bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anwendung der Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde für das Weitwinkel‐Durchstrahlverfahren
Authors: Brümmer O. , Alex V. , Schulze G.
Published: May 2007

Die Zentralprojektion sowohl der Ausscheidungsschatten als auch der Extinktionslinien vom Legierungseinkristall auf das Röntgen‐Interferenz‐Schatten‐Diagramm erlaubt unmittelbar qualitative lokale Realstrukturaussagen, denn die Zuordnung der Extinktionslinien zum Kristallbereich bedarf nicht geometrischer Berechnungen. Für quantitative Aussagen sind jedoch geometrische Formeln nötig, deren Symbolik an die der dynamischen Röntgenbeugungstheorie angepaßt ist. Solche Formeln werden entwickelt, wobei auch die Ergebnisse unlängst publizierter Arbeiten bestätigt und erweitert werden. Auf die Gitterkonstantenbestimmung mit Hilfe von Extinktionslinien wird ausführlich eingegangen: experimentell bestimmte Gitterkonstanten von Molybdän und Germanium bei Zimmertemperatur werden angegeben. Schließlich wird über Untersuchungen zur Energieströmung in nahezu idealen Kristallen berichtet.
Zur Theorie der nichtstationären Resonanzfluoreszenz an bewegten Molekülen. II. Untersuchungen zur hochauflösenden Resonanzfluoreszenzspektroskopie
Authors: Paerschke H. , Süsse K.‐E. , Welsch D.‐G.
Published: May 2007

Unter Berücksichtigung des Doppler‐Effekts wird ein Ausdruck für die spektrale Energiedichte der Resonanzfluoreszenzstrahlung von Gasen (Dämpfen) bei Laserimpulsanregung hergeleitet. Die spektrale Energiedichte zerfällt in einen kohärenten und einen inkohärenten Anteil, die sich in charakteristischer Weise voneinander unterscheiden. Die kohärente Resonanzfluoreszenzstrahlung reproduziert im wesentlichen das Spektrum der Laserstrahlung, Aussagen über die homogenen Linienbreiten lassen sich nur aus den inkohärenten Spektren gewinnen. Es werden Ergebnisse numerischer Berechnungen der in Vorwärts‐ und in Rückwärtsrichtung unter verschiedenen Anregungsbedingungen zu erhaltenden hochaufgelösten Spektren diskutiert.
A Statistical Model for Describing Spectral Diffusion Effects in Electron Spin Echo (ESE) and Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) Experiments
Authors: Franke M. , Windsch W.
Published: May 2007

A statistical model for an EPR line broadened by dipolar electron‐nuclear interaction is proposed. This makes it possible for the effect of spectral diffusion on the width and intensity of ENDOR signals to be determined from electron spin echo experiments. In this paper, various ENDOR mechanisms are discussed in addition to a calculation of the variation in both Boltzmann factor and spin temperature due to the spectral diffusion effect.
Formation of glass transition temperature‐less (Tg‐less) composite with epoxy resin and ionomer
Authors: Nishida Hirofumi , Ueda Hisatoshi , Matsuda Satoshi , Kishi Hajime , Murakami Atsushi
Published: May 2007

A Tg‐less epoxy resin was easily obtained by curing with ionomer. In this system, the storage modulus did not drop and maintained a high level as if it were in a glassy state even at an elevated temperature of 300 °C. Investigation of the curing process for the epoxy resin mixture with ionomer, using DSC and FT‐IR, revealed that the curing reaction was initiated from the nucleophilic addition of—COO− to the epoxy group to form an ester linkage, and that the chain propagation subsequently occurred by anionic ring opening polymerization of the epoxy group to form an ether linkage. On the basis of the results, the mechanism of ‘Tg‐disappearing phenomenon’ is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the effect of particle size distributions on the fluid dynamic behavior and segregation patterns of fluidized, vibrated and vibrofluidized beds
Authors: Daleffe Roger Valeri , Ferreira Maria Carmo , Freire José Teixeira
Published: May 2007

In this work, the effects of particle size distribution on the dynamics and segregation patterns in fluidized, vibrated and vibrofluidized beds were investigated. Four particle size distributions composed of glass spheres were tested: binary, flat, Gaussian and a reference one, all of them with a mean Sauter diameter equal to 2.18 × 10−3 m. The experimental setup consisted basically of a circular glass chamber with a height of 0.50 m and diameter of 0.114 m and was operated in different modes: as a fluidized bed (Γ = 0), or either as vibrated or vibrofluidized beds (Γ = 2). The pressure drops in the fluidized and vibrofluidized beds were not significantly affected by the particle size distributions. Well‐defined segregation patterns were observed in fluidized and vibrated beds, with the small particles concentrated at the top and the large particles at the bottom in the fluidized bed, and with a reversed pattern in the vibrated bed. Segregation patterns in the vibrofluidized bed depended on the values of the vibration parameters. Segregation in vibrofluidized and vibrated beds was minimized by operating at high amplitudes of vibration. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pan‐milling to prepare ultrafine high‐density polyethylene powder with sodium chloride serving as grinding aid
Authors: Liu Yuan , Li Jie , Wang Qi
Published: May 2007

