bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration to Australia: From Asian Exclusion to Asian Predominance
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: November 2019

In a relatively short period, Australia has shifted from being a country where migration from Asia was heavily restricted under the White Australia Policy to one where most of the immigrants arriving in a very large migration programme are from Asia. The paper traces this transition and demonstrates the central role that the international student programme has played in this process of change in the twenty first century.
Genetic variability studies in seven accessions of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Moench.) using nine quantitative traits and chlorophyll content of leaves
Authors: Komolafe Ronke Justina , Agbolade James Oludare , Ajiboye Abiodun Akeem , Mustapha Rofiat Temitope
Published: November 2019

Seven accessions of Vigna unguiculata were evaluated for variation in phenotypic traits and chlorophyll content of the cowpea leaves. Each accession was planted in a plastic container in triplicates in a Completely Randomised Block Design and evaluated based on nine quantitative traits. The morphological characters such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, peduncle length, number of pods per plant, terminal leaf length, terminal leaf width, number of main branches and number of nodes were determined at maturity. The leaf chlorophyll content was determined using spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 634nm, 648nm and 470nm. Accession UAMO910556 has the highest plant height of 91.58cm, followed by accession IT97K- 499-35 with plant height of 50.33cm, while accession NGB0050 has the lowest plant height of 22.43cm. Accession T107K-297-13 has the highest peduncle length, number of main branches, number of nodes on main stem, number of leaves and highest number of pod which are significantly different from other accessions for the trait studied. Accession T107K-297-13 also has the highest content of chlorophylls a and b and highest total chlorophyll content. This shows that accession T107K-297-13 is the most diverse genotype with high quality of trait and so it could be selected for further breeding work.
Nutrients formulation to maximize Ankistrodesmus sp. microalgal cell biomass and lipid productivities
Authors: Pan-utai Wanida , Srinophakun Penjit , Inrung Wilasinee
Published: November 2019

Ankistrodesmus sp. belongs to a group of microalgae which plays a significant role in various applications. Availability of nutrients is one of the primary factors regulating the growth and development of microalgae. Twelve experiments were run to determine the optimum media formulation of significant nutrient components for maximum biomass and lipid productivities of Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 cultivation using Plackett- Burman design. All nutrients significantly affected biomass productivity. Highest lipid productivity may not only necessarily originate from biomass cells with highest lipid content but also depend on nutrient formulation of culture media. Microalgal cell growth rate plays a major role in biomass and lipid production. Some nutrients including phosphorus and sodium did not significantly affect lipid productivity, therefore, optimizing nutrient contents could be applied to further scale-up microalgal production.
Phosphorus dynamics in a subtropical coastal lake in Southern Brazil
Authors: Lemes da Silva Aurea L. , Hennemann Mariana C. , Petrucio Mauricio M.
Published: November 2019

Temporal and spatial variations of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus in the sediments of a subtropical oligo-mesotrophic shallow lake were investigated in relation to water column parameters, sediment characteristics and benthic fauna. The main results found were: 1) Phosphorus (P)  concentration varied seasonally, with organic P and total P  increasing in the sediments in warmer periods; 2) Sediment spatial variation, in terms of grain size composition and organic matter content, influenced P concentrations; 3) quantities and qualities of P in the sediments were positively correlated with water parameters, especially DO and NO3, Chl-a,  water temperature, pH, and total P. Negative correlations were observed between %OP and DO in sites 1, 3 and 4, and with NO3 in sites 2, 3 and 4; 4) benthic functional feeding groups showed significant relationships with temporal variation in sediment P concentration, including gathering-collectors, shredders, filterers and filtering-collectors. The results suggest a high importance of temperature mediated control of sediment-P release, both directly, through its direct effects on primary production and decomposition rates, and indirectly through its effects on other water and sediment parameters, especially dissolved oxygen concentration.
The Role of Val66Met Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor Gene in Prediction of Adverse Outcomes After ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Petyunina Olga V. , Kopytsya Mykola P. , Berezin Alexander E. , Skrynnyk Olga V.
Published: November 2019

Background:

The single nucleotide polymorphism of Val66Metgen of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is a possible candidate that is associated with the development of psychopathology and combines it with cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to research the possible associations of single-nucleotide polymorphism of Val66Met BDNF gene with the occurrence of endpoints after 6 months of follow-up after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Materials and Methods:

256 acute STEMI patients after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in the study. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction III blood flow restoring through culprit artery was determined. The study of single-nucleotide polymorphism of Val66Met gene BDNF (rs6265) was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The emotional state of the patients and its relationship with stress were assessed with the questionnaire “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-21”.

Results:

The frequency of genotypes Val66Met gene for BDNF in STEMI patients (n = 256) was the following: 66ValVal = 74.2% (n = 190), 66ValMet + 66MetMet - 25.8% (n = 66). The 66ValMet + 66MetMet polymorphism in the BDNF gene, stress, and anxiety on 10–14 days before the event, as well as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, were independently associated with combined 6 months' clinical endpoint after STEMI.

