bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acrylate Functionalized Tetraalkylammonium Salts with Ionic Liquid Properties
Authors: Grothe Dorian C. , Meyer Wolfdietrich , Janietz Silvia
Published: May 2012

Acrylate functionalized ionic liquids based on tetraalkylammonium salts with terminal acrylates- and methylacrylates were synthesized. Melting points and ionic conductivity of twenty compounds in six groups were determined. Within one group the effect of three different counterions was investigated and discussed. The groups differ in cationic structure elements because of their functional groups such as acrylate and methacrylate, alkyl residues at the nitrogen and number of quaternary ammonium atoms within the organic cation. The effect of these cationic structure elements has been examined concerning the compiled parameters with a view to qualifying them as components for solid state electrolytes. The newly synthesized ionic liquids were characterized by NMR and FTIR analysis. The exchange of halide ions like bromide as counter ions to weakly coordinating [PF6]−, [OTf]− or [TFSI]− reduces the melting points significantly and leads to an ion conductivity of about 10−4 S/cm at room temperature. In the case of the dicationic ionic liquid, an ion conductivity of about 10−3 S/cm was observed.
Application of Paramagnetic NMR-Validated Molecular Dynamics Simulation to the Analysis of a Conformational Ensemble of a Branched Oligosaccharide
Authors: Zhang Ying , Yamamoto Sayoko , Yamaguchi Takumi , Kato Koichi
Published: May 2012

Oligosaccharides of biological importance often exhibit branched covalent structures and dynamic conformational multiplicities. Here we report the application of a method that we developed, which combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and lanthanide-assisted paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy, to evaluate the dynamic conformational ensemble of a branched oligosaccharide. A lanthanide-chelating tag was attached to the reducing end of the branched tetrasaccharide of GM2 ganglioside to observe pseudocontact shifts as the source of long distance information for validating the conformational ensemble derived from MD simulations. By inspecting the results, the conformational space of the GM2 tetrasaccharide was compared with that of its nonbranched derivative, the GM3 trisaccharide.
Neonatal Phosphate Nutrition Alters in Vivo and in Vitro Satellite Cell Activity in Pigs
Authors: Alexander Lindsey S. , Seabolt Brynn S. , Rhoads Robert P. , Stahl Chad H.
Published: May 2012

Satellite cell activity is necessary for postnatal skeletal muscle growth. Severe phosphate (PO4) deficiency can alter satellite cell activity, however the role of neonatal PO4 nutrition on satellite cell biology remains obscure. Twenty-one piglets (1 day of age, 1.8 ± 0.2 kg BW) were pair-fed liquid diets that were either PO4 adequate (0.9% total P), supra-adequate (1.2% total P) in PO4 requirement or deficient (0.7% total P) in PO4 content for 12 days. Body weight was recorded daily and blood samples collected every 6 days. At day 12, pigs were orally dosed with BrdU and 12 h later, satellite cells were isolated. Satellite cells were also cultured in vitro for 7 days to determine if PO4 nutrition alters their ability to proceed through their myogenic lineage. Dietary PO4 deficiency resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) sera PO4 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations, while supra-adequate dietary PO4 improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency as compared to the PO4 adequate group. In vivo satellite cell proliferation was reduced (P < 0.05) among the PO4 deficient pigs, and these cells had altered in vitro expression of markers of myogenic progression. Further work to better understand early nutritional programming of satellite cells and the potential benefits of emphasizing early PO4 nutrition for future lean growth potential is warranted.
“He took him as his son”. Adoption in old Babylonian Sippar
Authors: Suurmeijer Guido
Published: May 2012

Résumé Traditionnellement, l’adoption à l’époque paléo-babylonienne a été étudiée dans une perspective strictement juridique (David 1927, Klíma 1940, Westbrook 1993). C’est seulement récemment qu’est parue une étude mettant l’accent sur les aspects sociaux et économiques de l’adoption à Nippur à l’époque paléo-babylonienne (Stone/Owen 1991). Le présent article a pour but d’établir les bases d’une étude de l’adoption en tant que phénomène socio-économique à Sippar à l’époque paléo-babylonienne. Il présente le corpus des documents d’adoption de Sippar et, comme première approche, analyse sa composition et certaines de ses caractéristiques les plus notables. L’article inclut deux études de cas qui illustrent les motivations socio-économiques de l’adoption.
Jerusalem and Schøyen Multiplication Tablets
Authors: Vukosavović Filip
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article publie deux tablettes de multiplication de la table de 3. L’une qui provient de Jérusalem est de Type C, tandis que l’autre qui provient de la collection Schoyen est de Type A.
Filiacion y acceso al trono en Elam (2ª Mitad II milenio a.c.)
Authors: Quintana Enrique
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article remet en question plusieurs thèses qui ont été publiées dans le passé. Il s’agit d’une étude générale sur les dynasties élamites des Igehalkides et des Shutrukides. À travers les textes qui se référent aux relations familiales de Huteludush-Inshushinak on en conclut que son père était Silhak-Inshushinak. Également au moyen de traductions nouvelles des textes élamites impliqués et des termes šutu , šak et ruhušak , on est arrivé à la conclusion que l’inceste royal élamite n’existe pas et que les interprétations antérieures des ces mots élamites et des textes mentionnés est à l’origine des confusions qui règnent dans le domaine de l’étude de cette civilisation. On étudie aussi les relations existantes entre les deux dynasties, qui sont reliées sans solution de continuité entre elles. On détermine le vrai auteur de la lettre de Berlin (Halludush-Inshushinak) et le mode de transmission du pouvoir dans la royauté élamite (de père en fils), dans lequel la femme ne joue aucun rôle. Nous effaçons en passant de l’histoire élamite, deux rois fantômes: Kitin-Hutran II et Kitin-Hutran III. En dernier lieu, on établit la contemporanéité des rois cassites avec les rois élamites des ces dynasties, en concluant que le contemporain du roi élamite Pahirishan est le cassite Kurigalzu II.
The meaning of ṭuppi
Authors: Baker Heather D.
Published: May 2012

