bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bye, Lilian
Authors: Bjørknes Ragnhild , Skedsmo Nilsen Hanne Synnøve
Published: January 2022

Lilian Bye (1906–1977) was a developer of social work education as an applied academic discipline in Norway. She was the leader of establishing the first academic education for social workers in Norway. She was the principal at the school of social work in Trondheim from 1962, and during her time she established the first master’s in social work degree. Bye was a pioneer in academic education for social workers in Norway. Her work included clinical practices, publications, teaching, and leading social work education.
Introduction
Authors: Keymer Tom
Published: January 2022

‘Introduction’ provides an overview of Jane Austen and her works. Today, Austen is one of the most securely established literary classics in English. One explanation for Austen’s global popularity lies in her capacity to speak directly to readers navigating elaborate social conventions or rule-bound environments. By focusing in most of her novels on heroines who occupy positions of socioeconomic disadvantage in relation to those around them, and on the difficulties presented to them by the assumptions, conventions, and practices of their worlds, Austen converts courtship fiction to purposes more critical than those of mere fantasy or celebration. Indeed, it is hard to read Austen without sensing the satirical charge that animates her fiction throughout. She is not a radical novelist like Mary Wollstonecraft or William Godwin; more interestingly, she is a novelist in whom an implicitly Tory world-view is frequently interrogated or disrupted by destabilizing ironies and irruptions of satirical energy that are no less real for the elegance and wit of their expression.
Behaviourism
Authors: Montero Barbara Gail
Published: January 2022

‘Behaviourism’ looks at the view that mental states—beliefs, desires, emotions, and so forth—are merely sets of behaviours. What is the motivation for and feasibility of the view? Gilbert Ryle criticised Cartesian dualism, which is based on the idea that dualists are making a ‘category mistake’. He put forward his own behaviouristic theory of mind. Behaviourism avoids ‘the problem of other minds’. If the mind is behaviour, it is clear that other people have minds, but if the mind is an inner experience, then the only person who can be certain of having a mind is the person having the experience. Behaviourism has a number of theories relating to intelligence and conceptions of dispositions.
2. Euclidean geometry
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: January 2022

‘Euclidean geometry’ talks about the cultures that grew up in the arid region of Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC that needed to find geometrical solutions to their problems. Dividing and surveying the land after periodic floods relied on measuring distances and computing areas. Euclidean geometry forms geometric intuition that gives an accurate description of the space of land. Euclid of Alexandria put geometry in a logical framework and used axioms to define complicated objects such as triangles. The theorems are logical consequences of axioms that take a long time to prove.
5. Projective geometry
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: January 2022

‘Projective geometry’ focuses on the points in projective geometry that are added to the Euclidean plane and are regarded on an equal footing with all other points. In Euclidean geometry two lines intersect at a unique point unless they are parallel, while the parallel lines from the projective perspective intersect at one of the points at infinity. The Renaissance painting of Canaletto depicts three-dimensional space and distortion of the Euclidean geometric proportions. The discovery of perspective led the Renaissance artists to seek geometric schemes that enable them to represent three-dimensional space. The key concept underlying the perspective drawing is the projection.
Single Plasma Unit Transfusions in Adults Are Either Unnecessary or Underdosed
Authors: Drake Rosanna , Jackson Bryon P , Murphy Colin H
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Previous studies of blood product use have shown higher inappropriate use of plasma compared with other products. Given typical weight-based dosing of plasma, we hypothesized that single plasma transfusions in adults would either be a nontherapeutic dose or outside clinical guidelines.

Methods

A single-center, retrospective review of nonoperative, nonapheresis plasma use was conducted from January 2020 to April 2020. Plasma transfusions were reviewed for compliance with clinical guidelines formulated at our institution as well as national and society guidelines.

Results

During the study period, 313 units of plasma were transfused. Of these, 152 (48.6%) were given against institutional or national guidelines, 126 plasma units (40.3%) were transfused as single units, and 187 (59.7%) were given as part of multiple-unit transfusions. All single-unit plasma transfusions during the study period were either underdosed or outside clinical guidelines. Units transfused with an indication of “Other” were significantly more likely to be outside clinical guidelines.

Conclusions

Nonoperative, nonapheresis plasma use is often outside clinical guidelines. Single-unit plasma transfusions in adults are a potential target for patient blood management programs seeking to minimize unnecessary plasma use.
Development and implementation of a pharmacist-led telehealth medication management program for veterans receiving oral antineoplastic therapies through the MISSION Act
Authors: Passey Deborah , Healy Regan , Qualls Joshua , Hamilton Clayton J , Tilley Elizabeth , Burningham Zach , Sauer Brian , Halwani Ahmad
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Veterans prescribed oral antineoplastic therapies (OATs) by community providers outside the Veterans Health Administration (VA) may lack access to comprehensive medication management. To address this, our multidisciplinary team developed and implemented a pharmacist-led telehealth medication management program for veterans prescribed OATs by community providers.

The program exclusively uses telehealth to connect veterans with a dedicated board-certified clinical oncology pharmacist who provides comprehensive medication management. The program is based on established pharmacy models found in the research literature. We developed a standard operating procedure, communication templates, patient education materials, and a suite of health information technology tools to help streamline pharmacy processes. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to design implementation strategies to promote the adoption of the program. In the first year, 64 veterans from 3 VA medical centers were enrolled in the program. The oncology clinical pharmacist performed 342 encounters and 101 interventions. The program saved an estimated $200,724 in medication-related costs. The veterans we surveyed reported high levels of satisfaction with the pharmacy services provided by the program.

Conclusion

The delivery of comprehensive medication management through telehealth is feasible from a healthcare system perspective and beneficial for patients. The board-certified oncology clinical pharmacist provided remote pharmacy services to Veterans across three sites in a large and rural service area for the VA. The program realized several benefits, including positive clinical outcomes, high levels of patient satisfaction, and cost savings on medication-related costs.
The Black Situation: Notes on Black Critical Theory Now
Authors: Reed Anthony
Published: January 2022

This essay argues that what some critics have dubbed an ontological turn in Black critical theory—the tendency to theorize racial antagonisms in general and antiblackness in particular as a function of the “being” of the West—reflects a more general pessimism endemic to our historical moment. That pessimism has been catalyzed by the collapse of meaningful alternatives in the postcolonial, post-communist moment, which results in occluded or obscured pathways to collective striving and worldmaking. One important response to the ontological turn has seen critics turn to Black culture to highlight peculiar modes of subjectivity shaped, but not defined by, ongoing racial antagonism. As Black particularity in this account remains implicit or intuitive, insofar as Black particularity remains a given rather than theorized, this tendency proves to be the other’s flipside rather than alternative. This essay concludes by proposing that rather than studying culture to understand Black life, one study Black life to understand cultural production. The titular “Black situation” is its term for historical materialist analysis attuned to the complex modalities through which racial antagonism appears in daily life as well as the compulsions that impede sovereign individual agency.
For the Record: Questioning Transcription Processes in Legal Contexts
Authors: Richardson Emma , Haworth Kate , Deamer Felicity
Published: January 2022

Written records of spoken interaction are typically assumed to be adequate for the purpose they serve, often receiving minimal scrutiny from the institutions which consume them. In this article, we scrutinize the current practices of capturing spoken interaction in legal contexts in England and Wales, and highlight some of the often serious legal consequences that result. We ask five questions of record keeping in legal settings: (i) Is the record produced an accurate representation of the spoken interaction?; (ii) Do lay and PPs have ownership? Answered by giving careful thought to the rights they may or may not have to their data; (iii) Who has agency, who’s ‘voice’ is represented in the recorded account?; (iv) Then, we ask how usable the record is; and (v) How resource efficient it is to produce and use. By asking these questions, we make visible the underlying assumptions about transcription adequacy—in doing so, we acknowledge and enable reflection on the process of capturing spoken interaction. We envisage this model to be applicable to a range of institutional settings.
Mouse Cre drivers: tools for studying disorders of the human female neuroendocrine-reproductive axis
Authors: Chemerinski Anat , Liu Chang , Morelli Sara S , Babwah Andy V , Douglas Nataki C
Published: January 2022

Benign disorders of the human female reproductive system, such primary ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with infertility and recurrent miscarriage, as well as increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. For many of these conditions, the contributing molecular and cellular processes are poorly understood. The overarching similarities between mice and humans have rendered mouse models irreplaceable in understanding normal physiology and elucidating pathological processes that underlie disorders of the female reproductive system. The utilization of Cre-LoxP recombination technology, which allows for spatial and temporal control of gene expression, has identified the role of numerous genes in development of the female reproductive system and in processes, such as ovulation and endometrial decidualization, that are required for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of Cre drivers with activity in the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis that have been used to study disruptions in key intracellular signaling pathways. We first summarize normal development of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and uterus, highlighting similarities and differences between mice and humans. We then describe human conditions resulting from abnormal development and/or function of the organ. Finally, we describe loss-of-function models for each Cre driver that elegantly recapitulate some key features of the human condition and are associated with impaired fertility. The examples we provide illustrate use of each Cre driver as a tool for elucidating genetic and molecular underpinnings of reproductive dysfunction.
Mercury impairs human primary endometrial stromal cell function
Authors: Palomar Andrea , González-Martín Roberto , Pérez-Debén Silvia , Medina-Laver Yassmin , Quiñonero Alicia , Domínguez Francisco
Published: January 2022

Heavy metal exposures could compromise endometrial cells. Although studies assessed mercury toxicity in cell lines, limited data are available on the concentration of mercury that damage human endometrial stromal cells (hEnSCs) and alter endometrial function. This research aims to study the effects of mercury exposure on cell viability and functional features of hEnSCs. Primary hEnSCs were isolated from 23 endometrial biopsies obtained from healthy donors. After in vitro mercury exposure cell viability of hEnSCs was evaluated via tetrazolium salt metabolism and oxidative stress was assessed by 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. hEnSCs were decidualized in vitro in the presence of mercury (0, 25, 50, 75, 250, and 350 nM). Decidualization was evaluated based on prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP1) secretion and cytoskeletal rearrangement (F-actin staining). Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by Ki67 immunostaining and TUNEL assay. Mercury doses of 250 nM (P = 0.028) and 500 nM (P = 0.026) increased reactive oxygen species production in hEnSCs after 24 h. Cell viability significantly decreased after 48 h and 72 h (P < 0.05) of mercury exposure at 500 nM. After in vitro decidualization and mercury treatment, decidual hEnSCs showed a dose-dependent decrease in prolactin and IGFBP1 secretion, particularly at 350 nM (P = 0.016). Cell proliferation was decreased in hEnSCs treated with 350 nM mercury (P < 0.001); an increase in apoptosis followed a dose-dependent trend in non-decidual and decidual hEnSCs. These findings support that mercury-induced damage could be due to an increase in ROS production.
Excessive follicle-stimulating hormone during ovarian stimulation of cattle may induce premature luteinization of most ovulatory-size follicles
Authors: Clark Zaramasina L , Karl Kaitlin R , Ruebel Meghan L , Latham Keith E , Ireland James J
Published: January 2022

High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) doses during ovarian stimulation are detrimental to ovulatory follicle function and decrease live birth rate in cattle and women. However, the mechanism whereby excessive FSH causes ovarian dysfunction is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that excessive FSH during ovarian stimulation induces premature luteinization of ovulatory-size follicles. Small ovarian reserve heifers were injected twice daily for 4 days with 70 IU (N = 7 heifers) or 210 IU (N = 6 heifers) Folltropin-V [commercial FSH-enriched preparation of porcine pituitary glands with minor (<1%) luteinizing hormone (LH) contamination, cpFSH]. Ovulatory-size (≥10 mm) follicles were excised from ovaries after the last cpFSH injection and hormone concentrations in follicular fluid (FF) were determined using ELISA. Luteinization was monitored by assessing cumulus cell–oocyte complex (COC) morphology and measuring concentrations of estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and oxytocin (O) in FF. COCs were classified as having compact (cCOC) or expanded (eCOC) cumulus cell layers, and as estrogen-active (E:P in FF ≥1), estrogen-inactive (EI, E:P in FF ≤1 > 0.1), or extreme-estrogen-inactive (EEI, E:P in FF ≤0.1). A high proportion (72%) of ovulatory-size follicles in 210 IU, but not 70 IU, dose heifers displayed eCOCs. The high doses also produced higher proportions of EI or EEI follicles which had lower E:P ratio and/or E but higher P and/or O concentrations compared with the 70 IU dose heifers. In conclusion, excessive cpFSH doses during ovarian stimulation may induce premature luteinization of most ovulatory-size follicles in heifers with small ovarian reserves.
Exploring human factors in the operating room: scoping review of training offerings for healthcare professionals
Authors: Lee Alex , Finstad Alexandra , Tipney Ben , Lamb Tyler , Rahman Alvi , Devenny Kirsten , Abou Khalil Jad , Kuziemsky Craig , Balaa Fady
Published: January 2022

Background

Human factors (HF) integration can improve patient safety in the operating room (OR), but the depth of current knowledge remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the content of HF training for the operative environment.

Methods

We searched six bibliographic databases for studies describing HF interventions for the OR. Skills taught were classified using the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors (CIEHF) framework, consisting of 67 knowledge areas belonging to five categories: psychology; people and systems; methods and tools; anatomy and physiology; and work environment.

Results

Of 1851 results, 28 studies were included, representing 27 unique interventions. HF training was mostly delivered to interdisciplinary groups (n = 19; 70 per cent) of surgeons (n = 16; 59 per cent), nurses (n = 15; 56 per cent), and postgraduate surgical trainees (n = 11; 41 per cent). Interactive methods (multimedia, simulation) were used for teaching in all studies. Of the CIEHF knowledge areas, all 27 interventions taught ‘behaviours and attitudes’ (psychology) and ‘team work’ (people and systems). Other skills included ‘communication’ (n = 25; 93 per cent), ‘situation awareness’ (n = 23; 85 per cent), and ‘leadership’ (n = 20; 74 per cent). Anatomy and physiology were taught by one intervention, while none taught knowledge areas under work environment.

