bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The International Monetary and Financial System
Authors: Gourinchas Pierre-Olivier , Rey Hélène , Sauzet Maxime
Published: July 2019

International currencies fulfill different roles in the world economy, with important synergies across those roles. We explore the implications of currency hegemony for the external balance sheet of the United States, the process of international adjustment, and the predictability of the US dollar exchange rate. We emphasize the importance of international monetary spillovers and of the exorbitant privilege, and we analyze the emergence of a new Triffin dilemma.
Particles, Drops, and Bubbles Moving Across Sharp Interfaces and Stratified Layers
Authors: Magnaudet Jacques , Mercier Matthieu J.
Published: July 2019

Rigid or deformable bodies moving through continuously stratified layers or across sharp interfaces are involved in a wide variety of geophysical and engineering applications, with both miscible and immiscible fluids. In most cases, the body moves while pulling a column of fluid, in which density and possibly viscosity differ from those of the neighboring fluid. The presence of this column usually increases the fluid resistance to the relative body motion, frequently slowing down its settling or rise in a dramatic manner. This column also exhibits specific dynamics that depend on the nature of the fluids and on the various physical parameters of the system, especially the strength of the density/viscosity stratification and the relative magnitude of inertia and viscous effects. In the miscible case, as stratification increases, the wake becomes dominated by the presence of a downstream jet, which may undergo a specific instability. In immiscible fluids, the viscosity contrast combined with capillary effects may lead to strikingly different evolutions of the column, including pinch-off followed by the formation of a drop that remains attached to the body, or a massive fragmentation phenomenon. This review discusses the flow organization and its consequences on the body motion under a wide range of conditions, as well as potentialities and limitations of available models aimed at predicting the body and column dynamics.
The Biological Impact of the Hypervariable N-Terminal Region of Potyviral Genomes
Authors: Cui Hongguang , Wang Aiming
Published: July 2019

Potyviridae is the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses, encompassing over 30% of known plant viruses. The family is closely related to animal picornaviruses such as enteroviruses and belongs to the picorna-like supergroup. Like all other picorna-like viruses, potyvirids employ polyprotein processing as a gene expression strategy and have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes, most of which are monopartite with a long open reading frame. The potyvirid polyproteins are highly conserved in the central and carboxy-terminal regions. In contrast, the N-terminal region is hypervariable and contains position-specific mutations resulting from transcriptional slippage during viral replication, leading to translational frameshift to produce additional viral proteins essential for viral infection. Some potyvirids even lack one of the N-terminal proteins P1 or helper component-protease and have a genus-specific or species-specific protein instead. This review summarizes current knowledge about the conserved and divergent features of potyvirid genomes and biological relevance and discusses future research directions.
DNA methylation reprograms cardiac metabolic gene expression in end-stage human heart failure
Authors: Pepin Mark E. , Drakos Stavros , Ha Chae-Myeong , Tristani-Firouzi Martin , Selzman Craig H. , Fang James C. , Wende Adam R. , Wever-Pinzon Omar
Published: July 2019

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. As a multifactorial syndrome with unpredictable clinical outcomes, identifying the common molecular underpinnings that drive HF pathogenesis remains a major focus of investigation. Disruption of cardiac gene expression has been shown to mediate a common final cascade of pathological hallmarks wherein the heart reactivates numerous developmental pathways. Although the central regulatory mechanisms that drive this cardiac transcriptional reprogramming remain unknown, epigenetic contributions are likely. In the current study, we examined whether the epigenome, specifically DNA methylation, is reprogrammed in HF to potentiate a pathological shift in cardiac gene expression. To accomplish this, we used paired-end whole genome bisulfite sequencing and next-generation RNA sequencing of left ventricle tissue obtained from seven patients with end-stage HF and three nonfailing donor hearts. We found that differential methylation was localized to promoter-associated cytosine-phosphate-guanine islands, which are established regulatory regions of downstream genes. Hypermethylated promoters were associated with genes involved in oxidative metabolism, whereas promoter hypomethylation enriched glycolytic pathways. Overexpression of plasmid-derived DNA methyltransferase 3A in vitro was sufficient to lower the expression of numerous oxidative metabolic genes in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts, further supporting the importance of epigenetic factors in the regulation of cardiac metabolism. Last, we identified binding-site competition via hypermethylation of the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) motif, an established upstream regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. These preliminary observations are the first to uncover an etiology-independent shift in cardiac DNA methylation that corresponds with altered metabolic gene expression in HF.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The failing heart undergoes profound metabolic changes because of alterations in cardiac gene expression, reactivating glycolytic genes and suppressing oxidative metabolic genes. In the current study, we discover that alterations to cardiac DNA methylation encode this fetal-like metabolic gene reprogramming. We also identify novel epigenetic interference of nuclear respiratory factor 1 via hypermethylation of its downstream promoter targets, further supporting a novel contribution of DNA methylation in the metabolic remodeling of heart failure.
DNA Methylation Markers for Breast Cancer Detection in the Developing World
Authors: Downs Bradley M. , Mercado-Rodriguez Claudia , Cimino-Mathews Ashley , Chen Chuang , Yuan Jing-Ping , Van Den Berg Eunice , Cope Leslie M. , Schmitt Fernando , Tse Gary M. , Ali Syed Z. , Meir-Levi Danielle , Sood Rupali , Li Juanjuan , Richardson Andrea L. , Mosunjac Marina B. , Rizzo Monica , Tulac Suzana , Kocmond Kriszten J. , de Guzman Timothy , Lai Edwin W. , Rhees Brian , Bates Michael , Wolff Antonio C. , Gabrielson Edward , Harvey Susan C. , Umbricht Christopher B. , Visvanathan Kala , Fackler Mary Jo , Sukumar Saraswati
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

An unmet need in low-resource countries is an automated breast cancer detection assay to prioritize women who should undergo core breast biopsy and pathologic review. Therefore, we sought to identify and validate a panel of methylated DNA markers to discriminate between cancer and benign breast lesions using cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA).

Experimental Design: Two case–control studies were conducted comparing cancer and benign breast tissue identified from clinical repositories in the United States, China, and South Africa for marker selection/training (N = 226) and testing (N = 246). Twenty-five methylated markers were assayed by Quantitative Multiplex-Methylation-Specific PCR (QM-MSP) to select and test a cancer-specific panel. Next, a pilot study was conducted on archival FNAs (49 benign, 24 invasive) from women with mammographically suspicious lesions using a newly developed, 5-hour, quantitative, automated cartridge system. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) compared with histopathology for the marker panel.

Results:

In the discovery cohort, 10 of 25 markers were selected that were highly methylated in breast cancer compared with benign tissues by QM-MSP. In the independent test cohort, this panel yielded an AUC of 0.937 (95% CI = 0.900–0.970). In the FNA pilot, we achieved an AUC of 0.960 (95% CI = 0.883–1.0) using the automated cartridge system.

Conclusions:

We developed and piloted a fast and accurate methylation marker–based automated cartridge system to detect breast cancer in FNA samples. This quick ancillary test has the potential to prioritize cancer over benign tissues for expedited pathologic evaluation in poorly resourced countries.
Analysis of Cell-Free DNA from 32,989 Advanced Cancers Reveals Novel Co-occurring Activating RET Alterations and Oncogenic Signaling Pathway Aberrations
Authors: Rich Thereasa A. , Reckamp Karen L. , Chae Young Kwang , Doebele Robert C. , Iams Wade T. , Oh Michael , Raymond Victoria M. , Lanman Richard B. , Riess Jonathan W. , Stinchcombe Thomas E. , Subbiah Vivek , Trevarthen David R. , Fairclough Stephen , Yen Jennifer , Gautschi Oliver
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

RET is an emerging oncogenic target showing promise in phase I/II clinical trials. An understudied aspect of RET-driven cancers is the extent to which co-occurring genomic alterations exist and how they may impact prognosis or therapeutic response.

Experimental Design:

Somatic activating RET alterations were identified among 32,989 consecutive patients with metastatic solid tumors tested with a clinical cell-free circulating tumor DNA (cfDNA) assay. This comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay evaluates single-nucleotide variants, and select indels, fusions, and copy number gains in 68–73 clinically relevant cancer genes.

Results:

A total of 176 somatic activating RET alterations were detected in 170 patients (143 fusions and 33 missense mutations). Patients had non–small cell lung (NSCLC, n = 125), colorectal (n = 15), breast (n = 8), thyroid (n = 8), or other (n = 14) cancers. Alterations in other oncogenic signaling pathway genes were frequently identified in RET-positive samples and varied by specific RET fusion gene partner. RET fusions involving partners other than KIF5B were enriched for alterations in MAPK pathway genes and other bona fide oncogenic drivers of NSCLC, particularly EGFR. Molecular and clinical data revealed that these variants emerged later in the genomic evolution of the tumor as mechanisms of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Conclusions:

In the largest cancer cohort with somatic activating RET alterations, we describe novel co-occurrences of oncogenic signaling pathway aberrations. We find that KIF5B-RET fusions are highly specific for NSCLC. In our study, only non-KIF5B-RET fusions contributed to anti-EGFR therapy resistance. Knowledge of specific RET fusion gene partner may have clinical significance.
Towards a Rational and Efficient Diagnostic Approach in Children Referred for Tall Stature and/or Accelerated Growth to the General Paediatrician
Authors: Lauffer Peter , Kamp Gerdine A. , Menke Leonie A. , Wit Jan M. , Oostdijk Wilma ,   on behalf of the Dutch Working Group on Triage and Diagnosis of Growth Disorders in Children
Published: July 2019

