bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Lumbar Somatic Dysfunction and Its Association With Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Snider Karen T. , Johnson Jane C. , Degenhardt Brian F. , Snider Eric J.
Published: December 2013

Context: Clinically meaningful somatic dysfunction, if left untreated, should persist over time and be associated with objective measurable findings.

Objective: To investigate the persistence of lumbar somatic dysfunction over 8 weeks and the association of that persistence with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) T scores.

Methods: Individuals were assessed at 0, 4, and 8 weeks for the presence and severity of paraspinal tissue texture abnormalities (TTA), vertebral rotational asymmetry, anterior motion restriction, and tenderness from L1 to L4. Participants underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine at 0 and 8 weeks. Persistent somatic dysfunction findings from all 3 examinations were compared with BMD T scores obtained at 8 weeks and to changes in the BMD T scores from 0 to 8 weeks.

Results: Forty-eight individuals (38 women [79%] and 10 men [21%]) participated in the study. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 30.1 (6.4) years (range, 20.0-40.8 years), and the mean (SD) body mass index was 26.3 (5.2). The percentage of vertebrae with persistent somatic dysfunction varied by vertebral level and ranged from 44% to 83% for TTA, 63% to 79% for rotational asymmetry, 10% to 56% for motion restriction, and 2% to 10% for tenderness. Vertebral segments with persistent motion restriction had higher mean BMD T scores (95% confidence interval [CI]) than those without persistent motion restriction (0.6 [0.4 to 0.8] vs 0.2 [0.1 to 0.4], respectively; P=.02). There was a significant increase in the vertebral BMD T scores for those vertebrae that demonstrated persistent TTA (P=.02) and for those vertebrae that demonstrated persistent moderate/severe TTA (P=.02). A significant difference was found in the initial to final vertebral BMD T-score change between vertebrae that demonstrated persistent tenderness and those that did not (mean [95% CI] change, −0.2 [−0.4 to 0.1] vs 0.1 [0.0 to 0.1], respectively; P=.04).

Conclusion: A persistence of predominantly left lumbar rotation was observed. Persistent vertebral motion restriction was shown to have an association with final lumbar BMD T scores, and persistent TTA and tenderness were associated with changes in the BMD T scores over 8 weeks.
Sonographic Appearance of the Pronator Quadratus Muscle in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Sato Junko , Ishii Yoshinori , Noguchi Hideo , Takeda Mitsuhiro , Toyabe Shin-ichi
Published: December 2013

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the sonographic appearance of the pronator quadratus muscle in healthy volunteers.

Methods

We sonographically evaluated 30 healthy volunteers (15 men and 15 women). The maximum thickness of the pronator quadratus in millimeters on the volar side at the cortical level was measured on sagittal and axial sonographic images with the volunteers' hands supinated. On the axial image, we classified each hand according to the sonographic contour of the pronator quadratus.

Results

A significant difference in the maximum pronator quadratus thickness between dominant and nondominant hands was shown on each image (P < .01). A comparison between men and women also showed a significant difference irrespective of image or hand dominance. Approximately 1.5 mm on the sagittal image and 1.4 mm on the axial image seemed to be adequate practical values for detecting pronator quadratus thickening. In terms of the pronator quadratus contour, the convex type appeared in most men in both the dominant and nondominant hands. In women, the convex and concave types appeared often in both the dominant and nondominant hands.

Conclusions

The difference in pronator quadratus thickness between dominant and nondominant hands might need to be taken into account during sonographic studies. However, in many cases, the difference seems to be slight and considerably less than the calculated cutoff value in this study. These results might be useful for sonographic comparison of bilateral pronator quadratus muscles in the clinical setting.
Prenatally Diagnosed Fetal Split‐Hand/Foot Malformations Often Accompany a Spectrum of Anomalies
Authors: Lu Jia , Vaidya Noaman , Meng Hua , Dai Qing , Romine Lorene E. , Jones Marilyn C. , Pretorius Dolores H.
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this series was to identify cases that appeared on sonography to be split‐hand/foot malformations (SHFMs) in fetuses and correlate the sonographic findings, including 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography, to outcomes. A retrospective review was conducted of sonographic studies from 2002 to 2012 at 2 fetal care centers. Data were collected with respect to the morphologic characteristics of split‐hand/foot abnormalities, the utility of 3D sonography, associated anatomic abnormalities, family histories, gestational ages at diagnosis, fetal outcomes, karyotype, and autopsy results. Ten cases were identified with gestational ages ranging from 15 to 29 weeks. Three‐dimensional sonography was helpful in defining anatomy in 7 of 9 cases in which it was performed. Bilateral SHFMs were found in 7 cases (3 cases involving both hands and feet, 2 cases isolated to hands, and 2 cases isolated to feet), whereas 3 cases showed unilateral split‐hand malformations. Associated anatomic anomalies were present in 6 cases, and 4 of these had recognized syndromes, including 2 with abnormal karyotypes, specifically, del(22q11) and del(7q31). Two cases occurred in the context of a positive family history of SHFM. Three cases were delivered at term, and 7 cases were electively terminated. In conclusion, SHFMs often occur with a broad range of chromosomal abnormalities, single‐gene disorders, and other congenital anomalies. Some apparent SHFMs turn out to be other limb anomalies, such as complex syndactyly. Prenatal screening using 2D sonography can identify SHFMs, and 3D sonography often further clarifies them.
Forearc structure and morphology along the Sumatra‐Andaman subduction zone
Authors: McNeill Lisa C. , Henstock Timothy J.
Published: December 2013

