bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Structure and Immigrant Integration: A Comparative Study of Immigrants’ Labor Market Attainment in Canada and Israel
Authors: Lewin-Epstein Noah , Semyonov Moshe , Kogan Irena , Wanner Richard A.
Published: August 2010

The present study focuses on the incorporation of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in two receiving societies, Israel and Canada, during the first half of the 1990s. Both countries conducted national censuses in 1995 (Israel) and 1996 (Canada), making it possible to identify a large enough sample of immigrants and provide information on their demographic characteristics and their labor market activity. While both Canada and Israel are immigrant societies, their institutional contexts of immigrant reception differ considerably. Israel maintains no economic selection of the Jewish immigrants and provides substantial support for newcomers, who are viewed as a returning Diaspora. Canada employs multiple criteria for selecting immigrants, and the immigrants’ social and economic incorporation is patterned primarily by market forces. The analysis first examines the characteristics of immigrants who arrived in the two countries and evaluates the extent of selectivity. Consistent with our hypotheses, Russian immigrants to Canada were more immediately suitable for the labor market, but experienced greater difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Nevertheless, immigrants to Canada attained higher-status occupations and higher earnings than their compatriots in Israel did, although the Israeli labor market was more likely to reward their investments in education.
The Economics of Transnational Living
Authors: Guarnizo Luis Eduardo
Published: August 2010

Migrants’ long-distance economic relations with their homelands have been the subject of an extensive, albeit fragmented, multidisciplinary inquiry. Most existing studies have been primarily concerned with the north-south flow of monetary remittances that migrants send to their homelands. Using a transnational perspective informed by economic sociology tenets, this article argues that this north-south, monetary-centered approach is too limited, for it fails to heed the multiple macroeconomic effects of migrants’ transnational economic and noneconomic connections and, thus, underestimates migrants’ agency and their influence at the global level. Using the concept of transnational living, the study presents new vistas of transnational migration that question accepted notions about the relationship between labor mobility and capital mobility.
“You Know, Abraham Was Really the First Immigrant”: Religion and Transnational Migration
Authors: Levitt Peggy
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to summarize what we know about the role that religion plays in transnational migration and to outline a strategy for further research in this area. While migration scholars now generally acknowledge the salience of migrants’ economic, social, and political transnational activities, we have largely overlooked the ways in which religious identities and practices also enable migrants to sustain memberships in multiple locations. My goals in this article are threefold. First, I provide a brief overview of related bodies of work on global, diasporic and immigrant religion and differentiate them from studies of migrants’ transnational religious practices. Second, I selectively summarize what we have learned about the role of religion in transnational migration from prior research. Finally, I propose an approach to future research on these questions.1
The Second Generation in Belgium
Authors: Timmerman Christiane , Vanderwaeren Els , Crul Maurice
Published: August 2010

A growing proportion of second-generation Moroccan and Turkish youngsters in Belgium are moving on to higher secondary education and beyond. This trend is greater among Moroccan youngsters than among their Turkish peers. Turkish girls in particular are still married off at a young age, which inevitably affects their educational opportunities. Despite higher participation rates for youngsters from immigrant backgrounds, the educational gap with Belgian pupils and students remains wide. This is largely attributable to differences in socioeconomic background. It appears that the concentration of second-generation immigrant pupils in certain schools is also a major explanatory factor. Despite their increased participation in education, second-generation immigrants are still not well represented in the labor market and they are, moreover, employed mostly in less favorable segments of that market. An interesting development among second-generation immigrants is the polarization that is taking place in relation to the significance of Islam. A growing number of second-generation youngsters are opting for a more secular way of life, while an increasingly large group is choosing Islamist ideologies or at least a more conscious form of Islam. For young people of the second generation, who often have little to hold on to socially, Islamism can provide a transparent, supportive, and all-embracing frame of reference.
Ethnic Segmentation in School and Labor Market – 40 Year Legacy of Austrian Guestworker Policy
Authors: Herzog-Punzenberger Barbara
Published: August 2010

Compared to other countries in Europe, official figures in Austria, however incomplete, indicate that pessimism towards successful integration of immigrants and their children is justified. With regard to schooling and labor market, it is not only the first generation of the so-called guest-workers who seem to be stuck at low levels of the social hierarchy, but also the second generation. This is especially true for the descendants of Turkish immigrants. Among important factors to explain their educational position are the highly selective school system and the young age in which compulsory education ends. Relevant labor-market features explain the low unemployment figures as well as the low permeability into some occupational positions and branches. Other important factors to explain the high share of low educational tracks among descendants of Turkish guestworkers are found in the difficult legal situation of families caused by the restrictive and highly complicated residence and work permission system of the past. It did not allow parents and their children to consider more ambitious educational and professional careers. All in all, the Austrian situation is a telling result of a 30-year absence of concerted action in the field of immigrant integration.
International Migrants’ Remittances and Welfare Status of the Left-Behind Families in Turkey
Authors: Koc Ismet , Onan Isil
Published: August 2010

