bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Sounds on Preferences for Outdoor Settings
Authors: Anderson L. M. , Mulligan B. E. , Goodman L. S. , Regen H. Z.
Published: March 2007

Three methods were used to assess the influence of a number of realistic sound stimuli on esthetic evaluations of outdoor settings. We reproduced 18 sounds-including those of children, songbirds, construction equipment, automobiles, aircraft, and wind-for college students serving as evaluators at field sites ranging from a forest to a downtown street. In two other procedures, settings and sounds were described in a questionnaire, or were presented using photographs and tape recordings. All.three procedures produced similar results; natural and animal sounds had enhancing effects on evaluations of the heavily wooded natural and residential sites, and other sounds had detracting effects on the same sites. The sounds were relatively neutral in effect at two downtown streets, where traffic sounds were found to be most enhancing. The results show that the interaction of a setting's visual and acoustic characteristics significantly influences evaluations of that setting, and that appropriateness of sounds only partly accounts for their influence on setting quality.
Knowledge, Warning, and Stress
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Noulles Dianne , Bellovich Steven J.
Published: March 2007

A field study investigated the role of knowledge, experience, and warning in medi-ating the stress associated with urban flooding. Among residents of an urban floodplain, knowledge about flooding was associated with less trauma during the last flood and reluctance to support indiscriminate government intervention. Increased prior warning of a flood, however, was related to intensified residual fear and feelings of desperation, to more frequent somatic manifestations of stress, and to greater support for all government intervention programs. Previous flood experience (especially recurring experience) was associated with increased fear, depression, and health-stress outcomes. Commitment to adaptive community intervention programs was related to recency of one's flood experience. Having flood insurance was unrelated to stress measures.
Awareness of an Urban Environment
Authors: McGill William , Korn James H.
Published: March 2007

Awareness of a small business neighborhood was studied by driving 40 college students through a 1.7-mile route. Twenty other students received no ride. Half of each group had a high frequency of previous exposure to the area (mean number of times in the area = 159.9) and the other half had low frequency (mean = 5.3). The ride significantly increased the number of items mentioned in a free recall task and the number of pictures positively identified in a recognition task. Previous exposure to the area affected only recognition. The kinds of things recalled and recognized are discussed in terms of a utilitarian versus aesthetic orientation to the environment.
Cognitive Mapping of Large-Scale Environments
Authors: Garling Tommy , Book Anders , Lindberg Erik
Published: March 2007

A theory about the acquisition and use of cognitive maps of largescale everyday environments is presented. The basic assumptions of the theory are (1) people's behavior in social and physical environments is determined by action plans, and, if the execution of such action plans requires traveling, plans for how to travel, termed travel plans, are formed and executed; (2) the cognitive maps of large-scale and medium-scale environments acquired are adapted to facilitate movement and travel, and contain information about destinations for travel, spatial information, and travel instructions; (3) cognitive maps are initially acquired in connection with the formation of travel plans and, at the later stages of acquisition, the execution of travel plans (requiring active monitoring) constitutes a more important set of conditions for acquisition. The principles of internal representation of the cognitive map are also discussed.
Environments and Interaction in Row-and-Column Classrooms
Authors: MacPherson J. C.
Published: March 2007

Findings of an ethnography of Australian high school students show the importance of pupil definitions of the classroom. These categories include control over classmates and teachers, sociability, and academic commitment. These categories amend and supplement those used in earlier studies that followed teachers' and not students' concerns.
What is Success in E&B Research Utilization?
Authors: Seidel Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

Over the past ten or more years, scholars in the field of environment and behavior (E&B) have expressed concerns repeatedly about the use of research information by professional designers and planners. However, the question of how we would know when we achieved this research use apparently has been assumed to be known. This article discusses how other fields have studied how research is used by practitioners of those fields and how E&B can begin to address those concerns.
Castles in the Sky
Authors: Shlay Anne B.
Published: March 2007

Americans' expressed preferences for housing suggest that they prefer to own single-family homes surrounded by other single-family homes. Yet such preferences manifest in housing market behavior or attitudes fail to account for the multidimensional complexity of the housing bundle and the predictability of housing bundle packages found within the market. This research examines how people actually evaluate the myriad of attributes associated with the housing bundle. It explores how a sample of Syracuse metropolitan residents evaluate particular housing and neighborhood characteristics. Applying the factorial survey method, this article examines the values placed on characteristics when people solely evaluate housing structures, the character and composition of neighborhood, and composite descriptions of housing and neighborhood. This study reveals no clear preferences for home ownership. Preferences for particular types of housing and for particular neighborhood compositions were modified when people evaluated complete housing descriptions that were not tied to real-world market constraints. These findings suggest that American housing preferences are not normative but may instead be derived from housing market incentives, housing availability, market segmentation, and land use policies. In short, market availability and incentives to own single-family homes appear to structure what people say they want.
Housing As a Social Adaptation Process
Authors: Priemus Hugo
Published: March 2007

