bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Norfloxacin Nicotinate in Swine Following Systemic Administration
Authors: Shem‐Tov M. , Ziv G.
Published: May 2010

Norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) is a new water‐soluble fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Thein vitroactivity of NFN for microorganisms isolated from swine and the pharmacokinetic properties of NFN following single intravenous (i. v.), intramuscular (i. m.) and subcutaneous (s. c.) administration were investigated.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of NFN for a wide range of reference (ATCC ‐ American Type Culture Collection) microbial swine isolates, comprising 21 bacterial and 5 mycoplasmal species, ranged between 0.03 μg/ml (forSalmonella cholerasuisandActinobacillus pleuropneumonia) and 12.5 μg/ml (forStreptococcus porcinus). The MIC of NFN forMycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia of pigs, was <1.0 μg/ml althoughM. hyosynoviaewas less sensitive, with a MIC value of 3.12 μg/ml. The MIC values of the drug for swine field isolates, comprising 8 bacterial species, were in good agreement with the values determined for the corresponding ATCC strains. Pharmacokinetic values for NFN were calculated following i. v. administration at 7.0 mg/kg and i. m. and s. c. administration at 14.0 mg/kg in a 3‐way cross over study involving 6 pigs. Plasma concentrations of unchanged drug were determined by HPLC during 24 h post injection. Plasma NFN concentrations measured after i. v. dosing best fitted a 2‐compartment open system pharmacokinetic model. The harmonic mean distribution half‐life (t1/2α) and elimination half‐life (t1/2β) were 4.2 minutes and 2.1 h, respectively. The mean residence time (MRT) was 2.9 ± 0.6 h and the steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was 3.2 ± 0.1 ***l/kg. The mean t1/2βvalues after either i. m. or s. c. administration were 4.45 h with very rapid absorption rates (< 15 min to peak plasma drug concentration). Bioavailability was 51–64 %. Less than 20 % and 25 % of the dose were excreted in the urine as parent drug during the first 24 h after i. v. and s. c. dosing, respectively whereas the amount of unchanged drug recovered in the feces was very small (1.3 to 1.6 % of the dose).

The pharmacokinetic and MIC data generated in the course of the present study suggest that a dose schedule of 14.0 mg/kg injected i. m. or s. c. every 24 h is capable of achieving and maintaining tissue drug concentrations of potential therapeutic value for the treatment of the most common bacterial and mycoplasmal infections in swine.
A Slow‐spreading Mild Form of Camel Pox Infection
Authors: Alhendi A. B. , Abuelzein E. M. E. , Gameel A. A. , Hassanein M. M.
Published: May 2010

A slow‐spreading mild form of camel‐pox involving range camels in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia was described. The morbidity rate was 10 % while the case fatality rate was zero per cent. Camel pox virus was isolated and identified, and the histopathological picture of the lesions was also described. The epidemiological peculiarities of the disease were discussed.
Antibacterial Susceptibility of Bovine‐mastitis Pathogens Tested Directly in Milk from Infected Quarters
Authors: Louhi‐Lehtiö M. , Sandholm M. , Myllys V. , Honkanen‐Buzalski T.
Published: May 2010

Antibacterial susceptibilities of bovine‐mastitis pathogens were analysed directly in 57 mastitic milk samples without inoculation with exogenous organisms. Aseptically collected milk was mixed with serial dilutions of antibacterials and the growth was observed using 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction the following day. The results were compared with those obtained by using calibrated bacterial inocula in turbidimetric minimum‐inhibitory‐concentration (MIC) determination in broth cultures, and in TTC‐broth culture‐test and TTC‐normal milk‐test.

The results of different methods all correlated positively when the entire data was used. However, taking the direct test in mastitic milk as the ‘true’ result, the total discrepancies varied from 34.7 % to 48.8 %. Antibacterial activities of the trimethoprim‐sulphadoxine combination, and of spiramycin and ampicillin, decreased significantly when nutrient broth was replaced by milk as the test medium. The efficacy of trimethoprim‐sulphadoxine as an antibacterial agent was also dependent on the source of milk.
Effect of Adjuvant Formulations on the Induction of Virus‐neutralizing and Virus‐binding Antibodies by Chemosynthetic Peptides of VP1 of Foot‐and‐Mouth‐ Disease Virus
Authors: Liebermann Ht. , Bartels T. , Reimann Ilona , Mundt Barbara
Published: May 2010

Synthetic peptides corresponding to the 141–160 amino acid sequence of the protein VP1 of virus type O1 Kaufbeuren (O1K) and A5 Riems (A5R) were conjugated to thyroglobulin and mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) together with Quil A. Although the peptide of A5R, together with IFA and Quil A, or with CFA, elicited a high antibody response to the virus in the ELISA, formula containing both IFA and Quil A induced only high titres of virus‐neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. These adjuvant formulas did not display significant differences with regard to side effects.
Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Clinically Healthy Adult Breeding Geese in Germany
Authors: Hinz K.‐H. , Pfützner H. , Behr K.‐P.
Published: May 2010

Cloacal swabs from adult breeding geese of both sexes from six separate farms were culturally examined for mycoplasmas. Geese from these flocks did not show any clinical signs of illness, increased mortality or drop in egg production during the reproductive season.

The results revealed the presence of mycoplasmas in all the flocks tested. Mycoplasma (M.) cloacale was found in 6 flocks, M. anseris in 4 flocks, Mycoplasma species 1220 in 3 flocks and non‐identifiable Mycoplasmas in 2 flocks. More than one Mycoplasma species was simultaneously isolated from 14 out of 37 geese.
Detection of Canine Parvovirus DNA in Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Truyen U. , Platzer G. , Parrish C. R. , Hänichen T. , Hermanns W. , Kaaden O.‐R.
Published: May 2010

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is seemingly a ‘new’ virus which suddenly appeared during the mid‐1970's in an epizootic of disease in dogs. The virus is very similar to the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and recent studies have underlined the possible emergence of CPV as a variant of a virus from some other carnivore—possibly from FPV (Parrish, 1990). Several conserved amino‐acid changes between CPV and FPV isolates have been defined by cloning and sequencing the capsid‐protein gene. An alternative to cloning and sequencing the entire capsid‐protein gene would be to use PCR amplification of short regions of the gene containing the appropriate variable amino‐acid codons. In addition, use of PCR would also facilitate the study of virus samples which cannot be recovered as infectious agents, e.g. after having undergone formalaldehyde fixation and paraffin‐embedding procedures. This study reports on the amplification of CPV DNA from 15‐year‐old tissue sections which have been prepared by formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde‐lysine‐periodate‐glutaraldehyde fixation, using PCR with various primer pairs within the capsid‐protein gene of CPV.

Das canine Parvovirus ist ein junges Virus, das zum ersten Mal in Jahr 1978 im Rahmen einer pandemischen infektiösen Gastroenteritis in Hunden isoliert wurde. Das Virus ist dem lange bekannten felinen Panleukopenie‐Virus sehr ähnlich, und jüngere Untersuchungen unter‐streichen eine mögliche Entstehung des CPV aus einem Virus eines Karnivoren, möglicherweise aus FPV (Parrish, 1990). Mehrere konservierte Aminosäureaustausche im Kapsidprotein von FPV und CPV konnten nach Klonierung und Sequenzierung des Kapsidproteingens festgestellt werden. Eine Alternative zur Plasmid‐Klonierung des gesamten Kapsidproteingens stellt die Amplifikation kurzer, die variablen Aminosäuren kodierender Genombereiche durch die Polymerase‐Ketten‐Reaktion (PCR) dar. Weiterhin bietet die PCR die Möglichkeit, Viren zu untersuchen, die nicht mehr in infektiöser Form verfügbar sind, z.B. nach Formalinfixierung und Paraffinein‐bettung. Hier wird die Amplifikation von CPV DNA aus 15‐Jahre‐alten Formalinoder Paraformaldehyd‐Lysin‐Perjodat‐Glutaraldehyd fixierten‐Gewebsschnitten, mittels PCR und verschiedener Primerpaare aus dem Kapsidproteingen des CPV beschrieben.
Hygienic Aspects of the Production and Agricultural Use of Animal Wastes1
Authors: Strauch D. , Ballarini G.
Published: May 2010

Regarding the hygienic aspects of the production and use of animal wastes, further research on the following aspects is essential: pathogenic agents present in residues of animal production in the context of transmissible multifactorial diseases and the epidemiology of pathogens under different ecological conditions; recycling of toxic agents, e.g., copper, selenium and iodine, in animal wastes in the context of the food chain from soil to humans; hygienic effects of animal wastes on water as regards the standards required by medical authorities; effects of agents used to increase animal production, or used for medicinal purposes, which are present as residues in animal excreta and may be hazardous to public health; effects of animal excreta on microbiological processes in the soil; effects of dust and airborne microbial emissions from animal production, and finally, processes of self‐disinfection of manure and livestock slurry during storage as a means of reducing the amounts of chemical disinfectants used, of reducing environmental pollution, and of studying the application of biotechnological methods to disinfect manure and livestock slurry, this study being of particular importance.
Effect of Terdecamycin on Experimentally InducedMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeInfection in Pigs
Authors: Ueda Y. , Ohtsuki S. , Narukawa N. , Takeda K.
Published: May 2010

The effect of terdecamycin, a new antibiotic, was evaluated on experimentally inducedMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeinfection in pigs. Tylosin and josamycin were used as the positive control drugs. Five to 7‐week‐old pigs were inoculated intranasally with homogenate of pig lung lesions containingM. hyopneumoniae.In experiments 1 and 2, drugs were given in feed for 42 days, from 7 days before inoculation to 35 days after inoculation, and necropsy was carried out 35 days after inoculation. In experiment 3, drugs were given in feed for 10 days, from 3 days before inoculation to 7 days after inoculation and necropsy was carried out 28 days after inoculation. Drug efficacy was evaluated on the basis of clinical signs, lung lesions, (including percentage of gross lung lesion area), isolation ofM. hyopneumoniaeand growth performance data.

The total number of days on which coughing was observed and the mean percentage of lung lesion area in pigs given feed containing terdecamycin at 50 ppm or above were lower than those in unmedicated control pigs. Average daily weight gain in terdecamycin‐treated pigs was higher than that in unmedicated control pigs. Treatment with terdecamycin showed equal or better efficacy as compared with treatment with tylosin or josamycin.
Identification of Moraxella bovis and Related Species from Calves with IBK and Goats by Qualitative Genetic Transformation Assay
Authors: Kodjo A. , Exbrayat P. , Richard Y.
Published: May 2010

Eight Moraxella bovis strains isolated from bovine pink eye, 16 Moraxella bovis related strains isolated from healthy goats nasal flora, one nonhemolytic Moraxella sp. isolated from bovine conjunctivitis and different collection strains of Moraxella and Branhamella genus were studied through the combined use of qualitative genetic transformation assay and the ability to grow on a Moraxella bovis defined medium (medium MB). Crude DNA extracted from the strains studied were used to transform two mutant auxotroph competent strains of Moraxella bovis CIP 103741 and CIP 103743. Non‐specific positive transformation was obtained with mutant assay strain CIP 103743 when treated with DNA from caprine or bovine Moraxella strains, collection strains of Moraxella bovis, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella nonliquefaciens and strains of Branhamella genus, whereas specific transformation was observed with mutant assay CIP 103741 when treated only with DNA from all the Moraxella bovis (collection and clinical isolates) and 14 of the 16 caprine Moraxella bovis related strains. The specificity and the simplicity of the test make it suitable for use in clinical laboratories.

Huit souches de Moraxella bovis isolées de conjonctivite infectieuse bovine, seize souches apparentées à Moraxella bovis d'origine caprine, une souche de Moraxella sp. nonhemolytic et diverses souches de collection de Moraxella et de Branhamella ont été étudiées par l'utilisation combinée de test qualitatif de transformation génétique et de croissance sur milieu défini (milieu MB). L'ADN des souches étudiées a servi à transformer deux souches mutantes auxotrophes de Moraxella bovis (CIP 103741 et CIP 103743). Des transformations non spécifiques ont été obtenues avec la souche mutante CIP 103743 traitée par l'ADN de Moraxella bovis, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Branhamella sp. et l'ADN des souches caprines et bovines. A l'inverse, seul l'ADN des souches de Moraxella bovis a transformé significativement la souche mutante CIP 103741. Un résultat positif a été obtenu avec les huit souches bovines de Moraxella bovis isolées de conjonctivite bovine et quatorze des seize souches d'origine caprine. La spécificité et la simplicité de ce test constituent des atouts pour son utilisation dans le diagnostic de laboratoire de Moraxella bovis.
Bovine Clinical Mastitis due to Coagulase‐negative Staphylococci and their Susceptibility to Antimicrobials
Authors: Honkanen‐Buzalski T. , Myllys V. , Pyörälä S.
Published: May 2010

A total of 168 coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) strains were isolated from milk samples taken from cows with clinical mastitis. The samples were collected between January 1990 and August 1992 from cows in the veterinary surveillance area of the Ambulatory Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hautjärvi, Finland. In 100 cases the effect of antibiotic treatment was evaluated 3–4 weeks after initial sampling. Clinical symptoms of the animals were recorded, and the inflammatory status of their udders was evaluated using the CMT test and assessing milk NAGase activity. CNS mastitis was most common in young cows during early lactation.Staphylococcus hyicus, S. simulansandS. epidermidiswere the most frequently isolated CNS. Clinical symptoms were most severe withS. hyicus.Cure rates for CNS induced mastitis were high.
Disease Resistance and Thriftiness of Calves given Human Lymphoblastoid Interferon
Authors: Amadori M. , Archetti I. L. , Berneri C. , Salvalai M. , Cordioli P. , Lodetti E.
Published: May 2010

A field trial was set up to evaluate the effect of human lymphoblastoid interferon (IFN) as a biological response modifier (BRM) in cattle. Two different doses (100 and 1000 International Units/kg body weight) of partially purified interferon from Namalwa cells were administered to suckling calves, after animals were introduced into a large veal fattening and finishing unit. The clinical conditions of the calves and some parameters of specific and non‐specific immunity, along with the individual weights, were evaluated over a 4‐month period. The higher IFN dose correlated with a favourable clinical response of calves to a respiratory syndrome; this was further substantiated by a dramatic improvement of the growth rate with respect to control calves. To a lesser extent, this also occurred in calves given the lower IFN dose. These results suggest better disease resistance in IFN‐treated calves, possible associated with dose‐dependent regulation of basic homeostatic functions.
Outbreaks of Clinical Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnmark, Norway, and their Relation to Climatic Conditions
Authors: Handeland K. , Slettbakk T.
Published: May 2010

Outbreaks of clinical cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnmark county, northern Norway, were summarized for the period 1960–1993 and compared to meteorological data.

Disease outbreaks occurred during autumn and winter of seven different years. They were highly associated with high temperatures and moderately associated with heavy rainfall during the preceding summers. Mean summer temperatures for years with and without subsequent disease outbreaks were 1.5 °C above and 0.4 °C below the overall mean for the observation period. Summer temperatures above mean seem to be required to induce the mass development of infective Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae in the intermediate gastropod hosts that subsequently leads to severe infection and clinical CSE in reindeer in Finnmark. After hot summers, the nematode may cause epidemics with heavy losses, especially among calves.
Studies on the Production of an Exfoliative Toxin by Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Hesselbarth J. , Flachsbarth M. F. , Amtsberg G.
Published: May 2010

Isolates of Staphylococcus (S.) intermedius from the pustules of 54 dogs with superficial pyoderma were screened for their ability to produce an extracellular substance called exfoliative toxin. This toxin should be comparable to toxins produced by strains of S. aureus and S. hyicus isolated from certain skin diseases in humans and pigs respectively. However, neither with the bioassay using suckling mice, nor in vitro using specimens of canine skin, could an exfoliative toxin be demonstrated in concentrated culture supernatants of S. intermedius broth cultures. The typical splitting of the epidermis at the level of the stratum granulosum could be induced in the skin of suckling mice both in vivo and in vitro with CCS of toxigenic S. aureus reference strains.
A Comparison of Restrictive Endonuclease Sites of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Isolates in Chile
Authors: Celedón M. O. , Ojeda J. M. , Malmus C. , Santibáñez M. , Berrios P.
Published: May 2010

The Frutillar 82, F nasal 90, F vaginal 90, Puente Alto 77, VMLB 79, and Bio Bio 92 isolates of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV‐1) from Chile were analysed by Eco RI, Bam HI and Hind III restriction enzymes (RE). The Los Angeles (LA) strain was used as reference.

