bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acrophialophora fusispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acrophialophora fusispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis, Bambusa, Brassica, Cajanus, Citrus, Cicer, Cyamopsis, Dolichos, Elaeis, Gliricidia, Gossypium, Hordeum, Lycopersicon, Oryza, Papaver, Pennisetum, Phaseolus, Pinus, Saccharum, Syzygium, Tephrosia, Trigonella, Triticum, Vigna, Zea, Zingiber
; also from air, animals (including man), soil, and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Zaire. ASIA: India, Pakistan Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka. EUROPE: Belgium. NORTH AMERICA. Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Phytophthora clandestina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora clandestina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Trifolium subterraneum
. DISEASE: Root rot of subterranean clover; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. In field plants, black necrotic lesions develop 1-4 cm below the soil surface extending into the stele and causing orange-brown to brown tissue discoloration. Dry matter can be reduced by 71% (69, 5030). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania; Australia (NSW, WA, Vic.) TRANSMISSION: Presumably by zoospores released in moist soil. Oospores may act as perennating structures.
Alternaria eichhorniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria eichhorniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eichhornia crassipes, Monochoria vaginalis. Hibiscus sabdariffa
has been reported to be infected when inoculated with
A. eichhorniae
(69, 4166). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Water Hyacinth. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Bangladesh, India. TRANSMISSION: Not known, most likely by water and by air.
Embellisia allii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Embellisia allii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Allium sativum
(white garlic). DISEASE: Garlic bulb canker; lesions occur on the bulbs of white garlic on the back and edges of the cloves where they touch other cloves. Lesions are seen as a dark layer underneath the epidermis. The fungus then penetrates the parenchyma causing a breakdown of the cells to form lacunae in which the fungus can sporulate. The leaves and flower stems of garlic can also be attacked by the fungus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Zimbabwe. Asia: Israel. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (NSW), New Zealand. Europe: Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, Spain, UK, Yugoslavia. North America: Mexico, USA (Louisiana, Massachussetts, New Mexico). Central & South America: Argentina. Brazil, Chile. Puerto Rico, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters in the plant debris, soil and infected bulbs.
Entyloma ficariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma ficariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ranunculus ficaria
and other species of
Ranunculus; R. acris, R. auricomus, R. bongardii, R. cassubicus, R. eremogenes, R. macounii, R. montanus, R. multifidus, R. nemorosus, R. occidentalis, R. oreophilus, R. pennsylvanicus, R. polyanthemos, R. repens, R. sardous, R. scleratus, R. septentrionalis
; there are occasional records for other
Ranunculaceae
(
Anemone, Thalictrum
). DISEASE: Leaf spot or white smut of
Ranunculus
species. Infected plants often show slightly smaller leaves and fewer flowers than uninfected. Although the smut is not systemic, it is common for almost every leaf of a plant to develop spots and for disease to persist within a small area year after year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in north temperate regions. Asia: Japan, Turkey, USSR; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR; North America: Canada, USA (33: 450 & 634; Vanky, 1985). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive in infected plant remains in soil and germinate, chiefly in spring, to infect the new seasons leaves. Conidia are disseminated by wind and rain and contribute to the spread of disease throughout the growing season.
Penicillium viridicatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium viridicatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Most commonly associated with cereals and their products (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On animals: It has been implicated in porcine nephropathy (RMVM 19, 996). In man: It causes allergic reactions in grain workers (RMVM 23: 575). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a particular preference for more temperate climates.
Elsinoe batatas
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Hyde K. D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe batatas
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Ipomoea batatas
. DISEASE: Leaf and stem scab of sweet potato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Caroline Islands, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Guadalcanal ?, Guam, Hong Kong, Japan. Malaysa (including Sabah and Sarawak), New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea. Taiwan, Tonga, Vanuata. TRANSMISSION: By waterborne spores and through cuttings.
Phyllachora musicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hyde K. D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora musicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Tar spot of banana (black cross disease). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne and water-borne ascospores.
