bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waste-Based Second-Generation Bioethanol: A Solution for Future Energy Crisis
Authors: Chandrasiri Yasindra Sandamini , Weerasinghe W. M. Lakshika Iroshani , Madusanka D. A. Tharindu , Manage Pathmalal M.
Published: November 2021

The demand for more environmentally friendly alternative renewable fuels is growing as fossil fuel resources are depleting significantly. Consequently, bioethanol has attracted interest as a potentially viable fuel. The key steps in second-generation bioethanol production include pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation. The present study employed simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose through bacterial pathways to generate second-generation bioethanol utilizing corncobs and paper waste as lignocellulosic biomass. Mechanical and chemical pretreatments were applied to both biomasses. Then, two bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. and Norcadiopsis sp., hydrolysed the pretreated biomass and fermented it along with Achromobacter sp., which was isolated and characterized from a previous study. Bioethanol production followed by 72 h of biomass hydrolysis employing Bacillus sp. and Norcadiopsis sp., and then 72 h of fermentation using Achromobacter sp. Using solid phase micro extraction combined with GCMS the ethanol content was quantified. SSF of alkaline pretreated paper waste hydrolysed by Bacillus sp. following the fermentation by Achromobacter sp. showed the maximum ethanol percentage of 0.734±0.154. Alkaline pretreated corncobs hydrolyzed by Norcadiopsis sp. yielded the lowest ethanol percentage of 0.155±0.154. The results of the study revealed that paper waste is the preferred feedstock for generating second-generation bioethanol. To study the possible use of ethanol-diesel blends as an alternative biofuel E2, E5, E7, and E10 blend emulsions were prepared mixing commercially available diesel with ethanol. The evaluated physico-chemical characteristics of the ethanol-diesel emulsions fulfilled the Ceypetco requirements except for the flashpoint revealing that the lower ethanol-diesel blends are a promising alternative to transport fuels. As a result, the current study suggests that second generation bioethanol could be used as a renewable energy source to help alleviate the energy crisis..
Civilizational Aspects of Japanese History: Continuities and Discontinuities
Authors: Árnason Jóhann Páll
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses the merits and problems of civilizational perspectives on Japanese history, with particular reference to the task of combining a comparative approach with valid points made by those who see Japan as a highly self-contained cultural world. After a brief consideration of Claude Lévi-Strauss’s reflections on Japan, the central section of the paper deals with Shmuel Eisenstadt’s work. His conception of Japan as a distinctive civilization characterized by pre-axial patterns is rejected on the grounds that the native mode of thought which he proposes to describe is more plausibly interpreted as an offshoot of Chinese traditions, although a notably autonomous and historically changing one. The transmission of Daoism to Japan, although much less explicit than the reception of Confucianism and Buddhism, was of crucial importance. That said, Eisenstadt’s concrete analyses of Japanese ways to transform foreign inputs are often detailed and insightful, and his comments on the relationship between culture and institutions raise important questions, although they must in many cases be reformulated in more historical terms. The paper discusses the genesis, dynamics and collapse of the Tokugawa regime (1600–1868), and concludes with reflections on Japanese modernity, up to and including its present crisis.
Perspectivas de investigación psicológica: aportes a la comprensión e intervención de problemas sociales
Authors: Londoño-Pérez Constanza , Peña-Sarmiento Martha , Amaya-Nassar Santiago , Rodríguez-Caballero Daniel Felipe , Perdomo-Escobar Sandra Jimena , Pérez-Caro Ana María , Moreno-Méndez Jaime Humberto , Caicedo-Támara Natalia , Ríos-Cruz Sonia Gisela , Sierra Marco Alejandro , Ortiz Eliana Ivette , Acuña-Rodríguez Katya , Villegas-Moreno Martha Juliana , Pardo-Adames Carlos , Ocampo-Villegas Héctor Balmes , Ariza-Ordóñez Gladys Ibeth , Scoppetta Orlando , Cumsille José Francisco , Rodríguez-Urrea Yuly Rosalba , García-Rubiano Mónica , Barreto-Zambrano María Luisa , Zambrano-Hernández Sonia , Avendaño-Prieto Bertha Lucía , Toro-Tobar Ronald Alberto
Published: November 2021

This book presents investigative advances in psychology related to the lines of research of the Department of Psychology of the Catholic University of Colombia, whose central purpose is the generation of new knowledge with social repercussions. In this sense, the studies presented within the framework of the lines of Educational Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health and Addictions, Psychobiological and Behavioral Processes, Legal Psychology and Criminology, Social, Political and Community Psychology, and Research Methods applied to the behavioral sciences, although oriented from different perspectives and methodologies, they unite in the same purpose: to strengthen their approach towards problems of social relevance without losing their contribution to psychological discipline. As a consequence, this book presents an enriched thematic variety directly related to the lines of research such as credibility of the testimony, adolescent domestic violence, cognitive training in older adults, family functioning and quality of life, emotional reparation in survivors of sexual violence in the middle of the Colombian armed conflict, dissatisfaction with body image, relational therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy in victims of the Colombian armed conflict, the relationship between physical activity and academic performance, and organizational change. The results of the studies can be problematized and vitalized in different application contexts.
Własność w ujęciu socjologicznym: zarys problemu
Authors: Baranowski Mariusz
Published: November 2021

Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka własności z perspektywy socjologicznej, czy dokładniej – socjoekonomicznej. Chodzi w nim o wyeksponowanie różnicy w podejściu do problematyki własności ze strony prawa oraz socjologii, szczególnie w kontekście badania współczesnych przedsiębiorstw. Przegląd wybranych ujęć własności ma służyć wyartykułowaniu skomplikowanej natury corporate governance, której pełniejsze zrozumienie umożliwia prześledzenia prawnych oraz socjologiczno-ekonomicznych losów tego specyficznego stosunku społecznego.
NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
Authors: Lv Xuejiao , Sun Yuxin , Tan Wenxi , Liu Yang , Wen Naiyan , Fu Shuang , Yu Lanying , Liu Tiantian , Qi Xiaocui , Shu Nanqi , Du Yanwei , Zhang Wenfeng , Meng Yan
Published: November 2021

We intended to explore the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiac conduction block inducted by urea transporter (UT)-B deletion at the transcriptome level. The heart tissues were harvested from UT-B null mice and age-matched wild-type mice for lncRNA sequencing analysis. Based on the sequencing data, the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) and lncRNAs (DELs) between UT-B knockout and control groups were identified, followed by function analysis and mRNA–lncRNA co-expression analysis. The miRNAs were predicted, and then the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed. UT-B deletion results in the aberrant expression of 588 lncRNAs and 194 mRNAs. These DEMs were significantly enriched in the inflammation-related pathway. A lncRNA–mRNA co-expression network and a ceRNA network were constructed on the basis of the DEMs and DELs. The complement 7 (C7)–NONMMUT137216.1 co-expression pair had the highest correlation coefficient in the co-expression network. NONMMUT140591.1 had the highest degree in the ceRNA network and was involved in the ceRNA of NONMMUT140591.1-mmu-miR-298-5p-Gata5 (GATA binding protein 5). UT-B deletion may promote cardiac conduction block via inflammatory process. The ceRNA NONMMUT140591.1-mmu-miR-298-5p-Gata5 may be a potential molecular mechanism of UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block.
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Malki Jamila S. , Hussien Nahed Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Taeniids, consisting of two genera Echinococcus and Taenia, are obligatory tapeworms of mammals, and their pathogenicity was due to infection with larval stages. Hydatid (the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus) and coenurus (the larval stage of Taenia multiceps) cysts are prevalent in domestic, wild ruminants, livestock, swine, and dogs, and accidentally they could also be found in humans. They lead to different clinical manifestations that cause economic loss in livestock and human morbidity. In Saudi Arabia, few studies were performed on hydatid and coenurus cyst genetic variations. The main goal of the present study was to identify E. granulosus and T. multiceps cyst isolates collected from slaughtered Harri sheep in Saudi Arabia by partial sequencing with PCR amplification of the cytochrome C oxidase 1 (COX1) gene. Molecular and phylogenetic evaluation based on COX1 sequences indicated that cyst isolates belong to E. granulosus and T. multiceps, respectively, successfully submitted in NCBI Genbank. Molecular characterization showed a low nucleotide diversity with two submitted isolates of coenurus with related isolates of Genbank. Conversely, E. granulosus isolates showed higher nucleotide diversity. The reported data could serve as a foundation for future molecular epidemiological and biological studies.
Algebroids, AKSZ Constructions and Doubled Geometry
Authors: Marotta Vincenzo Emilio , Szabo Richard J.
Published: November 2021

We give a self-contained survey of some approaches aimed at a global description of the geometry underlying double field theory. After reviewing the geometry of Courant algebroids and their incarnations in the AKSZ construction, we develop the theory of metric algebroids including their graded geometry. We use metric algebroids to give a global description of doubled geometry, incorporating the section constraint, as well as an AKSZ-type construction of topological doubled sigma-models. When these notions are combined with ingredients of para-Hermitian geometry, we demonstrate how they reproduce kinematical features of double field theory from a global perspective, including solutions of the section constraint for Riemannian foliated doubled manifolds, as well as a natural notion of generalized T-duality for polarized doubled manifolds. We describe the L
∞-algebras of symmetries of a doubled geometry, and briefly discuss other proposals for global doubled geometry in the literature.
On the impact of clause order on pronoun resolution: evidence from Spanish
Authors: de Rocafiguera Núria , Bel Aurora
Published: November 2021

