bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensory effects of transient receptor potential channel agonists on whole mouth saliva extensional rheology
Authors: Houghton Jack William , Hans Joachim , Pesaro Manuel , Ley Jakob Peter , Carpenter Guy Howard , Proctor Gordon
Published: February 2017

The extensional rheology (ER) of saliva is a property associated with its ability to coat surfaces and is important for the maintenance of a normal mouth feeling. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are expressed in the oral cavity and this study investigated how the sensory effects of TRP channel agonists modify the ER of saliva. Healthy volunteers rinsed with solutions containing a TRP agonist. Unstimulated whole mouth saliva (WMS) was collected prior to rinsing and WMS was collected during the first and second minutes after the mouth rinse. The Spinnbarkeit of the collected saliva was measured using a Neva Meter. The nonivamide (TRPV1) mouth rinse increased WMS ER from 37.0 (± 6.3) mm to 49.3 (± 5.1) mm when compared with the vehicle control, which itself had no effect on WMS ER. However, this effect was short‐lived and ER of WMS was not increased in the second minute after the nonivamide mouth rinse. The menthol (TRPM8) mouth rinse resulted in an increase up to 57.8 (± 7.8) mm in WMS ER from the vehicle control and returned to control levels in the second minute. The cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1) mouth rinse resulted in no change in WMS ER. It can be concluded that nonivamide and menthol mouth rinsing has a short‐term effect of increasing WMS ER, an effect not observed after cinnamaldehyde rinsing. We hypothesize that the activation of some TRP channels in the oral cavity results in changes in the salivary protein composition that in turn alters WMS ER.

Practical applications

Identifying compounds that modify the physical properties of saliva in a desirable way is important in developing treatments for conditions associated with changes in the physical properties of saliva such as xerostomia (also known as dry mouth). Furthermore, understanding the rheology of saliva contributes to the elucidation of food oral processing which is of importance to food manufacturers.
Serum microRNAs as predictors for liver fibrosis staging in hepatitis C virus‐associated chronic liver disease patients
Authors: Shaker O. G. , Senousy M. A.
Published: February 2017

Accurate staging of liver fibrosis is important for clinical decision making and personalized management. Liver fibrosis is influenced by patients’ genomics, including IFNL3 genotype and microRNA expression. However, incorporating microRNAs into fibrosis prediction algorithms has not been investigated. We examined the potential of eight selected serum microRNAs; miR‐122, miR‐126, miR‐129, miR‐199a, miR‐155, miR‐203a, miR‐221, and miR‐223 as non‐invasive biomarkers to stage liver fibrosis in HCV‐associated chronic liver disease (HCV‐CLD). 145 Egyptian HCV‐CLD patients were divided according to Metavir fibrosis scores. MicroRNAs and IFNL3 rs12979860 genotype were assayed by RT‐qPCR and allelic discrimination techniques, respectively. Serum miR‐122 was downregulated, whereas miR‐203a and miR‐223 were upregulated in significant fibrosis (≥F2) compared with no/mild fibrosis (F0‐F1). Serum miR‐126, miR‐129, miR‐203a, and miR‐223 were upregulated in severe fibrosis (≥F3) and cirrhosis (F4) compared with F0‐F2 and F0‐F3, respectively. miR‐221 was upregulated in ≥F3, but unchanged in F4. miR‐155, miR‐199a, and IFNL3 rs12979860 genotype were not significantly different in all comparisons. Differentially expressed serum microRNAs discriminated ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 by receiver‐operating‐characteristic analysis. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed a model combining miR‐129, miR‐223, AST, and platelet count with high diagnostic accuracy for ≥F3 (AUC=0.91). The model also discriminated F4 (AUC=0.96) and ≥F2 (AUC=0.783), and was superior to APRI and FIB‐4 in discriminating ≥F3 and F4, but not ≥F2. In conclusion, combining serum microRNAs with baseline predictors could serve as a new non‐invasive algorithm for staging HCV‐associated liver fibrosis. Additional studies are required to confirm this model and test its significance in liver fibrosis of other etiologies.
Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli in husbandry animals: the African perspective
Authors: Alonso C.A. , Zarazaga M. , Ben Sallem R. , Jouini A. , Ben Slama K. , Torres C.
Published: February 2017

