bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of biodiesel by enzymatic catalysis from the castor oil: an analytical chemical study
Authors: Costa Assuncao Joao Carlos da
Published: March 2021

The study aimed at the development of a method for obtaining biodiesel by transesterification by via methylic from castor oil using biocatalysts. Seven varieties of lipase (PPL, Candida rugosa, OS cepacea, OS cepacea immobilized on diatomaceous earth, Novozyme 435, Lipozyme and Lipozyme RM) and seven enzymatic sources from a vegetable origin (latex of the species Ficus benjamina, Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg., Calotropis procera, Jatropha curcas L., Ficus pumila, Euphorbia tirucalli L.) were tested. Enzymatic sources of plant origin were submitted, initially, the hydrolytic activity tests to evaluate their potential as biocatalysts and, from the results obtained, two samples were selected for the experiments further synthesis of biodiesel. Validation of the method of production of biodiesel evaluated linearity, reproducibility (precision), recovery (accuracy) and the limits of detection and quantification. Among the sources of enzymes used in the synthesis of biodiesel presented the best result was the commercial enzyme Novozym 435 with 55.33% conversion yield of biodiesel in initial tests. Were conducted new tests for optimization of reactional parameters co-solvent, alcohol: oil ratio, amount of enzyme and solvent for recovery of the enzyme, which enabled a maximum yield of biodiesel to 98.84%.
Bacteriological surveillance of operation theaters and other specialized care units of community hospitals across Kashmir valley, India
Authors: Kausar Rehana , Yousuf Roomi , SM Kadri
Published: March 2021

Background: Bacterial contamination in operation theatres (OT’s) and other specialized care units is a major factor for nosocomial infection. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) contributes to 33.1% of nosocomial infection. Microbial contamination of OT’s is a major risk factor for surgical site infection. Aim of study is to identify bacterial colonization of indoor air of OT’s, labor rooms (LR’s) and specialized new born care units (SNCU’s). Material & methods: Air sampling of 29 (OT’s), 9 (LR’s) and 5 (SNCU’s) was done by settle plate method. Surfaces samples were taken by wet swabs from different sites and equipments in nutrients broth. Samples were then transported to laboratory and processed according to standard operation procedures. Results: Total of 184 swabs were taken, out of which 134 (72.82%) were found to be positive for bacterial growth. A total of 43 air samples were taken out of which 41 were found to be positive for bacterial contamination. Least CFU/m3 was found in ophthalmology OT (4.4-10 CFU/m3) and highest in gynecology and obstetrics OT (4.4-268.7 CFU/m3. Conclusion: Surfaces and air in various health facilities of studied hospitals were found contaminated with different types of bacteria including potential pathogens that pose a great risk to patients. Hygiene and sanitation need to be improved in these hospitals to control nosocomial infection and for better management of patients.
Exploring some aspects that drive the global perception of the facial appearance of young Caucasian adult men by a panel of Caucasian women of same ages
Authors: Flament Frederic
Published: March 2021

Objective: To decipher, through different wordings, the perception of adult men faces by “naïve” panels of women, through two different photographic modes (standard & natural) and its possible link with some objective/instrumental assessments. Methods: The full faces of 118 men (aged 30–45y) were photographed under a standardized mode (hiding hairs and upper garments) and under a natural look, showing hairstyles and upper garments. 40 of these men were bearded and were photographed (standardized mode) pre and post shaving. 260 “naïve” women of same age-range, divided in three groups, were asked to express their feelings about the psycho-social attributes of these 118 men and their hedonistic appreciation through spontaneous verbatims. A quiz part, using fixed wordings, graded through a 0–10 scale, allowed to confer “quantitative” assessments on the various psycho social and the perceived behavior of these men. These gradings were analyzed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA).The facial skin of the 118 men was clinically assessed and instrumentally investigated, focusing on wrinkles/folds, sagging/ptosis, color, hydration and plumpness/water mobility. Results: A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis allowed to distinct two different clustering on the psycho-social perceptions according to the photographic mode (8 in standard and 6 in natural conditions), based on the different frequencies of the quoted verbatims. Shaving the beard led to many individual shifts (of various amplitudes) within both psycho-social and behavioral appreciations. When shaved, these 40 men were globally seen as more “neat”, more intellectual and younger by about one year. However, shaving does not lead to clear shift within the psycho-social clusters. Men of some clusters defined on natural pictures have been found significantly different from others based on several objective parameters. Conclusion: The facial appearance of Caucasian men by Caucasian women is strongly driven by cultural, behavioral or social perceptions and less by men’s facial signs and skin properties. These appear much influenced by the visions of hair or garments, as well as presence of a beard.
Effectiveness, safety and patients’ satisfaction of a new treatment for facial ageing with topical autologous platelet rich plasma mixed with hyaluronic acid after microneedling: results of a single centre preliminary study
Authors: Salerno Teresa
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Hyaluronic acid (HA) have been proven to be effective in skin rejuvenation. The aim of this single Centre pilot study was to demonstrate the effectiveness and the safety of a new mixture of PRP and HA applied topically after microneedling to rejuvenate chrono- and photo-damaged facial skin. Methods: ten patients aged 43.3+7.7years, Glogau>II were enrolled in the study and underwent three treatments each. After preparation, PRP was mixed with non-cross-linked HA and administered topically after microneedling of the facial skin. The Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) were used respectively by a Plastic Surgeon and by the patients to assess effectiveness of the technique. Results: No early and/or late complications were observed after the treatments. Both WSRS and GAIS score improved with statistical significance before and after the procedures and comparing the first and second, second and third and, most of all, first and third topical application. No significant differences were found comparing subgroups of patients based on age (<49 or >50), smoking habits (smokers and non-smokers), patients who practised sports or not, patients taking drugs for pre-existing disease or not, summer sun-exposed patients or not. Conclusion: This new mixture of PRP-HA with the minimally invasive method of application (topical after microneedling) has proven to be effective and free of side effects in our series. Further studies with a greater number of enrolled patients are needed in order to confirm our results.
Neonatal Tuberous Sclerosis: is skin really the window?
Authors: Kulkarni Tushar , El-Atawi Khaled , Elhalik Mahmoud
Published: March 2021

