bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract and Concrete Review
Authors: Dorf Michael C
Published: October 2023

The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the case-or-controversy language of Article III to impose rigorous standing requirements for adjudication in all federal courts, including constitutional cases in the Supreme Court itself. “At a minimum, the standing requirement is not met unless the plain- tiff has ‘such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends. . . .’ “ Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 770 (1984) (quoting Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962)). Standing and related doctrines such as ripeness and mootness implement a broader prohibition on the issuance of advisory opinions. In constitutional litigation, these limits on the powers of Article III courts collectively characterize the American version of a practice that sometimes goes by the name of “concrete review.”
9
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

When I became pregnant with my first child, I started to feel odd sensations. Sometimes I had lightheadedness; other times I had the feeling that butterflies were swarming inside my stomach.
11
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am a 33-year-old female with epilepsy. I was diagnosed at the age of 19, as a young college student. I don’t feel I was treated differently than anyone else back then. I met my husband the day after my first seizure. I did not take my epilepsy very seriously then. Nor did he, until after we were married and he started witnessing seizures. That scared him. I truly started feeling that I was different after I married my husband. Both his parents and mine started mentioning to me that they did not think we should have children. They were afraid of what would happen if I should have a seizure while pregnant or that I would have a child with epilepsy or even birth defects.
13
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My seizure activity began very slowly 10 years ago. At the time, I had no idea what I was experiencing. I was working in the office of the neighborhood school where my two boys had gone. I found that my consciousness was suddenly taken over by a familiar thought. I went into a ‘‘trance’’ for 30 seconds. Afterward, my brain didn’t function 100 percent, and I felt like I was on auxiliary power. I became embarrassed and wanted to go home, which I did. Due to unrelated reasons, I left the job and started working for a family member who happens to be a state senator. He was very compassionate but wanted me to solve my problem. My problem was then diagnosed as epilepsy.
26
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

After being diagnosed with petit mal seizures at the age of 11, I grew up often wondering if I would have a normal adult life. Would this impair day-to-day routines such as learning, working, or driving, or my being able to have a family some day? While in high school and college, I found that getting an education was serious and hard work. It was a chore that I despised, even today. It would take me three times longer than other people to study and achieve the grades that I wanted. Even though college was a challenge, I was able to graduate from a university. Now I’m a paramedic and love emergency medicine.
30
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Although my seizures are relatively mild and generally occur only once a week, they have significantly impacted several aspects of my life. It is important to note that my seizures are a consequence of emergency brain surgery that was done to remove a tumor. Therefore, some of the emotional trauma associated with my seizures is hard to separate out from the medical emergency of the surgery itself and the fear that is still with my family and me. As one of my sons said, ‘‘Every time you have a seizure, it reminds us that you have brain cancer.’’
37
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Devastation was the first thought that came into my mind when I became cognizant after my first grand mal seizure. Then came disbelief. I was 26 years of age and—I thought—healthy. Because I worked in the health care field, I had heard of epilepsy and seizures and knew it was not a good thing, but I had little understanding of it. Up until this seizure, there was no need. Nobody close to me was affected by it.
41
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I have had epilepsy since I was 11 months old. When I began puberty, the seizures became less well controlled.

As a woman, I have found that seizures affect my menstrual cycle and my relationships. It has caused my menstrual cycles to be irregular and my seizures to increase the week before and the week of the cycle. In doing so, it causes my life to be interrupted both at I required more sleep, I ended up going to sleep before he did, so we wouldn’t see a lot of each other in the evening.
59
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My epilepsy started when I was 2 years old. Since I have been having periods, my seizures usually occur near the start of my menstrual cycle. My periods, however, have been getting further and further apart. To me, that is due to my medicine. My seizures prevent me from driving and limit my social activities and independence; however, I am presently in the process of exploring medical options for my condition, like surgery and a nerve.
60
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I was diagnosed with epilepsy as a child. After being started on a combination of medications, my seizures were controlled. I didn’t really think about my epilepsy as I grew up. It didn’t affect my daily activities, and at times, I forgot I had it. My family relationships were never affected. There was a difference of opinion between my Mom and Dad as to how much I should be told. My Dad thought that I should not tell anyone about my seizures or that I was on medication; it followed, then, that my Dad wouldn’t let me sleep over at other kids’ houses since my seizures were nocturnal and he was concerned about people finding out. My Mom, on the other hand, was the one who told me that I had epilepsy, and for that I am grateful.
Living Safely with Epilepsy
Authors: Shafer Patricia Osborne , Santilli MN Nancy
Published: October 2023