Conclusion:

The Val66Met polymorphism in BDNF gene was found as an independent predictor for combined 6-month clinical endpoints after acute STEMI-treated primary PCI.
Prevalence Rates of Chronic Fatigue Complaints in a Probability Sample of Arab College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: November 2019

Objectives: Fatigue is a common complaint in the community. The twofold aims of the present study were (a) to estimate the prevalence rate of reported chronic fatigue syndrome-like (CFS-like) complains, and (b) to explore the sex-related differences in it. Methods: A probability non-clinical sample of 3,465 Kuwaiti volunteer undergraduate men (n = 1,745) and women (n = 1,720) was recruited. Their ages ranged between 16 and 43 years. They responded to the Arabic Scale of Chronic Fatigue (ASCF). It has good internal consistency, temporal stability, criterion-related validity, and factorial validity (its loading on a CFS factor = 0.81). Principal component analysis disclosed 2 factors: Mental fatigue and Physical fatigue. The prevalence rate was computed based on 2 criteria, i.e., the percentage of persons which have total scores greater than (a) the M + 1 SD, and (b) greater than the M + 2 SD. Results: Based on criterion (a), prevalence rates were 13.47% for men and 20.98% for women. As to criterion (b), the rates were 2.35% for men and 5.76 % for women. These rates lie in the rage of the international studies on CFS-like complaints (from 1.2% to 30.5%). Women obtained significantly higher mean score and prevalence rates than did their male counterparts. Conclusion: It is highly probable that the participants obtained the higher scores than did their M + 2 SD are in need of therapeutic intervention. It was concluded that psychological scales may be useful in screening disorders to detect the cases.
Usage and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants at Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Planned Diagnostic Procedures, Interventions, and Surgery
Authors: Jelavic Marko Mornar , Krstacic Goran , Pintaric Hrvoje
Published: November 2019

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects about 2% of the population, with the increasing prevalence with age. It is associated with poorer quality of life, effort intolerance, frequent hospitalizations, heart failure, and increased risk of systemic embolization, stroke, and mortality. Warfarin has been the only choice of chronic anticoagulant therapy for over 50 years. Its disadvantages are reflected by interaction with various foods, drugs, and alcohol, while its action is highly dependent on liver function, age, and genetic background. Administration of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to patients with AF and acceptable bleeding risk reduces the risk of systemic thromboembolic complications and stroke; these drugs are superior or at least as effective as warfarin. Their use is safer than warfarin in terms of reduced risk of major bleeding. This is a group of drugs with wide clinical use, except in patients with severely impaired renal and hepatic function. Proper use is a guarantee of the safety of DOACs, which in the future will be even more pronounced with the advent of new antidotes, such as Praxbind.
Development and application of observable response indicators for design of an effective ozone and fine-particle pollution control strategy in China
Authors: Xing Jia , Ding Dian , Wang Shuxiao , Dong Zhaoxin , Kelly James T. , Jang Carey , Zhu Yun , Hao Jiming
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Designing effective control policies requires efficient quantification of
the nonlinear response of air pollution to emissions. However, neither the
current observable indicators nor the current indicators based on
response surface modeling (RSM) can fulfill this requirement. Therefore,
this study developed new observable RSM-based indicators and applied them to
ambient fine-particle (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) pollution control in
China. The performance of these observable indicators in predicting O3
and PM2.5 chemistry was compared with that of the current RSM-based
indicators. H2O2 × HCHO∕NO2 and total ammonia ratio,
which exhibited the best performance among indicators, were proposed as new
observable O3 and PM2.5 chemistry indicators, respectively.
Strong correlations between RSM-based and traditional observable indicators
suggested that a combination of ambient concentrations of certain chemical
species can serve as an indicator to approximately quantify the response of
O3 and PM2.5 to changes in precursor emissions. The observable
RSM-based indicator for O3 (observable peak ratio) effectively captured
the strong NOx-saturated regime in January and the NOx-limited
regime in July, as well as the strong NOx-saturated regime in northern
and eastern China and their key regions, including the Yangtze River Delta
and Pearl River Delta. The observable RSM-based indicator for PM2.5
(observable flex ratio) also captured strong NH3-poor conditions in
January and NH3-rich conditions in April and July, as well as
NH3-rich conditions in northern and eastern China and the Sichuan Basin. Moreover,
analysis of these newly developed observable response indicators suggested
that the simultaneous control of NH3 and NOx emissions produces
greater benefits in provinces with higher PM2.5 exposure by up to 1.2 µg m−3 PM2.5 per 10 % NH3 reduction compared with
NOx control only. Control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions
by as much as 40 % of NOx controls is necessary to obtain the
co-benefits of reducing both O3 and PM2.5 exposure at the national
level when controlling NOx emissions. However, the VOC-to-NOx
ratio required to maintain benefits varies significantly from 0 to 1.2 in
different provinces, suggesting that a more localized control strategy
should be designed for each province.
Complex plant-derived organic aerosol as ice-nucleating particles – more than a sum of their parts?
Authors: Steinke Isabelle , Hiranuma Naruki , Funk Roger , Höhler Kristina , Tüllmann Nadine , Umo Nsikanabasi Silas , Weidler Peter G. , Möhler Ottmar , Leisner Thomas
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Quantifying the impact of complex organic particles on the formation of ice crystals in clouds remains challenging, mostly due to the vast number of different sources ranging from sea spray to agricultural areas. In particular, there are many open questions regarding the ice nucleation properties of organic particles released from terrestrial sources such as decaying plant material. In this work, we present results from laboratory studies investigating the immersion freezing properties of individual organic compounds commonly found in plant tissue and complex organic aerosol particles from vegetated environments. To characterize the ice nucleation properties of plant-related aerosol samples for temperatures between 242 and 267 K, we used the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud chamber and the Ice Nucleation Spectrometer of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (INSEKT), which is a droplet freezing assay. Individual plant components (polysaccharides, lignin, soy and rice protein) were mostly less or similarly ice-active compared to microcrystalline cellulose, which has been suggested by recent studies as a proxy for quantifying the primary cloud ice formation caused by particles originating from vegetation. In contrast, samples from ambient sources with a complex organic matter composition (agricultural soils, leaf litter) were either similarly ice-active or up to two orders of magnitude more ice-active than cellulose. Of all individual organic plant components, only carnauba wax (i.e. lipids) showed a similarly high ice nucleation activity as the samples from vegetated environments over a temperature range between 245 and 252 K. Hence, based on our experimental results, we suggest to consider cellulose as being representative for the average ice nucleation activity of plant-derived particles, whereas lignin and plant proteins tend to provide a lower limit. In contrast, complex biological particles may exhibit ice nucleation activities which are up to two orders of magnitude higher than observed for cellulose, making ambient plant-derived particles a potentially important contributor to the population of ice-nucleating particles in the troposphere.
Multiple-scattering correction factor of quartz filters and the effect of filtering particles mixed in water: implications for analyses of light absorption in snow samples
Authors: Svensson Jonas , Ström Johan , Virkkula Aki
Published: November 2019

Abstract. The deposition of light-absorbing aerosol (LAA) onto snow initiates
processes that lead to increased snowmelt. Measurements of LAA, such as
black carbon (BC) and mineral dust, have been observed globally to darken
snow. Several measurement techniques of LAA in snow collect the
particulates on filters for analysis. Here we investigate micro-quartz
filters' optical response to BC experiments in which the particles are initially
suspended in air or in a liquid. With particle soot absorption photometers
(PSAPs) we observed a 20 % scattering enhancement for quartz filters
compared to the standard PSAP Pallflex filters. The multiple-scattering
correction factor (Cref) of the quartz filters for airborne soot
aerosol is estimated to be ∼3.4. In the next stage correction
factors were determined for BC particles mixed in water and also for BC
particles both mixed in water and further treated in an ultrasonic bath.
Comparison of BC collected from airborne particles with BC mixed in water
filters indicated a higher mass absorption cross
section by approximately a factor of 2 for the liquid-based filters, which is probably due to the BC particles
penetrating deeper in the filter matrix. The ultrasonic bath increased
absorption still further, roughly by a factor of 1.5, compared to only mixing
in water. Application of the correction functions to earlier published field
data from the Himalaya and Finnish Lapland yielded mass absorption coefficient (MAC) values of
∼7–10 m2 g−1 at λ=550 nm, which is
in the range of the published MAC of airborne BC aerosol.
The simulated N deposition accelerates net N mineralization and nitrification in a tropical forest soil
Authors: Nie Yanxia , Han Xiaoge , Chen Jie , Wang Mengcen , Shen Weijun
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition affects soil N
transformations in the N-rich soil of tropical forests. However, the change
in soil functional microorganisms responsible for soil N cycling remains
largely unknown. Here, we investigated the variation in soil inorganic N
content, net N mineralization (Rm), net nitrification (Rn),
inorganic N leaching (Rl), N2O efflux and N-related functional
gene abundance in a tropical forest soil over a 2-year period with four
levels of N addition. The responses of soil net N transformations (in situ Rm
and Rn) and Rl to N additions were negligible during the first
year of N inputs. The Rm, Rn, and Rl increased with the
medium nitrogen (MN) and high nitrogen (HN) treatments relative to the
control treatments in the second year of N additions. Furthermore, the
Rm, Rn, and Rl were higher in the wet season than in the dry
season. The Rm and Rn were mainly associated with the N
addition-induced lower C:N ratio in the dry season but with higher microbial
biomass in the wet season. Throughout the study period, high N additions
increased the annual N2O emissions by 78 %. Overall, N additions
significantly facilitated Rm, Rn, Rl and N2O emission.
In addition, the MN and HN treatments increased the ammonia-oxidizing
archaea (AOA) abundance by 17.3 % and 7.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile,
the HN addition significantly increased the abundance of nirK denitrifiers but
significantly decreased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)
and nosZ-containing N2O reducers. To some extent, the variation in
functional gene abundance was related to the corresponding N-transformation
processes. Partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM) indicated that
inorganic N contents had significantly negative direct effects on the
abundances of N-related functional genes in the wet season, implying that
chronic N deposition would have a negative effect on the N-cycling-related
microbes and the function of N transformation. Our results provide evidence
that elevated N deposition may impose consistent stimulatory effects on soil
N-transformation rates but differentiated impacts on related microbial
functional genes. Long-term experimentation or observations are needed to
decipher the interrelations between the rate of soil N-transformation
processes and the abundance or expression of related functional genes.
Changes in Particulate and Mineral Associated Organic Carbon with Land Use in Contrasting Soils
Authors: Yeasmin Sabina , Singh Balwant , Johnston Cliff T. , Sparks Donald L. , Hua Quan
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (OC) is the largest terrestrial C stock and soils' capacity to preserve OC varies with many factors including land use, soil type and depth. We investigated the effect of land use change on particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MOM) in soils. Surface (0–10 cm) and sub-surface (60–70 cm) soil samples were collected from paired-sites (native and cropped lands) of four contrasting soils. Bulk soils were isolated into POM and MOM fractions, which were analysed for mineralogy, OC and nitrogen, isotopic signatures and 14C content. POMs of surface soils were relatively unaffected by land use change, possibly because of continuous input of crop residues, while corresponding POM in sub-surface lost more OC. In surface soils, oxides-dominated MOM lost more OC than phyllosilicates- and quartz -dominated MOM, which is attributed to diverse OM input and the extent of OC saturation limit of soils. In contrast, oxides-associated fractions were less affected in the sub-surface soils than the other two MOM fractions, possibly due to OC protection via organo–mineral associations. Changed isotopic signature (linked with vegetation) across the fractions suggested that fresh crop residues constituted the bulk of OM in surface soils (supported by greater 14C). Increased isotopic signatures and lower 14C in sub-surface MOM fractions suggested the association of more microbially processed, aged OC in oxides-rich fractions than other MOMs. Results reveal that quantity and quality of OC after land use change was influenced by the nature of C input in surface soils and by mineral-organic association in sub-surface soils.
Sval_Imp_v1: A gridded forcing dataset for climate change impact research on Svalbard
Authors: Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Østby Torbjørn Ims
Published: November 2019