In this study, micro implications of remittances are examined based on the data from the 1996 Turkish International Migration Survey (TIMS-96), part of a comprehensive study of Eurostat and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI). Results of the study imply that migrant savings are generally used for satisfying basic consumption needs. Patterns of expenditures suggest that for 12 percent of all the households receiving remittances, about 80 percent used remittances to improve their standard of living. Considering the variation by regions, it is observed that households in less-developed regions spent more on daily expenses than those in developed regions. This suggests that daily expenses of households in less developed regions depend significantly on remittances received by households. Moreover, remittances have a positive impact on household welfare; households receiving remittances are found to be better off than nonremitting households. This suggests that migration and remittances have positive indirect effects on incomes of emigrant households. A considerable part of the relevant literature argues that remittances are mostly spent on consumption, housing and land and are not used for productive investment that would contribute to long-run development. This conclusion often rests on arbitrary definitions of “productive investments.” Access to better nutrition and allocation of more resources to education are, without question, forms of productive investment. Although emigration does not serve as a solution to the problems of national development, it is evident that remittances generate considerable welfare effects, at least for the remittance-receiving population.
A Game Real Actors Won't Play? Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Denmark as a Collective Action Dilemma
Authors: Nannestad Peter
Published: August 2010

Integration of refugees and immigrants in Denmark has so far proved more difficult than expected. In international comparison, Denmark stands out as a laggard, especially when it comes to labor market integration of the new minorities. Xenophobia and prejudices in the majority population are often cited as the main reasons. But individuals from both minorities and the majority also face a collective action dilemma when it comes to integration. In principle a collective action dilemma can be overcome through the working of selective incentives. In the case of integration, however, such incentives are weakened by some of the institutions of the universalistic Danish welfare state. Nevertheless, so far there has been very little ethnicization of Danish social policies. One possible explanation is that such reforms would create a collective action dilemma of their own. Thus the collective action dilemma of welfare state reforms seems to be blocking the solution of the collective action dilemma of integration.
Public Assistance Use among U.S.-Born Children of Immigrants
Authors: Fomby Paula , Cherlin Andrew J.
Published: August 2010

U.S.-born children of immigrants may be less likely to receive some social services than are children of native-born parents if foreign-born parents who are themselves ineligible are less likely to apply on their children's behalf. We use retrospective data from a sample of about 2,400 low-income households in three U.S. cities to determine whether children with foreign-born caregivers are less likely than children with native-born caregivers to receive benefits from any of five programs over a two-year period: TANF, SSI, Food Stamps, Medicaid, and WIC. The most significant disparities between children of citizen and noncitizen caregivers are in TANF and food stamp use.
Population Migration and Urbanization in China: A Comparative Analysis of the 1990 Population Census and the 1995 National One Percent Sample Population Survey
Authors: Li Si-ming
Published: August 2010

This article examines the changing pattern of population migration and its implications for the urbanization process in China as revealed by the 1990 Population Census and the 1995 National One Percent Sample Population Survey. It is found that, in comparison with the period 1985–90, migration in the period 1990–95 tended to be more distance sensitive, reflecting the increase in the number of migration foci resulting from the policy of opening on all fronts. Foreign investment also appears to have a greater effect on migration flow. Proportionately, there was an increase in both village-to-village and city-to-city migrations. The former was most sensitive to increase in distance while the latter was least sensitive. As for rural-to-urban flows, which include both village-to-town and village-to-city flows, migrants in China increasingly bypassed the towns and ended up in the cities.
The Impact of Hukou Status on Migrants’ Employment: Findings from the 1997 Beijing Migrant Census
Authors: Guo Fei , Iredale Robyn
Published: August 2010