Résumé Le sens du mot akkadien ṭuppi  a fait l’objet de vifs débats entre assyriologues depuis près d’un siècle. Le présent article propose que ṭuppi , qu’on trouve communément dans des expressions temporelles, ne peut que désigner une période d’un an. Cette proposition résulte de l’observation que, dans le corpus non négligeable des contrats néo-babyloniens de location de maison, aucun texte ne se réfère explicitement à une période de location d’un an. Étant donné que des périodes de durée relativement courte sont par ailleurs assez communes, cette lacune étonnante dans les données est difficile à expliquer, sauf si l’expression adi ṭuppišu  (et ses variantes) est comprise comme « pour une période d’un an ». La même conclusion s’applique à d’autres catégories de documents qui impliquent une échéance, comme les contrats d’apprentissage. L’article discute les implications de cette découverte pour l’interprétation d’une large série de documents juridiques et administratifs et de lettres, certains apportant des éléments de confirmation. Il examine également les textes historiques où ṭuppi  apparaît, à savoir la liste royale assyrienne et l’inscription du 8ème siècle de Ninurta-kudurrī-uṣur, gouverneur de Mari et du Sūḫu. On considère que - šu  dans  ṭuppišu  est redondant, ce qui affecte l’interprétation de ces textes puisque - šu  a parfois été compris comme se référant à à un prédécesseur antérieur au roi concerné. La conséquence pour la chronologie de la mésopotamie de l’interprétation de ṭuppišu  ici proposée n’est cependant pas considérable, car le consens avait tendu à affecter une durée entre 0 et 2 ans aux règnes ṭuppišu  de la liste royale assyrienne. Cependant, cette interprétation de  ṭuppišu  comme une période d’un an clarifie certains passages de ces textes historiques restés énigmatique.
Ariel Rubinstein : le maître de négociation
Authors: Péreau Jean-Christophe
Published: May 2012

Résumé Dans les années 1980 et jusqu’au début des années 1990, Ariel Rubinstein a publié plusieurs articles sur la théorie de la négociation dans le cadre de la théorie des jeux. Son article, publié en 1982, « Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model », est devenu, après ceux de John Nash (1950, 1953), la pierre angulaire de la théorie de la négociation et un cadre de référence incontournable pour toute la littérature sur la négociation. Cet article se propose dans une première section de recenser les apports de Rubinstein à la théorie de la négociation puis, dans une seconde section, d’analyser la nature des liens qu’entretient la théorie des jeux avec la sociologie de la négociation ou les sciences politiques internationales.
Prévenir le risque infectieux à l’hôpital ?
Authors: d’Alessandro Eugénie
Published: May 2012

En Afrique, la maîtrise du risque infectieux en milieu hospitalier reste une question cruciale. Bien souvent, les analyses se limitent à une évaluation des décalages entre des normes techniques et des pratiques hospitalières. L’insuffisance des connaissances théoriques est régulièrement invoquée, conduisant à un cycle de formation-évaluation qui semble largement voué à l’échec. Une approche anthropologique peut aider à la résolution de ces problèmes. En proposant une lecture des dimensions sociales et culturelles des risques sanitaires, le rôle de l’anthropologue est d’élargir la compréhension de ces dysfonctionnements. Il s’agit de penser l’hôpital comme un espace où s’articulent diverses dimensions sociales, éthiques, médicales et techniques. Témoignant de cet apport complémentaire dans le champ de la santé, de nouvelles pistes émergent d’une enquête menée à l’Hôpital National de Niamey. D’abord, la superposition d’espaces techniques et sociaux se traduit par une confusion dans les gestes. Les obligations sociales brouillent alors les chaînes gestuelles techniques. Ensuite, la prégnance d’un héritage historique définit un certain mode de délivrance des biens publics dont les manifestations se retrouvent dans le quotidien d’un hôpital. Enfin, des « mondes sensibles » différents et les normes techniques élaborées dans le contexte de la médecine moderne deviennent des abstractions en l’absence de correspondances perceptives. Ici, l’anthropologie jette un pont interdisciplinaire entre les préoccupations de santé publique et les questions d’économie morale et décisionnelle.
La mort, l’oubli et les plaisirs
Authors: Vega Anne
Published: May 2012

