bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Quality of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients' Education Using Written Information
Authors: Kääriäinen Maria , Kukkurainen Marja Leena , Kyngäs Helvi , Karppinen Liisa
Published: November 2010

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the quality of patient education could be improved by using written education materials.

Methods. Seventy‐five inpatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were provided with individual education sessions during their inpatient stay. The education sessions were supported with written educational materials. A patient education quality instrument was used to assess the sufficiency and implementation of the education and the readiness of nurses and doctors to deliver the education. A Mann‐Whitney U‐test and content analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results. There was a statistically significant difference in the sufficiency of education concerning the disease, medication and treatment after the revised material was introduced (p < 0.005). The quality of interaction improved significantly during the intervention (p = 0.004). The strengths of the education included individual treatment, two‐way interaction, the opportunity to receive patient education and its sufficiency.

Conclusion. Clear, readable and understandable written education material improved the quality of the education of RA patients in terms of implementation, sufficiency and the readiness of nurses and doctors to deliver the education.
Phase behavior of polystyrene acrylonitril copolymer and polymethylmethacrylate blends under shear
Authors: Berrayah Abdelkader , Maschke Ulrich
Published: November 2010

Polymer blends undergo external stresses such as pressure and shear in course of processing cycles. The knowledge of their phase behavior at each step of these cycles is crucial for understanding their physical properties and eventually improves their performance in practical applications. The effects of shear on the phase diagram of binary polymer blends are considered. A theoretical formulism is used upon which the free energy is the sum of two terms. The first term is modeled with the Flory–Huggins free energy of mixing and describes the thermodynamic behavior of the system in the quiescent state. The second term represents the excess free energy stored during flow. In the presence of shear flow, the excess free energy is expressed in terms of the viscosity and the shear modulus. Both quantities depend on composition and shear rate. The curvature of the variation of viscosity versus composition has a tremendous impact upon the nature of phase separation. Phase diagrams are described by the spinodal curves and show for the case considered here miscibility enhancement with increasing shear rate. A good correlation is found with experimental data of the literature on blends of polystyrene acrylonitril copolymer and polymethylmethacrylate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
High‐density quantum dot superlattice for application to high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Oshima Ryuji , Okada Yoshitaka , Takata Ayami , Yagi Shuhei , Akahane Kouichi , Tamaki Ryo , Miyano Kenjiro
Published: November 2010

We characterized the optical absorption and solar cell characteristics of high‐density InAs self‐assembled quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (001) substrates by atomic hydrogen‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The GaNAs material can be used as strain‐compensating layer (SCL) thereby minimizing the net strain, and thus is advantageous for multi‐stacking of InAs QDs structures. As a result, dislocations and coalesced islands were not observed in 100 layer‐stacked QDs. For QD solar cell characterization, the short‐circuit current density of QDSC increases with increasing number of QD stacks, and reaches as high as 26.4 mA/cm2 for 50 layer‐stacked sample under air‐mass 1.5 condition. However, the light absorption by QD superlattice as determined by optical absorption measurements at is limited to ∼ 10% even for 100 layer‐stacked samples. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Suppression of cancer cell prolifera‐ tion by high‐intensity blue LED light
Authors: Tanaka Hiromitsu , Takahashi Tomoki , Okamoto Kensho , Tokuda Masaaki , Yamaguchi Fuminori , Hirata Yuko
Published: November 2010

We have found in our research so far that proliferation of leukemia cell, which is a typical cancer cell, was remarkably affected by irradiation of blue LED light. In this study, we made a special experimental apparatus which could irradiate blue light as strong as 100 W/m2 to the cells in culture medium. And it was found that the proliferation of leukemia cells (K562) was drastically surpressed. In order to educiate the cause, flow cytometry analysis was performed for the irradiated cells. The result showed that the cell suppression might be caused by the irregularity of cell cycle occurred by the strong blue light (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of single‐walled carbon nanotube on metal surfaces by first principles calculations
Authors: Takagi Yoshiteru , Okada Susumu
Published: November 2010

We investigate electronic structure of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) adsorbed on (111) surfaces of Au and Pd by the first‐principle calculations. Our calculation shows that the electronic structure of SWCNT adsorbed on metal surfaces strongly depends on the metal species. On the Pd surfaces, it has been found that the characteristic one‐dimensional electronic structure of SWCNT is totally disrupted by the strong hybridization between π state of SWCNT and d state of Pd surfaces.

In sharp contrast, on the Au surfaces, SWCNT keeps its one‐dimensional properties of electronic structure. The distribution of the total valence charge for SWCNT on Pd surfaces also show that the strong covalent nature between CNT and surfaces. The present calculation show the importance of the metal electrodes for designing SWCNT electronic devices (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
(De)colonizing Culture in Community Psychology: Reflections from Critical Social Science
Authors: Reyes Cruz Mariolga , Sonn Christopher C.
Published: November 2010

Since its inception, community psychology has been interested in cultural matters relating to issues of diversity and marginalization. However, the field has tended to understand culture as static social markers or as the background for understanding group differences. In this article the authors contend that culture is inseparable from who we are and what we do as social beings. Moreover, culture is continually shaped by socio‐historical and political processes intertwined within the globalized history of power. The authors propose a decolonizing standpoint grounded in critical social science to disrupt understandings of cultural matters that marginalize others. This standpoint would move the field toward deeper critical thinking, reflexivity and emancipatory action. The authors present their work to illustrate how they integrate a decolonizing standpoint to community psychology research and teaching. They conclude that community psychology must aim towards intercultural work engaging its political nature from a place of ontological/epistemological/methodological parity.
SEX ON THE MARGINS: NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SEXUALITY AND GENDER
Authors: HARRIS VICTORIA
Published: November 2010

Over the last forty years, the history of sexuality has developed into a vibrant historical genre. Despite the diversity of the resulting academic literature, within it is an often implicit focus on ‘marginal’ subjects. This historiographical review examines why this is the case, exploring the development of the history of sexuality and its theoretical underpinnings, before suggesting the ways in which this focus on the ‘marginal’ has limited resulting works. Finally, it suggests ways in which the historians might move forward, both by discussing some of the more provocative new texts and concepts within the field, and also by posing several questions for future study.
China's English mystery – the views of a China ‘foreign expert’
Authors: Wolff Martin
Published: November 2010

The mysteries of exotic China arise not only from its voluntary isolation from the modern world during some of the most formative and progressive decades, but from an inability or unwillingness of the west to understand Chinese logic and thinking. The west views China with western eyes and judges China according to western standards. The west asks some seriously ignorant questions about China, such as: What is the culture of China? What do the people of China think? What do the people of China eat?

To fully comprehend the absurdity of these questions, simply invert them, as Chinese college students regularly do in their English classes that are taught by foreigners: How is the culture of America? How do the people of America think? How do the people of America eat? Each populace assumes that the other is a mono-culture. This thinking also carries over into the area of lingua franca. The west assumes that all Chinese people speak Mandarin or Cantonese and have a common written language. China actually teaches that one must learn ‘Standard British English’ or ‘Standard American English’ or ‘Standard International English.’ In addition to Mandarin and Cantonese, China has 55 minority languages and an uncounted number of localized dialects such as Shanghainese, Wuhanese, and many others. There are at least three written Chinese languages, not just one, for example, traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese and pinyin.
Patchiness in prey levels increases vulnerability of Critically Endangered Northern Bald IbisesGeronticus eremitaon their Syrian breeding grounds
Authors: LINDSELL JEREMY A. , SHEHAB ADWAN H. , ANDERSON GUY Q. A.
Published: November 2010

A small colony of Northern Bald IbisGeronticus eremitabreeding in the Syrian desert is the only wild remnant of the eastern population of this ‘Critically Endangered’ species. Since its discovery in 2002, the colony has not increased in size despite being protected on the breeding grounds and exhibiting good productivity until recently. Although it appears that the population is being limited during migration and/or wintering, maintaining maximum breeding productivity is a priority for saving this colony to offset poor survival away from Syria. The ibises have a large home range but forage at a relatively small number of sites within it, despite having access to larger areas of apparently suitable habitat. We sampled potential prey using transects, pitfall traps and searches under stones at sites used by the birds to compare with unused sites. Analysis showed that used sites were twice as rich in vertebrate and invertebrate prey than the surrounding areas. Prey levels halved over the course of the breeding season, but we found that they remained higher in the preferred locations compared with the unused areas. Sites closer to the breeding cliff tended to have lower levels of prey available, which perhaps explained the long commutes that the adults undertook when foraging.

This work highlights the vulnerability of the birds at this site. Degradation of the patches they use could reduce food supply below critical levels and alternative sites may be hard for the birds to identify, being relatively scarce. The birds are also vulnerable to shortening of the season in which adequate food is available. There is already little time post-fledging to prepare for migration. Low food availability later in the season makes the birds dependent on key resources found around local reservoirs and these have failed recently. Breeding failures in 2008 and 2009 may have been mitigated by improved feeding conditions on the breeding area. The successful management of the site for ibises should include measures to improve their food security through range management, and possibly reservoir rehabilitation.
Navigation, world mapping and astrometry with Galileo's moons
Authors: Aksnes Kaare
Published: November 2010

Galileo realized that the four moons he discovered, besides supporting the heliocentric system, could also serve as a clock in the sky for longitude determination. Navigation at sea by this method did not prove practical but G. Cassini used it to improve land mapping. O. Rømer discovered that the interval between eclipses of the moons by Jupiter increased or decreased according to whether the Earth moved away from or toward Jupiter. He attributed this to the finite speed of light which he in 1676 determined with an error of about 25%. Timings of the eclipses by Jupiter have served to compute accurate orbits of the moons, notably by means of R. A. Sampson's theory of 1921. Beginning in 1973, light curves of mutual eclipses and occultations between pairs of moons have been made regularly at six years intervals. From these observations very accurate radii and positions of the moons have been obtained.
Theory of the rotation of the Galilean satellites
Authors: Noyelles Benoît
Published: November 2010

As most of the natural satellites of the Solar System, the Galilean moons are since a long time assumed to be tidally locked in a spin-orbit synchronous resonance. Thanks to the mission Galileo, we now dispose of enough gravity data to perform 3-dimensional theories of the rotation of these satellites, in particular to model the departure from the exact synchronous rotation. We here present such theories depending on the interior model we consider, in highlighting some observable output data. Inverting them will give us information on the internal structure of these bodies.
Effects of intraseasonal variation of summer monsoon rainfall on stable isotope and growth rate of a stalagmite from northwestern Thailand
Authors: Cai Binggui , Pumijumnong Nathsuda , Tan Ming , Muangsong Chotika , Kong Xinggong , Jiang Xiuyang , Nan Sulan
Published: November 2010

An annually laminated stalagmite from Namjang cave (19°40′30″N, 98°12′12″E), northwestern Thailand, has been analyzed to investigate the annual resolution climate signal persevered within its oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) and growth rate parameters. The cave site is under the influence of Asian monsoon, and local rainfall shows noticeable variations through the monsoon season. Both δ18O and growth rate records, covering the last 105 years, exhibit persistent decadal‐scale variability and can be compared with local instrumental data. Low δ18O values coincide with high growth rates in the specimen and correspond to higher relative amounts of rainfall in later monsoon season (August–October; hereinafter referred to as ASO rainfall) versus rainfall in early monsoon season (May–July; hereinafter referred to as MJJ rainfall). The strong correlation between the δ18O value and the 5 year averaged ratio of ASO to MJJ rainfall (r = −0.50, p < 0.001) indicates a significant imprint of intraseasonal variation of monsoonal rainfall on stalagmite δ18O. The close resemblance between the speleothem δ18O record and Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) sea surface temperature (SST) implies that the WPWP may play an important role on the decadal variability of later monsoon rainfall in this region. Unique in its annual chronology, high‐resolution δ18O, and direct comparison with instrumental data, our record shows for the first time that the climate in northwestern Thailand has undergone decadal‐scale variability and speleothem δ18O is a robust proxy for regional monsoon intensity.
Event and conditions that produced the iron meteorite Block Island on Mars
Authors: Chappelow John E. , Golombek Matthew P.
Published: November 2010

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has discovered four large iron‐nickel meteorites that range in size from 50 to 240 kg dispersed over 10 km of Meridiani Planum, Mars. Because these meteorites are covered with hollows that resemble regmaglypts, their surfaces record their ablation through the atmosphere, and they must have landed at speeds below hypervelocity (<2 km s−1) to survive. Slowing massive iron meteorites requires a minimum atmospheric density, which was quantified using a numerical model that integrates the equations of motion for incoming meteoroids through an atmosphere of a given surface density and scale height and records their outcomes as direct (generally hypervelocity impacts that form craters), longer over the horizon and fallback flight paths, and skip outs. The present atmosphere of Mars is sufficient to slow iron meteoroids as large as Block Island (the most massive meteorite) via drag and significant ablation on long flight paths, although for standard distributions of entering meteoroid masses, velocities, and entry angles, such events are rare (0.007% of incoming iron meteoroids). Such events require entry angles of 10°–13°, entry velocities of 6–18 km s−1, and entry masses of 225–710 kg. The absence of large stony meteorites is probably at least partially because they are much weaker and thus broken up into smaller fragments on impact. Although differential drag deceleration on long flight paths could disperse fragments of an entering meteoroid by tens of kilometers, dynamic pressures are too low to break up an iron meteorite, leaving the possibility that they are paired an open question.
Protection to Fasciola hepatica in the gut mucosa of immune rats is associated with infiltrates of eosinophils, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies around the parasites
Authors: VAN MILLIGEN FLORINE J. , CORNELISSEN JAN B.W.J. , HENDRIKS INGRID M. , GAASENBEEK COR P.H. , BOKHOUT BEN A.
Published: November 2010

We investigated the immune effector mechanisms that underlie protection against F. hepatica in the gut wall of immune rats, using (immuno)histochemistry. In the lamina propria of immune Wistar rats, four weeks after oral infection, frequencies of IgE‐positive cells, eosinophils and mucosal mast cells were significantly increased, compared with naïve rats. These factors represent the traditional effector mechanisms against helminths. No significant differences were detected between the two groups in frequencies of IgM‐, IgG2a‐, IgG1‐ and IgA‐ positive cells, CD4‐ and CD8‐positive cells, NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils or goblet cells. Upon challenge of immune rats with F. hepatica in an ex vivo gut segment, NEJs that migrated through the (sub)mucosa were coated with IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and surrounded by eosinophils. No IgE or IgA antibodies were detected on the parasites. The onset of these immune effector responses, two h after challenge, was related to the expression of protection. These results suggest that NEJs are killed by an eosinophil‐mediated cytotoxic response involving IgG antibodies. These antibodies were not produced in the intestine, but infiltrated the gut upon challenge. The observed immune effector responses were not restricted to the site where the primary infection is located, namely the small intestine, but were also detected in the large intestine. The presence of the protective immune mechanisms in two other rat strains demonstrates the pivotal importance of these responses, irrespective the genetic background of the host.
Direct growth of CdTe thick films on the Medipix2 pixel detector chip
Authors: Sorgenfrei R. , Zwerger A. , Disch C. , Bachem K. H. , Fiederle M.
Published: November 2010

Polycrystalline CdTe layers were directly deposited on the Medipix2 readout chip by physical vapor deposition using a Riber molecular beam epitaxy 2300. Sb2Te3 was evaporated as backside contact material, resulting in an M-π-p diode structure comprising the pixel contact material, the intentionally undoped CdTe, and Sb2Te3. It was possible to achieve x-ray images at 60 kVp. In addition, thermally oxidized Si wafers were coated with a comparable M-π-p structure grown under identical conditions, to investigate electrical properties of the films. The specific resistance of the layers was found to be 3.85×108 Ω cm.
Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of CN-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 lead-free ceramics
Authors: Yang Ming-Ru , Tsai Cheng-Che , Hong Cheng-Shong , Chu Sheng-Yuan , Yang Song-Ling
Published: November 2010

In this paper, lead-free (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 ceramics doped with 1 mol % CuNb2O6 ceramics have been prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method with sintering temperature at 1075 °C. Microstructural analyses of NKN–xCN ceramics have been carried out and compared using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The dependence of doping amount of the CN-doped NKN ceramics on the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties has been investigated. The results show that the CN-doped NKN specimens sintered at 1075 °C present excellent “hard” piezoelectric properties of kp=40%, kt=45%, k33=57%, and ferroelectric properties Ec=25.5 kV/cm and Pr=22.63 μC/cm2. The mechanical quality factor (Qm) of NKN ceramics with CN additive is extraordinarily high (1933).
Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited biphenyl
Authors: Hsu Hsu Chen , Dyakov Yuri , Ni Chi-Kung
Published: November 2010

The energy transfer between Kr atoms and highly vibrationally excited, rotationally cold biphenyl in the triplet state was investigated using crossed-beam/time-of-flight mass spectrometer/time-sliced velocity map ion imaging techniques. Compared to the energy transfer of naphthalene, energy transfer of biphenyl shows more forward scattering, less complex formation, larger cross section for vibrational to translational (V→T) energy transfer, smaller cross section for translational to vibrational and rotational (T→VR) energy transfer, larger total collisional cross section, and more energy transferred from vibration to translation. Significant increase in the large V→T energy transfer probabilities, termed supercollisions, was observed. The difference in the energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited molecules between rotationally cold naphthalene and rotationally cold biphenyl is very similar to the difference in the energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited molecules between rotationally cold naphthalene and rotationally hot naphthalene. The low-frequency vibrational modes with out-of-plane motion and rotationlike wide-angle motion are attributed to make the energy transfer of biphenyl different from that of naphthalene.
The infrared spectrum of cyclic-N3: Theoretical prediction
Authors: Babikov Dmitri , Kendrick Brian K.
Published: November 2010

We have carried out the first calculations of the infrared absorption spectrum of cyclic-N3. Accurate vibrational energies and wave functions computed with incorporation of the geometric phase effect (via gauge theory) and using an ab initio potential energy surface were employed in this work. A sophisticated fully dimensional dipole moment function was constructed using accurate ab initio calculations and a three-dimensional-spline interpolation. Transformation of the dipole moment vector function from the reference frame associated with instantaneous principal axes of inertia to the laboratory-fixed reference frame was carried out using hyperspherical coordinates. We found that the permanent dipole moment of cyclic-N3 in the ground vibrational state is relatively small (170 mD). The excited vibrational states show permanent dipole moments in the 10–25 mD range. The most intense part of the infrared absorption spectrum is observed in the deep infrared part of spectrum, 75–275 cm−1, where five lines exhibit absolute absorption intensities in the range between 0.5 and 1.2 km/mol. These transitions correspond to excitation of the pseudorotational progression of states. Several unique spectroscopic features discussed in the paper should help to identify cyclic-N3 in the laboratory.
Enhanced ferromagnetic and metal insulator transition in Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 thin films: Role of oxygen vacancy induced quenched disorder
Authors: Srivastava M. K. , Siwach P. K. , Kaur A. , Singh H. K.
Published: November 2010

Effect of quenched disorder (QD) caused by oxygen vacancy (OV) and substrate induced inhomogeneous compressive strain, on the magnetic and transport properties of oriented polycrystalline Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 thin films is investigated. QD is related intimately to the ordering/disordering of the OVs and controls the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic/insulator-metal transition. OV ordered films show enhanced TC/TIM∼165 K, which is depressed by oxygen annealing. OV disordering realized by quenching reduces TC/TIM. The first order IM transition observed in SSMO single crystals is transformed into nonhysteretic and continuous one in the OV ordered films. QD appears to be diluted by OV disorder/annihilation and results in stronger carrier localization.
Association study of interleukin‐12A gene polymorphisms with Graves’ disease in two Chinese populations
Authors: Guo Ting , Yang Shuyu , Liu Nan , Wang Shu , Cui Bin , Ning Guang
Published: November 2010

Objective  Graves’ disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disorder and genetic and environmental factors contributing to its aetiology. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is believed to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of GD. This study aims to elucidate the effect of IL‐12A gene polymorphisms on GD.

Design and methods  A case–control association study of five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2243115, rs2243123, rs583911, rs568408 and rs2243143) within the IL‐12A gene was performed in two independent Chinese cohorts. A pilot cohort conducted in Shanghai consisted of 701 patients and 686 controls and a replicate cohort in Xiamen Island included 378 patients and 312 controls. The five SNPs were genotyped by the SNPstream Genotyping Systems and Taqman PCR method.

Results  Polymorphism of rs568408, located at the 3′‐UTR region, was found to have a significant association with GD in both the cohorts (Pallele = 2·96 × 10−7 and Pallele = 0·013 for Shanghai and Xiamen Island cohorts, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype of the five SNPs (TTAAG) was associated with a significant risk of GD in both the cohorts (OR = 2·04 and OR = 1·70 for Shanghai and Xiamen Island cohorts, respectively).

Conclusion  Our results have established an association between IL‐12A polymorphism and GD susceptibility in the Chinese population.
Photoelastic analysis of cylindrical elements with internal cracks under Hertz contact loading
Authors: COLOMBO C. , GUAGLIANO M.
Published: November 2010

The evaluation of the criticality of internal cracks or defects in contacting elements is a topical point in the design of many mechanical systems. This is due to the complexity of the problem and the difficulty in finding analytical solutions for the problem. In particular this is true if three‐dimensional curved cracks and Hertz contact conditions are considered, both for the reasons just underlined and for the fact that this kind of problem involves mixed mode crack propagation, making the use of numerical methods generally not so accurate and reliable as for two‐dimensional models. In this paper, an experimental approach based on photoelasticity is presented: the determination of the stress intensity factors of cylindrical bodies under non‐conformal contact condition is dealt with, being the aim to provide a tool for comparing numerical and approximate solutions. The method considers models with internal cracks naturally obtained without the need of any mechanical tool and enables the determination of the stress intensity factors for modes I–III in the critical points of a curvilinear (circular or elliptical) crack. The analysed case considers two cylinders with perpendicular axes. Results are critically discussed and compared with the ones of a well‐established numerical approach: the comparison is satisfactory.
Glutamatergic and morphological alterations associated with early life seizure‐induced preconditioning in young rats
Authors: Saghyan A. , LaTorre G. N. , Keesey R. , Sharma A. , Mehta V. , Rudenko V. , Hallas B. H. , Rafiuddin A. , Goldstein B. , Friedman L. K.
Published: November 2010

Postnatal day (P)20 rats are sensitive to CA1 injury following a single injection of kainic acid (KA) but are resistant to this injury when animals have a history of two neonatal seizures. We hypothesized that the two earlier seizures led to neuroprotection by a preconditioning mechanism. Therefore, morphology, [Ca2+]iand NMDA subunit proteins of the hippocampus were examined after KA was administered once (1 × KA, on P6, P9, P13 or P20), twice (2 × KA, on P6 and P9) or three times (3 × KA, on P6, P9, P13 or P20). After 1 × KA on P20, the Golgi method revealed marked decreases in spine densities and aborization of CA1 and CA3 apical dendrites. After 3 × KA, morphological alterations were attenuated in CA1 neurons and were similar to pruning observed after 1 × KA on P6 or 2 × KA. After 1 × KA at P13, baseline [Ca2+]iwas elevated within pyramidal and dentate granule cells.N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) responses were simultaneously enhanced. After 3 × KA, Ca2+elevations were attenuated. Immunohistochemistry revealed selective depletion of the NR2A/B subunit modulator in the same areas. NR1 subunit expression was downregulated in the subiculum and increased in the CA3, causing a significant shift in the NR1:NR2A/B ratio throughout the hippocampus. After 1 × KA or 3 × KA at P20, reduced expression was only observed in areas of cell injury. Results indicate that different changes in morphology and excitatory responses occur depending upon when seizures begin. Partial pruning and persistent shift in the NR1:NR2A/B ratio among excitatory synapses of the hippocampus early in life may produce epileptic tolerance and protect against subsequent insults.
Women's Relationship to Feminism
Authors: Duncan Lauren E.
Published: November 2010

The relative importance to feminism of generation and feminist self-labeling was explored in a sample of 667 women riding buses to a 1992 March on Washington for Reproductive Rights. Specifically, generational (Generation X vs. Baby Boomers) and feminist self-labeling (strong feminists vs. weak feminists vs. nonfeminists) similarities and differences were examined in definitions of feminism, associations with the feminist label, feminist attitudes, gender consciousness, and activism. Generation Xers were more generally politically active than Baby Boomers when activism was corrected for age. There were many differences by feminist self-labeling. Weak feminists somewhat identified with the feminist label, endorsing some of the attitudes and outlooks of strong feminists but less of their commitment. Feminist self-labeling was more important in explaining women's relationship to feminism than was generation, implying that exposure to a shared ideology can unite members of a group across generations. Weak feminists may represent a promising group of potential recruits for women's right activist groups. They possess many of the same attitudes as strong feminists and have some sense of the critical analysis necessary to take on the feminist label; however, they may not be quite as far along in their feminist identity development as strong feminists. Education about feminism and provision of a feminist lens might strengthen the commitment of some of these weak feminists.
Associations Between Femininity and Women's Political Behavior During Midlife
Authors: Cole Elizabeth R. , Sabik Natalie J.
Published: November 2010

The contention that femininity makes women unsuited for political participation has roots in feminist theory and political science. This study investigated whether the desirable and undesirable dimensions of femininity, corresponding to Feminine Interpersonal Relations (FIR: warmth, nurturance, and interpersonal appeal) and Feminine Self-Doubt (FSD: submissiveness, self-doubt, anxiety, and passivity), have independent and interactive effects on Black and White women's political efficacy and participation. Using questionnaires administered to alumnae of the college classes of 1967–73 in 1992 and 2008, coders assessed femininity variables at Time 1 when participants were in their 40s using items from the California Q-Set. Political variables were assessed at Time 1 and when the participants were in their early 60s. In general, FIR was associated with greater participation and efficacy, both directly and in interaction with low FSD, and FSD was associated with lower efficacy scores. Specifically, at Time 1, women rated high on FIR and low in FSD were highest on political efficacy; those high in both types of femininity scored lowest. At Time 2, among women high in FIR, low FSD was associated with enhanced levels of participation; however, among those low in FIR, FSD was unrelated to participation. Results are discussed in light of women's midlife development and Black women's gender socialization. Recognition of the role of feminine qualities such as warmth, social skill, and compassion in political work could encourage women endorsing feminist beliefs to act politically.
Sociopolitical Development and Political Activism
Authors: Moane Geraldine
Published: November 2010

Feminist and liberation psychologies have emerged in contexts of marginalization and oppression and have developed in diverse, and sometimes synergistic, ways. I identify key themes for fostering critical consciousness and political action that arise from the intersections of feminist and liberation psychology. These themes include the need for more complex and diverse understandings of the personal and the political and of the connections between the two. These themes form the basis for a three-component model for courses and workshops that were delivered in communities in Ireland over a 5-year period. Questionnaires completed at the end of the courses and workshops indicated that participants benefited from a clear structural analysis, from making links between the personal and the political, and from exploring political action as a cyclical or developmental process. Political action is also seen as relational, that is, as involving interpersonal processes such as support, solidarity, and engagement with diversity in groups and communities.
Rape, War, and the Socialization of Masculinity
Authors: Zurbriggen Eileen L.
Published: November 2010

Rape is endemic during war, suggesting that there may be important conceptual links between the two. A theoretical model is presented positing that rape and war are correlated because traditional (hegemonic) masculinity underlies, and is a cause of, both. An analysis of the literatures on masculinity, rape perpetration, and military socialization is conducted to support this model. Particular elements of traditional masculinity that are implicated include status and achievement; toughness and aggression; restricted emotionality; and power, dominance, and control. It is argued that society's need for effective soldiers is the root cause of traditional masculine socialization and that this socialization ensures that rape will be prevalent. Possible strategies to minimize rape while preserving traditional masculine socialization are discussed. However, it is concluded that as long as most nations rely on warfare to respond to geopolitical conflict, rape prevention efforts will necessarily have only limited success.
Repudiating or Rewarding Neoliberalism? How Broken Campaign Promises Condition Economic Voting in Latin America
Authors: Johnson Gregg B. , Ryu Sooh-Rhee
Published: November 2010

Why do voters reward or punish the incumbent government? A number of studies show that economic performance often drives support, though the strength of this relationship is often conditional. This article suggests that economic voting may also be conditioned by the breaking and keeping of campaign promises. A number of presidents throughout Latin America have campaigned explicitly against neoliberal economic policies, only to pursue them aggressively once in office. This study argues that presidents who abandon their promises assert the executive's responsibility for the economy and raise the salience of economic issues in the next election. Consequently, voters respond rationally to these policy switches, rewarding them when they succeed and punishing them when they fail. Using data from 78 presidential elections across 18 countries, this study finds substantial evidence that broken promises exacerbate the consequences of poor economic performance and magnify the benefits of good economic performance.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of endogenous recombinant common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) follicle‐stimulating hormone
Authors: Müller T. , Hupfeld T. , Roessler J. , Simoni M. , Gromoll J. , Behr R.
Published: November 2010

Background  Common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) are readily used in biomedical research. However, superovulation for embryonic stem cell production and developmental research still remain difficult. Inexplicably, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) as key player in superovulation has to be administered in extremely high dosages in this non‐human primate compared to human.

Methods  To evaluate whether marmoset FSH (cjFSH) is functionally more competent than its human homologue on the marmoset FSH receptor (cjFSHR), we established in vitro a homologous system characterizing homologous and recombinantly produced cjFSH.

Results  Upon stimulation of two cell lines stably expressing either the marmoset or the human FSH receptor (cj/hFSHR), respectively, the second messenger signaling of the activated receptor displayed no significant difference in ED50 values. Thermostability of cjFSH was significantly prolonged by roughly 20% on both FSHRs.

Conclusion  High FSH dosage in marmoset superovulation cannot be explained by enhanced biopotency of the natural animal’s gonadotropin.
Intrinsic competition between two secondary hyperparasitoids results in temporal trophic switch
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Pashalidou Foteini , Soler Roxina , Bezemer T. Martijn
Published: November 2010

Interspecific competition amongst parasitoids is important in shaping the evolution of life‐history strategies in these insects as well as community structure. Competition for hosts may occur between adult female parasitoids (‘extrinsic’ competition) or their progeny (‘intrinsic’ competition). Here, we examined intrinsic competition between two solitary secondary hyperparasitoids, Lysibia nana and Gelis agilis in cocoons of a primary parasitoid, Cotesia glomerata. Each species was allowed to sting hosts previously parasitized by the other at 24 h time intervals over the course of 144 h (6 days). When hosts were attacked simultaneously, neither species was dominant although the species to attack first won most encounters when it had a 24–48 h head start. However, after this time there was dramatic shift in the outcome with G. agilis dominating in all hosts > 72‐h old, regardless of which species had parasitized C. glomerata first. G. agilis larvae, which initially had competed with L. nana for control of C. glomerata resources, began attacking the larvae of L. nana, whereas L. nana rejected hosts with older G. agilis larvae or pupae. Effects of multiparasitism also affected the development time and adult mass of the winning parasitoid. Our results reveal a shift in the trophic status of G. agilis from C. glomerata (in younger hosts) to L. nana (in older hosts), the first time such a phenomenon has been reported in parasitoids.
Normalization of the sleep–wake pattern and melatonin and 6‐sulphatoxy‐melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy
Authors: Uberos J. , Augustin‐Morales M. C. , Molina Carballo A. , Florido J. , Narbona E. , Muñoz‐Hoyos A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  This study evaluated the sleep–wake pattern, plasma melatonin levels and the urinary excretion of its metabolite, 6‐sulphatoxy‐melatonin among children with severe epileptic disorders, before and after a therapeutic trial with melatonin. Ten paediatric patients, suffering from severe epileptic disorders, were selected and given a nightly dose of 3 mg of a placebo, for 1 wk; for the next 3 months, the placebo was replaced with a nightly dose of 3 mg of melatonin. At the end of each treatment period, the urinary excretion of 6‐sulphatoxy‐melatonin (for the intervals 09.00 – 21:00 hr or 21:00–09:00 hr) and plasma levels of melatonin (recorded at 01:00, 05:00, 09:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 hr) were recorded, over a period of 24 hr; an actigraph record was also kept. Sleep efficiency among patients who received melatonin was significantly higher than among those given the placebo, with fewer night‐time awakenings. Periodic plasma melatonin levels were regained and a better control gained of convulsive episodes, in that the number of seizures decreased. We conclude that melatonin is a good regulator of the sleep–wake cycle for paediatric patients suffering from severe epilepsy, moreover, it to a better control of convulsive episodes.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN DOGS
Authors: MAROLF ANGELA J. , GIBBONS DEBRA S. , PODELL BRENDAN K. , PARK RICHARD D.
Published: November 2010

Canine primary lung tumors typically appear radiographically as a well‐circumscribed solitary mass in the periphery of a caudal lung lobe. Consolidated and diffuse forms of primary lung tumors have also been described. Nineteen dogs with computed tomographic (CT) images of the thorax and a histological diagnosis of primary lung tumor (17 primary carcinomas and two primary sarcomas) were evaluated retrospectively to characterize the CT findings. All primary lung tumors were bronchocentric in origin with internal air bronchograms. The bronchi were typically narrowed, displaced, and often obstructed by the tumor. Eighteen of 19 (95%) of the tumors were solitary and there was one pneumonic/alveolar form. Most solitary tumors were well circumscribed (17/18), located in the central to periphery of the lung (14/18), and in a cranial or caudal lobe (16/19). Most primary lung tumors (11/17) had mild to moderate heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Five of 19 dogs (26%) had evidence of pulmonary metastasis. Internal mineralization (3/19) and tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy (4/19) were also identified. On CT examination, solitary, well circumscribed, bronchocentric masses with internal air bronchograms are consistent with a primary pulmonary tumor in dogs.
Diverse Family Types and Out‐of‐School Learning Time of Young School‐Age Children
Authors: Ono Hiromi , Sanders James
Published: November 2010

Sources of differentials in out‐of‐school learning time between children in first marriage biological parent families and children in six nontraditional family types are identified. Analyses of time diaries reveal that children in four of the six nontraditional family types spend fewer minutes learning than do children in first marriage biological parent families. In all four cases, however, the differentials are explained by the presence of siblings aged 18+, lower levels of family income, or younger maternal age.
Optimal Design of Elastic Circular Sandwich Beams for Minimum Compliance
Authors: Huang N. C. , Sheu C. Y.
Published: November 2010

Elastic circular sandwich beams are designed for minimum compliance and given total weight. To treat the problem in a more realistic manner, the beams are regarded as extensible. Examples are given for the optimal design of circular rings and semicircular arches with different end conditions. The calculated optimal compliance is compared with the corresponding compliance of a uniform beam with identical weight. The optimal design with stress bounds is also investigated for the ring problem.
On the Stability of Some Continuous Systems Subjected to Random Excitation
Authors: Plaut R. H. , Infante E. F.
Published: November 2010

A method for the determination of sufficient conditions for the almost-sure stability of some continuous systems of physical interest is presented. The motions of the systems under consideration are assumed to be described by linear partial-differential equations with time-varying coefficients of a random nature. The method presented, which is of a rather general form, is restricted for the sake of simplicity and ease of computations and is applied to problems of elastic columns and plates, a cantilever beam subjected to a random follower force, and a string excited by a pressure-type random force. The emphasis both in the computations and in the nature of the method is on simplicity of computations and in the determination of stability conditions with a minimum of assumptions.
Computer Analysis of Machines With Planar Motion: Part 1—Kinematics
Authors: Paul B. , Krajcinovic D.
Published: November 2010

It is shown how the independent loops inherent in kinematic chains with multidegrees of freedom are utilized to set up and solve the governing kinematic equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The need to solve systems of nonlinear algebraic (displacement) equations is bypassed by formulating the problem as a system of nonlinear differential equations. In a numerical example, it is shown in detail how the method is applied and a Stirling cycle engine is kinematically analyzed for less than one dollar of computer time. The significance of possible singular configurations in a mechanism is discussed and stratagems are given for handling special cases.
On a Local Representation of the Fine Structure in the Earth’s Gravitational Field
Authors: Batdorf S. B.
Published: November 2010

This paper introduces a class of nearly harmonic functions useful in analyzing gravity above a limited region of the earth’s surface. These “B functions” constitute a complete orthogonal set of functions over that portion of the surface of a sphere which lies between two latitudes and two longitudes. By an iteration process, the coefficients of a series of B functions can be determined in such a manner as to provide an optimum fit to the difference between the prediction of a global gravity model and gravity actually measured on the earth’s surface, thus bypassing the problem of reducing the data to a reference surface. Representation of local gravity as the sum of a global model in terms of spherical harmonics and a local model in terms of B functions appears to be an effective technique for handling the problem of altitude extension of surface data.
Time-Dependent Laminar Flow in Curved Channels
Authors: Nunge R. J.
Published: November 2010

The velocity distribution for time-dependent laminar flow in curved channels is derived. The analysis applies to flows with pressure gradients which are arbitrary functions of time. Numerical results are obtained for developing flow due to a constant pressure gradient. Developing flow in a straight channel is also discussed and it is found that the curvature ratio has only a small effect on the time required to reach the fully developed state.
On the Added-Mass of a Pulsating Cylinder
Authors: McCormick Michael E.
Published: November 2010

An acoustic-pressure method is used to derive the expression for the added mass of a radially vibrating cylinder in an infinite fluid. The method is shown to yield finite results; whereas the potential flow method yields an infinite value.
On a Measurement of Deflection of Various Shaped Plates by Optical Interference Method
Authors: Takeuti Yoitiro , Noda Naotake
Published: November 2010

Results are presented of an optical interference investigation for finding the deflection of various shaped plates with several loading conditions using simple optical bench. This method gives easily and precisely the deformed shapes of clamped arbitrary profile plates.