bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O USO DA FOTOGRAFIA NO ESTUDO DA TABELA PERIÓDICA / USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE PERIODIC TABLE STUDY
Authors: Da Rocha Guilherme Sales , Leal Wesley De Souza , Messeder Jorge Cardoso
Published: October 2019

Esta pesquisa traz uma análise do processo de ensino e aprendizagem da tabela periódica abordada no Ensino Médio. A metodologia consistiu na abordagem da fotografia como ponto de partida para o Ensino de Química. Foi proposto que os alunos fotografassem objetos e identificassem os elementos presentes. Os resultados observados mediante as fotografias permitem-nos verificar a relação dos alunos com a identificação dos elementos em seu cotidiano, e assim, aproximando o estudo da química nos objetos comumente utilizados nas atividades no dia a dia do aluno.
REPRESENTAÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE BIOLOGIA PARA ESTUDANTES CEGOS: INVESTIGANDO POSSIBILIDADES / REPRESENTATION OF BIOLOGY PICTURES TO BLIND STUDENTS: INVESTIGATING POSSIBILITIES
Authors: Dickman Adriana Gomes , Ferreira Amauri Carlos , Diniz Priscilla Guimarães Zanella
Published: October 2019

Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre as potenciais dificuldades encontradas pelos estudantes cegos para realizar as questões do ENEM (INEP) de biologia que contém figuras em sua estrutura e as possibilidades de adaptação dessas para esses estudantes. Com base em análise documental, constatou-se que figuras estão presentes em grande parte das questões de biologia do ENEM. Essas questões foram analisadas por professores especialistas de diferentes áreas do conhecimento biológico e foi constatado que as figuras, na maioria das vezes, têm um papel imprescindível no entendimento e resolução das questões. Desta maneira, foram propostos dois métodos para a adaptação das figuras em alto relevo para serem utilizadas em aulas e provas. O teste do produto foi realizado de forma qualitativa com profissionais e estudantes cegos e com professores que trabalham com deficientes visuais Os resultados mostram que o produto desenvolvido é viável e pode ser melhorado visando testes futuros.
Fundamentals of Soil Chemistry
Authors: Sparks Donald L.
Published: October 2019

Soil chemistry is the branch of soil science that deals with the chemical composition, chemical properties, and chemical reactions of soils. Soils are heterogeneous mixtures of air, water, inorganic and organic solids, and microorganisms (both plant and animal in nature). No two soils are exactly alike. Soil reactions and processes occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Soil chemistry is concerned with the chemical reactions and processes involving these phases. For example, carbon dioxide in the air combined with water acts to weather the inorganic solid phase. Chemical reactions between the soil solids and the soil solution influence both plant growth and water quality.
Ecohydrology
Authors: Yin Jun , Porporato Amilcare , D'Odorico Paolo , Rodríguez‐Iturbe Ignacio
Published: October 2019

An interdisciplinary and fast‐growing science, ecohydrology aims at understanding the interactions among soil, water, vegetation, microbial biomass, atmosphere, and human societies. We provide a synthetic overview of these complex interactions, by reviewing the developments in ecohydrology following a stochastic modeling approach from the plot to the continental scales. We begin with the soil water balance at a point, which is primarily controlled by the pulsing and intermittent behaviors of rainfall input. It provides the mathematical basis for the analysis of plant water stress, plant biomass, and soil nutrient dynamics. We then review more general ecohydrological feedbacks, including groundwater feedbacks, land–atmosphere interactions at the continental scale, and irrigation in agroecosystem. To analyze the general behaviors of these interactions including the effects of stochastic external forcing, a “macroscopic approach” dealing with reduced order models of the main mean variables is also briefly discussed as a promising tool for future ecohydrological research.
Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction
Authors: Toran Laura
Published: October 2019

Groundwater–surface water interaction has received increasing recognition as a key area of research that will improve our understanding of the global water cycle. Rather than treating these resources separately, understanding their interaction provides insight into responses to both natural dynamics and global change. Research into groundwater–surface water interaction has also revealed heterogeneity that challenges our ability to make measurements at the appropriate scale. Despite these challenges, innovations in monitoring methods using geophysics, tracers, temperature, and remote sensing have provided new insights into spatial and temporal variation in groundwater–surface water interactions.
Quasimetallic Molybdenum Carbide–Based Flexible Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels for Enhancing Solar Water Evaporation
Authors: Yu Fang , Ming Xin , Xu You , Chen Zihe , Meng Dongxue , Cheng Haiyan , Shi Zhuoxun , Shen Ping , Wang Xianbao
Published: October 2019

Solar interfacial water evaporation has been regarded as a promising technique for large‐scale water purification by utilizing sustainable solar energy. However, fresh water production, especially in resource limited areas, still remains challenging and needs to be addressed. Here, molybdenum carbide (MoCx)– based polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels (MoCxPH) are strategically designed as flexible and highly efficient solar evaporators for producing clean water from different water‐bearing media. Through adjusting the calcination temperatures, the phase transition of MoCx from η‐MoC to β‐Mo2C makes the product to be a quasimetal from a semiconductor, leading to a strong broadband adsorption over the full solar spectrum together with excellent photothermal conversion capability. The hydrogel‐based solar evaporator exhibits an average water evaporation rate of 1.59 kg m−2 h−1 with superb solar thermal efficiency up to 83.6% under one sun illumination. This scalable solar evaporator can be used to generate clean water from contaminated water with rejections close to 100% for organic dyes and metal ions. The solar water evaporator has potential applications for the remote areas to deal with the drinkable water shortage problem.
Pericytes Contribute to Dysfunction in a Human 3D Model of Placental Microvasculature through VEGF‐Ang‐Tie2 Signaling
Authors: Haase Kristina , Gillrie Mark R. , Hajal Cynthia , Kamm Roger D.
Published: October 2019

