bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“My Friends, These People Are Our People”
Authors: Beard Lisa
Published: March 2023

The Interlude takes a turn from sites in race and gender justice politics to examine intimate registers of address in an identificatory appeal on the Far Right. Specifically, in a reading of Pat Buchanan’s speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention, the chapter traces the construction of ideas of white nationalist kinship through webs of demonological and intimate political appeals; explores the role of racialized and gendered nostalgia and myth-making in claims to a we; theorizes the layers of identificatory appeals in party politics; and examines how struggles over identification defy formal measures of political “victory” or “failure.” It also historicizes how discourses of identity politics have been mobilized by the Right.
The Last Kings of Macedonia and the Triumph of Rome
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This book is a history and reassessment of the last three Antigonid kings of Macedonia: Philip V (r. 221–179), his son Perseus (r. 179–168), and the pretender Andriscus or Philip VI (r. 149–148). They are not as immediately known as their predecessors Philip II (r. 359–336) and Alexander the Great (r. 336–323), who established a Macedonian empire that extended as far as India. By the time Philip V became king, Macedonia was no longer an imperial power and Rome was fast growing its dominance over the Mediterranean. Hostile ancient writers denounced the last kings for self-serving ambitions, flawed policies, and questionable personal qualities. They are condemned for defeats by Rome that saw both the end of the Antigonid monarchy and the fall of the formidable Macedonian phalanx before the Roman legion. They are viewed as postscripts to the kingdom’s heyday and even subsumed within Rome’s expansion in the east. All these views are untrue, as this book shows—the first full-scale treatment of Philip V in eighty years and the first in English of Perseus and Andriscus in fifty. In bringing them together within one set of covers, this volume argues that this period was far from a postscript to Macedonia’s Classical greatness or that the last Antigonid kings were merely collateral damage in Rome’s ascendancy in the east. Despite Roman manpower and resources always putting them at a disadvantage Philip and Perseus often had the upper hand in their wars against Rome and won victories over Roman troops. They deserve to be rated highly for striving to preserve their kingdom’s independence no matter the odds.
Taking on Rome and the First Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

This chapter ends the account of the Social War, including the Peace of Naupactus. The text introduces Hannibal’s exploits against the Romans and Philip’s interest in him against the background of Philip’s alleged ambition to invade Italy, which is disputed here. Philip’s declining relations with Rome over Illyria are detailed, as is his formal treaty with Hannibal against Rome in 215. Then there is discussion of the Polybian phrase “darling of the Greeks” before the chapter ends with detailing the outbreak and early stage of the First Macedonian War.
Andriscus aka Philip VI and the Fourth Macedonian War
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: March 2023

The final chapter of the book gives an overview of Perseus’ reign and discusses Macedonia after the ending of the Antigonid dynasty and Rome’s attitude to the Greek mainland. Then it traces the rise of a new threat to Rome and its Macedonian settlement: the pretender Andriscus, who seized the throne and called himself Philip VI. Little is known of him, and he was in power only a short time before Rome declared war on him, the Fourth Macedonian War, ending in his defeat at the second battle of Pydna against a Roman army led by Metellus. After discussing all this, the chapter concludes with the view that Rome probably now turned Macedonia into a province and also absorbed Greece into its empire following clashes with the Achaeans ending in the destruction of Corinth. The chapter ends with some broad-brushstroke comments on Macedonia under Roman rule.
Alcohol
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

The regulation of alcohol has a unique history in the United States. This chapter discusses methods the government has used to control alcohol use. It reviews the history of the temperance movement which led to Prohibition and the adoption of the 18th Amendment which banned the sale of liquor in the country for 13 years. It looks at why Prohibition failed, leading to the passage of the 21st Amendment. Each state now has laws regulating the sale of liquor within its borders. The chapter explores how these laws differ, and what role if any states have given to local governments. Finally, while liquor control is now primarily a state function, the chapter reviews the role the federal government maintains.
Food and Nutrition
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Merrill Thomas G. , Schroth Kevin R. J.
Published: March 2023

Suboptimal diet is a substantial contributor to weight gain, heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. The food environment, and thus food choices, are shaped by policies, programs and the food industry, all of which influences the availability and price of both healthy and unhealthy food products and information available to consumers about those products. Each are amenable to regulation, and such regulations are subject to opposition by the food industry. This chapter discusses the government’s authority and limitations on its ability to address diet-related disease, food insecurity, agricultural issues, food labeling, and food marketing. In addition, the chapter discusses litigation in the context of food and nutrition.
The Gulf Crisis and the New World Order
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

