bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic Drug Prescription in Pediatric Intensive Care Units: A 10-Year U.S. Retrospective Database Study
Authors: Madden Kate , Wolf Michael , Tasker Robert C. , Figueroa Janet , McCracken Courtney , Hall Matt , Kamat Pradip
Published: October 2021

Delirium recognition during pediatric critical illness may result in the prescription of antipsychotic medication. These medications have unclear efficacy and safety. We sought to describe antipsychotic medication use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) contributing to a U.S. national database. This study is an analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System Database between 2008 and 2018, including children admitted to a PICU aged 0 to 18 years, without prior psychiatric diagnoses. Antipsychotics were given in 16,465 (2.3%) of 706,635 PICU admissions at 30 hospitals. Risperidone (39.6%), quetiapine (22.1%), and haloperidol (20.8%) were the most commonly used medications. Median duration of prescription was 4 days (interquartile range: 2–11 days) for atypical antipsychotics, and haloperidol was used a median of 1 day (1–3 days). Trend analysis showed quetiapine use increased over the study period, whereas use of haloperidol and chlorpromazine (typical antipsychotics) decreased (p < 0.001). Compared with no antipsychotic administration, use of antipsychotics was associated with comorbidities (81 vs. 65%), mechanical ventilation (57 vs. 36%), longer PICU stay (6 vs. 3 days), and higher mortality (5.7 vs. 2.8%) in univariate analyses. In the multivariable model including demographic and clinical factors, antipsychotic prescription was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.18). Use of atypical antipsychotics increased over the 10-year period, possibly reflecting increased comfort with their use in pediatric patients. Antipsychotics were more common in patients with comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and longer PICU stay, and associated with higher mortality in an adjusted model which warrants further study.
Den Fokus erweitern
Authors: Herrschelmann Anna
Published: October 2021

Einmal mehr stehen die Themen Sach kostenmanagement und Controlling im Zentrum dieser Ausgabe der Klinik Ein-kauf. Dabei geht es aber nicht um „Zahlen schubsen“ oder „Einsparfantasien“üder isolierte Blick auf Preis und mögliche Kostenoptimierungen ist in der Branche längst zum Auslaufmodell geworden. Im Fokus steht vielmehr die Frage, wie das Wissen über Prozeduren und Material kosten und der Einsatz digitaler Steu erungsinstrumente im Controlling die Patientenversorgung verbessert. Dabei kann der Einkauf sogar zum zentralen Innovationstreiber werden.
Use of molecular scatology to assess the diet of feral cats living in urban colonies
Authors: Plimpton Laura D , Henger Carol S , Munshi-South Jason , Tufts Danielle , Kross Sara , Diuk-Wasser Maria
Published: October 2021

The overpopulation of domestic cats (Felis catus) presents a serious concern for wildlife conservationists, animal welfare advocates, public health officials, and community members alike. In cities, free-ranging, unowned cats often form high-density groups (commonly called ‘colonies’) around human provisioned food sources. While previous diet studies have primarily utilized morphology-based methods, molecular techniques offer a higher resolution alternative. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing techniques to examine the diet composition of feral cats living in five Trap-Neuter-Return colonies located in urban parks on Staten Island, a borough of New York City. We hypothesized that (1) cats living in urban colonies would still consume natural prey despite being regularly fed and (2) that the composition of taxa represented in the diet of each colony would vary, possibly due to differences in prey availability across sites. In total, 16 vertebrate prey taxa were identified in the diet, 13 at the genus level and 3 at the family level. Despite being regularly fed, 58.2% of cat scats contained DNA from natural prey. The diet composition of the cat colonies differed depending on the land cover composition surrounding the colony with the frequency of native prey positively correlated with the proportion of green space and that of non-native prey with developed land cover types. The use of molecular techniques combined with environmental DNA methods offers a promising, non-invasive approach to assessing the diet and consequently, impact of a highly abundant and non-native predator on the persistence of wildlife communities in cities.
Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Increased Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: van der Heijden Yuri F , Zhang Bin , Chougnet Claire A , Huaman Moises A
Published: October 2021

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) increases tuberculosis (TB) risk, but its relationship with latent TB infection (LTBI) is unknown. Using US nationally representative data, we report that CMV was independently associated with LTBI (odds ratio, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.19–7.28; P=.02). CMV and LTBI were associated with higher C-reactive protein, suggesting chronic inflammation.
Ponatinib-induced eruptive nevi and melanocytic proliferation
Authors: Kim Yul Hee , Kim Yeongeun , Park Tae Jun , Kang Hee Young
Published: October 2021

Ponatinib, an oral third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of imatinib-resistant leukemia. We experienced a case of ponatinib-induced eruptive nevi, and the biologic effects of ponatinib on melanocytes were investigated. Treatment with ponatinib significantly increased the proliferation of normal human melanocyte or melanoma cells through the upregulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase B signaling pathways. The downstream molecules of cyclin B1 and D1 were significantly increased in ponatinib-treated melanocytes. These results demonstrate the capacity of ponatinib to induce the proliferation and tumorigenesis of melanocytes.
Evaluation of Pathologic Prognostic Factors in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Small Intestine
Authors: Polydorides Alexandros D. , Liu Qingqing
Published: October 2021

