bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fault Site Localization Technique by Imaging with Nanoprobes
Authors: Nokuo Takeshi , Furuya Hitoshi
Published: August 2022

This article discusses the advantages of SEM-based nanoprobing and the various ways it can be used to locate defects associated with IC failures. It describes the basic measurement physics of electron beam induced current, absorbed electron, and voltage distribution contrast imaging and presents examples showing how the different methods are used to isolate low- and high-resistance sites, shorts, and opens as well as ion implantation and metal patterning defects.
Lock-in Thermography: A Versatile Tool for Failure Analysis of Solar Cells
Authors: Bauer Jan , Breitenstein Otwin , Wagner Jan-Martin
Published: August 2022

Lock-in thermography (LIT) is a powerful fault isolation and characterization tool for solar cell ICs. This article describes the basic LIT imaging process on silicon wafer-based solar cells as well as its various modes, applications, and results.
How to Succeed in Failure Analysis and Fail in Root-Cause Analysis
Authors: Horev Menachem
Published: August 2022

Root-cause analysis and FA work hand-in-hand to identify the source of a problem, gather relevant data, and resolve the issue. However, even experienced professionals can succeed in FA while failing in the outcome. This article explains how to avoid common traps, dead ends, and faulty thought processes in the search for root causes.
Nanoprobing SRAM Bit Cells with High-Speed Pulses
Authors: Stallcup Richard E. , Inoue Kanzan
Published: August 2022

This article presents a nanoprobing method that uses high-speed pulses to characterize in-die SRAM bit cells. The authors describe the basic setup of the test system and demonstrate its use on a six-transistor bit cell failure. The method reduces fault localization time and decreases the possibility of deprocessing past the fail because testing is done at metallization layer 1. The bit’s reaction is captured in the form of analog current measurements, resulting in a unique signature of the failure.
Parametric Dynamic Laser Stimulation
Authors: Sanchez Kevin
Published: August 2022

Dynamic laser stimulation is widely used in the PASS/FAIL mapping mode for soft defect localization. Recent improvements, including parametric mapping and multiple-parameter acquisition, significantly increase the amount of information that can be extracted from DLS measurements. This article explains where and how these new techniques are used and how they may be even further improved.
Detrimental Effects of Excessive Gold Plating on Lead-Free Solder Joints
Authors: Asrar Nausha
Published: August 2022

This article presents two case histories that shed light on the role of gold in lead-free solder joint failures and the damage mechanisms involved. One of the failures, a brittle fracture of the solder joint, is attributed to the synergistic effects of voids, intermetallic compounds, and CTE mismatch. The investigation of the other failure revealed evidence of tin-whisker formation. As the author explains, the growth of tin whiskers is due to compressive stress in the tin solder material caused by diffusion of end-cap metals (Ni and Cu) and the formation of Sn-Ni-Au intermetallics. In both cases, the failures can be prevented by limiting the thickness of gold on all components.
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) Applications in Failure Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiang-Dong
Published: August 2022

Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) has proven to be an effective tool for investigating doping-related failure mechanism in ICs. The examples in this article show how the author used SCM to solve various problems including premature breakdown due to pattern misalignment, threshold voltage variations caused by poly gate doping anomalies, and source-drain leakage due to channeling effects.
Emerging Techniques for 3-D Integrated System-in-Package Failure Diagnostics
Authors: Altmann Frank , Petzold Matthias
Published: August 2022

Failure analysis is becoming increasingly difficult with the emergence of 3D integrated packages due to their complex layouts, diverse materials, shrinking dimensions, and tight fits. This article demonstrates several FA techniques, including high-frequency scanning acoustic microscopy, lock-in thermography, and FIB cross-sectioning in combination with plasma ion etching or laser ablation. Detailed case studies show how the various methods can be used to analyze bonding integrity between different materials, chip-to-chip interface structures, buried interconnect defects, and through-silicon vias at either the device or package level.
ESREF 2011 in Bordeaux
Authors: Perdu Philippe
Published: August 2022

The 22nd European Symposium on Reliability of Electron Devices, Failure Physics and Analysis (ESREF 2011) was held October 3 to 7, 2011, in Bordeaux, France. The conference concentrated on two main areas in electronics that concern designers, manufacturers, and users: (1) strategy for quality and reliability assessment of electronic circuits and systems, and (2) advanced analysis techniques for technology and product evaluation. This article reports on highlights of the technical program.
G-19 Update: Management of Testing and Inspection Data Generated from Counterfeit Parts Inspection
Authors: Sood Bhanu , George Paula M.
Published: August 2022

Counterfeit electronic parts have become a significant cause of concern in the electronics part supply chain. Several factors that contribute to the targeting of the electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) parts market by counterfeiters include parts obsolescence, extended lead times, the absence of verification tools, the availability of scrapped or salvaged parts, and the high costs associated with inspection/testing procedures. This article reports on the status of efforts by the G-19 Committee of SAE International to develop standards in response to increasing numbers of counterfeit parts in the supply chain.
Space Domain Reflectometry for Opens Detection in Stacked-Die Packages
Authors: Gaudestad Jan , Talanov Vladimir V. , Chih Huang Po
Published: August 2022

