bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS)-based high-resolution mapping of potential groundwater recharge zones on the hard rock terrains of the Cameroon volcanic line (CVL)
Authors: Yossa Mbohlieu Tchawe , Lordon Anatole E. Djieto , Agyingi Christopher M. , Agbor-Taku Junior , Shandini Yves N. , Bessong Crayton Enga
Published: December 2022

Groundwater is the major water reserve in the present context of global warming-related droughts that appear to be more intense in hard rock terrains. The use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies are increasingly beneficial to groundwater research, by allowing for low cost and larger-scale high-resolution mapping compared to conventional hydrogeological exploration methods. This study aimed at developing a high-resolution map of potential groundwater recharge (GWRpot) zones for the drought-stricken Banka hard rock terrain, straddling the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Shuttle Radar Tomography Mission (SRTM)-30m and Landsat 8 satellite images constituted the main data source that was ground-truthed through field mapping and used to produce various thematic GIS layers: geology slope, aspect, land use & land cover, drainage density and lineament density of spatial resolution 16m x 16m. The layers were each attributed a fixed score and weight to groundwater recharge, computed using Multi-Influencing Factor (MIF) and Analytical Hierarchy Process of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (AHP-MCDA) techniques. Lastly, a Weighted Overlay Analysis was done using the layers to produce the GWRpot zones for the study area. The resulting map shows that 60% of the study area, covering the south, west-northwest and the north-northeast portions of the map have moderate to very high recharge potentials. This result is particularly useful for groundwater targeting in the area and demonstrates the effectiveness of the method in hard rock terrains where traditional methods have been less efficient in properly delineating groundwater recharge zones.

Article highlights

Groundwater is generally the safest and most reliable source of water in water scarce environments, and forms when surface water goes into the ground.

More areas where water can enter the ground means more chances of getting enough groundwater. Conventional ways of knowing these areas are time consuming and costly, whereas RS and GIS-based methods are less costly and use lesser time.

We used the RS, GIS, high-resolution field mapping and statistical methods of blending several factors to produce the potential groundwater recharge zones on a part of the hardrocks of the CVL, that shows 60% of the study area, covering the south, west-northwest and the north-northeast portions of the area have moderate to very high recharge potentials.
Genre Recognition from Symbolic Music with CNNs: Performance and Explainability
Authors: Dervakos Edmund , Kotsani Natalia , Stamou Giorgos
Published: December 2022

In this work, we study the use of convolutional neural networks for genre recognition in symbolically represented music. Specifically, we explore the effects of changing network depth, width and kernel sizes while keeping the number of trainable parameters and each block’s receptive field constant. We propose an architecture for handling MIDI data that makes use of multiple resolutions of the input, called Multiple Sequence Resolution Network (MuSeReNet). These networks accept multiple inputs, each at half the original sequence length, representing information at a lower resolution. Through our experiments, we outperform the state-of-the-art for MIDI genre recognition on the topMAGD and MASD datasets. Finally, we adapt various post hoc explainability methods to the domain of symbolic music and attempt to explain the predictions of our best performing network.
Efficient Order Batching Optimization Using Seed Heuristics and the Metropolis Algorithm
Authors: Oxenstierna Johan , Malec Jacek , Krueger Volker
Published: December 2022

Order Picking in warehouses is often optimized using a method known as Order Batching, which means that one vehicle can be assigned to pick a batch of several orders at a time. There exists a rich body of research on Order Batching Problem (OBP) optimization, but one area which demands more attention is computational efficiency, especially for optimization scenarios where warehouses have unconventional layouts and vehicle capacity configurations. Due to the NP-hard nature of the OBP, computational cost for optimally solving large instances is often prohibitive. In this paper, we compare the performance of two approximate optimizers designed for maximum computational efficiency. The first optimizer, Single Batch Iterated (SBI), is based on a Seed Algorithm, and the second, Metropolis Batch Sampling (MBS), is based on a Metropolis algorithm. Trade-offs in memory and CPU-usage and generalizability of both algorithms is analyzed and discussed. Existing benchmark datasets are used to evaluate the optimizers on various scenarios. On smaller instances, we find that both optimizers come within a few percentage points of optimality at minimal CPU-time. For larger instances, we find that solution improvement continues throughout the allotted time but at a rate which is difficult to justify in many operational scenarios. SBI generally outperforms MBS and this is mainly attributed to the large search space and the latter’s failure to efficiently cover it. The relevance of the results within Industry 4.0 era warehouse operations is discussed.
The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain’s Financial Crisis
Authors: Read Charles
Published: December 2022

Rich in archival detail and offering a ground-breaking analysis, this book presents a radically new interpretation of British politics and policy failings during the Great Famine.
Irish Women in Religious Orders, 1530-1700
Authors: McShane Bronagh Ann
Published: December 2022

This book investigates the impact of the dissolution of the monasteries on women religious and examines their survival in the following decades, showing how, despite the state's official proscription of vocation living, religious vocation options for women continued in less formal ways.

