bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Method-Produced Uncertainty in Isometric Mapping
Authors: Dooley Mathew A. , Lavin Stephen J.
Published: June 2014

Isometric mapping, while highly uncertain, continues to be a preferred mapping method for continuous data in many of the physical and social sciences. Isometric method-produced uncertainty refers to the various map representations that result when different methods and/or specifications are used in the mapping process. This paper examines ways to communicate the nature and magnitude of isometric method-produced uncertainty to map readers so that they are encouraged to be uncertain when it is warranted. As a case study, we consider an extensive set of plant hardiness zone maps that result when different interpolation methods and sampling resolutions operate on the same set of data. Our results show that slightly different choices in the mapping process can result in very different looking isometric maps, and suggest that the manifestations of method-produced uncertainty are not as systematic, or straightforward, as suggested by interpolation accuracy assessments. We then explore the use of two existing visualization techniques, flickering and transparency, to communicate the nature and magnitude of isometric method-produced uncertainty.
Introducing Plan Oblique Relief
Authors: Jenny Bernhard , Patterson Tom
Published: June 2014

Plan oblique relief is a new digital technique for rendering three dimensional terrain on otherwise planimetric (conventional flat) maps. Landforms shown realistically in side view have an illustrative quality that appeals to readers. Inspired by the work of manual mapmakers of the past, the paper begins with a historical review that includes maps by Xaver Imfeld of Switzerland, Erwin Raisz of the United States, and Heinrich Berann of Austria. In the next, digital techniques section, the projections and rendering parameters needed to create plan oblique relief receive attention, as does Natural Scene Designer 5.0, the first commercial software to offer this functionality. The section on design takes a candid look at the advantages and disadvantages of plan oblique relief. The paper ends on a practical note by discussing two maps made by the authors that feature plan oblique relief, one a panorama and the other a physical map.
Judgments of Size Change Trends in Static and Animated Graduated Circle Displays
Authors: Kostelnick John C. , Land J. Devin , Juola James F.
Published: June 2014

Despite the abundance of research on the perception of information presented as graduated or proportional circles on static maps, such experiments have been rare for animated map displays. However, such experimental results might be beneficial for selecting optimal methods for depicting temporal change on graduated circle maps. In the present experiment, participants judged whether a greater number of circles in an n x n array increased or decreased during a 1500-millisecond (ms) observation interval. The variable n represented values of 6, 8, and 10,and all circles changed size (some larger, some smaller) from a common starting size either in a discrete shift (static condition) in the middle of the observation interval, or in a smooth, apparently continuous shift (animated condition) over the same interval. In addition, the size changes were relatively small, moderate, or large. The proportion of “more bigger” judgments, plotted against the actual proportions of enlarged circles, produced an ogive function (a cumulative normal) with similar slopes in all conditions. However, the bias towards “bigger” judgments increased with the size discrepancies between the initial and final circle diameters, and the bias towards “bigger” judgments was greater for animated than for static circle diameter changes. The results are interpreted in terms of attentional precedence for larger items and also for those that appear to be continuously increasing in size (looming). These results have implications for the presentation of information on static and animated graduated circle maps.
Flex Projector–Interactive Software for Designing World Map Projections
Authors: Jenny Bernhard , Patterson Tom , Hurni Lorenz
Published: June 2014

Flex Projector is a free, open-source, and cross-platform software application that allows cartographers to interactively design custom projections for small-scale world maps. It specializes in cylindrical, and pseudocylindrical projections, as well as polyconical projections with curved parallels. Giving meridians non-uniform spacing is an option for all classes of projections. The interface of Flex Projector enables cartographers to shape the projection graticule, and provides visual and numerical feedback to judge its distortion properties. The intended users of Flex Projector are those without specialized mathematical expertise, including practicing mapmakers and cartography students. The pages that follow discuss why the authors developed Flex Projector, give an overview of its features, and introduce two new map projections created by the authors with this new software: the A4 and the Natural Earth projection.
“The Map Shows Me Where It Is You Are”: Gloria Oden Responds to Elizabeth Bishop Across National Geographic and Rand McNally World Maps
Authors: Haft Adele J.
Published: June 2014

African-American poet Gloria Oden was among those inspired by Elizabeth Bishop’s seminal poem “The Map” (1934). In honor of Bishop, Oden wrote two poems about reading maps: “A Private Letter to Brazil” (1957) and “The Map” (ca. 1961). Like May Swenson’s “The Cloud-Mobile,” Oden’s poems overtly pay homage to Bishop. Like Howard Nemerov’s “The Mapmaker on His Art” and Mark Strand’s “The Map,” Oden’s verses reveal that she shares in Bishop’s understanding of the mapmaker’s art: its imaginative power and limitations, its technical achievement and arbitrary nature. Yet Oden’s two poems are far more politically and historically nuanced than Bishop’s “The Map”—or than any of the other map poems written shortly after Bishop won the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for her collection opening with “The Map” (Poems: North & South—A Cold Spring). Furthermore, unlike her peers, Oden found inspiration in Bishop’s poem and in an identifiable contemporary map. By comparing both of her poems to Bishop’s original as well as uncovering, with the help of Oden’s own words, the identity of her maps, this paper will demonstrate how Oden’s penetrating critique of two popular 1950s wall maps helped her connect not only with Bishop but also with the world she found reflected in, or absent from, the map.
The Official Automobile Blue Book, 1901–1929: Precursor to the American Road Map
Authors: Bauer John T.
Published: June 2014

