bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tests Based on Simplicial Depth for AR(1) Models With Explosion
Authors: Kustosz Christoph P. , Leucht Anne , MÜller Christine H.
Published: February 2016

We propose outlier a robust and distribution‐free test for the explosive AR(1) model with intercept based on simplicial depth. In this model, simplicial depth reduces to counting the cases where three residuals have alternating signs. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is given by a specific Gaussian process. Conditions for the consistency are given, and the power of the test at finite samples is compared with alternative tests. The new test outperforms these tests in the case of skewed errors and outliers. Finally, we apply the method to crack growth data and compare the results with an OLS approach.
The hydrological niche and spatially structured species co‐existence
Authors: Harpole William Stanley
Published: February 2016

Identifying niche differences and trade‐offs that contribute to species co‐existence in field studies remains a challenge (Hille Ris Lambers et al. 2012,Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics43: 227–248). In this issue of theJournal of Vegetation Science, García‐Baquero et al. test whether plant species show spatial segregation along hydrological gradients. By demonstrating the importance of hydrological niches in structuring plant communities, they provide a mechanistic foundation for stronger tests of species co‐existence.
Nonrandom seedling establishment corresponds with distance‐dependent decline in mycorrhizal abundance in two terrestrial orchids
Authors: Waud Michael , Wiegand Thorsten , Brys Rein , Lievens Bart , Jacquemyn Hans
Published: February 2016

In plant species that critically rely on mycorrhizal symbionts for germination and seedling establishment, distance‐dependent decline of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil can be hypothesized to lead to significant spatial clustering as a result of nonrandom spatial patterns of seedling establishment. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the abundance and distribution of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil and how they relate to spatial patterns of adults and seedling recruitment in two related orchid species.

We combined assessments of spatial variation in fungal abundance using quantitative PCR (qPCR) with spatial point pattern analyses based on long‐term demographic data and cluster point process models.

qPCR analyses showed that fungal abundance declined rapidly with distance from the adult host plants. Spatial point pattern analyses showed that successful recruitment in both species was clustered significantly around adult plants and that the decline in the neighborhood density of recruits around adults coincided with the decline of fungal abundance around adult plants.

Overall, these results indicate that the distribution and abundance of fungal associates in the soil may have a strong impact on the aboveground distribution of its partner.
Massage, a complementary therapy effectively promoting the health and well‐being of older people in residential care settings: a review of the literature
Authors: McFeeters Sarah , Pront Leeanne , Cuthbertson Lesley , King Lindy
Published: February 2016

Aims

To explore the potential benefits of massage within daily routine care of the older person in residential care settings.

Background

Globally, the proportion of people over 65 years is rapidly rising. Increased longevity means older people may experience a rise in physiological and psychological health problems. These issues potentially place an increased demand for quality long‐term care for the older person. Complementary approaches such as massage appear to be needed in quality residential care.

Design

A critical literature review was undertaken.

Methods

A literature review pertaining to massage in the older resident was conducted using a range of online databases. Fourteen studies dated 1993–2012 met the inclusion criteria and were critically evaluated as suitable resources for this review.

Results

Evidence suggests massage may be advantageous from client and nursing perspectives. Clients’ perceive massage to positively influence factors such as pain, sleep, emotional status and psychosocial health. Evidence also demonstrates massage to benefit the client and organisation by reducing the necessity for restraint and pharmacological intervention. Massage may be incorporated into care provision and adopted by care providers and family members as an additional strategy to enhance quality of life for older people.

Conclusion

Massage offers a practical activity that can be used to enhance the health and well‐being of the older person in residential care.

Implications for practice

Massage offers benefit for promoting health and well‐being of the older person along with potential increased engagement of family in care provision. Integration of massage into daily care activities of the older person requires ongoing promotion and implementation.
Electric Field‐Assisted Photochemical Water Splitting Should Operate with 287 nm Light
Authors: Bachler Vinzenz , Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

The major photoreaction of water is the homolytic splitting of one O–H bond starting from the 11B1 excited state (λmax = 167 nm). This reaction produces H• and •OH radicals. The combination of two H• atoms leads to the potential energy carrier dihydrogen. However, the energy required to obtain the photoreactive 11B1 electronic state is about 7.4 eV, which cannot be effectively provided by solar radiation. The sun light spectrum on earth comprises the visible and ultraviolet region, but shows vanishing intensity near 7 eV (177.1 nm). This work provides theoretical evidence that the photoreactive 11B1 state of water can be shifted into the ultraviolet (UV‐B) light region (≈287 nm) by including explicitly an electric field in the calculations of the water absorption spectrum. To accomplish such bathochromic shift, a large field strength of 3.08 VÅ−1 is required. The field‐dependent excitation energies were calculated by applying the symmetry‐adapted cluster configuration interaction (SAC‐CI) procedure. Based on this theoretical analysis, we propose that photochemical water splitting can be accomplished by means of 287 nm light provided the water molecule is favorably oriented by an external electric field and is subsequently activated by a reversal of the field orientation.
Phenotype and gene expression analyses of the Rfo‐sa1 resistant aubergine interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae and Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Barbierato V. , Toppino L. , Rinaldi P. , Sala T. , Bassolino L. , Valè G. , Ferrarini A. , Delledonne M. , Bagnaresi P. , Rotino G. L.
Published: February 2016