This article uses new data to analyze whether the 1990s brought a change in terms of migrants’ access to urban jobs. The November 1997 “Beijing Migrant Census” provides a unique data set that enables a quantitative assessment of non-locally registered migrants’ access to the formal sector, and more specifically to “white-collar” occupations. The results show that a university degree and a nonagricultural registration status are both means of increasing access to employment in the formal sector. The “formal” sector is defined as employment with five types of large, relatively stable employers – government organizations, state-owned enterprises, joint ventures, shareholding enterprises, and enterprises owned/invested in by foreign, Hong Kong, or Taiwanese capital (San Zi). White collar jobs, in particular, are only available to migrants with a university degree, with hukou status having a limited relative effect. This article shows that qualified migrants are penetrating the formal job market while the majority of migrants are still taking low level jobs in the informal sector. This dichotomy represents a recent change that could reflect a new stream of migrants and/or more open urban employment. At the same time, the continuing segregation or marginalization of most migrants is clearly evident from the data.
Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergencies, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: August 2010

In the past thirty years, many concepts and theories on ethnic entrepreneurship have been developed, challenged, and revised to provide a fuller account of the phenomenon. This article revisits the existing literature to address some of the conceptual and methodological issues and the controversies that have lingered around them and to highlight important advancements that have broken through conventional frameworks of this lasting subject matter. It first reexamines the meaning and analytical distinction of such relevant concepts as the middleman minority, ethnic economy, and enclave economy, arguing that ethnic social structures in which entrepreneurs are embedded must be stressed in the understanding of these concepts. It then draws attention to the convergencies and controversies in research on the causes and consequences of entrepreneurship. Finally, it highlights two interrelated conceptual advancements in the study of ethnic entrepreneurship – transnational entrepreneurship and the synergy of entrepreneurship in community building.
Ages, Life Stages, and Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States
Authors: Rumbaut Ruben G.
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on problems with the definition and empirical identification of immigrant “first” and “second” generations in the United States. These loosely conceived aggregates are decomposed into a typology of distinct generational cohorts defined by age and life stage at migration for the foreign born and by parental nativity for the U.S. born. Differences in educational and occupational attainment and in language and other aspects of acculturation are then examined to consider whether the practice of “lumping” these generational cohorts together, or “splitting” them into distinctive units of analysis, is empirically supported by available evidence. The paper concludes with some thoughts on data needs and methodological considerations in the study of immigrant generations.

“All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages …”

– William Shakespeare, “As You Like It,” Act II, Scene 7.
Religion and Incorporation: Islam in France and Germany
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: August 2010

This article attempts to examine religion, particularly Islam, as an emergent type of corporate ethnicity in France and Germany and how Islam is represented and recognized in relation to the established principles governing the interaction of church and state both in the histories of each country and in comparison to the United States. Although religion constitutes one element of pluralism and diversity in which Islam would be the “religion of a minority” among other ethnic groups in the United States, in Europe Islam emerges as a “minority religion” in European nation-states. Such a conceptual difference is reflected in the understandings and applications of multiculturalism and recognition in European countries and the United States. The question then is how to insure a historical continuity between principles and ideals of states on the one hand and how to integrate the religious diversity raised by Islam into the secularism of liberal European societies on the other.
Has Welfare Reform Created “Chilling Effects” for Refugees in the United States?
Authors: Potocky-Tripodi Miriam
Published: August 2010

The welfare reform legislation of 1996 significantly reduced noncitizens’ access to public benefits. Research has indicated that welfare reform has had unintended “chilling effects,” whereby even those noncitizens who remain eligible for benefits do not utilize them because of fear and confusion. Although refugees were exempted from the benefit restrictions for a certain period following arrival, recent research has suggested that they too may have experienced chilling effects. This study was conducted to more accurately determine whether this has occurred, through the use of time-series data for a sample of refugees who remain eligible for public benefits. The findings did not provide strong evidence that welfare reform has created chilling effects for refugees, although the possibility cannot be ruled out.
Sin Coyote Ni Patrón: Why the “Migrant Network” Fails to Explain International Migration
Authors: Krissman Fred
Published: August 2010

The “migrant network” concept cannot explain large-scale international migratory flows. This article goes beyond a critique of its ahistorical and post factum nature. First, I argue that restrictions on its composition and functions also render the migrant network unable to explain why such migratory flows continue or expand even further. Second, a review of five studies illustrates why this concept, the propositions on which it rests, the methods it employs, and the conclusions that it imparts must be reconsidered. Third, the network analysis literature, along with my research data from the Mexico-U.S. case, suggest an alternative approach.

“International migration networks” include those from the labor-sending hometowns who are emphasized in migrant network studies, as well as a variety of other actors based in the militarized border zone and the labor-receiving regions. I conclude that accurate studies of migration must include the employers that demand new immigrant workers, as well as the labor smugglers and all other actors that respond to this demand. Immigration studies that fail to do so provide erroneous analyses which camouflage the activities of many network actors, and furnish an academic fig leaf behind which unintended, counterproductive, and even lethal public policies have been implemented.

By and large, the effective units of migration were (and are) neither individuals nor households but sets of people linked by acquaintance, kinship, and work experience who somehow incorporated American destinations into the mobility alternatives they considered when they reached critical decision points in their individual or collective lives (Tilly, 1990:84, emphasis added).

[Migrant n]etwork connections constitute a form of social capital that people can draw upon to gain access to foreign employment (Massey et al., 1993:448, emphasis added)
The Employment Status of Immigrant Women: The Case of Sweden
Authors: Bevelander Pieter
Published: August 2010

This article presents an exploration of the employment status of various groups of immigrant women in the Swedish labor market in the period 1970–1995. Since employment is one of the key components for the integration of immigrants, it is interesting to study what factors determine whether or not immigrants become employed after entering Sweden. Numerous studies have analyzed the labor market integration of immigrant men, whereas the integration of women still has received less attention (Ekberg, 1983, 1991; Hammarstedt, 2001; Scott, 1999). This study can be seen as a contribution to an increase in the knowledge of the labor market integration of female immigrants in Sweden.
The State Connection in China's Rural-Urban Migration
Authors: Guang Lei
Published: August 2010

This study explores the role of China's rural local state-owned and urban state-owned units in its rural-urban migration process. Most studies on Chinese migration have focused on migrants moving from rural to urban areas through informal mechanisms outside of the state's control. They therefore treat the Chinese state as an obstructionist force and dismiss its facilitative role in the migration process. By documenting rural local states' “labor export” strategies and urban state units' employment of millions of peasants, this article provides a corrective to the existing literature. It highlights and explains the state connection in China's rural-urban migration.

Labor is … a special kind of commodity. What we do is to fetch a good price for this special commodity.

Labor bureau official from Laomei county, 1996

If we want efficiency, we have to hire migrant workers.

Party secretary of a state textile factory in Shanghai, 1997
A Model of Migrants' Remittances with Human Capital Investment and Intrafamilial Transfers
Authors: Brown Richard P. C. , Poirine Bernard
Published: August 2010

This study analyzes data on migrants' remittances using a two-period theory of intergenerational transfers based on an informal, intrafamilial loan arrangement using “weak altruism,” a behavior between “strong altruism” and pure self-interest. The model provides an integrated theory of migrants' remittances, human capital investment decisions, and intrafamilial transfers applicable to low-income countries with no official pension schemes and imperfect capital markets. Propositions, derived from the theory, are tested, re-analyzing original survey data on remittances of Pacific island migrants in Sydney. When weak altruism and strong altruism yield opposite predictions, the econometric results tend to confirm the former hypothesis and invalidate the latter.
The Changing Legal Status Distribution of Immigrants: A Caution
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Bartley Katherine
Published: August 2010

This article presents arguments and data to show that the decennial census and annual Current Population Surveys include immigrants falling into four broad legal status groups: naturalized citizens; legal immigrants; legal nonimmigrants; and undocumented migrants. Since 1986, the relative rewards and penalties imposed on these four categories have shifted dramatically in response to U.S. policies, as have the relative number of foreigners in each group. In general, the relative share of foreigners in the most vulnerable status groups has increased, with the proportion of undocumented migrants and legal nonimmigrants rising and that of legal immigrants falling. Researchers using census and CPS data need to be aware of the shifting distribution of foreigners by legal status over time and of the changing profile of opportunities experienced by each status group, and they need to exercise caution in their interpretation of trends with respect to immigrant assimilation and the effects of immigration on U.S. society.
THE IMPACT OF AGE‐, SPACE‐AND STOCHASTIC‐STRUCTURE ON THE EXTINCTION PROBABILITY OF A CHINOOK SALMON METAPOPULATION
Authors: HIGGINS KEVIN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Using a mechanistic model, based on chinook life history, incorporating environmental and demographic stochasticity, we investigate how the probability of extinction is controlled by age, space and stochastic structure. Environmental perturbations of age dependent survivorships, combined with mixing of year classes in the spawning population, can lower the probability of extinction dramatically. This is an analog of the more familiar metapopulation result where dispersal between asynchronously fluctuating populations enhances persistence. For a two‐river chinook metapopulation, dispersal between rivers with asynchronous environmental perturbations also dramatically enhances persistence, and anti‐synchronous population fluctuations provide an even greater persistence probability. Anti‐synchronous fluctuations would most likely occur in pristine habitat with naturally high levels of heterogeneity. Fifty percent dispersal between two populations provides the greatest insurance against extinction, a rate unrealistically high for salmon. In contrast, dispersal between exactly correlated populations with large amplitude environmental perturbations does not help persistence, no matter how high the dispersal rate. This is in spite of weak asynchrony provided by demographic stochasticity. Dispersal between rivers, one degraded and the other pristine, can substantially increase the probability of metapopulation extinction. Population structure, combined with asynchronous environmental perturbations and dispersal (or age class mixing) lowers the probability of chinook extinction dramatically but is almost useless when survivorships are impaired.
A HABITAT BASED MODEL FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST INTERIOR NESTING BIRDS IN A FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE
Authors: DELONG ALLISON KIMBER , LAMBERSON ROLAND H.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Increased awareness of the plight of many forest dwelling species has made necessary the development of methods for projecting the spatial distribution of these populations. This is particularly important for populations that currently occupy forest fragments and that are likely to be exposed to further disruption of their natural habitat. In this paper we develop a model for predicting the distribution of a bird population that evolved as forest interior dwellers. This model uses as its basis knowledge of the relationship between demographic characteristics of the population and the qualities of the habitat where individuals reside. We make the assumption that individuals will be naturally drawn to areas where they might expect greater reproductive success and repelled from areas where there is a high degree of intraspecific competition (high density). We apply the model to the ovenbird population in a large region of the Midwest. We use the model to examine the relative extent to which the surplus production from two major source areas supports extensive sink populations. The basic diffusion model parameterized by county forest cover data projects a population distribution which compares favorably with the results from the breeding bird count.
CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER QUALITY WITH ENDOGENOUS REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: KIM C.S. , SANDRETTO CARMEN , LEE DONNA
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. This research presents a competitive dynamic model that endogenously evaluates the economics of regulatory tax‐policy options. This model is then applied to an irrigated corn production area west of Kearney, Nebraska, where the average groundwater contamination level from nitrates is reported to be 8.7 parts per million (ppm). Results indicate that no regulatory policies are necessary for maintaining potable groundwater quality with either a surge‐flow irrigation system or a sprinkler irrigation system. In areas where conventional furrow irrigation technology is being used, higher net economic benefits result from the adoption of a variable‐tax on nitrogen fertilizer use, followed by a constant‐unit tax and a pollution tax.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF MULTIPLE‐USE PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF TIMBER, FORAGE AND WATER PRODUCTION
Authors: STRANGE NIELS , BRODIE JOHN DOUGLAS , MEILBY HENRIK , HELLES FINN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.A thorough analysis of the optimal control of multiple‐use forest management at the stand level reveals that the results of earlier studies, which seem to contradict each other, are in fact part of a common solution space. We provide an explanation for this result by showing that it is caused by the growth function and the interaction between the timber and forage production functions. We discuss the sensibility of the results using this new knowledge. Most optimal control models focusing on multiple‐use forest management have applied production functions that are quadratic in the state variable. This makes explicit solutions easy because the first order derivative is linear. However, in reality, production is often better described by more complex nonlinear functions, but, unfortunately, such functions are difficult to handle in an optimal control framework. We illustrate how the convenience of the quadratic production function can be combined with better approximations to nonlinear production functions.
HARVESTING A TWO‐PATCH PREDATOR‐PREY METAPOPULATION
Authors: SUPRIATNA ASEP K. , POSSINGHAM HUGH P.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A mathematical model for a two‐patch predator‐prey metapoplation is developed as a generalization of single‐species metapopulation harvesting theory. We find optimal harvesting strategies using dynamic programming and La‐grange multipliers. If predator economic efficiency is relatively high, then we should protect a relative source prey subpopulation in two different ways: directly, with a higher escapement of the relative source prey subpopulation, and indirectly, with a lower escapement of the predator living in the same patch as the relative source prey subpopulation. Numerical examples show that if the growth of the predator is relatively low and there is no difference between prey and predator prices, then it may be optimal to harvest the predator to extinction. While, if the predator is more valuable compared to the prey, then it may be optimal to leave the relative exporter prey subpopulation unharvested. We also discuss how a ‘negative’ harvest might be optimal. A negative harvest might be considered a seeding strategy.
MODELING: A TOOL FOR ENHANCING THE SURVIVAL PROSPECTS OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE
Authors: HEARNE JOHN W. , SWART JOHAN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In this article we consider the role of modeling in some aspects of the conservation of African wildlife. The first study is concerned with the endangered black rhino. Animals are being translocated from high density areas to new sites in an attempt to build up the South African population as rapidly as possible. We investigate the efficacy of different translocation strategies. Next we discuss a spatial stochastic metapopulation model used to test management strategies to enhance the survival likelihood of the rare samango monkey. The value of the model is to encourage the use of corridor policies even though there may be little apparent observable benefit in a manager's lifetime. Finally, we look at some commercial aspects of exploiting wildlife on a sustainable basis. By increasing the profitability of wildlife enterprises the incentive to conserve is increased. We look at improving the financial returns from game ranches.
MODELING THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A SUBTROPICAL UNGULATE IN A VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT: RAIN, COLD AND PREDATORS
Authors: OWEN‐SMITH NORMAN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A structured population model was developed for a large ungulate, the kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). From a ten‐year study in South Africa's Kruger National Park, relationships were established between annual survival rates of particular age classes and resource availability indexed by the ratio between annual rainfall and population biomass density. The projected population dynamics resembled that from a simple logistic model, but with the convexity of density dependence and intrinsic growth rate dependent upon assumptions about how age‐specific mortality changed at low density levels. Moreover, rather than being a preset constant, the effective carrying capacity K wasa dynamic variable dependent upon rainfall. The model closely replicated the observed dynamicsof the kudu population over the study period, but failed to predict the observed kudu density at the start of the study from prior rainfall alone. Episodic cold weather extremeswere identified ashaving an additional influence on kudu dynamics. The model was also unsuccessful in predicting the changesin kudu abundance that occurred in Kruger Park subsequent to the study. Here changes in predation perhaps due to predator switching were a possible influence. These additional factorsinfluencing population dynamicswould not have been recognized without first establishing the effects of changing resource availability in response to rainfall fluctu‐ationsbetween years. The elaborated model incorporating the effects of resource supply as influenced by rainfall, density dependence, background predation pressure and episodic severe weather hasbroader reliability than simpler modelsfor conservation applications, while still having a firm empirical foundation.
STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF FOREST ELEPHANTS
Authors: BURN R.W. , UNDERWOOD F.M.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.Statistical issues relating to a number of sampling methods which can be used to obtain estimates of the number, or density, of forest elephants are discussed. The most widely used method, distance sampling, is briefly described. A recently proposed method, recce sampling, that reduces sampling effort is described and discussed. Adaptive sampling, often used when populations are sparse, patchy or clustered, is described and proposed as an alternative. Model‐based and design‐based inferences are compared and their use in sampling forest elephant populations is discussed. Further considerations that are required to estimate or monitor changes in elephant populations over time are outlined.
DYNAMICS OF SPATIAL EXPLOITATION: A METAPOPULATION APPROACH
Authors: SANCHIRICO JAMES N. , WILEN JAMES E.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In this paper we present a bioeconomic model of a harvesting industry operating over a heterogeneous environment comprised of discrete biological populations interconnected by dispersal processes. The model generalizes the Gordon [1954]/Smith [1968] model of open‐access rent dissipation by accounting for intertemporal and spatial “Ricardian” patterns of exploitation. This model yields a simple, but insightful, framework from which one can investigate factors that contribute to the evolution of resource exploitation patterns over space and time. For example, we find that exploitation patterns are driven by biological and fleet dispersal and biological and economic heterogeneity. We conclude that one cannot really understand the biological processes operating in an exploited system without knowing as much about the harvesting system as about the biological system.
AN AGENT‐BASED EVENT DRIVEN FORAGING MODEL
