bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Establish the Effects of Spirulina in Elderly Koreans
Authors: Park Hee Jung , Lee Yun Jung , Ryu Han Kyoung , Kim Mi Hyun , Chung Hye Won , Kim Wha Young
Published: August 2008

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant capacity, immunomodulatory and lipid-lowering effects of spirulina in healthy elderly subjects and to document the effectiveness of spirulina as a functional food for the elderly. Methods: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed. The subjects were 78 individuals aged 60–87 years and were randomly assigned in a blinded fashion to receive either spirulina or placebo. The elderly were instructed to consume the spirulina or placebo at home, 8 g/day, for 16 consecutive weeks. Results: In male subjects, a significant plasma cholesterol-lowering effect was observed after the spirulina intervention (p < 0.05). Spirulina supplementation resulted in a significant rise in plasma interleukin (IL)-2 concentration, and a significant reduction in IL-6 concentration. A significant time-by-treatment intervention for total antioxidant status was observed between spirulina and placebo groups (p < 0.05). In female subjects, significant increases in IL-2 level and superoxide dismutase activity were observed (p < 0.05) after spirulina supplementation. There were significant reductions in total cholesterol in female subjects. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that spirulina has favorable effects on lipid profiles, immune variables, and antioxidant capacity in healthy, elderly male and female subjects and is suitable as a functional food.
Prevalence of Disability among US- and Foreign-Born Arab Americans: Results from the 2000 US Census
Authors: Dallo Florence J. , Al Snih Soham , Ajrouch Kristine J.
Published: August 2008

Background:Although the prevalence of disability for various racial and ethnic groups has been documented, little attention has been paid to Arab Americans in the United States. Objectives: We estimated the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of disability among older Arab Americans and examined the association between nativity status and self-reported physical and self-care disability before and after controlling for covariates. Methods: We used data from the 5% Public Use Microdata Samples of the 2000 US Census. Our sample included 4,225 individuals 65 years of age and older who identified with an Arab ancestry. Of these, 2,280 were foreign-born and 1,945 were US-born. Results: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of having a physical disability was 31.2% for foreign- and 23.4% for US-born older Arab Americans, and the age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of having a self-care disability was 13.5% for foreign- and 6.8% for US-born Arab Americans. Iraqis reported the highest estimates for both disabilities (physical, 36.2%; self-care, 19.8%) compared to other Arab ethnic groups. In the crude model, foreign-born Arab Americans were more likely (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.28, 1.36) to report a physical disability compared to US-born Arab Americans. When adjusting for English language ability in the final model, the odds of having a physical disability for foreign-born Arab Americans was protective compared to US-born Arab Americans (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.96). In the crude model, foreign-born Arab Americans were 1.82 times (95% CI = 1.74, 1.90) more likely to report a self-care disability compared to US-born Arab Americans. In the fully adjusted model, this association was slightly attenuated (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.41). Conclusions: These findings indicate English language ability is associated with variations in reporting a physical disability. Future studies should include better measures of acculturation. Arab Americans are heterogeneous and should be disaggregated both by subgroups and from the white category in order to reveal a more accurate health and disease status profile for these groups. These efforts will assist in tailoring more effective interventions in reducing or preventing disability among Arab Americans 65 years of age and older.
The Governance of Transnational Environmental Harm: Addressing New Modes of Accountability/Responsibility
Authors: Mason Michael
Published: August 2008

Transboundary and global environmental harm present substantial challenges to state-centered (territorial) modalities of accountability and responsibility. The globalization of environmental degradation has triggered regulatory responses at various jurisdictional scales. These governance efforts, featuring various articulations of state and/or private authority, have struggled to address so-called “accountability deficits” in global environmental politics. Yet, it has also become clear that accountability and responsibility norms forged in domestic regulatory contexts cannot simply be transposed across borders. This special issue explores various conceptual perspectives on accountability and responsibility for transnational harm, and examines their application to different actor groups and environmental governance regimes. This introductory paper provides an overview of the major theoretical positions and examines some of the analytical challenges raised by the transnational (re)scaling of accountability and responsibility norms.
Comparison of Ground-Based Radar and Geosynchronous Satellite Climatologies of Warm-Season Precipitation over the United States
Authors: Tuttle John D. , Carbone Richard E. , Arkin Phillip A.
Published: August 2008