Aubergine (eggplant) is susceptible to fungal wilts caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae (Fom) and Verticillium dahliae (Vd). Wild and allied relatives represent a good source of resistance, and introgression lines (ILs) have been obtained through introgression of the Rfo‐sa1 locus conferring resistance to Fusarium oxysporum from Solanum aethiopicum into cultivated aubergine. In this work, a deep phenotype characterization was performed according to two parameters: progression of symptoms along the stem and disease severity in leaves. This analysis showed that the Fom‐resistant ILs carrying introgression of the Rfo‐sa1 locus displayed significantly improved tolerance to Verticillium attack after a preliminary inoculation with F. oxysporum. This positive effect was particularly evident when Verticillium inoculation was performed simultaneously or after Fusarium inoculation. Transcript profiling carried out using a combination of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), microarray and qRT‐PCR analyses of roots inoculated with selected combinations of fungal pathogens enabled the identification of 164 differentially expressed genes between inoculated and uninoculated plants or between different stages after pathogen infection. Overall, the results highlighted a number of candidate genes putatively involved in early defence responses or signalling pathways activated upon infection of aubergine with either Fom and/or Vd, and thus leading to a broad Rfo‐sa1‐mediated tolerance against both these wilt pathogens.
The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative: Background, Issues, and Pragmatics
Authors: Kozak Michael J. , Cuthbert Bruce N.
Published: February 2016

This article describes the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative. The description includes background, rationale, goals, and the way the initiative has been developed and organized. The central RDoC concepts are summarized and the current matrix of constructs that have been vetted by workshops of extramural scientists is depicted. A number of theoretical and methodological issues that can arise in connection with the nature of RDoC constructs are highlighted: subjectivism and heterophenomenology, desynchrony and theoretical neutrality among units of analysis, theoretical reductionism, endophenotypes, biomarkers, neural circuits, construct “grain size,” and analytic challenges. The importance of linking RDoC constructs to psychiatric clinical problems is discussed. Some pragmatics of incorporating RDoC concepts into applications for NIMH research funding are considered, including sampling design.
Error‐related negativity (ERN) and sustained threat: Conceptual framework and empirical evaluation in an adolescent sample
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Meyer Alexandria , Hale‐Rude Emily , Perlman Greg , Kotov Roman , Klein Daniel N. , Hajcak Greg
Published: February 2016

The error‐related negativity (ERN) currently appears as a physiological measure in relation to three Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs: Cognitive Control, Sustained Threat, and Reward Learning. We propose a conceptual model in which variance in the ERN reflects individual differences in the degree to which errors are evaluated as threatening. We also discuss evidence for the placement of the ERN in the “Sustained Threat” construct, as well as evidence that the ERN may more specifically reflect sensitivity to endogenous threat. Following this, we present data from a sample of 515 adolescent females demonstrating a larger ERN in relation to self‐reported checking behaviors, but only in older adolescents, suggesting that sensitivity to internal threat and the ERN‐checking relationship may follow a developmental course as adolescents develop behavioral control. In contrast, depressive symptoms were linked to a smaller ERN, and this association was invariant with respect to age. Collectively, these data suggest that the magnitude of the ERN is sensitive both to specific anxiety‐related processes and depression, in opposing directions that may reflect variation in internal threat sensitivity. We discuss directions for future research, as well as ways in which findings for the ERN complement and challenge aspects of the current RDoC matrix.
Psychophysiology of threat response, paradigm shifts in psychiatry, and RDoC: Implications for genetic investigation of psychopathology
Authors: Hettema John M.
Published: February 2016

Two articles in this issue seek to further the goal of NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to develop new approaches for investigating mental disorders, using fundamental dimensions that cut across traditional disorder categories and align more closely with mechanisms that underlie psychopathology. One article, by Lang, McTeague, and Bradley, describes the construction of such a disorder cross‐crossing dimension of fear response. The other, by Kozak and Cuthbert, expounds upon the basis and conceptualization of research targets under RDoC. Possible implications of these developments for psychiatric genetics research are discussed.
Achieving success with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Going beyond the matrix
Authors: Iacono William G.
Published: February 2016

Achieving Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) goals depends in part on how well scientists can grasp its principles and execute studies within its framework. Ford provides an exemplary illustration of a research program that aligns with RDoC guidelines. The future success of RDoC depends not just on research like that of Ford and colleagues. RDoC also must inspire the development of reliable neurobehavioral measures with demonstrable clinical validity that produce replicable findings leading to the establishment of neurocircuit‐based behavioral dimensions that inform clinical work. Large samples not typically attainable in a clinical neuroscience laboratory or easily imagined within the confines of the RDoC matrix will be required if RDoC is to develop the insights and tools needed to establish incremental value over the DSM. Innovation that goes beyond reliance on the RDoC matrix and measures of neurocircuitry can help facilitate achievement of RDoC's goal of developing a science of psychopathology based on neurobiological systems.
Reconciling RDoC and DSM approaches in clinical psychophysiology and neuroscience
Authors: McTeague Lisa M.
Published: February 2016

