bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Oral Rehydration Solution on Fatigue during Outdoor Work in a Hot Environment: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Ishikawa Tomohisa , Tamura Hideru , Ishiguro Haruya , Yamaguchi Keiko , Minami Kazufumi
Published: June 2010

Effect of Oral Rehydration Solution on Fatigue during Outdoor Work in a Hot Environment: A Randomized Crossover Study: Tomohisa Ishikawa, et al. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine

Objectives

The effects of an oral rehydration solution (ORS) on fatigue were studied in workers engaged in manual work during the summer.

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐three workers engaged in loading cargo onto aircraft at Tokyo International Airport who consented to participate in the study were the subjects. The study was carried out on two summer days with fine weather during the daytime shift. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: with one group restricted to ORS intake and the other group having free‐choice of their favorite drink (FAD) in a randomized crossover study. The subjects were asked about the amount of beverage that they consumed and the type of FAD that they chose on the days of the survey. The effects of the ORS and the FAD were compared using a visual analogue scale (VAS) to determine the degree of fatigue experienced immediately after completing work.

Results

The average wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) on the survey days was 30°C. The beverage intake during work was 1,000 ml for most participants and the most commonly chosen types of FAD were tea and coffee. The fatigue VAS was significantly lower on the ORS intake days than on the FAD intake days (50.0 ± 18.3 vs. 53.9 ± 16.3).

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that the intake of ORS during outdoor work in a hot environment would be effective for preventing industrial accidents and heat stroke. It is important to select an appropriate drink to ensure adequate intake of water and electrolytes.
Religion, Migration and Social Change
Authors: Foroutan Yaghoob
Published: June 2010

This paper examines the status of Christian and Muslim Lebanese women in Australia in terms of their participation in employment. The paper also highlights employment differentials between Lebanese women and non-Lebanese women, both overseas-born and Australian-born, in this multi-ethnic and multicultural context. Prior studies document settlement difficulties and indicate that Lebanese migrants in Australia, particularly women and Muslims, have comparatively lower economic and socio-demographic circumstances. This study uses relatively recent nationally representative data and focuses on employment status, which is considered to be a key indicator of migrant success and integration in the host country. Accordingly, the multivariate outcomes of this paper shed further light on the situation and settlement of Lebanese migrant women in Australia.
Tolerating Religious ‘Others’
Authors: Randell-Moon Holly
Published: June 2010

In this paper, I examine the assumptions that underpin secular neutrality and how they might block government attention to religious inequality and obscure occurrences of religious discrimination in society. A secular state’s neutrality is underpinned by the idea that religious belief is a private and individual choice. As such, the legal maintenance of a state’s neutrality results in the scrutiny of religion as an individual practice. As well as concealing the institutional privileging of certain religions by secular states, the privatisation and individualisation of religious beliefs bought about by secular neutrality has implications for the ways in which the state deals with religious discrimination. I argue that rather than fostering a climate of religious tolerance, a state’s neutrality can mask religious inequality and potentially prohibit a state from addressing this inequality in the name of neutrality.
Global Power Relations at Play in Fieldwork
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: June 2010

In this paper I seek to discuss the methodological challenges of conducting fieldwork amongst one’s own. I explore the fluidity of the outsider/insider identity within the research. I argue that a global “power-geometry” is at play when establishing rapport with a community where fieldwork is conducted. Using the Brazilian Spiritist healing centre established by John of God (João de Deus) as a case study, I show that the field in Brazil is not isolated from global flows. Thus researchers must take into consideration the impact of global flows of ideas and people on the religious community as well as the offshoots of this community overseas. Following Marcus (1998) and Clifford (1997), I suggest that tracking flows is as important as researching a specific site.
Importance of Social Science in the Study of Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: June 2010

The author uses a range of contentious assertions about contemporary religion and spirituality to show the limits on what can be extrapolated from ethnographic work and to argue for the centrality of empirical positivistic social science to claims about the popularity and social significance of religious and spiritual phenomena.
Helping Students See What Ordinarily Remains Hidden
Authors: Wender Andrew M.
Published: June 2010

Often, when teaching in fields focused on the exploration of human society, an instructor who is concerned with the pervasive societal importance of religion faces the challenge of students informed by a contrary cultural assumption about religion’s significance. The notion that religion is fundamentally severable from other spheres of life is taken for granted in modern liberal, secular society, but is, nonetheless, a highly problematic idea that hides the profound extent to which multiple forms of religious experience are manifested throughout that same society. In teaching about such humanistic topics as politics and religion, political theory, modern world history, and the 2008 United States presidential election, I have discovered that introducing students to implicit religion, and “parallel” phenomena such as civil religion, offers them revealing tools with which to better grasp how, even within a seemingly secular milieu, humankind’s religious life intertwines with all domains of society. Accordingly, it is pedagogically enriching for students, and theoretically beneficial for the conceptualizing both of implicit religion and of religion more broadly, to discuss in the classroom such embodiments of implicit religion as: political and economic ideologies and practices, such as liberal capitalism and communism; nationalism; cultural mores; impassioned social movements such as environmentalism; popular music; and sports. This approach not only inspires students to critically evaluate the narrow concept of religion that is peculiar to modern society; it also makes concrete, intimate, and compelling such phenomena as transcendence, the sacred, and ultimate commitments, thereby deepening students’ understanding of how religious experience imbues the whole of human life.
Using speech frames to research interlanguage pragmatics
Authors: Dippold Doris
Published: June 2010

