Implementing the WHO Labour Care Guide to reduce the use of Caesarean section in four hospitals in India: protocol and statistical analysis plan for a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial
Authors: Vogel Joshua P. , Pingray Veronica , Althabe Fernando , Gibbons Luz , Berrueta Mabel , Pujar Yeshita , Somannavar Manjunath , Vernekar Sunil S. , Ciganda Alvaro , Rodriguez Rocio , Welling Saraswati A. , Revankar Amit , Bendigeri Savitri , Kumar Jayashree Ashok , Patil Shruti Bhavi , Karinagannanavar Aravind , Anteen Raveendra R. , Pavithra M. R. , Shetty Shukla , Latha B. , Megha H. M. , Gaddi Suman S. , Chikkagowdra Shaila , Raghavendra Bellara , Armari Elizabeth , Scott Nick , Eddy Katherine , Homer Caroline S. E. , Goudar Shivaprasad S. 
Published: January 2023

abstract

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) Labour Care Guide (LCG) is a paper-based labour monitoring tool designed to facilitate the implementation of WHO’s latest guidelines for effective, respectful care during labour and childbirth. Implementing the LCG into routine intrapartum care requires a strategy that improves healthcare provider practices during labour and childbirth. Such a strategy might optimize the use of Caesarean section (CS), along with potential benefits on the use of other obstetric interventions, maternal and perinatal health outcomes, and women’s experience of care. However, the effects of a strategy to implement the LCG have not been evaluated in a randomised trial. This study aims to: (1) develop and optimise a strategy for implementing the LCG (formative phase); and (2) To evaluate the implementation of the LCG strategy compared with usual care (trial phase).

Methods

In the formative phase, we will co-design the LCG strategy with key stakeholders informed by facility assessments and provider surveys, which will be field tested in one hospital. The LCG strategy includes a LCG training program, ongoing supportive supervision from senior clinical staff, and audit and feedback using the Robson Classification. We will then conduct a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial in four public hospitals in India, to evaluate the effect of the LCG strategy intervention compared to usual care (simplified WHO partograph). The primary outcome is the CS rate in nulliparous women with singleton, term, cephalic pregnancies in spontaneous labour (Robson Group 1). Secondary outcomes include clinical and process of care outcomes, as well as women’s experience of care outcomes. We will also conduct a process evaluation during the trial, using standardized facility assessments, in-depth interviews and surveys with providers, audits of completed LCGs, labour ward observations and document reviews. An economic evaluation will consider implementation costs and cost-effectiveness.

Discussion

Findings of this trial will guide clinicians, administrators and policymakers on how to effectively implement the LCG, and what (if any) effects the LCG strategy has on process of care, health and experience outcomes. The trial findings will inform the rollout of LCG internationally.

Trial registration: CTRI/2021/01/030695 (Protocol version 1.4, 25 April 2022).