Failure analysis labs are fairly well equipped for dealing with shorts and leakages in stacked-die packages, but are at a disadvantage when it comes to opens, particularly those at the die or die interconnect level. This article presents a new FA technique that has the potential to make up for this shortcoming. The new method, called space domain reflectometry (SDR), is based on radio-frequency magnetic current imaging, and as the authors show, is capable of accurately locating a dead open in a double-stacked BGA package, even when the full stack is encapsulated in molding compound.
ISTFA 2012 Wrap-Up
Authors: Perdu Philippe
Published: August 2022

The 38th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis (ISTFA 2012) was held in Phoenix, Ariz., November 11-15, 2012. This article provides a summary of the keynote presentation, technical program, panel discussion, tutorials, User’s Group meetings, and equipment exposition.
ESD and/versus EOS—What's New About It?
Authors: Jacob Peter
Published: August 2022

This article discusses the primary differences between electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electrical overstress (EOS) and the circumstances under which they occur. It also explains how to differentiate ESD from EOS during failure analysis and how to avoid common misunderstandings and mistakes.
Failure Analysis of Electronic Material Using Cryogenic FIB-SEM
Authors: Antoniou Nicholas
Published: August 2022

FIB milling is difficult if not impossible with III-V compound semiconductors and certain interconnect metals because the materials do not react well with the gallium used in most FIB systems. This article discusses the nature of the problem and explains how cryogenic FIB-SEM techniques provide a solution. It describes the basic setup of a FIB-SEM system and provides examples of its use on InN nanocrystals, GaN films, and copper-containing multilayer photovoltaic materials.
The IARPA Circuit Analysis Tools Program
Authors: McCants Carl E.
Published: August 2022

The semiconductor industry continues to scale microelectronics in accordance with Moore’s Law, as the minimum feature size on integrated circuits has decreased from 800 nm in 1993 to 90 nm in 2003 to 22 nm today. In addition, manufacturing advances include 3-D packaging, with multiple dice stacked in various configurations, and 3-D integrated circuits that use through-silicon vias or through-oxide vias to connect the various dice layers. The Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) Circuit Analysis Tools (CAT) program is developing tools and techniques to ensure that the U.S. government has capabilities for circuit analysis at future technology nodes, specifically at 22 nm and beyond, and for chips assembled using advanced packaging techniques. This column describes the CAT program activities and goals.
Sixth FIB-SEM Workshop
Authors: Antoniou Nicholas
Published: August 2022

The sixth FIB-SEM workshop was held March 1, 2013, in Cambridge, Mass. This article provides a summary of the event along with highlights from the 18 paper presentations.
An Overview of Failure Analysis of Tantalum Capacitors
Authors: Qazi Javaid
Published: August 2022

This article reviews the basic failure modes of surface-mount tantalum capacitors and the methods used to determine the cause. It discusses the factors that contribute to leakage, shorts, opens, and high series resistance, the characteristics of each failure mode, and the best approaches for failure analysis.
Finding the “When” and Improving the “Where” With Picosecond Time-Resolved LADA
Authors: Bodoh Dan , Erington Kent
Published: August 2022

Laser-assisted device alteration (LADA) is an effective tool for identifying speed-limiting paths in ICs. When implemented with a continuous wave laser, it can reveal where the speed-limiting path resides but not when the slow (or fast) logic transition is occurring. To overcome this limitation, an enhanced version of the technique has been developed. This article discusses the capabilities of the new method, called picosecond time-resolved LADA, and explains how it complements the existing failure analysis toolset, facilitating faster resolution of issues and root-cause identification.
Emerging Techniques in Atomic Force Microscopy: Diamond Milling and Electrostatic Force Microscopy
Authors: Ippolito Stephen , Zumwalt Sean , Erickson Andy
Published: August 2022

Atomic force microscopy has been a consistent factor in the advancements of the past decade in IC nanoprobing and failure analysis. Over that time, many new atomic force measurement techniques have been adopted by the IC analysis community, including scanning conductance, scanning capacitance, pulsed current-voltage, and capacitance-voltage spectroscopy. More recently, two new techniques have emerged: diamond probe milling and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). As the authors of the article explain, diamond probe milling using an atomic force microscope is a promising new method for in situ, localized, precision delayering of ICs, while active EFM is a nondestructive alternative to EBAC microscopy for localization of opens in IC analysis.
A Process for Thinning and Polishing Highly Warped Die to High Surface Quality And Consistent Thickness: Part I
Authors: Martin Kirk A.
Published: August 2022