The precise contributions of histopathologic features in the determination of stage and prognosis in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are still under debate, particularly as they pertain to primary tumor size, mesenteric tumor deposits (TDs), and number of regional lymph nodes with metastatic disease. This single-institution series reviewed 162 patients with small bowel NETs (84 females, mean age: 60.3±12.0 y). All cases examined (100%) were immunoreactive for both chromogranin A and synaptophysin. Primary tumor size >1 cm (P=0.048; odds ratio [OR]=3.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-9.24) and lymphovascular invasion (P=0.007; OR=4.85, 95% CI: 1.53-15.40) were associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis. Conversely, TDs (P=0.041; OR=2.73, 95% CI: 1.04-7.17) and higher pT stage (P=0.006; OR=4.33, 95% CI: 1.53-12.28) were associated with the presence of distant metastasis (pM). A cutoff of ≥7 positive lymph nodes was associated with pM (P=0.041), and a thusly defined modified pN stage (pNmod) significantly predicted pM (P=0.024), compared with the prototypical pN (cutoff of ≥12 positive lymph nodes), which did not. Over a median follow-up of 35.7 months, higher pNmod (P=0.014; OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.16-3.96) and pM (P<0.001; OR=11.00, 95% CI: 4.14-29.20) were associated with disease progression. Proportional hazards regression showed that higher pNmod (P=0.020; hazard ratio=1.51, 95% CI: 1.07-2.15) and pM (P<0.001; hazard ratio=5.48, 95% CI: 2.90-10.37) were associated with worse progression-free survival. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that higher pNmod (P=0.003), pM (P<0.001), and overall stage group (P<0.001) were associated with worse progression-free survival, while higher pM also predicted worse disease-specific survival (P=0.025). These data support requiring either chromogranin or synaptophysin, but not both, for small bowel NET diagnosis, the current inclusion of a 1 cm cutoff in primary tumor size and the presence of TDs in staging guidelines, and would further suggest lowering the cutoff number of positive lymph nodes qualifying for pN2 to 7 (from 12).
Trends in hospitalizations and deaths in HIV-infected patients in Spain over two decades
Authors: Ramos-Rincon José-Manuel , Menchi-Elanzi Maroune , Pinargote-Celorio Héctor , Mayoral Asunción , González-Alcaide Gregorio , de Mendoza Carmen , Barreiro Pablo , Gómez-Gallego Félix , Corral Octavio , Soriano Vicente
Published: October 2021

Background:

The prognosis of HIV infection dramatically improved after the introduction of triple antiretroviral therapy 25 years ago. Herein, we report the impact of further improvements in HIV management since then, looking at all hospitalizations in persons with HIV (PWH) in Spain.

Methods:

A retrospective study using the Spanish National Registry of Hospital Discharges. Information was retrieved since 1997–2018.

Results:

From 79 647 783 nationwide hospital admissions recorded during the study period, 532 668 (0.67%) included HIV as diagnosis. The mean age of PWH hospitalized increased from 33 to 51 years (P < 0.001). The rate of HIV hospitalizations significantly declined after 2008. Comparing hospitalizations during the first (1997–2007) and last (2008–2018) decades, the rate of non-AIDS illnesses increased, mostly due to liver disease (from 35.9 to 38.3%), cardiovascular diseases (from 12.4 to 28.2%), non-AIDS cancers (from 6.4 to 15.5%), and kidney insufficiency (from 5.4 to 13%). In-hospital deaths occurred in 5.5% of PWH, declining significantly over time. Although most deaths were the result from AIDS conditions (34.8%), the most frequent non-AIDS deaths were liver disease (47.1%), cardiovascular events (29.2%), non-AIDS cancers (24.2%), and kidney insufficiency (20.7%).

Conclusion:

Hospital admissions in PWH significantly declined after 2008, following improvements in HIV management and antiretroviral therapy. Non-AIDS cancers, cardiovascular events and liver disease represent a growing proportion of hospital admissions and deaths in PWH.
Reaching for the ‘first 95’: a cross-country analysis of HIV self-testing in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: van Empel Eva , De Vlieg Rebecca A. , Harling Guy , Marcus Maja E. , Kahn Kathleen , Bärnighausen Till W. , Montana Livia , Choko Augustine T. , Manne-Goehler Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Objectives:

HIV self-testing (HIVST) offers a promising approach to increase HIV diagnosis and advance progress towards the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets. We aimed to understand patterns of HIVST awareness and utilization in nine sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, with the goal of identifying populations to target in disseminating this technology.

Design:

A cross-sectional study.

Methods:

We pooled individual-level population-based data from nine Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in SSA conducted 2015–2019 (Burundi, Cameroon, Guinea, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe). Primary outcomes were HIVST awareness and utilization. We used logistic regression with survey fixed effects to explore the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and these outcomes. Models were adjusted for sex, age, rural/urban residence, education, wealth, and marital status. We accounted for complex survey design.

