bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diretrizes curriculares nacionais para os cursos de nutrição: avanços, lacunas, ambiguidades e perspectivas
Authors: Soares Nadia Tavares , Aguiar Adriana Cavalcanti de
Published: March 2011

As orientações curriculares e pedagógicas para a formação do profissional de nutrição receberam influência da dinâmica das transformações do ensino superior no Brasil. Em 2001, o Ministério da Educação instituiu as diretrizes curriculares nacionais para os cursos de graduação da área da saúde, em consonância com a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação. As diretrizes curriculares conformam uma nova baliza para o ensino em saúde a partir da extinção do currículo mínimo, considerado demasiadamente teórico, rígido e inflexível, não atendendo às exigências particulares de cada região, instituição ou curso, bem como às demandas sociais. As diretrizes curriculares representam ainda o desejo de superação da hegemonia do modelo biomédico e do ensino centrado no professor. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criticamente os conteúdos das diretrizes curriculares para a graduação em nutrição e refletir sobre avanços, ambiguidades e lacunas, na perspectiva de uma implementação participativa e de avaliações constantes. O texto discute perfil do egresso, competências e habilidades e conteúdos de estudo, apontando para novas discussões sobre o que está proposto, fomentando possíveis cenários para o aperfeiçoamento do processo da formação em nutrição.
Variação de caracteres morfológicos e fisiológicos de populações naturais de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen e correlação com a produção de β-ecdisona
Authors: Kamada T. , Picoli E.A.E. , Vieira R.F. , Barbosa L.C.A. , Cruz C.D. , Otoni W.C.
Published: March 2011

No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a divergência genética de indivíduos de quatro populações de fáfia [Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen] coletadas na região do rio Paraná por meio de estudos de caracteres morfológicos associados à produção de β-ecdisona. A divergência foi avaliada entre 64 indivíduos utilizando 14 caracteres morfológicos quantitativos, incluindo o teor de β-ecdisona. Os dados foram interpretados pelas médias dos caracteres, índice de dissimilaridade de Mahalanobis, agrupamento pelo método UPGMA e correlação simples de Pearson. Os resultados demonstraram maiores valores de divergência entre indivíduos pertencentes a diferentes populações e menores, entre indivíduos da mesma população. Os indivíduos pertencentes à população 1, coletados à margem do rio Ivaí, destacaram-se pelos altos valores de β-ecdisona, predominando o seguinte perfil: matéria seca da raiz abaixo da média geral (135,1 g planta-1); antese precoce em relação a média geral (135,8 dias); dias para ocorrer a senescência de 90% das folhas abaixo da média geral (201,4 dias); e intervalo entre antese e senescência acima da média (65,6 dias). Os caracteres avaliados demonstraram significativa variação entre os indivíduos, no entanto, não foi possível observar dados que evidenciam a correlação entre a produção de β-ecdisona e caracteres morfológicos avaliados no presente estudo.
Efeito fungitóxico in vitro do óleo resina e do óleo essencial de copaíba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne)
Authors: Deus R.J.A. , Carvalho A.S.C. , Banna D.A.D.S. , Arruda M.S.P. , Alves C.N. , Santos A.S.
Published: March 2011

Óleo de Copaifera multijuga Hayne, in natura e as frações foram avaliadas quanto às atividades fungitóxicas in vitro, frente a cinco espécies de fungos filamentosos do gênero Aspergillus e três espécies de leveduras do gênero Candida. Concentrações de óleo resina e de óleo essencial na faixa de 0,08 mg mL-1 a 1,6 mg mL-1 foram usadas para as análises qualitativa e quantitativas. As amostras foram dispostas sobre discos de papel de 5 mm de diâmetro e distribuídos sobre o meio Saboraud em placas de Petri, inoculadas com esporos dos microorganismos e incubadas a 28ºC durante 10 dias. Utilizou-se solução com 1,6 mg mL-1 de nitrato de miconazol como controle positivo. Os resultados qualitativos mostraram que o óleo resina apresentou boa atividade fungistática, porém uma das frações do óleo essencial se mostrou altamente efetiva contra Candida parapsilosis IOC-2882, Aspergillus flavus IOC-3874 e A tamarii IOC-187 com halos de inibição de 16,0±1,4 mm, 19,5±2,1 mm e 12,5±3,5 mm, respectivamente. Já a avaliação quantitativa mostrou que 0,3 mg mL-1 do óleo resina inibiu o crescimento de A. flavus e C. parapsilosis, enquanto que 0,08 mg mL-1 da fração do óleo essencial atingiu esta mesma atividade.
Efeito cicatrizante e atividade antibacteriana da Calendula officinalis L. cultivada no Brasil
Authors: Parente L.M.L. , Silva M.S.B. , Brito L.A.B. , Lino-Júnior R.S. , Paula J.R. , Trevenzol L.M.F. , Zatta D.T. , Paulo N.M.
Published: March 2011