Rehmiodothis osbeckiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rehmiodothis osbeckiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Melastoma candidum, M. decemfidum, M. fuscum, M. malabathricum, M. polyanthum, M. sanguineum, Osbeckia octandra, O. virgata
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Java), Philippines, Sri Lanka. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne dispersal of ascospores. Little is known of the pathology of this fungus.
Davisomycella ponderosae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Davisomycella ponderosae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus ponderosa
. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. The fungus fruits on dead needles, or on dead portions between green parts of otherwise living needles. Trees from 1.5-9 m high have been affected, those in the higher range being affected only in the lower crown, while foliage throughout the crown of smaller trees showed symptoms. Most observations have been of the fungus fruiting on needles still attached to the tree, frequently attacking only one or two needles of a bundle. Needle bundles with attacked needles were often observed to be shed prematurely. Ascospore discharge has been observed between mid-July and mid-August, though ascomata containing spores which could germinate have been collected as late as mid-October (44, 892). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Colorado). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Lophodermella concolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermella concolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, Pinus contorta, Pinus contorta
var.
murrayana
. DISEASES: needle cast of pines.
Lophodermella concolor
is a strong pathogen with a 1-year life cycle (12, 254). New needles are infected in June and July, and turn reddish-brown about nine months later, becoming somewhat greyish brown when the ascomata start to appear in May. Infected needles are dwarfed and appear tufted. Infection is more or less even on young crowns, but on older trees the lower crown is most heavily infected, with often only the current year's needles remaining. Needle-cast occurs 12-14 months after initial infection at, or slightly before maturation of the ascomata. The disease leads often to almost entire defoliation, which may result in shoot and branch death (12, 254; Mielke, 1956). Where tree mortality due to
L. concolor
occurs, it is most likely to be in highly susceptible, low-vigour or stressed trees in overstocked stands (Williams, 1976). Root diseases and bark beetles may be contributory factors. Severe infection occurs in areas where fog or mist are common, and high precipitation probably increases disease incidence (Mielke, 1956). Resistant trees, which come from among the tallest and most vigourous, have been selected for inclusion in a
P. contorta
improvement programme, but results of any further work on resistance have not yet been reported. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Saskatchewan), USA (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Wyoming, Utah). TRANSMISSION: by airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Meloderma sharmarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Meloderma sharmarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus merkusii, Pinus
sp. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Little is known of the biology of
M. sharmarum
, but the only other member of this genus known from pines has several times been implicated in needle cast of pines, so
M. sharmarum
should also be regarded as a potential source of disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bhutan, India (Arunchal Pradesh), Thailand. TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Calonectria pteridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria pteridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea, Arachnoides adiantiformis
(62, 687; 63, 4469),
Arecastrum romanzoffianum, Asparagus plumosus, Callistemon
spp.,
Cedrella vulgaris, Chamadorea elegans, Cocos nucifera, Collinia elegans, Dryopteris, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Heliconia bihai, Howea
spp.,
Lupinus
spp.,
Melaleuca leucadendron
(48, 609),
Pinus caribaea
var.
hondurensis, P. oocarpa, Rhododendron obtusum, Scolopendrium
sp.,
Solanum tuberosum
(61, 4007),
Strelitzia reginae, Washingtonia robusta
. DISEASE: Associated with leaf spots and root disease of various hosts. Leaf spot of oil palm on the Ivory Coast (53, 1502; 59, 1835), of
Camellia sinensis
in Mauritius (41; 358; 53, 1669), and needle blight of
Pinus caribaea
(61, 6624) have been reported. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Australia, Brazil (61, 5172), India, Malaysia (53, 4211), Sabah, U.S.A. (Florida). TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Calonectria spathulata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria spathulata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Araucaria angustifolia; Eucalyptus viminalis, E. cloeziana, E. grandis, Pteridium
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spots (65, 6198). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Phomopsis elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Elaeis guineensis
(oil palm) (
Palmae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot of oil palm. Lesions elliptical to irregular, light brown with a paler central area. The fungus has also been isolated from roots and seeds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Guinea, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zaire); Asia (India including Andaman Is., Sabah, East Malaysia); Australasia & Oceania (Australia: Northern Territory; Solomon Is.); Central America (Dominica); South America (Ecuador). TRANSMISSION: Most probably by water and debris in the soil. The mode of entry and spread of the disease have not been investigated.