Results:

The study sample included 177 572 people (66.0% women, mean age 29 ± 10 years), of whom 86.6% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 86.4–86.7] were unaware of HIVST, 11.7% (95% CI 11.6–11.9) were aware of but never used HIVST, and 1.7% (95% CI 1.6–1.8) had used HIVST. In adjusted models, women were less likely to be aware of HIVST [odds ratio (OR) 0.75, 95% CI 0.71–0.79], but more likely to have used HIVST (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.32) compared with men. Rural residents, those who were least educated, and poorest were less likely to have heard of or used HIVST.

Conclusion:

HIVST awareness and uptake were low. Rural, less educated, and lower income populations were least likely to have heard of or used HIVST. Efforts to scale-up HIVST in these settings should aim to reach these less advantaged groups.
Safety climate and occupational safety behaviours: the mediating role of psychological ownership among construction professionals
Authors: Novieto Divine Tuinese
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Encouraging employee's safety behaviour remains a challenge in the construction industry from developing countries. Several studies have examined the nexus between safety climate and safety behaviour. This paper investigates the psychological ownership as a mediator in the relationship between safety climate and occupational safety behaviours among construction professionals in Ghana.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional design was used for the study. Two hundred and eighty-two respondents (282) took part in the study by completing an online survey. The respondents were selected using a convenience sample technique. Data were processed using IBM SPSS version 21. The results were analysed using PLS-SEM.

Findings

Results of the study reveal that safety climate positively predicts construction professional's safety behaviour and psychological ownership. Furthermore, psychological ownership was found to (1) predict occupational safety behaviour and (2) mediate the nexus of safety climate and occupational safety behaviour.

Practical implications

Managers should continuously implement far-reaching policies that would promote healthy workplace safety climate and feeling of ownership among construction professionals.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the pioneers to have tested a model including safety climate, occupational safety behaviour and psychological ownership in a constructional profession.
Development and application of the semantic annotation framework for digital images
Authors: Chen Jinju , Ou Shiyan
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to semantically annotate the content of digital images with the use of Semantic Web technologies and thus facilitate retrieval, integration and knowledge discovery.

Design/Methodology/Approach

After a review and comparison of the existing semantic annotation models for images and a deep analysis of the characteristics of the content of images, a multi-dimensional and hierarchical general semantic annotation framework for digital images was proposed. On this basis, taking histories images, advertising images and biomedical images as examples, by integrating the characteristics of images in these specific domains with related domain knowledge, the general semantic annotation framework for digital images was customized to form a domain annotation ontology for the images in a specific domain. The application of semantic annotation of digital images, such as semantic retrieval, visual analysis and semantic reuse, were also explored.

Findings

The results showed that the semantic annotation framework for digital images constructed in this paper provided a solution for the semantic organization of the content of images. On this basis, deep knowledge services such as semantic retrieval, visual analysis can be provided.

Originality/Value

The semantic annotation framework for digital images can reveal the fine-grained semantics in a multi-dimensional and hierarchical way, which can thus meet the demand for enrichment and retrieval of digital images.
Blackness as intervention: Black English outer spaces and the rupturing of antiblackness and/in English education
Authors: Coles Justin A. , Kingsley Maria
Published: October 2021

Purpose

By engaging in critical literacy, participants theorized Blackness and antiblackness. The purpose of this study was to have participants theorize Blackness and antiblackness through their engagements with critical literacy.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used a youth-centered and informed Black critical-race grounded methodology.

Findings

Participants’ unique and varied revelations of Blackness as Vitality, Blackness as Cognizance and Blackness as Expansive Community, served to withstand, confront and transcend encounters with antiblackness in English curricula.

Practical implications

This paper provides a model for how to engage Black youth as a means to disrupt anti-Black English education spaces.

Social implications

This study provides a foundation for future research efforts of Black English outer spaces as they relate to English education. Findings in this study may also inform existing English educator practices.

Originality/value

This study theorized both the role and the flexible nature of Black English outer spaces. It defined the multi-ethnic nature of Blackness. It proposed that affirmations of Blackness sharpened participants’ critical literacies in Black English outer spaces as a transformative intervention to anti-Black English education spaces.
Impact of COVID-19 on supply chains: lessons learned and future research directions
Authors: Gupta Rohit , Rathore Bhawana , Biswas Baidyanath
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study aims to review and organize the research articles which focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the supply chain (SC) domain through a bibliometric and network analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

Initially, a total of 772 research articles with selected keywords were retrieved from the Scopus database for the year 2020 (with the commencement of COVID-19 outbreak). After the filtration and refinement, 484 research articles were found relevant and unique. Further, this study systematically reviews and evaluates the 484 research articles including influential authors, keys journals, influential research work, and collaboration among the countries and institutes with the help of bibliometric analysis tool. The emergent research clusters are identified and established.

Findings

The findings reveal that the total number of related publications are steadily growing with the United States leading the way. European countries have made notable accomplishments as well. In addition, both the most cited publications and the keyword distribution provide research guidance for future research.

Practical implications

This study focuses on the need and advancement of the literature on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on SCs to frame a research agenda for researchers and practitioners.