Tall stature and/or accelerated growth (TS/AG) in a child can be the result of a primary or secondary growth disorder, but more frequently no cause can be found (idiopathic TS). The conditions with the most important therapeutic implications are Klinefelter syndrome, Marfan syndrome and secondary growth disorders such as precocious puberty, hyperthyroidism and growth hormone excess. We propose a diagnostic flow chart offering a systematic approach to evaluate children referred for TS/AG to the general paediatrician. Based on the incidence, prevalence and clinical features of medical conditions associated with TS/AG, we identified relevant clues for primary and secondary growth disorders that may be obtained from the medical history, physical evaluation, growth analysis and additional laboratory and genetic testing. In addition to obtaining a diagnosis, a further goal is to predict adult height based on growth pattern, pubertal development and skeletal maturation. We speculate that an improved diagnostic approach in addition to expanding use of genetic testing may increase the diagnostic yield and lower the age at diagnosis of children with a pathologic cause of TS/AG.
Epidemiology of Dandy-Walker Malformation in Europe: A EUROCAT Population-Based Registry Study
Authors: Santoro Michele , Coi Alessio , Barišić Ingeborg , Garne Ester , Addor Marie-Claude , Bergman Jorieke E.H. , Bianchi Fabrizio , Boban Ljubica , Braz Paula , Cavero-Carbonell Clara , Gatt Miriam , Haeusler Martin , Kinsner-Ovaskainen Agnieszka , Klungsøyr Kari , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Lelong Nathalie , Luyt Karen , Materna-Kiryluk Anna , Mokoroa Olatz , Mullaney Carmel , Nelen Vera , Neville Amanda Julie , O’Mahony Mary T. , Perthus Isabelle , Randrianaivo Hanitra , Rankin Judith , Rissmann Anke , Rouget Florence , Schaub Bruno , Tucker David , Wellesley Diana , Yevtushok Lyubov , Pierini Anna
Published: July 2019

Background: Dandy-Walker (DW) malformation is a rare and severe congenital anomaly of the posterior fossa affecting the development of the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of DW malformation, using data from the European population-based registries of congenital anomalies in the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies network. Methods: Anonymous individual data on cases of DW malformation diagnosed in 2002–2015 from 28 registries in 17 countries were included. Prevalence, prenatal detection rate, proportions and types of associated anomalies were estimated. Cases of DW variant were considered and analysed separately. Results: Out of 8,028,454 surveyed births we identified a total of 734 cases, including 562 DW malformation cases and 172 DW variant cases. The overall prevalence of DW malformation was 6.79 per 100,000 births (95% CI 5.79–7.96) with 39.2% livebirths, 4.3% foetal deaths from 20 weeks gestational age, and 56.5% terminations of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis of foetal anomaly at any gestation (TOPFA). The livebirth prevalence was 2.74 per 100,000 births (95% CI 2.08–3.61). The prenatal detection rate was 87.6%. Two-hundred and seventy-three cases (48.6%) had an isolated cerebral anomaly and 24.2, 19.2 and 5.5% cases were associated with other structural non-cerebral anomalies, chromosomal anomalies and genetic syndromes respectively. The prevalence of DW variant was 2.08 per 100,000 (95% CI 1.39–3.13). Conclusions: This European population-based study provides the epidemiological profile of DW malformation. All birth outcomes were analysed and TOPFA represented more than half of the cases. About 50% of the cases of DW malformation were associated with other non-cerebral anomalies. Large populations and all birth outcomes are essential in epidemiological studies of rare and severe congenital anomalies.
Pannexins in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Poudel Nabin , Okusa Mark D.
Published: July 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is highly prevalent among hospitalized patients and is associated with serious consequences with limited pharmacological treatment options. Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channel is a ubiquitously expressed nonselective membrane transport channel that efficiently effluxes ATP and plays a central role in the progression of inflammatory diseases. Animal models that target Panx1 through pharmacological inhibition or genetic deficiency have better outcomes in minimizing inflammation and associated pathology. Given the involvement of Panx1 at multiple steps of ­inflammatory pathology, Panx1 could be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AKI. Further research is needed in elaborating the mechanisms and identifying Panx1-specific inhibitor molecules to better understand the role of Panx1 in AKI pathology arising due to diverse insults.
O masculino nos traços e cores do jovem Victor Meirelles
Authors: SantAnna Mara Rubia
Published: July 2019

Este artigo faz uma discussão dos tipos masculinos presentes na coleção Estudo de trajes italianos, produzida por Victor Meirelles, analisando: aspectos quantitativos da iconografia associada aos gêneros; os ícones da aparência corporal recorrentes na caracterização das figuras masculinas da coleção e, por fim, a relação dessas representações com as narrações vestimentares vigentes para o masculino no mesmo período histórico, levando em conta os livros de história da moda atuais, por meio de suas escritas e ilustrações. Na estrutura argumentativa, posiciona-se diante das imagens considerando as relações discursivas presentes, fomentadas por tempos distintos e intermitentes de narração visual. Com esse propósito, espera-se contribuir para alargar a compreensão da história do vestir masculino ocidental e promover uma leitura mais crítica da bibliografia atual sobre o passado vestimentar, e do uso das produções artísticas do passado em narrativas do presente.
Hemodynamic Effects of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices in Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: Pahuja Mohit , Schrage Benedikt , Westermann Dirk , Basir Mir B. , Garan Arthur Reshad , Burkhoff Daniel
Published: July 2019

Background:

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is often associated with cardiogenic shock. The optimal form of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for AMI-VSD is unknown.

Methods and Results:

We used a previously validated cardiovascular model to simulate AMI-VSD with parameters adjusted to replicate average hemodynamics reported in the literature, including a pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio of 3.0. We then predicted effects of different types of percutaneous MCS (including intra-aortic balloon pumping, Impella, TandemHeart, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) on pressures and flows throughout the cardiovascular system. The simulation replicated all major hemodynamic parameters reported in the literature with AMI-VSD. Inotropes and vasopressors worsened left-to-right shunting, whereas vasodilators decreased shunting at the expense of worsening hypotension. All MCS devices increased forward blood flow and arterial pressure but other effects varied among devices. Impella 5.0 provided the greatest degree of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reductions and decreased left-to-right shunting. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation worsened pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and shunting, which could be improved by adding Impella or passive left ventricular vent. Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio could not be reduced below 2.0, and pulmonary flows remained high with all forms of MCS.

Conclusions:

Although no form of percutaneous MCS normalized hemodynamics in AMI-VSD, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and shunting were worsened by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and improved by Impella. Accordingly, based on hemodynamics alone, Impella provides the optimal form of support in AMI-VSD. However, other factors, including team experience, device availability, potential for tissue ingestion, and clinical characteristics, need to be considered when choosing a percutaneous MCS device for AMI-VSD.
Cathepsin S Deficiency Mitigated Chronic Stress–Related Neointimal Hyperplasia in Mice
Authors: Wang Hailong , Meng Xiangkun , Piao Limei , Inoue Aiko , Xu Wenhu , Yu Chenglin , Nakamura Kae , Hu Lina , Sasaki Takeshi , Wu Hongxian , Unno Kazumasa , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Murohara Toyoaki , Shi Guo‐Ping , Kuzuya Masafumi , Cheng Xian Wu
Published: July 2019

Background

Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for atherosclerosis‐based cardiovascular disease. We previously demonstrated the increased expressions of cathepsin S (CatS) in atherosclerotic lesions. Whether CatS participates directly in stress‐related neointimal hyperplasia has been unknown.

Methods and Results

Male wild‐type and CatS‐deficient mice that underwent carotid ligation injury were subjected to chronic immobilization stress for morphological and biochemical studies at specific times. On day 14 after stress/surgery, stress enhanced the neointima formation. At the early time points, the stressed mice had increased plaque elastin disruption, cell proliferation, macrophage accumulation,
mRNA
and/or protein levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, angiotensin
II
type 1 receptor, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, gp91
phox
, stromal cell–derived factor‐1, C‐X‐C chemokine receptor‐4, toll‐like receptor‐2, toll‐like receptor‐4,
SC
35, galectin‐3, and CatS as well as targeted intracellular proliferating‐related molecules (mammalian target of rapamycin, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and p‐glycogen synthase kinase‐3α/β). Stress also increased the plaque matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and matrix metalloproteinase‐2
mRNA
expressions and activities and aorta‐derived smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. The genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CatS by its specific inhibitor (Z‐
FL
‐COCHO) ameliorated the stressed arterial targeted molecular and morphological changes and stressed aorta‐derived smooth muscle cell migration. Both the genetic and pharmacological interventions had no effect on increased blood pressure in stressed mice.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate an essential role of CatS in chronic stress–related neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury, possibly via the reduction of toll‐like receptor‐2/toll‐like receptor‐4–mediated inflammation, immune action, and smooth muscle cell proliferation, suggesting that CatS will be a novel therapeutic target for stress‐related atherosclerosis‐based cardiovascular disease.
Incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked taxa into the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: the nomenclatural status of class-series zoological nomina published in a non-latinized form
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN
Published: July 2019

Many new higher-ranked taxa are currently recognized by taxonomists as a result of the numerous phylogenetic hypotheses which are regularly published. The absence in the Code of Rules for the nomenclature of taxa above the rank superfamily (class-series nomenclature) is a factor of growing chaos in zoological taxonomy. This is why Dubois (2005) proposed a set of formal Rules for this nomenclature, which should be discussed and considered for incorporation into the Code. This paper focuses on a particular point regarding these proposed Rules, i.e., whether class-series nomina should be considered nomenclaturally available from their first publication in any modern language, provided they were latinized subsequently, or only from their first use in a latinized form. It is argued that the first solution should be retained, not only “to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s”, but also for simple internal consistency within the Code. According to the Rules of the Code, generic nomina may be available, with their original authors and dates, even if directly transferred unchanged from modern languages, and family-series nomina, first published in a nonlatinized form, may be available, with their original authors and dates, provided they have been subsequently latinized. These general statements are illustrated with the higher nomenclature of several taxa including amphibians. According to the proposed Rules, the following nomina, authors and dates are the valid ones for the taxa they designate: VERTEBRATA Cuvier, 1800; AMPHIBIA De Blainville, 1816; GYMNOPHIONA Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1814; BATRACHIA Brongniart, 1800; ANURA Duméril, 1806; URODELA Duméril, 1806; AMPHIPNEUSTA Merrem, 1820.
Some ascidians from Indonesian marine lakes (Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua)
Authors: MONNIOT FRANÇOISE
Published: July 2019

