bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LICHENS FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM FROM A LARGE DATA SET
Authors: MANGELSON NOLAN F. , ARGYLE DYLAN C. , KELLY RYAN , MORIN WESLEY D. , WASHBURN SETH M. , CLARK BRETT M. , ST. CLAIR LARRY L. , REES LAWRENCE B.
Published: May 2007

Lichen samples were collected and observations about lichen communities were recorded at sites in the intermountain western United States. Specifically the states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico were included in this study. The minor and trace-element concentrations in many of the lichens collected were determined by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). These data are part of a base line assessment of current air pollution conditions in this region. These data also provide an opportunity to study some aspects of lichen physiology. Using the data from 508 foliose and fruticose lichens, frequency distributions for concentrations of phosphorus and calcium are considered. Phosphorus has a closely-spaced, bimodal distribution: one mode for foliose lichens and one mode for fruticose lichens. This suggests that all lichen genera in this study have similar requirements and absorption mechanisms for phosphorus. Calcium has a complex frequency distribution and concentrations that range from 450 mg/kg to 14 % dry weight. Contributions to this complex distribution pattern can be understood if the data are resolved into growth form, genera within each growth form, and in some cases species within a given genus. This complex dependence on calcium is strong evidence that lichens develop specific calcium-related adaptations in order to accommodate various habitat conditions.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF TRACE HEAVY METALS IN RIVER AND TAP WATER USING AN ION-EXCHANGE CELLULOSE PHOSPHATE FILTER
Authors: AMARTAIVAN TS. , ISHII K. , YAMAZAKI H. , TAKAHASHI Y. , MATSUYAMA S. , SATOH T. , SUGIHARA S. , KATOH K. , KOMORI Y. , ORIHARA H.
Published: May 2007

An ion-exchange cellulose phosphate filter was used to prepare in-line PIXE targets for long-term monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in river and tap water. River water samples were taken every 30 minutes during 7 hours, and tap water samples every 5 hours during 150 hours. A PIXE target was prepared passing 300 ml of water sample and 2 ml of 20 ppm Y standard solution through a single sheet of the filter paper. Heavy metals ( Mn , Fe , Cu , Zn , Pb and Hg ) were detected by PIXE analysis with lower detection limits of 0.5-1.0 ppb. Analysis results show that the filter paper can trace concentration changes of heavy metals in a wide range.
MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY PIXE OF CHINAMPA SOILS IN MEXICO CITY
Authors: RAMOS R. , GARCÍA N. E. , ANDRADE E. , SOLÍS C. , MURILLO G. , ROCHA M. F.
Published: May 2007

Chinampas are island plots (500-1000 m2) constructed of soil scooped from the bottom of the lake and surrounded by canals. Over 40 agricultural species, including vegetables, cereals, and flowers, are produced on chinampas and consumed by approximately 100,000 people. This agro-ecosystem, once one of the most diverse and productive, at present is at risk of disappearing, mainly as a consequence of the severe pollution of the irrigation water. To evaluate the relationship between the accumulation of metals and physical soil properties, total trace metals Fe , Cu , Mn and Zn and total heavy metals Pb , Ni , and Cr in soils were determined by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). This method provides a very suitable technique for treating a large number of samples because sample preparation is simple and determination of a large number of elements is simultaneous. Three sites were chosen because of their long history of pollution: Xochimilco, San Luis Tlaxialtemalco and Mixquic in Mexico City. Soil properties were determined by conventional analytical methods. Soils were found to be high in organic matter content, high in sodicity and salinity, and with an alkaline pH. The metals present in the samples are in the following order of abundance: Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb .
EVALUATION OF GLAZE AND BODY COMPOSITION IN ANCIENT IRANIAN POTTERY
Authors: OLIAIY P. , SHOKOUHI F. , RAHIGHI J. , LAMEHI-RACHTI M. , GOLABI N.
Published: May 2007

Several samples of pottery sherds owned by the Islamic Arts section of the National museum of Iran excavated in Ray, Neishabur and Kahn – the area around northeast and the central part of Iran – were analyzed in order to establish their chemical compositions. In Van de Graaff Laboratory at the AEOI, qualitative analyses of the sherds were performed using a 2 MeV proton beam. The fragments which dated back to the period between the 9th and the 13th centuries, were analyzed using the PIXE method. The results of the concentrations of the component elements such as Ti , Mn , Fe , Co , Ni , Cu , Zn , Ba and Pb are presented and discussed. The results confirm the effect of the iron content of clay, it's firing conditions such as firing temperature, oxidation and reduction on the color of clay. In addition the dependence of glaze color with the various elemental concentration is established.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILMENITE SANDS OF CHHATRAPUR BEACH PLACER DEPOSIT OF ORISSA, INDIA: A PIXE STUDY
Authors: MOHANTY A. K. , VIJAYAN V. , SENGUPTA D. , DAS S. K. , SAHA S. K.
Published: May 2007

Geochemical characteristics of detrital ilmenites of Chhatrapur beach placer deposit studied by PIXE and EDXRF methods. Ilmenite occurs as the major constituent of the heavy mineral assemblages. The detrital ilmenite contains TiO252.52 - 56.85 wt%, FeO1, (total Fe ) 38.36 - 42.28 wt%, in addition to trace amounts of Al , Mg , Si , Ca , V , Cr , Mn , Cu and Zn . The khondalite-charnockite suites of Eastern Ghats Group of rocks were important source rocks for the ilmenite bearing heavy mineral sands. Based on TiO2concentration in the detrital ilmenite grains, which suggests that the principal source rocks were high grade metamorphic rocks. Ti /( Ti + Fe ) ratio in the ilmenite varied from 0.50 to 0.52, which indicates slight oxidation. FeO/Fe2O3ratio (3.20) in the concentrates indicates that around one third of the ferrous iron content of the ilmenites has been oxidized by weathering.
STUDY OF COLOUR MULTILAYERS IN A PAINTING BY PIXE TECHNIQUE
Authors: BRISSAUD Ivan , LAGARDE Gérard , MIDY Pierre
Published: May 2007

A new procedure for the investigation of acrylic paint layers superposed on an aluminim foil has been recently suggested. The experimental technique consisted in a series of PIKE analyses at various incident proton energies. The sequence of colours and the thicknesses of the layers were established very satisfactorily.

