bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sums of Laurent and bilateral Hankel operators
Authors: Murphy G. J.
Published: December 2008

One can define “Laurent” and “Hankel” operators relative to groups more general than the circle group . We do that here, derive some of their properties, and compute their spectra, using a concrete realization of a crossed product C*-algebra by the two-element group ℤ2.
Dense sets and far field patterns for acoustic waves in an inhomogeneous medium
Authors: Colton David
Published: December 2008

In this paper, we shall obtain two results on the class of far field patterns corresponding to the scattering of time harmonic acoustic plane waves by an inhomogeneous medium of compact support. Although the problem of characterizing the class of far field patterns is of basic importance in inverse scattering theory, very little is known about this class other than the fact that the far field patterns are entire functions of their independent (complex) variables for each positive fixed value of the wave number. In particular, the class of far field patterns is not all of L2(∂Ω) where ∂Ω is the unit sphere and this implies that the inverse scattering problem is improperly posed since the far field patterns are, in practice, determined from inexact measurements. The purpose of this paper is to show that while the class of far field patterns corresponding to the scattering of time harmonic plane waves by an inhomogeneous medium is not all of L2(∂Ω), it is dense in L2(∂Ω) for sufficiently small values of the wave number. In addition, a related result will be obtained for a special translation of the class of far field patterns. Analogous results for the scattering of time harmonic acoustic waves by a homogeneous scattering obstacle have recently been obtained by Colton [1], Colton and Kirsch [2], Colton and Monk [3, 4] and Kirsch [8].
On the positive roots of an equation involving a Bessel function
Authors: Lehnigk Siegfried H.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we shall discuss the positive roots of the equation

where Iq is the modified Bessel function of the first kind. By means of a recurrence relation for Iq(r) [2, (5.7.9)], equation (1.1a) can also be written in the form
On finite simple semigroups
Authors: Almeida Jorge
Published: December 2008

Implicit operations (new operations commuting with all old homomorphisms) on pseudovarieties have been shown to play an important role in the study of these classes. They may be used to axiomatize sub-pseudovariaties and to describe recognizable subsets of (relatively) free objects. This paper presents a case study for the pseudovariety CS consisting of all finite simple semigroups. Based on a result of profinite group theory, a structural description of semigroups of implicit operations on finite simple semigroups is used to deduce that CS is join-irreducible.
An application of the spread relation to differential equations
Authors: Gundersen Gary G.
Published: December 2008

If a differential equation with meromorphic coefficients has a certain form where the growth of one of the coefficients dominates the growth of the other coefficients in a finite union of angles, then we show that this puts restrictions on the deficiencies of any meromorphic solution of the equation. We use the spread relation in the proofs. Examples are given which show that our results are sharp in several ways. Most of these examples are constructed from the quotients of solutions of w″ + G(z)w = 0 for certain polynomials G(z) and from meromorphic functions which are extremal for the spread relation.
An extension of the Forelli–Rudin projection theorem
Authors: Mateljević M. , Pavlović M.
Published: December 2008

For a measurable function f on the unit ball B in ℂn we define (M1f)(w), |w|<1, to be the mean modulus of f over a hyperbolic ball with center at w and of a fixed radius. The space , 0
(n+1)(p−1−1), 0<p<1, then this subspace is complemented in by the projection whose reproducing kernel is . As corollaries we get an extension of the Forelli–Rudin projection theorem and we show that a holomorphic function f is Lp-integrable, 0<p<∞, over the unit ball B iff u = Ref is Lp-integrable over B. Finally, we sketch an alternative proof of the main result of this paper in the case 0<p<1.
On the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a singular nonlinear boundary value problem arising in isothermal autocatalytic chemical kinetics
Authors: Needham D. J. , King A. C.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we consider the questions of existence and uniqueness of solutions to a singular, nonlinear boundary value problem arising from a model problem in isothermal autocatalytical chemical kinetics. The boundary value problem occurs in the construction of a small time asymptotic solution to an initial-boundary value problem (King and Needham [14]), and existence and uniqueness for the boundary value problem are required for consistency of this formal asymptotic solution.
On the central Haagerup tensor product
Authors: Ara Pere , Mathieu Martin
Published: December 2008

For a large class of C*-algebras including all von Neumann algebras, the central Haagerup tensor product of the multiplier algebra with itself has an isometric representation as completely bounded operators.
Embedding nil algebras in train algebras
Authors: Guzzo Henrique
Published: December 2008

We generalize the classical example, due to Abraham, of a train algebra that is not special train, to non necessarily commutative right nil algebras of index n.
Mellin multipliers and radially symmetric Riesz potentials
Authors: Lamb W. , Schiavone S. E.
Published: December 2008