Placental vasculopathies are associated with a number of pregnancy‐related diseases, including pre‐eclampsia (PE)—a leading cause of maternal–fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Placental presentations of PE are associated with endothelial dysfunction, reduced vessel perfusion, white blood cell infiltration, and altered production of angiogenic factors within the placenta (a candidate mechanism). Despite maintaining vascular quiescence in other tissues, how pericytes contribute to vascular growth and signaling in the placenta remains unknown. Here, pericytes are hypothesized to play a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of placental vascular growth. A perfusable triculture model is developed, consisting of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, capable of recapitulating growth and remodeling in a system that mimics inflamed placental microvessels. Placental pericytes are shown to contribute to growth restriction of microvessels over time, an effect that is strongly regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor and Angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling. Furthermore, this model is capable of recapitulating essential processes including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)‐mediated vascular leakage and leukocyte infiltration, both important aspects associated with placental PE. This placental vascular model highlights that an imbalance in endothelial–pericyte crosstalk can play a critical role in the development of vascular pathology and associated diseases.
Origami Metawall: Mechanically Controlled Absorption and Deflection of Light
Authors: Li Min , Shen Lian , Jing Liqiao , Xu Su , Zheng Bin , Lin Xiao , Yang Yihao , Wang Zuojia , Chen Hongsheng
Published: October 2019

Metamaterials/metasurfaces, which have subwavelength resonating unit cells (i.e., meta‐atoms), can enable unprecedented control over the flow of light. Despite their significant progress, achieving dynamical control of both energy and momentum of light remains a challenge. Here, a mechanically tunable metawall capable of either absorbing light energy or modulating light momentum, by incorporating the magnetic meta‐atoms into a 3D printed origami grating, is theoretically designed and experimentally realized. Through mechanical stretching or compressing of the Miura‐ori pattern, the function of metawall can transit from an absorber, a mirror, to a negative reflector. Particularly, the continuously geometric deformation of the Miura‐ori lattice is a promising approach to compensate the angular dispersion in gradient metasurfaces. Considering the prominent mechanical properties and strong deformation abilities of origami structures, the findings may open an alternative avenue toward lightweight and deployable metadevices with diversified and continuously alterable electromagnetic properties.
Highly Efficient and Stable White Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Perovskite Quantum Dot Paper
Authors: Kang Chieh‐Yu , Lin Chun‐Ho , Lin Chih‐Hao , Li Ting‐You , Huang Chen Sung‐Wen , Tsai Chun‐Lin , Sher Chin‐Wei , Wu Ting‐Zhu , Lee Po‐Tsung , Xu Xuezhu , Zhang Maolin , Ho Chih‐Hsiang , He Jr‐Hau , Kuo Hao‐Chung
Published: October 2019

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are a competitive candidate for next‐generation display technologies as a result of their superior photoluminescence, narrow emission, high quantum yield, and color tunability. However, due to poor thermal resistance and instability under high energy radiation, most PQD‐based white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) show only modest luminous efficiency of ≈50 lm W−1 and a short lifetime of <100 h. In this study, by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals, a new type of QD film is fabricated: CH3NH3PbBr3 PQD paper that features 91% optical absorption, intense green light emission (518 nm), and excellent stability attributed to the complexation effect between the nanocellulose and PQDs. The PQD paper is combined with red K2SiF6:Mn4+ phosphor and blue GaN LED chips to fabricate a high‐performance white LED demonstrating ultrahigh luminous efficiency (124 lm W−1), wide color gamut (123% of National Television System Committee), and long operation lifetime (240 h), which paves the way for advanced lighting technology.
Bio‐Orthogonal Bacterial Reactor for Remission of Heavy Metal Poisoning and ROS Elimination
Authors: Pan Pei , Fan Jin‐Xuan , Wang Xia‐Nan , Wang Jia‐Wei , Zheng Di‐Wei , Cheng Han , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: October 2019

Multitudinous industrial products in daily life put human health at risk of heavy metal exposure, and natural bacteria have displayed superior performance in bioadsorption and biodegradation of heavy metal. In this study, a bacteria‐based bioreactor is developed to precisely bioadsorb lead (Pb) ions, eliminate concomitant reactive oxygen species (ROS), and remit the injury of acute/chronic Pb poisoning. A nonpathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli MG1655 (Bac) is decorated with antioxidative cerium oxide nanoparticles (Ceria) on the surface through a bio‐orthogonal reaction, and the complex bioreactor could spontaneously aggregate in organs with high concentration of Pb. Furthermore, the excess Pb is bioadsorbed by bacteria and the concomitant ROS is eliminated by Ceria nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that this integral biotic/abiotic hybrid bioreactor successfully realizes detoxication of Pb and reparation of injury, also accompanied with inappreciable side effects.
Fostering a Diverse Pool of Global Health Academic Leaders Through Mentorship and Career Path Planning
Authors: Newberry Jennifer A. , Patel Shama , Kayden Stephanie , O’Laughlin Kelli N. , Cioè‐Peña Eric , Strehlow Matthew C.
Published: October 2019

