bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for van der Waals adhesion in gecko setae
Authors: Autumn Kellar , Sitti Metin , Liang Yiching A. , Peattie Anne M. , Hansen Wendy R. , Sponberg Simon , Kenny Thomas W. , Fearing Ronald , Israelachvili Jacob N. , Full Robert J.
Published: September 2002

Geckos have evolved one of the most versatile and effective adhesives known. The mechanism of dry adhesion in the millions of setae on the toes of geckos has been the focus of scientific study for over a century. We provide the first direct experimental evidence for dry adhesion of gecko setae by van der Waals forces, and reject the use of mechanisms relying on high surface polarity, including capillary adhesion. The toes of live Tokay geckos were highly hydrophobic, and adhered equally well to strongly hydrophobic and strongly hydrophilic, polarizable surfaces. Adhesion of a single isolated gecko seta was equally effective on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of a microelectro-mechanical systems force sensor. A van der Waals mechanism implies that the remarkable adhesive properties of gecko setae are merely a result of the size and shape of the tips, and are not strongly affected by surface chemistry. Theory predicts greater adhesive forces simply from subdividing setae to increase surface density, and suggests a possible design principle underlying the repeated, convergent evolution of dry adhesive microstructures in gecko, anoles, skinks, and insects. Estimates using a standard adhesion model and our measured forces come remarkably close to predicting the tip size of Tokay gecko seta. We verified the dependence on size and not surface type by using physical models of setal tips nanofabricated from two different materials. Both artificial setal tips stuck as predicted and provide a path to manufacturing the first dry, adhesive microstructures.
Experimental control of pancreatic development and maintenance
Authors: Holland Andrew M. , Hale Michael A. , Kagami Hideaki , Hammer Robert E. , MacDonald Raymond J.
Published: September 2002

To investigate the role of the HOX-like homeoprotein PDX1 in the formation and maintenance of the pancreas, we have genetically engineered mice so that the only source of PDX1 is a transgene that can be controlled by the application of tetracycline or its analogue doxycycline. In these mice the coding region for the tetracycline-regulated transactivator (tTA
off
) has replaced the coding region of the endogenous
Pdx1
gene to ensure correct temporal and spatial expression of the regulatable transactivator. In the absence of doxycycline, tTA
off
activates the transcription of a bicistronic transgene encoding PDX1 and an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter, which acts as a visual marker of transgene expression in living cells. Expression of the transgene-encoded PDX1 rescues the
Pdx1
-null phenotype; the pancreata of these mice develop and function normally. The rescue is conditional; doxycycline-mediated repression of the transgenic
Pdx1
throughout gestation recapitulates the
Pdx1
null phenotype. Moreover, application of doxycycline at mid-pancreogenesis blocks further development. Adult animals of the rescue genotype that were treated with doxycycline for 3 weeks shut off
Pdx1
expression, decreased insulin production, and lost the ability to maintain glucose homeostasis. These results demonstrate the feasibility of controlling the formation of an organ during embryogenesis
in utero
and the maintenance of the mature organ through the experimental manipulation of a key developmental regulator.
Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz–Jeghers polyposis
Authors: Rossi Derrick J. , Ylikorkala Antti , Korsisaari Nina , Salovaara Reijo , Luukko Keijo , Launonen Virpi , Henkemeyer Mark , Ristimäki Ari , Aaltonen Lauri A. , Mäkelä Tomi P.
Published: September 2002

Inactivating germ-line mutations of
LKB1
lead to Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of
Lkb1
and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the
Lkb1
+/−
mice were found to be hamartomas that were histologically indistinguishable from polyps resected from PJS patients, indicating that
Lkb1
+/−
mice model human PJS polyposis. No evidence for inactivation of the remaining wild-type
Lkb1
allele in
Lkb1
+/−
-associated polyps was observed. Moreover, polyps and other tissues in heterozygote animals exhibited reduced Lkb1 levels and activity, indicating that Lkb1 was haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms characterizing
Lkb1
+/−
polyposis revealed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was highly up-regulated in murine polyps concomitantly with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2). Subsequent examination of a large series of human PJS polyps revealed that COX-2 was also highly up-regulated in the majority of these polyps. These findings thereby identify COX-2 as a potential target for chemoprevention in PJS patients.
Crosslinking of membrane-embedded cysteines reveals contact points in the EmrE oligomer
Authors: Soskine Misha , Steiner-Mordoch Sonia , Schuldiner Shimon
Published: September 2002

