bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Policy
Authors: Jones Charles O.
Published: May 2020

Purpose: The following syllabus is designed to introduce students to public policymaking at the national level of government. As designed, this course has the following goals associated with the process, issues, and institutions of national policymaking:

1.

Acquaint students with the political dynamics of the policy process— with particular focus on policy networks: those persons from the departments or agencies, members of Congress and their staff, and interest groups who interact on specific policy issues.

2.

Introduce the complexities of the specific policy issues that form the national agenda (e.g., trade, agriculture, welfare, taxes).

3.

Emphasize the importance of political institutions and their formal procedures—with particular stress on the budget process and presidential agenda setting.
Two Games for Introducing Political Science
Authors: Maser Steven , Orbell John
Published: May 2020

We wish to pass on two exercises that we have found useful in introducing political science courses. Typically, finding a common basis of experience from which students can relate to the concepts and theories of the discipline is a problem. A few students will have experienced politics in government by working in campaigns, for example, and others will have recognized that politics pervades many activities outside government. But these threads are only drawn together by an instructor with difficulty and, anyway, will be just second hand experiences for many students.

Introducing the students by using a brief game can solve the problem admirably. We will outline two games, each likely to consume an hour or so of class time; both could be conducted within one hour.
Ethics and Public Administration
Authors: Embry Charles R.
Published: May 2020

As I began to write this paper, I was forced to confront, consciously, a fact which I had previously acknowledged only tacitly, viz., that there exists a plethora of issues — pedagogical, philosophical, political, and psychological, as well as disciplinary — which must be addressed. Not wanting to ignore any of these issues and in hopes of provoking a discussion of the role of the humanities in ethics courses, I have coached the paper in the form of “reflections”. I shall first describe, without too much comment, the devising of such an ethics course and the general issues such a course raises, and secondly, I shall reflect upon the role of the humanities in such a course.
An Accredited Program for Foreign Study in Community Colleges
Authors: Cornelius Erwin C.
Published: May 2020

Within the last ten years only the most bold and innovative American community colleges have ventured to make an association between on-campus education and international education. Wasn't the latter better left to senior institutions which were equipped to handle highly technical, sophisticated, elitist manpower needs? Most all government grants and contracting involving American higher education and U.S. or foreign governments flowed to and through senior universities. For the most part this pattern remains the same today.

But a viable argument has persistently been raised over the last ten years for increasing involvement of community-based junior colleges in international affairs. Raymond E. Schultz and others, documenting the maturation process of community colleges, have noted the urgent need for community college-type institutions abroad to train middle-manpower work forces and provide for greater human capital development through non-traditional higher education.
Objectives of the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Steinberger Peter
Published: May 2020

While many political scientists have been concerned about teaching methods, teaching materials, and modes of teacher evaluation, relatively few have considered the more general question of the undergraduate political science curriculum itself. Specifically, what kinds of courses should we be teaching, what role should such courses play in a liberal arts education, and what factors should determine the overall structure of the political science curriculum at the undergraduate level?

These questions relate further to the practical question of staffing a small department of political science. When vacancies arise, or when there's an opportunity to expand in a modest way, one is confronted with certain basic choices. In most circumstances, we confront these choices by thinking in terms of fields within our discipline.
American Humor in Literature and Politics
Authors: Hill William , Lape Dennis
Published: May 2020

The lights dim. The students stir nervously, not sure of what to expect of the strobe light and the background music from "Thriller." The student course guide had recommended American Humor in Literature and Politics, but no one had been able to locate a living survivor to provide a personal testimony. Two middle-aged men of spacious girths enter the room and begin calling the roll. One looks like he might be a Democrat. The other one doesn't. As they alternate calling student names, crack terrible puns, and climb in and out of fright wigs and false noses, it begins to dawn on the class why no Ishmael has stepped forward to tell the story of American Humor.
Politics and Science Fiction Films
Authors: Genovese Michael A.
Published: May 2020

The movie theatre may seem like an odd place for politics, but almost all movies could be considered “political.” Even stranger is the notion that those spacemen, monsters and aliens we are so accustomed to seeing in science fiction films may be more than just entertaining us, they may be conveying a political message. In fact, most science fiction films make deeply political statements about the society from which they emerge.

Science fiction films provide a unique opportunity for movie makers to comment on the implications of both human and “non-human” behavior. Through science fiction, one can look ahead to the way the world “might” look if the right wing, left wing, scientific rationalists, corporations, etc., take over and create their own “Brave New World.” It is an opportunity to play out the implications of various political philosophies for all to see and evaluate.
Constitutionalism and Bureaucracy A Commentary on Herman Belz's Article
Authors: Hardin Charles M.
Published: May 2020

The spring 1984 issue of APSA's NEWS for Teachers of Political Science contains Herman Belz's provocative piece on “Constitutionalism and Bureaucracy in the 1980's.” His definitions of both terms are unsatisfactory. His concept of constitutionalism is anemic. It fails to recognize that governments must have some characteristics of Leviathan: they must be large and formidable. To constitutionalize such governments is proportionately difficult. In the United States the difficulty is greatly aggravated by the bureaucracies which the separation of powers fosters that tend to fragment government into quasi-independent power blocks. Nor are these bureaucracies mere aggregations of civil servants. They typically include political administrators, veteran legislators, and experienced group leaders. Let me turn first to Professor Belz's argument.
Biblical Politics
Authors: Brams Steven J.
Published: May 2020

Courses on political theory customarily start with the writings of Plato and Aristotle, who are rightfully considered the first great political philor sophers in the western tradition. Complementing this theoretical discourse, the wartime politics of ancient Greece, stressing its military history and the beliefs and motives of its leaders, is masterfully rendered by Thucydides.
Improving Political Education in the Schools
Authors: Hopburn Mary A.
Published: May 2020

National surveys of the political knowledge and attitudes of young Americans conducted by the National Assessment of Educational Progress document broad deficiencies in political education in the schools (NAEP, 1973; 1976). Political science professors who teach introductory college courses can attest to these shortcomings in the political knowledge and skills of many incoming freshmen. The main response of the political science profession has been to attempt to improve the quality of the content of civics, government, or citizenship courses by developing improved curriculum materials. Two major federally-supported, APSA-sponsored curriculum projects in the 1970s produced quality textbooks for high schools and instructional guides for middle schools (See APSA, DEA News Supplement, Spring 1974; and DEA News Supplement, Winter 1976).
The Problem of Retaining Students Beyond the Intro Course
Authors: Cotter Patrick R. , Gibean Victor H.
Published: May 2020

As recently reported in The chronicle of Higher Education (January 7, 1980), enrollment in colleges and universities is expected to decline about 4 percent during the 1980s. This decline in student enrollment, which may exceed 40 percent in some states, will be one of the major problems facing higher education during this decade.

Currently the bulk of political science enrollment of most colleges and universities is in introductory courses. These courses are primarily composed of students majoring in other disciplines who are taking an introductory political science course (usually the introductory course in American Politics) to fulfill a degree requirement. Most of these “service” students take no additional political science courses. As a result, the “continuation scores” — the number of additional political science courses taken — of most introductory course students are very low.
Teaching the Moral Analysis of Policy Issues
Authors: Amy Douglas
Published: May 2020

“Throughout most of the 19th century the most important course in the college curriculum was moral philosophy, taught usually by the college president and required of all senior students. The moral philosophy course was regarded as the capstone of the curriculum. It aimed to pull together, to integrate, and to give meaning and purpose to the student's entire college experience and course of study. In so doing it even more importantly sought to equip the graduating seniors with the ethical sensitivity and insight needed in order to put their newly acquired knowledge to use in ways that would benefit not only themselves and their own personal achievement, but the larger society as well.” Douglas Sloan
A Workshop on Third World Politics for High School Students
Authors: McCandless Raymond J. , Hussenbuttel Jon
Published: May 2020

Many scholars of international relations admit to the necessity of making international expertise concentrated in colleges and universities available to the school systems. While there may be a strong consensus among academics to support this as a goal of their institution, it is in many cases not regarded as a priority, nor is it easily accomplished. According to Humphrey Tonkin and Jane Edwards in The World in the Curriculum, “Creating effective cooperation between high schools and colleges is difficult, because of both bureaucratic incompatibilities and a rather ill-considered professional dignity on the part of college teachers.” It must be added that the high school teachers' attitude may also prevent a viable link between the two institutions.
Politicians: A Film Perspective
Authors: Wise Sidney
Published: May 2020

In a recent issue of NEWS, Professor G. Alan Tarr reminded us of how the feature film Nashville (1975) could be used as a springboard for thoughtful classroom discussion of American politics. While that film is ostensibly about country-music and its performers, Tarr makes a strong case that the Robert Altman film is “above all a commentary on political life.” Nashville can be seen as an insight into a view of the voters and their indifference, indeed hostility to politics. The advance man of a presidential candidate is seeking to enlist big name performers for a rally but the candidate is never seen and the sound truck that advertises his campaign blares out the vague populist homilies which reminded many viewers of the then flowering Jimmy Carter speeches.
The Legislative Decision-Making Process
Authors: DeGraw Richard , DeGraw Bette F.
Published: May 2020

The Legislative Decision Making Process is an educational role play for graduate or undergraduate students concerning the political and pressure relationships involved in the political decision-making process. The role play reviews the implications of the decision-making processes upon the provision of services by governmental agencies.