Overall, this study provides a rich picture of Irish women religious during a period of unprecedented change and upheaval.
Conservative Thinkers from All Souls College Oxford
Authors: Davenport-Hines Richard
Published: December 2022

Investigates historic strands of conservative thought and responds to the radical changes which many think have transformed the Conservative party into a populist movement upholding English nationalism.
Women, Dance and Parish Religion in England, 1300-1640
Authors: Renberg Lynneth Miller
Published: December 2022

A lively exploration of the medieval and early modern attitudes towards dance, as the perception of dancers changed from saints dancing after Christ into cows dancing after the devil.
Nietzsche’s Early Literary Writings and The Birth of Tragedy
Authors: Martinson Steven D.
Published: December 2022

Understands Nietzsche in the light of his activity as a creative writer from his juvenilia through the publication of The Birth of Tragedy, providing the first extensive study in English of his early literary works.
Bulgarian Private Law at Crossroads
Authors: Vassileva Radosveta
Published: December 2022

This book examines its fascinating and turbulent development from the end of the nineteenth century to the present day and highlights its distinctive features from a comparative perspective. Its main goal is to foster a better understanding of the current messy state of Bulgarian private law - particularly the law of obligations and property law - and an appreciation for its rich heritage.

The book begins by reflecting on why the study of Bulgarian private law is worthwhile. Subsequently, the book provides an overview of the scattered sources of Bulgarian private law, since Bulgaria does not have a civil code. The author then explains the complex fabric of Bulgarian contract law which emerges from legislation, scholarly writing and case law, surveys the hazy realms of tort and unjust enrichment, and examines the fascinating transformations of the right to property which required the re-invention of property law twice over the past one hundred years. This is followed by a discussion on whether a reform of Bulgarian private law, including the enactment of a civil code, is necessary, as well as an evaluation of Bulgarian private law's preparedness to help tackle the challenges of the twenty-first century. Finally, the book explains, in context, literature for those willing to broaden their understanding of Bulgarian private law.
Papal and municipal authority in the city: house-destruction as a legal punishment in Renaissance Rome
Authors: De Raedt Nele
Published: December 2022

This article focuses on house-destruction as a legal punishment, as prescribed and practised in Rome over the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It argues that the reintroduction of the punishment by Pope Paul II (r. 1464–71), and its application by Pope Sixtus IV (r. 1471–84), should be read against contemporary papal attempts to increase their political and legal authority in the city, to the detriment of the authority wielded by municipal officials. By setting the Roman case against a wider chronological and geographical background, it also shows how it was representative of a broader European evolution, in which house-destruction was progressively abolished by municipal authorities, but continued to be practised by individuals holding more centralized power as a means to assert and display authority. Finally, it shows how house-destruction as a legal punishment was used as a political tool by Pope Sixtus IV alongside other practices of demolition as part of his urban renewal programme.
A Pliocene Precipitation Isotope Proxy‐Model Comparison Assessing the Hydrological Fingerprints of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients
Authors: Knapp Scott , Burls Natalie J. , Dee Sylvia , Feng Ran , Feakins Sarah J. , Bhattacharya Tripti
Published: December 2022

The Pliocene offers insights into future climate, with near‐modern atmospheric pCO2 and global mean surface temperature estimated to be 3–4°C above pre‐industrial. However, the hydrological response differs between future global warming and early Pliocene climate model simulations. This discrepancy results from the use of reduced meridional and zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, based on foraminiferal Mg/Ca and Alkenone proxy evidence, to force the early Pliocene simulation. Subsequent, SST reconstructions based on the organic proxy TEX86, have found warmer temperatures in the warm pool, bringing the magnitude of the gradient reductions into dispute. We design an independent test of Pliocene SST scenarios and their hydrological cycle “fingerprints.” We use an isotope‐enabled General Circulation Model, iCAM5, to model the distribution of water isotopes in precipitation in response to four climatological SST and sea‐ice fields representing modern, abrupt 4 × CO2, late Pliocene and early Pliocene climates. We conduct a proxy‐model comparison with all the available precipitation isotope proxy data, and we identify target regions that carry precipitation isotopic fingerprints of SST gradients as priorities for additional proxy reconstructions. We identify two regions with distinct precipitation isotope (D/H) fingerprints resulting from reduced SST gradients: the Maritime Continent (D‐enriched due to reduced convective rainfall) and the Sahel (wetter, more deep convection, D‐depleted). The proxy‐model comparison using available plant wax reconstructions, mostly from Africa, is promising but inconclusive. Additional proxy reconstructions are needed in both target regions and in much of the world for significant tests of SST scenarios and dynamical linkages to the hydrological cycle.
Surface Faulting of the 26 December 2018, Mw5 Earthquake at Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy): Geological Source Model and Implications for the Seismic Potential of the Fiandaca Fault
Authors: Azzaro R. , Pucci S. , Villani F. , Civico R. , Branca S. , Cantarero M. , De Beni E. , De Martini P. M. , Cinti F. R. , Caciagli M. , Cucci L. , Pantosti D.
Published: December 2022