EmrE is a small multidrug transporter that extrudes various drugs in exchange with protons, thereby rendering
Escherichia coli
cells resistant to these compounds. In this study, relative helix packing in the EmrE oligomer solubilized in detergent was probed by intermonomer crosslinking analysis. Unique cysteine replacements in transmembrane domains were shown to react with organic mercurials but not with sulfhydryl reagents, such as maleimides and methanethiosulfonates. A new protocol was developed based on the use of HgCl
2
, a compound known to react rapidly and selectively with sulfhydryl groups. The reaction can bridge vicinal pairs of cysteines and form an intermolecular mercury-linked dimer. To circumvent problems inherent to mercury chemistry, a second crosslinker, hexamethylene diisocyanate, was used. After the HgCl
2
treatment, excess reagent was removed and the oligomers were dissociated with a strong denaturant. Only those previously crosslinked reacted with hexamethylene diisocyanate. Thus, vicinal cysteine-substituted residues in the EmrE oligomer were identified. It was shown that transmembrane domain (TM)-1 and TM4 in one subunit are in contact with the corresponding TM1 and TM4, respectively, in the other subunit. In addition, TM1 is also in close proximity to TM4 of the neighboring subunit, suggesting possible arrangements in the binding and translocation domain of the EmrE oligomer. This method should be useful for other proteins with cysteine residues in a low-dielectric environment.
A role for glutathione peroxidase in protecting pancreatic β cells against oxidative stress in a model of glucose toxicity
Authors: Tanaka Yoshito , Tran Phuong Oanh T. , Harmon Jamie , Robertson R. Paul
Published: September 2002

Antioxidant drugs have been reported to protect pancreatic islets from the adverse effects of chronic exposure to supraphysiological glucose concentrations. However, glucose has not been shown to increase intracellular oxidant load in islets, nor have the effects of increasing or inhibiting glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity on islet resistance to sugar-induced oxidant stress been studied. We observed that high glucose concentrations increased intracellular peroxide levels in human islets and the pancreatic β cell line, HIT-T15. Inhibition of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γGCS) by buthionine sulfoximine augmented the increase in islet peroxide and decrease in insulin mRNA levels, content, and secretion in islets and HIT-T15 cells induced by ribose. Adenoviral overexpression of GPx increased GPx activity and protected islets against adverse effects of ribose. These results demonstrate that glucose and ribose increase islet peroxide accumulation and that the adverse consequences of ribose-induced oxidative stress on insulin mRNA, content, and secretion can be augmented by a glutathione synthesis inhibitor and prevented by increasing islet GPx activity. These observations support the hypothesis that oxidative stress is one mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islets.
The antiangiogenic activity of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen is mediated through binding to endothelial cell tropomyosin
Authors: Zhang Jing-Chuan , Doñate Fernando , Qi Xiaoping , Ziats Nicholas P. , Juarez Jose C. , Mazar Andrew P. , Pang Yuan-Ping , McCrae Keith R.
Published: September 2002

Conformationally altered proteins and protein fragments derived from the extracellular matrix and hemostatic system may function as naturally occurring angiogenesis inhibitors. One example of such a protein is cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (HKa). HKa inhibits angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells, effects mediated largely by HKa domain 5. However, the mechanisms underlying the antiangiogenic activity of HKa have not been characterized, and its binding site on proliferating endothelial cells has not been defined. Here, we report that the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis by HKa, as well as the antiangiogenic activity of HKa in the chick chorioallantoic membrane, was inhibited completely by antitropomyosin monoclonal antibody TM-311. TM-311 also blocked the high-affinity Zn2+-dependent binding of HKa to both purified tropomyosin and proliferating endothelial cells. Confocal microscopic analysis of endothelial cells stained with monoclonal antibody TM-311, as well as biotin labeling of cell surface proteins on intact endothelial cells, revealed that tropomyosin exposure was enhanced on the surface of proliferating cells. These studies demonstrate that the antiangiogenic effects of HKa depend on high-affinity binding to endothelial cell tropomyosin.
Constraints to women’s involvement in agricultural leadership
Authors: Pini Barbara
Published: September 2002

This paper uses data from a survey of women in the Australian sugar industry to examine why women are absent in decision‐making positions within the agri‐political organization Canegrowers. Canegrowers represents the interests of over 6,000 cane farming families in Australia, but no woman holds any of the 181 positions of elected leadership within the organization. Factor analysis of the 233 returned survey responses revealed that there are five main factors which constrain women’s involvement in agri‐politics. These are a lack of support, the conduct, time and location of meetings, the masculinist culture of the organization, women’s multiple commitments and a lack of interest. The paper concludes by highlighting the limited amount of work that has considered women’s leadership in a rural context and identifying some directions future work could take.
THE RADIATIVE KICKED OSCILLATOR: A STOCHASTIC WEB OR CHAOTIC ATTRACTOR?
Authors: ASHKENAZY Y. , HORWITZ. L. P.
Published: September 2002

A relativistic charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field and kicked by an electric field is considered. Under the assumption of small magnetic field, an iterative map is developed. We consider both the case in which no radiation is assumed and the radiative case, using the Lorentz-Dirac equation to describe the motion. Comparison between the non-radiative case and the radiative case shows that in both cases, one can observe a stochastic web structure for weak magnetic fields, and although there are global differences in the result of the map, that both cases are qualitatively similar in their small scale behavior. We also develop an iterative map for strong magnetic fields. In that case, the web structure no longer exists; it is replaced by a rich chaotic behavior. It is shown that the particle does not diffuse to infinite energy; it is limited by the boundaries of an attractor (the boundaries are generally much smaller than light velocity). Bifurcation occurs, converging rapidly to Feigenbaum's universal constant. The chaotic behavior appears to be robust. For intermediate magnetic fields, it is more difficult to observe the web structure, and the influence of the unstable fixed point is weaker.
SCALING OF RETURN TIMES FOR A HIGH-RESOLUTION RAINFALL TIME SERIES
Authors: SCHMITT F. , NICOLIS C.
Published: September 2002

Rainfall is a highly intermittent field over a wide range of time and space scales. We study a high resolution rainfall time series exhibiting large intensity fluctuations and localized events. We consider the return times of a given intensity, and show that the time series composed of these return times is itself also very intermittent, obeying to a hyperbolic probability density, entailing that the mean return time diverges. This is an unexpected property since mean return times are often introduced in meteorology, especially for the study of risk associated to extreme events. It suggests that the intermittency of first return times of extreme events should be taken into account when making statistical predictions.
MULTIFRACTAL DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRON SCATTERING IN SOLIDS
Authors: GAUVIN RAYNALD , DROUIN DOMININIQUE
Published: September 2002

The fundamental understanding of electron scattering is of critical importance concerning Scanning Electron Microscopy and for electron beam lithography. In these process of great technological importance, it is important to know the volume of diffusion of electrons to define the resolution. Also, it is important to know the rate of energy loss, the number of backscattered and secondary electrons created, their angular distribution, …. All these quantities depend on the shape of the trajectories of the electrons in the solid when they diffuse into it. The use of fractal geometry to describe such trajectories have been previously studied by Gauvin and Drouin1,2 from trajectories computed by Monte Carlo simulations. In these studies, the multifractal behavior of the shape of electron trajectories in solids have also been reported but no explanations have been given to describe the shape of the corresponding f(α) curves. In this paper, we present such explanation for the f(α) curves computed from the electron trajectories simulated in C and in Au with an initial energy of 30 keV (see Gauvin and Drouin2).
UNIDIRECTIONAL (n, k)-STAR GRAPHS
Authors: CHENG EDDIE , LIPMAN MARC J.
Published: September 2002

Arrangement graphs14 and (n, k)-star graphs11 were introduced as generalizations of star graphs1. They were introduced to provide a wider set of choices for the order of topologically attractive interconnection networks. Unidirectional interconnection networks are more appropriate in many applications. Cheng and Lipman5, and Day and Tripathi17 studied the unidirectional star graphs, and Cheng and Lipman7 studied orientation of arrangement graphs. In this paper, we show that every (n, k)-star graph can be oriented to a maximally arc-connected graph when the regularity of the graph is even. If the regularity is odd, then the resulting directed graph can be augmented to a maximally arc-connected directed graph by adding a directed matching. In either case, the diameter of the resulting directed graph is small. Moreover, there exists a simple and near-optimal routing algorithm.
EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC LOAD ON RAILTRACK SLEEPERS BASED ON VEHICLE-TRACK MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Authors: KUMARAN G. , MENON DEVDAS , KRISHNAN NAIR K.
Published: September 2002

The present study reports the results of a rigorous dynamic interaction analysis that accounts for the vehicle-track characteristics and rail imperfections. In order to perform a rigorous dynamic analysis, a model involving all components of the track structure and vehicle parameters are required. A vehicle model (conforming to Indian Railways) with 17 degrees of freedom has been considered. The track model consists of rail, rail-pad, sleeper, ballast, sub-ballast, subsoil and a track length encompassing 12 prestressed concrete sleepers. The dynamic interactive analysis is carried out between the vehicle and track in the time domain using a finite element software. The results of the interactive analysis give responses in the form of reaction time histories at the rail-seat locations during the passage of vehicle. A parametric study is carried out to assess the influence of different track parameters on the dynamic load on the railtrack sleepers. Based on this study, suitable load amplification factors are arrived at to facilitate an improved design basis for an equivalent static analysis in practical designs of sleepers.
Isomer Effect of the Production of Negative Ions from C6H4XY and C6H10X2 (X, Y = Halogen)
Authors: Nakagawa Seiko
Published: September 2002

The temperature dependence of the formation of negative ions from C6H4XY (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) and cyclo-C6H10X2 (X = Cl, Br) was studied using negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The heavier halide ion was mainly observed for C6H4XY. The production rate of halide ions became greater in the order C6H4ClBr << C6H4ClI < C6H4BrI. The relative production rate of the major ions between isomers is related to the character of the substituted halogen atom in the system. The main observed ion was X− for C6H10X2. The production rate of halide ions increased in the order cyclo-cis-1,4-C6H10Cl2 < cyclo-trans-1,4-C6H10Cl2 ∼ cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Cl2 << cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2. For cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2, not only Br−, but also Br2−, was observed. Four-center elimination with rotation of the C–Br bond seemed to occur when Br2− was produced from cyclo-trans-1,2-C6H10Br2.
cis-Dioxomolybdenum(VI) Complex with a Tripod-Like Tetradentate Ligand, N′, N′-Bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-N, N-dimethylethylenediamine
Authors: Lim Jong-Wan , Park Yu-Chul , Mikuriya Masahiro
Published: September 2002

A cis-dioxomolybdenum(VI) complex with N′, N′-bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-N, N-dimethylethylenediamine (H2L), cis-[MoO2(L)], was synthesized and characterized by measurements of NMR, infrared, and electronic spectra. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the compound has a distorted octahedral geometry with an N2O4 coordination environment.
Food consumption by clupeids in the Central Baltic: evidence for top-down control?
Authors: Möllmann Christian , Köster Friedrich W.
Published: September 2002

Considerable changes have taken place in the pelagic ecosystem of the Central Baltic Sea during the last decade. Owing to a combination of high fishing pressure and unfavourable hydrographic conditions, the cod (Gadus morhua) stock as the top predator in the system was reduced from a high level in the early 1980s to its lowest size on record in the early 1990s. The preferred prey species sprat (Sprattus sprattus) showed a significant increase in population size since the late 1980s to the highest level on record in recent years, while the herring (Clupea harengus), another important planktivore in the system, did not show such a response. We investigate whether fluctuations in clupeid stock size cascade down to the trophic level of mesozooplankton, based on stomach content data and daily ration estimates in combination with stock sizes estimated from Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis. Estimates of daily consumption by the populations of the two species for 1978–1990 were compared with standing stocks of mesozooplankton species. No evidence was found for food limitation as might be expected if clupeids exert a strong top-down control on mesozooplankton. Also no influence on interannual variability of mesozooplankton abundance was detected. However, predation did contribute to the seasonal development of two copepod species (Pseudocalanus elongatus and Temora longicornis).
Satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain in a specialty service: preliminary prospective results
Authors: McCracken Lance M , Evon Donna , Karapas Eleftheria T
Published: September 2002

Treatment satisfaction is an increasingly popular outcome measure in pain management. While it is a subjective variable, it may nonetheless reflect the quality of care and it may predict other important patient behaviors. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate predictors of satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain. Subjects included 62 adults seeking treatment for pain at a community‐based, specialty clinic. Treatment included combinations of analgesic medications (e.g., opioids, tricyclic antidepressants) and procedures performed by anesthesiologists (e.g., epidural steroid injections, facet joint blocks). Subjects completed measures of pain severity, depression, disability, and pain‐related anxiety, prior to treatment and at a 6‐month follow‐up. Follow‐up assessment also included measures of treatment satisfaction and characteristics of the patient's clinic experience and a chart review to assess medications, procedures, and number of visits. Comparison of baseline and follow‐up data showed statistically significant reductions in pain (25%) and depression. Most patients were satisfied (45.6%) or extremely satisfied (43.9%) with the treatment they received (10.5% was somewhat satisfied, none were dissatisfied). Correlation analyses showed that patient demographic variables did not predict treatment satisfaction. Changes in pain, depression, and pain‐related anxiety were associated with treatment satisfaction but change in pain was a relatively weak predictor. Nine of the 16 characteristics of the patient's clinic experience correlated with treatment satisfaction. Regression analyses showed that the strongest unique predictors of treatment satisfaction were the patients feeling their evaluation was complete, believing they received an explanation for clinic procedures, and finding that treatment helped them improve their daily activity.
Pavlovian conditioning of opioid and nonopioid pain inhibitory mechanisms in humans
Authors: Flor Herta , Birbaumer Niels , Schulz Robin , Grüsser Sabine M , Mucha Ronald F
Published: September 2002

Learning processes such as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning are believed to play an important role in the development of chronic pain, however, their influence on the inhibition of pain has so far not been assessed in humans. The purpose of this study was the demonstration of Pavlovian conditioning of stress‐induced analgesia in humans and the determination of its opioid mediation. In a differential classical conditioning paradigm two different auditory stimuli served as conditioned stimuli and mental arithmetic plus white noise as unconditioned stimulus. Subsequent to four conditioning trials naloxone or placebo was applied in a double‐blind fashion on two test days. Both pain threshold and pain tolerance showed conditioned stress‐induced analgesia. Pain tolerance was affected by naloxone whereas pain threshold was not. The data of this study show that stress analgesia can be conditioned in humans and that it is at least partially mediated by the endogenous opioid system. Learning processes also influence pain inhibitory processes in humans and this effect might play a role in the development of chronic pain.
Effects of seed dispersal on spatial genetic structure in populations of Rutidosis leptorrhychoides with different levels of correlated paternity
Authors: WELLS GUDRUN P. , YOUNG ANDREW G.
Published: September 2002

Rutidosis leptorrynchoides is a perennial forb endemic to grasslands and grassy woodlands in southeastern Australia. Studies of seed dispersal, spatial genetic structure and clonality were carried out in four populations around the Canberra region that varied in levels of correlated paternity to examine: (1) whether R. leptorrhynchoides populations exhibit fine-scale spatial genetic structure and whether this varies between populations as a function of correlated paternity; (2) whether there is a correlation between seed dispersal distance and genetic relatedness within populations; and (3) whether clonal reproduction occurs in this species and to what degree this could account for the observed spatial genetic structure. The results show that there is variation in the magnitude and extent of spatial genetic structure between R. leptorrhynchoides populations. The three larger populations, with low to moderate full-sib proportions, showed significant patterns of coancestry between plants over scales of up to one metre, whereas the smallest population, with a high full-sib proportion, had erratically high but non-significant coancestry values. The observed patterns of genetic clumping could be explained by a combination of limited seed dispersal and correlated mating owing to limited mate availability resulting from the species' sporophytic self-incompatibility system. Clonality does not appear to be an important factor contributing to genetic structure in this species.
Origin of the Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary sedimentary basins

within the Tauride–Anatolide platform in Turkey
Authors: GÜRER Ö. F. , ALDANMAZ E.
Published: September 2002

A number of sedimentary basins formed within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform of

Anatolia during the Late Cretaceous–Tertiary period. Previous studies have proposed different

tectonic and evolutionary models for each basin. Geological characteristics of the basins, however,

suggest that all these basins are of the same origin and that they followed a similar evolutionary model

to one another. Basin development within the Tauride–Anatolide Platform took place in a post-collisional

environment following the northward subduction of the northern Neotethys ocean beneath

the Pontides. The closure of the northern Neotethys ocean ended with collision of the Tauride–Anatolide Platform with the Pontide volcanic arc and resulted in large bodies of oceanic remnants

thrust over the Tauride–Anatolide Platform as ophiolite nappes. Formation of the sedimentary basins

followed the emplacement of the ophiolite nappes as they formed as piggy-back basins on top of the

underlying thrust ophiolite basement.
Successive geothermal, volcanic-hydrothermal and

contact-metasomatic events in Cenozoic volcanic-arc basalts,

South Shetland Islands, Antarctica
Authors: WILLAN ROBERT C. R. , ARMSTRONG DEBBIE C.
Published: September 2002

Hydrothermal alteration in volcanic arcs occurs in many settings and may involve magmatic,

marine, lacustrine or groundwaters, driven by magmatic, tectonic or thermal events. King

George Island, part of the South Shetland Island Cenozoic volcanic arc, contains an 80 km long zone

of propylitized volcanic rocks, with numerous occurrences of quartz veining, silicic, sericitic, argillic

and advanced-argillic alteration. On Barton Peninsula, a basaltic lava sequence (49–44 Ma) intruded

by a small, high-level granodiorite pluton (∼42 Ma), contains these alteration types, previously interpreted

as a single porphyry-copper system. In this study, we report three, possibly four, distinct fossil

hydrothermal episodes. (1) Banded chalcedonic quartz, quartz-sericite and propylitic alteration occurs

along ESE faults and as reworked clasts in nearby tuffs. Drusy quartz + calcite veins with

silicic/sericitic, argillic and propylitic wallrocks may represent feeders to the near-surface silicification.

These characteristics, and anomalous Ag + Pb + Sb + Au plus Te + Se + Zn + As, suggest a neutral-pH

geothermal system that was active during volcanism. (2) The lavas and banded-quartz rocks were

brecciated, veined and replaced by alunite+native sulphur+pyrite, and pyrophyllite + quartz +

pyrite + zunyite + diaspore assemblages with anomalous Hg + Se + As + Bi + Au + Tl + Sb + Cu.

Such advanced-argillic alteration is diagnostic of degassing of a felsic magma into shallow (<500 m)

meteoric groundwaters. Rhyolite tuffs, previously not reported on King George Island, may represent

leakage of this magma to the surface. (3) Subsequent burial to ∼3 km was followed by emplacement of

a granodiorite pluton and formation of a silicic contact-metasomatic aureole containing muscovite,

biotite, actinolite, magnetite, K-feldspar and tourmaline. Disseminated andalusite + corundum also

formed in areas previously affected by the advanced-argillic alteration. Iron/copper-sulphide veinlets

are locally abundant, but a porphyry-style geochemical signature is not present. Early Cretaceous

Ar–Ar ages near the intrusive contact indicate flow of an excess Ar-bearing hydrothermal plume up

the contact. Finally, isolated areas of propylitic alteration in the lavas nearby may be related either to

quartz veins of episode 1 at depth or to (4) continued circulation of heated groundwaters around the

cooling pluton.
Sacred Space in England, 1560–1640: The View from the Pew
Authors: MARSH CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2002

This article employs evidence relating to church seating between 1560 and 1640 in order to argue that English people experienced the interior of their parish church as a setting of profound significance. It seeks to augment the rather secular interpretative framework within which social and economic historians have tended to consider the importance of church seating. Such seating mattered to people not only because of their preoccupation with social precedence during a period of economic strain, but because of its stirring and symbolic location. Church seating also deserves to be interpreted as evidence of popular attachment to the church, rather than almost exclusively as an instrument of social control deployed by parochial leaders. Much of the surviving documentation relates to the misdemeanours of a conspicuous minority, but it is also possible to examine the sources for what they reveal of the arguably more positive attitudes of the ever elusive majority.
A Red Data List for the Falkland Islands vascular flora
Authors: Broughton D. A. , McAdam J. H.
Published: September 2002

The Falkland Islands are situated in the South Atlantic and have a native flora of 171 vascular plant species. Although a relatively high proportion of the native flora is of conservation concern, this is poorly recognized, both nationally and internationally. Typically, threatened species occur as only a few small, isolated populations, and they are facing increasing pressure from land-use change, particularly agricultural intensification. This paper presents the first national Red Data List for the Falkland Islands, and provides an overview of the 23 threatened plants of the archipelago as well as covering another 16 species of relevance to the national conservation strategy. This Red List provides an important first step towards the recognition and conservation of the threatened native flora of the Falkland Islands at both the national and international level.
How well does a partnership in pensions really work? The Israeli public/private pension mix
Authors: GAL JOHN
Published: September 2002

This paper takes the old-age pension system in Israel as a test case to examine the implications of proposals for pension reform now being debated or implemented in many welfare states. For over a decade, high on the agenda of decision-makers on both national and international levels, there has been the notion of moving towards a changing ‘partnership in pensions’ or, to put it more bluntly, towards greater privatisation of social security. Virtually since its emergence in the 1950s, the Israeli old-age pension has been based primarily upon a mix of low universal state pensions and income-related private occupational pensions. This paper compares the British and Israeli social security systems for older people in the wake of the reforms recently introduced in Britain and analyses the implications of the Israeli structure on the distribution of social security spending and on the wellbeing of different categories of older individuals.
Retirement and the income of older people: a British perspective
Authors: BARDASI ELENA , JENKINS STEPHEN P. , RIGG JOHN A.
Published: September 2002

Little is known about the income dynamics of retirement in Britain, in part because of a lack of data. The information is of some topical interest given the growing number of older people, the trend towards earlier retirement, the decline in the value of the basic state pension, the growing reliance on occupational and private pensions, and continuing relatively high poverty rates among people in old age. This paper considers the important question of income and retirement and, in particular, the association between transitions into retirement and the probability of becoming poor. It is based on longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey waves 1–9, covering 1991–1999. We also relate differences in poverty entry probabilities among the retired to differences in factors such as a retiree's health, housing tenure, age and sex, education, labour market status and history, household composition and spouse's characteristics.
‘Citizen of nowhere’ or ‘the point where circles intersect’? Impartialist and embedded cosmopolitanisms
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: September 2002

Ethical cosmopolitanism is conventionally taken to be a stance that requires an ‘impartialist’ point of view—a perspective above and beyond all particular ties and loyalties. Taking seriously the claims of those critics who counter that morality must have a ‘particularist’ starting-point, this article examines the viability of an alternative understanding of cosmopolitanism: ‘embedded cosmopolitanism’. Using moral justifications for patriotism as points of contrast, it presents embedded cosmopolitanism as a position that recognises community membership as being morally constitutive, but challenges the common assumption that communities are necessarily bounded and territorially determinate.
At the limits of liberty: married women and confinement in eighteenth-century England
Authors: FOYSTER ELIZABETH
Published: September 2002

The confinement of married women by their husbands in their homes or in private madhouses was an issue which caused much concern in eighteenth-century England, but which has been little explored by historians. This article uses the records of the court of King's Bench, a source which has been previously neglected by historians of marriage, to explore the circumstances of this form of marital abuse. It shows that within eighteenth-century English law there was much uncertainty about the ‘right’ of husbands to confine their wives, and that this allowed some men to test the limits of their authority. It argues that although some women were able to adopt legal and extra-legal strategies in response to confinement, changing notions of ideal femininity shaped the ways in which women were able to respond to marital abuse, and left genteel women peculiarly vulnerable to accusations of madness and to subsequent confinement in a madhouse.
Statistics and ‘sufficiency’: toward an intellectual history of Russia's rural crisis
Authors: DARROW DAVID W.
Published: September 2002

The article examines the impact of the ‘rise of statistical thinking’ and statistical measurement on elite perceptions of the condition of the Russian Empire's post-emancipation peasant economy. Using archival and published sources, it argues that the increased use of statistical measurement did much to concretize in numerical (‘objective’) terms the idea of rural crisis. In particular, the combination of traditional paternalistic concerns about the sufficiency of peasant resources and the use of cadastre measurement yielded an image of the peasant household economy in which the value (the income-producing capabilities) of post-emancipation peasant allotments nearly always fell short of subsistence requirements and tax/payment obligations. Thus, because of how observers measured peasant well-being, it appeared as if peasants had been over-changed for their post-emancipation land allotments and were doomed to exist in a permanent state of crisis.
Restructuring of similarity neighbourhoods in the developing mental lexicon
Authors: STORKEL HOLLY L.
Published: September 2002

Previous evidence suggests that the structure of similarity neighbourhoods in the developing mental lexicon may differ from that of the fully developed lexicon. The similarity relationships used to organize words into neighbourhoods was investigated in 20 pre-school children (age 3;7 to 5;11) using a two alternative forced-choice classification task. Children classified the similarity of test words relative to a standard word to determine neighbourhood membership. The similarity relationship between the test and standard words varied orthogonally in terms of type of similarity and position of overlap. Standard words were drawn from neighbourhoods differing in density. Results showed that dense neighbourhoods were organized by phoneme similarity in the onset+nucleus or rhyme positions of overlap. In contrast, sparse neighbourhoods appeared to be organized by phoneme similarity in the onset+nucleus, but manner similarity in the rhyme. These results are integrated with previous findings from infants and adults to propose a developmental course of change in the mental lexicon.
Lexical learning in school-age children, adolescents, and adults: a process where language and literacy converge
Authors: NIPPOLD MARILYN A.
Published: September 2002

As Ravid & Tolchinsky (2002) have indicated in their article, literacy has
profound effects upon the development of language in school-age children,
adolescents, and adults. Once children are able to read proficiently – typically
by eight or nine years – their ability to acquire increasingly sophisticated
aspects of language can expand greatly. The convergence of language and
literacy is readily apparent upon examining the lexicon, a language domain
that is subject to unlimited growth through the lifespan. For this reason, I
would like to elaborate on the role of literacy in relation to lexical development
beyond the preschool years, focusing on processes that facilitate the learning
of word meanings. In this commentary, it will be shown that there is an
ongoing reciprocal relationship between lexical development and literacy in
which unfamiliar words are first encountered in print and learned through
various metalinguistic strategies. Subsequently, this increased knowledge of
words leads to improved comprehension of text, which in turn, leads to
further expansion of the lexicon (Sternberg & Powell, 1983).
Oral language, written language and language awareness
Authors: PARISSE CHRISTOPHE
Published: September 2002

Ravid & Tolchinsky's paper draws a comprehensive picture of the fact that
literacy is a lengthy developing process involving many linguistic factors
which sometimes begins even before school age and lasts until adulthood. I
very much appreciated the breadth and thoroughness of Ravid & Tolchinsky's paper and, in particular, the fact that they have taken the
relationship between oral language and literacy into account. It seems to me
that this is rarely the case in current linguistic theories and I would like to
offer a few comments on some of the consequences that a serious approach
to literacy development would have on the studies of both oral language and
literacy, and on linguistic theories themselves as well.
Exponents and suspension
Authors: STANLEY DON
Published: September 2002

Let X be a finite CW-complex. We show that the image of the homotopy groups
of X under suspension have an exponent at every prime. As a corollary we recover
Long's result that finite H-spaces have exponents at all primes. We show that the
stable homotopy groups of X have an exponent at p if and only if X is rationally
equivalent to a point. This allows us to construct many examples of spaces with infinite dimensional rational homotopy groups and without an exponent at any prime.
These examples further support Moore's conjecture.
A community survey of self-reported gastroenteritis undertaken during an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis strongly associated with drinking water after much press interest
Authors: HUNTER P. R. , SYED Q.
Published: September 2002

We took the opportunity provided by a large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the North West of England to investigate the potential impact of recall bias on strength of association and on estimates of outbreak size. We conducted a community-based survey of 4 towns within the outbreak area and 4 control towns. A postal questionnaire was sent to 120 homes, chosen at random from the local telephone directory, in each of the 8 towns. Although not statistically significant, the prevalence of self-reported diarrhoeal disease was marginally higher in the control towns than in the outbreak towns. There was a very strong association between self-reported diarrhoea and drinking water consumption in both control and outbreak areas. The impact of recall bias in outbreak investigations is much greater than previously thought. Identification of the cause of outbreaks should not be based solely on case-control studies conducted after the press has reported the outbreak. Such evidence is likely to be unreliable and give falsely significant associations between water consumption and disease.
The seasonal distribution of campylobacter infection in nine European countries and New Zealand
Authors: NYLEN G. , DUNSTAN F. , PALMER S. R. , ANDERSSON Y. , BAGER F. , COWDEN J. , FEIERL G. , GALLOWAY Y. , KAPPERUD G. , MEGRAUD F. , MOLBAK K. , PETERSEN L. R. , RUUTU P.
Published: September 2002

In all temperate countries campylobacter infection in humans follows a striking seasonal pattern, but little attention has been given to exploring the epidemiological explanations. In order to better characterize the seasonal patterns, data from nine European countries and New Zealand have been examined. Several European countries with weekly data available showed remarkably consistent seasonal patterns from year to year, with peaks in week 22 in Wales, week 26 in Scotland, week 32 in Denmark, week 30 in Finland and week 33 in Sweden. In Europe, the seasonal peak was most prominent in Finland and least prominent in Scotland and Austria. In New Zealand the seasonality was less consistent since the peak was more prolonged. Possible explanations for the seasonal peaks are discussed. Research into the causes of campylobacter seasonality should help considerably in elucidating the sources of human infection.
Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia
Authors: ROBERTSON B. , SINCLAIR M. I. , FORBES A. B. , VEITCH M. , KIRK M. , CUNLIFFE D. , WILLIS J. , FAIRLEY C. K.
Published: September 2002

Few studies have assessed risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in industrialized countries, even though it may be numerically more common than outbreaks of disease. We carried out case-control studies assessing risk factors for sporadic disease in Melbourne and Adelaide, which have water supplies from different ends of the raw water spectrum. In addition to examining drinking water, we assessed several other exposures. 201 cases and 795 controls were recruited for Melbourne and 134 cases and 536 controls were recruited for Adelaide. Risk factors were similar for the two cities, with swimming in public pools and contact with a person with diarrhoea being most important. The consumption of plain tap water was not found to be associated with disease. This study emphasizes the need for regular public health messages to the public and swimming pool managers in an attempt to prevent sporadic cryptosporidiosis, as well as outbreaks of disease.
Prevalence of hepatitis C among injectors in Scotland 1989–2000: declining trends among young injectors halt in the late 1990s
Authors: HUTCHINSON S. J. , MCINTYRE P. G. , MOLYNEAUX P. , CAMERON S. , BURNS S. , TAYLOR A. , GOLDBERG D. J.
Published: September 2002

We previously reported a continual decline in anti-HCV prevalence among young injectors from Glasgow and Lothian between 1990 and 1997. The original study was extended to ascertain if the anti-HCV prevalence among injectors from Glasgow, Lothian, Tayside and Grampian had changed since 1997. Residual sera from injectors who had undergone attributable anti-HIV testing were tested anonymously for anti-HCV. In all four regions, no significant changes in prevalence were found among those aged <25 years during the late 1990s (Glasgow 1997–9/00: 43%–41%; Lothian 1997–9: 13%–17%; Tayside 1997–9: 45%–35%; Grampian 1996–9: 28%–29%). Among those aged [ges ]25 years, significant decreases in prevalence were only observed in Glasgow (1997–9/00: 79%–72%, P = 0·03) and Lothian (1997–9: 54%–45%, P = 0·05). The findings highlight that existing harm reduction measures, acknowledged as having helped to reduce the spread of HCV, are not sufficient to bring this epidemic under control and reduce transmission to sporadic levels.
Comparative epidemiology of scrapie outbreaks in individual sheep flocks
Authors: REDMAN C. A. , COEN P. G. , MATTHEWS L. , LEWIS R. M. , DINGWALL W. S. , FOSTER J. D. , CHASE-TOPPING M. E. , HUNTER N. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J.
Published: September 2002

Data recording the course of scrapie outbreaks in 4 sheep flocks (2 in Cheviot sheep and 2 in Suffolks) are compared. For each outbreak the data on scrapie incidence and sheep demography and pedigrees cover periods of years or decades. A key finding is that the incidence of clinical cases peaks in sheep 2–3 years old, despite very different forces-of-infection. This is consistent with age-specific susceptibility of sheep to scrapie, as has been reported for cattle to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and for humans to variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Scrapie incidence was higher in ewes than rams and at certain times of years, though these effects were not consistent between flocks. There was no evidence for high levels of vertical transmission.
Biology and functional morphology of the watering pot shell Brechites vaginiferus (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagelloidea)
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: September 2002

Living individuals of the bivalve ‘watering pot’ superfamily Clavagelloidea were collected from Withnell Bay, Burrup Peninsula, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Details of the anatomy suggest that, in most respects, Brechites vaginiferus is a typical filter‐feeding bivalve, albeit encased in a tube of its own secretion. The true shell is tiny (∼ 4 mm long) and surrounded by a ‘saddle’ of initially‐secreted adult shell. To this is fused, by an internally produced layer of calcium carbonate, the adventitious tube which comprises a single layer, confirming that it is produced only once. Posteriorly, however, it can be added to internally as ‘plaited ruffles’ creating a multi‐layered structure. The anterior watering pot comprises a perforated plate fringed by tubules, with a small pedal aperture. Brechites vaginiferus pumps interstitial water into the mantle cavity via the watering pot, at least principally, not out of it as previously thought. In this way, the animal is either tapping an interstitial source of accessory food, or aerating the anterior end of its burrow (or both). It has also been demonstrated, however, that pumping interstitial water into the mantle cavity via the pedal gape results in hydraulic pressures being built up that extend the siphons. The pedal disc pump, therefore, acts in this amyarian bivalve in the same way as the adductor muscles do in more typical species. The ctenidia collect suspended material in the usual way from seawater and from interstitial water: they do not, however, possess chemoautotrophic sulphur‐oxidizing bacteria, and the species is thus not using sulphur as an energy source. Pedal gape feeding is considered to be the ancestral condition not only in the earliest anomalodesmatans, e.g. the Pholadomyidae, but also the autobranchs in general. This has been refined in the Clavagelloidea to create the unique form of the adventitious tube, its watering pot and a wholly surprising lifestyle. Tube form in B. vaginiferus varies in relation to habitat occupied. Its major habitat on Withnell Bay, however, is the riffles of a high‐salinity stream draining down the mangrove‐fringed shore from the semi‐arid land behind. Although much more is now known about B. vaginiferus and ‘watering pot’ shells, no pre‐tube juvenile is known and awaits discovery to confirm hypothesized life‐history details.