Authors: ANDERSON JAMES J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.A game‐theoretic foraging model is developed in an agent‐based framework. The animal's environment is described in terms of agents representing prey, predators and the habitat. The animal has two modes of behavior for each agent: tactical mode behaviors alter the outcomes of the events and strategic mode behaviors alter the probability of future events. Possible event outcomes are represented as utilities which have both benefit and cost components. The probabilities of successful behaviors are tracked via short‐term (tactical), intermediate‐term (strategic) and long‐term (reference) memories. Probabilities change continually through the moment‐to‐moment events, and switches in behavior occur when the expected utility of one behavior exceeds that of another. At the switch point, the expected utilities of the behaviors are equivalent; through this property the model parameters can be calibrated from behavioral experiments. A bluegill foraging study on giving‐up time is used to calibrate the model and then habitat foraging is simulated. Problems with interpreting behavioral studies without fully characterizing the multiple scales of interactions with agents are discussed.
CONTINGENT VALUATION OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ROCKY INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: HALL DARWIN C. , HALL JANE V. , MURRAY STEVEN N.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Designation as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can protect coastal ecosystems, but apparently has not effectively protected the rocky intertidal zone in urban Southern California. Here, illegal collecting and habitat disturbance harm coastal marine life. We surveyed day visitors to sandy beaches or adjacent rocky habitats in Orange County. Using the close‐ended, double‐bounded contingent valuation method, we estimate the benefit of more effective enforcement and management of MPAs designed to avoid coastal ecosystem decay. We solve the problem of sample selection bias, introduced by the likelihood that the sample disproportionately includes respondents who visit more frequently and who may have a higher willingness to pay (WTP). We estimate the WTP for enacting policies to reduce illegal collecting and on‐site habitat disturbance to average $6 per family‐visit. Our estimate is consistent with other studies that estimate consumer surplus at $15 per person‐trip for nearby, lower quality beaches, and extrapolates from other studies to $3.6 $4.8 million per mile of coastline.
FISH, FISHERS, SEALS AND TOURISTS: ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CREATING A MARINE RESERVE IN A MULTI‐SPECIES, MULTI‐ACTIVITY CONTEXT
Authors: BONCOEUR JEAN , ALBAN FRÉDÉRIQUE , IFREMER OLIVIER GUYADER , IFREMER OLIVIER THÉBAUD
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates some economic consequences of creating a marine reserve on both fishing and ecotourism, when the range of controllability of fishing effort is limited and the impact of the reserve on ecosystem is considered. The issue is illustrated by the example of creating a no‐take zone in part of a region where fishing is managed through a limited entry license system, and which is inhabited by two interacting stocks: a stock of prey (fish) and a stock of predators (seals). While the former is targeted by commercial fishing, the latter is not subject to harvest but is a potential basis for a commercial non‐extractive activity (seal watching). Analysis is conducted with the help of a bioeconomic model combining the features of marine reserve modeling and of multispecies modeling. Following a description of the model, results of several simulation runs are presented. These show that creating a marine reserve has more complex economic implications than predicted in studies focused exclusively on one stock and/or commercial fisheries. More specifically, the model shows that the dynamics of the two interacting stocks reduces the benefits of the no‐take zone for the fishing industry, while it makes the creation of this zone provide an opportunity for the development of ecotourism. Due to this dynamics, the model suggests that the optimal size of the reserve is larger when ecotourism is taken into account along with fishing activities.
MARINE PROTECTED AREA PERFORMANCE IN A MODEL OF THE FISHERY
Authors: SUMAILA USSIF RASHID
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. What bio‐economic benefits can be expected from the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) in a fishery facing a shock in the form of recruitment failure, and managed jointly compared to separately? What are the optimal sizes of MPAs under cooperation and non‐cooperation? I explore these questions in the current paper by developing a computational two‐agent model, which incorporates MPAs using the North East Atlantic codfishery as an example. Results from the study indicate that MPAs can protect the discounted economic rent from the fishery if the habitat is likely to face a shock, andfishers have a high discount rate. The total standing biomass increases with increasing MPA size but only up to a point. Basedon the specifics of the model, the study also shows that the economically optimal size of MPA for cod varies between 50 70% depending on (i) the exchange rate between the protectedandunprotectedareas of the habitat; (ii) whether fishers behalf cooperatively or non‐cooperatively; and(iii) the severity of the shock that the ecosystem may face.
NATURAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION UNDER COMMON PROPERTY RIGHTS
Authors: CAPUTO MICHAEL R. , LUECK DEAN
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Renewable natural resources such as ground‐water, pastures and fisheries are often governed bycommon propertyrights in which members of a group jointlyown the exclusive use of the resource. We develop a formal model of a common propertycontract based on differential game theory and then use the model to examine (i) the incentives of individual users of the common resource; (ii) the resulting harvest and stock time paths; (iii) the local stabilityof the steady state; and (iv) the steadystate comparative statics. Moreover, we compare the qualitative properties of the common propertyregime to those generated under perfectlydefined private rights and open access. We show how common prop‐ertyownership of natural resources can generate rent and be a second‐best solution when private propertyrights are costly to establish.
MODELING EFFECTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TOXICANTS ON RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Authors: SHUKLA J.B. , AGRAWAL A.K. , SINHA P. , DUBEY B.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In this paper a nonlinear mathematical model to study effects of primary and secondary toxicants on the biomass of resources such as forestry, agricultural crops, etc., is proposed and analyzed. The primary toxicant is emitted into the environment with a constant prescribed rate by an external source and a part of which is transformed into a secondary toxicant, which is more toxic, both affecting the resource simultaneously. By using stability theory of differential equations, it is shown that the biomass density of resource attains an equilibrium level, the magnitude of which is smaller than its original (toxicant independent) carrying capacity and it decreases as the emission rate of primary toxicant increases. It is also shown that the decrease in biomass density of resource is more than the corresponding case of a single toxicant due to large transformation and uptake rates and high toxicity of secondary toxicant. It is pointed out that the resource may even become extinct if emission rate of primary toxicant and transformation rate of secondary toxicant are very large and their effects on resource are sufficiently harmful due to large uptake and high toxicity of secondary toxicant which is more toxic.
ON THE SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM IN SOLOW'S MODEL
Authors: WITHAGEN CEES , ASHEIM GEIR B. , BUCHHOLZ WOLFGANG
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. We show that our general result (Withagen and Asheim [1998]) on the converse of Hartwick's rule also applies for the special case of Solow's model with one capital good and one exhaustible resource. Hence, the criticism by Cairns and Yang [2000] of our paper is unfounded.
INTERNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AGREEMENTS
Authors: CLARKE HARRY
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A public goods model of global biodiversity conservation is exposited. Distinguishing features of global biodiversityconservation tasks are identified. Global efficiencyof biodiversityconservation is discussed and some comparative statics of efficient programs provided. The transfers required from high‐existence‐value, low‐conservation‐productivitynations to low‐existence‐value, high‐conservation‐productivitynations, to realize global efficiencyin conservation effort, are analyzed.
OPTIMAL REGULATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE PRESENCE OF IRREVERSIBLE THRESHOLD EFFECTS
Authors: NÆVDAL ERIC
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Thresholds are an important physical consideration in the regulation of natural resources. This paper is the first to present a complete analytical framework in which to evaluate optimal regulation of a natural resource in the presence of irreversible threshold effects. Necessary conditions are presented for optimal regulation of these problems both for when the threshold has a known location in state‐space and for when the location of the threshold is unknown. In the case where the location is known, the literature is corrected on a seemingly minor technical point regarding the behavior of the co‐state variables that turns out to be of considerable importance. For the case when the location of the threshold is not known, it is shown that thresholds in state‐space implies a nonstandard risk structure.
TEMPORAL AGGREGATION AND TESTING FOR TIMBER PRICE BEHAVIOR
Authors: PRESTEMON JEFFREY P. , PYE JOHN M. , HOLMES THOMAS P.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Different harvest timing models make different assumptions about timber price behavior. Those seeking to optimize harvest timing are thus first faced with a decision regarding which assumption of price behavior is appropriate for their market, particularly regarding the presence of a unit root in the timber price time series. Unfortunately for landowners and investors, the literature provides conflicting guidance on this subject. One source for the ambiguous results of unit root tests of timber prices may involve data problems. We used Monte Carlo simulations to show that aggregating observations below their observed rate resulted in similar power reductions and empirical size distortions across three classes of unit root tests. Moving‐average error structures can also affect power and sizes of tests on period‐averaged data. Such error structures can also be created by the kind of temporal averaging common in reported timber prices. If we take timber prices at their face value and therefore ignore these sampling error and temporal aggregation complications, we find that unit root tests on southern timber prices support a unit root in 158 out of 208 product‐deflation combinations tested, random walks in 38 of the series found to be nonsta‐tionary, and stationarity in none. However, if we recognize temporal aggregation errors, unit root tests more commonly favor stationarity, especially for pulpwood stumpage. Because price trends for sawtimber and pulpwood products may behave differently even in the same region, stochastic harvest timing models must be developed that allow their multiple products to follow different price paths.
MODELING THE EFFECT OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON SEA TURTLE NESTING ACTIVITIES BY INVESTIGATING SEASONAL TRENDS
Authors: MAZARIS ANTONIOS D. , KORNARAKI EYAGELIA , MATSINOS YIANNIS G. , MARGARITOULIS DIMITRIOS
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. In the present study, a series of models have been developed in order to investigate the effect of sea water temperature upon the nesting activities of marine turtles. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, ARIMA models with transfer functions and regression models were developed for forecasting variations in the breeding activity of loggerheads, nesting at the island of Zakynthos, West Greece. Identification and development of the models was determined by the use of several statistical criteria. Weekly data series of sea turtles emerging attempts and number of nests laid were analyzed and compared with sea surface temperature (SST) data series.

Our results indicate that whether SST data were included in the ARIMA models with transfer functions and the regression models that developed to describe both emergence data and number of nests, tended to improve fitting and forecasting accuracy. Data series of the number of nests laid was further correlated with observation of emergence data. Adding the effect of previous and current year nesting attempts and including SST data resulted to higher forecasting accuracy and fitting performance.