bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nozzle structure optimisation in a photovoltaic irrigation system
Authors: Wu Xianfang , Zhu Xinyue , Tan Minggao , Liu Houlin , Ge Jie
Published: November 2024

On the basis of the significant impact of the sprinkler nozzle structure in photovoltaic irrigation systems, the nozzle parameters are optimised to improve sprinkler adaptability and irrigation uniformity under different light intensities. An experimental test and numerical simulation were conducted to analyse the influence of nozzles with distinct parameters on the spray irrigation effect. Taking the irrigation uniformity coefficient as the optimisation goal and the nozzle outlet shape, outlet area and straight flow channel length as the optimisation variables, an orthogonal experimental design was employed, and the optimal solution was obtained via range analysis. The experimental results indicate that the sprinkler performs best when the outlet shape is circular, the nozzle outlet area is 7 mm2 and the flow channel length is 2 mm. The optimal nozzle characteristics were tested and compared with those of the original design, and numerical simulation was used to demonstrate the optimised internal flow mechanism. The results demonstrate that the optimised flow rate and spray range are improved, and the working pressure and rotation period are significantly reduced, enabling the system to adapt to a more extensive range of light intensities. The radial water distribution structure is better, and the combined application rate and uniformity coefficient are also significantly improved. In addition, the sprinkler outlet speed is more consistent, and the area of the high‐speed zone in the spray plate increases, which is conducive to reducing energy loss and enhancing sprinkler irrigation uniformity.
Blockchain‐based smart and secure manufacturing systems
Authors: Zhu Jun , Zhang Guo Yin
Published: November 2024

In the current data sharing environment of smart manufacturing systems, there is a lack of a transparent, open, and fair interaction environment, and there exists a serious imbalance in data sharing and transmission, which leads to data trust issues. To address this challenge, we propose a fine‐grained access control method for IoT data sharing based on blockchain technology (the Bayesian information criterion [BIC] scheme for IoT data sharing). This approach includes ex‐ante supervision and authentication of data sources, fine‐grained access control during data usage, and ex‐post tracking of malicious users. Firstly, a system model is built, and symmetric encryption is used to encrypt the data in order to improve computational efficiency. Subsequently, scheme design and algorithm design are carried out to encrypt the symmetric key using ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption to achieve one‐to‐many data sharing, which greatly reduces the number of repeated encryptions and computational overheads. The data owner uploads the encrypted data to the cloud server, and the data user must hold the token generated by the blockchain to interact with the cloud and obtain the corresponding information. The results show that the BIC scheme not only ensures the legitimacy and security of data access but also locks up and traces malicious users who may have compromised their private keys, preventing illegal data sharing and key misuse; it offers significant advantages in terms of storage efficiency and time consumption, and also facilitates a flexible and secure data sharing process.
An 80 Gbps Integrated PDM‐OAM‐Enabled‐FSO Transmission for Implementing 5G Services Under Riyadh Weather Conditions
Authors: Hakami Ali , Din Jafri , Aziz Omar Abdul , Alkhedhairi Khalid , Alsheibi Abdullah Zaini , Salh Adeb , Alhammadi Abdulraqeb , Banwir Husam M.
Published: November 2024

The surge in demand of high‐capacity wireless information transmission links has led to emergence of novel multiplexing techniques for free space optics (FSO) over the past few years. Two such important techniques are polarization division multiplexing (PDM) and orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. This article investigates the integration of PDM and OAM techniques in a FSO transmission system to enable 5G communication services in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Four OAM beams () of 2‐polarization states of a single frequency laser beam are used to transport 10 Gbps data independently. A total of 80 Gbps net transmission rate is achieved. The visibility data for Riyadh city are collected from Saudi Meteorological Department and the attenuation coefficient is calculated using Kim, Kruse, and Al‐Naboulsi attenuation models. The performance of all the PDM‐OAM modulated signals is compared for the three‐attenuation models in terms of bit error rate, eye diagrams, and Q Factor of the signal at the receiver. The results show that using Kim and Kruse models, with attenuation of 0.62 and 0.64 dB/km, the maximum range of 3.8 km is achieved. This is, however, reduced to 2.4 km using Al‐Naboulsi model having attenuation of 2.03 dB/km with acceptable limits of Q Factor (∼6 dB) and BER (∼9).
Adsorption‐photocatalysis for methylene blue dye removal by novel Fe‐MOFs through defect engineering
Authors: Zhao Yang , Wan Tao , He Songsong , Li Dongmei , Wang Xiaomei , Xu Hao , Liu Bingjun
Published: November 2024

