bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of fibronectin in the sera and crevicular fluid in various stages of periodontal disease*
Authors: Lopatin Dennis E. , Caffesse Elena R. , Bye Fred. L. , Caffesse Raul G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract While fibronectin (FN) has previously been demonstrated to be present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), its quality and quantity has not been reported. Since this information is relevant for ongoing studies on the use of FN for gingival reattachment, we performed these measurements and compared plasma levels in healthy subjects, patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, and in patients undergoing maintenance therapy. Plasma and GCF samples were obtained from 4 sites in each subject using a Periotron to permit quantification of samples. FN concentrations were determined in a microELISA using hyperimmune anti‐FN antibody. Purified FN served as a reference for quantification. The functional activity of each sample was assessed by examining the natural affinity of FN for gelatin. Subjects with gingivitis and those in maintenance had significantly depressed levels of plasma fibronectin. While little fibronectin could be detected in the GCF of healthy sites regardless of patient category, examination of the most diseased sites in each group revealed that the concentration of FN in the GCF was highest in health and reduced when there was gingival inflammation. In no case was GCF FN found to be biologically active.
Pulsated jet subgingival irrigation with 0.1% chlorhexidine, simplified oral hygiene and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Vignarajah S. , Newman H. N. , Bulman J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study investigated the efficacy of a 0.1% chlorhexidine preparation as an aid to a basic oral hygiene programme comprising only baseline root and crown debridement, instruction in bass brushing without emphasis on interdental cleaning, and pulsated mono‐jet subgingival irrigation. Baseline data for plaque index, papilla bleeding index and probeable pocket depth were similar in both test and control groups. Mean values for all 3 parameters were clearly lower in the chlorhexidine group, both at the end of the period of active treatment and up to 2 months thereafter. These differences were statistically significant for P1I at day 28, FBI at day 56 and PPD at days 56 and 84, but not at day 168. Proportionately more sites generally showed improvement in the chlorhexidine group at all times. It was concluded that 0.1% chlorhexidine significantly enhances the effects of the practical oral hygiene regime described.
Effect of placement of occlusive membranes on root resorption and bone regeneration during healing of circumferential periodontal defects in dogs
Authors: Claffey Noel , Hahn Rudolf , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies indicate that root resorption is a frequent sequela to significant amounts of periodontal repair in animal models. A model was developed in tabrador dogs to study periodontal wound healing in large circumferential defects in the absence of influence from the oral environment. A polytetrafluore‐thylene membrane of 1 μm pore size (GORE‐TEX®) was used to occlude cells from specific tissues from populating the healing den tin‐connective tissue wound. 3 modalities were studied: (1) control, in which no membrane and therefore no cell occlusion was used, (2) flap occlusion, in which the internal surface of the flap was lined with the membrane preventing contribution of cells from the flap, (3) bone occlusion, in which the reduced alveolar bone was lined with the membrane preventing contribution from bone cells. Wound closure included total submergence of teeth and membranes. The membranes remained incorporated and no exposure of membranes or teeth occurred during the 3 months healing period. Histology revealed bone regrowth in all 3 treatment modalities. It is suggested that inductive elements in the connective tissue or dentin, or bone cells from periosteum were responsible for bone regrowth in the bone membrane treatment modality. No significant difference was seen for root resorption between the 3 treatment modalities. This study found that physical occlusion of cells from the inside of the surgical flap, or from the pre‐existing bone, is not sufficient to prevent root resorption in periodontal wound healing.
Periodontal status of Finnish adolescents with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sandholm Leena , Swanljung Outi , Rytömaa Inkeri , Kaprio Eero A. , Mäenpää Jorma
Published: December 2005

Abstract The periodontal status of 85 12–18 year‐old Finnish adolescents with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their paired, age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls was assessed clinically and radiographically. The clinical examination consisted of plaque index, gingival index (GI), retentive calculus index, WHO community periodontal index of treatment needs, number of pockets ≥4 mm and number of surfaces bleeding after probing. Alveolar bone loss was measured interproximally from the first molars in bite‐wing radiographs (all subjects) and from the first incisors in periapical X‐rays (patients only). The results show that in spite of similar plaque scores, the patients had higher GI scores and more surfaces bleeding after probing. No differences were found in the number of ≥4 mm pockets or radiographical bone loss in the first molars.
