bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Modeling of Screw Pump Characteristic Mathematical Model
Authors: Zheng Yun Ping , Yu Yan Bin , Wang Yu Chun , Li Xun , Shu Jie , Ai Shao Ping
Published: October 2011

For the design and management of the modern heavy oil piplines, the application of mathematical model to describe the characteristics of screw pump is crucial to the improvement of design quality and operational management efficiency. According to the features of HOW7T.3(50mm) screw pump’s actual measured data, this research established two groups of mathematical model.The first one described the change of screw pump’s displacement along with the variation of pressure difference and viscosity, while the second group described the change of shaft power along with the variation of pressure difference and viscosity, and then it solved all the four models by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The model-building and model-solving of these two examples showed that the PSO algorithm could rapidly search the best model regression parameter. Through the four target test, the research finally selected two models with relatively high accuracy. In the end, the paper put forward that it is necessary to take further research on the forms of screw pump characteristic mathematical model, and the corresponding optimization method of model-solving, in order to make the models more succinct and with higher fitting precision.
Chitosan-Mediated Preparation of Porous Amorphous NiB Nanoparticles from Silver-Catalyzed Electroless Plating
Authors: Wu Mei Xia , Guo Yong , Zhao Jian Guo , Tao Ke Yi
Published: October 2011

The chitosan-mediated synthesis of porous nanosized NiB alloy catalysts could be achieved by silver-catalysed electroless plating (EN). The unsupported and supported NiB-CS catalysts with particle size of ~25 nm were produced. The as-prepared catalysts exhibited superior catalytic activities in p-chloronitrobenzene and sulfolene hydrogenation to those of the NiB catalysts.
Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Support for Pd Catalysts: Application in Hydrogenation of 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde
Authors: Kan Yu , Li Kai , Wang Ji Yuan , Lin Ling , Zeng Chong Yu
Published: October 2011

The formed TiO2supports were prepared by compression method and then used in the Pd/TiO2 catalytic hydrogenation of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA). Supports and catalysts were characterized by the intensity test, BET, XRD, SEM and ICP techniques. Results showed that the pore-forming agent can adjust both the specific surface and average pore diameter. The suitable content is 4 wt.%. Silicon additive inhibits the growth of TiO2grain and the anatase-rutile phase transformation. Forming pressure brings out a certain crushing strength and pore characteristic. The crushing strength of support significantly increases with increasing support calcination temperature. However, the specific surface and pore volume decrease. The TiO2support has the side crushing strength of 122 N/cm and the specific surface of 38 m2/g at the optimum preparation conditions of silicon additive of 4 wt.%, forming pressure of 150 MPa and calcination temperature of 700 °C. A series of Pd/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness of impregnation and liquid-phase chemical reduction method. On Pd/TiO2700 (Pd, 0.5 wt.%) catalyst, the 99.5% conversion of 4-CBA is obtained after reaction for 90 min at reaction temperature of 280 °C and hydrogen partial pressure of 0.6 MPa.
High Temperature Air Combustion Energy-Saving Technologies and Environmental Characteristics Analysis
Authors: Xu Zhao Kang
Published: October 2011

High temperature air combustion technology is a new advanced combustion technology, which is energy efficient and has the dual advantages of low pollution emissions and energy conservation. This sustainable development is in line with China’s strategic objectives of energy saving. Based on the high temperature air combustion technology and environmental characteristics, the paper analyzed its heat transfer process and determined the proper commutation cycle based on the numerical model. It is indicated that combustion technology can increase the temperature of air flowing into the furnace, reduce the temperature of the flue gas emissions, and improve thermal and temperature efficiency and thus to save the fuel. It can also suppress the formation of NOx, reducing CO2 emissions and is a good environmentally friendly energy technology in industrial furnace.
Decomposition Behaviors of Tantalum-Niobium Ore in Sodium Hydroxide System
Authors: Yang Xiu Li , Wang Xiao Hui , Wei Chang , Zheng Shi Li , Zhang Yi
Published: October 2011

A new method for the decomposition of low-grade refractory tantalum-niobium ores using sodium hydroxide fusion was proposed. The effects of initial mineral particle size, alkali to ore mass ratio, decomposition temperature and decomposition time on the decomposition rate of the tantalum-niobium ore were investigated. The alkali to ore mass ratio, decomposition temperature and initial mineral particle size showed significant influence on the decomposition of tantalum-niobium ore. The results show that the decomposition rates of cassiterotantalite and pyrochlore in the ore can be above 98% and 99% respectively when the initial mineral particle size is less than 75µm, the mass ratio of alkali to ore is 1:1, the decomposition temperature is 650°C and the decomposition time is 30min.
Research on High-Efficiency Oxygen Blowing Technology for Semi-Steel Steelmaking
Authors: Chen Jun , Liang Xin Teng , Zeng Jian Hua
Published: October 2011