Living safely with seizures can be challenging for many persons with epilepsy and their families. Safety and security are basic human needs, and when a person has a seizure, their safety and sometimes the safety of others may be threatened. Fortunately, as described in this chapter, there are many things that family members, friends, and co-workers can do to protect the person with epilepsy before and during a seizure and to comfort him or her afterwards.
Introduction
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

“Museum,” meaning “seat of the muses,” is a classical name for a modern invention. The archaic nature of the term is, of course, part of its charm. The effect to which the institution so often seems to aspire is to give the impression of permanence, of being always already necessary and therefore established. In fact, the muses themselves, those immortal sisters who presided over the arts and sciences, typically gathered outside—on Mounts Parnassus or Helicon, somewhere near the spring of Hippocrene—to carry out their activities under the aegis of musical Apollo. Ancient worship of the muses took place in structures that were no more characterized by display or collection than other ancient temples. It is a particularly modern hope, then, that the divinities that stand for inspiration will be summoned by the practice of gathering together and contemplating prized objects.
Toward a Public Art Collection
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

The move from private collection to public is the crucial development in the nineteenth-century history of museums, but it is not one that took place without controversy. This section includes extracts demonstrating the contested nature of public collections in England from their earliest days and the interplay of politics, taste, and ideas of display that would continue to affect the development of institutions throughout the nineteenth century and beyond.
Natural History and the British Museum
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

In his mid-century description of the British Museum W. I. Bicknell celebrates both the expansion of the collection and the ever-greater ease of public access to the treasures it contains. Nevertheless, he cannot avoid reflecting on the overwhelming nature of the institution, particularly given its heterogeneous display of antiquities alongside objects of natural history. The same point is vigorously emphasized a decade later by Elizabeth Eastlake in the first of two forceful pieces on the Museum she wrote for the Quarterly Review. Eastlake traces the institution’s apparent incoherence to its very origins, thereby highlighting the inexorable expansion fated to shape its destiny.
From Wonders to Signs: Anthropology and Archaeology
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

While objects from the non-western world and from classical antiquity were featured in the very earliest museums and in their forerunners, the development of newly scientific approaches to archeology and anthropology was bound to profoundly affect the collection and display of such items. This chapter begins with an extract from David Murray’s important study, Museums: Their History and Their Use (1904), addressing the turn to specialization and careful classification characteristic of the development of the institution in the second half of the century. In Murray’s history, the emergence of archeological and anthropological museums marks a key transition from the cabinet of curiosities to the modern museum.
International Cooperation In Bankruptcy and Insolvency Matters
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

International Cooperation in Bankruptcy and Insolvency is published in cooperation with the International Insolvency Institute and the American College of Bankruptcy. The Honorable Bruce A. Markell, Dr. Bob Wessels and Prof. Jason Kilborn provide readers with invaluable insights into the origin, development and future of communication and cooperation in cross-border insolvency cases between insolvency practitioners and the courts. The globalization of the world’s economy has led to highly complex international aspects of financial reorganization and restructuring. This publication analyzes the structures, systems, and practices that have developed and are quickly emerging to coordinate and enhance international administrations.
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Wilkinson Charles p.
Published: October 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a signiEcant public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are approximately 150 million people with this disorder and that this number could double by the year 2025 [1]. In the U.S., diabetes affects over 18.2 million people (6.3% of the total population), and 800,000 new cases of type 2 diabetes are diagnosed each year [2]. As a frequent complication of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy can be expected to remain a signiEcant cause of visual disability in an increasing number of patients.
Histopathology of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: guess Matthew , Dubovy sander R
Published: October 2023

The mechanisms that lead to the histopathologic changes in diabetes mellitus are complex and likely secondary to metabolic dysregulation including chronic hyperglycemia. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) describes intraretinal micro-vascular changes including basement membrane thickening, pericyte loss, microaneurysm formation, venous caliber abnormalities and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs). nThe vascular changes may lead to macular edema, hard exudate formation, cotton wool spots (microinfarctions), and intraretinal hemorrhages. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) describes growth of new blood vessels at the optic nerve head, neovascularization of the disc (NVD) or on the surface of the retina, neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) that may lead to hemorrhage, vitreous traction, macular distortion, and retinal detachment. Other histopathologic changes in diabetes mellitus include cataract formation, recurrent corneal erosions, basement membrane thickening of the choroid and pigmented ciliary epithelium, rubeosis iridis and lacy vacuolization of the iris.
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Gardner Thomas W , Aiello Lloyd Paul
Published: October 2023

Diabetes impacts all retinal cell types, with changes beginning before the onset of clinically evident disease. Therefore, diabetic retinopathy is not merely a “microvascular disease.” Vision impairment in persons with diabetes results from altered function of retinal neurons. Both ocular and systemic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and must be considered in evaluating and treating patients with diabetic macular edema.
Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Li, Helen k. , Tennant matthew t.s.
Published: October 2023

Diabetes has become epidemic in many communities around the world [1,2]. Increasing numbers of people with diabetes have led to increases in diabetic retinopathy. Fortunately, much of the vision loss from diabetic retinopathy can be reduced or prevented through early identiEcation and treatment [3,4]. Diabetic retinopathy screening programs have proven to be cost effective in reducing the rate of vision loss within a community [5,6]. Unfortunately, many people with diabetes do not have access to eye care or do not receive timely evaluation for diabetic retinopathy. Telemedicine for these people offers the promise of a healthier future.
O
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

OAEs Otoacoustic emissions; see auditory nerve.

OAS See Overt Aggression Scale.

oath, Hippocratic See Hippocrates.

OBE Out-of-the-body experience (q.v.).

obedience, deferred According to Freud, a prohibition, command, or threat received early in life may be repressed and the effect deferred for many years until a neurotic illness occurs and the original prohibition or command is obeyed. In spite of his father ‘s opposition, a man became a painter. “His incapacity to paint after the father ‘s death would then . . . be an expression of the familiar ‘deferred obedience. ‘ “ (Freud, S. Collected Papers, 1924–25). See failure through success.
P
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

P50 sensory gating Modulation of the brain ‘s sensitivity to sensory stimuli, as measured by the EEG wave that appears 50 msec following stimulation. Deficient gating of the auditory event-related potential is one neurobiological trait that is associated with schizophrenia. It has been found in patients with illness of recent onset and in chronic patients, and in both medicated and unmedicated patients. Deficits in P50 sensory gating also occur in about half of the first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients.

P300 wave P300 brain wave, P300 amplitude; LPW (late positive wave); novelty potential; a positive brain wave that appears between 300 and 500 msec after a stimulus. It is one of the endogenous components of the sensory-evoked response that is related to information processing of task-relevant information. The P300 wave is associated with the psychologic processes of attention, expectancy, stimulus recognition, stimulus evaluation, and cognitive decision-making activity.
S
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

S Abbreviation for experimental subject or for stimulus.

saccade A high-velocity movement of the eye. Information about the distance and direction of a target image from the current direction of gaze is used to produce a saccade that brings the image of the target onto or near the fovea. The saccadic system processes information about the distance and direction of a target image from the current position of gaze and generates saccades of both eyes that bring the image of the target onto or near the fovea. The pursuit system uses information about the speed of a moving object to produce eye movements of comparable speed, thereby keeping the image of the object in or near the fovea. Using information about the location of a target in depth, the vergence system controls the movements of the eyes that will bring the image of the target onto the foveal regions of both eyes. See pursuit eye movements; smooth pursuit system.

Saccades are of two types, compensatory (catchup and backup) and intrusive. Catchup saccades, which move in the same direction as and faster than the target, are generated to correct tracking when the eyes lag behind the target (termed a reduced closed-loop pursuit gain, characteristic of schizophrenic subjects). Backup saccades move in the opposite direction to bring the eyes back on target when they have moved too fast. Saccadic intrusions are extraneous eye movements with no corrective functions. Normally inhibited during pursuit, they include jerks, oscillations, flutterings, opsoclonus, and anticipatory saccades.
Growing Pains?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Whenever a child limps or complains that an arm or leg hurts, our first thought is that he or she must have injured it, even if the child does not remember having done so. The family is likely to seek medical advice only if the pain is very severe or persists for more than a day or two. Even when the pain or limp continues beyond a few days, many parents and physicians dismiss the problem as growing pains. Children do have growing pains; in fact, they are fairly common. Unfortunately, many children with serious problems are misdiagnosed with growing pains for weeks or even months.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

