bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Change Management in Organizations from Competing Perspectives
Authors: BATTEAU ALLEN W. , VILLEGAS GLADIS CECILIA
Published: November 2016

Since the 1980s, it has generally been accepted that corporations have cultures, and that corporate culture bears an important, if poorly understood, relationship to corporate performance. Figuring out how to measure, fine‐tune, and adjust corporate culture has been a cottage industry within management consulting ever since, employing numerous psychologists, sociologists, management theorists, communication specialists, and occasionally anthropologists. Corporate cultures have been variously characterized as strong, weak, open, closed, flexible, rigid, innovative, traditional, or (more typically) some mélange of all of these. To better understand the relationship between corporate culture and corporate performance, perhaps it would be better to understand culture as a living, breathing entity, not a museum specimen to be examined under laboratory conditions – ethnographically, that is, in a natural rather than artificial environment.

In this paper we attempt to construct a dialogue between two contrasting perspectives on organizational culture, that of anthropology and that of management studies. One of us (Batteau) is an anthropologist with 10 years’ experience working in industry and 30 years’ experience in academia; the other (Villegas) is an engineer and management scholar with 6 years’ experience in industry and 22 years’ experience in academia. As we have looked into these competing perspectives, we have begun to realize that anthropological and management perspectives on culture are, as George Bernard Shaw said about the English and the Americans, divided by a common language.

We first describe the problem, of how a firm can “manage” its culture. We follow this with three case studies in the US and Colombia where cultural interventions had mixed results. We then contrast two bodies of theory, managerial and anthropological, to show that the contrasts between these two approaches to organizational culture derive primarily from the contrasting agendas of anthropology and management, and finally, we contribute a review of some concepts to take into consideration when making a path between the praxes of Anthropology and Management.
Tell Me Why You Did That: Learning “Ethnography” from the Design Studio
Authors: DORLAND ANNEMARIE
Published: November 2016

This paper questions the role and form of ethnography in the studio setting through a comparative analysis of interviews with service and brand designers, and the promotional rhetoric of the studio organizations in which they work. It proposes that the way in which designers practice ‘ethnography’ consists of an adapted and hybrid methodological approach based not on theoretically informed data collection, analysis and interpretation, but instead of an assemblage of embodied research approaches. The ways in which designers substitute proxy audience membership, performance and praxiography for traditional ethnographic methods in their creative work and their acts of negotiation between the structural expectations of the studio organization and their own practice of cultural production are considered.
How ‘Doing Ethnography’ Fostered Collaboration in Two Organizations
Authors: CUARON DANIELA
Published: November 2016

This case study discusses the role ethnography played in fostering collaboration across two organizations during a research project. It explores how the opportunity for collaboration emerged, why it was seized upon, and what it meant for the project. The case study looks at the project challenges and mishaps and clarifies why in spite of this it is believed to be successful. It analyses the impact on people's perceptions of the project outcome and what this meant for our client.
Engineering Ethnographic Encounters to Lead to Better Project Results
Authors: DRESNER JOSHUA
Published: November 2016

This case study highlights the value of taking clients through their own ethnographic encounters during a customer experience project. It demonstrates how taking key project stakeholders on fieldwork builds their empathy with their sales and service channels and end‐customers, and creates a space for reflection and an imperative for action. The case study includes examples from ethnographic encounters and how they led clients to have a new understanding about the customer experience, and take action. It underlines the value of ethnography in business as not just uncovering insights, but as a process stakeholders should be involved in to lead to effective human‐centered strategy and direction for a client organisation.
#GoingEthno in the Indian Bureaucracy
Authors: SOLANKI AAKASH , TEWARI SARVESH
Published: November 2016

Based on experience of working in the Department of School Education, Government of Haryana on a Management Information System being built to reduce administrative workload on teachers and bureaucrats, this case study describes how ethnography was used to understand and address the problem of technology adoption in a large bureaucracy. Ethnography helped the Department in framing the problem of adoption as one of lack of adequate Digital Literacy within the organization and in developing strategies to address it. Digital Literacy workshops were conducted to improve broader Digital Literacies in the Department, which improved literacy levels by 48%. For ensuring sustainability of this initiative, the Department instituted a continuous Digital Literacy program, which will support the adoption of multiple technology projects in the future.
The Undergraduate Anthropologist
Authors: DALLAS RUBY
Published: November 2016

This presentation explores corporate Anthropology from the perspective of an undergraduate with eight years of business administration experience. Focusing on business transformation and the potential for Anthropologists to add value and assist with growth and strategy.
Biomimicry: Learnings from ‘The Field’
Authors: DAAR ADINA
Published: November 2016

