bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John D. French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. vii + 320 pp. $54.95 cloth; $17.95 paper.
Authors: Findlay Eileen
Published: July 2002

This is an invaluable volume, expanding Latin American women's and
labor history in important thematic, methodological, and theoretical directions.
The authors explore the lives, struggles, and consciousness of urban working
women in Brazil, the Southern Cone, Guatemala, and Colombia. By and large, the
essays develop a nuanced understanding of the relationship between gender and
class in twentieth-century Latin America. They incorporate postmodern approaches
to historical analysis as well as the classic concerns of labor history with
material conditions, social relations, and working-class political
consciousness. The contributors examine the multiple meanings of discourse and
popular culture while insisting that it is indeed possible to recapture
women's experience in some measure. They generally move beyond the
dichotomy of celebrating women's heroism and denouncing sexism, instead
showing how solidarity between laboring women and men could be intimately
interwoven with male domination. Finally, several of the authors employ oral
history in sophisticated ways, demonstrating that how a story is told can be
just as important in shaping our understanding of history as the empirical
detail it may seem to offer us.
Booklist
Authors: Mitsui Tôru
Published: July 2002

The aim of this annual Popular Music bibliography is to provide a record of recent books on popular music and to offer brief, sometimes critical guidance to them whenever possible. Coverage is restricted to books and some booklets (with the exception of important yearbooks and some special issues of journals) and includes revised editions as well as notable reissues. Omitted are translations of books previously published in English except those which include some significant additions.
Booklist
Authors: Mitsui Tôru
Published: July 2002

The aim of this annual Popular Music bibliography is to provide a record of recent books on popular music and to offer brief, sometimes critical guidance to them whenever possible. Coverage is restricted to books and some booklets (with the exception of important yearbooks and some special issues of journals), and includes revised editions as well as notable reissues. Omitted are translations of books previously published in English except those which include some significant additions.

This edition contains entries for books published in 2000, plus a few items published in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999, information on which was not available when the lists for Popular Music 16/3, 17/3, 18/3 and 19/3 were compiled.

To a fundamental list of British, American and Japanese titles that I compiled were incorporated an extensive list of American books by B. Lee Cooper, a comprehensive list of books in German by Bernhard Hefele and a sizable list of books in French by Christophe Pirenne. Dave Laing, the coordinating editor of the journal, contributed another sizable list of mainly British and American books as well as correcting a preliminary list.

Contributions on books in other languages, especially Spanish, are welcome.
High energy electrons, nuclear phenomena and heating in
petawatt laser-solid experiments
Authors: COWAN T.E. , PERRY M.D. , KEY M.H. , DITMIRE T.R. , HATCHETT S.P. , HENRY E.A. , MOODY J.D. , MORAN M.J. , PENNINGTON D.M. , PHILLIPS T.W. , SANGSTER T.C. , SEFCIK J.A. , SINGH M.S. , SNAVELY R.A. , STOYER M.A. , WILKS S.C. , YOUNG P.E. , TAKAHASHI Y. , DONG B. , FOUNTAIN W. , PARNELL T. , JOHNSON J. , HUNT A.W. , KÜHL T.
Published: July 2002

The Petawatt laser at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (LLNL) has opened a new regime of laser matter
interactions in which the quiver motion of plasma electrons
is fully relativistic with energies extending well above
the threshold for nuclear processes. In addition to ∼few
MeV ponderomotive electrons produced in ultra intense laser-solid
interactions, we have found a high energy component of
electrons extending to ∼100 MeV apparently from relativistic
selffocusing and plasma acceleration in the underdense
preformed plasma. The generation of hard bremsstrahlung,
photonuclear reactions, and preliminary evidence for positron-electron
pair production will be discussed.
Feature-based probabilistic map building using time and amplitude information of

sonar in indoor environments
Authors: Jeon Hyoung Jo , Kim Byung Kook
Published: July 2002

We present a feature-based probabilistic map building algorithm which directly utilizes time and amplitude information of sonar in indoor environments. Utilizing additional amplitude-of-signal (AOS) obtained concurrently with time-of-flight (TOF), the

amount of inclination of target can be directly calculated from a single echo, and the number of measurements can be greatly reduced with result similar to dense scanning. A set of target groups (set of hypothesized targets originated from one measurement) is used and refined by each measurement using an extended Kalman filter and Bayesian conditional probability. Experimental results in a real indoor environment are presented to show the validity of our algorithm.
Draper unmanned vehicle systems
Authors: Kang David S. , Anderson Jamie M. , DeBitetto Paul A.
Published: July 2002