Abstract. We present Sval_Imp_v1, a high resolution gridded dataset designed for forcing models of terrestrial surface processes on Svalbard. The dataset is defined on a 1 km grid covering the archipelago of Svalbard, located in the Norwegian Arctic (74–82° N). Using a hybrid methodology combining multi-dimensional interpolation with simple dynamical modelling, the atmospheric reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-interim by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting have been downscaled to cover the period 1957–2017 at steps of 6 h. The dataset is publicly available from a data repository. In this paper, we describe the methodology used to construct the dataset, present the organization of the data in the repository and discuss the performance of the downscaling procedure. In doing so, the dataset is compared to a wealth of data available from operational as well as project-based measurements. The quality of the downscaled dataset is found to vary in space and time, but generally represents an improvement compared to unscaled values, especially for precipitation. Whereas operational records are biased to low-elevations around the fringes of the archipelago, we stress the hitherto under-used potential of project-based measurements for evaluating atmospheric models. For instance, records of snow accumulation on large ice masses may represent measures of seasonally-integrated precipitation in regions sensitive to the downscaling procedure, thus providing added value.
On the increased climate sensitivity in the EC-Earth model from CMIP5 to CMIP6
Authors: Wyser Klaus , van Noije Twan , Yang Shuting , von Hardenberg Jost , O'Donnell Declan , Döscher Ralf
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Many modelling groups that contribute to CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) have found a larger equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) with their latest model versions compared to the values obtained with earlier versions for CMIP5. This is also the case for the EC-Earth model, and in this study we investigate what developments since the CMIP5 era could have caused the increase in the ECS in this model. Apart from increases in horizontal and vertical resolution, the EC-Earth model also has substantially changed the representation of aerosols, and in particular it has introduced a more sophisticated description of aerosol indirect effects. After testing the model with some of the recent updates switched off, we find that the ECS increase can be attributed to the more advanced treatment of aerosols, with the largest contribution coming from the effect of aerosols on cloud microphysics (cloud lifetime or second indirect effect). The increase in climate sensitivity is unrelated to model tuning as all experiments have been performed with the same tuning parameters and only the representation of the aerosol effects has been changing. These results cannot be easily generalised to other models as their CMIP5 and CMIP6 versions may differ in other aspects than the aerosol-cloud interaction, but the results highlights the strong sensitivity of ECS to the details of the aerosol forcing.
Characteristics of a fracture network surrounding a hydrothermally altered shear zone from geophysical borehole logs
Authors: Caspari Eva , Greenwood Andrew , Baron Ludovic , Egli Daniel , Toschini Enea , Hu Kaiyan , Holliger Klaus
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Hydrothermally active and altered fault/shear zones in crystalline rocks are of practical importance because of their potential similarities with petrothermal reservoirs and exploitable natural hydrothermal systems. The petrophysical and hydraulic characterization of such structures is therefore of significant interest. Here, we report the results of corresponding investigations on a prominent shear zone of this type located in the crystalline Aar massif of the central Swiss Alps. A shallow borehole was drilled, which acutely intersects the core of the shear zone and is entirely situated in its surrounding damage zone. The focus of this study is a detailed characterization of this damage zone based on geophysical borehole measurements. For this purpose, a comprehensive suite of borehole logs, comprising passive and active nuclear, full-waveform sonic, resistivity, self-potential, optical televiewer, and borehole radar data, was collected. The migrated images of the borehole radar reflection data together with the optical televiewer data reveal a complicated network of intersecting fractures in the damage zone. Consequently, the associated petrophysical properties, notably the sonic velocities and porosities, are distinctly different from intact granitic formations. Cluster analyses of the borehole logs in combination with the structural interpretations of the optical televiewer data illustrate that the variations in the petrophysical properties are predominantly governed by the intense brittle deformation. The imaged fracture network and the high-porosity zones associated with brittle deformation represent the main flow pathways. This interpretation is consistent with the available geophysical measurements as well as the analyses of the retrieved core material. Furthermore, the interpretation of the self-potential and fluid resistivity log data suggests a compartmentalized hydraulic behavior, as evidenced by inflows of water into the borehole from different sources, which is likely to be governed by the steeply dipping structures.
System-level design studies for large rotors
Authors: Zalkind Daniel S. , Ananda Gavin K. , Chetan Mayank , Martin Dana P. , Bay Christopher J. , Johnson Kathryn E. , Loth Eric , Griffith D. Todd , Selig Michael S. , Pao Lucy Y.
Published: November 2019