Desde a antiguidade propriedades medicinais são atribuídas às flores da Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) destacando-se a atividade cicatrizante. Estudos sobre a atividade geral de plantas medicinais na cicatrização vêm sendo realizados, sem especificar sobre qual das fases da cicatrização a planta atua. Neste trabalho a atividade cicatrizante e antiinflamatória do extrato etanólico das flores da C. officinalis cultivada no Brasil foi avaliada em feridas cutâneas de ratos Wistar, por meio de avaliação macroscópica e histológica. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato e das frações hexânica e diclorometano também foi avaliada. A atividade antiinflamatória do extrato etanólico da calêndula foi atribuída à diminuição da exsudação serosa, da hiperemia, da deposição de fibrina e da hiperplasia epidermal, além de resultar em crostas mais delgadas e umedecidas. Observaram-se também aumento de colágeno no tecido de granulação e efeito antibacteriano. Assim, o extrato etanólico da calêndula atuou de forma positiva sobre a atividade cicatricial em feridas cutâneas de ratos, bem como apresentou atividade antibacteriana in vitro.
Óleos essenciais no controle pós-colheita de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em mamão
Authors: Carnelossi P.R. , Schwan-Estrada K.R.F. , Cruz M.E.S. , Itako A.T. , Mesquini R.M.
Published: March 2011

Os subprodutos de plantas medicinais têm sido estudados como uma alternativa para o controle de doenças de plantas visando amenizar e/ou reduzir o uso abusivo de agrotóxicos, principalmente em condições pós-colheita. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro e in vivo, o controle de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, agente causal da antracnose do mamão em pós-colheita, por óleos essenciais (OEs) de Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora, Mentha arvensis e Artemisia dracunculus. Para inibição do crescimento micelial in vitro, os OEs foram incorporados ao BDA (Batata-dextrose-ágar) tendo-se observado a inibição total ou parcial do crescimento micelial e da esporulação deste fitopatógeno, dependendo do óleo essencial utilizado. No ensaio in vivo utilizaram-se os OEs de C. citratus (1%) e E. citriodora (1%). A inoculação com o fitopatógeno foi concomitante e 24 h após os tratamentos alternativos, que foram: óleos essenciais de C. citratus e de E. citriodora (1%) e biomassa cítrica (150 mL 100 L-1) (Ecolife®). Os parâmetros avaliados foram severidade da doença, redução da massa, diâmetro, comprimento final dos frutos, pH e a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais (ºBrix). Pode-se observar que, no controle da doença, os frutos tratados e imediatamente inoculados com o fitopatógenos apresentaram maior AACPD (Área Abaixo da Curva do Progresso da Doença). Porém, frutos tratados e inoculados 24 h após os tratamentos apresentaram maior controle da doença, confirmando o potencial dos óleos essenciais testados no presente trabalho.
Características biométricas e emergência de plântulas de Brosimum gaudichaudii Tréc. oriundas de diferentes procedências do cerrado mato-grossense
Authors: Faria R.A.P.G. , Silva A.N. , Albuquerque M.C.F. , Coelho M.F.B.
Published: March 2011

Brosimum gaudichaudii Tréc. (Moraceae), espécie típica do cerrado, popularmente conhecida como algodãozinho e mama-cadela, é muito apreciada pelo sabor adocicado dos frutos. É planta medicinal utilizada para o tratamento do vitiligo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características biométricas das sementes, a emergência e o desenvolvimento de plântulas provenientes de diferentes locais do cerrado mato-grossense. A coleta das sementes foi realizada aleatoriamente e o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (procedência das sementes) e quatro repetições. As características biométricas das sementes, de cada procedência, foram medidas com paquímetro digital. As sementes foram distribuídas em substrato de areia, em caixas de plástico, a profundidade de 2 cm e colocadas a 26ºC e 40% de umidade relativa por 42 dias. Foram consideradas como germinadas as sementes que formaram plântulas com 2 cm de altura. As variáveis observadas foram: dimensão das sementes, massa de 100 sementes, porcentagem e tempo médio de emergência de plântulas, altura, diâmetro basal e número de folhas das plântulas e o nível de coloração do caule (verde, róseo, avermelhado e vermelho). Apesar de não ter havido diferença na porcentagem de emergência de plântulas de Brosimum gaudichaudii das três procedências foram verificadas diferenças significativas tanto para o tempo médio de emergência quanto para o desenvolvimento de plântulas de diferentes procedências.
Teor e rendimento de flavonóides em calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) cultivada com diferentes lâminas de irrigação
Authors: Bortolo D.P.G. , Marques P.A.A. , Pacheco A.C.
Published: March 2011