Navigating by automobile at the dawn of the twentieth century was difficult because maps appropriate for this new mode of transportation were scarce. An early solution to this problem was the route guide. Listing turn-by-turn directions between various cities, route guides helped early motorists navigate a network of unmarked, local roads. This paper focuses exclusively on the Official Automobile Blue Book, the earliest and most popular of the route guides. It contends that the Blue Book series was a precursor to the American road map because the volumes served two important functions of road maps and did so before road mapping matured into a full-fledged cartographic business. The Blue Book commercialized automobile touring and provided directional information, helping motorists navigate. Twelve Blue Book volumes, covering 1901 to 1929, form the primary sources for this research. After examining the series’ use, content, and history, the paper places the Official Automobile Blue Book within the larger context of the history of road mapping. A short review with directions for further research follows as a conclusion.
Considerations in Design of Transition Behaviors for Dynamic Thematic Maps
Authors: Battersby Sarah E. , Goldsberry Kirk P.
Published: June 2014

Maps provide a means for visual communication of spatial information. The success of this communication process largely rests on the design and symbolization choices made by the cartographer. For static mapmaking we have seen substantial research in how our design decisions can influence the legibility of the map’s message, however, we have limited knowledge about how dynamic maps communicate most effectively. Commonly, dynamic maps communicate spatiotemporal information by 1) displaying known data at discrete points in time and 2) employing cartographic transitions that depict changes that occur between these points. Since these transitions are a part of the communication process, we investigate how three common principles of static map design (visual variables, level of measurement, and classed vs. unclassed data representations) relate to cartographic transitions and their abilities to congruently and coherently represent temporal change in dynamic phenomena. In this review we find that many principles for static map design are less than reliable in a dynamic environment; the principles of static map symbolization and design do not always appear to be effective or congruent graphical representations of change. Through the review it becomes apparent that we are in need of additional research in the communication effectiveness of dynamic thematic maps. We conclude by identifying several research areas that we believe are key to developing research-based best practices for communicating about dynamic geographic processes.
The Development and Rationale of Cross-blended Hypsometric Tints
Authors: Patterson Tom , Jenny Bernhard
Published: June 2014

Hypsometric tints have been a favored mapping technique for over 150 years.By the mid-twentieth century, hypsometric tints based on the work of JohnBartholomew, Jr., Eduard Imhof, and Karl Peucker became the de facto standardfor physical reference maps at small scales. More recently, the role and design ofhypsometric tints have come under scrutiny. One reason for this is the concern thatpeople misread elevation colors as climate or vegetation information. Cross-blendedhypsometric tints, introduced in 2009, are a partial solution to this problem. Theyuse variable lowland colors customized to match the differing natural environmentsof world regions, which merge into one another. In the short time since theirintroduction, cross-blended hypsometric tints have proved to be a popular choiceamong professional mapmakers. Most maps made with cross-blended hypsometrictints also contain shaded relief (terrain represented with modulated light andshadows).
Undergraduate Geography Students Define Aesthetic Maps
Authors: Fuhrmann Sven
Published: June 2014

Several aesthetic map definition approaches aim to describe the components, concepts and aspects of aesthetic maps. While the discussion is mostly conducted by mapping professionals and researchers, one may wonder how naïve map users would define an aesthetic map. Thirty-four undergraduate geography students answered a short questionnaire in which they defined an aesthetic map, and identified the most aesthetic map along with the reasons why they liked that particular map. Preliminary findings indicate that two important concepts for aesthetic maps are clarity and being visually pleasing/attractive. Favorite aesthetic maps ranged widely from reference to thematic to imaginary maps. Questionnaire results also indicate the emerging importance of and possible aesthetic paradigm shift towards mobile and other interactive, web-based spatial representations. Naïve aesthetic map definitions could provide an important insight into current and future aesthetic map trends.
Physical Properties of Gluten-Free Bread Made of Corn and Chickpea Flour
Authors: Rostamian Mohammad , Milani Jafar M. , Maleki Gisoo
Published: June 2014

The quality of gluten-free bread made using chickpea flour and corn flour at different proportions, together with 3% (w/w) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was studied. For this purpose, physical properties, crumb firmness, and micro-structure were determined. The results of these tests showed that gluten-free bread quality had been significantly improved as the concentration of chickpea flour increased. Based on the results of all performed experiments, it was concluded that the formulation containing 20% corn flour and 80% chickpea flour had the greatest effect on improving quality of the gluten-free bread.
Divide and Conquer: The Impact of “Political” Maps on International Relations
Authors: Pickering Steve
Published: June 2014