Established in 2011, the Global Emergency Medicine Academy (GEMA) aims “to improve the global delivery of emergency care through research, education, and mentorship.” Global health remains early in its development as an academic track in emergency medicine, and there are only a small number of global emergency medicine academic faculty in most institutions. Consequently, GEMA focused its efforts at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Annual Meeting in 2019 on developing a diverse pool of global health academics and leaders in emergency medicine. Current and previous members of the GEMA Executive Committee convened to appraise and describe how current GEMA efforts situate within existing knowledge in the arenas of professional development and mentorship. The 2019 SAEM Annual Meeting unveiled the Global Emergency Medicine Roadmap, a joint venture between GEMA and the residents and medical students (RAMS) group. The roadmap guides medical students, residents, and fellows in the exploration of global emergency medicine and career development. GEMA’s mentorship roundtable complemented this effort by providing a version of speed mentoring across several critical areas: work–life balance, identifying near‐peer and long‐distance mentoring opportunities, negotiating with your Chair, finding funding, networking, and teaching abroad. Finally, the GEMA‐sponsored panel “Empowering Women through Emergency Care Development in LMICs” underscored the potential for empowering women through global emergency medicine development, including policy advocacy, inclusive research approaches, and mentorship and sponsorship. In summary, GEMA is committed to developing a diverse group of future global health leaders to guide the expansion of emergency medicine worldwide. Our work indicates critical future directions in global emergency medicine education and training including building innovative mentoring networks across institutions and countries. Further, we will continue to focus on growing faculty diversity, empowering underrepresented populations through emergency care development, and supporting rising global emergency medicine faculty in their pursuit of advancement and promotion.
Surgical indication for and desirable outcomes of conversion surgery in patients with initially unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Satoi Sohei , Yamamoto Tomohisa , Yamaki So , Sakaguchi Tatsuma , Sekimoto Mitsugu
Published: October 2019

Aim of this review is to propose an acceptable surgical indication for conversion surgery in patients with initially unresectable (UR) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by considering desirable outcomes, including resectability, overall survival (OS), and disease‐free survival (DFS). A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was conducted through July 15, 2019. Eligible studies were those reporting on patients with UR‐PDAC who underwent surgery. We excluded case reports with fewer than 10 patients, insufficient descriptions of survival data, and palliative surgery. When patients with UR‐PDAC with no progression after chemo(radiation) therapy were offered surgical exploration, resectability and median survival time (MST) of those who underwent conversion surgery ranged from 20% to 69% (median, 52%) and from 19.5 to 33 months (median, 21.9 months), respectively. When conversion surgery was carried out in patients with expected margin‐negative resection or with clinical response by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST), resectability and MST ranged from 18% to 27% (median, 20%) and from 21 to 35.3 months (median, 30 months), respectively. Among patients who underwent conversion surgery based on clinical response and decreased CA19‐9 level after multimodal treatment, resectability and MST ranged from 2% to 24% (median, 4.1%) and from 24.1 to 64 months (median, 36 months), respectively. Decreased CA19‐9 level was a predictor of resectability, OS and DFS by multivariate analysis. In conclusion, decision‐making for conversion surgery based on clinical response and decreased CA19‐9 level after multimodal treatment may be appropriate. With regard to desirable outcomes of OS and DFS, conversion surgery may provide improved survival for patients with initial UR‐PDAC.
N2O Reductase Activity of a [Cu4S] Cluster in the 4CuI Redox State Modulated by Hydrogen Bond Donors and Proton Relays in the Secondary Coordination Sphere
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Wei , Rathnayaka Suresh C. , Islam Shahidul M. , MacMillan Samantha N. , Mankad Neal P.
Published: October 2019

The model complex [Cu4(μ4‐S)(dppa)4]2+ (1, dppa=μ2‐(Ph2P)2NH) has N2O reductase activity in methanol solvent, mediating 2 H+/2 e− reduction of N2O to N2+H2O in the presence of an exogenous electron donor (CoCp2). A stoichiometric product with two deprotonated dppa ligands was characterized, indicating a key role of second‐sphere N−H residues as proton donors during N2O reduction. The activity of 1 towards N2O was suppressed in solvents that are unable to provide hydrogen bonding to the second‐sphere N−H groups. Structural and computational data indicate that second‐sphere hydrogen bonding induces structural distortion of the [Cu4S] active site, accessing a strained geometry with enhanced reactivity due to localization of electron density along a dicopper edge site. The behavior of 1 mimics aspects of the CuZ catalytic site of nitrous oxide reductase: activity in the 4CuI:1S redox state, use of a second‐sphere proton donor, and reactivity dependence on both primary and secondary sphere effects.
“Direct” 13C Hyperpolarization of 13C‐Acetate by MicroTesla NMR Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE)
Authors: Gemeinhardt Max E. , Limbach Miranda N. , Gebhardt Thomas R. , Eriksson Clark W. , Eriksson Shannon L. , Lindale Jacob R. , Goodson Elysia A. , Warren Warren S. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. , Goodson Boyd M.
Published: October 2019

