bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freshwater Sordariomycetes
Authors: Luo Zong-Long , Hyde Kevin D. , Liu Jian-Kui (Jack) , Maharachchikumbura Sajeewa S. N. , Jeewon Rajesh , Bao Dan-Feng , Bhat Darbhe Jayarama , Lin Chuan-Gen , Li Wen-Li , Yang Jing , Liu Ning-Guo , Lu Yong-Zhong , Jayawardena Ruvishika S. , Li Jun-Fu , Su Hong-Yan
Published: November 2019

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. Freshwater Sordariomycetes play an important role in ecosystems and some of them have the potential to produce bioactive compounds. This study documents and reviews the freshwater Sordariomycetes, which is one of the largest and important groups of fungi in aquatic habitats. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce a new order Distoseptisporales, two new families, viz. Ceratosphaeriaceae and Triadelphiaceae, three new genera, viz.Aquafiliformis,DematiosporiumandNeospadicoides, 47 new species, viz.Acrodictys fluminicola,Aquafiliformis lignicola,Aquapteridospora fusiformis,Arthrinium aquaticum,Ascosacculus fusiformis,Atractospora aquatica,Barbatosphaeria lignicola,Ceratosphaeria aquatica,C. lignicola,Chaetosphaeria aquatica,Ch. catenulata,Ch. guttulata,Ch. submersa,Codinaea yunnanensis,Conioscypha aquatica,C. submersa,Cordana aquatica,C. lignicola,Cosmospora aquatica,Cylindrotrichum submersum,Dematiosporium aquaticum,Dictyochaeta cangshanensis,D. ellipsoidea,D. lignicola,D. submersa,Distoseptispora appendiculata,D. lignicola,D. neorostrata,D. obclavata,Hypoxylon lignicola,Lepteutypa aquatica,Myrmecridium aquaticum,Neospadicoides aquatica,N. lignicola,N. yunnanensis,Ophioceras submersum,Peroneutypa lignicola,Phaeoisaria filiformis,Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola,Rhodoveronaea aquatica,Seiridium aquaticum,Sporidesmiella aquatica,Sporidesmium lageniforme,S. lignicola,Tainosphaeria lunata,T. obclavata,Wongia aquatica, two new combinations, viz.Acrodictys aquatica,Cylindrotrichum aquaticum, and 9 new records, viz.Chaetomium globosum,Chaetosphaeria cubensis,Ch. myriocarpa,Cordana abramovii,Co. terrestris,Cuspidatispora xiphiago,Sporidesmiella hyalosperma,Stachybotrys chartarum,S. chlorohalonata. A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is presented based on updated literature. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1α dataset comprising species of freshwater Sordariomycetes are provided. Detailed information including their habitats distribution, diversity, holotype, specimens collected and classification are provided.
Contribution of the Rise in Cohabiting Parenthood to Family Instability: Cohort Change in Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia
Authors: Thomson Elizabeth , Winkler-Dworak Maria , Beaujouan Éva
Published: November 2019

In this study, we investigate through microsimulation the link between cohabiting parenthood and family instability. We identify mechanisms through which increases in cohabiting parenthood may contribute to overall increases in separation among parents, linking micro-level processes to macro-level outcomes. Analyses are based on representative surveys in Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia (represented by Norway and Sweden), with full histories of women’s unions and births. We first generate parameters for the risk of first and higher-order birth and union events by woman’s birth cohort and country. The estimated parameters are used to generate country- and cohort-specific populations of women with stochastically predicted family life courses. We use the hypothetical populations to decompose changes in the percentage of mothers who separate/divorce across maternal birth cohorts (1940s to 1950s, 1950s to 1960s, 1960s to 1970s), identifying how much of the change can be attributed to shifts in union status at first birth and how much is due to change in separation rates for each union type. We find that when cohabiting births were uncommon, increases in parents’ separation were driven primarily by increases in divorce among married parents. When cohabiting parenthood became more visible, it also became a larger component, but continued increases in parents’ divorce also contributed to increasing parental separation. When cohabiting births became quite common, the higher separation rates of cohabiting parents began to play a greater role than married parents’ divorce. When most couples had their first birth in cohabitation, those having children in marriage were increasingly selected from the most stable relationships, and their decreasing divorce rates offset the fact that increasing proportions of children were born in somewhat less stable cohabiting unions.
Gradual Change, Homeostasis, and Punctuated Equilibrium: Reconsidering Patterns of Health in Later Life
Authors: Engelman Michal , Jackson Heide
Published: November 2019

