bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acceptability of Information Technology Systems Developed for Distant Philippine Communities among Local Health Providers
Authors: Caballes Alvin B.
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The National Telehealth Service Program (NTSP) has developed Information Technology (IT) systems aimed at improving health services primarily in isolated Philippine communities. These included two electronic health records modalities (Community Health Information Tracking System, or CHITS, and Real-time Regular Routine Reporting for Health, or R4Health), a referral system (Telemedicine), and a remote diagnostic device (RxBox).Objectives. This study was undertaken to describe the utilization and cost patterns as well as the perceptions of the local health personnel regarding the use of the various NTSP systems. The implications of the end-user perceptions on the acceptability and expanded use of the IT interventions were inferred, from which corresponding policy recommendations were made.Methods. Twelve NTSP sites, including far-flung and economically depressed communities, where the systems were concurrently available over a defined six month period, were selected. The frequency of respective system transactions for these sites was collected from NTSP files. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted at the communities, involving physicians, nurses, midwives, and other health workers. Associated costs, and perceptions related to the adoption, operation, and sustained use of the IT systems were elucidated.Results. Telemedicine, though the least costly modality, was the least utilized of the systems. While both R4Health and CHITS facilitated health data management, CHITS provided more locally-relevant information. The RxBox system, due to its clinical diagnostic device component, was widely accepted and also increased health center consultations, especially among pregnant patients. Technical malfunctions, as well as system failures following natural calamities, were recurrent problems.Conclusions. The RxBox system, with its bundled health records and specialist consultation functions, is highly accepted by health providers and other community stakeholders. The technology can be expected to be similarly well-regarded in other settings. The stand-alone IT modalities that do not directly or significantly benefit the actual implementers are not as sustainable.
Performance and Promotions in an Autocracy: Evidence from Nazi Germany
Authors: Aaskoven Lasse , Nyrup Jacob
Published: March 2021

Scholars of autocracies increasingly debate whether autocratic regimes promote their subordinates based on achievements, such as economic performance, and further a meritocratic system. This article argues that the extent to which autocratic regimes reward economic performance is not
constant over the course of an autocratic regime's lifespan but varies depending on the strategic goals of the regime and the regime's ability to monitor its subordinates' performance. We collect a new dataset on the careers of the regional leaders of the German Nazi Party, the Gauleiters,
from 1936 to 1944, and a wealth of historical data sources from the regime. Using this, we show that better regional economic performance increased the chance of receiving a promotion before the outbreak of World War II but not after.
La circunferencia abdominal como indicador de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular
Authors: Araúz Hernández Ana Gladys , Guzmán Padilla Sonia , Roselló Araya Marlene
Published: March 2021

"La obesidad afecta a más del 60% de los adultos costarricenses. Existe consenso en cuanto a que la acumulación de grasa en la región intraabdominal es un riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares, y que la medición de la circunferencia abdominal es un indicador indirecto para su identificación."
Identification and Efforts to Control Infection Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) on Orchid
Authors: Mahfut Mahfut
Published: March 2021

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is a orchid virus which infection most widely reported and has spread widely in the world, including in Indonesia. Viral infections can degrade the quality of the orchid plant so it is economically detrimental. To study a disease infection, identification is carried out first to determine the most appropriate method of control. These identification techniques include variations in infection symptoms, host range testing, testing of viral titers, observation of particle morphology, genome detection, and analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences. Efforts to control disease can be done through preventive and eradicative actions chemically, biologically, and based on artificial intelligence.
empleo de videotutoriales en la era post COVID19: valoración e influencia en la identidad docente del futuro profesional
Authors: Hernández-Ramos Juan Pablo , Martínez-Abad Fernando , Sánchez-Prieto José Carlos
Published: March 2021

Debido a la pandemia del COVID19, en el curso 2019-2020 en infinidad de países, se tuvo que suspender la actividad educativa presencial en cualquiera de sus manifestaciones, teniendo los docentes que planificar y desarrollar un nuevo proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje virtual. Ante esta circunstancia y a tenor de la incertidumbre actual, los recursos tecnológicos se convierten en un aliado para el profesorado, siendo necesaria la difusión de experiencias como la recogida en este estudio: el empleo de videotutoriales en la enseñanza superior.  A partir de un diseño de investigación pre-experimental, tras aplicar un cuestionario electrónico a 240 estudiantes, se analiza la planificación e implementación de videotutoriales para la transmisión de los contenidos teóricos y prácticos en asignaturas de Metodología de Investigación. Las valoraciones realizadas muestran un nivel alto de aceptación del recurso, especialmente para: analizar y reflexionar sobre los contenidos; resolver problemas prácticos y organizar el estudio. Así mismo, queda reflejada la relación entre la percepción de utilidad del videotutorial y la intención de uso futuro. Se concluye el estudio destacando las potencialidades educativas del empleo de videotutoriales en la enseñanza superior a distancia.

Due to the COVID19 pandemic, in the 2019-2020 school year in many countries, the classroom activity had to be suspended in any of its manifestations, having the teachers to plan and develop a new process of virtual teaching-learning. In view of this circumstance and in light of the current uncertainty, technological resources become an ally for teachers, making it necessary to disseminate experiences such as the one collected in this study: the use of video tutorials in higher education.  From a pre-experimental research design, after applying an electronic questionnaire to 240 students, the planning and implementation of video tutorials for the transmission of theoretical and practical contents in Research Methodology subjects is analyzed. The assessments made show a high level of acceptance of the resource, especially for: analyzing and reflecting on the contents; solving practical problems and organizing the study. Likewise, the relationship between the perception of the usefulness of the video tutorial and the intention of future use is reflected. The study is concluded by highlighting the educational potential of the use of video tutorials in distance higher education
Displaced Root of 3rd Maxillary Molar Tooth into Infratemporal Fossa- Role of 3D CT Scan
Authors: Khaladkar Sanjay M , Reddy B Nagi
Published: March 2021

The displaced molar tooth is an unexpected and uncommon intraoperative complication of tooth extraction. Its prompt and early identification and management is crucial, as this may reduce the patient morbidity. Orthopantomogram (OPG) has limitations because of extensive anatomical superimposition of various structures. A 36-year-old female patient was referred for Computed Tomography (CT) of maxillofacial region with 3D CT scan for severe pain and swelling in right cheek region with inability to open mouth for 4 days following the dental intervention in outside dental clinic. CT scan of maxillofacial region showed bony defect in the right 3rd maxillary alveolus with multiple small bony fragments. Small fragment of molar tooth was displaced into the right infratemporal fossa and was impinging on right lateral pterygoid muscle with surrounding ill-defined soft tissue infiltrates in right retroantral fat. CT Face with 3D reconstruction helps in accurate localisation and gives appropriate anatomical detail in case of displaced molar tooth into infratemporal fossa. Thus, a detailed radiological investigation and documenting the relations of the displaced tooth or fragment with adjacent structures provides crucial information for proper surgical planning and avoiding possible complications.
Determination of β-carotene and α-tocopherol Content in Selected Fresh and Dry Vegetables in Butula in Busia County
Authors: Nambafu Rachel , Swaleh Sauda , Nyambaka Hudson
Published: March 2021

The study involved the determination of β-carotene and α-tocopherol content in selected fresh and dry vegetables (amaranthus, cowpea leaves, nightshade, slender leaf, pumpkin leaves and frying spider) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) procedure. Fresh blanched vegetables contained high levels of β-carotene; 4000-9700µg/100g and α-tocopherol levels; 3000-7360µg/100g (WW). The solar dried vegetables contained β- carotene levels ranging from 572 to 854µg g-1 dry weight (DW) and α-tocopherol levels ranging from 281 to 673µg g-1 (DW). Solar dried vegetables contained significantly lower (P<0.05) amounts of β-carotene and α-tocopherol which were moderately bioavailable when mixed in good proportion to meet Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamins A and E; which are 750µg retinol equivalent/day and 8mg/day respectively. The results will provide nutritional information on the indigenous vegetables grown in Butula in Busia County.
Has the Pandemic Triggered a ‘Paperdemic’? Towards an Assessment of Diagnostic Indicators for COVID-19
Authors: Rushdi Ali Muhammad Ali , Serag Hamzah Abdul Majid
Published: March 2021

This paper is a preliminary step towards the assessment of an alarming widespread belief that victims of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 include the quality and accuracy of scientific publications about it. Our initial results suggest that this belief cannot be readily ignored, denied, dismissed or refuted, since some genuine supporting evidence can be forwarded for it. This evidence includes an obvious increase in retractions of papers published about the COVID-19 pandemic plus an extra-ordinary phenomenon of inconsistency that we report herein. In fact, we provide a novel method for validating any purported set of the four most prominent indicators of diagnostic testing (Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value), by observing that these indicators constitute three rather than four independent quantities. This observation has virtually been unheard of in the open medical literature, and hence researchers have not taken it into consideration. We define two functions, which serve as consistency criteria, since each of them checks consistency for any set of four numerical values (naturally belonging to the interval [0.0,1.0]) claimed to be the four basic diagnostic indicators. Most of the data we came across in various international journals met our criteria for consistency, but in a few cases, there were obvious unexplained blunders. We explored the same consistency problem for some diagnostic data published in 2020 concerning the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and observed that the afore-mentioned unexplained blunders tended to be on the rise. A systematic extensive statistical assessment of this presumed tendency is warranted.
Environmental Conditions and Predictors of Lassa Fever Transmission in a Low Socioeconomic Community in Nigeria
Authors: Ana G. R. E. E. , Ulor Aniekan Eric , Faneye Adedayo , Olawade David Bamidele
Published: March 2021

Lassa fever is of public health concern in West Africa due to its endemic nature. Housing conditions have been revealed to be important sites for primary transmission. This study assessed environmental and housing conditions of a low-income community for factors that could contribute to the transmission of Lassa fever. The study employed a cross-sectional design with a field component. Observational checklist and an interviewer-administered questionnaire were used to assess environmental conditions and respondents’ hygiene knowledge and practices respectively. Rodent traps were also placed in selected households. Data collected were analysed using SPSS Version20. 40% of the respondents had poor housing conditions, 80% had good hygiene practice while 20% had poor knowledge. Respondents with good housing condition were 1.9 times more likely to have good hygiene practice compared to houses with poor housing condition (OR= 1.941, p= 0.009). Rodents trapped from the households were Rattus rattus (43.2%), Rattus fuscipes (38.6%) and Rattus norvegicus (18.2%). Houses with most rats trapped had the poorest housing conditions and hygiene practices. The results suggest that households in the community are susceptible to the transmission of Lassa fever. Therefore, effective awareness campaigns on the transmission of Lassa fever and good hygiene and sanitation practice should be encouraged in and around the home.
Association Between Baseline Meniscal Symptoms and Outcomes of Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Meniscal Tear in Patients With Osteoarthritis
Authors: MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Yang Heidi , Collins Jamie E. , Brophy Robert H. , Cole Brian J. , Spindler Kurt P. , Guermazi Ali , Jones Morgan H. , Mandl Lisa A. , Martin Scott , Marx Robert G. , Levy Bruce A. , Stuart Michael , Safran‐Norton Clare , Wright John , Wright Rick W. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2021

Objective

Patients with meniscal tears reporting meniscal symptoms such as catching or locking have traditionally undergone arthroscopy. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether patients with meniscal tears who report meniscal symptoms have greater improvement with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) than physical therapy (PT).

Methods

We used data from the Meniscal Tear in Osteoarthritis Research (MeTeOR) trial, which randomized participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and meniscal tear to APM or PT. The frequency of each meniscal symptom (clicking, catching, popping, intermittent locking, giving way, swelling) was measured at baseline and 6 months. We used linear regression models to determine whether the difference in improvement in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) pain score at 6 months between patients treated with APM versus PT was modified by the presence of each meniscal symptom. We also determined the percentage of participants with resolution of meniscal symptoms by treatment group.

Results

We included 287 participants. The presence (versus absence) of any of the meniscal symptoms did not modify the improvement in KOOS pain score between APM versus PT by >0.5 SD (all P interaction >0.05). APM led to greater resolution of intermittent locking and clicking than PT (locking 70% versus 46%, clicking 41% versus 25%). No difference in resolution of the other meniscal symptoms was observed.

Conclusion

Meniscal symptoms were not associated with improved pain relief. Although symptoms of clicking and intermittent locking had a greater reduction in the APM group, the presence of meniscal symptoms in isolation should not inform clinical decisions surrounding APM versus PT in patients with meniscal tear and knee OA.
Photocatalytic Deoxygenative Carboimination towards Functionalized Pyrrolines by Using Unstrained γ,δ‐Unsaturated Oximes
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhang Zhijie , He Yangsen , Zou Ting , Qi Zhongyu , Fu Qiang , Wei Jun , Lu Ji , Wei Siping , Yi Dong
Published: March 2021

Photocatalytic deoxygenative carboimination of unstrained γ,δ‐unsaturated oximes with π‐acceptors including trifluoromethyl alkenes, 1‐trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐butadienes, gem‐difluoroalkenes, acrylates, and styrenes has been achieved which provides an efficient and mild approach to construct structurally diverse and highly functionalized pyrrolines with good functional group tolerance. Importantly, upon utilization of trifluoromethyl alkenes as the coupling partners, the developed protocol not only allows the introduction of the extremely valuable gem‐difluoroalkene functionality and pyrroline moiety into one molecule, but could also further transform the resulting gem‐difluoroalkene‐functionalized pyrrolines to the architecturally intriguing indolizine alkaloids via oxidation/reduction and sequential C−F bond cleavage. The mechanistic studies indicated that a free‐radical and anionic process was probably involved in this photocatalytic deoxygenative transformation.

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Programmed Synthesis of Hepta‐Differentiated β‐Cyclodextrin: 1 out of 117655 Arrangements
Authors: Liu Jiang , Wang Bo , Przybylski Cédric , Bistri‐Aslanoff Olivia , Ménand Mickaël , Zhang Yongmin , Sollogoub Matthieu
Published: March 2021

Cyclodextrin poly‐functionalization has fueled progress in their use in multiple applications such as enzyme mimicry, but also in the polymer sciences, luminescence, as sensors or for biomedical applications. However, regioselective access to a given pattern of functions on β‐cyclodextrin is still very limited. We uncover a new orienting group, the thioacetate, that expands the toolbox available for cyclodextrin poly‐hetero‐functionalization using diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL‐H) promoted debenzylation. The usefulness of this group is illustrated in the first synthesis of a precisely hepta‐hetero‐functionalized β‐cyclodextrin. By way of comparison, a random hepta‐functionalization would give 117655 different molecules. This synthesis is not simply the vain quest for the Holy Grail of CD hetero‐functionalization, but it illustrates the versatility of the DIBAL‐H oriented hetero‐functionalization strategy, opening the way to a multitude of useful functionalization patterns for new practical applications.
Organosulfide‐Based Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Song Jiahan , Si Yubing , Guo Wei , Wang Donghai , Fu Yongzhu
Published: March 2021

Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) are a new class of electrolytes with unique properties. However, the intermolecular interactions of DEEs are mostly dominated by Li⋅⋅⋅O interactions, limiting the diversity of chemical space and material constituents. Herein, we report a new class of DEEs induced by Li⋅⋅⋅N interactions between 2,2′‐dipyridyl disulfide (DpyDS) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The strong ion‐dipole interaction triggers the deep eutectic phenomenon, thus liberating the Li+ from LiTFSI and endowing the DEEs with promising ionic conductivity. These DEEs show admirable intrinsic safety, which cannot be ignited by flame. The DEE at the molar ratio of DpyDS:LiTFSI=4:1 (abbreviated as DEE‐4:1) is electrochemically stable between 2.1 and 4.0 V vs. Li/Li+, and exhibits an ionic conductivity of 1.5×10−4 S cm−1 at 50 °C. The Li/LiFePO4 half cell with DEE‐4:1 can provide a reversible capacity of 130 mAh g−1 and Coulombic efficiency above 98 % at 50 °C.
Rhoda‐Electrocatalyzed Bimetallic C−H Oxygenation by Weak O‐Coordination
Authors: Tan Xuefeng , Massignan Leonardo , Hou Xiaoyan , Frey Johanna , Oliveira João C. A. , Hussain Masoom Nasiha , Ackermann Lutz
Published: March 2021

Rhodium‐electrocatalyzed arene C−H oxygenation by weakly O‐coordinating amides and ketones have been established by bimetallic electrocatalysis. Likewise, diverse dihydrooxazinones were selectively accessed by the judicious choice of current, enabling twofold C−H functionalization. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment, mass spectroscopy and cyclovoltammetric analysis provided support for an unprecedented electrooxidation‐induced C−H activation by a bimetallic rhodium catalysis manifold.
Reexamination of the “uneven route” account of loss aversion
Authors: Sui Xiao‐Yang , Huang Yuan‐Na , Xu Ming‐Xing , Kuang Yi , Shen Si‐Chu
Published: March 2021

The “uneven route” accountpredicts how and why loss aversion appears in human behavior. The account assumes that loss aversion occurs when the routes (the number of transitions of the same possession) for losses are greater than those for gains. The present study manipulated the uneven route account and then reexamined the account by using more harsh and unfavorable experimental conditions. Results of four experiments and a mini meta‐analysis consistently showed that the modal choice supporting the uneven route account was robust to variations in the experimental design to the magnitude of payoffs and to the index of measuring loss aversion. That is, loss aversion disappeared in the tax refund versus tax paid scenario compared with the win money versus lose money scenario. These results are expected to enrich the underlying mechanism of loss aversion and attract the interest of fellow researchers to conduct further research to see which account can better explain the loss aversion.
Optimizing recombineering in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Li Cheng , Swofford Charles A. , Rückert Christian , Sinskey Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

Owing to the increasing demand for amino acids and valuable commodities that can be produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum, there is a pressing need for new rapid genome engineering tools that improve the speed and efficiency of genomic insertions, deletions, and mutations. Recombineering using the λ Red system in Escherichia coli has proven very successful at genetically modifying this organism in a quick and efficient manner, suggesting that optimizing a recombineering system for C. glutamicum will also improve the speed for genomic modifications. Here, we maximized the recombineering efficiency in C. glutamicum by testing the efficacy of seven different recombinase/exonuclease pairs for integrating single‐stranded DNA and double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the genome. By optimizing the homologous arm length and the amount of dsDNA transformed, as well as eliminating codon bias, a dsDNA recombineering efficiency of 13,250 transformed colonies/109 viable cells was achieved, the highest efficiency currently reported in the literature. Using this optimized system, over 40,000 bp could be deleted in one transformation step. This recombineering strategy will greatly improve the speed of genetic modifications in C. glutamicum and assist other systems, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and multiplexed automated genome engineering, in improving targeted genome editing.
A Thorough Study on the Photoisomerization of Ferulic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Moni Lisa , Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Mori Alessia , Risso Federica , Riva Renata , Lambruschini Chiara
Published: March 2021

A thorough study on the (E) to (Z) photoisomerization of ferulic acid derivatives (esters, amides of all types, and ketones) was carried out. At the photostationary state, only aliphatic or benzylic tertiary amides reach a nearly complete conversion of (E) isomers into the (Z) ones, whereas for esters, primary and secondary amides or aromatic tertiary amides mixtures of (Z)/(E) ranging from 7 : 93 to 72 : 28 are observed. Ketones show rather limited photoisomerization. However, (Z) ketones may be obtained by the reaction of organometal compounds with an isomerized (Z) Weinreb amide.
Wideband Minkowski fractal antenna using complementary split ring resonator in modified ground plane for 5G wireless communications
Authors: Ohi Md. Ashfaq Rahman , Hasan Zahid , Faruquee Shadman Fuad Bin , Kawsar Abdul Al Mamun , Ahmed Anis
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the enhancement of gain and bandwidth of a Minkowski fractal antenna (MFA) with defected ground structure is investigated. The antenna characteristics are studied for first and second iterations by considering complementary split ring resonators in the L‐shaped modified ground plane. The dimensions of the MFA are optimized with computer simulation technology software and the fabricated antenna characteristics are measured using Vector Network Analyzer and Wave and Antenna Training System. From the simulation, the maximum gain of our proposed antenna has been found 5.2 dB. Both bandwidths obtained from simulation and measurement exceed 2 GHz. The results of simulation are in good agreement with measured ones. This proposed antenna is suitable for the applications of various 5G wireless communications.
A multidimensional computational exploration of congenital myasthenic syndrome causing mutations in human choline acetyltransferase
Authors: Janežič Matej , Dileep Kalarickal V. , Zhang Kam Y. J.
Published: March 2021

Missense mutations of human choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) are mainly associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). To date, several pathogenic mutations have been reported, but due to the rarity and genetic complexity of CMS and difficult genotype–phenotype correlations, the CHAT mutations, and their consequences are underexplored. In this study, we systematically sift through the available genetic data in search of previously unreported pathogenic mutations and use a dynamic in silico model to provide structural explanations for the pathogenicity of the reported deleterious and undetermined variants. Through rigorous multiparameter analyses, we conclude that mutations can affect CHAT through a variety of different mechanisms: by disrupting the secondary structure, by perturbing the P‐loop through long‐range allosteric interactions, by disrupting the domain connecting loop, and by affecting the phosphorylation process. This study provides the first dynamic look at how mutations affect the structure and catalytic activity in CHAT and highlights the need for further genomic research to better understand the pathology of CHAT.
Improvement of swallowing‐related muscle mass assessed by ultrasonography in malnourished patient with Wallenberg syndrome: A case report
Authors: Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Kishima Masako , Itoda Masataka
Published: March 2021

We experienced a malnourished 62‐year‐old male patient with Wallenberg syndrome whose swallowing‐related muscle mass was shown to improve on ultrasound following aggressive nutritional therapy used to improve malnutrition. Dysphagia improved from no oral intake at admission to regular oral intake at discharge by aggressive rehabilitation nutrition. Rate increases in body weight, skeletal muscle index, and coronal cross‐section of geniohyoid muscle area assessed by ultrasound during the 131 days of hospitalization were 15%, 21%, and 33%, respectively. Aggressive nutritional therapy, aimed at improving malnutrition, can improve swallowing‐related muscle mass. Ultrasonography of the swallowing‐related muscles over time is useful in assessing dysphagia.
Comorbid personality difficulties are not associated with poorer outcomes for online cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of anxiety and depression
Authors: Mahoney Alison E.J. , Haskelberg Hila , Mason Elizabeth , Millard Michael , Newby Jill
Published: March 2021

Little is known about the prevalence and impact on treatment of comorbid personality disorders for adults undertaking online cognitive behaviour therapy (internet‐delivered or internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT)) for anxiety and depressive disorders. This study explored how common comorbid personality difficulties were in a large sample of consecutive patients (N = 1 132) seeking iCBT for their symptoms of anxiety and depression in routine care settings. Patients completed the Standardized Assessment of Personality‐abbreviated Scale Self‐Report prior to commencing an iCBT programme, as well as completing assessments of anxiety and depression symptom severity and psychological distress pre‐iCBT and post‐iCBT. Consistent with previous studies, a high proportion of the sample (62.6%) reported experiencing comorbid personality difficulties. However, comorbid personality difficulties were not significantly associated with poorer treatment adherence or higher post‐treatment symptom severity or psychological distress (controlling for baseline symptom severity, demographic characteristics and treatment variables). Current findings support an inclusive approach to iCBT provision where comorbid personality difficulties do not appear to be a contraindication for treatment. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical use of the modified shuttle test in children with cystic fibrosis: Is one test sufficient?
Authors: Leite Luanna Rodrigues , Queiroz Karen Caroline Vasconcelos , da Silva Franciely Helena , Coelho Cristiane Cenachi , Donadio Márcio Vinícius Fagundes , Aquino Evanirso da Silva
Published: March 2021

Objective

To evaluate the reproducibility of the modified shuttle test (MST) and to determine whether the test needs to be performed more than once to assess the exercise capacity of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Methods

This was a longitudinal study including patients diagnosed with CF aged more than 6 years. The participants were followed for a period of 9 months and were evaluated at three different time points (visits 1, 2, and 3). Spirometric, anthropometric, clinical, and genetic data were collected, and two MSTs were performed at each visit.

Results

Forty‐eight clinically stable volunteers with a mean age of 10.1 ± 2.7 years were initially included. The reproducibility of the test was evaluated using the distance achieved (DA) as the main variable. There were no significant differences in the DA (visit 1, p = .23; visit 2, p = .24; visit 3, p = .85), baseline heart rate (HR) (visit 1, p = .35; visit 2, p = .20; visit 3, p = .98), and peak HR (visit 1, p = .16; visit 2, p = .94; visit 3, p = .23) between the tests performed at each visit. The test‐retest reliability demonstrated a high intraclass correlation coefficient at all visits (visit 1, 2, and 3: 0.83, 0.90, and 0.80, respectively) and the variation in HR was the main factor associated with the DA in the MST over time.

Conclusion

The MST was found to be a reproducible and reliable test. The data presented here support the use of a single MST to evaluate and monitor exercise capacity of patients with CF during clinic visits.
Real‐Time Plume Velocity Measurement of Solid Propellant Rocket Motors Using TDLAS Technique
Authors: Song Anchen , Qin Zhao , Li Junwei , Li Meng , Huang Ke , Yang Yanjing , Wang Ningfei
Published: March 2021

Accurate measurement of plume velocity plays an important role in investigation of rocket motors, and the plume velocity is an indicator of energy level of solid propellants. A method based on laser Doppler effect using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is employed in this study. The absorption spectrum of water vapor feature at 1391.7 nm is utilized to measure the plume velocity. Three solid propellants, double‐base (DB), composite modified double‐base (CMDB), and nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) i. e., are burned in a motor with an internal diameter of 50 mm and their plume velocities are measured with scanned‐WMS‐2f technique. Afterburning reactions in the plume are numerically simulated. The simulations can provide insight into the nuances in measured TDLAS results and give confidence in the result. The results show that TDLAS is a good method to measure plume velocity. The relative standard deviation of the measurements is less than 4 %. The difference between the measured velocity and the simulated one is less than 8.25 %. Additionally, it is found that NEPE has the largest plume velocity, and the velocity of DB is the lowest. Uncertainties of velocity measurement using TDLAS are analyzed. Measurement uncertainty comes from velocity non‐uniformity in the direction perpendicular to the plume direction. Furthermore, it can be found that it is better to put the measurement position close to the nozzle exit to reduce measurement errors.
Self‐Consistent Modeling of Nucleation and Growth of 2D Islands on the Top Facet of Self‐Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires
Authors: Koryakin Alexander A. , Kukushkin Sergey A.
Published: March 2021

Self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowire (NW) growth via the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism is investigated by a theoretical model including the kinetics of material transport inside the catalyst droplet. The proposed model allows the description of nucleation and growth of 2D islands on the top facet of GaAs NWs. Analytical expressions for the growth rate of the disk‐shaped GaAs island due to the volume diffusion of species in the droplet and for the attachment rate of GaAs pairs to the critical island are derived. As a result, the duration of the droplet refilling stage and the island growth stage at typical growth conditions of self‐catalyzed GaAs NWs are obtained by a self‐consistent calculation. Also, the time evolution of the droplet composition and the island radius are found. The derived equations for the island growth rate can be applied for modeling of catalyst‐assisted growth of other III–V compounds. The results of the modeling are in good agreement with the experimental data on self‐catalyzed GaAs NW growth via molecular beam epitaxy and can be used for the optimization of the NW growth conditions.
Acridine‐1,8‐diones: Synthesis and Biological Applications
Authors: Sahiba Nusrat , Sethiya Ayushi , Soni Jay , Agarwal Shikha
Published: March 2021

The unpretentious features of acridine‐1,8‐dionesviz. presence of N‐heteroatom, electronic behavior, acridine ring skeleton and wide possibilities of diversified substitution, bichromophoric structure and interaction ability with various proteins, make them an interesting scaffold of heterocyclic, medicinal and industrial chemistry. A tremendous development in the field of acridinediones in terms of synthetic strategies, bioactivity, industrial and other applicability has been explored in past four decades. In this perspective, an overview has been given on the state‐of‐art discoveries for the synthesis and biological applications of acridine‐1,8‐diones from 1980 to 2020. The study highlighted the history, chemistry and properties of these derivatives and provided deep insights into the synthetic protocols using various catalysts and techniques like nano‐catalyst, ionic‐liquids, microwave, ultrasound etc. under varied conditions along with biological activity against many lethal diseases. Finally, the respective prospects and limitations to these systems have been addressed. Furthermore, attempts have been done to bring many outstanding researches together and express the significance of acridine‐1,8‐diones through several aspects. We hope that the article shall deliver an impetus to explore further the synthetic values and mechanistic puzzles of acridinedione moiety and to design more promising hybrid multi‐targeted drugs and other industrial composites for the goodness of humanity
Copper‐Catalyzed Remote C5‐Selective Chlorination of 8‐Amidoquinolines Using Sulfonyl Chlorides as Cl Source
Authors: Zhang Han , Xu Miao , Liu Ningning , Yang Fanzhi
Published: March 2021

Sulfonyl chloride has been rarely used as Cl source in transition metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalizations. We report the unprecedented copper‐catalyzed remote C5‐chlorination of substituted 8‐amidoquinolines with sulfonyl chloride under 1 atm oxygen. 10 sulfonyl chlorides and 15 substituted 8‐amidoquinolines were tested, generating moderate to high yields. The catalytic system showed high regio‐selectivity, as well as good functional group tolerance.
An NADPH‐independent mechanism enhances oxidative and nitrosative stress tolerance in yeast cells lacking glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Yoshikawa Yuki , Nasuno Ryo , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is required for various redox systems involving antioxidative stress enzymes, is thus important for stress tolerance mechanisms. Here, we analyzed the stress response of the NADPH‐depleted cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A cell viability assay showed that the NADPH depletion induced by disruption of the ZWF1 gene encoding glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, which is the major determinant of the intracellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio, enhanced the tolerance of S. cerevisiae to both oxidative and nitrosative stresses. The subsequent analyses demonstrated that the antioxidative transcriptional factor Yap1 was activated and the cytosolic catalase Ctt1, whose expression is regulated by Yap1, was upregulated in zwf1Δ cells irrespective of the presence or absence of stress stimuli. Moreover, deletion of the YAP1 or CTT1 gene inhibited the increased stress tolerance of zwf1Δ cells, indicating that Ctt1 dominantly contributed to the higher stress tolerance of zwf1Δ cells. Our findings suggest that an NADPH‐independent mechanism enhances oxidative and nitrosative stress tolerance in ZWF1‐lacking yeast cells.
The dressing method as non linear superposition in sigma models
Authors: Katsinis Dimitrios , Mitsoulas Ioannis , Pastras Georgios
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We apply the dressing method on the Non Linear Sigma Model (NLSM), which describes the propagation of strings on ℝ × S2, for an arbitrary seed. We obtain a formal solution of the corresponding auxiliary system, which is expressed in terms of the solutions of the NLSM that have the same Pohlmeyer counterpart as the seed. Accordingly, we show that the dressing method can be applied without solving any differential equations. In this context a superposition principle emerges: the dressed solution is expressed as a non-linear superposition of the seed with solutions of the NLSM with the same Pohlmeyer counterpart as the seed.
Apical-basal polarity regulators are essential for slit diaphragm assembly and endocytosis in Drosophila nephrocytes
Authors: Heiden Stefanie , Siwek Rebecca , Lotz Marie-Luise , Borkowsky Sarah , Schröter Rita , Nedvetsky Pavel , Rohlmann Astrid , Missler Markus , Krahn Michael P.
Published: March 2021

Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of most epithelial cells and it is regulated by highly conserved protein complexes. In mammalian podocytes, which emerge from columnar epithelial cells, this polarity is preserved and the tight junctions are converted to the slit diaphragms, establishing the filtration barrier. In Drosophila, nephrocytes show several structural and functional similarities with mammalian podocytes and proximal tubular cells. However, in contrast to podocytes, little is known about the role of apical-basal polarity regulators in these cells. In this study, we used expansion microscopy and found the apical polarity determinants of the PAR/aPKC and Crb-complexes to be predominantly targeted to the cell cortex in proximity to the nephrocyte diaphragm, whereas basolateral regulators also accumulate intracellularly. Knockdown of PAR-complex proteins results in severe endocytosis and nephrocyte diaphragm defects, which is due to impaired aPKC recruitment to the plasma membrane. Similar, downregulation of most basolateral polarity regulators disrupts Nephrin localization but had surprisingly divergent effects on endocytosis. Our findings suggest that morphology and slit diaphragm assembly/maintenance of nephrocytes is regulated by classical apical-basal polarity regulators, which have distinct functions in endocytosis.
Efficiency of the skeletonized Pendulum K appliance for non-compliance maxillary molar distalization
Authors: Kinzinger Gero Stefan Michael , Hourfar Jan , Lisson Jörg Alexander
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Conventional anchorage with exclusively intraorally anchored appliances for non-compliance molar distalization combines a palatal acrylic button with periodontal anchorage. This type of anchorage is critically discussed because of the temporary hygienic impairment of the palate and the uncertain anchoring quality of the button. A purely dentally/periodontally anchored Pendulum K appliance was developed, which is exclusively anchored via four occlusal rests. The aims of this pilot study were to examine the suitability of the skeletonized Pendulum K for distalization of maxillary molars, and to investigate the quality of this alternative anchoring modality.

Patients and methods

In all, 10 patients received skeletonized Pendulum K appliances attached to all maxillary premolars for bilateral molar distalization. Supporting anchorage through an acrylic button adjacent to the anterior palate was not used. The pendulum springs were initially activated on both sides with a distalization force of 220 cN each and provided with uprighting and toe-in bends. The specific force/moment system was regularly reactivated intraorally by adjustment of the distal screw.

Results

The study demonstrates the suitability of the skeletonized Pendulum K appliance for the distalization of maxillary molars (3.28 ± 0.73 mm). Side effects on the molars were slight distal tipping (3.50 ± 2.51°/PP, 3.00 ± 1.41°/SN) and mesial inward rotation (average 2.75 ± 7.50° and 4.50 ± 12.77°). Significant anchorage loss occurred in the form of mesialization of the incisors by 1.40 ± 0.82 mm and of the first premolars by 2.28 ± 0.85 mm.

Conclusion

The skeletonized Pendulum K appliance allows compliance-free upper molar distalization. Exclusively dental/periodontal anchorage resulted in a lower percentage of molar distalization compared to a conventional anchoring preparation of the Pendulum K with a palatal acrylic button. Anchorage loss had a comparatively stronger effect on the anchoring premolars but less on the incisors. Typical side effects on the molars such as distal tipping and mesial inward rotation were remarkably low.
Magnetic resonance metrics to evaluate the effect of therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the experience with edaravone
Authors: Distaso Eugenio , Milella Giammarco , Mezzapesa Domenico Maria , Introna Alessandro , D’Errico Eustachio , Fraddosio Angela , Zoccolella Stefano , Dicuonzo Franca , Simone Isabella Laura
Published: March 2021

Background

Edaravone was approved as a new treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although there are different opinions on its effectiveness. Magnetic resonance (MRI) measures appear promising as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of disease. However, published studies on MRI using to monitor treatment efficacy in ALS are lacking.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in brain MRI measures in patients treated with edaravone.

Methods

Thirteen ALS patients assuming edaravone (ALS-EDA) underwent MRI at baseline (T0) and after 6 months (T6) to measure cortical thickness (CT) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter (WM) tracts. MRI data of ALS-EDA were compared at T0 with those of 12 control subjects (CS), and at T6 with those of 11 ALS patients assuming only riluzole (ALS-RIL), extracted from our ALS cohort using a propensity-score-matching. A longitudinal MRI analysis was performed in ALS-EDA between T6 and T0.

Results

At T0, ALS-EDA showed a cortical widespread thinning in both hemispheres, particularly in the bilateral precentral gyrus, and a reduction of FA in bilateral corticospinal tracts, in comparison to CS. Thinning in bilateral precentral cortex and significant widespread reduction of FA in several WM tracts were observed in ALS-EDA at T6 compared to T0. At T6, no significant differences in MRI measures of ALS-EDA versus ALS-RIL were found.

Conclusions

Patients treated with edaravone showed progression of damage in the motor cortex and several WM tracts, at a six-month follow-up. Moreover, this study showed no evidence of a difference between edaravone and riluzole.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors as an add-on therapy to insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rao Lunwen , Ren Chenhong , Luo Shan , Huang Chenghu , Li Xuefeng
Published: March 2021

Aims

The aim was to systematically review the efficacy and safety of sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLT2i) as an adjunct to insulin at different follow-up durations in randomized, double-blind clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a search on Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published before May 2020. According to the duration of follow-up, the subgroup analysis included four periods: 1–4, 12–18, 24–26, and 52 weeks. In the five trials included both 24–26 and 52 weeks of follow-up, we compared the efficacy by the placebo-subtracted difference and changes in SGLT2i groups.

Results

Fifteen trials including 7109 participants were analyzed. The combination of SGLT2i and insulin improved hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), daily insulin dose, body weight, and blood pressure, which varied greatly by different follow-ups. Compared with %HbA1c at 24–26 weeks, placebo-subtracted differences and changes in the SGLT2i groups slightly increased. SGLT2i plus insulin treatment showed no difference in the occurrence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), hypoglycemia, or severe hypoglycemia but increased the risk of genital tract infections (GTIs) in a duration-dependent manner. SGLT2i treatment was associated with a significantly higher rate of ketone-related SAEs and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at 52 weeks.

Conclusion

SGLT2i as an add-on therapy to insulin improved glycemic control and body weight and decreased the required dose of insulin without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. However, after 6 months the benefits of SGLT2is on glycemic control may weaken and the risks of GTIs and DKA increased.
Non-credible symptom report in the clinical evaluation of adult ADHD: development and initial validation of a new validity index embedded in the Conners’ adult ADHD rating scales
Authors: Becke Miriam , Tucha Lara , Weisbrod Matthias , Aschenbrenner Steffen , Tucha Oliver , Fuermaier Anselm B. M.
Published: March 2021

As attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a feasible target for individuals aiming to procure stimulant medication or accommodations, there is a high clinical need for accurate assessment of adult ADHD. Proven falsifiability of commonly used diagnostic instruments is therefore of concern. The present study aimed to develop a new, ADHD-specific infrequency index to aid the detection of non-credible self-report. Disorder-specific adaptations of four detection strategies were embedded into the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) and tested for infrequency among credible neurotypical controls (n = 1001) and credible adults with ADHD (n = 100). The new index’ ability to detect instructed simulators (n = 242) and non-credible adults with ADHD (n = 22) was subsequently examined using ROC analyses. Applying a conservative cut-off score, the new index identified 30% of participants instructed to simulate ADHD while retaining a specificity of 98%. Items assessing supposed symptoms of ADHD proved most useful in distinguishing genuine patients with ADHD from simulators, whereas inquiries into unusual symptom combinations produced a small effect. The CAARS Infrequency Index (CII) outperformed the new infrequency index in terms of sensitivity (46%), but not overall classification accuracy as determined in ROC analyses. Neither the new infrequency index nor the CII detected non-credible adults diagnosed with ADHD with adequate accuracy. In contrast, both infrequency indices showed high classification accuracy when used to detect symptom over-report. Findings support the new indices’ utility as an adjunct measure in uncovering feigned ADHD, while underscoring the need to differentiate general over-reporting from specific forms of feigning.