The role play engages from twenty to sixty students in a simulated budget-making and lobbying experience and utilizes this experience to teach students:

1.

The values and pressures considered by bureaucracies and the Legislature in decision-making;

2.

The relationships which exist between clients, community groups, administrators and politicians;

3.

The various techniques of Community Organization for lobbying and Legislative influence.

The role play consists of various groups of students in roles which include legislators, administrators of three major state departments, two minor state departments, parent groups, Concerned Citizen groups, American Indians disabled individuals and ex-clients.
The Arms Race, Played by SDP
Authors: Frauenglass Elliott , McKee Clyde D. , Naef Charles C.
Published: May 2020

Interest in the arms race has been growing in recent years as shown by coverage in the media and in political campaigns. Many students coming to class are already preconditioned either for or against increased defense spending. This participatory exercise allows them to test their ideas, and it helps make their minds more receptive to new concepts being explored in the class, such as: Is detente in the best interests of the Unted States? Should a new SALT Treaty be negotiated? What is the best ratio of expenditures for domestic programs and national defense?

SDB stands for Secret Defense Budgets. In the SDB exercise, or game as it is called, the class is divided into groups of two students sitting next to each other.
Professions: Ethics, Politics and Public Policy
Authors: Frankel Mark S.
Published: May 2020

Professions are increasingly central to any grasp of contemporary democratic societies. Their expertise in matters of vital public interest has gained them special privilege in the social order, including the authority to prescribe and police the rules which govern the application of specialized knowledge. This privileged autonomy is justified by the professions' claim that it is the sole source of competence to evaluate professional performance and is also sufficiently ethical to control deviant behavior. Of prime importance to students of politics and public policy is the exercise of professional power and its relation to the public interest, for at issue here is nothing less than the authoritative allocation of values within that slice of social life served by the professions.
Teaching Business Students : American Government
Authors: Shapiro Stewart P.
Published: May 2020

The teaching of an introductory course in American Government can be a difficult and frustrating endeavor under even the best of circumstances. Given the general level of cynicism and/or lack of interest by large numbers of Americans regarding politics and politicians, the task of generating student enthusiasm, or even mild interest, toward the subject matter can indeed be an arduous one. When the teaching of such a course takes place in a business college, and when the student audience is “captive” to a college requirement that all students must take the course, the task can be rendered considerably more formidable.

For the past six years I have been teaching such courses at business colleges — one year at Bryant College in Rhode Island, and the following five years at Bentley College in Massachusetts.
A Course: The Politics of Europe
Authors: Nagy Charles
Published: May 2020

One of the major disadvantages of teaching in a small, liberal-arts college with no political science major is that it is very difficult to move any course above the introductory level. Even courses which are intended for juniors and seniors must include an introductory element since a significant number of the students are not likely to have taken the introductory level classes. It does no good to establish prerequisites since this would only produce some combination of three unpalatable consequences: too many juniors and seniors taking freshman level courses; good students looking for an upper-division elective might be discouraged from taking a political science course; or, a discouragingly small enrollment in the upper-level political science courses.

A way to avoid this problem is to combine basic concepts of political science with advanced material.
Values Clarification in the Political Science Curriculum
Authors: Hawley Christopher S.
Published: May 2020

Some thirty years ago, Alfred Cobban irreverently defined political science as "a device, invented by university teachers, for avoiding that dangerous subject politics without achieving science." Irrespective of philosophical predispositions, few students of politics can easily remain aloof from the long standing debate between the so-called traditional and behavioral schools in political, science. Even the most cynical observer would be forced to admit that this academic exchange occasionally has raised some enduring—if not fruitful— questions with respect to the essence and study of political reality.

One of these enduring issues revolves around the separation of political facts from political values, a distinction which is often as nebulous as it is convenient. The development of the behavioral movement over the last four decades has brought with it a heated debate over the ability of scholars to achieve an objective understanding of political reality.
The University as A Subject of Policy Analysis
Authors: Stover Carl P.
Published: May 2020

Going to alumni cocktail parties is a great idea. Not only are the drinks cheap, but you find out more about your teaching than the "Student Evaluation of Instruction" forms will ever tell you. When students are still talking enthusiastically about a class two to five years later, you know you did something right. When they explicitly mention it as the experience from which they learned most in their degree program, you may be inspired even to write it up for NEWS.

