bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERAN KEPEMIMPINAN KELOMPOK TANI DAN EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERDAYAAN PETANI
Authors: Mutmainah Rika , . Sumardjo
Published: December 2016

Ketidakberdayaan petani disebabkan karena petani tidak cukup mampu untuk menggunakan peralatan

produksi secara optimal. Ketidakberdayaan juga disebabkan oleh kurang kompetensinya petani dalam memasarkan produk pertaniannya. Melalui kelompok tani, pemerintah telah melakukan proses pengajaran yang potensial dan pemberdayaan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup petani. Dalam proses pemberdayaan kelompok tani ini, membutuhkan peran pemimpin untuk mendorong aktivitas pemberdayaan. Pemimpin memiliki peran yang penting untuk mempengaruhi dan memotivasi petani untuk mencapai tujuannya secara bersama-sama melalui kelompok tani. Tujuan penelitian ini. yaitu untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepemimpinan dengan proses pemberdayaan kelompok tani, menganalisis hubungan antara proses pemberdayaan dengan tingkat pemberdayaan, juga menganalisis hubungan antara faktor pribadi dan faktor lingkungan dengan proses pemberdayaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey yang didukung  pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam kepada narasumber. Hasil penelitian ini diolah menggunakan Rank Spearman dan Chi-Square. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Kelompok Tani Bina Sejahtera di Desa Situ Udik, Kecamatan Cibungbulang, Bogor dan Kelompok Tani Hurip di Desa Cikarawang, Kecamatan Dramaga, Kabupaten Bogor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan hubungan positif  nyata antara kepemimpinan dengan proses pemberdayaan, sementara proses pemberdayaan tidak berhubungan positif nyata dengan tingkat pemberdayaan. Beberapa faktor pribadi menunjukkan hubungan positif nyata dengan tingkat pemberdayaan.  
Kata kunci : kelompok tani, kepemimpinan, pemberdayaan petani
PENGARUH KEKUASAAN TERHADAP PERILAKU UNJUK RASA MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR INDUSTRI EKSTRAKTIF MINYAK BUMI
Authors: Nadya Izana Nyimas , K. Pandjaitan Nurmala
Published: December 2016

One of the extractive petroleum industries that are currently present in Indonesia is the PCI Industry which cooperates with Pertamina. PCI Industry is located in Bojonegoro, East Java and established in 2002. Ever since the presence of the extractive petroleum industry, conflict with society is started to begin. The method used in this study was a quantitative method that was supported by quantitative data. Qualitative data were obtained by observations and in-depth interviews. Quantitatif data using questionnaires were obtained from two  villages  with  100  respondents.  Respondents  were  divided  into  two  geoups:  responden  who  did  non participate in the protest and respondents who participated in the protest.This study aims to analyze the root problem of public protest occurence towards the PCI Industry, analyze the presence of PCI Industry that raises a certain protest behavior of society and analyze the effect of local leaders power on the dynamics and behavior of the society protest. The result showed that the  root problem of public protes occurence towards the PCI Industry  is an opportunities to work in the PCI Industry, CSR funds, environmental demanding.  The protest behavior of local people due to the presence of the PCI Industry is in accordance with the theory of planned behavior which mentions that attitude is not enough to determine behavior, but there are subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The effect of local leader power on the dynamics and behavior of the society protest is appreciable.  
Keywords:  attitudes, behavior control, power, subjective norms, work and business opportunities 
Strategi Adaptasi Nelayan di Pulau-Pulau Kecil terhadap Dampak Perubahan Iklim (Kasus: Desa Pulau Panjang, Kecamatan Subi, Kabupaten Natuna, Kepulauan Riau)
Authors: Wibowo Ari , Satria Arif
Published: December 2016

This study aime to analyzethe effect ofclimate change onsocio-economic conditionsof fisher, as well as to identifyadaptation and mitigation strategies related to climate change. The method inthis study usingquantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed thattheeffectof climate changeonsocio-economic aspects offishing. Influenceonsocio-economic aspects ofthesearenotnecessarilythe calendarseason, the loss ofsome of the animalsthat becamea markerdeterminationseason, andincreased intensity of stormsat seawhichinterfere withthe activityof fisher catching. Therefore, the right strategy is needed to transform fisher’s adaptation on adjusting with climate change. The types of adaptational strategy are divided into: the diversification of economic activities; the investment on fishing technology; maintaining good relationship with other fishers; finding new catchment areas; and utilizing social relationship and mobilizing members of the family.
Keywords: adaptationstrategy, climate change,fisher, small islands
LINGKARAN SETAN KEMISKINAN DALAM MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN, STUDI KASUS PETANI TEMBAKAU DI KAWASAN PEDESAAN PULAU LOMBOK -- The Vicious Circle of Poverty in Rural Society, Case Study of Tobacco Farmers in the Rural Area of Lombok Island
Authors: Nurjihadi Muhammad , Dharmawan Arya Hadi
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Poverty is the cause of hunger, marginalization, neglectand the other social problems. Rural area, which most of its people work in agriculture, generally have more poor people than urban area. Lombok Island in NTB Province as one of the main producers of tobacco in Indonesia is one of the region with higher poor people percentage comparing to national percentage of poor people. This research aimed to know the pattern of vicious circle of poverty in tobacco farmers in Lombok Island. This research used qualitative method with descriptive approach. The number of respondents in this research are a hundred persons which were choosed by random sampling. While the research areas were choosed by purposive method. The research result revealed that the tobacco farmers in rural Lombok experienced the new pattern of vicious circle of poverty. Since the farmers had low level of capital, it encourage the farmers to make a collaboration with Tobacco Company which was create the dependence of farmers to tobacco commodity and Tobacco Company. Dependence on Tobacco Company make bargaining positions of farmerslowin transaction processwhich cause the farmers income become low. Low income lead the tobacco farmers to the ‘debt trap’ and low capital.
Keywords: poverty, rural, farmers, tobacco, Lombok