In this article, our self‐designed pan mill equipment was used to pulverize high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) to prepare its powder product. This pan mill based on three‐dimensional shear forces shows much better pulverization effects on ductile polymer materials when compared with conventional pulverizing equipment based on impact force, and it can mill original HDPE pellets (particle size: 3–4 mm) into fine powder (particle size: 75 μm) at ambient temperature. To further improve the pulverization efficiency to obtain ultrafine HDPE powder, sodium chloride (NaCl), serving as a grinding aid, was comilled with HDPE. Taking the advantages of the cutting and isolating effects of NaCl crystals, HDPE can be pulverized into ultrafine powder with the particle size below 10 μm. Another advantage of NaCl as a grinding aid lies in an easy removal process through water wash, thus conveniently separating from hydrophobic HDPE powder. This technology provides a novel and efficient method to prepare the ultrafine powder of those polymers with high ductility and low melt point, and shows a promise in future commercial application. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
PMMA‐multigraft copolymers derived from linseed oil, soybean oil, and linoleic acid: Protein adsorption and bacterial adherence
Authors: Çakmaklı Birten , Hazer Baki , Açıkgöz Şerefden , Can Murat , Cömert Füsun B.
Published: May 2007

Synthesis of Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA‐multigraft copolymers derived from linseed oil, soybean oil, and linoleic acid PMMA‐g‐polymeric oil/oily acid‐g‐poly(3‐hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA), and their protein adsorption and bacterial adherence have been described. Polymeric oil/oily acid peroxides [polymeric soybean oil peroxide (PSB), polymeric linseed oil peroxide (PLO), and polymeric linoleic acid peroxide (PLina)] initiated the copolymerization of MMA and unsaturated PHA‐soya to yield PMMA–PLO–PHA, PMMA–PSB–PHA, and PMMA–PLina–PHA multigraft copolymers. PMMA–PLina–PHA multigraft copolymers were completely soluble while PMMA–PSB–PHA and PMMA–PLO–PHA multigraft copolymers were partially crosslinked. Crosslinked parts of the PLO‐ and PSB‐multigraft copolymers were isolated by the sol gel analysis and characterized by swelling measurements in CHCl3. Soluble part of the PLO‐ and PSB‐multigraft copolymers and completely soluble PLina‐multigraft copolymers were obtained and characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In the mechanical properties of the PHA–PLina–PMMA, the elongation at break is reduced up to ∼ 9%, more or less preserving the high stress values at its break point (48%) when compared to PLina‐g‐PMMA. The solvent casting film surfaces were studied by means of adsorption of blood proteins and bacterial adhesion. Insertion of the PHA into the multigraft copolymers caused the dramatic increase in bacterial adhesion on the polymer surfaces. PHA insertion into the graft copolymers also increased the protein adsorption. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Compressive response and energy absorption of foam EPDM
Authors: Wang Biqin , Peng Zonglin , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi
Published: May 2007

Ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer foam was prepared by two different processing routes. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the foams with wide relative density ranging from 0.11 to 0.62 have been studied via scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the foam with lower relative density has a unique bimodal cell size structure, which the larger cells inlay among the smaller cells, while the foam articles with higher relative density have thicker cell walls with few small cells. The compressive stress–strain curves show that the foam articles with lower relative density have three regimes: linear elastic, a wide slightly rising plateau, and densification, while the foam articles with higher relative density have only two regimes: the longer linear elastic and densification. The relative modulus increases with the increase in the relative density. The contribution of the gas trapped in the cell to the modulus could be neglected. The energy absorbed per unit volume is relationship with the permitted stress and the relative density. The efficiency and the ideality parameter were evaluated from the compressive stress–strain plots. The parameters were plotted against stress to obtain maximum efficiency and the maximum ideality region, which can be used for optimizing the choice for practical applications in cushioning and packaging. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
The effect of inter‐fiber distance on the interfacial properties in E‐glass fiber/epoxy model composites
Authors: Moon C. K. , Holmes G. A. , McDonough W. G.
Published: May 2007

The effect of interfiber distance on the interfacial properties in E‐glass fiber/epoxy resin composites has been investigated using one and two fiber with various interfiber distance fragmentation test specimens. In addition, the effect of the fiber surface treatment on the interfacial properties has been studied. As a result, we found that the interfacial shear strength increased with the increasing of interfiber distances from 0 to 50 μm and then the ones were saturated regardless of sized and unsized fibers. It was seen that the interfacial shear strengths saturated were in close agreement with those of the single fiber fragmentation tests. We also found that when the interfiber distance was very small, the stress distribution pattern was shown like one fiber, and when the interfiber distance was greater than 50μm, the stress distribution pattern was independent on between fibers. Finally, the interfacial shear strength evaluated using two E‐glass fiber/epoxy resin fragmentation test method is shown as real values in‐site regardless of the fiber surface treatment and interfiber distance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Estimation of phase diagrams for copolymer‐diluent systems in thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Lv Rui , Zhou Jing , Xu Peng , Du Qiangguo , Wang Haitao , Zhong Wei
Published: May 2007

The binary interaction model was introduced to estimate phase diagrams of copolymer‐diluent systems in thermally induced phase separation. The crystallization curves and cloud points of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) with 1,4‐butanediol, EVOH/1,3‐propanediol, and EVOH/glycerol were calculated and compared with experimental value or literature data. Fair agreement was obtained. To confirm the importance of incorporating intramolecular interactions, calculations with and without the consideration of intramolecular interactions were performed and compared. It was found that better results can be obtained if intramolecular interaction was introduced. The reason for the small differences between the calculated value and the experimental data of the liquid–liquid phase separation is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Integrative database management for mouse development: Systems and concepts
Authors: Singh Amar V. , Rouchka Eric C. , Rempala Greg A. , Bastian Caleb D. , Knudsen Thomas B.
Published: May 2007

Cells in the developing embryo must integrate complex signals from the genome and environment to make decisions about their behavior or fate. The ability to understand the fundamental biology of the decision‐making process, and how these decisions may go awry during abnormal development, requires a systems biology paradigm. Presently, the ability to build models with predictive capability in birth defects research is constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental parameters underlying embryonic susceptibility, sensitivity, and vulnerability. Key developmental milestones must be parameterized in terms of system structure and dynamics, the relevant control methods, and the overall design logic of metabolic and regulatory networks. High‐content data from genome‐based studies provide some comprehensive coverage of these operational processes but a key research challenge is data integration. Analysis can be facilitated by data management resources and software to reveal the structure and function of bionetwork motifs potentially associated with an altered developmental phenotype. Borrowing from applied mathematics and artificial intelligence, we conceptualize a system that can help address the new challenges posed by the transformation of birth defects research into a data‐driven science. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:1–19, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A chemiluminescence‐based assessment of androgen‐binding activity in a large pedigree affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: Wang Jiu‐Cun , Wang Minghua , Zhang Rongmei , Zhao Zhimin , Chen Jie , Luo Zewei
Published: May 2007

We report a novel chemiluminescence (CL)‐based method for assaying the ligand‐binding activity of the androgen receptor. The central parts of this method are the utilization of the steroid CL marker as the replacement of the radioactive label in the conventional ligand‐binding assay and the determination of the binding activity by the light measurement of the bound CL–label under an H2O2–microperoxidase system. The properties and reliability of this assay were investigated and verified using genital skin fibroblasts (GSF) from seven normal males. The method is precise (CV < 7% for both Bmax and Kd) with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.93) in each Scatchard linear regression analysis. This assay can determine the androgen binding properties using only a quarter of the cells (approximately 40 000 cells/data point) of that required by the radiolabelling approach. The utility of the method was illustrated by binding experiment on the GSFs of several patients from a large Chinese family affected with androgen insensitivity syndrome. The familial distinct feature is that all patients shared an identical Arg840Cys substitution in the androgen receptor but displayed high phenotypic variation in disorders of male sexual development. The patients selected for the present study represent a wide spectrum of this phenotypic variation. This study thus provides insights on the pleiotropic effects of the mutation. In conclusion, the CL‐based method can serve as an effective, precise and reliable replacement for the radiolabelling approach and has the advantages of simplicity, cost‐effectiveness and health and environmental safety over the counterpart. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis after conclusion of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Teoh A Y B , Chong C N , Wong J , Lee K F , Chiu P W Y , Ng S S M , Lai P B S
Published: May 2007

Background

The aim of this retrospective review was to assess the clinical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis since the conclusion of a randomized controlled trial in 1997.

Methods

Records of all patients admitted for acute cholecystitis in whom early laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted between July 1997 and December 2004 were reviewed.

Results

A total of 209 patients were recruited to this study. Forty-three surgeons performed the procedures. The conversion rate increased significantly in the early period after the trial from 21 per cent to 42 per cent (39 of 92 patients) and decreased significantly to 24 per cent (13 of 54 patients) in the later period. The proportion of operations performed by higher surgical trainees increased significantly from 17 per cent in the early period to 56 per cent in the later period. This increase was associated with a fall in conversion rate without any significant increase in duration of operation or complication rate.

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that the results achieved in a randomized trial can be translated into clinical practice by the entire surgical unit. A structured training programme with the inclusion of an experienced surgeon assisting both trainees and specialists should minimize this learning curve.
α‐Keto‐carbonsäuren aus α‐Keto‐aldonitronen
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz
Published: May 2007

α‐Keto‐aldonitrone gehen mit Alkalicyanid in Arylglyoxylsäurenitril‐anile über, die auch aus anderen Phenacyl‐Verbindungen zu erhalten sind; ihre Spaltung führt in guter Ausbeute zu α‐Keto‐carbonsäuren, unter anderen Bedingungen zu Dioxocarbonsäureamiden. Die Einwirkung verdünnter Natronlauge führt zu Benzoylameisensäureaniliden, bzw. zu Isonitrilen. Erstere entstehen auch aus α‐Keto‐aldonitronen durch Beckmannsche Umlagerung.
Substitutionsreaktionen an doppelt gebundenen Methylen‐ und Methingruppen
Authors: Coenen Max
Published: May 2007

Die Reaktionen von Verbindungen, die eine einseitig stark positivierte Äthylenlücke enthalten, mit Isocyanaten und Ketenen wurden untersucht. Die β‐CH2‐Gruppe der Äthylene verhält sich bei diesen Reaktionen sehr ähnlich wie die NH2‐Gruppe von Aminen. Sie lagert sich unter Bildung eines Säureamids oder eines Ketons an die kumulierte Doppelbindung der Isocyanate oder Ketene an. Ein Vergleich der Geschwindigkeit der Reaktionen von Aminen einerseits und positivierten Äthylenen andererseits mit Isocyanaten macht für beide Typen den gleichen Reaktionsmechanismus sehr wahrscheinlich. Die Analogie in der Reaktionsfähigkeit zwischen Aminen und positivierten Äthylenen läßt sich aus den mesomeren Grenzstrukturen der positivierten Äthylene erklären.
Darstellung der 1.2.3.5‐Tetraacetyl‐ribose
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Hoepfner Eva
Published: May 2007

Während Versuche, aus Triacetyltritylribose den Tritylrest mittels Bromwasserstoffs in Eisessig oder verdünnter Säure abzuspalten, zur gleichzeitigen Anhydridbildung unter Entstehung der 2.3‐Diacetyl‐anhydroribose <1.5><1.4> führten, konnte aus der erstgenannten Verbindung mittels Acetylbromids die 1.2.3.5 Tetraacetyl‐ribose gewonnen werden.
Zur Kenntnis der Basen des Steinkohlenteer‐Schweröls (II. Mitteil.)
Authors: Kruber Otto , Rappen Ludwig
Published: May 2007

Der Nachweis und die Kennzeichnung von 8 Basen aus dem höher siedenden Teil des Steinkohlenteer‐Schweröls werden beschrieben. Die sauren Begleitstoffe der Basen werden untersucht.
Über krystallisiertes Päonin aus der Chlamydomonas‐Mutante Nr. 4
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Löw Irmentraut
Published: May 2007

Das Anthocyan der einzelligen Grünalge Chlamydomonas (Mutante Nr. 4) ist mit Päonin aus Pfingstrosen identisch.
Über die Anlagerung von Alkylpyridinen an Butadien und Styrol in Gegenwart von Alkalimetall
Authors: Wegler Richard , Pieper Gustav
Published: May 2007

α‐Picolin lagert sich in Gegenwart von Natrium an Butadien und Styrol an; dabei entstehen höhere Alkylderivate des Pyridins.
Über die thermische Zersetzung von Benzal‐ und Anisal‐diurethan
Authors: Böttcher Bruno , Bauer Fritz
Published: May 2007

Benzal‐ und Anisal‐diurethan spalten sich bei Temperaturen über 200°. Eine Anzahl von Zersetzungsprodukten, als wichtigstes Lophin, konnte isoliert und identifiziert werden. An Hand dieser Produkte wurde versucht, Einblick in den Zerfallsmechanismus zu gewinnen.
Über Thiazole, VI. Mitteil.): Das Verhalten des Chloracetyl‐Cyanessigsäure ‐äthylesters bei der Hantzschschen Thiazolsynthese
Authors: Beyer Hans , Lässig Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Während die Hantzschsche Thiazolsynthese aus Chloracetyl‐cyanessigsäure ‐äthylester und Thioamiden vom Typus des Thioharnstoffs glatt und in guter Ausbeute vor sich geht, nimmt die gleiche Kondensation mit Thioacet‐ bzw. Thiobenzamid einen wesentlich anderen Verlauf. So entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Chloracetyl‐cyan‐deren Verlauf. So entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Chloracetyl‐cyan‐essigsäure‐äthylester mit Thioacetamid vornehmlich 4‐Keto‐2‐ketimino ‐tetrahydro‐thiophen‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐äthylester. Dieselbe Kondensation mit Thiobenzamid führt zum 2‐Phenyl‐thiazolon‐(4). Im Gegensatz zu diesem abweichenden Reaktionsverlauf liefert die Kondensation des Chloracetyl‐ cyanessigsäure‐äthylesters mit Hydrazin N.N′‐ bis‐thiocarbonsäureamid quantitativ den Hydrazothiazol‐(2.2′)‐bis‐cyanessigsäure‐(4.4′)‐diäthylester.
First Catalytic Hydroaminomethylation in Supercritical Ammonia
Authors: Klein H. , Jackstell R. , Kant M. , Martin A. , Beller M.
Published: May 2007

Hydroaminomethylation of olefins to synthesize amines in supercritical ammonia was studied for the first time. In the presence of a bimetallic Rh‐Ir catalyst system the reaction of 1‐octene with CO, H2, and ammonia led to high‐yield nonylamines. The effect of various reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure was investigated. Furthermore, the influence of different co‐solvents like toluene or methanol was examined. The yield of primary amines could be increased up to 60 % under optimized reaction conditions.
Solid Bed Properties under High Gas Pressure
Authors: Voges S. , Jaeger P. , Eggers R.
Published: May 2007

In this work, several solid bed properties of compressible materials are examined with respect to their impact on batch and continuous processes, implying using dense gases. Important properties in this context are, amongst others, compressibility and permeability. Moisture and temperature are shown to strongly increase the compressibility of natural materials such as hops and caraway. Compressibility, on its turn is decisive for solid bed permeability at a given mechanical pressure. The combination of uniaxial compressibility experiments with permeability tests is introduced as a useful tool to evaluate the feasibility of various processes, especially oil/juice expression in a screw press, supercritical batch extraction, and continuous extrusion‐extraction, where fluid flow through a solid bed is determinative for the process. In the case investigated, gas pressure differences over a solid bed can provoke a post‐compression of the solid bed, which then leads to a decrease in permeability which strongly affects the whole process.
Towards a Bio‐Based Industry: Benign Catalytic Esterifications of Succinic Acid in the Presence of Water
Authors: Budarin Vitaly , Luque Rafael , Macquarrie Duncan J. , Clark James H.
Published: May 2007

The biorefinery of the future will need to integrate bioconversion and appropriate low environmental impact chemical technologies (Green Chemistry) so as to produce a wide range of products from biomass in an economically effective and environmentally acceptable manner. The challenge for chemists is to develop chemistry that works with fermentation‐derived dilute, aqueous mixtures of oxygenated chemicals (platform molecules) rather than the petroleum‐derived non‐aqueous, non‐oxygenated feedstocks we have been working with for 50+ years and to avoid energy intensive and wasteful concentration and purification steps. Here we show that a new family of tuneable mesoporous carbonaceous catalysts derived from starch can be used to accomplish efficient chemistry in aqueous solution. Our new aqueous catalytic chemistry relies on the ability to adjust the surface properties including the hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity balance of mesoporous Starbons by carbonisation at different temperatures (250–750 °C). Simple treatment of these materials with sulfuric acid then provides a series of porous solid acids that can function under a range of conditions including dilute aqueous solution. The reactions of succinic acid (platform molecule) in aqueous alcohol demonstrate the outstanding activities of these new catalysts.
Choline‐Derivative‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Pernak Juliusz , Syguda Anna , Mirska Ilona , Pernak Anna , Nawrot Jan , Pra̧dzyńska Aleksandra , Griffin Scott T. , Rogers Robin D.
Published: May 2007

A total of sixty‐three choline derivative‐based ionic liquids in the forms of chlorides, acesulfamates, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have been prepared and their physical properties (density, viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability) have been determined. Thirteen of these salts are known chlorides: precursors to the 26 water‐soluble acesulfamates, 12 acesulfamates only partially miscible with water, and 12 water‐insoluble imides. The crystal structures for two of the chloride salts—(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylundecyloxymethylammonium chloride and cyclododecyloxymethyl(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride—were determined. The antimicrobial (cocci, rods, and fungi) activities of the new hydrophilic acesulfamate‐based ILs were measured and 12 were found to be active. The alkoxymethyl(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium acesulfamates have been shown to be insect feeding deterrents and thus open up a new generation of synthetic deterrents based on ionic liquids. The alkoxymethyl(2‐decanoyloxyethyl)dimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have also been shown to act as fixatives for soft tissues and can furthermore be used as substitutes for formalin and also preservatives for blood.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Chlorozincophosphate Templated by Protonated 4‐Methylpiperidine.
Authors: Kefi R. , Lefebvre F. , Ben Nasr C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanopowders and Crystals in (Y1‐xNdx)3Al5O12 System: Preparation and Properties.
Authors: Lipinska L. , Lojko L. , Klos A. , Ganschow S. , Diduszko R. , Ryba‐Romanowski W. , Pajaczkowska A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of 1‐Phenylthiocycloalkyl Carboxaldehydes with Ketones. Easy Access to Spiro‐ and Fused‐Cyclobutyl Tetrahydrofurans and Cyclopentanones.
Authors: Bernard Angela M. , Frongia Angelo , Guillot Regis , Piras Pier P. , Secci Francesco , Spiga Marco
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(II) and Gold(I) Complexes of a New O‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Application.
Authors: Ray Lipika , Shaikh Mobin M. , Ghosh Prasenjit
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Nosyl as a Stereoselectivity‐Improving and Easily Removable Group in the O‐Glycosylation of D‐Allal and D‐Galactal‐Derived Allyl Aziridines. Stereospecific Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐2,3‐unsaturated‐O‐glycosides.
Authors: Di Bussolo Valeria , Romano Maria Rosaria , Pineschi Mauro , Crotti Paolo
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by 1‐Alkylbenzimidazole Ruthenium(II) Complexes.
Authors: Oezdemir Ismail , Sahin Neslihan , Cetinkaya Bekir
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition Reaction of N‐Formyl‐β‐nitroamides.
Authors: Kadowaki Ayako , Nagata Yoshiaki , Uno Hidemitsu , Kamimura Akio
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Domino Ring‐Opening/Recyclization Reactions of Doubly Activated Cyclopropanes as a Strategy for the Synthesis of Furoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Zhang Qian , Sun Shaoguang , Xiong Tao , Liu Qun
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnesium Perchlorate as a New and Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines.
Authors: Khatik Gopal L. , Kumar Raj , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorinated Organic Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: The Role of the Fluorine Atom
Authors: Babudri Francesco , Farinola Gianluca M. , Naso Francesco , Ragni Roberta
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase 2 randomized trial of primary endocrine therapy versus chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Semiglazov Vladimir F. , Semiglazov Vladislav V. , Dashyan Garik A. , Ziltsova Elena K. , Ivanov Vadim G. , Bozhok Alla A. , Melnikova Olga A. , Paltuev Ruslan M. , Kletzel Alexander , Berstein Lev M.
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND.

Few studies have compared primary neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. The need for preoperative chemotherapy with doxorubicin or taxanes may be reduced in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive and/or progesterone receptor (PgR)‐positive tumors. This randomized, controlled, phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with endocrine treatment with aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women with ER‐positive and/or PgR‐positive breast cancer.

METHODS.

Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive neoadjuvant anastrozole 1 mg/day (n = 61) or exemestane 25 mg/day (n = 60) for 3 months or doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 with paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 (four 3‐week cycles). Study end points included overall objective response determined by palpation, mammography, and ultrasound, and the number of patients who qualified for breast‐conserving surgery and radiotherapy.

RESULTS.

Clinical objective response was 64% in the endocrine therapy and chemotherapy treatment groups. Median time to clinical response was 57 and 51 days with aromatase inhibitors and chemotherapy, respectively (P > .05). Rates of pathological complete response (3% vs 6%) and disease progression (9% vs 9%) did not differ significantly in the endocrine therapy or chemotherapy group, respectively (P > .05). Rates of breast‐conserving surgery were slightly higher in the endocrine group (33% vs 24%; P = .058). The most frequent toxicities from chemotherapy were alopecia (79%), grade 3/4 neutropenia (33%), and grade 2 neuropathy (30%). Endocrine treatment was well tolerated. No deaths occurred during the preoperative treatment.

CONCLUSIONS.

Preoperative neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with aromatase inhibitors was well tolerated and resulted in rates similar to chemotherapy in overall objective response and breast‐conserving surgery in postmenopausal women with ER‐positive and/or PgR‐positive tumors. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Functional connections within the human inferior frontal gyrus
Authors: Greenlee Jeremy D.W. , Oya Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Hiroto , Volkov Igor O. , Severson Meryl A. , Howard Matthew A. , Brugge John F.
Published: May 2007

The highly convoluted and cytoarchitectonically diverse inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of humans is known to be critically involved in a wide range of complex operations including speech and language processing. The neural circuitry that underlies these operations is not fully understood. We hypothesized that this neural circuitry includes functional connections within and between the three major IFG subgyri: the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis. To test this hypothesis we employed electrical stimulation tract‐tracing techniques in 10 human patients undergoing surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. The approach involved delivering repeated bipolar electrical stimuli to one site on the IFG while recording the electrical response evoked by that stimulus from a 64‐contact grid overlying more distant IFG sites. In all subjects, stimulation of a site on one subgyrus evoked polyphasic potentials at distant sites, either on the same subgyrus or on an adjacent subgyrus. This provided prima facie evidence for a functional connection between the site of stimulation and the sites of the evoked response. The averaged evoked potentials tended to aggregate as response fields. The spatial spread of a response field indicated a divergent projection from the site of stimulation. When two or more sites were stimulated, the resulting evoked potentials exhibited different waveforms while the respective response fields could overlap substantially, suggesting that input from multiple sites converged but by engaging different neural circuits. The earliest deflection in the evoked potential ranged from 2 to 10 msec. No differences were noted between language‐dominant and language‐nondominant hemispheres. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:550–559, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The different mechanisms of insulin sensitizers to prevent type 2 diabetes in OLETF rats
Authors: Choi Sung Hee , Zhao Zheng Shan , Lee Yong Jik , Kim Soo Kyung , Kim Dae Jung , Ahn Chul Woo , Lim Sung Kil , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo
Published: May 2007

Objective

To investigate the effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment during pre‐diabetic period for the prevention of diabetes in a rat model.

Methods

OLETF rats aged 18‐weeks, were treated with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) and metformin (300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks from their pre‐diabetic period. We measured weight, lipid profiles, fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and pancreatic insulin content.

