bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verificação da eficiência da abordagem terapêutica miofuncional em casos de desvio fonológico, fonético e fonético-fonológico
Authors: Costa Patricia Pereira , Mezzomo Carolina Lisbôa , Soares Márcia Keske
Published: December 2011

TEMA: o tema desta pesquisa é o uso da terapia miofuncional em casos de desvios fonético e/ou fonológicos. PROCEDIMENTOS: foram incluídos sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre seis e 13 anos, que apresentassem desvio fonético-fonológico, e alterações do sistema estomatognático, com idade mínima de quatro anos. Considerou-se como critério de exclusão a presença de malformações, síndromes genéticas, suspeita de alterações neurológicas, déficit cognitivo ou psicológico, perda auditiva, diagnóstico de atraso de linguagem, terapia fonoaudiológica anterior, e alterações oclusais. Realizou-se anamnese, avaliação do sistema estomatognático, exame articulatório, triagem auditiva e avaliação otorrinolaringológica. Com os sujeitos selecionados, foram realizados dois atendimentos semanais, de terapia miofuncional. Realizaram-se sondagens a cada oito sessões de atendimento. Foram comparados o número de fones/fonemas da fala e estruturas/aspectos do sistema estomatognático alterados antes e depois da terapia miofuncional, comparação entre os sujeitos em relação ao tempo de terapia de acordo com a alteração de fala apresentada, comparação entre os grupos quanto ao número de fones/fonemas e aspectos os sistema estomatognático alterados antes e depois da terapia miofuncional. RESULTADOS: os sujeitos com desvio fonológico apresentavam entre um e quatro fonemas alterados, os sujeitos com desvio fonético apresentavam um fone alterados; já os sujeitos com desvio fonético-fonológico apresentavam cinco e seis fones/fonemas alterados, respectivamente. Os casos de desvio fonológico e fonético tiveram a fala adequada. Um dos sujeitos com desvio fonético-fonológico teve a fala adequada, e o outro permaneceu com um fone alterado. CONCLUSÃO: a terapia miofuncional demonstrou-se eficiente em casos de desvios fonético e/ou fonológicos.
Grupo terapêutico em fonoaudiologia: revisão de literatura
Authors: Ribeiro Vanessa Veis , Panhoca Ivone , Dassie-Leite Ana Paula , Bagarollo Maria Fernanda
Published: December 2011

TEMA: grupo terapêutico fonoaudiológico. OBJETIVO: revisar, de maneira sistemática, pesquisas advindas de todas as áreas da Fonoaudiologia que envolveram abordagens grupais, na realidade brasileira. Foi realizada busca nos bancos de dados das bases SciELO e LILACS no período de 2005 a 2010. Foram selecionados os estudos cujos conteúdos dos resumos relacionavam-se com o objetivo da presente pesquisa. Como forma de categorização dos dados, optou-se pela análise dos seguintes aspectos: público-alvo, ano de publicação e área da Fonoaudiologia envolvida. CONCLUSÃO: observa-se um número restrito de publicações referentes ao tema (28 artigos). A maior parte dos trabalhos foi realizada com público adulto, seguido de grupos de crianças, adolescentes e idosos, respectivamente. Foi baixo o índice de artigos envolvendo grupos de familiares. Dentre as áreas da Fonoaudiologia, a de Linguagem tem o maior número de publicações envolvendo grupos, seguida pelas áreas de Voz e Audiologia. Em relação ao ano de publicação, observou-se que, de maneira geral, tem havido decréscimo do número de publicações sobre o assunto desde o ano de 2007. Concluiu-se que é restrito o número de publicações sobre grupo terapêutico na área de Fonoaudiologia. Considera-se que além de novos estudos sobre a prática grupal, outros trabalhos de revisão devam assumir a análise de categorias como aspectos metodológicos, estratégias de atuação e resultados obtidos nos processos terapêuticos grupais.
Levedura como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo
Authors: Koch João Fernando Albers , Pezzato Luiz Edivaldo , Barros Margarida Maria , Teixeira Caroline Pelegrina , Fernandes Junior Ademir Calvo , Padovani Carlos Roberto
Published: December 2011

Objetivou-se avaliar a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae como pronutriente em dietas para matrizes e alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas na UNESP. Dois grupos de fêmeas reprodutoras de tilápia (734,47 ± 202,08 g), variedade GIFT, foram arraçoados por 100 dias com rações isoproteicas (34% PD) e isoenergéticas (3.400 kcal ED/kg), uma contendo 2% de levedura íntegra e outra sem levedura. As fêmeas foram fecundadas naturalmente e as larvas, ao final da absorção do saco vitelino, foram alocadas em aquários de 3,5 L e alimentadas por 30 dias com três rações isoproteicas (35% PD) e isoenergéticas (3.280 kcal ED/kg): sem levedura; contendo 1% de levedura íntegra; ou contendo 1% de levedura autolisada. Após o abate, foram calculadas as seguintes variáveis de desempenho produtivo: biomassa final; ganho de peso; consumo de ração; conversão alimentar aparente; peso final; comprimento total; fator de condição corporal; altura média; e sobrevivência. Foram analisados ainda os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça dos animais. Verificou-se interação significativa dos fatores analisados para todas as variáveis de desempenho produtivo, exceto para o consumo de ração. O fornecimento de levedura íntegra (2,0%) em dietas para matrizes ou alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo (1,0%) aumenta a taxa de sobrevivência dos alevinos.
Capim-braquiária sob lotação contínua e com altura única ou variável durante as estações do ano: dinâmica do perfilhamento
Authors: Santos Manoel Eduardo Rozalino , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Gomes Virgílio Mesquita , Nascimento Júnior Domicio do , Gomide Carlos Augusto de Miranda , Sbrissia André Fischer
Published: December 2011