What was this experience? It was a class project in which the students were divided into teams and required to investigate major policies that the University had under consideration or had recently enacted.
How to Watch TV NEWS – An Exercise
Authors: Wise Sidney
Published: May 2020

This brief essay deals with an attempt to teach students how to watch a network news show. It is a somewhat painstaking but entertaining experiment which allows the teacher to demonstrate that televised news has unique properties that can be distinguished from those of the print media. It avoids the ideological debate that televised news is biased—left or right—and focuses attention on the adversarial and dramatic properties that inhere in the visual media as practices by networks that are competing for ratings. And it has a modest goal, minimizing such important but ultimately judgmental inquiries as to whether the networks should have allowed live interviews with American hostages who were menaced by off-camera terrorists, or whether their coverage of Hanoi's celebration of the 10th anniversary of the fall of Saigon took sufficient note of the boat people.
A Working Paper : Teaching Program Implementation
Authors: Heineman Robert A.
Published: May 2020

The emergence within the past two decades of implementation as a distinct subject for analysis has been an important development in both public administration and policy studies. Since the Pressman and Wildavsky study of the activities of the Economic Development Administration in Oakland, there has been a steady stream of books and articles presenting case studies of implementation or suggesting methodological approaches for understanding the process or for improving it. Despite this growth in the literature, the teacher of implementation continues to be without broad conceptual frameworks for presenting the available material. The teaching of implementation remains an eclectic endeavor because of the lack of viable theory. Indeed a major writer in the area has urged scholars to focus on providing policy relevant data because he can not foresee at this time the development of generally applicable theory. I shall argue here that the conceptual failings of the study of implementation can be traced to its origins as a separate area for study and that an understanding of these limitations may point the way toward better theoretical structures.
A Laboratory of Democracy
Authors: Kennedy Charles L.
Published: May 2020

A crisis of confidence has gradually evolved in our governmental institutions. People no longer look on government as a glorious and shining Camelot, capable of handling all problems; people now perceive government as a great grey maze of bureaucratic indifference, where all actions are suspect. I believe that a major part of this malaise is directly attributable to the twin debilitations of over-regulation and the application of unwise regulations.
A Context for Class Discussion Of Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Maltese John Anthony
Published: May 2020

In a speech before the American Bar Association in July of 1985, Attorney General Edwin Meese III tersely proclaimed: “Far too many of the (Supreme Court's) opinions, on the whole, have been more policy choices than articulations of longterm constitutional principle.” Speaking in reaction to the recent Supreme Court ruling that struck down an Alabama law for a “moment of silence” in public schools, Meese argued that the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment as “demanding a strict neutrality between religion and irreligion would have struck the founding generation as bizarre.” The Court, he concluded, should follow a constitutional “jurisprudence of original intention.” (Meese: 1985)
Teaching About Fascism With Films
Authors: Genovese Michael A.
Published: May 2020

The further removed we are from World War II the more difficult it is to teach about fascism. It is difficult enough for those who went through the war to understand the rise of fascism, its appeal to the masses and to the business community, the ideology behind it and what conditions may have led to its rise. But now we face students born after World War II whose knowledge of fascism may be limited to the caricatures presented in “ B “ war movies.

In fact, today's students probably know more about fascism through films than all other learning sources combined. But is this film image accurate? And, how might we better teach about fascism by using films?

There are several characteristics of fascism which can be brought out to students through film.
Constitutionalism and Bureaucracy in the 1980's Some Bicentennial Reflections
Authors: Belz Herman
Published: May 2020

Although plans are well underway for celebrating the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution in 1987, it is doubtful that many of the public will be aware — or if aware would care to celebrate — a centennial milestone in the history of American government that teachers of political science will recognize as having great importance for American constitutionalism. I refer to what may be described, with some historical license, as the birth of the administrative state. This event was announced by the publication in 1887 of Woodrow Wilson's famous essay, “The Study of Administration,” and by the creation in the same year of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the prototype of the independent regulatory agencies that were to affect so profoundly the nature of American government in the twentieth century.
Teaching About Terrorism
Authors: Goldstein Michael
Published: May 2020

During the fall 1983 semester, I experimented with a terrorism simulation that seemed to engage student interest and heighten their awareness about the nature of terrorism.

I used the simulation in Political Science 221 — Introduction to International Relations. There were two sections of this course, which met three hours weekly for approximately 15 weeks. About half the students were political science majors; most were freshmen and sophomores. For purposes of conducting the simulation, however, it makes little difference what year students are in or what majors they follow. With the exception of a two-week unit on terrorism, the course devoted about one week to each of the standard topics normally studied by students in international relations.
The New "Sociology of Education" and its Legacy
Authors: Whitty Geoff
Published: May 2020

The sociology of education in Britain is generally regarded as having gone through something of a paradigm shift in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A supposed “new direction” in the sociology of education was seen to emerge from the work of Basil Bernstein and Michael F.D. Young and their colleagues and students at the Institute of Education in London. This was symbolized in the sub-title of the first major publication by this group — Knowledge and Control: New Directions for the Sociology of Education (Young 1971a). Insofar as there was anything that had a coherent claim to be termed a “new sociology of education” (Gorbutt 1972), its approach was one which sought to make problematic that which had hitherto been taken for granted in education (Young, 1971b).
Public Education and the Discourse of Possibility Rethinking the New Conservative and Left Educational Theory
Authors: Giroux Henry
Published: May 2020

The discourse of crisis has once again come into play in the field of education, and schools are once more the subject of an intense national debate. In the recent past, discussion has centered on whether schools can be the central institution for achieving racial and sexual equality; whether higher education in the traditional liberal arts curricula are still “relevant” to a changing labor market; whether the authoritarian classroom stifles the creativity of young children; or, conversely how permissiveness has resulted in a general lowering of educational achievement. All of these issues are still with us, but they have been subsumed under a much larger question: how to make the school curricula adequate to a changing economic, political and ideological environment?
Introducing Politics:The First Day
Authors: Vile John R.
Published: May 2020

The first day of class has always presented something of a dilemma for me, and the contribution offered here is a suggestion for dealing with the first day of an Introduction to Politics course. This class centers around a lone textbook (Magstadt and Schotten's Understanding Politics, St. Martin's Press) and is designed to introduce government majors and nonmajors alike to the broad range of questions examined by political scientists. In this respect the course is similar to any number of other introduction courses, and colleagues tell me that they have been able to use a variant of the idea presented here in their own introductions to Sociology, Criminal Justice, or History.
Adding Women to American Politics and Government
Authors: Berg John
Published: May 2020

At Suffolk University we seized upon the idea of field testing one of the “Women and American Politics” units as a quick and easy way to achieve one of our own goals, gender-balancing our new introductory course in politics and government. By now, the validity of this goal should require no argument; nevertheless, it will be useful to specify some of our particular objectives, as they will make possible a more particularized evaluation.
Designing a Course on Women in American Politics
Authors: Featherman Sandra
Published: May 2020

A course on “Women and American Politics” ought to focus on the subordinate political position held by women as a class, reasons for that status, and the issues involved in the redistribution of political power to women. Students need to understand why women have traditionally been subordinated and why they are not gaining full political equality easily, even now.

A useful framework for clarifying these issues examines the structural importance of role definition in allocating power, the nature of power and the reasons for conflict as power shifts from one group to another. The American Political Science Association Women's Project units can help in the exploration of these issues in terms of their impact on women.
Constitutional Law, Liberal Arts and Citizenship
Authors: Lindberg David S.
Published: May 2020

Constitutional law classes include three constituencies of students. The constituency of political science majors brings to the class the expectation of gaining specialized knowledge of the role of the judicial institutions in the political system. The second constituency is composed of nonmajors who have chosen the course as an elective and who expect to learn something of the general development of the law. The final constituency is made up of pre-law students who are seeking familiarity with the legal principles, concepts and analytical skills in preparation for their professional training.

The professor faces the problem of how to address these three groups with their differing expectations. The three sets of expectations correspond to three strategies of teaching constitutional law.
Teaching Legal Research Methods
Authors: Kozlowicz John F.
Published: May 2020

The political science undergraduate curriculum has long included courses dealing with substantive aspects of the law. At one time the traditional constitutional law course served as an introduction to the relationship of law and politics. More recently courses such as civil liberties, criminal justice, judicial process, and law and society have become frequent political science offerings. While these and other courses teach students procedural and substantive aspects of the law, many such courses contain student research components as a learning device.

Too often, however, political science/ public law training has ignored teaching about the uses of resources for legal research. Students are often directed to the law section of the library to face a batch of new and bewildering resource materials. As a result, Unfamiliar or seemingly intimidating materials such as Shephard's or law digests were often ignored or improperly used by students.
Models of Effective Teaching
Authors: O'Neill Jack
Published: May 2020

Probably the fundamental criticism within the discipline concerning conventional classroom interaction dynamics comes from our sister subsidiary, political socialization. This criticism takes two forms. One version focuses on the teacher's classroom role behavior. Dawson and Prewitt, for example argue that the democratic or authoritarian leadership style of an instructor is the one aspect of the teacher's role considered most important to the political socialization process. The instructor may or may not stress “disciplined learning of the material presented, rigid adherence to rules, and a deferential attitude toward himself as the authority figure.” The authors continue: The crucial notion for political socialization is that these conditions affect the political outlook of the students. Democratic leadership by the teacher fosters attitudes and skills consonant with democratic values. The authoritarian teacher induces his charges to think according to hierarchy and deference to power.
Political Science Concepts in the Study of International Relations and in an Introductory Course
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: May 2020

The most compelling argument for including international relations within political science is that its focus and core principles are found in the dominant concerns of political science.

