bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced stimulation of antigen‐specific immune responses against nucleophosmin 1 mutated acute myeloid leukaemia by an anti‐programmed death 1 antibody
Authors: Greiner Jochen , Goetz Marlies , Schuler Patrick J. , Bulach Christiane , Hofmann Susanne , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Dӧhner Harmut , Schneider Vanessa , Guinn Barbara‐ann
Published: July 2022

Nucleophosmin1 (NPM1) is one of the most commonly mutated genes in AML and is often associated with a favourable prognosis. Immune responses play an increasing role in AML treatment decisions; however, the role of immune checkpoint inhibition is still not clear. To address this, we investigated specific immune responses against NPM1, and three other leukaemia‐associated antigens (LAA), PRAME, Wilms' tumour 1 and RHAMM in AML patients. We investigated T cell responses against leukaemic progenitor/stem cells (LPC/LSC) using colony‐forming immunoassays and flow cytometry. We examined whether immune checkpoint inhibition with the anti‐programmed death 1 antibody increases the immune response against stem cell‐like cells, comparing cells from NPM1 mutated and NPM1 wild‐type AML patients. We found that the anti‐PD‐1 antibody, nivolumab, increases LAA stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the cytotoxic effect against LPC/LSC. The effect was strongest against NPM1mut cells when the immunogenic epitope was derived from the mutated region of NPM1 and these effects were enhanced through the addition of anti‐PD‐1. The data suggest that patients with NPM1 mutated AML could be treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti‐PD‐1 and that this treatment combined with NPM1‐mutation specific directed immunotherapy could be even more effective for this unique group of patients.
The use of Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the optical properties of polyester fabric treated with titanium dioxide nanopigments
Authors: Asadi Laleh , Nateri Ali Shams
Published: July 2022

The current study utilises Monte Carlo simulation and Mie scattering theory to estimate the reflectance spectra of fabric coated with titanium dioxide nanopigments of various diameters and concentrations. Image processing was carried out and experimental data were gathered to evaluate the performance of Monte Carlo simulation. The distribution and location of the nanopigments on the surface of fabric were determined using the Monte Carlo method. Reflection of the fabric was calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation with the partitive mixing method and Mie theory. According to the experimental and simulation results, the reflectance of coated samples was increased by increasing the concentration and number of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There was a good match between the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and the experimental results. For coated samples (dTiO2: 500 nm), the root mean square error between measured and predicted reflectance by the Monte Carlo and partitive mixing method and by Monte Carlo and Mie theory was 0.022 and 0.0078, respectively. The results indicate that the performance of the Monte Carlo and Mie method was better than that of the Monte Carlo and partitive mixing method. According to t‐test analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation.
Pharmacotherapy of chronic lung allograft dysfunction post lung transplantation
Authors: Evans Rickey A. , Walter Krysta S. , Lobo Leonard Jason , Coakley Raymond , Doligalski Christina T.
Published: July 2022

Background

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains the primary cause of death in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) despite improvements in immunosuppression management. Despite advances in knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of CLAD, treatments that are currently available are usuallyineffective and delay progression of disease at best.There are currently no evidence‐based guidelines and minimal publications regarding the optimal treatment ofCLAD.

Objective

To complete a comprehensive review of the literature for the prevention and medical management of CLAD.

Methods

We identified the major domains of the medical management of CLAD and conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase databases to identify articles published from inception to December 2021 related to CLAD in LTRs. Studies published in English pertaining to the pharmacologic prevention and treatment of CLAD were included; highest priority was given to prospective, randomized, controlled trials if available. Prospective observational and retrospective controlled trials were prioritized next, followed by retrospective uncontrolled studies, case series, and finally case reports if the information was deemed to be pertinent. Reference lists of qualified publications were also reviewed to find any other publications of interest that were not found on initial search.In the absence of literature published in the aforementioned databases, additional articles were identified by reviewing abstracts presented at the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation and American Transplant Congress annual meetings between 2010–2021.

Conclusion

CLAD should be identified as early as possible along with prompt intervention to optimize the possibility of stabilizing or improving lung function. More robust clinical data is needed to validate the use of all currently available and investigational treatment options for CLAD to identify the optimal pharmacotherapy management for this patient population.
Population genomics reveal multiple introductions and admixture of Sonchus oleraceus in Australia
Authors: Encinas‐Viso Francisco , Morin Louise , Raghu S. , Knerr Nunzio , Roux Camille , Broadhurst Linda
Published: July 2022

Aim

The goal of this study was to investigate the invasion history of the weed Sonchus oleraceus in Australia by comparing the population genetic structure of individuals at different locations in Australia, and in the most likely areas of origin in the native range.

Location

Samples were collected in Europe and Morocco, North Africa (27 locations), and Australia (17 locations).

Methods

We performed population genetic analyses using a large dataset comprising 2883 single nucleotide polymorphism markers from 547 plant samples and investigated the invasion history of S. oleraceus with Approximate Bayesian Computation and Random Forest classification algorithms. We compared single and multiple invasion scenarios considering admixture having occurred before and after introduction.

Results

Our results revealed high levels of inbreeding within sampling locations in the two ranges. Analyses also showed that S. oleraceus was possibly introduced to Australia at least twice: a first introduction around 1000 years ago before British settlement and a more recent introduction (~65 years ago) from Europe and North Africa. We also found evidence of post‐introduction admixture and a potential reintroduction of S. oleraceus from Australia back to its native range.

Main conclusions

We conclude that the invasion history of S. oleraceus into Australia is probably historic (i.e. prior to British settlements) and complex showing recent evidence of post‐introduction admixture. The complex invasion history of S. oleraceus in Australia poses challenges for the search of potential biological control agents.
Emerging signs of autism spectrum disorder in infancy: Putative neural substrate
Authors: Hadders‐Algra Mijna
Published: July 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by altered development of the social brain with prominent atypical features in the fronto‐temporo‐parietal cortex and cerebellum. Early signs of ASD emerge between 6 and 12 months: reduced social communication, slightly less advanced motor development, and repetitive behaviour. The fronto‐temporo‐parietal cortex and cerebellum play a prominent role in the development of social communication, whereas fronto‐parietal‐cerebellar networks are involved in the planning of movements, that is, movement selection. Atypical sensory responsivity, a core feature of ASD, may result in impaired development of social communication and motor skills and/or selection of atypical repetitive behaviour. In the first postnatal year, the brain areas involved are characterized by gradual dissolution of temporary structures: the fronto‐temporo‐parietal cortical subplate and cerebellar external granular layer. It is hypothesized that altered dissolution of the transient structures opens the window for the expression of early signs of ASD arising in the impaired developing permanent networks.

What this paper adds

The early social and motor signs of autism spectrum disorder emerge between the ages of 6 and 12 months.

Altered dissolution of transient brain structures in the fronto‐temporo‐parietal cortex and cerebellum may underlie the emergence of these early signs.
Influence of internal seiche dynamics on vertical movement of fish
Authors: Jarić Ivan , Říha Milan , Souza Allan T. , Rabaneda‐Bueno Rubén , Děd Vilem , Gjelland Karl Ø. , Baktoft Henrik , Čech Martin , Blabolil Petr , Holubová Michaela , Jůza Tomáš , Muška Milan , Sajdlová Zuzana , Šmejkal Marek , Vejřík Lukáš , Vejříková Ivana , Peterka Jiří
Published: July 2022

Internal seiches are common in stratified lakes, with significant effects on stratification patterns, hydrodynamics and vertical nutrient transport. In particular, seiches can change the vertical distribution of the thermocline and the cold hypolimnetic and warm epilimnetic water masses by several metres on a timescale of a few hours, leading to rapid and strong changes in temperature profiles and oxygen availability, with profound effects on mobile and sessile organisms. This could affect fish communities directly, through physiological stress and elevated mortality, and indirectly, through prey distribution.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of internal seiche dynamics on lacustrine fish behaviour, and to characterise fish reaction patterns, with the main focus on vertical movement of fish in the vicinity of a shifting thermocline, and avoidance of cold hypolimnetic water.

The analysis was based on acoustic telemetry data from Lake Milada, a post‐mining lake in the Czech Republic, with a total of 61 tracked individuals of four species: northern pike (Esox lucius), wels catfish (Silurus glanis), tench (Tinca tinca) and rudd (Scardinius erythropthalmus).

The effects of seiche dynamics on the four species studied were weak but significant during the day, while at night they affected only rudd. Upward seiches elicited stronger responses in fish than downward seiches, and the impacts occurred only during the strongest seiche events.

Thermocline shifting during seiche events may induce a transient reduction in habitat for seiche‐reacting species, and thus affect predation and other inter‐ and intra‐specific interactions, as well as fish community dynamics.
Rules versus discretion in Central Bank communication
Authors: Galvão Raphael , Shalders Felipe
Published: July 2022

We propose a theoretical framework to study Central Bank communication and to assess the benefits of commitment to a disclosure rule. Our model features a coordination environment, where agents have dispersed private information and their interests are not aligned with those of the Central Bank. Public information can lead to undesirable coordination among agents. We show that anything goes when the Central Bank cannot commit; both its most and least preferred outcomes can be supported in equilibrium, and so can anything in between. We find that commitment does not necessarily implement the Central Bank's most preferred outcome. However, the Central Bank can avoid the least desirable outcomes by choosing an information structure with only two messages that act as action recommendations for agents. Furthermore, our results suggest a higher correlation between fundamentals and outcomes under commitment.
A case of azathioprine‐induced aplastic anemia
Authors: Montgomery Hunter D. , Agarwal Archana M. , Lim Ming Y.
Published: July 2022

Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant that is widely used to treat many disease states including rheumatoid arthritis. We present a patient who was treated with AZA for rheumatoid arthritis and subsequently hospitalized for severe myelosuppression due to acquired aplastic anemia. Upon genetic testing it was found that the patient was thiopurine methyltransferase (TMPT) deficient, a well‐documented risk factor for myelosuppression in patients taking azathioprine. We advocate for TPMT and nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) testing prior to initiation of AZA treatment, or close monitoring with a complete blood count post‐AZA initiation to avoid these serious side effects.
Evaluation of post‐tracheostomy scars and their impact on persons' quality of life: A case‐control study
Authors: Shahparonyan Rafik G. , Poghosyan Anna Yu , Minasyan Armen M. , Bablumyan Aren Yu , Malkhasyan Irina E. , Gnuni Anatoly S. , Matosyan Khachatur H. , Sargsyan Ani M. , Tadevosyan Artashes E. , Muradyan Armen A.
Published: July 2022

Tracheostomy is one of the more commonly performed procedures in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation. Postoperative scarring is one of the bothersome sequelae of tracheostomies. Scars distort physical appearance, especially when found on the head and neck, which could have a negative impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate and assess the impact of post‐tracheostomy scars on quality of life according to the tracheostomy method. A prospective, single‐center, observational, case‐control study was conducted. One hundred fifty‐six persons with a post‐tracheostomy surgical scar for more than four months were observed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire. Persons were divided into two groups depending on the method of tracheostomy, and the duration of the cannulated period was considered in both groups. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS ver. 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and P values of <0.05 were considered significant. The patients who had a tracheostomic tube cannulation period of fewer than 15 days had better cosmetic results than those who had tracheostomic tubes for more than 15 days, regardless of the tracheostomy method: 6.64 ± 0.082 versus 16.15 ± 0.096 (P < 0.001) in the surgical tracheostomy group and 7.26 ± 0.211 versus 14.17 ± 0.379 (P < 0.05) in the percutaneous dilatational group. The Dermatology Life Quality Index scores had a mean value of 0.6 ± 0.01, which means that post‐tracheostomy scarring in the present study had no effect on the person's quality of life. The aesthetic outcomes of post‐tracheostomy scars after the open surgical tracheostomy technique did not significantly differ from those of the percutaneous dilatational technique in the present study. Persons with a long duration of tracheostomic tube ventilation showed worse aesthetic outcomes than those with short‐term tracheostomic cannulation, which was not dependent on the tracheostomy technique. The Dermatology Life Quality Index showed that post‐ttracheostomy scarring in the present study had no effect on the person's quality of life.
The Gender Paradox in Suicide
Authors: Canetto Silvia Sara , Sakinofsky Isaac
Published: July 2022

In most Western countries females have higher rates of suicidal ideation and behavior than males, yet mortality from suicide is typically lower for females than for males. This article explores the gender paradox of suicidal behavior, examines its validity, and critically examines some of the explanations, concluding that the gender paradox of suicidal behavior is a real phenomenon and not a mere artifact of data collection. At the same time, the gender paradox in suicide is a more culture‐bound phenomenon than has been traditionally assumed; cultural expectations about gender and suicidal behavior strongly determine its existence. Evidence from the United States and Canada suggests that the gender gap may be more prominent in communities where different suicidal behaviors are expected of females and males. These divergent expectations may affect the scenarios chosen by females and males, once suicide becomes a possibility, as well as the interpretations of those who are charged with determining whether a particular behavior is suicidal (e.g., coroners). The realization that cultural influences play an important role in the gender paradox of suicidal behaviors holds important implications for research and for public policy.
Postponed Suicide Death? Suicides around Birthdays and Major Public Holidays
Authors: Jessen Gert , Jensen Børge F.
Published: July 2022

The relationship between suicide and birthdays, and suicide and public holidays has been studied from data on 32,291 Danish suicides by persons ages 15 years and older in the 25‐year period 1970–1994. Evidence was found to support the theory of the “broken‐promise effect” for major public holidays in that there appears to be a postponement of a significant number of suicides from before a holiday until after. The division of holidays into nonworking and (half‐time) working days showed that a “holiday effect” could only be found around major public holidays, particularly Christmas, Easter, and Whitsun. The postponing or transpositioning effect is relevant to prevention, especially because of the availability and accessibility of help at the end of and after major public (nonworking) holidays.
Syndication of European Buyouts and its Effects on Target‐Firm Performance
Authors: Huyghebaert Nancy , Priem Randy
Published: July 2022

Using a unique dataset of 859 leveraged buyouts in Europe during the period 1999–2009, the authors' recent study reports that buyout financiers syndicate their transactions to other buyers to achieve benefits that include diversification of different types of target risk, the combination of complementary investor information and skillsets, and an increase in future deal flow. The authors also report that lead financiers structure their syndicates in ways designed to minimize syndication costs, in particular potential information and incentive problems with co‐investors in the syndicate, while also aiming to maximize the syndication benefits mentioned above. For example, through effective management of conflicts of interest with co‐investors within their syndicates, lead financiers are likely to acquire a reputation for looking out for the interests of their co‐investors that ends up increasing their own deal flow.

As additional evidence in support of this claim, the authors also report finding that the post‐buyout profitability and growth of the target companies are higher when buyouts are syndicated (even after adjusting for the “endogeneity” of such decisions) and when the syndicates are structured to limit inter‐investor conflicts of interest within the syndicate. And as the authors point out, this finding, when viewed with the other main findings cited above, provides a more positive view of European buyout syndicates than the one projected by studies of Anglo‐American syndicates to date, whose findings have emphasized the potential for collusion among the buyout financiers.
Nurses' harm prevention practices during admission of an older person to the hospital: A multi‐method qualitative study
Authors: Redley Bernice , Douglas Tracy , Hoon Leonard , de Courten Barbora , Hutchinson Alison M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Nurses' harm prevention practices during the admission of older persons to hospital have important consequences for patient safety, preventable patient harm and length of hospital stay. Novel solutions are needed to assist nurses to balance complexity, high workload burden and patient safety during admission processes.

Aim

Explore the nurses' experiences of harm prevention practices during the admission of an older person to the hospital.

Design

A multi‐method qualitative study informed by frameworks of behaviour change and human‐centred co‐design.

Methods

The purposive sample included 44 nurses, 5 clinicians from other disciplines and 3 consumers recruited from five general medicine wards across three hospitals of a large public health service in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Data were collected over 12 h of naturalistic observations of nurses during eight patient admissions, and during four participatory human‐centred co‐design workshops between August 2019 and January 2020. Observation, field notes and workshop artefact data were integrated for qualitative content and thematic analysis.

Results

Analysis revealed a 5‐step journey map, with a temporal logic, that captured nurses' experiences, as well as the enablers and barriers to harm prevention practices when admitting an older person to the hospital. The consensus was reached on three priority features to assist nurses to implement harm prevention practices when they admit an older person to the hospital: (1) prioritize important care; (2) tailor care to the individual and (3) see the big picture for the patient.

Conclusion

The novel research approach identified five steps in nurses' activities and harm prevention practices during admission of an older person to the hospital, and key features for a solution to assist nurses to keep patients safe. The findings provide the foundation for further research to develop interventions to assist nurses to manage high workloads during this complex activity.
Coordination and Control in European Council Centred Governance. The Netherlands and the Covid Recovery Fund
Authors: Smeets Sandrino , Bekius Femke
Published: July 2022

This paper provides a reconstruction and game‐theoretical characterization of the coming about of the €750 billion Covid Recovery Fund (RRF). It does this from the perspective of one prominent member state, the Netherlands, who was arguably the most prominent opponent to the idea. The case of the Netherlands is revealing for the ability of individual Member States to oversee and control EU decision‐making in this new system of European Council centred governance. We provide an embedded process tracing analysis of the decision‐making from the first Summit on the Multiannual Financial Framework of 20/21 February, up until the ‘historic’ deal on the MFF and RRF of 21 July. Where most media accounts and scholarly evaluations focus on the proceedings at the highest political level and particularly the role of German Chancellor Merkel, we highlight the early, technical‐level developments and proceedings, that laid out the tracks for the final deal.
3D shape reconstruction of normal and cancerous red blood cells using digital holographic tomography: Combination of angular spectrum method and multiplicative technique
Authors: Ibrahim Dahi Ghareab Abdelsalam
Published: July 2022

Since the red blood cell shape affects the oxygen transport, so a robust method to reconstruct the 3D shape of an RBC from different projections is presented. A robust one‐piece polarizing holographic microscope setup is used to record inline holograms of normal and cancerous red blood cells (RBCs) with high stability. The inline holograms are corrected by flat fielding and windowed Fourier filtering methods to mitigate the zero‐order and the defocused twin image due to the inline recording configuration to the least measure. The corrected inline holograms are then reconstructed by the angular spectrum method to extract the 2D wrapping phase‐contrast images. The 2D wrapping phase‐contrast images are then unwrapped using the graph cuts algorithm to extract the continuous 2D phase‐contrast images. The continuous 2D phase‐contrast images are reconstructed at different projections by the multiplicative technique to extract the 3D shape of the normal and the cancerous RBCs. Experimental results show that any deformation in the shape of the normal and the cancerous RBCs can be seen clearly at any rotational angle in 3D. This method, which is based on the degree of deformation from the best fitting, can be used as an alternative method of counting method for discrimination between normal and cancerous cells and hence diagnoses the disease easily.
Osteohistological and taphonomic life‐history assessment of Edmontosaurus annectens (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Ruth Mason dinosaur quarry, South Dakota, United States, with implication for ontogenetic segregation between juvenile and adult hadrosaurids
Authors: Wosik Mateusz , Evans David C.
Published: July 2022

The Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Ruth Mason Dinosaur Quarry (RMDQ) represents a monodominant Edmontosaurus annectens bonebed from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota and has been determined as a catastrophic death assemblage likely belonging to a single population, providing an ideal sample to investigate hadrosaurid growth and population dynamics. For this study, size‐frequency distributions were constructed from linear measurements of long bones (humeri, femora, tibiae) from RMDQ that revealed five relatively distinct size classes along a generally right‐skewed distribution, which is consistent with a catastrophic assemblage. To test the relationship between morphological size ranges and ontogenetic age classes, subsets from each size‐frequency peak were transversely thin‐sectioned at mid‐diaphysis to conduct an ontogenetic age assessment based on growth marks and observations of the bone microstructure. When combining these independent datasets, growth marks aligned with size‐frequency peaks, with the exclusion of the overlapping subadult‐adult size range, indicating a strong size‐age relationship in early ontogeny. A growth curve analysis of tibiae indicated that E. annectens exhibited a similar growth trajectory to the Campanian hadrosaurid Maiasaura, although attaining a much larger asymptotic body size by about 9 years of age, further suggesting that the clade as a whole may have inherited a similar growth strategy. This rich new dataset for E. annectens provides new perspectives on other hypotheses of hadrosaurid life history. When the RMDQ population was compared with size distributions from other hadrosaurid bonebed assemblages, juveniles (categorized as ages one and two) were either completely absent from or heavily underrepresented in the samples, providing support for the hypothesized segregation between juvenile and adult hadrosaurids. Osteohistological comparison with material from polar and temperate populations of Edmontosaurus revealed that previous conclusions correlating osteohistological growth patterns with the strength of environmental stressors were a result of sampling non‐overlapping ontogenetic growth stages.
The role of specialist nurses in detecting spasticity and related symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Artola Montse , Hernando Ana , Vidal Oscar , Vidal Núria , Cuenca Ester , Horno Rosalía , Robles Miguel Ángel , Oriol Clara , Peralta Silvia , Solana M. A. José , Rubio Matilde , Montero Cristina , Lleixà Mercè , Zabay Cinta , Martin Montse , Leon Isabel , Molinos Consuelo , Matamoros Mandi , Mercadé Laura , Fornali Olga , Montero Laura , Saiz Albert , Solà‐Valls Núria
Published: July 2022

Background

Spasticity is a frequent symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), which may negatively influence daily living activities (ADL).

Objectives

To (1) explore the feasibility to conduct a structured interview by specialist nurses about limitations in ADL; (2) determine the percentage of people with MS (PwMS) with limitations in ADL related to spasticity; (3) to assess the knowledge about spasticity and describe its clinical features.

Design

Observational, cross‐sectional, multicentre study in 16 MS units of Catalonia (Spain). Participants were recruited from the outpatient facility and day‐care hospital between July 2018 and June 2019 and met the following criteria: (1) age 18 or older, (2) diagnosis of MS according to McDonald criteria 2010 and (3) no clinical relapse in previous 30 days.

Methods

Specialist nurses conducted a structured interview divided in two parts: the assessment of (1) limitations in the ADL and (2) the presence of spasticity and associated symptoms. The usefulness of this intervention was requested. This study met the STROBE reporting guidelines checklist for observational studies.

Results

Three hundred sixty eight pwMS (244 women) with a mean age of 46 years and a median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 2.5 (range, 0–8.5) were included. 262 (71%) pwMS had limitations in the ADL, and spasticity was reported as the most limiting symptom in 59 (23%). As a result of the interview, spasticity was observed in 199 (76%) participants; 47 (24%) of them were unaware that they had spasticity and 102 (51%) would not have reported it spontaneously. The level of the interview satisfaction was high (90%).

Conclusions

Spasticity is a complex and limiting symptom in MS. The structured interview conducted by specialist nurses is feasible and has good acceptance.

Patient contribution

Specialist nurses can be proactive in MS clinical assessment, which may help to detect symptoms with negative impact on quality of life.
Staff perceived challenges and facilitators in supporting resident self‐determination in ethno‐specific and mainstream nursing homes
Authors: Xiao Lily Dongxia , Gregoric Carolyn , Gordon Sue , Ullah Shahid , Goodwin‐Smith Ian , Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Blunt Sara
Published: July 2022

Aims and Objectives

To explore and compare staff perceived challenges and facilitators in supporting resident self‐determination in ethno‐specific and mainstream nursing homes.

Background

Staff and residents in ethno‐specific and mainstream nursing homes in most developed countries have shown increased cultural and linguistic diversity. This socio‐demographic change poses significant challenges for staff to support resident self‐determination of their own care. In‐depth understanding of those challenges in the two types of nursing homes is much needed to inform practice in nurse‐led nursing home care settings.

Method

A qualitative description approach with thematic analysis was used in the study. Data were collected through five focus groups with 29 various direct care workers from two ethno‐specific nursing homes and a mainstream nursing home in Australia between March–September 2020. The study report followed the COREQ checklist.

Results

Four themes were identified from focus group data. First, participants perceived communication challenges in identifying residents' preferences, especially in ethno‐specific nursing homes. Second, team efforts that included residents and their family members were highly valued as a way to meet residents' preferences. Third, participants described various levels of staff engagement in residents' care planning. In addition, staff in ethno‐specific nursing homes possessed richer resources to maintain meaningful relationships for residents compared with their counterparts in the mainstream nursing home.

Conclusions

Staff in ethno‐specific nursing homes experience more challenges in supporting resident self‐determination but have richer resources to develop culturally safe and culturally competent care compared with their counterparts in the mainstream nursing home.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings provide new insights into challenges and practical solutions in supporting residents to self‐determine their own care in cross‐cultural aged care.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study was co‐designed with three aged care organisations who funded the study. Staff employed by these organisations participated in the study.
“We Explain”: Interaction and Becoming a Family in Migration
Authors: Ghandchi Narges
Published: July 2022

This paper applies the lens of child language brokering to explore parent–child everyday interaction as an Afghan migrant family re‐grounds itself in the new linguistic and social context of Denmark. Whereas brokering is often seen as children's translating, this ethnographic study shows that children contribute withexplaining, rather than only translating. Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, the study presents that these explaining activities are occasions for children and their parents to re/define their own role relations and for parents to display family ideologies about the quality of family relations to self and others, conveying that this family is thriving.
Questionnaire‐based survey to determine an at‐risk group for coeliac disease among school children in Moscow, Russia
Authors: Antishin Anton S , Erdes Svetlana I , Savvateeva Lyudmila V , Soond Surinder M , Zamyatnin Andrey A
Published: July 2022

Aim

Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic digestive disorder which presents in diverse ways and is under‐diagnosed. The purpose of this study was to provide insights into suspected CD among Russian schoolchildren, through defining the percentage of participants in an ‘at‐risk’ group for CD in a paediatric cohort, by means of a questionnaire as a primary screening tool.

Methods

Russian school children of both sexes age 7‐18 years were enrolled in a population‐based study to identify individuals affected by CD. Each participant was presented with a structured questionnaire based on criteria that can be used to reveal symptomatic signs of CD. Following on, we developed a case‐finding strategy for the ‘at‐risk’ group, based on serological and genetic testing and, where possible, endoscopic examination of participants.

Results

10.2% of questionnaire respondents (312/3070) were classified as an at‐risk group. Pathobiological CD analysis of this group returned positive test results for 13.5% of participants (42/312), and 0.6% of them (2/312) had CD confirmed by biopsy sample analysis.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that at‐risk groups among children with symptomatic or some oligosymptomatic CD presentations can be identified through adopting a questionnaire as part of a population‐based screening survey, if generally accepted screening programs are inaccessible.
Splenectomy in the management of primary immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia and primary immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs
Authors: Bestwick Jason P. , Skelly Barbara J. , Swann James W. , Glanemann Barbara , Bexfield Nick , Gkoka Zeta , Walker David J. , Silvestrini Paolo , Adamantos Sophie , Seth Mayank , Warland James
Published: July 2022

Background

Current reports about the use of splenectomy for the management of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) or both in dogs are limited.

Objectives

To retrospectively describe the use of splenectomy as part of the management for IMHA, ITP, and concurrent IMHA and severe thrombocytopenia (CIST) in dogs. It was hypothesized that splenectomy would be beneficial in allowing for reduction of dose of immunosuppressive drugs or discontinuation in 1 or more of these groups.

Animals

Seventeen client‐owned dogs (7 with IMHA, 7 with ITP, and 3 with CIST) were identified across 7 UK‐based referral hospitals from a study period of 2005 to 2016.

Methods

Data were collected retrospectively via questionnaires and included information about diagnosis, management and treatment response before and after splenectomy. Based on clinical outcome, treatment with splenectomy as part of the management protocol was classified as either successful or unsuccessful.