We report a case of a neonate who was diagnosed to have intracardiac mass as a fetus and presented with white linear papules that was diagnosed to be Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus. Apart from the intracardiac mass, most likely rhabdomyoma, MRI Brain also showed presence of tubers and the Next Generation Sequence Analysis confirmed the diagnosis of Neonatal Tuberous Sclerosis. The neonate remained asymptomatic and was discharged home and remains under close follow up without any symptoms. It is thus suggested that Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus, a cutaneous manifestation not described with Tuberous Sclerosis could be considered under the ever-expanding cutaneous signs of Tuberous Sclerosis and should alert the physician toward its possibility.
Development of shirt pattern for wheelchair tennis players through 3D avatars
Authors: Jin Hee Jae , Mullet Kathy
Published: March 2021

This study is to develop the wheelchair tennis pattern to improve comfort by reducing garment strain in a CAD program by analyzing seven body movements related to garment strain during play. The bodice was subdivided into surface zones in the present study to efficiently develop 2D patterns that can later be transferred into 3D virtual garments and draped onto 3D avatars. The 2D patterns were developed based on morphological analysis that provided different possible solutions to enhance comfort by releasing garment strain at each surface zone. The structural lines and wearing ease grade points were utilized to adjust a tennis shirt block pattern when developing this 2D pattern at morphological analysis step. In this study, 3D body scanner was used to create 3D avatars with postures based on the determined seven body movements. The drafted pattern was used to drape the virtual garments on the each movement of 3D avatars in the CAD program, and then the stain areas of the pattern design were identified using the tension map. In all of the movements, the majority of garment strain appeared on the shoulder surface and around the neck within the surface zone of bodice shoulder angle. The majority of other strain found was on the shoulder blade as the bodice bust zone during movements in the forehand swing, backhand swing, serve toss, and serve follow through postures. Based on these strain results obtained from 3D scanner, the first pattern was developed to release strains in shoulder as seen by the significant decrease in strain during both forehand movements. The second pattern was constructed to release other maximized strain on the back surface zone of the shoulder blade. Based on the results of this study, it should be noted that the shoulder and the shoulder blade areas are important during development of patterns in terms of decreasing strain for comfort during wheelchair tennis play movements.
Wearable technology for baby monitoring: a review
Authors: Ul Hasan Md Nakib , Negulescu Ioan I
Published: March 2021

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is one of the major reasons for infant death. Millennial parents' growing concern of SIDS has resulted in the springing up demand for health care services, and the invention of wearable baby monitoring systems. The development of wearable electronics and communication technologies has intensified the potential use of wearable technology in healthcare purposes. As infants are vulnerable to sleeping conditions, effective health monitoring using wearable technology can detect unexpected fall of respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen level and alleviate parents' anxiety by notifying sudden critical situations. The purpose of this review paper is to explore and summarize recent developments in the field of baby monitoring wearable technology and their functions to acquiring real-time vital signs. Technological breakthroughs in the field of physical biosensors and electronics integrate into textile materials and their applications in monitoring human vital signs such as heart rate, oxygen level, blood pressure, body temperature, and respiratory rate have discussed. A brief introduction to future challenges and recommended considerations during designing baby healthcare wearable technology has also covered.
Entrepreneurial Development in Handloom Sector through Effective Strategy Formulation: An Empirical Study in Odisha, state of India
Authors: Tarai Santosh
Published: March 2021