Abstract. We examine the effect of rotor design choices on the power capture and structural loading of each major wind turbine component. A harmonic model for structural loading is derived from simulations using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) aeroelastic code FAST to reduce computational expense while evaluating design trade-offs for rotors with radii greater than 100 m. Design studies are performed, which focus on blade aerodynamic and structural parameters as well as different hub configurations and nacelle placements atop the tower. The effects of tower design and closed-loop control are also analyzed. Design loads are calculated according to the IEC design standards and used to create a mapping from the harmonic model of the loads and quantify the uncertainty of the transformation. Our design studies highlight both industry trends and innovative designs: we progress from a conventional, upwind, three-bladed rotor to a rotor with longer, more slender blades that is downwind and two-bladed. For a 13 MW design, we show that increasing the blade length by 25 m, while decreasing the induction factor of the rotor, increases annual energy capture by 11 % while constraining peak blade loads. A downwind, two-bladed rotor design is analyzed, with a focus on its ability to reduce peak blade loads by 10 % per 5∘ of cone angle and also reduce total blade mass. However, when compared to conventional, three-bladed, upwind designs, the peak main-bearing load of the upscaled, downwind, two-bladed rotor is increased by 280 %. Optimized teeter configurations and individual pitch control can reduce non-rotating damage equivalent loads by 45 % and 22 %, respectively, compared with fixed-hub designs.
Developing a Protocol for Medical Student-Organized Community-Based Hypertension Screening Programs
Authors: Varshney Vishal P. , Harrison Tyrone , Szymczakowski Michal , Grossi Matthew , Jones Charlotte
Published: November 2019

Background: Hypertension screening programs have been effective in raising awareness and identifying people who are otherwise unfamiliar with their disease. We aimed to develop a resource-minimal, evidence-based protocol for a novel medical student-organized hypertension-screening program capable of community implementation. Methods: Eighty-one medical students had their blood pressure measured once using an automated machine and once using the manual auscultatory method. Bland-Altman plots compared agreement between measurement techniques. Results: No significant difference between manual and automated techniques was noted in the measurement of systolic blood pressure, but was noted for diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions: In the context of a community-based screening program, automated and manual measurements may be used interchangeably to obtain an accurate measure of systolic blood pressure. A medical student-organized community-screening program is an effective way to screen large numbers of people in a short amount of time.
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Dry Eye in Post Menopausal Women: Study in a Tertiary Centre in Malaysia
Authors: Din Norshamsiah M , Sa’aid Siti H. B. , Shen Lam C. , Shu Yap S. , Rahman Marina B. A. , Azmi Aini B. M. , Thing Chang S. , Mustapha Mushawiahti , Rahman Ropilah A.
Published: November 2019

Background: Menopause involves decrease in the body estrogen level. There are many disorders associated with estrogen deficiency state. Postmenopausal women frequently report dry eye symptoms due to the decrease in the level of circulating estrogen hormone. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is given to alleviate some of the menopausal effects. This study aimed to compare the tear production between postmenopausal women treated with or without HRT.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 140 participants attending various clinics in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) namely the obstetric and gynecology, Surgery, Orthopedic and Otorhinolaryngology clinics over a period of 3 months. The subjects were either with or without HRT. Schirmer’s Test strip was used to measure the tear quantity. Dry eye was defined when the length of the moistened area on the strip is less than 5 mm.Results: The results showed significant difference in tear quantity in postmenopausal women treated with or without HRT (p=0.003). No correlation was observed between tear quantity and duration of HRT consumption (p=0.217). No significant correlation was also found between the tear quantity and duration of menopause (p=0.150).Conclusions: Our results suggested that HRT helps in improving tear production in postmenopausal women regardless of the duration of HRT consumption or menopause. However, duration of HRT consumption or menopause exert no significant effect on the tear quantity.
A Case of Sarcoidosis Disseminated to Skeletal Tissues
Authors: Rabinowitz Edon , Ogedegbe Chinwe , Feldman Joseph
Published: November 2019

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that typically affects young adults. Diagnostic criteria for sarcoidosis include involvement of two or more of the following organ systems: 1) pulmonary infiltrates; 2) bilateral hilar adenopathy; and 3) skin and/or eye lesions. Musculoskeletal system is less commonly involved. For that reason potential presenting symptoms can vary and make the diagnosis very challenging; particularly if a patient has symptoms that mimic other conditions. Musculoskeletal involvement for example can mimic malignancy. The following case describes a patient with known history of primary metastatic mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor (GCT) with teratomatous elements who is diagnosed with sarcoidosis involving skeletal tissues.
Research: A Pathway Towards a Good Curriculum Vitae
Authors: Shakoor Muhammad T. , Ayub Samia , Ayubs Zunaira
Published: November 2019

N/A
A Reflection and Comparison of Physician Training in the United States of America and United Kingdom
Authors: Aiyer Rohit S.
Published: November 2019

N/A
International Journal of Medical Students - Year 2013 - Volume 1 - Supplement 4
Authors: IJMS Executive Committee of
Published: November 2019

International Journal of Medical Students - Year 2013 - Volume 1 - Supplement 4
The International Journal of Medical Students, a Platform for Medical Student Research Worldwide
Authors: Bonilla-Velez Juliana , Peña-Oscuvilca Americo , Sahin Ilyas , Cordoba-Grueso Whitney S. , Fernandez-Zapico Martin E.
Published: November 2019

N/A
The Atopic March. A Literature Review
Authors: Salazar-Espinosa. Juan F.
Published: November 2019

The atopic march is defined as the progression of atopic diseases, generally during childhood, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergies. The main risk factors for developing these atopic diseases include genetics, aeroallergens, food allergens, latefood introduction to the infant, and living in developing countries. The immunologic contributors to this problem include the Th2 response, epigenetics, and lack of certain factors like thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and filaggrin. As a whole, the therapeutic approach has been changing during recent years because of the discovery of new factors involved in this problem. This article explains the definition of atopic march, the immunological pathway, clinical features, epidemiology and therapeutic approaches to create a context for the broader understanding of this important condition.
Two Cases of CrossFit®-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: A Rising Concern
Authors: Rathi Madhur
Published: November 2019

Background: The author reports the cases of two adult males who presented with severe rhabdomyolysis following identical CrossFit® workouts performed on the same day, at the same time and at the same location. Results: For both cases, symptoms of rhabdomyolysis disappeared upon discontinuation of the regime and within three days of aggressive hydration and rest. Patients made a complete recovery upon discharge. Conclusion: The rhabdomyolysis was attributed to the same excruciating workout both men underwent. Exertion rhabdomyolysis exemplified by the cases presented highlights a rising concern over the health consequences of the popular training program. CrossFit®-induced rhabdomyolysis is underrecognized and should be considered in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis.
High Alert For Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Rathi Madhur
Published: November 2019

Background: A 32-year-old Caucasian man presented with intractable nausea, psychogenic vomiting, abdominal pain and compulsive hot-water bathing behaviors following the habitual use of cannabis for years, consistent with the uncommon and frequently overlooked diagnosis of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. This was his third admission to the emergency department with the same complaints and symptoms which had persisted for over two years without a recognizable etiology. All imaging studies done on each visit were unremarkable.n Results: The patient was clinically symptomatic with the aforementioned presenting complaints, but disappeared upon discontinuation of the cannabis. Within two days of supportive treatment in addition to temporary relief of symptoms with bathing. To date, noeffective cure has been sought for this unique diagnosis other than abstaining from cannabis use. Conclusion: A complete recovery was made three days following admission. The presenting symptoms were attributed to the smoking behaviors. The patient was followed up by his primary care physician once released from the hospital. A very rare diagnosis surfaced a number of times with the same patient in the same setting over the span of a couple years, but was overlooked due to its rarity. Hence, physicians should list it higher on their

differentials when dealing with a patient with a history of drug abuse.
Should Research Thesis be a Prerequisite for Doctor of Medicine Degree? A Cross-sectional Study at Jordan University of Science and Technology
Authors: Gharaibeh Aisha , S. Mousa Yazan
Published: November 2019

Background: University based research is an integral part of many prestigious medical schools worldwide. The benefits of student-conducted research have long been highlighted in the literature. This article aims to identify the insights of medical students concerning research training, including perceived hurdles in the way of conducting research, and the utility of a research thesis in acquiring a Doctor of Medicine degree. Methods: A total of 808 medical students at Jordan University of Science and Technology were selected by random sampling with a confidence level of 95%. A survey was constructed by a group of students through literature review and group discussions. The survey utilized polar and Likert scale questions to collect data from the students. Statistical inferences were then obtained through analysis of means and one sample t-test of the hypothesis. Results: A total of 687 students filled out the survey (85%). Analysis shows that respondents have a strong and positive attitude towards research. The respondents with past research experience constituted 14.3% of those surveyed. Those respondents identified the barriers faced by them during their experience. The students showed high degree of agreement that a research thesis should be a prerequisite for graduation with statistical significance of p-value ≤0.05. Conclusion: Modifying the curriculum to include research methodology is recommended, and developing it to incorporate a thesis as a requirement for graduation may be advised upon further review.
Cardionephrology: A Widespread Discipline for 21th Century Medical Students and Young Nephrology Residents
Authors: F. Rivera Rodolfo , Floccari Fulvio , Diaz Parodi Germán , Di Lullo Luca
Published: November 2019

NA
Poster Presentations: A Presenting Opportunity in Conferences for Medical Students
Authors: Abhishekh Hulegar A. , Tandon Neeraj , Rangarajan Sunil , Gharaibeh Aisha , J. Bonilla-Escobar Francisco
Published: November 2019

NA
Correlation of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology Diagnosis in the Evaluation of Breast Lumps
Authors: Khan Adnan , Jamali Raza , Jan Muneeb , Tasneem Maria
Published: November 2019

Background: A large number of patients have been suffer from breast cancer worldwide and this trend is increasing. It is difficult to determine whether a lump is benign or malignant from clinical assessment; thus, the need for micropic and tissue analysis arises. Methods: This comparative retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2006 to March 2013, to determine the value of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of breast lump and to compare the result of FNAC with histological diagnosis to assess its accuracy. Results: Seventy-four  cases with breast lumps were presented for FNAC. Of these, 32.4% were reported as a C2 lesion, 4.1% were reported as benign with atypical cells (C3), 8.1% cases were suspicious for malignancy (C4), and 55.4% were positive for malignancy (C5). On histopathology examination, out of 24 cases which were reported as C2 lesions, 95.8% were benign and 4.1% turned out to be invasive ductal carcinoma. Of the cases that presented as C3 lesions, one was diagnosed as benign duct ectasia, one with ductal carcinoma in situ, and one with invasive ductal carcinoma on histopathological examination. The cases that were diagnosed as C4 lesions all turned out to be carcinoma on histopathology.  In this study, FNAC and histopathology diagnoses were strongly correlated [r 0.92, p <0.001]. Conclusion: Diagnosis of breast lump based on FNAC should be practiced as there is high correlation with histopathological finding. FNAC should be used as a routine diagnostic procedure due to its cost effectiveness, thus maximizing the availability of effective health care to patients with breast lesions.
Attitude towards New Packaging to Reduce Condom-carrying Embarrassment among Thai Youth, A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wongkietkachorn Apinut , Nissaipan Kunathip , Hiransuthikul Narin
Published: November 2019

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) incidence has been increasing in Thai youth, mostly from unsafe sex. Embarrassment with carrying condom was one of the main reasons. This study aims to evaluate attitude towards condom use, sexual behavior and the new condom packaging that merges with daily life products in Thai youth. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among volunteers aged 15-24. New packaging were demonstrated and the volunteers were provided with questionnaires to complete in privacy booth and submit anonymously. Results: Of 680 participants with mean age of 19.7±2.7 years and 59.9% females, half of them thought condom should be carried and used. However, the same group did not actually do. Two-thirds of participants were interested and would use the packaging, citing these reasons charming, convenience, and disguise of condom. Females preferred the packaging significantly more than males. Conclusion: Disguising condom packaging, as phone charm and key ring, might be another safe and practical way to encourage youth to carry condoms around.
Social Media Etiquette for the Modern Medical Student:A Narrative Review
Authors: Harrison Brittany , Gill Jeewanjit , Jalali Alireza
Published: November 2019