L’article porte sur l’origine des divergences entre les normes véhiculées par les campagnes de santé, les aspirations du personnel hospitalier et celles de patientes atteintes d’un cancer du sein. Fondé sur une étude qualitative, il souligne plusieurs décalages généralement peu investigués dans les travaux recensés. Ainsi, le discours dominant exhortant les malades à combattre la maladie et à rester sereins s’accorde mal avec les fluctuations du « moral » et l’épuisement éprouvés par les personnes interviewées, quelle que soit l’évolution de leur pathologie. De plus, elles réagissent en fonction de leur propre expérience de vie et la plupart cherchent à rester elles-mêmes « malgré tout ». Aussi, il leur est vital de choisir leurs soutiens et de retrouver des sensations agréables éprouvées avant la maladie. L’étude souligne alors un paradoxe : ce sont les patientes qui adhèrent le plus aux normes du « bon malade » qui expriment le plus de difficultés à composer avec la maladie, puis à l’oublier, ou à envisager la mort.
Une « convergence forcée » ? Ethnographie d’une collaboration entre neurologie et psychiatrie dans un centre de neurosciences en France
Authors: Moutaud Baptiste
Published: May 2012

L’expansion des neurosciences a conduit certains neurologues et psychiatres à repenser l’idée d’une fusion de leurs spécialités au sein d’une discipline neuropsychiatrique commune. A partir de l’ethnographie du développement d’une technologie thérapeutique pour des troubles neurologiques et psychiatriques par une équipe de neurosciences, cet article analyse en quoi ce projet interroge le statut épistémologique de la psychiatrie, de ses méthodes et de ses objets. Il décrit les différents dispositifs de recherche et de soin au sein desquels neurologues et psychiatres collaborent ainsi que les formes de pratiques, figures du malade et définitions des troubles qui en émergent. Si la technologie autorise l’ouverture de lieux de pratique communs, l’interrogation symétrique d’événements et la translation de problématiques entre les acteurs, le projet neuropsychiatrique se heurte cependant dans le soin à l’irréductibilité de la définition du trouble et du patient psychiatriques à la focale biologique.
Cognitive Weave Pattern Prioritization in Fabric Design
Authors: Zheng Dejun , Baciu George , Hu Jinlian , Xu Hao
Published: May 2012

Weave patterns are amongst the most popular design patterns in society’s daily lives with numerous applications. In the fabric design process, designer selects weave patterns based on the cognitive interpretation of the material structure in the fabric texture. In the selection activity of weave patterns, texture indexing and prioritization are curial tasks. These are associated with a cognitive process of interpretation and understanding of the texture elements in the woven structure of fabrics. In this regard, the authors use an interdisciplinary approach to help designer select weave texture patterns through structure and texture features and implement new algorithms that take into account essential features or rules in fabric pattern design. The features and algorithms are designed based on the object-attribute-relation (OAR) model and a cognitive informatics model. Three essential cognitive features of weave patterns are proposed, (1) the complexity of patterns in the fabric production process, (2) the structural appearance feature, and (3) cognitive tracking features for weave patterns. The authors’ experiments on a wide variety of weave patterns show that the proposed approach is capable of effectively prioritizing the cognitive features of weave patterns in fabric texture design process.
Social Credential-Based Role Recommendation and Patient Privacy Control in Medical Emergency
Authors: Chun Soon Ae , Kwon Joon Hee , Lee Haesung
Published: May 2012

Emerging Health Information Technologies (HIT), such as Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Personal Health Records (PHR) systems, facilitate access to and sharing of patients’ medical data in a distributed environment. The privacy protection of medical information is a pressing issue with the use of these medical technologies. In this paper, the authors present a Patient-controlled Privacy Protection Framework, which allows a patient to specify his or her own privacy policies on their own medical data no matter where they are stored. In addition, the authors extend this basic framework to medical emergency situations, where roles and users may not be limited to an organizational boundary. To enforce patient’s privacy policies even in emergency situations, the authors propose the Situation Role-based Privacy Control model and a social network-based user credential discovery method to recommend a situation role to candidate users. The authors present a mobile prototype system and two experiments to show the feasibility of our approach.
Teaching Computers to Adults
Authors: Karagiorgi Yiasemina , Gravani Maria
Published: May 2012

Digital literacy for adults has developed into an important dimension of ICT-related policies worldwide. Although research argues that adults need digital skills, limited evidence has been directed to digital literacy teaching approaches for adults and the associated pedagogy. The study explores which core features of effective adult learning were addressed within the context of digital literacy courses offered by the State Institutes of Further Education (SIFE) in Cyprus. Semi-structured interviews conducted with two groups of Greek-Cypriot adults enrolled in these courses indicate that while certain aspects of adult learning, e.g., optimal climate for learning, other principles related to the consideration of learners’ needs and input in the development of learning contracts were limited in effect. Since this can mainly be attributed to the nature of the courses which were designed from top-down and remained openly ECDL exam-oriented with pre-fixed content, repercussions are drawn with regards to alternative paths to adult digital literacy, organized on the basis of learners’ expectations, profiles and needs.
A Culture-Based Particle Swarm Optimization Framework for Dynamic, Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Kadkol Ashwin A. , Yen Gary G.
Published: May 2012

