bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miracle-Workers and Nationhood: Reinhard Bonnke and Benny Hinn in Fiji
Authors: Newland Lynda
Published: July 2012

In 2003, the Assembly of Christian Churches of Fiji ( ACCF ) invited evangelist Reinhard Bonnke, who is reputed to have raised a man from the dead, to conduct a revival in Fiji. Three years later, an invitation was also extended to American televangelist Benny Hinn. The Qarase government welcomed Bonnke's visit as an act of reconciliation for the nation, despite the fact that about 42 percent of the population of Fiji are not Christian, and many of those who are Christian disparage miracle workers. Hinn's visit was rationalized somewhat differently-as a draw for tourists, and in terms of the media coverage he was expected to have. This essay explores the rationalizations for the visits of these evangelists, the types of politico-religious alliances that have developed since the 2000 coup, and the politico-religious ethos that was to lead to the events of the 2006 coup.
Community Engagement in Prevention Research: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Prevention Research Centers’ National Community Committee
Authors: White-Cooper Sharrice , Lewis E. Yvonne , Greene-Moton Ella , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Gray Barbara
Published: July 2012

The Prevention Research Centers (PRC) Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) supports prevention research using community-based participatory research (CBPR) and other community engagement approaches. This paper describes the development of the PRC’s National Community Committee (NCC), how the committee strengthened the national program’s commitment to CBPR, the impact the committee’s activities have had on national initiatives, and the lessons learned from supporting a national community approach in a prevention research program. Community representatives from each PRC’s community committee were invited to share and exchange resources, knowledge, and skills to guide the national program. As a result, the NCC was developed. By embracing diversity, building capacity among members, and offering co-learning opportunities, the NCC helped to strengthen the practice of CBPR. The committee’s activities helped to ensure community participation at the program’s national level and led to involvement in other prevention research initiatives external to the PRC program. Program and committee leaders maintained a shared vision and increased community members’ skills. The PRC NCC has taken the concept of community partnership to a national level and has changed the way some community members understand their role in research.
An Academic–Community Outreach Partnership: Building Relationships and Capacity to Address Childhood Lead Poisoning
Authors: Serrell Nancy , Caron Rosemary M. , Fleishman Bethany , Robbins Emily D.
Published: July 2012

Background: Although academic institutions are rich resources for improving public health, academic partnerships with community organizations can be challenging. We describe a successful academic–community partnership composed of the Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, the Manchester (New Hampshire) Health Department, and the Greater Manchester Partners Against Lead Poisoning (GMPALP).
Objective: Partners collaborated to translate science and best practices into social action and policy change to address childhood lead poisoning.
Methods: Using the evolution of a childhood lead poisoning prevention initiative, we discuss how an academic–community relationship can be created and sustained.
Lessons Learned: Our experience demonstrates that broadbased partnerships are enhanced by the attributes of community-based participatory research (CBPR). We observe that engaging in community collaborations that are not driven by research eliminates potential conflicts for academic and community partners.
Conclusion: We identify four core values, namely, (1) adaptability, (2) consistency, (3) shared authority, and (4) trust, as being constructive when working in such partnerships.
“Putting My Man Face On”: A Grounded Theory of College Men’s Gender Identity Development
Authors: Edwards Keith E. , Jones Susan R.
Published: July 2012

The theory that emerged from this constructivist grounded theory study of 10 college men’s experiences depicts their gender identity as developed through constant interaction with society’s expectations of them as men. In order to try to meet these perceived expectations, participants described putting on a performance that was like wearing a mask or “putting my man face on.” They described a process of learning societal expectations, putting on a mask to conform to these expectations, wearing the mask, and struggling to begin taking off the mask.
The Effects of College Counseling Services on Academic Performance and Retention
Authors: Lee Donghyuck , Olson Elizabeth A. , Locke Ben , Michelson Sandra Testa , Odes Eleonora
Published: July 2012

For this study, we examined the relationship between counseling experience and college students' academic performance and retention in a sample of 10,009 college freshmen and transfer students. The results indicated that counseling experience is significantly associated with student retention: students receiving counseling services were more likely to stay enrolled in school. However, counseling experience was not related to academic performance when controlling for precollege academic performance (i.e., high school GPA, and verbal and math SAT scores). In addition, students seeking both individual and group counseling showed better academic performance than the students who received other service types.
Hard Work with the Mare Magnum of the Past: Nineteenth-Century Cuban History and the Miscelánea de Expedientes Collection
Authors: Giovannetti Jorge L. , Cowling Camillia
Published: July 2012

Este artículo ilustra el enorme potencial de la colección Miscelánea de Expedientes como fuente para investigar la historia colonial cubana. Esta colección, localizada en el Archivo Nacional de Cuba en La Habana, está compuesta de unos 4,000 legajos y más de 150,000 expedientes que cubren desde 1759 hasta 1898; es particularmente abundante en el material decimonónico. En la primera mitad del siglo XX la colección se catalogó en treinta volúmenes mecanografiados que continúan siendo la guía para la colección y son, en sí mismos, documentos históricos. Luego de describir la colección, los autores presentan ejemplos de su contenido sobre varios temas centrales de Cuba en el siglo XIX: el tráfico de esclavos, la historia marítima y portuaria, las políticas raciales y de género en la sociedad esclavista y durante el proceso de abolición gradual, la fuerza laboral asiática de contrato, y más. Los ejemplos proveen una visión del proceso de investigación con la colección misma y de la riqueza de las informaciones contenidas en sus documentos. Los autores pretenden que el ensayo llame la atención sobre esta fuente histórica y la necesidad de su preservación, asegurando que se mantenga disponible para futuros historiadores de Cuba.
Interrogating Hybridity: Subaltern Agency and Totality in Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Prabhu Anjali
Published: July 2012

In this essay, the author presents the Martinican intellectual Edouard Glissant's Poétique de la Relation in a new frame by reading his text as it accomplishes a type of grand-scale theorizing. The notion of Relation in Glissant is followed in its various connections to a Marxian notion of dynamic totality. The Marxian/Hegelian subtext of Poétique is seen as productively revealing for reading Glissant both historically and theoretically. Glissant's theorizing of difference is shown to be an important contribution to contemporary revisions of Marxian-informed thought.
The Two Women in the Mosaic of Santa Pudenziana
Authors: Schlatter Fredric W.
Published: July 2012

The significance of the two women portrayed in the apsidal mosaic of Santa Pudenziana in Rome is not solved by transferring to them the titles attached to similar figures in the later mosaic of Santa Sabina. If the mosaicist of Santa Sabina correctly interpreted them as Ecclesia ex circumcisione and Ecclesia ex gentibus , the basis of his interpretation must be established in terms of the mosaic he is thought to be quoting and labelling. The mosaic of Santa Pudenziana establishes their meaning by employing Jerome's interpretation of the vision of Ezekiel. These figures are rich in exegetical and apologetic significance and illustrate the complexity of the artistic idiom of Rome's greatest example of Theodosian classicism.
Helvidius, Jovinian, and the Virginity of Mary in Late Fourth-Century Rome
Authors: Hunter David G.
Published: July 2012

Marian doctrine and ascetical theology become increasingly intertwined in the late fourth century West, especially in the writings of Ambrose and Jerome. Helvidius and Jovinian are two Christians who oppose these new developments. Helvidius rejects the doctrine of Mary's virginitas post partum ; Jovinian rejects her virginitas in partu . For both, the Marian teachings represent faulty notions of sin, sexuality and the church. When compared to the ideas of earlier writers, the positions of Helvidius and Jovinian appear to be remarkably consonant with earlier Christian tradition.
Pity, Empathy, and the Tragic Spectacle of Human Suffering: Exploring the Emotional Culture of Compassion in Late Ancient Christianity
Authors: Blowers Paul M.
Published: July 2012

While abundant recent studies have illuminated the social and cultural realities underlying Christian responses to poverty in late antiquity, the present essay investigates the unique challenges to Christian preachers in cultivating a moral psychology of compassion. Drawing on the recent work of Martha Nussbaum on the "moral intelligence" of emotions in ancient philosophy, on classicist David Konstan's analysis of the contours of Greco-Roman pity, and on classicist Robert Kaster's notion of "narrative scripts" of human emotion, I explore three key dimensions of the emotional culture of pity and compassion in late ancient Christianity: (1) the engagement of classical, philosophical, and poetic discourse about pity and pity's moral valorization, (2) the refining of the "scripts" of Christian mercy in a culture of socio-economic envy and rivalry, and (3) the Christian reinvention of tragic pity in the face of the spectacle of graphic human suffering. An integrating focus is the negotiation of the dialectic of likeness and otherness, proximity and distance, which underlay the morality of mercy and eleemosynary action. This leads in the end to a consideration of precisely how Christian preachers and moralists constructed empathy, the deep identification with the suffering other who embodies Christ, as a theological or uniquely deifying virtue.
The Universal Spread of Christianity as a Rhetorical Argument in Tertullian's adversus Iudaeos
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D.
Published: July 2012

One of the arguments used in Tertullian's adversus Iudaeos is that the universal spread of Christianity is proof that God's promise of all nations coming to faith has been fulfilled. This paper investigates the three instances in the treatise and draws conclusions with regard to the work's rhetorical structure (and therefore its integrity and authenticity as a work by Tertullian) and Tertullian's use of Scripture. The position taken here is that the second half of the treatise is authentically Tertullian's, even though it has come down to us only in a draft, unrevised form. The first appearance of the argument about the universal spread of Christianity in chapter 7 disrupts the structure the author had announced, while that in chapter 14 seems not to be by Tertullian for it is a misinterpretation of what is found when the argument appears in chapter 12.
Condorcet, Social Mathematics, and Women's Rights
Authors: Ansart Guillaume
Published: July 2012

This essay investigates the interconnection between two essential aspects of Condorcet's thought: his feminism and support for women's suffrage, and his vision of a new social science based on probability theory and statistics. In his works in applied mathematics, Condorcet outlined some of the fundamental principles of statistical studies. He was convinced that such studies would show gender differences in intellectual capacity to be insignificant or simply the result of education and socialization. He therefore concluded that there were no grounds for denying women their natural right to vote. Logically, he also defended women's equal right to public education: women were to be full citizens of the republic, which Condorcet conceived of as a community of rational agents engaged in a collective search for truth. I conclude by emphasizing the deep affinity between Condorcet's research in probability and statistics, and his theory of individual rights: both rest on a subtle dialectic of identity and difference in their approach to the critical notion of individuality.
"The Fate of Empires": The American War, Political Parody, and Sheridan's Comedies
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: July 2012

This essay examines three published but unperformed political parodies of the 1770s: The Duenna (1776) and The Critic; or a Tragedy Rehearsed (1780), both attributed to Israel Pottinger, and The School for Scandal (1779) by the Philadelphian John Leacock. These works, taking their titles from the comedies of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, are to all intents and purposes anti-government pamphlets in dramatic form, specific critiques of the British administration's handling of the American War. This piece explores the processes by which Pottinger and Leacock politicize Sheridanian comedy of manners in order to dramatize and interrogate the new cultural technologies, most especially the mass media, engendered or accelerated by the American war.
William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Radical Discourse of the 1790s
Authors: Whelan Timothy
Published: July 2012

Between 1791 and 1794, William Fox, a Dissenter, collaborated with the Baptist bookseller Martha Gurney in publishing sixteen political pamphlets on topics ranging from the abolition of the slave trade to the perversion of national fast days to Pitt's provocative war with France. Fox's first pamphlet, An Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Propriety of Refraining from the Use of West India Sugar and Rum (1791), became the most widely distributed pamphlet of the eighteenth century. It solidified the abolitionist forces in Great Britain and America by focusing their energies on a boycott of West Indian produce. Though scholars have recognized the historical significance of An Address to the People of Great Britain , Fox has never received proper credit as the author. Neither has Martha Gurney been recognized for her achievement as London's leading female Dissenting printer/bookseller during the 1780s and '90s.
Consumption, Gender, and the Politics of "Free Trade" in Eighteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Higgins Padhraig
Published: July 2012

In 1779, a campaign emerged in Ireland to protest English restrictions imposed on Irish trade. This article outlines the emergence of this market for patriotic goods and the increased commercialization of politics in Ireland in the 1770s. Through the examination of advertisements, prints, and other ephemera, this essay examines the way in which this campaign for a "free trade" facilitated the growth of an increasingly commercialized extra-parliamentary political culture. It argues that the quotidian world of consumption was as important to Irish patriot politics as the more exalted realms of parliamentary debate or the expressions of Protestant patriotism articulated in pamphlet literature. It also examines the gendered nature of this campaign. As acts of consumption became politicized, women gained a prominent place in the discourse and the practice this movement, while a sphere patriotic of consumption specific to men was also identified, based around forms of sociability and voluntary association.
Company Rules: Burke, Hastings, and the Specter of the Modern Liberal State
Authors: Murray Julie
Published: July 2012

This essay considers Edmund Burke's prosecution of Warren Hastings in the context of Burke's concerns about the Company's feudal structure, which was exacerbated under Hastings's tenure. Taking up the longstanding association of Burke with tradition in general, and with ad hoc apologia for Britain's feudal past in particular, I suggest, by contrast, that in his observations about Hastings's rule and the Company's monopoly, Burke offers a trenchant critique of the feudal logic that underwrites this historical moment of capitalism's imprinting.
Ethics and Theory: Suffering Children in Dickens, Dostoevsky, and Le Guin
Authors: Langbauer Laurie
Published: July 2012

These key texts foreground suffering children. Each founds its ethics in recoil from such horror but recycles it nonetheless, caught in ethical impossibility, repeating what it critiques. Poststructuralism stresses ethics as necessarily paradoxical, a response when there are no clear choices. Narrative provides a site for these insoluble dilemmas, encoding a voyeuristic ethics in excess of individual choices. Yet when narratives display children as the symbol of anguished lived contradictions, the rhetorical effects of this decision implicate those who take it. Ethics as theory provides a means to think through and in such inexplicable questions our readings uncover.
Byronic Measures: Enacting Lordship in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Marino Faliero
Authors: Earle Bo
Published: July 2012

Jerome Christensen construes " Lord Byron's Strength " as a singular capacity for "consequential action" in a socio-historical situation in which, as Lukács' says, the "commodity form" has become "total." I question Christensen's characterization of the pan-textualizing consequences of Byronic action, and offer readings of Childe Harold and Marino Faliero that show how it remains beholden to an epistemological project not unlike the commodifying function it ostensibly repudiates. But I follow Christensen in attempting to offer an account of characteristically Byronic action in terms not of what it is but what it does. To this end I focus upon the specific function of canonical allusion in the dramatic action of Faliero, in Byronic writing and reading, as well as the pirating of Byron's works.
La formation d'une culture économique et technique en Algérie (1830-1962): L'exemple des grandes infrastructures de génie civil
Authors: Berthonnet Arnaud
Published: July 2012

This article discusses the importance and influence of infrastructure development in French North Africa, particularly in Algeria but also in Morocco and Tunisia. The first part covers early construction in the Maghreb from 1830 until the 1930s; in particular, it discusses the examples of harbors and hydraulic dams. For the purpose of comparison, it studies the building of roads in Tunisia. The second part introduces the building of large Algerian facilities from 1945 until 1962, which were planned without taking into account the true needs of the autochthonous population. Only meeting the needs of settlers, the new infrastructure benefited the French firms and engineers, in both the public and private sectors, that collaborated on the biggest plans. In the 1950s as in the interwar period, attempts were made to solve difficulties with technical innovation and boldness, as well as with big budgets. This technical innovation was transformed little by little into a kind of model for the future. The third part takes stock of this techno-economic colonization. Two examples are discussed: 1) a family business (the Chagnaud company) that stayed in Algeria after independence, and 2) the economics of electricity after 1962. In conclusion, the discussion shows that the young Maghrebi republics inherited their first big facilities and infrastructure, but also a technical and economic culture unsuited to their new development.
Colonisation et politique de Santé Maternelle et Infantile au Sénégal (1905–1960)
Authors: Ndao Mor
Published: July 2012

After the 1930s, French colonial authorities in Senegal began to develop and implement coherent welfare policies for maternal and child health in order to solve the difficult problems of mortality and morbidity. During the Second World War, support for these policies grew, resulting in the creation of alimentary and nutritional research bodies such the Mission Anthropologique and ORANA at the end of the war. In sum, the restructuring of healthcare facilities; the mother and infant welfare systems (PMI); the establishment of prenatal care and infant, child, and mother consultations; and the sustained activities of international bodies (UNICEF, FAO, WHO) all fostered the development of practical programs, thus obviously contributing to the lessening of child and maternal mortality and morbidity.
Guerres de conquête et contrôle de la circulation des armes à feu et des munitions en Afrique Occidentale sous domination française (1834–1903)
Authors: Sané Sokhna
Published: July 2012

During the colonial conquest (nineteenth century), France enforced the prohibition of the sale of firearms and ammunition in its colonies in West Africa. The French administration did this in order to prevent the supplying of firearms, ammunition, and powder to resistance fighters such as El Hadj Omar, Ahmadou, Behanzin, and Samori. It was very efficient, but the legislation of France's neighbors in West Africa (England, Germany, Portugal, and Liberia) was less severe. The resistance fighters were thus supplied with firearms and ammunition by means of smuggling guns and powder in these nations' colonies (Gambia, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Guinea, Togo): consequently the war continued until the end of the nineteenth century. The European powers and the United States decided to produce an international legal instrument to control the circulation of firearms and ammunition and signed the Brussels Conference Act in 1890. The aim of this pact was to crush the last fighters like Behanzin and Samori, but its enforcement was very difficult because of the rivalry between European nations. Nevertheless, the act gave to the European powers an instrument to regulate the circulation of firearms and ammunition in their territories in West Africa.
The French Colonial Legacy of the Canada–United States Border in Eastern North America, 1650–1783
Authors: Demers Paul A.
Published: July 2012

Le développement des colonies européennes en Amérique du nord aux dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles était témoin des concours apparemment éternels de la terre, la souveraineté et le commerce. Les désaccords territoriaux nombreux, par example l'Acadie au Canada, ont articulé ces expressions géopolitiques contradictoires. Cet article explore l'évolution des concepts de frontière et des limites nationales, se concentrant sur les conditions qui ont incité des colonies et des états à changer les définitions territoriales au lieu d'adapter des ordres du jour complexes et décalants. Ces changements reflètent quatre étapes cruciales dans le développement des frontières politiques en Amérique du nord-est pendant ce temps: (1) action d'éviter et ajournement de la délimitation; (2) délimitation et concurrence; (3) frontières internes; et (4) formation de la frontière, ou limite, britannique de l'Amérique du nord. Ce travail fournit également une alternative aux études traditionnelles orientées vers les conflits de frontière en se concentrant sur des processus culturels et géopolitiques.
Unequal Transitions: Two Métis Women in Eighteenth-Century Île Royale
Authors: Jonah Anne Marie Lane
Published: July 2012

Cette étude établit une comparaison entre deux françaises coloniales nées dans deux communautés périphériques d'Acadie au XVIII e siècle (aujourd'hui la Nouvelle Écosse péninsulaire et le sud du Nouveau Brunswick). Ces deux femmes, qui avaient des pères européens et des mères d'origines mixtes, européennes et amérindiennes, ont déménagé pour s'installer dans la colonie française de l'île Royale (aujourd'hui le Cap-Breton), puis se sont mariées dans la société de ce centre colonial administratif, militaire et commercial. L'une a fini ses jours comme femme d'affaires accomplie et épouse d'officier, intégrant ainsi l'élite coloniale. L'autre fut l'objet d'un processus juridique qui mit fin à son mariage avec un officier. Les ressemblances entre ces femmes et les différences entre leurs sorts démontrent la nature contingente des idées que se faisaient les français coloniaux des notions de race, de classe, et de sexe. Durant leur vie, l'interprétation et la manipulation de ces facteurs qui constituent l'identité par ces femmes, leurs familles et les autorités coloniales, ont déterminé la réussite des efforts qu'elles ont fait pour passer d'une société coloniale à une autre.
A Community of Resistance: The Organization of Protest in New Orleans against the U.S. Territorial Administration, 1803–1805
Authors: Vernet Julien
Published: July 2012

En 1804, le gouvernement qui est établi pour la Louisiane par un acte du Congrès est de nature entièrement nominative: le président peut choisir le gouvernement et un conseil législatif composé de treize hommes vivant sur le territoire. Inquiets de leur avenir sous un gouvernement américain, et craignant pour leurs intérêts économiques qui dépendent de l'esclavage, certains habitants de Louisiane ont alors organisé des mouvements de protestation pour demander un gouvernement représentatif. Contrairement à ce que pensent les fonctionnaires américains en Louisiane et à Washington, les Louisianais qui ont pris la tête du mouvement ont une bonne connaissance du gouvernement démocratique des États-Unis. Cet article est centré sur un exposé des arguments des protestataires, arguments qui prouvent que la Louisiane, qui avait des contacts commerciaux avec trois pays qui venaient de traverser des révolutions (les États-Unis, la France et Haïti), comptait parmi ses habitants des personnes qui, malgré leur attachement à l'esclavage, savaient évoquer les idées fondamentales du mouvement démocratique qui a transformé le monde atlantique.
Cartographical Quandaries: the Limits of Knowledge Production in Burton's and Speke's Search for the Source of the Nile
Authors: Wisnicki Adrian S.
Published: July 2012

When he sighted the southern end of Lake Victoria on 3 August 1858, John Hanning Speke (1859b:397) realized that he had discovered the “source” of the White Nile, the most important tributary of the Nile proper, and so had “almost, if not entirely, solved a problem which it has been the first geographical desideratum of many thousand years to ascertain, and the ambition of the first monarchs of the world to unravel.” That Speke was an unknown explorer and that he had made his discovery on a solo “flying trip” during the East African Expedition of 1856-59, which, under the command of the renowned explorer Richard Francis Burton, had already also discovered Lake Tanganyika, made Speke's accomplishment all the more remarkable.

As contemporaries soon asserted, Speke's discovery culminated a historical series of excursions, real and imagined, into the interior of Africa and placed Speke at the pinnacle of a line of explorers and geographers that ran from Herodotus, Julius Caesar, and Ptolemy to, in more recent times, James Bruce (the Scotsman who “discovered” the source of the Blue Nile, the second most important tributary of the Nile, in 1770), the German missionaries Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann (who “discovered,” respectively, the snow-capped mountains of Kilimanjaro in 1848 and Kenya in 1849), and noted “armchair geographers” like W.D. Cooley, Charles Beke, and James M'Queen.
Spoken Reminiscences of Political Agents in Northern Nigeria II
Authors: Afeadie Philip Atsu
Published: July 2012

Q. Sir, I would like to know something about messengers and interpreters like Adamu Jakada.

A. Adamu Jakada was the messenger between Emir Abbas and the Europeans. Some of the messengers and interpreters were employed by the emir, and they were royal slaves. Whenever they did something wrong they were replaced by others. Adamu was a slave of the emir.

Q. Where and when was he born?

A. He was born in Kano, and he came from the family of slaves.

Q. Is there any story about him?

A. All we know is that he was chosen by the District Officer (D.O.) He would take messages from the emir to the white men and return with the white man's reply to the emir.

Q. Were messengers and interpreters powerful?

A. Yes, indeed.

Q. Were they nice people?

A. It is when they became powerful that issues of misunderstanding occurred. You know when somebody becomes powerful the person would demonstrate good and bad qualities. Some of the messengers and interpreters were like that.

Q. Were they wealthy?

A. They were slaves of the emir. Everything that they owned, they took them from the servants of the emir. Also, they were paid by government.

Q. What did people think of their work?

A. People respected and feared them because of their closeness to the emir and the Europeans.

Q. Did they speak or write in English?

A. Before they learnt English they used to work as servants to the Europeans. So they learned English from them.
Examining Text Sediments–Commending a Pioneer Historian as an “African Herodotus”: On the Making of the New Annotated Edition of C.C. Reindorf'sHistory of the Gold Coast and Asante
Authors: Hauser-Renner Heinz
Published: July 2012

In 1995 Paul Jenkins, the former Basel Mission archivist, called my attention to Carl Christian Reindorf's Ga manuscripts kept at the archives in Basel, knowing that I had lived and worked in Ghana in the 1980s and that I was able to speak, read, and write the Gã language of Accra and its neigborhood. Of course I already knew Reindorf and his monumentalHistory of the Gold Coast and Asantepublished in 1895 in English, as I had written my M.A. thesis on late-nineteenth-century Asante history, and moreover I was very much interested in Gã history. Reindorf's massive, substantive, and systematic work about the people of modern southern Ghana may be considered a pioneering intellectual achievement because it was one of the first large-scale historical work about an African region written by an African, and it was highly innovative, including both written sources and oral historical narratives and new methods for the reconstruction of African history. The book has excited interest ever since it first appeared 110 years ago because it contains an unrivaled wealth of information on the history and culture of southern Ghana.

A preliminary glimpse at the two heaps of folios wrapped with linen ropes at the archives showed that the manuscripts-none of them were dated–contained two different versions of the EnglishHistory. That day, when I first laid my hands on the brownish, carefully folded papers, I was not aware that I was to embark on an intensive period of arduous transcribing and translating work (sometimes “lost in translation”), breathtaking archival investigations in Basel, London, and Accra, and of an exciting text/context research (unearthing sources, excavating informants, examining sediments/versions).
The Historiography of HIV and AIDS in Uganda
Authors: Kuhanen Jan
Published: July 2012

Uganda has been in the world headlines since the mid-1980s, first as a nation severely hit by HIV and AIDS, and later, from the late 1990s onwards, as the first country in sub-Saharan Africa that has managed to reverse a generalised HIV epidemic. Countless newspaper articles, television and radio documentaries and broadcasts, papers, books, and films have been produced about AIDS in Uganda, making the epidemic one of the most thoroughly researched and documented in the world. Medical doctors, virologists, epidemiologists and social and behavioral scientists, both Ugandan and expatriate, have produced massive amounts of scientific information about it since the early 1980s, in addition to which there have been policy papers, evaluation reports, and action plans produced by various government ministries, international donor agencies, and national and international NGOs and relief organizations which document the epidemic from administrative, developmental, and humanitarian perspectives.

Uganda's AIDS epidemic has been publicized worldwide through the news media and various international agencies. It is being constantly monitored not only by national authorities and international health experts, but by myriads of Ugandan and international organizations, media, academics, and concerned members of the public using modern means of communication. Some of these national and international bodies not only monitor, report and educate, but demand their say in how the epidemic should be managed. Uganda has become a testing ground for medical and behavioral interventions, as exemplified by AIDS vaccination trials, the social marketing of condoms, antiretroviral treatment, and, recently, by the male circumcision trial. Positive results have then been marketed to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa as successful AIDS prevention strategies.
Mombasa Cathedral and the CMS Compound: the Years of the East Africa Protectorate
Authors: Frankl P. J. L.
Published: July 2012

Exactly when Islam arrived on the Swahili coast is difficult to say, but Mombasa was a Muslim town long before the arrival of Vasco da Gama in 1498. During the two centuries or so that the Portuguese-Christians occupied this part of the sea route from Europe to India there were churches in Mombasa and elsewhere in Swahililand, but none has endured. Modern Christianity dates from 1844, when Ludwig Krapf arrived in Mombasa. Before then Mombasa was a “wholly Mohammedan” town. Krapf, a German Lutheran, was employed by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) based in London. Failing to make any converts on the island, Krapf moved into the coastal hinterland, among the Nyika, where Islam was less in evidence and where, therefore, Krapf was more hopeful of success. With remarkable perspicacity he wrote: “Christianity and civilisation ever go hand in hand…. A black bishop and black clergy of the Protestant Church may, ere long, become a necessity in the civilisation of Africa.”

In England, when attention was drawn to the east African slave trade, a settlement of liberated slaves was established on the mainland north of Mombasa island in 1875, and a church built (Emmanuel Church, Frere Town)—the first parcel of land in central Swahililand to be owned by European-Christians. There was still no church on the island. However, this was the zenith of the British imperial power and in the capital of almost every major British overseas possession, it was de rigueur—alongside the Secretariat and the Club—to have a Church of England cathedral.
Being, Knowledge, and Nature in Novalis
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: July 2012

This paper reconstructs the evolution of Novalis' thought concerning being, nature, and knowledge. In his earlier writings (above all the Fichte-Studies) he argues that unitary being underlies finite phenomena and that we can never know, but only strive towards knowledge of, being. In contrast, his later writings, principally the Allgemeine Brouillon, maintain that the unitary reality underlying finite things can be known, because it is an organic whole which develops and organises itself according to an intelligible pattern. Novalis equates this whole with nature. However, because this organic whole exercises spontaneity in assuming particular forms of organisation, we can never know why it assumes just these particular forms; nature therefore remains partly unintelligible to us. I argue that Novalis' intellectual shift towards the idea that the whole can be known is motivated by his concern to explain how the modern, "disenchanted," view of nature could be overcome. I also argue that by recognising this shift, we can resolve the dispute between Frank and Beiser as to whether Novalis thinks that the absolute can be known.
Medicaid Enrollee Switching Among Managed Care Plans
Authors: Brandon William P , Troyer Jennifer L , Sundaram Rajeshwari , Schoeps Nancy , Sun Yanqing , Walsh Betsy J
Published: July 2012

This case-study (n=41,969) of voluntary switching among Mecklenburg County, North Carolina Medicaid managed care plans showed a low switching rate of 14.5 per 100 member-years over 33 months, or 5.3 averaged annually. Population, plan and plan characteristics, claims and telephone survey data were examined to better understand this important behavioral measure. Switching in Medicaid managed care, which is little studied, is contrasted with the extensive literature on middle class switching. Policy implications included the suitability of Medicaid populations for managed care and the need for more research on switching and disenrollment and the Medicaid innovation of neutral health benefits advising.
Managing Anemia in Low-income Toddlers: Barriers, Challenges and Context in Primary Care
Authors: Crowell Rebecca , Pierce Michelle B. , Ferris Ann M , Slivka Hilda , Joyce Patricia , Bernstein Bruce A , Russell-Curtis Suzanne
Published: July 2012

Iron-deficiency remains a concern among low-income toddlers in the U.S. This formative study describes how primary care providers serving high-risk 1- to 3-year-old children in an urban ambulatory care setting approach anemia. Data collection included a retrospective review of randomly selected medical records (n=264) and semi-structured interviews with clinicians (n=41). Thirty-eight percent of the children presented with anemia (Hgb < 11.0 g/dl) at least once between 12 and 36 months of age. Just under half of these children were treated for anemia. Follow-up laboratories for iron-treated children were completed within 35 days in 16% of cases (median: 3 months). Interviews identified four key themes (iron-deficiency, communication, poverty, system) running through the two major categories of prevention and treatment. Treatment cut-points were variable. While providers felt clinically comfortable with anemia, they felt burdened and challenged by follow-up. Communication and system barriers weighed most heavily on perceived treatment outcomes.
Foreign Versus Domestic Education of Physicians for the United States: A Case Study of Physicians of South Asian Ethnicity in California
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth , Jain Ruby , Breckler Jennifer , Chen Eric , Grumbach Kevin
Published: July 2012

Physician supply in the U.S. is again on the national health policy agenda. A central issue in this debate is the availability of physicians willing to work in underserved and disadvantaged communities—an issue closely linked to the number of minority and international medical graduate (IMG) physicians working in the U.S. In California, South Asian IMGs, but not South Asian U.S. medical graduates, are more likely to work in underserved communities. Incorporation of strong policy levers aimed at an equitable geographic distribution of physicians will be critical as the U.S. moves toward greater self-sufficiency of physician supply. More specifically, the authors note the continuing central importance to addressing the needs of medically underserved populations of training physicians from under-represented minority groups (African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans) in U.S. medical schools.
Income, Health Status, and Insurance Coverage of Small Group Employees in a Voluntary Purchasing Arrangement
Authors: Christianson Jon B. , Liu Chuan-Fen , Schroeder Colleen
Published: July 2012

The ongoing health care reform discussion has highlighted the problems of insuring small group employees. Several state and private initiatives have attempted to address some of these problems through the formation of voluntary small group purchasing arrangements. This article uses data from one such initiative, Health Care Group of Arizona (HCGA), to describe the income, health status, and prior insurance of small group employees who enrolled in prepaid health plans through HCGA. It also compares employee enrollees to nonenrollees along these dimensions. The findings suggest that HCGA enrollees had relatively low incomes and that about three-quarters were without health insurance prior to enrollment. Higher income employee enrollees were more likely to report health conditions at enrollment even after controlling for other factors including age. Enrollees were less likely than nonenrollees to have prior health insurance but were more likely to be drawn from lower income groups and to report recent health conditions.
Substance Use of Homeless Pregnant Mothers
Authors: Wagner JD , Menke AM , Miller J
Published: July 2012

Substance use during pregnancy contributes significantly to complications for both the mother and the developing child. Women who smoke cigarettes, use illicit drugs, or drink alcoholic beverages are at greater risk for the development of premature labor, spontaneous abortions, miscarriages, and stillbirths. Drug-exposed infants are more likely to develop low birth-weight, impaired neurological development, congenital anomalies, and symptoms of withdrawal. These effects maybe worse in poor and underprivileged populations if the mother also has inadequate prenatal care, poor nutritional status, chronic illnesses, or additional coexisting complications of pregnancy. Research concerning the substance use of pregnant women is beginning to accumulate. However, no published studies investigate the health behaviors of homeless pregnant women relative to drugs. Data obtained from 29 homeless pregnant women indicated that 38 percent of these women drank alcohol, 69 percent smoked cigarettes, seven percent smoked marijuana, and 10 percent used other illegal substances. These findings suggest a need to develop and implement programs of care targeted at this population.
Implications of National Health Care for Dentistry
Authors: Griffiths Michael C.
Published: July 2012

Despite the impact of dental health on oral health, general health, and emotional health, the dental-health provisions of President Clinton's health care reform proposal are meager. To better serve the Americans who need better dental care, dentistry should establish influence, develop an impassioned constituency, and provide special information to federal policymakers.
Knowledge in Relation to Cadaveric Kidney Donation in Urban Blacks
Authors: Kankam Martin K. , Ktsanes Virginia K. , Moore Roscoe M. , Kaczmarek Ronald G. , Jeng Lana L.
Published: July 2012

A questionnaire survey of black residents of an inner city in the South was conducted to examine the relationship between awareness (knowledge) of cadaver kidney donation programs (CKDP) and socio-demographic factors. Nearly 64 percent of the respondents were unfamiliar with CKDP. Of the respondents who had previously been aware of CKDP, older persons were more likely than younger persons (under age 20) to have heard about cadaver kidney donation. Education and occupation were positively correlated with familiarity of cadaver kidney donation; those with higher education (college graduates) and professional or managerial occupations were more likely to know of it (54 percent and 53 percent respectively). Knowledge did not differ by sex. This finding is striking in that it delineates a target population within the black community for education to increase donorship.
Communication Strategies in Caring for the Underserved
Authors: Ventres William , Gordon Paul
Published: July 2012

Physicians face numerous challenges in caring for underserved patients. These include both structural barriers, such as the increasing ranks of the uninsured, and contextual barriers. Contextual problems are embedded within the communication between doctors and patients. Communication between doctors and poor patients fails principally because of inadequately shared information and a power asymmetry in the relationship. This paper addresses specific strategies which practitioners and educators can use to improve communication with poor patients and assist in their empowerment. These strategies include employing attentive patient care, attending to the use of jargon, and using self-empowering language.
Ethics and Medicaid: A New Look at an Old Problem
Authors: Bach Marilyn L. , Oberg Charles N. , Bryant Nicholas A. , Boleman Jeri L.
Published: July 2012

Recent proposals to reform Medicaid, driven primarily by the need for cost containment, rarely pay explicit attention to values. This paper presents the Medicaid Values Framework, the authors' interpretation of a set of societal ideals embodied in Title XIX of the Social Security Amendments of 1965. The Framework comprises seven interlocking values that are stratified into three interdependent tiers—access, quality, and equity. We use the access and equity tiers to analyze treatment of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients under Medicaid. We document striking inequities in eligibility standards and in funding for the two groups—inequities that unexpectedly fail to translate into marked disparities in access to Medicaid. In conclusion, we comment on why the present inequities exist and why they are ethically unacceptable.
Federal Provision of Health Care: Creating Access for the Underinsured
Authors: Burgess James F. , Stefos Theodore
Published: July 2012

Access to health care for the underinsured in America is a major current policy issue. Federal provision of health care has not been evaluated seriously as part of the solution to the problem despite the presence of federal health care provided to veterans, the class of Americans most completely guaranteed universal access. We first explore the arguments for and against universal access, clarifying issues but yielding no definitive solution. Then the federal health care system for veterans is used as a model for exploring problems that must be solved in a universal access plan. The discussion focuses on the effects of competition for patients and health care resources on costs, innovation, regulation, and quality.
Dual-Diagnosis Management: A Comprehensive Study in the Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Vassall RF
Published: July 2012

Dual diagnosis is a relatively new concept which in recent years has changed the methods used in the evaluation and treatment of the mentally ill who are also chemically dependent. This paper examines current practice in this area in the setting of the community mental health center and suggests some alternatives in the treatment of this subset of patients. Information was obtained from the annual reports of two community mental health centers in Nashville. Personnel from these centers were also interviewed. A literature search as well as a telephone survey also provided some of the data. Up to 40 percent of people in the community who have a substance-abuse problem also have a diagnosable mental illness. About 37 percent of alcohol abusers have at least one coexisting mental disorder. In substance abuse treatment centers, the rate of overlapping disorders is about 50 percent to 65 percent. Only 35 percent of mental health centers contacted in a nationwide telephone survey have a dual diagnosis program in place. In mental health centers, the rate of concurrent substance abuse is about 30 percent. Dual-diagnosis day treatment programs are successful in reducing hospitalization rates in these patients. Relatively little has been done to develop community-based treatment facilities for dual-diagnosis patients. Specialized treatment facilities have been demonstrated to be highly effective in the treatment of these individuals. The mental health community needs to move quickly toward the establishment of programs which address both components of the illness of these difficult patients.