Most medical students worldwide are using some form of social media platform to supplement their learning via file sharing and to stay up-to-date on medical events. Often, social media may blur the line between socialization and educational use, so it is important to be aware of how one is utilizing social media and how to remain professional. Research has yielded some troublesome themes of misconduct: drunken behaviour, violations of confidentiality and defamation of institutions. Because there is no universal policy to monitor online professionalism, there exists the potential for indiscretions to occur. It has been reported that misdemeanours can affect future residency placements and employment for medical students. Accordingly, studies suggest that educators need to recognize this new era of professionalism and adapt policies and reprimands to meet modern outlets where professionalism may be violated.
Research as a Student: Is It Worth a Try? An Insightful Experience from a Middle Eastern Student
Authors: Al-Husseini Muneer
Published: November 2019

NA
Penile Cancer in Cali, Colombia: 10 Years of Casuistry in a Tertiary Referral Center of a Middle-Income Country
Authors: M. Rengifo Lina , Herrera Maria del M. , Rincon-Jimenez Angie L. , Bermudez-Pupo Alberto J. , Bonilla-Escobar Francisco J.
Published: November 2019

Background: Penile cancer is a rare disease in Colombia; in Cali, it represents 0.7% of all cancers. Penile cancer has been associated with old age, bad hygiene, smoking and lack of circumcision. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinica  characteristics of patients with penile cancer who consulted to a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A case series of all penile cance cases at a reference institution in Cali during 2001-2010. Socioeconomic, demographic and clinical features of patients were described, and bivariate analyses were carried out. Results: There were 46 penile cancer cases. The average age was 60 ± 16.9 years. The main reason for consultation was an exophytic mass on the penis (75.0%). The most common location was the glans (69.6%), and the more frequent histology type was the squamous cell carcinoma (95.7%). With regard to risk factors, 65.5% of the patients had history of smoking and90.9% did not have circumcision. Patients who underwent radical amputation had higher rates of positive nodes (55% vs. 13.5%, p=0.015) and ulcerative lesions (77.8% vs. 29.7%, p=0.018) than those who did not have the procedure done. Recurrence was associated with the presence of lymphadenopathy (p=0.02) and history of circumcision (p=0.015). Conclusion: Most of the patients with penile cancer found in this study had old age, history of tobacco use and lack of circumcision. Patients who presented with lymph node metastasis had to undergo more radical procedures and suffered a greater rate of recurrence compared with those without lymph node involvement. Robust studies to determine the risk factors among low-income populations are required.
Essential Heavy Metals in Renal Tumor Tissue and Its Possible Relation to Carcinogenesis: Applying the Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with X-Ray Microanalysis Technique
Authors: Nogueira Tânia , Semedo Mariana , Cunha Elisabete
Published: November 2019

Background: Metals such as copper and zinc are crucial in several vital functions in the human body; the absence of these metals can cause serious illness. When in excess, however, they can have toxic effects which may be associated with carcinogenesis, as is described in the literature. Thus, it is important to realize that without these essential metals in their due proportion, the human body could not maintain its proper metabolic function. Methods: The main goal of this paper was to compare qualitatively and semi-quantitatively the amount of both copper and zinc present in the tumor tissue (tissue from patients who had undergone partial or radical nephrectomy) andin the control tissue (which was adjacent to the tumor tissue). This study was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with X-Ray Microanalysis (SEM-XRM). Results: There is a different concentrations of copper and zinc in the samples of tumor tissue and controls that were studied. Conclusion: This work complements previously published results about the presence of metals in the human body and their probable influence on carcinogenesis
A Pilot Study of the Effect of a Change in the Scheduling of Canadian Medical Licensing Examinations on Two Cohorts of Students Studying in Ireland
Authors: Niethammer Kate , Gouda Pishoy , Moylett Edina
Published: November 2019

Background: The Medical Council of Canada and most Canadian residency programs require international medical graduates seeking training in Canada to pass the Medical Council of Canada Entrance Examination, in addition to the newly established National Collaborative Assessment. In order to facilitate this additional examination, the Medical Council of Canada has altered the suggested examination timeline and examination eligibility criteria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was sent via an online survey tool to members of the North American Irish Medical Student Association. The survey aimed to elicit differences in the Medical Council of Canada Entrance Examination experience between two cohorts of Canadians studying abroad in Ireland: those who completed the examination before and after the new timeline. Statistical analysis was conducted with independent t-tests and Pearson’s Chi-Square tests using SPSS version 21. Results: Of 24 respondents, 13 had completed the examination after the timeline change. Participants who attended the examination prior to the change achieved higher results (353.8 ± 56.5) than participants who attended the examination after the change (342.3 ± 35.1), although not statistically significant (p=0.56). In the cohort who took the examination after the timeline change, 61.5% of participants expressed discontent with their examination results; 84.6% ‘strongly agreed’ or ‘agreed’ to feeling disadvantaged due to the change. Conclusion: The new Medical Council of Canada examination timeline has had an impact on the examination experience of Canadians studying in Ireland. Simple modifications to the current timeline are warranted to reduce unnecessary disadvantage for this cohort of students applying to postgraduate training in Canada.