bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CRATER DETECTION USING TEXTURE FEATURE AND RANDOM PROJECTION DEPTH FUNCTION
Authors: Wang Y. , Tong X. , Xie H. , Jiang M. , Huang Y. , Liu S. , Xu X. , Du Q. , Wang Q. , Wang C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In this paper, a novel automatic crater detection algorithm (CDA) based on traditional texture feature and random projection depth function has been proposed. By using traditional texture feature, mathematical morphology is used to identify crater initially. To further reduce the false detection rate, random projection depth function is used. For this purpose, firstly, gray level co-occurrence matrix and a novel grade level co-occurrence matrix are both used to further obtain the texture features of these candidate craters. Secondly, based on the above collected features, random projection depth function is used to refine the crater candidate detection results. LRO Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) mosaic images (1 m/pixel) and Wide-angle Camera (WAC) mosaic images (100 m/pixel) are used to test the accuracy of proposed method. The experimental results indicate our proposed method is robust to detect craters located in different terrains.
DATA PROCESSING ARCHITECTURES FOR MONITORING FLOODS USING SENTINEL-1
Authors: Wagner W. , Freeman V. , Cao S. , Matgen P. , Chini M. , Salamon P. , McCormick N. , Martinis S. , Bauer-Marschallinger B. , Navacchi C. , Schramm M. , Reimer C. , Briese C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by Earth observation satellites often constitute the only source of information for monitoring the progression of flood events over larger regions. Particularly attractive are the SAR data acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites because they are free and open, and combine a short revisit time with a good spatial and radiometric resolution. In this contribution, we discuss how a Sentinel-1 data processing system should be designed to optimally benefit from the dense Sentinel-1 time series and advanced algorithms such as change detection or machine learning methods. This was one of the questions addressed by an expert group tasked by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission to investigate the feasibility of an automated, global, satellite-based flood monitoring product for the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. Drawing from the expert group report, we distinguish three broad categories of data processing architectures, namely single-image, dual-image, and data cube processing architectures. While the latter architecture is the most demanding in terms of large storage and compute capacities, it is also the most promising to derive high-quality Sentinel-1 flood maps comprised not just of the flood mask but also of data fields describing the retrieval uncertainty and masks showing where Sentinel-1 cannot detect floods due to physical reasons. Therefore, we recommend to use data cube processing architectures and showcase the use of the Austrian Data Cube for monitoring a small-scale flood event that occurred in Austria in November 2019.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPECTRAL INFORMATION EXTRACTION ALGORITHMS FOR TARGET DETECTION OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONES USING ASTER SATELLITE IMAGE DATA
Authors: Abubakar A. J. , Hashim M. , Pour A. B. , Saleh Y.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data for target detection of hydrothermal alteration zones associated with geothermal (GT) springs as proxy for narrowing areas of interest. The study employed the Per-pixel Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and the Sub-pixel Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) algorithms for spectral information extraction by using the ASTER satellite image data. In both cases, image endmember spectra specifically for kaolinite, alunite, and illite and calcite zones were selected and extracted by using the Analytical Imaging and Geophysics (AIG)-developed processing methods. The results of the analysis show that both SAM and LSU discriminated targets of interest better when employing image spectra and poorly when using library spectra. However, the Per-pixel SAM is unsuitable for target detection and more suited where the objective of the investigation is to classify whole scene and not particular targets as in this case. The LSU was found to be effective for discriminating alterations associated with the thermal springs especially where image endmember spectra are employed for analysis, thus recommended for prefeasibility mapping of GT related resources.
ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION OF DIFFERENT REMOTE SENSING DATA IN SUGARCANE CROP YIELD STUDY
Authors: Akbarian S. , Xu C.-Y. , Lim S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Sugarcane is a perennial crop that contributes to nearly 80% of the global sugar-based products. Therefore, sugarcane growers and food companies are seeking ways to address the concerns related to sugarcane crop yield and health. In this study, a spatial and spectral analysis on the peak growth stage of the sugarcane fields in Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia is performed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE) derived from high-resolution WorldView-2 (WV2) images and multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images. Two topics are chosen for this study: 1) the difference and correlation between NDVI and NDRE that are commonly used to estimate Leaf Area Index, a common crop parameter for the assessment of crop yield and health stages; 2) the impact of spatial resolution on the systematic difference in the abovementioned two Vegetation Indices (VIs). The statistical correlation analysis between the WV2 and UAV images produced correlation coefficients of 0.68 and 0.71 for NDVI and NDRE, respectively. In addition, an overall comparison of the WV2 and UAV-derived VIs indicated that the UAV images produced a better accuracy than the WV2 images because UAV can effectively distinguish various status of vegetation owing to its high spatial resolution. The results illustrated a strong positive correlation between NDVI and NDRE, each derived from the WV2 and UAV images, and the correlation coefficients were 0.81 and 0.90, respectively, i.e. the correlation between NDVI and NDRE is higher in the UAV images than the WV2 images.
A BOUNDARY AWARE NEURAL NETWORK FOR ROAD EXTRACTION FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY
Authors: Sui H. , Zhou M. , Peng M. , Xiong N.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Automatic road extraction from high-resolution remote sensing imagery has various applications like urban planning and automatic navigation. Existing methods for automatic road extraction however, focus on regional accuracy but not on the boundary quality. To address this problem, a Boundary-aware Road extraction Network (BARoadNet) is proposed. BARoadNet is a coarse-to-fine architecture composed of two encoder-to-decoder networks, a Coarse Map Predicting Module (CMPM) and Fine Map Predicting Module (FMPM). The CMPM learns to predict coarse road segmentation maps. The FMPM is used to refine the coarse road maps by learning the difference between the coarse road extraction result and the ground truth. Experiments are conducted on the open Massachusetts Road Dataset. Quantitative and qualitative analysis demonstrate that the proposed BARoadNet can improve the quality and accuracy of road extraction results compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION OF NDVI IN THE YELLOW RIVER SOURCE REGION FROM 1998 TO 2016
