bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I felt let down by psychology’
Authors: Lowe N.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
Back from the edge
Authors: Faulkner A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
Summary of ‘A survivor’s perspective on living with traumatic brain injury’ *
Authors: McLaughlin J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
Summary of ‘No more apologies’ *
Authors: Clark M. E.
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
A disease that takes you unawares
Authors: Harvey D.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Parkinson’s Disease: personal experience
Authors: Kapur Narinder , Bell Vaughan , Friedland Daniel , Kemp Steven
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Summary of ‘A world no less sublime’ *
Authors: Blevins S.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Ode to Charlie: reflections on my brain tumour
Authors: Cooper C.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Summary of ‘Lovenox hurts’ *
Authors: Jaglowski S. M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Summary of ‘Memento mori’ *
Authors: Pandit J. A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Books by doctors/scientists recounting their personal experience of brain tumour
Authors: Kapur Narinder , Bell Vaughan , Friedland Daniel , Kemp Steven
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis due to VGKC-Ab
Authors: Morrow J.
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, there are seven articles dealing with serious infectious and inflammatory diseases. Article 1 provides a cardiologist’s detailed account of limbic encephalitis, emphasizing the fluctuating cognitive and emotional symptoms due to hippocampal and amygdala involvement. Article 2 offers insights from a neurologist on a unique presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis that affected him. Article 3 shares a physician’s personal journey with autoimmune encephalitis, highlighting the condition’s significant impact on mental well-being. Article 4 focuses on a psychiatrist’s challenging experience with COVID-19-related delirium and the lingering effects of long COVID. Article 5 discusses a doctor’s delirium episode following COVID-19, which included a period in intensive care. Article 6 reports another doctor’s experience with delirium, which followed a presumed meningitis infection. Finally, Article 7 is a gripping story of survival from a psychiatrist who battled streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: A physician tells the story of her survival
Authors: Maytan M.
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, there are seven articles dealing with serious infectious and inflammatory diseases. Article 1 provides a cardiologist’s detailed account of limbic encephalitis, emphasizing the fluctuating cognitive and emotional symptoms due to hippocampal and amygdala involvement. Article 2 offers insights from a neurologist on a unique presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis that affected him. Article 3 shares a physician’s personal journey with autoimmune encephalitis, highlighting the condition’s significant impact on mental well-being. Article 4 focuses on a psychiatrist’s challenging experience with COVID-19-related delirium and the lingering effects of long COVID. Article 5 discusses a doctor’s delirium episode following COVID-19, which included a period in intensive care. Article 6 reports another doctor’s experience with delirium, which followed a presumed meningitis infection. Finally, Article 7 is a gripping story of survival from a psychiatrist who battled streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Summary of ‘Non-traditional diagnoses in minority populations: white disease, brown body’ *
Authors: Ahmad I.
Published: January 2025

This chapter compiles six articles that provide a window into the varied experiences of those with multiple sclerosis (MS). Article 1 discusses a young postgraduate student in psychology grappling with the progressive form of MS, a variant less common than the typical relapsing–remitting type. Article 2 tells the story of a doctor who works as both an oncologist and a haematologist, and whose long history with MS intersects poignantly with personal loss. Article 3 is about a young lady who has a master’s in public health and works in a university setting. She describes the unique challenges in facing MS as a Pakistani-American, providing insights into the challenges of having a condition more prevalent in Western countries. Article 4 reveals how an obstetrician and gynaecologist navigates her professional duties while managing MS symptoms. Article 5 presents a physician’s account of living with MS and the complexities of treatment. Finally, Article 6 features a medical researcher’s reflections on the profound impact of good communication, or the lack thereof, in the journey with MS.
Reflections of a medical student with epilepsy. A case report
Authors: Scott C.
Published: January 2025