A small collection of ascidians from Indonesian marine lakes in the Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua province, was made by biologists from the university of California, Merced and Coral Reef Research Foundation, Palau during a marine lakes macro-invertebrate diversity survey. It comprises 19 species. Some of them previously described show some modifications of their anatomical characters which may be due to a lower salinity and pH of the lake water or perhaps to evolution in situ. Some specimens (Aplousobranchia) could not be assigned to a species, the samples being too small, the larvae absent, and a possible modification in the number or shape of the calcareous spicules may occur. They are nevertheless described.
Five new species of the genus Diptilomiopus Nalepa, 1916 from China (Acari: Diptilomiopidae: Diptilomiopinae)
Authors: WANG GUO-QUAN , WEI SUI-GAI , YANG DING
Published: July 2019

Five new Diptilomiopus species from China are described and illustrated in this paper: Diptilomiopus ambromae sp. nov. infesting Ambroma augusta (Sterculiaceae); Diptilomiopus euscaphiae sp. nov. infesting Euscaphis japonica (Staphyleaceae); Diptilomiopus ligustri sp. nov. infesting Ligustrum lucidum and L. quihoui (Oleaceae); Diptilomiopus lithocarpi sp. nov. infesting Lithocarpus glaber (Fagaceae) and Diptilomiopus ternstroemiae sp. nov. infesting Ternstroemia nitida and T. gymnanthera (Theaceae). A key to the Diptilomiopus species from China is provided.
A new genus and species of the tribe Trigonogeniini Cobos, 1956, from Belize (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: BÍLÝ SVATOPLUK
Published: July 2019

The name Trigonogenium Harold, 1869 was introduced as a replacement name for Trigonophorus Solier, 1849 (preoccupied by Serville,1834: Hymenoptera). The genus was revised by Cobos (1956) who discussed the systematic position of Trigonogenium and suggested for the genus a separate tribe Trigonogenini (sic !). The next revision was published also by Cobos (1986) and the placement of the genus was repeatedly discussed by Hołyński (1988, 1993), Bílý (2000), Volkovitsh (2001), Bellamy (2003, 2007) and the tribal level of the group was finaly confirmed by Bílý & Volkovitsh (2007) after a detailed study of the larval morphology. Up to now the tribe has contained only two genera: Trigonogenium (three species and one subspecies) and Hovorigenium Bellamy, 2007 (one species).
Three new crab spiders from Xishuangbanna Rainforest, southwestern China (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: TANG GUO , LI SHUQIANG
Published: July 2019

This study deals with three new crab spiders, Alcimochthes meridionalis sp. nov., Lycopus primus sp. nov. and Oxytate capitulata sp. nov., all from Xishuangbanna Rainforest, Yunnan, China. The genus Lycopus Thorell, 1895, formerly described from females only, is reported from China for the first time in both sexes.
New observations on the genus Hypocreadium Ozaki, 1936 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) in the Indo-West Pacific region, including the description of one new species
Authors: BRAY RODNEY A. , CRIBB THOMAS H. , JUSTINE JEAN-LOU
Published: July 2019

The following members of the genus Hypocreadium are described or redescribed: Hypocreadium cavum from the starry triggerfish, Abalistes stellatus, Swain Reefs, Great Barrier Reef; Hypocreadium patellare ‘Typical form’ from Abalistes stellatus, Swain Reefs, the masked triggerfish, Sufflamen fraenatum, Ningaloo, Western Australia and off New Caledonia and the titan triggerfish, Balistoides viridescens, off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef; Hypocreadium patellare ‘Atypical form A’ from the black-bar triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus, off Lizard Island and Palau and blackbelly triggerfish, R. verrucosus, off Palau; Hypocreadium patellare ‘Atypical form B’ from the yellow-spotted triggerfish, Pseudobalistes fuscus off Lizard Island; Hypocreadium picasso n. sp. from Rhinecanthus aculeatus, off Lizard Island and Palau, characterised by its broadly pyriform shape and lack of an anterior notch. A key to the species of Hypocreadium is presented. The similarity of the genus Lutianotrema to Hypocreadium is pointed out, but both known species of Lutianotrema are described with ‘dorsal’ oral suckers.
Hemitriakis indroyonoi sp. nov., a new species of houndshark from Indonesia (Carcharhiniformes: Triakidae)
Authors: WHITE WILLIAM T. , COMPAGNO LEONARD J. V. , _ DHARMADI
Published: July 2019

A new species of the genus Hemitriakis Herre, 1923 (Family Triakidae, Order Carcharhiniformes), is described from off the islands of Bali and Lombok in eastern Indonesia. Hemitriakis indroyonoi is separable from the other congeners, H. abdita, H. complicofasciata, H. falcata, H. japanica and H. leucoperiptera, by a combination of vertebral counts, morphometric characters, and juvenile coloration. H. indroyonoi is most similar to H. falcata from northwestern Australia but differs in juvenile coloration, some meristic and morphological characters, size and cranial morphology. The new species is allopatric to other members of this genus.
A new species of Alipumilio Shannon (Diptera, Syrphidae) found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: MORALES MÍRIAN NUNES , MASSARDO DARLI , MOREIRA GILSON R. P. , THOMPSON F. CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2019

