be attainable. A more beneficial focus, therefore, may be to develop systems that support the information flow required by the human ‘‘in the loop.’’Keywords: inclusion; students with disabilities; services; personalisation; evaluation; virtual learning environments; EU4ALL(Published: 19 December 2012)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2012, 20: 18699 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v20i0.18699
Training in basic Internet skills for special target groups in non-formal educational settings - conclusions from three pilot projects
Authors: Berger Andrea , Croll Jutta
Published: December 2012

With the progress of Digital Inclusion, it becomes important to address marginalised groups that face specific barriers in being part of the information society. From 2009 to 2011 within the framework of the nation-wide Initiative Internet erfahren, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economics, Stiftung Digitale Chancen has accompanied three pilot projects and researched the hindrances and motivations of specific target groups including young migrants from Russia, women in the low-wage sector and disabled elderly people, regarding their use of information and communication technology and related skills. This article describes the teaching methodologies in the training provided in nonformal education settings, exposes the different evaluation methods and sums up the results. A special focus in the discussion is given to the role of the teacher and the relationship between teacher and students as there turned out to be similarities in all three target groups. Understanding the balance between the training and abilities and preferences of the learners will facilitate the further development of training appropriate to those who are still digitally excluded.Keywords: specific target groups in Digital Inclusion; migrants; disabled persons; low-wage sector; barriers towards formal education and technology; student motivation; trainer student relationship(Published: 19 December 2012)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2012, 20: 18700 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v20i0.18700
Targeting the Androgen Receptor in the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Rationale, Progress, and Future Directions
Authors: Leibowitz–Amit R. , Joshua A.M.
Published: December 2012

Since the year 2000, tremendous progress has been made in the understanding of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), a disease state now recognized to retain androgen receptor (AR)—dependency in most cases. That understanding led to the rational design of novel therapeutic agents targeting hormonal pathways in metastatic crpc. Two new drugs—the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate and the potent AR antagonist enzalutamide—were recently shown to prolong overall survival after chemotherapy treatment in patients with metastatic disease, with the former agent also demonstrating impressive activity in the pre-chemotherapy setting. Other new drugs targeting the AR—as well as drugs targeting heat shock proteins that protect cytoplasmic AR from degradation—are currently undergoing clinical development. This review brief ly describes the molecular mechanisms underlying castration resistance and hormonal dependence in prostate tumours and summarizes the current ongoing and completed clinical trials that are targeting hormonal pathways in metastatic crpc. Potential mechanisms of resistance to these novel hormonal agents are reviewed. Finally, future research directions, including questions about drug sequencing and combination, are discussed.
THE ANALYSIS OF TELECOM OPERATOR'S REVENUE DEPENDENCE ON DIFFERENT ROUTING AND INTERCONNECTION CHARGING METHODS
Authors: Kostić-Ljubisavljević Aleksandra , Mladenović Snežana , Aćimović-Raspopović Vladanka
Published: December 2012

Telecommunication operators endeavour to offer their users numerous services and, at the same time, to be competitive with other operators at the market while accomplishing high revenue. The only way to achieve all those goals is to make better usage of their network resources and realise high network efficiency. In this paper, we tested the assumption that a proper combination of the different dynamic telecommunication traffic routing methods and interconnection charging methods can provide higher operators revenue. In order to analyze the effects of combinations of four different routing and two interconnection charging methods on operator's revenue, we developed new software for simulation of network operations. This software is used for simulation of the three interconnected networks operators. Results considering the dependence of operator's revenue on routing and interconnection charging methods combination are analyzed and discussed.
VERIFICATION OF BUSINESS PROCESS WORKFLOWS
Authors: Pranevičius Henrikas , Misevičienė Regina
Published: December 2012

Modeling of Business processes is essential in many areas. Workflows represent the Business processes. It is possible to identify potential problems while performing verification of workflows. One of the objectives of the verification is to assure reachability. This includes analysis of the deadlock and tempo blocking freeness properties. The paper presents verification approach based on using an adjacency matrix. Spreadsheets are used as a verification tool. The approach is illustrated by the examples which justify the importance of verification in workflow processes.
EXTENSIONS OF LINMAP MODEL FOR MULTI CRITERIA DECISION MAKING WITH GREY NUMBERS
Authors: Hajiagha Seyed Hossein Razavi , Hashemi Shide Sadat , Zavadskas Edmundas Kazimieras , Akrami Hadi
Published: December 2012

The linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference, known as LINMAP is one of the existing well-known ideal seeking methods for multi attribute decision making problems. This method originally is proposed under crisp and deterministic circumstances. However, uncertainty is an indubitable property of decision making problems. In this paper, a new version of LINMAP-G is proposed where the decision maker's judgments are expressed as grey numbers. Like original LINMAP method, the grey ideal solution and attributes weight vector is determined and alternatives are ranked according to their weighted distance from determined ideal point. Application of the proposed method is illustrated in two numerical examples.
Les couples mixtes sous haute surveillance
Authors: D’Aoust Anne-Marie
Published: December 2012

Les différentes techniques de contrôle des mariages mixtes mises en place ces dernières années par plusieurs pays européens ont été élaborées dans une logique de gestion du risque migratoire et non dans la perspective de l’exercice d’un droit fondamental – le droit de vivre en famille –, encore moins dans l’optique d’une intégration aux sociétés d’« accueil ».
Weak sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei and the aerosol indirect effect to Criegee + SO2 chemistry
Authors: Pierce J. R. , Evans M. J. , Scott C. E. , D'Andrea S. D. , Farmer D. K. , Swietlicki E. , Spracklen D. V.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. H2SO4 vapor is important for the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols and the growth of ultrafine particles to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sizes. Recent studies have found that reactions of stabilized Criegee intermediates (CIs, formed from the ozonolysis of alkenes) with SO2 may be an important source of H2SO4 that has been missing from atmospheric aerosol models. In this paper, we use the chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, with the online aerosol microphysics module, TOMAS, to estimate the possible impact of CIs on present-day H2SO4, CCN, and the cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect (AIE). We extend the standard GEOS-Chem chemistry with CI-forming reactions (ozonolysis of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, propene, and monoterpenes) from the Master Chemical Mechanism. Using a fast rate constant for CI+SO2, we find that the addition of this chemistry increases the global production of H2SO4 by 4%. H2SO4 concentrations increase by over 100% in forested tropical boundary layers and by over 10–25% in forested NH boundary layers (up to 100% in July) due to CI + SO2 chemistry, but the change is generally negligible elsewhere. The predicted changed in CCN were strongly dampened to the CI + SO2 changes in H2SO4 in these regions: less than 15% in tropical forests and less than 2% in most mid-latitude locations. The global-mean CCN change was less than 1% both in the boundary layer and the free troposphere. The associated cloud-albedo AIE change was less than 0.03 W m−2. The model global sensitivity of CCN and the AIE to CI + SO2 chemistry is significantly (approximately one order-of-magnitude) smaller than the sensitivity of CCN and AIE to other uncertain model inputs, such as nucleation mechanisms, primary emissions, SOA and deposition. Similarly, comparisons to size-distribution measurements show that uncertainties in other model parameters dominate model biases in the model-predicted size distributions. We conclude that improvement in the modeled CI + SO2 chemistry would not likely to lead to significant improvements in present-day CCN and AIE predictions.
OH and HO2 radical chemistry during PROPHET 2008 and CABINEX 2009 – Part 1: Measurements and model comparison
Authors: Griffith S. M. , Hansen R. F. , Dusanter S. , Stevens P. S. , Alaghmand M. , Bertman S. B. , Carroll M. A. , Erickson M. , Galloway M. , Grossberg N. , Hottle J. , Hou J. , Jobson B. T. , Kammrath A. , Keutsch F. N. , Lefer B. L. , Mielke L. H. , O'Brien A. , Shepson P. B. , Thurlow M. , Wallace W. , Zhang N. , Zhou X. L.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals are key species driving the oxidation of volatile organic compounds that can lead to the production of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Previous measurements of these radicals in forest environments with high isoprene, low NOx conditions have shown serious discrepancies with modeled concentrations, bringing into question the current understanding of isoprene oxidation chemistry in these environments. During the summers of 2008 and 2009, OH and peroxy radical concentrations were measured using a laser-induced fluorescence instrument as part of the PROPHET (Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport) and CABINEX (Community Atmosphere-Biosphere INteractions EXperiment) campaigns at a forested site in northern Michigan. Supporting measurements of photolysis rates, volatile organic compounds, NOx (NO + NO2) and other inorganic species were used to constrain a zero-dimensional box model based on the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism, modified to include the Mainz Isoprene Mechanism (RACM-MIM). The CABINEX model OH predictions were in good agreement with the measured OH concentrations, with an observed-to-modeled ratio near one (0.70 ± 0.31) for isoprene mixing ratios between 1–2 ppb on average. The measured peroxy radical concentrations, reflecting the sum of HO2 and isoprene-based peroxy radicals, were generally lower than predicted by the box model in both years.