Draper Small Autonomous Aerial Vehicle (DSAAV), MITy and SMART micro-rovers,
Companion mini-rover, and Vorticity Control Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (VCUUV) are highlighted. DSAAV demonstrated autonomy with GPS/INS integration and vision processing. The micro- and mini-rovers investigated ground based autonomy with extensive
mapping and planning integration. VCUUV is a flexible-hull UUV which propels and maneuvers like a tuna.
COINTEGRATING REGRESSIONS WITH TIME VARYING COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Park Joon Y. , Hahn Sang B.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers cointegrating regressions with
time varying coefficients. The coefficients are modeled
as smooth functions evolving over time. It is shown that
they can be estimated nonparametrically, using suitably
modified series estimators. Presented is the efficient
method of estimation, which relies on simple prefiltering
of the data and preestimation of the model. The test for
the adequacy of model specification is also developed.
Our model and statistical methods are applied to analyze
the U.S. automobile demand function.
Leaf photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen content adjustment to canopy openness in tropical forest tree seedlings
Authors: VINCENT GRÉGOIRE
Published: July 2002

Maximum assimilation rate under saturating light level, leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll content and specific
leaf mass were measured in forest plants grown under a range of canopy openness. Seedlings from three tree species
co-occurring in damar agroforest (Sumatra) were examined: Shorea javanica, Lansium domesticum and Cinnamomum
porrectum. A shrub species, Piper hispidum, growing in a different location was also investigated. All species showed
pronounced differences in maximum photosynthetic potential when grown under different canopy openness. All tree
seedlings showed an increase in maximum assimilation rate (Amax) with canopy openness (CO) until a certain threshold was reached. This saturation threshold varied between species. A steady increase in the maximum assimilation
rate over the entire range of canopy openness explored was found only for Piper. Correlation between leaf nitrogen
content and Amax was usually highest when expressed on a per unit area basis. However the overall correlation was
poor whether expressed per unit mass or per unit area when all species were pooled together questioning the universality of the relationship between both quantities. Potential photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, defined as the amount
of CO2 uptake per unit leaf nitrogen under saturating light level, was highest in Cinnamomum, supposedly the most
light-demanding species, and lowest in Lansium, the understorey specialist.
LANGUAGE AND THE BRAIN.Loraine K. Obler and Kris Gjerlow.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xviii + 206. $54.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Akbari Ramin
Published: July 2002

The relationship between brain structure and language has been of interest since the
nineteenth century, as is evidenced by phrenology studies. In modern times, neurolinguistics has
tried to investigate this relationship more objectively and scientifically. In their book Language and the brain, Obler and Gjerlow define neurolinguistics as “the study of how the brain (neuro) permits us to have language (linguistics)” (p. 1). As the definition
indicates, the book addresses neurolinguistics in a simple, nontechnical manner. Except for
chapter 2, “The Brain,” the book presents a readable yet comprehensive account of
the important issues in neurolinguistics.
PATHWAYS OF THE BRAIN: THE NEUROCOGNITIVE BASIS OF
LANGUAGE.Sydney M. Lamb.Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999. Pp. xii + 416.
$95.00 cloth, $34.95 paper.
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán
Published: July 2002

The past decade has seen an increasing interest within the second language (L2) field in
drawing on psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic-neurobiological, and cognitive psychological theories
when explaining various aspects of L2 acquisition and use (e.g., Schmidt, 1995; Schuman, 1997;
Skehan, 1998). Although Sydney Lamb's account of the neurocognitive basis of language
does not focus specifically on second languages, its general analysis of how the brain's
linguistic system operates and develops provides highly relevant background knowledge to these
recent L2 research directions.
LEARNING ENGLISH: DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY.Neil
Mercer & Joan Swann (Eds.). London: Routledge, 1996. Pp. vii + 343.
$24.95 paper.
Authors: Gutknecht Christoph
Published: July 2002

Who speaks English? For what purposes? What kind of language has English become? These
questions are addressed in the collection of articles under review.
LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN SPANISH.Manuel Carreiras, José
E. García-Albea, & Núria Sebastián-Gallés (Eds.).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. v + 365. $59.95 cloth, $32.50 paper..
Authors: Dussias Paola E.
Published: July 2002

This book is a first attempt to bring together a collection of state-of-the-art studies of various
lines of research on language processing in Spanish, ranging from speech perception to sentence
production.
On the adequacy of buzzsaws
Authors: SHATZ MARILYN
Published: July 2002