In research on intra-sentential pronominal anaphora resolution in null subject languages, it has been argued that null pronouns tend to be biased towards subject antecedents, whereas overt pronouns tend to prefer object antecedents, as predicted by Carminati’s ‘Position of the Antecedent Hypothesis’. However, these studies have mainly focused on only one of the two possible clause orders (main-subordinate or subordinate-main), which have not been overtly contrasted. This paper investigates the effects of clause order on the interpretation of third-person subject pronouns in globally ambiguous intra-sentential contexts by 49 native speakers of Spanish. The results of an acceptability judgment task explicitly comparing both clause orders indicate that relative clause order is a key factor affecting the interpretation of pronouns: while a preference of overt pronouns for object antecedents holds across clause orders, null pronouns show a bias towards subject antecedents only in subordinate-main sequences. These findings refine the Position of the Antecedent Hypothesis predictions by restricting them to subordinate-main complex sentences.
Reconfigurable bandstop filter using active frequency selective surface, design and fabrication
Authors: Babaei Hamed , Gohari Seyyed Amir
Published: November 2021

In this paper a novel FSS array is proposed, that provides dynamic band-gap in C-band. Inside the band-gap, the FSS acts as a bandstop filter. Outside the band-gap the amplitude of the reflected wave from the FSS array decreases. Therefore, the outside band is very useful in radar cross section (RCS) reduction. In this paper, at first a new FSS unit cell is designed, then in order to achieve the maximum bandwidth (1.2 GHz), dimensions of the cell are optimized. In the next step, the FSS cell is equipped with PIN diodes. Turning the diodes ON or OFF, shifts the resonant frequency of the band-gap electronically. When diodes are OFF, the resonant frequency and −10 dB bandwidth of the FSS are 5.23 and 0.9 GHz respectively. When the diodes turn ON, the resonant frequency shifts to 4.75 GHz over a bandwidth of about 1 GHz. While the band-gap is shifted dynamically, the bandwidth is kept wide, which is the novelty of this paper. In order to validate the design process, an array of active cells consisting of 128 pin diodes was designed, fabricated and then tested. Finally, the simulation and measurement results are compared with each other and a good agreement is observed between them.
Effect of Cu doping on the optical property of green synthesised l-cystein-capped CdSe quantum dots
Authors: Oluwafemi Oluwatobi Samuel , Parani Sundararajan , Lebepe Thabang Calvin , Maluleke Rodney
Published: November 2021

In the present study, the synthesis of water-soluble copper-doped CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) via a low cost, facile, and environmentally benign method is reported. Simple reagents such as selenium powder, cadmium chloride, and copper sulphate were used as selenium, cadmium, and copper precursor, respectively, while l-cysteine was used as a capping ligand without the use of an additional stabiliser. The as-synthesised copper-doped CdSe NPs were characterised using ultraviolet (UV-Vis) absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. By varying the dopant concentration, the temporal evolution of the optical properties and the shape of the nanocrystals were investigated. The observation and the results showed that the colour of the solution changed rapidly from orange to black, and the PL shifted to a longer wavelength at the high dopant concentration. The micrographic images revealed that the as-synthesised materials are small and could be used for bio labelling.
Utilization of shallot bio-waste (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) fractions for the production of functional cookies
Authors: Bhosale Yuvraj K. , Perumal Thivya , Varghese Shery M. , Vincent Hema , Ramachandran Sinija Vadakkepulppara
Published: November 2021

Shallot harvesting and processing produce various waste streams, and the current study aims to investigate the effects of shallot bio-waste powder (SWP) substitution on different flour properties. Increased SWP to 50% substitution of stalk and petiole showed a rise in swelling capacity (43.33%) and water absorption (342.22%), and oil absorption (320.73%), respectively. Foaming capacity improved from 48.00% in control to 60.26% in 30% flower substitution and further decreases to 51.28% at 50%. Pasting properties reduced at higher SWP substitution and the highest drop in peak viscosity was observed at Stalk-50 (457.33 cP). Subsequently, developed functional cookies showed enhanced fiber, ash, total phenol, and total flavonoids with 3, 2, 7, and 5 fold, respectively. Cookies developed with higher substitution were of darker color and higher hardness and fracturability. Sensory evaluation with fuzzy analysis revealed better acceptance for stalk and petiole (10%) and peel (5%) of final cookies with elevated nutritional value.
Morphological, structural and physicochemical properties of rice starch nanoparticles prepared via ultra-high pressure homogenization
Authors: Sun Chengyi , Hu Yuqing , Yu Xietian , Zhu Zhijie , Hao Shuai , Du Xianfeng
Published: November 2021

Native rice starches were treated with five periods of ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) under each of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 MPa, respectively. The morphological, structural and physicochemical properties of starches treated with UHPH were examined. The mean particle diameter of starch nanoparticles ranged between 154.20 and 260.40 nm. SEM revealed that the granular amorphous region of starch granules was damaged under pressures between 60 and 80 MPa, and the crystalline region was further destroyed under pressures as high as 100–160 MPa. DSC demonstrated that the gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies of nanoparticles reduced. The relative crystallinity reduced from 22.90 to 13.61% as the pressure increased. FTIR showed that the absorbance ratio at 1047/1022 cm−1 decreased, and increased at 1022/995 cm−1. RVA results indicated that the viscosity of starch samples increased between 60 and 120 MPa, and the reverse effect was observed under 140 and 160 MPa.
Ich! – Wer ich? Zur Interaktion im Online-Unterricht
Authors: Rösler Dietmar , Zeyer Tamara
Published: November 2021

In diesem Beitrag werden Aufzeichnungen von Unterricht analysiert, der pandemiebedingt kurzfristig digitalisiert werden musste. Die Daten stammen aus dem Deutschunterricht für studieninteressierte Geflüchtete auf dem Sprachniveau B1+, der mithilfe des Webkonferenztools Cisco Webex stattfand. Die Auswertung der Daten konzentriert sich auf die unterschiedlichen Ansichten des Unterrichts auf den Bildschirmen der Beteiligten und die daraus folgenden didaktischen Konsequenzen, auf den Übergang von Stillarbeit zum gemeinsamen Arbeiten und auf den Umgang der Lehrkräfte mit Nachfragen der Lernenden und Fehlern. Gezeigt wird außerdem durch die Analyse einer längeren Sequenz, wie der Übergang von der Arbeit an einer formfokussierten Übung zur freien Diskussion über für die Lernenden relevante Themen verläuft.
Towards a typology of middle voice systems
Authors: Inglese Guglielmo
Published: November 2021

The middle voice is a notoriously controversial typological notion. Building on previous work (e.g. Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993.The middle voice. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins), in this paper I propose a new working definition of middle markers as inherently polyfunctional constructions which are partly associated with valency change in opposition to bivalent (or more) verbs and partly lexically obligatory with monovalent verbs. Based on this definition, the paper undertakes a systematic survey of 149 middle voice constructions in a sample of 129 middle-marking languages. Evidence from the sample shows that middle voice systems display a much richer variation in forms and functions than is reported in the literature. This richer empirical evidence challenges some of the mainstream views on middle marking, especially its purported connection with reflexivity and grooming-type events, and calls for an overall rethinking of the typology of the middle voice.
Sub-Saharan African Countries‘ COVID-19 Research: An analysis of the External and Internal Contributions, Collaboration Patterns and Funding Sources
Authors: Asubiaro Toluwase Victor , Shaik Hafsah
Published: November 2021

This study aims at providing some evidence-based insight into Sub-Saharan Africa’s first eighteen months of COVID-19 research by evaluating its research contributions, patterns of collaboration, and funding sources. Eighteen months (2020 January 1-2021 June 30) COVID-19 publication data of 46 Sub-Saharan African countries was collected from Scopus for analysis. Country of affiliation of the authors and funding agencies data was analyzed to understand country contributions, collaboration pattern and funding sources. USA (23.08%) and the UK (19.63%), the top two external contributors, collaborated with Sub-Saharan African countries about three times more than other countries. Collaborative papers between Sub-Saharan African countries - without contributions from outside the region- made up less than five per cent of the sample, whereas over 50% of the papers were written in collaboration with researchers from outside the region. Organizations that are in the USA and the UK funded 45% of all the COVID-19 research from Sub-Saharan Africa. 53.44% of all the funding from Sub-Saharan African countries came from South African organizations. This study provides evidence that pan-African COVID-19 research collaboration is low, perhaps due to poor funding and lack of institutional support within Sub-Saharan Africa. This mirrors the collaborative features of science in Sub-Saharan Africa before the COVID-19 pandemic. The high volume of international collaboration during the pandemic is a good development. There is also a strong need to forge more robust pan-African research collaboration networks, through funding from Africa’s national and regional government organizations, with the specific objective of meeting local COVID-19 and other healthcare needs.
Ramie fiber reinforced composites with flame retardant structure design: flammability, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties
Authors: Zhu Chenkai , Nie Lei , Yan Xiaofei , Li Jiawei , Qi Dongming
Published: November 2021

In this work, the structure of composite was designed as Core Stack and Surface Stack, which was treated with the expandable graphite (EG) and metal oxides such as iron oxide (IO), hydroxyapatite (HA), and aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH). The mechanical performance of composites was characterized via flexural performance and interlaminar shear strength analysis. The flame retardance and smoke suppression of composite was explored in detail by LOI, UL-94, and cone calorimeter test. The findings presented that flexural properties of composites were observed to decrease due to delamination of surface stack, whilst no significant effect on interlaminar shear strength. In comparison with control composite, the loading of metal oxide into composite Surface Stack led to the reduction of peak heat release rate, total heat release, and fire growth index effectively. Moreover, the remarkable decrease in total smoke production could be observed due to the addition of iron oxide and the flame retardant mechanism was discussed. This study was the preliminary exploration of composite with flame retardant design which could be potential solution to improve flame retardancy and smoke suppression of composite with better mechanical structure preservation.
Global load determination in linear guides based on the fusion of local rolling element loads determined from strain sensitive sensor groups
Authors: Krampert David , Unsleber Sebastian , Reindl Leonhard , Rupitsch Stefan J.
Published: November 2021

Measuring the mechanical load on linear guides provides many possibilities regarding predictive maintenance and process monitoring. In this contribution, we provide an in depth evaluation of a Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) based sensor system integrated into the runner block’s raceway that is capable of directly measuring the load on individual rolling elements. An efficient algorithm based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for local sensor fusion and load estimation is presented and proven to reliably retrieve the load regardless of the rolling element’s position. Afterwards, we compare locally measured loads to results from a theoretical load distribution model, providing valuable insight into modeling parameters and a verification of the sensor measurement principle. In a final step, an algorithm to invert the load distribution model is derived and used for an evaluation of the sensor system, achieving Root-Mean-Square (RMS) estimation errors of equivalently 1.4 kN in the preload range and 2.75 kN overall for one dimensional loads. Load mode distinction was equally successful with a suppression RMS error of 0.7 kN in the preload range and 2.87 kN in total.
Back to the roots: the concepts of force and energy
Authors: Kalies Grit
Published: November 2021

The concepts of force and energy are analyzed in the context of state and process equations. In chronological order, the application of the cause-effect principle in process equations is studied in mechanics, thermodynamics, special relativity, general relativity, and quantum theory. The differences in the fundamental approaches to nature and the significance of a consistent physical interpretation of formulas and state variables are emphasized. It is shown that the first origins for the crisis of modern theoretical physics are to be found in the concepts of force and energy in mechanics, which partly violate the cause-effect principle. This affects all theories based on mechanics and underlines their historical conditionality. The systematic application of driving forces and the cause-effect principle in process equations suggests a return to causal realistic physics. It meets the wave character of matter, is compatible with the experiment, and allows a unified description of interaction.
Characterizing the Tapering Practices of United States and Canadian Raw Powerlifters
Authors: Travis S. Kyle , Pritchard Hayden J. , Mujika Iñigo , Gentles Jeremy A. , Stone Michael H. , Bazyler Caleb D.
Published: November 2021

Travis, SK, Pritchard, HJ, Mujika, I, Gentles, JA, Stone, MH, and Bazyler, CD. Characterizing the tapering practices of United States and Canadian raw powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S26–S35, 2021—The purpose of this study was to characterize the tapering practices used by North American powerlifters. A total of 364 powerlifters completed a 41-item survey encompassing demographics, general training, general tapering, and specific tapering practices. Nonparametric statistics were used to assess sex (male and female), competition level (regional/provincial, national, and international), and competition lift (squat, bench press, and deadlift). The highest training volume most frequently took place 5–8 weeks before competition, whereas the highest training intensity was completed 2 weeks before competition. A step taper was primarily used over 7–10 days while decreasing the training volume by 41–50% with varied intensity. The final heavy (>85% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) back squat and deadlift sessions were completed 7–10 days before competition, whereas the final heavy bench press session was completed <7 days before competition. Final heavy lifts were completed at 90.0–92.5% 1RM but reduced to 75–80% 1RM for back squat and bench press and 70–75% for deadlift during the final training session of each lift. Set and repetition schemes during the taper varied between lifts with most frequent reports of 3 × 2, 3 × 3, and 3 × 1 for back squat, bench press, and deadlift, respectively. Training cessation durations before competition varied between deadlift (5.8 ± 2.5 days), back squat (4.1 ± 1.9 days), and bench press (3.9 ± 1.8 days). Complete training cessation was implemented 2.8 ± 1.1 days before competition and varied between sex and competition level. These findings provide novel insights into the tapering practices of North American powerlifters and can be used to inform powerlifting coaches and athlete's tapering decisions.
Sparser and Less Efficient Hippocampal-Prefrontal Projections account for Developmental Network Dysfunction in a Model of Psychiatric Risk Mediated by Gene-Environment Interaction
Authors: Song Lingzhen , Xu Xiaxia , Putthoff Peggy , Fleck David , Spehr Marc , Hanganu-Opatz Ileana L.
Published: November 2021

Precise information flow from the hippocampus (HP) to prefrontal cortex (PFC) emerges during early development and accounts for cognitive processing throughout life. On flip side, this flow is selectively impaired in mental illness. In mouse models of psychiatric risk mediated by gene-environment interaction (GE), the prefrontal-hippocampal coupling is disrupted already shortly after birth. While this impairment relates to local miswiring in PFC and HP, it might be also because of abnormal connectivity between the two brain areas. Here, we test this hypothesis by combiningin vivoelectrophysiology and optogenetics with in-depth tracing of projections and monitor the morphology and function of hippocampal afferents in the PFC of control and GE mice of either sex throughout development. We show that projections from the hippocampal CA1 area preferentially target layer 5/6 pyramidal neurons and interneurons, and to a lesser extent layer 2/3 neurons of prelimbic cortex (PL), a subdivision of PFC. In neonatal GE mice, sparser axonal projections from CA1 pyramidal neurons with decreased release probability reach the PL. Their ability to entrain layer 5/6 oscillatory activity and firing is decreased. These structural and functional deficits of hippocampal-prelimbic connectivity persist, yet are less prominent in prejuvenile GE mice. Thus, besides local dysfunction of HP and PL, weaker connectivity between the two brain areas is present in GE mice throughout development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPoor cognitive performance in mental disorders comes along with prefrontal-hippocampal dysfunction. Recent data from mice that model the psychiatric risk mediated by gene-environment (GE) interaction identified the origin of deficits during early development, when the local circuits in both areas are compromised. Here, we show that sparser and less efficient connectivity as well as cellular dysfunction are the substrate of the weaker excitatory drive from hippocampus (HP) to prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as of poorer oscillatory coupling between the two brain areas in these mice. While the structural and functional connectivity deficits persist during the entire development, their magnitude decreases with age. The results add experimental evidence for the developmental miswiring hypothesis of psychiatric disorders.
Behind Bartkus
Authors: Henderson Stephen E. , Strang Dean A.
Published: November 2021

A young defense attorney earns his client, charged in federal court with bank robbery, a jury acquittal. (It’s the attorney’s first.) One would expect the impartial judge to thank the jury for its service. Instead, this one harangues both jury and defense attorney (“entailing changes in his complexion from red to purple to dead white”), publicly rails against the verdict, attempts to bar the jurors from future service, refuses to release the defendant, and successfully prods prosecutors to bring a duplicative state prosecution that would end in conviction for the same crime.

To anyone who respects the rule of law—or at the very least to anyone who respects the American jury—this should be deeply troubling. Yet when it took place in a Chicago federal courtroom in December 1953, state prosecutors leapt at the federal judge’s call. And when the appeal of the duplicative state prosecution reached the United States Supreme Court, the defendant lost 5-4. Criminal practitioners know that result as Bartkus v. Illinois, 359 U.S. 121 (1959), a rule of double-jeopardy “dual sovereignty” that the Court reaffirmed in 2019. But next to nobody appreciates how it began in that Chicago federal courtroom. That history comes to life in the unpublished notes of the remarkable defense lawyer. It is a story that underscores just how wrongheaded is the legal rule, and that makes vivid the abuse of judicial power.
SMEs Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Business Performance: Evidence of an Emerging Economy
Authors: Essel Ronald , Addo Emmanuel
Published: November 2021

This paper empirically examines the nexuses between SMEs governance mechanisms [board size (BS), board composition (BC), chief executive officer duality (CEOD), chief executive officer tenure (CEOT), board meetings (BMET), gender diversity (GEND), firm size (SZ) and firm age (AGE)] and business performance (BP) [ROA and Tobin’s Q]. The study deployed panel data multivariate regression via fixed effect for its analysis. By using annual reports of 124 Ghanaian SMEs selected on the basis of data availability, covering 2010-2019, the paper explored SMEs governance-performance-connexion by following the methodologies of researchers/scholars in extant literature. Findings/Results indicates that, there exists positive relationships among CEOT, BMET, SZ and AGE and BP. Nevertheless, BS, BC, CEOD and GEND depicted negative relationships with BP. Findings showed there are mixed results vis-à-vis governance mechanisms and BP. Findings further connote that; Ghanaian SME sector have distinctive attributes and may respond differently to governance mechanisms. Stakeholders will be abreast of the happenings in the Ghanaian SME sector for improved governance mechanisms. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in extant literature on corporate governance and BP in the SME sector from an emerging economy’s perspective.
Article 153 Of the Federal Constitution: Governing Principle for Affirmative Policy Against Social Injustice
Authors: Wan Husain Wan Ahmad Fauzi Hashim
Published: November 2021

The special position of Malays and Natives of Sabah and Sarawak remains a national debate despite the fact that its position has been lawfully accorded according to Article 153, Federal Constitution. Those who had significantly benefitted from the implementation of policies under Article 153 among non-Malays and non-Natives of Sabah and Sarawak, especially from an economic policy have yet turned up to defend many allegations thrown at the Government. As a matter of fact, many Malays themselves admitted that the Government had introduced many good programs to elevate the living standard of their community but yet to see much improvement across the country. On the contrary, the wealth accumulated by non-Malays as well as non-Natives of Sabah and Sarawak beyond RM1 billion personal net worth as shown in many popular magazines has proven to increase both in the number of individuals and its value. Hence, this paper aims to examine Article 153 and its governance on policies for affirmative action against social injustice using historical and legal analysis methods. The findings in this study could justify the position of Article 153 and evaluate the truth of so many allegations against it.
ANALISIS KRITIS EKSISTENSI NILAI PATRIOTISME DALAM PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN
Authors: Samidi R , Kusuma Wahyu Jati
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of the value of patriotism through Citizenship Education in several countries with reference to Durkheim's social theory and Rousseau's politics. This paper describes the basic concepts of patriotism, types of patriotism, criticism of patriotism, patriotism in the world of education, and the importance of Citizenship Education as a form of solution in instilling patriotism values. This type of research uses the method of library study by collecting data from assessment results from primary books and scientific journals. The results of the review of several literature shows that in some countries, Citizenship Education is used as a socialization tool and has an important role in instilling patriotism values with the aim of forming citizens who have the character of caring and love for the nation and state.

Tujuan penulisan ini ialah mengeksplorasi eksistensi nilai patriotisme melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di beberapa negara dengan mengacu pada  teori sosial Durkheim dan politik Rousseau. Tulisan ini mendeskripsikan tentang  konsep dasar patriotisme, jenis-jenis patriotisme, kritik patriotisme, patriotisme di dunia pendidikan, dan pentingnya Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai bentuk solusi dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai patriotisme. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan dengan mengumpulkan data dari hasil pengkajian dari buku primer dan jurnal-jurnal ilmiah.  Hasil dari pengkajian beberapa literatur menunjukkan bahwa di beberapa negara, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dijadikan sebagai alat sosialisasi dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai patriotisme dengan tujuan terbentuknya warga negara yang memiliki karakter peduli serta cinta terhadap bangsa dan negara.
PERAN KELOMPOK AKSI PELAJAR ANTI NARKOBA DALAM UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOBA
Authors: Kristiono Natal , Astuti Indri , Latifah Hanik , Pangestu Gustin Restu
Published: November 2021

Drug abuse is an insurmountable problem. To solve the problem of drug abuse can not only be solved by one party. Currently, many parties, both from the government, students, and NGOs, have voiced and cared about this drug problem, but this has not been able to solve the problem. . (2) How is KAPA Narkoba's efforts in preventing drug abuse among students in Pemalang Regency? Drug abuse is use outside of medical purposes, without medical supervision and is an act against the law. Drug abuse is a process that progressively increases from the stage of trial and error to the level of use for entertainment, site use, regular use to addiction.

Penyalahgunaan narkoba menjadi masalah yang belum bisa teratasi. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah penyalahgunaan narkoba tidak hanya bisa diselesaikan oleh salah satu pihak saja. Saat ini banyak pihak baik dari pemerintah, mahasiswa, maupun LSM yang telah menyuarakan dan peduli dengan masalah narkoba ini namun ini belum bisa mengatasi permasalahan tersebut  Berdasarkan uraian dalam latar belakang maka permasalahan yang akan diteliti adalah: (1) KAPA Narkoba Sebagai wadah organisasi Pembinaan Pelajar, (2) Bagaimana upaya KAPA Narkoba dalam mencegah penyalahgunaan narkoba di kalangan pelajar Kabupaten Pemalang? Penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah penggunaan di luar keperluan medis, tanpa pengawasan dokter dan merupakan perbuatan melanggar hukum. Penyalahgunaan narkoba merupakan suatu proses yang makin meningkat dari taraf coba-coba ke taraf penggunaan untuk hiburan, penggunaan situsional, penggunaan teratur sampai kepada ketergantungan.
Das WiSt-Jubiläumsfragespiel: 19 aus 71
Authors: Berthold Norbert
Published: November 2021

1971 wurde die Zeitschrift WiSt von den Herausgebern Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Erwin Dichtl und Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otmar Issing ins Leben gerufen.In unserer Serie beantworten Autorinnen und Autoren der Zeitschrift 19 Fragen aus 71. Warum gerade 19 aus 71? Die Zahlen sind an das Jahr 1971 angelehnt. Für den Fragebogen haben wir uns unter anderem den „Proust´schen Fragebogen“ zum Vorbild genommen. Ursprünglich ist dieser ein beliebtes Gesellschaftsspiel, das einen fast unendlichen Spielraum von Antwortmöglichkeiten gibt: Die Person kann alles über sich preisgeben oder ein Rätsel bleiben. Gedacht ist es als ein Spiel, ein launiger Zeitvertreib, um einen kurzen, persönlichen Blick hinter den offiziellen Autorenlebenslauf zu werfen und unsere Autorinnen und Autoren etwas näher kennenzulernen.Aus 71 Fragen wählen wir für jeden Teilnehmer zufällig 19 Fragen aus. Von diesen können die Autorinnen und Autoren insgesamt fünf Fragen mit solchen aus dem Pool der übrigen 52 Fragen austauschen. Der vollständige Fragenkatalog ist auf unserer Homepage abrufbar. In diesem Heft fragen wir Prof. Dr. Norbert Berthold.
EU-Klimapolitik nach Corona-Krise weiter gefordert
Authors: Häuser Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

Im Beitrag sollen die Ansatzpunkte für die schärfere Energie- und Klimapolitik sowohl in Berlin als auch in Brüssel skizziert werden. Mit der Rückkehr der USA ins Pariser Klimaabkommen haben sich die Chancen für die unverzichtbare internationale Kooperation deutlich verbessert, wie der jüngste G7-Gipfel zeigt. Die Schwerpunkte scheinen sich in Politik und Wirtschaft doch stärker hin zur Einsicht in die Notwendigkeit einer konsequenteren Klimapolitik verschoben zu haben. Trotzdem bleibt es noch ein langer Weg hin zur mittelfristig benötigten CO2-Neutralität. Der starke Rückgang der CO2-Emissionen 2020 in Europa kann sich kurzfristig nicht so ausgeprägt fortsetzen. Damit das ambitionierte „The Race to zero“ in den nächsten Aufschwungjahren nicht an Fahrt verliert, muss die Energie- und Klimapolitik sowohl in Berlin als auch in Brüssel das Tempo weiter hochhalten.
Furfural hydrogenation over amorphous alloy catalysts prepared by different reducing agents
Authors: Guo Haijun , Zhang Hairong , Tang Weichao , Wang Can , Huang Chao , Chen Peili , Chen Xinde , Ouyang Xinping
Published: November 2021

The catalytic hydrogenation of furfural was studied over a series of Ni-B, Co-B, and Ni-Co-B amorphous alloy catalysts that were prepared by the chemical reduction method using KBH4 and NaBH4 as reducing agents. These catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, XPS, FE-SEM, and TEM. The results showed that NaBH4 had a much stronger reduction ability to enhance the surface concentration of the metallic active sites for furfural hydrogenation and electron transfer capability, leading to much higher hydrogenation activity. In the Ni-Co-B amorphous alloy catalyst, the equilibrium between the isolated Ni-B/Co-B active sites and the combined Ni-Co-B active sites was important in regulating furfural conversion and products distribution.
Screening of wild basidiomycetes and evaluation of the biodegradation potential of dyes and lignin by manganese peroxidases
Authors: Rao Ramya G. , Ravichandran Aarthi , Kandalam Giridhar , Kumar Samanta Ashish , Swaraj Senani , Sridhar Manpal
Published: November 2021

Manganese peroxidase (MnP), a crucial enzyme in biodegradation of lignin, is synthesized by most white rot fungi. To obtain novel enzymes with superior biodegradation potential, MnP-producing wild isolates were evaluated for their ability to degrade recalcitrant azo dyes, sulfonephthalein dyes, and kraft lignin. Of 30 wild isolates screened, 18 tested positive for lignin modifying enzymes (LMEs). Thirteen of these isolates were positive for both laccase and MnP, whereas four produced only laccase, and one produced lignin peroxidase alone. The isolates were identified as Clitopilus scyphoides MH172162 (AGUM004), Ganoderma rasinaceum MH172163 (AGUM007), and three Schizophyllum species: MH172164, MH172165, and MH172166 (KONA001, AGUM0011, and AGUM021). The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of dye degradation and kraft lignin samples with AGUM004 and AGUM007 revealed biotransformation. The former could not completely degrade Reactive Black 5 and bromocresol green, but it could completely (100%) decolorize bromophenyl blue, bromothymol blue, and Remazol brilliant blue R. The latter efficiently degraded almost all tested dyes. Both degraded kraft lignin. The screened hyper MnP-producing wild AGUM004 and AGUM007 were shown to be potential dye degraders in addition to having lignin degrading abilities.
Bringing the concept of drop-in fuels into the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Pinto Rayssa , Corazza Marcos Lúcio , Ramos Luiz Pereira
Published: November 2021

The pulp and paper sector is undertaking several initiatives to decrease the carbon footprint of its industrial activities. To do so, any emission must be offset by introducing efficient carbon fixation strategies such as reforestation and the development of biobased products and processes. The production of drop-in fuels may play an important role in this scenario. Drop-in fuels provide a good way to add value to otherwise underutilized process streams and wastes, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing other environmental impacts, and improving process sustainability.
Adsorption of cisplatin by the surface of the magnetic sensitive nanocomposite Fe3O4/Al2O3/С
Authors:   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Gorbyk P. P. , Petranovska A. L. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kusyak N. V. ,   Ivan Franko Zhytomyr State University Ukraine, Korniichuk N. M. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kusyak A. P. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Oranska O. I. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kulyk T. V. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Palianytsia B. B. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dudarko O. A. ,   Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: November 2021

One of the most widely used antitumor chemotherapeutic drugs is “Cisplatin” (active substance - cis-diaminodichloroplatinum), the side effects of which are the cumulative ototoxic, nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects. The use of drug carrier systems for targeted delivery and adsorbents for extraction, in particular magnetite-carbon nanocomposites, will minimize unwanted toxic effects without reducing the therapeutic effect of cisplatin. For this purpose, a nanocomposite (NCs) of Fe3O4/Al2O3/С with a carbon surface was synthesized, where a layer of alumina protects magnetite during the pyrolysis of carbohydrates. The synthesized samples were characterized by TEM, XRD, mass spectrometry methods, magnetic properties and specific surface area were studied. It has been found that the used heat treatment mode (T = 500 °С, argon medium) is sufficient for complete carbonization of sucrose and preserves the phase of magnetite which does not lead to deterioration of magnetic characteristics. The results of TEM studies and magnetic measurements indicate the formation of the Fe3O4/Al2O3/С nanocomposite of the core-shell type. The adsorption of Cisplatin on the surface of NCs Fe3O4/Al2O3/С was performed and the adsorption process dependent on the contact time, pH of the solution and cisplatin concentration was studied. The experimental results of kinetic studies were analyzed for compliance with the theoretical models of Boyd and Morris-Weber, models of pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to model adsorption processes. The limiting factor of adsorption is the external diffusion mass transfer processes, which correlates with the calculated parameters of the pseudo-first-order model (r2 = 0.985). The correlation of theoretical and practically obtained values of adsorption capacity indicates the possibility of using the Freundlich model to describe the adsorption of Cisplatin on the surface of Fe3O4/Al2O3/C.