The natural world is full of researchers – from the smallest of butterflies scoping out the perfect leaf to land on to the largest of elephants retracing the steps of their ancestors to find food and water. Every creature on earth is in a perpetual state of learning to adapt to the many changes of this world. This presentation will take viewers on one researcher's personal journey into the emerging discipline of ‘biomimicry’– through examples of how research is conducted in nature, and what we as researchers can learn from these insights to inspire our own.
A Prairie Home Revival
Authors: FARBER BRIANNA
Published: November 2016

This presentation explores the struggle of natural resource conservation within Iowa industrial agriculture through the issue of water quality. I discuss the politics of scientific information, specifically how different powerful players use science to achieve their goals. Science can both reveal and obscure the history of Iowa's landscape, and history holds the key to understanding water quality problems. Finally, I describe what people are trying to do to bring industrial agriculture and prairie together to create a better system.
Looking to Right‐hand Women: Strategies for Shaping Impactful Paths in Business
Authors: SILVA NATALIA , PICK HANNAH
Published: November 2016

This visual ethnography explores the hypothesis that some women in business subvert traditional power relationships by using existing stereotypes and all other tools at their disposal to become “right‐hand women.” Drawing from examples of famous women in business and quotes from qualitative interviews with women from the U.S., Mexico and Colombia, “Looking to Right‐Hand Women” tells the story of how some successful, intelligent women across several countries play a behind‐the‐scenes role in business, strategically impacting and influencing men in leadership positions to directly shape decision‐making, and ultimately the path the business takes. Through the lens of navigating the highly nuanced challenges of operating as a woman in today's business world, this visual ethnography uncovers effective strategies for building trust and effecting change in the face of complex power dynamics. These strategies could potentially be applied by consultants and internal change agents at large corporations to build trust and effect change as well.
What I Think about when I Think about Running
Authors: ROBERTS SIMON
Published: November 2016

This presentation reflects on the cognitive impacts of running. It is a personal reflection on the desire (and need) I have to run. Running is an activity that has both banal and transcendental aspects. It's physical, time consuming and sometimes verges on boring, but it also has impacts on conscious and unconscious thought. Multiple authors have explored the experience of running but I suggest that running allows me to think in more unconstrained ways than I can on other occasions. The cognitive affordances of running are, at least for me, creative stimulus. Its physicality is a refreshing break from the mental work of ethnographic analysis.
A Thrice‐Told Truth
Authors: HANOVER EVAN , CUCIUREAN‐ZAPAN MARTA
Published: November 2016

“But what do anthropologists do? What kind of special knowledge do you have access to?” This question was posed during one of the salons at EPIC2014 and cuts to the heart of the value of non‐academic anthropologists. We contend that there is not one answer, but a series of possibilities, each a pathway – to knowledge with its own consequences and import. To explore these, we take inspiration from Akira Kurosawa's classic film Rashomon and Margery Wolf's methodological critique A Thrice‐Told Tale. Both of these explore the benefits and limits of perspective by recounting a single story through different lenses. Similarly, we will take a single empirical field observation from fieldwork done on a Caribbean cruise ship. From this starting point, we will frame the same story through three different lenses commonly used in our work: as a user insight, a strategic implication, and as inspiration for innovation. We will emphasize the kinds of “knowledge” that each creates and consider what that may mean for our roles as anthropologists. We see that by applying the ethnographic method to business challenges, anthropologists make no claim on a singular, special knowledge, but rather are positioned as translators between what is true of a user's experience and what could become true within an organization.
How Asking about the Best Ice Cream Reveals Ourselves
Authors: NG JENNIFER
Published: November 2016

As an author of a book about ice cream around the world, I am often asked this question: What is the best ice cream? I am often stumped. I know that they want something that they don't know from the “expert”. So when I hesitantly answer, I would give my personal favorite, one that I discovered during my travels—a goat cheese ice cream with roasted cherries from Jeni's Ice Cream in Columbus, Ohio.

Yet I was curious—why do people ask that question if it could be potentially disappointing? Do they really want the #1 based on my personal opinion? Did they want to find something new to try? Were they trying to understand my motivation? Were they curious about a story? I unravel this question through an investigation of the intention of the question. When applied to ethnography, how does that question apply? As ethnographers, do we miss an important insight if we don't ask about the best?
The Full Epiphany
Authors: BLINKOFF ROBBIE
Published: November 2016

The Full Epiphany suggests that epiphanies are the real metric for ethnographic success. An epiphany is an out of this world understanding for how humanity works. When you have an epiphany you might simultaneously feel the following: 1) believe you see something so seemingly obvious that you can't believe you never saw it before, 2) find yourself saying “my head just blew off” or “my mind just exploded” or make that motion where you put your fists up to your head then slowly move them into the air opening them palm first and make that silly explosion sound, and/or 3) leaves you breathless and at peace and thankful for getting just a peek into the ethereal elegance for how life on earth works. The Full Epiphany suggests that the first ethnographies (think Malinowski and Mead) had built in success factors for reaching epiphanies, and that the current level of epiphanies is lower. Our ability to reach an epiphany, however, has not disappeared. So what do we do to bring our epiphanies back to full steam? The Full Epiphany is based on doing ethnographic work across academia, business and study‐abroad (as student and professor).
The role of latitudinal, genetic and temperature variation in the induction of diapause of Papilio glaucus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: Ryan Sean F. , Valella Patti , Thivierge Gabrielle , Aardema Matthew L. , Scriber J. Mark
Published: November 2016