This paper approaches L2 German argumentative discourse data from Goffman’s notions of face and frames. Face as the social identities and qualities speakers want to have upheld is seen to be associated with frames, i.e. the way speakers frame and interpret an event. Comparing three examples from a cross sectional dataset of discussions on issues surrounding university life, the paper shows that, in each of these cases, speakers applied different frames to the task, resulting in different patterns of turn-taking and modalization. These differences can be explained with the varying degrees of exposure to the target language in classroom and out-of-classroom situations as well as the educational environment in which the data were collected. The paper ends with a number of proposals for research in the field of interlanguage pragmatics, suggesting that politeness and speech act perspectives are insufficient to grasp learners’ real pragmatic intent. Instead, the question of how tasks and situations are interpreted by learners needs to be at the forefront of inquiry, with methods for data collection and analysis aligned properly.
Early Prehistoric Landscape and Landuse in the Fier Region of Albania
Authors: Runnels Curtis , Korkuti Muzafer , Galaty Michael L , Timpson Michael E. , Stocker Sharon R. , Davis Jack L. , Bejko Lorenc , Muçaj Skënder
Published: June 2010

Little was known until recently about regional patterns of early prehistoric occupation in Albania, making it difficult to situate the Albanian record within existing, general models of early prehistoric landuse. An intensive regional survey, the Mallakastra Regional Archaeological Project (MRAP), carried out in the Fier region of central Albania from 1998-2003, gathered widespread evidence for human occupation during the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, from the Myzeqe Plain to the Mallakastra hills. The Pleistocene and early Holocene landscape of Fier differed considerably from the present landscape, and at times the Adriatic shoreline was much farther inland than it is now. As a consequence, Palaeolithic and Mesolithic foragers were able to exploit coastal-wetland and estuarine environments that have been buried only recently by alluvial sediment as a result of river avulsion and soil erosion. The landscape studied by MRAP is only a fragment of the total landscape once exploited by early humans in this part of the Balkans, whose home range may have included much of soutwest Albania and parts of northwest Greece. Our reconstruction of early prehistoric landuse in central Albania, based on collection and mapping of the locations of 1593 lithic artifacts from a 35 sq km area, indicates patterns of logistical foraging that span the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic and match those modeled in other Mediterranean countries, such as Greece.
Freemasonry in Barbados, Trinidad and Grenada
Authors: Révauger Cécile
Published: June 2010

This article treats the establishment of freemasonry on three British islands in the Caribbean and how it contributed to the formation of particular British-Caribbean identities. In the eighteenth and nineteenth-centuries West Indian lodges all worked under the aegis of a foreign Grand Lodge, either English, Scottish or Irish, and occasionally French or American, depending on local history. The first steps were very different in Barbados, Grenada and Trinidad, owing to different political contexts, and not to any Masonic idiosyncrasy. Masonry in Barbados, Trinidad and Grenada was originally imported from England, Scotland and Ireland, and marginally from France. Although lodges were pure products of the British Empire, yet they soon developed an identity of their own, and this was largely made possible by the solidarity between the islands. By taking part in religious and educational life and through their charitable actions they contributed to serve the community and thus indirectly brought their contribution to the forging of national identities and paved the way for emancipation.
Charles Magnette, Belgian Grand Master in 1914
Authors: Maes Anaïs
Published: June 2010

Since the rise of the modern nation-state there has existed an essential tension between cosmopolitan and nationalist identifications within freemasonry. World War I and its exacerbated nationalisms only magnified this tension. Belgium, a small, neutral country brutally attacked by the German invader, was caught in the middle of this tempest. In Belgium, and within Belgian freemasonry, unprecendented levels of nationalist feelings and a strong hatred for the enemy flared up. Simultaneously the Belgian masonic world was faced with subnational tendencies and internationalist and pacifist movements. One can thus wonder how these apparently conflicting attachments could coexist within Belgian freemasonry. Could they even be present in one and the same personality? Charles Magnette, Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Belgium during the war, embodied these national, subnational and international currents. Because of his masonic activities during the conflict, he would eventually be turned into a nationalist icon by Belgian freemasons after the war. A role seemingly contradictory with his cosmopolitan allegiance, or was it?
New New (Buddhist?) Ecology
Authors: Callicott J. Baird
Published: June 2010