A limited housing theory is presented that views housing as a creative adaptation process in which various mechanisms of adaptation characterize the interaction between residents and residential environment. The household life cycle and labor market career condition the development or maintenance of certain patterns of values, norms, and attitudes that, in turn, affect formation of an aspiration picture of the household's residential situation. The difference between the perception of the existing residential situation and the aspiration picture can be increased (cumulative stress) or diminished (cumulative inertia) by numerous changes occurring inside or outside the household. But in general, households will endeavor to make the residential situation picture and the aspiration picture as congruent as possible. In discussing residential satisfaction five mechanisms of adaptation-classified as either active or passive-are defined. They are moving, structural conversion, change of use, change of attitude, and protest. A sixth alternative, nonadaptation, is also described. Finally, external factors that may play an important part in the selection of an adaptation mechanism are discussed.
Recreation and Generic Urban Housing Form
Authors: Jaakson Reiner
Published: March 2007

There is conflicting evidence and considerable confusion in the literature concerning the relationship between recreation and generic housing form. The goal of this study is to review this mixed literature, to identify some of the weaknesses in past studies, and then to reexamine the relationship between recreation and housing, using original data. The data were derived from a household survey carried out in 1984 in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The initial results of two-way contingency tables, difference of means tests, and analysis of variance show that there are differences in recreation by generic housing form. However, when control variables describing household characteristics are introduced, the initial differences disappear. The conclusion reached is that household characteristics confound the relationship between recreation and housing. Differences in recreation are due to variation in household characteristics, not to generic housing form. The policy implications of these results are explored.
Symbols of Status in Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Cherulnik Paul D. , Wilderman Scott K.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that contemporary observers would differentiate accurately among nineteenth-century houses built by and for members of different socioeconomic groups. Photographs were selected from Streetcar Suburbs, Warner's (1978) book about the growth of Boston between 1870 and 1900 to exemplify the houses he identified from historical records as the homes of the upper-middle, middle-middle, and lowermiddle classes. One group of subjects judged the houses' appearance and comfort, a second group judged the residents' occupations, and a third judged the residents' traits. Analyses of their judgments revealed that in each case perceptions of the three categories of houses and their residents were distinctive and consistent with the socioeconomic status of the houses' original owners. These findings support the conclusion that housing forms include architectural features that serve as symbols of residents' status. The possible implications for urban history, environmental psychology, and the study of gentrification are discussed.
The "Sensed Presence" in Unusual Environments Peter Suedfeld
Authors: Suedfeld Peter , Mocellin Jane S. P.
Published: March 2007

Literature on the reactions of contemporary human beings coping with certain kinds of extreme and unusual environments indicates the occasional experience of another entity appearing to provide help or advice, even when no such entity was in fact present. Sources of such reports reviewed in this article include spirit quests, solitary sailing, polar and mountain explorations, and the traumatic experiences of shipwreck and air-crash survivors in remote and hostile environments. The experience is frequently interpreted as a sign of psychiatric symptomatology, whereas it is not only quite common in such situations but may in fact be an adaptive reaction. It can be conveniently described in terms of Jaynes's (1976) theory of bicamerality, but its specific etiology and characteristics have not been adequately investigated.
Perceived Crime in the Neighborhood and Mental Health of Women and Children
Authors: White, Marni , Kasl, Stanislav V. , Zahner Gwendolyn E. P. , Will Julie C.
Published: March 2007

A three-year panel study was conducted to examine the impact of the residential environment on the mental health of the respondents and their children. This report focuses on the influence of crime in the neighborhood upon the well-being of 337 Black and Hispanic women and their children. The findings suggest some adverse effect of crime on mental health of the adults, but no reliable effects on the mental health of children. Few interactive effects of crime with other residential and social-environmental parameters were observed.
An Arousal Optimization Model of Lighting Level Preferences
Authors: Biner Paul M. , Butler Darrell L. , Fischer Ann R. , Westergren Amy J.
Published: March 2007

Both the lighting level of a setting and the social situation can affect arousal. If individuals attempt to maintain an optimal arousal level, then preferred lighting levels for a particular setting should vary with social variables. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis. Male and female subjects (N = 105) were presented with 48 hypothetical situations and were asked to indicate their lighting level preferences for each. Some of the situations involved activities requiring a high degree of visual attention, while the other situations involved activities of a nonvisual nature. Activities were crossed with a social variable: a platonic friend present, a romantic partner present, or a group of platonic friends present. Across all activities, brightness preferences for the romantic partner situations were significantly lower than preferences for either the platonic friend situations or the group of friends situations. The effect of the social situation was very strong for nonvisual activities, but it was considerably weakened for visual activities. Also, brightness preferences were lower for situations with a group of friends than with one friend, but only for complex tasks. The results are consistent with arousal optimization theory.
What Makes a Recycler?
Authors: Vining Joanne , Ebreo Angela
Published: March 2007

Knowledge and motivational factors represent important but neglected topics in the study of recycling behavior. This article examines differences in knowledge, motives, and demographic characteristics of people who have the opportunity to recycle voluntarily. Information on these variables was obtained for 197 households in Illinois. The results indicated that recyclers in general were more aware of publicity about recycling and more knowledgeable about materials that were recyclable in the local area and the means for recycling these materials than were nonrecyclers. While both recyclers and nonrecyclers were motivated by concerns for the environment, non-recyclers were more concerned with financial incentives to recycle, rewards for recycling, and with matters of personal convenience. Few demographic characteristics distinguished recyclers from nonrecyclers.
Mission Destination, Mission Duration, Gender, and Student Perceptions of Space Habitat Acceptability
Authors: Harrison Albert A. , Struthers Nancy J. , Putz Bernard J.
Published: March 2007

In a role-playing study designed to test the hypothesis that mission destination and mission duration affect the perceived habitability of spaceflight environments, college students read one of four space mission scenarios which varied destination (the moon or Mars) and duration (one month or one year). They then completed a 7-factor environmental rating scale. Whereas mission destination had no effect on perceived habitability, the environment was less acceptable for the extended than for the brief mission, and women rated the environment less favorably than did men. Results suggest that spaceflight environments are multidimensional, and that to assess habitability we must not only ask, "What is the environment?" and "Who are the environment's occupants?" but also, "What are the conditions and circumstances surrounding the environment's use?"
The Landscapes of Childhood
Authors: Sebba Rachel
Published: March 2007

This article deals with children's relation to the environment from actual and retrospective points of view, delineated by empirical research and by theoretical analysis. The empirical research investigated the environmental preferences and the nature of the experiences of being outdoors as reflected in adult's ( N = 198) recollections and in children's ( N = 174) actual approach. Among the findings was that almost all adults identify the most significant place in their childhood with the outdoors. The children's preference of place is dependent on their personal needs on one hand, and on the properties of the place associated with these needs on the other. Children experience the natural environment in a deep and direct manner, not as a background for events, but, rather, as a factor and stimulator. There is a connection between the quality of the child's experience and the way it is engraved in memory as he or she matures: (a) An experience in which the child is actively involved, with his body, his senses, and his awareness, is likely to be etched in memory for a long time; and (b) the sympathetic attitude the child displays toward nature is likely to accompany the experience even when recalled in memory. The theoretical analysis suggests that the environment which an adult remembers as significant in childhood was personally experienced without adult mediation and the related experiences were only found in childhood. The child's sensory perception remains in adult memory as a central childhood experience because its relative importance is at its peak at this stage of life. The adult recalls the natural environment due to qualities that are substantially different from those of the man-made environment.
First Impressions of the Symbolic Meanings Connoted by Reception Area Design
Authors: Ornstein Suzyn
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted in which 38 undergraduate students and 64 executives were shown photographs of eight dffferent companies' reception areas. Subjects responded to each photograph by completing 12 bipolar adjective scales indicating their impressions of these companies. Factor analyses of their responses revealed two dimensions underlying these judgments: consideration and control. ANOVAs revealed that subjects formed different impressions of consideration and control across the eight firms pictured. Design and conceptual implications are discussed.
An Evaluation of Models of Consumer Spatial Behavior Using the Environment-Behavior Paradigm
Authors: O'Neill Michael J. , Jasper Cynthia R.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of models of consumer spatial behavior and evaluates them in the context of the environment-behavior paradigm. It is argued that the theoretical relevance of the consumer spatial behavior models to research on spatial cognition and wayfinding can be better understood when analyzed in this context. The models are evaluated on four dimensions: (a) the degree to which the model incorporates the notion of the physical environment, (b) the degree to which the model addresses person-based (individual difference) variables, (c) the use of behavioral outcome measures, and (d) the relationships between these variables. This analysis shows that many of the variables employed by the consumer models could be used in research on spatial cognition and wayfinding. Directions are proposed for broadening models of spatial cognition through the addition of the variables used in consumer research.
Street Crime Strategies
Authors: Riccio R.
Published: March 2007

Streetwalkers have unique transactions with the urban environment. They must be aware of the shifting environmental stimuli and react accordingly in order to remain in business and avoid arrests. The transactions and schemata of streetwalkers are explored in light of various sociocultural factors by use of police arrest records, field observations, survey results from arrested prostitutes, a multiple regression, and a multidimensional scaling technique. Women of different races are found to be using similar street crime strategies, however their schemata differ. Black and White street-walkers appear to work at different times, and sometimes places, during the day. The interrelationships between behavior, space, and time are apparent and reveal the dynamic, multifaceted nature of criminal transactions.
Indirect Expression of Preference in Sketch Maps
Authors: Seibert Pennie S. , Anooshian Linda J.
Published: March 2007

First graders, fifth graders, university students, and older adults drew sketch maps of familiar environments. Not until after the sketch maps were collected did subjects have any idea that the study had anything to do with expression of preferences. At that time, subjects were asked to identify (recall) objects located in the environment drawn that they liked most, disliked most, and about which they felt neutral These items were compared with other items on the sketch maps to determine whether they were drawn on the same scale, were emphasized, or were absent. A similar pattern of results was found across age groups; most of the subjects did not draw items they disliked on their sketch maps. These results suggested a dissociation between indirect (map drawing) and direct (specific recall) approaches to expressing preferences.
Map Alignment in Traveling Multisegment Routes
Authors: Warren David H. , Scott Teres E.
Published: March 2007

Two hypotheses were based on previous research with simple path maps and you-are-here maps. First, when given a choice, observers prefer to align a map with the environment that it represents; second, performance on way finding tasks is better when the map is aligned than when it is not aligned with the environment. This latter phenomenon is called the map alignment effect. Both hypotheses were strongly supported in two experiments conducted in a relatively structured environment using four-segment paths. A third experiment was conducted in a larger, wooded, hilly environment. The observers carried the map and consulted it at will while finding a route from a starting point to a goal. In this setting, both hypotheses again found support. Observers did not consult the map at every turn, but when they did, they turned the map into map/environment alignment on two thirds of the instances. Errors occurred with greater frequency when the map was not aligned with the environment. The generality of the map alignment effect was thus demonstrated for larger and more complex environments than have previously been studied and with more naturalistic map-use procedures than have been used. Finally, there was clear evidence that observers acquired incidental knowledge about the spatial structure of the environment while using a map to negotiate the environment, despite the fact that there was no explicit requirement to learn. Questions remain about the nature of the learning and retention of information so acquired.
Some Relations between Clinical and Environmental Psychology
Authors: Demick Jack , Andreoletti Carrie
Published: March 2007

Toward assessing some relations between clinical and environmental psychology, this article focuses on problems of mutual interest for scholars in both subfields. Broad definitions of both clinical psychology (i.e., as a content area dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders as well as a more general method for research and practice) and environmental psychology (i.e., as a content area that treats the environment as consisting of physical, interpersonal, and sociocultural aspects as well as a more general perspective on all organism-environment functioning) are used. Empirical studies described include the relocation of a psychiatric therapeutic community (physical aspect of environment), social networks and people-place relationships in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (interpersonal aspect of environment), and systemic issues in families practicing open versus closed adoption (sociocultural aspect of environment). General implications for problem, theory, method, and practice are also discussed.
The Structure of Consumers' Place Evaluations
Authors: Hackett Paul M. W. , Foxall Gordon R.
Published: March 2007

A model for place evaluation is developed through a facet theoretical study of a convention center. A questionnaire viewing user satisfaction was given to 86 respondents. Similarity structure analysis produced a three-facet solution, with facets of referent (life area) with elements of social, service, spatial, and aesthetic; focus (centrality) with elements of central and peripheral; and level with elements of internal physical, external, and internal atmosphere. Partial order structuple analysis with base coordinates identified individuals in terms of their responses to these facets of place evaluations. Respondents were classified as either structuring their principal evaluations in terms of either social and service aspects of the location or in terms of features relating to spatial, aesthetic, physical qualities, and elements that were central to subjects' location-specific purpose. The results are compared with previous facet studies, which have enabled a generic model of place evaluation to be developed.
Women and the Housing Environment
Authors: Erman Tahire
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the expeNences of rural migrant women in an apartment district and a squatter (gecekondu) settlement in Ankara, Turkey. It demonstrates the significant role the housing environment plays in the lives of women, both by defining who they are and by shaping their daily lives through encouraging some behavior and discouraging others. Gecekondu housing is potentially a source of negative identity for those migrant women whose reference group is the modem established urbanites, whereas those migrant women who take the gecekondu community as their reference group tend to preserve a positive image of themselves. On the other hand, apartment housing enhances a feeling of achievement in its residents of village origin. Furthermore, gecekondu housing encourages intimate social relations and thereby social control, whereas apartment housing demands some formality in neighborly relations and provides privacy. As social agents, women use their environment actively, attempting to foster certain images of themselves, and communicafing those images to others as well as to themselves. This is particularly apparent in the case of modern gecekondu women who, by their outward appearances and demeanor, challenge the negative image attributed to gecekondu residents by the larger society.
Posthurricane Burnout
Authors: Moore Dorothy P. , Moore Jamie W.
Published: March 2007