Authors: Fu J. , Wang M. , Pang Z. , Jiang W. , Lu J. , Yang K. , Li L. , Li X. , Qu W.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Quantification of vegetation change and its coupling relationship with climate change has become the central topic in current global change researches. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data and meteorological data from 1998 to 2016 were collected to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of NDVI in growing season in the Yellow River source region and its response to climate change, based on the trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test and correlation analysis．The results indicated that: (1) In the past 19 years, the average NDVI in the region showed a slow increase, with a growth rate of 0.002/a and a catastrophe point in 2005, and the area with an upward trend accounted for 71.4% of the total area. (2) The climate of the area had been becoming warm and moist since the recent 19 years, both precipitation and temperature in growing season showed an upward trend. The partial correlation analysis showed that NDVI was positively correlated with precipitation and temperature, significantly relevant area accounting for 31.01% and 56.40% of the total area individually. The sensitivity of NDVI to temperature was higher than that of precipitation. According to residual analysis over the 19 years, human activities had negative effects on NDVI accounting 53.58% of the study area, and the implementation of a series of ecological protection engineering measures was the main cause leading to an increasing trend of NDVI after 2005.
SATELLITE-DRIVEN ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLANDS IN THE CITY OF ZAGREB, CROATIA
Authors: Krtalić A. , Kuveždić Divjak A. , Čmrlec K.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This study aims to assess surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) pattern over the city of Zagreb, Croatia, based on satellite (optical and thermal) remote sensing data. The spatio-temporal identification of SUHIs is analysed using the 12 sets of Landsat 8 imagery acquired during 2017 (in each month of the year). Vegetation cover within the city boundaries is extracted by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data fusion method on calculated three vegetation indices (VI): Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) for each set of bands. The first principal component was used to compute the land surface temperature (LST) and deductive Environmental Criticality Index (ECI). As expected, the relationship between LST and all VI scores shows a negative correlation and is most negative with RVI. The environmentally critical areas and the patterns of seasonal variations of the SUHIs in the city of Zagreb were identified based on the LST, ECI and vegetation cover. The city centre, an industrial area in the eastern part and an area with shopping centers and commercial buildings in the western part of the city were identified as the most critical areas.
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF POTENTIAL FUTURE URBANIZATION SCENARIOS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MICROCLIMATE OF LOWER SESSION ROAD, BAGUIO CITY
Authors: Baloloy A. , Cruz J. A. , Sta. Ana R. R. , Blanco A. , Lubrica N. V. , Valdez C. J. , Bernardo J. J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This paper analyzed both the horizontal and vertical extent of air temperature variations as affected by vegetation leaf area density (LAD) and building area per height threshold. The current microclimate (Scenario 1) and two potential future urbanization scenarios in Lower Session Road, Baguio City were simulated with ENVI-met. The future scenarios include the removal of the Balete trees in the median strip (Scenario 2), and removal of some pine trees and addition of new buildings in the study site (Scenario 3). Remotely-sensed data were used in creating the primary model inputs including the initial built-up layer from PlanetScope green-based built-up index (VgNIR-BI), and digital elevation models (DEM) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maps derived from unmanned aerial system (UAS) for tree canopy mapping. The horizontal variations in air temperature were observed by selecting three subsites with different proximity to the adjusted variables, while vertical analysis was done by comparing the temperature values from the near-ground up to the 20m height range. Very minimal temperature change (0 °C to −0.01 °C) was observed between the current and simulated scenarios when average temperature of the whole site is obtained. However, temperature variations were better observed with per-subsite analysis as the effects of the adjusted variables are seen to be localized and restricted only to the surrounding thermal condition. Air temperature is highest within 12:00 to 13:00 hours for the three scenarios. In the current scenario, the right region of the study site is cooler in the morning, which gradually became warmer pre-noon up to late afternoon. Removal of Balete trees with Scenario 2 have increased the temperature in the near-ground elevation only, both in Subsites 1 (up to 0.1 °C) and 3 (up to 1.6 °C), attributed to the loss of surface shadow and reduction in total LAD. In contrast, the removal of pine trees and addition of buildings impacted the air temperature across all subsites and across all atmospheric height ranges. Application of Scenario 3 to Subsite 3 which is close to the adjusted variables, gave the highest near-ground air temperature rise across the study site with a mean value of 1.4 °C and a maximum value of 1.9 °C. The ENVI-met model of the current scenario generated high accuracy (R2 = 0.59 to 0.99) which implies that the simulation outputs are reliable for this study.
IMPACT OF URBAN FORMS ON 3D BUILT-UP INTENSITY EXPANSION RATE FROM AERIAL STEREO-IMAGERY
Authors: Mwangi P. W. , Karanja F. N. , Kamau P. K. , Letema S. C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Urban areas have been cited to be contributors to changing climatic conditions. Conversion of vegetated areas to impervious surfaces causes an alteration of surface temperatures, where impervious surfaces absorb and store incoming radiation during the day, releasing it slowly at night. This causes the urban heat island effect where temperatures in urban areas are higher than rural areas during night. Extreme weather conditions experienced in urban areas include heat waves, intense rainfall resulting to flash floods, destruction of infrastructure facilities. The research involved the use of time-series of stereo-aerial images acquired in 1978, 2000 and 2017. Building footprints were digitized and using digital elevation models, building heights were derived and volumes calculated. Road volumes were calculated using minimum standards of road construction and the total built-up volume was determined. The ground coverage ratio (GCR) and built-up volume densities (BVD) of the built-up areas was calculated from area and volumes from road and building values. Results indicate the mean GCR and BVD in Upper Hill is within the low density range. Mean building height from 1978 to 2017 are in the low-rise range with significant rise in building height and volumes between 1998 and 2017. The 3D built-up intensity expansion rate ranged between −4.28% to 56.80% per annum with a mean of 19.6% per annum. Roads and pavements also have a significant influence on the built-up density and should therefore be considered in planning policies.
EXPLORATION OF MUNICIPAL MOBILITY USING SMARTPHONE GPS DATA
Authors: Peng X. , Wang C. , Liu K. , Quinones A. , Li S. , Shan J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Due to the advances in location-acquisition techniques, smartphone GPS location data has emerged with opportunity for research, development, innovation, and business. A variety of research has been developed to study human behaviour through exploring patterns from these data. In this paper, we use smartphone GPS location data to investigate municipal mobility. Kernel density estimation and emerging hot spot analysis are used to the GPS dataset to demonstrate GPS user (point) distribution across space and time. Flow maps are capable of tracking clustering behaviours and direction maps drawn upon the orientation of vectors can precisely identify location of the events. Case study with Indianapolis metropolitan area traffic rush hour verifies the effectiveness of these methods. Furthermore, we identify smartphone GPS data of vehicles and develop a concise and effective method for traffic volume estimation for county highway network. It is shown that the developed smartphone GPS data analytics is powerful for predicting reliable annual average daily traffic estimation. The study showcases the capability of GPS location data in identifying municipal mobility patterns for both citizens and vehicles.
A SATELLITE IMAGING MISSION PLANNING METHOD FOR FAST ANTARCTICA COVERAGE
Authors: Chen Y. , Shen X. , Zhang G. , Liu T. , Lu Z. , Xu J. , Wang H.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Global warming has become one of the most prominent global issues, and Antarctic ice sheet is one of the indicator of global climate change. Satellite imagery has become an important means of monitoring the changes in Antarctic ice sheet. Due to the high overlap of satellite imaging swaths, the existing Antarctica images have the disadvantages of long period of imagery acquisition, large temporal difference among the mosaic images, and low utilization of satellite resource. This paper proposes a satellite imaging mission planning method for fast Antarctica coverage. First, the imaging time window is forecasted within the specified imaging time range to obtain all the visible time windows of the imaging satellite to Antarctica. Then, taking the selection of each time window and the satellite swing angle in each time window as decision variables, and the satellite attitude maneuver ability as constraint, an imaging mission model including two objective functions with minimum number of imaging time windows and the maximum coverage rate is established. To solving the proposed multi-objective optimization model, an improved real-binary hybrid LMOCSO (large-scale multi-objective optimization based on a competitive swarm optimizer) is proposed in this paper. Finally, a simulation experiment was performed using Gaofen-3 satellite to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
EVALUATION AND OPTIMISATION OF CROWD-BASED COLLECTION OF TREES FROM 3D POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Walter V. , Kölle M. , Yin Y.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The term "Crowdsourcing" goes back to Jeff Howe (Howe, 2006) and represents a neologism of the words "crowd" and "outsourcing". Unlike outsourcing, where companies outsource certain tasks to known third parties, crowdsourcing outsources tasks to unknown workers (crowdworkers) on the Internet. This allows companies to access large numbers of workers who would otherwise not be available. In this paper, we will discuss an approach for the crowd-based collection of trees by means of minimum bounding cylinders from 3D point clouds. We will demonstrate the used web-interface and compare the results with reference data. To improve the quality of the results, we collect the data not only once but multiple times. This enables us to implement a so-called “Wisdom of the Crowd” approach where we can identify automatically outliers and derive integrated cylinders. We will show in this paper that this approach increases significantly the quality of the results.
WI-FI RSS FINGERPRINTING FOR INDOOR LOCALIZATION USING AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Ahmad A. , Claudio P. , Alizadeh Naeini A. , Sohn G.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Indoor localization has attracted the attention of researchers for wide applications in areas like construction, facility management, industries, logistics, and health. The Received Signal Strength (RSS) based fingerprinting method is widely adopted because it has a lower cost over other methods. RSS is a measurement of the power present in the received radio signal. While this fingerprinting method is very popular, there is a significant amount of effort required for collecting fingerprints for indoor space. In this paper, we propose an RSS fingerprinting method using Augmented Reality (AR) that does not rely on an external sensor resulting in ease of use and maintenance. This method uses spatial mapping techniques to help align the floor plan of existing buildings; then, after the alignment, we map local device coordinates to global coordinates. After this process, we partition the space in equally distanced reference points for RSS fingerprint collection. We developed an application for Microsoft HoloLens to align the floor plan and collect fingerprints on reference points. Then we tested collected fingerprints with existing RSS based indoor localization methods for its accuracy and performance.
TRANSFER LEARNING FOR INDOOR OBJECT CLASSIFICATION: FROM IMAGES TO POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Balado J. , Díaz-Vilariño L. , Verbree E. , Arias P.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Indoor furniture is of great relevance to building occupants in everyday life. Furniture occupies space in the building, gives comfort, establishes order in rooms and locates services and activities. Furniture is not always static; the rooms can be reorganized according to the needs. Keeping the building models up to date with the current furniture is key to work with indoor environments. Laser scanning technology can acquire indoor environments in a fast and precise way, and recent artificial intelligence techniques can classify correctly the objects that contain. The objective of this work is to study how to minimize the use of point cloud samples in Neural Network training, tedious to label, and replace them with images obtained from online sources. For this, point clouds are converted to images by means of rotations and projections. The conversion of a 3D vector data to a 2D raster allows the use of Convolutional Neural Networks, the achievement of several images for each acquired point cloud object and the combination with images obtained from online sources, such as Google Images. The images have been distributed among the validation and testing training sets following different percentages. The results show that, although point cloud images cannot be completely dispensed within the training set, only 10% of these achieve high accuracy in the classification.
ENRICHING WALKING ROUTES WITH TOURISM ATTRACTIONS RETRIEVED FROM CROWDSOURCED USER GENERATED DATA
Authors: Mor M. , Dalyot S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. It is always a tourism challenge – and aspiration – to discover scenery routes and tourism attractions in unfamiliar areas. Tourism information is getting more extensive, comprehensive and complex, so first-time tourists have to manage and mine large volumes of data to better plan their trip. Nowadays, geotagged photos are uploaded by users to social media photo-sharing online websites, which become more popular and commonly used by travelers to share their tourism experiences. Handling, mining and interpreting these user-generated ‘digital footprints’ can be used to reconstruct travel trajectories of users to recover their activity and knowledge. In this research, we showcase Flickr geotagged crowdsource photo database as a source for mining users’ trajectories to effectively compute walking tourism routes. Our methodology mines tourism context by conceptualizing a set of adaptive spatiotemporal descriptors to identify photographers that show tourism activity of first-time visitors. By implementing spatial clustering, we find popular locations that are traversed by these tourism-oriented photographers’ trajectories. To analyze our approach, we develop a greedy route computation algorithm that seeks the most popular traversed locations between origin and destination points defined by the user. Results for two cities are presented, proving the robust mining and retrieving of valuable tourism context and information from social media photos. We evaluate and validate our results by comparing the computed walking routes to recognized tourism information. The computed walking routes are scenery and pass through the main popular tourism sights and landmarks in the city, including additional attractive places that are frequently visited by tourism-photographers.
EXPERIENCES FROM THE PROJECT COURSE IN GEOINFORMATICS
Authors: Haggrén H. , Ståhle P. , Vaaja M. , Rönnholm P. , Sarkola P. , Rautiainen M. , Nordman M. , Nikander J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to share our experiences and thoughts about a project course in geoinformatics. The course has been organised annually since 2017. We hope that this article provides ideas about when new project-based courses are designed or existing ones are renewed. We wanted to increase students’ motivation by providing assignments from companies or other organisations as well as cooperation with them. Working with real clients makes the project work much more interesting than projects without a real-life connection. We provide topics from various fields of geoinformatics, such as geoinformation technology, geodesy, photogrammetry, laser scanning and remote sensing. The students worked in small groups that were supported by an advisor and a facilitator. The advisor helps with substance and the facilitator assists with reflection and improving working process, i.e. not only to complete the task but also to learn about capabilities for project work, self-directive teamwork and learning to learn (meta learning). To sum up, during the course students increase their knowledge and expertise on geoinformatics, learn skills for client-centered project work and learn how to support their learning through self- and peer-reflection. In other words, the course aims to develop skills that are useful throughout the students’ forthcoming careers.
OPENGEOEDU – A MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE ON USING OPEN GEODATA
Authors: Bill R. , Lorenzen-Zabel A. , Hinz M. , Kalcher J. , Pfeiffer A. , Brosowski A. , Aberle H. , Hovenbitzer M. , Meinel G. , Sikder S. , Herold H.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. This article presents the concept, implementation and results of the project "OpenGeoEdu", an open and web-based educational resource on Remote Sensing and GIS. OpenGeoEdu is focused on the use of open geodata in spatially oriented study courses. Teachers and students in the German-speaking countries are to be offered an open learning environment hoping to increase the motivation of students and researchers by dealing with current societal relevant issues. OpenGeoEdu is available at www.opengeoedu.de, has been offered as a MOOC since October 2018 and is being continuously expanded and developed. In addition, an umbrella portal of the portals on open geodata is available to quickly get an overview of the data offered. Four partners from universities, non-university research institutions as well as federal research authorities with R&D tasks are collaborating in this project offering case studies for teaching and education based on their experiences in a wide range of spatial applications.
AUTOMATIC 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF COMPLEX BUILDINGS FROM INCOMPLETE POINT CLOUDS WITH TOPOLOGICAL-RELATION CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Li Y. , Wu B.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Automatic 3D building reconstruction from laser scanning or photogrammetric point clouds has gained increasing attention in the past two decades. Although many efforts have been made, the complexity of buildings and incompletion of point clouds, i.e., data missing, still make it a challenging task for automatic 3D reconstruction of buildings in large-scale urban scenes with various architectural styles. This paper presents an innovative approach for automatic generation of 3D models of complex buildings from even incomplete point clouds. The approach first decomposes the 3D space into multiple space units, including 3D polyhedral cells, facets and edges, where the facets and edges are also encoded with topological-relation constraints. Then, the units and constraints are used together to approximate the buildings. On one hand, by extracting facets from 3D cells and further extracting edges from facets, this approach simplifies complicated topological computations. On the other hand, because this approach models buildings on the basis of polyhedral cells, it can guarantee that the models are manifold and watertight and avoid correcting topological errors. A challenging dataset containing 105 buildings acquired in Central, Hong Kong, was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The results were compared with two previous methods and the comparisons suggested that the proposed approach outperforms other methods in terms of robustness, regularity, and accuracy of the models, with an average root-mean-square error of less than 0.9 m. The proposed approach is of significance for automatic 3D modelling of buildings for urban applications.
Diapycnal mixing across the photic zone of the NE-Atlantic
Authors: van Haren Hans , Brussaard Corina P. D. , Gerringa Loes J. A. , van Manen Mathijs H. , Middag Rob , Groenewegen Ruud
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Variable physical conditions such as vertical turbulent exchange, internal wave and mesoscale eddy action, affect the availability of light and nutrients for phytoplankton (unicellular algae) growth. It is hypothesized that changes in ocean temperature may affect ocean vertical density stratification, which may hamper vertical exchange. In order to quantify variations in physical conditions in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, we sampled a latitudinal transect along 17 ± 5° W between 30 and 62° N in summer. A shipborne Conductivity-Temperature-Depth CTD-instrumented package was used with a custom-made modification of the pump-inlet to minimize detrimental effects of ship motions on its data. Thorpe-scale analysis was used to establish turbulence values for the upper 500 m near the surface from 3 to 6 profiles obtained in a short CTD-yoyo, 3 to 5 h after local sunrise. From south to north, temperature decreased together with stratification while turbulence values weakly increased or remained constant. Vertical turbulent nutrient fluxes across the stratification did not vary with latitude. This lack of correspondence between turbulent mixing and temperature is suggested to be due to internal waves breaking and acting as a potential feed-back mechanism. Our findings suggest that nutrient availability for phytoplankton in the euphotic surface waters may not be affected by the physical process of global warming.
Structure and drivers of ocean mixing north of Svalbard in summer and fall 2018
Authors: Koenig Zoe , Kolås Eivind H. , Fer Ilker
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ocean mixing in the Arctic Ocean cools and freshens the Atlantic and Pacific-origin waters by mixing them with surrounding waters, which has major implications on global scale as the Arctic Ocean is a main sink for heat and salt. We investigate the drivers of ocean mixing north of Svalbard, in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic, based on observations collected during two research cruises in summer and fall 2018. In the mixed layer, there is a nonlinear relation between the layer-integrated dissipation and wind energy input; convection was active at a few stations and was responsible for enhanced turbulence compare to what was expected from the wind work alone. Summer melting of sea ice reduces the temperature, salinity and depth of the mixed layer, and increases salt and buoyancy fluxes at the base of the mixed layer. Deeper in the water column and near the seabed, tidal work is a main source of turbulence: diapycnal diffusivity in the bottom 250 m of the water column is enhanced during strong tidal currents, reaching on average 10−3 m2 s−1. The average profile of diffusivity decays with distance from seabed with an e-folding scale of 22 m compared to 18 m in conditions with weaker tidal currents. A nonlinear relation is inferred between the depth-integrated dissipation in the bottom 250 m of the water column and the tidally-driven bottom drag and is used to estimate the bottom dissipation along the continental slope of the Eurasian Basin. Computation of the inverse Froude number suggests that nonlinear internal waves forced by the diurnal tidal activity (K1 constituent) can develop north of Svalbard and in the Laptev and Kara Seas, with the potential to mix the entire water column vertically. Estimates of vertical turbulent heat flux from the Atlantic Water layer up to the mixed layer reaches 30 W m−2 in the core of the boundary current, and is on average 8 W m−2, accounting for ∼ 1 % of the total heat loss of the Atlantic layer in the region.
Škilietų ir Tabaliukų ežerų morfometrija / Morphometry of Škilietai and Tabaliukai Lakes
Authors: Pileckas Marijus , Alekna Tauras
Published: August 2020