The handloom sector is yet to produce an ample size of entrepreneurship despite its potential in the globalization era. However, even after continuous intervention by the Government and other entities, the sector has miserably failed in creating an entrepreneurial climate for the community. The study identifies numerous factors responsible for these conditions and suggests suitable interventions and strategies to alter the situation that exists. Therefore, two prominent handloom clusters have been taken in India and the primary study was conducted in both the clusters using a qualitative approach. The findings of the study reveal a that number of skilled and semi-skilled weavers express to join as an entrepreneur if their issues and development factors like better credit system, a research center for trend forecasting at the local level, technological upgradation, regular quality training, feeling of ownership of stakeholders, and incubation center, etc., could be taken care of by the Government and other private-entity companies and NGOs. Besides, most of the master weavers claim that lack of getting entrepreneurial status is debarred from the government benefits although they are already into handloom enterprises. Although the Government has many schemes for their upliftment, not a single weaver from the communities, has registered himself as a business entity under the companies' act or even operate as a sole proprietor. So, there is an opportunity for entrepreneurship in the cluster if impeding issues are considered and implemented.
A study on the bandage production process of Bangladesh
Authors: Alam Shaikh Md Mominul
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to study the bandage production process of Bangladesh. Bangladesh, a destiny of self-development and self-employment, where low price medicated textile product, Bandage has been producing near kakshiali river at Nolta in the kaligonj Upzilla of Satkhira district. All the process of bandages up to packaging is conducting by local manufacturer. This product has brought alight of employment for both men & women of Nolta. Women are directly involved in the manufacturing process in home whereas men are working at outside. This paper shows a simple and one of the cheapest manufacturing process of bandage.
Mesh opening effect on solid design and quality of screen printing in knit fabric
Authors: Dina Rasheda Begum , Uddin Md Zulhash , Fatema UmmulKhair
Published: March 2021

Mesh opening effect on the design and quality of printed fabric in screen printing was investigated after printing solid design on knit fabric using different mesh count screens and different types of ink. The design effect was evaluated by visual assessment as well as microscopic observation. Mesh opening area of each screen type was calculated from respective digital microscope images to find the possibility of the amount of ink passing through the screen and level of print detail, produced in solid design on the screen. Also, print coverage, saw-tooth effect, line sharpness, etc. were examined by measuring different distances, angles etc. in printed fabric and were compared with image positives.
Quality of screen printing in knit fabric for different mesh count on semi solid design
Authors: Dina Rasheda Begum , Uddin Md Zulhash , Fatema UmmulKhair
Published: March 2021

In semi solid design, the parameters of the quality of the printed fabric were color fastness, level of print detail, color difference, print coverage, saw-tooth effect, line sharpness etc. Actually, printed fabric quality was evaluated by these parameters. Again, print coverage, saw-tooth effect, line sharpness, etc. were examined by estimating different distances, angles etc. in printed fabric and these factors were compared with image positives. Mesh opening effect on the quality of screen printed fabric was investigated after printing the semi solid design on knit fabric using different mesh count screens and different types of the link. To print semi solid design on knit fabric different types of ink as well as non-identical mesh count was used. Then mesh screen out come on the design and form of printed fabric in screen printing was examined. For the evaluation of semi solid design effect there remains two different methods.The first one is visual assessment and another way is microscope observation. Here, to determine the probability of the amount of ink flowing by the screen, mesh opening area of every screen was considered and it was done from respective digital microscope images.
Statistical analysis of fiber quality to obtain a correlation between the fiber and yarn quality
Authors: Mia Rony , Habib-A-Rasul Sheikh Sad , Tasin Md Arif Saleh , Mamun Md Abdullah Al , Ahmed Md Fahim , Ahmed Taosif
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this research was to make a correlation between the fiber and yarn quality based on different properties of the fiber. The properties of cotton fiber were tested by the High Volume Instrument (HVI) machine. Firstly, we collect fiber from a different lot and then tested the properties by the High Volume Instrument (HVI) Machine. After that, we made yarn from that lot and made the same count of yarn. The tested properties were mic, length, maturity, strength, elongation, moisture, etc. The same count of yarn was tested by the USTER EVENESS TESTER machine. Comparing the HVI report and the USTER TESTER report, we saw that how to effect different fiber properties of the different lot on the same count of yarn quality. Then we made a correlation between them. The observation suggested that yarn strength and fineness are depended upon fiber maturity. This paper reports a glimpse of the effect of fiber properties on yarn quality.
Green synthesis of nanoparticle and its application on cotton fabric using Sterculia foetida fruit shell extract
Authors: Pandit Pintu , Teli MD , Nadathur Gayatri T , Maiti Saptarshi , Singha Kunal , Maity Subhankar
Published: March 2021

Sterculia foetida fruit shell was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Optimized reduction of silver ion (Ag+) to metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag˚) was carried out at room temperature for 16hr. The reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, FTIR and SEM analysis of treated cotton fabric not only showed superb coloration but also proven to be very good in antibacterial and ultraviolet protection properties even after ten washes.
Assessment of the level of some physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of Rebu river in oromia region, Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Mekonnen , Tsegaye Dereje , Girma Gosa
Published: March 2021

The present study has undertaken to assess the water quality as well potential source of contamination of Rebu River by considering effluent discharged from soap and detergent factory. In the study, three sampling sites along the river course have chosen based on the objectives of the study and potential source of pollution. Composite sampling technique has used to collect the water samples and analyzed for some physic-chemical parameters and heavy metals using HACH’s Spectrophotometer and FAAS by following standard laboratory procedure. The instruments have calibrated using de-ionized water and standard solution by following standard procedures. The water quality was relatively acceptable at upstream (site A) of the river while both the physic chemical and heavy metals at sites B and C became impaired, an inference that might suggested a significant pollution from soap and detergent effluents and municipal discharges. Site B (effluent discharge site) recorded high values in E.C. (1592.6 µS/cm), TDS (2359.5mg/L), turbidity (800mg/L), salinity (2440mg/L), NO3- (324.5mg/L), PO43- (163.3mg/L) NH3 (15.8mg/L), Fe (2.02mg/L), Pb (0.16mg/L), Na (1557.6mg/L) and K (22.3mg/L). These results however implicated site B to be the most polluted site, probably being the point of discharge. Fluoride ion was the only parameter that did not detected. A comparison of the measured parameters with the national and international standards set by EDWQ (2010) and WHO (2008) shows that all the parameters measured (except NO2-, SO42-and Cu) were above the standards. This indicates that the river water was significantly contaminated and therefore not suitable for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. The concentrations of each parameter (except Fe) among the selected sites were significantly different (ANOVA, p≤0.05). The findings indicate that, there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it recommended that the government and other responsible authorities have to take appropriate corrective action and should support further study has to be conducted on other physical, chemical and untested biological parameters of significant health concern and identification of potential source of the contaminants of the river.
Safety of glucosamine, examined on ants as models
Authors: Cammaerts Marie-Claire , Cammaerts Roger
Published: March 2021

Arthritis is one of the most spread illnesses and is treated using essentially glucosamine. Since some years, the efficiency and even the safety of this drug is debated. Indeed, a placebo has often an effect similar to that of glucosamine, and in some cases, this drug appeared to induce cells’ death. In the present work, we examined the ethological and physiological effects of glucosamine using ants as models. No severe adverse effect was found: the ants’ sensitive perception, social relationship, cognition, learning and memory were not impacted by glucosamine consumption. Moreover, this drug leaded to no dependence, and its effect slowly vanished in about 14hours after weaning. Glucosamine only increased the ants’ activity and locomotion. Body movements are known as being beneficial to patients suffering from arthritis. Therefore, we cautiously hypothesize that one potential beneficial effect of glucosamine may result from an increase of activity and locomotion it induces.
Biography of a snake charmer in Saidpur, Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Ashraful
Published: March 2021

Though Saidpur Upazila under Nilphamari district is very small but here pigeonry, goat rearing, herbal treatments, circus team, monkey charmer, horse race and snake charmers are available. Snake charmers are not living well in this modern era. Their kids are not safe at home for snake rearing. In Savar, Dhaka there is a snake market where some tribal people buy it as food. People who are engaged with snake catching and snake-based superstitions go to that market. They support medical science and are waiting to get a good job. Who take snakes as food they say its meat is very hot. Depending on body size its price varies from 1000 to 2000 taka of a poisonous snake. People of the circus team, zoo committee and intersex people collects snakes from the snake charmer. Tradition of snake charming in Bangladesh is very ancient. Once upon a time most of the villagers liked it. Some peoples were considered as bede or tribal people who caught snakes from the jungle. Though Bangladesh is a small country but its 80 species of snakes are remarkable. Within these only cobras, kraits and sea snakes are poisonous and most of the cobras are bicellate type. Common vine snakes, tree snake and rat snakes are very common and nonpoisonous snakes of Bangladesh. After catching a snake, the charmer cuts the poison sac or rubs both fangs of the snakes. As poison of the snakes are digestive juice so that those snakes can suffer digestive ailments and ultimately die. The temperature of Rangpur division of Bangladesh is 350-370F which is suitable for snakes’ survival. There were 30.77% poisonous and 69.23% non poisonous snakes’ in Bangladesh in three families.1 In Bangladesh out of 82 species 28 are venomous and 12 are sea snakes.2 Estimates indicate ˃5 million bites annually by venomous snakes worldwide where ˃12500 deaths.3,4 Some research work have completed on snakes taxonomy, status, distribution and epidemiology of snake bite.5‒7 India has the highest number of snake bites in the world with 35000-50000 annually according to World Health Organization.8,9 In Bangladesh this is 4.3per 100000 an annual incidence and case fatality is 20%.10
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of saffron stigma and spath as by-product of Crocus sativus L
Authors: I Lahmass , S Ouahhoud , M Elyoubi , R Benabbas , A Sabouni , A Asehraou , E Saalaoui
Published: March 2021

The present study aimed to estimate and compare, using in vitro assays, the antioxidant activities of alcoholic extracts of saffron stigma and spath as by-products of the saffron crop. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays such as total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical, Scavenging of H2O2, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assay. The results allowed us to evidence the presence of products with antioxidant and bioactive capacities in spaths and stigmas of Crocus sativus. The response of each extract depends on the type of the test. Extract from spaths protect β-carotene from bleaching more than the extract of stigmas and extract from stigmas revealed a significant reducing power activity than that of spaths. As a result, we can consider these extracts especially that of spaths like a new source of antioxidant compounds.
Bioethanol production from cocoa waste by locally isolated microorganism using response surface methodology
Authors: Rezania Shahabaldin , Eva Mohamad Shaza , Yahya Adibah , Md Salleh Madihah
Published: March 2021

The rate of ethanol production can be affected by different parameters that involved during fermentation. In this study, acid treated cocoa waste (CW) was used as a lignocellulosic substrate for ethanol production in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using microorganism isolated from locally fermented food tapai ubi and tapai pulut. For optimization, the experiments were carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of four independent variables temperature, CW concentration, inoculum size and pH during fermentation was investigated. A central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate the effect and interactions of the parameters. ANOVA analysis revealed that pH and inoculum size had the most significant effects on the ethanol production. The optimized condition for the ethanol production was at temperature 31.7°C, pH 6.0, inoculum size 10.5% and CW concentration 0.3g/L while after optimization, ethanol podcution increased from 6.2±0.8g/L to 9.5±1.1g/L.
Ecological assessment of type, abundance and infestation status of invasive alien species (IAS) in eastern part of Ethiopia; suggestion of inventory and monitoring protocols–IAS
Authors: Fenetahun Yeneayehu , Yongdong Wang , Xinwen Xinwen Xu , Eshetu Girma
Published: March 2021

Background: The type and distribution of IAS in eastern part of Ethiopia become a very serious issue and infested with in a very high speed. The main aim of this assessment is in order to assess the type, current infestation rate, and to estimate the general abundance of IAS in the eastern part of Ethiopia and used to take or plan appropriate measurement methods as well as in the long run it is important for policy makers to take over an immediate action. Methods: Data collection was performed though interview, filed survey, group discussion, and from different formerly published prepares. Result: From this data we can understand that the infestation stage of IAS, its impact, majorly dominate spices and future projection of those IAS is clearly identified. Conclusion: The issues need an immediate and fast response before it becomes totally damage the whole native biodiversity resource and also the community leave on that area become both economically, socially and healthy dependence due to the effect of those IAS on the other body.
Isolation and characterization of actinomycetes from marine soil
Authors: Maria BF Alice , Sharmili S Aruna , J Anbumalarmathi
Published: March 2021

Four different actinomycetes were obtained from the sampling sites. The isolate AA1 isolated from Puducherry beach exhibited good antibacterial activity on primary screening when compared to the others and hence was chosen for further study. The isolate AA1 was Gram positive with smooth surface morphology and the spore chain morphology showed them to be simple rectus. When the isolate was grown on different media the ariel mycelia was mostly white while the substrate was cream/white. It was able to grow at a pH of 7 at 30°C and tolerate 7% NaCl. Maltose, lactose and xylose was used as the sole carbon source. The crude ethyl acetate extract of AA1 showed antibacterial activity against E.coli (9mm), S.aureus (7.5mm), P.mirabilis (7.7mm), P.aeruginosa (7mm) and K.pneumoniae (4.5mm) at a concentration of 3.5mg/ml. MIC of the crude extract of AA1 was 0.531mg/ml for E.coli and P.aeruginosa, 1.062mg/ml for S.aureus, 0.265mg/ml for P.mirabilis, and 2.125mg/ml for K.pneumoniae. The FT-IR Spectrum of the crude extract showed characteristic peaks at 3290.56cm-1, 1635.64cm-1 and 1016.49cm-1 corresponding to the following functional group such as alcohol (O-H), Alkene (C=C), Ether (C-O) respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolate AA1 revealed 100% similarity to Streptomyces lincolnensis. The restriction sites prediction of the 16SrRNA gene of Streptomyces lincolnensis showed restriction sites for Eco53KI, Bsr I, Hae II, Eco RV, EcoRI, EagI, Hinc II etc. The restriction site analysis showed GC content of 59% and AT content of 41%.
ACE Gene I/D polymorphism and systemic arterial hypertension in different classes of hypertensive individuals
Authors: Caldas Umburanas Rubia , Costa Estabile Priscila , Pincela Mateus Rogério , Cristina de Almeida Mara , Ferreira Artoni Roberto
Published: March 2021

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by high and sustained levels of blood pressure (BP). Some studies have reported that variants of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) gene increase the risk of hypertension. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of the relationship between the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE gene and its genotypic variants with BP in four distinct groups of hypertensive individuals and also to genetically and epidemiologically characterize the investigated samples. The study was formed of 112 individuals arranged into the following groups: normotensive (control); hypertensive and non-obese; hypertensive and obese; and, hypertensive and with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epidemiological data and peripheral blood were collected from participants for DNA extraction and amplification by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The allele (D=0.5446; I=0.4554) and genotype (DD =0.2411, ID =0.6071; II =0.1518) frequencies showed low genetic differentiation (Fst<0.05) and were outside the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups (chi-square=4.4335; p=0.6174). There was no association of the D allele with SAH, reinforcing the hypothesis that environmental interferences are prevalent in the evolution of SAH.
Brief report of the effects of seven human drugs studied on ants as models
Authors: Claire Cammaerts Marie
Published: March 2021

Since 2012, we used ants as models for examining the effects of products used by humans. Here, we summarize our seven last studies which concerned green clay, glucosamine, sildenafil, a homeopathic drug, as well as diclofenac, meloxicam and etoricoxib, three anti–inflammatory drugs. Green clay appeared to be an excellent product without adverse effects. In humans, it allows reducing gastric hyperacidity and should thus be used instead of aluminum hydroxide or calcium + magnesium carbonates which present adverse effects. Glucosamine was also safe. It only increased the ants’ locomotion and this effect might explain, at least partly, its efficiency. Sildenafil has many adverse effects, the cause of which being probably a decrease of sensitive perception. Such an impact may result from the activity of sildenafil: it inhibits phosphodiesterases and increases amounts of cGMP and cAMP. The homeopathic drug Ignatia amara, used for decreasing stress symptoms, had no adverse effects and unexpectedly reduced the ants’ state of stress. Even if its functioning stays unknown, this drug could help stressed persons. Diclofenac had several adverse effects and may lead to dependence; meloxicam had far less adverse effects and did not lead to dependence; etoricoxib had some adverse effects and did not lead to dependence. Obviously, meloxicam was the safest of the three anti–inflammatory drugs. Experimentation on ants can thus inform practitioners and pharmacists on potential harmful effects of products before providing them to humans.
An update on zika virus: history, emergence and future aspects
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Khan Rabia , Khan Sarmir , Ahmad Jan Sohail , Hussain Shah Azhar , Ahmad Tauseef
Published: March 2021

At present time Zika virus is a serious emerging health problem worldwide. At first it was assumed to be an endemic disease but emergence beyond borders of Africa made it a serious issue globally. Zika virus was first time discovered in 1947 from the blood of Rhesus monkey in Uganda. The disease is mild during the first few days of infection with rash, fever, conjunctivitis and arthralgia. The transmission of virus occurs through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito but reports have also shown evidence of transmission through sexual and parental means. Till now no proper vaccines are developed for Zika virus. Zika Virus after being studied for so long for its pathology, virology, vectors, genetic diversities and its ability to co-exist with other viral strains; is still a big question for its transmission factors, viral strains, their adaptability and treatment. This review of literature was carried out to spread awareness among the general public for adversity and thus prevention of this disease globally.
Antioxidants properties of some spices with their chemistry and mechanism of action
Authors: Singh Sunita
Published: March 2021

Herbs and spices are the very best way to add flavor and dimension to a dish without adding fat, salt or calories. In fact, some herbs and spices already include a little something extra, like antioxidants. Antioxidants are substances that slow or prevent the oxidative process in which cells are damaged by free radicals, which can lead to cell dysfunction. These powerful nutrients have been linked to the prevention of heart disease and diabetes, improving immune function and lowering the risk of infection and even some cancers. The bioactive compounds present in spices having antioxidant properties mainly consists of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic diterpenes, and vitamins. While we hear a lot about the antioxidants found in dark chocolate and red wine, spices like ground cloves, oregano leaves, ginger, cinnamon, turmeric and yellow mustard seed are the real antioxidant stars – delivering a higher concentration of antioxidants per 100g than dark chocolate, wine, even blueberries and whole grain cereal. Plus, they have none of the calories found in chocolate or the drawbacks associated with alcohol consumption.
Pathogenic bacteria and parasites of human importance from cow dung
Authors: R Chourasiya , S Bhattacharyya , P Dighe , A Banik , A Raj
Published: March 2021

Cow dung is used commonly in rural and periurban households in India for many purposes like for cooking and mopping floors. However it can contain many pathogenic bacteria and parasites like Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium spp. and Entamoeba histolytica that can be infectious to the handlers and farmers. Hence one should be very careful while handling these. Thus a study of pathogenic microbial flora in cow dung is of utmost public health importance in our country and very little literature is available regard it. Hence, we here have tried to summarize available information in this aspect.
Women's autonomy and antenatal care utilization in Nepal: A study from Nepal demographic and health survey 2016
Authors: Raj Thapa Naba
Published: March 2021

Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal health services is below the acceptance level. This study seeks to examine the effect of women's autonomy on the utilization ANC services in Nepal. Data is taken from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 3,998 women age 15-49 who had given birth in the 5 year preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis is performed to examine the effects of women's autonomy on the use of ANC. The results of Model I revealed that women's decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are significantly associated with at least four ANC visits. When women's autonomy variables and other socio-demographic variables are taken into consideration, women decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are not significant association with at least four ANC visits. To improve maternal health care, the interventions are needed to target women of low autonomy, less educated and from low wealth quintile.
Feto–maternal outcome in pregnancy with Heart Disease: A tertiary care centre experience
Authors: Mohan Anubhuti , Mohan Usha , Singla Rahul , Mittal Pratima , Pandey Divya , Bharti Rekha
Published: March 2021

Aim and Objectives: To know the prevalence and etiological types of heart disease in pregnant female and to describe the foetal and maternal outcome. Methodology: A retrospective hospital based study of all women with congenital or acquired heart disease admitted in Safdarjung hospital in 2016 was performed. The etiological type of heart disease and maternal and neonatal outcome were evaluated. Results: Median age of all the patients enrolled was 25yrs (19yrs–31yrs) which included mostly multigravida with POG from 28 to 41 weeks of gestation. Among all the patients 62% were unbooked. Rheumatic heart disease was most prevalent followed by congenital heart disease (13.6%) and Cardiomyopathy (13.7%). It was also found in the study that Instrumental Vaginal delivery was the preferred method. The fetal outcome was also evaluated and it was found that Pre term delivery, Low Birth weight and IUGR were main complications found in the mothers with heart disease which resulted in 27% NICU admissions and 5.1% neonatal mortality. Conclusion: Cardiac lesions and pregnancy both may affect each other adversely. Joint care of obstetrician, cardiologist and anesthetist, avoidance of complications that add to the burden on the heart and compliance of the patient and her family to regular follow up will go a long way in ensuing a safe outcome for mother and fetus.
Can social determinants of health influence the reproductive health of adolescents and young adult women
Authors: Van Horn Anne , B Smith Peggy
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this initiative (Ascend) was to determine if one could apply social determinants of health concepts that focus on employment through a primary preventive care clinic to influence the employment and medical outcome of women. Minority low-income post-secondary adolescents and young adult women (AYA) were recruited to participate in an allied health-training program from their medical home, a reproductive health care clinic. Twenty-nine sexually active high school graduate women enrolled in the program. As a result, the majority of the cohort completed the training and were eligible for employment. Participants continued to access care, including contraception in their medical home and there were no subsequent pregnancies among enrollees. This project concludes that social determinant linking access to employment via a medical home has both direct and indirect effect on the health and employment well-being of young women.
Seroprevalence of torch infections among complicated pregnancies in Atbara river Nile state - Sudan
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Mohammed , Elzain Musaad Hanaa , Mohammed Abdurrahman Nahla Ahmed , Mohammed Yasin Wadei , Mohammed Hamad Mosab Nouraldein , Khalid Abdelrahman Nassreldeen , Ibrahim Osman Emad
Published: March 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to find the seroprevalence of TORCH infection among volunteered pregnant women and to find out the correlation between TORCH infection and age, complicated pregnancies and education level. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional laboratory-based study carried out between March to June 2012 at Atbara River Nile State northern Sudan. The statistical descriptive determined in means of percentages. Chi-square used for trend analysis and calculates p-values. Results: A total of (75) voluntary pregnant women, Age between 15-55 years. The most common age group was 26-35 years (37/75) 49%.Serological evidence of Toxoplasmosis were positive for (22/75) 29 %. All volunteered pregnant women were negative for other components of TORCH complex. Study showed non-significant correlation between age, education level and complicated pregnancies, P-value 0.13, 0.43 and 0.51 respectively. Conclusion: Low prevalence of Toxoplasmosis and absent of serological evidence of other TORCH complex among volunteered pregnant women in Atbara has been documented. Insignificant correlation between toxoplasmosis and age, education level as well as number of complicated pregnancies reported. This attributed, in part, to the small sample size and using screening tool as diagnostic modalities.
Warm ischemic time’ and renal function preservation in robotic partial nephrectomy -evaluating its real impact
Authors: Biswas Krishnendu , Batra Rohan S , Singh Abhishek G , Ganpule Arvind P , Sabnis Ravindra B , Desai Mahesh R
Published: March 2021

Objective: To evaluate the effect of warm ischemic time (WIT) on future renal function (RF) after robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) and secondarily, also to find out predictors of future RF after RPN. Method and materials: All patients who underwent RPN with normal pre-operative RF and normal contralateral kidney were included in the study except for those in whom one-year follow up was not completed. Patients were divided in four groups based on WIT (zero, <20minutes, 20 minutes to 30 minutes and >30 minutes). Comparison of demographic and perioperative parameters including follow-up up to one year were done. Univariable and multivariable analysis were done to detect significant correlation of RF with those parameters. Results: Total 198 RPN patients were included in the study. The four groups had comparable demographic data (age, gender, comorbidity, smoking, body mass index, pre-operative RF). Progressively increased WIT was significantly associated with increased tumour size (p=0.022), RENAL nephrometry score (p=0.003), operative time (p=0.004) and blood loss (p=0.046). Post-operatively, RF on first post-operative day (p=0.627), at one month (p=0.581) and at one year (p=0.378) had no significant difference between the four groups. Nine (4.5%) patients progressed to chronic renal disease. Pre-operative RF and perioperative complications only had significant correlation with one-year RF. Conclusion: Tumour size and RENAL nephrometry score significantly influenced WIT. Pre-operative RF and peri-operative complications were the only significant predictors of future RF and not the WIT.
Pediatric patients on renal replacement therapy: clinic, epidemiological, social and economic profile
Authors: M G Penido Maria Goretti , Rezende Celina F , Alvarenga André S , Cherchiglia Mariângela L , Nery Viviane L
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Pediatric chronic kidney disease interferes with weight growth, psychosocial status, and also affects quality of life. Objectives: To outline the clinical, epidemiological, social and economic profile of children and adolescents undergoing renal replacement therapy (RRT) at Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais - Brazil. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study. 82 children and adolescents from 0 to 17yrs of age who had undergone RRT with at least three months of registration were included. Patients who died in the first three months on RRT, acute patients, and those older then 18yrs were excluded. Anthropometric analysis was performed and qualitative variables were expressed in absolute frequencies and percentage. Results: 63.5% were male; median age of 9.25yrs at the beginning of RRT. 57% were short, and the BMI was normal in 88%. 82% were followed by nephrologists before RRT, 64.5% had residual diuresis. Hemodialysis was the main initial modality of RRT. Long-term double-lumen catheter was the most widely used vascular access. 85% of those who were at school age were attending school. Most patients lived in the countryside, used public transport, and had a low per capita income. SUS (Health Unic System) was the paying source and were registered at UBS (Basic Health Unity). The mother was the caregiver in 80.5%, 36.6% had glomerulopathy and 26.8% CAKUT uropathy. Sepsis was the main cause of death. 34 patients were transplanted. Discussion and Conclusion: To know the clinical, epidemiological, social, and economic profile of pediatric patients in RRT is important in order to increase the chances of successful treatment and a better quality of life.
Sensitive and validated TLC densitometry method coupled with fluorescence detection for quantitative determination of the newly co-formulated drugs, celecoxib and amlodipine besylate in tablet dosage form
Authors: Rizk M. , Toubar S. , Ramzy E. , Helmy Marwa
Published: March 2021

New, sensitive, rapid, cost-effective, and validated stability-indicating thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method coupled with fluorescence (FL) detection was developed for the quantitative analysis of celecoxib (CEL) and amlodipine besylate (AMLO) in their laboratory prepared binary mixture using the non-fluorescent TLC silica gel 60 plates. Ethyl acetate: diethylamine: 1-propanol (9:1:0.2, V/V) was used as a developing system. The retention factor (Rf) for each drug was 0.80 ± 0.03 and 0.44 ± 0.01 for CEL and AMLO, respectively. The plates were excited at 264 nm for the simultaneous FL measurement of CEL and AMLO, the calibration curves were linear over a concentration ranges of 30.0–300.0 ng/band and 15.0–150.0 ng/band with mean percentage recoveries of 99.80 ± 0.85 and 99.80 ± 0.77 For CEL and AMLO, respectively. The developed method was applied for the stability studies of the cited drugs in their laboratory prepared binary mixture and the forced degradation products were determined when present in presence of the pure drugs so the method can be considered as a stability-indicating one and it was validated as per ICH guidelines and proved to be accurate and precise.
Anthony Aveni, Star Stories: Constellations and People
Authors: Sánchez H. Natalia
Published: March 2021

Anthony Aveni, Star Stories: Constellations and People New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2019. Hardback, 194 pages. ISBN: 978-0-300-24128-0. £20.00.
When Worlds Collide
Authors: Darvill Timothy
Published: March 2021

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Teaching Skyscapes
Authors: Brophy Kenneth
Published: March 2021

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The changing face of Dentistry in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wood NH
Published: March 2021

The year is drawing to a close and with it we present to you the final issue of the South African Dental Journal for 2020. This year saw us face the terrible COVID-19 pandemic. As oral healthcare practitioners we have been challenged in many ways, and this placed many of us under extreme pressure. Unfortunately we are just starting to see a new rise, or second wave, in the numbers of positive COVID-19 cases being reported. This means that the pressure is not about to be released, and we continue to navigate these uncharted waters into 2021.

In February we were uncertain about the impact of COVID-19 on our healthcare systems and our country, however we have now seen the course and the progression of this disease in many countries, and we know the reach it has and the devastating infection it causes. In light of this I am reminding you of the required infection control processes and procedures that need to be in place to protect yourself, co-workers and your patients.