bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time, Space, Memory: Chronotopic Views of Architectural Restorations in the Late Roman Empire
Authors: Ruff Andrew
Published: February 2025

This empirical investigation seeks to understand formally, experientially, and graphically the processes of late Roman restoration, its influences, its meanings, and its effects. As spatial conditions of these restorations exist solely in a realm of experience, my research attempts to convey the formal narrative of these monuments and express the original intention of subsequent restoration efforts. Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope serves as the basis of my spatial and temporal analysis, although I have taken the liberty to extrapolate the idea of the chronotope from a static intersection in space-time to a truly dynamic relationship between the diverse existences of a single act of architecture within its historical context. The ruin, the restoration, and the destruction of these architectural monuments all hold implications about the social, political, and aesthetic hierarchies of fourth and fifth century Rome, as well as inferring a discourse of architecture as a critical component of the political spectrum.
Critique of Microcredit as a Development Model
Authors: Levin Grace
Published: February 2025

The field of microcredit (otherwise known as microfinance, microlending, or microcapital) has expanded rapidly since the 1980s as an economic means of lifting people out of poverty. Generally, microcredit has been accepted as an effective method for empowering both individuals and communities. In recent years, however, critics have brought to light some of the problems associated with microlending, such as the complex socioeconomic factors that can cause loan programs to fail. These problems stem from the basic tenet of microfinance: the need for lending programs to be managed locally in order to understand the needs of a community and assess the sustainability of each project. Lending programs vary a great deal around the world due to cultural differences, and the success of each must be evaluated in a geographic context. The industry of microfinance cannot be standardized due to these vitally important differences, and there are few organizations which have the ability to watch over the practices of individual lenders. As a result, microfinance institutions are largely free to practice autonomously; this independence is vital to the success of each project but also creates a void of authority.
Nanoparticles modified bioceramic sealers on solubility, antimicrobial efficacy, pushout bond strength and marginal adaptation at apical-third of canal dentin
Authors: Almutairi Basil , Alkhudhairy Fahad
Published: February 2025

Objective

The present study investigates the solubility, antimicrobial potency, pushout bond strength (PBS), and marginal adaptation of sealer modified using various nanoparticles (NPs) (silver, chitosan, HapNPs) to the root dentin at the apical third.

Methods

Forty-four human premolars were prepared for root canal treatment via a chemical mechanical approach. The teeth included were subsequently distributed into four groups based on the type of modified and unmodified sealers. Group 1 bioceramic (BC) sealer (Control), Group 2 (AgNPs modified BC sealer), Group 3 (CHNPs modified BC sealer), and Group 4 (HApNPs modified BC sealer). Solubility was assessed by making five samples and measured via precision balance. Antimicrobial testing against E. faecalis was performed using the Agar diffusion test. The bond strength and failure modes were assessed utilizing a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope respectively. A pair of specimens from each cohort was fixed to an aluminum stub to assess marginal adaptation via SEM at the apical third. Data analysis was performed utilizing one way ANOVA and followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05).

Results

Sealers-modified HApNPs exhibited the lowest solubility (3.884 ± 0.15%) and strongest PBS (9.63 ± 0.12 MPa). Group 1 (Control) demonstrated highest solubility rate (6.144 ± 0.39%) and weakest bond strength (6.50 ± 0.09 MPa). All the modified sealers exhibited the largest zone of inhibition with no significant difference. Whereas the unmodified BC sealer group presented the smallest zone of bacterial inhibition.

Conclusion

Marginal adaptation of sealers does not affect the bond strength outcomes achieved. The incorporation of silver, chitosan, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into BC root canal sealers resulted in reduced solubility, enhanced antibacterial efficacy, and improved PBS compared to unmodified BC canal sealers.
Effect of Electronic Payment Channels on the Performance of Commercial Banks in Nigeria
Authors: Sopitan Oladipo Olaseni , Oyeyemi Sheriffdeen Taiwo , Dairo Oluwatoyin , Omotola Oluwabusola , Saduwa Francis Akpoviri , Sesan Ogunlade Emmanuel
Published: February 2025

This study employed a descriptive survey research design to investigate the effect of electronic payment channels on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. The target population comprised over 2,500 relationship officers of Stanbic IBTC Bank Plc, from which a purposive sample of 120 respondents was selected. Data were collected through structured questionnaires. The reliability and consistency of the research instrument were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which yielded a value of [insert value], indicating acceptable internal consistency.
The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, frequency counts, percentages, multiple regression, and chi-square tests were employed to examine the relationships between electronic payment channels—Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sale (POS), Mobile Banking, and Internet Banking—and bank performance. The results showed a significant relationship between electronic payment channels and the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. ATM, POS, and Mobile Payment Systems positively impacted bank efficiency, while Web Payment showed mixed effects. The findings highlight the importance of digital financial services in enhancing banking operations and customer satisfaction.
This study contributes to the growing knowledge on electronic banking and financial performance, providing practical insights for policymakers, banking institutions, and regulators. It underscores the need for continuous investment in secure and efficient e-payment infrastructures to optimize bank profitability and customer experience.
Clinical Reasoning and Self-confidence Assessment Tool (CRESCAT): A Preliminary Validation Study
Authors: Junior Abrão José Melhem , Santos Felipe Dunin dos , Filho Celso Nilo Didoné , Porfirio Gustavo Bianchini , Figueiredo Danielle Soraya da Silva , Diehl Leandro Arthur , Gordan Pedro Alejandro , Figueiredo David Livingstone Alves
Published: February 2025

Background: Case-based learning, a clinical reasoning inductive methodology, can be a pedagogical strategy for preclinical medical students. Self-confidence is also an essential issue in this phase of the medical course. Specific tools, such as questionnaires specially designed for this purpose, can better assess the development of these skills.
Objective: To validate a questionnaire that assesses preclinical medical students' clinical reasoning accuracy and self-confidence.
Methods: We designed the Clinical Reasoning and Self-confidence Assessment Tool (CRESCAT), which was developed and validated to measure accuracy and self-confidence. The target population is the first- and second-year medical students. The questionnaire is compounded by 7 clinical cases of commonly known diseases, with 5 to 6 questions for each case. An expert panel developed the answers’ template. A Likert scale was used to measure self-confidence. CRESCAT was applied in November 2022 to a more advanced sample than the preclinical students: Fourth-year students (4YMS, n=7) and internal medicine medical residents (IMMR, n=7). Statistical analysis included Cronbach’s alpha to determine the reliability of Likert scale answers.  The Kruskal-Wallis test compared CRESCAT measures. Spearman’s correlation was applied for the primary objectives.  Statistical significance was set at P < .050.
Results: We observed an increase in average accuracy from 4YMS to IMMR (65.2±2.9% and 77.7±2.3%, respectively; P= .006). Although there was no difference in self-confidence averages, a moderate correlation was found between self-confidence and accuracy (Rs = .663, P = .001). The validation population considered the CRESCAT friendly and easy to answer.
Conclusions: We tested a clinical reasoning and self-confidence assessment tool (CRESCAT) developed for preclinical medical students. It was applied to fourth-year students and medical residents, showing its potential to discriminate accuracy and correlate with self-confidence.
Effect of Nanocomposite on Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne incognita on Okra
Authors: Tagi Nangki , Bornali Mahanta , Aparajita Borah , Pranjal Kaman
Published: February 2025

Studies on the effect of nanocomposite on penetration and development of Meloidogyne incognita on okra revealed that the penetration of nematode started within 24 hours of inoculation in all the treatments and inoculated control (Nematode only). The seeds treated with AgNP @ 50 ppm + ZnONP @ 50 ppm and treatment with carbofuran @ 1.5 g/pot were found to be most effective in reducing J2 penetration, number of galls per root system, eggmasses per root system, final nematode population in soil and delayed the development of Meloidogyne incognita as compared to the treatments with ZnONP @ 100 ppm, AgNP @ 100 ppm and inoculated control (Nematode only).
Shorter Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Older Adults After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Park Dae Yong , Hu Jiun-Ruey , Jamil Yasser , Kelsey Michelle D. , Jones W. Schuyler , Frampton Jennifer , Kochar Ajar , Aronow Wilbert S. , Damluji Abdulla A. , Nanna Michael G.
Published: March 2024

Importance

The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for older adults after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is uncertain because they are simultaneously at higher risk for both ischemic and bleeding events.

Objective

To investigate the association of abbreviated DAPT with adverse clinical events among older adults after PCI.

Data Sources

The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to August 9, 2023.

Study Selection

Randomized clinical trials comparing any 2 of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT were included if they reported results for adults aged 65 years or older or 75 years or older.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was used to abstract data and assess data quality. Risk ratios for each duration of DAPT were calculated with alternation of the reference group.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome of interest was net adverse clinical events (NACE). Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and bleeding.

Results

In 14 randomized clinical trials comprising 19 102 older adults, no differences were observed in the risks of NACE or MACE for 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of DAPT. However, 3 months of DAPT was associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with 6 months of DAPT (relative risk [RR], 0.50 [95% CI, 0.29-0.84]) and 12 months of DAPT (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.45-0.71]) among older adults. One month of DAPT was also associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with 6 months of DAPT (RR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.54-0.86]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review and meta-analysis of different durations of DAPT for older adults after PCI, an abbreviated DAPT duration was associated with a lower risk of bleeding without any concomitant increase in the risk of MACE or NACE despite the concern for higher-risk coronary anatomy and comorbidities among older adults. This study, which represents the first network meta-analysis of this shortened treatment for older adults, suggests that clinicians may consider abbreviating DAPT for older adults.
Genetic Associations of Primary Angle-Closure Disease
Authors: Liang Yu Jing , Wang Yu Yao , Rong Shi Song , Chen Zhen Ji , Chen Shu Ying , Tham Jenson A. , Chan Poemen P. , Yam Jason C. , Wiggs Janey L. , Pang Chi Pui , Tham Clement C. , Chen Li Jia
Published: March 2024

Importance

Effects of genetic variants on primary angle-closure disease remained uncertain.

Objective

To systematically review the associations of common single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and rare coding variants with primary angle-closure disease, its subtypes (including primary angle-closure glaucoma, primary angle-closure suspect, and primary angle-closure) and progression.

Data Sources

Eligible studies from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were retrieved up to April 3, 2023. SNV information was extracted from eligible reports and 2 genome-wide association studies summary statistics, UK BioBank and FinnGen.

Study Selection

Studies providing analyzable genotype or allele data in a case-control design for primary angle-closure disease association and longitudinal case-only design for primary angle-closure disease progression.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

PRISMA guidelines were used for literature screening and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for data quality assessment. Pooled effect size with 95% CIs of SNV associations were calculated using fixed- or random-effect models according to I2 statistics.

Main Outcomes and Measures

SNVs reported in 2 or more studies were meta-analyzed to generate pooled odds ratios and P values. Common and rare coding variants from single reports were summarized.

Results

Sixty-nine citations were eligible for meta-analysis on overall primary angle-closure disease, involving 206 SNVs in 64 genes or loci. Seventeen SNVs in 15 genes or loci showed associations with primary angle-closure disease, and 15 SNVs in 13 genes or loci showed associations with primary angle-closure glaucoma. Two SNVs, ABCA1 rs2422493 and ZNRF3 rs3178915, were associated only with primary angle-closure disease. Two SNVs, PCMTD1-ST18 rs1015213 and COL11A1 rs3753841, were associated with primary angle-closure suspect, and 1 SNV, MMP9 rs3918249, was associated with primary angle-closure. This systematic review and meta-analysis newly confirmed 7 genes or loci associated with primary angle-closure glaucoma: ATOH7, CALCRL, FBN1, IL6, LOXL1, MMP19, and VAV3. Common and rare coding variants in 16 genes or loci that have been associated with primary angle-closure disease were cataloged. Stratification analysis revealed different primary angle-closure disease–associated genes in different ethnic populations. Only 1 study regarding the genetic association of primary angle-closure glaucoma progression was identified.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study revealed the genetic complexity of primary angle-closure disease, involving common SNVs and rare coding variants in more than 30 genes or loci, with ethnic and phenotypic diversities. Further replication, genotype-phenotype correlation, and pathway analyses are warranted.
Bias Reduction Practices in Underrepresented Groups in Ophthalmology Resident Recruitment
Authors: Uner Ogul E. , Choi Dongseok , Hwang Thomas S. , Faridi Ambar
Published: March 2024

Importance

Best recruitment practices for increasing diversity are well established, but the adoption and impact of these practices in ophthalmology residency recruitment are unknown.

Objective

To describe the adoption of bias reduction practices in groups underrepresented in ophthalmology (URiO) residency recruitment and determine which practices are effective for increasing URiO residents.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional survey study used an 18-item questionnaire included in the online survey of the Association of University Professors in Ophthalmology (AUPO) Residency Program Directors. Data collection occurred from July 2022 to December 2022. The data were initially analyzed on January 16, 2023. Participants included residency program directors (PDs) in the AUPO PD listserv database.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Descriptive analysis of resident selection committee approaches, evaluation of applicant traits, and use of bias reduction tools. Primary outcome was diversity assessed by presence of at least 1 resident in the last 5 classes who identified as URiO, including those underrepresented in medicine (URiM), lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual plus, or another disadvantaged background (eg, low socioeconomic status). Multivariate analyses of recruitment practices were conducted to determine which practices were associated with increased URiO and URiM.

Results

Among 106 PDs, 65 completed the survey (61.3%). Thirty-nine PDs used an interview rubric (60.0%), 28 used interview standardization (43.0%), 56 provided at least 1 bias reduction tool to their selection committee (86.2%), and 44 used postinterview metrics to assess diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts (67.7%). Application filters, interview standardization, and postinterview metrics were not associated with increased URiO. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed larger residency class (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09-1.65; P = .01) and use of multiple selection committee bias reduction tools (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.13-1.92; P = .01) were positively associated with increased URiO, whereas use of interview rubrics (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.87; P = .001) and placing higher importance of applicant interest in a program (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.92; P = .02) were negatively associated. URiM analyses showed similar associations.

Conclusions and Relevance

Ophthalmology residency interviews are variably standardized. In this study, providing multiple bias reduction tools to selection committees was associated with increased URiO and URiM residents. Prioritizing applicant interest in a program may reduce resident diversity. Interview rubrics, while intended to reduce bias, may inadvertently increase inequity.
Convolutional Neural Networks: An Introduction
Authors: Yi Bongsoo , Li Yao , Lee Thomas C. M.
Published: March 2024

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made revolutionary strides in the field of computer vision. This article provides an overview of CNNs, starting with their fundamental components, including convolutional and pooling layers. This article also discusses the techniques used in their training and reviews popular variants of CNNs such as AlexNet, VGG, and ResNet. Finally, this article presents experimental results that thoroughly compare various CNN models, demonstrating their performance in terms of accuracy, as well as the training and testing time.
A prior‐information‐based automatic segmentation method for the clinical target volume in adaptive radiotherapy of cervical cancer
Authors: Wang Xuanhe , Chang Yankui , Pei Xi , Xu Xie George
Published: March 2024

Objective

Adaptive planning to accommodate anatomic changes during treatment often requires repeated segmentation. In this study, prior patient‐specific data was integrateda into a registration‐guided multi‐channel multi‐path (Rg‐MCMP) segmentation framework to improve the accuracy of repeated clinical target volume (CTV) segmentation.

Methods

This study was based on CT image datasets for a total of 90 cervical cancer patients who received two courses of radiotherapy. A total of 15 patients were selected randomly as the test set. In the Rg‐MCMP segmentation framework, the first‐course CT images (CT1) were registered to second‐course CT images (CT2) to yield aligned CT images (aCT1), and the CTV in the first course (CTV1) was propagated to yield aligned CTV contours (aCTV1). Then, aCT1, aCTV1, and CT2 were combined as the inputs for 3D U‐Net consisting of a channel‐based multi‐path feature extraction network. The performance of the Rg‐MCMP segmentation framework was evaluated and compared with the single‐channel single‐path model (SCSP), the standalone registration methods, and the registration‐guided multi‐channel single‐path (Rg‐MCSP) model. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95), and average surface distance (ASD) were used as the metrics.

Results

The average DSC of CTV for the deformable image DIR‐MCMP model was found to be 0.892, greater than that of the standalone DIR (0.856), SCSP (0.837), and DIR‐MCSP (0.877), which were improvements of 4.2%, 6.6%, and 1.7%, respectively. Similarly, the rigid body DIR‐MCMP model yielded an average DSC of 0.875, which exceeded standalone RB (0.787), SCSP (0.837), and registration‐guided multi‐channel single‐path (0.848), which were improvements of 11.2%, 4.5%, and 3.2%, respectively. These improvements in DSC were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The proposed Rg‐MCMP framework achieved excellent accuracy in CTV segmentation as part of the adaptive radiotherapy workflow.
Strategies for Enhanced Optical Performance and Durability of VO2‐Based Thermochromic Windows
Authors: Alsaadi Mtawa , Lerttraikul Kittitat , Chatraphorn Sojiphong , Kittiwatanakul Salinporn
Published: March 2024

Due to the growing need for smart windows for buildings to reduce energy usage, vanadium dioxide (VO2) has been investigated as a potential material for thermochromic smart windows due to its ease of implementation and simplicity in industrial production. VO2 undergoes a reversible phase shift from a monoclinic (M, P21/c) semiconductor to a rutile (R, P42/mnm) metal at a critical temperature of 68 °C. This transition is accompanied by acute variations in IR reflectance, transmittance, and electrical resistance. Despite substantial developments in thermochromic materials, their optical and transition properties are still unsatisfactory. In the past several decades, many methods for enhancing optical properties have been reported, including composite films, multilayer structures, and element doping. Recent developments in thermochromic smart windows to improve both optical properties and durability have been surveyed in this review. Additionally, future growth trends have been provided by the possibility of commercially manufacturing VO2 smart windows.
In Situ Nanofiber Formation Blocks AXL and GAS6 Binding to Suppress Ovarian Cancer Development
Authors: Yin Han , Hua Yue , Feng Songwei , Xu Yi , Ding Yue , Liu Sicong , Chen Dongsheng , Du Furong , Liang Gaolin , Zhan Wenjun , Shen Yang
Published: March 2024

Anexelekto (AXL) is an attractive molecular target for ovarian cancer therapy because of its important role in ovarian cancer initiation and progression. To date, several AXL inhibitors have entered clinical trials for the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, the disadvantages of low AXL affinity and severe off‐target toxicity of these inhibitors limit their further clinical applications. Herein, by rational design of a nonapeptide derivative Nap‐Phe‐Phe‐Glu‐Ile‐Arg‐Leu‐Arg‐Phe‐Lys (Nap‐IR), a strategy of in situ nanofiber formation is proposed to suppress ovarian cancer growth. After administration, Nap‐IR specifically targets overexpressed AXL on ovarian cancer cell membranes and undergoes a receptor‐instructed nanoparticle‐to‐nanofiber transition. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that in situ formed Nap‐IR nanofibers efficiently induce apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells by blocking AXL activation and disrupting subsequent downstream signaling events. Remarkably, Nap‐IR can synergistically enhance the anticancer effect of cisplatin against HO8910 ovarian tumors. It is anticipated that the Nap‐IR can be applied in clinical ovarian cancer therapy in the near future.
Wemics: A Single‐Base Resolution Methylation Quantification Method for Enhanced Prediction of Epigenetic Regulation
Authors: Liu Yi , Yi Jiani , Wu Pin , Zhang Jun , Li Xufan , Li Jia , Zhou Liyuan , Liu Yong , Xu Haiming , Chen Enguo , Zhang Honghe , Liang Mingyu , Liu Pengyuan , Pan Xiaoqing , Lu Yan
Published: March 2024

DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that alters gene expression without changing DNA sequence, is essential for organism development and key biological processes like genomic imprinting and X‐chromosome inactivation. Despite tremendous efforts in DNA methylation research, accurate quantification of cytosine methylation remains a challenge. Here, a single‐base methylation quantification approach is introduced by weighting methylation of consecutive CpG sites (Wemics) in genomic regions. Wemics quantification of DNA methylation better predicts its regulatory impact on gene transcription and identifies differentially methylated regions (DMRs) with more biological relevance. Most Wemics‐quantified DMRs in lung cancer are epigenetically conserved and recurrently occurred in other primary cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and their aberrant alterations can serve as promising pan‐cancer diagnostic markers. It is further revealed that these detected DMRs are enriched in transcription factor (TF) binding motifs, and methylation of these TF binding motifs and TF expression synergistically regulate target gene expression. Using Wemics on epigenomic‐transcriptomic data from the large lung cancer cohort, a dozen novel genes with oncogenic potential are discovered that are upregulated by hypomethylation but overlooked by other quantification methods. These findings increase the understanding of the epigenetic mechanism by which DNA methylation regulates gene expression.
Dual Activity of Type III PI3K Kinase Vps34 is Critical for NK Cell Development and Senescence
Authors: Chen Shasha , Li Zehua , Feng Jin , Quan Yuhe , He Junming , Hao Jiqing , Dong Zhongjun
Published: March 2024

Vps34 is the unique member of the class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase family that performs both vesicular transport and autophagy. Its role in natural killer (NK) cells remains uncertain. In this study, a model without Vps34 (Vps34fl/fl/CD122Cre/+) is generated, deleting Vps34 during and after NK‐cell commitment. These mice exhibit a nearly 90% decrease in NK cell count and impaired differentiation. A mechanistic study reveals that the absence of Vps34 disrupts the transport of IL‐15 receptor subunit alpha CD122 to the cell membrane, resulting in reduced responsiveness of NK cells to IL‐15. In mice lacking Vps34 at the terminal stage of NK‐cell development (Vps34fl/fl/Ncr1Cre/+), NK cells gradually diminish during aging. This phenotype is associated with autophagy deficiency and the stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, terminally differentiated NK cells lacking Vps34 display an accelerated senescence phenotype, while the application of antioxidants effectively reverses the senescence caused by Vps34 deletion by neutralizing ROS. In summary, this study unveils the dual and unique activity of Vps34 in NK cells. Vps34‐mediated vesicular transport is crucial for CD122 membrane trafficking during NK cell commitment, whereas Vps34‐mediated autophagy can delay NK cell senescence.
Eco‐Friendly and Self‐Sanitizing Microporous Cellulose Sponge (MCS)‐Based Cooling Media for Mitigating Microbial Cross‐Contamination in the Food Cold Chain
Authors: Liu Yijun , Xu Boyang , Li Yingxin , Quek Siew‐Young , Huang Kang
Published: March 2024

Maintaining precise temperature control is vital for cold chain food transport, as temperature fluctuations can cause significant food safety and quality issues. During transport, ice that melts can promote the growth of microbes and their spread, resulting in microbial cross‐contamination. This study developed sustainable, non‐melting, self‐sanitizing “ice cubes” using food grade compositions including microporous cellulose sponges (MCS) and photosensitizers, aimed at enhancing temperature regulation and minimizing microbial contamination in the cold chain. Upon absorbing water, the MCS matched traditional ice in cooling efficiency and heat absorption and exhibit remarkable mechanical and thermal durability, withstanding multiple freeze‐thaw cycles and compressive stresses. The cationic MCS combined with erythrosine B demonstrated strong self‐sanitizing capabilities, effectively reducing microbial cross‐contamination in food models. Additionally, the release rates of photosensitizers from the MCS can be modulated by altering environmental ionic strength. This research offers viable solutions to address microbial cross‐contamination challenges in current cold chain systems.
Boosting primary amines renewable tandem synthesis via defect engineering of NiCo alloy
Authors: Zhao Yang , Wang Qian , Wu Huifang , Zheng Lirong , Gao Zhexi , Guo Xuanlin , Cao Xingzhong , Li Dianqing , Feng Junting
Published: March 2024

Reductive amination of biomass aldehydes is a vital process to synthesize chemical intermediates primary amine, but the selectivity is severely compromised by the self‐condensation of highly reactive imine intermediates. Herein, we proposed a solution by manipulating the adsorption configuration of secondary imine via defect engineering. Specifically, a gradient reduction strategy was used to adjust the driving force of NiCo alloy crystallization, thus motivating the formation of metal vacancy clusters. The primary amine selectivity was raised from 70.9% to 95.1% with defect concentration increased from 36.1% to 42.5% on catalysts. In situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and density functional theory demonstrated metal vacancy clusters induced remarkable NiCo electron transfer, which strengthened electronic coupling between secondary imine with catalyst, resulting in a flat configuration that was conducive to CN bond breakage to guarantee smooth conversion into primary amines. This catalyst exhibited potential real‐life application prospects for its low cost, universality in reductive amination of various aldehydes, and long‐life reusability.
Polyadic Opinion Formation: The Adaptive Voter Model on a Hypergraph
Authors: Golovin Anastasia , Mölter Jan , Kuehn Christian
Published: March 2024

The adaptive voter model is widely used to model opinion dynamics in social complex networks. However, existing adaptive voter models are limited to only pairwise interactions and fail to capture the intricate social dynamics that arises in groups. This paper extends the adaptive voter model to hypergraphs to explore how forces of peer pressure influence collective decision‐making. The model consists of two processes: individuals can either consult the group and change their opinion or leave the group and join a different one. The interplay between those two processes gives rise to a two‐phase dynamics. In the initial phase, the topology of the hypergraph quickly reaches a new stable state. In the subsequent phase, opinion dynamics plays out on the new topology depending on the mechanism by which opinions spread. If the group always follows the majority, the network rapidly converges to fragmented communities. In contrast, if individuals choose an opinion proportionally to its representation in the group, the system remains in a metastable state for an extended period of time. The results are supported both by stochastic simulations and an analytical mean‐field description in terms of hypergraph moments with a moment closure at the pair level.
Development of antibacterial edible films for food packaging using tragacanth gum, carrageenan, and clove essential oil
Authors: Tabassum  , Babu Akhil , Ahmed Hajeera Sheraz , Naik Tanusha , K P Bhumika , Jeevan Prasad Reddy D. , Prabhakar Patole Reshma , C S Vivek Babu , Varaprasad Kokkarachedu , Keshava Murthy P. S.
Published: March 2024

Biodegradable films have been developed to tackle the problem of environmental pollution caused by food packaging waste. However, microbial growth in these films can lead to food spoilage and pose a threat to health. This study aimed to create antibacterial edible films using tragacanth gum, carrageenan, and clove essential oil (CEO) to prevent microbial growth. The influence of various concentrations of CEO (10%, 20%, and 30 w/w%) on the physical, optical, mechanical, antimicrobial, biodegradability properties and packaging of these films was examined. The results indicated that the addition of CEO enhanced film elongation, whereas it reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus. Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed an interaction between the CEO and tragacanth gum/carrageenan. Incorporating CEO reduced the films' moisture content and water vapor permeability, while increasing their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The films containing 30% CEO exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus. The incorporation of CEO into tragacanth gum/carrageenan enhanced the film's properties, making it suitable for packaging edible food items. This study fills a gap by providing a sustainable solution to mitigate microbial growth in biodegradable food packing materials.
Investigation of the effectiveness of intermittent electromagnetic field stimulation for early internal cartilaginous ossification in prechondrocytic ATDC5 cells
Authors: Iwaki Takahiro , Sawaji Yasunobu , Masaoka Toshinori , Fukada Eiichi , Date Munehiro , Yamamoto Kengo
Published: March 2024

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has been widely applied clinically to promote bone healing; however, its detailed mechanism of action, particularly in endochondral ossification, remains elusive, and long‐term stimulation is required for its satisfactory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation using a mouse prechondroblast cell line (ATDC5), and establish an efficient PEMF stimulation strategy for endochondral ossification. The changes in cell differentiation (gene expression levels of aggrecan, type II collagen, and type X collagen) and proliferation (cellular uptake of bromodeoxyuridine [BrdU]) in ATDC5 cells in the presence or absence of rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, was measured. The effects of continuous and intermittent PEMF stimulation on changes in cell differentiation and proliferation were compared. Rapamycin significantly suppressed the induction of cell differentiation markers and the cell proliferation activity. Furthermore, only intermittent PEMF stimulation continuously activated the mTOR pathway in ATDC5 cells, significantly promoting cell proliferation. These results demonstrate the involvement of the mTOR pathway in chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation and suggest that intermittent PEMF stimulation could be effective as a stimulus for endochondral ossification during fracture healing process, thereby reducing stimulation time.
Modeling scalability of impurity precipitation in downstream biomanufacturing
Authors: Guo Jing , Traylor Steven J. , Agoub Mohamed , Jin Weixin , Hua Helen , Diemer R. Bertrum , Xu Xuankuo , Ghose Sanchayita , Li Zheng Jian , Lenhoff Abraham M.
Published: March 2024

Precipitation during the viral inactivation, neutralization and depth filtration step of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) purification process can provide quantifiable and potentially significant impurity reduction. However, robust commercial implementation of this unit operation is limited due to the lack of a representative scale‐down model to characterize the removal of impurities. The objective of this work is to compare isoelectric impurity precipitation behavior for a monoclonal antibody product across scales, from benchtop to pilot manufacturing. Scaling parameters such as agitation and vessel geometry were investigated, with the precipitate amount and particle size distribution (PSD) characterized via turbidity and flow imaging microscopy. Qualitative analysis of the data shows that maintaining a consistent energy dissipation rate (EDR) could be used for approximate scaling of vessel geometry and agitator speeds in the absence of more detailed simulation. For a more rigorous approach, however, agitation was simulated via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and these results were applied alongside a population balance model to simulate the trajectory of the size distribution of precipitate. CFD results were analyzed within a framework of a two‐compartment mixing model comprising regions of high‐ and low‐energy agitation, with material exchange between the two. Rate terms accounting for particle formation, growth and breakage within each region were defined, accounting for dependence on turbulence. This bifurcated model was successful in capturing the variability in particle sizes over time across scales. Such an approach enhances the mechanistic understanding of impurity precipitation and provides additional tools for model‐assisted prediction for process scaling.
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma on sternotomy scar
Authors: Sarisarraf Nima , Araghi Farnaz , Asadikani Zahra , Moravvej Farshi Hamideh
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Early detection and management of skin tumors has significant importance due to their potency to metastasize. Hence, this study recommends raising the patients' awareness about chronic ulcers and the potential alterations they may experience.
Lenvatinib‐associated hemoperitoneum in a patient with primary angiosarcoma of the breast
Authors: Orabueze Ijeoma , Akpan Inemesit , Denley Ryan
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

We highlight the risk of lenvatinib drug toxicity when high‐risk anatomic regions are affected by angiosarcoma.
Lignin‐derived hard carbon anode with a robust solid electrolyte interphase for boosted sodium storage performance
Authors: Zheng Jingqiang , Wu Yulun , Guan Chaohong , Wang Danjun , Lai Yanqing , Li Jie , Yang Fuhua , Li Simin , Zhang Zhian
Published: March 2024

Hard carbon is regarded as a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries due to its low cost, relatively low working voltage, and satisfactory specific capacity. However, it still remains a challenge to obtain a high‐performance hard carbon anode from cost‐effective carbon sources. In addition, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is subjected to continuous rupture during battery cycling, leading to fast capacity decay. Herein, a lignin‐based hard carbon with robust SEI is developed to address these issues, effectively killing two birds with one stone. An innovative gas‐phase removal‐assisted aqueous washing strategy is developed to remove excessive sodium in the precursor to upcycle industrial lignin into high‐value hard carbon, which demonstrated an ultrahigh sodium storage capacity of 359 mAh g−1. It is found that the residual sodium components from lignin on hard carbon act as active sites that controllably regulate the composition and morphology of SEI and guide homogeneous SEI growth by a near‐shore aggregation mechanism to form thin, dense, and organic‐rich SEI. Benefiting from these merits, the as‐developed SEI shows fast Na+ transfer at the interphases and enhanced structural stability, thus preventing SEI rupture and reformation, and ultimately leading to a comprehensive improvement in sodium storage performance.
Distribution, development, and identity of retinal ganglion cells labeled in the Sert‐Cre reporter mouse
Authors: Su Jianmin , Byer Lillian , Liang Yanping , Fox Michael A.
Published: March 2024

The mouse retina contains over 40 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that differ in morphology, function, or gene expression. RGCs also differ by whether their axons target the brain.s ipsilateral or contralateral hemisphere. Contralaterally projecting RGCs (contraRGCs) are widespread in mouse retina, whereas ipsilateral projecting RGCs (ipsiRGCs) are confined to the ventro‐temporal (VT) crescent of retina. In this study, we employed the Sert‐Cre transgenic line, which had been reported to selectively label ipsiRGCs, to study ipsiRGCs during development. Although the number of Cre‐expressing ipsiRGCs did not significantly increase with postnatal age, the region of retina that they occupied did, and by adulthood represented ~30% of the retinal surface. Unexpectedly, genetic ablation of Sert‐Cre cells failed to fully disrupt ipsilateral projecting retinal axons, suggesting that not all ipsiRGCs generated Cre in Sert‐Cre mice. To test this hypothesis, we retrogradely labeled ipsiRGCs in Sert‐Cre mice which revealed that not all ipsiRGCs are labeled in Sert‐Cre mice and a small population of contraRGCs flanking the VT crescent generates Cre in this line. These results do not negate the usefulness of the Sert‐Cre mouse but do raise important caveats to the interpretation of such studies.
Interpretable Machine Learning Models for Practical Antimonate Electrocatalyst Performance
Authors: Deo Shyam , Kreider Melissa E. , Kamat Gaurav , Hubert McKenzie , Zamora Zeledón José A. , Wei Lingze , Matthews Jesse , Keyes Nathaniel , Singh Ishaan , Jaramillo Thomas F. , Abild‐Pedersen Frank , Burke Stevens Michaela , Winther Kirsten , Voss Johannes
Published: March 2024

Computationally predicting the performance of catalysts under reaction conditions is a challenging task due to the complexity of catalytic surfaces and their evolution in situ, different reaction paths, and the presence of solid‐liquid interfaces in the case of electrochemistry. We demonstrate here how relatively simple machine learning models can be found that enable prediction of experimentally observed onset potentials. Inputs to our model are comprised of data from the oxygen reduction reaction on non‐precious transition‐metal antimony oxide nanoparticulate catalysts with a combination of experimental conditions and computationally affordable bulk atomic and electronic structural descriptors from density functional theory simulations. From human‐interpretable genetic programming models, we identify key experimental descriptors and key supplemental bulk electronic and atomic structural descriptors that govern trends in onset potentials for these oxides and deduce how these descriptors should be tuned to increase onset potentials. We finally validate these machine learning predictions by experimentally confirming that scandium as a dopant in nickel antimony oxide leads to a desired onset potential increase. Macroscopic experimental factors are found to be crucially important descriptors to be considered for models of catalytic performance, highlighting the important role machine learning can play here even in the presence of small datasets.
SOL impurity transport analysis with SONIC code with a kinetic effect on a thermal force transport model in JT‐60U
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Yamoto S. , Hoshino K. , Asakura N. , Homma Y. , Aiba N. , Nakano T. , Sano R. , Kawamura G. , Hayashi Y.
Published: March 2024

The latest version of the SONIC code with the extended thermal force model that is capable to treat collisionality dependence of the force has been applied to the interpretative simulation of L‐mode discharge of JT‐60 U to investigate the impact of kinetic correction of the thermal force on the scrape‐off layer (SOL) plasma properties. As a first attempt, we have selected an L‐mode attached discharge #39090 (Ip = 1.6 MA, Bt = 3.1 T, and PNBI = 4.5 MW), where  = 2.08 × 1019 m−3,  = 0.392 with deuterium plasmas. It has been found that the peak values of SOL impurity density are reduced by a factor of 2, with the kinetic correction, because the thermal force is reduced by the low collisionality of SOL plasma between the X‐point and the (inner and outer) midplane. On the other hand, the profiles near the divertor plates are unaffected by the kinetic correction due to the highly collisional condition. The kinetic correction is found more pronounced for the higher charge states impurity due to the charge dependence of the parallel impurity force balance. Overall effects due to the kinetic correction on the total impurity radiation and the divertor heat load are confirmed to be a few % in the present discharge condition of JT‐60U.
Integrated First Principles and Experimental Investigation of Thermoelectric Transport in Zr/Ti Half‐Heusler‐Type High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Adamo Chalchisa Getachew , Srivastava Ashutosh , Legese Surafel Shiferaw , Kumar Dipanjan , Kawamura Yoshihito , Serbesa Ayansa Tolesa , Punathil Raman Sreeram , Olu Femi Emmanuel , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Chattopadhyay Kamanio
Published: March 2024

A novel high‐entropy alloy based on zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) within the half‐Heusler (hH) system is successfully synthesized via arc melting followed by heat treatment. Structural and microstructural analyses are conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and X‐Ray diffractometry, revealing a cubic hH structure (F4¯3m). Investigation of the thermoelectric transport properties across a temperature range from room temperature to 973 K is indicated by favorable thermoelectric figure of merit values at elevated temperature regimes. Remarkably, the experimental thermal data exhibit excellent agreement with density functional theory calculations about phonon dispersion, phonon group velocity, and Grüneisen parameters, elucidating the role of crystal distortion‐induced anharmonicity in retarding phonon heat transport, thereby enhancing its suitability for thermoelectric applications.
Chronic Effects of an Insect Growth Regulator (teflubenzuron) on the Life Cycle and Population Growth Rate of Folsomia candida
Authors: Xie Liyan , Slotsbo Stine , Ilyaskina Diana , Forbes Valery , Holmstrup Martin
Published: March 2024

Current standard toxicity tests on nontarget soil invertebrates mainly focus on the endpoints survival and reproduction. Such results are likely insufficient to predict effects at higher organizational levels, for example, the population level. We assessed the effects of exposure to the pesticide teflubenzuron on the collembolan Folsomia candida, by performing a full life-cycle experiment exposing single individuals via contaminated food (uncontaminated control and 0.2, 0.32, 0.48, 0.72, 1.08, and 1.6 mg/kg dry yeast). Several life-history traits were considered by following the growth and development of newly hatched individuals over a period of 65 days. We assessed survival, body length, time to first oviposition, cumulative egg production, and hatchability of eggs. A two-stage model was applied to calculate the population growth rate (λ) combined with elasticity analysis to reveal the relative sensitivity of λ to the effects of teflubenzuron on each life-history parameter. Body length was the least sensitive life-history parameter (median effective concentration = 1.10 mg teflubenzuron/kg dry yeast) followed by time to first oviposition (0.96 mg/kg), survival (median lethal concentration = 0.87 mg/kg), cumulative egg production (0.32 mg/kg), and egg hatchability (0.27 mg/kg). Population growth decreased with increasing concentrations of teflubenzuron (λ = 1.162/day in control to 1.005/day in 0.72 mg/kg dry yeast, with populations going extinct at 1.08 and 1.6 mg/kg dry yeast). Elasticity analysis showed that changes in juvenile survival had a greater impact on the population growth rate compared with the other life-history traits. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of individual-level effects of long-term exposure to teflubenzuron and integrates these effects to assess the potential risk to collembolan populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1173–1183. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.