Conclusion

Expanding HF education requires a broader inclusion of the entirety of sociotechnical factors such as contributions of the work environment, technology, and broader organizational culture on OR safety to a wider range of stakeholders.
Developmental maturation of causal signaling hubs in voluntary control of saccades and their functional controllability
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Ryali Srikanth , Cai Weidong , Supekar Kaustubh , Pasumarthy Ramkrishna , Padmanabhan Aarthi , Luna Bea , Menon Vinod
Published: January 2022

The ability to adaptively respond to behaviorally relevant cues in the environment, including voluntary control of automatic but inappropriate responses and deployment of a goal-relevant alternative response, undergoes significant maturation from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, the maturation of voluntary control processes influences the developmental trajectories of several key cognitive domains, including executive function and emotion regulation. Understanding the maturation of voluntary control is therefore of fundamental importance, but little is known about the underlying causal functional circuit mechanisms. Here, we use state-space and control-theoretic modeling to investigate the maturation of causal signaling mechanisms underlying voluntary control over saccades. We demonstrate that directed causal interactions in a canonical saccade network undergo significant maturation between childhood and adulthood. Crucially, we show that the frontal eye field (FEF) is an immature causal signaling hub in children during control over saccades. Using control-theoretic analysis, we then demonstrate that the saccade network is less controllable in children and that greater energy is required to drive FEF dynamics in children compared to adults. Our findings provide novel evidence that strengthening of causal signaling hubs and controllability of FEF are key mechanisms underlying age-related improvements in the ability to plan and execute voluntary control over saccades.
Episodic memory in aspects of brain information transfer by resting-state network topology
Authors: Yan Tianyi , Wang Gongshu , Wang Li , Liu Tiantian , Li Ting , Wang Luyao , Chen Duanduan , Funahashi Shintaro , Wu Jinglong , Wang Bin , Suo Dingjie
Published: January 2022

Cognitive functionality emerges due to neural interactions. The interregional signal interactions underlying episodic memory are a complex process. Thus, we need to quantify this process more accurately to understand how brain regions receive information from other regions. Studies suggest that resting-state functional connectivity (FC) conveys cognitive information; additionally, activity flow estimates the contribution of the source region to the activation pattern of the target region, thus decoding the cognitive information transfer. Therefore, we performed a combined analysis of task-evoked activation and resting-state FC voxel-wise by activity flow mapping to estimate the information transfer pattern of episodic memory. We found that the cinguloopercular (CON), frontoparietal (FPN) and default mode networks (DMNs) were the most recruited structures in information transfer. The patterns and functions of information transfer differed between encoding and retrieval. Furthermore, we found that information transfer was a better predictor of memory ability than previous methods. Additional analysis indicated that structural connectivity (SC) had a transportive role in information transfer. Finally, we present the information transfer mechanism of episodic memory from multiple neural perspectives. These findings suggest that information transfer is a better biological indicator that accurately describes signal communication in the brain and strongly influences the function of episodic memory.
The transition from invariant to action-dependent visual object representation in human dorsal pathway
Authors: He HuiXia , Zhuo Yan , He Sheng , Zhang Jiedong
Published: January 2022

The human brain can efficiently process action-related visual information, which supports our ability to quickly understand and learn others’ actions. The visual information of goal-directed action is extensively represented in the parietal and frontal cortex, but how actions and goal-objects are represented within this neural network is not fully understood. Specifically, which part of this dorsal network represents the identity of goal-objects? Is such goal-object information encoded at an abstract level or highly interactive with action representations? Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging with a large number of participants (n = 94) to investigate the neural representation of goal-objects and actions when participants viewed goal-directed action videos. Our results showed that the goal-directed action information could be decoded across much of the dorsal pathway, but in contrast, the invariant goal-object information independent of action was mainly localized in the early stage of dorsal pathway in parietal cortex rather than the down-stream areas of the parieto-frontal cortex. These results help us to understand the relationship between action and goal-object representations in the dorsal pathway, and the evolution of interactive representation of goal-objects and actions along the dorsal pathway during goal-directed action observation.
Continuous theta burst stimulation over left and right supramarginal gyri demonstrates their involvement in auditory feedback control of vocal production
Authors: Li Tingni , Zhu Xiaoxia , Wu Xiuqin , Gong Yulai , Jones Jeffery A , Liu Peng , Chang Yichen , Yan Nan , Chen Xi , Liu Hanjun
Published: January 2022

The supramarginal gyrus (SMG) has been implicated in auditory-motor integration for vocal production. However, whether the SMG is bilaterally or unilaterally involved in auditory feedback control of vocal production in a causal manner remains unclear. The present event-related potential (ERP) study investigated the causal roles of the left and right SMG to auditory-vocal integration using neuronavigated continuous theta burst stimulation (c-TBS). Twenty-four young adults produced sustained vowel phonations and heard their voice unexpectedly pitch-shifted by ±200 cents after receiving active or sham c-TBS over the left or right SMG. As compared to sham stimulation, c-TBS over the left or right SMG led to significantly smaller vocal compensations for pitch perturbations that were accompanied by smaller cortical P2 responses. Moreover, no significant differences were found in the vocal and ERP responses when comparing active c-TBS over the left vs. right SMG. These findings provide neurobehavioral evidence for a causal influence of both the left and right SMG on auditory feedback control of vocal production. Decreased vocal compensations paralleled by reduced P2 responses following c-TBS over the bilateral SMG support their roles for auditory-motor transformation in a bottom-up manner: receiving auditory feedback information and mediating vocal compensations for feedback errors.
Surveillance for Disseminated Gonococcal Infections, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs)—United States, 2015–2019
Authors: Weston Emily J , Heidenga Brooke L , Farley Monica M , Tunali Amy , D’Angelo Melissa Tobin , Moore Ashley , Workowski Kimberly , Raphael Brian H , Weinstock Hillard , Torrone Elizabeth
Published: January 2022

Background

Disseminated gonococcal infections (DGIs) are thought to be uncommon; surveillance is limited, and case reports are analyzed retrospectively or in case clusters. We describe the population-level burden of culture-confirmed DGIs through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) system.

Methods

During 2015–2016, retrospective surveillance was conducted among residents in 2 ABCs areas and prospectively in 3 ABCs areas during 2017–2019. A DGI case was defined as isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a normally sterile site. A case report form was completed for each case and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on available isolates.

Results

During 2015–2019, 77 DGI cases were identified (a rate of 0.13 cases per 100 000 population) and accounted for 0.06% of all reported gonorrhea cases in the 3 surveillance areas. Most DGI cases were male (64%), non-Hispanic Black (68%), and ranged from 16 to 67 years of age; blood (55%) and joint (40%) were the most common sterile sites. Among 29 isolates with AST results during 2017–2019, all were susceptible to ceftriaxone.

Conclusions

DGI is an infrequent complication of N gonorrhoeae; because it can quickly develop antimicrobial resistance, continued DGI surveillance, including monitoring trends in antimicrobial susceptibility, could help inform DGI treatment recommendations.
Prevalence and Correlates of Viral Load Suppression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug Resistance Among Children and Adolescents in South Rift Valley and Kisumu, Kenya
Authors: Tsikhutsu Isaac , Bii Margaret , Dear Nicole , Ganesan Kavitha , Kasembeli Alex , Sing’oei Valentine , Rombosia Kevin , Ochieng Christopher , Desai Priyanka , Wolfman Vanessa , Coakley Peter , Lee Elizabeth H , Hickey Patrick W , Livezey Jeffrey , Agaba Patricia
Published: January 2022

Background

Children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) face unique challenges, including poorer treatment outcomes, risk for drug-resistance mutations (HIVDRMs), and limited drug formulations. We estimated viral suppression (VS) prevalence and evaluated predictors of VS and HIVDRMs in Kenya.

Methods

From 2018–2020, CALHIV 1–19 years on antiretroviral therapy (ART) >6 months were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Participants underwent viral load (VL) testing; those with VL ≥1000 copies/mL had HIVDRM testing. Sociodemographic questionnaires and medical record abstraction were completed. VS prevalence (VL <1000 copies/mL) was estimated; robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for associations between potential predictors of VS.

Results

Nine hundred and sixty-nine participants were enrolled. VS prevalence was .80 (95% CI: .78–.83). Being on ART >24 months (adjusted PR [aPR]: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.06–1.41), an integrase strand transfer inhibitor–containing regimen (1.13; 1.02–1.26), and attending a level 3 health facility (1.23; 1.11–1.36) were associated with VS. Missing ≥3 doses of ART in the past month (aPR: .73; 95% CI: .58–.92), having a viremic mother with HIV (.72; .53–.98), and having 3–7 (.90; .83–.97), 8–13 (.89; .82–.97), or ≥14 (.84; .77–.92) compared with <2 adherence counseling referrals were inversely associated with VS. A high proportion (n = 119, 81.5%) of unsuppressed participants had evidence of any major HIVDRM.

Conclusions

HIV treatment programs should target interventions for pediatric patients at risk for treatment failure—namely, those with a caregiver with failed VS and those struggling with adherence.
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Yamaoka Mai , Banshodani Masataka , Muraoka Shiro , Tanaka Kenta , Kimura Ayaka , Tani Hiroki , Hashimoto Shinji , Shiraki Nobuaki , Shintaku Sadanori , Moriishi Misaki , Tsuchiya Shinichiro , Masaki Takao , Kawanishi Hideki
Published: January 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a fatal complication in the general population. However, there are few reports on CAPA in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD).

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at a single center between December 2020 and June 2021. We enrolled 21 HD patients with COVID-19 undergoing treatment and divided them into two groups, CAPA and non-CAPA (COVID-19 with and without pulmonary aspergillosis), and evaluated their characteristics, clinical outcomes and comorbidities.

Results

The log-rank test revealed that the 90-day survival rate after the initiation of treatment for COVID-19 was significantly lower in the CAPA (n = 6) than in the non-CAPA group (n = 15) (P = 0.0002), and the 90-day mortality rates were 66.6% and 0% in the CAPA and non-CAPA groups, respectively. In the CAPA group, four patients died due to respiratory failure (on Days 6 and 20), gastrointestinal bleeding (Day 8) and sepsis (Day 33); the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remained positive when they died. The remaining two patients survived and the negative conversion of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed on Days 10 and 15. The negative conversion of serum (1, 3)-β-d-glucan (BDG) was confirmed on Day 15 in one patient; the BDG remained positive on Day 64 in the other.

Conclusions

CAPA is a fatal complication in HD patients and the general population. Therefore, clinicians should consider the possibility of testing for CAPA in patients undergoing HD. Mycological workups may be helpful for the early detection of CAPA.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibition in polycystic kidney disease: fact or fiction
Authors: Afsar Baris , Afsar Rengin Elsurer , Demiray Atalay , Altay Sevval , Korkmaz Hakan , Yildiz Abdulmecit , Covic Adrian , Ortiz Alberto , Kanbay Mehmet
Published: January 2022

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent hereditary kidney disease. Recent evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of ADPKD is a complex web of abnormal cellular processes including altered cell signaling, disordered cell metabolism, impaired autophagy, increased apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Sodium–glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors (SGLTi) reduce body weight, blood pressure and blood glucose levels, have kidney and cardiovascular protective activity, and have been reported to decrease inflammation, increase autophagy and improve mitochondrial dysfunction. We now review results from preclinical studies on SGLTi for ADPKD identified through a systematic search of the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase and PubMed databases. Potential underlying mechanisms for the conflicting results reported as well as implications for clinical translation are discussed, as ADPKD patients were excluded from clinical trials exploring kidney protection by SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). However, they were not excluded from cardiovascular safety trials or trials for cardiovascular conditions. A post-hoc analysis of the kidney function trajectories and safety of SGLT2i in ADPKD patients enrolled in such trials may provide additional information. In conclusion, SGLT2i are cardio- and nephroprotective in diverse clinical situations. Currently, it is unclear whether ADPKD patients may benefit from SGLT2i in terms of kidney function preservation, and their safety in this population remains unexplored. We propose a roadmap to address this unmet clinical need.
Weekday and outcomes of elective cardiac surgery in the UK: a large retrospective database analysis
Authors: Fudulu Daniel Paul , Dimagli Arnaldo , Sinha Shubhra , Narayan Pradeep , Chan Jeremy , Dong Tim , Benedetto Umberto , Angelini Gianni Davide
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES

Several studies have shown worse outcomes in patients operated on later in the week. We tested this hypothesis in a large UK national audit database in elective patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery.

METHODS

We used a generalized additive model to evaluate the effect of the day of the week on the following postoperative outcomes: 30-day mortality, stroke, need for dialysis and return to theatre for bleeding. We have adjusted for the relevant European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II covariates, plus responsible consultant, hospital and year of operation and performed subgroup analysis for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures.

RESULTS

Out of 371 500 patients, 60 555 (16.3%) underwent AVR, 36 553 (9.8%) AVR plus CABG, 238 812 (64.3%) isolated CABG, 26 517 (7.1%) isolated mitral valve repair or replacement and 9063 (2.4%) mitral valve plus CABG. A total of 13 997 (3%) had surgery over the weekend. After covariate adjustment, we found no effect of day of surgery on mortality (P = 0.081), stroke (P = 0.137) and need for postop dialysis (P = 0.732). However, across all operations, there was evidence of a lower rate of return to theatre for bleeding/tamponade at the weekend (P = 0.039). In subgroup analysis of isolated CABG, the day of the week did not affect any outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

We found no effect of the day of the week on risk-adjusted short-term mortality, stroke, and the requirement for postoperative dialysis after elective cardiac surgery. Overall, the patients operated on during the weekdays were less likely to return to theatre for bleeding. In isolated CABG, the day of the week did not affect any outcomes.
Image quality assessment of three cone beam computed tomography scanners—an analysis of the visibility of anatomical landmarks
Authors: Baumann Elisa , Bornstein Michael M , Dalstra Michel , Verna Carlalberta , Dagassan-Berndt Dorothea C
Published: January 2022

Background/Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate large field of view (FoV) subjective image quality of three cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) machines to assess the threshold for reliable diagnostic perceptibility when lowering exposure settings.

Materials and methods

One entire cadaver’s head was scanned using three CBCT scanners. The largest available FoV of each device, imaging orthodontic relevant structures, was applied. CBCT datasets with different image quality based on standard to minimum scanning parameters were acquired. Five dentists evaluated the visibility of selected anatomical structures of the upper and lower jaw using a 5-point rating scale.

Results

Image quality depends on parameters such as a minimum voxel size of 0.2 to 0.4mm or a minimum of 4mA. A reduction in number of images (scanning protocol) reduces image quality. Visualization of different anatomical structures for orthodontic treatment planning requires distinct scanning protocols to support adequate perception of these structures.

Limitations

This study does not account for the evaluation of paediatric anatomical structures due to the availability of cadaver’s head.

Conclusions

CBCT scans performed for orthodontic purposes using a large FoV with reduced parameters (400 µm, 2 to 4 mA and low dose protocols) are acceptable for visualization of large anatomical structures. Further lowering these parameters will not be sufficient to view small anatomical structures. Orthodontic indications will have to define specific anatomical structures to choose adequate scanning protocols to reduce dose and ensure reliable diagnostic visibility.
Chronological age range estimation of cervical vertebral maturation using Baccetti method: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Magalhães Maria Inês , Machado Vanessa , Mascarenhas Paulo , Botelho João , Mendes José João , Delgado Ana Sintra
Published: January 2022

Background

The timing of growth is a key factor for correct orthodontic treatment planning. Cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) is no exception, although the reported chronological ages vary in the literature.

Objective

We aimed to estimate the average chronological age for each Baccetti’s CVM staging.

Search methods

Search on MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted until July 2021. The review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Selection criteria

Observational or interventional studies reporting chronological age classified through Baccetti’s CVM method were included.

Data collection and analysis

Methodological quality was assessed, and pooled estimates were carried out through random-effects meta-analysis of single means. The impact of sex and continent were also investigated through subgroup analyses.

Results

Forty-one studies were included (9867 participants, 4151 men, and 5716 women). The average chronological age was 9.7 years old (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4 to 10.1) in CS1, 10.8 years old (95% CI: 10.5 to 11.1) in CS2, 12.0 years old (95% CI: 11.7 to 12.2) in CS3, 13.4 years old (95% CI: 13.2 to 13.6) in CS4, 14.7 years old (95% CI: 14.4 to 15.1) in CS5, and 15.8 years old (95% CI: 15.3 to 16.3) in CS6. A significant difference was found between the sexes in all CVM stages. We also found significant differences across continents.

Conclusions

For each CVM staging a chronological age range was successfully estimated. Girls presented an earlier skeletal maturation compared to boys. The skeletal maturation differs also according to continents, except for CMV stage 1, pointing to the need for personalized ranges according to each region.

Registration

Registration number: PROSPERO: CRD42021225422
Evolution of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Ion Channels in Antarctic Fishes (Cryonotothenioidea) and Identification of Putative Thermosensors
Authors: York Julia M , Zakon Harold H
Published: January 2022

Animals rely on their sensory systems to inform them of ecologically relevant environmental variation. In the Southern Ocean, the thermal environment has remained between −1.9 and 5 °C for 15 Myr, yet we have no knowledge of how an Antarctic marine organism might sense their thermal habitat as we have yet to discover a thermosensitive ion channel that gates (opens/closes) below 10 °C. Here, we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are the primary thermosensors in animals, within cryonotothenioid fishes—the dominant fish fauna of the Southern Ocean. We found cryonotothenioids have a similar complement of TRP channels as other teleosts (∼28 genes). Previous work has shown that thermosensitive gating in a given channel is species specific, and multiple channels act together to sense the thermal environment. Therefore, we combined evidence of changes in selective pressure, gene gain/loss dynamics, and the first sensory ganglion transcriptome in this clade to identify the best candidate TRP channels that might have a functional dynamic range relevant for frigid Antarctic temperatures. We concluded that TRPV1a, TRPA1b, and TRPM4 are the likeliest putative thermosensors, and found evidence of diversifying selection at sites across these proteins. We also put forward hypotheses for molecular mechanisms of other cryonotothenioid adaptations, such as reduced skeletal calcium deposition, sensing oxidative stress, and unusual magnesium homeostasis. By completing a comprehensive and unbiased survey of these genes, we lay the groundwork for functional characterization and answering long-standing thermodynamic questions of thermosensitive gating and protein adaptation to low temperatures.
Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Green Peafowl (Pavo muticus)
Authors: Zhang Xinyuan , Lin Chuyu , Li Haimeng , Liu Sixia , Wang Qing , Yang Shangchen , Shi Minhui , Sahu Sunil Kumar , Zhu Yixin , Wang Jiangang , Huang Junxuan , Hu Yiyin , Yu Jieyao , Zhang Shaofang , Li Guanglong , Guan Wenyuan , Lu Haorong , Lan Tianming , Xu Yanchun
Published: January 2022

The green peafowl (Pavo muticus) is facing a high risk of extinction due to the long-term and widespread threats of poaching and habitat conversion. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of the green peafowl with high contiguity and accuracy assembled by PacBio sequencing, DNBSEQ short-read sequencing, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. The final genome size was estimated to be 1.049 Gb, whereas 1.042 Gb of the genome was assigned to 27 pseudochromosomes. The scaffold N50 length was 75.5 Mb with a complete BUSCO score of 97.6%. We identified W and Z chromosomes and validated them by resequencing 14 additional individuals. Totally, 167.04 Mb repetitive elements were identified in the genome, accounting for 15.92% of the total genome size. We predicted 14,935 protein-coding genes, among which 14,931 genes were functionally annotated. This is the most comprehensive and complete de novo assembly of the Pavo genus, and it will serve as a valuable resource for future green peafowl ecology, evolution, and conservation studies.
Factors Associated With Residents’ Responsive Behaviors Toward Staff in Long-Term Care Homes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Song Yuting , Nassur Abubakar M , Rupasinghe Viraji , Haq Fajr , Boström Anne-Marie , Reid R Colin , Andersen Elizabeth , Wagg Adrian , Hoben Matthias , Goodarzi Zahra , Squires Janet E , Estabrooks Carole A , Weeks Lori E
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives

When staff experience responsive behaviors from residents, this can lead to decreased quality of work life and lower quality of care in long-term care homes. We synthesized research on factors associated with resident responsive behaviors directed toward care staff and characteristics of interventions to reduce the behaviors.

Research Design and Methods

We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review with quantitative and qualitative research. We searched 12 bibliographic databases and “gray” literature, using 2 keywords (long-term care, responsive behaviors) and their synonyms. Pairs of reviewers independently completed screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. We developed a coding scheme using the ecological model as an organizing structure and prepared narrative summaries for each factor.

Results

From 86 included studies (57 quantitative, 28 qualitative, 1 mixed methods), multiple factors emerged, such as staff training background (individual level), staff approaches to care (interpersonal level), leadership and staffing resources (institutional level), and racism and patriarchy (societal level). Quantitative and qualitative results each provided key insights, such as qualitative results pertaining to leadership responses to reports of behaviors, and quantitative findings on the impact of staff approaches to care on behaviors. Effects of interventions (n = 14) to reduce the behaviors were inconclusive.

Discussion and Implications

We identified the need for an enhanced understanding of the interrelationships among factors associated with resident responsive behaviors toward staff and processes leading to the behaviors. To address these gaps and to inform theory-based effective interventions for preventing or mitigating responsive behaviors, we suggest intervention studies with systematic process evaluations.
Social Resource Variations Among LGBT Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The Intersections of Sociodemographic Characteristics
Authors: Kittle Krystal R , Boerner Kathrin , Kim Kyungmin , Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives

Understanding the influence of social resources on health is crucial in gerontological research. However, access to social resources may differ by one’s particular lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) identity and the intersection of LGBT identity with other sociodemographic characteristics, including age.

Research Design and Methods

Using 2010 data from Caring and Aging With Pride (N = 2,536), this study examined how access to social resources varied by LGBT identity and whether the effect of LGBT identity was modified by additional sociodemographic characteristics among LGBT adults aged 50–95 years.

Results

Lesbian respondents had larger social networks than gay male respondents, and gay male respondents had smaller networks than transgender respondents. Lesbian respondents reported more social support and community belonging than other identity groups. Bisexual male respondents and transgender respondents had less support than gay male respondents, and bisexual male respondents reported less community belonging than gay male respondents. Age and education moderated the association between LGBT identity and social support.

Discussion and Implications

This study demonstrated differences in access to social resources according to environmental circumstances that can intersect and govern access to social resources. Findings highlight the importance of considering social support separately from social network size; thus, large social networks do not necessarily provide ample social support. LGBT older adults had different perceptions of social support than their middle-aged counterparts. Health and human service professionals should not only consider the sexual and gender identity of their LGBT clients, but also education and age when assessing access to social resources.
Non-A non-B acute aortic dissection with entry tear in the aortic arch
Authors: Kosiorowska Monika , Berezowski Mikolaj , Widenka Kazimierz , Kreibich Maximilian , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Czerny Martin , Rylski Bartosz
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES

Our aim was to describe the outcomes of the latest treatment options of acute non-A non-B aortic dissection involving an entry tear in the aortic arch.

METHODS

Included were patients who presented between January 2001 and February 2020 with a non-A non-B aortic dissection involving the aortic arch but not the ascending aorta and with the most proximal entry tear located within the aortic arch between the innominate and left subclavian artery. Clinical data and operative details were retrieved from medical histories and surgical protocols. Preoperative, postoperative and follow-up computed tomography angiography scans were analysed.

RESULTS

We analysed a total of 39 patients [median age 62 (52; 67) years, men 76.9%] with non-A non-B arch entry aortic dissections type. They underwent 15 thoracic endovascular aortic repairs, 20 frozen elephant trunk implantations, 1 hybrid arch replacement, or 1 conventional arch replacement. Two patients were managed conservatively. Twelve (31%) patients underwent emergent intervention, 12 (31%) were treated invasively within 2 weeks. Another 2 (5%) and 9 (23%) patients were treated 2 and 4 weeks after dissection occurred, respectively. Six (15%) patients presented with an impending aortic rupture, while 19 (49%) had at least one malperfused organ. Four patients (27%) died after thoracic endovascular aortic repair; the 30-day mortality following frozen elephant trunk was 0%.

CONCLUSIONS

Non-A non-B acute aortic dissection reveals a frequently complicated course requiring emergency intervention. The majority of patients required aortic arch repair within the first 2 weeks. Total arch replacement with the frozen elephant trunk technique seems to be low procedural mortality, and may become the treatment of choice in arch entry non-A non-B aortic dissection.