In one of the first intensive data collections from an entire town's population on the anniversary of a natural disaster, questionnaires were mailed at the start of a new hurricane season to residents of Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, a barrier island hit directly by Hurricane Hugo. Questions assessed recall of bumout related to the hurricane's impact and other life events. Findings indicated the presence of bumout 9 months after the hurricane, along with increased concern about personal safety, exit routes, and insurance coverage. Significantly related to bumout were the amount of physical damage to property, related absences from work, marital status and situation, and satisfaction with one's insurance company. The hurricane experience was rated as more stressful than other life events by most respondents. The study suggests that experience with a real threat significantly increases the concern and apprehension about the reoccurrence of such an event.
Evaluation of Traffic Violation Behaviors and the Causal Attribution of Accidents in Chile
Authors: Moyano-Díaz Emilio
Published: March 2007

Traffic accidents constitute the fifth leading cause of death in Chile. This study measures attitudes toward 12 violation behaviors and compares causal attributions of accidents by participants versus experts. A survey containing 41 items was administered to 216 different drivers and pedestrians in the city of Santiago, assessing a judgment of seriousness for a group of violation behaviors and asking about accident causes. An analysis of variance for the index of seriousness according to sex, age, and type of driver resulted in significance ( F = 2.463, p < .014), indicating differences in judgments produced by men and women, young and adult people, and different types of drivers. Women showed a higher level of response to the index of seriousness than men; the same was obtained for pedestrians, who scored higher than drivers. Participants considered that driving under the effects of alcohol and excessive speed were the most important causes of accidents, which was opposite to the causes indicated by experts.
Growing Up in the Inner City
Authors: Taylor Andrea Faber , Wiley Angela , Kuo Frances E. , Sullivan William C.
Published: March 2007

Children growing up in the inner city are at risk for a range of negative developmental outcomes. Do barren, inner-city neighborhood spaces compromise the everyday activities and experiences necessary for healthy development? Sixty-four urban public housing outdoor spaces (27 low vegetation, 37 high vegetation) were observed on four separate occasions. Overall, inner-city children's everyday activities and access to adults appeared remarkably healthy; of the 262 children observed, most (73%) were involved in some type of play, and most groups of children (87%) were supervised to some degree. In relatively barren spaces, however, the picture was considerably less optimistic: Levels of play and access to adults were approximately half as much as those found in spaces with more trees and grass, and the incidence of creative play was significantly lower in barren spaces than in relatively green spaces.
Talking German
Authors: Schneider Jens
Published: March 2007

The German debate on migration and citizenship reveals a close connection between the discourse on immigration (and the imagination of Germany as a multicultural society) and general perceptions of German national identity. The article analyses how `Germanness' is constructed and communicated through public and everyday discourses - on the basis of some recent empirical research that has been carried out in the field of discursive representations of German identity. This research confirmed the prominent role of the `internal Other' for dominant German self-definitions. The article then analyses the resultant strategic possibilities of these `Others'. The most central category of the `Other' in German self-definitions are the Ausländer (foreigners) and the role of the prototypical Ausländer is most prominently played by the German Turks. The article thus also focuses on self-definitions of German Turks and their responses to dominant role ascriptions.
From Communication to Democratic Norms
Authors: Winseck Dwayne , Cuthbert Marlene
Published: March 2007

