bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating True and False Confessions Within a Novel Experimental Paradigm
Authors: Russano Melissa B. , Meissner Christian A. , Narchet Fadia M. , Kassin Saul M.
Published: July 2022

The primary goal of the current study was to develop a novel experimental paradigm with which to study the influence of psychologically based interrogation techniques on the likelihood of true and false confessions. The paradigm involves guilty and innocent participants being accused of intentionally breaking an experimental rule, or “cheating.” In the first demonstration of this paradigm, we explored the influence of two common police interrogation tactics: minimization and an explicit offer of leniency, or a “deal.” Results indicated that guilty persons were more likely to confess than innocent persons, and that the use of minimization and the offer of a deal increased the rate of both true and false confessions. Police investigators are encouraged to avoid interrogation techniques that imply or directly promise leniency, as they appear to reduce the diagnostic value of any confession that is elicited.
Consolidation and high‐temperature properties of ceramics in the TaC–NbC system
Authors: Demirskyi Dmytro , Nishimura T. , Suzuki T. S. , Yoshimi K. , Vasylkiv Oleg
Published: July 2022

In this study, we explored the consolidation, solid‐solution formation, and high‐temperature properties of carbides in the Ta–Nb–C system. The tantalum niobium carbide bulks can be consolidated by spark‐plasma sintering only at a temperature of 2200°C using a 30‐min dwell. The ceramics were homogeneous solid solutions and a linear dependence of the lattice parameters on the NbC content was observed. The average grain size varied between 10 and 30 μm, while the reference monolithic tantalum carbide consolidated under similar conditions had a grain size exceeding 40 μm. The room temperature strength linearly decreased from TaC to NbC. The 75 mol% NbC ceramic showed almost an unchanged strength up to 1600°C (450 ± 20 MPa), following the linear decrease in strength to 290 MPa at 2000°C. The monolithic tantalum carbide had showed the lowest strength at 2000°C among the studied ceramics.
Making small molecules in plants: A chassis for synthetic biology‐based production of plant natural products
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Zhang Peijun , Zhao Qiao , Huang Ancheng C.
Published: July 2022

Plant natural products have been extensively exploited in food, medicine, flavor, cosmetic, renewable fuel, and other industrial sectors. Synthetic biology has recently emerged as a promising means for the cost‐effective and sustainable production of natural products. Compared with engineering microbes for the production of plant natural products, the potential of plants as chassis for producing these compounds is underestimated, largely due to challenges encountered in engineering plants. Knowledge in plant engineering is instrumental for enabling the effective and efficient production of valuable phytochemicals in plants, and also paves the way for a more sustainable future agriculture. In this manuscript, we briefly recap the biosynthesis of plant natural products, focusing primarily on industrially important terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. We further summarize the plant hosts and strategies that have been used to engineer the production of natural products. The challenges and opportunities of using plant synthetic biology to achieve rapid and scalable production of high‐value plant natural products are also discussed.
Three populisms and two dead ends: Variants of agrarian populism in Thailand
Authors: Pye Oliver , Chatuthai Nantawat
Published: July 2022

This article discusses three forms of agrarian populism in Thailand: the “grassroots populism” of the Assembly of the Poor, the “reactionary populism” of the yellow shirts, and the “capitalist populism” of the red shirts. We examine how these three strands of populism are embedded within dynamics of agrarian change in Thailand and how the intellectual and activist orientation towards agrarian populism led to the neglect of labour, particularly agricultural migrant workers. We show how key ideological underpinnings of the Assembly's grassroots populism (Brass's “agrarian myth”) could be appropriated for the agrarian component of both reactionary and capitalist populism. Rather than a new populism, we argue that a broad and popular challenge to right‐wing authoritarianism should develop inclusive class politics that embrace the rural–urban linkages that already define the social fabric of the new, rural, and agrarian precarious working class.
Efficacy and tolerability of a novel skin cream for improving periocular rhytids and dryness
Authors: Calkin Jacqueline M. , Boudreaux Alison A. , Taylor Barbara
Published: July 2022

Objective

A novel topical cream was developed to address the appearance of aging periorbital skin. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of this product (Total Eye® Firm & Repair Cream; Colorescience, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) for improving periorbital wrinkles, dryness, laxity, and dark circles.

Methods

This 8‐week open‐label trial enrolled subjects 35–65 years old seeking periocular rejuvenation (N = 25; 22 female, 3 male). The product was applied each morning and evening after facial cleansing. Study endpoints were changes in Investigator Clinical Grading and Eye Appearance Assessments, Subject Self‐assessment Questionnaires, and tolerability after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment.

Results

Among subjects completing the study (n = 23), all (100%) showed some global improvement at Weeks 4 and 8 and almost half (48%) achieved moderate or marked improvement. Improvements were observed for all parameters and were most pronounced for wrinkles, laxity, and dark circles. Improvements for laxity and dryness were significant by Week 4 and for dark circles by Week 8. At Week 8, subjects agreed or strongly agreed that the product made their eyes feel more hydrated (100%), look and feel healthier (95%), and increased confidence in their eye appearance (91%). The product was well‐tolerated.