Objetivou-se estabelecer estratégias de manejo do pastejo, sob lotação contínua, que otimizem o padrão natural de perfilhamento da Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Duas estratégias de manejo do pastejo foram estudadas: em uma, o pasto foi mantido com 25 cm de altura média durante todo o período experimental; e na outra foi mantido em 15 cm de altura média durante o inverno, com aumento para 25 cm a partir do início da primavera. Adotou-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Consideraram-se como fator primário as estratégias de manejo do pastejo, caracterizadas pelas alturas médias em que os pastos foram mantidos durante as estações do ano (inverno, primavera e verão) e, como fator secundário, as medidas ao longo do período experimental. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilho (4,7%), a taxa de mortalidade (4,7%) e o índice de estabilidade (0,998) foram menores no inverno. Nesta estação, contudo, a taxa de sobrevivência de perfilho foi maior (95,3%). Em comparação aos pastos mantidos com 25 cm, aqueles manejados com 15 cm de altura média no inverno apresentaram maiores taxas de aparecimento de perfilho (34,2%) e índice de estabilidade (1,065). O florescimento do capim-braquiária ocorreu apenas no verão e com pouca intensidade (0,5%). A otimização da renovação de perfilhos no pasto de B. decumbens cv. Basilisk sob lotação contínua ocorre com seu rebaixamento para 15 cm no início do inverno e seu posterior aumento para 25 cm no início da primavera.
Dinâmica da associação de capim-milhã e capim-de-raiz em pasto diferido
Authors: Silva Marta Gerusa Soares da , Lira Mario de Andrade , Santos Mércia Virginia Ferreira dos , Dubeux Junior José Carlos Batista , Lins Manuela Menezes , Silva Camilla Vila Nova Soares
Published: December 2011

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica da associação capim-de-raiz (Chloris orthonoton Doell) e capim-milhã [Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc] quanto à persistência e produção. Em pasto nativo diferido, foram realizadas a coleta do material botânico, avaliação da composição botânica e massa de forragem. Para estimativa da massa de forragem, utilizou-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos; 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias de diferimento; e cinco repetições. Na composição botânica, expressa em percentual do total, foram identificadas 10 famílias, 15 gêneros e 18 espécies. No período de maio a agosto de 2007, o capim-milhã foi o componente principal dos 60 aos 90 dias, correspondendo a 46,75 e 52,09%, respectivamente, da composição botânica total. Em agosto de 2007, outras espécies participaram com 57,75% da composição botânica. No ano de 2008, ao final do período de diferimento, outras espécies ocuparam 100% da composição botânica do pasto. As maiores massas de forragem (kg de MS/ha) para o capim-milhã (2.736) foram aos 90 dias, para outras espécies (3.141) e capim-de-raiz (2.701) aos 120 dias. O aproveitamento da forragem acumulada deve ocorrer preferencialmente dos 60 aos 90 dias. Após um ano sem interferência, o capim-de-raiz e o capim-milhã diminuem a participação na composição botânica do pasto.
Rações com níveis reduzidos de proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo com fitase e aminoácidos para frangos de corte
Authors: Gomide Elisangela Minati , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Bertechini Antônio Gilberto , Freitas Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de , Fassani Édson José , Reis Matheus de Paula , Rodrigues Nair Elizabeth Barreto , Almeida Erin Caperuto de
Published: December 2011

