bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly in the United Kingdom, 2010
Authors: Cleary P , Browning L , Coia J , Cowden J , Fox A , Kearney J , Lane C , Mather H , Quigley C , Syed Q , Tubin-Delic D , on behalf of the outbreak control team Collective
Published: October 2017

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Initial surveillance of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in the European Union and European Economic Area, April – September 2009
Authors: Devaux I , Kreidl P , Penttinen P , Salminen M , Zucs P , Ammon A , on behalf of the ECDC influenza surveillance group Collective , and the national coordinators for influenza surveillance Collective
Published: October 2017

European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries reported surveillance data on 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) cases to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) during the early phase of the 2009 pandemic. We describe the main epidemiological findings and their implications in respect to the second wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Two reporting systems were in place (aggregate and case-based) from June to September 2009 to monitor the evolution of the pandemic. The notification rate was assessed through aggregate reports. Individual data were analysed retrospectively to describe the population affected. The reporting peak of the first wave of the 2009 pandemic influenza was reached in the first week of August. Transmission was travel-related in the early stage and community transmission within EU/EEA countries was reported from June 2009. Seventy eight per cent of affected individuals were less than 30 years old. The proportions of cases with complications and underlying conditions were 3% and 7%, respectively. The most frequent underlying medical conditions were chronic lung (37%) and cardio-vascular diseases (15%). Complication and hospitalisation were both associated with underlying conditions regardless of age. The information from the first wave of the pandemic produced a basis to determine risk groups and vaccination strategies before the start of the winter wave. Public health recommendations should be guided by early capture of profiles of affected populations through monitoring of infectious diseases.
Surveillance of influenza in Iceland during the 2009 pandemic
Authors: Sigmundsdottir G , Gudnason T , Ólafsson Ö , Baldvinsdóttir G E , Atladottir A , Löve A , Danon L , Briem H
Published: October 2017

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Increasing West Nile virus antibody titres in central European plasma donors from 2006 to 2010
Authors: Rabel P O , Planitzer C B , Farcet M R , Orlinger K K , Ilk R , Barrett P N , Kreil T R
Published: October 2017

We analysed by neutralisation assay 55 intravenous immunoglobulin preparations produced from human plasma collected in three central European countries, specifically Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic, from 2006 to 2010. The preparations from 2009 and 2010 contained increasing titres of neutralising antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) in the absence of reported human WNV cases in these countries.
Emergence of four cases of KPC-2 and KPC-3-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae introduced to Switzerland, 2009–10
Authors: Babouee B , Widmer A F , Dubuis O , Ciardo D , Droz S , Betsch B Y , Garzoni C , Führer U , Battegay M , Frei R , Goldenberger D
Published: October 2017

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Measles in Geneva between 2003 and 2010: persistence of measles outbreaks despite high immunisation coverage
Authors: Delaporte E , Jeannot E , Sudre P , Wyler Lazarevic C A , Richard J L , Chastonay P
Published: October 2017

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Cluster of travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease in Lazise, Italy, July to August 2011
Authors: Rota M C , Scaturro M , Fontana S , Foroni M , Boschetto G , Trentin L , Blengio G , Bandettini G , Buratto T , Caporali M G , Napoli C , Ricci M L
Published: October 2017

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Recruiting individuals into the HTLV cohort study in the United Kingdom: clinical findings and challenges in the first six years, 2003 to 2009
Authors: Brant L J , Cawley C , Davison K L , Taylor G  P , the HTLV National Register Steering Group collective
Published: October 2017

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection is rare in the United Kingdom (UK) and few studies are available worldwide. Following introduction of blood donation testing in 2002, a cohort of individuals could be identified and prospectively recruited to describe progression and onset of disease. Here we describe baseline characteristics of participants, and evaluate recruitment into the UK HTLV National Register over the first six years, from July 2003 to June 2009. A multicentre cohort study recruited participants from the UK blood services (recipients and donors) and specialist HTLV clinics. Almost half of the 148 participants recruited were blood donors, nine were blood transfusion recipients, 40 contacts and 29 clinic attendees (nine asymptomatic and 20 symptomatic). Most participants were HTLV-1 positive (n=115); 11 had HTLV-2 and 22 were HTLV-negative. Baseline self-completion questionnaires were received for 83%. The most commonly reported condition was a past operation/serious illness (69%). Twenty-six participants reported four or more possible signs/symptoms of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Recruitment into a study of a rare, long-term infection is challenging. This cohort will enable descriptions of HTLV-associated disease progression amongst people recruited from varying sources; it is the first prospective study of its kind in Europe.
Two outbreaks of botulism associated with consumption of green olive paste, France, September 2011
Authors: Pingeon J M , Vanbockstael C , Popoff M R , King L A , Deschamps B , Pradel G , Dupont H , Spanjaard A , Houdard A , Mazuet C , Belaizi B , Bourgeois S , Lemgueres S , Debbat K , Courant P , Quirin R , Malfait P
Published: October 2017

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Increased incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Norway 2011
Authors: Blystad H , Ånestad G , Vestrheim D F , Madsen S , Rønning K
Published: October 2017

Epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae have recently been reported from England and Wales and from Denmark. A similar increase in M. pneumoniae infections was noted in Norway late autumn 2011.The epidemic has resulted in shortage of erythromycin and the use of alternative antibiotics has been recommended.
Influenza-related deaths - available methods for estimating numbers and detecting patterns for seasonal and pandemic influenza in Europe
Authors: Nicoll A , Ciancio B  C , Lopez Chavarrias V , Mølbak K , Pebody R , Pedzinski B , Penttinen P , van der Sande M , Snacken R , Van Kerkhove M D
Published: October 2017

Two methodologies are used for describing and estimating influenza-related mortality: Individual-based methods, which use death certification and laboratory diagnosis and predominately determine patterns and risk factors for mortality, and population-based methods, which use statistical and modelling techniques to estimate numbers of premature deaths. The total numbers of deaths generated from the two methods cannot be compared. The former are prone to underestimation, especially when identifying influenza-related deaths in older people. The latter are cruder and have to allow for confounding factors, notably other seasonal infections and climate effects. There is no routine system estimating overall European influenza-related premature mortality, apart from a pilot system EuroMOMO. It is not possible at present to estimate the overall influenza mortality due to the 2009 influenza pandemic in Europe, and the totals based on individual deaths are a minimum estimate. However, the pattern of mortality differed considerably between the 2009 pandemic in Europe and the interpandemic period 1970 to 2008, with pandemic deaths in 2009 occurring in younger and healthier persons. Common methods should be agreed to estimate influenza-related mortality at national level in Europe, and individual surveillance should be instituted for influenza-related deaths in key groups such as pregnant women and children.
Possible contamination of organ preservation fluid with Bacillus cereus: the United Kingdom response
Authors: Brown C S , Chand M A , Hoffman P , Woodford N , Livermore D M , Brailsford S , Gharbia S , Small N , Billingham E , Zambon M , Grant K , on behalf of the United Kingdom incident response team
Published: October 2017

We describe here the United Kingdom (UK) response following the recent international recall of an organ preservation fluid owing to potential Bacillus cereus contamination. This fluid is used for the transport of solid organs and pancreatic islet cells for transplant. We detail the response mechanisms, including the initial risk stratification, investigatory approaches, isolate analysis and communications to professional bodies. This report further lays out the potential need for enhanced surveillance in UK transplant patients.
Travellers returning with measles from Thailand to Finland, April 2012: infection control measures
Authors: Kantele A , Valtonen K , Davidkin I , Martelius T , Võželevskaja N , Skogberg K , Liesmaa I , Lyytikäinen O
Published: October 2017

Countries with no autochthonous measles run the risk of the virus being imported by travellers and transmitted to unprotected citizens. In April 2012, two travellers from Finland and one from Estonia were diagnosed with measles after returning from Phuket, Thailand. They were contagious on their return flights and subsequently exposed several individuals, prompting extensive infection control measures. Two secondary cases were detected: one child who had received one vaccine dose and another who was fully vaccinated.
Réunion, a sentinel territory for influenza surveillance in Europe
Authors: Filleul L , Brottet E , Gauzere B A , Winer A , Vandroux D , Michault A , Jaffar-Bandjee M C , Larrieu S
Published: October 2017

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A new surveillance system for undiagnosed serious infectious illness for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Heinsbroek E , Said B , Kirkbride H , On behalf of the HPA USII Steering Group Collective
Published: October 2017

A new surveillance system was developed to detect possible new or emerging infections presenting as undiagnosed serious infectious illness (USII) for use during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Designated clinicians in sentinel adult and paediatric intensive care units (ICU/PICUs) reported USII using an online reporting tool or provided a weekly nil notification. Reported cases were investigated for epidemiological links. A pilot study was undertaken for six months between January and July 2011 to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the system. In this six-month period, 5 adults and 13 children were reported by six participating units (3 ICUs, 3 PICUs). Of these 18 patients, 12 were reported within four days after admission to an ICU/PICU. Nine patients were subsequently diagnosed and were thus excluded from the surveillance. Therefore, only nine cases of USII were reported. No clustering was identified. On the basis of the pilot study, we conclude that the system is able to detect cases of USII and is feasible and acceptable to users. USII surveillance has been extended to a total of 19 sentinel units in London and the south-east of England during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Haemophilus influenzae serotype B (Hib) seroprevalence in England and Wales in 2009
Authors: Ladhani S N , Ramsay M E , Flood J S , Campbell H , Slack M P , Pebody R , Findlow J , Newton E , Wilding M , Warrington R , Crawford H , Min S Y , Gray K , Martin S , Frankland S , Bokuvha N , Laher G , Borrow R
Published: October 2017

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Use of a geographic information system to map cases of measles in real-time during an outbreak in Dublin, Ireland, 2011
Authors: Fitzpatrick G , Ward M , Ennis O , Johnson H , Cotter S , Carr M J , O’Riordan B , Waters A , Hassan J , Connell J , Hall W , Clarke A , Murphy H , Fitzgerald M
Published: October 2017

In 2011, there was a large measles outbreak in Dublin. Nationally 285 cases were notified to the end of December 2011, and 250 (88%) were located in the Dublin region. After the first case was notified in week 6, numbers gradually increased, with 25 notified in June and a peak of 53 cases in August. Following public health intervention including a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination campaign, no cases were reported in the Dublin region in December 2011. Most cases (82%) were children aged between 6 months and 14 years, and 46 cases (18%) were under 12 months-old. This is the first outbreak in Dublin to utilise a geographic information system for plotting measles cases on a digital map in real time. This approach, in combination with the analysis of case notifications, assisted the department of public health in demonstrating the extent of the outbreak. The digital mapping documented the evolution of two distinct clusters of 87 (35%) cases. These measles cases were infected with genotype D4-Manchester recently associated with large outbreaks across Europe. The two clusters occurred in socio-economically disadvantaged areas and were attributable to inadequate measles vaccination coverage due in part to the interruption of a school-based MMR2 vaccination programme.
Effectiveness of seasonal 2012/13 vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed
influenza infection in primary care in the United Kingdom: mid-season analysis 2012/13
Authors: McMenamin J , Andrews N , Robertson C , Fleming D M , Durnall H , von Wissmann B , Ellis J , Lackenby A , Cottrell S , Smyth B , Zambon M , Moore C , Watson J  M , Pebody R  G
Published: October 2017

The early experience of the United Kingdom (UK) is that influenza B has dominated the influenza 2012/13 season. Overall trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care was 51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27% to 68%); TIV adjusted VE against influenza A alone or influenza B alone was 49% (95% CI: -2% to 75%) and 52% (95% CI: 23% to 70%) respectively. Vaccination remains the best protection against influenza.
Detection of a high-endemic focus of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in southern Denmark, January 2013
Authors: Enemark H  L , Al-Sabi M N , Knapp J , Staahl M , Chríel M
Published: October 2017

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Cholera in the Mediterranean: outbreak in Albania
Authors: Greco D , Luizzi I , Sallabanda A , Dibra A , Kacarricy E , Shapo L
Published: October 2017

In the 1990s, an epidemic of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 El Tor has spread from northern Pakistan to the Mediterranean. In 1993 sporadic cases of cholera, and epidemic foci, were recorded in many countries of the southern part of Eastern Europe.
An outbreak of shigellosis in a child care institution in Queluz, Portugal - 1995
Authors: Suspiro A , Menezes L
Published: October 2017

The introduction of shigella into a child care centre carries a high risk of secondary spread from person to person within the centre. We report an outbreak of shigellosis in early 1995 that affected 99 children, 17 of their relations, and seven workers i
Response to a suspected case of diphtheria in Dordrecht, the Netherlands
Authors: van Steenbergen J. E. , Leentvaar-Kuijpers A , van den Kerkhof J H C T
Published: October 2017

About 50 of the refugees in Dordrecht are from the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former USSR, where diphtheria is rife. Cases have arisen in western Europe through contact with cases from the NIS. No NIS-related cases of diphtheria have been seen
Mumps epidemic in Portugal despite high vaccine coverage - preliminary report
Authors: Dias J A , Cordeiro M , Afzal M A , Freitas M G , Morgado M. R. , Silva J. L. , Nunes L. M. , Lima M. G. , Avilez F
Published: October 2017

A measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) trivalent vaccine was added to Portugal's National Immunisation Programme (NIP) in 1987. All vaccines are given at health centres, free of charge, but an epidemic of mumps began in 1995, firstly in northern Portugal and
Eurosurveillance on the web
Authors: Editorial Committee Collective
Published: October 2017

Eurosurveillance is available electronically for readers with access to the internet on the world wide web at the home page of the European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS. At the site a menu describes the bulletin and lists the particip
The European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training
Authors: Moren A , Rowland Mike , van Loock F , Giesecke J
Published: October 2017

The European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) provides practical experience in infectious disease epidemiology. EPIET aims to create a network of professionals throughout Europe trained to use a standard approach in intervention ep
Bacterial meningitis in Europe for 1994
Authors: Editorial Committee Collective
Published: October 2017

Thirty-five European countries contributed surveillance data to the fourth annual report of the King's European Meningococcal Surveillance Unit in London, which gathers and shares information about the epidemiology of meningococcal disease to inform publi
Outbreak of measles among adolescents, Belgium, 1996
Authors: De Schrijver K
Published: October 2017

Measles was very common in Belgium before 1985, affecting 95% of children before they reached the age of 15 years. In 1984 the incidence of measles, calculated using data from a general practitioner surveillance system, was 823/100 000 inhabitants (2). Wi
Immunisation coverage in the European Union
Authors: Guérin N , Roure C
Published: October 2017

The 15 countries of the European Union have ratified the fifth objective of Health for all in the year 2000 programme of WHO Europe, which states: “By the year 2000, there should be no indigenous cases of poliomyelitis, diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, measl
Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium in Western Europe for 1993-1995: a surveillance report from Salm-Net
Authors: Fisher I. S.T. ,   on behalf of the Salm-Net partcipants
Published: October 2017