Studies in the past several years have documented the climatology of warm-season precipitation-episode statistics (propagation speed, span, and duration) over the United States using a national composited radar dataset. These climatological studies have recently been extended to other continents, including Asia, Africa, and Australia. However, continental regions outside the United States have insufficient radar coverage, and the newer studies have had to rely on geostationary satellite data at infrared (IR) frequencies as a proxy for rainfall. It is well known that the use of IR brightness temperatures to infer rainfall is subject to large errors. In this study, the statistics of warm-season precipitation episodes derived from radar and satellite IR measurements over the United States are compared and biases introduced by the satellite data are evaluated. It is found that the satellite span and duration statistics are highly dependent upon the brightness temperature threshold used but with the appropriate choices of thresholds can be brought into good agreement with those based upon radar data. The propagation-speed statistics of satellite events are on average ∼4 m s−1 faster than radar events and are relatively insensitive to the brightness temperature threshold. A simple correction procedure based upon the difference between the steering winds for the precipitation core and the winds at the level of maximum anvil outflow is developed.
Spatial Coherence and Seasonal Predictability of Monsoon Onset over Indonesia
Authors: Moron Vincent , Robertson Andrew W. , Boer Rizaldi
Published: August 2008

The seasonal potential predictability of monsoon onset during the August–December season over Indonesia is studied through analysis of the spatial coherence of daily station rainfall and gridded pentad precipitation data from 1979 to 2005. The onset date, defined using a local agronomic definition, exhibits a seasonal northwest-to-southeast progression from northern and central Sumatra (late August) to Timor (mid-December). South of the equator, interannual variability of the onset date is shown to consist of a spatially coherent large-scale component, together with local-scale noise. The high spatial coherence of onset is similar to that of the September–December seasonal total, while postonset amounts averaged over 15–90 days and September–December amount residuals from large-scale onset show much less spatial coherence, especially across the main islands of monsoonal Indonesia. The cumulative rainfall anomalies exhibit also their largest amplitudes before or near the onset date. This implies that seasonal potential predictability over monsoonal Indonesia during the first part of the austral summer monsoon season is largely associated with monsoon onset, and that there is much less predictability within the rainy season itself. A cross-validated canonical correlation analysis using July sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans (20°S–20°N, 80°–280°E) as predictors of local-scale onset dates exhibits promising hindcast skill (anomaly correlation of ∼0.80 for the spatial average of standardized rain gauges and ∼0.70 for standardized gridded pentad precipitation data).
Culture and Popular Culture: A Case for Sociology
Authors: Grindstaff Laura
Published: August 2008

The study of popular culture has a long and intimate relationship to the field of cultural sociology, being both a subcategory of the field and a separate arena of inquiry taken up by other disciplines. This article examines the intellectual traditions that have shaped the sociology of popular culture, traces the points of connection and difference between sociologists and other scholars studying popular culture, and argues for the continued relevance of cultural sociology for addressing key issues and concerns within the realm of “the popular,” broadly conceived. These developments include the rise of new media/communication technologies and the increasing interdependence between popular culture and other arenas of social life.
Culture and the Arts: From Art Worlds to Arts-in-Action
Authors: Acord Sophia Krzys , DeNora Tia
Published: August 2008

Through its embrace of the “cultural turn” and the “practice turn” in cultural sociology, recent work in the subfield of arts sociology has helped to advance our understanding of the role of culture in social life through its focus on arts-in-action. Empirically, this focus grew out of earlier work in the production and consumption of the arts, while, theoretically, it resonates with traditions within ethnomethodology, cognitive sociology, and the sociology of science and technology. The authors describe how new work in arts sociology unearths and develops our understanding of aesthetic consciousness, the tacit and often embodied bases of action, cognition, and engagement with cultural forms. This recent emphasis on materials and actions in turn permits critique of rule-based and more overtly cognitive models of agency structure. It also leads some of its proponents into areas that would not normally be viewed as topics for the field.
Culture and Inequality: Identity, Ideology, and Difference in “Postascriptive Society”
Authors: Charles Maria
Published: August 2008

How have conceptualizations of “culture” been incorporated into sociological studies of class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequality? This article first reviews the development of American scholarship on social inequalities during the past half century and the role of cultural analysis in this development. It goes on to consider culture-related responses to three central questions in the subdiscipline and closes with an examination of currently contentious issues. Likely future developments include movement toward more fluid, contextually contingent conceptualizations of class, race, and gender and an increasing prominence of analyses that explore the dynamic interplay between individual, interactional, and institutional processes of inequality.
Culture and Law: Beyond a Paradigm of Cause and Effect
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. , Stuart Forrest
Published: August 2008

This article examines a variety of ways in which social scientists make cultural argument about the law, including (1) holding culture as the independent variable to explain variations in law, (2) taking law as an independent variable to explain culture, or (3) considering law as culture. The authors explore each general strategy and its advantages and disadvantages in turn and argue that the law as culture perspective is one of the most interesting recent developments in sociolegal thought.
Essay Review: Some Misgivings Concerning a Study of Leadership
Authors: Erickson Donald A.
Published: August 2008

In his reaction to Neal Gross and Robert E. Herriott, Staff Leadership in Public Schools: A Sociological Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1965), Professor Erickson questions the veridicality of measurement procedures used, criticizes the oversimplified conceptual scheme em ployed, and highlights an emphasis on "obvious" interpretations. Mr. Erickson is assistant professor of education and a staff member of the Midwest Administration Center at the University of Chicago.
Essay Review: Administration: Necessitous or Symbolic Labor ?
Authors: Monahan William G.
Published: August 2008

In appraising Donald E. Tope et al., The Social Sciences View School Administration (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965), Pro fessor Monahan finds that the authors have made a useful contribution to the field. In certain chapters, however, he feels that they write as though they had misplaced events of the last ten years that bear on the relationship between administration and the behavioral sciences. Mr. Monahan is associate professor in the College of Education at the State University of Iowa.
Bureaucratic Rules: Bearers of Organizational Authority
Authors: Anderson James G.
Published: August 2008

In looking at bureaucratic rules as bearers of organizational authority Mr. Anderson notes a number of latent as well as manifest functions which such rules serve. Several of the functions are quite dysfunctional in terms of the organization's goals and objectives. The author proposes that a number of hypotheses be tested in order to clarify more precisely the functions of rules, particularly in the school setting. Mr. Anderson is Director of the Division of Engineering, McCoy College, The Johns Hopkins University.
Centralization of Decision Making and Selected Characteristics of Superintendents of Schools
Authors: Fogarty Bryce M. , Gregg Russell T.
Published: August 2008

Using the Getzels-Guba social systems construct, the authors of the following study sought to test the relationship between personal char acteristics of superintendents and centralization of decision-making. Although no significant relationships were found, the authors believe future studies may bring more conclusive results. Mr. Fogarty is Asso ciate Director of the University Council for Educational Administration. Mr. Gregg is Professor of Educational Administration at the University of Wisconsin.
Perceived Need Deficiencies of Teachers And Administrators: A Proposal for Restructuring Teacher Roles
Authors: Trusty Francis M. , Sergiovanni Thomas J.
Published: August 2008

Based upon Maslow's theory of human motivation and modeled after Porter's research in industry, the following study reports on the perceived needs of school teachers and administrators arising from their employ ment. The authors discover that factors such as age, sex, and professional role are significantly related to the perception of need deficiencies. Their findings suggest to the researchers that teaching and administrative roles ought to be restructured drastically. Mr. Trusty is assistant professor of education at the University of Rochester, while Mr. Sergiovanni is as sistant professor of educational administration at the University of Illinois.
Selected Social Power Relationships in Education
Authors: Briner Conrad , Iannaccone Laurence
Published: August 2008

Gordon Funk's empirical study of two administrative roles—the high school principal and supervisor—provides the basis for this article. Using Funk's data as well as the findings of others, the writers develop a number of hypotheses on the relationship between the organization's work flow and various other organizational factors. Mr. Briner is pro fessor of education at the Claremont Graduate School. Mr. Iannaccone was also professor of education at Claremont when the article was written and now is on the faculty of New York University.
A Functional-Systems Framework for Analyzing School Board Action
Authors: Scribner Jay D.
Published: August 2008

Frameworks developed to analyze other political systems can be suc cessfully applied to educational decision-making units. This study reports on the application of Gabriel Almond's model to the proceedings of school board meetings, and the author contends that the functional- systems approach does clarify to a great extent the actual work of school boards. Mr. Scribner is assistant professor of education at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Doctrines of Administration: A Brief History
Authors: Button H. Warren
Published: August 2008

The writer contends a series of themes or doctrines have characterized educational administration over the last century. These doctrines, strongly influenced by forces outside the field, provide a justification for the ad ministrator and his work. The author hopes that future doctrines will be less ambiguous and more indigenous to education. Mr. Button is assistant professor of education at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
The Managerial Motivation of School Administrators
Authors: Miner John B.
Published: August 2008

Does the association between desire to assume managerial responsi bilities and success in managerial work found through research in the business world hold for educational organizations as well? Dr. Miner attempts to relate various motivational measures to organiza tional value and reward indexes in four school districts and to the career choices of graduate students in a school of education. The author is Professor of Management and Research Associate in the Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration, University of Oregon. Dr. Miner also serves as Consultant to the Firm with McKinsey and Company, New York.
"Organizational Climate"-Another Dimension to the Process of Innovation?
Authors: Hughes Larry W.
Published: August 2008

This article inquires into the process of innovation as it might relate to certain characteristics existent in the central offices of school districts. It results from a federally funded research inquiry made by the author. The author, who holds the Ph.D. degree from Ohio State University, is Associate Professor in the Department of Educational Administration at the University of Tennessee.
Some Sociological Considerations for Educational Decision-making
Authors: Sarthory Joseph A.
Published: August 2008

The role of the schools in a rapidly changing society suggests that decisions concerning organization for instruction must not be based on academic considerations alone. To do so runs the risks of perpetuating social and economic distinctions which exist in the society and of under mining the cohesion necessary to hold society together. The author believes that the teacher, in her status as the leader of a classroom social system, is in the best position to ensure that this does not occur. Dr. Sarthory is Assistant Professor of Education at State University College, Geneseo, New York.
A Game Model Analysis of Conflicts of Interest Situations in Administration
Authors: Ohm Robert E.
Published: August 2008

The theory of games of strategy and the assumption that dealing with conflict is one of the central tasks of an administrator are com bined to form a rationale for treating conflict situations. The rationale seeks to provide a base for: (1) classifying in-basket items and (2) clarifying the conflict structure of conflicted items through analysis of the response-feedback sequence for an item. Robert E. Ohm is Pro fessor of Education and Dean of the College of Education, University of Oklahoma.
Major Issues in School Finance
Authors: McLure William P.
Published: August 2008

The author interprets the contemporary issues in school finance as functions of three phenomena: (1) educational needs of individuals and society, (2) governance, and (3) ecological characteristics of the popula tion. He emphasizes the logical order of issues and the necessity for resolution of the total complex of them. He is Director of the Bureau of Educational Research, and Professor of Educational Administration and Supervision, College of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Stability and Change in the Communication Structure of School Faculties
Authors: Charters W.W.
Published: August 2008

Using data from several of his communication studies, Charters seeks to explain the strong persistence in patterns of staff contact in a high school between the spring of one academic year and the fall of the next, despite a 50 per cent turnover of personnel in the interim. At present the author is Professor of Education at the University of Oregon and Research Associate in the Center for the Advanced Study of Edu cational Administration.
An Assessment of Teacher Work Values
Authors: Cougblan Robert J.
Published: August 2008

This study classified secondary schoolteachers according to the strength of their identification with the value systems undergirding bureaucracy, professionalism, and their informal work group. The results of quanti tative and qualitative analyses provided the bases for identifying and naming five basic teacher work value types. Robert J. Coughlan is an Associate Professor in The School of Education at Northwestern Uni versity.
The Pupil Control Ideology of Professional Personnel in "Open" and "Closed" Elementary Schools
Authors: Appleberry James B. , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: August 2008

Previous research has underscored the saliency of pupil control in the organizational life of schools. The present investigation is concerned with the relationship between the pupil control ideology of educators and the "openness" of the organizational climates of elementary schools. James B. Appleberry is Assistant Professor of Educational Administration at Oklahoma State University and Wayne K. Hoy is Associate Professor of Educational Administration at Rutgers University.
Principals' Perceived Effectiveness, Innovation Effort, and the School Situation
Authors: Miskel Cecil G.
Published: August 2008

Administrator effectiveness is difficult to define and measure. This concept constitutes, however, a necessary prerequisite for developing a disciplined body of knowledge in educational administration. The re lationships among three performance and two situational variables are explored, and the theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Subordinate Loyalty to Superior, Esprit, and Aspects of Bureaucratic Structure
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Newland Wayne , Blazovsky Richard
Published: August 2008

The concern of this study was to examine the relationship between two dimensions of organization — centralization and formalization — and two aspects of employee orientation — subordinate loyalty and es prit. For this purpose data were collected from the professional staffs of 41 secondary schools and compared on these dimensions. The results of the multiple regression analyses revealed that the relationships were somewhat more complicated than originally hypothesized.
A Comparison of the Management Systems of Traditional and Alternative Public High Schools
Authors: Nirenberg John
Published: August 2008

This paper examines the managerial systems and organizational climate of alternative and traditional public high schools. Three of the four administrative variables used in this comparison show a distinct difference between the two types of schools and suggest that alternative schools possess the organizational ability to create a viable managerial model that deserves serious consideration and further research.
Facet and Overall Satisfaction of Teachers
Authors: Holdaway Edward A.
Published: August 2008

This article presents data on the levels of and relationships between overall job satisfaction and facet satisfaction for a sample of 801 Alberta teachers. Relevant literature is discussed. The relationships are investi gated using correlation and factor analyses of questionnaire data, as well as analysis of written responses.

Edward A. Holdaway is a Professor in the Department of Educational Administration, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
A Low Complexity Technology for Developing Computer Simulations: Implications for Decision Making
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: August 2008

This study explores the potential of specialized computer simulation languages to facilitate the development of more sophisticated and valid models for use in the analysis of administrative planning and decision making problems. A case study of estimating school lunchroom facility needs is used to illustrate the technique, as well as the advantages, of ap plying computer simulation to planning problems. Implications of com puter simulation for practice and preparatory programs are discussed.

Stanley Pogrow is Assistant Professor of Educational Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana.
The Influence of Interpersonal Relationships on Group Decision Making
Authors: Heimovics Ricnard D. , Zemelman David
Published: August 2008

The study investigated relationships among compatibility, decision making structure, and work group performance. Twenty-four groups in two different decision-making conditions participated in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Decision Game. Signifi cant interaction effects between compatibility and decision-making structure point to further refinement of the Fundamental Interpersonal Orientation Behavior (FIRO-B) compatibility postulate.

Richard D. Heimovics and David Zemelman are Assistant Professors of Organizational Behavior in the School of Administration, University of Missouri — Kansas City.
Pupil Control Ideology in Predicting Teacher Discipline Referrals
Authors: Foley Walter J. , Brooks Robert
Published: August 2008

Are scores on the Pupil Control Ideology (PCI) Form related to the teacher behavior of referring pupils to the administration for disciplinary reasons? To answer this question, PCI scores were included in a multiple regression equation after six other intercorrelated teacher measures were entered as independent variables. The PCI's unique contribution to the criterion and the implications for teacher selection and in-service training are discussed.

Walter J. Foley is a Professor in the College of Education, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, and Robert Brooks is an administrator in the public schools of Iowa.
`If Michael Owen drinks it, why can't I?' — 9 and 10 year olds' perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating
Authors: Gosling Rachael , Stanistreet Debbi , Swami Viren
Published: August 2008

Objective To explore the perceptions of physical activity and healthy eating among children from two north west of England primary schools, with the ultimate aim of improving healthy lifestyle choices.

Design A qualitative study in which each child participated in two focus groups.

Setting Two primary schools in a deprived ward of Warrington, chosen to contrast with the focus of earlier research on relatively affluent communities.

Method A sample of 32 9 and 10 year olds was randomly selected from two Year 5 classes. Four focus groups were held in total; two in each school. The first explored perceptions of physical activity and the second examined views on food and eating. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim and findings emerged through a process of thematic analysis.

Results Children reported being involved in a range of physical activities and recognized the health benefits associated with being active. Boys and girls differed in their attitude towards physical activity, with boys appearing competitive about sport while girls enjoyed a wider range of activities. Children were able to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy foods, but there was uncertainty over the healthiness of foods containing multiple ingredients (for example, salad in burgers). Children also identified the impact of the local environment, parents, school, the food industry and their peers on their diet and involvement in physical activity.

Conclusions Children receive contradictory messages about food and diet, which they make sense of through their social interactions. The development of obesity prevention strategies and weight management programmes must take into account children's perspectives. Children should be given the opportunity to contribute to the development of initiatives that are set up to prevent and treat obesity.
Cardiovascular risk reduction for African-American men through health empowerment and anger management
Authors: Stephens Torrance , Braithwaite Harold , Johnson Larry , Harris Catrell , Katkowsky Steven , Troutman Adewale
Published: August 2008

Objective To examine impact of CVD risk reduction intervention for African-American men in the Atlanta Empowerment Zone (AEZ) designed to target anger management.

Design Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was employed as a non-parametric alternative to the t-test for independent samples. This test was employed because the data used in this analysis involved two correlated samples that failed to meet the assumptions of the t-test. The t-test was employed to determine whether a significant difference exists between the means of two distributions or the mean of one distribution and a target value.

Setting The study was conducted in the City of Atlanta's Empowerment Zone, which is made up of 30 neighbourhoods, has a poverty rate of 57.4 per cent and a population of 50,000.

Method Baseline and follow-up data were collected via survey instrumentation from 192 and 128 participants respectively. The data collection instrument collected information on participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk and health practices regarding physical activity and dietary behaviour.

Results Findings regarding the anger management component of the intervention revealed significant differences on three of the ten behavioural variables examined, with just one (`I fly off the handle') approaching significance ( p < .07). The findings emphasize that empowerment interventions which focus on health empowerment models that are culturally, racially and ethnically appropriate are needed and effective.

Conclusion Intervention programmes aimed to integrate anger management and lifestyle change approaches with cardiovascular disease education, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation programmes would be beneficial for patients who want to avail themselves of these interventions (e.g. AMEN).
English general dental practitioners' views on the new contract: The problems of collecting information in a time of change
Authors: Blinkhorn Anthony , Tickle Martin , Kearney-Mitchell Paula , Lucarotti Steven , Milsom Keith
Published: August 2008

Aim To record English general dental practitioners' views on the new contract.

Sample One thousand and forty nine general dental practitioners working under the PDS or GDS contract.

Locations Randomly selected general dental practitioners working within the NHS in England.

Methods Postal questionnaire, made up of two components: closed questions and a free answer section. Three waves of mailings were undertaken.

Results Poor response rate of 28.5 per cent. Dentists felt marginalized by the government and disillusioned with the new contract. The free answer section was characterized by angry responses and worry about the impact of the changes on patient care and income.

Discussion The fact that the Dental Practice Board circulated the questionnaire made many of the respondents suspicious of the overall aim of the research. This factor may have contributed to the low response rate.

Conclusion More care should have been taken when piloting the questionnaire as the researchers under estimated the difficulties of collecting information in a time of change.
A prevalence study on partner abuse in six Asian American ethnic groups in the USA
Authors: Leung Patrick , Cheung Monit
Published: August 2008

English

In a survey of 1577 Asian Americans, the average partner abuse prevalence was 16.4 percent, that is, 22.4 percent among Vietnamese, 21.8 percent among Filipinos, 19.5 percent among Indians, 19.5 percent among Koreans, 9.7 percent among Japanese and 9.7 percent among Chinese. Asian partner abuse victims are likely to seek help from medical professionals or friends.

French

Cette étude qui porte sur 1577 Asiatiques Américains révèle que le pourcentage d'abus commis au sein des groupes étudiés était de 16,4 pour cent, et se répartissait comme suit: 22,4 pour cent chez les Vietnamiens, 21,8 pour cent chez les Philippins, 19,5 pour cent chez les Indiens, 19,5 pour cent chez les Coréens, 9,7 pour cent chez les Japonais et 9,7 pour cent chez les Chinois. Les victimes asiatiques d'abus de la part du conjoint sont enclines à chercher de l'aide dans le milieu médical ou auprès d'amis.

Spanish

En una encuesta de 1,577 asiático americanos, el porcentaje de prevalencia de abuso de pareja fue de 16.4 percent, el cual estima que el 22.4 percent se da entre vietnamitas, el 21.8 percent entre filipinos, 19.5 percent entre indios, 19.5 percent entre coreanos, 9.7 percent entre japoneses y 9.7 percent entre chinos. Es probable que las víctimas asiáticas de abuso de pareja busquen ayuda de profesionales médicos o amigos.
Exporting Mass Destruction? The Determinants of Dual-Use Trade
Authors: Fuhrmann Matthew
Published: August 2008

This study applies well-known arguments on the effect of conflict, alliances, and democracy on international trade to identify the determinants of dual-use trade. Dual-use commodities are those that can be used in weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs or in legitimate civilian applications. This article advances a theory suggesting that governments seeking to maximize the gains from dual-use trade will promote exports to countries where there are security guarantees and restrict exports to countries where security threats exist. Eight hypotheses are tested using data on licensed dual-use exports from the United States to 128 countries between 1991 and 2001. The results indicate that democracy has a positive and significant effect on dual-use exports, while WMD acquisition or pursuit does not necessarily reduce states' access to such commodities. The results vary slightly, based on how dual-use exports are measured. In conducting the first systematic analysis on the determinants of dual-use trade, this study contributes to scholarly understanding of WMD proliferation and research at the nexus of international trade and international security. In particular, it offers important prescriptions for when states are likely to transfer technology that could be used to build WMD. It also encourages further work that disaggregates trade data to examine relationships between particular types of trade and conflict, alliances, free trade agreements, and other political variables.
Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946—2007
Authors: Harbom Lotta , Melander Erik , Wallensteen Peter
Published: August 2008

In 2007, 34 armed conflicts were active worldwide, up by one from 2006 and by five from 2003, the year with the lowest number of active armed conflicts since the 1970s. While the number of conflicts increased, the number of wars, i.e. conflicts with over 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year, dropped by one to four. Five of the conflicts from 2006 were no longer active in 2007, but during the year, two previously recorded conflicts (in Mali and Pakistan) were restarted by new actors and two (in Angola and Peru) by previously recorded rebel groups. For the first time since 2004, two new conflicts were recorded: a conflict over governmental power in Niger and a territorial conflict in DRC. A conflict may involve one or more dyads or pairs of warring parties. In the 236 conflicts active since 1946, 487 dyads have been recorded in the new UCDP Dyadic Dataset. While most intrastate conflicts involve a single rebel group fighting the government, in 30 of the conflicts two or more dyads were active simultaneously. In 2002 and 2003, over 30% of the active conflicts involved more than one rebel group. The number of active rebel groups and changes in the set of groups are important elements of the complexity of any armed conflict, and the study of these aspects should be greatly facilitated with the new dataset. By adding the dyadic dimension to the study of conflicts, the analysis of a range of phenomena that have hardly been captured by previously available data is made possible.
VOTING IN AN OPEN PRIMARY
Authors: HEDLUND RONALD D. , WATTS MEREDITH W. , HEDGE DAVID M.
Published: August 2008

Using data collected from state-wide surveys for the four most recent presidential primaries in Wisconsin, together with data from three other states for 1976 and 1980, this study examines (1) the preponderance of party-consistent, independent, and cross-over voting; (2) the percentages of votes given various candidates from these types of voters; and (3) the probable “winners” in the four Wisconsin primaries under different hypothetical participation rules.
LIFE CYCLE MODEL OF PARTISANSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Authors: CLAGGETT WILLIAM
Published: August 2008

Phillip Converse's life cycle explanation of partisan strengthening implies there should have been an abrupt and relatively durable increase in the level of aggregate instability in the electorate following the enfranchisement of women in 1920. Using a technique originally developed by William Flanigan and Nancy Zingale (1974), state-level instability data and county-level instability data for Colorado were examined. These data reveal no abrupt and enduring increase in instability following the enfranchisement of women.
TURNOUT CHOICE IN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS
Authors: SCHIER STEVEN E.
Published: August 2008

Theoretical cost/benefit propositions involving individual participation choices in the presidential nomination process are examined through an aggregate data analysis of turnout in the 1976 Democratic nomination contest. Precinct caucus turnout choice follows a pattern much more in accord with these propositions than does primary turnout choice. Both the ideological range and attentiveness of candidates sizably encourage caucus turnout. Primary turnout is encouraged only and unexpectedly by primary closure. These findings suggest that rational choice models can best explain the behavior of caucus activists who more thoroughly recognize and esteem the benefits delineated in these models than do primary electorates.
PARTISAN DEFECTIONS AND SENATE REELECTIONS
Authors: BULLOCK CHARLES S. , SCICCHITANO MICHAEL J.
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested that differences in voter recognition of candidates may cause variations in partisan defection rates, which could account for chamber differences in reelection rates. This defection hypothesis is tested here using survey data from 1956-1980. The rates at which party identifiers defect from their party's Senate and House nominees are compared. Although the pattern for all Senate races parallels that for all House races, there have been differences in the anticipated direction since 1970. Defection patterns in recent Senate elections have not, however, been less pro-incumbent, which is what the high proportion of defeats among incumbent senators would lead us to expect.
JUDGING POLITICIANS' MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMY
Authors: WEATHERFORD M. STEPHEN
Published: August 2008

Media usage and content influence political issue positions, citizens' views of the political agenda, and even political cynicism, and most time-series studies of election-economic cycles have assumed that the media are essential transmitters of the information on which economic voting is based. This study of the way in which voters form judgments of the incumbent administration's economic policy performance argues that the ability to employ the mass media to evaluate policy is not uniform across the electorate. Those who can derive a coherent image of collective conditions from the media will weigh this information heavily in their judgments; others will emphasize personal financial conditions, as will those who suffer severe personal economic reversals. Stratifying a national sample by media usage and then analyzing the sources of economic policy ratings shows the effect of media usage on the opinion formation process which precedes economic voting.
THE SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF ETHNIC POLITICS
Authors: HUCKFELDT R. ROBERT
Published: August 2008

This article considers social status, neighborhood, and geographical independence explanations for the persistence of ethnic politics. The primary focus of this article is upon systems of social support underlying the cohesion of ethnic groups. Two different forms of social support—the neighborhood social context and the family—are considered relative to several political behaviors: Democratic identification, subjective ethnic identification, and support for an ethnic surnamed politician. The data base for the analysis is a survey of Buffalo, merged with contextual data for survey respondents.
POLITICAL DISTILLATION
Authors: CARPINI MICHAEL X. DELLI
Published: August 2008

Change in the American electorate has traditionally been studied by comparing the number of independents to the number of partisans, and comparing the impact of partisanship to the impact of issue voting. Stable numbers of partisans and stable correlations between partisanship and attitudes and behavior are interpreted to mean continuity in the electorate. These comparisons, though useful, ignore the possibility that the meaning of partisanship and the reasons behind its impact on attitudes and behavior may have changed as well. As the potential for independent behavior and political sophistication increases in the United States, the most sophisticated and rational partisans are able to lay aside their party labels, leaving fewer, less rational partisans. This argument is tested and supported using data from the National Election Surveys of 1952 through 1980.
GUBERNATORIAL INFLUENCE AND STATE BUREAUCRACY
Authors: HEBERT F. TED , BRUDNEY JEFFREY L. , WRIGHT DEIL S.
Published: August 2008