This chapter assembles four articles that delve into the personal experiences of those with epilepsy. Article 1 presents a family doctor’s narrative, highlighting the role of compassion and hope in confronting epilepsy-related stigma and low mood. Article 2 offers the reflections of a medical student on the stigma surrounding epilepsy and the complexities of disclosing such a diagnosis. Article 3 chronicles a paediatrician’s journey with epilepsy, from the early onset of complex partial seizures, to the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis, to surgical intervention, and then to dealing with career progression.
Books by doctors/scientists recounting their personal experience of epilepsy
Authors: Kapur Narinder , Bell Vaughan , Friedland Daniel , Kemp Steven
Published: January 2025

This chapter assembles four articles that delve into the personal experiences of those with epilepsy. Article 1 presents a family doctor’s narrative, highlighting the role of compassion and hope in confronting epilepsy-related stigma and low mood. Article 2 offers the reflections of a medical student on the stigma surrounding epilepsy and the complexities of disclosing such a diagnosis. Article 3 chronicles a paediatrician’s journey with epilepsy, from the early onset of complex partial seizures, to the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis, to surgical intervention, and then to dealing with career progression.
Introduction
Authors: Koch Cédric M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the phenomenon of rising varieties of populism across democracies in recent decades and situates the book’s main arguments in the literature. It defines populism and discusses how it is seen and studied as a threat to democracy and the liberal international order (LIO) of recent decades in liberal political theory, comparative politics, and international relations, whereas others insist on the normative variety of different populisms beyond the radical right. Against this background, the chapter introduces the book’s main arguments which address how the LIO itself may have contributed to gains for varieties of populism due to self-undermining dynamics of inherently liberal international institutional features. It presents the empirical and theoretical scope conditions of this account and its contributions to the literature. The chapter ends with how the book is structured to develop and test its arguments and discuss its findings’ implications for the crises of liberal (international) order.
The LIO vs. ‘the People’?
Authors: Koch Cédric M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter specifies and empirically tests two distinct mechanisms whereby international institutions in the liberal international order (LIO) can contribute to democratic legitimacy depletion among citizens and thereby boost populist electoral support. After developing observable implications from material deprivation and status threat theories applied to the international level, the chapter first conducts a statistical comparison of 289 election periods in thirty-nine liberal democracies under the LIO between 1980 and 2019 to assess expectations. I then corroborate the democratic legitimacy depletion mechanism expected to underlie these findings. To do so, I conduct a subsample analysis using nationally aggregated levels and polarizations of perceived input responsiveness among citizens available across thirty-seven countries between 1996 and 2018. Results support the international material deprivation mechanism and link especially international markets rather than international organizations to both lower democratic legitimacy and populism. In contrast, international status threat seems to boost populists without prior democratic legitimacy depletion among citizens.
The Birth of Good and Evil in Our Free Imaginations
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric
Published: January 2025

What we imagine into existence, for example, aeroplanes, can be used for good or evil. Imagination is therefore our greatest tool and weapon. When applied to ourselves, it allows us the possibility of reimagining and then transforming ourselves in light of second-order desires. This gives us the ability to choose to become a new kind of chooser in the future. Other animals lack this second-order free will; although they can do otherwise, they cannot want to become otherwise than they are, making them amoral. Humans, in contrast, because they have second-order free will, can be moral or immoral. The uniquely counterfactual nature of imagination found in humans is therefore the root of human ethics.
Studies on Interrogative and Relative Syntax in French and Romance
Authors: Pollock Jean-Yves
Published: January 2025

This book provides an in-depth study of the uncommonly large array of interrogative and relative grammars mastered by French speakers. Each of its eight chapters is devoted to one aspect of their interrogative competence and to the closely related syntax of their relative, exclamative, and cleft constructions. Each one draws on the rich traditional and generative literature devoted to such constructions and makes crucial use of all the theoretical tools of modern generative grammar, among them the displacement known as remnant movement and the highly articulated high and low left peripheries of the clause developed within the cartography of syntactic structures research programme. French speakers’ competence in these intricate areas often seems to set them apart from all other Romance speakers. For this reason, the book adopts a comparative approach in an attempt to isolate those features of French which are responsible for the unique properties exhibited by the constructions it investigates. French question, clefts, free relatives, and exclamatives are thus enlightened by their counterparts in English and Romance, more particularly Italian and the Northern Italian dialects. Reciprocally, the corresponding syntax of English, Italian, and the Northern Italian dialects are enlightened by their French opposite numbers.
Subject clitics, subject clitic inversion, and complex inversion
Authors: Pollock Jean-Yves , Poletto Cecilia
Published: January 2025

The main empirical domains of this chapter are French S(ubject) CL(itic) I(nversion) questions such as Qui a-t-elle vu? (‘Who has she seen?’); Quand finira-t-il? (‘When will he stop?’) and C(omplex) I(nversion) questions such as Qui Marie a-t-elle vu? (‘Who did Marie see?’); Comment tout finira-t-il? (‘How will everything end?’). Its main claim is that the displacements to the CP domain they exhibit share one important property with the computations that yield Stylistic Inversion configurations as described in Kayne and Pollock (2001): they are yet another instance of remnant IP movement to the high left periphery (HLP). Building on Kayne’s (1972) seminal study, the chapter also provides an analysis of (subject) clitics, so-called epenthetic ‘-t-’ showing up in such questions, the raison d’être of their ungrammaticality in embedded contexts, and many other properties, some of which are later taken up in Kayne and Pollock (2012, 2013). It shows in what way the remnant movement analysis of SCLI and CI compares favourably to previous head movement analyses, whether taken to involve overt or covert computations to the HLP of the clause. It also suggests that v° movement does coexist with remnant movement in French imperatives: both head movement and phrasal remnant movement should be options of UG. An account of the morphology–syntax interface in SCLI and CI is also tentatively presented, in an effort to shed further light on these constructions in French and Valdôtain, the only other language in the Romance domain that may have constructions of the CI type.
Conformance beyond Compliance
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: January 2025

This chapter argues that lack of conformance might harm a corporation more than lack of compliance. Violations of the legal license to operate tend to be reviewed by legal professionals in a predictable process. The situation is very different when violations of the social license to operate occur. There is no well-known procedure. There is no platform for a suspected corporation to defend its own actions. On the contrary, nobody really controls or understands what happens in this situation. Various parties offer perceptions and opinions about the case that might develop in random directions. Sometimes incidents are quickly forgotten, while on other occasions accused individuals have to leave their positions and accused companies go out of business. People react when corporations pollute rivers, do business with authoritarian regimes that violate human rights, bribe government officials, help launder money, and commit other forms of wrongdoing that might never end up in the criminal justice system.
Corporate-Threat Deviance Cases
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents four case studies of deviance to avoid and compensate for business threats. The first example is the Bestseller clothing chain in Denmark, which had clothes made in Myanmar, where the military junta was sanctioned by the European Union. In the perspective of convenience theory, all four cases are explained by the motive dimension of threats of bankruptcy or other negative consequences. Threats represent pain and obstacles that everyone would like to avoid. Threats are universal triggers for fear of danger, pain, or harm. Fear is an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm. The threat of bankruptcy can imply pain and suffering. People and their organizations experiencing anxiety, nervousness, and worry are likely to behave selfishly and to engage in self-interested unethical acts in an effort to restore the threatened self. Individuals and their organizations experiencing threats tend to focus inward and to acquire resources as a means of compensating for threats.
Police Signaling Conformance
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses conformance within a national police unit. Serious fraud offices such as the Norwegian National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økokrim) are facing many challenges when combatting white-collar and corporate crime. Press releases represent an element of facing such challenges, as the messages are an important vehicle for the organization to disclose organizational activities to the public. This chapter reviews sixty-nine press releases published by the Norwegian Økokrim from June 2022 to November 2023. The presented research applies the theory of focal concerns to identify main themes in the press releases. Three themes emerged: offender conviction, impression management, and crime deterrence. Offender prosecution followed by offender conviction is at the core of Økokrim’s business. Impression management serves the purpose of emphasizing the important role of the national authority in society. The subjective perception of detection and prosecution by potential offenders can be influenced by crime-deterrence messages.
Conclusion
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: January 2025

Corporate conformance in practice is needed to maintain a social license to operate, as discussed in this book. When conformance is violated, there is a need for measures to restore conformance and regain the social license to operate. Required measures have to align with expectations, values, and norms of stakeholders. Successful measures tend to be the result of communication with stakeholders based on creative ideas regarding opportunities for change.
Unjust Authority
Authors: Jubb Robert
Published: January 2025

This book addresses a systematic weakness in contemporary political theory and philosophy. Most contemporary political theorists and philosophers are unable to explain, vindicate, or justify the authority of the liberal democratic institutions most of them live under. Instead, they endorse moralist accounts of the right to rule which require governments to meet impossibly high standards to avoid condemnation as illegitimate usurpers. This is true not just of the dominant Rawlsian mainstream, but of many of its radical critics, whose membership of more critical traditions leaves them sceptical of the value of existing institutions, even where they provide stable, decent rule. The book instead provides a realist account of the authority of liberal democratic rule focused on impersonal rule and regulated democratic competition. It uses groundbreaking work in political economy to explain how, at least under reasonably favourable conditions, these two mechanisms can be expected to combine to generate a growing surplus whose fruits will be made widely available. The prosperity and protection provided by liberal democratic rule to most of those it governs forms the basis of its authority, even though the hierarchies and exclusions that remain leave liberal democratic societies a long way from justice. Understanding liberal democratic authority in this way allows us to reassess challenges to it. Protest and resistance must accept impersonal rule and regulated democratic competition. While anger, and even violence, may then be acceptable and even appropriate, even peaceful attempts to remove the winners of democratic elections must be condemned.
Liberal Democratic Authority
Authors: Jubb Robert
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers an account of liberal democracy. It draws on work by North, Wallis, and Weingast to argue that liberal democratic authority rests in its two distinctive mechanisms, regulated democratic competition and impersonal rule. The goods of liberal democratic rule depend on these two mechanisms, and so it is them that its authority should protect. This suggests that liberal democratic governments are more threatened by civil resistance of the sort theorized by Chenoweth and Stephan than by momentary eruptions of rage like riots. Alternative accounts of the value and significance of liberal democracy draw their scope too widely or too narrowly. Kirshner’s and Waldron’s overly broad accounts struggle to distinguish distinctively liberal democratic practices and institutions or to link them to the management of particular conflicts. Shapiro’s too narrow account instead ignores the variety of liberal democratic ways of achieving decent, stable, and inclusive government.
Memory and University Reform in the English Revolution
Authors: Beeton Alex
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines understandings of university reform during the English Revolution by looking at the biographical literature which was produced after the Restoration. The depiction of the 1640s and 1650s in these biographical texts has highly influenced perceptions of university reform, leading historians to marginalise the role of the parliamentary state in university reform, to ignore its aims, to overlook how parliamentary structures shaped reform, and to see the Interregnum universities as fiercely divided along 1640s political lines. The chapter begins by arguing that the royalist literature of the 1640s influenced the Restoration biographies by establishing certain tropes about parliamentarian attitudes to Oxford and Cambridge. It then considers how the biographies obscure the importance of parliamentary structures in shaping reform. The chapter also discusses allegedly divisive consequences on life inside the universities as described in the biographies. Ultimately, it contributes to memory studies of the English Revolution by highlighting the need to consider the unintentional consequences of remembering.
Revisioning John Sherman’s A Greek in the Temple
Authors: Head S. F. M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter studies the Trinity College, Cambridge Fellow John Sherman’s lectures on Acts 17:28b — published as A Greek in the Temple (1641). Certain historians have claimed that Sherman displayed unusual positivity towards pagan religion and that his thought anticipated the so-called ‘Cambridge Platonist’ movement with its anti-Calvinist theology. The chapter refutes such interpretations and instead situates A Greek in the Temple within pre-English Civil War didactic and confessional contexts. It asserts Sherman’s orthodoxy and shows how his comments regarding pagan religion cohere with well-worn apologetic arguments. The chapter also reveals both how denominational concerns shaped even quotidian elements of college teaching and how the common-place genre provided a flexible format for blending doctrinal catechising with moral sermonising and anti-Catholic polemicising. Sherman, meanwhile, emerges as belonging within a Calvinist Cambridge milieu. His implicitly anti-Laudian sentiments notwithstanding, Sherman remained loyal to ante bellum ecclesiological arrangements. This stance cost him his position at Trinity College in 1644, yet he later defended his views in print and was praised for doing so after the Restoration.
Studies at Trinity College, Cambridge, c.1600–c.1750
Authors: Serjeantson Richard
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the shape of studies within the University of Cambridge, focusing on Trinity College. The studies pursued in Cambridge, and at Trinity, before the mid-eighteenth century existed within several frameworks. The first and broadest framework was the institutional one furnished by the four faculties of the medieval and renaissance university: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology. Other, less formal, frameworks also operated. Most notably, there was no requirement upon students to take a degree at all. Many students in this period entered the College for a couple of years or so, and then left, often moving on to spend some more time studying law, and otherwise enjoying life in the capital, at the Inns of Court. A different framework again for a student’s studies was provided by the various different scholastic ‘exercises’ that they were required to undertake in the course of their studies. These include disputations and declamations. The chapter then looks at philosophical studies, humanistic studies, mathematics, chymistry and astronomy, tutorial teaching, college lectureships, university professorships, scholarships and fellowships, and the study of divinity.
George Costard (1710–1782) on the Book of Job
Authors: Bailey Natasha
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on Wadham College fellow and tutor George Costard’s critical essay titled Some Observations Tending to Illustrate the Book of Job, which was published in 1747. In that essay, Costard argues that the Book of Job should not be read as the handiwork of Moses or an ancient, inspired Jew but rather an anonymous author writing during the Babylonian captivity. While his thesis was inspired by William Warburton’s Divine Legation of Moses (1738–42), his methods can be traced back to influences from his student days, and particularly that of the Laudian Professor of Arabic Thomas Hunt, who argued for the importance of Arabic and other oriental sources to biblical criticism. Turning to Costard’s engagement with the slightly later lectures on sacred poetry by another acclaimed Oxford figure, Robert Lowth, the chapter suggests that Costard came to regard Job not as a parable, an epic, or a socio-political allegory but rather as a five-act, proto-classical tragedy. To show why, it explores the relationship between historicist and poetic approaches to the sacred past, concluding that, for Costard, the only way to read Job literally was to read it literarily.
A History of the Concept of the University of Sussex
Authors: Berry David M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter traces the early history of the founding of the University of Sussex, arguing that a perceived post-war moral crisis helped to accelerate the eventual approval of Sussex, and justified its experimental teaching methods and campus-based location. This moral crisis is connected, in part, to the shock caused by the collapse of the once-respected German universities into the arms of the Nazi regime, and the belief that a liberal and democratic university might prevent future social catastrophes. Red Brick universities were criticised for relying on a more anonymous and lecture-based modes of study, and with a rising intensity of industrialism and its pressures towards a perceived one-dimensional individual, the moral responsibility of the university to educate the whole person was seen as being ignored. For its founders, Sussex would therefore be a remarkable opportunity to put into effect a paradoxically much older educational philosophy — a general education on a liberal arts model combined with modern specialisation. The chapter argues that these factors, together with demographic change, are crucial for contextualising the decision by the University Grants Committee for approving the creation of the University College of Sussex in the 1960s.
William J. Ashworth, The Trinity Circle: Anxiety, Intelligence, and Knowledge Creation in Nineteenth-Century England (Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021), pp. 256
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers a review of The Trinity Circle, Anxiety, Intelligence, and Knowledge Creation in Nineteenth-Century England (2021), in which William J. Ashworth revisits the culture wars of the first third or more of nineteenth-century England. Although the origins of several of the issues can be traced much further back into the final years of the previous century, the culture wars took on greater and broader intensity following the defeat of Napoleon. The macro context was explaining how a society governed by a hereditary landed aristocracy allied to an Established Church would reform itself politically and religiously if at all. The chapter then looks at the authoritarian reign of William Whewell as Master of Trinity. Ultimately, the culture wars of the Trinity Circle consisted of two main aspects. The first falls within a sociology of knowledge, while the second was German biblical criticism.
Explaining Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: January 2025

Understanding and explaining addiction require a credible view of the mind-body relationship, the relation of the conscious mind to unconscious mental processes and to an individual’s life history. The chapter offers such a theory, subjective realism. Subjective realism insists we are animals, material beings, but that there are two different modes of access to mind, one objective, one subjective. Subjective realism is metaphysically entirely naturalistic (no immaterial mental states), but epistemically dualist, which entails the necessity of the subjective point of view. Addiction is a psychobiosocial behavioral disorder that requires cooperation across the sciences, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and neuroscience, which we call the extended natural method. Many examples are provided.
Willing Addiction
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: January 2025

We distinguish among willing addicts, unwilling addicts, and resigned addicts. Unwilling addicts want to undo their addiction but have not as yet found a way out. Resigned addicts wanted and tried to undo their addiction but have thrown in the towel. Willing addicts prefer, all things considered, to live their lives as addicts. Some question whether willing addicts exist. The chapter provides six examples, some of well-known people, who are willing addicts. This existence of willing addicts matters to the science and the ethics of addiction. Willing addicts are in whatever brain states addicts are allegedly in, but for them they do not judge that their addiction is bad. The existence of unwilling and resigned addicts, the large majority of addicts, call upon us to develop ethical, medical, and public policies that undo their terrible suffering.
The Phenomenal Authority of Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: January 2025

Alcoholics Anonymous speaks with authority and confidence about the nature, causes, and cure (such as there is one) of alcoholism and, in its progeny Narcotics Anonymous (NA), for other substance addictions, not just narcotic addiction. Two-thirds of treatment programs in North America are based on AA twelve-step principles. AA began not as a scientific or medical program. It began as an offshoot from an early twentieth-century Christian perfectionist movement. Many experts think that what AA and NA say about the nature of addicts and what ails them, and about what addiction is, is largely false, but that nonetheless AA and NA work. The chapter explores the extraordinary influence of AA and NA on the theory and treatment of addiction; whether what AA and NA say about addicts and addiction is true or not; and how AA could work even if they are false.
Evaluativity
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora
Published: January 2025

While traditional philosophy of language focuses on the use of language to convey factual information, there has been an increasing interest in how we use language to convey values and emotions. This chapter is devoted to evaluative language. It articulates two approaches to evaluativity: one approach that relies on the notion of (positive or negative) valence and another approach that appeals to (essentially gradable) value scales. The chapter then discusses a series of linguistic criteria that delineate evaluative terms, and compares evaluativity to the closely related notion of subjectivity. The chapter concludes by outlining further research issues for the topic.
The Metatheoretic Foundation for Racial Epithets
Authors: Hom Christopher , May Robert
Published: January 2025

There is an underappreciated historical–theoretical divide in literature on racial epithets. On one side is cognitivism: the view that racial epithets should be explained via semantic, truth-conditional content; on the other, non-cognitivism: the view that racial epithets should be explained via content that is somehow pragmatic or expressive. The philosophical literature has overwhelmingly sided with the second. We counteract this trend by pointing out that much of the non-cognitivist criticism of cognitivism commits what we call the framework fallacy (FF), basically to assume one’s framework in order to criticize the other. The two major, cross-theoretical arguments are the projection argument (against cognitivism) and the racist Frege puzzle (against non-cognitivism). In offering an assessment of each, we argue that the first commits the FF, while the second does not. This shows that, from the appropriately abstracted point of view, the final theoretical tally favors a cognitivist explanation of racial epithets.
The Language of Secrecy
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher
Published: January 2025

Secrecy and graded access to knowledge are key dimensions of many forms of ritual. Secrets are rarely revealed as denotative content, however. More often secrets are referred to obliquely, spoken about, hinted at, referred to in coded terms, or couched in esoteric or other forms of non-vernacular speech. Secrets may also be described in locative terms both spatial and temporal—the secret is “in that room,” or from another time. The chapter considers how secrets entail constant linguistic deferrals and displacements in ritual contexts, and how secrets are at once a part of language and made by language.
Global Traveling Realisms from Literature to Film
Authors: Holland Kate
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the narrative and ethical influences of Russian realism (Fedor Dostoevskii, Lev Tolstoi, and Anton Chekhov) on New Turkish Cinema and on Iranian new wave cinema. While Turkish film directors Nuri Bilge Ceylan and Zeki Demirkubuz openly acknowledge their engagement with Chekhov and Dostoevskii, second wave Iranian auteurs Abbas Kiarostami and Mohsen Makhmalbaf and third wave directors Jafar Panahi and Asghar Farhadi engage with Russian realism more obliquely. Nineteenth-century Russia shares with late twentieth and twenty-first-century Turkey and Iran anxieties about art’s relationship to power as well as its ability to represent a world fragmented by rapid modernization. The chapter traces the historical and cultural parallels of the Russian, Ottoman, and Persian Empires, seeing them as the source for the similar preoccupations of Russian realist literature and Turkish and Iranian cinema. They share Dostoevskian themes of incarceration, philosophical nihilism, suicide, and power relations; Chekhovian themes of small-town loneliness and communication breakdown in human relationships; and Tolstoian visions of finding other ways of living on the periphery, as well as similar ideological situations like art’s resistance in the face of state censorship. The chapter shows how the aesthetic and ethical structures of Russian realism prove themselves to be surprisingly durable at the turn of the twenty-first century in the Middle East.
Boccaccio and the Decameron
Authors: Olson K.
Published: January 2025

Eroticism is inextricable from Boccaccio’s poetic experimentation in the Decameron and its iconic status as a collection of ribald tales. This chapter considers the Decameron’s erotic language through the lens of modern anti-vice societies and censorship legislation in the US and the UK from the early twentieth century. Taking inspiration from the “whole book” measurement adopted by the judiciary, this chapter analyzes the figurative language employed throughout the tales of the Third Day. At different points in the frame narrative, the Authorial voice defends the instances of erotic language in the brigata’s tales. Early Italian and English readers scrutinized the Decameron for its sexual content, leading to omissions or rewritings of the frame narrative and select novelle by redactors, editors, and translators. Many centuries later, modern English translators incorporated aspects of the Authorial definition of obscenity to explain the Decameron’s content in their prefatory materials. Such interpretations of Boccaccio’s erotic language by authors and translators in the early twentieth century gave new life to the Decameron as world literature.
Emotions and Interpersonal Diplomacy
Authors: Wong Seanon S.
Published: January 2025

It would be impossible to think of any negotiation—including those that happen between leaders and officials in the world of diplomacy—that does not involve emotions. Even a lack of emotional expressions may be a statement. Yet, in international relations, scholars coming from a wide range of theoretical traditions and approaches—neorealism, neoliberalism, rationalism, constructivism, and more recent works on the “micro” processes of diplomacy—have construed the role and explanatory significance of emotions in interpersonal diplomacy very differently. Some consider them crucial; others dismiss them as epiphenomenal and therefore nonessential to make sense of world politics. This chapter details their reasoning and shortcomings. In addition, it outlines three areas for future research: understanding the cultural context of interactions, the relationship between public and private audiences, and the need for methodological innovation.
Sidney and Animals
Authors: Raber Karen
Published: January 2025

The recent ‘animal turn’ in literary studies has inspired the articulation of the concept of zoopoetics, described by Aaron Moe as the idea that animals ‘dwell imaginatively, rhetorically and culturally on the earth’ and that poetry can be understood as a ‘multispecies event’. As Derrida observes, in The Animal That Therefore I Am the question of ‘the animal’ has always been a question of language: who claims possession of it, who practises recognisable versions of it, who is language’s ‘prey’, and who or what is inscribed by it. Through an analysis that focuses on Kalander’s hunt and Philisides’ ‘Ister Bank’ eclogue in the Arcadia, the chapter argues that Sidney practises a version of zoopoetics: his works demonstrate that—while metaphor and symbolism may be the primary and problematic processes by which animals are made present in poetic discourse—forms of poetic language can emerge from and among animals and poets in acts of co-creation.
Reading Sidney
Authors: Fallon Samuel
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores Sidney’s reception from three angles. First, it traces the circulation of his writings, from coterie to manuscript network to print, arguing that their prestige was shaped by a persistent tension between popularity and exclusivity. Second, it examines the ideologies of class and gender that shaped Sidney’s reception, as his works became available to non-elite readers, and as the Arcadia entered the crowded market of romance, a genre associated with women readers. Third, it considers the range of reading practices that Sidney’s writings inspired, from recreative immersion to pragmatic fragmentation to imitative expansion. Early modern readers mined his texts for commonplaces; they detected subtextual allegories; they wrote continuations of the Arcadia themselves. Sidney’s reception indexes the major fault lines of early modern reading: the intersection of manuscript and print cultures, the overlap of elite and non-elite reading, and the proliferation of different modes of interpretation and book use.
A New Structural Basis of Dutch Voting Behaviour?
Authors: Harteveld Eelco , van der Pas Daphne
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines realignment in Dutch politics and investigates the influence of social divisions on citizens’ political choices. It explores the erosion of traditional cleavages rooted in religion and class, and the emergence of new structural foundations for political competition. It focuses on education, urbanity, gender, race/ethnicity, and age as predictors of vote choice, drawing on comparative and Dutch literature. The chapter provides a literature review on the role of these social attributes in Dutch politics and presents longitudinal data on the changing association between social attributes and vote choice. These suggest that social alignment in the Dutch context is characterized by both change and continuity. There is stability in the continued importance of religion and class, while tertiary education has gained importance as a factor structuring political behaviour, and ethnicity seemingly plays an increasing role. Overall, the chapter contributes to understanding realignment in Dutch politics and its implications for political behaviour.
General Yet Unequal Substantive Representation in the Netherlands
Authors: Schakel Wouter , Hakhverdian Armèn
Published: January 2025

This chapter reviews substantive representation in Dutch politics—that is, the link between public preferences and political outcomes. It describes how scholars have used a range of measures and approaches to operationalize this relationship. Studies of ideological congruence show relatively high levels of overlap between mass- and elite-level attitudes, although representatives tend to be more economically right wing and culturally left wing than the general electorate. In a similar vein, studies of responsiveness reveal that public policy responds to public opinion, albeit more so to the preferences of richer and academically trained citizens. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these patterns of general yet unequal representation, including a lack of descriptive representation, differences in participation, and government composition. The chapter closes by highlighting some priorities for a future research agenda on these matters.