Phomopsis folliculicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis folliculicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Theobroma cacao
(cocoa) (main host),
Guazuma grandiflora
(=
Theobroma grandiflora
) and
Trochetia boutoniana
(
Sterculiaceae
). DISEASE: Associated with rotting pod, flower stalk, bark, stem and witches broom condition of cocoa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (India, Malaysia, Sabah); Australasia & Oceania (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Is.) South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Dominica, Granada, Jamaica, St. Lucia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by conidia dispersed by water splash during wet and humid conditions.
Nectria radicicola var. coprosmae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. , Samuels G. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria radicicola var. coprosmae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On many different woody and herbaceous plants including
Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae), Coprosma (Rubiaceae
),
Fuchsia (Onagraceae), Olearia (Asteraceae), Ripogonum (Smilacaceae), Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae
), and on the tree fern
Cyathea medullaris
(Forst. f.) Bernh. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand (North and South Islands).
Cylindrocladium ovatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium ovatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Amazonia, Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Peronospora digitalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora digitalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Digitalis ferruginea, D. grandiflora
(=
D. ambigua
),
D. lutea, D. purpurea
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Digitalis
species. Leaf lesions are hypophyllous, dark brown, spherical, initially 1-2 cm diam., eventually coalescing. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia. Europe: Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland, Wales). TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by wind or rain-splash.
Trichocladium opacum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Trichocladium opacum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Betula, Castanea, Epilobium, Fagus, Fraxinus, Heterodera, Phragmites, Platanthera, Quercus, Ribes, Solanum
,
Spiraea
. Also from leaf litter, soil, water and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Pakistan. Australasia & Oceania: New Zealand. Europe: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Eire, Spain UK. North America: Canada. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrullus lanatus
is the natural host.
Cucumis melo
(61, 1997) has also been noted and other members of the
Cucurbitaceae
can produce symptoms following inoculation. DISEASE: Two distinct symptoms have been observed: 1) leaf spots, forming water-soaked lesions on the cotyledons of seedlings; 2) watermelon fruit blotch, forming large, firm, water-soaked lesions with irregular margins on fruit. As lesions age on fruit the periderm can crack and bacterial ooze is produced. The pathogen is thought to enter the fruit through stomata; immature fruits in particular are infected (Frankle
et al.
, 1993). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Guam, Tinian, (possibly Malaysia and Indonesia, IMI records), USA (AR, DE, Florida, GA, IW, IN, MD, NC, SC). TRANSMISSION: The spread of seedling blight appears to be seed borne (Sowell & Schaad, 1979). No information on the spread of watermelon fruit blotch exists at present, though dissemination by infected seed seems likely.
Burkholderia caryophylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Burkholderia caryophylli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus caryophyllus
, and
D
.
allwoodii
and
D
.
barbatus
by inoculation.
Gysophila paniculata
(71, 5902),
Helianthus annuus
(71, 7223) and
Limonium sinuatum
(63, 3401; 68, 3811). DISEASE: Bacterial wilt and stem cracking; a systemic vascular disease. Vascular tissues fracture as a result of invasion, resulting in a generalized wilt of the plant with roots disintegrating. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (
CMI Map
411, ed. 2, 1976) China, Japan, Taiwan, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Yugoslavia, USA (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Washington State), Argentina, Brazil (SE). TRANSMISSION: The main source of infection is by the movement of infected cuttings taken from mother plants with latent infections. Infection can also occur from contaminated tools and water.
Alternaria longissima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria longissima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pollen grains, husks and grains of numerous members of the
Poaceae
, such as
Zea mays, Pennisetum typhoides, Saccharum officinarum
and
Oryza sativa
; on seeds of
Sesamum
and
Capsicum
, and on diverse plant debris. DISEASE: None is normally caused in the natural environment, however it is reported as causing stem and leaf blight of sunflowers in Thailand (71, 5765), as well as a zonate leaf spot and stem necrosis of
Sesamum
(61, 5893). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia. C. & S. America: Cuba, Venezuela. N. America: Bermuda, USA (GA, NC). Asia: Bhutan, Brunei, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand. Europe: Ukraine. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (QLD, VIC), New Zealand, Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal, New Georgia). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia as well as on seeds.
Ulocladium botrytis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ulocladium botrytis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wood, seeds, stems, leaves of many different plants, soil, textiles, paper. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Moçambique. Asia: India, Iraq, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey. America: Canada, Honduras, USA (California, MA). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Eire, Germany, Portugal, Sweden, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia, and possibly through water, soil and plant debris.
Cladosporium variabile
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium variabile
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Spinacia oleracea
. Reports of this species from other hosts, such as
Impatiens
and
Brassica
, generally refer to infections by
Cladosporium macrocarpum
Preuss. DISEASE: Leaf-spot of spinach. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Shaanxi, Xinjiang), India. N. America: USA (MA, VA). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Mycosphaerella delegatensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella delegatensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. obliqua
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Mycosphaerella parkii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella parkii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus grandis, E. saligna, E. globulus
. DISEASE: Associated with a serious leaf spot disease of
Eucalyptus
in Brazil (72, 5535). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Indonesia. TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Tilletia vittata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia vittata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oplismenus
species, including
O. burmannii, O. compositus, O. setarius, O. undulatifolius
. DISEASE: Ovary smut of
Oplismenus
. Usually only about 30% of the ovaries in an inflorescence are infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya; Asia: India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; 72, 5629; Karnataka, Shetty & Safeeulla, 1981); Australasia: Australia (Qld); North America: Mexico (Durán, 1972). TRANSMISSION: The dusty spore mass is presumably dispersed by air currents; any seed contamination that occurs is unlikely to be important because infection is not systemic. Shetty & Safeeulla (1981) obtained infection by spraying unopened flowers with basidiosporal suspensions made from agar cultures.
Aspergillus flavus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Zofia
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus flavus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soils, decaying vegetation, cereals, nuts, spices, etc. (Kozakiewicz, 1994). DISEASES:
On insects
: Frequently found on corn earworms, corn borers (Domsch
et al.
, 1980), bee larvae, locusts, termites, insect scales etc (IMI, 1992).
On man
: Causes invasive lesions of the orbit, particularly in hot, dry geographic regions. It has also been isolated from human skin, nails, bones, the central nervous system and lungs (Smith, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but it is predominantly a tropical and subtropical species.
Aspergillus fumigatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Zofia
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A human and animal pathogen. Also found in soils, plants seeds, sludge, compost, wood chips (IMI, 1992). DISEASES:
On animals
: The species causes aspergillosis, a respiratory infection. It has been reported in nearly all domesticated animals and birds. Contributory factors appear to be stress of captivity and immaturity (Smith, 1989). The most common infection is that of the respiratory tract in birds (Jauniaux & Coignoul, 1994), poultry, lambs (Smith, 1989) and cattle (Pawaiya & Charan, 1995). It also causes mycotic abortion in cattle, guttural pouch lesions in horses and nasal and systemic lesions in dogs (Kozakiewicz, 1994). The infection of incubating eggs by
A. fumigatus
is another economic problem. Penetration of the egg by germinating conidia occurs at the time of laying. Modern techniques of large-scale egg production are to blame.
On man: Aspergillus fumigatus
is the causal agent of aspergillosis, farmer's lung disease, aspergillomas and invasive aspergillosis (Mathews & Chandy, 1995). Factors which cause growth of this species in humans include susceptibility through various chemotherapy treatments, prolonged use of antibiotics (particularly the broad spectrum drugs), and certain surgical operations such as open-heart techniques (Tang
et al.
, 1994; Graham
et al.
, 1995). Immuno-suppressed patients are particularly susceptible. Prevalence appears to be seasonal with autumn/early winter the dominant season. It has also been isolated from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (Viale
et al.
, 1994; Martinez-Jabaloya
et al.
, 1995; Donisi
et al.
, 1995). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but as a thermotolerant species tends to be found on produce undergoing heating.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apium graveolens
var.
dulce
(celery),
A. graveolens
var.
rapaceum
(celeriac). Symptomless infection of other crop plants and weeds may occur (66, 4005). Race 1 was reported to produce root lesions on inoculated
Asparagus
seedlings (68, 2953). The fungus can also cause vascular wilt of Mexican sunflower (
Tithonia rotundifolia
'Torch') (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1966), peas (
Pisum sativum
) (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1967),
Asparagus
, Aubergine/Eggplant (
Solanum melongena
) and cotton (
Gossypium arboreum
'Rozi',
G. barbadense
'Coastland', 'Sakel') (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1969). DISEASE:
Fusarium
yellows. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Taiwan; Europe: France; North America: Canada (British Columbia, Ont), USA (widespread).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa
L. (onion, shallots),
A. sativum
L. (garlic) (see notes below concerning
F
.
oxysporum
f.sp.
garlic), A. fistulosum
L. (Japanese bunching onion),
A. chinense G
. Don (rakkyo);
Asparagus
(68, 2953);
Oxalis
spp. (56, 1835). DISEASE: Basal rot of bulbs. Damping off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, Zambia. Australasia: India, Israel, Japan, Philippines, Tasmania. Europe: Greece, Hungary, Italy. North America: USA. South America: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Via seed, infected planting material or movement of soil. Local dispersal is by slimy micro- and macroconidia moved by water flow and splash droplets.
Inocybe dulcamara
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Inocybe dulcamara
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal with conifers and deciduous trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Europe, North Africa. TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Panaeolus sphinctrinus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Panaeolus sphinctrinus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Grows in pastures, on dung of horses and cows. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, South America, Europe, Iceland, North Africa, Canary Islands, Israel, Siberia, Japan (Dennis 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Ophiodothella panamensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ophiodothella panamensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cordia heterophylla, C. sulcata
(
Boraginaceae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are air-dispersed, possibly penetrating new host tissue by means of appressoria; conidia are probably spermatial in function.
Polystigma rubrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Polystigma rubrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus domestica, Prunus institia
(syn.
Prunus domestica
subsp.
institia
),
Prunus spinosa
. Records on
Prunus salicina
(e.g. 46, 1510; 52, 1801) have not been verified. DISEASE: Large brightly coloured spots on leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Armenia, Austria, Belgium (17, 68), Bulgaria (16, 392), Channel Islands, China, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece (52, 2856), Hungary, India (60, 6325), Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan (46, 1510), Kazakhstan (61, 1062), Kirghizia (61, 1062), unverified, Korea (52, 1801), unverified), Lebanon (49, 982), Lithuania (42, 308), Moldova (Fatina, 1989), Netherlands (Oudemans, 1897), Poland, Portugal (Sousa da Câmara, 1916), Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain (7, 407), Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan (47, 576), Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan (61, 1062, unverified). TRANSMISSION: Stromata develop throughout late spring and summer on living leaves, producing conidia in summer and autumn, and ascospores from fallen overwintered leaves the following spring. Conidiomata sometimes persist in an apparently viable condition until the ascomata are mature. Transmission is by air-dispersal of ascospores.
Colpoma juniperi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Colpoma juniperi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Juniperus communis
(bark, twig),
J. communis
subsp.
nana
(twig),
J. nana
[=
J. communis
subsp.
nana
] (twig),
J. sibirica
(twig),
Juniperus
sp. (twig). DISEASE:
Colpoma juniperi
is found on living and dead branches, typically on old bushes or trees in undisturbed natural forest, but also on long-established dwarf bushes at higher altitudes. Unlike branches on other plants inhabited by other species of
Colpoma
, those of
Juniperus
bearing
C. juniperi
are not noticeably brittle. It is usually found only on the lower part of the tree or bush, mostly near the centre of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Estonia, Finland, former Czechoslovakia [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Greenland [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Iceland [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Scotland), Ukraine. The fungus may also exist in the USA (New York) [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977], but this could be
Coccomyces petersii
incorrectly identified.
Colpoma juniperi
is common in northern Scandinavia, becoming rarer further south, and appears to be absent from Denmark [
fide
Holm & Holm, 1977]. Altitude records exist up to 1850m (Ukraine), 870m (Norway) and 760m (Scotland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata containing ascospores have been observed from May to July; ascomata which no longer contain ascospores have been observed in September.
Rhytisma andromedae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhytisma andromedae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Andromeda glaucophylla
(leaf),
A. polifolia
(leaf),
Kalmia polifolia
(stem),
Lyonia ligustrina
(leaf),
Pieris phillyrifolia
(leaf). Almost all records are on
A. polifolia
. DISEASE:
Rhytisma andromedae
is found on living and dead leaves and, often, twigs. In Scandinavia and Britain, the stroma forms during July, and conidia are produced in July and August (exceptionally September); stromata with immature ascomata are found between March and May of the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Belarus, Canada (Newfoundland, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), Eire, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia (Archangelsk Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Tver Oblast), Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine, USA (Alaska, Georgia, Maine, Virginia). In Norway the fungus has been recorded from as far north as 70° and is known up to altitudes of about 700 m (Eckblad & Torkelsen, 1986). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata contain ascospores have been observed from May to early August.
Erysiphe convolvuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Heluta V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erysiphe convolvuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of members of the Convolvulaceae only. Mycelium, conidiophores, conidia and ascomata form first white, then dirty-grey layers on damaged leaves.
Erysiphe convolvuli
can be used as an agent of biocontrol against any
Convolvulus
species which are malicious weeds. HOSTS:
Calystegia hederacea, C. sepium, C. silvatica, C. soldanella, Convolvulus althaeoides, C. ammanii, C. arvensis, C. askabadensis
(incl. C.
pseudocantabrica), C. divaricatus, C. fruticosus, C. galaticus, C. hamadae, C. hirsutus, C. lineatus, C. pilosellaefolius, C. sagittaefolius
, C.
scammonia, C. siculus, C. subhirsutus, C. tricolor, Ipomoea batatas
(?),
I
.
cymosa
(?). [Type host -
Convolvulus arvensis
] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya, Morocco. Asia (temperate areas only): Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (north Caucasus, south and southwest Siberia), Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe (almost all): Austria, Bulgaria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (European part), UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America (introduced). South America: Argentina, Brazil (introduced). TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôle of ascospores in disease transmission is unknown, although it has been supposed that they can cause the initial stage of the disease.
Asterina nyanzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Asterina nyanzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from
Grewia asiatica
(syn. G.
elastica), G. excelsa
(syn. G.
rothii), G. nyanzae
[recorded as such in the original publication and on the isotype in IMI but this name cannot be traced]. DISEASE: this species is a presumed biotroph, usually occurring on symptomless leaf tissue, especially where leaves are old. However, nutrition in
Asterina
has not been studied in any detail, and it is possible that the colonies gain energy from cuticular waxes or honeydew, and the appressoria are structures associated with attachment rather than parasitism. In one specimen studied, the colonies were associated with, and apparently causing poorly defined brown leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: recorded from India, Nepal and Uganda. TRANSMISSION: this has not been studied, but presumably ascospores are wind-dispersed and conidia transmitted by water-splash.
Capnodium salicinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Capnodium salicinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: recorded from living leaves and twigs of a wide variety of species, including species
of Acer
(Aceraceae),
Baccharis
(Compositae),
Bursaria
(Pittosporaceae),
Castanospermum
(Leguminosae),
Casuarina
(Casuarinaceae),
Citrus
(Rutaceae),
Epacris
(Epacridaceae),
Helichrysum
(Compositae),
Leptospermum
(Myrtaceae),
Pittosporum
(Pittosporaceae),
Populus
(Salicaceae),
Salix
(Salicaceae),
Syncarpia
(Myrtaceae) and
Ulmus
(Ulmaceae). DISEASE: sooty mould; saprobic on honeydew and plant exudates, apparently without a deleterious effect on the plant apart from loss of photosynthetic capacity; this has been demonstrated for other species of
Capnodium
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: widely distributed; recorded from Australia, Cameroun, France, Hungary, Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, USA (California, Montana, Wisconsin) and Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: the ascospores are presumably air-dispersed and the conidia transmitted via water-splash, but there is no experimental evidence to support these suppositions.
