bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elution–extrusion counter‐current chromatography for the separation of two pairs of isomeric monoterpenes from Paeoniae Alba Radix
Authors: Chu Chu , Zhang Shidi , Tong Shengqiang , Li Xingnuo , Li Qingyong , Yan Jizhong
Published: June 2015

In this work, a simple and efficient protocol for the rapid separation of two pairs of isomeric monoterpenes from Paeoniae Alba Radix was developed by combining macroporous resin and elution–extrusion counter‐current chromatography. The crude extract was firstly subjected to a D101 macroporous resin column eluted with water and a series of different concentrations of ethanol. Then, effluents of 30 and 95% ethanol were collected as sample 1 and sample 2 for further counter‐current chromatography purification. Finally, a pair of isomers, 96 mg of compound 1 and 48 mg of compound 2 with purities of 91.1 and 96.2%, respectively, was isolated from 200 mg of sample 1. The other pair of isomers, 14 mg of compound 3 and 8 mg of compound 4 with purities of 93.6 and 88.9%, respectively, was isolated from 48 mg of sample 2. Their purities were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were identified by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Compared to a normal counter‐current chromatography separation, the separation time and solvent consumption of elution–extrusion counter‐current chromatography were reduced while the resolutions were still good. The established protocol is promising for the separation of natural products with great disparity of content in herbal medicines.
Detecting long‐term population trends for an elusive reptile species
Authors: Erb Lori A. , Willey Lisabeth L. , Johnson Lori M. , Hines James E. , Cook Robert P.
Published: June 2015

Many reptile species are in decline and turtles are especially susceptible. In Massachusetts, eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) population densities are critically low, and they are listed as a Species of Special Concern. To aid in the conservation of this species, we developed a statewide population monitoring program to track large‐scale population trends. We used GENPRES3 to identify the most efficient sampling design a priori. Using this design, we performed visual surveys in 2010–2012 and used site occupancy models to evaluate baseline occupancy and abundance data. We surveyed 62 4‐ha monitoring plots within early successional and forest edge habitat where box turtles congregate in the spring for foraging, mating, nesting, and thermoregulation. We also used radio‐telemetry at 2 survey sites to evaluate assumptions and further assess occupancy rates, detection estimates, and population size. The best fit Royle–Nichols model predicted a probability of box turtle occupancy of 0.81 ± 0.10 (mean ± SE) and a mean probability of detection of 0.29 ± 0.18. Roads and vegetation density were important covariates affecting the probability of occurrence. Survey start time, humidity, and surveyor were important covariates affecting detection probability. A power analysis indicated that we could detect a 10% decline in occupancy between 5‐year sampling rounds within 15 years. The proportion of radio‐tagged turtles inside the survey plots during surveys was relatively constant at each site (0.44–0.63 and 0.36–0.43), mean detection rate was 0.35 ± 0.10, and the total estimated population size of the 2 survey plots (8 ha total) was 13.31 ± 1.53. Our results can be used to track the status of this rare species as well as guide conservation actions and evaluate the effectiveness of site‐specific and statewide management plans. Our approach and design can serve as a model for other states developing monitoring programs for the eastern box turtle and other similar, rare and difficult to detect species. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Mortality patterns and detection bias from carcass data: An example from wolf recovery in Wisconsin
Authors: Stenglein Jennifer L. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Wydeven Adrian P. , Mladenoff David J. , Wiedenhoeft Jane E. , Businga Nancy K. , Langenberg Julia A. , Thomas Nancy J. , Heisey Dennis M.
Published: June 2015

We developed models and provide computer code to make carcass recovery data more useful to wildlife managers. With these tools, wildlife managers can understand the spatial, temporal (e.g., across time periods, seasons), and demographic patterns in mortality causes from carcass recovery datasets. From datasets of radio‐collared and non‐collared carcasses, managers can calculate the detection bias by mortality cause in a non‐collared carcass dataset compared to a collared carcass dataset. As a first step, we provide a standard procedure to assign mortality causes to carcasses. We provide an example of these methods for radio‐collared wolves (n = 208) and non‐collared wolves (n = 668) found dead in Wisconsin (1979–2012). We analyzed differences in mortality cause relative to season, age and sex classes, wolf harvest zones, and recovery phase (1979–1995: initial recovery, 1996–2002: early growth, 2003–2012: late growth). Seasonally, illegal kills and natural deaths were proportionally higher in winter (Oct–Mar) than summer (Apr–Sep) for collared wolves, whereas vehicle strikes and legal kills were higher in summer than winter. Spatially, more illegally killed collared wolves occurred in eastern wolf harvest zones where wolves reestablished more slowly and in the central forest region where optimal habitat is isolated by agriculture. Natural mortalities of collared wolves (e.g., disease, intraspecific strife, or starvation) were highest in western wolf harvest zones where wolves established earlier and existed at higher densities. Calculating detection bias in the non‐collared dataset revealed that more than half of the non‐collared carcasses on the landscape are not found. The lowest detection probabilities for non‐collared carcasses (0.113–0.176) occurred in winter for natural, illegal, and unknown mortality causes. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Advanced Evaluation Strategies for Protein‐Imprinted Polymer Nanobeads
Authors: Pluhar Bettina , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: June 2015

