bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families on Probation: Court-Ordered Parenting Skills Classes for Parents of Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Schaffner Laurie
Published: March 2007

What are sociolegal, cultural, and emotional premises beneath conceptualizations of parenting skills for parents of juvenile offenders? This study examined court-ordered parenting skills classes taught by juvenile probation department personnel at a Northern California juvenile detention facility. Three conflicting perspectives arose in the classes: the juvenile court's perspective, where delinquency was framed as a result of poor parenting that state intervention could rectify; the parents' perspective, where parenting was seen as part of the feeling world of family life; and an adult solidarity perspective, where probation officials and parents agreed that youths were bad, out of control, disrespectful—a type of demonization of the youths by all the adults.
Review Essay: Crime, Criminologists, and Public Policy
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

Over the past several decades, criminologists have increasingly become involved in discussions of criminal justice policies and policy-making. This essay focuses on a recent, important anthology of essays on criminal justice policy, all centering on “minimizing harm” as an organizing principle. Regrettably, little consensus but much disagreement is apparent in the writings of the criminal justice “experts” who contributed to the volume. The larger message of the book is that much of what we have to say about public policy consists of informed opinions rather than firmly grounded, scientific pronouncements.
Cold War Racial Politics and Global Impression Management: North Carolina Economic Development as a Case Study
Authors: Rushing Wanda
Published: March 2007

The USA emerged from the Second World War as the dominant economic and political power in a world-system undergoing vast political and economic reorganization. US government efforts to expand the nation's role in international affairs paralleled Southern states' economic development attempts. This article employs the methodology of historical sociology and offers a new historical narrative on US segregation policy decisions relying on the example of North Carolina. Nearly 50 years ago, national and state leaders used impression management strategies to pursue a symbolic and pragmatic strategy to legitimate the US position in the world-system, and to boost North Carolina's economic development. This analysis of global impression management strategies used at the beginning of the era of US hegemony suggests a framework for understanding US efforts to maintain hegemony in the post-Cold War era, and to influence a 21st-century world order.
Categorization: Identity, Social Process and Epistemology
Authors: Jenkins Richard
Published: March 2007

Categorization is central to all classification and knowledge. It is also central to sociology. With respect to social identity - the classification of humans - it is defined as the identification of others (in contrast to self- and group identification). Social identification, involving both similarity and difference, is constituted in a dialectical interplay between internal and external identification. The latter is categorization. The impact on identity of categorization depends not simply on cognitive internalization, but also on its consequences, and the capacity of actors to make their identifications of others count. Conceptualizing the social world as three orders - the individual, the interactional, and the institutional - categorization is central to understanding each. Following a consideration of a range of institutionalized social contexts in which categorization is significant, the critical implications of this approach for recent discourses about `difference' are outlined.
A Tale of Treatment: Tuberculosis Control in a Low Income Neighborhood in the United States
Authors: Draus Paul
Published: March 2007

This article chronicles the process by which a homeless tuberculosis patient is located, interviewed and placed on a course of directly observed therapy (DOT). This approach, based on an illness narrative model, emphasizes the intersubjective nature of both illness and treatment and the powerful impact of an impoverished social environment. Based on the extensive field notes of a public health worker in the city of Chicago, the article demonstrates how the social process of `building rapport' enables completion of a complex treatment regimen amid adverse circumstances. Nevertheless, the article concludes that the administration of individualized therapies, even when couched in culturally sensitive methods that respect social difference, cannot overcome the deleterious health effects of structural poverty and inequality.
Rethinking Postmodern Maladies
Authors: Clayton Belinda
Published: March 2007

This article is a reconsideration of the traditional understanding of health and disease. In view of the of psychosomatic `syndromes' and `disorders' that characterize the postmodern experience, this article suggests that the illnesses of postmodernity reflect a shift in the way we conceptualize health and disease. By reassessing the basis of our understanding of ill health and health we subsequently undermine the nature/culture dichotomy that has supported the tradition of allopathic medicine. By examining the advances in genetics and modern biotechnology it is becoming increasingly difficult to pin down any essentialist notion of humanity. Without this backdrop on which to demarcate the `other', Cartesian medical assumptions are open to question. These doubts are emphasized by the body's production of the `syndrome' or `disorder' where understanding health and disease in terms of mind/body dualism is becoming increasingly inadequate and instead reinforcing of the inseparability of the constructs of nature and culture.
Universal Democracy and the Social Sciences
Authors: Casanova Pablo González
Published: March 2007

Universal democracy has become the element of cohesion in the construction of a new paradigm of human society and the social sciences. It involves a project which reassumes the problem of the `general interest' and the `common good' as the most important objectives in a multinational, multicultural and multiethnic world. The creation of the new paradigm subsumes the legacies of social practices and previous political and ideological policies. It seeks the determining factor that has prevented the realization of the historical social struggles for liberty and justice. This factor seems to correspond to various forms of exclusion from power of the majority of the populations in previous democratic experiences. It requires an investigation of models of universal participation in accordance with present-day political and technological development.
The Emergence, Centrality and End of Work
Authors: Freyssenet Michel
Published: March 2007

Work is not only a historically dated word or notion, but also an invented reality, constructed by the European 18th century. It corresponds to the emergence of the labour relationship and the `free' worker selling his or her capability to work. Through its spread and progressive hegemony, this social relationship has become the reference to perceive, think and organize any other activity. The consequence has been an extension of the term `work' to activities which no longer stem from the labour relationship, such as `domestic work', `independent work' and so on. Work has been `naturalized' and `universalized'. This contemporary reality - originally geographically circumscribed - has been projected on the past and on other societies. We need to explain it through historical conditions that caused it to emerge three centuries ago. Nor has it been socially intrinsic from the outset, as it has become today by being the condition of access to resources necessary for life in our societies. If its historicity logically implies its disappearance one day, it cannot reasonably be prognosticated for the near future, as it supposes the marginalization of the social relationship which brought it forth.
Work, Workers and Social Change in Latin America
Authors: de la Garza Enrique , Pries Ludger
Published: March 2007

This paper raises the question of whether work still plays an important role in the social, economic and political changes that have taken place in Latin America since the 1980s. First, we analyze working conditions and employment profiles with emphasis on so-called `truncated tertiarization' and on the growth of nonwage and women's work. Second, we examine the process of diversification of industrial work resulting from the globalization of world markets. Third, we look at the changes that have taken place in the labor movement itself as a function of the new neoliberal orientation of the state, changes in the labor market and industrial restructuring. Finally, we discuss the impact of these changes on the sociological study of labor, noting the emergence in Latin America since the 1980s of a new sociology of work which is alien to the heroic vision of the labor movement, yet also shuns the end of the work society view.
Urban Teachers Unions Face Their Future
Authors: Cooper Bruce S. , Liotta Marie-Elena
Published: March 2007

Urban teachers unions, as mature institutions, face three dilemmas. First, they struggle to maintain their ranks through an active role in the preparation/recruitment of new teachers while raising standards (limiting supply) and thus raising demand and salaries. Second, unions seek to become a more powerful national voice for teachers (by attempting to merge the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Assocation while serving the local district needs of their membership. And finally, and most complexly, unions strive to preserve large, monopolistic public education while being aware of the need to reform, restructure, and even privatize schools to drive improvement.
Chicana Academic Persistence
Authors: Gloria Alberta M.
Published: March 2007

Xoci, a Chicana, attends a predominately White university in her hometown. She lives at home with her family, where she is responsible for her younger siblings and many household duties. The first in her family to attend college, Xoci is having difficulty managing her academic demands and home obligations; she has not been completing her class readings, homework assignments, or necessary household tasks. She is considering dropping out of school as she feels alone on campus and unsure of how to balance her home and school life. Her parents encourage her but can offer little advice beyond telling her to try harder. She has not confided in her instructors; she does not feel they would understand her.
Community Power, School Board Structure, and the Role of the Chief School Administrator
Authors: McCarty Donald J. , Ramsey Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Concerning themselves with the effects of community power structures on educational decision making, the authors derive and test twelve directional hypotheses from their model containing four descriptions of community power, four descriptions of school boards, and four descriptions of the role of the superintendent.
The Context of Organizational Behavior: A Conceptual Synthesis for the Educational Administrator
Authors: Bogue E. G.
Published: March 2007

The orchestration of personnel, material resources, and ideas which leads to the harmonious integration of man and organization is a complex task. This paper outlines a basic model of organizational behavior, a model which may assist the educational administrator in translating theoretical concepts into a guide for more enlightened practice.
Schools, Values and Educational Inquiry
Authors: Willower Donald J.
Published: March 2007

The domains of inquiry, values, and practice as they bear upon educational institutions are considered. Various disjunctions within and among the domains are described and it is contended that integration is desirable. In the analysis of the nature of the disjunctions, special attention is given the character of educational organizations and their settings.
Organizational Structures and Processes, Perceived School Effectiveness, Loyalty, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Miskel Cecil G. , Fevurly Robert , Stewart John
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to build on the literature dealing with school configurations, interpersonal processes, and performance indicators. The findings suggest that more effective schools, as perceived by teachers, are characterized by more participative organizational processes, less centralized decision-making structures, more formalized general rules, and more professional activity.
Principals and the Political Economy of Environmental Enactment
Authors: Johnson Bob L. , Fauske Janice R.
Published: March 2007

Using Weick’s notion of environmental enactment as a sensitizing concept, this study explores how principals enact and structure the internal and external environment of the school. By examining what in the environment captures the attention of principals and why, an incipient theory of the environmental attention-structure is offered. The critical-incident technique, a grounded approach to theory building, generated 77 incidents of prolonged interaction with the environment among 18 principals. Findings suggest that the environmental attention-structure of the principals is driven by concerns for the potential accumulation and loss of legitimacy capital. Principals describe their cognitive processes for deliberating, weighing, and assessing the environmental entities and events in terms of gains or losses of legitimacy. Public choice theory, a variant of political economy theory, provides a useful lens for making sense of these processes.
Toward an Organizational Model of Achievement in High Schools: The Significance of Collective Efficacy
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Sweetland Scott R. , Smith Page A.
Published: March 2007

In this study, a theoretical model to explain school achievement in high schools is developed and tested. Collective efficacy is the key variable in a proposed theoretical system that also includes academic press and socioeconomic status. The authors postulate that both socioeconomic status and academic press have positive effects on school achievement in mathematics as well as improve the collective efficacy of the school. Collective efficacy, in turn, is hypothesized to have a positive effect on school mathematics achievement. Finally, the analysis concludes with a discussion of strategies to enhance collective efficacy of schools.
School Leadership and Teachers’ Motivation to Implement Accountability Policies
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth , Steinbach Rosanne , Jantzi Doris
Published: March 2007

Guided by a synthesis of theory on human motivation and evidence about teachers’motivation to implement school reform, this study aimed to better understand the responses of teachers and school administrators to government accountability initiatives and to assess the extent to which leadership practices had a bearing on those responses. Interview data from 48 teachers and 15 administrators in five secondary schools provided evidence for the study. Results help explain the largely negative motivations to implement government accountability policies and indicate differences in such motivation between teachers and school-level administrators. These results also imply that some forms of school leadership may serve as antidotes to negative teacher motivations when such motivations are caused by shortsighted and abrasive government implementation strategies.
Satisfaction of School Principals with their Work
Authors: Friesen David , Holdaway Edward A. , Rice Alan W.
Published: March 2007

Although manyjob satisfaction studies have been conducted, they have tended to focus primarily on production workers rather than on administrators. To help offset this imbalance, this research project examined the job satisfaction of a random sample of schoolprincipals. Aspects of their job satisfaction are presented and discussed in this article and are related to previousfindings and to Herzberg's two-factor theory. The results provide insights into the role of the schoolprincipal. Methodological concerns in the study of job satisfaction are also presented.
The Gender Gap in Salaries of Educational Administration Professors
Authors: Pounder Diana G.
Published: March 2007

A recent study indicated that women faculty earn, on average, approximately $10,000 less than their male colleagues. Further, even when controlling for rank, women faculty still earn approximately $5,000 less than men (McCarthy, Kuh, Newell, & lacona, 1988). Although these data suggest possible gender bias in compensation, descriptive statistics do not adequately verify wage and salary discrimination. Therefore, this study explores the problem of a make/female salary differential for professors, discusses relevant factors that may explain this salary disparity, and applies a model for detecting bias in compensation to a sample of educational administration professors' salaries. Results of the study indicate that a statistically significant proportion of the salary variance (beyond that of other compensable factors) is explained by gender. Further, the salary loss uniquely due to gender for female professors of educational administration averages more than $3,000 per academic year.
The Effects of Recruitment Brochure Content and Gender of the Reactor for Doctoral Programs in Educational Administration
Authors: Young I. Phillip , Galloway Charles M. , Rinehart James
Published: March 2007

Student recruitment for doctoral programs in educational administration is an important topic that has escaped experimental study. To provide more information about this topic and about a specific recruitment tool, an experimental study was conducted. Contents of recruitment brochures were varied to reflect the salient aspects associated with three different theoretical perspectives, and reactions to these different brochures were assessed with female and male teachers in a between-within repeated measures design. Reactions of female and male teachers, as potential candidates for a doctoral program in educational administration, were more positive when the recruitment brochure stressed program requirements and expectations than when it stressed the psychological and development aspects of pursuing a doctoral degree.
The Role of Authority and Reason in Education and Educational Administration
Authors: Maddock Trevor
Published: March 2007

In response to Burbules's article "Making a Case for Relevance, " this article argues that Burbules confuses matters of relevance with the question of the communication of relevance and that he fails to distinguish between authoritative and authoritarian positions. The article also analyzes the sense in which Burbules's position is positivist and explains the role of philosophy in a liberal theory of educational administration.
Reactions from the Field to State Restructuring Legislation
Authors: Conley David T. , Goldman Paul
Published: March 2007

Can state legislatures mandate fundamental school reform when local control is prevalent and other legislative actions and policies may not be consistent with the goals of reform? This article examines teacher reactions to an Oregon law (H.B. 3565) designed to restructure public education around Certificates of Initial and Advanced Mastery and other changes. Over 2,000 educators in 92 schools completed surveys to determine their attitudes toward mandated reforms. Their reactions can be categorized as cautious support for the ideas contained in the reforms tempered with skepticism that the reforms can be implemented successfully. Individual schools varied greatly in their responses, but demographic groupings did not. States that mandate change may have to provide systematic supports-funding, demonstration projects, networks, consultation services—that enable educators to interpret, adapt, and act upon state mandates at the site level, and that are compatible with and supportive of the structures and strategies that emerge in schools.
Job Satisfaction in Educational Organizations: A Synthesis of Research Findings
Authors: Thompson David P. , McNamara James F. , Hoyle John R.
Published: March 2007

This inquiry synthesized empirical findings on job satisfaction published in the first 26 volumes of Educational Administration Quarterly. A 14-stage model for quantitative synthesis was developed and validated to classify, record, and analyze study characteristics found in the synthesis population of EAQ articles. This synthesis yielded 330 distinct job satisfaction research hypotheses and 613 relational effect sizes. Nearly three fourths of these effect sizes were less than .30, that is, less than moderate in magnitude. Meta-analyses were performed for 6 of the 330 research hypotheses; the largest mean effect sizes were found for the relationships between overall job satisfaction and both role ambiguity and role conflict. These findings seem to lend preliminary support to the Situational Model of Job Satisfaction. Recommendations for reporting research findings and future research into job satisfaction follow from these and other findings.
The Differential Predictability of the College Performance of Males and Females
Authors: Gross Alan L. , Faggen Jane , McCarthy Karen
Published: March 2007

Multiple regression analyses using college freshman grade point average as the dependent variable and six high school scores as predictor variables were performed separately in 10 undergraduate colleges of the City University of New York. The multiple correlation coefficients, derived on the cross-validation samples, substantially reinforced the previously reported finding that females are more predictable than males in academic settings.
Extreme Groups Designs and the Calculation of Statistical Power
Authors: Borich Gary D. , Godbout Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Three different statistical procedures for identifying aptitude-treatment interactions (ATI's) are discussed with regard to statistical power. The three procedures are (1) treatment × blocks analysis of variance, (2) homogeneity of group regressions and (3) extreme groups analysis. The treatment × blocks analysis of variance offers the least power while the extreme groups analysis offers the greatest power. A general discussion of statistical power is presented along with a FORTRAN function for the calculation of power. A FORTRAN program is also provided for the calculation of extreme groups analyses. As a special feature, this program allows the researcher to determine what form of extreme groups analysis will provide maximum power.
The Rutgers Drawing Test as a Midyear Kindergarten Predictor of End-of-Kindergarten Readiness for First Grade
Authors: Denson Teri A. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 297 Kindergarten children predominantly of Anglo descent, the Rutgers Drawing Test (RDT) given in late January (midyear) was shown to correlate .64 with total scores of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT), Form A, and .26 to .66 with scores on its subtests administered in late May (end of school year). It would appear that the RDT was a valid midyear predictor of readiness for the first grade as measured by the MRT at the end of the Kindergarten year.
Item-Analysis of Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire-21
Authors: Pearce W. Barnett , Wiebe Bernie
Published: March 2007

Jourard's 21-item questionnaire was analyzed as an instrument for measuring the self-disclosure of 331 undergraduates at three universities. Alpha coefficients of internal consistency indicated that the SDQ-21 was acceptably reliable. Jourard's identification of the items as highly, lowly or moderately "intimate" was only partly supported by an analysis of items which discriminated between high and low disclosers. Although most disclosure was reported about lowly intimate and least about highly intimate items, three of the four best discriminators between high and low disclosers were judged by Jourard to be of moderate intimacy. Further, those items which discriminated best differed between male and female subjects.
Independence Problems for Certain Tests Based on the Shine-Bower Error Term
Authors: Shine Lester C.
Published: March 2007

It is shown for the Shine-Bower single-subject ANOVA that the numerator and denominator of all F tests based on the Shine-Bower error term are independent of each other. It is also shown that the same property holds for all such tests in the Shine Combined ANOVA except for the test for the trial by subject interaction.
Factorial Dimensions of the Jesness Inventory With Black Delinquents
Authors: Woodbury Roger , Shurling James
Published: March 2007

The study identified the personality dimensions in the Jesness Inventory (JI) among black male delinquents. A random sample of 250 black male delinquents was administered the JI. A principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation identified three factors: (1) Self-Estrangement, (2) Social Isolation, and (3) Immaturity. The proportions of total common-factor variance accounted for by the three factors were .511, .286, and .203 respectively. The results suggest that the factors might be a part of a larger alienation construct in black delinquents.
Effects of Coarse Grouping and Skewed Marginal Distributions on the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Wylie Peter B.
Published: March 2007

Twelve non-normal bivariate distributions were constructed to investigate (a) the effects which coarsely grouped, skewed marginal distributions have on the correlation coefficient and (b) the accuracy of current methods of correction for grouping.

The investigation revealed that the correlation coefficient is severely limited in the values it can assume when the underlying marginals are highly, oppositely skewed and one or both of the marginals has only two class intervals. The study further revealed that the correction formula (which is based on the assumption of underlying, normal marginals) is extremely accurate, regardless of the degree of marginal skewness, except where one or both of the marginals has only two class intervals.

The major conclusions of the study were that the use of asymmetrical, dichotomous variables should be avoided in correlation analysis, and that the correction for coarse grouping should be applied, on an experimental basis, to correlations computed for joint distributions of coarsely categorized variables.
SAM: a Simple Averaging Model of Impression Formation
Authors: Lewis Robert A.
Published: March 2007

A Simple Averaging Mode (SAM) of impression formation was developed as an institutional demonstration. One-digit demographic or descriptive traits and an affective reaction are input for each perceived encounter. The model uses a weighted averaging procedure similar to that suggested by Anderson (1965), to combine these trait perceptions into an affective response. Traits are weighted according to (a) the frequency of past experience relative to present encounters, (b) the degree to which experiences observed can be matched to existing traits of the perceived person, and (c) as internal program state or "mood."
Estimating Means Via Multiple Matrix Sampling: a Note On the Effects of Selected Data Base Characteristics
Authors: Forsyth Robert A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, Shoemaker's (1972, 1973b) conclusions related to the influence of various data base characteristics (reliability, variability of item difficulty indices, and degree of skewness in the normative distribution) on the standard error of a mean estimated via Multiple Matrix Sampling (MMS) procedures are examined. It is noted that these conclusions are true under fairly restrictive conditions. Also, it is shown that even under these conditions it is more reasonable to attribute changes in the standard error to changes in examinee variability rather than to changes in these other data base characteristics.
Position Error in Rating
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Daubney John H.
Published: March 2007

Using words of known selection values arranged in a counterbalanced order, it was shown that subjects' ratings of the "imagery value" of each word resulted in an error which favored the first position in the series when the stimuli were homogeneous. The error did not occur with words which were markedly heterogeneous. This finding supports previous research conducted with ranked data.
Predictive Validity of the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts for Achievement in First Grade
Authors: Estes Gary D. , Harris Jerry , Moers Fran , Wodrich David
Published: March 2007

The relation between performance on the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts (BTBC) and achievement in the first grade was examined. The BTBC was administered in September and the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) in May to 278 first-grade pupils. The correlation between BTBC and SAT total test scores was .56. The median correlation between scores on the SAT subtests and BTBC total test was .47. Despite limited variability in BTBC scores, the findings have supported Boehm's assertion that mastery of the concepts is related to achievement in the first years of school.
Attitude Measurement Through Use of Computer Constructed Questionnaires
Authors: Tziner Aharon E. , Cheatham Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article presents a computer program designed to produce questionnaires based upon the multiple rank orders method. These questionnaires may be used as attitude measurement instruments.
On Squaring Validity Coefficients
Authors: Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

The squared validity coefficient appropriately describes the proportion of variance in a criterion measure explained by a predictor when the predictor precisely measures its target construct and is linearly related to the criterion. Since neither of these conditions is closely realized in psychological measurement, the squared validity coefficient is an inappropriate descriptive statistic.
Predictive Validity of the Test of English as a Foreign Language for Asian Graduate Students in Engineering, Chemistry, or Mathematics
Authors: Ayers Jerry B. , Peters R. Martin
Published: March 2007

The validity of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) was examined in relation to prediction of success of 50 Asian students who had completed master's programs in engineering, chemistry, or mathematics. A significant correlation (r = .40, p < .01) was obtained between scores from the TOEFL and overall grade point average. A regression equation using scores from the TOEFL and Verbal section of the Graduate Record Examination was developed.
The Validity of Traditional Cognitive Measures and of Scales of the Study Attitudes and Methods Survey in the Prediction of the Academic Success of Educational Opportunity Program Students
Authors: Zimmerman Wayne S. , Parks Henry , Gray Kenneth , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of approximately 100 Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) university students who had been admitted to a special summer preparedness program at a major metropolitan campus in the California State University College system, validity coefficients of traditional cognitive measures and of the scales of the Study Attitudes and Methods Survey (SAMS) were calculated with respect to each of three criterion measures of academic success. The most valid predictor was the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills, (Reading Vocabulary) measure, although high school grade point average and college entrance examination scores yielded statistically significant validity coefficients. In two of three stepwise multiple regression analyses, the SAMS—Academic Drive-Conformity and SAMS— Alienation scales provided the second and third greatest proportions of statistically reliable variance to the prediction of the academic criterion measure in question.
Dodging the Dilemma of True-False Testing
Authors: Eakin Richard R. , Long Clifford A.
Published: March 2007

A scoring technique for grading true-false tests is introduced in an attempt to offset some disadvantages in the two standard scoring techniques—percentage right scoring and the right minus wrong scoring. The paired item scoring method suggested encourages educated guessing and provides a percentage score which nearly indicates the level of knowledge of the respondent. In addition, and of some significance in hand scoring, only one-half as many responses need to be checked.
Validating Psychometric Assumptions within and between Several Populations
Authors: Werts C.E. , Rock D.A. , Linn R.L. , Jöreskog K.G.
Published: March 2007

The psychometric application of Jöreskog's (Note 1) procedure for simultaneous factor analysis in several populations is illustrated. Using Scholastic Aptitude Test data from two samples, procedures are shown for checking test construction assumptions about units of measurement and error variance, within and between samples.
Passage-Dependency Data in the Selection of Reading Comprehension Test Items
Authors: Scherich Henry H. , Hanna Gerald S.
Published: March 2007

The reading comprehension items for a revision of a widely used standardized reading test were administered to several hundred fourth and sixth-grade pupils in order to determine the passage dependency of each item. All of the field-tested reading comprehension items were divided into nine booklets, which contained one normal reading comprehension subtest and one subtest with questions about passages that had been deleted. An index of passage dependency was computed for each item, and the index was used to help the authors locate items that were weak. The index also indicated the effect of passage dependency on skill categories.
Interval Measurement: Physics, Psychophysics, and Metaphysics
Authors: Wolins Leroy
Published: March 2007

The meaning of interval measurement in physics stems from well supported theory which specifies the procedures for making measurements and provides the explicit functional relationship between variables derived from different measurement procedures. The concept of interval measurement may be heuristic but in applied fields of psychology and education it is not scientifically relevant because theory is inadequate to either specify how to obtain measurements or to specify the function which relates different measures.
Mufact: An Algorithm for Multiple Factor Analyses of Singular and Nonsingular Data With Orthogonal and Oblique Transformation Solutions
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: March 2007

A general factor analysis computer algorithm is briefly discussed. The computer algorithm is highly transportable with minimum limitations on number of variables and no limitations on the number of observations. Both singular and non-singular data can be analyzed with the algorithm.
Relationships Between Variables in Three Variable Linear Regression and the Concept of Suppressor
Authors: Tzelgov Joseph , Stern Iris
Published: March 2007

Following Conger's (1974) revised definition of suppressor variables, the universe of possible relationships among two predictors and a common criterion is analyzed. A simple mapping of the possible relationships, based on the correlation between the two predictors and the ratio of their validities, is provided. The relation between suppressor as defined by Conger (1974) and part correlation, is discussed in the second part of this paper.
A Priori and a Posteriori Tests of Significance for Koppa
Authors: Warner Lyle G. , Gray Louis
Published: March 2007

The tests of significance for koppa presented by Kruskal (1958) for one sample and by Warner and Gray (1973) for two samples are reviewed. The two sample test is extended to include multiple comparisons for both a priori and a posteriori analysis problems. A significant difference between two or more koppa values, within different categories of a third variable, demonstrates an interaction effect. Empirical examples are included.
Computer Program for the Canonical Analysis of a Contingency Table
Authors: Cerny Barbara A. , Kaiser Henry F.
Published: March 2007

