bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical acculturation through primary school activities during Japanese colonial rule of Korea (1910–1945)
Authors: Kim Jeong Ha
Published: August 2014

Global colonialism and continuing post-colonial influences caused widespread cultural change at the interface of different cultures. Musical acculturation can be observed in most colonised countries. Some pro-colonialists apologetically allege that through colonisation the colonised territories would receive developmental aid and economical benefits. If this was the case, did Korean music education also benefit from Japanese colonisation as is commonly claimed? And also, was Korean school music acculturated by the Japanese curriculum? To answer these questions, I scrutinised the intentions of colonial Korean music education through interviewing 42 witnesses who attended primary schools of the time, simultaneously analysing school activities such as morning assembly and the military draft, both of which show musical content. The interviews focused in particular on the day-to-day life at school, pedagogic content and impacts of colonial education on pupils’ later life and cultural identity.
The Steklov spectrum of surfaces: asymptotics and invariants
Authors: GIROUARD ALEXANDRE , PARNOVSKI LEONID , POLTEROVICH IOSIF , SHER DAVID A.
Published: August 2014

We obtain precise asymptotics for the Steklov eigenvalues on a compact Riemannian surface with boundary. It is shown that the number of connected components of the boundary, as well as their lengths, are invariants of the Steklov spectrum. The proofs are based on pseudodifferential techniques for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and on a number–theoretic argument.
Hydropolitics and Inter-Jurisdictional Relationships in China: The Pursuit of Localized Preferences in a Centralized System
Authors: Moore Scott
Published: August 2014

Inter-jurisdictional water resource issues constitute a growing political and economic challenge in China. This article examines three such cases of hydropolitics, namely large dam construction, water resource allocation, and downstream water pollution, through the lens of central–local relations. It argues that the hydropolitics in China are characterized by the pursuit of localized preferences within the constraints imposed by a centralized political system. In each case, the primary actors are sub-national administrative units, who adopt various competitive strategies to pursue their own localized interests at the expense of neighbouring jurisdictions. This article argues that although vertical control mechanisms in the Chinese system effectively limit central–local preference divergence, they do little to contain horizontal conflicts between sub-national administrative units. The paucity of formal inter-jurisdictional dispute resolution mechanisms is a major barrier to meeting water resource challenges, and inter-jurisdictional collective action problems are likely to pose growing difficulties for the Chinese political system.
The legacy of a crowded ocean: indicators, status, and trends of anthropogenic pressures in the California Current ecosystem
Authors: ANDREWS KELLY S. , WILLIAMS GREGORY D. , SAMHOURI JAMEAL F. , MARSHALL KRISTIN N. , GERTSEVA VLADLENA , LEVIN PHILLIP S.
Published: August 2014

As human population size and demand for seafood and other marine resources increase, understanding the influence of human activities in the ocean and on land becomes increasingly critical to the management and conservation of marine resources. In order to account for human influence on marine ecosystems while making management decisions, linkages between various anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem components need to be determined. Those linkages cannot be drawn until it is known how different pressures have been changing over time. This paper identifies indicators and develops time series for 22 anthropogenic pressures acting on the USA's portion of the California Current ecosystem. Time series suggest that seven pressures have decreased and two have increased over the short term, while five pressures were above and two pressures were below long-term means. Cumulative indices of anthropogenic pressures suggest a slight decrease in pressures in the 2000s compared to the preceding few decades. Dynamic factor analysis revealed four common trends that sufficiently explained the temporal variation found among all anthropogenic pressures. This reduced set of time series will be a useful tool to determine whether links exist between individual or multiple pressures and various ecosystem components.
The status and ecology of the last wild population of Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata
Authors: BAMFORD ANDREW J. , SAM THE SEING , RAZAFINDRAJAO FELIX , ROBSON HANNAH , WOOLAVER LANCE G. , RENÉ de ROLAND LILY ARISON
Published: August 2014

One of the rarest birds in the world, the Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata was thought to be extinct until a small population was found in 2006. Little is known about this diving duck as it had not been studied prior to its decline and disappearance. Its rediscovery provided the opportunity to study this species in the wild for the first time and to assess the viability of this last remaining population. The population is small, fluctuating around 25 individuals, and mainly utilises two small volcanic lakes in the far north of Madagascar. Nesting occurs on only one of these lakes, Matsaborimena. Nest success (76% in 2007–2008) and hatching success (89% in 2007–2008) are both comparable to other Aythya species, but fledging success (4% in 2011–2012) is extremely low. Duckling mortality rates peak between 14 and 21 days old. We propose that starvation is the major cause of duckling mortality. Examination of faecal samples and stable isotope analysis of feathers and potential food items provide evidence that adult pochards are insectivorous, favouring caddis fly larvae. Macroinvertebrate density in the benthos of Matsaborimena is low. Adults spend 38% of daylight hours foraging, mainly in the shallowest water. However Matsaborimena is steep-sided and has no areas shallow enough for diving ducklings to feed. We conclude that these lakes are not good breeding habitat for this species. The Madagascar Pochard’s persistence here and not at other sites is probably due to a lack of the human-induced habitat degradation that has impacted many other wetlands in Madagascar.
Lack of genetic structure in Kentish PloverCharadrius alexandrinusfrom the Iberian coast. What’s wrong with the endangered north-western population?
Authors: VIDAL MARÍA , HERNÁNDEZ MARÍA A. , LUIS ANTONIO , DOMÍNGUEZ JESÚS
Published: August 2014

Coastal wader species are sensitive to anthropogenic activity and habitat change along the coastal edge, which has been responsible for the decline in the populations of these birds. Correct management requires knowledge of the pattern and scale of genetic variation within and among populations as well as the relationships between population dynamics and genetic structure. We investigated these factors in the Kentish PloverCharadrius alexandrinusfrom the Iberian coast to determine the degree of vulnerability of the endangered north-western population. We analysed the genetic structure and gene flow using a 631-bp fragment of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region and eight microsatellite markers in 113 unrelated individuals from 31 Iberian beaches. The results do not support the recent decline hypothesis because there was no evidence of a bottleneck, but they do support a population expansion along the Atlantic coast. We found no genetic structure or isolation-by-distance, in agreement with results recently observed on a continental scale. However, explanations for high continental gene flow, such as temporary breeding habitats and high breeding dispersal, do not seem to apply to the Galician population. Galician Kentish Plovers breed solely on beaches, a suitable and more predictable habitat during the breeding period than ephemeral inland wetlands, and female movements during the breeding period are uncommon, mainly due to the extremely low hatching success. This study suggests a demographic connectivity between Portuguese and Galician populations that is referred to as source-sink population dynamics, in which individuals dispersing from Portugal support the Galician coastal population. This dispersal pattern highlights the importance of supranational management plans to protect endangered species.
Global models of planet formation and evolution
Authors: Mordasini C. , Mollière P. , Dittkrist K.-M. , Jin S. , Alibert Y.
Published: August 2014

Despite the strong increase in observational data on extrasolar planets, the processes that led to the formation of these planets are still not well understood. However, thanks to the high number of extrasolar planets that have been discovered, it is now possible to look at the planets as a population that puts statistical constraints on theoretical formation models. A method that uses these constraints is planetary population synthesis where synthetic planetary populations are generated and compared to the actual population. The key element of the population synthesis method is a global model of planet formation and evolution. These models directly predict observable planetary properties based on properties of the natal protoplanetary disc, linking two important classes of astrophysical objects. To do so, global models build on the simplified results of many specialized models that address one specific physical mechanism. We thoroughly review the physics of the sub-models included in global formation models. The sub-models can be classified as models describing the protoplanetary disc (of gas and solids), those that describe one (proto)planet (its solid core, gaseous envelope and atmosphere), and finally those that describe the interactions (orbital migration and N-body interaction). We compare the approaches taken in different global models, discuss the links between specialized and global models, and identify physical processes that require improved descriptions in future work. We then shortly address important results of planetary population synthesis like the planetary mass function or the mass–radius relationship. With these statistical results, the global effects of physical mechanisms occurring during planet formation and evolution become apparent, and specialized models describing them can be put to the observational test. Owing to their nature as meta models, global models depend on the results of specialized models, and therefore on the development of the field of planet formation theory as a whole. Because there are important uncertainties in this theory, it is likely that the global models will in future undergo significant modifications. Despite these limitations, global models can already now yield many testable predictions. With future global models addressing the geophysical characteristics of the synthetic planets, it should eventually become possible to make predictions about the habitability of planets based on their formation and evolution.
Holocene variations in peatland methane cycling associated with the Asian summer monsoon system
Authors: Zheng Yanhong , Singarayer Joy S. , Cheng Peng , Yu Xuefeng , Liu Zhao , Valdes Paul J. , Pancost Richard D.
Published: August 2014

Atmospheric methane concentrations decreased during the early to middle Holocene; however, the governing mechanisms remain controversial. Although it has been suggested that the mid-Holocene minimum methane emissions are associated with hydrological change, direct evidence is lacking. Here we report a new independent approach, linking hydrological change in peat sediments from the Tibetan Plateau to changes in archaeal diether concentrations and diploptene δ13C values as tracers for methanogenesis and methanotrophy, respectively. A minimum in inferred methanogenesis occurred during the mid-Holocene, which, locally, corresponds with the driest conditions of the Holocene, reflecting a minimum in Asian monsoon precipitation. The close coupling between precipitation and methanogenesis is validated by climate simulations, which also suggest a regionally widespread impact. Importantly, the minimum in methanogenesis is associated with a maximum in methanotrophy. Therefore, methane emissions in the Tibetan Plateau region were apparently lower during the mid-Holocene and partially controlled by interactions of large-scale atmospheric circulation.
Understanding functional miRNA–target interactions in vivo by site-specific genome engineering
Authors: Bassett Andrew R. , Azzam Ghows , Wheatley Lucy , Tibbit Charlotte , Rajakumar Timothy , McGowan Simon , Stanger Nathan , Ewels Philip Andrew , Taylor Stephen , Ponting Chris P. , Liu Ji-Long , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana , Fulga Tudor A.
Published: August 2014

MicroRNA (miRNA) target recognition is largely dictated by short ‘seed’ sequences, and single miRNAs therefore have the potential to regulate a large number of genes. Understanding the contribution of specific miRNA–target interactions to the regulation of biological processes in vivo remains challenging. Here we use transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 technologies to interrogate the functional relevance of predicted miRNA response elements (MREs) to post-transcriptional silencing in zebrafish and Drosophila. We also demonstrate an effective strategy that uses CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair with short oligonucleotide donors for the assessment of MRE activity in human cells. These methods facilitate analysis of the direct phenotypic consequences resulting from blocking specific miRNA–MRE interactions at any point during development.
The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility
Authors: Eales Katherine L. , Palygin Oleg , O’Loughlin Thomas , Rasooli-Nejad Seyed , Gaestel Matthias , Müller Jürgen , Collins Dawn R. , Pankratov Yuriy , Corrêa Sonia A.L.
Published: August 2014

The interplay between long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) is thought to be involved in learning and memory formation. One form of LTD expressed in the hippocampus is initiated by the activation of the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Importantly, mGluRs have been shown to be critical for acquisition of new memories and for reversal learning, processes that are thought to be crucial for cognitive flexibility. Here we provide evidence that MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 and 3 (MK2/3) regulate neuronal spine morphology, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, mGluR-LTD is impaired in the hippocampus of MK2/3 double knockout (DKO) mice, an observation that is mirrored by deficits in endocytosis of GluA1 subunits. Consistent with compromised mGluR-LTD, MK2/3 DKO mice have distinctive deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial reversal learning. These novel findings demonstrate that the MK2/3 cascade plays a strategic role in controlling synaptic plasticity and cognition.
Major atmospheric emissions from peat fires in Southeast Asia during non-drought years: evidence from the 2013 Sumatran fires
Authors: Gaveau David L. A. , Salim Mohammad A. , Hergoualc'h Kristell , Locatelli Bruno , Sloan Sean , Wooster Martin , Marlier Miriam E. , Molidena Elis , Yaen Husna , DeFries Ruth , Verchot Louis , Murdiyarso Daniel , Nasi Robert , Holmgren Peter , Sheil Douglas
Published: August 2014

Trans-boundary haze events in Southeast Asia are associated with large forest and peatland fires in Indonesia. These episodes of extreme air pollution usually occur during drought years induced by climate anomalies from the Pacific (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and Indian Oceans (Indian Ocean Dipole). However, in June 2013 – a non-drought year – Singapore's 24-hr Pollutants Standards Index reached an all-time record 246 (rated “very unhealthy”). Here, we show using remote sensing, rainfall records and other data, that the Indonesian fires behind the 2013 haze followed a two-month dry spell in a wetter-than-average year. These fires were short-lived (one week) and limited to a localized area in Central Sumatra (1.6% of Indonesia): burning an estimated 163,336 ha, including 137,044 ha (84%) on peat. Most burning was confined to deforested lands (82%; 133,216 ha). The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during this brief, localized event were considerable: 172 ± 59 Tg CO2-eq (or 31 ± 12 Tg C), representing 5–10% of Indonesia's mean annual GHG emissions for 2000–2005. Our observations show that extreme air pollution episodes in Southeast Asia are no longer restricted to drought years. We expect major haze events to be increasingly frequent because of ongoing deforestation of Indonesian peatlands.
Biomimicry and Materials in Medicine
Authors: Cheran Larisa-Emilia , Cheran Alin , Thompson Michael
Published: August 2014

This chapter describes the incorporation of man-made materials into a variety of medical devices. There is an emphasis on the properties of materials that “copy” or at least reflect those of natural tissue. This relatively new technology is often called biomimicry and is an important aspect of medical treatment. Following a précis of material physical properties that are potentially applicable to such devices, the chapter systematically, but concisely, reviews particular classes of materials in terms of their use in medicine. Materials such as alloys of nickel and titanium are capable of shape memory transformations, where the mechanism of the effect is based on thermal energy acquired by the alloy through heating provides the energy necessary for the atoms to return to their original positions, so the sample regains its original shape. Such materials are employed in medical devices such as vascular stents, surgical tools, and cardiac catheters. Various ceramics such as zirconia and hydroxyapatite are used widely in implant technology such as hip and joint replacement. A major criterion for this type of material is their apparent biocompatibility in terms of interaction with tissue. In a similar vein, a variety of polymeric materials have been employed not just for tissue replacement but also as scaffolds for growth of cells and as an agent for drug release. There has also been interest in combining polymeric materials with nanoparticles in attempts to take advantage of the properties of these entities. One area that has attracted considerable research with respect to materials in medicine is neuroscience. In particular, quantum dots and other nanoparticle-based optical probes are employed successfully for reporting neurotransmitter concentrations and dynamic molecular processes with respect to neurons and glia cells. Nanotubes and nanowires have found utility for highly local electrical measurements, sensing of neurochemicals, for the delivery of photons to specific locations, and for the local release or collection of chemicals with regard to neural tissue. From a neuroregeneration perspective, carbon nanotubes can perform as a scaffold for the repair of injured nerves. Finally, a significant number of studies have appeared on the use of electronic devices such as field-effect transistors, often incorporating materials such as graphene, for the detection of neurotransmitters and other biochemicals. The chapter finishes with a look at the vexing problem of the material–biological fluid interaction which is crucial as it pertains to implant biocompatibility. There are known deleterious medical effects associated with this issue, such as micro-clot formation, that are thought to be initially instigated by surface protein adsorption. One possibility to ameliorate the problem with dramatic enhancement of biocompatibility through ultra-thin adlayer formation on a polymer substrate is described.
Calixpyrrole: From Fundamental Studies to the Development of Ion Selective Electrodes
Authors: Danil de Namor Angela F. , Webb Oliver A. , el Gamouz Abdelaziz , Hamdan Weam Abou , Al-Nuaim Maan
Published: August 2014

This chapter is intended to demonstrate the potential applications of calixpyrrole receptors for the development of monitoring systems. In doing so the authors present (i) an overview of calixpyrroles and derivatives, (ii) an outline on the role of thermodynamics in defining selectivity and (iii) representative examples of the need for fundamental studies regarding the selection of receptors and other components of ion selective membranes. Recent advances are critically discussed and the future of the technology and foreseeable applications are considered, along with the fundamental concepts and methods required to improve selectivity and thus applicability of the devices for real-world implementation. Alternative calixpyrrole-incorporated detection methods are also reviewed.
Quantification of an exogenous cancer biomarker in urinalysis by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Cao Guangyi , Hajisalem Ghazal , Li Wei , Hof Fraser , Gordon Reuven
Published: August 2014

We quantified an exogenous cancer biomarker, Acetyl amantadine (AcAm), directly from urine solution using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), achieving a clinically relevant limit of detection.
Fatty acid profiles reveal toxic responses in adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Authors: Hu Chuanqin , Lin Shuhai , Cai Zongwei
Published: August 2014

Dioxin exposure tends to accumulate in adipose tissue and alters metabolism in mammals.
Structural instabilities and wrinkles at the grain boundaries in 2-D h-BN: a first-principles analysis
Authors: Singh Anjali , Waghmare Umesh V.
Published: August 2014

We present new types of grain boundaries in h-BN and graphene, and demonstrate associated wrinkle formation, buckling and instability.
Cr1/3Zr2P3O12 with unusual tetrahedral coordination of Cr(iii): peculiarities of the formation, thermal stability and application as a pigment
Authors: Gorodylova Nataliia , Kosinová Veronika , Šulcová Petra , Bělina Petr , Vlček Milan
Published: August 2014

New representative of NASICON-related phosphates containing Cr(iii) in unusual tetrahedral coordination with oxygen has been obtained and studied as inorganic pigment.
Towards elucidating the effects of purified MWCNTs on human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Dong Chenbo , Eldawud Reem , Sargent Linda M. , Kashon Michael L. , Lowry David , Rojanasakul Yon , Dinu Cerasela Zoica
Published: August 2014

Exposure to purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced cell cycle arrest, reduced mitochondrial activity and changed cellular biomechanical properties.
Excitation and transition rate diagrams of singly ionized iron in analytical glow discharges in argon, neon and an argon–hydrogen mixture
Authors: Weiss Zdeněk , Steers Edward B. M. , Pickering Juliet C. , Mushtaq Sohail
Published: August 2014

Excitation and ionization processes of iron ions in argon-, neon- and argon–hydrogen glow discharges are described based on transition rate diagrams.
EPR based distance measurement in Cu-porphyrin–DNA
Authors: Nguyen ThaoNguyen , Håkansson Pär , Edge Ruth , Collison David , Goodman Bernard A. , Burns Jonathan R. , Stulz Eugen
Published: August 2014

Measurement of EPR spectra of Cu-porphyrin–DNA reveals intermolecular interactions between the DNA strands with average distances of 6.5–8.9 Å.
Theoretical investigations on one- and two-photon absorptions for a series of covalently functionalized hybrid materials based on graphene
Authors: Zhang Li , Zou Lu-Yi , Guo Jing-Fu , Ren Ai-Min , Wang Dan , Feng Ji-Kang
Published: August 2014

Graphene-based (Gn) hybrids with porphyrin possess improved solubility and good nonlinear optical properties, especially excellent two-photon absorption (TPA) features.
Theoretical insight into the antioxidant properties of melatonin and derivatives
Authors: Johns Jeffrey R. , Platts James A.
Published: August 2014

Density functional theory calculations on melatonin, metabolites and synthetic derivatives thereof, and a range of other biological antioxidant molecules are presented, with a view to understanding the antioxidant ability of these molecules.
9-Amino-(9-deoxy)cinchona alkaloid-derived new chiral phase-transfer catalysts
Authors: Peng Wenwen , Wan Jingwei , Xie Bing , Ma Xuebing
Published: August 2014

9-Amino-(9-deoxy)cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral phase-transfer catalysts achieved high yields (92–99%) and excellent enantioselectivities (87–96% ee) in the enantioselective α-alkylation of glycine Schiff base.
Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene copolymers
Authors: Xiao Zeyun , Subbiah Jegadesan , Sun Kuan , Jones David J. , Holmes Andrew B. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: August 2014

A new thienothiophene–benzodithiophene electron donor building block was synthesized and incorporated into 2-dimensional conjugated donor–acceptor polymers. The polymers were fully characterised and tested in bulk heterojunction solar cell devices.
Layered silicate clay functionalized with amino acids: wound healing application
Authors: Ghadiri M. , Chrzanowski W. , Lee W. H. , Rohanizadeh R.
Published: August 2014

Laponite holds amino acid between its interlayer spaces and releases it in contact with wound fluid through ionic exchange process.
Block copolymer–cyclodextrin supramolecular assemblies as soft templates for the synthesis of titania materials with controlled crystallinity, porosity and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Lannoy Anthony , Bleta Rudina , Machut Cécile , Monflier Eric , Ponchel Anne
Published: August 2014

The supramolecular assemblies formed between randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin and block copolymer give rise to nanostructured titania with enhanced photocatalytic activity.
Structures and alignment of anisotropic liquid crystal particles in a liquid crystal cell
Authors: Lee Jong-Hyun , Kamal Tahseen , Roth Stephan V. , Zhang Peng , Park Soo-Young
Published: August 2014

Anisotropic porous liquid crystal (LC) particles with ∼60 μm diameters were prepared using microfluidics and directional UV photopolymerization of 1,4-bis[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene/4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (RM257/5CB) mixtures at room temperature in the presence of a magnetic field.
Encapsulation of selenium in porous hollow carbon spheres for advanced lithium–selenium batteries
Authors: Lai Yanqing , Yang Fuhua , Zhang Zhian , Jiang Shaofeng , Li Jie
Published: August 2014

Porous hollow carbon spheres (PHCSs) were synthesized by a simple template method. After selenium encapsulation, the Se/C composite showed excellent electrochemical performance, ascribed to the good electronic and porous hollow-structured properties of PHCSs.
Threshold concentration monitoring based on pattern recognition analysis of differential near-infrared spectra
Authors: Karunathilaka Sanjeewa R. , Small Gary W.
Published: August 2014

A threshold concentration monitoring procedure based on near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy is described for use in continuous process monitoring applications.
Enhanced performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using carbazole-substituted di-chromophoric porphyrin dyes
Authors: Zhao Long , Wagner Pawel , Elliott Anastasia B. S. , Griffith Matthew J. , Clarke Tracey M. , Gordon Keith C. , Mori Shogo , Mozer Attila J.
Published: August 2014

Non-conjugated di-chromophoric zinc porphyrin dyads showed simultaneously improved VOC and JSC compared to the single zinc porphyrin.
Skeletal muscle work efficiency with age: the role of non-contractile processes
Authors: Layec Gwenael , Hart Corey R. , Trinity Joel D. , Le Fur Yann , Jeong Eun-Kee , Richardson Russell S.
Published: August 2014

Although skeletal muscle work efficiency probably plays a key role in limiting mobility of the elderly, the physiological mechanisms responsible for this diminished function remain incompletely understood. Thus, in the quadriceps of young (n=9) and old (n=10) subjects, we measured the cost of muscle contraction (ATP cost) with 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) during (i) maximal intermittent contractions to elicit a metabolic demand from both cross-bridge cycling and ion pumping and (ii) a continuous maximal contraction to predominantly tax cross-bridge cycling. The ATP cost of the intermittent contractions was significantly greater in the old (0.30±0.22 mM·min−1·N·m−1) compared with the young (0.13±0.03 mM·min−1·N·m−1, P<0.05). In contrast, at the end of the continuous contraction protocol, the ATP cost in the old (0.10±0.07 mM·min−1·N·m−1) was not different from the young (0.06±0.02 mM·min−1·N·m−1, P=0.2). In addition, the ATP cost of the intermittent contractions correlated significantly with the single leg peak power of the knee-extensors assessed during incremental dynamic exercise (r=−0.55; P<0.05). Overall, this study reveals an age-related increase in the ATP cost of contraction, probably mediated by an excessive energy demand from ion pumping, which probably contributes to both the decline in muscle efficiency and functional capacity associated with aging.
A Proposal to Establish Standardized Learning Outcomes for Resonance Across Graduate Programs in Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Sharp Helen M. , O'Gara Mary
Published: August 2014

The Council for Clinical Certification in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CCFC) sets accreditation standards and these standards list broad domains of knowledge with specific coverage of “the appropriate etiologies, characteristics, anatomical/physiological, acoustic, psychological, developmental, and linguistic and cultural correlates” and assessment, intervention, and methods of prevention for each domain” (CCFC, 2013, “Standard IV-C”). One domain in the 2014 standards is “voice and resonance.” Studies of graduate training programs suggest that fewer programs require coursework in cleft palate, the course in which resonance was traditionally taught. The purpose of this paper is to propose a standardized learning outcomes specific to resonance that would achieve the minimum knowledge required for all entry-level professionals in speech-language pathology. Graduate programs and faculty should retain flexibility and creativity in how these learning outcomes are achieved. Shared learning objectives across programs would serve programs, faculty, students, accreditation site visitors, and the public in assuring that a consistent, minimum core knowledge is achieved across graduate training programs. Proficiency in the management of individuals with resonance disorders would require additional knowledge and skills.
Clinical Training Pathways for Resonance and Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Mandulak Kerry , Baylis Adriane
Published: August 2014

This paper will describe the multiple pathways that new or established clinicians may take as they embark on the process of obtaining clinical expertise in cleft/craniofacial anomalies and velopharyngeal dysfunction. Examples of clinical competencies for speech-language evaluation, treatment, and feeding management for working with craniofacial population will be discussed. Various training opportunities including observation and fellowship experiences, mentored clinical practice, instrumentation/imaging courses, and other learning experiences will be described. Last, strategies for selecting quality resources including textbooks, journal articles, webinars, and CEU courses to facilitate evidence-based practice in this clinical area will be discussed.
Size effects on magneto‐optics in spherical quantum dots
Authors: Kushwaha M.S.
Published: August 2014

The magneto‐optical absorption in ‘spherical’ quantum dots ‘completely’ confined by a harmonic potential and exposed to an applied magnetic field in the symmetric gauge is investigated. This is done within the framework of Bohm–Pines’ random phase approximation (RPA) that enables us to derive and discuss the full Dyson equation that takes proper account of the Coulomb interactions. Intensifying the confinement or magnetic field and reducing the dot‐size yields a blue‐shift in the absorption peaks. However, the size effects are seen to be predominant in this role. The magnetic field tends to maximise the localisation of the particle, but leaves the peak position of the radial distribution intact. The intra‐Landau level transitions are forbidden.
Inline capacitive RF power sensor based on floating MEMS beam for GaAs MMIC applications
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Liao Xiaoping
Published: August 2014

A 0.01–20 GHz inline capacitive radio frequency (RF) power sensor with a floating microelectromechanical system (MEMS) beam is proposed. It is based on sensing the capacitance change of the MEMS beam above the coplanar waveguide line due to the electrostatic force. In the design, anchors of the MEMS beam are floating for accurate capacitive detection and flexible for increasing the sensitivity, and an impedance matching technique is utilised to improve the microwave performance. The fabrication of this sensor is compatible with the GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) process. The measured reflection loss of the capacitive sensor is <−18 dB, whereas the insertion loss is better than −0.38 dB up to 20 GHz. Experiments show that approximate linear relationships between the measured capacitance change and the input RF power are obtained, and the resulting average sensitivities are 120.8, 76.7, 87.6 and 61.0 aF/mW at 5, 10, 15 and 20 GHz, respectively.
Analyzer-based phase-contrast imaging system using a micro focus x-ray source
Authors: Zhou Wei , Majidi Keivan , Brankov Jovan G.
Published: August 2014

Here we describe a new in-laboratory analyzer based phase contrast-imaging (ABI) instrument using a conventional X-ray tube source (CXS) aimed at bio-medical imaging applications. Phase contrast-imaging allows visualization of soft tissue details usually obscured in conventional X-ray imaging. The ABI system design and major features are described in detail. The key advantage of the presented system, over the few existing CXS ABI systems, is that it does not require high precision components, i.e., CXS, X-ray detector, and electro-mechanical components. To overcome a main problem introduced by these components, identified as temperature stability, the system components are kept at a constant temperature inside of three enclosures, thus minimizing the electrical and mechanical thermal drifts. This is achieved by using thermoelectric (Peltier) cooling/heating modules that are easy to control precisely. For CXS we utilized a microfocus X-ray source with tungsten (W) anode material. In addition the proposed system eliminates tungsten's multiple spectral lines by selecting monochromator crystal size appropriately therefore eliminating need for the costly mismatched, two-crystal monochromator. The system imaging was fine-tuned for tungsten Kα1 line with the energy of 59.3 keV since it has been shown to be of great clinical significance by a number of researchers at synchrotron facilities. In this way a laboratory system that can be used for evaluating and quantifying tissue properties, initially explored at synchrotron facilities, would be of great interest to a larger research community. To demonstrate the imaging capability of our instrument we use a chicken thigh tissue sample.
Investigation of Al-Sb-Se alloy for long data retention and low power consumption phase change memory application
Authors: Zhang Zhonghua , Gu Yifeng , Song Sannian , Song Zhitang , Cheng Yan , Liu Bo , Zhu Yueqin , Zhou Dong , Feng Songlin
Published: August 2014

Te-free phase-change material Al-Sb-Se is investigated and considered to be a promising candidate of storage medium for phase change memory (PCM) application. Al0.49Sb2.19Se exhibits a higher crystallization temperature (∼222.7 °C), a larger crystallization activation energy (∼4.17 eV), and a better data retention (∼146.5 °C for 10 yr) in comparison with those of Ge2Sb2Te5. The uniformity of material distribution for crystalline film improves the reliability of phase change memory. Al0.49Sb2.19Se-based memory cell significantly shows lower power consumption for SET/RESET reversible switching than that of Ge2Sb2Te5-based one. Furthermore, PCM based on Al0.49Sb2.19Se shows endurance up to 3.5 × 103 cycles with stability resistance of about two orders of magnitude on/off ratio.
Effect of hydrophobic mismatch on domain formation and peptide sorting in the multicomponent lipid bilayers in the presence of immobilized peptides
Authors: Liang Qing , Wu Qing-Yan , Wang Zhi-Yong
Published: August 2014

In the plasma membranes, many transmembrane (TM) proteins/peptides are anchored to the underlying cytoskeleton and/or the extracellular matrix. The lateral diffusion and the tilt of these proteins/peptides may be greatly restricted by the anchoring. Here, using the coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation, we investigated the domain formation and peptide sorting in the ternary lipid bilayers in the presence of the immobilized peptide-grid and peptide-cluster. We mainly focused on examining the combining effect of the peptide immobilization and hydrophobic mismatch on the domain formation and peptide sorting in the lipid bilayers. Compared to the lipid bilayers inserted with free TM peptides, our results showed that, because of the tilt restriction imposed on the peptides, the hydrophobic mismatch effect more significantly influences the domain size, the dynamics of domain formation, and the peptide sorting in our systems. Our results provide some theoretical insights into understanding the formation of nanosized lipid rafts, the protein sorting in the lipid rafts and the interaction between the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, and the plasma membranes.
Frequency-domain stimulated and spontaneous light emission signals at molecular junctions
Authors: Harbola Upendra , Agarwalla Bijay Kumar , Mukamel Shaul
Published: August 2014

Using a diagrammatic superoperator formalism we calculate optical signals at molecular junctions where a single molecule is coupled to two metal leads which are held at different chemical potentials. The molecule starts in a nonequilibrium steady state whereby it continuously exchanges electrons with the leads with a constant electron flux. Expressions for frequency domain optical signals measured in response to continuous laser fields are derived by expanding the molecular correlation functions in terms of its many-body states. The nonunitary evolution of molecular states is described by the quantum master equation.
Relaxation dynamics in quantum dissipative systems: The microscopic effect of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution
Authors: Uranga-Piña L. , Tremblay J. C.
Published: August 2014

We investigate the effect of inter-mode coupling on the vibrational relaxation dynamics of molecules in weak dissipative environments. The simulations are performed within the reduced density matrix formalism in the Markovian regime, assuming a Lindblad form for the system-bath interaction. The prototypical two-dimensional model system representing two CO molecules approaching a Cu(100) surface is adapted from an ab initio potential, while the diatom-diatom vibrational coupling strength is systematically varied. In the weak system-bath coupling limit and at low temperatures, only first order non-adiabatic uni-modal coupling terms contribute to surface-mediated vibrational relaxation. Since dissipative dynamics is non-unitary, the choice of representation will affect the evolution of the reduced density matrix. Two alternative representations for computing the relaxation rates and the associated operators are thus compared: the fully coupled spectral basis, and a factorizable ansatz. The former is well-established and serves as a benchmark for the solution of Liouville-von Neumann equation. In the latter, a contracted grid basis of potential-optimized discrete variable representation is tailored to incorporate most of the inter-mode coupling, while the Lindblad operators are represented as tensor products of one-dimensional operators, for consistency. This procedure results in a marked reduction of the grid size and in a much more advantageous scaling of the computational cost with respect to the increase of the dimensionality of the system. The factorizable method is found to provide an accurate description of the dissipative quantum dynamics of the model system, specifically of the time evolution of the state populations and of the probability density distribution of the molecular wave packet. The influence of intra-molecular vibrational energy redistribution appears to be properly taken into account by the new model on the whole range of coupling strengths. It demontrates that most of the mode mixing during relaxation is due to the potential part of the Hamiltonian and not to the coupling among relaxation operators.
A new spectroelectrochemical cell for in situ measurement of Pt and Au K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure
Authors: Kaito Takahiro , Mitsumoto Hisashi , Sugawara Seiho , Shinohara Kazuhiko , Uehara Hiromitsu , Ariga Hiroko , Takakusagi Satoru , Asakura Kiyotaka
Published: August 2014

A new spectroelectrochemical cell to investigate the structure of Pt/Au nanoclusters using Pt and Au K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements under the electrochemical conditions is developed. K-edge XAFS measurements for Pt and Au require a sample as thick as 1–2 cm, which prevents homogeneous potential distribution. We can measure in situ Pt and Au K-edge XAFS spectra and determine reasonable electrochemical surface areas using our developed spectroelectrochemical cell. This work provides a new approach to analyze Pt/Au core-shell nanoclusters. The new cell is designed to be applied to both spectra with high absorption-edge energies such as the K-edge of Pt and Au and those with low absorption-edge energy such as Pt L-edge.
Combining nanocalorimetry and dynamic transmission electron microscopy for in situ characterization of materials processes under rapid heating and cooling
Authors: Grapes Michael D. , LaGrange Thomas , Friedman Lawrence H. , Reed Bryan W. , Campbell Geoffrey H. , Weihs Timothy P. , LaVan David A.
Published: August 2014

Nanocalorimetry is a chip-based thermal analysis technique capable of analyzing endothermic and exothermic reactions at very high heating and cooling rates. Here, we couple a nanocalorimeter with an extremely fast in situ microstructural characterization tool to identify the physical origin of rapid enthalpic signals. More specifically, we describe the development of a system to enable in situ nanocalorimetry experiments in the dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM), a time-resolved TEM capable of generating images and electron diffraction patterns with exposure times of 30 ns–500 ns. The full experimental system consists of a modified nanocalorimeter sensor, a custom-built in situ nanocalorimetry holder, a data acquisition system, and the DTEM itself, and is capable of thermodynamic and microstructural characterization of reactions over a range of heating rates (102 K/s–105 K/s) accessible by conventional (DC) nanocalorimetry. To establish its ability to capture synchronized calorimetric and microstructural data during rapid transformations, this work describes measurements on the melting of an aluminum thin film. We were able to identify the phase transformation in both the nanocalorimetry traces and in electron diffraction patterns taken by the DTEM. Potential applications for the newly developed system are described and future system improvements are discussed.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of Cu2ZnSnSe4 bulk crystals
Authors: León M. , Levcenko S. , Serna R. , Bodnar I. V. , Nateprov A. , Guc M. , Gurieva G. , Lopez N. , Merino J. M. , Caballero R. , Schorr S. , Perez-Rodriguez A. , Arushanov E.
Published: August 2014

Using spectroscopic ellipsometry we investigated and analyzed the pseudo-optical constants of Cu2ZnSnSe4 bulk crystals, grown by the Bridgman method, over 0.8–4.5 eV photon energy range. The structures found in the spectra of the complex pseudodielectric functions were associated to E0, E1A, and E1B interband transitions and were analyzed in frame of the Adachi's model. The interband transition parameters such as strength, threshold energy, and broadening were evaluated by using the simulated annealing algorithm. In addition, the pseudo-complex refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, and normal-incidence reflectivity were derived over 0.8–4.5 eV photon energy range.
Imaging of hydrogen halides photochemistry on argon and ice nanoparticles
Authors: Poterya V. , Lengyel J. , Pysanenko A. , Svrčková P. , Fárník M.
Published: August 2014

The photodissociation dynamics of HX (X = Cl, Br) molecules deposited on large ArN and (H2O)N, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bar{N}\approx$\end{document}N¯≈ 102–103, clusters is investigated at 193 nm using velocity map imaging of H and Cl photofragments. In addition, time-of-flight mass spectrometry after electron ionization complemented by pickup cross section measurements provide information about the composition and structure of the clusters. The hydrogen halides coagulate efficiently to generate smaller (HX)n clusters on ArN upon multiple pickup conditions. This implies a high mobility of HX molecules on argon. On the other hand, the molecules remain isolated on (H2O)N. The photodissociation on ArN leads to strong H-fragment caging manifested by the fragment intensity peaking sharply at zero kinetic energy. Some of the Cl-fragments from HCl photodissociation on ArN are also caged, while some of the fragments escape the cluster directly without losing their kinetic energy. The images of H-fragments from HX on (H2O)N also exhibit a strong central intensity, however, with a different kinetic energy distribution which originates from different processes: the HX acidic dissociation followed by H3O neutral hydronium radical formation after the UV excitation, and the slow H-fragments stem from subsequent decay of the H3O. The corresponding Cl-cofragment from the photoexcitation of the HCl·(H2O)N is trapped in the ice nanoparticle.
Understanding electrofreezing in water simulations
Authors: Yan J. Y. , Overduin S. D. , Patey G. N.
Published: August 2014

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate why external electric fields promote the freezing of liquid water models. It is shown that the melting point of water at a pressure of 1 bar increases significantly when water is polarized by a uniform field. Fields of 1 V/nm and 2 V/nm increase the melting point by 24 K and 44 K, respectively. The increased melting point is mainly due to the favorable interaction of near perfectly polarized cubic ice with the applied field. For a fixed temperature, we demonstrate that the size of the critical ice nucleus decreases with field strength, mostly because the melting point, and hence the true degree of supercooling, is increasing with field. On simulation timescales, ice nucleation is observed at ∼40 K below the field-dependent melting point, independent of the particular value of the field applied. Indeed, we find that even quite highly polarized liquid water retains the characteristic local structures, and the related anomalous properties of water. Our results are obviously relevant to the mechanism of heterogeneous ice nucleation by local surface fields. Local fields will effectively increase the degree of supercooling of locally polarized liquid, decreasing the size of the critical nucleus in the region influenced by the field, hence facilitating ice nucleation.