bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Next Frontier in Composite Tissue Allotransplantation
Authors: Ren Xiaoping , Laugel Michael C.
Published: November 2012

Solid organ transplantations became a clinical option in the 1950s. The hand allograft was the pioneer of composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA), successfully started near the end of the last century despite arguments over the practicality and methods. Since then, CTA such as hand and face has continued to progress from the theoretical to clinical reality. The treatment principles, drug combinations, and mechanisms of the immunosuppression medications on which contemporary transplant surgeries have been based continue to develop as researchers and physicians gain more experience in the CTA field. It could be argued that the ethical issues associated with CTA have prevented evolution of the field rather than surgical or technical skill. This is particularly true for allo‐head and body reconstruction (AHBR). How can leaders in the field of CTA develop a model that would satisfy ethical concerns? Bolstered by recent successes in the field, is it time to traverse the next frontier? Can AHBR ever be a feasible option in the clinical setting? The reader will be provided with a brief history of CTA from theory to research to clinical practice. A concise description of AHBR as it pertains to the critical procedure (i.e., surgery design) will also be discussed.
Apolipoprotein M can discriminate HNF1A‐MODY from Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mughal S. A. , Park R. , Nowak N. , Gloyn A. L. , Karpe F. , Matile H. , Malecki M. T. , McCarthy M. I. , Stoffel M. , Owen K. R.
Published: November 2012

Aims

Missed diagnosis of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has led to an interest in biomarkers that enable efficient prioritization of patients for definitive molecular testing. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was suggested as a biomarker for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)‐MODY because of its reduced expression in Hnf1a–/– mice. However, subsequent human studies examining apoM as a biomarker have yielded conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate apoM as a biomarker for HNF1A‐MODY using a highly specific and sensitive ELISA.

Methods

ApoM concentration was measured in subjects with HNF1A‐MODY (n = 69), Type 1 diabetes (n = 50), Type 2 diabetes (n = 120) and healthy control subjects (n = 100). The discriminative accuracy of apoM and of the apoM/HDL ratio for diabetes aetiology was evaluated.

Results

Mean (standard deviation) serum apoM concentration (μmol/l) was significantly lower for subjects with HNF1A‐MODY [0.86 (0.29)], than for those with Type 1 diabetes [1.37 (0.26), P = 3.1 × 10–18) and control subjects [1.34 (0.22), P = 7.2 × 10–19). There was no significant difference in apoM concentration between subjects with HNF1A‐MODY and Type 2 diabetes [0.89 (0.28), P = 0.13]. The C‐statistic measure of discriminative accuracy for apoM was 0.91 for HNF1A‐MODY vs. Type 1 diabetes, indicating high discriminative accuracy. The apoM/HDL ratio was significantly lower in HNF1A‐MODY than other study groups. However, this ratio did not perform well in discriminating HNF1A‐MODY from either Type 1 diabetes (C‐statistic = 0.79) or Type 2 diabetes (C‐statistic = 0.68).

Conclusions

We confirm an earlier report that serum apoM levels are lower in HNF1A‐MODY than in controls. Serum apoM provides good discrimination between HNF1A‐MODY and Type 1 diabetes and warrants further investigation for clinical utility in diabetes diagnostics.
Characterizing the transition from paediatric to adult care among emerging adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Helgeson V. S. , Reynolds K. A. , Snyder P. R. , Palladino D. K. , Becker D. J. , Siminerio L. , Escobar O.
Published: November 2012

Aims

The goals of the study were to describe the transition of youth with Type 1 diabetes from paediatric to adult healthcare services, examine the link of this transition with self care and glycaemic control, and distinguish youth who received medical treatment from different physicians in terms of demographic and parent relationship variables.

Methods

Youth with Type 1 diabetes (n = 118) were enrolled in a prospective study that examined the transition from the paediatric to adult healthcare systems and were evaluated during their senior year of high school (time 1) and 1 year later (time 2). Data on self care, glycaemic control and parent relationship were collected.

Results

The majority of youth saw a paediatric endocrinologist at both assessments (n = 64); others saw an adult care physician at both assessments (n = 26) or transitioned from a paediatric endocrinologist to an adult care physician (n = 19). Nine youth saw no physician between time 1 and time 2. There were group differences in demographic and parent relationship variables and self‐care behaviour and glycaemic control related to the transition of care. Youth who remained in the paediatric healthcare system had the best self care and did not experience declines in glycaemic control over time.

Conclusions

Early transition from the paediatric healthcare system to the adult healthcare system is associated with psychosocial variables and worse glycaemic control. Future research should identify factors that determine optimal timing and strategies to avoid deterioration of care and control during this transition.
Family history of Type 1 diabetes affects insulin secretion in patients with ‘Type 2’ diabetes
Authors: Lundgren V. M. , Andersen M. K. , Isomaa B. , Tuomi T.
Published: November 2012

Aims

The aim was to evaluate the impact of family history of diabetes on the phenotype of patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and the frequency of susceptibility genotypes.

Methods

Patients with Type 2 diabetes with family history for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes (FHMIX, n = 196) or Type 2 diabetes only (FHT2, n = 139) matched for age, sex, BMI and age at diagnosis, underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and a combined glucagon test and insulin tolerance test. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies and major Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants were analysed. Patients were stratified into groups according to family history or GAD antibody positivity (GADA+, GADA–) or a combination of these (GADA+/FHMIX, GADA+/FHT2, GADA–/FHMIX, GADA–/FHT2).

Results

Compared with other patients, those with FHMIX more often had GAD antibodies (14.3 vs. 4.3%, P = 0.003), and those with both FHMIX and GAD antibodies had the highest frequency of insulin deficiency (stimulated serum C‐peptide < 0.7 nmol/l, GADA+/FHMIX 46.4% vs. GADA–/FHMIX 9.5% (P < 0.00001), GADA–/FHT2 4.5% (P < 0.00001), GADA+/FHT2 0%). Patients with GADA+/FHMIX more often had HLA‐DQB1 risk genotypes compared with patients with GADA–/FHMIX or GADA–/FHT2D (47 vs. 23 or 14%, P = 0.05 and P < 0.00001, respectively). In logistic regression analyses, FHMIX, GAD antibody positivity and HLA risk genotypes were independently associated with insulin deficiency.

Conclusion

A family history for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes was associated with higher prevalence of GAD antibodies and HLA‐DQB1 risk genotypes than a family history of type 2 diabetes only, and was associated with earlier and more severe development of insulin deficiency, which was only partially explained by GAD antibodies and HLA.
Blood glucose levels in children with Type 1 diabetes attending a residential diabetes camp: a 2‐year review
Authors: Carlson K. T. , Carlson G. W. , Tolbert L. , Demma L. J.
Published: November 2012

Aims

The objective of this retrospective analysis of blood glucose values at a week‐long residential summer camp for children with Type 1 diabetes was to provide experiential data to reinforce current summer camp guidelines and to determine if specific interventions implemented between 2009 and 2010 were effective in lowering average blood glucose among our campers without increasing risk of hypoglycaemia.

Methods

Blood glucose records were obtained from a random selection of children who attended six 1‐week camp sessions, three each in 2009 and 2010. Five values per day: pre‐meal breakfast, lunch and dinner, pre‐evening snack and midnight values were analysed.

Results

A total of 13 267 blood glucose values were included. There were no severe hypoglycaemic episodes, seizures or need for full‐dose glucagon or intravenous glucose in either year. Mean blood glucose was significantly lower in 2010 compared with 2009 (9.22 vs. 10.06 mmol/l, P < 0.001). Older age and camp year were associated with lower mean blood glucose, even when controlling for gender and duration of diabetes.

Conclusions

This analysis is the largest so far conducted at a residential diabetes camp. Mean blood glucose levels were lower than other published studies. Although we cannot attribute a cause‐and‐effect relationship between our interventions and the improvement in blood glucose between 2009 and 2010, the use of pre‐meal insulin bolus doses, low glycaemic meals and highlighting blood glucose levels in logs before being reviewed by endocrinologists are strongly encouraged. From this study we hope to establish benchmarks for comparison among camps and begin to identify best practices.
Developing an undergraduate curriculum in Special Care Dentistry – by consensus
Authors: Dougall A. , Pani S. C. , Thompson S. , Faulks D. , Romer M. , Nunn J.
Published: November 2012

It has been reported that healthcare providers often lack the skills set to provide care for people with disabilities, leading to inequalities in health and reduced access to health care. Newly graduating dentists are likely to see a significant number of patients with special healthcare needs in the course of their practicing lives. However, there is evidence of national and international variation in the availability of education and training at the undergraduate level in this important, emerging area. The quality and content of undergraduate education in Special Care Dentistry has been shown to correlate with students' confidence and their expressed willingness, towards providing care for patients with special healthcare needs in their future practice. The aim of this study was to use information from a three‐round Delphi process, continued into a face‐to‐face meeting, to establish consensus on what constitutes the essential core knowledge, skills and attitudes required by a newly qualified dentist so that they are able to deliver patient care to diverse populations following graduation. A high level of agreement was established amongst an international panel of experts from 30 countries. The final core items identified by the panel showed a paradigm shift away from the traditional emphasis on medical diagnosis within a curriculum towards an approach based on the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) with patient‐centred treatment planning for people with disabilities and special healthcare needs according to function or environment. Many of the core skills identified by the panel are transferable across a curriculum and should encourage a person‐centred approach to treatment planning based on the function, needs and wishes of the patient rather than their specific diagnosis.
Modulation of interhemispheric interactions across symmetric and asymmetric bimanual force regulations
Authors: Tazoe Toshiki , Sasada Syusaku , Sakamoto Masanori , Komiyama Tomoyoshi
Published: November 2012

The corpus callosum is essential for neural communication between the left and right hemispheres. Although spatiotemporal coordination of bimanual movements is mediated by the activity of the transcallosal circuit, it remains to be addressed how transcallosal neural activity is involved in the dynamic control of bimanual force execution in human. To address this issue, we investigated transcallosal inhibition (TCI) elicited by single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in association with the coordination condition of bimanual force regulation. During a visually‐guided bimanual force tracking task, both thumbs were abducted either in‐phase (symmetric condition) or 180° out‐of‐phase (asymmetric condition). TMS was applied to the left primary motor cortex to elicit the disturbance of ipsilateral left force tracking due to TCI. The tracking accuracy was equivalent between the two conditions, but the synchrony of the left and right tracking trajectories was higher in the symmetric condition than in the asymmetric condition. The magnitude of force disturbance and TCI were larger during the symmetric condition than during the asymmetric condition. Right unimanual force tracking influenced neither the force disturbance nor TCI during tonic left thumb abduction. Additionally, these TMS‐induced ipsilateral motor disturbances only appeared when the TMS intensity was strong enough to excite the transcallosal circuit, irrespective of whether the crossed corticospinal tract was activated. These findings support the hypotheses that interhemispheric interactions between the motor cortices play an important role in modulating bimanual force coordination tasks, and that TCI is finely tuned depending on the coordination condition of bimanual force regulation.
Soil water balance performs better than climatic water variables in tree species distribution modelling
Authors: Piedallu Christian , Gégout Jean‐Claude , Perez Vincent , Lebourgeois François
Published: November 2012

Aim

Soil water is essential for the physiological processes of plant growth and fitness. Owing to the difficulty of assessing wide variations in soil water reserves, plant distribution models usually estimate available water for plants through such climatic proxies as precipitation data (P) or climatic water balance (P minus potential evapotranspiration). We evaluated the ability of simple climatic proxies and soil water balance indices to predict the ecological niches of forest tree species.

Location

France.

Methods

Soil water content and deficits were computed and mapped at a resolution of 1 km × 1 km throughout France. The predictive abilities of these indices were compared with those of P and climatic water balance to model the distributions of 37 of the most common European tree species. We focused on two species with contrasting water tolerance, Quercus robur and Quercus pubescens, to illustrate the differences between climatic proxies and soil water balance in species response curves and distribution maps.

Results

Throughout France, soil water content was poorly correlated with P and climatic water balance, because low P in the lowlands can be compensated for by water provided by deeper soils, which is not the case in most mountainous areas. Soil water balance performed better than simple climatic water variables for explaining tree species distribution, improving 82% of the models for hygrophilous, meso‐hygrophilous, meso‐xerophilous and xerophilous species.

Main conclusions

Our results showed that simple climatic values do not accurately represent available water for trees and that soil water balance indices perform better than do climatic proxies for most species. This point is crucial to avoid underestimating the importance of water in studies aimed at determine the ecological niches of plant species and their responses to climate change.
AsnB, regulated by diffusible signal factor and global regulator Clp, is involved in aspartate metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
Authors: Qian Guoliang , Liu Chunhui , Wu Guichun , Yin Fangqun , Zhao Yancun , Zhou Yijing , Zhang Yanbing , Song Zhiwei , Fan Jiaqin , Hu Baishi , Liu Fengquan
Published: November 2012

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak in rice, which is a destructive disease worldwide. Xoc virulence factors are regulated by diffusible signal factor (DSF) and the global regulator Clp. In this study, we have demonstrated that asnB (XOC_3054), encoding an asparagine synthetase, is a novel virulence‐related gene regulated by both DSF and Clp in Xoc. A sequence analysis revealed that AsnB is highly conserved in Xanthomonas. An asnB mutation in Xoc dramatically impaired pathogen virulence and growth rate in host rice, but did not affect the ability to trigger the hypersensitive response in nonhost (plant) tobacco. Compared with the wild‐type strain, the asnB deletion mutant was unable to grow in basic MMX (–) medium (a minimal medium without ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source) with or without 10 tested nitrogen sources, except asparagine. The disruption of asnB impaired pathogen resistance to oxidative stress and reduced the transcriptional expression of oxyR, katA and katG, which encode three important proteins responsible for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensing and detoxification in Xanthomonas in the presence of H2O2, and nine important known Xoc virulence‐related genes in plant cell‐mimicking medium. Furthermore, the asnB mutation did not affect extracellular protease activity, extracellular polysaccharide production, motility or chemotaxis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the role of asnB in Xanthomonas for the first time.
Living with coeliac disease and a gluten‐free diet: a Canadian perspective
Authors: Zarkadas M. , Dubois S. , MacIsaac K. , Cantin I. , Rashid M. , Roberts K. C. , La Vieille S. , Godefroy S. , Pulido O. M.
Published: November 2012

Objective

Strict adherence to a gluten‐free diet is the only treatment for coeliac disease. The gluten‐free diet is complex, costly and impacts on all activities involving food, making it difficult to maintain for a lifetime. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the difficulties experienced, the strategies used and the emotional impact of following a gluten‐free diet among Canadians with coeliac disease.

Methods

A questionnaire was mailed to all members (n = 10 693) of both the Canadian Celiac Association and the Fondation québécoise de la maladie cœliaque in 2008.

Results

The overall response rate was 72%. Results are presented for the 5912 respondents (≥18 years) reporting biopsy‐confirmed coeliac disease and/or dermatitis herpetiformis. Two‐thirds never intentionally consumed gluten. Women reported significantly greater emotional responses to a gluten‐free diet but, with time, were more accepting of it than men. Difficulties and negative emotions were experienced less frequently by those on the diet for >5 years, although food labelling and eating away from home remained very problematic. Frustration and isolation because of the diet were the most common negative emotions experienced.

Conclusions

The present study quantifies the difficulties experienced, the strategies used and the emotional impact of following a gluten‐free diet. It highlights the need to improve the training and education of dietitians, other health providers and the food service industry workers about coeliac disease and a gluten‐free diet, with the aim of better helping individuals improve their adherence to a gluten‐free diet and their quality of life.
A pilot study on the sexual side effects of finasteride as related to hand preference for men undergoing treatment of male pattern baldness
Authors: Motofei Ion G. , Rowland David L. , Georgescu Simona R. , Baconi Daniela L. , Dimcevici Nicoleta P. , Paunica Stana , Constantin Vlad D. , Balalau Cristian
Published: November 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Cerebral lateralization/specialization is a neurophysiological feature that has been documented regarding somatic, psychological and sexual functioning and that may be manifested in differences in hand preference, cognitive style, gonadal hormonal effects and possibly even sexual orientation. In this study we investigated a possible cerebral lateralization effect on sexual response for dihydrotestosterone, using finasteride as a hormone‐blocking compound.

The results of this study differ substantially from other studies examining the effects of finasteride on sexual response, presumably due to the greater restrictions we placed on defining relevant sexual activity, to our alerting patients to both positive and negative sexual effects and to the fact that we assessed the effects separately in right‐handed vs left‐handed patients. Handedness, as a proxy for cognitive style and possible lateralization of effect/function, appears to be a relevant factor when considering the sexual effects of specific gonadal hormones.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationships between pharmacologically induced deprivation of dihydrotestosterone, sexual arousal, libido and hand preference, by comparing the self‐reported sexual response prior to and during reception of the anti‐androgen finasteride in men undergoing treatment for male pattern baldness.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

In total, 33 sexually healthy Romanian men participated in this study.

Patients prospectively provided information regarding their sexual functioning (over 4 weeks), as measured by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) prior to and after commencing treatment with 1 mg finasteride for male pattern baldness.

RESULTS

Overall IIEF scores as well as the erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire and overall satisfaction subscales showed group, treatment and group by treatment effects.

The intercourse satisfaction subscale showed group and group by treatment effects.

On most subscales, right‐handed men showed no effect or lower sexual function whereas left‐handed men reported no effect or improved sexual function, primarily.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the sexual effects of dihydrotestosterone deprivation may depend on handedness – a proxy variable that may represent cognitive style – which lends further support to the idea of two distinct neuroendocrine psychosexual axes.

They further suggest that detection of such sexual effects may be enhanced by using research methodologies and communication strategies that increase patients' sensitization to such effects.
Sell‐Side Analyst Research and Reported Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Arand Daniel , Kerl Alexander G.
Published: November 2012

Using a unique dataset of conflicts of interest reported by a large investment bank, we examine the relationship between conflicts of interests and sell‐side analysts’ behaviour in setting target prices and stock recommendations. We demonstrate that the aggregate number of simultaneous business ties with a subject company is positively associated with optimism in target prices and recommendations. Furthermore, the results provide some indication that stocks for which conflicts of interests exist earn lower risk‐adjusted returns than unconflicted stocks. However, we find no evidence that investors discount the value of sell‐side analysts’ research with respect to the prevailing level of conflicts.
Continuity and Change in the Study of Euroscepticism: Plus ça change?*
Authors: VASILOPOULOU SOFIA
Published: November 2012

Euroscepticism has been treated as a marginal phenomenon in European Union studies. It has been portrayed as exceptional, belonging to the realm of pariah politics. This article contests this view arguing that although the term was first coined during the mid‐1980s in Britain, its features were present since the early stages of integration. Pointing to its changing nature over time, it calls for a holistic approach that would examine the phenomenon beyond the study of party politics and public opinion. It urges scholars to explicitly treat Euroscepticism as an ‘independent’ as well as a ‘dependent’ variable. The next generation of Euroscepticism should be performing comparative analysis identifying and explaining different patterns of opposition to the EU, and focusing on their implications for the process of European integration, the direction of EU policy, domestic European politics and the development of EU studies.
Fearful faces grab attention in the absence of late affective cortical responses
Authors: Ikeda Koki , Sugiura Ayaka , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: November 2012

Previous studies utilizing the N2pc, an ERP correlate of attentional focusing, demonstrated that fearful faces grab attention regardless of their relevance to the current task. We tested whether this apparent automaticity was susceptible to high concurrent task demand, which is known to suppress other cortical and subcortical emotional evaluations. Our data revealed that the affective attentional capture occurred even under high task load, by which the late cortical affective activity (the LPP modulation) was entirely suppressed. We also confirmed that this effect did not occur to inverted faces and therefore required a holistic perception of facial expression. These results show that, given an intact processing of facial expression, attention is attracted by fearful faces in a relatively automatic fashion as compared to other cortical affective processes.
The role of outcome expectations in the generation of the feedback‐related negativity
Authors: Bismark Andrew W. , Hajcak Greg , Whitworth Nicole M. , Allen John J. B.
Published: November 2012

The feedback‐related negativity (FRN) is thought to index activity within the midbrain dopaminergic reward‐learning system, with larger FRN magnitudes observed when outcomes are worse than expected. This view holds that the FRN is an index of neural activity coding for prediction errors, and reflects activity that can be used to adaptively alter future performance. Untested to date, however, is a key prediction of this view: the FRN should not appear in response to negative outcomes when outcome expectations are not allowed to develop. The current study tests this assumption by eliciting FRNs to win and loss feedback in conditions of participant choice, participant observation of computer choice, and, critically, simple presentation of win or loss feedback in the absence of a predictive choice cue. Whereas FRNs were observed in each of the conditions in which there was time for an expectation to develop, no FRN was observed in conditions without sufficient time for the development of an expectation. These results provide empirical support for an untested but central tenet of the reinforcement learning account of the genesis of the FRN.
The startle syndromes: Physiology and treatment
Authors: Dreissen Yasmine E. M. , Tijssen Marina A. J.
Published: November 2012

Startle syndromes are paroxysmal and show stimulus sensitivity, placing them in the differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures. Startle syndromes form a heterogeneous group of disorders with three categories: hyperekplexia (HPX), stimulus‐induced disorders, and neuropsychiatric syndromes. HPX is characterized by an exaggerated motor startle reflex combined with stiffness and is caused by mutations in different parts of the inhibitory glycine receptor, leading to brainstem pathology. The preserved consciousness distinguishes it from epileptic seizures. Clonazepam is the first‐choice therapy. The stimulus‐induced disorders cover a broad range of epileptic and nonepileptic disorders, and distinguishing the two can be difficult. Additional information from electroencephalography (EEG) and video registration can help. Many stimulus‐induced disorders now have an identified gene defect. Antiepileptic drugs, including benzodiazepines, are frequently mentioned as the best treatment option. Neuropsychiatric syndromes are on the borderland of neurology and psychiatry, and their etiology is poorly understood. These syndromes include startle‐induced tics, culture‐specific disorders such as Latah, and functional startle syndromes. The electromyography (EMG) startle reflex in these syndromes is characterized by variable recruitment patterns and the presence of a second “orienting” response. Treatment options are limited, but urgently required. In the clinical setting, the patient’s history and a (home) video recording together with genetic and electrophysiologic testing help to classify these challenging disorders.
Why are antiepileptic drugs used for nonepileptic conditions?
Authors: Bialer Meir
Published: November 2012

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to treat various nonepileptic central nervous system (CNS) disorders, both in neurology and psychiatry. Most AEDs have multiple mechanisms of action (MOAs), which include modulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and alteration of voltage‐gated ion channels or intracellular signaling pathways. These MOAs may explain the efficacy of AEDs in the treatment of bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. Bipolar disorder and epilepsy have some common features, such as their episodic nature and associated kindling phenomena, which led to the regulatory approval and use of the AEDs carbamazepine (CBZ), valproic acid (VPA), and lamotrigine (LTG) in the treatment of bipolar disorder. A major limitation for the development of drugs with improved mood‐stabilizing activity is the lack of knowledge on the mechanism of treatment for bipolar disorder. In contrast to epilepsy, no animal models in bipolar disorder are universally accepted and no model is able to exhibit the characteristic mood swings. Although most AEDs have now been investigated for their mood‐stabilizing effects, only three (e.g., VPA, CBZ, and LTG) demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients. This suggests that the mechanism of drug action in mood disorder and in epilepsy only partially overlaps. Peripheral nerve damage leads to the initiation of cellular and molecular changes in the nervous system resulting in ectopic, repetitive firing perceived as chronic pain. Epileptic seizures are also characterized by hyperexcitability of neurons in the brain. The spontaneous electrogenesis in neuropathic pain has similarities to that of epilepsy. Alteration in sodium channels expression suggests that the mechanism underlying epileptic hyperexcitability may be similar to those underlying neuropathic pain. The AEDs gabapentin (GBP) and pregabalin (PGB) have become the mainstay of treatment for various neuropathic pain syndromes, owing to their ability to inhibit neuronal hyperactivity along the pain pathways. One explanation for how GBP and PGB relieve neuropathic pain is that they bind selectively to the Ca+2‐channel subunit α2‐δ in muscle tissue and brain. With 16 new AEDs having entered the market since 1990 the antiepileptic market is crowded. Consequently, epilepsy alone is not attractive in 2012 to the pharmaceutical industry, even though the clinical needs of refractory epilepsy remain unmet. Due to this situation, the future design of new AEDs must also include a potential in nonepileptic CNS disorders, such as bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. The global market size of each of these two indications is similar to that of epilepsy, whereas they both currently have fewer approved drugs for treatment than epilepsy. Therefore, a new AED with additional approved indications in bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain might have a potential market size three times larger than that of epilepsy alone.
Comparison of Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Volumes During Abdominal CO2 Insufflation and Abdominal Wall Lift
Authors: Watkins Courtney , Fransson Boel A. , Ragle Claude A. , Mattoon John , Gay John M.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To compare thoracic and abdominal cavity volumes during abdominal CO2 insufflation and abdominal wall lift (AWL) conditions.

Study Design

In vitro cadaveric study.

Animals

Mature medium‐to‐large breed fresh canine cadavers (n = 6).

Methods

Each cadaver was imaged with computed tomography (CT) under baseline, abdominal CO2 insufflation, and AWL conditions. Measurements of thoracic and abdominal cavities were performed for each condition using image‐analyzing software. Resulting volumes for each cadaver were converted to percent change from baseline to normalize the data. The t‐tests were used to compare percent changes of both thoracic and abdominal volumes.

Results

Thoracic volume significantly decreased from baseline during CO2 insufflation (P < .01). No significant difference in thoracic volume occurred with AWL when compared with baseline. Abdominal volume increased by 80% with CO2 insufflation (95% CI: 56.4–107.0%) but only 25% with AWL (95% CI: 12.3–37.8%).

Conclusions

Abdominal CO2 insufflation results in decreased thoracic volume when compared with baseline. AWL preserved thoracic volume similar to baseline. Abdominal volumes achieved with abdominal CO2 insufflation are significantly greater than those attained with AWL.
Intracystic Gadolinium‐Enhanced MRI in the Evaluation of Residual Giant‐Cystic Craniopharyngiomas in Children: Report of Four Cases
Authors: Muñoz Alberto , Martínez‐León María , Vázquez Élida , Pérez da Rosa Sandra , Crespo José
Published: November 2012

Residual giant‐cystic craniopharyngiomas are amenable to intracavitary bleomycin treatment. Radiologic identification of potential cyst leaks is of paramount for treatment decisions. This report describes our experience in the use of intracystic Gadolinium (Gd)‐enhanced MR imaging to determine potential communications between the tumoral cysts and other intra‐axial spaces in 4 pediatric patients with residual giant‐cystic craniopharyngiomas in whom intracavitary bleomycin treatment was planned after the injection of .1‐.2 mL of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA). In three cases no leaks were found. In one case, whose previous water‐soluble iodinated contrast‐enhanced CT cystography was negative for leaks, intracystic Gd‐enhanced MR showed intraventricular Gd enhancement. We conclude that MR imaging after intracystic administration of Gd‐based contrast paramagnetic agents is useful in the detection of potential leaks in cases of giant residual craniopharyngiomas.
Exploring the Asymmetrical Effects of Gender Tokenism on Supervisor–Subordinate Relationships
Authors: Ryan Katherine M. , King Eden B. , Adis Cory , Gulick Lisa M. V. , Peddie Chad , Hargraves Ryan
Published: November 2012

Drawing from social identity theory, this research examines scarce gender representation as a contextual condition that inhibits same‐gender supervisors' support. Survey results in Study 1 found that when women were proportionally underrepresented, they reported feeling less supported by female supervisors than male supervisors. Study 2 showed that women who perceived they were gender tokens in their organization were less likely to support an outstanding female subordinate than an identical male. Study 3 experimentally tested social mobility as a mechanism for the effects of tokenism on same‐gender supervisor support. Results suggest that social mobility and group composition jointly affect ratings of same‐gender targets. Perceptions of gender‐based social mobility appear to be one mechanism through which tokenism influences same‐gender relations at work.
Serious injuries toAustralian veterinarians working with cattle
Authors: Lucas M , Day L , Fritschi L
Published: November 2012

Objective

To describe the factors associated with serious injuries sustained during cattle‐associated activities by veterinarians responding to the Health Risks of Australian Veterinarians (HRAV) survey.

Methods

Responses from theHRAVsurvey were reviewed and the factors associated with serious injuries reported by veterinarians while working with cattle were analysed. All veterinarians who had graduated from Australian veterinary schools between 1960 and 2000 were eligible for inclusion in the survey.

Results

The survey identified 474 serious injuries sustained while undertaking cattle‐associated activities. Most cattle‐associated injuries (82%) were sustained in stock or handling yards and 57% of reported injuries were sustained while undertaking pregnancy testing or undertaking examinations. Nearly 80% of all cattle‐associated injuries were sustained as a result of the veterinarian being kicked or struck (49%) or pushed against or stepped on (30%). The part of the body most commonly injured was the upper limbs. Fractures were the most common type of serious injury sustained. The use of safety precautions at the time of the injury was reported by 62% of those veterinarians reporting injury.

Conclusions

This study describes factors associated with serious injuries while working with cattle, as reported by veterinarians responding to theHRAVsurvey. Findings from this study will facilitate discussions aimed at addressing injury prevention for cattle veterinarians, including improving the awareness of safe handling practices and safety precautions.
Kleist's Spy Writing, or the Autobiography of the Dash1
Authors: Abramov Tamar
Published: November 2012

This paper examines the seven‐month period between January and July 1807 that Heinrich von Kleist spent in French confinement on charges of espionage, and the TrauerspielPenthesileahe wrote during that time. There exists no satisfactory account of the reasons for Kleist's travels at this inopportune moment (a Prussian officer on leave travelling to French‐occupied Berlin!) and it remains unknown whether the French charges had any factual grounds. In his correspondence Kleist claims his innocence and denies any such accusations. But whether guilty or not he is taken prisoner, and for an indefinite amount of time. No international legislation protected captured spies at the time, and Kleist's suspension in this legal threshold without end date and in the absence of any legal defense is used in this paper to elucidate the letters he wrote from prison and the powerful and mysterious play he finished writing during this period. It is to these works, written from a place of imposed legal silence, that the paper refers as “spy writing.”
Reading Terrorism in Kleist: The Violence and Mandates of Michael Kohlhaas
Authors: Champlin Jeffrey
Published: November 2012

Examining Kleist's novella Michael Kohlhaas in terms of terrorism, I focus on a subset of critics who move beyond the debate over how to categorize Kohlhaas's violence through its means or ends, and instead point to moments of his attacks that exceed even the explanation he offers. Following this excessive violence through the framing devices of Kohlhaas's manifestos allows me to describe terrorism as an attack not only on specific people and things but on political representation itself. Reading the novella alongside Hannah Arendt's late work On Violence then reveals that it takes a specific narrative stand on this representational attack by describing the historical shift that opens when the people question their identification with the sovereign, without replacing him with either the rebel challenger or a legitimate successor.
Morphological examination and phylogenetic position of two newly recorded freshwater Cryptomonas species (Cryptophyceae) from China
Authors: XIA Shuang , LIU Guo‐Xiang , HU Zheng‐Yu
Published: November 2012

Two freshwater cryptomonads, Cryptomonas obovata Skuja and Cryptomonas curvata Ehrenberg, are reported for the first time in China. Identification was based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Cryptomonas obovata was characterized by its obovoid cell shape, lobed cell subapex, and a large number of starch grains. Cryptomonas curvata was characterized by its sigmoid cell shape, rostrate cell apex, and numerous pyrenoids. Nuclear and nucleomorph small subunit rDNA phylogenetic analyses revealed Cryptomonas curvata collected from China was very similar to C. curvata strains cultivated in Germany, and the closest relative of C. obovata was found to be C. pyrenoidifera Geitler. Controversially, some quite morphologically different members of the genus Cryptomonas Ehrenberg were clustered into the same group in phylogeny analyses, which emphasized the complexity of the genus Cryptomonas.
In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of austocystin D liposomes
Authors: Li Shuo , Hu Jie , Zhang Linan , Zhang Li , Sun Yongjun , Xie Yinghua , Wu Shaomei , Liu Lei , Gao Zibin
Published: November 2012

Objectives

The purpose this study is to enhance the anti-tumour activity of austocystin D (AD) by AD-loaded liposomes (AD-Ls).

Methods

AD-Ls were prepared by the film dispersion–ultrasonication method and characterized in terms of particle size and zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro drug release. In vivo, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and anti-tumour effect were also compared with those of the solution.

Key findings

The obtained liposomes were a mildly translucent suspension, with a particle size of 71.26 ± 6.43 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.259 ± 0.017 and a zeta potential of −9.9 ± 1.8 mV. Transmission electron microscope examination showed that the liposomes had a spherical shape and a multilayer structure. The encapsulation efficiency ofAD-Ls was 83.74 ± 1.26%. AD was continuously released from liposomes up to 72 h in in-vitro experiments. The growth of HT-29 tumours in animal models was controlled more effectively by AD-LS than by AD solution. Pharmacokinetic study showed that AD-Ls had higher t½β and mean retention time. Biodistribution results in tumour-bearing mice showed that the AD-LS could target to liver and tumour.

Conclusions

This study indicates that AD-Ls are a potential carrier of AD for the treatment of tumours in the liver, increasing the cure efficiency and decreasing the side effects on other tissues.
N′-Formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide as a potential anti-tumour agent for prostate cancer in experimental studies
Authors: Rodrigues Juan R , Charris Jaime , Camacho José , Barazarte Arthur , Gamboa Neira , Nitzsche Bianca , Höpfner Michael , Lein Michael , Jung Klaus , Abramjuk Claudia
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Benzothiazoles (BZTs) represent organic compounds with different biological actions. In this study we aimed to investigate ten newly synthesized BZT derivatives as potential anti-tumour agents against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

The cytotoxic effect of these compounds was screened on the human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP. The most effective compound, N′-formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide, was further characterized regarding its dose- and time-dependent effects on cell viability and proliferation (XTT test) as well as on adhesion and spreading (real-time cell analyzer xCelligence), migration (scratch-wound repair assay) and invasion (Boyden chamber) of the cells. This BZT derivative was also tested as an inhibitor of angiogenesis (chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay), clonogenic activity (soft agar) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (gelatin zymography).

Key findings

N′-Formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide significantly inhibited all tested properties of the prostate cancer cell lines and showed low toxic in vitro and in vivo effects. The in vitro anti-tumour activity of this compound was confirmed by the in vivo effects on PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Tumour growth was decreased in treated compared with untreated mice.

Conclusions

These results suggest the potential capacity of BZTs and in particular N′-formyl-2-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)benzothiazole-6-carbohydrazide as anti-tumour agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Dramatic increase in hepatic and biliary curcumin exposure by modulation of its elimination pathway in rats
Authors: Lee Joo Hyun , Kim Han Gyul , Oh Ju-Hee , Lee Young-Joo
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Curcumin, a major component of the food spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), has multiple beneficial effects on diseases of the liver and bile duct. We have investigated whether modulation of the curcumin elimination pathway could increase its hepatic and biliary exposure in rats.

Methods

Probenecid, an inhibitor of the metabolism and biliary excretion of curcumin, was used as a modulator. After intravenous administration of curcumin at a dose of 18 mg/kg/h without (control) or with co-infusion of probenecid (230 mg/kg/h) in rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of curcumin were estimated.

Key findings

Coadministration of probenecid significantly increased the total area under the plasma (1.88-fold) and bile (6.73-fold) concentration–time curves from 0 to 80 min of curcumin relative to those in the controls. The tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio in the liver was also dramatically increased (69.3-fold) by probenecid. These results may be attributed to the dual inhibitory effects of probenecid, to a greater extent, on metabolism via glucuronidation, and to a lesser extent, on the biliary excretion of curcumin via the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2.

Conclusions

The probenecid-mediated increase in hepatic and biliary exposure of curcumin suggested that the use of combination drug regimens involving curcumin and modulators of elimination may be an innovative approach for the therapeutic use of curcumin.
The intraprofessional and interprofessional relations of neurorehabilitation nurses: a negotiated order perspective
Authors: Miller Karen‐Lee , Kontos Pia C.
Published: November 2012

Aims

To report a study of the negotiation practices of neurorehabilitation nurses with one another and with allied health professionals to understand nursing relations.

Background

Negotiated order theory offers a promising theoretical lens with which to explore negotiation between nurses and other professionals. This study is the first to apply the perspective to nurse–nurse and nurse–allied health professional relations.

Design

The study is a secondary analysis of findings from a multi‐site arts‐based intervention to improve patient‐centred neurorehabilitation practice.

Methods

Interviews and ethnographic observations were conducted (2008–2011) in two neurorehabilitation units in Ontario, Canada. Participants (n = 31) included registered and practical nurses, nurse leaders, and allied health professionals from physical, occupational, and recreational therapy, speech language pathology, and social work.

Findings

Neurorehabilitation nursing is characterized by heavy workload, high patient acuity, and poor interprofessional collaboration. This practice context was negotiated by nurses through two strategies: (1) intraprofessional collegialism, accomplished through tactics including task and knowledge sharing, emotional support, coercive threats, and suppression of dissension; and (2) vying for an autonomous essential nursing role in interprofessional practice, accomplished by claiming unique nursing knowledge based on 24/7 nursing proximity, the expansion of the division of professional labour with allied health professionals and modifying physical therapy care plans.

Conclusion

The intraprofessional context and negotiations therein were linked in significant ways to interprofessional negotiations. Understanding this complexity has important implications for improving patient safety and interprofessional practice interventions.
Hazardous alcohol‐drinking problems among a Chinese hospital patient population
Authors: Tsai Yun‐Fang , Lin Yea‐Pyng , Tsai Mei‐Chu , Weng Chih‐Erh , Chen Ching‐Yen
Published: November 2012

Aim

The aims of this study were to explore: (1) the prevalence and predictors for hazardous alcohol‐drinking problems; and (2) previous assessments and interventions for alcohol‐drinking problems in hospitalized Chinese patients.

Background

Alcohol is legally accessible and widely used in Taiwan, but few studies have addressed alcohol‐drinking problems in hospital settings.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was used.

Method

Self‐report data were collected in 2009 from 484 patients at five randomly selected general teaching hospitals.

Findings

The prevalence of hazardous alcohol‐drinking problems was 19·2%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that predictors for hazardous drinking problems were being male, smoking, and chewing betel quid. Only 29·1% of participants had been assessed for drinking problems in the past year. Only 38·7% of participants with drinking problems had received a drinking intervention in the past year.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that alcohol problems in Taiwanese general teaching hospitals are insufficiently assessed and targeted with interventions. Targeting high‐risk groups in general teaching hospitals is important to prevent patients' drinking problems.