In the last few years, different surveillances have been published in Africa, especially in northern countries, regarding antimicrobial resistance among husbandry animals. Information is still scarce, but the available data show a worrying picture. Although the highest resistance rates have been described against tetracycline, penicillins and sulphonamides, prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) are being increasingly reported. Among ESBLs, the CTX-M-1 group was dominant in most African surveys. Within this group, CTX-M-15 was the main variant both in animals and humans, except in Tunisia where CTX-M-1 was more frequently detected among Escherichia coli from poultry. Certain blaCTX-M-15-harbouring clones (ST131/B2 or ST405/D) are mainly identified in humans, but they have also been reported in livestock species from Tanzania, Nigeria or Tunisia. Moreover, several reports suggest an inter-host circulation of specific plasmids (e.g. blaCTX-M-1-carrying IncI1/ST3 in Tunisia, IncY- and Inc-untypeable replicons co-harbouring qnrS1 and blaCTX-M-15 in Tanzania and the worldwide distributed blaCTX-M-15-carrying IncF-type plasmids). International trade of poultry meat seems to have contributed to the spread of other ESBL variants, such as CTX-M-14, and clones. Furthermore, first descriptions of OXA-48- and OXA-181-producing E. coli have been recently documented in cattle from Egypt, and the emergent plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 gene has been also identified in chickens from Algeria, Tunisia and South Africa. These data reflect the urgent need of a larger regulation in the use of veterinary drugs and the implementation of surveillance programmes in order to decelerate the advance of antimicrobial resistance in this continent.
What We Gain by Combining Variationist and Concept‐Oriented Approaches: The Case of Acquiring Spanish Future‐Time Expression
Authors: Kanwit Matthew
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to advance research on first and second language future‐time expression in Spanish and to demonstrate the strengths of combining functionalist, concept‐oriented approaches (e.g., Andersen, 1984; Bardovi‐Harlig, 2000; Shirai, 1995; von Stutterheim & Klein, 1987) with variationist approaches. The study targeted 140 participants (120 English‐speaking learners of Spanish of varying proficiency and 20 native speakers of Spanish) who completed an oral task responding to eight prompts (e.g., describe tus planes para este fin de semana “describe your plans for this weekend”). Results from cross‐tabulations and multinomial regressions indicated gradual inclusion of new linguistic and social variables as learner proficiency increased and demonstrated the value of considering both group and individual behavior. Findings were discussed in relation to stages of acquisition of future‐time expression.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. All materials are publicly accessible in the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Renal replacement therapy in critically ill liver cirrhotic patients—outcome and clinical implications
Authors: Staufer Katharina , Roedl Kevin , Kivaranovic Danijel , Drolz Andreas , Horvatits Thomas , Rasoul‐Rockenschaub Susanne , Zauner Christian , Trauner Michael , Fuhrmann Valentin
Published: February 2017

Background & Aims

Current guidelines discourage renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill cirrhotics in the lack of liver transplant (LT) options. This study aimed to identify patients who benefit from RRT in the short and long‐term.

Methods

Critically ill cirrhotics were included over a time period of 6 years and followed for at least 1 year. CLIF‐C ACLF, CLIF‐SOFA, SOFA and MELD scores on admission, 24 h prior to RRT, 24 and 48 hours after start of RRT were analysed for their predictive value of ICU‐mortality. Additionally, long‐term renal recovery and successful bridging to LT was assessed.

Results

In total, 40% (78/193) of patients required RRT. ICU‐, 28 days‐, 90 days‐, and 1 year‐mortality was 71%, 83%, 91%, and 92%, respectively, and was significantly higher than in patients without need for RRT (4%, 30%, 43%, and 50%), P<.001. CLIF‐C ACLF and CLIF – SOFA scores within 24 hours prior to RRT showed good discriminant power to predict ICU‐mortality. CLIF‐C ACLF calculated 48 hours after commencing RRT was the most suitable predictor of ICU‐mortality in RRT‐patients irrespective of LT options (AUC: 0.866). In patients with ≥5 organ failure assessed by CLIF‐SOFA at any time point showed 100% ICU‐mortality. 13% of patients with RRT showed renal recovery; 14% of patients could be bridged to LT.

Conclusions

Mortality in critically ill cirrhotics with need for RRT is substantially high independent of LT options. Only a small proportion showed renal recovery after ICU discharge. CLIF‐C ACLF and CLIF‐SOFA score may assist in identifying patients who would not benefit from RRT.
Origin and transportation history of lunar breccia 14311
Authors: Merle Renaud E. , Nemchin Alexander A. , Whitehouse Martin J. , Pidgeon Robert T. , Grange Marion L. , Snape Joshua F. , Thiessen Fiona
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we compare the U‐Pb zircon age distribution pattern of sample 14311 from the Apollo 14 landing site with those from other breccias collected at the same landing site. Zircons in breccia 14311 show major age peaks at 4340 and 4240 Ma and small peaks at 4110, 4030, and 3960 Ma. The zircon age patterns of breccia 14311 and other Apollo 14 breccias are statistically different suggesting a separate provenance and transportation history for these breccias. This interpretation is supported by different U‐Pb Ca‐phosphate and exposure ages for breccia 14311 (Ca‐phosphate age: 3938 ± 4 Ma, exposure age: ~550–660 Ma) from the other Apollo 14 breccias (Ca‐phosphate age: 3927 ± 2 Ma, compatible with the Imbrium impact, exposure age: ~25–30 Ma). Based on these observations, we consider two hypotheses for the origin and transportation history of sample 14311. (1) Breccia 14311 was formed in the Procellarum KREEP terrane by a 3938 Ma‐old impact and deposited near the future site of the Imbrium basin. The breccia was integrated into the Fra Mauro Formation during the deposition of the Imbrium impact ejecta at 3927 Ma. The zircons were annealed by mare basalt flooding at 3400 Ma at Apollo 14 landing site. Eventually, at approximately 660 Ma, a small and local impact event excavated this sample and it has been at the surface of the Moon since this time. (2) Breccia 14311 was formed by a 3938 Ma‐old impact. The location of the sample is not known at that time but at 3400 Ma, it was located nearby or buried by hot basaltic flows. It was transported from where it was deposited to the Apollo 14 landing site by an impact at approximately 660 Ma, possibly related to the formation of the Copernicus crater and has remained at the surface of the Moon since this event. This latter hypothesis is the simplest scenario for the formation and transportation history of the 14311 breccia.
What can genome‐wide association studies tell us about the evolutionary forces maintaining genetic variation for quantitative traits?
Authors: Josephs Emily B. , Stinchcombe John R. , Wright Stephen I.
Published: February 2017

Understanding the evolutionary forces that shape genetic variation within species has long been a goal of evolutionary biology. Integrating data for the genetic architecture of traits from genome‐wide association mapping studies (GWAS) along with the development of new population genetic methods for identifying selection in sequence data may allow us to evaluate the roles of mutation–selection balance and balancing selection in shaping genetic variation at various scales. Here, we review the theoretical predictions for genetic architecture and additional signals of selection on genomic sequence for the loci that affect traits. Next, we review how plant GWAS have tested for the signatures of various selective scenarios. Limited evidence to date suggests that within‐population variation is maintained primarily by mutation–selection balance while variation across the landscape is the result of local adaptation. However, there are a number of inherent biases in these interpretations. We highlight these challenges and suggest ways forward to further understanding of the maintenance of variation.

ContentsSummary21I.Introduction21II.Theoretical predictions22III.What GWAS have told us about selection on quantitative traits24IV.Challenges of connecting GWAS to selection25V.Potential ways forward29Acknowledgements30References30
Biogeography of nodulated legumes and their nitrogen‐fixing symbionts
Authors: Sprent Janet I. , Ardley Julie , James Euan K.
Published: February 2017

Contents

Summary
40

I.
Introduction
40

II.
Recent changes in the taxonomy of legume genera
41

III.
Latitudinal variations in the distribution of nodulated legumes
44

IV.
Longitudinal variations in the distribution of nodulated legumes
48

V.
Evolution of legume nodulation
49

VI.
Legume‐nodulating bacteria – rhizobial diversity in a geographical context
49

VII.
Host plant control of rhizobia – the Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) legumes
52

VIII.
Conclusions and outstanding problems
53

Acknowledgements
53

References
53

In the last decade, analyses of both molecular and morphological characters, including nodulation, have led to major changes in our understanding of legume taxonomy. In parallel there has been an explosion in the number of genera and species of rhizobia known to nodulate legumes. No attempt has been made to link these two sets of data or to consider them in a biogeographical context. This review aims to do this by relating the data to the evolution of the two partners: it highlights both longitudinal and latitudinal trends and considers these in relation to the location of major land masses over geological time. Australia is identified as being a special case and latitudes north of the equator as being pivotal in the evolution of highly specialized systems in which the differentiated rhizobia effectively become ammonia factories. However, there are still many gaps to be filled before legume nodulation is sufficiently understood to be managed for the benefit of a world in which climate change is rife.
Huhu grubs, bull semen shots and koki: Visceral geographies of regional food festivals in Aotearoa
Authors: Modlik Melanie , Johnston Lynda
Published: February 2017

This article draws attention to the visceral geographies of two unique Aotearoa New Zealand regional food festivals – Kāwhia KaiFest and Wildfoods Hokitika. We address the question: how do organisers and attendees sensually experience place through food festivals? Interviews, participant ‘sensing’, the researchers’ own bodies and ‘gut feelings’ were used as research instruments. The affective work of visceral pleasure and disgust highlight food that is deemed (in)edible. We argue that the visceral is crucial to understanding place for wild Hokitika or calm Kāwhia. The two food festivals provide insights and paradoxes into the embodied experiences of regional and culturally diverse tourism geographies.
Kin recognition in embryonic damselfishes
Authors: Atherton Jennifer Ann , McCormick Mark Ian
Published: February 2017

Predator‐induced mortality rates are highest in early life stages; therefore, early recognition of threats can greatly increase survival chances. Some species of coral reef fishes have been frequently found to recruit back to their natal reefs; in this instance, there is a high chance of juveniles encountering their siblings, among other kin, after hatching. Kin recognition plays an important ecological role in that it allows individuals to protect genetically similar relatives, and hence increase their inclusive fitness. By observing changes in heart rates, we demonstrated that embryos of two damselfish species, Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion melanopus, not only possess recognition of kin and damage‐released alarm odours, but also react to them in a graded manner. Such refined olfactory capabilities in embryonic stage organisms (seven and eleven days after fertilisation) suggest identification of threats may provide survival advantages post‐hatching, such as the informed choice of low risk habitats at settlement. To our knowledge this is the first time that kin recognition has been identified in embryos of any species.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association of Autism Spectrum Disorder in visually or hearing impaired children
Authors: Do Belinda , Lynch Paige , Macris Elena‐Marie , Smyth Brianna , Stavrinakis Stephanie , Quinn Stephen , Constable Paul A
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To determine whether there is an association with a congenital visual or hearing impairment (VIorHI) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed using nine relevant databases limited to peer reviewed articles in English between 1994 and January 2016. The search identified 1248 articles after duplicates were removed with subsequent screening of the abstracts excluding a further 1199, resulting in 49 full‐text articles that were then independently assessed by five of the authors with a final 15 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Bias assessment was determined through consensus of the first five authors. A meta‐analysis of the included studies was performed to estimate the relative risk ofASDin theVIandHIgroups compared to the general population based on reported prevalence rates in similar geographical regions. Overall prevalence rates forASDwere calculated from the combined studies in theVIandHIpopulations.