Surveillance has been defined as “the ongoing systematic collection, collation and analysis of data and the prompt dissemination of the resulting information to those who need to know so that an action can result”. This is achieved in two ways. Firstly, i
Rotavirus in Ireland
Authors: Cryan B , Lynch M , Whyte D
Published: October 2017

Acute diarrhoeal disease is the commonest single cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infectious diarrhoea has been estimated to cause at least 5 million deaths each year in the developing world. Very young children are particularly susceptible to
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals in Europe
Authors: Editorial Committee Collective
Published: October 2017

Concern about possible transfer of bacterial resistance to antibiotics from animals to humans is growing at an international level. This is illustrated by the ban of avoparcin use as a growth promoter in livestock which will take effect in the European Un
Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella
Authors: Brisabois A , Cazin I , Breuil J , Collatz E
Published: October 2017

The World Health Organisation has recently pointed out an alarming increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella, which are due to the use of antibiotics in intensive breeding. In France, until recent years, no or few cases of a
A persisting outbreak of hepatitis A in Puglia, Italy, 1996: epidemiological follow-up
Authors: Lopalco P L , Malfait P , Salmaso S , Germinario C A , Quarto M , Barbuti S , Cipriani R , Mundo A , Pesole G
Published: October 2017

In early 1996, an increase in the notifications of hepatitis A cases was identified in the region of Puglia, in the south east of Italy. An outbreak investigation conducted in May 1996 showed a strong association between illness and consumption of raw sea
Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in Austrian hospitals, 1995
Authors: Koller W
Published: October 2017

In 1996, 327 acute care hospitals and other health care institutions in Austria were asked by the Federal Ministry of Health and Consumer Protection to report the number of inpatient episodes in 1995 in which Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was cultured. The m
Human monkeypox in Kasaï Oriental, Zaire (1996-1997)
Authors: Mwanbal P. T. , Tshioko K F , Moudi A , Mukinda V , Mwema G. N. , Messinger D , Okito L , Barakymfyte D , Malfait P , Pebody R , Szczeniowski M , Esteves K , Heymann D , Hutin Y , Williams R J , Khan A. S. , Esposito J J
Published: October 2017

Monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus with enzootic circulation in the rainforests of central and western Africa; the virus can be transmitted to humans and cause a syndrome clinically similar to smallpox (e.g., pustular rash, fever, respiratory symptoms, and in
Progress in Europe towards the goal of poliomyelitis eradication
Authors: Wassilak S , Oblapenko G , Dittmann S
Published: October 2017

In 1988, the World Health Assembly set a target of global eradication of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus by the year 2000. The strategies of the campaign are: reach and maintain high levels of routine vaccination coverage throughout the population; p
AIDS trends in Europe: decrease in the west, increase in the east
Authors: Hamers F , Downs A M , Alix J , Brunet J B
Published: October 2017

In 1996, 24 920 AIDS cases were reported in the WHO European Region, bringing the cumulative total to 185 808 cases including 6969 (4%) paediatric cases (<13 years). For the first time since the start of the epidemic, the annual number of cases reported d
Travel associated legionellosis among European tourists in Spain
Authors: Galmés Truyols A , Martinez Navarro J. F.
Published: October 2017

Depuis la deuxième moitié des années 1980, la légionellose associée au voyage est devenue préoccupante pour les pays européens en raison de la morbidité dans la population européenne ; de plus, l'apparition de cas chez les touristes constitue une menace p
Outbreak of measles in adults in the north west of Greece
Authors: Mantzios G , Mastora M , Liapis E , Giannakakis I , Akritidis N K
Published: October 2017

The overall incidence of measles fell markedly in Greece after measles vaccination was introduced (although precise data are not available), but sporadic outbreaks continue to occur. A live monovalent measles vaccine was introduced in Greece in 1965 and r
Why do adults contract diphtheria?
Authors: Tomaszunas-Blaszczyk J , Galazka A
Published: October 2017

When diphtheria was a common disease, it most commonly affected children. Typically, at least 40% of diphtheria cases were children under 5 years of age, and some 70% of cases were children under 15 years of age. This classical pattern of diphtheria cases
Meningococcal infection in Scotland, 1995 to 1997
Authors: O’Brien S. J. , Smart L. E.
Published: October 2017

The incidence of meningococcal infection in Scotland was 4.1 cases per 100 000 population in 1996 compared with 3.8/100 000 in 1995 (210 cases reported in 1996 compared with 193 in 1995). There were 14 deaths, representing a crude case fatality rate of 6.
Surveillance of meningococcal disease in France, 1990-1997
Authors: Hubert B , Goulet V , Riou J. Y.
Published: October 2017

The surveillance of meningococcal disease in France is based on four complementary sources of data. 1. Meningococcal disease has been a notifiable disease since 1902. A case definition for surveillance was introduced in 1985, based on the isolation of Ne
Measles in Germany
Authors: Gericke E , Rasch Gernot , Tischer A , Santibanez S
Published: October 2017

Experts met in Copenhagen on 19 and 20 November 1996 to discuss the elimination of measles in Europe. European countries were assigned to four different categories on the basis of a recent survey conducted by the World Health Organization's Regional Offic
Minimising the risk of salmonellosis from eggs
Authors: Editorial Committee Collective
Published: October 2017

Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis associated with raw eggs continue to be common, despite the risk of using raw eggs being well known. In many cases S. enteritidis isaself-limitingillnessbut- particularlyinvery young and very old people - it can be seve
European surveillance of travel associated legionnaires' disease 1996
Authors: Lane C. R. , Joseph C , Bartlett C L R ,   on behalf of the Working Group for Legionella Infections
Published: October 2017

The European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease was established in 1987 to identify clusters and outbreaks of cases of the disease. Twenty-nine collaborating centres in 25 countries contribute case reports in a standard format
An outbreak of mumps in the Province of León Spain 1995-1996
Authors: Visser L. E. , González Perez K. C. , Ramos Tejera J , Berjón Barrientos A C , Vergara Guerrero Y , Martinez Navarro J. F.
Published: October 2017

In Spain mumps vaccine is given at the age of 15 months together with measles and rubella vaccines since 1982. Increased numbers of cases and outbreaks of mumps appeared in several autonomous communities in 1995. An outbreak of mumps in the province of -
Surveillance of systemic invasive disease caused by group A Streptococcus in Italy 1994-1996
Authors: Suligoi B , Von Hunolstein C , Orefici G , Scopetti F , Pataracchia M , Greco D
Published: October 2017

In late May 1994, following reports of an outbreak of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GAS) in the United Kingdom, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) set up a surveillance system for systemic invasive GAS disease. The surveillance system was als
Monitoring the introduction of universal influenza vaccination for the elderly people in the Netherlands
Authors: van Essen G. A.
Published: October 2017

For many years, influenza vaccination in the Netherlands has been administered by general practitioners (GPs), with whom every person is registered. Nine out of ten practices use one of six approved general practice information systems (GPIS). The exponen
Malaria surveillance in Italy : 1986-1996 analysis and 1997 provisional data
Authors: Sabatinelli G , Majori G
Published: October 2017

A surveillance system for malaria was established in Italy to prevent a possible return of disease transmission after the eradication. Reporting malaria and 43 other infectious diseases is mandatory. Local laboratories diagnose clinical cases of malaria m
Trichinellosis associated with the consumption of horse meat: European regulations and risk management
Authors: Maillot E
Published: October 2017

Outbreaks of trichinellosis in Italy and France at the end of 1975 implicated the horse, an animal not considered previously to be at risk of this disease. European regulations at that time concerned only the control of pork. The obligation to search for
ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part one: diphtheria
Authors: Lévy-Bruhl D , Pebody R G , Veldhuijzen I , Valenciano M , Osborne K ,   members who provided data, on behalf of the ESEN project
Published: October 2017

The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) is to coordinate and harmonise the serological surveillance of immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in eight countries in Europe (Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Finla
Descriptive epidemiology of exanthems in the Rotterdam region January 1997 to June 1998
Authors: Ronveaux O , Bosman A , Reintjes R , Conyn-Van Spaendonck M A E
Published: October 2017

The European Advisory Group on Immunisation has recommended that measles should be eliminated from Europe by the year 2007 , a target accepted by National Immunisation Programme Managers for the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region countries. I
Botulism in the European Union
Authors: Therre H ,   Doctors who provided data
Published: October 2017

Botulinum toxin was first described as a potent neurotoxin in the late eighteenth century. Currently three main distinct clinical and epidemiological botulism syndromes are described - foodborne botulism, which results from the ingestion of food contamina
New outbreak of trichinellosis in the Midi-Pyrénées region of France, September-October 1998
Authors: Hemery C , Haeghebaert S
Published: October 2017

Le 6 octobre 1998 onze cas de trichinellose survenus, en France, dans les départements de la Haute Garonne et du Tarn ont été déclarés aux autorités sanitaires de la région Midi-Pyrénées. Les toutes premières informations fournies par les médecins suggéra
Widening horizons, opening doors
Authors: Handysides S
Published: October 2017

This issue of Eurosurveillance includes a paper whose publication in the bulletin requires some explanation. Asthma is not an infectious disease as such, but acute viral infections are known to precipitate asthma attacks and people with asthma are more li
A summary of occupationally acquired HIV infections described in published reports to December 1997
Authors: Evans B G , Abiteboul D
Published: October 2017

Since the first case of documented seroconversion after a specific occupational exposure to HIV was reported in 1984, national or regional systems for the surveillance of occupationally acquired HIV infection have been developed in many industrialised cou
Accident compensation and occupationally acquired HIV infections in German health care workers
Authors: Jarke J
Published: October 2017

Two hundred and eighty-six occupational transmissions of HIV had been reported worldwide by the end of 1997. A third of these cases (95), usually associated with seroconversion after a specific occupational exposure, were classified as definite occupation
Salmonella enteritidis in Western Europe 1995-98 – a surveillance report from Enter-net
Authors: Fisher I. S.T. ,   on behalf of the Enter-net participants
Published: October 2017