Simultaneous with the emergence of an ‘environmental crisis’ and attendant widespread environmental consciousness and conscience in the1960s, Eugene Odum, then dean of the field, announced the advent of the ‘New Ecology’. Odum’s new ecology was based on the ecosystem concept as its organizing idea and reiterated the classic notion of nature, unperturbed by human disturbance, as in a steady state of dynamic equilibrium. This New Ecology is now old. The classic ‘balance-of-nature’ paradigm has been replaced by the ‘flux-of-nature’ paradigm in which ecosystems are open, human influence has been ubiquitous and long-standing, and natural disturbance is multifaceted, widespread, and frequent. If not in Buddhism, then certainly in ecology, ‘everything burns’—that is, everything is subject to periodic disturbance, of which fire is so common an instance as to be symbolic. However, most laypersons are unaware of this paradigm shift in ecology, which was consolidated over the last forty years. Any plausible and up-to-date articulation of an ‘ecotheology’ should be informed by the new New Ecology and not the old New Ecology. Among world religions, Buddhism has had the longest association with ecology, and thanks to leaders such as the Dalai Lama, it remains the religious worldview most closely associated with ecology in the environmentalist’s imaginary.
Genesis and J. Baird Callicott
Authors: Smaje Chris
Published: June 2010

The nature of the relationship between humankind and the natural world construed in the Bible’s book of Genesis has long been a matter of debate. To the well-known ‘despotic’ and ‘stewardship’ interpretations of Genesis, J. Baird Callicott has more recently formulated what he terms a ‘citizenship’ interpretation, based upon Aldo Leopold’s concept of the land ethic. Callicott’s interpretation, while compelling in many respects, pays insufficient attention to the tragic view of the relationship between people and the natural world articulated in Genesis. When addressed to the question of agriculture—a fundamental concern of Genesis—this tragic view offers grounds for a rapprochement between all three interpretations as different modalities of a ‘land ethical’ agricultural practice. This has significant implications for the development of a contemporary land ethical or ‘enlightened’ agriculture.
Guest Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Nyamweru Celia , Sheridan Michael
Published: June 2010

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The Cultural Use of the Wild Olive Tree by the amaXhosa People in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Cocks Michelle Linda , Dold Anthony Patrick
Published: June 2010

The cultural meanings of harvested plants have for the most part been ignored in academic research on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in southern Africa. Historically scientists have tended to ignore the complex relationships between nature and culture. Given the country’s unique political and economic past and the current search for sustainable use of natural resources, a focus on the convergence of natural science and cultural diversity is important at this time. Empirical data on cultural practices is being collected in order to develop fresh and relevant insights into the complex relationships between culture and biodiversity. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the concept of culture needs to be brought into our understanding of the role of NTFPs. We document the use and value of a specific tree, Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green, called Umnquma in the Xhosa language, for cultural purposes, by both rural and urban households.
Royal Residences and Sacred Forests in Western Cameroon
Authors: Fomin Denis E.S.
Published: June 2010

In this paper I discuss the environmental, cultural, and political significance of the palace forests of the indigenous rulers in the Grassfields region of north western Cameroon. All true chiefs in the Grassfields have palaces, and the possession of an impressive palace with a sacred forest adds much to the status and legitimacy of a ruler. The forests, which may be as large as 200 acres, lie close to the palace buildings and are homes for a variety of social institutions. They are the shrines where the palace and state gods reside; they are burial sites for young children from the palace community; they are the sites of sacrifices of appeasement; and, in several regions, they are the venue for meetings of secret societies. The forests are also the venue for the royal dances known as lefem, carried out by members of dance groups. The lefem events involve rituals, dancing, and feasting within the forest, and are occasions where individuals display their social status. In this paper I explain why the ecological condition of many of these forests is still good, despite lack of specific support for their conservation from the central government of Cameroon. There is a wide range of local stakeholders with interests in the continued well being of the forests, and the general cultural revival in the region today serves to further strengthen the institutions responsible for the forests’ survival.
Singing to Estranged Lovers
Authors: Swanson Tod Dillon
Published: June 2010

This article examines Runa relation to plants in the Ecuadorian Amazon. By examining ritual songs to plants as well as gardening behavior it argues that plants are treated like dangerous lovers or difficult children. To find out why this should be the case it then examines Quichua and Shuar language accounts of the origins of plant species. These accounts suggest that plant species evolve from a previously human state in which the plants were lovers or children who became estranged. The emotional estrangement then hardened into a physical transformation giving rise to a new species. Under certain circumstances plants continue to be treated as though they were moody estranged children or lovers. The paper concludes by suggesting that treating plants as high maintenance lovers leads to a kind of gardening that is more costly in terms of time and dedication than many women can afford under conditions of modernity.
The Celestial Umbilical Cord
Authors: Hill Jonathan D.
Published: June 2010

