bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Evaluation of Commonly Used Equations to Predict Energy Expenditure in Mechanically Ventilated, Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Alexander Earnest , Susla Gregory M. , Burstein Aaron H. , Brown Dennis T. , Ognibene Frederick P.
Published: November 2004

Study Objective. To determine which of four commonly used equations to estimate energy expenditure is precise and unbiased compared with energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry.

Design. Retrospective, observational study.

Setting. Adult medical intensive care unit in a research hospital of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.

Patients. Seventy‐six adult, mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients.

Intervention. Indirect calorimetry reports generated by the National Institutes of Health Critical Care Medicine Department's Metabolic Cart Consult Service were reviewed. Bias and precision of resting energy expenditure (REE) estimated by equations were computed using mean prediction error (ME) and root mean squared prediction error (MSE). Equations were considered precise if the 95% confidence interval for MSE was within 15% of the measured energy expenditure (MEE) determined by indirect calorimetry. Equations were considered unbiased if the 95% confidence interval for ME included zero. Paired t tests were used to compare estimated REE values for each predictive equation with MEE values determined by indirect calorimetry. Data were stratified into regions of bias using classification and regression tree analysis, as well as visual inspection of estimated REE‐versus‐MEE curves for each equation.

Measurements and Main Results. The Harris‐Benedict equation multiplied by an activity factor of 1.2 was unbiased and precise. The Ireton‐Jones equation was precise but biased. The American College of Chest Physicians' consensus recommendation was biased and imprecise. The Harris‐Benedict equation without an activity factor also demonstrated bias and imprecision.

Conclusions. The Harris‐Benedict equation multiplied by an activity factor of 1.2 is suitable for predicting REE and may be used in the absence of indirect calorimetry.
Dosing of Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Badawi Omar , Oyen Lance J. , Haines Stuart T.
Published: November 2004

Although the use of low‐molecular‐weight heparins for treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has increased in recent years, unfractionated heparin (UFH) remains the drug of choice for many patients and institutions. One reason is that this agent is safe for patients with renal dysfunction as well as those who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft. The use of UFH is complicated by the increased risk of bleeding due to concurrent administration of numerous antiplatelet drugs in most patients with ACS, the limited data regarding ideal therapeutic range, and the wide variability of patient response. Knowledge regarding the optimal therapeutic range and how to achieve it efficiently may enable clinicians to improve clinical outcomes in patients with ACS. We reviewed and analyzed the available evidence to clarify how to best manage UFH therapy in patients with ACS. Current data support the use of a lower and narrower therapeutic range for patients with ACS than the range that is used for venous thromboembolism. Many factors in addition to weight affect patient response to UFH, including age, sex, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and obesity.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Dyslipidemia
Authors: Moon Yong S. K. , Kashyap Moti L.
Published: November 2004

Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher risk for cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) than does the general population, and once they develop CHD, mortality is higher. Good glycemic control will reduce CHD only modestly in patients with diabetes. Therefore, reduction in all cardiovascular risks such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking is warranted. The focus of this article is on therapy for dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance) share similarities with patients with type 2 diabetes and may have a comparable cardiovascular risk profile. Diabetic patients tend to have higher triglyceride, lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and similar low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels compared with those levels in nondiabetic patients. However, diabetic patients tend to have a higher concentration of small dense LDL particles, which are associated with higher CHD risk. Current recommendations are for an LDL goal of less than 100 mg/dl (an option of < 70 mg/dl in very high‐risk patients), an HDL goal greater than 40 mg/dl for men and greater than 50 mg/dl for women, and a triglyceride goal less than 150 mg/dl. Nonpharmacologic interventions (diet and exercise) are first‐line therapies and are used with pharmacologic therapy when necessary. Lowering LDL levels is the first priority in treating diabetic dyslipidemia. Statins are the first drug choice, followed by resins or ezetimibe, then fenofibrate or niacin. If a single agent is inadequate to achieve lipid goals, combinations of the preceding drugs may be used. For elevated triglyceride levels, hyperglycemia must be controlled first. If triglyceride or HDL levels remain uncontrolled, pharmacologic agents should be considered. Fibrates are slightly more effective than niacin in lowering triglyceride levels, but niacin increases HDL levels appreciably more than do fibrates. Unlike gemfibrozil, niacin selectively increases subfraction Lp A‐I, a cardioprotective HDL. Niacin is distinct in that it has a broad spectrum of beneficial effects on lipids and atherogenic lipoprotein subfraction levels. Niacin produces additive results when used in combination therapy. Recent data suggest that lower dosages and newer formulations of niacin can be used safely in diabetic patients with good glycemic control. Current evidence and guidelines mandate that diabetic dyslipidemia be treated aggressively, and lipid goals can be achieved in most patients with diabetes when all available products are considered and, if necessary, used in combination.
Colchicine Myotoxicity: Case Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Wilbur Kerry , Makowsky Mark
Published: November 2004