Results

The overall prevalence ofASDinVIandHIpopulations was 19% (95%CI13–25%) and 9% (95%CI6–12%) respectively. The overall risk‐ratio ofASDwas greater in theVI31.0 times (95%CI18.62–51.56);z = 13.21,p < 0.001) andHIgroups 14.1 times (95%CI3.41–58.62;z = 3.65,p < 0.001) compared to reportedASDprevalence in the general population.

Conclusion

There is a high association ofASDinVIorHIchildren and therefore these populations should be assessed forASDin the presence of a visual or hearing disability.
What do patients think about the role of optometrists in providing advice about smoking and nutrition?
Authors: Downie Laura E. , Douglass Amanda , Guest Daryl , Keller Peter R.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Tobacco smoking and nutrition are key lifestyle factors with long‐term effects on eye health. However, little is known about patients’ perceptions and experiences in these areas in relation to the care received from optometrists. The main aim was to survey patients’ perceptions and prior experience regarding the role of optometrists in enquiring and providing advice about tobacco smoking and nutrition.

Methods

An anonymous, paper‐based survey was distributed to a convenience sample of 225 adults attending the University of Melbourne eye care clinic. Respondents provided demographic and other information (age, sex, length of time since last eye examination, country of most recent eye examination, smoking status and intake of nutritional supplements) and indicated their level of agreement (using a five‐step Likert scale) with a series of statements relating to the care provided by optometrists in the areas of health, smoking and nutrition. The statements were designed to assess the perceived scope of practice of optometrists and the extent to which patients expect, and feel comfortable, discussing these issues with their optometrist.

Results

220 completed surveys were returned. Most respondents (>80%) agreed that they visit their optometrist to quantify their refractive error and to examine their eye health. About two‐thirds of respondents indicated that they expect their optometrist to ask about their general health, with almost half expecting their optometrist to communicate with their general medical practitioner. Approximately one‐third of respondents indicated having been routinely questioned about their smoking status, diet and nutritional supplement intake by their optometrist. This was despite about half expecting their optometrist to question them about these factors and almost three out of four respondents indicating that they felt comfortable talking with their optometrist about these lifestyle behaviours.

Conclusions

This study provides novel insight into patients’ perceptions and experience with optometric practice in the areas of tobacco smoking and nutrition. The majority of respondents expected their optometrist to examine their eye health, ask them about their smoking and diet habits, and indicated feeling comfortable discussing these topics with their primary eye care provider. These findings suggest that brief advice interventions relating to tobacco use and diet are likely to be acceptable to deliver in optometry practice.
Peripheral aberrations in adult hyperopes, emmetropes and myopes
Authors: Osuagwu Uchechukwu L. , Suheimat Marwan , Atchison David A.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To determine differences in peripheral aberrations in hyperopic, emmetropic and myopic groups.

Methods

Cycloplegic peripheral aberrations for 5 mm pupils were measured at 39 locations across 42° × 32° of right eye visual fields with a COAS‐HD Hartmann‐Shack aberrometer in nine hyperopes (mean age 29 ± 5 years, spherical equivalent refraction M + 1.47 ± 0.58 D), 20 emmetropes (28 ± 7 years, +0.06 ± 0.36 D) and 20 myopes (27 ± 6 years, −2.55 ± 1.82 D). Relative peripheral refraction error RPRE and 3rd–4th order Zernike coefficients were compared between the groups.

Results

Hyperopes and emmetropes had relative peripheral myopia across the visual field, with considerable nasal‐temporal asymmetry for both groups and superior‐inferior asymmetry for hyperopes. Myopes had minimal RPRE along the horizontal meridian, but myopic RPRE along the vertical meridian which was less than the other groups. There was little difference between groups in astigmatic components or higher‐order Zernike coefficients, except for fourth‐order spherical aberration which was more positive in hyperopes than in both emmetropes (mean difference ±95% CI = +0.05 ± 0.05 μm, p = 0.03) and myopes (+0.07 ± 0.04 μm, p = 0.003). Coma changed rapidly across the visual field with similar rates for all groups.

Conclusions

Hyperopes and emmetropes had greater relative peripheral myopia than myopes. There was asymmetry in RPRE along the vertical meridian for hyperopes which was not present in the emmetropes, suggesting there may be asymmetries in peripheral eye length along the vertical meridian for the former. Higher‐order aberrations were affected by field eccentricity, but refractive error affected only the spherical aberration coefficient, which was more positive for hyperopes than for other groups.
Accommodation and pupil behaviour of binocularly viewing early presbyopes
Authors: Almutairi Meznah S. , Altoaimi Basal H. , Bradley Arthur
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To study accommodation behaviour of early presbyopes with the full suite of accommodative stimuli, and to monitor changes in spherical aberration, pupil size and image quality that accompany the accommodative response.