ABSTRAK
Kemiskinan adalah penyebab dari kelaparan, marginalisasi dan keterlantaran serta fenomena-fenomena negatif sosial lainnya. Kawasan pedesaan yang sebagian besar penduduknya bekerja di sektor pertanian umumnya memberikan sumbangan yang lebih besar dalam hal jumlah penduduk miskin dari pada kawasan perkotaan. Pulau Lombok di NTB sebagai penghasil utama tembakau di Indonesia adalah salah satu daerah dengan prosentase penduduk miskin lebih tinggi dari pada prosentase penduduk miskin nasional. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui pola lingkaran setan kemiskinan pada petani tembakau di Pulau Lombok. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan diskriptif. Responden berjumlan seratus orang dipilih secara random sampling di wilayah penelitian yang ditentukan secara purposive. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani tembakau di pedesaan Pulau Lombok mengalami lingkaran setan kemiskinan dengan pola baru. Rendahnya tingkat modal petani mendorong petani untuk bermitra dengan perusahaan tembakau, kemitraan ini kemudian menciptakan ketergantungan petani pada komoditas tembakau dan perusahaan mitra, ketergantungan itu membuat posisi tawar petani lemah dalam proses transaksi yang mengakibatkan rendahnya pendapatan petani, pendapatan yang rendah membuat petani terjebak pada debt trap dan tidak mampu mengakumulasi modal, dengan demikian petani kembali memiliki modal yang sangat rendah.
Kata kunci: kemiskinan, pedesaan, petani, tembakau, Lombok
Postharvest Handling and Prevalence of Aflatoxin Contamination in Nepalese Maize Produce
Authors: Pokhrel Prashanta
Published: December 2016

In Nepal maize is produced and consumed in significant amount. Summer maize contributes about seventy percent of the total maize production but has high possibility of fungal infection before and during harvest. Traditional practices of post harvest operations and outdoor storage structures are supportive for insect infestation, mold growth and development of mycotoxins. Several studies have shown that the incidence of afl atoxin contamination in maize is high and average prevalence is about 50%. Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC), a governmental body reports that about 20% of the maize samples contain aflatoxin greater than the ML (20ppb) as set by the government. On the basis of available data, a simple deterministic exposure assessment for total afl atoxin via maize shows that the situation is alarming and needs immediate attention. In Nepal aflatoxin concern in maize demands a need to further investigation and a risk assessment for revealing the existing situation. This review aims to fi nd out the current situation of aflatoxin contamination in maize produce of Nepal and provide possible ways to reduce the contamination.
Antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidant activity of various fraction of Parmotrema hababianum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
Authors: Ganesan Ayyappadasan , Mahesh Amutha , Sundararaj Jeya Prakash , Mani Kalaiselvi , Ponnusamy Ponmurugan
Published: December 2016

The core objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-oxidant and antihyperglycemic effect of the ethanol extract of Parmotrema hababianum in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats for 42 days. The extract showed nearly all anti-oxidant activities with maximum presence. The treatment with extract in diabetic rats at the dosage level of 100 and 200 mg/kg, which is compared with diabetic control and glibenclamide at a dosage level of 4 mg/kg and the biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, insulin, total protein, urea and creatinine were assessed. The extract showed positive correlation (p<0.001) in reducing blood glucose level as compared to the control. Moreover, there was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in TC, TG, LDL, SGPT, SGOT, urea and creatinine level and significant (p<0.01) increase in HDL and insulin level. Thus, the results of this study show considerable efficacy in curing diabetes with potent anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic activity.

Video Clip of:

Methodology: 6 min 12 sec
Adaptation, linguistic and clinimetric validation of the Bangla version of Zarit Burden Interview
Authors: Rabin Farzana , Nahar Jhunu Shamsun , Mullick Mohammad S. I. , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Farzana Nafia
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to develop a culturally adapted and validated Bangla version of Zarit Burden Interview  (ZBI-B) questionnaire for use in Bangla speaking caregiver of patient with dementia. This study was conducted on 100 caregivers related to consecutively attending outpatients with a previously established primary diagnosis of dementia, according to DSM-IV criteria. Validity and reliability were evaluated by comparing with the caregiver burden inventory (CBI). An exploratory factor analysis with the principle component with varimax rotation was used to detect the factorial structure in observed measurements. To attain the best-fitting structure and the correct number of factors, the following criteria were used: Eigen values >1.0, factor loadings >0.30. The Cronbachs alpha value was 0.847 for test and 0.839 retest. The intra-class correlation for the test-retest reliability was 0.89. The ZBI score was highly correlated with the CBI score (Pearsons correlation coefficient, r=0.909, P=.001). From the exploratory factor analysis six factors comprising 20 items were extracted with Eigen values higher than 1.00 accounting for 69% of the total item variance. In conclusion, ZBI-B is valid, reliable and useful for use in clinical contexts and in future studies that could lead to a better understanding of caregiver burden in dementia.
Serum concentration of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine in patients of cervical cancer
Authors: Ferdous Jannatul , Khatun Sabera , Biawas Subrata Kumar , Akter Latifa , Keya Kashfia Ahmed
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of cervical cancer in relation to serum concentration of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine. Fifty patients with invasive cervical cancer and 50 VIA negative cases (control) with age range of 30-65 years were included. Majority of the patients had significantly low level of serum folate and B12 than those in the control group.  In contrast, serum homocysteine level was significantly high in cases than those in the control group. The Pearson correlation coefficient test showed a significant negative relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12 and serum homocyteine. However, there was no significant association between stage of cervical cancer and level of serum homocysteine. In conclusion, a significantly low level of serum folate, vitamin B12 and high level of serum homocysteine were observed in patients with invasive cervical cancer.
Hot electrons in silicon oxide
Authors: Gritsenko V A
Published: December 2016

One particular application of amorphous silicon oxide (SiO2), a material crucial for silicon device technology and design, is as a flash memory tunnel dielectric. The breakdown field of SiO2 exceeds 107 V cm−1. Strong electric fields in SiO2 give rise to phenomena that do not occur in crystalline semiconductors. In relatively weak electric fields (104–106 V cm−1), the electron distribution function is determined by the scattering of electrons on longitudinal optical phonons. In high fields (in excess of 106 V cm−1), the distribution function is determined by electron–acoustic phonon scattering.
Editorial
Authors: Skågeby Jörgen , Arvola Mattias , Rahm Lina
Published: December 2016

This special issue of Confero takes its start in an essay by John Mazarakis who presents an overarching perspective on the underpinning politics of transhumanism. Considering theoretical debates and differences in the transhumanist movement over the last two decades, Mazarakis proposes the emergence of two distinct political stances: the techno-progressive and the technolibertarian. Using Lyotardian concepts, Mazarakis questions the latent legacy of ‘the grand narratives of modernism’ and their potential to function as a basis for theorizing a transhuman future.
Le cycle peint du château de Cruet (Savoie, vers 1307) : une représentation du roman de Girart de Vienne ?
Authors: Le Deschault de Monredon Térence
Published: December 2016

Der Bilderzyklus im Schloss von Cruet (im Departement Savoie, um 1307) : eine Illustration des Romans Girart de Vienne ?

Aufgrund ihrer Abmessungen und ihrer einzigartigen Ikonographie bilden die im Musée Savoisien von Chambéry deponierten mittelalterlichen Wandmalereien aus dem Schloss von Cruet (Savoie) einen außergewöhnlichen Bilderzyklus. Bisher nahm man an, die Anfang des 14. Jhds. realisierten Bilder seien auf eine literarische Quelle zurückzuführen, und zwar auf eine Mischung aus Berthe as grans pies von Adenet le Roi und L’istoire le roy Charlemaine von Girart von Amiens. Der vorliegende Beitrag sieht in dem langen Bilderfries aber eher eine Illustration des Romans Girart de Vienne. In der Tat sind mehrere Szenen eine getreueWiedergabe des Textes von Bertrand von Bar-sur-Aube. Zudem lässt sich dieWahl der Herren von Verdon, die denWandschmuck in Auftrag gegeben haben, mühelos erklären, da sich die geographischen und politischen Ereignisse des Romans in denen ihrer Herrschaft widerspiegeln.
L’abbaye de moniales cisterciennes de Clairefontaine (Luxembourg). Synthèse archéo-historique des quatre phases de construction, XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Herremans Davy , Coomans Thomas
Published: December 2016

Synthese der Bauforschungsergebnisse der in vier Etappen (13. – 18. Jhd.) immer wieder neu errichteten Zisterzienserinnenabtei von Clairefontaine (Belgien, Provinz Luxemburg).

In der nahe Arlon (Belgien, Provinz Luxemburg) gelegenen Zisterzienserinnenabtei von Clairefontaine wurden zehn Jahre lang archäologische Grabungen durchgeführt. Der Artikel verknüpft archäologische Befunde mit historischen Quellen und gelangt so zu einer Bauanalyse der Klosteranlage, die viermal wiederaufgebaut worden war : Clairefontaine I (um 1247), Clairefontaine II (erste Hälfte des 14. Jhds.), Clairefontaine III (erste Hälfte des 16. Jhds.), Clairefontaine IV (Ende des 17. bis Anfang des 18. Jhds.), schließlich die völlige Zerstörung und Auflösung durch die Franzosen (1796). Eine Stratigraphie dieser Art ist für eine Frauenklosterkirche eher selten ; sie ist jedoch außergewöhnlich für Klostergebäude, die einen Kreuzgang umschließen, denn in nur wenigen Frauenabteien wurden so umfangreiche Grabungen beschlossen wie in Clairefontaine. Jede Veränderung wurde mit dem entsprechenden historischen Umfeld in Verbindung gebracht und auf die in Luxemburg herrschenden Fürsten bezogen : die Gräfin Ermesinde, Heinrich der Blonde, Johann der Blinde, Christoph von Baden, Peter Ernst vonMansfeld, sowie die Erzherzöge Albert und Isabella. Sie alle waren bedeutende Auftraggeber und mächtige Schutzherren der von einer kleinen Gemeinschaft adeliger Zisterzienserinnen bewohnten Abtei.
Les sous-espèces françaises de Megodontus purpurascens (F.) à relief élytral dégradé (Col. Carabidae)
Authors: David Jean , Marchal Pierre
Published: December 2016

Les sous-espèces de M. purpurascens à relief dégradé se répartissent en quatre populations montagnardes, géographiquement séparées les unes des autres et qui peuplent la partie sud du Jura, le massif de la Grande-Chartreuse, le Vercors et la forêt de Saou. Les populations du Jura et de la forêt de Saou correspondent à deux sous-espèces nouvelles, nommées respectivement jurassicus et saouensis. Entre elles, les quatre sous-espèces se distinguent par la taille, la forme et le relief des élytres, la forme du pronotum, la coloration.
A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a
Authors: Daneshpour Maryam , Omidfar Kobra , Ghanbarian Hossein
Published: December 2016

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths all over the world. miR-106a is a circulatory oncogenic microRNA (miRNA), which overexpresses in various malignancies, especially in GC. In this study, an ultrasensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor was developed for the detection of miR-106a using a double-specific probe methodology and a gold–magnetic nanocomposite as tracing tag. The successful modification of the electrode and hybridization with the target miRNA were confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) methods. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for quantitative evaluation of miR-106a via recording the reduction peak current of gold nanoparticles. The electrochemical signal had a linear relationship with the concentration of the target miRNA ranging from 1 × 10−3pM to 1 × 103pM, and the detection limit was 3 × 10−4pM. The proposed miRNA-nanobiosensor showed remarkable selectivity, high specificity, agreeable storage stability, and great performance in real sample investigation with no pretreatment or amplification. Consequently, our biosensing strategy offers such a promising application to be used for clinical early detection of GC and additionally the screen of any miRNA sequence.
EVALUATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE BEFORE AND AFTER NOISE BARRIERS, A SIMULATION STUDY IN ISTANBUL
Authors: İLGÜREL Nuri , AKDAĞ Neşe YÜĞRÜK , AKDAĞ Ali
Published: December 2016

İstanbul is the most prominent Turkish city in terms of the gradually worsening noise problems associated with the rapid increase in population. This study aims to investigate the noise exposure in the settlements around the link roads connecting the Bosporus Bridge to the European side of the city by the aid of simulations and noise mapping, in the frame of action planning studies performed in İstanbul. Noise maps were generated for Lden and Ln noise indicators with the help of a noise mapping software. Since a considerable part of the settlements is exposed to high noise levels, a noise barrier alongside the link road was proposed as a control measure by the aid of the acoustic simulation. Simulations with the noise barriers suggest that for the Lden time interval the noise affected area over 55 dba would reduce by 10%, the number of dwellings by 26% and the number of inhabitants by 25%, whereas for the Ln time interval the noise affected area over 45 dba would reduce by 5%, the number of dwellings by 20% and the number of inhabitants by 20%.
USING MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS (MCDA) TO ASSIST IN ESTIMATING RESIDENTIAL HOUSING VALUES
Authors: FERREIRA Fernando A. F. , SPAHR Ronald W. , SUNDERMAN Mark A.
Published: December 2016

Considerable literature exists regarding the complexity of the residential real estate appraisal process and the methods employed to determine initial listing prices as estimates of intrinsic market prices. Deviations in residential real estate intrinsic values occur due to a multiplicity of attributes and explanatory factors requiring consideration. We conduct a panel study using a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) based framework that utilizes the skills and knowledge of a panel of residential real estate professionals (i.e. appraisers and realtors). We demonstrate how cognitive mapping and the Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) may assist in estimating appropriate offer/sale prices and strengthening current valuation approaches such as using comparables and/or hedonic modeling. The managerial implications of our MCDA-based framework and some avenues for future research are also presented.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR HERITAGE PROTECTION: THE DYNAMICS OF COMPETITION TAXONOMY
Authors: Mikelsone Ilze
Published: December 2016

Various concepts of preserving the cultural and historical environment of the Historical centre of Riga have been documented within the last century period, including the international status as item No. 852 on the UNESCO World heritage list. The Riga Historical Centre Preservation and Protection Law was created as one of the mechanisms for the preservation of the status, which, among other notions, makes the procedure of architectural competitions mandatory. The territory, being part of the list, contains listings that it should consider in terms of value. Under such context the competition not only determines the competition for the best and serves as formal instrument for hindering hasty or inappropriate development, but also is public interpretation of the contemporary architectural values in contra dictionary aspects. The purpose is to analyse the structure of competition procedure instrument and relation to the specifics of the heritage and contemporary challenges. The study uses 75 competitions briefs and jury protocols proceeding in period 2004–2014, in the territory of urban heritage. The results demonstrate taxonomy1 of systemic listings of architectural properties followed by expert voting form as the main mechanism for results.
LOW-RESOLUTION SPHERICAL HARMONICS MODELS IN APPLICATION TO QUASI-QUADRIC PARTICLE SHAPES
Authors: Radvilaitė Urtė , Ramírez-Gómez Álvaro , Jaras Arūnas , Kačianauskas Rimantas , Rusakevičius Dainius
Published: December 2016

In this paper a numerical analysis was performed developing low-resolution spherical harmonics (LRSH) models in order to describe particle shapes. The potential of LRSH, limited by the expansion degree L ≤ 3, to describe quasi-regular particle shapes was explored. The term “quasi” is used hereafter to indicate the monomeric, almost regular shaped, particle described by a single continuous function. This approach reflects the shape of a major part of soil minerals. It was shown, that even the simplest case of the suggested low-resolution harmonics technique with L = 1 showed sufficient accuracy. The main drawback of the suggested approach was that the low-resolution harmonics yield particle shapes with nearly sharp angles, there-fore, enhanced analysis of local surface curvatures becomes necessary. An application using quasi-ellipsoidal particles is enclosed.
HOW PHILOSOPHY CAN HELP IN CREATIVE THINKING
Authors: HOŁUB Grzegorz , DUCHLIŃSKI Piotr
Published: December 2016

In this paper we aim to show that philosophy can be helpful in creative thinking. Although we take into account only selected philosophical concepts and rules, we will try to demonstrate that a person who has a good command over these few ideas can formulate new ideas and projects when confronted with new and demanding situations. Correspondingly, the ability to think abstractly in some specific circumstances can lead to positive and unexpected results. In this way, the mind “plasticity” that results from a philosophical education can become an engine of creativity. This article concerns people who study philosophy (formally or informally) and who in their professional lives are involved in various jobs and activities where creative thinking is needed and even required. In general, the paper is a part of philosophical heuristics.
IMAGING ANALYSIS OF THE HARD X-RAY TELESCOPE ProtoEXIST2 AND NEW TECHNIQUES FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION CODED-APERTURE TELESCOPES
Authors: Hong Jaesub , Allen Branden , Grindlay Jonathan , Barthelmy Scott
Published: December 2016

Wide-field (≳100 deg

) hard X-ray coded-aperture telescopes with high angular resolution (≲2′) will enable a wide range of time domain astrophysics. For instance, transient sources such as gamma-ray bursts can be precisely localized without the assistance of secondary focusing X-ray telescopes to enable rapid followup studies. On the other hand, high angular resolution in coded-aperture imaging introduces a new challenge in handling the systematic uncertainty: the average photon count per pixel is often too small to establish a proper background pattern or model the systematic uncertainty in a timescale where the model remains invariant. We introduce two new techniques to improve detection sensitivity, which are designed for, but not limited to, a high-resolution coded-aperture system: a self-background modeling scheme which utilizes continuous scan or dithering operations, and a Poisson-statistics based probabilistic approach to evaluate the significance of source detection without subtraction in handling the background. We illustrate these new imaging analysis techniques in high resolution coded-aperture telescope using the data acquired by the wide-field hard X-ray telescope ProtoEXIST2 during a high-altitude balloon flight in fall 2012. We review the imaging sensitivity of ProtoEXIST2 during the flight, and demonstrate the performance of the new techniques using our balloon flight data in comparison with a simulated ideal Poisson background.
THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF L1544. I. NEAR-INFRARED POLARIMETRY AND THE NON-UNIFORM ENVELOPE
Authors: Clemens Dan P. , Tassis K. , Goldsmith Paul F.
Published: December 2016

The magnetic field (B-field) of the starless dark cloud L1544 has been studied using near-infrared (NIR) background starlight polarimetry (BSP) and archival data in order to characterize the properties of the plane-of-sky B-field. NIR linear polarization measurements of over 1700 stars were obtained in the H band and 201 of these were also measured in the K band. The NIR BSP properties are correlated with reddening, as traced using the Rayleigh–Jeans color excess (H–M) method, and with thermal dust emission from the L1544 cloud and envelope seen in Herschel maps. The NIR polarization position angles change at the location of the cloud and exhibit their lowest dispersion there, offering strong evidence that NIR polarization traces the plane-of-sky B-field of L1544. In this paper, the uniformity of the plane-of-sky B-field in the envelope region of L1544 is quantitatively assessed. This allows evaluation of the approach of assuming uniform field geometry when measuring relative mass-to-flux ratios in the cloud envelope and core based on averaging of the radio Zeeman observations in the envelope, as done by Crutcher et al. In L1544, the NIR BSP shows the envelope B-field to be significantly non-uniform and likely not suitable for averaging Zeeman properties without treating intrinsic variations. Deeper analyses of the NIR BSP and related data sets, including estimates of the B-field strength and testing how it varies with position and gas density, are the subjects of later papers in this series.
ON THE FINE STRUCTURE SPLITTING OF THE 3p43d 4D5/2 AND 3p43d 4D7/2 LEVELS OF Fe x
Authors: Judge Philip G. , Hutton Roger , Li Wenxian , Brage Tomas
Published: December 2016

We study UV spectra obtained with the SO82-B slit spectrograph on board SKYLAB to estimate the fine structure (FS) splitting of the Cl-like

and

levels of Fe x. The splitting is of interest because the Zeeman effect mixes these levels, producing a “magnetically induced transition” (MIT) from

to

for modest magnetic field strengths characteristic of the active solar corona. We estimate the splitting using the Ritz combination formula applied to two lines in the UV region of the spectrum close to 1603.2 Å, which decay from the level

to these two lower levels. The MIT and accompanying spin-forbidden transition lie near 257 Å. By careful inspection of a deep exposure obtained with the S082B instrument, we derive a splitting of

cm−1. The upper limit arises because of a degeneracy between the effects of non-thermal line broadening and FS splitting for small values of the latter parameter. Although the data were recorded on photographic film, we solved for optimal values of line width and splitting of 8.3 ± 0.9 and 3.6 ± 2.7 cm−1.
THE AGORA HIGH-RESOLUTION GALAXY SIMULATIONS COMPARISON PROJECT. II. ISOLATED DISK TEST
Authors: Kim Ji-hoon , Agertz Oscar , Teyssier Romain , Butler Michael J. , Ceverino Daniel , Choi Jun-Hwan , Feldmann Robert , Keller Ben W. , Lupi Alessandro , Quinn Thomas , Revaz Yves , Wallace Spencer , Gnedin Nickolay Y. , Leitner Samuel N. , Shen Sijing , Smith Britton D. , Thompson Robert , Turk Matthew J. , Abel Tom , Arraki Kenza S. , Benincasa Samantha M. , Chakrabarti Sukanya , DeGraf Colin , Dekel Avishai , Goldbaum Nathan J. , Hopkins Philip F. , Hummels Cameron B. , Klypin Anatoly , Li Hui , Madau Piero , Mandelker Nir , Mayer Lucio , Nagamine Kentaro , Nickerson Sarah , O’Shea Brian W. , Primack Joel R. , Roca-Fàbrega Santi , Semenov Vadim , Shimizu Ikkoh , Simpson Christine M. , Todoroki Keita , Wadsley James W. , Wise John H. ,   (for the AGORA Collaboration)
Published: December 2016

Using an isolated Milky Way-mass galaxy simulation, we compare results from nine state-of-the-art gravito-hydrodynamics codes widely used in the numerical community. We utilize the infrastructure we have built for the AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. This includes the common disk initial conditions, common physics models (e.g., radiative cooling and UV background by the standardized package Grackle) and common analysis toolkit yt, all of which are publicly available. Subgrid physics models such as Jeans pressure floor, star formation, supernova feedback energy, and metal production are carefully constrained across code platforms. With numerical accuracy that resolves the disk scale height, we find that the codes overall agree well with one another in many dimensions including: gas and stellar surface densities, rotation curves, velocity dispersions, density and temperature distribution functions, disk vertical heights, stellar clumps, star formation rates, and Kennicutt–Schmidt relations. Quantities such as velocity dispersions are very robust (agreement within a few tens of percent at all radii) while measures like newly formed stellar clump mass functions show more significant variation (difference by up to a factor of ∼3). Systematic differences exist, for example, between mesh-based and particle-based codes in the low-density region, and between more diffusive and less diffusive schemes in the high-density tail of the density distribution. Yet intrinsic code differences are generally small compared to the variations in numerical implementations of the common subgrid physics such as supernova feedback. Our experiment reassures that, if adequately designed in accordance with our proposed common parameters, results of a modern high-resolution galaxy formation simulation are more sensitive to input physics than to intrinsic differences in numerical schemes.
DENSE CORE PROPERTIES IN THE INFRARED DARK CLOUD G14.225-0.506 REVEALED BY ALMA
Authors: Ohashi Satoshi , Sanhueza Patricio , Chen Huei-Ru Vivien , Zhang Qizhou , Busquet Gemma , Nakamura Fumitaka , Palau Aina , Tatematsu Ken’ichi
Published: December 2016

We have performed a dense core survey toward the Infrared Dark Cloud G14.225-0.506 at 3 mm continuum emission with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). This survey covers the two hub-filament systems with an angular resolution of

(∼0.03 pc). We identified 48 dense cores. 20 out of the 48 cores are protostellar due to their association with young stellar objects (YSOs) and/or X-ray point-sources, while the other 28 cores are likely prestellar and unrelated with known IR or X-ray emission. Using APEX 870 μm continuum emission, we also identified the 18 clumps hosting these cores. Through virial analysis using the ALMA N2H+ and VLA/Effelsberg NH3 molecular line data, we found a decreasing trend in the virial parameter with decreasing scales from filaments to clumps, and then to cores. The virial parameters of 0.1–1.3 in cores indicate that cores are likely undergoing dynamical collapse. The cumulative core mass function for the prestellar core candidates has a power law index of

, with masses ranging from 1.5 to 22

. We find no massive prestellar or protostellar cores. Previous studies suggest that massive O-type stars have not been produced yet in this region. Therefore, high-mass stars should be formed in the prestellar cores by accreting a significant amount of gas from the surrounding medium. Another possibility is that low-mass YSOs become massive by accreting from their parent cores that are fed by filaments. These two possibilities might be consistent with the scenario of global hierarchical collapse.
A RECONNECTION-DRIVEN MODEL OF THE HARD X-RAY LOOP-TOP SOURCE FROM FLARE 2004 FEBRUARY 26
Authors: Longcope Dana , Qiu Jiong , Brewer Jasmine
Published: December 2016

A compact X-class flare on 2004 February 26 showed a concentrated source of hard X-rays at the tops of the flare’s loops. This was analyzed in previous work and interpreted as plasma heated and compressed by slow magnetosonic shocks (SMSs) generated during post-reconnection retraction of the flux. That work used analytic expressions from a thin flux tube (TFT) model, which neglected many potentially important factors such as thermal conduction and chromospheric evaporation. Here we use a numerical solution of the TFT equations to produce a more comprehensive and accurate model of the same flare, including those effects previously omitted. These simulations corroborate the prior hypothesis that slow-mode shocks persist well after the retraction has ended, thus producing a compact, loop-top source instead of an elongated jet, as steady reconnection models predict. Thermal conduction leads to densities higher than analytic estimates had predicted, and evaporation enhances the density still higher, but at lower temperatures. X-ray light curves and spectra are synthesized by convolving the results from a single TFT simulation with the rate at which flux is reconnected, as measured through motion of flare ribbons, for example. These agree well with light curves observed by RHESSI and GOES and spectra from RHESSI. An image created from a superposition of TFT model runs resembles one produced from RHESSI observations. This suggests that the HXR loop-top source, at least the one observed in this flare, could be the result of SMSs produced in fast reconnection models like Petschek’s.
DOES THE MILKY WAY OBEY SPIRAL GALAXY SCALING RELATIONS?
Authors: Licquia Timothy C. , Newman Jeffrey A. , Bershady Matthew A.
Published: December 2016

It is crucial to understand how the Milky Way (MW), the galaxy we can study in the most intimate detail, fits in among other galaxies. Key considerations include the Tully–Fisher relation (TFR)—i.e., the tight correlation between luminosity (L) and rotational velocity (V
rot)—and the three-dimensional luminosity–velocity–radius (LVR) scaling relation. Several past studies have characterized the MW as a 1–1.5σ outlier to the TFR. This study re-examines such comparisons using new estimates of MW properties that are robust to many of the systematic uncertainties that have been a problem in the past and are based on assumptions consistent with those used for other spiral galaxies. Comparing to scaling relations derived from modern extragalactic data, we find that our Galaxy’s properties are in excellent agreement with TFRs defined using any Sloan Digital Sky Survey-filter absolute magnitude, stellar mass, or baryonic mass as the L proxy. We next utilize disk scale length (R
d) measurements to extend this investigation to the LVR relation. Here we find that our Galaxy lies farther from the relation than ∼90% of other spiral galaxies, yielding ∼9.5σ evidence that it is unusually compact for its L and V
rot (based on MW errors alone), a result that holds for all of the L proxies considered. The expected R
d for the MW from the LVR relation is ∼5 kpc, nearly twice as large as the observed value, with error estimates placing the two in tension at the ∼1.4σ level. The compact scale length of the Galactic disk could be related to other ways in which the MW has been found to be anomalous.
THE GALEX TIME DOMAIN SURVEY. II. WAVELENGTH-DEPENDENT VARIABILITY OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN THE PAN-STARRS1 MEDIUM DEEP SURVEY
Authors: Hung T. , Gezari S. , Jones D. O. , Kirshner R. P. , Chornock R. , Berger E. , Rest A. , Huber M. , Narayan G. , Scolnic D. , Waters C. , Wainscoat R. , Martin D. C. , Forster K. , Neill J. D.
Published: December 2016

We analyze the wavelength-dependent variability of a sample of spectroscopically confirmed active galactic nuclei selected from near-UV (NUV) variable sources in the GALEX Time Domain Survey that have a large amplitude of optical variability (difference-flux S/N > 3) in the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey (PS1 MDS). By matching GALEX and PS1 epochs in five bands (NUV, g

P1, r

P1, i

P1, z

P1) in time, and taking their flux difference, we create co-temporal difference-flux spectral energy distributions (

) using two chosen epochs for each of the 23 objects in our sample, on timescales of about a year. We confirm the “bluer-when-brighter” trend reported in previous studies, and measure a median spectral index of the

of

 = 2.1 that is consistent with an accretion disk spectrum. We further fit the

of each source with a standard accretion disk model in which the accretion rate changes from one epoch to the other. In our sample, 17 out of 23 (∼74%) sources are described well by this variable accretion-rate disk model, with a median average characteristic disk temperature

of

K that is consistent with the temperatures expected, given the distribution of accretion rates and black hole masses inferred for the sample. Our analysis also shows that the variable accretion rate model is a better fit to the

than a simple power law.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE OF DYNAMIC STAR FORMATION RATE IN MILKY WAY GIANT MOLECULAR CLOUDS
Authors: Lee Eve J. , Miville-Deschênes Marc-Antoine , Murray Norman W.
Published: December 2016

Star formation on galactic scales is known to be a slow process, but whether it is slow on smaller scales is uncertain. We cross-correlate 5469 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) from a new all-sky catalog with 256 star-forming complexes (SFCs) to build a sample of 191 SFC-GMC complexes—collections of multiple clouds each matched to 191 SFCs. The total mass in stars harbored by these clouds is inferred from WMAP free–free fluxes. We measure the GMC mass, the virial parameter, the star formation efficiency ϵ and the star formation rate per freefall time ϵ
ff. Both ϵ and ϵ
ff range over 3–4 orders of magnitude. We find that 68.3% of the clouds fall within

and

about the median. Compared to these observed scatters, a simple model with a time-independent ϵ
ff that depends on the host GMC properties predicts

. Allowing for a time-variable ϵ
ff, we can recover the large dispersion in the rate of star formation. This strongly suggests that star formation in the Milky Way is a dynamic process on GMC scales. We also show that the surface star formation rate profile of the Milky Way correlates well with the molecular gas surface density profile.
FROM MIRRORS TO WINDOWS: LYMAN-ALPHA RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A VERY CLUMPY MEDIUM
Authors: Gronke Max , Dijkstra Mark , McCourt Michael , Oh S. Peng
Published: December 2016

Lyman-alpha (Lyα) is the strongest emission line in the universe and is frequently used to detect and study the most distant galaxies. Because Lyα is a resonant line, photons typically scatter prior to escaping; this scattering process complicates the interpretation of Lyα spectra, but also encodes a wealth of information about the structure and kinematics of neutral gas in the Galaxy. Modeling the Lyα line therefore allows us to study tiny-scale features of the gas. Curiously, observed Lyα spectra can be modeled successfully with very simple, homogeneous geometries (such as an expanding, spherical shell), whereas more realistic, multiphase geometries often fail to reproduce the observed spectra. This seems paradoxical since the gas in galaxies is known to be multiphase. In this Letter, we show that spectra emerging from clumpy geometries with a large number (

for a clump column density of

) of clouds along the line of sight converge to the predictions from simplified, homogeneous models. We suggest that this resolves the apparent discrepancy and may provide a way to study the gas structure in galaxies on scales far smaller than can be probed in either cosmological simulations or direct (i.e., spatially resolved) observations.
A HOT COMPANION TO A BLUE STRAGGLER IN NGC 188 AS REVEALED BY THE ULTRA-VIOLET IMAGING TELESCOPE (UVIT) ON ASTROSAT
Authors: Subramaniam Annapurni , Sindhu N. , Tandon S. N. , Rao N. Kameswara , Postma J. , Côté Patrick , Hutchings J. B. , Ghosh S. K. , George K. , Girish V. , Mohan R. , Murthy J. , Sankarasubramanian K. , Stalin C. S. , Sutaria F. , Mondal C. , Sahu S.
Published: December 2016

We present early results from the Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on board the ASTROSAT observatory. We report the discovery of a hot companion associated with one of the blue straggler stars (BSSs) in the old open cluster, NGC 188. Using fluxes measured in four filters in UVIT’s far-UV (FUV) channel, and two filters in the near-UV (NUV) channel, we have constructed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the star WOCS-5885, after combining with flux measurements from GALEX, Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope, Ultraviolet Optical Telescope, SPITZER, WISE, and several ground-based facilities. The resulting SED spans a wavelength range of 0.15 μm to 7.8 μm. This object is found to be one of the brightest FUV sources in the cluster. An analysis of the SED reveals the presence of two components. The cooler component is found to have a temperature of 6000 ± 150 K, confirming that it is a BSS. Assuming it to be a main-sequence star, we estimate its mass to be ∼1.1–1.2 M
⊙. The hotter component, with an estimated temperature of 17,000 ± 500 K, has a radius of ∼ 0.6 R
⊙ and L ∼30 L
⊙. Bigger and more luminous than a white dwarf, yet cooler than a sub-dwarf, we speculate that it is a post-AGB/HB star that has recently transferred its mass to the BSS, which is known to be a rapid rotator. This binary system, which is the first BSS with a post-AGB/HB companion identified in an open cluster, is an ideal laboratory to study the process of BSS formation via mass transfer.
REFINING THE DYNAMICAL CLOCK FOR STAR CLUSTERS
Authors: Lanzoni B. , Ferraro F. R. , Alessandrini E. , Dalessandro E. , Vesperini E. , Raso S.
Published: December 2016

We used a sample of 25 Galactic globular clusters to empirically measure the parameter A
+ recently introduced by Alessandrini et al., and defined as the area enclosed between the cumulative radial distribution of blue straggler stars (BSSs) and that of a reference population. Based on N-body simulations, this parameter is expected to efficiently measure the level of BSS central segregation. Observationally, for a proper cluster-to-cluster comparison we use

, i.e., the value of the parameter determined out to the half-mass radius in each system. We find that

nicely correlates with the position of the minimum of the BSS normalized radial distribution and with the cluster central relaxation time. This demonstrates that it is a sensitive indicator of the cluster dynamical age as traced by the spatial segregation of the BSS population. In the context of the “stellar system dynamical clock,” this parameter provides a new clock-hand, which is easier to determine observationally and allows a more robust measure of the cluster dynamical age.
IS THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCELERATING? ALL SIGNS POINT TO YES
Authors: Rubin D. , Hayden B.
Published: December 2016

The accelerating expansion of the universe is one of the most profound discoveries in modern cosmology, suggesting a universe in which 70% of the mass-energy density has an unknown form spread uniformly across the universe. This result has been well established using a combination of cosmological probes, resulting in a “standard model” of modern cosmology that is a combination of a cosmological constant with cold dark matter and baryons. The first compelling evidence for the acceleration came in the late 1990s, when two independent teams studying Type Ia supernovae discovered that distant SNe Ia were dimmer than expected. The combined analysis of modern cosmology experiments, including SNe Ia, the Hubble constant, baryon acoustic oscillations, and the cosmic microwave background, has now measured the contributions of matter and the cosmological constant to the energy density of the universe to better than 0.01, providing a secure measurement of acceleration. A recent study has claimed that the evidence for acceleration from SNe Ia is “marginal.” Here we demonstrate errors in that analysis that reduce the acceleration significance from SNe Ia, and further demonstrate that conservative constraints on the curvature or matter density of the universe increase the significance even more. Analyzing the Joint Light-curve Analysis supernova sample, we find

evidence for acceleration with SNe Ia alone, and

in a flat universe. With our improved supernova analysis and  not rejecting all other cosmological constraints, we find that acceleration is quite secure.
THE HIGH-RESOLUTION INFRARED SPECTRUM OF HCl+
Authors: Doménech J. L. , Drouin B. J. , Cernicharo J. , Herrero V. J. , Tanarro I.
Published: December 2016

The chloroniumyl cation, HCl+, has been recently identified in space from Herschel's spectra. A joint analysis of extensive vis-UV spectroscopy emission data together with a few high-resolution and high-accuracy millimeter-wave data provided the necessary rest frequencies to support the astronomical identification. Nevertheless, the analysis did not include any infrared (IR) vibration–rotation data. Furthermore, with the end of the Herschel mission, IR observations from the ground may be one of the few available means to further study this ion in space. In this work, we provide a set of accurate rovibrational transition wavenumbers, as well as a new and improved global fit of vis-UV, IR, and millimeter-wave spectroscopy laboratory data, that will aid in future studies of this molecule.