A key adaptation in insects for dealing with variable environmental conditions is the ability to diapause. The tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus and P. canadensis are ideal species to explore the genetic causes and population genetic consequences of diapause because divergence in this trait is believed to be a salient factor in maintaining a hybrid zone between these species. Yet little is known about the factors that influence diapause induction in this system. Here we explored how spatial (latitudinal), environmental (temperature) and genetic (hybridization) factors affect diapause induction in this system. Specifically, a series of growth chamber experiments using wild caught individuals from across the eastern United States were performed to: (1) evaluate how critical photoperiod varies with latitude, (2) isolate the stage in which induction occurs, (3) test whether changes in temperature affected rates of diapause induction, and (4) explore how the incidence of diapause is affected in hybrid offspring. We find that induction occurs in the larval stage, is not sensitive to a relatively broad range of temperatures, appears to have a complex genetic basis (i.e., is not simply a dominant trait following a Mendelian inheritance pattern) and that the critical photoperiod increases by 0.4 h with each increasing degree in latitude. This work deepens our understanding of how spatial, environmental and genetic variation influences a key seasonal adaptation (diapause induction) in a well‐developed ecological model system and will make possible future studies that explore how climatic variation affects the population dynamics and genetics of this system.
Fungal infection dynamics in response to temperature in the lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella
Authors: Kryukov Vadim Y. , Yaroslavtseva Olga N. , Whitten Miranda M. A. , Tyurin Maksim V. , Ficken Katherine J. , Greig Carolyn , Melo Nadja R. , Glupov Viktor V. , Dubovskiy Ivan M. , Butt Tariq M.
Published: November 2016

This study examines how the dynamics of fungus–insect interactions can be modulated by temperature. The wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a well‐studied and important model insect whose larvae in the wild develop optimally at around 34 °C in beehives. However, surprisingly little research on wax moths has been conducted at relevant temperatures. In this study, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii inflicted rapid and substantial mortality on wax moth larvae maintained at a constant temperature of 24 °C, but at 34 °C a 10 fold higher dose was required to achieve an equivalent mortality. The cooler temperature favored fungal pathogenicity, with condial adhesion to the cuticle, germination and hemocoel invasion all significantly enhanced at 24 °C, compared with 34 °C. The wax moth larvae immune responses altered with the temperature, and with the infective dose of the fungus. Enzyme‐based immune defenses (lysozyme and phenoloxidase) exhibited enhanced activity at the warmer temperature. A dramatic upregulation in the basal expression of galiomicin and gallerimycin was triggered by cooling, and this was augmented in the presence of the fungus. Profiling of the predominant insect epicuticular fatty acids revealed a 4–7 fold increase in palmetic, oleic and linoleic acids in larvae maintained at 24 °C compared with those at 34 °C, but these failed to exert fungistatic effects on topically applied fungus. This study demonstrates the importance of choosing environmental conditions relevant to the habitat of the insect host when determining the dynamics and outcome of insect/fungus interactions, and has particular significance for the application of entomopathogens as biocontrol agents.
Laparoscopic‐guided psoas blockade as a novel analgesic method during inguinal herniorrhaphy: a clinical trial
Authors: Tammam T. F. , Salama A. F.
Published: November 2016

Background

Under laparoscopic guidance, block of ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves can be possible with anesthetic injection in the plane between psoas major and the fasciae covering its anterior aspects [laparoscopic‐assisted psoas (LAP) blockade]. This observer‐blinded trial aimed to compare the opioid‐sparing effect of LAP block with transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block after laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Methods

Forty‐five male patients were randomly assigned to receive LAP block, group LAP (n = 23), or ultrasound‐guided TAP block, group TAP (n = 22). Primary outcome measure was the analgesic requirements in the first 36 post‐operative hours. Post‐operative pain scores and sensory blockade were recorded.

Results

Median (interquartile range) total morphine requirement was significantly less in patients who underwent LAP blockade 0 (0, 4) than in patients who underwent TAP blockade 21 (10, 27; P < 0.001). LAP group showed significantly less pain at rest and on coughing compared with TAP group. The median number of dermatomes blocked was 3 (2–4) in LAP group and 3 (3–4) in TAP group (P < 0.05). The highest sensory‐level blockade was at T12 (T11‐L1) in LAP group, while it was at T10 (T10‐T11) in TAP group. The most distal dermatome involvement was at L2 (L2‐L2) in LAP group and at L1 (T12‐L1) in TAP group.

Conclusion

A single injection LAP blockade significantly reduces the post‐operative analgesic requirements and provides longer pain relief compared with TAP block after laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy.
Larix during the Mid‐Pleniglacial (Greenland Interstadial 8) on Kotelny Island, northern Siberia
Authors: van Geel Bas , Protopopov Albert , Protopopova Victoria , Pavlov Innokenti , van der Plicht Johannes , van Reenen Guido B. A.
Published: November 2016

Needles, wood and pollen of Larix, recorded in a peat deposit from Kotelny Island, northern Siberia, indicate the local occurrence of larch around 38 000 cal. a BP, which is during the Middle Pleniglacial (Greenland Interstadial 8) of the Weichselian last glacial period. The pollen record, dominated by Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Betula, Alnus, Salix and Artemisia, indicates steppe‐tundra conditions with some shrubs and trees. The distribution of Larix species plays an important role in the reconstruction of climatic conditions during the Weichselian in Siberia. Nowadays Larix does not occur on Kotelny Island and in the present situation the temperature may not be the limiting factor for Larix, but instead the long, snowy winters and the moist tundra vegetation. Our data may contribute to a better understanding of Larix refugia and Weichselian climatic conditions in northern Siberia.
Doubled Homes — Doubled Social Ties? Children's Relationships in Post‐Divorce Shared Residence Arrangements
Authors: Zartler Ulrike , Grillenberger Katrin
Published: November 2016

Although an increasing number of children live in shared residence arrangements after parental divorce, studies on their social relationships are rare. We address this research gap by relying on configurational approaches, social capital and social networks. Building on qualitative case studies (ego‐centred networks, interviews) with 14 children aged 10–14, results show that respondents constructed social ties based on two key categories: emotional closeness and constancy. Having two places of residence did not multiply close relations, and relations that entered the network after parental divorce (e.g. step kin) were particularly distant. Children's networks at both homes had limited interconnections.
Assessment of the pathogenicity of marine Cladosporium spp. towards mangroves
Authors: Liu Y. , Li Y. , Lin Q. , Zhang Y.
Published: November 2016

Mangroves play an important role in coastal ecosystems. In this work, Cladosporium spp were isolated from a natural mangrove environment in Zhanjiang Bay, Guangdong Province, China. Ninety‐one isolates were obtained and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. colocasiae, C. oxysporum, C. perangustum, C. sphaerospermum, C. tenuissimum and C. uredinicola. Forty‐two isolates were selected and tested for pathogenicity towards mangroves. The results showed that pathogenic isolates were found on Avicennia marina, Kandelia candel and Rhizophora stylosa with prevalence of 93.40%, 83.52% and 7.41%, respectively. This indicated that A. marina and K. candel were more vulnerable to Cladosporium ssp. than R. stylosa. Among the seven species, C. colocasiae had the strongest pathogenic effect towards A. marina and K. candel with a prevalence of 100.00%. The rest of the seven species also showed pathogenic effects on the same plants. These results provided valuable insights into the effect of various pathogens on mangroves.
Effect of decreased fishing effort off Fukushima on abundance of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using an age‐structured population model incorporating seasonal coastal‐offshore migrations
Authors: Shibata Yasutoki , Sakuma Tooru , Wada Toshihiro , Kurita Yutaka , Tomiyama Takeshi , Yamada Manabu , Iwasaki Takashi , Mizuno Takuji , Yamanobe Akibumi
Published: November 2016

Off Fukushima, Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is a highly‐valued species supporting coastal and offshore fisheries. We developed an age‐structured population model incorporating seasonal coastal‐offshore migrations to estimate and predict the abundance of Japanese flounder off Fukushima, where fishing has been restricted since the 2011 Fukushima Dai‐ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident. We estimated the abundance of Japanese flounder using catch per unit effort from coastal gill net and offshore bottom trawl fishing from January 2000 to February 2011 and predicted the abundance under two different fishing effort scenarios (the same effort level as 2010 or decreased effort after the FNPP accident). Estimated abundance reflected the seasonal coastal‐offshore migrations well, and it was estimated that abundance increased during and after 2007 because of high recruitments. In contrast, it was concluded that the predicted abundance on and after 2012 increased owing to the decreased fishing effort because the same estimated recruits were used in both scenarios. This indicates that the waters off Fukushima have effectively been serving as a marine protected area for Japanese flounder since the FNPP accident. This result was validated because almost all (83%) of the observed abundance index values calculated from a scientific bottom trawl survey during 2003–2014 were included within the estimated (predicted) 95% credible intervals of estimated (predicted) abundance index in the period. We also demonstrated the model's applicability for estimating the optimal fishing effort and age at first landing to maximize the earnings from gillnet and bottom trawl fisheries.
Sensorimotor and visual perceptual functioning in school‐aged children with Williams syndrome
Authors: Wuang Y.‐P. , Tsai H.‐Y.
Published: November 2016

Background

The purpose of the study was to describe sensorimotor profile and visual perceptual performance in school‐aged (6–12 years) children with Williams syndrome (WS). The impacts of sensorimotor and visual perception on participation in WS were examined as well to guide research and evidence‐based practices.

Methods

A total of 38 children with WS aged 6 to 12 years were evaluated with measures of motor performance (Bruininks–Oseretsky of Motor Proficiency—Second Edition), sensory processing (Sensory Profile), visual perceptual abilities (Test of Visual Perception Skills—Third Edition) and activity participation (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, School Function Assessment).

Results

Children with WS performed significantly less well on all sensorimotor and visual perceptual measures, and 71% of children scored in the impaired range on six or more (one third of ) out of 18 measures. They had weaker fine motor skills than gross motor skills. Sensory modulation was the most impaired among the sensory processing functions. Visual perceptions were all moderately impaired. All the sensorimotor measures and visual perceptual functions correlated to the cognitive functions (IQ) and linked to activity participation measures in WS.

Conclusions

Our findings characterised the profiles of body functions (sensorimotor functions and visual organisation) of children with DS, and revealed their correlations with activity participation. Interventions focused on improving body functions are needed while stressing the acquisition of functional skills that increase participation in age‐appropriate activities.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as a measure of disease activity and treatment efficacy in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Novakova Lenka , Axelsson Markus , Khademi Mohsen , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Malmeström Clas , Piehl Fredrik , Olsson Tomas , Lycke Jan
Published: November 2016

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers can reflect different aspects of the pathophysiology of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Understanding the impact of different disease modifying therapies on the CSF biomarker profile may increase their implementation in clinical practice and their appropriateness for monitoring treatment efficacy. This study investigated the influence of first‐line (interferon beta) and second‐line (natalizumab) therapies on seven CSF biomarkers in RRMS and their correlation with clinical and radiological outcomes. We included 59 RRMS patients and 39 healthy controls. The concentrations of C‐X‐C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13), C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (CHI3L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light protein (NFL), and neurogranin were determined by ELISA, and chitotriosidase (CHIT1) was analyzed by spectrofluorometry. RRMS patients had higher levels of NFL, CXCL13, CHI3L1, and CHIT1 than controls (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed higher NFL, CXCL13 and CHIT1 levels in patients treated with first‐line therapy compared to second‐line therapy (p = 0.008, p = 0.001 and p = 0.026, respectively). NFL and CHIT1 levels correlated with relapse status, and NFL and CXCL13 levels correlated with the formation of new magnetic resonance imaging lesions. Furthermore, we found an association between inflammatory and degenerative biomarkers. The results indicate that CSF levels of NFL, CXCL13, CHI3L1, and CHIT1 correlate with the clinical and/or radiological disease activity, providing additional dimensions in the assessment of treatment efficacy.

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Treatment of cutaneous larva migrans with a single session of carbon dioxide laser: a study of ten cases in the Philippines
Authors: Soriano Livia Francine , Piansay‐Soriano Miriam Emily
Published: November 2016

Background

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) has a detrimental effect on patients' emotional and physical quality of life. Due to local unavailability of gold standard oral treatments for CLM, carbon dioxide laser was attempted. We present a case series where a single session of carbon dioxide laser treatment was associated with cessation of signs and symptoms of CLM.

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single session of carbon dioxide laser in the treatment of CLM.

Materials and Methods

Ten cases (eight patients) with CLM were treated with one session of carbon dioxide laser treatment and followed up daily for the first week with photographic documentation and then weekly for the next 3 weeks to complete a 4 week follow‐up period.

Results

The first cases in our series, who received one to two passes of fractional CO2 laser, experienced further larval migration for 2–3 days, after which no more progression was noted. For the next seven cases, we increased the number of CO2 laser passes to 3–4, and noted no further larval migration. At the end of the 4‐week follow‐up period, all CO2 laser‐treated areas were completely healed, leaving postinflammatory hyperpigmentation of the serpiginous track.

Conclusion

The results of this case series indicate the efficacy of a single session of CO2 laser in treating CLM. Further studies are required to identify the minimum number of passes required to effectively control CLM.
Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine following oral administration in laying chickens
Authors: Rairat T. , Ou S. C. , Chang S. K. , Li K. P. , Vickroy T. W. , Chou C. C.
Published: November 2016

The study was designed to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion profiles (including eggs) of cyromazine (CYR) in chickens following oral administration alone or in combination with melamine (MEL). In order to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of CYR, chickens were administered 1 or 10 mg/kg (single oral doses), whereas residue studies were conducted in chickens fed CYR alone (5 or 10 mg/kg) or CYR (5 mg/kg) and MEL (5 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days. Estimates for the apparent volume of distribution (1.66 L/kg), clearance (7.17 mL/kg/min), and elimination half‐life (2.82 h) were derived by noncompartmental analyses. The highest concentration of CYR occurred in liver but fell below detectable limits within 3 days following drug withdrawal from feed. Combined feeding of MEL with CYR did not significantly alter CYR tissue levels. CYR residues were detected only in egg white and were undetectable at the 2nd day postadministration. No MEL was found in eggs unless it had been added to the feed, and when present, it almost exclusively restricted to the egg white. Based upon the results of this initial study of CYR pharmacokinetics and residue depletion, it appears that use of CYR as a feed additive either alone (5 or 10 mg/kg) or in combination with MEL (both agents at 5 mg/kg) does not produce unsafe residue levels in edible products as long as appropriate withdrawal periods are followed for tissues (3 days) and eggs (2 days). However, our results indicate that adoption of a zero‐day withdrawal period should be reconsidered in light of these results.
Hybridization between pollination syndromes as an ecological and evolutionary resource
Authors: Cronk Quentin , Yang Ji Yong
Published: November 2016

In plants, pollination syndromes (the correlated presence of many features of relevance to pollination mode, for instance pollination by a particular animal clade) are a striking feature of plant biodiversity, providing great floral phenotypic diversity (Fenster et al. ). Adaptation to a particular animal pollinator provides an explanation for why recently diverged plants can have such extreme differentiation in floral form. One might expect such elaborate adaptations to provide a high degree of pollinator specificity and hence reproductive isolation, but there are many cases where substantial gene flow exists between extreme floral morphs (see Table 1), and the resulting hybrids may be highly fertile. This gene flow provides tremendous opportunities to study the genetics and biology of the pollination syndromes by providing intermediate forms and segregating genotypes. If it is true that pollination syndromes result from adaptation under strong selection, we will expect such flowers to be crucibles of natural selection. If strong selection for particular floral phenotypes can be shown, then this, when coupled with hybridization, will give us one of the most valuable of all experimental systems for evolutionary research: gene flow and selection in balance. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, the paper of Milano et al. () delivers this. It shows that in populations of the Ipomopsis aggregata complex, gene flow between pollination morphs is high and selection to stabilize those morphs is also high: a probable case of gene flow–selection balance.
The evolution of lycopsid rooting structures: conservatism and disparity
Authors: Hetherington Alexander J. , Dolan Liam
Published: November 2016

Contents

Summary
538

I.
Introduction
538

II.
Conservation of lycopsid root structure
539

III.
Disparity in the structures from which lycopsid roots develop
541

IV.
Conclusions
542

Acknowledgements
543

References
543

The evolution of rooting structures was a crucial event in Earth's history, increasing the ability of plants to extract water, mine for nutrients and anchor above‐ground shoot systems. Fossil evidence indicates that roots evolved at least twice among vascular plants, in the euphyllophytes and independently in the lycophytes. Here, we review the anatomy and evolution of lycopsid rooting structures. Highlighting recent discoveries made with fossils we suggest that the evolution of lycopsid rooting structures displays two contrasting patterns – conservatism and disparity. The structures termed roots have remained structurally similar despite hundreds of millions of years of evolution – an example of remarkable conservatism. By contrast, and over the same time period, the organs that give rise to roots have diversified, resulting in the evolution of numerous novel and disparate organs.
Effects of partial sleep deprivation on reaction time in anesthesiologists
Authors: Saadat Haleh , Bissonnette Bruno , Tumin Dmitry , Raman Vidya , Rice Julie , Barry N‘Diris , Tobias Joseph
Published: November 2016

Background

Fatigue in anesthesiologists may have implications that extend beyond individual well‐being.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of sleep deprivation on the reaction time in anesthesiologists either after an overnight call or regular working hours. Moderation of this effect by coping strategies was observed.

Methods

Psychomotor vigilance test was used to assess reaction time in 23 anesthesiologists at two time‐points: (i) on a regular non‐call day and (ii) after a 17‐h in‐house call. Student's paired t‐test was used to compare Psychomotor Vigilance Task data at these two moments. Change score regression was performed to determine the association between coping strategies, assessed using the Coping Strategy Indicator instrument, and decline in reaction time after night call.

Results

Twenty‐one colleagues completed the psychomotor vigilance test measurements after two decided to end their participation for personal reasons. Post‐call psychomotor vigilance test mean reaction time decreased by an average of 31.2 ms (95% CI: 0.5, 61.9; P = 0.047) when compared to regular day. Reliance on specific coping mechanisms, indicated by Coping Strategy Indicator scale scores, included problem‐solving (28 ± 4), followed by seeking social support (23 ± 5) and avoidance (19 ± 4). The change score regression model (r2 = 0.48) found that greater reliance on avoidance was associated with greater increase in reaction time after night call.

Conclusion

Reaction time increased considerably in anesthesiologists after a night call duty. Greater subjective reliance on avoidance as a coping strategy was associated with greater deterioration in performance.
Judicialization of Environmental Policy and the Crisis of Democratic Accountability
Authors: Kramarz Teresa , Cosolo David , Rossi Alejandro
Published: November 2016

A growing global trend of judicializing environmental policy has been received with optimism, and in the context of democracies in transition, many have found in an active Supreme Court a potential solution to political impasses. However, as the judiciary is the least democratic of the three branches of government, what impact does judicialization have on democratic accountability? We claim that judicialization generates accountability losses in two ways. First, theoretically, when the Court takes on managerial functions that extend beyond its adjudicative role, it distorts its horizontal accountability functions. Second, empirically, when the Court becomes involved in policy formulation, effectiveness is not guaranteed yet there are no vertical accountability sanctions the polity can impose on judges. We illustrate this argument with an emblematic and instructive case of judicialization of environmental policy in Argentina. We conclude that judicialization to remedy policy failures undermines democratic accountability.
Union Campaigning and Coalition Building: The Case of we are Ohio
Authors: Thomas Coventry Barbara , Van Hoy Jerry
Published: November 2016

The union community organizing approach advocates coalition building between unions and community groups. Union leaders must be educated about social concerns in their community, and union activities and campaigns must serve as a means of educating the community. We examine how union and community groups formed a coalition to repeal Ohio Senate Bill 5/Issue 2, a law restricting collective Bargaining in Ohio. Our article uses interviews and an analysis of newspaper coverage of the Ohio Senate Bill 5/Issue 2 campaign to examine how the campaign to repeal the law met the goal of educating the community to understand the right to collective bargaining as a social justice issue. We identify four interrelated themes in the newspaper coverage of the Senate Bill 5/Issue 2 campaign that unions and their allies used to successfully convince the populace of Ohio to vote for repeal.
Designing of the Gerotor Pump Body Made of Plastics
Authors: Krawczyk Justyna , Stryczek Jarosław
Published: November 2016

The article presents the design process of the gerotor pump body made of plastic. As the shape of the projected body a simple prism with a square base was adopted. That body shape is called the basic. It consists of three parts: front, middle and back body, which are connected by a screw joint. This shape was subject to strength analysis, using the FEM method. As a result of these analysis, the place and nature of the stress and deformation of the basic body shape was determined. It was established that the body is deformed in both axial ie. along the pump shaft axis, and radial directions, ie. perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. There have been made modifications to the basic shape of the body in order to reduce the stress and deformation. As a result of these modifications, the modified body shape was obtained, which was then subjected to strength analysis by FEM method. It was found that the modifications resulted in reduction of the stress and deformation. Reducing the stress values, enables loading of pump body with higher operating pressures. Reducing the deformation of the body leads to a reduction in axial and radial clearances in the pump and enables achieving higher efficiency.
Exonomy Analysis for the Selection of the Most Cost-Effective Pneumatic Drive Solution
Authors: Rakova Elvira , Weber Jürgen
Published: November 2016

Today pneumatic drives are widely used to perform various motion tasks. They distinguish themselves through low purchase price and robust design, but show high energy consumption in comparison with electric drives. Existing energy saving measures lead to the reduction of energy consumption, but at the same time they cause the increase of the life cycle costs. All in all, the selection of pneumatic drives has to be done regarding their functionality, efficiency and costs. In this paper the novel Exonomy approach is presented for the selection of the most cost-effective pneumatic drive solution. Developed analysis enables 3 steps. First step includes the new approach for the sizing of pneumatic cylinders based on exergy-energy balance. The term Sizing Factor (SF) is introduced to perform the grade of over sizing of the actuator due to the loss occurred in the system. The second step provides the information about energy consumption. The last step enables the information about life cycle costs of the system and gains the data about amortization time based on Life Cycle Costs (LCC). In the current study all steps of Exonomy analysis has been applied to the vertical as well as to the horizontal pneumatic drives. This study has identified SF for various loading mass and velocities, typical for handling machines. The simulation models were validated with the help of the measurement results. Summarizing, a new formula is proposed to choose the design parameters of the drive. And finally, the quid-line is presented to choose the most cost-effective drive solution.
An Analytic Approach to Cascade Control Design for Hydraulic Valve-Cylinder Drives
Authors: Schmidt Lasse , Hansen Anders H. , Andersen Torben O. , Pedersen Henrik C.
Published: November 2016

Motion control design for hydraulic drives remains to be a complicated task, and has not evolved on a level with electrical drives. When considering specifically motion control of hydraulic drives, the industry still prefers conventional linear control structures, often combined with feed forward control and possibly linear active damping functionalities. However difficulties often arise due to the inherent and strong nonlinear nature of hydraulic drives, with the more dominant being nonlinear valve flow- and oil stiffness characteristics, and furthermore the volume expansion/retraction when considering cylinder drives. A widely used approach with electrical drives is state controlor cascade control, that may by successfully applied to manipulate the drive dynamics in order to achieve high bandwidths etc., due to the nearly constant parameter-nature of such drives. Such properties are however, unfortunately not present in valveoperated hydraulic drives.

This paper considers a cascade control approach for hydraulic valve-cylinder drives motivated by the fact that this may be applied to successfully suppress nonlinearities. The drive is pre-compensated utilizing a pressure updated inverse valve flow relation, ideally eliminating the system gain variation, and the linear model equations for the pre-compensated system is used for the cascade control design. The cascade design does not utilize e.g. bode plots, root loci etc., and is based on an analytic approach, emphasizing the exact influence of each control parameter, resulting in an easily comprehensible control structure. Two versions of this cascade control approach is presented, with the first utilizing pressure-, piston velocity- and piston position feedback, and the second utilizing only pressure- and piston position feedback. The latter may be especially interesting in an industrial context, as this does not use the velocity feedback, which is rarely available here. Furthermore, the position control loop is designed analytically to guarantee a user defined gain margin. The proposed control design approach is verified through simulations, and results demonstrate the announced properties.
Simulation of Gear Pump Noise Generation
Authors: Gafurov Salimzhan , Rodionov Leonid , Makaryants Georgy
Published: November 2016

The possibility of numerical modelling of the pump workflow allows to significantly reduce the cost of conducting experimental research and development. There exists a variety of gear pump semi-experimental and theoretical models. This work presents a method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, structural analysis finite-element (FEM) analysis and the acoustic analogy method and includes hydrodynamic, mechanical and acoustic sub-models. Large eddy scale turbulent model was used for accurate flow vortex and acoustic vortex structures description. Acoustic model is based on the gear pump frequency response estimation. The calculation was performed by a direct method in MSC Nastran. In order to receive more precise results during these calculations, the weight of the working fluid has been taken into account. Amplitudes and phases of the external loads have been mainly concerned to make frequency response calculation. The impact from the constant load does not cause dynamic response and was calculated in a static mode. These frequencies were used as initial conditions for air noise simulation. The developed model allows to evaluate acoustic pressure levels in different planes at given frequencies.
Design and Implementation of Supervisory Control for an Electropneumatic Station Subject to Faults in Material Flow
Authors: Szpak Rodrigo , de Queiroz Max Hering
Published: November 2016

Human intervention in automated manufacturing systems may result in faults in material flow leading to incoherent behavior of the control system. Particularly when multiple workpieces can be operated concurrently, the design of a programmable logic controller (PLC) that can handle such nondeterministic events is a complex task that justifies the use of formal methods such as the Supervisory Control Theory (SCT). The main objective of this work is the use of SCT for the systematic design of the automation system of an electro-pneumatic station of a Modular Production System prone to faults in the material flow. A code generation tool has been used to translate the modular supervisors into an IEC61131 PLC program, whose automata-based structure has been exploited by several functionalities of a SCADA System. The implementation of supervisory control allows the station to flexibly process five workpieces simultaneously, with conformance to functional requirements and with safety to deal with the nondeterministic removal of workpieces along the station.
Trajectory Planning Based on Firefly Metaheuristic Algorithm Applied to Pneumatically Driven Modular Robots
Authors: Cukla Anselmo Rafael , Crespo Izquierdo Rafael , Perondi Eduardo André , Sobczyk Mario Roland , Lorini Flavio José , Barata José
Published: November 2016

One of the main goals of modern manufacturing systems lies in attaining more flexibility and reutilization capabilities with lower costs. This paper presents the development of a proposal for the design and development of mechatronic modules to use on the mounting of robot manipulators based on the concept of “agent”, which is largely employed in informatics systems. We first describe the main features of this research project, after focusing on its current development stage, which regards the conception of a general methodology for trajectory planning of modular robotic systems.

The proposed solution is evaluated and validated by means of a case study focused on robots with pneumatic actuators. In this case study, the structure of a modular pneumatic Cartesian robot and its main characteristics (kinematic chain, workspace, etc.) is developed under modular agent concepts. Using a proposed task to be performed by the manipulator, a working path is defined by means of cubic spline interpolation curves, and an objective function for the optimization problem is written so as to minimize the movement time between the beginning and the end of the trajectory. The proposed optimization problem is numerically solved based on the use of the Firefly Metaheuristic Algorithm and, finally, the trajectory planning curves obtained by means of this strategy are presented and discussed.