bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kant and the Liberal Arts: A Defense
Authors: Sweet Kristi
Published: July 2015

In this essay, I outline a Kantian line of defense for the liberal arts. Despite the essential function of education in moral life for Kant, it has only been in recent years that Kant scholarship has paid close attention to the importance of education for his moral theory. I believe that, in addition to our understanding of how education can shape the moral character of individuals, Kant also affords insight into how education–and the university, in particular–may make a contribution to our role as citizens. In this paper, I trace how Kant’s view of history, the arts, and philosophy can be seen to make a contribution to the fulfillment of our civic duty to exercise free speech. After outlining the relationship of these disciplines to the government along with a brief analysis of our duty to exercise our reason publicly, I draw out the distinctive ways each of these disciplines supports our efforts to improve society.
The Concept of the Oceanic Feeling in Artistic Creativity and in the Analysis of Visual Artworks
Authors: Saarinen Jussi Antti
Published: July 2015

For several decades now, psychoanalytically oriented writers on art have used the concept of the oceanic feeling to designate feelings of oneness, limitlessness, and mania in artistic creativity and aesthetic experiencing. In this article, I examine critically the most influential account of the oceanic feeling in aesthetics, provided by art pedagogue and art critic Anton Ehrenzweig. Following his points of emphasis, I elaborate on the structural, perceptual, and affective aspects of oceanic states of mind. To illuminate further some of the central premises and problems of Ehrenzweig’s account, I assess two separate analyses of visual artworks that have incorporated his ideas. To conclude, I present my own view of the use of oceanic terminology in regard to artistic creativity, analysis of visual artworks, and aesthetic encounters.
The Sublime in Art: Kant, the Mannerist, and the Matterist Sublime
Authors: Vandenabeele Bart
Published: July 2015

Kant offers the most detailed and convincing account of the mathematical sublime in the history of aesthetics and justly takes into account the deep grounding of aesthetic appraisal and creativity in experience and cognition. Still, as it stands, his theory cannot adequately explain the aesthetic value of the majority of modern and contemporary artworks. I argue, then, that a critically upgraded version of Kant’s theory of the mathematical sublime ought to be developed to (i) reveal the aesthetic value of so-called anti-aesthetic art; (ii) substantiate the claim that the aesthetic value of a work of art does not exclusively depend on sensory properties of the work; (iii) explore the topical relevance of the (mathematical) sublime as a viable aesthetic concept in art theory; and (iv) assess more accurately the crucial relation between form and content, which is essential to art. To enable us to assess the value of modern and contemporary artworks adequately, I develop two new varieties of the sublime–namely, the mannerist sublime and the matterist sublime–and connect these with Kant’s theory of aesthetic ideas. Furthermore, I show how these two varieties can be successfully employed to account for the aesthetic value of modern and contemporary artworks.
Homage to Illustration: Story Telling in Paint and Marble
Authors: Spitz Ellen Handler
Published: July 2015

Images speak a different language from words. They tell stories differently. Yet, for many generations, since art history was legitimized as a discipline in American academia, early in the twentieth century, illustration has been treated with a measure of condescension. This essay contests that viewpoint. To disavow illustration is to bypass what counts for many viewers as a deeply heartfelt and intimate aspect of art viewing, not to mention one core to artists’ own creative processes, for very often art is made with stories consciously or preconsciously in mind. That prejudice, moreover, also shortchanges the stories themselves. The drive to invent imagery- -in all visual media–that corresponds to verbal tales is deeply entrenched as a motive in the psyche. Closely allied with dreaming, this drive deserves rethinking in light of a contemporary global culture that is turning ever more strikingly toward visual communication.
Leibniz and Culinary Cognitions: A Speculative Journey
Authors: Wertz S. K.
Published: July 2015

An argument is made for Leibniz as our first modern food philosopher. This is based on his theory of cognition or perception and culinary examples he used in the New Essays on Human Understanding. This view is contrasted with Locke and Hume’s accounts of perception. Their atomistic approach proves to be woefully inadequate for food products like sauces, whereas Leibniz’s view gives us an account of them. All agree that food products like sauces are complex ideas, but Locke and Hume try to argue that they are made up of simple ideas or impressions that are clear and distinct. “Simple” for Leibniz is an abstraction, and perceptions cannot be separated out from ideas, so complexity is more easily achieved in his scheme of things. In the end, he has a more adequate view of food products.
Countering "What God Thought and the Neighbors Said": Alternative Gender Possibility and Becoming-Animal in Harriette Arnow’s Hunter’s Horn
Authors: Holtman Janet
Published: July 2015

This article reads Harriette Arnow’s 1949 novel of the Kentucky hills through a lens of twenty-first-century queer theory and post-structuralism. It briefly surveys past criticism, but instead of suggesting, as many past critics have, that the novel merely offers, and fails to resolve, the tensions between its central hunting narrative and its gender critique, this paper instead argues for another way of viewing the novel’s structure, troubling denouement (when a loving and unconventional father requires his brilliant daughter to succumb to an unwanted marriage), and unique central symbol, an almost supernaturally clever red fox who plagues and challenges the community. This reading of Arnow’s mid-twentieth-century Appalachian hunting tale offers a new look at the ways in which a third-sex possibility offered through an animal avatar can undermine patriarchal authority, cross gender boundaries, and establish a uniquely Appalachian icon of alterity.
Resisting Economic Opportunities? An Inquiry into the Reasons and Motivations of Individuals Who Stay in a Socio-Economically Deprived Area
Authors: Heinemann Lindsay , Hadler Markus
Published: July 2015

Appalachian states are predominantly perceived as areas with few economic opportunities and an ongoing "brain drain." This emphasis on out-migration, however, ignores an important group of individuals--those who "resist" the temptation of better opportunities, remain in their home states, and thus represent exceptions to this out-migration. Twenty qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted in the Huntington, West Virginia, area with the aim to scrutinize the motivations of this group. The results point to the importance of family ties and strong local identities as migration-inhibiting factors, as well as economic opportunities for a few respondents. This study also shows that considering rural states as homogeneous entities can be misleading, given the prevalence of internal migration and the type of opportunities that were perceived within West Virginia.
The Collaboration Networks of Economic Development Organizations in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Compion Sara , Ofem Brandon , Ferrier Walter , Borgatti Stephen , Cook-Craig Patricia , Jensen Jane , Nah Seungahn
Published: July 2015

This study describes the patterns of collaboration among economic development organizations (EDOs) in eastern Kentucky. Economic development organizations work to improve the economic conditions of their respective locales. They operate in a region facing many historical barriers to economic sustainability, and where resource scarcity is the norm. Given this distressed context, a deeper understanding of how these organizations work together provides valuable insight into practices that promote or discourage goal attainment. Employing a social network perspective, we examine the patterns of collaboration between ninety-eight EDOs currently operating in the region. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with EDO leaders and via an online survey. In this paper, we review the relevant literature and our methodology, identify the population of such organizations, describe their characteristics, and illustrate the various ways in which they collaborate. Our findings reveal that although EDOs share a common mission to promote local economic development, they vary widely in their service offerings and geographic scope, and only leverage about 8 percent of their networking potential.
Canada’s Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations: a synopsis for health professionals
Authors: Ziemianski Daniel , A. Ware Mark
Published: July 2015

Cannabis for therapeutic purposes (medical marijuana) is a complex reality in many parts of the world. Laws and regulations surrounding cannabis for therapeutic purposes around the world are evolving. The Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (MMPR) define roles and responsibilities pertaining to cannabis for therapeutic purposes in Canada. These regulations are lengthy and technical but include information important to health professionals. This article presents a synopsis of elements within the regulations that are important for health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to assist health professionals to understand the structure and impact of these regulations. With a greater understanding of how cannabis for therapeutic purposes is regulated, health professionals will be capable of engaging in more informed discussions with patients and colleagues, and will be better equipped to navigate the new landscape of legal access.
“I did not mean to make away with the child, I did not know what I was about”: Autobiographical Traces of Infanticide in Eighteenth-Century Trial Records
Authors: Boon Sonja
Published: July 2015

In this essay, I am interested in the possibilities of maternal autobiography in court documents. I focus specifically on the trial records of mothers charged with infanticide between 1700 and 1800. Drawing on the Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913, I consider these narratives both through the lenses of legal and social histories of infanticide, and in relation to Marlene Kadar et al.’s notion of “autobiographical traces,” fragmentary stories that emerge when pieces of individual lives are stitched together with the historical, social and political context in which they emerged. The fragments I explore in this essay include not only the limited textual interventions of the accused mothers themselves, as they took the stand to speak in their defense, but also their silences and erasures. In addition to this, I consider the autobiographical potential of these women’s actions and behaviours, as witnessed and deposed by those called to the stand. Finally, I consider the stories of self that emerge from the reproductive and maternal body; that is, I am interested in the ways that bodily stories and understandings inevitably complicate textual and behavioural narratives.  This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 15 September 2014 and published on 25 June 2015.
Waving at Soldiers
Authors: Richardson Heather
Published: July 2015

For most writers the first experience of narrative comes from within the family. Facts, opinions, distortions and – very occasionally – truth, are shaped into family stories. A first-time memoirist such as myself has to acknowledge her own unreliability as a narrator, and must unpick real from false memory, the accidently misremembered from the downright lie. In this piece I chart the uncomfortable experience of remembering and writing about growing up during the Northern Irish ‘Troubles’, focusing on the life and death of my Aunt’s husband. He was a British soldier serving in Northern Ireland during the worst years of the Troubles in the early 70s and latterly a constable in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). From their peculiar wedding in my parents’ front room to his death in a car crash five years later, exploring his story has confronted me with the long-denied impact of the Northern Irish conflict on my practice as a writer and teacher of creative writing. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 20 April 2015 and published on 19 July 2015.
Out-migrants and Local Institutions: Case Study of a Depopulated Mountain Village in Japan
Authors: Okubo Mika , Mohammed Abrar Juhar , Inoue Makoto
Published: July 2015

Rural depopulation is now well acknowledged to be one of the salient challenges faced by Japan (Ohno, 2005; Odagiri, 2006). However, out-migrants that left their village of origin still maintain their bond with the villages through local institutions and natural resources. By taking Mogura village in Hayakawa town, Yamanashi prefecture as a case study, this article discusses relationships between out-migrants and their depopulated village of origin by focusing on local institutions and natural resource management. Data was collected using open ended interview and participant observation methods. The result shows that, although the style of observing has changed, out-migrants play important role in local institutions and assisting resource management of their depopulated village of origin. The institutions still have meaning for out-migrants to keep relationships with their village of origin. Several customs, such as collaborative labor, obon, New Year vacation, and the anniversary of ancestors’ death ceremony, provide scheduled opportunities for out-migrants and residents to get together and good reasons to come to the place of the village of origin. We argue that local institutions and natural resources, although in the process of transformation, can be helpful tools to link out-migrants with villages. We, however, take precaution on whether such role will be transferred to next generation of the out-migrants that are born and are living outside the village of origin of the out-migrants.
Physicochemical Properties of Melipona beecheii Honey of the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Moo-Huchin Victor M. , Gonzalez-Aguilar Gustavo A. , Lira-Maas Jose D. , Perez-Pacheco Emilio , Estrada-Leon Raciel , Moo-Huchin Mariela I. , Sauri-Duch Enrique
Published: July 2015

The knowledge regarding the physicochemical characteristics of the honey produced by stingless bees is still limited, mainly due to the high diversity of the floral resources and the low production that is inherent to these species. This manuscript describes the physicochemical characterization of 27 honey samples produced by Melipona beecheii, from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The objective of this study was to contribute to the establishment of standards for quality control. The following parameters were evaluated in the honey samples: reducing sugars, moisture content, acidity, pH, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), ash, soluble solids, formol index, proline and color. Most of physico-chemical parameters fulfilled the quality criteria established by the International Legislation for Apis honey, with the exception of moisture content, which presented higher values; for that, the results indicate that the international standard procedures are not completing adequate for all the parameters analyzed on Apis mellifera honey and therefore is need establish a suitable standard of quality control for honey from Melipona.
The Prisoner's Dilemma: Introducing Game Theory
Authors: Shaw Doug J. , Miller Catherine M.
Published: July 2015

Portraying real-world situations, students rank possible outcomes and analyze strategies in variations of an iconic problem.
Finding Fifths in Origami
Authors: Hsiao Joy
Published: July 2015

Paper folding, or origami in Japanese, is a traditional craft that has been enjoyed by both children and adults for hundreds of years. An origami is typically made with a square piece of paper and no additional tools. A series of folds can transform a flat piece of square paper into an everyday object such as a bird, a boat, or a flower. Aligning vertices or edges makes a crease, and as new creases are made, they and their intersections become additional matching targets used to create new folds.
Genomic variations of the mevalonate pathway in porokeratosis
Authors: Zhang Zhenghua , Li Caihua , Wu Fei , Ma Ruixiao , Luan Jing , Yang Feng , Liu Weida , Wang Li , Zhang Shoumin , Liu Yan , Gu Jun , Hua Wenlian , Fan Min , Peng Hua , Meng Xuemei , Song Ningjing , Bi Xinling , Gu Chaoying , Zhang Zhen , Huang Qiong , Chen Lianjun , Xiang Leihong , Xu Jinhua , Zheng Zhizhong , Jiang Zhengwen
Published: July 2015

Porokeratosis (PK) is a heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders. No causal genes exceptMVKhave been identified, even though the disease was linked to several genomic loci. Here, we performed massively parallel sequencing and exonic CNV screening of 12 isoprenoid genes in 134 index PK patients (61 familial and 73 sporadic) and identified causal mutations in three novel genes (PMVK,MVD, andFDPS) in addition toMVKin the mevalonate pathway. Allelic expression imbalance (AEI) assays were performed in 13 lesional tissues. At least one mutation in one of the four genes in the mevalonate pathway was found in 60 (98%) familial and 53 (73%) sporadic patients, which suggests that isoprenoid biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of PK. Significantly reduced expression of the wild allele was common in lesional tissues due to gene conversion or some other unknown mechanism. A G-to-A RNA editing was observed in one lesional tissue without AEI. In addition, we observed correlations between the mutations in the four mevalonate pathway genes and clinical manifestations in the PK patients, which might support a new and simplified classification of PK under the guidance of genetic testing.
MicroRNA-203 represses selection and expansion of oncogenic Hras transformed tumor initiating cells
Authors: Riemondy Kent , Wang Xiao-jing , Torchia Enrique C , Roop Dennis R , Yi Rui
Published: July 2015

In many mouse models of skin cancer, only a few tumors typically form even though many cells competent for tumorigenesis receive the same oncogenic stimuli. These observations suggest an active selection process for tumor-initiating cells. Here, we use quantitative mRNA- and miR-Seq to determine the impact ofHrasG12Von the transcriptome of keratinocytes. We discover thatmicroRNA-203is downregulated byHrasG12V. Using a knockout mouse model, we demonstrate that loss ofmicroRNA-203promotes selection and expansion of tumor-initiating cells. Conversely, restoration ofmicroRNA-203using an inducible model potently inhibits proliferation of these cells. We comprehensively identifymicroRNA-203targets required forHras-initiated tumorigenesis. These targets include critical regulators of theRaspathway and essential genes required for cell division. This study establishes a role for the loss ofmicroRNA-203in promoting selection and expansion ofHrasmutated cells and identifies a mechanism through whichmicroRNA-203antagonizesHras-mediated tumorigenesis.
Integrating between-host transmission and within-host immunity to analyze the impact of varicella vaccination on zoster
Authors: Ogunjimi Benson , Willem Lander , Beutels Philippe , Hens Niel
Published: July 2015