Results

Prominent weight gain (mostly subcutaneous fat area) was observed in the pioglitazone‐treated OLETF (O‐P) ratsversussignificant weight loss was observed in the metformin‐treated OLETF (O‐M) rats. Pioglitazone reversed the serum triglyceride (TG) and FFAs levels to normal (TG 0.46 ± 0.04vs0.88 ± 0.05 mmol/l in LETO). At the age of 28 weeks, the O‐P rats showed completely normal glucose tolerance, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was markedly improved (25.6 ± 0.4vs20.6 ± 0.5 mg/min/kg in O‐C,p< 0.05). The O‐M rats also showed an improved fasting glucose and GDR level, but not as much as those with O‐P rats. The pancreas insulin contents were much improved in the O‐P rats (22.9 ± 1.2vs18.8 ± 1.3 nmol/pancreas in O‐M rats,p< 0.05) with histological improvement.

Conclusion

The pre‐diabetic treatment with pioglitazone, despite significant weight gain, completely prevents to develop diabetes and enhances beta cell function with preservation of islet cell changes. Metformin treatment was also effective, but mainly by ameliorating the insulin resistance with marked reduction in body weight. The reversal of dyslipidaemia and the fat redistribution might contribute to the greater improvement of pioglitazone treatment compared to metformin in OLETF rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arousal and evaluative extremity in social judgments: A dynamic complexity model
Authors: Paulhus Delroy L. , Lim David T. K.
Published: May 2007

A dynamic complexity model is used to explain some effects of emotional arousal on retrieval of social information. Two hypotheses are presented: (1) emotional arousal reduces the cognitive complexity of social perception, and (2) these reductions in complexity result in polarized evaluations of social targets. In Study I, where arousal was operationalized as exam apprehension. Evaluations of famous target figures were polarized under arousal. In Study 2, where arousal was induced with loud white noise, arousal reduced cognitive complexity and polarized evaluations. The polarization of evaluative judgments seems to hinge on the fact that evaluation is the primary dimension in person perception: under arousal, evaluation becomes relatively stronger as secondary dimensions are discarded. Hence, evaluative judgments become more extreme. Other supportive evidence is summarized and the model is compared with other competing frameworks.
Social perception: A test of the role of arousal in self‐evaluation maintenance processes
Authors: Achee John , Tesser Abraham , Pilkington Constance
Published: May 2007

Social prediction was used to examine the causal role of physiological arousal in self‐ evaluation maintenance (SEM) processes. Subjects' level of arousal was manipulated by having half of the subjects engage in physical exercise and half of the subjects relax prior to receiving performance feedback on high and low relevance tasks. On each task, subjects were given an opportunity to predict the performance of a friend or a stranger. The SEM modelpredicts that the more relevant the task the less charitable one's perception of another S performance, particularly a close other. Subjects in the high arousal condition showed a pattern of behaviour which was significantly closer to that predicted by the SEM model than subjects in the low arousal condition. Thus arousal appears to play a causal role in the unfolding of SEM behavrours.
The role of mood and message ambiguity in the interplay of heuristic and systematic processing
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Chaiken Shelly , Hunyadi Piroska
Published: May 2007

The mechanisms by which mood states influence attitude judgments in persuasion settings are delineated in terms of current dual‐process theorizing. With an emphasis on mechanisms that may operate when the evaluative implications of message content are ambiguous. In a preliminary test of hypotheses concerning such circumstances, college‐aged subjects were put into a happy or sad mood and then read a message containing unambiguous strong, unambiguous weak, or ambiguous arguments, which was attributed to a highly credible source (heuristic cue) When message content was ambiguous, sad (as compared to happy) subjects' attitudes were more influenced by heuristic processing, and their message‐related thoughts were biased by the heuristic cue. These and other results are discussed within a dual‐processing framework, and compared to other social cognition theorizing on the impact of affect on social judgment.
Do people avoid sitting next to someone who is facially disfigured?
Authors: Houston Vicky , Bull Ray
Published: May 2007

Most psychological research on the social effects of facial appearance has compared ‘normal’ with attractive faces whereas little work has been concerned with the possible differences in reactions to disfigured and ‘normal’ faces. Yet many cranio‐facial surgeons wish to know whether their disfigured patients are reporting reality when they complain that members of the public avoid or react negatively to them. This study finds that people travelling on a suburban railway significantly avoided sitting next to someone who appeared to have a facial port‐wine stain. It is concluded that facially disfigured people's accounts of avoidant behaviour towards them are probably the results of correct perceptions.
The perceived impact of the mass media: Reconsidering the third person effect
Authors: Duck Julie M. , Mullin Barbara‐Ann
Published: May 2007

Communication scholars describe a pervasive ‘third person effect’ wherein people see mass media as more likely to affect other people than themselves. Two experiments are reported demonstrating that this effect is not a universal response to the issue of social influence, but occurs in specific social comparative contexts. In Experiment I respondents judged the impact on self and other of three types of media content‐negative content, positive content, and public service campaigns. Comparison others varied on two dimensions, vagueness and closeness. A third person effect was found for both negative and positive content, but was more pronounced for negative content. The effect was also more pronounced in comparisons with vague and distant others. In contrast, respondents saw themselves as relatively vulnerable to influence from public service campaigns. Moreover, the direction of perceived self‐other differences varied with respondents' perceptions of the desirability of the intended influence. In Experiment 2 respondents judged the impact on self and other of media violence and drink‐driving campaigns. Results confirmed a perception of relative invulnerability to negative content and indicated that comparisons with vague others, and particularly with vague‐distant others like ‘the average person’, facilitate such perceptions. Perceived self‐other differences on the issue of drink‐driving were less evident and varied with the perceived desirability of the intended influence. Results are discussed in terms of the ego‐defensive and self‐enhancing functions of social comparisons.
A face with a cue: exploring the inevitability of person categorization
Authors: Martin Douglas , Macrae C. Neil
Published: May 2007

Recent research has explored the dynamics of categorical thinking, with debate centering on the putative automaticity of this process. In a further investigation of this topic, the current inquiry assessed the influence of critical category‐cueing facial features on overt (i.e., category identification) and covert (i.e., category priming) measures of sex categorization. The results revealed that when a critical sex‐specifying facial cue (i.e., hairstyle) was present, priming effects emerged even under suboptimal processing conditions (i.e., facial blurring). When this cue was absent, however, priming no longer occurred. Interestingly, category identification was largely unimpeded by feature removal or facial blurring. Taken together, these results underscore the efficiency of categorical thinking and the importance of task objectives and feature‐based processing in person perception. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanofiber–Polystyrene Composite Electrodes for Electroanalytical Processes
Authors: Rassaei Liza , Sillanpää Mika , Bonné Michael J. , Marken Frank
Published: May 2007

Carbon nanofibers provide an active and well‐defined high surface area material for electroanalytical processes. In this study a novel procedure is suggested for compacting carbon nanofiber (CNF) materials (diameter typically 100–200 nm) with a polystyrene (PS) binder and additives into highly conducting and re‐polishable CNF‐PS composite electrodes. Three types of carbon nanofibers (Pyrograf III, 70–200 nm diameter) and a range of compositions are surveyed. A 33 wt% carbon nanofibers in polystyrene electrode provides optimum electrical conductivity and reactivity.
Cationic gemini surfactant as dynamic coating in CE for the control of EOF and wall adsorption
Authors: Liu Qian , Li Yanqing , Tang Fei , Ding Li , Yao Shouzhuo
Published: May 2007

The cationic gemini surfactant ethylene bis(1‐dodecyldimethylammonium) dibromide was used as a dynamic coating to control EOF and prevent wall adsorption of basic proteins in CE for the first time. This gemini surfactant shows a more powerful capability in EOF reversal than traditional single‐chained surfactant. The gemini surfactant reverses the EOF at a concentration level even less than 0.01 mM, and the EOF magnitude is affected by surfactant concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ions added in buffer. Highly efficient and rapid protein separation (N >300 000) was obtained with buffer containing 2 mM gemini surfactant under pH ranging from 3 to 6. The effects of surfactant and buffer concentration on protein separation were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, good repeatability (RSD of migration time <0.6% for run‐to‐run and <2.5% for day‐to‐day assays) and recovery (>90%) of tested proteins were obtained. This new dynamic coating is also suitable for biosample analysis.
The partnership of new directions for evaluation and the American evaluation association
Authors: Mathison Sandra
Published: May 2007

This chapter introduces the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the American Evaluation Association and its association with this journal, and offers an overview of important events and topics of discussion during the past two decades.
Judging interpretations: But is it rigorous? trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A. , Lincoln Yvonna S. , Guba Egon G.
Published: May 2007

This chapter situates Guba and Lincoln's chapter within the broad philosophical debate about the justifiability of interpretations.

The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “ authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.
Numerical simulation of landslide impulsive waves by incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Ataie‐Ashtiani B. , Shobeyri G.
Published: May 2007

An incompressible‐smoothed particle hydrodynamics (I‐SPH) formulation is presented to simulate impulsive waves generated by landslides. The governing equations, Navier–Stokes equations, are solved in a Lagrangian form using a two‐step fractional method. Landslides in this paper are simulated by a submerged mass sliding along an inclined plane. During sliding, both rigid and deformable landslides mass are considered. The present numerical method is examined for a rigid wedge sliding into water along an inclined plane. In addition solitary wave generated by a heavy box falling inside water, known as Scott Russell wave generator, which is an example for simulating falling rock avalanche into artificial and natural reservoirs, is simulated and compared with experimental results. The numerical model is also validated for gravel mass sliding along an inclined plane. The sliding mass approximately behaves like a non‐Newtonian fluid.
A rheological model, implemented as a combination of the Bingham and the general Cross models, is utilized for simulation of the landslide behaviour. In order to match the experimental data with the computed wave profiles generated by deformable landslides, parameters of the rheological model are adjusted and the numerical model results effectively match the experimental results. The results prove the efficiency and applicability of the I‐SPH method for simulation of these kinds of complex free surface problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.