Methods

Using a high resolution Shack–Hartmann aberrometer, we measured refractive state as a binocularly viewed 0.30 logMAR (6/12 or 20/40) letter E was moved from 2 m to 20 cm and simultaneously monitored pupil diameter and spherical aberration for 19 subjects (mean age: 42 ± 7.18 years). Refractive state was defined using three standard criteria: minRMS, paraxial, and optimum image quality using the Visual Strehl ratio metric (VSOTF).

Results

Because of changes in spherical aberration, accommodative gain measured with the paraxial criterion is generally greater (on average by 34%) than the minRMS gain in early presbyopes. The slope of stimulus/response curve is relatively stable up to age 41 and then declines progressively in spite of a full binocular set of accommodative cues. Reduced accommodative gain appears once accommodative amplitude has dropped to below 3D, and gain drops to <0.5 as amplitude drops to 1.5D. This decline happens at different ages in different presbyopes.

Conclusion

Prior to the early 40s, changes in accommodation are restricted to a reduction in amplitude, but during the 40s the continued loss of accommodative amplitude is accompanied by a concurrent drop in accommodative gain. Therefore, reduced near image quality in early presbyopes is caused by lower accommodative amplitudes and gains, which may explain the apparent acceleration in symptoms and near add prescriptions during the mid to late 40s.
Slope of psychometric functions and termination rule analysis for low contrast acuity charts
Authors: Carkeet Andrew , Bailey Ian L.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To assess whether the slopes of psychometric functions for measuring low contrast letter acuity were different from those for measuring high contrast letter acuity.

Methods

Ten participants, wearing their best spectacle correction, were assessed monocularly. Stimuli were logarithmic progression charts, generated on a computer monitor, with nine rows of five randomised Sloan letters generated in either high contrast format (Weber contrast 99.2%) or low contrast format (Weber contrast 18.7%). For each participant, psychometric functions were generated by probit analysis of the data on each of 16 attempts at a low contrast chart and 16 attempts at a high contrast chart. Each of these probit fits yielded an estimate of Probit Size which provided information about how steep or flat the psychometric function was, along with an estimate of Probit Acuity Threshold.

Results

Probit Size was significantly larger (p < 0.001) for low contrast charts than for high contrast charts, indicating that psychometric functions were flatter for low contrast charts. Mean Probit Sizes in logMAR were 0.099 (SEM 0.022) for low contrast charts and 0.071 (SEM 0.009) for high contrast charts if a guess rate of 1/26 was assumed, or were 0.086 (SEM 0.019) for low contrast charts and 0.064 for high contrast charts if a guess rate of 1/10 was assumed. Monte Carlo analysis showed that these means were likely to be biased estimates, with true Probit Size probably being larger (i.e. slightly flatter fits) by 0.016–0.019 logMAR. As expected, Probit Acuity Thresholds were poorer for low contrast charts than for high contrast charts (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our Monte Carlo modelling showed that such differences in acuity psychometric functions would be expected to give greater intra‐subject variability in low contrast letter‐by‐letter acuity thresholds than for high contrast letter‐by‐letter acuity thresholds, and that this difference would depend on the termination rule used when measuring acuity. Likewise the variation in letter‐by‐ letter acuity thresholds with termination rule will be different for high and low contrast charts. For low contrast and high contrast Sloan letter charts in a standard logarithmic format, a termination rule of four mistakes on a row, will give close to optimum sensitivity‐to‐change.
Optical characteristics of Alvarez variable‐power spectacles
Authors: Radhakrishnan Hema , Charman W. Neil
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To establish the optical performance of currently available Alvarez variable‐power spectacles in relation to their possible utility for ametropes and presbyopes.

Methods

Two commercial designs of variable‐power (variable‐focus) spectacles were studied: FocusSpecs and Adlens Adjustables. Using focimetry, power and prism at three different power settings were measured across the aperture of the lenses of each design and local optical quality was explored in more detail using interferometry.

Results

In general, equivalent‐sphere powers at all lens settings were adequately stable across the central aperture (about 20 mm diameter) of the lenses, with prism changes following the Prentice rule. Some astigmatism (generally ≤0.5 DC over the central area) and higher‐order aberration (comparable to the normal wavefront aberration of the eye) were found, the latter increasing towards the edge of the useable lens area.