Depth measurements of Škilietai and Tabaliukai Lakes (located in the Baltic Uplands, Aukštadvaris regional park, Lithuania) were taken in January and February of 2019. At the same time, the shorelines of the lakes were revised. Measurements were made from ice; measurement density varies from 34 to 46 spots per hectare. Depth measurement accuracy up to 0,05 m in Tabaliukai Lakes and Lake Škilietai I, up to 0,1 m in Lake Škilietai II. Accuracy of spot coordinates and water surface elevation measurement using GNSS receiver Topcon Hiper SR up to 1–2 cm. Later, detailed (0.50 x 5 m) digital lake bottom models (DEM) were developed, bathymetric plans of the lakes were created, the main morphometric features were calculated, the boundaries and area of the lake catchments were defined, and the physical-geographical characteristics of the lakes were described based on field observations and various data. Škilietai and Tabaliukai are small and closed groups of lakes (each group consists of 2 lakes) of glaciokarst origin. Despite small surface area (1.7–5.3 ha) the lakes are quite deep (9.8–18.5 m). Differences in the surface area and volume (77.8–436.3 thousand m3) of lakes are due to large differences in catchment areas. The shape of the lakes is remarkably regular, close to the circle. Tabaliukai Lakes usually are connected through bog lag and share the same water level, meanwhile, the water level in Škilietai Lakes differs on average by ~0.20 m. During the observation period (from spring of 2018 to May of 2020), the amplitude of water level fluctuations in Škilietai Lakes reached 0,41–0,48 m, and in Tabaliukai Lakes 0,67 m. The differences in the area and volume of the studied lakes are mainly due to the very different area of the lake catchments.

Keywords: Škilietai, Tabaliukai, glaciokarst, lakes, bathymetric chart, morphometry, Lithuania, Aukštadvaris Regional Park.
Ar kursime geografijos kanoną? – Tarp globalaus ir lokalaus naratyvo / Will We Create a Geography Canon? Between Global and Local Narrative
Authors: Kairaitis Zigmas
Published: August 2020

In the second half of the last century, the issue of canon became relevant, especially in the fields of culture and education. The society of the developed countries has become concerned with the deteriorating achievements of students. Education specialists have started talking about the growing generation which is going to be less educated as compared with their parents. A critical look has been taken at the liberal education programmes. The need for certain underlying values, humanistic ideas, fundamental research theories to be relied on by the education of the young generation has been resumed. The article analyses a discourse of the concept of canon in humanitarian and education sciences. A correlation between the concepts of tradition, classics and canon are discussed. Subject to the researches of musicologists, a didactic model of the structure of canon is composed. A spatial hierarchy of canon in teaching geography is presented. A critical look is taken at inter- and trans-disciplinary integration of subjects (trans-disciplinary axiology) which is facing serious ontological, gnoseological and social issues.

Keywords: canon, tradition, classics, didactics, geography education, geography canon.
¿Maquiavelo republicano?
Authors: Volco Agustín
Published: August 2020

El presente texto se propone revisar la adscripción de Maquiavelo al republicanismo, postulada por buena parte de la literatura crítica sobre la materia. Para hacerlo, nos centraremos en el análisis de la república romana desarrollado por Maquiavelo en los Discursos, poniendo especial atención a la sorprendente cita del Hierón de Jenofonte en D, II, 2, y al tratamiento de la relación entre tiranía y república que se desprende de esta referencia. A partir de este trabajo, argumentaremos que Maquiavelo modifica radicalmente la noción de régimen político y su relación con la noción clásica de virtud como principio ordenador de la vida política. Y en virtud de ello, concluimos, aún si se puede hablar de un “republicanismo” de Maquiavelo, éste debe adscribirse más al gesto fundador del propio Maquiavelo que a una tradición de pensamiento y acción políticas. Por ello, argumentaremos, la comprensión de este “republicanismo debe centrarse en los términos maquiavelianos antes que en los de una tradición a la que pertenecería.
La relación entre periodistas y las deportistas en los juegos olímpicos: hacia la era multimedia
Authors: Barbero González Miguel Ángel , Pombo San Miguel Nuria
Published: August 2020

El mundo del periodismo está inmerso en una revolución permanente, lo que le hace estar sumido en cambios tecnológicos y laborales de los que es difícil aventurar un futuro. Además, la irrupción de los entornos multimedia en las redacciones y la aparición de gabinetes de prensa y gestores de contenidos digitales ha modificado la tradicional relación informativa entre los informadores y sus fuentes. Se ha perdido la relación personal y la cercanía y eso puede ser perjudicial en entornos emergentes, como el del deporte femenino.

Con el horizonte de los Juegos de Tokio 2020 aplazados hasta 2021, este trabajo revisa las relaciones entre periodistas de ABC y las deportistas olímpicas desde 1972, con la esperanza de que la modernidad no afecte al tratamiento informativo de las atletas en el futuro.
Los encuadres noticiosos realizados sobre el deporte femenino. Estudio de caso: los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Authors: Calvo-Ortega Elena
Published: August 2020

La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los encuadres noticiosos realizados sobre las noticias protagonizadas por las deportistas en los informativos de las principales cadenas de televisión del territorio español durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro (2016). Para ello, se combinaron las técnicas de análisis de contenido y del discurso con el fin de establecer comparaciones entre las informaciones protagonizadas por mujeres y hombres, y explorar los mecanismos periodísticos a través de los cuales se producían encuadres asimétricos. Los resultados de la investigación muestran como el deporte femenino recibe más encuadres noticiosos que trivializan sus éxitos deportivos y adscriben a las deportistas a roles y estereotipos de género que nada tienen que ver con el deporte.
A BALANCING ACT: PUTTING UP BOOKSHELVES ON A SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM
Authors: Albrechtslund Anne-Mette Bech
Published: August 2020

This paper addresses the theme of this year’s conference by focusing on the issue of trust in the uneasy relationship between content-generating users and commercially owned platforms. In this paper, I will present a case study of the use of so-called ‘bookshelves’ on Goodreads which offers a distinct example illustrating how a social media platform will often tests its users’ trust as it seeks ways to capitalize on its users’ engagement and contributions while still preserving the atmosphere of a social network built for and with its users. Bookshelves constitute a key element in making Goodreads a space users can feel ‘at home’ in. In the paper, I show how this becomes clear when considering users responses’ to Goodreads policies on bookshelves. I focus specifically on three different examples of negotiations of trust that have emerged in relation to the platform’s policies on bookshelves. The study draws particularly on discourse analysis with a focus on narrative and organizational metaphors, and the aim is to identify central points of ambivalence in users’ attempts to balance their trust in the platform.
EXAMINING THE “ELSAGATE” PHENOMENON: DISTURBING CHILDREN’S YOUTUBE CONTENT AND NEW FRONTIERS IN CHILDREN’S CULTURE
Authors: Balanzategui Jessica
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates new genres of children's content on YouTube that have provoked potent cultural anxieties about the role of YouTube in children's culture, and have raised concerns about the apparent wealth of content targeted at children on the platform that is not child-appropriate. The paper examines the journalistic commentary that constitutes the "Elsagate" phenomenon - the neologism used to describe public revelations about the controversy - and conducts a genre studies textual analysis of the YouTube content consistently referenced in this commentary. This analysis aims to illuminate the relationship between the textual features of disturbing children's YouTube content and the cultural anxieties these features have incited.

The paper contends that the child-oriented YouTube genres at the centre of the Elsagate controversy re-position extant cultural boundaries of child-appropriate content – boundaries which in some cases have long been enshrined in policy and standards guidelines – in ways that trouble ingrained ideological distinctions between child and adult culture. The paper illustrates how disturbing children’s YouTube content interrupts traditional power balances and interplays between media industries, parental mediation strategies, and “child-effects”: young children’s agency over their own consumption choices and influence on parental media practices (Bulck et al, 2016).
FROM CHASTITY BELTS TO SMART FROCKS: THE PROMISE OF RAPE DETERRENT TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Bevan Alex Louise , Wilson Barnao Caroline , Lincoln Robyn
Published: August 2020

In 2018, Schweppes partnered with Ogilvy Brazil to design a smart dress that used touch-sensors to illustrate how women are groped in nightclubs (Dickson 2018). The dress is a strong example of a host of digital devices that mobilise smart technology to legitimate women’s testimony of sexual assault in public space. It also belongs to a growing category of technology closely attached to the body and designed to either protect it from harm or lend credence to previously silenced publics.

Devices like the Ogilvy dress draw attention to the marginalisation of victims’ voices; it owes its existence to institutions of power refusing to listen to women’s testimony. However, the devices also reinscribe the same silencing dynamic by positioning themselves as necessary and more “reliable” evidence of women’s experience than their verbal statements. These devices are sorely undertheorized as potential erosions of the legitimacy of individual testimony and experience that are part of digital culture more broadly speaking (Couldry 2010). The devices are also problematically framed as “solutions” to broader and contextually-sensitive social issues in ways that reify their power dynamics. These devices materialise a relationship among the wearer, bodily threat, and the corporate brand selling the device as a means to further brand recognition and to cohere associations among the brand, a social cause and, perhaps most enticingly, its solution.
BOUNDARIES OF TRUST AND TRANSGRESSION: STUDYING THE CIRCULATION OF OBSCENE CONTENTS WITHIN ITALIAN PRIVATE GROUP CHATS
Authors: Boccia Artieri Giovanni , Zurovac Elisabetta , Brilli Stefano
Published: August 2020

Within the contemporary social media sphere we witnessed an exploitation of visible and permanent contents shared by users for platforms’ marketing purposes (i.e. selling data to advertisers) and to enable platforms to provide tailored experiences. This, along with data breaches scandals, triggered concerns about privacy and the dangers of mass surveillance, and lead developers to provide Instant Messaging applications with greater security. However, the existence of this kind of ‘safe spaces’ in which users privacy is not menaced, has also raised the attention on the sharing of transgressive, obscene or offensive contents that eludes public scrutiny. While the mainstreaming of such contents in non-public digital spaces is often cited as one of the hallmarks of the “dark side of the web”, the research on this topic is still lacking as this phenomenon is observable mostly at an interactional level, and not at the mass media system level. Our study provides an analysis of users’ meaning-making and boundary maintenance activities regarding violent/pornographic contents in group chats (WhatsApp and Telegram), that combines participant observation and in-depth interviews with active participants of such groups. We expect that the results of this research will improve the understanding of 1) the role of messaging apps affordances in shaping the circulation of extreme contents, 2) group trust dynamics, 3) the impact of a common semantics of the obscene on the cultivated semantics of public sphere, 4) methodological difficulties in researching online spaces unreachable by web scraping approaches.
TRUSTING SMART SPEAKERS: A TYPOLOGY OF INVOCATIONARY ACTS
Authors: Chesher Chris
Published: August 2020

Smart speakers such as the Google Home have the seemingly magical capacity to respond to user invocations in natural language. I argue that these are invocationary acts. In terms of Austin’s speech act theory, smart speakers interpret what the user says (locutionary: speech-to-text), what their statement does (illocutionary: artificial intelligence), and attempt fulfil the obligation of the user’s command (perlocutionary: AI & text-to-speech). The smart speaker responds with its own speech acts; in Searle’s terms it might assert facts (representatives: e.g. answering a factual question), ask the user to do something (directive, e.g. asking a question in a quiz game) communicate a psychological state (expressive: e.g. answering the question ‘Do you love me?’), commit to a future action (commissive: e.g setting a timer) or make a declaration (such as confirming a purchase). User invocations are most often directives, and are most often initiated with the ‘wake word’ ‘Hey Google’. The computer’s response comes automatically through what I call invocationary acts. In this case, the user’s invocation is answered by the evocation of synthesised speech, sound, music and/or images. Drawing on an analysis of 300 commands drawn from online publications, I developed a typology of invocationary acts: Search, Lookup, Error, Media, Third party search, Location, User data, Random, Scripted response (often randomly selected from multiple answers), Interaction (applications such as a tutorial or a game), Device (controlling media, or smart home devices) and Clock. This analysis points to the limitations of the voice user interface paradigm.
CRITICAL PEDAGOGIES IN INTERNET STUDIES: TEACHING FOR CHANGE
Authors: Croeser Sky
Published: August 2020

There are urgent reasons for considering whether, as academics, we place our trust in the current system or whether we try to change it. Research offers one pathway towards supporting efforts for positive change, but we should not neglect the potential of our teaching work. Academics within Internet studies have unique possibilities for engaging in critical pedagogies, supporting students in understanding and challenging oppression. I draw here on ten years’ experience teaching in Internet studies, student and peer feedback, and the literature on critical pedagogy and decolonizing academia. I suggest that where possible we reflect on the texts we set students; redesign assessment; considering being vulnerable with students; and challenge restrictive policies and procedures (such as those around late submission of assignments). These approaches rely on trusting students, and on building their trust in us without relying solely on our institutional authority. As a field we need to actively and explicitly discuss how, and what, we teach.