bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel Rap1>RalGEF>Ral and Ras signals sculpt theC. elegansnervous system
Authors: Mardick Jacob I. , Rasmussen Neal R. , Wightman Bruce , Reiner David J.
Published: February 2021

Ras is the most commonly mutated oncogene in humans and uses three oncogenic effectors: Raf, PI3K, and RalGEF activation of Ral. Understanding the importance of RalGEF>Ral signaling in cancer is hampered by the paucity of knowledge about their function in animal development, particularly in cell movements. We found that mutations that disrupt function of RalGEF or Ral enhance migration phenotypes of mutations in genes with established roles in cell migration. We used as a model the migration of the canal associated neurons (CANs), and validated our results in HSN cell migration, neurite guidance, and general animal locomotion. These functions of RalGEF and Ral are specific to their control of Ral signaling output rather than other published functions of these proteins. In this capacity Ral functions cell autonomously as a permissive developmental signal. In contrast, we observed Ras, the canonical activator of RalGEF>Ral signaling in cancer, to function as an instructive signal. Furthermore, we unexpectedly identified a function for the close Ras relative, Rap1, consistent with activation of RalGEF>Ral. These studies define functions of RalGEF>Ral, Rap1 and Ras signaling in morphogenetic processes that fashion the nervous system. We have also defined a model for studying how small GTPases partner with downstream effectors. Taken together, this analysis defines novel molecules and relationships in signaling networks that control cell movements during development of the nervous system.
Microbiota analysis of rural and urban surface waters and sediments in Bangladesh identifies human waste as driver of antibiotic resistance
Authors: McInnes Ross Stuart , uz-Zaman Md. Hassan , Alam Imam Taskin , Ho Siu Fung Stanley , Moran Robert A. , Clemens John D. , Islam Md. Sirajul , van Schaik Willem
Published: February 2021

In many low- and middle-income countries antibiotic resistant bacteria spread in the environment due to inadequate treatment of wastewater and the poorly regulated use of antibiotics in agri- and aquaculture. Here we characterised the abundance and diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in surface waters and sediments in Bangladesh through quantitative culture of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing coliforms and shotgun metagenomics. Samples were collected from highly urbanised settings (n= 7), from rural ponds with a history of aquaculture-related antibiotic use (n= 11) and from rural ponds with no history of antibiotic use (n= 6). ESBL-producing coliforms were found to be more prevalent in urban samples than in rural samples. Shotgun sequencing showed that sediment samples were dominated by the phylum Proteobacteria (on average 73.8% of assigned reads), while in the water samples Cyanobacteria (on average 60.9% of assigned reads) were the predominant phylum. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected in all samples, but their abundance varied 1,525-fold between sites, with the highest levels of antibiotic resistance genes being present in urban surface water samples. We identified an IncQ1 sulphonamide resistance plasmid ancestral to the widely studied RSF1010 in one of the urban water samples. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes was significantly correlated (R2= 0.73;P= 8.9 × 10−15) with the abundance of bacteria originating from the human gut, which suggests that the release of untreated sewage is a driver for the spread of environmental antibiotic resistance genes in Bangladesh, particularly in highly urbanised settings.

Importance

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have higher burdens of multidrug-resistant infections than high-income countries and there is thus an urgent need to elucidate the drivers of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in LMICs. Here we study the diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in surface water and sediments from rural and urban settings in Bangladesh. We found that urban surface waters are particularly rich in antibiotic resistance genes, with a higher number of them associated with plasmids indicating that they are more likely to spread horizontally. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes was strongly correlated with the abundance of bacteria that originate from the human gut, suggesting that uncontrolled release of human waste is a major driver for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the urban environment. Improvements in sanitation in LMICs may thus be a key intervention to reduce the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Follow-up of a hospital cohort during the first 3,530 suspected cases of COVID-19 in Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Pacca Carolina Colombelli , Zini Nathalia , Versiani Alice F. , de O. Lobl Edoardo E. , Milhim Bruno H. G. A. , Campos Guilherme R. F. , Moraes Marília M. , dos Santos Thayza M.I.L , Dourado Fernanda S. , Marques Beatriz C. , da Rocha Leonardo C. , dos Santos Andresa L , da Silva Gislaine C.D. , Ruiz Leonardo G. P. , Nicesio Raphael , Queiroz Flávia , Reis Andreia F. N. , da Silva Natal S. , Nogueira Maurício L. , Estofolete Cássia F.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

In a global context, COVID-19 is the most significant health threat in the present days, evidenced by the fact that, in just over four months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 171 countries, reaching a Pandemic status. Most patients with COVID-19 have a mild course of the disease. However, approximately 20% develop severe illness with a high mortality rate which is associated with age, comorbidities, and immunosuppression. Epidemiological studies are used to reveal the extent of viral spread in homes, communities, and hospitals. Thus, preventive and control measures can be established by the authorities.

Objective

In this study, patients with suspect COVID-19 symptoms who search for hospital care at the city of Sao José do Rio Preto (Sao Paulo, Brazil) were monitored, in order to identify the first case of this new disease in the region. In the first two months (March and April), more than 3000 individuals looked for the public and private health system with suspected respiratory symptoms, but only 164 (8.4%) were COVID-19 confirmed.

Results

From those, males (56.1%) and patients of the age distribution of 16-59 (91.2%), with diarrhea (22.2%), runny nose (25%), altered taste (15.9%), and anosmia (11.6%) presented statistical significance, although none comorbidities were related with COVID-19 occurrence. The odds ratio analysis supports this finding. Days of onset of symptoms are positively associated with whit viral load, and the same happens with the occurrence of symptoms (dyspnea and low saturation).
Cellular and biochemical response to chaperone versus substrate reduction therapies in neuropathic Gaucher disease
Authors: Ivanova Margarita , Dao Julia , Kasaci Neil , Adewale Benjamin , Nazari Shaista , Noll Lauren , Fikry Jacqueline , Sanati Armaghan Hafez , Goker-Alpan Ozlem
Published: February 2021

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal membrane enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and the subsequent accumulation of its substrate, glucosylceramide substrate (GC). Mostly missense mutations of the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) lead to GCase misfolding and inhibiting the lysosome’s proper trafficking. The accumulated GC leads to lysosomal dysfunction and impairs the autophagy pathway.

GD types 2 and 3 (GD2-3), or the neuronopathic forms, affect not only the Central Nervous System (CNS) but also have severe systemic involvement and progressive bone disease. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) successfully treats the hematologic manifestations; however, due to the lack of equal distribution of the recombinant enzyme in different organs, it has no impact on the nervous system and has minimal effect on bone involvement. Small molecules have the potential for better tissue distribution. Ambroxol (AMB) is a pharmacologic chaperone that partially recovers the mutated GCase activity and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Eliglustat (EGT) works by inhibiting UDP-glucosylceramide synthase, an enzyme that catalyzes the GC biosynthesis, reducing a GC influx load into the lysosome. Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) using EGT is associated with improvement in GD bone marrow burden score and bone mineral density.

The effects of EGT and ABX on GCase activity and autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) were assessed in primary cell lines derived from patients with GD2-3 and compared to cell lines from healthy controls. While both compounds enhanced GCase activity in control cells, an individualized response was observed in cells from patients with GD2-3 that varied withGBAmutations. EGT and AMB enhanced the formation of lysosomal/ late endosomal compartments and autophagy, and this effect was independent ofGBAmutations. Both AMB and EGT increased mitochondrial mass and density in GD2-3 fibroblasts, suggesting enhancement of the mitochondrial function by activating the mitochondrial membrane potential.

These results suggest that EGT and ABX may have different molecular mechanisms of action, but both enhance GCase activity, improve autophagy-lysosome dynamics and mitochondrial functions.
Functional classes of SNPs related to psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits contrast with those related to neurological disorders
Authors: Reimers Mark A. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: February 2021

We investigated the functional classes of genomic regions containing SNPS contributing most to the SNP-heritability of important psychiatric and neurological disorders and behavioral traits, as determined from recent genome-wide association studies. We employed linkage-disequilibrium score regression with several brain-specific genomic annotations not previously used. The classes of genomic annotations conferring substantial SNP-heritability for the psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits differed systematically from the classes associated with neurological disorders, and both differed from the classes enriched for height, a biometric trait used here as a control outgroup. The SNPs implicated in these psychiatric disorders and behavioral traits were highly enriched in CTCF binding sites, in conserved regions likely to be enhancers, and in brain-specific promoters, regulatory sites likely to affect dynamic responses. The SNPs relevant for neurological disorders were highly enriched in constitutive coding regions and splice regulatory sites. We suggest that our results provide a bridge between genetics and the well-known effects of life history and recent stressful experiences on risk of psychiatric illness.
CVTree: A Parallel Alignment-free Phylogeny and Taxonomy Tool based on Composition Vectors of Genomes
Authors: Zuo Guanghong
Published: February 2021

CVTree is an alignment-free algorithm to infer phylogenetic relationships from genome sequences. It had been successfully applied to study phylogeny and taxonomy of viruses, prokaryotes, and fungi based on the whole genomes, as well as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and metagenomes. Here we presented the standalone software for the CVTree algorithm. In the software, a parallel workflow for the CVTree algorithm was designed. Based on the workflow, new alignment-free methods were also implemented. And by examining the phylogeny and taxonomy of 13903 prokaryotes based on 16S rRNA sequences, we showed that CVTree software is an efficient and effective tool for the studying of phylogeny and taxonomy based on genome sequences.

Availability

https://github.com/ghzuo/cvtree
An extracellular redox signal triggers calcium release and impacts the asexual development ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Alves Eduardo , Benns Henry J. , Magnus Lilian , Dominicus Caia , Dobai Tamás , Blight Joshua , Wincott Ceire J. , Child Matthew A.
Published: February 2021

The ability of an organism to sense and respond to environmental redox fluctuations relies on a signaling network that is incompletely understood in apicomplexan parasites such asToxoplasma gondii. The impact of changes in redox upon the development of this intracellular parasite is not known. Here, we provide a revised collection of 58 genes containing domains related to canonical antioxidant function, with their encoded proteins widely dispersed throughout different cellular compartments. We demonstrate that addition of exogenous H2O2to human fibroblasts infected withT. gondiitriggers a Ca2+flux in the cytosol of intracellular parasites that can induce egress. In line with existing models, egress triggered by exogenous H2O2is reliant upon both Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 3 and diacylglycerol kinases. Finally, we show that the overexpression a glutaredoxin-roGFP2 redox sensor fusion protein in the parasitophorous vacuole severely impacts parasite replication. These data highlight the rich redox network that exists inT. gondii, evidencing a link between extracellular redox and intracellular Ca2+signaling that can culminate in parasite egress. Our findings also indicate that the redox potential of the intracellular environment contributes to normal parasite growth. Combined, our findings highlight the important role of redox as an unexplored regulator of parasite biology.
Substantial somatic genomic variation and selection for BCOR mutations in human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Rouhani Foad J , Zou Xueqing , Danecek Petr , Dias Amarante Tauanne , Koh Gene , Wu Qianxin , Memari Yasin , Durbin Richard , Martincorena Inigo , Bassett Andrew R , Gaffney Daniel , Nik-Zainal Serena
Published: February 2021

Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC) are an established patient-specific model system where opportunities are emerging for cell-based therapies. We contrast hiPSCs derived from different tissues, skin and blood, in the same individual. We show extensive single-nucleotide mutagenesis in all hiPSC lines, although fibroblast-derived hiPSCs (F-hiPSCs) are particularly heavily mutagenized by ultraviolet(UV)-related damage. We utilize genome sequencing data on 454 F-hiPSCs and 44 blood-derived hiPSCs (B-hiPSCs) to gain further insights. Across 324 whole genome sequenced(WGS) F-hiPSCs derived by the Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Initiative (HipSci), UV-related damage is present in ~72% of cell lines, sometimes causing substantial mutagenesis (range 0.25-15 per Mb). Furthermore, we find remarkable genomic heterogeneity between independent F-hiPSC clones derived from the same reprogramming process in the same donor, due to oligoclonal populations within fibroblasts. Combining WGS and exome-sequencing data of 452 HipSci F-hiPSCs, we identify 272 predicted pathogenic mutations in cancer-related genes, of which 21 genes were hit recurrently three or more times, involving 77 (17%) lines. Notably, 151 of 272 mutations were present in starting fibroblast populations suggesting that more than half of putative driver events in F-hiPSCs were acquired in vivo. In contrast, B-hiPSCs reprogrammed from erythroblasts show lower levels of genome-wide mutations (range 0.28-1.4 per Mb), no UV damage, but a strikingly high prevalence of acquired BCOR mutations of ~57%, indicative of strong selection pressure. All hiPSCs had otherwise stable, diploid genomes on karyotypic pre-screening, highlighting how copy-number-based approaches do not have the required resolution to detect widespread nucleotide mutagenesis. This work strongly suggests that models for cell-based therapies require detailed nucleotide-resolution characterization prior to clinical application.
Growth and grain yield of eight maize hybrids is aligned with water transport, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis in a semi-arid irrigated system
Authors: Gleason Sean M , Nalezny Lauren , Hunter Cameron , Bensen Robert , Chintamanani Satya , Comas Louise H
Published: February 2021

There is increasing interest in understanding how trait networks can be manipulated to improve the performance of crop species. Working towards this goal, we have identified key traits linking the acquisition of water, the transport of water to the sites of evaporation and photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and growth across eight maize hybrid lines grown under well-watered and water-limiting conditions in Northern Colorado. Under well-watered conditions, well-performing hybrids exhibited high leaf-specific conductance, low operating water potentials, high rates of midday stomatal conductance, high rates of net CO2 assimilation, greater leaf osmotic adjustment, and higher end-of-season growth and grain yield. This trait network was similar under water-limited conditions with the notable exception that linkages between water transport, midday stomatal conductance, and growth were even stronger than under fully-watered conditions. The results of this experiment suggest that similar trait networks might confer improved performance under contrasting climate and soil conditions, and that efforts to improve the performance of crop species could possibly benefit by considering the water transport pathway within leaves, as well as within the whole-xylem, in addition to root-level and leaf-level traits.
Large-scale analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-glycoprotein mutants demonstrates the need for continuous screening of virus isolates
Authors: Schrörs Barbara , Gudimella Ranganath , Bukur Thomas , Rösler Thomas , Löwer Martin , Sahin Ugur
Published: February 2021

Due to the widespread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 genome is evolving in diverse human populations. Several studies already reported different strains and an increase in the mutation rate. Particularly, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike-glycoprotein are of great interest as it mediates infection in human and recently approved mRNA vaccines are designed to induce immune responses against it.

We analyzed 146,917 SARS-CoV-2 genome assemblies and 2,393 NGS datasets from GISAID, NCBI Virus and NCBI SRA archives focusing on non-synonymous mutations in the spike protein.

Only around 13.8% of the samples contained the wild-type spike protein with no variation from the reference. Among the spike protein mutants, we confirmed a low mutation rate exhibiting less than 10 non-synonymous mutations in 99.98% of the analyzed sequences, but the mean and median number of spike protein mutations per sample increased over time. 2,592 distinct variants were found in total. The majority of the observed variants were recurrent, but only nine and 23 recurrent variants were found in at least 0.5% of the mutant genome assemblies and NGS samples, respectively. Further, we found high-confidence subclonal variants in about 15.1% of the NGS data sets with mutant spike protein, which might indicate co-infection with various SARS-CoV-2 strains and/or intra-host evolution. Lastly, some variants might have an effect on antibody binding or T-cell recognition.

These findings demonstrate the increasing importance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2 sequences for an early detection of variants that require adaptations in preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Sensory cilia act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling
Authors: Wang Juan , Nikonorova Inna A. , Silva Malan , Walsh Jonathon D. , Tilton Peter , Gu Amanda , Barr Maureen M.
Published: February 2021

Extracellular vesicles play major roles in intercellular signaling, yet fundamental aspects of their biology remain poorly understood. Ciliary EV shedding is evolutionary conserved. Here we use super resolution, real time imaging of fluorescent-protein tagged EV cargo combined within vivobioassays to study signaling EVs inC. elegans. We find that neuronal sensory cilia shed the TRP polycystin-2 channel PKD-2::GFP-carrying EVs from two distinct sites - the ciliary tip and the ciliary base. Ciliary tip shedding requires distal ciliary enrichment of PKD-2 by the myristoylated coiled-coil protein CIL-7. Kinesin-3 KLP-6 and intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-2 motors are also required for ciliary tip EV shedding. Blocking ciliary tip shedding results in excessive EV shedding from the base. Finally, we demonstrate thatC. elegansmale ciliated neurons modulate EV cargo composition in response to sensory stimulation by hermaphrodite mating partners. Overall, our study indicates that the cilium and its trafficking machinery act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling.
Convalescent Plasma and Improved Survival in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and COVID-19
Authors: Thompson Michael A. , Henderson Jeffrey P. , Shah Pankil K. , Rubinstein Samuel M. , Joyner Michael J. , Choueiri Toni K. , Flora Daniel B. , Griffiths Elizabeth A. , Gulati Anthony P. , Hwang Clara , Koshkin Vadim S. , Papadopoulos Esperanza B. , Robilotti Elizabeth V. , Su Christopher T. , Wulff-Burchfield Elizabeth M. , Xie Zhuoer , Yu Peter Paul , Mishra Sanjay , Senefeld Jonathon W. , Shah Dimpy P. , Warner Jeremy L.
Published: February 2021

Convalescent plasma may benefit immunocompromised individuals with COVID-19, including those with hematologic malignancy. We evaluated the association of convalescent plasma treatment with 30-day mortality in hospitalized adults with hematologic malignancy and COVID-19 from a multi-institutional cohort. 143 treated patients were compared to 823 untreated controls. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, convalescent plasma treatment was associated with improved 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37-0.97). This association remained significant after propensity-score matching (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29-0.92). These findings suggest a potential survival benefit in the administration of convalescent plasma to patients with hematologic malignancy and COVID-19.
The chameleonic garment integrated POF fabric with a tricolour LED and wearable device technology
Authors: Lin Miao-Tzu
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to develop a smart illuminated polymeric optical fibre (POF) chameleonic garment, using a wearable device technology for camouflage or safety warnings based on user needs.

Design/methodology/approach

This study integrates the theory of the optical foundation, control system, wireless communication, program development and apparel design into a chameleonic garment, displaying some vests, bags and shoes.

Findings

After selecting a pixel in the photo taken by the smart phone, the four modes of the application developed in this study are used to change the POF colour of the garment.

Originality/value

This study develops four modes of smart phone application; picked mode: picks a pixel colour on a smart phone canvas, contrastive mode: transfers to contrastive colour of the picked pixel, customized mode – gives input colour number manual and random mode – it based on a system random number. When users have different functional requirements, the four modes provide various choices.
Structural design of high-speed rolling bearing test rig spindle with cantilever
Authors: Li Hui , Li Hao , Zhang Rongfeng , Liu Yi , Qi Shemiao , Liu Heng
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the structure design process of the cantilever spindle with limited installation space and wishing to increase its critical speed.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the finite element method was used to analyze the influence of the supporting stiffness and the structure of the spindle on the critical speed, and then the structure of the spindle was designed; moreover, the experiment was accomplished and the experiment results show that the spindle can work stably.

Findings

Through analyzing the influence of the supporting stiffness and the structure of the spindle on the critical speed, the following conclusions could be obtained: the shape of the first-mode is the bend vibration of the cantilever of the spindle; the first-order critical speed of the spindle gradually decreases with the diameter and length of the cantilever increasing; the first-order critical speed of the spindle increases with the depth and diameter of the blind hole increasing; and the experiment was accomplished and the experiment results show that the spindle can work stably.

Originality/value

In this paper, the finite element method was used to design the spindle of the testing machine, and satisfactory results were obtained. It can provide a theoretical reference for the design of a similar spindle.
Effect of supplier supply network resources on buyer–supplier collaborative product innovation: a contingency perspective
Authors: Li Yuzhong , Li Suicheng , Cui Hecheng
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This study aims to examine the effect of supplier supply network (SSN) resources on buyer–supplier collaborative product innovation. The existing relevant studies from the network perspective are focused more horizontally on the mobilization of the firm’s entire supplier network resources and less vertically on the utilization of the individual supplier's supply network resources. Therefore, this paper takes a contingency perspective, regards the buyer as the receiver of a supplier’s supply network resources and, based on the theoretical motivation–opportunity–ability framework, explores the important motivation and ability factors that may weaken or enhance the product innovation value of the network resources.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper develops a new research model that assesses how the innovation utilization effectiveness of SSN resources is contingent on a buyer’s perception of the SSN effects and relative absorptive capacity on the SSN. A large sample questionnaire is designed and collected from 300 Chinese high-tech manufacturing firms and their suppliers. An empirical test is carried out in which multiple regression analysis is applied to 246 valid sample data.

Findings

The results show that SSN resources can significantly enhance buyer–supplier collaborative product innovation; however, the innovation utilization effectiveness is limited by the buyer’s relative absorptive capacity for the SSN and perception of the SSN effects. Specifically, if a buyer perceives that a greater innovation effect of a supplier’s supply network is correlated with an improved relative position in the SSN or with higher network structural equivalence and network cognitive congruence between the buyer and the supplier on the SSN, then the buyer will be more motivated and capable of transforming the SSN resources into actual product innovation value.

Practical implications

The research results provide useful guidance for firms to effectively mobilize their SSN resources to tap into the supplier innovation value for a sustainable competitive advantage.

Originality/value

This paper extends the research on supplier innovation value to the SSN field. Through linking dyadic and network levels of analysis, this paper reveals the value and uniqueness of product innovation utilization of a specific supplier’s supply network resources in the buyer–supplier relationship and provides a new research perspective for future studies on related issues.
Predicting the effect of decompression sickness on survival following submarine tower escape
Authors: Loveman Geoff A.M. , Edney Joel J.E.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was the development of a methodology for translating predicted rates of decompression sickness (DCS), following tower escape from a sunken submarine, into predicted probability of survival, a more useful statistic for making operational decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

Predictions were made, using existing models, for the probabilities of a range of DCS symptoms following submarine tower escape. Subject matter expert estimates of the effect of these symptoms on a submariner’s ability to survive in benign weather conditions on the sea surface until rescued were combined with the likelihoods of the different symptoms occurring using standard probability theory. Plots were generated showing the dependence of predicted probability of survival following escape on the escape depth and the pressure within the stricken submarine.

Findings

Current advice on whether to attempt tower escape is based on avoiding rates of DCS above approximately 5%–10%. Consideration of predicted survival rates, based on subject matter expert opinion, suggests that the current advice might be considered as conservative in the distressed submarine scenario, as DCS rates of 10% are not anticipated to markedly affect survival rates.

Originality/value

According to the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to quantify the effect of different DCS symptoms on the probability of survival in submarine tower escape.
Perpetrators of corporate crimes in commercial organizations in Italy and Russia
Authors: Rusanov Georgy
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is dedicated to the features of subjects of official crimes in commercial organizations in accordance with the laws of Italy and Russia.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the study of Russian and Italian legislation, it was revealed that the Italian criminal law provides for a more extensive system of the criminal law provisions on liability for corporate economic crimes.

Findings

These norms are in various normative legal acts (civil legislation, separate legislative acts). In the Russian criminal legislation, the norms in the sphere of corporate crimes in the sphere of economy are systematized and are located in a separate chapter of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the list of acts for which liability is provided is significantly narrower than in the Italian criminal law.

Originality/value

In general, the institute of criminal liability for subjects of economic crimes with special features is adopted and developed as in the Russian criminal law as in the Italian criminal law. The existence of this institution shows the awareness by legislators of the increased danger to the society of such persons’ actions owing to the fact that the existence of the official status, special powers of certain duties or the lack of an appropriate indication on the contrary allows such a person to commit an act that is not available to other persons.
The Gender Dynamics of Dress Gifts from Elizabethan Men at the Court of Elizabeth I
Authors: Gomulkiewicz Abigail
Published: February 2021

This article explores the gender dynamics of giving dress gifts at the Elizabethan court (1558–1603). Current scholarship considers the role of elite women and the ‘favourite’ in giving dress gifts. In contrast, this article seeks to understand the significant but largely overlooked role of merchant and courtier men as both givers of dress to Elizabeth I and holders of vital information that others relied upon in giving dress gifts to her. Drawing on New Year's gift lists, correspondence and records of progresses this article shows how an approach informed by material culture and situated in a gendered framework actually complicates our understanding of the Elizabethan court's culture of dress gifts. A gendered analysis highlights that merchant and courtier male subjects, sometimes in tandem with their wives, played a vital role in shaping the fashion and economy of early modern England by providing innovative and tasteful offerings to their queen. Dress gifts from male subjects strongly influenced Elizabeth's image of magnificence and made the English court one of the most fashionable in Europe.
Including intraspecific trait variability to avoid distortion of functional diversity and ecological inference: Lessons from natural assemblages
Authors: Wong Mark K. L. , Carmona Carlos P.
Published: February 2021

Functional diversity assessments are crucial and increasingly used for understanding ecological processes and managing ecosystems. The functional diversity of a community is assessed by sampling traits at one or more scales (individuals, populations and species) and calculating a summary index of the variation in trait values. However, it remains unclear how the scales at which traits are sampled and the indices used to estimate functional diversity may alter the patterns observed and inferences about ecological processes.

For 40 plant and 61 ant communities, we assess functional diversity using six methods—spanning various mean‐based and probabilistic methods—that reflect common scenarios where different levels of detail are available in trait data. We test whether including trait variability at different scales (from individuals to species) alters functional diversity values calculated using the volume‐based and dissimilarity‐based indices, Functional Richness (FRic) and Rao, respectively. We further test whether such effects alter functional diversity patterns observed across communities and their relationships with environmental drivers such as abiotic gradients and occurrences of invasive species.

Intraspecific trait variability strongly determined FRic and Rao. Methods using only species' mean trait values to calculate FRic (convex hulls) and Rao (Gower‐based dissimilarity) distorted the patterns observed when intraspecific trait variability was considered. These distortions generated Type I and Type II errors for the effects of environmental factors structuring the plant and ant communities. A high sensitivity of FRic to individuals with extreme trait values was revealed in comparisons of different probabilistic methods including among‐individual and among‐population trait variability in functional diversity. In contrast, values of and ecological patterns in Rao were consistent among methods including different scales of intraspecific trait variability.

Our results show empirically that decisions about where traits are sampled and how trait variability is included in functional diversity can drastically change the patterns observed and conclusions about ecological processes. We recommend sampling the traits of multiple individuals per species and capturing their intraspecific trait variability using probabilistic methods. We discuss how intraspecific trait variability can be reasonably estimated and included in functional diversity in the common circumstance where only limited trait data are available.
Training non‐intensivist doctors to work with COVID‐19 patients in intensive care units
Authors: Engberg Morten , Bonde Jan , Sigurdsson Sigurdur T. , Møller Kirsten , Nayahangan Leizl J. , Berntsen Marianne , Eschen Camilla T. , Haase Nicolai , Bache Søren , Konge Lars , Russell Lene
Published: February 2021

Background

Due to an expected surge of COVID‐19 patients in need of mechanical ventilation, the intensive care capacity was doubled at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, in March 2020. This resulted in an urgent need for doctors with competence in working with critically ill COVID‐19 patients. A training course and a theoretical test for non‐intensivist doctors were developed. The aims of this study were to gather validity evidence for the theoretical test and explore the effects of the course.

Methods

The 1‐day course was comprised of theoretical sessions and hands‐on training in ventilator use, hemodynamic monitoring, vascular access, and use of personal protective equipment. Validity evidence was gathered for the test by comparing answers from novices and experts in intensive care. Doctors who participated in the course completed the test before (pretest), after (posttest), and again within 8 weeks following the course (retention test).

Results

Fifty‐four non‐intensivist doctors from 15 different specialties with a wide range in clinical experience level completed the course. The test consisted of 23 questions and demonstrated a credible pass–fail standard at 16 points. Mean pretest score was 11.9 (SD 3.0), mean posttest score 20.6 (1.8), and mean retention test score 17.4 (2.2). All doctors passed the posttest.

Conclusion

Non‐intensivist doctors, irrespective of experience level, can acquire relevant knowledge for working in the ICU through a focused 1‐day evidence‐based course. This knowledge was largely retained as shown by a multiple‐choice test supported by validity evidence. The test is available in appendix and online.
Prognostic value of serum HE4 level in the management of endometrial cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Rajadevan Niveditha , McNally Orla , Neesham Deborah , Richards Anthony , Naaman Yael
Published: February 2021

Background

Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) has shown promising utility as a prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer. Increased serum HE4 levels may be associated with deeper myometrial invasion, extrauterine disease and poorer prognosis.

Aim

To evaluate the use of serum HE4 level, compared to and alongside other investigations, to accurately guide management in apparent early‐stage endometrial cancer.

Materials and Methods

This is a single‐site prospective study of 100 patients with histologically confirmed endometrial cancer. All patients underwent preoperative measurements of HE4 and CA125 levels and a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the depth of invasion, nodal status and tumour size. Correlation was sought between serum HE4 level, CA125 level, MRI findings and intra‐operative frozen section with tumour type, grade and stage.

Results

While both median HE4 and CA125 levels were higher with worsening clinicopathological features, serum HE4 level showed a more consistent association with high‐risk features. Patients with a low‐grade biopsy preoperatively and a low HE4 level (<70 pmol/L) demonstrated an 86.8% likelihood of having low‐risk disease on final histopathology. In comparison, preoperative MRI or intraoperative frozen section alongside a low‐grade biopsy demonstrated a similar likelihood of 86.2 and 87.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

When used in conjunction with an initial low‐grade endometrial biopsy, serum HE4 level demonstrated a similar likelihood to both preoperative MRI and intraoperative frozen section in identifying low‐risk disease on final histopathology. As a triaging tool this may be significant given that a preoperative, serum‐based assay would likely be the least invasive, least resource‐intensive and most cost‐effective approach.
The impact of face masks on children—A mini review
Authors: Eberhart Martin , Orthaber Stefan , Kerbl Reinhold
Published: February 2021

Aim

Face masks are essential during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization, recommend that they are used for children aged six years and older. However, parents are increasingly expressing concerns about whether these might be physically harmful. This mini review assessed the evidence.

Method

We conducted a narrative review on the effects of mask wearing on physiological variables in children, using PubMed, the Cochrane Library and the World Health Organization COVID‐19 Database up to 7 November 2020. The lack of paediatric studies prompted a second search for adult studies.

Results

We only found two paediatric studies, published in 2019 and 2020. The 2020 study was not related to COVID‐19. Only one study, performed with N95 respirators, collected medical parameters, and this did not suggest any harmful effects of gas exchange. The eight adult studies, including four prompted by the pandemic and one on surgeons, reported that face masks commonly used during the pandemic did not impair gas exchange during rest or mild exercise.

Conclusion

International guidelines recommend face masks for children aged six years and older, but further studies are needed to provide evidence‐based recommendations for different age groups.
MicroRNA profiling in Chinese children with Henoch‐Schonlein purpura and association between selected microRNAs and inflammatory biomarkers
Authors: Li Jing , Chen Meixue , Wang Jinfeng , Lu Lingling , Li Xiang , Le Yuan
Published: February 2021

Aim

This study aimed to profile the microRNA levels in Chinese Henoch‐Schonlein purpura (HSP) children and to explore their association with inflammatory factors and T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg).

Methods

Forty‐five HSP children and 27 healthy controls were enrolled in this study, and microRNA levels were profiled with a microRNA microarray. The levels of selected microRNAs were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR, and the levels of serum IgA, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10 and interleukin‐17A were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, Th17 and Treg cells were analysed by flow cytometry.

Results

There were 9 up‐regulated and 27 down‐regulated microRNAs in the PBMCs of Chinese HSP children. Among them, miR‐1‐3p, miR‐19b‐1‐5p and miR‐29b‐1‐5p were up‐regulated, while miR‐483‐5p and miR‐1246 were down‐regulated. Additionally, these selected microRNAs could differentiate HSP patients from healthy controls. Interestingly, miR‐29b‐1‐5p was correlated with IgA, miR‐19b‐1‐5p, miR‐483‐5p and miR‐1246 were correlated with interleukin‐6, while miR‐1‐3p and miR‐1246 were correlated with Th17/Treg.

Conclusion

This study reveals that the altered microRNAs could differentiate HSP from the healthy, and were associated with inflammatory factors or Th17/Treg. It is indicated that alteration in these microRNAs may contribute to the HSP pathogenesis and may become therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers for HSP.
The moral status of the fetus: Implications of the somatic integration definition of human life
Authors: Brown Mark T.
Published: February 2021

This account of the moral status of the human fetus makes four interlocking claims, which together comprise the Fetal Life Moral Status Thesis: (1) life as a human organism begins at the fetal stage of development; (2) the non‐organismal life of the human embryo begins at fertilization; (3) the human fetus has intrinsic moral status as a human being; and (4) the human embryo has extrinsic moral status as a non‐organismal human individual. The somatic integration definition of human life functions as a premise in two supporting arguments: the Fetal Life Argument and the Fetal Moral Status Argument. These arguments are articulated, objections are considered, and the resulting account of the moral status of the human fetus is applied to the problem of abortion.
Implementation of the Versius robotic surgical system for colorectal cancer surgery: First clinical experience
Authors: Collins Danielle , Paterson Hugh M. , Skipworth Richard J. E. , Speake Doug
Published: February 2021

Background

The Versius surgical system, from CMR Surgical, is the first UK‐based robotic platform to become commercially available. This is a prospective series in accordance with the IDEAL development framework for surgical innovation reporting the clinical implementation and initial experience using this robotic platform.

Methods

Patients with colorectal cancer were included. Exclusion criteria included T4 tumours, ultra‐low rectal cancer and severe comorbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade ≥ 3). Institutional ethical approval was obtained, and patients were counselled preoperatively with informed consent. Patients underwent colorectal resection using the Versius surgical system. Procedures were anticipated as hybrid operations (laparoscopic/robotic) consistent with a proof of concept/technical feasibility study.

Results

Main outcome measures included operative time, complication rates and pathological results. Thirty‐two patients (15 men) underwent colorectal cancer resections. The mean age was 68 years (27–85 years). Estimated blood loss was 150 ml; range <100 to <500 ml. For right hemicolectomy, the average operative time was 221 min (183–323 min). The average console time was 111 min (64–213 min). For robotic anterior resection, the total operative time was on average 319 min (222–408 min) with an average console time of 204 min (85–242 min). Eight patients experienced Grade II morbidities (22%) with no serious morbidities and no mortalities. Mean return to bowel function was 2.9 days (1–6 days). The average length of stay was 5.3 days with a median of 4 days (2–20 days). All resections were R0 with an average lymph node yield of 20 nodes (8–46 nodes).

Conclusion

Our initial experience with Versius demonstrates its safe adoption and implementation for colorectal resections.
The accurate cytological diagnosis of salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma may be hampered by myoepithelial differentiation
Authors: Marginean Felicia‐Elena , Lesnik Maria , Gauthier Arnaud , Klijanienko Jerzy
Published: February 2021

Salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma with myoepithelial differentiation may be underdiagnosed due to morphological similarity to pleomorphic adenoma.
Synthetic embryology: Early mammalian embryo modeling systems from cell cultures
Authors: Tomoda Kiichiro , Kime Cody
Published: February 2021

Recently, the fields of embryology, developmental biology, stem cell biology, and cell reprogramming, have intersected with synthetic embryo systems (SESs) from cultured cells. Among such SESs, several approaches have engaged early‐embryo‐like cells, cells with atypical potency, or assembled traditional in vitro stem cell populations with synergy, to advance life discovery systems that may yield emergent knowledge and biotechnical advance. Such models center on the competent generation of blastocyst‐like and post‐implantation embryo‐like forms. Our group, and several others have recently pioneered unique SES strategies covering a broad spectrum of key early embryo‐like developmental stages and features to seed an emerging SES field. Herein, we provide a comprehensive perspective of synthetic embryology and the powerful promise that excites us.
Standardization for obtaining blood viscosity: A systematic review
Authors: Valério de Arruda Marcel , Cruz Silva Alana , Fernandes Galduróz José Carlos , Ferreira Galduróz Ruth
Published: February 2021

Introduction

There is evidence to suggest that blood viscosity (BV) is involved in several pathological processes. In this review, we evaluated the different methods of BV acquisition, analyzing the sample storage time, the storage temperature, the acquisition time, the acquisition temperature, sample volume, and shear rates, in order to standardize this technique.

Methods

We selected 50 articles with methods of obtaining BV, evaluating pathologies through BV, comparing rheological equipment, monitoring, and regulating BV.

Results and conclusion

Measurements should be obtained as soon as possible, to reduce hemorheological changes. It is necessary to refrigerate them at 4°C when the storage time is long. The acquisition time is related to the equipment used. BV measurements at 37°C will represent the real BV in vivo more faithfully. In order to understand the BV phenomena, the shear rates must be between 0.1 and 1000 s‐1. There is a wide variety of equipment available for measuring the BV.
Interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression variability: Considering complexity in evolvability
Authors: Capp Jean‐Pascal
Published: February 2021

Genetic variability, epigenetic variability, and gene expression variability (noise) are generally considered independently in their relationship with phenotypic variation. However, they appear to be intrinsically interconnected and influence it in combination. The study of the interplay between genetic and epigenetic variability has the longest history. This article rather considers the introduction of gene expression variability in its relationships with the two others and reviews for the first time experimental evidences over the four relationships connected to gene expression noise. They show how introducing this third source of variability complicates the way of thinking evolvability and the emergence of biological novelty. Finally, cancer cells are proposed to be an ideal model to decipher the dynamic interplay between genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression variability when one of them is either experimentally increased or therapeutically targeted. This interplay is also discussed in an evolutionary perspective in the context of cancer cell drug resistance.