Conclusions

Within their designed power ranges, optical performance of currently‐available Alvarez variable‐power spectacles appears to be adequate to correct the distance and near vision of spherical ametropes.
REGULATEE CHOICE IN CERTIFICATION SCHEMES: EXPLAINING SELECTION FROM AMONG CERTIFIER OPTIONS
Authors: CARTER DAVID P.
Published: February 2017

Voluntary regulatory programmes embody the complex interactions that exist between public organizations and nongovernmental entities in contemporary public administration. This article draws attention to ‘regulatee choice’ in certification programmes, in which programme participants choose from among certifier alternatives. In the context ofUSorganic regulation, regulatee choice is examined through the factors that farmers weigh when selecting from among public, nonprofit, and private certifier options. Drawing on a nation‐wide survey of organic farmers, regulatee choice between public, nonprofit, and private certifiers is found to be differentiated by the importance that regulatees ascribe to certifier reputations and service offerings, as well as regulatee desires to support the organic movement through certification. Regulatee choice between public and nonprofit certifiers is further differentiated by the importance regulatees place on certifiers' perceived regulatory expertise. The article discusses explanations for the findings and the contribution of regulatee choice research.
Geometric morphometric analyses of worn cheek teeth help identify extant and extinct gophers (Rodentia, Geomyidae)
Authors: Calede Jonathan J. M. , Glusman Jennifer W.
Published: February 2017

Studies of the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of fossil vertebrate assemblages require large samples of accurately identified specimens. Such analyses can be hampered by the inability to assign isolated and worn remains to specific taxa. Entoptychine gophers are a diverse group of burrowing rodents found in Oligo‐Miocene deposits of the western United States. In both entoptychines and their extant relatives the geomyines, diagnostic characters of the occlusal surface of the teeth are modified with wear, making difficult the identification of many isolated fossil teeth. We use geometric morphometrics to test the hypothesis that tooth shape informs taxonomic affinities and expected levels of morphological variation across gopher taxa. We also incorporate data from microcomputer tomography to investigate changes in occlusal surface shape through wear within individuals. Our analyses demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in identifying extant geomyines to the genus, subgenus and species levels, and fossil entoptychines to the genus and, in some cases, the species level. Our results cast doubt on the validity of some species withinEntoptychusand suggest future revisions to entoptychine taxonomy. The amounts of morphological divergence observed among fossil and extant genera are similar. Fossil species do not differ greatly from extant ones in that regard either. Further work evaluating the morphological variation within and across entoptychine species, including unworn teeth and osteological material, will allow revised analyses of the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of important Oligo‐Miocene mammalian assemblages of the western United States and help to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of gophers.
Anesthesia for fetal surgery
Authors: Hoagland Monica A. , Chatterjee Debnath
Published: February 2017

Fetal therapy is an exciting and growing field of medicine. Advances in prenatal imaging and continued innovations in surgical and anesthetic techniques have resulted in a wide range of fetal interventions including minimally invasive, open mid‐gestation, and ex‐utero intrapartum treatment procedures. The potential for maternal morbidity is significant and must be carefully weighed against claimed benefits to the fetus. Appropriate patient selection is critical, and a multidisciplinary team‐based approach is strongly recommended. The anesthetic management should focus on maintaining uteroplacental circulation, achieving profound uterine relaxation, optimizing surgical conditions, monitoring fetal hemodynamics, and minimizing maternal and fetal risk.
Anesthetic considerations for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Franklin Andrew D. , Sobey Jenna H. , Stickles Eric T.
Published: February 2017

Electroconvulsive therapy is being used more frequently in the treatment of many chronic and acute psychiatric illnesses in children. The most common psychiatric indications for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy are refractory depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, catatonia, and autism. In addition, a relatively new indication is the treatment of pediatric refractory status epilepticus. The anesthesiologist may be called upon to assist in the care of this challenging and vulnerable patient population. Unique factors for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy include the potential need for preoperative anxiolytic and inhalational induction of anesthesia, which must be weighed against the detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on the evoked seizure quality required for a successful treatment. Dexmedetomidine is likely the most appropriate preoperative anxiolytic as oral benzodiazepines are relatively contraindicated. Methohexital, though becoming less available at many institutions, remains the gold standard for induction of anesthesia for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy though ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane are becoming increasingly viable options. Proper planning and communication between the multidisciplinary teams involved in the care of children presenting for electroconvulsive therapy treatments is vital to mitigating risks and achieving the greatest therapeutic benefit.
In‐Planta Expression: Searching for the Genuine Chromophores of Cryptochrome‐3 from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: February 2017

Göbel et al. present in this issue an exemplary study of identification of chromophores from Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome‐3. Usually taken for granted, proteins and cofactors, respective chromophores, from heterologous expression are considered identical to material isolated from their genuine host. Cryptochromes carry two chromophores, an antenna cofactor and a functional flavin chromophore, both noncovalently embedded into the protein. In particular the antenna chromophore is loosely bound and often lost during protein purification. The authors identify from plant‐extracted Cry3 unambiguously N5,N10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate as antenna chromophore and flavin adenine dinucleotide as the functional chromophore.
A case of aggressive solid pseudopapillary neoplasm: Comparison of clinical and pathologic features with non‐aggressive cases
Authors: Watanabe Yukihiro , Okamoto Kojun , Okada Katsuya , Aikawa Masayasu , Koyama Isamu , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) may have an aggressive clinical course, but clinical predictors of this condition have not been thoroughly evaluated. We performed a retrospective study of 11 cases of SPN managed in our hospital between January 2007 and April 2015. Of these 11 cases, we encountered a single case with an aggressive clinical course. Histological, immunohistochemical, and clinical features were compared to identify predictors of poor prognosis. The 11 patients comprised four women and seven men with a median age of 41 years (range, 26–58 years). Clinical symptoms were nonspecific and the median tumor size was 4.6 cm (range, 1.4–18 cm). The patient with an aggressive clinical course developed multiple liver metastases within three months and died seven months after surgery. Pathological features of the tumor in this case included lymph node metastases, a diffuse growth pattern, extensive tumor necrosis, high mitotic rate, and immunohistochemistry. These features were not observed in patients who survived without recurrence at a median follow‐up of 25 months (range, 6–82 months). Characteristic pathological features and a high proliferative index, as assessed by Ki‐67 staining, may predict poor outcome in cases of SPN.
What Can Performance Information Do to Legislators? A Budget‐Decision Experiment with Legislators
Authors: Demaj Labinot
Published: February 2017

Studies on the influence of performance information on budgeting decisions have produced contradictory findings. This article offers a framework of the parliamentary context that links performance information to legislators’ budgeting decisions. The framework suggests that the impact on politicians’ allocations will differ depending on whether performance information is reflected in the budget proposal, whether the allocation issue concerns a politically difficult trade‐off for the decision maker, and whether information falls into a receptive partisan mind. The experimental study uses 57 actual legislators. The results show that the introduction of performance information into legislators’ deliberation process leads to stronger deviations from the status quo allocation. This difference occurs because performance information highlights more clearly the expected consequences of budgetary changes and allows for more pronounced reactions. More informed decisions, however, might make compromise among legislators more difficult because individual positions will become more polarized.
Wild opportunities with dedomestication genetics of rabbits
Authors: Thulin Carl‐Gustaf , Alves Paulo C. , Djan Mihajla , Fontanesi Luca , Peacock David
Published: February 2017

After domestication, wild progenitors, such as the aurochs and the wild horse, became extinct. For the European rabbit, however, ancestral, domestic, and feral populations exist. During domestication of the rabbit, very few alleles have been fixed for selective traits, and thus, the ancestral genotypes have been preserved in lowered frequencies. This facilitates investigations on genetic processes involved in domestication as well as dedomestication, that is, where domestic strains are “rewilded.” The acquired knowledge may be useful in the search for genotypic, phenotypic, and, perhaps most importantly, ecotypic equivalents that could assist in the restoration of extinct fauna and its ecosystem functions. Such efforts could provide novel evolutionary trajectories useful in nature restoration, management, and conservation.
Consensus Income Distribution
Authors: Stark Oded , Falniowski Fryderyk , Jakubek Marcin
Published: February 2017

In determining the optimal redistribution of a given population's income, we ask which factor is more important: the social planner's aversion to inequality, embedded in an isoelastic social welfare function indexed by a parameter alpha, or the individuals' concern at having a low relative income, indexed by a parameter beta in a utility function that is a convex combination of (absolute) income and low relative income. Assuming that the redistribution comes at a cost (because only a fraction of a taxed income can be transferred), we find that there exists a critical level of beta below which different isoelastic social planners choose different optimal allocations of incomes. However, if beta is above that critical level, all isoelastic social planners choose the same allocation of incomes because they then find that an equal distribution of incomes maximizes social welfare regardless of the magnitude of alpha.
Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury Is Predictive of Suicide Attempts Among Individuals with Mood Disorders
Authors: Chesin Megan S. , Galfavy Hanga , Sonmez Cemile Ceren , Wong Amanda , Oquendo Maria A. , Mann J. John , Stanley Barbara
Published: February 2017

Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) prior to age 18 was evaluated as a risk factor for adulthood suicide attempt (SA). Archival data from 222 mood‐disordered participants were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Participants with a youth SA were excluded. The hazards of SA among adult participants with a history of youth NSSI were twice than those of mood‐disordered participants without youth NSSI (hazard ratio = 2.00, 95% confidence interval = 1.16–3.44, p = .01). Moreover, participants who had both youth and adult NSSI attempted suicide significantly earlier than participants who began NSSI as an adult. Youth NSSI is associated with persistent, elevated SA risk in adulthood.
Feasibility of early physical therapy for dizziness after a sports‐related concussion: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Reneker J. C. , Hassen A. , Phillips R. S. , Moughiman M. C. , Donaldson M. , Moughiman J.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the feasibility of recruitment/retention of participants, protocol/resource management, and participant safety, and (b) estimate the size of the effect between the experimental and control groups. This was a feasibility study conducted as a prospective pilot double‐blind randomized clinical trial. Subjects aged 10‐23 years old with acute concussion and dizziness were enrolled from sports medicine centers. Forty‐one participants were randomized into treatment and were seen for physical therapy beginning at 10 days post‐concussion. Subjects in the experimental group received individually tailored, pragmatically delivered progressive interventions. Subjects in the control received prescriptive sham to minimally progressive interventions. The two primary outcomes were medical clearance for return‐to‐play and symptomatic recovery. The median number of days to medical clearance for the experimental group was 15.5 and for the control was 26. The median number of days to symptomatic recovery was 13.5 for the experimental group and was 17 for the control. According to Cox proportional hazards regression for time to medical release for return‐to‐play, the experimental group demonstrated a hazard ratio of 2.91 (95% CI: 1.01, 8.43) compared to the control. For time‐to‐symptomatic recovery, those in the experimental group demonstrated a hazard ratio of 1.99 (95% CI: 0.95, 4.15) compared to the control. The results indicate that it is feasible and safe to complete this type of intervention study. The results provide strong support for the allocation of resources to conduct well‐powered randomized clinical trials of this intervention.
The effects of heat and mass diffusion on freely oscillating bubbles in a viscoelastic, tissue-like medium
Authors: Barajas Carlos , Johnsen Eric
Published: February 2017

In certain cavitation-based ultrasound techniques, the relative importance of thermally vs mechanically induced damage is unclear. As a first step to investigate this matter, a numerical model for bubble dynamics in tissue-like, viscoelastic media is presented in which full thermal effects are included inside and outside the bubble, as well as interdiffusion of vapor and non-condensible gas inside the bubble. Soft tissue is assumed to behave according to a Kelvin-Voigt model in which viscous and elastic contributions are additive. A neo-Hookean formulation, appropriate for finite-strain elasticity, accounts for the large deformations produced by cavitation. Numerical solutions to problems of relevance to therapeutic ultrasound are examined, and linear analysis is used to explain the underlying mechanisms. The dependence between the surrounding medium's elasticity (shear modulus) and the extent to which the effects of heat and mass transfer influence bubble dynamics is quantified. In particular, the oscillation properties are related to the eigenvalues determined from linear theory. Regimes under which a polytropic relation describes the heat transfer to sufficient accuracy are identified, for which the complexity and computational expense associated with solving full partial differential equations can be avoided.
Genome Sequence of
Southern tomato virus
in Asymptomatic Tomato ‘Sweet Hearts’
Authors: Alcalá-Briseño Ricardo I. , Coşkan Sevgi , Londoño Maria A. , Polston Jane E.
Published: February 2017

The genome sequence of
Southern tomato virus
in asymptomatic
Solanum lycopersicum
‘Sweet Hearts’ (STV-Florida) in Florida was assembled from small RNAs sequenced by Illumina RNA-seq. The STV-Florida genome shared 99.0 to 99.9% similarity with full genome sequences from Bangladesh, China, Mexico, and the United States (Mississippi and North Carolina).
Draft Genome Sequence of the Axenic Strain
Phormidesmis
priestleyi
ULC007, a Cyanobacterium Isolated from Lake Bruehwiler (Larsemann Hills, Antarctica)
Authors: Lara Yannick , Durieu Benoit , Cornet Luc , Verlaine Olivier , Rippka Rosmarie , Pessi Igor S. , Misztak Agnieszka , Joris Bernard , Javaux Emmanuelle J. , Baurain Denis , Wilmotte Annick
Published: February 2017

Phormidesmis priestleyi
ULC007 is an Antarctic freshwater cyanobacterium. Its draft genome is 5,684,389 bp long. It contains a total of 5,604 protein-encoding genes, of which 22.2% have no clear homologues in known genomes. To date, this draft genome is the first one ever determined for an axenic cyanobacterium from Antarctica.
Complete Genome Sequence of the WHO International Standard for Hepatitis B Virus DNA
Authors: Jenkins Adrian , Minhas Rehan , Morris Clare , Berry Neil
Published: February 2017

The World Health Organization (WHO) international standard (IS) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA for use in nucleic acid amplification assays was characterized by determining the complete genome sequence, which was assigned genotype A. This information will aid the design, development, and evaluation of HBV DNA amplification assays.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Edwardsiella
piscicida
Strain ACC35.1 Isolated from Diseased Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in Europe
Authors: Buján Noemí , Toranzo Alicia E. , Magariños Beatriz
Published: February 2017

Edwardsiella piscicida
is a bacterial fish pathogen with a high degree of virulence. The strain ACC35.1 was isolated from diseased turbot in Europe. The draft genome sequence comprises 3.84 Mb with a G+C content of 59.8% and >3,450 protein-coding genes.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Enterobacter
sp. Sa187, an Endophytic Bacterium Isolated from the Desert Plant
Indigofera argentea
Authors: Lafi Feras F. , Alam Intikhab , Geurts Rene , Bisseling Ton , Bajic Vladimir B. , Hirt Heribert , Saad Maged M.
Published: February 2017

Enterobacter
sp. Sa187 is a plant endophytic bacterium, isolated from root nodules of the desert plant
Indigofera argentea
, collected from the Jizan region of Saudi Arabia. Here, we report the genome sequence of Sa187, highlighting several genes involved in plant growth–promoting activity and environmental adaption.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Hyperthermophilic Piezophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus kukulkanii NCB100 Isolated from the Rebecca’s Roost Hydrothermal Vent in the Guaymas Basin
Authors: Oger Philippe M. , Callac Nolwenn , Oger-Desfeux Christine , Hughes Sandrine , Gillet Benjamin , Jebbar Mohamed , Godfroy Anne
Published: February 2017

Members of the order
Thermococcales
are common inhabitants of high-temperature hydrothermal vent systems (black smokers) that are represented in clone libraries mostly by isolates from the
Thermococcus
genus. We report the complete sequence of a novel species from the
Pyrococcus
genus,
P. kukulkanii
strain NCB100, which has been isolated from a flange fragment of the Rebecca’s Roost hydrothermal vent system in the Guaymas Basin.