Longitudinal methods aggregate individual health histories to produce inferences about aging populations, but to what extent do these summaries reflect the experiences of older adults? We describe the assumption of gradual change built into several influential statistical models and draw on widely used, nationally representative survey data to empirically compare the conclusions drawn from mixed-regression methods (growth curve models and latent class growth analysis) designed to capture trajectories with key descriptive statistics and methods (multistate life tables and sequence analysis) that depict discrete states and transitions. We show that individual-level data record stasis irregularly punctuated by relatively sudden change in health status or mortality. Although change is prevalent in the sample, for individuals it occurs rarely, at irregular times and intervals, and in a nonlinear and multidirectional fashion. We conclude by discussing the implications of this punctuated equilibrium pattern for understanding health changes in individuals and the dynamics of inequality in aging populations.
How Harmful Is Particulate Matter Emitted from Biomass Burning? A Thailand Perspective
Authors: Johnston Helinor J. , Mueller William , Steinle Susanne , Vardoulakis Sotiris , Tantrakarnapa Kraichat , Loh Miranda , Cherrie John W.
Published: November 2019

Purpose of Review

A large body of epidemiological evidence demonstrates that exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Many epidemiology studies have investigated the health effects of PM in Europe and North America and focussed on traffic derived PM. However, elevated levels of PM are a global problem and the impacts of other sources of PM on health should be assessed. Biomass burning can increase PM levels in urban and rural indoor and outdoor environments in developed and developing countries. We aim to identify whether the health effects of traffic and biomass burning derived PM are similar by performing a narrative literature review. We focus on Thailand as haze episodes from agricultural biomass burning can substantially increase PM levels.

Recent Findings

Existing epidemiology, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that biomass burning derived PM elicits toxicity via stimulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity. Thus, it is likely to cause similar adverse health outcomes to traffic PM, which causes toxicity via similar mechanisms. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether traffic or biomass burning derived PM is most hazardous. Also, there is evidence that PM released from different biomass sources varies in its toxic potency.

We recommend that epidemiology studies are performed in Thailand to better understand the impacts of PM emitted from specific biomass sources (e.g. agricultural burning). Further, experimental studies should assess the toxicity of PM emitted from more diverse biomass sources. This will fill knowledge gaps and inform evidence-based interventions that protect human health.
Which Category Is Better: Benchmarking Relational and Graph Database Management Systems
Authors: Cheng Yijian , Ding Pengjie , Wang Tongtong , Lu Wei , Du Xiaoyong
Published: November 2019

Over decades, relational database management systems (RDBMSs) have been the first choice to manage data. Recently, due to the variety properties of big data, graph database management systems (GDBMSs) have emerged as an important complement to RDBMSs. As pointed out in the existing literature, both RDBMSs and GDBMSs are capable of managing graph data and relational data; however, the boundaries of them still remain unclear. For this reason, in this paper, we first extend a unified benchmark for RDBMSs and GDBMSs over the same datasets using the same query workload under the same metrics. We then conduct extensive experiments to evaluate them and make the following findings: (1) RDBMSs outperform GDMBSs by a substantial margin under the workloads which mainly consist of group by, sort, and aggregation operations, and their combinations; (2) GDMBSs show their superiority under the workloads that mainly consist of multi-table join, pattern match, path identification, and their combinations.
In Situ Measurement of Spindle Radial and Tilt Error Motions by Complementary Multi-probe Method
Authors: Ding Fei , Luo Xichun , Chang Wenlong , Wang Zhengjian
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a complementary multi-probe method for measurement of radial and tilt error motions of a spindle. Neither indexing of artefact nor rotating of spindle housing is required and thus make it suitable for in situ evaluation of spindle performance effectively. In order to minimize the harmonic suppression problems commonly encountered in the multi-probe measurement approach, three sets of probe angle combinations were optimized and the harmonics of the three measurements were extracted and composed to reveal the true artefact errors in a complementary way. The exact probe angles were identified by the correlation function of the probe signals after the sensors are mounted onto the fixture and the requirement of high-precision fixtures was alleviated. The evaluation of measurement results showed that the erroneous harmonics were greatly reduced by 70%. Using this method, the radial error motions of the precision air bearing spindle were measured at seven axial positions and then the synchronized tilts error motions were calculated. This demonstrated an effective approach for measuring four degree-of-freedom error motions in one setup with a small number of displacement sensor probes.
Flight performance monitoring with optimal filtering applications
Authors: Deo V. A. , Silvestre F. , Morales M.
Published: November 2019

This work presents an alternative methodology for monitoring flight performance during airline operations using the available inboard instrumentation system. This method tries to reduce the disadvantages of the traditional specific range monitoring technique where instrumentation noise and cruise stabilisation conditions affect the quality of the performance monitoring results. The proposed method consists of using an unscented Kalman filter for aircraft performance identification using Newton’s flight dynamic equations in the body X, Y and Z axis. The use of the filtering technique reduces the effect of instrumentation and process noise, enhancing the reliability of the performance results. Besides the better quality of the monitoring process, using the proposed technique, additional results that are not possible to predict with the specific range method are identified during the filtering process. An example of these possible filtered results that show the advantages of this proposed methodology are the aircraft fuel flow offsets, as predicted in the specific range method, but also other important aircraft performance parameters as the aircraft lift and drag coefficients (CL and CD), sideslip angle (β) and wind speeds, giving the operator a deeper understanding of its aircraft operational status and the possibility to link the operational monitoring results to aircraft maintenance scheduling. This work brings a cruise stabilisation example where the selected performance monitoring parameters such as fuel flow factors, lift and drag bias, winds and sideslip angle are identified using only the inboard instrumentation such as the GPS/inertial sensors, a calibrated anemometric system and the angle-of-attack vanes relating each flight condition to a specific aircraft performance monitoring result. The results show that the proposed method captures the performance parameters by the use of the Kalman filter without the need of a strict stabilisation phase as it is recommended in the traditional specific range method, giving operators better flexibility when analysing and monitoring fleet performance.
Irrigation Water Demand: Price Elasticities and Climatic Determinants in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Kornelis Ari , Norris Patricia
Published: November 2019

