bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literacy Education and Sustainable Development in Developing Societies
Authors: E. Oghenekohwo Jonathan , A. Frank-Oputu Ekima
Published: May 2017

The development of a literate society is a pre-requisite for the emergence of a knowledge economy. The thesis advanced in this paper is that, without massive investment and promotion of literacy education, development that is targeted at the 17-point sustainable development goals (SDGs) will be bereft of citizen’s empowerment, engagement, experiential values and evidential consequences in social change. Therefore, using a qualitative approach conceptual), this study explored the causal correlation that subsists between literacy education, emergence of knowledge economy and sustainable development. The study established that, literacy is basic in andragogical context for facilitating citizens’ values re-orientation   attitudinal change for the acquisition of vocational or functional skills and operational knowledge that is beneficial to individual as well as the collective drive for a literate society for the reduction of vulnerability and increase in sustainability in development respectively as expected in the SDGs. Consequently, the resultant outcomes will be a knowledge driven economy which is essential for the attainment of the sustainable development goals as envisaged by the United Nations declaration of 25th of September, 2015.
Algerian EFL University Teachers’ Attitudes towards Computer Assisted Language Learning: The Case of Djilali Liabes University
Authors: Bouchefra Miloud , Baghoussi Meriem
Published: May 2017

Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is still groping its way into Algerian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, where Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) are defined in terms of occasional use of computers and data projectors for material presentation in the classroom. Though major issues in the image of the lack of training and absence of facilities are clearly apparent, stakeholders’ attitudes are a decisive aspect that needs to be mapped out if we are to alter the current situation. Thus, the present work aims at investigating EFL university teachers’ attitudes towards CALL at Djilali Liabes University (western Algeria). The current work is a cross-sectional descriptive study that explores teachers’ attitudes across the three domains (affective, cognitive, and behavioural) and investigates other related aspects that may help indicate teachers’ likelihood to adopt CALL in the future. The results are promising as the investigated population not only demonstrated a clearly positive attitude towards CALL but also manifested a number of signs that indicate their likelihood to adopt CALL in the future if circumstances are favourable.
pathVar:a new method for pathway-based interpretation of gene expression variability
Authors: de Torrente Laurence , Zimmerman Samuel , Taylor Deanne , Hasegawa Yu , Wells Christine A. , Mar Jessica C.
Published: May 2017

Identifying the pathways that control a cellular phenotype is the first step to building a mechanistic model. Recent examples in developmental biology, cancer genomics, and neurological disease have demonstrated how changes in the variability of gene expression can highlight important genes that are under different degrees of regulatory control. Simple statistical tests exist to identify differentially-variable genes; however, methods for investigating how changes in gene expression variability in the context of pathways and gene sets are under-explored. Here we presentpathVar,a new method that provides functional interpretation of gene expression variability changes at the level of pathways and gene sets.pathVaris based on a multinomial exact test, or an asymptotic Chi-squared test as a more computationally-efficient alternative. The method can be used for gene expression studies from any technology platform in all biological settings either with a single phenotypic group, or two-group comparisons. To demonstrate its utility, we applied the method to a diverse set of diseases, species and samples. Results frompathVarare benchmarked against analyses based on average expression and two methods of GSEA, and demonstrate that analyses using both statistics are useful for understanding transcriptional regulation. We also provide recommendations for the choice of variability statistic that have been informed through analyses on simulations and real data. Based on the datasets selected, we show howpathVarcan be used to gain insight into expression variability of single cell versus bulk samples, different stem cell populations, and cancer versus normal tissue comparisons.
A retrospective analysis of postoperative hypokalemia in pituitary adenomas after transsphenoidal surgery
Authors: You Lili , Li Wenpeng , Chen Tang , Tang Dongfang , You Jinliang , Zhang Xianfeng
Published: May 2017

Background

Pituitary adenoma is one of the most common intracranial neoplasms, and its primary treatment is endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal tumorectomy. Postoperative hypokalemia in these patients is a common complication, and is associated with morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze the etiopathology of postoperative hypokalemia in pituitary adenomas after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

Methods and Materials

This retrospective study included 181 pituitary adenomas confirmed by histopathology. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze change in serum potassium levels at different time points.

Results

Multiple Logistic regression analysis revealed that only ACTH-pituitary adenoma (OR = 4.92, 95% CI [1.18–20.48],P = 0.029) had a significant association with postoperative hypokalemia. Moreover, the overall mean serum potassium concentration was significantly lower in the ACTH versus the non-ACTH group (3.34 mmol/Lvs.3.79 mmol/L,P = 0.001). Postoperative hypokalemia was predominantly found in patients with ACTH-pituitary adenoma (P = 0.033).

