bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF BACTERIOPHAGE AND VANCOMYCIN IN A CO-DELIVERY HYDROGEL FOR LOCALIZED TREATMENT OF FRACTURE-RELATED INFECTION CAUSED BY METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Chen Baixing , Chittò Marco , Benavente Luis Ponce , Post Virginia , Moreno Mercedes González , Zeiter Stephan , Trampuz Andrej , Wagemans Jeroen , Lavigne Rob , Onsea Jolien , Metsemakers Willem-Jan , Moriarty Fintan
Published: November 2023

Aim

Bacteriophages are remerging as alternative and adjunctive therapy for fracture-related infection (FRI). However, current administration protocols involve prolonged retention of a percutaneous draining tube with potential risk of developing superinfection. In this study, we applied a cocktail of in vitro evolved biofilm-targeting phages for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a hydrogel platform co-delivering vancomycin. In vitro synergy and antibiofilm activity was assessed and a subsequent in vivo study was performed in a mouse FRI model with MRSA.

Method

Two evolved bacteriophages (MRSA-R14 and COL-R23) with improved antibiofilm activity against a clinical isolate (MRSA3) were tested in combination with vancomycin and a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel in vitro and in vivo. MRSA3 bacterial biofilms were formed on sterile 4 mm sintered porous glass beads at 37 °C for 24 h. Biofilms were exposed to i-phage cocktail (107 PFU/ml), ii-vancomycin at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 10 and 100 times the MIC, or iii-combination of phage cocktail and vancomycin. Recovered biofilm cells, were quantified by colony counting. The stability and release profiles of phage cocktail and vancomycin in co-delivery hydrogel were assessed in vitro for 8 days and 72 hrs, respectively, and subsequently tested in the treatment of 5-day-old MRSA3 infection of a femoral plate osteotomy in mice.

Results

In vitro: The cocktail of evolved phages (107 PFU/ml, 1:1) combined with 0.5 MIC vancomycin achieved 99.72% reduction in MRSA3 biofilm in vitro compared to the growth control. This combination was stable in the co-delivery hydrogel over 8 days. The release profile showed that 57% of phages and 80% of vancomycin were released after 72hrs, which was identical to the performance for gels loaded with phage or antibiotic alone. In the in vivo study, the bacterial load from animals that received co-delivery hydrogel and systemic vancomycin was significantly reduced compared to controls, animals that received systemic vancomycin and animals that received co-delivery hydrogel alone (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the potential of using evolved phages in combination with vancomycin and hydrogel delivery systems for the treatment of MRSA-related infections. Further research in this area may lead to the development of specific therapies for biofilm-related infection.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF NEW DEVELOPED MULTIELEMENT NANOGRANULAR COATINGS
Authors: De Vecchi Elena , Balzano Vincenzo , Bottagisio Marta , Gavioli Luca
Published: November 2023

Aim

Antibacterial activity of coatings based on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) often depends on materials and biotic targets resulting in a material-specific killing activity of selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. In this perspective, the NPs loading amount, the relative elemental concentration inside the nanogranular building blocks and the deposition method are of paramount importance when the goal is to widen the antimicrobial spectrum, but at the same time to avoid high levels of metal content to limit undesired toxic effects. Aim of the present study was evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of two multielement nanogranular coatings composed of Titanium-Silver and Copper and of Magnesium-Silver and Copper.

Method

Ti-Ag-Cu and Mg-Ag-Cu NPs were deposited on circular cover glasses (VWR) by Supersonic Cluster Beam Deposition. Biofilm-producer strains of Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible and resistant), Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin susceptible and resistant), Escherichia coli (fully susceptible and producer of extended spectrum beta lactamases), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (susceptible and multidrug-resistant) were selected. The abilities of the selected strains to adhere, colonize and produce biofilm on the discs coated with Ti-Ag-Cu or Mg-Ag-Cu NPs were compared to uncoated circular cover glasses which were used as growth control. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated in order to assess the biocompatibility of the newly synthesized NPs.

Results

In comparison to uncoated controls, both coatings showed significant anti-adhesive properties against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli. Reduction in adhesion to Mg-Ag-Cu coated discs was observed also for P. aeruginosa isolates, although differences vs uncoated controls did not reach statistical significance. Biofilm formation was reduced on discs coated with Mg-Ag-Cu compared to Ti-Ag-Cu and, again, coatings had a milder effect on P. aeruginosa, probably due to its exceptional capability of attachment and matrix production. These results were confirmed by the evaluation of bacterial colonization on nanoparticles-coated discs by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy. A viability of 95.8% and 89.4% of cells cultured in the presence of Ti-Ag-Cu and Mg-Ag-Cu discs, respectively, when compared to negative controls was observed, thus excluding cytotoxic effects on eukaryotic cells.

Conclusions

The newly synthesized Ti-Ag-Cu and Mg-Ag-Cu coatings are able to limit bacterial adhesion colonization and biofilm production, thus highlighting the safe use of multi-element families of NPs as new strategies against bacterial attachment to the surface of biomedical implants. However, further studies addressing activity against P. aeruginosa and including a wide number of isolates are warranted.
SHORT-TERM CELECOXIB PROMOTES BONE FORMATION WITHOUT COMPROMISING ANTIBIOTIC EFFICACY IN EARLY ORTHOPAEDIC DEVICE-RELATED INFECTION: EVIDENCE FROM A RAT MODEL
Authors: Mdingi Vuyisa , Gens Lena , Mys Karen , Zeiter Stephan , Marais Leonard , Richards Geoff , Moriarty Fintan , Chitto Marco
Published: November 2023

Aim

In this study we investigated the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with different cyclooxygenase (COX) selectivity on orthopaedic device-related infections (ODRIs) in a rat model. Specifically, we aimed to measure the impact of NSAID therapy on bone changes, bacterial load, and cytokine levels after treatment with antibiotics. In addition, we compared the effects of long vs short-term celecoxib (a COX-2 inhibitor) treatment on the same outcomes.