The Sunda subduction margin, the location of recent magnitude 8–9 megathrust earthquakes, is characterized by major changes in prism and forearc morphology and structure along its 5000 km length. On the Sumatra‐Andaman section, measurements of prism width and surface slope (α) indicate along‐strike segments, inclu1ding abrupt changes, of prism morphology: (1) a narrow and steep prism between Burma and the Andamans; (2) broad with an averaged gentle slope in the Andamans, Nicobars, and North Sumatra; (3) steep and narrow in Central Sumatra; and (4) wider and less steep offshore South Sumatra, decreasing in width to West Java. Prism width varies from ~90 to 180 km and average surface slope from ~1 to 3° with a strong inverse correlation between width and slope, also observed globally. The prism deviates from typical taper geometry in parts of the margin, notably offshore North Sumatra where it is characterized by a steep toe and broad plateau. Along‐strike changes in morphology are strongly linked to input sediment thickness. Sections of the prism toe represent key global examples of unusual landward vergent thrusting. These sections correspond to a thick sediment input and to a wide prism with shallow surface slope. A low basal shear stress or backstop mechanism may drive this style of faulting. Prism morphology and structure appear to be driven predominantly by input sediment thickness linked to oceanic basement topography, with sediment properties, plate smoothness, and orthogonal subduction rate and obliquity also contributing, and no clear role of plate age or dip.
Dependence of solar wind speed on the local magnetic field orientation: Role of Alfvénic fluctuations
Authors: Matteini Lorenzo , Horbury Timothy S. , Neugebauer Marcia , Goldstein Bruce E.
Published: December 2013

We report an analysis of correlations between magnetic field and velocity fluctuations in the fast solar wind beyond 1 AU at high latitudes. We have found that on scales shorter than the microstream structures, there exists a well‐defined dependence of the flow speed on the angle between the magnetic field vector and the radial direction. Solar wind is found to be slightly faster when the measured magnetic field vector is transverse to the velocity, while it is always slower when the magnetic field is parallel, or antiparallel, to the radial direction. We show that this correlation is a direct consequence of the high Alfvénicity of fast wind fluctuations and that it can be reasonably described by a simple model taking into account the main properties of the low‐frequency antisunward Alfvén fluctuations as observed in the solar wind plasma. We also discuss how switchbacks, short periods of magnetic field reversals, naturally fit in this new observed correlation.
Observations of kinetic scale field line resonances
Authors: Chaston Christopher C. , Bonnell John W. , Wygant John R. , Mozer Forrest , Bale Stuart D. , Kersten Kris , Breneman Aaron W. , Kletzing Craig A. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B. , Smith Charles W. , MacDonald Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2013

We identify electromagnetic field variations from the Van Allen Probes which have the properties of Doppler shifted kinetic scale Alfvénic field line resonances. These variations are observed during injections of energetic plasmas into the inner magnetosphere. These waves have scale sizes perpendicular to the magnetic field which are determined to be of the order of an ion gyro‐radius (ρi) and less. Cross‐spectral analysis of the electric and magnetic fields reveals phase transitions at frequencies correlated with enhancements and depressions in the ratio of the electric and magnetic fields. Modeling shows that these observations are consistent with the excitation of field‐line resonances over a broad range of wave numbers perpendicular to the magnetic field (k⊥) extending to k⊥ρi ≫ 1. The amplitude of these waves is such that E/Bo ≳ Ωi/k⊥ (E, Bo, and Ωi are the wave amplitude, background field strength, and ion gyro‐frequency, respectively) leading to ion demagnetization and acceleration for multiple transitions through the wave potential.
Probing the slip‐weakening mechanism of earthquakes with electrical conductivity: Rapid transition from asperity contact to gouge comminution
Authors: Yamashita Futoshi , Fukuyama Eiichi , Mizoguchi Kazuo
Published: December 2013

Despite the great importance of slip weakening during earthquakes, the fault‐weakening mechanism inside the fault remains to be clarified. Here we propose a micromechanism of slip weakening at seismic and subseismic slip rates as demonstrated by electrical conductivity observation across the fault. At the seismic slip rate, the formation of melt patches and the subsequent growth to molten layer during frictional melting were confirmed by the rapid increases in conductivity in two stages. At the subseismic slip rate, the conductivity data successfully captured rapid asperity breakage phases and the subsequent gouge evolution phases during the slip‐weakening process. The present results suggest that the gouge comminution process is one of the key mechanisms controlling the slip stability at the subseismic slip rate, which may cause a variety of natural earthquakes.
Horizontal parameters of daytime thermospheric gravity waves and E region neutral winds over Puerto Rico
Authors: Nicolls Michael J. , Vadas Sharon L. , Aponte Nestor , Sulzer Michael P.
Published: December 2013