Two of our patients experienced myotoxicity associated with colchicine administration. The first was a 54‐year‐old woman who was receiving dialysis and came to the emergency department with progressive generalized weakness and vomiting. She recently had taken colchicine for the treatment of gout. Physical examination revealed proximal muscle weakness and tenderness on palpation. Her creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were elevated at 7185, 563, and 541 U/L, respectively. Drug‐induced myopathy was suspected and colchicine was discontinued. The patient was discharged after symptom resolution 1 week later. The second patient was an 83‐year‐old woman with chronic renal insufficiency who came to the hospital with anorexia, diarrhea, and inability to get out of bed due to progressive weakness. Her colchicine dosage recently had been increased for gout management. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle weakness and tenderness on palpation. Her CK, ALT, and AST levels were elevated at 1797, 147, and 172 U/L, respectively. Electromyographic results were consistent with colchicine myopathy. The patient was discharged with minimal residual muscle weakness 1 week after discontinuation of colchicine. A literature search identified 82 documented cases of colchicine‐induced myotoxicity. Most patients had a history of proximal weakness and pain with elevated CK, ALT, and AST levels. Onset of symptoms generally occurred days to weeks after initial administration of colchicine at the usual dosage in patients with renal impairment or a change in underlying disease state in those receiving long‐term therapy. Muscle toxicity was not necessarily accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Concomitantly administered drugs often were cyclosporine or corticosteroids. Diagnosis may be confirmed by electromyography or muscle biopsy. Colchicine‐induced myotoxicity is a rare adverse effect but is well described in the literature. Clinicians should recognize that renal impairment is the primary risk factor for development of colchicine‐induced myotoxicity, and that dosage adjustment or alternative therapy may be required.
The effects of source and type of feedback on child witnesses' metamemory accuracy
Authors: Allwood Carl Martin , Jonsson Anna‐Carin , Granhag Pär Anders
Published: November 2004

This study investigated the effect of feedback on the accuracy (realism) of 12‐year‐old children's metacognitive judgments of their answers to questions about a film clip. Two types of judgments were investigated: confidence judgments (on each question) and frequency judgments (i.e. estimates of overall accuracy). The source of feedback, whether it was presented as provided by a teacher or a peer child, did not influence metacognitive accuracy. Four types of feedback were given depending on whether the participant's answer was correct and depending on whether the feedback confirmed or disconfirmed the child's answer. The children showed large overconfidence when they received confirmatory feedback but much less so when they received disconfirmatory feedback. The children gave frequency judgments implying that they had more correct answers than they actually had. No main gender differences were found for any of the measures. The results indicate a high degree of malleability in children's metacognitive judgments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mobility and Decay Kinetics of Charge Carriers in Discotic Hexabenzocoronenes
Authors: Piris J. , Debije M. G. , Watson M. D. , Müllen K. , Warman J. M.
Published: November 2004

The temperature dependence of the mobility and decay kinetics of charge carriers in discotic hexa‐peri‐hexabonzocoronene derivatives has been measured using the pulse‐radiolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity technique (PR‐TRMC). For both the racemic and chiral dimethyloctyl, and the isomeric n‐decyl substituted derivatives, the mobility decreases at the crystalline solid (K)–liquid crystalline (Col) transition from 0.5±0.1 to 0.30±0.05 cm2 V–1 s–1 with the transition temperature ca. 30 °C lower for the branched chain compounds. The charge recombination kinetics are similar for the branched chain isomers in the Col phase but a faster decay is found for the racemic compound in the K phase. The fact that the mobility values for an asymmetrically substituted butylanthraquinone (C4 AQ) derivative are a factor of 2–3 lower than for the fully hexakis‐alkyl substituted compounds is attributed to the similar intracore mobilities for holes and electrons in the latter materials and the electron localization on the AQ moiety in the former. Charge recombination is found to be orders of magnitude faster in the Col phase of the C4 AQ derivative than in the K phase, this is attributed to the motional freedom of the AQ– group in the liquid‐crystalline phase.
Facile Methods to Coat Polystyrene and Silica Colloids with Metal
Authors: Zhang J. , Liu J. , Wang S. , Zhan P. , Wang Z. , Ming N.
Published: November 2004

To avoid the complex core surface functionalization or pretreatment that is necessary in order to coat latex and silica colloids with a uniform, complete metal shell, the solvent‐assisted route has been explored to prepare a complete metal (Ag or Au) shell with controlled thickness on polystyrene (PS) colloids and the electroless plating approach, based on electrostatic attraction, has been explored to prepare a complete silver shell with controlled thickness on silica colloids. Without any additional surface treatment, the as‐prepared complex core–shell colloids can be crystallized directly into long‐range‐ordered structures with photonic bandgaps, as reported here for the first time. These ordered structures may find potential applications as substrates or physical systems for the enhancement of Raman scattering studies, besides applications as photonic crystals. The optical plasmon resonance of the composite core–shell colloids changes with metal shell thickness, the wavelength varying over hundreds of nanometers. Our coating routes are facile and versatile, and can be extended to coat PS and silica colloids with any other metal whose ion or complex can be reduced in solution.
Mechanistic and epidemiologic considerations in the evaluation of adverse birth outcomes following gestational exposure to statins
Authors: Edison Robin J. , Muenke Maximilian
Published: November 2004

The cholesterol‐lowering “statin” drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy, but few data exist on their safety in human gestation. We reviewed case reports for patterns suggesting drug‐related effects on prenatal development and considered a variety of mechanisms by which such effects, if confirmed, might occur. This uncontrolled case series included all FDA reports of statin exposures during gestation, as well as others from the literature and from manufacturers. Exposures and outcomes were reviewed and were tabulated by individual drug. Age‐specific rates of exposure to each drug among women of child‐bearing age were estimated. Of 214 ascertained pregnancy exposures, 70 evaluable reports remained after excluding uninformative cases. Among 31 adverse outcomes were 22 cases with structural defects, 4 cases of intrauterine growth restriction, and 5 cases of fetal demise. There were two principal categories of recurrent structural defects: cerivastatin and lovastatin were associated with four reports of severe midline CNS defects; simvastatin, lovastatin, and atorvastatin were all associated with reports of limb deficiencies, including two similar complex lower limb defects reported following simvastatin exposure. There were also two cases of VACTERL association among the limb deficiency cases. All adverse outcomes were reported following exposure to cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, or atorvastatin, which are lipophilic and equilibrate between maternal and embryonic compartments. None were reported following exposure to pravastatin, which is minimally present in the embryo. Statins reaching the embryo may down‐regulate biosynthesis of cholesterol as well as many important metabolic intermediates, and may have secondary effects on sterol‐dependent morphogens such as Sonic Hedgehog. The reported cases display patterns consistent with dysfunction of cholesterol biosynthesis and Sonic Hedgehog activity. Controlled studies are needed to investigate the teratogenicity of individual drugs in this class. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ice and water permittivities for millimeter and sub‐millimeter remote sensing applications
Authors: Jiang Jonathan H , Wu Dong L
Published: November 2004

Recent advances in satellite remote sensing at near‐millimeter and sub‐millimeter wavelengths (∼100–3000 GHz) require accurate complex permittivity for ice and liquid water at these frequencies for different temperatures, especially for cold atmospheric conditions. This paper summarizes the existing experimental permittivity data in the literature and provides an updated empirical ice permittivity model for radiative transfer calculations for ground and space remote sensing experiments. Applications of this permittivity model to Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) cloud measurements are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Telephone support for parenting: an evaluation of Parentline Plus
Authors: Boddy Janet , Smith Marjorie , Simon Antonia
Published: November 2004

Recent Government policy has advocated universal support services for parents, including a national telephone helpline (for example, Department for Education and Skills, 2003). The Home Office funded just such a helpline—Parentline Plus—as part of the Supporting Families initiative. The efficiency and effectiveness of this service in supporting parents were evaluated through secondary analysis of call data, assessment of taped calls, and interviews with callers. The helpline offers anonymous non‐stigmatising support to a growing number of callers, and most callers interviewed valued highly the service they received. Many had significant support needs that were not met by other forms of service provision.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Cu‐Rich Ce—Mn—Cu Intermetallics.
Authors: Manfrinetti P. , Fornasini M. L. , Mazzone D. , Dhar S. K. , Kulkarni R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
BaMgAs2O7 and BaCoAs2O7 — Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Twinning of Two New Barium Diarsenates.
Authors: Mihajlovic T. , Kolitsch U. , Effenberger H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of a Novel Cerium Indide Ce6Pt11In14.
Authors: Stepien‐Damm J. , Bukowski Z. , Zaremba V. I. , Pikul A. P. , Kaczorowski D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Y[PS4]: An Unusual ABX4 Compound with a PtS‐Related Crystal Structure.
Authors: Komm Theresa , Schleid Thomas
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of the Bis[zinc(II)‐hydroxide‐(μ‐perchlorate)‐triaqua] Complex.
Authors: Li Yong‐Hua , Ye Qiong , Tang Yun‐Zhi , Xiong Ren‐Gen
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkali Scandium Arsenates. Part 2. The Framework Structures of α‐ and β‐CsSc(HAsO4)2.
Authors: Schwendtner Karolina , Kolitsch Uwe
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Study of Substitution Limit, Structural, Bulk Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Ca2+ Substituted Magnesium Ferrite.
Authors: Chhaya S. D. , Pandya M. P. , Chhantbar M. C. , Modi K. B. , Baldha G. J. , Joshi H. H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Determination of the Thermodynamic Activities of NaBr and DyBr3 in the Phases of the NaBr—DyBr3 System at 863 K by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: Hilpert Klaus , Miller Miroslaw
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Relationships and Low Temperature Heat Capacities of Alloys in the Y5Si4—Y5Ge4 Pseudo Binary System.
Authors: Pecharsky A. O. , Pecharsky V. K. , Gschneidner K. A. Jr.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gaseous Hydrogen Charging of Zr—Cu—Ni—Al Glasses and Quasicrystals.
Authors: Huett V. T. , Zander D. , Jastrow L. , Majzoub E. H. , Kelton K. F. , Koester U.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Au2(SeO3)2(SeO4): Synthesis and Characterization of a New Noncentrosymmetric Selenite—Selenate.
Authors: Wickleder Mathias S. , Buechner Oliver , Wickleder Claudia , El Sheik Sherif , Brunklaus Gunther , Eckert Hellmut
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Soluble‐Polymer System for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Bastin Stephanie , Eaves Richard J. , Edwards Christopher W. , Ichihara Osamu , Whittaker Mark , Wills Martin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Biocatalytic Route to Enantioenriched, Sulfanyl Aldol Products.
Authors: Baker‐Glenn C. , Ancliff R. , Gouverneur V.
Published: November 2004

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A Silver‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Amidation of Saturated C—H Bonds.
Authors: Cui Yong , He Chuan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Synthesis of Aminoalcohols by Ring Opening of Epoxides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Huerta Gloria , Contreras‐Ordonez Guadalupe , Alvarez‐Toledano C. , Santes Victor , Gomez Elizabeth , Toscano Ruben A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photolysis of 1‐Alkylcycloalkanols in the Presence of (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene and I2. Intramolecular Selectivity in the β‐Scission Reactions of the Intermediate 1‐Alkylcycloalkoxyl Radicals.
Authors: Antunes Carla S. Aureliano , Bietti Massimo , Lanzalunga Osvaldo , Salamone Michela
Published: November 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxygenation of Unactivated sp3 C—H Bonds.
Authors: Desai Lopa V. , Hull Kami L. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: November 2004

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Development of a Continuous‐Flow System for Catalysis with Palladium(0) Particles.
Authors: Solodenko Wladimir , Wen Hongliang , Leue Stefanie , Stuhlmann Friedrich , Sourkouni‐Argirusi Georgia , Jas Gerhard , Schoenfeld Hagen , Kunz Ulrich , Kirschning Andreas
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quaternization of N‐Heterocycles with Propylene Oxide and Epichlorohydrin.
Authors: Vassilev Aleksey , Dikova Ivanka , Deligeorgiev Todor , Drexhage Karl‐Heinz
Published: November 2004

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Direct Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Trienes by Silyl Substitution.
Authors: Schultz‐Fademrecht Carsten , Deshmukh Prashant H. , Malagu Karine , Procopiou Panayiotis A. , Barrett Anthony G. M.
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Activity of Dodecarbonyltetracobalt in Aqueous Media: A “Greening” of the Pauson—Khand Reaction.
Authors: Bonaga Llorente V. R. , Wright James A. , Krafft Marie E.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Dithioacetals and Oxathioacetals with Chiral Auxiliaries.
Authors: Zaidi Javid H. , Naeem Fazal , Khan Khalid M. , Iqbal Rashid , Zia‐Ullah Zia‐Ullah
Published: November 2004

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Halogen—Magnesium Exchange of m‐ and p‐Iodo or Bromo‐Arenes Bearing ortho‐Directing Groups Through Ate Complexes.
Authors: Xu Jiayi , Jain Nareshkumar , Sui Zhihua
Published: November 2004

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Iridium Complex Catalyzed Method for the Construction of a Quaternary Carbon Center α to Allene.
Authors: Kezuka Satoko , Kanemoto Kazuyuki , Takeuchi Ryo
Published: November 2004

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γ,δ‐ and δ,ε‐Unsaturated Aldehydes from γ‐ and δ‐Lactones in One Step.
Authors: Giersch Wolfgang , Naef Ferdinand
Published: November 2004

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Alkoxy Group Facilitated Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM) of Acyclic 1,6‐Dienes. Convenient Synthesis of Non‐racemic Highly Substituted Cyclopentenols.
Authors: Nayek Abhijit , Banerjee Shyamapada , Sinha Saikat , Ghosh Subrata
Published: November 2004

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A Copper‐ and Amine‐Free Sonogashira Reaction Employing Aminophosphines as Ligands.
Authors: Cheng Jiang , Sun Yanhui , Wang Feng , Guo Minjie , Xu Jian‐Hua , Pan Yi , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: November 2004

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A Simple Synthesis of Photolabile α‐Methyl Nitrobenzyl Compounds.
Authors: Salerno Charles P. , Cleaves Henderson J.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Enamides from Aldehydes and Amides.
Authors: Bayer Alexander , Maier Martin E.
Published: November 2004

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Palladium Charcoal Catalyzed Deprotection of O‐Allylphenols.
Authors: Ishizaki Miyuki , Yamada Makoto , Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Hoshino Osamu , Nishitani Kiyoshi , Hayashida Maiko , Tanaka Atsuko , Hara Hiroshi
Published: November 2004

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3‐Chloro‐2‐methylphenyl‐Substituted Semicarbazones: Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity.
Authors: Yogeeswari Perumal , Thirumurugan Rathinasabapathy , Kavya Ramkumar , Samuel Jayakar Selwyn , Stables James , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: November 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Arylboron Compounds with Carboxylic Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Korolev D. N. , Bumagin N. A.
Published: November 2004

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An Efficient and Environment Friendly Procedure for the Synthesis of Arylmethylenemalononitrile Catalyzed by Strong Base Anion‐Exchange Resin in Water.
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Zhang Jian‐She , Wang Ai‐Qing , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: November 2004

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Selenium‐Ligated Palladium(II) Complexes as Highly Active Catalysts for Carbon—Carbon Coupling Reactions: The Heck Reaction.
Authors: Yao Qingwei , Kinney Elizabeth P. , Zheng Chong
Published: November 2004

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Enantioselective Sulfoxidation Catalyzed by Polymer‐Supported Chiral Schiff Base—VO(acac)2 Complexes.
Authors: Barbarini Alessandro , Maggi Raimondo , Muratori Michele , Sartori Giovanni , Sartorio Raffaella
Published: November 2004

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Use of Polymer‐Supported Pd Reagents for Rapid and Efficient Suzuki Reactions Using Microwave Heating.
Authors: Wang Ying , Sauer Daryl R.
Published: November 2004

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DABCO as an Inexpensive and Highly Efficient Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Liu Wen‐Jie
Published: November 2004

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A Novel Synthesis of Bromomethoxy Disubstituted Derivatives of Benzocyclobutenone.
Authors: Barve P. V. , Schiess P.
Published: November 2004

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Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Hetarenoindanones Based on 3‐Arylhetarenes and Their Conversion into Hetarenoindenes.
Authors: Kashulin Igor A. , Nifant'ev Ilya E.
Published: November 2004

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A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Thiiranes from Oxirane—β‐cyclodextrin Complexes and Thiourea in Water.
Authors: Surendra K. , Krishnaveni N. Srilakshmi , Rao K. Rama
Published: November 2004

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Factor Xa Inhibitors Based on a 2‐Carboxyindole Scaffold: SAR of Neutral P1 Substituents.
Authors: Nazare Marc , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Cationic Carbohydroxylation of Alkenes and Alkynes Using the Cation Pool Method.
Authors: Suga Seiji , Kageyama Yasuhisa , Babu Govindarajulu , Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: November 2004

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Thiazolecarboxylic Acid Derivatives. Part 1. N‐Substituted 2‐Amino‐4‐methylthiazole‐5‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Dovlatyan V. V. , Eliazyan K. A. , Pivazyan V. A. , Kazaryan E. A. , Engoyan A. P.
Published: November 2004

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A Novel Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetra‐phenylpyrylium Perchlorates from Phenyl‐Substituted Cyclopentadienes.
Authors: Gong Wei‐Tao , Li Xin‐Cheng , Ning Gui‐Ling , Lin Yuan
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Aminopyridines from 2‐Fluoropyridine and Lithium Amides.
Authors: Pasumansky Lubov , Hernandez Armando R. , Gamsey Soya , Goralski Christian T. , Singaram Bakthan
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Five‐, Six‐, and Seven‐Membered Ring Lactams by Cp*Rh Complex‐Catalyzed Oxidative N‐Heterocyclization of Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Takahashi Yoshinori , Owaki Maki , Yamamoto Kazunari , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Quinolines, 2‐Quinolones, Phenanthridines, and 6(5H)‐Phenanthridinones via Palladium[0]‐Mediated Ullmann Cross‐Coupling of 1‐Bromo‐2‐nitroarenes with β‐Halo‐enals, enones, or ‐esters.
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Lupton David W. , Ma Xinghua , Renner Jens , Sydnes Magne O.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of Benzoylpyrimidines as Antagonists of the Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor‐1 Receptor.
Authors: Webb Thomas R. , Moran Terry , Huang Charles Q. , McCarthy James R. , Grigoriadis Dimitri E. , Chen Chen
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of 2‐[2‐(3,5‐Dimethylphenoxy)ethylthio]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones.
Authors: Novikov M. S. , Ozerov A. A. , Sim O. G. , Buckheit R. W.
Published: November 2004

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Heterocyclization of Functionalized Heterocumulenes with C,N‐ and C,O‐Binucleophiles. Part 1. Cyclocondensation of 1‐Chloroalkylheterocumulenes and N‐(1‐Chloroalkylidene)urethanes with 2‐Cyanomethylpyridine.
Authors: Vovk M. V. , Lebed P. S. , Chernega A. N. , Pirozhenko V. V. , Boiko V. I. , Tsymbal I. F.
Published: November 2004

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Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Di‐ and Tetrahydroazolopyrimidines.
Authors: Desenko S. M. , Gladkov E. S. , Nenaidenko V. G. , Shishkin O. V. , Shishkina S. V.
Published: November 2004

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Condensed Pyridopyrimidines. Part 7. Synthesis of Condensed Triazolo[4,3‐c]‐ and Tetrazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidines.
Authors: Oganisyan A. Sh. , Noravyan A. S. , Grigoryan M. Zh.
Published: November 2004

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Condensed Thienopyrimidines. Part 19. Study of the Heterocyclization of 2‐Hydrazino‐6,6‐dimethyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐8H‐pyranothieno [2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one.
Authors: Oganisyan A. Sh. , Noravyan A. S. , Karapetyan A. A. , Aleksanyan M. S. , Struchkov Yu. T.
Published: November 2004

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A Simple and Efficient L‐Prolinamide‐Catalyzed α‐Selenenylation Reaction of Aldehydes.
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Jian , Li Hao
Published: November 2004

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Peribysins A—D, Potent Cell‐Adhesion Inhibitors from a Sea Hare‐Derived Culture of Periconia Species.
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Iritani Masashi , Minoura Katsuhiko , Kawai Kenzo , Numata Atsushi
Published: November 2004

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Two New Compounds from Ligularia dolichobotrys.
Authors: Li Er‐Wei , Gao Kun , Jia Zhong‐Jian
Published: November 2004

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Trifluoroethylsulfonate Protected Monosaccharides in Glycosylation Reactions.
Authors: Karst Nathalie A. , Islam Tasneem F. , Avci Fikri Y. , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: November 2004

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The Preparation of 2‐Iodoamides from Glucals and Their Further Transformations into Oxazolines.
Authors: De Castro Michael , Marzabadi Cecilia H.
Published: November 2004

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New Phlegmarane‐Type, Cernuane‐Type, and Quinolizidine Alkaloids from Two Species of Lycopodium
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Hirasawa Yusuke , Shinzato Takakazu , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: November 2004

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Antibacterial Prenylflavone Derivatives from Psoralea corylifolia, and Their Structure—Activity Relationship Study.
Authors: Yin Sheng , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Wang Ying , Dong Lei , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 22‐Oxa CD‐Ring Modified Analogues of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3: cis‐Perhydrindane CE‐Ring Analogues.
Authors: Demin Samuel , Van Haver Dirk , Vanderwalle Maurits , De Clercq Pierre J. , Bouillon Roger , Verstuyf Annemieke
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Expeditious Total Synthesis of Kalkitoxins: Determination of the Absolute Stereostructure of Natural Kalkitoxin.
Authors: Yokokawa Fumiaki , Asano Toshinobu , Okino Tatsufumi , Gerwick William H. , Shioiri Takayuki
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Taveuniamides: New Chlorinated Toxins from a Mixed Assemblage of Marine Cyanobacteria.
Authors: Williamson R. Thomas , Singh Inder Pal , Gerwick William H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient and Biogenetic Type Synthesis of Few Naturally Occurring Chromeno Dihydrochalcones and Their in vitro Antileishmanial Activity.
Authors: Narender Tadigoppula , Shweta Shweta , Gupta Suman
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Critical Thermodynamic Evaluation and Optimization of the Fe—Mg—‐O System
Authors: Jung In‐Ho , Decterov Sergei A. , Pelton Arthur D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Progress in the Thermodynamic Modeling of the O—U—Zr Ternary System
Authors: Chevalier Pierre‐Yves , Fischer Evelyne , Cheynet Bertrand
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inorganic Nanotubes
Authors: Remskar Maja
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cadmium and Mercury
Authors: Breitinger D. K.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gas Phase Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Rodgers M. T. , Armentrout P. B.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Mechanisms of the Stille Reaction
Authors: Espinet Pablo , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiohydantoin Nucleosides. Synthesis Approaches
Authors: Khodair Ahmed I. A. , El Ashry El Sayed H. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A. L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acyclic and Macrocyclic Schiff Base Ligands
Authors: Hernandez‐Molina R. , Mederos A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzimidazole Ligands
Authors: Haga M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyridopyridine Ligands
Authors: Ciriano M. A. , Oro L. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Terpyridine, Oligopyridine, and Polypyridine Ligands
Authors: Thummel R. P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Calixarenes
Authors: Roundhill D. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Baeyer—Villiger Oxidations
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Rudroff Florian , Groetzl Birgit
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H. , Schrock Richard R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Conjugate Addition of Stabilized Carbanions
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibitory Effects of Some Traditional Medicines on Proliferation of HIV‐1 and Its Protease
Authors: Nakamura Norio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Mechanism of Stereoselection in Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: A General Approach for Predicting the Sense of Enantioselectivity
Authors: Gridnev Ilya D. , Imamoto Tsuneo
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Prognostic factors in oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Marcus Benjamin , Arenberg Douglas , Lee Julia , Kleer Celina , Chepeha Douglas B. , Schmalbach Cecelia E. , Islam Mozaffarul , Paul Supriti , Pan Quintin , Hanash Samir , Kuick Rork , Merajver Sofia D. , Teknos Theodoros N.
Published: November 2004

BACKGROUND

The survival of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unaffected despite recent therapeutic advances. To reverse this trend, reliable and clinically applicable markers of tumor aggressiveness must be identified. One such marker may be the tumor‐associated macrophage content. The authors hypothesized that tumor‐associated macrophages contribute to HNSCC aggressiveness, and the objective of the current study was to prove this hypothesis using mRNA expression analysis and a large cohort of clinical specimens.

METHODS

Oligonucleotide microarray analysis was performed on a prospective cohort of 20 patients with previously untreated oral cavity or oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OC/OP SCCA) and on normal oropharyngeal mucosa from 4 patients. After determining whether macrophage chemoattractants were produced by tumors, conditioned media from three HNSCC cell lines were used to quantify macrophage migration in an in vitro assay. A high‐density tissue microarray of 102 patients with previously untreated OC/OP SCCA was stained immunohistochemically for CD68 to identify tissue macrophages, and the results were correlated with clinicopathologic data and survival.

RESULTS

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was up‐regulated significantly in tumors compared with normal mucosa (P = 0.0025; fold change = 1.89). All University of Michigan SCC tumor cell line conditioned media caused a significant increase in macrophage migration (P < 0.05). Tissue microarray data revealed that macrophage content of the primary tumor was associated strongly with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001), extracapsular lymph node spread (P = 0.0001), and advanced clinical disease stage (P = 0.0002). When it was evaluated along with other clinicopathologic data, the macrophage content was found to be an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Primary tumor macrophage content is a strong predictor of tumor aggressiveness in HNSCC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Nonquenchable Chemical Order−Disorder Phase Transition in Yttrium Oxyfluoride
Authors: Levin Igor , Huang Qing Z. , Cook Lawrence P. , Wong‐Ng Winnie
Published: November 2004

A chemical order−disorder polymorphic phase transition in yttrium oxyfluoride (YOF) was studied in situ by X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction. The high‐temperature form of YOF crystallizes with a cubic Fm$\bar 3$
m fluorite structure in which the O and F atoms are disordered among the tetrahedrally coordinated sites. The low‐temperature form of YOF exhibits rhombohedral R$\bar 3$
m symmetry and evolves from the high‐temperature form by the phase transition associated with the ordering of the O and F atoms. The transition occurs around 560 °C. The superstructure contains layers of [OY4] and [FY4] tetrahedra alternating along the c‐axis of the trigonal cell (parallel to the <111> direction of the parent cubic structure). The ordering of the O and F atoms is accompanied by the significant displacements of the Y, O, and F atoms from their ideal positions in the cubic phase. Bond valence sum calculations indicate considerable bond strain for both O and F in the cubic structure; the strain is relieved in the ordered low‐temperature phase. The order−disorder transition in YOF is completely reversible and exhibits fast nonquenchable kinetics. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Cyclometallated Iridium(III) Complexes with Phenylated Bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Lepeltier Marc , Kwok‐Ming Lee Terence , Kam‐Wing Lo Kenneth , Toupet Loic , Le Bozec Hubert , Guerchais Véronique
Published: November 2004

A series of cationic diiminoiridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy‐N,C)2(L‐N,N)](PF6) has been prepared [Hppy = 2‐phenylpyridine; L = 4,4′‐tBu2dpbpy (1), 4,4′‐Me2dpbpy (2), 4,4′‐Me2pbpy (3), 4,4′‐Me2bpy (4)] and their photophysical and electrochemical properties studied. X‐ray diffraction studies of complex 1 reveal a dihedral angle of about 33° between the pyridine rings, and that the two phenyl groups are also tilted with respect to the adjacent pyridine rings. All the complexes exhibit moderately intense and long‐lived emission. The origin of the emission is tentatively assigned to a triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer 3MLCT [dπ(Ir) → π*(diimine)] excited state, although the possibility of a triplet σ‐bond‐to‐ligand charge transfer 3SBLCT [σ(Ir−C) → π*(diimine)] cannot be excluded. The luminescence properties of the complexes are dependent on the substituents on the diimine ligands. Selective N‐methylation of the diimine ligands has been achieved and their N,C‐coordination to the Ir centre has been attempted. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Rearrangement of the Active Ester Intermediate During HOBt/EDC Amide Coupling
Authors: Mahmoud Khaled A. , Long Yi‐Tao , Schatte Gabriele , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard
Published: November 2004

3‐{[1′‐(tert‐Butyloxycarbonylamino)ferrocen‐1‐yl]carbonyl}benzotriazole 1‐oxide (3) has been successfully separated during the synthesis of benzotriazol‐1‐yl 1′‐(tert‐butyloxycarbonylamino)ferrocene‐1‐carboxylate (2) as an active ester for peptide coupling. The yield of 3 increased by using polar, rather than nonpolar solvents. The two compounds have been fully characterized and studied by X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods. The active ester derivative 2 formed a urethane bond with the glycine ethyl ester while the N‐oxide 3 did not react. The X‐ray structural analysis of 3 shows strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the urethane group and the N‐oxide of an adjacent molecule [N−O···H−N = 2.859(2) Å]. No hydrogen bonding is present in the solid state for compound 2, while solution studies indicate the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Both complexes display a quasi‐reversible single one‐electron oxidation, the halfwave potentials E1/2 for 2 and 3 were 672 ± 5 and 591 ± 5 mV, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Macrocycles Related to 10‐Oxa‐epothilone
Authors: Quintard Delphine , Bertrand Philippe , Bachmann Christian , Gesson Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2004

A short and convergent synthesis of macrocyclic lactones related to 10‐oxa‐epothilone is based on aldolisation of a 3‐(2′‐methylallyloxy) aldehyde derived from methyl (2S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionate followed by ring‐closing metathesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The Effects of Space Formed by Host Molecules in Inclusion Compounds on the Homogeneity/Heterogeneity of the Photoreaction in the Solid State
Authors: Lavy Tali , Sheynin Yana , Kaftory Menahem
Published: November 2004

Two inclusion compounds that contain a light‐stable host molecule and a light‐sensitive guest molecule have been crystallized, that is, 4,5‐bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane as the host molecule with tropolone methyl ether as the guest molecule and 2,3‐bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)‐1,4‐dioxaspiro[4.5]decane as the host molecule with 4‐(oxophenylacetyl)morpholine as the guest molecule. The two inclusion compounds undergo photochemical ring‐closure reactions. However, while the first reacts by a heterogeneous process, the second undergoes a homogeneous photoreaction. The X‐ray crystal structure of the two compounds clearly demonstrate that when the space required by the guest molecule to undergo the photoreaction fits the space provided by the host molecule, the reaction is homogeneous; when the space required by the guest is larger than that provided by the host molecule, the photoreaction is heterogeneous. Since the photochemical reaction of the inclusion compound with tropolone methyl ether as the guest is heterogeneous it could not be followed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The product of the photochemical reaction is 1‐methoxybicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐3,6‐dien‐2‐one. The photochemical reaction of the second compound was followed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the crystal structure shows that the product is tetrahydro‐2‐phenyloxazolo[2,3‐c][1,4]oxazine‐3(2H)‐one, and not the β‐lactam system obtained in similar reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
One‐Step Synthesis of Novel Flavylium Salts Containing Alkyl Side Chains in Their 3‐, 4′‐, 5‐ or 6‐Positions and Their Photophysical Properties in Micellar Media
Authors: Fernandes Ana C. , Romão Carlos C. , Rosa Carla P. , Vieira Vera P. , Lopes António , Silva Palmira F. , Maçanita António L.
Published: November 2004

A one‐step preparation of several flavylium salts containing alkyl side chains in their 3‐, 4′‐, 5‐ or 6‐positions is described. Flavylium salts with alkyl side chains in positions 3 or 4′ were isolated from reactions between 2,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and decanophenone, dodecanophenone and 4′‐hexyl‐ or 4′‐dodecylacetophenone. Flavylium salts with alkyl side chains in positions 5 or 6 were prepared through reactions between benzoylacetone and 4‐hexyl‐, 4‐dodecyl‐ or 5‐pentylresorcinol. The new compounds are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water, but readily incorporate into aqueous dispersions of anionic (SDS), cationic (CTAB) or neutral (C12E10) surfactants above their critical micellar concentrations. They also present interesting spectroscopic properties − namely, ultra‐fast proton transfer in the excited state − and the 4′ derivatives also exhibit photochromic behaviour, which might have several applications in the field of self‐assembled systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The Aromatic CH/π Hydrogen Bond as an Important Factor in Determining the Relative Stability of Diastereomeric Salts Relevant to Enantiomeric Resolution − A Crystallographic Database Study
Authors: Suezawa Hiroko , Ishihara Shinji , Umezawa Yoji , Tsuboyama Sei , Nishio Motohiro
Published: November 2004

A systematic study was carried out to understand the principle underlying the process of enantiomeric resolution by the use of the Cambridge Structural Database. The crystal structures of fourteen pairs of diastereomeric salts, containing the mandelate anion, or its analogues, as the chiral acid component, were analyzed in the context of the aromatic CH/π hydrogen bond. The mean aromatic C−H···π distance parameters of the less‐soluble salts are shorter than in the more‐soluble ones. Also, the C−H···π‐ring access angle, on average, is more acute in the less‐soluble salts than in the more‐soluble ones. Nontrivial discrepancies, on the other hand, have been noted in case‐by‐case comparisons of the parameters of several pairs. It was concluded that the contribution from the aromatic CH/π hydrogen bond should at least be taken into account when considering enantiomeric separation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Oxidation of Δ4‐ and Δ5‐Steroids with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Porphyrin Complexes of MnIII and FeIII
Authors: Rebelo Susana L. H. , Simões Mário M. Q. , Neves M. Graça P. M. S. , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Peixoto Andreia F. , Pereira Mariette M. , Silva Manuela R. , Paixão José A. , Beja Ana M.
Published: November 2004

In this paper we describe a new environmentally friendly method to promote the stereoselective epoxidation of Δ4‐ and Δ5‐steroids. Metalloporphyrins efficiently catalyze the epoxidation reactions of 17β‐acetoxy‐4‐androstene (1), 4‐cholestene (2) and 3β‐acetoxy‐5‐cholestene (3) in the presence of H2O2 as oxygen donor. Modeling the molecular structure of the porphyrin as well as the central metal allows the control of the preferential formation of α‐ or β‐epoxides. Porphyrins with bulky, electron‐withdrawing groups in the ortho positions of the meso phenyls and with MnIII as the central metal ion, such as [Mn(TDCPP)Cl], gave preferentially the β‐epoxide of Δ4‐ and Δ5‐steroids. [Fe(TPFPP)Cl] catalyzes preferentially the α‐epoxidation of Δ4‐steroids and also increases the stereoselectivity for the α‐epoxide in Δ5‐steroids, similar to the results obtained with m‐CPBA (m‐chloroperbenzoic acid) as oxidant. The substrate structure strongly influences the chemoselectivity of the reactions. The X‐ray structures of two main products were determined, and two‐dimensional NMR techniques allowed the full assignment of 1H and 13C NMR resonances as well as the stereochemistry of these products. A mechanistic proposal involving oxo species for the β‐approach and peroxy species for the α‐approach is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)