For researchers and students of International Relations (IR), one date looms larger than all others: 1648. The end of the Thirty Years War, formalized by the signing of the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, led to a period known as the “Peace of Westphalia.” Westphalia represented a fundamental change in the power balance of European politics: instead of the Holy Roman Empire holding supreme authority, power would now rest with states themselves, manifested in terms of sovereignty, territory and equality. One of the chief ways in which these “Westphalian” states would cement this authority was through the use of maps. Before 1648, there was little on a European map to indicate where one country ended and another one began. But after 1648, this all changes: these new Westphalian states are represented with bright colors and clearly marked boundaries, defining borders and becoming an important part in creating the state and justifying its sovereignty. The role which maps have played in the spread of the Westphalian state is only just beginning to be researched. Yet the limited efforts to date have all focussed on Europe. This is unfortunate, as today, while Europe has, according to some observers, moved into a stage in which Westphalia is no longer a useful model with which to understand the state and the ways in which it relates to sovereignty, government, power and the individual, the old Westphalian model of the state has more recently been exported all around the world. This paper presents the first part of a project which aims to look at this expansion. The European angle will be presented in this paper; future research will be carried out in China, Japan and Taiwan.
Propagation of Different Types of Inflow Distortions through a Contra Rotating Fan Stage
Authors: Mistry Chetan , Pradeep A.M.
Published: June 2014

This paper aims to explain the propagation of different types of inflow distortions through a contra rotating fan stage. Inflow distortions like circumferential, radial and complex distortions were artificially generated using meshes of different porosities. The overall effects of these distortions are determined in the terms of the fan performance map. It is attempted to explain the propagation of inflow distortion using distortion descriptors like circumferential intensity, circumferential extent and radial intensity at the design mass flow rate. These are described for different speed combinations of both the rotors at the inlet, the exit of rotor-1 and at the exit of rotor-2. It is important to observe here that even for purely circumferential inflow distortion, the distortion does not remain purely circumferential, rather it propagates both circumferentially and radially along the stage. For the hub-strong complex inflow distortion, the higher magnitude of circumferential intensity and circumferential extent at the exit of rotor-1 clearly indicates the strong distortion effect that leads to poor performance of the stage amongst all distortion configurations studied. With radial inflow distortion, the radial redistribution of the flow at the exit of rotor-1 plays an important role in the performance of the rotor-2 and thereby for the stage.
Harnessing Natural Sequence Variation to Dissect Posttranscriptional Regulatory Networks in Yeast
Authors: Fazlollahi Mina , Lee Eunjee , Muroff Ivor , Lu Xiang-Jun , Gomez-Alcala Pilar , Causton Helen C , Bussemaker Harmen J
Published: June 2014

Understanding how genomic variation influences phenotypic variation through the molecular networks of the cell is one of the central challenges of biology. Transcriptional regulation has received much attention, but equally important is the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA stability. Here we applied a systems genetics approach to dissect posttranscriptional regulatory networks in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Quantitative sequence-to-affinity models were built from high-throughput in vivo RNA binding protein (RBP) binding data for 15 yeast RBPs. Integration of these models with genome-wide mRNA expression data allowed us to estimate protein-level RBP regulatory activity for individual segregants from a genetic cross between two yeast strains. Treating these activities as a quantitative trait, we mapped trans-acting loci (activity quantitative trait loci, or aQTLs) that act via posttranscriptional regulation of transcript stability. We predicted and experimentally confirmed that a coding polymorphism at the IRA2 locus modulates Puf4p activity. Our results also indicate that Puf3p activity is modulated by distinct loci, depending on whether it acts via the 5′ or the 3′ untranslated region of its target mRNAs. Together, our results validate a general strategy for dissecting the connectivity between posttranscriptional regulators and their upstream signaling pathways.
Modeling the Performance of Biaxially-Textured Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Li Joel B. , Clemens Bruce M.
Published: June 2014

Grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin film solar cells are frequently found to be detrimental for device performance. Biaxiallytextured silicon with grains that are well-aligned in-plane and out-of-plane can possess fewer GB defects. In this work, we use TCAD Sentaurus device simulator and known experimental work to investigate and quantify the potential performance gains of biaxially-textured silicon. Simulation shows there can be performance gain from well-aligned grains when GB defects dominate carrier recombination or when grains are small. On the other hand, when intra-grain defects dominate recombination and grains are large, well-aligned grains do not lead to much performance gain. Another important result from our simulation is when intra-grain and GB defects are few, Jsc is almost independent of grain size while Voc drops with decreasing grain size.
Single Crystalline 4H-SiC MEMS Devices with N-P-N Epitaxial Structure
Authors: Zhao Feng , Lim Allen , Chen Zhibang , Huang Chih-Fang
Published: June 2014

In this paper, single crystal 4H-SiC MEMS devices with n-p-n epitaxial structure was fabricated. A dopant-selective photoelectrochemical etching technique was applied to etch the sacrificial p-type SiC layer to release n-type SiC suspended structures on n-type SiC substrate. The selective etching was achieved by applying a bias which employs the different flat-band potentials of n-SiC and p-SiC in KOH solution. Such MEMS devices have the potential to fully exploit the superior properties of single crystal SiC for harsh environment operation, as well as mature epitaxial growth and device fabrication of 4H-SiC. The n-p-n structure, together with the previously reported p-n structure, extends the capability of monolithic integration between MEMS with electronic devices and circuits on SiC platform.
Low Skeletal Bone Mineral Density Does Not Affect Dental Implants
Authors: Famili Pouran , Zavoral Jennifer M.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this case-control study (n = 30) was to evaluate the effects of osteoporosis/osteopenia on the success of dental implants. Twenty healthy females ages 50–80 with confirmed osteoporosis or osteopenia, and 10 age- and gender-matched subjects with normal bone density (controls) received dental implants. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at 5 standard sites (total body, hip, spine [lateral and anterior-posterior] and radius) were measured at baseline and 24 months. Periapical and panoramic radiographs were taken at baseline before implant placement; 1 periapical radiograph was taken immediately after placement of the dental implant. Since implants are standard sizes, periapical bone loss was measured from the first implant thread to the level of alveolar bone at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months via 1 periapical radiograph. All subjects received implants of the same manufacturer (NobelBiocare). One subject was a smoker. Three subjects with osteoporosis had received prior treatment with Fosamax, 1 received Fortical, and 1 Forteo. In all 3, there was slight improvement in DXA after 24 months. All implants remained successful with no evidence of bone loss after 24 months. These investigators conclude that implants placed in individuals with confirmed skeletal osteoporosis can be successful, with no clinical differences to implants placed in healthy individuals. Although 3 subjects with osteoporosis had treatment with oral bisphosphonates, no side effects were noted and no bone necrosis of the jaw was observed. Further investigation with larger sample sizes and longer periods of time for treatment with oral bisphosphonates is recommended to confirm these results.
Using numerical classification of profiles based on Vis-NIR spectra to distinguish soils from the Piracicaba Region, Brazil
Authors: Rizzo Rodnei , Demattê José A. M. , Terra Fabrício da Silva
Published: June 2014

Considering that information from soil reflectance spectra is underutilized in soil classification, this paper aimed to evaluate the relationship of soil physical, chemical properties and their spectra, to identify spectral patterns for soil classes, evaluate the use of numerical classification of profiles combined with spectral data for soil classification. We studied 20 soil profiles from the municipality of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, which were morphologically described and classified up to the 3rd category level of the Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS). Subsequently, soil samples were collected from pedogenetic horizons and subjected to soil particle size and chemical analyses. Their Vis-NIR spectra were measured, followed by principal component analysis. Pearson's linear correlation coefficients were determined among the four principal components and the following soil properties: pH, organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, CEC, base saturation, and Al saturation. We also carried out interpretation of the first three principal components and their relationships with soil classes defined by SiBCS. In addition, numerical classification of the profiles based on the OSACA algorithm was performed using spectral data as a basis. We determined the Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) and Uncertainty Coefficient (U). These coefficients represent the similarity between the numerical classification and the soil classes from SiBCS. Pearson's correlation coefficients were significant for the principal components when compared to sand, clay, Al content and soil color. Visual analysis of the principal component scores showed differences in the spectral behavior of the soil classes, mainly among Argissolos and the others soils. The NMI and U similarity coefficients showed values of 0.74 and 0.64, respectively, suggesting good similarity between the numerical and SiBCS classes. For example, numerical classification correctly distinguished Argissolos from Latossolos and Nitossolos. However, this mathematical technique was not able to distinguish Latossolos from Nitossolos Vermelho férricos, but the Cambissolos were well differentiated from other soil classes. The numerical technique proved to be effective and applicable to the soil classification process.
Geoestatística na avaliação dos atributos físicos em latossolo sob floresta nativa e pastagem na Região de Manicoré, Amazonas
Authors: Aquino Renato Eleotério de , Campos Milton César Costa , Marques Júnior José , Oliveira Ivanildo Amorim de , Mantovaneli Bruno Campos , Soares Marcelo Dayron Rodrigues
Published: June 2014

A utilização das técnicas geoestatísticas permite detectar a existência da dependência e distribuição espacial dos atributos do solo, constituindo importante ferramenta na análise e descrição detalhada do comportamento dos atributos físicos do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o uso da geoestatística na avaliação dos atributos físicos em Latossolo sob floresta nativa e pastagem na região de Manicoré no Amazonas. Nas áreas de floresta nativa e pastagem, foram estabelecidas malhas com dimensão 70 × 70 m e demarcados pontos nessas malhas espaçados a cada 10 m, totalizando 64 pontos. Esses pontos foram georreferenciados e, em seguida, foram feitas as coletadas de solo em cada ponto da malha nas camadas de 0,00-0,20 e 0,40-0,60 m para determinação dos atributos físicos, totalizando 128 amostras de solo em cada malha. Essas malhas encontram-se paralelas com uma distância uma da outra de 100 m e o solo nessas áreas é classificado como Latossolo. Determinaram-se textura, densidade do solo e de partículas, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e estabilidade dos agregados em água. Após a tabulação dos dados, foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e geoestatística. A pastagem apresentou leve variação nos seus atributos físicos em relação à floresta nativa, com coeficiente de variação alto e dependência espacial fraca. Os semivariogramas escalonados conseguiram reproduzir de forma satisfatória o comportamento espacial dos atributos no mesmo padrão dos semivariogramas individuais, e o uso do parâmetro alcance do semivariograma mostrou-se eficiente para determinar a densidade amostral ideal para os ambientes em estudo. Os resultados geoestatísticos indicaram que a retirada da floresta nativa para a implantação da pastagem alterou a variabilidade natural dos atributos físicos.
Structural quality of polyacrylamide-treated cohesive soils in the coastal tablelands of Pernambuco
Authors: Melo Diego Vandeval Maranhão de , Almeida Brivaldo Gomes de , Souza Edivan Rodrigues de , Silva Laércio Santos , Jacomine Paulo Klinger Tito
Published: June 2014

Water-soluble polymers are characterized as effective flocculating agents due to their molecular features. Their application to soils with horizons with structural problems, e.g, a cohesive character, contributes to improvements in the physical quality and thus to the agricultural suitability of such soils. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural quality of soils with cohesive horizons of coastal tablelands in the State of Pernambuco treated with polyacrylamide (PAM) as chemical soil conditioner. To this end, three horizons (one cohesive and two non-cohesive) of a Yellow Argisol (Ultisol) were evaluated and to compare cohesive horizons, the horizon of a Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) was selected. The treatments consisted of aqueous PAM solutions (12.5; 50.0; 100.0 mg kg-1) and distilled water (control). The structural aspects of the horizons were evaluated by the stability (soil mass retained in five diameter classes), aggregate distribution per size class (mean weight diameter- MWD, geometric mean diameter - GMD) and the magnitude of the changes introduced by PAM by measuring the sensitivity index (Si). Aqueous PAM solutions increased aggregate stability in the largest evaluated diameter class of the cohesive and non-cohesive horizons, resulting in higher MWD and GMD, with highest efficiency of the 100 mg kg-1 solution. The cohesive horizon Bt1 in the Ultisol was most sensitive to the action of PAM, where highest Si values were found, but the structural quality of the BA horizon of the Oxisol was better in terms of stability and aggregate size distribution.
Substituição parcial de fosfato solúvel por natural na implantação de Eucalyptus benthamii e Eucalyptus dunnii no Planalto Sul catarinense
Authors: Dias Luciana Patrícia Rosa , Gatiboni Luciano Colpo , Ernani Paulo Roberto , Miquelluti David José , Chaves Djalma Miler , Brunetto Gustavo
Published: June 2014

A adubação fosfatada é importante para o crescimento inicial do eucalipto, porque suplementa o solo na fase de maior demanda da cultura. O fosfato solúvel (FS) é a fonte comumente utilizada para esse fim, pois apresenta dissolução rápida no solo; contudo, tem custo mais elevado que os fosfatos naturais (FNs), que por sua vez têm dissolução mais lenta. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de FN como substituinte parcial do FS para o fornecimento de P para Eucalyptus benthamii e E. dunnii. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no campo, um com cada espécie, no município de Otacílio Costa, SC, no período de novembro de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Na parcela principal, testou-se a presença ou ausência do FN (0 ou 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5, usando a fonte FN de Bayovar) e nas subparcelas testaram-se as doses de FS (0, 75; 150; e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5, usando a fonte superfosfato triplo). Foram realizadas medidas de diâmetro à altura do colo e altura das árvores aos 340 dias, após a aplicação das fontes de P. Os resultados evidenciaram que a adubação fosfatada aumentou o crescimento em diâmetro e altura e incrementou o volume das plantas de E. benthamii e E. dunnii, durante o primeiro ano de cultivo. O E. benthamii foi mais exigente à adubação fosfatada, mas permitiu a substituição parcial da dose de fosfato solúvel por fonte de menor solubilidade. Não houve resposta do E. dunnii à aplicação de fosfato natural, devendo a adubação ser realizada com fosfato solúvel.
Hydrological processes obtained on the plot scale under four simulated rainfall tests during the cycle of different crop systems
Authors: Bertol Ildegardis , Ramos Roger Robert , Barbosa Fabrício Tondello , Ramos Julio César , Bandeira Douglas Henrique , Tanaka Mitsui Shinosaka
Published: June 2014

The cropping system influences the interception of water by plants, water storage in depressions on the soil surface, water infiltration into the soil and runoff. The aim of this study was to quantify some hydrological processes under no tillage cropping systems at the edge of a slope, in 2009 and 2010, in a Humic Dystrudept soil, with the following treatments: corn, soybeans, and common beans alone; and intercropped corn and common bean. Treatments consisted of four simulated rainfall tests at different times, with a planned intensity of 64 mm h-1 and 90 min duration. The first test was applied 18 days after sowing, and the others at 39, 75 and 120 days after the first test. Different times of the simulated rainfall and stages of the crop cycle affected soil water content prior to the rain, and the time runoff began and its peak flow and, thus, the surface hydrological processes. The depth of the runoff and the depth of the water intercepted by the crop + soil infiltration + soil surface storage were affected by the crop systems and the rainfall applied at different times. The corn crop was the most effective treatment for controlling runoff, with a water loss ratio of 0.38, equivalent to 75 % of the water loss ratio exhibited by common bean (0.51), the least effective treatment in relation to the others. Total water loss by runoff decreased linearly with an increase in the time that runoff began, regardless of the treatment; however, soil water content on the gravimetric basis increased linearly from the beginning to the end of the rainfall.
Physical quality of an Oxisol under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Sousa Neto Eurico Lucas de , Andrioli Itamar , Almeida Roberto Giolo de , Macedo Manuel Cláudio Mota , Lal Rattan
Published: June 2014

Soil physical quality is an important factor for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate soil physical properties and soil organic carbon in a Typic Acrudox under an integrated crop-livestock-forest system. The experiment was carried out in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Treatments consisted of seven systems: integrated crop-livestock-forest, with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF357-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 357 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF357-45); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 30 cm (CLF227-30); integrated crop-livestock-forest with 227 trees ha-1 and pasture height of 45 cm (CLF227-45); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 30 cm (CL30); integrated crop-livestock with pasture height of 45 cm (CL45) and native vegetation (NV). Soil properties were evaluated for the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm. All grazing treatments increased bulk density (r b) and penetration resistance (PR), and decreased total porosity (¦t) and macroporosity (¦ma), compared to NV. The values of r b (1.18-1.47 Mg m-3), ¦ma (0.14-0.17 m³ m-3) and PR (0.62-0.81 MPa) at the 0-10 cm depth were not restrictive to plant growth. The change in land use from NV to CL or CLF decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) and the soil organic carbon pool (SOCpool). All grazing treatments had a similar SOCpool at the 0-10 cm depth and were lower than that for NV (17.58 Mg ha-1).
Análise espacial de fragmentos florestais na Bacia do Rio Itapemirim, ES
Authors: Pirovani Daiani Bernardo , Silva Aderbal Gomes da , Santos Alexandre Rosa dos , Cecílio Roberto Avelino , Gleriani José Marinaldo , Martins Sebastião Venâncio
Published: June 2014

Os objetivos deste trabalho foi mapear e analisar a estrutura da paisagem florestal em uma área representativa da Bacia do Rio Itapemirim, ES, por meio de índices de ecologia da paisagem. O mapeamento dos fragmentos florestais foi obtido utilizando técnicas de fotointerpretação na escala de 1:1500 do ortofotomosaico do ano 2007. Para o cálculo dos índices de ecologia, foi utilizada a extensão Patch Analyst dentro do aplicativo computacional ArcGIS 9.3. Foram encontrados 3.285 fragmentos florestais em toda a área, representando 17% de cobertura florestal. Os fragmentos mapeados foram divididos em classes de tamanho, sendo fragmentos pequenos aqueles menores que 5 ha; de tamanho médio aqueles entre 5 e 50 ha; e grandes os maiores que 50 ha. Os fragmentos pequenos encontravam-se em maior número (2.236), seguidos pelos fragmentos de tamanho médio (749) e, por último, pelos fragmentos grandes, que compreenderam apenas 100 manchas. O número de fragmentos de cada classe de tamanho possui relação inversa com a contribuição em área dessa classe dentro da fragmentação florestal. As análises quantitativas por meio de métricas da paisagem foram feitas com os grupos de índices de área; densidade e tamanho, forma; proximidade e área central, sendo este último obtido em diferentes simulações de efeito de borda (20,40, 60, 80, 100, 140 e 200 m). Para todos os índices houve diferenciações com relação às classes de tamanho dos fragmentos florestais. A maior parte dos fragmentos florestais da bacia, são pequenos, menores que 5 ha, sendo que a distância de borda de 100 metros elimina completamente a área central desses fragmentos. Apesar dos fragmentos grandes apresentarem os formatos mais irregulares, estes possuem maior índice de área central, mesmo sob o efeito da maior distância de efeito de borda.
Cenários ambientais para o ordenamento territorial de áreas de preservação permanente no município de Sorocaba, SP
Authors: Mello Kaline de , Petri Laís , Leite Eliana Cardoso , Toppa Rogério Hartung
Published: June 2014

Este estudo objetivou analisar a importância das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) para a manutenção dos remanescentes florestais no município de Sorocaba, SP. O mapa desses remanescentes foi elaborado com base em fotografias aéreas de 2006, e mapas de hidrografia e de declividade foram usados para determinação das APP. Compararam-se dois cenários: real (mata atual) e ideal (mata atual acrescida da restauração das APP), com base em métricas da paisagem. Os resultados indicaram que 19% do município se enquadra como APP e, dessa área, apenas 45% possui cobertura florestal. As APP preservadas representam 50% do total de cobertura florestal da paisagem. A restauração das APP representaria aumento de 16,68% para 28% de cobertura florestal da paisagem e possibilitaria o surgimento de fragmentos maiores que 3.000 ha, enquanto no cenário real os maiores fragmentos atingem 300 ha. Os remanescentes florestais se apresentaram intimamente ligados às APP: margens de rios, áreas alagáveis e encostas, onde a ocupação urbana foi dificultada e existe o instrumento legal de proteção. Esse quadro evidencia que as APP possuem papel fundamental na conservação florestal em um município bastante urbanizado, onde as áreas naturais sofrem muita pressão. A avaliação dos cenários mostrou que a incorporação dos dispositivos legais no planejamento e ordenamento territorial subsidia as estratégias voltadas para a manutenção de hábitats naturais e, consequentemente, a diminuição dos efeitos negativos sobre a biodiversidade. Entretanto, as mudanças recentes no Código Florestal podem representar um retrocesso no cenário ambiental nacional diante da crescente urbanização.
Comparação entre valores de ensaios experimentais e calculados da resistência ao embutimento da madeira de Pinus taeda L.
Authors: Almeida Diego Henrique de , Ferro Fabiane Salles , Varanda Luciano Donizeti , Christoforo André Luis , Lahr Francisco Antonio Rocco , Molina Julio Cesar , Calil Junior Carlito
Published: June 2014

Para dimensionar ligações entre membros estruturais de madeira com pinos metálicos (pregos ou parafusos), dois fenômenos devem ser levados em consideração: a flexão do pino metálico e a resistência da madeira ao embutimento. A norma brasileira ABNT NBR 7190:1997 preconiza a metodologia empregada em ensaios laboratoriais para determinação da resistência da madeira ao embutimento com pino metálico e, na ausência dos ensaios, especifica relações para estimar a resistência da madeira ao embutimento a partir da resistência na compressão. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu na comparação entre valores de resistência ao embutimento da madeira determinados experimentalmente e calculados utilizando parâmetros recomendados pela ABNT NBR 7190:1997. Pelos resultados dos testes de hipótese, pode-se concluir que a estimativa da resistência ao embutimento paralelo às fibras proposta pela ABNT NBR 7190:1997, que estabelece equivalência com os resultados de compressão na mesma direção, mostrou-se precisa para as madeiras de Pinus taeda L.. Entretanto, o mesmo não foi observado na direção normal em relação às fibras, possivelmente explicada pelo valor do coeficiente áe presente na equação para o cálculo de fe90.
Metas de inflação, crescimento e estabilidade macroeconômica: uma análise a partir de um modelo pós-keynesiano macrodinâmico não linear
Authors: Lobo Breno Santana , Oreiro José Luis
Published: June 2014

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar os efeitos da adoção de um regime de metas de inflação, no qual o Banco Central estabelece a taxa de juros de curto prazo da economia como uma reação a desvios da inflação em relação à sua meta e do produto em relação ao seu potencial, sobre o crescimento econômico de longo prazo de uma determinada economia. Para esse fim, constrói-se um modelo de crescimento pós-keynesiano não linear, que possibilita a existência de mais de um ponto de equilíbrio no curto prazo. Chega-se à conclusão que a manutenção de uma trajetória de crescimento equilibrado no curto prazo após a introdução de choques exógenos depende, em larga medida, da condução da política fiscal. No longo prazo, obtemos três configurações possíveis de equilíbrio, duas das quais são inerentemente instáveis. A estabilidade da posição de equilíbrio de longo prazo na terceira configuração dependerá da forma como o Banco Central reage a desvios da inflação e do produto. Em particular, mostra-se que um comportamento mais cauteloso por parte do Banco Central, no sentido de elevar a taxa de juros de curto prazo apenas em momentos realmente necessários, pode ajudar essa economia a trilhar uma trajetória de crescimento balanceada de longo prazo.
Ciclos econômicos e a composição da pobreza no Brasil: uma análise para as décadas recentes
Authors: Martini Ricardo Agostini , Hermeto Ana Maria , Jayme Jr. Frederico G.
Published: June 2014

O presente trabalho busca estudar e analisar o impacto dos ciclos macroeconômicos sobre a composição da pobreza na economia brasileira contemporânea (1987-2005). Mais especificamente, procura-se obter respostas para três questões: primeiro, quais são os grupos demográficos que mais sofrem as fases recessivas dos ciclos; segundo, se o crescimento econômico é suficiente para beneficiar todos os grupos mais associados à pobreza; terceiro, quais políticas macroeconômicas estão mais associadas à pobreza e a sua amenização. O trabalho utilizou uma interação de microdados da PNAD com dados macroeconômicos de fontes como o IPEA-DATA, o Banco Central do Brasil e a Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional. Utilizando regressões logísticas com bancos de dados empilhados, o trabalho encontrou dois resultados principais. Primeiro, as recessões, ou mesmo as desacelerações econômicas, são mais sofridas pelos grupos de menor escolaridade. Segundo, a política fiscal afeta mais intensamente a pobreza: por um lado, o superávit primário está associado a menores níveis de bem-estar da população; por outro lado, o gasto social da União pode ser utilizado para amenizar a pobreza durante as fases críticas dos ciclos.
Os mecanismos de funcionamento do "padrão-ouro": uma visão crítica
Authors: Gontijo Cláudio
Published: June 2014