Effective aerosol optical depth from pyranometer measurements of surface solar radiation (global radiation) at Thessaloniki, Greece
Authors: Lindfors A. V. , Kouremeti N. , Arola A. , Kazadzis S. , Bais A. F. , Laaksonen A.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Pyranometer measurements of the solar surface radiation (SSR) are available at many locations worldwide, often as long time series covering several decades into the past. These data constitute a potential source of information on the atmospheric aerosol load. Here, we present a method for estimating the aerosol optical depth (AOD) using pyranometer measurements of the SSR together with total water vapor column information. The method, which is based on radiative transfer simulations, was developed and tested using recent data from Thessaloniki, Greece. The effective AOD calculated using this method was found to agree well with co-located AERONET measurements, exhibiting a correlation coefficient of 0.9 with 2/3 of the data found within ±20% or ±0.05 of the AERONET AOD. This is similar to the performance of current satellite aerosol methods. Differences in the AOD as compared to AERONET can be explained by variations in the aerosol properties of the atmosphere that are not accounted for in the idealized settings used in the radiative transfer simulations, such as variations in the single scattering albedo and Ångström exponent. Furthermore, the method is sensitive to calibration offsets between the radiative transfer simulations and the pyranometer SSR. The method provides an opportunity of extending our knowledge of the atmospheric aerosol load to locations and times not covered by dedicated aerosol measurements.
A modeling framework to assess water and nitrate balances in the Western Bug river basin, Ukraine
Authors: Tavares Wahren F. , Helm B. , Schumacher F. , Pluntke T. , Feger K.-H. , Schwärzel K.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of the eco-hydrological SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Arnold et al., 1998) for representing water balance and nitrate fluxes given limited input and calibration data. The investigated catchment is located in Western Ukraine with an area of approximately 2616 km2. Land use is currently dominated by agriculture with significant areas of pasture, and has undergone a high degree of changes in land-use and agricultural practice since the end of the Soviet Union. Model application produced a fitted water balance (calibration: R2 = 0.52, NS = 0.46; validation: R2 = 0.47, NS = 0.51) and plausible ranges and dynamics of nitrate in stream loadings. Groundwater parameters were found to be highly sensitive. The results indicate that SWAT is an appropriate tool for water resource investigations in the Western Bug catchment, and can provide a useful tool for further eco-hydrologic research in the region (i.e. diffuse pollution impacts).
Technical Note: The single particle soot photometer fails to reliably detect PALAS soot nanoparticles
Authors: Gysel M. , Laborde M. , Mensah A. A. , Corbin J. C. , Keller A. , Kim J. , Petzold A. , Sierau B.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The single particle soot photometer (SP2) uses laser-induced incandescence (LII) for the measurement of atmospheric black carbon (BC) particles. The BC mass concentration is obtained by combining quantitative detection of BC mass in single particles with a counting efficiency of 100% above its lower detection limit. It is commonly accepted that a particle must contain at least several tenths of a femtogram BC in order to be detected by the SP2. Here we show the result that most BC particles from a PALAS spark discharge soot generator remain undetected by the SP2, even if their BC mass, as independently determined with an aerosol particle mass analyser (APM), is clearly above the typical lower detection limit of the SP2. Comparison of counting efficiency and effective density data of PALAS soot with flame generated soot (combustion aerosol standard burner, CAST), fullerene soot and carbon black particles (Cabot Regal 400R) reveals that particle morphology can affect the SP2's lower detection limit. PALAS soot particles are fractal-like agglomerates of very small primary particles with a low fractal dimension, resulting in a very low effective density. Such loosely packed particles behave like "the sum of individual primary particles" in the SP2's laser. Accordingly, most PALAS soot particles remain undetected as the SP2's laser intensity is insufficient to heat the primary particles to their vaporisation temperature because of their small size (Dpp ≈ 5–10 nm). Previous knowledge from pulsed laser-induced incandescence indicated that particle morphology