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative endeavors to foster a science of psychopathology based around dimensions of brain‐behavior relationships as opposed to subjectively based diagnostic categories. A rapidly accumulating array of transdiagnostic commonalities, across multiple objective and subjective measures, underscores the clear potential of this initiative. At the same time, a road map for guiding future RDoC research efforts is needed that draws upon the wealth of extant disorder‐specific findings. In this issue, Hamm and colleagues provide an example of conceptualizing within‐disorder processes in terms of dimensional brain‐behavior relationships that advances the understanding of panic disorder with agoraphobia beyond the conventional nosological framework. Their findings and conceptual model are reviewed and discussed in terms of broader transdiagnostic implications.
INVESTIGATING THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS BETWEEN BANGLADESH, INDIA, AND PAKISTAN
Authors: Rezitis Anthony N. , Ahammad Shaikh Mostak
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the dynamics of agricultural production volatility spillovers between Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. These countries were selected because of their agricultural economic importance to the South Asian region. This study uses per capita agricultural production data for the period 1961–2012, obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) statistical database, to construct and estimate a multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) model. The MGARCH model is estimated utilizing the maximum likelihood method. Volatility impulse response functions are also applied to quantify the effects of independent shocks on expected conditional volatility. The model provides good statistical fit and the empirical results indicate significant cross‐country per capita agricultural production volatility spillovers among these countries.
Early cytomegalovirus‐specific T‐cell response and estimated glomerular filtration rate identify patients at high risk of infection after renal transplantation
Authors: Leone F. , Gigliotti P. , Mauro M.V. , Lofaro D. , Greco F. , Tenuta R. , Perugini D. , Papalia T. , Mollica A. , Perri A. , Vizza D. , La Russa A. , Toteda G. , Lupinacci S. , Giraldi C. , Bonofiglio R.
Published: February 2016

Background

Assessing the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) may be helpful to indicate in which patient it is worth starting antiviral treatment during preemptive strategy.

Methods

In 40 CMV‐seropositive KTR preemptively treated with ganciclovir, we used interferon (IFN)‐γ ELISpot test to evaluate whether monitoring T cells directed against phosphoprotein (pp) 65 and immediate early (IE)‐1 antigens could predict the onset of viremia.

Results

CMV viremia occurred in 24 patients (60%) within 120 days after transplantation. Non‐viremic patients had higher anti‐pp65, anti‐IE‐1 T cells, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the first 90 days after transplantation. At logistic regression, anti‐pp65, anti‐IE‐1 T cells, and eGFR measured at day 30 were significantly associated with CMV infection. Cutoff values of 15 spot‐forming cells (SFCs)/200,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for anti‐IE, 40 SFCs/200,000 PBMCs for anti‐pp65, and 46.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 for eGFR, respectively, predicted the risk of CMV infection with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.75). Using a classification tree model, we identified as high‐risk patients those showing anti‐pp65 <42 SFCs/200,000 PBMCs and eGFR <62 mL/min/1.73 m2, as well as anti‐pp65 ≥42 and anti‐IE‐1 <6.5 SFCs/200,000 PBMCs.

Conclusion

Monitoring CMV‐specific T‐cell responses and eGFR in the first month post transplant can identify patients at high risk of CMV infection, for whom preemptive antiviral therapy is recommended.
Effects of topical corticosteroid administration on intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous cats
Authors: Gosling Allyson A. , Kiland Julie A. , Rutkowski Lauren E. , Hoefs Adam , Ellinwood Norman Matthew , McLellan Gillian J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of topical corticosteroid (CCS) therapy on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal cats and cats with primary feline congenital glaucoma (FCG).

Animals studied

Five normal and 11FCGcats were studied in two cohorts.

Procedures

IOPwas measured by a single, masked observer, once daily, 3–5 days/week throughout the course ofCCStreatment and for up to 11 days after treatment discontinuation. One eye per cat was randomly assigned for treatment twice daily withCCS; balanced salt solution (BSS) applied to the contralateral eye served as a control. Differences between eyes and between weeks of the study period were calculated for each cat. A positive response toCCSwas defined as a consistent >15% or >25% higherIOPin the treated relative to control eye in normal andFCGcats, respectively.

Results

A total of 8 of 11FCGcats responded to topicalCCSafter 1–5 weeks of treatment with an increase inIOPrelative to the untreated eye (maximumIOPdiscrepancy of 56 mmHg). Two of five normal cats responded to topicalCCSwith an appreciable, but clinically unimportant increase inIOPin the treated eye (maximumIOPdiscrepancy of 6.4 mmHg).