Riesz potentials with radially symmetric densities are examined from the standpoint of Mellin multipliers. Various results are deduced from the underlying multipliers, including a decomposition of the potential into a product of Erdélyi-Kober fractional integrals. Distributional versions of these results are also produced and shown to be valid under less severe restrictions on the parameters than those required in a weighted Lp setting.
The fibre of a cell attachment
Authors: Halperin Stephen , Lemaire Jean-Michel
Published: December 2008

In view of understanding the Hopf algebra structure of the loop space homology in terms of H*(ΩE) and the map f, we consider the homotopy fibre F of the inclusion map In [15], the case when H*(Ωω) is surjective (the “inert” case) was studied, and in [11] a weaker condition, called “lazy”, was considered. Here we give several new characterizations of inert and lazy cell attachments in terms of properties of F. We also show how these results extend to the case of the mapping cone of an arbitrary map f: W→E.
A note on some peculiar nonlinear extremal phenomena of the Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Dette Holger
Published: December 2008

We consider the problem of maximizing the sum of squares of the leading coefficients of polynomials (where Pj(x) is a polynomial of degree j) under the restriction that the sup-norm of is bounded on the interval [ −b, b] (b>0). A complete solution of the problem is presented using duality theory of convex analysis and the theory of canonical moments. It turns out, that contrary to many other extremal problems the structure of the solution will depend heavily on the size of the interval [ −b, b].
Finitely generated groups with virtually free automorphism groups
Authors: Pettet Martin R.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that the full automorphism group of a finitely generated group G is virtually free if and only if the center Z(G) is finitely generated of torsion-free rank r at most two and, depending on the value of r, the central quotient G/Z(G) belongs to one of three precisely defined classes of virtually free groups. Some consequences and special cases are also discussed.
A Hughes-like property for finite groups
Authors: Bryce R. A. , Fedri V. , Serena L.
Published: December 2008

Several structure theorems are proved for groups G having the following property. There is a prime p and a collection of subgroups of G such that the elements of G which lie in the complement of every subgroup of the collection all have order p.
A measure of non-immersability of the Grassmann manifolds in some euclidean spaces
Authors: Pintea Cornel
Published: December 2008

LetGk, n, be the Grassmann manifold consisting in all non-orientedk-dimensional vector subspaces of the spaceRk+n. In this paper we will show that any differentiable mappingf:Gk, n→Rm, has infinitely many critical points for suitable choices of the numbersm,n,k.
Two-parameter nonlinear Sturm-Liouville problems
Authors: Shibata Tetsutaro
Published: December 2008

We study two-parameter nonlinear Sturm-Liouville problems. We shall establish the continuity of the variational eigencurve λ(μ) and asymptotic formulas of λ(μ)as μ → ∞, μ → π2
The number of conjugacy classes in some quotients of the Nottingham group
Authors: Pálfy P. P.
Published: December 2008

We determine the number of conjugacy classes in the natural quotient groups of the Nottingham group over the p-element field up to the quotient of order p3p+1.
Matrix d.g. near-rings
Authors: Tharmaratinam V.
Published: December 2008

Matrix near-rings had been defined by Meldrum and Van der Walt in 1986 and although a fair amount of results on the structure of these near-rings have been obtained since then, a satisfactory structure theory has yet to be developed for matrix d.g. near-rings. In this paper we give an alternate definition (in fact the dual definition) for matrix d.g. near-rings and develop a satisfactory structure theory for such d.g. near-rings.
Hausdorff-Young inequalities for functions in Bergman spaces on tube domains
Authors: Bekollé David , Bonami Aline
Published: December 2008

We prove that the functions of the Bergman spaces Ap on tube domains may be written as Laplace transforms of functions when 1 ≤ p ≤ 2. We give in this context a generalization of the Hausdorff–Young inequality with the exact constant, and deduce from the case p = 2 the expression of the Bergman kernel as a Laplace transform.
Continuity of Lie derivations on Banach algebras
Authors: Berenguer M. I. , Villena A. R.
Published: December 2008

The separating subspace of any Lie derivation on a semisimple Banach algebra A is contained in the centre of A.
Nilpotent action by an amenable group and Euler characteristic
Authors: Lee Jong Bum
Published: December 2008

We prove two types of vanishing results for the Euler characteristic.
Action of finite groups on Rees algebras and Gorensteinness in invariant subrings
Authors: Iai Shin-Ichiro
Published: December 2008

Let G be a finite group of order N and assume that G acts on a Cohen-Macaulay local ring A as automorphisms of rings. Let N be a unit in A. For a given G-stable ideal I in A we denote by R(I) = ⊕n≥0In and = G(I) = ⊕n≥0In/In+1 the Rees algebra and the associated graded ring of I, respectively. Then G naturally acts on R(I) and G(I) too. In this paper the conditions under which the invariant subrings R(I)G of R(I) are Cohen-Macaulay and/or Gorenstein rings are described in connection with the corresponding ring-theoretic properties of G(I)G and the a-invariants a(G(I)G of G(I)G. Consequences and some applications are discussed.
Normalité de certains anneaux déterminantiels quantiques
Authors: Rigal Laurent
Published: December 2008

