bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individualidade, conhecimento e linguagem na concepção dialética de desenvolvimento em Vigotski
Authors: Duarte Newton
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2016v13n4p1559Neste artigo são exploradas as relações, na psicologia vigotskiana, entre o indivíduo em desenvolvimento e as formas mais ricas de individualidade, de conhecimento e de linguagem. A proposição metodológica que Karl Marx apresenta em sua clássica análise do método da economia política, segundo a qual, a anatomia humana é uma chave para a anatomia do macaco, ou seja, a forma mais desenvolvida é uma referência para a compreensão da menos desenvolvida, é vista por Vigotski como força motora do desenvolvimento psíquico humano. Esse psicólogo defende que a relação com o adulto é necessária ao desenvolvimento da criança. Igualmente ele postula que a individualidade se desenvolve do “em si” ao “para si” e que os sistemas de instrumentos psicológicos mais ricos são indispensáveis ao alcance de níveis mais elevados de desenvolvimento psíquico.
“Contextualization” in development: a microgenetic study of an English as a Foreign Language teacher
Authors: Biehl Paola Gabriella , Dellagnelo Adriana De Carvalho Kuerten
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2016v13n4p1599No campo de formação de professores de Inglês como língua estrangeira, atenção especial deve ser dada a professores iniciantes, para que eles consigam estabelecer uma relação dialética entre teoria e prática com vistas à práxis. A partir de um dos princípios da Teoria Histórico-Cultural de Vygotsky (1988), este estudo objetivou traçar o desenvolvimento de uma professora iniciante, enquanto mediada por outro mais experiente. A questão norteadora da pesquisa foi entender como as sessões de mediação impactaram o desenvolvimento da professora quanto ao conceito de ‘contextualização’. Métodos de pesquisa qualitativa foram utilizados para analisar os dados, que foram coletados por meio de observação de aulas e sessões de mediação, ambas filmadas. Os resultados evidenciam a importância da mediação intencional e direcionada do formador no desenvolvimento da professora participante.
Quais são mesmo os significados de "mesmo"?
Authors: Pagani Luiz Arthur , D'Ávila Andressa
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2017v14n2p2008O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar questões sobre a significação de “mesmo” em português brasileiro (PB) que não foram exploradas pela literatura em português ou que não estiveram no centro das discussões. Pudemos perceber que esse item lexical é capaz de contribuir de maneiras diferentes para a significação das sentenças em que aparece a depender de fatores que serão apresentados no texto. Além de análises feitas para o PB – a partir de Ilari (1996) e Guimarães (2010) –, apresentaremos propostas para o inglês “even” – Horn (1969) e Karttunen e Peters (1979) – e para o francês “même” – Anscombre (1973) e Ducrot (1972, 1981). Essas análises trazem reflexões interessantes que podem elucidar aspectos concernentes ao “mesmo” em PB. Discutiremos fenômenos relacionados à noção de pressuposição e ao modelo de implicaturas de Grice (1975).
Os processos materiais em notícias jornalísticas: seleção de parâmetros descritivos e análise de suas correlações
Authors: Damasceno Gesieny Laurett Neves , Rodrigues Violeta Virginia
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2017v14n2p2096Na Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional, a transitividade é concebida como o sistema responsável por codificar as experiências humanas. Baseado nessa perspectiva, este trabalho objetiva identificar as diferentes configurações que processos do tipo material podem assumir em contextos interativos específicos e reconhecer as motivações discursivas para essas codificações. Com vistas a alcançar esses objetivos, selecionamos oito parâmetros descritivos, que permitem analisar, mais sistematicamente, as escolhas efetuadas no âmbito do sistema de transitividade. Além disso, com o intuito de conhecer o grau de interdependência existente entre os fatores linguísticos, estimamos as correlações entre os parâmetros selecionados. O recorte de análise é formado por 131 cláusulas do tipo material, constitutivas de 31 textos pertencentes ao gênero notícia jornalística. A análise dos dados, feita por meio de Mapas Auto-Organizáveis e da estimativa da correlação simples, permitiu entrever, por exemplo, a relação existente entre as expressões metafóricas e a ocultação das entidades agentivas.
A formação de um banco de dados de fala de Teresina (PI): um estudo de caso
Authors: Pessoa Francisca Da Cruz Rodrigues , Ramos Jânia Martins
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2017v14n2p2173Este artigo enumera iniciativas de registro de dados de fala representativos da comunidade residente em Teresina (PI). Seus objetivos são descrever o estágio atual da construção dos diferentes corpora, compará-los, e sugerir que seja organizado um banco de dados único. Para encaminhamento dessa proposta, argumenta-se a favor (i) da adoção de uma política de autoria para a edição de corpora, e (ii) da reunião de amostras de entrevistas coletadas por pesquisadores que atuam em projetos independentes, quer sejam sociolinguistas quer sejam de áreas afins. A opção pela análise de caso, por tomar como ponto de partida uma situação real, oportuniza colocar em foco uma situação que certamente não é excepcional nem é estranha a numerosos pesquisadores brasileiros.
Sintaxe e Entoação das Small Clauses Livres e das Sentenças Exclamativas-wh: um estudo experimental
Authors: Da Cunha Karina Zendron
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8420.2016v17n1p119O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar o comportamento entoacional das small clauses livres (SCLs) e das sentenças exclamativas-wh do português brasileiro, variedade de Curitiba-PR, e discutir a sua relação com a sintaxe, a semântica e a pragmática. Nossa hipótese é que as SCLs e as sentenças exclamativas-wh têm comportamentos entoacionais diferentes e que essa diferença pode estar relacionada ao fato de essas sentenças terem forças sentenciais diferentes. Com o intuito de testar nossa hipótese, desenvolvemos um experimento de produção de fala no qual coletamos 288 sentenças para análise. Utilizamos o programa PRAAT e o script MOMEL/INTSINT para a análise dos dados e, para a análise estatística das médias de F0, aplicamos o teste de Wilcoxon. Os resultados revelaram que o comportamento entocional das SCLs e das exclamativas-wh é diferente, o que confirma nossa hipótese.
Processamento de sentenças e teoria do labirinto em orações relativas ambíguas no português brasileiro: resultados preliminares
Authors: Gravina Aline Peixoto , Dionizio Alice Ribeiro
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8420.2016v17n1p181Este artigo apresenta os resultados parciais de um estudo sobre  processamento de sentenças relativas ambíguas no português brasileiro. A pesquisa possui um caráter experimental e está inserida na área da Psicolinguística em interface com a Sintaxe/Semântica formal. O projeto visou investigar a preferência Late Closure (LC) versus Early Closure (EC) e se haveria a influência de aspectos semânticos no processamento dessas sentenças ambíguas. O trabalho se baseou nas ponderações já observadas por nomes como Frazier (1979), Cuetos e Mitchell (1988), Fodor (1998), Ribeiro (2005) e Finger e Zimmer (2005). A Teoria do Labirinto (Garden Path) foi essencial em nossas análises e os  resultados dos dados nos apresentam um amplo cenário ainda a ser explorado.
Growing Together: A Developmental Model for Training School Counseling Site Supervisors
Authors: Brott Pamelia E. , Stone Victoria , Davis Tamara E.
Published: July 2017