This article focuses on the multiple uses and meanings of wild palm species as sources of musical wind instruments and edible fruits in sacred ceremonies and rituals of the Wakuénai (or Curripaco) living in the Venezuelan Amazon. In myth, the emergence of a macanilla (púpa) tree from the ashes of the primordial human being (Kuwái) became the source of sacred flutes and trumpets, and the sounds made by these wind instruments opened up the world for a second time. In ritual and ceremonial performances, the different instruments have animal namesakes and are also said to be different parts of the body of Kuwái. This article explores these intimate relations among wild palm species, adult male bodies, sacred wind instruments, and the primordial human being of myth. The article also draws on verbal and nonverbal imagery performed in sacred singing and chanting (malikái) in which wild palm species are associated with the celestial umbilical cord that nourishes humanity with the life-giving and world-creating powers of Kuwái and other powerful mythic beings.
The Life of the Saint and the Animal
Authors: Wilson Joseph A.P.
Published: June 2010

This paper seeks to challenge the notion that European Christianity was untouched by Asian religious influence during much of the Common Era. Rather, I propose that certain Indian ethical tenets were incorporated into Christian ascetic practices as a consequence of interaction with heretical intermediaries. In medieval Europe, the spiritual kinship of animals and humans was widely taken for granted by common folk and heretical clerics. Indic religious doctrines on this subject may have diffused gradually into Western popular religion even while the Church worked systematically through official channels to prevent their transmission. Inspired by the work of Graeme MacQueen, I examine evidence of saint–animal interactions in several medieval hagiographies. These saints’ lives model ethical responsibility toward nonhuman life. I argue that Buddhist Jataka stories provide the prototype for these characters. Ultimately, similar ethical tenets were integrated into orthodox Christian asceticism by Saint Francis of Assisi. Some of Francis’s inspiration may have originated in Asia, later carried to Europe along the Silk Road as doctrines of the Manichees: secretive, syncretistic heretics continuously persecuted by the Church over the better part of a millennium.
James Nash as Christian Deep Ecologist
Authors: Zaleha Bernard Daley
Published: June 2010

The Wesleyan Quadrilateral, first explicated by Albert Outler, understands Christian doctrine as grounded in biblical scripture, church tradition, personal experience and reason, with scripture as the primary guide but in dialogue with the other three. In his article, James Nash inverted the Quadrilateral to give primacy to reason and experience, with experience expanded to include all available empirical data, receiving inspiration from scripture and tradition so long as they do not contradict the conclusions necessarily drawn from a rational reflection upon all experience, including empirical data as interpreted by science. From this inverted Quadrilateral, Nash concludes that the massive, anthropogenic losses to biodiversity ‘matter morally, not primarily because these other species are instrumental values for human needs and wants, but rather because these species are goods for themselves—intrinsic values—that humans ought to respect’. In so concluding, Nash created a Christian Deep Ecology that respects the intrinsic value of all creation.
Running Deep
Authors: Sands Robert R. , Sands Linda R.
Published: June 2010

Recently, there has been a plethora of work that has cast Homo, possibly Homo erectus as an established distance (endurance) runner (Carrier, 1984; Heinrich, 2001; Bramble and Lieberman 2004, Liebenberg 2006, Lieberman et al 2006, Lieberman and Bramble 2007, Lieberman et al., 2007). Speculations on selection for endurance running have focused on acquisition of animal protein, in the form of scavenging and hunting, specifically "persistence hunting"(Carrier, 1984; Heinrich,2001; Bramble and Lieberman 2004, Liebenberg 2006, Lieberman et al 2006, Lieberman and Bramble 2007, Lieberman et al., 2007). This paper offers an additional explanation for the selection of endurance running (perhaps already established as a critical behavior that filled several facets of Homo lifeways, to include subsistence). Running in Homo selected for a Paleolithic spirituality or "horizontal awareness" through a biologically-based, culturally reinforced biophilia that would have been enhanced through the existing neurobiological reward system. This awareness or Paleolithic high provided Homo with a means to reinforce the necessity of running for survival and situate them as part of a larger and dynamic environmental universe. This intimate environmental bond was facilitated and communicated through running. To borrow on a contemporary evolutionary psychology assessment, humans are wired, both in body and mind, to be runners, however, the ultra running movement today is only a pale reflection of what would have been an essential and reflective part of Homo lifeways.
The Spirits of Conservation
Authors: Jacka Jerry K
Published: June 2010

In environmental circles, there are two long-running debates about (1) whether or not indigenous peoples are truly conservationists, and (2) whether or not Christianity is inherently inimical to conservation. In this article, I bring these two debates into dialogue by exploring the changes in resource management practices of an indigenous group in highlands Papua New Guinea, many of whom have recently converted to Christianity. In Porgera, spirits are critical for maintaining and regulating ecological affairs, so it could be assumed that Christianity would erode whatever conservationist principles are extant in traditional religious belief. This is not the case, however. Traditional, conservation-like practices were dependent upon particular spirits, resources, and ecological zones. Christianity has engaged with these spirits, resources, and zones in complex ways. I argue that we need more nuanced understandings of how the global spread of world religions are integrating with traditional resource management practices to more effectively promote sustainability.
From Biophilia to Cosmophilia
Authors: Johnston Lucas F.
Published: June 2010

Ideas from the life sciences and the physical sciences, particularly the ideas that ecosystems, the planet itself, and eventhecosmosareinterconnectedand ‘organismic’, have influenced the development of sustainability discourse.Sustainability advocates strategically deploy such scientific concepts through subtly spiritualized language and metaphors to advance their arguments. Even when the language of sustainability advocacy is not explicitly religious, it reflects core values and deep beliefs of particular individuals, communities, or groups. In such cases, sustainability movements derive their power by following a neo-religious narrative, and when deployed in the public sphere, such narratives are performing religious work.
Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal Churches as a Social Force in Europe
Authors: Burgess Richard , Knibbe Kim , Quaas Anna
Published: June 2010

This article discusses the spread and impact of the Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG), a successful example of a Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal church in Britain, the Netherlands and Germany. The church’s capacity as a social force in Europe is assessed with reference to three dimensions: the social impact on the wider society through its missionary and civic activities, the social impact on members’ lives, and the extent to which the church contributes to the “deprivatization” of religion and its visibility in the public sphere (Casanova, 1994; Haynes, 1998). The article concludes that Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal churches such as the RCCG are quite clearly a social force in Europe: they are expanding, finding new ways of being present in public spaces and engaging with society, and are instrumental in constituting the spaces of the African Diaspora and shaping the self-conception of their members as valuable members of their host society. Furthermore, they contribute to the awareness of the European mainline churches that Christianity’s centre of gravity is moving south. All this is visible quite strongly in Britain, to a lesser extent in the Netherlands and least in Germany.
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury in Implant Dentistry: Diagnosis, Causes, Prevention, and Management
Authors: Alhassani Ahmed Ali , AlGhamdi Ali Saad Thafeed
Published: June 2010

Inferior alveolar nerve injury is one of the most serious complications in implant dentistry. This nerve injury can occur during local anesthesia, implant osteotomy, or implant placement. Proper understanding of anatomy, surgical procedures, and implant systems and proper treatment planning is the key to reducing such an unpleasant complication. This review discusses the causes of inferior alveolar nerve injury and its diagnosis, prevention, and management.
Crown-to-Implant Ratios of Short-Length Implants
Authors: Birdi Hardeep , Schulte John , Kovacs Alejandro , Weed Meghan , Chuang Sung-Kiang
Published: June 2010

Excessive crown-implant ratios have been cited in the literature as being detrimental to long-term implant survival. However, unfavorable crown-implant ratios have not yet been established. The primary aim of this study was to determine the crown-implant ratios of single-tooth implant-supported restorations on short-length implants in a clinical practice, and to evaluate the health of these implants via mesial and distal first bone-to-implant contact levels. Additionally, the relationship between crown-implant ratios and proximal first bone-to-implant contact levels will be evaluated. In this retrospective cohort study, the cohort was composed of 194 patients who possessed at least 1 single 5.7 mm or 6 mm length plateau design implant-supported restoration that had been surgically placed between February 1997 and December 2005. A chart review was performed to acquire the most recent radiographs in which both the entire crown and the implant were visible. The length of the crown and implant was measured directly from the radiographs using consistent magnification to calculate the crown-implant ratio. Mesial and distal first bone-to-implant contact levels were measured using 3 times magnification and were mathematically corrected for distortion. The last available radiograph was used to measure bone levels. Follow-up time was calculated from the day of implant placement to the date of the last available radiograph. Statistical analyses with analysis of variance mixed models were used. Data from 309 single implant-supported fixed restorations were tabulated and included in the study. The mean (SD) follow-up time was 20.9 (23.2) months, with a range of 15.6 to 122.8 months. The mean crown length (SD) was 13.4 (2.6) mm, with a range of 6.2 to 21.7 mm. The mean (SD) crown-implant ratio was 2.0 (0.4) and ranged from 0.9 to 3.2. The average mesial and distal first bone-to-implant contact levels (SD) measured from the radiographs were −0.2 (0.7) mm and −0.2 (0.9) mm, respectively. No statistically significant relationship was observed between increasing crown-implant ratios and decreasing mesial and distal first bone-to-implant contact levels around the implant with P values of .94 and .57, respectively. In this investigation, mesial and distal first bone-to-implant contact levels on short-length implants fall within the established guidelines for success. Also, there are no associations between crown-implant ratios and first bone-to-implant contact levels.
Zirconia Dental Implants: A Literature Review
Authors: Özkurt Zeynep , Kazazoğlu Ender
Published: June 2010

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used for fabrication of dental implants. Because of potential immunologic and possible esthetic compromises with titanium implants, novel implant technologies are being developed. However, these novel technologies must maintain the characteristics that provide titanium implants with their high success rates. Zirconia implants were introduced into dental implantology as an alternative to titanium implants. Zirconia seems to be a suitable implant material because of its toothlike color, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and low plaque affinity. The aim of this study is to review clinical and research articles conducted on zirconia dental implants, compare them with titanium dental implants, and provide information on zirconia dental implant osseointegration and mechanical strength. Zirconia dental implants have the potential to become alternative dental implants to titanium dental implants, but they are not yet in routine clinical use.
Postoperative Assessment of Incisor Dental Implants Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Naitoh Munetaka , Nabeshima Hiromitsu , Hayashi Hisashi , Nakayama Takehiko , Kurita Kenichi , Ariji Eiichiro
Published: June 2010

The bone configuration surrounding anterior dental implants was postoperatively assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In 21 patients with a mean age of 41.5 years, 36 implants placed in the incisor region were postoperatively evaluated using CBCT. The rate of bone-to-implant contact (%) was calculated. The mean rate of bone-to-implant contact on the labial side was 78.3% with and 65.3% without bone grafts. The postoperative findings of incisor implants could be assessed using CBCT.
In Situ Tooth Replica Custom Implant: Rationale, Material, and Technique
Authors: Ghuneim Wael Aly
Published: June 2010

This study introduced a new concept of an in situ, custom-made, tooth replica dental implant. It was obtained by injecting a self-set, nonresorbable polymer type bone graft substitute into the tooth socket after extraction. Based on its cited properties, new composite bone cement Cortoss was suggested. The properties were reviewed and evaluated. The technique of application was described with a simulation model presented that appeared simple. Apparently, immediate duplication of tooth anatomy was achieved; thus, the concept might have the potentials of spontaneous adaptation and stabilization, preservation of alveolar bone, increasing implant-bone surface area, better load distribution, and bone stimulation. Modifications were also described to manage cases of resorbed alveolar bone as well as long-standing extracted teeth. Investigations were still required to assess the performance of the material and if modifications would be needed.
Horizontal Ridge Augmentation Utilizing a Composite Graft of Demineralized Freeze-Dried Allograft, Mineralized Cortical Cancellous Chips, and a Biologically Degradable Thermoplastic Carrier Combined With a Resorbable Membrane: A Retrospective Evaluation of 73 Consecutively Treated Cases From Private Practices
Authors: Toscano Nicholas , Holtzclaw Danny , Mazor Ziv , Rosen Paul , Horowitz Robert , Toffler Michael
Published: June 2010

Ridge deficiency is an unfortunate obstacle in the field of implant dentistry. Many techniques are available to rebuild the deficient ridge. Some of these techniques are associated with significant morbidity and often require a second surgical site. With the advent of guided bone regeneration (GBR), one may now graft the deficient ridge with decreased morbidity and without a second surgical site. The purpose of this retrospective consecutive case series from 5 private practices is to report on the outcomes of a composite material of demineralized freeze-dried allograft, mineralized cortical cancellous chips, and a biologically degradable thermoplastic carrier (Regenaform RT) when combined with a resorbable membrane for GBR of lateral ridge defects in human patients. The specific aim was to quantify clinical results through direct measurement. Data were obtained from 73 consecutively treated lateral ridge augmentations performed on 67 partial and/or completely edentate patients. Clinical data (presurgical ridge width, ridge width at implant placement, and bone density at implant placement) were obtained retrospectively from 5 private practices via an exhaustive retrospective chart review, which was pooled and averaged for analysis. The average gain in horizontal ridge width was 3.5 mm (range, 3–6 mm). The density of the bone was noted to be type 2 to 3, with type 3 being the predominant finding. This retrospective case series from 5 clinical private practices suggests that the use of a composite material of demineralized freeze-dried allograft, mineralized cortical cancellous chips, and a biologically degradable thermoplastic carrier, when covered by a resorbable collagen membrane for GBR, is an effective means of horizontal ridge augmentation.
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal–Contaminated Soils: Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction
Authors: Lombi E. , Zhao F.J. , Dunham S.J. , McGrath S.P.
Published: June 2010