Real-world optimization problems are often dynamic, multiple objective in nature with various constraints and uncertainties. This work proposes solving such problems by systematic segmentation via heuristic information accumulated through Cultural Algorithms. The problem is tackled by maintaining 1) feasible and infeasible best solutions and their fitness and constraint violations in the Situational Space, 2) objective space bounds for the search in the Normative Space, 3) objective space crowding information in the Topographic Space, and 4) function sensitivity and relocation offsets (to reuse available information on optima upon change of environments) in the Historical Space of a cultural framework. The information is used to vary the flight parameters of the Particle Swarm Optimization, to generate newer individuals and to better track dynamic and multiple optima with constraints. The proposed algorithm is validated on three numerical optimization problems. As a practical application case study that is computationally intensive and complex, parameter tuning of a PID (Proportional–Integral–Derivative) controller for plants with transfer functions that vary with time and imposed with robust optimization criteria has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed design.
A Discrete Artificial Bees Colony Inspired Biclustering Algorithm
Authors: Rathipriya R. , Thangavel K.
Published: May 2012

Biclustering methods are the potential data mining technique that has been suggested to identify local patterns in the data. Biclustering algorithms are used for mining the web usage data which can determine a group of users which are correlated under a subset of pages of a web site. Recently, many blistering methods based on meta-heuristics have been proposed. Most use the Mean Squared Residue as merit function but interesting and relevant patterns such as shifting and scaling patterns may not be detected using this measure. However, it is important to discover this type of pattern since commonly the web users can present a similar behavior although their interest levels vary in different ranges or magnitudes. In this paper a new correlation based fitness function is designed to extract shifting and scaling browsing patterns. The proposed work uses a discrete version of Artificial Bee Colony optimization algorithm for biclustering of web usage data to produce optimal biclusters (i.e., highly correlated biclusters). It’s demonstrated on real dataset and its results show that proposed approach can find significant biclusters of high quality and has better convergence performance than Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO).
Tracking Multiple Optima in Dynamic Environments by Quantum-Behavior Particle Swarm Using Speciation
Authors: Zhao Ji , Sun Jun , Palade Vasile
Published: May 2012

This paper presents an improved Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization, namely the Species-Based QPSO (SQPSO), using the notion of species for solving optimization problems with multiple peaks from the complex dynamic environments. In the proposed SQPSO algorithm, the swarm population is divided into species (subpopulations) based on their similarities. Each species is grouped around a dominating particle called species seed. Over successive iterations, species are able to simultaneously optimize towards multiple optima by using the QPSO procedure, so that each of the peaks can be definitely searched in parallel, regardless of whether they are global or local optima. A number of experiments are performed to test the performance of the SQPSO algorithm. The environment used in the experiments is generated by Dynamic Function # 1(DF1). The experimental results show that the SQPSO is more adaptive than the Species-Based Particle Swarm Optimizer (SPSO) in dealing with multimodal optimization in dynamic environments.
Identification of Resting and Type I IFN-Activated Human NK Cell miRNomes Reveals MicroRNA-378 and MicroRNA-30e as Negative Regulators of NK Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Wang Pin , Gu Yan , Zhang Qian , Han Yanmei , Hou Jin , Lin Li , Wu Cong , Bao Yan , Su Xiaoping , Jiang Minghong , Wang Qingqing , Li Nan , Cao Xuetao
Published: May 2012

NK cells are important innate immune cells with potent cytotoxicity that can be activated by type I IFN from the host once infected. How NK cell cytotoxicity is activated by type I IFN and then tightly regulated remain to be fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, or miRs) are important regulators of innate immune response, but the full scale of miRNome in human NK cells remains to be determined. In this study, we reported an in-depth analysis of miRNomes in resting and IFN-α–activated human NK cells, found two abundant miRNAs, miR-378 and miR-30e, markedly decreased in activated NK cells by IFN-α, and further proved that miR-378 and miR-30e directly targeted granzyme B and perforin, respectively. Thus, IFN-α activation suppresses miR-378 and miR-30e expression to release cytolytic molecule mRNAs for their protein translation and then augments NK cell cytotoxicity. Importantly, the phenomena are also confirmed in human NK cells activated by other cytokines and even in the sorted CD16+CD56dimCD69+ human NK cell subset. Finally, miR-378 and miR-30e were proved to be suppressors of human NK cell cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results reveal that downregulated miR-378 and miR-30e during NK cell activation are negative regulators of human NK cell cytotoxicity, providing a mechanistic explanation for regulation of NK cell function by miRNAs.
CD8+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Are Induced during Graft-versus-Host Disease and Mitigate Disease Severity
Authors: Beres Amy J. , Haribhai Dipica , Chadwick Alexandra C. , Gonyo Patrick J. , Williams Calvin B. , Drobyski William R.
Published: May 2012