A Calendula officinalis L. apresenta uso ornamental, culinário e terapêutico. A inflorescência é usada com ação cicatrizante e antiinflamatória. O experimento analisou o efeito de quatro lâminas de irrigação em condições de campo, na produção de flavonóides em calêndula. As lâminas baseadas na evaporação do Tanque Classe A (ECA) foram: 0, 50, 100 e 150% ECA; sendo aplicadas desde o início do florescimento até o final do ciclo da cultura. O teor de flavonóides não apresentou diferenças estatísticas. Os maiores valores de matéria seca de flores e rendimento de flavonóides foram obtidos no tratamento sem irrigação. O teor de prolina foi maior para o tratamento com estresse por excesso hídrico. A deficiência hídrica acumulada para o tratamento sem irrigação sinalizou uma possível morte por deficiência hídrica. Com a ocorrência da precipitação no período de pré-florescimento, a planta, originária do Mediterrâneo, respondeu com florescimento abundante em massa e em número de flores. Assim, para Presidente Prudente, caso não ocorra a reposição hídrica do solo por precipitação, é necessário o uso de irrigação complementar com 200 mm apenas no período de pré-florescimento, para induzir ao máximo florescimento e máximo rendimento de flavonóides por hectare.
Composição e atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de cravo-da-índia, citronela e palmarosa
Authors: Scherer R. , Wagner R. , Duarte M.C.T. , Godoy H.T.
Published: March 2011

Foram avaliadas a ação antioxidante, ação antimicrobiana e a composição dos óleos essenciais de cravo-da-índia (Caryophillus aromaticus L.), citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) e palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). A ação antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila), e a ação antimicrobiana determinada pelo método da microdiluição definindo-se a concentração inibitória mínima para os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Clostridium perfringens. A composição química dos óleos foi determinada por CG-DIC e a identificação dos compostos voláteis por CG-EM, em ambos os casos, utilizando uma coluna capilar DB-5. O óleo de cravo-da-índia apresentou uma forte atividade antioxidante e ação antimicrobiana moderada a forte, sendo o eugenol o componente majoritário do óleo de cravo-da-índia (83,7%). Por outro lado, as amostras de citronela e palmarosa apresentaram fraca ação antioxidante, porém a ação antimicrobiana foi moderada a forte.
Avaliação do incremento em volume de madeira de Quassia amara L.- Simaroubaceae, em cultivo agroecológico no trópico úmido da Costa Rica
Authors: Próspero R. , Ming L.C. , Rojas R.D. , Ocampo R.A.
Published: March 2011

Quassia amara é arbusto de 3 a 6 metros de altura, tendo sido retirado indiscriminadamente das florestas para extrair do caule as quassinas usadas na indústria farmacêutica e como inseticida em agricultura orgânica. Não se tem muita informação técnica acerca do crescimento desta espécie para subsidiar estratégias de manejo sustentado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o crescimento de Q. amara L. em cultivo agroecológico na Costa Rica. O trabalho consistiu em realizar avaliações do desenvolvimento de indivíduos de Q. amara em parcelas permanentes de medições, instaladas em meio às plantações desta espécie em consórcio com essências arbóreas. Foram efetuadas medições de diâmetro do caule a 10 cm do solo e altura total. Foi observado que em função das taxas de crescimento vegetal e incrementos médio e corrente anuais (IMA e ICA), mesmo após cinco anos de plantio, a madeira de Quassia amara para extração de quassinas não está pronta para colheita.
Óleo de copaíba (Copaifera sp.): histórico, extração, aplicações industriais e propriedades medicinais
Authors: Pieri F.A. , Mussi M.C. , Moreira M.A.S.
Published: March 2011

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o gênero Copaifera sp. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico do período de 1792 a 2008 utilizando bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Universidade Federal de Alfenas e Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, pesquisas às bases de dados SCOPUS e PubMed, além de ferramentas de busca na web. Utilizou-se para a busca palavras chave como "Copaiba", "Copaifera", "Copaíba oil" "Óleo de Copaíba". Como resultado desta pesquisa obteve-se a seleção de 63 referências incluindo livros, artigos, cadernos técnicos, resumos de congressos, teses, dissertações e patentes. Estes dados apontaram o óleo de copaíba como um exsudato produzido pelas copaibeiras como defesa contra seus predadores, que vem sendo utilizado pela medicina tradicional popular e silvícola há mais de 500 anos. Ele é extraído destas árvores através de perfurações realizadas em seus troncos. Além das inúmeras aplicações do óleo em cosméticos e outras indústrias, ainda há uma série de indicações para seu uso na medicina. Existem hoje descritas algumas dezenas de propriedades medicinais diferentes, que vem sendo em alguns casos comprovadas cientificamente, como atividade antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, anti-neoplásica entre outras. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado também grande potencial de uso do óleo de copaíba na odontologia, na composição de cimentos endodônticos e na prevenção e combate da doença periodontal. As informações contidas neste trabalho demonstram uma grande variabilidade de aplicações do óleo de copaíba. Entretanto uma quantidade limitada de pesquisas sobre suas propriedades medicinais tem sido realizada, apresentando assim a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre estas.
Hydrology and phytoplankton community structure at Itamaracá-Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil)
Authors: Koening Maria Luise , Macêdo Silvio José de
Published: March 2011

