bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physically based DC lifetime model for lead zirconate titanate films
Authors: Garten Lauren M. , Hagiwara Manabu , Ko Song Won , Trolier-McKinstry Susan
Published: September 2017

Accurate lifetime predictions for Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films are critical for a number of applications, but current reliability models are not consistent with the resistance degradation mechanisms in lead zirconate titanate. In this work, the reliability and lifetime of chemical solution deposited (CSD) and sputtered Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films are characterized using highly accelerated lifetime testing (HALT) and leakage current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Temperature dependent HALT results and impedance spectroscopy show activation energies of approximately 1.2 eV for the CSD films and 0.6 eV for the sputtered films. The voltage dependent HALT results are consistent with previous reports, but do not clearly indicate what causes device failure. To understand more about the underlying physical mechanisms leading to degradation, the I-V data are fit to known conduction mechanisms, with Schottky emission having the best-fit and realistic extracted material parameters. Using the Schottky emission equation as a base, a unique model is developed to predict the lifetime under highly accelerated testing conditions based on the physical mechanisms of degradation.
Drag reduction using wrinkled surfaces in high Reynolds number laminar boundary layer flows
Authors: Raayai-Ardakani Shabnam , McKinley Gareth H.
Published: September 2017

Inspired by the design of the ribbed structure of shark skin, passive drag reduction methods using stream-wise riblet surfaces have previously been developed and tested over a wide range of flow conditions. Such textures aligned in the flow direction have been shown to be able to reduce skin friction drag by 4%–8%. Here, we explore the effects of periodic sinusoidal riblet surfaces aligned in the flow direction (also known as a “wrinkled” texture) on the evolution of a laminar boundary layer flow. Using numerical analysis with the open source Computational Fluid Dynamics solver OpenFOAM, boundary layer flow over sinusoidal wrinkled plates with a range of wavelength to plate length ratios (λ/L), aspect ratios (2A/λ), and inlet velocities are examined. It is shown that in the laminar boundary layer regime, the riblets are able to retard the viscous flow inside the grooves creating a cushion of stagnant fluid that the high-speed fluid above can partially slide over, thus reducing the shear stress inside the grooves and the total integrated viscous drag force on the plate. Additionally, we explore how the boundary layer thickness, local average shear stress distribution, and total drag force on the wrinkled plate vary with the aspect ratio of the riblets as well as the length of the plate. We show that riblets with an aspect ratio of close to unity lead to the highest reduction in the total drag, and that because of the interplay between the local stress distribution on the plate and stream-wise evolution of the boundary layer the plate has to exceed a critical length to give a net decrease in the total drag force.
Destabilization of beta-induce Alfvén eigenmodes by energetic trapped ions in low-magnetic-shear plasma
Authors: Ma Ruirui , Chen Wei , He Hongda , Yu Liming , Ding Xuantong
Published: September 2017

The dispersion relation for high toroidal mode number n beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs) excited by magnetically trapped energetic ions generated with ion-cyclotron resonance heating via precessional resonance in low magnetic shear (s) tokamak plasma is investigated analytically and numerically. The dynamics of the energetic particles (EPs) is treated non-perturbatively and finite drift orbit width (FOW) effects are taken into account. It is found that, depending on the plasma parameters, the most unstable mode can be either the BAE mode or the energetic particle mode (EPM). Both modes can resonate with the trapped-particles' magnetic precessional drifts and become unstable. The mode frequencies and growth rates depend strongly on the EP parameters. FOW can stabilize high-n BAE modes by reducing the wave-particle interaction. Magnetic shear has an important effect on the growth rate of the modes. For BAE, the growth rate presents the trend of first increase and following decrease with the increase of s. The peak positions of the mode growth rate move towards small s with increasing EPs' density. Besides, the BAE growth rate increases with n for small kϑρLE, and decreases for kϑρLE>0.34. On the other hand, the EPM becomes stable for sufficiently large s and enters into the second stability regime.
L
p
-spectrum of the Schrödinger operator with inverted harmonic oscillator potential
Authors: Finster Felix , Isidro José M.
Published: September 2017

We determine the Lp-spectrum of the Schrödinger operator with the inverted harmonic oscillator potential V(x) = −x2 for 1≤p≤∞.
A fast finite-difference algorithm for topology optimization of permanent magnets
Authors: Abert Claas , Huber Christian , Bruckner Florian , Vogler Christoph , Wautischer Gregor , Suess Dieter
Published: September 2017

We present a finite-difference method for the topology optimization of permanent magnets that is based on the fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) accelerated computation of the stray-field. The presented method employs the density approach for topology optimization and uses an adjoint method for the gradient computation. Comparison to various state-of-the-art finite-element implementations shows a superior performance and accuracy. Moreover, the presented method is very flexible and easy to implement due to various preexisting FFT stray-field implementations that can be used.
Band alignment of B0.14Al0.86N/Al0.7Ga0.3N heterojunction
Authors: Sun Haiding , Park Young Jae , Li Kuang-Hui , Torres Castanedo C. G. , Alowayed Abdulmohsen , Detchprohm Theeradetch , Dupuis Russell D. , Li Xiaohang
Published: September 2017

Owing to large bandgaps of BAlN and AlGaN alloys, their heterojunctions have the potential to be used in deep ultraviolet and power electronic device applications. However, the band alignment of such junctions has not been identified. In this work, we investigated the band-offset parameters of a B0.14Al0.86 N/Al0.7Ga0.3N heterojunction grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. These specific compositions were chosen to ensure a sufficiently large band offset for deep ultraviolet and power electronic applications. High resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the high structural quality of the heterojunction with an abrupt interface and uniform element distribution. We employed high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to measure the core level binding energies of B 1s and Ga 2p3/2 with respect to the valence band maximum of B0.14Al0.86N and Al0.7Ga0.3N layers, respectively. Then, we measured the energy separation between the B 1s and Ga 2p3/2 core levels at the interface of the heterojunction. The valence band offset was determined to be 0.40 ± 0.05 eV. As a consequence, we identified a staggered-gap (type-II) heterojunction with the conduction band offset of 1.10 ± 0.05 eV. The determination of the band alignment of the B0.14Al0.86N/Al0.7Ga0.3N heterojunction facilitates the design of optical and electronic devices based on such junctions.
Large-eddy simulations of dense-gas dispersion within a high-Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Wingstedt E. M. M. , Vartdal M. , Pettersson Reif B. A.
Published: September 2017

Large-eddy simulations of flows over a backward-facing step with release of four different gases with increasing densities have been performed. The results have been analysed with particular emphasis on the part of the flow field sufficiently far downstream where the local effect of the source dynamics is no longer dominating the flow field. The dense gas plumes maintain high concentrations close to the ground and become approximately twice as shallow in comparison with a neutrally buoyant plume. The vertical mixing is significantly reduced close to the ground, and both momentum and scalar flux reversal are found in the two densest cases, indicating negative shear and buoyancy production of turbulence kinetic energy. Examination of the gradient Richardson number indicates that all dense gases are significantly affected by buoyancy. Interestingly, a narrow layer within the plumes is identified where the impact of stratification is expected to be reduced. It is found that relaminarization is most likely occurring and that fluctuations found might originate from interfacial wave modes rather than from turbulence. The large-scale structures are seen to resemble those found in the plane channel flow close to the wall and further away from it. In the middle layer, significant differences are found due to buoyancy effects. The large-scale structures become more pancake-shaped with large-scale vorticity almost exclusively about the spanwise direction in the dense gas cases.
Effects of an upstream triangular plate on the wing-body junction flow
Authors: Théberge M.-A. , Ekmekci A.
Published: September 2017

The use of a short triangular leading-edge plate at the base of a wing-body junction is experimentally evaluated as a passive control method to eliminate the horseshoe vortices or at least to subdue their strength. The impact of the plate geometry on the efficacy of the control is assessed by considering triangular plates that have a length of 1T, 2T, and 3T, a width of 0.1T and 0.2T, and a height of 1.5T, where T is the maximum thickness of the wing. The wing model is a NACA 0020 airfoil. The Reynolds number based on the chord length is varied from Rec = 25 000 to 75 000. The incoming boundary layer is laminar in all experiments. Particle Image Velocimetry is utilized to characterize the temporal behavior and circulation strength of horseshoe vortices. The λ2-criterion is used as the vortex identification method. All the triangular leading-edge plates investigated in this study are found to decrease the circulation strength of the horseshoe vortices in the symmetry plane, although by varying degrees, compared to the baseline configuration that has no plate control. An increase in the upstream reach of the leading-edge plate significantly mitigates the vortical organization, vorticity, size, and circulation strength of horseshoe vortices. Although all plate lengths in question achieve a regression in the horseshoe vortex regime and, at the lowest Reynolds number considered, they all reduce the number of horseshoe vortices compared to the uncontrolled case, as the Reynolds number increases, longer plates are needed for such an effect. On the other hand, an increase in the thickness of the leading-edge plate deteriorates the desired control by increasing the vortical organization, vorticity magnitude, size, and circulation strength of horseshoe vortices. At higher Reynolds numbers, a thicker plate performs even poorer, resulting in extra horseshoe vortices, which can be unsteady depending on the Reynolds number. Nevertheless, all the triangular plates considered in this investigation, including the thickest one, outperform the baseline case. Overall, the proposed method is found to be an effective way for the mitigation of horseshoe vortices at the wing-body junction. The longer and thinner the plate, the better the vortex mitigation.
Analytical studies on the LAOS behaviors of some popularly used viscoelastic constitutive equations with a new insight on stress decomposition of normal stresses
Authors: Bae Jung-Eun , Cho Kwang Soo
Published: September 2017

Shear stress of Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAOS) is known to be decomposed to elastic and viscous stresses. According to the parity of normal stress with respect to shear strain and shear rate, it also can be mathematically decomposed into two parts: NEE (even symmetry part for both strain and strain rate) and NOO (odd symmetry part for both shear strain and shear rate). However, the physical meaning of the decomposed normal stress is questionable. This paper is to prove the conjecture that NEE is elastic and NOO is viscous under the condition of time-strain separability. For the purpose of the proof, we developed mathematical tools for the analytical solutions of LAOS. We applied the mathematical methods to some popularly used constitutive equations such as the convected Maxwell models, the separable Kaye-Bernstein-Kearsley-Zepas (K-BKZ) model, the Giesekus model, and the Phan-Thien and Tanner model.
A unifying view of synchronization for data assimilation in complex nonlinear networks
Authors: Abarbanel Henry D. I. , Shirman Sasha , Breen Daniel , Kadakia Nirag , Rey Daniel , Armstrong Eve , Margoliash Daniel
Published: September 2017

Networks of nonlinear systems contain unknown parameters and dynamical degrees of freedom that may not be observable with existing instruments. From observable state variables, we want to estimate the connectivity of a model of such a network and determine the full state of the model at the termination of a temporal observation window during which measurements transfer information to a model of the network. The model state at the termination of a measurement window acts as an initial condition for predicting the future behavior of the network. This allows the validation (or invalidation) of the model as a representation of the dynamical processes producing the observations. Once the model has been tested against new data, it may be utilized as a predictor of responses to innovative stimuli or forcing. We describe a general framework for the tasks involved in the “inverse” problem of determining properties of a model built to represent measured output from physical, biological, or other processes when the measurements are noisy, the model has errors, and the state of the model is unknown when measurements begin. This framework is called statistical data assimilation and is the best one can do in estimating model properties through the use of the conditional probability distributions of the model state variables, conditioned on observations. There is a very broad arena of applications of the methods described. These include numerical weather prediction, properties of nonlinear electrical circuitry, and determining the biophysical properties of functional networks of neurons. Illustrative examples will be given of (1) estimating the connectivity among neurons with known dynamics in a network of unknown connectivity, and (2) estimating the biophysical properties of individual neurons in vitro taken from a functional network underlying vocalization in songbirds.
Dynamic Raman imaging system with high spatial and temporal resolution
Authors: Wang Lei , Dai Yinzhen , He Hao , Lv Ruiqi , Zong Cheng , Ren Bin
Published: September 2017

There is an increasing need to study dynamic changing systems with significantly high spatial and temporal resolutions. In this work, we integrated point-scanning, line-scanning, and wide-field Raman imaging techniques into a single system. By using an Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD) with a high gain and high frame rate, we significantly reduced the time required for wide-field imaging, making it possible to monitor the electrochemical reactions in situ. The highest frame rate of EMCDD was ∼50 fps, and the Raman images for a specific Raman peak can be obtained by passing the signal from the sample through the Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter. The spatial resolutions of scanning imaging and wide-field imaging with a 100× objective (NA = 0.9) are 0.5 × 0.5 μm2 and 0.36 × 0.36 μm2, respectively. The system was used to study the surface plasmon resonance of Au nanorods, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal distribution for Au Nanoparticle aggregates, and dynamic Raman imaging of an electrochemical reacting system.
Effect of anisotropic thermal transport on the resistive plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbation field
Authors: Bai Xue , Liu Yueqiang , Gao Zhe
Published: September 2017

Plasma response to the resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field is numerically investigated by an extended toroidal fluid model, which includes anisotropic thermal transport physics parallel and perpendicular to the total magnetic field. The thermal transport is found to be effective in eliminating the toroidal average curvature induced plasma screening (the so called Glasser-Green-Johnson, GGJ screening) in a slow toroidal flow regime, whilst having minor effect on modifying the conventional plasma screening regimes at faster flow. This physics effect of interaction between thermal transport and GGJ screening is attributed to the modification of the radial structure of the shielding current, which resulted from the plasma response to the applied field. The modification of the plasma response (shielding current, response field, plasma displacement, and the perturbed velocity) also has direct consequence on the toroidal torques produced by RMP. Modelling results show that thermal transport reduces the resonant electromagnetic torque as well as the torque associated with the Reynolds stress, but enhances the neoclassical toroidal viscous torque at slow plasma flow.
Openness to Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Public Substance use Treatment in South Africa Using Task Shifting: Caseload Size Matters
Authors: Magidson Jessica F. , Lee Jasper S. , Johnson Kim , Burnhams Warren , Koch J. Randy , Manderscheid Ron , Myers Bronwyn
Published: September 2017

Background

In response to the lack of coverage for substance use treatment in the Western Cape province of South Africa, the local government expanded funding for evidence-based practices (EBPs) for treating substance use. Yet, little is known about provider and staff attitudes towards adopting EBPs in this setting, which is particularly relevant in this context where task shifting clinical care increases demands on paraprofessional providers. This study aimed to (1) assess attitudes towards adopting EBPs among a range of staff working in substance use treatment in Cape Town using a task shifting model; and (2) evaluate factors associated with openness towards adopting EBPs in this setting.

Methods

Staff ( n = 87) were recruited from 11 substance use treatment clinics. Demographics and job-related characteristics were assessed. Staff perceptions of organizational factors were assessed using the TCU Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) scale. The dependent variable, attitudes towards adopting EBPs, was assessed using the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS).

Results

This study is one of the first to administer the EBPAS in South Africa and found good internal consistency (total score: α = .82). In a multivariable model adjusting for site and factors associated with EBPAS total score at the bivariate level, only smaller caseload size was associated with greater openness to adopting EBPs (B = 1.61, SE = .73; t = 2.21; p<.05).

Conclusions

As pressure to scale up implementation of EBPs in South African substance use treatment services intensifies, additional efforts are needed to understand barriers to adopt EBPs in this setting. Supporting staff adoption of EBPs in resource-limited settings may require additional resources to limit staff caseloads in the context of task shifting.
Convergence of a mass-lumped finite element method for the Landau-Lifshitz equation
Authors: Kim Eugenia , Wilkening Jon
Published: September 2017

The dynamics of the magnetic distribution in a ferromagnetic material is governed by the Landau-Lifshitz equation, which is a nonlinear geometric dispersive equation with a nonconvex constraint that requires the magnetization to remain of unit length throughout the domain. In this article, we present a mass-lumped finite element method for the Landau-Lifshitz equation. This method preserves the nonconvex constraint at each node of the finite element mesh, and is energy nonincreasing. We show that the numerical solution of our method for the Landau-Lifshitz equation converges to a weak solution of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation using a simple proof technique that cancels out the product of weakly convergent sequences. Numerical tests for both explicit and implicit versions of the method on a unit square with periodic boundary conditions are provided for structured and unstructured meshes.
MrpL35, a mitospecific component of mitoribosomes, plays a key role in cytochromecoxidase assembly
Authors: Box Jodie M. , Kaur Jasvinder , Stuart Rosemary A.
Published: September 2017

Mitoribosomes perform the synthesis of the core components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system encoded by the mitochondrial genome. We provide evidence that MrpL35 (mL38), a mitospecific component of the yeast mitoribosomal central protuberance, assembles into a subcomplex with MrpL7 (uL5), Mrp7 (bL27), and MrpL36 (bL31) and mitospecific proteins MrpL17 (mL46) and MrpL28 (mL40). We isolated respiratory defective mrpL35 mutant yeast strains, which do not display an overall inhibition in mitochondrial protein synthesis but rather have a problem in cytochrome c oxidase complex (COX) assembly. Our findings indicate that MrpL35, with its partner Mrp7, play a key role in coordinating the synthesis of the Cox1 subunit with its assembly into the COX enzyme and in a manner that involves the Cox14 and Coa3 proteins. We propose that MrpL35 and Mrp7 are regulatory subunits of the mitoribosome acting to coordinate protein synthesis and OXPHOS assembly events and thus the bioenergetic capacity of the mitochondria.
Coordinated increase of nuclear tension and lamin-A with matrix stiffness outcompetes lamin-B receptor that favors soft tissue phenotypes
Authors: Buxboim Amnon , Irianto Jerome , Swift Joe , Athirasala Avathamsa , Shin Jae-Won , Rehfeldt Florian , Discher Dennis E.
Published: September 2017

Matrix stiffness that is sensed by a cell or measured by a purely physical probe reflects the intrinsic elasticity of the matrix and also how thick or thin the matrix is. Here, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their nuclei spread in response to thickness-corrected matrix microelasticity, with increases in nuclear tension and nuclear stiffness resulting from increases in myosin-II and lamin-A,C. Linearity between the widely varying projected area of a cell and its nucleus across many matrices, timescales, and myosin-II activity levels indicates a constant ratio of nucleus-to-cell volume, despite MSCs’ lineage plasticity. Nuclear envelope fluctuations are suppressed on the stiffest matrices, and fluctuation spectra reveal a high nuclear tension that matches trends from traction force microscopy and from increased lamin-A,C. Transcriptomes of many diverse tissues and MSCs further show that lamin-A,C’s increase with tissue or matrix stiffness anti-correlates with lamin-B receptor (LBR), which contributes to lipid/sterol biosynthesis. Adipogenesis (a soft lineage) indeed increases LBR:lamin-A,C protein stoichiometry in MSCs versus osteogenesis (stiff). The two factors compete for lamin-B in response to matrix elasticity, knockdown, myosin-II inhibition, and even constricted migration that disrupts and segregates lamins in situ. Matrix stiffness-driven contractility thus tenses the nucleus to favor lamin-A,C accumulation and suppress soft tissue phenotypes.
Ubiquitin ligase SPSB4 diminishes cell repulsive responses mediated by EphB2
Authors: Okumura Fumihiko , Joo-Okumura Akiko , Obara Keisuke , Petersen Alexander , Nishikimi Akihiko , Fukui Yoshinori , Nakatsukasa Kunio , Kamura Takumi
Published: September 2017

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands are overexpressed in various human cancers, including colorectal malignancies, suggesting important roles in many aspects of cancer development and progression as well as in cellular repulsive responses. The ectodomain of EphB2 receptor is cleaved by metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2/MMP-9 and released into the extracellular space after stimulation by its ligand. The remaining membrane-associated fragment is further cleaved by the presenilin-dependent γ-secretase and releases an intracellular peptide that has tyrosine kinase activity. Although the cytoplasmic fragment is degraded by the proteasome, the responsible ubiquitin ligase has not been identified. Here, we show that SOCS box-containing protein SPSB4 polyubiquitinates EphB2 cytoplasmic fragment and that SPSB4 knockdown stabilizes the cytoplasmic fragment. Importantly, SPSB4 down-regulation enhances cell repulsive responses mediated by EphB2 stimulation. Altogether, we propose that SPSB4 is a previously unidentified ubiquitin ligase regulating EphB2-dependent cell repulsive responses.
Medieval Conceptions of Free Choice
Authors: Weiss Shira
Published: September 2017

The philosophic concept of free choice was debated heavily in medieval philosophy. Philosophers argued over whether or not human freedom is compatible with causation and divine foreknowledge, as questions of theological determinism were contested. A number of approaches to the philosophical problem of theological determinism emerged during this period from Jewish philosophers, such as Gersonides, Maimonides, and Ḥasdai Crescas, reflecting a range of libertarian, compatibilistic and deterministic positions which demonstrate the diversity of views on this issue. A summary of the various arguments of Albo’s Jewish and non-Jewish predecessors and contemporaries contributes to an understanding of Albo’s opinion on this contested topic, and to how he innovatively interprets biblical narratives in a unique way that demonstrates his belief.
The Book of Job
Authors: Weiss Shira
Published: September 2017

Many medieval and modern philosophers have interpreted the book of Job as a discourse on the problems of providence, evil, and repentance; Albo is unique in his interpretation of the biblical book in light of the problem of free choice. In addition, Albo does not offer a comprehensive, consolidated exposition of the biblical text, but rather makes sporadic references to Job throughout Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim, for the reader to synthesize. His interpretation of Job illustrates his view of human free choice, which then contributes to his demonstration of the existence of God’s providence over the individual and his explanation of the prosperity of the wicked and adversity of the righteous. Albo’s notions of divine providence, prayer, and repentance, which he develops through his interpretation of the Book of Job, are all predicated upon his assertion of free choice.
Conclusion
Authors: Weiss Shira
Published: September 2017

Contrary to the consensus of modern scholars, Joseph Albo demonstrates philosophical originality in his exegetical homilies in Sefer ha-‘Iqqarim, which focus on the concept of free choice, an issue that was highly debated in the medieval world, and one with particular significance during a period of religious coercion. Though not a systematic thinker who comprehensively articulates his original philosophic views, Albo synthesizes ideas of his Jewish and non-Jewish predecessors and contemporaries, yet incorporates much of his own ingenuity into individual discussions of philosophically challenging biblical narratives. Albo uses innovative exegetical interpretations staggered throughout his philosophic work to teach the philosophic truth of free choice. In addition to his objective of articulating the authenticity of Jewish dogma in order to enable his coreligionists to defend themselves against persecution, his focus on free choice may have been intended to teach implicit lessons to strengthen the will and conviction of his persecuted community.
A Dictionary of Chinese Literature
Authors: Chang Taiping
Published: September 2017

Over 240 entries

From the Shi jing (Classic of Songs) of the eleventh century bc, to the to the wanglu wenxue (Internet literature) of the twenty-first century, this authoritative dictionary covers key terms relative to the study of Chinese literature, from antiquity to the present day. a–z entries on key literary figures, trends, schools, movements, and literary collections are included, as well as detailed descriptions of traditional literary works, plays, dramas, stories, novels, and other main literary texts.

This dictionary considers the Chinese literary tradition, and its relation to Chinese culture, customs, and court life, including the most up-to-date research materials with new scholarly assessments. Nearly all entries also contain bibliographies, opening another window for interested readers to pursue further study of the subject.
Harry Truman, European Hunger, and the Cold War
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

Harry Truman was the hugely unpopular, embattled, pugnacious American president as World War II ended. He faced nationwide strikes, consumer unhappiness with continued price controls, and a Republican Party sensing a vulnerable Democrat in the White House. Abroad, his problems were, if anything, bigger: Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey, communist parties in Western Europe verging on political power, continued economic weakness, deepening hunger in many parts of the world. This chapter describes how Truman sought—with considerable success—to deal with these threats. With the Truman Doctrine and the Point 4 program, considerable help from the deeply conservative ex-president Herbert Hoover, and grudging financing from Congress, Truman found ways to weaken the communist threat in Europe. In the process, he succeeded in providing enough food relief to nearly end the threat of famine in Europe. The last hurdle was finding a way to spur European economic recovery.
The World Food Conference
Authors: Riley Barry
Published: September 2017

Just before leaving the White House to assume his duties as secretary of state, Kissinger alerted top Agriculture officials in Washington that the president was increasingly concerned with the growing world food crisis. Among the responses was word that the American food aid program was not going to be able to meet its global food aid commitments because of the combination of high food prices and budgetary constraints. Shortly thereafter Kissinger publicly called for the convening of a World Food Conference to consider the problem and propose long-term remedies. This chapter describes interagency debates over what the United States should—and should not—promise in the conference. It highlights the difference between domestic agriculture interests, represented by Secretary of Agriculture Butz, foreign policy interests, exemplified by Kissinger, humanitarian concerns, voiced by Senator Humphrey, and the perspective of the new president, Gerald Ford.
A Perfect Storm
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

In 1817, following the Bourbon Restoration, the French crown attempted to reform the Isle Bourbon judiciary, dominated by creole men from island’s planter elite. The man sent to spearhead the reforms, the liberal attorney general Louis Gilbert Boucher, immediately came into conflict with Philippe Panon Desbassayns, the creole commissioner general of Isle Bourbon. Furcy and Constance realized the opportunity to challenge Furcy’s enslavement to Joseph Lory and initiated a freedom suit. Following instructions by Boucher and Jacques Sully Brunet, a young, creole, Paris-trained lawyer, Furcy initiated his emancipation by exiting his master’s property and declaring himself a free man.
Freedom Papers Hidden in His Shoe
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

The 1830 July Revolution brought a series of laws facilitating manumission and equal rights for free men of color. In Isle Bourbon, Joseph Lory expanded his sugar production with two large plantations in the parish of Saint-Benoît. Constance died of unknown causes in 1838. As a free man, Furcy continued to live in Port Louis, Mauritius, as a candy maker. He saved his money, bought a store in Port Louis and a farm in Moka, learned to sign his name, and eventually contacted allies in Paris, who arranged for him to travel to Paris to appeal his wrongful enslavement in French courts. In 1835, the Court of Cassation’s Petition Chamber allowed Furcy’s appeal to advance to the Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation, which decided in 1840 that Furcy had been born free due to his mother’s early sojourn on the free soil of France.
Black and Crazy
Authors: Holcomb Lawrence E.
Published: September 2017

The lawless, antinomian black male is an image cultivated in North American media since the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This version of the “bad guy” black man represents a response to the futility of black male achievement of dominant white social norms. By focusing on the aftershocks of the Black Codes, this chapter shows how particular social circumstances were ripe for the production of anti-heroes. Incapable of appealing to societal institutions, black male attempts to protect his person, his family, or his property against violation could result in his death. In a world where the established laws were rigged against them, this particular subaltern group began to revere the lawless. Faced with the impossibility of normative achievement, some African American men fulfilled the “black” stereotype prescribed by white culture. In doing so, the men became “crazy” in both a psychological and sociological sense.
Masculinity and Disability
Authors: Slaughter Carolyn
Published: September 2017

Ernest Hemingway was plagued all his life by sexual arousal linked to associations developed in early childhood. In his letters and writing, Hemingway does not easily use “I” or “you.” From Paris, he writes to his boyhood friends as simply a male: “Bring a male up to date.” Psychoanalysts have given us a full range of Hemingway’s mental disabilities: latent homosexuality, posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, narcissism, gender-identity issues, self-image issues, domestic abuse, alcoholism, and sexual inadequacy. His most profound disability might perhaps have been his disconnection from himself and others. His deepest longing was to dissolve with another in a way that did not require him to be a separate, individual person. Ultimately, Hemingway’s desire for dissolution led to self-murder, even as the chaos, rage, and agony of his bipolar mind brought with it an astonishing blessing: stark, intense, and magnificent prose.
Excluded Within
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

Why are some claims seen or heard as political claims, while others are not? Why are some people not seen or heard as political agents? And how does their political unintelligibility shape political bodies, and the terms of political agency, from which they are excluded? Excluded Within: The (Un)Intelligibility of Radical Political Actors argues that these people, and these claims, are excluded within these political bodies and terms of political agency. They remain within and continue to do the work of defining the terms of the bodies from which they are excluded. But because their remaining within these bodies is disavowed or repressed, these potentially radical actors are politically unintelligible to those bodies. This rich and methodologically creative work draws on philosophy, critical theory, feminist theory, and critical race theory to articulate who we are by virtue of who we exclude, and what claims we cannot see, hear, or understand.
Materialist History and Method
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 argues that due to its retroactive character, any critique of constitutive exclusion must be retrospective: both materialist and historical. First, this critical method must be material as a means of releasing the possibilities sedimented in a political agency we often presume to be fixed, natural, and unified. It must also be material in order to orient our listening toward concrete conditions without reducing them to brute facticity and without romanticizing or fetishizing those constitutively excluded. Second, this critical method must also be retrospective or historical, because the retroactive temporality of constitutive exclusion leaves the current terrain of politics and intelligible political agency sedimented with multiple exclusions. By unearthing how things may have been otherwise, we release those sparks of resistance that they can still be otherwise.
From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

This work provides a survey and critical investigation of the remarkable century from 1225 to 1325, during which the transformation of the Chinese Chan school into the Japanese Zen sect was successfully completed. The cycle of transfer began with a handful of Japanese pilgrims traveling to China, including Eisai, Dōgen, and Enni, in order to discover authentic Buddhism. They quickly learned that Chan, with the strong support of the secular elite, was well organized in terms of the intricate teaching techniques of various temple lineages. After receiving Dharma transmission through face-to-face meetings with prominent Chinese teachers, the Japanese monks returned with many spiritual resources. However, foreign rituals and customs met with resistance, so by the end of the thirteenth century it was difficult to imagine the success Zen would soon achieve. Following the arrival of a series of émigré monks, who gained the strong support of the shoguns for their continental teachings, Zen became the mainstream religious tradition in Japan. The transmission culminated in the 1320s when prominent leaders Daitō and Musō learned enough Chinese to overcome challenges from other sects with their Zen methods. The book examines the transcultural conundrum: how did Zen, which started half a millennium earlier as a mystical utopian cult primarily for reclusive monks who withdrew from society, gain a broad following among influential lay followers in both countries? It answers this question by developing a focus on the main mythical elements that contributed to the overall effectiveness of this transition, especially the Legend of Living Buddhas.
Transmissions
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 discusses the beginning phase of acculturation, from the time of Dōgen’s awakening in China in 1225 to the middle of the thirteenth century by stressing the direct personal transmission that eventually led to the support Zen teachers gained from both the shogunal and imperial authorities in Japan. After discussing various factors that gave rise to the strength of the Chan tradition in China but also gradually led to its weakening, the chapter covers the struggles and mixed results faced by the early Japanese pilgrims, particularly Dōgen, Eisai, and Enni, on returning from sojourns on the mainland, in addition to the meditative and literary methods these figures employed in order to propagate the transplantation process.
Transformations
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 examines the third and final stage of transplantation, which completed the process of Zen gaining full independence from other schools of Buddhism with its emergence as the newly dominant sect. This phase began with Yishan, one of the most influential émigré monks, arriving in Japan in 1299, bringing with him the tradition of Zen poetic composition and the fine arts. By requiring all novice monks at prestigious temples to display an intensive knowledge of the intellectual history of China, Yishan ensured the prevalence of the Chinese language, culture, and customs in Japan. The phase lasted until 1325, when Daitō won a debate with other Buddhist leaders despite never having studied in China, signaling the maturity and autonomy of the Zen monastic institution, which thrived for another century and a half.
Narrating the Present-Past in Frederick Douglass’s Life and Times
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

This chapter finds in Frederick Douglass’s final autobiography a case study for what it means to narrate the present-past. The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass points backward to bondage, bringing the author face to face with his former master. For nineteenth- and twenty-first-century readers alike, the tableau of the ex-slave sharing a sentimental moment with the man who once abused him suggests that the radical abolitionist had become a reactionary. But this chapter advances a different interpretation of the signal episode. By underscoring the elisions, revisions, and omissions that distinguish this moment in Life and Times from contemporaneous news coverage of the event, and by deploying narrative theory to illuminate both accounts, the chapter argues that Douglass’s work enacts the challenge of fighting for black equality amid a political landscape that posed the forgetting of bondage as the condition for national reunion.
Failed Futures
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the uses of the unfulfilled in the writings of Charles W. Chesnutt and Sutton E. Griggs. While both authors sought politically progressive ends, Chesnutt and Griggs deployed different strategies to navigate the discourses of “pessimism” and “optimism” that marked turn-of-the-twentieth-century debates about the future of the race. Whereas Griggs believed that bringing about a better future for black Americans required representing this future in the present, Chesnutt staged its failure in order to realize a future that might not fail. Specifically, in The Colonel’s Dream, Chesnutt addresses the nation’s failures to approximate the democratic ideal. He thus anticipates the twenty-first-century debate between Afro-pessimism and black optimism. By intensifying the pessimism in Afro-pessimism, Chesnutt insists that forecasting the failed future is necessary for realizing any better tomorrow. Accordingly, he clarifies the links between Afro-pessimism and black optimism, revealing these not as opposites but as critical coproducers.
Epilogue
Authors: Laski Gregory
Published: September 2017

The Epilogue places Spike Lee’s Bamboozled into dialogue with the thought of Ralph Ellison, whose Invisible Man constitutes the silent source for Lee’s film. At the center of both works is the image of a falling body, which highlights the relationship between the present-past of slavery and the possibility of achieving a democratic future. Whereas Lee leaves viewers locked in the past of racial subjugation that his film’s treatment of blackface minstrelsy represents, Ellison revises Walt Whitman’s vision to underscore the ways nonprogressive temporal models can facilitate political progress. Limning the energies of progress and regress through the nonteleological trajectory he imbues in his novel’s key terms, “plunge” and “fall,” Ellison posits the definitive democratic movement. This idea remains recessed in the rhetoric of Barack Obama, who in his “speech on race” disavowed the politically transformative potential of the stasis associated with the racial worldview of the Reverend Jeremiah Wright.
Religious People Do Not Like Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the assumption held by many nonreligious individuals that “religious people do not like science.” Contrary to this simple stereotype, the chapter shows how religious Americans’ views on science are complex. Regarding the relationship between science and religion, most Americans do not perceive the two as being in conflict. The chapter provides examples of the myriad ways that religious people support and find awe in science. In particular, the authors found that many religious people are interested in discoveries involving medicine. Overall, religious people are typically less interested in basic science because it is not clearly connected to the values and goals of their religious traditions.
Religious People Do Not Like Scientists
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

In addition to myths regarding the relationship between science and religion, there exists many stereotypes regarding scientists. Public perception is that religious people do not like scientists. This chapter addresses how religious people come to their views of scientists as well as how religious people define scientist as an occupation. The reality revealed by this chapter is that some religious believers think scientists view themselves as God-like or worship science as a god. The reality is that some religious believers, particularly evangelicals, suspect that scientists hate them (or at least their religion). This belief in turn leads religious people to be wary of scientists, although not necessarily to dislike them. Some religious people are also concerned that scientists are not morally reflective and have replaced religion with science.
Religious People Are Not Scientists
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

It is often assumed that working in science precludes being religious. This assumption is reinforced by vocal atheist scientists. This chapter provides narratives from religious people who are scientists, dispelling the myth that religious people cannot be and are not scientists. This chapter notes that religious scientists exist, particularly outside of elite universities; these rank-and-file scientists demonstrate that the irreligiosity of university scientists might have more to do with working in universities than working in science. The chapter also demonstrates how some scientists find a glimpse of faith and the divine in their scientific work. Religious scientists at times feel tension, as if they are stuck between two worlds, however they are also in the unique position to serve as bridge builders.
Religious People Are Against Scientific Technology
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

There is a myth that religious people do not like technology, whether it is the Internet, social media, or medical technologies. In fact, religious people’s concerns with many technologies mirror those of nonreligious people. As for social media, for instance, religious people fear what these technologies can do to relationships. And yet religious people support these technologies for the ways they can grow, strengthen, and connect communities of faith. While religious people are not unique in their concerns about many technologies, there are a few that concern religious people, in particular: reproductive genetic technologies (RGTs), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and human embryonic stem-cell (hESC) research. Biomedical technologies, specifically those related to “human enhancement,” tend to intersect directly with faith and can cause tension with religious groups. In other words, people of faith have theological concerns about these technologies because they seem to have implications for who God is and who human beings are and what it means to have a good life.
Beyond Myths, Toward Realities
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarizes the myths and stereotypes that were dispelled and encourages readers to accept this reality moving forward. Suggestions are provided for scientists, religious people, and all those in between. Productive dialogue is possible, and there are several models of this dialogue already in existence. Scientists and religious communities should attempt to build upon shared concerns, while recognizing that technical disagreements often mask more subtle concerns about meaning and ethics. Both groups should recognize their assumptions about the other and how those assumptions are often incorrect or lack nuance. Faith community leaders can be vital in providing space for members who are scientists to help bridge gaps between the scientific and religious domains.