bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childbirth and Infant Care
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Studies in many MENA societies show that mothers throughout the region traditionally followed “pediatric” models of infant care broadly similar to those of many preindustrial societies. Adapted to improving the chances of survival in conditions of high fertility and infant mortality, this type of infant care entails nearly constant maternal caretaking, nursing on demand and to sooth distress, and dampening rather than eliciting excitement. This differs from “pedagogic” models typical of industrialized societies, which encourage face-to-face interaction, protoconversations, exploration, and excitement—all of which appear to be adapted to preparing infants for schooling.
Effectiveness of TBI Rehabilitation Programs
Authors: High Walter M
Published: November 2023

As in many areas of medicine, rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has historically been guided as much by compassion and common sense as by hard scientific evidence. If persons were too injured or weak to feed themselves, the community fed them. If they were too injured or weak to stand by themselves, the community helped them up. If they could not bathe themselves, the community bathed them. If they could not go to the bathroom, the community helped them. If they could not work, the community supported them. Helping people after they have become injured or sick no doubt precedes recorded history. People who have become incapacitated from brain injuries have been helped since before hospitals existed, and some people in the community have been better than others at helping injured and sick people longer than medical schools have been granting medical degrees.
Therapy for Emotional and Motivational Disorders
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

The nature of higher integrative or cerebral functions is not purely cognitive. These functions reflect a natural integration of both thinking and feeling to maximize adaptive problem solving (Chapman & Wolff, 1959; Prigatano, 1999). Disturbances in affect are as common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) as cognitive deficits (Borgaro & Prigatano, 2002; Newcombe, 2001; Prigatano & Wong, 1999; Oddy et al., 1985). This outcome is to be expected given the neuropathologic lesions common among this patient group (Gentry, 2002).
Children with Cognitive, Behavioral, Communication, and Academic Disabilities
Authors: Ylvisaker Mark
Published: November 2023

Relatively little high-quality evidence is available that addresses interventions for children and adolescents with cognitive, academic, social, and or behavioural disorders associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, important intervention themes can be derived from the available research with this population combined with research with (nominally) different disability populations as well as non-disability populations. This synthesis of research findings across populations is the primary goal of this chapter. Following a summary of existing pediatric TBI evidence reviews, a description of issues related to TBI as a disability category, and a discussion of the concept of evidence in clinical decision making, the chapter reviews relevant evidence related to assessment and to cognitive, educational, social skills, and behavioural interventions, as well as family and teacher training and support. The chapter ends with a list of areas for future research.
Multicultural Perspectives
Authors: Uomoto Jay M
Published: November 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a biopsychosocial phenomenon that encompasses biological, psychological, interpersonal, cultural, and community perspectives. These realms interact with each other in conceptualizing the experience of any given person with TBI. The sociocultural context in which a TBI occurs is likely to affect both the process of rehabilitation and the long-term outcome of survivors of this injury. The causes, incidence, and prevalence rates, and the rehabilitation of the person with TBI, all can be examined from a multicultural perspective. The goal of this chapter is to examine the relevant literature on multicultural aspects of TBI and provide directions for further research that has potential import for both rehabilitative and preventive efforts.
Over There-and Back
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

The methodical Foch at first intended to press the exhausted Germans back along the five-hundred-mile front that stretched from Flanders to the upper Rhine. The American role in this grinding operation would be to remove the German salient behind Saint-Mihiel, a thorn that had festered for nearly four years in the French flank, then to sweep farther east to Metz, on the Moselle River, and finally to inflame the long-silent front from Metz and Nancy to Switzerland. This assignment well suited Pershing’s tactical preferences.
Introduction Stollenwerck’s Panorama, 1815
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

In 1815, Peter Stollenwerck, a New York watchmaker, put on display in his shop a panorama of a manufacturing and commercial city by the sea, a fantasy of a city like his own Manhattan (Plate 1). It was something of a cultural event. Although panoramas (or dioramas) of historical scenes had been a familiar New York entertainment for years, Stollenwerck’s was the first in America in which the figures actually moved and in which the artist tried to represent the ordinary clamor of a contemporary expanding city. In such urban busyness, another artisan, Walt Whit man, would later find the poetry of the self and the democratic mass. Stollenwerck, a craftsman working during the twilight of the American Enlightenment, was more literal; like the first photographers (whom the dioramists anticipated), he was interested in exactness, in reproducing city life as perfectly as possible, omitting only the most intimate of scenes. Here, lured to the back of Stollenwerck’s shop, patrons could see them selves as they could not in the window reflections at street level, as part of a comprehensible order, of a rational (if not necessarily divine) design, coming and going in harmonious balance, all part of the pleasing spectacle.
Subterranean Radicals
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Labor radicalism slipped into a political netherworld in the late 1830s and early 1840s. Labor’s spokesmen, a motley collection of street-comer socialists, Fourierists, trade unionists, land reformers, and so-called shirtless Democrats, won only a few isolated victories. Even their most promising projects were doomed, in the long run, to neglect, deflection, or co-optation. Simply by staying together, however, the diverse groups of subterranean radicals kindled some of the ideas of the 1830s and added a few new ones of their own. While they toyed with what historians have generally dismissed as utopian panaceas, and while some appeared to retreat from the confrontations of the 1830s, they also repeated the argument that the roots of privilege, corruption, and “wage slavery” were located in prevailing property relations. After 1845, their efforts to remind New Yorkers that theirs was still a city of economic inequality and exploitation, combined with the struggles of the city’s new Irish and German workers, began to move the labor question back to the center of popular awareness.
Communication, Context, and Community: Integrating the Standards in the Greek and Latin Classroom
Authors: Gruber-Miller John
Published: November 2023

Latin is a language, Dead as dead can be: First it killed the Romans; Now it’s killing me. —Anonymous The Forum and the Agora were alive with the sounds of commerce, the speeches of politicians, the noise of gossip. —Richard Gascoyne et al., Standards for Classical Language Learning Anyone who has studied Latin long enough has heard the first quotation. For those of us who teach Greek and Latin, it sets off a little voice inside of us that says, How can anyone think that Latin or Greek is dead? What could be more interesting than exploring the cultures, history, politics, and society of the Greeks and Romans through their own words? We might respond with words similar to those of the second quotation. Latin and Greek were heard and spoken, read and written. They were languages in which people expressed their deepest emotions: joy, fear, anger, love, satisfaction, grief. They were languages in which people talked about relationships with family members, obligations to friends, interactions with strangers, and duties to the gods. In fact, they are languages that still communicate ideas, feelings, thoughts, and arguments.
Language Acquisition and Teaching Ancient Greek Applying Recent Theories and Technology
Authors: Morrell Kenneth Scott
Published: November 2023

In more than one state and school district, teachers of ancient Greek and Latin are having to confront the issue of proficiency and articulate learner outcomes that will serve to measure the effectiveness of their curricula (New York State Education Department; Sienkiwicz et al.). What may have been a simple, clear objective for a teacher of any foreign language, currently spoken or otherwise, to “teach students a language,” is suddenly not so clear at all. We are discovering that what we teach, what students learn, and what they actually acquire may be three entirely different things, although they are certainly related as aspects of some particular “language.” The following discussion attempts to clarify and simplify both the objectives and outcomes by situating the teaching of ancient Greek in the context of recent theories of second language acquisition (SLA). My goal is to outline some of the basic theories concerning the ways we acquire and use languages and then present a number of ideas about how teachers of ancient Greek can productively adapt their approaches in keeping with those theories. Because reading ancient texts represents the one language skill emphasized by all curricula for ancient Greek, this chapter will focus primarily on reading comprehension and conclude with some observations about the use of authentic texts.
Cavell’s “Romanticism” and Cavell’s Romanticism
Authors: Critchley Simon
Published: November 2023

Romanticism is a persistent theme in Stanley Cavell’s work that has assumed in creasing prominence in his later writings, in particular In Quest of the Ordinary (1988) and This New Yet Unapproachable America (1989). As one would expect from Cavell, the trajectory of his recovery of romanticism is singular: it leads from his abiding interest in the procedures of ordinary language philosophy, in particular Austin, back to the recovery of an American romantic tradition in Emerson and Thoreau, and forward into a strongly perfectionist reading of Wittgenstein and Heidegger, where these twin peaks of twentieth-century philosophy are seen “as showing philosophy to be [possible] as a continuation of romanticism” (NYUA, 5).
The Avoidance of Stanley CavelI
Authors: Stewart Garrett
Published: November 2023

Stanley Cavell, professor emeritus of aesthetics and the theory of value at Harvard, though a philosopher by training and appointment, has sent to print in the last three and a half decades some of the most passionate and commanding essays on literary aesthetics and literary value to be found anywhere in the postwar critical canon. Over this achievement there is little if any dispute. Despite the accolades, then, why has this work been to a discernible extent overlooked in the discussions that stand most to gain from engaging it? Such was the broad question that led to my embarking on this essay. In the commissioning editor’s more specific terms, I was asked to consider “any hesitancy in the literary response to Cavell’s work, as well as what has really been useful.” The more precise the formulation, the more disturbing the question.
North and West of Reconstruction:Studies in Political Economy
Authors: Richardson Heather Cox
Published: November 2023

In 1898, Elizabeth Cady Stanton thought back over the events of Reconstruction and recalled how the emancipation of southern slaves had required a broad reworking of American government and citizenship. All inhabitants of the nation—men and women; black, white, Indian, and immigrant; North, South, and West—had to reconsider what it meant to be an American. “The reconstruction of the South,” she wrote, “involved the reconsideration of the principles of our Government and the natural rights of man. The nation’s heart was thrilled with prolonged debates in Congress and State legislatures, in the pulpits and public journals, and at every fireside on these vital questions.”1 The question of the nation’s political economy was a critical one in the postwar years, for the nation had to work out a number of central problems in American society. The war had secured the triumph of free labor throughout the United States, but how that would actually play out in everyday life was unclear. It was inevitable that the establishment of free labor would require the involvement of the newly powerful government, but how and to what extent was also unclear. At the same time, the war had guaranteed that the Plains West would be settled by eastern Americans, but how free labor and the government would operate in the new region was, once again, unclear.
International Adoption Medicine
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Since 1989, American families have adopted more than 167,000 children from other countries. These children usually reside in institutional care prior to adoption. Some have been exposed prenatally to alcohol, drugs, tobacco, or other substances. The children live in crowded conditions, sometimes with poor hygiene, inadequate nutrition, and limited numbers of caregivers. They come from countries with many endemic infectious diseases. At adoption, the children are frequently malnourished, developmentally delayed, and show signs of previous emotional and physical neglect. After arrival in the United States, children may not receive the recommended specialized medical attention for international adoptees. Some practitioners fail to recognize the unique needs of this group of children and are unaware of the recommendations to address these needs. Although many children thrive and do well after adoption (Figs. 1–1 to 1–3), some children have behavior problems, learning disabilities, psychological disorders, or emotional disturbances. Management of these problems must address the child’s possible prenatal exposures, early experience in institutional care, and the emotional impact of being adopted.
Prenatal Drug Exposure
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs among international adoptees is unknown. Impoverished birth mothers who relinquish their children may lack the financial resources to purchase drugs. It is equally plausible to speculate that maternal drug abuse increases the likelihood of child relinquishment. In other circumstances, birth mothers hoping for a specific gender child (i.e., a male in China or India) may be unlikely to abuse drugs during the pregnancy. In the United States, it is estimated that about 11% of newborns are affected to some degree by prenatal substance exposure (including drugs and/or alcohol). Among children residing in U.S. foster care, a group with sociologic and demographic similarities to abandoned children in other countries, it is estimated that about 70% of those in the system for at least 17 months have substance-involved parents.
Prenatal Exposure To Maternal Smoking
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Accurate information about birth mothers’ tobacco use during pregnancy is rarely available for international adoptees. Like prenatal exposure to illicit drugs or alcohol, maternal smoking during pregnancy is linked to many problems in the fetus, infant, and child. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has long-term effects on the child’s attention, behavior, and cognition in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Some effects may persist to adulthood. Such problems are common among international adoptees, although the causes are multifactorial. This section surveys the epidemiology of smoking among women in sending countries. The long term neurobehavioral effects on offspring after maternal smoking during pregnancy are reviewed. The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on other organ systems have been reviewed.
Micronutrient Deficiencies
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Micronutrients are essential for the healthy development of young children. Micronutrient deficiencies, common throughout the world, impair growth, development, behavior, and health. Because most micronutrient deficiencies accompany protein-energy malnutrition and environmental deprivation, it is difficult to isolate the effects of single-nutrient deficiencies. Some occur in the absence of malnutrition and may be overlooked. Internationally adopted children have many risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies (Table 11–1). However, precise diagnosis may be difficult or impossible after their arrival in the United States. By then most children have already enjoyed several weeks of improved nutrition in the care of their adoptive parents while awaiting completion of legal proceedings in their birth country. Nonetheless, some micronutrient deficiencies have long-lasting effects on growth, behavior, or cognition.
Hepatitis C
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an endemic viral infection throughout the world: approximately 3% (170 million) of the world’s population is infected.1 Although HCV is uncommon among international adoptees,2 it is important to identify infected children for proper monitoring and in some cases, treatment. Evidence of HCV exposure or infection is found on 5%–10% of pre-adoption medical referrals from Russia and Eastern Europe. Such records do not reliably identify infected children. Differentiation of maternal antibody from infection is usually not possible on the basis of information provided in pre-adoptive medical records. Thus, advising prospective parents is difficult. This section reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tests, and current treatments of HCV, as they relate to the internationally adopted child.
Syphilis
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Syphilis is seldom diagnosed in newly arrived international adoptees (Table 19–1). Most infected children are asymptomatic and are identified by routine screening. Many additional children have been diagnosed and treated in their birth countries prior to adoption, most of them from Russia and countries of the former Soviet Union. Although an infrequent problem, unrecognized syphilis has severe consequences. This section reviews the epidemiology of syphilis in sending countries, specific concerns for international adoptees, diagnosis and clinical features of congenital syphilis presenting after the newborn period, and current recommendations for treatment and follow-up. Management of acquired syphilis has been recently reviewed elsewhere.
Precocious Puberty
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

On 1981, an abstract from Sweden reported a cluster of seven adopted Indian/ Bangladeshi girls with early pubertal development.1 Since then, a number of additional reports from Sweden, Belgium, France, and Italy indicate a surprising number of internationally adopted girls with precocious pu berty. No clinical studies have yet precisely defined the prevalence of this condition; rather, reports originating from pediatric endocrine clinics suggest an apparent overrepresentation of internationally adopted girls with precocious puberty. For example, 8/32 girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty at a pediatric endocrine clinic in Belgium were adopted from (unspecified) developing countries. A Swedish report describing specialized treatment of precocious puberty included 50 girls adopted from India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Colombia, and Peru. Likewise, a Dutch report listed 27 girls and 3 boys with precocious puberty adopted from Sri Lanka, India, Colombia, and South Korea. Notably, only sporadic cases of internationally adopted boys with precocious puberty have been reported.
Behavioral And Mental Disorders
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

In 1960, child psychiatrist Marshall D. Schechter reported a hundredfold increase of adopted patients in his practice compared with what would be expected in the general population. This claim (based on a small group of children seen by one psychiatrist), though reportedly based on a misinterpretation of the published adoption literature,2 received widespread publicity, reinforcing the notion that adoptees frequently have mental and psychiatric disturbances. Adoptees are overrepresented among mental health care recipients: about 8%–10% of children receiving in-patient or out-patient psychiatric services are adopted (range 2.4%–25%). However, the reasons for this are complex. Adoptive families may be more likely to seek help for problems because of their relative maturity, socioeconomic status, and familiarity with social service availability. Indeed, adoptees are underrepresented in juvenile court populations, possibly because adoptive parents seek psychiatric care if their child demonstrates delinquent or undesirable behaviors. Similarly, adoptees may be underrepresented among adult mental health populations,7 perhaps because psychological issues are addressed during the teenage years.
After The Adoption: Unspoken Problems
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Most internationally adopted children are a source of immense joy to families. However, some families have unexpectedly difficult experiences during the adoption process or afterward. These problems related to international adoption are rarely addressed or only reported in sensational media stories. Moreover, adoptive families are not immune to troublesome issues which affect birth families. Adoption adds an extra dimension of complexity to these situations. In this section, some of these unspoken topics—parent stress, severely disturbed children, adoption disruption and dissolution, and post-adoption child abuse—will be discussed.
The Event
Authors: Aptheker Herbert
Published: November 2023

It may at once be said that there are features of the Turner revolt that are still uncertain and probably will remain so. Any statement purporting to give the precise number of Negroes who took part in the revolt, or the exact number of victims, white or Negro, is to be suspiciously regarded. What appear to be fairly good approximations may be made.
Interview with William Styron
Authors: Styron William
Published: November 2023

Q: The best way to begin this conversation is to talk about your early childhood growing up in the South.

William Styron: I guess I was a little unusual as a kid growing up in the Virginia Tidewater, in a segregated society in the 1930s, in that I was a bit more sensitive than most of my young contemporaries to the ironies and paradoxes of this thing they called Jim Crow segregation. I was sensitive to it because it seemed to me a situation that had no real reason for being. I couldn’t understand why an entire race of people in an area which was 40 percent black should be treated as second-class citizens. I don’t claim any special enlightenment, but I do think I had the influence of both my mother and father who were, by the standards of that day, advanced in their thinking, liberal, enlightened, and who I think at an early age taught me that this whole system was something profoundly wrong, profoundly evil.
News Center of the World
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

While Joe McCarthy hunted for Reds in the government, reporters for the Soviet news agency TASS could watch him from the congressional press galleries. The columnist Joseph Alsop mused that “anybody could go anywhere; you didn’t even need a card to get in the White House, and even Larry Todd got into the press conferences, and nobody thought anything about it.” He was referring to Laurence Todd, the mild-mannered, scholarly correspondent for TASS. Both the liberal columnist Drew Pearson and the conservative Chicago Tribune correspondent Walter Trohan counted Todd as a personal friend, regardless of his employer. By the time the Cold War started, on the heels of World War II, Todd had represented TASS in Washington for two decades and had become the dean of the State Department’s press corps. His press pass let him dine in the State Department cafeteria, a hub of office gossip, and attend off-the-record briefings on matters of national security. American officials assumed that TASS reporters were Communists at best and spies at worst, yet when anti-Communists in Congress tried to expel TASS from the press galleries, the State Department and the Standing Committee of Correspondents rallied to its defense. Even TASS belonged to what members of the press corps referred to as the “international fraternity of reporters.”
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Collins R Lorraine , Muraven Mark
Published: November 2023

The drinking restraint model suggests that excessive/binge drinking occurs in a cognitive context in which the individual alternates between being attracted to alcohol and being concerned about the need to restrict/regulate alcohol intake (Bensley, 1991; Collins, 1993). Some “restrained drinkers” may be so preoccupied with the need to lessen or control their alcohol intake that they invoke rules and set limits on alcohol use (Collins, 1993; Ruderman & McKirnan, 1984). Paradoxically, the thinking about the need to limit/regulate alcohol intake, while not being successful at such regulation, can precipitate excessive drinking (Collins & Lapp, 1991; Marlatt, 1985). In this way, drinking restraint may be a risk factor for excessive drinking and alcohol-related problems (Bensley, Kuna, & Steele, 1990; Collins, 1993; Connor, Young, Williams, & Ricciardelli, 2000; Connors, Collins, Dermen, & Koutsky, 1998; Curry, Southwick, & Steele, 1987).
Assessing the Impact of Fihromyalgia Syndrome in Real Time
Authors: Turk Dennis C , Burwinkle, Tasha , Showlund Melonie
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents preliminary data from a study using real-time data capture (RTDC) in a sample of 201 treatment-seeking fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients. FMS consists of a pervasive set of unexplained physical symptoms with generalized pain and hypersensitivity to palpation at specific body locations (“tender points”) as the cardinal features. In addition to pain, FMS patients report a range offunctional limitations and psychological dysfunction, including fatigue, sleep disturbance, headaches, irritable bowel disorders, depression, and anxiety (Wolfe et al., 1990). FMS sufferers report that although their pain fluctuates in intensity, it is nearly continuous. They also frequently note that although they are often able to engage in physical activities, they experience pain and excessive fatigue at a later point, either later that day or on a subsequent day, and thus tend to avoid as many activities as possible to prevent exacerbation of pain and exhaustion. The majority of studies of FMS ask patients to provide retrospective reports regarding their pain, fatigue, and mood, among others. Such retrospective reports make it difficult to evaluate the stability of symptoms over time and especially the lagged effect of pain, mood, and fatigue on subsequent pain, mood, and fatigue.
Technological Innovations Enabling Automatic, Context-Sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Intille Stephen S
Published: November 2023

Health-related behavior, subjective states, cognitions, and interpersonal experiences are inextricably linked to context. Context includes information about location, time, past activities, interaction with other people and objects, and mental, physiological, and emotional states. Most real-time data collection methodologies require that subjects self-report information about contextual influences, notwithstanding the difficulty they have identifying the contextual factors that are influencing their behavior and subjective states. Often these assessment methodologies ask subjects to report on their activities or thoughts long after the actual events, thereby relying on retrospective recall and introducing memory biases. The “gold standard” alternative to these self-report instruments is direct observation. Direct observation in a laboratory setting, however, artificially constrains behavior. Direct observation is also typically too costly and invasive for long-term, large-sample-size studies of people in their natural environments.
Thoughts on the Present State of Real-Time Data Capture
Authors: Stone Arthur A
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to present readers with an overview of the theory and technology available to researchers for capturing data from people as they go about their daily lives. Undoubtedly, a conference on real-time data held 10 years from now will include presentations of unimaginably sophisticated monitoring devices and, given advances in the field, will yield recommendations quite different than ones found in this volume. As more researchers from the behavioral sciences and from other scientific disciplines adopt real-time methods for their work, there will be a deepening of all aspects of the field-from data capture techniques through the analyses of the data. The chapter authors have argued persuasively that there are compelling reasons for collecting real-time data, including the importance of the data and the potential knowledge gained from the availability of repeated daily assessments to examine dynamic and complex processes.
Independence Won, 1816–1824
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