This note describes a FORTRAN IV, CDC, computer program for the canonical analysis of a two-way contingency table.
The Comparative Validity of the California State University and Colleges English Placement Test (CSUC-EPT) in the Prediction of Fall Semester Grade Point Average and English Course Grades of First-Semester Entering Freshmen
Authors: Michael William B. , Shaffer Phyllis
Published: March 2007

The California State University and Colleges English Placement Test (CSUC-EPT) was designed to provide information about the performance levels in both reading and writing skills of newly admitted students (mostly freshmen) to any one of the campuses of the California State University and Colleges system (beginning with the Fall 1977 semester or quarter) (Educational Testing Service, 1977a, b). For a total sample of several hundred entering freshmen at one campus who had completed the CSUC-EPT and who had elected to take the general English Composition course (English 155) during the first semester as well as for nearly equal size subsamples of males and females, the major purpose of the investigation was to determine the comparative validity of the CSUC-EPT and of other measures in the prediction of each of two specific criterion variables—1977 Fall Semester Grade Point Average (GPA) and English 155 Grades.

For the total sample as well as for subsamples of females and males, intercorrelations among 11 predictor variables and the two identified criterion measures were found, and several multiple regression analyses were carried out to ascertain which particular combinations of predictor variables were the most valid indicators of success on each criterion measure.

The evidence provided by the findings led to these conclusions: (1) high school GPA is the most valid predictor of college GPA for males and females; (2) the CSUC-EPT offers slightly greater promise than does high school GPA in predicting grades in a basic English composition course; (3) future success of females in this course can be forecast with a higher degree of validity than can that of males; and (4) among several possible composites of predictor variables an optimally weighted combination of high school GPA and performance level on the CSUC-EPT typically provides the most accurate prediction of success on either criterion measure.
The Predictive Validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test of the National Organization for Education Evaluation of the Iranian Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education for a Group of Iranian Students
Authors: Hosseini A.A.
Published: March 2007

The validity of the Scholastic Aptitude test of the National Organization for Education Evaluation (SAT NOEE) of the Iranian Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education was examined in relation to the prediction of success of 406 students who had completed two years of study at Pahlavi University (PU), Shiraz, Iran. Significant correlations were obtained between scores from SAT NOEE and overall grade point averages. The study did not support the hypothesis that women are more predictable than men. The hypothesis that the predictive validity of scholastic aptitude tests has been decreasing during recent years was strongly supported.
Comparative Validity of the Career Ability Placement Survey (CAPS) and the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) for Predicting High School Course Marks
Authors: Knapp Lila , Knapp Robert R. , Strnad Len , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Comparative validity data for the Career Ability Placement Survey (CAPS) and the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) relative to predicting course marks are presented for a sample of ninth grade students. In general, the pattern of correlations between school marks and conceptually similar tests in the CAPS and GATB was highly similar as would be expected. In 23 of the 35 matches involving similar scales within the CAPS and GATB the validity coefficients relative to criteria of marks in different courses were higher for the CAPS subtests than for the GATB subtests. The results suggested that the CAPS is a viable alternative to the GATB, especially whenever consideration of testing time is an important factor.
The Relationship of a Measure of Critical Thinking Ability to Personality Variables and to Indicators of Academic Achievement
Authors: Garett Kenneth , Wulf Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Involving use of 100 graduate student subjects, this study was concerned with the interrelationships between scores on selected scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), those on the Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Level Z), and academic success as measured one year later by Grade Point Average (GPA) and total number of graduate units completed. Measures of ego development and critical thinking were significantly related for the sample of females, but not for that of males. Measures of personality maladjustment were not significantly related in either sample to a measure in ability in critical thinking. Finally, in each sample, critical thinking ability was predictive of success in graduate school.
Relatonships Between the 16PF, GPP, and GPI
Authors: Gillis John Stuart , Lee Daniel C.
Published: March 2007

The Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire, Gordon Personal Profile and Gordon Personal Inventory were administered to 151 male and female high school students. Multiple regression analyses indicated that it was possible to predict all of the personality scores of each test from the other at better than the .001 level of significance. However, prediction was better from the 16PF to the Gordon tests. Consideration was given to the practical implications of the results.
Estimation and Testing of Partial Covariances, Correlations, and Regression Weights Using Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Authors: Werts Charles E. , Rock Donald A. , Linn Robert L.
Published: March 2007

It is shown how partial covariance, part and partial correlation, and regression weights can be estimated and tested for significance by means of a factor analytic model. Comparable partial covariance, correlations, and regression weights have identical significance tests.
Some Problems with the Criterion-Keying Approach to Occupational Interest Scale Development
Authors: Reilly Richard , Echternacht Gary
Published: March 2007

A traditionally used method of keying interest inventories, referred to as criterion-keying, involves selecting items which best distinguish a group of incumbents in a particular occupation from another group intended to represent the population of interest (men-in-general). Some theoretical results are presented which show that in occupations where explicit selection is operating items may be selected for a key merely because they correlate with the explicit selectors. Data are presented for a military sample which suggest that criterion-keyed scales tend to replicate the assignment of dissatisfied incumbents into the same fields. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the usefulness of criterion-keyed scales and further research.
Comparison of Different Shrinkage Formulas in Estimating Population Multiple Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Carter David S.
Published: March 2007

Five different shrinkage formulas were compared to see which most accurately reduced the positive bias in sample R2 values as estimators of the squared population multiple correlation coefficient (ρ2). Artificial populations of known parameters were constructed and "Monte Carlo" sampling was done with a computer. The following parameters were examined: number of independent variables (5 and 15), sample size (400, 200, 100, 50, 25, and 10), and ρ2 (.2, .4, .6, and .8). On the basis of the data collected, one formula was eliminated and the conditional use of two others was recommended.
Paired Comparisons Intransitivity: is it Relatively Stable Over Time?
Authors: Hendel Darwin D.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the long-term stability of response intransitivity in the method of paired comparisons. The test-retest time interval was two years, during which the two groups of subjects progressed from eighth grade to tenth grade (N = 235) and from tenth grade to twelfth grade (N = 175). Intransitivity scores obtained from two administrations of the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire were correlated to determine stability. Results indicated correlations of r = .34 and r = .44 ( p ≤ .001) for the eighth graders and twelfth graders, respectively, and provided support for the linear relationship between the two measures of response intransitivity.
A Computer Program for Testing the Significance of Simple Structure
Authors: Sine Larry F. , Kameoka Velma A.
Published: March 2007

Bargmann's test for simple structure in factor analysis is briefly described, and a Fortran computer program which performs the test is presented.
DELTA2: a Computer Program for Assessing Predictor Variable Importance in Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Lutz J. Gary
Published: March 2007

A program is described the purpose of which is the assessment of the importance of the independent variables in a multiple regression equation. Five alternate importance measures are provided with primary focus on the statistic proposed by Green, Carroll, and DeSarbo (1978). Input to the program can be in raw data or matrix form and can appear on punched cards or on alternate input media. The program is limited to 20 independent variables but can be easily modified by the user if desired.
The T'-Test: Fisher's Test of the Difference Score Population Symmetry About Zero
Authors: Hamer Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a computer program which performs a randomization test called the t'-test. Formally known as Fisher's Test of the Difference Score Population Symmetry About Zero, this test is appropriate when a matched-group t test would be appropriate but the data cannot meet the required distributional assumptions. The data must, however, be at least interval level.
Item Presentaton as an Influence on Questionnaire Validity: a Field Experiment
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A. , Denisi Angelo S.
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with the effects of questionnaire format on convergent and discriminant validity. Two types of formats were examined: the first with items measuring the same dimensions grouped together and the second with items measuring the same dimensions distributed randomly throughout the questionnaire. Sixty subjects completed questionnaires containing items from the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (Stogdill, 1963) and the Michigan Four-Factor Leadership Questionnaire (Taylor and Bowers, 1972); there were thirty subjects in each of the conditions (grouped and random). The random relative to the grouped condition showed superior convergent and discriminant validity, as assessed by both multitrait-multimethod and analysis of variance procedures. Implications for questionnaire validity are discussed.
Brennan's B is Peirce's Theta
Authors: Harris Chester W. , Wilcox Rand R.
Published: March 2007

Brennan's B is a generalized upper-lower item discrimination index, which was first published in 1972. It is interesting to observe that early work by Peirce on the relation between a predictor and an outcome has the same structure as Brennan's B.
The Relationship Between Self-Actualization and Adjustment Among American Catholic Priests
Authors: Murphy Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The present study was concerned with the relationship between self-actualization and adjustment among American Catholic priests. The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a measure of self-actualization, and the Loyola Sentence Completion Blank for Clergymen (LSCBC), a measure of adjustment, were administered to 218 American Catholic priests. A mean correlation of r = -.19 ( p < .01) between POI scales and total LSCBC score was found. Thus a low positive relationship between self-actualization and adjustment among American Catholic priests was indicated (negative correlations signifying positive relationships because of the direction of the scales associated with test construction). POI scales which were correlated the highest with total adjustment were Self-Regard (-.36, p < .01) and Time Competence (-.31, p < .01).