bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dos presos de la nación: El Patriarca en El Otoño del Patriarca de Gabriel García Márquez El Primer Magistrado en el Recurso del Método de Alejo Carpentier
Authors: Geršak Urša
Published: March 2016

El presente trabajo trata el problema de la dictadura y del dictador en la literatura, pero también en su contexto social e histórico. Lo problematiza como fenómeno total, tratando primero acercarse con una explicación semántica, luego histórica y social, dar un repaso por la literatura del género, para luego concentrarse en dos obras sobre el dictador: El Otoño del Patriarca de García Márquez y el Recurso del Método de Carpentier. Ambas se editaron en los años setenta y contienen rasgos de las sociedades bajo regímenes dictatoriales. Intentamos aclarar el concepto de "América Latina", cómo está trabajado en ambas novelas, con especial atención a dos cuestiones sobresalientes: las intervenciones extranjeras y la represión, que junto al tema del "poder" son los temas centrales de las dos novelas.
Las técnicas narrativas de la novella Española de la posguerra, con la atención especial a la novella de los años
Authors: Kalenić Ramšak Branka
Published: March 2016

En los años sesenta de la posguerra española aparecen tres novelas que pueden ser con­ sideradas como nove/as de ruptura: Tiempo de silencio (1962) de Luis Martín-Santos, Señas de identidad (1966) de Juan Goytisolo y Cinco horas con Mario (1966) de Miguel Delibes. Las tres obras son ejemplo de un nuevo paradigma en la narrativa española de posguerra que la historia y la crítica literaria suelen  denominar realismo dialéctico. Este tipo de realismo introduce muchas novedades formales queriendo liberarse del realismo social o realismo objetivo, vigente en la literatura española de posguerra aproximadamente hasta los comienzos de los años sesenta. A pesar de muchas novedades formales, entre elias la más importante es la introducción de nuevas técnicas narrativas, las tres novelas guardan, sin embargo, muchas conexiones con Ia corriente precedente. Los autores mencionados intro­ ducen las novedades literarias sobre todo por dar una respuesta artísticamente adecuada a las condiciones agobiantes de la época franquista.
El Don Juan Tenorio de Zorrila: entre el carnival y la cuaresma*
Authors: Alcolea Ana
Published: March 2016

Mucha tinta ha cobrado forma de escritura en torno a la figura de Don Juan. Y esto, no sólo en estudios bibliográficos y aparato critico, sino y sobre todo, en la casi infinidad de versiones liricas, novelísticas, y dramáticas que a lo largo de los cuatro últimos siglos han tenido como protagonista al "notorio" sevillano o a cualquiera de sus hijos literarios. La obra del vallisoletano José Zorrilla ha sido, sin duda, la que en España se ha convertido en la referencia más tradicional del asunto donjuanesco. En estas páginas vamos a intentar acercarnos a ella a tráves de sus lazos con los mundos del carnaval y Ia cuaresma que, a mi modo de ver, generan y articulan las dos partes que estructuran externa e internamente el drama. Para ello, primero pasearemos brevemente por los orígenes miticos del donjuanismo, que nos llevarán a entornos escatológicos que fusionan mitos y leyendas de diversos linajes: bíblico, griego, hindú, germánico...
Algunas notas sobre las dos convenciones dedicadas a las relaciones entre Italia y España: 1) Actos del Congreso "Relazioni di viaggi fra Italia e Spagna", Macerata, Università degli Studi, 15-17 diciembre, 1992; Suplemento a "Quaderni di Filologia e Ling
Authors: Tekavčić Pavao
Published: March 2016

El importante periódico maceratense publica en dos números-suplemento los Actos de los dos Congresos ya citados arriba, organizados en el Ateneo maceratense y ambos sobre el tema de las relaciones establecidas entre los dos grandes países neolatinos. En primer Iugar diremos que en los números regulares del mismo periódico predominan temas italianos e hispanistas mientras los otros idiomas (francés, occitano, catalán, portugués) se encuentran en una clara minoría, o completamente ausentes (como el caso del rumano). En cuanto a los temas tratados, destacan los literarios, filológicos y los relacionados con el arte, siendo los lingüísticos bastante raros. A continuación presentaremos brevemente los dos suplementos, esperando que susciten el interés de los lectores de "Verba Hispanica". Hemos intentado concentrarnos sobre las contribuciones lingüísticas y/o filológicas, citando de los otros tan sólo los autores y los titulos (con algún breve comentario cuando hemos estimado conveniente).
André Thibault, Perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en español preclásico. Estudio de los perfectos de indicativo en "La Celestina", el "Teatro" de Encina y el "Dialogo de Ia lengua". Beihefte zur ZRPh, Band 301, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2000; págs.
Authors: Skubic Mitja
Published: March 2016

La suerte del perfectum latino en lenguas románicas no deja de atraer a los investigadores de los problemas sintácticos. Suenan como profecía las palabras con las cuales el Autor concluyó su trabajo diciendo que en este campo queda todavía mucho por hacer; la profecía parece válida no solo para el español, sino para todo el mundo romance. Prof. André Thibault ha restringido su investigación sobre el pretérito simple y compuesto (permítaseme la terminologia a la cual estoy acostumbrado) a los tres grandes acontecimientos en la literatura española, indicados en el título, pero antepuso a su trabajo un amplio panorama histórico, incluyendo en ello anotaciones sobre las tendencias en algunos idiomas indoeuropeos que demuestran los usos de las formas simples y las compuestas y no sólo en el campo del pretérito.
Poesía Española postmoderna: la tradición traicionada
Authors: Saldaña Alfredo
Published: March 2016

Cómo afrontar en la actualidad el descrédito de las ideologías y de los grandes discursos de emancipación fundados en esas mismas ideologias, cómo enfrentarse al desprestigio de ciertos valores (solidaridad, generosidad, altruismo, justicia, autenticidad) y, por el contrario, al alza de otros (competitividad, egoísmo, individualismo exacerbado, fomento de las desigualdades, apariencia), cómo, en fin, transformar en presencia la ausencia de criterios que valoren y enjuicien con garantias las diferentes conductas éticas y estéticas. Esta situación ha provocado la aparición de un panorama extraordinariamente complejo en el que resulta muy dificil orientarse. Ahora bien, cabe suponer que la carencia de guías de comportamiento, la inconsistencia de algunos de los relatos surgidos en estas últimas décadas, la desconfianza frente a todos los discursos sistemáticos y la defensa decidida de la libertad e independencia del artista pueden y deben actuar como detonantes de una nueva y necesaria sensibilidad crítica postmoderna.
Electroestimulación neuromuscular intradiálisis, fuerza muscular, capacidad funcional y composición corporal
Authors: Rubio Páez Sandra , Esteve Simón Vicent , Junqué Jiménez Anna , Tomás Bernabeu Esther , Paz López Oscar , Iza Pinedo Gorka , Lavado Sempere Mª Luisa , Ramírez de Arellano Manel
Published: March 2016

Introducción: La capacidad funcional disminuida y la importante atrofia muscular caracterizan a los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). El ejercicio físico intradiálisis y recientemente la electroestimulación neuromuscular (EMS), representan dos serias opciones terapéuticas para mejorar esta deteriorada condición física. Actualmente, no existen estudios publicados sobre el papel de la EMS y la composición corporal en los pacientes en HD.
Objetivo: Analizar que efecto produce un programa de EMS sobre la fuerza muscular, capacidad funcional, parámetros nutricionales y composición corporal en nuestros pacientes en HD.
Material y métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, prospectivo de 12 semanas de duración. Los pacientes incluidos realizaron un programa adaptativo de EMS en ambos cuádriceps intradiálisis mediante el dispositivo Compex R Theta 500i. Analizamos:1.- Parámetros nutricionales ( Albumina, pre albúmina, triglicéridos, colesterol total y fracciones, ferritina y Proteína C reactiva). 2.- Datos musculares: Composición muscular cuadriceps, Fuerza extensión máxima cuádriceps (FEMQ) y handgrip (HG) brazo dominante. 3.- Test funcionales: “ Sit to stand to sit” ( STS10) y “ six- minutes walking test” (6MWT). 4.- Composición corporal mediante biompedancia electrica (BIA). Resultados: 13 pacientes incluidos: (69.2% hombres). Edad media: 65.7 años y 33.9 meses en HD. I.Charlson medio 9.1. La principal etiología de la ERC fue la DM ( 38.5%). Al final del estudio se observó una mejoría en (*p
Análisis de los factores asociados a la calidad de vida del paciente hipertenso
Authors: Nolasco Monterroso Cristina , Navas Santos Lucía , Carmona  Moriel Cristina Elena , López Zamorano Mª Dolores , Santamaría Olmo Rafael , Crespo Montero Rodolfo
Published: March 2016

Introducción: En la Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) existen una serie de factores asociados a la misma que inciden en la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) de la población en general, como es el caso de la Diabetes Mellitus, el hábito tabáquico, alimentación, etc.
Objetivo: Analizar la CVRS y los factores asociados a ésta, en pacientes con HTA controlados en la Unidad de Hipertensión de la Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Nefrología del Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS) de Córdoba.
Pacientes y Métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en 33 pacientes hipertensos con una edad media de 73,24±5,55 años; 20 hombres (60,6%) y 13 mujeres (39,4%) controlados en la Unida de Hipertensión de la UGC Nefrología del HURS de Córdoba. Se analizó la CVRS mediante el cuestionario de salud SF-36. Para el análisis de la dependencia se utilizó el Índice de Barthel.
Resultados: Los valores de la CVRS fueron: Salud General 43.36±24.84, Función Física 58.18±32.71, Rol Físico 78.98±34.51, Rol Emocional 82.07±28.50, Función Social 81.81±33.67, Dolor Corporal 66.06±39.42, Vitalidad 63.83±33,80, Salud Mental 70.45±29.27. La Función Física, Salud General y Dolor Corporal fueron las dimensiones en las que puntuaron más bajo que la población de referencia. Respecto al grado de dependencia, el 45.45% eran independientes el 51.51% presentaban dependencia leve, y el 3.03% presentaban una dependencia grave. Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre edad y la dimensión Función Física y Vitalidad; entre peso y Rol Físico y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC); entre ejercicio y Función Social; entre el IMC y Rol Físico y Componente Salud Física. Los pacientes con algún grado de dependencia tenían disminuida la CVRS en comparación con los independientes.
Conclusiones: A la vista de nuestros resultados podemos afirmar que, al menos en la muestra estudiada, la disminución de la CVRS está relacionada con tener algún grado de dependencia y no con padecer HTA, siendo la Salud General, la Función Física y el Dolor Corporal las dimensiones que peor puntúan respecto a la población general. El aumento de la edad y/o el IMC se relacionan con peor CVRS.
Gestación con Éxito en Paciente en Programa de Hemodiálisis. Revisión y recomendaciones
Authors: Aznar Buil Blanca , Llorente González Mª del Carmen , Moreno Zamora Lydia , Sales Lamarca María , Valles Villagrasa Eva , Iñigo Gil Pablo
Published: March 2016

La gestación a término en una Unidad de Hemodiálisis es un proceso poco frecuente. Muchos factores colaboran a su baja incidencia; trastornos hormonales, psicológicos, complicaciones maternas y fetales. Hasta hace poco se ha desaconsejado e incluso contraindicado la gestación en estas fases de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica. En los últimos años se han dado recomendaciones para el manejo de esta situación de riesgo provocando controversia sobre el consejo que debemos de dar al respecto.
Presentamos un caso de una gestación a término en una paciente asiática de 27 años en nuestra Unidad de Hemodiálisis en la que el seguimiento de las recomendaciones condujo a un éxito en el desarrollo de la gestación y ausencia de complicaciones materno-infantiles. Estas pautas consistieron en un control estricto consistente en un incremento drástico de las horas de hemodiálisis semanal, uso de filtros de alta permeabilidad, control del peso y ganancia interdiálisis, tensión arterial, control ecográfico más frecuente, seguimiento multidisciplinar (nefrólogo, obstetra, enfermería) y dieta individualizada. Esta conducta puede cambiar significativamente el concepto de esta situación en nuestras mujeres en hemodiálisis en edad susceptible de gestación.
Nuestra experiencia en este caso ha sido positiva no presentando ninguna complicación tanto el recién nacido como la madre. En principio no se debería de descartar la lactancia materna.
Trapping, chemistry, and export of trace gases in the South Asian summer monsoon observed during CARIBIC flights in 2008
Authors: Rauthe-Schöch Armin , Baker Angela K. , Schuck Tanja J. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Zahn Andreas , Hermann Markus , Stratmann Greta , Ziereis Helmut , van Velthoven Peter F. J. , Lelieveld Jos
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) passenger aircraft observatory performed in situ measurements at 10–12 km altitude in the South Asian summer monsoon anticyclone between June and September 2008. These measurements enable us to investigate this atmospheric region (which so far has mostly been observed from satellites) using the broad suite of trace gases and aerosol particles measured by CARIBIC. Elevated levels of a variety of atmospheric pollutants (e.g. carbon monoxide, total reactive nitrogen oxides, aerosol particles, and several volatile organic compounds) were recorded. The measurements provide detailed information about the chemical composition of air in different parts of the monsoon anticyclone, particularly of ozone precursors. While covering a range of 3500 km inside the monsoon anticyclone, CARIBIC observations show remarkable consistency, i.e. with distinct latitudinal patterns of trace gases during the entire monsoon period. Using the CARIBIC trace gas and aerosol particle measurements in combination with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, we investigated the characteristics of monsoon outflow and the chemical evolution of air masses during transport. The trajectory calculations indicate that these air masses originated mainly from South Asia and mainland Southeast Asia. Estimated photochemical ages of the air were found to agree well with transport times from a source region east of 90–95° E. The photochemical ages of the air in the southern part of the monsoon anticyclone were systematically younger (less than 7 days) and the air masses were mostly in an ozone-forming chemical mode. In its northern part the air masses were older (up to 13 days) and had unclear ozone formation or destruction potential. Based on analysis of forward trajectories, several receptor regions were identified. In addition to predominantly westward transport, we found evidence for efficient transport (within 10 days) to the Pacific and North America, particularly during June and September, and also of cross-tropopause exchange, which was strongest during June and July. Westward transport to Africa and further to the Mediterranean was the main pathway during July.
Ambient measurement of fluorescent aerosol particles with a WIBS in the Yangtze River Delta of China: potential impacts of combustion-generated aerosol particles
Authors: Yu X. , Wang Z. , Zhang M. , Kuhn U. , Xie Z. , Cheng Y. , Pöschl U. , Su H.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Fluorescence characteristics of aerosol particles in polluted atmosphere were studied using a wideband integrated bioaerosol spectrometer (WIBS-4A) in Nanjing, Yangtze River Delta area of China. We observed strong diurnal and day-to-day variations of fluorescent aerosol particles (FAPs). The ratios of FAPs to total aerosol particles (1–15 μm) increased with increasing particle size and finally reached ~ 100 %. The average number concentrations of FAPs (1–15 μm) detected in the three WIBS measurement channels (FL1: 0.6 cm−3, FL2: 3.4 cm−3, FL3: 2.1 cm−3) were much higher than those observed in forests and rural areas, suggesting that FAPs other than bioaerosols were detected. We found that the number fractions of FAPs were positively correlated with the black carbon mass fraction, especially for the FL1 channel, indicating a large contribution of combustion-generated aerosols. To distinguish bioaerosols from combustion-generated FAPs, we investigated two classification schemes for use with WIBS data. Our analysis suggests a strong size dependence for the fractional contributions of different types of FAPs. In the FL3 channel, combustion-generated particles seem to dominate the 1–2 μm size range while bioaerosols dominate 2–5 μm. The number fractions of combustion-generated particles and non-combustion-generated particles were ~ 11 % and ~ 5 %, respectively.
Evaluation of Water Vapour Assimilation in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere by a Chemical Transport Model
Authors: Payra S. , Ricaud P. , Abida R. , El Amraoui L. , Attié J.-L. , Rivière E. , Carminati F. , von Clarmann T.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The present analysis deals with one of the most debated aspect of the studies on the Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere (UTLS), namely the budget of the water vapour (H2O) at the tropical tropopause. Within the French project "Multiscale water budget in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the TROpics" (TRO-pico), a global-scale analysis has been set up based on space-borne observations, model and assimilation techniques. The MOCAGE-VALENTINA assimilation tool has been used to assimilate the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 3.3 H2O measurements within the 316–5 hPa hPa range from August 2011 to March 2013 with an assimilation window of 1 hour. Diagnostics are developed to assess the quality of the assimilated H2O fields depending on several parameters: model error, observation minus analysis and forecast. Comparison with an independent source of H2O measurements in the UTLS based on the spaceborne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) observations and with meteorological ARPEGE analyses are also shown. Sensitivity studies of the analyzed fields have been performed by: 1) considering periods when no MLS measurements are available and 2) using another MLS version 4.2 H2O data. The studies have been performed within 3 different spaces in time and space coincidences with MLS and MIPAS observations and with the model outputs and at 3 different levels: 121 hPa (upper troposphere), 100 hPa (tropopause), and 68 hPa (lower stratosphere) in January and February 2012. In the MLS space, the analyses behave consistently with the MLS observations from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. In the model space, the analyses are wetter than the “true” atmosphere as represented by ARPEGE and MLS in the upper troposphere (121 hPa) and around the tropopause (100 hPa), but consistent with MLS and MIPAS in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa). In the MIPAS space, the sensitivity and the vertical resolution of the MIPAS data set at 121 and 100 hPa prevent to assess the behaviour of the analyses at 121 and 100 hPa particularly over intense convective areas as the Southern American, the African and the Maritime continents but, in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa), the analyses are very consistent with MIPAS. Sensitivity studies show the great improvement on the H2O analyses in the tropical UTLS when assimilating spaceborne measurements of better quality particularly over the convective areas.
Lagrangian characterization of nitrate supply and episodes of extreme phytoplankton blooms in the Great Australian Bight
Authors: Cetina-Heredia Paulina , van Sebille Erik , Matear Richard , Roughan Moninya
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Phytoplankton growth is the foundation for energy transfer into higher trophic levels, influences climate by the uptake of atmospheric CO2, and plays an important role in nutrient cycling. Here we use a novel lagrangian approach to characterize the nitrate supply to the Great Australian Bight, identify episodes of extreme phytoplankton blooms and ascertain the origin of the nitrate sources that fuel them. We find that 55 % of nitrate used by phytoplankton enters the GAB in the upper 100 m and that 88 % originates locally from a region between the GAB and the Sub Antarctic Front, rather than from more remote oceans; thus, most of the nitrate is recycled locally. Our results show extreme phytoplankton blooms have an annual periodicity, peaking in the Austral autumn when the mixed layer deepens. This suggests that stratification erosion is key supplying nutrients into the euphotic zone and triggering these episodes.
Intra-interglacial climate variability: model simulations of Marine Isotope Stages 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15
Authors: Rachmayani Rima , Prange Matthias , Schulz Michael
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) including a dynamic global vegetation model, a set of 13 time slice experiments was carried out to study global climate variability between and within the Quaternary interglacials of Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15. The selection of interglacial time slices was based on different aspects of inter- and intra-interglacial variability and associated astronomical forcing. The different effects of obliquity, precession, and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing on global surface temperature and precipitation fields are illuminated. In most regions seasonal surface temperature anomalies can largely be explained by local insolation anomalies induced by the astronomical forcing. Climate feedbacks, however, may modify the surface temperature response in specific regions, most pronounced in the monsoon domains and the polar oceans. GHG forcing may also play an important role for seasonal temperature anomalies, especially at high latitudes and early Brunhes interglacials (MIS 13 and 15) when GHG concentrations were much lower than during the later interglacials. High- versus low-obliquity climates are generally characterized by strong warming over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and slight cooling in the tropics during boreal summer. During boreal winter, a moderate cooling over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere continents and a strong warming at high southern latitudes is found. Beside the well-known role of precession, a significant role of obliquity in forcing the West African monsoon is identified. Other regional monsoon systems are less sensitive or not sensitive at all to obliquity variations during interglacials. Moreover, based on two specific time slices (394 and 615 ka), it is explicitly shown that the West African and Indian monsoon systems do not always vary in concert, challenging the concept of a global monsoon system on astronomical timescales. High obliquity can also explain relatively warm Northern Hemisphere high-latitude summer temperatures despite maximum precession around 495 ka (MIS 13). It is hypothesized that this obliquity-induced high-latitude warming may have prevented a glacial inception at that time.
An investigation of carbon cycle dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum: Complex interactions between the terrestrial biosphere, weathering, ocean alkalinity, and CO2 radiative warming in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity
Authors: Simmons C. T. , Mysak L. A. , Matthews H. D.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Proxy reconstructions and modeling studies of the glacial-interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle have led to a stimulating debate in the paleoclimate literature about the mechanisms leading to a 90–100 ppmv increase in atmospheric CO2. In this paper, we used the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model v. 2.9 to simulate the carbon cycle response to ice sheet retreat and Milankovitch (insolation) forcing from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. In addition, we conducted sensitivity studies to address the contributions of CO2 radiative forcing, atmospheric carbon content, and weathering rates to climate and carbon cycle changes since 21 kyr BP. The simulations show that ice sheet and orbital changes by themselves do not lead to a notable increase in atmospheric CO2 over the course of deglaciation. However, with the application of CO2 radiative forcing and different weathering rates, the simulated atmospheric CO2 variations ranged over ~ 35 ppmv. Virtually all of the simulated net global vegetation carbon uptake since the LGM is attributable to CO2 fertilization rather than greater land availability or warmer temperatures. Furthermore, the ‘greening’ from CO2 fertilization significantly enhances total deglacial warming (by 0.14°C) and contributes to warmer intermediate and deep ocean temperatures during the interglacial period. We also found that CO2 radiative forcing was the dominant factor allowing for greater outgassing at the ocean surface and an earlier ventilation of deep-ocean DIC. The downwelling of high-alkalinity surface waters stimulated by a stronger, earlier overturning circulation led to greater deep sedimentation (alkalinity removal), which, in turn, permitted CO2 to continue to increase through much of the simulation period.
Dynamic changes of terrestrial net primary production and its feedback to evapotranspiration
Authors: Li Zhi , Chen Yaning , Wang Yang , Fang Gonghuan
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Earth experienced dramatic environmental changes in the recent 15 years (2000–2014). The past decade has been the warmest in the instrumental record, which significantly influences the global water cycle and vegetation activities. Overall, the global inter-annual series of net primary production (NPP) slightly increased in 2000–2014 at a rate of 0.06 PgC/yr2. More than 64 % of vegetated land in the Northern Hemisphere showed increased net primary production, while 60.3 % of vegetated land in the Southern Hemisphere showed decreased trend. Net primary production correlates positively with land actual evapotranspiration (ET), especially in the Northern Hemisphere, where the increased vegetation productivity (0.13 PgC/yr2) promotes decadal rises of terrestrial evapotranspiration (0.61 mm/yr2). However, anomalous dry conditions led to reduced vegetation productivity (−0.18 PgC/yr2) and nearly ceased growth in terrestrial evapotranspiration in the Southern Hemisphere (0.41 mm/yr2). Under the content of past warmest 15 years, global potential evapotranspiration (PET) shows an increasing trend of 1.72 mm/yr2, while precipitation for the domain shows a variability positive trend of 0.84 mm/yr2, which consistent with expected water cycle intensification. But precipitation trend is lower than evaporative demand, indicating some moisture deficit between available water demand and supply for evapotranspiration, thereby accelerated soil moisture loss. Drought indices and precipitation-minus-evaporation suggested an increased risk of drought in the present century. To understand why climates in the northern and southern hemispheres respond differently to NPP, the results showed that temperature is the dominant control on vegetation growth in the high latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, while net radiation is the main effect factors to NPP in the mid latitude, and in arid and semi-arid biomes also mainly driven by precipitation. While in the Southern Hemisphere, NPP decreased because of warming associated drying trends of PDSI.
Aragonite saturation states and pH in western Norway fjords: seasonal cycles and controlling factors, 2005–2009
Authors: Omar A. M. , Skjelvan I. , Erga S. R. , Olsen A.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean leads to a process known as ocean acidification (OA) which lowers aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) and pH, and this is poorly documented in coastal environments including fjords due to lack of appropriate observations. Here we use weekly underway data from Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) covering the period 2005–2009 combined with data from research cruises to estimate ΩAr and pH values in several adjacent western Norwegian fjords, and to evaluate how seawater CO2 chemistry drives their variations in response to physical and biological factors. The OA parameters in the surface waters of the fjords are characterized by strong seasonal and spatially coherent variations. These changes are governed by the seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, formation and decay of organic matter, and vertical mixing with deeper, carbon rich coastal water. Annual mean pH and ΩAr values were 8.13 and 2.21, respectively. The former varies from minimum values (≈ 8.05) in late December – early January to maximum values of around 8.2 during early spring (March–April) as a consequence of the phytoplankton spring bloom, which reduces Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC). In the following months, pH decreases in response to warming. This thermodynamic decrease in pH is reinforced by the deepening of the mixed layer, which brings up carbon rich coastal water to the surface, and this trend continues until the low winter values are reached again. ΩAr, on the other hand, reaches its seasonal maximum (> 2.5) in mid to late summer (July–Sept), when the spring bloom is over and pH is decreasing. The lowest ΩAr values (≈ 1.3–1.6) occur during winter (Jan–Mar), when both pH and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) are low and DIC is highest. Consequently, seasonal ΩAr variations align with those of SST and salinity normalized DIC. We demonstrate that underway measurements of fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2), SST, and SSS from VOS lines combined with high frequency observations of the complete carbonate system at strategically placed fixed stations provide an approach to interpolate OA parameters over large areas in the fjords of western Norway.
The EUMETSAT sea ice climate record
Authors: Tonboe R. T. , Eastwood S. , Lavergne T. , Sørensen A. M. , Rathmann N. , Dybkjær G. , Toudal Pedersen L. , Høyer J. L. , Kern S.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. An Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area and extent dataset has been generated by EUMETSAT's Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF) using the record of American microwave radiometer data from Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave radiometer (SMMR) and the Defense Meteorological satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) satellite sensors. The dataset covers the period from 1978 to 2014 and updates and further developments are planned for the next phase of the project. The methodology is using: 1) numerical weather prediction (NWP) input to a radiative transfer model (RTM) for correction of the brightness temperatures for reduction of atmospheric noise, 2) dynamical algorithm tie-points to mitigate trends in residual atmospheric, sea ice and water emission characteristics and inter-sensor differences/biases, 3) and a hybrid sea ice concentration algorithm using the Bristol algorithm over ice and the Bootstrap algorithm in frequency mode over open water. A new algorithm has been developed to estimate the spatially and temporally varying sea ice concentration uncertainties. A comparison to sea ice charts from the Arctic and the Antarctic shows that ice concentrations are higher in the ice charts than estimated from the radiometer data at intermediate ice concentrations. The sea ice climate dataset is available for download at (www.osisaf.org) including documentation.
An Examination of the Congruency between the University Teacher Training Contents and Secondary School Contents in Tanzania: The Case of Sokoine University of Agriculture
Authors: Komba Sotco Claudius , Chiwamba Sarah Vincent
Published: March 2016

It is ideally expected that after student teachers have gone through comprehensive curricula contents, they should possess the necessary competences and skills to enable them deliver effectively as teachers. However, some student teachers in Tanzania have expressed their concerns that some of the contents found in the curricula for teacher training programmes do not link with the contents taught in secondary schools. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the congruency between the contents student teachers cover during their studies at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), one of the Tanzanian teacher training institutions, and contents taught in Tanzanian secondary schools. The study involved a randomly obtained sample of 181 third year students, pursuing various teacher education degree programmes. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design in which a set of questionnaire, which consisted of both open and closed-ended questions, was administered to the sampled respondents. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS in which frequencies and percentages of responses to the questions presented in the questionnaire were computed to answer research questions advanced for this study. The findings were as follows: First, the majority (66.9%) of student teachers felt that there was a congruency between the University contents and secondary school contents and about one third (33.1%) of student teachers felt that the congruency did not exist. Secondly, the majority (95%) of student teachers felt that the contents of education courses taught at the University were applicable in real school situations and the minority (5%) did not feel so. Third, the majority (91.7%) of student teachers felt that the teacher training programmes offered at SUA had enabled them to acquire sufficient classroom teaching skills and basic theories in education. Fourth, some challenges facing teacher training programmes offered at SUA, as reported by the respondents, included irrelevant contents in some university courses, inadequate infrastructures, and lack of opportunities for practice, to mention but a few. Based on these findings, it is recommended that whenever an opportunity to review the existing teacher training programmes comes, the exercise should be preceded with needs analysis to help determine if the existing programmes adequately address the needs of the teaching profession for which the student teachers are being prepared.
Het arrest Bouygues: het verband tussen de verstrekte staatsmiddelen en het verkregen voordeel
Authors: Saanen N.
Published: March 2016

Het arrest Bouygues: het verband tussen de verstrekte staatsmiddelen en het verkregen voordeel

Kunnen publieke verklaringen van de staat, inhoudende dat de staat passende maatregelen zal nemen om te voorkomen dat een onderneming waarvan zij de meerderheid van de aandelen bezit, over de rand van een financiële afgrond zal duiken, een steunmaatregel in de zin van artikel 107 lid 1 VWEU opleveren? Het Hof van Justitie buigt zich in het arrest Bouygues over deze vraag en betreedt daarbij nieuwe grond door niet alleen te oordelen dat voor de staatssteunbeoordeling een samenstel van maatregelen die nauw verband met elkaar houden, als één optreden kan worden beschouwd, maar ook dat er weliswaar een directe band dient te bestaan tussen het voordeel voor de onderneming en de staatsmiddelen die (potentieel) worden overgedragen, maar dat het voordeel en de staatsmiddelen niet behoeven overeen te stemmen of gelijkwaardig hoeven te zijn.

HvJ EU 19 maart 2013, gevoegde zaken C-399 en 401/10 P, Bouygues, n.n.g.
Het doel heiligt het middel? Over de noodzaak van uniforme criteria voor evaluatie van de effectiviteit en efficiëntie van de opsporing
Authors: van Toor Dave
Published: March 2016

Does the end justify the means? A call for uniform criteria for the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of criminal investigative methods

Both the Court of Justice and the regional Court of The Hague ruled the retention of telecommunications data directive and the Dutch Wet bewaarplicht telecommunicatiegegevens in violation of the right to respect for privacy. The police and the Dutch Prosecutors Office have attempted to clarify the importance of the retention for criminal investigation. However, without an efficiency and effectiveness assessment of the method to request and analyse telecommunication data, it is not possible to substantiate the significance of data retention. To ‘save’ the retention of telecommunication data in its current form, but also to assess the importance of the existing and new investigative methods, a thorough analysis is necessary.
Searching Ability of Pupal Parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) on Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) at Various Depths of Plant Debris
Authors: S. Shahzad Ali  , Irshad Ali Rattar  , Syed Sohail Ahmed  , Aslam Bukero  , Huma Rizwana  , Shahnaz Naz  , Munawar Ali Shah Bukhari  , Taj Muhammad Rattar
Published: March 2016

The present study was carried out to determine the searching ability of pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii of Bactrocera zonata in the Bio Control Research Laboratory, | department of Entomology, SAU, Tandojam, at temperature 27 ± 1ºC and 60 ± 5% relative humidity. Adults of fruit fly were fed with water, sugar and needo milk powder, whereas, Dirhinus giffardii were fed with honey and water solution. Ten days old D. giffardies were used against 20 pupae of Bactrocera zonata in the experiment and data recorded on parasitized pupae and un-parasitized pupae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results in all treatments indicates that highest parasitized pupae were at peak level of (16.66) after 72 hours age of pupae on the depth of 0 cm in plant debris followed by 4 cm depth (16.33), whereas lowest parasitized pupae were recorded at 5cm depth (13.66) after 72 hours of age inside plant debris. Likewise, the highest un-parasitized pupae were at peak level of (14.00) after 24 hours of age of pupae on the depth of 3cm in plant debris followed by 1cm depth (13.00), whereas lowest un parasitized pupae were recorded at 4cm depth (11.66) after 24 hours of age inside plant debris. The analysis of variance indicated that there wasno significant difference among the parasitized and unparasitized pupae of flies in the different depths of plant debris and age intervals (P
Factors Associated with Stunting among Children Aged 0 to 59 Months in Harare City, Zimbabwe
Authors: Maradzika Julita , Makwara Israel P. , Chipunza S.
Published: March 2016

Background: Child malnutrition is a major public health problem in Zimbabwe and it has been one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in the City of Harare.
Methods: An analytic cross sectional survey was conducted on 342 mothers – child pairs of children aged 0 – 59 months in Harare’s suburbs between July and August 2014.The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with the high levels of stunting among children age 0 – 59 months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to establish the risk factors for U5 years stunting.
Findings: A total of 29.2% of the children were stunted with (19.3% being moderately stunted and 9.9% severely stunted). More females (32.9%) were stunted compared to (25.9%) males. The main contributing factors for stunting among the children 0 - 59 months were found to be lack of mother’s education adjusted pOR=0.49 (95%CI: 1.04-3.27); being unemployed pOR=1.22 (95%CI: 1.08-2.03); residing in high density suburbs pOR=2.14 (95%CI: 1.61-7.55); child ever being hospitalized pOR=1.04 (95%CI: 1.01-2.14); breastfed after > 1 hour after birth pOR=1.11 (95%CI: 1.09-1.80); complementary feeds < 6 months pOR=1.30 (95%CI: 1.17-2.21); low birth weight pOR=1.46 (95%CI: 1.29-3.51) and having a poor dietary diversity pOR=1.07 (95%CI: 1.01-1.84).
Conclusions: Lack of mother’s education is the principal risk factor for stunting among the under five children in Harare exacerbated by unemployment of either the father or mother or relative, area of residence, feeding practices, birth weight, illness and infections and household dietary diversity.
Stunting is on the increase in Harare. The findings also revealed a high level of in-equalities in social determinants of health since stunting is related to socio-economic factors.
Recommendations: Any nutrition intervention has to use strategies that will comprehensively address the social determinants of health and improve the standard of living of households in the high density areas so as to have a ripple effect on the nutritional status of U5s
Quantitative neuroanatomy for connectomics in Drosophila
Authors: Schneider-Mizell Casey M , Gerhard Stephan , Longair Mark , Kazimiers Tom , Li Feng , Zwart Maarten F , Champion Andrew , Midgley Frank M , Fetter Richard D , Saalfeld Stephan , Cardona Albert
Published: March 2016

Neuronal circuit mapping using electron microscopy demands laborious proofreading or reconciliation of multiple independent reconstructions. Here, we describe new methods to apply quantitative arbor and network context to iteratively proofread and reconstruct circuits and create anatomically enriched wiring diagrams. We measured the morphological underpinnings of connectivity in new and existing reconstructions of Drosophila sensorimotor (larva) and visual (adult) systems. Synaptic inputs were preferentially located on numerous small, microtubule-free 'twigs' which branch off a single microtubule-containing 'backbone'. Omission of individual twigs accounted for 96% of errors. However, the synapses of highly connected neurons were distributed across multiple twigs. Thus, the robustness of a strong connection to detailed twig anatomy was associated with robustness to reconstruction error. By comparing iterative reconstruction to the consensus of multiple reconstructions, we show that our method overcomes the need for redundant effort through the discovery and application of relationships between cellular neuroanatomy and synaptic connectivity.
Nucleosomes impede Cas9 access to DNA in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Horlbeck Max A , Witkowsky Lea B , Guglielmi Benjamin , Replogle Joseph M , Gilbert Luke A , Villalta Jacqueline E , Torigoe Sharon E , Tjian Robert , Weissman Jonathan S
Published: March 2016

The prokaryotic CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)-associated protein, Cas9, has been widely adopted as a tool for editing, imaging, and regulating eukaryotic genomes. However, our understanding of how to select single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that mediate efficient Cas9 activity is incomplete, as we lack insight into how chromatin impacts Cas9 targeting. To address this gap, we analyzed large-scale genetic screens performed in human cell lines using either nuclease-active or nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9). We observed that highly active sgRNAs for Cas9 and dCas9 were found almost exclusively in regions of low nucleosome occupancy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that nucleosomes in fact directly impede Cas9 binding and cleavage, while chromatin remodeling can restore Cas9 access. Our results reveal a critical role of eukaryotic chromatin in dictating the targeting specificity of this transplanted bacterial enzyme, and provide rules for selecting Cas9 target sites distinct from and complementary to those based on sequence properties.
Evolution of secondary defects in arsenic implanted Si
Authors: Zhu He , Wang Miao , Zhang Bingpo , Wu Huizhen , Sun Yan , Hu Gujin , Dai Ning
Published: March 2016

Behavior of defects in ion-implanted semiconductors is an everlasting topic and becomes even more critical as semiconductor devices continuously shrink and ion implantation technique has been increasingly employed. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were employed to investigate the structural evolution of arsenic (As) implanted silicon (Si). Project range (PR) defects and end of range (EOR) dislocations are observed via HRTEM. EDX characterization proves the two types of defects are related to dopant atoms precipitations. The sizes of both PR defects and EOR dislocations enlarge at the expense of small ones with the elevation of annealing temperature. The characterizations of electrochemical capacitance–voltage and EDX conclude that the SiO2/Si interface is playing an indispensable role in the deactivation of dopant atoms during the annealing process. As atoms are detected in the As-implanted Si region near the SiO2/Si interface but not in the silica layer. Nanoparticles composed of Si atoms in the silica layer are observed in the 1150 °C-annealed samples, which proves the migration of oxygen atoms at the SiO2/Si interface.
Reliability investigation of high-k/metal gate in nMOSFETs by three-dimensional kinetic Monte-Carlo simulation with multiple trap interactions
Authors: Li Yun , Jiang Hai , Lun Zhiyuan , Wang Yijiao , Huang Peng , Hao Hao , Du Gang , Zhang Xing , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: March 2016

Degradation behaviors in the high-k/metal gate stacks of nMOSFETs are investigated by three-dimensional (3D) kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) simulation with multiple trap coupling. Novel microscopic mechanisms are simultaneously considered in a compound system: (1) trapping/detrapping from/to substrate/gate; (2) trapping/detrapping to other traps; (3) trap generation and recombination. Interacting traps can contribute to random telegraph noise (RTN), bias temperature instability (BTI), and trap-assisted tunneling (TAT). Simulation results show that trap interaction induces higher probability and greater complexity in trapping/detrapping processes and greatly affects the characteristics of RTN and BTI. Different types of trap distribution cause largely different behaviors of RTN, BTI, and TAT. TAT currents caused by multiple trap coupling are sensitive to the gate voltage. Moreover, trap generation and recombination have great effects on the degradation of HfO2-based nMOSFETs under a large stress.
CMOS image sensor with lateral electric field modulation pixels for fluorescence lifetime imaging with sub-nanosecond time response
Authors: Li Zhuo , Seo Min-Woong , Kagawa Keiichiro , Yasutomi Keita , Kawahito Shoji
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the design and implementation of a time-resolved CMOS image sensor with a high-speed lateral electric field modulation (LEFM) gating structure for time domain fluorescence lifetime measurement. Time-windowed signal charge can be transferred from a pinned photodiode (PPD) to a pinned storage diode (PSD) by turning on a pair of transfer gates, which are situated beside the channel. Unwanted signal charge can be drained from the PPD to the drain by turning on another pair of gates. The pixel array contains 512 (V) × 310 (H) pixels with 5.6 × 5.6 µm2 pixel size. The imager chip was fabricated using 0.11 µm CMOS image sensor process technology. The prototype sensor has a time response of 150 ps at 374 nm. The fill factor of the pixels is 5.6%. The usefulness of the prototype sensor is demonstrated for fluorescence lifetime imaging through simulation and measurement results.
Axial strain effects on ballistic phonon thermal transport in silicon nanowires
Authors: Hattori Junichi , Poborchii Vladimir , Tada Tetsuya
Published: March 2016

We study the effects of axial strain on phonon thermal transport in silicon nanowires (Si NWs). The thermal conductance of strained Si NWs in the ballistic regime is evaluated with the phonon dispersion relation derived through an atomistic approach. Compressive strain increases the ballistic thermal conductance of [100]-oriented Si NWs having a square cross section with a side length of about 3 nm. In contrast, tensile strain reduces it. These strain effects mainly result from two factors: a change in the phonon energy per unit length of a NW directly due to the length change of the NW, and a change in the phonon group velocity. We also investigate the relationships of the strain effects with the wire size, surface orientation, and wire orientation. Among the three factors, the wire orientation has the most significant effect on the strain effects.