Em experimentos de desempenho e metabolismo, avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de rações com níveis reduzidos de proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo disponível sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, o conteúdo de cinzas na tíbia, o balanço e a retenção de nitrogênio e fósforo de frangos de corte nos períodos de 8 a 21 e 8 a 35 dias de idade. Em cada uma destas fases no ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizadas 30 e 25 aves por unidade experimental e, no ensaio de metabolismo, cinco e três aves, respectivamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de rações com 21% proteína bruta sem fitase (controle), formuladas com níveis nutricionais recomendados nas tabelas brasileiras, e rações com 21, 20, 19 e 18% de proteína bruta com fitase (8 a 21 dias) e, no período de 8 a 35 dias, ração com 20% proteína bruta sem fitase (controle), e rações com 20, 19, 18 e 17% de proteína bruta, com fitase. Nas rações com fitase (80 g de fitase - Ronozyme NP(M) por tonelada de ração), o nível de fósforo disponível reduziu em 0,15 e o de cálcio em 0,30 ponto percentual em relação ao da ração controle. Não houve efeito da redução da composição em nutrientes das rações sobre o consumo, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar em ambas as fases nem diferença nas características de carcaça aos 35 dias. Todavia, verificou-se maior teor de gordura abdominal quando as aves consumiram ração com o menor nível proteico. A excreção de nitrogênio e fósforo foi menor quando as aves receberam ração com níveis reduzidos desses nutrientes. A porcentagem de cinzas na tíbia, nas fases avaliadas, não diferiu entre os tratamentos. É possível reduzir em até três pontos percentuais o nível proteico das rações, em 0,15 o de fósforo disponível e em 0,30 ponto percentual o de cálcio quando as rações são suplementadas com fitase e aminoácidos.
Desempenho e características da carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com rações de diferentes formas físicas
Authors: Oliveira Arley Alves de , Gomes Augusto Vidal da Costa , Oliveira Geovana Rocha de , Lima Marcos Fabio de , Dias Giselle Eler Amorim , Agostinho Tarcísio Simões Pereira , Sousa Felipe Dilelis de Resende , Lima Cristina Amorim Ribeiro de
Published: December 2011

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a influência da forma física da ração sobre o desempenho e as características da carcaça de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte machos, distribuídos e alojados em baterias metálicas de três andares em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 formas físicas de ração e 6 repetições com 10 aves por unidade experimental, considerando cada andar um bloco. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações farelada, peletizada, expandida e expandida peletizada. Os índices de desempenho foram analisados no período de 1 a 22 e 1 a 39 dias de idade das aves. Duas aves com peso médio do grupo foram retiradas de cada repetição e abatidas aos 40 dias de idade para avaliação da carcaça. A forma física da ração afetou o desempenho e as características da carcaça dos frangos. Nos períodos de 1 a 22 dias e de 1 a 39 dias, os frangos que consumiram o alimento farelado apresentaram menor consumo de ração, peso médio e ganho de peso, enquanto aqueles que receberam ração peletizada não apresentaram diferença no peso médio, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar em relação àqueles que receberam ração expandida peletizada. Os maiores resultados para essas variáveis foram observados para aves alimentadas com ração peletizada ou expandida peletizada. As aves que receberam ração expandida peletizada apresentaram melhores resultados de peso de carcaça e dos cortes em relação àquelas que receberam a ração farelada e este melhor resultado não diferiu do encontrado para as aves alimentadas com ração peletizada. Recomenda-se o uso de rações na forma física peletizada ou expandida peletizada, pois promoveram os melhores índices zootécnicos.
The Outcomes and Safety of Single-Agent Sorafenib in the Treatment of Elderly Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Wong Hilda , Tang Yuen Fong , Yao Tzy-Jyun , Chiu Joanne , Leung Roland , Chan Pierre , Cheung Tan To , Chan Albert C. , Pang Roberta W. , Poon Ronnie , Fan Sheung-Tat , Yau Thomas
Published: December 2011

Background.

With the aging population, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the elderly represents a significant health burden. We aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of single-agent sorafenib in treating elderly patients with advanced HCC versus the younger population.

Methods.

We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive cohort of advanced HCC patients with Child-Pugh A or B liver function and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0–2 treated with sorafenib. The patients were categorized into older (age ≥70 years) and younger (age <70 years) groups. Treatment outcomes and related adverse events (AEs) were compared.

Results.

In total, 172 patients, 35 in the older (median age, 73 years) and 137 in the younger (median age, 55 years) group, were analyzed. The median progression-free survival time was similar in the older and younger groups (2.99 months versus 3.09 months; p = .275), as was the overall survival time (5.32 months versus 5.16 months; p = .310). Grade 3 or 4 AEs were observed in 68.6% of older and 62.7% of younger patients (p = .560), with neutropenia (11.4% versus 0.7%; p = .007), malaise (11.4% versus 2.2%; p = .033), and mucositis (5.7% versus 0.0%; p = .041) being more frequently reported in the elderly cohort.

Conclusions.

The survival benefits and overall treatment-related AEs of sorafenib are comparable in elderly and younger advanced HCC patients. Nevertheless, more vigilant monitoring in the elderly is warranted because they are more susceptible to develop neutropenia, malaise, and mucositis.
Barriers to addressing sustainable construction in public procurement strategies
Authors: Sourani Amr , Sohail Muhammad
Published: December 2011