Herein, we demonstrate “direct” 13C hyperpolarization of 13C‐acetate via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). The standard SABRE homogeneous catalyst [Ir‐IMes; [IrCl(COD)(IMes)], (IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl), imidazole‐2‐ylidene; COD=cyclooctadiene)] was first activated in the presence of an auxiliary substrate (pyridine) in alcohol. Following addition of sodium 1‐13C‐acetate, parahydrogen bubbling within a microtesla magnetic field (i.e. under conditions of SABRE in shield enables alignment transfer to heteronuclei, SABRE‐SHEATH) resulted in positive enhancements of up to ≈100‐fold in the 13C NMR signal compared to thermal equilibrium at 9.4 T. The present results are consistent with a mechanism of “direct” transfer of spin order from parahydrogen to 13C spins of acetate weakly bound to the catalyst, under conditions of fast exchange with respect to the 13C acetate resonance, but we find that relaxation dynamics at microtesla fields alter the optimal matching from the traditional SABRE‐SHEATH picture. Further development of this approach could lead to new ways to rapidly, cheaply, and simply hyperpolarize a broad range of substrates (e.g. metabolites with carboxyl groups) for various applications, including biomedical NMR and MRI of cellular and in vivo metabolism.
Photoredoxkatalytische α‐Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylierung von α‐Methyl‐ und α‐Phenylstyrol mithilfe von SF6
Authors: Rombach David , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: October 2019

SF6 wurde als Pentafluorosulfanylierungsreagenz in der Photoredoxkatalyse verwendet, um über ein Einstufenprotokoll Ether mit vicinalem SF5‐Substituent herzustellen. Diese Methode weist ein breites Substratspektrum bei den verwendbaren Alkoholen für die Umsetzung von α‐Methyl‐ und α‐Phenylstyrol auf. Die Produkte enthalten ein neues Strukturmotiv mit zwei funktionellen Gruppen, das in einem Reaktionsschritt aufgebaut wird. Die Alkoxygruppe erlaubt die Eliminierung sowie die Umsetzung in ein Azid als weitere Transformationen in wertvolle pentafluorosulfanylierte Verbindungen. Diese Resultate bestätigen, dass das ungiftige SF6 ein nützliches SF5‐Transferreagenz darstellt, wenn es durch Photoredoxkatalyse unter den richtigen Bedingungen aktiviert wird, wodurch giftige Reagenzien vollständig vermieden werden. Kombiniert mit Licht als Energiequelle wird ein hoher Grad an Nachhaltigkeit erzielt. Über diesen synthetischen Zugang kann in Zukunft das vorhergesagte Potential des SF5‐Substituenten in der Medizinal‐, Agro‐ und Materialchemie erforscht werden.
Naphthochromenones: Organic Bimodal Photocatalysts Engaging in Both Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Processes
Authors: Mateos Javier , Rigodanza Francesco , Vega‐Peñaloza Alberto , Sartorel Andrea , Natali Mirco , Bortolato Tommaso , Pelosi Giorgio , Companyó Xavier , Bonchio Marcella , Dell'Amico Luca
Published: October 2019

Twelve naphthochromenone photocatalysts (PCs) were synthesized on gram scale. They absorb across the UV/Vis range and feature an extremely wide redox window (up to 3.22 eV) that is accessible using simple visible light irradiation sources (CFL or LED). Their excited‐state redox potentials, PC*/PC.− (up to 1.65 V) and PC.+/PC* (up to −1.77 V vs. SCE), are such that these novel PCs can engage in both oxidative and reductive quenching mechanisms with strong thermodynamic requirements. The potential of these bimodal PCs was benchmarked in synthetically relevant photocatalytic processes with extreme thermodynamic requirements. Their ability to efficiently catalyze mechanistically opposite oxidative/reductive photoreactions is a unique feature of these organic photocatalysts, thus representing a decisive advance towards generality, sustainability, and cost efficiency in photocatalysis.
Chemical Antibody Mimics Inhibit Cadherin‐Mediated Cell–Cell Adhesion: A Promising Strategy for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Medina Rangel Paulina X. , Moroni Elena , Merlier Franck , Gheber Levi A. , Vago Razi , Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Haupt Karsten
Published: October 2019

One of the most promising strategies to treat cancer is the use of therapeutic antibodies that disrupt cell–cell adhesion mediated by dysregulated cadherins. The principal site where cell–cell adhesion occurs encompasses Trp2 found at the N‐terminal region of the protein. Herein, we employed the naturally exposed highly conserved peptide Asp1‐Trp2‐Val3‐Ile4‐Pro5‐Pro6‐Ile7, as epitope to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP‐NPs) to recognize cadherins. Since MIP‐NPs target the site responsible for adhesion, they were more potent than commercially available therapeutic antibodies for inhibiting cell–cell adhesion in cell aggregation assays, and for completely disrupting three‐dimensional tumor spheroids as well as inhibiting invasion of HeLa cells. These biocompatible supramolecular anti‐adhesives may potentially be used as immunotherapeutic or sensitizing agents to enhance antitumor effects of chemotherapy.
Consolidated, systemic conceptualization, and definition of the “sharing economy”
Authors: Schlagwein Daniel , Schoder Detlef , Spindeldreher Kai
Published: October 2019

The “sharing economy” has recently emerged as a major global phenomenon in practice and is consequently an important research topic. What, precisely, is meant by this term, “sharing economy”? The literature to date offers many, often incomplete and conflicting definitions. This makes it difficult for researchers to lead a coherent discourse, to compare findings and to select appropriate cases. Alternative terms (e.g., “collaborative consumption,” “gig economy,” and “access economy”) are a further complication. To resolve this issue, our article develops a consolidated (based on all prior work) and systemic (relating to the phenomenon in its entire scope) definition of the sharing economy. The definition is based on the detailed analysis of definitions and explanations in 152 sources identified in a systematic literature review. We identify 36 original understandings of the term “sharing economy.” Using semantic integration strategies, we consolidate 84 semantic facets in these definitions into 18 characteristics of the sharing economy. Resolving conflicts in the meaning and scope of these characteristics, we arrive at a consolidated, systemic definition. We evaluate the definition's appropriateness and applicability by applying it to cases claimed by the media to be examples of the sharing economy. This article's definition is useful for future research and discourse on the sharing economy.
Characterizing the effects of in utero exposure to valproic acid on murine fetal heart development
Authors: Philbrook Nicola A. , Nikolovska Ana , Maciver Rebecca D. , Belanger Christine L. , Winn Louise M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Recently, the use of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) for the treatment of psychiatric conditions has been on the rise. However, studies have shown that in utero VPA exposure can affect embryonic development, including being associated with congenital heart defects. One proposed mechanism of VPA‐initiated teratogenicity is the inhibition of histone deacetylase, which is involved in the regulation of transcription factors that regulate cardiogenesis. Myocyte enhancing factor 2C (Mef2c), a transcription factor involved in the development of cardiac structure and cardiomyocyte differentiation, has been shown to increase in response to in utero VPA exposure, associating with contractile dysfunction and myocardial disorganization.

Methods

To characterize the effects of VPA on murine heart development, pregnant CD‐1 mice were dosed with 400 mg/kg of VPA on gestational day (GD) 9. Using high‐resolution ultrasound, we examined the effects of VPA on cardiac contractile function on GD 14–18, with fetal hearts being harvested on GD 19 for histological analysis. Lastly, we conducted quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to measure the relative Mef2c gene expression in GD 16 murine hearts.

Results

We observed structural anomalies at GD 19 in the hearts of VPA‐treated mice. Additionally, our results showed alterations in measures of cardiac contractility, with a decrease or increase in cardiac contractile ability in VPA‐treated mice depending on the GD and measurement taken.

Conclusions

These results further characterize the effects of VPA on heart development and suggest that alterations in Mef2c gene expression, at least on GD 16, do not mediate VPA‐induced cardiotoxicity in CD‐1 mice.
Developing higher‐order reading skills in mainstream primary schools: A metacognitive and self‐regulatory approach
Authors: Moir Taryn , Boyle James , Woolfson Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

The ability to read relies upon not just decoding, but also comprehending text. Being a good comprehender requires strategic reading and implies the use of comprehension strategies. Research indicates that readers who are taught several reading comprehension strategies have better reading skills than those only taught a single strategy. One multiple strategy reading comprehension intervention was evaluated using a mixed‐model quasi‐experimental design. Intervention and control conditions groups were assessed at pre‐ and post‐test points with standardised reading comprehension abilities, measured as the primary outcome measure. Implementation science principles were observed and evaluated. The schools all served areas of low socio‐economic status. 74 pupils (aged 9–10) in five classes in four primary‐level mainstream schools in a Scottish local authority were recruited as participants. Training was provided to participating schools by the first author and the programme was delivered in four sessions of 45 minutes per week for 8 weeks. An ANCOVA revealed a statistically significant effect of condition. Statistically significant scores were also evident in the secondary outcome measures of decoding of target word skills, children’s self‐reports of their reading strategy use and recreational reading frequency. Implementation tools indicated that the intervention was acceptable and feasible to implement. Implications of introducing this multiple strategy reading comprehension programme and of the evaluation of implementation are discussed.
The influence of feedback and awareness of consequences on the development of corporate sustainability action over time
Authors: Hörisch Jacob , Wulfsberg Isabell , Schaltegger Stefan
Published: October 2019

The current level of corporate sustainability is insufficient for overcoming pressing environmental and social issues. Research is therefore needed about processes that lead to increased corporate action that fosters sustainable development. This study investigates the influence of feedback and corporate awareness of consequences on the development of corporate sustainability action over time. It uses action regulation theory to quantitatively analyse data of 59 large German companies measured at two points in time. The results reveal a positive temporal development of corporate sustainability action, and awareness of consequences positively mediates the relationship between corporate sustainability actions in two different time periods. Feedback acts as a moderator between the positive effect of corporate sustainability action in the first period on corporate awareness of consequences in the second period. Based on these findings, recommendations for organisations include the importance of seeking and processing feedback.
Morphology of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter or Cricopharyngeus Muscle Revisited
Authors: Yamamoto Masahito , Hashimoto Keishi , Honkura Yohei , Murakami Gen , Abe Hiroshi , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Abe Shin‐Ichi
Published: October 2019