Conclusions

ACTH-pituitary adenomas may be an independent factor related postoperative hypokalemia in patients despite conventional potassium supplementation in the immediate postoperative period.
Effectiveness of coral relocation as a mitigation strategy in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i
Authors: Rodgers Ku’ulei S. , Lorance Koi , Richards Donà Angela , Stender Yuko , Lager Claire , Jokiel Paul L.
Published: May 2017

Coral reef restoration and management techniques are in ever-increasing demand due to the global decline of coral reefs in the last several decades. Coral relocation has been established as an appropriate restoration technique in select cases, particularly where corals are scheduled for destruction. However, continued long-term monitoring of recovery of transplanted corals is seldom sustained. Removal of coral from a navigation channel and relocation to a similar nearby dredged site occurred in 2005. Coral recovery at the donor site and changes in fish populations at the receiving site were tracked periodically over the following decade. Coral regrowth at the donor site was rapid until a recent bleaching event reduced coral cover by more than half. The transplant of mature colonies increased spatial complexity at the receiving site, immediately increasing fish biomass, abundance, and species that was maintained throughout subsequent surveys. Our research indicates that unlike the majority of historical accounts of coral relocation in the Pacific, corals transplanted into wave-protected areas with similar conditions as the original site can have high survival rates. Data on long-term monitoring of coral transplants in diverse environments is central in developing management and mitigation strategies.
Storm effects on intertidal invertebrates: increased beta diversity of few individuals and species
Authors: Corte Guilherme N. , Schlacher Thomas A. , Checon Helio H. , Barboza Carlos A.M. , Siegle Eduardo , Coelman Ross A. , Amaral Antonia Cecília Z.
Published: May 2017

Climate change is predicted to lead to more extreme weather events, including changes to storm frequency, intensity and location. Yet the ecological responses to storms are incompletely understood for sandy shorelines, the globe’s longest land-ocean interface. Here we document how storms of different magnitude impacted the invertebrate assemblages on a tidal flat in Brazil. We specifically tested the relationships between wave energy and spatial heterogeneity, both for habitat properties (habitat heterogeneity) and fauna (β-diversity), predicting that larger storms redistribute sediments and hence lead to spatially less variable faunal assemblages. The sediment matrix tended to become less heterogeneous across the flat after high-energy wave events, whereas β-diversity increased after storms. This higher β-diversity was primarily driven by species losses. Significantly fewer species at a significantly lower density occurred within days to weeks after storms. Negative density and biomass responses to storm events were most prominent in crustaceans. Invertebrate assemblages appeared to recover within a short time (weeks to months) after storms, highlighting that most species typical of sedimentary shorelines are, to some degree, resilient to short-term changes in wave energy. Given that storm frequency and intensity are predicted to change in the coming decades, identifying properties that determine resilience and recovery of ecosystems constitute a research priority for sedimentary shorelines and beyond.
ЗАДАЧИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТАЦИОНАРНОЙ МОДЕЛИ МАГНИТНОЙ ГИДРОДИНАМИКИ ВЯЗКОЙ ТЕПЛОПРОВОДНОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ ПРИ СМЕШАННЫХ КРАЕВЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ, "Доклады Академии наук"
Authors: Алексеев Г. В.
Published: May 2017

Исследуются задачи управления для стационарных уравнений магнитной гидродинамики вязкой теплопроводной жидкости, рассматриваемых при смешанных краевых условиях для магнитного поля и температуры. Доказывается их разрешимость, выводятся системы оптимальности, описывающие необходимые условия экстремума, формулируются теоремы о локальной единственности и устойчивости оптимальных решений для конкретных функционалов качества.
The relationship between internalized stigma and quality of life among people with mental illness: are self-esteem and sense of coherence sequential mediators?
Authors: Świtaj Piotr , Grygiel Paweł , Chrostek Anna , Nowak Izabela , Wciórka Jacek , Anczewska Marta
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To elucidate the mechanism through which internalized stigma reduces the quality of life (QoL) of people with mental illness by exploring the mediating roles of self-esteem and sense of coherence (SOC).

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis of 229 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective disorders was undertaken to test a sequential mediation model assuming that more severe internalized stigma is related to lower self-esteem, which is associated with weaker SOC, which in turn relates to worse QoL.

Results

The proposed model was supported by the data. A sequential indirect effect from internalized stigma to QoL via self-esteem and SOC turned out to be significant [beta = −0.06, SE = 0.02; 95% CI (−0.11, −0.03)]. Support was also found for simple mediation models with either self-esteem or SOC as single mediators between internalized stigma and QoL.

Conclusions

Self-esteem and SOC are personal resources that should be considered as potential targets of interventions aiming to prevent the harmful consequences of internalized stigma for the QoL of people receiving psychiatric treatment.
Solidification Reaction Sequence of Co-Rich Nb-Al-Co Alloys
Authors: Feitosa L. M. , D’Souza N. , West G. D. , Dong H. B.
Published: May 2017

The freezing reaction sequence of Co-rich Nb-Al-Co ternary alloys with emphasis on the formation of Laves and Heusler phases has been examined. For Co-rich alloys, the solidification reaction sequence is observed as primary freezing of α-Co and CoAl phases, subsequent [Co + C36] and [CoAl + C36] eutectics, and the final ternary eutectic reaction [L → α-Co + C36 + CoAl]. The compositions of solidified α-Co and C36 phases agree with the corresponding vertices of the tie-triangle at the solidus temperatures. When the Nb concentration is over 20 at. pct in Co-rich alloys, the quasi-peritectic reaction [L + Co2AlNb → C36 + CoAl] does not occur as equilibrium prediction. The formation of C36 and CoAl phases occurs through solid precipitation and must be distinguished from a solidification reaction.
Fluoro‐silicone Modified Polyacrylate Latex Emulsified with Green Surfactants
Authors: Wang Xiuming , Zhang Cuifeng , Xu Tingting , Chen Lijun
Published: May 2017

Fluoro‐silicone modified polyacrylate latex was successfully prepared by semi‐continuous seeded emulsion polymerization in the presence of a green mixed emulsifier consisting of cashew phenol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate (BCE‐10B) anionic surfactant and alkyl polyglycoside (APG) nonionic surfactant, in which the mixed monomers were initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS). The structure and properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and contact angle (CA), respectively. Results show that the optimal conditions of synthesizing the novel emulsion are as follows: the total concentration of mixed emulsifiers is 5.0%; the optimum mass ratio of APG to BCE‐10B is 2:1; the amount of initiator is 0.6%; the composition of main monomers of MMA:BA = 1:1; and the concentrations of HFMA and VTES are 4.0 and 6%, respectively. In this case, the resultant emulsion showed good thermal stability and hydrophobicity.
Interfacial Tensions of Ethoxylated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Solutions Against Crude Oil
Authors: Liu Miao , Fang Hongbo , Jin Zhiqiang , Xu Zhicheng , Zhang Lei , Zhang Lu , Zhao Sui
Published: May 2017

The dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of ethoxylated fatty acid methyl ester solutions against n‐alkanes, kerosene, and diluted heavy oil have been investigated by spinning drop interfacial tensiometry. The influences of ethylene oxide (EO) groups and alkyl chain length on IFT were investigated. The experiment results show that the water solubility decreases with an increase in alkyl chain length or a decrease in EO groups. The ability to lower the interfacial tension against hydrocarbons improves with both increasing alkyl chain length and EO group at the best hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, which can be attributed to the enhancement of the interfacial hydrophobic interactions and the rearrangement of interfacial surfactant molecules. The mixed adsorption of surfactant molecules and surface‐active components may reduce IFT to a lower value. C18=E3 shows the best synergism with surface‐active components. However, the IFT values against pure crude oil are obviously higher than those against hydrocarbons, which may be caused by the nature of heavy oil.
Associations Between Parenting Factors, Motivation, and Physical Activity in Overweight African American Adolescents
Authors: Huffman Lauren E , Wilson Dawn K , Van Horn M Lee , Pate Russell R
Published: May 2017

Authoritative parenting and home environmental supports are associated with light physical activity, while motivation is associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in overweight African American adolescents.
‘Euro 2.0’: A Preliminary Assessment of the European Banking Union and a Market-oriented Monetary Alternative
Authors: Castañeda Juan E.
Published: May 2017

The architecture of the original euro was flawed, and so was the commitment of the EU member states to abide by fiscal orthodoxy. However, both did convey sound monetary principles, these being (1) to preserve the purchasing power of the euro and (2) to isolate it as much as possible from political pressures. As evidenced in the euro crisis, both EU member states and European institutions have committed to maintaining the euro via further integration and the growing centralisation of monetary and fiscal powers in EU institutions. The European Banking Union is one example of this commitment. This article argues that these changes have paved the way for the creation of another modern-state currency: a currency that belongs to a supranational state and that is ultimately linked to an ever-growing supranational treasury that works hand in hand with the central bank. This article offers a more market-friendly monetary alternative to such an arrangement.
How do small groups make decisions?: A theoretical framework to inform the implementation and study of clinical competency committees
Authors: Chahine Saad , Cristancho Sayra , Jessica Padgett Jessica , Lingard Lorelei
Published: May 2017

In the competency-based medical education (CBME) approach, clinical competency committees are responsible for making decisions about trainees’ competence. However, we currently lack a theoretical model for group decision-making to inform this emerging assessment phenomenon. This paper proposes an organizing framework to study and guide the decision-making processes of clinical competency committees.

This is an explanatory, non-exhaustive review, tailored to identify relevant theoretical and evidence-based papers related to small group decision-making. The search was conducted using Google Scholar, Web of Science, MEDLINE, ERIC, and PsycINFO for relevant literature. Using a thematic analysis, two researchers (SC & JP) met four times between April–June 2016 to consolidate the literature included in this review.

Three theoretical orientations towards group decision-making emerged from the review: schema, constructivist, and social influence. Schema orientations focus on how groups use algorithms for decision-making. Constructivist orientations focus on how groups construct their shared understanding. Social influence orientations focus on how individual members influence the group’s perspective on a decision. Moderators of decision-making relevant to all orientations include: guidelines, stressors, authority, and leadership.

Clinical competency committees are the mechanisms by which groups of clinicians will be in charge of interpreting multiple assessment data points and coming to a shared decision about trainee competence.
Region specific oligodendrocyte transcription factor expression in a model of neonatal hypoxic injury
Authors: Affeldt Bethann M. , Obenaus Andre , Chan Jonathan , Pardo Andrea C.
Published: May 2017

White matter injury (WMI) of prematurity is associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders ranging from mild cognitive and behavioral deficits to cerebral palsy. Translational studies have implicated impaired oligodendrocyte development after hypoxia as the primary cause of WMI, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to identify alterations in the expression of oligodendrocyte precursor cell transcription factors in a mouse model of transient mild global hypoxia.

Postnatal day (P) 7 mouse pups were exposed to hypoxia (7.5% O2) for 60 minutes. We compared oligodendrocyte differentiation and subsequent myelin formation between hypoxia and sham animals at P9, P14 and P28 by examining the expression of key transcription factor regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation (Ascl1, Olig1, Olig2, and Nkx2.2), as well as APC, a mature oligodendrocyte marker, in the major white matter regions including the corpus callosum, external capsule and anterior commissure. We also examined the effect on myelin formation by examining two myelin specific protein constituents, myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin basic protein (MBP), in white matter tracts and whole brain lysate respectively.

We found that transient hypoxia at P7 altered the expression of Ascl1, Olig1 and Nkx2.2, resulting in delayed myelination in the external capsule. In addition, our study showed that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells specified several days prior to a hypoxic event are more susceptible to maturation arrest than those specified shortly prior to hypoxia. Our results suggest that alterations of Ascl1, Olig1 and Nkx2.2 underlie impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation and deficient myelination in WMI. These transcription factors are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of WMI in preterm infants.
V-Neck Technique: A Novel Improvement to the Infra-Pubic Placement of an Inflatable Penile Implant
Authors: Shah Bhavik B. , Baumgarten Adam S. , Morgan Kevin , Beilan Jonathan A. , Bickell Michael , Munarriz Ricardo , Parker Justin , Carrion Rafael
Published: May 2017

Background

Infra-pubic placement of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) has a well-known configuration deformity from contralateral tubing that crosses the corporal bodies, resulting in tubing visibility and irritation under the penile skin.

Aim

To present a novel step to eliminate this tubing crossover deformity.

Methods

The V-neck technique was applied to five patients, two of whom underwent suprapubic fat pad excision with simultaneous infra-pubic IPP placement and three patients who underwent only infra-pubic IPP placement. The technique added an additional 1 minute of procedure time. The reservoir was placed on one (ipsilateral) side into the space of Retzius.

Outcomes

Primary outcome measurements were esthetic appeal at follow-up, immediate postoperative complications, and difficulty of implementation of the technique.

Results

The technique included the following steps. (i) The standard infra-pubic approach, as popularized by Perito (J Sex Med 2008;5:27–30), was used to place the reservoir and cylinders. The ipsilateral and contralateral cylinders and the reservoir were clamped and unconnected. (ii) Finger dissection was used to create a sub-phallic window and a U-shaped aortic clamp was used to pass the contralateral tubing. (iii) After passing the green tubing through the window, all connections were performed in the usual fashion. Tubing crossover was eliminated, as was passage of the right and left cylinder tubes down their respective gutters. Postoperative follow-up at 2 weeks showed no visible tubing.

Clinical Implications

This simple maneuver could help prevent the discomfort of tubing crossover deformity commonly seen after infra-pubic placement of an IPP.

Strengths and Limitations

This unique maneuver can be applied to all infra-pubically placed IPPs. Limitations include the small patient population and short follow-up. Whether this maneuver will make revision surgery more difficult is unclear.

Conclusion

This technique is a novel step to infra-pubic IPP placement that adds minimal operative time and could eliminate visible tubing.
External Beam Radiotherapy Affects Serum Testosterone in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Pompe Raisa S. , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Zaffuto Emanuele , Smith Ariane , Bandini Marco , Marchioni Michele , Tian Zhe , Leyh-Bannurah Sami-Ramzi , Schiffmann Jonas , Delouya Guila , Lambert Carole , Bahary Jean-Paul , Beauchemin Marie Claude , Barkati Maroie , Ménard Cynthia , Graefen Markus , Saad Fred , Tilki Derya , Taussky Daniel
Published: May 2017

Background

Previous studies have examined testosterone levels after external beam radiation (EBRT) monotherapy, but since 2002 only sparse contemporary data have been reported.

Aim

To examine testosterone kinetics in a large series of contemporary patients after EBRT.

Methods

The study was conducted in 425 patients who underwent definitive EBRT for localized prostate cancer from 2002 through 2014. Patients were enrolled in several phase II and III trials. Exclusion criteria were neoadjuvant or adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy or missing data. Testosterone was recorded at baseline and then according to each study protocol (not mandatory in all protocols). Statistical analyses consisted of means and proportions, Kaplan-Meier plots, and logistic and Cox regression analyses.

Outcomes

Testosterone kinetics after EBRT monotherapy and their influence on biochemical recurrence.

Results

Median follow-up of 248 assessable patients was 72 months. One hundred eighty-six patients (75.0%) showed a decrease in testosterone. Median time to first decrease was 6.4 months. Median percentage of decrease to the nadir was 30% and 112 (45.2%) developed biochemical hypogonadism (serum testosterone < 8 nmol/L). Of all patients with testosterone decrease, 117 (62.9%) recovered to at least 90% of baseline levels. Advanced age, increased body mass index, higher baseline testosterone level, and lower nadir level were associated with a lower chance of testosterone recovery. Subgroup analyses of 166 patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy confirmed the results recorded for the entire cohort. In survival analyses, neither testosterone decrease nor recovery was predictive for biochemical recurrence.

Clinical Implications

EBRT monotherapy influences testosterone kinetics, and although most patients will recover, approximately 45% will have biochemical hypogonadism.

Strengths and Limitations

We report on the largest contemporary series of patients treated with EBRT monotherapy in whom testosterone kinetics were ascertained. Limitations are that testosterone follow-up was not uniform and the study lacked information on health-related quality-of-life data.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that up to 75% of patients will have a profound testosterone decrease, with up to a 40% increase in rates of biochemical hypogonadism, although the latter events will leave biochemical recurrence unaffected.
Factors affecting therapeutic response to Rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tzu‐Hua , Chou Mei‐Chuan , Lai Chiou‐Lian , Wu Shyh‐Jong , Hsu Chia‐Ling , Yang Yuan‐Han
Published: May 2017

Rivastigmine has been widely used in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the therapeutic response rate varies from 20 to 60%. A dose‐dependent effect has been suggested, but the plasma concentration of rivastigmine and its metabolite, NAP 226‐90, were not measured in previous studies. The influencing factors of therapeutic response are complicated and discordant in various studies among different ethnic groups. Hence, we analyzed the therapeutic responses of rivastigmine, measured by neuropsychological assessments, among 63 clinically diagnosed AD patients taking a daily dosage of 6–9 mg in relation to their plasma concentration of rivastigmine and NAP 226‐90, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and demographic characteristics. Our reports revealed that 41.3% of recruited AD patients had improvement in cognition, measured by Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE), and 63.5% in global status, by Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR‐SB) score. In cognition, the clinically improving group had a significantly higher rivastigmine concentration [p = 0.049, odds ratio (OR) = 1.029, 95%CI = 1.000–1.058], lower initial MMSE score (p = 0.010, OR = 0.708, 95%CI = 0.546–0.920), and lower initial CDR‐SB score (p = 0.003, OR = 0.552, 95%CI = 0.372–0.817). The patients with APOE ε4 allele had worsening cognition (p = 0.037, OR = 3.870, 95%CI = 1.082–13.840). In global status, only higher education (p = 0.043, OR = 1.222, 95%CI = 1.007–1.484) was significantly associated with clinical improvement. In conclusion, high concentrations of rivastigmine may benefit cognitive function of AD patients, especially in APOE ε4 (−) carriers.
Theory and Modeling of Rotating Fluids
Authors: Zhang Keke , Liao Xinhao
Published: May 2017

A systematic account of the theory and modelling of rotating fluids that highlights the remarkable advances in the area and brings researchers and postgraduate students in atmospheres, oceanography, geophysics, astrophysics and engineering to the frontiers of research. Sufficient mathematical and numerical detail is provided in a variety of geometries such that the analysis and results can be readily reproduced, and many numerical tables are included to enable readers to compare or benchmark their own calculations. Traditionally, there are two disjointed topics in rotating fluids: convective fluid motion driven by buoyancy, discussed by Chandrasekhar (1961), and inertial waves and precession-driven flow, described by Greenspan (1968). Now, for the first time in book form, a unified theory is presented for three topics - thermal convection, inertial waves and precession-driven flow - to demonstrate that these seemingly complicated, and previously disconnected, problems become mathematically simple in the framework of an asymptotic approach that incorporates the essential characteristics of rotating fluids.
Run-off modelling in an Arctic unglaciated catchment (Fuglebekken, Spitsbergen)
Authors: Wawrzyniak Tomasz , Osuch Marzena , Nawrot Adam , Napiorkowski Jaroslaw Jan
Published: May 2017

The goal of this study is to test applicability of the conceptual catchment run-off HBV model to simulate discharge in small non-glaciated Arctic catchment. Within two ablation seasons, 2014 and 2015, in the Fuglebekken catchment (Spitsbergen, Svalbard), selected hydro-meteorological measurements were conducted, including discharge measurements in 10 min interval by Nivus PCM-F device with active Doppler sensor. The model parameters were calibrated on discharge measurements from both years separately and verified independently. As the transformation from rainfall to runoff includes a number of processes with different dynamics and timescales, the proper description of the processes and their simulation of discharge depend on the temporal resolution of the data. For that purpose, the relationships between the calibration and validation results, and optimal model parameters with different time steps were analyzed. It was found that calculated fit of simulated to observed discharge, depends on the year, time step and data averaging. The best results were obtained for the model from year 2015 for 3 and 6 h using averaged input data.
Hard Choices
Authors: CHANG RUTH
Published: May 2017

What makes a choice hard? I discuss and criticize three common answers and then make a proposal of my own. Paradigmatic hard choices are not hard because of our ignorance, the incommensurability of values, or the incomparability of the alternatives. They are hard because the alternatives are on a par; they are comparable, but one is not better than the other, and yet nor are they equally good. So understood, hard choices open up a new way of thinking about what it is to be a rational agent.
Changes to Urban Society in Angola: From Limited to Multi-Criteria Stratification
Authors: Udelsmann Rodrigues Cristina
Published: May 2017

This article examines the transformations to urban social stratification in Angola during the last decades. The analysis is centered on the indicators of social difference throughout these years: the racial criteria of the colonial times; the political precedence in the first years after independence; and the multi-criteria of the postwar period. Based on research conducted before and after the end of the civil war in 2002, the article explores the construction and reconfiguration of urban society today, providing evidence of increased social mobility—despite the poverty and deeper inequalities—and of the importance of economic and residential criteria.
When the whip comes down: Marxism, the Soviet experience, and the nuclear revolution
Authors: Craig Campbell
Published: May 2017

This article examines the conflict between traditional Marxist attitudes toward war and the problem of the nuclear revolution. It shows how the advent of the nuclear revolution in the 1950s undermined traditional Marxist-Leninist concepts of war, and then goes on to argue that this development must be placed at the centre of contemporary Marxian IR if it is to have explanatory power in the twenty-first century. To make this case directly, it engages with Justin Rosenberg’s revival of Trotsky’s idea of uneven and combined development and its subsidiary law of ‘the whip of external necessity’, and argues that the whip can remain salient today only if one accepts the political utility of nuclear war. The impasse created by the nuclear revolution, it concludes, points Marxist IR in the direction of classic Marxist visions of supranationalism and human unity.
The role of women's leadership and gender equity in leadership and health system strengthening
Authors: Dhatt R. , Theobald S. , Buzuzi S. , Ros B. , Vong S. , Muraya K. , Molyneux S. , Hawkins K. , González-Beiras C. , Ronsin K. , Lichtenstein D. , Wilkins K. , Thompson K. , Davis K. , Jackson C.
Published: May 2017

Gender equity is imperative to the attainment of healthy lives and wellbeing of all, and promoting gender equity in leadership in the health sector is an important part of this endeavour. This empirical research examines gender and leadership in the health sector, pooling learning from three complementary data sources: literature review, quantitative analysis of gender and leadership positions in global health organisations and qualitative life histories with health workers in Cambodia, Kenya and Zimbabwe. The findings highlight gender biases in leadership in global health, with women underrepresented. Gender roles, relations, norms and expectations shape progression and leadership at multiple levels. Increasing women's leadership within global health is an opportunity to further health system resilience and system responsiveness. We conclude with an agenda and tangible next steps of action for promoting women's leadership in health as a means to promote the global goals of achieving gender equity.
Martin Luther and the Reformation: A Reflection on the Five-Hundredth Anniversary
Authors: Whitford David M.
Published: May 2017

I once quipped in a class that I wondered if the Martin Luther portrayed in some books would even be able to recognize the Martin Luthers of other works. Would Erik Erikson's sexually repressed, rebellious Luther recognize the confident and assertive Luther of the recent popularly aimed biography How a Monk and a Mallet Changed the World? The five-hundredth anniversary of the Reformation seems an apt moment to reflect a bit on the place and significance of Martin Luther in the Reformation and the church. The anniversary year will see at least a half-dozen new biographies, numerous conferences, and nearly ubiquitous commemorations. As we mark this year, what portraits are now being drawn? What conclusions? Is there any hope of synthesis and common representation, or shall we each have our own Luther, few of whom recognize the other? Since the last centennial of the Reformation, scholarship on the Reformation generally and Luther specifically has emerged from the tight quarters of confessionalized history. In 1917, there were no commemorations. Luther was celebrated by Protestants and lamented by Roman Catholics. There was little in the way of neutral ground between those two poles. In 1999, the Lutheran World Federation and the Vatican issued a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification. In 2016, Pope Francis traveled to Sweden to participate in a joint commemoration of the Reformation with a Lutheran (and female) bishop. Such would have been unthinkable in 1917, or 1817, or 1617. As Luther has been released from the confessionalized walls that held him so long, what image do we see now? In what follows, I would like to reflect on three aspects of the “new” or “newer” Luther that has emerged.
The Female Body in Catholic Theology: Menstruation, Reproduction, and Autonomy
Authors: Kieser Doris M.
Published: May 2017

Female bodies as sexual and reproductive are subject to much scrutiny in Western societies and the church. Mysteriously missing from discourses related to such scrutiny is the reality of menstruation and its place in theology and females’ lives. From within a feminist theological perspective, this article aims to recover menstruation and menstrual awareness, and to advocate for the positive possibilities of widespread recognition and acceptance of, and engagement with, these realities to advance female presence in sexual theology and related discourses. In engaging contemporary social discussions, Jewish and Christian histories of menstruation, contemporary sexual theologies, and varied feminist theologies, this article proposes a robust view of menstruation in the sexual lives of faithful females.
On the dynamics of turbulence near a free surface
Authors: Flores Oscar , Riley James J. , Horner-Devine Alexander R.
Published: May 2017

We report on direct numerical simulations to examine the spectral behaviour of turbulence close to and at a flat, stress-free surface. We find, consistent with field measurements near such a free surface, that an inertial-range type of behaviour is obtained for the horizontal components of the velocity at and near the stress-free surface, at horizontal wavelengths for which the vertical velocity is much smaller than the horizontal components. At approximately an integral length scale from the stress-free surface, the flow has adjusted back to more classical isotropic turbulence. The behaviour of the turbulence near the stress-free surface is similar to that observed recently for strongly stratified flows, and we argue that the causes of that behaviour are the same in both flows: the suppression of the large-scale vertical velocity and the allowance of strong vertical shearing of the horizontal velocity leading to a downscale transfer of energy and to the development of the$-5/3$spectra for the horizontal velocities.
Faraday wave–droplet dynamics: discrete-time analysis
Authors: Durey Matthew , Milewski Paul A.
Published: May 2017

A droplet may ‘walk’ across the surface of a vertically vibrating bath of the same fluid, due to the propulsive interaction with its wave field. This hydrodynamic pilot-wave system exhibits many dynamics previously believed to exist only in the quantum realm. Starting from first principles, we derive a discrete-time fluid model, whereby the bath–droplet interactions are modelled as instantaneous. By analysing the stability of the fixed points of the system, we explain the dynamics of a walking droplet and capture the quantisations for multiple-droplet interactions. Circular orbits in a harmonic potential are studied, and a double quantisation of chaotic trajectories is obtained through systematic statistical analysis.
Multilevel study of factors for cultivating self-efficacy in the online game industry
Authors: Li Chia-Ying , Tsai Chiun-Yi
Published: May 2017

Self-efficacy is not a phenomenon solely applicable to the individual; it may be applicable to several levels within an organisation. Although the theoretical development of efficacy beliefs has been discussed, few studies have investigated how to enhance self-efficacy through individual motivation or management policies. After collecting data from 414 employees of 38 research and development teams, multilevel analyses are conducted to empirically integrate efficacy beliefs at the individual and team levels in a moderated mediation model. The results indicate that self-efficacy mediates the effects of both learning orientation and affective commitment on group efficacy, which further facilitates innovation effectiveness. Training not only affects self-efficacy, but also moderates the mediation effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between learning orientation and group efficacy. Moreover, goal clarity moderates the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between affective commitment and group efficacy.
Integrating the content and process of capability development: Lessons from theoretical and methodological developments
Authors: Kashan Alireza J. , Mohannak Kavoos
Published: May 2017

The literature on capability development has focussed on either the content or process of capability development. Such a partial explanation of the capability development phenomenon has created some flaws in the literature. This paper argues that integrating the content and process of capability development is the way ahead in theorising in this field. Analysis of the methodological development in parallel to theory development reveals the critical role of microprocesses in such integration. To develop an integrative view of capability development we propose a conceptualisation of capability development processes through internal and external strategic fit and emphasise the role of knowledge and innovation processes. We also argue that a critical realism approach is of high relevance to researching such an integrative view.
A P-MINIMAL STRUCTURE WITHOUT DEFINABLE SKOLEM FUNCTIONS
Authors: KOVACSICS PABLO CUBIDES , NGUYEN KIEN HUU
Published: May 2017

We show there are intermediate P-minimal structures between the semialgebraic and subanalytic languages which do not have definable Skolem functions. As a consequence, by a result of Mourgues, this shows there are P-minimal structures which do not admit classical cell decomposition.
When Do Conflicts Feel Right for Prevention-Focused Individuals? The Debiasing Effect of Low Need for Closure
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Xue , Wei Xin , Chao Melody Manchi , Zheng Yi
Published: May 2017

Both lay beliefs and research findings suggest that people tend to avoid conflicts if interpersonal harmony is highly valued. Counter to this widely accepted convention, we adopt the perspective of motivated social cognition to argue that conflict avoidance is subject to the joint effect of the need for epistemic security (need for closure) and the motivation to prevent losses (prevention focus). Such effect is mediated by negative anticipation towards the consequences of confronting conflicts. Results across three studies indicated that individuals with relatively high need for closure and high prevention focus show the strongest conflict avoidance tendency due to their heightened negative anticipation. However, with low need for closure, the negative anticipation and conflict avoidance tendency of high prevention-focused individuals are weakened or even disappear. This research offers a novel theory about the mechanism of conflict avoidance. The findings about the debiasing role of low need for closure also provide rich implications for conflict resolutions.
Craniodental functional evolution in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
Authors: Button David J. , Barrett Paul M. , Rayfield Emily J.
Published: May 2017

Sauropodomorpha included the largest known terrestrial vertebrates and was the first dinosaur clade to achieve a global distribution. This success is associated with their early adoption of herbivory, and sauropod gigantism has been hypothesized to be a specialization for bulk feeding and obligate high-fiber herbivory. Here, we apply a combination of biomechanical character analysis and comparative phylogenetic methods with the aim of quantifying the evolutionary mechanics of the sauropodomorph feeding apparatus. We test for the role of convergence to common feeding function and divergence toward functional optima across sauropodomorph evolution, quantify the rate of evolution for functional characters, and test for coincident evolutionary rate shifts in craniodental functional characters and body mass. Results identify a functional shift toward increased cranial robustness, increased bite force, and the onset of static occlusion at the base of the Sauropoda, consistent with a shift toward bulk feeding. Trends toward similarity in functional characters are observed in Diplodocoidea and Titanosauriformes. However, diplodocids and titanosaurs retain significant craniodental functional differences, and evidence for convergent adoption of a common “adaptive zone” between them is weak. Modeling of craniodental character and body-mass evolution demonstrates that these functional shifts were not correlated with evolutionary rate shifts. Instead, a significant correlation between body mass and characters related to bite force and cranial robustness suggests a correlated-progression evolutionary mode, with positive-feedback loops between body mass and dietary specializations fueling sauropod gigantism.
The potential of online sampling for studying political activists around the world and across time
Authors: Jäger Kai
Published: May 2017

Parties and social movements play an important role in many theories of political science. Yet, the study of intraparty politics remains underdeveloped as random samples are difficult to conduct among political activists. This paper proposes a novel procedure to sample different parties over time and space by utilizing the advertising option of the social media webpage Facebook. As this method allows for quotas and the collection of large samples at relatively low cost, it becomes possible to improve the representativeness through poststratification and subsample robustness checks. Three examples illustrate these advantages of Facebook sampling: First, a Facebook sample approximated intraparty decisions and the outcome of a leadership contest of the Alternative for Germany. Second, a weighted Facebook sample achieved similar estimates as a representative local leader survey of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Third, by evaluating subgroups of key demographics for parties with unknown population parameters, two Facebook samples show that the color-coded conflict in Thailand was driven by different concepts of regime type, but not by a left–right divide on economic policy-making. Facebook sampling appears to be the best and cheapest method to conduct time-series cross-sectional studies for political activists.
Paired Radiocarbon Dating on Human Samples and Camelid Fibers and Textiles from Northern Chile: The Case of Pica 8 (Tarapacá)
Authors: Santana-Sagredo Francisca , Schulting Rick , Lee-Thorp Julia , Agüero Carolina , Uribe Mauricio , Lemp Cecilia
Published: May 2017

Pica 8 is a Late Intermediate Period (AD 900–1450) cemetery located in the Atacama Desert. Burials at the site present unexpectedly high variability in δ13C (–8‰ to –16‰) and δ15N (10‰ to 24‰) values in their skeletal tissues, implying highly diverse diets. There are two possible explanations for this variability: the first is diachronic change in diet while the second involves synchronic sociocultural distinctions. To distinguish between them a radiocarbon (14C) dating program (n=23) was initiated. The presumed importance of marine foods adds the complication of a marine reservoir effect. To address this problem, paired 14C dates were obtained on human bone and camelid textiles from nine graves. The results fall into two groups, one showing an average offset of 117±9 14C yr, and the other no statistically significant offsets. We conclude that the contribution of marine foods to bone collagen at Pica 8 was less than previously supposed. Other factors must be invoked to account for the unusually high human δ15N values at the site. Manuring crops with sea-bird guano emerges as a probable explanation. No relationship with chronology is seen implying the presence of considerable diversity in diets and hence lifeways within the Pica 8 community.
Seasonal 14C and Sr/Ca Records of a Modern Coral around Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Wang Ning , Shen Chengde , Sun Weidong , Yi Weixi , Ding Ping , Ding Xingfang , Fu Dongpo , Liu Kexin
Published: May 2017

Due to an increasing number of nuclear reactors in operation, the radiocarbon (14C) released from nuclear power plants (NPPs) has become an important anthropogenic source of 14C. The examination of seasonal Δ14C and monthly Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca variations in a coral in Daya Bay (China) shows that NPPs located there have an impact on the Δ14C level and sea surface temperature (SST). The Mg/Ca variation was in good correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) before the operation of Ling’ao NPP in 2002, but this correlation became weak due to an abnormally higher SST after 2002. As illustrated by the Δ14C variation in the coral, there were two relative increases of Δ14C values in 1994 and 2002 when Daya Bay NPP and Ling’ao NPP began operations, respectively. The 14C released from NPPs, instead of oceanic circulation, is probably the primary factor on the Δ14C variation in Daya Bay during the NPPs’ operation. The relative increase in Δ14C value was ~80‰, which equals to ~18 Bq/kgC in specific activity. The seasonal variability in Δ14C value usually peaked in summer, the real reason of which was unknown. This study sheds light on how the NPPs influence the 14C content and SST in surrounding marine environment.