In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in environmental pollution control. However, most MOFs still have problems such as low utilization of visible light and easy recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. In this study, novel defective Fe‐MOFs with appropriate structural defects were prepared by solvothermal method and used to remove methylene blue (MB) in aqueous phase through adsorption and photocatalysis. Defective Fe‐MOFs have Fe content as high as 10.31% with specific surface area of 40.95 m2/g, which is beneficial for both dye adsorption and photocatalytic process. Defective Fe‐MOFs have spindle‐like structures with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and an average size of 69.1 nm, as well as some irregularly shaped nanoparticles. Irregular stacking of these two kinds of structure makes Fe‐MOFs appropriate structural defects, large specific surface area, and mesoporous structure. Kinetics and isotherms of dye adsorption process are consistent with pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. Defective Fe‐MOFs can absorb MB dye rapidly, reaching adsorption equilibrium within 60 min. Dye adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous, and entropy‐increasing process. After 180 min visible light illumination, dye photocatalytic efficiency of the defective Fe‐MOFs reaches 97.56% in the condition of MB concentration as high as 30 mg/L. Consequently, defective Fe‐MOFs with appropriate structural defects, porous structure, high Fe‐O content, and strong electron‐donating amino groups have huge potential applications in removing organic dyes from the aqueous solution by a green and environmentally friendly way due to their high dye adsorption and dye photocatalytic activity.
Giving children a voice: Concept development and foundation of the first Children's council “mental health” in Germany
Authors: Bartnick Christina , Christiansen Hanna , Schneider Silvia
Published: November 2024

Background

As summarized by the Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (McGorry et al., 2024), the statistics on mental disorders in children are alarming and highlight the need to expand and optimize research on childhood mental health. Although patient and public involvement (PPI) of those affected has the potential to boost both the acceptance and outcomes of research studies, the active involvement of young children, that is, primary school children, in mental health research has been neglected.

Methods

Based on the results of our systematic literature analysis of PPI of children in mental health research, the concept development of the Children's Council ‘Mental Health’ was administered in cooperation with several stakeholders and focus groups (practitioners and researchers in the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy across the lifespan, representatives from three self‐help organizations for mental disorders, children's focus group). The concept was further optimized in collaboration with the German Children's Fund (Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk e. V.).

Results

The Children's Council was successfully founded with five children aged between 6 and 9 years. Participation is positively received, and each meeting is evaluated using visual measurements. The results from the meetings are presented and discussed. They serve as basis for concrete recommendations for involving young children in mental health research.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structured approach involving young children in mental health research studies. The main goal of our study is the direct and immediate empowerment of children, in this case primary school children at the age of 6–12 years. This is associated with a child‐friendly exchange on topics related to mental health, as well as the enhancement of the education process on mental disorders and prevention.
Readmission Rate, Predictors, Outcomes, and Burden of Readmission of Hepatorenal Syndrome in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis
Authors: Sohail Abdullah , Chaudhary Ammad J. , Bhinder Muhammad Mujtaba , Zahid Khadija , Brown Kyle
Published: November 2024

Background

Nationwide US data on readmission rates for patients with cirrhosis admitted with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is lacking. We reviewed 30‐day readmission rates after HRS‐related hospitalizations, the associated predictors of readmissions, and their impact on resource utilization and mortality in the United States.

Methods

We identified all adults admitted with HRS between 2016 and 2019 using the Nationwide Readmission database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. The primary outcome was all‐cause 30‐day readmission rate. Secondary outcomes were inpatient mortality rate, predictors of readmission, and resource utilization.

Results

We identified 245 850 hospitalizations of patients admitted for HRS in the United States from 2016 to 2019. Of these, 214 890 met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 59.16 years, and 61.31% were males. Medicare was the most common primary payer (44.82%) followed by Medicaid (25.58%). The readmission rate was 24.6% within 30 days of discharge from index hospitalization. The most common cause of readmission was alcoholic cirrhosis with ascites (14.87%), followed by sepsis (9.32%) and unspecified hepatic failure (9%). The in‐hospital mortality rate for index hospitalization was 29.52% and 14.35% among those readmitted within 30 days. The mean length of stay (12.33 days vs. 7.15 days, p < 0.01) and hospitalization costs ($44 903 vs. $22 353, p < 0.01) were higher for index hospitalizations than readmissions.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that all‐cause 30‐day readmission and in‐hospital mortality rates after the development of HRS were strikingly high. This warrants health policies and interventions at the institutional level, including close post‐hospital discharge follow‐up, to decrease readmission rates, improve patient outcomes, and reduce cost burden.
Preferences of people living with HIV for features of tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens in Uganda: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Aschmann Hélène E. , Musinguzi Allan , Kadota Jillian L. , Namale Catherine , Kakeeto Juliet , Nakimuli Jane , Akello Lydia , Welishe Fred , Nakitende Anne , Berger Christopher , Dowdy David W. , Cattamanchi Adithya , Semitala Fred C. , Kerkhoff Andrew D.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) is recommended for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in high TB burden settings. While 6 months of daily isoniazid remains widely used, shorter regimens are now available. However, little is known about preferences of PLHIV for key features of TPT regimens.

Methods

From July to November 2022, we conducted a discrete choice experiment among adult PLHIV engaged in care at an urban HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Participants chose between two hypothetical TPT regimens with five different features (pills per dose, frequency, duration, need for adjusted antiretroviral therapy [ART] dosage and side effects), organized across nine random choice tasks. We analysed preferences using hierarchical Bayesian estimation, latent class analysis and willingness‐to‐trade simulations.

Results

Of 400 PLHIV, 392 (median age 44, 72% female, 91% TPT‐experienced) had high‐quality choice task responses. Pills per dose was the most important attribute (relative importance 32.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 31.6–33.2), followed by frequency (20.5% [95% CI 19.7–21.3]), duration (19.5% [95% CI 18.6–20.5]) and need for ART dosage adjustment (18.2% [95% CI 17.2–19.2]). Latent class analysis identified three preference groups: one prioritized less frequent, weekly dosing (N = 222; 57%); another was averse to ART dosage adjustment (N = 107; 27%); and the last prioritized short regimens with fewer side effects (N = 63; 16%). All groups highly valued fewer pills per dose. Overall, participants were willing to accept a regimen of 2.8 months’ additional duration [95% CI: 2.4–3.2] to reduce pills per dose from five to one, 3.6 [95% CI 2.4–4.8] months for weekly rather than daily dosing and 2.2 [95% CI 1.3–3.0] months to avoid ART dosage adjustment.

Conclusions

To align with preferences of PLHIV in Uganda, decision‐makers should prioritize the development and implementation of TPT regimens with fewer pills, less frequent dosing and no need for ART dosage adjustment, rather than focus primarily on duration of treatment.
Synergy Effects of HPV E6‐E7 Encoding mRNA and Nucleic Acid Immunostimulators Improve Therapeutic Potential in TC‐1 Graft Tumor
Authors: He Shuang , Niu Haiying , Zhang Lizhi , Tao Zhonge , Qu Quanxin
Published: November 2024

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women globally and the most prevalent cancer in developing countries, which was caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have opened up new avenues for vaccine development and pandemic preparedness with potent scalability, which may possess the potential antitumor effects of an mRNA‐HPV therapeutic vaccine containing nononcogenic E6 and E7 proteins. Here, we reported a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) plus nucleic acid immunostimulators (CPG 1018 and Poly I:C) mRNA vaccine platform. The LNP‐CPG 1018 capsulated HPV E6‐E7 mRNA significantly promoted the maturation of bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC) in vitro and were capable of efficiently migrating to lymph nodes (LN) in vivo. In TC‐1 tumor‐bearing mice, the subcutaneous immunization of LNP‐CPG 1018 capsulated HPV E6‐E7 mRNA elicited robust tumor‐specific T‐cell immunity, reshaped the tumor microenvironment, and inhibited tumor growth. In conclusion, the LNP‐CPG 1018 system is a promising delivery platform for facilitating the development of HPV E6‐E7 mRNA cancer vaccines.
In Vitro Characterization of Inhibition Function of Calcifediol to the Protease Activity of SARS‐COV‐2 PLpro
Authors: Chen Junjie , Zhang Yaya , Zhang Bingchang , Wang Zhanxiang
Published: November 2024

Vitamin D3 and its metabolites calcifediol have been recommended as effective drugs for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) therapy in many studies, since the outbreak of this global dramatic pandemic. In this study, we made a striking discovery that Calcifediol demonstrates robust inhibitive effect on the of the papain‐like cysteine protease (PLpro), a critical proteolytic enzyme for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2(SARS‐COV‐2), through a small‐scale FRET‐based screening experiment. The practical bindings of Calcifediol to PLpro were also demonstrated by several in vitro interaction studies. All the evidence had revealed the inhibition might be caused by the targeted binding event. Consequently, our discovery represents a significant finding that the beneficial therapeutic impact of Calcifediol on COVID‐19 may be attributed not only to its immunoregulatory properties but also to its inhibition of PLpro. This finding strongly bolsters the case for the clinical use of Vitamin D3 and its derivative Calcifediol in the treatment of COVID‐19.
Effects of insulin glargine U300 versus insulin degludec U100 on glycemic variability, hypoglycemia, and diet evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tsai Pin‐Lun , Lin Chia‐Hung , Huang Yu‐Yao , Chen Hsin‐Yun , Lin Yi‐Hsuan
Published: November 2024

The impacts of insulin degludec U100 (Deg‐100) and insulin glargine U300 (Gla‐300) on glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 1 diabetes, as well as the impact of major nutrient components on GV in these patients, remain unclear. This was an observational, cross‐sectional, retrospective study. Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients treated with either Deg‐100 or Gla‐300 as basal insulin were enrolled. After the participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring, GV indices and major nutrient components were analyzed. Forty patients with type 1 diabetes were enrolled, and 20 participants used Deg‐100, and 20 used Gla‐300. There was no significant difference in major nutrient components between the two groups. Better GV indices of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, AUCn, M‐value, CONGA1, CONGA2, and CONGA4 were noted in the Gla‐300 group versus Deg‐100 group. Compared with patients who received once‐daily injection in the morning (QD), Deg‐100 administration once daily at bedtime (HS) yielded a higher low blood glucose index during both day and nocturnal periods, indicating a higher risk of hypoglycemic events. By contrast, there were significantly lower levels of CONGA1, CONGA2, and CONGA4 during insulin Gla‐300 QD administration than during HS administration, indicating a lower GV of a short interval. In this real‐world study involving type 1 diabetes patients, Gla‐300 appears to offer more stable glucose variability than Deg‐100. Administering once‐daily injections could lower the risk of hypoglycemia in the Deg‐100 group and minimize GV in the Gla‐300 group compared to bedtime injections.
ELAVL1‐dependent SOAT2 exacerbated the pancreatitis‐like cellular injury of AR42J cells induced by hyperstimulation with caerulein
Authors: Sun Yu‐Jing , Chen Hua‐Ying , Lai Xiao‐Qin
Published: November 2024

Pancreatitis is a severe inflammatory condition characterized by damage to the pancreas. Sterol o‐acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) has been reported to aggravate acute pancreatitis, however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Rat pancreatic exocrine cells (AR42J) were treated with caerulein to induce pancreatitis‐like cellular injury. Cell viability was determined using a cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay, while cell proliferation was analyzed through a 5‐Ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Additionally, Fe2+ levels were analyzed using a colorimetric assay kit, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed with a Cellular ROS Assay kit, and lipid peroxidation was measured using a malondialdehyde assay kit. Glutathione levels were analyzed with a detection assay. Protein and mRNA expression were evaluated through western blotting and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Furthermore, an RNA immunoprecipitation assay was conducted to investigate the association between ELAV‐like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) and SOAT2. Actinomycin D assay was performed to explore the effect of ELAVL1 depletion on the transcript stability of SOAT2 mRNA. SOAT2 and ELAVL1 expression were upregulated in caerulein‐exposed AR42J cells. Caerulein treatment induced pancreatitis‐like cellular apoptosis, inflammatory response, ferroptosis, and cell proliferation inhibition. Silencing of SOAT2 protected against caerulein‐induced AR42J cell injury. Moreover, ELAVL1 stabilized SOAT2 mRNA expression in AR42J cells. SOAT2 overexpression attenuated the effects induced by ELAVL1 silencing in caerulein‐exposed AR42J cells. Additionally, ELAVL1 knockdown activated the NRF2/HO‐1 pathway by downregulating SOAT2 expression in caerulein‐exposed AR42J cells. SOAT2 silencing protected AR42J cells from caerulein‐induced injury by inactivating the NRF2 pathway. In conclusion, ELAVL1‐dependent SOAT2 exacerbated pancreatic exocrine cell injury by inactivating the NRF2/HO‐1 pathway in pancreatitis. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatitis and offer potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this condition.
Histopathology of thermal effects in endoscopic ear surgery: An experimental animal study
Authors: Kaya İsa , Şahin Fetih Furkan , Uyanıkgil Yiğit , Tomruk Canberk , Şirin Cansın
Published: November 2024

Objective

The potential risk of thermal damage in the transcanal endoscopic ear surgery has been a concerning issue. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of heat exposure of different durations in external auditory canal (EAC) skin and facial nerve tissues.

Methods

This study was conducted on 20 rabbits assigned equally to five groups according to the endoscope‐transmitted heat exposure duration: Control group (no exposure), 2, 10, 15, and 30 min. At the end of the procedure, EAC skin and the tympanic segment of facial nerve tissue samples were taken surgically and histopathologically examined.

Results

Significant histopathological thermal damage findings in external auditory canal skin and facial nerve tissues were observed under endoscope‐transmitted heat exposure longer than 15 and 10 min, respectively.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that prolonged exposure of the endoscope‐transmitted heat can cause histopathological thermal damage in EAC skin and facial nerve on rabbit subjects.
How Does the Largest Cluster in the Strong Network Rule Granular Soil Mechanics? A DEM Study
Authors: Jin Ziyu , Liu Jiaying , Ma Gang , Hu Chengbao , Yang Qihang , Shi Xiusong , Wang Xinquan
Published: November 2024

The contact network of granular materials is often divided into strong and weak subnetworks, which play different roles in micromechanics. Within the strong contact network, there exists the largest connected component, that is, the largest cluster, which may connect system boundaries and could be the most important structure in force transmission of the whole system. This paper concerns the particular features of the largest cluster in the strong contact network of granular materials, by considering the combining effects of loading path and particle shape. A series of true triaxial tests with various intermediate principal stress ratios are conducted for granular assemblies of different shaped particles using the discrete element method (DEM). Both the macroscopic stress–strain responses and the microscopic topological changes of the contact network are investigated. It is found that both particle shape and loading path will influence the shear strength and the topological features of the strong network. The threshold (the ratio to the average force) is used to distinguish the strong and weak networks, and a critical threshold can be identified by comparing the network‐based metrics. The largest cluster within the strong network approaching the critical threshold can span the boundaries in each direction with minimum contacts, which occupies a small portion of particles and contacts but transmits a considerable portion of the applied stress. In addition, the similar contribution weight of the largest cluster to the deviatoric stress is identified for granular materials with different particle shapes.
An IRK‐QCD Scheme for the Space Fractional Diffusion Equation and Block‐Lower‐Triangle Preconditioners for the Corresponding Linear Systems
Authors: She Zi‐Hang , Qiu Yi‐Feng , Chen Xu , Lin Fu‐Rong
Published: November 2024

In this paper, a novel high‐order finite difference scheme with temporally and spatially fourth‐order accuracy, called the implicit Runge‐Kutta‐quasi‐compact difference (IRK‐QCD) scheme, is proposed for one‐ and two‐dimensional space fractional diffusion equations (SFDEs). Firstly, the quasi‐compact difference (QCD) operator is used to approximate the space Riemann‐Liouville fractional derivative, which results in a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then an implicit Runge‐Kutta (IRK) method is applied to discretize the resulted ODEs. The unconditionally stability and the fourth order convergence rate of the IRK‐QCD scheme are theoretically established. Block‐lower‐triangular (BLT) preconditioners are employed for the discretization linear systems. We prove that the eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix lie in disc , independent of discretization step‐sizes and fractional order(s). We also prove that the condition number of the preconditioned matrix has a uniform upper bound. Numerical experiments, including an empirical example, are implemented to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Debunking the Myth: Should Pierre Robin be Credited for Defining the Pierre Robin Sequence?
Authors: Leger Maëlys , Baudouin Robin , Thierry Briac
Published: November 2024

The Pierre Robin Sequence is a rare craniofacial malformation that invariably combines retrognathism, glossoptosis, and upper airway obstruction, with a prevalence ranging from 1 in 8000 to 1 in 14,000 newborns. Although formally described by the French physician Pierre Robin in 1923, older and even ancient as far back as the Babylonian times, descriptions have been identified. Dr Pierre Robin's perspicacity lay in putting up a treatment for the patients presenting those symptoms. That is why his successors honored his work by naming this disease after him.
The Role of Diet in Tympanostomy Tube Otorrhea
Authors: Dedhia Kavita , Tindall Alyssa , Karpink Jillian , Williams Ashley , Giordano Terri , Stallings Virginia
Published: November 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of diet quality in children with tympanostomy tube placement (TTP) complicated by tympanostomy tube otorrhea (TTO).

Study Design

Three‐day 24‐hour diet recall.

Setting

Tertiary care medical center.

Methods

Children between the ages of 2 to 6 years old with TTP performed 6 months to 2 years prior to enrollment were included. Children with a history of Down syndrome, cleft palate, craniofacial syndromes, known immunodeficiency, g‐tube dependent, or a non‐English speaking family were excluded. The primary outcome variable was TTO. The primary predictor was total caloric intake measured by percent estimated energy rate (%EER).

Results

A total of 120 families completed the 3‐day diet recall. The median age was 27 months (interquartile range: 7.9‐68.5), with 57% male sex. Most children reported dietary intake within the recommended range percent intake for carbohydrates and fat and less than recommended range for percent vitamin D. Within this cohort 63 (52.5%) participants had >1 TTO episode and 57 (47.5%) 1 TTO episode. Children with an EER% that was average or high were at higher odds of >1 TTO episodes compared to participants with a low EER% with ORs of 4.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 15.6) and 5.7 (95% CI: 1.5, 22.1) respectively.

Conclusion

Children with a typical or high total daily caloric intake are approximately 5 to 6 times more likely to have multiple TTO episodes compared to those with low intake.
Stabilization of topology optimization problems using Voronoi tessellations
Authors: Kikis Georgia , Sauren Bjorn , Birk Carolin , Klinkel Sven
Published: November 2024

Topology optimization, which is widely used in mechanical and aerospace engineering, has found its way into civil engineering. Here, progress made in additive manufacturing as well as new high‐performance materials allow for the construction of novel and complex geometric designs. Polygonal elements facilitate more flexible mesh generation and proper representation of these complex‐shaped design domains as well as their optimized versions. Additionally, local h‐refinement can be employed efficiently. In this contribution Voronoi tessellations are used, which represent a highly efficient discretization technique that enables the polygonization of any structure. However, special finite element formulations have to be introduced due to the polygonal element geometries. The focus in this contribution lies on the determination of a structure's optimal material distribution, while maximizing its stiffness, that is, minimizing its compliance. The topology optimization problem is analogous to a mixed variational problem and shows the same numerical instability, known as checkerboarding. In this case, in certain regions, void and solid elements are alternating. It is shown that the use of polygonal finite elements with Voronoi tessellations avoids this phenomenon and leads to stable solutions. Several numerical examples are considered and the results are compared to the standard finite element formulation using quadrilateral elements, which are polluted by spurious checkerboard modes.
On the finite Radon transform for the computational homogenization of conductivity
Authors: Jabs Lukas , Schneider Matti
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the computational homogenization of thermal conductivity problems using a finite Radon transform as proposed by Derraz and coworkers, implemented using the Fourier slice theorem to allow utilization of the fast Fourier transform‐based frameworks and methods. For the finite Radon transform both the original approach and the consistent approach proposed by Jabs and Schneider are used. The two discretizations are compared to the Moulinec–Suquet discretization using numerical examples. In doing so the convergence of the consistent approach is shown and the discussion of the original Radon approach is extended.
A divergence‐conforming method for flow and double‐diffusive transport
Authors: Bürger Raimund , Khan Arbaz , Méndez Paul E. , Ruiz‐Baier Ricardo
Published: November 2024

The results of a recent extension of the analysis of an ‐conforming method for a model of double‐diffusive flow in porous media introduced in [Bürger, Méndez, Ruiz‐Baier, SINUM (2019), 57:1318–1343] to the time‐dependent case are summarized. These include the efficiency and reliability of residual‐based a posteriori error estimators for the steady, semi‐discrete, and fully discrete problems. The method consists of Brezzi–Douglas–Marini approximations for velocity and compatible piecewise discontinuous pressures, whereas Lagrangian elements are used for concentration and salinity. Novel numerical tests confirm the accuracy of the method and illustrate its application to a salinity‐driven problem of sedimentation.
Investigating physical and mechanical properties of alumina/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites manufactured by fused deposition modeling
Authors: Zolfaghari Abbas , Roshan Arman Gholizade , Shakeri Mohsen
Published: November 2024

In recent years, 3D printing technologies or additive manufacturing have gained significant attention in research and other industries. Among the various 3D printing techniques, fused deposition modeling has been the most widely adopted. This study focused on developing composite filaments by incorporating acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with different volume percentages of aluminum oxide (alumina). The mechanical and physical properties of parts printed with these composite filaments were thoroughly evaluated. Tensile testing revealed that increasing the alumina content led to a reduction in tensile strength. At 20 vol%, tensile strength dropped by 72%. A heat deflection temperature (HDT) test indicated an 11% reduction in HDT, likely due to the defective composite structure. Thermogravimetric analysis test demonstrated improved thermal stability as alumina content increased. Linear shrinkage was measured in three directions, revealing anisotropic shrinkage patterns. Hardness tests were conducted, and a decrease was observed when the polymer was filled with alumina. Finally, the warpage was reduced by 91% as alumina content increased to 20%.

Highlights

Alumina/ABS composite filaments were manufactured and 3D‐printed very well.

The void content in composite samples increases with alumina powders.

The mechanical properties of 3D‐printed composite parts were decreased

The alumina powder improves the warpage issues in 3D‐printed parts.
Advances in constructing Carbon Fiber‐MXene multilevel structures to reinforce interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Yuan Xiaomin , Li Shengnan , Qin Rongman , Zhang Min , Zhu Bo , Cao Weiwei
Published: November 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have received widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, the poor interfacial properties between CF and resin matrix urgently need feasible and efficient surface modification strategies of CF to regulate the interface. Due to its unique layered structure and abundant surface groups, MXene has been increasingly used in the field of CFRP interfacial modification in recent years. It possesses the advantages of good stability, large specific surface area, abundant adsorption sites and rich functional groups, which could effectively improve surface polarity, roughness and wettability of carbon fibers, thus enhancing effective interfacial bonding and enabling hierarchical regulation of interface in CFRPs. This paper reviews feasible strategies for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures, including electrophoretic deposition, chemical grafting, electrostatic self‐assembly, and sizing coating. Then, the strengthening mechanism involving surface morphology, mechanical properties, and interfacial strength of CFRPs are systematically evaluated centered on interfacial activity, interfacial adhesion, surface roughness and surface energy. Meanwhile, the problems in introducing MXene to CF surfaces and future research directions are systematically prospected. This paper could provide valuable guidance to construct CF‐MXene multilevel structures to reinforce interfacial properties of CFRPs composites, thus realizing hierarchical modulation of CFRPs interfaces.

Highlights

A feasible strategy for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures is built.

The main methods for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures are provided.

Treatment processes and reinforcing mechanisms of CFRPs are evaluated.
Large‐Volume Injection and Assessment of Reference Standards for n‐Alkane δD and δ13C Analysis via Gas Chromatography Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zander Paul D. , Rubach Florian , Martínez‐García Alfredo
Published: November 2024

Rationale

Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis of hydrogen (δD) and carbon (δ13C) in organic compounds is a valuable tool in biogeochemical research. A key limitation of this method is the relatively large amount of sample required to achieve desirable precision.

Methods

We developed a large‐volume (20 μL) injection method that allows for high throughput analysis of less concentrated samples and tested it for δ13C and δD measurements of n‐alkanes. We also conducted a comparison of reference standards and assessed several methods to normalize and correct n‐alkane δD and δ13C measurements.

Results

The mean precision of the δD method based on 233 environmental n‐alkane samples (two to three replications per sample) is 4.0‰ (1σ, estimated from the weighted mean of the pooled unbiased standard deviations) and 0.46‰ (1σ) for δ13C from 37 environmental samples (two to three replications per sample). The evaluation of reference standards shows that the use of n‐alkane standards with large offsets in δD values in adjacent n‐alkane chains can lead to biases in measurement correction.