Let Kq[X] = Oq(M(m, n)) be the quantization of the ring of regular functions on m × n matrices and Iq (X) be the ideal generated by the 2 × 2 quantum minors of the matrix X=(Xij)l≤i≤m, I≤j≤n of generators of Kq[X]. The residue class ring Rq(X) = Kq[X]/Iq(X) (a quantum analogue of determinantal rings) is shown to be an integral domain and a maximal order in its divisionring of fractions. For the proof we use a general lemma concerning maximalorders that we first establish. This lemma actually applies widely to prime factors of quantum algebras. We also prove that, if the parameter isnot a root of unity, all the prime factors of the uniparameter quantum space are maximal orders in their division ring of fractions.
Finitarily linear wreath products
Authors: Wehrfritz B. A. F.
Published: December 2008

We consider faithful finitary linear representations of (generalized) wreath products A wrΩH of groups A by H over (potentially) infinite-dimensional vector spaces, having previously considered completely reducible such representations in an earlier paper. The simpler the structure of A the more complex, it seems, these representations can become. If A has no non-trivial abelian normal subgroups, the conditions we present are both necessary and sufficient. They imply, for example, that for such an A, if there exists such a representation of the standard wreath product A wr H of infinite dimension, then there already exists one of finite dimension.
The positive cones of k0-groups of crossed products associated with Furstenberg transformations on the 2-torus
Authors: Kodaka Kazunori
Published: December 2008

Let θ be an irrational number in (0,1) and f a real-valued continuous function on the 1-torus T. Letφθ, f be a Furstenberg transformation on the 2-torus T2 defined by for any (t, s) ∈ T2, where ρ is a non-zero integer, and we identify a function on T or T2 with a function on R or R2 with period 1, respectively. Let Aθ, f be the crossed product associated with φθ, f. In this paper we wiil compute the positive cone of the K0-group of Aθ, f.
Local spectral properties of convolution operators on non-abelian groups
Authors: Runde Volker
Published: December 2008

LetGbe a Moore group. Then, for eachf∈L1(G), the convolution operatorLf:L1(G)→L1(G) is decomposable. On the other hand, there is a discrete probability measure µ on a compact groupGsuch thatLµ:Ll(G)→Ll(G) fails to be decomposable.
A characterization of noetherian rings by cyclic modules
Authors: Van Huynh Dinh
Published: December 2008

It is shown that a ring R is right noetherian if and only if every cyclic right R-module is injective or a direct sum of a projective module and a noetherian module.
On primeness and nilpotence in structural matrix near-rings
Authors: Lee Enoch K. S.
Published: December 2008

The structure of completely prime ideals in any structural matrix near-rings is determined. Partial descriptions are obtained for prime, nil, nilpotent, and locally nilpotent ideals of structural matrix near-rings. Their associated radicals are also studied in this paper.
Extrema of principal curvature and symmetry
Authors: Bruce J. W. , Tari F.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we show that away from umbilic points certain measures of the local reflectional symmetry of a surface in Euclidean 3-space are detected by the extrema of the sectional curvatures along lines of curvature. There are two types of reflectional symmetry, with one detected by the contact between the surface and spheres, and in this case the result is due to Porteous and is 20 years old. We show that an analogous result remains true for the second type of symmetry.
On Rhodes expansions of bands
Authors: Sezinando H.
Published: December 2008

We present a direct computation of the Rhodes expansions of the free objects in the varieties of bands, based in the manipulation of the invariants in introduced by Gerhard and Petrich [4] in the study of bands.
A note on UMD spaces and transference in vector-valued function spaces
Authors: Asmar N. H. , Kelly B. P. , Montgomery-Smith S.
Published: December 2008

A Banach space X is called an HT space if the Hilbert transform is bounded from Lp(X) into Lp(X), where 1 < p < ∞. We introduce the notion of an ACF Banach space, that is, a Banach space X for which we have an abstract M. Riesz Theorem for conjugate functions in Lp(X), 1 < p < ∞. Berkson, Gillespie and Muhly [5] showed that X ∈ HT ⇒ X ∈ ACF. In this note, we will show that X ∈ ACF ⇒ X ∈ UMD, thus providing a new proof of Bourgain's result X ∈ HT ⇒ X ∈ UMD.
Amalgamated sums of groups
Authors: Corson J. M.
Published: December 2008

Groups called amalgamated sums that arise as inductive limits of systems of groups and injective homomorphisms are studied. The problem is to find conditions under which the groups in the system do not collapse in the limit. Such a condition is given by J. Tits when certain subsystems are associated to buildings. This condition can be phrased to apply to certain systems of abstract groups and injective homomorphisms. It is shown to imply that no collapse occurs in the limit in a strong sense; namely the natural homomorphism of the amalgamated sum of any subsystem into the amalgamated sum of the full system is injective. This answers a question of S. J. Pride.
The Frattini p-subalgebra of a solvable Lie p-algebra
Authors: Lincoln Mark , Towers David
Published: December 2008