This article explores the environmental and market determinants of irrigation management in a five-state Great Lakes region. We found evidence that corn, soybean, and potato irrigators respond to the cost of water at the intensive margin. Evidence of a water-cost effect at the extensive margin was mixed. This article is unique in its geographic focus and its consideration of various temperature effects. We found evidence of a long-run average temperature effect on crop acreage allocation decisions and a short-run extreme heat effect on water application rates.
Between Hope and Despair: Progress and Resilience in the Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Engstrom Par
Published: November 2019

The inter-American human rights system (IAS) faces a region that has turned distinctly hostile to human rights. For many, the ongoing crisis in Venezuela is ground zero, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of international human rights when confronted with an entrenched regime supported by major powers such as Russia and China. In this multipolar world, reinforced by a transactional and antiliberal U.S. foreign policy, human rights concerns seem to have little salience. Moreover, the regional Right-wing trend and the so-called populist resurgence underpin a political vision in the Americas that is distinctly antirights. And to make matters worse, some argue, we are anyway in the end-times of human rights—the age of international courts and liberal cosmopolitanism is over. While recognizing that these overlapping political trends pose clear challenges to the IAS, this essay offers a more cool-headed analysis to suggest that the system's future is likely to be less apocalyptic than the doomsayers predict. The first part of the essay takes a sober look at the multiple political challenges facing the IAS today and their implications for human rights advocacy. In the second part, against the background of the inhospitable conditions facing human rights activists in the region, I highlight the role of civil-society actors in strengthening and embedding the IAS. As it is precisely the regional embeddedness of the IAS on which the system's future hinges, the third part highlights the need not only to defend progress, but also to strengthen resilience.
The Crucial Role of Human Rights NGOs in the Inter-American System
Authors: Soley Ximena
Published: November 2019

Since the explosion of the human rights movement in the early 1970s, civil-society organizations have played a key role in the inter-American human rights system (IAS). In the era of dictatorships, they provided the information necessary for the Inter-American Commission to be able to act in the face of uncooperative states. When democracy returned to the region, these organizations grew in number, and their role within the IAS likewise expanded. In particular, a set of organizations that focused on legal strategies and the activation of regional human rights protection mechanisms cropped up. These organizations have, at a more abstract and general level, contributed to the juridification of human rights struggles and ultimately to the creation of a legal field. They have also largely set the agenda of the IAS, although the agenda-setting power has been limited to a small number of organizations that constitute the system's “repeat players.” In a manner befitting their systemic importance, these organizations have tried to make sure the organs of the IAS run smoothly, and to defend them when they come under attack. This essay explores the different roles that human rights NGOs have played in the history of the IAS and suggests that the strategy of increasing juridification that they have pursued since the region's return to democracy might have reached its limits.
Judicial Independence in Dominant Party States: Singapore's Possibilities for China
Authors: ANG Lance , WANG Jiangyu
Published: November 2019

Courts in China are often criticized for lacking ‘independence’ from the Chinese party-state. Entrenched perceptions of interference in the judiciary by the political branches of government have continued to fuel public resentment in recent years, risking the legitimacy of the party-state. Such criticisms, however, often fail to appreciate the complex political reality in China and the evolving role of Chinese courts following China's incremental legal reforms since the reform era. What does ‘judicial independence’ mean in the context of a socialist rule of law state such as China? More importantly, can we identify the touchstone of ‘independence’ that should be intrinsic in any judicial institution? In recognition of the resilience of the Chinese party-state in the foreseeable future, the authors contend that widening the scope of judicial independence, as conceptualized herein, in line with China's ongoing judicial reforms provides a better tool for promoting economic development and good governance and enhancing the state's legitimacy in a dominant party state. In this regard, insights are drawn from Singapore, which presents two broad lessons for China: first, a rule of law framework can be established in which the state in a non-Western liberal democracy respects the autonomy of the courts and the judiciary strictly enforces the law enacted by the state within its institutional limits; second, judicial pragmatism in the exercise of judicial power enables the courts to ensure that governmental power is exercised in accordance with the principle of legality, which ensures good governance in a polity governed by a strong state. Contrary to claims that such reforms may serve as an apology for power in China, it is hoped that such reforms may lay the foundation for normative constitutionalism in the future.
Physician burnout, a new term, a well-known concept in the medieval era: a thematic review of Ruhawi’s Adab al-Tabib
Authors: Sadeghi S. , Ghaffari F. , Sohrabi M-R. , Heydarirad G.
Published: November 2019