To improve the production efficiency of converter smelting and keep stabled during refining in Panzhihua Steel, the original nozzle was optimized and industrial tests have been carried out. Results show that the optimized nozzle has a better metallurgical effect on the condition that corrosion of lining is normal, the average volume of oxygen and oxygen supply intensity were increased by 1040 m3/h and 0.27 m3/(t •min） respectively, oxygen consumption was reduced by 1.99m3/t, the blowing time was lowered by 1.06 minutes, TFe content in slag is 19.65%, which is 1.5 percentage point lower than that of the original one. So, a better dephosphorization effect was obtained and metal loss is controlled.
The Flow Units Study Based on Reservoir Architecture
Authors: Feng Cong Jun , Bao Zhi Dong , Wang Ying
Published: October 2011

In the case of Fourth Member of Quantou Formation (K1q4) in Well X5-16 of Fuyu Oilfield, it integrates the theory of reservoir architecture and methodology for flow-unit analysis to characterize the architectural units and their permeable features in reservoirs. As the research found, point bars are very developed in low-sinuosity meandering distributary channels. Therefore, parameter modeling for reservoirs, confined by reservoir architecture is firstly constructed from empirical formulas and integrating the data from closely-spaced wells in dense pattern area. At this basis, clustering analysis with optimized reservoir parameters help demarcate the classification of flow units and further the Kriging interpolation method is introduced for interwell flow unit prediction. Besides, the study also illustrates the relationship between the lateral accretion and the flow unit. Finally, the research achievements were confirmed by successfully matching the production data, so as to predict how the remaining oil distributes, or to adjust the development plan, as well as enhance the oil recovery.
Changes in Cyanogen and Nutrients of Para-Rubber(Hevea brasiliensis) Seeds during Storage and Drying
Authors: Li Fei Ran , Liu Shi Sheng
Published: October 2011

The changes in moisture, cyanogen, crude protein and fat content of para-rubber seed at post-harvest from 0 to 27 days in August and 0-48 days in November were studied. After a short storage, 3 days in August and 6 days in November, the cyanogen content reaches its peak 230-250 mg/100g dry wt, then it decreases during the whole storage. Results show that reducing the initial drying rate promote cyanogen removal. Cyanogen content reduces more effectively in proper storage and processing, while crude protein content and fat content change little during storage.
Hypoglycemic Function of Mulberry Leaf Polysaccharide and 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)
Authors: Liu Shu Xing , Hua Jun Li , Wang Bei
Published: October 2011

The hypoglycemic function of mulberry leaves polysaccharide and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is studied preliminary.The extraction is injected into stomach of mice which have diabetes mellitus caused by alloxan.After observation and detection about blood sugar,it is discovered that the mulberry leaves polysaccharide and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) has hypoglycemic function.
Reason for Work Hardening of Mn13 after Asynchronous Cold Rolling
Authors: Qiu Chang Ming , Wang Yan Feng , Sun Xiao Hua
Published: October 2011

By taking asynchronous cold rolling technique on austenitic high manganese steel (Mn13) specimens, the hardness of Mn13 specimens can increase. The reason for work hardening after asynchronous cold rolling is analyzed in depth by studying the microstructure and electron diffraction pattern. The research will make a contribution to theory and practice of Mn13.
To Gain the Burning Efficiency by Improving the Mixing Condition of Oil and Gas
Authors: Tseng Yen Kuei
Published: October 2011

In this research, the burner used in current industry is modified to improve the state of mixture for air and oil, so that the burning efficiency could be promoted to save fuel as well as reduce emissions of waste gas and waste heat. The way of operating this modified burner was same as the traditional one by inducing the air and oil with high pressure to the furnace, then mixing and burning the compound inside the chamber. Moreover, the construction of this modified burner was a bit different with an extra device call spoiler, which will be fixed in front end of the nozzle to create a turbulent flow for better mixing of inlet air and oil, so as to increase the burning efficiency. As the cone shape spoiler is set up onto the burner, it will seperate the inlet oil and gas inside and outside the cone , when the oil is injected from the nozzle with a high speed flow, the air inside the cone will be brought out and form a low pressure zone, in this time, if some tiny holes are punched on the wall of the cone, the inlet air outside the cone will leak inside and create a turbulent flow, which can improve the mixing condition of oil and gas and gain burning efficiency. As with the standard burner used in industrial furnaces for testing, comparing the average fuel consumption for unit hour and contrast the emissions of burner with and without installing spoiler, one can find that, the energy saving can effectively reach to 15%，while the emissions of NOxand SOxwere at the utmost reduced by 13% and 9%, respectively. The measured data of CO, CO2and waste heat expelling to environment were keeping the same, but actually they were low down when considering the total volume of inlet air diminished by 10%. The above results show that, with the spoiler attached, the burning system will have obvious benefit for energy saving and emissions reducing, and that really fit the goal of nowadays’ situation to live without energy deficit and environment impact.
Three-Stage Theory of Harmonious Ocean — An Investigation on Harmonious Marine Environment and Sea Power Relations
Authors: Cai Yi Ming
Published: October 2011

Environmental protection and economic development are obviously not only limited to the natural science area, but also deeply involved in the interplay between social science area and the geopolitical studies. Today, competition between countries mainly exists in the forms of competition for energy and other resources, the advancement of science and technology and the harmonious development between man and nature. The important marine strategy in contemporary society for a nation is how to acquire peaceful access to a harmonious marine environment to improve the overall national competition without breaking global peace. Harmonious marine environment, and its protection and economic development are discussed in the article. In combination of Mahan’s sea power theory with current developmental trends of new ocean century, the new three-stage theory is creatively put forward by the author to gain marine rights and interests, meaning three important elements of harmonious ocean view theory in modern international society, which are inter-coordinated, inter-connected and interacted.
Study on Co-Combustion Characteristics of Coals under Pure Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Gu Ming Yan , Liu Xu Hui , Ma Biao , Li Jia Xin
Published: October 2011

In this study, the combustion behaviors of three kinds of coal and their mixtures under the pure oxygen and air atmosphere were studied by using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer. The combustion characteristics such as ignition and burnout behavior were investigated in the temperature from 20°C to 800°C. The influence of mixing Shenhua coal with Huaibei bituminous and Sanming anthracite coal on combustion characteristics was conduced. The results obtained show that pure oxygen content accelerated the coal burning process greatly; the coal volatile matter started to release at a lower temperature and the coal burning process was finished earlier compared with the burning process under the air atmosphere. The addition of Shenhua coal improved the combustion characteristics of both Huaibei bituminous coal and Sanming anthracite in a different way. For the Huaibei bituminous coal, both the ignition and burnout temperature decreased linearly with the increasing ratio of Shenhua coal; while for the Sanming anthracite, the addition of Shenhua coal greatly lowered the mixture ignition temperature, and the burnout temperature was nearly the same. The activation energy of the mixture coal with Shenhua and Huaibei coal reduced with the ratio of Shenhua coal. For the Shenhua and Sanming coal mixture, the activation energy changed differently at the two burning stages.
Study on Recycling Utilization of Discarded Concrete
Authors: Jia Kai Wu , Kang Hong Zhen , Wang Xi Qiang , Ye Ying Hua
Published: October 2011

For environmental conservation, resource saving and sustainable development, discarded concrete sources are introduced and current situation of its application is summarized. Then, the facing problems and solutions on concrete-recycling use are analyzed, and recycled application methods of discarded concrete are proposed.
Research on the Influence of Electrode Trends and Noise Suppression by Inversion Correction Method in Deep Mine Resources Prospecting by CSAMT
Authors: Wang Yan , Lin Jun
Published: October 2011

The mine prospecting has been entered into the key stage of “overcoming depth and finding blind” in our country at present. This article simulates the relationships between temperature, concentration and electrode potential by Nernst equation. And then, the characteristics of electrode trends and the influences to the deep mine resources prospecting using CSAMT are discussed. Finally, trends suppression by inversion correction method is studied combined LOTEM data. The results show that trends are produced in the electrode potential by the change of temperature and concentration. Trend noises display in two manners, relatively linear and nonlinear, and the spectrum of trends mainly focuses on or near the zero frequency. Positive trends lift the resistivity values of deep low resistivity object, and negative trends lower the resistivity values of deep high resistivity object, so the trends lead to wrong explanation results. Finally, the inversion correction method combined with LOTEM data can remove the trends successfully and is very important to the solution of mine crisis in our country.
China Power Source Structure and CO2 Emissions Reduction
Authors: Jiang Yu Ze , Yang Yan Zhao , Guo Qing Wei
Published: October 2011

According to the statistics data and planning material from the authority, the power source structure of China is analyzed and the clean power prospect is forecasted, which aim to explore occurring to CO2emissions reduction in the power industry. Based on The national greenhouse gas list guide published by Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2006, the trend of clean energy reduction CO2is predicted. In recent years, the clean energy power is developing quickly, while the share of thermal power gradually declines. By the end of 2010, the percent of thermal power in the total installed capacity is 73.44%, while the hydropower, and wind power and nuclear power accounts for 26.53%. The contribution of thermal power to generated energy is 80.76%, while the clean power is 19.22%. The capacity of thermal power unit with above 300 MW is predominate, accounting for 80%. In 2020, the installed capacity of hydroelectric power, wind power and nuclear power will reach 402 million kW, 150 million kW and 70 million kW, respectively. The corresponding annual energy production of three kinds of clean energy can reach 1.75 trillion kW•h, 314.55 billion kW•h, and 554.68 billion kW•h, which can reduce CO2emissions 1534, 276, 486 million tons, respectively. It is estimated that a total of 2.296 billion tons CO2emissions will be reduced in 2020.
Research on Energy Efficiency and Environmental Pollution in China: a Simultaneous Equations Approach
Authors: Dong Ying Nan , Lu Yu Duo , Yu Jiao Jiao
Published: October 2011

This paper examined the relationship between the energy efficiency and the environmental pollution. By using the data of energy intensity and economic loss caused by environmental pollution (ELP) in China from 1989-2009, a simultaneous equations was developed. The result of two-stage OLS estimation suggested that the energy had exerted positive influences on the decreasing of the environmental pollutions. By enhancing the energy efficiency and adjusting the industrial structure and energy consumption structure, China is exploring a road for sustainable development in the energy conservation.
Experimental Research on the Drag Reduction Technology of Nature Gas Pipeline Transportation
Authors: Huang Zhi Qiang , Zhu Rong Gai , Chen Zhen , Li Xue Yuan , Jing Shuang , Wang Jing , Huang Xing
Published: October 2011

As an efficient and environment-friendly energy, natural gas has become an inevitable choice for improving environment, achieving the low carbon economy and the sustainable development all around world. However, flow resistance produced in the course of the gas pipeline transportation caused large loss of transportation energy and brought down the transportation capacity. Therefore, this paper have developed a deep researches on the interaction mechanism between a drag reduction agent (DRA) and the inner surface of natural gas pipeline, the flow pattern improvement regularity about DRA membrane acting on the near-wall region of the pipeline, the relation between the flow pattern improvement and friction resistance, the effect regularity of DRA on the friction coefficient of the pipeline inner surface, and the relation between the alternation of the friction coefficient and the drag reduction. According to all above studies, the fundamental reason for flow resistance of the gas transportation has been found, and the drag reduction mechanism of the gas pipeline transportation has also been hold of. Field test shows that the application of the DRA in the course of the gas pipeline transportation reduced the friction loss by 12%-16.5%, and raised the transfer efficiency by 8%-12%.
How to Reduce Oil Consumption and Achieve Low-Carbon Goal for the Armed Forces
Authors: Li Xuan Min , Dong Shi Bao , Hu Li Ming , Chen Xi
Published: October 2011

Firstly, this document explains why the armed forces should cut down oil consumption and develop in a low-carbon way, then it discusses how to do it, i.e. improve the personnel’s awareness of energy-saving and emission-reduction by propaganda and education, implement the system of rewards and penalties and develop and utilize new energy and alternative energy.
Does the size distribution of mineral dust aerosols depend on the wind speed at emission?
Authors: Kok J. F.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The size distribution of mineral dust aerosols partially determines their interactions with clouds, radiation, ecosystems, and other components of the Earth system. Several theoretical models predict that the dust size distribution depends on the wind speed at emission, with larger wind speeds predicted to produce smaller aerosols. The present study investigates this prediction using a compilation of published measurements of the size-resolved vertical dust flux emitted by eroding soils. Surprisingly, these measurements indicate that the size distribution of naturally emitted dust aerosols is independent of the wind speed. The recently formulated brittle fragmentation theory of dust emission is consistent with this finding, whereas other theoretical models are not. The independence of the emitted dust size distribution with wind speed simplifies both the interpretation of geological records of dust deposition and the parameterization of dust emission in atmospheric circulation models.
A new method to determine the mixing state of light absorbing carbonaceous using the measured aerosol optical properties and number size distributions
Authors: Ma N. , Zhao C. S. , Müller T. , Cheng Y. F. , Liu P. F. , Deng Z. Z. , Xu W. Y. , Ran L. , Nekat B. , van Pinxteren D. , Gnauk T. , Müller K. , Herrmann H. , Yan P. , Zhou X. J. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In this paper, the mixing state of light absorbing carbonaceous (LAC) was investigated with a two-parameter aerosol optical model and in situ aerosol measurements at a regional site in the North China Plain (NCP). A closure study between the hemispheric backscattering fraction (HBF) measured by an integrating nephelometer and that calculated with a modified Mie model was conducted. A new method was proposed to retrieve the ratio of the externally mixed LAC mass to the total mass of LAC (rext-LAC) based on the assumption that the ambient aerosol particles were externally mixed and consisted of a pure LAC material and a core-shell morphology in which the core is LAC and the shell is a less absorbing material. A Monte Carlo simulation was applied to estimate the overall influences of input parameters of the algorithm to the retrieved rext-LAC. The diurnal variation of rext-LAC was analyzed and the PartMC-MOSAIC model was used to simulate the variation of the aerosol mixing state. Results show that, for internally mixed particles, the assumption of core-shell mixture is more appropriate than that of homogenous mixture which has been widely used in aerosol optical calculations. A significant diurnal pattern of the retrieved rext-LAC was found, with high values during the daytime and low values at night. The consistency between the retrieved rext-LAC and the model results indicates that the diurnal variation of LAC mixing state is mainly caused by the diurnal evolution of the mixing layer.
A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring vertical fluxes of nitrous acid
Authors: Ren X. , Sanders J. E. , Rajendran A. , Weber R. J. , Goldstein A. H. , Pusede S. E. , Browne E. C. , Min K.-E. , Cohen R. C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) system combined with a nitrous acid (HONO) analyzer was developed to measure atmospheric HONO vertical fluxes. The system consists of three major components: (1) a fast-response sonic anemometer measuring both vertical wind velocity and air temperature, (2) a fast-response controlling unit separating air motions into updraft and downdraft samplers by the sign of vertical wind velocity, and (3) a highly sensitive HONO analyzer based on aqueous long path absorption photometry that measures HONO concentrations in the updrafts and downdrafts. A dynamic velocity threshold (±0.5σw, where σw is a standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity) was used for valve switching determined by the running means and standard deviations of the vertical wind velocity. Using measured temperature as a tracer and the average values from two field deployments, the flux proportionality coefficient, β, was determined to be 0.42 ± 0.02, in good agreement with the theoretical estimation. The REA system was deployed in two ground-based field studies. In the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) study in Bakersfield, California in summer 2010, measured HONO fluxes appeared to be upward during the day and were close to zero at night. The upward HONO flux was highly correlated to the product of NO2 and solar radiation. During the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX 2009) at Blodgett Forest, California in July 2009, the overall HONO fluxes were small in magnitude and were close to zero. Causes for the different HONO fluxes in the two different environments are briefly discussed.
Regional scale characteristics of the seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Thomalla S. J. , Fauchereau N. , Swart S. , Monteiro P. M. S.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In the Ocean, the seasonal cycle is the mode that couples climate forcing to ecosystem response in production, diversity and carbon export. A better characterisation of the ecosystem's seasonal cycle therefore addresses an important gap in our ability to estimate the sensitivity of the biological pump to climate change. In this study, the regional characteristics of the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean are examined in terms of the timing of the bloom initiation, its amplitude, regional scale variability and the importance of the climatological seasonal cycle in explaining the overall variance. The seasonal cycle was consequently defined into four broad zonal regions; the subtropical zone (STZ), the transition zone (TZ), the Antarctic circumpolar zone (ACZ) and the marginal ice zone (MIZ). Defining the Southern Ocean according to the characteristics of its seasonal cycle provides a more dynamic understanding of ocean productivity based on underlying physical drivers rather than climatological biomass. The response of the biology to the underlying physics of the different seasonal zones resulted in an additional classification of four regions based on the extent of inter-annual seasonal phase locking and the magnitude of the integrated seasonal biomass. This regionalisation contributes towards an improved understanding of the regional differences in the sensitivity of the Southern Oceans ecosystem to climate forcing, potentially allowing more robust predictions of the effects of long term climate trends.
Technical note: Towards a continuous classification of climate using bivariate colour mapping
Authors: Teuling A. J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Climate is often defined in terms of discrete classes. Here I use bivariate colour mapping to show that the global distribution of Köppen-Geiger climate classes can largely be reproduced by combining the simple means of two key states of the climate system (i.e. air temperature and relative humidity). This allows for a classification that is not only continuous in space, but can be applied at and transferred between timescales ranging from days to decades.
Working Memory Contributions to Reading Comprehension Components in Middle Childhood Children
Authors: Chrysochoou Elisavet , Bablekou Zoe , Tsigilis Nikokaos
Published: October 2011

This study examined working memory contributions to reading comprehension subskills in Greek children (mean age 9 years, 1 month). The phonological loop of the Baddeley and Hitch working memory model was assessed with 3 recall tasks (words, nonwords, and digits) and a word list matching task. The central executive (CE) was assessed with 3 tasks (listening, counting, and backward digit recall). Participants were also given a receptive vocabulary task, a reading fluency task, and written stories accompanied by comprehension questions. Canonical correlation analyses showed that the comprehension variables were related to the CE rather than the phonological loop measures. CE functions were more strongly associated with elaborative inference generation (involving significant offline processing) and comprehension control (involving metacognitive monitoring). Smaller yet significant associations were observed between the CE and the necessary inference and literal comprehension measures, whereas a moderate relationship was found in the case of the simile comprehension variable. Among the CE variables, listening recall demonstrated the highest loading on the canonical function, followed by moderate yet significant counting and backward digit recall loadings. Vocabulary was found to fully mediate several associations between working memory and comprehension measures; however, the relationship between listening recall and elaborative inferences was partly mediated. Reading fluency and, on several occasions, Greek vocabulary knowledge did not mediate the relationships between CE measures and comprehension skills assessed. This study demonstrates the usefulness of CE measures for identifying young children’s possible difficulties in carrying out specific reading comprehension processes.
Development of a Web-Based Geographic Information System for Planetary Geological Mission Planning and Analysis
Authors: Phaneuf Maxime , Germain Mickaël , Hipkin Victoria , Williamson Marie-Claude , Bénié Goze
Published: October 2011

Several announcements in recent years by the United States and Canadian governments featuring their space exploration plan have one major thing in common: mission preparation at terrestrial analogue sites. Mission simulations carried out at these sites often involve traverses that allow access to areas of special interest needed to meet mission's objectives. Despite many recommendations, no WEB-based geographic information system exists for terrestrial analogues for mission planning.

This paper reports the development of a WEB-based geographic information system for terrestrial analogues, illustrated using the example of the Haughton impact crater analogue site. This system demonstrates functionality that provides users with tools to plan their missions by enabling traverse planning between areas of interest based on a least cost path analysis method. The geographic information system will be composed of open source libraries and software, and will be compliant with Open GeoSpatial Consortium standards.
Image Matching and Surface Registration for 3D Reconstruction of a Scoliotic Torso
Authors: Detchev Ivan , Habib Ayman , Chang Yu-Chuan
Published: October 2011

The focus of this research is a hierarchical image matching strategy and a multiple surface registration technique for 3D reconstruction of a scoliotic torso. Scoliosis is a deformity of the human spine most commonly occurring in children. After being detected, periodic examinations via x-rays are traditionally used to measure its progression. However, due to the increased risk of cancer, non-invasive and radiation-free scoliosis detection and progression monitoring methodologies are being researched. For example, quantifying the scoliotic deformity through the torso surface is a valid alternative because of its high correlation with the internal spine curvature. This work proposes a low-cost, multi-camera photogrammetric system for semi-automated 3D reconstruction of a torso surface with a sub-millimetre level accuracy. The paper first describes the system design and calibration for optimal accuracy. It then covers the reconstruction and registration procedures giving insights into the hierarchical image matching strategy and the multiple surface registration technique. Final accuracy is evaluated through the goodness of fit between the reconstructed surface and a more accurate set of points measured by a coordinate measuring machine.
Amélioration du positionnement relatif temporel GPS avec les corrections GPS•C
Authors: Kirouac Valérie , Santerre Rock
Published: October 2011

Le positionnement relatif temporel (PRT) est une méthode de traitement des observations GPS qui fonctionne selon le même principe que le positionnement relatif GPS conventionnel excepté que la différence d'observation s'effectue entre deux époques consécutives recueillies avec un seul et unique récepteur sans utilisation d'une station de référence à proximité. Cependant, les erreurs qui varient rapidement avec le temps doivent être tenues en compte adéquatement, en particulier les erreurs d'orbite et d'horloge des satellites ainsi que l'erreur liée à la perturbation des signaux dans l'ionosphère.

Dans cet article, la contribution des corrections GPS•C, distribuées par le service CDGPS (Système de corrections GPS différentielles pan-canadien), dans l'amélioration de la précision du positionnement relatif temporel est démontrée. Une précision du positionnement horizontal de 30 centimètres (ou mieux) est conservée pour des intervalles de temps allant jusqu’à 20 minutes en appliquant les corrections GPS•C aux mesures de phase recueillies par un seul récepteur GPS mono-fréquence traitées en mode PRT. Sans ces corrections, les erreurs du positionnement relatif temporel se dégradent beaucoup plus rapidement.
Global Asymptotic Stability of PD Control for PM Stepper Motor Servo‐Systems
Authors: Carrillo‐Serrano R. V. , Hernández‐Guzmán V. M. , Santibáñez V.
Published: October 2011

Commutation is a well‐known and successful strategy used in practice to control permanent magnet stepper motors. However, stability analysis has not been presented until now for this simple control strategy. In this note we prove, for the first time, that commutation achieves global asymptotic stability when used to regulate position in Euler–Lagrange systems actuated by permanent magnet stepper motors. Contrary to the traditional design methodology, this is accomplished by taking into account the electrical dynamics of the motors and, hence, we avoid the possibility of either performance degradation or instability due to the neglected electrical dynamics. We include high‐gain electric current loops and we introduce a saturated output feedback PD controller as the desired torque, i.e. velocity measurements are not required.
Relationships among service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention for the elderly in high speed rail services
Authors: Kuo Chung‐Wei , Tang Mei‐Ling
Published: October 2011

Since the Taiwan High Speed Rail operations, Taiwan's transportation market entered into a new era. Because of its competitive service of speed, convenience, environmental concerns and comfort, the High Speed Rail has not only made significant changes but has played a significant role in Taiwan's transportation. However, Taiwan now is an aging society. Due to the physical constraints among the elderly, demands to redesign the traffic system and maintain transportation safety are essential considerations. In the current market, Taiwan's transportation construction is facing fewer barriers; however, it must still improve, especially considering the health of the elderly. Thus, this study investigates elderly passengers' demands and further examined the relationships among service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. According to empirical analytical results based on structural equation modeling (N = 341), satisfaction directly affected travel behaviors, while service quality and corporate image played indirect roles. In addition, service quality plays a significant role on the effect of satisfaction. This study provides empirical evidence to indicate the quality of the accessible environment affects not only the effectiveness and efficiency of service quality, but also, the corporate image. The results provide valuable references for critically managing the elderly's usage of the high speed rail transportation service. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power Plant Technologies for Low‐Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
Authors: Rohloff Kathrin , Kather Alfons
Published: October 2011

Weltweit liegen in vielen Regionen keine geothermischen Hochenthalpie‐Ressourcen zur direkten Dampfnutzung vor. Aufgrund des oft geringen Temperaturniveaus sind angepasste Technologien zur Stromerzeugung erforderlich. Hierfür stehen zurzeit die Organic‐Rankine‐Cycle‐ und die Kalina‐Cycle‐Technologie zur Verfügung. Die Anlagen erfordern generell eine Gesamtoptimierung und weisen darüber hinaus einen hohen Eigenbedarfsanteil auf. Bei den in Deutschland vorliegenden Bedingungen sind so bereits Prozessbruttowirkungsgrade von bis zu 14 % erreichbar. Die Nettoanlagenwirkungsgrade, welche den Eigenbedarf und das Angebot der geothermischen Wärme berücksichtigen, liegen jedoch lediglich im mittleren einstelligen Bereich.
Bio‐Coke as Energy Source for Metallurgical Processes
Authors: Quicker Peter , Freitas Seabra da Rocha Saulo H. , Chipatecua Guillermo Peña , Meder Benedikt , Löblich Herbert , Franzen Dirk
Published: October 2011

Rasant steigende Rohstoffpreise und Emissionshandel machen biogene Kohlenstoffträger als Substitut für fossilen Gießereikoks attraktiv. Relevante biogene Materialien wurden mittels Carbonisierungs‐ und Agglomerationsmethoden für den Einsatz im Kupolofen konfektioniert und mit geeigneten Verfahren charakterisiert. Ausgewählte Fraktionen werden im großtechnischen Prozess eingesetzt und auf ihre Praxistauglichkeit hin erprobt.
High Temperature Catalysis: Efficient Way for Chemical Conversion of Logistic Fuels
Authors: Deutschmann Olaf
Published: October 2011

Heterogen katalysierte Gasphasenreaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen werden seit langem bei Energieumwandlungsprozessen eingesetzt, um effizient chemische Energieträger in Wärme, Strom und wertvollere chemische Energieträger zu wandeln. Aufgrund der hohen Temperaturen und kurzen Verweilzeiten sind die verwendeten Apparate durch komplexe, nichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen Massen‐ und Wärmetransport sowie heterogene und mitunter auch homogene und elektrokatalytische chemische Reaktionen charakterisiert, deren Verständnis für Optimierung von Reaktordesign und Betriebsbedingungen Voraussetzung ist. Der Beitrag diskutiert die aktuellen Herausforderungen der Hochtemperaturkatalyse sowohl in der Grundlagenforschung als auch der Technologieentwicklung anhand von mit logistischen Kraftstoffen betriebenen Reformern zur Erzeugung wasserstoffreicher Reformate.
Multimedia Applications and Security in MapReduce: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Yu Zhiwei , Wang Chaokun , Thomborson Clark , Wang Jianmin , Lian Shiguo , Vasilakos Athanasios V.
Published: October 2011

Cloud computing has recently attracted great attention, both commercially and academically. MapReduce is a popular programming model for distributed storage and computation in the cloud. In this paper, we survey cloud‐based multimedia applications, identifying the open issues and challenges which arise when MapReduce is used for cloud computing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High strength retention and dimensional stability of silicone/alumina composite panel under fire
Authors: Xiong Yuanlu , Shen Qiang , Chen Fei , Luo Guoqiang , Yu Kan , Zhang Lianmeng
Published: October 2011

Compact silicone/alumina composite was obtained by highly filling aluminum oxides and hydroxides in silicone resin. The flexural strength and dimensional change of the silicone/alumina composite after being fired has have been studied. It presented a special fire resistance, which could well coordinate the contradiction between the mechanical strength retention and the dimensional stability of silicone‐based composite in case of catching fire. Thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron dispersion spectroscopy were applied to systematically explore the process of the in‐suit organic‐to‐inorganic transformation. A possible mechanism was proposed to illustrate the phenomenon of the high strength retention and dimensional stability of silicone/alumina composite under fire. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Antioxidant, Antituomer Activities of Some New Thiazolopyrimidines, Pyrrolothiazolopyrimidines and Triazolopyrrolothiazolopyrimidines Derivatives
Authors: Abu‐Hashem Ameen Ali , Youssef Mohamed M. , Hussein Hoda A. R.
Published: October 2011

Reaction of 6‐amino‐2‐thiouracil 1 with ethyl bromoacetate yielded ethyl 2‐(7‐amino‐2,5‐dioxo‐3,5‐dihydro‐2H‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐6‐yl)acetate 2. Reaction of 2 with sodium ethoxide afforded the pyrrolothiazolopyrimidine derivative 3. Compound 2 reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give 7‐amino‐thiazolopyrimidine‐carbohydrazide 4. The latter compound 4 reacted with carbon disulphide to form 7‐amino‐6‐(oxadiazolylmethyl) thiazolopyrimidine 5. Compound 5 was heated in methanol to yield 9‐thioxotriazolopyrrolothiazolopyrimidine 6. Also, the reaction of 3 with aromatic aldehydes afforded the diarylmethylenepyrrolothiazolopyrimidine derivatives 7a‐c. The latter compounds 7a‐c underwent cyclocondensation with hydroxylamine to give diaryldioxazolopyrrolothiazolopyrimidine derivatives 8a‐c. The new prepared compounds were subjected for antioxidant and antituomer studies, some of these compounds exhibited promising activity.
Simplified Derivatization Method for Triclosan Determination in Personal Care Products by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Chiao‐Yin , Wang Yu‐Chen , Chen Hsin‐Chang , Ding Wang‐Hsien
Published: October 2011

An efficient and eco‐friendly injection‐port tert‐butyldimethylsilylated (TBDMS) derivatization and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was developed to determine triclosan (TCS, an antibacterial agent) in the samples of toothpaste, liquid hand‐soap and facial cleansing cream. This on‐line derivatization coupled ultrasonic extraction provides sensitivity, fast and reproducible results for TCS analysis. The accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the content of TCS in selected personal care products.
Mono‐functionalized Heteroporphyrin Building Blocks and Unsymmetrical Covalent and Non‐covalent Porphyrin Dyads
Authors: Yedukondalu M. , Ravikanth M.
Published: October 2011

Heteroporphyrins resulted from the replacement of one or two pyrrolic nitrogens with other hetero atoms such as O, S, Se and Te possess very interesting and distinct properties compared to tetrapyrrolic porphyrins. Specially, the singlet state energy levels can be fine tuned with suitable modification of porphyrin core by substituting pyrrolic “N” with other hetero atoms such as “O” and “S”. In this review, we describe our synthetic approaches for the synthesis of various mono‐functionalized heteroporphyrin building blocks and their use in the synthesis of several covalently and non‐covalently linked unsymmetrical porphyrin dyads containing two different porphyrin sub‐units. The photophysical studies are also described to show the possibility of singlet‐singlet energy transfer from one porphyrin sub‐unit to another in these unsymmetrical porphyrin dyads.
Kinetic studies of alkyl formate hydrolysis using formic acid as a catalyst
Authors: Jogunola Olatunde , Salmi Tapio , Wärnå Johan , Mikkola Jyri‐Pekka
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: The hydrolysis of methyl formate is the major industrial process for the production of formic acid. The aim of the work is to determine the reaction kinetics quantitatively in the presence of formic acid catalyst, develop a mathematical model for the reaction system and estimate the kinetic parameters for the purpose of optimization.

RESULTS: Liquid phase hydrolysis kinetics of alkyl formates (ethyl and methyl formate) was studied in an isothermal batch reactor at 80–110 °C and 20 bar nitrogen pressure. The catalyst of choice was formic acid. The reaction rate was enhanced but the formic acid product yield was slightly suppressed relative to the uncatalysed system. A kinetic model comprising mass balances and rate equations was developed and the kinetic and equilibrium parameters included in the rate equations were estimated from the experimental data with non‐linear regression analysis.

CONCLUSION: The model was able to predict the experimental results successfully. The results obtained were compared quantitatively with an earlier model involving alkyl formate hydrolysis in a neutral aqueous solution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Using ITS2 PCR‐RFLP to generate molecular markers for authentication of Sophora flavescens Ait.
Authors: Lin Tzu Che , Yeh Mau Shing , Cheng Ya Ming , Lin Li Chang , Sung Jih Min
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: Dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait. is a medicinal material occasionally misused or adulterated by other species similar in appearance. In this study the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of DNA samples of S. flavescens Ait. collected from different areas of Taiwan were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared. The effectiveness of using ITS2 PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐generated markers to differentiate S. flavescens Ait. from possible adulterants was also evaluated.

RESULTS: The S. flavescens Ait. samples collected from different areas were extremely low in ITS sequence variability at species level. ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with restriction enzymes Sac I, Sac II, Xho I or Pvu I produced specific fragments for all tested variants. ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with Sac II was further performed to identify mixtures of DNA extracts of S. flavescens Ait. and Sophora tomentosa L. in various ratios. The developed ITS2 PCR‐RFLP markers could detect mixed DNA samples of S. flavescens Ait./S. tomentosa L. up to a ratio of 10:1.

CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the usefulness of ITS2 PCR‐RFLP coupled with pre‐selected restriction enzymes for practical and accurate authentication of S. flavescens Ait. The technique is also suitable for analysing S. flavescens Ait. mixed with other adulterants. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The adenoma hunt in colorectal cancer screening: defining the target
Authors: Sillars‐Hardebol Anke H , Carvalho Beatriz , van Engeland Manon , Fijneman Remond JA , Meijer Gerrit A
Published: October 2011

Colorectal adenomas are precursor lesions of colorectal cancer. Different biological and metabolic processes contribute to adenomagenesis. Subsequent progression to carcinoma occurs in only about 5% of the cases. Detection and removal of all adenomas would reduce CRC incidence and mortality, but at the cost of major over‐treatment. Classical morphological characteristics fail to accurately discriminate between adenomas that will become malignant and those that will not. Understanding the biology of cancer development will help to better characterize adenomas at high risk of progression, and subsequently establish triage tests that allow to safely reserve colonoscopy only for individuals at high probability of having truly high‐risk colorectal adenomas. Screening tests based on genomic changes that affect relevant biological and metabolic processes hold most promise in this respect. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.