Originality/value

The present study offers future research directions in the area of SC under the pandemic situation.
Does employees' perception towards mobile human resource management application quality affect usage intention? A moderated-mediation analysis
Authors: Shankar Amit
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Mobile human resource management application (mHRM app) has emerged as an innovative solution to manage human resources. However, the performance of the application is questionable, and hence, it is crucial to know employees' perception towards it. This study aims to explore employees' perceived service quality towards mHRM app using the moderated-mediation framework.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 265 Indian HR professionals using online questionnaire. The proposed hypotheses were examined using structural equation modelling and PROCESS Macro.

Findings

Results indicate that navigation and contact significantly affect employees' mHRM usage behaviour. Results also indicate that perceived values significantly mediates the association between perceived service quality and mHRM usage behaviour.

Practical implications

The findings of the study will help organisations in enhancing their employees' perceived service quality towards mHRM app.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature on human resource management, total quality management and cognitive-motivational-relational (CMR) theory.
Financial inclusion in north-eastern region: an investigation in the state of Assam
Authors: Maity Sudarshan , Sahu Tarak Nath
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Access to finance, especially by the poor and marginalized section of the population, is a prerequisite for creating employment opportunities, economic growth, poverty reduction and social cohesion. Access to finance makes transactions quicker, cheaper and safer. Most people around the world having an account in a formal financial institution serve as an entry point into formal financial sector. This study aims to analyze the status of financial inclusion in Assam with respect to demographic penetration, geographic penetration and usage ratio, i.e. credit–deposit ratio.

Design/methodology/approach

The study covers a period of 12 years from 2007–08 to 2018–19. Both the parametric and non-parametric statistical tools have been used to analyze the various dimensions of financial inclusion.

Findings

The study clearly indicates that there is a significant difference between Assam and aggregate India in financial inclusion and the status of Assam is somewhat lower as compared to the aggregate financial inclusion status of India. To achieve a satisfactory level of financial inclusion, it is not enough to open a bank account for the excluded people, but banks must look at flexibility and timeliness in services to offer a complete package to this segment of the population.

Originality/value

The study is a significant attempt to meet the shortcomings and improve banking coverage for achieving financial inclusion.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among hospitalised pregnant women and impact of different viral strains on COVID‐19 disease severity in Italy
Authors: Thornton J G
Published: October 2021

This is a mini commentary on S Donati et al., pp. 222–231 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16980
Clinical utility of liquid biopsy in breast cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Duque Galo , Manterola Carlos , Otzen Tamara , Arias Cristina , Galindo Bryan , Mora Miriann , Guerrero Enmanuel , García Nayeli
Published: October 2021

Advancements in genetic sequencing techniques along with the identification of specific mutations and structural changes in multiple cancer genes, make it possible to identify circulating tumor cells and cell free nucleic acids as blood‐based biomarkers, serving as a liquid biopsy (LB) with great utility for the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of patients with neoplasms. This systematic review focuses on the clinical utility of LB in patients with breast cancer (BC). Articles published between 1990 and 2021 were included. Databases searched: Trip Database, WoS, EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Clinical Keys. Variables studied: Publication year, country, number of cases, primary study design, LB detection methods, genes found, overall survival, disease‐free survival, stage, response to treatment, clinical utility, BC molecular type, systemic treatment and methodological quality of primary studies. Of 2619 articles, 74 were retained representing 12 658 patients, mainly cohort studies (66.2%), the majority were from China (15%) and Japan (12.2%). All primary studies described clinical stage and type of systemic treatment used. Most used biomarker detection method: DNA (52.7%) and type of analysis: quantification of total cfDNA (35.1%). PIK3CA mutation was most frequent (62.9%). Evidence suggests clinically useful applications of BC. Though heterogeneous, publications suggest that LB will constitute part of the standard diagnostic‐therapeutic process of BC.
The utility of the exoscope compared to the operating microscope in simulated temporal bone surgery
Authors: Lloyd Simon K. W. , Stapleton Emma J. , Green Kevin , Nichani Jaya , Wagh Pournima , Freeman Simon R.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To objectively assess the utility of an exoscope during simulated otological surgery.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary referral otolaryngology centre.

Participants

Seven experienced otologists undertook simulated temporal bone surgery on plastic temporal bones using the Zeiss Kinevo microscope with both a microscope and exoscope facility.

Outcome measures

The utility of microscope and exoscope was compared using a Likert scale from 1 to 10 with and without PPE. Attributes assessed included image quality, depth perception, adequacy of view, exoscope positioning, surgeon comfort, surgeon safety and adequacy of image and protection for assistants and observers.

Results

The exoscope in 3D mode performed as well as or better than the microscope for image quality, field of view and manoeuvrability. It outperformed the microscope for compatibility with PPE, surgeon comfort and assistant/observer experience. It scored almost as highly as the microscope for depth perception.

Conclusion

There is likely to be a learning curve but this initial assessment of the exoscope shows significant potential as an alternative to the operating microscope in otological surgery but with the advantage of allowing the use of appropriate PPE and better ergonomics for both surgeon and assistant/observer.
The natural history of emerging diabetic retinopathy and microalbuminuria from prepuberty to early adulthood in Type 1 diabetes: A 19‐year prospective clinical follow‐up study
Authors: Tienhaara Emmi , Falck Aura A. K. , Pokka Tytti M.‐L. , Tossavainen Päivi H.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To evaluate the impact of long‐term glycaemic control and glycaemic variability on microvascular complications in adolescents and young adults with childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Twenty‐six participants took part in a prospective follow‐up study. We used univariate generalised estimating equations (GEE) analysis with first‐order autoregressive AR(1) covariance structure for repeated measurements to evaluate the relationship between emerging diabetic retinopathy (DR) and each single explanatory variable, namely age at developmental stages from late prepuberty until early adulthood, duration of diabetes and long‐term HbA1c. Thereafter, the simultaneous effect of these three explanatory variables to DR was analysed in a multivariate model.

Results

Twenty‐five participants developed DR by early adulthood after a median diabetes duration of 16.2 years (range 6.3–24.0). No participants had DR during prepuberty. Each of the three variables was independently associated with emerging DR: age (OR 1.47, 95% CI to 1.25 to 1.74, p < 0.001) stronger than diabetes duration (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.63, p < 0.001) and HbA1c (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.001 to 1.05, p = 0.041) in this population. In the multivariate analysis of these three explanatory variables, only age was associated with DR (adjusted OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.10, p = 0.012).

Conclusions

The emergence of DR during adolescence and early adulthood is not rare and increases with age in patients with deteriorating metabolic control during puberty and thereafter. This underpins the need to prevent deterioration of glycaemic control from taking place during puberty—seen again in this follow‐up study—in children with diabetes.
Nonlinear interactions of land carbon cycle feedbacks in Earth System Models
Authors: Huang Yuanyuan , Wang Ying‐Ping , Ziehn Tilo
Published: October 2021

Carbon cycle feedbacks were often quantified through the carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks with the assumption of no significant interaction between the two feedbacks in most previous studies. Here we calculated the strength of the interactions between the two responses using simulations of models participated in the phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We found that the nonlinear interaction contributed 11% of the land–atmosphere carbon exchange on average with large intermodel variation (from −20% to +162%). This nonlinear interaction is largely driven by the pattern of net primary production (NPP), with shifts in heterotrophic respiration that dampen the overall positive interactions from NPP. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area alone cannot adequately explain a wide variation of interactions in global NPP simulated by CMIP6 models. Plant respiration and processes that regulate leaf area are also important contributors to the interactions. Dominant factors that induce carbon–concentration and carbon–climate interactions are highly variable among models. One of those dominant factors is nutrient limitation. Using additional simulations of ACCESS‐ESM1.5 that include both nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, we found that the estimated interactions by ACCESS‐ESM1.5 with or without nutrient limitations covered the large intermodel variations among the CMIP6 models. It remains largely unknown how nutrient limitation complicates ecosystem's responses to simultaneously CO2 fertilization and warming at the global scale. Our modeling results point to a potential important role of nutrients, especially phosphorus on the nonlinear interactions. Yet, more studies are needed on ecosystem responses to concurrent changes in nutrient availability, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and warming.
Thermal tolerance and vulnerability to climate change in subterranean species: a case study using an Iberian endemic pseudoscorpion
Authors: Colado Raquel , García‐Meseguer Antonio José , Mirón‐Gatón Juana María , Botella‐Cruz María , Pallarés Susana , Sánchez‐Fernández David
Published: October 2021

Scientists are renewing their efforts to predict the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Subterranean environments represent ideal systems to study the effect of global change in species with poor dispersal capabilities.

We assess the vulnerability to climate change of the subterranean pseudoscorpion Neobisium (Blothrus) vasconicum vasconicum (Nonídez, 1925) (Neobisiidae).

Thermal tolerance was measured using two complementary estimates of upper thermal limits: (i) from thermal conditions of the localities in which the species occurs (realised upper thermal limit, RUTL), and (ii) from experimentally determined thermal tolerance data (physiological upper thermal limit, PhUTL). Then, thermal safety margins (TSM) were calculated for all known localities for current and future climatic conditions, using the thermal limits from both approaches.

The physiological thermal limit (PhUTL = 17.57°C) was 3.27°C higher than that obtained from the distributional and climate data (i.e., the hottest cave in which the species occurs; RUTL = 14.3°C). Regarding TSM, the future temperature (2070; RCP 8.5) of a half of the caves will be higher than the RUTL and in none of them, it would exceed the average PhUTL. This indicates that the species could have some physiological capacity to cope with warming temperatures in situ.

We hypothesize that the most realistic upper thermal limit of the species could be between the RUTL and PhUTL. This study shows that complementary approaches to estimate thermal tolerance could provide more accurate predictions of the capacity to face climate change, not only in subterranean species, but also in poor dispersal species.
Healing after surgical retreatment at four time points: A retrospective study
Authors: Weissman Amir , Wigler Ronald , Blau‐Venezia Nuphar , Goldberger Tomer , Kfir Anda
Published: October 2021

Aim

To evaluate the outcome of surgical retreatment at four time points, that is 6, 12, 24 and 48 months post‐operatively, and to search for prognostic factors that may affect the outcome.

Methodology

Clinical records and intraoral periapical radiographs were collected from patients who had undergone surgical retreatment between 2009 and 2015 and attended 6‐, 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐month follow‐up visits. Surgical retreatment was performed by one endodontist and involved minimal root‐end resection and maximal length root‐end preparation using prebent ultrasonic files. Outcomes were categorized as complete, incomplete, uncertain or unsatisfactory healing, based on clinical and radiographic findings. The complete and incomplete categories were pooled and considered successes, while uncertain and unsatisfactory outcomes were considered failures. Changes in healing outcome were analysed using the McNemar‐Bowker test, and prognostic factors were analysed using univariate analysis.

Results

The study cohort included 297 patients with 384 teeth. The overall success rate after 48 months was 90.6% compared with 88.5%, 93% and 92.4% after 6, 12 and 24 months respectively. Age, gender, presence of isthmus and length of canal preparation had no significant influence on the outcome. Lesion size and tooth type had a significant influence only after 6 and 12 months, respectively, with no significant differences at other time points. Fifty per cent of the teeth classified as unsatisfactory or uncertain healing at the 6 months follow‐up improved to incomplete or complete healing after 12 months. None of the cases classified as unsatisfactory healing after 12 months subsequently improved, and only 2 cases that were classified as uncertain healing after 12 months improved after 24 months.

Conclusions

Surgical retreatment was found to be a predictable procedure with a high success rate of 90.6% after 4 years. Over the follow‐up periods, only a minor regression in the success rate was found. The 12 months follow‐up results closely indicated the long‐term outcome of surgical retreatment.
Liquid‐phase exfoliation method to access cobalt oxide nanosheets in pH‐neutral solutions
Authors: Pachuta Kevin , Volkova Halyna , Hirt Benjamin , Berger Marie‐Hélène , Pentzer Emily , Sehirlioglu Alp
Published: October 2021

Two‐dimensional materials have gained significant attention across the materials community due to their remarkable physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties. With many two‐dimensional materials discovered each year, investigations into their processing, scalability, and resulting properties are important to fully realize their potential in next‐generation technologies. While numerous exfoliation techniques are available for a variety of two‐dimensional materials, liquid‐phase exfoliation techniques offer many advantages, particularly high throughput and scalability. Herein, we report a liquid‐phase exfoliation method to access multilayer cobalt oxide nanosheets in pH‐neutral aqueous solutions varying in size, concentration, and application. The size, thickness, and morphology of the multilayer nanosheets were confirmed using atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, selected cobalt oxide nanosheets underwent additional analysis of the crystallinity, structure, and cobalt valance.
Induction of γδT cells from HSC‐enriched BMCs co‐cultured with iPSC‐derived thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Hosaka Naoki , Kanda Seiji , Shimono Takaki , Nishiyama Toshimasa
Published: October 2021

T cells bearing γδ antigen receptors have been investigated as potential treatments for several diseases, including malignant tumours. However, the clinical application of γδT cells has been hampered by their relatively low abundance in vivo and the technical difficulty of inducing their differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro. Here, we describe a novel method for generating mouse γδT cells by co‐culturing HSC‐enriched bone marrow cells (HSC‐eBMCs) with induced thymic epithelial cells (iTECs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We used BMCs from CD45.1 congenic C57BL/6 mice to distinguish them from iPSCs, which expressed CD45.2. We showed that HSC‐eBMCs and iTECs cultured with IL‐2 + IL‐7 for up to 21 days induced CD45.1+ γδT cells that expressed a broad repertoire of Vγ and Vδ T‐cell receptors. Notably, the induced lymphocytes contained few or no αβT cells, NK1.1+ natural killer cells, or B220+ B cells. Adoptive transfer of the induced γδT cells to leukemia‐bearing mice significantly reduced tumour growth and prolonged mouse survival with no obvious side effects, such as tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases. This new method suggests that it could also be used to produce human γδT cells for clinical applications.
Applications of metallic nanomaterials for the treatment of water
Authors: Tabassum H. , Ahmad I.Z.
Published: October 2021

Water scarcity is not a novel issue. It has already affected almost every continent in this blue planet. It is driven by two primary sources: increasing demand for fresh water due to the increase in population and overexhaustion of the available freshwater resources. During the past decade, stress has been given to extract fresh, clean and safe potable elixir of life from the bountiful stores of sea water by exploiting various technologies. As nanomaterials are providing promising solutions to almost all our problems, they are again being accessed in order to combat the problem of global freshwater scarcity. Desalination methods have marvellously improved under the impact of nanomaterials. Different metallic nanomaterials are being used to serve this purpose; for example, silver, iron, zinc, titanium dioxide in addition to natural and synthetically derived polymeric bionanomaterials. In the present paper, a brief account of all the metallic nanomaterials which are being used for treatment of water has been provided by thorough investigation on the research done till now. It strives to throw light on various materials and methods which are based on the exploitation of nanotechnology for the treatment of water.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*68:280 allele by sequencing‐based typing
Authors: Alburaq Mohammed , Alanazi Hanan , Alanazi Aisha , AlSebaiheen Farrah , Alshubaili Abdullah
Published: October 2021

A single nucleotide change in exon 2 of HLA‐A*68:01:02:02 results in the novel HLA‐A*68:280 allele.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*05:01:68 allele by two next‐generation sequencing methods
Authors: Walencik Alexandre , Calvo De Olmos Orane , Bonneville Francoise , Blanchet Gaelle , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne
Published: October 2021

The novel HLA‐C*05:01:68 allele was characterized using two next generation sequencing technologies.
A novel HLA‐A*68 allele, HLA‐A*68:253, identified by next generation sequencing in a Russian individual
Authors: Shagimardanova Elena , Ananeva Anastasiia , Gaifullina Raushania , Leksina Yana
Published: October 2021

HLA‐A*68:253 differs from HLA‐A*68:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 181 in exon 2.
Evidence for enormous iodide anion migration in lanthanum oxyiodide–based solid
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Misran Muhammad Radzi Iqbal Bin , Nunotani Naoyoshi
Published: October 2021

Iodide ion conduction was demonstrated and quantified.
Pithecanthropus erectus
Authors: Allen Harrison
Published: October 2021

In my letter of February 14th occur two expressions which need amendment. For the phrase 'divergent roots,' p. 240, 1st col., first line, read 'divergent root stems ;' and for the phrase 'is wider than long,' p. 240, 2d col., fifth line, read 'is much wider than long.'
Correction on "Chronic Intermittent Anoxia..."
Authors: Halstead Ward C.
Published: October 2021

THE writer is embarrassed by his discovery that in revising a manuscript entitled "Chronic Intermittent Anoxia and Impairment of Peripheral Vision," an important paragraph was inadvertently omitted from the version which appeared in SCIENCE for June 15, 1945. In checking back it becomes evident that the omission arose in the author's final copy, and that the editors of SCIENCE are in no way responsible. The paragraph which should have been inserted between the two paragraphs of column 2, page 615, is as follows:

Serial determinations of alveolar gas tensions for each visual test day were carried out on sixteen of the twenty subjects by Dr. Wright Adams, but no relationship could be established with the impairment of peripheral vision. Similarly, in a smaller number of subjects no clear relationship could be established between the visual effect and renal vascular changes (Dr. Alf S. Alving), cardio-vascular changes (Dr. Emmet B. Bay), blood chemistry (Dr. Guzmán E. S. Barrón), psychiatric changes (Dr. Hugh T. Carmichael), electroencephalograms (Dr. Theodore Case), peripheral blood flow (Dr. Milton Landowne), certain metabolic effects (Drs. Henry T. Ricketts and A. Hughes Bryan), and certain additional neuropsychological indicators.

Through omission of the above paragraph, inadequate representation was given to the scope of the total war research project in which the psychological studies carried out by the writer constituted one aspect. In addition to their particular lines of investigation, each of the above men contributed generously of specialized knowledge and of time and energy to insure adequate clinical supervision of the experimental subjects and a valid interpretation of the impairment of peripheral vision as reported.
Vaginal Absorption of Penicillin
Authors: Rock John , Barker Robert H. , Bacon W. Benjamin
Published: October 2021

Except during the last two months of pregnancy, penicillin is easily absorbed from cocoa butter suppositories in the vagina, ordinarily to give therapeutic blood levels for from 4 to 6 hours. Penicillin in the dosage used seems to have a good effect on vaginal infections. In nonpregnant women, during the ovulation phase, considered as including days 14 ± 2 in the ordinary menstrual cycle of about 28 days, absorption seemed to be somewhat diminished. Higher levels were found in patients who were near the end of their menstrual cycles and in two patients who were menopausal. Patients who were very near term absorbed little or no penicillin, whereas patients 10 days post partum showed excellent absorption.
Correction: Microcrystallographic Data on Sodium-D-Glutamate (Monosodium Glutamate)
Authors: Keenan George L.
Published: October 2021

Referring to my paper "Microcrystallographic Data on Sodium-D-Glutamate (Monosodium Glutamate)",
Science
, 1949, 110, 304, Dr. B. F. Buchanan, International Minerals & Chemical Corporation, Chicago, informs me that the monosodium glutamate upon which this study was made is the L-form and should be designated as sodium-L-glutamate, being the monohydrate with the following empirical formula: C
5
H
8
O
4
NNa ⋅ H
2
O.
Correction
Authors: Sober Herbert A. , Kegeles Gerson , Gutter Fred J.
Published: October 2021

In reference to the article "Chromatographic Analysis of a Mixture of Proteins from Egg White" (
Science
, 1949, 110, 564), the cation exchange resin Dowex 50 employed in the experiment cited was obtained in February, 1949, from the Microchemical Specialties Company, Berkeley 3, California, under the name of Ion-X, and not from the Dow Chemical Company as reported in the footnote. We have thus far not obtained satisfactory results with a sample of Dowex 50, (24427), obtained from the Dow Chemical Company on August 8, 1949.
Correction
Authors: Ruskin Simon L. , Merrill Alice T.
Published: October 2021

We wish to correct an obvious error in our paper, "The Crystalline Form of Sodium Ascorbate" (Science 1948, 108, 713).

On page 713 the sentence at the top of the second column should read:

Forty grams (1 mole) of ascorbic acid was dissolved in 600 cc of hot absolute methyl alcohol. While still hot, it was treated under stirring with 250 cc of a warm solution of methyl alcohol containing 12.3 g (1 mole) of sodium methylate.

The structure of sodium ascorbate as given by the U.S.P. (XIII, p. 898) was shown in our paper with the sodium substituting the acidic hydrogen of the carboxyl group, but we stated that it is commonly believed that the neutralization involves the hydroxyl group attached to the third carbon. We should also have added that with neutralization of this enolic hydroxyl group by sodium, the lactone ring of the ascorbic acid remains unbroken unless excess of sodium is added. The values found for carbon, hydrogen and sodium in the analysis of our sodium ascorbate are in agreement with the theoretical values calculated for the sodium lactone salt.
Correction: Science Teaching in the Secondary Schools
Authors: Watson Fletcher G.
Published: October 2021

In the communication from me entitled "Science Teaching in the Secondary Schools" (SCIENCE, 116, 261 [1952]), there is an error in the table on page 262: for "Political Science" read "Physical Science."
Erratum: National Academy of Sciences: Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Autumn Meeting, November 9-11, 1953 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Authors: Epstein Samuel
Published: October 2021

In the abstract of the paper, "The Direct Observation of Hapten-Antibody Equilibria" presented before the National Academy of Sciences, which was published in the Nov. 13th issue of SCIENCE, p. 570, there is an error due to a miscalculation. A value of 5.5 kcal is given for the free energy of formation (per mole) of a hapten-antibody bond. This value should be 7.6 kcal.
Radio Control of Ventricular Contraction in Experimental Heart Block
Authors: Verzeano M. , Webb R. C. , Kelly M.
Published: October 2021

This report describes a method for the stimulation of the ventricular myocardium by transmitting the stimulus over a radio-frequency carrier which is demodulated by a radio receiver enclosed within the animal's chest. The method can be applied in conjunction with experimental heart block.
Pain Sensitivity, Sensory Deprivation, and Susceptibility to Satiation
Authors: Petrie Asenath , Collins Walter , Solomon Philip
Published: October 2021

The results reported bear out the hypotheses that (i) pain tolerance is positively related to satiability; (ii) sensory deprivation tolerance is negatively related to satiability. It is inferred that satiability may prove to be in part the mechanism of tolerance and intolerance, and that pain tolerance is inversely related to sensory deprivation tolerance.
Factors Affecting the Relative Deposition of Strontium and Calcium in the Rat
Authors: Palmer Ray F. , Thompson Roy C. , Kornberg Harry A.
Published: October 2021

Varying the calcium, phosphorus, carbonate, and lactate content of the diet was shown to affect the deposition in bone of Sr
89
to a degree quite different from concurrent effects on Ca
45
deposition. The influence of these findings on the evaluation of the Sr
90
fallout hazard is discussed.
Salt Excretion by Nasal Gland of Laysan and Black-Footed Albatrosses
Authors: Frings Hubert , Anthony Adam , Schein Martin W.
Published: October 2021

Excretion of a liquid which dripped from the tip of the beak followed administration of salt loads. The Na
+
concentration in the liquid was 792 to 856 milliequivalents per liter, almost twice that in sea water. The nasal gland may thus enable these birds to meet their need for water by drinking sea water.
Venom of the Stonefish
Synanceja verrucosa
Authors: Saunders Paul R.
Published: October 2021

Moderate doses in rabbits produced hypotension, increased respiratory rate, and myocardial injury. Respiratory arrest occurred with fatal doses when the blood pressure had declined to very low values. The active substance (or substances) was nondialyzable, and the potency of the protein-containing lyophilized or glycerol-treated extracts was maintained well on prolonged storage.
Ion Adsorption and Excitation
Authors: Aschheim Emil
Published: October 2021

A simple calculation shows that the K ions about to leave the nerve during excitation form a monolayer at the surface of the resting nerve and are not hydrated. The same applies to the Na ions which replace the K ions. This may be taken as an indication of the existence of a reversible ad- and desorption phenomenon.
Spatial Distribution of
Phoronopsis viridis
Hilton
Authors: Johnson Ralph Gordon
Published: October 2021

Individuals of the species
Phoronopsis viridis
Hilton exhibit an even distribution within their colonies. The distance between nearest neighbors is probably related to the space required for the operation of the lophophore. Distributions of other marine invertebrates are discussed briefly, together with the paleoecological implications of such knowledge.
Terminal Oxidase of Orchard Grass
Authors: Tookey Harvey L.
Published: October 2021

The response of infiltrated surviving green leaves to HCN, 1-phenyl-2-thiourea, and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is consistent with a functional role for cytochrome oxidase in respiration. Polyphenol oxidase does not function as a terminal oxidase in orchard grass.
Parasitic Conifer Found in New Caledonia
Authors: DeLaubenfels David J.
Published: October 2021

A rare and unusual species of
Podocarpus
from New Caledonia was collected and discovered to be parasitic on another conifer. The attachment is by modified roots imbedded between the cork cambium and the vascular cambium. A parasitic gymnosperm is something new to science.