This article, the first in a two-part series, discusses the challenges of thinning highly warped die and explains how they can be overcome with contour machining driven by thickness measurements. The machine that was used measures die surface profiles in situ, producing a wire frame model by which it controls the rotation and movement of the tooling spindle. The thinning process used in this demonstration consists of a grinding step followed by several rounds of lapping, resulting in a uniform die thickness with minimal surface imperfections. The mechanical limitations of flattening a curved die in preparation for die thinning will be discussed in Part II of this article in the November 2015 issue of EDFA.
A Case Study of Encapsulated IC Accelerated Failure Due to the Kirkendall Effect on Downhole Circuits
Authors: Bescup John
Published: August 2022

This article presents a case study of an IC failure that occurred in a downhole drilling environment. It describes the tests and examinations that were performed and explains how investigators determined that the Kirkendall effect contributed to the failure.
Sealant/Caulk Material Aids Decapsulation of Electronic Components
Authors: Ross Bill
Published: August 2022

This master FA column introduces a decapsulation technique that eliminates the need for drilling as well as the potential for mechanical damage and ESD. It is also faster than the traditional approach.
Take a Closer Look at Electrically-Enhanced LADA: Setup
Authors: Goh S.H. , Yeoh B.L. , You G.F. , Chan Y.H. , Lin Zhao , Lam Jeffrey , Chua C.M.
Published: August 2022

This article explains how hardware and software enhancements bring new capabilities to one of the most widely used soft-defect localization techniques. It discusses the basic concept of electrically enhanced laser-assisted device alteration (EeLADA) and demonstrates its use on different types of soft and hard defects. It also discusses the relative advantages of hardware and software implementations.
Manageability Challenges for Internet of Things
Authors: Chen Yen-Kuang
Published: August 2022

The Internet of Things concept is the “next big thing,” but what are the obstacles to achieving its potential? This article describes some key challenges with this evolving technology, including device failure, sensitivity, scalability, middleware, and user interaction.
3-D Technology: Failure Analysis Challenges
Authors: De Wolf Ingrid
Published: August 2022

Chip-level 3D integration, where chips are thinned, stacked, and vertically interconnected using TSVs and microbumps, brings as many challenges as it does improvements, particularly in the area of failure analysis. This article assesses the capabilities of various FA techniques in light of the challenges posed by 3D integration and identifies current shortcomings and future needs.
Medical Applications of Vat Polymerization
Authors: Kanematsu Hideyuki , Barry Dana M. , Noorani Rafiqul , McGrath Paul
Published: August 2022

Of the seven additive manufacturing (AM) processes, this article focuses on the vat photopolymerization, or simply vat polymerization, process, while briefly discussing the other six AM processes. Vat polymerization and its characteristics, AM applications in medical fields, and the regulatory challenges of vat polymerization-based bioprinting are presented.
Post-Traumatic Headache is Associated with Worse Anxiety and Mood Symptoms in Adolescent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Han Dong Y , W. Williams Michael , E. Karr Justin , M. Day Alyssa , C. Glueck Amanda , Kapoor Siddharth , Han Dong Y
Published: August 2022

This study examined the relationships between post-traumatic headache (PTH) and mental health symptoms after concussions to inform adolescent concussion management. Headache is the most common complaint following adolescent concussion. In this sample of 123 adolescents with concussion, there was a 5-fold increase in odds of clinically elevated anxiety, as well as increased mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression, anger, and disruptive behaviours), among adolescents with PTH relative to those without PTH. Adolescents with headache following concussions are vulnerable to worse mental health outcomes, particularly anxiety, and may benefit from routine monitoring of mental health symptoms for early detection and intervention.
URGENSI PENCEGAHAN PERUNDUNGAN DUNIA MAYA (CYBERBULLYING) TERHADAP PELAJAR
Authors: Al Adawiah Rabiah , Esther Masri
Published: August 2022

Perundungan dunia maya (Cyberbullying) telah menjadi fenomena yang mengkhawatirkan dalam satu dekade terakhir, terutama di kalangan pelajar. Cyberbullying merupakan bentuk baru dari bullying yang melibatkan penggunaan media elektronik. Berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk bullying lainnya, cyberbullying mencapai audiens yang jauh lebih luas dengan kecepatan tinggi, melampaui batas waktu dan ruang fisik dan pribadi. Dampak kasus cyberbullying lebih dahsyat daripada perundungan biasa, karena meninggalkan rekam digital seperti foto, video, dan tulisan sehingga ingatan dan rasa malu bagi korban akan terus ada selama jejak digital tersebut diakses oleh orang lain. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya upaya pencegahan agar dapat terhindar dan tidak terjerumus dalam bahaya dan dampak cyberbullying beserta aspek hukum yang mengaturnya. Kegiatan yang dilakukan di kalangan pelajar berupa penyuluhan melalui Webinar merupakan upaya pencegahan (preventif) yang perlu dilakukan agar siswa dapat terhindar dari bahaya dan dampak perundungan dunia maya (cyberbullying) serta aspek hukum yang mengatur jika terjadi tindakan cyberbullying. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman kepada siswa SMK Industri Nasional 1, Setu Bekasi, agar terhindar dari tindakan cyberbullying baik sebagai pelaku maupun korban.
Analisis Yuridis Tentang Bentuk Berlaku Adil Dalam Perkawinan Poligami
Authors: Ansori Fathan
Published: August 2022

Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Islamic Law allows a husband to be polygamous as long as he fulfills the specified requirements, including being fair to his wives. However, the law does not provide an explanation and regulation of the meaning and form of justice. Therefore, this study aims to determine the legal ratio of polygamous marriages and fair forms in polygamous marriages. This research uses normative legal research, namely research on secondary data in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The legal materials were collected through literature study. The legal materials that have been collected are then processed and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that based on the opinion of legal experts, the legal ratio of polygamous marriages is for the benefit of mankind and preventing immoral acts committed by men. Then according to the opinion of legal experts that the fair form in polygamous marriage is in the form of external justice, and not spiritual justice.
Analisis Hukum Atas Penerapan Klasifikasi Saham Dengan Hak Suara Multipel Di Pasar Modal Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya Andy Rahmad
Published: August 2022

The Financial Services Authority (OJK) issued OJK Regulation Number 22/POJK.04/2021 concerning the Application of Stock Classification with Multiple Voting Rights by Issuers with Innovation and High Growth Rates conducting Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the form of Shares (POJK 22/2021). The problem raised in this research is the implications for investors on the regulation of the implementation of stock classification with multiple voting rights by issuers in the capital market. This research is a normative or doctrinal legal research, which describes, explains, and analyzes the optional policies carried out by OJK through POJK 22/202. The analysis is carried out using a qualitative descriptive approach that begins with collecting legal materials, qualifying them, connecting theories related to research problems, drawing conclusions to determine results and recommendations. The results of this study indicate that issuers who exercise multiple voting rights in the capital market can make the majority shareholder unable to control the company. Investors who will own shares in issuers that implement this policy only have the advantage of enjoying dividends only if the issuer makes a profit. However, if the issuer suffers a loss, the investor will suffer the biggest loss.
Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Fidusia Melalui Pendekatan Restorave Justice
Authors: Riswandie Iwan
Published: August 2022

Criminal acts are usually resolved through a procedural mechanism through the principle of legality with what is outlined through the provisions of the legislation. Restorative justice will be able to solve criminal problems which are not only seen in procedural settlement with an orientation towards punishment but also in the agreement of the parties. Criminal problems related to fiduciary with the criminal provisions of Articles 35 and 36 of the Fiduciary Act must see and be oriented to restorative justice to be able to solve the problem. This paper examines the Settlement of Fiduciary Crimes through a restorative justice approach. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. In conclusion, restorative justice is prioritized not the punishment for the offender, but on how the perpetrator can bear responsibility for the acts committed and how the victim can get justice so that the situation can be recovered. Therefore, the main thing in the settlement of fiduciary crimes is the restoration of the original state, then with the emphasis on criminal law, of course, the debtor as the offender of the violation has the impetus for resolving this case, so that with this agreement with a strong pressure value in criminal law, the opportunity for settlements will be more achievable and far more beneficial than just punishing the offender.
Impact of Locavorism on the Gastronomic Tourism Development in Sumy Region
Authors: Samilyk Maryna
Published: August 2022

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of locavorism on the development of gastronomic tourism the Sumy region. The research methodology is based on the collection of factual data, the synthesis and analysis of information material, and the study of scientific and practical developments of domestic and foreign experts in the field of gastronomic tourism.
Locavorism as a model of food consumption, features of this concept, reasons and history of its occurrence are analyzed. The main signs of locavorism and the connection with gastronomic tourism have been studied. Examples of reflecting the principles of locavorism in the Sumy region through authentic dishes and gastronomic festivals are presented. Five basic principles of locavorism are identified: consumption of only local food (grown and produced in the region of human habitation), seasonality (characterized by consumption of fruits and vegetables according to the season, refusal of imported food), environmental friendliness (due to reduced globalization and logistics costs load on the environment), naturalness (rejection of products grown by genetic engineering technologies), support for local producers (use of products made by local producers). The analysis showed that locavorism has many positive features. These are, in particular, the revival and popularization of traditional regional cuisine, the development of local producers of agricultural products and producers of organic products, the creation of local craft enterprises, the reduction of imports, the positive impact on ecology, and the improvement of the population health, which in the long run will contribute to the health of the nation. It has been established that the development of locavorism will make it possible to establish a direct connection between urban consumers and rural producers, which will enable craft producers to sell their products at decent prices and will contribute to the development of rural areas, and increase the rural population employment.
Impact of Russian Military Aggression on the Natural Tourist Resources of Ukraine
Authors: Antonenko Volodymyr , Khutkyi Volodymyr
Published: August 2022

The paper highlights and analyses the irreparable damage to the country’s ecological system and natural tourist resources due to russian military aggression in Ukraine, considering the problems of restoring these resources and the safety of involvement in recreational activities in the future.
Emphasis is placed on the need to maximize the damage to the country's environment as a result of russia’s military aggression in Ukraine to determine further compensation by the aggressor for this damage. It is determined that the plan to restore Ukraine after the victory in the russian-Ukrainian war should include measures to restore and preserve ecosystems, and plans to rebuild settlements should include nature-oriented solutions and measures to build the country’s recreational system. Priorities for ensuring environmental security in the war zone in eastern Ukraine as components of environmental protection in the context of reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions have been identified.
The emphasis is on the need to build a national culture of security and resilience in crises, using the experience and approaches of the United States as an example.
Considerations and Opinions regarding the Preventive Measure of the Detention provided in the Criminal Procedure Code and the Administrative Measure concerning the Escorting of Persons to the Police Headquarters
Authors: Miron Adriana
Published: August 2022

Detention, as a preventive measure, can be taken on the basis of an ordinance, with respect to human dignity, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the free development of the human personality, and justice, which are supreme and guaranteed values. The detention measure cannot be ordered on simple suspicions or assumptions, as it requires strong evidence or clues that a person has committed a crime.
Distribusi Spasial Habitat Larva, Kepadatan Anopheles sp dan Kasus malaria di Kampung Kiren Distrik Bonggo Kabupaten Sarmi
Authors: Hastuty Henny Sesanti Budi , Herman Theresie Chindyana , Pabarri Irfan , Randa Hiskia Batara , Bisim Yusuf Syerim
Published: August 2022

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to describe health problems, one of the problem can be described is malaria. Malaria is still a major health problem for people in Papua. Papua Annual Parasite Incidence (API) is the highest in Indonesia (Kemenkes RI, 2017). This study aims to describe the spatial distribution of larval habitat, adult mosquito density, and the distribution of malaria patients in January-April 2019 in Kiren Village, Bonggo District. The results showed that there were 29 positive habitats of Anopheles sp larvae, consisting of puddles (69.0%), sago marsh (3.4%), artificial ponds (13.8%), and gutters (13, 8%), the habitat is spread almost evenly throughout the Kiren Village area. Larvae species caught were: An.punctulatus (17.2%), An.maculatus (31.0%), An.farauti (6.9%), An.telatelatus (3.4%), and An.longirostris (31.0%) and not identified 10.3%. The highest density of adult mosquitoes is 7 mosquito/person/ night, the lowest is 1.5 mosquito/person/night, with an average of 3.6 mosquito/ person/night. Adult mosquito species caught : An.maculatus (37.9%), An.karwari (10.3%), An.punctulatus (31.0%), An.farauti (13.8%), and An.longoristris (6.9%). Malaria patients highest based on  age  group is in the 20-44 years (39.3%), and by sex in the female group (62.5%). The conclusions of this study are as follows: the highest larval habitat is puddles, the most caught larvae species are An.maculatus and An.longirostris, high mosquito density/ high MBR, adult mosquito species are mostly caught is An.punctulatus, the highest malaria patients based on age group is in the 20-44 years old and based on sex from female group
Comparison of Heart Rate, Oxygen Intake, Cardiorespiratory Function according to Growth of Taekwondo Players
Authors:   Korean Academy of Cardiorespiratory Physical Therapy, Park Min-Hyuk , Choi Dong-Sung
Published: August 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of male taekwondo players by evaluating their heart rate, oxygen intake, and cardiorespiratory function according to the growth period.
Methods: This study enrolled 34 male middle school, high school, and university taekwondo players belonging to D city. Their heart rate, oxygen intake, and cardiorespiratory function were evaluated according to the growth period.
Results: The resting heart rate was significantly different between the groups, and the values in high school athletes were lower than those in middle school athletes and university athletes. A significant difference was found between the groups in the maximum oxygen intake, with values higher in high school athletes than in middle school athletes and university athletes. The respiratory rate at the anaerobic threshold was significantly different between the groups, with values higher in middle school players than in high school players.
Conclusion: This study revealed significant differences among the groups, and results will guide in creating a systematic training program for growing taekwondo players.
Effects of the Chest Expansion Exercise on Chest Expansion, Respiratory Function and Functional Activity: A Aystematic Review
Authors:   Korean Academy of Cardiorespiratory Physical Therapy, Lee Ji-Yeon , Jeon Jeong-Woo , Kim Jin-Seop
Published: August 2022

Purpose: The study aimed to analyze the effect of chest-expansion exercise studies on chest expansion, respiratory function, and functional activity over the past 8 years (2015-2022).
Methods: Previous studies were electronically searched using the PubMed, PEDro, KISS, and RISS4U databases. A total of five studies were selected according to the PRISMA guidelines, and the PEDro scale was used for the qualitative analysis.
Results: Five studies met the criteria. Two studies scored 6 of 10 and three scored 5. Four studies had an intervention of 20 and 30 min, each at a frequency of 4-5 times per week, for a total of 4-8 weeks, except for one study that performed 20 min of intervention at a time, which demonstrated an immediate effect. The results indicated that chest-expansion exercises effectively improved chest expansion, respiratory function, and functional activity.
Conclusion: Chest-expansion exercises exert positive effects on chest expansion, respiratory function, and functional activity.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT PRICE, PRODUCTION VOLUME, AND EXCHANGE RATE TOWARD “NAGAI” EXPORT VOLUME IN PT BINA BUSANA INTERNUSA SEMARANG
Authors: Hardina Iga H , Prasetya Budi , Taviyastuti Taviyastuti
Published: August 2022