A decline in the incidence of Salmonella enteritidis infections in western Europe was identified by the Salm-Net (forerunner of Enter-net) salmonella database between 1993 and 1995, when the numbers of S. enteritidis isolates fell from 37 647 to 31 482. T
Outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis among attendees of a restaurant opening in Grece, June 1998
Authors: Hadjichristodoulou C , Nikolakopoulou E , Karabinis K , Karakou E , Markogiannakis A , Panoulis C , Lampiri M , Tassios P
Published: October 2017

Until recently the system for reporting infectious diseases in Greece was inadequate, but a new laboratory reporting system was introduced in 1998, in which collaborating laboratories throughout Greece report each week by e-mail or fax using standard form
Malaria surveillance in Italy: 1997 analysis and 1998 provisional data
Authors: Romi R , Boccolini D , Majori G
Published: October 2017

Malaria is the commonest imported infectious disease in Italy. Malaria was endemic throughout much of the country until it was eradicated nearly 50 years ago. Since then, a malaria surveillance system has been set up to detect locally acquired cases that
Two outbreaks of trichinellosis in the state of Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany, 1998
Authors: Rehmet S , Sinn G , Robstad O , David H , Lesser D , Nöckler K , Scherholz G , Erkrath k D , Pechmann D , Petersen L , Kundt R , Oltmans G , Lange R , Laumen J , Nogay U , Dixius M , Eichenberg J , Dinse F , Stegemann D , Lotz W , Franke D , Hagelschur P , Ammon A ,   M Steigert
Published: October 2017

Illness or death from trichinellosis is statutorily notifiable in Germany. Between nought and ten cases were reported each year from 1987 to 1997. From November 1998 to January 1999, however, 52 cases of trichinellosis were identified by the public health
Surveillance of communicable diseases among the Kosovar refugees in Albania, April-June 1999
Authors: Valenciano M , Pinto A , Coulombier D , Hashorva E , Murthi M
Published: October 2017

Albania, a country with 3.5 million inhabitants, is facing an economic and social crisis. The average per capita income is less than US$1000 per year. Since 1995 unemployment has increased by 2.7%. Poverty and migration are major constraints of the societ
Sporadic infection caused by enterohemorrhagic d’Escherichia coli O157
Authors: Allerberger F , Beutin L , Cheasty T , Gonedera G , Karch H
Published: October 2017

In 1997 the Austrian Federal Ministry of Health established a reference laboratory for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli at the federal public health laboratory in Innsbruck. The reference laboratory investigates sources of infection causing food poison
Surveillance is action!
Authors: Desenclos J  C
Published: October 2017

Surveillance must lead to action: such is its philosophy and its public health justification. This statement is perfectly illustrated by the surveillance of legionellosis. The disease is transmitted by contaminated aerosols from a waterborne germ reservoi
The first 48 hours of investigation and intervention of an outbreak of legionellosis in the Netherlands
Authors: van Steenbergen J. E. , Slijkerman F. A.N. , Speelman P
Published: October 2017

The Westfriese Flora is a one week flower show held every year in Bovenkarspel, in the north west of the Netherlands, with agricultural and consumer demonstrations on the same grounds. This year’s show, held from 19 to 28 February, attracted 80 000 visito
Travel associated legionnaires’disease in Europe: 1997 and 1998
Authors: Slaymaker E , Joseph C , Bartlett C  L R
Published: October 2017

The European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires’ Disease was set up by the European Working Group on Legionella Infections (EWGLI) in 1987 to identify cases of legionella infection in returning travellers and to detect outbreaks and cl
Pertussis eradication: a challenge for public health
Authors: Salmaso S
Published: October 2017

Pertussis and pertussis vaccination, particularly the almost simultaneous conduct of different clinical trials in various parts of Europe, has generated much debate in the past ten years. Nonetheless many important public health aspects still need to be c
Pertussis surveillance in Switzerland, 1992 to 1997 – a large epidemic in 1994. What next?
Authors: Matter H. C. ,   Sentinella Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Published: October 2017

Cases of whooping cough have been recorded by the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network ‘Sentinella’ (SSSN) since June 1991 to monitor pertussis trends in Switzerland and to assess the current vaccination strategy. The Sentinella network consists of a sampl
The incidence of pertussis in the Netherlands has remained high since an outbreak occurred in 1996
Authors: Neppelenbroek S E , de Melker H , Schellekens J. F.P , Conyn-Van Spaendonck M A E
Published: October 2017

The incidence of pertussis throughout the Netherlands, determined by notifications, rose suddenly in 1996 to reach 27.2 cases per 100 000 population, compared with 2.3/100 000 on average from 1989 to 1995. Earlier increases in 1989-1990 and 1994 reflected
Dutch measures to control MRSA and the expanding European Union
Authors: Wagenvoort J H T
Published: October 2017

The Dutch national policy for the prevention of spread of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has shown that it is possible to suppress and prevent MRSA from becoming endemic in hospitals. Implementation of effective measures against MRSA w
Mumps outbreak confined to a religious community
Authors: van den Bosch C A , Cohen B J , Walters T , Jin L
Published: October 2017

One hundred and forty-four cases of mumps were notified in a religious community in London between July 1998 and April 1999 and the infection was confirmed in 82% of those who underwent saliva testing (51/62). Half of the clinical and half of the confirme
The maturation of Eurosurveillance
Authors: Editorial Committee
Published: October 2017

The recent union of the monthly bulletin Eurosurveillance and its all-electronic sister Eurosurveillance Weekly into a unique project marked the start of a new stage in their development. Eurosurveillance began publication in 1996 and Eurosurveillance Wee
Surveillance of influenza in Europe from October 1999 to February 2000
Authors:   J C Manuguerra,   A Mosnier,   on behalf of EISS (European Influenza Surveillance Scheme)
Published: October 2017

Surveillance of influenza through EISS (European Influenza Surveillance Scheme) during the 1999 to 2000 winter shows that influenza affected most of the 11 participating countries and was particularly active in December 1999 and January 2000. Influenza A(
Airport malaria : a rare disease still poorly understood
Authors: Mouchet J
Published: October 2017

The article by Daniel Lusina and colleagues in this issue of Eurosurveillance is a timely reminder of the dangers of airport malaria. Since 1977, when the disease was first documented, 75 cases of airport malaria have been observed in western Europe, 28 o
Developments in variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
Authors: Gill O N
Published: October 2017

The announcement on 17 July 2000 that the rate of increase in the incidence of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in the United Kingdom (UK) had reached statistical significance makes the current issue of Eurosurveillance particularly timely. A clus
An outbreak of legionnaire’s disease among visitors to a fair in Belgium, 1999
Authors: De Schrijver K , van Bouwel E , Mortelmans L , van Rossom P , De Beukelaer T , Vael C , Dirven K , Goossens H , Leven M , Ronveaux O
Published: October 2017

Ninety-three cases of legionnaires’ disease (43 confirmed, 12 presumptive, and 38 possible/ clinical) were identified in an outbreak associated with a trade fair in Kapellen, Belgium in November 1999. Five cases died. Epidemiological investigation showed
Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Denmark
Authors: Monnet D. L. , Eemborg H. D. , Andersen S. R , Schöller C , Sørensen T. L. , Bager F
Published: October 2017

Recent data of the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) show that, in Denmark, resistance levels among Salmonella enterica are modest and that resistance in Escherichia coli isolates causing disease in anim
EARSS activities and results: update
Authors: Buchholz U , Bronzwaer S L A M , Schrijnemakers P , Monen J , Kool J. L. ,   the EARSS participants
Published: October 2017

(With EARSS participants)
The latest EARSS results (1990-2000) suggest that the rates of methicillin resistant S. aureus and Penicillin Non Susceptible S. pneumoniae are higher in southern European countries than in the North. Young children, followed by elderly people are the most at risk for an infection by PNSP. The risk to be infected by methicillin resistant S. aureus increases with age, patients hospitalised in intensive care units being more exposed to that risk.
International surveillance networks and principles of collaboration
Authors: Fisher I. S.T. , Gill O N ,   the Enter-net participants
Published: October 2017

(on behalf of the Enter-net participants)

In the face of the multiplication and the development of international surveillance networks for communicable diseases, many questions on the transmission of personal data and information arise. The confidential nature of shared data and their disclosure internationally within and outside the network are therefore potential sources for conflicts. To resolve these problems, Enter-net developed its 'Collaboration Principles' intended to apply to all the participants of the network and to all others potentially involved. These principles propose solutions to questions related to the access to databases created within the framework of the network, to the quality and confidentiality of circulating data, to the individual responsibility in the identification of an incriminated product in case of an outbreak, and even to the transmission of information outside the network. These principles, which are to be regularly reviewed, are primarily aimed at optimising early detection and management of foodborne outbreaks, and at taking the necessary measures for public health. Considering the nature of the problems, however, some of these principles are also of relevance to other surveillance networks.

(on behalf of the Enter-net participants)
Malaria and tourism: retrospective analysis of German malaria cases imported from the Dominican Republic
Authors: Richter J , Sagir A , Schöneberg A. , Alpers K , Häussinger D
Published: October 2017

We report on malaria acquired by German tourists to formerly non-endemic tourist resorts in the Dominican Republic between July 1999 and March 2000. Falciparum malaria is endemic in the western provinces and the hinterland of the Dominican Republic. By contrast, the risk of contracting malaria has always been considered so low in the main tourist resorts in the eastern part of the country that antimalarial chemoprophylaxis was not recommended.
The laboratory surveillance system of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in Denmark
Authors: Hoffmann S
Published: October 2017

This article presents results of surveillance of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection in Denmark. In 1999 and 2000, there were 291 and 309 male cases of laboratory-confirmed gonorrhoeae, whereas the number of female cases was 43 for both years. The penicillin resistance was steady, with a prevalence of 40% in 1999, whereas the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance increased from 0% in 1990 to 27% in 1999.
The number of laboratory-confirmed C. trachomatis infections remains around 13 000 cases per year. Men aged 20-29 years and women aged 15-24 are the most at risk.
Vaccine preventable diseases: a regional surveillance can help improve data comparability between countries
Authors: Desenclos J C
Published: October 2017

The way that surveillance of a given disease is undertaken in Euro-pean countries varies greatly. Each study that has been undertaken on this subject so far has come to this conclusion, the variation between countries being related to many factors among which the organisation of the health care delivery plays a major role.
Malaria incidence and mortality in Italy in 1999-2000
Authors: Romi R , Boccolini D , Majori G
Published: October 2017

In 1999-2000, a total of 2060 malaria cases were reported by the ISS. Most of the patients took inappropriate treatments or did not have any prophylaxis. Ninety-three per cent became infected in African malarious countries, 4% in Asian countries, and 3% in Latin America. P. falciparum accounted for 84% of the cases, followed by P. vivax (8%), P. ovale (5%), and P. malariae (2%). Deaths corresponded to an annual case fatality rate of 0.3% in 1999 and 0.5% in 2000. In general, imported malaria cases reflect the number of Italian travellers who underestimate the infection risk in Asian and Latin American malarious countries and permanent residents of African origin who visit their relatives in their native countries.
Bioterrorism: Crime and opportunity
Authors: Byrne D
Published: October 2017

The unprecedented and tragic terrorist attacks in the United States (US) have sent shock waves through national administrations that have grown accustomed to fighting expenditure wars in the health area and had relegated public health vigilance and emergency preparedness to the back burner. It was obvious from the immediate reaction to the horrors and menaces of the autumn of 2001 that, insofar as health and safety is concerned, governments continued to measure success by the degree of quietness, remoteness and uneventful normality that is achieved by those entrusted with the responsibility to protect health. The paradox of health and safety is that you are winning when you hear nothing: any publicity is bound to be bad publicity.
Trend of multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in Norway
Authors: Alvseike O , Leegaard T , Aavitsland P , Lassen J
Published: October 2017

This article reports the trend of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans in Norway from 1998 to 2000. Most of the incidents with multiple resistant S. Typhimurium infection contracted in Norway have been DT104. We should therefore expect an increase of both primary and secondary infections if strains such as phage type DT104 with R-type ACSSuT become endemic.
Monitoring HIV prevalence and behaviour of men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Pérez K , Rodes A , Casabona Barbarà J
Published: October 2017

Recently, different studies among men who have sex with men (MSMs) have reported an increase in HIV incidence and sexually transmitted infections, and an increase in sexual risk behaviour. But the optimism regarding anti-retroviral treatments may lead to a greater relaxation in protective measures in the near future.
Management of Lassa Fever in European countries
Authors: Crowcroft N
Published: October 2017

The UK Public Health Laboratory Service hosted a meeting in London during November 2000 to discuss the management of Lassa fever following the four cases which had occurred in 1999/2000. Participants were invited because they had recent clinical or laboratory experience of managing cases of Lassa fever or had been involved in public health aspects of a case of this infection. The meeting was closed to enable free and frank discussion of confidential matters. This is a report of the general issues and recommendations which arose from the discussion.
Management of viral haemorrhagic fevers in Switzerland
Authors: Hugonnet S , Sax Hugo , Pittet D
Published: October 2017

Over the past years, there have been very few imported cases of VHF in Switzerland: one confirmed and four suspected cases of Ebola fever in Basel in 1994, two suspected cases of Ebola and Lassa fevers in Lausanne in 2000, and in the same year, six suspected cases of Lassa fever in Geneva. Given the considerable diversity in the management of patients with suspected or confirmed VHF, national guidelines are needed, as well as the establishment of a national reference centre.
Spread of an MRSA clone with heteroresistance to oxacillin in the Netherlands
Authors: Wannet W J B
Published: October 2017

Since 2001, an increase in the number of MRSA strains with heteroresistance to oxacillin has been observed in the Netherlands. These strains can spread unnoticed, as their phenotypic heterogenous resistance to beta-lactams affects the results of susceptibility testing. Therefore, further testing using PBP2a latex agglutination or PCR are recommended.
The WHO European Region declared free of polio
Authors: Vilayleck M.  S.
Published: October 2017

The WHO European Region* has been certified "free of poliomyelitis" at a meeting held in Copenhaguen, Denmark, on 21 June 2002. The information was released by the European Regional Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication.
A national training programme in field epidemiology launched in France
Authors: Helynck B
Published: October 2017

Training in intervention epidemiology and assessment of health risks is a vital element in the network of the InVS partners (state departments, agencies and institutions). Those involved in health surveillance need to have a common culture and consistent intervention patterns in order to optimise the performance of surveillance and response mechanisms. For this reason, the InVS and the École Nationale de la Santé Publique (ENSP, national school of public health) have been involved in establishing a national training programme for several years now.
Profile and evolution of the chemosusceptibility of falciparum malaria imported into France in 2000
Authors: Ralaimazava P , Durand R , Godineau N , Keundjian A , Jezic Z , Pradines B , Bouchaud O , Le Bras J
Published: October 2017

In 2000, the chemosusceptibility of imported malaria was stable in France. All countries of infection considered, the bi-resistance to chloroquine and cycloguanil has not changed from 1996 to 2000. The monotherapy using quinine or mefloquine remains the first-line treatment to falciparum malaria. Resistance to these two antimalarials is rare in Africa and has not evolved over the past 15 years.