Conclusions

The large‐volume injection method shows good reproducibility of δ13C and δD measurements of n‐alkanes and reduces the required sample concentration by about 80%. We propose that for δD measurements, a reference standard set should be used in which each reference standard has a limited range of δD values and no adjacent n‐alkane chains, to minimize memory effects.
Distributed Decision‐Making of General Linear Systems in Multi‐Coalition Games and Its Application to USV Swarm Confrontation
Authors: Yuwen Cheng , Han Jiaxin , Liu Xingyu , Zhen Ziyang
Published: November 2024

This article explores a decision‐making problem with partial information in a multi‐coalition game that involves both cooperation and competition. Considering heterogeneous players with general linear systems, we propose a distributed algorithm that employs average consensus mechanisms to estimate the gradient of the coalition function among players within each coalition and utilizes leader‐following protocols to estimate the actions of all players across multiple coalitions. Furthermore, to reduce communication costs, a dynamic event‐triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced into the average consensus and leader‐following protocols. The ETM is asynchronous, eliminating the requirement for a global clock and allowing players to transmit information only when the triggering condition is satisfied. By the Lyapunov analysis, all actions asymptotically converge to the Nash equilibrium by the proposed algorithms. Moreover, the unmanned surface vehicle (USV) swarm confrontation is formulated as a coalition game. In the scenario of safeguarding territorial integrity, we devise specific tasks for both the invading and defending USVs, encompassing elements such as formation, intrusion, defense, and so forth. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is validated through comprehensive simulations.
Discourses in disjointed streams: Dissecting SOGIE Equality Bill's legislative stalemate
Authors: Maningo Clyde A.
Published: November 2024

The Philippine SOGIE Equality Bill is the longest‐running series of Senate and House proposals filed in the Philippines. Despite academic efforts to analyze its intricacies, little is known about the discursive dimension of its agenda‐setting and the mechanisms behind its persistent deadlock, which exemplifies the phenomenon of policy stagnation. Through critical discourse analysis (CDA) and textual analysis, this study examines the statements of the legislative opposition. In doing so, it reifies Winkel–Leipold's approach to agenda‐setting, which reconceptualizes Kingdon's streams as discursive patterns. The study argues that the stalemate of the Bill is due to the disjunction in the political, policy, and problem streams that take reference from an entrenched socio‐culturally Abrahamic‐oriented landscape of the country, which actively shapes legislative outcomes of unconventional and progressive policies. Proponents may initially try to minimize potential conflicts by utilizing the normative power of such hegemonizing discourse to attain desired policy outcomes amidst existing discourse conditions. Analyzing the Bill's underlying discourses suggests that legal and socio‐cultural transformative change requires addressing overt and covert resistance in policy debates.
Carbon–Oxygen Radical Assisted Growth of Defect‐Free Graphene Films Using Low‐Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Liu Haiyang , Li Yanglizhi , Wu Yangfan , Qin Dingkun , Qiu Xia , Wang Zhen , Zhou Qingyu , Yu Shuming , Li Qin , Li Haoxiang , Li Sheng , Yu Chaojie , Hu Yueming , Wang Shenxing , Chen Buhang , Song Xiaofeng , Qiang Jiawei , Zhou Lin , Li Yiwei , Xu Nan , Liu Mengxi , Yin Wanjian , Sun Xiaoli , Sun Luzhao , Liu Zhongfan
Published: November 2024

Low‐temperature chemical vapor deposition growth of graphene films is a long‐term pursuit in the graphene synthesis field because of the low energy consumption, short heating‐cooling process and low wrinkle density of as‐obtained films. However, insufficient energy supply at low temperature (below 850 °C) usually leads to the difficulty in carbon source dissociation, graphene growth, and defect healing. Herein, a Carbon–Oxygen (C─O) radical assisted strategy is proposed for low‐temperature growth of defect‐free, wrinkle‐free, and single‐crystalline graphene films by using methanol precursor. We provide a deep insight into the growth process fueled by methanol precursor, unveiling the dissociation pathway of methanol and the roles of intermediate C─O radicals in carbon attaching and assembling to graphene lattice without defect formation. This method shows promising prospects in the cost‐effective production of high‐quality graphene films and provides inspiration for growing other 2D materials.
Multilevel and Flexible Physical Unclonable Functions for High‐End Leather Products or Packaging
Authors: Lyu Bin , Ouyang Yang , Gao Dangge , Wan Xuyang , Bao Xin
Published: November 2024

Counterfeit and substandard high‐end leather products have inflicted substantial economic damage worldwide and have tarnished the reputation of the leather industry as a whole. Due to the limited security level, current anti‐counterfeiting measures are often vulnerable to attacks. Physically unclonable function (PUF) is regarded as the pinnacle of protection against counterfeiting. Leather, with a distinctive micro‐nano porous structure and random creasing patterns, serves as an ideal substrate for optical PUF. Here, a flexible and durable leather‐based optical PUF device is introduced that incorporates leather and fluorescent perovskite quantum dots. The fluorescence intensity distributed along the texture of leather offers parametric support for challenge‐response pairs. Combined with a self‐defined fluorescence pattern, the hierarchical authentication of optical PUF is realized. In conclusion, this innovation offers a desired opportunity for achieving high‐security anti‐counterfeiting and information traceability.
High Proton Conductivity of Acid Impregnated COFs Stabilized by Post‐Oxidation
Authors: Meng Chenxi , Zhao Yu , Zhu Weidong , Ben Teng
Published: November 2024