Using a practical action research approach, the authors sought to better understand school counseling site supervisors’ training. This article describes the collaborative leadership of the Northern Virginia School Counseling Leadership Team to develop and provide a model for school counselor site supervision. Based on 3 years of data, the authors describe who participates and their needs, strengths, and concerns as site supervisors. Results support the need to provide supervision training to increase school counselors’ self-efficacy as supervisors so that they can deliver an effective training experience for practicum and internship counselors-in-training.
Evaluation of a Brief, School-Based Bullying Bystander Intervention for Elementary School Students
Authors: Midgett Aida , Doumas Diana , Trull Rhiannon
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated a brief, bystander bullying intervention for elementary school students. Students in the intervention group reported an increase in knowledge and confidence to act as “defenders.” Students in the intervention group also reported an increase in self-esteem relative to the control group, although this finding was limited to sixth-grade students. The study found no group differences in sense of school belonging. This article discusses implications for school counselors.
Data and Research that Matter: Mentoring School Counselors to Publish Action Research
Authors: Mason Erin C. M. , Land Christy , Brodie Ian , Collins Kathleen , Pennington Claudia , Sands Kristen , Sierra Millie
Published: July 2017

Data and research serve as powerful advocacy tools in highlighting the effectiveness of school counselors and school counseling programs. School counselor educators can be key mentors who support practitioners in sharing the findings of local school action research. This article focuses on four unique projects by school counselors that demonstrate specific outcomes in student achievement and the mentoring efforts in guiding the dissemination of their results. The authors discuss recommendations for school counselors and counselor educators based on the mentoring process and publishable action research projects.
Editoría núm 22
Authors: Herrera Herrera Alejandrina
Published: July 2017

Revista Científica de FAREM-Estelí No. 22
Evaluation of agronomic and fruit quality traits of fig tree varieties (Ficus carica L.) grown in Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Pereira Cristina , Serradilla Manuel J. , Pérez-Gragera Fernando , Martín Alberto , Villalobos María C. , López-Corrales Margarita
Published: July 2017