Conclusions

Our data indicate that the incidence of steroid‐inducedIOPelevation in cats is lower than that of previously published feline studies. Cats with preexisting compromise in aqueous humor outflow may show a greater, clinically relevant response to topicalCCSthan normal cats.
Germination rates of weedy radish populations (Raphanus spp.) altered by crop‐wild hybridisation, not human‐mediated changes to soil moisture
Authors: Teitel Z , Laursen A E , Campbell L G
Published: February 2016

Cultivated plants are known to readily hybridise with their wild relatives, sometimes forming populations with weedier life‐history strategies than their progenitors. Due to altered precipitation patterns from human‐induced global climate change, crop‐wild hybrid populations may have new and unpredictable environmental tolerances relative to parental populations, which would further challenge farming and land‐management weed control strategies. To recognise the role of seed dormancy variation in weed invasion, we compared seedbank dynamics of two cross‐type populations (wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, and crop‐wild hybrid radish, R. raphanistrum × R. sativus) across a soil moisture gradient. In a seed‐burial experiment, we assessed relative rates of seed germination, dormancy and seed mortality over two years across cross types (crop‐wild hybrid or wild) and watering treatments (where water was withheld, equal to annual rainfall, or double annual rainfall). Weekly population censuses in 2012 and 2013 assessed the frequency and timing of seedling emergence within a growing season. Generally, germination rates were two times higher and seed dormancy was 58% lower in hybrid versus wild populations. Surprisingly, experimental soil moisture conditions did not determine seedbank dynamics over time. Yet, seed bank dynamics changed between years, potentially related to different amounts of annual rainfall. Thus, variation in seedbank dynamics may be driven by crop‐wild hybridisation rates and, potentially, annual variation in soil moisture conditions.
EFFECT OF FRETS TO SOUND FREQUENCY OF SUNDATANG
Authors: Batahong Ronald Yusri , Dayou Jedol
Published: February 2016

Sundatang is a traditional musical instrument in Sabah, Malaysia, which is needs to be upgraded. The purpose of this study was to formulate equations that explaining the effect of frets to its sound frequency. Sound of sundatang was recorded using a microphone which was connected to ADC Harmonie system. In this study, it was found that the fundamental frequency of sound of the 1st string shifted to higher frequency when fretted at higher fret number. There are two equations formulated in this study which can be used to calculate the fundamental frequency of sound at each fret of sundatang, named Fundamental Frequency (FF) equation and Gradient Harmonic Frequency (GHF) equation. Where, the maximum average difference obtained between recorded and calculated frequency is 4.53 Hz.  In addition, also formulated an equation that can be used to explain the correlation of the fundamental frequency and the length of the fretted of 1st string which is named as Correlation of Fundamental Frequency with Length of Fretted String (CFFLFS) equation. The formulated equations in this study can be used to develop a standard musical notation of sundatang.
A GUIDELINE-BASED APPROACH TO SUPPORT THE ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO APPLY OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS IN SOURCE CODE
Authors: Khamis Norazlina , Daut Norhayati
Published: February 2016

There are many approaches in assessing students’ ability in object-oriented (OO) programming, but little is known on how to assess their ability in applying OO fundamental concepts in their written source codes. One major problem with programming assessment relates to variation in marks given by different assessors. Often, the grades given also does not gauge whether students know how to apply OO approaches. Thus, a new assessment approach is needed to fill these gap. The objective of this study is to construct and validate through expert consensus, a set of evaluation criteria for fundamental OO concepts together with the guidelines called GuideSCoRE, to help instructors assess students’ ability in applying OO concepts in their program source code. The evaluation criteria are derived from fundamental OO concepts found in Malaysian OO programming syllabuses and validated by a three-round Delphi approach. The proposed evaluation criteria were mapped with related OO design heuristics and OO design principles. A guideline (GuideSCoRE), constructed based on the Goal-Questions-Metrics approach together with the evaluation criteria is used by instructors when assessing students’ source codes. An inter-rater reliability analysis among six instructors found moderate agreement on assessment scores (κ values of mainly between 0.421 and 0.575) indicating that whilst the guidelines do not completely eliminate variations between raters, it help reduce their occurrences.
A SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK FOR CODE SECURITY USING M-COT-METRICS BASED CODE OBFUSCATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Senthilkumar Rajasekaran , Thangavelu Arunkumar
Published: February 2016

Programming security is a paramount concern in IT industry because of its immense monetary misfortunes. Programming is inclined to different security assaults, for example, Software piracy. In this proposal, program security assurance through code Obfuscation, a technique which opposes reverse engineering attacks. In this paper, different sets of criteria are depicted to gauge viability of code obfuscation, for example, intensity: trouble for human to comprehend code, imperviousness to computerized piracy. A large portion of the current obscurity procedures and plans fulfil just a couple of these criteria. In this paper, it shows that the novel code obfuscation plan created for securing exclusive code. A software framework for providing software security using Metric based Code Obfuscation Techniques named as M-COT is designed to propose which will maximize the objectives. The essential thought is to change unique code to obfuscated codes which will concede more state space. This is attained by developing obfuscated non inconsequential code clones for intelligent code parts exhibit in unique code. These code clones that are connected utilizing element predicate variables to present legitimate control flows. The performance of the system is observed by experimentation on a couple of projects (for example, scientific calculator code, searching) to assess our plan. The demonstration made that product unpredictability nature of obfuscated code is higher than that of unique code and comparing to single execution Despite of the fact that the proposal builds the improvement of obfuscated code (because of development of non-inconsequential code clones for legitimate code parts).
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEALTH RISK OF DRINKING WATER
Authors: Sulaiman Fazrul Razman , Mohd Rafi Nur Fadhilah , Kamarudin Shytie Nur Shafiqah , Syed Ismail Sharifah Norkhadijah
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the physical and chemical properties of bottled water and tap water at a university campus in Pahang, Malaysia. A total of seven bottled water brands, consisting of natural mineral (NM) and packaged drinking (PD) types, were first randomly selected. Three source locations of tap water were also examined. All water samples were analysed for their physicochemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature (using a YSI multi-parameter), turbidity (using a turbidity meter) and selected trace metals, along with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). Results were then examined against World Health Organization (WHO) and Malaysian Ministry of Health (MMOH) guidelines for drinking water. Health risks associated with trace metal were estimated using the risk assessment model. Turbidity values for tap water (2.85-4.94 NTU) were slightly higher than bottled water (0.77-1.03 NTU). A low turbidity value (0.77-0.93 NTU) suggests the presence of effective water treatment processes for NM bottled water. A low concentration of EC (0.003-0.010 mS/cm) indicates demineralization of PD bottled water. Overall quality of the bottled water and tap water was in compliance with guidelines recommended by WHO and MMOH, posing a minimum health risk and remaining safe for consumption.
EXPLORATORY ENVIRONMENTAL DNA ANALYSIS FOR INVESTIGATING PLANT-FEEDING HABIT OF THE RED-EARED TURTLE USING THEIR FECES SAMPLES
Authors: Koizumi Noriyuki , Mori Atsushi , Mineta Takuya , Sawada Eiji , Watabe Keiji , Takemura Takeshi
Published: February 2016

Exploratory environmental DNA, eDNA analysis was performed to investigate plant-feeding habits of the red-eared turtle using their feces samples. This turtle species non-native to Japan appears to be causing feeding damage to lotus roots in several rural areas as a pest, although the reality is still unproven scientifically. The feces samples were collected from five turtles inhabiting agricultural canals surrounding lotus root paddies in Tokushima Prefecture where feeding damage has arisen. After eDNA extraction from the feces samples and polymerase chain reaction, PCR amplification, electrophoresis and sequencing analysis of the amplified PCR products were carried out to confirm whether chloroplast DNA fragments of seven targeted plant species including the lotus were detected from the eDNA samples. From the results, the DNA fragments of six plant species were detected from all eDNA samples, hence, this eDNA analysis appeared to be successful. It suggested that the number of the detected plant species differed between young and adult turtles. Different habitats of the detected plant species indicated that the turtles migrated between the lotus root paddies and the canals. The lotus DNA fragments were found in all turtles.  Therefore, our eDNA analysis helps to more definitely prove the feeding damage of the lotus root by this turtle.
SIMULATION OF FLOOD RISK AREA IN KELANTAN WATERSHED, MALAYSIA USING NUMERICAL MODEL
Authors: Ghorbani Karim , Wayayok Aimrun , Abdullah Ahmad Fikri
Published: February 2016

Flood events have recently increased and caused extensive damages to the agricultural area and infrastructures, despite enormous efforts to decrease this hazard. Modeling of runoff can be a suitable approach to determine the effective factors in flooding, and to explore reasonable solution and thus to be able reduce hazard on watersheds. The  current  work attempted to derive basin and sub-basins, stream network, aspect, slop and all relevant physiographic parameters  of  Kelantan watershed  in order to  estimate  depth of runoff using  DEM  data , satellite images and field study. In addition, the maximum rainfall intensity of all the meteorological stations were extracted and the interpolation of the values obtained, led to derive a contour map as rainfall intensity for the watershed. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model was employed to calculate the surface flows, and to derive the flood hydrograph for all the sub-basins at the return periods of 5,10,25,50,100, considering to the Curve Number (CN) is a function of land use, soil, and primary moisture content. HEC-HMs model was calibrated for the study area using observed storm rainfall and recorded floods at the number of hydrometric stations. A good agreement was obtained between simulated and observed data with a correlation of 82%. Calibrated model was used to simulate depth of runoff in different return period that led to derive flood risk maps for Kelantan watershed. Results obtained revealed that flooding could be moderated and managed within a number of the sub - basins through implementing a technical scheme, depending on characteristic of the sub- basin, and its effect on the flood peak.
SRI-TRAY: BREAKTHROUGH IN NURSERY MANAGEMENT FOR THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION
Authors: Bashar Zubairu Usman , Wayayok Aimrun , M. S. M Amin , Mahadi Mohammad Razif , Y. M. Bande
Published: February 2016

