bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miniemulsion Polymerization Monitoring Using Off‐Line Raman Spectroscopy and In‐Line NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Ambrogi Paula Maria Nogueira , Colmán Maria Magdalena Espinola , Giudici Reinaldo
Published: June 2016

Miniemulsion polymerization has been extensively studied in the last decade due to its advantages when compared with conventional emulsion polymerization. In this work, monomer conversion and particle size are monitored during miniemulsion polymerization of styrene using in‐line near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and at‐line Raman spectroscopy. Gravimetric analysis and dynamic light scattering have been used as off‐line reference measurements. Good agreement has been found between off‐line data and the values predicted by NIR and Raman spectroscopy for conversion. The values of average particle size are well predicted from the NIR spectra with the respective calibration model, but the predictions from Raman spectra present some slight discrepancies for particle size. The results show a decrease of the average particle size during the initial period of the polymerization, indicating the occurrence of nucleation mechanisms other than the classical droplet nucleation. These results indicate that insightful information can be obtained by monitoring miniemulsion polymerizations with the use of spectroscopic techniques.

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Preceptor characteristics and the socialization outcomes of new graduate nurses during a preceptorship programme
Authors: Lalonde Michelle , McGillis Hall Linda
Published: June 2016

Aim

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between preceptor characteristics (emotional intelligence, personality and cognitive intelligence) and new graduate nurse socialization outcomes regarding turnover intent, job satisfaction, role conflict and ambiguity during a preceptorship programme. To date, no studies have explored these relationships.

Design

A cross‐sectional and multi‐site design with purposeful sampling.

Methods

Dyads of preceptors and new nurses were recruited at the end of their preceptorship programme. Pearson's correlational analysis was used to examine the relationships.

Results

A sample of 41 preceptors and 44 new graduate nurses participated in this study, making 38 dyads with complete data. The preceptor personality traits of openness, conscientiousness and emotional stability were significantly related to new graduate nurses who reported greater turnover intent, job dissatisfaction, role conflict and ambiguity. No significant relationships were noted between preceptor EI and IQ and the outcome of new graduate nurses.
Maternal plasma n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy and subcutaneous fat mass in infancy
Authors: Jelena Vidakovic Aleksandra , Santos Susana , Williams Michelle A. , Duijts Liesbeth , Hofman Albert , Demmelmair Hans , Koletzko Berthold , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Gaillard Romy
Published: June 2016

Objective

The associations of maternal plasma n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with infant subcutaneous fat were examined.

Methods

In a population‐based prospective cohort study among 904 mothers and their infants, maternal plasma n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA concentrations were measured at midpregnancy. Body mass index, total subcutaneous fat, and central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio were calculated at 1.5, 6, and 24 months.

Results

Maternal n‐3 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant body mass index or total subcutaneous fat. Higher maternal total n‐3 PUFA levels, and specifically eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were associated with higher central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months, whereas higher maternal total n‐3 PUFA levels were associated with lower central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 6 months (all P values < 0.05). These associations were not present at 24 months. Maternal n‐6 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant subcutaneous fat. A higher n‐6/n‐3 ratio was associated with lower central‐to‐total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months only (P value < 0.05).

Conclusions

Maternal n‐3 PUFA levels during pregnancy may have transient effects on infant subcutaneous fat. Further studies are needed to assess the effects of maternal PUFA concentrations on fat mass development during early infancy.
Synthesis of polyolefin‐block‐polystyrene through sequential coordination and anionic polymerizations
Authors: Jeon Jong Yeob , Park Su Hyun , Kim Dong Hyun , Park Seung Soo , Park Geun Ho , Lee Bun Yeoul
Published: June 2016

Two representative bulk polymers, polyolefin (PO) and polystyrene (PS), were molecularly connected to form PO‐block‐PS by sequentially performing coordination and anionic polymerizations in one pot. Ethylene/1‐octene copolymerization was performed using a typical ansa‐metallocene catalyst, rac‐[Me2Si(2‐methylindenyl)]2ZrCl2, in the presence of (benzyl)2zinc to grow PO‐chains at the Zn site. Anionic styrene polymerization was subsequently performed using nBuLi·(tmeda) (tmeda, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) initiator to consecutively grow PS‐chains at the Zn site. The composition and the molecular weight of the PO‐blocks were controllable depending on the feed amounts of 1‐octene and (benzyl)2zinc (1‐octene fraction: ∼20, ∼40 wt %; PO‐Mw, 77,000–174,000) and the PS‐block size was also controlled (PS‐Mn, ∼21,000) with the complete conversion of the styrene monomer. Formation of block copolymers was evident in the GPC curves, TEM images, and strain‐stress curves. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3110–3118
The Social Construction of a Reading (Dis)Ability
Authors: Kabuto Bobbie
Published: June 2016

This article highlights one mother–son case study that was part of a larger study, Revaluing Readers and Families (Kabuto,,). Here the author focuses on how the mother, Terry, interpreted her 7‐year‐old son Peter's oral reading performances and how her interpretation led her to construct a label around a reading disability. Study data include interviews, observations of parent–child interactions, oral readings and retellings, and family retrospective miscue analysis. Data were analyzed using miscue analysis procedures to examine reading behaviors and also discourse analysis to study how language mediated the construction of and defended the culture of a reading disability within the family. Framed by a sociocultural‐historical theoretical foundation, the findings illustrate how Terry interpreted Peter's reading ability within a transgenerational space, which is a convergence zone so the past, present, and future come together to create a new space, or a living cultural space, that transcends the immediate moment. Results and findings from this mother–son case study question the nature and root of Peter's struggles with reading, moving it from being localized in the person to being a part of a social matrix defining a culture for the family. The author concludes by revisiting the concept of reading ability and addressing the implications of this research.
Boosting Orthographic Learning During Independent Reading
Authors: Nielsen Anne‐Mette Veber
Published: June 2016

Research has shown that phonological decoding is critical for orthographic learning of new words during independent reading. Moreover, correlational studies have demonstrated that the strength of orthographic learning is related to the orthographic knowledge with which readers approach a text. The present training study was conducted to assess experimentally whether this relation between prior orthographic knowledge and orthographic learning while reading is causal by assessing whether instruction designed to increase sublexical orthographic knowledge would facilitate orthographic learning during independent reading. A group of Danish‐speaking third graders (n = 21) was taught conditional spelling patterns conforming to the opaque Danish writing system, with emphasis on how to map the spellings onto their pronunciations. A matched control group (n = 21) received no treatment. Both groups were exposed to 12 novel words containing trained spelling patterns in an orthographic learning task. Posttests revealed a moderate transfer effect from training to orthographic learning, measured as the students’ ability to identify target word spellings in an orthographic choice task, and a strong transfer effect when measured as their ability to reproduce target word spellings in a spelling task. However, no advantage of explicit training over reading only could be detected when orthographic learning was measured as target word naming. The findings support the view that larger sound spelling units are used to form connections between spellings and pronunciations of words. Additionally, the findings support the view that preexisting orthographic knowledge is causally related to the degree and quality of orthographic learning during independent reading.
Examining the Nature of Scaffolding in an Early Literacy Intervention
Authors: Rodgers Emily , D'Agostino Jerome V. , Harmey Sinéad J. , Kelly Robert H. , Brownfield Katherine
Published: June 2016

In this study, we used Reading Recovery as the context to examine the relationship between three types of contingent teaching (temporal, instructional, and domain contingency) and student outcomes in a one‐to‐one literacy tutoring setting. We first created a National Teacher Effectiveness Index for all Reading Recovery teachers in the country and then used that index to identify two distinct groups of teachers from an existing data repository of 38 Reading Recovery teachers in training: those whose students had either lower average gain scores at the end of the school year (n = 6) or higher average gain scores (n = 4). We coded 1,199 teacher and student moves when they interacted at difficulty while reading a new book with teacher support. Results from hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed no significant differences for instructional contingency (the amount of information provided at difficulty), no main effects, and a nonsignificant interaction. Nor did we find statistically significant differences between the two groups of teachers for temporal contingency (the frequency of help). Dramatic differences existed, however, for domain contingency (what the teachers focused on when providing help). Specifically, teachers of students with higher outcomes had 8.3 greater odds of prompting students to use sources of information that they were neglecting while trying to decode a word. These findings provide needed information about the processes of scaffolding and have important implications not only for reading instruction and intervention but also for the ways in which scaffolding is studied.
Basketball predictions in the NCAAB and NBA: Similarities and differences
Authors: Zimmermann Albrecht
Published: June 2016

Most work on predicting the outcome of basketball matches so far has focused on National College Athletics Association Basketball (NCAAB) games. Since NCAAB and professional (National Basketball Association, NBA) basketball have a number of differences, it is not clear to what degree these results can be transferred. We explore a number of different representations, training settings, and classifiers, and contrast their results on NCAAB and NBA data. We find that adjusted efficiencies work well for the NBA, the NCAAB regular season is not ideal for training to predict its post‐season, the two leagues require classifiers with different bias, and Naïve Bayes predicts the outcome of NBA playoff series well. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2016
Disulfiram chelated with copper promotes apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by impairing the mitochondria functions
Authors: Yang Yaping , Zhang Kefan , Wang Yawei , Li Mengjia , Sun Xiaoxue , Liang Zhihong , Wang Liwei , Chen Lixin , Yang Haifeng , Zhu Linyan
Published: June 2016

Disulfiram (DSF) has been proved to have broad‐spectrum anti‐alcoholism effects, and it is also found to show stronger anti‐tumor effects after chelating with Cu2+ to form DSF‐Cu complex. In this work, we studied the anti‐tumor activity of DSF‐Cu in MCF‐7 cells by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscope, and atomic force microscopy to clarify the underlying anti‐tumor mechanisms. MCF‐7 cells were incubated with 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 nM DSF chelated with 10 µM CuCl2 for 24 h. The results showed that DSF‐Cu could induce the accumulation of MCF‐7 cells in G2/M phase and apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. Additionally, atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis at nanoscale level showed that the morphology of cell was significantly shrunk with destroyed filopodia and ultrastructure presented many irregular protuberances on the cell membrane after DSF‐Cu treatment, which was closely associated with the re‐arrangement of cytoskeleton. DSF‐Cu induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in MCF‐7 cells resulting in a mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis pathway. The results indicated that DSF‐Cu has a potential anti‐tumor activity in breast cancer by impairing the mitochondria functions. SCANNING 38:825–836, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trypan blue as an affordable marker for automated live‐dead cell analysis in image cytometry
Authors: Melzer Susanne , Nunes Celio Siman Mafra , Endringer Denise Coutinho , de Andrade Tadeu Uggere , Tarnok Attila , Lenz Dominik
Published: June 2016

The aim of the present study was to combine image cytometry and trypan blue (TB) exclusion staining for a reproducible high‐throughput detection of dead cells, enabling TB as an inexpensive marker, to be affordable for many studies and creating the possibility to combine fluorochromes without or with less spectral overlap. Capillary blood was drawn from a healthy volunteer, red blood cells were lysed and leukocyte cell death was induced. Samples were stained with CD45‐FITC, CD14‐PE, TB and DAPI, and then analyzed using image cytometry (iCys). TB quenching control tests were performed using DAPI and CD45‐FITC. Images were generated in .TIF and .JPEG format using iCys image cytometer. The images were analyzed using CellProfiler (CP) modules to optimize the analysis based on the aims of each phase of this study. CellProfiler Analyst (CPA) was used to classify cells throughout machine learning and to calculate sensibility of the classification. A sensitivity of 0.94 for dead cells and 0.99 for live cells was calculated using CPA. We did not see any quenching effects of the FITC staining. DAPI signal was reduced in the presence of TB. The results of the present study revealed that TB serves as a dead cell marker in an image cytometric analysis, being able to be combined with other fluorescence markers without loss of fluorescence intensity signal or overlapping emission spectrum. SCANNING 38:857–863, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Nexus Between Fiscal Policies and Sustainable Development
Authors: López Ramón E. , Figueroa B. Eugenio
Published: June 2016

This paper hypothesizes that fiscal policy is one important factor determining whether or not environmentally and socially sustainable economic growth is possible. We postulate that tax policies affect the incentives to make the economy more or less dependent on natural resources and the environment as factors of production. So‐called pro‐growth tax policies consisting of a low tax burden, low direct taxes but high indirect ones, affect the composition of factor endowment, often inducing overinvestment in physical capital and underinvestment in human capital, including education and health. These policies in part explain a structure of production heavily dependent on natural‐resource‐based and environmentally dirty industries. Moreover, these tax policies induce high levels of inequality, which ultimately may render economic growth socially and politically unsustainable. This analysis has important implications for Chile and for other developing countries, especially in Latin America, which are highly dependent on natural resources and have highly unequal income distributions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A Methodological Framework for Geographic Information Systems Development
Authors: Dean Emma , Taylor Mark J. , Francis Hulya , Lisboa Paulo , Appleton Debbie , Jones Mark
Published: June 2016

Geographic information systems (GISs) provide map based spatial analyses of geo‐coded data. In this paper we examine a methodological framework for geographic information systems development that was developed and refined over a six year period based upon a fire prevention support geographic information system for a UK fire and rescue service. The methodological framework involves the use of a multi‐methodology approach that incorporates social and organizational analysis, spatial modelling, and functional design. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells are Readily Recoverable from Lung Tissue, but not the Alveolar Space, in Healthy Humans
Authors: Sinclair K. A. , Yerkovich S. T. , Chen T. , McQualter J. L. , Hopkins P. M-A. , Wells C. A. , Chambers D. C.
Published: June 2016

Stromal support is critical for lung homeostasis and the maintenance of an effective epithelial barrier. Despite this, previous studies have found a positive association between the number of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the alveolar compartment and human lung diseases associated with epithelial dysfunction. We hypothesised that bronchoalveolar lavage derived MSCs (BAL-MSCs) are dysfunctional and distinct from resident lung tissue MSCs (LT-MSCs). In this study, we comprehensively interrogated the phenotype and transcriptome of human BAL-MSCs and LT-MSCs. We found that MSCs were rarely recoverable from the alveolar space in healthy humans, but could be readily isolated from lung transplant recipients by bronchoalveolar lavage. BAL-MSCs exhibited a CD90Hi, CD73Hi, CD45Neg, CD105Lo immunophenotype and were bipotent, lacking adipogenic potential. In contrast, MSCs were readily recoverable from healthy human lung tissue and were CD90Hi or Lo, CD73Hi, CD45Neg, CD105Int and had full tri-lineage potential. Transcriptional profiling of the two populations confirmed their status as bona fide MSCs and revealed a high degree of similarity between each other and the archetypal bone-marrow MSC. 105 genes were differentially expressed; 76 of which were increased in BAL-MSCs including genes involved in fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodelling. Finally, we found the fibroblast markers collagen 1A1 and α-smooth muscle actin were increased in BAL-MSCs. Our data suggests that in healthy humans, lung MSCs reside within the tissue, but in disease can differentiate to acquire a profibrotic phenotype and migrate from their in-tissue niche into the alveolar space.
The A Priori-Operator and the Nesting Problem
Authors: Johannesson Eric , Packalén Sara ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2016

Many expressions intuitively have different epistemic andmodal profiles. For example, co-referring proper names are substitutable salva veritate in modal contexts but not in belief-contexts. Two-dimensional semantics, according to which terms have both a so-called primary and a secondary intension, is a framework that promises to accommodate and explain these diverging intuitions. The framework can be applied to indexicals, proper names or predicates. Graeme Forbes (2011) argues that the two-dimensional semantics of David Chalmers (2011) fails to account for so-called nested contexts. These are linguistic contexts where a sentence is embedded under both epistemic and modal operators. Chalmers and Rabern (2014) suggest a two-dimensional solution to the problem. Their semantics solves the nesting-problem, but at the cost of invalidating certain plausible principles.We suggest a solution that is both simpler and avoids this cost.
Postpartum Health Services Requested by Mothers with Newborns Receiving Intensive Care
Authors: Verbiest Sarah , McClain Erin , Stuebe Alison , Menard M. Kathryn
Published: June 2016

Objectives Our pilot study aimed to build knowledge of the postpartum health needs of mothers with infants in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Methods Between May 2008 and December 2009, a Certified Nurse Midwife was available during workday hours to provide health care services to mothers visiting their infants in the NICU at a large tertiary care center. Results A total of 424 health service encounters were recorded. Maternal requests for services covered a wide variety of needs, with primary care being the most common. Key health concerns included blood pressure monitoring, colds, coughs, sore throats, insomnia and migraines. Mothers also expressed a need for mental health assessment and support, obstetric care, treatment for sexually transmitted infections, tobacco cessation, breastfeeding assistance, postpartum visits, and provision of contraception. Conclusions Our study suggests that mothers with babies in the NICU have a host of health needs. We also found that women were receptive to receiving health services in a critical care pediatric setting. Intensive care nurseries could feasibly partner with in-patient mother–baby units and/or on-site obstetric clinics to increase access to health care for the mothers of the high-risk newborns in their units. Modifications should be made within health care systems that serve high-risk infants to better address the many needs of the mother/baby dyad in the postpartum period.
Evaluation of the existing piled foundation based on piled–raft design philosophy
Authors: Abdel-Fattah Tarek T. , Hemada Amr A.
Published: June 2016

Many well-documented case histories for conventionally designed large pile groups proved that this design approach is conservative and dramatically increases the cost of foundation without almost any benefit neither to geotechnical capacity of foundation nor to serviceability. Monitoring results of these case histories, especially in the case of floating piles, have shown low efficiency of pile capacity usage due to direct transfer of considerable part of the load to the supporting soil via the raft. In this paper, a proposed methodology for the combined-piled–raft design based on the conventional philosophy is applied to evaluate existing conventionally designed piled foundations of two identical residential towers located in Cairo, Egypt. The proposed methodology considers a conventional factor of safety for piles, and consequently, it does not violate the existing building codes. The three-dimensional finite-element analyses are performed to evaluate the load sharing between raft and piles. A detailed geotechnical investigation is carried out to obtain soil stratification and material parameters. The pile–soil interface parameters are obtained through back analyses of the available pile load tests. The results of the analyses show that the predicted geotechnical capacity of the combined piled–raft foundation system considering the conventional factor of safety for piles considerably exceeds the design capacity of the original conventional pile group.
Mortality and predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in Japanese patients with Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II criteria
Authors: An Yoshimori , Ando Kenji , Soga Yoshimitsu , Nomura Akihiro , Nagashima Michio , Hayashi Kentaro , Makihara Yu , Fukunaga Masato , Hiroshima Ken‐ichi , Nobuyoshi Masakiyo , Goya Masahiko
Published: June 2016

Background

Data regarding long‐term mortality and factors influencing appropriate therapies in Japanese patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), who satisfy the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT II) criteria for primary prevention, remain scarce.

Methods

A total of 118 consecutive patients who underwent ICD implantation without any prior ventricular arrhythmic event, from January 2000 to December 2012, were enrolled based on the MADIT II criteria: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤30% with ischemic heart disease and at least 4 weeks after a myocardial infarction. We investigated the mortality and factors influencing appropriate ICD therapies in this population.