Efficacy of Perimed® antibacterial system on established gingivitis (I). Clinical results
Authors: Clark W. B. , Magnusson I. , Walker C. B. , Marks R. G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A 6‐month, double‐blind controlled study was conducted on 101 subjects to determine the effect of Perimed1R antibacterial system, containing povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). on established gingivitis. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups: PVP‐I/H2O2, PVP‐I/H2 O2 H2O2/H2O or H2O. Gingivitis was assessed by the papillary bleeding score (PBS) and plaque by a modified Quigley‐Hein plaque index (PI) at baseline, 3, 12 and 24 weeks. The average baseline PBS and PI for the 4 groups ranged from 2.16–2.31 and 2.87–2.90, respectively. After baseline evaluation, subjects received a supra‐gingival scaling and a subgingival irrigation with their respective rinse. Daily rinses were supervised and subgingival irrigation was repeated every 3 weeks. Duncan's multiple range test determined which groups differed from each other. The mean PI at 24 weeks was lower than at baseline in all groups. PVP‐I had the lowest PI at all time points. The mean PBS at 24 weeks was 1,48 for PVP‐I, 1.62 for H2O2, 1.88 for H2O and 1.34 for PVP‐I/H202, a reduction from baseline of 31%, 27%, 18%, and 38% respectively. The difference between the PBS for PVP‐I/H2O2 and H2O control was significant at each evaluation. There was a 70% reduction in sites with PBS > 3 for PVP‐I/H2O2 between baseline and 24 weeks compared to a 34% decrease in the H2O group. It was concluded that the use of PerimedR could be a beneficial adjunctive treatment for the prevention and control of gingivitis when used with routine oral hygiene procedures.
The microbiology of HIV‐associated periodontal lesions
Authors: Murray Patricia A. , Grassi Marcus , Winkler James R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 2 intraoral lesions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have recently been described: an atypical gingivitis and a rapidly progressive periodontitis. The microbiota associated with these gingival and periodontal lesions was investigated. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from 45 HIV‐seropositive homosexual men and from 44 HFV‐seronegative control subjects. Each sampled site was clinically and radiographically classified as HIV‐associated gingivitis, HIV‐associated periodontitis, healthy in an HIV‐seropositive subject, or healthy, conventional gingivitis or classical periodontitis in a control subject. Plaque samples were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal antisera to detect Bacteroides gingivalis, B. intermedius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Anaerobic culturing was used to detect black‐pigmented Bacteroides species, Fusobacterium species, and A. actinomycetemcomitans to confirm the immunofluorescence findings. We detected B. gingivalis, B. intermedius, F. nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans in significantly more HIV‐periodontitis sites (80, 65, 59 and 61 % of sites, respectively) and HIV‐gingivitis sites (61, 70, 52 and 52%, respectively) than in HIV‐seropositive healthy and control sites (p<0.05). The results indicate that the microbiota found in HIV‐periodontitis is similar to that of classical periodontitis. In contrast, however, the microbiota associated with HIV‐gingivitis is strikingly different from that of conventional gingivitis. The similarity in the prevalence of periodontopathic organisms in both HIV‐gingivilis and HIV‐periodontitis suggests that the HIV‐gingivitis lesion may be a precursor to the tissue destruction observed in HIV‐periodontitis. Hence, early detection and treatment of the HIV‐gingivitis lesion may prevent the rapid and extensive breakdown of periodontal tissues associated with HIV‐periodontitis.
Effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy combined with adjunctive antibiotics in subjects with “refractory” periodontal disease
Authors: Magnusson I. , Clark W. B. , Low S. B. , Maruniak J. , Marks B. G. , Walker C. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy with the adjunct of a selected antibiotic in subjects with refractory periodontitis. 10 subjects were selected for the study; all had a history of periodontal surgery, tetracycline therapy, and regular maintenance by a periodontist. Clinical registrations including gingival index, plaque index, presence of bleeding and suppuration, pocket depth, and duplicate measurements of attachment level were performed at baseline and at monthly intervals. When disease activity was detected based on the tolerance method, a bacterial sample was taken from the active site and its susceptibilities to a number of antibiotics were determined. For the selected 10 subjects, Augmentin® was the antibiotic of choice. Each subject received 750 mg/day for 2 weeks, during which time a full‐month scaling and root Planing was performed under local anesthesia. Clinical re‐evaluation was performed after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. At the time disease activity was detected, the average loss of attachment at all active sites was 2.2 mm, and the increase in pocket depth 1.5 mm. At 3 months post‐therapy, these sites had regained 2 mm of attachment which remained stable through the 12‐month examination. Pocket depths decreased 2.5 mm over the first 6 months and then stabilized‐ The frequency of all sites that gained 1 mm or more of attachment increased by approximately 10% over the first 9 months following therapy. The frequency of all sites that decreased 1 mm or more in pocket depth increased approximately 15% over the same period. The frequency of bleeding and suppuration was low initially and did not change significantly. Plaque scores were low throughout the study. Post‐therapy, the frequency of sites with a GI score of 2–3 decreased from 13.3 to 1.9%. The results suggest that non‐surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive use of a selected antibiotic may reduce the incidence of attachment Joss for at least 12 months in individuals who previously had been refractory to treatment.
Periodontal response to long‐term abuse of the gingival attachment by supracrestal amalgam restorations
Authors: Tal Haim , Soldinger Michael , Dreiangel Areyh , Pitaru Sandu
Published: December 2005

Abstract The combined length of the supracrestal connective tissue attachment and the junctional epithelium is referred to as the “biologic width”. The long‐term (1‐year) effect of complete violation of the supracrestal connective tissue attachment was examined in beagle dogs. Full thickness periodontal flaps were elevated, exposing the buccal bony crests of the maxillary and mandibular canines of 3 beagle dogs. The roots of the experimental teeth were planed and class V cavities were prepared. The apical border of each cavity was located at the alveolar bone crest. The cavities were restored with amalgam and the flaps were repositioned and sutured. In the control sites, a notch was prepared at the CEJ and the distance between the notch and the bony crest was measured. The dogs were sacrificed 57 weeks after the operation and the experimental and control sites prepared for histologic analysis. Every 5th section was examined and measurements were taken of the amount of gingival and bone recession, the length of the connective tissue and the epithelial attachment. Control sites healed uneventfully. Gingival recession averaged only 0.5 mm; bone loss was minimal and averaged 0.15 mm. The combined length of the supracrestal connective tissue and epithelial attachment measured 4.47 mm. In experimental sites, the gingiva receded 3.16 mm on average. Moderate bone loss (x̄=1.17 mm) was noted, but no signs of bone resorption were seen at the time of sacrifice. After bone loss, root surfaces which were previously attached to alveolar bone by periodontal ligament were mainly (0.90 mm) attached to connective tissue. Mild inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the lamina propria primarily at the restoration area. It is concluded that continuous abuse of the gingival attachment results in a certain loss of the periodontal attachment apparatus. The biologic width is partially restored by a more apical location of a. reduced‐in‐size, supracrestal connective tissue attachment.
Longitudinal changes in periodontal disease in untreated subjects
Authors: Lindhe J. , Okamoto H. , Yoneyama T. , Haffajee A. , Socransky S. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract About 300 subjects, 20–79 years of age were recruited for a longitudinal study on the effect of periodontal therapy. The result of a baseline examination have been reported earlier. Following this baseline examination, the subjects were monitored for 24 months without therapy‐ Re‐examinations were performed after 12 and 24 months. Ail teeth including the 3rd molars were included in the return for either the 1st, the 2nd or both re‐examinations. An analysis was performed regarding the periodontal status at baseline, of the respondents and non‐respondents. The results from the follow‐up examinations of the participating characteristic of periodontal disease. Thus, the mean values of probing pocket depth and probing attachment level failed to change between baseline and the re‐examinations after 1 and 2 years. Even if the mean values Underwent only minor changes, however, certain subjects within each age category improved their periodontal conditions, whereas other subjects worsened. Furthermore, the findings of the re‐examinations revealed that there was a strong correlation between improving plaque levels and gingivitis. The relationship between supra‐gingival plaque levels and changes with respect to probing depth and attachment levels were weak.
Crevicular fluid myeloperoxidase at healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites
Authors: Cao C. F. , Smith Q. T.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The volume and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected with filter paper strips for 30 s from the sulcus of healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites of Chinese subjects were measured. MPO/site and MPO/μI GCF were both greater at gingivitis and periodontitis sites than at healthy sites. Enzyme activity was similar at the 2 categories of diseased sites. Mean GCF volume and MPO activity were calculated for all samples from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites with GI 0, 1, 2 and 0+1. GCF volume. MPO/site and MPO/μI GCF all were greater at GI 2 than GI 0 or 0+1. These data indicate that increased GCF MPO previously observed at periodontitis sites is not specific to such sites. Rather increased GCF MPO likely occurs when additional polymorphonuclear leukocytes enter the sulcus as a result of gingival inflammation. A second sample was obtained from 22 sites 4 weeks after the initial collection. These samples were collected for 5 s rather than 30 s. The GCF volume, MPO/site and MPO//d GCF were each greater in samples collected for 30 s rather than 5 s. Correlation coefficients showed that the amount of GCF and MPO activity of the fluid collected for 5 s and 30 s was dependent upon the site even though the 5‐s and 30‐s samples were collected 4 weeks apart.
Histological evaluation of periodontal probe penetration in untreated facial molar furcations
Authors: Moriarty John D. , Hutchens L. H. , Scheltler Lawrence E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to histologically determine the position of the periodontal probe tip when probing the deepest in terra dicular pocket depth in grade II and III facial molar furcation sites. Facial furcation pockets (5.8 mm+ 1.3) were probed with a pressure‐sensitive probe set at 50 g pressure. The probe tip was attached to the tooth with an acid etched composite resin. Surgical block biopsies were removed, fixed, decalcified and processed for histological sectioning. Buccolingual serial sections (6 μ) were cut from 9 biopsies and apicocoronal serial sections were cut from 3 biopsies. The sections were histometrically analyzed. The probe tip penetrated the inflamed furcation connective tissue an average depth of 2.1 mm (±0.6), The probe tip was located 0.4 mm (± 1.4) apical to the crest of the interradicular bone. The % of inflammatory cell infiltrate in the connective tissue (ICT) around the probe tip was 56% (± 15%). There was no correlation between the % of ICT and the depth of probe penetration. This investigation demonstrated that probing of untreated facial molar furcation sites does not measure the attachment level of the interradicular root surfaces, but rather records the depth of probe penetration into the inflamed furcation connective tissue.
Relative stability of deep‐ versus shallow‐side bone levels in angular proximal infrabony defects
Authors: Heins P. , Hartigan M. , Low S. , Chace R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The relative changes with lime, in the position of the coronal margin of the mesial and distal bone of proximal, angular infrabony defects, were investigated. Tracings of the radiographs of 51 mandibular posterior sites, treated by flap curettage, with a mean post‐surgical duration of 11.8 years, were measured using a digitizer pad. The group consisting of shallow‐side sites (N= 51), exhibited no significant change in the bone height with time; however, there was a significant decrease in bone height in the deep‐side group (N = 51). The mean area of proximal bone decreased significantly with time. The defects were divided into early (N= 25) and advanced (N= 26) angular groups, and then into deep‐ and shallow‐side subgroups. In the early defect group, there was a significant decrease in the mean bone height of the deep‐side subgroup. There were no differences in the changes of mean bone level of the remaining 3 subgroups with time. There was no correlation between changes in bone levels of adjacent mesial and distal sides of angular defects with time (r= 0.27). There was no difference between the deep‐ and shallow‐side groups in the number of sites which gained, lost or evidenced no change in bone height. In the study population, the bone height of 73% of the deep‐side, and 84% of the shallow‐side sites was either unchanged or in a more coronal position. The findings indicate that: (1) progressive bone resorption appears to be localized at the deep‐side of the early angular defect; (2) bone heights of adjacent proximal deep and shallow sides of angular defects appear to be independent; (3) the deep side of a proximal angular delect does not pose a threat to the bone height of the adjacent shallow side; (4) bone loss in the majority of proximal angular defects can be arrested by treatment.
Chemiluminescence of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes from adult periodontitis patients
Authors: Whyte G. J. , Seymour Gregory J. , Cheung Kee , Robinson Michael F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) constitute a primary host resistance factor against infection. This study investigated the chemiluminescent (CL) response of peripheral blood PMN's isolated from human subjects with adult periodontitis. 32 subjects were categorized on the basis of age and periodontal disease status into 4 equal groups ‐ young healthy, young diseased, old healthy and old diseased. PMN CL was stimulated using heat‐killed, serum‐opsonized Fusobacterium nucleatum ‐ a specific periodontopathic gram‐negative anaerobe, and Escherichia coli as a gram‐negative control organism. The results showed a statistically significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in the CL response, which was cell associated, in the young diseased subjects. This was not seen in the old subjects (p > 0.05), suggesting that in periodontal disease in young subjects the peripheral blood PMNs may be in a metabolically activated state. There was nevertheless a degree of variability between individual subjects within each of the 4 clinical groups.
Relationships between alveolar bone levels measured at surgery, estimated by transgingival probing and clinical attachment level measurements
Authors: Ursell M. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Alveolar bone level measurements obtained by transgingival probing were compared with alveolar bone levels measured during surgery at 178 sites in 9 patients. Probing depth measurements using cönstant loads of 30 g and 60 g were also compared with bone levels measured at surgery at the above sites. The effects of inflammation, location of the site on the tooth surface and tooth type were also investigated. Transgingival probing was unaffected by these factors and proved to be an accurate method of measuring alveolar bone levels (r=0.975). Probing depth measurements were affected by the presence of inflammation, assessed by the bleeding response to probing, and variation in probing load. The effect of inflammation was to reduce the mean distance between the probe tip and the alveolar bone from 2.4 mm to 1.9 mm. None of the relationships between the measurements were significantly affected by the location of the site on the tooth surface, or by tooth type.
The effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) detergent foam compared to a conventional toothpaste on plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Addy M. , Moran J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A CPC‐detergent formulation in a foam vehicle, was compared with a fluoride toothpaste for its ability to prevent plaque and gingivitis over a period of 12 days. Whilst refraining from all other oral hygiene procedures, the foam or toothpaste was applied to the teeth in fluoride application trays, in a group of 14 volunteers. At days 8 and 12 of this crossover study, the following assessments were made: gingival crevicular fluid; gingival index; bleeding on probing; plaque index; plaque area. Except for plaque area at day 8 of the study, there were no significant differences between the 2 products at either day 8 or day 12. It is therefore concluded that the CPC‐detergent formulation, in its present form, does not inhibit plaque and gingivitis more effectively than a conventional fluoride toothpaste.
Odontogenic epithelial hamartomas in periodontal structures
Authors: Moskow Bernard S. , Baden Ernest
Published: December 2005

Abstract 4 hamartomas apparently derived from remnants of the dental lamina and enamel organ are reported in a collection of human jaw specimens. These epithelial lesions represent a transitional stage between a developmental anomaly and a distinct odontogenic neoplasm. Earlier reports indicated that such lesions with clinical symptoms are rare; however, this study suggests a more common occurrence on a microscopic level.
Guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of furcation defects in mandibular molars
Authors: Pontoriero R. , Lindhe J. , Nyman S. , Karring T. , Rosenberg E. , Sanavi F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was designed to evaluate the regenerative potential of the periodontal tissues in degree TIT furcation defects at mandibular molars using a treatment procedure based on the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The patient sample included 21 patients, 26–65 years of age, who presented periodontal lesions in the right and left molar regions including “through and through” furcation defects. After an initial examination, each patient was subjected to a series of full‐mouth scaling and root planing. 2–3 months later, they were recalled for a baseline examination. The furcation‐involved molars were randomly assigned in each patient to either a test or a control treatment procedure. The test procedure included the elevation of muco‐periosteal flaps at the buccal and lingual aspects of the molars. Granulation tissue was removed and the exposed root surfaces were debrided and planed. The width and the height of the entrance openings to the furcation defects were assessed. A teflon membrane was adjusted to cover the entrances to the defects (buccal and lingual) and was retained in the manner described by Pontoriero et al. (1988). The flaps were repositioned on the outer surface of the membrane and secured by sutures which were removed after 10 days. Following surgery, the patients were instructed to rinse the mouth twice daily for 4 weeks with chlorhexidine gluconate. The membranes were removed after a healing period of 1–2 months. A surgical procedure identical to the test procedure was performed in the control tooth regions with the exception of the placement of membranes. During a 6‐month period after surgery, the patients were maintained in a plaque control program including professional tooth cleaning every second week. At the end of this period, all patients were re‐examined. The results of this re‐examination demonstrated that out of 21 “through and through” furcation defects treated with the GTR therapy, 8 healed with complete closure of the defect. An additional 10 defects had become partially healed and only 3 defects were after a healing period of 6 months still open. In the control group, none of the previous “through and through” defects had healed with complete closure. 10 control defects were partially filled and 11 remained open. The potential for regeneration of periodontal tissues in furcation defects of varying dimensions is discussed.
Effect on plaque growth and salivary micro‐organisms of amine fluoride‐stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine‐containing mouthrinses
Authors: Etemadzadeh H. , Meurman J. H. , Murtomaa H. , Torkko H. , Lappi L. , Roos M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Amine fluoride ‐ stannous fluoride mouthrinse was tested in a double‐blind cross‐over clinical trial on 16 healthy subjects. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse prepared in the same colour and taste was used as the control. After a preparatory phase of 2 weeks, during which the subjects' plaque and gingival indices were reduced to zero by professional cleaning, 1‐week test periods without mechanical cleaning were started in random order. The fluoride test solution did not prevent plaque accumulation and growth of salivary S. mutans and laciobacilli as did chlorhexidine. Furthermore, the plaque wet weight was statistically highly significantly greater during test periods of fluoride rinsing than during the chlorhexidine phase. The cleansing effect, as subjectively estimated by questionnaire, was in favour of chlorhexidine. but discolorations of teeth were assessed as significantly worse during chlorhexidine periods. Neither of the test solutions showed any effect on salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, or lysozymal enzyme activity.
Distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes including IgA subclasses in adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis
Authors: Kilian M. , Ellegaard B. , Mestecky J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The plasma cell population in gingival biopsies from 3 groups of patients with adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis was characterized with respect to the distribution of individual immunoglobulin isotypes. including IgA subclasses, by paired immunofluorescence staining. The median ratios of TgG:IgA plasma cells in gingival connective tissue from the 3 groups were 2.7 (range 2.0‐6.5), 3.0 (1.4‐6.2), and 2.0 (1.2‐4.0), respectively. Cells staining for intracellular IgM were found in low numbers in all biopsies (range 0.3–6.3% of all plasma cells). No statistically significant differences were observed between the 3 patient groups. In all 3 groups, the IgA plasma cell population was predominantly of the IgAI isotype. One function of IgA seems to be to dampen inflammatory side‐effects of other immune effector systems. The demonstrated predominance of IgAI plasma cells indicates that the majority of IgA produced locally in gingivae of patients with periodontal diseases is susceptible to the IgAI‐specific proteases excreted by important members of the disease‐associated subgingival microflora. This may be an important factor in the apparently uncontrolled inflammation and tissue degradation taking place in the marginal periodontium during active periodontal disease.