The major challenges envisaged by SRI practitioners to nursery management are high labour requirement and transplanting shock due to traumatic condition at the nursery. This study was aimed at creating innovative techniques for increasing the quality and transplanting potentials of seedlings vis- ă –vis to savings on water, seeds, nursery space as well as reducing the transplanting shock. It involved the use of the developed SRI-Tray having 924 square growing cavities with sliding base to facilitate seedling transfer. The parameters used were water requirement (WR), growing media (GM), nursery perimeter (NP) and age of seedling (AS). These were compared with conventional nursery methods (dry-bed, wet-bed and tray) to evaluate the growth performances for 10 days on seedling height [SH], leaf length [LL], leaf number [LN] and root length [RL]. The SAS revealed that SRI-tray had the highest significant values for SH, LL and RL with the mean values of 157.2mm, 110.3 mm and 89 mm. when compared with conventional practices on tray (125mm,  92mm and  52mm), dry-bed (86mm, 64mm and 42mm). The seed rate, nursery area and seedling age to support one hectare of planting area were found as 5.34kg, 36m2 and 8-10 days on SRI-tray against 15-50kg, 250 – 500m2 and 15 – 30 days on conventional practices. The water management was found to be high on conventional tray (Flat tray) with a nursery area of 250m2, if supply at 4cm height for 20 days, and then total water use for conventional flat tray is 200m3. While a significant saving was observed on SRI-tray with only 18m3 with a nursery space of about 36m2 when supplied at 5cm for 10 days.
VARIABILITY OF RICE YIELD WITH RESPECT TO CROP HEALTH
Authors: Eka Putri Renny , Yahya Azmi , Adam Nor Maria , Abd Aziz Samsuzana
Published: February 2016

Chlorophyll content of leaf can be used as an indicator of the crop health. The SPAD chlorophyll meter has been acceptably used for rapid analysis of chlorophyll content and nitrogen status of crops while it has not been established how strongly the SPAD values are correlated with rice yield within a plot. This study was to explore the relationship between rice yields and the leaf SPAD value of the associated rice plots. Twenty sampling points of rice leaves plant were taken at three difference growing stages based on grid point sampling of 30m x 18m for two crop seasons. Two methods, namely instantaneous yield from on-board yield monitoring system mounted on a combine harvester and estimated crop yield from cutting test (CCT) yield were used to measure the variability of harvested rice yield within the rice plot. The SPAD values were found positively correlated with grain yield at different growth stages.  The highest significant correlation was at crop age 70 days after planting with Pearson’s correlations (r) ranging 0.7280 to 0.8336 (P<0.001). Consequently, information with regards to SPAD value variability could triggers farmers in taking immediate in situ action for improving the crop yield while information with regards to crop yield variability could assist farmers in planning the proper farming practice for the subsequent cropping seasons. Generally, this available technology would assist farmers in improving their crop yield and their economic status.
ADSORPTION OF ACID ORANGE 7 BY CETYLPYRIDINIUM BROMIDE MODIFIED SUGARCANE BAGASSE
Authors: Nik Malek Nik Ahmad Nizam , Mat Sihat Nurain , A. S. Khalifa Mahmud , Kamaru Auni Afiqah , Sani Nor Suriani
Published: February 2016

In the present study, the adsorption of acid orange 7 (AO7) dye from aqueous solution by sugarcane bagasse (SB) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr) modified sugarcane bagasse (SBC) was examined. SBC was prepared by reacting SB with different concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 4.0 mM) of cationic surfactant, CPBr. The SB and SBC were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch mode. The effect of initial AO7 concentrations (5-1000 mg/L), initial CPBr concentrations and pH of AO7 solution (2-9) on the adsorption capacity of SB and SBC were investigated. The experimental adsorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption of AO7 onto SB and SBC followed Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The maximum uptake of AO7 was obtained by SBC4.0 (SB treated with 4.0 mMCPBr) with the adsorption capacity of 144.928 mg/g. The highest AO7 removal was found to be at pH 2 and 7 for SB and SBC, respectively. As a conclusion, sugarcane bagasse modified with CPBr can become an alternative adsorbent for the removal of anionic compounds in aqueous solution.
DEVELOPMENT OF REAL TIME SOIL NUTRIENT MAPPING SYSTEM IN PADDY FIELD
Authors: Ezrin M. H. , Aimrun W. , Amin M. S. M. , Bejo S. K.
Published: February 2016