Quali-quantitative studies and hydrologic parameters were carried out in the profiles 6 (Orange) and 7 (Catuama) during the Victor Hensen cruise, in accordance with the bilateral scientific cooperation agreement Brazil/Germany. Hydrologically a zone of thermic and saline stability characterizes the superficial layer. The nutrient concentrations were generally low on the surface and higher at levels surpassing 100m in depth. 102 taxa were identified including diatoms (49), dinoflagellates (49), bluegreen algae (3), and euglenophyceae (1). The diversity and evenness were high, surpassing the environmental equilibrium. The clustering of samples showed evidence of 2 main groups, one encompassing the stations 32 and 38, characterized predominantly by Oscillatoria erythraeum, and another encompassing the remaining stations, characterized by dinoflagellates and diatoms. The clustering of species involved 4 groups, the biggest being oceanic marine species (49 species) and coastal and eurihaline marine species (31 species). The phytoplankton density varied from 50,000 cell.l-1 to 590,000 cell.l-1, characterizing an oligotrophic environment.
Thermoregulation in colonies of africanized and hybrids with Caucasian, Italian and Carniolan Apis mellifera honey bees
Authors: Toledo Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de , Nogueira-Couto Regina Helena
Published: March 2011

This experiment was carried out to study the internal temperature regulation of a colony of Africanized honey bees (AFR), compared with hybrid Caucasian (CAU), Italian (ITA), and Carniolan (CAR) bees, during the period of one year and different size hives located in a sub-tropical region. The instant internal temperature, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the AFR, 33.5 ± 1.4° C for the CAU, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the ITA and 33.8 ± 1.4° C for the CAR, did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The maximum temperature (36.1 ± 2.3° C) was statistically different (P<0.05) from the minimum (27.6 ± 5.3° C). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the mean internal temperature, between the nucleus (31.7 ± 6.3° C) and the brood nest (32.1 ± 5.3° C) measured between two and four o'clock in the afternoon.
Diet and dietary overlap of three sympatric fish species in lakes of the upper Paraná River floodplain
Authors: Luz Karla Danielle Gaspar da , Okada Edson Kiyoshi
Published: March 2011

For a dietary study, specimens of Astyanax bimaculatus, Astyanax schubarti, and Moenkhausia intermedia were caught monthly with seines-nets in six lakes (Pau Veio, Porto Rico, Três Amigos, Mutum, Pontal, and Canal do Meio), on the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, from March 1992 through February 1993. We analyzed stomach contents of 599 A. bimaculatus, 293 A. schubarti, and 394 M. intermedia, by the Occurrence and Points methods, combined in the Alimentary Index (AI). This analysis revealed that these species have broad dietary spectra. A. bimaculatus was an omnivore, with a tendency toward herbivory-insectivory. In most of the lakes it consumed terrestrial insects, followed by higher plants and microcrustaceans. A. schubarti was an omnivore, consuming the same type of items in the different lakes, in different proportions depending on the locality. M. intermedia was a planktophage, feeding mainly on cladocerans (more than 50%) in all the lakes except for Pontal, where higher plants were predominant (45.1%). Although A. bimaculatus and A. schubarti consumed similar items in the different localities, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) showed distinct segregation among the three species in all lakes studied.
Reproductive biology of a tetragonopterinae (osteichthyes, characidae) of the Ubatiba fluvial system, Maricá - RJ
Authors: Mazzoni Rosana , Petito Jaqueline
Published: March 2011

Aspects of the reproductive biology of one Tetragonopterinae was assessed in the Ubatiba river - Maricá / RJ. Length structure and mean size suggested sexual dimorphism, females reaching larger sizes than males. The onset of sexual maturity occured at 2.8cm for both the sexes. Fecundity, determined on ripe ovaries, showed positive correlation to females size and weight and varied from 595 to 5520 for 3.9cm and 6.2cm lengths respectively. The spawning type, defined as total, was determined by the oocyte diameter frequency from ovaries in different development stages. The frequency distribution of ovarian/testis maturation stages, associated with the temporal variation of the gonadosomatic index, suggested that the reproduction period was prolonged along the whole annual cycle.
Estudo comparativo do crescimento de plantas de tomate e milho sob condições de salinidade
Authors: Bezerra Neto Egídio , Nogueira Rejane Jurema Mansur Custódio
Published: March 2011

Plantas de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) e de milho (Zea maiz L.) foram cultivadas em meio hidropônico, em presença de 0 ou 100 mmol de NaCl por litro de solução nutritiva. Trinta dias após o início da aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada coleta para a análise dos parâmetros de crescimento. A taxa de crescimento absoluto de ambas as espécies diminuiu com a salinidade. O tratamento salino não afetou a alocação de biomassa das folhas, provocou uma diminuição na alocação da biomassa do caule e aumento da alocação da biomassa das raízes das plantas de tomate e de milho. Ocorreu uma redução de 48,01 % na área foliar das plantas de milho e de 58,75 % nas de tomate, devido ao tratamento salino. A razão de área foliar nas plantas de milho foi reduzida em 14,07 % enquanto nas de tomate tratadas com cloreto de sódio aumentou 15,49 %. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as plantas de milho são mais tolerantes à salinidade que as de tomate.
A Double Wound Flywheel System under Standard Drive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Goncalves de Oliveira Janaína , Lundin Johan , de Santiago Juan , Bernhoff Hans
Published: March 2011

Flywheel systems are attractive for use in electric vehicles, being able to efficiently handle the large power needed for acceleration and regenerative braking. A double wound flywheel machine, divided in two different voltage levels by the windings, acting like a rotating transformer, is studied.The flywheel stator windings have two sides: a low voltage side connected to the battery and a high voltage side connected to the wheel motor. The load variations on the high voltage side have minimal affect on the low voltage side of the system, in which the speed control of the machine is performed.In this paper the functionality of the system is investigated by means of simulations and experiments. Different standard drive cycles are applied on the high voltage side to assess the effect of load variations in the system as a whole and particularly in the speed control. The response of the speed control system is investigated with computer simulations and experimental verification. The energy storage in the flywheel allows a steady power supply from the battery via the inverter, proving the functionality of the system.
Decoupled Electronic Load Controller for Offgrid Induction Generators in Small Hydro Power Generation
Authors: Gopal Veeramalla Raja , Singh Bhim
Published: March 2011

The control of voltage and frequency is one of the prime concerns in small off-grid hydroelectric power plants located in remote and inaccessible places. Induction generators are prime contenders for such applications which are robust, require less maintenance and have low cost. This paper deals with an implementation of a decoupled electronic load controller (DELC) for a three-phase induction generator (IG) system in standalone applications. The DELC is a combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and conventional electronic load controller (ELC). The STATCOM consists of three-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled voltage source converter (CC-VSC) with a dc bus capacitor and an ELC consists of an IGBT based chopper and an auxiliary load on the dc bus of the diode bridge rectifier. An Icos? based control algorithm is used in DELC to regulate terminal voltage and frequency, suppress harmonics and to provide load balancing. Test results are presented under balanced/unbalanced nonlinear loads to demonstrate the effectiveness of the DELC for an induction generator system.
Input Production Joint Venture
Authors: Rossini Gianpaolo , Vergari Cecilia
Published: March 2011

In many industries, it is quite common to observe firms delegating the production of essential inputs to independent ventures jointly established with competing rivals. The diffusion of this arrangement and the favourable stance of competition authorities call for the assessment of the social and private desirability of Input Production Joint Ventures (IPJV), which represent a form of input production cooperation, scantly investigated so far. IPJV can be seen as an intermediate organizational setting lying between the two extremes of vertical integration and vertical separation, with a major difference, due to partial collusion. Our investigation is based on an oligopoly model with horizontally differentiated goods. We characterize the conditions under which IPJV is privately optimal finding that firms' incentives may be welfare detrimental. We also provide a rationale for the empirical relevance of IPJV both in terms of its ability to survive and in terms of disengagement incentives which account for the large number of divorces among members of joint ventures. The stance of the paper as to IPJV is more cautious with respect to the received wisdom of competition authorities and in favour of the wide application of the rule of reason.
Costly Renegotiation in Repeated Bertrand Games
Authors: Andersson Ola , Wengström Erik
Published: March 2011

This paper extends the concept of weak renegotiation-proof equilibrium (WRP) to allow for costly renegotiation and shows that even small renegotiation costs can have dramatic effects on the set of equilibria. More specifically, the paper analyzes the infinitely repeated Bertrand game. It is shown that for every level of renegotiation cost, there exists a discount factor such that any collusive profit can be supported as an equilibrium outcome. Hence, any arbitrary small renegotiation cost will suffice to facilitate collusive outcomes for sufficiently patient firms. This result stands in stark contrast to the unique pure strategy WRP equilibrium without renegotiation costs, which implies marginal-cost pricing in every period. Moreover, in comparison to the findings of McCutcheon (1997), who states that renegotiation costs have to be substantial to facilitate collusion, this result points to a quite different conclusion.
Rhabdomyolysis in An HIV-Infected Patient with Impaired Renal Function Concomitantly Treated with Rosuvastatin and Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Authors: de Kanter Clara TMM , Keuter Monique , van der Lee Manon J , Koopmans Peter P , Burger David M
Published: March 2011

The authors describe an HIV-infected patient with moderate renal failure receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Because of dyslipidaemia he was initially treated with pravastatin but developed rhabdomyolysis after a switch to rosuvastatin. With this case we illustrate that statins as well as antiretroviral therapy are susceptible to clinical relevant drug–drug or drug–disease interactions. Knowledge of these interactions is important to provide patients with the best possible care.
Mitochondrial Acetylation and Diseases of Aging
Authors: Wagner Gregory R. , Payne R. Mark
Published: March 2011

In recent years, protein lysine acetylation has emerged as a prominent and conserved regulatory posttranslational modification that is abundant on numerous enzymes involved in the processes of intermediary metabolism. Well-characterized mitochondrial processes of carbon utilization are enriched in acetyl-lysine modifications. Although seminal discoveries have been made in the basic biology of mitochondrial acetylation, an understanding of how acetylation states influence enzyme function and metabolic reprogramming during pathological states remains largely unknown. This paper will examine our current understanding of eukaryotic acetate metabolism and present recent findings in the field of mitochondrial acetylation biology. The implications of mitochondrial acetylation for the aging process will be discussed, as well as its potential implications for the unique and localized metabolic states that occur during the aging-associated conditions of heart failure and cancer growth.
Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Cancer Patients
Authors: Blann Andrew D. , Dunmore Simon
Published: March 2011

The most frequent ultimate cause of death is myocardial arrest. In many cases this is due to myocardial hypoxia, generally arising from failure of the coronary macro- and microcirculation to deliver enough oxygenated red cells to the cardiomyocytes. The principle reason for this is occlusive thrombosis, either by isolated circulating thrombi, or by rupture of upstream plaque. However, an additionally serious pathology causing potentially fatal stress to the heart is extra-cardiac disease, such as pulmonary hypertension. A primary cause of the latter is pulmonary embolus, considered to be a venous thromboembolism. Whilst the thrombotic scenario has for decades been the dominating paradigm in cardiovascular disease, these issues have, until recently, been infrequently considered in cancer. However, there is now a developing view that cancer is also a thrombotic disease, and notably a disease predominantly of the venous circulation, manifesting as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Indeed, for many, a venous thromboembolism is one of the first symptoms of a developing cancer. Furthermore, many of the standard chemotherapies in cancer are prothrombotic. Accordingly, thromboprophylaxis in cancer with heparins or oral anticoagulation (such as Warfarin), especially in high risk groups (such as those who are immobile and on high dose chemotherapy), may be an important therapy. The objective of this communication is to summarise current views on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of arterial and venous thrombosis in cancer.
Relation of Subjective Quality of Life to Motor Symptom Profile in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Appleman Erica R. , Stavitsky Karina , Cronin-Golomb Alice
Published: March 2011

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents with extensive heterogeneity in symptomatology, inviting examination of disease subtypes. One significant categorization is by whether patients present at onset with tremor as the dominant symptom (TD) or with nontremor symptoms (NTD). We examined differences in quality of life between TD and NTD patients using the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), correlating performance with aspects of motor function as indexed by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Participants included 35 nondemented individuals (19 TD, 16 NTD) matched on clinical and demographic characteristics. NTD had significantly lower overall PDQ-39 scores, particularly for the mobility subscale. Several UPDRS subscale scores significantly correlated with quality of life, especially for NTD. Further, the correlations were driven by nontremor type symptoms, even in TD patients. Determining reliable subtypes of PD may aid in prognosis and treatment optimization, thereby enhancing quality of life in afflicted individuals.
Safety and Efficacy of Clopidogrel before Surgery
Authors: Yasuda Hiroshi
Published: March 2011

Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug that is used in patients who have had previous cerebrovascular events, acute coronary syndromes, or who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with bare metal or drug-eluting stents. About 5% of patients who undergo PCI have to undergo non-cardiac surgery within 1 year of coronary stent implantation. Patients who receive clopidogrel may be at increased risk of bleeding complications during surgery. The risk of coronary thrombosis after non-cardiac surgery increases, especially when surgery is performed early after stenting, and particularly when antiplatelet agents are withdrawn before surgery. The decision to continue or withhold clopidogrel should reflect a balance of the consequences of perioperative hemorrhage versus the risk of perioperative vascular complications. Close communication among surgeons, anesthesiologists, and cardiologist is necessary to minimize both adverse cardiac risk and surgical risk in those patients.
An Intensive Look at Intensity and Language Learning
Authors: COLLINS LAURA , WHITE JOANNA
Published: March 2011

In this longitudinal study we investigated whether different distributions of instructional time would have differential effects on the acquisition of English by young (aged 11–12 years) French‐speaking learners. Eleven classes of Grade 6 students (N = 230) in two versions of a similar intensive English as a second language program were followed throughout their intensive experience. In one program, the 400 hours of instruction were concentrated in a 5‐month block; in the other, the 400 hours were experienced in a series of intensive exposures across the full 10‐month academic year. Language development was compared across the two contexts four times via a battery of comprehension and production measures. Overall, the findings showed substantial progress over time for both groups, with no clear learning advantage for either concentrating or distributing the intensive experience. These results are consistent with research comparing the effects of massed and distributed conditions on the learning of complex skills in other domains. The practical implications of the findings for the organization of instructional time for second language learning, as well as directions for future research in which variables such as age, proficiency, and learning targets are manipulated, are discussed.
Effects of Varying Lengths of Study‐Abroad Experiences on Japanese EFL Students' L2 Writing Ability and Motivation: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: SASAKI MIYUKI
Published: March 2011

The present study investigated the effects of varying lengths of overseas experiences on 37 Japanese students' English writing ability and motivation over 3.5 years. The students were observed at the beginning of their first year and in the middle of their second, third, and fourth years at their university. During the 3.5‐year observation period, 28 of the 37 students spent 1.5 to 11 months in English‐speaking countries. The results revealed that (1) students' second language (L2) writing ability did not change in a linear way; (2) over the 3.5 years, students who spent some time abroad significantly improved their L2 writing ability whereas those who stayed in Japan did not; (3) many of those students who went abroad formed L2‐related imagined communities that possibly motivated them to improve their L2 writing ability; (4) those students who spent more than 4 months abroad improved their L2 writing ability significantly more than the other students; and (5) only those students who spent more than 8 months abroad became intrinsically motivated and voluntarily practiced to improve their L2 writing.
Students of the New Global Elite
Authors: VANDRICK STEPHANIE
Published: March 2011

The TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses to rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
Testing the Improvement of English as a Foreign Language Instruction Among Chinese College Students Through Computerized Graphic Visuals
Authors: YANG QUAN , MILLER MICHAEL , BAI KANG
Published: March 2011

TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers.
Should We Use Characteristics of Conversation to Measure Grammatical Complexity in L2 Writing Development?
Authors: BIBER DOUGLAS , GRAY BETHANY , POONPON KORNWIPA
Published: March 2011

Studies of L2 writing development usually measure T‐units and clausal subordination to assess grammatical complexity, assuming that increased subordination is typical of advanced writing. In this article we challenge this practice by showing that these measures are much more characteristic of conversation than academic writing. The article begins with a critical evaluation of T‐units and clausal subordination as measures of writing development, arguing that they have not proven to be effective discriminators of language proficiency differences. These shortcomings lead to the question of whether these measures actually capture the complexities of professional academic writing, and if not, what alternative measures are better suited? Corpus‐based analyses are undertaken to answer these questions, investigating 28 grammatical features in research articles contrasted with conversation. The results are surprising, showing that most clausal subordination measures are actually more common in conversation than academic writing. In contrast, fundamentally different kinds of grammatical complexity are common in academic writing: complex noun phrase constituents (rather than clause constituents) and complex phrases (rather than clauses). Based on these findings, we hypothesize a sequence of developmental stages for student writing, proposing a radically new approach for the study of complexity in student writing development.
Friendship Dynamics between Emotions and Trials
Authors: Rebughini Paola
Published: March 2011

The aim of this article is to analyze friendship ties and the emotions connected to them in some particular phases of life: periods when subjects are faced with difficult challenges such as mourning, separation, job loss or illness. Under these circumstances, friendship ties and emotions take on exceptional intensity. To investigate these moments I will use the analytical concept of trial and I will outline its heuristic utility in the analysis of friendship ties. The article is based on a research project on the dynamics of friendship relationships among adults conducted in the urban area of the city of Milan. In order to shed light on the dynamics of friendship in difficult moments of life, the article is organized in three sections: in the first part, I will introduce some narratives collected during the research. In the second part, I will shed light on the way that trial phases of life are the periods in which the relation between friendship and emotions becomes more visible, in particular through the way that friendship bonds offer the possibility of narrating and sharing emotions themselves, thus introducing an element of reflexivity. In the third part, I will conclude by underlining the way that this kind of analysis of friendship ties can reveal some more structural dynamics of contemporary individualized society.
The Importance of Health in Promoting Employability in the East Midlands
Authors: Beck Vanessa , Quinn Martin
Published: March 2011

This paper analyses the relationship between health and employability in the context of the East Midlands, a high employment region with a history of manufacturing and coal mining, though both sectors’ importance has declined due to considerable industrial restructuring. It is argued that the health of the unemployed and economically inactive cannot be considered without an understanding of such contextual factors. Gender, age, the socio-economic context and other external factors are key to the complex relationship between health and employability. Within a broad framework of employability, health is not merely a personal characteristic. The paper argues for more qualitative research into employability and health to establish what factors influence the relationship.
A Temporal Comparison of the Effects of Unemployment and Job Insecurity on Wellbeing
Authors: Burchell Brendan
Published: March 2011

Analyses of individuals’ working lives make a variety of assumptions about the relationship between time, wellbeing and economic stress. Some assume that stress will accumulate in adverse environments, leading to chronic effects of, for instance, long-term unemployment or job insecurity. Other studies emphasize the acute effects of changes per se, and assume adaptation. This paper examines how employees respond both to acute and chronic job insecurity.

This paper will use two datasets. The first is from a survey of over 300 UK employees employed in 26 companies; this dataset included both qualitative and quantitative data, at both employer and employee levels. The second dataset consisted of longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey. It was found that the unexpected announcement of job insecurity can cause a sudden and marked spike in psychological symptoms. Looking at longer-term effect for prolonged periods of job insecurity, wellbeing (i.e. symptoms of anxiety and depression) continues to deteriorate for at least a year, with no sign of leveling off or recovery. This is in contrast to the findings on long-term unemployment, where there is evidence of adaptation and slight improvements in psychological wellbeing after six months. The reasons for these opposing patterns between job insecurity and unemployment are discussed in terms of the challenge for individuals attempting to cope with perceived future uncertainty during the prolonged recovery from the current recession.
Friendship and Social Emotions in Young Adult Finns’ Drinking Diaries
Authors: Törrönen Jukka , Maunu Antti
Published: March 2011