For decades, controversy has swirled around the question of whether some
kind of innate capacity is required for language to develop normally.
Ostensibly, there has been progress over the years on the old ‘nature-
nurture’ question. Only the most die-hard theorists would now publicly
argue for anything other than some sort of interactionist position. Nonetheless,
as Sabbagh & Gelman (S&G) note in their review of The emergence
of language, there is little clarity about the nature of that interaction or
about what constitutes an emergentist position on it. As good scientists, S&G
propose to evaluate emergentism, despite its vagueness, by describing a
‘strong’ emergentist position as one that must include the following tenets:
domain-general cognitive processes (‘buzzsaws’ as they call them) like
attention and memory are sufficient to account for the elegance of language
as well as the ease and speed of its acquisition by children; these domain-
general processes do so without explicit rule-based knowledge representations;
and the same processes account for all aspects of language. There is
much to agree with in the review by S&G. They cite the importance of
development and performance as pluses for emergentist views, but they also
raise serious questions about the limitations of emergentist accounts: these
often either leave unanalyzed crucial concepts like similarity or hide what
look suspiciously like rule-governed knowledge representations. Despite
their concerns, S&G are gracious in their conclusions; they seem cautiously
optimistic about the enterprise of accounting for language development in an
emergentist framework. Such optimism, however, seems appropriate only
insofar as the framework is not taken in its strong form. S&G's arguments
(made by others as well) about the vague and hidden aspects of some
emergentist models give the lie to the claim that all aspects of language can
be accounted for by the same domain-general processes. Those arguments
also raise questions about whether domain-specific rule-based representations can be completely done away with.
The role of prosody in the acquisition of
grammatical morphemes: evidence from two Chinese languages
Authors: HUNG FENG-SHENG , PETERS ANN M.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines two issues concerning the
acquisition of grammatical morphemes: (1) How is the
acquisition of grammatical morphemes influenced by prosodic
and phonological characteristics of the
language being learned? and (2) What sorts of prosodic and
phonological properties do grammatical morphemes have that
might aid children in
applying particular segmentation strategies? To address
these issues, we
compared the acquisition of grammatical morphemes in a pair of
morphosyntactically similar but prosodically different languages,
namely Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (TMC) and Taiwanese (TW). We
analyse the patterns of realization and omission of a
highly frequent
subset of grammatical morphemes in six children's speech,
recorded between the ages 1;6 and 2;3. The results from
the between-language
comparisons suggest that rhythmic characteristics of languages can
affect segmentation by providing different kinds of
prosodic handles for children to grasp at.
On the GL(V)-module structure of
K(n)*(BV)
Authors: LEARY IAN J. , SCHUSTER BJÖRN
Published: July 2002

We study the question of whether the Morava K-theory of the
classifying space of
an elementary abelian group V is a permutation module (in either
of two distinct
senses, defined below) for the automorphism group of V. We use
Brauer characters
and computer calculations. Our algorithm for finding permutation submodules
of
modules for p-groups may be of independent interest.
Packing dimensions of sections of sets
Authors: FALCONER K. J. , JÄRVENPÄÄ M.
Published: July 2002

We obtain a formula for the essential supremum of the packing dimensions
of the
sections of sets parallel to a given subspace. This depends on a variant
of packing
dimension defined in terms of local projections of sets.
Astrogeodetic Fix by Azimuth Differences; Solution in Rectangular Coordinates
Authors: Gargiulo Raffaele , Vassallo Andrea
Published: July 2002

This paper offers a precise and almost final solution to one of the most debated problems
connected with the astrogeodetic ‘fix’ by azimuth differences. The rectangular and linear
solution on the gnomonic plane, tangent to the celestial globe and the dead reckoning position,
enables the use of azimuth differences and is connected to Pothenot's solution. Thus this
problem may be solved with simple linear algorithms that require neither differential modes,
nor the introduction of the unknown origin error.
Collision Regulations – Discussion
Authors: Manley Pat
Published: July 2002

I read the Forum article ‘Removal of an Ambiguity from the Maritime Collision
Regulations’ (Cooper, 2001) and make the following comments. As a Royal Yachting
Association Yachtmaster Instructor, I find that many people quote Rule 10 of the
COLREGS only in part and thus are misled by its intentions.
Comparison of perceptions and implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) between IPM and conventional farmers of greenhouse vegetables in northern Greece
Authors: PAPADAKI-KLAVDIANOU AFRODITI , TSAKIRIDOU EFTHIMIA , GIASEMI EVANGELIA
Published: July 2002

Reform of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), especially through Regulation 2078/92, provided a dual role for farmers as food producers and stewards of the environment and the countryside. Implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) in greenhouse enterprises in Greece is a part of this effort. In this study, the effectiveness of the adoption and implementation of IPM practices in greenhouse vegetable cultivation in Central Macedonia (Greece) was assessed. Eighty-six farmers enrolled in an IPM programme and 28 conventional greenhouse farmers were selected and interviewed in 1997, using a questionnaire designed to assess their behaviour in the greenhouse and examine their attitudes towards the environment. Wide adoption of IPM was found still to face many hindrances, mainly due to the lack of appropriate technical and advisory support by the agricultural local services, and farmers' low level of knowledge of IPM. Comparisons between IPM and conventional farmers revealed that: (1) the two groups' behaviour did not differ significantly in greenhouse production practices, but (2) IPM farmers were more aware of the new environmental dimension of the CAP, and (3) they expressed more concern about the negative effects of modern agriculture on nature, than conventional farmers.
Representing a robotic domain using temporal description
logics
Authors: ARTALE ALESSANDRO , FRANCONI ENRICO
Published: July 2002

