bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased trapping efficiency for the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii (Matsumura) with synthetic sex pheromone
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Li Xianwei , Xue Yanhua , Zhao Zhiguo , Li Jie , Ma Ruiyan
Published: March 2017

Carposina sasakii Matsumura is one of the most serious fruit‐damaging pests in Southern East Asia. The management of C. sasakii using sex pheromones has proven to be simple, effective and environmentally friendly with respect to monitoring and controlling this pest.

To apply sex pheromone‐based pest control techniques effectively, we characterized a range of application parameters, as well as the effects of synthetic sex pheromones, in jujube orchards. Trapping radius was determined by comparing the mean number of trapped individuals at different inter‐trap distances, and mating disruption parameters were inferred by comparing the rate of trapping efficiency reduction and the infestation ratio of fruits in the experimental fields by uniformly placing different number/types of lures/100 m2.

These studies revealed capture rates with significant differences across 10–50‐m inter‐trap distances: for example, a 30‐m or greater inter‐trap distance was suitable for monitoring and mass trapping, whereas distances <20 m significantly decreased the trapping efficiency in the testing area.

The studies lay the foundation for the implementation of these technologies within the context of a well‐conceived control strategy against this significant agricultural pest.
Evidence of potential hybridization in the Thaumetopoea pityocampa‐wilkinsoni complex
Authors: Petrucco‐Toffolo Edoardo , Basso Andrea , Kerdelhué Carole , İpekdal Kahraman , Mendel Zvi , Simonato Mauro , Battisti Andrea
Published: March 2017

The winter pine processionary moth complex includes some major defoliating insects of Pinus and Cedrus forests in southern Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, where they also cause health problems to humans and animals.

The complex includes at least two species that were separated recently based on molecular and morphological evidence: Thaumetopoea pityocampa in the west and Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni in the east of the Mediterranean Basin.

Individuals from two populations, selected as representative of Th. pityocampa and Th. wilkinsoni, were used to test whether hybridization is possible under controlled conditions.

The hybrid offspring showed intermediate morphological and performance traits, whereas heterosis for pupal weight was detected in one of the hybrid lines. The genetic analysis confirmed the crosses.

Both species have large phenological plasticity and may come into contact at the edge of their range, where they could hybridize.

Based on the evidence accumulated so far, it is recommended that the current species designations are maintained, although a deeper study of the trait variability is required, especially in the contact zones.
Letter: changes in FIB‐4 cut‐off points for viral hepatitis
Authors: Kayadibi H.
Published: March 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Takyar et al and Surana and Koh papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13974 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13834.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: use of 5‐aminosalicylates and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Bonovas S. , Fiorino G. , Lytras T. , Nikolopoulos G. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Danese S.
Published: March 2017

Background

The relationship of 5‐aminosalicylates’ use with the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been the focus of a growing body of research.

Aim

To investigate this association through an updated meta‐analysis of observational studies.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus and major conference proceedings were searched up to December 2016. The identified studies were evaluated for publication bias and heterogeneity. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated using random‐effect models. Detailed subgroup analyses were performed. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of evidence.

Results

Thirty‐one independent observational studies including 2137 cases of colorectal neoplasia (of which 76% were cancers) were incorporated. Between‐study heterogeneity was moderate, while strong suspicion of small‐study effects was raised. The overall analysis revealed a protective association between 5‐aminosalicylates’ use and colorectal neoplasia (RR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.45–0.71). When the analysis was stratified according to study design and setting, the association was significant in cohort (RR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43–0.99; n = 10) and case–control studies (RR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40–0.70; n = 21), population‐based (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52–0.94; n = 12) and hospital‐based studies (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.34–0.61; n = 19). Exposure to 5‐aminosalicylates was protective against cancer (RR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.45–0.74) and dysplasia (RR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.35–0.84). The reduction in colorectal neoplasia risk was strong in ulcerative colitis (RR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.38–0.64), but nonsignificant in Crohn's disease (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.43–1.33). Mesalazine (mesalamine) use was protective (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.51–0.94) with evidence of a dose‐effect. The effect of sulfasalazine was marginally nonsignificant (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51–1.01).

Conclusions

Our findings support a potential chemopreventive role of 5‐aminosalicylates in IBD. Further, high‐quality prospective research is warranted.
Adaptation of MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory in rural Pakistan – useful tool for early childhood studies
Authors: Rasheed M. A. , Tabussum G. , Habib Z. H. , Yousafzai A. K.
Published: March 2017

Background

Given the significance of early language for later academic achievement, language development can be an important outcome measure in evaluation of early childhood intervention programmes. Language development may be challenging to assess in settings where trained personnel are hard to find; therefore, maternal report can be a reliable alternative measure.

Aim

The aim of this study was to adapt a maternal report measure, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory II‐Short Form, in theSindhilanguage and to examine its psychometric properties as a measure of language outcome in 2‐year‐old children in rural Pakistan.

Methods

A three‐phase process was followed to produce aSindhiadaptation of the tool comprising 100 words. The first phase was a review of the original 258 words through a focus group discussion with a team familiar with the context; the second phase was testing 258 words to compile a 100‐word list of easy, moderate and difficult words. The third phase was a pilot of the 100‐word list followed by administration in a larger intervention study population.

Results

On administration with 1381 children, concurrent validity with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development III using the Pearson's correlation test showed a moderate association for comprehension (r = 0.45,p = 0.01,n = 1381) and good association for expression (r = 0.51,p = 0.01,n = 1381). Internal consistency was high with alphas of 0.98 for comprehension items and 0.96 for expression items.

Conclusion

The authors conclude that theSindhiadaptation of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory followed a feasible and rigorous methodology to create a reliable and sensitive tool to assess young children's language development for use in a child assessment battery for early childhood health, nutrition and development studies.
Urban Middle School Students’ Stereotypes at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity, and Gender
Authors: Ghavami Negin , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: March 2017

Heterosexual urban middle school students’ (N = 1,757) stereotypes about gender typicality, intelligence, and aggression were assessed. Students (Mage = 12.36 years) rated Facebook‐like profiles of peers who varied by gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Several hypotheses about how the gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation of target peers intersect to shape stereotypes were tested. As predicted, a peer's sexual orientation determined stereotypes of gender typicality, with gay and lesbian students viewed as most atypical. As expected, ethnicity shaped stereotypes of intelligence, with Asian American students seen as most intelligent. Gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation independently and jointly affected stereotypes of aggression. These results demonstrate the value of an intersectional approach to the study of stereotypes. Implications for future research and practice are offered.
SIRT1‐dependentAMPKpathway in the protection of estrogen against ischemic brain injury
Authors: Guo Jin‐Min , Shu He , Wang Lei , Xu Jian‐Jiang , Niu Xue‐Cai , Zhang Li
Published: March 2017

Aims

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability, especially for postmenopausal women. In view of the protective action of estrogen, hormone therapy remains the only effective way to limit this risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency and underlying mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection.

Methods

Subcutaneous injection of 17β‐estradiol in rats after ovariectomy (OVX) was used to manipulate estrogen level and explore the effects of estrogen in cerebral ischemic damage both in vivo and in vitro. Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) knockout mice and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐activated kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C were also used to investigate the underlying pathway of estrogen.

Results

Estrogen deficiency induced byOVXaggravated brain infarction in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia rats, whereas estrogen pretreatment reduced ischemia‐induced cerebral injuries. Neurons of estrogen deficiency models were susceptible to apoptosis under oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD). In contrast, neurons with estrogen‐supplemented serum exhibited restored resistance to cell apoptosis. InOGDneurons, estrogen promotedAMPKactivation through estrogen receptor α, and neuroprotection of estrogen was prevented byAMPKinhibition. Estrogen increasedSIRT1 expression and activation, and estrogen‐inducedAMPKactivation disappeared inSIRT1 knockout neurons. Moreover, estrogen‐induced neuroprotection was abolished inSIRT1 knockout mice andAMPK‐inhibited rats.

Conclusion

Our data support that estrogen protects against ischemic stroke through preventing neuron death via theSIRT1‐dependentAMPKpathway.
Updated 24‐year trend of Type 1 diabetes incidence in children in Poland reveals a sinusoidal pattern and sustained increase
Authors: Chobot A. , Polanska J. , Brandt A. , Deja G. , Glowinska‐Olszewska B. , Pilecki O. , Szadkowska A. , Mysliwiec M. , Jarosz‐Chobot P.
Published: March 2017

Aims

To present the incidence trend for Type 1 diabetes in Polish children aged 0–14 years, updated using data collected during 2005–2012, and assess the reliability of the predictive model constructed previously using the 1989–2004 database.

Methods

Children aged < 15 years with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes are recorded prospectively (EURODIAB criteria) in several regional registers in Poland. Age‐ and gender‐standardized incidence rates for Type 1 diabetes were calculated per 100 000 persons/year. Incidence rates were analysed in terms of the dependency on age, gender, geographical region and population density. Incidence rate trends over time were modelled using generalized linear models.

Results

The mean standardized incidence for 1989–2012 was 12.72 per 100 000 persons/year [95% confidence interval (CI), 11.35 to 14.21]. Over the 24‐year observation period, the incidence increased from 5.36 to 22.74 per 100 000 persons/year. The lowest incidence rate was in children aged 0–4 years (8.35, 95% CI 7.27 to 9.57 per 100 000 persons/year). There was no difference between genders, or urban and rural regions. Incidence rates were higher in northern compared with southern Poland [14.04 (95% CI 12.59 to 15.63) vs. 11.94 (95% CI 10.62 to 13.39) per 100 000 persons/year]. The new data corrected the earlier predictive model by changing the estimates of some factors related to patient age, gender and their interactions with the remaining factors. The incidence rate shows periodic 5.33‐year fluctuations. The periodicity component allows for a more accurate prediction of the incidence rate over time.

Conclusions

This cohort study reveals a sustained increase in Type 1 diabetes incidence in Polish children aged 0–14 years with regular, sinusoidal fluctuations and a slight levelling off in past few years. It is of concern that are the highest increases in incidence are found in children aged 0–4 years.
Lixisenatide reduces glycaemic variability in insulin‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Umpierrez Guillermo E. , O'Neal David , DiGenio Andres , Goldenberg Ronald , Hernandez‐Triana Eric , Lin Jay , Park Cheol‐Young , Renard Eric , Kovatchev Boris
Published: March 2017

Chronic hyperglycaemia and glucose variability are associated with the development of chronic diabetes‐related complications. We conducted a pooled analysis of patient‐level data from three 24‐week, randomized, phase III clinical trials to evaluate the impact of lixisenatide (LIXI) on glycaemic variability (GV) vs placebo as add‐on to basal insulin. The main outcome GV measures were standard deviation (s.d.), mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (MAGE), mean absolute glucose (MAG) level, area under the curve for fasting glucose (AUC‐F), and high (HBGI) and low blood glucose index (LBGI). The change in GV metrics over 24 weeks and relationships among baseline GV, patient characteristics and outcomes were assessed. Data were pooled from 1198 patients (665 LIXI, 533 placebo). Values for s.d., MAG level, MAGE, HBGI, and AUC‐F significantly decreased with LIXI vs placebo, while LBGI values were unchanged. Higher baseline GV measures correlated with older age, longer type 2 diabetes duration, lower body mass index, higher baseline glycated/haemogobin, greater reduction in postprandial glucose (PPG) level, and higher rates of symptomatic hypoglycaemia. These data show that LIXI added to basal insulin significantly reduced GV and PPG excursions vs placebo, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia (LBGI).
Neurofilament light chain in cerebrospinal fluid and prediction of disease activity in clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Håkansson I. , Tisell A. , Cassel P. , Blennow K. , Zetterberg H. , Lundberg P. , Dahle C. , Vrethem M. , Ernerudh J.
Published: March 2017

Background and purpose

Improved biomarkers are needed to facilitate clinical decision‐making and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials in multiple sclerosis (MS). We assessed whether neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at initial sampling could predict disease activity during 2 years of follow‐up in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing–remitting MS.

Methods

Using multiplex bead array and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL13, CCL20, CCL22, neurofilament light chain (NFL), neurofilament heavy chain, glial fibrillary acidic protein, chitinase‐3‐like‐1, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and osteopontin were analysed in CSF from 41 patients with CIS or relapsing–remitting MS and 22 healthy controls. Disease activity (relapses, magnetic resonance imaging activity or disability worsening) in patients was recorded during 2 years of follow‐up in this prospective longitudinal cohort study.

Results

In a logistic regression analysis model, NFL in CSF at baseline emerged as the best predictive marker, correctly classifying 93% of patients who showed evidence of disease activity during 2 years of follow‐up and 67% of patients who did not, with an overall proportion of 85% (33 of 39 patients) correctly classified. Combining NFL with either neurofilament heavy chain or osteopontin resulted in 87% overall correctly classified patients, whereas combining NFL with a chemokine did not improve results.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the potential prognostic value of NFL in baseline CSF in CIS and relapsing–remitting MS and supports its use as a predictive biomarker of disease activity.
“The Goal Is Not to Cheer You Up”: Empathetic Care in Israeli Life Coaching
Authors: Kaneh‐Shalit Tamar
Published: March 2017

This article presents the controversial role of emotions in projects of self‐realization through the particular practice of empathetic caring. Israeli life coaches claim to allow minimal space for trainees’ emotions: they teach them to master self‐steering through a calculative reflexivity that also aims to limit affect. At the same time, they engage with their trainees’ feelings by invoking emotional reactions only to argue against their trainees’ subjective experiences. The article traces this mixture of “emotion‐free” empathy and authoritative neoliberal technologies of the self to a culturally specific Israeli notion of care which is grounded in an egalitarian ethos. I therefore showed that Israeli coaching produces a unique vernacular version of neoliberal selfhood, one infused with tensions between seemingly incompatible attitudes: self‐reflection and authoritarian assertions and a type of empathetic concern that is centered on the caregiver's assessment rather than the feelings of those being cared for.
Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, ulcerative dermatitis and haemarthrosis in a neonatal foal
Authors: du Preez S. , Hughes K. J.
Published: March 2017

A 3‐day‐old Standardbred filly, born from a multiparous mare, was presented for assessment of limb swellings and reduced appetite. Physical examination revealed tachycardia, multifocal petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages, stiff gait, polysynovial effusion, as well as erosions, multifocal crusting and erythema of the skin. Laboratory examinations revealed adequate transfer of passive immunity, marked thrombocytopenia, moderate neutropenia and anaemia. Aerobic bacterial blood culture was negative. Sanguineous fluid, consistent with haemarthrosis, was obtained by synoviocentesis. The foal was successfully managed with the administration of blood transfusions, an immunosuppressive regimen of corticosteroid medication, systemic antimicrobial medication and supportive care and recovered uneventfully. This report describes a neonatal foal with marked thrombocytopenia and signs of coagulopathy, neutropenia and ulcerative dermatitis consistent with a previously described syndrome. This case emphasises that alloimmune disease should be considered in neonatal foals with haemostatic disturbances or unexplained cytopenia.
Sarcopenia based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria and all‐cause mortality risk in older Japanese adults
Authors: Yuki Atsumu , Ando Fujiko , Otsuka Rei , Shimokata Hiroshi
Published: March 2017

Aim

The association between sarcopenia diagnosed according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and increased mortality risk is currently unknown. The present study assessed the longitudinal relationship between sarcopenia and mortality risk in an elderly Japanese population.

Methods

Participants were 720 community‐dwelling Japanese individuals aged 65–79 years at baseline (November 1997 to April 2000). The participants were followed from baseline to 31 December 2014 (mean duration 11.0 years). Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria, using extremity muscle mass assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, grip strength and gait speed. A population dynamics survey was used to obtain information on deaths. The relationship between sarcopenia and mortality was assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for potential confounders, including age at baseline, body mass index, total caloric intake, alcohol intake, current smoking habits, leisure‐time physical activity and the number of current diseases.

Results

The fully adjusted hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality among men in the sarcopenia group was 1.95 (95% confidence interval 1.04–3.67) compared with that in the normal group. No significant association between sarcopenia and all‐cause mortality was observed among women.

Conclusion

The complications of sarcopenia, including low muscle mass, low grip strength and low gait speed, appear to be significant risks for mortality in older Japanese men. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1642–1647.
Ezetimibe for the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Nakade Yukiomi , Murotani Kenta , Inoue Tadahisa , Kobayashi Yuji , Yamamoto Takaya , Ishii Norimitsu , Ohashi Tomohiko , Ito Kiyoaki , Fukuzawa Yoshitaka , Yoneda Masashi
Published: March 2017

Aim

Several studies on the efficacy of ezetimibe, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, in treating non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been published; however, the results are inconsistent. We undertook a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy of ezetimibe in treating NAFLD and NASH.

Methods

PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library Full Text Database were searched until June 2016. The main inclusion criteria included original studies investigating the use of ezetimibe for the treatment of NAFLD and NASH. Identification of published work and data extraction were carried out by two reviewers based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All analyses were carried out using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis version 3 software.

Results

An initial search identified 103 peer‐reviewed articles and abstracts. Six studies (two randomized controlled and four single‐arm trials) involving 273 participants with NAFLD and NASH were identified. Ezetimibe significantly reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase levels, and hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning. However, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis did not improve by ezetimibe treatment in patients with NAFLD and NASH. In randomized controlled trials, only hepatocyte ballooning improved with ezetimibe treatment.

Conclusions

Although ezetimibe attenuated serum liver enzymes and hepatic steatosis and ballooning in six studies, it improved only hepatocyte ballooning in randomized controlled trials. Larger studies and more randomized placebo‐controlled trials are necessary to determine the effects of ezetimibe on NAFLD and NASH.
Stabilization of tricalcium phosphate slurries against sedimentation for stereolithographic additive manufacturing and influence on the final mechanical properties
Authors: Pfaffinger Markus , Hartmann Malte , Schwentenwein Martin , Stampfl Jürgen
Published: March 2017

Ceramic parts manufactured by lithography‐based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) excel in resolution and surface quality. The material for LCM is a photosensitive ceramic particle‐filled slurry which needs to have homogeneous properties over time and during each processing step. The goal of this study was to use “mechanical” stabilization for a tricalcium phosphate‐filled slurry done by increasing slurry viscosity, solids loading, or inducing thixotropic behavior. The modified slurries were compared with a nonstable reference slurry. While all methods lead to increased storage stability, only the stabilized slurry with 0.5 wt% fumed silica is stable during the printing process.
Telehealth: misconceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals in England
Authors: Kayyali Reem , Hesso Iman , Mahdi Alyaa , Hamzat Omowumi , Adu Albert , Nabhani Gebara Shereen
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study aims to look at telehealth awareness and experiences among healthcare professionals (HCPs) from different disciplines, in addition to factors impeding its adoption in healthcare delivery.

Methods

Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 HCPs from different disciplines such as pharmacists, nurses and doctors in South London. A convenience sampling technique was used whereby HCPs working in local trusts, community pharmacies and general practitioners surgeries were approached for participation. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes using the NVIVO 10 software.

Key findings

The four main themes that emerged were awareness and understanding of telehealth, experiences and benefits of telehealth, barriers and facilitators of telehealth and misconceptions about telehealth. The study showed mixed response regarding telehealth awareness. Lack of telehealth experience was reported mainly among HCPs working in primary care. The barriers identified were cost and lack of funding and resources, whereas facilitators were raising awareness among staff and the public and investment in resources. Misconceptions identified were fear of losing face-to-face contact with patients and vital care information, patients' beliefs and confidence in using technology.

Conclusions

This study showed experience and awareness level to be still low especially among HCPs working in primary care. Barriers and misconceptions identified are still the same as those reported in the literature which highlights that they have not yet been addressed to facilitate telehealth implementation in the UK.
Food allergy: is prevalence increasing?
Authors: Tang Mimi L. K. , Mullins Raymond J.
Published: March 2017

It is generally accepted that the prevalence of food allergy has been increasing in recent decades, particularly in westernised countries, yet high‐quality evidence that is based on challenge confirmed diagnosis of food allergy to support this assumption is lacking because of the high cost and potential risks associated with conducting food challenges in large populations. Accepting this caveat, the use of surrogate markers for diagnosis of food allergy (such as nationwide data on hospital admissions for food anaphylaxis or clinical history in combination with allergen‐specific IgE (sIgE) measurement in population‐based cohorts) has provided consistent evidence for increasing prevalence of food allergy at least in western countries, such as the UK, United States and Australia. Recent reports that children of East Asian or African ethnicity who are raised in a western environment (Australia and United States respectively) have an increased risk of developing food allergy compared with resident Caucasian children suggest that food allergy might also increase across Asian and African countries as their economies grow and populations adopt a more westernised lifestyle. Given that many cases of food allergy persist, mathematical principles would predict a continued increase in food allergy prevalence in the short to medium term until such time as an effective treatment is identified to allow the rate of disease resolution to be equal to or greater than the rate of new cases.
Does paternalistic leadership promote innovative behavior? The interaction between authoritarianism and benevolence
Authors: Tian Qing , Sanchez Juan I.
Published: March 2017

We theorize about the separate and interactive effects of the two primary elements of paternalistic leadership: authoritarianism and benevolence. Accordingly, we test a mediating mechanism through which these components of paternalistic leadership stimulate employee innovative and knowledge‐sharing behaviors. A multi‐source and multi‐level study involving 302 employee‐supervisor‐peer triads in 60 Chinese technology‐based organizations supported the association between the interaction of benevolent and authoritarian leadership and employee affective trust, innovative behavior, and knowledge sharing. Moreover, affective trust mediated the interaction of benevolence and authoritarianism on employee innovative behavior and knowledge sharing. We suggest that, the two constructs underlying paternalistic leadership might promote employee breakthrough behaviors across cultures. That is, their demanding and yet selfless stance turns authoritarian‐benevolent leaders into prototypes of the followers' aspirational social identity.
Designs for Operationalizing Collaborative Problem Solving for Automated Assessment
Authors: Scoular Claire , Care Esther , Hesse Friedrich W.
Published: March 2017

Collaborative problem solving is a complex skill set that draws on social and cognitive factors. The construct remains in its infancy due to lack of empirical evidence that can be drawn upon for validation. The differences and similarities between two large‐scale initiatives that reflect this state of the art, in terms of underlying assumptions about the construct and approach to task development, are outlined. The goal is to clarify how definitions of the nature of the construct impact the approach to design of assessment tasks. Illustrations of two different approaches to the development of a task designed to elicit behaviors that manifest the construct are presented. The method highlights the degree to which these approaches might constrain a comprehensive assessment of the construct.
Pathogen's level and parasitism rate in Ips typographus at high population densities: importance of time
Authors: Holuša J. , Lukášová K.
Published: March 2017

We compared the levels of pathogen infection in parental beetles, parasitism of the offspring, abundance of predators and breeding performance success of univoltine populations of Ips typographus in plots characterized by short‐term (2–3 years) outbreaks vs. those with long‐term (>10 years) outbreaks on two localities at ca. 1100 m altitude in the Šumava Mts. The numbers of I. typographus were high in all plots, whether the plots were characterized by long‐term outbreaks or short‐term outbreaks. The numbers of maternal galleries in the sample areas ranged from 300 to 400 per m2. The density of parental beetle galleries, abundance of surviving specimens of I. typographus, and length of maternal galleries did not differ between plots. The short‐term outbreaks had only fewer ectoparasitoids of I. typographus and a lower percentage of parasitism and infection level of Mattesia schwenkei than the long‐term outbreaks even though the maternal gallery densities and beetle production were the same. The most mortality appeared to be caused by intraspecific larval competition, and the identical reproductive success in plots with short‐term and long‐term outbreaks indicates that the negative feedback resulting from parasitoids and entomopathogens does not substantially reduce beetle numbers. Although entomopathogenic fungi as Beauveria bassiana occur naturally in the galleries of spruce bark beetles, there was no evidence of its presence in the studied population. The low levels of predation and/or parasitism in both kinds of plots indicate that natural enemies did not play a significant role in reducing outbreak numbers of I. typographus.
Olfactory host‐finding behaviour of Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its parasitoid, Tetrastichus julis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Kher S. V. , Cárcamo H. A. , Evenden M. L. , Dosdall L. M.
Published: March 2017

Behavioural responses to the host‐associated olfactory cues have not been completely understood for the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus, and its principal parasitoid, Tetrastichus julis. We, therefore, investigated the role of olfactory cues in the host‐finding behaviour of these species using olfactory bioassays. Behavioural responses of O. melanopus to odours emanating from intact host plants (wheat, oat, barley) vs. a clean‐air control were tested using multichoice and two‐choice bioassays. For T. julis, responses of naïve and experienced adult female wasps to odours associated with the faecal coat of O. melanopus larvae were measured under multichoice and two‐choice conditions. Our results indicate that olfactory cues are involved in the host‐finding behaviour of both O. melanopus and T. julis. Olfactory responses of O. melanopus were influenced by the sex of the beetle and the physiological stage of adults (reproductively active vs. in reproductive diapause). Females respond to olfactory cues in greater proportions than males, and reproductively active, overwintered adults show greater responsiveness than teneral adults in reproductive diapause. Behavioural responses to cues emanating from different crop species were different in multichoice bioassays but not in two‐choice bioassays. Further, we report for the first time that the olfactory cues associated with the faecal coat of O. melanopus evoke host‐finding behaviour of its parasitoid, T. julis. Naïve female wasps are more likely to use these cues to locate the potential host than experienced females. The results of this investigation provide insights into host finding by both the species and the nature of behavioural response brought about by olfactory stimuli, and the results can help to design strategies to improve parasitoid activity by enhancing the crop environment to generate cues for host finding and to manage O. melanopus populations.
Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, Ca. Piscichlamydia salmonis and Salmon Gill Pox Virus transmit horizontally in Atlantic salmon held in fresh water
Authors: Wiik‐Nielsen J , Gjessing M , Solheim H T , Litlabø A , Gjevre A‐G , Kristoffersen A B , Powell M D , Colquhoun D J
Published: March 2017

Elucidation of the role of infectious agents putatively involved in gill disease is commonly hampered by the lack of culture systems for these organisms. In this study, a farmed population of Atlantic salmon pre‐smolts, displaying proliferative gill disease with associated Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola, Ca. Piscichlamydia salmonis and Atlantic salmon gill pox virus (SGPV) infections, was identified. A subpopulation of the diseased fish was used as a source of waterborne infection towards a population of naïve Atlantic salmon pre‐smolts. Ca. B. cysticola infection became established in exposed naïve fish at high prevalence within the first month of exposure and the bacterial load increased over the study period. Ca. P. salmonis and SGPV infections were identified only at low prevalence in exposed fish during the trial. Although clinically healthy, at termination of the trial the exposed, naïve fish displayed histologically visible pathological changes typified by epithelial hyperplasia and subepithelial inflammation with associated bacterial inclusions, confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization to contain Ca. B. cysticola. The results strongly suggest that Ca. B. cysticola infections transmit directly from fish to fish and that the bacterium is directly associated with the pathological changes observed in the exposed, previously naïve fish.
Solar drying process to obtain high standard “deglet‐nour” date fruit
Authors: Mennouche Djamel , Boubekri Abdelghani , Chouicha Samira , Bouchekima Bachir , Bouguettaia Hamza
Published: March 2017

The present work aims to improve the quality of Algerian Deglet‐Nour dates using an indirect solar drying technique preceded by hot water pretreatment. The final product quality was evaluated by three simultaneous testing parameters: microbiological degradation, sugar composition and color change. Convective solar drying experiments were firstly performed with a variable mode at an average temperature ranging between 39‐55°C. Four other experiments were conducted in constant mode under regulated temperatures (50°C, 55°C, 60°C and 65°C). The results of drying tests, led towards the choice of the treatment under controlled air temperature of 50°C with air flow of 1.2m/s. Resulting drying time of 8 hours presents the advantage of to discard the night conservation problems by ensuring a continuous drying process. Owing to its low cost and green energy use, this study could offer a practical alternative to the conventional means currently used in industrial applications of postharvest heat treatments of dates.

Practical applications

Drying of naturally high humid dates and the rehydrated dry dates by direct exposure to the sun, is an old method for valorization the “Deglet‐Nour” dates. Considerable losses occur during this drying process so the food quality can be seriously degraded. For an industrial application with improvement the quality of dried product, the natural sun drying should be replaced by the indirect solar drying means. This article aims to improve the quality of Deglet‐Nour dates using an indirect solar drying technique preceded by adequate water steeping pretreatment. The results of the study will be useful in the sense of ensuring an added value by enhancing the product quality and avoid eventual problems induced by night storing of treated products. The obtained results also could offer a practical alternative to the conventional means currently used in industrial applications for post‐harvest heat treatment of Deglet‐Nour dates.
Optimization of blanching and frying conditions of deep‐fat fried bonga fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata)
Authors: Sobowale Sunday Samuel , Adebiyi Janet Adeyinka , Adebo Oluwafemi Ayodeji
Published: March 2017

The effect of processing variables [blanching conditions (time and temperature) and frying temperature] of bonga fish (Ethmalosa fimbriata) on different responses were investigated, using response surface methodology to establish the optimum processing conditions. Six responses were evaluated and they include moisture content, oil content, breaking force, lightness, redness and yellowness. Sensory qualities of the samples were also determined. Using numerical optimization, the optimal conditions for the processing of fried bonga fish was estimated as 60 °C (blanching temperature), 1 min (blanching time), and frying temperature of 150 °C. Results from sensory evaluation also suggests that samples obtained at this condition were better in terms of taste, aroma, color and general acceptability to consumers. Observations from this study indicate the efficiency of the regression equations for predicting parameters for fried bonga fish. The blanching pretreatment also reduced oil uptake and positively influenced the characteristics of fried bonga fish.

Practical applications

Such knowledge of the optimization of these conditions will further benefit processors of fish and other similar products. The optimized conditions could also be applied to successfully obtain fish of good quality, which can be further commercialized.
Resistance ofStaphylococcus aureuson food contact surfaces with different surface characteristics to chemical sanitizers
Authors: Kim Choon Young , Ryu Geum Joo , Park Hye Young , Ryu Kyung
Published: March 2017

One of the factors contributing to foodborne illnesses is improper cleaning and sanitization of food contact surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various factors onStaphylococcus aureusattachment and biofilm formation on food contact materials and to determine sanitizing efficacy. The factors examined were contact materials (stainless steel, SUS; glass, GL; polypropylene, PP; and polyethylene, PE), surface conditions (smooth vs. scratched and with vs. without biofilms), and chemical sanitizers (70% ethanol and 200 ppm chlorine). Sanitization more efficiently loweredS. aureuscounts on SUS and GL than on PP and PE. Sanitization efficacy of ethanol was better than that of chlorine. Surfaces with scratches and biofilms were the most resistant to sanitization methods. The use of low‐adherent materials in food facilities, the selection of effective sanitizing methods, and the application of proper cleaning and disinfection procedures for food contact surfaces are essential for ensuring food safety.

Practical applications

Control ofS. aureuson food contact surface is important to reduce cross‐contamination in the foodservice industry. Hydrophobic and rough food contact surfaces promoteS. aureusadherence and biofilm formation. Ethanol can be an effective chemical sanitizer againstS. aureusbiofilm, regardless of the material or roughness of the food contact surfaces. The use of hydrophilic materials, frequent replacement of equipment, and selection of proper sanitizing methods are recommended to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Variations in bone density across the body of the immature human mandible
Authors: Hutchinson Erin F. , Farella Mauro , Hoffman Jakobus , Kramer Beverley
Published: March 2017

During growth the mandible accommodates increases in biomechanical loading resulting from changes in the function of structures of the oral cavity. Biomechanical loads are thought to play an intricate and vital role in the modelling and remodelling of bone, with site‐specific effects on bone mineral density. It is anticipated that the effects of this loading on bone mineral density are intensified during the functional transition from prenatal to postnatal stages. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate changes in bone mineral density across the body of the immature human mandible during the early stages of dental development. The study sample included 45 human mandibles, subdivided into three age groups: prenatal (30 gestational weeks to birth; n = 15); early postnatal (birth to 12 months; n = 18); and late postnatal (1–5 years; n = 12). Mandibles were scanned using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. Eight landmarks were selected along the buccal/labial and lingual surfaces of each dental crypt for evaluation of the bone mineral density. Bone mineral density values were calculated using a reference standard and analysed using multivariate statistics. The bone mineral density of the lingual surface was found to be significantly higher (P ≤ 0.000) than that of the buccal/labial surface. Furthermore, bone mineral density in the alveolar region of the buccal/labial surface of the deciduous central incisor (P ≤ 0.001), the deciduous first molar (P ≤ 0.013) and lingual alveolar area of the deciduous second molar (P ≤ 0.032) were significantly greater in the early postnatal period than in the prenatal period. While changes in bone mineral density across the lingual surface were consistent with the progression of development and the biomechanical demand of the tongue as previously demonstrated, changes observed across the buccal/labial surface of the mandible appeared to accompany the advancing dental development. Thus, changes in bone mineral density across the mandible appear to be reflective of the stage of dental development and the level of biomechanical loading.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: The year in review 2016
Authors: Harjai Kishore J. , Grines Cindy L. , Paradis Jean‐Michael , Kodali Susheel
Published: March 2017

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) continued to make major strides in 2016, simultaneously expanding its application to lower risk patients as well as more technically challenging subsets of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). The two major accomplishments this year were the establishment of TAVR as the preferred treatment strategy over surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in intermediate risk patients, and initial signals that TAVR and SAVR may be clinically equivalent in low‐risk populations. Meanwhile, there is continued expansion of TAVR to challenging clinical subsets (bicuspid aortic valve [BAV], patients with concomitant advanced coronary artery disease [CAD], and failed surgical bioprostheses), and encouraging initial experiences with newer transcatheter heart valve systems. This paper summarizes the major research studies published on TAVR in 2016.
The Perceived Payoff of Education: Do Generational Status and Racial Discrimination Matter?
Authors: Mroczkowski Alison L. , Sánchez Bernadette , Carter Jocelyn Smith
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among racial discrimination, generational status, and perceptions of the economic value of education among Latina/o youth. Participants were 400 urban, low‐income, Latina/o students from a large Midwestern U.S. city who completed surveys in both 9th and 10th grades. Results revealed that more perceived racial discrimination was associated with more perceived economic limitations of education. When analyzed by generational status, more racial discrimination in 9th grade was significantly related to lower perceived economic value of education in 10th grade for third‐generation and later participants, but not for first‐ or second‐generation participants. The results provide evidence for the diverse experiences of racial discrimination and perceived economic value of education across generational groups.
Sexuality and HIV Education in Charter Schools: An Exploratory Study With Principals in San Diego County, California
Authors: Walsh‐Buhi Eric R. , Dao Brandon , Salgin Linda , Marshall James , Miller Rachel , Fisher Doug , Walsh‐Buhi Margaret
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Schools can address critical sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues among youth. However, little is known about SRH education being implemented in charter schools. Thus, our purpose was to explore implementation of SRH education in charter schools.

METHODS

Using purposive sampling, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 20 charter school principals in San Diego County, California. Questions were guided by the Kaiser Family Foundation National Survey of Public Secondary School Principals. Analyses followed a case‐oriented approach, examining aspects within each case (ie, a principal), and then a comparative analysis of a small number of cases (ie, all principals).

RESULTS

Overall, 17 principals acknowledged offering sexuality education in the previous 2 years. Over half of these schools had provided content on: sexually transmitted diseases/human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (STDs/HIV/AIDS), reproduction/pregnancy/birth, pregnancy prevention methods, delaying sex, and managing sexual pressure. Condom use, sexual assault, sexual orientation, talking with partners about STD/pregnancy prevention, talking with parents about relationships/sex, and using/where to get contraception were less commonly taught. Abortion was not addressed. When asked the grade they would assign to their schools' sexuality/HIV instruction, principals assigned 1 A, 7 Bs, 7 Cs, and 1 D.

CONCLUSIONS

Consistency between our findings and what has been reported elsewhere varies. As charter schools often have greater curricular flexibility than traditional schools, this study provides unique preliminary data to inform future innovative, or strengthen existing, SRH programming.
Aggressive and Violent Behavior and Emotional Self‐Efficacy: Is There a Relationship for Adolescents?
Authors: Valois Robert F. , Zullig Keith J. , Revels Asa A.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

In this cross‐sectional study we explored relationships between aggressive and violent behaviors and emotional self‐efficacy (ESE) in a statewide sample of public high school adolescents in South Carolina (N = 3836).

METHODS

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey items on aggressive and violent behavior items and an adolescent ESE scale were used. Logistic regression analyses and multivariate models constructed separately, revealed significant race by sex findings.

RESULTS

Results suggest that carrying a weapon to school (past 30 days) and being threatened or injured with a gun, knife, or club at school (past 12 months) were significantly associated (p < .05) with reduced ESE for specific race/sex groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Results have implications for school‐ and community‐based mental health services and social and emotional learning and aggression/violence prevention programs for adolescents. Measures of ESE as a component of comprehensive assessments of adolescent mental health, social and emotional learning and aggressive/violent behaviors in fieldwork, research, and program‐evaluation efforts should be considered.