There is an increasing demand on public clients in the UK to address sustainability in construction procurement. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the barriers facing these clients in attempting to address sustainable construction in procurement strategies and the parties most capable of removing such barriers. The investigation draws on interviews conducted with sustainability professionals and experts working in a variety of professional and public sector organisations in the UK. Twelve main barriers were identified, namely: lack of funding, restrictions on expenditure and reluctance to incur higher capital cost when needed; lack of awareness, understanding, information, commitment and demand; insufficient/inconsistent policies, regulations, incentives and commitment by leadership; insufficient/confusing guidance, tools, demonstrations and best practice; vagueness of definitions and diversity of interpretations; separation between capital budget and operational budget; lack of sufficient time to address sustainability issues; lack of long-term perspective; general perception that addressing sustainability always leads to incurring greater capital cost; resistance to change; insufficient integration and link-up in the industry; and insufficient research and development. Four parties were identified as the those most capable of removing the barriers, namely: government (including regulatory bodies); professional/educational bodies; the supply chain; and users.
Influence of affluence on sustainable housing in Mysore, India
Authors: Satish B. K. , Brennan John , Pedreschi Remo
Published: December 2011

Mysore, the second largest city in the state of Karnataka, India, can be identified as an early adopter of sustainable design practices. Between 1903 and 1947 the use of local construction materials, the Swadeshi movement of 1905, robust planning and clear legislation resulted in sustainable urban development. However, post-colonial development fuelled by economic globalisation after the 1980s has transformed perceptions of the house among the growing middle class, becoming a commodity to demonstrate affluence and status. This paper examines the impact of changing social and cultural values on the aspirations of the growing middle classes on sustainable housing and neighbourhood development in Mysore. The methodology comprises literature and archive research to establish the historical content and review some important recent trends. Extensive fieldwork studies, including questionnaires over a wide range of participants (owners, builders and designers) and semi-structured interviews with key players, including academics, architects and government agencies. The focus of development has shifted from community to individual, from energy conserving to a more consumerist attitude in the procurement of materials and finishes. The paper examines the impact of these changes. The results of the survey are summarised and reviewed under the categories of communities, site, entrance, house layout and materials.
Earthbag housing: structural behaviour and applicability in Sri Lanka
Authors: Daigle Bryce , Hall Kevin , MacDougall Colin
Published: December 2011

Global awareness of environmental issues such as climate change and resource depletion has grown dramatically in recent years. As a result, there has been a surge of interest in developing alternative building techniques and materials which are capable of meeting our structural needs with lower energy and material consumption. These technologies are particularly attractive for housing. Much of the global demand for housing is currently being driven by economic growth in developing countries. Additionally, natural disasters such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami have destroyed houses in many countries where limited economic wealth makes reconstruction a challenge. This has resulted in shortages of permanent housing in these areas. This paper explores the structural behaviour of earthbag housing under vertical compressive loading, in an attempt to broaden our quantitative understanding of this alternative building technique. This technique is assessed, along with other alternative construction techniques, for suitability in southern Sri Lanka, an area heavily damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
Cost recovery in waterborne sanitation: cases in Botswana
Authors: Bolaane Benjamin , Ikgopoleng Horatius
Published: December 2011

Cost recovery to finance operation and maintenance is considered a key component of sustainable infrastructure provision. With that realisation, the Botswana policy for wastewater and sanitation management has put cost recovery to the forefront of waterborne sanitation provision. Since the development of this policy framework, a number of waterborne sanitation projects have been undertaken in major villages that are expected to recover operation and maintenance costs. However, there has never been a comprehensive evaluation of the successes and failures of the cost recovery initiative since its inception. This paper reports on the experiences of waterborne sanitation cost recovery initiatives in two major villages of Botswana, and highlights some possible threats to its sustainability. The main threats to sustainability of the system were found to be the institutional set-up, which does not lend itself to effective cost recovery, complicated billing system, which leads to limited payments, and lack of effective sanctions for non-payment. The paper proposes that in addition to assessing the willingness and ability to pay for sanitation improvements, as is often the proposed approach to ensure cost recovery, institutional reform should be undertaken to support effective cost recovery.
Lateral resistance of a pile installed near a reinforced slope
Authors: Ali Zomorodian Seyed Mohammad , Dehghan Mojtaba
Published: December 2011

Carpet shreds and carpet shred–soil mixtures can be used as alternative backfill material in many geotechnical applications. In this study an experimental testing programme was undertaken using small-scale model tests with the goal of evaluating the lateral resistance of a single pile located near a reinforcing sandy slope. A broad series of conditions including unreinforced cases was tested by varying parameters such as: carpet shred content (i.e. ratio of the weight of the shreds to weight of dry sand), aspect ratios of carpet shreds (ratio of length to width), pile distance from the slope crest, relative density of sand, angle of the slope, embedded length, skin friction and the cross-section of the pile. The carpet shred content and aspect ratio were found to influence the lateral resistance of a single pile located near the reinforcing sandy slope. The optimum carpet shred content and aspect ratio of carpet shred were 1·5 and 3 respectively, and with these values a good improvement in lateral resistance of piles was reached.
Centrifuge model testing for pile foundation reuse
Authors: Begaj Leonora , McNamara Andrew M.
Published: December 2011

With continuous development in the urban environment, the ground is becoming increasingly congested with redundant foundations. The underground development of services and infrastructure already restricts the location of new building foundations and the redundant foundations only add to this problem. This paper describes how existing single repile foundations in overconsolidated clay are likely to behave when their loading conditions are changed by unloading caused by demolition and subsequent reloading from a new development. The influence of any new foundations on the existing foundations is also described. Experimental data were obtained from a series of centrifuge model tests undertaken at 60g in which a number of different geometries of novel pile groups were modelled. Model tests included comparison of the behaviour of bored piles when supplemented with mini-pile groups.
Analysis of reinforced concrete frames subjected to column loss
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , Yu Jisung
Published: December 2011

The objective of this study is to investigate the progressive collapse potential of reinforced concrete moment frames subjected to sudden loss of a first-storey column. To this end three-, six- and 15-story reinforced concrete moment frames were designed as model structures for analysis with and without considering seismic load, and their progressive collapse potentials were investigated by performing non-linear static and dynamic analyses. It was observed from the analysis results that the catenary action is activated by reinforcing steel and is proportional to the amount of the reinforcement. It was also observed that the amount of stirrup affects the onset of the catenary action and the progressive collapse. According to the non-linear dynamic analysis results the reinforced concrete structures that were not designed for seismic load turned out to be highly vulnerable to progressive collapse, whereas the structures designed considering seismic load showed superior performance against progressive collapse.
Local scour due to sediment-carrying free-overfall water jet
Authors: Ghodsian Masoud , Melville Bruce , Coleman Stephen
Published: December 2011

Results are presented of 80 experiments on the time variation of scour in uniform bed materials due to a sediment-laden free-overfall jet. It was found that the scour hole characteristics (i.e. the depth of scour, the width of the scour hole, the length of the scour hole and the height of the ridge formed downstream of the scour hole) are functions of the densimetric Froude number, the ratio of drop height to tailwater depth, the ratio of drop height to hydraulic radius of jet, sediment number, and the non-dimensional development time. The influences of different parameters on the longitudinal and lateral profiles of the scoured bed are investigated. Increasing the sediment load in the water jet leads to a decrease in the dimensions of the scour hole. Scour profiles at different times are geometrically similar, and can be expressed by a polynomial using relevant parameters. New empirical equations for the prediction of developing scour-hole geometry and downstream ridge height are presented.
Determination of drain pipe diameter using spatially varied flow theorem
Authors: Vatankhah Ali R.
Published: December 2011

Flow in a field drain pipe can be simulated as a spatially varied flow with increasing discharge. The drain pipe diameter can be determined by calculating the ‘maximum water depth' along the drain pipe. Based on the current research, when critical section occurs at the downstream end (as usually occurs in agricultural drainage systems), the maximum water depth falls between the upstream end and the downstream end of the drain pipe. To calculate the water surface profile and thus the maximum water depth, a direct solution is presented for critical depth in circular sections. This equation provides a quick and simple way to calculate the control depth as well as the critical slope in drain pipes. Moreover, by means of a finite-difference method, a suitable equation is presented to calculate the water surface profile using Excel Solver. Because the Manning roughness coefficient under the partially full flow condition is greater than that under the full flow condition in circular channels, a variable Manning coefficient is used to calculate the water surface profile in the drain pipes. According to the numerical analysis, the choice of variable Manning coefficient results in reliable selection of drain pipe diameter that matches actual conditions.
Optimising round-edged entrance of 55° river water intake
Authors: Keshavarzi Alireza , Moghadam Mehdi Karami , Ball James E.
Published: December 2011

An experimental study was undertaken to optimise a 55° round-edged entrance irrigation water intake. The tests were carried out under different flow conditions in a laboratory flume with a rectangular cross-section under close-ended and open-ended flow conditions. To improve the efficiency of water intake, its entrance was rounded with three different radii (r): 100, 150 and 200 mm. Two components of flow velocity in transverse and flow directions were measured using an electromagnetic velocity meter. The flow velocity inside the water intake was measured at 390 regular grid points, across three horizontal layers at 30, 60 and 120 mm heights from the bed. The streamlines were drawn from the captured flow velocity, and hence the separation width and length were determined for the different depth levels, from the bed to the water surface. The discharge ratios (Qr) of the main channel to the lateral channel were set equal to 0·25, 0·67, 1·5 and 4. It was found that a 55° water intake with the radius of curvature of r/Wb = 0·8 produced minimum separation size. It was therefore selected as the optimum 55° round-edged entrance water intake.
Recognizing trade‐offs in multi‐objective land management
Authors: Bradford John B , D'Amato Anthony W
Published: December 2011

As natural resource management and conservation goals expand and evolve, practitioners and policy makers are increasingly seeking options that optimize benefits among multiple, often contradictory objectives. Here, we describe a simple approach for quantifying the consequences of alternative management options in terms of benefits and trade‐offs among multiple objectives. We examine two long‐term forest management experiments that span several decades of stand (forest tree community) development and identify substantial trade‐offs among carbon cycling and ecological complexity objectives. In addition to providing improved understanding of the long‐term consequences of various management options, the results of these experiments show that positive benefits resulting from some management options are often associated with large trade‐offs among individual objectives. The approach to understanding benefits and trade‐offs presented here provides a simple yet flexible framework for quantitatively assessing the consequences of different management options.
Bereavement and the Dsm5
Authors: Shear M. Katherine
Published: December 2011

Close personal relationships are very important in our lives. Our closest relationships help us regulate our bodies and minds and contribute importantly to our sense of wellbeing (Hofer, 1984; Mikulincer, Orbach, & Iavnieli, 1998; Sbarra & Hazan, 2008). Losing a close attachment is usually one of the most difficult experiences we ever have. Bereavement often leaves us dazed and confused about how to understand the loss and navigate the future. Acute grief takes us out of our ongoing life and focuses our attention on our deceased loved one. Grief is finely tuned to each loss situation with a pattern and course that is unique to each person and each relationship.
Valuing the Benefit for Cancer Patients of Receiving Blood Transfusions at Home
Authors: Havet Nathalie , Morelle Magali , Remonnay Raphaël , Carrere Marie-Odile
Published: December 2011

In the field of health care management, contingent valuation surveys (CV) are used in cost benefit analyses (CBA) to elicit patients’ monetary valuation of program benefits. We considered the empirical situation of blood transfusions (BT) in cancer patients. Before planning such a CBA, we had to make sure that the CV approach could be used in a particularly critical clinical situation to estimate the marginal benefit of changing from hospital BT to home BT. The fact that the CV approach is feasible and acceptable to severely ill patients was not taken for granted a priori.

We measured patient’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for home BT in a sample of 139 patients who received transfusions either at home or in the hospital. After considering patient’s participation to the survey and protest responses, we identified possible determinants of WTP values derived from previous knowledge, then we compared their expected influences to predicted influences resulting from econometric analysis to assess the validity of our results. Participation was high (90%) and few patients gave protest responses. Most patients (65%) had received home care, including 43% BT. The median WTP for home BT was 26.5 € per patient.

Good consistency was observed between the expected and predicted influences of possible determinants of WTP. The anchoring bias hypothesis was confirmed. The WTP for home BT increased with previous experience of home care, age, living far from the hospital and low quality of life. Our CV approach is thus a first contribution to the debate on the appropriateness of generalizing access to home BT. However, our results would be worth confirming with a formal cost-benefit analysis.
Towards Principles and Standards for the Benefit-Cost Analysis of Safety
Authors: Farrow Scott , Viscusi W. Kip
Published: December 2011

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is frequently applied to decisions involving public safety which requires analyzing risk and assessing options to manage risks. Principles and standards may assist analysts, decision-makers, and the public in developing and interpreting such BCAs. Principles and standards at best represent commonly held views among a community of practice. Such views are continually evolving with advances in the field. This paper presents a modularized format towards principles and standards that may assist in focusing discussion and decisions about whether such proposals actually reflect principles and standards within the benefit-cost analysis community of practice. Among topics covered are welfare measures, benefit or cost transfer, and valuing uncertain outcomes.
The Combination of Lab and Field Experiments for Benefit-Cost Analysis
Authors: Marette Stéphan , Roosen Jutta , Blanchemanche Sandrine
Published: December 2011

This article explores the combination of laboratory and field experiments in defining a welfare framework and the impact of different regulatory tools on consumer behaviors. First, an overview of strengths and weaknesses raised by the experimental literature show that, for food consumption, lab and field experiments may be complementary to each other. The lab experiment elicits willingness to pay useful for determining per-unit damages based on well-informed, thoughtful preferences, while the field experiment determines purchase/consumption reactions in real contexts. Second, the analytical approach suggests how to combine the results of both lab and field experiments to determine the welfare impact of different regulatory tools such as labels and/or taxes. Third, an empirical application focuses on a lab and a field experiment conducted in France to evaluate the impact of regulation on fish consumption. Estimations for the French tuna market show that a per-unit tax on tuna and/or an advisory policy lead to welfare improvements.
Thy28 partially prevents apoptosis induction following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells
Authors: Toyota Hiroko , Jiang Xiao-Zhou , Asakura Hideki , Mizuguchi Junichiro
Published: December 2011

Thy28 protein is conserved among plants, bacteria, and mammalian cells. Nuclear Thy28 protein is substantially expressed in testis, liver, and immune cells such as lymphocytes. Lymphocyte apoptosis plays a crucial role in homeostasis and formation of a diverse lymphocyte repertoire. In this study, we examined whether Thy28 affects induction of apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). Once they were established, the Thy28-overexpressing WEHI-231 cells showed similar expression levels of IgM and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule compared with controls. The Thy28-overexpressing cells were considerably resistant to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caspase-3 activation, and increase in annexin-positive cells upon mIg engagement. These changes were concomitant with an increase in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1. The anti-IgM-induced sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which was associated with late-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, was partially reduced in the Thy28-expressing cells relative to controls. Taken together, the data suggest that in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells, Thy28 regulates mIg-mediated apoptotic events through the JNK-H2O2 activation pathway, concomitant with an accumulation of cells in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1 in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells.
Influence of adsorbed oxygen on charge transport and chlorine gas-sensing characteristics of thin cobalt phthalocyanine films
Authors: Samanta Soumen , Kumar Arvind , Singh Ajay , Debnath Anil , Aswal Dinesh , Gupta Shiv
Published: December 2011

We have investigated the morphology, charge transport, and gas-sensing characteristics of thin films of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) deposited on glass and sapphire substrates, using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). CoPc films deposited on glass were found to be highly disordered. The ambient oxygen was found to be chemisorbed and created deep trap states, which led not only to hysteretic current-voltage (J-V) characteristics but also reduce the charge mobility. These properties render them unsuitable for gas-sensing. On the other hand, films deposited on sapphire were polycrystalline, which was attributed to an improved molecule-substrate interaction. The physically sorbed oxygen only created shallow traps, and the J-V characteristics were non-hysteretic, rendering them suitable for gas-sensing applications. It was demonstrated that the ultrathin (20 nm) CoPc films deposited on sapphire acted as highly sensitive and selective sensors for chlorine present in the w Cl concentration range of 5 × 10−9−2 × 10−6 (5–2000 ppb).
Thermal analysis of (NaF/AlF3)-FeF3 and (NaF/AlF3)-FeO systems
Authors: Šimko František
Published: December 2011

Thermal analysis of the two systems, (NaF/AlF3)-FeF3 and (NaF/AlF3)-FeO, was carried out with three different cryolite ratios. In these systems, “impurity compounds” decreased the temperature of primary crystallisation with decreasing cryolite ratios. From the slope of the dependencies, it can be assumed that the excess of AlF3 plays a more significant role in changes in the “Fe(III)” systems than in “Fe(II)” systems.
Muscle Atrophy and Functional Deficits of Knee Extensors and Flexors in People With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Prado-Medeiros Christiane L. , Silva Milla P. , Lessi Giovanna C. , Alves Marcela Z. , Tannus Alberto , Lindquist Ana R. , Salvini Tania F.
Published: December 2011

Background

Further clarification is needed with regard to the degree of atrophy in individual muscle groups and its possible relationship to joint torque deficit poststroke.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstring muscle volume and strength deficits of the knee extensors and flexors in people with chronic hemiparesis compared with a control group.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

Thirteen individuals with hemiparesis due to chronic stroke (hemiparetic group) and 13 individuals who were healthy (control group) participated in this study. Motor function, quadriceps and hamstring muscle volume, and maximal concentric and eccentric contractions of the knee extensors and flexors were assessed.

Results

Only the quadriceps muscle of the paretic limb showed reduced muscle volume (24%) compared with the contralateral (nonparetic) limb. There were no differences in muscle volume between the hemiparetic and control groups. The peak torque of the paretic-limb knee extensors and flexors was reduced in both contraction modes and velocities compared with the nonparetic limb (36%–67%) and with the control group (49%–75%). The nonparetic limb also showed decreased extensor and flexor peak torque compared with the control group (17%–23%). Power showed similar deficits in strength (12%–78%). There were significant correlations between motor function and strength deficits (.54–.67).

Limitations

Magnetic resonance imaging coil length did not allow measurement of the proximal region of the thigh.

Conclusions

There were different responses between quadriceps and hamstring muscle volumes in the paretic limb that had quadriceps muscle atrophy only. However, both paretic and nonparetic limbs showed knee extensor and flexor torque and power reduction.
Effect of Time Ratio of Heat to Cold on Brachial Artery Blood Velocity During Contrast Baths
Authors: Shih Chiao-Yu , Lee Wen-Li , Lee Chih-Wei , Huang Chien-Hui , Wu Yu-Zu
Published: December 2011

Background

Contrast baths have been adopted widely in clinics. However, the time ratio of heat to cold modalities has not been well established.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of time ratio on brachial artery mean blood velocity (aMBV) and determine the optimal duration in the second heating phase.

Design

This was a within-participant, repeated-measures, experimental study.

Methods

Thirty-four young volunteers who were healthy were recruited. Each participant performed 2 kinds of contrast baths within 2 separate sessions. In the first trial with a fixed time ratio, participants immersed their left hands in a 40°C hot bath for 3 minutes and then in an 18°C cold bath for 1 minute. This procedure was repeated 3 times. In the second trial, after the initial 3-minute hot bath and 1-minute cold bath, a 10-minute 40°C hot bath immersion was adopted as the second cycle. A color Doppler ultrasound scanner was used to measure aMBV, which was used to calculate the percentage of change related to the baseline (aMBV%) and the fluctuation in the heating phases (ΔaMBV%).

Results

In the first trial, compared with the first heating phase, the ΔaMBV% was significantly lower by 57% and by 46% in the second and third heating phases, respectively. In the second trial, the ΔaMBV% beyond the 7th minute did not reach a significantly lower level.

Limitations

The results cannot be generalized to elderly individuals or patients with medical conditions.

Conclusion

A longer duration in the second heating phase during contrast baths was required to produce a sufficient fluctuation in blood flow.
Effect of Peroneal Electrical Stimulation Versus an Ankle-Foot Orthosis on Obstacle Avoidance Ability in People With Stroke-Related Foot Drop
Authors: van Swigchem Roos , van Duijnhoven Hanneke J.R. , den Boer Jasper , Geurts Alexander C. , Weerdesteyn Vivian
Published: December 2011

Background

Walking ability of people with foot drop in the chronic phase after stroke is better with functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the peroneal nerve than without an orthotic device. However, the literature is not conclusive on whether peroneal FES also is better than an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) in this regard.

Objective

This study aimed to identify potential benefits of peroneal FES over an AFO with respect to the ability to negotiate a sudden obstacle.

Design

The study design was a within-subject comparison between FES and AFO using repeated measures.

Methods

Twenty-four community-dwelling people with stroke (mean age=52.6 years, SD=12.7) who regularly used a polypropylene AFO were fitted with a transcutaneous FES device. The participants' obstacle avoidance ability was tested after 2 and 8 weeks. They had to avoid 30 obstacles that were suddenly dropped on a treadmill in front of the affected leg while walking with either FES or an AFO. The obstacle avoidance success rates were determined.

Results

Success rates were higher with FES than with an AFO, especially after adjustment for individual leg muscle strength. Participants with relatively low muscle strength (Motricity Index score <64) were most likely to benefit from FES regarding obstacle avoidance ability.

Limitation

Further work is needed to determine whether the results may be generalized to other groups of people with stroke.

Conclusions

Peroneal FES seems to be superior to an AFO with regard to obstacle avoidance ability in community-dwelling people with stroke. The observed gains in obstacle avoidance ability appear to be clinically most relevant in the people with relatively low leg muscle strength.
Defining, Agreeing on, and Testing an International Physical Therapy Core Data Set: Results of a Feasibility Study Involving Seven Countries
Authors: Holdsworth Lesley K. , Webster Valerie S. , Rafferty Daniel
Published: December 2011

Background

To date, there has been no attempt to describe or compare physical therapy as practiced globally, nor any evidence that an international data set exists to support this effort. It is known that research evidence can be used in strategic and tactical ways, especially within the highly politicized context of the policy arena. The International Private Practitioners Association recognized the potential value a global evidence base could have in influencing policy and supporting professional development in a number of countries, yet it lacked a mechanism to achieve these aims.

Objectives

The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify and test an international data set, definitions, and means of data collection and (2) to establish views in relation to the value of international collaborations.

Design

A mixed, prospective design was used in the study.

Method

Phase 1 (2006–2007) involved the development of a data set, definitions, and Web-based and paper-based data collection options involving 98 physical therapists from 68 physical therapy practices in 7 countries. Phase 2 (2008–2009) involved testing of the data set in 34 practices involving 3,195 patient episodes and included physical therapist feedback of experience, local relevance of the data set, and value of international collaborations.

Results

Testing confirmed the relevance and reliability of the data set and definitions and a preference for Web-based data collection (74.0%). Physical therapist feedback supported these findings. Most respondents (60.0%–100.0%) reported the value of further international collaborations for their profession nationally or internationally.

Limitations

Although a true international collaboration, the limited sample size should be recognized.

Conclusions

It is possible to develop an agreed-upon international data set and means of data collection. Testing appears to support its acceptability and relevance for use in practice. Participants highly valued the opportunity to undertake international collaborations that may benefit their profession nationally and internationally. Further testing and use of the data set are advocated before final validation is sought.
Effect of Motor Control Exercises Versus Graded Activity in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Macedo Luciana Gazzi , Latimer Jane , Maher Christopher G. , Hodges Paul W. , McAuley James H. , Nicholas Michael K. , Tonkin Lois , Stanton Chris J. , Stanton Tasha R. , Stafford Ryan
Published: December 2011

Background

Motor control exercises to improve control and coordination of trunk muscles and graded activity under the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy are 2 commonly used exercise therapies, yet there is little evidence to support the use of one intervention over the other.

Objective

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.

Design

This study was a prospectively registered randomized controlled trial with outcome assessment and statistical analyses conducted blind to group.

Setting

The study was conducted in primary care settings.

Patients

The participants were 172 patients with chronic (>12 weeks) nonspecific low back pain.

Interventions

Patients were randomly assigned to receive either motor control exercises or graded activity. There was no attempt to subclassify patients to match them to a treatment. Patients in both groups received 14 sessions of individualized, supervised exercise therapy.

Measurements

Primary outcomes were average pain over the previous week (numeric rating scale) and function (Patient-Specific Functional Scale); secondary outcomes were disability (24-item Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), global impression of change (Global Perceived Effect Scale), and quality of life (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire [SF-36]). Outcome measures were collected at baseline and at 2, 6, and 12 months after intervention.

Results

A linear mixed models analysis showed that there were no significant differences between treatment groups at any of the time points for any of the outcomes studied. For example, the effect for pain at 2 months was 0.0 (−0.7 to 0.8).

Limitations

Clinicians could not be blinded to the interventions.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that motor control exercises and graded activity have similar effects for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain.