bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of phonon lifetimes and magnon–phonon coupling in YIG/GGG hybrid magnonic systems in the diffraction limited regime
Authors: Settipalli Manoj , Zhang Xufeng , Neogi Sanghamitra
Published: March 2024

Quantum memories facilitate the storage and retrieval of quantum information for on-chip and long-distance quantum communications. Thus, they play a critical role in quantum information processing and have diverse applications ranging from aerospace to medical imaging fields. Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) phonons are attractive candidates for quantum memories because of their long lifetimes and high operating frequencies. In this study, we establish a modeling approach to design hybrid magnonic high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator (HBAR) structures for high-density, long-lasting quantum memories, and efficient quantum transduction devices. We illustrate the approach by investigating a hybrid magnonic system, consisting of a gadolinium iron garnet (GGG) thick film and a patterned yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin film. The BAW phonons are excited in GGG thick film via coupling with magnons in the YIG thin film. We present theoretical and numerical analyses of the diffraction-limited BAW phonon lifetimes, modeshapes, and magnon–phonon coupling strengths in YIG/GGG planar and confocal HBAR (CHBAR) structures. We utilize Fourier beam propagation and Hankel transform eigenvalue problem methods and compare the two methods. We discuss strategies to improve the phonon lifetimes in the diffraction-limited regime, since increased lifetimes have direct implications on the storage times of quantum states for quantum memory applications. We find that ultra-high cooperativities and phonon lifetimes on the order of ∼105 and ∼10 milliseconds, respectively, could be achieved using a CHBAR structure with 10μm YIG lateral area. Additionally, high integration density of on-chip memory or transduction centers is naturally desired for high-density memory or transduction devices. The proposed CHBAR structure will offer more than 100-fold improvement of integration density relative to a recently demonstrated YIG/GGG device. Our results will have direct applicability for devices operating in the cryogenic or milliKelvin regimes. For example, our study will inform the design of HBAR devices that could couple with superconducting qubits for promising quantum information platforms.
Modification of magnetorheological fluid and its compatibility with metal skeleton: Insights from multi-body dissipative particle dynamics simulations and experimental study
Authors: Sun Yingtao , Wei Zhenhua , Zhou Jianfeng , Mao Aiqin , Bian Di
Published: March 2024

Magnetorheological fluid (MRF), as a smart material, plays a pivotal role in sealing equipment. However, the interfacial compatibility between MRF and metal significantly impacts the adhesion of the two phases, which subsequently determines the sealing performance of MRF once it is used as a sealing medium. However, the interface mechanism and dynamical magnetic migration performances between MRF and metals at the microscopic level are not clear. In this study, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) and multi-body DPD simulations are carried out to examine the settling stability, static wetting characteristics, and magnetic migration ability of MRF droplets incorporating different surfactants. It is revealed that oleic acid stands out as the optimal surfactant for MRF, shedding light on the mechanism of MRF droplet infiltration on metal sheets and unveiling five crucial wetting processes. Furthermore, a thorough comparison among simulation results, experimental findings, and numerical analysis was conducted to verify the reliability of theoretical research on the microscale behavior of MRF. Moreover, investigating the driving characteristics of MRF droplets within a uniform magnetic field confirmed two driving processes: significant deformation and limitation of excessive diffusion. The analysis of the vortical structure within the droplets revealed the presence of diffusion effects caused by magnetic particles. The velocity distribution within the droplets indicated different flow rates, with higher velocities at the core and slower velocities at the edge, suggesting the presence of internal flow patterns.
Understanding the adsorption performance of T-G, T-BN, T-AlN, and T-GaN nanosheets toward the thioguanine anticancer drug via DFT calculations
Authors: Sakib Md Najmus , Ahmed Tanvir , Shafiulla Md Adam , Afroj Dr. Farzana , Piya Afiya Akter , Shamim Siraj Ud Daula
Published: March 2024

In this study, the sensitivity and reactivity of the T-graphene (T-G), T-boron nitride (T-BN), T-aluminum nitride (T-AlN), and T-gallium nitride (T-GaN) as carriers for thioguanine (Tg) anticancer drug have been explored using DFT simulations. The interactions between nanosheets and Tg have been studied by analyzing adsorption behavior, charge transfer, dipole moment, quantum molecular descriptors, work function, solvation effect, and COSMO surface. Adsorption behavior of T-G is enhanced after modifying it to T-AlN and T-GaN. The adsorption energy of T-G is −23.55 kcal/mol, which is increased to −36.32 and −39.75 kcal/mol when T-G is modified to T-AlN and T-GaN in gas media. In water media, the values of adsorption energy are −26.89 and −27.40 kcal/mol for T-AlN and T-GaN nanosheets. Charge transfer analysis also discloses that a significant amount of charge is transferred during the adsorption process. In addition, energy gaps are reduced by 48.73% and 35.69% for T-AlN and T-GaN after the adsorption of Tg. Moreover, dipole moment, work function, and COSMO analysis suggested that T-AlN and T-GaN nanosheets could be suitable carriers for Tg anticancer drug.
High-performance, ultra-broadband Sb2Te3 photodetector assisted by multimechanism
Authors: Chen Jiaxin , Ying Xinling
Published: March 2024

Ultra-broadband spectral detection is critical for the application of several technologies, such as imaging, sensing, spectroscopy, and communication. However, the development of high-performance photodetectors with a wide spectral response remains a significant challenge. In this study, we present an ultra-broadband, responsive, dual-mechanism fusion photodetector based on the topological insulator Sb2Te3. By employing methods such as applying bias voltages, energy band structures, and photocurrent imaging, we have confirmed that the operating mechanism in the visible to the infrared light region is the photoconductive effect, exhibiting a room-temperature responsivity of 114.6 mA/W and a specific detectivity of 1.78 × 108 cm2 Hz1/2 W−1, especially under the working condition of 520 nm. Moreover, extending the spectral detection capability from infrared to terahertz is critically important. In the terahertz range, where photon energies are significantly lower than those in the visible to infrared spectrum, the detector achieves a room-temperature responsivity of 38.5 mA/W at 0.12 THz and a specific detectivity of 3.44 × 1010 cm2 Hz1/2 W−1, with a response time of 20 µs, primarily attributed to the asymmetric scattering behavior of the topological surface states. Notably, we have successfully demonstrated high-resolution imaging in the visible to infrared and terahertz spectral ranges at room temperature, providing strong evidence of practical applications for our photodetector. In conclusion, Sb2Te3, as an emerging broadband photodetection material, exhibits significant potential and lays a robust foundation for further research in the field of ultra-broadband photodetectors.
Remarkable undercooling capability and metastable thermophysical properties of liquid Nb84.1Si15.9 alloy revealed by electrostatic levitation in outer space
Authors: Chang J. , Wang H. P. , Liao H. , Liu D. N. , Zheng C. H. , Wang Q. , Li M. X. , Zuo D. D. , Wei B.
Published: March 2024

The stable manipulation, high undercooling, and thermophysical property measurement of the liquid Nb84.1Si15.9 refractory alloy were successfully achieved by the electrostatic levitation technique on board the China Space Station. By controlling the superheating temperature, a maximum liquid undercooling up to 421 K (0.18 TL) was obtained in the space environment, and two distinct solidification paths with different recalescence features were realized at metastable undercooled states. The liquid density and the ratio of specific heat to emissivity were measured in a wide temperature range from 1841 to 2346 K, which displayed linear and quadratic relations vs temperature, respectively. The liquid emissivity was further deduced from the specific heat of the liquid alloy calculated by molecular dynamics simulation. In addition, both the density and structural characteristics of the undercooled liquid alloy were also analyzed by MD calculations.
Enhancement of spin to charge conversion efficiency at the topological surface state by inserting normal metal spacer layer in the topological insulator based heterostructure
Authors: Pal Sayani , Nandi Anuvab , Nath Sambhu G. , Pal Pratap Kumar , Sharma Kanav , Manna Subhadip , Barman Anjan , Mitra Chiranjib
Published: March 2024

In this study, we report efficient spin to charge conversion (SCC) in the topological insulator (TI) based heterostructure (BiSbTe1.5Se1.5/Cu/Ni80Fe20) by using spin-pumping technique, where BiSbTe1.5Se1.5 is the TI and Ni80Fe20 is the ferromagnetic (FM) layer. The SCC, characterized by inverse Edelstein effect length (λIEE) in the TI material, gets altered with an intervening Copper (Cu) layer, and it depends on the interlayer thickness. The introduction of Cu layer at the interface of TI and FM metal provides a new degree of freedom for tuning the SCC efficiency of the topological surface states. The significant enhancement of the measured spin-pumping voltage and the increased linewidth of ferromagnetic resonance absorption spectra due to the insertion of Cu layer at the interface indicate a reduction in spin memory loss at the interface that resulted from the presence of exchange coupling between the surface states of TI and the local moments of FM metal. The temperature dependence (from 8 to 300 K) of the evaluated λIEE data for all the trilayer systems, TI/Cu/FM with different Cu thicknesses, confirms the effect of exchange coupling between the TI and FM layer on the SCC efficiency of the topological surface state. This study offers promising ways for designing more efficient spin-charge conversion devices of the TI-based heterostructure by controlling the interface effects.
Experimental study on the effect of basalt fiber reinforced expanded polystyrene foams on the compressive strength of lightweight concrete
Authors: Cao Zheng , Jiang Tao , Wang Ying , Wang Erke , Xiang Lixue , Tang Bo , Wu Xinfeng , Shao Wei , Li Wenge , Sun Kai , Shi Danda
Published: March 2024

Reducing the structural load and operational energy consumption of buildings is a trend in the development of the construction industry, and lightweight concrete has become a research hotspot because of its dual characteristics of low density and high strength. In this paper, a three-step method is used to prepare lightweight concrete composites. In the first step, basalt fiber powder was adhered to polystyrene foam ball expanded polystyrene spheres (EPSs) by the “ball rolling method” to obtain basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composite balls. In the second step, the epoxy resin composite ball and the configured cement matrix are filled into a prefabricated mold. Finally, the lightweight concrete specimens were overlaid, pressed into shape, and cured for 28 days. By changing the volume ratio, size, and wall thickness of the epoxy composite balls, as well as the length and content of basalt fibers, the lightweight concrete was exhibited a reduction in density and increase in strength. The results showed that the smaller the epoxy composite spheres and the larger the wall thickness are, the higher the compressive strength of the material for a certain volume ratio of epoxy composite spheres will be. The addition of appropriate hollow glass beads can reduce the number of pores in the matrix, but excessive hollow glass beads will reduce the bonding force of the concrete matrix. Basalt fibers not only improve the strength of EPSs but also serve to connect matrix–matrix and matrix–epoxy composite spheres.
Solving Euler equations with gradient-weighted multi-input high-dimensional feature neural network
Authors: Zhao Jiebin , Wu Wei , Feng Xinlong , Xu Hui
Published: March 2024

The study found that it is difficult to capture the solutions at the shock wave and discontinuity surfaces when solving Euler equations using physics informed neural network. Thus, this paper proposes an improved neural network based on adaptive weights for multi-input high-dimensional features to solve the Euler equations. First, adaptive weights regarding the velocity are added to the control equation of each residual to train the shock wave region better. Then, more residual training points are used in regions with initial time discontinuities to improve the training efficiency. The problem that the sigmoid activation function is more prone to gradient pathologies than tanh in the training process is also analyzed to show that the Euler equations can be better solved using tanh. Numerical experiments verify that even though the solution process becomes complicated, it outperforms the original physics informed neural network in terms of computational efficiency and computational accuracy and can better portray the physical phenomena of Euler equations.
The effect of point defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of XH2PO4 (X = Li, Na, Mg, Ca) crystals
Authors: Sun Zhixin , Dong Hang , Jin Guangyong , Xin Chao
Published: March 2024

Using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory and the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the substitution of K elements by Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in KH2PO4 (KDP) crystals are investigated in depth. This study provides insight into the structural properties of crystals, with particular emphasis on internal chemical bonding effects. It further discusses the impact of H and O defects on the bandgap and optical properties of KDP crystals. Detailed analysis of structural characteristics and comprehensive examination of the effects of chemical bonds contribute to a deeper understanding of the effects of defects on the lattice and electronic structure, revealing potential alterations and their underlying mechanisms. Our investigation focuses on the regulatory role of different defects on the bandgap and optical properties. These comprehensive analyses provide a more thorough understanding of the impact of defects on the properties of KDP crystals, establishing an essential research foundation for further exploration of nonlinear optics crystal potential applications.
Design of silicon-based micro-actuator with two state-recoverable semicircle slides for switching on/off detonation energy
Authors: Liu Wei , Kan Wen-xing , Fu Pei , Hu Teng-jiang , Ren Wei , Chu En-yi , Zhao Yu-long , Xie Rui-zhen , Ren Xiao-ming , Liu Lan
Published: March 2024

The micro-actuator is a key element of the MEMS-based initiator. In order to ensure safety and achieve the function of detonation energy isolation and transmission of the micro-pyrotechnic sequence, it is necessary to set up a safety and arming device between the micro-heater and energetic materials on the next level in the initiator. In this paper, the MEMS safety and arming device was simulated and analyzed, and the actuator chip was made based on MEMS technology and then tested. The results showed that the maximum temperature and displacement generated by the silicon-based micro-actuator increased with increasing actuation voltage. When the actuation voltage was larger than 16 V, the device could not work normally because the maximum temperature of the device was higher than the melting point of silicon. Furthermore, the influence factors on the state-recoverable property of the device were studied by changing the actuation voltage, length, width, and thickness of the V-shaped beam in a single way. The results showed that when the actuation voltage remained unchanged and the other factors were changed in a single way, the smaller structural parameters resulted in the shorter response time and recovery time, while the displacement generated was smaller. Meanwhile, the larger structural parameters resulted in larger displacements, while the response time and recovery time were larger. In addition, the state-recoverable characteristics of the device were affected by the working environmental temperature. It is of great significance to the design of the MEMS-based initiator.
Design and 3D TCAD simulation of a novel floating-electrode silicon pixel detector
Authors: Long Tao , Zhao Jun , Wu Chaosheng , Xiong Bo , Li Zheng
Published: March 2024

A novel floating-electrode silicon pixel detector has been proposed. The novel configuration of the floating electrode in the silicon pixel detector reduces the size of the collecting cathode and decreases both the capacitance and leakage current of the detector compared to the conventional silicon pixel detector. For the design, we used a 200 × 200 µm2 detector as the model to analyze the impact of varying numbers of floating rings on the electrical performance [Wu et al., AIP Adv. 11(2), 025315 (2021)]. We used Technology Computer Aided Design simulation to compare and analyze the simulated electric field, potential, capacitance, and breakdown voltage of the detector. The results show that decreasing the gap-to-width ratio of the floating electrode, as well as increasing the quantity of floating rings, enhances the detector’s performance.
Antiferromagnetic magnetostriction of IrMn detected by angular dependent exchange bias
Authors: Lin Haoyu , Zheng Kun , Meng Jing , Liu Jiang , Zhao Zhenjie , Jiang Dongmei , Xu Yang , Shang Tian , Zhan Qingfeng
Published: March 2024

The manipulation of Néel vector of antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer by an applied stress has attracted considerable attention due to the technical importance for AFM-based spintronic devices. Here, we fabricated CoFeB/IrMn and Ni/IrMn exchange bias (EB) bilayers on PMN-PT(011) to quantitatively study the AFM magnetostrictive behaviors of the IrMn layer. Numerical calculations based on the Stoner–Wohlfarth model show that the response of the Néel vector to compressive stress can be detected by measuring the angular dependent EB. The hysteresis loops experimentally measured with applying an electric field on PMN-PT show significantly different shape changes due to the opposite magnetostriction between CoFeB and Ni. The non-vanished EB field obtained at 90∘ indicates the rotation of Néel vector under compressive stress, suggesting the positive magnetostriction of IrMn. The numerical fitting of the angular dependent EB indicates that the Néel vectors in both samples deviate from the initial direction by the same −5∘. The AFM magnetostriction coefficient of IrMn is estimated to be 238 ppm, which is in good agreement with the theoretically predicted value.
Atomic position and the chemical state of an active Sn dopant for Sn-doped β-Ga2O3(001)
Authors: Tsai Yuhua , Kobata Masaaki , Fukuda Tatsuo , Tanida Hajime , Kobayashi Toru , Yamashita Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2024

We investigated the atomic position and the chemical state of an active Sn dopant for Sn-doped β-Ga2O3(001) using x-ray absorption near the edge structure (XANES) and hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We found that the Sn dopant had only one chemical state, which was a Sn4+ oxidation state. The bond length around the Sn dopant atom became longer due to the relaxation effect after the Sn dopant insertion. Comparison of the experimental and simulated XANES spectra showed that the octahedral Ga substitutional site in the β-Ga2O3(001) is an active Sn dopant site.
Analysis of vortex characteristics in hump region of reversible pump-turbine based on omega vortex identification method
Authors: Liu Demin , Xun Hongyun , Wang Zhichao , Li Guofeng , Zheng Jinsheng , Liu Xiaobing , Hao Zhengkai
Published: March 2024

As the core equipment of pumped storage power stations, reversible pump-turbines will frequently switch between different working modes during operation, and it is easy to appear hump region under pump condition, which will greatly affect the performance of the pumped storage unit. Therefore, in order to explore the causes of the hump region, this paper takes the model reversible pump-turbine as the research object. First, the unit speed–unit flow characteristics are compared with the model test results under different working conditions. Then, based on the omega vortex identification method, the vortex distribution in the flow channel of the unit is analyzed. By analyzing the flow characteristics of the flow components of the unit under different flow rates in the hump region, the internal flow law of the hump region is revealed. It is found that when the flow rate decreases, the rising head cannot offset the head lost by the hydraulic loss, thus forming the hump region, and the unstable flow gradually appears in the guide vane and runner area. There are unstable phenomena, such as flow separation, in the guide vane area. There is a sudden change of radial pressure in the vaneless area between the guide vane and the runner; that is, the unstable vortex almost occupies the whole flow channel due to the change of pressure in this area, resulting in the deterioration of the instability of the unit operation. When the flow rate is large, the radial pressure mutation zone mainly exists between the guide vane cascades, making it easy to form an unstable vortex. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for improving the stability of reversible pump-turbines.
Enhanced ferroelectric photovoltaic performance of Bi2FeCrO6 thin films for neuromorphic computing applications
Authors: Kan Yucheng , Liu Jianquan , Chen Rui , Liu Yuan , Wang Hongru , Long Mingyue , Tian Bobo , Chu Junhao , Chen Ye , Sun Lin
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, ferroelectric photovoltaic synapses have attracted great attention due to its polarization controllable and self-powered features. However, the large bandgaps of ferroelectric oxide materials limit its application. This study focuses on the enhancement of ferroelectric photovoltaic properties and the synaptic application of Bi2FeCrO6 (BFCO) device. It is found that the bandgap of BFCO can be modulated by Cr alloying, which causes its photovoltaic effect in the visible region to exceed that of BiFeO3 (BFO) significantly. The short-circuit current density (JSC) of BFCO device in the visible region increases by about 100 times than that of BFO. Furthermore, the polarization modulation and multi-states response are demonstrated by an external electric field. For BFCO ferroelectric photovoltaic synapse, long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) measurements show an excellent synaptic plasticity of the polarization modulation. The simulated image recognition rate using the MNIST dataset reaches a high accuracy of 96.06%. This work has expanded the potential application of ferroelectric photovoltaic synapse in the visible region.
Improving force characteristics of linear oscillatory generator with spring permanent magnet for Stirling engines based on subdomain method
Authors: Shin Kyung-Hun , Choi Jang-Young , Cho Han-Wook , Koo Min-Mo , Lee Kyu-Seok , Lee Sung-Ho
Published: March 2024

In this paper, an electromagnetic analysis method is proposed to improve force characteristics by using spring permanent magnets (PMs) along the axial and circumferential directions of a linear oscillatory generator (LOG). For accurate electromagnetic analysis, a detailed analysis model of the LOG is developed, and the governing equations of each subdomain are derived based on Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic theory. Analytical solutions of the magnetic vector potential in each subdomain are derived using boundary conditions. The reliability of the proposed method is verified through a comparison with the results of a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). In particular, the force characteristics depending on the spring PM is effectively derived by considering the three-dimensional (3D) circumferential and axial end effects. The proposed analysis method is used to determine the thickness of spring PM that transforms the detent force of the LOG with the spring PM into restoring force. The reliability of the proposed analysis method is verified through comparison with the results of a 3D FEA.
Network of epistatic interactions in an enzyme active site revealed by large-scale deep mutational scanning
Authors: Judge Allison , Sankaran Banumathi , Hu Liya , Palaniappan Murugesan , Birgy André , Prasad B. V. Venkataram , Palzkill Timothy
Published: March 2024

Cooperative interactions between amino acids are critical for protein function. A genetic reflection of cooperativity is epistasis, which is when a change in the amino acid at one position changes the sequence requirements at another position. To assess epistasis within an enzyme active site, we utilized CTX-M β-lactamase as a model system. CTX-M hydrolyzes β-lactam antibiotics to provide antibiotic resistance, allowing a simple functional selection for rapid sorting of modified enzymes. We created all pairwise mutations across 17 active site positions in the β-lactamase enzyme and quantitated the function of variants against two β-lactam antibiotics using next-generation sequencing. Context-dependent sequence requirements were determined by comparing the antibiotic resistance function of double mutations across the CTX-M active site to their predicted function based on the constituent single mutations, revealing both positive epistasis (synergistic interactions) and negative epistasis (antagonistic interactions) between amino acid substitutions. The resulting trends demonstrate that positive epistasis is present throughout the active site, that epistasis between residues is mediated through substrate interactions, and that residues more tolerant to substitutions serve as generic compensators which are responsible for many cases of positive epistasis. Additionally, we show that a key catalytic residue (Glu166) is amenable to compensatory mutations, and we characterize one such double mutant (E166Y/N170G) that acts by an altered catalytic mechanism. These findings shed light on the unique biochemical factors that drive epistasis within an enzyme active site and will inform enzyme engineering efforts by bridging the gap between amino acid sequence and catalytic function.
Molecular and structural basis of the dual regulation of the polycystin-2 ion channel by small-molecule ligands
Authors: Wang Zhifei , Chen Mengying , Su Qiang , Morais Tiago D. C. , Wang Yan , Nazginov Elianna , Pillai Akhilraj R. , Qian Feng , Shi Yigong , Yu Yong
Published: March 2024

Mutations in thePKD2gene, which encodes the polycystin-2 (PC2, also called TRPP2) protein, lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). As a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily, PC2 functions as a non-selective cation channel. The activation and regulation of the PC2 channel are largely unknown, and direct binding of small-molecule ligands to this channel has not been reported. In this work, we found that most known small-molecule agonists of the mucolipin TRP (TRPML) channels inhibit the activity of the PC2_F604P, a gain-of-function mutant of the PC2 channel. However, two of them, ML-SA1 and SF-51, have dual regulatory effects, with low concentration further activating PC2_F604P, and high concentration leading to inactivation of the channel. With two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, a molecular docking model, and mutagenesis results, we identified two distinct binding sites of ML-SA1 in PC2_F604P that are responsible for activation and inactivation, respectively. These results provide structural and functional insights into how ligands regulate PC2 channel function through unusual mechanisms and may help design compounds that are more efficient and specific in regulating the PC2 channel and potentially also for ADPKD treatment.
Predation without direction selectivity
Authors: Krizan Jenna , Song Xiayingfang , Fitzpatrick Michael J. , Shen Ning , Soto Florentina , Kerschensteiner Daniel
Published: March 2024

Across the animal kingdom, visual predation relies on motion-sensing neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and its orthologs. These neurons exhibit complex stimulus preferences, including direction selectivity, which is thought to be critical for tracking the unpredictable escape routes of prey. The source of direction selectivity in the SC is contested, and its contributions to predation have not been tested experimentally. Here, we use type-specific cell removal to show that narrow-field (NF) neurons in the mouse SC guide predation. In vivo recordings demonstrate that direction-selective responses of NF cells are independent of recently reported stimulus-edge effects. Monosynaptic retrograde tracing reveals that NF cells receive synaptic input from direction-selective ganglion cells. When we eliminate direction selectivity in the retina of adult mice, direction-selective responses in the SC, including in NF cells, are lost. However, eliminating retinal direction selectivity does not affect the hunting success or strategies of mice, even when direction selectivity is removed after mice have learned to hunt, and despite abolishing the gaze-stabilizing optokinetic reflex. Thus, our results identify the retinal source of direction selectivity in the SC. They show that NF cells in the SC guide predation, an essential spatial orienting task, independent of their direction selectivity, revealing behavioral multiplexing of complex neural feature preferences and highlighting the importance of feature-selective manipulations for neuroethology.
Endogenous retrovirus HERVH-derived lncRNAUCA1controls human trophoblast development
Authors: Kong Xuhui , Li Ruiqi , Chen Manqi , Zheng Rongyan , Wang Jichang , Sun Chuanbo , Qu Yuliang
Published: March 2024

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are frequently reactivated in mammalian placenta. It has been proposed that ERVs contribute to shaping the gene regulatory network of mammalian trophoblasts, dominantly acting as species- and placental-specific enhancers. However, whether and how ERVs control human trophoblast development through alternative pathways remains poorly understood. Besides the well-recognized function of human endogenous retrovirus-H (HERVH) in maintaining pluripotency of early human epiblast, here we present a unique role of HERVH on trophoblast lineage development. We found that the LTR7C/HERVH subfamily exhibits an accessible chromatin state in the human trophoblast lineage. Particularly, the LTR7C/HERVH-derivedUrothelial Cancer Associated 1(UCA1), a primate-specific long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is transcribed in human trophoblasts and promotes the proliferation of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs), whereas its ectopic expression compromises human trophoblast syncytialization coinciding with increased interferon signaling pathway. Importantly,UCA1upregulation is detectable in placental samples from early-onset preeclampsia (EO-PE) patients and the transcriptome of EO-PE placenta exhibits considerable similarities to that of the syncytiotrophoblasts differentiated fromUCA1-overexpressing hTSCs, supporting up-regulatedUCA1as a potential biomarker of this disease. Altogether, our data shed light on the versatile regulatory role of HERVH in early human development and provide a unique mechanism whereby ERVs exert a function in human placentation and placental syndromes.
Identification of a negative-strand RNA virus with natural plant and fungal hosts
Authors: Dai Ruoyin , Yang Shian , Pang Tianxing , Tian Mengyuan , Wang Hao , Zhang Dong , Wu Yunfeng , Kondo Hideki , Andika Ida Bagus , Kang Zhensheng , Sun Liying
Published: March 2024

The presence of viruses that spread to both plant and fungal populations in nature has posed intriguingly scientific question. We found a negative-strand RNA virus related to members of the family
Phenuiviridae
, named Valsa mali negative-strand RNA virus 1 (VmNSRV1), which induced strong hypovirulence and was prevalent in a population of the phytopathogenic fungus of apple Valsa canker (
Valsa mali
) infecting apple orchards in the Shaanxi Province of China. Intriguingly, VmNSRV1 encodes a protein with a viral cell-to-cell movement function in plant tissue. Mechanical leaf inoculation showed that VmNSRV1 could systemically infect plants. Moreover, VmNSRV1 was detected in 24 out of 139 apple trees tested in orchards in Shaanxi Province. Fungal inoculation experiments showed that VmNSRV1 could be bidirectionally transmitted between apple plants and
V. mali,
and VmNSRV1 infection in plants reduced the development of fungal lesions on leaves. Additionally, the nucleocapsid protein encoded by VmNSRV1 is associated with and rearranged lipid droplets in both fungal and plant cells. VmNSRV1 represents a virus that has adapted and spread to both plant and fungal hosts and shuttles between these two organisms in nature (phyto-mycovirus) and is potential to be utilized for the biocontrol method against plant fungal diseases. This finding presents further insights into the virus evolution and adaptation encompassing both plant and fungal hosts.
La memorización de vocabulario y el desarrollo de la competencia lingüística general
Authors: Hammrich Tim
Published: March 2024

Abstracta

El estudio analiza la importancia de la memorización de vocabulario para el desarrollo lingüístico general. Para
ello se compara el impacto de dos diseños didácticos diferentes en la enseñanza universitaria del alemán como lengua extranjera.
Mientras el grupo experimental memoriza el vocabulario utilizando una aplicación, el grupo control trabaja el vocabulario mediante
tareas de lectura. Al final de la intervención se mide el rendimiento en términos de una competencia lingüística general aplicando
un C-Test y se investiga la percepción del estudiantado sobre diversos aspectos de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de vocabulario
mediante una encuesta. Igualmente, para el grupo experimental, se analizan las preferencias de actividades de aprendizaje de
vocabulario por parte del estudiantado con la aplicación para relacionarlos con su rendimiento. Los resultados del C-Test muestran
que el grupo experimental obtiene una mayor puntuación. Analizando las preferencias de actividades de aprendizaje con la
aplicación, se deduce que el estudiantado prefiere usar los ejercicios que implican un aprendizaje receptivo. Sin embargo,
obtienen mejores resultados en el C-Test los estudiantes que usan con más frecuencia los ejercicios que implican un aprendizaje
activo. Por lo general, el estudiantado considera que el aprendizaje del vocabulario es difícil, mientras el uso de la aplicación
se evalúa positivamente.
Isoscaling properties for neutron-rich fragments in highly asymmetric heavy ion collision systems*
Authors: Peng 彭 Dan 丹 , Ma 马 Chun-Wang 春旺 , Qiao 乔 Chun-Yuan 春源 , Liu 刘 Xing-Quan 星泉 , Wei 魏 Hui-Ling 慧玲
Published: March 2024

Traditionally, isoscaling has been interpreted and applied within the framework of the grand canonical ensemble, based on the assumption that fragment production occurs following the attainment of a statistical equilibrium state. However, the influence of the symmetry energy can lead to differences in the neutron and density distribution in neutron-rich nuclei. This in turn may impact the isoscaling parameters (usually denoted by α and β). We examine the isoscaling properties for neutron-rich fragments produced in highly asymmetric systems on inverse kinematics, namely

Ca and

Ni +

Be at 140 MeV per nucleon. We evaluate α and β values and sort them as a function of the neutron excess

. The significant differences in α extracted from fragments within different ranges of I emphasize the importance of understanding the dependence of isoscaling parameters on fragments generated in various collision regions. Furthermore, the

value for a specific fragment in small size and highly isospin asymmetry systems can serve as a probe to detect the variations in neutron density and proton density in different regions of the nucleus and indicate the limitations of theoretical models in investigating these issues.
Derivation of a Sun-tracking law for payloads with pointing restrictions in the UPMSat-3 mission
Authors: Porras-Hermoso A. , Marín-Coca S. , González-Monge J. , Bermejo-Ballesteros J. , Roibás-Millán E. , Zamorano J. , Pérez Á.
Published: March 2024

Satellites dedicated to remote sensing either for the Earth or space, typically require their instruments to be pointing toward the location of their object of study. These satellites can face significant challenges as different components also have its own pointing requirements to be operative or work optimally. For instance, we have the case of solar panels for electrical power generation, where perfect pointing of the panels toward the Sun can affect negatively to payload operation. Common solutions for maximizing power generation include the usage of orientable solar panels. However, this approach increases the complexity of the satellite, raising the cost of the solar panels and their associated mechanism. In this study, we propose a new approach that enables high-consuming remote sensing payloads to operate for extended periods without using orientable solar panels. To ensure maximum power generation without compromising the satellite’s pointing constraints, an optimal tracking law is derived. This law maximizes the projected solar array area at each instant, resulting in maximum electrical power generation. The proposed method is validated against an actual mission scenario. This work offers significant benefits for satellite operators, reducing the need for costly orientable solar panels and enhancing the overall efficiency of satellite missions.
The impact of stratospheric aerosol heating on the frozen hydrometeor transport pathways in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Kroll C A , Fueglistaler S , Schmidt H , Dauhut T , Timmreck C
Published: March 2024

The exceptionally low temperature in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) restricts the amount of water vapor entering the stratosphere. However, moisture may also enter the stratosphere in its frozen state, and the amount thereof depends on hydrometeor sedimentation and air vertical velocity. We investigate the sensitivity of frozen hydrometeor transport pathways to substantial perturbations of the TTL temperature structure in global storm-resolving model simulations. A special focus is laid on the question which process—convection, slow upwelling within the background velocity field, in-cloud radiative processes, gravity waves or turbulence—is responsible for most of the transport. The study shows that the main contribution to the frozen hydrometeor flux is cold-point overshooting convection in both the control and perturbed scenario. The average convective event transports an increased amount of frozen hydrometeors at the cold-point tropopause, when the later is warmed. This finding can be explained by scaling of frozen moisture content with Clausius Clapeyron in a saturated environment.
Land-free bioenergy from circular agroecology—a diverse option space and trade-offs
Authors: Wu Fei , Pfenninger Stefan , Muller Adrian
Published: March 2024

Bioenergy from energy crops is a source of negative emissions and carbon-neutral fuels in many 1.5/2 ∘C IPCC pathways. This may compete with other land uses. In contrast, ancillary biomass like by-products and waste is not primarily grown for energy and thus without land/food/feed competition. Here, we examine the availability and environmental impacts of ancillary bioenergy from agricultural sources under 190 circular agroecological strategies using the global food-system model SOLm for the year 2050. We find that there is a diverse option space for the future food and energy system to meet both global warming targets (1.5 ∘C) and food system sustainability (medium to highly organic) – a similar range of ancillary bioenergy global potential (55–65 EJ)from very different food systems (50%–75% organic agriculture and various levels of waste and concentrate feeding reduction). We find three trade-offs between food system sustainability and ancillary bioenergy provision. First, there is a clear trade-off between nutrient recycling and negative emissions potential. 1.4–2.6 GTCO2eq of negative emissions supplied through ancillary bioenergy with carbon capture and storage comes at the cost of nutrient deficits and resulting incompatibility with even a medium degree of organic farming. Second, reducing feed from croplands increases the ancillary bioenergy production with low shares of organic agriculture and reduces it for high shares. Third, food waste reduction reduces ancillary bioenergy provision. Hence, the sustainable transformation of the food system towards a less animal-based diet and waste reduction may conflict with a higher ancillary bioenergy provision, especially when the organic share is high as well. The policy implication of our results is that ancillary bioenergy can provide a similar range of future bioenergy as foreseen in IPCC AR6 illustrative pathways (±10% ) without additional land use or compromising food availability. However, higher ancillary bioenergy provision or additional negative emissions compete with food system sustainability; hence, we recommend policymakers consider aligning energy system planning with the compatibility of sustainable food systems simultaneously.
Diversity and infestation of mistletoes in cultivation of sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby&J.W.Grimes) in Malang East Java Indonesia
Authors: Solikin Solikin
Published: March 2024

Mistletoes are hemiparasitic plants growing in the wild and cultivation plants such as sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Research aimed at inventing the diversity and infestation of mistletoes was conducted in cultivation areas of sengon in Malang Regency East Java Indonesia from September – December 2021. Data on mistletoes and their hosts was collected by exploratory and descriptive methods in ten districts and twenty villages. Purposive sampling was used and determined along tracks in line transects where sengon cultivation was found. Sample plots of 10x10 m were determined and made in each pattern of cultivation to enumerate the number and species of trees and mistletoes, and to measure the diameter of stems. The results showed that there were only two species of mistletoe discovered in sixteen cultivation patterns of sengon namely Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser and Viscum ovalifolium L. S. atropurpurea was the most dominant mistletoe in cultivation of sengon with parasite number of 906 individuals. The highest number of trees, infested trees, and mistletoes were obtained in the monoculture pattern of sengon. The highest severity index of mistletoe infestation was found in tangerine citrus + Sengon, i.e., 15. The average value of SI in all cultivation patterns was categorized as low, i.e., 5.28.
The relationship between mangroves and bivalves abundance in Cengkrong Beach, Trenggalek Regency
Authors: Suheriyanto D , Ningtyas E A , Susilowati R
Published: March 2024

Cengkrong Beach in Trenggalek Regency has extensive mangrove forest. Mangrove forests play an important role in maintaining aquatic productivity and supporting people’s lives. Bivalve is one of the biota that lives in mangroves and is used by the people around the mangrove forest. The research aims to identify mangroves and bivalves, analyze the abundance of mangroves and bivalves, and determine the relationship between mangroves and bivalves. Mangrove sampling was carried out on 6 transects. Each transect was made 7 with plots measuring 10 m x 10 m with a distance of 5 m and bivalve samples were taken using a 1 m x 1 m plot with 5 plots in that plot. Research data were analyzed using PAST 4.13. The results of the study found 15 species of mangroves and 4 genera of bivalves. The highest mangrove abundance value was Rhizophora apiculata with a value of 0.0092 indiv./m2 and bivalves were of the genus Isognomon with a value of 4.138 indiv./m2. The results of the analysis showed that there was a relationship between the mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris and the bivalve of genus Pilsbryoconcha, the mangrove Aegiceras floridum and the bivalve of genus Geloina, the mangrove Avicennia alba and the bivalve of genus Saccostrea and the mangrove R. apiculata and the bivalve of genus Isognomon.
Utilization of aloe vera as a biocoagulant for turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), and iron (Fe) removal in well water
Authors: Febrianti N , Permana R N W , Ariani I K
Published: March 2024

Well water contains several contaminant loads that need to be removed before use, such as turbidity, TDS, and Fe metal. One method of well water treatment is coagulation. Aloe vera has the potential to be an appropriate coagulant because it contains polygalacturonic acid, carboxyl groups (-COOH), and amide groups (-NH) that can help increase coagulation efficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyse the removal efficiency of turbidity, Fe metal and TDS using Aloe vera extract with HCl and H2O solutions. The coagulant doses used were 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml, fast stirring 120 rpm for 1 minute while slow stirring was carried out at 30 rpm for 10, 20 and 30 minutes. In the extraction of Aloe vera with HCl solution, the optimal dose and slow stirring time were obtained as 0.5 ml and 10 minutes for turbidity, 0.5 ml and 20 minutes for TDS and 1 ml and 10 minutes for Fe metal with efficiencies of about 96.99%, 8.05% and 70.85%, respectively. In H2O solution, the optimal dosage and slow stirring time were 0.5 ml and 10 min for turbidity and TDS with efficiencies of 91.76% and 3.09%, respectively. For Fe metal, the optimal dose and time were 1.5 mL and 20 minutes with removal efficiency of 6.39%.
Exploring neighborhood green space to mitigate UHI effect based on a spatial approach in Malang, Indonesia
Authors: Kusumadewi T , Surjono S , Leksono A S , Arif Y M
Published: March 2024

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is detrimental to climate and ecological conditions. Combined with the UHI effect, this can result in high temperatures; overcrowding worsens UHI due to increased human activity, energy consumption, and waste heat production. This research aims to explore neighborhood green space potential as UHI mitigation. This research uses a spatial approach to explore the configuration of neighborhood and greenspace patterns for UHI mitigation efforts. The research took areas in Malang City. They were selected based on LST values from Sentinel 2 data in the extremely hot, very hot, and near normal categories according to STI (Standardized temperature index). Data collection was carried out using ArcGIS with a spatial approach. The results show a medium greenspace dispersion in the concentrated greenspace category has a potential effort to mitigate UHI. It should be noted that the high and low greenspace dispersion scattered and concentrated greenspace categories are not optimal in mitigating UHI. Future research can look for other factors that can influence UHI mitigation.