bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the FMB Model to Determine Which Wells Out of a Group of Wells Belong to the Same Common Pool
Authors: Tabatabaie S. Hamed , Behmanesh Hamid , Mattar Louis
Published: March 2022

In order to properly conduct material balance calculations, the wells must be producing from the same reservoir. Identification and grouping of wells in a common reservoir can be a challenging task.

The Flowing Material Balance Model (FMB model) was developed. It utilizes a well’s flow rate and flowing pressure history to identify which wells belong in the same reservoir, and which do not. This FMB Model continuously converts the flowing pressures and rates of each well into the average reservoir pressure. If these average reservoir pressure trends overlap, it indicates that the wells are in the same reservoir. If any of the trends are different, then those wells belong to different reservoirs.

The average reservoir pressure is determined in two ways. The first is from the productivity index and the flowing rates and pressures of that well. The second is from the material balance equation for the total production of the group of wells. These two average reservoir pressure trends will track over time if the well grouping is properly defined (i.e. all the wells in that grouping belong to the same reservoir), and if the correct hydrocarbon-in-place is used.

The FMB Model can additionally be used to history-match the flowing pressure of each well (using the flow rate as a control) or to match the flow rate of each well (using the flowing pressure as a control). These visual history matches increase our confidence in the interpretation of the flowing material balance, and can be used to investigate the sensitivity of magnitude of the hydrocarbons-in-place

One field study consisting of three adjacent gas wells, coming on production at different times, and some of the wells not having a reliable initial pressure, illustrates clearly which wells are in the same reservoir and which ones are not, and yields the correct values of original-gas-in-place.
Deconvolution Overcomes the Limitations of Rate Normalization and Material Balance Time in Rate-Transient Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Ruiz Maraggi Leopoldo M. , Lake Larry W. , Walsh Mark P.
Published: March 2022

Rate-transient analysis (RTA) is routinely used for unconventional production data analysis and forecasting. RTA uses rate normalization along with material balance time to estimate:(a) flow regimes, (b) the time of end of transient flow, and (c) the drainage volume and to thereby predict the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of wells. However, rate normalization approximates deconvolution, and material balance time is only strictly applicable for constant-pressure or constant-rate systems. This work investigates the validity of rate normalization and material balance time for synthetic and tight-oil well examples producing under variable bottomhole flowing pressure (BHP) conditions.

This work generates synthetic examples with different BHP histories and uses deconvolution to estimate a constant-pressure rate/material balance time response. First, we plot and compare the normalized rate vs. material balance time, the deconvolved rate/material balance time and the unit-pressure-drop rate vs. constant-pressure material balance time. The latter plot represents the constant-pressure solution of the 1D flow of a slightly compressible fluid (reference case). Second, we evaluate the plots of material balance time vs. time, deconvolved material balance time vs. time and constant-pressure material balance time vs. time. Third, we fit the reference type curve to a plot of the normalized rate vs. material balance time and the deconvolved rate vs. deconvolved material balance time to determine the reservoir properties to then estimate the EUR using time superposition. We conclude by illustrating the application of these steps to tight-oil wells in which we use deconvolution to estimate the unit-pressure-drop rate and the constant-pressure material balance time.

The results of this study are the following. First, BHP changes alter the slope of the log-log normalized rate-vs. material balance time plot. Second, BHP variations introduce error to the behavior of the material balance time vs. time function leading to incorrect estimates of the time of end of transient flow. Consequently, normalized-pressure rate and material balance time are not always reliable variables to properly identify the flow regime(s) and thus, to correctly estimate the time of end of transient flow and EUR. Alternatively, applying deconvolution to rigorously account for the pressure variations and generate the unit-pressure-drop rate and the constant-pressure material balance time solves these problems.

This paper investigates the validity of rate normalization and material balance time in RTA of unconventional reservoirs. Caution is needed when applying rate normalization and material balance time since these might lead to incorrect estimates of the time of end of transient flow and EUR. For this reason, deconvolution should be included as an integral part of the RTA workflow.
Rate-Pseudopressure Deconvolution Enhances Rate-Time Models Production History Matches and Forecasts of Shale Gas Wells
Authors: Ruiz Maraggi Leopoldo M. , Lake Larry W. , Walsh Mark P.
Published: March 2022

Physics-based and empirical rate-time models inherently assume constant bottomhole flowing pressure (BHP), an assumption that may not hold for many unconventional wells. Hence, applying these models without accounting for BHP variations might lead to inaccurate: (a) flow regime identification, (b) estimation of the parameters of these models, and (c) estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) and drainage volumes. This study evaluates and compares the predictions of rate-time relations including and ignoring corrections for time-varying BHP for both synthetic and shale gas wells.

We generate a real gas synthetic case with errors in the time-varying BHP. First, we convert pressures into pseudopressures. Second, we deconvolve the pseudopressure history by applying the regularized exponential basis function inverse scheme to obtain an equivalent rate—the unit-pseudopressure-drop rate at standard conditions—at constant BHP. Third, we history-match the production using the scaled single-phase compressible fluid physics-based model for three different approaches: (a) using rate-time-pressure data with rate-pseudopressure deconvolution, (b) using rate-time-pressure data using just rate-pressure deconvolution, and (c) using only rate-time data. Finally, we compare the results in terms of their history-matches and estimated reservoir parameters. We conclude by illustrating the application of this procedure to shale gas wells.

For the synthetic case, the fit of the single-phase compressible fluid rate-time model using rate-pseudopressure deconvolution can accurately estimate the original gas-in-place, characteristic time, gas permeability, and fracture half-length. In contrast, considerable errors are noted when either using rate-pressure deconvolution or failing to account for variable BHP. Regarding the shale gas examples, the rate-pseudopressure deconvolution scheme accurately identifies the flow regimes present in the well, which can be difficult to detect by only analyzing rate-time data. For this reason, the fits of the scaled single-phase compressible fluid model using only rate-time results in unreasonably large estimates of the reservoir parameters and EUR. In contrast, the application of rate-pseudopressure deconvolution constrains the fits of single-phase compressible fluid model yielding more realistic estimates of time of end of linear flow, and EUR.

This paper illustrates the application of a workflow that accounts for variable BHP by estimating an equivalent constant unit-pseudopressure-drop gas rate (at standard conditions). We illustrate the workflow for a particular decline-curve model, but the workflow is general and can be applied to any rate-time model. The approach history matches and forecasts the production of unconventional gas reservoirs using rate-time models more accurately than assuming constant BHP.
Using Machine Learning Method to Optimize Well Stimulation Design in Heterogeneous Naturally Fractured Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Liu Huifeng , Cui Longlian , Liu Zundou , Zhou Chuanyi , Yao Maotang , Ma Haoming , Liu Qi
Published: March 2022

The reservoirs in Kuqa foreland area of Tarim Basin in China are ultra-deep HTHP (High Temperature and High Pressure) naturally fractured sandstone reservoirs. Due to low permeability of the matrix (<0.1mD), stimulation of the natural fractures is the key to well productivity enhancement. Different stimulation techniques with different stimulation strengths have been tried in the last decade, but stimulation effectiveness varied. Therefore, machine learning method is employed to identify the main controlling factors and optimize the well stimulation design.

Firstly, geological data, stimulation data, productivity data, etc. for more than 200 wells were used to develop data analysis models, and the major characteristic parameters and their weightiness were determined through machine learning. Afterwards, the stimulation parameters of these wells, including injection rate, fluid volume, proppant volume, etc., were correlated with post-stimulation open flow capacity increments using several regression modeling methods, and the weightiness of these stimulation parameters was determined through machine learning. Cross validation method was used to choose the most accurate and stable model, which was then used to optimize the stimulation parameters of new wells. The model is applied to two test wells. The stimulation technologies and stimulation parameters of the two wells are optimized. Compared with the natural productivity, the productivity after stimulation was increased by 5.5 times and 21.5 times respectively.

Machine learning algorithms are used to find an implicit rule from a large amount of data and express the rule with a high dimension nonlinear algorithm equation. It is very useful but seldom has applications in the area of reservoir stimulation. This paper found the controlling parameters of reservoir stimulation in Kuqa foreland area of Tarim Basin through machine learning and successfully used it in well productivity enhancement practices.
Critical Assessment of the Hybrid Impact of Surfactants on Modified Salinity Water Flooding
Authors: Belhaj Ahmed , Singh Navpreet , Sarma Hemanta
Published: March 2022

In recent years, interest in water-based EOR methods and the combination of modified seawater with chemicals has grown due to their economic improvement of oil production. The hybrid application of low salinity water with surfactants (LSS) flooding has a promising potential to significantly increase the oil recovery. LSS flooding, a novel hybrid EOR approach, has recently proven its capability of altering rock surface wettability and reducing oil-water IFT. In this study, we present a comprehensive assessment of the fundamentals and recent developments of LSS flooding, as well as lessons learned from previous studies and the key uncertainties associated with successful implementation. The study begins with an overview of surfactant flooding, low salinity water (LSW) flooding and the hybrid application of LSW flooding processes. The LSS flooding process in different reservoir types and the recovery mechanisms associated is then discussed. The recent laboratory studies for LSS flooding and the surfactant losses associated in porous media are also reviewed. Recent studies of LSS flooding have concluded the advantages of higher oil recovery, higher surfactant stability, lower surfactant retention, and lower chemical consumption compared to conventional surfactant flooding. Most of the LSS flooding application has been performed on sandstones with remarkable outcomes, meanwhile, it’s application in carbonates has garnered attention in recent years and some promising findings were reported. The efforts of this work can provide further understanding of the LSS flooding process and its underlying mechanisms, especially in carbonates which are not fully covered in the literature. Finally, this paper gives more insight into the potential success of LSS flooding over surfactant and LSW flooding processes.
Enhancement of Production Data in Tight Gas Reservoir Through an Automated Multiphase Measurement Skid for Remote Operation
Authors: Garay Andrade Carlos , Sanz Vera Julio , Salas Fabian , Pucci Claudio , Castro Alejandro , Bastos Vlamir , Schubert Ewaldo , Theuveny Bertrand
Published: March 2022

A novel implementation of an economical, self-sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for tight gas field production monitoring in a remote location in Tierra Del Fuego, allows early-stage production measurements necessary in the unconventional reservoir analysis for the field recovery process optimization.

This innovative solution is based on the development of a portable skid designed for production test measurement in a multi-well pad, that combine a multiport selector valve and a multiphase flow meter, making possible to remotely select a well to measure and transfer flow data in real time. The commands for the well selection and the data transmission can be done via satellite with an encrypted software directly from the Operator's office. A PhotoVoltaic (PV) solar panel was developed to provide a reliable self-sufficient power for the entire system from 100% clean energy.

Located in Chile's Tierra del Fuego region, the Magallanes Basin comprises two main structural regions: a normal faulted eastern region and a thrust faulted western area. These remote tight gas fields undergoing rapid decline are big challenges to explore, develop and produce economically. They demand a close initial surveillance through timely production tests to acquire representative data, which allows consolidation of a reservoir analysis and development methodologies to optimize ultimate and cost-effective recovery. An innovated approach was successful implemented for production monitoring using the Multiphase Measurement Skid, which provided the required data quality and frequency along with flexibility to perform production test in multiple wells, all remotely controlled from the Operator's office. The entire system is self-sufficient and powered by solar panels designed, which brings sustainability avoiding the use of generator and dealing with fuel logistics making this solution environmentally friendly carbon-free emission.

Such sustainable and self-sufficient solution to monitor single to multiple wells (up to eight), combines an automated multiport valve system with multiphase measurement technology for remote operations. Its operation is simple and efficient, amd it provides a continuous data stream of well test information to the production and reservoir engineers managing the field.
What do remote employees want from managers?
Authors: Sulaymonov Azamat
Published: March 2022

Humanity is approaching an important transition - from the era of expert knowledge to the era of data. When it comes to understanding the future, we are all like preschoolers. With a mixture of childish surprise and adult anxiety, we try to look into this future and see many questions that have no answers. We want to understand how the development of remote working will affect our work and the meaning of life, and find out how people will benefit from using this incredible way of working. If remote working is universal and are there room for improvement for managers in this new reality. Unfortunately, there is no crystal ball to show us the future. This uncertainty makes our questions and attempts to find answers to them all the more important. This paper is one such attempt. Hopefully this paper will shed some light on challenges of remote working in this new reality, as well as nudge researchers into new discussions on this topic.
Parental information about the possibility of applying for pregnancy termination after detection of a congenital abnormality and factors influencing parental decision-making: a cohort study
Authors: Hjort-Pedersen Karina , Sperling Lene , Olesen Annette Wind , Garne Ester , Wu Chunsen , Toerring Pernille Mathiesen
Published: March 2022

BackgroundTo identify the association between the severity of prenatally diagnosed abnormalities and parental information about pregnancy termination and identify demographic and clinical variables influencing the parental decision. MethodsAn observational cohort study of fetuses diagnosed with an abnormality in the prenatal screening program between 2014 and 2016 in Denmark. We categorized the abnormalities in five long-term prognosis groups, and the association to the doctor's information about termination was described. We tested the association between demographic and clinical variables and the parental decision using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.ResultsThree hundred twenty fetuses were diagnosed with an abnormality. In 67% of these cases, the parents were informed about termination. All parents were informed in cases with a lethal prognosis, 98% with genetic disorders, 96% with poor, 69% with uncertain, and 12% with a good prognosis. Of these parents, 92% choose to terminate. The long-term prognosis of the abnormalities was the only significant factor in the parental decision-making process.ConclusionsDoctors mainly informed parents about pregnancy termination for conditions with a poor or lethal long-term prognosis or chromosomal abnormalities. The severity of the abnormalities was the only significant factor associated with the parental decision to terminate the pregnancy.
Effect of Controlling Nutritional Status Score (CONUT) and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) on patients after spinal tuberculosis surgery
Authors: Cao Long-Yao , Cheng Si , Lin Lu , Chen Ming-Xin
Published: March 2022

Background: The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and prognostic nutrition index (PNI) are immune-nutritional biomarkers that are related to clinical prognosis. Previous studies have reported using them to predict the prognosis of traumatic brain injury, tumours and other diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the PNI and CONUT score and the one-year prognosis of patients with spinal tuberculosis (STB).Methods: In this study, the clinical characteristics of 80 patients with STB who underwent debridement and internal fixation at our institution between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, patients were divided into two groups: a high CONUT group and a low CONUT group. Patients were also divided into a high PNI group and a low PNI group. One-year postoperative prognosis was evaluated by the clinical cure standard.Results: Patients in the favourable group were younger and had a lower rate of pneumonia and urinary tract infection, higher PNI and lower CONUT score than those in the favourable group (P < 0.05). There was an obvious correlation between the PNI and CONUT score (r =-0.884, P < 0.05). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the CONUT score and PNI for predicting unfavourable prognosis were 0.888 (95% CI: 0.808-0.943, P < 0.001) and 0.896 (95% CI: 0.818-0.949, P < 0.001), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of the CONUT score and PNI for predicting unfavourable outcomes were 2.583 (95% CI: 1.599-4.171, P < 0.001) and 0.680 (95% CI: 0.558-0.828, P < 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: Higher CONUT scores and a lower PNI were associated with adverse outcomes in patients with spinal tuberculosis, and the CONUT score and PNI might be independent predictors of adverse outcomes of spinal tuberculosis postoperatively.
Effects of biochar amount on NH3 volatilization in summer maize fields under different irrigation conditions
Authors: Xue Jianwen , Pang Guibin , Cong Xin , Fu Yurong , Feng Yanming , Pan Weiyan , Xu Zhenghe
Published: March 2022

NH3 from farmland has serious impacts on human health and ecosystems. To reduce NH3 volatilization and increase yield, biochar is applied. A field experiment was carried out to study NH3 volatilization loss, and summer maize yield was analysed under different irrigation schemes with different amounts of biochar. Two irrigation schemes, I1 (67.5 mm) and I2 (121.5 mm), were set up according to the irrigation habits of local producers. Three biochar application rates were selected: C1 (0 t ha-1), C2 (20 t ha-1) and C3 (40 t ha-1). The relationship between NH3 volatilization and influencing factors, including NH4+-N concentration, NO3--N concentration, pH in the 0~20 cm soil layer and temperature, was investigated. The results showed that the yield significantly (p<0.05) increased by 17.27%~46.67% after applying biochar. Compared with C1, NH3 volatilization significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 28.98%~31.63% in C2, while that in C3 significantly (p<0.05) increased by 22.64%~73.87%. The effects of biochar on NH3 volatilization were consistent under different irrigation conditions. Compared to I1, I2 not only increased the yield of summer corn but also increased the risk of NH3 volatilization and leaching. NH3 volatilization was positively correlated with NH4+-N concentration, pH and temperature, but it was negatively correlated with NO3--N concentration. These results suggest that the optimal application amount of biochar for summer maize ranges from 14.59 t ha-1 to 17.19 t ha-1 in the study area.
Determinants of Time to First Birth among women in Ethiopia using Cox Proportional Hazards Model
Authors: Mitiku Yihenew , Gaulu Molalign
Published: March 2022

Background
The age of first birth corresponds to the age of the mother giving birth to the first child. The study aims at access the determinants of timing to age at first birth among Ethiopian women.
Methods
The data for this study was extracted from the published reports of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The study used15, 683 women aged 15–49 years from nine regions and two city administrations. Cox Proportional hazards model was used for identifying factors associated with age at first birth.
Results
The median time of age at first birth for Ethiopian women was22 years with 95% CI; (21.82, 22.18). Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards Model shows that region, place of residence, education, wealth index, religion, work status, age at first marriage, age at first sex, and use of contraceptives have significant effects on the age at first birth at 5% level of significance. From region category, Amhara region (p-value = 0.398), Benishangul Gumuz(p-value = 0.112) Region, and Gambella region(p-value = 0.062) were not significant at 5% level of significance.
Conclusions
The age at first birth was positively correlated with the age at first sexual intercourse. A woman who has sexual intercourse much earlier gives birth earlier than a woman who is late for first intercourse.
Detecting Overlapping Communities In Complex Networks Using Non-Cooperative Games
Authors: Ferdowsi Farhad , Samani Keivan Aghababaei
Published: March 2022

Detecting communities in complex networks is of paramount importance, and its wide range of real-life applications in various areas has caused a lot of attention to be paid to it, and many efforts have been made to have efficient and accurate algorithms for this purpose. In this paper, we proposed a non-cooperative game theoretic-based algorithm that is able to detect overlapping communities. In this algorithm, nodes are regarded as players, and communities are assumed to be groups of players with similar strategies. Our two-phase algorithm detects communities and the overlapping nodes in separate phases that, while increasing the accuracy, especially in detecting overlapping nodes, brings about higher algorithm speed. Moreover, there is no need for setting parameters regarding the size or number of communities, and the absence of any stochastic process caused this algorithm to be stable. By appropriately adjusting stop criteria, our algorithm can be categorized among those with linear time complexity, making it highly scalable for large networks. Experiments on synthetic and real-world networks demonstrate our algorithm's good performance compared to similar algorithms in terms of detected overlapping nodes, detected communities size distribution, modularity, and normalized mutual information.
Posaconazole for secondary antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients: a retrospective study
Authors: Ye Peipei , Pei Renzhi , Hu Youqian , Chen Dong , Li Shuangyue , Cao Junjie , Li Fenglin , Wu Mengjie , Fang Ying , Lu Ying
Published: March 2022

Background
There is no consensus on the optimal secondary antifungal prophylaxis (SAP) regimen in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of posaconazole in the secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in patients with allo-HSCT.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from prior IFD patients who received posaconazole as systemic antifungal prophylaxis between June 2016 and January 2021, with a follow-up period of 1 year after HSCT. The clinical outcomes of patients with a history of IFD (n = 30) and those without IFD (n = 93) were compared.
Results
The 1-year cumulative incidence of prophylaxis failure was 44.1% in the group without prior IFD and 50.0% in the group with a past history of IFD (p = 0.470). The cumulative incidence of confirmed, probable or possible IFD within 1 year after allo-HSCT was 15.4% in the group without prior IFD and 25.9% in the group with a past history of IFD (p = 0.148). Two risk factors for the develop of post-transplantation IFD of posaconazole prophylaxis were found, namely, cytomegalovirus disease and steroid treatment for more than 90 days after transplantation. A similar overall survival can be achieved between patients with a prior IFD and those free from a history of IFD.
Conclusions
Posaconazole appears to be a viable alternative to SAP in appropriately selected patients for allo-HSCT.
An Efficient Five-lncRNA Signature for Lung Adenocarcinoma Prognosis and Its Overall Survival Prediction
Authors: Liang Jiali , Jin Weifeng , Xu Huaping
Published: March 2022

Background
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a sex-biased and easily metastatic malignant disease. A signature based on 5 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been established to promote the overall survival (OS) prediction effect on LUAD.
Methods
The RNA expression profiles of LUAD patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. OS-associated lncRNAs were identified based on the differential expression analysis between LUAD and normal samples followed by survival analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Prognostic lncRNA with sex dimorphism was determined based on the analysis of expression between men and women. Functional enrichment analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways was performed to explore the possible mechanisms of 5-lncRNA signatures.
Results
A 5-lncRNA signature (composed of AC068228.1, SATB2-AS1, LINC01843, AC026355.1, and AL606489.1) was found to be effective in predicting high-risk LUAD patients as well as applicable to female and male subgroups and < 65-year and ≥ 65-year age subgroups. The forecasted effect of the 5-lncRNA signature was more efficient and stable than the TNM stage and other clinical risk factors (such as sex and age). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the mRNA co-expressed with these five OS-related lncRNAs was associated with RNA regulation within the nucleus. AL606489.1 demonstrated a sexual dimorphism that may be associated with microtubule activity.
Conclusion
Our 5-lncRNA signature could efficaciously predict the OS of LUAD patients. AL606489.1 demonstrated gender dimorphism, which provides a new direction for mechanistic studies on sexual dimorphism.
Banking sector performance and green growth in China: do education and eco-innovation matter?
Authors: Yin Guanhai , Fang Yanhong , ullah Sana , Shair Waqas
Published: March 2022

China’s rapid green growth has resulted in banking sector performance, human capital, and green innovation. This study examines the effect of banking sector performance, education, and green innovation on green growth based in China from 1996 to 2020 by using ARDL. Findings show that banking sector performance (such as market capitalization and banks assets) has significantly enhanced green growth in long-run. The results reveal that education and green innovation foster green growth in China in long-run. We also find short-run market capitalization and education positive effects in green growth. Moreover, in short-run and long-run, trade and renewable energy consumption have a positive effect on green growth. Our empirical consequences provide vital policy implications for promoting green growth in China.
Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures Using a Cemented K-Wire Frame
Authors: Liu Ning , Meng Hongyu , Xu Bin , Xu Yi , Niu Haiyun , Sun Donglei
Published: March 2022

Background: This retrospective study introduced an alternative treatment of types A2, A3, and B1 distal radius fractures using percutaneous pinning with cemented K-wire frame. Methods: From January 2017 to January 2020, 78 patients with distal radius fractures were treated with percutaneous pinning and cemented K-wire frame. There were 14 male patients and 4 female patients. There were types A2 (n=10), A3 (n=46), and B1 (n=22) fractures. X-rays were taken immediately after surgery and after bone healing. Wrist function was assessed with Mayo Wrist Score to assess wrist function (90–100, excellent; 80–90, good; 60–80, satisfactory; below 60, poor). Patient satisfaction on the upper limb was assessed using the 10-cm visual analog scale. Results: The data showed the fragments were kept in place without significant redisplacment (P>0.05). No wire loosening was found. All K-wires were kept in place without bone lessening. Fixation failure or osteomyelitis was not observed in this series. Bone healing was achieved in all patients at a mean of 4.5 months (range, 4 to 8 months). Follow-ups lasted for a mean of 27 months (range, 24 to 33 months). The mean score of wrist function was 97 (range, 91 to 100), including 66 excellent and 12 good results. The mean patient satisfaction was 10 cm (range, 8 to 10 cm).Conclusions: Percutaneous pinning with cemented K-wire frame is a safe and preferred choice for the treatment of types A2, A3, and B1 distal radius fractures. The frame provides support to prevent wire migration. The fixation is a minimally invasive technique that is easy to perform. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IVa.
Predicting Ionospheric Precursors Before Large Earthquakes Using Neural Network Computing and the Potential Development of an Earthquake Early Warning System
Authors: Lin Jyh-Woei
Published: March 2022

Total electron content (TEC) precursors of the Chi-Chi Earthquake, which occurred in Taiwan at 01:47:15 on September 21, 1999 (Taiwan Standard Time, TST), with its epicenter at 23.85° N and 120.82° E, a Richter magnitude (ML) of 7.3 (a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.6), and a focal depth of 8.00 km, were detected 1, 3, and 4 days before the earthquake using two backpropagation neural network (BPNN) models. These results are consistent with the analysis results of Liu et al. (2001) and Lin (2010). Another TEC precursor was detected on May 13, 2003 (TST), 2 days before the earthquake on May 15, 2003 (TST), with an ML of 5.21. The two BPNN models were to be verified for stability and reliability after performing cross-validation and evaluating the variance in the learning process. For this, the result of the analyzed method can serve as a real-time TEC predicted system for giving any future time as inputs of the two BPNN models. Hence, an earthquake early warning (EEW) system is performable.
Low-dose biological adverse effects assessment in vitro and in vivo to heterocyclic aromatic amines and aldehydes from cooking oil fumes
Authors: Li Shuangde , Wang Li , Guan Shanyue , Zhou Shuyun , Chen Yunfa
Published: March 2022

Cooking oil fumes (COFs) represent a major indoor environmental pollutant and exhibit potent mutagenic or carcinogenic health effects caused by containing various heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and long-chain aldehydes. Despite some evaluation of the relationship between cumulative exposure to COFs and lung cancer, mainly focused on high concentration exposure to cancer cells, and cell damage of HAAs and aldehydes with low dose exposure to healthy cells has been unadequately investigated. Herein, we have firstly scrutinized the toxicity of these three typical compounds of HAAs and aldehyde emission from COFs, which includes heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 3,8-dimethylammidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-amine (MeIQx) and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (TDA)) to both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments revealed that the PhIP, MeIQx and TDA aerosol particles had negligible toxicity to cancer cells (A549 and HepG-2) but strong cytotoxicity to normal healthy cells (HelF and L02) under 0.5-4 µg/mL low dose exposure based on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanism. Furthermore, the in vivo data demonstrate that PhIP causes significant damage to the lung and liver after monitoring mice after 30 days of exposure to a larger amount of PhIP. These results indicate direct proof of COFs damage even at low exposure to HAAs and aldehydes.
Customer Engagement in Online Brand Communities (OBCs): A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Rao Kunja Sambashiva , Nawaz Nishad , Rahiman Habeeb Ur
Published: March 2022

With the advancement in technology and convenience of social media, the customers and marketers' adoption and use of online brand communities have extensively increased. Customer engagement in social media brand communities has become an emerging research topic in the marketing area that has recently brought attention to researchers. The present study conducted bibliometric analysis to evaluate the current level of research has been conducted on the concept of customer engagement in online brand communities. The study has extracted the data from the Scopus database. The study identified 174 relevant research papers, and data was analysed with the help of a bibliometric tool called Bibliometrix. The study has presented significant findings and given some future research directions.
Temporal and spatial variability of dynamic microstate brain-network in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chu Chunguang , Wang Jiang , Zhang Zhen , Li Zhen , Shen Xiao , Han Xiaoxuan , Bai Lipeng , Zhu Xiaodong , Liu Chen
Published: March 2022

The spatiotemporal microstate attributes reflecting motor impairment and cognitive decline exist in early Parkinson’s disease (PD), which are derived from the unknown variation of brain network dynamics underlying each microstate class. To understand the dynamic neural underpinnings of different degree of motor impairment and cognitive decline associated with early PD patients, an improved data-driven brain network analysis based on microstate exploration, was proposed to pinpoint the network dynamical features at local region and global brain levels. The further exploration was to reveal the relation between regional variability and cerebral dysfunction in early PD. We have found the temporal variability of microstate B network in early PD was abnormally increased, and it was mainly distributed in left prefrontal, parietal, and occipital lobe. Comparatively, the temporal variability of microstate C network in early PD was significantly decreased, and it was mainly distributed in frontal and left occipital lobe. In microstate C network, the temporal variability of frontal lobe indicated the cognitive level of early PD patients. In addition, the spatial variability of microstate D network in early PD was significantly decreased, and it was mainly distributed in left prefrontal, bilateral temporal, and left-right parietal lobe. In microstate D network, the abnormal spatial variability of left temporal and right parietal lobe reflected the cognitive and motor impairment of early PD, respectively. Our approach provides innovative methodological support for future research on brain network dynamics, and provides insights into the spatiotemporal interaction patterns of brain activity and their variabilities in early PD.
Effects Of The Organic Fertilizers On Growth，Photosynthetic Characteristics And Water Use Of Pear-Jujube In The Loess Plateau
Authors: Ye Shenglan , Peng Biao , Liu Tiancheng
Published: March 2022

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizer application on growth, water use efficiency and nutritional quality of pear-jujube in the Loess Plateau. The results show that compared with the no fertilizer (CK), the bearing branch, leaf area and chlorophyll contents of different fertilizer treatments are significantly different (P<0.05), and the jujube hanging and leaf area under the soybean cake fertilizer(SC) treatment are 20.17 cm and 1246 mm2/leaf which are increased by 34% and 44.46% respectively. Compared with the CK the leaf area index (LAI) and density of canopy light interception of each treatment are significantly different (P<0.05) and the order is biogas manure (BM)>chemical fertilizer (CF)> sheep manure (SM) > soybean cake fertilizer (SC) >CK. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) are improved, and the maxima of Pn and Gs are 22.38 μmol/(m2.s) and 0.5014 mmol/(m2.s) respectively under the BM treatment. The instantaneous water use efficiency of SC is up to 3.30% under the different fertilization which is increased by 1.29 percent point compared with the CK. The soil water content of the SC treatment is increased significantly under all organic fertilization. The yields are all increased significantly, and the yields are increased by 138.52%, 49.57% and 75.90% under the soybean cake fertilizer, sheep manure and biogas manure respectively. The nutritional quality of fruit is increased significantly. The water content of the SC treatment is increased significantly by 9.15 percent point compared with the CK. The nutritive indexes such as total soluble solids (TSS)，total soluble solids/titrable acids (TSS/TA) , vitamin C and total flavones are increased compare with the CK, and the TA contents are BM>CF>SM>SC>CK. In general, the organic fertilization can effectively promotes the growth, development, yield and fruit quality of pear-jujube in the Loess Plateau and the effect of the soybean cake fertilizer is the most significant.
Distal Femur Morphological Alteration After Early Patellar Dislocation in Growing Rabbits
Authors: Li Weifeng , Wang Qian , Wang Haiying , Wang Shunyi
Published: March 2022

Background
The morphology of the femoral trochlear and patella have been well investigated after patellar dislocation; however, to date, the effects of patellar dislocation on the development of the distal femur remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether early patellar dislocation lead to the alterations of distal femur in immature rabbits.
Methods
30 rabbits (28-day-old) were included in the study. The experimental group comprised 30 left knees which underwent the surgery-induced lateral patellar dislocation. The control group consisted of 30 right knees, which did not undergo surgical procedures. Computed Tomography (CT) scan (fexion 0°) was performed immediately after surgery and 5 months post surgery. The width, thickness, lateral angle and medial angle of the distal femur were measured and evaluated between the two groups.
Results
The width, thickness, lateral angle and medial angle of the distal femur were not significantly different between the two groups after surgery. However, 5 months post-operatively, the width in the experimental group (11.50 ± 0.43 mm) and control Group (9.75 ± 0.32 mm) were significantly different (P < 0.05). The lateral angle of the distal femur was 44.5 ± 4.8° and 52.3 ± 3.6° in the experimental group and control Group, respectively (P < 0.05). The medial angle of the distal femur was found statistically difference in the experimental group (46.8 ± 4.6°) versus the control group (38.3 ± 3.8°) (P < 0.05). But the thickness of the distal femur were not significantly different between the experimental group and the control group.
Conclusion
From the study, the shape of the distal femoral section became sharp and triangular after early patellar dislocation, indicating that early patellar dislocation might lead to distal femoral dysplasia.
Exploration Of Interpretability Techniques For Deep COVID-19 Classification Using Chest X-Ray Images
Authors: Chatterjee Soumick , Saad Fatima , Sarasaen Chompunuch , Ghosh Suhita , Khatun Rupali , Radeva Petia , Rose Georg , Stober Sebastian , Speck Oliver , Nürnberger Andreas
Published: March 2022

The outbreak of COVID-19 has shocked the entire world with its fairly rapid spread and has challenged different sectors. One of the most effective ways to limit its spread is the early and accurate diagnosis of infected patients. Medical imaging such as X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) combined with the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an essential role in supporting the medical staff in the diagnosis process. Thereby, five different deep learning models (ResNet18, ResNet34, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and DenseNet161) and their Ensemble have been used in this paper, to classify COVID-19, pneumoniae and healthy subjects using Chest X-Ray images. Multi-label classification was performed to predict multiple pathologies for each patient, if present. Foremost, the interpretability of each of the networks was thoroughly studied using techniques like occlusion, saliency, input X gradient, guided backpropagation, integrated gradients, and DeepLIFT. The mean Micro-F1 score of the models for COVID-19 classifications ranges from 0.66 to 0.875, and is 0.89 for the Ensemble of the network models. The qualitative results depicted the ResNets to be the most interpretable models.
A Real-world Big Data Study Evaluating Glucose Levels by Sex and Age Among Healthy Children
Authors: Ziv Carmit Avnon , Banon Tamar , Tov Amir Ben , Chodick Gabriel , Gabay Linoy , Auerbach Adi , Hirsch Harry J. , Khademi Floris Levy
Published: March 2022

Purpose: To assess the distribution of glucose levels by age and sex in healthy children using a large-scale population-based cohort.Methods: A retrospective study with real-world de-identified data from a large, state mandated health fund in Israel among healthy children aged 2 to 18 years old between 2006 and 2019. Age, sex, and BMI differences in mean glucose levels were evaluated using 3-way Anova.Results: Study included 130,170 blood samples from 117,411 children, 53.3% were female. After adjusting for ager boys had higher glucose levels than girls, with a mean of 89.21 ±8.66 mg/dL vs. 87.59 ±8.35 (p<0.001). Compared to the 15 to 18 year-olds (88.49 mg/dl ±7.63), 2 to 5 year-olds had lower glucose levels (84.19 ±10.65, (p<0.001)), 11 to 14 year-olds had higher glucose (90.40 ±7.42 (p<0.001)) and 6 to 10 year-olds showed no difference (88.45 ±8.25). Among our cohort, 33.0% (n=42,991) had a BMI percentile record the same year as their glucose test result. There was a weak yet significant positive association between blood glucose levels and BMI (Pearson coefficient <0.1).Conclusions: Our large cohort indicates that boys have higher glucose levels than girls, as do adolescents compared to younger children. This finding is important for the delivery of adequate health care, screening for illness and avoiding unnecessary investigations and tests.
Prognostic Value of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhou Zhihao , Li Guanghua , Wang Zhixiong , Huang Jiahua , Wang Zhao
Published: March 2022

Background: Since Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNAs (EBER) has become the standard for detection of EBV, the prognostic role of EBV infection in gastric cancer (GC) remains controversial. The main aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the correlation between EBV infection and the prognosis of GC.Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify eligible studies to review up to June 23,2021. Pooled hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the fixed effects model or random-effects model for overall survival (OS). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also performed, and publication bias was assessed by using Stata 14.0.Results: 35 studies comprising 26163 patients with GC were included in this meta-analysis. After pooling all studies, EBV-positive patients were noted to have better OS than EBV-negative patients (HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.84, P < 0.001), though with high heterogeneity (I2: 51.7%). In subgroup analysis, similar conclusion can be drawn for patients in Asian and American, while for patients in Europe EBV infection is not a prognostic indicator. Apart from that, studies conducted in Asia and Europe, statistical method of multivariate analysis, high quality score, all had significant heterogeneity. Pooled data based on sensitivity analyses did not change the conclusion.Conclusions: EBV infection was associated with better OS in patients with GC. These results differed between studies due to differences in region, which need further study to clarify its prognostic significance.Prospero registration number: CRD42021262332.
m 7 G methylation for Overall Survival Prediction in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Niu Yumeng , Li Xiangwei , Wang Yuxuan , Long Xiaomao , Zhou Yifan , Liu Songtao , Lei Tao , Bin Shen
Published: March 2022

Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high heterogeneity and poor prognosis. m7G methylation have been widely confirmed as a major mechanism for tumor initiation and progression and affecting implications for regulation and tumorigenesis. Therefore, discussions on m7G methylation would demonstrate the value of discussions.
Method
In this study, we downloaded the mRNA expression profifiles and corresponding clinical data of HCC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model was utilized to construct m7G methylation’gene signature. Based on these, we established the nomograms for prognosis prediction and validated the model in the GSE72094 dataset. The cell type was identifified using the CIBERSORT algorithm for estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts, which was then used to screen signifificant tumor immune-infifiltrating cells associated with the HCC prognosis prediction model.
Results
The univariate COX regression analysis showed that 15 genes were associated with the overall survival (OS) as prognostic differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR < 0.05). Patients were divided into two risk groups using a 6-gene signature, with the highrisk group having a signifificantly worse OS than their low-risk counterparts (p < 0.001). We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to confifirm the predictive capacity of the signature.
Conclusion
Final results shows a novel m7G methylationgene signature can be used for prognostic prediction in HCC. Targeting m7G could become an option for the treatment of HCC.