The role of the ligaments is to maintain the joints in proper position with respect to each other. If they are loose, they don’t perform this function properly. Children with either benign hypermobile joint syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have loose ligaments, but that is where the similarity ends. Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal, and children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as double-jointed. By contrast, children with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have a defect in their collagen that causes the loosening of the ligaments. Confusion may arise because some physicians refer to benign hypermobile joint syndrome with the term Ehlers-Danlos type III, but they are not the same thing.
Medications and Immunizations
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

I want you to understand why your child should take medicine (if it has been prescribed) and how to be sure your child gets the best results. Understanding your child’s medications and making sure he or she takes them appropriately are vitally important in getting the best outcome.
Common Causes of Pain
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

When evaluating a child with knee pain, it is important to separate mechanical problems from problems resulting from infections or inflammation. Children with mechanical problems typically hurt with activity. Stop the activity and the pain goes away. Resume the activity and the pain comes back. If there is a fracture or an infection, the pain is there all the time. If there is a torn ligament or meniscus, the pain may be intermittent. It will come on with activities and clear more slowly.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

At one time, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was thought to be a milder version of SLE. To understand this disease, it is necessary to understand that it was defined “backward.” A physician named Gordon Sharp noted an unusual laboratory finding in some patients who were ANA-positive. When he examined these patients, he discovered that they were most often atypical SLE patients. These patients differed from typical SLE patients in having more arthritis, more rash, more lung disease, and less kidney disease. Since many of these patients were also positive for RF (see Chapter 25) and had more arthritis than typical SLE patients, they were thought of as having “mixed” disease. Thus, the name of the disease was chosen to reflect this condition. It took only a short time, once the disease was described in adults, to realize that there were children with the same pattern of findings. Children with MCTD are ANA-positive, like children with SLE, but typically have high titers of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as well.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal. Children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as being double-jointed. Many children have loose joints or joints that they can voluntarily subluxate. The diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome requires that a child be able to do each of the following: Bend the fingers back over the wrist so that they are parallel with the forearm (i.e., they point straight backward) Easily bend the thumb back to touch the forearm Extend the elbow beyond 180 degrees Extend the knee beyond 180 degrees.
Development of Visual Stabilization Devices with Applications for Acquired and Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: Stahl John S , Kofman, igor s. , Thumser zachary C
Published: October 2023

Pathological nystagmus degrades vision because it introduces excessive image motion on the retina. Past studies have demonstrated that vision can be improved using electronic devices that move visual targets in lockstep with the oscillating line of sight. Such optomechanical visual-stabilization devices have multiple applications. They could be used to improve vision in patients whose nystagmus is resistant to other therapies. They could also be used to predict the degree of benefit a patient may expect to receive from a contemplated medical or surgical nystagmus-reducing therapy. A predictive tool is particularly important when the contemplated therapy involves significant expenses, risks, or discomforts. Visual stabilization devices can also be applied as research tools to explore the relationships between retinal image velocity, nystagmus waveforms, and oscillopsia. Selective image stabilization systems consist of an eye movement tracking device, a filtering system that extracts the pathological movement from the overall eye movement signal, and an optics or display mechanism (the “stabilizer plant”) that allows the seen world or displayed images to be oscillated synchronously with the extracted nystagmus signals. To date, optomechanical visual stabilization devices have been too complex to use outside the laboratory. In this chapter, we review our progress toward developing a self-contained optomechanical visual stabilization device suitable for use in the clinical setting. Although we focus on the treatment of acquired pendular nystagmus, we also describe the application of this instrumentation to a patient with infantile nystagmus, illustrating how a computer-controlled stabilizer can serve as a research tool.
Clinical and Electrophysiological Effects of Extraocular Muscle Surgery on Fifty-three Patients with Infantile Periodic Alternating Nystagmus
Authors: Hertle Richard W , Reznick Leah , Yang, Dongsheng , Zoworty Kimberly
Published: October 2023

This chapter reports the effect of extraocular muscle surgery on the clinical and ocular motility characteristics of infantile periodic and aperiodic alternating nystagmus. Of 1423 recordings performed between the years 1998 and 2006 in 506 patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), 78 had ocular oscillations consistent with infantile periodic alternating nystagmus. Fifty-three patients had virgin eye muscles operated on for strabismus alone, nystagmus alone, a static head posture alone, or a static head posture plus strabismus. Outcome variables were vision, strabismus, head position, periodic cycle and null period duration, foveation time, and waveforms. Age range was 1 to 67 years; 57% had pure periodic and 43% the aperiodic form of nystagmus, 42% had albinism, 42% had strabismus, 40% had amblyopia, and 32% had other eye disease. Asymmetry was present in 65%, while 35% were symmetric about the null period. Head posture and strabimsus improved in all patients.
Singapore: E-Commerce Taxation in Singapore
Authors: Byrnes William H , Sove Christopher M
Published: October 2023

Singapore’s user-friendly tax system, competitive tax rates, and source-based domestic taxation make it a preferred international business center and, in particular, an ideal home for e-commerce businesses. In addition to an income tax, Singapore levies a goods and services tax (GST), stamp duty, estate duty, lottery and other gamblingrelated duties, and other taxes. Singapore’s tax law does not include particular provisions governing the taxation of e-commerce transactions. Generally, e-commerce transactions are taxed under the same law as traditional transactions. However, the Internal Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) has released two publications that provide guidance on the treatment of e-commerce under the GST and income.
Italy: Taxation of Products (Including Digital Products) and Services in the Digital Environment
Authors: Fadani Enrico
Published: October 2023

Not even twenty years ago, globalization was simply understood as a process of integrating national economies into an international one through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and spread of technology. Today technological development and increasing broadband Internet capacity, finding its peak in the latest innovation push called “Web 2.0,” have redefined the understanding of how globalization makes the world a unique market and production place.
United States: Sales Taxes in the Digital Environment
Authors: Rosen Arthur R
Published: October 2023

Sales taxes began to take root in the United States in the 1930s as state governments struggled to address the dramatic fiscal effects of the Great Depression. Over the next several decades, states throughout the country adopted sales taxes; by 1990, 45 states and the District of Columbia had adopted such a tax. Largely spurred by the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in McLeod v. Dilworth, complementary use taxes were also enacted to guard against easy tax avoidance.
United States: State Income and Franchise Taxes in the Digital Environment
Authors: Rosen Arthur R
Published: October 2023

It is difficult—if not impossible—to read the state and local tax press or attend state and local tax programs without being presented with various thoughts and analyses regarding the manner in which a business engaged in one of the various aspects of electronic commerce is being or should be taxed. Although it is safe to assume that the significance of e-commerce to our economy will only continue to increase, and while such significance will certainly cause even more dislocations in state taxing systems than we have already witnessed, numerous state tax issues are clearly “in play” today and require current reactions. It is in this context that this chapter discusses certain fundamental state income, franchise, and business activity tax principles and examines their application to e-commerce in the current legal environment.

To analyze the correct application of state and local tax principles to transactions in the digital environment, it is important first to understand what the digital environment is. The best approach is to view the area as being composed of four segments. First, and the most prevalent today, is the ordering of tangible personal property through electronic or digital channels, such as using a home computer to access, over the Internet, a company’s Web site to order a shirt that is delivered by mail or common carrier.
Personal Renewal: Creating and Tailoring Your Own Self-Care Protocol
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

All of us seem to understand physical resilience, and what goes into maintaining it. But psychological resilience is still not well understood, and most of us don’t realize how important it is to our well-being. Care must be taken not to be so driven in our career or family life that everything else loses value and does not receive the attention it should. Although being a dedicated parent, sibling, child, friend, coworker, or citizen is a wonderful way to devote ourselves to the welfare of others, unless care is taken to ensure that the rest of our life is fulfilling and balanced, the way we live will become too narrow, limited, and eventually distorted. This can erode resilience and have a negative impact not only on ourselves, but eventually on our family and other interpersonal relationships as well.
The First Steps Toward Self-Knowledge: Debriefing Yourself
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

If resilience is to be strengthened, if stress is to be limited, and if the quality of our personal and professional well-being is to be enhanced, then self-knowledge and enlightened behavior are not niceties; they are the ﬁrst steps we all must take in life. Self-knowledge leads to personal discipline and self-management, which are essential to resilience. Psychologists call this “selfregulation.” In her book on self-care, Ellen Baker writes, “Self-regulation, a term used in both behavioral and dynamic psychology, refers to the conscious and less conscious management of our physical and emotional impulses, drives and anxieties.”
Solitude, Silence, and Mindfulness: Centering Yourself in a Driven World
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

Many of the world’s religions and ancient philosophies extol the beneﬁts of solitude and mindfulness. But the value of silence and solitude has only recently gained traction in the West, and then only for its purely psychological worth. British psychiatrist Anthony Storr, in his classic work On Solitude, was one of the ﬁrst to bring this subject to our awareness: Modern psychotherapists, including myself, have taken as their criterion of emotional maturity the capacity of the individual to make mature relationships on equal terms. With few exceptions, psychotherapists have omitted to consider the fact that the capacity to be alone is also an aspect of emotional maturity.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart: A Brief Epilogue
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

The “range of resilience” is different for each person based on a unique combination of hereditary, psychological, and sociological factors. However, if we are truly interested in resilience, the goal is to ﬁnd ways to maximize our own range of resilience, and in so doing, improve our quality of life and the ability to continually renew ourselves. It has been emphasized throughout this book that there are key elements that can help us to maintain resilience: minimizing the effects of stress; cultivating an inner life; and developing new skills and actions that can help us thrive rather than merely survive.
Before Psychopharmacology
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: October 2023

The psychopharmacologic era is said to have begun in the 1950s, with the advent in 1952 of the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine. No question it was an extraordinary time of pharmaceutical discovery, but in fact, effective treatments existed long before then. Merely, they have been forgotten, or crucified by the drug cops. It helps us to avoid over- valuing later contributions to recall that the cupboard has never been entirely bare.
What Now?
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: October 2023

On a psychopharmacology listserv, one participant, himself a psy- chiatrist, posted a message seeking help for his ailing wife. He thought, with a touch of professional rivalry, that her current psychiatrist was not serving her well, having prescribed two SSRIs. “Does this make sense to anyone?” he asked the list.
Diamonds Maximizing Your Winnings
Authors: Lubet Steven
Published: October 2023

Legendary football coach Vince Lombardi once said that “winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing.” Card players and lawyers might add another proviso: It’s how much you win that really matters. In an athletic competetion (or an election, for that matter), the winner is usually quite happy to come away with a squeaker. In poker and litigation, however, the magnitude of victory can make a tremendous difference.

Poker players know that you can maximize your winnings by careful “hand selection,” meaning that you must avoid playing potential losers while backing your likely winners (often called “premium hands”) to the hilt. Lawyers could often benefit from the same approach, abandoning weak or questionable positions in order to concentrate on stronger claims. Some attorneys never figure out that simple lesson, but no one ever understood it better than Clarence Darrow.
Hearts Ethics and Character
Authors: Lubet Steven
Published: October 2023

Poker and law practice are both governed by rules of ethics and procedure, which are closely followed by honorable participants. The temptation to cheat is often present, especially when the stakes are high, but there is often a fine line between cheating and, shall we say, zealous self-assertion. Sketchy behavior is not always prohibited, and sometimes it is even encouraged by ambiguities in the rules. And that, of course, raises the question of character. How far are you willing to go in order to make a buck?

Consider the case of Joseph Dowd, a solo practitioner in Des Plaines, Illinois. In late 1998, he met with a woman named Mary Corcoran, whose husband had been killed in a railroad accident. Corcoran had already been offered a $1.4 million settlement, but Dowd thought the case was worth more. He advised Corcoran to retain a personal injury lawyer and eventually accompanied her to the offices of Corboy & Demetrio, one of the most prominent personal injury firms in Chicago.
Conclusion: From Medical Ethics to Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

The chronicle of ethical events opened with the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial, whose defendants had committed a moral outrage against the long tradition of medicine’ s duty to protect the sick. It ended with the story of moral perplexity about how to protect the sick in the midst of a disease that threatens society. During the years covered by the chronicle, medical science and medical practice had changed dramatically. New techniques, from antibiotics to transplanted and artificial organs, genetic discoveries, and reproductive manipulations, together with the research that engendered them, presented the public, scientists, doc tors, and politicians with questions that had never before been asked.
What Are They Gonna Do to You?! Preoperative Evaluation and Consent
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Of all the tasks in anesthesia, doing a preop (preoperative evaluation) may actually be the least foreign. While starting an IV or placing an endotracheal tube are entirely new skills, a good pre-op has many elements in common with a directed history and physical exam (H&P). In fact, you could consider it an H&P whose chief “complaint” is the need for a safe anesthetic.
Sharp Objects, Part II Epidurals and Spinals
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter, we explored three methods for gaining vascular access. We’re now going to look at two useful procedures for regional anesthesia: epidurals and spinals. Although epidural catheters are best known for their role in labor analgesia, these versatile tools can also provide surgical anesthesia and postoperative pain relief. They are applicable to a wide variety of patients, with the only common contraindications being infection (either systemic, in the form of sepsis, or at the intended puncture site) and coagulopathy (as can occur with preeclampsia). While their placement is tactile and learned mainly by doing, a quick overview will substantially ease the learning curve.
Privacy Versus National Security: Clarifying the Trade-off
Authors: Chandler Jennifer
Published: October 2023

After the September 11 attacks, the idea that civil liberties had to be reduced in favor of national security emerged with renewed vigor. Many have noted the paradox that security measures intended to protect a liberal democracy can end up eroding the civil liberties at the heart of that liberal democracy.1 It is common to view this problem as one of striking the appropriate balance or trade-off between security and civil liberties.2 The focus of this chapter is on an aspect of this general problem, namely the trade-off between privacy and national security.
Introduction
Authors: Joireman Sandra F
Published: October 2023

Religion in general, and Christianity in particular, has remarkable vigor in American politics. It motivates individuals to act on both domestic and international policy issues and encourages a wide range of political behavior, from voting to lobbying or protest. The faith of various Christian politicians has been both a subject of public interest and an issue in political campaigns. In the United States, the public expects that candidates will declare their religious beliefs in any description of qualifications for political office. This is unusual in the politics of developed countries. The recent emphasis within the popular press and some academic writings on the importance of the Christian vote or the Christian political lobby can lead one to the impression that there is one type of Christian voting behavior or one kind of Christian political lobbying. Yet careful observers of Christian political behavior have noted that in the past few years there has been increasing variation among different factions of North American Christians over specific policies (Guth et al. 2005). Moreover, Christians of a variety of persuasions are becoming involved in policy areas that have not previously been thought to be of concern to Christians, such as international human rights issues (Hertzke 2004). This diversification of political advocacy illuminates what has always been present within Christianity—an array of positions regarding the role of the state and the role of the individual Christian citizen within the state.
Lutheranism and Politics: Martin Luther as a Modernizer, but for the Devil
Authors: Lomperis Timothy J
Published: October 2023

Martin Luther, the leader of the Protestant Reformation, has often been characterized as running afoul of modern politics. Ernst Troeltsch, for example, has dismissively argued that Luther’s connection with modernity lies in reactionary political parties. Reinhold Niebuhr maintained that Luther developed two irreconcilable ethics: a perfectionist private or personal ethic and a cynically realistic political ethic.2 Like Plato, who was accused of being a modern fascist, Luther’s legacy to modern political science is far too important, and complicated, for such easy dismissals.
Epilepsy Explained
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

In the last five years, approximately 2.7 million people have been treated for epilepsy and it is estimated that as much as one in one-hundred of the world’s population will develop epilepsy during their lifetime. It is further estimated that 60 million people worldwide have epilepsy and in the United States alone, between seventy to eighty thousand people are newly diagnosed each year. Despite being such a common problem, most people know little about the disorder and people with epilepsy feel stigmatized. Filled with illustrations on almost every page and boasting an attractive and stimulating layout, Epilepsy Explained offers a wealth of crystal clear information on epilepsy, intended for patients, family members, friends, and caregivers. This down-to-earth book is divided into easy-to-digest sections that address such fundamental questions as what epilepsy is, what happens in different types of epileptic seizures, how epilepsy is diagnosed, and how seizures are treated. The authors include much-needed information on numerous topics, including living successfully with seizures, patients rights, and current drugs used to treat epilepsy--all described with directness and clarity, with many real-life examples that shed light on how the topic under discussion affects people with epilepsy. The book includes information for particular groups of readers such as women, children, and teens. It has an easy-to-follow organization, is clearly structured and has a detailed index and glossary, allowing readers to easily find specific information pertaining to their condition. Written by physicians who work daily with epilepsy, this clear and engaging book provides people with the knowledge they need to make informed choices about their illness.
Economics
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

Many economic aspects of modern life are taken for granted today in North America and Europe. Very few people are actually involved in primary food production; most people do not harvest their own crops or butcher their own meat (except on a very small scale). Likewise, people do not produce their own clothes, and even fewer actually create the fabric used in clothes. This disassociation with primary production is a hallmark of the in- dustrialized world. To understand ancient Roman economy, it is necessary first to understand this major difference between modern industrialized life and ancient Roman life. Other than the very wealthy, most Roman households were very involved in the day-to-day production of food and clothing. There were markets where goods could be bought and sold, but they certainly did not play as important a role in supplying a family with their needs as stores do today. This chapter describes some of the major elements of the Roman economy.
Material Culture
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

One of the most recognizable achievements of Roman civilization is the architecture. Probably most people have a vague idea of what Roman architecture looks like (although they may confuse it with Greek architecture), as the visual power of these monuments is so effective. The modern city of Rome still incorporates ancient monuments directly into urban life. And wherever the Romans went, they left Roman-style buildings, which still dot the landscapes of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The monumental size and durable construction of Roman buildings resulted in wide-scale preservation of Roman buildings in modern times. A great deal is known about Roman architecture because so much of it has survived.
Black GIs Challenge “The Mississippi Way”
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

One day in 1946, Medgar and Charles Evers, recently discharged from the U.S. Army, went to the Newton County courthouse in Decatur to register to vote. The next day they announced their intentions to their family, and their father was worried for their safety, especially after the white clerk, Alton Graham, paid a visit to Mr. Evers and told him that if his sons did not want trouble they should forget about voter registration. Ignoring their father’s concern and the clerk’s warning, Medgar and Charles proceeded with their plan, but upon reaching the courthouse they encountered a crowd of whites who blocked the courthouse entrance. Graham addressed them, “Who you niggers think you are?” Charles replied, “We’ve grown up here, we fought for this country, and we think we should register.” At that moment, the old county circuit clerk, a Mr. Brand, who knew the Evers family, shuffled over to defuse the situation. He was, in Charles’ estimation, a decent man, who, like most Mississippi whites, did not want murder or bloodshed but did not dare help blacks secure their civil rights because they did not want to be branded “nigger lovers.” Such persons would soon discover that they, as well as the blacks they wished to help, would be whipped, or worse.
Rates of nonadherence in psychiatric disorders
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

There is clear evidence that adherence to pharmacological therapy helps treat medical and psychiatric illness effectively. Each 10% increase in oral diabetes medication adherence is associated with a 0.1% decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load correlates closely with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence level: for adherence levels of more than 95%, over 80% of patients have an undetectable viral load, whereas if adherence falls below 70%, only 30% patients have an undetectable viral load. Aspirin reduces the risk of stroke by 22%, and warfarin reduces the risk of stroke by 62%.
Reasons for medication nonadherence
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

As has been stated before, there are multiple and varied reasons why a person chooses not to take medications. Often we consider this within a “disease-specific” framework—for instance, people with schizophrenia do not take medicines because they lack insight, depressed patients stop medicines due to side effects. However, perhaps the most salient feature of medication adherence is simply the usual adage that every patient is different. The patient may stop medications for any number of reasons, and it is our responsibility to try to understand the individual circumstances for that patient.
At Rapallo
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Bunting sent the drafts of Villon to Pound from exile - in England. How he felt about Rapallo, and about Pound, may be judged from this letter (29 April 1926):

I am delighted to write to Rapallo -you, for the moment, are Rapallo. The fact that you are there sanctions my enthusiasm. I should never have left the place if my father hadn’t begun to die. I would have starved there sooner than seek a living elsewhere. Rezzo told me I could find work in Naples, but I stayed on the beach - the beach of the third cove eastwards from Rapallo, listening to the sea, the slowest clock on earth.
Chomei
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

Pound mistrusted the drift of Zukofsky’s doctrine and practice in some ways;1 yet he considered Zukofsky a very ‘serious character’, and gave him every possible encouragement. He urged him to visit Europe, and sent him the money. Zukofsky was shy about using it, and wrote a poem: and published ‘Verse and Version’ in II Mare (1 Oct. 1932). Eventually Zukofsky, lured by postcards of Rapallo and Bunting’s boat, arrived in Europe. In Budapest he met the composer (Pound’s friend) Tibor Serly, and then Bunting, in a red jacket, met him in Genoa. He was quartered ‘with Homer and Isabel Pound in Yeats’s old apartment on the Via Americhe, where a whole gallery of photographs of Ezra, from childhood on, vied with Yeats’s Blakes for attention’.
With the Compliments of the Author: Reflections on Austin and Derrida
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

The most important thing in acting is honesty; once you learn to fake that, you’re in.-Sam Goldwyn

In the summer of r 977, as I was preparing to teach Jacques Derrida’s Of Grammatology to a class at the School of Criticism and Theory in Irvine, a card floated out of the text and presented itself for interpretation. It read: