bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanico‐chemical interaction of SWNTs with different host matrices evidenced by SERS spectroscopy
Authors: Lefrant Serge , Baibarac Mihaela , Mihut Lucian , Baltog Ioan
Published: September 2006

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performed with 676.4 and 1064 nm excitations were used to investigate single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) thin films prepared from platelets obtained by non‐hydrostatic compression at 0.58 GPa. SWNTs were compressed alone or dispersed into chemical reactive and non‐reactive host matrices. SERS spectra indicate that by compression, SWNTs break into fragments of different sizes, which in turn can react or not with the host matrix. In inorganic hosts (KI, Ag) donor‐acceptor complexes are formed. The appearance of short fragments of SWNTs with a closed‐shell fullerenes behaviour is revealed in SERS spectra. This typical signature appears in the Raman spectrum as a line at ca. 1460 cm–1 associated with a pentagonal pinch mode. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pulsed and cw EPR studies on hydrogen atoms encaged in octasilsesquioxane molecules
Authors: Schoenfeld R. S. , Harneit W. , Paech M.
Published: September 2006

We report on the synthesis of hydrogen atoms in different Si8O12R8 cages (R = (CH2)n H with n = 0–3) by both radiation chemistry and ion implantation. The efficiencies of both mechanisms have been studied quantitatively and attempts to optimise the process have been made. Spectral properties and relaxation times were investigated using both cw and pulsed EPR measurements. The Hahn Echo decay behaviour and the dependence of T 1 and T 2 on the side groups R of the cage revealed information about the predominant relaxation mechanisms. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conducting and transparent SWNT/polymer composites
Authors: Dettlaff‐Weglikowska Urszula , Kaempgen Martti , Hornbostel Bjoern , Skakalova Viera , Wang Jianping , Liang Jindong , Roth Siegmar
Published: September 2006

Flexible, transparent and conducting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites films were prepared using SOCl2 functionalized SWNTs. Optical absorption spectra measured on composite films confirm that the composite preparation procedure preserves the electronic properties (position of the Fermi level) of the p‐doped nanotubes in the polymer matrix. Due to the doping effect of SOCl2 the electrical conductivity of the composites is improved by a factor of 5. The light transmission of the composite films depends on the film thickness and on the nanotube concentration. The optical transmittance of visible light at 500 nm was found to be 92% for 0.1 wt% SWNT loading and 46% for 0.5 wt% SWNT loading. The thickness of the specimens was approximately 20 µm. Conductivity measurement of the thin films performed with the four lead method revealed values 3.5 × 10–3 S/cm and 4.7 × 10–1 S/cm, respectively. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unusual transport properties in carbon based nanoscaled materials: nanotubes and graphene
Authors: Purewal M. S. , Zhang Y. , Kim P.
Published: September 2006

The massless Dirac particle moving at the speed of light has been a fascinating subject in relativistic quantum physics. Nanoscale graphitic materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, now provide us with an opportunity to investigate such exotic effects in low‐energy condensed matter systems. The unique electronic band structure of graphene lattice provides a linear dispersion relation where the Fermi velocity replaces the role of the speed of light in the usual Dirac Fermion spectrum. Recent experimental studies reveal that such unconventional electronic structure in graphitic carbon leads to unique electronic transport phenomena in 1‐dimensional carbon nanotubes and 2‐dimensional graphene. Combined with semiconductor device fabrication techniques and the development of new methods of nanoscaled material synthesis/manipulation enables us to investigate mesoscopic transport phenomena in these materials. The exotic quantum transport behavior discovered in these materials, such as room temperature ballistic transport, unusual half‐integer quantum Hall effect, and a non‐zero Berrys phase in magneto‐oscillations will be discussed in the connection to Dirac Fermion description in graphitic systems. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Length separation studies of single walled carbon nanotube dispersions
Authors: Arnold K. , Hennrich F. , Krupke R. , Lebedkin S. , Kappes M. M.
Published: September 2006

In this contribution we present detailed studies of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water surfactant dispersions separated by size exclusion chromatography. We investigated length separated SWNT fractions by AFM, absorption spectroscopy and near‐infrared photoluminescence mapping. The ultrasonic induced scission process can be observed by AFM. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Force spectroscopy measurements of MoSIx nanowires with functionalized molecules
Authors: Ploscaru M. , Kokalj Sasa Jenko , Uplaznik M. , Vengust D. , Turk D. , Mihailovic D.
Published: September 2006

We report a simple method of functionalization of MoSIx nanowires with biomaterials via the thiol group. We succeed to immobilize iodinated and sulphated high molecular mass thyroglobulin proteins on MoSIx nanowires. By controlling the preparation of the nanowires before self‐assembly we can attach proteins either at the ends or achieve complete wrapping of the nanowires. The control parameter is the S and I stoichiometry ratio of the MoSIx nanowires. Breaking force measurements were performed in order to confirm and characterise the wrapping of the nanowires with the proteins. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations of mechanism of carbon nanotube growth
Authors: Nasibulin A. G. , Pikhitsa P. V. , Queipo P. , Choi M. , Kauppinen E. I.
Published: September 2006

Studies on the formation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes by an aerosol method based on the introduction of pre‐formed catalyst particles into conditions leading to carbon nanotube synthesis are presented. Carbon monoxide and iron nanoparticles were used as carbon source and catalyst, respectively. The carbon nanotube growth was found to occur at a temperature of around 900 °C in the heating section of the reactor with a growth rate exceeding 1.1 µm/s. A detailed analysis of possible processes during carbon nanotube formation revealed heptagon transformation as a limiting stage. A mechanism for carbon nanotube formation on the basis of the geometrical consideration was proposed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uniaxial stress study of the Cu–H complex in ZnO
Authors: Lavrov E. V. , Weber J.
Published: September 2006

The cover picture of the current issue refers to the article by Lavrov and Weber which was selected as Editor's Choice [1]. The picture shows a microscopic model of the Cu–H complex investigated in the paper. The complex consists of a substitutional Cu atom at the Zn site with an H atom located between nearby O and Cu in the basal plane of the ZnO lattice. The atoms are shown in different colors: yellow for copper, red for hydrogen, cyan for oxygen, and grey for zinc. Hydrogen forms a strong bond with the O atom which gives rise to a local vibrational mode at 3192 cm–1 investigated in the paper under uniaxial stress. The c‐axis is parallel to the Cu–O bond pointing to the top of the figure.

The authors work at the Institute of Applied Physics/Semiconductor Physics, TU Dresden, Germany.
Instrument dependence of electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation of the gingerols
Authors: Jiang Hongliang , Somogyi Árpád , Timmermann Barbara N. , Gang David R.
Published: September 2006

The gingerols, including [6]‐, [8]‐, and [10]‐gingerols, a series of chemical homologs differentiated by the length of their unbranched alkyl chains, have been identified as major active components in fresh ginger rhizome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of ion trap liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) as an online tool to identify and quantify these compounds in raw or processed ginger rhizome samples. Negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI) was used in MS, MS/MS and MSn experiments in quadrupole ion trap instruments from two different manufacturers and in high‐resolution and accurate mass MS and MS/MS experiments in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer to elucidate the ionization and fragmentation mechanisms of these compounds in these instruments. Positive mode ESI, which generated many more fragment ions in full scan MS even under gentle ionization conditions, was also used in LC/MS and MS/MS experiments and in direct infusion MS and MS/MS experiments. Consistent and predictable ionization and fragmentation behaviors were observed for all gingerols when analyzed in the same instrument. Instruments from different manufacturers, however, had different ionization mechanisms. The major difference between instruments was their ability to form covalent dimer adducts of the gingerols. Subsequent fragmentation patterns of the precursor ions were essentially identical. These results clearly demonstrate that LC/MS instruments produce data that cannot necessarily be replicated in other laboratories, especially if those laboratories do not have the same instrument model from the same manufacturer. This presents major problems for metabolite target analysis, metabolic profiling and metabolomics investigations, which would benefit from LC/MS mass spectrum libraries as they do from GC/MS mass spectrum libraries, because such libraries may not be valid across platforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sharp thresholds and percolation in the plane
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Riordan Oliver
Published: September 2006

Recently, it was shown by Bollobás and Riordan Probab Theory Related Fields 136 (2006), 417–468 that the critical probability for random Voronoi percolation in the plane is 1/2. As a by‐product of the method, a short proof of the Harris–Kesten Theorem was given by Bollobás and Riordan Bull London Math Soc 38 (2006), 470–484. The aim of this paper is to show that the techniques used in these papers can be applied to many other planar percolation models, both to obtain short proofs of known results and to prove new ones. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
What is stopping sustainable building in England? Barriers experienced by stakeholders in delivering sustainable developments
Authors: Williams Katie , Dair Carol
Published: September 2006

In England there is both top‐down and bottom‐up pressure to deliver a sustainable built environment. However, most new projects display few sustainability features. This paper presents 12 barriers to achieving sustainability in development schemes, drawn from qualitative research on five recently completed projects in England. The barriers that were identified by the stakeholders in the schemes include a lack of consideration of sustainability measures, real and perceived costs and inadequate expertise and powers. The paper concludes by suggesting some ways in which these barriers might be overcome. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Structure dependent packing behavior of phthalocyanine on the surface of graphite
Authors: Liu Ai‐Zhen , Lei Sheng‐Bin
Published: September 2006

The surface‐assembly behavior of phthalocyanine is of great importance because of the molecule's important application as an organic semiconductor in electronics and in solar cells. In this work, the surface‐assembly behavior on graphite of four metal phthalocyanines bearing different substituents was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Owing to the difference in the substituents, the packing symmetries of these phthalocyanines are apparently different. The results point out that the packing mode of phthalocyanine is not only influenced by molecular symmetry but also by steric hindrance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of protection of iron corrosion by rosin imidazoline self‐assembled monolayers
Authors: Liu Xiuyu , Chen Shenhao , Tian Fang , Ma Houyi , Shen Lixia , Zhai Hongyan
Published: September 2006

A type of rosin imidazoline (IM) has been synthesized using rosin acid and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as raw materials. The monolayers of IM were assembled on the surface of iron. The monolayers of the IM inhibitor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical polarization curves and double‐layer capacitance. Surface analysis was carried out to establish the mechanism of corrosion inhibition of iron by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy. The IM inhibitor showed good inhibition efficiency for iron in 0.1 M H2SO4. The inhibition mechanism of IM inhibitor was interpreted using molecular simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation study comparing properties of heterogeneity measures in meta‐analyses
Authors: Mittlböck M. , Heinzl H.
Published: September 2006

The assessment of heterogeneity or between‐study variance is an important issue in meta‐analysis. It determines the statistical methods to be used and the interpretation of the results. Tests of heterogeneity may be misleading either due to low power for sparse data or to the detection of irrelevant amounts of heterogeneity when many studies are involved. In the former case, notable heterogeneity may remain unconsidered and an unsuitable model may be chosen and the latter case may lead to unnecessary complex analyses strategies. Measures of heterogeneity are better suited to determine appropriate analyses strategies. We review two measures with different scaling and compare them with the heterogeneity test. Estimates of the within‐study variance are discussed and a new total information measure is introduced. Various properties of the quantities in question are assessed by a simulation study.

Heterogeneity test and measures are not directly related to the amount of between‐study variance but to the relative increase of variance due to heterogeneity. It is more favourable to base the within‐study variance estimate on the squared weights of individual studies than on the sum of weights. A heterogeneity measure scaled to a fixed interval needs reference values for proper interpretation. A measure defined by the relation of between‐ to within‐study variance has a more natural interpretation but no upper limit. Both measures are quantifications of the impact of heterogeneity on the meta‐analysis result as both depend on the variance of the individual study effects and thus on the number of patients in the studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of three different models for estimating relative risk in meta‐analysis of clinical trials under unobserved heterogeneity
Authors: Kuhnert Ronny , Böhning Dankmar
Published: September 2006

We focus on the comparison of three statistical models used to estimate the treatment effect in meta‐analysis when individually pooled data are available. The models are two conventional models, namely a multi‐level and a model based upon an approximate likelihood, and a newly developed model, the profile likelihood model which might be viewed as an extension of the Mantel–Haenszel approach. To exemplify these methods, we use results from a meta‐analysis of 22 trials to prevent respiratory tract infections. We show that by using the multi‐level approach, in the case of baseline heterogeneity, the number of clusters or components is considerably over‐estimated. The approximate and profile likelihood method showed nearly the same pattern for the treatment effect distribution. To provide more evidence two simulation studies are accomplished. The profile likelihood can be considered as a clear alternative to the approximate likelihood model. In the case of strong baseline heterogeneity, the profile likelihood method shows superior behaviour when compared with the multi‐level model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indirectly predicting the maintenance effort of open‐source software
Authors: Yu Liguo
Published: September 2006

An accurate maintenance effort model is essential for a successful software maintenance process. Maintenance effort is usually measured in person‐hours used to perform a maintenance task. However, maintenance effort data are usually only available for strictly managed software, such as closed‐source software. In other software projects that do not have complete maintenance records, especially some open‐source software, there are no direct data for maintenance effort, which precludes the establishment of a maintenance effort model. In this paper, we report a series of studies aimed at presenting a method for indirectly predicting the maintenance effort of open‐source software. This report covers two parts of our research. First, we examine the maintenance data from NASA SEL closed‐source software projects and identify some software measures that can be used to indirectly represent maintenance effort. Second, based on the findings in the first part, we analyze 121 recent versions of Linux, and use linear regression to construct two indirect maintenance effort models for the Linux project. Our study demonstrates the applicability of this approach to indirectly predicting the maintenance effort and improving the software maintenance process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video‐based Supplemental Instruction: Serving underprepared students
Authors: Hurley Maureen , Patterson Kay L. , Wilcox, F. Kim
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses Video‐based Supplemental Instruction, a variation of the SI model.
TeamSI: A resource for integrating and improving learning
Authors: Muhr Carin , Martin Deanna C.
Published: September 2006

A permutation of the original program, TeamSI represents an ambitious attempt to improve both students' deep understanding of their knowledge in a professional discipline and their self‐development as more mature learners and leaders.
Supercritical elliptic problems in domains with small holes
Authors: del Pino Manuel , Wei Juncheng
Published: September 2006

Let

\mathcal D

be a bounded, smooth domain in

\mathbb{R}^{N}

,

N⩾3

,

P\in \mathcal D

. We consider the boundary value problem in

\Omega = \mathcal D \setminus B_{\delta }(P)

,

\mathrm{\Delta }u + u^{p} = 0,\:u > 0\:\text{in }\Omega ,\:u = 0\:\text{on }\partial \Omega ,

with

p

supercritical, namely

p > \frac{N + 2}{N−2}

. We find a sequence

p_{1} < p_{2} < p_{3} < \cdots,\:\text{with }\lim\limits_{k\rightarrow + \infty }p_{k} = + \infty ,

such that if

p

is given, with

p \neq p_{j}

for all

j

, then for all

\delta > 0

sufficiently small, this problem is solvable.

Soient

\mathcal D

un domaine borné régulier de

\mathbb{R}^{N}

,

N⩾3

, et

P\in \mathcal D

. Nous définissons

\Omega = \mathcal D \setminus B_{\delta }(P)

et nous nous intéressons au problème de Dirichlet

\mathrm{\Delta }u + u^{p} = 0,\:u > 0\:\text{dans }\Omega ,\:u = 0\:\text{sur }\partial \Omega ,

dans le cas où l'exposant

p

est surcritique, c'est à dire que

p > \frac{N + 2}{N−2}

. Nous démontrons l'existence d'une suite d'exposants

p_{1} < p_{2} < p_{3} < ⋯

qui tend vers l'infini et telle que, si

p

est fixé,

p \neq p_{j}

pour tout

j

, il existe

\delta _{p} > 0

assez petit pour lequel le problème ci-dessus admet une solution pour tout

\delta ⩽\delta _{p}

.
Periodic solutions of second order Hamiltonian systems bifurcating from infinity
Authors: Fura Justyna , Rybicki Sławomir
Published: September 2006

The goal of this article is to study closed connected sets of periodic solutions, of autonomous second order Hamiltonian systems, emanating from infinity. The main idea is to apply the degree for

\mathrm{SO}(2)

-equivariant gradient operators defined by the second author in [S. Rybicki,

\mathrm{SO}(2)

-degree for orthogonal maps and its applications to bifurcation theory, Nonlinear Anal. TMA 23 (1) (1994) 83–102]. Using the results due to Rabier [P. Rabier, Symmetries, topological degree and a theorem of Z.Q. Wang, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 24 (3) (1994) 1087–1115] we show that we cannot apply the Leray–Schauder degree to prove the main results of this article. It is worth pointing out that since we study connected sets of solutions, we also cannot use the Conley index technique and the Morse theory.

Le but de cet article est l'étude des ensembles fermés et connexes de solutions périodiques, émanant de l'infini, des systèmes hamiltoniens autonomes de second ordre. L'idée principale consiste à appliquer le degré aux opérateurs de gradient

\mathrm{SO}(2)

-équivariants définis par le second auteur dans [S. Rybicki,

\mathrm{SO}(2)

-degree for orthogonal maps and its applications to bifurcation theory, Nonlinear Anal. TMA 23 (1) (1994) 83–102]. Moyennant un résultat de Rabier [P. Rabier, Symmetries, topological degree and a theorem of Z.Q. Wang, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 24 (3) (1994) 1087–1115], on démontre que l'on ne peut pas appliquer le degré de Leray–Schauder pour obtenir le résultat principal de ce travail. Il est important de souligner que, vu que l'on étudie des ensembles connexes de solutions, ni la technique de l'indice de Conley, ni la théorie de Morse ne peuvent être appliquées ici.
A “quasi maximum principle” for \( I \)-surfaces
Authors: Jakob Ruben
Published: September 2006

The result of this paper yields a
maximum principle
for the components of surfaces whose distortion by a certain

\mathrm{GL}_{3}(\mathbb{R})

matrix are minimizers of a dominance functional

\mathcal{I}

of a parametric functional

\mathcal{J}

with dominant area term within boundary value classes

H_{\phi }^{1,2}(B,\mathbb{R}^{3})

, termed

\mathcal{I}

-surfaces. Finally we derive a
compactness
result for sequences of

\mathcal{I}

-surfaces in

C^{0}(B,\mathbb{R}^{3})

, which serves as a preparation for the forthcoming article [R. Jakob, Unstable extremal surfaces of the “Shiffman functional” spanning rectifiable boundary curves, Calc. Var., submitted for publication] whose aim is a proof of a sufficient condition for the existence of extremal surfaces of

\mathcal{J}

which do not furnish global minima of

\mathcal{J}

within the class

\mathcal{C}^{ \ast }(\Gamma )

of

H^{1,2}

-surfaces spanning an arbitrary closed rectifiable boundary curve

\Gamma \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}

that merely has to satisfy a chord-arc condition.
Exact controllability in projections for three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Shirikyan Armen
Published: September 2006

The paper is devoted to studying controllability properties for 3D Navier–Stokes equations in a bounded domain. We establish a sufficient condition under which the problem in question is exactly controllable in any finite-dimensional projection. Our sufficient condition is verified for any torus in

\mathbb{R}^{3}

. The proofs are based on a development of a general approach introduced by Agrachev and Sarychev in the 2D case. As a simple consequence of the result on controllability, we show that the Cauchy problem for the 3D Navier–Stokes system has a unique strong solution for any initial function and a large class of external forces.

L'article est consacré à l'étude de propriétés de contrôlabilité pour les équations de Navier–Stokes 3D dans un domaine borné. On établit une condition suffisante sous laquelle le problème en question est exactement contrôlable en toute projection de dimension finie. Notre condition suffisante est vérifiée pour tout tore dans

\mathbb{R}^{3}

. Les démonstrations sont basées sur un développement d'une approche générale introduite par Agrachev and Sarychev dans le cas 2D. Comme une conséquence simple du résultat de contrôlabilité, on montre que le problème de Cauchy pour le système de Navier–Stokes 3D possède une unique solution forte pour toute donnée initiale et une grande classe de forces extérieures.
Glucagon‐mediated internalization of serine‐phosphorylated glucagon receptor and Gsα in rat liver
Authors: Merlen Clémence , Fabrega Sylvie , Desbuquois Bernard , Unson Cecilia G. , Authier François
Published: September 2006

To assess glucagon receptor compartmentalization and signal transduction in liver parenchyma, we have studied the functional relationship between glucagon receptor endocytosis, phosphorylation and coupling to the adenylate cyclase system. Following administration of a saturating dose of glucagon to rats, a rapid internalization of glucagon receptor was observed coincident with its serine phosphorylation both at the plasma membrane and within endosomes. Co‐incident with glucagon receptor endocytosis, a massive internalization of both the 45‐ and 47‐kDa Gsα proteins was also observed. In contrast, no change in the subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase or β‐arrestin 1 and 2 was observed. In response to des‐His1‐[Glu9]glucagon amide, a glucagon receptor antagonist, the extent and rate of glucagon receptor endocytosis and Gsα shift were markedly reduced compared with wild‐type glucagon. However, while the glucagon analog exhibited a wild‐type affinity for endosomal acidic glucagonase activity and was processed at low pH with similar kinetics and rates, its proteolysis at neutral pH was 3‐fold lower. In response to tetraiodoglucagon, a glucagon receptor agonist of enhanced biological potency, glucagon receptor endocytosis and Gsα shift were of higher magnitude and of longer duration, and a marked and prolonged activation of adenylate cyclase both at the plasma membrane and in endosomes was observed. The subsequent post‐endosomal fate of internalized Gsα was evaluated in a cell‐free rat liver endosome–lysosome fusion system following glucagon injection. A sustained endo‐lysosomal transfer of the two 45‐ and 47‐kDa Gsα isoforms was observed. Therefore, these results reveal that within hepatic target cells and consequent to glucagon‐mediated internalization of the serine‐phosphorylated glucagon receptor and the Gsα protein, extended signal transduction may occur in vivo at the locus of the endo‐lysosomal apparatus.
Analysis of detergent‐resistant membranes associated with apical and basolateral GPI‐anchored proteins in polarized epithelial cells
Authors: Tivodar Simona , Paladino Simona , Pillich Rudolf , Prinetti Alessandro , Chigorno Vanna , van Meer Gerrit , Sonnino Sandro , Zurzolo Chiara
Published: September 2006

We found that apical and basolateral DRMs contain the same lipid species although in different ratios. This specific lipid ratio is maintained after mixing the cells before lysis indicating that DRMs maintain their identity after Triton extraction.
Climate Forcing Due to the 8200 Cal yr BP Event Observed at Early Neolithic Sites in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Weninger Bernhard , Alram-Stern Eva , Bauer Eva , Clare Lee , Danzeglocke Uwe , Jöris Olaf , Kubatzki Claudia , Rollefson Gary , Todorova Henrieta , van Andel Tjeerd
Published: September 2006

We explore the hypothesis that the abrupt drainage of Laurentide lakes and associated rapid switch of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation 8200 yr ago had a catastrophic influence on Neolithic civilisation in large parts of southeastern Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus, and the Near East. The event at 8200 cal yr BP is observed in a large number of high-resolution climate proxies in the Northern Hemisphere, and in many cases corresponds to markedly cold and arid conditions. We identify the relevant archaeological levels of major Neolithic settlements in Central Anatolia, Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria, and examine published stratigraphic, architectural, cultural and geoarchaeological studies for these sites. The specific archaeological events and processes we observe at a number of these sites during the study interval 8400–8000 cal yr BP lead us to refine some previously established Neolithisation models. The introduction of farming to South-East Europe occurs in all study regions (Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Bulgaria) near 8200 cal yr BP. We observe major disruptions of Neolithic cultures in the Levant, North Syria, South-East Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Cyprus, at the same time. We conclude that the 8200 cal yr BP aridity event triggered the spread of early farmers, by different routes, out of West Asia and the Near East into Greece and Bulgaria.
Genetic variants of beta-lactoglobulin gene and its association with milk composition traits in riverine buffalo
Authors: Vohra Vikas , Kumar Bhattacharya Tarun , Dayal Shanker , Kumar Pushpendra , Sharma Arjava
Published: September 2006

A study was carried out to determine genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin gene and to explore associations between these and milk composition traits in riverine buffalo. Single strand conformation polymorphism was employed to detect the genetic variants of the gene. Two fragments of this gene i.e. 119 bp of exon I and 400 bp spanning exon IV and intron IV were included in the study. For 119 bp fragment, three alleles namely, A, B and C were observed in all the buffalo breeds whereas four alleles (A, B, C and D) were detected for 400 bp fragment. The frequency distribution of alleles was different in different breeds of buffaloes for both the fragments. For exon I fragment, the milk composition traits such as total SNF, protein, solid, fat and whey protein yield were found to be significantly (P<0·05) associated with genotypes in Murrah and Bhadawari buffalo whereas in Mehsana breed genotypes were significantly (P<0·05) co-related with total SNF, solid and fat yield. Genotypes of 400 bp fragment, only total fat yield in Mehsana buffalo was found to be significantly (P<0·05) associated with genotypes.
Dietary deprivation of fermented foods causes a fall in innate immune response. Lactic acid bacteria can counteract the immunological effect of this deprivation
Authors: Olivares Mónica , Paz Díaz-Ropero Ma , Gómez Nuria , Sierra Saleta , Lara-Villoslada Federico , Martín Rocío , Miguel Rodríguez Juan , Xaus Jordi
Published: September 2006

Extrinsic factors such as maternal microbiota, bacterial load of the environment, diet and medication modulate the intestinal microbiota. Maturation and function of the immune system is influenced by established gut microbiota. In this work we describe the immunological effects of the dietary deprivation of fermented foods of healthy volunteers. Significant decreases in faecal lactobacillus and total aerobes counts and concentration of short chain fatty acids were observed following deprivation of fermented food of the normal diet. Moreover, a decrease in phagocytic activity in leukocytes was observed after two weeks of restricted diet. Therefore, the dietary deprivation of fermented foods could induce a decrease in innate immune response that might affect the capacity to respond against infections. The ingestion of a probiotic product containing the strains Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711 or a standard yogurt containing a conventional starter Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus counteracted the fall in the immune response, although the probiotic product was more effective than the standard yogurt.
The Origins of the General Line for the Transition Period and of the Acceleration of the Chinese Socialist Transformation in Summer 1955
Authors: Jianhui Liu , Hongxu Wang
Published: September 2006

The Sixth Plenary of the 11th Party Congress in 1981 gave a positive assessment on the transition period and the acceleration of the Chinese socialist transformation in the 1950s. Since 1987 China has witnessed active academic debates on the assessment and some contrary views have emerged. There was a sharp controversy between Mao Zedong and Deng Zihui in 1955 about the pace of transformation in agriculture and the result had a significant impact on the whole socialist transformation. The decision-making process coloured by a cult of Mao in the CCP was an important element in the origins of the major events taking place afterwards.
Postscript: China's High Tide of Socialism of 1955: Strategic Choices and Paths not Taken, Some Changing Perspectives
Authors: Howe Christopher
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this special mini–section of The China Quarterly has been to review some of the issues relating both to our own understanding of the meaning of the High Tide and of connections between events 50 years ago issues of economic policy in China today.
Land and Territorial Politics in Urban China
Authors: Hsing You-tien
Published: September 2006

In this article I examine the politics of urban land development in large Chinese municipalities in the 1990s and 2000s. I find that under the state land tenure and socialist legacy, China's urban land lease markets have evolved around two sets of state players: municipal governments and socialist land masters. In their competition for urban land control, municipal leaders' success depends on their political capacity to deal with socialist land masters from above, their organizational capacity to discipline the fragmented sub-municipal units from within to achieve accumulation, and their moral capacity as social protectors and market regulators to maintain legitimacy. In this process, municipal leaders face the challenges and opportunities to define and defend the boundaries of their territorial power, which is not predetermined by the grand scheme of decentralization policies.
The Politics of Lawmaking in Chinese Local People's Congresses
Authors: Cho Young Nam
Published: September 2006

This article analyses the politics of lawmaking in Chinese provincial people's congresses. When the introduction of a market economy and governance according to law policy compelled the Party to open the political arena of lawmaking, the political process in China became more consultative and sophisticated, and political actors more diversified and competitive. In local legislative politics, government agencies, legislature committees and various social organizations began to take part in open-ended contestation of persuasion, and they frequently clashed and co-operated with each other to augment their organizational interests. Provincial people's congresses, after having secured their lawmaking authority since the late 1990s, have played two distinct roles: as co-ordinators of conflicts of interests and as representatives of various social groups' voices.
Dynamics of Internationalization and Outward Investment: Chinese Corporations' Strategies
Authors: Hong Eunsuk , Sun Laixiang
Published: September 2006

China's success in attracting the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been well documented. Less known is the initial success of China's “going out” strategy, which encourages domestic enterprises to participate in international capital market and to directly invest overseas. This article assesses the aggregate dynamics of China's outward FDI in a comparative prism. It traces the strategic shift of Chinese overseas investment in both arenas of government policy and corporate entrepreneurship. An emphasis is on the particularistic policies of the government and active responses of enterprises to the challenges and opportunities offered by globalization and the deepening reform. The article also discusses the strategic implications of emerging Chinese multinationals for their Western counterpart.
Constructing a Transitive Reasoning Test for 6- to 13-Year-Old Children
Authors: Bouwmeester Samantha , Sijtsma Klaas
Published: September 2006

A new, computerized transitive reasoning test was constructed using 16 well-structured, theory-based tasks. The test was administered to 615 elementary school children. Within-subjects ANOVA showed that task format and presentation form influenced task difficulty level. Mokken scale analysis supported a unidimensional scale that was reliable. Evidence was collected for an invariant task ordering. The misfit of two pseudotransitivity tasks supported discriminant validity.
Reliability and Validity of the Gray-Wheelwrights Jungian Type Survey
Authors: Davis Melinda F. , Mattoon Mary Ann
Published: September 2006

Estimates of reliability and validity coefficients for the Gray-Wheelwrights Jungian Types Survey (GW/JTS), which was developed to measure Carl Jung's theory of types, are reported in this article. The GW/JTS is an 81-item forced-choice instrument with three bipolar scales, introversion-extraversion (IE), sensation-intuition (SU), and thinking-feeling (TF). Four methods, the GW/JTS, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and self- and peer-rating were used to measure IE, SU, and TF in a sample of 187 adults. Reliability coefficients for the GW/JTS scales were .72 for IE, .70 for SU, and .38 for TF; the reliability for TF was not sufficient. Using confirmatory factor analysis and the Campbell and Fiske guidelines, the IE and SU scales demonstrated reasonable construct validity and the TF scale showed limited validity.
A generation mechanism of electrostatic waves and subsequent electron heating in the plasma sheet–lobe boundary region during magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fujimoto K. , Machida S.
Published: September 2006

A generation mechanism of high‐energy electrons in the plasma sheet–lobe boundary region associated with magnetic reconnection is studied by using 2‐1/2‐dimensional kinetic simulations in a large system. Our simulation code employs the adaptive mesh refinement technique and the particle splitting algorithm to the conventional particle‐in‐cell code, which enable us to perform large‐scale kinetic simulations. It is shown that the electron two‐stream instability arising between the cold background electrons and the intense beam electrons with high temperature is responsible for the formation of the flat‐topped electrons, which have been often observed in the boundary region when magnetic reconnection has occurred. Electrons are quickly heated along the ambient magnetic field due to the trapping effect in the electrostatic potential wells, and the shoulder energy of the flat‐topped electron distribution reaches a few keV, consistent with satellite observations. The intense beam consists of high‐ and low‐energy electrons in the perpendicular direction. The former electrons come from the lobe region through the vicinity of the X line, while the latter originate from the opposite boundary region of the plasma sheet. The electron two‐stream instability in association with magnetic reconnection is also responsible for the generation of the electrostatic solitary waves that have been frequently detected in the boundary region. This indicates that the electrostatic turbulence should play an important role in strong electron energization in the plasma sheet–lobe boundary region during magnetic reconnection.
A thinned lithospheric image of the Tanlu Fault Zone, eastern China: Constructed from wave equation based receiver function migration
Authors: Chen Ling , Zheng Tianyu , Xu Weiwei
Published: September 2006

We apply the newly proposed wave equation‐based receiver function poststack migration method to the Northern China Interior Structure Project broadband data to image the lithospheric structure of the Tanlu Fault Zone area in eastern China. Our migration result reveals a 60‐ to 80‐km‐thick present‐day lithosphere beneath the study region, significantly thinned from the Paleozoic lithosphere of >180 km. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is coherently imaged along the ∼300‐km east‐west profile, displaying an arc‐like shape with its apex roughly coincident with the transverse location of the Tanlu Fault Zone on the surface. An obvious uplift from ∼36 km to ∼32 km of the Moho is also clearly detected right below this fault zone. The coincidence of the imaged Moho uplift and the LAB apex with the surface location of the Tanlu Fault Zone provides seismological evidence for the steep geometry and deep penetration of the fault system, and indicates that the Tanlu Fault Zone might have acted as a major channel for anthenosphere upwelling during the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic continental extension and lithospheric thinning in eastern China. Frequency analysis and synthetic modeling suggest that both the Moho and the LAB are sharp and strong. The latter, in particular, is constrained to have a 3–7% drop in S wave velocity over a depth range of 10 km or less. Such a rapid velocity change at the base of the lithosphere in the study region cannot be solely explained by thermal variation, but likely reflects the presence of volatiles or melt in the asthenosphere, or is partially attributed to the compositional contrast between the preserved depleted and dehydrated cratonic lithospheric veneer and the uplifted hydrated and fertile asthenospheric materials.
Modern and ancient seismogenic out‐of‐sequence thrusts in the Nankai accretionary prism: Comparison of laboratory‐derived physical properties and seismic reflection data
Authors: Tsuji Takeshi , Kimura Gaku , Okamoto Shinya , Kono Fumio , Mochinaga Hisako , Saeki Tatsuo , Tokuyama Hidekazu
Published: September 2006

To investigate characteristics of a seismogenic out‐of‐sequence thrust (OOST) imaged as a strong reflection on seismic profiles in the Nankai accretionary prism, we determined acoustic properties of discrete samples from an fossil Nobeoka OOST outcrop under confining pressures, and compared the acoustic properties with those of an active OOST in the Nankai accretionary prism. We observed anisotropy of velocity and attenuation in the hanging wall of Nobeoka OOST attributed to foliation of pelitic‐phyllite. In contrast, the footwall is composed of brittlely deformed, chaotic shales and fine sandstones, and velocities in the footwall are lower than those in the hanging wall. Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) modeling utilizing contrasts in P‐ and S‐wave velocities and densities between the hanging wall and footwall of the Nobeoka OOST indicates that fractures filled with overpressured fluid likely account for angle‐dependent reflection amplitudes of the active OOST in the Nankai Trough.
Origins of the Martian aurora observed by Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express
Authors: Leblanc F. , Witasse O. , Winningham J. , Brain D. , Lilensten J. , Blelly P.‐L. , Frahm R. A. , Halekas J. S. , Bertaux J. L.
Published: September 2006

On the 11 August 2004, the UV spectrograph Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express made the first observation of auroral‐type emission on the Martian nightside. In this paper, we describe the results of a new analysis of the observed emission owing to a better calibration of SPICAM UV channel and the use of all spectral information obtained during this observation. Several possibilities for the origin of this emission are discussed. We discussed, in particular, the possible exact geometry of the observation and the possible origins of the Martian aurorae. The emissions measured by SPICAM ultraviolet spectrometer have most probably been produced by electrons with an energy distribution peaking at few tens of eV rather than by electron distributions peaking above 100 eV.
Genetic inactivation of prohormone convertase (PC1) causes a reduction in cholecystokinin (CCK) levels in the hippocampus, amygdala, pons and medulla in mouse brain that correlates with the degree of colocalization of PC1 and CCK mRNA in these structures in rat brain
Authors: Cain B. M. , Connolly K. , Blum A. C. , Vishnuvardhan D. , Marchand J. E. , Zhu X. , Steiner D. F. , Beinfeld M. C.
Published: September 2006

Prohormone convertase (PC1) is found in endocrine cell lines that express cholecystokinin (CCK) mRNA and process pro CCK to biologically active products. Other studies have demonstrated that PC1 may be a one of the enzymes responsible for the endoproteolytic cleavages that occur in pro CCK during its biosynthesis and processing. Prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) has a distribution that is similar to cholecystokinin (CCK) in rat brain. A moderate to high percentage of CCK mRNA‐positive neurons express PC1 mRNA. CCK levels were measured in PC1 knockout and control mice to assess the degree to which loss of PC1 changed CCK content. CCK levels were decreased 62% in hippocampus, 53% in amygdala and 57% in pons‐medulla in PC1 knockout mice as compared to controls. These results are highly correlated with the colocalization of CCK and PC1. The majority of CCK mRNA‐positive neurons in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus express PC1 mRNA and greater than 50% of CCK mRNA‐positive neurons in several nuclei of the amygdala also express PC1. These results demonstrate that PC1 is important for CCK processing. PC2 and PC5 are also widely colocalized with CCK. It may be that PC2, PC5 or another non‐PC enzyme are able to substitute for PC1 and sustain production of some amidated CCK. Together these enzymes may represent a redundant system to insure the production of CCK.
Activation of calpain‐1 in myelin and microglia in the white matter of the aged rhesus monkey
Authors: Hinman Jason D. , Duce James A. , Siman Robert A. , Hollander William , Abraham Carmela R.
Published: September 2006

Ultrastructural disruption of myelin sheaths and a loss of myelin with age are well‐documented phenomena in both the human and rhesus monkey. Age‐dependent activation of calpain‐1 (EC 3.4.22.52) has been suggested as a plausible mechanism for increased proteolysis in the white matter of the rhesus monkey. The present study documents activation of calpain‐1 throughout brain white matter in aged animals, evidenced by immunodetection of the activated enzyme as well as a calpain‐derived spectrin fragment in both tissue section and Triton X‐100‐soluble homogenate of subcortical white matter from the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Separation of myelin fractions from brain stem tissue into intact and floating myelin confirmed previous reports of an age‐related increase in activated calpain‐1 in the floating fraction. Measurements of calpain‐1 activity using a fluorescent substrate revealed an age‐related increase in calpain‐1 proteolytic activity in the floating myelin fraction consistent with immunodetection of the activated enzyme in this fraction. Double‐immunofluorescence demonstrated co‐localization of activated calpain‐1 with human leukocyte antigen‐DR (HLA‐DR), a marker for activated microglia, suggesting that these cells represent the major source of the increase in activated calpain‐1 in the aging brain. These data solidify the role of calpain‐1 in myelin protein metabolism and further implicate activated microglia in the pathology of the aging brain.
Laser ablation system for the injection of neutral materials into an electron beam ion trap
Authors: Niles A. M. , Magee E. W. , Thorn D. B. , Brown G. V. , Chen H. , Beiersdorfer P.
Published: September 2006

We have designed and implemented a laser ablation system to inject neutral material into the EBIT-I and SuperEBIT high-energy electron beam ion trap at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A laser-generated vapor created from a solid material target was scrubbed of ions prior to injection into the trap in the form of a collimated beam. We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 15.7ns full width at half maximum and intensities at the target controllable from 0.035to0.46GW∕cm2. Compared with other injection methods, this pulsed system adds new flexibility including the ability to vary fill trap in both time and quantity and without changing trap or beam parameters. Moreover, it allows us to inject materials that are not readily injected by the standard metal vapor vacuum arc (MeVVA) method. Performance comparisons between the laser ablation system and MeVVA method are presented.
Electron density measurement by differential interferometry
Authors: Ding W. X. , Brower D. L. , Deng B. H. , Yates T.
Published: September 2006

A novel differential interferometer is being developed to measure the electron density gradient and its fluctuations. Two separate laser beams with slight spatial offset and frequency difference are coupled into a single mixer making a heterodyne measurement of the phase difference which is <1% of the total phase change experienced by each beam separately. This measure of the differential phase is made at multiple spatial points and can be inverted directly to provide the local density distribution.