In this paper we continue our study of the Frattini p-subalgebra of a Lie p-algebra L. We show first that if L is solvable then its Frattini p-subalgebra is an ideal of L. We then consider Lie p-algebras L in which L2 is nilpotent and find necessary and sufficient conditions for the Frattini p-subalgebra to be trivial. From this we deduce, in particular, that in such an algebra every ideal also has trivial Frattini p-subalgebra, and if the underlying field is algebraically closed then so does every subalgebra. Finally we consider Lie p-algebras L in which the Frattini p-subalgebra of every subalgebra of L is contained in the Frattini p-subalgebra of L itself.
On joins with group congruences
Authors: Edwards P. M.
Published: December 2008

Let be an arbitrary semigroup. A congruence γ on is a group congruence if /γ is a group. The set of group congruences on is non-empty since × is a group congruence. The lattice of congruences on a semigroup will be denoted by () and the set of group congruences on will be denoted by (). If () is a lattice then it is modular and γ ∨ ρ = γ ο ρ = ρ ο γ for all γ, ρ ε (). The main result is that γ ν ρ = γ ο ρ ο γ for any γ ε () and ρ ε () (whence every element of the set () is dually right modular in (). This result has appeared, for particular classes of semigroups, many times in the literature. Also γ ν ρ = γ ο ρ ο γ = ρ ο γ ο ρ for all γ, ρ ε () which is similar to the well known result for the join of congruences on a group. Furthermore, if γ ∩ ρ ε () then γ ν ρ = γ ο ρ = ρ ο γ.
Characterization and uniqueness of nonlinear uniform approximation
Authors: Yang Wenshan , Li Chong , Watson G. A.
Published: December 2008

Characterization and uniqueness results are given for uniform approximation which extend to suns previously known results for convex sets.
Ramanujan's remarkable product of theta-functions
Authors: Berndt Bruce C. , Chan Heng Huat , Zhang Liang-Cheng
Published: December 2008

On pages 338 and 339 in his first notebook, Ramanujan records eighteen values for a certain product of theta-functions depending on two integral parameters m and n. When (m, n) = 1, it can be seen that each of these values is a unit. The purpose of this paper is to establish each of these eighteen values and to prove that under certain general conditions this product is indeed a unit. Lastly, we prove that certain quotients of theta-functions are algebraic integers.
On equinormal quasi-metrics
Authors: Romaguera Salvador
Published: December 2008

Throughout this paper all spaces are T1 and N will denote the set of all positive integer numbers.

A quasi-metric on a set X is a non-negative real-valued function d on X × X such that, for all x, y, z ∈ X, (i) d(x, y) = 0 if, and only if, x = ysemicolon (ii) d(x, y)≦d(x, z) + d(z, y).
Language and woman's place
Authors: Lakoff Robin
Published: December 2008

Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. ‘Woman's language’ has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to the serious concerns of life, which are pre-empted by men. The marginality and powerlessness of women is reflected in both the ways women are expected to speak, and the ways in which women are spoken of. In appropriate women's speech, strong expression of feeling is avoided, expression of uncertainty is favored, and means of expression in regard to subject-matter deemed ‘trivial’ to the ‘real’ world are elaborated. Speech about women implies an object, whose sexual nature requires euphemism, and whose social roles are derivative and dependent in relation to men. The personal identity of women thus is linguistically submerged; the language works against treatment of women, as serious persons with individual views.

These aspects of English are explored with regard to lexicon (color terms, particles, evaluative adjectives), and syntax (tag-questions, and related aspects of intonation in answers to requests, and of requests and orders), as concerns speech by women. Speech about women is analyzed with regard to lady : woman, master : mistress, widow : widower, and Mr : Mrs., Miss, with notice of differential use of role terms not explicitly marked for sex (e.g. professional) as well.

Some suggestions and conclusions are offered for those working in the women's liberation movement and other kinds of social reform; second language teaching; and theoretical linguistics. Relevant generalizations in linguistics require study of social mores as well as of purely linguistic data.
Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography
Authors: Trudgill Peter
Published: December 2008

Linguistic geography has remained relatively unaffected by recent developments in sociolinguistic theory and method and theoretical geography. In this paper it is argued that insights and techniques from both these disciplines will be of value in improving descriptions of geographical variation in language, and that these improvements will in turn lead to more adequate explanations for certain of the social and spatial characteristics of linguistic change. Evidence in favour of a sociolinguistic methodology and new cartographic techniques in dialect geography is drawn from empirical studies in urban dialectology, in East Anglia, England, and rural dialectology, in Norway. (Sociolinguistic variation, dialectology, linguistic change, British English, Norwegian.)
Studies in dialogue and discourse; an exponential law of successive questioning
Authors: Mishler Elliot G.
Published: December 2008

The structure of natural conversations in first-grade classrooms is the focus of this inquiry. Analyses of a particular type of discourse, namely, connected conversations initiated and sustained by questioning, suggest that the probability that a conversation will be continued may be expressed as a simple exponential function. The formula, pi = ari−1, generates a curve of theoretically-expected rates of successive questions in a series that closely matches observed rates. The formula is based on the application of a constant ratio, that is, the ratio of rates within each pair of adjacent questions is the same throughout the series: p2:p1=p3:p2 = p4:p3. … Thus, it appears that the probability of a ‘next’ question following an exchange that contains a previous question remains constant through the length of the discourse series. In other words, the probability of a question is independent of the temporal location of an utterance in this type of connected conversation. The analyses suggest further that the model of a finite Markov chain, that is, of a particular type of stochastic process, may be applicable to certain features of a discourse. (Conversational analysis, sequencing in exchanges, U.S. English in first-grade classrooms.)
Interweaving routines: strategies for encompassing a social situation
Authors: Boggs Stephen T. , Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann
Published: December 2008

This paper, like the research on which it is based, grew out of an interest in the conditions and circumstances which enable children to tell long and involved stories of their own creation. For several years we have been collecting narratives from part-Hawaiian children five to twelve years of age in a variety of circumstances. These include both individual children and self-selected peer groups talking to each other and with one of us around school or in their own neighborhoods (see Watson-Gegeo & Boggs 1977; Watson 1975; Boggs 1972). The description by Sutton-Smith and his collaborators (1975: 82), which parallels some of our experiences, provides a useful introduction to the questions addressed in this paper:

If you keep asking children to make up stories for you and show some delight at the stories they tell; and if you keep coming back and asking for more stories, then the stories get better and better.
Ice and travel among the Fort Norman Slave: Folk taxonomies and cultural rules
Authors: Basso Keith H.
Published: December 2008

Through the use of data collected among Slave Indians living in northern Canada, this paper explores a problem in ethnographic methodology: how to describe cultural rules such that contextual restrictions which operate upon them are identified and made explicit. Following a discussion of some of the ways in which the aims and assumptions of current sociolinguistic theory can be applied to this problem, a formal model is presented of Slave rules for travelling on the ice of frozen lakes and rivers. This model, which specifies the conditions under which a Slave hunter can be expected to cross an expanse of ice or avoid it, reveals the sensitivity of normative rules to variation in contextual features and illustrates both the value and feasibility of incorporating these features into ethnographic accounts. (Ethnographic methodology, sociolinguistics, formal analysis, Canadian Indians, language and environment.)
Appendix: Simple Measures of Variation in Lexical Fields
Authors: Reason David
Published: December 2008

This appendix suggests a number of measures which may be readily calculated in respect of data on lexical usage to provide an indication of the degree of variation in such usage. It introduces and briefly discusses five straightforward measures of variation or consensus which apply to the case where any informant has been constrained to give only one response per stimulus item. None of these measures is, strictly speaking, a statistical measure, although p is almost so in terms of its logic and the D-measures have a form familiar to that of a wide class of elementary statistics. Each measure in fact generates a numerical index which relates to an arithmetical property of the data in question: the measures are not in general estimates of population parameters. The use is heuristic, exploratory and comparative: by systematically reducing the information which comprises the data, the measures should help the investigator to become more aware of the salient characteristics of the data to hand.
Planning language treatment: linguistics for the third world
Authors: Jernudd Björn H.
Published: December 2008

I shall argue that adoption of linguistics at institutions of higher learning in its present international disciplinary form, and in its expression through the medium of English (because English is a major foreign or second language in much of the world and the by far dominant language for the discipline of linguistics), can be contrary to the public good in less developed countries (LDCs) and emerging speech communities. Linguistics in its current international disciplinary form serves needs different from those of emerging speech communities, where a new language treatment system ought to be created by a new cadre of caretakers of the community's language resources. (Language planning; developing countries; linguistics as an international discipline; English)
The role of language and the language of role in institutional decision making
Authors: Mehan Hugh
Published: December 2008

The relationship between linguistic processes, cognitive activities, and social structures is explored by examining the decision making of committees of educators as they decide to place students into special education programs or retain them in regular classrooms. Often, different committee members enter committee meetings with different views of the student's case and its disposition, e.g., classroom teachers and parents provide accounts of the student's performance that compete with the view of the psychologist or district representative. Yet by the meeting's end, the version of the student's case provided by the psychologist or the district representative prevails.
Patterns of communal language variation in Bahrain
Authors: Holes Clive D.
Published: December 2008

The Arabic-speaking speech communities of the Persian Gulf state of Bahrain are undergoing a special kind of sociolinguistic change which requires the recognition of both dialectal and supradialectal prestige systems. Variation can be accounted for in terms of the articulation/conflict of these two systems. Although it appears at first sight that all of the observed variation could be explained at the phonological level, a closer analysis of the data suggests that, psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically, a lexical explanation fits part of it better. (Variation studies, standard and nonstandard languages)
Tóngzhìin China: Language change and its conversational consequences
Authors: Scotton Carol Myers , Wanjin Zhu
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses the use of the title of address,tóngzhì‘comrade’, in the People's Republic of China today. Empirical data are presented which were gathered to test a set of hypotheses about the unmarked and marked uses of this term. In its unmarked sense, it is a neutral term of address implying conventionalized solidarity. However, in its marked sense its use becomes a negotiation to change the social distance between Speaker and Addressee. We argue that tóngzhì has variable meanings and uses because its usage represents a language change in progress. Finally, we propose a general hypothesis that variation in linguistic forms such as tóngzhì is exploited by speakers to negotiate rights and obligations within a talk exchange. Speakers use the ambiguity which variable meanings and uses create as a cover for negotiating interpersonal position without going on record. We suggest that this possibility to exploit variation may explain how certain structures evolve in language and why they are maintained. (Sociolinguistics, conversational analysis, language change, terms of address, markedness, Chinese)
Greetings and salutations in a new age
Authors: Nilsen Alleen Pace
Published: December 2008

An analysis of the salutations of seventy-five letters of application for an academic position at a large southwestern university showed that a majority of the writers (forty-seven as compared to twenty-eight) had become sensitive to the problems of beginning a letter to an unknown person or group with a masculine greeting. The twenty-eight applicants who used masculine greetings used only four different forms. But the forty-seven applicants who chose to use sex-neutral greetings had no well-established pattern to follow. Hence, they used nineteen different forms, which shows that the matter is currently in a state of experimentation. From an analysis of the candidates' supporting data, it was clear that the writers who used the sex-neutral greetings were the better qualified candidates. Females were more inclined than males to use sex-neutral greetings. And there was a correlation between the part of the country where a candidate lived and whether or not a sex-neutral greeting was chosen. (Sexism, diachronic linguistics, regional dialectology)
The linguistic world of field colonialism
Authors: Samarin Willlam J.
Published: December 2008

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, when pidginized Sango became the vehicular language of the Ubangi River basin, colonization by the French and Belgians was accomplished with little direct linguistic contact between the whites and the indigenous populations but with great rellance on the real or assumed linguistic skills of their foreign African personnel. The whites' use of African languages was limited with respect to the referentlal function but powerful with respect to the expressive or affective. (Colonization, Africa, Sango, pidginization, ethnography of communication)
A semantic metalanguage for a crosscultural comparison of speech acts and speech genres
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses a number of speech acts and speech genres from English, Polish, and Japanese, approaching them through the words which name them. It is claimed that folk names of speech acts and speech genres are culture-specific and provide an important source of insight into communicative routines most characteristic of a given society; and that to fully exploit this source one must carry Out a rigorous semantic analysis of such names and express the results of this analysis in a culture-independent semantic metalanguage. The author proposes such a metalanguage and illustrates her approach with numerous detailed semantic analyses. She suggests that analyses of speech acts and speech genres carried out in terms of English folk labels are ethnocentric and unsuitable for crosscultural comparison. She tries to show how folk labels of speech acts and speech genres characteristic of a given language reflect salient features of the culture associated with that language, and how the use of the proposed semantic metalanguage, derived from natural language, helps to achieve the desired double goal of insight and rigor in this area of study. (Speech acts, speech genres, semantics, lexicography, language and culture)
The reporter's test as a sociolinguistic tool
Authors: Ball Martin J.
Published: December 2008

The problem confronted by many sociolinguists of assuring sufficient examples of a particular variable in their data is discussed, and a pilot study using various different data elicitation techniques is described. The most useful of these appears to be the reporter's test, which is described in detail. A further study is described, which, like the first, is on features of Welsh, and this supports the previous findings. From these studies we have evidence that the reporter's test not only has great predictive capacity, but also appears to produce casual styles of speech. The value of this for sociolinguists is clear. (Data collection, Welsh)
Tag questions and powerfulness: Quantitative and qualitative analyses of a course of psychotherapy
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Chandler Margaret A. , Bassett Darryl L.
Published: December 2008

A complete course of psychotherapy provided extensive information about natural speech patterns of a male psychiatrist and a female patient. Contrary to assertions of the deferential function of tag questions, the patient's use of this form increased as she gained in self-confidence and improved her psychological adjustment. Qualitative analysis of the type, antecedents, and consequences of tag questions in sessions at the beginning and end of the therapy shows how the patient's use of the form reflects her growing independence. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of verbal interaction offer complementary benefits, and a two-stage research method is advocated. (Psychotherapeutic discourse, tag questions, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psychotherapy process)
From Rhythm and Blues to Reggae; a Practical Experience
Authors: Cross Felix
Published: December 2008

In traditional music education, music history, its appreciation and theoretical understanding, and the playing of music have usually been taught as separate entities. Students are rarely given the chance to combine these elements in one integratedactivity. Thus theoretical points may seem irrelevant, arbitrary and isolated from practical performance, whilst historical developments of style are often not fully appreciated when discussed apart from ‘real’ playing and technicalunderstanding.

This article describes a class for adults of mixed musical ability at Goldsmiths' College, London. Within the School of Adult and Community Studies a number of classes and workshops take place, under the overall heading of ‘Jazzand Pop Musicianship’. This particular class was concerned with two of the most important areas of Caribbean music: reggae and calypso.
Teacher Education and Music Education: an editorial view
Authors: Swanwick Keith , Paynter John
Published: December 2008

The articles in this Issue of the BJME are all focused on the education of music teachers, though from different parts of the world. Betty Hanley, writing from Canada, is concerned especially with students' involvement in their own learning and with the development of student competencies and the ability to be critical; while another Canadian colleague, Hugh Johnston, investigates the importance of feedback and peer-assessment in teacher education, with special reference to acquiring the skills of rehearsing and directing performance groups.
Girls, Boys and Technology in Music Education
Authors: Comber Chris , Hargreaves David J. , Colley Ann
Published: December 2008

Information technology is having a profound impact upon the music curriculum, and there is general agreement that boys and girls should have equal opportunities to benefit from it. Although music has traditionally been a subject in which girls predominate, technology is clearly stereotyped as a male preserve. The present paper reports some findings from the Leverhulme Trust-funded ‘Gender and educational computing in the humanities’ project at the University of Leicester, which is using survey and interview techniques with a large sample of pupils and teachers in the Midlands to investigate these questions. The preliminary results suggest that boys are more confident in their use of music technology; that they are showing an increasing interest in music as a result of it; and that teachers have a crucial role to play in ensuring that girls are not disadvantaged in the use of music technology.
A Review of the Role of Activity-based Learning Experiences in the Music Curriculum, and their Current Implementation in the Standard Grade Music Course in Scotland
Authors: Hewitt Allan
Published: December 2008

This paper reviews the implementation (1988) of a practical music-making curriculum in Scotland for 14—16 year olds in the context of its reliance on activity-based learning experiences. Such experiences, which result in the pupil taking part in subject-related activities such as performing, inventing, and active listening, enable knowledge and skills to be applied and developed in a variety of ways, and in so doing reinforce previous learning and allow new opportunities for learning and teaching. This approach has a theoretical foundation in a wide variety of literature, and the paper focuses on literature concerning creative and aesthetic activities, and more specifically the role of active-learning experiences in a musical context.
Follow children's music!… the fundamental idea
Authors: Nomura Makoto
Published: December 2008

With colleagues in Japan, the author, a composer and improvising musician, developed novel techniques of collaborative composition. Subsequently – in Japan and in Britain – he explored ways of developing those techniques with school pupils. In this article he writes about the background to that experiment, the professionalism of composers and performing musicians, and the relative importance of boundaries of all kinds (e.g. different frames for the reception of music). In particular, he reflects upon compositional ideas and processes generated by his work with children.
Looking for Inspiration: Recapturing an Enthusiasm for Music Education from Innovatory Writings
Authors: Pitts Stephanie
Published: December 2008

From amongst the literature of music education in the twentieth century a variety of styles and approaches can be discerned that employ differing ways of communicating ideas to teachers. The work of Yorke Trotter is highlighted here as being particularly effective in discussing musical and educational challenges in a way that could directly inspire the development of classroom practice. The paper looks at the legacy of Yorke Trotter's thinking, and observes that the writings of Schafer, Paynter and Aston provided similar motivation for the teachers of the 1960s and 1970s. The contrast between this professional reflection and the Government directives of the early 1990s is discussed, and the importance of continuing educational debate in music teaching becomes evident.
Free Samba: A music and cultural awareness project for teacher trainees
Authors: Naughton Chris
Published: December 2008

A perplexing aspect of music education is pupils performing a piece of non-European music such as samba without their knowing anything of the origins of the music or its cultural significance. Pupils may be unaware of who plays the music in its original context, and may retain inherited and stereotypical notions about the particular culture in which they have been engaged. A project, lasting a year, was initiated to ascertain the effects that an extended programme of work based on samba might have on students training to be teachers of music. The purpose of 'Free Samba' was twofold: to examine what musical skills students felt they had acquired; and to assess the value of learning not only the music but the cultural context of the music as well. The outcome of this study raises the question of whether it is possible to develop a true understanding of music without knowledge of its cultural context.
Developing a choral conducting curriculum
Authors: Durrant Colin
Published: December 2008

The teaching of choral conducting does not feature widely within higher education in the UK (Durrant, 1994, 1997). However, in recent years interest has been shown by the Association of British Choral Directors (ABCD) in the establishment of centres of choral conducting education in particular institutions around the country. Following recent research on the development of a model of effective choral conducting (Durrant, 1996; Apfelstadt, 1997), this article focuses on some of the key learning processes, methods and procedures that would be central to the development of a choral conducting curriculum in existing and potential higher education courses and programmes. The intention in the design and development of such courses is not primarily to create conductors of elite choral ensembles, but rather to ensure that those entering the teaching profession and directing amateur choral groups in churches and the community have the requisite choral conducting knowledge and skills to facilitate systematic and sustained improvement in the quality of choral activity at these levels.
On ‘Listening’ in Music Education Brian Loane
Authors: Loane Brian
Published: December 2008

The article suggests that ‘Composing / Performing / Listening’ may be an inadequate way to categorise musical activities, particularly because any musical activity is a sort of listening. There is a discussion of the educationally crucial difference between ‘audience-listening’ on the one hand, and ‘composition-listening’ and ‘performance-listening’ on the other. It is suggested that musical experience is itself thinking embodied in sound, and that explicit ‘analysis-of-listening’ plays a supportive role.

In this light, the article proposes an alternative way to categorise musical activities, and indicates some possible conclusions for the curriculum and for assessment.
The First Twenty-one Years in the Life of the Jamaica School of Music, 1961/62 to 1982/83
Authors: O'Gorman Pamela
Published: December 2008

This year the Jamaica School of Music is celebrating its twenty-first anniversary. The period under review coincides almost exactly with that in which Jamaica has been an independent nation and inevitably there has been a great deal of social, cultural and economic upheaval that has been reflected in the school.

During the first ten years (1961–1972) British influence was strong and the school was modelled on the Royal Schools of Music, with few gains in terms of trained professional skills.

In the period 1972–1983 the school was completely reorganized as a pluralistic and identifiably Jamaican institution with the introduction of full-time curricula designed for training specialists in African–American Music, Western (classical) Music and Music in Education, with due emphasis on Jamaica's rich folk tradition: in educational terms an innovation that often placed the school in conflict with society.
Rock Music-making as a Work Model in Community Music Workshops
Authors: Horn Kipps
Published: December 2008

Progress is a two-edged sword; for some it releases new and enriching opportunities, while for others it cuts away hope. We are all too familiar with the effects of mass unemployment, deadening the spirit and damaging the self-respect of so many people – particularly the young. Curiously, society's institutions of government and education appear reluctant tograsp a particular nettle – the by now pressing need to reappraise the concepts of ‘work’ and ‘leisure’. Even so, some enterprising young people, in various parts of the country, have shown considerable initiative in developing community music workshops where they meet to play rock music. For them this is an important work activity, even if it is not one that brings conventional monetary rewards. This article introduces three of these workshops, and examines the motivation of those who organize them.
Correspondence
Authors: McEwan Molly
Published: December 2008

For seventy years of my life I have been a supporter of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music examinations: first as a pupil, going through Grades 1–8, and then the L.R.A.M., and then as a teacher, guiding my pupils through the grades and stopping at the diploma. So I have had many, many opportunities of evaluating the work of the examinations, and to a lesser extent those of Trinity College of Music, theirs appearing less frequently. What strikes me – after probing in my memories – is how little they have changed! Surely some new thoughts should peep through the pages!
Opting into Music – A Philosophy for the Upper School
Authors: Bocking Grant
Published: December 2008

Compulsory classroom music in Upper Schools is often not only ineffective but occasionally counterproductive. The enthusiastic young musician may be deterred from pursuing and enjoying the subject on account of the apathy or hostility of his or her contemporaries.

By permitting the motivated children to choose to study music, in other words to ‘opt in’, their interest and general musical education is greatly enriched. They are being taught in the company of like-minded enthusiasts.

Extra-curricular activities, which the author regards as a pinnacle of music making in the Upper School, receive enhanced status because of the standing of the subject in the school at classroom level.
Creativity: Support for and Forces against this Basic Educational Idea in Western Music Education
Authors: Oehrle Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

A challenge was issued, in the first International Journal of Music Education, to find ways to achieve a principle of music education which progressive music educators and traditional African music education have in common:‘an all-round development of the child’. This paper takes up this challenge by exploring the idea that creativity is an essential part of western education. Even though this idea receives the unprecedented support of widely respected western educators of the 20th century and of the Tanglewood Symposium, ‘…those with creative potential are neglected, if not discriminated against, at all levels in American education’ (MacKinnon, 1978, p. 169.) To ascertain why this is so, socio-economic studies are presented which reveal how closely linked the issue of creativity in education is to issues which are beyond the realm of music education or of education in general. The suggestion is that these connections adversely effect the all-round development of the child.