Results

The mean age was 69±10 years, and the mean LVEF was 25.1±4.5%. During the median follow up of 1406 days, the mortality rate was 20%, and the incidence of appropriate ICD therapy was 37% at 3 years. Multivariate analysis by using Cox regression model showed that left ventricular diastolic diameter ≥60 mm (hazard ratio [HR], 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–5.38; P=0.033) and the presence of non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) before implantation (HR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.17–4.39; P=0.015) were independent predictors of appropriate ICD therapy.

Conclusions

The mortality and incidence of appropriate ICD therapy were 20% and 37%, respectively, at 3 years in Japanese patients who met the MADIT II criteria during ICD implantation for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. The presence of NSVT and dilated left ventricle independently predicted the incidence of appropriate ICD therapy after implantation.
All that glitters is not Ramularia
Authors: Videira S.I.R. , Groenewald J.Z. , Braun U. , Shin H.D. , Crous P.W.
Published: June 2016

Ramularia is a species-rich genus that harbours plant pathogens responsible for yield losses to many important crops, including barley, sugar beet and strawberry. Species of Ramularia are hyphomycetes with hyaline conidiophores and conidia with distinct, thickened, darkened,
refractive conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, and Mycosphaerella sexual morphs. Because of its simple morphology and general lack of DNA data in public databases, several allied genera are frequently confused with Ramularia. In order to improve the delimitation of Ramularia
from allied genera and the circumscription of species within the genus Ramularia, a polyphasic approach based on multilocus DNA sequences, morphological and cultural data were used in this study. A total of 420 isolates belonging to Ramularia and allied genera were targeted for
the amplification and sequencing of six partial genes. Although Ramularia and Ramulariopsis proved to be monophyletic, Cercosporella and Pseudocercosporella were polyphyletic. Phacellium isolates clustered within the Ramularia clade and the genus is
thus tentatively reduced to synonymy under Ramularia. Cercosporella and Pseudocercosporella isolates that were not congeneric with the ex-type strains of the type species of those genera were assigned to existing genera or to the newly introduced genera Teratoramularia
and Xenoramularia, respectively. Teratoramularia is a genus with ramularia-like morphology belonging to the Teratosphaeriaceae, and Xenoramularia was introduced to accommodate hyphomycetous species closely related to Zymoseptoria. The genera Apseudocercosporella,
Epicoleosporium, Filiella, Fusidiella, Neopseudocercosporella, and Mycosphaerelloides were also newly introduced to accommodate species non-congeneric with their purported types. A total of nine new combinations and 24 new species were introduced in this
study.
PRESERVATION OF SUSLIN TREES AND SIDE CONDITIONS
Authors: VENTURI GIORGIO
Published: June 2016

We show how to force, with finite conditions, the forcing axiom PFA(T), a relativization of PFA to proper forcing notions preserving a given Suslin tree T. The proof uses a Neeman style iteration with generalized side conditions consisting of models of two types, and a preservation theorem for such iterations. The consistency of this axiom was previously known using a standard countable support iteration and a preservation theorem due to Miyamoto.
COMPATIBILITY OPERATORS IN ABSTRACT ALGEBRAIC LOGIC
Authors: ALBUQUERQUE HUGO , FONT JOSEP MARIA , JANSANA RAMON
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a unified framework that explains and extends the already successful applications of the Leibniz operator, the Suszko operator, and the Tarski operator in recent developments in abstract algebraic logic. To this end, we refine Czelakowski’s notion of an S-compatibility operator, and introduce the notion of coherent family of S-compatibility operators, for a sentential logic S. The notion of coherence is a restricted property of commutativity with inverse images by surjective homomorphisms, which is satisfied by both the Leibniz and the Suszko operators. We generalize several constructions and results already existing for the mentioned operators; in particular, the well-known classes of algebras associated with a logic through each of them, and the notions of full generalized model of a logic and a special kind of S-filters (which generalizes the less-known notion of Leibniz filter). We obtain a General Correspondence Theorem, extending the well-known one from the theory of protoalgebraic logics to arbitrary logics and to more general operators, and strengthening its formulation. We apply the general results to the Leibniz and the Suszko operators, and obtain several characterizations of the main classes of logics in the Leibniz hierarchy by the form of their full generalized models, by old and new properties of the Leibniz operator, and by the behaviour of the Suszko operator. Some of these characterizations complete or extend known ones, for some classes in the hierarchy, thus offering an integrated approach to the Leibniz hierarchy that uncovers some new, nice symmetries.
FRAÏSSÉ LIMITS OF C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: EAGLE CHRISTOPHER J. , FARAH ILIJAS , HART BRADD , KADETS BORIS , KALASHNYK VLADYSLAV , LUPINI MARTINO
Published: June 2016