Until the late 1930's, approaches to the study of international relations were those of diplomatic history, international law or current events. History for a time had a monopoly on the study of international relations and the classic works of Harold Nicolson, Webster, Mowat and Butterfield were the centerpieces of the subject. Diplomatic history was a branch of historical studies and its rigor and systematic approach earned the admiration of university leaders.

International law completed with diplomatic history and added a new dimension of hope for change and reform.
A Computer Module for Teaching Methodology
Authors: Halpert Leon
Published: May 2020

A recent newspaper article discussing future trends in higher education noted that by 1990 college graduates were likely to have had some “hands-on” experience with computers regardless of their chosen course of study, including the humanities. Nowhere is the impact of the technotronic society more visible than on the college campus today. Computer centers can now be found even at small, traditional liberal arts colleges. Computer manuals are becoming the equivalent of collegiate dictionaries.

As it becomes increasingly apparent, even to the anti-technotronic segment of the academic community, that the development and expansion of computer usage is unlikely to wane, the dialogue about the role of the computer on campus is shifting.
Individual Rights and the First Amendment
Authors: Grossman Joel B.
Published: May 2020

This seminar is designed to explore the role of the Supreme Court and the First Amendment in protecting, encouraging, and regulating free expression in the United States. Class discussion, readings, (and to the extent possible) individual participant reports, will focus on key doctrinal developments, on the extent to which First Amendment values have become part of the prevailing legal/political culture, on the effectiveness of judicial protection of First Amendment rights, and on contrasting liberal and conservative approaches to defining and implementing First Amendment values.

Since the 1960s consistently, and before that sporadically, the Supreme Court has articulated a liberal theory of the First Amendment which emphasizes the importance of free expression for its own sake as well as its unique instrumental role in the achievement and preservation of other cherished rights.
The Constitution and the New Deal
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: May 2020

The year 1937 marks a great division in the history of the Supreme Court. In a period of 18 months in 1935 and 1936, the Court struck down more important social and economic legislation of the national government and of state government than at any time in its history, including such landmarks of the New Deal as the National Industrial Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act. In the nearly half-century since then, the Court has not invalidated even one piece of significant social legislation. The seminar will explore how this “Constitutional Revolution of 1937” came about. It will examine the changes wrought by the New Deal, the character of the Court in the era of “the nine old men,” controversial rulings such as those in the Schecter and Butler cases, the origins and nature of FDR's “court packing“ plan, and the long term consequences of the Constitutional Revolution.
Teaching a Course in International Terrorism
Authors: Sloan Stephen
Published: May 2020

While the resort to terror is as old as recorded history, the start of the age of modern terrorism may be exemplified by the horrors of the Munich Massacre in 1972. During that tragedy a small dedicated group of terrorists were able through the mass media to seize the world's headlines and spread a message of fear and intimidation to a global audience. The revolution in communications coupled with the introduction of commercial jet aircraft enabled the modern practitioners of terrorism to strike at targets of opportunity on an international basis. This capacity was not shared by even the most committed terrorist of the past.

Within the discipline of political science, terrorism until the 70's was largely studied under the areas of war and revolution along with the growing field of comparative political violence, international terrorism was not studied as an individual subject until Munich, when the countless skyjackings, bombings and assassinations served to underscore that contemporary terrorism had indeed become “A New Mode of Conflict.“
Hearts and Minds: Visual Images and Political Problems
Authors: Wise Sidney
Published: May 2020

It's an evening network news show. The camera zooms in on Ted Kennedy speaking to an enthusiastic crowd in San Diego, while the voiceover sonorously ends a brief report with, “Can the Senator get the voters to forget about Chappaquidick?” It is a 30-second news item. Question: have we just seen a piece of nonfiction film or a mini-documentary? The Kennedy staffers will be outraged; others will insist that the coverage merely told it like it is. Yet those same staffers will be pleased several months later when the networks cover the Senator's speech to the Democratic convention by showing wildly cheering partisans, while the cameras pass over the many delegates who are either sitting on their hands or just chatting with each other. Others will claim that the coverage of the speech was visually distorted. They may all be right, but they may not be
International Law Specialization in Law Schools
Authors: Maris Gary L.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this note is to provide some guidance in advising prelaw students who wish to specialize in international law. Two broad difficulties occur for most of us who are advising students. The first is a lack of awareness of the programs available in schools other than the most prestigious ones. The second difficulty ties into the first one since many of our advisees have little chance of getting into the nationally well-known schools. There is little problem when one is advising a'student who has a L.S.A.T. of 700+ and G.P.A. of 3.5 or better. The task is harder when the advisee has a cornbination of around 600/3.0, even though this is a good student who can get into most law schools in the country.
A lexical advantage in four-year-old children's word repetition
Authors: CYCHOSZ Margaret , ERSKINE Michelle , MUNSON Benjamin , EDWARDS Jan
Published: May 2020

This study examined a potential lexicality advantage in young children's early speech production: do children produce sound sequences less accurately in nonwords than real words? Children aged 3;3-4;4 completed two tasks: a real word repetition task and a corresponding nonword repetition task. Each of the 23 real words had a paired consonant-vowel sequence in the nonword in word-initial position (e.g., ‘su’ in [ˈsutkes] ‘suitcase’and [ˈsudrɑs]). The word-initial consonant-vowel sequences were kept constant between the paired words. Previous work on this topic compared different sequences of paired sounds, making it hard to determine if those results were due to a lexical or phonetic effect. Our results show that children reliably produced consonant-vowel sequences in real words more accurately than nonwords. The effect was most pronounced in children with smaller receptive vocabularies. Together, these results reinforce theories arguing for interactions between vocabulary size and phonology in language development.
Surveillance optimisation to detect poliovirus in the pre-eradication era: a modelling study of England and Wales
Authors: O'Reilly K. M. , Grassly N. C. , Allen D. J. , Bannister-Tyrrell M. , Cameron A. , Carrion Martin A. I. , Ramsay M. , Pebody R. , Zambon M.
Published: May 2020

Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases are essential for polio eradication. However, as most poliovirus infections are asymptomatic and some regions of the world are inaccessible, additional surveillance tools require development. Within England and Wales, we demonstrate how inclusion of environmental sampling (ENV) improves the sensitivity of detecting both wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) when compared to current surveillance. Statistical modelling was used to estimate the spatial risk of wild and VDPV importation and circulation in England and Wales. We estimate the sensitivity of each surveillance mode to detect poliovirus and the probability of being free from poliovirus, defined as being below a pre-specified prevalence of infection. Poliovirus risk was higher within local authorities in Manchester, Birmingham, Bradford and London. The sensitivity of detecting wild poliovirus within a given month using AFP and enterovirus surveillance was estimated to be 0.096 (95% CI 0.055–0.134). Inclusion of ENV in the three highest risk local authorities and a site in London increased surveillance sensitivity to 0.192 (95% CI 0.191–0.193). The sensitivity of ENV strategies can be compared using the framework by varying sites and the frequency of sampling. The probability of being free from poliovirus slowly increased from the date of the last case in 1993. ENV within areas thought to have the highest risk improves detection of poliovirus, and has the potential to improve confidence in the polio-free status of England and Wales and detect VDPVs.
A Positive-Pressure Environment Disposable Shield (PEDS) for COVID-19 Health Care Worker Protection
Authors: Chien Li-Chien , Beÿ Christian K. , Koenig Kristi L.
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has strained health care system resources and reduced the availability of life-sustaining and medical-grade personal protective equipment (PPE) though the combination of increased demand and disrupted manufacturing supply chains. As a result of these shortages, many health care providers have temporarily used largely untested, improvised PPE (iPPE). Lack of quality control for makeshift PPE and frequent repurposing of used items to conserve supplies increase both the risk of provider infection and nosocomial spread to uninfected patients. One strategy to reduce risk of infection and preserve existing equipment is the implementation of secondary barrier devices placed directly over patients or providers. The authors describe an inexpensive, disposable, positive-pressure head isolation unit that can be rapidly constructed from materials readily available in nearly all health care settings for under five US dollars. The unit was successfully deployed in Taiwan during the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, and again during the COVID-19 pandemic. The iPPE worn directly by the health care workers (HCWs) can be donned prior to patient contact in the presence of an air source. This strategy may be more protective than a covering placed over the patient in an aerosol-generating environment, which requires the HCW to be in close contact with the patient prior to securing the protective device.
Factores curativos percibidos y su relación con la evolución: un estudio de pacientes esquizofrénicos en un programa de tratamiento amplio basado en la terapia cognitiva
Authors: Svensson B. , Hansson L.
Published: May 2020

Veintiocho pacientes esquizofrénicos y otros pacientes enfermos mentales a largo plazo que recibieron sesiones de terapia cognitiva dos veces por semana en el contexto de un programa de tratamiento amplio para pacientes internos fueron evaluados cada 5 semanas con respecto a los factores curativos percibidos. Las evaluaciones se hicieron por un cuestionario de autoinforme (Cuestionario de Factores Curativos [CFQ]) y una evaluación cualitativa de los pacientes de lo que percibían como útil en el tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que los elementos de terapia del medio y las sesiones de terapia se percibieron como los factores más útiles durante todo el período de tratamiento. No se encontraron correlaciones entre las características del paciente y los factores curativos percibidos. Los factores de “instilación de esperanza”, “solución de problemas” y “saber que no estoy solo” evaluados en la fase inicial del tratamiento mostraron una relación positiva con una evolución favorable del tratamiento en el alta.
Retinitis pigmentosa y esquizofrenia
Authors: McDonald C. , Kenna P. , Larkin T.
Published: May 2020