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and reactivation of latent VZV causes herpes zoster (HZ). VZV reactivation is subject to the opposing mechanisms of declining and boosted VZV-specific cellular mediated immunity (CMI). A reduction in exogenous re-exposure ‘opportunities’ through universal chickenpox vaccination could therefore lead to an increase in HZ incidence. We present the first individual-based model that integrates within-host data on VZV-CMI and between-host transmission data to simulate HZ incidence. This model allows estimating currently unknown pivotal biomedical parameters, including the duration of exogenous boosting at 2 years, with a peak threefold to fourfold increase of VZV-CMI; the VZV weekly reactivation probability at 5% and VZV subclinical reactivation having no effect on VZV-CMI. A 100% effective chickenpox vaccine given to 1 year olds would cause a 1.75 times peak increase in HZ 31 years after implementation. This increase is predicted to occur mainly in younger age groups than is currently assumed.
Epitypification of Andrographis alata (Acanthaceae)
Authors: Gnanasekaran Gunadayalan , Murthy G. V.S.
Published: July 2015

The name Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees, basionym Justicia alata Vahl, is epitypified here.
Comparisons of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Ultrasound Imaging for Detection of Internal Mammary Lymph Node Metastases in Patients With Breast Cancer and Pathologic Correlation by Ultrasound‐Guided Biopsy Procedures
Authors: An Yeong Yi , Kim Sung Hun , Kang Bong Joo , Lee Ah Won
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To compare the diagnostic performance of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and ultrasound imaging (US) with pathologic results obtained by US‐guided biopsy and to evaluate the role of US in detecting internal mammary lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

Between January 2008 and December 2012, 37 patients with breast cancer (median age, 51.4 years; range, 40–79 years) underwent US‐guided biopsy for suspected internal mammary LN metastases. Medical records, radiologic images, and reports were reviewed and correlated with pathologic results.

Results

The positive internal mammary LN metastasis rate was 78.4%. All biopsies were performed safely without major complications. Only 8.1% of obtained samples were unsatisfactory. There were statistically significant differences in lesion size (P = .0002), standardized uptake value on PET/CT (P = .0015), biopsy methods (P = .002), and specimen adequacy (P = .007) between metastatic and benign groups. Of the clinical factorsreviewed, only concurrent distant metastasis was correlated with internal mammary LN metastasis (P< .0001). Sensitivities for detecting internal mammary LN metastases were 76.7%, 96.7%, and 92.9% for initial US examinations, initial US combined with second‐look US for initially missed cases, and PET/CT, respectively (P= .017). In a subgroup analysis, the only significant difference found was in sensitivities between initial and combined US (P = .019). In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve for PET/CT using standardized uptake criteria (0.87) was higher than that for US using size criteria (0.83); however, this difference was not significant.

Conclusions

Although PET/CT is the best noninvasive method for evaluating internal mammary LN metastases, US is also useful if internal mammary LN evaluation is routine during standard US surveillance of patients with breast cancer. Additionally, US‐guided biopsies could be performed immediately on any suspected metastases and yield a high positive rate without serious complications.
Assessment of Intracranial Structure Volumes in Fetuses With Growth Restriction by 3‐Dimensional Sonography Using the Extended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer‐Aided Analysis Method
Authors: Caetano Ana Carolina Rabachini , Zamarian Ana Cristina Perez , Júnior Edward Araujo , Cavalcante Rafael Oliveira , Simioni Christiane , Silva Carolina Pacheco , Rolo Liliam Cristine , Moron Antonio Fernandes , Nardozza Luciano Marcondes Machado
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To assess intracranial structure volumes by 3‐dimensional (3D) sonography in fetuses with growth restriction.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cross‐sectional case‐control study involving 59 fetuses with growth restriction (38 fetuses with estimated weight <3rd percentile and 21 fetuses with estimated weight between 3rd and 10th percentiles, according to Hadlock et al [Radiology 1984; 150:535–540]) and 54 controls between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. The following fetal intracranial structure volumes were assessed: cerebellum, brain, and frontal region. The volume was assessed by 3D sonography using the extended imaging virtual organ computer‐aided analysis method with 10 sequential planes. Analysis of variance was used to compare fetal groups. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility.

Results

Statistical significance between the brain, frontal region, and cerebellar volumes and a relationship between the frontal region and the brain in fetuses with estimated weights below the 3rd percentile and controls were observed (P < .001; P < .001; and P = .002; and P = .008, respectively). Good intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was observed for the fetal brain, frontal region, and cerebellar volumes, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.998, 0.997, 0.997, 0.999, 0.997, and 0.998, respectively.

Conclusions

The intracranial structure volumes assessed by 3D sonography using the extended imaging virtual organ computer‐aided analysis method were reduced in fetuses with growth restriction (estimated weight <3rd percentile).
Use of the Combined First‐Trimester Screen in High‐ and Low‐Risk Patient Populations After Introduction of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing
Authors: Larion Sebastian , Warsof Steven L. , Romary Letty , Mlynarczyk Margaret , Peleg David , Abuhamad Alfred Z.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To report changes in the use of the combined first‐trimester screen (FTS) in patients classified as high and low risk for fetal aneuploidy, including after introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT).

Methods

A prospectively collected database was reviewed to investigate changes in FTS use before and after American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin No. 77 (Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109:217–227), which recommended that all patients be offered aneuploidy screening, and after NIPT introduction. High‐risk patients were classified as 35 years or older at the estimated time of delivery or those with an abnormal prior screen, abnormal ultrasound findings, or family history of aneuploidy. Data were normalized per 100 morphologic ultrasound examinations to account for changes in patient number over time. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05.

Results

A total of 10,125 FTSs were recorded during the 88‐month study period, including 2962 in high‐risk patients and 7163 in low‐risk patients. The total number of FTSs performed per 100 morphologic ultrasound examinations significantly increased after ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 77 and significantly decreased after NIPT introduction. In high‐risk patients, the total number of FTSs performed per 100 morphologic ultrasound examinations significantly increased after ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 77 but significantly decreased after NIPT introduction. In contrast, in low‐risk patients, the total number of FTSs performed per 100 morphologic ultrasound examinations significantly increased after ACOG Practice Bulletin No.77 but was not statistically different after NIPT introduction.

Conclusions

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin No. 77 significantly increased patient use of FTS. The introduction of NIPT significantly decreased FTS use in the high‐risk population but not in the low‐risk population.
Musculoskeletal Sonography for Evaluation of Anatomic Variations of Extensor Tendon Synovial Sheaths in the Wrist
Authors: Draghi Ferdinando , Bortolotto Chandra , Draghi Anna Guja , Gregoli Bettina
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this article is to show the anatomic variations of extensor tendon synovial sheaths in the wrist.

Methods

Videos from 157 patients that were available in the electronic database were reviewed. Sonography showed involvement of 186 tendon sheaths.

Results

We describe our center's experience with most tendon variants described in the literature and show the sonographic appearance of the most frequent ones.

Conclusions

Sonography is an accepted, safe, and efficient method for evaluating conditions characterized by effusion into the synovial sheaths of the wrist extensor tendons. Knowledge of anatomy and anatomic abnormalities of these sheaths is essential for diagnosis and for correct ultrasound‐guided injection therapy or, less frequently, planning a surgical approach.
Creation of a High‐fidelity, Low‐cost Pediatric Skull Fracture Ultrasound Phantom
Authors: Soucy Zachary P. , Mills Lisa , Rose John S. , Kelley Kenneth , Ramirez Francisco , Kuppermann Nathan
Published: July 2015

Over the past decade, point‐of‐care ultrasound has become a common tool used for both procedures and diagnosis. Developing high‐fidelity phantoms is critical for training in new and novel point‐of‐care ultrasound applications. Detecting skull fractures on ultrasound imaging in the younger‐than‐2‐year‐old patient is an emerging area of point‐of‐care ultrasound research. Identifying a skull fracture on ultrasound imaging in this age group requires knowledge of the appearance and location of sutures to distinguish them from fractures. There are currently no commercially available pediatric skull fracture models. We outline a novel approach to building a cost‐effective, simple, high‐fidelity pediatric skull fracture phantom to meet a unique training requirement.
In Utero Diagnosis of Unilateral Bronchial Atresia
Authors: Morgan Tara A. , Feldstein Vickie A.
Published: July 2015

Unilateral bronchial atresia is a rare prenatal diagnosis that can be confused with other congenital lung abnormalities, particularly congenital pulmonary airway malformation. Accurate distinction between these entities is important for appropriate clinical care and prognosis. Familiarity of the key imaging and clinical features of unilateral bronchial atresia in comparison to other fetal lung abnormalities should increase the likelihood of achieving a timely and accurate diagnosis.
Polymerization Processes, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Polymerization Mechanisms and Kinetics3.Kinetics of Step Polymerization4.Basic Concepts of Molecular Mass Distribution5.Chain Polymerization6.Free‐Radical Polymerization6.1.Elementary Reactions6.1.1.Initiation6.1.2.Propagation6.1.3.Termination6.1.4.Chain Transfer to Small Molecules6.2.Kinetics of Free‐Radical Polymerization6.2.1.Polymerization Rate6.2.2.Molecular Mass Distribution6.3.Effect of Temperature7.Copolymerization7.1.Copolymer Composition7.2.Kinetics of Free‐Radical Copolymerization8.Living Polymerization8.1.Ideal Living Polymerization8.2.Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization8.2.1.Polymerization Rate8.2.2.Molecular Mass Distribution9.Polymers with Branches and Crosslinks9.1.Crosslinked Polymers9.2.Branched Polymers9.3.Note on Nonlinear Polymerization
Polyvinyl Compounds, Others
Authors: Hallensleben Manfred L. , Fuss Robert , Mummy Florian
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)1.1.Structure and Crystallinity1.2.Production1.3.Properties1.4.Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects2.Poly(Vinyl Acetals)2.1.General Aspects2.1.1Properties and Analysis2.1.2Synthesis and Reactions2.2Production2.2.2Production Processes2.3Uses2.4Environmental Issues, Safety, and Health2.5Economic Aspects2.6Poly(Vinyl Butyral)2.6.1Properties2.6.2Production2.6.3Uses2.7Poly(Vinyl Formal)2.7.1Production2.7.2Commercial Products2.7.3Properties2.7.4Uses2.7.5Toxicity2.8Other Poly(Vinyl Acetals)3.Poly(N‐Vinyllactams) and Poly(N‐Vinylamines)3.1.Polyvinylpyrrolidone3.2.Polymers of otherN‐Vinyllactams3.3.Polyvinylamines
Sustainability and the Chemical Industry
Authors: Hirth Thomas , Iden Jan‐Moritz , Busch Rainer
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Sustainability and the Processing Industry3.A Pathway to Sustainability in the Chemical Industry4.Pathways to Sustainable Production4.1Alternative Synthesis4.2Alternative Raw Materials4.3Alternative catalysts4.4Alternative Reactors4.5Alternative Solvents4.6Concepts for Process and Site Integration5.Summary and Outlook
Polymerization Processes, 2. Modeling of Processes and Reactors
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka , Hamielec Archie E.
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fundamental Effects of Reactor Types2.1.Reactor Types and Their Models2.2.General Effects on the Molecular Mass Distribution (MMD)3.Processes and Reactor Modeling for Step Polymerization3.1.Types of Reactors and Reactor Modeling3.2.Specific Processes3.2.1.Polyamides3.2.2.Polyesters4.Processes and Reactor Modeling for Chain Polymerization4.1.Introduction to Polymerization Techniques4.2.Fundamentals of Material Balance Equations4.3.Effect of Reactor Types on Copolymer Composition Distribution4.4.Effect of Reactor Types on Nonlinear Polymer Formation5.Bulk and Solution Polymerization5.1.Removal of Solvent and Residual Monomer5.2.Systems with Polymer‐Polymer Demixing6.Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerization6.1.Polymerization without Solvent6.2.Polymerization with Solvent7.Suspension Polymerization7.1.Process Description7.2.Polymerization Kinetics8.Emulsion Polymerization8.1.Process Description8.2.Polymerization Kinetics8.3.Molecular Mass Distribution8.3.1.Linear Polymerization8.3.2.Nonlinear Polymerization8.4.Effect of Small Reaction Loci on Reversible‐‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization8.4.1.Stable Radical‐Mediated Polymerization (SRMP) and Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)8.4.2.Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization
Asymmetric penetration of shocked solar wind down to 400 km altitudes at Mars
Authors: Matsunaga Kazunari , Seki Kanako , Hara Takuya , Brain David A.
Published: July 2015

The penetration boundary of shocked solar wind (magnetosheath) into the Martian upper atmosphere is typically located at altitudes above 800 km. However, magnetosheath plasma occasionally penetrates into low altitudes below 400 km. Here we used Mars Global Surveyor magnetic field and electron observations from April 1999 to November 2006 to investigate the magnetosheath penetration events. We identified 1145 events and found that both solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn) and the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) control the occurrence of the events. The magnetosheath penetration events during low Pdyn periods tend to be distributed in low latitudes of the northern hemisphere or where the crustal magnetic field is weak, while the event locations are widely distributed in terms of the latitude under high Pdyn conditions. During low Pdyn periods, a remarkable feature is that the observational probability is approximately 2.4 times larger during periods of the “away” IMF sector than during the “toward” sector. The northern hemisphere during the away sector corresponds to the upward electric field hemisphere due to the convection of draping solar wind origin magnetic flux tubes. These results thus indicate that the magnetosheath penetrations into Martian upper atmosphere more often occur in the upward electric field hemisphere than the downward hemisphere during low Pdyn periods. Large‐amplitude undulation excited by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in the upward electric field hemisphere is a candidate process to cause the asymmetric penetration during low Pdyn periods. Another possibility might be the mirror‐mode instability by the asymmetric distribution of planetary pickup ions.
cFLIP overexpression in T cells in thymoma‐associated myasthenia gravis
Authors: Belharazem Djeda , Schalke Berthold , Gold Ralf , Nix Wilfred , Vitacolonna Mario , Hohenberger Peter , Roessner Eric , Schulze Torsten. J. , Saruhan‐Direskeneli Güher , Yilmaz Vuslat , Ott German , Ströbel Philipp , Marx Alexander
Published: July 2015

Objective

The capacity of thymomas to generate mature CD4+ effector T cells from immature precursors inside the tumor and export them to the blood is associated with thymoma‐associated myasthenia gravis (TAMG). Why TAMG(+) thymomas generate and export more mature CD4+ T cells than MG(−) thymomas is unknown.

Methods

Unfixed thymoma tissue, thymocytes derived thereof, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), T‐cell subsets and B cells were analysed using qRT‐PCR and western blotting. Survival of PBMCs was measured by MTT assay. FAS‐mediated apoptosis in PBMCs was quantified by flow cytometry. NF‐κB in PBMCs was inhibited by the NF‐κB‐Inhibitor, EF24 prior to FAS‐Ligand (FASLG) treatment for apoptosis induction.

Results

Expression levels of the apoptosis inhibitor cellular FLICE‐like inhibitory protein (c‐FLIP) in blood T cells and intratumorous thymocytes were higher in TAMG(+) than in MG(−) thymomas and non‐neoplastic thymic remnants. Thymocytes and PBMCs of TAMG patients showed nuclear NF‐κB accumulation and apoptosis resistance to FASLG stimulation that was sensitive to NF‐κB blockade. Thymoma removal reduced cFLIP expression in PBMCs.

Interpretation

We conclude that thymomas induce cFLIP overexpression in thymocytes and their progeny, blood T cells. We suggest that the stronger cFLIP overexpression in TAMG(+) compared to MG(−) thymomas allows for the more efficient generation of mature CD4+ T cells in TAMG(+) thymomas. cFLIP overexpression in thymocytes and exported CD4+ T cells of patients with TAMG might contribute to the pathogenesis of TAMG by impairing central and peripheral T‐cell tolerance.
Reliability and Validity of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Wilson Hilary D. , Mutebi Alex , Revicki Dennis A. , Mease Philip J. , Genovese Mark C. , Erondu Ngozi , Nirula Ajay , Yuan Feng Jing , Viswanathan Hema N.
Published: July 2015

Objective

To evaluate the measurement properties of the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory (PSI) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

The PSI is an 8‐item, patient‐reported outcome measure of the severity of psoriasis signs and symptoms. This was a secondary analysis of pooled data from a phase II study evaluating the efficacy of brodalumab in patients with PsA. Unidimensionality and item evaluation were assessed using factor and Rasch analyses. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for PSI scores in patients with stable disease (test–retest). Construct validity was evaluated by correlations between PSI scores and body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis and selected Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey domains. Known‐groups validity was evaluated based on BSA severity categories, and the ability to detect change was evaluated based on improvement in the subject's global assessment (SGA).

Results

The analysis sample (n = 154) was 93.5% white and 63.0% female. The mean ± SD baseline affected BSA was 10.4% ± 15.6%, and age was 52.2 ± 11.5 years. The PSI demonstrated unidimensionality, with good item fit and correctly ordered categories, excellent internal consistency (α = 0.95), good test–retest reliability (total score ICC 0.70; item ICCs range 0.67–0.81), convergent validity based on moderate correlations with BSA (r = 0.50), discriminant validity based on small baseline correlations (r <−0.3) with the SF‐36 domains (role‐physical, role‐emotional, vitality), known groups validity based on significant differences between BSA groups, and responsiveness based on SGA improvements (P< 0.05).

Conclusion

The PSI demonstrated excellent test–retest and internal consistency reliability and good construct validity in measuring psoriasis signs and symptoms severity in PsA.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Encapsulated Mesoporous Vanadium Nitride Nanowires as Self‐Supported Electrodes for Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Gao Biao , Li Xingxing , Guo Xiaolin , Zhang Xuming , Peng Xiang , Wang Lei , Fu Jijiang , Chu Paul K. , Huo Kaifu
Published: July 2015

Flexible 3D nanoarchitectures have received tremendous interest recently because of their potential applications in flexible/wearable energy storage devices. Herein, 3D intertwined nitrogen‐doped carbon encapsulated mesoporous vanadium nitride nanowires (MVN@NC NWs) are investigated as thin, lightweight, and self‐supported electrodes for flexible supercapacitors (SCs). The MVN NWs have abundant active sites accessible to charge storage, and the N‐doped carbon shell suppresses electrochemical dissolution of the inner MVN NWs in an alkaline electrolyte, leading to excellent capacitive properties. The flexible MVN@NC NWs film electrode delivers a high areal capacitance of 282 mF cm−2 and exhibits excellent long‐term stability with 91.8% capacitance retention after 12 000 cycles in a KOH electrolyte. All‐solid‐state flexible SCs assembled by sandwiching two flexible MVN@NC NWs film electrodes with alkaline poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), sodium polyacrylate, and KOH gel electrolyte boast a high volumetric capacitance of 10.9 F cm−3, an energy density of 0.97 mWh cm−3, and a power density of 2.72 W cm−3 at a current density of 0.051 A cm−3 based on the entire cell. By virtue of the excellent mechanical flexibility, high capacitance, and large energy/power density, the self‐supported MVN@NC NWs paper‐like electrodes have large potential applications in portable and wearable flexible electronics.
Enhancing the Photocatalytic Performance of BiOClxI1−x by Introducing Surface Disorders and Bi Nanoparticles as Cocatalyst
Authors: Huang Yongchao , Long Bei , Li Haibo , Balogun Muhammad‐Sadeeq , Rui Zebao , Tong Yexiang , Ji Hongbing
Published: July 2015

Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising method for industrial sewage elimination. The main bottleneck of this process is the development of an efficient, stable, and cost‐effective catalyst that can oxidize pollution under visible light. Herein, surface disorders and Bi nanoparticles are successfully introduced into BiOClxI1−x nanosheets using low‐cost NaBH4 as a reductant in a liquid‐phase environment. Benefiting from the enhanced charge separation, transfer, and donor density resulting from the formation of surface disorders, and Bi deposition as cocatalyst, the photocatalytic performance of the reductive BiOClxI1−x nanosheets is fivefold higher than that of the untreated BiOClxI1−x nanosheets for phenol degradation under visible light irradiation. Additionally, the reductive BiOClxI1−x nanosheets have a superior stability after five cycles.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aryltrifluoromethylation of N‐Phenylcinnamamides: Access to Trifluoromethylated 3,4‐Dihydroquinolin‐2(1 H)‐ones
Authors: Wang Qiang , Han Guifang , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: July 2015

A method for copper‐catalyzed aryltrifluoromethylation of N‐phenylcinnamamides is reported. This method provides a straightforward route to a variety of CF3‐containing 3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1 H)‐ones with excellent regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity.

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Multimodal communication in chimpanzees
Authors: Taglialatela Jared P. , Russell Jamie L. , Pope Sarah M. , Morton Tamara , Bogart Stephanie , Reamer Lisa A. , Schapiro Steven J. , Hopkins William D.
Published: July 2015

A fundamental characteristic of human language is multimodality. In other words, humans use multiple signaling channels concurrently when communicating with one another. For example, people frequently produce manual gestures while speaking, and the words a person perceives are impacted by visual information. For this study, we hypothesized that similar to the way that humans regularly couple their spoken utterances with gestures and facial expressions, chimpanzees regularly produce vocalizations in conjunction with other communicative signals. To test this hypothesis, data were collected from 101 captive chimpanzees living in mixed‐sex social groupings of seven to twelve individuals. A total of 2,869 vocal events were collected. The data indicate that approximately 50% of the vocal events were produced in conjunction with another communicative modality. In addition, approximately 68% were directed to a specific individual, and these directed vocalizations were more likely to include a signal from another communicative modality than were vocalizations that were not directed to a specific individual. These results suggest that, like humans, chimpanzees often pair their vocalizations with signals from other communicative modalities. In addition, chimpanzees appear to use their communicative signals strategically to meet specific socio‐communicative ends, providing support for the growing literature that indicates that at least some chimpanzee vocal signaling is intentional. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1143–1148, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shades of gray mouse lemurs: Ontogeny of female dominance and dominance‐related behaviors in a nocturnal primate
Authors: Hohenbrink Sarah , Koberstein‐Schwarz Maren , Zimmermann Elke , Radespiel Ute
Published: July 2015

The ontogeny and establishment of dominance relationships in young individuals have been investigated in various group‐living, diurnal primates but respective information is almost entirely lacking for nocturnal, non‐gregarious species. As in many other mammals male primates often represent the dominant sex, but the opposite phenomenon (female dominance) is particularly frequent in lemurs, although almost nothing is known about its development. Therefore, we investigated the development of intersexual dominance in parallel to age‐related changes in other relevant behaviors in the gray mouse lemur, a solitary forager with female dominance. In particular, the temporal trajectories of social play, marking behavior, social tolerance, and agonistic behaviors were characterized in captive dyads of three different age categories (ACs), among juveniles (ACI: 4–5 months, N = 6), adolescents (ACII: 8–9 months, N = 8) and young adults (ACIII: 12–13 months, N = 8). Data were collected during a series of three encounter experiments between one male and one female per dyad and age category (total observation time: 49.5 hr). Play behavior was observed in all age classes, although the number of playing dyads decreased with increasing age. A significant age‐dependent increase in marking behavior was found in females, especially in substrate rubbing and urine washing, but not in males. Although conflict rates did not differ significantly between ACs, females started to win more conflicts from ACII onwards, and social tolerance decreased partly with increasing age. Clear dominance relationships were not observed in ACI and first indications of dominant females were found in ACII with an increasing number in ACIII. This study provides first information about the ontogeny of female dominance in a nocturnal primate and shows that this behavior develops relatively late during ontogeny. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for significant changes in the social lives of maturing mouse lemurs and a rather late social maturation in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1158–1169, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ester‐Mediated Amide Bond Formation Driven by Wet–Dry Cycles: A Possible Path to Polypeptides on the Prebiotic Earth
Authors: Forsythe Jay G. , Yu Sheng‐Sheng , Mamajanov Irena , Grover Martha A. , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan , Fernández Facundo M. , Hud Nicholas V.
Published: July 2015

Although it is generally accepted that amino acids were present on the prebiotic Earth, the mechanism by which α‐amino acids were condensed into polypeptides before the emergence of enzymes remains unsolved. Here, we demonstrate a prebiotically plausible mechanism for peptide (amide) bond formation that is enabled by α‐hydroxy acids, which were likely present along with amino acids on the early Earth. Together, α‐hydroxy acids and α‐amino acids form depsipeptides—oligomers with a combination of ester and amide linkages—in model prebiotic reactions that are driven by wet–cool/dry–hot cycles. Through a combination of ester–amide bond exchange and ester bond hydrolysis, depsipeptides are enriched with amino acids over time. These results support a long‐standing hypothesis that peptides might have arisen from ester‐based precursors.