bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Baseline conditions and subtractive logic in neuroimaging
Authors: Newman Sharlene D. , Twieg Donald B. , Carpenter Patricia A.
Published: August 2002

Discrepancies in the patterns of cortical activation across studies may be attributable, in part, to differences in baseline tasks, and hence, reflect the limits of the subtractive logic underlying much of neuroimaging. To assess the extent of these effects, three of the most commonly used baseline conditions (rest, tone monitoring, and passive listening) were compared using phoneme discrimination as the experimental task. Eight participants were studied in a fMRI study with a 4.1 T system. The three baseline conditions systematically affected the amount of activation observed in the identical phoneme task with major affects in Broca's area, the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the left and right inferior parietal regions. Two central findings were: 1) a differential effect of baseline within each region, with the rest baseline condition producing the greatest amount of activation and the passive listening condition producing the least, and 2) systematic baseline task activation in the inferior parietal regions. These results emphasize the relativity of activation patterns observed in functional neuroimaging, and the necessity to specify the baseline processes in context to the experimental task processes. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:228–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How international students can benefit from a web‐based college orientation
Authors: Murphy Christina , Hawkes Lory , Law Joe
Published: August 2002

As colleges and universities increasingly seek to recruit more international students, they must also look for ways of preparing those students to meet the special challenges of undertaking a new academic experience in a foreign environment. One way to prepare students is by using Web‐based orientation.
Isolated juvenile xanthogranuloma of the subglottis: Case report
Authors: Thevasagayam Mahilravi S. , Ghosh Sudip , O'Neill D. , Panarese A. , Bull Peter D.
Published: August 2002

Background

Juvenile xanthogranulomatosis (JXG) is a relatively rare macrophage proliferative disorder. It usually presents as a localized cutaneous lesion but may affect other organs. Until now it has never been described in the subglottic region of the larynx.

Methods

We report the first case of juvenile xanthogranulomatosis (JXG) in the subglottis in a 3 year old child.

Results

The localization in the subglottis caused airway obstruction requiring tracheostomy to secure the airway. On the basis that most cutaneous lesions regress spontaneously the lesion was managed expectantly and regressed over a period of 28 months allowing decannulation of the child.

Conclusion

JXG should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subglottic lesions. Once the airway has been secured, JXG of the subglottis can be managed conservatively. Long‐term follow‐up is required because of the possibility of relapse at other sites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 426–429, 2001.
Proliferative capacity in head and neck cancer
Authors: Struikmans Henk , Kal Henk B. , Hordijk Gert J. , van der Tweel Ingeborg
Published: August 2002

Background

Shortening of overall treatment time (accelerated radiotherapy) appears to result in an increase of the efficacy of irradiation. In this study, we compared the proliferative capacity between tumors originating in different sites of the head and neck region. Tumors with a large proliferating capacity might, theoretically, benefit most from accelerated radiotherapy.

Material and Methods

BrdUrd was administered intravenously in patients with head and neck carcinomas. Tumor samples were analyzed with flow cytometry. T and N stages were assessed in accordance with the TNM classification system (UICC 1987).

Results

No significant differences in proliferation parameters were observed with respect to site of origin of head and neck tumors. For T3/T4 tumors, DNA ploidy is an important tumor characteristic: G1‐ and S‐phase fractions, labeling index, and tumor doubling time Tpot differences were statistically significant; the aneuploid tumors showed the largest proliferative potential.

Conclusions

(1) In general, no significant differences in proliferation parameters were observed with respect to site of origin. (2) Aneuploid head and neck tumors have a higher proliferative capacity than diploid ones, they might benefit most from accelerated irradiation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 484–491, 2001
Role of long‐term synaptic modification in short‐term memory
Authors: Kesner Raymond P. , Rolls Edmund T.
Published: August 2002

One way that some types of short‐term or working memory may be implemented in the brain is by using autoassociation networks that recirculate information to maintain the firing of a subset of neurons in what is termed an attractor state. We describe how long‐term synaptic modification is necessary to set up the appropriate stable attractors, each one of which corresponds to a memory of a particular item. Once the synapses have been modified, any of the short‐term memory states may be triggered by an appropriate input which starts the neurons firing in one of the attractors, and then the firing is maintained in that attractor by the already modified synapses, with no further synaptic modification necessary. This analysis leads to the prediction that if this type of implementation is used for working memory, then long‐term synaptic modification may be necessary only during an acquisition phase of a task, and once the task has been acquired, the performance of the working memory task should be unimpaired if no further synaptic modification is allowed. We show that a considerable body of research findings on the effects of agents that block synaptic modification on working memory tasks can be understood in this way. Many of the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that blocking synaptic modification in the hippocampus impairs the acquisition, but not the later performance, of hippocampal‐dependent working memory tasks. Hippocampus 2001;11:240–250. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International compensation practices: a ten‐country comparative analysis
Authors: Lowe Kevin B. , Milliman John , De Cieri Helen , Dowling Peter J.
Published: August 2002

This article presents a comparative study of compensation, by exploring nine items which measure pay and
benefits practices in ten locations (nine countries and one region). First, similarities and differences
in employee compensation are examined. Second, emerging issues for international compensation are identified.
Third, gaps are identified between current practice and employee preferences for future compensation. Overall, the
results of this study provide some support for previous research, although a number of counterintuitive findings
are identified with respect to the ways in which culture might be expected to impact employee preferences for
cross‐cultural compensation practices. The research suggests several challenges for compensation practice
and directions for future research. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From Partners to Players: Extending the HR Playing Field
Authors: Ulrich Dave , Beatty Dick
Published: August 2002

HR professionals must always be “becoming” or constantly changing and adapting. For the last
decade, many have argued the business partner role as a complement to traditional HR administrative work. We
argue in this paper that HR professionals should move beyond partners to become players. HR professionals as
players are “in the game, on the field, making a difference” through their HR work. In this article,
we suggest that to become players, HR professionals must learn to coach, architect, build, facilitate, lead, and
provide a conscience to business leaders. Specific knowledge and tools for each of these roles are described.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A dynamic TOPMODEL
Authors: Beven Keith , Freer Jim
Published: August 2002

A new version of the rainfall‐runoff model TOPMODEL is described in which the assumption of a quasi‐steady state saturated zone configuration is replaced by a kinematic wave routing of subsurface flow implemented in a way that allows the simulation of dynamically variable upslope contributing areas. The new version retains the idea of a distribution of hydrologically similar points in the catchment but allows more flexibility in the definition of hydrologically similarity. This allows the new version to retain much of the computational efficiency of the original model while still allowing results to be mapped back into the space of the catchment. A comparison is gives of the original and dynamic versions in an application to the Slapton Wood catchment, Devon, UK, within the GLUE methodology. The new version provides results that are a better fit to observed discharges, with improved prediction bounds, and patterns of predicted deficits storage that are qualitatively more consistent with understanding of the responses of this catchment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is a chaotic multi‐fractal approach for rainfall possible?
Authors: Sivakumar Bellie
Published: August 2002

An Erratum has been published for this article in Hydrological Processes 15 (12) 2001, 2381–2382.

Applications of the ideas gained from fractal theory to characterize rainfall have been one of the most exciting areas of research in recent times. The studies conducted thus far have nearly unanimously yielded positive evidence regarding the existence of fractal behaviour in rainfall. The studies also revealed the insufficiency of the mono‐fractal approaches to characterizing the rainfall process in time and space and, hence, the necessity for multi‐fractal approaches. The assumption behind multi‐fractal approaches for rainfall is that the variability of the rainfall process could be directly modelled as a stochastic (or random) turbulent cascade process, since such stochastic cascade processes were found to generically yield multi‐fractals. However, it has been observed recently that multi‐fractal approaches might provide positive evidence of a multi‐fractal nature not only in stochastic processes but also in, for example, chaotic processes. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the presence of both chaotic and fractal behaviours in the rainfall process to consider the possibility of using a chaotic multi‐fractal approach for rainfall characterization. For this purpose, daily rainfall data observed at the Leaf River basin in Mississippi are studied, and only temporal analysis is carried out. The autocorrelation function, the power spectrum, the empirical probability distribution function, and the statistical moment scaling function are used as indicators to investigate the presence of fractal, whereas the presence of chaos is investigated by employing the correlation dimension method. The results from the fractal identification methods indicate that the rainfall data exhibit multi‐fractal behaviour. The correlation dimension method yields a low dimension, suggesting the presence of chaotic behaviour. The existence of both multi‐fractal and chaotic behaviours in the rainfall data suggests the possibility of a chaotic multi‐fractal approach for rainfall characterization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of PC‐3 human prostate cancers by analogs of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GH‐RH) endowed with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antagonistic activity
Authors: Plonowski Artur , Varga Jozsef L. , Schally Andrew V. , Krupa Magdalena , Groot Kate , Halmos Gabor
Published: August 2002

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the proliferation and invasiveness of malignant prostatic cells. Receptors for VIP and the closely related growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GH‐RH) show considerable homology and are found in prostatic and other carcinomas. Among various analogs of GH‐RH synthesized, JV‐1‐52 is a non‐selective VIP/GH‐RH antagonist, whereas JV‐1‐53 is a VIP antagonist devoid of GH‐RH antagonistic effect. In our study, nude mice bearing PC‐3 human androgen‐independent prostate carcinomas were treated with JV‐1‐52 or JV‐1‐53 (20 μg/day, s.c.) for 28 days. Both antagonists produced a similar reduction in tumor volume (62–67%, p < 0.01) and tumor weight (59–62%; p < 0.05) vs. controls and extended tumor doubling‐time from 9.1 to about 16 days (p < 0.05). To investigate the mechanisms involved, in another study we compared the effects of JV‐1‐53 with those of somatostatin analog RC‐160. VIP antagonist JV‐1‐53 reduced tumor weight by 67% (p < 0.01) and suppressed the expression of mRNA for c‐fos and c‐jun oncogenes by about 34% (p < 0.05), without affecting serum levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). In contrast, RC‐160 (50 μg/day) reduced serum IGF‐I by 19% (p < 0.05), but did not significantly decrease tumor weight. mRNA for VIP and high affinity receptors for VIP were detected on PC‐3 tumors. Our results suggest that VIP/GH‐RH antagonists can inhibit the growth of androgen‐independent prostate cancer by abrogating the autocrine/paracrine mitogenic stimuli of VIP. The ability of GH‐RH antagonists to block tumoral VIP receptors, in addition to GH‐RH receptors, could be potentially beneficial for prostate cancer therapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case‐control study of stomach cancer in Mumbai, India
Authors: Rao D. Nagaraj , Ganesh Balasubramaniam , Dinshaw Ketayun A. , Mohandas K. Mallath
Published: August 2002

Stomach cancer incidence rates are much lower in India than elsewhere, but the stomach remains one of the 10 leading sites of cancer in both sexes in most of the metropolitan registries. This is an unmatched case‐control study of stomach cancer carried out at Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Mumbai. Our purpose was to identify the association of tobacco and alcohol use, occupational hazards, diet, consumption of beverages like tea and coffee, the living environment, cooking media and literacy with stomach cancer. Our study included 170 stomach cancer cases and 2,184 hospital controls interviewed during the period 1988–1992. Tobacco chewing, bidi or cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking did not emerge as high risk factors for stomach cancer. Consumption of dry fish at least once a week compared to never or once a every 2 weeks showed a 12‐fold excess risk (OR = 12.4, 95% CI 7.0–22.1, p < 0.0001) for stomach cancer among the nonvegetarian food items considered. A protective effect of tea consumption (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9, p = 0.03), showing 59% reduction in risk, was identified, which could be of use for possible control and prevention of this cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular evidence of a common clonal origin and subsequent divergent clonal evolution in vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, vulval squamous cell carcinoma and lymph node metastases
Authors: Rosenthal Adam N. , Ryan Andy , Hopster Deborah , Jacobs Ian J.
Published: August 2002

VIN is thought to be the precursor of some VSCCs because it is monoclonal, frequently occurs contiguously with VSCC and shares similar risk factors with a subgroup of VSCC. There has been no conclusive molecular evidence supporting this assumption. We performed X‐chromosome inactivation analysis on 9 cases of lone VIN, 10 cases of VSCC and associated contiguous VIN and 11 cases of VSCC and associated noncontiguous VIN. Eight of the 9 cases of lone VIN appeared to be monoclonal. All 7 informative and monoclonal cases of VIN with contiguous VSCC and 6/9 informative cases of VIN with noncontiguous VSCC showed patterns of X‐chromosome inactivation consistent with a common monoclonal origin for both VIN and VSCC. Two of the 9 cases of VIN with noncontiguous VSCC showed X‐chromosome inactivation patterns consistent with a separate clonal origin. We performed LOH analysis at 6 chromosomal loci on these samples and 7 cases with lymph node metastases. Identical losses occurred 7 times in VIN and contiguous VSCC (random probability 1.2 × 10–9), twice in VIN and noncontiguous VSCC (random probability 1.5 × 10–3) and 3 times in VSCC and associated metastases (random probability 1.8 × 10–5). Some losses occurring in VSCC did not appear in the contiguous VIN or associated metastases and vice versa. These data provide molecular evidence that VIN is the precursor of VIN‐associated VSCC, that multifocal disease may arise via either different clones or a single clone and that continued divergent clonal evolution may occur in vulval neoplasia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family stress and parent–infant interaction: The mediating role of coping
Authors: McKelvey Lorraine M. , Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Schiffman Rachel F. , Von Eye Alexander
Published: August 2002

Stress, whether in the form of daily hassles, chronic life stressors, or stressful life events, has consistently been shown to impact the quality of the parent–child relationship. Coping has been defined as any strategy meant to manage stressful situations or events. To the extent that daily hassles and life events evoke strategies for coping with stress, the efficacy of such strategies could impact the quality of family relationships. The focus of the current study was to examine the relationship between stress and parent–child interactions, with direct interest in the mediating role of family coping on this family process. Participants were 105 low‐income mother–infant pairs who were enrolled in the national evaluation of Early Head Start. Study findings revealed that mothers are more likely to demonstrate positive interactions with their infants when perceptions of life stressors are low. Furthermore, although mothers who report fewer stressors utilize more support from friends and family, results did not support a mediating effects of coping on mother–infant interactions. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Association between αvβ6 integrin expression, elevated p42/44 kDa MAPK, and plasminogen‐dependent matrix degradation in ovarian cancer
Authors: Ahmed Nuzhat , Pansino Franca , Baker Mark , Rice Greg , Quinn Michael
Published: August 2002

Altered expression of αv integrins plays a critical role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. In this study, we show that normal human epithelial ovarian cell line, HOSE, and ovarian cancer cell lines, OVCA 429, OVCA 433, and OVHS‐1, expressed αv integrin and associated β1, β3, and β5 subunits, but only ovarian cancer cell lines OVCA 429 and OVCA 433 expressed αvβ6 integrin. The expression of αvβ6 in OVCA 429 and OVCA 433 was far higher than αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin and correlated with high p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and high secretion of high molecular weight urokinase plasminogen activator (HMW‐uPA), pro‐metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (pro‐MMP‐9 and pro‐MMP‐2). In contrast to HOSE and OVHS 1, OVCA 433 and OVCA 429 exhibited approximately 2‐fold more plasminogen‐dependent [3H]‐collagen type IV degradation. Plasminogen‐dependent [3H]‐collagen IV degradation was inhibited by inhibitor of uPA (amiloride) and MMP (phenanthroline) and by antibodies against uPA or MMP‐9 or αvβ6 integrin, indicating the involvement of αvβ6 integrin, uPA and MMP‐9 in the process. The αvβ6 correlated increase in HMW‐uPA and pro‐MMP secretion could be inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein or the MEK 1 inhibitor U0126, consistent with a role of active p42/44 MAPK in the elevation of uPA, MMP‐9, and MMP‐2 secretion. Under similar conditions, genistein and U0126 inhibited plasminogen‐dependent [3H]‐collagen type IV degradation. These data suggest that sustained elevation of p42/44 MAPK activity may be required for the co‐expression of αvβ6 integrin, which in turn may regulate the malignant potential of ovarian cancer cells via proteolytic mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 675–686, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MMPI‐2 profiles of filicidal, mariticidal, and homicidal women
Authors: McKee Geoffrey R. , Shea Steven J. , Mogy Robert B. , Holden Carol E.
Published: August 2002

The present study compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI‐2) clinical and content scale profiles of a group of adult women (N = 73) charged with either murder of their child (filicide) (n = 30), their partner (mariticide) (n = 19), or an unrelated adult (homicide) (n = 24). No significant differences were seen among the three groups on either the MMPI‐2 clinical or content scales. Clinical inspection of the 53 valid MMPI‐2 profiles (F < 110T) revealed a 6–8 mean profile for the filicidal women, a 2–6 mean profile for the mariticidal women, and a 4–8 mean profile for the homicidal women. Application of the data for criminal forensic psychological evaluations is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., J Clin Psychol 57: 367–374, 2001.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and risk for major depressive disorder: A preliminary study
Authors: Hartlage Shirley Ann , Arduino Kelly E. , Gehlert Sarah
Published: August 2002

Investigators examined whether premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) poses a risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). In an initial study, women rated premenstrual symptoms and functional impairment daily for two menstrual cycles. A semistructured diagnostic interview was given to obtain psychiatric histories and differentiate PMDD from premenstrual exacerbations of other disorders. Participants in this pilot study were eight women with PMDD and a random subgroup without PMDD (n = 9) initially. Another semistructured interview was given to diagnose psychiatric disorders occurring during a two‐year follow‐up interval. In all, seven of the eight women with PMDD developed MDD within two years, including all those who had never had MDD before. The odds that a woman with PMDD developed MDD were 14 times the odds that a woman without PMDD developed MDD ( p < .05). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder may be a prodrome of or causal risk factor for MDD. Preliminary evidence for the diagnostic validity of PMDD is provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1571–1578, 2001
Psychometric analysis of the cultural mistrust inventory with a Black psychiatric inpatient sample
Authors: Whaley Arthur L.
Published: August 2002

An important empirical question is whether the Cultural Mistrust Inventory (CMI) can be used to measure cultural aspects of paranoia in Black psychiatric populations. Research on cultural mistrust in psychiatric populations is essential for tests of hypotheses regarding the misdiagnosis of African Americans. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the CMI in a sample of African American patients recently admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The reliability assessment revealed that the CMI total scale is a reliable measure. Factor analytic results indicated that a single global dimension underlies CMI scores. The CMI also showed good convergent validity with a measure of nonclinical paranoia and discriminant validity with measures of self‐esteem and social desirability. This study provides reasonable evidence that use of the CMI with psychiatric patients is psychometrically sound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 383–396, 2002.
The role of neighborhood and community in building developmental assets for children and youth: A national study of social norms among American adults
Authors: Scales Peter C. , Benson Peter L. , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. , Hintz Nicole R. , Sullivan Theresa K. , Mannes Marc
Published: August 2002

Unrelated adults play potentially important roles in the positive socialization of children and youth, but studies of adolescents suggest the majority of adults do not engage positively with young people on an intentional, frequent, and deep basis. As a result, only a minority of young people report experiencing key developmental assets that have been associated with reduced risk‐taking behaviors and increased thriving. Social norms theory suggests that adults will be more likely to get deeply involved with young people outside their family if that involvement is viewed as highly important, and if they perceive a social expectation to do so. A nationally representative sample of 1,425 U.S. adults was surveyed to determine the degree of importance American adults ascribed to 19 positive asset‐building actions, and the degree to which the adults they knew actually engaged with young people outside their own families in those positive ways. The results showed that only a minority of Americans experience consistent normative motivation for engaging with other people's children. There is a large gap between what adults consider important and what they actually do to construct positive, intentional relationships with children and youth. Community stability and extent of community‐building activities in which adults engage, including participation in religious services, volunteering, and neighborhood meetings, are associated with differences among adults in the degree of normative motivation for engaging with young people. In addition to these group differences, however, there also are nine asset‐building actions—two functioning as genuine social norms and seven as social values—that great majorities of American adults consider highly important. The foundation therefore exists in public opinion to make explicit greater permission for adults to become more deeply engaged in the lives of children outside their families and to thereby define new normative expectations for all adults to share in being responsible for the well‐being of young people. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Family‐based prevention counseling for high‐risk young adolescents: Immediate outcomes
Authors: Hogue Aaron , Liddle Howard A. , Becker Dana , Johnson‐Leckrone Jodi
Published: August 2002

Family prevention counseling, which features customized prevention planning for individual families, is a promising approach for preventive intervention with adolescents at high risk for substance abuse and conduct disorder. A randomized study (N = 124) tested the post‐intervention efficacy of an indicated, family‐based prevention model with a sample of inner‐city African‐American youths (ages 11–14). Key risk and protective factors associated with the development of drug use and antisocial behavior were targeted in four domains: self‐competence, family functioning, school involvement, and peer associations. Compared to controls, participants in family prevention counseling showed gains in global self‐worth, family cohesion, and bonding to school, and a decrease in peer antisocial behavior. The potential utility of family prevention counseling within a unified prevention framework is discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Waste treatment modules – a partial life cycle inventory
Authors: Jiménez‐González Concepción , Overcash Michael R , Curzons Alan
Published: August 2002

In the cases in which the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data available in the literature only include pretreatment information, there is a need to use a model for waste treatment to estimate the post‐treatment data. In other cases, it is desirable to back calculate pretreatment information from final environmental emissions. This paper presents treatment modules for Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Solvent Incinerator, and Solvent Recovery. The modules were developed based on design equations and average literature data. The methodology and basis for the models are presented and results are shown for the three modules. The modules developed present an easy and scientifically‐based method to obtain post‐treatment LCI data. The modules are expected to be particularly useful in the instances when process design techniques are employed for the estimation of LCI data, especially in chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical industries.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Functional immunohistochemistry of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase in the nerve fibers of the supratentorial dura mater in an experimental migraine model
Authors: Knyihár‐Csillik Elizabeth , Tajti János , Chadaide Zoltán , Csillik Bertalan , Vécsei László
Published: August 2002

The supratentorial cerebral dura of the albino rat is equipped with a rich sensory innervation both in the connective tissue and around blood vessels, which includes nociceptive axons and their terminals; these display intense calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. Stereotactic electrical stimulation of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion, regarded as an experimental migraine model, caused marked increase and disintegration of club‐like perivascular CGRP‐immunopositive nerve endings in the dura mater and induced an apparent increase in the lengths of CGRP‐immunoreactive axons. Intravenous administration of sumatriptan or eletriptan, prior to electrical stimulation, prevented disintegration of perivascular terminals and induced accumulation of CGRP in terminal and preterminal portions of peripheral sensory axons. Consequently, immunopositive terminals and varicosities increased in size; accumulation of axoplasmic organelles resulted in the “hollow” appearence of numerous varicosities. Since triptans exert their anti‐migraine effect by virtue of agonist action on 5‐HT1D/B receptors, we suggest that these drugs prevent the release of CGRP from perivascular nerve terminals in the dura mater by an action at 5‐HT1D/B receptors. Nitroglycerine (NitroPOHL), given subcutaneously to rats, induces increased beading of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in the supratentorial cerebral dura mater, and an apparent increase in the number of NOS‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in the dural areas supplied by the anterior and middle meningeal arteries, and the sinus sagittalis superior. Structural alterations of nitroxidergic axons innervating blood vessels of the dura mater support the idea that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the induction of headache, a well‐known side effect of coronary dilator agents. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:193–211, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histochemical analysis of lymphatic endothelial cells in lymphostasis
Authors: Ji Rui‐Cheng , Kato Seiji
Published: August 2002

The ultrastructure of endothelial cells of intestinal lymphatics and the thoracic duct (TD) and the relation to lymphostasis were examined in rats and monkeys. Localization of 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐Nase) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was studied. In normal lymphatic endothelial cells, 5′‐Nase reaction product was evenly deposited on the cell surface in vivo and on cultured TD endothelial cells (TDECs), whereas eNOS was evenly distributed throughout the nucleus and cytoplasm. TDECs had a long filamentous process extending towards the subendothelial extracellular matrix but became flat and regular within 30–40 minutes after gastric perfusion with olive oil. According to their electron‐density, two types of cells were found in the TD endothelial layer. The cells with low electron‐density exhibited stronger 5′‐Nase activity. Valves were bicuspid formations and the valvular endothelial surface of the convex side showed weaker 5′‐Nase activity than the concave side. During TD blockage‐induced lymphostasis in rats, the 5′‐Nase product was almost not discernible in the TDECs within 2 weeks. Larger vesicles were found in the endothelial cytoplasm of the ligated TD. Their number decreased after 6–12 weeks. The small intestinal lymphatics in the mucosa and submucosa were dilated, with numerous open intercellular junctions. The endothelial lining appeared to have reduced activities for 5′‐Nase and eNOS in 9 of 11 experimental animals. The results indicated that the inability of the open intercellular junctions, normally working as one‐way endothelial flap valves, may be a key morphological feature after TD blockage. Reduced eNOS and 5′‐Nase may functionally influence contractile activity and transport capability of the lymphatic vessels in the lymphostasis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:70–80, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acyclic list 7‐coloring of planar graphs
Authors: Borodin O. V. , Fon‐Der Flaass D. G. , Kostochka A. V. , Raspaud A. , Sopena E.
Published: August 2002

The acyclic list chromatic number of every planar graph is proved to be at most 7. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 83–90, 2002
Diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted MR imaging in a patient with acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Authors: Bernarding Johannes , Braun Jürgen , Koennecke Hans‐Christian
Published: August 2002

To monitor changes of brain tissue metabolism in acute demyelinating encephalitis (ADEM), we examined a patient with suspected ADEM by serial MRI including diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted imaging (DWI, PWI). Within the inflammatory tissue, the apparent diffusion coefficients were reduced, normal, and increased. Perfusion varied between reduced and normal values, except for small hyperperfused regions. Combining standard MRI with DWI and PWI may elucidate different overlapping phases in cerebral inflammation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:96–100. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery from spinal cord injury: A new transection model in the C57Bl/6 mouse
Authors: Seitz Alexander , Aglow Elsa , Heber‐Katz Ellen
Published: August 2002

Spinal cord transections in mammalian animal models lead to loss of motor function. In this study, we show that functional recovery from complete transection of the adult mouse spinal cord can in fact occur without any intervention if dural injury along with displacement of the ends of the cut cord and fibroblastic infiltration is minimized. Underlying this function is the expression of GAP‐43 in axonal growth cones, axonal extension and bridging of the injury site indicated by biocytin retrograde tracing and neuronal remodeling of both the white matter and the gray matter. Such studies suggest a new murine model for the study of spinal cord regeneration. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Objective classification of atmospheric circulation over southern Scandinavia
Authors: Linderson Maj‐Lena
Published: August 2002

A method for calculating circulation indices and weather types following the Lamb classification is applied to southern Scandinavia. The main objective is to test the ability of the method to describe the atmospheric circulation over the area, and to evaluate the extent to which the pressure patterns determine local precipitation and temperature in Scania, southernmost Sweden. The weather type classification method works well and produces distinct groups. However, the variability within the group is large with regard to the location of the low pressure centres, which may have implications for the precipitation over the area. The anticyclonic weather type dominates, together with the cyclonic and westerly types. This deviates partly from the general picture for Sweden and may be explained by the southerly location of the study area. The cyclonic type is most frequent in spring, although cloudiness and amount of rain are lowest during this season. This could be explained by the occurrence of weaker cyclones or low air humidity during this time of year. Local temperature and precipitation were modelled by stepwise regression for each season, designating weather types as independent variables. Only the winter season‐modelled temperature and precipitation show a high and robust correspondence to the observed temperature and precipitation, even though <60% of the precipitation variance is explained. In the other seasons, the connection between atmospheric circulation and the local temperature and precipitation is low. Other meteorological parameters may need to be taken into account. The time and space resolution of the mean sea level pressure (MSLP) grid may affect the results, as many important features might not be covered by the classification. Local physiography may also influence the local climate in a way that cannot be described by the atmospheric circulation pattern alone, stressing the importance of using more than one observation series. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
The place of organizational politics in strategic change
Authors: Lewis Dianne
Published: August 2002

This paper traces the development of strategic change models and their assumptions, arguing that managers have a good deal of choice in the strategies they adopt.

It presents the idea of organizational politics as simply another tool that managers have to choose from when instigating strategic change and explains why Western managers feel uncomfortable with the notions of power and politics.

The paper outlines the assumptions upon which the political model of change is based and argues that managers engage in political action in many subtle ways, particularly during times of change.

Finally, it provides some examples of political strategies that managers use, arguing that political action is not all bad and that managers have much more choice in strategic change strategies than they are willing to acknowledge.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex, spies and celluloid: Movie content preference, choice, and involvement
Authors: Garlin Francine V. , McGuiggan Robyn L.
Published: August 2002

This study empirically tests the congruity between movie‐content preference and choice on television, video, and at the cinema; and the impact of consumer involvement on this relationship. The results support the need to treat preference and choice differentially. Media type added little in way of explanation of changes in preference–choice congruence. Involvement with movie choice was found to vary by medium, yet correlational analysis showed that it did not unequivocally change the nature of preference–choice congruence. Nonetheless, further enquiry into the role of involvement is warranted before it is dismissed as irrelevant in the choice of leisure media products. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐duration effect and the postsynaptic compartment: Study using a dopamine agonist with a short half‐life
Authors: Stocchi Fabrizio , Vacca Laura , Berardelli Alfredo , De Pandis Francesca , Ruggieri Stefano
Published: August 2002

A possible reason why levodopa induces a sustained, stable motor benefit during the first months to years of therapy may be its long duration of action. This long‐duration effect may be due either to a presynaptic storage mechanism or to postsynaptic pharmacodynamic changes. We previously reported that the dopamine agonist ropinirole induced a long‐duration response (LDR) in levodopa‐naive patients with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we investigated motor responses to the short half‐life dopamine agonist lisuride in a group of levodopa naive parkinsonian patients. Once lisuride reached its maximum effect, it was substituted, in randomized order, with placebo. Neither investigators nor patients knew when the active drug was switched to placebo. When patients were switched from lisuride to placebo, their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores and tapping test and screw scores declined to baseline values within a mean 9.0 ± 1.9 days. The results confirmed that, like ropinirole and levodopa, the short‐acting dopamine agonist lisuride induces a long‐duration response, probably due to postsynaptic changes. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Intracerebral recording of readiness potential induced by a complex motor task
Authors: Rektor Ivan , Bareš Martin , Kaňovský Petr , Kukleta Miloslav
Published: August 2002

While exploring 11 epileptic patients with intracerebral electrodes, we recorded readiness potential (RP) preceding a complex motor task. Multilead depth electrodes were positioned stereotactically into the cortex. In three patients, it was also possible to record RP from the putamen. The movement triggering the recording was the turning of a page in an architectural book. The movement was performed under two conditions: in the first condition, without looking at the pictures on the page (typical self‐pacing); and in the second condition, following the inspection of the pictures. There were no significant differences in the appearance of RP under these two conditions, neither in duration nor in amplitude. That could be explained by the fact that ”self‐paced” does not mean ”spontaneous,” but covers the internal non‐conscious program related to a given task. RP were present in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex and the bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA), and in the anterior caudal cingulate cortex. No difference between the cortical topography of RP preceding a simple motor task and the topography of RP occurring in connection with complex movement was observed. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Rate of progression in Parkinson's disease: A 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa PET study
Authors: Nurmi Elina , Ruottinen Hanna M. , Bergman Jörgen , Haaparanta Merja , Solin Olof , Sonninen Pirkko , Rinne Juha O.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of progression in Parkinson's disease (PD) with 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa (FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET). We investigated 21 patients with PD and eight healthy controls. Ten of the patients were de novo at the time of the first PET scan and antiparkinsonian medication was started thereafter, with a favourable response. A FDOPA PET scan was carried out twice at an approximately 5‐year interval. The regions of interest were drawn on individual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, matched with the PET images.

At the first PET scan, in PD patients the mean kiocc (× 10−3 min−1) in the anterior putamen was 5.6 ± 2.7 (mean ± S.D.; 55% of the control mean) and in the posterior putamen 4.5 ± 2.4 (45% of the control mean). The kiocc value for the caudate nucleus was 7.5 ± 2.1 (× 10−3 min−1; 76% of the control mean). The FDOPA uptake declined by the time of the second PET scan and the annual rate of decline was 8.3 ± 6.3% (P < 0.001) of the baseline mean in the anterior putamen and 10.3 ± 4.8% (P < 0.001) in the posterior putamen. In the caudate nucleus, FDOPA uptake decreased by 5.9 ± 5.1% (P < 0.001) of the baseline mean per year. The estimated preclinical period was longest for the posterior putamen being 6.5 years. For the anterior putamen the preclinical period was 4.6 years. In the caudate nucleus, the estimated FDOPA uptake was at normal level at disease onset. In healthy controls, there was no significant decline in FDOPA uptake in any striatal subregion.

Our results suggest that the disease process in PD first affects posterior putamen, followed by the anterior putamen and the caudate nucleus, but once started, the absolute rate of decline is the same. In healthy controls, no significant decline in FDOPA was detected. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Quality of life outcomes following surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Gray Alastair , McNamara Iain , Aziz Tipu , Gregory Ralph , Bain Peter , Wilson Joanna , Scott Richard
Published: August 2002

We assessed the impact of surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease on quality of life using generic quality of life instruments and utility scores. The Medical Outcomes Study short form health survey SF‐36 and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire PDQ‐39 were used before and 3–6 months after surgery to assess quality of life, and the results were converted into utility valuations. Ninety‐seven patients were studied; 33 underwent unilateral thalamotomy, 33 unilateral pallidotomy, 20 bilateral pallidotomy, six subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesions, four mixed lesions, and in one case bilateral STN stimulation. All dimensions of the SF‐36 except role mental and mental health showed statistically significant improvement following surgery. The PDQ‐39 recorded significant improvements in the mobility, stigma, and bodily discomfort dimensions. The rating scale and time trade‐off scales showed statistically significant gains in utility of 8% and 3%, respectively. Gains were particularly marked in the bilateral pallidotomy group. Differences in patient characteristics and selection made direct comparisons between procedures unreliable. Quality of life in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease is amenable to measurement; such measurement provides tentative evidence of significant gains in quality of life following some neurosurgical procedures. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm
Authors: Defazio Giovanni , Livrea Paolo
Published: August 2002

We review epidemiological data on primary blepharospasm (BSP). There is a large variation in the stated prevalence of BSP, with crude estimates ranging from 16 to 133 per million in different studies. A large proportion of this variability may be the result of differences in physician education on BSP. Age and female gender may increase the risk of developing BSP. The few case‐control studies focusing on adult dystonias including BSP showed an increased risk in association with family history of dystonia and/or postural tremor, prior head and face trauma, and prior eye disease (e.g., blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis), and a decreased risk associated with cigarette smoking. No association was found with age‐related medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, family history of parkinsonism, and a history of anxiety or depression. Broocks et al. [Am J Psychiatry, 1998;155:555–557] found a significantly higher frequency of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in BSP than hemifacial spasm despite the clinical similarity. Among putative risk factors for BSP, age at onset, female gender, and prior head or face trauma may affect spread of dystonia to adjacent body regions. While limited, the body of epidemiological data support the idea that environmental and familial, possibly genetic, factors may both be important in the etiology of BSP. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Rapid DNA extraction and PCR‐sexing of mouse embryos
Authors: McClive Peter J. , Sinclair Andrew H.
Published: August 2002

We have devised a PCR‐based sexing method that is quick, simple, and highly reproducible. DNA is first extracted from embryonic mouse yolk sac via a 15 min, two‐step incubation procedure utilizing PCR‐compatible proteinase K buffer. Without any further manipulation the lysate is subjected to 30 cycles of PCR, optimized to run in less than 1 hr. The reaction includes multiplexed primer pairs for Sry and Myog (myogenin) that generate a male specific band of 441 bp and an internal control band of 245 bp, respectively. This robust method is used routinely in our laboratory and gives rapid genotyping results with 98% reliability and 100% accuracy. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 225–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.