bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bipolar resistive switching properties of Ti-CuO/(hexafluoro-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene)-Cu hybrid interface device: Influence of electronic nature of organic layer
Authors: Singh Bharti , Mehta B. R. , Varandani Deepak , Govind  , Narita A. , Feng X. , Müllen K.
Published: May 2013

This study reports the change in the structural and junction properties of Ti-CuO-Cu structure on incorporation of a 2-dimensional (2D) organic layer comprising of n-type hexafluoro-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (6F-HBC). A bipolar resistive switching is observed in the device having interface between sputter deposited copper oxide (CuO) and vacuum sublimated 6F-HBC hybrid interface. The CuO/6F-HBC hybrid interface exhibits rectifying I-V characteristics in complete contrast to the ohmic and rectifying characteristics of junctions based on individual 6F-HBC and CuO layers. Large change in resistive switching property from unipolar resistive switching in CuO/HBC to bipolar resistive switching in CuO/6F-HBC interface was observed. At the CuO/6F-HBC interface, C1s peak corresponding to fluorinated carbon is shifted by 0.68 eV towards higher binding energy (BE) side and O1s peak due to non-lattice oxygen is shifted by 0.6 eV towards lower BE, confirming the interaction of O2− ion in CuO with fluorinated carbon atoms in 6F-HBC at the hybrid interface. Correlation between conductive atomic force microscopy images and atomic force microscopy topography images, I-V characteristics in conducting, non-conducting, and pristine regions along with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results establishes the important role of hybrid interface to determining the resistive switching properties. This study demonstrates that the resistive switching and interface properties of a hybrid device based on inorganic and organic 2D materials can be modified by changing the electronic properties of organic layer by attaching suitable functional groups.
Comparisons of purely topological model, betweenness based model and direct current power flow model to analyze power grid vulnerability
Authors: Ouyang Min
Published: May 2013

This paper selects three frequently used power grid models, including a purely topological model (PTM), a betweennness based model (BBM), and a direct current power flow model (DCPFM), to describe three different dynamical processes on a power grid under both single and multiple component failures. Each of the dynamical processes is then characterized by both a topology-based and a flow-based vulnerability metrics to compare the three models with each other from the vulnerability perspective. Taking as an example, the IEEE 300 power grid with line capacity set proportional to a tolerance parameter tp, the results show non-linear phenomenon: under single node failures, there exists a critical value of tp = 1.36, above which the three models all produce identical topology-based vulnerability results and more than 85% nodes have identical flow-based vulnerability from any two models; under multiple node failures that each node fails with an identical failure probability fp, there exists a critical fp = 0.56, above which the three models produce almost identical topology-based vulnerability results at any tp ≥ 1, but producing identical flow-based vulnerability results only occurs at fp = 1. In addition, the topology-based vulnerability results can provide a good approximation for the flow-based vulnerability under large fp, and the priority of PTM and BBM to better approach the DCPFM for vulnerability analysis mainly depends on the value of fp. Similar results are also found for other failure types, other system operation parameters, and other power grids.
Quantum detection and ranging using exciton-plasmon coupling in coherent nanoantennas
Authors: Sadeghi S. M. , Hatef A. , Meunier Michel
Published: May 2013

We utilize interaction of a laser field with a quantum dot-metallic nanoshell system to investigate nanoscale detection and ranging using quantum coherence. We demonstrate that the nanoshell in this system can act as a coherent nanoantenna capable of designating each position in its range with unique space-time field coordinates. This shows that coherent exciton-plasmon coupling in such a system allows the electric field of this antenna generates position-dependent dynamics in molecules and nanostructures in its vicinity, allowing their remote detection. The results are obtained considering the ultrafast polarization dephasing of the quantum dot at elevated temperatures.
First principles study of As 2p core-level shifts at GaAs/Al2O3 interfaces
Authors: Miceli Giacomo , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: May 2013

Arsenic 2p core-level shifts at GaAs/Al2O3 interfaces are determined with respect to bulk GaAs through density functional calculations. Atomistic interface models are constructed in which As atoms are found in various chemical environments. Both Ga-terminated and As-terminated GaAs substrates are considered, but only the former are found to be consistent with experimental data. The shifts of several oxidation states of As are calculated and a good agreement with experiment is found for the As+3 and As+5 states. Interfacial As-As dimer atoms and AsGa antisites are investigated as candidates for the experimental photoemission line assigned to As-As bonds. The calculated shifts favor an assignment to AsGa antisites.
Perceptions of Thermal Comfort and Housing Quality: Exploring the Microgeographies of Energy Poverty in Stakhanov, Ukraine
Authors: Petrova Saska , Gentile Michael , Mäkinen Ilkka Henrik , Bouzarovski Stefan
Published: May 2013

The growing recognition of the importance of indoor environments as ‘active political–ecological spaces’ has rarely been followed up by a systematic empirical engagement with the constituent dynamics and conceptual issues associated with infrastructural deprivation in this domain, particularly in non-Western contexts. Therefore, we investigate the relationship between self-reported perceptions of thermal comfort in the home, on the one hand, and a range of sociodemographic, housing, and health-related variables, on the other, via a quantitative analysis of a large-scale survey undertaken in the Eastern Ukrainian town of Stakhanov. Using the perceived level of thermal comfort as a starting point for its empirical explorations, we estimate the number and type of households who feel that they are receiving inadequate energy services in the home. Special attention is paid to the role of buildings in shaping the perceptions of thermal comfort.
Mouse embryo motion and embryonic development from the 2-cell to blastocyst stage using mechanical vibration systems
Authors: Asano Yuka , Matsuura Koji
Published: May 2013

We investigated the effect of mechanical stimuli on mouse embryonic development from the 2-cell to blastocyst stage to evaluate physical factors affecting embryonic development. Shear stress (SS) applied to embryos using two mechanical vibration systems (MVSs) was calculated by observing microscopic images of moving embryos during mechanical vibration (MV). The MVSs did not induce any motion of the medium and the diffusion rate using MVSs was the same as that under static conditions. Three days of culture using MVS did not improve embryonic development. MVS transmitted MV power more efficiently to embryos than other systems and resulted in a significant decrease in development to the morula or blastocyst stage after 2 days. Comparison of the results of embryo culture using dynamic culture systems demonstrated that macroscopic diffusion of secreted materials contributes to improved development of mouse embryos to the blastocyst stage. These results also suggest that the threshold of SS and MV to induce negative effects for mouse embryos at stages earlier than the blastocyst may be lower than that for the blastocyst, and that mouse embryos are more sensitive to physical and chemical stimuli than human or pig embryos because of their thinner zona pellucida.
Molecular basis for the action of a dietary flavonoid revealed by the comprehensive identification of apigenin human targets
Authors: Arango Daniel , Morohashi Kengo , Yilmaz Alper , Kuramochi Kouji , Parihar Arti , Brahimaj Bledi , Grotewold Erich , Doseff Andrea I.
Published: May 2013

Significance

The beneficial health effects of dietary phytochemicals make them promising candidates for treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. However, cellular targets for dietary components remain largely unknown. By combining phage display with high-throughput sequencing, we identified 160 human targets of apigenin, a flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables. The apigenin targets include hnRNPA2, a factor associated with numerous cellular malignancies and involved in mRNA metabolism/splicing. We show that, by inhibiting hnRNPA2 dimerization, apigenin affects the alternative splicing of key mRNAs. These findings provide a perspective on how dietary phytochemicals function and what distinguishes their action from pharmaceutical drugs.
A microRNA signature defines chemoresistance in ovarian cancer through modulation of angiogenesis
Authors: Vecchione Andrea , Belletti Barbara , Lovat Francesca , Volinia Stefano , Chiappetta Gennaro , Giglio Simona , Sonego Maura , Cirombella Roberto , Onesti Elisa Concetta , Pellegrini Patrizia , Califano Daniela , Pignata Sandro , Losito Simona , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Sorio Roberto , Alder Hansjuerg , Wernicke Dorothee , Stoppacciaro Antonella , Baldassarre Gustavo , Croce Carlo M.
Published: May 2013

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy; it is highly aggressive and causes almost 125,000 deaths yearly. Despite advances in detection and cytotoxic therapies, a low percentage of patients with advanced stage disease survive 5 y after the initial diagnosis. The high mortality of this disease is mainly caused by resistance to the available therapies. Here, we profiled microRNA (miR) expression in serous epithelial ovarian carcinomas to assess the possibility of a miR signature associated with chemoresistance. We analyzed tumor samples from 198 patients (86 patients as a training set and 112 patients as a validation set) for human miRs. A signature of 23 miRs associated with chemoresistance was generated by array analysis in the training set. Quantitative RT-PCR in the validation set confirmed that three miRs (miR-484, -642, and -217) were able to predict chemoresistance of these tumors. Additional analysis of miR-484 revealed that the sensitive phenotype is caused by a modulation of tumor vasculature through the regulation of the VEGFB and VEGFR2 pathways. We present compelling evidence that three miRs can classify the response to chemotherapy of ovarian cancer patients in a large multicenter cohort and that one of these three miRs is involved in the control of tumor angiogenesis, indicating an option in the treatment of these patients. Our results suggest, in fact, that blockage of VEGF through the use of an anti-VEGFA antibody may not be sufficient to improve survival in ovarian cancer patients unless VEGFB signaling is also blocked.
General mechanism for modulating immunoglobulin effector function
Authors: Sondermann Peter , Pincetic Andrew , Maamary Jad , Lammens Katja , Ravetch Jeffrey V.
Published: May 2013

Immunoglobulins recognize and clear microbial pathogens and toxins through the coupling of variable region specificity to Fc-triggered cellular activation. These proinflammatory activities are regulated, thus avoiding the pathogenic sequelae of uncontrolled inflammation by modulating the composition of the Fc-linked glycan. Upon sialylation, the affinities for Fcγ receptors are reduced, whereas those for alternative cellular receptors, such as dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)/CD23, are increased. We demonstrate that sialylation induces significant structural alterations in the Cγ2 domain and propose a model that explains the observed changes in ligand specificity and biological activity. By analogy to related complexes formed by IgE and its evolutionarily related Fc receptors, we conclude that this mechanism is general for the modulation of antibody-triggered immune responses, characterized by a shift between an “open” activating conformation and a “closed” anti-inflammatory state of antibody Fc fragments. This common mechanism has been targeted by pathogens to avoid host defense and offers targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic and autoimmune disorders.
SHIP2 regulates epithelial cell polarity through its lipid product, which binds to Dlg1, a pathway subverted by hepatitis C virus core protein
Authors: Awad Aline , Sar Sokhavuth , Barré Ronan , Cariven Clotilde , Marin Mickael , Salles Jean Pierre , Erneux Christophe , Samuel Didier , Gassama-Diagne Ama
Published: May 2013

The main targets of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are hepatocytes, the highly polarized cells of the liver, and all the steps of its life cycle are tightly dependent on host lipid metabolism. The interplay between polarity and lipid metabolism in HCV infection has been poorly investigated. Signaling lipids, such as phosphoinositides (PIs), play a vital role in polarity, which depends on the distribution and expression of PI kinases and PI phosphatases. In this study, we report that HCV core protein, expressed in Huh7 and Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, disrupts apicobasal polarity. This is associated with decreased expression of the polarity protein Dlg1 and the PI phosphatase SHIP2, which converts phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate into phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). SHIP2 is mainly localized at the basolateral membrane of polarized MDCK cells. In addition, PtdIns(3,4)P2 is able to bind to Dlg1. SHIP2 small interfering RNA or its catalytically dead mutant disrupts apicobasal polarity, similar to HCV core. In core-expressing cells, RhoA activity is inhibited, whereas Rac1 is activated. Of interest, SHIP2 expression rescues polarity, RhoA activation, and restricted core level in MDCK cells. We conclude that SHIP2 is an important regulator of polarity, which is subverted by HCV in epithelial cells. It is suggested that SHIP2 could be a promising target for anti-HCV treatment.
Marketing of Neuropsychiatric Illness and Enhancement
Authors: Conrad Peter , Horwitz Allan
Published: May 2013

The recent marketing of neuropsychiatric illnesses to encompass a broader range of conditions and enhancements has been almost completely associated with a growing use of drug treatments. This chapter examines how the broadened medicalization of numerous life conditions, such as minor depression, ADHD, and anxiety, has contributed to the expansion of neuropsychiatric illness and biomedical enhancements. This expansion is placed in the historical context of the rise of psychotropic pharmaceuticals, the advent of expanded drug marketing including direct-to-consumer advertising, the development of screening protocols, and the emergence of a range of “at risk” categories. These developments raise ethical issues including the decreasing thresholds for diagnosis and treatment, increasing drug treatments for children, and using psychoactive medications for enhancements. While medicalization is likely to continue and expand, some resistance might develop through government regulation, managed care and insurance company decisions, and the provision of better information to consumers.
Functional Neurosurgery and Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Synofzik Matthis
Published: May 2013

Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery has become a powerful field in medicine and neuroscience. In particular, deep-brain stimulation (DBS) seems to be highly successful in ameliorating several seemingly treatment-refractory neurological and psychiatric diseases, thus leading to a rapid expansion of indications. These interventions, however, imply major ethical challenges: they often change neurophysiological mechanisms and ways of living with the long-term consequences being only poorly understood; they can directly modify essential features of personality; they might be used not only to treat diseases, but also to enhance neurocognitive states; and they are part of a research endeavor which strongly relies on small cohort studies and case reports, thus being prone to bias. This chapter scrutinizes recent ethical arguments, clinical challenges and research shortcomings with particular emphasis on neuropsychiatric DBS. It aims to provide some practical guidance on clinical decision-making and responsible research in this rapidly evolving field.
Corpus Christi
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines the Catholic Corpus Christi processions, conceived as the ritual performance of an alternative rhythm of life. For liberals the schedules of progress, as enacted, for instance, by the urban tramway, were worthy objects of protection. Differing markedly from the nationalist temporality enacted by the Sedan Day parades, the Corpus Christi processions on occasions disrupted these schedules. Yet whilst the rituals that were performed on Sedan Day and Corpus Christi day differed, they were not incommensurate. The Corpus Christi processions demonstrate that contestation was conducive to maintaining a dialogue between two distinctive emotional communities. Beneath the rhetorical battles characterizing the German culture war, there thus emerged a search for a shared rhythm of life, one in which the languages of nationalism and of Christianity acted as facilitators
Sound communication in house mice: Emotions in their voices and ears?
Authors: Ehret Günter
Published: May 2013

Mouse pups (Mus musculus) produce six acoustically different types of sounds in situations of interaction (birth cry, wriggling calls, distress calls, smacking sounds) or loss of interaction with other animals (pure ultrasounds, clicks). Adults emit ultrasounds alone and in interaction with other animals and distress calls (squealing) in response to or anticipation of painful stimulation. Females emit defensive calls against sexually interested males, and males produce sounds by tail rattling in agonistic situations with another male. These sounds express, mainly by their frequency bandwidths and noisiness, emotions of fear, submissiveness, distress, and comfort. They are perceived, i.e. adult mice specifically respond to them, as one of three basic emotional meanings. Fear and submissiveness is perceived as attraction, distress as aversion, and comfort as cohesion. Auditory perceptual mechanisms of mammals for classification of basic meanings, and similarities and differences in acoustic emotional perception of mice and nonhuman primates are briefly discussed.
An integrative model of brain processes for the decoding of emotional prosody
Authors: Grandjean Didier , Frühholz Sascha
Published: May 2013

The central nervous system has developed specialized neural systems to process relevant information, including emotional information in the auditory domain. This chapter discusses the functional roles of temporal regions like the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and gyrus (STG), the amygdala and subcortical grey nuclei as well as regions in the frontal lobe like the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and inferior frontal gyri (IFG) during the processing emotional prosody. The involvement of these different regions in the processing of the different steps of auditory information processing however is still unclear. A model is proposed based on results of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and studies using electroencephalographic recordings (EEG) as well as intracranial local field potentials (LFPs). The functional coupling between different brain areas, such as the STS, the IFG, the amygdala, and OFC regions, will be discussed in the light of recent empirical findings.
A contribution to the evolutionary basis of music: Lessons from the chill response
Authors: Altenmüller Eckart , Kopiez Reinhard , Grewe Oliver
Published: May 2013

In this article, we discuss the evolutionary basis of music. We focus on the adaptational value of the chill-response to music linked to strong emotions, feelings of pleasure and nostalgia. In the first paragraphs, we briefly review the debate on whether music is an evolutionary adaptation or a more recent human invention without any adaptational value. A prominent protagonist of the former viewpoint was Charles Darwin, who proposed, already in 1870, an analogy of human music to bird-song, linking it to courtship and emerging language abilities. Later, the adaptational value of music promoting social coherence and wellbeing was emphasized. In contrast, non-adaptationists argue that music is a more recent invention of humans, comparable to the control of fire. However, according to this position, music relies on resources which are necessary for language acquisition and which have developed previously in evolution. Subsequently, we argue that emotions induced by music may also refer to different evolutionary origins. Aesthetic emotions, not necessarily accompanied by an activation of the autonomic nervous system, may have developed relatively late in human evolution potentially in the context of the invention of the first musical instruments some 35000 years ago. In contrast, strong emotions such as chill-responses to music, are linked to an activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the brain reward circuits.
Part I, 3 Liberal Perspectives
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses liberal political thought and its understanding and treatment of religion. Section II begins by briefly outlining the nature and character of liberalism. The premise is that liberalism is the principal philosophical foundation for law in modern liberal democracy. Our contemporary notions of ‘religious freedom’ are ones that have been indubitably shaped by liberal attitudes to religion, faith communities, and the call of conscience. The chapter then turns to the liberal claim of neutrality between competing conceptions of the good life. Is liberalism as impartial as it purports to be? What does state neutrality towards religion in practice actually require? This chapter also examines the privatization of religious (and other) beliefs in a liberal polity, and considers a leading liberal litmus test for public policy — John Rawls' concept of ‘public reason’. Section III analyses the principal secular liberal justifications for religious freedom. It argues that unless we know why religious liberty is worth protecting, our ability to deal with new and increasingly insistent faith-based claims for legal recognition and protection will be hampered.
Part III, 9 Medical Treatment
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the law concerning medical treatment, contrasting the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants. Section III considers the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. The premises which form the central tenets of conventional or orthodox medicine — reliance upon rationality, insistence upon the scientific method, the need for empirical evidence — have recently been challenged, not only by some devout religionists, but by also a raft of ‘alternative’ health practitioners. Section IV discusses two examples of these broader themes. The chapter concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children's health.
Part III, 10 Employment
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the status of ministers of religion, the position of a religious person in a secular workplace, and the question of religious freedom and religious employers. Underlying these questions is a fundamental difference between secular and religious understandings of the nature of work. It argues that a liberal, pluralist, society can only flourish by permitting diverse groups within civil society, and that includes organizations that are religiously exclusive. Opponents in the debates about the application of equality norms to religious ethos employers have been, to a very large degree, talking past each other because of their fundamentally incompatible starting points about the nature of employment. For the religious person in secular employment, religious liberty has, in general, been poorly protected until recently.
Part III, 12 Religious Expression
Authors: Rex Ahdar , Ian Leigh
Published: May 2013

This chapter begins with discussions of the importance of the freedom of religious expression and how religious liberty can conflict with free speech. It then considers protections for religious speech, restrictions on anti-religious speech, and limitations on religious expression. It argues that free speech is the best defence for a tolerant open society in which diversity of religious expression flourishes. There are clear signs, however, that these values are under threat, both for reasons concerned ostensibly with protecting public order, non-discrimination and, paradoxically, religious liberty itself.
Relativistic square-root spaces∗
Authors: Wong Chun Wa
Published: May 2013

Einstein's derivation of the Lorentz transformation between space and time coordinates is given. The resulting relativistic kinematics of £  Lorentz spacetime and momentum-energy vectors is readily applied to practical problems by using their scalar products that are Lorentz-invariant, the same in every Lorentz frame. Dirac went the other way by expanding the Lorentz quadratic invariant operator in the linear wave equation back into their original square-root vectors. The resulting Dirac spinor wave functions give full access to the rich spacetime properties of the wave motion in the square-root space. These properties include their spacetime symmetries, and the breaking of these symmetries by using other types of spinor wave functions. The connection is also made with Cartan's complexified square-root coordinates. Multidimensional arrays of spatial and spacetime vectors can be constructed and used. These objects include dyadics, Cartesian tensors and general tensors. Some of their useful properties are described.
4 Fourier series and Fourier transforms
Authors: Wong Chun Wa
Published: May 2013

The Fourier expansion of an arbitrary piecewise-smooth function in the finite interval —π 〈 x 〈 π as an infinite sum of terms (a  0; a  n cos nx, b  n sin nx, integer n = l,…,∞) is described. The complex exponent functions e  inx, integer —∞ 〈 n 〈 ∞, (or another set of orthogonal functions,) in the interval (a, b) can also be used. A special limiting case for the interval (—∞,∞) yields the Fourier integral transform. It is used to solve inhomogeneous differential equations with the help of Dirac delta functions and Green's functions. The convergence and completeness of Fourier-series representation are discussed. Fourier transforms in multidimensional space-time give access to Fourier spaces of wave vector and frequency. In these Fourier spaces, Maxwell's equations simplify to simple algebraic equations. The Helmholtz decomposition theorem is derived.
Territorialized and Internationalized Arbitration Tribunals
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This chapter begins with a brief description of the arbitral process. It then examines delocalization theory and seat theory. This is followed by a discussion of the internationalized nature of tribunals operating pursuant to a treaty regime — the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal and International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes/Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID) tribunals. It is shown that delocalization theory — with its de-emphasis of the role of national legal orders in the arbitral process — has significantly influenced national arbitration laws. This is evidenced by the large degree of procedural freedom provided to the disputing parties and the arbitrators alike. Nevertheless, these laws — by continuing to subject arbitral proceedings and the subsequent awards to various, albeit limited, requirements — give testimony to the strength of seat theory. State practice thereby corroborates that the mandate of such ‘territorialized’ tribunals partly stem from a national legal order, giving effect to the parties' arbitration agreement.
Concurrent Application of and Reference to National and International Law in Case of Consistency
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines arbitral tribunals' use of an alternative choice-of-law methodology, which involves applying or referring to both national and international law. It is often used in case of convergence in normative content and, in particular, when the parties disagree on the respective roles of the national and the international legal orders. This choice-of-law methodology can be advocated not only on the basis that it enhances the legitimacy of the award for the disputing parties; in seeking and emphasizing the concord that frequently exists between national and international law it also contributes to a more harmonious outlook on the relationship between the legal orders.
Quitting Certainties
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

Subjective Bayesianism is one of the most popular tools of contemporary epistemology, using probability mathematics to provide comprehensive rational constraints both for an agent’s degrees of belief at a given time and for the evolution of those degrees of belief over time. Yet Conditionalization (the traditional Bayesian updating rule) has trouble modeling cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because these cases involve the loss of certainties over time. This book proposes a new Bayesian modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (or CLF), that yields correct verdicts about rational requirements in such cases. The framework resolves a variety of outstanding problems for Bayesianism, including the Sleeping Beauty Problem concerning self-locating beliefs and difficulties squaring Bayesianism with Everettian interpretations of quantum mechanics. CLF is developed within a carefully-articulated formal modeling methodology that focuses our attention on the boundaries of our models’ applicability and the precise relation between formal systems and norms. The result is a framework that merges the advantages of formal modeling with the complexities of everyday epistemic life.
2 Models and norms
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This chapter is about formal models, norms, and their relations. It first discusses bridge principles, which relate a formal model to the domain it is meant to model. For example, bridge principles relate the probability axioms in a Bayesian model to rational requirements on degrees of belief. Next, the chapter lays out the elements needed to engage in formal modeling: the modeling framework itself, bridge principles, and modeling rules to tell you when and how a framework is used. These elements are illustrated by considering deduction systems in logic as formal modeling frameworks. Finally, the chapter discusses the modeling methodology of this book and its advantages, especially in how counterexamples are treated and how a modeling outlook encourages one to be explicit about the choices made in building a model.
4 Applying CLF models to stories
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This chapter focuses on what exactly models in the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) say about agents’ degrees of belief. Developing the standard interpretation of CLF given in the previous chapter, it lays down explicit bridge principles relating CLF’s formal models to norms. Under this intepretation, CLF models indicate necessary but not sufficient evaluative requirements for rational consistency. The chapter considers objections to these evaluative requirements and exactly how idealized the notion of rationality involved needs to be. Finally, the chapter provides a model theory for CLF’s derivation system and considers alternative interpretations for the framework, such as interpretations on which CLF models represent imprecise probabilities (also known as “ranged” degrees of belief).
13 The advantages of modeling
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews and evaluates the modeling methodology that has been applied over the course of the book. It examines how the book’s modeling approach was crucial to constructing and defending the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), a modeling framework capable of representing rational requirements on agents in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. A modeling methodology also has general advantages: It forces us to be explicit about the choices that go into building a model; it focuses our attention on the principles bridging a model with the modeled world; and it allows us to narrow the domain of potential counterexamples to our view. In the best case, a modeling project can also generate new insights and lead us to a deeper understanding of the phenomena being modeled.
Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This monograph explores the significance accorded to St John’s island of Patmos (Rev. 1:9) within the wider reception history of the Apocalypse. In contrast to the relatively scant attention paid to John’s island in modern commentaries, this reception-historical survey reveals both the greater prominence accorded to Patmos by earlier interpreters, and the richer diversity of readings the text has provoked. These include interest in the physical character of Patmos and its significance as an island; the date and reason for John’s sojourn there; attempts to locate Patmos in a geography which is sometimes more mythical than literal; the meaning of the name ‘Patmos’ for a biblical book which treats other place names symbolically. This diversity is supported by a close reading of Rev. 1:9, which highlights the extent to which even its literal sense is highly ambiguous. This book brings together for the first time in a coherent narrative a wide range of interpretations of Patmos, reflecting different chronological periods, cultural contexts, and Christian traditions. It understands biblical interpretation broadly, to include interpretations in biographical traditions about John, sermons, liturgy, and visual art, as well as biblical commentaries. It also considers popular and marginal readings alongside magisterial and centrist ones, and draws analogies between similar hermeneutical strategies across the centuries. The final chapter explores the wider implications of this study for New Testament scholarship, advocating an approach which encourages use of the imagination and reader participation, and which works with a broader concept of ‘meaning’ than traditional historical criticism.
Negative Moods, Group Effects, and Helping
Authors: Miller Christian
Published: May 2013

This chapter first organizes the previously discussed enhancers using the nature of the motivation to help to which they seem to give rise. Then it turns to the central topic of the closely related ‘inhibitors’ of helping. The two specific examples which are discussed at length are negative moods and group effects. This will serve to round out the presentation of work in psychology which has led to the framework of Mixed Traits to be developed in Part Three.
Mixed Helping Traits
Authors: Miller Christian
Published: May 2013

The various helping studies in psychology seem to challenge the widespread possession of the virtue of compassion. That is a negative conclusion. But collectively these studies point in the direction of a positive account of character traits related to helping, one that has not been discussed much if at all. The goal of this chapter is to systematically introduce this positive account.
Strategies of Quantification in St'át'imcets and the Rest of the World
Authors: Matthewson Lisa
Published: May 2013

Generalized Quantifier theory enables a compositional derivation of the meanings of quantified noun phrases. A semantic ‘determiner’ (instantiated in English, for example, by every or most) denotes a relation between sets (equivalently, a function of type 〈 〈e,t〉,〈 〈e,t〉,t〉 〉). It combines with a common noun phrase to create a Generalized Quantifier (such as most girls), which denotes a set of sets (a function of type 〈 〈e,t〉,t〉). This chapter addresses the topic which Barwise and Cooper themselves did not discuss, namely the internal compositionality of the semantic determiner. The chapter argues here that even setting aside complex quantifications like ‘more than half’, the function of the semantic determiner, namely to create a GQ from a common noun, is not a unitary or primitive process. Rather, GQ‐creation standardly involves at least two separate functions: quantification and domain restriction. This leads to a cross‐linguistic prediction, namely that we will find languages in which domain restriction is overtly expressed within the noun phrase via a separate lexical item. Furthermore, there are languages where the elements which effect domain restriction and quantification do not even form a syntactic constituent. The chapter thus argues that the notion of the ‘semantic determiner’ in Barwise and Cooper's sense may need to be retired, as it has outlived its cross‐linguistic usefulness. The chapter argues that we need to investigate the GQ‐internal syntax–semantics mapping in a large number of different languages, in order to determine what the range of possibilities is in this domain and where the interesting generalizations lie.
The Non‐uniformity of Wh‐indeterminates with Polarity and Free Choice in Chinese
Authors: Lai‐Shen Cheng Lisa , Giannakidou Anastasia
Published: May 2013

Wh‐elements in Chinese (as in Japanese and Korean) can have non‐interrogative interpretations, i.e. they are the so‐called ‘wh‐indeterminates’ la Kuroda 1965. While the existential (non‐interrogative) and universal readings of wh‐indeterminates have received a lot of attention the free choice interpretation of wh‐elements, however, has been discussed only recently (Giannakidou and Cheng 2006). On the surface, there are three types of Free Choice Items (FCIs) in Mandarin Chinese, all of which involve a wh‐related element. Though all three types appear to express free choice, they are not equal in terms of distribution and interpretation. The contrasts that we observe do not follow from recent accounts of wh‐indeterminates as Hamblin indefinites that are routinely closed by sentential quantifiers at the top level (Kratzer and Shimoyama 2002; Kratzer 2006), since in these accounts the wh‐phrase merely forms the basis for creation of a Hamblin set of propositions, and polarity behaviour is not predicted. In this chapter, we discuss the non‐uniform distribution of Chinese wh‐indeterminates in their use as FCIs, and propose that the key to understanding the contrasts is intensionality: the three paradigms of wh‐indeterminates as FCIs vary depending on whether or not they contain a world variable that needs to be bound. In addition, we show that Chinese FCIs provide further evidence for Giannakidou and Cheng (2006), who propose that there are both definite and indefinite FCIs. Definite FCIs in Chinese will be shown to have the same composition as the Greek definite FCIs: maximality, core wh, and the intensional world variable.
A Cross‐Linguistic Approach to Mysterious Scope Facts
Authors: Ueda Yukiko
Published: May 2013

This chapter explores relative scope phenomena cross‐linguistically. First, we observe the facts that the head licensing each QP is closely related to the possibility of creating inverse scope readings in English, Greek/Catalan, and Japanese and further point out that the relative scope interpretation does not rely on whether the languages undergo Quantifier Raising (henceforth QR) or not. The facts observed in the three languages lead us to a new scope calculation system, named a phase‐based approach, and provide further evidence for the purely syntactic scope system. The system treats inverse scope calculation as a feature‐matching operation between more than one interpretable feature related to quantification. We call this matching operation F‐quant matching. The operation is restricted by syntactic unit phases and is subject to the Phase Impenetrability Condition. Given the matching operation, scope interpretation can be determined in the following two ways: (i) c‐command relation between QPs at the end of a derivation D, namely, the LF‐input structure, (ii) through F‐quant matching in a derivation D. As a result, if (i) and (ii) predict different scope relations, then the sentence is ambiguous. If (i) and (ii) predict the same scope relation, then the sentence is unambiguous. Different scope phenomena between languages follow from a currently acknowledged basic apparatus for structure building, match, and the PIC, without any other special implement.
International Minimum Standard and Administration of Justice
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

Chapter 8 and 9 determine the content of the modern international standard, following the distinction accepted both by the classical and the modern international standard between the rules relating to administration of justice and other aspects of the standard. In this chapter, the classical customary law of denial of justice provides the broad contours of the rule that will be filled in by human rights reasoning and confirmed by modern investment cases. Overall, different authorities point in the same direction, identifying the international obligation of providing a certain quality of procedural guarantees in the administration of justice, while being less settled regarding the best approach to be taken to reviewing the substance of the judgments.
Introduction to the Art of Enlightenment
Authors: Winfield Pamela D.
Published: May 2013

Chapter One: Introduction to the Art of Enlightenment. This chapter lays out the problem of imagery vis-ò-vis awakening. It first outlines two kinds of meditative experience, and relates active meditation to Kūkai’s unitive paradigm of kaji, and passive meditation to Dōgen’s threefold purgative paradigm involving shinjin datsuraku. It further explores recent brain scan studies that note the importance of imagery to active deity yoga visualizations, such as kaji, and the utter lack of imagery in passive, purgative states, such as shinjin datsuraku, when the “body-mind drops off” altogether in a moment of selfless, contentless meditation. The central importance of imagery to both of these kataphatic and apophatic religious experiences has been overlooked by scholars of religious studies and art history alike. The time is ripe, however, for both disciplines to take a closer look at the neglected middle term of image-experience.
Mikkyō Space, Zen Time
Authors: Winfield Pamela D.
Published: May 2013

Chapter Two: Mikkyō Space, Zen Time explores Kūkai’s primarily spatial, and Dōgen’s primarily temporal interpretations of Kegon (Ch. Hua-yen) doctrine. These provide the important philosophical framework for their unitive and purgative paradigms for awakening. Their primarily spatial and temporal “takes” on reality also seem to influence how they view the relationship between form and emptiness as articulated in the Heart Sūtra. Kūkai’s spatial-reflexive reading of “form is emptiness, emptiness is form” sets him up for the unitive experience of kaji and an embrace of forms as emptiness. By contrast, Dōgen’s temporal-sequential reading sets him up for the self-emptying, purgative experience of shinjin datsuraku and the valuation of the imageless void before the forms of the world (oneself included) are reconstituted. The chapter further proposes that Kūkai’s Two World mandalas, and Dōgen’s shisho transmission certificate, help to inform their primarily spatial and temporal outlooks, respectively.
Financing International Trade
Authors: AUBOIN MARC
Published: May 2013

This chapter highlights the importance of trade finance in the expansion of global trade by first showing how the shortages in available financing experienced in 2008 and 2009 contributed to the collapse of trade and then by documenting the importance of support from the G-20 governments in response to this shortage. The chapter also shows that the recent problems created by shortages in the supply of trade finance have reemphasized the importance of events that affect the transmission of financial shocks to the "real economy." Further, the chapter examines the challenges ahead for trade finance, that is, the conditions under which the market may be fully restored so that financial markets are in a position to finance and accompany the next phase of expansion of international trade.
Multinational Capital Budgeting: Valuing Cross-Border Investments
Authors: BUTLER KIRT C. , GWINYAI UTETE
Published: May 2013

The rational expectations framework relies on the assumption that atomistic investors who share a common information set make decisions about assets' expected payoffs. Under these conditions, market clearing prices can be derived from an agent's expectation of these payoffs and the comovement of these payoffs with those of other assets in the economy. The individual investor is thus endowed with an ability to optimally allocate resources in a value-maximizing way and consequently represents the sole actor in the economy. Therefore, discussions over how a particular project is financed, the identity of the steward of the project, and whether the returns to the investment are received in domestic or foreign currency are rendered moot. Each of these simplifying assumptions is routinely violated in real-world settings and nowhere more so than in cross-border investments where they have important consequences for project valuation. This chapter begins with a model of investment in perfect markets and then progressively relaxes the assumptions therein in order to demonstrate the impact of real-world deviations from theory on cross-border capital budgeting and project valuation.
What Can Neurosciences Say About Responsibility?Taking the Distinction Between Theoretical and Practical Reason Seriously1
Authors: Mackor Anne Ruth
Published: May 2013

This chapter focuses on the question what neurosciences can say about responsibility. First I argue that the claim that neurosciences can show the practices of holding oneself and others responsible to be untenable or at least pointless is self-contradictory. Next I discuss the question whether neurosciences might change the conception of responsibility. I argue that although neurosciences do not have a ‘final say’ on this matter, they can offer viable arguments for and against changing the conception as well as for and against applying the conception to particular persons or categories of persons. Finally, I argue that neuroscientific findings do not necessarily result in a reduction of the category (and number) of people we can hold responsible. On the contrary, neuroscientific findings might just as well have the opposite result. Via a construction of culpa in causa, they might result in hyper-responsibility.
Alice and the Curious Room
Authors: Schor Hilary M.
Published: May 2013

This chapter focuses on the novel as a dollhouse filled with tiny women (Alice from Alice in Wonderland, Little Nell, and “little Esther Summerson”), which plays complicated games with size and mimesis. This discussion, which includes the odd and understudied genre of “dollhouse novels” and Freud’s work on the uncanny (another game played with the heroine’s perspective), sets up the key formal terms of the book. For Alice asks not only what the heroine is, and what she can be thinking, but exactly how big she is, and how she can survive an unreliable body in an ever-shifting world. In that way, after the careful realism of the epistolary novel or of The Golden Bowl, in these novels we reenter the fairy-tale chamber, cross the threshold into a darker form of curiosity, the world of dolls, of waxwork figures, of automatons, of “the wrong Alice.”