The Gulf Crisis was not simply a regional war to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. It was an important global moment marking the transition from the Cold War to the post–Cold War, and it was where George H. W. Bush planted the flag of his new world order. Yet, despite what seemed like a quick decisive victory for the coalition, the heady rhetoric of Bush and his allies did not match the destructive reality on the ground in Iraq. This disparity gave Saddam ammunition for a heavily politicized strategy which American leaders had trouble understanding during the war and which plagued them in the years ahead.
Conclusion and Afterword
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: March 2023

Frustrations over the clash with Iraq fostered a changing political discourse on foreign policy in the West, especially in the United States. Dreams of liberalism and the rule of law, which were discussed so hopefully at the end of the Cold War, gave way to talk of power and interests. The latter forces had sunk the world into chaos and bloodshed during the first half of the twentieth century. However, the norms, institutions, and tools that had propped up the post–Cold War order and that were supposed to act as a check on such revisionism were battered after a decade of confrontation with Saddam. The 2003 Iraq War delivered a blow from which the world has yet to recover and may never do so.
A Widening Gyre
Authors: Trubowitz Peter
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on the widening gap between Western governments and their voting publics over foreign policy. We show that, starting in the 1990s, Western governments began turning away from a Cold War strategy of liberal internationalism to a more market-oriented and multilateral strategy of globalism. This was true of Western democracies in general, but it was also true of the West’s preeminent power: the United States. America’s commitment to economic integration and multilateral cooperation also increased, albeit less conspicuously and less fully than did Europe’s, Japan’s, and other OECD nations. Western governments’ commitment to globalism also deepened in the 2000s, through the war on terrorism and the 2008 financial crisis. Western voters did not keep pace with their governments, however. We show that, as Western governments turned toward globalism, their foreign policies grew increasingly out of step with what their electorates were willing to support. Anti-globalist sentiment spread.
Roots of Insolvency
Authors: Trubowitz Peter
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on the sources of Western overreach and the anti-globalist backlash. We argue that Western governments’ turn toward globalism led to a domestic backlash because it was shorn of many of the social guarantees and protections that liberal internationalism originally entailed and that Cold War exigencies reinforced. We show how sensitive Western domestic support for liberal internationalism was to the East-West struggle facing Western democracies and to their governments’ commitment to economic security for their citizens. In the absence of a “clear and present danger” to Western interests and softening government support for social protection, efforts to expand international markets and supernationalism in the 1990s were all but guaranteed to provoke a backlash. We conclude this chapter by considering why, in the face of these anti-globalist pressures, Western leaders did not alter course, by trimming their internationalist sails or providing greater social compensation.
What Is Fearing?
Authors: Harbin Ami
Published: March 2023

Chapter 2 asks, what is fearing? It engages philosophers of emotion about the causes and objects of emotion. The object and cause of a fear are not always the same, and fearers can be wrong in identifications of both. The chapter then surveys neuroscientific research on the physiological and neurological dimensions of threat detection and how these interact with other cognitive processes. Threat detection can shape visual perception, enhance information processing, increase motivation to learn, increase the likelihood of perceiving risk, and compromise capacities for trusting other people. Insights from both philosophy and neuroscience are highlighted as important for the book’s later claims about the harms of fearing badly and opportunities for fearing better. While philosophers and neuroscientists primarily focus on individual fearers, the chapter contends that the participation of other people to whom fearers can express fear can be central to the formation of the feeling.
Introduction
Authors: Abrams Nathan , Frame Gregory
Published: March 2023

This introduction provides a broad discussion of the significance of the Alien franchise as a whole, citing the range of contributions made at the conference held at Bangor University on the occasion of the original film’s fortieth anniversary. It emphasizes the contribution this collection makes in its consideration of the franchise as a whole, and in particular the close attention paid to the prequels and video games. It also provides a brief summation of some of the scholarly literature about the series, how we might consider studies of other transmedia franchises in relation to it, and speculates about its future considering its recent acquisition by the Walt Disney Company. The introduction then provides summaries of the concerns and approaches of each chapter in the collection, concluding that the Alien franchise remains an important popular cultural phenomenon because of its ability to engage scholars across disciplines and encourage levels of intellectual discussion and analysis that demonstrate the continued vitality and importance of the humanities.
Melodrama of the Unknown Woman Lost in Space
Authors: Slugan Mario
Published: March 2023

In two of his book-length genre studies, Stanley Cavell reads movies with strong female leads as rare instances of the medium affording women a genuine voice. More specifically, what he dubs the melodrama of the unknown woman, to his mind, provides an answer to the question of what a woman wants—namely, to be known. The Alien tetralogy, its prequels as well as its transmedial offshoots such as the survival horror video game Alien: Isolation, undoubtedly abound with strong female leads. In this contribution I aim to argue that not only that the first installment of Alien can be understood as a melodrama of an unknown woman set in space, but also that a similar description can be applied to its prequels and sequels as well as to the aforementioned video game. Discussing these films in terms of the desire to be known, I argue, also sheds light on the underlying horror in the Alien franchise—the fear of being known without being acknowledged.
Family Travel
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. Pregnant Travelers 2. Travel & Breastfeeding 3. Traveling Safely with Infants & Children 4. Vaccine Recommendations for Infants & Children 5. International Adoption 6. Traveling with Pets & Service Animals Preparing people who are pregnant or breastfeeding to travel internationally; traveling with young children internationally, including vaccination recommendations; preparing for international adoption; traveling internationally with pets and service animals
Killer Water
Authors: Zeitoun Mark
Published: March 2023

This chapter demonstrates just how well water fits the logic of war. People who live in everlasting conflicts know that the effects of war start well before and endure long after the missiles are fired. They live in a biosphere of war where every aspect of the water cycle can devastate. Snipers use water sources to attract civilians, officers order the destruction of water towers, politicians deny water to people to cleanse the land they have chosen to occupy. The effects of degraded drinking water services accumulate as armed conflicts endure, and reach perilous levels as sewage gets into the mix. The spread of cholera is not only predictable, but predicted. Genetic resistance to antibiotics can build up, such that we cannot save people today of conditions we could easily treat over a century ago. The Rules of War intend to deny such suffering, though those seeking to reduce the effects of war work on their gaps and inability to see the way that water connects as much as their implementation.
Inverted Images
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

Evangelical congregations and gang cliques share common local environments, face similar challenges, and are, in important ways, inverted images of each other. The communities that both groups inhabit have dysfunctional health and education systems, lack basic sanitation infrastructure, create limited economic opportunities, and endure seemingly perpetual cycles of corrupt local governments. All community members—evangelicals and gang members alike—are shaped by such social maladies. Evangelical congregations and gang cliques adapt to such environments in similar ways. They 1) are both hybrid forms of patrimonial systems; 2) use rituals to create group cohesion; 3) recruit members from within communities; 4) generate income locally; 5) maintain internal codes of conduct; 6) exert influence in their communities; and 7) operate within national and transnational networks. Although much distinguishes the two groups, such shared characteristics provide needed context for understanding the nature of evangelical/gang interactions.
Shared Cosmologies
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

Evangelicals and gangs share a largely Judeo-Christian religious cosmology that is populated by supernatural beings. Evangelicals generally side with the forces of good; gangs generally side with the forces of evil. But both groups report that God provides healing miracles, protection, and guidance. Both groups also experience Satan’s power: he can dictate, for example, who is released from prison and who is not. Evangelicals and gang members may further fall prey to demonic oppression or witchcraft. Such beliefs and events are commonplace among both groups. When gang members convert to evangelicalism, or vice versa, they relocate themselves within their shared cosmology, but they do not leave it. This means that they do not give up their previous understanding of God. Intergroup mobility within the same cosmology is a major subtheme of the chapter, and I provide examples of individuals who switch in both directions.
Questions of Just Policing
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

When engaged in non-ideal theoretic political philosophy, we face a basic problem of policing. Societies have a widely recognized need for institutions of social control, given various natural and normative problems, but those problems render our institutions of social control fallible and risky from the perspective of justice. This has led some, the police abolitionists, to object to professional policing itself. This chapter argues that some form of policing is inevitable, and the important questions of justice concern what kind of social control we have and how we provide it. Abolitionists and reformists have to answer the same questions about just policing because many of them, especially those concerning the adjudication of disagreements over the use of public space, apply to any mechanism for social control.
The Problem of Police Legitimacy
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that the unavoidable reality of discretionary non-enforcement undermines the legalist account of police legitimacy. Comprehensive administrative oversight of officers is unlikely; fully determinate criminal codes are impossible; resource scarcity precludes a stable full enforcement strategy. Societies incur huge normative costs when they turn to actual full enforcement, zero tolerance strategies. This means that the criminal code, surprisingly, is ill-suited to justify police power. It simply underdetermines it. Good faith enforcement requirements leave policing similarly underdetermined. Analogues to positions developed in just war theory, appeals to the rule of law, and proceduralist arguments do not show that police discretion is illegitimate or unjust. If police discretion is unavoidable and in principle permissible, we need an evaluative framework for determining just policing, and for determining how police can legitimately exercise their discretion.
To Protect (and Serve), Proportionally
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter defends a substantive principle of justice that constrains the enforcement of the criminal code. One of the main concerns about police discretion is procedural: it is anti-democratic, or exercises legislative power, or violates legislative primacy. This chapter argues that the substantive principle of proportionality, one that uncontroversially constrains the execution of democratic orders in war, also constrains the enforcement of the criminal code. It then outlines a partial theory of permissible self and other-defense and applies it to the police. This has far-reaching implications: many burdensome police initiatives are ruled unjust, including those that are unlikely to accomplish their goals, that are counterproductive, and those that target state-generated violations. Policing that enforces the law without concern for principles of defensive force, like proportionality, is unjust.
On the Democratic Authorization of Police Power
Authors: Monaghan Jake
Published: March 2023

This chapter begins by recapping difficulties in offering a theoretical account of police legitimacy and outlining a Millian dilemma for democratic authorization. This enables an evaluation of extant attempts at securing democratic authorization via participatory democracy mechanisms found in community policing strategies. It argues that they are either underspecified or do not address relevant procedural concerns about democratic authorization, and so are not promising avenues for democratic policing. Indeed, many of them have predictable dynamics that exacerbate democratic authorization for policing by enabling unequal political power. The rest of the chapter is dedicated to a positive account of how policing can secure democratic authorization, one that relies on both electoral and non-electoral mechanisms. The choice between democratic, faithful enforcement of the criminal code and anti-democratic, discretionary policing is a false one.
Perception is constitutively nonpropositional and nonconceptual
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter explains my assumptions about what propositions and concepts are and argues that perception is constitutively nonpropositional and nonconceptual. It distinguishes format, content, state, and function. It compares pragmatic views of concepts with atomistic view. It considers how iconicity, nonpropositionality, and nonconceptuality fit together, arguing that iconic representation is unsuited to the systematicity required for conceptual and propositional representation. It discusses the sense in which perception is a winner-takes-all faculty. It discusses the Bayesian point of view and whether it shows that perception is inferential, concluding that it does not. It argues for an antirealist approach to Bayesian constructs, arguing against Michael Rescorla that Bayesian instrumentalism differs from historical instrumentalism in that evolution by natural selection is a “pro-instrumentalism” mechanism. This discussion also considers the difference between probabilistic representation in the content of perception and in the mode of perception. And there is a discussion of what a conceptualized percept is.
Making the Diagnosis
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes how to diagnose depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD) according to the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, criterion by criterion, and provides clinical vignettes relevant to diagnosis. Each of the five DSM diagnostic criteria is presented and discussed. Criterion A1 requires persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization, while Criterion A2 requires persistent or recurrent episodes of derealization; patients may fulfill either or both. Criterion B specifies the presence of intact reality testing. Criterion C requires that a patient have significant distress and/or impairment stemming from the symptoms. Criteria D and E relate to exclusionary medical and other psychiatric diagnoses when making a diagnosis of DDD.
Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes, and illuminates with several case histories, how depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD) is differentiated from other comorbid psychiatric disorders, including other dissociative disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorders, and psychotic disorders. It also describes medical conditions that need to be ruled out, especially when DDD presents in an atypical fashion, and the recommended medical work-up in such cases. These can include head trauma, seizures, brain lesions, viral infections, and sleep apnea. Each of the case histories expand on the nuances of how to differentiate DDD from episodes of other common psychiatric conditions, based on lifelong history and current presentation.
Trauma, Attachment, Emotion, and Cognition
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

The chapter presents findings on childhood trauma, attachment style, alexithymia, and cognition in DDD. Childhood maltreatment is common in DDD, especially in the form of emotional abuse and/or neglect. Insecure attachment styles are common in people with the disorder, with a predominance of fearful attachment. Alexithymia is also common in DDD, in the domains of both identifying and describing feelings, and implications for emotional processing and regulation are discussed. Cognitive findings in the disorder are examined, including aspects of attention (selective, divided, sustained), as well as memory for negative emotional information and how this is impacted by stress. The chapter concludes with a fear-based trauma model for the genesis of the disorder.
Introduction
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K.
Published: March 2023

People see democracy as having two “faces,” one associated with reason and civil deliberation, and the other with contestation and resistance to injustice. That is to say, democratic value can be identified in both the United States Constitutional Convention and the Boston Tea Party. But we are less sure about the underlying moral infrastructure that links these two portrayals of democracy. The confusion over how these two faces are connected is especially apparent in debates between “deliberativists” and “agonists” who emphasize the primacy of one face over the other. These debates are not merely abstract scholarly matters but are playing out in real-world clashes over the direction of democracy today. This chapter critiques the two opposing primacy claims. Developing a distinctive understanding of democracy’s moral core, the chapter shows the valuable, but limited, role of both deliberative and agonistic perspectives. This book calls this more capacious perspective the communicative model of democracy.
The Deliberative Turn and U-Turn in Democratic Theory
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K.
Published: March 2023

This chapter considers the “deliberative first statements” through which the commitments and values of deliberative democracy were established. Specifically, it offers an account of the emergence of the deliberative approach around 1990, as it appears in Habermas and others, considers its evolving shape over time, and evaluates how it has responded to a variety of specific criticisms. Here, special attention to concerns raised regarding the ideal nature of deliberative theory is given. As shown, deliberativists have responded to these and other challenges by taking a more expansive view of what deliberation means. Such an approach is especially visible in the recent systemic turn in deliberative theory. The goal of the chapter is to construe the deliberative approach such that it can become the best representative of the first face of democracy, and thus the best conception of democracy to take on the challenge of agonism.
The Deliberative Face
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K.
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 investigates where the deliberative model has been set normatively adrift since its systemic turn. In responding to criticisms, deliberative democrats are said to have given in to two self-defeating tendencies: “concept-stretching” on the one hand and “criteria weakening” on the other hand. Now even deliberativists themselves argue that it is time to let democratic theory off the deliberative hook, so to speak. Pushing back against calls to drop the deliberative emphasis in democratic theory, the chapter shows that doing so would concede too much critical ground. The deliberative model, at least in its Habermasian variant, does crucial normative work, providing the underlying account of what democracy itself means in large pluralistic societies. By reconceptualizing democracy in a way that decenters the practice of deliberation and focuses more on a normative core of communicative action, the chapter hopes to address these concerns of normative drift, thereby offering the best version of the deliberative face.
An Exemplary Scene of the Moral Equality of Voice
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K.
Published: March 2023

Having developed the value and status of the idea of an originary exemplary scene of democracy in Chapter 5, this chapter turns to elucidating the character of such a scene. It embodies the core idea of the moral equality of voice of each actor and, in so doing, provides a sense of the interconnectedness of the two faces of democracy, the agonistic and deliberative. This scene also models the crucial characteristics of a democratic mythic: portraying the competence of each actor to, first, challenge prevailing norms and interpretations, and, second, take action to bring those challenges to life. Finally, a democratic mythic must also evoke the feeling that political life is a domain of perpetual uncertainty and precarity, in relation to which a subtle, underlying attitude of humility should be embraced. Without this, we are liable to invest our politics with the resentment and self-righteousness common today in right-wing populism.
Conclusion
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K.
Published: March 2023

This chapter reviews and summarizes how the “communicative model” of democracy both insightfully illuminates the two faces of democracy and shows how they should relate to one another. Importantly, the goal of this volume was not to reconcile the two faces of democracy, but to illuminate their tensional congruence. The communicative model presented here decenters both deliberation and agonism while also embodying their most appealing insights. It also provides cogent grounds for engaging and confronting the tide of right-wing populism that seems to increasingly renounce democratic practices. This chapter concludes with a discussion of how our approach can help defenders of democracy effectively orient themselves to the present challenges.
Building a social and economic order that serves life
Authors: Loreau Michel
Published: March 2023

The present social and economic order, based on the accumulation of abstract social wealth, is a formidable obstacle to restoring the unity of humans and nature. Any sustainable order must ensure that the conditions for the flourishing of life are maintained, which implies the satisfaction of fundamental human needs. Achieving this goal requires radical changes, including downscaling and reorienting most economic projects and enterprises, building a social organization that privileges connection to others and nature, deeply modifying the social roles of work and money, and reducing social inequality. A society based on the satisfaction of fundamental human needs can also reduce humanity’s ecological footprint on the biosphere by reducing both the average per capita footprint and human population size. Economics should be reoriented toward establishing the meaning and limits of human action in nature so that life on Earth can flourish and be perpetuated.
The Art of the Homily
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

Salmon takes a homiletical tone throughout the Lamentations commentary: he chastises and warns, offers pious instruction and urges repentance. The self-contained homilies embedded in his excursuses may reflect actual sermons delivered by Karaite preachers, and invite questions about the purpose of conveying oral admonition in literary form. Chapter 5 examines Salmon’s homiletical passages alongside rabbinic homiletical Midrashim, literary exhortations from Salmon’s Jewish contemporaries, and the rich sermon culture of the Islamic world. While Jewish homiletical discourse—both Rabbanite and Karaite—draws on biblical and Judaic traditions, it also has structural and thematic affinities with the Arabic-Islamic genres of pious counsel (waʿẓ; mawʿiẓa). Salmon’s homilies emphasize grief and mourning as spiritually transformative. In this way, he establishes Karaite piety as doubly subversive: it undermines Muslim concerns that excessive weeping belies faith in God, and it destabilizes Rabbanite efforts to restrict Jewish mourning over Jerusalem.
Lamentations 2
Authors: Andruss Jessica
Published: March 2023

The theme of Salmon’s commentary on Lamentations 2 is Israel’s repeated failure to obey God and the prophets. Salmon finds evidence of this disobedience throughout Israel’s history, from the time of Moses to his own exilic period. He records the earliest sins in his excursus at Lamentations 2:1, where he draws from Exodus and Numbers to show that Israelites refused to listen to God from their earliest moments as a collective, and he notes that this pattern continues in every generation. He continues the historical review in an excursus at Lamentations 2:4, where he builds on the Midrashic tradition of “ten exiles” by identifying the exiles that are recorded in scripture, as well as those that were transmitted orally. In each case, the failure to follow divine law brings about “reversals,” wherein divine blessing and protection become divine curse and hostility. The refrain for this chapter includes Jeremiah 22:21 and reiterates that catastrophes will continue to overtake the nation that refuses to obey God’s word. This chapter contains translations of Salmon’s comments to Lamentations 2:1, 4, 6, 18, and 20.
Introduction
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

This brief introduction establishes the practical and theoretical approach underlying the rest of the book. It rejects the idea that science is about facts and that wine science should be approached that way. Instead, it suggests that the many sciences of wine are strategies for seeing and appreciating. It introduces the idea that science and values are invariably connected, and that science can be employed in many ways depending on one’s goals and values, against the misconception that wine science constitutes a set of instructions about how to make wine. The introduction concludes with a brief warning about limitations of the book’s scope and instructions for reading the following chapters.
Geography
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Geographical indications sound as though they should be about geography. They are, but only when “geography” is defined broadly to encompass the history and storytelling folded into how map lines are drawn. Geographical indications are ultimately about how places are made and not just found, about storytelling and not just measures of regional distinctiveness. We can never simply ask whether a wine-growing region warrants its own indication. Instead, the question has to be: does someone want to make that region its own place, and are their interests louder and more influential than those of anyone who might disagree? This chapter reviews some of the complex history of how wine regions have been carved up in California, criteria mobilized to identify meaningful wine regions, and reasons that those criteria don’t easily transfer across contexts.
Weather
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Even the weather, that most uncontrollable aspect of nature, isn’t purely “natural” but is also a product of human activity. Scientists have attempted to actively control the weather since the nineteenth century. Hail cannons and cloud seeding have been deployed in efforts to keep calamitous hailstorms away from valuable grapevines since the mid-twentieth century. Oddly, even after all that time, no one can conclusively say whether they work. A defensive strategy may therefore be better than an offensive one against hail, but the same can’t be said about the increasing presence of wildfires in wine regions, for which winemakers have few choices other than reactive mitigation. This chapter addresses the uncertain history of hail control and the present challenge of responding to smoke taint in the context of asking: what is a winemaking intervention?
Yeast
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Humans and yeast have domesticated each other. We’ve adapted to living and working together over millennia, and we’ve all changed in the process. Consequently, “natural” or “wild” ferments are never entirely natural or wild. Inoculated ferments aren’t entirely under human control, either. DNA sequencing now makes it possible to identify which yeast strains are involved in a particular fermentation, irrespective of how they came to be there, and to ask: how have the past 150 years of efforts to standardize and commercialize Saccharomyces cerevisiae shaped contemporary wine fermentation landscapes? This chapter reviews recent research into human-microbial co-domestication, the “naturecultural” history of winemaking yeast, yeast diversity across inoculated and non-inoculated wines, and challenges in talking about yeast-human working relationships.
Sugar
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Sugar only sticks around in a finished wine if a winemaker stops yeast from consuming it all for stylistic reasons, or if yeast gets “stuck” before finishing its job. One is a common way to make wine more appealing; the other is a common winemaking nightmare. Either way, residual sugar in a finished wine doesn’t always taste sweet because flavor perceptions interact. Wines that taste sweet don’t always contain residual sugar, either. Moreover, sugar plays multiple roles, even for folks who don’t like sweet wines. This chapter discusses microbiological challenges of making wine with or without residual sugar and sensory science on perceptual blending.
Oak
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Oak barrels are an anachronism—an expensive, troublesome technology that has long since ceased to be a reasonable storage solution, but that remains popular for the flavor (and color, and texture) it delivers. Barrels are paradoxical in another way, as a container that needs to be solid enough to contain liquid, but whose value largely comes from being porous and partially soluble. Alternative technologies have been developed to replace barrels’ oxygenating and other sensory contributions, which only complicates the question: is oak an ingredient or a processing agent? This chapter discusses how barrels mediate flavor, color, and texture through the physics of diffusion and the biochemistry of phenolics, alongside ongoing work to replicate barrel-aging with micro-oxygenation and non-barrel oak products. It concludes with a brief discussion of oak in the context of European wine labeling laws.
Flavor
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Can someone else tell you that what you’re tasting is wrong? Even though we can measure sensory-active molecules, making flavor objective is tricky because sensory perception is fundamentally about integration, involving individual physiology, memory, and vocabulary as well as combinations of molecules. Analytical instruments therefore can’t simply stand in for human experience. Flavor perception is also a function of context, affected by external cues beyond a wine itself. Consequently, evaluating wine flavor scientifically requires training a panel of people to behave as a single reliable analytical instrument—and that panel is limited in what it can say about what you’ll experience when you open a bottle. This chapter addresses why sensory studies still haven’t replaced humans with machines, individual variation in the experience of flavor, social and other contextual contributions to how flavor is perceived, and where efforts to standardize taste fall short.
Glass
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

A decade ago, screw caps and other alternative closures were being developed, and argued over, as maybe improvements over cork for keeping wine in the bottle. Now, the bottle itself is in question. The wine industry has yet to get over the embarrassing and unsustainable idea that the weight of the bottle is proportional to the quality of what’s inside. However, alternatives to glass are becoming increasingly viable precisely because heavy packaging is expensive: for producers, for consumers, and for the planet. This chapter reprises “the great closure wars” and the relative merits of corks, screw caps, and technical closures, and argues that bags-in-boxes and cans present wineries with similar choices about how best to preserve wine. Glass bottles may remain the gold standard for protecting wine quality over time, but when most wines are drunk young, how much does that matter?
Dandin’s Magic Mirror
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: March 2023

Chapter 1 explores Dandin’s Mirror of Literature (Kāvyādarśa) with a special focus on its pedagogy and method (mārga). The chapter opens by introducing Dandin and his uniquely open vision, in contrast to most works of Sanskrit śāstra and, in particular, to that of his main predecessor, Bhamaha. This openness is then demonstrated in the discussion of three of the Mirror’s main topics: poetic ornaments (alaṅkāra), for which Dandin presents a set of figurative modules that enable endless new and playful combinations; poetic flaws (doṣa) and virtues (guṇa), which Dandin sees as scalar (virtues become flaws due to sloppiness or overdoing, but almost every flaw can be upgraded to a virtue or an ornament); and poetry’s difficult path, with an emphasis on the figure of yamaka, or “twinning,” which he shows is easier than would otherwise seem. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing Dandin’s “pleasure principle.”
An Election Shaped by Crises
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Holbert R. Lance , Hardy Bruce , Kenski Kate , Ophir Yotam , Renninger Andrew , Romer Dan , Walter Dror , Winneg Ken , Hall Jamieson Kathleen
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces and establishes the significance of the four crises that shaped the 2020 election: the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic recession and uneven recovery triggered by the pandemic’s disruptions and lockdowns, what may have been the nation’s largest protest movement and subsequent racial reckoning, and the crisis of democratic legitimacy, triggered by Trump’s false allegations of voter fraud and culminating in the riot at the US Capitol on January 6, 2021. Further, we show that a dangerous thread of violence runs through and connects each of our crises, suggesting a troubling trend for our country. We explain the broad structure and overview of our book, and introduce readers to its core contentions.
Not One Electorate, but Many
Authors: Pasek Josh , Levendusky Matthew
Published: March 2023

Chapter 3 outlines our argument that there was not just one electorate but multiple different ones, defined not only by their candidate preferences but also by the certainty of their vote choice. Whereas conventional wisdom focuses on polarization and emphasizes the strong hold exerted by partisan predispositions and identity, we show that, at some point during the campaign, most voters were actually uncertain of either their candidate preference or their turnout intention. The chapter also reviews some of the key demographic and experiential differences among the electorates, highlighting the differences between those who were steadfast in their preferences and those who wavered.
Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Sink Trump’s Reelection?
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Renninger Andrew , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2020 election. Part 1 details the contrasting approaches of Biden and Trump. This part of the chapter, Part 2, traces the effects of the pandemic and the candidates’ alternative responses to it on perceptions and vote preferences. Relative to other issues, most voters—even many Trump supporters—saw the pandemic as a weakness for the incumbent. Attitudes and experiences with COVID affected vote choice, but perhaps less than one would have expected ex ante because Trump supporters downplayed the pandemic, consistently said the worst of the crisis had passed, and emphasized instead issues on which they felt Trump outperformed Biden, such as the economy. We also show that public attitudes toward scientific advisors and organizations became sharply polarized over time, with Biden supporters trusting them more and Trump supporters less so, with important implications for science communication and for the country’s ability to quell this pandemic as well as future ones.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times
Authors: Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Renninger Andrew , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the effects that the pandemic-related economic collapse had on the 2020 election. Part 1 details Trump and Biden’s arguments about the economy, which were intimately connected to how they approached the COVID-19 pandemic. In this part of the chapter, Part 2, we show how the economy played out electorally. All voters—even Biden supporters—thought the economy was one of Trump’s stronger issues. Across the course of the year, voters experienced a K-shaped recovery, with those at the top of the economic ladder doing much better than those at the bottom, a phenomenon that shaped both the experiences of our respondents and their perceptions of the economy. The fact that those at the bottom experienced genuine economic desperation (i.e., an inability to afford basic necessities such as food and shelter) affected their electoral participation.
The Epistemology of Protest
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

This book offers a polyphonic theory of protest as a mechanism for political communication, group constitution, and epistemic empowerment. The book analyzes the communicative power of protest to break social silences and disrupt insensitivity and complicity with injustice. Medina also elucidates the power of protest movements to transform social sensibilities and change the political imagination. Medina’s theory of protest examines the obligations that citizens and institutions have to give proper uptake to protests and to communicatively engage with protesting publics in all their diversity, without excluding or marginalizing radical voices and perspectives. Throughout the book, communicative and epistemic arguments are given for the value of imagining with protest movements and for taking seriously the radical political imagination exercised in social movements of liberation. Medina’s theory sheds light on the different ways in which protest can be silenced and the different communicative and epistemic injustices that protest movements can face, arguing for forms of epistemic activism that resist silencing and communicative/epistemic injustices while empowering protesting voices. While arguing for democratic obligations to give proper uptake to protest, the book underscores how demanding listening to protesting voices can be under conditions of oppression and epistemic injustice. A central claim of the book is that responsible citizens have an obligation to echo (or express communicative solidarity with) the protests of oppressed groups that have been silenced and epistemically marginalized. Studying social uprisings, the book further argues that citizens have a duty to join protesting publics when grave injustices are in the public eye.
Widows Under Hindu Law
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

This book comprises the first exhaustive history of the treatment and status of widows under classical Hindu law or Dharmaśāstra, as it is called in Sanskrit. As such, this book is intended both to contribute to our understanding of how elite male attitudes toward women evolved during precolonial periods in South Asia and to provide crucial context for important colonial debates on Hindu widow remarriage and the Hindu custom of widow self-immolation, or sati. The Dharmaśāstra tradition spans over two millennia of South Asian history, from approximately the third century BCE to the eighteenth century CE. During this time, Hindu jurists treated at length and at times hotly debated four widow-related issues: widow remarriage and levirate, a widow’s right to inherit her husband’s estate, widow asceticism, and sati. Thus, this book is arranged into four chapters, one devoted to each of these four topics. In addition, it contains a summary, where an attempt is made to synthesize the major conclusions drawn in the book’s four main chapters, and an appendix, which addresses a widow’s right to adopt a son—a fifth widow-related issue that became the topic of some discussion in late Dharmaśāstra works and was a significant point of legal contention during the colonial period.