In 1974, Herbert Freudenberger introduced the phrase ‘Burnout in Healing Professional Workers’. Despite the existence of numerous investigations on physician burnout, only a few studies on its historical aspects can be found. This is the first research to present historical evidence on ‘physician burnout’ as pointed out in the book ‘Adab al-Tabib’ written by Ruhawi (9th century AD). He is shown to have an understanding of this concept by talking about job stress in his book, although he offers no exact equivalent definition for this state. In fact, finding an equivalent term to 20th century burnout in a book written a thousand years ago is almost impossible. Most interestingly, the same preventive strategies for physician burnout and its causes as those scientifically discovered in recent years can be evidenced to have been introduced by Ruhawi. Hence, ‘Adab al-Tabib’ is an outstanding work on physician burnout in the medieval era.
Boundary layers in Helmholtz flows
Authors: Moore Madeleine Rose , Cimpeanu R. , Ockendon H. , Ockendon J. R. , Oliver J. M.
Published: November 2019

Recent comparisons between classical Wagner theory for the impact of two liquid droplets and direct numerical simulations in Cimpeanu & Moore (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 856, 2018, pp. 764–796) show that, in some regimes, the inviscid theory over-predicts the thickness of the root of the splash jet that forms in the impact, while also struggling to predict the angle at which the jet is emitted. The effect of capillary and viscous perturbations to Helmholtz flows was investigated in a previous study, see Moore et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 742, 2014, R1). However, the paper in question ignored a term in the second-order perturbation analysis, which needs to be included in order to predict the displacement of the inviscid free boundary to lowest order. In this paper, we derive a singular integro-differential equation for the free-surface perturbations caused by viscosity in Helmholtz flows and discuss its application both in the context of Wagner theory and more generally. In particular, viscosity can induce non-monotonic behaviour in the free boundary profiles near points of maximum curvature.
Human immunodeficiency disease in new diagnoses of head and neck squamous cell cancer: are we testing?
Authors: McNamara K J , Fernandez C , Saunders T F C , Ahsan F
Published: November 2019

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus infected patients have a three-fold increased risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The British HIV Association recommends human immunodeficiency virus testing in all new diagnoses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives

This observational study aimed to examine the current routine practice of human immunodeficiency virus testing in patients with newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and to address the importance of this test in promoting the early diagnosis and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus.

Methods

All head and neck cancer multidisciplinary teams in England were questioned on their protocol for human immunodeficiency virus testing in new diagnoses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Results

Only 1 out of 30 hospitals leading head and neck multidisciplinary teams (3.3 per cent) routinely offered human immunodeficiency virus testing in this high-risk patient group.

Conclusion

This observational study highlights that head and neck specialists are not aware of, and are consequently not complying with, routine human immunodeficiency virus testing as recommended by the British HIV Association guidelines.
Interarytenoid botulinum toxin A injection for the treatment of vocal process granuloma
Authors: Hamdan A-L , Khalifee E , Jaffal H , Ghanem A
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To report on the efficacy and adverse effects of interarytenoid botulinum toxin A injection for the treatment of vocal process granuloma.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of eight patients with vocal process granuloma resistant to anti-reflux therapy who underwent interarytenoid botulinum toxin A injection. The mean dosage of botulinum toxin A injected was 6.56 U.

Results

Fifty per cent of patients had complete regression of the lesion and 50 per cent had partial regression. The main side effects were breathiness (n = 4), voice breaks (n = 1) and aspiration (n = 1).

Conclusion

Interarytenoid botulinum toxin A injection for the treatment of vocal process granuloma is an effective mode of therapy, with transient vocal and swallowing side effects.
Améliorer le rappel des individus âgés de 60 ans et plus à l’aide de l’entretien cognitif : une revue et méta-analyse
Authors: Hurtubise Marc-Antoine , Viau-Quesnel Charles
Published: November 2019

Les aînés sont souvent perçus comme des témoins peu fiables, une perception qui est partiellement appuyée par des travaux qui démontrent que les témoignages des aînés tendent à être moins détaillés que ceux produits par des témoins plus jeunes. L’entretien cognitif est une technique d’interrogatoire qui repose sur des stratégies de rappel issues des sciences cognitives. Plusieurs travaux récents démontrent l’efficacité de l’entretien cognitif auprès d’échantillons de jeunes adultes. Toutefois, la recherche portant sur l’utilisation de l’entretien cognitif auprès de témoins âgés est récente et en développement. Le présent article effectue une synthèse des travaux portant sur l’efficacité de l’entretien cognitif auprès d’aînés ainsi qu’une méta-analyse des données publiées à ce jour. La méta-analyse comprend sept études traitant des performances de participants aînés et comparant l’efficacité de l’entretien cognitif à celle obtenue en employant d’autres techniques de rappel. Les résultats démontrent une augmentation du nombre de détails corrects rappelés quand l’entretien cognitif est utilisé. Cependant, les données actuelles ne permettent pas de conclusion valide pour le nombre de détails incorrects ou sur l’exactitude du rappel. La discussion présente les forces et faiblesses des travaux publiés à ce jour de manière à favoriser le développement futur de ce domaine de recherche.
On judicial autonomy and the autonomy of the parties in international adjudication, with special regard to investment arbitration and ICSID annulment proceedings
Authors: Tanzi Attila M.
Published: November 2019

The article addresses the relationship between judicial autonomy and the autonomy of the parties principles. The issue is not addressed so much through the lens of the procedural rules on the conduct of the proceedings, as through the prism of the general principles of adjudication which dictate the boundaries of judicial, or arbitral, decision-making. The focus will be on the combination between the principles ne, ultra and infra, petita and non liquet as they flow from the consensual nature of international adjudication and arbitration, on the one hand, and the principle jura novit curia which mirrors the autonomy of the judicial function, on the other. The analysis does not draw from national legal systems, nor from commercial arbitration. Due to the significantly different configuration of the principles at issue in different jurisdictions, it will focus on international litigation as an autonomous phenomenon. It will address firstly inter-state adjudication and then international investment arbitration. Special attention will be given to the ICSID system in consideration of its unique annulment mechanism. The article draws from researched case law an encouragement, if not simply the need, for international adjudicative bodies to undertake a proactive attitude in the conduct of the proceedings. More generally potentials emerge from the analysis, to the effect that not only inter-state adjudication may impact on investor-state arbitration, but also vice versa.
Acceptability of a brief training programme targeting attention and interpretation biases for threat in youth with a history of maltreatment
Authors: Lau Jennifer Y.F. , Sharma Narayan Prasad , Bennett Eleanor , Dhakal Sandesh , Vaswani Ayesha , Pandey Rakesh , Niraula Shanta , Kumari Veena
Published: November 2019

Background:

Tendencies to attend to threatening cues in the environment and to interpret ambiguous situations with negative/hostile intent maintain and may even precipitate internalizing and externalizing problems in young people with a history of maltreatment. Challenging maladaptive information-processing styles using cognitive bias modification (CBM) training may reduce symptoms.

Aims:

To investigate the acceptability of CBM training in nine young people attending alternate education provision units in the UK, and 10 young people living in out-of-home care institutions in Nepal with a history of maltreatment.

Method:

CBM training consisted of five sessions of training over a 2-week period; each training session consisted of one module targeting attention biases and one module targeting interpretation biases for threat. A feedback form administered after training measured acceptability. Pre- and post-intervention measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were also taken.

Results:

Most young people (89%) found the training helpful and 84% found the training materials realistic. There were reductions in many symptom domains, but with individual variation. Although limited by the lack of a control condition, we established generalizability of acceptability across participants from two cultural settings.

Conclusions:

Replication of these findings in larger feasibility randomized controlled trials with measures of attention and interpretation bias before and after intervention, are needed to assess the potential of CBM in reducing anxiety symptoms and its capacity to engage targeted mechanisms.
Sleep restriction therapy may be effective for people with insomnia and depressive complaints: evidence from a case series
Authors: Lancee J. , Maric M. , Kamphuis J.H.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Insomnia and depression are clearly interrelated. Several studies showed that treating insomnia with cognitive behavioural therapy positively affects concurrent depressive symptoms. However, it is unclear what treatment component is responsible for the change in depressive symptoms.

Aims:

To develop the evidence base we employed a case series design in which we administered a single component sleep restriction treatment to individuals with both insomnia and depressive symptoms.

Method:

Seven patients were included, of whom six completed the intervention. Patients completed weekly assessments during the 4-week wait period and 6-week treatment phase.

Results:

At the post-assessment, two out of six patients showed clinical improvement in depressive symptoms. All six patients showed clinically meaningful improvement at the 3-month follow-up assessment, and two patients had maintained gains at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusions:

This case series study shows that, especially at 3-month follow-up, sleep restriction therapy is associated with clinically relevant treatment gains in patients with both insomnia and depressive symptoms.
Cyberbullying, Self-concept and Academic Goals in Childhood
Authors: Delgado Beatriz , Escortell Raquel , Martínez-Monteagudo María Carmen , Ferrández-Ferrer Alicia , Sanmartín Ricardo
Published: November 2019

Cyberbullying has aroused scientific interest given the impact it has on the lives of young people. The present study proposes to analyze the relationship between self-concept (Self-Description Questionnaire I), academic goals (Achievement Goals Tendencies Questionnaire), and the participation of the roles of victim, bully and bystander in cyberbullying (Cyberbullying. Screening for peer bullying and cyberbullying), by gender and grade. The sample was composed of 548 students (49.8% girls) in 5th and 6th grade of Primary Education (M
age
= 10.95, SD = 0.7). Logistic regression analyses showed the explicative role of social self-concept and learning goals in the three roles, highlighting the academic self-concept and achievement goals in the victims, as well as the high social reinforcement goals in bullies and bystanders. This relation varied slightly according to gender and grade, being the motivational orientation towards school achievement a protector of victimization in girls and 6th grade students. The findings are discussed, pointing out their involvement in the development of preventive cyberbullying programs in preadolescence.
Power Law Growth and Delayed Feedbacks in Socio‐Hydrological Systems
Authors: Parolari Anthony J. , Manoli Gabriele
Published: November 2019

Water infrastructure dynamics result from coupled social and physical hydrological processes embedded in “socio‐hydrological systems” (SHSs). Freshwater fuels socioeconomic activity, which in turn exerts pressure on water resources through increased water demand and water quality degradation. Many factors emphasize the need for quantitative tools to predict the future of these systems, including SHS failures due to growing water scarcity from population growth and climate change. However, unfolding the interactions between social and hydrological factors continues to resist theoretical treatment, impeding progress toward a predictive framework. To resolve this issue, we propose and evaluate time delays as surrogates for the social dynamics in SHS models. This approach permits the development of models that describe SHS dynamics in terms of observable, physical, hydrological state variables. We apply this approach to two case studies: (a) reservoir storage capacity growth in the world and the U.S. Water Resources Regions and (b) global water withdrawals. Substantial variability was identified in empirical estimates of growth rates and time delays. Reservoir construction typically follows a saturating, logistic curve with periodic, punctuated equilibria, separated by delays ranging from 5 to 20 years both globally and regionally. In contrast, global water withdrawal data display faster‐than‐exponential growth, characteristic of a positive feedback through which water use drives further water development. Historical analysis suggests that growth trends in water resources systems are superimposed by recurring periods of innovation and inactivity which are indicative of slow memory dissipation and delayed effects of past water use on current water infrastructure decisions.
Identifying STEVE's Magnetospheric Driver Using Conjugate Observations in the Magnetosphere and on the Ground
Authors: Chu Xiangning , Malaspina David , Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Liang Jun , Andersson Laila , Ma Qianli , Artemyev Anton , Liu Jiang , Ergun Robert E. , Thaller Scott , Akbari Hassanali , Zhao Hong , Larsen Brian , Reeves Geoffrey , Wygant John , Breneman Aaron , Tian Sheng , Connors Martin , Donovan Eric , Archer William , MacDonald Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2019

The magnetospheric driver of strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is investigated using conjugate observations when Van Allen Probes' footprint directly crossed both STEVE and stable red aurora (SAR) arc. In the ionosphere, STEVE is associated with subauroral ion drift features, including electron temperature peak, density gradient, and westward ion flow. The SAR arc at lower latitudes corresponds to regions inside the plasmapause with isotropic plasma heating, which causes redline‐only SAR emission via heat conduction. STEVE corresponds to the sharp plasmapause boundary containing quasi‐static subauroral ion drift electric field and parallel‐accelerated electrons by kinetic Alfvén waves. These parallel electrons could precipitate and be accelerated via auroral acceleration processes powered by Alfvén waves propagating along the magnetic field with the plasmapause as a waveguide. The electron precipitation, superimposed on the heat conduction, could explain multiwavelength continuous STEVE emission. The green picket‐fence emissions are likely optical manifestations of electron precipitation associated with wave structures traveling along the plasmapause.
Ice Sheet Elevation Change in West Antarctica From Ka‐Band Satellite Radar Altimetry
Authors: Otosaka Inès , Shepherd Andrew , McMillan Malcolm
Published: November 2019

Satellite altimetry has been used to track changes in ice sheet elevation using a series of Ku‐band radars in orbit since the late 1970s. Here, we produce an assessment of higher‐frequency Ka‐band satellite radar altimetry for the same purpose, using SARAL/AltiKa measurements recorded over West Antarctica. AltiKa elevations are 3.8 ± 0.5 and 2.5 ± 0.1 m higher than those determined from airborne laser altimetry and CryoSat‐2, respectively, likely due to the instruments' coarser footprint in the sloping coastal margins. However, AltiKa rates of elevation change computed between 2013 and 2019 are within 0.6 ± 2.4 and 0.1 ± 0.1 cm/year of airborne laser and CryoSat‐2, respectively, indicating that trends in radar penetration are negligible. The fast‐flowing trunks of the Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers thinned by 117 ± 10 and 100 ± 20 cm/year, respectively, amounting to a 9% reduction and a 43% increase relative to the 2000s.
Initial Cost Barrier of Ammonia Control in Central China
Authors: Zheng Mingming , Wang Yuhang , Bao Jianguo , Yuan Lianxin , Zheng Huang , Yan Yingying , Liu Dantong , Xie Mingjie , Kong Shaofei
Published: November 2019

Ammonia control has received increasing attention as a measure to decrease particulate concentrations. Modeling analysis of observation data from central China over the period of September 2015 to August 2016 shows clear asymmetric responses of particulate pH and mass to ammonia emissions. With a change of ±80% of NHx (NH3 + NH4+), the corresponding ΔpH are +0.5 and −3.0, respectively, and the corresponding particulate NH4+ changes are +2.62% and −61.8%, respectively. This asymmetry implies that there is a Critical Total Ammonia Concentration, above which particulate pH and mass are insensitive to ammonia control. Analysis of the observation data suggests that the Critical Total Ammonia Concentration is −25%. The estimated cost for an NHx reduction of 25% is $140 – 320 million for Hubei province, which is the initial cost barrier before ammonia control can effectively affect particulate pH and mass in central China. This cost barrier will increase as NOx and SO2 emissions decrease.
A See‐Saw in Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water Formation Driven by Atmospheric Modes
Authors: Meijers A. J. S. , Cerovečki I. , King B. A. , Tamsitt V.
Published: November 2019

Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the Pacific forms in two distinct pools in the south central and southeast Pacific, which subduct into the ocean interior and impact global storage of heat and carbon. Wintertime thickness of the central and eastern SAMW pools vary predominantly out of phase with each other, by up to ±150 m between years, resulting in an interannual thickness see‐saw. The thickness in the eastern (central) pool is found to be strongly positively (negatively) correlated with both the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The relative phases of the SAM and ENSO set the SAMW thickness, with in phase reinforcing modes in 2005–2008 and 2012–2017 driving strong differences between the pools. Between 2008 and 2012 out of phase atmospheric modes result in less coherent SAMW patterns. SAMW thickness is dominated by local formation driven by SAM and ENSO modulated wind stress and turbulent heat fluxes.
Contemporary Mountain‐Building of the Tianshan and its Relevance to Geodynamics Constrained by Integrating GPS and GRACE Measurements
Authors: Pan Yuanjin , Chen Ruizhi , Yi Shuang , Wang Wei , Ding Hao , Shen Wenbin , Chen Liang
Published: November 2019

The present‐day deformation of the Tianshan Mountain range is largely resulting from the collision between India and the Eurasian plate, but the mechanism causing its uplift remains controversial. In this study, we present the contemporary tectonic and geodynamic processes resulting in the growth of the Tianshan Mountain range as revealed by integrating Global Positioning System (GPS) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements during 2010–2016. The average ground uplift rate is 0.72 ± 0.12 mm/year, of which 0.39 mm/year is attributed to elastic effects of glacier melting. The residual average tectonic uplift rate of 0.33 ± 0.12 mm/year closely matches the crustal thickening rate (0.33 ± 0.03 mm/year), indicating that horizontal compression plays an essential role in Tianshan orogeny. We also find the Lake Issyk‐Kul region is converging and subsiding, which can be explained by a regional crust folding model. The interaction of adjacent rigid blocks in the Tianshan and surrounding areas is also manifested by the crustal shortening derived from GPS horizontal velocities. This study provides new geodetic results and a new model in current orogenic movement in the Tianshan Mountain range and highlights its complexity.
Introduction to the Special Collection: Magnetism in the Geosciences—Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Dekkers Mark J. , Feinberg Joshua , Florindo Fabio
Published: November 2019

Magnetic property research in the geosciences has seen an enormous development during the most recent decade. The underlying special collection published in two AGU journals: Journal of Geophysical Research—Solid Earth and Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems is an outcome of the 11th International Conference on Rock Magnetism, held in Utrecht (The Netherlands) in July 2017 and reflects this full breadth. We recognize four groups in which individual contributions are gathered. (1) Recent advances in fundamental rock and mineral magnetic methods, including discussions on how to assess magnetic grain size, which is centrally important to magnetic stability over geologic timescales and high‐fidelity paleomagnetic recording. (2) Geomagnetism with an emphasis on late Pleistocene paleosecular variation and relative paleointensity records, relevant to geomagnetic field models. (3) Reassessments of classic paleomagnetic field tests and examples of tectonic and magnetostratigraphic applications. (4) The merit of magnetic property analysis in solving geoscience problems, both in soft and hard rocks.
Monthly Variability in Bering Strait Oceanic Volume and Heat Transports, Links to Atmospheric Circulation and Ocean Temperature, and Implications for Sea Ice Conditions
Authors: Serreze Mark C. , Barrett Andrew P. , Crawford Alex D. , Woodgate Rebecca A.
Published: November 2019

