bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medizin im Islam
Authors: Antes Pater
Published: September 2014

Health and illness are not objective concepts but rather issues which depend upon cultural and religious traditions. In Islam there are two traditional approaches to these concepts: prophetic medicine and the medicine of the Islamic Middle Ages, which was strongly influenced by Galen and Hippocrates. Tody, Islam is increasingly looking at modern western orthodox medicine. With regard to Muslim patients, however, it is still necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their religious traditions.
Die soziale Konstruktion von »Knappheit«
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott
Published: September 2014

This article discusses Otfried Höffe' s thesis, that scarcity - caused by human pleonexia - is the main reason for too much expenses of the public health service. Scarcity, however, is a social construction and depends on the distribution of goods. To this problern there are necessarly permanent conflicts in democratic societies
Zur Begründung und zum Verständnis der Gerechtigkeit
Authors: Frey Christofer
Published: September 2014

Just is not only a procedure, but an evoluating set of criteria which point to certain fundamental human goods as survival and participation in social activities. The main challenge behind the appeal to justice is not an abstract obligation, but the general idea of the other, who can be known face-byface or mediated by social structures. There are spheres of obligations and its strength; and the realization of basic human principles, which should be universal, is correlated to culture
Diakonie im Sozialstaat - Diakonie im sozialistischen Staat
Authors: Hübner lngolf
Published: September 2014

This article reflects conditions of diaconic work in both german states between the fifties and the eighties. Despite the well-known differences between the political systems it points at the similarities in certain fields of diaconic work. In the first period of general shortage after World War II the Hilfswerk contributes to relieve the distress in both parts of Germany. Later in the sixties the change of the political and legal situation allows the development of diaconic organisations not only in Western Germany but also in the G.D.R., particularly in the care of the handicapped. To a certain extent the organisation of social work in the socialist part of the country thus followed the dual scheme of govemment and non-govemment organisation side by side which has a lorig tradition in Germany. This is remarkable because the G. D. R. officially claimed a state monopoly on all social action and care
Gesellschaftlicher Ethikbedarf und theologisches »Angebot«
Authors: Dahm Kari-Wilhelm
Published: September 2014

The rapid change of values in the latter half of the 2Qth century required new ethical answers and considerations in all areas of society (family, corporate world, medicine, biotechnology, etc.). The need for a new »Christian Ethics« in Germany permeated all of society after the collapse of Nazi-ideology and valuesystems. The article shows how Protestant ethics in and around Germany have failed to adress this need. There are two main reasons for the inadequate response. First, the mainstream of Protestant ethics widely refused to offer specifically »Christian« contributions to the moral reconstruction of society, based on a fear that core of Christianity would yet again be utilized as a lable of legitimacy. Secondly, theological ethics were focused on the discourse of principle to an extent that the laboraus work of application was left more or less undone. Protestant ethics did not succeed in making ethical commitments and considerations relevant for specific questions and needs for example in the area of medicine and biotechnological research or in the realm of corporate action and interaction. The lack of applicability and immediate relevance calls for a discourse and collaboration that integrates the ethical disciplines with those members and institutions in society that are confronted with and confronting the ethical challenge
Sittliche Intuitionen und reflektives Gleichgewicht
Authors: Fischer Johannes
Published: September 2014

What role does intuition play in making moral judgements? This question is becoming of key importance in the current debate on fundamentals in applied ethics. The difficulties begin in defining what intuitions exactly are. Another important question revolves around the role of intuitions in rational argument. The main proposition of this essay is that intuitions are not the same as judgements or convictions, although they are often regarded as equivalent, and that intuition is always involved in every attempt at moral reflection and argument.
Organe um jeden Preis?
Authors: Haniel Anja
Published: September 2014

Asthereisa permanent shortage of human organs for transplantation purposes new methods to provide organs are being developed. The author deals with these new developments as there are artificial organs, genetically engineered animal organs (i.e. xenotransplantation) and therapeutical cloning or embryonie stem cells to cultivate human organs. The goal of the article is to give an overview on these approaches and to summarize ethical aspects related to research, development and application of these methods
Brauchen wir eine neue Friedensethik?
Authors: Pausch Eberhard Martin
Published: September 2014

The article claims that in the current situation there is no need for the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) to create a new ethics of peace. Christian ethics of peace neither tends to bellicism nor to pacifism. Learned by the history of church, the EKD also rejects the traditional concepts of the holy or the just war. War can never be holy, not even just, but in certain situations warfare may be unavoidable or necessary. Cases of self-defense or the so-called humanitarian interventions are examples for the latter. As the war in Kosovo shows, the modern Christi an ethics of a just peace ( or a peace in justice) needs clear and distinct criteria in order to decide whether in a certain situation a humanitarian intervention is necessary or not.
»Elektronische« Marktwirtschaft?
Authors: Kaiser Helmut
Published: September 2014

Electronic commerce has become an important factor in present-day business. The reflection ofbusiness ethics asks four questions: - To what extent does e-commerce improve the ethical quality of decision making and performing in the sphere of commerce? - Does e-commerce promote the »reason« for business? - Does e-commerce reinforce or endanger the market's functional value principles? -Will e-commerce side-Iine or establish the ethical reflexivity of business? The present considerations will not answer definitively the above questions. Although e-commerce comprises dangers as weil as opportunities relative to those questions, it is basic to hold fast at the primacy ofpolitics and consequently demand the responsibility from business toward the »needs oflife«.
Situationsanalyse und Zeitdiagnostik
Authors: Schlägel Herbert
Published: September 2014

Since 1990 the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Germany (DBK) and the Evangelical Churches in Germany (EKD) - sometimes in cooperation with the »Council of Christian Churches in Germany« (ACK)- are constantly publishing so-called »joint Statements« (»Gemeinsame Texte«) concerning ethical issues. Statements are either concentrated on bioethical or on socialethical topics. It is clearly visible that documents discussing matters of bioethics refer to one basic argument when analysing present situations: »Life as gift and life endangered«, a thought first presented in the common 1989-document >>Gott ist ein Freund des Lebens. Herausforderungen und Aufgaben beim Schutz des Lebens« ( God- a friend of life. Challenges and tasks of life protection). In comparison common statements concerning matters of social ethics however do not show a criterion of a precisely similar kind. This is due to the wide range of subjects in discussion creating a wide range ofhighly differentiated descriptions analysing today's situation in question. Both types of Statements however fundamentally underline the Christian view of person as essential to ethical argument. Differentiation in analysis of present-day social situation Ieads to differentiation of ethical instruments. In consequence some suggestions are to be considered: clarification of who precisely is the addressee of future joint statements, clarification of how to use and create possibilities of mass media-communication, clarification of clearly Christian intentions within the realms in discussion.
Terror & Religion
Authors: Thiede Werner
Published: September 2014

The debate on religious backgrounds of the attack of the 11th of September calls for a theological protest above all for two sides. On the one side, it is factually not tenable to challenge the religious motivation of a terrorist on the basis of an »enlightened« concept of religion, as predominantly politicians with transparent motivation did. On the other side, it should towards those theologically be advanced who - on the basis of a generalized critical concept of religion- aim at attacking Christianity at the same time as Islam(ism) as a source of intolerance and terror readiness.
Wenn Millionen eine Reise tun ...
Authors: Hübner Jörg
Published: September 2014

Tourism is a less observed subject in theological ethics. In traditional theological ethics tourism is only understood as escape from everyday's Iife or as an expression ofpeople finding to themselves away from their daily routine. Both of those ways of looking at the theme of tourism don't allow to Iook at the subject in a responsible way regarding all the consequences oftoday's tourism since it plays an important role in the economy with enormaus rates of growth. Those facts challenge theological ethics tagether with the people incharge of the tourist industry to find ways of how the rights of travellers and the rights of people in tourist countries are taken into account. The article tries to take up such a position. Quality seals for tourist places, taxes on petrol for aeroplanes and plans for regions are means to include tourism in a sustainable development. Looking at tourism in such a way can save jobs in tourist countries and contributes to a gain for the tourists at the same time. By that the article doesn't follow the arguments of social ethics that either judges the motivation of tourists or suggests holidays at home as an alternative to current tourism.
Familie und Familienpolitik
Authors: Keil Siegfried
Published: September 2014

While in a snapshot the tagether of the plural ways of living is in the focus, the dissolution in a film shows the following of the various life cycles in the wishes of a permanent partnership and family awaking in the recent past. The performances of the families conceming the building of human property and the order of social justice are elaborated as the basis of future family politics and transferred (realized) into concrete claims for the following legislature period.
Verwirklichungsformen der Religionsfreiheit in Europa
Authors: Schuck Martin
Published: September 2014

The article describes the different systems of religious right in the European Union as a result of the different historical developments in the European countries. ln the declaration of the Amsterdam- Treaty of 1997 was fixed, that the European Union respects the status, churches and ideological communities take within the member states. At the perspective of the churches this guarantee of continued existence is important, but it is not enough to realize full individual and institutional freedom of religion.
Heilung und Gesamtwohl
Authors: Boomgaarden Jürgen
Published: September 2014

The article deals with the interpretation of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biornedicine, article 17. The author develops the idea of dignity in regard to therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. He points out the tension and unity between the aim of healing and the aspect of wellbeing of the patient in research. The article discusses especially the criteria for non-therapeutic research and stresses the fact that this research aims to attain benefits for »other persons in the same age category or afflicted with the same disease or disorder or having the same condition« as the patient.
Fürsorge als Prinzip?
Authors: Dallmann Hans-Uirich
Published: September 2014

For a long time the foundations of an Ethic of Nursing have been formulated in terms of Christian charity. The article discusses this concept by examining the roots of modern Nursing in the Kaiserswerther Diakonie. This Christian work -ethic is criticised by modern nursing ethics. lnstead of an Ethic of Charity an Ethic of Care is promoted by the common representatives of a modern ethics of nursing. But such as an Ethic of Christian Charity an Ethic of Care has to deal with those problems: the naturalizing of femininity, the asymmetry of persans in caring relations, the relation between justice and care, the relation between caring and nursing. Care ethics following Gilligan and her recipients are not able to solve these problems in a satisfactory way. Therefore it could be useful to reformulate the Christian notion of charity. It can be demonstrated that Agape is not combined with conceptions of subservience and self-denial. The difference between Eros as a perverted selfishness and Agape as selfless virtue cannot be held any langer. Agape tends to reciprocity which has its model in the Golden Rule. In addition Agape is no sentiment, but related to action -Agape is practiced justice.
Religion und Gewalt
Authors: Körtner Ulrich H.J.
Published: September 2014

In the wake of massive structural changes within the world trade the WTO faces important challenges. Like an invisible world govemment the WTO uses its agreement as a sort of basic law. This basic law demands equal chances for every human being in the world. Therefore it is important to strengthen the WTO in order to pave the way for fair conditions within the world trade. This essay asks which circumstances are necessary to achieve this goal.
Konfessionsbündische Unübersichtlichkeit oder unevangelische Zentralisierung?
Authors: Dierken Jörg
Published: September 2014

In the current debate of possible ways to reform the structure and organisation of the protestant church in Germany (Landeskirchen, Konfessionsbünde, EDK) the general question has come up, whether concepts of the Lutheran church, which are founded on ecclesiology or protestant ecclesiastical law, in principle prohibit institutional changes or not. Regarding this problem, the essay discusses the institution of the Protestant church in aspects of theology and ecclesiasticallaw. The CA assumes that religious belief constitutes the church and gives structure to it as a means for spiritual communication between the faithful. Starting from this point the essay argues that the church is essentially non-institutional. Nevertheless it is a part of the dialectics of the concept of the institutionally organised church that even this non-institutionality gains itself an institutional structure. Because of this the essay pleads for a pragmatic view on church institutions: there are reasons to change or to cling to these structures, but these reasons are only pragmatic ones, when the concept of the church, which is derived from theology and protestant ecclesiasticallaw, is considered as given.
Die Goldene Regel
Authors: Schulz Heiko
Published: September 2014

The paper argues for the viability and indispensibility of the so-called golden rule as a principle of moral reasoning. Drawing mostly on prior research by Hans Reiner an initial morphological analysis shows that the rule historically appears (and systematically has to appear) in three different, albeit irreducible forms: first as a rule of empathy, secondly as a rule of autonomy, finally as a rule of reciprocity. Pointing out and eliminating the ambivalences of its factual variants the paper then tries to reestablish the rule in its ethical ideality. The analysis Ieads to the conclusion that the golden rule is not and cannot be a principle of a genuinely Christian, but only and exclusively of a purely philosophical ethics.
Die Rückkehr des Glücks
Authors: Lauster Jörg
Published: September 2014

The issue of happiness makes a significant re-entrance into contemporary philosophical thought. From the perspective of individual ethics, two aspects take center-stage: the continuation of the program of Eudaimonia as reasonable self-determination towards good and the experience of momentary episodic happiness which surpasses the individual quest. This essay tries to combine these elements into a theological notion ofhappiness by arguing for re-evaluation ofthe quest-driven approach ofEudaimonia that in turn has obtained its impulse through a momentary experience of transcendence.
Institutionalisierte Moral?
Authors: Ley Friedrich
Published: September 2014

In the article, the continuous tendency for implementation of Hospital Ethics Committees at German hospitals is questioned conceming its different motivations, which are leading the previous appreciation of the usefulness of these ethical advisory bodies in the public discussion. Besides the growing moral stress due to the acceleration and increasing complexity of the technical development in medicine, the current certification processes and the implementation of codes of ethics within clinical practice guidelines are mainly considered as motives. Although the task and the usefulness of Hospital Ethics Committees are not doubted in theoretical debate, considerable difficulties in the practice of the ethical advisory bodies appear. In addition to the named difference between theory and practice, the article identifies the relation between institutionalandindividual moralas a significant problem.
Der Streit um das Kopftuch und der Umgang mit Toleranz
Authors: Kreß Hartmut
Published: September 2014

About 3,5 million Muslims live in Germany.The headscarves debate has become a recurring issue over the past months. The essay refers to the idea of tolerance as weil as to the basic right of freedom of religion. From this point of view, the author disagrees with bills which, if passed, would prohibit Muslim teachers from wearing headscarves in a classroom
Albert Schweitzers Konzept der tätigen Weltverantwortung
Authors: Günzler Claus
Published: September 2014

A. Schweitzer does not conceive hirnself as the author of a totally new ethics, but as an ethicist revitalizing the ethicallegacy of humankind in order to gain a new impact of the normative idea of humanity as a common asset of world civilizations. Starting from the all-today experience he elaborates his main principle of devotion towards life bornfrom reverence for life as a plausible guideline for any individual person independently of culture and religion. Thus he presents a model of normative ethics that includes the Christian commandment of Iove as weil as the ethical traditions of the different cultures. This is why Schweitzer's contribution to the modern debate about ethics cannot be ignored
Theologische Ethik und die Forderung nach Selbstbeschränkung religiöser Überzeugungen im öffentlichen Raum
Authors: Fischer Johannes
Published: September 2014

The essay is dealing critically with views from the area of evangelical theology, that understand secularisation and ideological neutrality of the public sphere as a misfortune and as a marginalisation of religion. In cantrast to this, the paper argues that there is a Christi an responsibility for a ideolocally neutral public sphere
»Die Erfahrung der Person zu Ende sprechen lassen«
Authors: Schöpsdau Walter
Published: September 2014

The »dynamic personalism« developed by Karol Wojtyla as a philosophical basis for Catholic sexual ethics attempts to integrate the experiential perspective of modern phenomenology and the traditional concept of nature. The article points out that the use of phenomenology in the service of a preconceived ontology neglects the epistemological problern and reduces human action to a process in which nature appears as a quasi causal agent. In a second step it focusses on the concept of person in the ecumenical discussion of bioethics.
Ethik als Ausweis christlicher Identität bei Justin Martyr
Authors: Ulrich Jörg
Published: September 2014

Ethics have Iong been a neglected matter in schalarship on early Christian apologetics. However, a closer Iook at the composition of the texts of Justin Martyr teaches us how important the references to Christi an ethics actually are in the run of his argument. The external reason forthat lies in the fact that Justin wants to prove the legal proceedings against the Christians in the Roman empire to be unjust and absurd. The inner reason is that he interprets Christianity as »true philosophy«: in view of the understanding of »philosophy~< in his pagan environment, this brings about fundamental ethical implications. Both his apologies and the dialogue with Trypho show how Justin employs ethical convictions as a criterio for Christian identity and as a trait of difference between Christianity and Paganism on the one hand, and between Christianity and Judaism on the other.
Märtyrer oder Leichen?
Authors: Monteverde Settimio
Published: September 2014

The whole brain criterion of death has been the subject of intense theological debate since the process of policy shaping fortheGerman transplantation law adopted in 1997. This article identifies tutiorism as the predominant argumentative strategy both for the theological defence and the rejection of a neurological criterion of death. A tutioristic argumentation fails to elucidate the very nature of the problern which is normative and tends to clarify rights and duties of all the actors involved in the clinical setting of organ transplant or withdrawal of life sustaining therapies. A theological defence of the whole brain criterion of death has to avoid that distinctions between life and death become blurred. On the other hand, those who reject this criterion, but still support the current practice of organ transplant, have to be aware that this option is hardly compatible with most part of the moral tradition of Christianity.
Perspektiven einer christlichen Verantwortungsethik
Authors: Villiers Etienne de
Published: September 2014

What are the prospects of a Christian ethics of responsibility? In the article the versions of a Christian ethics of responsibility that have been developed since the nineteen eighties in dialogue with the philosopher Hans Jonas by the four Protestant theologians William Schweiker, Wolfgang Huber, Johannes Fischer and Ulrich Körtner, are critically discussed. It is pointed out that the disparity of their views is the main reason why a responsibility ethics school within Christian ethics could not have developed up till now. An attempt is made in the article to identify common denominators for such an ethics by extracting from the views of the theologians a number of ways in which responsibility can and should today qualify Christian ethics fundamentally.
Kehren die alten Gespenster zurück?
Authors: Wegner Gerhard
Published: September 2014

The study analyses the new Debate on Poverty in Germany which was caused by rapidly growing poverty rates during the last years and the contributions of the protestant church in Germany to it. In this Debate Poverty is defined as a relative lack of capabilities to participate actively in society. Implicitly this argument draws from the idea of a more egalitarian society, which favours ›just participation‹. It is shown how social inequality is reproduced in education and labour markets. The church responds to this by outlining the idea of a fair competitive Market-Economy, in order to have access to people must better be provided for with equal chances in education.
Von der Öffentlichkeit des Privaten zu den individuellen Formen familialen Zusammenlebens. Aspekte für eine evangelische Ethik der Familie
Authors: Anselm Reiner
Published: September 2014

The article starts with a review about the current public debate on the crisis of family. In the author‘s perspektive this debate is motivated less by the hard facts about the situation of family in the current western societies - although there are many changes - but rather it indicates a changing correlation between a »private« and a »public« concept of family. Up to the 1970ties family was understood as an area of privacy, but the frameset of this area was defined by the public sphere only - mainly by the state and the church. Their representatives assigned a certain form of private life to individual people. But the advantages of emanzipation caused especially young women to decline this structure. They want to design their own conception of family, based on the compatibility of job and motherhood. This formation is described as »crisis of family« by the detractors of modernity. In contrast, it is the author‘s position to take this developments as a chance - especially in a protestant perspective. At the end, the article stetches the basic framework of such a concept of family
Landwirtschaft im Spannungsfeld zwischen Natürlichkeit und Künstlichkeit
Authors: Gregorowius Daniel
Published: September 2014

This paper seeks to distil the underlying tensions between naturalness and artificiality in the field of agriculture. In this context, the concept of naturalness is often understood and employed in a normative sense. Yet while biotechnological agriculture is often seen as artificial and organic farming is perceived as natural, both practices can lead to ethically questionable consequences: naturalness is not in itself morally good. Instead, agricultural use should be judged according to the extent to which the spatiotemporal order of nature is disturbed in ways beneficial to mankind. In order to establish sustainable agriculture as a desirable goal in this sense, one may refer to God’s biblical instruction in the Book of Genesis: God, who determines the framework for the use of nature created by Him, did not give the reign of the earth into the hands of man so that he may subdue (Gen 1:28) by exploiting it, but in order for him to preserve and guard it (Gen 2:15).
Neuroethik
Authors: Clausen Jens , Müller Oliver , Schwenzfeuer Sebastian
Published: September 2014

Ethical questions with regard to modern neurosciences have significant relevance because the human brain provides the organic basis for central aspects of our self-concept. Neuroethics identifies and reflects the ethical questions raised by modern neurosciences. Here we deal with ethical questions in the contexts of brain imaging techniques and several interventions into the human brain. Besides the central question how to preserve personal identity and higher cognitive functions we address specific ethical aspects of neurotechnology and neuroprosthetics as well as the questions relevant in the context of neuroenhancement
Anmerkungen zum Konzept einer »ekklesialen Ethik«
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott
Published: September 2014

The lack of common ecumenical ethics is often argued to depend on the differences of ecclesiological concepts. This paper takes up the debate and points out that there are some more different basic assumptions making the development of ecumenical ethics difficult
Theological Ethics and Global Dynamics at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Schweiker William
Published: September 2014

The following essay seeks to outline the direction for »evangelical ethics« in the 21st century. The article begins by exploring the contemporary moral and religious situation in terms of dominant global dynamics. In the light of this novel situation, the remainder of the essay presents an account of theological ethics in terms of responsibility for the integrity of life from the perspective of theological humanism. Throughout the article the continuities and discontinuities between this approach to theological ethics and previous forms of Protestant ethics are explored and explained
Use of retroviral-mediated gene transfer to deliver and test function of chimeric antigen receptors in human T-cells
Authors: C. Parente-Pereira Ana , Wilkie Scott , J.C. van der Stegen Sjoukje , M. Davies David , Maher John
Published: September 2014

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically delivered fusion molecules that elicit T-cell activation upon binding of a native cell surface molecule. These molecules can be used to generate a large number of memory and effector T-cells that are capable of recognizing and attacking tumor cells. Most commonly, stable CAR expression is achieved in T-cells using retroviral vectors. In the method described here, retroviral vectors are packaged in a two-step procedure. First, H29D human retroviral packaging cells (a derivative of 293 cells) are transfected with the vector of interest, which is packaged transiently in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G pseudotyped particles. These particles are used to deliver the vector to PG13 cells, which achieve stable packaging of gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GALV)-pseudotyped particles that are suitable for infection of human T-cells. The key advantage of the method reported here is that it robustly generates polyclonal PG13 cells that are 100% positive for the vector of interest. This means that efficient gene transfer may be repeatedly achieved without the need to clone individual PG13 cells for experimental pre-clinical testing. To achieve T-cell transduction, cells must first be activated using a non-specific mitogen. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) provides an economic and robust stimulus to achieve this. After 48-72 h, activated T-cells and virus-conditioned medium are mixed in RetroNectin-coated plasticware, which enhances transduction efficiency. Transduced cells are analyzed for gene transfer efficiency by flow cytometry 48 h following transduction and may then be tested in several assays to evaluate CAR function, including target-dependent cytotoxicity, cytokine production and proliferation.
Mapeamento do fluxo de valor em um modelo de simulação computacional
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo Becker Mendes de , Corrêa Valesca Alves , Nunes Luiz Eduardo Nicolini do Patrocínio
Published: September 2014

O processo decisório nas empresas tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores e executivos e muito tem sido explorado e analisado sobre o tema. Este trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar a metodologia de Mapeamento do Fluxo de Valor (MFV) de modo integrado a um modelo de simulação computacional, construído com o software ARENA, para ampliar a visão do gestor na tomada de decisão. O objeto de estudo está baseado em um sistema produtivo que envolve um processo de embalamento automático de produtos, onde surgiu a necessidade de realizar modificações no atual sistema visando para acomodar novos produtos e para isso, devem-se detectar os possíveis gargalos e visualizar os impactos gerados pelas futuras modificações. A simulação visa a colaborar na tomada de decisão do gestor considerando que o sistema envolve diversas variáveis e seus comportamentos definem a complexidade do processo. Como resultados será apresentado o modelo de simulação computacional qualificado para representar o sistema atual e o futuro, com redução significativa dos custos de projeto por antecipar seu comportamento; em conjunto com os resultados do Mapeamento do Fluxo de Valor para identificar as atividades que agregam valor ou não para o processo. A validação do modelo de simulação ocorrerá com o mapa atual do sistema e com a inclusão de eventos Kaizen para que no mapa futuro, os desperdícios sejam encontrados de forma mais prática e confiável, auxiliando na tomada de decisão.
Sequenciamento de máquinas paralelas não-relacionadas com tempos de setup dependentes das tarefas
Authors: Etcheverry Guilherme , Anzanello Michel J.
Published: September 2014

Este artigo propõe uma heurística para sequenciamento de tarefas em um ambiente de manufatura composto por máquinas paralelas não-relacionadas com tempos de setup dependentes da sequência de processamento das tarefas. As funções-objetivo consideradas são a minimização da soma do tempo ponderado de processamento e a minimização do atraso ponderado das tarefas. O método proposto acrescenta uma etapa ao procedimento de duas etapas de Bank e Werner (2001), para solução de problemas NP-hard, e é executado em três etapas: (i) ordenação inicial das tarefas, (ii) alocação das tarefas às máquinas, e (iii) aprimoramento da solução final através da ferramenta de otimização Tabu Search. O desempenho da heurística é comparado à solução ótima obtida por enumeração total. Ao ser aplicada em um ambiente de manufatura de componentes eletrônicos composto por duas máquinas paralelas não-relacionadas com tempos de processamento e de setup, a heurística proposta resulta em um desvio de 1,1% em relação ao valor ótimo da soma do tempo ponderado de processamento e 4,6% do mínimo atraso ponderado das tarefas em tempo computacional inferior a dez minutos.
Elementos integrantes de um sistema produto-serviço como potencial para alcançar um desenvolvimento sustentável: bibliometria e análise de conteúdo
Authors: Ariente Neto Rafael , Silva Sérgio Luis , Forcellini Fernando , Ferreira Marcelo Gitirana G. , Cauchick Miguel Paulo A
Published: September 2014

O conceito de sistemas produto-serviço (PSS) é apresentado como uma estratégia inovadora na oferta de produtos e serviços, que busca a minimização dos impactos ambientais por meio de modelos de negócio sustentáveis. Este estudo objetiva identificar quais potencialidades podem ser exploradas nos elementos integrantes de um PSS para uma configuração que favoreça oferecer respostas às questões sustentáveis. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida um levantamento baseado na literatura qualificada, empregando-se no levantamento das informações um processo estruturado de revisão bibliográfica. Dentre os resultados, destacam-se a potencialidade quanto: à abrangência do conceito do produto em agregar serviços ao longo do ciclo de vida e as configurações da infraestrutura de suporte ao PSS com o estabelecimento da comunicação necessária a abordagens relativas a serviços de logística, ou mesmo a logística inerente do empreendimento para a habilitação dos serviços. Finalmente, a rede de atores deve ser explorada a fim de obterem-se arranjos organizacionais que contribuam com o desempenho de um PSS.
Serviços agregados ao produto de um fabricante de equipamentos para a indústria petrolífera: o PSS
Authors: Calvilho Eduardo Magalhães , Sellitto Miguel Afonso , Welter Anelise Faleiro , Pereira Giancarlo Medeiros , Borchardt Miriam
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar as operações de serviço que um fabricante de equipamentos para a indústria petrolífera passou a oferecer junto com seus produtos, para manter sua posição em um mercado em que a evolução tecnológica é critério de competitividade. O método de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso. A integração entre produto e serviços associados é descrita pelo PSS: Sistemas Produto-Serviço. Por pesquisa em documentos específicos da indústria, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação não-participante, listaram-se e examinaram-se treze serviços que o fabricante passou a oferecer associados a uma família de produtos, as turbinas a gás. Os serviços foram detalhados e contextualizados na indústria e comparados com elementos da teoria do PSS que foram revisados. A maior parte dos serviços é baseada no produto, oferecidos como pós-venda e encontram-se na fase de uso, dentro do ciclo de vida do produto. Os ganhos econômicos e ambientais que podem ser esperados também foram descritos e estudados na pesquisa.
Dimensões do aprendizado organizacional: variáveis contextuais em empresas em implementação enxuta
Authors: Tortorella Guilherme Luz , Fogliatto Flávio Sanson , Marodin Giuliano Almeida , Vieira João Francisco da Fontoura , Denicol Juliano
Published: September 2014

A Produção Enxuta (PE) é uma abordagem que abrange uma variedade de práticas de gerenciamento, visando reduzir perdas e melhorar a eficiência operacional. Devido a isso, a habilidade de inovar, mudar e aprender continuamente apresenta-se como um elemento chave na implementação da PE. Diversas variáveis contextuais foram mencionadas na literatura como possíveis impedimentos para a implementação enxuta. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a influência dessas variáveis nas dimensões do Aprendizado Organizacional (AO). Este estudo visa examinar o relacionamento entre seis variáveis contextuais e a frequência de ocorrência de problemas em empresas que estão implementando a PE. Além disso, a identificação de relacionamentos relevantes entre dimensões do AO e as variáveis contextuais contribui para a identificação de contextos nos quais se podem esperar problemas. A amostra do estudo contém treze empresas que estão implementando a PE. Os resultados indicam que as mesmas variáveis contextuais, as quais são consideradas como influentes para implementar a PE, apresentam uma influência diferente quanto à capacidade de AO.
Tożsamość kultury prawnej a legitymizacja prawa
Authors: Bekrycht Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The paper analyses some elements which create the identity of legal culture. These elements are determined by Greek philosophy, Roman law (the Mediterranean culture) and Christian solidarity. These included positive law (legem ponere), jurisprudence, academic teaching, legal text, axiological autonomy of law, Roman law as origin of civil law and its reception, legitimization of law. The paper focuses particularly on problematic aspects of legitimization of law. In the literature of jurisprudence the problem of the legitimacy (justifying) of law is presented as the justification for the external validity of law or as a justification for the absolute validity. The history of philosophy of law demonstrates that we can talk about same arguments, which may be referred to as transcendental. Those are ultimate conditions of justifying any kind of being – here this particular being is the law. Firstly, this paper presents two trends (traditions) in the literature of philosophy that have developed the concept of transcendental method, and thus the content of the concept of transcendentalism. Secondly, it presents four arguments which justify the existence of law and which can be called the transcendental arguments.
Konstytucyjność prawa jako podstawa demokratycznej kultury prawnej
Authors: Korycka-Zirk Milena
Published: September 2014

The notion of the constitutionalisation of law is the basis of analysis in modern democratic legal systems. The constitution influences the application of law and the constitutional method is the main approach that describes this process. The constitutionalisation of law should be understood in a broader sense as aspect of legal culture created in the process of interpretation of law reflected by the idea of constitution. The judicial review made by constitutional courts as in Kelsen’s conception or by common courts as in American model must be guided by the idea of maximalisation of human rights support as the element of democratic legal culture. This conception is compatible with the knowledge about constitutional norms and the way they are applied.
Normatywizacja tożsamości zbiorowej w preambułach do konstytucji państw postkomunistycznych
Authors: Młynarska-Sobaczewska Anna
Published: September 2014

Preambles are parts of constitutions, which are visibly neglected in legal theory and constitutional law. They are defined as solemn introductions to constitutions, which indicate the sovereign, historical and political context of increasing the new constitutional order, main aims and principles – the foundation of constitution. Such elements are also commonly apparent in most of post communist constitutions of European states. The article shows the integrative function of these preambles, achieved by using clauses creating and maintaining the identity of political community. The clauses with this function are identified as: statements regarding national and cultural heritage, declaration of sovereign as people or nation, and expression of common aims and fundamental principles of community. The article investigates these elements in texts of preambles to post-communist constitutions and indicates their role as tending to create the national identity.
Paternalizm w prawie i etyce zawodowej
Authors: Łabieniec Paweł
Published: September 2014

The concept of the paternalism is known since the end of the 19th century. The paternalistic attitude has been criticized not only by liberals. According to this criticism the essence of evil of paternalism lies in the negation of the autonomy of persons who are the subject of paternalistic activities. However some forms of paternalism are considered as acceptable not only in legal regulations but also on the ground of the legal ethics. The text shows in what a way ethics of legal professions in the USA and Poland protects the autonomy of clients and under what conditions lets lawyers to act paternalistically.
Transvection-Based Gene Regulation inDrosophilaIs a Complex and Plastic Trait
Authors: Bing Xinyang , Rzezniczak Teresa Z , Bateman Jack R , Merritt Thomas J S
Published: September 2014

Transvection, a chromosome pairing-dependent form of trans-based gene regulation, is potentially widespread in the Drosophila melanogaster genome and varies across cell types and within tissues in D. melanogaster, characteristics of a complex trait. Here, we demonstrate that the trans-interactions at the Malic enzyme (Men) locus are, in fact, transvection as classically defined and are plastic with respect to both genetic background and environment. Using chromosomal inversions, we show that trans-interactions at the Men locus are eliminated by changes in chromosomal architecture that presumably disrupt somatic pairing. We further show that the magnitude of transvection at the Men locus is modified by both genetic background and environment (temperature), demonstrating that transvection is a plastic phenotype. Our results suggest that transvection effects in D. melanogaster are shaped by a dynamic interplay between environment and genetic background. Interestingly, we find that cis-based regulation of the Men gene is more robust to genetic background and environment than trans-based. Finally, we begin to uncover the nonlocal factors that may contribute to variation in transvection overall, implicating Abd-B in the regulation of Men in cis and in trans in an allele-specific and tissue-specific manner, driven by differences in expression of the two genes across genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions.
Genome Sequence of Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi, Endosymbiont of Chimpanzee Lice, and Genomic Comparison of Recently Acquired Endosymbionts from Human and Chimpanzee Lice
Authors: Boyd Bret M , Allen Julie M , de Crécy-Lagard Valérie , Reed David L
Published: September 2014

The obligate-heritable endosymbionts of insects possess some of the smallest known bacterial genomes. This is likely due to loss of genomic material during symbiosis. The mode and rate of this erosion may change over evolutionary time: faster in newly formed associations and slower in long-established ones. The endosymbionts of human and anthropoid primate lice present a unique opportunity to study genome erosion in newly established (or young) symbionts. This is because we have a detailed phylogenetic history of these endosymbionts with divergence dates for closely related species. This allows for genome evolution to be studied in detail and rates of change to be estimated in a phylogenetic framework. Here, we sequenced the genome of the chimpanzee louse endosymbiont (Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi) and compared it with the closely related genome of the human body louse endosymbiont. From this comparison, we found evidence for recent genome erosion leading to gene loss in these endosymbionts. Although gene loss was detected, it was not significantly greater than in older endosymbionts from aphids and ants. Additionally, we searched for genes associated with B-vitamin synthesis in the two louse endosymbiont genomes because these endosymbionts are believed to synthesize essential B vitamins absent in the louse’s diet. All of the expected genes were present, except those involved in thiamin synthesis. We failed to find genes encoding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis of thiamin or any complete exogenous means of salvaging thiamin, suggesting there is an undescribed mechanism for the salvage of thiamin. Finally, genes encoding for the pantothenate de novo biosynthesis pathway were located on a plasmid in both taxa along with a heat shock protein. Movement of these genes onto a plasmid may be functionally and evolutionarily significant, potentially increasing production and guarding against the deleterious effects of mutation. These data add to a growing resource of obligate endosymbiont genomes and to our understanding of the rate and mode of genome erosion in obligate animal-associated bacteria. Ultimately sequencing additional louse p-endosymbiont genomes will provide a model system for studying genome evolution in obligate host associated bacteria.
Aile hekimlerinin tükenmişlik durumları ve ilişkili faktörler
Authors: Baykan Zeynep , Çetinkaya Fevziye , Naçar Melis , Kaya Alper , Işıldak M. Ümit
Published: September 2014

Giriş ve amaç: Bu çalışma aile hekimlerinin tükenmişlik düzeylerini ve buna etki eden faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Gereç ve yöntem: Araştırma Kayseri il merkezinde çalışan aile hekimleri arasında 2013 yılında yapılmış tanımlayıcı tipte bir çalışmadır. İl merkezinde görev yapmakta olan 280 aile hekiminin tamamı araştırma kapsamına alınmış ve 143 aile hekimine (%51,1) ulaşılmıştır. Hekimlere 24 sorudan ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçe-ğinden oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırma için Erciyes Üniversitesi Etik Kurulundan onay alınmıştır. p<0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Hekimlerin mesleklerinde çalışmakta oldukları yıl ortalaması 19,0±5,4 yıldı. Katılımcı hekimlerin %83,9’u aile hekimliğine geçildiği günden beri uygulamanın içinde yer al-maktaydı. Yüzde 53,2’si aile hekimliğinin kendileri için çok uygun/uygun olduğunu belirtmişti. Aile hekimlerinin ortalama duygusal tükenme puanları 16,1±7,2, duyarsızlaşma puanları 4,3±3,2 ve kişisel başarı puanları 21,0±3,7 idi. Cinsiyetlerine, medeni durum-larına ve tanı konulmuş bir sağlık problemlerinin varlığına göre tükenmişlik puanları arasında fark yoktu (p>0,05). İş yükünün ve iş stressinin arttığını ifade edenlerle çalışma ortamından memnun olmayanlarda duygusal tükenmişlik (p<0,001), duyarsızlaşma (p<0,05) ve toplam tükenmişlik (p<0,001) puanları daha yüksekti (p<0,001). Aile hekimliğinin kendisine uygun olduğunu ifade edenlerin (p=0,004), uygulamada yer almaktan memnun olan (p<0,001) ve beklentilerinin karşılanmış olduğunu düşünen hekimlerin (p<0,001) duygusal tükenmişlik puanları daha düşüktü. Toplam hizmet süresi ile hiç bir tükenmişlik puanı arasında korelasyon saptanmadı (p>0,05). Aile hekimliğinde çalışılan süre ile duygusal tükenmişlik ve toplam tükenmişlik puanları arasında düşük düzeyde pozitif korelasyon vardı (p<0,05). Duygusal ve toplam tükenmişlik puanlarını etkileyen en önemli iki faktör beklentilerin karşılanması ve iş yükü olarak bulundu.
Sonuç: Aile hekimlerinin büyük bir kısmı aile hekimliği uygulamasının hekimler arasındaki rekabeti, iş yükünü ve stresini, etik yozlaşmayı artırdığını; yarısı sosyal hayatlarına ve mesleki gelişimlerine ayırdıkları zamanı azalttığını düşünmektedir. Aile hekimliğinde çalışılan süre ile duygusal tükenmişlik ve toplam tükenmişlik puanları arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki saptanmıştır.