bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biblical Performance Criticism: Survey and Prospects
Authors: Perry Peter S.
Published: February 2019

Biblical Performance Criticism (BPC) analyzes communication events of biblical traditions for audiences. Every communication event of a tradition has four aspects: a communicator, traditions re-expressed, an audience, and a social situation. This essay surveys the history of BPC and its current prospects and points to the future work of developing a fine-grained theoretical foundation for its work. In the analytical mode, a scholar gathers and examines data from a past performance event to describe it, and its effects, in detail. In the heuristic mode, a performer presents a tradition to an audience in order to better understand its dynamics. In the practical mode, a person reflects on the performance of biblical traditions in daily life. In these ways, BPC reunites biblical scholarship fragmented by critical reduction, and bridges the academic and popular use of biblical traditions.
Adversarial Reconstruction-Classification Networks for PolSAR Image Classification
Authors: Chen Yanqiao , Li Yangyang , Jiao Licheng , Peng Cheng , Zhang Xiangrong , Shang Ronghua
Published: February 2019

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification has become more and more widely used in recent years. It is well known that PolSAR image classification is a dense prediction problem. The recently proposed fully convolutional networks (FCN) model, which is very good at dealing with the dense prediction problem, has great potential in resolving the task of PolSAR image classification. Nevertheless, for FCN, there are some problems to solve in PolSAR image classification. Fortunately, Li et al. proposed the sliding window fully convolutional networks (SFCN) model to tackle the problems of FCN in PolSAR image classification. However, only when the labeled training sample is sufficient, can SFCN achieve good classification results. To address the above mentioned problem, we propose adversarial reconstruction-classification networks (ARCN), which is based on SFCN and introduces reconstruction-classification networks (RCN) and adversarial training. The merit of our method is threefold: (i) A single composite representation that encodes information for supervised image classification and unsupervised image reconstruction can be constructed; (ii) By introducing adversarial training, the higher-order inconsistencies between the true image and reconstructed image can be detected and revised. Our method can achieve impressive performance in PolSAR image classification with fewer labeled training samples. We have validated its performance by comparing it against several state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results obtained by classifying three PolSAR images demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
SatEC: A 5G Satellite Edge Computing Framework Based on Microservice Architecture
Authors: Yan Lei , Cao Suzhi , Gong Yongsheng , Han Hao , Wei Junyong , Zhao Yi , Yang Shuling
Published: February 2019

As outlined in the 3Gpp Release 16, 5G satellite access is important for 5G network development in the future. A terrestrial-satellite network integrated with 5G has the characteristics of low delay, high bandwidth, and ubiquitous coverage. A few researchers have proposed integrated schemes for such a network; however, these schemes do not consider the possibility of achieving optimization of the delay characteristic by changing the computing mode of the 5G satellite network. We propose a 5G satellite edge computing framework (5GsatEC), which aims to reduce delay and expand network coverage. This framework consists of embedded hardware platforms and edge computing microservices in satellites. To increase the flexibility of the framework in complex scenarios, we unify the resource management of the central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), and field-programmable gate array (FPGA); we divide the services into three types: system services, basic services, and user services. In order to verify the performance of the framework, we carried out a series of experiments. The results show that 5GsatEC has a broader coverage than the ground 5G network. The results also show that 5GsatEC has lower delay, a lower packet loss rate, and lower bandwidth consumption than the 5G satellite network.
An Approach to Share Self-Taught Knowledge between Home IoT Devices at the Edge
Authors: Jang Ingook , Lee Donghun , Choi Jinchul , Son Youngsung
Published: February 2019

The traditional Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has evolved towards intelligent IoT applications which exploit knowledge produced by IoT devices using artificial intelligence techniques. Knowledge sharing between IoT devices is a challenging issue in this trend. In this paper, we propose a Knowledge of Things (KoT) framework which enables sharing self-taught knowledge between IoT devices which require similar or identical knowledge without help from the cloud. The proposed KoT framework allows an IoT device to effectively produce, cumulate, and share its self-taught knowledge with other devices at the edge in the vicinity. This framework can alleviate behavioral repetition in users and computational redundancy in systems in intelligent IoT applications. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed concept, we examine a smart home case study and build a prototype of the KoT framework-based smart home system. Experimental results show that the proposed KoT framework reduces the response time to use intelligent IoT devices from a user’s perspective and the power consumption for compuation from a system’s perspective.
Deep Residual CNN-Based Ocular Recognition Based on Rough Pupil Detection in the Images by NIR Camera Sensor
Authors: Lee Young Won , Kim Ki Wan , Hoang Toan Minh , Arsalan Muhammad , Park Kang Ryoung
Published: February 2019

Accurate segmentation of the iris area in input images has a significant effect on the accuracy of iris recognition and is a very important preprocessing step in the overall iris recognition process. In previous studies on iris recognition, however, the accuracy of iris segmentation was reduced when the images of captured irises were of low quality due to problems such as optical and motion blurring, thick eyelashes, and light reflected from eyeglasses. Deep learning-based iris segmentation has been proposed to improve accuracy, but its disadvantage is that it requires a long processing time. To resolve this problem, this study proposes a new method that quickly finds a rough iris box area without accurately segmenting the iris region in the input images and performs ocular recognition based on this. To address this problem of reduced accuracy, the recognition is performed using the ocular area, which is a little larger than the iris area, and a deep residual network (ResNet) is used to resolve the problem of reduced recognition rates due to misalignment between the enrolled and recognition iris images. Experiments were performed using three databases: Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)-Iris-Distance, CASIA-Iris-Lamp, and CASIA-Iris-Thousand. They confirmed that the method proposed in this study had a higher recognition accuracy than existing methods.
Exploring the Place of Animals and Human–Animal Relationships in Hydraulic Fracturing Discourse
Authors: Whitley Cameron T.
Published: February 2019

Throughout human history, energy security has been a prominent concern. Historically, animals were used as energy providers and as companions and sentinels in mining operations. While animals are seldom used for these purposes in developed communities today, this legacy of use is likely to have far-reaching consequences for how animals and human–animal relationships are acknowledged in energy development. The US is currently experiencing an energy boom in the form of high volume horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (HVHHF); because animals are the most at risk from this boom, this study uses a thorough content analysis of peer-reviewed HVHHF articles mentioning animals from 2012–2018 to assess how animals and human–animal relationships are discussed. Three dominant article theme classifications emerge: animal-focused articles, animal-observant articles, and animal sentinel articles. Across themes, articles seldom acknowledge the inherent value or the social and psychological importance of animals in human lives; instead, the focus is almost exclusively on the use of animals as sentinels for potential human health risks. Further, what is nearly absent from this body of literature is any social science research. Given that relationships with animals are an integral part of human existence, this study applies environmental justice principles, serving as a call to action for social science scholars to address the impacts of HVHHF on animals and human–animal relationships.
Towards Quantifiable Metrics Warranting Industry-Wide Corporate Death Penalties
Authors: Pearce Joshua M.
Published: February 2019

In the singular search for profits, some corporations inadvertently kill humans. If this routinely occurs throughout an industry, it may no longer serve a net positive social purpose for society and should be eliminated. This article provides a path to an objective quantifiable metric for determining when an entire industry warrants the corporate death penalty. First, a theoretical foundation is developed with minimum assumptions necessary to provide evidence for corporate public purposes. This is formed into an objective quantifiable metric with publicly-available data and applied to two case studies in the U.S.: the tobacco and coal mining industries. The results show the American tobacco industry kills 4 times more people per year than it employs, and the American coal-mining industry kills more than one American every year for every coal miner employed. The results clearly warrant industry-wide corporate death penalties for both industries in America. Future work is discussed to ensure industries only exist to benefit humanity in all the societies in which they operate.
Beyond Subsidies: A Study of Sustainable Public Subordinated Debt in Spain
Authors: Bustos-Contell Elisabeth , Labatut-Serer Gregorio , Ribeiro-Navarrete Samuel , Climent-Serrano Salvador
Published: February 2019

Evidence from business shows that small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are fragile. They suffer from a high mortality rate that primarily owes to difficulties in securing financing as a result of major information asymmetries. Despite these difficulties, SMEs provide the economic backbone of all economically developed countries. Aware of the key role of SMEs in national economic stability and of the financial problems that SMEs face, governments have designed a range of financial and tax measures to protect them. These financial measures include a highly specific form of public financing called subordinated debt. This concept refers to debt with the lowest credit seniority, just before equity. Subordination makes sense when companies go into liquidation because subordinated debt creditors are the last creditors to receive repayment, making recovery of this debt virtually impossible. Therefore, the risk borne by lenders of subordinated debt is similar to that of shareholders of the borrowing firm. This paper presents an ordinary least squares regression model to estimate the cash flows of SMEs financed by public subordinated debt. This provides public authorities with a tool to estimate the ability of SMEs to repay their debt and to thereby ensure that public subordinated debt financing is sustainable.
Could Marine Industry Promote the Coordinated Development of Coastal Provinces in China?
Authors: Ma Renfeng , Hou Bo , Zhang Wenzhong
Published: February 2019

The marine economy, as an important driving force for economic development in coastal countries and regions, is now generally accepted by the academic world. This article examines the economic impact of the marine industry on China’s coastal provinces and cities and focuses on the narrowing development gap the marine industry faces in the coastal provinces and cities to promote the coordinated development of China’s coastal zone. It will further analyze the spatial and temporal differentiation of the marine industry along with what has driven China’s regional economic growth from 2006 to 2015. The research has proven that the marine economy certainly has a tremendous impact on provincial economic growth in coastal provinces (cities) and that even its degree of promotion is different in different cities. Further findings state that the contribution rate of the marine economy to the provincial economy in Tianjin, Shanghai, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hainan is higher than the national average rate. Related findings are conducive to gain a better understanding of how development can be balanced and what best scientific decision-making practices can be utilized by policy-makers and planners in China.
Sustainability of Urban Functions: Dealing with Tourism Activity
Authors: Fistola Romano , Gargiulo Carmela , Battarra Rosaria , La Rocca Rosa Anna
Published: February 2019

This study aims to contribute to theoretical debate concerning urban planning, highlighting the need for a renewal of approaches and tools that could allow for the achievement of urban smartness. The concept of urban sustainability is evolving, also in relation to the incoming world of “smart cities,” and it should be related to a systemic vision of the city. Referring to a systemic approach for the study of urban phenomena, sustainability can be considered as a target condition that cities have to achieve in order to contrast “urban entropy” and behave as smart cities. In this regard, our study starts from the premise that entropy is a negative state, which can affect the urban system in all its components. Among these components, the social subsystem can play a strategic role and some urban functions (such as the components of the functional subsystem) can be designated as “driving functions” that are able to lead the urban system towards a sustainable and smarter state of equilibrium. This equilibrium, though not static, can provide the efficiency of the system. Since tourism interests several aspects and sectors, it can be considered as one of the forces that, if properly controlled (i.e., by integrating it into the process of evolution of the system), would positively influence the evolution of the urban system. The application of the theoretical framework refers to the social (active) component of tourism, represented by the tourist flows that move inside the physical subsystem and can be traced through the data they disseminate by the use of their personal devices, with the aim of individuating the urban zones where the load of tourism concentrates. These areas can be marked as the ones urban planners and decision-makers have to first monitor in order to control the general state of the urban system equilibrium.
A Cloud-Based Crime Reporting System with Identity Protection
Authors: Shih Tzay-Farn , Chen Chin-Ling , Syu Bo-Yan , Deng Yong-Yuan
Published: February 2019

Criminal activities have always been a part of human society, and even today, in a world of extremely advanced surveillance and policing capabilities, many different kinds of crimes are still committed in almost every social environment. However, since those who commit crimes are not representative of the majority of their community, members of these communities tend to wish to report crime when they see it; however, they are often reluctant to do so for fear of their own safety should the people they report identify them. Thus, a great deal of crime goes unreported, and investigations fail to gain key evidence from witnesses, which serves only to foster an environment in which criminal activity is more likely to occur. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes an online illegal event reporting scheme based on cloud technology, which combines digital certificates, symmetric keys, asymmetric keys, and digital signatures. The proposed scheme can process illegal activity reports from the reporting event to the issuing of a reward. The scheme not only ensures informers’ safety, anonymity and non-repudiation, but also prevents cases and reports being erased, and ensures data integrity. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is designed to be robust against abusive use, and is able to preclude false reports. Therefore, it provides a convenient and secure platform for reporting and fighting crime.
Formation and Evolution of Soil Salinization in Shouguang City Based on PMS and OLI/TM Sensors
Authors: Dong Fang , Tang Yongjie , Xing Xuerui , Liu Zhanhong , Xing Liting
Published: February 2019

To explore the evolution process of soil salinization in Shouguang, the current study applied the Pan and Multi-spectra Sensor (PMS), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data to establish a remote sensing monitoring model of soil salinization. Based on the vegetation and salinity indexes, we extracted the information of soil salinization in the flourishing period of plant growth in Shouguang in 2017. At the same time, we monitored the spatial and temporal patterns of soil salinization in Shouguang from 1998 to 2017. We compared the range of soil salinization reflected by remote sensing data and the regional groundwater level and revealed the formation and evolution mechanism of soil salinization in Shouguang. The results reflected that the distribution of soil salinization in Shouguang demonstrated obvious banding characteristics in distribution, and soil salinization gradually increased from the south to the north. Based on the imagery interpretation of Landsat images of three periods from 1998 to 2017, we found that the area of saline land in Shouguang severely decreased as a whole, but the coastal salinization intensified. Moreover, the inversion of surface soil salinity using the GF-1 satellite PMS image has a high precision, and the goodness of fit (R2) is up to 0.871. Compared with the GF-1 image, the Landsat image is more suitable for grading and monitoring soil salinization in a wide range. We also confirmed that the change in ground water level is the main reason for the evolution of salinization. Excessive exploitation of groundwater by vegetable production caused the intensification of seawater intrusion and secondary salinization in coastal areas, while the water level dropped in areas far from the coastline. To prevent the deterioration from soil salinization in Shouguang, it is necessary for us to extract the local groundwater resources reasonably and optimally.
Synthesis and selected transformations of 2-unsubstituted 1-(adamantyloxy)imidazole 3-oxides: straightforward access to non-symmetric 1,3-dialkoxyimidazolium salts
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Celeda Małgorzata , Urbaniak Katarzyna , Jasiński Marcin , Bakhonsky Vladyslav , Schreiner Peter R , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: February 2019

Adamantyloxyamine reacts with formaldehyde to give N-(adamantyloxy)formaldimine as a room-temperature-stable compound that exists in solution in monomeric form. This product was used for reactions with α-hydroxyiminoketones leading to a new class of 2-unsubstituted imidazole 3-oxides bearing the adamantyloxy substituent at N(1). Their reactions with 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dithione or with acetic acid anhydride occurred analogously to those of 1-alkylimidazole 3-oxides to give imidazol-2-thiones and imidazol-2-ones, respectively. Treatment of 1-(adamantyloxy)imidazole 3-oxides with Raney-Ni afforded the corresponding imidazole derivatives without cleavage of the N(1)–O bond. Finally, the O-alkylation reactions of the new imidazole N-oxides with 1-bromopentane or 1-bromododecane open access to diversely substituted, non-symmetric 1,3-dialkoxyimidazolium salts. Adamantyloxyamine reacts with glyoxal and formaldehyde in the presence of hydrobromic acid yielding symmetric 1,3-di(adamantyloxy)-1H-imidazolium bromide in good yield. Deprotonation of the latter with triethylamine in the presence of elemental sulfur allows the in situ generation of the corresponding imidazol-2-ylidene, which traps elemental sulfur yielding a 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-thione as the final product.
INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE STATE OF STRESS AND STRAIN IN THREE‐LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Authors: Juknevičius Linas , Marčiukaitis Gediminas , Valivonis Juozas
Published: February 2019

The layered structures are the most efficient building structure elements that distinguish as lightweight and serves for both structural and thermal insulation purposes. The effective performance of all layers is very important condition for the layered structures during its service. The influence of various technological factors on the quality of the layered structures is analysed in this paper. Such technological factors include the quality of the bond between the layers, the composition and processing of the materials used for the layers, different shrinkage strains of the different layers, reinforcement ratio etc. The calculation method and equations for calculating the initial state of stress and strain caused by the concrete shrinkage are presented in the article.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DESIGN CODES CALCULATION METHODS FOR PUNCHING SHEER RESISTANCE IN COLUMN‐TO‐SLAB CONNECTIONS
Authors: Zabulionis Darius , Šakinis Dainius , Vainiūnas Povilas
Published: February 2019

This paper analyses the compliance of the design codes calculation methods for punching shear resistance in reinforced concrete slabs STR 2.05.05:2005, E DIN 1045–1, ENV 1992–1‐1 EC 2, prEN 1992–1 [Final draft] EC 2, Model Code CEB‐FIP 1990, BS 8110, ACI 318–99 to the experimental data. It has been analysed whether the difference in the results of the mean punching shear resistance received according to these methods and through experiments is statistically significant, when the level of significance value is 0,05. To analyse the significance of the difference of the means Student t test was used. An analysis was carried out to find out which methods show the least different resistance results from the experimental data. According to this analysis, a classification of methods was made. Student t test was applied to analyse in which methods the ratio between the punching shear resistance results obtained and the punching shear resistance results received through experiment is statistically insignificant. The level of significance value considered was 0,05. It has been determined that almost in all cases the difference between the punching shear resistance results received experimentally and theoretically is statistically significant. It has also been found out that generally the punching shear resistance can be calculated by applying the prEN 1992–1 [Final draft] EC 2 method. The best method to describe the punching shear resistance in minimally reinforced slabs is ACI 318. The worst results are obtained by applying ENV 1992–1‐1 EC 2 and E DIN 1045–1 methods.
INTEGRATED AGENT‐BASED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Authors: Tatari Omer , Skibniewski Mirosław
Published: February 2019

Effective management of equipment is crucial for the success of construction firms. Inadequate manual processes of equipment management and the subjective decisions of equipment managers usually result in major losses in construction firms, hence, the economy. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce an agent‐based equipment management system aiming to increase integration and automation, and to minimise decision errors. Recent research on agent technology allows the proposition of an automated and integrated application for equipment management. The proposed application makes use of the current databases of the firm and adds wireless technology to construction equipment for automated data integration.
INFLUENCE OF GAUGE WIDTH ON RAIL SIDE WEAR ON TRACK CURVES
Authors: Povilaitienė Inesa , Kamaitis Ipolitas Zenonas , Podagėlis Igoris
Published: February 2019

The main property of the railway system is infrastructure objects and rolling‐stock. Holding any kind of a property requires huge expenses and renovation investments. Intensive wearing of the rails on the track curves is observed. This problem is always topical in railways. In this article a possibility to decrease wear of rails on curves is analysed. The purpose of the authors’ research was to estimate the influence of rail wearing on the track widening and permissible deviations on curves when radius is less than 650 m. Also, to estimate the possibility to reduce railroad maintenance expenses associated with the change of the worn rails, when gauge on curves with radius less than 650 m is widened. For this reason in this article a mathematical model is presented. This model evaluates the influence of the gauge width on rail wearing on curves. An experiment was carried out on Lithuanian railway line curves. Results and analysis of the experimental research are presented in the article.
ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF WALKING DISTANCES TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON HOUSING PRICES
Authors: Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė Rasa , Burinskienė Marija
Published: February 2019

Accessible public transport system is an essential indicator that guarantees equal travelling opportunities for all people. Scientific research has revealed that poor accessibility to public transport mostly affects low‐income people and the elderly. People from these groups have fewer opportunities to reach education institutions, working places, or health institutions. Access to public transport routes is among public transport indicators that are important for these social groups of people. An analysis reveals that during the last six years, from 1998 to 2004, access to public transport increased on average by 1,28 % in the district area.

The analysed indicators of population density, working density, ratio of built up territories and green areas, accessibility of the public transport, density of routes in the area in question, and the distance to the centre revealed that the accessibility to public transport also has a significant influence on the price of housing, especifically for the above social group.
A TOOL FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED BENDING PLATES
Authors: Michnevič Edvard
Published: February 2019

A new finite element for modelling laminated bending plates was defined based on the effective triangular finite element of the discrete Kirchhoff's theory. The plates can be made of layers arranged in any order and consisting of different but orthotropic materials. The suggested finite element has 6 degrees of freedom in every node, i e 3 linear displacements and 3 rotations about the axis of coordinates. A mathematical model of the element describes stress and strain effects both in the plane of the element or perpendicular to it, except for shear. The suggested element can be used for calculating laminated plates or beams, not subjected to heavy shear stresses. Some numerical case studies are provided, while the results obtained are compared with the well‐known analytical and numerical solutions.
VALUATIONS OF BUILDING PLOTS USING THE AHP METHOD
Authors: Bunyan Unel Fatma , Yalpir Sukran
Published: February 2019

Predicting the value of real estate is a complex endeavor due to the abundance of subjective criteria. Objective consideration of the value-affecting criteria in real estate and regulation of decision support systems will enable the acquisition of more accurate results. In this study, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a type of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), is used to reproduce coefficients that serve as the basis for real estate valuation. A region in the Selcuklu district of Konya, Turkey was used to test the model created by AHP. Weighted criteria describing areas subjected to purchase/sale were generated by the AHP method and then validated. Additionally, a valuation model was created by the multiple regression analysis (MRA) method for comparison and performance analyses. Weighted values were transformed from AHP points and acquired from the MRA method and then joined with geographic information systems (GIS). Value maps of the study area and purchase/sale values were generated according to these newly created models. The performance comparison and value maps revealed that the AHP method is more successful than the MRA method. This study addressed the complexity of criteria issue by using the original hierarchical structure of AHP and thus contributes to the world economy by enabling the generation of more accurate estimations.
Anomalously Low-metallicity Regions in MaNGA Star-forming Galaxies: Accretion Caught in Action?
Authors: Hwang Hsiang-Chih , Barrera-Ballesteros Jorge K. , Heckman Timothy M. , Rowlands Kate , Lin Lihwai , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Pan Hsi-An , Hsieh Bau-Ching , Sánchez Sebastian , Bizyaev Dmitry , Almeida Jorge Sánchez , Thilker David A. , Lotz Jennifer M. , Jones Amy , Nair Preethi , Andrews Brett H. , Drory Niv
Published: February 2019

We use data from 1222 late-type star-forming galaxies in the SDSS IV Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory survey to identify regions in which the gas-phase metallicity is anomalously low compared to expectations from the tight empirical relation between metallicity and stellar surface mass density at a given stellar mass. We find anomalously low-metallicity (ALM) gas in 10% of the star-forming spaxels and in 25% of the galaxies in the sample. The incidence rate of ALM gas increases strongly with both global and local measures of the specific star formation rate and is higher in lower mass galaxies and in the outer regions of galaxies. The incidence rate is also significantly higher in morphologically disturbed galaxies. We estimate that the lifetimes of the ALM regions are a few hundred Myr. We argue that the ALM gas has been delivered to its present location by a combination of interactions, mergers, and accretion from the halo, and that this infusion of gas stimulates star formation. Given the estimated lifetime and duty cycle of such events, we estimate that the time-averaged accretion rate of ALM gas is similar to the star formation rate in late-type galaxies over the mass range

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Solar Energetic Particle Propagation in Wave Turbulence and the Possibility of Wave Generation
Authors: Strauss R. D. , le Roux J. A.
Published: February 2019

A complete theory for the complex interaction between solar energetic particles (SEPs) and the turbulent interplanetary magnetic field remains elusive. In this work we aim to contribute to such a theory by modeling the propagation of SEP electrons in plasma wave turbulence. We specify a background turbulence spectrum, as constrained through observations, calculate the transport coefficients from first principles, and simulate the propagation of these electrons in the inner heliosphere. We have also, for the first time, included dynamical effects into the perpendicular diffusion coefficient. We show that such a “physics-first” approach can lead to reasonable results, when compared qualitatively to observations. In addition, we include the effect of wave growth/damping due to streaming electrons and show that these particles can significantly alter the turbulence levels close to the Sun for the largest events.
Quantifying the Influence of Key Physical Processes on the Formation of Emission Lines Observed by IRIS. I. Non-equilibrium Ionization and Density-dependent Rates
Authors: Bradshaw Stephen J. , Testa Paola
Published: February 2019

In the work described here, we investigate atomic processes leading to the formation of emission lines within the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph wavelength range at temperatures near 105 K. We focus on (1) non-equilibrium and (2) density-dependent effects influencing the formation and radiative properties of S iv and O iv. These two effects have significant impacts on spectroscopic diagnostic measurements of quantities associated with the plasma that emission lines from S iv and O iv provide. We demonstrate this by examining nanoflare-based coronal heating to determine what the detectable signatures are in transition region emission. A detailed comparison between predictions from numerical experiments and several sets of observational data is presented to show how one can ascertain when non-equilibrium ionization and/or density-dependent atomic processes are important for diagnosing nanoflare properties, the magnitude of their contribution, and what information can be reliably extracted from the spectral data. Our key findings are the following. (1) The S/O intensity ratio is a powerful diagnostic of non-equilibrium ionization. (2) Non-equilibrium ionization has a strong effect on the observed line intensities even in the case of relatively weak nanoflare heating. (3) The density dependence of atomic rate coefficients is only important when the ion population is out of equilibrium. (4) In the sample of active regions we examined, weak nanoflares coupled with non-equilibrium ionization and density-dependent atomic rates were required to explain the observed properties (e.g., the S/O intensity ratios). (5) Enhanced S/O intensity ratios cannot be due solely to the heating strength and must depend on other processes (e.g., heating frequency, non-Maxwellian distributions).
Ultraviolet HST Spectroscopy of Planck Cold Clumps
Authors: Dirks Cody , Meyer David M.
Published: February 2019

We report results of the first study utilizing the ultraviolet capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope to investigate a sample of Planck Galactic Cold Clump (PGCC) sources. We have selected high-resolution spectra toward 25 stars that contain a multitude of interstellar absorption lines associated with the interstellar medium (ISM) gas within these PGCC sources, including carbon monoxide (CO), C i and O i. By building cloud-component models of the individual absorption components present in these spectra, we can identify and isolate components associated with the PGCC sources, allowing for a more accurate investigation of the ISM behavior within these sources. Despite probing a broad range of overall sightline properties, we detect CO along each sightline. Sightlines with CO column density N(CO) > 1015 cm−2 exhibit spatial dependence in N(CO) and CO/C i, while sightlines with N(CO) < 1015 cm−2 show no such spatial dependence. Differences between N(H2) values derived from UV absorption and dust emission suggest structure in the spatial distribution of N(H2), where “CO-bright” sightlines are associated with PGCC sources embedded within smooth translucent envelopes, and “CO-dark” sightlines are associated with PGCC sources embedded in patchier environments containing more diffuse gas.
Observations of Solar Wind from Earth-directed Coronal Pseudostreamers
Authors: Wang Y.-M. , Panasenco O.
Published: February 2019

Low-speed (≲450 km s−1) solar wind is widely considered to originate from streamer loops that intermittently release their contents into the heliosphere, in contrast to high-speed wind, which has its source in large coronal holes. To account for the presence of slow wind far from the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), it has been suggested that “pseudostreamers” rooted between coronal holes of the same polarity continually undergo interchange reconnection with the adjacent open flux, producing a wide band of slow wind centered on the separatrix/plasma sheet that extends outward from the pseudostreamer cusp. Employing extreme-ultraviolet images and potential-field source-surface extrapolations, we have identified 10 Earth-directed pseudostreamers during 2013–2016. In situ measurements show wind speeds ranging from ∼320 to ∼600 km s−1 in the days immediately preceding and following the predicted pseudostreamer crossings, with the proton densities and O7+/O6+ ratios tending to be inversely correlated with the bulk speed. We also identify examples of coronal holes that straddle the solar equator and give rise to wind speeds of order 400 km s−1. Our results support the idea that the bulk of the slow wind observed more than a few degrees from the HCS originates from just inside coronal holes.
Predicting the Rossby Number in Convective Experiments
Authors: Anders Evan H. , Manduca Cathryn M. , Brown Benjamin P. , Oishi Jeffrey S. , Vasil Geoffrey M.
Published: February 2019

The Rossby number is a crucial parameter describing the degree of rotational constraint on the convective dynamics in stars and planets. However, it is not an input to computational models of convection but must be measured ex post facto. Here, we report the discovery of a new quantity, the predictive Rossby number, which is both tightly correlated with the Rossby number and specified in terms of common inputs to numerical models. The predictive Rossby number can be specified independent of Rayleigh number, allowing suites of numerical solutions to separate the degree of rotational constraint from the strength of the driving of convection. We examine the scaling of convective transport in terms of the Nusselt number and the degree of turbulence in terms of the Reynolds number of the flow, and we find scaling laws nearly identical to those in non-rotational convection at low Rossby number when the predictive Rossby number is held constant. Finally, we describe the boundary layers as a function of increasing turbulence at constant Rossby number.
An Analytic Model for Mass Transfer in Binaries with Arbitrary Eccentricity, with Applications to Triple-star Systems
Authors: Hamers Adrian S. , Dosopoulou Fani
Published: February 2019

Most studies of mass transfer in binary systems assume circular orbits at the onset of Roche lobe overflow. However, there are theoretical and observational indications that mass transfer could occur in eccentric orbits. In particular, eccentricity could be produced via sudden mass loss and velocity kicks during supernova explosions, or Lidov–Kozai (LK) oscillations in hierarchical triple systems, or, more generally, secular evolution in multiple-star systems. However, current analytic models of eccentric mass transfer are faced with the problem that they are only well defined in the limit of very high eccentricities and break down for less eccentric and circular orbits. This provides a major obstacle to implementing such models in binary and higher-order population synthesis codes, which are useful tools for studying the long-term evolution of a large number of systems. Here we present a new analytic model to describe the secular orbital evolution of binaries undergoing conservative mass transfer. The main improvement of our model is that the mass transfer rate is a smoothly varying function of orbital phase, rather than a delta function centered at periapsis. Consequently, our model is in principle valid for any eccentricity, thereby overcoming the main limitation of previous works. We implement our model in an easy-to-use and publicly available code that can be used as a basis for implementations of our model into population synthesis codes. We investigate the implications of our model in a number of applications with circular and eccentric binaries and triples undergoing LK oscillations.
Late Central-engine Activity in GRB 180205A
Authors: Becerra R. L. , Watson A. M. , Fraija N. , Butler N. R. , Lee W. H. , Troja E. , Román-Zúñiga C. G. , Kutyrev A. S. , Álvarez Nuñez L. C. , Ángeles F. , Chapa O. , Cuevas S. , Farah A. S. , Fuentes-Fernández J. , Figueroa L. , Langarica R. , Quirós F. , Ruíz-Díaz-Soto J. , Tejada C. G. , Tinoco S. J.
Published: February 2019

We present optical photometry of the afterglow of the long GRB 180205A with the COATLI telescope from 217 s to about 5 days after the Swift/BAT trigger. We analyze this photometry in conjunction with the X-ray light curve from Swift/XRT. The late-time light curves and spectra are consistent with the standard forward-shock scenario. However, the early-time optical and X-ray light curves show atypical behavior; the optical light curve exhibits a flat plateau while the X-ray light curve shows a flare. We explore several scenarios and conclude that the most likely explanation for the early behavior is late activity of the central engine.
Confirming Herschel Candidate Protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO Observations
Authors: Gómez-Guijarro C. , Riechers D. A. , Pavesi R. , Magdis G. E. , Leung T. K. D. , Valentino F. , Toft S. , Aravena M. , Chapman S. C. , Clements D. L. , Dannerbauer H. , Oliver S. J. , Pérez-Fournon I. , Valtchanov I.
Published: February 2019

ALMA 870 μm continuum imaging has uncovered a population of blends of multiple dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) in sources originally detected with the Herschel Space Observatory. However, their pairwise separations are much smaller than what is found by ALMA follow-up of other single-dish surveys or expected from theoretical simulations. Using ALMA and the Very Large Array, we have targeted three of these systems to confirm whether the multiple 870 μm continuum sources lie at the same redshift, successfully detecting 12CO (J = 3–2) and 12CO (J = 1–0) lines and being able to confirm that in the three cases all the multiple DSFGs are likely physically associated within the same structure. Therefore, we report the discovery of two new gas-rich dusty protocluster cores (HELAISS02, z = 2.171 ± 0.004; HXMM20, z = 2.602 ± 0.002). The third target is located in the well-known COSMOS overdensity at z = 2.51 (named CL J1001+0220 in the literature), for which we do not find any new secure CO (1–0) detection, although some of its members show only tentative detections and require further confirmation. From the gas, dust, and stellar properties of the two new protocluster cores, we find very large molecular gas fractions yet low stellar masses, pushing the sources above the main sequence (MS), while not enhancing their star formation efficiency. We suggest that the sources might be newly formed galaxies migrating to the MS. The properties of the three systems compared to each other and to field galaxies may suggest a different evolutionary stage between systems.
The Lyell Collection at the Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London (UK)
Authors: Sendino Consuelo
Published: February 2019

This paper provides a quantitative and general description of the Lyell Collection kept in the Department of Earth Sciences at the Natural History Museum of London. This collection started to be built by the eminent British geologist Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875) in 1846 when the first specimen reached the Museum. The last one entered in 1980 donated by one of Lyell’s heirs. There are more than 1700 specimens, mainly hand specimens with 93% of the fauna and flora from the Cenozoic of the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Canaries and Madeira. Those specimens that belong to the Lyell Collection with certainty have been databased and imaged. Currently they are being geo-referred automatically with the rest of the site geo-references at the NHM. This collection could be increased by a couple of dozen more specimens with those specimens located in the same drawers, but they do not have collector details. The work of data collection of these specimens was implemented over a year from 2016 to 2017, including annelids; brachiopods; bryozoans; echinoderms; scyphozoans; bivalves; gastropods; scaphopods; trilobites; plants; reptiles; fishes; and mammals.

Access to the specimen-level data is available through the NHM data portal with the images associated. This is the first time that a description of the Fossil Lyell Collection dataset is available in the literature.
Petite corruption et situations de pluralisme normatif au Burundi
Authors: Nicaise Guillaume
Published: February 2019

Cet article restitue et analyse les pratiques des percepteurs d’impôt et des élus locaux au Burundi. Pour mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de l’État au niveau local, les observations participantes réalisées identifient les rapports de force, les réseaux de solidarité et les marges de manœuvre utilisées par les acteurs, afin de défendre leurs intérêts. L’omniprésence du parti au pouvoir et le faible niveau de contrôle favorisent l’impunité autour de la petite corruption locale. L’article démontre que la corruption au Burundi est essentiellement un fait social, en rupture avec sa définition formelle, et qu’elle fait partie de l’actuel système de gouvernance.
L’action publique urbaine transformée par les méthodes d’évaluation financière. Le cas de projets urbains en Italie
Authors: Adisson Félix
Published: February 2019

La financiarisation transforme les circuits, les institutions et les acteurs du financement de la production urbaine. Les études sociales de la finance montrent que ce processus modifie aussi les instruments utilisés pour définir la valeur monétaire des biens. Cet article fait ainsi l’hypothèse que la diffusion de méthodes de calcul de la valeur des marchés financiers dans l’aménagement contribue à la financiarisation de la production et de l’action publique urbaines. L’analyse des usages de l’une de ces méthodes, la valeur actuelle nette, dans l’élaboration de deux projets urbains en Italie permet de tester cette hypothèse et de caractériser les effets de cet usage. L’article montre que les finalités poursuivies par les acteurs de ces projets lorsqu’ils recourent à cette méthode, ainsi que les usages qu’ils en font, sont multiples, stratégiques et contestés. Ces usages d’un instrument « financiarisé » n’en ont pas moins des effets sur les conventions dominantes dans l’action publique, la distribution des pouvoirs urbains, la répartition de la rente foncière et le contenu des projets d’aménagement. Le gouvernement de ces projets par la valeur actuelle nette participe dès lors à la financiarisation du capitalisme urbain.
La financiarisation de l’immobilier résidentiel aux États-Unis : genèse et conséquences socio-spatiales de la crise des subprimes
Authors: Cusin François , Lefebvre Hugo
Published: February 2019

L’article montre comment s’est opérée aux États-Unis une financiarisation de l’immobilier résidentiel et pourquoi ce système est entré en crise, avec des effets non seulement économiques mais aussi socio-spatiaux durables. À partir des années 1990, dans un contexte marqué par la déréglementation, les innovations financières et la volonté du gouvernement fédéral de faire accéder les populations modestes à la propriété, le marché du crédit hypothécaire a été inondé de prêts qui se révéleront toxiques pour les ménages emprunteurs et pour l’ensemble du système. L’essor des crédits subprime a été rendu possible par le développement du marché secondaire de la dette reposant sur la titrisation des crédits hypothécaires. À la suite de l’éclatement en 2006 de la bulle immobilière, des millions de foyers ont été expulsés de leur logement, en particulier dans les périphéries les plus éloignées investies par les acquéreurs modestes et dans les centres urbains où réside une large part des minorités ethno--raciales. Cette crise économique, sociale et urbaine sans précédent depuis 1929 conduit à s’interroger sur les contradictions de la financiarisation de la ville et de l’immobilier, et sur ses conséquences spatiales.