The Bering Strait oceanic heat transport influences seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea. Monitored since 1990, it depends on water temperature and factors controlling the volume transport, assumed to be local winds in the strait and an oceanic pressure difference between the Pacific and Arctic oceans (the “pressure head”). Recent work suggests that variability in the pressure head, especially during summer, relates to the strength of the zonal wind in the East Siberian Sea that raises or drops sea surface height in this area via Ekman transport. We confirm that westward winds in the East Siberian Sea relate to a broader central Arctic pattern of high sea level pressure and note that anticyclonic winds over the central Arctic Ocean also favor low September sea ice extent for the Arctic as a whole by promoting ice convergence and positive temperature anomalies. Month‐to‐month persistence in the volume transport and atmospheric circulation patterns is low, but the period 1980–2017 had a significant summertime (June–August) trend toward higher sea level pressure over the central Arctic Ocean, favoring increased transports. Some recent large heat transports are associated with high water temperatures, consistent with persistence of open water in the Chukchi Sea into winter and early ice retreat in spring. The highest heat transport recorded, October 2016, resulted from high water temperatures and ideal wind conditions yielding a record‐high volume transport. November and December 2005, the only months with southward volume (and thus heat) transports, were associated with southward winds in the strait.
Quantifying Eulerian Eddy Leakiness in an Idealized Model
Authors: Liu Tongya , Abernathey Ryan , Sinha Anirban , Chen Dake
Published: November 2019

An idealized eddy‐resolving ocean basin, closely resembling the North Pacific Ocean, is simulated using MITgcm. We identify rotationally coherent Lagrangian vortices (RCLVs) and sea surface height (SSH) eddies based on the Lagrangian and Eulerian framework, respectively. General statistical results show that RCLVs have a much smaller coherent core than SSH eddies with the ratio of radius is about 0.5. RCLVs are often enclosed by SSH anomaly contours, but SSH eddy identification method fails to detect more than half of RCLVs. Based on their locations, two types of eddies are classified into three categories: overlapping RCLVs and SSH eddies, nonoverlapping SSH eddies, and nonoverlapping RCLVs. Using Lagrangian particles, we examine the processes of leakage and intrusion around SSH eddies. For overlapping SSH eddies, over the lifetime, the material coherent core only accounts for about 25% and about 50% of initial water leak from eddy interior. The remaining 25% of water can still remain inside the boundary, but only in the form of filaments outside the coherent core. For nonoverlapping SSH eddies, more water leakage (about 60%) occurs at a faster rate. Guided by the number and radius of SSH eddies, fixed circles and moving circles are randomly selected to diagnose the material flux around these circles. We find that the leakage and intrusion trends of moving circles are quite similar to that of nonoverlapping SSH eddies, suggesting that the material coherence properties of nonoverlapping SSH eddies are not significantly different from random pieces of ocean with the same size.
Parameterization of Entrainment Rate and Mass Flux in Continental Cumulus Clouds: Inference From Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Bera Sudarsan , Prabha Thara V.
Published: November 2019

Large eddy simulation with contrasting environmental humidity is used to study entrainment and detrainment rates and convective mass flux during the development stages of continental deep cumulus clouds. The cumulus clouds studied here are deeper than marine shallow cumulus or stratocumulus in the published literature. The main objective of the study is to parameterize the entrainment and detrainment rates in monsoon clouds during the break monsoon periods over land, useful for the large‐scale atmospheric models. A systematic decrease in cloud liquid water path is noted in drier environments as clouds become shallower due to the reduction of positive buoyancy in the cloud core. Updraft and downdraft velocities in the subcloud layers are strengthened in the drier environments, which are found to affect in‐cloud updraft strength. A most important finding of the present study is the effect of environmental humidity on the entrainment (and detrainment) rates and the convective mass flux. Many previous studies on this topic reported opposite results. The present study found that decreasing environmental humidity leads to a decrease in both the entrainment rate and the convective mass flux but an increase in the detrainment rate. The relationship of the entrainment parameters with the environmental relative humidity can be used for parameterization in the large‐scale models. The physical mechanism responsible for such response is identified as the strengthening of the subcloud updrafts compensated by the enhanced downdraft into the boundary layer in the drier environments, and this mechanism subsequently led to higher in‐cloud updraft velocity, resulting in lower entrainment rate.
Possible Wintertime Sources of Fine Particles in an Urban Environment
Authors: Meskhidze Nicholas , Jaimes‐Correa Juan C. , Petters Markus D. , Royalty Taylor M. , Phillips Brittany N. , Zimmerman Alyssa , Reed Robert
Published: November 2019

Local sources of particles and precursor gases have long been considered as the major control for the ground‐level particle number concentration in an urban environment. Here we show the existence of two distinct sources. The first source was detectable during morning and afternoon rush hours and was defined by high black carbon concentrations. Particle number concentration inversely correlated with the local planetary boundary layer height. The particle size distributions were characterized by a wide range of modal diameters and did not exhibit detectable modal growth. This source was attributed to vehicular emissions. The second source yielded particle number concentration comparable to those during the rush hours and was detected six times over the 3‐week measurement campaign. Small particles produced by this source were recorded during the midday after the diminishment of the rush‐hour traffic effects. The particles exhibited prolonged modal growth over 8 hr, which may indicate a regional scale nucleation event. The data suggest that these particles were likely formed above the nocturnal boundary layer after sunrise and were subsequently transported to the surface through convective mixing. Overall, the nocturnal and convective boundary layer evolution was found to be closely associated with the of small particle event and the most important factor affecting the ground‐level particle number concentration. Shallow nocturnal boundary layers trapped pollution near the ground leading to particle number concentrations over 104 cm−3.