Method

Skeletally mature female Wistar rats were implanted with Staphylococcus epidermidis-contaminated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) screws (1.5 × 106 CFU per screw) in the proximal right tibia and monitored for 7 days. All animals received subcutaneous antibiotics (rifampicin plus cefazolin) for two weeks from day 7 to 21. In phase I of the study, rats were randomly assigned to receive 28 days of oral treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, celecoxib, or vehicle control. In phase II, an additional group received seven days of celecoxib treatment from day 0 to 7. After implantation, bone changes were monitored using in vivo micro-CT and histology. Quantitative bacteriology was performed at euthanasia. Plasma samples were collected to measure cytokine levels at four time points (day 0, 6, 20, and 28).

Results

The combination of antibiotic therapy resulted in treatment success in 85.71% of cases, while the addition of long-term celecoxib treatment reduced it to 45.45%. Long-term celecoxib treatment significantly reduced bone loss (33.85% mean difference [95% CI 14.12–53.58], p=0.0004 on day 6 bone fraction) and periosteal reaction (0.2760 μm mean difference [95% CI 0.2073–0.3448], p<0.0001 on day 14 periosteal thickness) during the early post-infection period compared to the control group. Short-term celecoxib treatment showed similar radiological results, however, there was no significant reduction in treatment success in the celecoxib group (88.9%). No differences in the selected inflammatory markers were observed.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the potential benefits of short-term use of celecoxib in improving bone fraction during the early post-infection period without impairing the efficacy of antibiotic therapy. This study suggests that celecoxib may be a useful addition to the multimodal approach to pain management in orthopaedic device-related infections.
RISK FACTORS FOR FRACTURE-RELATED INFECTION AFTER ANKLE FRACTURE SURGERY
Authors: Pilskog Kristian , Høvding Pål , Fenstad Anne Marie , Inderhaug Eivind , Fevang Jonas Meling , Dale Håvard
Published: November 2023

Aim

Ankle fracture surgery comes with a risk of fracture-related infection (FRI). Identifying risk factors are important in preoperative planning, in management of patients, and for information to the individual patient about their risk of complications. In addition, modifiable factors can be addressed prior to surgery. The aim of the current paper was to identify risk factors for FRI in patients operated for ankle fractures.

Method

A cohort of 1004 patients surgically treated for ankle fractures at Haukeland University hospital in the period of 2015–2019 was studied retrospectively. Patient charts and radiographs were assessed for the diagnosis of FRI. Binary logistic regression was used in analyses of risk factors. Regression coefficients were used to calculate the probability for FRI based on the patients’ age and presence of one or more risk factors.

Results

FRI was confirmed in 87 (9%) of 1004 patients. Higher age at operation (p < 0.001), congestive heart failure (CHF), p = 0.006), peripheral artery disease (PAD, p = 0.001), and current smoking (p = .006) were identified as risk factors for FRI. PAD and CHF were the risk factors displaying the strongest association with FRI with an adjusted odds ratio of 4.2 (95% CI 1.8–10.1) and 4.7 (95% CI 1.6–14.1) respectively.

Conclusions

The prevalence of FRI was 9% after surgical treatment of ankle fractures. The combination of risk factors found in this study demonstrate the need for a thorough, multidisciplinary, and careful approach when faced with an elderly or frail patient with an ankle fracture. The results of this study help the treating surgeons to inform their patients of the risk of FRI prior to ankle fracture surgery.
QUALITY OF LIFE IN OSTEOMYELITIS IS SIGNIFICANTLY WORSE COMPARED TO OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES
Authors: Hotchen Andrew , Tsang Shao-Ting Jerry , Dudareva Maria , Sukpanichy Sermsak , Corrigan Ruth , Ferguson Jamie , Stubbs David , McNally Martin
Published: November 2023

Aim

Patient quality of life (QoL) in untreated bone infection was compared to other chronic conditions and stratified by disease severity.

Method

Patients referred for treatment of osteomyelitis (including fracture related infection) were identified prospectively between 2019 and 2023. Patients with confirmed infection completed the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Clinicians blinded to EQ-index score, grouped patients according to JS-BACH Classification into ‘Uncomplicated’, ‘Complex’ or ‘Limited treatment options’. A systematic review of the literature was performed of other conditions that have been stratified using EQ-index score.

Results

257 patients were referred, and 219 had suspected osteomyelitis. 196 patients had long bone infection and reported an average EQ-index score of 0.455 (SD 0.343). 23 patients with pelvic osteomyelitis had an average EQ-index score of 0.098 (SD 0.308). Compared to other chronic conditions, patients with long-bone osteomyelitis had worse QoL when compared to different types of malignancy (including bladder, oropharyngeal, colorectal, thyroid and myeloma), cardiorespiratory disease (including asthma, COPD and ischaemic heart disease), psychiatric conditions (including depression, pain and anxiety), endocrine disorders (including diabetes mellitus), neurological conditions (including Parkinson's disease, chronic pain and radiculopathy) and musculoskeletal conditions (including osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia and x-linked hypophosphataemic rickets). QoL in long-bone infection was similar to conditions such as Prada-Willi syndrome, Crohn's disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Patients who had a history of stroke or multiple sclerosis reported worse QoL scores compared to long-bone infection. Patients who had pelvic osteomyelitis gave significantly lower QoL scores when compared to all other conditions that were available for comparison in the literature.

In long bone infection, 41 cases (21.0%) were classified as ‘Uncomplicated’, 136 (69.4%) as ‘Complex’ and 19 (9.7%) as ‘Limited treatment options available’. Within classification stratification, patients with ‘Uncomplicated’ long bone infections reported a mean EQ-index score of 0.618 (SD 0.227) which was significantly higher compared to ‘Complex’ (EQ-index: 0.410 SD 0.359, p=0.004) and ‘Limited treatment options available’ (EQ-index: 0.400 SD 0.346, p=0.007).

Conclusions

Bone and joint infections have a significant impact on patient quality of life. It is much worse when compared to other common chronic conditions, including malignancy, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. This has not been previously reported but may focus attention on the need for more investment in this patient group.
FRAME TREATMENT IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE IN OSTEOMYELITIS BUT ONLY AFTER A PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT
Authors: Frank Florian , Hotchen Andrew , Ravn Christen , Pullinger Vicky , Eley Katherine , Stubbs David , Ferguson Jamie , McNally Martin
Published: November 2023

Aim

This study assessed quality of life (QoL) in patients having external fixation for treatment of osteomyelitis and fracture-related infection (OM/FRI).

Method

Patients who had surgery for OM/FRI and who completed the EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L or EQ-5D- 3L questionnaires, were identified between 2010 and 2020. Patients were followed-up for 2 years after surgery. QoL was compared between patients who had either an Ilizarov frame or a monolateral external fixator with those who did not receive external fixation.

Results

165 patients were included. Of these, 37 (22.4%) underwent application of external fixation which included 23 circular frames and 14 monolateral external fixators. Patients in the frame group had more BACH ‘Complex’ infections (34/37; 91.9%), compared to non-frame patients (57/81; 70.3%).

Pre-operatively, the mean EQ-index score for patients planned to receive a frame (0.278 SD 0.427) was worse compared to other treatments (0.453 SD 0.338, p=0.083). At 6 weeks after surgery, the EQ-index score remained significantly lower in frame patients compared to non-frame patients (frame: 0.379 SD 0.363; no frame: 0.608 SD 0.326, p=0.016). By 6 months, 26/37 patients had undergone frame removal. The patients who had frames in situ at 6 months had lower EQ-index scores when compared to patients who had their frames removed (frame in situ: 0.187 SD 0.213; frame removed 0.674 SD 0.206, p=0.076).

At one year, 36/37 (97.3%) patients had their frame removed. QoL had greatly improved, to levels similar to non-frame patients (no frame: 0.652 SD 0.357; frame removed: 0.657 SD 0.247, p=0.949).

Conclusions

Frame treatment leads to significant improvement in Quality of Life in patients suffering from osteomyelitis, with similar results in EQ5D scores after 1 year compared to patients who did not need an external fixator. These effects cannot be felt until after the frame has been removed with impaired QoL during frame treatment, especially in those patients with frames in situ for more than 6 months. This underlines the need for close and professional patient support during frame treatment for bone infection.
THE EFFECT OF A NATIONAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME IN SWEDEN ON PROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION INCIDENCE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: Wildeman Peter , Rolfson Ola , Wretenberg Per , Nåtman Jonatan , Gordon Max , Söderquist Bo , Lindgren Viktor
Published: November 2023

Aim

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA) entailing increased mortality, decreased quality of life, and high healthcare costs. In 2009 a nationwide, multidisciplinary infection control program was launched in Sweden, PRISS, which aimed to reduce the PJI burden by 50%.

The primary aim was to investigate whether the PRISS project reduced PJI incidence after primary THA; the secondary aim was to evaluate other possible benefits of PRISS, such as shorter time to diagnosis.

Method

We obtained data on patients undergoing primary THA in Sweden (n = 45,723 patients, 49,946 THAs), 2012–2014. Using personal identity numbers, this cohort was matched with the Swedish Prescribed Drug Registry. Medical records of patients with ≥4 weeks antibiotic consumption were reviewed to verify PJI diagnosis (n = 2240, 2569 THAs).

Results

The cumulative incidence of PJI following the PRISS project was 1.2% [95% CI 1.1–1.3] as compared to 0.9% [95% CI 0.8–1.0] before. Cox regression models for the PJI incidence post PRISS indicates there were no statistical significance difference versus pre PRISS (HR 1.1 [95% CI 0.9–1.3]. There were similar time to PJI diagnosis after the PRISS project 24 vs 23 days (p=0.5).

Conclusions

Despite the comprehensive nationwide PRISS project, Swedish PJI incidence was higher after the project and time to diagnosis remained unchanged. Factors contributing to PJI, such as increasing obesity, higher ASA class, and more fractures as indications, explain the PJI increase among primary THA patients.
THE PREVALENCE OF MYCOBACTERIA IN BONE AND JOINT SAMPLES AT A TERTIARY ORTHOPAEDIC CENTRE IN A SETTING WITH A LOW BURDEN OF TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE
Authors: Yates Tom A. , Vahesan Olivier , Warren Simon , Scobie Antonia
Published: November 2023

Aim

At our tertiary orthopaedic centre, mycobacterial cultures are routinely performed on bone and joint samples sent for bacterial culture. We have previously described the prevalence Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) in these samples. Here, we describe the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). We calculate the number needed to test to identify one previously undiagnosed mycobacterial bone or joint infection.

Methods

Samples taken during a single procedure were pooled in one BACTEC MGIT culture. From laboratory records, we ascertained the number of mycobacterial cultures performed, the number positive for MTBC or NTM, and characteristics of individuals from whom mycobacteria were isolated. We collected the same data from 100 individuals with negative mycobacterial cultures. Results presented here are from interim analysis.

Results

Excluding sample types that were clearly not bone or joint samples, 6162 mycobacterial cultures were performed between 4 July 2017 and 30 September 2022. Twenty-two patients had MTBC and 6 patients had NTM newly isolated from bone or joint samples placed in mycobacterial culture, with a further patient having both M. tuberculosis and M. avium isolated. In both patients with M. abscessus, the organism also grew in routine bacterial cultures. In one further patient, M. fortuitum was isolated from a sample not put into mycobacterial culture.

To identify one new mycobacterial infection of bone or joint (MTBC or NTM) that would not be detected with routine bacterial cultures, 228 (95% CI 157 – 346) mycobacterial cultures were needed. The laboratory cost per additional patient identified using MGIT cultures was €12,540 (95% CI €8,635 - €19,030).

Mycobacterial cultures were much less likely to be positive in samples taken from prosthetic joints. They were more likely to be positive in spinal samples and in samples taken from patients with suspected sarcoma. In patients for whom we had contemporaneous histological specimens, these demonstrated granulomatous inflammation in 86% (18/21) of patients from whom MTBC had been isolated but in neither of the two patients from whom only NTM was isolated. Ascertaining the clinical significance of NTM isolates is challenging, although in 2/8 cases the same organism was isolated following repeat sampling.

Conclusions

Targeted rather than routine mycobacterial culture of bone and joint specimens should be considered in settings with a low burden of tuberculosis. NTM are rarely isolated from bone and joint specimens at our centre and fast growers may be isolated using routine bacterial culture.
BONY SEQUESTRUM IN CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: CHARACTERISTIC ON 18F-FDG-PET-CT IMAGES
Authors: Elsheikh Ahmed
Published: November 2023

Aim

The localization of sequestrum in chronic osteomyelitis (COM) is crucial in preoperative planning. The identification of sequestrum on plain X-ray could be difficult. CT and MRI were reported to show the sequestrum. We aimed to analyze the sequestrum characteristics on 18F-FDG-PET-CT images.

Methods

A prospective study included all patients diagnosed with long-bone chronic osteomyelitis. All patients had preoperative 18F-FDG-PET-CT. Images were analyzed using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer. Axial cuts were used to measure the Standard Uptake Ratio (SUV)max in the Region of Interest (ROI) in the sequestrum, the surrounding area, and the normal bone in the same cut. Surgical debridement was done as standard; samples were taken for microbiology and histopathology, and the intraoperative finding was documented.

Results

Nineteen patients (17 males/2 females) were operated on in one center between October/2021 and Jan/2023 at a mean age of 32±18. There were 10 tibias, 7 femurs, one ulna, and one fibula. Ten had postoperative COM, six open fractures, and three hematogenous OM. They all showed sequestrum on PET-CT; the dead bone appeared void, surrounded by a halo of increased uptake. There was a trend of lower uptake in the sequestrum compared to the halo around. The mean SUVmax at the sequestrum was 4.18±3.16, compared to the surrounding halo, 7.08±5.81. The normal bone has a mean SUVmax of 1.61±1.42. Sequestrum was removed successfully in all cases.

Conclusion

18F-FDG-PET-CT can precisely localize the sequestrum preoperatively, it has a lower uptake than tissues around it. This would facilitate planning and improve the quality of debridement.
CALPROTECTIN: AN IMPORTANT SYNOVIAL MARKER FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION
Authors: d'Epenoux Louise Ruffier , Robert Manon , Caillon Hélène , Crenn Vincent , Dejoie Thomas , Lecomte Raphael , Tessier Eve , Corvec Stephane , Bemer Pascale
Published: November 2023

Background

The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a challenge in clinical practice and the analysis of synovial fluid (SF) is a useful diagnostic tool. Recently, two synovial biomarkers (leukocyte esterase (LE) strip test, alpha-defensin (AD)) have been introduced into the MSIS (MusculoSkeletal Infection Society) algorithm for the diagnosis of PJI. AD, although promising with high sensitivity and specificity, remains expensive. Calprotectin is another protein released upon activation of articular neutrophils. The determination of calprotectin and joint CRP is feasible in a routine laboratory practice with low cost.

Purpose

Our objective was to evaluate different synovial biomarkers (calprotectin, LE, CRP) for the diagnosis of PJI.

Methods

In this monocentric study, we collected SF from hip, knee, ankle and shoulder joints of 42 patients who underwent revision or puncture for diagnostic purposes. Exclusion criteria included a joint surgery in the previous 3 months and a diagnosis of a systemic inflammatory disease. PJI was diagnosed in a multidisciplinary consultation meeting (RCP) of the Reference Centers for Osteoarticular Infections of the Great West (CRIOGO). SF was analysed for LE, CRP and calprotectin. The cut-off values used were 50 mg/L for calprotectin, 8.8 mg/L for CRP and 125 WBC/µL for LE. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for these different synovial markers.

Results

Of the 42 patients included, 28 were considered as infected and 14 uninfected. The statistical parameters are presented in Table 1.

Conclusion

The present study shows that the synovial calprotectin assay has an excellent sensitivity and a 100% NPV for the diagnosis of PJI, suggesting that a result < 50 mg/L could exclude PJI. This promising study suggests that calprotectin should be included with synovial CRP in a new decision algorithm for the diagnosis of PJI.

For any tables or figures, please contact the authors directly.
PREVENTION OF PROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION USING ELECTRICAL FIELDS: PROOF OF CONCEPT IN AN EXPERIMENTAL IN VIVO MODEL
Authors: Bernaus Marti , Carmona Francisco , De Espinosa Vázquez de Sola José María Lamo , Valentí Andrés , Abizanda Gloria , Cabodevilla Ana Ramos , Torres Diego , Calero Jose Antonio , Font Lluis , Del Pozo Jose Luis
Published: November 2023

Aim

To provide proof of concept in an in vivo animal model for the prevention of prosthetic joint infection prevention using electric fields along with conventional antibiotic prophylaxis.

Corresponding Author: Marti Bernaus

Method

First, we standardized the animal model to simulate implant contamination during the surgical procedure. We then implanted cobalt-chrome prostheses adapted to both knees of two New Zealand White rabbits, under standard aseptic measures and antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin. Prior to implantation, we immersed the prostheses in a 0.3 McFarland inoculum of S. aureus (ATCC 25923) for 30 seconds. In the first animal (control), the joint was directly closed after washing with saline. In the second animal (case), both prostheses were treated with electric current pulses for 30 seconds, washed with saline, and the joint was closed. After 72 hours, both animals were reoperated for the collection of periprosthetic tissue and bone samples, and prosthesis removal. In all samples, we performed quantitative cultures prior to vortexing and sonication, as well as prolonged cultures of the sonication broth. We confirmed the absence of contamination by identification with MALDI-TOF (VITEK-MS) and automated antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolated colonies (VITEK-2).

Results

In the “control” animal, we isolated S. aureus in all studied samples. The bacterial count expressed as log10 (cfu/cm2) in the prostheses of the right and left legs was 9.38 and 8.86, respectively. The bacterial count expressed as log10 (cfu/mL) in bone and periprosthetic tissue biopsies was 2.70 and 2.72 in the right leg and 3.24 and 3.87 in the left leg, respectively. In the “case” animal, where an electric field was applied to the implant after placement in addition to cefazolin prophylaxis, all samples (prosthesis, bone, and periprosthetic tissue) were negative, and no isolation of the inoculated strain of S. aureus was obtained after incubation of the sonication broth for 14 days.

Conclusions

This in vivo model suggests the potential effectiveness of applying an electric field to a prosthetic implant in combination with cefazolin for the prevention of PJI development, after exposure of the implant to an inoculum of S. aureus (ATCC 25923). Our findings need to be confirmed using a larger sample size.
A morphological analysis of Kemunasukuma personal names
Authors: Shigini Peter Gonga , Mapunda Gostor Cosmas
Published: November 2023

Personal names and naming practices are among the linguistic topics that have occupied scholarly attention from diverse fields: philosophy, history, anthropology, linguistics, and psychology. This paper investigates personal names from a linguistic perspective. It examines Kemunasukuma personal names by focusing on their structural patterns and the morphological processes involved in their formation. The study followed a qualitative approach as it deals with textual data (personal names). Data was collected through interviews and documentary review, and morphological approaches were adopted in data analysis. Personal names were broken down into meaningful morphemes to trace their structural patterns as well as determine the word-formation processes involved. The findings indicate that Kemunasukuma personal names exhibit seven structural patterns that range from simple to complex. Also, the findings indicate that three word-formation processes: inflection, derivation, and compounding are productive and responsible for the formation of Kemunasukuma personal names. The structure of Kemunasukuma personal names not only points to the structure of the Sukuma language but also gives vital clues about their semantics.
Technology of the photobiostimulation of the brain’s drainage system during sleep for improvement of learning and memory in male mice
Authors: Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya Oxana , Fedosov Ivan , Zaikin Alexey , Ageev Vasily , Ilyukov Egor , Myagkov Dmitry , Tuktarov Dmitry , Blokhina Inna , Shirokov Alexander , Terskov Andrey , Zlatogorskaya Daria , Adushkina Viktoria , Evsukova Arina , Dubrovsky Alexander , Tsoy Maria , Telnova Valeria , Manzhaeva Maria , Dmitrenko Alexander , Krupnova Valeria , Kurths Jürgen
Published: November 2023

In this study on healthy male mice using confocal imaging of dye spreading in the brain and its further accumulation in the peripheral lymphatics, we demonstrate stronger effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the brain’s drainage system in sleeping vs. awake animals. Using the Pavlovian instrumental transfer probe and the 2-objects-location test, we found that the 10-day course of PBM during sleep vs. wakefulness promotes improved learning and spatial memory in mice. For the first time, we present the technology for PBM under electroencephalographic (EEG) control that incorporates modern state of the art facilities of optoelectronics and biopotential detection and that can be built of relatively cheap and commercially available components. These findings open a new niche in the development of smart technologies for phototherapy of brain diseases during sleep.
Image-fusion-based object detection using a time-of-flight camera
Authors: Yang Dongzhao , Xu Tianxu , Zhang Yiwen , An Dong , Wang Qiang , Pan Zhongqi , Liu Guizhong , Yue Yang
Published: November 2023

In this work, we demonstrate an innovative object detection framework based on depth and active infrared intensity images fusion with a time-of-flight (ToF) camera. A slide window weight fusion (SWWF) method provides fuse image with two modalities to localize targets. Then, the depth and intensity information is extracted to construct a joint feature space. Next, we utilize four machine learning methods to achieve object recognition. To verify this method, experiments are performed on an in-house dataset containing 1066 images, which are categorized into six different surface materials. Consequently, the approach performs well on localization with a 0.778 intersection over union (IoU). The best classification results are obtained with K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) with a 98.01% total accuracy. Furthermore, our demonstrated method is less affected by various illumination conditions.
Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance with carbon powder electrode modifications for low-power sensors modules
Authors: Al-badani Mohammed Adel , Chong Peng Lean , Lim Heng Siong
Published: November 2023

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a promising technology for harnessing energy from organic compounds. However, the low power generation of MFCs remains a significant challenge that hinders their commercial viability. In this study, we reported three distinct modifications to the stainless-steel mesh (SSM), carbon cloth, and carbon felt electrodes using carbon powder (CP), a mixture of CP and ferrum, and a blend of CP with sodium citrate and ethanol. The MFC equipped with an SSM and CP anode showed a notable power density of 1046.89 mW.m-2. In comparison, the bare SSM anode achieved a maximum power density of 145.8 mW m-2. Remarkably, the 3D-modified SSM with a CP anode (3D-SSM-CP) MFC exhibited a substantial breakthrough, attaining a maximum power density of 1417.07 mW m-2. This achievement signifies a significant advancement over the performance of the unaltered SSM anode, underscoring the effectiveness of our modification approach. Subsequently, the 3D-SSM-CP electrode was integrated into single-chamber MFCs, which were used to power a LoRaWAN IoT device through a power management system. The modification methods improved the MFC performance while involving low-cost and easy fabricating techniques. The results of this study are expected to contribute to improving MFC's performance, bringing them closer to becoming a practical source of renewable energy.
Efficiency of some local isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizae in the growth and productivity of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in plastic pots
Authors: Naji Nour Sabah , Dhiyab Naeem Saeed , Abed Rabab Majead
Published: November 2023

The present study was conducted using plastic pots to investigate the efficiency of 15 local isolates of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing the growth and productivity of Arizona variety potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). These isolates were obtained from various wild plants, including the Sweet rush plant, Sudan grass, and Millet, collected from different districts in Diyala Governorate. The isolates were obtained through the single spore cultivation technique in the Department of Agricultural Research in Al-Zafaraniya. The results demonstrated that all 15 fungal isolates had the ability to infect the roots of potato plants. Notably, M11 showed a significant superiority in infection severity (98.3%), the number of spores was 67.67 spores/gm of soil, and the infection rate was 90.0%. The results also highlighted the impact of these isolates on various parameters related to vegetative and root growth as well as yield. Specifically, isolates M1 and M12 were found to be superior in promoting plant height and increasing leaf area, which reached 218.3 cm2. Isolate M4 was superior in increasing the chlorophyll content of leaves, reaching a level of 47.4 spad. In the context of vegetative growth, isolate M3 produced a notable fresh weight of 8.236 g, while isolate M8 yielded a dry vegetative weight of 7.533 g. Regarding the root system, isolate M11 displayed superiority in root length, reaching 45.20 cm. Isolate M8 showed a higher number of tubers, amounting to 11.33 g, whereas isolate M7 produced tubers with a weight of 178.5 g.
Understanding Issue of Online Consumer Reviews (OCR): Three Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Luo Margaret Meiling , Li Wan-Ping
Published: November 2023

Online Consumer Reviews (OCRs) or Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) are important for customers and businesses. For customers, OCRs help them to make purchase decisions. For businesses, it is a direct way to understand customers. In this study, we provide the definition of OCRs and review the OCRs studies in pass few years. We found three theories are useful to understand OCRs, namely, Consumer Socialization Theory (CST), Psychosocial Distance (PD), and Information Acceptance Model (IAM). We also review the studies and identify key constructs of OCRs studies and sumerzried a table that contain major OCRs studies. Research questions that are important to OCRs studies are listed. Finally we found the limitations of the current OCRs studies.
Integrated Intermodal Model of Online Teaching-Learning: A Proposal Focusing on Edu-Communication and Online Interactions
Authors: Motta Raffael Gonçalves , Santos Almira Alves dos , Wyszomirska Rozangela Maria Almeida Fernandes
Published: November 2023

The advent of the pandemic in the years 2020-2021 further deepened the discussion about educational design that was guided by educational communicative practices. The objective of this work was to develop an online teaching-learning model focused on interaction and edu-communication. The study followed the Integrated Mixed Research Strategy in five stages. Firstly, the problem and objectives of the research were identified, by surveying the theoretical framework. Next, a qualitative field study was conducted with qualitative meta-synthesis and content analysis. The information collected revealed a correlation between the content of the articles and the main approaches in the theoretical foundation, pointing to a collaborative learning model in online teaching, with a focus on learning communities, modularization of objectives and content, and emphasis on interaction, being observed a lack in the methodological area of ​​edu-communication and interrelations with interaction. To develop the Integrated Intermodal Model of online teaching-learning, concepts from convergent approaches and theories from the meta-synthesis sample were added. This resulted in a prototype of online educational design for flexible, digital environments, supported by ICTs, promoting reflection, interaction, autonomy, and dialogue. It is important to highlight that the model requires additional replication, review, testing, and validation.
„Fisch sucht Falle“: 11. Tag der Bestandserhaltung des KBE zum Thema „Integrierte Schädlingsbekämpfung (IPM) in Archiven und Bibliotheken“
Authors: Cejchan Vendulka
Published: November 2023

Am 12. und 13. September 2023 fand in der Zentral- und Landesbibliothek (ZLB) – Haus Berliner Stadtbibliothek in Berlin-Mitte der „11. Tag der Bestandserhaltung“ statt. Die Veranstaltung wurde vom Kompetenzzentrum Bestandserhaltung für Archive und Bibliotheken in Berlin und Brandenburg (KBE) organisiert und durchgeführt. In diesem Tagungsbericht wird ein kurzer Abriss über die gehaltenen Vorträge und Workshops gegeben. Das große Thema lautete „Integrated Pest Management“ (IPM) und gliederte sich in Theorie und Praxisberichte, sowie der Biozidbelastung am zweiten Nachmittag.
Zwischen Tradition und Moderne – die Dag-Hammarskjöld-Bibliothek der Vereinten Nationen in New York
Authors: Pickardt Janine
Published: November 2023

Die Dag-Hammarskjöld-Bibliothek am Hauptquartier der Vereinten Nationen (VN) in New York unterstützt die Mitarbeitenden des VN-Sekretariats und der ständigen Vertretungen der Mitgliedstaaten mit Recherche- und Informationsdiensten. Doch ihre Services stehen Interessierten auf der ganzen Welt zur Verfügung. Mit dem Online-Repositorium „Digitale Bibliothek der Vereinten Nationen“ bietet sie weltweit freien Zugriff auf die offizielle VN-Dokumentation und andere Publikationen der Organisation. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte der Bibliothek sowie ihre Informations- und Serviceangebote, mit denen sie die Auffindbarkeit und den offenen Zugang zu verlässlichen VN-Informationen fördert.
„Free to all“? – Zu soziopolitischen Einflüssen auf die amerikanischen Public Libraries im Spiegel der Zeit
Authors: Gawor Tabea
Published: November 2023

Zum Selbstverständnis der Public Libraries in den USA gehört es seit ihrer Entstehung, dass sie frei für alle nutzbar sind. Dennoch war der Zugang zu ihnen für bestimmte Bevölkerungsgruppen im Lauf der Geschichte durch soziopolitische Strömungen und Ereignisse nur eingeschränkt oder gar nicht möglich. Der Beitrag betrachtet die Zugangsmöglichkeiten für Frauen und für Afroamerikaner*innen von der Entstehung der Public Libraries um 1850 bis etwa in die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Das geschieht insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund des viktorianischen Frauenbilds sowie der New South Era und der Jim-Crow-Gesetze.
Die Kunst das Unmögliche zu versuchen und dabei nicht zu scheitern
Authors: Berg-Weiß Alexander , Spenger Martin
Published: November 2023

The impact of digital transformation extends to libraries, including academic institutions. In addition to their traditional roles, academic libraries are increasingly embracing new areas and integrating them into their service offerings. This article utilizes the University Library at LMU Munich as a case study to illustrate these evolving roles, such as digitization and research data management, and the overarching challenges that libraries face. Within this context, it may seem impossible to fully address all the emerging academic needs. Therefore, libraries must make strategic decisions about their further development. Factors like new work methodologies, human resources, and project sustainability are pivotal in this decision-making process. This article outlines the available tools for libraries and how they can be effectively applied in the context of digital transformation.
Arakelov inequalities in higher dimensions
Authors: Kovács Sándor J. , Taji Behrouz
Published: November 2023

We develop a Hodge theoretic invariant for families of projective manifolds that measures the potential failure of an Arakelov-type inequality in higher dimensions, one that naturally generalizes the classical Arakelov inequality over regular quasi-projective curves. We show that, for families of manifolds with ample canonical bundle, this invariant is uniformly bounded. As a consequence, we establish that such families over a base of arbitrary dimension satisfy the aforementioned Arakelov inequality, answering a question of Viehweg.
Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
Authors: Sabri Noor Q. , Khayyun Thair S.
Published: November 2023

The evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge is required to develop the regional groundwater model for more precise simulations of various management scenarios. WetSpass-M (Water and Energy Transfer between Soil, Plants, and Atmosphere under Steady-State Conditions), which is a GIS-based spatially distributed water balance model, is deployed to evaluate monthly groundwater recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration in the Low Folded Zone from 2000 to 2019. ArcGIS software prepares the essential relevant input data for the Wetspass-M model as grid maps. They include monthly climatological measurements (precipitation, temperature, and wind speed), land cover distribution, soil map, groundwater depth, topography, and slope. The mean annual groundwater recharge, evapotranspiration, and runoff were found to be 128, 131, and 72 mm, respectively. Accordingly, recharge accounts for 39% of the precipitation, while the rest, 40 and 21%, become evapotranspiration and surface runoff, respectively. WetSpass-M model results are meant to enable integrated groundwater modeling. The study of simulation data demonstrates that the WetSpass-M model accurately simulates the hydrological water budget components of the Low Folded Zone. In addition, a better understanding of the simulated spatial and temporal distribution of water balance components is beneficial for managing and planning the available water resources of the Low Folded Zone in Iraq, which faces water scarcity threats.
On 〈s〉-generalized topologies
Authors: Hejduk Jacek , Kucukaslan Mehmet , Loranty Anna
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we focus our attention on an outer Lebesgue measure and density-type generalized topologies connected with this measure and with nondecreasing and unbounded sequences of positive reals. Some properties of such generalized topologies and continuous functions connected with this space are presented.
Reaction mechanisms in microwave-assisted lignin depolymerisation in hydrogen-donating solvents
Authors: Mkumbuzi Emmanuel , Pillay Michael Nivendran , van Zyl Werner Ewald
Published: November 2023

The effective exploitation of lignin, the world’s largest renewable source of aromatics, is alluring for the sustainable production of chemicals. Microwave-assisted depolymerisation (MAD) of lignin using hydrogen-donating solvents (HDS) is a promising technique owing to its effective volumetric heating pattern and so-called “non-thermal effects.” However, lignin is a structurally complex bio-polymer, and its degradation produces a myriad of products; consequently, MAD reaction mechanisms are generally complex and poorly understood. This review aims to provide a perspective of current research into MAD reaction mechanisms involving HDS, with the goal to give researchers an overall understanding of MAD mechanisms and hopefully inspire innovation into more advanced methods with better yields and selectivity of desired aromatics. Most reaction mechanisms were determined using characterisation methods such as GC-MS, MALDI-TOF, 2D-NMR, GPC, and FT-IR, supported by computational studies in some instances. Most mechanisms generally revolved around the cleavage of the β–O–4 linkage, while others delved into the cleavage of α–O–4, 4–O–5 and even C–C bonds. The reactions occurred as uncatalysed HDS reactions or in combination with precious metal catalysts such as Pt/C, Pd/C and Ru/C, although transition metal salts were also successfully used. Typical MAD products were phenolic, including syringol, syringaldehyde, vanillin and guaiacol.
Impact of a conditioning step during the treatment of wood with melamine-formaldehyde resin on dimensional stabilisation
Authors: Sultan Md. Tipu , Altgen Daniela , Awais Muhammad , Rautkari Lauri , Altgen Michael
Published: November 2023

The dimensional stabilisation of wood using thermosetting resins relies on the resin uptake into the cell walls. This study tested if a conditioning step after the impregnation and before the final heat-curing enhances the cell wall uptake to improve dimensional stabilisation without increasing the chemical consumption. Small blocks of Scots pine sapwood were vacuum-impregnated with an aqueous melamine formaldehyde solution and conditioned at 33, 70, or 95 % RH for up to 1 week before drying and curing the blocks at 103 °C. However, the conditioning step decreased the cell wall bulking and the moisture exclusion effect compared to the immediate heat curing of the impregnated samples. Analyses of the resin-treated samples by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and confocal Raman microspectroscopy provided evidence of wood hydrolysis and polycondensation of the resin within the cell lumen during the conditioning step. Hydrolysis and removal of wood constituents may have counterbalanced the cell wall bulking of the resin. Polycondensation of the resin in the lumen increased its molecule size, which could have hindered the cell wall diffusion of the resin.
Robot Adoption at German Plants
Authors: Deng Liuchun , Plümpe Verena , Stegmaier Jens
Published: November 2023

Using a newly collected dataset at the plant level from 2014 to 2018, we provide the first microscopic portrait of robotization in Germany and study the correlates of robot adoption. Our descriptive analysis uncovers five stylized facts: (1) Robot use is relatively rare. (2) The distribution of robots is highly skewed. (3) New robot adopters contribute substantially to the recent robotization. (4) Robot users are exceptional. (5) Heterogeneity in robot types matters. Our regression results further suggest plant size, high-skilled labor share, exporter status, and labor shortage to be strongly associated with the future probability of robot adoption.
Morphometrics highlights subspecies differentiation of continental (Rangifer t. tarandus) and insular (Rangifer t. platyrhynchus) Norwegian reindeer
Authors: Yu Fangzhou , Bignon-Lau Olivier , Pedersen Åshild Ønvik , Strand Olav , Veiberg Vebjørn , Wiig Øystein , Evin Allowen
Published: November 2023

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is an emblematic species with several recognized subspecies. Two reindeer subspecies are present in Norway: the wild and semi-domestic European tundra reindeer (R. tarandus tarandus) in continental Norway, and Svalbard reindeer (R. tarandus platyrhynchus) endemic to this archipelago. The main aim of this paper is to give a descriptive and quantified analysis of the modern wild reindeer morphological diversity. The morphometric variation was quantified, based on 262 adult specimens of both sexes, by both linear measurements, analysed through log shape ratio computed from post-cranial bones and teeth measurements, and landmarks and sliding semi-landmarks based geometric morphometrics (GMM) to quantify molars size and shape. All anatomical parts (teeth, metatarsals, metacarpals) highlighted differences between the continental and insular subspecies. Our main results pointed out morphometrics characteristics of nowadays reindeer subspecies, like differences in proportions between the size of metapodials or lower cheek teeth with the body size, that could be of great interest for archaeozoological research.