Export volume of spesific product is affected by many factors. Some of them are product price, production volume, and exchange rate. This research aims to find out the influence of product price, production volume, and exchange rate toward export volume of “Nagai” product in PT Bina Busana Internusa Semarang. This research used secondary data in the form of annual and monthly report of sales, production volume, and exchange rate used during transaction for the period of May 2015 – May 2018, so there are 37 samples for this research. Data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression. The result shows that there is a simultaneous effect of product price, production volume, and exchange rate toward export volume of “Nagai”. Partially, product price has negatively effect on “Nagai” export volume. Production volume and exchange rate both give possitive effect on “Nagai” export volume. Production volume is the most influential independent variable compared to product price and exchange rate. Suggestion to increase the export volume of “Nagai” product in short term period is to give an extra attention to production factors and stock opname that will affect directly to production volume.
THE ANALYSIS STUDY OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION FACTORS APPLICATION ON YARN PRODUCTION
Authors: CahyaGusti Maydina Khumairoh , Setyadi Dody , Nahar M
Published: August 2022

This study aims to find out the influence of production factors) to the yarn production output at PT Subah Spinning Mills and to find out the technical efficiency level of yarn production factors usage in PT Subah Spinning Mills. The data type which used is the secondary. The time series data used in this research in months is from January 2015 to December 2017, there were 36 series (months). The analysis tools in this study are multiple linear regression and efficiency test. Based on the data processing result, machine work (X2) and the quantity of raw materials (X3) have positives influence to the yarn production output in PT Subah Spinning Mills, while the number of labor (X1) has a negative effect to the yarn production output in PT Subah Spinning Mills. The technical efficiency level of raw materials usage and the machine work were efficient respectively; it means that the raw materials and machine usage in PT Subah Spinning Mills had been classified in the technically efficient category. For the labors factor, the technical efficiency level of the labors usage is inefficient, in order to that, the research recommend the company to put more investment on the machine factors in hope it increasing the amount of yarn production at PT SUBAH SPINNING MILLS. Based on the results of return to scale (RTS) with a value of less than 1, the number of return to scale (RTS) is in decreasing return, which means that if there is an additional production factors, the additional production output will have a less proportion than the previous production.
DYNAMIC ARCHIVE DISTRIBUTION APPLICATION FOR PT. PERUSAHAAN GAS NEGARA TBK AREA SEMARANG
Authors: Jaya Sulistiyo Mutiara , Hermawan Iwan , Suwardi Suwardi
Published: August 2022

PT. Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk (PGN) is a company engaged in the field of natural gas transmission and distribution in Indonesia. One of the sales offices is in Semarang, Central Java. Administrative activities in a service company like PGN really need to be considered. One such activity is the management and distribution of archives. Archives are very useful for companies in various activities. The purpose of this research is to provide convenience in the management and distribution of archives at PGN area Semarang. This study designed a dynamic archive distribution application using software Microsoft Visual FoxPro 9.0 with rapid application development (RAD) research methods. The results of this study provide efficiency in managing archives such as input, retrieval, and distribution of archives at PGN area Semarang.   
PENGARUH CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN PADA PT TIGA SERANGKAI SURAKARTA
Authors: Wardiyanti Bangkit Tyas Sada , Haribowo Putut , Astuti Rif'ah Dwi
Published: August 2022

This research aims to determine the effect of the components of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) which consists of people, process, and technology on customer loyalty at PT Tiga Serangkai Pustaka Mandiri General Book (GB) Division Central Java-DIY Branch. Data collection methods in this research by interview, observation, and questionnaires to 51 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Methods of data analysis used are validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, multiple linear regression test, t test, F test, and coefficient of determination. The results of this research shows that the variables of people, process, and technology have positive and significant effect both simultaneously or partially on the customer loyalty variable model of multiple linear regression analysis results as follows Customer Loyalty = 3,781 + 0,289 People + 0,320 Process + 0,247 Technology. The results of the analysis obtained Adjusted R2 value of 0.685, this shows that the contribution of independent variables in influencing the dependent variable is 68.5% and the remainder is influenced by other variables not examined in this research.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN PAJAK, PERSEPSI ATAS EFEKTIFITAS SISTEM PERPAJAKAN DAN SANKSI PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK PPh PASAL 21 DALAM MELAPOR SPT (Studi Pada Dosen ASN di Politeknik Negeri Semarang)
Authors: Nailissyifa Maulina , Poerbo Suryadi , Farouk Umar
Published: August 2022

This study aimed to determine the influence of tax knowledge, perception of taxation system effectiveness and tax sanctions on ASN Lecturer taxpayer compliance of income tax art. 21 at Semarang State Polytechnic in reporting SPT. Data analysis that used were instrument test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis test. The sample that used in this study were 80 respondents that choosen using incidental sampling method. Hypothesis test results indicate that tax knowledge and tax sanctions partially influencing the taxpayer compliance in reporting SPT. Meanwhile, the perception of taxation system effectiveness does not influence the taxpayer compliance in reporting SPT. Furthermore, tax knowledge, perception of taxation system effectiveness and tax sanctions simultaneously influencing the taxpayer compliance in reporting SPT. The results of the coefficient of determination indicate that tax knowledge, perception of taxation system effectiveness and tax sanctions influencing the taxpayer compliance in reporting SPT by 43.8%. While the remaining 56.2% of taxpayer compliance in reporting SPT is influenced by other factors which were not observed in this study.
THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLECTUAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE QUALITY OF PARAWISATA HUMAN RESOURCES IN PANGANDARAN BEACH TOURISM OBJECT
Authors: Sutrisna Arga - , Pauzy Depy Muhamad
Published: August 2022

This research is one of the efforts of researchers to develop tourism human resources in Pangandaran beach tourism, the development of tourism human resources in Pangandaran attractions is very important to face the MEA (ASEAN Economic Community), it is hoped that with good tourism human resources can produce resources very large regional income. the purpose of this study is first to find out the intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and the quality of human tourism resources in Pangandaran beach tourism objects, secondly to know the effect of intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence simultaneously on the quality of tourism human resources in Pangandaran beach tourism objects, the third to know the effect of intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence partially on the quality of tourism human resources in Pangandaran beach tourism objects, and the fourth becomes the basis of subsequent research. The method used to achieve the above objectives is an explanatory research method, the use of this method because researchers not only describe the empirical facts found in the field, but also intend to analyze and explain the influence between variables. This research was conducted on tourism human resources in Pangandaran beach tourism objects with a sampling system. The results of this study that the variable of emotional intelligence significantly influence the quality of tourism human resources and that the intellectual intelligence variable significantly influences the quality of tourism human resources and emotional intelligence and intellectual intelligence simultaneously significantly influence the quality of tourism human resources
THE INFLUENCE OF INVENTORY AND DISTRIBUTION TOWARD LPG SALES VOLUME IN PT OPTIMA SINERGI COMVESTAMA SEMARANG
Authors: Rosal Danny Christian De , Zaenuddin Achmad - , Suratno Agus -
Published: August 2022

The purposes of this study were to analyze the influence of Inventory (X1) and Distribution (X2) as independent variables on LPG Sales Volume (Y) as dependent variable individually and to find out how many contributions of all independent variables to dependent variable. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis method by IBM SPSS 23 was used in this study equipped with the Classic Assumption Test and Coefficient of Determination. Data used in this study were secondary data collected from PT. Optima Sinergi Comvestama from January 2016 to December 2018. The result of F-test in this study showed that simultaneously and significantly, all of independent variables influenced dependent variable even though T-test result showed that partially, Inventory and Distribution have a positive significant influence on LPG Sales Volume. However, based on the coefficient of determination test, it was found that Inventory and Distribution have a high contribution in explaining LPG Sales Volume that is 93,2%. In addition, the multiple linear regression analysis result with the model Y= -6793558,110 + 1,004 + 1,015 showed that if there were an increase in Inventory and Distribution then LPG Sales Volume would also increase
Analysis of the effect of Customer Value and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction at PT Tera Logistik Indonesia Semarang Branch
Authors: Yoza Prima - , Suroija Noor - , Wahyuni Sri -
Published: August 2022

The title of this research is The Effect of Customer Value and Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction at PT Tera Logistik Indonesia Semarang Branch.  PT Tera Logistik Indonesia Semarang branch is one of 57 ship agency companies  in Semarang, Central Java (inaportnet.dephub.go.id).  This condition make the company to compete for customer. As a company engaged in service sector, the compatition is competing to provide satisfactory services to consumer.  At PT Tera Logistik Indonesia there was a decrease in the number of service usage in 2019, the decrease in the number of customers was inseparable from the quality of service and value provided by the company to customers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of customer value and service quality on customer satisfaction at PT Tera Logistik Indonesia Semarang branch. This study used a saturated sampling technique, with a sample size of 39 customers. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression and classical assumption test. The results of this study indicate that partially, customer value has a significant effect on customer satisfaction and service quality has a significant effect on customer satisfaction. And simultaneously the variables of customer value and service quality have a significant and positive effect on customer satisfaction with an influence contribution of 53.7%. This shows that PT Tera Logistik Indonesia Semarang Branch has to pay attention of  satisfaction from customers needs to increasing customer value and the quality service that  provided to customers.
Financial ratio analysis to Assess the Performance of Telecommunications Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2017-2019
Authors: Jaslinah Nurin - , Karnowahadi Karnowahadi - , Paniya Paniya -
Published: August 2022

This study aims to assess the company's financial performance using financial ratio analysis of Telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2017- 2019 period. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling so that selected in this study PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, PT XL Axiata Tbk, PT Indosat Tbk and PT Smartfren Tbk, The type of data used in this study is secondary data which includes data on annual financial statements from 2017 to 2019. The analysis tool use the analysis of liquidity ratios, solvency and profitability. The results of the study were reviewed from the liquidity ratio using the current ratio and quick rasio, then the highest level of ratio obtained from 2017 to 2019 was PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) and the lowest was PT Smartfren Tbk, however, the four companies produce ratios from 2017-2019 under the ratio valuation standard. This shows that the company's performance is not healthy because the company is unable to guarantee its current debt with its total current assets (liquid). The solvency ratio from the calculation debt to asset ratio shows that PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero) Tbk has the lowest ratio compared to other companies from 2017 to 2019, but out of all of the surveyed telecommunications companies show the results of the ratio exceeds the standard solvency ratio so the company is in a bad condition. Having a solvency ratio that is getting higher every year is feared that the company will not be able to guarantee long-term debt with the total assets it has (insolvable). Profitability ratios generated in telecommunications companies that were studied by calculating economic profitability/ return on investment and profitability of their own capital/ return on equity showed that the performance of companies that experienced a decline in profits from 2017 to 2019, even Smartfren suffered losses for three years in a row. This shows the company's performance in a bad condition
The influence of Motivation, Competency and Working Facilities on Employee Performance at PT Pertamina MOR IV Semarang
Authors: Sandy Tirta - , Winarto Winarto - , Subandi Subandi -
Published: August 2022

The purposed of this research to analyze employee performance, especially in the office of Pertamina MOR IV Semarang. This research used variables work motivation, work competence, and work facilities as independent variables that affect employee performance as the dependent variable. Sample used 102 employees of the office of Pertamina MOR IV Semarang and using the incidental sampling method, the study was using multiple regression analyze to. The results showed that work motivation, work competence, and work facilities had influences toward employee work performance. Motivation variable has Coefficient regression value of 0.285, competency is 0.238, and working facility is 0.273. Among the three independent variables, motivation has the largest effect on employee performance at PT. Pertamina MOR IV Semarang
Experiencing the poetry inherent in language as a tool in teacher education
Authors: Skillen Norman
Published: August 2022

The opening module of the 2nd year of the 4-year Bachelor’s degree in Waldorf Education at Freie Hochschule Stuttgart is described. The year is devoted exclusively to the additional subject chosen by the students and the article focusses on the group who have chosen L2 English. The intention in the module is to give the students an introduction to the history of the English language and its literature while at the same time beginning the development of their performative skills. This entails, on the one hand, setting the history of language in as wide a context as possible, in the process drawing upon the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Owen Barfield among others, and on the other, preparing a programme of poetry for performance. Within this broad context the process of preparation is described, and the mutual influences of the one upon the other highlighted.
Listening at the threshold
Authors: McNeer Robert
Published: August 2022

This article offers a brief overview of the intentions and methods which the author has pursued in his years of leading artistic workshops at the Waldorf English Week, an annual in-service training week for Waldorf English teachers. It includes a reflection on the effects and possible benefits of the processes in these workshops for language teachers.
Dermatitis alérgica de contacto asociada al uso de la mascarilla durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Sánchez Ayala Jaime Alfonso , Piñón Gámez Aimeé
Published: August 2022

Introducción: El uso de mascarilla personal por parte del personal de salud y población en general es necesario durante la pandemia por COVID-19, sin embargo, ha resultado en un aumento significativo de la prevalencia dermatitis de contacto alérgica, dermatitis de contacto irritante, dermatitis seborreica, urticaria de contacto y exacerbación del acné y las infecciones de la piel. Metodología: revisión no sistemática sobre la dermatitis alérgica de contacto asociada al uso de mascarillas y respiradores N95 durante la pandemia por COVID 19, se emplearon los términos y descriptores “dermatitis and mask” y “dermatitis and Covid-19” en las bases de datos ScienDirect, Pubmed, SciELO y Redalyc; se consideró trabajos publicados en idioma español y/o inglés, de vigencia no mayor a 5 años. Resultados: El uso de la mascarilla por un periodo superior a 6 horas ha demostrado incrementar la incidencia de dermatitis alérgica, presentado lesiones principalmente en mejillas, dorso de la nariz, frente y zona retroauricular. Conclusiones: Esta es una entidad patológica presumiblemente de gran incidencia y subdiagnóstico. Constituye una forma de hipersensibilidad tipo IV, que de no ser tratada a tiempo puede devenir en complicaciones asociadas a sobreinfección; el personal sanitario y la comunidad en general debe ser educado en medidas de prevención de este tipo de lesiones y orientarlos para buscar atención médica oportuna de ser necesario.