might have an effect on the SP2's lower detection limit, however, an increase of the lower detection limit by a factor of ∼5–10, as reported here for PALAS soot, was not expected. In conclusion, the SP2's lower detection limit at a certain laser power depends primarily on the total BC mass per particle for compact particles with sufficiently high effective density. By contrast, the BC mass per primary particle mainly determines whether fractal-like particles with low fractal dimension and very small primary particles are detectable, while their total BC mass has only a minor influence. This effect shifts the lower detection limit to much higher BC mass, or makes them completely undetectable. Consequently, care has to be taken when using the SP2 in applications dealing with loosely packed particles that have very small primary particles as building blocks.
Comment on "Significance tests for the wavelet power and the wavelet power spectrum" by Ge (2007)
Authors: Zhang Z. , Moore J. C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. As the main result in Ge's paper, Ge announced that he proved a formula on the distribution of Morlet wavelet power spectrum of continuous-time Gaussian white noise in a rigorous statistical framework. In this paper, we will show that Ge's formula is wrong and each step of Ge's proof is wrong. Moreover, we give and prove a correct formula in a rigorous statistical framework.
A new 3-D-modelling method to extract subtransect dimensions from underwater videos
Authors: Fillinger L. , Funke T.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Underwater video transects have become a common tool for quantitative analysis of the seafloor. However a major difficulty remains in the accurate determination of the area surveyed as underwater navigation can be unreliable and image scaling does not always compensate for distortions due to perspective and topography. Depending on the camera setup and available instruments, different methods of surface measurement are applied which make it difficult to compare data obtained by different vehicles. 3-D modelling of the seafloor based on 2-D video data and a reference scale can be used to compute subtransects dimensions. Focussing on the length of the subtransect, the data obtained from 3-D models created with the software PhotoModeler Scanner are compared with those determined from underwater acoustic positioning (Ultra-Short BaseLine – USBL) and bottom tracking (Doppler Velocity Log – DVL). 3-D models building and scaling was successfully conducted on all three tested setups while the distortion of the reference scales due to substrate roughness was identified as the main source of imprecision. Acoustic positioning was generally inaccurate and DVL unreliable on rough terrain. Subtransect lengths assessed with PhotoModeler were on average 20% longer than those derived from the USBL due to the higher spatial resolution and the inclusion of slope. On a high relief wall, DVL and 3-D modelling yielded similar results. At present, 3-D modelling is the most powerful, albeit the most time-consuming, method for the accurate determination of video subtransect dimensions.
Transient thermal modeling of permafrost conditions in Southern Norway
Authors: Westermann S. , Schuler T. V. , Gisnås K. , Etzelmüller B.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Thermal modeling is a powerful tool to infer the temperature regime of the ground in permafrost areas. We present a transient permafrost model, CryoGrid 2, that calculates ground temperatures according to conductive heat transfer in the soil and in the snow pack. CryoGrid 2 is forced by operational air temperature and snow depth products for potential permafrost areas in Southern Norway for the period 1958 to 2009 at 1 km spatial resolution. In total, an area of about 80 000 km2 is covered. The model results are validated against borehole temperatures, permafrost probability maps from "Bottom Temperature of Snow" measurements and inventories of landforms indicative of permafrost occurrence. The validation demonstrates that CryoGrid 2 can reproduce the observed lower permafrost limit to within 100 m at all validation sites, while the agreement between simulated and measured borehole temperatures is within 1 K for most sites. The number of grid cells with simulated permafrost does not change significantly between the 1960s the 1990s. In the 2000s, a significant reduction of about 40% of the area with average 2 m ground temperatures below 0 °C is found which mostly corresponds to degrading permafrost with still negative temperatures in deeper ground layers. The thermal conductivity of the snow is the largest source of uncertainty in CryoGrid 2 strongly affecting the simulated permafrost area. Finally, the prospects of employing CryoGrid 2 for an operational soil temperature product for Norway are discussed.
Measuring the Effect of Subsidization on Tourism Demand and Destination Competitiveness through the AIDS Model: An Evidence-Based Approach to Tourism Policymaking
Authors: Mangion Marie-Louise , Cooper Chris , Cortés-Jimenez Isabel , Durbarry Ramesh
Published: December 2012

There is increasing recognition of the need for improved policymaking in tourism and the consequent evaluation of tourism public policies. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of econometric modelling for tourism policy analysis, showing that crucial information is generated from such econometric policy analysis. A dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model is used to quantify the impact on demand elasticity of Malta's policy of supporting British inclusive tour holidays. Such analysis can contribute to improved policymaking as the policymaker is informed about how and to what extent the market has responded to previous policies – thus promoting an evidence-based approach to tourism policymaking.
Criteria for Comparing Economic Impact Models of Tourism
Authors: Klijs Jeroen , Heijman Wim , Maris Diana Korteweg , Bryon Jeroen
Published: December 2012

There are substantial differences between models of the economic impacts of tourism. Not only do the nature and precision of results vary, but data demands, complexity and underlying assumptions also differ. Often, it is not clear whether the models chosen are appropriate for the specific situation to which they are applied. The goal of this article is to provide an overview and evaluation of criteria for the selection of economic impact models. A literature review produced 52 potential criteria, subdivided into 10 groups. Based on an analysis of experts' opinions, the perceived importance of each criterion was determined and a set of essential criteria created. To illustrate the usage of these essential criteria, five models (export base, Keynesian, ad hoc, input–output and computable general equilibrium) were evaluated and compared based on their performance on these criteria. This paper builds on the existing literature by showing that it is possible to make a more informed choice among economic impact models of tourism.
Developing Taiwan into the Tourist Transport Centre of East Asia
Authors: Chen Chun-An , Lee Hsien-Li
Published: December 2012

Taiwan is located at the hub of East Asian transport, and has experienced huge growth in tourism. Taiwan therefore has an opportunity to become the main tourist transport centre of East Asia. This study uses the DEMATEL method to explore a practical strategy with four key elements: improved international airport construction; easy access to the aviation market; aviation competitiveness improvement; and aggressive tourism marketing. The results of the study show that more organizations participating in the market and free competition will facilitate tourism marketing and will help to transform Taiwan into the tourist transport centre of East Asia.
Beneficial Effects of Pentanema vestitum Linn. Whole Plant on the Glucose and Other Biochemical Parameters of Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rabbits
Authors: Ilahi Ikram , Asghar Ali , Ali Shujat , Khan Murad , Khan Nasrullah
Published: December 2012

The residents of Lower Dir and Malakand agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, use the dry powder of whole plant of Pentanema vestitum for the treatment of asthma and diabetes. No documented reports are available about the therapeutic action of Pentanema vestitum. The present study was aimed to explore the antihyperglycemic effect of 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant in glucose-induced nondiabetic hyperglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. During this study, the effects of plant extract on the serum lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine of diabetic rabbits were also studied. The extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in glucose-induced hyperglycemic rabbits. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits with extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum glucose, GPT, ALP, bilirubin and creatinine. During the study of lipid profile, the extract proved to be antihyperlipidemic and HDL boosting in diabetic rabbit models. From the finding of the present research, it was concluded that the 70% methanol extract of Pentanema vestitum whole plant has beneficial effects on serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, GPT, ALP, bilirubin, and creatinine of diabetic rabbits.
Physical Activity: An Important Adaptative Mechanism for Body-Weight Control
Authors: Finelli Carmine , Gioia Saverio , La Sala Nicolina
Published: December 2012

We review the current concepts about energy expenditure and evaluate the physical activity (PhA) in the context of this knowledge and the available literature. Regular PhA is correlated with low body weight and low body fat mass. The negative fat balance is probably secondary to this negative energy balance. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) and physical activity, that is crucial for weight control, may be important in the physiology of weight change. An intriguing doubt that remains unresolved is whether changes in nutrient intake or body composition secondarily affect the spontaneous physical activity.
Embedded Vision-Based Autonomous Move-to-Grasp Approach for a Mobile Manipulator
Authors: Jiao Jile , Ye Shuguang , Cao Zhiqiang , Gu Nong , Liu Xilong , Tan Min
Published: December 2012

This paper proposes a vision-based autonomous move-to-grasp approach for a compact mobile manipulator under some low and small environments. The visual information of specified object with a radial symbol and an overhead colour block is extracted from two CMOS cameras in an embedded way. Furthermore, the mobile platform and the postures of the manipulator are adjusted continuously by vision-based control, which drives the mobile manipulator approaching the object. When the mobile manipulator is sufficiently close to the object, only the manipulator moves to grasp the object based on the incremental movement with its head end centre of the end-effector conforming to a Bezier curve. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by experiments.