Here, we apply this technique to a painting made with six acrylic colours from Liquitex Inc. Analyses at various points yield a good agreement with the information given by the painter. In this article we report on the results obtained for one of the points and we present and discuss the ingredients required by the computation.
Determination of Heavy-Metal Concentrations in Water by PIXE Analysis Using Zr as an Internal Standard
Authors: Yamazaki H. , Tanaka M. , Tsutsumi K. , Ishii K. , Iwasaki S. , Matsuyama S. , Inoue J. , Murozono K. , Orihara H.
Published: May 2007

A metal-preconcentration procedure, which consists of a combination of chelation by dibenzyldithiocarbamate ions with subsequent condensation into dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol gels, has been reformed by using Zr as an internal standard. The colloidal gels formed in solutions were collected on a nuclepore filter for direct irradiation by 3 MeV proton beams in a system of vertical beam type in-air PIXE. The methodology was tested for simultaneous determination of the concentrations of seven metals ( Fe , Co , Ni , Cu , Cd , Hg , Pb ) in 25 ml of an aqueous sample. A good linear relationship was obtained between the nominal concentration and the elemental X-ray yields normalized with Zr - K α ones. Absolute values of concentration in the sample solutions can be determined with an experimental error less than ±14 % in the 5-100 ppb range by employing published data pertinent to the inner shell ionization and subsequent X-ray emission of the heavy metals.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY AND ZINC DEFICIENCY
Authors: KUMAKAWA TOSHIRO , KONDO TAKAHITO
Published: May 2007

A 60-year-old female was hospitalized because of anemia, edema, and diarrhea. She was diagnosed as having short bowel syndrome. The patient developed acrodermatitis enteropathica and taste impairment. Laboratory data showed that the serum zinc level was 21 μ g/dl and erythrocyte CAI specific activity was 0 units/mg isozyme (normal range 0.37 ± 0.08 units/mg isozyme) and CAII specific activity was 2.99 units/mg isozyme (normal range 3.02 ± 0.05 units/mg isozyme). The patient was diagnosed as being in a zinc deficient status. Zinc supplementation resulted in the disappearance of these complications. The serum zinc level reached 50 μ g/dl and erythrocyte CAI specific activity was recovered to 0.26 units/mg isozyme and CAII specific activity was 1.60 units/mg isozyme. CAI is found in gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vascular epithelium, corneal, lens, ciliary body epithelium, and in sweat glands. CAII is found in virtually all tissues and is especially abundant in secretory and absorbing epithelia. The tissue distribution of CAI corresponds to clinical and physiologic indicators of zinc deficiency. Thus, the erythrocyte CAI specific activity may reflect the actual tissue zinc deficiency status.
HEAVY ION-INDUCED COPPER L X-RAY SPECTRA MEASURED WITH A HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER
Authors: KAWATSURA K. , INOUE T. , IGARASHI T. , TERAZAWA N. , ARAI S. , AOKI Y. , YAMAMOTO S. , NARUMI K. , NARAMOTO H. , YAMAMOTO T. , UDA H.
Published: May 2007

High resolution L X-ray emission spectra of Cu have been measured for 0.75 MeV/u H , 0.075 and 0.75 MeV/u F , and 0.075 and 0.64 MeV/u Si ion impacts with a Bragg crystal spectrometer. The high resolution X-ray spectra from the Cu thick target for L ι, L η, L α1,2, L β1, and L β3,4 transitions induced by ion excitation are obtained. The X-ray spectra produced by F and Si ion impacts have complicated structures due to multiple L and M shell vacancy production. The L X-ray emission spectra produced by heavy ion impact are compared with the calculated ones based on the Hartree-Fock-Slater method. The origin of the broadening of the L X-ray transition lines to the higher energy side for heavy ion impact is attributed to one 2p plus multiple 3p and 3d electron vacancy production.
Otolith Sr Concentration Analyzed by PIXE in Ariake Estuary-Dependent Sea Bass Juveniles
Authors: OHTA TARO , ARAI NOBUAKI , TANAKA MASARU , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) is a typical euryhaline marine fish and frequently migrates from salt to freshwater environments during early life stages. We hypothesized that strontium concentrations in the otolith could be a useful index to examine freshwater entry because of its lower concentration in freshwater. Otoliths of Japanese sea bass juveniles collected in the Chikugo river and estuary were analyzed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) to see relationship between strontium concentration and ambient salinity. Strontium concentrations in otoliths of sea bass juveniles are significantly lower in the river samples than in brackish water samples.
EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN OTOLITHS OF MASU SALMON
Authors: NAGATA YOSHIHISA , ARAI NOBUAKI , SAKAMOTO WATARU , TAGO YASUHIKO , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