We realize the Jiang-Su algebra, all UHF algebras, and the hyperfinite II1factor as Fraïssé limits of suitable classes of structures. Moreover by means of Fraïssé theory we provide new examples of AF algebras with strong homogeneity properties. As a consequence of our analysis we deduce Ramsey-theoretic results about the class of full-matrix algebras.
The Disc Origin of the Milky Way Bulge
Authors: Di Matteo P.
Published: June 2016

The Galactic bulge, that is the prominent out-of-plane over-density present in the inner few kiloparsecs of the Galaxy, is a complex structure, as the morphology, kinematics, chemistry, and ages of its stars indicate. To understand the nature of its main components—those at [Fe/H] ≳ −1 dex—it is necessary to make an inventory of the stellar populations of the Galactic disc(s), and of their borders: the chemistry of the disc at the solar vicinity, well known from detailed studies of stars over many years, is not representative of the whole disc. This finding, together with the recent revisions of the mass and sizes of the thin and thick discs, constitutes a major step in understanding the bulge complexity. N-body models of a boxy-/peanut-shaped bulge formed from a thin disc through the intermediary of a bar have been successful in interpreting a number of global properties of the Galactic bulge, but they fail in reproducing the detailed chemo-kinematic relations satisfied by its components and their morphology. It is only by adding the thick disc to the picture that we can understand the nature of the Galactic bulge.
Film lessons: early cinema for historians of science
Authors: Olszynko-Gryn Jesse
Published: June 2016

Despite much excellent work over the years, the vast history of scientific filmmaking is still largely unknown. Historians of science have long been concerned with visual culture, communication and the public sphere on the one hand, and with expertise, knowledge production and experimental practice on the other. Scientists, we know, drew pictures, took photographs and made three-dimensional models. Rather like models, films could not be printed in journals until the digital era, and this limited their usefulness as evidence. But that did not stop researchers from making movies for projection at conferences as well as in lecture halls, museums and other public venues, not to mention for breaking down into individual frames for analysis. Historians of science are more likely to be found in the library, archive or museum than the darkened screening room, and much work is still needed to demonstrate the major effects of cinema on scientific knowledge. Film may have taken as long to change science as other areas of social life, but one can begin to glimpse important ways in which ‘image machines’ (cameras, projectors and the like) were beginning to mediate between backstage experimental work and more public demonstration even around 1900.
Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire
Authors: Ashwood K. L. , Gillan N. , Horder J. , Hayward H. , Woodhouse E. , McEwen F. S. , Findon J. , Eklund H. , Spain D. , Wilson C. E. , Cadman T. , Young S. , Stoencheva V. , Murphy C. M. , Robertson D. , Charman T. , Bolton P. , Glaser K. , Asherson P. , Simonoff E. , Murphy D. G.
Published: June 2016

Background

Many adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain undiagnosed. Specialist assessment clinics enable the detection of these cases, but such services are often overstretched. It has been proposed that unnecessary referrals to these services could be reduced by prioritizing individuals who score highly on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report questionnaire measure of autistic traits. However, the ability of the AQ to predict who will go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD in adults is unclear.

Method

We studied 476 adults, seen consecutively at a national ASD diagnostic referral service for suspected ASD. We tested AQ scores as predictors of ASD diagnosis made by expert clinicians according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, informed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) assessments.

Results

Of the participants, 73% received a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Self-report AQ scores did not significantly predict receipt of a diagnosis. While AQ scores provided high sensitivity of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72–0.82] and positive predictive value of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70–0.80), the specificity of 0.29 (95% CI 0.20–0.38) and negative predictive value of 0.36 (95% CI 0.22–0.40) were low. Thus, 64% of those who scored below the AQ cut-off were ‘false negatives’ who did in fact have ASD. Co-morbidity data revealed that generalized anxiety disorder may ‘mimic’ ASD and inflate AQ scores, leading to false positives.

Conclusions

The AQ's utility for screening referrals was limited in this sample. Recommendations supporting the AQ's role in the assessment of adult ASD, e.g. UK NICE guidelines, may need to be reconsidered.
The role of rumination in illness trajectories in youth: linking trans-diagnostic processes with clinical staging models
Authors: Grierson A. B. , Hickie I. B. , Naismith S. L. , Scott J.
Published: June 2016

Research in developmental psychopathology and clinical staging models has increasingly sought to identify trans-diagnostic biomarkers or neurocognitive deficits that may play a role in the onset and trajectory of mental disorders and could represent modifiable treatment targets. Less attention has been directed at the potential role of cognitive-emotional regulation processes such as ruminative response style. Maladaptive rumination (toxic brooding) is a known mediator of the association between gender and internalizing disorders in adolescents and is increased in individuals with a history of early adversity. Furthermore, rumination shows moderate levels of genetic heritability and is linked to abnormalities in neural networks associated with emotional regulation and executive functioning. This review explores the potential role of rumination in exacerbating the symptoms of alcohol and substance misuse, and bipolar and psychotic disorders during the peak age range for illness onset. Evidence shows that rumination not only amplifies levels of distress and suicidal ideation, but also extends physiological responses to stress, which may partly explain the high prevalence of physical and mental co-morbidity in youth presenting to mental health services. In summary, the normative developmental trajectory of rumination and its role in the evolution of mental disorders and physical illness demonstrates that rumination presents a detectable, modifiable trans-diagnostic risk factor in youth.
The Early Bronze Age figurine from Hasanoğlan, central Turkey: new archaeometrical insights
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas , Özen Latif
Published: June 2016

The following article discusses the archaeometrical dimension of a well-known Early Bronze Age metal figurine from Hasanoğlan, Turkey, on permanent display in the Anatolian Civilisations Museum in Ankara. The transfer of the object to a new display case allowed for an examination with a portable x-ray fluorescence (P-XRF) device in order to reveal the chemical composition of the statuette and its attached ornaments. The figurine was confirmed to be made of silver. However, it is alloyed with a small but still substantial amount of copper. The applications are basically made of gold, but with a suspected substantial (up to 23%) amount of silver involved. The final section of the article is dedicated to a critical comparison with recently published figurines from Alaca Höyük, together with an archaeological and chronological reappraisal of this unique piece of art.
The land of Hiyawa (Que) revisited
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: June 2016

The focus of this article is the recently published, near-duplicate ARSUZ inscriptions carved on two stelae found near İskenderun in southeastern Turkey and dating to the later tenth century BC. Particular attention is given to the historical section of these inscriptions, and its reference to a land called Hiyawa (Assyrian Que) in eastern Cilicia, previously attested in only one other Iron Age inscription, the Luwian-Phoenician bilingual found at Çineköy near Adana. The article discusses what new information can be deduced about Hiyawa, including its relationship with the land of Adana(wa) in eastern Cilicia, the implications to be drawn from the findspot of the stelae and the much-debated question of whether the references to Hiyawa reflect Greek settlement in southeastern Anatolia during the Early Iron Age. Fresh attention is also given to the two Akkadian texts from the archives of Late Bronze Age Ugarit which refer to a group called the Hiyawa-men, who were located at that time (late 13th to early 12th century) in Lukka in southwestern Anatolia. The controversial identification of this group with Ahhiyawans/Mycenaean Greeks is re-examined within the broader context of a comprehensive reconsideration of the Ahhiyawa-Hiyawa equation and the role played by ‘Hiyawans’ and the land of Hiyawa in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean world from the end of the Bronze Age through the succeeding Iron Age.
Espaces adéliques quadratiques
Authors: GAUDRON ÉRIC , RÉMOND GAËL
Published: June 2016

We study quadratic forms defined on an adelic vector space over an algebraic extension K of the rationals. Under the sole condition that a Siegel lemma holds over K, we provide height bounds for several objects naturally associated to the quadratic form, such as an isotropic subspace, a basis of isotropic vectors (when it exists) or an orthogonal basis. Our bounds involve the heights of the form and of the ambient space. In several cases, we show that the exponents of these heights are best possible. The results improve and extend previously known statements for number fields and the field of algebraic numbers.
Possibilities and challenges of learning German in a multimodal environment: A case study
Authors: Abrams Zsuzsanna Ittzes
Published: June 2016

Despite a growing body of research on task-based language learning (TBLT) (Samuda & Bygate, 2008; Ellis, 2003), there is still little information available regarding the pedagogical design behind tasks and how they are implemented (Samuda & Bygate, 2008). Scholars in computer-mediated second language (L2) learning have called for research to fill in this gap by reflecting critically on task design and the subsequent implementation process (Fuchs, Hauck & Müller-Hartmann, 2012; Hampel, 2010; Hampel & Hauck, 2006; Hampel & Plaines, 2013; Hauck, 2010), instead of considering a task an “unproblematic fait accompli” (O’Dowd & Ware, 2009: 174). In response to this charge, the present case study provides a critical analysis of tasks carried out in a first-year German language course built around the weekly TV-series,Rosenheim-Cops(ZDF). These tasks drew from research on multimodality (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001; Norris & Maier, 2014) providing a framework for understanding how multiple semiotic systems work together to create meaning. The insights provided by this study have relevance for research on multimodal task design (Hampel & Hauck, 2006) through examining the possibilities and limitations of beginner second language (L2) learners’ effective use of authentic resources. The results suggest that the tasks encouraged semiotic awareness, helped activate referential knowledge useful for accessing multimodal resources, and elicited a positive response to authentic L2 use in context. The challenges of implementing these tasks included variation in learners’ engagement with authentic multimedia resources, either due to L2 skills levels or the level of interest in the particular resource used.
Rational design of ABC triblock terpolymer solution nanostructures with controlled patch morphology
Authors: Löbling Tina I. , Borisov Oleg , Haataja Johannes S. , Ikkala Olli , Gröschel André H. , Müller Axel H. E.
Published: June 2016