In the article we examine the management of social emotions and friendship bonds by analysing the young adults’ pub and drinking diaries. We assume that emotions that are embodied in the management of friendship ties can be reduced to the emotions of pride and shame. According to Scheff, as primary social emotions, they are present in all communication and action. They express for the participants of interaction the actual “temperature” of social relations. Pride refers to a strong and safe involvement in interaction, in which individuals feel themselves fine and respectful. In a shameful state, individuals, in turn, experience themselves negatively in the eyes of others, which imply that social bonds are intimidated. The analysis of drinking experiences from the viewpoint of pride and shame brings expressively forth how drinking strengthens or weakens different kinds of social relations and dynamics and how actors try to attach to them or secede from them. In the diary narratives, the pride and shame of drinking is most strongly associated with reinforcement and bonding efforts of ties of friendship that are considered laid-back and like-minded. In relation to them the status, competition, the emphasis of one's self and indulging in love affairs occur in the narratives considerably more seldom, and if they occur, they rather contribute to shameful experiences or remain subordinate to friendship.
Social Relationships and Trust in Asylum Seeking Families in Sweden
Authors: Björnberg Ulla
Published: March 2011

Research has suggested that social networks are important resources for children as well as for adults to resist health problems. For asylum seeking children social networking might be hard to accomplish due to constraints linked to social and legal contexts in the host country. Constraints can also be linked to the family situation and the circumstances they have to cope with in everyday life. The situation of parents, in particular mothers, is important for the coping of children. The over arching research objective is to identify factors that are important for well being of children seeking asylum and to study how they cope with their experiences as asylum seekers. The tension between excluding experiences and expectations regarding how the situation of the child and it's family should improve or deteriorate after the flight is for a child a constitutive reference for how coping strategies are developed. In the analysis I draw on theoretical concepts of resilience, social capital, trust and social recognition. This paper draws on results from an interdisciplinary research project Asylum-seeking children's welfare, health and well-being. Gothenburg Research on Asylum seeking Children in Europe (GRACE), Goteborg University and Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg. The study was financed by the European Refugee Fund. The empirical data are based on qualitative interviews with parents and children who have waited for decisions regarding permanent residence for several months and sometimes more than a year.
Creating a Sexual Self in Heteronormative Space: Integrations and Imperatives Amongst Spiritual Seekers at the Findhorn Community
Authors: Dinnie Elizabeth , Browne Kath
Published: March 2011

Intersections between religion and sexuality are coming onto social science agendas. However, this has predominantly been in terms of its treatment by mainstream religions, particularly Christianity and Islam, and thus in contexts traditionally hostile to lesbian, gay and bi sexualities (LGB). This article extends this by exploring identities and contestations of sexuality within activities that have variously been described as ‘New Age’ or ‘spiritual’. Considering the experiences and interactions of spiritual seekers avoids a non-social conceptualisation of ‘New Age’ which views spirituality primarily as an individualistic experience. The specific focus here is the Findhorn Community, a spiritual community and demonstration eco-village in Scotland. We find that seekers’ attempt to resist labelling and categorisation through creating and using individualised sexual (as well as spiritual) expressions. However, tensions stemming from (heteronormative) interactions within the Findhorn community show that sexual diversity and labelling continues to matter. The research demonstrates that sexual fluidity is a privileged position to occupy, but that it is also ultimately unsustainable in that fluid identity becomes re-subsumed in heteronormativity and, eventually, individuals have to come out and identify all over again. The continuing imperative for some LGB people to define themselves as/with ‘something’, is thus apparent even within supposedly individualized settings and belief systems. Such positioning questions the individuality that is presumed to define New Age spiritualities, and shows how categories of lesbian, gay and bisexual also continue to be deployed at the same time as they are resisted and reinterpreted.
Emotional Reflexivity in Contemporary Friendships: Understanding it Using Elias and Facebook Etiquette
Authors: Holmes Mary
Published: March 2011

The popular social networking site Facebook has become a part of millions of people's everyday lives. In order to help people navigate the friendships they form and maintain on Facebook there are many websites offering advice about etiquette. This advice, and responses to it, can help reveal how contemporary emotional expression is organised, especially as it relates to friendship. This paper critically adapts the approach of other sociologists such as Norbert Elias, and Cas Wouters who have used etiquette and advice books to explore social changes in emotionality. Using online advice about Facebook etiquette, it is argued that there is uncertainty about the degree of emotional closeness appropriate for friendships in contemporary life, especially where there are status differences. It is difficult to know how to feel and how to behave within the relational complexity of contemporary life. In particular, expanded definitions of friendship form part of this complexity which promotes and requires an ‘emotionalisation of reflexivity’.
Reflections on Doing Research Grounded in My Experience of Perinatal Loss: From Auto/biography to Autoethnography
Authors: Davidson Deborah
Published: March 2011

This article, derived from my doctoral dissertation ( DAVIDSON 2007 ) examining the emergence of hospital protocols for perinatal bereavement during the last half of the twentieth century in Canada, focuses on the methodological complexities – the draw, the drain, and the delight of doing qualitative research grounded in my own experience of perinatal loss. With my dissertation now a fait a complete, reflecting back on my research, my use of autoethnography at this point allows a return to a story that has already happened and involves “the construction and reconstruction’ of my personal experiences as narratives’ ( AUTREY 2003 : 10). Taking this narrative turn, my enquiry here shifts auto/biography to autoethnography as a mode of enquiry.