bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MOLARCONCENTRATION OF PRECURSORSON THE STRUCTURAL, OPTICALAND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CUALS2 THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE
Authors: TAHER Bilal Y. , AHMAD Ahmad S.
Published: September 2021

CuAlS2 thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by Chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique at a substrate temperature (Ts) 75C, pH value 10.5.The Effect of three different molar concentration (0.05, 0.025, 0.1), (0.075, 0.0375, 0.15), and (0.1, 0.05, 0.2) M of precursors of (CuSO4.5H2O, Al2(SO4)3.16H2O, and (NH2)2CS), respectively on the structural, optical and electrical properties of deposit thin films was studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the films have an amorphous structure with simple enhancement in the structure of the films with the higher molar concentration. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of thin films showed that the deposited films were a good surface morphology, homogenous and uniform spherical nanoparticles over the substrate surface with very little agglomerated particles with average grain size in the range (45 to 72 nm) increase with increasing molar concentration of precursors. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed the topography of deposited films has nanoparticles with structures like conical and lobes shape, with the average grain sizes, root mean square (rms) roughness, and surface roughness increase with increasing molar concentration of precursors. The optical analysis by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer showed high absorption in the ultraviolet region, with absorption edge and direct energy gaps (3.5 to 4eV) variedat different molar concentrations of precursors. The electrical results from Hall effect measurements showed that the values of resistivity, conductivity, mobility, and carrier concentration were varied in range (0.046 to 0.594ohm.cm), (1.86 to 21.7(ohm.cm)-1), (301to 1510 cm2/V.S), and (3.29×1016 to 1.46×1017 cm-3), respectively .Also,n-type conductivity was investigated for all prepared film sat different molar concentration of precursors. The obtained results of the prepared CuAlS2 thin films can be suitable in many optoelectronics applications.
EFFECT OF MOVING AVERAGE FILTER WITH PID CONTROLLER USING HIL TECHNIQUE
Authors: MUBDIR Bilal A.
Published: September 2021

Designing fast response controller that can achieving steady state with minimum error is big challenge in control application. Proportional Integral Derivate (PID) controllers are conventional controllers for their simplicity and wide range of applications in industrial. Many efforts have been made in improving the PID controller performance by enhancing the controller with different techniques for tuning its operation or filtering the feedback signal. In this paper, the effect of using Moving Average filter with the PID controller for controlling the speed of Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) Motor with noisy speed sensor is discussed. PID controller and the moving average filter are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink software, where the Hardware in the Loop (HIL) technique with aid of microcontroller was used for the controlled plant which is a PMDC motor in this study. Comprehensive study on the available techniques used to modeling the PID controller is done as well. Furthermore, full practical tests prove that the controller behavior is more stable when moving average filter used and its effect minimized time needed to reach the steady state point clearly by 76%.
ENTRE GRITOS DEPENDENTES: A ÉCFRASE
Authors: Triques Fernando Tadeu
Published: September 2021

Compreendendo, de modo sucinto e direto, a écfrase como uma criação artística que tem por base outra criação artística, o presente artigo almeja estabelecer as possíveis correlações do poema “O Grito”, do livro Carta chilenas (1954), de José Paulo Paes, e da cena central do filme “Independência ou Morte, de Carlos Coimbra, realizado em 1972, ano comemorativo do sesquicentenário do acontecimento histórico, com o processo retórico clássico. Ambas as produções artísticas enfocadas tomam como matriz referencial ou fonte de origem o quadro de Pedro Américo, intitulado “Independência ou Morte”, finalizado em 1888, e que também é conhecido como “O Grito do Ipiranga”. Notadamente, contudo, os respectivos recursos estéticos modernos utilizados nas duas produções ultrapassam a simples representação descritiva e atribuem, contando com o repertório e a sensibilidade do receptor, outros desdobramentos e outras ressignificações aos registros historiográficos.
El mercado de trabajo argentino durante la post convertibilidad. La dinámica de la actividad económica, del empleo y el ingreso en la Argentina
Authors: Bazque Héctor Gabriel
Published: September 2021

Análisis de la dinámica del trabajo y del ingreso en Argentina durante el período de post convertibilidad. Primero se efectúa un abordaje teórico de la cuestión del equilibrio en el mercado de trabajo y la distribución del ingreso. Luego se repasa la dinámica de los principales indicadores económicos del país.

El intento de implementar un modelo de desarrollo basado en la hipótesis neoclásica de distribución del ingreso fracasó nuevamente en Argentina durante el gobierno de Mauricio Macri. Una vuelta a la hipótesis keynesiana, con intervención estatal y estímulo al desarrollo de la capacidad competitiva del entramado productivo parece ser un camino más adecuado. Por lo tanto, es importante generar las condiciones para el establecimiento de un nuevo ciclo de crecimiento económico, sin descuidar la capacidad adquisitiva y el bienestar de la fuerza de trabajo.
KEAMANAN OBAT TRADISIONAL JAMU KUNYIT ASEM DI BEBERAPA PASAR TRADISIONAL KOTA MALANG
Authors: Kesuma Sandry
Published: September 2021

Traditional medicine (herbal medicine) including traditional drinks that are still consumed by the community, so it must be considered the safety of traditional medicine both in terms of microbes and their chemical aspects. Based from BPOM RI rules No. 12 2014 concerning requirements for traditional medicines may not contain Escherichia coli with negative/ml or <3MPN/ml and BPOM RI rules No. 32 2019 concerning safety and quality requirements of traditional medicines with a cyclamate use limit of 1,250g g/L. The research uses the MPN method, gram staining and gravimetric aim to determine Escherichia coli contamination and cyclamate content in tamarind turmeric herbs in several traditional markets in Malang. The research is a descriptive research with observational design. The number of samples are 4 tamarind turmeric herbs from Bareng market, Besar market, Sukun market and Oro-orodowo market. The result of Escherichia coli test showed that 1 positive sample contained Escherichia coli with an MPN value of 7,4 MPN/ml and 1 positive sample contained cyclamate with levels of 4,0182 g/L that didn’t meet the requirements
The Distribution of the Coefficient of determination in Linear Regression Model: A Review
Authors:   Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Institute of Statistical Studies and Research, Cairo University, Egypt., A. Rady El Houssainy , El-Sheikh Ahmed Amin ,   Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Institute of Statistical Studies and Research, Cairo University, Egypt.
Published: September 2021

In this article, we review the different studies about the coefficient of determination in linear regression models and make a highlight about the inferences and the density function of the coefficient of determination which presented under the most common assumption when the error terms obey the normal distributions, and also analyzed the certain effects of departures from normality of the error term
Subdesarrollo y derechos humanos
Authors: Ellacuría Ignacio
Published: September 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

Revista latinoamericana de teología, Vol. 9, No. 25, 1992: 3-22.
Recensiones, No. 27
Authors: Latinoamericana de Teología Revista
Published: September 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

Revista latinoamericana de teología, Vol. 9, No. 27, 1992: 371-379.
Arts and censorship in South Africa 1948-2000
Authors:   , Allard Raymond H.
Published: September 2021

This dissertation is concerned with the effects of censorship on the arts community during the apartheid era in South Africa, and in the post apartheid era that followed. Through interviews and various sources, a picture will be presented that examines the contrasts and similarities of the two eras. Chapter One will present an overview of South African history, from its beginnings in 1653 to the first popular election in 1994. It will show how the religious beliefs and accompanying attitudes of the in-coming colonialists created a social atmosphere in which the system of apartheid was able to flourish and grow. It will also show how apartheid ultimately crumbled under pressure from growing resistance and violence among the people it sought to control. Chapter Two is comprised primarily of the results of several interviews with selected artists, showing how the various individuals thought about censorship, how they dealt with all the restrictive laws, and how they were able to pursue their art making under these conditions. Personal experiences illuminate the effects of such censorship, and opinions about the value and necessity of censorship are summarized. Various of the interviewees talk specifically about what actions they took under the apartheid regime, and how they viewed, and continue to view, the role of the artist in society. Chapter Three uses several case studies to illustrate what is currently happening concerning censorship and art in the post-apartheid era. Opinions and reactions to current conditions will be presented, and specific instances of censorship or attempted censorship will offer a comparison with the previous era. This will illustrate how much liberty artists today enjoy in South Africa. Several significant issues are raised by such examples; Issues of potency and importance to any culture. Finally, the artists themselves look ahead, and provide a picture of the future for arts in this society .
An investigation into management skills required by junior primary school principals of the Amanzimtoti district in the implementation of curriculum 2005
Authors:   , Made Ntokozo Harriet Beryl
Published: September 2021

n 1992 the National Education Co-ordinating Committee published a National Education Policy Investigation (NEPI) report in which emerging curriculum alternatives for South Africa were discussed. In 1994 the National Department of Education sponsored discussions which led to the introduction of Curriculum 2005, a curriculum based on outcomes (OBE). OBE represents a paradigm shift from a system emphasising syllabus and content to one where prescribed outcomes are of critical importance. Workshops were conducted by the National and Provincial Departments of Education and NGOs to introduce and train Grade 1 teachers in OBE. Some principals reported that they were invited to one-day workshops on OBE. This study is an investigation into the management skills required by Junior Primary school (Foundation Phase) principals in the Amanzimtoti District in the implementation of Curriculum 2005.
A Note on the Exact Relation Between Mixture Likelihood and Entropy
Authors: Orlando Anthony M. , Dhanda Rahul
Published: September 2021