Previous research has concentrated on differences in gubernatorial power across states. Relatively little research attention has been devoted to the sources of gubernatorial influence over state agencies. Based on data collected from state administrators in 1978, this study examines the effects of four sets of factors on the perceived influence of the governor over the state administrative apparatus. These sets are: formal powers of the governor, characteristics of the agencies, characteristics of the positions held by administrators, and personal characteristics of these officials. Results show that these factors account for nearly one-fourth of the variance in the influence of the governor over state agencies, as reported by agency heads.
CANDIDATE IMAGE EVALUATIONS
Authors: CAMPBELL JAMES E.
Published: August 2008

This research attempts to distinguish image voting, the influence of the voter's assessment of the candidates' personal qualities on the vote, from image rationalization, the influence of the vote on the voter's assessment of the candidate's personal qualities. From an analysis of the opinions of a panel of voters examined during the 1976 presidential primaries it appears that although candidates' images have a substantial influence on the vote, the vote has nearly as much impact on candidate image. Also, image voting is more prevalent among less politically interested voters but is not significantly affected by the extent of ideological differences between the candidates.
EXPLAINING TURNOUT IN GUBERNATORIAL PRIMARIES
Authors: KENNEY PATRICK J.
Published: August 2008

Voter turnout in gubernatorial primary elections varies tremendously from state to state. This analysis hypothesizes that the highly variable turnout is the result of specific circumstances unique to each election and to each state. Using multiple regression analysis, turnout in gubernatorial primaries was examined from 1968 to 1980. The analysis identified five variables that contribute to the variance in turnout across states.
APPROVAL VOTING
Authors: DE MAIO GERALD , MUZZIO DOUGLAS , SHARRARD GEORGE
Published: August 2008

Approval voting has been offered by a number of formal theorists, notably Steven Brams and Peter Fishburn (1983), as a solution to problems occasioned by multicandidate elections. The formal development of approval voting has spurred a number of empirical studies. This note adds to the empirical literature on approval voting by presenting recent evidence in the form of CPS data on the 1980 elections and exit poll data on the 1981 New Jersey gubernatorial primaries. The New Jersey exit poll was the first survey designed specifically to tap the potential consequences of approval voting. These data reveal that plurality voting obscured the acceptability of Reagan and Carter to their respective party identifiers. They also confirm John Anderson's victimization by the “wasted vote” syndrome, and the fact that the victors of the New Jersey gubernatorial primaries were Condorcet candidates. Additional data on public receptivity to approval voting are also presented.
GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE ATTRIBUTION OF BLAME FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Authors: KIECOLT K. JILL
Published: August 2008

This study investigates the attribution of blame for national economic problems to both governmental and nongovernmental actors. Using a model that incorporates perceptions of competing class interests, the study demonstrates the crucial role of both cognitive and affective components of economic group consciousness in blame attribution. It also reinforces the importance of both personal and collective economic grievances in determining target of blame.
IDEOLOGICAL TRENDS AMONG SOUTHERN U.S. DEMOCRATIC SENATORS
Authors: SHAFFER WILLIAM R.
Published: August 2008

Southern Democrats in the U.S. Congress have been characterized as an aberrant bloc within the Democratic party. Their conservative ideological propensities have even led them to coalesce with Republicans on many occasions to form the Conservative Coalition. In recent years, however, southern Democrats have become an increasingly liberal group, thereby more closely approximating the stance of the national Democratic party. This article examines not only this recent trend, but also the ideological transformations of southern Democrats since World War II. From 1947 through 1968, the persistent decline in liberalism appears to have been driven by period effects, while the increasingly moderate voting records of southern Democratic senators from the mid-1960s through 1983 seem to have been sparked by cohort and period effects. At no time during the post-World War II era, however, have votes on racial policy had a decisive bearing on the ideological posture of this region's U.S. Senate members.
WHO GETS NATIONAL NEWS COVERAGE IN THE U.S. SENATE?
Authors: SQUIRE FEVERILL
Published: August 2008

Which senators get national media attention? This is an important question to answer because it provides us some insight into what information citizens are given about the institution. In this article I undertake multivariate analysis to determine which of many hypothesized variables determine the level of media attention senators get on television network news, Sunday interview shows, and in national newspapers. Results from regressions indicate that somewhat different groups of variables are important for different media. Only those holding senate leadership positions receive additional coverage on all three media. Presidential candidates also get more coverage on two media. Seniority and personal ideology do not matter much at all. Overall, it appears that the media in general focus on those senators whose institutional positions warrant such attention.