Application of advanced sensing technology in agriculture has becoming a trend in many countries. Integration of sensors and ICT such as GIS is essential for grower to improve their field management and crop yield. Effective site specific management requires strong and temporally consistent relationship zones that have been identified, underlying soil physical, chemical and biological parameters, and crop yield. Those requirements are possible to be obtained through the use of specialized equipment and state-of-the art technology. This study was carried out to develop a real time system to provide map of soil nutrient such total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K) by using electrical conductivity sensor. Results from this study have proven the merit of the developed system in terms of its performance and its reliability. The soil nutrient map produced by this system was nearly identical to a kriging map produced via ArcGIS software and it reliable for use in the site specific application for best fertilizer management practices. This finding indicates that the soil nutrient variability map was possible to be produced in real-time basis without engaging any tedious work in the field. The use of this mapping system as a basis of identifying the soil nutrient variability proved to be a good technique for the farmers to better manage their paddy fields.
RECYCLING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS POTENTIAL CARRIER FOR BIOFERTILIZER FORMULATION
Authors: Kek Hoe Then , Sarmidi Mohamad Roji , Syed Alwee Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah , Zakaria Zainul Akmar
Published: February 2016

The palm oil industry generates large amount of biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This biomass would be typically recycled to produce EFB compost that is a valuable agricultural input. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using EFB compost as carrier for nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Mixture (50-60% moisture) between EFB (shredded short fibres) and POME (anaerobic pond) were added with Effective Microorganisms (EM) to accelerate the composting process. The EFB compost reached thermophilic phase after 4-6 weeks with consistent temperature between 50-60oC. After 7 weeks of composting, EFB compost reached the mesophilic phase with continuous reduction of temperature to 35-40oC at week 8. The maturity of the compost is supported from the reduction of the C/N ratio from 36 (initial) to 20 (after 6 weeks). Mature EFB compost was sun-dried and ground into fine particle size (1 mm) prior to be used as carrier. Dried EFB compost carrier has the following characteristics (dry weight); average pH at 7.5, C/N ratio - 13.5, moisture - 17.4%, organic matter – 74.5%, total N - 3.06%, P - 0.37%, K - 4.74%, Ca - 3.32% and Mg - 0.79%. The inoculation of NFB and PSB into the EFB compost carrier from single cultures of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae showed high viable cell count at 4.05 x 109 CFU/g and 2.75 x 108 CFU/g respectively at day three after inoculation. Meanwhile, the mixed culture of Burkholderia cenocepacia with Serratia marcescens showed 2.45 x 108 CFU/g and 4.31 x 109 CFU/g respectively. This clearly indicates the potential of using EFB as a useful alternative for bacterial immobilization prior to application in the oil palm industries.
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis from oesophageal cancer, presenting as meningitis
Authors: Ahmed Mashrafi , Begum Tahmina , Omer Abdel Rahman , Khan Ishtiaque Amin
Published: February 2016

A 47-year-old woman presented with headache, neck pain, dizziness, nausea and vomiting for 4–5 days. She also had a history of weight loss and difficulty in swallowing. On physical examination, she had nuchal rigidity with a positive Kernig's sign. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mild pleocytosis but some atypical cells were also noted. Cytopathological analysis of the atypical cells showed high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios and eccentric nuclei with prominent nucleoli, consistent with malignancy. A CT scan of the head and neck showed multiple lytic lesions involving the left calvarium, and diffuse thickening and enhancement of meninges over the left cerebral area. Extensive osteolytic lesions were also noted on the vertebral bodies, pedicles and lamina, at multiple levels of the cervical spine. An endoscopy revealed a mass at the gastro-oesophageal junction, and biopsy confirmed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. The patient was started on chemotherapy along with radiation therapy.
An unusual cause of cerebellovestibular symptoms
Authors: Alzuabi Muayad A , Saad Anas M , Al-Husseini Muneer J , Nada Maha A
Published: February 2016

Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is a controversial autoimmune disorder, probably underdiagnosed, that causes a wide variety of neurological manifestations. Symptoms differ among patients and may be very severe in some cases. However, it can be treated, with a very good prognosis. In our case, a teenaged girl with a family history of migraine, vitiligo and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo presented with severe ataxia, vomiting and hypotension. She had a history of similar, but milder, symptoms and was misdiagnosed several times. She had subclinical hypothyroidism, and high levels of antithyroid antibodies. There were abnormal MRI and visual evoked potential findings. After excluding other more common causes, we diagnosed her as having ‘Hashimoto Encephalopathy’, and started treatment with corticosteroids, on which she showed dramatic improvement. After about 2 years of presentation, the patient is able to continue her life independently.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with perforated diverticular disease
Authors: Okpala Amalachukwu Michael , Joshi Meera , Andrews Brian
Published: February 2016