A pot experiment was conducted to compare two strategies of phytoremediation: natural phytoextraction using the Zn and Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. Presl & C. Presl versus chemically enhanced phytoextraction using maize (Zea mays L.) treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The study used an industrially contaminated soil and an agricultural soil contaminated with metals from sewage sludge. Three crops of T. caerulescens grown over 391 d removed more than 8 mg kg−1 Cd and 200 mg kg−1 Zn from the industrially contaminated soil, representing 43 and 7% of the two metals in the soil. In contrast, the high concentration of Cu in the agricultural soil severely reduced the growth of T. caerulescens, thus limiting its phytoextraction potential. The EDTA treatment greatly increased the solubility of heavy metals in both soils, but this did not result in a large increase in metal concentrations in the maize shoots. Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by maize + EDTA was much smaller than that by T. caerulescens from the industrially contaminated soil, and was either smaller (Cd) or similar (Zn) from the agricultural soil. After EDTA treatment, soluble heavy metals in soil pore water occurred mainly as metal–EDTA complexes, which were persistent for several weeks. High concentrations of heavy metals in soil pore water after EDTA treatment could pose an environmental risk in the form of ground water contamination.
Assessing Site Vulnerability to Phosphorus Loss in an Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Sharpley Andrew N. , McDowell Richard W. , Weld Jennifer L. , Kleinman Peter J. A.
Published: June 2010

A P index was developed as a tool to rank agricultural fields on the basis of P loss vulnerability, helping to target remedial P management options within watersheds. We evaluated two approaches, a soil P threshold and components of a P index, by comparing site vulnerability estimates derived from these two approaches with measured runoff P losses in an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania. Rainfall–surface runoff simulations (70 mm h−1for 30 min) were conducted on 57 sites representing the full range of soil P concentrations and management conditions found in the watershed. Each site was comprised of two, abutting 2‐m2runoff plots, serving as duplicate observations. For sites that had not received P additions for at least six months prior to the study, Mehlich‐3 P concentration was strongly associated with dissolved P concentrations (r2= 0.86) and losses (r2= 0.83) in surface runoff, as well as with total P concentration (r2= 0.80) and loss (r2= 0.74). However, Mehlich‐3 P alone was poorly correlated with runoff P from sites receiving manure within three weeks prior to rainfall. The P index effectively described 88 and 83% of the variability in dissolved P concentrations and losses from all sites in the watershed, and P index ratings exhibited strong associations with total P concentrations (r2= 0.81) and losses (r2= 0.79). When site‐specific observations were extrapolated to all fields in the watershed, management recommendations derived from a P index approach were less restrictive than those derived from the soil P threshold approach, better reflecting the low P loads exported from the watershed.
Sorption of Bentazone, Dichlorprop, MCPA, and Propiconazole in Reference Soils from Norway
Authors: Thorstensen Christian W. , Lode Olav , Eklo Ole Martin , Christiansen Agnethe
Published: June 2010

Sorption–desorption kinetic and isotherm studies were performed by the batch equilibrium technique in three Norwegian soils. The soils were a fine sandy loam, a loam, and a soil of highly decomposed organic material. Two commercially formulations were used, Triagran‐P and Tilt, containing either a mixture of bentazone [3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide], dichlorprop [(R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐propionic acid], and MCPA [(4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetic acid], or propiconazole [(±)1‐(2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole] alone. Sorption–desorption equilibrium occurred within 10 h for all pesticides. The Freundlich isotherms indicated nonlinear sorption of bentazone, dichlorprop, MCPA, and propiconazole. For all pesticides the highest Freundlich adsorption coefficient (KF) values were in the soil with highest organic content and lowest pH. For the fine sandy loam and loam, which are representative Norwegian agricultural soils, the results indicate that bentazone, dichlorprop, and MCPA are mobile with KF values ranging from 0.07 to 1.50 mg1−1/n kg−1 L1/n Propiconazole is much less mobile with KF values ranging from 27.00 to 36.02 mg1−1/n kg−1 L1/n in the agricultural soils.
Plant Contamination by Organic Pollutants in Phytoremediation
Authors: Sung Kijune , Corapcioglu M.Yavuz , Drew M.C. , Munster C.L.
Published: June 2010

Phytoremediation is a remediation technique that involves plant uptake, transformation, accumulation, and/or volatilization of soil‐ and aqueous‐phase contaminants or by the stimulation of microbial cometabolic activity in the rhizosphere of the plant. Even when the principal mechanism is by stimulation of bacteria, any resultant plant contamination cannot be overlooked. For the purpose of modeling, a two‐compartment plant model has been developed. The model divides the plant into the shoot compartment (which can be harvested) and the root compartment (into which contaminants can accumulate). Numerical experiments were conducted to investigate model behavior and to determine important parameters affecting plant contamination. Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] was used to evaluate the model behavior. The contaminants TNT (2,4,6,‐trinitrotoluene) and chrysene were selected on the basis of their contrasting aqueous‐phase solubilities. The results indicate that plant contamination and soil remediation by plants depend on soil properties such as soil organic carbon content, the physicochemical properties of the contaminants such as the octanol–water partition coefficient, and plant properties. The most important factor affecting plant contamination is bioavailability. As bioavailability increased, the concentrations in root and shoot compartments were predicted to increase. Microbial activities and plant contamination are closely related, which suggests that plants and microorganisms can have complementary roles in phytoremediation.
Compost Age and Sample Storage Effects on Maturity Indicators of Biosolids Compost
Authors: Butler T.A. , Sikora L.J. , Steinhilber P.M. , Douglass L.W.
Published: June 2010