Only the sparsely populated provinces of the R-o de la Plata remained in rebellion by 1816. To complete the reconquest of Spain’s colonies in América, Fernando VII vowed to assemble a second expeditionary force at Cádiz, and this time the target would unquestionably be Buenos Aires. The situation in New Spain, Peru, and Upper Peru was by then so firmly in hand that the stalwart viceroys Calleja and Abascal could retire to enjoy their prestige as saviors of the Spanish empire. Portuguese king João VI (who had finally graduated from being prince regent because of the recent death of his mother, the mad queen Maria I) seemed totally secure on his Brazilian throne. Yet within a few years both Spanish and Portuguese control would dissolve with a minimum of resistance.
Nation Building Begins, 1825–1840
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

Along-term shift in public sentiment underlay the military victories of the 1820s. The independence of América was clinched, but not really decided, at Ayacucho. Rather, it had been decided gradually in people’s hearts during the entire period of debate, fighting, and “pacification” since 1808.
Multicultural Awareness: 1968-1990
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

The years from 1968 to 1990 were a period of growing awareness of the pluralistic nature of American society brought about by increased immigration and the pressures from various ethnic groups for equal recognition and representation. In education, the need for multicultural approaches to learning, which generated bilingual/multicultural education programs, echoed this awareness. Music education likewise felt the changes in society, and, impelled by the recent Tanglewood Symposium, set about implementing the musics from many cultures in the school music curriculum.
Interlude: The End of the Beginning
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Multicultural education did not develop in a vacuum, but has been answering the larger agenda of the American society as reflected by government actions for the greater part of this century. It was the immigration legislation of the 1920s that first affected intercultural education, and the repeal of the national origins restrictions in 1965 that resulted in large demographic changes and eventually to laws establishing bilingual education and ethnic studies programs. In addition, Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. the Board of Education have left indelible marks on education in this century. Even federal foreign policy has had a role in what happens in the public schools to some extent. Music education has been found to be “more dependent on its societal context than we ever suspected.”2 The same can be said of multicultural music education.
Materials and Methodologies
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

For every new development in multicultural music education, corresponding new research has helped implement it. By far, the greatest productivity has occurred in the area of methods and materials. Like most new ideas, they have had their good points and their shortcomings, and it is up to music educators to pick and choose among them to find the best combination for each class they teach.
Heady Connections: The Nervous System and Behavioral Changes
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

When my patients tell me they feel as though their brains had been fried, I have to know what is going on in order to help them. For many reasons, the central nervous system (CNS) and its related behavioral changes in lupus are the most misunderstood and mismanaged aspects of the disease. The numerous signs and symptoms that are found may indicate any of twelve clinical and behavioral syndromes associated with systemic lupus. Since all of these syndromes are managed differently, carefully honed diagnostic skills on the part of your doctor will be important. Working together, patients, allied health professionals, and physicians can optimize the management of nervous system lupus.
The Head, Neck, and Sjógren’s Syndrome
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

If you are a lupus patient, do you find it hard to see clearly? Do your ears ring? Do you get crops of mouth sores? Do you suck on Lifesavers constantly to make your mouth less dry? Have you ever lost your voice? The eyes, ears, nose, mouth, salivary glands, and larynx are occasionally affected by lupus either as a manifestation of active disease, the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, or an adverse reaction to lupus medication. Even though they are present in only a minority of cases, pertinent head and neck symptoms and signs are too important to be overlooked. This section reviews the head and neck areas and how problems in these areas are related to lupus.
Why Do Blood Clots Develop?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

As many as one-third of all deaths due to complications from lupus arise from blood-clotting abnormalities. The saga of how we came to see that patients with SLE were especially susceptible to blood clots is one of the more interesting and convoluted tales in rheumatology. After 40 years of struggling with the problem, rheumatologists finally realized that the solution lay in tying the knot right under our nose. Fortunately, rapid developments in this area over the last decade should greatly decrease complication and mortality rates in this group at risk.
Is It Really Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Ten million Americans have a positive lupus blood test, but probably less than one million have lupus. Many people fulfill one, two, or three American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE but lack the requisite four criteria reviewed in Chapter 2. What do they have? Are other autoimmune diseases present? And while we’re on the subject, are there any other disorders that lupus patients tend to get or are spared from? When your physician considers the presence of other similar diseases, this decision process is called differential diagnosis. This chapter will put these issues into a practical, logical perspective.
Other Options: Treatments Occasionally Used to Manage Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