Results

Six of 7 dogs with ITP were managed successfully with splenectomy as part of their management protocol (3 complete and 3 partial responses), although 1 subsequently developed suspected IMHA. Of the 7 dogs with IMHA, splenectomy was part of a successful management protocol in 4 dogs (2 complete and 2 partial responses). In the CIST group, 1 case (1/3) responded completely to management with splenectomy as part of the management protocol.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Splenectomy was considered successful and well tolerated in most cases of isolated ITP. Whether there is a benefit of splenectomy in cases of IMHA and CIST could not be determined in the current study.
Organizational form and multiple exportable goods in export rivalry trade
Authors: Choi Kangsik
Published: July 2022

Focusing on the multiple exportable goods between intrabrand and interbrand competition in the export rivalry market, we analyze foreign firms' endogenous choice of organizational form in the face of tariffs. It is shown that if the degree of intrabrand competition is sufficiently high, firms provide corporate incentives (i.e., U‐form) when goods are substitutes and divisional incentives (i.e., M‐form) when goods are complements, and vice versa. This result relating to the prisoner's dilemma situation depends on which effect between the tariff level and incentive terms dominates. In the case of a low degree of intrabrand competition, choosing the M‐form (U‐form) brings about Pareto efficiency for foreign firms' profits and social welfare in the importing country when goods are substitutes (complements). In contrast to previous studies, when comparing the case of no delegation with the M‐form or U‐form, the Pareto optimum can also be achieved for both foreign firms choosing the M‐form or U‐form endogenously and the importing country, without a prisoner's dilemma involving no delegation.
Genome‐wide transcriptomic changes reveal the genetic pathways involved in insect migration
Authors: Doyle Toby , Jimenez‐Guri Eva , Hawkes Will L. S. , Massy Richard , Mantica Federica , Permanyer Jon , Cozzuto Luca , Hermoso Pulido Toni , Baril Tobias , Hayward Alex , Irimia Manuel , Chapman Jason W. , Bass Chris , Wotton Karl R.
Published: July 2022

Insects are capable of extraordinary feats of long‐distance movement that have profound impacts on the function of terrestrial ecosystems. The ability to undertake these movements arose multiple times through the evolution of a suite of traits that make up the migratory syndrome, however the underlying genetic pathways involved remain poorly understood. Migratory hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are an emerging model group for studies of migration. They undertake seasonal movements in huge numbers across large parts of the globe and are important pollinators, biological control agents and decomposers. Here, we assembled a high‐quality draft genome of the marmalade hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus). We leveraged this genomic resource to undertake a genome‐wide transcriptomic comparison of actively migrating Episyrphus, captured from a high mountain pass as they flew south to overwinter, with the transcriptomes of summer forms which were non‐migratory. We identified 1543 genes with very strong evidence for differential expression. Interrogation of this gene set reveals a remarkable range of roles in metabolism, muscle structure and function, hormonal regulation, immunity, stress resistance, flight and feeding behaviour, longevity, reproductive diapause and sensory perception. These features of the migrant phenotype have arisen by the integration and modification of pathways such as insulin signalling for diapause and longevity, JAK/SAT for immunity, and those leading to octopamine production and fuelling to boost flight capabilities. Our results provide a powerful genomic resource for future research, and paint a comprehensive picture of global expression changes in an actively migrating insect, identifying key genomic components involved in this important life‐history strategy.
Controversies in verruco papillary lesions of the oral cavity—A systematic review
Authors: Pilana Vithanage Kalani Shihanika Hettiarachchi , Nadisha Piyarathne , Bogahawatte Samarakoon Mudiyanselage Samadarani Siriwardena , Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe , Sriyani Perera , Tilakaratne Wanninayake Mudiyanselage
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Verruco papillary lesions (VPL) in the oral cavity encompass a spectrum of lesions starting from benign, potentially malignant to entirely malignant tumors. Much of the controversies in these entities occur due to lack of consensus on the disease characteristics and the management. This systematic review was conducted to identify and describe different lesions categorized as VPL in the oral cavity and their association with malignancy.

Methods

An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, LILAC, IMSEAR, and CENTRAL databases, which retrieved a total of 1020 abstracts. These abstracts were managed through Rayyan and Mendeley software, and only 28 studies with high quality were included in the systematic review.

Results

Studies were published from 1992 to 2021. From the extracted data, nine different entities under the umbrella term VPL were identified associated with malignancy. We describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of these and propose a uniform framework for nomenclature.

Conclusions

Lack of well‐planned research with adequate follow‐up duration and inadequate quality standards are major barriers for the lack of evidence. The use of uniform nomenclature, as proposed in this study, and research at the molecular level will greatly reduce the controversies in understanding oral VPL associated with malignancy.
Phenotypic plasticity and the leaf economics spectrum: plasticity is positively associated with specific leaf area
Authors: Stotz Gisela C. , Salgado‐Luarte Cristian , Escobedo Víctor M. , Valladares Fernando , Gianoli Ernesto
Published: July 2022

Phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism by which plants respond to changing or heterogeneous conditions. Efforts to predict phenotypic plasticity across plant species have mainly focused on environmental variability or abiotic conditions, i.e. site characteristics. However, the considerable variation in phenotypic plasticity within sites calls for alternative approaches. Different functional groups are thought to differ in their plasticity levels. Further, traits such as leaf specific area (SLA), leaf area (LA) and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) reflect central aspects of plant strategies. Lower values of SLA, LA and Amax are indicative of a resource‐conservative strategy, which is thought to be associated with lower phenotypic plasticity. We used meta‐analytical data to test whether plant functional group (herbs, woody deciduous and woody evergreens) and SLA, LA and Amax are associated with phenotypic plasticity in four trait types: biomass allocation, plant size, leaf morphology and physiology. We obtained data from 168 plant species and accounted for phylogenetic relationships in all analyses. We found a positive relationship between SLA and phenotypic plasticity in biomass allocation, leaf morphology and physiology, with differences across functional groups. In contrast, there was no evidence of greater plasticity in plant size in species with higher SLA; rather the opposite was true for woody evergreens. Amax and LA showed similar, but less consistent associations with phenotypic plasticity. Our results show the potential of building predictive frameworks for phenotypic plasticity based on easily measured plant functional characteristics. Results also provide insights into plant strategies and suggest the existence of potential compromises: resource‐conservative, low‐SLA species tend to be more stress‐tolerant but may be less able to cope with variable conditions due to their generally lower phenotypic plasticity. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and the potential implications of this association.
Comprehensive initial evaluation of an innovative yearlong population health internship for undergraduates
Authors: Knott Katherine , Fricas Jennifer
Published: July 2022

Background

The innovative Population Health Internship (PHI) addresses the evolving need for baccalaureate‐prepared nurses to achieve population health competency. A comprehensive evaluation of the inaugural year of the PHI was conducted using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health and the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) curricular evaluation model. Students and community agency partners—both key stakeholders—contributed to the evaluation.

Methods and results

Quantitative data were used to address functional and outcome areas of the PHI for purposes of PHI logistics, student learning gains, and program impact and sustainability. Qualitative data were used to provide insights into challenges in instituting curricular change, complexity in student–agency communications, importance of student preparedness/attitude, issues of role confusion, misperceptions about the population health nursing role, student learning, and impacts on partner agencies and their populations.

Implications

Educational implications include the importance of assessing both learning gains and student buy‐in, the need for a long‐term evaluation approach to accommodate for challenges related to radical curriculum change, and the importance of strong stakeholder support to facilitate mutually beneficial relationships and a positive learning experience.
The Great Recession, Household Income, and Children's Test Scores
Authors: McGovern Mark E. , Rokicki Slawa
Published: July 2022

Economic downturns may have important implications for the educational attainment and human capital accumulation of children. We examine how income losses during the Great Recession were associated with children's educational performance in Ireland, one of the countries most severely affected by the global financial crisis. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative child cohort study, collected before and after the recession at ages 9 and 13 years, we estimate panel models to examine the impact of income changes on standardized tests. We explore both objective and subjective measures of recession impact, and investigate non‐linearities and effect heterogeneity using quantile regression. While income is strongly associated with educational performance overall, there is little evidence of a short‐run negative impact of income shocks during the Great Recession on children's test scores.
Is it possible to compare inhibitory and excitatory intracortical circuits in face and hand primary motor cortex?
Authors: Ginatempo Francesca , Loi Nicola , Manca Andrea , Rothwell John C. , Deriu Franca
Published: July 2022

Face muscles are important in a variety of different functions, such as feeding, speech and communication of non‐verbal affective states, which require quite different patterns of activity from those of a typical hand muscle. We ask whether there are differences in their neurophysiological control that might reflect this. Fifteen healthy individuals were studied. Standard single‐ and paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods were used to compare intracortical inhibitory (short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI); cortical silent period (CSP)) and excitatory circuitries (short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF)) in two typical muscles, the depressor anguli oris (DAO), a face muscle, and the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), a hand muscle. TMS threshold was higher in DAO than in FDI. Over a range of intensities, resting SICF was not different between DAO and FDI, while during muscle activation SICF was stronger in FDI than in DAO (P = 0.012). At rest, SICI was stronger in FDI than in DAO (P = 0.038) but during muscle contraction, SICI was weaker in FDI than in DAO (P = 0.034). We argue that although many of the difference in response to the TMS protocols could result from the difference in thresholds, some, such as the reduction of resting SICI in DAO, may reflect fundamental differences in the physiology of the two muscle groups.

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Key points

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) single‐ and paired‐pulse protocols were used to investigate and compare the activity of facilitatory and inhibitory intracortical circuits in a face (depressor anguli oris; DAO) and hand (first dorsal interosseous; FDI) muscles. Several TMS intensities and interstimulus intervals were tested with the target muscles at rest and when voluntarily activated.

At rest, intracortical inhibitory activity was stronger in FDI than in DAO. In contrast, during muscle contraction inhibitory activity was stronger in DAO than in FDI. As many previous reports have found, the motor evoked potential threshold was higher in DAO than in FDI.

Although many of the differences in response to the TMS protocols could result from the difference in thresholds, some, such as the reduction of resting short interval intracortical inhibition in DAO, may reflect fundamental differences in the physiology of the two muscle groups.