In this work, the agronomic behaviour and fruit quality of ten varieties of common fig were evaluated for the establishment of new commercial orchards destined for fresh consumption. The following traits were measured: annual yield, cumulative yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and yield efficiency of each variety, as well as weight, width, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and maturation index (MI) of brebas and figs. The results show that ‘Banane’ and ‘Brown Turkey’ were the earliest to enter into production, and ‘Banane’ showed the highest annual yield in the 7th green (2014), with 76 kg/tree, followed by ‘Brown Turkey’ (57.6 kg/tree), ‘Cuello Dama Blanco’ (52 kg/tree) and ‘Colar Elche’ (39 kg/tree). On the other hand, 'Cuello Dama Blanco' and 'De Rey' exhibited the better organoleptic traits, with TSS and MI values ranged from 18.7 ºBrix and 203.3 MI (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 20.4 ºBrix and 187.1 MI (‘De Rey’) for brebas and from 21.4 ºBrix and 278.7 (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 23.3 ºBrix and 255.6 (‘De Rey’) for figs. This study will allow the fruit grower to select the most interesting and appropriate range of varieties based on market needs taking into account the ripening season (early, middle or late) and fruit colour (green, purple or black).
Outlining adequate protocols for Lidia bull epididymal storage and sperm cryopreservation: use of glycerol, dimethylformamide and N-acetylcysteine
Authors: Matilla Elvira , González-Fernández Lauro , Martínez-Pastor Felipe , Hernández Nuria , Tobajas Carolina , Calle-Guisado Violeta , Mijares José , Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M. , Álvarez Ignacio S. , Macías-García Beatriz
Published: July 2017

The Lidia bovine breed is an important hallmark of the Spanish cattle industry. Bulls are selected based upon aggressiveness and epididymal sperm cryopreservation is the way to obtain and store their genetics. There are not specifically designed protocols yet to perform Lidia bull sperm cryopreservation. The present study aimed to determine if a tris-fructose-citrate-egg yolk (20% v/v; TFY) extender supplemented with 7% glycerol (TFY1) or 3.5% glycerol plus 3.5% dimethylformamide (DMF; TFY2) are suitable media for cryopreservation of epididymal Lidia bull sperm. Moreover, the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, was evaluated. The epididymis were stored at 4°C for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h, and both freezing media were tested as such or supplemented with 1 or 2.5 mM of NAC. Our data demonstrated that post-thaw viability was well maintained (TFY1: 50.8% ± 1.9 at 24 h and 52.4% ± 0.8 at 96 h and TFY2: 52.6% ± 1.6 at 24 h and 56.1% ± 1.8 at 96 h; mean % ± SEM; p>0.05) as also were total and progressive sperm motility, high mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, DNA status and acrosomal intactness of Lidia bull sperm up to 96 h of epididymal storage, all extender variations being similar (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of TFY medium supplemented either with 7% glycerol alone or the combination of 3.5% glycerol and 3.5% DMF were equally safe choices for epididymal Lidia bull sperm cryopreservation, and NAC addition did not significantly improve sperm post-thaw quality.
Evaluation of Ulnar-sided Wrist Pain
Authors: DaSilva Manuel F. , Goodman Avi D. , Gil Joseph A. , Akelman Edward
Published: July 2017

Determining the etiology of ulnar-sided wrist pain is often challenging. The condition may be acute or chronic, and differential diagnoses include injuries to the ulnar carpal bones, ligament tears, tendinitis, vascular conditions, osteoarthritis and systemic arthritis, and ulnar nerve compression. An anatomically based, methodical physical examination coupled with provocative maneuvers, including piano key, ulnar impaction, shuck, foveal stress, and extensor carpi ulnaris synergy tests, further defines the differential diagnosis. Diagnostic imaging used in the evaluation of ulnar-sided wrist pain includes plain radiographs and MRI with or without arthrography. Wrist arthroscopy is becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of ulnar-sided intra-articular wrist pathology.
Study of Package Design for a Craft Wooden Boat Model Using Corrugated Board and Natural Extract to Prevent Termites
Authors: Srihirun Janyut , Satongkrun Benja
Published: July 2017

The objectives of this research were to study and design packaging, test its efficiency, and determine the satisfaction levels of consumers with the structure and graphic design of a craft wooden boat model packaging produced from corrugated board using natural extract to prevent termites. Data collection was conducted using focus groups of producers and consumers. Data was then summarized and used for the design and creation of the model packaging. Suggestions from experts were applied to improve the packaging of the craft wooden boat model; its preventive efficiency was then tested and the satisfaction of consumers was assessed. The results of the package structure test showed that bursting strength was 8.66 kgf/cm2, edge crush test was 3.86 kg/cm and drop height was 762 mm, which reaches standards ASTM D 774, ISO 3037 and ASTM D 5276, as well as helping prevent termites from biting. The size and design were portable and suitable to be displayed for sale. Concerning graphic design, a unique lined pattern narrating the story of a river of time that united the lifestyles of Thai people living along the river in the olden days, was created and combined with other design details to convey an impression of the product inside. Survey results revealed that customers were highly satisfied (=4.09, S.D. = 0.60) with the craft wooden boat model package in terms of functionality and marketing.
Identification and Analysing the Regional Role’ Determinants of Qatar in the Middle East
Authors: Al-Maatouk Nouf Saud , Kamal Mohamed
Published: July 2017

Studying the potentials of the regional role of Qatar has a big importance as a result of expanding and increasing this role, especially after the changing in its directions which draw the attention for interesting and study. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the determinants of the Qatari regional role towards the Middle East countries, especially the Arab countries in the absence of the big regional partners- Egypt and Saudi Arabia, also determine the factors, bases, tools and characteristics of this determinants that influencing the strength and expansion of this role in the region. The study concluded that Qatar as a small state and its geographic size didn’t enhance the determinants for acting as a regional force, but Qatar occupies a central place in the territory of the Middle East region, in addition to Physical force, and political statesmanship can be substituted in the diplomatic game management, all the way to the strategic goals and the task of maintaining the state and its political system that burgles them, not by the big powers, but by competing regional powers to dominate the region. Thus, it utilize its strategic site and invested in the appropriate opportunities which have been provided after the Arab Spring.
Study on the Factors Affecting the Financing of High-Tech SMEs
Authors: Zhu Mingjun
Published: July 2017

High-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have played an important role in promoting the development of Chinese national economy, but most of them are still facing the difficulty in financing. This paper determines the major factors affecting the financing for high-tech SMEs by using multiple linear regression (MLR) method and significance test then comes to a conclusion that enterprise scale, enterprise growth, tangible asset ratio and equity liquidity have positive relationship with the financing of high-tech SMEs while profitability, accumulation, non-debt tax shield and solvency have negative effects.
Civil Disobedience: Concept and Practice
Authors: Zain Zawiyah Mohd , Yusoff Mohammad Agus
Published: July 2017

The concept of civil disobedience was introduced by David Henry Thoreau in 1849 by what he experienced in the fight against slavery system in USA. The aims of this paper is to discuss the concept of civil disobedience and analyse its practice in Malaysia. This paper base on content analysis and interview. The analysis shows that first, there have several features to justify the acts of civil disobedience that happened in society. Second, in Malaysia, the concept of civil disobedience is something new. This is because in general, opposition is the term used to indicate resistance. The opposition only involves the struggle for political purposes, while the concept of civil disobedience include broader aspects involving the opposition parties, non-governmental organizations, civil society and activists to create public awareness for the fight against injustice in government. However, in practice, civil disobedience has been present in Malaysia since before independence. Therefore, this article takes a broader approach in analysing civil disobedience in Malaysia, with discussion focusing on historical aspects and current practice.
On a Silk Military Colour of Russia during Peter I
Authors: SU Miao , ZHAO Feng , YANG Rulin
Published: July 2017

This paper studies a silk military colour during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the collection of the Swedish Army Museum, discussing the colour from the perspectives of several aspects including the background, the shape and form, the decorative theme, the fabric variety and the silk pattern. Analysis and researches on the fabric weave and pattern are the main focuses of this paper and the recovery of the fabric’s pattern is also included. And on the basis of physical research, combining with the comprehensive analysis of the wars and the style of the colour, the authors identify that these silk fabrics used for the Russian military colour are Chinese satin damask of late Ming and early Qing dynasties. d intrinsic rewards were strongly related to OC. Especially, intrinsic rewards had the strongest association with OC. These findings suggest that the antecedents of OC in Vietnam are different from those in the West and China. The comparison between university graduates and others showed that fatigue and autonomy had stronger influence on OC in university graduates than in others. Discussions and implications concerning human resource management in Vietnam are offered.
Peace Education and Child Protection in Educational Settings for Elementary School in the West Papua of Indonesia
Authors: Hermino Agustinus
Published: July 2017

This qualitative research has purpose in order to get deep meaning of peace education and child protection in the Papua island, Indonesia, relate with (1) how children at risk at home or in the community; (2)how situational factors affecting child protection in schools relate with bullying (physical, verbal and psychological abuse) by staff and peers; (3) how peace building and child protection policy for educational settings in the elementary school. Location of the research was in two districts, such as: Teluk Bintuni and Fakfak.The result of this research indicate that peace building and child protection canbe intepreted based on: (1) strong education in the family; (2) the importance of attention to the socially outside of school; (3) atmosphere environment in school; (4) strengthen of friendship peers in the school; (5) atmosphere in the classroom; (6) methods of theaching by teacher; (7) strengthen the role of teaches as educator; (8) strengthen relationship teacher-student-parent; (9) exempary habituation; (10) implementation of curriculum-based character in the teaching learning process; (11) strengthen of character education; (12) strengthen the role of school principal.
The First Hochschild Cohomology of Square Algebras With it's Stability
Authors: Hassani Feysal , Oroozaki Negin Salehi
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we study on a special case of generalized matrix algebra that we call it square algebra. According to that Hochschild cohomology play a significant role in Geometry for example in orbifolds, we study the first Hochschild cohomology of the square algebra the vanishing of its.
The Question Concerning Geo-Engineering
Authors: Williston Byron ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2017