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic affinity matrices capable of selective binding a specific target molecule. A strategy for competitive selectivity studies is developed providing information on the selective binding properties of MIPs in complex matrices. Batch rebinding experiments entail the target protease, two other proteins, and MIP nanobeads. The protease is inhibited by addition of pepstatin thus quenching the degradation of the other proteins. The proteins are analyzed via sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relevance of competitive selectivity studies for the evaluation of MIP performance is further emphasized by comparison to single protein rebinding experiments.
Charged supramolecular assemblies of surfactant molecules in gas phase
Authors: Bongiorno David , Ceraulo Leopoldo , Indelicato Sergio , Turco Liveri Vincenzo , Indelicato Serena
Published: June 2015

The aim of this review is to critically analyze recent literature on charged supramolecular assemblies formed by surfactant molecules in gas phase. Apart our specific interest on this research area, the stimuli to undertake the task arise from the widespread theoretical and applicative benefits emerging from a comprehensive view of this topic. In fact, the study of the formation, stability, and physicochemical peculiarities of non‐covalent assemblies of surfactant molecules in gas phase allows to unveil interesting aspects such as the role of attractive, repulsive, and steric intermolecular interactions as driving force of supramolecular organization in absence of interactions with surrounding medium and the size and charge state dependence of aggregate structural and dynamical properties. Other interesting aspects worth to be investigated are joined to the ability of these assemblies to incorporate selected solubilizates molecules as well as to give rise to chemical reactions within a single organized structure. In particular, the incorporation of large molecules such as proteins has been of recent interest with the objective to protect their structure and functionality during the transition from solution to gas phase. Exciting fall‐out of the study of gas phase surfactant aggregates includes mass and energy transport in the atmosphere, origin of life and simulation of supramolecular aggregation in the interstellar space. Moreover, supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic molecules in gas phase could find remarkable applications as atmospheric cleaning agents, nanosolvents and nanoreactors for specialized chemical processes in confined space. Mass spectrometry techniques have proven to be particularly suitable to generate these assemblies and to furnish useful information on their size, size polydispersity, stability, and structural organization. On the other hand molecular dynamics simulations have been very useful to rationalize many experimental findings and to furnish a vivid picture of the structural and dynamic features of these aggregates. Thus, in this review, we will focus on the most important achievements gained in recent years by both these investigative tools. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35: 170–187, 2016.
Contrasting association of circulating sCD14 with insulin sensitivity in non‐obese and morbidly obese subjects
Authors: de Courten Barbora , Moreno‐Navarrete José Maria , Lyons Jasmine , Soldatos Georgia , de Courten Maximilian , Dougherty Sonia , Forbes Josephine , Fernández‐Real José Manuel
Published: June 2015

Scope

In experimental studies, moderate to high concentrations of sCD14 (serum cluster of differentiation 14 protein) prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced systemic inflammation, while low concentrations may promote inflammation. Given that metabolic endotoxemia is thought to initiate high‐fat diet‐induced insulin resistance, we explored the association between sCD14 concentrations and insulin sensitivity in humans.

Methods and results

Healthy non‐obese (n = 12, BMI 26 ± 5y), obese (n = 11, BMI 33.45 ± 3.2) and morbidly obese participants (n = 38, BMI 45 ± 7) underwent measurement of body composition (dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry) and a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp to measure insulin sensitivity (M value). Circulating sCD14 concentrations were measured by ELISA.
Non‐obese participants had lower circulating sCD14 concentrations compared to obese (p = 0.03). Circulating sCD14 concentrations were positively associated with percent body fat, waist circumference and white blood cell count and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. In contrast, circulating sCD14 were positively associated with insulin sensitivity in morbidly obese participants. In regression analysis, insulin sensitivity (r = 0.52, p = 0.004) and fasting triglycerides (r = 0.49, p = 0.005) contributed independently to circulating sCD14 variance after controlling for age, sex and BMI in these morbidly obese subjects.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that circulating sCD14 concentrations, through its compensatory (in non‐obese subjects) or buffering role (in morbidly obese subjects), could exert an important role in modulating insulin sensitivity.
Bioavailability of β‐cryptoxanthin is greater from pasteurized orange juice than from fresh oranges – a randomized cross‐over study
Authors: Aschoff Julian K. , Rolke Christa L. , Breusing Nicolle , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Högel Josef , Carle Reinhold , Schweiggert Ralf M.
Published: June 2015

Scope

Orange fruits and products thereof represent important dietary sources of carotenoids, particularly β‐cryptoxanthin. Since previous studies reported a positive effect of vegetable processing on carotenoid absorption, our objective was to compare the bioavailability of β‐cryptoxanthin from either fresh navel oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) or pasteurized orange juice.

Methods and results

The study was designed as a randomized 2‐way cross‐over study. Twelve volunteers consumed two meals delivering 744 μg of β‐cryptoxanthin from either fresh navel oranges or pasteurized orange juice. Eight blood samples were collected over 9.5 h after test meal consumption and analyzed using HPLC‐DAD. Additionally, carotenoid bioaccessibility was assessed after in vitro digestion of the same test foods. β‐cryptoxanthin bioavailability from pasteurized orange juice was 1.8‐fold higher than from fresh oranges (P = 0.011). Similarly, mean absorption of the non‐dose adjusted carotenoids lutein (P = 0.301), zeaxanthin (P = 0.216), and zeinoxanthin (P = 0.090) were slightly higher from orange juice, although not reaching statistical significance. The in vitro digestion revealed a 5.3‐fold higher bioaccessibility of β‐cryptoxanthin from orange juice. Dietary fiber contents in the test foods were inversely associated with carotenoid bioavailability.

Conclusion

Orange juice represents a more bioavailable source of β‐cryptoxanthin than fresh oranges.
Dynamic PCr and pH imaging of human calf muscles during exercise and recovery using 31P gradient‐Echo MRI at 7 Tesla
Authors: Schmid Albrecht Ingo , Meyerspeer Martin , Robinson Simon Daniel , Goluch Sigrun , Wolzt Michael , Fiedler Georg Bernd , Bogner Wolfgang , Laistler Elmar , Krššák Martin , Moser Ewald , Trattnig Siegfried , Valkovič Ladislav
Published: June 2015

Purpose

Simultaneous acquisition of spatially resolved 31P‐MRI data for evaluation of muscle specific energy metabolism, i.e., PCr and pH kinetics.

Methods

A three‐dimensional (3D) gradient‐echo sequence for multiple frequency‐selective excitations of the PCr and Pi signals in an interleaved sampling scheme was developed and tested at 7 Tesla (T). The pH values were derived from the chemical shift‐induced phase difference between the resonances. The achieved spatial resolution was ∼2 mL with image acquisition time below 6 s. Ten healthy volunteers were studied performing plantar flexions during the delay between 31P‐MRI acquisitions, yielding a temporal resolution of 9–10 s.

Results

Signal from anatomically matched regions of interest had sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio to allow single‐acquisition PCr and pH quantification. The Pi signal was clearly detected in voxels of actively exercising muscles. The PCr depletions were in gastrocnemius 42 ± 14% (medialis), 48 ± 17% (lateralis) and in soleus 20 ± 11%. The end exercise pH values were 6.74 ± 0.18 and 6.65 ± 0.27 for gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, respectively, and 6.96 ± 0.12 for soleus muscle.

Conclusion

Simultaneous acquisition of PCr and Pi images with high temporal resolution, suitable for measuring PCr and pH kinetics in exercise‐recovery experiments, was demonstrated at 7T. This study presents a fast alternative to MRS for quantifying energy metabolism of posterior muscle groups of the lower leg. Magn Reson Med 75:2324–2331, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Ag+ on the Magnetic Response of [2.2.2]Paracyclophane: NMR Properties of a Prototypical Organic Host for Cation Binding Based on DFT Calculations
Authors: MacLeod Carey Desmond , Gomez Tatiana , Morales‐Verdejo Cesar , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: June 2015

The complexation of metal cations into a host–guest situation is particularly well exemplified by [2.2.2]paracyclophane and AgI, which leads to a strong cation–π interaction with a specific face of the host molecule. Through this study we sought a deeper understanding of the effects the metal center has on the NMR spectroscopic properties of the prototypical organic host, generating theoretical reasons for the observed experimental results with an aim to determine the role of the cation–π interaction in a host–guest scenario. From an analysis of certain components of the induced magnetic field and the 13C NMR shielding tensor under its own principal axis system (PAS), the local and overall magnetic behavior can be clearly described. Interestingly, the magnetic response of such a complex exhibits a large axis‐dependent behavior, which leads to an overall shielding effect for the coordinating carbon atoms and a deshielding effect for the respective uncoordinated counterparts, evidence that complements previous experimental results. This proposed approach can be useful to gain further insight into the local and overall variation of NMR shifts for host–guest pairs involving both inorganic and organic hosts.
Vibration analysis of axially moving carbon nanotube–reinforced composite plate under initial tension
Authors: Arani Ali Ghorbanpour , Haghparast Elham
Published: June 2015

In the present research, vibration and instability of axially moving carbon nanotube–reinforced composite (CNTRC) plate under initial tension is investigated. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are selected as a reinforcement inside polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix. Higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is used because of its accuracy of polynomial functions than other plate theories. Based on extended rule of mixture, the structural properties of composite plate are taken into consideration. The equations of motion are obtained using Hamilton's principle and solved by hybrid analytical–numerical solution in different boundary conditions. Influences of various parameters such as axially moving speed, volume fraction of CNTs, pre‐tension, thickness, and aspect ratio on the vibration characteristics of moving composite plate are discussed in detail. The results indicated that the critical speed of moving composite plate is strongly dependent on the volume fraction of CNTs. Therefore, the critical speed of moving plate can be improved by adding appropriate values of CNTs. The results of this investigation can be used in design and manufacturing of marine vessels and aircrafts. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:814–822, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the degree of exfoliation of an organoclay on the flame‐retardant properties of cross‐linked ethylene‐co‐Propylene‐co‐diene monomer‐g‐Maleic anhydride‐based composites
Authors: Moustafa H. , Duquesne S. , Haidar B. , Vallat M.F.
Published: June 2015

Layered montmorillonite was synthesized by hydrothermal method, progressively modified by an alkylammonium and thoroughly characterized by elemental, thermal, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Pristine and modified clays were introduced in maleic anhydride‐modified ethylene‐co‐propylene‐co‐diene monomer matrix. XRD and transmission electron microscopy investigations showed microcomposite as well as intercalated or exfoliated nanocomposites morphologies depending on the organic content of the clay. The inhibitor character of the pristine clay on peroxides as crosslinking agent for rubbers was then demonstrated and overcome by using electron beam irradiation for specimens containing unmodified clay. Dynamic mechanical analyses and swelling measurements showed that it is possible to obtain the same degree of crosslinking of the polymer matrix by electron beam irradiation of the composites based on pristine clay specimens and conventional peroxide curing of modified‐clay‐based ones. Finally, flame‐retardant properties of different clays‐based composites showed a direct dependence on the degree of exfoliation. It was observed that the better the exfoliation, the higher is the flame retardancy. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:966–973, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Cluster‐Randomized Trial of a Centralized Clinical Pharmacy Cardiovascular Risk Service to Improve Guideline Adherence
Authors: Carter Barry L. , Coffey Christopher S. , Chrischilles Elizabeth A. , Ardery Gail , Ecklund Dixie , Gryzlak Brian , Vander Weg Mark W. , James Paul A. , Christensen Alan J. , Parker Christopher P. , Gums Tyler , Finkelstein Rachel J. , Uribe Liz , Polgreen Linnea A. ,   the MEDication Focused Outpatient Care for Underutilization of Secondary Prevention (MEDFOCUS) trial investigators
Published: June 2015

Background

Numerous studies have demonstrated the value of including pharmacists in team‐based care to improve adherence to cardiovascular (CV) guidelines, medication adherence, and risk factor control. However, there is limited information on whether these models can be successfully implemented more widely in diverse settings and populations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a centralized, web‐based cardiovascular risk service (CVRS) managed by clinical pharmacists will improve guideline adherence in multiple primary care medical offices with diverse geographic and patient characteristics.

Methods

This study is a prospective trial in 20 primary care offices stratified by the percent of under‐represented minorities and then randomized to either the CVRS intervention or usual care. The intervention will last for 12 months and all subjects will have research visits at baseline and 12 months. The primary outcome is the difference in guideline adherence between groups. Data will also be abstracted from the medical record at 24 months to determine if the intervention effect is sustained after it is discontinued.

Conclusions

Patient enrollment will continue through 2016, with results expected in 2019. This study will provide information on whether a distant, centralized CVRS can be implemented in large numbers of medical offices, if it is effective in diverse populations, and if there is a long‐term sustained effect.
Acute Sensorineural Hearing Loss After Abuse of an Inhaled, Crushed Oxymorphone Extended‐Release Tablet
Authors: MacDonald Lisa E. , Onsrud Jennifer E. , Mullins‐Hodgin Rita
Published: June 2015

Oxymorphone, a semisynthetic μ‐opioid receptor agonist, is the major active metabolite of oxycodone. It is a highly potent narcotic analgesic due to its high lipid solubility, which allows it to readily cross the blood‐brain barrier and enter the central nervous system. It is available as both an immediate‐release and extended‐release (ER) formulation. Oxymorphone can be abused by injection or inhalation of crushed tablets; thus, in 2011, the manufacturer of ER oxymorphone reformulated the drug with crush‐resistant technology to deter its misuse and abuse. We describe the case of a previously healthy, 24‐year‐old male who experienced reproducible acute subjective bilateral temporary hearing loss that occurred after inhalation of oxymorphone. He presented to the emergency department complaining of acute bilateral hearing loss after he reported snorting a crushed oxymorphone ER 30‐mg tablet. Emergency department evaluation revealed obvious bilateral hearing loss as well as coincidental aspiration pneumonia. The patient's medical history revealed that he had experienced a similar episode of hearing loss after a previous episode of oxymorphone inhalation. His hearing loss began to improve 3 hours after presentation to the emergency department and was completely resolved by the following day. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale revealed oxymorphone to be a probable cause of this patient's acute hearing loss (score of 6). The mechanism of action of opioid‐associated hearing loss (OAHL) is not completely understood, but it is thought to be due to disturbances within the cochlea, such as cochlear ischemia. To our knowledge, this is only the second published case report of acute reversible hearing loss following oxymorphone inhalation and the first published case report of reproducible OAHL. Since opioid misuse continues to be prevalent despite attempts at reformulations to make the drugs crush resistant, a high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to evaluate and treat patients who present with unique findings after episodes of substance abuse, especially those related to tamper‐resistant formulations.
Experimental survey of the kinetics of acene Diels–Alder reactions
Authors: Qualizza Brittni A. , Ciszek Jacob W.
Published: June 2015

Second‐order rate constants were gathered for solution Diels–Alder reactions of substituted and unsubstituted acenes, with the intention of ascertaining ideal diene–dienophile combinations. Particular focus was placed on the larger ring systems namely tetracene, pentacene, and rubrene. The rate constants between the acenes ranged roughly six orders of magnitude, from the slowest reacting diene, rubrene, to the fastest diene, pentacene. The utilized dienophiles covered a large range of reactivity from 2,3‐dichloromaleic anhydride to tetracyanoethylene. To aid in the interpretation of acene reactivity, constants were compared to the extensive body of Diels–Alder literature with well‐studied dienes such as anthracene and trans‐1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene serving as points of reference. Complex reaction kinetics for the addition of MeTAD and rubrene was found: initial fast consumption generated an intermediate, followed by dramatically slower product formation. The kinetic data creates a foundation for the analysis of prior and future reactions between organic semiconductor acene materials with volatized dienophiles, a surface functionalization technique for enhancing these electronic materials. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced spin capturing polymerization: Numerical investigation of mechanism
Authors: Nikitin Sergey V. , Parkhomenko Dmitriy A. , Edeleva Mariya V. , Bagryanskaya Elena G.
Published: June 2015

Simulation on the kinetic scheme of enhanced spin capturing polymerizations (ESCP) were performed to reveal the influence of different parameters, e.g., initiation rate, spin capturing and side reactions on the properties (the monomer conversion, degree of polymerization, polydispersity index, and the fraction of “living” chains) of polymer obtained. The kinetic scheme of ESCP was solved numerically as well as the method of statistical moments of molecular weight distribution was applied to get some numerical expressions for analysis. The simulations showed that fast initiation rate can lead to decrease of living fraction and broadening of molecular weight distribution. Whereas high rate of spin capturing makes the polymer chains shorter but increases living character. And side reactions always decrease livingness of the polymer obtained. Finally in the case of absence of side reaction we were able to formulate criteria for formation of polymer with target molecular weight and quota of living chains via ESCP process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2546–2556
Experiments and Modeling for Biocidal Effects of Explosives
Authors: Henderson Jason , Longbottom Aron W. , Milne Alec M. , Lightstone James M. , Milby Christopher , Stamatis Demitrios , Svingala Forrest R. , Daniels Anber L. , Bensman Misty , Bohmke Matthew , Miller Kendra
Published: June 2015

This paper reports an experimental and modelling study of the biocidal effect of an energetic mixture which is detonated in a closed chamber containing an initial spore distribution. The resulting spore neutralization efficiency is recorded as a function of measured detonation and combustion performance. We also report the results of a range of numerical modelling studies carried out to aid the interpretation of these experiments and to guide future developments. We find that the current energetic mixture (aluminum powder which is shock dispersed by detonation of a central high explosive core) gives variable combustion efficiency. The Al powder ignites on impact with the walls. In the modelling we match the recorded quasi‐static pressures in each experiment and compare predicted spore neutralization with measured values. Using a critical spore temperature for neutralization of 670 K gives a good match to the experiments. We report how neutralization efficiency varies with changes to this temperature. The coupled experimental and modelling approach allows us to suggest requirements for future biocidal energetic materials.
Molecular analysis of cyenopyrafen resistance in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Khalighi Mousaalreza , Dermauw Wannes , Wybouw Nicky , Bajda Sabina , Osakabe Masahiro , Tirry Luc , Van Leeuwen Thomas
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Cyenopyrafen is a recently developed acaricide with a new mode of action as a complex II inhibitor. However, it was recently shown that cross‐resistance to cyenopyrafen can occur in resistant field strains of Tetranychus urticae, which might be linked to the previous use of classical METI acaricides. Here, we selected for cyenopyrafen resistance and studied the molecular mechanisms that underlie resistance.

RESULTS

Selection for cyenopyrafen resistance confers cross‐resistance to the complex II inhibitor cyflumetofen, but also to pyridaben, a frequently used complex I inhibitor. Cyenopyrafen resistance is highly synergised by piperonyl butoxide, and a 15‐fold higher P450 activity was detected in the resistant strain. Target‐site resistance was not detected. Genome‐wide gene expression data, followed by a meta‐analysis of previously obtained gene expression data, revealed the overexpression specifically of CYP392A11 and CYP392A12.

CONCLUSIONS

Cyenopyrafen resistance is strongly linked to the overexpression of two P450s, which probably explains the observed cross‐resistance. This information is highly valuable, as the novel complex II inhibitors cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen are in the process of worldwide registration. The role of both CYP392A11 and CYP392A12 should be further supported by functional expression, but they are very promising candidates as molecular diagnostic markers for monitoring cyenopyrafen susceptibility in the field. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatial Variation in the Hispanic Paradox: Mortality Rates in New and Established Hispanic US Destinations
Authors: Brazil Noli
Published: June 2015

A long line of research has shown that despite their lower socioeconomic standing, Hispanics have lower mortality rates relative to Whites. In a separate literature, scholars have shown that Hispanics are increasingly relocating and shifting their destination choices within the US. Using 1999–2010 county‐level national vital statistics data, this paper combines these two research domains by comparing Hispanic and White all‐cause mortality rates and their differentials in new and established Hispanic destinations. The results reveal that the Hispanic mortality advantage in established destinations is much smaller relative to the rest of the nation owing to significantly higher Hispanic mortality rates. Utilising spatial regression techniques, the study also compares the ecological correlates of White and Hispanic mortality rates and their gaps across Hispanic destinations. The results show that the structural factors associated with mortality gaps vary by destination type except for the percent of Hispanics that are recent immigrants, which is associated with a greater Hispanic mortality advantage in all areas. In addition to providing support for a healthy migrant effect, the results also reveal the importance of internal Hispanic migration, which is associated with larger gaps in established areas. Lastly, factors associated with White mortality, particularly local socioeconomic conditions, are associated with larger mortality gaps, specifically in new destinations. The study highlights the increasing need to consider geographic heterogeneity in White and Hispanic health and mortality outcomes given the expanding dispersion of Hispanics into areas that until recently attracted few Latinos. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic electron lifetimes in simple metals: Influence of spin–orbit coupling
Authors: Kaltenborn Steffen , Schneider Hans Christian
Published: June 2015

Inelastic single‐particle lifetimes due to electron–electron Coulomb interaction are computed ab‐initio for aluminium, silver, gold and copper using an all‐electron density‐functional calculation and a parameter‐free evaluation of the dielectric function. The novel feature is the inclusion of spin– orbit coupling in the wave functions. We show that, even in light metals, spin–orbit interaction is important for the calculation of inelastic lifetimes because it influences the scattering matrix elements. The importance of spin mixing on the lifetimes in aluminium is examined. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simple square pulses for implementing spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity in phase‐change memory
Authors: Zhong Yingpeng , Li Yi , Xu Lei , Miao Xiangshui
Published: June 2015

Phase‐change memory (PCM) is a promising candidate as an artificial synapse. A compact operation method to implement synaptic functions with low power consumption is critical for constructing large‐scale neuromorphic system. Here we propose a square spike strategy for implementing spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP) in PCM. Based on the heat accumulation effect in PCM, modulating the time intervals of pre‐ and post‐spikes results in different heat generation and dissipation conditions, which lead to various crystalline/ amorphous ratios in the phase change material layer in devices with diverse synaptic weights. Four forms of STDP learning rule are experimentally demonstrated. This study will further promote the development of PCM technology involved in neuromorphic systems. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photodetachment of hydrogen negative ion near inelastic surfaces: Arbitrary laser polarization direction
Authors: Iqbal Azmat , Ahmad Afaq , Amjad Raja J.
Published: June 2015

The photodetachment of hydrogen negative ion
near different inelastic surfaces is investigated by the semiclassical closed orbit theory for arbitrary laser polarization direction
. A two‐term formula of photodetachment cross section consisting of a smooth background term and an oscillatory term is derived. The oscillatory term contains an extra angular factor
that describes the dependence of oscillations in total cross section on the laser polarization direction. It is observed that the amplitude of oscillations in cross section reaches maximum at
when laser polarization is parallel to the z‐axis and it approaches zero as the laser polarization direction becomes perpendicular to the z‐axis. It is also observed that as the reflection coefficient
, which accounts for the inelastic behavior of the surfaces, increases the amplitude of oscillation also increases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new method for determining the 3D spatial orientation of molar microwear
Authors: Tausch Jeremy , Kullmer Ottmar , Bromage Timothy G.
Published: June 2015

Many types of behavioral and dietary information can be extracted from studies of tooth microwear. Some studies have even been successful at determining the overall directionality of microwear in order to establish gross masticatory movement (Williams et al., 2009, PNAS, 106, 11194–11199). However, microwear has never been successfully visualized in situ in 3 dimensions (3D), visualized virtually and quantified. The ability to accomplish this yields information on exact masticatory movement which can then be used to address any number of eco‐biological and physiological questions in extant and extinct organisms. In order to create 3D virtual reality (VR) representation of microwear, fossil molars from the Javanese Sangiran 7 (S7) Homo erectus tooth collection and from historic hunter/gatherer meta‐populations were imaged, the microwear in 3 dimensions was extracted, this information was then placed back on VR representations of the molars and quantified. The methodology contained herein demonstrates the efficacy and importance of such a technique in determining gross masticatory movement in fossil and recent hominin molars. This methodology could, in theory, be applied to any organism which produces microwear on its dentition. Applications in the fields of dentistry, orthodontics, climatology and dietary and habitat reconstructions can also be envisioned. SCANNING 37:446–457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maudlin on the Triangle Inequality
Authors: Dees Marco ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2015

Tim Maudlin argues that we should take facts about distance to be analyzed in terms of facts about path lengths. His reason is that if we take distances to be fundamental, we must stipulate that constraints like the triangle inequality hold, but we get these constraints for free if we take path lengths to be prior. I argue that Maudlin ismistaken. Even if we take path lengths as primitive, the triangle inequality follows only if we stipulate that the fundamental properties and relations obey constraints that are just as puzzling as the triangle inequality.
XAFS studies of Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes with derivatives of cinnamic acid
Authors: Wolska Anna , Klepka Marcin T. , Ferenc Wiesława , Drzewiecka‐Antonik Aleksandra
Published: June 2015

The metal complexes with the derivatives of the cinnamic acid have been structurally characterized. The geometry of metal–ligand interaction has been determined by X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The Co(II) complex with 4‐methoxycinnamic acid has the octahedral geometry with four carboxylate groups of cinnamate anions and two water molecules in the coordination sphere. Moreover, the Cu(II) complex with 4‐nitrocinnamic acid has been synthesized and characterized. In this compound, a square geometry around metal cation is formed by the carboxylate groups from two monodentate ligands and two water molecules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray absorption and resonant photoemission studies of electroforming process in Fe‐doped SrTiO3 epitaxial films
Authors: Kubacki Jerzy , Kajewski Dariusz , Koehl Annemarie , Lenser Christian , Dittmann Regina , Szade Jacek
Published: June 2015

This work presents the results of the electronic structure investigations of epitaxial 2% Fe‐doped SrTiO3 film. The electroforming process of the film was performed inside the ultra‐high vacuum test chamber by applying positive 10 V bias to the film with the use of the aluminium ‘brush’ electrode. The X‐ray absorption and resonant photoemission methods were used to study the effect of Fe doping and electroformation on the electronic structure of the SrTiO3 films. Analysis of the valence band revealed the increase of the photoelectron intensity in the band gap region as the result of Fe doping. Electroformation caused a slight variation of the iron originating electronic states derived from the resonant photoemission, which can probably be related to the increasing contribution from the Fe2+ ions with respect to the Fe3+ ones. The titanium partial density of states showed an increase in the band gap region after the electroformation process. The significant decreases of the iron concentration derived from the photoemission spectra were found after electroforming procedure. The observed changes can be related to the increased migration of oxygen and possibly also iron ions provoked by a strong electric field applied by the electrode, eventually leading to modification of the local electronic structure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer Simulation Shows the Effect of Communication on Day of Surgery Patient Flow
Authors: Taaffe Kevin , Fredendall Lawrence , Huynh Nathan , Franklin Jennifer
Published: June 2015

To improve patient flow in a surgical environment, practitioners and academicians often use process mapping and simulation as tools to evaluate and recommend changes. We used simulations to help staff visualize the effect of communication and coordination delays that occur on the day of surgery. Perioperative services staff participated in tabletop exercises in which they chose the delays that were most important to eliminate. Using a day‐of‐surgery computer simulation model, the elimination of delays was tested and the results were shared with the group. This exercise, repeated for multiple groups of staff, provided an understanding of not only the dynamic events taking place, but also how small communication delays can contribute to a significant loss in efficiency and the ability to provide timely care. Survey results confirmed these understandings.
3‐D Storybook: Effects on Surgical Knowledge and Anxiety Among Four‐ to Six‐Year‐Old Surgical Patients
Authors: Macindo John Rey B. , Macabuag Katherine R. , Macadangdang Carlo Miguel P. , Macaranas Margaux Valerie S. , Macarilay Marianne Jezelle Jem T. , Madriñan Natasha Nikki M. , Villarama Rouena S.
Published: June 2015

Inadequate surgical knowledge potentiates anxiety; however, no methodology simultaneously addresses anxiety and surgical knowledge. Our quasi‐experimental study determined the effectiveness of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) storybook in increasing surgical knowledge and decreasing anxiety among young children scheduled for planned or required major surgeries. We studied 20 randomly assigned participants who received either the 3‐D storybook or traditional health teaching. A presurgical knowledge questionnaire and modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale assessed surgical knowledge and anxiety. Data were analyzed with one‐way and repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that both groups had higher knowledge scores (F = 8.94; P = .008) and lower anxiety scores (F = 5.13; P = .036) after the intervention. The children who received information from the 3‐D storybook exhibited a significantly higher posttest knowledge score (F = 11.71; P = .003) and lower anxiety score (F = 10.05; P = .005) than the traditionally educated group of children. The 3‐D storybook effectively increased surgical knowledge and decreased anxiety and could be used as an alternative method to prepare pediatric surgical patients.
Exploring the influence of chief executive officer professional development and work context on organisation performance: A multi-theoretic perspective
Authors: Taniman Christian A , O’Shannassy Timothy F
Published: June 2015

Understanding the value the right chief executive officer selection and tenure choices can bring to an organisation is under researched in legal jurisdictions such as Australia where there is strong separation of the role of the chief executive officer and chairperson. The chief executive officer is the key organisation strategist and plays an important role in formulating and implementing strategy as well as keeping the board of directors informed of the work of the executive team. This paper reviews and synthesises the corporate governance literature to develop the argument that a chief executive officer’s professional development background and work context will impact his or her ability to favourably influence organisation performance. A series of research propositions of interest to a range of stakeholders inside and outside the organisation are developed drawing on a number of corporate governance theories (e.g., agency theory, stewardship theory). This conceptual paper develops a substantial future empirical research agenda.
Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Silurian Wenlock–Ludlow boundary succession of the Long Mountain, Powys, Wales
Authors: STEEMAN THOMAS , VANDENBROUCKE THIJS R. A. , WILLIAMS MARK , VERNIERS JACQUES , PERRIER VINCENT , SIVETER DAVID J. , WILKINSON JAMES , ZALASIEWICZ JAN , EMSBO POUL
Published: June 2015

Systematic collecting through the upper Wenlock (upper Homerian) and lower Ludlow (Gorstian and lowermost Ludfordian) Silurian rock succession of the Long Mountain, Powys, Wales, identifies some 48 chitinozoan species that distinguish four biozones, two subzones and an interregnum. Consideration of the chitinozoan biozones together with those of the graptolites enables a local three-fold subdivision of the late Homerianlundgrenigraptolite Biozone, and the distinction of lower and upper intervals for the Gorstianincipiensgraptolite Biozone. The base of the Ludlow Series in the Long Mountain more or less equates to the base of theCingulochitinaacme chitinozoan Biozone, although no key chitinozoan first or last appearance datums are associated with the series boundary itself. The new graptolite–chitinozoan biozonation allows enhanced correlation between upper Wenlock and lower Ludlow sedimentary deposits of the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh depositional basin and those of the palaeo-shelf in the stratotype Wenlock and Ludlow areas of Shropshire. Chitinozoans seem affected by the phenomena that caused the late Wenlock ‘Mulde extinction’ in graptolites but, with the final disappearance of 9 species and re-appearance of 11 species following an interval of overall low diversity, they seem to have suffered less severely than their macro-zooplanktonic contemporaries.
John Mason Neale and ‘Sacrilege’: Spelman (1643) Re-Invigorated
Authors: PFAFF RICHARD W.
Published: June 2015

In 1846 a new, greatly expanded, edition of Sir Henry Spelman's History and fate of Sacrilege (1643, published in 1698) appeared, edited anonymously by ‘two priests of the Church of England’. These priests were John Mason Neale and his friend and apparent assistant Joesph Haskoll. The monograph-length introductory essay and other editorial contributions show, as well as vast learning, an aspect of Neale's multi-faceted achievement hitherto unnoticed, that of a stringent critic of great families and other lay people who possessed former church property (Spelman's definition of ‘Sacrilege’) and, more widely, of political and economic conditions in mid nineteenth-century England.
The Augustinian Heart: Late Medieval Images of Augustine as a Monastic Identity
Authors: LAFERRIÈRE ANIK
Published: June 2015

This study focuses on fourteenth- and fifteenth-century images, commissioned by the Ordo Eremitarum Sancti Augustini, of Augustine in rapture at the Trinity, revealing a wounded heart. This imagery begins an iconographical trend within the order that portrays Augustine as the Doctor of Love and departs from the image initiated by Possidius of Augustine as the rational thinker and bishop. A comparison with contemporaneous images of Francis receiving the stigmata reveals a new understanding of the relationship of the body to fourteenth- and fifteenth-century mendicant piety, and the importance of the iconisation of the body in the Hermits' understanding of Augustine.
Eusebius of Emesa and the ‘Continuatio Antiochiensis Eusebii’
Authors: REIDY JOSEPH J.
Published: June 2015

Richard Burgess, in his Studies in Eusebian and post-Eusebian chronology, argues convincingly for the existence of a hitherto unknown Antiochene continuation of Eusebius' Chronicle. While Burgess does much to advance understanding of fourth-century historiography, his conclusion that this effort derives from a pro-Nicene author is less convincing than his other arguments. Internal evidence in the fragments themselves, and circumstances surrounding the life of the fourth-century bishop Eusebius of Emesa, point to that prelate as the likely author of the source identified by Burgess.