bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democracy as Punishment: Brexit and Austerity Politics
Authors: Koch Insa Lee
Published: January 2019

Chapter 7 asks what the implications of classed state control are for liberal democracy at large. It takes as a point of departure the referendum on leaving the European Union in June 2016 and the rise of what has been labelled ‘popular authoritarianism’. Residents on the housing estate experience government as something that is ‘not for them’: negative experiences with the authorities, including since 2010 the shift towards ‘austerity’ politics, translate into a deep-seated sense that politicians and politics are the antithesis of ordinary personhood and sociality. This justifies widespread withdrawal from electoral processes. However, unlike an ordinary election, some residents perceived the EU referendum as an opportunity to say ‘no’ to a government tout court. The chapter argues that an ethnographic understanding of ‘Brexit’ in terms of residents’ daily experiences of government uncovers the liberal state’s disavowal of its moral and political responsibilities towards its most disenfranchised populations. It also underlines the risk of right-wing populism at a time when alternative mechanisms for capturing working-class people’s voices are either weak or absent.
Anglo-Saxon Towers of Lordship
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

It has long been assumed that England lay outside the Western European tradition of castle-building until after the Norman Conquest of 1066. It is now becoming apparent that Anglo-Saxon lords were constructing free-standing towers at their residences all across England during the tenth and eleventh centuries. Initially these towers were exclusively of timber, and quite modest in scale. There followed the ‘tower-nave’ churches, towers with only a tiny chapel located inside, which appear to have had a dual function as buildings of elite worship and symbols of secular power and authority. This book gathers together the evidence for these remarkable buildings, many of which still stand incorporated into the fabric of Norman and later parish churches and castles. It traces their origin in monasteries, where kings and bishops drew upon Continental European practice to construct centrally planned, tower-like chapels for private worship and burial, and to mark gates and important entrances, particularly within the context of the tenth-century Monastic Reform. Adopted by the secular aristocracy to adorn their own manorial sites, many of the known examples would have provided strategic advantage as watchtowers over roads, rivers, and beacon systems, and acted as focal points for the mustering of troops. The tower-nave form persisted into early Norman England, where it may have influenced a variety of high-status building types. The aim of this book is to establish the tower-nave as an important Anglo-Saxon building type, and to explore the social, architectural, and landscape contexts in which they operated.
Introduction
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

The introduction provides a definition for the tower-nave form, and the basic assertion that the limited capacity, ostentatious form, and lavish construction of these buildings is a good indication that they were built for high-status, elite practice. The introduction then briefly surveys its discovery and previous works to have offered a synthesis and interpretation of tower-naves, and lays out the methodology used for their identification and inclusion in this book. Their basic division into ‘lordly’ and ‘monastic’ sites is explained as the means by which this study is structured, the first part of which synthesizes the evidence for the corpus of known towers, and the second part of which offers an interpretation of their development and social context.
A corpus of monastic tower-naves
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

The synthesis presented here is of the twelve tower-naves which come from monastic contexts, none of which now survive above ground, at: Hexham, York, Winchester (Old and New Minsters), Athelney, Glastonbury, Abingdon, Worcester, Thorney, Sherborne, Bury St Edmunds, and Canterbury. A summary of each tower is provided in the chronological order of their construction, together with references to previous scholarship. The upsurge in known examples associated with the tenth-century Monastic Reform is noted, and their common traits are traced: the high status of their patrons, and their common functions as funerary chapels, private chapels, and gateways.
A corpus of lordly tower-naves
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

The synthesis presented here is of the twenty-four tower-naves which come from local rather than monastic contexts, the great majority from suspected manorial sites. Most of these towers still stand above ground, although the majority have not previously been the subject of detailed study. A summary of each tower is provided in alphabetical order, together with selected measured drawings produced as part of this study. Their development in the late tenth century is suggested, and it is concluded that these buildings were primarily a phenomenon of the eleventh century, spread across England to a relatively coherent architectural form.
Monastic tower-naves and tower-nave origins
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the origins of the tower-nave form in Anglo-Saxon monasteries, where they occur from at least the early eighth century onwards. It seeks the architectural meanings underlying the tower form, which were drawn from Carolingian and Late Antique practice and related to high-status secular power and burial. Thus, many monastic tower-naves in England were constructed as private, often royal, chapels and burying-places, as a result of the expression of these meanings by their builders. The evidence for monastic tower-naves increases significantly during the mid–late tenth century, a period which coincided with the Monastic Reform, whose leaders were personally responsible for this apparent spate of tower-nave construction. These tower-naves were built in seeming fulfilment of key tenets of the Reform movement: the patronage of the king in monastic life, the regularization of burial practices, and the increased emphasis on the integrity of monastic space.
Conclusion
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