Block copolymers self-assemble into a variety of nanostructures that are relevant for science and technology. While the assembly of diblock copolymers is largely understood, predicting the solution assembly of triblock terpolymers remains challenging due to complex interplay of block/block and block/solvent interactions. Here we provide guidelines for the self-assembly of linear ABC triblock terpolymers into a large variety of multicompartment nanostructures with C corona and A/B cores. The ratio of block lengthsNC/NAthereby controls micelle geometry to spheres, cylinders, bilayer sheets and vesicles. The insoluble blocks then microphase separate to core A and surface patch B, whereNBcontrols the patch morphology to spherical, cylindrical, bicontinuous and lamellar. The independent control over both parameters allows constructing combinatorial libraries of unprecedented solution nanostructures, including spheres-on-cylinders/sheets/vesicles, cylinders-on-sheets/vesicles, and sheets/vesicles with bicontinuous or lamellar membrane morphology (patchy polymersomes). The derived parameters provide a logical toolbox towards complex self-assemblies for soft matter nanotechnologies.
Experimentally simulating quantum walks with self-collimated light
Authors: Qi F. , Wang Y. F. , Ma Q. Y. , Zheng W. H.
Published: June 2016

In self-collimated photonic crystal, periodically arranged air holes of sub-wavelength scale provide flattened equi-frequency curves perpendicular to the ΓM direction, which allow light or photons propagating in a quasi-uniform medium without diffraction. Here we for the first time experimentally simulate four-step single-photon discrete time quantum walks with classical light in such a photonic crystal chip fabricated on silicon-on-insulator. Similarities between theoretical expectations and experimental results are higher than 0.98. The functional area is compact and can be extended to construct more complicated linear quantum circuits.
Ecological determinants of mean family age of angiosperm trees in forest communities in China
Authors: Qian Hong , Chen Shengbin
Published: June 2016

Species assemblage in a local community is determined by the interplay of evolutionary and ecological processes. The Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis proposes mechanisms underlying patterns of biodiversity in biological communities along environmental gradients. This hypothesis predicts that, among other things, clades in areas with warm or wet environments are, on average, older than those in areas with cold or dry environments. Focusing on angiosperm trees in forests, this study tested the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis. We related the mean family age of angiosperm trees in 57 local forests from across China with 23 current and paleo-environmental variables, which included all major temperature- and precipitation-related variables. Our study shows that the mean family age of angiosperm trees in local forests was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. This finding is consistent with the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis. Approximately 85% of the variance in the mean family age of angiosperm trees was explained by temperature-related variables and 81% of the variance in the mean family age of angiosperm trees was explained by precipitation-related variables. Climatic conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum did not explain additional variation in mean family age after accounting for current environmental conditions.
Observation of number-density-dependent growth of plasmonic nanobubbles
Authors: Nakajima Takashi , Wang Xiaolong , Chatterjee Souvik , Sakka Tetsuo
Published: June 2016

Interaction dynamics of laser pulses and nanoparticles are of great interest in recent years. In many cases, laser-nanoparticle interactions result in the formation of plasmonic nanobubbles and the dynamics of nanoparticles and nanobubbles are inseparable. So far, very little attention has been paid to the number density. Here we report the first observation of number-density-dependent growth of plasmonic nanobubbles. Our results show that the nanobubbles growth depends (does not depend) on the number density at high (low) laser fluence, although the inter-particle distance in the solution is as long as 14–30 μm. This cannot be explained by the existing physical picture and we propose a new model which takes into account the pressure waves arising from nanoparticles. The numerical results based on this model agree well with the experimental results. Our findings imply that the number density can be a new doorknob to control laser-nanobubble as well as laser-nanoparticle interactions.
Two homologous host proteins interact with potato virus X RNAs and CPs and affect viral replication and movement
Authors: Choi Hoseong , Cho Won Kyong , Kim Kook-Hyung
Published: June 2016

Because viruses encode only a small number of proteins, all steps of virus infection rely on specific interactions between viruses and hosts. We previously screened severalNicotiana benthamiana(Nb) proteins that interact with the stem-loop 1 (SL1) RNA structure located at the 5′ end of the potato virus X (PVX) genome. In this study, we characterized two of these proteins (NbCPIP2a and NbCPIP2b), which are homologous and are induced upon PVX infection. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that both proteins bind to either SL1(+) or SL1(−) RNAs of PVX. The two proteins also interact with the PVX capsid protein (CP)in planta. Overexpression of NbCPIP2a positively regulated systemic movement of PVX inN. benthamiana,whereas NbCPIP2b overexpression did not affect systemic movement of PVX. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments demonstrated that NbCPIP2a and NbCPIP2b are positive regulators of PVX replication and that the effect on replication was greater for NbCPIP2a than for NbCPIP2b. Although these two host proteins are associated with plasma membranes, PVX infection did not affect their subcellular localization. Taken together, these results indicate that NbCPIP2a and NbCPIP2b specifically bind to PVX SL1 RNAs as well as to CP and enhance PVX replication and movement.