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV) is a small vessel vasculitis associated with infections, connective tissue disease, malignancies and, rarely, gastrointestinal conditions. An association between LV and acute diverticulitis has not previously been reported. LV may be localised to the skin as a purpuric rash or might manifest with systemic involvement, such as of the joints, gastrointestinal tract or kidneys. Management of LV can be medical or surgical, based on the degree of systemic involvement. We present the case of a 56-year-old man with a 2-year history of a purpuric rash associated with diarrhoea, who presented acutely with abdominal pain. Imaging studies revealed sigmoid diverticulitis with a pericolic collection. Operative findings were purulent peritonitis secondary to perforated diverticular abscess, which was treated with a Hartmann's procedure. Postoperatively, the purpuric rash resolved rapidly on treatment with antibiotics and steroids. Histopathology of the resected bowel and skin punch biopsy confirmed sigmoid diverticulitis and LV, respectively.
Bilateral femoral head avascular necrosis with a very low dose of oral corticosteroid used for panhypopituitarism
Authors: Dharmshaktu Pramila , Aggarwal Anshita , Dutta Deep , Kulshreshtha Bindu
Published: February 2016

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a rare complication related to glucocorticoid administration and traditionally has been associated with high doses and/or prolonged therapy. Occurrence of osteonecrosis with a physiological replacement dose of glucocorticoids has not been reported previously. We report a 38-year-old man with non-secreting pituitary adenoma who developed bilateral AVN while on a very small dose of oral prednisolone for secondary adrenal insufficiency after surgery for pituitary adenoma. The patient was switched to hydrocortisone. Zolindronic acid was administered and the patient underwent bilateral core decompressive surgery resulting in a reduction of hip pain and improvement. When last evaluated, 2 years after diagnosis of AVN, the patient was functionally independent, and was able to do his routine activities with mild pain. The report intends to highlight the occurrence of AVN of the femur even with a very small dose of prednisolone used for treatment of panhypopituitarism. Glucocorticoids may have to be continued in the lowest possible dose using the most physiological preparation such as hydrocortisone when stoppage is not possible.
Failure of oral penicillin as secondary prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease: a lesson from a low-prevalence rheumatic fever region
Authors: McGlacken-Byrne S M , Parry H M , Currie P F , Wilson N J
Published: February 2016

Our patient is an 18-year-old Caucasian woman from the UK who developed severe mitral stenosis on a history of childhood acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). She had been reporting of her oral penicillin secondary prophylaxis regimen since diagnosis. At the age of 15 years, a new murmur was discovered during routine cardiac follow-up. An echocardiogram confirmed moderate-severe mitral stenosis. One year later, her exercise tolerance significantly deteriorated and she subsequently underwent balloon valvuloplasty of her mitral valve to good effect. Our case emphasises the evidence base supporting the use of monthly intramuscular penicillin injection to prevent ARF recurrence and RHD progression; it also emphasises the reduced efficacy of oral penicillin prophylaxis in this context. It particularly resonates with regions of low rheumatic fever endemicity. The long-term cardiac sequelae of ARF can be devastating; prescribing the most effective secondary prophylaxis regimen is essential.
Sweet’s syndrome complicating ulcerative colitis: a rare association
Authors: Lopes Caçola Rute , Soares Marta , Cardoso Carla , Furtado António
Published: February 2016

Sweet's syndrome (SS) is a neutrophilic dermatosis disorder of unknown aetiology, characterised by acute fever, neutrophilia, painful erythematous papules, nodules and plaques, and an infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils in the upper dermis. Classical SS is a rare extra-intestinal manifestation of inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is more common in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis (UC). There is a predilection for women, and for patients with colonic disease and active IBD. We report the case of a 39-year-old woman with a flare of moderate severity UC treated with mesalazine who presented with a 5-day history of acute fever, painful papules and plaques on forearms and legs, episcleritis and cervical pain. Skin biopsies showed papillary dermis inflammatory cell infiltration composed mainly of neutrophils, without evidence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis or panniculitis, compatible with SS. The patient had an excellent response to systemic corticosteroids. Symptoms promptly improved and skin lesions resolved after 7 weeks.
Acute suppurative thyroiditis secondary to urinary tract infection byE. coli: a rare clinical scenario
Authors: Sen Supriya , Ramakant Pooja , Paul Mazhuvanchary Jacob , Jennifer Anne
Published: February 2016

A 60-year-old woman with diabetes and symptomatic urinary tract infection presented to us with a painful neck swelling for 2 weeks. We discuss diagnostic and management issues in acute suppurative thyroiditis caused byEscherichia coli.
Uncommon benign tumour of the skin: infraorbital pilomatricoma
Authors: Erol Behcet , Kucukkurt Sercan , Bicer Aytugar Tugce , Aksakallı Nihan
Published: February 2016

Pilomatricoma is a relatively rare tumour of the skin derived from primitive basal cells of epidermis that differentiate into hair matrix cells. It comprises approximately 1% of all benign skin tumours. The most common sites for pilomatricomas are the head, neck and upper extremities. A 44-year-old woman, admitted to our department, underwent an orthopantomography examination, which revealed a well-circumscribed 1.6×1.4 mm radiopaque mass superimposed between the medial wall of the right maxillary sinus and lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Clinically, it was firm and mobile, and remained attached to the underlying skin when palpated. A cone beam CT scan was performed to ascertain its location and anatomic relations. Subsequently, it was totally excised under local anaesthesia. Histopathological evaluation of the lesion reported it to be a pilomatricoma.