This final section summarizes the main conclusions of the book. It rehearses the number of known tower-naves and their categorization into ‘lordly’ and ‘monastic’ types. It traces their origins in Continental ecclesiastical architecture, and their more widespread adoption following the tenth-century Monastic Reform in England. Tower-naves went on to be constructed by secular elites at their residences, and to influence aspects of Norman architectural practice. The chapter concludes by suggesting directions for future research into this topic, particularly in elucidating further examples of tower-naves and the great potential for scholarship on Anglo-Saxon lordly residences more generally. It is appended with a provisional list of uncertain tower-naves, in the hope that future study can bear their origins out.
The Early Modern Omnigatherum
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter turns to explicitly miscellaneous volumes and, in particular, to manuscripts which sought to encompass ‘everything’ within encyclopaedic collections. Placing these volumes within the larger context of early modern encyclopaedism, the chapter reveals a vibrant, but previously unheralded, encyclopaedic manuscript tradition. While scholarship on the encyclopaedia has tended to focus on print projects, this chapter uncovers a series of volumes which remind us that the manuscript tradition was similarly significant. Furthermore, these manuscripts constitute an essential link between the lists of words and commonplaces, which were produced in the sixteenth century, and the histories of knowledge that started to emerge in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Compilers discussed here include Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, William Rawley, and Henry Oxinden. Appropriating a term used by the sixteenth-century compiler, John Fitzjames, the chapter classifies such manuscripts as examples of the ‘early modern omnigatherum’.
Merchants and Miscellany Making
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines mercantile miscellanies. Although the connections between merchants, writing-masters, and scriveners have long been known, surprisingly little attention has been paid to merchants as owners or compilers of manuscript miscellanies. This chapter fills that gap by examining a number of mercantile manuscripts that possess a distinct generic miscellaneity, including those compiled by Robert Williams (who traded in Livorno), William Hill, and the Leche family of Chester. In discussing these manuscripts, it adds to current conversations about the influence on English manuscript culture of the Italian zibaldone and Luca Pacioli’s double-entry system, as well as revealing hitherto unknown continuities between humanist and mercantile culture. Central to the chapter is a discussion of early modern ‘knowledge transfer’, which is illustrated through a series of account books belonging to the scrivener Robert Glover and then by reference to Nicolas Maes’s painting The Account Keeper.
Sir Hugh Plat’s Network of Notebooks
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the notebooks of the inventor, writer on agriculture, brewer, and businessman, Sir Hugh Plat. Building on the discussion of knowledge transfer in Chapter 4, this chapter shows how Plat’s surviving manuscripts constitute a ‘network of notebooks’. Focusing on the copying and circulation of information across these volumes, the chapter reveals how Plat developed a system of annotation, which progressed from hodgepodge miscellanies, organized only by date of entry, to topically rigorous manuscripts arranged by subject. This system was essential to Plat’s lifelong project to improve recipes, information, and ultimately knowledge itself. Drawing on his printed commonplace books as well, the chapter reveals that Plat’s ‘network’ was grounded in humanist methods of reading, but that he also transformed those precepts and practices by extending them from textual examples to incorporate observed particulars and much more miscellaneous material as well.
Coda
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter explores the geographical scope and extent of the textual culture described in previous chapters. Revisiting a number of the individuals discussed earlier in the book (including Hill, Oxinden, and Owen of Henllys), it shows that miscellany culture flourished in the provinces and regions as well as in the more familiar sites of literary and scholarly production. In fact, it is shown that it emerged in some of its most striking and innovative ways in places that were a considerable distance geographically (as well as often intellectually) from more typical literary locations such as Oxford, Cambridge, and the Inns of Court in London. In parallel, the chapter also shows that this kind of textual culture had an unexpected longevity, extending well into the eighteenth century, as examples including John Locke and Thomas Gray show.
Human Rights and Sovereign Debts in the Context of Property and Creditor Rights
Authors: Porzecanski Arturo C
Published: January 2019

The chapter reflects on the strikingly different origins of ‘human’ versus property and creditor rights, because the differences have implications. It then highlights the importance of the enforcement of property and creditor rights for the attainment of other human rights, especially those of an economic nature. There follows a discussion of the wide gap between aspirational human rights and economic reality and demonstrates the poorly understood interconnections between sovereign debt and human rights, because most writings on the topic fail to recognize the trade-offs and incompatibilities that arise because of existing property and creditor rights. Neglect of property and creditor-rights considerations has led many contemporary human rights advocates down an infertile intellectual and practical path.
Export Credits, Sovereign Debt, and Human Rights
Authors: Seck Sara L , Chimisso dos Santos Daniela
Published: January 2019

Export credit agencies (ECAs) have gained dominance in the financing of foreign corporate investments in developing and emerging economies, particularly large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects. However, reports have documented numerous allegations of severe adverse human rights impacts associated with ECA-funded projects, including violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, forced displacement, environmental damage, and state repression. This chapter begins with an overview of the different types of ECAs, including multilateral and regional ECAs, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country-based ECAs, and emerging market ECAs. Next, the chapter considers the ways in which ECA-supported activities may violate human rights and the approaches taken by different ECAs, including OECD ECAs, to prevent and remedy such human rights harms. The chapter then turns to the problem of how ECAs financing can contribute to sovereign debt, and consider the application of the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Foreign Debt to ECAs. A focus on transparency and accountability of ECAs is the subject of the final section.
The Financial and Social Cost of Public–Private Partnerships
Authors: José Romero María , Ellmers Bodo
Published: January 2019

Most of the existing literature on public-private partnerships (PPPs) focuses exclusively on the nature and perceived benefits of PPPs, notably their professed efficiency gains in the provision of public goods and services. However, little attention has been devoted to analyzing one of the main drivers of PPPs, that is, their use by governments to hide public debt—through non-transparent accounting practices—and their consequences. In this chapter, we assess the financial and social costs of PPPs and illustrate their impact on public debt and human rights, drawing on several examples in order to offer some lessons from experience to date. The chapter is organized into four sections. The first examines the definition of PPPs and their main characteristics. The second presents the most recent figures available on PPPs. The third analyzes the rationale behind governments’ choice of PPPs over other forms of infrastructure and service provision, by focusing on off-balance sheet accounting. The fourth section presents a critical assessment of PPPs and their impact on sustainable development.
Sovereign Debt and the Right to Food
Authors: De Schutter Olivier
Published: January 2019

Sovereign debt and the measures imposed on indebted nations, in conjunction with trade liberalisation under the WTO or other similar regimes have forced many countries to forego traditional food security schemes, particularly through state subsidies. As a result, price fluctuations in staple commodities as well as currency fluctuations have forced poorer nations to effectively surrender their food sovereignty in favour of their multilateral trade obligations, investment obligations and debt repayment agreements with both private and public lenders, particularly through the facilitation of multilateral development banks. This chapter traces the roots of food insecurity as a result of sovereign debt-related measures, policies and effects. It does so through particular paradigms, especially through the work of pertinent UN mandates. It examines in what manner the right to food, as enshrined in the ICESCR, may be fulfilled as well as how food security can co-exist alongside trade liberalisation.
Sovereign Debt and the Right to Health
Authors: Jones Tim
Published: January 2019

In the 1980s and 1990s the debt crisis in the global South, and the way it was responded to through bail out and adjustment programmes, caused stagnation in the development of health systems for many years. Debt cancellation for some countries, alongside increasing commodity prices, enabled significant improvements in healthcare to be made from the 2000s on. However, key vulnerabilities remained, including dependence on commodity exports, the lack of a fair and transparent arbitration process to resolve debt crises and the lack of a framework to assess debt payments against other needs, including the ability of the state to provide basic health care. Economic developments in recent years have led to debt payments increasing rapidly since 2014. Government spending cuts in response to such crises once again threatens progress on securing basic health services for all. In the context of constrained government budgets, one mechanism being promoted for investment is that of PPPs. The danger is that if health-related PPPs are extensively used, contractual payments on them will crowd-out spending in other areas of healthcare, leading to further stagnation or reduction of services.
Sovereign Debt and the Right to Education
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: January 2019

The nexus between education and sovereign debt has not always been obvious, although it is not difficult to conceive. This is because the stakeholders involved in debt politics and economics, but particularly its protagonists, namely creditor states and multilateral international financial institutions (IFIs), do not view educational imperatives through a human rights or developmental lens. The chapter demonstrates the inextricable link between the right to education and development and then trace international efforts to entrench the former in developmental agendas, particularly the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as more recently transformed into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The object of the chapter is to show that behind the pledges and rhetoric of development finance the reality is that the promotion of the right to education is not high on the agenda of industrialised nations (but equally perhaps on the agendas of least developed nations). We supply numbers-based scenaria in order to demonstrate that most instances of debt servicing, even if combined with debt relief and other forms of co-financing may ultimately fail to comply with the internationally accepted indicators of the right to education.
Sovereign Debt and the Right to Development
Authors: Hurley Gail
Published: January 2019

The right to development is an over-arching, synthesis-based collective right that has found a solid place in the international human rights architecture. Under the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, States have the primary responsibility for establishing national and international conditions favourable to the realisation of the right to development. According to the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development, this responsibility is at three levels: (a) States acting collectively in global and regional partnerships; (b) States acting individually as they adopt and implement policies that affect persons strictly not within their jurisdiction, and (c) States acting individually as they formulate national development policies and programmes affecting persons within their jurisdiction. The right to development also implies the full realisation of the right of peoples to self-determination. In many contexts, however, onerous debt service obligations and related conditionalities often undermine country ownership of national development strategies, thereby threatening the right to development.
Sovereign Debt and Civil/Political Rights
Authors: Joseph Sarah
Published: January 2019

The fundamental premise of this chapter is that all rights (including civil and political) require positive action and utilisation of resources on the part of the state. Equally, it demonstrates that when a state is facing an acute debt situation its negotiating power vis-à-vis its lenders is limited. States often sacrifice democratic principles (such as parliamentary debate) and pass unconstitutional laws as well as restrict the amount of information underlying agreements with lenders, which in turn inhibits the right of citizens to participate in public affairs, the right to information and freedom of expression, among others. Fundamental democratic values, including public participation and accountability of the rulers to the governed, are also directly impacted where states’ policy choices are eroded as a result of externally prescribed economic adjustment programmes and where fiscal, economic and other legislative decisions require the approval of third parties.
Illicit Financial Flows, Sovereign Debt, and Human Rights
Authors: Lumina Cephas , Lumina Mulesa
Published: January 2019

In recent years, there has been increasing attention to the problem of illicit financial outflows—broadly defined as funds that are illegally earned, transferred and utilized outside the country of origin in contravention of that country’s relevant legal framework. Illicit financial outflows divert resources away from activities that are essential for poverty reduction, sustainable development and the realisation of all human rights. They also contribute to the accumulation of external debt as governments that lack domestic resources as a result of these flows may resort to costly external borrowing. This chapter examines the nature of illicit financial flows, the factors that facilitate them and the measures taken by states, individually and collectively, to tackle them. It also discusses the impact of these flows on the realisation of human rights in the countries of origin and proposes concrete measures by which to curb illicit financial flows.
Towards a More Ethical Lending to Sovereigns
Authors: Herman Barry
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between a private household in one country and the foreign government whose bond the household has purchased. What is the ‘right’ thing for a household to want to do when the government encounters economic difficulties and faces pressure to cut back social spending that was advancing human rights objectives? Individual bondholders are in any case rarely empowered to act on their ethical priorities. The nature of sovereign bond contracts gives ethical savers little room to give vent to their ethical preference. The chapter also specifies the concerns that ethical savers have to face when they have lent to a sovereign government that defaults on its foreign bonds. After specifying the characteristics of the problem, the chapter addresses an actual case in point, which, while not a sovereign case per se, involves the essential characteristics of the sovereign case. It will be argued that the source of the ethical frustration derives from the structure of the bond contract. The suggested solution is to redesign sovereign bond contracts in a more human rights-supportive way.
Conditionality and Sovereign Debt
Authors: Stubbs Thomas , Kentikelenis Alexander
Published: January 2019

International financial institutions (IFIs) typically condition the provision of loans, grants, and debt relief on the implementation, by the recipient country, of policy reforms that are aimed at making the fiscal and debt situation sustainable, improving competitiveness, and boosting economic growth. These so-called ‘conditionalities’ afford IFIs substantial policy influence on governments throughout the world, thereby reducing national policy space and undermining national development agendas. The measures also have implications for the enjoyment of human rights. This chapter provides an overview of these policies, as well as their impact on the ability of the implementing governments to provide basic public services necessary for the realisation of human rights, including health, labour, and civil and political rights. The chapter begins with an examination of the mandates of the IMF and World Bank. It then discusses the lending practices of the two institutions and reviews existing debates around the effects of conditionalities on human rights. Finally, the chapter offers suggestions for reform of IMF and World Bank lending practices in ways that ensure that they respect human rights.
Guiding Principles to Assess the Human Rights Impact of Economic Reforms? Yes
Authors: Bohoslavsky Juan Pablo
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the structural elements of the Guiding Principles for human rights impact assessments of economic reform policies, proposed by the UN Independent Expert on foreign debt and human rights. It describes the evolution of structural adjustment responses to financial crises and mitigation of adverse social impact up to the recent financial crisis, explains how structural adjustment programmes usually affect human rights and argues that, for both economic and legal reasons, economic reform programmes must be inclusive while at the same time advance human rights. It also explains how using human rights impact assessments can help strengthen States’ policy responses to financial crises. The chapter concludes with some preliminary recommendations for discussion on the contents and format of the Guiding Principles and proposes the next steps towards their development.
Odious Debt, Adverse Creditors, and the Democratic Ideal
Authors: Salomon Margot E , Howse Robert
Published: January 2019

In the context of transitions from authoritarianism to democracy, the odious debt doctrine has often been raised as a claim to adjust or sever sovereign debt obligations, based on the purported odiousness of the previous regime and the notion that the debt it incurred did not benefit, or was used to repress, the people. Ultimately, the normative force of the odious debt doctrine comes from the primacy of the democratic ideal: when the debt was contracted not only was this done by a non-representative government but the debt served the purpose of that government in denying the political freedom of the people. Using Greece as an example, the chapter demonstrates how odious debt applies to debt incurred not only by dictators but by democracies and how, in the latter circumstances, international creditors are implicated in ‘hostile’ acts against the demos. It concludes with suggestions on the remediation of odious debt.
A Soft Law Mechanism for Sovereign Debt Restructuring Based on the UN Principles
Authors: Guzman Martin , Stiglitz Joseph E
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a critical overview of the steps and measures taken by the United Nations and other multilateral organizations and actors to resolve chronic sovereign indebtedness and contrasts these with private practices that distort any multilateral outcomes, chiefly vulture funds and holdout creditors. These practices are further reinforced by the courts of jurisdictions willing to entertain suits against sovereigns, notwithstanding the human rights implications and the existence of debt restructuring processes, as well as the demise of sovereign immunity in the face of such suits.
A Sovereign Debt Arbitral Mechanism from a Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: January 2019

From time to time, States experience difficulty in servicing their debts. This necessitates changes to the repayment terms of repayment on at least some of their debt—either that the terms are made flexible or the debt or part of it be cancelled. Importantly, there is a recognised need for debt repayment problems and debt-related disputes to be resolved through an independent and impartial process. This chapter discusses efforts to create an international sovereign debt restructuring mechanism which is not only independent of both lenders and borrowers but also seeks to ensure that States that are struggling with debt repayment can achieve economic viability and growth and restore their capacity to service their external debts without compromising the fulfilment of their international human rights obligations. Particular attention will be paid to the UN Basic Principles on Sovereign Debt Restructuring and their implications for the future of sovereign debt restructuring.
Citizen Debt Audits
Authors: Lucia Fattorelli Maria
Published: January 2019

The financial significance of public debt and its impact on government budgets justifies and, in fact demands, the continuous undertaking of audits aimed at investigating the entire debt process to determine which liabilities the national taxpayer is burdened with. It is clearly important to know if the budget is tainted with irregularities and/or fraud and if the stated expenses and losses are legal and legitimate. Audits also inform who benefited from the corresponding resources, how they were applied, if they complied with the existing legal and administrative regulations, as well as the social and environmental impact. Given that the general population pays a country’s public debt—through heavy tax burdens and the inadequacy of public services (budgetary resources are absorbed to pay debt obligations)—citizen participation in debt audits is essential. This chapter provides a snapshot of the Citizen Debt Audit experience in Brazil, Ecuador and Greece.
Sustainable Financing through Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM)
Authors: Seatzu Francesco
Published: January 2019

Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) has assumed increasing significance as a form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa. This chapter explores the present and future roles of international law concerning the regulation of this form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa, as well as the main obstacles and challenges of mobilising DRM in African developing and less developed countries. While there is a wide array of questions and issues related to this form of financing for development that international conferences and summits, in particular the Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development and the Addis Ababa Agenda for Action, have addressed in various forms and with different emphasis and results, the chapter focuses exclusively on some substantial issues, such as the use of DRM for the financing of the new Sustainable Development Goals and the relationship between DRM and poverty alleviation actions and strategies.
Confessional Mobility and English Catholics in Counter-Reformation Europe
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: January 2019

In the wake of England’s break with Rome and gradual reformation, English Catholics took root outside of the country, in Catholic countries across Europe. Their arrival and the foundation of convents and colleges on the Continent has attracted scholarly attention. However, we need to understand their impact beyond that initial moment of change. Confessional Mobility, therefore, looks at the continued presence of English Catholics abroad and how the English Catholic community was shaped by these cross-Channel connections. This study proposes a new interpretative model of ‘confessional mobility’. Changing perspective opens up our study to include pilgrims, Grand Tour travellers, students, and mobile scholars alongside exiles. The diversity of mobility highlights that those abroad were never cut off, isolated on the Continent. Rather, through correspondence and constant travel they created a community without borders. This cross-Channel community was not defined by its status as victims of persecution, but provided the lifeblood for English Catholics for generations. Confessional Mobility also incorporates minority Catholics more closely into the history of the Counter-Reformation. Long sidelined as exceptions to the rule of a hierarchical, triumphant, territorial Catholic Church, English Catholics have seldom been recognized as an instrumental part in the wider Counter-Reformation. Attention to movement and mission in the self-understanding of Catholics incorporates minority Catholics alongside extra-European missions and reinforces current moves to decentre Counter-Reformation scholarship.
Kidnap
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Every year thousands of people are kidnapped for ransom. Their families, friends, or employers are forced into a fiendishly complex and harrowing transaction with violent criminals to retrieve them. How do you agree a ‘fair’ price for a loved one—who may be tortured or killed as you deliberate? How do you securely deliver a sack of cash to the criminals’ lair? What compels kidnappers to uphold their end of the bargain after payment? Well-off individuals, profitable firms, and international NGOs operate surprisingly safely in areas of high and extreme kidnap risks. Many of them have bought kidnap insurance. Kidnaps among the insured are very rare—and almost all insured hostages are safely retrieved. This book examines the intricate governance system created by special risk insurers at Lloyd’s of London to guide and shape their customers’ interactions with the criminal underworld, rebel groups, and traditional elites. By encouraging local leaders to protect rather than hassle the insured, most abductions can be prevented. If a kidnap occurs, there are robust protocols to structure the negotiation and maintain ransom discipline. Experienced specialists facilitate payments and safely retrieve hostages. Kidnap insurance underpins trade, aid, and investment in many informally governed, crime-ridden, and rebel-held areas of the world. In terrorist kidnaps, however, international law prohibits commercial resolutions and well-meaning politicians have stepped into the breach. The outcomes have been massive ransom inflation, political concessions, torture, and gruesome murders. This book explains why private governance works and why public governance is bound to fail in the market for hostages.
Understanding Patterns of Kidnapping
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Protection theory predicts that if a society is capable of producing surpluses, people specialize into production, trade, and protection. The protector facilitates production and trade by safeguarding people, enforcing property rights, and adjudicating disputes and is paid for providing these services. Protection can be provided by states, rebels, or mafias: tax and extortion are often closely related in practice. Why would protectors kidnap citizens in their own territory? This chapter shows that kidnapping is disequilibrium behaviour: abductions occur when citizens (or visitors) refuse to pay protection money, do not know who to pay, or how to pay their protector, and when protectors need more information to price their services. Most kidnaps occur in disputed territories, where there is a disequilibrium in the market for protection.
The Case of the CEC Future
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

How do you set a mutually agreeable price for a fully laden ship and crew held by pirates? This chapter analyses the transcript of a real pirate ransom negotiation in the light of the economic theories of price formation in anarchic bargaining developed in Chapter 6. Personalities assert themselves, tempers fray, and both negotiating parties split in the stress of the negotiation. Principals and agents are divided and regroup in new ways. The negotiation demonstrates both the wisdom of the Lloyd’s protocol and the difficulty of applying it in real life. Having witnessed this tense negotiation conducted in 2008/9, we understand why Somali pirate ransoms spiralled out of control.
Trading with Kidnappers
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Once a price is agreed, kidnappers tend to demand payment in unmarked, small-denomination notes. How do people deliver the cash to the right addressee without putting themselves at risk? How do kidnappers collect it without being apprehended? And why would they release a potential future witness after getting the ransom? This chapter analyses how these tricky logistical, contracting, and enforcement problems are resolved in practice. Different solutions are appropriate in different local contexts and price segments. We observe a vibrant market for (cost-)effective solutions to trade problems and intense evolutionary competition between providers. Market concentration and excellent information flow ensure great financial rewards for successful innovators.
Governing Kidnap for Ransom
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Kidnap insurance depends on orderly and stable markets for protection and hostages. The governance system for these three interlinked markets is best described as polycentric—i.e. consisting of multiple decision-making centres. Agents employed by the insurers are motivated and disciplined through financial incentives and peer monitoring. However, the system also needs an effective and completely confidential enforcement mechanism that compels all insurers to comply with the market-stabilizing norms and protocols. This is achieved through club governance. Insurers must be members of the Lloyd’s club to access crucial market information to operate profitably: losing club membership is the ultimate sanction in this market. We thus observe a polycentric system governed by a members’ club. Cases settled by outsiders threaten the stability of the system.
Why Do Hostages Die?
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Every hostage negotiation has the potential to end badly—yet almost all insured criminal kidnaps end with a safe hostage release. This chapter analyses under what circumstances abusing or killing hostages is a rational choice. It shows how private sector negotiators shape kidnappers’ pay-offs to encourage cooperative behaviour. When a kidnapping gang is reclassified as terrorist, the parameters of bargaining change substantially. Putting well-resourced but nervous and inexperienced civil servants in charge of negotiations results in the escalation of ransoms. Murder and torture for reputation drives up the prices for hostages from nations whose governments are willing to engage with terrorists. The UN ban on ransom payment therefore has unintended and counterproductive consequences.
Introduction
Authors: Leo Russ , Röder Katrin , Sierhuis Freya
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the afterlife and reception of Greville’s poetry from Coleridge and Charles Lamb to the American school of literary criticism around Yvor Winters, arguing how Greville’s reputation for obscurity has tended to circumscribe and limit his appreciation as a poet. In discussing the various genres that comprise Greville’s oeuvre; lyric sequence; political biography; letter of consolation; closet drama and philosophical poem, the editors propose to view Greville’s obscurity as an intellectual resource that arises from the close intersection between political and religious thought and poetic form, which enables a form of philosophical exploration that works through the examination of doubt, contradiction, and paradox, as much as assertion, and which involves the reader in an exercise in critical interpretation.
‘Aire that once was breath’
Authors: White Rachel
Published: January 2019

In his Defence of Poesie (c.1579) Sidney discusses the caesura or ‘breathing place’ as one of the structures of English poetry, a moment of poetic control over form that contributes to the composition as an imitation of life. However, the nature of breath is inherently ephemeral and thus makes the ‘breathing place’ a site of instability and the caesura a mark that can expand beyond its limits and embody the reader. For Greville, the caesura becomes more than a poetic device but a space in which to explore grief. There is a tangible difference in the way Greville uses caesurae and breathing places in Caelica (pub. 1633) after Sidney’s death, and in ‘Silence augmenteth grief’ (pub. 1593) as the breathing place becomes a space in which to express grief.
‘Natures freedome’, the Art of Sovereignty and Mustapha’s Tragic Insolubility
Authors: Leo Russ
Published: January 2019

As Fulke Greville examines Suleiman the Magnificent’s 1552 execution of his son Mustapha in his tragedy Mustapha, so too does the Ottoman episode figure prominently in Jean Bodin’s most important political works, exposing the fraught relationship between nature and sovereignty. This chapter examines Bodin’s treatment of the Mustapha episode, illustrating how he uses the event to subtly expose the paradoxes at work in sovereignty before demonstrating the relevance of these discoveries to Greville’s own work. Greville, moreover, seizes upon tragedy’s capacity to express these paradoxes, to dramatize in vivid detail the insoluble problem at the heart of Bodin’s theses on nature and sovereignty. Mustapha does not ground any one politics but rather reveals the aporetic foundation of any sovereign power in nature—that is to say, of every sovereign power—as well as the confusing and often conflicting character of political life.
Centaurs of the Mind
Authors: Sierhuis Freya
Published: January 2019

This chapter champions the erotic sonnets of the Caelica cycle, often ignored in favour of the philosophical and religious poems of the middle, and final section of the sequence; highlighting both their playful eroticism and philosophical depth. The love poetry which scrutinizes the relationship between the mistress and the lover in terms of projection and fetishization, on closer inspection turns out to share the same philosophical grounds as the poems which examine the mechanisms of spiritual slavery later in the cycle. While certain poems, such as Caelica 39, 43, and 56 explicate the link between courtly love and idolatry, this chapter argues how Greville’s poetry contributes to the debates on the status of the imagination in Renaissance poetics, faculty psychology, and religious controversy, by exploring its affective investment in the act of poetic fiction-making.
Privation, Deprivation, and Unprivation in Fulke Greville’s Caelica
Authors: Streete Adrian
Published: January 2019

Is sin something that exists materially? Or is it mere privation, a negative category that nonetheless moves the sinner away from the good? If so, then how does that movement occur, and to what end? If man is, as Fulke Greville often argues in his religious poetry, ‘a creature of vncreated sinne’, then how is it possible for something uncreated to have an operative effect? My argument is that Greville’s work is fully engaged with contemporary philosophical and grammatical debates on these questions. By examining his use of the terms ‘privation’, ‘deprivation’, and ‘unprivation’ in his sonnet cycle Caelica, we can see a sophisticated and intellectually daring response to the problem of ‘vncreated sinne’.
‘Not with the Ancient, nor yet with the Modern’
Authors: Knight Sarah
Published: January 2019

Greville’s education at Shrewsbury School and Jesus College Cambridge exposed him to philosophical voices (e.g., the humanism of Cicero, Erasmus, and Vives) that would be influential throughout his writing life, and to a lively culture of Latin drama that would inform his own vernacular tragedies. This chapter explores how Greville’s plays intersect with other distinctive strains of sixteenth-century Senecanism, such as the Cambridge Latin tragedies Richardus Tertius (Thomas Legge, 1579) and Solymannidae (anonymous, 1581), and the French lawyer Gabriel Bounin’s La Soldane (1561). It sets Greville’s representation of education and drama in the Dedication against his accounts of pedagogical processes and adolescent intellectual formation in ‘A Treatie of Human Learning’ and in Alaham and Mustapha.
‘These Ancient Forming Powers’
Authors: Guagliardo Ethan John
Published: January 2019

Fulke Greville has often been described as a Calvinist and even an ‘ultra-Calvinist’, but this pole of his work stands in tension with the neo-Stoical elements of his thought, in which nature is held out as an ideal against artificiality. This chapter reassesses Greville’s political and religious poetry in light of this tension to argue that Greville uses nature as a platform to critique sovereignty as a poetic artefact, which like the idol hides its artificiality in colours of divinity. Further, Greville implicates orthodox Christianity itself in the ideology of sovereign authority, insofar as its denigration of nature serves to obviate the ‘ancient forming powers’ of sovereignty’s human creators. Nevertheless, Greville’s critique, insofar as it is based on a suspicion of art, turns against itself, such that nature, while held out as an ideal, can never be acted upon without betraying and corrupting it.
Ottoman Kingship and Resistance Against Tyranny in Fulke Greville’s Mustapha
Authors: Röder Katrin
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates Greville’s use and adaptation of historical source material for his tragedy Mustapha, especially of Nicholas de Moffan’s Soltani Solymanni, Turcarum Imperatoris, horrendum facinus […] or its many translations and adaptations as well as of Johannes Leunclavius’s Annales Sultanorum Othmanidarum […]. It demonstrates that this choice of historical material and its creative appropriation enabled a representation of the political structure of the Ottoman Empire which contradicts pervasive contemporary portrayals of the sovereign, virtually unlimited power of Ottoman sultans and of their subjects’ unconditional obedience. Greville’s tragedy does not provide an unbiased picture of the Ottoman Empire, but it avoids easy strategies of Othering by emphasizing similarities between Christian (especially English) and Ottoman forms of kingship, power abuse, and resistance to tyranny.
Writing and the Hermeneutics of Posthumous Publication
Authors: Alexander Gavin
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Greville’s understanding of the afterlife of a man and his writings, and attempts to look at Greville’s afterlife in terms of that understanding. Greville was an author deeply interested in the past who aimed his writings determinedly at a posthumous readership: what is the relation between these two guiding perspectives, and what was the impact on Greville’s hermeneutics of his experience of Sidney’s posthumous publication and reception? The chapter first looks at what sort of hermeneutic activity seems to be expected and prepared for by Greville (how does the past have meaning for the present? how may the present have meaning for the future?). It then examines the broad outlines, and some particular details, of the posthumous dissemination of his works in the seventeenth century.
Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke as Interregnum and Restoration Author
Authors: Smith Nigel
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the significance of the appearance of Greville’s Life of Sidney in 1651 and his Remains, the poetic treatises on monarchy and religion in 1670. The Life of Sidney appeared as in favour of mixed monarchy held up by a virtuous aristocracy against the tyranny of the interregnum government, while the Remains offers virtuous, consultative monarchy, fully invested in ‘popularity’, against tyranny and in full favour of toleration. This complex picture stands against the dark machinations of the Cabal government in 1670, in which Charles II played off his Privy Council advisers one against another. Greville’s poems are a very Protestant poetic attack upon various kinds of idolatry, so that they line up well with the iconoclasm of Milton’s Paradise Lost, which had recently appeared, and not at all well with the indubitably royalist, conformist identity of their publisher.
Introductory Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 33 problems covering the subject of introductory quantum chemistry, along with the corresponding solutions.
Atomic Orbitals
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 23 problems covering the subject of atomic orbitals, along with the corresponding solutions.
Hybrid Orbitals
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 13 problems covering the subject of hybrid orbitals, along with the corresponding solutions.