PIXE was adopted for analysis of trace elements in otoliths of Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou to examine relationship between trace elements and environmental salinity. The otoliths were removed from salmon juveniles reared in four values of salinity and wild ones. The otolith Sr concentrations of reared individuals are positively related to salinity and there is significant difference between freshwater and seawater. The otoliths of smolts contain more Sr than those of parrs. It seems that the Sr concentrations in otoliths of Masu salmon reflect salinity where they had stayed and show the migration pattern.
IN-AIR PIXE SYSTEM AT NMCC
Authors: FUTATSUGAWA S. , HATAKEYAMA S. , SAITOU Y. , SERA K.
Published: May 2007

We have installed a new in-air PIXE system which has been connected after an existing in-vacuum PIXE course at NMCC (Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Center). Some samples which cannot be placed under a vacuum condition: A living plant and samples of engine oil were measured successfully using the in-air PIXE. The in-air PIXE system as well as the results of the experiments are described.
INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION AND ION RELEASE FROM TITANIUM DENTAL IMPLANT
Authors: Ektessabi A. M. , Mouhyi J. , Louvette P. , Sennerby L.
Published: May 2007

A thin passive titanium dioxide, in its stoichiometric form, has a very high corrosion resistance, but the same conclusion can not be made on corrosion resistance of a surface which is not stoichiometrically titanium dioxide, or even a surface which is a composition of various elements and oxides. In practice, the implants available on the market have an oxide surface contaminated with other elements. The aim of this paper is to correlate clinical observations that show the deterioration of Ti made implants after certain period of insertion in the patients, and in vitro corrosion resistance of Ti implants with surface passive oxide layer. For this purpose, surface analysis of the retrieved failed implants were performed and in vivo animal experiments with relation to ion release from implants were done. Finally, on the basis of the clinical observation, in vivo animal test, and in vitro electrochemical corrosion test, a model is proposed to explain the corrosion and ion release from the Ti implant.
APPLICATION OF PIXE TO DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN THE PLACENTA, MATERNAL BLOOD AND CORD BLOOD
Authors: Watanabe Yoshito , Takubo Yoshie , Yukawa Masae , Nishimura Yoshikazu , Imaseki Hitoshi , OSADA Hisao , SEKIYA Souei
Published: May 2007

PIXE technique was applied to the measurement of elements in the placenta, maternal blood and cord blood of human. The elements determined in these samples include Cl , K , Ca , Fe , Cu and Zn . The values obtained by PIXE were compared with those by ICP-AES to test the accuracy of the method. In placental samples, the mean values of K , Fe , Cu and Zn concentrations obtained by the two methods agree, while Ca concentration is lower in PIXE analysis. The values from PIXE, however, show larger variations resulting from inhomogeneity of the placental samples composed of various tissues different in histological functions. In the analysis of blood samples, the results of the two methods agree for Cl , K , Ca , Fe , Cu and Zn , although the standard deviations tend to be larger in PIXE. These results indicate that PIXE is a useful method for the determination of elements in placental and blood samples, although the preparation to homogenize sample is necessary to obtain accurate results.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF SERUM OF MICE ACQUIRED RADIORESISTANCE AFTER X-RAY IRRADIATION OF SMALL DOSE (II)
Authors: MATSUDA Y. , YONEZAWA M. , NISHIYAMA F.
Published: May 2007

Yonezawa et al. found an induction of yet unknown defence mechanisms(s) in mice which acquired radioresistance two weeks after small dose X-irradiation of 50 cGy. This study here was planned to find some keys to elucidate mechanism of the acquired radioresistance. Metal ions are well known to be important for enzyme activities as well as for metabolisms. Elements from Na to S were analyzed in identical mice sera used previously for the analysis of other heavier eleven elements. The analysis shows that decreases in P and S concentrations on 10 days after the 2nd irradiation of 5.0 Gy are prevented together with potassium reported previously. Contrary, on the 15th day, P and S decrease much compared with the control.
MICRO-PIXE APPLICATION TO THE SPHALERITE-GALENA GEOTHERMOMETER
Authors: MURAO SATOSHI , MAGLAMBAYAN VICTOR B. , SIE SOEY H.
Published: May 2007

We have applied the micro-PIXE technique to determining the cadmium content in sphalerite ( ZnS ) and galena ( PbS ) for use in geothermometry in the Bulawan gold-silver telluride deposit, Philippines. This geothermometry is based on the temperature control on the cadmium distribution between sphalerite and galena. For the analyses by the micro-PIXE, a beam of 3MeV protons was used at CSIRO, Sydney. The size of the beam was between 10-30μm such that during analysis, points within sphalerite-galena pairs which are located very close to the rims of the grains were analyzed and also pairs which are located farther away from each other. The X-rays obtained were deconvoluted for peak areas and converted to concentration using the Geo-PIXE software. The results for rim and non-rim pairs are indistinguishable. The micro-PIXE was capable of analyzing Cd to the level of about 100ppm in galena and 150ppm in sphalerite. Six pairs of galena-sphalerite at the earliest stage of mineralization were examined and only three pairs could be used for our purpose. The obtained temperatures, 402 to 527°C are about 90 to 210°C higher than estimates for the later stage of mineralization in the deposit. Thus, using micro-PIXE we concluded that deposition of early sphalerite and galena in the Bulawan deposit probably occurred at around 500°C before waning down to around 300°C.
A MULTIANODE POSITION-SENSITIVE PROPORTIONAL COUNTER FOR IN-AIR HIGH-RESOLUTION PIXE USING A CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER
Authors: HASEGAWA K. , MAEDA K. , NAKAYAMA S. , TONOMURA A. , HAMANAKA H.
Published: May 2007

A position-sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) for a wavelength-dispersive crystal spectrometer system has been constructed for high-resolution PIKE experiments in atmospheric air. This PSPC has seven resistive wire anodes. Each anode operates as one PSPC. Pulses from the anodes are converted into digital signals with a 512 × 7 channel charge-division analyzer. We can simultaneously obtain seven spectra. A computer software converts this 2D data set into one spectrum after adjusting the offset channels and conversion factors. The spatial resolution of this detector is somewhat larger than that of our single PSPC system previously developed, while its counting efficiency is seven times higher than that of the single one.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF SELENIUM AFTER SODIUM SELENITE ADMINISTRATION TO RATS
Authors: NATSUHORI MASAHIRO , NAGAOKA TAMAE , ITO NOBUHIKO , SERA KOICHIRO , FUTATSUGAWA SHOJI
Published: May 2007

Selenium ( Se ) concentrations in plasma, urine, and feces were determined by PIXE analysis before and after intravenous (iv) / oral (po) administration of sodium selenite (a dose equivalent to 2 mg/kg of selenium) to rats. The concentration-time profiles of Se were analyzed by a pharmacokinetic approach. The plasma Se profile after iv injection was biphasic and well-fit to a 2-compartment open model, showing two half lives (t1/2). The first t1/2 was about 0.3 hr and the second t1/2 was 6.9 hrs. The plasma concentration reached almost basal level after about 80 hrs of injection. On the other hand, plasma profiles after po administration showed absorption rate-limiting elimination. The bioavailability of oral sodium selenite (about 49%) and significantly higher amount of fecal Se excretion indicated relatively poor intestinal absorption of sodium selenite, compared to the previously published data. Urinary Se excretion was almost comparable between iv and po groups. The total recovery of the dose excreted in urine and feces was 30 ± 10 % in iv and 56 ± 15 % in po group. The renal excretion was considered to be a major route of Se excretion after absorption. Significant amount of Se that was not fully excreted was noted, suggesting Se distribution or accumulation in organs, together with volatile excretion.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW IN MICE ACQUIRED RADIORESISTANCE AFTER PRE-IRRADIATION WITH SMALL DOSE OF X-RAYS
Authors: MATSUDA Y. , YONEZAWA M. , NISHIYAMA F.
Published: May 2007

Pre-irradiation with 0.3-0.5 Gy of X-rays induces radioresistance (decreased bone marrow death) in ICR and C57BL strains of mice 2 weeks afterward. Recovery of blood cell counts of thrombocytes, leukocytes and erythrocytes was enhanced by the pre-irradiation. And the radio-resistance is acquired even in splenectomized C57BL mice. Elements in the bone marrow 11 days after the challenging dose of 5.0 Gy was determined by a PIXE analysis in three groups of mice: intact (with no irradiations), without pre-irradiation (control) and pre-irradiation (experimental) groups. Challenging irradiation decreased Mg , P , S , K , Ca and Zn levels, and the pre-irradiation enhanced the recovery of those levels, i.e. stimulated metabolism in bone marrow of irradiated mice. Increase in Fe in both control and experimental groups would indicate stimulated hemoglobin synthesis after challenging irradiation.
ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE SHELLS OF SHORT-NECKED CLAM Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca : Bivalvia) WITH RESPECT TO RECONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE HISTORY
Authors: ARAKAWA JUMPEI , SAKAMOTO WATARU , ARAI NOBUAKI , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

Strontium ( Sr ) concentration in the shells of short-necked clams collected at different locations (Shirahama, warm area and Maizuru, cold area, Japan) was analyzed by two methods, PIXE and EPMA. The Sr concentration of external surface of shell umbo, which was made during short term at early benthic phase, was analyzed by PIXE, and was ranged from 1000 to 3500 ppm for individuals. The Sr concentration of clams collected at Shirahama showed positive correlation with shell length (SL) in individuals with SL <31mm, whereas clams collected at Maizuru did not show significant correlation. This result may be caused from the difference of the spawning seasons between two areas. The Sr concentration of cross section of shell umbo, which develops thicker continuously during their life to form faint stratum structure, was analyzed by EPMA along the line across the stratum structure. Some surges and long term waving patterns of the Sr concentration were observed. These results suggest that the life histories of individual clams could be recorded in the shell umbo cross sections as variations of trace elements and analyses of trace elements could clarify the histories of individual clams.
PIXE ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC ELEMENTS IN WATER EXTRACTED FROM ASH PRODUCED BY INCINERATOR FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Authors: FUTATSUGAWA S. , HATAKEYAMA S. , SAITOU Y. , MATSUSHITA M. , SERA K.
Published: May 2007

Each concentration of specific elements in water extracted from the ash produced by an incinerator used for radioactive waste at the Kaya Memorial Takizawa Laboratory was simultaneously determined using PIXE established at the Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Center. Each concentration of the elements extracted from the ash depends on the pH of the water. The PIXE used in this study was shown to be a very valuable analytical method for environmental analysis.
Development of a Micro-PIXE Camera
Authors: MATSUYAMA S. , ISHII K. , SUGIMOTO A. , SATOH T. , GOTOH K. , YAMAZAKI H. , IWASAKI S. , MUROZONO K. , INOUE J. , HAMANO T. , YOKOTA S. , SAKAI T. , KAMIYA T. , TANAKA R.
Published: May 2007

We developed a system of μ-PIXE analysis at the division of Takasaki ion accelerator for advanced radiation application (TIARA) in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI), which consists of a microbeam apparatus, a multi-parameter data acquisition system and a personal computer. Elemental analysis in the region of 500 μ m × 500 μ m can be performed with a spatial resolution of < 0.3 μm and multi-elemental distributions are presented as images on a computer display even during measurement. We call this system a micro-PIXE camera.
Development of a Submilli-PIXE Camera
Authors: MATSUYAMA S. , GOTOH K. , ISHII K. , YAMAZAKI H. , SATOH T. , YAMAMOTO K. , SUGIMOTO A. , TOKAI Y. , ENDOH H. , ORIHARA H.
Published: May 2007

We developed a PIXE analysis system which provides spatial distribution images of elements in a region of several cm2 with a spatial resolution of < 0.5 mm. We call this system a submilli-PIXE camera. This system consists of a submilli-beam line, beam scanners and a data acquisition system in which the X-ray energy and the beam position are simultaneously measured. We demonstrate the usefulness of the submilli-PIXE camera by analyzing the surface of a shell and of granite.
ENERGY-LOSS EFFECT IN K-SHELL IONIZATION
Authors: MUKOYAMA TAKESHI
Published: May 2007

The energy-loss effect of the projectile for direct inner-shell ionization cross sections by charged-particle impact has been examined. The relativistic and nonrelativistic calculations for K-shell ionization with and without the energy-loss effect are made in the plane-wave Born approximation and compared with the Brandt-Lapicki theory for the corrections of the relativistic and energy-loss effect. It is demonstrated that the Brandt-Lapicki method gives a good approximation to both relativistic and nonrelativistic cross sections, which implicitly take into account the energy-loss effect. However, the use of the Brandt-Lapicki relativistic correction method in the nonrelativistic theory with the exact integration limits for energy and momentum transfer overestimates the relativistic calculations for low-energy projectiles. This indicates that the Brandt-Lapicki method for correction of the electronic relativistic effect should be used only with their energy-loss correction method.
L AND M X-RAY PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS OF HEAVY RARF EARTH ELEMENTS IN THE 3-40 MeV/amu PROJECTILE-ENERGY RANGE
Authors: SERA K. , ISHII K. , ORIHARA H.
Published: May 2007

Partial L- and M-x-ray production cross sections for Dy , Er and Lu have been systematically measured over the wide projectile-energy range of 3-40 MeV/amu for proton and 3 He -ion impact, and values of partial x-ray production cross sections were compared with those predicted by the ECPSSR theory. As the result, it is confirmed that the ECPSSR theory gives consistent ionization cross sections for each subshell in L- and M-shells. It is also found that values of x-ray transition rate are correct for Mα,β and Lα12 lines which are predominant in M and L x-ray spectra, respectively. However, it is pointed out that some of the values of x-ray transition rates must be revised, and improved values were obtained experimentally for the first time.
PIXE DETERMINATION ON THE CHANGES IN THE COPPER CONTENT IN LIVERS OF LONG-EVANS CINNAMON (LEC) RATS FOLLOWING SUPPLEMENT WITH IRON AND CALCIUM
Authors: OHTA A. , MATSUBAYASHI T. , SONE Y. , NAKAYAMA S.
Published: May 2007

The analysis of copper, iron, calcium, and other elements in livers of Long-Evans Cinnamon(LEC) rats by PIXE determination is described. The copper contents in the livers of LEC rats which were supplemented with 1g/100g, in the food of calcium chloride dihydrate and iron(II) chloride n-hydrate, respectively, for 5 weeks were determined before and after supplement by PIXE.

The experimental results showed that after supplement of the calcium- and iron-fortified food the copper content in the livers of LEC rats decreased with the supplement. The present data suggest that supplement of iron or calcium can be responsible for copper homeostasis in livers of LEC rats, and that the excessive accumulation of copper in livers of LEC rats can readily remove when high load of iron or calcium are supplemented.
RELATION BETWEEN CHANGE IN Ca AND Mg LEVELS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AFTER SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE AND THE OCCURRENCE OF VASOSPASM
Authors: SATO N. , KURODA K. , SUZUKI M. , OGAWA A. , SERA K.
Published: May 2007

Cerebral vasospasm is a characteristic complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and the onset of vasospasm is a very important factor to decide the patient's outcome. Though various causal factors have been proposed for cerebral vasospasm after SAH, none of them explain the whole pathomechanism of vasospasm. To evaluate the role of trace elements in vasospasm, we have examined the sequential change in element concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after SAH by PIXE, and have investigated the relation between trace elements and vasospasm. We obtained the CSF samples from cisternal drainage of 17 patients with SAH who underwent radical surgery within 48 hours from the onset. The drainage was placed into basal cisterns at the end of the operation. Three sampling times (3-5, 7-9 and 12-14 days from the onset) were scheduled, because vasospasm is likely to occur from day 4 through day 14 after the onset. Cerebral angiograms were performed to classify vasospasm on day 1 and 7 after the onset. We measured 29 elements in the CSF and focused on Ca and Mg levels in this study, since Ca -influx into the smooth muscle cells is a principal mechanism of muscle contraction, and the competition between Ca and Mg is closely related to the muscle contraction. We found a significantly lower levels of Mg in the CSF of patients with vasospasm on days 7-9 after the onset. These results suggest that Mg in the CSF possibly ameliorate vasoconstriction due to Ca in the pathomechanism of vasospasm.
AN ATTEMPT TO SUPPRESS THE COMPTON SCATTERING BACKGROUND APPEARING IN THE PIXE SPECTRUM
Authors: SATOH T. , ISHII K. , MATSUYAMA S. , YAMAZAKI H. , YAMAMOTO K. , GOTOH K. , SUGIMOTO A. , TOKAI Y. , SASAKI T. , OIKAWA M.
Published: May 2007

The background due to the Compton scattering of γ-rays in a Si ( Li ) X-ray detector was measured with the coincidence system which consists of a Si ( Li ) X-ray detector and NaI ( Tl ) scintillation detector. The Si ( Li ) X-ray detector is a through type to detect γ-rays of the Compton scattering into the forward direction. The energy spectra of the Si ( Li ) detector were measured for γ-rays of 662 keV from a 137 Cs source. The contribution of recoiled electrons to the PIXE spectrum in the energy region of 0~100 keV was ~20 % of its background spectrum. It was not enough to suppress the Compton scattering background by using the present system.
Population Discrimination by Strontium-calcium Concentration Ratios of Sagittal Otoliths Taken from the Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: KAKUTA I. , CHIBA D. , ISHII K. , YAMAZAKI H. , IWASAKI S. , MATSUYAMA S.
Published: May 2007

For the purpose of obtaining basic data to understand the population dynamics of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, inhabiting the Sanriku coastal waters, the concentration ratios of Ca and Sr in otoliths of juvenile fishes being cultivated for releasing to the regions, and those of adult fishes captured in both the Sanriku area (Aomori, Iwate and Miyagi) and Shizuoka prefecture coastal regions (as a comparison) were analysed using a particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique.

The Sr/Ca ratios of otoliths taken from juvenile Japanese flounders had significant differences between Sanriku and Shizuoka sea-farming groups. The differences in otolith Sr/Ca ratios between Sanriku and Shizuoka sea-farming stations would thus differentiate flounder populations. No significant difference in otolith Sr/Ca ratios was observed among the Sanriku group. However, the values for Aomori group formed by small fishes in the Sanriku group seemed to be lower in proportion to their body size. Therefore, genetic characteristics of the juvenile Japanese flounder being reared at the sea-farming stations in Iwate and Miyagi prefectures are possibly different from those at an Aomori station.

On the other hand, statistically significant differences in the otolith Sr/Ca ratios among Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi and Shizuoka groups were found in the adult Japanese flounder. That is, higher values for the otolith Sr/Ca ratios were found in the groups inhabiting in the northern regions. The differences in otolith Sr/Ca ratios among these groups probably indicate that there are differences in the fish populations among these sample sites.
AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE POSITIONS OF AEROSOL SOURCE BY THE PIXE ANALYSIS
Authors: Matsuyama S. , Tokai Y. , Ishii K. , Yamazaki H. , Gotoh K. , Satoh T. , Sugimoto A. , Yamamoto K. , Oikawa M. , Iwasaki S. , Orihara H. , Jon G. C. , Nakamura E. , Futatsugawa S. , Sera K.
Published: May 2007

Aerosols were continuously collected for 2 or 3 hours during the periods of 4-27 August 1997 and of 23 March-2 April 1998 at a suburb of Sendai City (east 10 km from Sendai), and meteorological data such as wind directions, wind velocities, etc were measured at the same time. The collected aerosol samples were analyzed by the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Fourteen elements (S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb) were contained in these samples. The elemental concentrations increased in the daytime and decreased at night. It coincided with the time variation of people movement. The concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb elements depended strongly on the direction of wind and their distributions for wind directions reflected to the position of aerosol sources. This result suggests that the position of aerosol source can be determined by measuring aerosols and wind directions at the many positions.
APPLICATION OF A POWDERED-INTERNAL-STANDARD METHOD COMBINED WITH CORRECTION FOR SELF-ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS TO GEOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES
Authors: SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S. , ISHIYAMA D.
Published: May 2007

Availability of a powdered internal standard method developed in the previous report has been investigated in detail for geological, mineralogical, environmental and biological samples. It is found that this method is effective for various powdered samples composed of high-Z elements. A computer program for correcting self-absorption of x-rays, which is based on the method we previously reported, was developed and it has been applied to soil samples of varied thickness. As a result, it is found that the method is quite effective even for a pretty thick target where particles overlap with each other. Moreover, the method was applied to several rock samples, which were prepared by grinding and consist of particles of divergent size, and found to be applicable. Lastly, the powdered internal standard method was applied to a biological sample and found to be almost satisfactory, too. These results demonstrate the availability of the powdered internal standard method combined with the method of x-ray-absorption correction for samples in many research fields.
THE POTENTIAL OF PIXE FOR ANALYTICAL WORK IN WATER POLLUTION
Authors: YAMAZAKI H. , TAKAHASHI Y. , ISHII K. , MATSUYAMA S. , TOKAI Y. , SATOH T. , YAMAMOTO K. , SERA K. , FUTATSUGAWA S. , ORIHARA H.
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed and tested for PIXE analysis of soluble and insoluble constituents in a variety of water samples in our surroundings. Insoluble components were filtered on a Nuclepore filter of 0.4-μm pores. For soluble fractions, a target of major components was made from a 0.15-ml filtrate evaporated on a user-made polycarbonate film, and in turn heavy metals in trace amounts were preconcentrated in a PIXE-target through the use of a combination of dibenzyldithiocarbamate-chelation with subsequent condensation into dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol gels. These three kinds of targets were analyzed with a PIXE system of 3-MeV proton beams. The widespread concentrations (several tenths of ppb to a few tens of ppm) of ~24 elements from Na to Pb were determined simultaneously in a precision sufficient to reveal the elemental distribution between the soluble and insoluble fractions of various aqueous samples such as river water, rain water and water leaking from disposal sites of industrial wastes. Hence, the methodology for preparing three types of targets promotes the PIXE analysis to a truly effective means for monitoring a water-pollution problem in our surroundings.
MICRO WDX-PIXE SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL STATE ANALYSIS
Authors: MOKUNO Y. , HORINO Y. , TERASAWA M. , SEKIOKA T. , KINOMURA A. , CHAYAHARA A.
Published: May 2007

Performance of a micro WDX-PIXE system that consists of position sensitive x-ray spectrometer and the heavy ion microbeam line is described. The influence of the position resolution of the position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) used in the spectrometer on system energy resolution is discussed based on the measured values for C and O K x-rays. The system has successfully been used for chemical state analysis of various compound materials and small area of the materials (< 3 × 10-3 mm 2) can be analyzed.
ANALYSIS OF X-RAY SPECTRA BY GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: MUKOYAMA TAKESHI
Published: May 2007

The X-ray emission spectra have been analyzed by the genetic algorithm. The X-ray peaks are represented by Gaussians or Lorentzians and the best estimates of their parameters are determined with the optimization strategy based on the mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics. The calculated results for artificial, pseudo-experimental, and experimental spectra are compared with those obtained by other methods and the validity of the present method is demonstrated.
STUDY OF PSS PERFORMANCE USING VARIOUS EXCITING SOURCES
Authors: HU ZHAOHUI , LIU SHIJIE , LIU PINGSHENG , FENG GUOHUA
Published: May 2007

The paper presents some preliminary results of PSS performances measured by using various exciting sources. The energy resolution of 25eV for Mn K α and of ~ 15 eV for Ti K α is obtained, respectively, for various exciting sources. The satellite structure of Si K α has been clearly observed. The peak of Cr K β and of Mn K α in a stainless steel sample has also been resolved and the detectable amount of Ti has been less than 10-9 g. The comparisons of these results attempt to find more suitable exciting source for a different application of PSS and to discuss the possibility of application carried out by PSS combined with a new μ-X-ray exciting source.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTERNAL MICROBEAM-PIXE SYSTEM USING THIN FILM WINDOWS
Authors: KINOMURA A. , HORINO Y. , MOKUNO Y. , CHAYAHARA A. , TSUBOUCHI N.
Published: May 2007

A external microbeam system using polyimide windows has been developed for PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) analysis in air. A beamline consists of a magnetic quadrupole-doublet lens, cylindrical objective slits and double-deflection scanning coils. Polyimide films with a thickness of 3.5 μm or 7.5 μm were used for the exit windows. Spot sizes in air were measured by beam-induced fluorescence of CsI scintillation plates. A minimum spot size obtained was about 10 μm for a 1.5 MeV proton beam. PIXE-mapping images of a Cu grid were successfully obtained in air.
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION XRF MICROPROBE STUDY OF HUMAN BONE TUMOR SLICE
Authors: Huang Yuying , Zhao Limin , Wang Zhouguang , Shao Hanru , Li Guangcheng , Wu Yingrong , He Wei , Lu Jianxin , He Rongguo
Published: May 2007

The experimental apparatus of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microprobe analysis at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) is described. Using the bovine liver as the standard reference, the minimum detection limit (MDL) of trace element was measured to determine the capability of biological sample analysis by synchrotron radiation XRF microprobe. The relative change of the content of the major or trace element in the normal and tumor part of human bone tissue slice was investigated. The experimental result relation to the clinical medicine was also discussed.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PIXE AND XRF FOR OLD JAPANESE COPPER COIN ANALYSIS
Authors: HARUYAMA YOICHI , SAITO MANABU , MUNEDA TAKAHIRO , MITANI MASAKI , YAMAMOTO RIE , YOSHIDA KOJI
Published: May 2007

We have measured elemental concentration of old Japanese copper coins made in the Edo period (1600-1860) by PIXE and XRF to study the availability of elemental concentration analysis for production place identification of copper-based archaeological alloys. We also aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two methods for this purpose. We used 2.5 MeV proton beam for PIXE measurement. For XRF measurement we operated a XRF equipment with rhodium target at 50 kV Since elemental uniformity is indispensable for concentration analysis, we also measured the elemental distributions by SEM at 25 kV. Two dimensional images obtained by SEM showed nearly uniform distribution for iron, tin and antimony but not for lead. Besides of main components, copper and lead, many minor components were measured by PIXE and XRF. The relative concentrations of arsenic, silver, antimony and tin showed clear difference by the place the coins were made.
STIM IMAGING FOR MAMMALIAN CELL SAMPLES BEFORE MICRO-PIXE ANALYSES IN AIR ENVIRONMENT AT JAERI TAKASAKI LIGHT ION MICROBEAM SYSTEM
Authors: KAMIYA TOMIHIRO , SAKAI TAKURO , OIKAWA MASAKAZU , SATOH TAKAHIRO , ISHII KEIZO , SUGIMOTO ASUKA , MATSUYAMA SHIGEO
Published: May 2007

In TIARA facility of JAERI, a scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) technique was introduced to the light ion microbeam system, so as to make direct beam positioning to samples for micro-PIXE analyses in the atmosphere. STIM is a low current (less than fA level) and high efficient sample imaging technique, which does not induce radiation damage even to biological cells for beam positioning before micro-PIXE analysis. The sample (bovine aortic endothelial cells) was prepared using a freeze-dry method on a thin polymer film which act not only as a sample backing foil but also as a beam extraction window to the atmosphere. A Si PIN photodiode (cover glass removed) was set just behind the sample in the atmosphere to measure the energy of proton microbeams passing through the sample and the window. STIM images were obtained in a short time, and corresponded with elemental maps obtained by subsequent micro-PIXE analyses. This paper will describe details of the experimental system and show preliminary results of STIM imaging and micro-PIXE analyses.
APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR MICROPROBE ANALYSIS IN CANCER CELL BIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Authors: ORTEGA RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Nuclear microprobe analysis studies in cancer cell pharmacology and biology carried out at Bordeaux-Gradignan are reported. The cellular pharmacology of two anticancer agents, cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum(II), and 4′-iodo-4′-deoxy-doxorubicin, were investigated, as well as the role of iron in neuroblastoma carcinogenesis, and chromium(III) in trans-generation carcinogenesis. Nuclear microprobe analysis, using PIXE and particle backscattering microanalysis, was able to reveal intracellular and tissue distributions of the elements under investigation. Moreover, the fully quantitative and multi-elemental character of nuclear microprobe analysis offered information on possible mechanisms of drug action, metal carcinogenesis, and interactions with endogenous trace elements in cancer cells.
APPLICATION OF PIXE IN MEDICAL STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MINERALS AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS
Authors: Yoshida S.
Published: May 2007

Comparative study on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism-dementia (PDC) in the Kii Peninsula of Japan and Guam was conducted to evaluate the participatory role of environmental minerals in the pathogenesis of the above neurodegenerative diseases, using particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry and morphometric-statistical analysis. A significantly high content of Al in the hippocampus and spinal cord of Kii and Guamanian ALS/PD cases was found with a positive correlation for Fe and Cu , and a negative correlation for Zn . The numbers of hippocampal neurons in Guamanian PDC, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease were significantly decreased with a high Al content. Al content significantly and positively correlated with the number of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the hippocampus of ALS cases and controls in both foci, especially in Guamanian cases. The slope of best linear regression of Guamanian cases was markedly steeper than that of Japanese cases ( p < 0.001). Morin staining for Al showed green fluorescence on the nucleolus, cytoplasm, and NFT in the hippocampus of Kii ALS cases. These findings suggest that Guamanian and Kii people have a predisposition to develop ALS/PDC precipitated by their geological/geochemical environmental status, i.e., a prolonged low intake of Ca and Mg together with excess exposure to Al and other environmental minerals.
THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF APOPTOSIS
Authors: Harada Satoshi , Sera Koichiro , Futatsugawa Shyoji , Oikawa Hirobumi , Tamakawa Yoshiharu
Published: May 2007

The interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear Mg concentration for the development of radiation-induced apoptosis were tested IN VIVO in Sarcoma-180 in BALB/c mice.

The frequency of apoptosis was expressed as a percentage of TUNEL reactivity in the 5 microscopic views under 400 times magnification, and Mg concentration in either mitochondria or nucleus was measured by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), on 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours after the 10 or 20 Gy of60Co gamma ray radiation, to the mice with or without the 0.01 mMOL MgCl2oral administration.

There were proximal increases of apoptosis, which peaked on 9 hours after radiation. The Mg concentration of mitochondria strongly correlated with frequency of apoptosis from 3 to 9 hrs after radiation, and that of the nucleus strongly correlated with frequency of apoptosis from 6 to 24 hours after radiation. The oral administration of MgCl2did not change those correlations.

The two steps are considered: 1st) signaling from mitochondria to nucleus involving Mg on induction of apoptosis; and 2nd) removal of apoptosis involving nuclear Mg .
STUDY OF METALLIC ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN CANCELLOUS BONE OF FEMORAL HEAD BOTH YOUTH AND OLD PEOPLE BY PIXE
Authors: ZHANG YUANXUN , LI DEYI , ZHANG YONGPING , TONG YONGPENG , QIU SHIJING , WU XIAOTAO , DAI KERONG
Published: May 2007

Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method is used for the determination of elemental concentration in a cancellous bone of human femoral head from five autopsies and seven patients with femoral neck broken. Specimen preparation and experimental procedure are described in detail. Using t test, the results show that the concentrations of P , Ca , Fe , Cu , Sr in a control group are higher than those in a patient group, but the concentrations of S , K , Zn , Mn are not significantly different. The physiological functions of metal elements in human bone are also discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE BRAIN TISSUES FROM A PATIENT WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND EFFECTS OF CHELATING TREATMENT
Authors: EKTESSABI A. M. , FUJISAWA S. , TAKADA K. , YOSHIDA K. , MURAYAMA H. , SHIN R.-W.
Published: May 2007

Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and ALS are among major neurodegenerative diseases. The cause of neurodegeneration is unknown, but there are indications that excessive accumulation of essential elements, and sometimes, incorporation of toxic foreign elements in neurons aggravate neurodegeneration. During the past decade, many researchers investigated the causative factors in degenerative diseases to specify genetic or environmental factor. PIXE analysis has been used for these studies because of the sample preparation is easy and detection limit is very low. However, the concentration of matrix elements and foreign elements are extremely low and difficult to detect and to quantify. In this study, specimens from patients with Alzheimer's disease with no chemical treatment, and those with chelating were analyzed. In all analyzed specimens, Na , Al , Si , P , S , Cl , Ca , Ti , V , Cr , Fe and Cu were detected. Each specimen in this study consisted of cerebral cortex and substantia alba. From these experiments we can observe a clear tendency that the accumulation of the metal elements are different depending on the constituent tissues, and the method of sample preparation has a dominant role in the measurement results.