Compost product safety and quality assurance are required to meet the needs of the horticultural, agricultural, and silvicultural user markets. At present, there exist no industry‐wide sampling and testing protocols for compost products, thus limiting the production sector. The objective of this research was to test three methods for determining compost maturity. The study followed the composting process of a locally successful commercial composting operation that had been producing lime‐stabilized biosolids compost in the Washington, DC metro region for 12 yr. Change over time in the dependent variables—Dewar flask self‐heating capacity, oxygen uptake rate, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)—during a 57‐d composting of lime‐stabilized biosolids was studied. Because cold storage at 4°C is recommended when compost samples cannot be tested for maturity immediately, cold storage of up to 11 wk was included as a variable. Mathematical models were developed that predict change in the Dewar flask self‐heating capacity, oxygen uptake rate, and CEC with composting time and storage at 4°C. The Dewar flask self‐heating test was the most useful indicator of compost maturity. This test showed change throughout the 57‐d biosolids composting period while oxygen respirometry did not change after 29 d. The CEC was found to increase with age and storage. Storage effects varied for the different tests. Except for Days 1 and 57, composts continued to stabilize during storage. Testing stored composts may produce erroneous results that suggest the compost is mature.
Evaluation of the Application of Pig Slurry to an Experimental Crop Using Agronomic and Ecotoxicological Approaches
Authors: Diez J. A. , de la Torre A. I. , Cartagena M. C. , Carballo M. , Vallejo A. , Muñoz M. J.
Published: June 2010

The agronomic and ecotoxicological effects of the application of pig (Sus scrofa) slurry during a maize (Zea maysL.) crop cycle under conditions of forced irrigation were evaluated. The 0.2‐ha experimental area, oftypical xerofluventsoil and of known vulnerability to nitrate (NO−3) contamination, was divided into 12 plots and provided with water measurement instruments (TDR‐probes, vertical tensiometers, and ceramic candles). Samples of soil, water, soil organisms, and the crop were subjected to analytical, agronomic, and biological test procedures. The following fertilizer treatments were applied to triplicate plots: urea (U;170 kg N ha−1), and an optimized (P1; 162 kg N ha−1) and triple (P3; 486 kg N ha−1) dose of pig slurry. Unfertilized plots (P0) served as controls. Calculation was made of seasonal drainage and leached NO−3and sodium losses during the experimental period. Conductivity, heavy metal concentration, hardness, pH, and redox potential were determined in soil solutions. The ecotoxicological evaluation of the soil solution and matrix was based on ecotoxicity bioassays and the quantification of organic and inorganic compounds [phenols, indols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)]. The results suggest that the P3 treatment is highly contaminating due to the leaching of nitrates and increased soil salinity. Despite the fact that aFolsomia candidareproduction test indicated chronic ecotoxicological effects on the soil in plots treated with P1 and P3, the absence of organic compounds suggests that these effects may be attributable to contaminants not considered in this study.
Spatial and Time Distribution of Dairy Cattle Excreta in an Intensive Pasture System
Authors: White S. L. , Sheffield R. E. , Washburn S. P. , King L. D. , Green J. T.
Published: June 2010

This study determined distribution of feces and urine from 36 lactating dairy cattle (Bos taurus) managed in a rotationally grazed 0.74‐ha endophyte‐free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture. Cows were observed for 24 h five times from July 1997 to April 1998, and for 13.5 h in September 1997. During each 24‐h observation period, the first grazing period (12 h) used 54% of the paddock and the second grazing period (8 h) used the entire paddock. Times and locations of all defecations and urinations from a subgroup of eight cows, observed while in the pasture, feed area, milking parlor, or in transit were recorded during the observation periods listed above and another time in May 1997. On pasture, all defecations and urinations were surveyed and mapped for all 36 cows. Feces and urine from six observation periods covered an estimated 10% of the paddock area in one year. Within 30 m of the water tank, concentrations of feces and urine from three warm‐season observations were significantly greater than concentrations during three cool‐season observations. Percentages of defecations and urinations on the pasture, feeding, and milking areas were highly correlated (r > 0.90) with time spent in those areas. Pasture‐based systems could reduce manure handling and storage requirements proportional to the time cattle are on pastures. Manure on the pasture was evenly distributed, except around the water tank during warm‐weather grazings. Results indicate that pasture‐based dairy systems may require smaller, less‐expensive manure management systems compared with confinement dairy farms.