Histological examination of specimens from 22 donated elderly cadavers and 15 human fetuses revealed that the cricopharyngeus muscle (CPM) provided (1) posterior circular muscle fibers adjacent to the external aspect of the uppermost esophageal circular muscle and (2) a thin anterior sling connecting to that same muscle. Another thick lateral bundle of longitudinal muscle originated independently from a fascia covering the posterior cricoarytenoideus muscle, extended laterally and posteriorly, and occupied a space after the CPM had disappeared at the anterolateral angle of the esophagus below the cricoid. The thick fascia contained abundant elastic fibers along the internal surface of the pharyngeal constrictors (posteromedial elastic lamina), but was interrupted or discontinued near the cricoid origin of the CPM. As no submucosal smooth muscles or elastic fibers were connected to it, the CPM did not accompany a specific elastic structure at the interface between the pharyngeal and esophageal muscles. In fetuses, the medial half of the CPM was inserted into the cricoid while the lateral half continued to the sternothyroideus muscle or ended at a fascia covering the cricothyroideus. These anterolateral ends provided a mechanical load for longitudinal growth of the pharyngeal constrictors. Consequently, the CPM was unlikely to develop and grow to form the upper esophageal sphincter, and the muscle bundle crossing the lateral aspect of the pharyngo‐esophageal junction appeared to have a secondary passive role as a sphincter. This situation contrasts with that of another sphincter in the human body formed from striated muscle. Clin. Anat., 33:782–794, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of Protic, Hydridic and Apolar E−H Bonds by a Boryl‐Substituted GeII Cation
Authors: Mangan Robert J. , Rit Arnab , Sindlinger Christian P. , Tirfoin Rémi , Campos Jesús , Hicks Jamie , Christensen Kirsten E. , Niu Haoyu , Aldridge Simon
Published: October 2019

The synthesis of a boryl‐substituted germanium(II) cation, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2}(IPrMe)]+, (Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) featuring a supporting N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donor, has been explored through chloride abstraction from the corresponding (boryl)(NHC)GeCl precursor. Crystallographic studies in the solid state and UV/Vis spectra in fluorobenzene solution show that this species dimerizes under such conditions to give [(IPrMe){(HCNDipp)2B}Ge=Ge{B(NDippCH)2}(IPrMe)]2+ (IPrMe = 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), which can be viewed as an imidazolium‐functionalized digermene. The dimer is cleaved in the presence of donor solvents such as [D8]thf or [D5]pyridine, to give monomeric adducts of the type [Ge{B(NDippCH)2}(IPrMe)(L)]+. In the case of the thf adduct, the additional donor is shown to be sufficiently labile that it can act as a convenient in situ source of the monomeric complex [Ge{B(NDippCH)2}(IPrMe)]+ for oxidative bond‐activation chemistry. Thus, [Ge{B(NDippCH)2}(IPrMe)(thf)]+ reacts with silanes and dihydrogen, leading to the formation of GeIV products, whereas the cleavage of the N−H bond in ammonia ultimately yields products containing C−H and B−N bonds. The facile reactivity observed in E−H bond activation is in line with the very small calculated HOMO–LUMO gap (132 kJ mol−1).
Hydride Transfer Enables the Nickel‐Catalyzed ipso‐Borylation and Silylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Srimontree Watchara , Guo Lin , Rueping Magnus
Published: October 2019

Nickel‐catalyzed ipso‐borylations and silylations of aldehydes are described for the first time. The new functional‐group interconversion protocol is characterized by its scalability, functional‐group tolerance and wide substrate scope, including examples of late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules. The key for the successful reaction outcome is the use of a ketone as a hydride acceptor that intercepts the nickel hydride to undergo a reductive pathway, thus allowing formation of the desired C−B and C−Si bonds.
Design of Extractive Reaction Systems
Authors: Rathgeb Andrea , Palmtag Andreas , Kaminski Sebastian , Jupke Andreas
Published: October 2019

Product selectivity and yield in chemical reactions can be limited by side product formation or low conversions due to equilibrium limitations. Extractive reaction systems (ERS) employ an in situ liquid‐liquid extraction that separates the product from the reaction phase to overcome these difficulties. The design of ERS requires a broad knowledge of the discipline of process intensification and extraction and reaction engineering. Furthermore, specific knowledge about the interplay of reaction and extraction phenomena is unique to ERS. This review gives an overview of the design of ERS and enables their application to any suitable reaction.
Au(I)‐Catalyzed Annulation of Benzofurazan N‐oxides with Ynamides: From Predicting the Chemo‐Selectivity to the Synthesis of 7‐Nitroindole Derivatives
Authors: Zhu Changlei , Kou Luyao , Bao Xiaoguang
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

It could be proposed that gold(I)‐catalyzed reactions of ynamides with benzofurazan N‐oxides might proceed through either O‐attack or N‐attack to afford α‐oxo or α‐imino Au(I)‐carbenoid intermediates. Computational studies were performed to predict that benzofurazan N‐oxides are ready to undergo the chemoselective N‐attack to the Au(I)‐activated ynamides to generate the α‐imino Au(I)‐carbenoid intermediate. Experimental studies were carried out to confirm the computational results and the 7‐nitroindole derivatives were synthesized in a concise and efficient manner. The unfavored O‐attack for benzofurazan N‐oxides, which is in contrast to nitrones and pyridine/quinoline N‐oxides, in the Au(I)‐catalyzed reactions with ynamides is rationalized.
Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained RORγt Inverse Agonists
Authors: Sato Ayumu , Fukase Yoshiyuki , Kono Mitsunori , Ochida Atsuko , Oda Tsuneo , Sasaki Yusuke , Ishii Naoki , Tomata Yoshihide , Fukumoto Shoji , Imai Yumi N. , Uga Keiko , Shibata Akira , Yamasaki Masashi , Nakagawa Hideyuki , Shirasaki Mikio , Skene Robert , Hoffman Isaac , Sang Bi‐Ching , Snell Gyorgy , Shirai Junya , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: October 2019

Retinoic‐acid‐related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) inverse agonists could be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Previously, we reported a novel quinazolinedione 1 a with a flexible linear linker as a novel RORγt inverse agonist. A U‐shaped conformation in the complex structure of 1 a with RORγt protein was confirmed. Further improvement of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles was required because of the low drug exposure in mice upon oral administration (mouse AUC of 1 a: 27 ng ⋅ h ⋅ mL−1 at 1 mg ⋅ kg−1, p.o.). To improve the PK profiles, conformationally constrained U‐shaped scaffolds were investigated. As a result, morpholine analogues with improved PK profiles and high potency were successfully identified. The substituent at the N1 position of the quinazoline moiety was also modified, leading to an enhancement of reporter activity. Consequently, compound 43 (N2‐(3‐chloro‐4‐cyanophenyl)‐N4‐(3‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐1‐isopropyl‐2,4‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinazolin‐6‐yl)morpholine‐2,4‐dicarboxamide) exhibited improved drug exposure (mouse AUC: 1289 ng ⋅ h ⋅ mL−1 at 1 mg ⋅ kg−1, p.o.). In addition, suppression of IL‐17A gene expression by IL‐23 stimulation in a mouse pharmacodynamics model was observed for 43. The conformation of 43 with RORγt protein was also confirmed as U‐shape by X‐ray co‐crystal structure analysis. The key interaction that boosts potency is also discussed.
Translating a Low‐Molecular‐Weight MRI Probe Sensitive to Amino Acid Neurotransmitters into a PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugate: The Impact of Conjugation
Authors: Toljić Đorđe , Angelovski Goran
Published: October 2019

A novel nano‐sized MRI probe sensitive to zwitterionic amino acid neurotransmitters (ZNTs) was prepared by the conjugation of bismacrocyclic ZNT‐responsive units to a generation 4 (G4) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. In vitro evaluation through 1H NMR relaxometric titrations provided binding profiles revealing a surface morphology‐dependent interaction with the ZNTs. The positively charged dendrimeric periphery gave higher initial relaxivities and a milder decrease upon interaction with the target molecules. To improve solubility under physiologically relevant conditions, polyethylene glycol (PEG) units were additionally conjugated to the dendrimeric surface. The PEGylated conjugate displayed discrimination towards acetylcholine and a slightly increased binding affinity towards glutamate over the massively abundant competitive metabolite hydrogencarbonate.
Effects of size‐ and sex‐selective harvesting: An integral projection model approach
Authors: Stubberud Marlene Wæge , Vindenes Yngvild , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn , Winfield Ian J. , Stenseth Nils Christian , Langangen Øystein
Published: October 2019

Harvesting is often size‐selective, and in species with sexual size dimorphism, it may also be sex‐selective. A powerful approach to investigate potential consequences of size‐ and/or sex‐selective harvesting is to simulate it in a demographic population model. We developed a population‐based integral projection model for a size‐ and sex‐structured species, the commonly exploited pike (Esox lucius). The model allows reproductive success to be proportional to body size and potentially limited by both sexes. We ran all harvest simulations with both lower size limits and slot limits, and to quantify the effects of selective harvesting, we calculated sex ratios and the long‐term population growth rate (λ). In addition, we quantified to what degree purely size‐selective harvesting was sex‐selective, and determined when λ shifted from being female to male limited under size‐ and sex‐selective harvesting. We found that purely size‐selective harvest can be sex‐selective, and that it depends on the harvest limits and the size distributions of the sexes. For the size‐ and sex‐selective harvest simulations, λ increased with harvest intensity up to a threshold as females limited reproduction. Beyond this threshold, males became the limiting sex, and λ decreased as more males were harvested. The peak in λ, and the corresponding sex ratio in harvest, varied with both the selectivity and the intensity of the harvest simulation. Our model represents a useful extension of size‐structured population models as it includes both sexes, relaxes the assumption of female dominance, and accounts for size‐dependent fecundity. The consequences of selective harvesting presented here are especially relevant for size‐ and sex‐structured exploited species, such as commercial fisheries. Thus, our model provides a useful contribution toward the development of more sustainable harvesting regimes.
Using co‐occurrence network topology in assessing ecological stress in benthic macroinvertebrate communities
Authors: Simons Ariel Levi , Mazor Raphael , Theroux Susanna
Published: October 2019

Ecological monitoring of streams has often focused on assessing the biotic integrity of individual benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) communities through local measures of diversity, such as taxonomic or functional richness. However, as individual BMI communities are frequently linked by a variety of ecological processes at a regional scale, there is a need to assess biotic integrity of groups of communities at the scale of watersheds. Using 4,619 sampled communities of streambed BMIs, we investigate this question using co‐occurrence networks generated from groups of communities selected within California watersheds under different levels of stress due to upstream land use. Building on a number of arguments in theoretical ecology and network theory, we propose a framework for the assessment of the biotic integrity of watershed‐scale groupings of BMI communities using measures of their co‐occurrence network topology. We found significant correlations between stress, as described by a mean measure of upstream land use within a watershed, and topological measures of co‐occurrence networks such as network size (r = −.81, p < 10–4), connectance (r = .31, p < 10–4), mean co‐occurrence strength (r = .25, p < 10–4), degree heterogeneity (r = −.10, p < 10–4), and modularity (r = .11, p < 10–4). Using these five topological measures, we constructed a linear model of biotic integrity, here a composite of taxonomic and functional diversity known as the California Stream Condition Index, of groups of BMI communities within a watershed. This model can account for 66% of among‐watershed variation in the mean biotic integrity of communities. These observations imply a role for co‐occurrence networks in assessing the current status of biotic integrity for BMI communities, as well as their potential use in assessing other ecological communities.
Intergenerational effects of CO2‐induced stream acidification in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: George Hartley C. P. H. , Miles George , Bemrose James , White Amelia , Bond Matthew N. , Cameron Tom C.
Published: October 2019

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are driving decreases in aquatic pH. As a result, there has been a surge in the number of studies examining the impact of acidification on aquatic fauna over the past decade. Thus far, both positive and negative impacts on the growth of fish have been reported, creating a disparity in results. Food availability and single‐generation exposure have been proposed as some of the reasons for these variable results, where unrealistically high food treatments lead to fish overcoming the energetic costs associated with acclimating to decreased pH. Likewise, exposure of fish to lower pH for only one generation may not capture the likely ecological response to acidification that wild populations might experience over two or more generations. Here we compare somatic growth rates of laboratory populations of the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to pH levels that represent the average and lowest levels observed in streams in its native range. Specifically, we test the role of maternal acclimation and resource availability on the response of freshwater fishes to acidification. Acidification had a negative impact on growth at more natural, low food treatments. With high food availability, fish whose mothers were acclimated to the acidified treatment showed no reduction in growth, compared to controls. Compensatory growth was observed in both control–acidified (maternal–natal environment) and acidified–control groups, where fish that did not experience intergenerational effects achieved the same size in response to acidification as those that did, after an initial period of stunted growth. These results suggest that future studies on the effects of shifting mean of aquatic pH on fishes should take account of intergenerational effects and compensatory growth, as otherwise effects of acidification may be overestimated.
Developing and applying a macroinvertebrate‐based multimetric index for urban rivers in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Edegbene Augustine O. , Arimoro Francis O. , Odume Oghenekaro N.
Published: October 2019

Urban pollution of riverine ecosystem is a serious concern in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. No biomonitoring tool exists for the routine monitoring of effects of urban pollution on riverine systems within the region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and apply a macroinvertebrate‐based multimetric index for assessing water quality condition of impacted urban river systems in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Macroinvertebrate and physicochemical samples were collected from 11 stations in eight river systems. Based on the physicochemical variables, the stations were categorized into three impact categories namely least impacted stations (LIS), moderately impacted stations (MIS) and heavily impacted stations (HIS). Seventy‐seven (77) candidate metrics were tested and only five: Hemiptera abundance, %Coleoptera + Hemiptera, %Chironomidae + Oligochaeta, Evenness index and Logarithm of relative abundance of very large body size (>40–80 mm) were retained and integrated into the final Niger Delta urban multimetric index (MINDU). The validation dataset showed a correspondence of 83.3% between the index result and the physicochemically‐based classification for the LIS and a 75% correspondence for the MIS. A performance of 22.2% was recorded for the HIS. The newly developed MINDU proved useful as a biomonitoring tool in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and can thus be used by environmental managers and government officials for routine monitoring of rivers and streams subjected to urban pollution.
Ocean warming and tropical invaders erode the performance of a key herbivore
Authors: Yeruham E. , Shpigel M. , Abelson A. , Rilov G.
Published: October 2019

Climate change and bioinvasions are two facets of global change that can act in tandem to impact native species and ecosystems. However, their combined effects on key species have rarely been studied. The Mediterranean Sea is a hot spot of both ocean warming and bioinvasions, where their impact can be tested together. In recent years, the population of a key herbivore, the European purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), has virtually collapsed along the Israeli Mediterranean coast (southeastern Levant). Here, we used field and lab experiments to test two complementary hypotheses that may explain the urchin population collapse: (1) resource competition that may lead to competitive exclusion by invasive grazers (two Red Sea rabbitfishes) and (2) reduced performance due to ocean warming. An inclusion–exclusion in situ caging experiment revealed a strong negative impact of fish grazing on algal cover and on the urchin’s gut content and gonado‐somatic index (GSI). Laboratory experiments revealed a considerable negative impact of both elevated temperature and food deficiency on sea urchin respiration and GSI, and consequently on its energy budget and reproductive potential and, potentially, fitness. Such reduced reproductive capacity must have greatly lowered the sea urchin’s population viability, contributing (and possibly even leading) to its collapse in the southeastern Levant in the past two decades. Urchin population declines are expected to spread to the west and north of the Mediterranean Sea following further warming and rabbitfish expansion. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential additive effects of ocean warming and implied competitive exclusion by an invader on a native species at its warm biogeographic distribution edge.