Este artigo examina os mecanismos de funcionamento do padrão-ouro, apontando as inconsistências da visão tradicional, baseada no mecanismo de fluxos de ouro/ajuste de preços de Hume, que ignora a chamada lei de refluxo de Adam Smith e as propriedades inerentes a um regime de moeda-mercadoria. Evitando o caráter apriorístico e excessivamente estilizado da maioria das análises, busca elucidar os mecanismos de ajustamento tendo como base a história econômica, o que torna o assunto mais compreensível, assim como mais concreto e menos desconectado da realidade efetiva, cuja explicação tem apresentado várias dificuldades para a ortodoxia, conforme reconhecido por inúmeros autores.
Elos que libertam: redes de políticas para erradicação do trabalho escravo contemporâneo no Brasil
Authors: Monteiro Lilian Alfaia , Fleury Sonia
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar a dinâmica das relações entre os atores políticos na evolução das políticas públicas para erradicação do trabalho escravo. Para tanto, o estudo contou com pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, com entrevistas dos seguintes atores: MTE, MPT, OIT, CPT, ONG Repórter Brasil, GPTEC e OAB. Os dados foram analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo, de viés qualitativo. Os resultados permitiram identificar os atores e suas diferentes estratégias de atuação, a percepção destes sobre a atuação dos três poderes e sobre o posicionamento dos principais atores, bem como o desenho de diversas redes entre os atores que atuam no campo, com formatos próprios e com diferentes inserções nas políticas públicas, demonstrando divisão entre redes de combate ao trabalho escravo e redes de resistência, revelando um jogo de forças na luta contra a escravidão contemporânea brasileira.
O que é (estratégia de) não mercado?
Authors: Faria Alexandre , Abdalla Márcio Moutinho
Published: June 2014

A área de gestão estratégica (GE) apresenta um número crescente de desafios e oportunidades para acadêmicos e estrategistas do resto do mundo. Por causa da crescente importância do resto do mundo no contexto da globalização neoliberal, o conceito de não mercado (ou non-market) em GE teve uma surpreendente e questionável trajetória de ascensão em anos recentes, após um longo período de marginalização e invisibilidade durante a Guerra Fria. Sob uma perspectiva do resto do mundo, o artigo analisa o conceito de não mercado por meio de um desenvolvimento histórico-interdisciplinar que desafia a teorização de mercado subjacente e traz à tona dimensões de geopolítica de conhecimento que ajudam a explicar essa curiosa trajetória do conceito de não mercado em GE. A análise revisa críticas feitas na literatura euro-americana à teorização estreita de mercado para argumentar que não mercado é um conceito que permite que intervenções no resto do mundo, protagonizadas por grandes corporações, sejam classificadas como estratégias de não mercado e legitimamente representadas como um mal necessário. Por meio de uma perspectiva de diálogo multipolar, os autores propõem ao final, a reconceituação de não mercado e estratégia de não mercado com base no resgate de teorizações ampliadas de mercado que continuam sendo marginalizadas pelo americanismo.
Glucose–bentonite as a new admixture for cement-based mortars
Authors: Liu Qi , Tu Haochi , Wang Xiaoshan , Li Lubao , Ruan Hua , Wang Zhiyu
Published: June 2014

In this study, the interaction between glucose and raw bentonite is investigated, aiming towards the preparation of a new type of water-retentive admixture for cement-based mortar. A series of laboratory experiments is designed and analysis of the results shows that glucose is indeed intercalated into the bentonite, which implies that a new kind of complex admixture (glucose–bentonite, G-Ben) has been prepared; the mechanism is analysed by X-ray diffraction and infra-red absorption spectra. The effect of G-Ben on both water retention and compressive strength of mortar is studied. The experimental results show that in the glucose mass ratio region of 4–7%, the water retention value obtained is higher than 94%, with no decline in the compressive strength of mortar cured for 28 d. Results confirm that the retardation of glucose is definitely inhibited while glucose plays its role in water-retaining. The findings in this study will be useful for the preparation of a low-cost admixture to take the place of expensive cellulose ethers.
Model factor for the bearing capacity of piles from pressuremeter test results – Eurocode 7 approach
Authors: BURLON S. , FRANK R. , BAGUELIN F. , HABERT J. , LEGRAND S.
Published: June 2014

This paper focuses on the establishment of a model factor for the calculation of the ultimate limit state (ULS) bearing capacity of piles in compression from Ménard pressuremeter tests results. First, the requirements of Eurocode 7 are presented: calculation methods used for pile foundations must be validated against the results of static load tests and a model factor can be introduced to reach a target safety. This model factor is meant to take into account the scatter of the calculation model, whereas the spatial variability of the ground properties is dealt with by means of statistical methods. Then an analysis of a database of 174 full-scale static pile load tests carried out by the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausées (LCPC, now called IFSTTAR), over the last 40 years, mainly in France, is performed and a new calculation model is established based on pressuremeter test results. Finally, the calibration procedure for deriving the model factor used in the recent French standard for pile design following Eurocode 7 is explained using two approaches: one compares the dispersions of the former and new calculation models and the other performs statistical analysis combining the scatter of the calculation model and the spatial variability of ground properties. This model factor is introduced into the recent French standard for pile design following Eurocode 7.