Ha habido propuestas anteriores de una relación entre esquizofrenia y retinitis pigmentosa (RP) o sus síndromes asociados en las publicaciones. En este artículo describimos dos casos de esquizofrenia y dos casos de trastorno delirante producidos en pacientes con RP. Exploramos posibles razones para una asociación entre la RP y la esquizofrenia, incluida la predisposición genética compartida, la deprivación sensorial, una enfermedad ordinaria del cerebro y la disregulación del retinoide. El conocimiento de una asociación puede ayudar a dirigir la investigación futura sobre la etiología de estos trastornos, especialmente en las áreas de la neuroquímica y la genética médica.
Medidas de anhedonia y respuestas hedónicas a la sacarosa en pacientes depresivos y esquizofrénicos en comparación con sujetos sanos
Authors: Berlin I. , Givry-Steiner L. , Lecrubier Y. , Puech A. J.
Published: May 2020

La anhedonia se puede considerar como un rasgo transnosológico de la depresión y la esquizofrenia. El propósito del presente estudio era evaluar las respuestas hedónicas a soluciones de sacarosa y el umbral perceptivo del sabor dulce en pacientes con depresión mayor y en pacientes esquizofrénicos en comparación con sujetos sanos (emparejados por la edad y el género con los pacientes depresivos), y comparar estas respuestas con evaluaciones por la Escala de Anhedonia Física y Social de Chapman y la Escala de Placer de Fawcett, utilizadas por lo general para cuantificar la anhedonia. Las respuestas hedónicas a las soluciones de sacarosa fueron similares en los pacientes con depresión mayor (n = 20), esquizofrenia (n = 20) y en los controles sanos (n = 20). El umbral perceptivo del sabor dulce fue significativamente más alto en los pacientes depresivos que en los controles. La respuesta hedónica a la sacarosa estaba inversamente correlacionada con las puntuaciones de anhedonia física, y el umbral perceptivo del sabor dulce, con las puntuaciones de la Escala de Placer. Las medidas de hedonia/anhedonia no estaban relacionadas con la intensidad de la depresión o la ansiedad medidas por la Escala de Evaluación de la Depresión de Montgomery-Åsberg (MADRS) y la Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton, respectivamente. En 11 pacientes deprimidos hospitalizados por períodos de 17 a 33 días, ni las estimaciones hedónicas a las soluciones de sacarosa, ni el umbral perceptivo del sabor dulce, ni las puntuaciones en la Escala de Anhedonia Física o Social ni las puntuaciones de la Escala de Placer se modificaron a pesar de la disminución sustancial en las puntuaciones de la MADRS o la Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton. Las respuestas hedónicas a las soluciones de sacarosa y el umbral perceptivo del sabor dulce se pueden utilizar como evaluación complementaria para cuantificar la anhedonia.
Estudio meta-analítico de los beneficios y riesgos de tratar la esquizofrenia crónica con risperidona o neurolépticos convencionales
Authors: Bech P. , Peuskens J. C. J. R. , Marder S. R. , Chouinard G. , Høyberg O. J. , Huttunen M. O. , Blin O. , Claus A.
Published: May 2020

Se analizaron los datos de seis estudios comparativos controlados distribuidos al azar de risperidona y neuroleptics convencionales (haloperidol, zuclopentixol y perfenazina) en el tratamiento de 911 pacientes con esquizofrenia crónica para estimar los beneficios y riesgos del tratamiento. Se evaluó la eficacia y el riesgo del tratamiento por medio de la Escala del Síndrome Positivo y Negativo (PANSS) y la Escala de Evaluación de Síntomas Extrapiramidales (ESRS). A partir de las puntuaciones de la PANSS y la ESRS, se calculó la eficacia del efecto (la diferencia entre los tratamientos). La eficacia del efecto antipsicótica fue favorable a la risperidona (iba de 0,22 a 0,37 en las subescalas de la PANSS), y el nivel de la seguridad también (iba de 0,18 a 0,36 en la ESRS). Un análisis de la proporción de pacientes que precisaron medicación antiparkinsoniana produjo un nivel del efecto de 0,37 (precisaron medicación anti-Jarkinsoniana el 20% de los pacientes con risperidona y el 38% de los pacientes que recibían un neuroléptico convencional). Estos datos indican que la risperidona es un antipsicótico más efectivo que los agentes convencionales y causa síntomas extrapiramidales menos graves.