The Anthropocene, as we encounter it now, is the age in which we can no longer avoid postnaturalism, that is, a view of the ‘environment’ as largely ‘built.’ This means that we exist in a highly technologically mediated relationship to the rest of the earth system. But because the Anthropocene has barely emerged this time is best thought of as a transition phase between two epochs, i.e., it is ‘the end-Holocene.’ The end-Holocene is essentially a period of ecological crisis, the most salient manifestation of which is anthropogenic climate change. Given our political inertia, some have suggested that we should we respond to the climate crisis through technological manipulation of the global climate: geoengineering. The proposal raises many questions. The one I am interested in here is whether or not geoengineering represents an objectionable species-level narcissism. Will deployment of these technologies effectively cut us off from contact with anything non-human? This is what I’m calling ‘the question concerning geoengineering.’ I show how Heidegger’s philosophy of technology, especially his concept of ‘enframing,’ can help us think about the issue with the seriousness it demands.
Length of grow season for native tree species in different green spaces
Authors: Vaidelys Tadas , Straigytė Lina
Published: July 2017

The grow season length of native species is a good indicator of the changing environment, especially in urban green spaces. The  aim was to determine the  length of the grow season for native tree species in different types of green spaces. Tree vegetation was observed in Kaunas city green spaces and peri-urban forests in 2013–2015. It was found that types of green spaces less affected the  grow season length of pedanculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The differences of the oak vegetation duration between the types of green spaces were not significant for all three research years. The types of green spaces more affected the grow season length of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). The growth duration (for maple 6–12 days, for lime 10–15 days and for birch 5–9 days) was longer in broad street greeneries than in peri-urban forests. All differences of the growth duration between peri-urban forests and broad street greeneries were statistically significant. Pedanculate oak from peri-urban forests had the  longest vegetation in 2013, while the vegetation of small-leaved lime from street greeneries was shortest in 2015. Pedanculate oak is the most suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the longest grow season. Small-leaved lime is the least suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the shortest grow season, especially in street greeneries.
Reading and Writing History in Sixteenth-Century France: The Case of La Legende des Flamens (1522)
Authors: Emerson Catherine
Published: July 2017

A rare copy of a first edition of La Légende des Flamens, now in Trinity College Dublin, reveals a number of facts about its position in that library, probably a mid-nineteenth-century acquisition but acquired in the context of existing similar holdings of medieval and
early modern French historical writings. Unlike these writings, however, the text takes an explicitly anti-Flemish and pro-French royalist stance. Criticism levelled at the two most recently deceased popes — or at the English — may explain why the author has decided to remain anonymous,
or the text may have been conceived as a compilation of documentary sources without need for an author. This article examines the way that the text deploys sources, including a lost work by Giles of Rome, and draws some conclusions about the situation of the author of the text. Publisher François
Regnault is considered as a possible author.
J. Geoffrey Aspin: Bibliophile, Bookseller and Benefactor of the Old Library, Trinity College Dublin
Authors: Brooks William
Published: July 2017

Geoffrey Aspin was a bookseller specializing in French literature and thought of the classical period. He was also a collector of seventeenth-century French theatre, including the works of Quinault and the Corneille brothers, and he sold his collection to the Library of Trinity College
Dublin. This piece briefly reviews some aspects of Aspin the man, gives examples of the rich knowledge deployed in his catalogue and pencilled on the endpapers of his books, and argues that the coverage of this subject area in the Old Library of Trinity College is now amongst the best in the
world.
L'Édition du thèâtre français au dix-septième siècle: 1630–1690
Authors: Riffaud Alain
Published: July 2017

Surtout provinciale au début du siècle, l'édition théâtrale devient parisienne à partir de 1630, date à laquelle la production de nouveautés augmente rapidement. Jusqu'au milieu des années 1650, le marché de la
capitale passe aux mains de trois libraires du Palais qui sous-traitent l'impression à de petits ateliers. Après 1660, de nouveaux éditeurs parisiens apparaissent et de nouvelles associations voient le jour. Face à la domination de Paris, la province se spécialise
dans la contrefaçon, active à Caen, Avignon, Grenoble puis Lyon; en Hollande comme aux Pays-Bas espagnols les éditions pirates au format in-douze deviennent de plus en plus nombreuses. Les dramaturges maîtrisent assez peu la publication de leurs livres. Deux figures
échappent au sort commun, Pierre Corneille et Molière.
Subthalamic nucleus gamma activity increases not only during movement but also during movement inhibition
Authors: Fischer Petra , Pogosyan Alek , Herz Damian M , Cheeran Binith , Green Alexander L , Fitzgerald James , Aziz Tipu Z , Hyam Jonathan , Little Simon , Foltynie Thomas , Limousin Patricia , Zrinzo Ludvic , Brown Peter , Tan Huiling
Published: July 2017

Gamma activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is widely viewed as a pro-kinetic rhythm. Here we test the hypothesis that rather than being specifically linked to movement execution, gamma activity reflects dynamic processing in this nucleus. We investigated the role of gamma during fast stopping and recorded scalp electroencephalogram and local field potentials from deep brain stimulation electrodes in 9 Parkinson’s disease patients. Patients interrupted finger tapping (paced by a metronome) in response to a stop-signal sound, which was timed such that successful stopping would occur only in ~50% of all trials. STN gamma (60–90 Hz) increased most strongly when the tap was successfully stopped, whereas phase-based connectivity between the contralateral STN and motor cortex decreased. Beta or theta power seemed less directly related to stopping. In summary, STN gamma activity may support flexible motor control as it did not only increase during movement execution but also during rapid action-stopping.
Elastic force restricts growth of the murine utricle
Authors: Gnedeva Ksenia , Jacobo Adrian , Salvi Joshua D , Petelski Aleksandra A , Hudspeth A J
Published: July 2017

Dysfunctions of hearing and balance are often irreversible in mammals owing to the inability of cells in the inner ear to proliferate and replace lost sensory receptors. To determine the molecular basis of this deficiency we have investigated the dynamics of growth and cellular proliferation in a murine vestibular organ, the utricle. Based on this analysis, we have created a theoretical model that captures the key features of the organ’s morphogenesis. Our experimental data and model demonstrate that an elastic force opposes growth of the utricular sensory epithelium during development, confines cellular proliferation to the organ’s periphery, and eventually arrests its growth. We find that an increase in cellular density and the subsequent degradation of the transcriptional cofactor Yap underlie this process. A reduction in mechanical constraints results in accumulation and nuclear translocation of Yap, which triggers proliferation and restores the utricle’s growth; interfering with Yap’s activity reverses this effect.
Genome-wide identification of lineage and locus specific variation associated with pneumococcal carriage duration
Authors: Lees John A , Croucher Nicholas J , Goldblatt David , Nosten François , Parkhill Julian , Turner Claudia , Turner Paul , Bentley Stephen D
Published: July 2017

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of invasive disease in infants, especially in low-income settings. Asymptomatic carriage in the nasopharynx is a prerequisite for disease, but variability in its duration is currently only understood at the serotype level. Here we developed a model to calculate the duration of carriage episodes from longitudinal swab data, and combined these results with whole genome sequence data. We estimated that pneumococcal genomic variation accounted for 63% of the phenotype variation, whereas the host traits considered here (age and previous carriage) accounted for less than 5%. We further partitioned this heritability into both lineage and locus effects, and quantified the amount attributable to the largest sources of variation in carriage duration: serotype (17%), drug-resistance (9%) and other significant locus effects (7%). A pan-genome-wide association study identified prophage sequences as being associated with decreased carriage duration independent of serotype, potentially by disruption of the competence mechanism. These findings support theoretical models of pneumococcal competition and antibiotic resistance.
Altered paracrine signaling from the injured knee joint impairs postnatal long bone growth
Authors: Roselló-Díez Alberto , Stephen Daniel , Joyner Alexandra L
Published: July 2017

Regulation of organ growth is a poorly understood process. In the long bones, the growth plates (GPs) drive elongation by generating a scaffold progressively replaced by bone. Although studies have focused on intrinsic GP regulation, classic and recent experiments suggest that local signals also modulate GP function. We devised a genetic mouse model to study extrinsic long bone growth modulation, in which injury is specifically induced in the left hindlimb, such that the right hindlimb serves as an internal control. Remarkably, when only mesenchyme cells surrounding postnatal GPs were killed, left bone growth was nevertheless reduced. GP signaling was impaired by altered paracrine signals from the knee joint, including activation of the injury response and, in neonates, dampened IGF1 production. Importantly, only the combined prevention of both responses rescued neonatal growth. Thus, we identified signals from the knee joint that modulate bone growth and could underlie establishment of body proportions.
DNA-barcoding of forensically important blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the Caribbean Region
Authors: Yusseff-Vanegas Sohath Z. , Agnarsson Ingi
Published: July 2017

Correct identification of forensically important insects, such as flies in the family Calliphoridae, is a crucial step for them to be used as evidence in legal investigations. Traditional identification based on morphology has been effective, but has some limitations when it comes to identifying immature stages of certain species. DNA-barcoding, using COI, has demonstrated potential for rapid and accurate identification of Calliphoridae, however, this gene does not reliably distinguish among some recently diverged species, raising questions about its use for delimitation of species of forensic importance. To facilitate DNA based identification of Calliphoridae in the Caribbean we developed a vouchered reference collection from across the region, and a DNA sequence database, and further added the nuclear ITS2 as a second marker to increase accuracy of identification through barcoding. We morphologically identified freshly collected specimens, did phylogenetic analyses and employed several species delimitation methods for a total of 468 individuals representing 19 described species. Our results show that combination of COI + ITS2 genes yields more accurate identification and diagnoses, and better agreement with morphological data, than the mitochondrial barcodes alone. All of our results from independent and concatenated trees and most of the species delimitation methods yield considerably higher diversity estimates than the distance based approach and morphology. Molecular data support at least 24 distinct clades within Calliphoridae in this study, recovering substantial geographic variation forLucilia eximia, Lucilia retroversa, Lucilia ricaandChloroprocta idioidea, probably indicating several cryptic species. In sum, our study demonstrates the importance of employing a second nuclear marker for barcoding analyses and species delimitation of calliphorids, and the power of molecular data in combination with a complete reference database to enable identification of taxonomically and geographically diverse insects of forensic importance.
Plantar pressure distribution of ostrich during locomotion on loose sand and solid ground
Authors: Zhang Rui , Han Dianlei , Ma Songsong , Luo Gang , Ji Qiaoli , Xue Shuliang , Yang Mingming , Li Jianqiao
Published: July 2017

Background

The ostrich is a cursorial bird with extraordinary speed and endurance, especially in the desert, and thus is an ideal large-scale animal model for mechanic study of locomotion on granular substrate.

Methods

The plantar pressure distributions of ostriches walking/running on loose sand/solid ground were recorded using a dynamic pressure plate.

Results

The center of pressure (COP) on loose sand mostly originated from the middle of the 3rd toe, which differed from the J-shaped COP trajectory on solid ground. At mid-stance, a high-pressure region was observed in the middle of the 3rd toe on loose sand, but three high-pressure regions were found on solid ground. The gait mode significantly affected the peak pressures of the 3rd and 4th toes (p = 1.5 × 10−6and 2.39 × 10−8, respectively), but not that of the claw (p = 0.041). The effects of substrate were similar to those of the gait mode.

Discussion

Ground reaction force trials of each functional part showed the 3rd toe bore more body loads and the 4th toe undertook less loads. The pressure distributions suggest balance maintenance on loose sand was provided by the 3rd and 4th toes and the angle between their length axes. On loose sand, the middle of the 3rd toe was the first to touch the sand with a smaller attack angle to maximize the ground reaction force, but on solid ground, the lateral part was the first to touch the ground to minimize the transient loading. At push-off, the ostrich used solidification properties of granular sand under the compression of the 3rd toe to generate sufficient traction.
Structure of the defensin NsD7 in complex with PIP2 reveals that defensin : lipid oligomer topologies are dependent on lipid type
Authors: Järvå Michael , Lay Fung T. , Hulett Mark D. , Kvansakul Marc
Published: July 2017

Defensins are innate immune molecules that upon recognition of specific phospholipids can disrupt microbial membranes by forming oligomeric assemblies. Structures of two related plant defensins, NaD1 and NsD7, bound to phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively, revealed striking differences in their oligomeric topologies. To understand how NsD7 binds different phospholipids and rationalize the different topologies, we determined the structure of an NsD7–PIP2 complex. This structure reveals fundamental differences in phospholipid binding compared to NsD7–PA, and an oligomeric topology nearly identical to the previously determined NaD1–PIP2 complex, establishing that the PIP2 fibril topology is conserved between NaD1 and NsD7. Our findings highlight the remarkable ability of defensins to bind different types of phospholipids to form oligomeric fibrils with diverse topologies.
Effect of potential vorticity flux on the circulation in the South China Sea
Authors: Zhu Yaohua , Sun Junchuan , Wang Yonggang , Wei Zexun , Yang Dezhou , Qu Tangdong
Published: July 2017

This study analyzes temperature and salinity products from the U.S. Navy Generalized Digital Environment Model. To avoid the fictitious assumption of no‐motion reference level, a P‐vector inverse method is employed to derive geostrophic velocity. Line integral of geostrophic velocity shows evidence for the existence of a sandwiched circulation in the South China Sea (SCS), i.e., cyclonic circulation in the subsurface and deep layers and anticyclonic in the intermediate layer. To reveal the factors responsible for the sandwiched circulation, we derive the potential vorticity equation based on a four‐and‐a‐half‐layer quasi‐geostrophic model and apply theoretical potential vorticity constraint to density layers. The result shows that the sandwiched circulation is largely induced by planetary potential vorticity flux through lateral boundaries, mainly the Luzon Strait. This dynamical mechanism lies in the fact that the net potential vorticity inflow in the subsurface and deep layers leads to a positive layer‐average vorticity in the SCS basin, yielding vortex stretching and a cyclonic basin‐wide circulation. On the contrary, the net potential vorticity outflow in the intermediate layer induces a negative layer‐average vorticity, generating an anticyclonic basin‐wide circulation in the SCS. Furthermore, by illustrating different consequence from depth/density layers, we clarify that density layers are essential for applying theoretical potential vorticity constraint to the isolated deep SCS basin.
Deposition of mercury in forests across a montane elevation gradient: Elevational and seasonal patterns in methylmercury inputs and production
Authors: Gerson Jacqueline R. , Driscoll Charles T. , Demers Jason D. , Sauer Amy K. , Blackwell Bradley D. , Montesdeoca Mario R. , Shanley James B. , Ross Donald S.
Published: July 2017

Global mercury contamination largely results from direct primary atmospheric and secondary legacy emissions, which can be deposited to ecosystems, converted to methylmercury, and bioaccumulated along food chains. We examined organic horizon soil samples collected across an elevational gradient on Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondack region of New York State, USA to determine spatial patterns in methylmercury concentrations across a forested montane landscape. We found that soil methylmercury concentrations were highest in the midelevation coniferous zone (0.39 ± 0.07 ng/g) compared to the higher elevation alpine zone (0.28 ± 0.04 ng/g) and particularly the lower elevation deciduous zone (0.17 ± 0.02 ng/g), while the percent of total mercury as methylmercury in soils decreased with elevation. We also found a seasonal pattern in soil methylmercury concentrations, with peak methylmercury values occurring in July. Given elevational patterns in temperature and bioavailable total mercury (derived from mineralization of soil organic matter), soil methylmercury concentrations appear to be driven by soil processing of ionic Hg, as opposed to atmospheric deposition of methylmercury. These methylmercury results are consistent with spatial patterns of mercury concentrations in songbird species observed from other studies, suggesting that future declines in mercury emissions could be important for reducing exposure of mercury to montane avian species.
Fluid migration in the mantle wedge: Influence of mineral grain size and mantle compaction
Authors: Cerpa Nestor G. , Wada Ikuko , Wilson Cian R.
Published: July 2017

Mineral grain size in the mantle affects fluid migration by controlling mantle permeability; the smaller the grain size, the less permeable the mantle is. Mantle shear viscosity also affects fluid migration by controlling compaction pressure; high mantle shear viscosity can act as a barrier to fluid flow. Here we investigate for the first time their combined effects on fluid migration in the mantle wedge of subduction zones over ranges of subduction parameters and patterns of fluid influx using a 2‐D numerical fluid migration model. Our results show that fluids introduced into the mantle wedge beneath the forearc are first dragged downdip by the mantle flow due to small grain size (<1 mm) and high mantle shear viscosity that develop along the base of the mantle wedge. Increasing grain size with depth allows upward fluid migration out of the high shear viscosity layer at subarc depths. Fluids introduced into the mantle wedge at postarc depths migrate upward due to relatively large grain size in the deep mantle wedge, forming secondary fluid pathways behind the arc. Fluids that reach the shallow part of the mantle wedge spread trench‐ward due to the combined effect of high mantle shear viscosity and advection by the inflowing mantle and eventually pond at 55–65 km depths. These results show that grain size and mantle shear viscosity together play an important role in focusing fluids beneath the arc.
The role of wind gusts in upper ocean diurnal variability
Authors: Giglio Donata , Gille Sarah T. , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Nguyen San
Published: July 2017

Upper ocean processes play a key role in air‐sea coupling, with variability on both short and long time scales. The diurnal cycle associated with diurnal solar insolation and nighttime cooling, may act, along with stochastic wind variability, on upper ocean temperatures and stratification resulting in a diurnal warm layer and a nonlinear rectified effect on longer time scales. This study describes diurnal changes in upper ocean temperature for a location in the equatorial Indian Ocean, using observations from the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation field campaign, a high vertical resolution 1‐D process model, and a diurnal cycling scheme. Solar forcing is the main driver of diurnal variability in upper ocean temperature and stratification. Yet except during nighttime convection, winds with variability on the order of hours (here referred to as “wind gusts”) regulate how fast surface water is mixed to greater depths when daily mean winds are weak. Wind gusts are much stronger than diurnal winds. Even using stochastic wind gusts but no diurnal winds as input in a 1‐D process model yields an estimate of diurnal temperature that compares well with observations. A new version of the Large and Caron (2015) scheme (LC2015) provides an estimate of upper ocean diurnal temperature that is consistent with observations. LC2015 has the advantage of being suitable for implementation in a climate model, with the goal to improve SST estimates, hence the simulated heat flux at the air‐sea interface. Yet LC2015 is not very sensitive to the inclusion or omission of the high‐frequency component of the wind.
Subglacial discharge‐driven renewal of tidewater glacier fjords
Authors: Carroll Dustin , Sutherland David A. , Shroyer Emily L. , Nash Jonathan D. , Catania Ginny A. , Stearns Leigh A.
Published: July 2017

The classic model of fjord renewal is complicated by tidewater glacier fjords, where submarine melt and subglacial discharge provide substantial buoyancy forcing at depth. Here we use a suite of idealized, high‐resolution numerical ocean simulations to investigate how fjord circulation driven by subglacial plumes, tides, and wind stress depends on fjord width, grounding line depth, and sill height. We find that the depth of the grounding line compared to the sill is a primary control on plume‐driven renewal of basin waters. In wide fjords the plume exhibits strong lateral recirculation, increasing the dilution and residence time of glacially‐modified waters. Rapid drawdown of basin waters by the subglacial plume in narrow fjords allows for shelf waters to cascade deep into the basin; wide fjords result in a thin, boundary current of shelf waters that flow toward the terminus slightly below sill depth. Wind forcing amplifies the plume‐driven exchange flow; however, wind‐induced vertical mixing is limited to near‐surface waters. Tidal mixing over the sill increases in‐fjord transport of deep shelf waters and erodes basin stratification above the sill depth. These results underscore the first‐order importances of fjord‐glacier geometry in controlling circulation in tidewater glacier fjords and, thus, ocean heat transport to the ice.