The North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) and the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (1993) fundamentally affect UNESCO and International Telecommunications Union attempts to promote global communications equity. Essentially, NAFTA and GATT shield communication policies from citizens, and shift international communication policy out of UNESCO and the ITU. In so doing, these agreements institute a transnational politics of `limited democracy'. In contrast, we offer theories of pragmatic and communicative democracy as a means to think about democratic communication in the context of international communication policy and a range of new communication technologies and services.
Ethnic Minorities in Dutch Newspapers 1990-5
Authors: Lubbers Marcel , Scheepers Peer , Wester Fred
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the portrayal of a number of ethnic minorities in the press, drawing upon analysis of all articles to appear in three Dutch newspapers from 1990 to 1995, resulting in almost 8000 articles. The study examined which different ethnic groups were described, to what extent attention for a group had changed over time, what themes were present in the articles and to what extent problems and crime played a part in these articles. The results showed some remarkable similarities between portrayal in the media of various ethnic minorities and the ethnic hierarchy found among the Dutch population.
Overt Intentions and Covert Agendas
Authors: Linden Ank
Published: March 2007

There is a problem in achieving coherence between the design of an alternative approach to development, the formulation of national communication policies and the strength of existing power structures in Third World countries. This article highlights the gap between preconceived communication policies and planning perspectives and the constraints on their realization. As development is only an option that a society takes at a particular historical moment, it reflects on the division in societal structures, and presents a typology of the main leadership structures in Third World countries. Governmental authorities in Third World countries often seem to be more interested in maintaining the status quo than in strengthening the communication capacity of the people. Delay in resolving the problem of information and communication inequality is an inevitable consequence. This calls for a review of fundamental human rights principles and the obligations of all UN members to guarantee freedom of expression and information, and equal access to information and communication channels.
Crisis, charisma and triage: Extirpating the pox
Authors: Naraindas Harish
Published: March 2007

This article is a history of the last stage of the global smallpox eradication programme, christened in India as the National Smallpox Eradication Programme (NSEP). Here I have attempted to show how the Intensive Campaign of the NSEP was forced to abandon its erstwhile language of targets and returns, whose acme was the mass vaccination strategy of the 1960s, and switch instead to a language of crisis and cases. It instituted a new practice where vaccination once again became a moment in a larger armamentarium, though not in quite the same way that variolation was a moment in a larger therapeutic structure in the eighteenth century. Unlike variolation, where it was self-imposed, the eradication campaign's rediscovery of individual segregation as a necessary tool, and village and community as hallowed space, were coupled with an imagery of the kill. In this imagery, smallpox had been radically transformed from a goddess to a demon that was no longer to be solicited and purged but fought against and vanquished. This leads us to two models of consecration and healing in the movement from the eighteenth to the twentieth century: from Sitala and the self to body populations and the state.
Where’s the Power in Empowerment?
Authors: Boje David M. , Rosile Grace Ann
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to do a critical postmodern reading of the century-and-a-half empowerment-disempowerment debate. The authors review parallels between turn-of-the-century positions of both the 19th and 20th centuries. Contemporary work on empowerment and disempowerment shows a conspicuous absence of discussion of power. The authors seek to fill this gap by drawing on the work of Mary Parker Follett and Stewart Clegg. Follett’s theory of co-power offers a key to overcoming the empowerment-disempowerment dualism that characterizes the current debates. In addition, Clegg’s circuits-of-power theory opens up the everyday machinery of power and empowerment for inspection. Follett’s understanding of managerial power, combined with Clegg’s deeper sociological understanding of systematic disempowerment and domination, yields an integrative perspective that incorporates both empowering and disempowering faces of power. This co-power perspective has important implications for organizational development and change.
Challenging “Resistance to Change”
Authors: Dent Eric B. , Goldberg Susan Galloway
Published: March 2007

This article examines the origins of one of the most widely accepted mental models that drives organizational behavior: the idea that there is resistance to change and that managers must overcome it. This mental model, held by employees at all levels, interferes with successful change implementation. The authors trace the emergence of the term resistance to change and show how it became received truth. Kurt Lewin introduced the term as a systems concept, as a force affecting managers and employees equally. Because the terminology, but not the context, was carried forward, later uses increasingly cast the problem as a psychological concept, personalizing the issue as employees versus managers. Acceptance of this model confuses an understanding of change dynamics. Letting go of the term—and the model it has come to embody—will make way for more useful models of change dynamics. The authors conclude with a discussion of alternatives to resistance to change.
General Medical and Complementary Practitioners Working Together
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: March 2007

A developmental framework is used to explore the process of collaboration between general and complementary medical practitioners in the British National Health Service, using conversations from a co-operative inquiry. It is argued that the conversations through the inquiry show the practitioner’s increasing capacity to work across diverse paradigmatic frames and strongly suggests that multidisciplinary collaboration is a matter of epistemology as well as of interpersonal competence and group development.
Orientation To Africa
Authors: Ramsey Alvin
Published: March 2007

There is a tension within Black America. And it has its roots in the general history of the race. The manner in which we see this history determines how we act. How should we see this history? What should we feel about it? This is important to know, because the sense of how that history should be felt is what either unites or separates us.—Roy Neal, "And Shine Swam On," Black Fire, 1969
Filament-Wound Cylinders with Axial-Symmetric Loads
Authors: Sherrer Robert E.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical elastic solution for filament-wound cylinders with any number of layers and any uniform configuration in each layer is presented. The cylinder may have axial, torsional, or pressure loads or any combination of these loads and includes thick-wall cylinders.
Membrane Solution of Fiber-Reinforced Corrugated Shells of Revolution
Authors: Franklin Harold G.
Published: March 2007

A membrane solution of fiber-reinforced corrugated shells of revolution under axial and torsional loading is determined from the equations of a thin shell whose middle surface is referred to an orthogonal coordinate system. Explicit formulas for the stress resultants are determined and the displacements are stated in terms of simple quadratures without specifying the shape of the profile of the shell. It is found that the displacements are coupled under both loading conditions except when the orientation of the fibers are at the two extremes.
Measurements of Complex Dynamic Moduli for Laminated Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Schultz Albert B. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

Measurements of storage and loss moduli are reported for laminated glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite beams at frequencies up to 9400 Hz. The storage moduli were relatively insensitive and the loss moduli sensitive to the frequency at which they are measured. The storage moduli of the laminates can be predicted from a knowledge of constituent layer properties, but only qualitative predictions of the loss moduli can be so obtained. The loss moduli are equal to or larger than those predicted from ply properties.
Boundary Point Least Squares Analysis of the Free Edge Effects in Some Unidirectional Fiber Composites
Authors: Hulbert L.E. , Rybicki E.F.
Published: March 2007

The effect of a free edge on the stress distribution in several uni directional composite plates is presented. Plates with one, two, and three rows of equally spaced fibers are considered. The fibers and matrix are elastic and isotropic. Two types of loading conditions are investigated. The first is a uniform extension transverse to the fiber direction. The second is a linearly varying "bending" displacement transverse to the fiber direction. Stress and displacement solutions are obtained by the boundary point least squares method. For both loading conditions considered, the results show that the effect of the free edge extends only to the outer fiber nearest the free edge and the stress distribution in and around the remaining "inside" fibers is essentially equivalent to stresses for a fiber embedded in a doubly periodic array. For the case of uniform extension, effective transverse moduli are computed for the one, two, and three fiber plates and compared with the effective transverse modulus for an infinite plate.
Stress Concentrations Near a Discontinuity in Fibrous Composites
Authors: Barker Richard M. , Maclaughlin Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

Stress concentration factors are defined for the fiber and matrix in an axially loaded unidirectional composite which has a discontinuous fiber Effects of variations in fiber volume fraction, end-gap size, and modulus ratio are studied by using a linearly elastic finite-element analysis Results show that the fiber stress concentration factors reach a maximum value of 1.5 and then remain relatively unchanged The matrix stress concentration factors, however, are shown to increase rapidly with decreasing end-gap size and increasing modulus ratio.
Geometric Dispersion of Acoustic Waves by a Fibrous Composite
Authors: Sutherland Herbert J. , Lingle Richard
Published: March 2007

This study was initiated to examine the transmission of acoustic waves through a fibrous composite whose only dispersive mechanism was geometric. The elastic-elastic composite chosen for study was composed of tungsten wires embedded in an aluminum matrix. This unidirectional com posite was manufactured in two constituent ratios, 2.2 and 22.1 percent by volume of tungsten. The dispersive characteristics of these composites were determined for harmonic waves propagating normal to the axes of the fibers by using standard water-bath techniques with wide-band transducers. The dispersion data obtained demonstrate that fibrous composites be have as wave filters which selectively transmit or reflect periodic waves. Further, this wave filtering is shown to be a boundary layer phenomenon which can and must be eliminated from dispersion data if it is to be meaningful.
Yielding in Unidirectional Composites Under External Loads and Temperature Changes*
Authors: Dvorak George J. , Rao M.S.M. , Tarn J.Q.
Published: March 2007

Initial yield surfaces were constructed for the boron-aluminum com posite under arbitrary combinations of applied composite stresses and tem perature changes, by means of a finite element analysis of a regular hexa gonal array model.

The results suggest that with regard to initial yielding, the macroscopic transverse isotropy of the composite is approximately retained on the microscale. Therefore, the general isothermal yield surface can be con structed as a function of four composite stresses. Yielding in the transverse plane is controlled mainly by matrix properties, whereas yielding under normal composite stresses applied in the fiber direction is controlled by the ratio Ef/Em of the Young's moduli of the constituents. In general, high magnitudes of this ratio, as well as higher fiber volume fractions make yielding more difficult.

It was found that yielding takes place both under hydrostatic composite stresses, and as a consequence of uniform temperature changes. Therefore, these effects must be accounted for in macroscopic yield criteria and flow rules for composites. It is shown that a uniform temperature increase causes an approximate translation of the yield surfaces in the negative hydrostatic stress direction. Relatively small temperature changes can cause yielding in most composite systems. The typical values were found in the interval of 50° to 100°F, when the tensile yield stress of the matrix was taken as Y = 10,000 psi, and were proportional to Y.
Interfacial Slip Around Rigid Fiber Inclusions
Authors: Brussat T.R. , Westmann R.A.
Published: March 2007

Interface slip in a composite material is modeled by considering a finite length, rigid line inclusion (fiber) embedded in a two-dimensional elastic matrix with sliding fiber-matrix interface cracks extending from the fiber tips. The crack faces are assumed to remain in contact; the resulting fric tion forces between the crack faces are taken to be constant. A closed form solution for this problem is presented which is used to study the stable size of interface cracks based on the concept of a critical stress intensity factor. The relaxation of axial fiber force as a result of constant load debonding is examined. In addition, the change in fiber force due to stable unbonding under monotonic increasing loads is considered. Finally, the loading conditions leading to closed sliding cracks are identified.
Moisture Absorption and Desorption of Composite Materials
Authors: Shen Chi-Hung , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Expressions are presented for the moisture distribution and the mois ture content as a function of time of one dimensional homogeneous and composite materials exposed either on one side or on both sides to humid air or to water. The results apply during both moisture absorption and desorption when the moisture content and the temperature of the environ ment are constant. Test procedures are described for determining experi mentally the values of the moisture content and the diffusivity of com posite materials. A series of tests using unidirectional and π/4 Graphite T-300 Fiberite 1034 composites were performed in the temperature range 300—425 K with the material submerged both in moist air (humidity 0 to 100%) and in water. The test data support the analytical results and pro vide the moisture absorption and desorption characteristics of such com posites. Extension of the results to materials exposed to time varying envi ronmental conditions is indicated.
Impact Strength of Angle Ply Fiber Reinforced Materials
Authors: Lifshitz Jacob M.
Published: March 2007

Tensile strength of angle ply balanced laminated made of glass fibers and epoxy matrix has been investigated under dynamic loading using an instrumented drop weight apparatus. A comparison of theoretical and experimental stress-strain curves reveals that good agreement exists for a certain range of fiber orientation. Different failure criteria have to be used for each range. Failure stresses in the dynamic case are found to be con siderably higher than the corresponding static values for the complete range of fiber orientation. Failure strains and initial effective moduli are the same for static and for impact loadings.
Real-Time Characterization of Damage Growth in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Chang F.H. , Gordon D.E. , Rodini B.T. , Mcdaniel R.H.
Published: March 2007

The damage growth and failure mechanism in graphite/epoxy composite specimens were characterized by using a modified X-ray nondestructive evaluation ( NDE) technique. The NDE monitoring was conducted in real- time while the fracture specimens were under tensile ramp loading and constant amplitude cyclic loading. Tetrabromoethane ( TBE) was applied as an opaque additive at the tips of a slit in the center of the specimens to enhance the flaw image. Damage initiation, growth and failure mechanism were observed from sequences of X-ray pictures recorded during testing. Limited results indicated that matrix failure appeared to precede delamina tion between plies in the failure mechanism study. The NDE technique allowed the actual stress redistributions in the composite laminates to be observed.
Rapid Moisture-Characterization of Composites and Possible Screening Applications
Authors: Carter Harris G. , Kibler Kenneth G.
Published: March 2007

Moisture diffusion in fiber reinforced plastics is characterized by two observables: the saturation level Pe, which is the weight percent moisture uptake at equilibrium, and the susceptibility parameter Pe√D which is determined by the initial absorption rate, D being the diffusion coefficient for a direction normal to the exposed surfaces. We describe a relatively quick method for determining these parameters and discuss the possibility of using the results to screen composite materials for consistency of mechanical properties that depend on resin composition and cure quality. We designate this approach as the incremental grinding method. Experi mental tests on composites made from Narmco 5208 (epoxy) and Hexcel F178 (polyimide) resins show that this method can be used, at least in these cases, to distinguish between different compositions and postcures. Aside from the matter of sample screening, the experimental data indicate that simple diffusion theory gives good predictions of moisture distribu tion, as well as gross moisture uptake, in composites exposed to humid environments.