In addition to the disease-modifying drugs discussed in the last chapter, many other agents have a place in managing different aspects of lupus. These drugs or therapies “fall into the cracks,” or have limited uses under special circumstances. Most of them have a “bridging” function: they are used for short periods of time until one of the disease-modifying agents discussed in the previous chapter becomes effective. This section offers a brief overview of these bridge therapies.
What’s the Prognosis?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

When I first diagnose a patient with systemic lupus, she frequently inquires about the bottom line. She wants to know outcomes. Will I live? Can I have children? Is this crippling or deforming? Many lupus patients have excellent outcomes, live normal lives, and generally feel well. Others have serious impairments. I have to tell my patients that the prognosis, or bottom line, varies from individual to individual, and is dependent on many factors.
Tone and Intonation
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

The vocabulary available to describe a singing tone, beautiful or not, is weak and nonspecific at best. Furthermore, the definition of a beautiful tone, which may include many factors, will differ from director to director. Yet a clear understanding of what he or she finds beautiful on a particular piece of music is helpful to a director and well worth the effort to clarify a personal aesthetic point of view. Decide how important beauty of tone is to you in your work. Perhaps this differs from composition to composition. Perhaps beauty’s appropriateness to the meaning or to the achievement of a powerful effect seem more important qualities to you at times. Perhaps musical accuracy is the prime goal. Come to a personal definition of vocal beauty. Familiarize yourself with the various basic attributes of vocal beauty, carrying power, impressive size of tone, and so on. See the following Discussion. Tonal beauty is indeed in the ear of the beholder. Every person will have an ideal tone, as does each culture. The Western hemisphere’s epitome of tonal beauty is sharply at odds with the ideal of singing beauty generally held by the countries of the East.
Mental Skills
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

Can one train for peak performance? As a choral conductor, you are no different from an elite athlete. An athlete’s peak performance is the outcome of physical, technical, and mental factors, and so is yours. Mind and body cannot be separated in peak performance, which exhibits the strength of the mind-body link. In it, what one thinks is echoed by what one does. There is, of course, no substitute for complete mastery of technical skills—stick technique, an informed ear, effective leadership, and so on. However, the higher the level of physical and technical skills, the more important the mental aspects of performance become. For example, during the Olympics, every competitor has high technical and physical skills. That is why Olympic athletes readily admit that mental skills alone make the difference between the winners and losers in those contests. As Mark Spitz said in Montreal, after winning seven gold medals: “At this level of physical skill, the difference between winning and losing is 99 percent psychological.” The great golfer Jack Nicklaus said, “Mental preparation is the single most critical element in peak performance” (emphasis added).
Icarus, Isotopes, and Australopith Diets
Authors: Sponheimer Matt , Lee-Thorp Julia , De Ruiter Darryl
Published: November 2023

Early hominin diets can be studied in many ways, such as dental allometry/morphology, dental microwear, and archaeology (e.g., Robinson, 1954; Isaac, 1971; Grine, 1981). Although these and other techniques are commonly used to reconstruct “diet,” we rarely question the degree to which they are actually capable of doing so. For instance, in the strictest sense, dental morphology cannot tell us about the totality of an organism’s diet, but it can tell us about the foods that proved challenging to that organism’s ancestors, whether they were consumed daily, seasonally, or only during short periods of extreme privation. Thus, while there certainly is an important relationship between dental morphology and diet, it is far less direct than researchers often assume. Dental microwear, in turn, does reveal something of what an individual ingested; yet, it probably tells us mostly about the mechanical properties of these foods and the exogenous grit with which they are associated. A main point of this disquisition is not to suggest that these tools and others are not useful because they patently are useful and important, but rather that we often talk about reconstructing “diet,” when we are in fact illuminating only facets of the complicated interactions between an organism and its environment that broadly constitute diet.
Seasonality, Fallback Strategies, and Natural Selection: A Chimpanzee and Cercopithecoid Model for Interpreting the Evolution of Hominin Diet
Authors: Lambert Joanna E
Published: November 2023

Within this evolutionary framework, we can reasonably assume that feeding-related features observed in extant primates should be, at least in theory, demonstrably the result of natural selection. It is the demonstrable aspect of this important assumption that those concerned with dietary adaptations in the present and in the evolutionary past must confront. In addition to information derived from morphology, it is a truism that scientists studying extant primates have the luxury of observing the function of diet-related anatomy via direct observation of a feeding animal, while those scientists evaluating fossil species do so in the absence of such data (Kay, 1984). Yet, both scientists confront a similar challenge, and in evolutionary terms yield comparably synchronic interpretations; the ghost of selection past haunts us all. Hence, our use of the powerful combination of comparative models, extant species analogs, and correlative evaluations as tools for interpreting changes in form and function over evolutionary time.
Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

