bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Proprieties and Residual Stress Evaluation on Heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC/Si for MEMS Application
Authors: Anzalone Ruggero , D'Arrigo Giuseppe , Camarda Massimo , Piluso Nicolò , Severino Andrea , La Via Francesco
Published: February 2012

SiC is a candidate material for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). The hetero-epitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on silicon substrates allows one to overcome the traditional limitations of SiC micro-fabrication, but the high residual stress created during the film grow limits the development of the material for these applications. In this work, in order to evaluate the amount of residual stress released from the epi-film, different micro-machined structures were developed. Through the measurement of natural resonant frequencies and Raman shift analysis, a strong relationship between the mechanical proprieties of the material (Young’s modulus) and the film crystal quality (defect density) was observed.
Strain Field Analysis of 3C-SiC Free-Standing Microstructures by Micro-Raman and Theoretical Modelling
Authors: Camarda Massimo , Piluso Nicolò , Anzalone Ruggero , La Magna Antonino , La Via Francesco
Published: February 2012

In this article we compare the strain distribution observed in 3C-SiC/Si (100) cantilevers, using the shift of the transverse optical (TO) mode in micro-Raman maps, with the values predicted using a recent analytic theory []. By taking advantage of an under etching of the microstructures during the fabrication processes, that removes a thin layer of highly defective SiC close to the film/substrate interface near the edges of the microstructures, we show that the variation of the experimental measured strain can be ascribed to a non-linearity of the strain field along the 3C-SiC film thickness.
Elaboration of Monocrystalline Si Thin Film on 3C-SiC(100)/Si Epilayers by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Jiao Sai , Portail Marc , Michaud Jean François , Zielinski Marcin , Chassagne Thierry , Alquier Daniel
Published: February 2012

The growth of continuous silicon monocrystalline thin films on 3C-SiC epilayers deposited on silicon substrates is presented in this study. Such heterostructures can be beneficial for the fabrication of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems or electronic applications. The elaboration of these heterostructures was carried out using Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy have been used to investigate the structural properties of Si epilayers and their dependence on growth conditions. Monocrystalline Si (110) films are obtained on 3CSiC(100)/Si (100) substrates, only when using growth temperatures close to 850°C. The strong influence of the underlying 3C-SiC film on the final structural properties of Si epilayer is evidenced.
Material Limitations for the Development of High Performance SiC NWFETs
Authors: Zekentes Konstantinos , Rogdakis Konstantinos , Bano Edwige
Published: February 2012

Back-gated field effect transistors (FETs) based on 3C-SiC nanowire (NW) were fabricated and the electrical characterization revealed devices with either ohmic or rectifying contacts leading to two different operation modes. The transistors with ohmic-like contacts manifest very weak gating effect and the device switching off is not achievable even for high negative gate voltages due to the high electron concentration along the nanowires. In contrast, the devices with Schottky contact barrier at Source / Drain regions demonstrate a well determined switching off and in general better performance thanks to the modulation of the drain current through the control of Schottky barriers transparency at the source and drain regions. Nevertheless, ohmic contact devices are expected to demonstrate even better performance if the NW material quality as well as the quality of the interface with the gate oxide is substantially improved.
High Quality 3C-SiC Substrate for MOSFET Fabrication
Authors: Nagasawa Hiroyuki , Kawahara Takamitsu , Yagi Kuniaki , Hatta Naoki , Uchida Hidetsugu , Kobayashi Motoki , Reshanov Sergey A. , Esteve Romain , Schöner Adolf
Published: February 2012

Quantitative efficacies of several methods for stacking fault (SF) reduction are evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. SF density on a 3C–SiC {001} surface depends on interactions of adjoining SFs: annihilation between counter pairs of SFs and termination by orthogonal SF pairs. However, SFs are not entirely eliminated when growth occurs on undulant-Si and switch back epitaxy (SBE) due to spontaneous SF collimation that suppresses the annihilation probability of counter SFs. The MC simulation also reveals the efficacy of SF reduction method which includes the growth of 3C–SiC on finite area bounded by side walls. One can theoretically reduce the SF density below 100 cm-1 on 3C–SiC {001} surface. A practical way for eliminating the SF by termination at side walls is demonstrated, and it clearly exhibits that the SF density can be reduced under 120 cm-1.
Characterization of Band Diagrams of Different Metal-SiO2-SiC(3C) Structures
Authors: Piskorski Krzysztof , Przewlocki Henryk M. , Esteve Romain , Bakowski Mietek
Published: February 2012

In this work the band diagrams of different MOS structures based on 3C-SiC substrate were determined. This has been achieved by application of many measurement techniques allowing determination of many electric parameters of the investigated structures. These parameters allowed to construct complete band diagrams which are demonstrated for two modes: for the flat-band state in the semiconductor and for the flat-band state in the dielectric.
Effects of Sintering Temperature and Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties of Powder Injection Molded 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Raza Malik Muhammad Rafi , Ahmad Faiz , Mamat Othman , Omar Mohd Afian , German R.M. , Muhsan Ali S.
Published: February 2012

This research presents the effects of temperature and cooling rate on mechanical properties of powder injection molded 316L Stainless steel. Steel powder and binder were mixed together to produce the feedstock. The green samples were produced by injection molding and debinded. Brown test samples were sintered in vacuum at 1325°C, 1360°C and 1380°C for 2h with two heating and cooling rates 5°C/min and 10°C/ min. The test samples sintered at 1325°C achieved maximum sintered density. The higher cooling rate improved the strength of the sintered test samples. The maximum sintered density of 96% and tensile strength of 503MPa was achieved and these results are comparable to the wrought 316L stainless steel (according to ASTM standard).
Green Inhibitors: Anti Corrosive Propensity of Garcinia mangostana for Aluminum 1100
Authors: Gayathri V.S. , Yamuna K. , Gnana Prakash D. , Kameshwari R. , Supraja R. , Munusamy Ramesh , Venkatesan Thiruvalan
Published: February 2012

Corrosion is one of the key concerns during construction of a chemical plant.Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), a tropical purple fruit contains as many as 40 varieties of xanthones and exhibits good amount of anti oxidant property. The objective of this paper was to study the anti-corrosive property of Mangosteen on aluminium 1100. The study was designed to screen the inhibition efficiency of Mangosteen at various concentrations at pH 1. The Mangosteen extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction from its dry hard pericarp and analyzed by UV methods.
Interlaced Microstructures of Bone
Authors: Chen Bin , Yuan Quan , Yin Da Gang , Wang Jian Guo , Fan Jing Hong
Published: February 2012

The observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that a tibia bone is a kind of bioceramic composite consisting of hydroxyapatite layers and collagen protein matters. The hydroxyapatite layers are composed of hydroxyapatite sheets. The observation also shows there is a kind of interlaced microstructure of the hydroxyapatite sheets. The maximum pullout force of the interlaced microstructure was investigated and compared with that of the parallel microstructure. It is indicated that the maximum pullout force of the interlaced microstructure with a large interlaced angle is markedly larger than that of the parallel microstructure.
Improved Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Niti/TiOx/PZT/TiOx Thin Film Heterostructures
Authors: Choudhary Nitin , Kharat D.K. , Kaur Davinder
Published: February 2012

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys are high-performance shape memory alloy actuator materials [1]. These alloys are metals possessing a memory, which can be triggered thermally or mechanically. Thin film of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy (SMA) is an excellent candidate for micro electric mechanical systems (MEMS). On the other hand, PZT is well known for its superior ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties [2]. Integrating a ferroelectric (PZT) with ferroelastic (NiTi) material is technically interesting as the resulting heterostructure may then produce the properties associated with both of the materials and enhances the performance of MEMS based devices [3]. An important issue in the synthesis of NiTi/PZT hybrid heterostructure is the formation of appropriate crystalline phases of each material. The interdiffusions present at the interface of NiTi and PZT layer makes it difficult to obtain the optimal properties of both the components suitably at lower thickness values. With the miniaturization of active thin film devices, particularly for MEMS applications, it is desirable to obtain the best properties at lower thickness values. Therefore, in the present study, we have tried to lower the thickness of top NiTi films with the help of thin TiOx buffer layer between PZT and NiTi films. As expected, the excellent structural, electrical and mechanical properties of the NiTi/PZT heterostructure were achieved at lower thickness values.
Developing Woven Enhanced Silk Fabric for Ballistic Protection
Authors: Loh Kelvin K.M. , Tan Willy C.K. , Oh Rayson H.C.
Published: February 2012

Fabric materials can be in form of woven, knitted, non-woven and braided structures or a combination of these structures can be used for protective fabric. Properties of fabrics depend on the different types of fibres that constitute the fabric and the geometry of the final structure. This project seeks the development of optimally woven enhanced silk fabric for high performance application that can be potentially beneficial to various engineering fields such as ballistic protection for military, aerospace, automotive, sports and marine engineering industries. Natural enhanced silk will be used as the yarns, rather than the traditionally used synthetically produced aramid material which poses an environmental problem. The tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation of yarns strength are the main influences on ballistic performance. In addition to the tensile properties of the yarn, fabric weave structure is crucial as propagation of stress waves is affected by the weave structure. Mechanical performance of the woven silk fabric of various designs will be subsequently accessed for their effectiveness based on tensile testing and ballistic testing.
Study on the Growth and Corrosion Resistance of Manganese Phosphate Coatings on 25Cr2Ni4WA Alloy Steel
Authors: Hu J. , Fang Liang , Mao J.H. , Xie L.B. , He J. , Zhang P.
Published: February 2012

The growth process and corrosion resistance of the phosphate coating on 25Cr2Ni4WA alloy steel fabricated by a high temperature manganese phosphating were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS and electrochemical polarization method, respectively. It is found that the phosphate coating consists of lots of close packed lump crystallites and mainly composed of (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4·4H2O. The coating weight increased rapidly, and then the increase rate slowed down when phosphating process was carried for about 5 min. The corrosion potentials of the phosphated steel shifted positively about 250 mV than the bare steel, indicating that the phosphating can improve the corrosion resistance of the 25Cr2Ni4WA alloy steel.
Evolution of Microstructures on GTA Welded AISI304 Subjected to Hot Corrosion at 700°C under Na2SO4 + V2O5 (60%)
Authors: Hafeez Sharief B. , Senthil Kumar S. , Yeshwanth B.K. , Arivazhagan N. , Devendranath Ramkumar K. , Narayanan S.
Published: February 2012

In this work, an attempt was made to examine the microstructure changes on the gas tungsten arc welded AISI 304 subjected to hot corrosion in Na2SO4+ V2O5(60%) at 700°C under cyclic conditions. It was found that welding of AISI 304 using E308L showed better corrosion resistance and tensile strength as compared to ENiCu-7 filler wire. The corrosion products were analyzed using SEM/EDAX and XRD.
Enhancing the Char Resistant of Expandable Graphite Based Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings by Using Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes for Structural Steel
Authors: Ullah Sami , Ahmad Faiz
Published: February 2012

In the intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coating char thickness and its strength play a vital role to protect the base steel structure from the fire. The IFR coating contains expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine, boric acid, bisphenol, epoxy resin BE-188 (BPA) which is used as a binder with ACR hardener H-2310 polyamide amine and multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). A range of different formations were prepared to study the heat shielding effect and char expansion after fire test. The intumescent coating was tested at 800°C for one hour in the furnace and found to be very stable and well bonded with the steel substrate. The characterization was done by using Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) after fire test. The results confirmed that MWCNTs enhanced the char resistant of IFR coating on steel substrate after fire test. Keywords: Intumescent fire retardant coating, Expandable Graphite, Multiwall Carbonnano tubes, FESEM and TGA.
Breve análise sobre o surgimento, o preconceito e o ritual da religião umbanda
Authors: Fadlalah Aline , Fraisleben Hozana , Bourguignon Natalia
Published: February 2012

Umbanda is a relatively new religion. It was forbidden since its advent and even today suffers with the negative image created by society. This article seeks to expose what is Umbanda and why, even being a recent religion, it suffers so much prejudice. To do so, four Umbandists were interviewd and we also visited three Terreiros (place where the rithuals taks place), located in Vila Velha: Tenda Umbandista Estrela dos Obreiros de Oxalá, Grupo Fraternidade Luz do Caminho e Tenda Umbandista Estrela Guia. The methods used to make the article were the bibliographic research and participative observation.
Identificação de aspectos e impactos ambientais na lavanderia de um hospital
Authors: Kissely Santório Kajsa , Nunes Moulin de Moraes Ronan , Curto Marques Dessaune Andressa
Published: February 2012

This study presents a pilot project developed in the laundry of a public hospital located in the city of Vitória-ES, aiming at identifying the environmental aspects and impacts for the future implementation of an environmental management system, in accordance with the NBR ISO 14001:2004. In August 2010, the identification of the laundry’s existence activities began, while interviews with the laundry’s staff members were carried out to understand the activities and processes pertaining to the laundry. The flow-charts of the processes and activities as well as spreadsheets of the sites and equipment were developed, while input and output systems for each activity were built. The legal requirements applicable to each environmental aspect raised were identified, considering the environmental requirements of the NBR ISO 14001: 2004.
John Beverley. La interrupción del subalterno
Authors: Stefanoni Pablo
Published: February 2012

Book Review / Reseña
Cosmovivencia Andina. Vivir y convivir en armonía integral – Suma Qamaña
Authors: Yampara Huarachi Simón
Published: February 2012

This work discusses key concepts for the understanding of an Aymara epistemology as part of a decolonization process that equally affects the culture, politics, economy and the history of Bolivia. The frame in which the discussion of these matters takes place (an academic event in the United States) opens up a  debate on the epistemological nature of the relations South-North.
Bolivia: Del “proceso de cambio” a los cambios en el proceso
Authors: Ybarnegaray Ortiz Jenny
Published: February 2012

This article offers a detailed analysis of the conflict around the TIPNIS from the point of view of an independent consultant and cultural activist based in Bolivia. In its development, the article historically contextualizes the conflict of the TIPNIS locating it within the social and political process that today lives Bolivia. The author pauses in the analysis of “which substantially reveals the conflict” and in the political challenges that it poses to the government of the MAS, problematizing the “process of change” announced in 2005, during the electoral campaign that lead to Evo Morales to the Presidency of Bolivia.
Alison Spedding. Religión en los Andes. Extirpación de idolatrías y modernidad de la fe andina
Authors: Lefter Alexandru V.
Published: February 2012

Book Review / Reseña
Preliminary Pages
Authors: Co-Editoras Co-Editors –
Published: February 2012

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THE PRICE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND INDIVIDUAL DEMAND
Authors: Golpek Filiz
Published: February 2012

The rise in the living standards in most of the world, the rise in population and schooling rates have increased the demand for higher education. The attribution of semi public property becomes determinant to decide whom will provide the supply and the production in semi public properties is realized by means of a supply and demand mechanism. The supply of higher education is mostly secured in accordance with the public demand as well as the resources available.  In addition, the fact that higher education services have produced significant benefits has led to over demand. This situation relates to a simple economic rule that a commodity or service which costs almost nothing or little will increase until the mariginal benefit of its demand equals to 0 or almost 0. However, the educational supply and demand is difficult to identify in accordance to the supply and demand and balance of price as observed in the economic theory. The high profits that would be attracted in the future are significant factors influencing individual’s decisions for investment. The decision for investment depends on the possible return in the future, the cost of investment, and the current interest rates. Higher education with investment purposes is influenced by these three factors and higher education is demanded more and more by individuals on the expectation that they will gain high profits In theory, it is accepted that the basic factors identifying the demand for higher education are in harmony with empirical research results in several countries including Turkey.
RE-THINKING ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INTRAPRENEURSHIP, AND INNOVATION: A MULTI-CONCEPT PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Gundogdu Mehmet Cagrı
Published: February 2012

This paper aims to show an understanding of the vague issues on the relations among the concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and innovation. Some of the greatest intellectual challenges of our time are emerging from the huge study of business management and organization. Through these issues; creating and applying smart ideas that form the practice of business and management, namely entrepreneurial activities, have been noticeably stepping forward for more than three decades. An updated entrepreneurial view in business and management is crucial for reaching the aim of innovation; besides, as it’s mentioned above, this perspective deserves to be scrutinized deeply in order to obtain a full understanding of the key concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship, and innovation also to provide a lean conclusion, which is mainly based on the dual and multi-relations of the related terms. The approach taken in the literature, generally construes entrepreneurship as the main concept regarding entrepreneurial thought; intrapreneurship as its sub-concept; and considers innovation as redundant to include in some of the entrepreneurial definitions; though it’s not totally been ignored. However, the new economical framework has proven that a fresh insight is required from now on, in order to explain how to survive in this rapidly changing environment.  From this perspective, the main questions of this paper are:Can the concepts of entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship and innovation be appraised in an integrative approach, contemporarily? In other words, can these concepts be united under the umbrella of a valid single term different from these?If yes, how should the new concept be discussed and what are the attributes of the new character emerging from this concept?
Place and Music: Local Opera in Shanghai, 1912–49
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter develops the historical consideration of Shanghai opera begun in Chapter 1, looking now at huju in mid-20th-century Shanghai. Other than the appearance of female performers, in the period from approximately 1920 to 1949, there was an expansion of troupes with a concomitant increase in specialization; the rise of new performance venues and media, most obviously recorded sound and radio broadcasting; the influence of other artistic forms, such as the spoken drama and film; and changing modes of musical learning. Distinctive schools of performance were created, several of which remain significant in terms of musical style today. Discussion of these factors is enclosed within an examination of musical place.
Terracottas in Early Complex Societies: Sumer, Babylonia, Syria, Egypt and Canaan (c. 3000–1150 bc)
Authors: Moorey P. R. S.
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides contrasts in the terracotta imagery of Canaan, Israel and Judah. This is followed by an examination on the emergence of nude female images in early urban societies in Sumer, (c.3000–2100 bc). The chapter then investigates the ‘nude female’ in Babylonia (c.2100–1650 bc), the migration of the one-piece open-mould technology to Syria, terracotta imagery in Canaan and the Egyptian connection. Finally it looks at terracotta plaques in Canaan during the Late Bronze Age (c.1650–1150 bc) and the Canaanite terracotta legacy in the first millennium bc (Iron Age).
British geography 1500–1900
Authors: Livingstone David N.
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents an impressionistic, and thus imprecise, sketch of the history of British geography from 1500 to 1900. Over these 400 years, British geography has assumed many different forms in many different arenas. Whether as a species of natural philosophy and mathematics, as a form of regional portraiture, as overseas lore, or expeditionary travel; whether in universities curricula or at royal courts, in school texts or learned societies; whether as a vehicle of national and local identity or as a channel of imperial desire: geography has been inextricably intertwined with the social, intellectual, political and religious history of the British Isles.
The passion of place
Authors: Massey Doreen , Thrirt Nigel
Published: February 2012

Place has long been a key element in geographical thought and writing. Along with ‘region’, it has been a core conceptual focus of what geography, or certainly human geography, has been thought to be about. In some ways, indeed, it is hard to separate region from place or place from region. ‘Places’ as objects of conceptualisation and of research raise some crucial issues that have long been the concern of geographers: the issue of spatial variation, the conceptualisation of space, and the passivity or influence of the spatial realm; the ‘problem’ of specificity and uniqueness, of the significance of these and of how (indeed whether) they can be ‘scientifically’ analysed; issues around the conceptualisation of ‘identity’; and the problems and possibilities of geography's supposed character as a synthesising discipline. This chapter recounts a history of the role of place in British geography.
Geography displayed
Authors: Kain Roger , Delano-smith Catherine
Published: February 2012

Professional geographers use maps to reveal spatial patterns in their data and to seek correlations in those patterns, although they no longer always do so by the time-honoured method of simple visual comparison of distributions on a series of paper maps. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are founded on maps stored electronically. In most British geography departments, cartography has been distanced from geography. This chapter discusses the use of maps in geography, quantification and spatial science, maps and public policy in Britain, thematic mapping, compilation of atlases and reading of maps.
Geographers and the regional problem
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: February 2012

There is a long history of geographers in Britain analysing and engaging with ‘the regional problem’. Despite periodic attempts to deny its significance, the regional problem has proved remarkably persistent and has periodically re-emerges on the political agenda. A distinguishing feature of the way in which British geographers have analysed spatial inequality has been an increasingly sophisticated and nuanced recognition of the multi-scalar and complex character of the map of spatial inequality. This chapter examines some of the main strands in the evolving ways in which geographers have analysed ‘the regional problem’ and associated regional policies in the light of two sorts of changes: first, changes in the map of regional uneven development and in government policies; and secondly, in terms of changing conceptions of human geography, and changes in geographical thought and practice. As a prelude to this, the chapter considers some broader issues raised in recent debates about conceptualising and theorising regions, as they provide a contemporary reference point against which to view these issues and the ‘regional problem’ and ‘problem regions’ as objects of public policy.
Conclusion—Rousseau’s paradox
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: February 2012

This chapter binds the book together, recapitulating its general argument, and offering pointers as to how the study relates to some contemporary questions of political theory. It suggests that a classification that distinguishes between Weber the ‘liberal’, Schmitt the ‘conservative’ and Neumann the ‘social democrat’, cannot provide an adequate understanding of this episode in the history of political thought. Nor indeed can it do so for other periods. In this book, one part of the development of their ideas has focused on the relationship between state and politics. By learning from their examples, people continue their own search for an acceptable balance between the freedom of the individual and the claims of the political community.
Centaur-songs: Romanticism and broken forms
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the broken forms of fragments and Romanticism. The Ossian fragments, which can be found in the poems of ‘Ossian’, are first examined. Most of the discussion focuses on these poems, such as the inclusion of bards and centaurs. The concept of the literary fragment is discussed, as well as singing the poems of ‘Ossian’ while at work.
Sea-changes: minimal texts as regenerative forms
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses minimal texts as regenerative forms. It attempts to show that short and fragmented song-forms have played a crucial part in some of the most stimulating approaches to the process of song variation. The various processes in ballads, including ‘floating’ verses and a ‘tension of essences’ are discussed as well. The chapter also shows the complexity of the processes of oral transmission and the smallness of the units that are capable of evoking stories and of generating rather strong emotional fields.
Intertexts: contexts
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

English, twentieth century. Smith, Band of Gold, track 20.

Wiggy (or Wisdom) Smith was born in a covered wagon near Bristol in 1926. For obvious reasons, Smith is a very common surname among travellers, and he is no relation to Phoebe Smith (see Chapter 3...
Voicing the Soviet Experience
Authors: Hodgson Katharine
Published: February 2012

This book is an examination of a poet whose career offers a case study in the complexities facing Soviet writers in the Stalin era. Ol′ga Berggol′ts (1910–1975) was a prominent Russian Soviet poet, whose accounts of heroism in wartime Leningrad brought her fame. This book addresses her position as a writer whose Party loyalties were frequently in conflict with the demands of artistic and personal integrity. Writers who pursued their careers under the restrictions of the Stalin era have been categorized as ‘official’ figures whose work is assumed to be drab, inept and opportunistic; but such assumptions impose a uniformity on the work of Soviet writers that the censors and the Writers Union could not achieve. An exploration of Berggol′ts's work shows that the borders between ‘official’ and ‘unofficial’ literature were in fact permeable and shifting. This book draws on unpublished sources such as diaries and notebooks to reveal the range and scope of her work, and to show how conflict and ambiguity functioned as a creative structuring principle. The text discusses how Berggol′ts's lyric poetry constructs the subject from multiple, conflicting discourses, and examines the poet's treatment of genres such as narrative verse, verse tragedy and prose in the changing cultural context of the 1950s. Berggol′ts's use of inter-textual, and especially intra-textual, reference is also investigated; the intensively self-referential nature of her work creates a web of allusion that connects texts of different genres, ‘official’ as well as ‘unofficial’ writing.
Genre in Berggol′ts’s writing of the 1950s
Authors: Hodgson Katharine
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at the writer's responses to her cultural context on the level of genre, examining her work in narrative verse, verse drama and autobiographical prose. It examines the following works: the 1950 narrative poem ‘Pervorossiisk’, the 1954 verse drama Vernos ť (‘Loyalty’), and the autobiographical prose account Dnevnye zvezdy (‘Daytime stars’), which appeared between 1954 and 1959.
Conclusion
Authors: Hodgson Katharine
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. Part of the purpose of this study has been to recover a sense of the range and scope of the work of just one of the writers generally thought to be part of the world of official Soviet literature. Berggol′ts is known first of all for her wartime poetry; that work deserves to be placed firmly in the context of her writing before and after the war. Its importance should not be denied, but it should not be seen as a sudden, unprecedented outburst of creativity. In its exploration of Berggol′ts's writing, this study has shown that life and art became tightly entangled in her poetry and prose; the poet's own conviction that the two should be intimately connected is demonstrated by her texts. Yet it would be wrong to lose sight of the fact that we have been dealing with literary texts which must be viewed in relation to other literary texts. While much of what Berggol′ts wrote displays its connection with events in her life and in the life of her society, her writing also reveals its awareness of how others wrote. Russian literary tradition and the poetry of her contemporaries helped to form Berggol′ts's work.
The Prosopographia Imperii Romani and Prosopographical Method
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: February 2012

The official birthday of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani was 31 March 1874. That was the day on which Theodor Mommsen formulated an application to the plenary assembly of the Ködeiresniglich Preuβlische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin to launch a ‘prosopography of renowned men of the Roman imperial period’ including chronologically ordered lists of consuls and governors and magistrates in general. But in fact, Mommsen had long before planned to add a summary of this kind to the editions of inscriptions. Mommsen himself probably intended PIR to be the foundation for further historical insights. Almost all the prosopographical works on the Roman empire have one thing in common: their source material predominantly or even solely comprises epigraphic texts in Latin and Greek. Of course, other sources are taken into account as well, but the importance of inscriptions is generally much greater.
: Pluralism, Revenant or Recessive?
Authors: Barker Rodney
Published: February 2012

This chapter deals with pluralism, while tackling Ernest Barker, British pluralism, original pluralism, postmodernism, multiculturalism, and feminism. The fact that British political science, particularly through the English language, is part of a far wider intellectual community, does not dilute its distinctiveness. It is one of the conditions enabling its different peoples to develop their own religious, political, and cultural identities. The chapter also describes three familiar metaphors used to explain intellectual change. Pluralism is neither socialist, nor conservative, nor liberal, although it has affinities at different points with all three. It even sits uneasily on a scale of left to right. Its reappearance indicates how far the old morphology of political thinking has been transcended.
: British Public Administration
Authors: Hood Christopher
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses three possible interpretations of the development of British Public Administration over the twentieth century as a way of assessing its contribution to political science. Those interpretations are respectively labelled ‘dodo’, ‘phoenix’, and ‘chameleon’. The ‘dodo’ interpretation is a pessimistic fin de siècle view of British Public Administration as in serious decline from early promise and former greatness. The ‘phoenix’ interpretation is a more optimistic perception of the subject as advancing in scientific rigour and conceptual sophistication over the century, leaving behind the outmoded styles of the past. A third view, the ‘chameleon’ interpretation, is a picture of lateral transformation, with the adoption of new intellectual colouring and markings to fit a new era.
: Nations and Nationalism in British Political Studies
Authors: King Charles
Published: February 2012

This chapter attempts to provide a ‘reader’s guide’ to nationalism in British politics. It explores some of the major trends in the British study of nationalism and relates these to broader substantive and methodological concerns within the social sciences. The chapter focuses on most important comparative and conceptual studies of nationalism as a general political and historical phenomenon, rather than research limited to particular countries or periods. The defining features of British political studies, including a respect for methodological eclecticism and historically grounded research, have made British writers uniquely attuned to the importance of nationalism at times when many of their American colleagues dismissed it as the residuum of retarded modernization. The chapter concludes with some reflections on possible future directions for research and modest proposals for thinking about the study of nationalism and its relationship to broader debates within political science.
The Party System: Structure, Policy, and Europeanization
Authors: Niedermayer Oskar
Published: February 2012

The German party system has changed since the 1980s. The relatively stable ‘two-and-a-half party’ system of the 1960s and 1970s has become a fluid five-party system. This development can generally be attributed to changes on the demand and supply sides of party competition and to the changing institutional framework. The European integration process is part of this institutional framework and this chapter deals with the question of whether it has influenced the development of the party system at the national level. To systematically analyse the possible impact, eight party-system properties are distinguished: format, fragmentation, asymmetry, volatility, polarization, legitimacy, segmentation, and coalition stability. The analysis shows that one cannot speak of a Europeanization of the German party system in the sense of a considerable impact of the European integration process on its development. Up to now, the inclusion of Germany in the systemic context of the EU has not led to noticeable changes of party-system properties. On the demand side of party competition, this is due to the fact that the EU issue does not influence the citizens' electoral decisions. On the supply side, the lack of Europeanization can be explained mainly by the traditional, interest-based pro-European élite consensus, the low potential for political mobilization around European integration, and the marginal role of ethnocentrist–authoritarian parties.
Automatic Creation of Virtual Artefacts from Video Sequences
Authors: Fitzgibbon Andrew W. , Cross Geoff , Zisserman Andrew
Published: February 2012

Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs may be enough. However, in the examination purposes of an artefact, a 3D presentation is invaluable as it allows the object viewpoint to be modified freely and 3D measurements to be taken on object features. This chapter describes the system by which 3D models from photographs can be acquired, without the need for the calibration of system geometry such as the camera focal length, relative motion of the camera and object, and the relative positions of the camera and object. This system instead computes the representation of all possible objects and camera configurations which are consistent with the given image. The first section discusses how tracking points observed in 2D images allows for the computation of the relative camera and object geometry. The second section discusses the construction of a triangulated 3D model from the object projections. The third section discusses the refinement of the model based on surface texture.
Shape from Profiles
Authors: Cipolla Roberto , Wong Kwan-Yee K.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses profiles or outlines which are dominant features of images. Profiles can be extracted easily and reliably from the images and can provide information on the shape and motion of an object. Classical techniques for motion estimation and model reconstruction are highly dependent on point and line correspondences, hence they cannot be applied directly to profiles which are viewpoint dependent. The limitations of classical techniques paved the way for the creation of different sets of algorithms specific to profiles. In this chapter, the focus is on state-of-the-art algorithms for model reconstruction and model estimation from profiles. These new sets of algorithms are capable of reconstructing any kind of objects including smooth and textureless surfaces. They also render convincing 3D models, reinforcing the practicality of the algorithm.
Singing the Village
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: February 2012

The Sibe are an immigrant group, Qing dynasty bannermen who made a three-year ‘long march’ from Manchuria in the 18th century to serve as a border garrison in the newly conquered Western Regions of the Qing Chinese empire. They preserved their military structure and a discrete identity in the multi-ethnic region of Xinjiang and are now officially recognised as an ethnic minority nationality under the People's Republic. They are known in China today as the last speakers of the Manchu language, and as preservers of their ancient traditions. This study of their music culture reveals not fossilised tradition but a shifting web of borrowings, assimilation, and retention. It is an informed account of culture and performance in the Chinese region of Xinjiang. The book approaches musical and ritual life in this ethnically diverse region through an understanding of society in terms of negotiation, practice, and performance. It explores the relations between shamanism, song, and notions of externality and danger, bringing recent theories on shamanism to bear on questions of the structural and affective powers of ritual music. The book focuses on the historical demands of identity, boundary maintenance, and creation among the Sibe, and on the role of musical performance in maintaining popular memory, and it discusses the impact of state policies of the Chinese Communist Party on village musical and ritual life. It draws on a wide range of Chinese, Sibe-Manchu language sources, and oral sources including musical recordings and interviews gathered in the course of fieldwork in Xinjiang.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the music and ritual songs of the Sibe people of Xinjiang, China. This book aims to counter the monolithic view of Chinese culture by demonstrating a more complex picture of layers of syncretism and multi-directional cultural flow between discrete sub-cultures, within and without the larger Chinese cultural domain. It traces the musical processes of the absorption and gradual remoulding of the music of other peoples of Xinjiang and examines the recent creation of a Sibe ethnic identity as a minority nationality.
John Desmond Clark 1916–2002
Authors: Phillipson David W.
Published: February 2012

Professor John Desmond Clark played a leading role in archaeological research in sub-Saharan Africa for six decades. In the words of his former teacher, Grahame Clark, he did ‘more than any other man to pull together the prehistory of the continent of Africa from the beginnings of human culture up to…recent times’. Desmond Clark displayed great learning, prodigious energy and productivity, wide friendships, and warm hospitality. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1952 and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1961. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and of the National Academy of Science (USA). His Cambridge Sc.D. was awarded in 1975 and he held honorary doctorates at Witwatersrand and Cape Town Universities (1985), along with the Gold Medals of the Society of Antiquaries of London (1985) and the Archaeological Institute of America (1989). The British Academy awarded him the Grahame Clark Medal for Prehistory in 1997.
Arthur Geoffrey Dickens 1910–2001
Authors: Clark Margaret
Published: February 2012

For many students of history in the later 20th century, the name of A. G. Dickens was synonymous with the English Reformation. He was, however, a scholar of diverse and cultured interests, with a desire to disseminate his learning to the widest possible audience. There is a clear progression in his academic career from its pioneering beginnings in the use of local archives, through national history, to the European studies that occupied his later years. Two of his books which have stood the test of time as widely-read teaching books are Lollards and Protestants and The English Reformation.
Ernest André Gellner 1925–1995
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: February 2012

Although Ernest Gellner had a successful academic career in Britain, becoming a member of the British Academy in 1974, his work was not properly understood. The fact that he was a brilliant polemicist, genuinely believing that there were devils at his back, tended to obscure his positive views. Of course, he had distinct reputations in different fields, notably as anthropologist, student of Islam, sociologist, theorist of nationalism, and philosopher. If this made him a latter day philosophe, seeking to understand modernity with whatever tools were to hand, little recognition was given to the presence of the metaphysic that lent unity and strength to all his work. As that metaphysic was based on the intense personal experience characteristic of a Central European exile of Jewish background, it is scarcely surprising that it centred on questions of identity.
Theology in the twentieth century
Authors: Williams Rowan
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses theology in the twentieth century, which was largely dominated by a set of issues that were generated ultimately by the diffusion of the critical approach to the Bible. The survey presented in the chapter determines that the ‘dogmatic’ or ‘systematic’ theology in England and Wales has both benefitted and suffered from its slightly tangential relation to mainstream academic theology.
The Morphological and Behavioural Origins of Modern Humans
Authors: Stringer Chris
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides an update on the speciation of modern Homo sapiens and the Out of Africa hypothesis. The majority of the fossil and genetic evidence favours an African origin for modern humans during the later part of the Middle Pleistocene (prior to 130,000 years ago), and one or more range expansions out of Africa after that date. However, a number of uncertainties remain. If there was a speciation event at the appearance of modern humans, what was its nature? Furthermore, did the evolution of modern human behaviour occur gradually or punctuationally? The discussion examines the difficulties faced in defining what is meant by ‘modern’ humans, and in reconstructing the morphological and behavioural origins of our species.
Laterality and Human Speciation
Authors: Corballis Michael C.
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the relevance of cerebral asymmetry. Although cerebral asymmetries abound in non-human animals, there are still reasons to suppose that there may have been a single-gene mutation producing a ‘dextral’ (D) allele, which created a strong bias toward right-handedness and left-cerebral dominance for language at some point in hominid evolution. The alternative ‘chance’ (C) allele is presumed directionally neutral, although there may be other influences producing weak population manual and cerebral asymmetries in the absence of the D allele. The discussion argues that language evolved from manual gestures, and the D allele may have served to guarantee manual and vocal control in the same (left) hemisphere in the majority of humans. The ‘speciation event’ that distinguished Homo sapiens from other large-brained hominids might be as witch from a predominantly gestural to a vocal form of language.
What Can the Y Chromosome Tell Us about the Origin of Modern Humans?
Authors: Tyler-Smith Chris
Published: February 2012

This chapter outlines the peculiar genetic history and population characteristics of the Y chromosome, including the interaction with the X. The small size of the Y and its sex-limited transmission make it at first sight an unlikely vehicle for the determining characteristic of the species. Human and ape Y lineages are generally believed to have split about 5–7 million years ago, while extant human Y lineages trace back to a common ancestor that probably lived between 40 and 200 thousand years ago. Between these dates, two substantial segments of DNA on the Y chromosome were duplicated on the Y: the Yq pseudoautosomal region and the Xq/Yp homology region. The former does not contain any good candidate speciation genes but the latter may. The Xq-Yp transposition probably occurred soon after the ape-human split and, at the same time or subsequently, was divided in two by an inversion.
A Hundred Years of Studying Politics: What have we got to show for it?
Authors: Barry Brian
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the text of a lecture on the study of the history of politics. It describes the kind of knowledge that the study of politics produces and argues that there exists useful knowledge about political institutions. It contends that the failure of attempts to construct a science of politics modelled on physics or on microeconomics has tended to obscure the value of the contributions of political history. It highlights the importance of political theory in clarifying ideas about what makes a society historically good or just or unjust.