Septoria lavandulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria lavandulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Disease of living and withering leaves. The fungus causes small necrotic spots on the lower leaves of young plants (BOUNAURIO
et al.
, 1996). Further development of
S. lavandulae
retards growth of the whole infected plant and promotes premature defoliation (ZHUKOVA, 1977). HOSTS:
Lavandula angustifolia
(syn. :
L. spica
),
L. dentata, L. latifolia, L. officinalis, L. pyrenaica, L. stoechas, L. vera
(Lamiaceae). [Type host-
L. vera
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Madeira. Europe: Bulgaria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, UK, Ukraine. North America: USA (Ohio, Oklahoma). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or splash dispersed conidia from infected bushes (WORMALD, 1925); also from infected plant débris.
Aspergillus sydowii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus sydowii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a soil species (DOMSCH
et al.
, 1980), but also isolated from other substrata, including wallpaper, talc, paint and cotton yarn (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999). DISEASE: On man isolated from keratomycosis (mycoses), bones, joints, lungs and the central nervous system (SMITH, 1989). In addition it has been isolated from onychomycosis (SUMMERBELL
et al.
, 1989), from AIDS patients (NEVES
et al.
, 1998) and as component of hospital air mycoflora (GOODLEY
et al.
, 1994). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Eurotium echinulatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Eurotium echinulatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A xerotolerant species and therefore isolated from relatively dry products and substrata such as spruce needles, linseed cake, table jelly, figs, grain and soil (CABI BIOSCIENCE, 1999; CBS, 1996). DISEASE: Not known to be a pathogen of animals (including man), but members of sect.
Aspergillus
(
A. glaucus
group) have been isolated from nails, mycetomas, paranasal tissue and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (SMITH, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.
Alternaria gaisen
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria gaisen
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Black spot of Japanese pear. HOSTS:
Pyrus pyrifolia
cv. Nijisseiki (
Rosaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan, Korea, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Alternaria japonica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria japonica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Radish black spot. Lesions occur on leaves, petioles, stems, inflorescence, siliquae and the fungus also infects the seeds. HOSTS:
Brassica napus
(Napobrassica Group),
B. nigra, B. oleracea
(Botrytis & Capitata Groups),
B. rapa
(Chinensis, Pekinensis and Rapifera Groups,
B. rapa
subsp.
campestris
),
Matthiola incana, Raphanus sativus
(
Cruciferae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan), USA (Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania). SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil. ASIA: Bhutan, China (Jilin, Sichuan), India (Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Iraq, Israel, Japan, Russia (Far East), Saudi Arabia, Thailand. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, UK. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne or through plant debris remaining in the field.
Aulacostroma pandani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aulacostroma pandani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Pandanus copelandii, P. humilis, P. luzonensis, P. odoratissimus (Pandanaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Philippines. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Xanthomonas albilineans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas albilineans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bambusa vulgaris, Coix lacryma-jobi, Cymbopogon citratus, Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, Sorghum halepense, Zea mays
(
Poaceae
). Wild hosts:
Brachiaria piligera, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum maximum, Paspalum conjugatum, P. dilatatum, Pennisetum purpureum, Rottboellia cochinchinensis
(
Poaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf scald of sugarcane, considered to be one of the major diseases of this host. Two disease phases have been recorded: chronic and acute. In the chronic phase a typical white line (1-2 mm wide) runs parallel to the leaf veins almost the entire length of the leaf. Latterly, lines may become diffuse and redden, particularly in the middle of the stripe. Partial or total chlorosis of leaves occurs (scalding) and is accompanied by an inward curling. In the acute phase of the disease, sudden plant death occurs with few or no symptoms. The disease can remain dormant until environmental conditions are favourable for symptom expression. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo Democratic Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico (Vera Cruz), Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil (Säo Paulo, Sergipe), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela. ASIA: Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Fiji, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: Primarily on infected cuttings and fluffs (mature flowers). The use of contaminated tools and harvesters aids local spread. Airborne infection has occurred and wet and stormy conditions are highly conducive to disease spread. Root to root infections have also been recorded (KLETT & ROTT, 1994).