When Bill Clinton won the presidency in 1992, he said he wanted to provide health care for all Americans, revive the economy, and build a “bridge to the twenty-first century.” But the president also had other goals. Soon after his election, Clinton spoke with an old friend, Webster Hubbell, whom he planned to appoint to a high post in the Justice Department. As they talked privately, Clinton gave him some secret orders. “Webb,” Clinton said to his golfing buddy, “if I put you over at Justice, I want you to find the answers to two questions for me. One, Who killed JFK? And two, Are there UFOs?” The president, Hubbell said, was “dead serious.”
Introdution
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

Many of the emotional problems following a trauma are best described by a syndrome called Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The trauma is defined as a situation involving actual or threatened injury or death, and the survivor feels helpless, horrified, or terrified during the experience. Such traumatic life events, especially sexual and criminal assault, are unfortunately extremely common. It has been estimated that approximately one quarter of trauma survivors suffer from PTSD at some point in their lives. Women appear to be more likely than men to develop PTSD following trauma.
Case Descriptions
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

It seems a good way to start this self-help guide about how to overcome post rape difficulties by sharing with the reader an account of reactions to rape, as presented in our book for professionals (Foa & Rothbaum, 1998): the rape survivor’s own report of the rape and how she reacted to being raped. This story describes clearly and powerfully the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder following sexual assault. Below is a powerful statement by Sarah, the survivor. This is followed by some reports from Sarah’s father illustrating how the family may also be profoundly impacted by the event.
Assessment of My Problems
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we presented many of the common reactions to assault. If you are following the program as you read this workbook, you may have written down some of the problems you have been experiencing. In this chapter, you may take the next step in the program and think about the various symptoms of PTSD you may be experiencing. Identifying these symptoms will help you and your therapist decide which of them to observe or monitor throughout your program as an indication of whether the program is helping you to work through your PTSD.
What Do We, Know About the Treatment of PTSD?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will summarize the knowledge that comes from studies on the treatment of PTSD, psychological therapy and therapy by medication. We will begin with a brief review of traditional therapies for PTSD. This review is by no means comprehensive and is intended as an introduction. If you want to find out more about these approaches, you can look up the references pertaining to a topic in the Additional Reading section of this chapter. We will also briefly review a few of the large number of studies on cognitive behavioral treatment programs for PTSD, which is the treatment program described in this workbook. We have included some discussions of treatment with survivors of traumas other than sexual assault as there are many similarities in the problems and treatment of PTSD across traumas. In our review here we will discuss results of studies comparing the effectiveness of different treatment programs, and we will also discuss case reports that clearly describe the treatment and evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with good measures. Results of studies in which some clients are given treatment soon after they present to the clinic are compared with others who receive a delayed treatment after first being put on a wait-list. The effectiveness of treatment is often determined by comparing clients who received the treatment to those on the wait-list.
Designing My Treatment Program
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In Section IV we will describe the cognitive-behavioral techniques that help with PTSD. These include exposure techniques and anxiety management procedures. We have found in our research that prolonged exposure (PE) alone (including trauma reliving and in vivo confrontation of trauma reminders) is as effective, if not more effective than more complicated programs. Therefore, we recommend the PE alone program as the first line of treatment for most survivors. We present the exposure program in a session-by-session format, because we recommend that everyone receive exposure therapy. We present each of the other techniques or set of techniques separately to teach all the cognitive-behavioral techniques that have been used with female assault survivors. You may not need all of the techniques that we describe here.
Confrontation of Feared Situations
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In this program, we are going to focus on the fears that you are experiencing, and your difficulty coping, both of which are directly related to your assault. By now, you have discussed your thoughts, memories, and emotions concerning the trauma with your therapist. You have also discussed the behaviors, such as avoiding situations and memories that remind you of the assault, that you have been using to reduce the stress associated with thinking about the traumatic event. A majority of the symptoms experienced after an assault will eventually decline over time. However, some of these problems may not get better on their own in the long run for some survivors. By learning about what causes your symptoms, you can speed up the healing process. Although it is quite normal for people to want to escape or avoid anxiety-provoking and painful emotions, thoughts, and events, doing so actually extends posttrauma reactions. Avoidance provides some short-term relief from distress, but it also prevents you from actually getting over your problems that much sooner.