At Mt. Etna (Italy), volcano‐tectonic earthquakes produce impressive surface faulting despite their moderate magnitude (M < 5.5), with historically well‐documented ruptures featuring end‐to‐end lengths up to 6–7 km. The 26 December 2018, Mw 5.0 earthquake represents the strongest event of the last 70 years, with ground ruptures extending for 7.5 km along the Fiandaca fault, a partially hidden structure in the volcano's eastern flank. Field data collected by the EMERGEO Working Group (INGV) are here integrated with high‐resolution photogrammetric surveys and geological‐morphological observations to enable a detailed structural analysis and to reconstruct the morphotectonic process of fault growth. The deformation zone develops in a transtensional regime and shows a complex pattern, consisting of brittle structures arranged in en‐échelon scale‐invariant overlapping systems. Offsets and kinematics vary along the strike due to a major bend in the fault trace. We reconstructed a prevailing right‐lateral displacement in the northern section of the fault and a dextral oblique slip in the southern one (max 35 cm); the dip‐slip component increases southward (max 50 cm) and overall resembles the along‐strike pattern of the long‐term morphological throw. The kinematic analysis indicates a quasi‐rigid behavior of the two fault blocks and suggests a geological model of rupture propagation that explains both the location of the seismic asperity in the northern section of the Fiandaca fault and the unclamping in the southern one. These findings are used to propose a conceptual model of the fault, representing insights for local fault‐based seismic hazard assessment.
The State‐of‐the‐Art Model Atmosphere From the Surface to 110 km Over the Indian Tropical Region for ISRO Launching Vehicle Applications: Developed From In Situ and Space‐Based Measurements
Authors: Uma K. N. , Adimurthy V. , Ramachandran R.
Published: December 2022

The atmospheric model at any location is an altitude variation of temperature, pressure, and density. Such models are crucial for designing launch vehicles and as well as for scientific research. The models available over the Indian region were developed three decades ago using in situ observations till 1990, and hence a need was felt to revamp and regenerate the model. The focus of the present revised atmosphere is to look into the variability on a monthly and annual scale using long‐term data from both in situ and space‐based observations. The new model can accommodate and address the appropriate temporal variability and dispersions over time. It will also account for the seasonal and decadal variability and the variations due to climate change. The present reference atmosphere utilizes data from different platforms to provide a robust mean and bounds for the temperature, pressure, and density. The new model is developed using observations from 44 years (1975–2018) of radiosonde (0–25 km), 20 years (1971–1991) of M‐100 rocket (26–80 km), and 17 years (2002–2018) of SABER (26–110 km). The reference atmosphere contains monthly and annual means with ±3σ bounds for temperature, pressure, and density. The reference atmosphere can be directly used to design future ISRO launching vehicles.
Subduction‐Legacy and Olivine Monitoring for Mantle‐Heterogeneities of the Sources of Ultrapotassic Magmas: The Italian Case Study
Authors: Günther Jennifer , Prelević Dejan , Mertz Dieter F. , Rocholl Alexander , Mertz‐Kraus Regina , Conticelli Sandro
Published: December 2022

The origin of Italian kamafugites and lamproites is a matter of debate, not least due to their “crustal signature” displayed by trace element compositions and isotopic ratios, but also due to puzzling geodynamic significance. We combine in situ EMPA and LA‐ICP‐MS analyses with in situ analyses of oxygen isotopes (SIMS) on olivine from the Pleistocene San Venanzo kamafugites and Torre Alfina lamproites. Lamproitic olivine shows extremely high Mg# and Ni concentrations whereas Ca and Mn concentrations are low. Their δ18OV‐SMOW values are very high up to +11.5 ‰. In kamafugites we recognize three genetically different olivine groups: (a) phenocrystic one with high Mg#, very low Ni, high Ca and Mn. Values of δ18OV‐SMOW are up to +10.9 ‰; (b) melt‐related xenocrystic grains that compositionally resemble lamproitic olivine; (c) skarn‐related almost pure forsterite of extreme δ18OV‐SMOW ∼27 ‰, with negligible amounts of minor and trace elements. The melting and crystallization conditions of Italian kamafugites and lamproites indicate compositionally heterogeneous mantle sources on very small scales. Distinct geochemical features of the olivine macrocryst populations observed in kamafugite point to a range of processes occurring both within the magma storage and transport system. We suggest that the diversity of metasomatic agents was involved in mantle processes on local scales, coupled with magma mixing and/or the uptake of xenocrysts during magma ascend.
Seismic Observation and Location of a Meteor Burst From a Dense Station Deployment in Southern Spain
Authors: Stich Daniel , Casado Rabasco Josué , Madiedo José María , Guerrero Rascado Juan Luis , Morales Soto Jose
Published: December 2022

A meteor event on 11 December 2016 in southern Spain was accompanied by an audible boom and felt vibrations. Acousto‐seismic coupling of the near‐field pressure wave has been recorded by an unusually large number of 44 local seismic stations. Considering the ERA5 atmospheric temperature and wind speed model, we can attribute the seismic detections to a point source at 38 km height, coincident with the most luminous fragmentation event recorded by meteor cameras. We show and analyze waveforms, spectrograms and signal polarization along a dense, temporary broadband transect in the area. Seismic records show important differences between them, like large variability in polarization, amplitudes and frequency content, emphasizing the role of local effects. The duration and complexity of waveforms can be attributed to path and site effects, including multipathing through small‐scale atmospheric heterogeneity and scattering of the incoming acoustic wavefield at local topography.
Cloud‐Radiation Feedback Prevents Tropical Cyclones From Reaching Higher Intensities
Authors: Yang Bolei , Guo Xi , Gu Jian‐Feng , Nie Ji
Published: December 2022

The prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity remains a major scientific challenge. Recent studies indicate that cloud‐radiation feedback (CRF) plays a positive role in the intensification of TCs during their genesis. However, little attention has been given to how CRF affects TC intensity after genesis. This study shows that CRF may prevents TCs from attaining higher maximum intensities. The ascending motion induced by the anomalous radiative heating of TC promotes more latent heating on the outer side of the upper eyewall, resulting in a more tilted eyewall. A more tilted eyewall leads to a larger inner‐core size and less inward flux of absolute vertical vorticity within the inner core, thus preventing the TC from reaching higher intensity. This work highlights that CRF may affect TC intensity by modulating the structure of the inner‐core convection, and further advances our understanding of the interaction between radiation effect and TC dynamics.
Precipitating Fraction, Not Intensity, Explains Extreme Coarse‐Grained Precipitation Clausius‐Clapeyron Scaling With Sea Surface Temperature Over Tropical Oceans
Authors: Roca Rémy , De Meyer Victorien , Muller Caroline
Published: December 2022

The sensitivity of coarse‐grained daily extreme precipitation to sea surface temperature is analyzed using satellite precipitation estimates over the 300–302.5 K range. A theoretical scaling is proposed, linking changes in coarse‐grained precipitation to changes in fine‐scale hourly precipitation area fraction and changes in conditional fine‐scale precipitation rates. The analysis reveals that the extreme coarse‐grained precipitation scaling with temperature (∼7%/K) is dominated by the fine‐scale precipitating fraction scaling (∼6.5%/K) when using a 3 mm/h fine‐scale threshold to delineate the precipitating fraction. These results are shown to be robust to the selection of the precipitation product and to the percentile used to characterize the extreme. This new coarse‐grained scaling is further related to the well‐known scaling for fine‐scale precipitation extremes, and suggests a compensation between thermodynamic and dynamic contributions or that both contributions are small with respect to that of fractional coverage. These results suggest that processes responsible for the changes in fractional coverage are to be accounted for to assess the sensitivity of coarse‐grained extreme daily precipitation to surface temperature.
Slow Fault Slip Signatures in Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Heki Kosuke , Bagiya Mala S. , Takasaka Yuki
Published: December 2022

Rise times of earthquake moment release influence the spectra of seismic waves. For example, slow fault movements in tsunami earthquakes excite larger tsunamis than expected from intensities of short‐period seismic waves. Here we compare amplitudes of two different atmospheric waves, long‐period internal gravity waves and short‐period acoustic waves, excited by coseismic vertical crustal movements. We observe them as coseismic ionospheric disturbances by measuring ionospheric electrons using global navigation satellite systems. Four regular megathrust earthquakes Mw 8.0–9.0 showed that the internal gravity waves become ten times stronger as the magnitude increases by one. We found that the 2010 Mentawai earthquake, a typical tsunami earthquake, excited internal gravity waves stronger than those expected by this empirical relationship. On the other hand, amplitudes of acoustic waves excited by tsunami earthquakes were normal. This suggests that slow fault ruptures excite long‐period atmospheric waves efficiently, leaving a slow earthquake signature in ionospheric disturbances.
Division of Magnetic Flux Rope via Magnetic Reconnection Observed in the Magnetotail
Authors: Li Xinmin , Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming
Published: December 2022

Using high‐resolution data from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we report an intense current layer at the center of a flux rope (FR) in the magnetotail. The intense current layer is caused by the compression of the ion bulk flows at the center of a FR rather than two interlaced flux tubes reported at the magnetopause previously. The intense current layer has been identified as an electron diffusion region of the magnetic reconnection, and the hall magnetic field generated by magnetic reconnection makes the FR show crater‐shaped. The reconnecting current layer is supported by the poloidal magnetic field of the FR, and it is dividing the FR into two secondary FRs. The observations suggest that magnetic FR can be compressed easily to excite instability inside it as it is propagating in the magnetotail current sheet, thus changing its magnetic topology.
Elasticity and Viscosity of hcp Iron at Earth's Inner Core Conditions From Machine Learning‐Based Large‐Scale Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Li Zhi , Scandolo Sandro
Published: December 2022

Although considerable efforts have been made in the last years to examine the physical properties of hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) iron at extreme conditions, it remains challenging to explain many geophysical observations in Earth's inner core. Here we examine the elastic and plastic behavior of hcp iron and the effects of structural defects at inner core conditions using large‐scale atomistic simulations coupled with machine learning‐based interatomic potential. Our results suggest that the seismic anisotropy pattern in the inner core can be ascribed to the elastic anisotropy (6%) of hcp iron. The observed low shear wave velocity is largely produced by viscous grain boundaries in iron polycrystal. We also found highly mobile and abundant vacancies in hcp iron yield a viscous strength (1015±1) that is consistent with the geophysical observations. Therefore, our findings highlight the role played by structural defects and lessen the demand for light elements to explain the observed seismic data.
Relative Afterslip Moment Does Not Correlate With Aftershock Productivity: Implications for the Relationship Between Afterslip and Aftershocks
Authors: Churchill R. M. , Werner M. J. , Biggs J. , Fagereng Å.
Published: December 2022

Aseismic afterslip has been proposed to drive aftershock sequences. Both afterslip moment and aftershock number broadly increase with mainshock size, but can vary beyond this scaling. We examine whether relative afterslip moment (afterslip moment/mainshock moment) correlates with several key aftershock sequence characteristics, including aftershock number and cumulative moment (both absolute and relative to mainshock size), seismicity rate change, b‐value, and Omori decay exponent. We select Mw ≥ 4.5 aftershocks for 41 tectonically varied mainshocks with available afterslip models. Against expectation, relative afterslip moment does not correlate with tested aftershock characteristics or background seismicity rate. Furthermore, adding afterslip moment to mainshock moment does not improve predictions of aftershock number. Our findings place useful empirical constraints on the link between afterslip and potentially damaging Mw ≥ 4.5 aftershocks and raise questions regarding the role afterslip plays in aftershock generation.
Variations in Lithospheric Thickness Across the Denali Fault and in Northern Alaska
Authors: Gama Isabella , Fischer Karen M. , Dalton Colleen A. , Eilon Zachary
Published: December 2022

While variations in crustal structure beneath the Denali fault in Alaska are well‐documented, the existence of fault‐correlated structures throughout the entire thickness of the continental lithosphere is not. A new model of shear‐wave velocity structure obtained through joint inversion of surface wave and converted body wave data shows a northward increase in lithospheric thickness and velocity occurring across the Denali fault system. In northern Alaska, a dramatic increase in lithospheric thickness at the southern margin of the Arctic‐Alaska terrane lies in the vicinity of the Kobuk fault system. These correlations support the view that transpressive deformation tends to localize at the margins of thicker, higher‐strength lithosphere.
Offshore Landward Motion Shortly After a Subduction Earthquake Implies Rapid Relocking of the Shallow Megathrust
Authors: D’Acquisto Mario , Govers Rob
Published: December 2022

Geodetic observations after large subduction earthquakes reflect multiple postseismic processes, including megathrust relocking. The timing of relocking and the observational constraints on it are unclear. Relocking was inferred to explain some observed landward motion that occurs within months. It was also considered unable to explain other, greater landward motion, including that off the coast of Japan beginning weeks after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, attributed to postseismic relaxation. We use generic, 3D numerical models to show that relocking, particularly of the shallow interface, is needed for postseismic relaxation to produce landward motion on the tip of the overriding plate. We argue that this finding is consistent with previous simulations that implicitly relock the megathrust where afterslip is not included. We conclude that the Tohoku megathrust relocked within less than 2 months of the earthquake. This suggests that the shallow megathrust probably behaves as a true, unstably sliding asperity.
Coseismic Slip Model of the 2022 Mw 6.7 Luding (Tibet) Earthquake: Pre‐ and Post‐Earthquake Interactions With Surrounding Major Faults
Authors: Li Yanchuan , Zhao Dezheng , Shan Xinjian , Gao Zhiyu , Huang Xing , Gong Wenyu
Published: December 2022

The 5 September 2022 Mw 6.7 Luding earthquake occurred on the Moxi segment of the highly active Xianshuihe fault in eastern Tibet. Here, we constrain the coseismic slip by jointly inverting the coseismic displacements measured by Global Positioning System, seismometer and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Along the Moxi fault, concentrated left‐lateral strike slip extends ∼30 km along the strike above 10 km depth, producing 0.7–1.0 m shallow slip. Clustered aftershocks and slip inversions suggest that the secondary conjugate Mozigou fault may also involve the rupture. Southward rupture propagation is likely arrested by the barrier‐like fault segments of the Xianshuihe fault, characterized by high interseismic coupling (>0.6) and reduced shear stress rate (<1 kPa/yr) due to interactions with surrounding large locked asperities. The distribution of aftershocks is highly correlated with the positive coseismic Coulomb failure stress changes , which bring the adjacent asperities on the Anninghe and Daliangshan faults ∼0.2 MPa closer to failure.
Array‐Based Teleseismic Love Wave Tomography
Authors: Zhao Kaifeng , Yang Yingjie , Luo Yinhe
Published: December 2022

Fundamental mode Love waves from earthquakes can be contaminated by higher modes, which can affect the accuracy of phase velocity measurements. If such contaminations are not well dealt with, models of Earth's interior structures based on Love waves could be significantly biased. In this study, we develop an array‐based teleseismic Love wave tomography method that can mitigate higher‐mode interference effects and therefore obtain more accurate phase‐velocity maps compared to previous studies. By applying our tomography method to synthetic data, we first illustrate the effectiveness of our method in construction phase velocity maps of fundamental Love waves when 30% of Love waves are contaminated by higher modes. In addition, as a case study, we apply our method to field data from the Western United States to construct phase velocity maps at 20–100 s period. By comparing phase velocity maps obtained by our method with those obtained by ambient noise data which do not suffer the interferences of higher modes, we demonstrate our method can obtain Love wave phase velocity maps as accurately as those based on ambient noise data with deviations smaller than 0.5% of the average value of these phase velocity maps, further illustrating the validity of our method in constructing Love wave phase velocity maps.
Scaling of Moored Surface Ocean Turbulence Measurements in the Southeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Miller Una Kim , Zappa Christopher J. , Zippel Seth F. , Farrar J. Thomas , Weller Robert A.
Published: December 2022

Estimates of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate (ε) are key in understanding how heat, gas, and other climate‐relevant properties are transferred across the air‐sea interface and mixed within the ocean. A relatively new method involving moored pulse‐coherent acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) allows for estimates of ε with concurrent surface flux and wave measurements across an extensive length of time and range of conditions. Here, we present 9 months of moored estimates of ε at a fixed depth of 8.4 m at the Stratus mooring site (20°S, 85°W). We find that turbulence regimes are quantified similarly using the Obukhov length scale and the newer Langmuir stability length scale , suggesting that ocean‐side friction velocity implicitly captures the influence of Langmuir turbulence at this site. This is illustrated by a strong correlation between surface Stokes drift and that is likely facilitated by the steady Southeast trade winds regime. In certain regimes, , where is the von Kármán constant and is instrument depth, and surface buoyancy flux capture our estimates of well, collapsing data points near unity. We find that a newer Langmuir turbulence scaling, based on and , scales ε well at times but is overall less consistent than . Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) relationships from prior studies in a variety of aquatic and atmospheric settings largely agree with our data in conditions where convection and wind‐driven current shear are both significant sources of TKE, but diverge in other regimes.
A Two‐Martian Years Survey of the Water Vapor Saturation State on Mars Based on ACS NIR/TGO Occultations
Authors: Fedorova Anna , Montmessin Franck , Trokhimovskiy Alexander , Luginin Mikhail , Korablev Oleg , Alday Juan , Belyaev Denis , Holmes James , Lefevre Franck , Olsen Kevin , Patrakeev Andrey , Shakun Alexey
Published: December 2022

On Mars, condensation is the major factor constraining the vertical distribution of water vapor. Recent measurements of water and temperature profiles showed that water can be strongly supersaturated at and above the level where clouds form during the aphelion and perihelion seasons. Since 2018, the near‐infrared spectrometer (NIR) of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter has measured H2O and temperature profiles using solar occultation in the infrared from below 10 to 100 km of altitude. Here, we provide the first long‐term monitoring of the water saturation state. The survey spans 2 Martian years from Ls = 163° of MY34 to Ls = 170° of MY36. We found that water is often supersaturated above aerosol layers. In the aphelion season, the water mixing ratio above 40 km in the mid‐to‐high latitudes was below 3 ppmv and yet is found to be supersaturated. Around the perihelion, water is also supersaturated above 60 km with a mixing ratio of 30–50 ppmv. Stronger saturation is observed during the dusty season in MY35 compared to what was observed in MY34 during the Global Dust Storm and around the perihelion. Saturation varied between the evening and morning terminators in response to temperature modulation imparted by thermal tides. Although water vapor is more abundant in the evening, colder morning temperatures induce a daily peak of saturation. This data set establishes a new paradigm for water vapor on Mars, revealing that supersaturation is nearly ubiquitous, particularly during the dust season, thereby promoting water escape on an annual average.
Forecast of the Energetic Electron Environment of the Radiation Belts
Authors: Walker Simon N. , Boynton Richard J. , Shprits Yuri Y. , Balikhin Michael A. , Drozdov Alexander Y.
Published: December 2022

Different modeling methodologies possess different strengths and weakness. For instance, data based models may provide superior accuracy but have a limited spatial coverage while physics based models may provide lower accuracy but provide greater spatial coverage. This study investigates the coupling of a data based model of the electron fluxes at geostationary orbit (GEO) with a numerical model of the radiation belt region to improve the resulting forecasts/pastcasts of electron fluxes over the whole radiation belt region. In particular, two coupling methods are investigated. The first assumes an average value for L* for GEO, namely  = 6.2. The second uses a value of L* that varies with geomagnetic activity, quantified using the Kp index. As the terrestrial magnetic field responds to variations in geomagnetic activity, the value of L* will vary for a specific location. In this coupling method, the value of L* is calculated using the Kp driven Tsyganenko 89c magnetic field model for field line tracing. It is shown that this addition can result in changes in the initialization of the parameters at the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt model outer boundary. Model outputs are compared to Van Allen Probes MagEIS measurements of the electron fluxes in the inner magnetosphere for the March 2015 geomagnetic storm. It is found that the fixed coupling method produces a more realistic forecast.
The patient/physician relationship in a post-Roe world: a neonatologist viewpoint
Authors: Barnes-Davis Maria E. , Cortezzo DonnaMaria E.
Published: December 2022

The Supreme Court ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization has far-reaching implications that go beyond the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. The ruling and subsequent laws and bills impact many specialties and have implications for healthcare as a whole. The rapidly changing medicolegal landscape has significant bearings on and implications for the fields of neonatology and pediatrics. These rulings have an impact on the patient-physician relationship and a shared decision-making approach to care. Furthermore, there are significant sequelae of forced birth and resuscitation. This review provides a clinically relevant update of the current medicolegal landscape and applications to the practice of neonatology.
Stereodivergent synthesis of chiral succinimides via Rh-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation
Authors: Wang Fangyuan , Zhang Zongpeng , Chen Yu , Ratovelomanana-Vidal Virginie , Yu Peiyuan , Chen Gen-Qiang , Zhang Xumu
Published: December 2022

Chiral succinimide moieties are ubiquitous in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals. Until today, despite the great interest, little success has been made for stereodivergent synthesis of chiral succinimides. Here, we report a general and efficient method for accessing 3,4-disubstituted succinimides through a dynamic kinetic resolution strategy based on asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. The Rh catalyst system exhibit high activities, enantioselectivities, and diastereoselectivities (up to 2000 TON, up to >99% ee, and up to >99:1 dr). Products with syn- and anti-configuration are obtained separately by control of the reaction conditions. For the N-unprotected substrates, both the enol and the imide group can be reduced by control of reaction time and catalyst loading. In addition, the detailed reaction pathway and origin of stereoselectivity are elucidated by control experiments and theoretical calculations. This study offers a straightforward and stereodivergent approach to the valuable enantioenriched succinimides (all 4 stereoisomers) from cheap chemical feedstocks in a single reaction step.
Spontaneous electric-polarization topology in confined ferroelectric nematics
Authors: Yang Jidan , Zou Yu , Tang Wentao , Li Jinxing , Huang Mingjun , Aya Satoshi
Published: December 2022

Topological textures have fascinated people in different areas of physics and technologies. However, the observations are limited in magnetic and solid-state ferroelectric systems. Ferroelectric nematic is the first liquid-state ferroelectric that would carry many possibilities of spatially-distributed polarization fields. Contrary to traditional magnetic or crystalline systems, anisotropic liquid crystal interactions can compete with the polarization counterparts, thereby setting a challenge in understating their interplays and the resultant topologies. Here, we discover chiral polarization meron-like structures, which appear during the emergence and growth of quasi-2D ferroelectric nematic domains. The chirality can emerge spontaneously in polar textures and can be additionally biased by introducing chiral dopants. Such micrometre-scale polarization textures are the modified electric variants of the magnetic merons. Both experimental and an extended mean-field modelling reveal that the polarization strength plays a dedicated role in determining polarization topology, providing a guide for exploring diverse polar textures in strongly-polarized liquid crystals.
Serum metabolic traits reveal therapeutic toxicities and responses of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Wang Hongmiao , Jia Huixun , Gao Yang , Zhang Haosong , Fan Jin , Zhang Lijie , Ren Fandong , Yin Yandong , Cai Yuping , Zhu Ji , Zhu Zheng-Jiang
Published: December 2022

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Therapeutic efficacy of nCRT is significantly affected by treatment-induced diarrhea and hematologic toxicities. Metabolic alternations in cancer therapy are key determinants to therapeutic toxicities and responses, but exploration in large-scale clinical studies remains limited. Here, we analyze 743 serum samples from 165 LARC patients recruited in a phase III clinical study using untargeted metabolomics and identify responsive metabolic traits over the course of nCRT. Pre-therapeutic serum metabolites successfully predict the chances of diarrhea and hematologic toxicities during nCRT. Particularly, levels of acyl carnitines are linked to sex disparity in nCRT-induced diarrhea. Finally, we show that differences in phenylalanine metabolism and essential amino acid metabolism may underlie distinct therapeutic responses of nCRT. This study illustrates the metabolic dynamics over the course of nCRT and provides potential to guide personalized nCRT treatment using responsive metabolic traits.
Density and temperature controlled fluid extraction in a bacterial biofilm is determined by poly-γ-glutamic acid production
Authors: Morris Ryan J. , Stevenson David , Sukhodub Tetyana , Stanley-Wall Nicola R. , MacPhee Cait E.
Published: December 2022

A hallmark of microbial biofilms is the self-production of an extracellular molecular matrix that encases the resident cells. The matrix provides protection from the environment, while spatial heterogeneity of gene expression influences the structural morphology and colony spreading dynamics. Bacillus subtilis is a model bacterial system used to uncover the regulatory pathways and key building blocks required for biofilm growth and development. In this work, we report on the emergence of a highly active population of bacteria during the early stages of biofilm formation, facilitated by the extraction of fluid from the underlying agar substrate. We trace the origin of this fluid extraction to the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA). The flagella-dependent activity develops behind a moving front of fluid that propagates from the boundary of the biofilm towards the interior. The extent of fluid proliferation is controlled by the presence of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We also find that PGA production is positively correlated with higher temperatures, resulting in high-temperature mature biofilm morphologies that are distinct from the rugose colony biofilm architecture typically associated with B. subtilis. Although previous reports have suggested that PGA production does not play a major role in biofilm morphology in the undomesticated isolate NCIB 3610, our results suggest that this strain produces distinct biofilm matrices in response to environmental conditions.
Anomalous superconducting proximity effect of planar Pb–RhPb2 heterojunctions in the clean limit
Authors: Wang Rui-Feng , Xiong Yan-Ling , Zhu Qun , Ren Ming-Qiang , Yan Hang , Song Can-Li , Ma Xu-Cun , Xue Qi-Kun
Published: December 2022

Interest in superconducting proximity effect has been revived by the exploitation of Andreev states and by the possible emergence of Majorana bound states at the interface. Spectroscopy of these states has been so far restricted to just a handful of superconductor-metal systems in the diffusion regime, whereas reports in otherwise clean superconductor-superconductor heterojunctions are scarce. Here, we realize molecular beam epitaxy growth of atomically sharp planar heterojunctions between Pb and a topological superconductor candidate RhPb2 that allows us to spectroscopically image the proximity effect in the clean limit. The measured energy spectra of RhPb2 vary with the spatial separation from proximal Pb, and exhibit unusual modifications in the pairing gap structure and size that extend over a distance far beyond the coherence length. This anomalously long-range proximity (LRP) effect breaks the rotational symmetry of Cooper pair potential in real space and largely deforms the Abrikosov vortex cores. Our work opens promising avenues for fundamental studies of the Andreev physics and extraordinary states in clean superconducting heterojunctions.
Multivalent viral particles elicit safe and efficient immunoprotection against Nipah Hendra and Ebola viruses
Authors: Ithinji Duncan G. , Buchholz David W. , Ezzatpour Shahrzad , Monreal I. Abrrey , Cong Yu , Sahler Julie , Bangar Amandip Singh , Imbiakha Brian , Upadhye Viraj , Liang Janie , Ma Andrew , Bradel-Tretheway Birgit , Kaza Benjamin , Yeo Yao Yu , Choi Eun Jin , Johnston Gunner P. , Huzella Louis , Kollins Erin , Dixit Saurabh , Yu Shuiqing , Postnikova Elena , Ortega Victoria , August Avery , Holbrook Michael R. , Aguilar Hector C.
Published: December 2022

Experimental vaccines for the deadly zoonotic Nipah (NiV), Hendra (HeV), and Ebola (EBOV) viruses have focused on targeting individual viruses, although their geographical and bat reservoir host overlaps warrant creation of multivalent vaccines. Here we explored whether replication-incompetent pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions or NiV-based virus-like particles (VLPs) were suitable multivalent vaccine platforms by co-incorporating multiple surface glycoproteins from NiV, HeV, and EBOV onto these virions. We then enhanced the vaccines’ thermotolerance using carbohydrates to enhance applicability in global regions that lack cold-chain infrastructure. Excitingly, in a Syrian hamster model of disease, the VSV multivalent vaccine elicited safe, strong, and protective neutralizing antibody responses against challenge with NiV, HeV, or EBOV. Our study provides proof-of-principle evidence that replication-incompetent multivalent viral particle vaccines are sufficient to provide protection against multiple zoonotic deadly viruses with high pandemic potential.
Extracellular arginine is required but the arginine transporter CAT3 (Slc7a3) is dispensable for mouse normal and malignant hematopoiesis
Authors: Yan Yuhan , Chen Chao , Li Zhiguo , Zhang Jing , Park Narin , Qu Cheng-Kui
Published: December 2022

Amino acid-mediated metabolism is one of the key catabolic and anabolic processes involved in diverse cellular functions. However, the role of the semi-essential amino acid arginine in normal and malignant hematopoietic cell development is poorly understood. Here we report that a continuous supply of exogenous arginine is required for the maintenance/function of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Surprisingly, knockout of Slc7a3 (CAT3), a major L-arginine transporter, does not affect HSCs in steady-state or under stress. Although Slc7a3 is highly expressed in naïve and activated CD8 T cells, neither T cell development nor activation/proliferation is impacted by Slc7a3 depletion. Furthermore, the Slc7a3 deletion does not attenuate leukemia development driven by Pten loss or the oncogenic Ptpn11E76K mutation. Arginine uptake assays reveal that L-arginine uptake is not disrupted in Slc7a3 knockout cells. These data suggest that extracellular arginine is critically important for HSCs, but CAT3 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis.