bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women’s Conditioned Access to Political Office in Mexico
Authors: Zetterberg Pär
Published: February 2018

Pär Zetterberg points out that whereas women’s legislative representation at the national and subnational level in Mexico has increased dramatically and they have gained nearly 1/3 of seats on party executive bodies, women have done poorly in executive offices. Much of this results from Mexican rules and norms that prioritize long-standing male party backbenchers’ political careers. These challenges persist when examining the institutional consequences of women’s presence in office. Women have to walk a fine line between representing women and responding to formal and informal institutional incentives to protect their own political careers. This has resulted, Zetterberg argues, in a clear gendered division of labor in Mexican politics. Zetterberg highlights that greater democratization and more inclusive formal and informal rules are necessary to change the gendered nature of Mexico’s political system and further incorporate women.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwindt-Bayer Leslie A.
Published: February 2018

In the concluding chapter, Lesile A. Schwindt-Bayer brings together the findings from the arena and country chapters to draw general conclusions about gender and representation in Latin America. She highlights that the chapters show the weakness of cultural and socioeconomic explanations for increases in women’s representation, and instead, they demonstrate the importance of political institutions and the current political context as causes of women’s representation. The chapters show that the consequences of women’s representation are mixed. Women in office promote women’s issues and have worked to improve social policy, but little evidence exists that women are transforming the gendered nature of political arenas. Additionally, the presence of women in different arenas of representation has improved attitudes toward gender equality and democracy but to relatively small degrees. The chapter concludes by describing areas where more research is needed to help set a future research agenda on gender and representation in Latin America.
Introduction
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces the topic of the book—the connection between being an evaluator and living temporally—and summarizes the succeeding chapters. Two preliminary topics are explored: what it means to be temporally oriented toward the future, and what it means to lead a life. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that the future has a qualitative content; and a distinction is drawn between a narrow sense of leading a life that concerns choosing what will characterize our lives as a whole and a broader sense of leading a life that concerns making choices that reflect one’s normative outlook. Leading a life in either sense involves spending time; the chapter distinguishes four categories of time expenditures: primary, filler, entailed, and norm-required.
Living with Boredom
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

Rejecting the standard focus on boredom as a cultural or personal problem, this chapter examines how boredom illuminates the kinds of problems that evaluators face just in being evaluators. The chapter explores five reasons for boredom: (1) loss of temporal meaning; (2) normative constraints; (3) disappointment with present value qualities given the standards of what is worth attending to that one sets for oneself; (4) value satiety when spending extended time with a particular value quality exhausts one’s capacities to do anything more with it; and (5) leisure, whereby the agent is burdened with the task of finding things to do with herself.
Introduction
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

This introductory chapter provides an ethnographic vignette regarding a young woman’s embrace of Islam with the help of the Los Angeles Latino Muslim Association. This account introduces several issues and questions around race, religion, and the mediation of lived experiences. Additionally, the chapter provides a demographic sketch of Latino Muslims in comparison to broader U.S. population groups. Highlights from this sketch include estimates that put the total national Latino Muslim population at less than 200,000; 62 percent were born in the United States; 31 percent trace their ancestry to Mexico and 22 percent to Puerto Rico; and 19 percent reside in California, 15 percent in Texas, 12 percent in New York, and 11 percent in New Jersey. The chapter also provides an overview of the methods used in the study and an outline of the book’s chapters.
The First Wave
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 1 introduces the history of Islamic Spain and the remembrance of it by the first Latino Muslim group in the United States, la Alianza Islámica, the Islamic Alliance. Although there have been several recorded instances of individual Latinos embracing Islam since the 1920s, no direct historical link exists between Muslims in Spain and Latino Muslims in the United States. Instead, the memory of Islamic Spain has been used to frame Latinos as historically connected to Islam rather than completely foreign to it. Additionally, the Alianza drew from other civil rights organizational models to develop several centers in New York where they worked to propagate Islam, provide social services, and engage in political activism. Additionally, the Alianza experienced marginalization from broader Muslim organizations and sought to develop autonomously from them. Through its unique origin histories and various activities, the Alianza helped to crystalize a first wave of Latino Muslims.
The 9/11 Factor
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

In contrast to self-produced media like reversion stories, chapter 4 documents and assesses journalistic representations of Latino Muslims. In a post-9/11 media context, Latino Muslims received increased attention from journalists. It argues that these news stories have, however, reductively focused on “conversion” at the expense of more complex and diverse representations. Although much of this coverage has been reductive, it has generally not been overtly negative. An exception to this pattern is Spanish language news media, which has represented Latino Muslims in negative ways that echo the form but not the function of broader sets of orientalist images. Latino Muslims have responded by calling for boycotts and writing petitions to end the defamation of their identity group. The chapter argues that some of their responses are more reasonable than others and that they will require much broader support if these are to make any positive contributions to public discourse.
The Third Wave
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 6 examines a third Latino Muslim wave characterized by a distinct historical context, attempted consolidations of Latino Muslim groups under a single umbrella organization, and the emergence and prominence of the IslamInSpanish group. The latest wave of Latino Muslims is being shaped by political discourses around ISIS, immigration, and the 2016 election cycle. Increasingly negative coverage of Latinos, Muslims, and Latino Muslims within this context has prompted renewed attempts to consolidate the resources of disparate Latino Muslim groups across the nation in order to unite and produce collective responses to hateful characterizations of their identity groups in public discourse. Two contemporary instances of these movements are analyzed in this chapter. The first is Mujahid Fletcher’s IslamInSpanish group and the second regards the reconfiguration of the Los Angeles Latino Muslim Association from a regional group to a national pan-Latino Muslim organization.
The Politics and Practices of Central Clearing in OTC Derivatives Markets
Authors: Lockwood Erin
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the unintended consequences of the post-crisis mandate that over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives be cleared through centralized clearinghouses in an effort to reduce counterparty and systemic risk. Although central clearing has been widely implemented, it has reproduced many of the same characteristics of financial markets that contributed to the 2008 crisis: concentrated risk, moral hazard, and a reliance on faulty risk models. What accounts for the recalcitrance of the OTC derivatives market to a regulatory change? The chapter argues that focusing on the technologies and practices used to govern derivatives markets helps explain the absence of more radical regulatory policy shifts in derivatives regulation. Although there has been a significant shift in who regulates OTC markets, much less has changed at the level of the specific practices that govern these markets, and the chapter examines the continued reliance on netting, collateralization, and risk modeling within clearinghouses.
The Imperial Army Project
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

How did British authorities manage to secure the commitment of large dominion and Indian armies that could plan, fight, shoot, communicate, and sustain themselves, in concert with the British Army and with each other, during the era of the two world wars? This is the primary line of inquiry for this study, which begs a couple of supporting questions. What did the British want from the dominion and Indian armies and how did they go about trying to get it? How successful were they in the end? Answering these questions requires a long-term perspective—one that begins with efforts to fix the armies of the British Empire in the aftermath of their desultory performance in South Africa (1899–1903) and follows through to the high point of imperial military cooperation during the Second World War. Based on multi-archival research conducted in six different countries on four continents, Douglas E. Delaney argues that the military compatibility of the British Empire armies was the product of a deliberate and enduring imperial army project, one that aimed at ‘Lego-piecing’ the armies of the empire, while, at the same time, accommodating the burgeoning autonomy of the dominions and even India. At its core, this book is really about how a military coalition worked.
Introduction
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

The introduction sets the scope in terms of perspective and time span. This is an imperial history—from the time that imperial authorities decided to address seriously the military problems of the empire (1902) until the end of the last great imperial war effort (1945). These wide parameters are critical. Only by stepping outside the bounds of national histories can one appreciate the imperial ‘big picture’. After all, the interoperability of the imperial armies would not have been necessary were it not for imperial military problems. And only by taking a longer view can one see the full arc of the enterprise, which amounted to an imperial army project. British military authorities wanted a continental-type army, but one adapted to British imperial circumstances: British rejection of peacetime conscription, self-governing dominions, the non-contiguous nature of the empire, and the vast distances involved.
The Strands of Cooperation, 1919–1933
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

Cooperation between the armies of the British Empire slackened during the 1920s and the early 1930s. Still, some strands of collaboration remained, in spite of the growing autonomy of the dominions and India. Interchanges of officers continued, albeit in far fewer numbers. The dominions continued to send their best captains and majors to Camberley and Quetta, and, from 1927, the best of their colonels and brigadiers attended the Imperial Defence College. The Imperial General Staff remained in close contact with the general staffs of the dominion and Indian armies as well. They exchanged quarterly letters, in which they kept each other apprised of budgets, training, manning levels, and equipment development, among other things. These measures did not represent a huge investment, but they did what they were intended to do; they ensured that the dominion and Indian armies remained, as one Canadian general put it, ‘British through and through’.
The Last Great Imperial War Effort, 1939–1945
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

Using the same criteria as that employed to assess imperial interoperability in Chapter 3, this chapter examines how Britain, India, and the dominions raised their armies and worked together during the Second World War. It finds that, in spite of some terrible defeats, such as Singapore and Dieppe, and some difficult personal relationships between generals, the armies of the empire worked quite well together. This owed much to decades of common training, organization, and staff procedures. The ability of the empire’s armies to work together contrasts sharply with the inability of any of them to work smoothly with American formations, as the South Africans discovered in Italy and the Australians discovered in the Pacific. The Americans spoke a different staff language than the one that the armies of the British Empire had learned over the four-plus decades of the imperial army project.
1940
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the different groups that arrived in Britain in 1940—mainly from the British Empire and the European continent. Journeys to Britain were often daring, improvised, and dangerous. In mid-1940, when an imminent invasion of Britain was widely expected, there was a climate of intense hostility to foreigners. The British government introduced a policy of mass internment of people of enemy nationality, but hostility was often directed at all foreigners in Britain, regardless of nationality, with suspicions that they were acting as spies and fifth columnists. In contrast, there was often a warm welcome for those arriving in military uniform and they featured prominently in British propaganda which emphasized a war fought by allies, not Britain standing alone. The chapter argues that by the end of 1940, the climate of intense hostility to foreigners had begun to change.
The Empire Comes to Britain
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

This chapter looks at the many people who arrived in Britain from the British Empire—some to serve in the armed forces, others as war workers and wartime propagandists working at the BBC and in British cinema. Mixing between imperial allies produced many close friendships and camaraderie. The British media promoted a vision of an imperial community of allies. But wartime propaganda was potentially undermined by evidence of the practice of colour bars—in the empire and in Britain—and of tensions and antagonisms between imperial allies. Disruption of a publicly disseminated vision of a united empire was kept to a minimum. Colour bars in the empire and at home and antagonism between imperial allies—especially when this involved violence—were under-reported.
Language, Speech, and Sound
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the place of speech and language in the experiences of people arriving in Britain, and in the formation of British attitudes to them. The presence of refugees, exiles, troops, and war-workers made Britain increasingly multilingual—their voices and accents changed British soundscapes. Changing soundscapes sometimes provoked hostility, with foreign speech heard as an alien sound labelled ‘jabber’. But the presence in Britain of people speaking a very wide range of languages was an asset to the war effort, particularly to wartime propaganda. Their work at the BBC was indispensable in the rapid expansion of services broadcasting to Europe and the world, giving BBC messages their global reach. English was widely regarded as occupying the apex of a hierarchy of languages, but the arrival of people from the English-speaking world with many different accents prompted debates about which kinds of English speech were more civilized than others.
Introduction
Authors: Canevaro Mirko , Gray Benjamin
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces the main themes and questions of the volume. It discusses the complex processes through which Hellenistic Greeks engaged with Classical Athenian political models. The cultural authority of Classical Athenian literature and philosophy in the Hellenistic world added urgency to Hellenistic debates concerning the connection between politics, education, and cultural flourishing. It is necessary to study a wide range of Hellenistic evidence in order to examine through what media and in what contexts Hellenistic Greeks embraced, adapted, or rejected Classical Athenian political ideals and models. This introduction also explains the structure of the book, with short summaries of the individual chapters and their place within the whole volume.
Alexander the Great and Democracy in the Hellenistic World
Authors: Wallace Shane
Published: February 2018

This chapter looks at how Alexander the Great was remembered by democratic regimes in both Athens and Asia Minor in the early Hellenistic period. It argues that while Alexander’s reputation as a patron of democracy remained remarkably consistent in Asia Minor—his example was invoked as late as the first century BCE—he could be remembered in Athens as both a threat to, and a guarantor of, democracy. The reasons are twofold. First, Alexander supported tyrannies/oligarchies in Greece and democracies in Asia Minor. Second, his memory was employed in different ways by both kings and cities depending on their own political needs. Ultimately, this chapter argues that the memory of Alexander acted as a formative influence on the development of the relationship between city and king in the Hellenistic period by offering both positive and negative models for interaction between democratic states and authoritarian monarchs.
Demosthenic Influences in Early Rhetorical Education
Authors: Canevaro Mirko
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the afterlife of Demosthenes as a political model in the Hellenistic period, and through his image the afterlife of Athenian democratic values in the Hellenistic world. It shows how political struggles in Athens between the heirs of Demosthenes’ ‘party’ and pro-Macedonian politicians and philosophers shaped the later reception of this figure—the biographical tradition on Demosthenes has its foundation in slanderous assessments of his character and ability by Peripatetic philosophers after his death. Against the scholarly consensus, it argues that this was a minority tradition, and far from ignoring Demosthenes, a flourishing rhetorical and political tradition in the Hellenistic poleis saw Demosthenes as a political and rhetorical model symbolizing the civic virtues of a free city. This tradition is less represented in the works transmitted, but allusions to rhetorical exercises in Polybius and elsewhere and new papyrological finds shed light on its importance and its characters.
Sophists, Epicureans, and Stoics
Authors: Long A. G.
Published: February 2018

The sophists were some of the most important pioneers of Greek political philosophy. This paper discusses how Stoics and Epicureans engaged with sophistic thought and with previous critiques of sophistic thought. Plato’s accounts of sophists are a central object of study, because Plato and the Academy were, most probably, a key target of polemic in Stoic and Epicurean discussions of sophists. But sometimes the paper tries to get away from Plato, as for example when it considers Epicurean theories of conventions and contracts. Section 5.1 sets out the broader evidence for Stoic and Epicurean engagement with sophists, and the philosophical and/or polemical motivations for such engagement. Section 5.2 considers the Hellenistic, and particularly the Stoic, discussion of the teachability of virtue. Section 5.3 considers the origin of justice and disagreement between cities about what justice demands.
Comedy and the Athenian Ideal
Authors: Konstan David
Published: February 2018

New Comedy was a Panhellenic phenomenon. It may be that a performance in Athens was still the acme of a comic playwright’s career, but Athens was no longer the exclusive venue of the genre. Yet Athens, or an idealized version of Athens, remained the setting or backdrop for New Comedy, whatever its provenance or intended audience. New Comedy was thus an important vehicle for the dissemination of the Athenian polis model throughout the Hellenistic world, and it was a factor in what has been termed ‘the great convergence’. The role of New Comedy in projecting an idealized image of the city-state may be compared to that of Hollywood movies in conveying a similarly romanticized, but not altogether false, conception of American democracy to populations around the world.
Polybius on ‘Classical Athenian Imperial Democracy’
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: February 2018

This chapter makes two contributions to our understanding of Polybius’ representation of the Athenian democracy. First, it shows that Polybius’ negative general portrayal of Athens in his political analysis in Book 6 is frequently at odds with his apparent admiration of the Athenians as reflected in his accounts of Athenian diplomacy in the historical narrative. Second, and more importantly, the paper contextualizes the characterization of the Athenian politeia in Book 6 within Polybius’ generally negative depictions of radical democratic states (ochlocracy, in Polybius’ terms). Here it is necessary to note the political meaning of the term ‘democracy’ in the mid-second century BCE, in order to understand how Polybius can condemn the Athenian politeia while praising the qualities of δημοκρατία‎.
A Later Hellenistic Debate about the Value of Classical Athenian Civic Ideals?
Authors: Gray Benjamin
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that the later Hellenistic period (c.150 BCE–1 BCE) was a period of intense disagreement about Classical Athenian civic ideals, which can be partly reconstructed through comparison of epigraphic, historiographical, and philosophical sources. Some later Hellenistic Greeks championed the more community-centred and utopian aspects of Classical Athenian political culture, both democratic and philosophical, as a way of insisting on equality and solidarity in contemporary politics. In an opposing camp, Polybius and certain Stoics explicitly reacted against those same community-centred Classical Athenian ideals, arguing instead for ideals which gave more scope to competition and self-interest, within the bounds of firm contracts, rules, and property-rights. The chapter suggests that the debate it identifies came to a head in Athens in 88 BCE, when a Peripatetic tyrant seized power in Athens, and in subsequent responses to those events, especially Posidonius’ account of them.
Berkeley on the Objects of Perception
Authors: Marušić Jennifer Smalligan
Published: February 2018

In the first of the Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, Hylas distinguishes two parts or aspects of every perception, namely a sensation, which is an act of mind, and an object immediately perceived. Hylas concedes that sensations can exist only in a mind, but maintains that the objects immediately perceived have a real existence outside the mind; they are qualities of material objects. This distinction and Philonous’s response to it are the topic of this essay. It considers the implications of this response for understanding Berkeley’s theory of perception and concludes that it supports attributing to Berkeley an object-first theory of perception, according to which it is the special kind of object involved in perception that is philosophically significant.
The Active Self and Perception in Berkeley’s Three Dialogues
Authors: Hill James
Published: February 2018

This chapter investigates the relation between Berkeley’s active self and the faculty of perception, focusing on his Three Dialogues. First, it is shown how Berkeley is opposed to any perceptual account of self-knowledge because the passive ideas of perception disqualify them from representing the active self. Then, the role of this active self in perception is investigated. In the First Dialogue Philonous argues that perception is a thoroughly passive state, thus rendering it difficult to conceive how an active self can be the perceiving subject. It is argued, however, that Berkeley’s mature view relieves this difficulty by giving the self a participatory role in sensory perception, combining the elements of sensory input into a unified and coherent conscious experience.
A Puzzle in the Three Dialogues and Its Platonic Resolution
Authors: Roberts John Russell
Published: February 2018

This essay suggests that Berkeley’s Neoplatonism may be profitably viewed as developed under the influence of Cambridge Platonism. A brief account of some key aspects of Cambridge Platonism are reviewed, specifically the central idea of the Image of God Doctrine (IGD) and Cudworth’s Axiarchism. Then possible points of influence of these aspects on Berkeley’s views are explored. In support of its possible usefulness, this approach to Berkeley’s Neoplatonism is used to shed light on his otherwise puzzling embrace of the pure intellect and abstract ideas. If Berkeley is drawing on the Cambridge Platonism tradition in the way suggested, he can have his pure intellect and its innate ideas without dragging along a commitment to a faculty of abstraction and its abstract ideas. Instead, the pure intellect is seen as a reflective faculty directed to the perfectly particular, concrete self.
Set Them Free?!
Authors: Bergs Alexander
Published: February 2018

This paper presents and investigates some general issues regarding the study of scribal variation and the question of free variation in language. It shows that historical linguistics actually does not suffer from a lack of data, but that the particular data available to the historical linguist can offer new and fascinating insights into language users and the groups they belong to. In two empirical cases studies (the late Middle English Paston Letters and the early Middle English Peterborough Chronicle), this paper presents two long-term analyses of individual scribes and authors, and their role(s) in their respective social networks. It appears that scribal variation, at least for this period, was not a question of free variation, but was constrained by complex language-internal and language-external factors. The specific nature of historical data allows for a detailed study of these factors.
Linguistic Variation in Ancient Egyptian
Authors: Polis Stéphane
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the types of linguistic variation attested in pre-demotic Egyptian. More specifically, a sociolinguistic perspective is adopted in order to describe the impact that extralinguistic factors—such as time, origin, and social status of the scribe, situation of communication—may have on the written performance at the time. It is observed that the dimensions of variation related to the scribes, while not entirely absent, are rather elusive in this corpus. Variation resulting from the contexts of communication, conversely, is significant: within a multifaceted scribal repertoire, each genre imposes the selection of specific linguistic registers, which range from greater vernacularity and variation to greater formality and standardization. In a final section, the community of Deir el-Medina, namely the settlement of (royal) tomb-builders during the New Kingdom, is in focus so as to describe the effects that this particular scribal environment had on the written production.
Scribal Habits at the Tebtunis Temple Library
Authors: Ryholt Kim
Published: February 2018

The Tebtunis temple library provides a unique opportunity to investigate the operation of an institutional library from ancient Egypt. This chapter focuses on a range of formal features, palaeography, and the maintenance of texts and manuscripts. An analysis and comparison of formal features—e.g. the choice of new vs reused papyrus, choice of script, and the use of guidelines and pagination—with contemporary material from other sites reveals variation in practice and indicates general local trends. However, there is also significant variation within the temple library itself, and some features are closely linked to specific scribes and their personal habits. The many distinctive hands attested in the library leads to the related question of paleography and orthography and the extent to which these factors may help to determine the provenance of specific texts. Finally, the maintenance and transmission of texts and manuscripts through collation, corrections, repair, and recopying is addressed.
κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν‎
Authors: Mairs Rachel
Published: February 2018

Only a small number of documents from Ptolemaic Egypt preserve full translations into Greek of texts for which we also have the original in demotic. Several of these papyri come from the archive of the Theban choachytes, and relate to legal cases for which the original demotic legal documents had to be translated into Greek, to go before Greek courts in Egypt. This paper proposes that the quality of the Greek in these papyri, which has often been judged as poor, is a product, in part, of the translation process, and represents a bilingual translation strategy well known from other historical contexts.
‘These Two Lines …’
Authors: Wagner Esther-Miriam , Outhwaite Ben
Published: February 2018

Letters were an essential means of communication for the Jews living under Islam in the Middle Ages. The traditional seats of Jewish learning were in Baghdad and Jerusalem, but their constituencies were scattered across the world. Letters frequently passed between Egypt and Palestine and Egypt and Iraq, as Jews sought halakhic knowledge, rulings, influence, and political advantage from their leaders, and dignitaries sought to govern their distant communities and ensure the continued flow of funding. At a lower level, letters passed between communal officials and prominent citizens, between petitioners and public servants. Jews were heavily involved in trade; a network of traders relied upon the written letter to organize cargoes, settle debts, or discuss political rumours. This chapter outlines the distinct medieval epistolary styles used in Hebrew and Judaeo-Arabic correspondence. The internal development of these letters, choices of language, layout, and style are discussed within their historical and sociolinguistic framework.
Taking Pictures
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter presents appropriation art as a seemingly paradoxical renunciation and reinforcement of artistic authority. It then turns to the established philosophical debate surrounding interpretive intentionalism in light of the 2008 lawsuit between photographer Patrick Cariou and the contemporary appropriation artist Richard Prince. This case illustrates the essential role that intentionalism plays in deciding copyright suits. It then considers the philosophical problems surrounding the legal status of appropriation art. A number of scholars have proposed ways for the courts to accommodate appropriation art without eroding copyright protections for authors. It considers some recent proposals and rejects them. It then argues that appropriation art should be considered derivative and hence presumptively unfair.
Systematics and evolution of Sarraceniaceae
Authors: Naczi Robert F. C.
Published: February 2018

The western hemisphere pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae) are a family of about 35 species of carnivorous flowering plants native to portions of North America and northern South America. Molecular and morphological data diagnose three monophyletic, divergent genera: Darlingtonia (1 species, western Oregon and northern California, USA), Heliamphora (23 species, southern Venezuela and small portions of adjacent Brazil and Guyana), and Sarracenia (8–11 species, portions of eastern and northern North America). In contrast to the genera, species within Heliamphora and Sarracenia are morphologically and molecularly similar. Speciation is little understood in Sarraceniaceae, but intraspecific genetic diversity, hybridization, and heterochrony may be important factors. Ancestral Sarraceniaceae probably originated in South America, then migrated to North America where they became widespread. Subsequently, disjunctions formed, and the genera diverged. Despite numerous recent advances, understanding of Sarraceniaceae evolution and systematics remains incomplete.
Mineral nutrition of terrestrial carnivorous plants
Authors: Adamec Lubomír , Pavlovič Andrej
Published: February 2018

Mineral nutrition is thought to be the key process leading to the evolution of botanical carnivory. This chapter reviews the current understanding of ecophysiological processes associated with mineral nutrition of terrestrial carnivorous plants, with most attention to papers published since 1990 and to integrative studies of Nepenthes. It compares various characteristics of mineral nutrition of terrestrial carnivorous plants under both field and greenhouse conditions and emphasizes processes of the mineral nutrient economy of carnivorous plants: nutrient uptake efficiency from prey carcasses and reutilization of mineral nutrients from senesced shoots. The primary physiological effect of foliar capture of prey is the stimulation of nutrient uptake by roots. The chapter explains the concept of mineral cost of carnivory and highlights open questions associated with mineral nutrition of terrestrial carnivorous plants.
Ecophysiology of aquatic carnivorous plants
Authors: Adamec Lubomír
Published: February 2018

About 60 species of the genera Aldrovanda and Utricularia are submersed aquatic or amphibious carnivorous plants. They all are strictly rootless and take up mineral nutrients for their growth from the ambient water and captured prey through their trap-bearing shoots. These species represent a specific ecophysiological group that are dissimilar in their principal morphological and physiological features from terrestrial carnivorous plants and from rooted and nonrooted aquatic noncarnivorous plants. I review the ecology of habitats of aquatic carnivorous plants; characteristics of their growth traits, photosynthesis, and mineral nutrition; regulation of the investment in carnivory in Utricularia; biophysical and physiological peculiarities of Utricularia traps; and turion ecophysiology. Open questions of the ecophysiology of aquatic carnivorous plants are discussed.
Estimating the exposure of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: February 2018

Climatic change likely will exacerbate current threats to carnivorous plants. However, estimating the severity of climatic change is challenged by the unique ecology of carnivorous plants, including habitat specialization, dispersal limitation, small ranges, and small population sizes. We discuss and apply methods for modeling species distributions to overcome these challenges and quantify the vulnerability of carnivorous plants to rapid climatic change. Results suggest that climatic change will reduce habitat suitability for most carnivorous plants. Models also project increases in habitat suitability for many species, but the extent to which these increases may offset habitat losses will depend on whether individuals can disperse to and establish in newly suitable habitats outside of their current distribution. Reducing existing stressors and protecting habitats where numerous carnivorous plant species occur may ameliorate impacts of climatic change on this unique group of plants.
Nonlinear Time Series Analysis with R
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

In the process of data analysis, the investigator is often facing highly-volatile and random-appearing observed data. A vast body of literature shows that the assumption of underlying stochastic processes was not necessarily representing the nature of the processes under investigation and, when other tools were used, deterministic features emerged. Non Linear Time Series Analysis (NLTS) allows researchers to test whether observed volatility conceals systematic non linear behavior, and to rigorously characterize governing dynamics. Behavioral patterns detected by non linear time series analysis, along with scientific principles and other expert information, guide the specification of mechanistic models that serve to explain real-world behavior rather than merely reproducing it. Often there is a misconception regarding the complexity of the level of mathematics needed to understand and utilize the tools of NLTS (for instance Chaos theory). However, mathematics used in NLTS is much simpler than many other subjects of science, such as mathematical topology, relativity or particle physics. For this reason, the tools of NLTS have been confined and utilized mostly in the fields of mathematics and physics. However, many natural phenomena investigated I many fields have been revealing deterministic non linear structures. In this book we aim at presenting the theory and the empirical of NLTS to a broader audience, to make this very powerful area of science available to many scientific areas. This book targets students and professionals in physics, engineering, biology, agriculture, economy and social sciences as a textbook in Nonlinear Time Series Analysis (NLTS) using the R computer language.
Phase Space Reconstruction
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

In this chapter we introduce an important concept concerning the study of both discrete and continuous dynamical systems, the concept of phase space or “state space”. It is an abstract mathematical construction with important applications in statistical mechanics, to represent the time evolution of a dynamical system in geometric shape. This space has as many dimensions as the number of variables needed to define the instantaneous state of the system. For instance, the state of a material point moving on a straight line is defined by its position and velocity at each instant, so that the phase space for this system is a plane in which one axis is the position and the other one the velocity. In this case, the phase space is also called “phase plane”. It is later applied in many chapters of the book.
Data Preprocessing
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

Successful reconstruction of a shadow attractor provides preliminary empirical evidence that a signal isolated from observed time series data may be generated by deterministic dynamics. However, because we cannot reasonably expect signal processing to purge the signal of all noise in practice, and because noisy linear behavior can be visually indistinguishable from nonlinear behavior, the possibility remains that noticeable regularity detected in a shadow attractor may be fortuitously reconstructed from data generated by a linear-stochastic process. This chapter investigates how we can test this null hypothesis using surrogate data testing. The combination of a noticeably regular shadow attractor, along with strong statistical rejection of fortuitous regularity, increases the probability that observed data are generated by deterministic real-world dynamics.
Capstone: Application of NLTS to Real-World Data
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

This chapter investigates the use of Extreme Value Statistics (EVS) to probabilistically model extreme events separated as unstructured noise in signal processing. We apply a version of EVS that computes the likelihood of extreme discrepancies exceeding a selected threshold value within a given time interval. In theory, exceedances follow a Generalized Pareto (GP) distribution, and we run diagnostics to determine how well the data actually fit this distribution. If we find a reasonable fit, we can invert the GP distribution to solve for quantiles providing a useful noise diagnostic: return level plots. Return level plots show the return periods expected before particular extreme noise levels return levels are realized.
“But He Indeed Will Rule Over You”
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that women, like foreigners, were subject to having their personhood erased by those who were dominant over them. The chapter begins with an assessment of whether women were considered persons in ancient Israel, addressing in detail the issue of whether they were considered to be property. Responding to previous research on this question, the chapter contends that women were treated in the ways they were not because they were the property of their husbands but because they were subordinates, and their subordination had clear physical dimensions. Just as subordinate men were liable to having their personhood erased in certain situations, the position of having dominance over women as husbands and fathers also entailed the ability to erase women’s personhood through violence in cases of transgression.
From Dualization to Solidarity
Authors: Doellgast Virginia , Lillie Nathan , Pulignano Valeria
Published: February 2018

This introductory chapter develops an original framework to explain why unions are more or less successful in containing the spread of precarious work. It argues that employment precarity is both an outcome of and a central contributing factor to a mutually reinforcing feedback relationship between labour market, welfare state, and collective bargaining institutions; worker identity and identification; and employer and union strategies. This framework builds on academic discussions of institutional change, dualism, and precarious work from three broad research traditions: comparative political economy, critical sociology, and comparative employment relations. The chapter reviews this literature, outlines the framework, and discusses the chapter findings in the book with reference to the framework.
Negotiating Better Conditions for Workers during Austerity in Europe
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Marino Stefania , Anxo Dominique , Gautié Jérôme , Neumann László , Weinkopf Claudia
Published: February 2018

This chapter compares union actions affecting local government workers during a period of austerity across five European countries: France, Germany, Hungary, Sweden, and the UK. These five countries are characterized by different national industrial relations institutions, different systems of public sector wage-setting, and varied opportunities for local union influence. The study analyses the conditions under which trade unions have been able to reduce precarious work among local government workers (in-house and subcontracted) and to promote more equitable and solidaristic outcomes. It specifically focuses on union actions against pay precarity and employment precarity. It concludes by discussing the contributory roles played by national institutions, austerity measures, and unions’ power resources in shaping the prospects for pay equity and chain solidarities in Europe’s public sector.
Restructuring Labour Relations and Employment in the European Logistics Sector
Authors: Benvegnú Carlotta , Haidinger Bettina , Sacchetto Devi
Published: February 2018

This chapter compares union responses and the emergence of workers’ struggles in two segments of the European logistics sector: warehousing in Italy and parcel delivery in Austria. The two case studies show striking similarities both in the management of the supply chain, resulting in highly segmented labour markets, and in the two sub-industries’ exposure to workers’ positional power. Unions’ success and failure to organize workers in logistics supply chains and in the effective adoption of strategies to contest casualization and fragmentation are related to differences in the dominant or competing union structures to incorporate precarious workforce groups, and in building upon inclusive worker solidarity and direct action. In Italy, rank-and-file unions approach workers directly, providing labour law knowledge and militant experiences. In Austria, unions stick to their old recipes of corporatist inclusion, act defensively, and leave precarious workers to their own devices in their struggles.
Holiness in the Rabbinic Period
Authors: Novick Tzvi
Published: February 2018

The chapter examines the conceptualization and role of holiness in classical rabbinic and para-rabbinic literature. The first part contends that while holiness structured the thought world of sectarians in the late Second Temple period, it figures less importantly for the rabbis themselves, who in an assortment of texts appear self-consciously to disrupt holiness-based hierarchies. They instead assign a structuring role to law. The second part of the chapter surveys the ways in which texts from rabbinic Palestine deploy holiness discourse, and ventures that the rabbis continue to think of holiness as closer to a natural property than to an evaluative shorthand.
Holiness and the Land of Israel
Authors: Lifshitz Joseph Isaac
Published: February 2018

A study of holiness in time and space illumines the phenomenon of holiness in ways that an abstract conceptual study would not. Holiness is not only about separation and restraint but also yearning and longing. It entails more than the combination of mysterium and fascination, awe and wonder. Although in part an affective state; holiness also presupposes the reality of a deity. Holiness draws humans to respond actively and to come close despite the awe of God. Holiness as attached to the world, to time and space, has ramifications for human action. It has both theological and legal dimensions. These two are often in tension, but, especially in the Torah, are never separated. The legal is in effect based on the theological; the theological dimension is expressed by the norms and rules of law. These two dimensions are found in the theology and laws of the land of Israel as expressed in the Torah.
Gratitude, Humility, and Holiness in Medieval Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan
Published: February 2018

Important medieval Jewish thinkers such as Saadia Gaon and Baḥya ibn Pakuda assigned a crucial role to reason and the intellect in their understanding of Judaism. They did not thereby challenge Jewish tradition as much as show its rational depth and truth. They believed that tradition supports reason, and reason is to be employed in deepening our understanding of tradition. This view also shaped their conceptions of holiness. Our best understanding of divine wisdom and the commandments—and thus, our best prospect for striving to be holy—involves the exercise of reason. Revelation is a source of rational wisdom. Although the holiness attainable by human beings is not purely or exclusively intellectual, it depends on an appreciation of divine holiness through the understanding.
Israel as a Holy People in Medieval Kabbalah
Authors: Lachter Hartley
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores how the notion of Israel as a holy people is employed in Zoharic Kabbalah. Conceptions of Jewish superiority are explicitly connected to discourses of Israelite sanctity throughout the Zoharic corpus. Due to their divine souls and unique role in the cosmic order according to the Zohar, Jews are regarded as playing a central and unique role as an am kadosh, or “holy people.” While medieval conceptions of Jewish sanctity are not employed as justification for inflicting harm upon non-Jews, some contemporary authors do make such a move. As comparison, the works of Yitzchak Ginsburgh are briefly addressed.
Holiness in Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber
Authors: Plevan William
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the conception of holiness in three influential modern Jewish thinkers, Hermann Cohen, Martin Buber, and Franz Rosenzweig, with particular attention to the problem of Jewish distinctiveness. Each thinker’s approach to holiness represents their attempt to define the meaning of Jewish distinctiveness in light of the social, political, and cultural challenges faced by the Jews of Germany in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and by modern Jews more broadly. Consideration of these three thinkers’ conceptions of holiness also offers us the opportunity to examine the strengths and limitations of contemporary approaches to Jewish distinctiveness within North American Jewish spiritual life over the last several decades.