We report on the electron density perturbation amplitudes, periods (up to 60 min), horizontal and vertical wavelengths, phase speeds, and propagation directions of daytime traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) from 115 to 300 km altitude using dual‐beam experiments at the Arecibo Observatory (AO), Puerto Rico. As in previous studies, we find a near continuum of waves above the AO. While the TIDs propagate in nearly all directions except purely westward, we find that most propagate southward southeastward. We find that TID amplitudes increase nearly exponentially with increasing period, although with a much smaller slope for periods >30 min. TID amplitudes peak on the bottomside of the F region. Typical vertical wavelengths increase from less than 50 km at low altitudes to ∼100–300 km. Horizontal wavelengths increase from ∼70–100 km to ∼150–500 km over the same altitude range. Median vertical wavelengths, horizontal wavelengths, and periods increase with altitude up to z∼<225 km and are approximately constant at higher altitudes. Horizontal phase speeds are >100–150 m/s. We also measure the E region horizontal neutral winds and find that they peak at ∼150 m/s near z∼105 km in the middle of the day. Wave phase speeds are in general greater than these ambient winds. In addition, by tracing individual wave packets vertically in altitude, we find that a packet's vertical wavelength generally peaks near the altitude where its inferred ion velocity amplitude is maximum. The vertical wavelength generally decreases above this altitude, an observation that is consistent with gravity wave packet theory.
Oblique electron fire hose instability: Particle‐in‐cell simulations
Authors: Hellinger Petr , Trávníček Pavel M. , Decyk Victor K. , Schriver David
Published: December 2013

Nonlinear properties of the oblique resonant electron fire hose instability are investigated using two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations in the Darwin approximation for weak initial growth rates. The weak electron fire hose instability has a self‐destructive nonlinear behavior; it destabilizes a nonpropagating branch which only exists for a sufficiently strong temperature anisotropy. The nonlinear evolution leads to generation of nonpropagating waves which in turn scatter electrons and reduce their temperature anisotropy. As the temperature anisotropy is being reduced, the nonpropagating branch disappears and the generated standing waves are transformed to propagating whistler waves which are rapidly damped. Consequently, the oblique electron fire hose efficiently reduces the electron temperature anisotropy.
Three‐dimensional electron radiation belt simulations using the BAS Radiation Belt Model with new diffusion models for chorus, plasmaspheric hiss, and lightning‐generated whistlers
Authors: Glauert Sarah A. , Horne Richard B. , Meredith Nigel P.
Published: December 2013

The flux of relativistic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts is highly variable and can change by orders of magnitude on timescales of a few hours. Understanding the drivers for these changes is important as energetic electrons can damage satellites. We present results from a new code, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Radiation Belt model, which solves a 3‐D Fokker‐Planck equation, following a similar approach to the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code, incorporating the effects of radial diffusion, wave‐particle interactions, and collisions. Whistler mode chorus waves, plasmaspheric hiss, and lightning‐generated whistlers (LGW) are modeled using new diffusion coefficients, calculated by the Pitch Angle and Energy Diffusion of Ions and Electrons (PADIE) code, with new wave models based on satellite data that have been parameterized by both the AE and Kp indices. The model for plasmaspheric hiss and LGW includes variation in the wave‐normal angle distribution of the waves with latitude. Simulations of 100 days from the CRRES mission demonstrate that the inclusion of chorus waves in the model is needed to reproduce the observed increase in MeV flux during disturbed conditions. The model reproduces the variation of the radiation belts best when AE, rather than Kp, is used to determine the diffusion rates. Losses due to plasmaspheric hiss depend critically on the the wave‐normal angle distribution; a model where the peak of the wave‐normal angle distribution depends on latitude best reproduces the observed decay rates. Higher frequency waves (∼1–2 kHz) only make a significant contribution to losses for L∗<3 and the highest frequencies (2–5 kHz), representing LGW, have a limited effect on MeV electrons for 2<L∗<5.5.
Type II solar radio bursts predicted by 3‐D MHD CME and kinetic radio emission simulations
Authors: Schmidt J. M. , Cairns Iver H.
Published: December 2013

Impending space weather events at Earth are often signaled by type II solar radio bursts. These bursts are generated upstream of shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that move away from the Sun. We combine elaborate three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetohydrodynamic predictions of realistic CMEs near the Sun with a recent analytic kinetic radiation theory in order to simulate two type II bursts. Magnetograms of the Sun are used to reconstruct initial solar magnetic and active region fields for the modeling. STEREO spacecraft data are used to dimension the flux rope of the initial CME, launched into an empirical data‐driven corona and solar wind. We demonstrate impressive accuracy in time, frequency, and intensity for the two type II bursts observed by the Wind spacecraft on 15 February 2011 and 7 March 2012. Propagation of the simulated CME‐driven shocks through coronal plasmas containing preexisting density and magnetic field structures that stem from the coronal setup and CME initiation closely reproduce the isolated islands of type II emission observed. These islands form because of a competition between the growth of the radio source due to spherical expansion and a fragmentation of the radio source due to increasingly radial fields in the nose region of the shock and interactions with streamers in the flank regions of the shock. Our study provides strong support for this theory for type II bursts and implies that the physical processes involved are understood. It also supports a near‐term capability to predict and track these events for space weather predictions.
Solar cycle evolution of dipolar and pseudostreamer belts and their relation to the slow solar wind
Authors: Owens M. J. , Crooker N. U. , Lockwood M.
Published: December 2013

Dipolar streamers are coronal structures formed by open solar flux converging from coronal holes of opposite polarity. Thus, the dipolar streamer belt traces the coronal foot point of the heliospheric current sheet, and it is strongly associated with the origin of slow solar wind. Pseudostreamers, on the other hand, separate converging regions of open solar flux from coronal holes of the same polarity and do not contain current sheets. They have recently received a great deal of interest as a possible additional source of slow solar wind. Here we add to that growing body of work by using the potential‐field source‐surface model to determine the occurrence and location of dipolar and pseudostreamers over the last three solar cycles. In addition to providing new information about pseudostreamer morphology, the results help explain why the observations taken during the first Ulysses perihelion pass in 1995 showed noncoincidence between dipolar streamer belt and the locus of slowest flow. We find that Carrington rotation averages of the heliographic latitudes of dipolar and pseudostreamer belts are systematically shifted away from the equator, alternately in opposite directions, with a weak solar cycle periodicity, thus keeping slow wind from the web of combined streamer belts approximately symmetric about the equator. The largest separation of dipolar and pseudostreamer belts occurred close to the Ulysses pass, allowing a unique opportunity to see that slow wind from pseudostreamer belts north of the southward displaced dipolar belt was responsible for the noncoincident pattern.
Hokkaido HF radar signatures of periodically reoccurring nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected at short ranges
Authors: Koustov A. V. , Yakymenko K. N. , Nishitani N. , Ponomarenko P. V.
Published: December 2013

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network Hokkaido HF radar often detects periodically reoccurring E region echoing regions propagating toward or away from it. In this work, we consider 117 of such events identified for 2008–2012. These are shown to occur at nighttime, preferentially during summer, although significant number for events was found for winter. Statistics for the local time of occurrence, magnitude of the speed and polarity of progressions, and temporal and spatial periodicities are presented. We show that the power of echoes is linearly related to their Doppler velocity which makes it possible to identify the events on both power and Doppler velocity plots. Other peculiar characteristics of echoes are discussed. The onset of events is associated with gravity waves propagation through the radar field of view.
Comparative climatological study of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over North America and China in 2011–2012
Authors: Ding Feng , Wan Weixing , Li Qiang , Zhang Rui , Song Qian , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Zhao Biqiang , Xiong Bo
Published: December 2013

This paper describes a comparative study of the climatology of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) over North America and China based on observations obtained in 2011–2012 using two GPS networks characterized by dense regional coverage. We identified a total of 390 LSTIDs in China and 363 events in North America. These can be categorized into three types, namely south, north, and westward propagating LSTIDs. The southward LSTIDs over North America show similar diurnal and seasonal variations to those of geomagnetic disturbances, but the southward LSTIDs over China do not show such variations. The occurrence of southward LSTIDs over China increases at ~1–2 h after the time of geomagnetic activity maximum; this increase lasts several hours until the geomagnetic minimum, which happens during the local evening. The southward LSTIDs over North America show a semiannual variation with two peaks in March and October, while the southward LSTIDs over China show a major peak in January. Northward LSTIDs occur much less frequently than their southward counterparts, and they are mainly observed in China. They mostly occur during geomagnetic activity maximum, indicating a possible relation with the degree of geomagnetic activity. Westward LSTIDs are seen in both regions during local sunrise and may be excited by the moving solar terminator. No relationship was found between these latter LSTIDs and the geomagnetic disturbances. The propagation direction of westward events changed from northwestward during winter solstice to southwestward at summer solstice. This is consistent with the seasonal orientation of the solar terminator.
North Cascadia heat flux and fluid flow from gas hydrates: Modeling 3‐D topographic effects
Authors: Li Hong‐lin , He Tao , Spence George D.
Published: December 2013

The bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR) of gas hydrate is well imaged from two perpendicular seismic grids in the region of a large carbonate mound, informally called Cucumber Ridge off Vancouver Island. We use a new method to calculate 3‐D heat flow map from the BSR depths, in which we incorporate 3‐D topographic corrections after calibrated by the drilling results from nearby (Integrated) Ocean Drilling Program Site 889 and Site U1327. We then estimate the associated fluid flow by relating it to the topographically corrected heat flux anomalies. In the midslope region, a heat flux anomaly of 1 mW/m2 can be associated with an approximate focused fluid flow rate of 0.09 mm/yr. Around Cucumber Ridge, high rates of focused fluid flow were observed at steep slopes with values more than double the average regional diffusive fluid discharge rate of 0.56 mm/yr. As well, in some areas of relatively flat seafloor, the focused fluid flow rates still exceeded 0.5 mm/yr. On the seismic lines the regions of focused fluid flow were commonly associated with seismic blanking zones above the BSR and sometimes with strong reflectors below the BSR, indicating that the faults/fractures provide high‐permeability pathways for fluids to carry methane from BSR depths to the seafloor. These high fluid flow regions cover mostly the western portion of our area with gas hydrate concentration estimations of ~6% based on empirical correlations from Hydrate Ridge in south off Oregon, significantly higher than previously recognized values of ~2.5% in the eastern portion determined from Site U1327.
Delamination of southern Puna lithosphere revealed by body wave attenuation tomography
Authors: Liang Xiaofeng , Sandvol Eric , Kay Suzanne , Heit Benjamin , Yuan Xiaohui , Mulcahy Patrick , Chen Chen , Brown Larry , Comte Diana , Alvarado Patricia
Published: December 2013

The southern Puna Plateau has been proposed to result from a major Pliocene delamination event that has previously been inferred from geochemical, geological, and some preliminary geophysical data. Seventy‐five seismic stations were deployed across the southern Puna Plateau in 2007–2009 by scientists from the U.S., Germany, Chile, and Argentina to test the delamination model for the region. The Puna passive seismic stations were located between 25 and 28°S. Using the seismic waveform data collected from the PUNA experiment, we employ attenuation tomography methods to resolve both compressional and shear quality factors (Qp and Qs, respectively) in the crust and uppermost mantle. The images clearly show a high‐Q Nazca slab subducting eastward beneath the Puna plateau and another high‐Q block with a westward dip beneath the Eastern Cordillera. We suggest that the latter is a piece of delaminated South American lithosphere. A significant low‐Q zone lies between the Nazca slab and the South American lithosphere and extends southward from the northern margin of the seismic array at 25°S before vanishing around 27.5°S. This low‐Q zone extends farther west in the crust and uppermost mantle at the southern end of the seismic array. The low‐Q zone reaches ~100 km depth beneath the northern part of the array but only ~50 km depth in the south. Lateral variations of the low‐Q zone reflect the possible mechanism conversion between mantle upwelling related to delamination and dehydration. The depth of the Nazca slab as defined by Q images decreases from north to south beneath the plateau, which is consistent with the steep‐flat transition of the angle of the subducting slab as defined by previous earthquake studies.
Evolution of gas saturation and relative permeability during gas production from hydrate‐bearing sediments: Gas invasion vs. gas nucleation
Authors: Jang Jaewon , Santamarina J. Carlos
Published: December 2013

Capillarity and both gas and water permeabilities change as a function of gas saturation. Typical trends established in the discipline of unsaturated soil behavior are used when simulating gas production from hydrate‐bearing sediments. However, the evolution of gas saturation and water drainage in gas invasion (i.e., classical soil behavior) and gas nucleation (i.e., gas production) is inherently different: micromodel experimental results show that gas invasion forms a continuous flow path while gas nucleation forms isolated gas clusters. Complementary simulations conducted using tube networks explore the implications of the two different desaturation processes. In spite of their distinct morphological differences in fluid displacement, numerical results show that the computed capillarity‐saturation curves are very similar in gas invasion and nucleation (the gas‐water interface confronts similar pore throat size distribution in both cases); the relative water permeability trends are similar (the mean free path for water flow is not affected by the topology of the gas phase); and the relative gas permeability is slightly lower in nucleation (delayed percolation of initially isolated gas‐filled pores that do not contribute to gas conductivity). Models developed for unsaturated sediments can be used for reservoir simulation in the context of gas production from hydrate‐bearing sediments, with minor adjustments to accommodate a lower gas invasion pressure Po and a higher gas percolation threshold.
Nonlinear effective pressure law for permeability
Authors: Li M. , Xiao W.‐L. , Bernabé Y. , Zhao J.‐Z.
Published: December 2013

The permeability k of porous rocks is known to vary with confining pressure pc and pore fluid pressure pf. But it is, in principle, possible to replace the two‐variable function k(pf, pc) by a function k(peff) of a single variable, peff(pf, pc), called the effective pressure. Our goal in this paper is to establish an experimental method for determining a possibly nonlinear, effective pressure law (EPL) for permeability, i.e., find the function κs(pf, pc) such that the effective pressure is given by peff = pc − κs(pf, pc) pf. We applied this method to a set of 26 sandstone cores from various hydrocarbon reservoirs in China. We found that κs greatly varied, from sample to sample, in magnitude and range, sometimes even reaching theoretically prohibited values (i.e., greater than 1 or lower than porosity). One interesting feature of κs(pf, pc) is that it could be approximately described in all rocks but one as a decreasing function κs(pc − pf) of Terzaghi's differential pressure. We also investigated the dependence of permeability on peff for each of our samples. Three models from the literature, i.e., exponential (E), power law (P), and the Walsh model (W), were tested. The (W) model was more likely to fit the experimental data of cores with a high pressure dependence of permeability whereas (E) occurred more frequently in low‐pressure‐sensitive rocks. Finally, we made various types of two‐ and three‐dimensional microstructural observations that generally supported the trend mentioned above.
Reply to comment by Denyszyn and Halls (this volume) on “Geological and geophysical observations in the Kane Basin preclude the presence of a major plate boundary in southwestern Nares Strait”
Authors: Oakey Gordon N. , Chalmers James A.
Published: December 2013

The Paleogene movement of the Greenland Plate relative to North America took place in two stages. The movement of the Eocene stage is highly constrained by the known geometry of magnetic lineations and fracture zones in Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. This geometry requires that the link from Baffin Bay to the Eurekan Orogeny must have been distributed deformation in the Canadian Archipelago, effectively forming an “Ellesmerian” microplate. Geophysical/geological observation in southwestern Nares Strait means that the strike‐slip movement of Greenland relative to North America during the Paleocene cannot have been through the Kane Basin but must have taken place farther northwest, probably within the Eurekan Fold Belt.
Transport of fine sediment over a coarse, immobile riverbed
Authors: Grams Paul E. , Wilcock Peter R.
Published: December 2013

Sediment transport in cobble‐boulder rivers consists mostly of fine sediment moving over a coarse, immobile bed. Transport rate depends on several interrelated factors: boundary shear stress, the grain size and volume of fine sediment, and the configuration of fine sediment into interstitial deposits and bed forms. Existing models do not incorporate all of these factors. Approaches that partition stress face a daunting challenge because most of the boundary shear is exerted on immobile grains. We present an alternative approach that divides the bed into sand patches and interstitial deposits and is well constrained by two clear end‐member cases: full sand cover and absence of sand. Entrainment from sand patches is a function of their aerial coverage. Entrainment from interstices among immobile grains is a function of sand elevation relative to the size of the immobile grains. The bed‐sand coverage function is used to predict the ratio of the rate of entrainment from a partially covered bed to the rate of entrainment from a completely sand‐covered bed, which is determined using a standard sand transport model. We implement the bed‐sand coverage function in a morphodynamic routing model and test it against observations of sand bed elevation and suspended sand concentration for conditions of nonuniform fine sediment transport in a large flume with steady uniform flow over immobile hemispheres. The results suggest that this approach may provide a simple and robust method for predicting the transport and migration of fine sediment through rivers with coarse, immobile beds.
Cenozoic deformation and exhumation history of the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan
Authors: Macaulay Euan A. , Sobel Edward R. , Mikolaichuk Alexander , Kohn Barry , Stuart Finlay M.
Published: December 2013

New low‐temperature thermochronological data from 80 samples in eastern Kyrgyzstan are combined with previously published data from 61 samples to constrain exhumation in a number of mountain ranges in the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan. All sampled ranges are found to have a broadly consistent Cenozoic exhumation history, characterized by initially low cooling rates (<1°C/Myr) followed by a series of increases in exhumation that occurred diachronously across the region in the late Cenozoic that are interpreted to record the onset of deformation in different mountain ranges. Combined with geological estimates for the onset of proximal deformation, our data suggest that the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan started deforming in the late Oligocene‐early Miocene, leading to the development of several, widely spaced mountain ranges separated by large intermontane basins. Subsequently, more ranges have been constructed in response to significant shortening increases across the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan, notably in the late Miocene. The order of range construction is interpreted to reflect variations in the susceptibility of inherited structures to reactivation. Reactivated structures are also shown to have significance along strike variations in fault vergence and displacement, which have influenced the development and growth of individual mountain ranges. Moreover, the timing of deformation allows the former extent of many intermontane basins that have since been partitioned to be inferred; this can be linked to the highly time‐transgressive onset of late Cenozoic coarse clastic sedimentation.
Location and Orientation Specific Material Property Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded Ti‐5111: A Microsample Approach
Authors: Nimer Salahudin , Wolk Jennifer , Zupan Marc
Published: December 2013

This work presents microsample measured mechanical properties of a friction stir welded (FSW) plate of Ti‐5111. Property measurements and fractographic deformation observations were made as a function of discrete locations within the weld [stir zone (SZ), boundaries, base metal (BM)]. Properties in the longitudinal direction are compared to transverse measurements made at the same locations. Compared to the BM the longitudinal direction shows strength and ductility increases throughout the weld. The outer SZ showed mechanical properties in the longitudinal direction to be similar to the SZ properties in the transverse direction. These observations and measured properties serve to link the local material properties to the complex flow, heat, and deformation imparted to the material during the FSW process.
Investigation of the Thin‐Film Phase Diagram of the Cr–Ni–Re System by High‐Throughput Experimentation
Authors: Janghorban Amin , Pfetzing‐Micklich Janine , Frenzel Jan , Ludwig Alfred
Published: December 2013

The Cr–Ni–Re system was investigated over the whole composition range using combinatorial fabrication methods combined with high‐throughput characterization techniques in order to establish its thin film phase diagram. After annealing at 940 and 1100 °C, the phase equilibrium was reached in the Ni‐rich part of the ternary in agreement with the published bulk phase diagram. Annealing the materials library at 940 °C is not sufficient to achieve the equilibrium state in the Re‐rich part of the system, however by annealing the materials library at 1100 °C the formation of expected phases (three solid‐solutions and a topologically close packed compound) could be observed. As a result of this study, a thin film phase diagram of the complete Cr–Ni–Re at 1100 °C was established, which is well comparable to the bulk phase diagram. This shows that the combinatorial thin film phase diagram approach is feasible and especially promising for materials systems with expensive and/or high melting point constituents.
Amplified Spontaneous Green Emission and Lasing Emission From Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Qu Songnan , Liu Xingyuan , Guo Xiaoyang , Chu Minghui , Zhang Ligong , Shen Dezhen
Published: December 2013

In this work, the optical properties of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) can be modulated by the dopant‐N atom and sp2 C‐contents. CNPs prepared with the low urea mass ratio of 0.2:1 (CNP1) exhibit blue emission (maximum PL quantum yield: 15%). Increasing sp2 C‐ and dopant‐N atom contents, as determined in CNPs prepared with high urea mass ratio of 2:1 (CNP2), lead to green emission (maximum PL quantum yield up to 36% in ethanol aqueous solution). Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) can be observed only in CNP2 ethanol aqueous solution. Green lasing emission is achieved from CNP2 ethanol aqueous solution in a linear long Fabry‐Perot cavity, indicating the potential of CNP2 as a gain medium for lasing. CNP2 shows superior photostability compared with C545T dye. The green emission from CNP2 is speculated to arise from electron‐hole recombination (intrinsic state emission). The high PL quantum yield and small overlap between absorption and emissions of CNP2 ethanol aqueous solution are the key factors in realizing lasing emission.
Fabrication of Organic Thin‐Film Transistors on Three‐Dimensional Substrates Using Free‐Standing Polymeric Masks Based on Soft Lithography
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hyung , Hong Sang Ho , Seong Kwang‐dong , Seo Soonmin
Published: December 2013

Here, a novel fabrication technique for integrated organic devices on substrates with complex structure is presented. For this work, free‐standing polymeric masks with stencil‐patterns are fabricated using an ultra‐violet (UV) curable polyurethaneacrylate (PUA) mixture, and used as shadow masks for thermal evaporation. High flexibility and adhesive properties of the free‐standing PUA masks ensure conformal contact with various materials such as glass, silicon (Si), and polymer, and thus can also be utilized as patterning masks for solution‐based deposition methods, such as spin‐coating and drop‐casting. Based on this technique, a number of integrated organic transistors are fabricated simultaneously on a cylindrical glass bottle with high curvature, as well as on a flat silicon wafer. It is anticipated that these results will be applied to the development of various integrated organic devices on complex‐structured substrates, which can lead to further applications.
Smart Nanorods for Highly Effective Cancer Theranostic Applications
Authors: Yang Yinlong , Zhang Xiujuan , Yu Caitong , Hao Xiaojun , Jie Jiansheng , Zhou Mengjiao , Zhang Xiaohong
Published: December 2013

Combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy is considered to be a promising strategy for the next generation of cancer treatments. However, it has been limited by difficulties in obtaining high drug payload chemo‐photothermal agents, and thus complete destruction of tumor without recurrence has never been achieved, unless they are conjugated with some targeting ligands for special targeted drug delivery. Herein, iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP)‐doped 10‐hydroxycamptothecin drug nanorods (HCPT NRs), with an organic conducting polymer poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT) coating outside, are developed for cancer diagnosis and chemo‐photothermal therapy. The drug‐loading capacity of HCPT in the complex NRs reaches up to 72%, which is much higher than previously reported carrier‐based nanocomposites. In vitro studies show that the resulting NRs demonstrate an excellent chemo‐photothermal synergistic effect for tumor ablation. More importantly, 100% in vivo tumor elimination is achieved under a low laser power density of 1 W cm−2 without weight loss and tumor recurrence. Moreover, IONP endow these drug nanocomposites with imaging capabilities, thus rendering the resulting HCPT‐PEDOT NR an all‐in‐one processing system for diagnosis and treatment with low systematic toxicity.
Structural Changes in Li2MnO3 Cathode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Rana Jatinkumar , Stan Marian , Kloepsch Richard , Li Jie , Schumacher Gerhard , Welter Edmund , Zizak Ivo , Banhart John , Winter Martin
Published: December 2013

Structural changes in Li2MnO3 cathode material for rechargeable Li‐ion batteries are investigated during the first and 33rd cycles. It is found that both the participation of oxygen anions in redox processes and Li+‐H+ exchange play an important role in the electrochemistry of Li2MnO3. During activation, oxygen removal from the material along with Li gives rise to the formation of a layered MnO2‐type structure, while the presence of protons in the interslab region, as a result of electrolyte oxidation and Li+‐H+ exchange, alters the stacking sequence of oxygen layers. Li re‐insertion by exchanging already present protons reverts the stacking sequence of oxygen layers. The re‐lithiated structure closely resembles the parent Li2MnO3, except that it contains less Li and O. Mn4+ ions remain electrochemically inactive at all times. Irreversible oxygen release occurs only during activation of the material in the first cycle. During subsequent cycles, electrochemical processes seem to involve unusual redox processes of oxygen anions of active material along with the repetitive, irreversible oxidation of electrolyte species. The deteriorating electrochemical performance of Li2MnO3 upon cycling is attributed to the structural degradation caused by repetitive shearing of oxygen layers.
Hydroxyphenyl‐Substituted Benzophosphole Oxides: Impact of the Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond on the Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Fukazawa Aiko , Osaki Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: December 2013

Aiming at a molecule that has distinct fluorescence properties dependent on the environment of the sample, we designed and synthesized 2‐(o‐hydroxyphenyl)‐substituted benzophosphole oxides, which can form an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and the phosphine oxide moiety. A 3‐phenylated derivative fluoresces in several specific solvents that have hydrogen‐bond‐accepting abilities, whereas it is virtually non‐emissive in toluene, CH2Cl2, and MeCN. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that this trend likely results from the switching of the excited‐state character. When in weak hydrogen‐bonding solvents, the compound forms a non‐emissive excited state that results from excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). In hydrogen‐bonding solvents the compound forms an emissive excited state with an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and the solvent. Switching between the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds can be a mechanism for controlling the fluorescence properties of the phosphole‐oxide‐based π‐electron systems.
Division of labor in hand usage in free‐ranging bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata
Authors: Mangalam Madhur , Desai Nisarg , Singh Mewa
Published: December 2013

Primates exhibit laterality in hand usage either in terms of (a) hand with which an individual solves a task or while solving a task that requires both hands, executes the most complex action, that is, “hand preference,” or (b) hand with which an individual executes actions most efficiently, that is, “hand performance.” Observations from previous studies indicate that laterality in hand usage might reflect specialization of the two hands for accomplishing tasks that require maneuvering dexterity or physical strength. However, no existing study has investigated handedness with regard to this possibility. In this study, we examined laterality in hand usage in urban free‐ranging bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata with regard to the above possibility. While solving four distinct food extraction tasks which varied in the number of steps involved in the food extraction process and the dexterity required in executing the individual steps, the macaques consistently used one hand for extracting food (i.e., task requiring maneuvering dexterity)—the “maneuvering” hand, and the other hand for supporting the body (i.e., task requiring physical strength)—the “supporting” hand. Analogously, the macaques used the maneuvering hand for the spontaneous routine activities that involved maneuvering in three‐dimensional space, such as grooming, and hitting an opponent during an agonistic interaction, and the supporting hand for those that required physical strength, such as pulling the body up while climbing. Moreover, while solving a task that ergonomically forced the usage of a particular hand, the macaques extracted food faster with the maneuvering hand as compared to the supporting hand, demonstrating the higher maneuvering dexterity of the maneuvering hand. As opposed to the conventional ideas of handedness in non‐human primates, these observations demonstrate division of labor between the two hands marked by their consistent usage across spontaneous and experimental tasks requiring maneuvering in three‐dimensional space or those requiring physical strength. Am. J. Primatol. 76:576–585, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Post‐Synthesis Treatment gives Highly Stable Siliceous Zeolites through the Isomorphous Substitution of Silicon for Germanium in Germanosilicates
Authors: Xu Hao , Jiang Jin‐gang , Yang Boting , Zhang Lin , He Mingyuan , Wu Peng
Published: December 2013

Germanosilicates, an important family of zeolites with increasing number of members and attractive porosities, but containing a large quantity of unstable Ge atoms in the framework, meet with great obstacles in terms of limited thermal and hydrothermal stability when it comes to practical use. A facile stabilization method thus has been developed to substitute isomorphously Ge atoms for Si atoms, giving rise to ultrastable siliceous analogues of the pristine germanosilicates.
Translocation of Platinum Anticancer Drugs by Human Copper ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B
Authors: Tadini‐Buoninsegni Francesco , Bartolommei Gianluca , Moncelli Maria Rosa , Inesi Giuseppe , Galliani Angela , Sinisi Marilù , Losacco Maurizio , Natile Giovanni , Arnesano Fabio
Published: December 2013

Cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are widely used anticancer drugs. Their efficacy is strongly reduced by development of cell resistance. Down‐regulation of CTR1 and up‐regulation of the Cu‐ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B, have been associated to augmented drug resistance. To gain information on translocation of Pt drugs by human Cu‐ATPases, we performed electrical measurements on the COS‐1 cell microsomal fraction, enriched with recombinant ATP7A, ATP7B, and selected mutants, and adsorbed on a solid supported membrane. The experimental results indicate that Pt drugs activate Cu‐ATPases and undergo ATP‐dependent translocation in a fashion similar to that of Cu. We then used NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS to determine the binding mode of these drugs to the first N‐terminal metal‐binding domain of ATP7A (Mnk1).
Aqueous Anion Receptors through Reduction of Subcomponent Self‐Assembled Structures
Authors: Mosquera Jesús , Zarra Salvatore , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: December 2013

To prepare new functional covalent architectures that are difficult to synthesize using conventional organic methods, we developed a strategy that employs metal–organic assemblies as precursors, which are then reduced and demetalated. The host–guest chemistry of the larger receptor thus prepared was studied using NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence experiments. This host was observed to strongly bind aromatic polyanions in water, including the fluorescent dye molecule pyranine with nanomolar affinity, thus allowing for the design of an indicator‐displacement assay.