bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran PAI melalui Cooperative Learning Model Time Token
Authors: Salimah Lili , Setiawati Endang , Mu'awanah
Published: May 2024

This research started from the problem of low PAI learning activity among class IV students at SDN 3 Sidawangi, Cirebon Regency. The aim of this research is to describe the process of implementing the Cooperative Learning Time Token learning model in PAI learning and to describe the increase in student learning outcomes in learning after implementing the model. The type of research used is classroom action research which consists of 2 cycles, where each cycle applies the Kurt Lewin model of action research design in the form of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Data collection was carried out by observation and written tests. The research results show that the Cooperative Learning Time Token model can improve PAI learning outcomes for class IV students at SDN 3 Sidawangi, Cirebon Regency. This is proven by the value of learning outcomes which experienced an increase in completeness from 33.33% in the pre-cycle stage, to 74.07% in Cycle 1, and 81.48% in cycle 2. This shows that the Cooperative Learning Time Token model is a model appropriate for improving student learning outcomes in PAI learning for class IV students at SDN 3 Sidawangi, Cirebon Regency.
Melinjo fruit outer skin peeler prototype design using grate roller based-on auto reverse movement control
Authors: Yunidar Yunidar , Sufina Riska , Mufti Alfa Tirta , Melinda Melinda , Hasanuddin Iskandar
Published: May 2024

Cracker snacks made from melinjo fruit are often found in the Pidie Regency area, Aceh. However, processing melinjo seeds into crackers is still manual and takes a long time. In this research, a melinjo peeling machine will be designed to speed up the production process of melinjo crackers. This peeler uses two different electricity sources so it can work in two conditions, namely the PLN electricity supply is on or off. The research method was carried out by collecting data from device testing results and field observations as well as comparing test results with previous research. The movement of the motor is controlled using Time Delay which gives a command to activate the relay and then turns on the 12 V DC motor. The motor rotates clockwise and anti-clockwise continuously (auto reverse) according to the direction of positive and negative potential which is controlled by the relay and Time Delay. The success rate of peeling the outer skin of melinjo seeds using the proposed tool is divided into three types based on differences in seed skin color. The percentage of success for red, orange, and yellowish green melinjo was 68.67%, 51.52% and 25.61% respectively. Thus, in this study, it can be concluded that the most efficient success rate is for red melinjo
Comparative study of performance of temiki (Melastomacandidum) and rubek (Calotropis gigantea) extract inhibitors for carbon steel in corrosive media
Authors: Supardi Joli , Rizal Samsul , Ali Nurdin , Fonna Syarizal , Ikramullah Ikramullah , Veranita Veranita , Arifin A.K.
Published: May 2024

The use of synthetic inhibitors that negatively affect the environment is still used. Organic inhibitors are the best and most environmentally friendly solutions such as Temiki plants (MelastomaCandidum) and Rubik (Calotropis Giganteen) which have good corrosion cell inhibitor properties and have the potential to be used as corrosion inhibitors. This study analyzed Temiki and Rubik extracts as corrosion inhibitors in carbon steel using the weight loss method in 3.5% NaCl solution and analyzed the efficiency of the inhibitors. Temiki and Rubik's are extracted by drying the leaves, stems and flowers under the sun. Then the material is mashed together and distilled by the solid-liquid method with the Soxhlet tool. Identification of plant components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Density and viscosity were analyzed following ASTM D 4052 and ASTM D 445 standards. Weight loss method testing was carried out at inhibitor concentrations of 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm, with soaking time for 15 weeks and data collection was carried out every week. The results of the analysis showed the highest corrosion rate in Temiki extract with a concentration of 500 ppm reaching 1,569 mpy and the lowest at a concentration of 500 ppm reaching 0.157 mpy. In Rubik's extract inhibitors, the highest corrosion rate occurred in 500 ppm inhibitors reaching 1,268 mpy, while the lowest occurred at 200 ppm concentrations reaching 0.331 mpy. The highest efficiency value is the 400 ppm Temiki inhibitor with efficiency reaching 82.89% and the lowest at 500 ppm reaching 19.55%. while for the efficiency of Rubik's extract inhibitors, the highest value was 62.71%, at a concentration of 200 ppm. While the lowest is 28.40%, at 500 ppm inhibitors. These results show that Temiki and Rubik's extracts can still function well as corrosion inhibitors in low-carbon steels in NaCl solution.
Calculation Of Minimum Shaft Bearing Diameter Of ORC Turbine-Generator 100 kW And Analysis Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Hermawan Hana , Guardi Arli , Purnama Harry , Sakban Sakban
Published: May 2024

This study aims to analyze the strength of a turbine-generator shaft and determine the minimum diameter of the shaft using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The research problem is to ensure the shaft's strength and durability, considering the high rotation speed of the hermetic turbine generator. The methodology involves using Finite Element Method and comparing the calculated minimum diameter with the physical properties of stainless steel 420. The research design includes modeling the shaft using SolidWorks and conducting FEM analysis using Ansys Mechanical Structure. The results show that the maximum von Mises stress is 50.6 MPa, which is below the material's yield strength of 345 MPa. The deformation of the shaft is minimal, and the natural frequencies indicate no critical speed below the rated RPM of the turbine-generator. The implications of this study are that the analyzed shaft design is safe and meets the strength requirements for the turbine-generator.
The Simulation Of Drop-Weight Impact Test On Ramie-Eglass Hybrid Fiber Composite For Jaloe Kayoh Wall Material
Authors: Tamlicha Akram , Rizal Samsul , Hasanuddin Iskandar , Noor Muhamad Mat , Ikramullah Ikramullah , Nazaruddin Nazaruddin
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to simulate drop-weight impact tests on hybrid fibre composites made of ramie and Eglass, which are used to make the traditional Acehnese boat wall material for jaloe kayoh. Using composites of ramie-Eglass fiber hybrid in the construction of jaloe kayoh wall material will significantly enhance the strength, durability, and sustainability of traditional Acehnese boats. The simulation was carried out using the finite element method approach using the Abaqus software. Three distinct laminate layer configurations—three layers (GRG), five layers (GRGRG), and six layers (GRGGRG)—with alternating Eglass and ramie fibres make up the test specimens. The ends of the specimen are set with fixed support to ensure boundary conditions, which limit all active structural degrees of freedom on all sides of the specimen. According to simulation results, the specimen with six laminate layers, measuring 12.498 mm, had the largest displacement. The specimen with six laminate layers has the highest stress concentration, measured at 560.6 MPa, while the specimen with three layers has the highest strain concentration, measured at 0.023. Its indicating that the lamina variation can influence the structural performance of the jaloe kayoh material. This research contributes to understanding the potential of ramie-Eglass hybrid fiber composites to enhance the safety and durability of traditional vessels such as jaloe kayoh. The implications of the results can serve as a foundation for the development of superior structural materials in the future.
Enhancing TIG Welding Parameters For Direct Tensile Load (DT-load) On Various Steel Thicknesses
Authors: Amar Amar , Sukarman Sukarman , Khoirudin Khoirudin , Mulyadi Dodi , Basit Arul , Suhara Ade , Shieddieque Apang Djafar , Cahyo Tegar Dwi
Published: May 2024

The car body repair process is integral to vehicle development and structural repair. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the quality of thin material welding utilized in automobile body repair. The impetus for this research stems from the necessity to improve the structural integrity and longevity of thin materials prone to deformation throughout the welding procedure while minimizing distortion. This study aims to identify optimal parameters for the tungsten inert gas welding (TIG welding) process on thin materials, particularly for automobile body rearrangement. The Taguchi method conducted the experimental analysis of variations in welding parameters, including electrode diameter, gas flow rate, and welding current. Adjusting TIG welding parameters to their optimal values significantly improves weld joint direct tensile load (DT-load) and overall structural quality, according to the findings of this study. ANOVA analysis and the S-N ratio indicate that gas flow rate and welding current are significant determinants of the quality of welded joints in thin materials. This research contributes to a better understanding of the optimal parameters for fusing thin materials, particularly in automobile body repair. The automotive industry can use these findings as a guide to enhance the quality and strength of welding processes, which are critical to the structural integrity of vehicles.
Harnessing CFD simulations and CAD design to optimize hydropower efficiency of a propeller turbine in the Maliringan River: acase study
Authors: Nathanlius David , Halim Levin , Arthaya Bagus Made
Published: May 2024

This research focuses on improving hydropower production by designing a turbine for the MaliringanRiver in Kalimantan Selatan. The rotational speed and torque will be the focus of maximizing power generation. This research used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to understand how the fluid flows and how efficiently the turbine works. The simulations helped us see how the fluid flowed, the pressure differences, and the speed of the water inside the turbine. The software COMSOL Multiphysics imitates how the fluid behaves and interacts in real-life situations. The utilization of SOLIDWORKS played a crucial role in the turbine's design process, facilitating an accurate representation of the turbine's geometry and the subsequent fabrication of a prototype propeller turbine, featuring an outer diameter measuring 0.27 meters and an inner diameter measuring 0.113 meters. The methodology resulted in a power efficiency of 76.45%, showcasing the possibility of significant enhancements in the efficiency of hydropower generation. The broader ramifications of this study emphasize the feasibility of tailor-made turbines for local hydropower initiatives, thereby supporting Indonesia's renewable energy plan by providing sustainable and efficient energy alternatives. This study emphasizes the collaborative utilization of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and CFD technologies in the progression of turbine technology, thereby establishing a basis for future investigations in hydropower optimization.
Study on the application of green energy in a mini-AC cooling system utilizing peltiermodule and heat pipe technology
Authors: Bizzy Irwin , Darmawi Darmawi , Mataram Agung , Rachman Fadhil Fuad
Published: May 2024

The climate in tropical countries is very humid and hot, so it requires cooling and regulating air humidity. Heat release from the heat side using a heat sink, such as the conventional Peltier method, does not function optimally due to the limited area of thermal resistance obtained. To increase the thermal resistance in heat release, a heat pipe is used as a passive heat exchange device so that it can maximize heat transfer from the hot side of the Peltier to the surrounding air. This research aims to determine the rate of heat transfer, whether it can be conditioned by the relative humidity (RH) in the room, and whether installing a temperature and RH control system can work to cool the room. Experimental methods were used in this research. This research results show that TEC Cooler can transfer heat to a maximum. TEC can transfer heat at 22.7 J/s per second with 3 running fans. With a power consumption of 136.1 W. The total energy released is 114.7 J/s; this energy is still considered suitable for use in cooling a room.
Investigation of pressure distribution in an Archimedes Screw Turbine with head below one meter using CFD
Authors: Maulana Muhammad Ilham , Sary Ratna , Syuhada A. , Mayasari Siska , Yusmanizar Yusmanizar
Published: May 2024

In the shift from fossil fuel-based energy, the imperative of tapping into water resources as a renewable energy reservoir is underscored. This study delves into the potential of low-head water for small-scale power generation, specifically focusing on the Archimedes turbine designed for operation in such conditions. The primary objective is meticulously examining pressure characteristics at varying heads (0.7 m, 0.8 m, 0.9 m, and 1 m) using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). These parameters play a crucial role in defining the turbine's performance landscape. Data analysis reveals a notable reduction in the Archimedes turbine's efficiency as the head diminishes. Interestingly, the double-screw Archimedes turbine demonstrates optimal performance at higher flow rates, particularly at a volumetric flow rate of 0.025 m3/s. Despite the peak performance at a 1-meter head, discernible pressure patterns suggest sufficient kinetic energy within lower head flows (down to 0.7 meters) to facilitate turbine rotation. This study contributes to a more rigorous understanding of the Archimedes turbine's performance under varied head conditions, emphasizing the potential for practical power generation at lower head levels.
Parents’ View of Child-Friendly Cities Initiative: The Case of Mersin
Authors: Hale Özel Çağıl
Published: May 2024

This study is about the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative, which was carried out in 2014 and 2015 in Türkiye. A child-friendly city is a concept that responds to the needs of children, who represent the future of cities, to develop healthily, to feel happy and free, and to develop physically, mentally, and socially in the city they live in. Child-Friendly Cities Initiative started in 10 municipalities in 2014, to intervene in the difficulties faced by disadvantaged children and adolescents in urban areas in Türkiye. In this study, the situation in Mersin, which was within the scope of the project in 2014-2015, is discussed from the parent's perspective. Six parents living in Mersin are included in the scope of the research. Parents' awareness and satisfaction levels, together with their expectations, regarding the child-friendly city project carried out in the city are measured through in-depth interviews. Five main objectives of the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative are determined as a framework for preparing the interview questions. These goals are (1) the right of children to enjoy basic facilities such as health, education, and nutrition, (2) the right to be heard, (3) the right to be valued, respected, and treated fairly, (4) the right to be safe, and (5) the right to spend quality time with family, have free time and play games. The data is analyzed using descriptive analysis. The findings showed that most of the parents were not aware of the child-friendly city project carried out in partnership with the municipality and UNICEF in Mersin, but they could still define Mersin as a “child-friendly city”. Parents' expectations from similar projects in the future focus on health, education, nutrition, and security components. Keywords: child-friendly cities initiative, children's rights, Mersin, Türkiye
Las mujeres en el espacio público urbano
Authors: Mambrín Adriana Alejandra
Published: May 2024

Este trabajo articula aportes de los estudios culturales, estudios visuales y semiótica de la imagen, para abordar los repertorios visuales sobre las mujeres en el espacio público urbano durante el 32° Encuentro Nacional de Mujeres, en el contexto de producción y circulación de discursos mediáticos.
Se recuperan publicaciones del 14 al 16 de octubre de 2017, fechas de desarrollo del encuentro. Esta selección se divide en: (1) periódicos locales (Chaco) de circulación tanto impresa como digital[1] (Norte y El Diario de La Región), y (2) revistas de alcance nacional con circulación enteramente digital (La Primera Piedra y LatFem). En conjunto, estos medios publicaron 39 notas y 232 fotografías.
La contrastación muestra que la construcción mediática se enfoca en: representaciones del espacio ciudad donde las mujeres aparecen en “coloridas” manifestaciones (Norte), y en representaciones de mujeres configuradas como la espacialidad significativa donde las señales del espacio ciudad, sólo aparece mediante la captura del mensaje de grafitis (LPP).
Comparison of tribological properties of a DLC jointly with steel / ceramics under dry friction and boundary lubrication
Authors: Buyanovskiy Ilya , Samusenko Vladimir , Scherbakov Yuriy
Published: May 2024

. Studies conducted in the last decade having proven experience of many years of practical use in friction units of various mechanisms and machines used in the national economy, have shown that the effective way to ensure their longevity, reliability and energy conservation is to apply DLC coatings on the friction surfaces of contacting parts in these friction nodes. It has now been established that the effectiveness of the use of these coatings is determined to a large extent by the conditions of their operation and the materials of the contacting parts. In the presented article, friction pairs are compared in terms of anti-friction properties, in which the studied steel samples with an amorphous DLC coating applied to steel through an intermediate layer of titanium aluminitride wear out under conditions of dry friction and film lubrication. Standard balls made of bearing chromium alloyed steel and ceramics based on silicon nitride are used as a wearing coupled element. Tribological experiments are carried out on the well-known laboratory installation KT-2 with an upgraded friction unit, which allows for the contact of a wearing ball with three horizontally positioned rollers, on the cylindrical surfaces of which the coating under study is applied. The article provides an analysis of the results of these experiments. In addition to DLC coating tests, data on tests of uncoated and coated samples with only a layer of titanium aluminitride are provided for comparison. A harder coupled element material can significantly affect the tribological properties, destroying coatings, thereby reducing the positive effects of the antifriction properties of coatings, and even lead to increased wear due to the formed abrasive particles in the friction zone.
PENGARUH PEMANFAATAN PERPUSTAKAAN TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA MADRASAH ALIYAH DARUSSALAM CIKARANG TIMUR
Authors: Hamidah Indah , Rukajat Ajat , Herdiana Yayat
Published: May 2024

Perpustakaan merupakan gudangnya ilmu dan informasi bacaan, baik yang berkaitan dengan dunia pendidikan maupun pengetahuan umum, sehingga keberadaan perpustakaan dilingkungan sekolah sangat diharapkan dapat memudahkan siswa dalam mencari referensi atau rujukan sumber ilmu yang sedang dipelajarinya. Dengan demikian siswa dapat mengembangkan wawasannya lebih luas lagi. Perpustakaan mempunyai peranan sangat penting dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Oleh sebab itu, Peneliti ingin membuktikan seberapa besar pengaruh pemanfaatan perpustakaan terhadap prestasi siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk: 1. Mengetahui keadaan perpustakaan di MA Darussalam, 2. Mengetahui pengaruh perpustakaan di MA Darussalam. 3. Mengetahui prestasi belajar siswa di MA Darussalam, 4. Mengetahui pengaruh perpustakaan dan hubungannya dengan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran PAI di MA Darussalam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data yang berupa: 1. Metode observasi. 2. Interview. 3. Dokumentasi. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah siswa sebanyak 94 yang peneliti ambil sampelnya sebaganyak 5% yaitu 40 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan baik dengan hasil dari perhitungan dari kofisensi korelasi sebesar 0,48 yang dapat dikatagorikan tinggi karena beada pada katagori 0,44-0,70. Penelitian ini berimplikasi kepada: 1) Peningkatan aksesibilitas perpustakaan, 2) Memahami peran penting perpustakaan dalam menunjang kinerja Pendidikan, 3) Pengembangan literasi Pendidikan, 4) Pelatihan yang komprehensif bagi guru dan siswa, 5) Melakukan kolaborasi, 6) Melakukan evaluasi secara berkelanjutan.
User requirements for a digital health self-care intervention: combining the Behaviour Change Wheel and user-centred design
Authors: Nourse Rebecca , Kayser Lars , Maddison Ralph
Published: May 2024

Background: Heart failure is a complex syndrome that requires long-term management including self-care. The rapid advancement of mobile and digital technologies has opened new avenues for developing digital health interventions to facilitate self-care for people with heart failure. The purpose of this study is to explore what barriers people with heart failure in Australia face to self-care in their daily lives and to determine what an intervention must provide to support this. Methods: Four workshops were held with people with heart failure (n=16) and informal caregivers (n=4). These workshops had three main objectives: to explore the self-care challenges experienced by people with heart failure and their caregivers, to gain preliminary ideas for features and functions of a digital health-based intervention, and to understand the user requirements for the intervention. Analysis of the workshops was informed by a requirements analysis method and stages of intervention development outlined by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW), which encompasses the capability, opportunity, motivation, and behaviour (COM-B) model, the theoretical domains framework (TDF) and intervention functions. Results: All three COM-B domains and all but three TDF domains were found to be relevant to the self-care challenges experienced by people with heart failure. Analysis of participants’ ideas for possible intervention components resulted in the production of six components for the intervention and aligned with seven intervention functions (education, persuasion, incentivisation, training, environmental restructuring, modelling, and enablement). Requirements for the intervention were grouped into seven themes to describe ‘how’ the intervention must function or operate to support self-care among people with heart failure.Conclusion: User-centred design (UCD) can augment theory-based intervention development processes by providing an intermediary output for a potential intervention which then allows further consideration of solutions by multidisciplinary design teams and future intervention users.
A global panel dataset of dyadic dual citizenship acceptance
Authors: Vink Maarten , van der Baaren Luuk , Reichel David
Published: May 2024

Dual citizenship provides access to secure legal status and rights in more than one countryfor an unprecedented number of migrants and their descendants worldwide. While this doubleallegiance requires matching legal regulations between two states, existing studies of dual citizenshiptypically focus on migrant origin or destination perspectives. To explore this phenomenon’sdyadic nature, we introduce a procedure that leverages existing monadic data on two distincttypes of dual citizenship restrictions: origin country restrictions on the loss of citizenship bycitizens naturalizing abroad and destination country restrictions requiring foreigners acquiringcitizenship in a country to renounce any other citizenship. We add novel data on dyad-specificregulations in place in nearly 13 thousand country-country-year combinations. This results ina global panel dataset of the regulation of dual citizenship in 1.8 million directed dyad-yearobservations in place between 201 states back to 1960. An open access replication script allowsreproducing and updating the dyadic dataset with new available data. We identify regulatorytrends and present estimates of the number and proportion of global migrants affected bychanging policy constellations and variation in acceptance across political regimes. We show thatmigrants are more likely to acquire destination country citizenship and thus achieve democraticrepresentation in constellations where they can maintain a legal link with their origin country.
Seeing Opposites: How Partisan Counter-Projection Fuels False Polarization
Authors: Knowles Eric , Mogami Mao , Yudkin Daniel Alexander
Published: May 2024

Americans tend to overestimate the ideological extremity of Democrats' and Republicans' attitudes, exacerbating cross-partisan antipathy and undermining democratic norms. Combating such "false polarization" requires an understanding of the inferential processes underlying partisan perceptions. To this end, the present work leverages four nationally-representative datasets to illuminate sources of error in cross-party judgment. We first examine the role of partisanship itself in distorting perceptions of political outgroups, finding that outparty judgments are less accurate than inparty judgments and that partisans err more than independents when judging what outpartisans believe. Then, using West and Kenny’s (2011) Truth and Bias (T&B) model, we trace partisans' outparty judgments to their underlying inferential processes. Our results suggest that inaccuracy in outparty judgment is driven largely by processes of counter-projection—in which perceivers ascribe the opposite of their own beliefs, and of the beliefs they attribute to the inparty, to their partisan opponents. Finally, we link counter-projection processes to intergroup affect, revealing that self-based counter-projection is associated with dislike for the outparty whereas inparty-based counter-projection is associated with affinity for the inparty. To close, we discuss how our findings illuminate the causes of false polarization and inform strategies to reduce it.
Human-wildlife conflicts and sensory disinformation, a review of evolutionary trajectories caused by human land-management and rapidly expanding urban landscapes
Authors: Pham Andrea , Riley Jordann , Bleicher Sonny
Published: May 2024

Urban environments are infamous for producing ecological traps. Anthropogenic land uses lure organisms with abundant food resources and entrap them in fitness sinks. Ecological traps can either drive extirpation, or alternately cause rapid evolutionary changes to entrapped populations. We establish how the urban environment generates traps and discuss the drivers contributing to each type of trap. Specifically, we focus on how anthropogenic activity disrupts the information gathered by wildlife cohabitating with humans, and the evolutionary adaptations and consequences of these disturbances. We highlight four groups of organisms that benefit from the ecosystem engineering practices of humans: namely invasive species that thrive in disturbance and harsh conditions, mesocarnivores that tend to show flexibility in diet, bold-acting and disturbance-loving species that can handle repeated displacement, and aggressive nuisance species (pests). We predict, and show examples, that species belonging to these groups are rapidly adapting to human activity. We conclude that these adaptive traits allow these species to become the seeds of post-Anthropocene biodiversity, while species incapable of managing human-generated risks will remain in decline.
Ergodicity transformations predict human decision-making under risk
Authors: Skjold Benjamin , Steinkamp Simon Richard , Connaughton Colm , Hulme Oliver J , Peters Ole
Published: May 2024

Decision theories commonly assume that risk preferences can be expressed as utility functions, which vary from person to person but are stable over time. A recent model from ergodicity economics reveals that if people want their wealth to grow at the fastest rate they need to adjust their utility functions depending on the dynamics of their wealth. Here, we ask whether humans make such adjustments by exposing them to different wealth dynamics. We carried out an experiment in which participants made consequential risky decisions under two different conditions, additive and multiplicative wealth dynamics. We estimated risk aversion parameters separately in the two conditions for each participant, fitting isoelastic functions via hierarchical Bayesian models. In our pre-registered analyses, we found strong evidence for a change in utility function, namely an increase in the risk aversion parameter under the multiplicative condition, as predicted by ergodicity economics. Apart from evidence for a large effect of wealth dynamics, we also recover trait-like differences between participants that persist across the two conditions. Our study introduces a new experimental design and contains two independent replications between pilot data and a larger cohort. Together, these results provide evidence that human risk-taking behaviour is sensitive to the dynamical context in which decisions are made and that long-term wealth maximization is an important explanatory principle.
The Role of X-ray images for early detection of Covid-19 using machine learning
Authors: Shrivastav Pratham , Singh Aditya , Sharma Ayush , Deva Rahul
Published: May 2024

The principal aim of the Covid Detection Using X-ray project is to develop a robust platform for accurate and efficient detection of COVID-19 through the analysis of X-ray scans. The proposed system aims to enhance the diagnostic process by leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to identify specific patterns associated with COVID-19 in X-ray images. The platform will facilitate timely and precise diagnosis, enabling healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and optimize patient care.This project integrates advanced image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms to discern subtle patterns indicative of COVID-19 in X-ray scans. The system will provide a user-friendly interface for healthcare professionals, allowing seamless uploading and analysis of X-ray images. Additionally, the platform incorporates a comprehensive database of COVID-19-related patterns for accurate comparison and classification.The primary objective of the project is to contribute to the ongoing efforts in combating the COVID-19 pandemic by providing a reliable and efficient tool for early detection. The utilization of cutting-edge technologies, including deep learning and image analysis, ensures a high level of accuracy in identifying potential cases. The project aims to be a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, aiding in the prompt and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 through the analysis of X-ray imagery.
Ill-informed consensus or truthful disagreement? How argumentation styles and preference perceptions affect deliberation outcomes in groups with conflicting stakes
Authors: Stein Jonas , Romeijn Jan-Willem , Mäs Michael
Published: May 2024

In groups where members deliberate with limited information, consensus can emerge where, under complete information, fundamental disagreement would prevail. Using an agent-based model, we explore the factors contributing to group consensus by comparing argumentation styles in two types of groups: agents in groups of advocates communicate arguments for options perceived as personally beneficial. Agents in groups of diplomats do the same but avoid disagreement in that they bring up arguments supporting a second-best option whenever their interaction partner perceives to benefit the least from what the sender finds best. Results show that consensus depends on argumentation style, but also on what members initially perceive as preferred. Diplomats are more likely to form consensus when initial perceptions accurately align with full information preferences, which diverge within the group. Conversely, and perhaps counterintuitively, in the presence of inaccurate initial perceptions, groups of advocates converge while diplomats part in disagreement. Our results imply that the ideal argumentation style must be considered carefully in light of both the desired outcome and the initial information distribution: when conflicting stakes produce a trade-off between consensus and truthful perceptions, polite versus selfish ways of deliberation may produce one or the other outcome, depending on the initial information members are equipped with.
Exploring the evidence base for reptile conservation actions: gaps, biases and research priorities
Authors: Speight Oliver , Morgan William , White Thomas B. , Sainsbury Katie , Bouskila Amos , Rotem Guy , Smith Rebecca K , Sutherland William , Watson Maggie , Christie Alec Philip
Published: May 2024

With over 21% of reptile species threatened with extinction, we urgently need to ensure conservation actions to protect and restore populations are informed by relevant, reliable evidence. Here we examine the geographic and taxonomic distribution of 707 studies synthesised in Conservation Evidence’s Reptile Conservation synopsis testing the effects of actions to conserve reptiles. We found that more studies were conducted in countries with higher GDP per capita and more reptile species, clustered in the USA (43%) and Australia (15%), with large gaps across South-East Asia, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Taxonomically, 46% of 92 (mostly Squamata) families were not studied at all. Although Squamata and Testudines both featured in approximately 50% of studies, the eight most-studied species were Testudines (36% of studies) with significantly more studies per species. There were significantly more studies for species with more Wikipedia page views, significantly fewer studies for Data Deficient species than other IUCN Red List categories, and no significant relationship between the number of studies and evolutionary distinctiveness of species.Our results highlight pressing evidence needs, including for underrepresented and threatened species and regions (e.g., Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered reptiles in South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South-East Asia). To overcome evidence gaps and a lack of basic ecological data, we also need to explore how the effects of actions transfer across taxa and regions. We call for greater efforts to strategically increase and coordinate the testing and reporting of the effects of conservation actions to inform more effective and efficient conservation globally.
Bayesian Q Matrix Estimation of Saturated Diagnostic Classification Models Using NIMBLE
Authors: Liu Chen-Wei
Published: May 2024

Diagnostic classification models (DCMs) constitute a subset of restricted latent class models in which latent classes are constrained by an expert-specified Q matrix reflecting students’ mastery of the psychological attributes associated with items. In instances where uncertainty exists in the attribute elements of items specified by the Q matrix, the accurate estimation of the Q matrix is imperative for ensuring accurate person and item estimates. This paper delves into the use of the open-source NIMBLE (Numerical Inference for Hierarchical Models Using Bayesian and Likelihood Estimation) package in R software to infer the Q matrix while incorporating model constraints. Snippets of NIMBLE code illustrate the Q matrix estimation in DCMs, followed by parameter-recovery simulation studies and empirical data analyses. The research findings show a high degree of parameter recovery in simulation studies and provide insightful analyses of empirical data. This paper demonstrates that researchers can now effectively engage with DCMs using NIMBLE, particularly in scenarios where the Q matrix is uncertain. This eliminates the need to laboriously develop and code intricate parameter estimation algorithms, thus enabling researchers to prioritize model development and statistical analysis with confidence.
Unwilling and Unable Test in Gross Human Rights Violations in Indonesia
Authors: Simanjuntak Nelson , Tampubolon Manotar
Published: May 2024

This study examines the application of the concepts of "unwilling" and "unable" in understanding gross human rights violations in Indonesia. The purpose is to delineate the nuanced dynamics behind such atrocities, exploring whether violations stem from the government's unwillingness or inability to protect human rights. Employing a qualitative research approach, data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and case studies. The findings suggest that gross human rights violations in Indonesia often result from a combination of both factors: state actors may be unwilling to uphold human rights due to political agendas or systemic corruption, while systemic weaknesses and resource constraints render them unable to effectively prevent or address violations. The study underscores the importance of addressing both dimensions to effectively tackle human rights abuses, advocating for institutional reforms, accountability mechanisms, and international pressure to compel the Indonesian government to fulfill its obligations to protect human rights. In conclusion, understanding the interplay between unwillingness and inability is crucial for devising comprehensive strategies to combat gross human rights violations in Indonesia and similar contexts worldwide, emphasizing the imperative of fostering a culture of respect for human dignity and justice.
Measuring the Visual Hallucination in ChatGPT on Visually Deceptive Images
Authors: Ping Linzhi , Gu Yue , Feng Liefeng
Published: May 2024

The evaluation of visual hallucinations in multimodal AI models is novel and significant because it addresses a critical gap in understanding how AI systems interpret deceptive visual inputs. The study systematically assessed ChatGPT's performance on a synthetic dataset of visually deceptive and non-deceptive images, employing both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results revealed that while ChatGPT achieved high accuracy in standard visual recognition tasks, its performance diminished when faced with deceptive images, highlighting areas for further improvement. The analysis provided insights into the model's underlying mechanisms, such as its extensive pretraining and sophisticated multimodal integration capabilities, which contribute to its robustness against visual deceptions. The study's findings have important implications for the development of more reliable and robust AI technologies, offering a benchmark for future evaluations and practical guidelines for enhancing AI systems.
The depiction of negativity: The case of the Brushing Hands gesture used by Hebrew speakers
Authors: Inbar Anna , Shor Leon
Published: May 2024

In the present study, using Hebrew data, we discuss the formation and semiosis of gestures associated with a cognitive domain of negativity, and delve more deeply into analysis of one such gesture: the Brushing Hands gesture. We propose that this manual gestural form originates in a recurrent everyday experience—cleaning one’s hands of food scraps at the end of a meal—and propose that an indication of this particular physical action or experience may develop into an indication of an abstract notion of negativity which can be expanded by the interlocutors in various ways that suit the current context. More generally, we discuss similarities between such gestures and lexical items in various domains, such as metaphoric and metonymic routes and the process of grammaticalization that they may undergo.
Intelligence in Context manuscript preprint
Authors: Limeri Lisa
Published: May 2024

Mindset (beliefs about the malleability of intelligence) has been studied in a variety of contexts for decades. Recent research highlights the importance of contextual factors in moderating mindset’s impact on student outcomes. The commonly-used original mindset measure is context-general. Recently, a mindset measure that is specific to science and math undergraduates was developed: the Undergraduate Lay Theories of Abilities (ULTrA) Survey. I hypothesized that a context-specific measure of mindset would associate more strongly with undergraduates’ outcomes than a context-general measure. I surveyed 1,537 undergraduates with the shortened original mindset measure, ULTrA, and measures of outcomes (sense of belonging, goal orientation, self-handicapping, evaluative concern and intent to persist in science) and collected course grades. Structural equation modeling indicated that the fixed dimension of the ULTrA exhibited stronger and more consistent relationships with outcomes than the shortened original mindset measure and predicted unique variance in outcomes above and beyond what the original mindset measure accounted for. The academic outcomes (intent to persist and course grade) were significantly related to ULTrA, but not the original mindset measure. Our results provide evidence that the context-specific ULTrA survey can detect relationships with undergraduate outcomes that the context-general original mindset measure can fail to detect.
An algorithmic account for how humans efficiently learn, transfer, and compose hierarchically structured decision policies
Authors: Li Jing-Jing , Collins Anne
Published: May 2024

Learning structures that effectively abstract decision policies is key to the flexibility of human intelligence. Previous work has shown that humans use hierarchically structured policies to efficiently navigate complex and dynamic environments. However, the computational processes that support the learning and construction of such policies remain insufficiently understood. To address this question, we tested 1,026 human participants on a decision-making task where they could learn, transfer, and recompose multiple sets of hierarchical policies. We propose a novel algorithmic account for the learning processes underlying observed human behavior. We show that humans rely on compressed policies over states in early learning, which gradually unfold into hierarchical representations via meta-learning and Bayesian inference. Our modeling evidence suggests that these hierarchical policies are structured in a temporally backward, rather than forward, fashion. Taken together, these algorithmic architectures characterize how the interplay between reinforcement learning, policy compression, meta-learning, and working memory supports structured decision-making and compositionality in a resource-rational way.
Longtime Nemeses or Cordial Allies? How Individuals Mentally Relate Science and Religion
Authors: Zein Rizqy Amelia , Altenmüller Marlene Sophie , Gollwitzer Mario
Published: May 2024

Science and religion are influential social forces, and their interplay has been subject to many public and scholarly debates. The present article addresses how people mentally conceptualize the relationship between science and religion and how these conceptualizations can be systematized. To that end, we provide a comprehensive, integrative review of the pertinent literature. Moreover, we discuss how cognitive (in particular, epistemic beliefs) and motivational factors (in particular, epistemic needs, identity, and moral beliefs), as well as personality and contextual factors (e.g., rearing practices and cross-cultural exposure), are related to these mental conceptualizations. And finally, we provide a flowchart detailing the psychological processes leading to these mental conceptualizations. A comprehensive understanding of how individuals perceive the science-religion relationship is interesting in and of itself and practically relevant for managing societal challenges, such as science denial
Chasing emotional losses: negative subjective affect is linked to increased risk seeking both within and between individuals
Authors: Bennett Daniel , Fulton Ashleigh , Forbes Laura
Published: May 2024

The literature on emotion and risk-taking is large and heterogeneous. Whereas some studies have found that positive emotions increase risk taking and negative emotions increase risk aversion, others have found just the opposite. In this study, we investigated this question in the context of a risky decision-making task with embedded high-resolution sampling of participants’ subjective emotional valence. Across two large-scale experiments (N = 329 and 524), we consistently found evidence for a negative association between self-reported emotional valence and risk-taking behaviours. That is, more negative subjective affect was associated with increased risk seeking, and more positive subjective affect was associated with increased risk aversion. This effect was evident both when we compared participants with different levels of mean emotional valence as well as when we considered within-participant emotional fluctuations over the course of the task. Prospect-theoretic computational modelling analyses suggested that both between- and within-participant effects were driven by an effect of emotional valence on the curvature of the subjective utility function (i.e., increased risk tolerance in more negative emotional states), as well as by an effect of within-person emotion fluctuations on loss aversion. We interpret findings in terms of a tendency for participants in negative emotional states to choose high-risk, high-reward options in an attempt to improve their emotional state.
On the Use and Misuses of Preregistration: A Reply to Klonsky (2024)
Authors: Vize Colin , Lynam Donald , Miller Josh , Phillips Nathaniel Luke
Published: May 2024

In his commentary, Klonsky (2024) outlines several arguments for why preregistration mandates (PRMs) will have a negative impact on the field. Klonsky’s overarching concern is that when preregistration ceases to be a tool for research and becomes an indicator of quality itself (a primary example being preregistration badges), it loses its intended benefits. Separate from his concerns surrounding policies like preregistration badges, Klonsky also critiques the practice of preregistration itself, arguing that it can impede our use of other valuable research tools (e.g., multiverse analyses, exploratory analyses). We provide a response to Klonsky’s concerns about preregistration and related policies. First, we provide conceptual clarification on the purpose of preregistration, which was missing in Klonsky’s commentary. Second, with a clearer conceptual framework, we highlight where some of Klonsky’s concerns are warranted, but also highlight where Klonsky’s concerns, critiques, and proposed alternatives to the use of preregistration fall short. Third, with this conceptual understanding of preregistration, we briefly outline some challenges related to the effective implementation of preregistration in psychological science.