The investigation of proton conduction processes within artificial nanopores using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) not only sheds light on the mechanisms of proton conduction for these strong acids in confined environments, while also provides critical insights into the proper understanding of biological transmembrane proton transport. However, the synthesis of stable and acid‐resistant host frameworks is yet a major challenges. By following that, the present study is conducted with the aim of improving the chemical stability of an imine‐based COF (CPOF‐10) by converting it into an amide‐linked COF (CPOF‐11) via a post‐oxidative approach. In which, the integration of an appropriate amount of imidazole groups into the framework facilitates the efficient impregnation of liquid proton‐conducting acids. The obtained results indicate the ten times greater proton conductivity of H3PO4@CPOF‐11 than that of H3PO4@CPOF‐10, thereby, successfully achieving 8.63 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 160 °C, under nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Moreover, the highly stable CPOF‐11 tolerated H2SO4 doping, delivering a high proton conductivity of up to 1.70 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 140 °C, with a significantly low activation energy of 0.05 eV. To the best of the knowledge, this activation energy (0.05 eV) of H2SO4@CPOF‐11 is found to be one of the lowest value among all the reported proton‐conducting materials. Thus, this study will provide new understanding for the fabrication of advanced porous organic materials in fuel cells application.
Enhanced Stretchable 2D Metal‐Graphene Membranes with Superior Mechanical Properties for Sieving Lithium from Brine
Authors: Yang Yunchao , Gao Qifeng , Liang Wenbin , Zhang Xin , Qian Lijuan , Li Zhan , Chen Ximeng
Published: November 2024

Designing mechanically robust, 2D membranes with elastic properties is crucial for advancing separation technologies, particularly in demanding environments such as saline lakes. Here, an innovative approach, the synthesis of silver nanosheets within graphene oxide (GO) membranes to form a 2D silver‐graphene heterojunction, is introduced. This membrane exhibits exceptional mechanical strength (stress tolerance of 4.26 MPa and strain capacity of 123.03%), attributed to the reinforcing effect and ductility of silver nanosheets interacting synergistically with GO layers. Notably, the membrane demonstrates high selectivity for lithium ions in Salt Lake brine (Li⁺/Mg2⁺ ≈ 29.0, Na⁺/Mg2⁺ ≈ 183.3). Through dynamic stretching, the membrane enables precise modulation of ion permeability and selectivity, highlighting its versatility and practicality in complex separation processes. This study marks a significant advancement in membrane design, underscoring its potential in addressing challenges posed by diverse industrial applications, particularly in saline environments.
Self‐Powered Wearable Displacement Sensor for Continuous Respiratory Monitoring and Human‐Machine Synchronous Control
Authors: Shi Yan , Li Heran , Yang Liman , Wang Yixuan , Sun Zhibo , Zhang Chi , Fu Xianpeng , Niu Yanxia , Han Chengwei , Xie Fei
Published: November 2024

Flexible wearable electronic devices play a vital role in daily monitoring, medical diagnosis, and human‐computer interaction, and such devices have a great demand for portability, integration, comfort, and self‐power. In this study, a triboelectric nanogenerator integrated into a flexible chest belt is proposed as a displacement sensor to monitor the displacement and frequency of thoracic expansion. Based on three parallel interpolation electrode structures with phase differences, the Triboelectric Nanogenerators's(TENG) output signal pulse number can characterize the sliding displacement, with a resolution of more than 1 mm and a durability of more than 700,000 cycles. Based on the flexible printed circuit processing technology, the volume of the sensor is less than 8.5 cm3, and the weight is less than 3.2 g, which improves the portability of the device. Based on wireless radio frequency technology, the collected signals are transmitted to the upper computer, and then the monitoring of respiratory physiological signals and the human‐machine synchronous control of the ventilator are achieved within the overshoot of 1.5% and the control error of 5% through a simulation machine. This work provides a sensing method for daily and medical respiratory monitoring and demonstrates the enormous potential of frictional electric sensors in intelligent medical applications.
Sodiophilic Interface and Electrolyte Regulation Boost the Lifespan of Anode‐Free Sodium Battery
Authors: Ji Huimin , Xie Chunlin , Zhang Rui , Wu Hao , Dai Jiawen , Li Sihan , Zhang Qi , Sun Dan , Tang Yougen , Wang Peiyu , Qiu Tian , Wang Haiyan
Published: November 2024

Anode‐free sodium batteries (AFSBs) have attracted increasing attention for their high energy density. However, they suffer from rapid capacity decline resulting from sodium dendrite growth at the sodium/host interface and irreversible side reactions at the electrolyte/sodium interface. Herein, a GaInSn‐coated Cu foil (G‐Cu), prepared by a simple brush coating method, was applied as the sodiophilic current collector to regulate sodium nucleation behavior. In addition, a nonexpendable functional electrolyte additive, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), was introduced, which could be absorbed on the sodium surface and serve as a protective layer against corrosion side reactions at the electrolyte/sodium interface. It is interesting to note that this additive barely participated in forming the solid electrolyte interphase. The synergetic effects of sodiophilic interface design and electrolyte regulation enable reversible sodium plating and stripping. Ultimately, the AFSB assembled using G‐Cu and HMDSO electrolyte with a highly loaded Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode (≈12.5 mg cm−2) delivers a discharge capacity of 84.5 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with a high capacity retention of 87.6%, significantly extending its operation lifespan.