It is interesting to note that the expected value of the log likelihood function is entropy. This note shows that there is an exact relationship between the mixture log likelihood function (ln LM) and the sum of the mixing distribution entropy (HM) and the mixture density entropy (HD). Ln LM is seen as a function exactly of four Shannon entropies, each a unique measure of uncertainty. This method, known as mixtures of linear models (MLM), is a form of empirical Bayes which uses a non-informative uniform prior and generates both confidence intervals and p-values which clinicians and regulatory agencies can use to evaluate scientific evidence. An example based on allergic rhinitis symptoms scores are given and show how easy it is to assess the fit of the model and evaluate the results of the trial.
Common reasons patients are being referred from primary to secondary care, their journey and its impact on patient flow in the Emergency Department
Authors: A A Abbasi , Victor Ameh
Published: September 2021

A longstanding issue common to all Emergency Departments (ED), worldwide, is that of crowding. In recent years, prior to the CoVid-19 pandemic this was a national problem with trolleys lined up in ED corridors and waiting rooms filled with acutely unwell patients who have only received basic triage and no other clinician assessment. Many solutions have been put forward such as the concept of “reverse queueing”, the use of urgent treatment centres [1-4] and the use of ambulatory areas, particularly for medical patients.

A clearly recognized strategy in managing overcrowding in the emergency department is prehospital assessment and judicious use of secondary care by primary care colleagues. “Initial Assessment” and referral to the correct area of secondary care promotes good patient flow and directs the patient to an appropriate area of the hospital, avoiding the emergency department altogether. One of the busiest clinical specialty within most hospitals is General Medicine. This specialty generally receives twice (if not more) the referrals than any other specialties but often has the same level of staffing. We undertook an audit of a cohort of patient referred by their GPs to acute specialties over a 2-week period to see if there are lessons to be learnt in order ease pressure on the emergency department and acute medical take.
Çok Düşük Doğum Ağırlıklı Bebekler Halk Sağlığı Sorunudur
Authors: AMANTAI Myeryekye
Published: September 2021

Prenatal, obstetrik ve yenidoğan bakımındaki gelişmeler preterm bebeklerin hayatta kalma oranlarını artırmıştır. Fakat, çok düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebekler gerek yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesi döneminde gerekse uzun süreli izlemde pahalı tedaviler ve yoğun bakımda daha uzun süre kalmayı gerektiren morbiditelerle karşılaşmaktalar ve hatta yaşamlarını kaybetmektedirler. Bir bebeğin doğum ağırlığı ne kadar düşükse, ölüm riski de o kadar yüksek olmaktadır. Bu nedenle çok düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebeklerde gelişen kısa ve uzun vadeli morbiditeler sadece yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde yatış süresini uzatmakla kalmaz aynı zamanda sağlık hizmetlerinin maliyetlerini de arttırır. Ayrıca uzun vadede, bu popülasyonda görülen, bedensel ve zihinsel gelişme gerilikleri toplum içinde ciddi ekonomik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu çalışmada prematür doğumların önlenmesinin önemine vurgu yapılmakta olup, sağlık politikası yapıcılarının gündeminde öncelikli bir konu olması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
IMPROVEMENT OF CHILDREN’S LANGUAGE SKILLS THROUGH SINGING ACTIVITIES
Authors: Yuntina Lily
Published: September 2021

Education as a dynamic process in which children develop according to the inner terms of their lives, with their "voluntary work" when placed in an environment that is prepared to give them freedom of self-expression. One aspect that needs to be developed from an early age is language, the most ideal for learning a language other than the mother tongue (first language). The purpose of this research was to find out and get information about children's language improvement through singing activities, Research Subject was students at Kindergarten Al Marjan Bekasi. The type of research methodology is a descriptive qualitative method. Source of the data for this research took from the principal and teachers. The object were 26 students of Group B. Data collection technique through the results of the observations, interviews, documentation and field notes as data supporting. The type of observation used is passive participation observation. The stages of data analysis were consisted of data before, data in the field, and after completion of the field. Data validity checking techniques are based on credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability. In checking the validity researcher used a degree of trust, with platform learning at home using social media as a communication tool between teachers and students. The result of this research, there is a significant increasing children’s language skill through singing activities.
EFFECT OF ZOOM MEETING ON E-LEARNING IN STUDENT SPEAKING SKILL
Authors: Guci Fitriani , Holman Siahaan Leroy
Published: September 2021

This research aims to find out the effect of zoom meeting on e-learning in student speaking skill at ninth grade of SMPN 35 Bekasi.  The use of zoom meetings supports the learning process in the covid-19 pandemic.  This research was conducted in July 2021. The analysis used in quantitative research is experimental design. This research sample is 40 students in grade ninth with divided into two groups, namely a control group with a total of 20 students and an experiment group with a total of 20 students. Data collection is carried out with a test technique system to get the results of students' speaking skills. Statistical test using SPSS 22. The results showed that there was a difference between the control group and the experiment group. This can be proven by; 1. Instrument test results with a reliability level of 0.800 which means that the results are valid. 2. 2. the test result t is a significance score (2-tailed) from the test result of 0.00 < 0.05 so that a sig score of 0.00 is seen to show the effect of using zoom meetings in speech ability in SMPN 35 Bekasi.
Online learning readiness of the Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program students of Sta. Cruz National High School during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Diaz Ronald A.
Published: September 2021

The global health crisis created by COVID-19 has posed significant obstacles to the educational system, prompting a change from face-to-face classes to distance learning. In the middle of this global pandemic, different schools worlwide have used online learning as one of the distance learning modalities. This action research aimed to determine the online learning readiness of the Science, Technology, and Engineering (STE) Program students of Sta. Cruz National High School.   A survey was used to determine the demographic profile and the online learning readiness level of these students in terms of expectations, self-direction, learning preferences, self-study habits, technology skills, hardware/software capabilities, and family support. This research utilized a quantitative descriptive research design. The results of this study shows that most of the STE students of this school have high level of online readiness in terms of expectations, self-direction, learning preferences, self-study habits, and technology skills. However, most of them only have an average level of online readiness in terms of hardware/software capabilities. Moreover, these students believed that their parents and family members are willing to support their needs that are essential for their active engagement in online learning.  The findings of this research shall serve as basis for crafting policies, programs and projects to provide support in terms resources both physical and financial for the successful implementation of the online distance learning of students under the STE Program.
Perspectivas de uma nova agenda de política industrial: os desafios da indústria brasileira no pós-pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: Dahmer Quinzani Marcia Angela
Published: September 2021

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a importância das políticas industriais para a recuperação e o desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro no pós-pandemia da Covid-19. Para tanto, parte-se de fundamentos teóricos e históricos da política industrial e dos processos industriais, sobretudo como estratégia do desenvolvimento. A partir disso, busca-se avaliar os desafios que a indústria brasileira tem enfrentado nos últimos anos até a conjuntura atual. O Brasil tem apresentado queda significativa na atividade industrial nas últimas décadas. Como resultado, pode-se constatar perdas na capacidade de inovação e de competitividade, dependência tecnológica e produtiva da indústria brasileira. Da mesma forma que, com a chegada da pandemia de Covid-19, o impacto industrial deixou em evidência, questões ligadas a insuficiência produtiva em diversos setores, especialmente na área da saúde. A agenda de política industrial brasileira precisa estar focada na transformação da estrutura industrial, com aumento de ganhos produtivos, apoiada em novas tecnologias e na diversificação de setores e atividades que possuam maior valor econômico. A dinâmica do setor industrial é um instrumento para o desenvolvimento de longo prazo do país e para a superação da recessão econômica do pós-pandemia.
INFLUENCE OF PANDEMY ON THE PROSPECTS OF KAZAKHSTAN-CHINESE RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan, Dyussembekova M.K. ,   maira.enu@mail.ru
Published: September 2021

On September 7, 2013, at Nazarbayev University (Astana, Kazakhstan), the President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping announced the creation of the «Silk Road Economic Belt» initiative, which in March 2015, along with the «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» project, was united into a single «One Belt and One Road» initiative (later became the «Belt and Road» Initiative or BRI) and over time transformed into a large-scale global project. This initiative was initially launched towards a weak global economic recovery, but due to the difficult situation of the economies of the countries of the world affected by the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, BRI is increasing its relevance. In the first quarter of 2020, trade between Kazakhstan and China due to the closure of borders significantly decreased and the most pessimistic scenarios were predicted, however, the data for 8 months of this year exceeded the same indicators of 2019, which inspires optimism and gives hope for an early recovery of the Kazakh economy due to the development of projects within the BRI. At the same time, the pandemic has an impact on the change of priority areas of cooperation between the two countries in favor of digital technologies and healthcare. This article was prepared within the framework of the project IRN AP08956330 "Central Asia and the Belt and Road Initiative after the pandemic: opportunities and risks" of grant financing of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE STATE POLICY ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS: RESULTS OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH (CASE OF ZHEZKAZGAN CITY)
Authors:   National School of public policy of the Academy of Public Administration under the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Abenov S.A.
Published: September 2021

This article examines the socio-economic development of monotowns in Kazakhstan on the example of Zhezkazgan city. The authors analyzed the satisfaction of citizens with the living conditions in monotowns, as well as identified the problems of sustainable development and prospects for socio-economic transformation of this region. The results of the study showed that the main problem of a monotown is its dependence on the city-forming enterprise. At the same time, respondents expressed a high desire to migrate to other regions (78% of respondents).
PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   Dr., Professor, Narhos University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Zhusupova A. ,   e-mail: alma.zhusupova@narxoz.kz
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the problems of patriotism education in Kazakhstan, associated with the radical socio-economic transformations taking place in the world and in our country. All these changes have caused great changes in the public consciousness and spiritual life of society. With the acquisition of Kazakhstan's status as a sovereign state, the education of patriotism among the younger generation requires a special approach and interpretation, in consequence of the multinational nature of this state. It is necessary to form the right attitude to their Homeland and this should engage society, as patriotism is not inherent in the genes, it is not hereditary, and social quality. Love for the Motherland is the deepest of human feelings, which are the spiritual Foundation of social and state development. Patriotism can become a criterion for assessing the essence and the whole life of a person. Patriotism is presented as a form of axiological development of personality.
PLATO AND ARISTOTLE ON EDUCATION
Authors:   Dr., Professor, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Absattarov R.B.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the views of Plato and Aristotle on education, which have not yet been sufficiently studied in socio-political science. The article examines in more or less detail the views of Plato and Aristotle on social education in the state on specific materials. Of outstanding pedagogical and educational significance are the early Platonic dialogues, in which the death of Socrates is considered: "Apology"," Crito"," Phaidon"," Phaidros","Feast". The main work of the mature Plato "The State" contains, along with the doctrine of politics, a lot of pedagogical arguments and ideas, including questions of social education. Aristotle considered the issues of social education of people, especially minors, quite deeply in many of his works. This is especially true of the "Nicomachean ethics" and "Politics". There is no doubt, Aristotle notes, that legislators should take care of the upbringing of children and young people, as well as the support of morality in society. Without this, no state can preserve itself. At the same time, the article also pays attention to controversial issues.
THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE FORMATION OF LEGAL AWARENESS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: zakon_ali_kz@mail.ru, Zhumagulov M.
Published: September 2021

In the proposed article, the author describes the content and directions of the forms of influence of mass media and social networks on the legal culture of young people. Due to the fact that the media and social networks are carriers of modern information, scientific works and their own expert approaches were presented in determining their role in the dissemination of legal knowledge, legal education, legal propaganda. The mass media actively act as a means of conducting legal education among young people. The mass media and the Internet, which inform young people about illegal actions and conduct propaganda on the way to raising the level of legal culture as the main factor in preventing it, are an important tool for combating lawlessness. Conducting legal educational work among young people through the media is the main requirement for the creation of a rule of law State and civil society.
NO3 chemistry of wildfire emissions: a kinetic study of the gas-phase reactions of furans with the NO3 radical
Authors: Newland Mike J. , Ren Yangang , McGillen Max R. , Michelat Lisa , Daële Véronique , Mellouki Abdelwahid
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Furans are emitted to the atmosphere during biomass burning from the pyrolysis of cellulose. They are one of the major contributing VOC classes to OH and NO3 reactivity in biomass burning plumes. The major removal process of furans from the atmosphere at night is reaction with the nitrate radical, NO3. Here we report a series of relative rate experiments in the 7300 L indoor simulation chamber at CNRS-ICARE, Orléans, using a number of different reference compounds to determine NO3 reaction rate coefficients for four furans, two furanones, and pyrrole. In the case of the two furanones, this is the first time that NO3 rate coefficients have been reported. The recommended values (cm3 molecule−1 s−1) are: furan (1.50 ± 0.23) × 10−12, 2-methylfuran (2.37 ± 0.55) × 10−11, 2,5-dimethylfuran (1.10 ± 0.33) × 10−10, furan-2-aldehyde (9.28 ± 2.3) × 10−14, 5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone (3.00 ± 0.45) × 10−12, 2(5H)-furanone < 1.410−16, and pyrrole (7.35 ± 2.06) × 10−11. The furan-2-aldehyde + NO3 reaction rate is found to be an order of magnitude lower than previously reported. We also recommend a faster rate for the α-terpinene+NO3 reaction ((2.70 ± 0.81) × 10−10 cm3 s−1). These experiments show that for furan, alkyl substituted furans, 5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, and pyrrole, reaction with NO3 will be the dominant removal process at night, and may also contribute during the day. For 2(5H)-furanone, reaction with NO3 is not an important atmospheric sink.
Forecasting and identifying the meteorological and hydrological conditions favoring the occurrence of severe hazes in Beijing and Shanghai using deep learning
Authors: Wang Chien
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Severe haze or low-visibility events caused by abundant
atmospheric aerosols have become a serious environmental issue in many
countries. A framework based on deep convolutional neural networks
containing more than 20 million parameters called HazeNet has been
developed to forecast the occurrence of such events in two Asian megacities:
Beijing and Shanghai. Trained using time-sequential regional maps of up to
16 meteorological and hydrological variables alongside surface visibility
data over the past 41 years, the machine has achieved a good overall
performance in identifying haze versus non-haze events, and thus their
respective favorable meteorological and hydrological conditions, with a
validation accuracy of 80 % in both the Beijing and Shanghai cases, exceeding
the frequency of non-haze events or no-skill forecasting accuracy, and an F1
score specifically for haze events of nearly 0.5. Its performance is clearly
better during months with high haze frequency, i.e., all months except
dusty April and May in Beijing and from late autumn through all of winter in
Shanghai. Certain valuable knowledge has also obtained from the training,
such as the sensitivity of the machine's performance to the spatial scale of
feature patterns, that could benefit future applications using meteorological
and hydrological data. Furthermore, an unsupervised cluster analysis using
features with a greatly reduced dimensionality produced by the trained
HazeNet has, arguably for the first time, successfully categorized typical
regional meteorological–hydrological regimes alongside local quantities
associated with haze and non-haze events in the two targeted
cities, providing substantial insights to advance our understandings of this
environmental extreme. Interesting similarities in associated weather and
hydrological regimes between haze and false alarm clusters or differences
between haze and missing forecasting clusters have also been revealed,
implying that factors, such as energy-consumption variation and long-range
aerosol transport, could also influence the occurrence of hazes,
even under unfavorable weather conditions.
Chemical composition, optical properties, and oxidative potential of water- and methanol-soluble organic compounds emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and coal
Authors: Cao Tao , Li Meiju , Zou Chunlin , Fan Xingjun , Song Jianzhong , Jia Wanglu , Yu Chiling , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion (CC) are important sources of brown
carbon (BrC) in ambient aerosols. In this study, six biomass materials and
five types of coal were combusted to generate fine smoke particles. The BrC
fractions, including water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), humic-like
substance carbon (HULIS-C), and methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC), were
subsequently fractionated, and their optical properties and chemical
structures were then comprehensively investigated using UV–visible
spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR),
and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy combined with
parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. In addition, the oxidative potential
(OP) of BB and CC BrC was measured with the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. The
results showed that WSOC, HULIS-C, and MSOC accounted for 2.3 %–22 %,
0.5 %–10 %, and 6.4 %–73 % of the total mass of combustion-derived
smoke PM2.5, respectively, with MSOC extracting the highest
concentrations of organic compounds. The MSOC fractions had the highest
light absorption capacity (mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm
(MAE365): 1.0–2.7 m2/gC) for both BB and CC smoke, indicating
that MSOC contained more of the strong light-absorbing components.
Therefore, MSOC may represent the total BrC better than the water-soluble
fractions. Some significant differences were observed between the BrC
fractions emitted from BB and CC with more water-soluble BrC fractions with
higher MAE365 and lower absorption Ångström exponent values
detected in smoke emitted from BB than from CC. EEM-PARAFAC identified four
fluorophores: two protein-like, one humic-like, and one polyphenol-like fluorophores. The
protein-like substances were the dominant components of WSOC
(47 %–80 %), HULIS-C (44 %–87 %), and MSOC (42 %–70 %). The
1H-NMR results suggested that BB BrC contained more oxygenated
aliphatic functional groups (H-C-O), whereas CC BrC contained more
unsaturated fractions (H-C-C= and Ar−H). The DTT assays indicated that BB
BrC generally had a stronger oxidative potential (DTTm, 2.6–85 pmol/min/µg) than CC BrC (DTTm, 0.4–11 pmol/min/µg), with
MSOC having a stronger OP than WSOC and HULIS-C. In addition, HULIS-C
contributed more than half of the DTT activity of WSOC (63.1 % ± 15.5 %), highlighting that HULIS was a major contributor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production
in WSOC. Furthermore, the principal component analysis and Pearson
correlation coefficients indicated that highly oxygenated humic-like
fluorophore C4 may be the important DTT active substances in BrC.
Excess soil moisture and fresh carbon input are prerequisites for methane production in podzolic soil
Authors: Korkiakoski Mika , Määttä Tiia , Peltoniemi Krista , Penttilä Timo , Lohila Annalea
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Boreal upland forests are generally considered methane (CH4) sinks due to the predominance of CH4 oxidising bacteria over the methanogenic archaea. However, boreal upland forests can temporarily act as CH4 sources during wet seasons or years. From a landscape perspective and in annual terms, this source can be significant as weather conditions may cause flooding, which can last a considerable proportion of the active season and because often, the forest coverage within a typical boreal catchment is much higher than that of wetlands. Processes and conditions which change mineral soils from acting as a weak sink to a strong source are not well understood. We measured soil CH4 fluxes from 20 different points from regularly irrigated and control plots during two growing seasons. We also estimated potential CH4 production and oxidation rates in different soil layers and performed a laboratory experiment, where soil microcosms were subjected to different moisture levels and glucose addition simulating the fresh labile carbon (C) source from root exudates. The aim was to find the key controlling factors and conditions for boreal upland soil CH4 production. Probably due to long dry periods in both summers, we did not find occasions of CH4 production following the excess irrigation, with one exception in July 2019 with emission of 18200 μg CH4 m−2 h−1. Otherwise, the soil was always a CH4 sink (median CH4 uptake rate of 260–290 and 150–170 μg CH4 m−2 h−1, in control and irrigated plots, respectively). The median soil CH4 uptake rates at the irrigated plot were 88 % and 50 % lower than at the control plot in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Potential CH4 production rates were highest in the organic layer (0.2–0.6 nmol CH4 g−1 d−1), but some production was also observed in the leaching layer, whereas in other soil layers, the rates were negligible. Potential CH4 oxidation rates varied mainly within 10–40 nmol CH4 g−1 d−1, except in deep soil and the organic layer in 2019, where potential oxidation rates were almost zero. The laboratory experiment revealed that high soil moisture alone does not turn upland forest soil into a CH4 source. However, a simple C source, e.g. substrates coming from root exudates with high moisture switched the soil into a CH4 source. Our unique study provides new insights into the processes and controlling factors on CH4 production and oxidation and resulting net efflux, that should be incorporated in process models describing global CH4 cycling.
Glacier response to Holocene warmth inferred from in situ 10Be and 14C bedrock analyses in Steingletscher’s forefield (central Swiss Alps)
Authors: Schimmelpfennig Irene , Schaefer Joerg , Lamp Jennifer , Godard Vincent , Schwartz Roseanne , Bard Edouard , Tuna Thibaut , Akçar Naki , Schlüchter Christian , Zimmerman Susan R. ,   the ASTER Team
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Mid-latitude mountain glaciers sensitively respond to local summer temperature changes. Chronologies of past glacier fluctuations based on the investigation of glacial landforms therefore allows for a better understanding of warm-season climate variability at local scale. In this study, we focus on the Holocene, the current interglacial of the last 11,700 years, which remains matter of dispute regarding its temperature evolution and underlying driving mechanisms. In particular, the nature and significance of the transition from the early to mid-Holocene and of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) are still debated. Here, we apply a new approach by combining in situ cosmogenic 10Be moraine and 10Be-14C bedrock dating from the same site, the forefield of Steingletscher (European Alps), and reconstruct the glacier’s millennial recession and advance periods. The results suggest that subsequent to the final deglaciation at ~10 ka, the glacier was mostly smaller than its 2000 CE extent until ~3 ka, followed by the predominant occurrence of glacier advances until the end of the Little Ice Age in the 19th century. These findings agree with existing proxy records of Holocene summer temperature and glacier evolution in the Alps, showing that glaciers throughout the region retreated beyond modern extents for most of the Early and mid-Holocene. This implies that at least the summer climate of the HTM was warmer than that of the end of the 20th century for several millennia. Further investigations are necessary to refine the magnitude of warming and the potential HTM seasonality.
Evaluation of the COSMO model (v5.1) in polarimetric radar space – Impact of uncertainties in model microphysics, retrievals, and forward operator
Authors: Shrestha Prabhakar , Mendrok Jana , Pejcic Velibor , Trömel Silke , Blahak Ulrich , Carlin Jacob T.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Sensitivity experiments with a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model and polarimetric radar forward operator (FO) are conducted for a long-duration stratiform event over northwestern Germany, to evaluate uncertainties in the partitioning of the ice water content and assumptions of hydrometeor scattering properties in the NWP model and FO, respectively. Polarimetric observations from X-band radar and retrievals of hydrometeor classifications are used for comparison with the multiple experiments in radar and model space. Modifying two parameters (Dice and Tgr) responsible for the production of snow and graupel, respectively, was found to improve the synthetic polarimetric moments and simulated hydrometeor population, while keeping the difference in surface precipitation statistically insignificant at model resolvable grid scales. However, the model still exhibited a low bias in simulated polarimetric moments at lower levels above the melting layer (−3 to −13 °C) where snow was found to dominate. This necessitates further research into the missing microphysical processes in these lower levels (e.g., fragmentation due to ice-ice collisions), and use of more reliable snow scattering models to draw valid conclusions.
Impacts of a Revised Surface Roughness Parameterization in the Community Land Model 5.1
Authors: Meier Ronny , Davin Edouard Léopold , Bonan Gordon B. , Lawrence David M. , Hu Xiaolong , Duveiller Gregory , Prigent Catherine , Seneviratne Sonia Isabelle
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The roughness of the land surface (z0) is a key property for the amount of turbulent activity above the land surface and through that for the turbulent exchange of energy, water, momentum, and chemical species between the land and the atmosphere. Variations in z0 are substantial across different types of land cover from typically less than 1 mm over fresh snow or sand deserts up to more than 1 m over urban areas or forests. In this study, we revise the parameterizations and parameter choices related to z0 in the Community Land Model 5.1 (CLM), the land component of the Community Earth System Model 2.1.2 (CESM). We propose a number modifications for z0 in CLM, which are guided by observational data. Most importantly, we increase the z0 for all types of forests, while we decrease the momentum z0 for bare soil, snow, glaciers, and crops. We then assess the effect of those modifications in land-only (CLM) and land-atmosphere coupled (CESM) simulations. Diurnal variations of the land surface temperature (LST) are dampened in regions with forests, while they are amplified over warm deserts. These changes mitigate model biases compared to MODIS remote sensing observations, which have been identified in several earlier studies. The alterations in LST are mostly stronger during the day than at night. For example, the LST at 13:30 increases by more than 4.80 K during boreal summer across the entire Sahara. The induced changes in the diurnal variability of air temperatures at the bottom of the atmosphere generally oppose changes in LST in sign and are of smaller magnitude. Further, winds close to the land surface accelerate in areas where the momentum z0 was lowered, such as the Sahara desert, the Middle East, or the Antarctica, and decelerate in regions with forests. Overall, this study highlights that the current representation of z0 in CLM is not in agreement with observational constraints for several types of land cover. The resultant model modifications are shown to considerably alter the simulated climate in terms of temperatures and wind speed at the land surface.
Hanging glacier monitoring with icequake repeaters and seismic coda wave interferometry: a case study of the Eiger hanging glacier
Authors: Chmiel Małgorzata , Walter Fabian , Preiswerk Lukas , Funk Martin , Meier Lorenz , Brenguier Florent
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Driven by the force of gravity, hanging glacier instabilities can lead to catastrophic rupture events. Reliable forecasting remains a challenge as englacial damage leading to large-scale failure is masked from modern sensing technology focusing on the ice surface. The Eiger hanging glacier, located in the Swiss Alps, was intensely monitored between April and August 2016 before a moderate 15,000 m3 break-off event from the ice cliff. Among different instruments, such as an automatic camera and interferometric radar, four 3-component seismometers were installed on the glacier. A single seismometer operated throughout the whole monitoring period. It recorded over 200,000 repeating icequakes showing strong englacial seismic coda waves. We propose a novel approach for hanging glacier monitoring by combining repeating icequake analysis, coda wave interferometry, and attenuation measurements. Our results show a seasonal 0.1 % decrease in relative englacial seismic velocity dv/v and an increase in coda wave attenuation Qc−1 (Qc decreases from ~50 to ~30). Comparison of dv/v and Qc with air temperature suggests that these changes are driven by a seasonal increase in the glacier’s ice and firn pack temperature that might affect the top 20 m of the glacier. Diurnal cycles of Qc−1, repeating icequake activity, and the velocity of the glacier front shift from cosinusoidal to sinusoidal variations under the presence of meltwater. The proposed approach extends the monitoring of the hanging glacier beyond the ice surface and allows for a better understanding of the glacier’s response to time-dependent external forcing, which is an important step towards improved break-off forecasting systems.
Regional imprints of changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in the eddy-rich ocean model VIKING20X
Authors: Biastoch Arne , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , Getzlaff Klaus , Rühs Siren , Martin Torge , Scheinert Markus , Schulzki Tobias , Handmann Patricia , Hummels Rebecca , Böning Claus W.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. A hierarchy of global 1/4∘ (ORCA025) and Atlantic Ocean 1/20∘ nested (VIKING20X) ocean–sea-ice models is described. It is shown that the eddy-rich configurations performed in hindcasts of the past 50–60 years under CORE and JRA55-do atmospheric forcings realistically simulate the large-scale horizontal circulation, the distribution of the mesoscale, overflow and convective processes, and the representation of regional current systems in the North and South Atlantic. The representation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and in particular the long-term temporal evolution, strongly depends on numerical choices for the application of freshwater fluxes. The interannual variability of the AMOC instead is highly correlated among the model experiments and also with observations, including the 2010 minimum observed by RAPID at 26.5∘ N. This points to a dominant role of the wind forcing.
The ability of the model to represent
regional observations in western boundary current (WBC) systems at 53∘ N, 26.5∘ N and 11∘ S is explored. The question is investigated of whether WBC systems are able to represent the AMOC, and in particular whether these WBC systems exhibit similar temporal evolution to that of the zonally integrated AMOC. Apart from the basin-scale measurements at 26.5∘ N, it is shown that in particular the outflow of North Atlantic Deepwater at 53∘ N is a good indicator of the subpolar AMOC trend during the recent decades, once provided in density coordinates. The good reproduction of observed AMOC and WBC trends in the most reasonable simulations indicate that the eddy-rich VIKING20X is capable of representing realistic forcing-related and ocean-intrinsic trends.
Responses of estuarine circulation to the morphological evolution in a convergent, microtidal estuary
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hong Bo , Zhu Lei , Gong Wenping , Zhang Heng
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Huangmaohai Estuary (HE) is a funnel-shaped microtidal estuary in the west of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China. Since China's reform and opening up in 1978, extensive human activities have occurred and greatly changed the estuary's topography, and modified its hydrodynamics. In this study, we examined the morphological evolution by analyzing remote sensing data with ArcGIS tools and studied the responses of hydrodynamics to the changes in topography from 1977 to 2010 by using the Delft3d model. We took the changes in estuarine circulation during neap tides in dry seasons as an example. The results show that human reclamation caused a narrowing of the estuary, and channel dredging deepened the estuary. These human activities changed both the longitudinal and lateral estuarine circulations. The longitudinal circulation was observed to increase with the deepening and narrowing of the estuary. The lateral circulation experienced changes in both the magnitude and pattern. The momentum balance analysis shows that when the depth and width changed simultaneously, the longitudinal estuarine circulation was modulated by both the channel deepening and width reduction, in which the friction, pressure gradient force, and advection terms were altered. The analysis of the longitudinal vortex dynamics indicates that the changes in the vertical shear of the longitudinal flow, lateral salinity gradient, and vertical mixing were responsible for the change in the lateral circulation. The changes in water depth are the dominant factor affecting lateral circulation intensity. This study has implications for sediment transport and morphological evolution in estuaries heavily impacted by human interventions.