A temporal logic for representing and reasoning
on a robotic domain is presented. Actions are represented
by describing what is true while the action itself is occurring,
and plans are constructed by temporally relating actions
and world states. The temporal language is a member of
the family of Description Logics, which are characterized
by high expressivity combined with good computational properties.
The logic is used to organize the domain actions and plans
in a taxonomy. The classification and recognition
tasks, together with the subsumption task form
the basis for action management. An action/plan description
can be automatically classified into a taxonomy;
an action/plan instance can be recognized to take
place at a certain moment from the observation of what
is happening in the world during a time interval.
Incidence, seasonality and serotypes of rotavirus in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain. A 14-year study
Authors: CILLA G. , PÉREZ-TRALLERO E. , LÓPEZ-LOPATEGUI M. C. , GILSETAS A. , GOMÁRIZ M.
Published: July 2002

Over a 14-year period (1984–97) the presence of rotavirus in stool samples from children under
15 years with acute gastroenteritis was studied by enzymoimmunoanalysis. Serotyping (G1–G4)
was performed using monoclonal antibodies. A total of 17348 children under 15 were
investigated. Rotavirus was detected in 3637 (21·0%) specimens, 74·6% of which were from
children younger than 2 years old. G1 and G4 were the most frequent serotypes. In 1991–7,
the minimum incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children under 4 years of age was 21·7
cases/1000 children/year. By the age of 5 years, at least 1 out of 11·3 children and probably 1
out of every 5–6 children in this area had experienced an episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis
that required medical care. In the 1984–90 period a clear seasonality was not observed but in
the second period of the study (1991–7), seasonality was marked, with peak activity in winter.
Risk factors for human cysticercosis morbidity: a

population-based case-control study
Authors: CAO W. , VAN DER PLOEG C. P. B. , XU J. , GAO C. , GE L. , HABBEMA J. D. F.
Published: July 2002

A population-based case-control study to determine social and

behavioural risk factors for

Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans was carried out in a rural

area, Shandong province,

China. Forty-eight cases with cysticercosis were ascertained through a

prevalence survey

conducted among 7281 persons in 1993. For each case, four controls residing

in the same

village and matched for age and sex were randomly selected. Information
regarding

demographic, social and behavioural factors was collected during

house visits through

interviews and direct observation. Risk factors strongly associated with

human cysticercosis

included poor personal hygiene, being unable to recognize cysticerci-containing

meat, poor pig-raising practices and a history of passing tapeworm

proglottides. The results indicate that

health education in combination with chemotherapy for taeniasis is required

for the control of cysticercosis in humans.
Postcopulatory, prezygotic reproductive isolation
Authors: Eady Paul E.
Published: July 2002

Prezygotic reproductive isolation has traditionally been studied from a precopulatory perspective even though postcopulatory events have been known to influence success at fertilization. Postcopulatory, prezygotic reproductive isolation (gametic isolation) has received relatively little attention mainly because the focus of research has been on the events that occur either earlier (pre‐mating) or later (postzygotic) in the chain of events that lead to successful reproduction. However, recent evidence from an array of taxa from sea urchins to beetles reveals that postejaculatory, prezygotic events may be an important factor in reproductive isolation. Such a mechanism may be the driving force behind speciation in some taxa, such as free‐spawning marine invertebrates, whilst it may complement pre‐mating and postzygotic mechanisms in others. In this paper we draw an analogy between sperm–egg interactions and classical sexual selection theory and argue that gametic incompatibility may arise through cryptic female choice.
Travelling waves for a nonlocal double-obstacle problem
Authors: FIFE PAUL C.
Published: July 2002

Existence, uniqueness and regularity properties
are established for monotone travelling waves
of a convolution double-obstacle problem

ut
=J*u−u−f
(u),

the solution u(x, t) being
restricted to taking values in the interval
[−1, 1]. When u=±1, the
equation becomes an inequality. Here the kernel J
of the convolution is nonnegative with
unit integral and f satisfies
f(−1)>0>f(1). This is an extension
of the theory in Bates et al. (1997), which deals with
this same equation, without the constraint, when
f is bistable.
Among many other things, it is found that the travelling
wave profile u(x−ct) is always
±1 for sufficiently large positive or negative values of
its argument, and a necessary and sufficient condition is given
for it to be piecewise constant, jumping from −1
to 1 at a single point.
Metastability for a generalized Burgers equation
with applications to propagating flame fronts
Authors: SUN X. , WARD M. J.
Published: July 2002

In the small diffusion limit ε→0, metastable
dynamics is studied for the generalized Burgers problem

formula here

Here u=u(x, t) and f(u)

is smooth, convex, and satisfies f(0)=f′(0)=0.
The choice
f(u)=u2/2 has been
shown previously to arise in connection with the physical problem of
upward flame-front propagation in a vertical channel in a particular parameter
regime. In this
context, the shape y=y(x, t)
of the flame-front interface satisfies u=−yx.

For this problem, it is shown that the principal eigenvalue associated
with the
linearization around an equilibrium solution corresponding
to a parabolic-shaped flame-front interface is exponentially small.
This exponentially small eigenvalue then leads to a metastable behaviour
for the time-
dependent problem. This behaviour is studied quantitatively by deriving
an asymptotic
ordinary differential equation characterizing the slow motion of the tip
location of a
parabolic-shaped interface. Similar metastability results are
obtained for more general f(u). These
asymptotic results are shown to compare very favourably with full numerical
computations.
Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police
Authors: Birn Ruth Bettina
Published: July 2002

Little has been written about collaboration with the Nazi occupiers in eastern Europe. Using new material from former Soviet archives, the issue of the security police in Estonia is presented as a case study. The commander of the German security police deliberately set up a structure whereby German and Estonian police officers worked closely together, thereby minimising the need for German personnel. Although the security police dealt with the issues which were politically and ideologically the most important, non-Germans like Estonians were accepted as collaborators.
The Euro under Scrutiny: Histories and Theories of European Monetary Integration
Authors: Zimmermann Hubert
Published: July 2002

Kenneth Dyson, The Politics of the Euro-Zone. Stability or Breakdown? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 311 pp., ISBN 0-199-24164-3. Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone, The Road to Maastricht. Negotiating Economic and Monetary Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 860 pp., ISBN 0-198-28077-7. Peter Henning Loedel, Deutsche Mark Politics: Germany in the European Monetary System (London: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 264 pp., ISBN 1-555-87835-0. Kathleen R. McNamara, The Currency of Ideas: Monetary Politics in the European Union, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 200 pp., ISBN 0-801-43432-7. James I. Walsh, European Monetary Integration and Domestic Politics. Britain, France, and Italy (London: Lynne Rienner, 2000), 182 pp., ISBN 1-555-87823-7. Amy Verdun, European Responses to Globalisation and Financial Market Integration (London: Macmillan, 2000), 260 pp., ISBN 0-333-71708-2.
“Help Me Die”
Authors: KUSHNER THOMASINE , THOMASMA DAVID
Published: July 2002

As a medical student doing a rotation, I was feeling
positive as we knocked on the door of an elderly lady who I'd
seen just 2 days earlier. Even though seriously ill for many
months, this patient had always lived life in her own way, refusing
to go to a nursing home. It was clear that her condition had
deteriorated rapidly, and the nurse informed me privately that
she was dying, sooner rather than later.
The Status of Hospital Ethics Committees in Pennsylvania
Authors: CSIKAI ELLEN L.
Published: July 2002

Interdisciplinary hospital ethics committees have
been the most common response to the mandates for ethical
review procedures set forth by the Joint Commission for
the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO,
1995 Standards), the American Hospital Association, and
within institutions themselves. A 1989 national survey
reported that 60% of hospitals had ethics committees.
However, little is still known about the current state
of these committees in hospitals, their composition, what
functions are performed, or what issues are discussed.
Commentary
Authors: Burgess Michael M.
Published: July 2002

In “Euthanasia and Health Reform in Canada,”
Michael Stingl argues that the legalization of euthanasia can
be made reasonable social policy only in the context of healthcare
reform to deliver primary- and community-based care.
Stingl accepts that euthanasia “is in effect a treatment
for unbearable suffering caused by a patient's health
condition” and that includes not only pain, but “a
personal response to a medical situation that the individual
finds unbearable given his or her beliefs and values about
the meaningfulness of human life.” He is not worried
“about the reasonableness or validity of their request,
but about the validity of the situation which leads to
their request.” The failure of the healthcare system
to adequately respond to the needs of people who are suffering
with chronic or terminal conditions may lead competent
people to elect euthanasia. Stingl argues that it is the
institutionalization of care for dying people that reduces
their ability to find meaning in prolonged life, and thereby
makes it more attractive to consider ending one's life sooner.
Options such as palliative care at home that significantly improve
quality of life and make euthanasia less attractive are currently
only available to those who can privately subsidize healthcare
services. If an emphasis is placed on community-based initiatives
and well-supported self-help, then there would be less inequality
of healthcare and the voluntariness of choices, including euthanasia,
would be more equal for all people under the healthcare system.
Commentary: Bringing Clarity to the Futility Debate: Are
the Cases Wrong? Lawrence J. Schneiderman
Authors: Schneiderman Lawrence J.
Published: July 2002

Howard Brody expresses concern that citing the
“two cases that put futility on the map,” namely
Helga Wanglie and Baby K, may be providing ammunition to
the opponents of the concept of medical futility. He in
fact joins well-known opponents of the concept of medical
futility in arguing that it is one thing for the physician
to say whether a particular intervention will promote an
identified goal, quite another to say whether a goal is
worth pursuing. In the latter instance, physicians are
laying themselves open “to the criticism of taking
on basic value judgments that are more appropriately left
to patients and their surrogates.” Brody states that
in both the Wanglie and Baby K cases, the “basic
value judgments” had to do with the worthiness of
maintaining unconscious life via medical technology.
He classifies this as “a question of professional
integrity—but not a question of futility,”
adding that “more than semantics hinges on this
distinction.” The “more than semantics”
factor is a pragmatic, even political one. Failure to make
this distinction renders physicians “that much more
suspect and less trustworthy in the public debate.”
Putting Universal Healthcare on the Religious Agenda
Authors: MOROS DANIEL A. , RHODES ROSAMOND
Published: July 2002

In modern industrial society the issue of access
to healthcare is inseparable from the question of whether
there is a right to healthcare and whether government has
the correlative duty to assure a minimum level of care
to all citizens. While discussion in terms of rights and
duties tends to direct our attention to broader, more theoretical
ethical issues, discussion in terms of ‘access’
invites consideration of more practical concerns. The news
media rarely report in terms of whether a citizen's
right to healthcare has been abridged or disregarded, but
rather offers tales of people being denied access. Advocacy
groups for specific illnesses do not necessarily argue
for universal health insurance, but rather press that certain
conditions, such as renal failure requiring dialysis, receive
unlimited insurance coverage and that people with the condition
be given automatic access to care.
On a Theorem of Ganter
Authors: VU VAN H.
Published: July 2002

We prove a generalization of a theorem of Ganter concerning the
embedding

of partial

Steiner systems into Steiner systems. As an application we discuss a further

version of the

problem of Rosenfeld on embedding graphs into strongly regular graphs.
The diagnosis and obstetrical implications of bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Lamont RF
Published: July 2002

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an important polymicrobial state of abnormal genital tract colonisation which is easy to diagnose and easy to treat but which is poorly understood and therefore ignored or neglected by clinicians. Despite this, or perhaps as a result, BV is increasingly being associated with adverse sequelae in the practice of both obstetrics and gynaecology.
Oocyte activation and parthenogenetic development of bovine oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Li Xihe , Hamano Koh-ichi , Qian Xiao-qiao , Funauchi Katsutoshi , Furudate Makoto , Minato Yoshiaki
Published: July 2002

Development of bovine oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was investigated. Oocytes were matured for 24–26 h in vitro and injected with isolated sperm heads. When treated with 7% ethanol (v/v) for 5 min, 71.7% of ICSI oocytes were activated as shown by the resumption of meiosis and the formation of female pronuclei. However, 41.5% of injected sperm heads remained condensed at 18–20 h after injection into the ooplasm. The incidence of decondensing sperm and that of male pronuclei at this stage were 15.1% and 26.4%, respectively. A total of 55.5% of oocytes reached the 2-cell stage following sperm head injection and 54.7% after sham-ICSI; these percentages were not significantly different from those following in vitro fertilisation (IVF) (73.1%). The percentage of 2-cell embryos reaching the 8-cell stage following ICSI was 37.5%, and 27.6% after sham-ICSI, which were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the equivalent percentage following IVF (62.4%). The percentages of parthenogenetic embryos reaching the 2-cell, 4-cell and 8-cell stages following ICSI were 56.4%, 48.9% and 30.0%, respectively. These results indicate that the low rate of normal embryonic development of bovine oocytes following ICSI is largely due to the parthenogenetic activation of the oocytes.
EDITIONS OF LETTERS IN THE AGE OF THE VANISHING TEXT
Authors: Kelvin Norman
Published: July 2002

TWO FAIRLY RECENT DEVELOPMENTS have affected our way of producing editions of Victorian letters and of thinking about them. In both theory and practice, however, the two developments pull in opposite directions.
The two faces of time
Authors: SOKOL JAN
Published: July 2002

Speaking of a ‘lack of time’, do we mean the same ‘thing’ as the variable ‘t’ in a graph of some time-dependent development? The following article tries to show that both concepts are extreme examples of the two sides, or faces, of the single phenomenon of time, as common and trivial as it is mysterious. Scientific, numerical time is considered first, followed by the time of the common human experience, the time in the present. It is on the basis of this curious ability to ‘keep in presence’ various events that follow one another, that the scientific concept of linear time has been established and, with it, the possibility to measure the time for scientific and practical purposes.
Commotion at the Sorbonne: the debate on the French University, 1910–1914
Authors: WESSELING H. L.
Published: July 2002

In the summer of 1910 the Paris weekly L'Opinion published a series of articles that severely criticized the University of Paris. This was the beginning of an intense debate on the nature and goals of university education. The meaning and limits of scientific knowledge and research were also discussed. There was a nationalistic side to the argument as well, as the Sorbonne was attacked for following the German model. The debate is still interesting, because it raises various issues of the relationship between university and society.
DETERMINING THE COGNITIVE PORTS OF ENTRY AMONGST THE POST-TRAUMATIC STATES: TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Scott Michael J. , Stradling Stephen G.
Published: July 2002

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of a range of trauma responses and has claimed the most
therapeutic attention, but other post-traumatic states are probably, collectively, as common and produce a comparable
level of functional impairment. It is suggested that in accordance with the cognitive theory of emotional disorders
(Alford & Beck, 1997) the post-traumatic states are distinguished by differing cognitive content. Further, it is suggested
that PTSD clients have particular information processing biases and those with a chronic form of the condition have
a cognitive profile similar to those with a personality disorder. The differing cognitive architecture amongst the post-traumatic states suggests different treatment focii (Scott & Stradling, 2001).
A Psychopharmacology Tutor on CD-ROM
Authors: Miller L. Stephen
Published: July 2002

The relatively recent advent of computer-based technologies
such as information on the web and CD-ROM storage mediums have
opened up a new arena for the presentation of educational materials
in the sciences. While the possibilities for what can be presented
are almost endless, the reality generally has been less successful.
In Essential Psychopharmacology, the author has made a
commendable effort at presenting materials from his fine textbook
of the same name in a stimulating, graphic-intensive fashion.
Detection of mild cognitive deficits in Parkinson's
disease patients with the WAIS–R NI
Authors: PEAVY GUERRY M. , SALMON DAVID P. , BEAR INGE , PAULSEN JANE S. , CAHN DEBORAH A. , HOFSTETTER C. RICHARD , KAPLAN EDITH F. , DELIS DEAN C. , SHULTS CLIFFORD W.
Published: July 2002

The relative insensitivity of traditional IQ tests to
mild cognitive deficits has led investigators to develop
a version of the widely used Wechsler intelligence scales
that allows quantitative analysis of underlying qualitative
responses. This instrument, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale–Revised as a Neuropsychological Instrument
(WAIS–R NI) was administered to 16 Parkinson's
disease (PD) patients and 30 normal controls (NC). The
2 groups did not differ significantly in mean age or education,
or on their mean Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score. Relative
to NC participants, PD patients showed decreased visual
attention span, longer response latencies, slower visuomotor
processing, and more stimulus-bound errors. Many of the
WAIS–R NI measures were able to detect cognitive
impairment in a greater percentage of patients than the
traditional WAIS–R measures, making it easier to
identify deficits that could affect quality of life early
in the course of the disease. (JINS, 2001, 7,
535–543.)
Tools for the TBI Clinician
Authors: Camplair Patricia S.
Published: July 2002

In P.S. This Accident Has Changed Everyone
and Everything, Kathleen Griffiths has provided a
useful reference book for family members of head-injured
persons. The title comes from a letter from one such family
member; short segments from the experiences of relatives
and friends dot the text, fleshing out the personal side
in an otherwise “meat-and-potatoes” text. Dr.
Griffiths is commended for her translation of the basics
of brain injury (from neuropathology to medical assessment
and rehabilitation) into plain English, so that
fairly technical information is accessible to the layperson.
This is perhaps the greatest strength of the book. Clinicians
will find the book particularly helpful for family members
of severely injured persons with a lengthy period of coma
and/or posttraumatic amnesia, and for whom some degree
of significant residual impairment is highly likely.

Coping With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury evoked
mixed reactions, once my initial excitement to see such a book
passed. Written by a psychologist who has survived a combined
acquired and traumatic brain injury (cerebral bleed and associated
car accident), and coauthored by a writer, the book does an
admirable job of describing possible problems that occur following
brain injury, along with numerous practical suggestions for coping
with these. Excerpts from interviews with other BI survivors are
included throughout the book to illustrate problems and solutions.
Other strengths include the glossary and resource appendices at the
end of the book.
Developing-country resource extraction with asymmetric information and sovereign debt:
a theoretical analysis
Authors: STRAND JON
Published: July 2002

We consider a two-period model of an indebted developing country endowed with a natural resource whose extraction causes negative global externalities, where the country may borrow in period one and there is asymmetric information about its willingness to service its loans. We show that when the resource is large, the interest rate on new borrowing equals the resource growth rate. A greater initial debt level then leads to reduced new borrowing and more rapid extraction. An outside 'donor' may affect the resource extraction of the country. Donor schemes that tie debt reduction to postponing or abstaining from extraction of the resource are more powerful than non-conditional schemes in reducing the extraction rate for governments that actually repay, but may in some cases lead to a greater probability of default through increased debt. While conditional schemes generally are potentially Pareto-superior to non-conditional ones, the welfare of the borrowing country is higher with non-conditional schemes.
The Western Edge: some recent electronic music from Western Australia
Authors: Vickery Lindsay
Published: July 2002

A survey is presented of developments in recent Western Australian electronic music, focusing on the geographical influence on local composers' work. The article follows specific cases of practitioners in the fields of Sound Art (Alan Lamb and Hannah Clemen), Live Electronics (Cathie Travers and the electronic music quartet Magnetic Pig), Interactive Electronics (Jonathan Mustard and Lindsay Vickery) and Noise/Lo Fi Electronics (Cat Hope and Lux Mammoth).
Mimetic Dynamics
Authors: Barrett Natasha , Hammer Oyvind
Published: July 2002

The ‘art’ we produce today attempts to incorporate an increasing

level of computer technology. There are many reasons for this trend, the

most significant being a thirst for an exploration of the ‘new’, and the

desire to parallel the increasing level of technology seeping into everyday

life. However, when surveying recent developments we find an array

of technology-related arts projects that instead of reaching forward into

the previously unknown, often reproduce the past simply in a digital form,

designed to appeal to our immediate senses but lacking in depth and

substance. Likewise, it can be observed that in many cultures (ancient and

modern), mimesis grows out of what seems to be a human reaction to

technological change. Qualities familiar from past usage tend to be

reproduced in new materials and with new techniques, regardless of

appropriateness. This may have religious origins, or simply result from

inertia, reworking concepts within the current paradigm. Parallels can be

drawn from evolution, which can be observed to progress in a series of large

advancements alternating with periods of extremely slow or zero development

(Eldredge and Gould 1972), and from the progress of science, which seems to

be similarly stepped (Kuhn 1962).

This paper describes Mimetric Dynamics – an audiovisual interactive installation exploring

one of the many possible relationships between nature and technology. In

this work, real and simulated fluid dynamics are presented simultaneously,

allowing both artist and viewer to explore the relationship between

‘digital’ and ‘analogue’ media in both sound and visual dimensions. It gains insight from physical laws and time flows derived

from the natural world, where digital technology is used to produce

mathematical models simulating real physical attributes. In doing so we are

able to harness qualities of the ‘natural’ and use their

characteristics to control aspects of the ‘artificial’ (virtual).
The English present tense
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: July 2002

It is generally agreed that the English ‘present tense’ is not appropriately analyzed as indicating present time: present-time events often cannot be expressed in the present tense; conversely, the present tense is often used for nonpresent occurrences. I will argue, however, that these problems are only apparent, arising from a failure to appreciate the numerous conceptual factors that are crucially involved. When these are properly elucidated, using notions available in cognitive semantics and cognitive grammar, the characterization ‘coincidence with the time of speaking’ proves remarkably adequate in accounting for present-tense usage.
Gene flow estimates in Utah's cougars imply management beyond Utah
Authors: Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Swenson Eric L. , Wolfe Michael L. , Choate David C. , Bates Bill , Crandall Keith A.
Published: July 2002

We present results from a study of genetic variation in Utah's cougar population. Estimates were based on data for 50 animals at nine microsatellite loci with five individuals sampled for each of ten management units throughout Utah. Levels of variation were moderate (average genetic diversity across populations was estimated to be 0.4687 for all 50 individuals), and comparable with other large mammals. But this level of variation for the microsatellite loci translated into an inbreeding effective population size of only 571 animals, much lower than the current estimates of census sizes of around 2000‐3000. A lack of differentiation among the sampled populations across Utah (average Nem= 6.2) indicates that gene flow occurs over a large area. Since cougars are capable of movement beyond the Utah state borders (and certainly across management units), a better understanding of migration rates and patterns of dispersal will be achieved by sampling a much larger geographic region incorporating much of the western USA. Successful management and conservation of this species will then require a far more integrated approach, involving agencies across a number of states, as opposed to current management practices involving individual units within states.
Robust and Accurate Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping by Dynamic Allele-Specific Hybridization (DASH): Design Criteria and Assay Validation
Authors: Prince Jonathan A. , Feuk Lars , Howell W. Mathias , Jobs Magnus , Emahazion Tesfai , Blennow Kaj , Brookes Anthony J.
Published: July 2002

We recently introduced a generic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping method, termed DASH (dynamic allele-specific hybridization), which entails dynamic tracking of probe (oligonucleotide) to target (PCR product) hybridization as reaction temperature is steadily increased. The reliability of DASH and optimal design rules have not been previously reported. We have now evaluated crudely designed DASH assays (sequences unmodified from genomic DNA) for 89 randomly selected and confirmed SNPs. Accurate genotype assignment was achieved for 89% of these worst-case-scenario assays. Failures were determined to be caused by secondary structures in the target molecule, which could be reliably predicted from thermodynamic theory. Improved design rules were thereby established, and these were tested by redesigning six of the failed DASH assays. This involved reengineering PCR primers to eliminate amplified target sequence secondary structures. This sophisticated design strategy led to complete functional recovery of all six assays, implying that SNPs in most if not all sequence contexts can be effectively scored by DASH. Subsequent empirical support for this inference has been evidenced by ∼30 failure-free DASH assay designs implemented across a range of ongoing genotyping programs. Structured follow-on studies employed standardized assay conditions, and revealed that assay reproducibility (733 duplicated genotypes, six different assays) was as high as 100%, with an assay accuracy (1200 genotypes, three different assays) that exceeded 99.9%. No post-PCR assay failures were encountered. These findings, along with intrinsic low cost and high flexibility, validate DASH as an effective procedure for SNP genotyping.