The results indicated that the fingerprints of F nasal 90 and F vaginal 90 were identical to the three RE used, but they were different from the other isolates. Major differences were found for Puente Alto 77 and VMLB 79 isolates with Eco RI, and for Puente Alto 77 with Hind III compared with the other Chilean isolates. It is concluded that Chilean BHV‐1 isolates obtained from diverse lesions and geographic locations are genomically different from each other and from the other strains described in the literature.
Impaired Tracheobronchial Clearance of Bacteria in Calves Infected withMycoplasma dispar
Authors: Almeida R. A. , Rosenbusch R. F.
Published: May 2010

Infection of tracheal organ cultures withMycoplasma disparresults in degeneration of respiratory epithelial cells with loss of ciliary activity. To assess the effect of these changes on the clearance of bacteria from the respiratory tract, the tracheobronchial clearance of a suspension ofSerratia marcescenswas determined in calves before and after infection withM. dispar.Tracheobronchial samples were obtained at various times after deposition of the marker bacteria. Clearance ofS. marcescenswas significant by 3 h after inoculation and only few colonies were detected 4 h after challenge. By contrast, in the same animals 5 days after intratracheal exposure toM. dispar, clearance ofS. marcescensdid not decrease significantly 4 h after inoculation. Histopathological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of infected lungs revealed that, as a result of infection withM. dispar, areas of degeneration and destruction of the respiratory ciliated epithelium occur in intermediate and small airways. These lesions may be responsible for the altered clearance observed in these mycoplasma‐exposed calves.
The Role of Eicosanoids in the Chemotactic Response toPasteurella haemolyticaInfection
Authors: Clarke C. R. , Lauer A. K. , Barron S. J. , Wyckoff J. H.
Published: May 2010

The chemotactic role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis ofPasteurella haemolyticainfection was studied, using a tissue chamber infection model and pharmacological inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis. Tissue chambers were implanted subcutaneously in 12 calves allotted to three treatment groups of equal size. At 45 days after implantation, calves received saline, dexamethasone, or phenylbutazone treatments, and tissue chambers in all animals were then inoculated withP. haemolytica.Chamber fluid samples were collected before inoculation and at 2, 6, 18, 40, and 90 h after inoculation. Bacterial counts, total leukocyte counts, pH and albumin concentrations in chamber fluids were determined using standard bacteriological and clinical pathological methods. Concentrations of eicosanoids and activity of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) were measured by radioimmunoassay and a helper T cell bioassay, respectively. Concentrations of leukotriene B4(LTB4), thromboxane B2(TXB2), 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α(PGF1α) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) increased markedly after inoculation. An inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on both LTB4production and neutrophil influx, together with the temporal relationship between these two events, suggested that LTB4served as a chemo‐attractant. Activity‐time profiles for IL‐1 in chamber fluids were similar to those of the eicosanoids. Phenylbutazone and dexamethasone reduced the severity of the inflammatory responses as measured by lower concentrations of albumin and higher pH in treated versus control chamber fluids. The results of this study suggest that eicosanoid inflammatory mediators play an important chemotactic role in the pathogenesis ofP. haemolyticainfection.
Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica Serovar 0:8 to Wild Rodents in Japan
Authors: Hayashidani H. , Kitahara E. , Ogawa M.
Published: May 2010

Three species of wild rodents, Anderson's red‐backed voles (Eothenomys andersoni), large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus) and small Japanese field mice (Apodemus argenteus), mainly living in mountainous areas in Japan, were challenged orally with Yersinia enterocolitica serovar 0:8 to determine infectivity and pathogenicity of this micro‐organism with respect to wild rodents. Y. enterocolitica 0:8 was shown to colonize the intestinal tract of these three types of wild rodents, and was occasionally fatal. The faecal excretion period of these mice was 10–14 days in E. andersoni and A. speciosus, and 35–49 days in A. argenteus. Wild rodents recovering from the infection showed resistance to a second challenge with the same infectious agent. These results suggest that these three species of wild rodents living in mountainous areas in Japan may play an important role in the ecology of Y. enterocolitica 0:8.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Different Leptospira interrogans Serovars in Pigs on Large Farms
Authors: Perea A. , Garcia R. , Maldonado A. , Tarradas M. C. , Luque I. , Astorga R. , Arenas A.
Published: May 2010

A seroepidemiological survey was carried out in the province of Badajoz (south‐western Spain) in order to determine the presence and spread of Leptospira interrogans. The 521 sera tested were drawn from breeding sows on 28 large farms (15 with fewer than 60 and 13 with over 60 breeders). Immunological testing was performed using the Martin‐Pettit micro‐agglutination technique. Pigs with titres equal to or greater than 1:100 were considered positive. Haemolysed and/or contaminated test sera were reprocessed following filter‐paper treatment.

A total of 10.56 % of pigs tested proved positive, 39.28 % of farms being affected. The following L. interrogans serovars were detected: pomona (6.53 %), castellonis (1.15 %), sejroe (1.15 %), grippotyphosa (0.96 %), australis (0.38 %), hebdomadis (0.19 %) and icterohaemorrhagiae (0.19 %).
Comparison of the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA to Culture Methods for Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in Litter and Cloacal Swabs of Poultry
Authors: Desmidt M. , Haesebrouck F. , Ducatelle R.
Published: May 2010

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA test system, was compared with bacteriological isolation for detection of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in litter and cloacal swabs of poultry. Before ELISA, samples were enriched in tetrathionate broth for 18–24 h or in tetrathionate broth (18–24 h), followed by M‐broth/novobiocine (4–6 h). The bacteriological isolation procedure included incubation in buffered peptone water and inoculation on modified semisolid Rappaport—Vassiliadis. For detection of S. enteritidis in litter samples, ELISA was more sensitive than bacteriological examination. For cloacal swabs, both techniques were equally sensitive. The two enrichment procedures gave no significant differences in ELISA results. It was concluded that the Salmonella‐Tek ELISA test might be a promising test for detection of Salmonella infected poultry flocks, providing that further studies are performed to determine the cut‐off value for litter and cloacal swabs of commercial flocks.
Herd Risk Factors for Serological Evidence of Aujeszky's Disease Virus Infection of Breeding Sows in Northern Germany (1990–1991)
Authors: Leontides L. , Ewald C. , Willeberg P.
Published: May 2010

The distribution of herd risk factors with respect to serological evidence of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) infection in breeding sows was studied using samples collected in the early phase of an area‐wide eradication programme in two districts of Northern Germany (Schleswig‐Flensburg and Nordfriesland). The odds of seropositivity in breeding females were 6.5‐times higher for herds that purchased replacement gilts compared with herds that introduced gilts from their own inventory. Herds in which confirmed clinical Aujeszky's disease (AD) had occurred during the 1980s had 4.2‐times higher odds of seropositive test results compared with herds without clinical outbreaks of AD. The log‐odds of a herd having seropositive females increased, in a curvilinear pattern, with increasing herd size. The slope of the log‐transformed herd‐size line suggested that wind‐borne transmission may have been an important route for among‐herd transmission of ADV. It was concluded that, in areas with endemically‐infected swine herds, the expected level of ADV infection will be highest in regions with large herds and previous clinical outbreaks of AD. This should be taken into account in the design of future area‐wide AD‐eradication campaigns.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeSerotype‐2 Antibodies in Sow Colostrum in Finnish Pig‐health‐scheme Herds
Authors: Levonen K. , Veijalainen P. , Seppänen J.
Published: May 2010

A direct ELISA with phenol‐extracted antigen forActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserotype 2 was developed. The test was specific when tested with rabbit antisera prepared against differentA. pleuropneumoniaeserotypes. It had better‐than‐moderate repeatability and it made a clear distinction between positive and negative samples.

A total of 5477 colostrum samples from breeding sows from herds participating in the Finnish Pig‐health Scheme were tested using the ELISA test. A total of 1307 positive samples were found in 129 out of 154 herds, thus indicating that most of the disease‐control herds in Finland are infected withA. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 2. These infections were almost entirely subclinical.
Tollwutantikörper‐Bildung bei Frettchen nach der Impfung mit vier verschiedenen Tollwut‐Impfstoffen
Authors: Mainka C.
Published: May 2010

The Development of Rabies Antibodies in Ferrets after Injection of Four Different Types of Rabies Vaccines

Experiments aimed at proving the suitability of ferrets in the routine testing of rabies vaccines for human and animal use were carried out.

A total of 40 ferrets received four vaccines, two for use in humans and two for use in animals. For the determination of rabies antibodies, blood was taken on days 28 and 56, respectively, after inoculation of the vaccines. All animals developed antibodies of more than [0.5 IE/ml] serum as determined by RFFIT. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for animals (A1 and A2) was 4.1 IE/ml on day 28 and 5.86 IE/ml on day 56. The antibody titre following injection of the vaccines for humans was 6.64 IE/ml on day 28 and 8.87 IE/ml on day 56.

The suitability of ferrets for the potency assay of rabies vaccines is discussed.

Es wurde die Eignung von Frettchen als Versuchstiere für die Prüfung von Human‐ und Veterinär‐Tollwutimpfstoffen getestet. Eine Menge an 40 Frettchen wurden mit vier Tollwutimpfstoffen (zwei humane und zwei veterinäre) geimpft und die spezielle Antikörperbildung nach 28 und 56 Tagen p.i. untersucht.

Alle Tiere bildeten einen Titer über 1 IE/ml Serum im RFFIT gemessen. Der Anti‐körpergehalt bei den zwei Veterinär‐Impfstoffen (A1 und A2) lag nach 28 Tagen bei 4,1 IE/ml nach 56 Tagen bei 5,86 IE/ml. Die Human‐Impfstoffe (B1 und B2) zeigten nach 28 Tagen 6,64 IE/ml und nach 56 Tagen 8,87 IE/ml.

Es wird die Eignung des Frettchens als Versuchstier für die Wirksamkeitsprüfung von Human‐ und Veterinär‐Tollwutimpfstoffen diskutiert.
Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Cow's Milk using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Authors: Willems H. , Thiele D. , Frölich‐Ritter R. , Krauss H.
Published: May 2010

A PCR approach (transposon PCR) with primers based on repetitive transposon‐like sequences, which — depending on the isolate — were found at a minimum frequency of 19 on the C. burnetii genome, was established for the highly sensitive and specific detection of C. burnetii. This study describes the analytical detection of C. burnetii in milk, which requires a special preparation method prior to PCR. Because of the low level of C. burnetii particles in milk samples, template DNA was concentrated by a factor of 200, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the precipitation reagent. Using this particular preparation method, even a single C. burnetii particle could be detected in 1 ml milk.
Investigations into the Efficacy of Doramectin on Reactivated Somatic Larvae ofAncylostoma caninumErcolani 1859 (Ancylostomatidae) in Pregnant Bitches
Authors: Schnieder T. , Heidemann R. , Epe C. , Stoye M.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this investigation was to examine whether reactivated somaticAncylostoma caninumlarvae can be eliminated by the administration of doramectin to pregnant bitches. Four pregnant bitches experimentally infected with 20 000 third‐stage larvae ofA. caninumwere treated subcutaneously with 1 mg doramectin per kg body weight on day 55 of the pregnancy (5–8 days before parturition). Another four experimentally infected pregnant bitches served as controls. The single doramectin treatment completely prevented galactogenic infections in the puppies. Neither intestinal stages nor somatic larvae could be found. The administration of doramectin caused no local or generalized side‐effects in the bitches. All 16 puppies of the treated bitches were born healthy and remained so during the whole trial period. Beginning during the third week after birth, all 20 puppies of the untreated bitches developed a severe microcytic, hypochromic anaemia. They had to be killed between 17 and 35 days after birth. Post mortem, they revealed a total of 8649 intestinal stages ofA. caninum.
Biochemical Traits and Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofStreptococcus suisIsolated from Slaughtered Pigs
Authors: Prieto C. , García F. J. , Suárez P. , Imáz M. , Castro J. M.
Published: May 2010

A total of 522Streptococcus suisisolates were recovered from the tonsils of slaughtered pigs by culturing on media containing different specific antisera. The serogroup reactions were determined by coagglutination. The most frequently isolated serotype was serotype 4 (representing 28.7 % of the isolates), followed by serotype 3 (24.9 %) and serotype 2 (22.6 %). Typable isolates were examined by growth in 6.5 % NaCl, amylase activity, acetoin production, susceptibility to optochin and production of acid from mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, salicin, sorbitol and trehalose. Finally, all isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against ampicillin, cephalotin, lincomycin, neomycin, penicillin, spiramycin and trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole using the disk‐diffusion technique.

All isolates were amylase‐positive and acetoin‐negative, and failed to grow in 6.5 % NaCl broth. Nine isolates were optochin‐susceptible. Moreover, 10 isolates produced acid from mannitol, 21 produced acid from sorbitol, and 36 and 37 did not produce acid from salicin and trehalose, respectively. Six salicin‐ and trehalose‐negative isolates and two mannitol‐ and sorbitol‐fermenting isolates were found. Biochemical differences between serotypes were not observed.

The most active drugs againstS. suiswere the beta‐lactam antibiotics, although only 83.3 %, 70 % and 78.5 % of isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cephalotin and penicillin, respectively. Half of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole, and resistance to lincomycin, neomycin and spiramycin appeared to be very high.
Pathomorphological Studies in European Bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) with Seropositive Reaction to Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Szarek J. , Rotkiewicz T. , Anusz Z. , Khan M. Z. , Chishti M. A.
Published: May 2010

Comprehensive serological and histopathological examinations of 47 free living European bison (Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758) were performed. Of these animals, 36 were serologically positive due to Coxiella burnetii, which confirmed the presence of Q fever epizootic foci in this population of wild animals in Poland.

The presence of multiple foci of mononuclear cells typical for Q fever was a consistent finding in all tissues of the majority of C. burnetii seropositive animals under study. Pathomorphological changes observed in myocardium as the focal coagulation necrosis, and in kidneys, resembled the glomerular lesion observed in humans with Q fever, as well as in the experimental Q‐fever infections in laboratory animals. These changes were absent in bison showing a C. burnetii seronegative reaction.
Methods for Evaluation of the Adhesive and Phagocytic Capacities of Porcine Granulocytes
Authors: Jensen‐Waern Marianne , Johannisson Anders , Ederoth Marie , Trowald‐Wigh Gunilla
Published: May 2010

The adhesive and phagocytic properties of porcine neutrophils were studied. Blood samples were collected from healthy crossbreed pigs, and granulocytes were obtained by density centrifugation. Adhesion to nylon wool was studied and expression of adhesion molecules was determined by flow cytometry.

Three monoclonal antibodies showed reactivity with porcine cells and were thus subsequently used. Freezing and storage at −70 °C did not cause major alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules.

The kinetics of phagocytosis of serum‐ and IgG‐opsonized yeast cells were studied with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The influence of various concentrations of normal pooled and heat‐inactivated pooled porcine serum on the phagocytic process was elucidated. The phagocytic process was completed more rapidly using C3b‐ than IgG‐opsonized yeast cells. The neutrophils both attached to and ingested the serum‐opsonized yeast cells to a large extent. When IgG or heat‐inactivated serum were used, only minor attachment was observed.

These methods for studies of neutrophil functions can be used both for the diagnosis of immunological disorders and for physiological studies of the neutrophil functions in the pig.
Effect of Formalin Fixation and Long‐term Storage on the Detectability of Bovine Viral‐diarrhoea‐virus (BVDV) RNA in Archival Brain Tissue using Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gruber A. D. , Moennig V. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Trautwein G.
Published: May 2010

Detection of DNA or RNA in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be hindered by degradation of nucleic acids during tissue collection, preparation and archivation.

This study describes investigations on the effect of formalin fixation and prolonged storage of paraffin‐embedded tissues on bovine viral‐diarrhoea (BVD)‐virus RNA as a model system. Brain tissues from eight persistently BVDV‐infected calves containing high amounts of the virus were fixed in 5 % neutral‐buffered formalin or 10 % non‐buffered formalin for different fixation times, respectively, and paraffin embedded. Subsequent detection of an 803 bp fragment from single tissue sections using nested PCR after reverse transcription (nested RT‐PCR) demonstrated a loss of detectability of viral RNA after more than 10 days (10 % non‐buffered formalin) and 3 months (5 % neutral‐buffered formalin) of fixation. Additional studies with 280 initially BVDV‐positive brain tissues from 25 persistently BVDV‐infected calves after storage of up to 10 years revealed a loss of detectable RNA after more than 1 year of storage. For estimation of the higher sensitivity of nested RT‐PCR compared to single step RT‐PCR, serially diluted BVD virus suspensions were examined using both methods. Nested RT‐PCR was found to be about 100‐fold more sensitive than single‐step RT‐PCR, and is therefore recommended as the appropriate technique for archival studies.
A study of two mutant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) unable to express thymidine kinase (TK) function
Authors: Ferrari M. , Gualandi G. L. , Boldini M. , Corradi A. , Losio M. N. , Bergonzini P.
Published: May 2010

Two mutant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) were selected from the virulent 86/27V virus treated with chemical drugs. The viruses, named 6A1 and 6C2, respectively, appeared to be unable to express thymidine kinase function, as demonstrated by the autoradiography test. They showed a reduced virulence for some susceptible animal species (chickens, mice, rabbits, calves, lambs and piglets) and virus was isolated sporadically. The mutant viruses appeared to be able to protect animals against infection with the virulent strain of PRV.

At gross, as well as at histological examination, no lesions in apparatus, system and tissues were detected in pigs inoculated with 6A1 and 6C2 viruses. By contrast, rabbits treated with 6C2 mutant strain presented lymphomononucleated cuffs, microgliosis, and neuronophagia in some areas of the brain. This focal spreading, together with the absence of neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions, suggest an infection induced by a modified strain of PRV.
Effect of Storage on the Prevalent Alum‐precipitated Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine in Pakistan and Preparation of a More Efficient Oil Adjuvant Vaccine using Dense Culture of Pasteurella multocida Roberts Type 1 on an Improved Culture Medium
Authors: Sheikh M. A. , Tasneem K. , Zafar M. S. , Butt I. A. , Shakoori A. R.
Published: May 2010

Significantly drastic effects of storage on the potency of the alum‐precipitated haemorrhagic septicaemia (APHS) vaccine are reported. The APHS vaccine, studied through challenge infection of vaccinated rabbits (post‐60 days of vaccination), showed 100% potency when stored at 4 °C for 30 days. The potency dropped to 20% when storage period was extended to 60 or more days. At 30 °C, the potency reduced by 40, 40 and 60%, respectively, after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, while, at 37 °C, the decrease was 60, 60 and 100% after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, respectively. In view of this, the oil‐adjuvant (OA) HS vaccine was developed by culturing Pasteurella multocida on a medium comprising yeast extract, sucrose, trypticase and sodium bicarbonate, under continuous aeration at 37 °C. This gave a far better bacterial count (maximum count 15 times 108/ml) than the conventional APHS vaccine (maximum count 6 times 108/ml). The OAHS vaccine‐carrying water‐in‐oil emulsion remained stable at room temperature for 1 year. The log protection values of the two batches of the OAHS vaccine, studied in mice, were 5.2 and 5.3, as against 1.9 of the APHS vaccine.
Evaluation of Immunogenicity of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Ovine Abortions by Laboratory Test Systems
Authors: Diker K. S. , Türütoglu H.
Published: May 2010

A microagglutination test andin vitroserum bactericidal assay were used for testing cross‐reactions and cross‐bactericidal activities of 15Campylobacterstrains isolated from ovine abortions. Antisera against certain strains ofC. fetussubsp.fetusandC. jejunishowed higher microagglutination titres and bactericidal activity against homologous and/or heterologous strains. In both tests, cross‐reactions and bactericidal activity were higher among the strains of homologous species than among those of heterologous species. The pregnant guinea‐pig model was used for testing the efficacy of experimental campylobacter vaccines. Monovalent bacterins prepared with eitherC. fetussubsp.fetusorC. jejunidid not produce immunity to cross‐challenge with the opposite species. Guinea‐pigs immunized with the bivalent bacterin were found to be immune to both groups ofCampylobacterwhen subsequently challenged. In vaccinated guinea‐pigs, theirin vivoability to overcome infection is reflected in thein vitrobactericidal capacity of homologous rabbit antiserum.
Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens Type C Enteritis in Pigs using a DNA Amplification Technique (PCR)
Authors: Buogo C. , Capaul S. , Häni H. , Frey J. , Nicolet J.
Published: May 2010

Clostridium perfringens type C, which produces α‐ and β‐toxin, causes severe haemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis in animals and humans. A polymerase‐chain‐reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the specific detection of the genes encoding α‐, β‐, ε‐ and enterotoxin of C. perfringens for rapid typing of C. perfringens strains, and especially for the identification of type C strains. Both the α‐ and β‐toxin genes were detected directly in porcine C. perfringens type C cultures and also in type B and type C collection strains to a sensitivity of 103 cells without purification of the DNA. The α‐toxin gene was detected in all types of C. perfringens. The ε‐toxin gene was found in type B and type D, and the enterotoxin gene in some type A strains. Nine other species of Clostridium and a variety of intestinal pathogenic bacteria showed no signal for these toxin genes in this PCR assay. The α‐ and β‐toxin genes PCR assay were used to identify C. perfringens strains isolated from intestinal contents of 36 necropsied piglets that had suddenly died or died after premonitory signs of diarrhoea. At necropsy, 20 piglets showed necrotizing enteritis (15 acute and 5 chronic cases) and were suspected to have suffered from a C. perfringens type C infection. All of them had C. perfringens which gave a positive PCR signal for α‐ and β‐toxin genes, and, hence, were identified as type C strains. From the 16 other piglets with lesions other than necrotizing enteritis, C. perfringens strains with the α‐toxin gene, but no β‐toxin gene, were isolated. The necropsy findings and the anamnesis showed a very good correlation with the PCR identification of toxin genes. It was therefore concluded that the PCR‐based toxin gene examination is a good alternative to the time‐consuming, less specific, and more expensive mouse neutralization test in the routine diagnostic laboratory.
Isolation of the Major Outer‐membrane Protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumonias and Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: Hartmann L. , Schröder W. , Lübke A.
Published: May 2010

A polyclonal antibody against the 35 kDa major outer‐membrane protein of Pasteurella multocida cross‐reacted with the 40 kDa major outer‐membrane protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and the 42 kDa major outer‐membrane protein of Haemophilus parasuis. The N‐terminal amino‐acid sequences of these proteins revealed a strong homology with the putative 35 kDa porin protein of Pasteurella multocida (66.7 and 76.2%, respectively). Significant homologies were also evident between the 40 kDa and the 42 kDa protein (76.2%), and with non‐specific porins of gram‐negative bacteria.
Virus‐neutralization Domains on the Oligomeric (230 kDa) Forms of Antigen B of Herpesvirus of Turkeys and Marek's Disease Virus differ in Cross‐serotypic Activity
Authors: Davidson I. , Becker Y. , Malkinson M.
Published: May 2010

Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is frequently used to protect chickens against Marek's disease (MD). The HVT and MDV native antigen B complex shares common epitopes. To determine whether these oligomers present virus‐neutralizing domains, monospecific antibodies to the HVT and MDV native 230 kDa oligomers were produced. The monospecific antibody immunopurified from an anti‐HVT avian serum neutralized the in vitro infectivity of the oncogenic isolate MDV‐B and the vaccine strains CVI988, SB1 and HVT and immunoblotted the 230 kDa oligomers of HVT and CVI988. As a result of the immunofluorescence analysis on infected cells, the monospecific antibody revealed foci of diffuse cytoplasmic immunofluorescence. A second monospecific antibody to the heat‐stable 130 kDa monomer of HVT had limited neutralizing activity against HVT and CVI988 only, immunoblotted only the native HVT oligomer, and was not active in immunofluorescence. The monospecific antibody to the MDV‐B 230 kDa oligomer neutralized and immunoblotted only the two MDV‐1 strains but stained cells infected with MDVs of the three serotypes in immunofluorescence. It is concluded that the cross‐protective neutralizing epitopes of HVT are located on heat‐labile oligomeric forms of antigen B.
Effects ofStaphylococcus aureusMastitis after Endotoxin Application on Milk Yield and Composition during Subsequent Lactation of Guinea‐pigs
Authors: Messom G. Vandeputte‐Van , Burvenich C. , Roets E. , Devriese L. , Haesebrouck F.
Published: May 2010

The effects ofStaphylococcus aureusmastitis on milk yield and composition throughout subsequent lactation in lactating guinea‐pigs and the role of endotoxin pretreatment on these phenomena were investigated. Primiparous lactating guinea‐pigs were intramammarily inoculated with sterile saline (group 1),S. aureusstrain UC 6097 (group 2), or withS. aureusUC 6097 after endotoxin pretreatment (group 3). Clinical signs and survival rate were monitored. During the second lactation, daily milk yield was measured and milk composition was determined. In primiparous inoculated guinea‐pigs, moderate (group 3)‐to‐severe acute mastitis (group 2) was produced. During subsequent lactation, milk yield in the control group peaked on day 5 and then decreased. Concentrations of Na+and Cl−in milk, and concentrations of fat, gradually increased, but lactose and K+decreased. After an early decrease, NAGase in milk increased towards the end of lactation. Except for higher NAGase concentrations in group 3, milk yield and composition during the second lactation did not differ significantly between the mastitis and the control groups. Endotoxin pretreatment only plays a role in the determination of the severity of the infection.
Isolation and Characterization of Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (Coronavirus) from Rats by Established Cell Line LBC
Authors: Hirano N. , Ono K. , Nomura R. , Tawara T.
Published: May 2010

The outbreak of sialoadenitis occurred in a laboratory rat colony and the causative agent was isolated from the affected salivary glands of diseased rats using the established cell line LBC. The isolate readily multiplied, producing clear cytopathic effects with syncytium formation, and it was identified virologically and serologically as rat sialodacryoadenitis virus. In attempts to isolate the virus by primary rat kidney (PRK) cells and suckling mice as well as LBC cells, the LBC cells showed higher susceptibility for the virus growth as compared with PRK cells or the brain of suckling mice. The isolation rate of virus was 100 % (5/5) in LBC, 40 % (2/5) in PRK cells and 60 % (3/5) in suckling mice.

After four passages in the LBC cells, the virus did not produce disease in adult rats, while the mouse brain‐passaged virus did.