bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of radicals in coal pyrolysis examined by electron spin resonance
Authors: Chang Tong , Guo Qiang , Hao Haigang , Wu Baoshan , Yang Yong
Published: September 2017

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is used to study materials with unpaired electrons, such as organic radicals and metal complexes. This method can also be used to follow radical reactions during pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials. However, the temperature dependence of ESR measurement should be considered. To enable reasonable comparisons, results measured at different temperatures must be converted. In this study, we investigated the behavior of free radicals in the process of coal pyrolysis using in situ and ex situ ESR. The ESR data were collected at both pyrolysis and room temperatures, and apparent differences were analyzed. The differences were diminished when our data were converted to the same measurement temperature level based on the Boltzmann distribution law. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of process conditions on the behavior of free radicals in the solid phase of coal. We found that temperature is the most important factor determining the formation and behavior of free radicals in the solid phase, followed by the residence time. Relatively active radicals were quenched by hydrogen-donor solvents to some degree, while stable radicals remained.
Characteristics of the electrical explosion of fine metallic wires in vacuum
Authors: Wang Kun , Shi Zongqian , Shi Yuanjie , Zhao Zhigang
Published: September 2017

The experimental investigations on the electrical explosion of aluminum, silver, tungsten and platinum wires are carried out. The dependence of the parameters related to the specific energy deposition on the primary material properties is investigated. The polyimide coatings are applied to enhance the energy deposition for the exploding wires with percent of vaporized energy less than unit. The characteristics of the exploding wires of different materials with and without insulating coatings are studied. The effect of wire length on the percent of vaporization energy for exploding coated wires is presented. A laser probe is employed to construct the shadowgraphy, schlieren and interferometry diagnostics. The optical diagnostics demonstrate the morphology of the exploding products and structure of the energy deposition. The influence of insulating coatings on different wire materials is analyzed. The expansion trajectories of the exploding wires without and with insulating coatings are estimated from the shadowgram. More specific energy is deposited into the coated wires of shorter wire length, leading to faster expanding velocity of the high-density products.
Solenoid transport of beams with current-dependent initial conditions
Authors: Harris J. R. , Poole B. R. , Lewellen J. W.
Published: September 2017

Intense charged particle beams will generally be formed with an initial correlation between their longitudinal properties, including longitudinal variations in current, and their transverse properties, including their radius and divergence. This is due to the competition between the transverse focusing fields in the beam source and the time-varying space charge forces in the beam. In DC electron guns where the current modulation is slow compared to the electron transit time, the nature of these correlations was previously shown to depend on the gun geometry, exhibiting a linear dependence of the beam radius and divergence on the beam current at the gun exit. Here, we extend the previous work to study the transport of beams with such correlation in uniform and periodic solenoid channels. For each transport channel configuration studied, the transverse envelope equation is used to calculate the envelope of 101 beam slices differing in their slice currents, as well as initial radius and divergence (due to their dependence on slice current). For each channel configuration, these calculations are performed 546 times, with each of these iterations considering a different degree of correlation between the radius and divergence, and the slice current. It is found that some degree of correlation between the initial radius and slice current actually aids in beam transport, and the required strength of correlation can be estimated with simple models. Increasing the degree of correlation between the initial divergence and slice current is generally counterproductive, and the degree of sensitivity to such correlations depends on the design of the transport channel.
Analytic solution of field distribution and demagnetization function of ideal hollow cylindrical field source
Authors: Xu Xiaonong , Lu Dingwei , Xu Xibin , Yu Yang , Gu Min
Published: September 2017

The Halbach type hollow cylindrical permanent magnet array (HCPMA) is a volume compact and energy conserved field source, which have attracted intense interests in many practical applications. Here, using the complex variable integration method based on the Biot-Savart Law (including current distributions inside the body and on the surfaces of magnet), we derive analytical field solutions to an ideal multipole HCPMA in entire space including the interior of magnet. The analytic field expression inside the array material is used to construct an analytic demagnetization function, with which we can explain the origin of demagnetization phenomena in HCPMA by taking into account an ideal magnetic hysteresis loop with finite coercivity. These analytical field expressions and demagnetization functions provide deeper insight into the nature of such permanent magnet array systems and offer guidance in designing optimized array system.
Funding antiretroviral treatment for HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia prevents transmission and is inexpensive
Authors: Gray Richard T. , Watson Jo , Cogle Aaron J. , Smith Don E. , Hoy Jennifer F. , Bastian Lisa A. , Finlayson Robert , Drummond Fraser M. , Whittaker Bill , Law Matthew G. , Petoumenos Kathy
Published: September 2017

Background
The aim of this study is to estimate the reduction in new HIV infections and resultant cost outcomes of providing antiretroviral treatment (ART) through Australia’s ‘universal access’ health scheme to all temporary residents with HIV infection living legally in Australia, but currently deemed ineligible to access subsidised ART via this scheme. Methods: A mathematical model to estimate the number of new HIV infections averted and the associated lifetime costs over 5 years if all HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia had access to ART and subsidised medical care was developed. Input data came from a cohort of 180 HIV-positive temporary residents living in Australia who are receiving free ART donated by pharmaceutical companies for up to 4 years. Results: Expanding ART access to an estimated total 450 HIV+ temporary residents in Australia for 5 years could avert 80 new infections. The model estimated the total median discounted (5%) cost for ART and associated care to be A$36 million, while the total savings in lifetime-discounted costs for the new infections averted was A$22 million. Conclusions: It is estimated that expanded access to ART for all HIV-positive temporary residents in Australia will substantially reduce HIV transmission to their sexual partners at little additional cost. In the context of Australia’s National HIV strategy and Australia’s endorsement of global goals to provide universal access to ART for all people with HIV, this is an important measure to remove inequities in the provision of HIV-related treatment and care.
Treg-specific IL-27Rα deletion uncovers a key role for IL-27 in Treg function to control autoimmunity
Authors: Do Jeongsu , Kim Dongkyun , Kim Sohee , Valentin-Torres Alice , Dvorina Nina , Jang Eunjung , Nagarajavel Vivekananthan , DeSilva Tara M. , Li Xiaoxia , Ting Angela H. , Vignali Dario A. A. , Stohlman Stephen A. , Baldwin William M. , Min Booki
Published: September 2017

Significance

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) can promote or antagonize inflammatory responses. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying such highly diverse roles remain unclear. It was proposed that IL-27 exerts antiinflammatory functions by directly acting on conventional CD4 T cells to induce IL-10–producing cells that are implicated in controlling inflammatory responses. Here, we have developed a Treg-specific IL-27Rα–deficient animal and observed that it is highly susceptible to autoimmune disease induction despite the presence of IL-10–producing T cells. We also show that systemic administration of IL-27 fails to attenuate ongoing inflammation in the absence of Treg expression of IL-27Rα. Therefore, IL-27 acting on Tregs plays a nonreplaceable role in controlling autoimmune inflammation, providing a rationale to develop a therapy by targeting IL-27 on Tregs.
Stability of equidimensional pseudo–single-domain magnetite over billion-year timescales
Authors: Nagy Lesleis , Williams Wyn , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Fabian Karl , Almeida Trevor P. , Conbhuí Pádraig Ó , Shcherbakov Valera P.
Published: September 2017

Significance

When magnetic crystals form in rocks and meteorites, they can record the ancient magnetic field and retain this information over geological timescales. Scientists use these magnetic recordings to study the evolution of the Earth and the Solar System. Previous theories for the recording mechanisms of the magnetic crystals in rocks and meteorites are based on the idea that the magnetic structures within crystals are near uniform. However, from numerous studies we know this not to be true. The crystals are too large in size and display complex nonuniform “vortex” structures. In this study we have shown that vortex structures are capable of recording and retaining magnetic signals over billions of years.
Type 1 diabetes induction in humanized mice
Authors: Tan Shulian , Li Yang , Xia Jinxing , Jin Chun-Hui , Hu Zheng , Duinkerken Gaby , Li Yuying , Khosravi Maharlooei Mohsen , Chavez Estefania , Nauman Grace , Danzl Nichole , Nakayama Maki , Roep Bart O. , Sykes Megan , Yang Yong-Guang
Published: September 2017

Significance

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is known to be caused by immune destruction of insulin-producing β cells, but the disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood largely because of limitations in animal models to study the immunopathology. Here we established a humanized mouse T1D model, in which diabetes is driven by human T cells recognizing the HLA-DQ8–restricted insulin B chain peptide consisting of amino acids 9–23 (InsB:9–23). This study not only demonstrates the capacity of InsB:9–23-specific human CD4 T cells to initiate diabetes but also provides a preclinical humanized mouse model that has the potential to be used in studies of the immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of T1D.
MicroRNA-277 targets
insulin-like peptides 7
and
8
to control lipid metabolism and reproduction in
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes
Authors: Ling Lin , Kokoza Vladimir A. , Zhang Changyu , Aksoy Emre , Raikhel Alexander S.
Published: September 2017

Significance

Hematophagous female mosquitoes transmit devastating human diseases. Owing to their obligatory blood feeding, they require an extremely high level of lipid metabolism for reproduction. We found that microRNA-277 (miR-277) plays a critical role in lipid metabolism of
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. The genetic disruption of miR-277 using the CRISPR-Cas9 system showed impairment of both lipid storage and ovarian development. Insulin/FOXO signaling was up-regulated after miR-277 depletion. Comprehensive screening and functional identification revealed that insulin-like peptides
ilp7
and
ilp8
are direct targets of miR-277. CRISPR-Cas9 depletions identified differential actions of these ILPs in lipid accumulation and utilization. Thus, miR-277 serves as a monitor that controls ILP7 and ILP8 mRNA levels to maintain the lipid homeostasis required for reproduction.
Compounding and derivation
Authors: Liceras Juana M. , Klassen Rachel
Published: September 2017

Inflectional affixes only adhere to the head of Noun-Noun (NN) compounds which implies that the plural of casa cuna (‘crib house’) or hombre lobo (‘werewolf’) is casa-s cuna (‘crib houses’) and hombre-s lobo (‘werewolves’) respectively, while *casa cuna-s
and *hombre lobo-s
‒ with the plural inflectional affix on the modifier ‒ are ungrammatical. There seems to be more flexibility when it comes to derivational affixes since, in principle, the evaluative diminutive affix -
ito
appears to have scope over the whole compound, regardless of whether it is attached to the head or the modifier: cas-ita cuna / casa cun-ita
and hombre-c-ito lobo / hombre lob-ito
. This would imply that the operation that results in the expression of plurality of the whole word via the inflectional affix -
s
located on the semantic argument (the head of the compound), is more categorical than the one that regulates the scope of derivational morphemes (contra Zwicky, 1985). It would also imply that Cinque’s (2005) proposal according to which modifiers can c-command Nouns may be more in line with the behaviour of derivational affixes in Spanish NN compounds. Since this is a topic that has neither been discussed by Spanish grammarians nor received attention in the psycholinguistic literature, we have administered a Picture Selection Task with NN compounds exhibiting evaluative diminutive affixes to groups of L1 Spanish and L1 English-L2 Spanish speakers. Results show that for L1 Spanish speakers it is the affix on the head that has scope over the whole compound (in line with Zwicky’s 1985 proposal) while the L2 Spanish speakers treat derivational affixes as only having scope over the element to which they are attached.
Influence of musical genres with Andean contents on the components of Peruvian national identity / Influencia de géneros musicales con contenidos andinos en los componentes de la identidad nacional peruana
Authors: Pacheco Manuel , Espinosa Agustín , Schmitz Mathias
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of different musical genres with Andean influences (Huayno, Chicha and Rock/Fusion) on the components of Peruvian national identity. To this end, we enlisted the participation of 92 upper-middle-class people ( M = 19.91, SD = 1.95). The participants were randomly assigned each music genre in three experimental groups: Huayno ( n = 30), Chicha ( n = 31) and Rock/Fusion ( n = 31). The results show that Rock/Fusion is the most highly rated musical genre with the most positive influence on some stereotypical components of national identity, attitude towards music and positive emotions. In contrast, the more ‘Andeanized’ genres, especially Chicha music, are perceived more negatively and have fewer positive effects on the stereotypical components of national identity, attitude towards music and positive emotions. The discussion suggests that the influence of the musical expressions evaluated depends on the ascribed status of the social group where these expressions were originally conceived and are currently consumed.
Using Pharyngeal Teeth and Chewing Pads to Estimate Juvenile Silver Carp Total Length in the La Grange Reach, Illinois River
Authors: Lampo Eli G. , Knights Brent C. , Vallazza Jon M. , Anderson Cory A. , Rechkemmer Will T. , Solomon Levi E. , Casper Andrew F. , Pendleton Richard M. , Lamer James T.
Published: September 2017

The Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix is an invasive species in the Mississippi River basin; an understanding of their vulnerability to predation as juveniles may inform control by native predators and predator enhancement (e.g., stocking). Digestion of Silver Carp prey recovered from diets makes it difficult to determine the size-classes that are most vulnerable to predation by native fishes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the sizes of the chewing pad (CP), pharyngeal teeth (PT), and pharyngeal arch (PA)—the Silver Carp structures most often found intact in predator diets—were predictive of the TL of prey Silver Carp. During 2014 and 2015, juvenile Silver Carp (n = 136; <180 mm) were collected using 60-Hz pulsed-DC electrofishing and mini-fyke nets in the La Grange reach of the Illinois River. We extracted Silver Carp CPs (n = 136 fish) and PAs with PT intact (n = 129 fish) and measured CP length (CPL) and width (CPW), eight reproducible PT landmarks (PT1L–PT4L; PT1W–PT4W), and four reproducible PA landmarks (PA1–PA4) to the nearest 0.01 µm. Using simple linear regression, we found a strong predictive relationship between measurements of CP, PT, or PA and the TL of Silver Carp. The CPL (r2 = 0.94) and CPW (r2 = 0.94) had the strongest relationships with Silver Carp TL, followed by PA1 (r2 = 0.89) and PT1L (r2 = 0.87). These strong relationships suggest that all three structures could be used in diet analyses to accurately estimate Silver Carp TL and thus further our understanding of predator–prey dynamics for this high-risk invasive species.

Received December 9, 2016; accepted June 29, 2017 Published online September 6, 2017
Incorporating GPS and Mobile Radio Frequency Identification to Detect PIT-Tagged Fish and Evaluate Habitat Utilization in Streams
Authors: Richer Eric E. , Fetherman Eric R. , Kondratieff Matt C. , Barnes Taylor A.
Published: September 2017

The use of mobile radio frequency identification (RFID) systems to detect PIT tags has increased in support of research on fish movement, population dynamics, and habitat use. We describe the development and application of a mobile RFID system that incorporates GPS to detect PIT-tagged fish and evaluate habitat utilization in streams. The study was conducted in two distinct phases. First, development and testing of the RFID–GPS system were conducted using georeferenced, PIT-tagged rocks to evaluate detection probability and GPS accuracy. Second, the system was field deployed to estimate the abundance of PIT-tagged fish and evaluate habitat utilization. Detection probability was negatively influenced by stream width, distance from the stream center, and water depth, whereas detection probability increased with the number of passes. The GPS error between detected and surveyed positions averaged 4.5 m, with greater error observed in longitude than in latitude. Because of high capture and recapture probabilities, abundance estimation of PIT-tagged fish was not only possible but also relatively precise. All detections during field deployment were assigned habitat types using the “intersect,” “closest,” and “buffer” methods in ArcGIS. Analysis of habitat utilization was limited to two bedform classes, riffles and pools, because the average area of runs and glides was smaller than the average GPS error. More Brown Trout Salmo trutta were detected in pools (76–80%) than in riffles, and all Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and cutbow trout (Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii × Rainbow Trout) were detected in pools. The detection field covered more cross-sectional area in pools than in riffles, which could have influenced the analysis of habitat utilization. The influence of GPS error on habitat evaluations will depend on stream size, as erroneous habitat associations should diminish as stream size increases. The flexibility of the RFID–GPS system makes it useful for a variety of studies related to habitat utilization, fish migration, and population trends.

Received March 31, 2017; accepted August 19, 2017 Published online October 20, 2017
Comprehensive DNA microarray expression profiles of tumors in tenascin-C-knockout mice
Authors: Matsumoto Kaori , Nakai Yuji , Hoshino Masaru , Yamazaki Koki , Takioto Yoshiaki , Takadera Satoru , Nakagawa Takayuki , Nishimura Ryohei , Kusakabe Moriaki
Published: September 2017

Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, plays a pivotal role in tumor growth. However, the mechanism whereby TNC affects tumor biology remains unclear. To investigate the exact role of TNC in primary tumor growth, a mouse mammary tumor cell line, GLMT1, was first developed. Subsequently, global gene expression in GLMT1-derived tumors was compared between wild-type (WT) and TNC-knockout (TNKO) mice. Tumors in WT mice were significantly larger than those in TNKO mice. DNA microarray analysis revealed 447 up and 667 downregulated in the tumors inoculated into TNKO mice as compared to tumors in WT mice. Validation by quantitative gene expression analysis showed that Tnc, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Cxcr2 were significantly upregulated in WT mice. We hypothesize that TNC stimulates the CXCL1/2-CXCR2 pathway involved in cancer cell proliferation.
Viewpoints and points of view: situating symbolic boundary drawing in social space
Authors: Jarness Vegard
Published: September 2017

This article demonstrates how Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social space and Michèle Lamont's concept of symbolic boundaries can be fruitfully combined in cultural-stratification research. Focusing on the case of Stavanger, Norway, the analysis also shows how Multiple Correspondence Analysis is compatible with other research techniques, such as qualitative in-depth interviews. The approach adopted provides a practical application of Bourdieu's double reading of social relations. It combines the first, objective moment of situating 46 individuals subjected to qualitative interviews in the local social space (i.e. a system of relations between individuals’ possessions of cultural and economic capital) with the second, subjective moment of mapping the interviewees’ evaluations and classifications of other people's lifestyles. It is shown how intertwinements of various discursive repertoires of evaluation (cultural-aesthetical, moral-political and socio-economic) work in both contradictive and reinforcing ways to construct symbolic boundaries between classes and class fractions. The findings draw attention to both the capital volume and the capital composition dimensions of social space in that symbolic boundary drawing takes on different forms along these dimensions.
A neuroprotective agent that inactivates prodegenerative TrkA and preserves mitochondria
Authors: Feinberg Konstantin , Kolaj Adelaida , Wu Chen , Grinshtein Natalie , Krieger Jonathan R. , Moran Michael F. , Rubin Lee L. , Miller Freda D. , Kaplan David R.
Published: September 2017

Axon degeneration is an early event and pathological in neurodegenerative conditions and nerve injuries. To discover agents that suppress neuronal death and axonal degeneration, we performed drug screens on primary rodent neurons and identified the pan-kinase inhibitor foretinib, which potently rescued sympathetic, sensory, and motor wt and SOD1 mutant neurons from trophic factor withdrawal-induced degeneration. By using primary sympathetic neurons grown in mass cultures and Campenot chambers, we show that foretinib protected neurons by suppressing both known degenerative pathways and a new pathway involving unliganded TrkA and transcriptional regulation of the proapoptotic BH3 family members BimEL, Harakiri,and Puma, culminating in preservation of mitochondria in the degenerative setting. Foretinib delayed chemotherapy-induced and Wallerian axonal degeneration in culture by preventing axotomy-induced local energy deficit and preserving mitochondria, and peripheral Wallerian degeneration in vivo. These findings identify a new axon degeneration pathway and a potentially clinically useful therapeutic drug.
Uniform simplicity of groups with proximal action
Authors: Gal Światosław , Gismatullin Jakub
Published: September 2017

We prove that groups acting boundedly and order-primitively on linear orders or acting extremely proximally on a Cantor set (the class including various Higman-Thomson groups; Neretin groups of almost automorphisms of regular trees, also called groups of spheromorphisms; the groups of quasi-isometries and almost-isometries of regular trees) are uniformly simple. Explicit bounds are provided.
An automated tool for obtaining QSAR-ready series of compounds using semantic web technologies
Authors: López-Massaguer Oriol , Sanz Ferran , Pastor Manuel
Published: September 2017

We describe an application (Collector) for obtaining series of compounds annotated with bioactivity data, ready to be used for the development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models. The tool extracts data from the ‘Open Pharmacological Space’ (OPS) developed by the Open PHACTS project, using as input a valid name of the biological target. Collector uses the OPS ontologies for expanding the query using all known target synonyms and extracts compounds with bioactivity data against the target from multiple sources. The extracted data can be filtered to retain only drug-like compounds and the bioactivities can be automatically summarised to assign a single value per compound, yielding data ready to be used for QSAR modeling. The data obtained is locally stored facilitating the traceability and auditability of the process. Collector was used successfully for the development of models for toxicity endpoints within the eTOX project.

Availability and implementation

The software is available at http://phi.upf.edu/collector. The source code is located at https://github.com/phi-grib/Collector and is free for use under the GPL3 license. The web version is hosted at http://collector.upf.edu/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Age bimodality in the central region of pseudo-bulges in S0 galaxies
Authors: Mishra Preetish K. , Barway Sudhanshu , Wadadekar Yogesh
Published: September 2017

We present evidence for bimodal stellar age distribution of pseudo-bulges of S0 galaxies as probed by the Dn(4000) index. We do not observe any bimodality in age distribution for pseudo-bulges in spiral galaxies. Our sample is flux limited and contains 2067 S0 and 2630 spiral galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We identify pseudo-bulges in S0 and spiral galaxies, based on the position of the bulge on the Kormendy diagram and their central velocity dispersion. Dividing the pseudo-bulges of S0 galaxies into those containing old and young stellar populations, we study the connection between global star formation and pseudo-bulge age on the u − r colour–mass diagram. We find that most old pseudo-bulges are hosted by passive galaxies while majority of young bulges are hosted by galaxies that are star forming. Dividing our sample of S0 galaxies into early-type S0s and S0/a galaxies, we find that old pseudo-bulges are mainly hosted by early-type S0 galaxies while most of the pseudo-bulges in S0/a galaxies are young. We speculate that morphology plays a strong role in quenching of star formation in the disc of these S0 galaxies, which stops the growth of pseudo-bulges, giving rise to old pseudo-bulges and the observed age bimodality.
Localized orbital scaling correction for systematic elimination of delocalization error in density functional approximations
Authors: Li Chen , Zheng Xiao , Su Neil Qiang , Yang Weitao
Published: September 2017

The delocalization error of popular density functional approximations (DFAs) leads to diversified problems in present-day density functional theory calculations. For achieving a universal elimination of delocalization error, we develop a localized orbital scaling correction (LOSC) framework, which unifies our previously proposed global and local scaling approaches. The LOSC framework accurately characterizes the distributions of global and local fractional electrons, and is thus capable of correcting system energy, energy derivative and electron density in a self-consistent and size-consistent manner. The LOSC–DFAs lead to systematically improved results, including the dissociation of cationic species, the band gaps of molecules and polymer chains, the energy and density changes upon electron addition and removal, and photoemission spectra.
Social and Political Trust in Developing Countries
Authors: Mattes Robert , Moreno Alejandro
Published: September 2017

From a modernization perspective, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America—two of the poorest regions in the world—conform to one another in that citizens of both regions express very low levels of horizontal, generalized interpersonal trust. Indeed, these two regions are among the least trusting societies in the world. Both are low in terms of “bridging” trust, and both also have high degrees of particularized “bonding” trust. However, these regions differ sharply with respect to vertical, institutional trust. People in sub-Saharan Africa express relatively high levels of trust in national institutions; and Latin Americans offer very low levels of trust, with many expressing sheer cynicism. Finally, the data at hand reveal few important linkages between levels of trust in government or the state and various facets of democratic citizenship.
The Evolution of the Power of the Commissioner in Professional Sports
Authors: Golen Jimmy , Zola Warren K.
Published: September 2017

The role of the professional sports commissioner evolved from the early functionaries who were empowered to settle disputes between teams into nearly omnipotent sports czars. In the wake of the 1919 Black Sox scandal, baseball team owners gave their first commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, virtually unlimited authority to act in the “best interests.” Owners in different sports have tinkered around the edges of this broad portfolio over the years, but it is only since players unions were able to negotiate protections for their members that commissioners have been forced to accept a substantial check on their powers. Recent cases of commissioner overreach could set the stage for confrontations in future collective bargaining negotiations.
Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports
Authors: Feldman Gabe
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the complex collective bargaining process in professional sports leagues. The labor negotiations between players and owners present unique conflicts between labor and antitrust law. The resolution of these conflicts will have a significant impact on the future of collective bargaining between players and owners. This chapter provides a brief overview of the relevant principles of labor law, briefly traces the history of collective bargaining in professional sports, identifies and analyzes the conflict between labor and antitrust law, examines the recent conflicts in the NBA and NFL labor negotiations, and looks forward to future negotiations between players and owners.
The Single-Entity Doctrine of Antitrust as Applied to Sports Leagues
Authors: Ross Stephen F.
Published: September 2017

Competition law generally requires competitors who agree on restraints of trade to justify their agreements as procompetitive when market forces create the potential for consumer exploitation. This analysis, known as the Rule of Reason (from its common law origins), does not apply to internal agreements within a single firm. The U.S. Supreme Court has characterized sports league policies as agreements among club owners who control the league, rather than unilateral decisions of a single entity. Opponents of the application of the Rule of Reason continue to seek doctrinal shields against judicial review of anticompetitive sports rules, and this chapter explains why such an approach is unsound competition policy.
Youth and High School Sports Law Issues
Authors: Porto Brian L.
Published: September 2017

Youth and high school sports are subject to regulation by private and public entities, resulting in numerous legal issues. Generally, private organizations regulate youth sports, and the rules primarily address the conduct of coaches and parents. Still, some states have extended to youth leagues statutory concussion protocols originally created for middle and high school sports. Governmental regulation is more prominent in high school sports, including state concussion laws and laws against hazing. Three federal laws are particularly important: Title IX, regarding the inclusion of female and, potentially, transgender athletes, and the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act, concerning athletes with disabilities. This chapter addresses an unresolved issue on each of those subjects before discussing high school athletes’ free-speech rights under the federal Constitution.
Competition Law, Free Movement of Players, and Nationality Restrictions
Authors: Gauthier Ryan
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines restrictions that professional sports leagues and governing bodies place on the freedom of movement of professional players—both negotiated and imposed—and how these restrictions fit within the antitrust/competition and labor law regimes. This chapter engages in a comparison of the North American and European “models” of restrictions and finds that the North American “model” is more likely to withstand antitrust/competition law scrutiny. The North American model falls under the protections offered to collectively bargained agreements, while the European model currently faces scrutiny for potential violations of European competition law. Nevertheless, this chapter suggests that these two models are likely to converge as the internationalization of sport continues. European governing bodies may be pushed to negotiate with players more in the future, while North American leagues are already adopting “European” practices in regard to facilitating player movement among other professional leagues.
Sports in the Context of Social Media Law
Authors: Garon Jon M.
Published: September 2017

Social media has emerged as an essential communications format among players, teams, leagues, fans, and consumers. Social media has fewer control points than traditional broadcast or print media, so players are better able to engage directly with their fans. The new relationship between athletes and the public, however, may conflict with some of the current exclusive agreements between leagues and broadcasters. Moreover, this immediacy eliminates the ability of teams and leagues to manage player communications, and thus it imposes additional responsibility on the athlete in regard to unauthorized or undisclosed commercial endorsements and to avoid defamatory, racist, or other harmful communications.
Daily Fantasy Sports and PASPA
Authors: Wallach Daniel L.
Published: September 2017

Recent state legislation regulating fantasy sports contests may present a different type of threat to the nascent fantasy sports industry—the possibility that the U.S. Attorney General (or others) could invoke PASPA to enjoin the state law. This is the same law that prohibits states from legalizing traditional, single-game sports betting. Although PASPA has not yet surfaced as an obstacle to state legalization of DFS, it may emerge as an important issue as additional state legislative measures are introduced, particularly with a new U.S. Attorney General potentially taking a harder look at Internet gambling generally. Further, as more and more states begin passing laws legalizing daily fantasy sports contests, many have begun to question why some forms of sports gambling are allowed but not others. This chapter examines how PASPA could apply to state-sanctioned fantasy sports and provides an analytical framework for assessing the viability of such legislation under PASPA.
Introduction
Authors: McCann Michael A.
Published: September 2017

It has often been said that there is no such thing as sports law. The time has come to rethink that position. In recent years, an impressive canon of sports law scholarship and accompanying principles has come to light. The Oxford Handbook of American Sports Law navigates this canon and the sports controversies that enliven it. Perhaps the most instructive of these controversies is Deflategate, which centers on eleven slightly underinflated footballs and their unexpectedly riveting fallout. As a legal controversy, Deflategate is sports law in action. This chapter explores Deflategate and the key principles of sports law that it orbits.
The Regulation of Doping in U.S. and International Sports
Authors: Weston Maureen A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the regulation of doping in U.S. professional and amateur sport, as well as the anti-doping regime for Olympic and international sport. Doping is generally defined as the presence, use or attempted use, trafficking, possession, or administration of any prohibited substance or method—as well as evading, refusing, or failing to submit to sample collection; to file whereabouts, information, or missed tests; or to tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of doping control. Doping in sport jeopardizes the health and safety of athletes, undermines the fairness and integrity of sport competition, and is outright cheating. The “war” against doping in sport is truly global, yet the regulatory schemes vary depending on the applicable sport governance authority. Doping in sport can be addressed effectively and fairly by looking at the practical, political, legal, and ethical concerns related to doping, doping control, fair process, privacy, and impact on sport.
Occupation and Gender
Authors: Cortes Patricia , Pan Jessica
Published: September 2017

Occupational differences by gender remain a common feature of labor markets. This chapter begins by documenting recent trends in occupational segregation and its implications. It then reviews recent empirical research, focusing on new classes of explanations that emphasize the role of gender differences in psychological traits, preferences for nonpecuniary (family-friendly) job characteristics, personality traits, and skills. Using detailed data on occupational work content from O*NET linked to the American Community Survey (ACS), the chapter examines how the various job attributes identified in the literature affect men’s and women’s occupational choices and the gender wage gap. Finally, the chapter considers the role of gender identity and social norms in shaping occupational choice and preferences for various job attributes. It concludes with policy implications and suggestions for future research.
Megaproject Escalation of Commitment
Authors: Drummond Helga
Published: September 2017

Megaprojects frequently go awry. Not only do a good many take a lot longer and cost a lot more than expected; the benefits may fall far short of what was promised. A question that has puzzled scholars is why organizations persist when it becomes abundantly clear that important expectations will not be met. This chapter explores a phenomenon known as “escalation of commitment.” Escalation theorists believe that once megaprojects get underway, decision makers are likely to experience mounting pressures to persist—regardless. Four main questions are addressed. How does escalation start? What drives decision makers to reinvest in economically poor megaprojects? What can decision makers do to curb project “run-aways”? How can research best help decision makers to make better—that is, more economically wise–decisions?
Big Is Fragile
Authors: Ansar Atif , Flyvbjerg Bent , Budzier Alexander , Lunn Daniel
Published: September 2017

This chapter characterizes the propensity of big capital investments to systematically deliver poor outcomes as “fragility”—a notion suggested by Nassim Taleb. A thing or system that is easily harmed by randomness is fragile. It is argued that, contrary to their appearance, big capital investments break easily—they deliver negative net present value—due to various sources of uncertainty that impact them during their long gestation, implementation, and operation periods. The existence of economies of scale and scope is not refuted; instead, it is argued that big capital investments have a disproportionate (non-linear) exposure to uncertainties that deliver poor or negative returns above and beyond their economies of scale and scope. It is further argued that to succeed, leaders of capital projects need to carefully consider where scaling pays off and where it does not. To automatically assume that “bigger is better,” which is common in megaproject management, is a recipe for failure.
Paradoxes of Organizational Identity
Authors: Besharov Marya L. , Sharma Garima
Published: September 2017

Until recently, research on organizational identity and paradox has proceeded on largely separate tracks. The purpose of this chapter is to strengthen connections between these two streams of work and demonstrate how each one can enhance the other. Scholarship on organizational identity surfaces multiple tensions around the nature of identity—including whether it is a social reality or social construction, stable or dynamic, multiple or singular, and comprised of contradictory or compatible elements. Paradox theory recasts these tensions as both/and rather than either/or choices. Building on recent organizational identity research which adopts a both/and approach for specific identity tensions, this chapter explores how organizational identity scholarship can benefit from more consistently embracing the paradoxical nature of a broader range of identity tensions, and how a more complex depiction of identity tensions can, in turn, enrich paradox theory.
Managing Normative Tensions within and across Organizations
Authors: Gond Jean-Pascal , Demers Christiane , Michaud Valérie
Published: September 2017

What can the Economies of Worth (EW) and paradox frameworks learn from each other? Organizational paradoxes often present a moral dimension that has rarely been accounted for empirically or theorized by paradox scholars. The EW scholars, on the other hand, have developed a sophisticated analysis to explain how ordinary actors engage with multiple moral dimensions yet have barely theorized the full set of responses that actors can mobilize to deal with such tensions. This chapter addresses this double blind spot by cross-fertilizing paradox thinking and the EW framework with the aim of discussing the normative dimensions of paradox management and providing a conceptualization of how organizational actors can deal with tensions involving moral values. The EW framework is introduced, its assumptions with paradox approaches clarified and compared and then what each framework can learn from the other is analyzed. A research agenda is offered based on a new integrative framework.
Reflections on the Paradoxes of Modernity
Authors: Badham Richard John
Published: September 2017

Our modern society of organizations is confronted by paradoxes within and of modernity. Technicians of modernity are concerned with the former, providing advice on how to better manage organizations and those within them. Interpreters of modernity focus on the latter, surfacing and addressing the embedded paradoxes that confront all those living and working in modern society. This chapter aims to provoke thought and discussion on the latter by highlighting and elaborating on the significance of the work of James March. A key focus is on the contribution made by James March’s elegant appreciation of three key paradoxes of modernity—paradoxes of rationality, performance, and meaning.
Paradox at an Inter-Firm Level
Authors: Bengtsson Maria , Raza-Ullah Tatbeeq
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on coopetition (i.e., simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition between firms) as a manifestation of paradox at an inter-firm level, and develops a nuanced understanding of the resulting paradoxical tension by bringing its micro-foundations into focus. The authors suggest that unlike the paradox that manifests at the inter-firm level (or organizational level), tension is experienced by individual actors, and comprises ambivalent cognitions, emotions, and their interplay. The authors further suggest that paradoxical tension is most productive when maintained at a moderate level, and for that firms need to develop a multilevel operating capability. The suggested theory provides novel and useful insights to advance the research on paradoxes at inter-firm and organizational levels.
Navigating the Paradoxes of Sustainability
Authors: Jay Jason , Soderstrom Sara , Grant Gabriel
Published: September 2017

“Sustainability” is a domain of theory and practice in which people seek “win–win” opportunities for business and society, short- and long-term prosperity, humans and the natural environment. Lurking within the concept are some challenging paradoxes surrounding these parts and wholes of social systems that lead to tragedies of the commons. These paradoxes become salient when natural and organizational resources become scarce, when diverse societal stakeholders give voice to their interests and perspectives, and when efforts at organizational change bring these latent concerns to light. As people navigate these paradoxes of sustainability, they can manage them defensively, or actively engage paradox toward two positive outcomes. One is trade-off-breaking innovation that achieves win–win solutions. The other is flourishing of people who realize their contradictory sets of cares and motivations. Achieving the goals of the sustainability paradigm may therefore require “champions of ambivalence” who foster paradoxical thinking and action in organizations.
Tensions in Managing Human Resources
Authors: Aust Ina , Brandl Julia , Keegan Anne , Lensges Marcia
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines previous research on tensions in HRM, focusing on the contributions and limitations of these perspectives for understanding and handling tensions. Second, it focuses on what characterizes the dynamics of coping with tensions. Here, paradox theory is drawn on to consider conditions for alternative response/coping strategies and processes that characterize reinforcing cycles. The chapter offers insights from the (limited) body of work in HRM that draws on paradox theory. Thirdly, the chapter offers a paradox framework to aid the study of HRM tensions. Finally, it concludes with suggestions for further HRM research on tensions and coping responses enriched by insights from a paradox perspective.
What Paradox?
Authors: Holt Robin , Zundel Mike
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the relationship between paradox and the logical typing of classes and members. Class-based thinking affords efficiency in communication and the progressive, additive development of knowledge, but also creates fissures, shortcuts, truncations, and delimitations that generate paradoxical confusion when the rough ground of experience is brought into communion with the smooth conceptual space occupied by classes and members. The chapter explores possibilities for a different form of analytic reasoning manifest in a physiologically adapted style of movement that emphasizes interconnectedness and interdependency, which Gregory Bateson calls “grace”: the successful integration of smaller with wider arcs of awareness. This is developed here into a method for studying organizational phenomena using the example of an organizational routine, arguing that this may be one way of analytically appreciating the interactive systems that forever evade our conscious and conceptual grasp.
Expanding the Paradox–Pedagogy Links
Authors: Knight Eric , Paroutis Sotirios
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on what it means to teach students to have an appreciation of paradox. Although scholars have long attended to the competing tensions facing leaders, a paradox lens suggests that tensions should be embraced rather than being a distraction that managers should minimize. A paradox lens has become increasingly important to studies on innovation, social entrepreneurship, and strategic management, yet the implications for pedagogy, and particularly management education, have been under-explored. This chapter examines the potential for conceptualizing paradox as a threshold concept in curriculum design and proposes how this approach can be achieved for students’ learning. Overall, we contribute to a richer understanding of paradoxical theory, and provider greater clarity regarding the ways educators can employ to advance the paradoxical capabilities of participants in management education courses.