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), in particular CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells, have been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of tolerance after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In the current study, we have identified a population of CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells that are induced early during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), constitute a significant percentage of the entire Treg population, and are present in all major GVHD target organs. These cells expressed many of the same cell surface molecules as found on CD4+ Tregs and potently suppressed in vitro alloreactive T cell responses. Induction of these cells correlated positively with the degree of MHC disparity between donor and recipient and was significantly greater than that observed for CD4+-induced Tregs (iTregs) in nearly all tissue sites. Mice that lacked the ability to make both CD8+ and CD4+ iTregs had accelerated GVHD mortality compared with animals that were competent to make both iTreg populations. The absence of both iTreg populations was associated with significantly greater expansion of activated donor T cells and increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that secreted IFN-γ and IL-17. The presence of CD8+ iTregs, however, was sufficient to prevent increased GVHD mortality in the complete absence of CD4+ Tregs, indicating at least one functional iTreg population was sufficient to prevent an exacerbation in GVHD severity, and that CD8+ iTregs could compensate for CD4+ iTregs. These studies define a novel population of CD8+ Tregs that play a role in mitigating the severity of GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Wat maak �n kerkorrel gereformeerd? �n Verkenning van Afrikaanse �gereformeerde� musiek in die jare 1980 en 1990 in Suid-Afrika
Authors: Wepener Cas J.
Published: May 2012

In this article, the meaning of a combination of the adjective �reformed� and the noun �music� is explored. The main question is: What can be termed �reformed music�? In order to answer this question, some of the work on liturgy by the theologians Smit, Old and McKee will be explored, specifically their understanding of �reformed liturgy�. Throughout, the article takes the form of a historical reflexive autoethnographic journey into the life and experiences of the author of this article in the period roughly stretching from 1986 to 1996. In particular, it focuses on the way in which the author appropriated two different kinds of music genres. His exposure to both reformed church music and the alternative Afrikaans music movement, which included rock bands such as Johannes Kerkorrel en die Gereformeerde Blues Band will be scrutinised. Ultimately, the aim of this journey is to establish which one of these two music genres from this specific period in the history of South Africa is worthy of the name �reformed music�.
The Prescription of Allopurinol in a Tertiary Care Centre: Appropriate Indications and Dose Adjustment
Authors: Jamal Al-Bishri , Salma Al-Harthi , Wafa Al-Sofiani , Ghadah Almutairi , Roaa AlOsaimi
Published: May 2012

Objective

To determine the appropriateness (both indications and adequate dosage regimen via creatinine clearance estimation) of allopurinol by physicians of different specialties in a tertiary care centre.

Patients and Methods

In this cross sectional study computerized clinical records of 156 adult patients who were prescribed allopurinol from 12th November to 11th December, 2011 were retrieved from Al Hada Hospital Taif Saudi Arabia. Main outcome variables were approprsiate indications of allopurinol, prescribing physician's specialty, and dosage of allopurinol. The prescribed dosages were categorized into correct and incorrect dose adjustments based on creatinine clearance estimation. The SPSS version 16 was utilized for data analyses.

Results

The mean (±SD) age was 58.15 (±14.99) years. There were 105 (67.3%) males and 51 (32.7%) females with male to female ratio being 2:1. Allopurinol was frequently prescribed by nephrologists and family physicians in this study. Out of 156 patients, 46 (29.5%) patients received allopurinol with appropriate indications. Eighty-five (54.5%) patients were received allopurinol without dose adjustment based on their creatinine clearance estimation; among them, 21 (13.5%) received allopurinol with appropriate indications.

Conclusion

The inappropriate use of allopurinol (both the indication and prescribed dosage) is still a major problem in a large tertiary care centre. Furthermore, the specialty of physicians is also a contributory factor in this inappropriateness.
Deconstructing Explanation by Mechanism
Authors: Ruonavaara Hannu
Published: May 2012

Critical realism and analytic sociology support what can be called explanation by mechanism (EbM). EbM consists of three distinct theses. The elaboration thesis says that mere observation of interdependencies cannot be considered a full explanation because it does not give a description of how the proposed causal connection comes about. The mechanism thesis claims that elaboration must contain an account of the generative/causal mechanism at work. The actionalism thesis cannot be placed within all versions of EbM because it states that an account of a mechanism should describe (1) the situation of the agents and (2) the actions the agents undertake on the basis of their situation. The paper argues that both the elaboration thesis and the actionalism thesis are of crucial importance. However, elaboration should not be equated only with an account of mechanism(s) because a ‘theory’ of the agent (agent-image) and an account of the relevant context(s) are needed.
Legitimising Racism: An Exploration of the Challenges Posed by the Use of Indigeneity Discourses by the Far Right
Authors: Williams Sasha , Law Ian
Published: May 2012

The disintegration of the British National Party (BNP) has removed the threat of the party securing a place in the political mainstream in the UK. But, in coming close to this objective it has succeeded in renewing and legitimising both its own claims to speak on behalf of the indigenous people of Britain, as well as the similar claims of other groups such as the English Defence League (EDL), the English Democrats and the Freedom Party. Rather than assessing the impact of the BNP in terms of the number of votes and councillors, this article contends that the renewal of racist discourse may enable far right views and ideologies to penetrate and gain acceptance in mainstream British society over the next decade. This article examines the re-shaping of the rhetoric of indigeneity by the BNP to legitimise racism. Using articles originally written for the BNP magazine Identity between 2006 and 2008 and extracted from the BNP website in advance of the 2010 elections, this article discursively analyses the way in which the BNP deploys the concept of indigeneity in its constructions of social groups in Britain. It is suggested that the potential (mis)use of indigeneity as a legitimising vehicle for racist and illiberal views and policies is exacerbated by the lack of clear definitional boundaries around the concept of indigeneity itself.
Social Stratification, Gender and Sport Participation
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: May 2012

Correlations between social class and sport participation have frequently been observed ( Crook 1997 ; Ceron-Anaya 2010 ; Dollman and Lewis 2010 ; Stalsberg and Pedersen 2010 ). However, discrete associations between occupational class positions and specific sporting activities overlook the complex interrelationships amongst these sports. Until recently understanding the relationality of sport has been constrained by a lack of available and appropriate data. Work by Bourdieu (1984) , and more recently Bennett et al. (2009) , have explored the general field of cultural consumption and sport has been one dimension of these treatments. Using multiple correspondence analysis ( Le Roux and Rouanet 2004 ), this research focuses upon the social space of sport participation in Britain in order to provide a more detailed account of how these activities are organised. From data in the Taking-Part Survey (n = 10,349), which was gathered between July 2005-October 2006, 19 sporting practices are situated along four key dimensions. The first dimension separates gender and corresponds to a division between an embodied or social focus. Dimension two captures the impact of age. Internal and external orientations divide dimension three, where men tend to be internally oriented. Class, education and social status are significant along this dimension. Dimension four differentiates self-employed and manual workers; reinforcing occupational and educational differences. Consequently, the social space of sports participation cannot be neatly contained within the logic of class; other explanations drawing on friendship, education and embodiment are also required.
Picturing Work in an Industrial Landscape: Visualising Labour, Place and Space
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: May 2012

This paper explores the notion of the visual landscape of work. Coming from a sociological perspective it attempts to view work, its meanings and the identities that surround it, through the lens of landscape. It takes on recent challenges to work sociology made by economic/labour geographers who argue that sociological understanding of employment are insufficiently spatial - space if used as a concept at all is reduced to the notion of a boundary containing economic processes rather than something that is constructed and in turn constructs work. Using material from ongoing research into the former Guinness Brewery at Park Royal in West London, and in particular a range of archival and contemporary visual sources, this paper illustrates the ways in which spatial ideas underpin complex sociological notions of work practice and culture. It will examine the way space is implicated in the location, construction, labour, and closing of this once famous brewery and how visual material helps to unlock theoretical and methodological understandings of work and industry.
Identityscapes of a Hair Salon: Work Identities and the Value of Visual Methods
Authors: Shortt Harriet
Published: May 2012

This article considers how one group of workers, hairdressers, use aspects of their material landscape of work as important resources in the production and re-production of their work identities. It shows how the participants of the study use the spaces, objects and things in their workplaces to form a visual narrative of who they are. The article also considers the significance of visual methods in such identity research. It argues for encouraging participants using participant-led photography to choose how to view and arrange their photographs. Participants’ preference for paper analogue prints rather than on-screen digital images allowed them to work with multiple images simultaneously, rather than consecutively, and enabled them to create richer accounts of career development by incorporating time and movement in their stories. The participants’ construction of these ‘identityscapes’, it is argued, can be usefully understood in relation to the concept of ‘photomontages’ developed by the British artist David Hockney.
Polymer-Based Delivery of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 for the Treatment of Diabetes
Authors: Kim Pyung-Hwan , Kim Sung Wan
Published: May 2012

The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor agonist (exendin-4), are well known for glucose homeostasis, insulinotropic effect, and effects on weight loss and food intake. However, due to the rapid degradation of GLP-1 by dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme and renal elimination of exendin-4, their clinical applications have been restricted. Although exendin-4 has longer half-life than GLP-1, it still requires frequent injections to maintain efficacy for the treatment of diabetes. In recent decades, various polymeric delivery systems have been developed for the delivery of GLP-1 and exendin-4 genes or peptides for their long-term action and the extra production in ectopic tissues. Herein, we discuss the modification of the expression cassettes and peptides for long-term production and secretion of the native peptides. In addition, the characteristics of nonviral or viral system used for a delivery of a modified GLP-1 or exendin-4 are described. Furthermore, recent efforts to improve the biological half-life of GLP-1 or exendin-4 peptide via chemical conjugation with various smart polymers via chemical conjugation compared with native peptide are discussed.
Computer mediated discourse and turn taking devices
Authors: Ježková Šárka
Published: May 2012

The article attempts to show how turn taking strategies of using particular devices in asynchronous forums differ from face-to-face communication, how they are conditioned by the medium and also how they are inﬂ uenced by the aim of a particular discussion. The analysis, as part of bigger research, is based on comparison of two corpora of online discussions with different topics and aims, and it shows the shift of functions of typical written devices such as titles, greetings, etc. It is evident that even if interactive exchanges in asynchronous computer mediated forums tend to be linked together less tightly than in face-to-face communication, the potential confusion is prevented by adopting compensatory strategies.
From written to spoken – and in between
Authors: Smolka Vladislav
Published: May 2012

The paper looks at the differences in syntactic and information structure in four types of discourse produced by a single author, the British cosmologist and astrophysicist Sir Martin Rees: a written academic text, a text from a book of popular science, unprepared spoken discourse, and an academic lecture, i.e. a text written to be presented orally. The analysis of the variation in one speaker/writer is expected to highlight systematic differences between the separate types of discourses and to eliminate possible variation across different authors. The paper aims to show how, perhaps even subconsciously, competent language users modify the structure of discourse to fulﬁ l their communicative goals in different types of communication.
Enhanced Lithium-Induced Brain Recovery Following Cranial Irradiation Is Not Impeded by Inflammation
Authors: Malaterre Jordane , McPherson Cameron S. , Denoyer Delphine , Lai Emily , Hagekyriakou Jim , Lightowler Sally , Shudo Koishi , Ernst Matthias , Ashley David M. , Short Jennifer L. , Wheeler Greg , Ramsay Robert G.
Published: May 2012

Radiation-induced brain injury occurs in many patients receiving cranial radiation therapy, and these deleterious effects are most profound in younger patients. Impaired neurocognitive functions in both humans and rodents are associated with inflammation, demyelination, and neural stem cell dysfunction. Here we evaluated the utility of lithium and a synthetic retinoid receptor agonist in reducing damage in a model of brain-focused irradiation in juvenile mice. We found that lithium stimulated brain progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation following cranial irradiation while also preventing oligodendrocyte loss in the dentate gyrus of juvenile mice. In response to inflammation induced by radiation, which may have encumbered the optimal reparative action of lithium, we used the anti-inflammatory synthetic retinoid Am80 that is in clinical use in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Although Am80 reduced the number of cyclooxygenase-2-positive microglial cells following radiation treatment, it did not enhance lithium-induced neurogenesis recovery, and this alone was not significantly different from the effect of lithium on this proinflammatory response. Similarly, lithium was superior to Am80 in supporting the restoration of new doublecortin-positive neurons following irradiation. These data suggest that lithium is superior in its restorative effects to blocking inflammation alone, at least in the case of Am80. Because lithium has been in routine clinical practice for 60 years, these preclinical studies indicate that this drug might be beneficial in reducing post-therapy late effects in patients receiving cranial radiotherapy and that blocking inflammation in this context may not be as advantageous as previously suggested.
Concise Review: The Periosteum: Tapping into a Reservoir of Clinically Useful Progenitor Cells
Authors: Chang Hana , Knothe Tate Melissa L.
Published: May 2012

Elucidation of the periosteum and its regenerative potential has become a hot topic in orthopedics. Yet few review articles address the unique features of periosteum-derived cells, particularly in light of translational therapies and engineering solutions inspired by the periosteum's remarkable regenerative capacity. This review strives to define periosteum-derived cells in light of cumulative research in the field; in addition, it addresses clinical translation of current insights, hurdles to advancement, and open questions in the field. First, we examine the periosteal niche and its inhabitant cells and the key characteristics of these cells in the context of mesenchymal stem cells and their relevance for clinical translation. We compare periosteum-derived cells with those derived from the marrow niche in in vivo studies, addressing commonalities as well as features unique to periosteum cells that make them potentially ideal candidates for clinical application. Thereafter, we review the differentiation and tissue-building properties of periosteum cells in vitro, evaluating their efficacy in comparison with marrow-derived cells. Finally, we address a new concept of banking periosteum and periosteum-derived cells as a novel alternative to currently available autogenic umbilical blood and perinatal tissue sources of stem cells for today's population of aging adults who were “born too early” to bank their own perinatal tissues. Elucidating similarities and differences inherent to multipotent cells from distinct tissue niches and their differentiation and tissue regeneration capacities will facilitate the use of such cells and their translation to regenerative medicine.
Discordia, reforma constitucional y Excepción de Inconstitucionalidad
Authors: Maya Chaves María José
Published: May 2012

Colombian constitutional history has been characterized by constitutions formulated by a victorious party and imposed on the defeated. The Constitution of 1886 was no exception. The Nationalist Party, founded by Núñez, debated and approved a constitution that created the necessary conditions for the oppression and exclusion of the political minority, composed of the Historic Conservative and Liberal parties. This had two important consequences. First, it led to discord and two wars, the closure of the media, and the exile of political leaders. Second, it encouraged the union of the Liberals and Historic Conservatives into a single party, the Republican Union, whose goal was to struggle against the discord created by the 1886 Constitution and the presidencies of people like Miguel Antonio Caro and Rafael Reyes. To do so, it promoted the constitutional reforms of 1910 and the consecration of the Exception of Unconstitutionality.
Fabrication of a Large‐Area Al‐Doped ZnO Nanowire Array Photosensor with Enhanced Photoresponse by Straining
Authors: Wang Ruey‐Chi , Lin Hsin‐Ying , Wang Chao‐Hung , Liu Chuan‐Pu
Published: May 2012

The photosensing properties of flexible large‐area nanowire (NW)‐based photosensors are enhanced via in situ Al doping and substrate straining. A method for efficiently making nanodevices incorporating laterally doped NWs is developed and the strain‐dependent photoresponse is investigated. Photosensors are fabricated by directly growing horizontal single‐crystalline Al‐doped ZnO NW arrays across Au microelectrodes patterned on a flexible SiO2/steel substrate to enhance the transportation of carriers and the junction between NWs and electrodes. The Raman spectrum of the Al:ZnO NWs, which have an average diameter and maximum length of around 40 nm and 6.8 μm, respectively, shows an Al‐related peak at 651 cm−1. The device shows excellent photosensing properties with a high ultraviolet/visible rejection ratio, as well as extremely high maximum photoresponsivity and sensitivity at a low bias. Increasing the tensile strain from 0 to 5.6% linearly enhances the photoresponsivity from 1.7 to 3.8 AW−1 at a bias of 1 V, which is attributed to a decrease in the Schottky barrier height resulting from a piezo‐photonic effect. The high‐performance flexible NW device presented here has applications in coupling measurements of light and strain in a flexible photoelectronic nanodevice and can aid in the development of better flexible and integrated photoelectronic systems.
Conducting Domain Walls in Lithium Niobate Single Crystals
Authors: Schröder Mathias , Haußmann Alexander , Thiessen Andreas , Soergel Elisabeth , Woike Theo , Eng Lukas M.
Published: May 2012

Ferroic materials play an increasingly important role in novel (nano)electronic devices. Recently, research on domain walls (DWs) receives a big boost by the discovery of DW conductivity (DWC) in BiFeO3 and Pb(ZrxTi1‐x)O3 ferroic thin films. Here, it is demonstrated that DWC is not restricted to thin films, but equally applies to millimeter‐thick wide‐bandgap, ferroic single crystals, such as LiNbO3. In this material transport along DWs can be switched by super‐bandgap illumination and tuned by engineering the tilting angle of DWs with respect to the polar axis. The results are consistently obtained using conductive atomic force microscopy to locally map the DWC and macroscopic contacts, thereby in addition investigating the temperature dependence, DW transport activation energies, and relaxation behavior.
In Situ TEM Experiments of Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation of Individual Nanostructures
Authors: Liu Xiao Hua , Liu Yang , Kushima Akihiro , Zhang Sulin , Zhu Ting , Li Ju , Huang Jian Yu
Published: May 2012

Understanding the microscopic mechanisms of electrochemical reaction and material degradation is crucial for the rational design of high‐performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs). A novel nanobattery assembly and testing platform inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) has been designed, which allows a direct study of the structural evolution of individual nanowire or nanoparticle electrodes with near‐atomic resolution in real time. In this review, recent progresses in the study of several important anode materials are summarized. The consistency between in situ and ex situ results is shown, thereby validating the new in situ testing paradigm. Comparisons between a variety of nanostructures lead to the conclusion that electrochemical reaction and mechanical degradation are material specific, size dependent, and geometrically and compositionally sensitive. For example, a highly anisotropic lithiation in Si is observed, in contrast to the nearly isotropic response in Ge. The Ge nanowires can develop a spongy network, a unique mechanism for mitigating the large volume changes during cycling. The Si nanoparticles show a critical size of ∼150 nm below which fracture is averted during lithiation, and above which surface cracking, rather than central cracking, is observed. In carbonaceous nanomaterials, the lithiated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are drastically embrittled, while few‐layer graphene nanoribbons remain mechanically robust after lithiation. This distinct contrast manifests a strong ‘geometrical embrittlement’ effect as compared to a relatively weak ‘chemical embrittlement’ effect. In oxide nanowires, discrete cracks in ZnO nanowires are generated near the lithiation reaction front, leading to leapfrog cracking, while a mobile dislocation cloud at the reaction front is observed in SnO2 nanowires. This contrast is corroborated by ab initio calculations that indicate a strong chemical embrittlement of ZnO, but not of SnO2, after a small amount of lithium insertion. In metallic nanowires such as Al, delithiation causes pulverization, and the product nanoparticles are held in place by the surface Li‐Al‐O glass tube, suggesting possible strategies for improving electrode cyclability by coatings. In addition, a new in situ chemical lithiation method is introduced for fast screening of battery materials by conventional TEM. Evidently, in situ nanobattery experiments inside TEM are a powerful approach for advancing the fundamental understanding of electrochemical reactions and materials degradation and therefore pave the way toward rational design of high‐performance LIBs.