The adult stage of a new species of flower fly, Alipumilio athesphatus Thompson (Diptera, Syrphidae) is described. The gross morphology and external integumentary features of the egg, third-instar larva and pupa are also presented. All immature stages were found in association with the exudate resin of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
A new species of Atheris (Serpentes: Viperidae) from northern Mozambique
Authors: BRANCH WILLIAM R. , BAYLISS JULIAN
Published: July 2019

A new species of forest viper (Atheris Serpentes: Viperidae) is described from Mount Mabu and Mount Namuli, northern Mozambique. This is the most southerly record of the genus, and the first record from Mozambique. Features of scalation, colour, body form and behaviour distinguish the new species from all other African Atheris, particularly its small size (maximum total length 384mm), retention of juvenile colouration in adults, and relatively low ventral, subcaudal and labial scale counts. It appears to be a dwarf, possibly paedomorphic, species that feeds among leaf litter on small frogs and geckos. The discovery of the new species in isolated populations in mid-altitude forest remnants on Mount Mabu and Mount Namuli, emphasizes the high conservation importance of the region.
Toward Optimization of Rheology in Sea Ice Models through Data Assimilation
Authors: Stroh J. N. , Panteleev Gleb , Yaremchuk Max , Francis Oceana , Allard Richard
Published: July 2019

Sea ice models that allow for deformation are primarily based on rheological formulations originally developed in the 1970s. In both the original viscoplastic (VP) and elastic-VP schemes, the internal pressure term is modeled as a function of variable sea ice thickness and concentration with spatially and temporally constant empirical parameters for ice strength. This work considers a spatially variable extension of the rheology parameters as well as wind stress in a one-dimensional VP sea ice data assimilation system. In regions of total ice cover, experiments that assimilate synthetic ice-state observations using variable rheological parameters show larger improvements than equivalent experiments using homogeneous parameters. For partially ice-covered regions where internal ice stresses are relatively unimportant, experiments assimilating synthetic sea ice velocity observations demonstrate reasonable reconstruction of spatially variable wind stresses. These results suggest practical benefits for sea ice–state reconstruction and forecasts by using sea ice velocity, thickness, and concentration observations to optimize spatially varying rheological parameters and to improve wind stress forcing.
Characteristics of Typhoon Eyewalls According to World Wide Lightning Location Network Data
Authors: Permyakov Mikhail , Kleshcheva Tatiana , Potalova Ekaterina , Holzworth Robert H.
Published: July 2019

Methods for the estimation of typhoon eyewall characteristics (the center location, the radius and the width, and radii of inner and outer boundaries) based on World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data are presented and discussed in this work. The center locations, the eyewall radii, and inner boundary radii estimated from WWLLN data for the typhoons of the northwestern Pacific from 2011 to 2015 were compared with the typhoon centers, radii of maximum winds, and the radii of the eyes obtained from Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) wind data, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) archives, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) archives. It is shown that the eyewall characteristics estimates based on the lightning discharge data are most closely related to characteristics of the ASCAT wind speed fields, and the radii of the eyewalls and their inner boundaries are linearly related to the radii of maximum winds and the radii of the eyes, with correlation coefficients reaching approximately 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. It was shown that the distances between locations of the eyewalls and typhoon centers estimated according to the WWLLN and those of the ASCAT, JMA, and JTWC data on average were 19, 16, and 17 km, respectively. The eyewall widths varied from 15 to 69 km, with an average of ~30 km.
Criminal Justice Involvement and Employment Outcomes Among Women
Authors: Sheely Amanda
Published: July 2019

This article investigates the potentially cumulative effects of being arrested, convicted, and incarcerated on labor market outcomes among women, as well as whether decreased employment levels are due to labor market exclusion or detachment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I find that arrested women have reduced levels of employment, due to both labor market exclusion (unemployment) and labor market detachment (not in the labor force). Once the effect of being arrested is taken into account, women who are convicted or incarcerated do not face any additional negative employment consequences. These results demonstrate that policymakers must look beyond incarceration to reduce the impact of criminal justice involvement on women.
Innocent Victims and Vulnerable Offenders: Defending Impaired Adults Who Kill Children
Authors: Midson Brenda
Published: July 2019

There are few societies in which child abuse is not a serious issue, with homicide being the extreme form of such victimisation. Child homicide occurs in a wide array of circumstances but there is enough anecdotal evidence to suggest that many offenders who kill children are suffering from sometimes quite acute mental distress. There may also be other factors impacting on an offender’s ability to think rationally, which may not amount to any recognised disorder. While it is imperative that we prosecute and prevent child homicide, in doing so we must avoid overlooking the realities of other vulnerable people. In rejecting a binary approach to victims and offenders, this article argues that sometimes offenders may also be vulnerable due to an impaired ability to reason or to act in a truly voluntary way. New Zealand has repealed the defence of provocation and, apart from infanticide, offers no mitigation by way of diminished responsibility. Offenders who commit child homicide, but who do not meet the legal definition of insanity, will be liable for murder even though their capacity may have been impaired or overborne by circumstances. While, in this regard, New Zealand law is particularly deficient, there is an argument that other jurisdictions also fail to adequately respond to vulnerable offenders who kill children. This article seeks to outline the failures in existing legal frameworks to assign legal responsibility for these vulnerable offenders in a way that corresponds with their moral culpability. The article will then identify and evaluate proposals for reform. As Ulbrick and others observe, in the context of arguments about defensive homicide and mentally impaired defendants, it is critical that we ‘advocate for a greater range of legal responses to cover the nuance and complexities of lethal violence’ (Madeleine Ulbrick, Asher Flynn and Danielle Tyson ‘The Abolition of Defensive Homicide: A Step Towards Populist Punitivism at the Expense of Mentally Impaired Offenders’ (2016) 40 Melb Univ Law Rev 324, 330).
Why Are Some Civil Wars More Lethal Than Others? The Effect of Pro-Regime Proxies on Conflict Lethality
Authors: Aliyev Huseyn
Published: July 2019

Previous large-N studies on conflict lethality have focused in large part either on structural factors or on the properties of key conflict protagonists – governments and rebels. This article challenges the dyadic two-actor approach to studying conflict lethality that examines exclusively the key actors of the dyad, and – on the example of pro-regime militias – hypothesises that participation of extra-state actors in civil wars can exert significant influence on battlefield lethality. It is proposed here that pro-regime militias can swell the number of combat deaths through, first of all, acting as ‘extra boots’ on the ground, providing governments with auxiliary forces and local intelligence, and enabling incumbents to launch more effective and often more deadly attacks on insurgents. Militias also affect the number of battle deaths by forcing rebels to protect their civilian support bases, which exposes insurgents to lethal government attacks. This assumption is empirically tested on 88 civil wars from 1981 to 2015 with militia presence. The findings show that the presence of pro-regime militias in civil wars is highly conducive to the incidence of high-casualty conflicts.
Lifting the lid: Disabled toilets as sites of belonging and embodied citizenship
Authors: Wiseman Phillippa
Published: July 2019

This article explores the complex relationship between citizenship, bodies and toileting through the experiences of disabled people. By examining the toiletscapes that disabled people must navigate, the impact that inaccessible toilets have on self and personhood and the hidden inequalities produced through these spaces, we can come to understand disabled people’s sense of (non)belonging. At the centre of this article is a focus on the socio-political dualisms that locate disabled people at the margins of everyday citizenship. Through a feminist phenomenological analysis the toilet and toileting bring to the fore how (non)belonging is felt. Toilet(ing), then, problematises the nature of so-called ‘private’ and ‘public’ spaces and by engaging bodily waste we come to understand citizenship through dirt.
The abject and the vulnerable: the twain shall meet: Reflections on disability in the moral economy
Authors: Hughes Bill
Published: July 2019

The meaning of impairment is often Janus-faced. On the one hand, it is associated with defect, deformity, monstrosity and other tropes that carry the weight of ontological ruin, haunting narratives of physical, mental or sensory catastrophe that disturb the normate sense of being human. Impairment is invested with the debilitating social and moral consequences that symbolise disability. Disavowed and repudiated by the non-disabled community, disability represents the murky, shadow side of existence that separates normal embodiment from its benighted, abject ‘other’. Disgust – on the part of non-disabled, ‘clean and proper’ subjects – is the likely emotional response to the pollution and impropriety that disability represents. The emotional relation between the two parties may be mired in normate repulsion.
Insulin resistance is not a risk factor for oesophageal varices development in hepatitis C
Authors: Alsebaey Ayman , Elhelbawy Mostafa
Published: July 2019

Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) patients commonly have insulin resistance which is a risk factor for disease progression. Oesophageal varices may bleed with high mortality. We aimed to assess the relationship between insulin resistance and oesophageal varices. HCV-related compensated liver cirrhosis patients (n = 146) underwent gastroscopy and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR, HOMA-β and HOMA-S calculations. Their average age was 54.98 years; most (84.9%) patients were men and non-diabetic (60.3%). Patients with oesophageal varices had higher median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores and comparable Child-Pugh class. Patients with and without oesophageal varices had comparable ( P > 0.05) HOMA scores and insulin resistance percentage of 82.9% versus 85.5%. We therefore conclude that insulin resistance is unrelated to the presence of oesophageal varices.
Distribution of rare earth and selected trace elements in combustion products of Yerkovetskoe brown coal deposit (Amur Region, Russia)
Authors: Sorokin Anatoliy P , Konyushok Andrey A , Ageev Oleg A , Zarubina Natalia V , Ivanov Vladimir V , Wang Jinxi
Published: July 2019

Major, trace, rare-earth elements, and noble metal have been analyzed from the brown coal of the Amur region (Russian Federation) and coal combustion products to understand the provenance and depositional environment. It was discussed that weathering crusts of ore deposits and host rocks located in the mountain-folded frame of the Zeya–Bureya coal-bearing sedimentary basin were the main source of mineral substance and chemical elements in brown coals. The distribution of minerals and elements inside the forming coal seams was influenced by the type of vegetation incorporated into coal-forming peat mires bog by catastrophic floods along the existed hydraulic network, the physicochemical parameters of plant debris transformation during their conversion to coal, as well as the sorption properties of inclusions and interlayer of bitumen and humic acids in coal beds. An experimental technological complex was created to study the microelements transfer process in the dust–gas stream and the distribution of rare earth and trace elements separately in varieties of coal combustion products (slag, fly ash, dust-like part of the dust–gas flow, and technogenic cleaning water). The resulting combustion products of coal have been studied by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-spectrometry methods (ICP-mass spectrometry and ICP-atomic emission spectroscopy). Sample preparation technique for analysis was improved to determine the elemental composition. It was established that more than 60% of trace and rare earth elements were concentrated in ash and sludge. Data on these elements’ concentration in the wash water sediment demonstrated a sufficiently high efficiency of the dust–gas flow cleaning. The use of a wet scrubber, of course, solves the problem of collecting the dust and gas flow cleaning from harmful and toxic elements of coal smoke, which should be a part of the technological chain of a coal combustion process in industrial boilers. Rare earth elements, scandium, and yttrium are considered economically valuable components in the coal combustion products of the Yerkovetskoe brown coal deposit in the Amur Region.
Nurse Health, Work Environment, Presenteeism and Patient Safety
Authors: Rainbow Jessica G. , Drake Diane Ash , Steege Linsey M.
Published: July 2019

Presenteeism is linked to negative outcomes for patients, nurses, and health care organizations; however, we lack understanding of the relationships between nurse fatigue, burnout, psychological well-being, team vitality, presenteeism, and patient safety in nursing. Therefore, the two aims of this study were: (a) to examine the fit of a literature-derived model of the relationships between presenteeism, psychological health and well-being, fatigue, burnout, team vitality, and patient safety; and (b) to examine the role of presenteeism as a mediator between patient safety and the other model variables. Survey data were analyzed using Composite Indicator Structural Equation (CISE) modeling, a type of structural equation modeling. Model fit was acceptable with multiple significant relationships. Presenteeism due to job-stress mediated multiple relationships to patient safety. Our findings indicate that focusing on job-stress presenteeism may be relevant for this population and may offer additional insight into factors contributing to decreased nurse performance and the resulting risks to patient safety.
Reliability Importance as a Measure of Bridge Element Condition Index for Deteriorating Bridges
Authors: Inkoom Sylvester , Sobanjo John O.
Published: July 2019

As a concerted effort to improve the outcomes of bridge asset management, state highway agencies and Departments of Transportation (DOT) often improve their modes of bridge performance assessment using advanced deterioration models, optimized cost models, and other multi-objective preservation analysis in bridge monitoring processes. This paper attempts to utilize reliability importance index of a bridge component as a performance measure of the criticality of each element or subsystem to the entire bridge system. This paper investigates three major concepts regarding the importance of bridge elements: (i) the contribution of individual bridge elements to the overall reliability of the bridge system, (ii) the effect of critical elements on bridge deterioration, and (iii) the rank of the importance of elements and the potential economic consequence of their failure for optimal resource allocation. Computational methodologies are applied to legacy inspection data for bridges monitored over 20 years to evaluate the probability of failure of certain bridge elements. Based on the reliability importance criterion, the superstructure and substructure elements were considered to be critical to the survival of bridges. Bridge management and miscellaneous elements (such as expansion joints, railings, and sign structures), though important, did not generally contribute to the overall deterioration of the bridge.
Teacher Race and Racial Disparities in Special Education
Authors: Fish Rachel Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

The U.S. teacher population is predominantly White, yet research has not yet determined how teacher race might matter to the identification of students with disabilities. This study examines the role of teacher racial composition in special education service receipt. Findings show that schools’ proportion of teachers of color, net of all other factors, is associated with students’ increased odds of receiving special education services for all categories of disability, with the exception of emotional disturbance and autism spectrum disorder. These findings may reflect higher expectations of students held by teachers of color, which may lead to greater special education receipt for students who are not performing as well as expected. Although the effects do not vary by student race for most categories of disability, the evidence presented here suggests that increased representation of teachers of color ameliorates some underrepresentation of students of color in special education.
How Comprehensive Are Media-Based Data on Police Officer–Involved Shootings?
Authors: Baćak Valerio , Mausolf Joshua Gary , Schwarz Christiane
Published: July 2019

In the absence of systematic data collection by the state and federal governments, efforts to collect information on officer-involved shootings (OIS) have been assumed by the public and news agencies. In a combination of journalistic reporting and what is known as crowdsourcing, media and masses of individuals volunteer their time to identify OIS incidents and enter them into online databases. These efforts are invaluable in describing interpersonal violence between citizens and law enforcement, but it is not well known to what extent the media-based datasets are comprehensive. In the present study, we compared data from three major media-based websites to official data from five police departments that made their data available—Dallas, Denver, Jacksonville, Orlando, and Knoxville. We found a higher rate of matches than discrepancies with regard to fatalities but a much lower rate with regard to non-fatal shootings. Systematically recording and reporting OIS incidents should be the function of the government. Before—and if—that happens, our findings add to the growing evidence that media-based efforts, combined with crowdsourcing, can be useful though limited alternatives.