Limitations

Modest number of subjects and open‐label study design.

Conclusion

Twice‐daily Total Eye® Firm & Repair Cream improved the overall appearance of the periorbital area. The product was well‐tolerated and most treated subjects were satisfied with their results. The product is a viable option for treating periorbital wrinkles and laxity and should be considered a safe and effective skincare option.
Tracking and recording the lip dynamics for the integration of a dynamic virtual patient: A novel dental technique
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Zeitler Jonathan M. , Blanco‐Fernández Daniel , Kois John C. , Att Wael
Published: July 2022

A step‐by‐step technique is described for tracking and recording, in real time, the lip dynamics of a patient and integrating them into a 3D virtual patient representation using facial trackers and motion engine software programs. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables capturing of the lip movements of the patient in real time; therefore, the lip movements are not simulated from a previously recorded video of the patient using animation software programs.
Correlates of sexual harassment victimization among adolescents: A scoping review
Authors: Bolduc Marie‐Louise , Martin‐Storey Alexa , Paquette Geneviève
Published: July 2022

Sexual harassment (SH) is an important public health problem among adolescents and is associated with negative outcomes. Using a theory‐based, developmentally‐informed approach, this scoping review focuses on SH victimization among adolescents (number of studies included = 20) and aims to (1) examine how the extant literature on correlates of SH defined and measured SH, and (2) identify correlates associated with SH victimization among adolescents, focusing particularly on differences between boys and girls. For the first objective, results showed variations in the definition of SH used, with very few studies employing validated measures of SH. For the second objective, the most frequently examined and supported correlates were those stemming from transactional models. Important gender differences in correlates emerged between boys and girls. Among girls' previous victimization experiences emerged as the most consistent correlates of SH, while among boys, adherence to gender role norms and beliefs and higher perception of personal power were most consistently associated with higher SH victimization. Prevention of SH needs to include youth, teachers, and parents as the results show the influence of all these social contexts in SH victimization. These prevention efforts should target groups at higher risk of SH, such as sexual and gender minority youth.
Bacterial exudates as growth‐promoting agents for the cultivation of commercially relevant marine microalgal strains
Authors: Sauvage Justine , Wikfors Gary H. , Dixon Mark S. , Kapareiko Diane , Sabbe Koen , Li Xiaoxu , Joyce Alyssa
Published: July 2022

In laboratory and industrial cultivation of marine microalgae, it is customary to enrich cultures with macronutrients (N, P), chelated trace metals, and vitamins at ~104× concentrations found in nature to obtain high culture densities. Other naturally occurring growth‐promoting compounds found in local seawater are not enriched and remain at environmental concentrations. Microalgae may thus be deprived of the mutualistic contributions of co‐occurring microorganisms with which they have evolved complex chemical relationships. In the present study, we assess the direct (mixed bacteria–microalgae cultivation) and indirect (exposure to exudates only, without physical contact) effects of 10 bacterial strains on the growth of five marine microalgal strains used as feeds in marine aquaculture hatcheries. Bacterial strains were selected based upon previously reported growth‐promoting characteristics in plants or microalgae, or known release of probiotics. Our experiments demonstrate superior stimulation of microalgal growth by bacterial exudates, and without the presence of the bacteria that produced these exudates. However, response to bacterial exudate enrichment was dependent upon the microalgae strain and bacterial pairing. Exudates fromBacillus,Mesorhizobium, andPhaeobacterstrains were most effective, with 22%–69% increases in microalgal specific growth rate. Such findings indicate that bacterial exudates accelerate rate‐limiting processes governing nutrient acquisition, assimilation, or anabolism, and possibly algal release of exopolymeric substances. Maximal cell density, however, remained constrained by macronutrient limitation. Scaled‐up trials in an oyster hatchery confirmed the practical benefit of bacterial exudate culture medium enrichment and demonstrated the suitability of exudate‐enriched microalgae to feed hatchery‐reared bay scallops. This work presents a promising strategy to improve microalgal culture media formulations using bacterial exudate components as growth promoters, and is the first such study to identify specific pairings with relevance for aquaculture production.
Becoming breastfeeding friendly in Great Britain—Does implementation science work?
Authors: Kendall Sally , Merritt Rowena , Eida Tamsyn , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: July 2022

The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) in Great Britain study was conducted during 2017–2019 comprising three country studies: BBF England, Wales and Scotland. It was part of an international project being coordinated during the same period by the Yale School of Public Health across five world regions to inform countries and guide policies to improve the environment for the promotion, protection and support of breastfeeding. This paper reports on the application of the BBF process that is based on an implementation science approach, across the countries that constitute Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). The process involves assessing 54 benchmarks across eight interlocking gears that drive a country's ‘engine’ towards a sustainable policy approach to supporting, promoting and protecting breastfeeding. It takes a consensus‐oriented approach to the evaluation of benchmarks and the development of recommendations. This paper provides a critical overview of how the process was conducted, the findings and recommendations that emerged and how these were managed. We draw on critical theory as a theoretical framework for explaining the different outcomes for each country and some considerations for future action.
The pH sensor and ion binding of NhaD Na+/H+ antiporter from IT superfamily
Authors: Lv Peiwen , Li Yaru , Wang Ruimin , Zhang Ye , Wang Wenkai , Liu Yuanxiang , Shang Yan , Su Dandan , Wang Wei , Yang Chunyu
Published: July 2022

Sodium‐proton (Na+/H+) antiporters from the ion transporter (IT) superfamily play a vital role in controlling the pH and electrolyte homeostasis. However, very limited information regarding their structural functions is available to date. In this study, the structural model of the NhaD antiporter was proposed as a typical hairpin structure of IT proteins, with two symmetrically conserved scaffold domains that frame the core substrate‐binding sites, and four motifs were identified. Furthermore, 25 conserved sites involving these domains were subjected to site‐directed mutagenesis, and all mutations resulted in an impact on transport abilities. In particular, as candidates for Na+‐binding sites, D166 and D405 mutations at hairpin discontinuities were detrimental to transport activities and were found to induce pronounced conformational changes using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. In addition, as observed in the NhaA structure, some charged residues, for example, E64, E65, R454, and R464, are predicted to be involved in the net charge switch of NhaD activation, by collectively form a “pH sensor” at the entrance of the cytoplasmic funnel. Mutations encompassing these residues were detrimental to the transport activity of NhaD or lost the capacity to respond to pH signals and trigger conformational changes for Na+ translocation.
Valsa mali secretes an effector protein VmEP1 to target a K homology domain‐containing protein for virulence in apple
Authors: Wang Weidong , Wang Shuaile , Gong Wan , Lv Luqiong , Xu Liangsheng , Nie Jiajun , Huang Lili
Published: July 2022

The K homology (KH) repeat is an RNA‐binding motif that exists in various proteins, some of which participate in plant growth. However, the function of KH domain‐containing proteins in plant defence is still unclear. In this study, we found that a KH domain‐containing protein in apple (Malus domestica), HEN4‐like (MdKRBP4), is involved in the plant immune response. Silencing of MdKRBP4 compromised reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced the susceptibility of apple to Valsa mali, whereas transient overexpression of MdKRBP4 stimulated ROS accumulation in apple leaves, indicating that MdKRBP4 is a positive immune regulator. Additionally, MdKRBP4 was proven to interact with the VmEP1 effector secreted by V. mali, which led to decreased accumulation of MdKRBP4. Coexpression of MdKRBP4 with VmEP1 inhibited cell death and ROS production induced by MdKRBP4 in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicate that MdKRBP4 functions as a novel positive regulatory factor in plant immunity in M. domestica and is a virulence target of the V. mali effector VmEP1.
Field evidence for litter and self‐DNA inhibitory effects on Alnus glutinosa roots
Authors: Bonanomi Giuliano , Zotti Maurizio , Idbella Mohamed , Termolino Pasquale , De Micco Veronica , Mazzoleni Stefano
Published: July 2022

Litter decomposition releases nutrients beneficial to plants but also induces phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity can result from either labile allelopathic compounds or species specific and caused by conspecific DNA. Aquatic plants in flowing water generally do not suffer phytotoxicity because litter is regularly removed. In stagnant water or in litter packs an impact on root functionality can occur. So far, studies on water plant roots have been carried out in laboratory and never in field conditions.

The effect of conspecific vs heterospecific litter and purified DNA were assessed on aquatic roots of the riparian woody species Alnus glutinosa L. using a novel method, using closed and open plastic tubes fixed to single roots in the field with closed tubes analogous to stagnant water. Four fresh and four decomposed litter types were used and analysed on extractable C, cellulose, lignin, N content and using 13C‐CPMAS NMR spectroscopy.

Inhibitory effects were observed with fresh litter in closed systems, with a positive correlation with extractable C and negative with lignin and lignin : N ratio. Alnus self‐DNA, but not heterologous one, caused acute toxic effects in the closed system.

Our results demonstrate the first field‐based evidence for self‐DNA inhibition as causal factor of negative feedback between plants and substrate.
‘It's like, instant respect’: Coworking spaces as identity anchoring environments in the new economy
Authors: Bacevice Peter A. , Spreitzer Gretchen M.
Published: July 2022

As employment relationships become more tenuous, as work grows increasingly virtual and as professional reputations circulate across online platforms, coworking provides individuals across various work arrangements with shared workspaces oriented towards sociability, visibility and convenience. Our study explores how coworking spaces also enable individuals to shape their professional identities while providing other important attributes of work to help it feel embodied and grounded. Drawing from interviews and surveys of members of a large coworking chain across the United States, we find that coworking spaces serve as identity anchoring environments. We find that many workers use material elements of the space to ground their professional identities in three ways: evidencing professional credibility, enacting a common ethos and energising connections with others. More broadly, we also find that coworking operators package and sell the physical, spatial and symbolic aspects of work to help certain workers signal their professional selves.
ODSS vs. ABSIS and PDAI oral parts in pemphigus vulgaris: inter‐rater reliability and testing times
Authors: Shamabadi Ahmad , Yazdinezhad Soodeh , Sadeghi Yasaman , Moradi Amir Reza , Yazdchi Arsalan , Teymourpour Amir , Faramarzi Atefeh , Seirafi Ramtin , Balighi Kamran , Mahmoudi Hamidreza , Daneshpazhooh Maryam
Published: July 2022

Objectives

The existence of standard methods for diagnosis and measuring the severity of diseases leads to a more accurate severity assessment, the possibility of following up, and the possibility of comparing the results of studies. This study aimed to compare different pemphigus vulgaris (PV) assessment methods regarding inter‐observer reliability and testing times—focusing on oral parts.

Materials and Methods

Two dermatologists evaluated orally involved PV patients by oral parts of Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS), Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI), and Oral Disease Severity Score (ODSS).

Results

Seventy patients completed the study. The intraclass correlation coefficient showed the evaluators' agreements on ABSIS, PDAI, and ODSS with 0.98, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. Reliability analyses showed near‐perfect relationships between each scoring methods pairs. There was no association between lesion sites and disease severity. The PDAI scoring duration was significantly shorter, and the ABSIS scoring duration was significantly longer.

Conclusion

ODSS is valid for evaluating oral involvement in patients with PV and relates to ABSIS and PDAI almost perfectly. Besides, it was shown that the evaluation of patients' oral involvement based on PDAI and ODSS is done in about 1 min, which seems clinically reasonable.
Caring for people living with dementia in their own homes: A qualitative study exploring the role and experiences of registered nurses within a district nursing service in the UK
Authors: Hoe Juanita , Trickey Alison , McGraw Caroline
Published: July 2022

Background

In the UK, district nursing services (DNS) deliver care to people intheir own homes and have regular contact with people with dementia. Research conducted with nurses working in similar roles outside the UK suggests their contribution to high quality dementia care is limited by compassion fatigue, lack of dementia training and low levels of confidence. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the role and learning and support needs of nurses within DNS.

Objectives

The aim was to gain insight into the role and experiences of nurses caring for people living with dementia at home.

Methods

The study was informed by a descriptive phenomenological approach. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of ten nurses working in DNS. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Five main themes were identified: ‘Home as a care setting’ reflected how delivering home‐based care shaped participants experiences of caring for people with dementia; ‘Taking it in their stride’ revealed how participants adapted and responded to the complexity of care needs for people with dementia; ‘Complexity and unpredictability’ related to the unpredictable nature of people with dementia's care needs and the impact this had on participants' workloads; ‘Expertise and support within the wider team’ detailed which networks nurses used for advice and support to manage the complex needs of people living with dementia at home; ‘Specialist support’ identified the need for structural changes and resources to enable the nurses to deliver the care needed.

Conclusions

This study enables better understanding of the role of DNS in supporting people with dementia to live at home. This is important for defining how dementia care can become effectively integrated into primary care. Recommendations include improved models of care, which factor in specialist nurses, additional time for home visits and greater emphasis on education and training.

Implications for practice

Improved models of working that factor in additional time and staffing such as specialist nurses in dementia and palliative care would allow DNS to meet the needs of people with dementia more effectively.
Diversity of thermal aptitude of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from different altitude zones
Authors: El Amil Rola , Shykoff Jacqui A. , Vidal Tiphaine , Boixel Anne‐Lise , Leconte Marc , Hovmøller Mogens S. , Nazari Kumarse , de Vallavieille‐Pope Claude
Published: July 2022

The worldwide spread of wheat yellow rust lineage PstS1/S2 adapted to higher temperatures prompted us to investigate how diverse temperature responses of this lineage are in the Middle East, where diversity was previously observed within this lineage for pathotypes and genotypes. Here we highlight the diversity of response to temperature within a PstS1/S2 population. Twenty‐six isolates from eight countries and different altitudes, which were tested under four combinations of cold and warm incubation and postincubation temperature conditions, showed diversity for infection efficiency (IE) and latency period (LP). IE of the various isolates ranged from 5.8% to 13.7% under cold (5°C) and 0.04% to 1% under warm (20°C) incubation temperatures. LP varied from 10.2 days under warm to 4.43 days under cold incubation. LP of isolates from the same country could differ by 2 days. Significant differences in thermal aptitudes of the isolates were observed between and within countries. IE and LP diversity was not related to altitude origin of the isolates on the whole; however, a trade‐off between IE and LP was observed for isolates from low altitude (<400 m) under a warm regime. We showed diversity for thermal aptitude for IE and LP of isolates belonging to the same PstS1/S2 lineage. Understanding Pst temperature aptitude among geographically distant isolates of the same clonal lineage may help to identify the geographic range of pathogens and also to improve forecast models or breeding programmes.
Lifestyle factors associated with muscle quality in community‐dwelling older people with type 2 diabetes in Japan and Taiwan: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yamaguchi Yuko , Greiner Chieko , Lee Shu‐Chun , Ryuno Hirochika , Yen Hsin‐Yen , Lin Chiou‐Fen , Lee Ting‐I , Lee Pi‐Hsia
Published: July 2022

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), common in older people, is an important reason for muscle loss in Japanese and Taiwanese populations. However, little is known about the association between lifestyle behaviours and muscle quality. We aimed to compare the lifestyle behaviours of Japanese and Taiwanese older adults with T2DM and to the identify lifestyle factors associated with muscle quality.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted among community‐dwelling individuals with T2DM aged ≥65 years in Taiwan and Japan. Totally, 114 Japanese and 226 Taiwanese participants were enrolled in the study. Outcomes were measured by blood biochemical examinations, body composition analyses and structured self‐reported questionnaires to assess lifestyle behaviours and muscle quality. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between lifestyle factors and muscle quality using SPSS version 27.0 with a statistical significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

Japanese subjects were more likely to be smokers and alcohol consumers, and they were less likely to have well‐balanced diets and engage in more physical activity as compared to Taiwanese subjects. The muscle quality in the Japanese subjects was significantly poorer than that in the Taiwanese subjects. Physical activity, dietary habits and smoking were associated with muscle quality, after adjusting for age, gender and body mass index.

Conclusions

Physical activity of insufficient intensity, unhealthy dietary habits and smoking could be risk factors for poor muscle quality. These findings can contribute to the development of effective strategies to improve muscle quality in community‐dwelling older Asian people with T2DM.
Pursuing opportunities in distance: the determinants of overseas R&D by Chinese multinationals
Authors: Xu Qiqi , Wang Lei , Huo Dong , Zhu Ying
Published: July 2022

This study investigates two relevant dimensions of institutional distance – knowledge and economic distance – that influence the overseas research and development (R&D) intensity of emerging market multinational enterprises. We undertake a longitudinal analysis of 121 listed Chinese manufacturing multinational enterprises for the period 2011–2016. The results reveal that the enterprises' overseas R&D is more intense in host countries with greater knowledge and economic distance. Moreover, as the strength of intellectual property rights protection in host countries grows, the positive effects of knowledge and economic distance on the enterprises' overseas R&D intensity become weaker. We also find that political ties with home country governments strengthen the positive relationship between knowledge distance and the enterprises' overseas R&D intensity, while its moderating effect on the relationship between economic distance and overseas R&D intensity is insignificant.
Continuity, change and contradictions in late steel‐based industrialization: The “global color line” in Trinidad and Tobago's postcolonial economy
Authors: Perry Keston K.
Published: July 2022

This paper offers an alternative explanation of the performance of the steel industry in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The steel industry emerged due to social mobilizations demanding changes to the colonial economy by investing natural resources in state‐led industrialization and welfare improvement. This investigation contends that the “resource curse” account that describes so‐called intrinsic social pathologies whereby postcolonial actors interfere with market freedom is misguided. A “resource curse” fundamentally offers a racialized conception of state corruption and incompetence within peripheralized economies. This study challenges this explanation showing how postcolonial arrangements reflect persistent colonial entanglements and contradictions, as resource dependence emerges from a long history of colonial exploitation and racialized subjugation within a global market predicated on a “global color line”. The T&T government's industrial effort was circumvented by both domestic and international economic and political pressures revealing a racial hierarchy and power asymmetries. Anti‐competitive sanctions from the (colonial) global economic powers United States and Europe, structural adjustment that maintained this system and improper dealing by foreign players were among these discriminatory practices. Similarly, elite behavior and political decisions reflecting (neo)‐colonial tendencies also undercut the sector's long‐term development. Together, these configurations reveal continuities, changes and contradictions within the island's postcolonial economic structure.
Virtual learning impacts communication and teamwork
Authors: Herriott Hannah L. , McNulty Margaret A.
Published: July 2022

Background

Essential interpersonal skills, such as teamwork and communication, are increasingly emphasised in the curricula of various health professions' programmes. A push towards virtual learning has gained traction following COVID‐19 online learning; however, the implications of this modality on the aforementioned skills remain unclear.

Approach

Medical, physician assistant, physical therapy and occupational therapy students engaged in a four‐part educational intervention aimed at promoting interprofessional teamwork, communication and role knowledge during an anatomy course taught in‐person in 2019 and virtually in 2020. Students' perceptions of the intervention were explored through focus groups following each of these educational interventions using inductive coding.

Evaluation

A comparison of focus group and survey data collected in both years demonstrated less effective communication and teamwork. With respect to communication and teamwork in a virtual learning setting, the following subthemes were identified: Challenges ascribed to the virtual learning format, Feeling of missing out on in‐person experiences, Less engagement and accountability, Lack of bonding and teamwork, Feeling uncomfortable, as well as Added difficulty regarding Conversing, Ensuring inclusivity, Hesitation and Inadvertently domineering discussions. Communication challenges stemming from the virtual learning format were identified as the primary hindrance.

Implications

Therefore, virtual learning may be less effective than in‐person with respect to cultivating communication and teamwork skills. In our context, and based on the evaluation, we have decided to assess the utility of virtual interactive sessions in the context of other activities in the curriculum to ensure in‐person opportunities are available for students to cultivate the necessary communication and teamwork skills.
Editor's Review and Introduction: Cognition‐Inspired Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Cassenti Daniel N. , Veksler Vladislav D. , Ritter Frank E.
Published: July 2022

Cognitive science has much to contribute to the general scientific body of knowledge, but it is also a field rife with possibilities for providing background research that can be leveraged by artificial intelligence (AI) developers. In this introduction, we briefly explore the history of AI. We particularly focus on the relationship between AI and cognitive science and introduce this special issue that promotes the method of inspiring AI development with the results of cognitive science research.
Apheresis for chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell production in adult lymphoma patients
Authors: Harrer Dennis Christoph , Heidenreich Martin , Fante Matthias Alexander , Müller Viktoria , Haehnel Viola , Offner Robert , Burkhardt Ralph , Herr Wolfgang , Edinger Matthias , Wolff Daniel , Thomas Simone , Brosig Andreas
Published: July 2022

Background

To date, in‐depth analysis of leukapheresis products as starting material for CAR T‐cell manufacturing, specifically Tisagenlecleucel production, are scarce. In this study, we report on lymphapheresis data for production of Tisagenlecleucel for elderly and pretreated lymphoma patients.

Study Design and Methods

Spectra Optia from Terumo BCT, Lakewood, CO, was employed for apheresis using the cMNC program. Apheresis success was defined as meeting a target total nucleated cell (TNC) count of ≥2 × 109, a CD3‐positive lymphocyte count of ≥1 × 109 and an overall viability of ≥70% in the lymphapheresis product.

Results

Twenty‐three patients (age 37–77 years) and 24 apheresis runs were evaluated. The median CD3‐positive lymphocyte count in peripheral blood at the beginning of apheresis was 565 cells/μl (range: 70–1345 cells/μl). Circulating lymphoma cells were detected in one patient prior to apheresis. Target criteria were met in 21 of 23 patients. The median TNC count in the apheresate was 11.2 × 109 (range: 2.9 × 109–47.4 × 109). The median CD3‐positive lymphocyte count in the apheresate was 2.55 × 109 (range: 0.370 × 109–6.915 × 109), which resulted in a median collection efficiency for CD3‐positive lymphocytes of 63.7% (range: 9.56%–93.6%). No adverse events associated with the apheresis process were observed.

Conclusions

Lymphapheresis with the Spectra Optia cMNC program provided a sufficient quantity of CD3‐positive lymphocytes for CAR T‐cell manufacturing for the majority of patients despite their heavy pretreatment and advanced age. Moreover, we are the first to advocate early pre‐emptive lymphocyte collection in DLBCL‐NOS patients intended to undergo treatment with Tisagenlecleucel.
An Analytical Model for Pitch Moment Stiffness of Bolted Connections and Its Application in Ballscrew Bearing Support Block Selection
Authors: Harlalka Akshay D. , Slocum Alexander H.
Published: July 2022

Bolted joints are commonly used structural connections as they provide a strong secure joint along with ease of assembly/disassembly. While analytical models for the axial stiffness of bolted joints are well developed, models for moment (angular) stiffness of bolted structures, such as ball screw bearing support blocks, are needed to help engineers rapidly design more efficient precision machines. This paper develops a parametric moment stiffness model for bolted connections which is verified via numerical and experimental methods. Application of the model is illustrated with a ball screw system design spreadsheet, available in Supplemental Material on the ASME Digital Collection, applied to two case studies (machine tool linear axis and high-speed 3D printer) to show how predicting the moment stiffness of ball screw support bearing blocks helps in expanding the available design space and enhance the design performance.
A Short Survey for a Thermo-Ducted Kitchen Hood Wasted Heat Self-Powered
Authors: Arias Francisco J. , De las Heras Salvador
Published: July 2022

In this note, a brief survey is given to the possibility for a thermo-ducted kitchen hood where exhaust fan or other mechanical devices are no longer needed, and then, in addition, no sound is generated. The aim of this thermo-ducted kitchen hood is a device self-powered by its own wasted heat produced from the simmering or cooking process by re-injecting properly this heat at the top of the hood and then exacerbating an induced thermal convective loop able to extract moisture, odors, and oils generated.
Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Improved Characterization and Epidemiological Surveillance of Pathogenic Brucella
Authors: Abdel-Glil Mostafa Y. , Thomas Prasad , Brandt Christian , Melzer Falk , Subbaiyan Anbazhagan , Chaudhuri Pallab , Harmsen Dag , Jolley Keith A. , Janowicz Anna , Garofolo Giuliano , Neubauer Heinrich , Pletz Mathias W.
Published: July 2022

Brucellosis poses a significant burden to human and animal health worldwide. Robust and harmonized molecular epidemiological approaches and population studies that include routine disease screening are needed to efficiently track the origin and spread of
Brucella
strains.
Proposal of a Method for Harmonized Broth Microdilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Avibacterium gallinarum
Authors: Gütgemann Franziska , Müller Anja , Churin Yury , Jung Arne , Kumm Franziska , Heuvelink Annet , Yue Min , Kehrenberg Corinna
Published: July 2022

Avibacterium
(
Av.
)
gallinarum
is an opportunistic pathogen in poultry, which, however, has also been associated with human disease. There is currently no approved method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of this pathogen, so this study aimed at developing a harmonized broth microdilution method for
Av. gallinarum
that is suitable for diagnostic laboratories.
Deep-Sea
In Situ
Insights into the Formation of Zero-Valent Sulfur Driven by a Bacterial Thiosulfate Oxidation Pathway
Authors: Cai Ruining , He Wanying , Liu Rui , Zhang Jing , Zhang Xin , Sun Chaomin
Published: July 2022

The contribution of microbes to the deep-sea cold seep sulfur cycle has received considerable attention in recent years. In the previous study, we isolated
E. flavus
21-3 from deep-sea cold seep sediments and described a novel thiosulfate oxidation pathway in the laboratorial condition.
Platelets Inhibit Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Inducing Hydroxyl Radical-Mediated Apoptosis-Like Cell Death
Authors: Liu Erxiong , Chen Yutong , Xu Jinmei , Gu Shunli , An Ning , Xin Jiajia , Wang Wenting , Liu Zhixin , An Qunxing , Yi Jing , Yin Wen
Published: July 2022

The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, particularly multidrug-resistant bacteria. MRSA is the most common drug-resistant bacterium that causes suppurative infections in humans.
Rare case of primary carnitine deficiency presenting as acute liver failure
Authors: Jain Shalu , Kumar Karunesh , Malhotra Smita , Sibal Anupam
Published: July 2022

Systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in theSLC22A5gene that encodes carnitine transporter, OCTN2. Transporter deficiency leads to defective fatty acid oxidation. Signs and symptoms ranging from liver injury in children to cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy in adults, manifest during periods of stress and fasting. Though acute liver failure is infrequently described, young children presenting as acute liver failure should be screened for fatty acid oxidation defects including PCD by testing plasma for amino acids and further confirmed by genetic sequencing. Early identification and treatment using L-carnitine is lifesaving. Our patient presented as acute liver failure and diagnosis of PCD was confirmed by metabolic screening and genetic sequencing. He responded to the treatment.
Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications
Authors: Arm Richard , Shahidi Arash , Clarke Christopher , Alabraba Edward
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Oncology surgeons use animals and cadavers in training because of a lack of alternatives. The aim of this work was to develop a design methodology to create synthetic liver models familiar to surgeons, and to help plan, teach and rehearse patient-specific cancerous liver resection surgery.

Design

Synthetic gels were selected and processed to recreate accurate anthropomorphic qualities. Organic and synthetic materials were mechanically tested with the same equipment and standards to determine physical properties like hardness, elastic modulus and viscoelasticity. Collected data were compared with published data on the human liver. Patient-specific CT data were segmented and reconstructed and additive manufactured models were made of the liver vasculature, parenchyma and lesion. Using toolmaking and dissolvable scaffolds, models were transformed into tactile duplicates that could mimic liver tissue behaviour.

Results

Porcine liver tissue hardness was found to be 23 H00 (±0.1) and synthetic liver was 10 H00 (±2.3), while human parenchyma was reported as 15.06 H00 (±2.64). Average elastic Young’s modulus of human liver was reported as 0.012 MPa, and synthetic liver was 0.012 MPa, but warmed porcine parenchyma was 0.28 MPa. The final liver model demonstrated a time-dependant viscoelastic response to cyclic loading.

Conclusion

Synthetic liver was better than porcine liver at recreating the mechanical properties of living human liver. Warmed porcine liver was more brittle, less extensible and stiffer than both human and synthetic tissues. Qualitative surgical assessment of the model by a consultant liver surgeon showed vasculature was explorable and that bimanual palpation, organ delivery, transposition and organ slumping were analogous to human liver behaviour.
Beyond abortion: impacts of the expanded global gag rule in Kenya, Madagascar and Nepal
Authors: Maistrellis Emily , Juma Kenneth , Khanal Aagya , Kimemia Grace , McGovern Terry , Midy Anne-Caroline , Rakotondratsara Mamy Andrianina , Ratsimbazafy Marie Rolland , Ravaoarisoa Lantonirina , Razafimahatratra Mamy Jean Jacques , Tamang Anand , Tamang Jyotsna , Ushie Boniface Ayanbekongshie , Casey Sara
Published: July 2022

Since 1984, Republican administrations in the US have enacted the global gag rule (GGR), which prohibits non-US-based non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from providing, referring for, or counselling on abortion as a method of family planning, or advocating for the liberalisation of abortion laws, as a condition for receiving certain categories of US Global Health Assistance. Versions of the GGR implemented before 2017 applied to US Family Planning Assistance only, but the Trump administration expanded the policy’s reach by applying it to nearly all types of Global Health Assistance. Documentation of the policy’s harms in the peer-reviewed and grey literature has grown considerably in recent years, however few cross-country analyses exist. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the GGR’s impacts across three countries with distinct abortion laws: Kenya, Madagascar and Nepal. We conducted 479 in-depth qualitative interviews between August 2018 and March 2020. Participants included representatives of Ministries of Health and NGOs that did and did not certify the GGR, providers of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services at public and private facilities, community health workers, and contraceptive clients. We observed greater breakdown of NGO coordination and chilling effects in countries where abortion is legal and there is a sizeable community of non-US-based NGOs working on SRH. However, we found that the GGR fractured SRH service delivery in all countries, irrespective of the legal status of abortion. Contraceptive service availability, accessibility and training for providers were particularly damaged. Further, this analysis makes clear that the GGR has substantial and deleterious effects on public sector infrastructure for SRH in addition to NGOs.
Association of expedited review programmes with postmarketing safety events of new drugs approved by the US food and drug administration between 2007 and 2017
Authors: Zhu Xingyue , Liu Bao
Published: July 2022

Objective

To explore the associations between the risks of postmarketing safety events of new drugs and the four expedited programmes of priority review, accelerated approval, fast track and breakthrough therapy established by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and to investigate whether multiple uses of expedited programmes, and the combinations of expedited programmes with orphan designation, were relevant to different safety profiles.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

USA.

Participants

All new drugs approved by the FDA between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017, followed up until 10 April 2021.

Outcome measures

Safety events included safety-related withdrawal, new boxed warning, drug safety communication, postapproval risk evaluation mitigation strategy and safety-related labelling changes. The duration from marketing approval to the occurrence of a safety event was measured.

Method

Cox models were performed to determine the factors related to the time-to-safety event.

Results

The FDA approved 338 new drugs between 2007 and 2017, among which 53.6% (181) were under expedited review and 32.2% (109) received two or more expedited programmes. It took median time of 1.75 years (IQR 1.10–2.93) and 2.31 years (IQR 1.33–4.21), respectively, for new drugs to be observed of their first event and first serious event. The raised risk for first safety event was found to associate with breakthrough therapy (adjusted HR 1.83; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.77; p=0.004), and with the combination of accelerated approval with orphan designation (adjusted HR 2.84; 95% CI 1.12 to 7.23; p=0.028). Triple or more use of expedited programmes correlated with higher risk for first serious event (adjusted HR 4.16; 95% CI 1.69 to 10.22; p=0.002).

Conclusions

The increased risks of the breakthrough therapies, accelerated orphan drugs and triple or more use of expedited programmes indicated the necessity for intensive postmarketing risk surveillance.
Can screening for degenerative cervical myelopathy (SCREEN-DCM) be effectively undertaken based on signs, symptoms and known risk factors? Rationale and research protocol for a prospective, multicentre, observational study
Authors: Nouri Aria , Molliqaj Granit , Gondar Renato , Lavé Alexandre , Jannelli Gianpaolo , Davies Benjamin , Kotter Mark , Martin Allan , Virojanapa Justin , Cheng Joseph S , Somma Teresa , Cappabianca Paolo , Vleggeert-Lankamp Carmen L A , ter Wengel Valerie , Meling Torstein , Schaller Karl , Tessitore Enrico
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment. Unfortunately, the condition remains poorly recognised and underdiagnosed. To better identify patients, screening tests that target individuals at high risk would be helpful. One group in particular known to have a high prevalence of DCM consists of patients with lumbar degenerative disease (LDD), with the combined presentation referred to as tandem stenosis. Given that LDD is one of the most common presentations in neurosurgical practice and primary care, it is the objective of the proposed study to administer a screening test to these patients as well as those with risk factors or symptoms which raise the suspicion of underlying DCM.

Methods and analysis

A screening test based on clinical signs/symptoms and known risk factors of DCM was designed. Screening will be performed in neurosurgical consultations for patients with LDD or those with any suspicion of myelopathy. Points are attributed based on the presence of signs/symptoms of DCM (eg, Hoffmann sign, hyper-reflexia) and for comorbidities that predispose or are frequently associated with cervical myelopathy (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome). Patients with ≥3 points undergo cervical MRI examination. Patients with positive MRIs will be consulted and receive assessment via modified Japanese Orthopedic Association and Neck Disability Index scores, and subsequent clinical management will be based on practice guidelines. An exploratory multivariate analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of this proposed screening test will be evaluated after positively screening 50 patients for DCM.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has received research ethics approval from the Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committees (ID: 2020-02785). The results of this study will be disseminated in a journal targeting physicians commonly encountering patients with LDD.