periodontal disease and oral microbial successions during myelosuppressive cancer chemotherapy*
Authors: Reynolds Mark A. , Minah Glenn E. , Peterson Douglas E. , Weikel Dianna S. , Williams Lisa T. , Overholser C. Daniel , DePaola Louis G. , Suzuki Jon B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Factors contributing to the succession of opportunistic pathogens at oral sites, including the periodontium, during myelosuppressive chemotherapy are poorly understood. This study examined the relation of periodontal disease to qualitative and proportional shifts in the oral microflora of 21 acute nonlym‐phocytic leukemia patients (7 male and 14 female, mean age (range) = 51.0 (25‐81 years) observed during standardized myelosuppressive regimens. Supra‐and subgingival microbial plaque specimens were individually collected from 2 contralateral oral sites (disiobuceal of leeth 1‐6 and 3‐6) in each participant at hospital admission (day 1) and during point of maximal myelosuppression (day 14). Periodontal disease indices obtained at day I included site‐specific measures of attachment loss and clinical assessment of disease status. Using a residualized change score analysis, periodonlal disease status and attachment loss were positively correlated with increases in the proportional recovery of Staphylococcus sp. from supragingival sites and total yeast from supra‐ and subgingival sites. When age‐related covariation in the microbial shifts was controlled in the analysis, periodontal disease status and attachment loss demonstrated no significant correlation with increases in total yeast at supragingival sites. These findings suggest that host factors such as periodontal disease may contribute to patterns of oral microbial successions during cancer chemotherapy.
Quantification of periodontal attachment at single‐rooted teeth
Authors: Hujoel P. , Bollen A.‐M. , Schork A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The measurement process of attachment Joss has been criticized in recent years. Problems with clinical interpretation, precision of the measurement, and statistical manipulation of the obtained data, are some of the problems associated with the present methodology. The purpose of the present study was to propose an alternative measurement process which addresses some of the existing problems by estimating the lost attachment surface area (LAS) and the remaining attachment surface area (RAS) from a combination of clinical measurements. The results show that a linear combination of several sources of clinical information can be used to predict RAS and LAS. A diagnostic model for LAS (R2=81.5%) predicts the square root of LAS with information obtained from bucco‐lingual attachment level measurements, the radiographic lost attachment area, the gingivitis index and the radiographic tooth length. This model increases the precision of the estimate of LAS by a factor of 1.86 when compared to the estimate of LAS using only attachment level measurements, A diagnostic model for RAS (R2=75.5%) predicts the square root of RAS with the information obtained from the remaining radiographic attachment area, the gingivitis index and the mobility index. Both linear inference models are constructed with measurements of anatomical landmarks to avoid the discrepancy between anatomical and clinical measurements in the produced estimates. It is concluded that modeling of periodontal data provides a simple, inexpensive, and precise diagnostic tool for predicting the lost and the remaining periodontal attachment of single‐rooted teeth. Measurement processes of this type could provide a convincing, basis for the evaluation of clinical decisions and research questions.
Probing depth at re‐evaluation following initial periodontal therapy to indicate the initial response to treatment
Authors: Claffey Noel , Loos Bruno , Gantes Bernard , Martin Michael , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract 9 adult subjects with severe periodontitis were monitored following oral hygiene instruction and a single episode of crown and root debridement. Baseline recordings for probing attachment level were obtained both immediately pre‐instrumentation and immediately post‐instrumentation. Sites with gain, no change or loss of probing attachment level at 3 and 12 months compared to both pre‐and post‐instrumentation were identified. The classification was based upon the use of triplicate recordings at each time point, a site‐specific standard deviation for measurement variability, and the requirement of a minimum of 1.0 mm change. The relative frequencies of gain, no change, and loss of probing attachment were then calculated for sites of various residual probing depths at 3 and 12 months. This was performed to evaluate if a given probing depth at re‐evaluation, e.g., 7.0‐7.5 mm, could be used as an indicator of the need for supplementary treatment following the initial therapy, based upon the observed probing attachment changes compared to baseline. As an example of the results of the present study, 60% of sites with residual probing depths of 7.0–7.5 mm showed probing attachment gain > 1.0 mm compared to the post‐instrumentation baseline, and only 2% had undergone probing attachment loss > 1.0 mm. The overall results suggest that a relatively deep residual probing depth at re‐evaluation following initial therapy, by itself, provides little evidence of lack of improvement compared to baseline. On this basis, the use of a specific probing depth at 3 or 12 months following treatment as a yardstick for the provision of supplementary treatment may not be justified.
Neutrophil chemotactic behaviour in patients with early‐onset forms of periodontitis
Authors: Kinane D. F. , Cullen C. F. , Johnston F. A. , Evans C. W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The locomotory behaviour of peripheral blood neutrophils (PMNs) from patients with juvenile (JP) and rapidly progressive (RPP) forms of early‐onset periodontal disease was studied using the under agarose technique and n‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) as the chemotractant. PMNs from experimental patients showed normal random, chemotactic and chemokinetic locomotory behaviour when compared with control subjects. Further investigation of single‐cell movements using time‐lapse video analysis also failed to show any significant differences in locomotory behaviour between the PMNs of experimental and control individuals. We conclude that differences in technique may account for much of the variation which exists in the literature with respect to PMN locomotion in periodontal disease. In the final analysis, it is difficult to dispute direct observation of moving cells, and using this approach, we have been unable to confirm the presence of any PMN locomotory defect in our series of patients with early‐onset periodontal disease.
The effect of sequential sampling on crevicular fluid volume and enzyme activity
Authors: Lamster I. B. , Harper D. S. , Goldstein S. , Celenti R. S. , Oshrain R. L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume and constituents in static samples were compared to volume and constituents in subsequent GCF samples collected during a 60‐min interval. Using deep intracrevicular placement of precut filter paper strips, GCF was collected from interproximal and facial sites from patients with gingivitis (N= 14; 28 interproximal sites, 28 facial sites) and chronic adult periodontitis (N= 11; 26 interproximal sites, 18 facial sites). The strips were inserted for 30 s at 0, 4, 8, 30 and 60 min. The amount of fluid on each strip was determined and microspectrophotometric techniques were used to assess cytoplasmic and lysosomal enzyme activity. Within each group of sites, mean GCF volume showed minimal fluctuation with repeated sampling. In contrast, the static GCF sample contained the greatest amount of total enzyme activity, and differences were detected between groups. The interproximal sites and the gingivitis‐facial sites displayed a similar pattern of change in total enzyme activity during the test period. The highest total enzyme activity was observed in the first sample and decreased at 4 and 8 minutes. At 30 and 60 min, the amount of enzyme either remained at the level detected at 8 min, or displayed a mild tendency to recover towards baseline. A different pattern of total enzyme activity was observed for the periodontitis‐facial sites, where a significant decrease was first observed at 30 min. Enzyme concentration was higher in the facial sites than the interproximal sites, and enzyme concentration was generally highest in the static samples. The concentration data, however, is difficult to interpret since a number of sites demonstrated a converted GCF volume of 0 μl. Our data suggests that total enzyme activity and enzyme concentration are generally greater in the static GCF samples compared to subsequent samples. Furthermore, different categories of gingival sites differ in GCF volume and constituents with repealed sampling, and relatively uninvolved sites from patients with periodontitis demonstrate a distinct pattern of total enzyme activity. The data also indicates that after GCF sampling, the fluid volume in the crevice recovers more rapidly than constituents derived from host cells.
The in vitro effects of chlorhexidine on subgingival plaque bacteria
Authors: Stanley A. , Wilson M. , Newman H. N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility to chlorhexidine of a range of bacteria which may be isolated from subgingival plaque. In addition, the effect of chlorhexidine on the survival of bacteria in subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine for 52 strains of bacteria ranged from 8 to 500 μ/gml. The modal value of the MIC was found to be 62 μ/gm/l, 64% of the strains tested being inhibited at this concentration. A concentration of 250 μ/g/ml of chlorhexidine inhibited the growth of all bacteria in the 25 subgingival plaque samples investigated. The MTC of chlorhexidine for the samples ranged from 31 to 250 μ//g/ml, the modal value being 125 μ//g/ml.
Effect of initial treatment of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease in adults on spontaneous peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation
Authors: Evans R. I. , Mikulecky M. , Seymour G. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The spontaneous proliferative response (SPR) of peripheral blood lymphocytes, as a measure of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR), has been found to be depressed in adults with chronic inflammatory periodontal disease (CIPD). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that initial treatment of CIPD in adults restores the SPR to normal levels. 10 periodontal disease subjects (mean probing attachment loss of 4.2 mm and a mean bleeding index of 0.65) and 10 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects were studied. The SPR for each patient was evaluated on days 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 in culture, before and after initial treatment for CIPD. The peak SPR, which occurred at day 5, was depressed in the untreated periodontal disease subjects compared to the healthy control subjects (p<0.01). In addition, the kinetics of the SPR were found to be significantly different in 4 of the 10 parameters compared with the untreated periodontal disease patients and the healthy control subjects. After treatment, there was a significant reduction in probing attachment loss and bleeding indexes (p<0.001). In addition, the magnitude of the peak SPR was not significantly different from that of the healthy control subjects. Nevertheless, a difference in 1 of the 10 kinetic parameters persisted, which suggested that complete resotration of the SPR to normal had not occurred so soon after treatment. Although individual variations occurred, no significant differences in magnitude or kinetics of the SPR were found when the 2 healthy samples were compared, whereas the treated periodontal disease samples were significantly different from the untreated periodontal disease samples in both kinetics and magnitude at day 5 (p<0.001) and day 7 (p<0.05). These results support previous findings that the SPR is depressed in patients with untreated CIPD and that it returns to normal following initial treatment and reduction in antigenic load.
Clinical effects of local application of collagen film–immobilized tetracycline
Authors: Minabe Masato , Takeuchi Kayo , Tomomatsu Eiko , Hori Toshio , Umemoto Toshio
Published: December 2005

Abstract Tetracycline‐containing cross‐linked collagen film (TC film), or tetracycline‐free placebo film, were locally applied 4 times, at 1‐week intervals, to 33 teeth with periodontal pockets larger than 4 mm, in 11 patients with periodontal disease. The clinical and microbiological effects are summarized, as follows. In the group treated with the TC film, (1) the clinical indices were significantly decreased at the 4th and 7th weeks in comparison with those at the beginning of treatment. In particular, this group showed a significant decrease in the incidence of bleeding as compared with the placebo group at the 4th week. (2) Total counts of bacteria in the periodontal pockets showed an obvious tendency to decrease with time. The proportion of black‐pigmented bacteroides was significantly decreased at the 4th and 7th weeks when compared with the pretreatment value. The extent of decrease in the proportion of spirochetes at both the 4th and 7th weeks was significant compared with the placebo group and the pretreatment value.
Comparison of the effect of toothpastes containing enzymes or antimicrobial compounds with a conventional fluoride toothpaste on the development of plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Moran J. , Addy M. , Newcombe R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Many toothpastes have been formulated over recent years to contain antimicrobial compounds with the aim of preventing or reducing plaque, calculus, gingival inflammation or dental caries. For many, if not all of these toothpastes, it has yet to be proven whether they are significantly better at reducing plaque and gingivitis than conventional toothpastes, for which no such therapeutic effects have been claimed. This 12–day, incomplete block designed, cross‐over study compared the development of plaque and gingivitis following rinsing with toothpaste slurries containing the following active ingredients: (1) hexetidine/zinc citrate, (2) 0.2% triclosan, (3) amyloglucosidase/glucose oxidase, (4) sodium fluoride/sodium monofluorophosphate (NaF MFP). By the 8th day of the study, a significant difference in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and GT was found between the groups. By day 12, however, no significant difference in plaque index and gingival inflammation was found between the 4 toothpastes, although plaque area was significantly reduced with the hexetidine/zinc citrate paste when compared to the conventional fluoride paste, It was concluded that the active ingredients added to the toothpastes evaluated in this study provided little or no more additional benefit to oral hygiene and gingival health than could be achieved with a conventional fluoride toothpaste.
Periodontal condition and microbiology of healthy and diseased periodontal pockets in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Sastrowijoto S. H. , Hillemans P. , van Steenbergen T. J. M. , Abraham‐Inpijn L. , de Graaff J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract On the basis of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIC)values, 22 type I (insulin‐dependent) diabetic adults were grouped into patients with near normal (HbAt1c≤7.7%) and Poor (HbAtc≥9.9%) metabolic control. A total of 44 subgingival sites were examined for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, black‐pigmented Bacteroides species and Capnocytophaga species. No significant difference could be demonstrated between patients in the 2 test groups with regard to periodontal condition. Neither age of diabetic patients nor duration of diabetes mellitus influenced the periodontal parameters. In both test groups, pocket depth of 4 mm or more (≥4 mm) was found to be significantly associated with increased swelling, bleeding after probing and amount of marginal plaque. Proportionally high %s of cultivable A. actinomycetemcomitans (mean 4.3%; range 2.8–5.8%), Bacteroides gingival (33.2% and 34.6%) and Bacteroides intermedius (mean 4.2%; range 0.001–13.5%) were isolated from diseased periodontal pockets. In diabetic patients with poor metabolic control, B. intermedius was isolated from diseased periodontal pockets with a mean % of 7.2%, range 0.3–12.5%. Independent of the degree of metabolic control, low %s of Capnocytophaga species were isolated from diseased and healthy periodontal pockets, mean 0.9% (range 0.003–3.9%) and mean 1.4% (range 0.04–4.9%), respectively. It was concluded from this study that metabolic control seems to have no direct effect on the periodontium. Furthermore, the role of Capnocytophaga species in the pathogenesis of infectious periodontal disease in type I diabetic patients seems to be overestimated. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans and blackpigmented Bacteroides species may be important pathogens in periodontal disease in type I diabetic patients, as they are known to be in non–diabetic periodontal patients.
Problems around the in vitro and in vivo application of quantitative digital subtraction radiography
Authors: Janssen P. T. M. , van Aken J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The validity of a quantitative digital subtraction technique was investigated in vitro when influenced by the following aspects; the material enveloping the aluminium reference wedge, the radiation quality used to produce the radiographs and the effect of differences in image geometry between repeated radiographs. The test object consisted of a dry mandible in which small test objects made of aluminium with known volumes were introduced. By means of the quantitative digital subtraction technique, the aluminium volumes of these test objects were determined. The best agreement between the measured volumes and the actual volumes, was found when the aluminium reference wedge was embedded in polymethylmethacrylate and exposure conditions of 50 kVp, 15 mAs were used. An increase in the differences in image geometry between radiographs led to a decrease in the validity and accuracy of the measurements. For the in vivo application of this method, serial radiographs of 4 patients were taken to register the periodontal bone changes over a 5–8 month period. Differences in the approximal bone between radiographs were quantified in aluminium equivalent volumes (AEV's). In 23% of the measured sites, changes in the mineral content could be detected. The changed sites were found in only 2 patients. One patient showed 3 sites with remineralization, while the other patient showed 2 sites with demineralization. The differences detected ranged from ‐1.54 to + 0.38 mm3 aluminium equivalent.