bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Tourism Management by Using Recreational Carrying Capacity Concept (Case: Mesr Desert in Iran)
Authors: Sabokkhiz Maryam , Sabokkhiz Fatemeh , Shayesteh Kamran , Malaz Jafar , Shieh Esmaeil
Published: November 2016

Deserts have a variety of potentials in ecotourism where comprehensive planning can lead to the sustainable development of the desert. Carrying capacity can have different partial definitions, especially depending on the economic, social and environmental dimensions. The set of these types of capacities can constitute the tourism carrying capacity. One of the distinguished deserts in Iran is Mesr, located in Isfahan province. The objective of this paper is to identify the optimum number of eco-tourists visiting Mesr desert, for the achievement of sustainable development in this area, based on the desert ecological potentials. Therefore organising and planning these potentials could raise the economical growth of the region. The carrying capacity of the area is assessed by using the methodology suggested by the IUCN. The capacities are assessed in three levels. With respect to these capacities in the planning process, the environmental damages prevent in the region and provide easy options for eco-tourism. It is necessary to survey the damaging factors that make the color of the sand to fade. After sampling of septic and non-septic sand, the outcome shows remarkable effect of insecticides on sand pigment. This implies more control on accommodation conditions.
Gevolgen voor winstuitkeringen aan aandeelhouders na herziening jaarrekening BV
Authors: Vonk M.A.R.
Published: November 2016

Gevolgen voor winstuitkeringen aan aandeelhouders na herziening jaarrekening BV

In de praktijk bestaat soms behoefte om de jaarrekening te herzien. Bijvoorbeeld wanneer deze geen juist beeld geeft over de gang van zaken bij een onderneming. In dit artikel bespreekt de auteur wat bij herziening van de jaarrekening de mogelijke gevolgen zijn voor de reeds gedane winstuitkeringen aan aandeelhouders.
Social Media Use and Innovations: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Brandtzaeg Petter Bae , Følstad Asbjørn
Published: November 2016

This special issue on "Social media use and innovations" of the Journal of Media Innovation provides an engaging view into innovative uses of social media as well as approaches for utilizing social media in innovation.  With three papers included, we cover experiences with an online social network for children (Stephanie Valentine and Tracy Hammond), design by youth for youth in projects on social media for civic engagement (Henry Mainsah, Petter Bae Brandtzaeg, and Asbjørn Følstad), and social platforms for corporate and community innovation (Marika Lüders).
Detection, Enumeration, and Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus from Seafood: Development of a Multidisciplinary Protocol
Authors: Banerjee Swapan K , Farber Jeffrey M
Published: November 2016

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are bacterial foodborne pathogens that can cause illnesses in humans after ingestion or exposure to contaminated seafood or coastal waters. Aprocedure that combines microbiological, biochemical, and molecular methods was designed and optimized for thedetection, enumeration, isolation, and characterization of these clinically significant Vibrio spp. Initially, microbiological culturing is used to resuscitate and isolate presumptive Vibrio spp. from chilled seafood samples. Biochemical tests are then used to analyze and select presumptive isolates at the species level, and, lastly, molecular methods, such as PCR targeting species-specific hemolysin genes, are used to confirm identification and assess the potential pathogenicity of presumptive isolates. By using artificially contaminated molluscan homogenates with known numbers of V. parahaemolyticus,this method yielded, on average, 90% recovery on complete agar media and 88% recovery on selective media. For V. vulnificus, the recovery rates were 86% (complete media) and 84% (selective media). Linearity of recovery of Vibrio spp. from artificially contaminated seafood homogenates supportedthe applicability of this method. Overall, this performance-tested protocol is easy to use, cost-effective, and fit-for-purpose, with potential for routine use in basic microbiological facilities.
Some of the metabolic changes in expedition members caused by diet and activities performed during a stay at the Czech Antarc-tic base (Short Communication)
Authors: Žákovská Alena , Zezulová Olivie
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of food intake, extreme climatic and other environmental conditions on metabolic parameters in serum in participants of the 9th Czech Antarctic Scientific Expedition, January – February 2015 (8 weeks). The studied parameters included the level of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and type of diet. The energy intake, amount of protein in food during the stay were analysed. The values of the above-specified parame-ters were compared with the answers of respondents to questions about food intake served during the expedition and analysed by the (ANOVA) Hartley F, Cochran C, Barttlet Chi test. A total of 45 sera samples were collected during 3 series of sampling. The first one was a pre-departure sampling, the second was taken after the first 2 weeks of the stay in Antarctica, and the third one during the last 2 weeks of the stay). Statisti-cally significant decrease in uric acid and HDL cholesterol in sera was observed during the stay. For this purpose, Student´s paired t-test was used. Scheffe test revealed significant differences in levels of HDL between categories of expeditioners who ate significantly larger amount of protein and equal amount of proteins after 44 days of expedition. In this paper, we discuss the total cholesterol (HDL, LDL), which can lead to dietary problems under stress condition in the Czech Antarctic base.
Effects of short-term low temperature stress on chlorophyll fluorescence transients in Antarctic lichen species
Authors: Marečková Michaela , Barták Miloš
Published: November 2016

Chlorophyll fluorescence is an effective tool for investigating characteristics of any photosynthesizing organisms and its responses due to different stressors. Here, we have studied a short-term temperature response on two Antarctic green algal lichen species: Umbilicaria antarctica, and Physconia muscigena. We measured slow chlorophyll fluorescence transients in the species during slow a cooling of thallus temperature from 20°C to 5°C with a 10 min. acclimation at each temperature in dark. The measurements were supplemented with saturation pulses for the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters: maximum yield of PS II photochemistry (FV/FM), effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry (FPSII) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In response to decreasing thallus temperature, we observed species-specific changes in chlorophyll fluorescence levels P, S, M, T reached during chlorophyll fluorescence transient as well as in the shape of the chlorophyll fluorescence transients. With a decrease in temperature, the time at which M and T chlorophyll fluorescence levels were reached, increased. These changes were attributed to redox state of plastoquinon pool, changes in Calvin-Benson cycle activity, non-photochemical quenching components, state transition in particular. In this study, we present some chlorophyll fluorescence ratios (P/M, M/T, P/T) and chlorophyll fluorescence increase rates (FR1, i.e. O to P, and FR2 - i.e. S to M) as the parameters reflecting direct temperature effects on chloroplastic apparatus of lichen alga sensitively. We proposed that species-specific changes in the slow phase of chlorophyll fluorescence transients could be potentially used as indicators of low temperature effects in photosynthetic apparatus of lichen algal photobionts. Interspecific differences in response to low temperature might be evaluated using the approach as well.
O acontecimento renúncia de Bento XVI em jornais de referência
Authors: Milani Tatiane , Zamin Angela
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo analisa a produção do acontecimento jornalístico Renúncia de Bento XVI em dois jornais de referência, o brasileiro O Estado de São Paulo e o italiano Corriere della Sera, em suas versões digitais, em fevereiro de 2013. Por meio da Análise de Conteúdo (Bardin, 1979; Herscovitz, 2007), evidenciou-se que, nos jornais, o acontecimento foi assentado sobre escândalos ligados ao Vaticano, enquanto as razões apresentadas pelo Papa foram tomadas como condição que dificultaria trabalhar com tais questões.Palavras-chave: Jornalismo; Acontecimento; Papa Bento XVI; Análise de Conteúdo.Resignation’s event of Benedict XVI in elite newspapersAbstract: In this paper, we analyze de production of the journalistic event Resignation of Benedict XVI in two elite newspapers: the Brazilian O Estado de São Paulo and the Italian Corriere della Sera, in their digital versions, in February 2013. We have evidenced, through content analysis (Bardin, 1979; Herscovitz, 2007) that, in the newspapers, the event was settled about scandals related to Vatican, while the reasons presented for the pope were treated as a condition that would make it more difficult to work with these questions.Keywords: Journalism; Event; Pope Benedict XV; Content Analysis.El acontecimiento renuncia de Benedicto XVI en periódicos de referenciaResumen: Este artículo analiza la producción del acontecimiento periodístico Renuncia de Benedicto XVI en dos periódicos de referencia, el brasileño O Estado de São Paulo y el italiano Corriere della Sera, en sus versiones digitales, en el febrero de 2013. Mediante el análisis de contenido (Bardin, 1979; Herscovitz, 2007), la investigación muestra que, en los periódicos, el acontecimiento fue construido a partir de los escándalos vinculados con el Vaticano, mientras que las razones presentadas por el Papa se tomaron como una condición que haría más difícil trabajar con este tipo de problema.Palabras clave: Periodismo;  Acontecimiento; Papa Benedicto XVI; Análisis de contenido.
O museu virtual de Ouro Preto (MG) como ferramenta de comunicação turística para a destinação
Authors: Santos Brendo Rodrigues dos , Perinotto André Riani Costa
Published: November 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo abordar a temática dos museus virtuais, acarretando uma análise de como essas plataformas podem ser utilizadas para a comunicação turística dos destinos. Para a obtenção dos dados, foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica, além de se realizar o estudo de caso de um museu virtual consolidado. Evidenciou-se que os museus virtuais podem ser utilizados para a promoção dos destinos turísticos, mesmo que indiretamente.Palavras-Chave: Museus Virtuais; Comunicação Turística; Promoção dos DestinosThe virtual museum of Ouro Preto (MG) as a tool of tourist communication for the destinationResume: This article aims to address the theme of virtual museums, resulting in an analysis of how these platforms can be used for communication tourist of the destinations. To obtain the data, the bibliographic research was used, in addition to accomplish the case study of a consolidated virtual museum. It was evident that virtual museums can be used for the promotion of tourist destinations, even if indirectly.Keywords: Virtual Museums; Tourist communication; Promotion of the DestinationsEl museo virtual de Ouro Preto (MG) como herramienta de comunicación turística para la asignaciónResumen: En este artículo se propone estudiar la temática de los museos virtuales y, por consiguiente, presentar un análisis de cómo estas plataformas pueden ser utilizadas para la comunicación turística de los destinos. Para obtener los datos, fue empleada la investigación bibliográfica, además de realizar el estudio de caso de un determinado museo virtual consolidado. Por lo tanto, se constató que los museos virtuales pueden ser usados para la promoción de los destinos turísticos, aunque de manera indirecta. Palabras clave: Museos Virtuales; Comunicación Turística; Promoción de los Destinos
Comunicação, turismo e confiança: processos de participação social em regiões rurais
Authors: Rudnicki Carlise Schneider , Zanchi Verenice
Published: November 2016

Este trabalho busca refletir sobre possibilidades e entraves nos processos de organização social de famílias que cultivam, ou já cultivaram, tabaco no Vale do Rio Pardo/ RS, a partir da implantação do turismo rural. Optou-se pela realização de grupos de discussão, entrevistas em profundidade e análise documental. Entende-se que, nestes espaços, assim como em outros, há uma crise de confiança nas instituições.Palavras-chave: comunicação; turismo; confiança.Communication, tourism and trust: the processes of social participation in rural areasThis paper aims to reflect on possibilities and obstacles in social organization processes of family farming, or have cultivated, tobacco Vale do Rio Pardo / RS, from the implementation of rural tourism. We opted for the realization of focus groups, interviews and document analysis. It is understood that, in these areas, as in others, there is a crisis of confidence in the institutions.Keywords: communication; tourism; confidence. Comunicación, turismo y confianza: procesos de participación social en regiones ruralesResumen: Este trabajo busca reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y obstáculos en los procesos de organización social de las familias que cultivan o han cultivado, tabaco Vale do Rio Pardo/RS, a partir de la puesta en práctica del turismo rural. Hemos optado por la realización de grupos focales, entrevistas y análisis de documentos. Se entiende que, en estas zonas, así como otras, hay una crisis de confianza en las instituciones.Palabras clave: comunicación; turismo; confianza.
Compartilhamento de uma memória midiática em grupos do Facebook pelos migrantes da Suécia
Authors: Foletto Laura Roratto
Published: November 2016

Este artigo procura-se entender os usos sociais que migrantes brasileiros na Suécia realizam acerca de formação de uma audiência compartilhada, com o compartilhamento de uma memória midiática nos grupos do Facebook. Realizou-se uma combinação de diversos procedimentos metodológicos, como formulários e entrevistas. As discussões desses migrantes acerca da mídia ajudam a construir, reforçar e tensionar suas identidades, ao passo que contribui, também, para se sentirem pertencentes a um grupo, o de migrantes brasileiros na Suécia.Palavras-Chave: mídia; Facebook; brasileiros na Suécia; migrantesSharing of a media memory in the groups of Facebook by brazilian migrants in swedenAbstract: This article seeks to understand the social uses that migrants Brazilian migrants in Sweden held about forming a shared audience with sharing a media memory in Facebook groups. It was conducted a combination of various methodological procedures, such as forms and interviews. Discussions of these migrants about the media help to build, strengthen and tighten their identities, while contributing also to feel part of a group, the Brazilian migrants in Sweden.Keywords: media; Facebook; Brazilian  in Sweden; migrants Compartir de una memoria de medios en grupos de lo Facebook por los migrantes brasileños en SueciaResumen: En este artículo se busca entender los usos sociales que los migrantes brasileños en Suecia hacen sobre la formación de una audiencia compartida, con compartir una memoria de medios de comunicación en los grupos de Facebook. Hemos llevado a cabo una combinación de diversos procedimientos metodológicos, con formularios y entrevistas. Las discusiones de estos migrantes sobre los medios de comunicación ayudan a construir, fortalecer y apriete sus identidades, al tiempo que contribuye también a sentirse parte de un grupo, de los migrantes brasileños en Suecia.Palabras-Clave: medios de comunicación; Facebook; brasileños en Suecia; migrantes
Pan-neuronal screening in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals asymmetric dynamics of AWC neurons is critical for thermal avoidance behavior
Authors: Kotera Ippei , Tran Nhat Anh , Fu Donald , Kim Jimmy HJ , Byrne Rodgers Jarlath , Ryu William S
Published: November 2016

Understanding neural functions inevitably involves arguments traversing multiple levels of hierarchy in biological systems. However, finding new components or mechanisms of such systems is extremely time-consuming due to the low efficiency of currently available functional screening techniques. To overcome such obstacles, we utilize pan-neuronal calcium imaging to broadly screen the activity of the C. elegans nervous system in response to thermal stimuli. A single pass of the screening procedure can identify much of the previously reported thermosensory circuitry as well as identify several unreported thermosensory neurons. Among the newly discovered neural functions, we investigated in detail the role of the AWCOFF neuron in thermal nociception. Combining functional calcium imaging and behavioral assays, we show that AWCOFF is essential for avoidance behavior following noxious heat stimulation by modifying the forward-to-reversal behavioral transition rate. We also show that the AWCOFF signals adapt to repeated noxious thermal stimuli and quantify the corresponding behavioral adaptation.
Fabrication and characteristics of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells with molybdenum-selenide hole-transport layer
Authors: Chen Lung-Chien , Tseng Zong-Lieng , Chen Cheng-Chiang , Chang Sheng Hsiung , Ho Cheng-Han
Published: November 2016

We present a solar cell with an FTO/MoSe2/perovskite/C60/bathocuproine (BCP)/silver structure. The hole-transport material (HTM), active photovoltaic layer, electron-transport layer, and electron-buffer layer were made of MoSe2, perovskite, C60, and BCP, respectively. The domain sizes of the CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films that were deposited on the MoSe2 HTM films following annealing at 500, 600, and 700 °C were determined to be 23, 25, and 27 nm, respectively, revealing that the domain size of the MAPbI3 perovskite film increased with the annealing temperature of the MoSe2 HTM film under it. Therefore, the crystallinities of the perovskite layers were improved by increasing the annealing temperatures of the HTM layers. Following optimization, the maximum power-conversion efficiency was 8.23%.
Microstructural evolution and magnetic properties of ultrafine solute-atom particles formed in a Cu75–Ni20–Fe5 alloy on isothermal annealing
Authors: Kim Jun-Seop , Takeda Mahoto , Bae Dong-Sik
Published: November 2016

Microstructural features strongly affect magnetism in nano-granular magnetic materials. In the present work we have investigated the relationship between the magnetic properties and the self-organized microstructure formed in a Cu75–Ni20–Fe5 alloy comprising ferromagnetic elements and copper atoms. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations showed that on isothermal annealing at 873 K, nano-scale solute (Fe,Ni)-rich clusters initially formed with a random distribution in the Cu-rich matrix. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements revealed that these ultrafine solute clusters exhibited super-spinglass and superparamagnetic states. On further isothermal annealing the precipitates evolved to cubic or rectangular ferromagnetic particles and aligned along the 〈100〉 directions of the copper-rich matrix. Electron energy-band calculations based on the first-principle Korringa–Kohn–Rostocker (KKR) method were also implemented to investigate both the electronic structure and the magnetic properties of the alloy. Inputting compositions obtained experimentally by scanning transmission electron microscopy–electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM–EDS) analysis, the KKR calculation confirmed that ferromagnetic precipitates (of moment 1.07μB per atom) formed after annealing for 2 × 104 min. Magneto-thermogravimetric (MTG) analysis determined with high sensitivity the Curie temperatures and magnetic susceptibility above room temperature of samples containing nano-scale ferromagnetic particles.
Physical stability against hydrogen plasma for ZnInSnO thin films deposited by combinatorial RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Oh Jeung-Pyo , Ha Tae-Won , Kim Young-Baek , Kim Tae-Won , Heo Gi-Seok
Published: November 2016

We investigated the physical stability of ZnInSnO thin films against hydrogen plasma using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system. The transmittance and resistivity characteristics of the entire ZnInSnO films showed very little degradation after the hydrogen plasma treatment. However, the deposited films with a zinc content of ≤8.8 at. % [Zn/(In + Sn + Zn), at. %] showed some optical and electrical property degradation. Within this compositional range, the resistivity of the films treated with hydrogen plasma increased compared with that of the as-deposited films. For the film with a zinc content of 7.6 at. %, the transmittance decreased by 21% compared with that of the as-deposited ZnInSnO film (at a standard optical wavelength of 2000 nm). The figure of merit of the deposited ZnInSnO thin films with a zinc content of >8.8 at. % was physically stable against hydrogen plasma. We found that the deposited ZnInSnO thin films with a zinc content above 8.8 at. % have high physical stability against hydrogen plasma.
Pedagogisk entreprenørskap i læringsoppgaver
Authors: Hansen Marit Engum , Snoen Else
Published: November 2016

Bakgrunn: I handlingsplanen “Entreprenørskap i utdanningen- fra grunnskole til høyere utdanning” (2009-2014), ble det foreslått å etablere et nettsted for digitale læremidler i entreprenørskap i grunnopplæring. PedEnt (Pedagogisk entreprenørskap) ble lansert høsten 2014 og begge artikkelforfatterne har bidratt til den faglige utviklingen av nettstedet. To av læringsoppgavene som er publisert på PedEnt utgjør forskningsgjenstandene for denne studien. Metode: Med utgangspunkt i pedagogisk entreprenørskap presenteres her en casestudie av læringsarbeid gjennomført av elever på et ungdomstrinn og i videregående opplæring. Ved hjelp av en analyse av oppgavetekster og videoopptak har vi identifisert kjennetegn på entreprenørielle læringsformer slik de kom til uttrykk gjennom den enkelte case. Resultat: Analysen viste at læringsoppgavene kan karakteriseres som entreprenørielle fordi de fremmet elevenes aktørrolle og kreativitet.  Vi fant at sammenhengen mellom oppgavenes relevans og konteksten de blir gitt i er en viktig forutsetning for at elever skal opplevde læringsarbeidet som meningsfullt. Konklusjon: Entreprenørielle læringsformer utfordrer et tradisjonelt syn der teori har forrang i forhold til praksis. Å arbeidsrette læringsoppgaver i relevante kontekster gir elevene muligheter til selv å erfare behovet for økt kunnskap.
A large scale test of the gaming-enhancement hypothesis
Authors: Przybylski Andrew K. , Wang John C.
Published: November 2016

A growing research literature suggests that regular electronic game play and game-based training programs may confer practically significant benefits to cognitive functioning. Most evidence supporting this idea, thegaming-enhancement hypothesis, has been collected in small-scale studies of university students and older adults. This research investigated the hypothesis in a general way with a large sample of 1,847 school-aged children. Our aim was to examine the relations between young people’s gaming experiences and an objective test of reasoning performance. Using a Bayesian hypothesis testing approach, evidence for the gaming-enhancement and null hypotheses were compared. Results provided no substantive evidence supporting the idea that having preference for or regularly playing commercially available games was positively associated with reasoning ability. Evidence ranged from equivocal to very strong in support for the null hypothesis over what was predicted. The discussion focuses on the value of Bayesian hypothesis testing for investigating electronic gaming effects, the importance of open science practices, and pre-registered designs to improve the quality of future work.
Wind Energy Conversion Systems
Authors: Howlader Abdul Motin , Senjyu Tomonobu
Published: November 2016

Renewable, clean, and efficient power is increasingly important as limited fossil fuel sources slowly disappear and pollution becomes more of an issue. The industry has already begun to answer many of the tough questions about where our power will come from in the future. Researchers are exploring alternative sources of power and the use of new technologies to make old sources more efficient. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Among these renewable sources, wind energy is very promising and it is growing rapidly. This article overviews wind energy conversion systems (WECS), different components and generators of wind turbines, and their power transmission architectures. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages of typical constructions, power generators, and wind farms are also discussed.
The rationale for accelerating regionally focused climate intervention research
Authors: MacCracken Michael C.
Published: November 2016

Ten years ago, Paul Crutzen asked whether the time had come to consider undertaking research into intentionally intervening in the climate system so that it might be considered a policy option comparable to reducing emissions for limiting human‐induced climate change. Crutzen's article pointed out how little progress had been made in reducing emissions and suggested that resurrecting decades‐old ideas for imitating volcanic eruptions as a possible intervention might be needed. Today, model‐based simulations, optimistically assuming that nations fulfill their commitments for future emissions reductions, project global average temperature to increase to 3–4°C above its preindustrial level by 2100, a level that Crutzen envisioned as likely to meriting active intervention. While research has begun to explore the means for intervening globally, such interventions raise challenging issues of governance, unintended consequences, intergenerational equity, and more. Initially, focusing research on potential tropospheric and surface‐based approaches to altering energy flows as a means for moderating adverse regional impacts might well pose less difficult governance challenges and more regionally constrained evaluations of intended outcomes and unintended consequences. Because natural processes would tend to dissipate most types of tropospheric interventions, adjustments, and even termination, would be possible over periods of weeks to months. In addition to serving their particular purpose, regional interventions would also provide an opportunity for learning more about Earth system behavior and the potential effectiveness and risks of global‐scale interventions, if such interventions might eventually be needed to counter‐balance especially severe global warming.
Variations in slow slip moment rate associated with rapid tremor reversals in Cascadia
Authors: Hawthorne Jessica C. , Bostock Michael G. , Royer Alexandra A. , Thomas Amanda M.
Published: November 2016

During large slow slip events, tremor sometimes propagates in the reverse along‐strike direction for a few hours, at speeds 10 to 40 times faster than the forward propagation. We examine the aseismic slip that underlies this rapidly propagating tremor. We use PBO (Plate Boundary Observatory) borehole strainmeter data to search for variations in the slow slip moment rate during 35 rapid tremor reversals (RTRs) that occurred beneath Vancouver Island. The strain records reveal that, on average, the strain rate increases by about 100% (
) during RTRs. Given the Green's functions expected for slip in the RTR locations, these strain rate increases imply 50 to 130% increases in the aseismic moment rate. The median moment released per RTR is between 8 and 21% of the daily slow slip moment, equivalent to that of a MW 5.0 to 5.1 earthquake. By combining the RTR moments with the spatial extents suggested by tremor, we estimate that a typical RTR has peak slip of roughly one‐sixth of the peak slip in the main slow slip event, near‐front slip rate of a few to ten times the main front slip rate, stress drop around half the main event stress drop, and strain energy release rate around one‐tenth that of the main front. Our observations support a picture of RTRs as aseismic subevents with high slip rates but modest strain energy release. RTRs appear to contribute to but not dominate the overall slow slip moment, though they may accommodate most of the slip in certain locations.
Fault zone controlled seafloor methane seepage in the rupture area of the 2010 Maule earthquake, Central Chile
Authors: Geersen Jacob , Scholz Florian , Linke Peter , Schmidt Mark , Lange Dietrich , Behrmann Jan H. , Völker David , Hensen Christian
Published: November 2016

Seafloor seepage of hydrocarbon‐bearing fluids has been identified in a number of marine fore arcs. However, temporal variations in seep activity and the structural and tectonic parameters that control the seepage often remain poorly constrained. Subduction zone earthquakes, for example, are often discussed to trigger seafloor seepage but causal links that go beyond theoretical considerations have not yet been fully established. This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of offshore epicentral areas, the infrequent occurrence of large earthquakes, and challenges associated with offshore monitoring of seepage over large areas and sufficient time periods. Here we report visual, geochemical, geophysical, and modeling results and observations from the Concepción Methane Seep Area (offshore Central Chile) located in the rupture area of the 2010 Mw. 8.8 Maule earthquake. High methane concentrations in the oceanic water column and a shallow subbottom depth of sulfate penetration indicate active methane seepage. The stable carbon isotope signature of the methane and hydrocarbon composition of the released gas indicate a mixture of shallow‐sourced biogenic gas and a deeper sourced thermogenic component. Pristine fissures and fractures observed at the seafloor together with seismically imaged large faults in the marine fore arc may represent effective pathways for methane migration. Upper plate fault activity with hydraulic fracturing and dilation is in line with increased normal Coulomb stress during large plate‐boundary earthquakes, as exemplarily modeled for the 2010 earthquake. On a global perspective our results point out the possible role of recurring large subduction zone earthquakes in driving hydrocarbon seepage from marine fore arcs over long timescales.
Dating kimberlite emplacement with zircon and perovskite (U‐Th)/He geochronology
Authors: Stanley Jessica R. , Flowers Rebecca M.
Published: November 2016

Kimberlites provide rich information about the composition and evolution of cratonic lithosphere. Accurate geochronology of these eruptions is key for discerning spatiotemporal trends in lithospheric evolution, but kimberlites can sometimes be difficult to date with available methods. We explored whether (U‐Th)/He dating of zircon and perovskite can serve as reliable techniques for determining kimberlite emplacement ages. We obtained zircon and/or perovskite (U‐Th)/He (ZHe, PHe) dates from 16 southern African kimberlites. Most samples with abundant zircon yielded reproducible ZHe dates (≤15% dispersion) that are in good agreement with published eruption ages. The majority of dated zircons were xenocrystic. Zircons with reproducible dates were fully reset during eruption or resided at temperatures above the ZHe closure temperature prior to entrainment in the kimberlite magma. Not dating hazy and radiation damaged grains can help avoid anomalous results for more shallowly sourced zircons that underwent incomplete damage annealing and/or partial He loss during the eruptive process. All seven kimberlites dated with PHe yielded reproducible (≤15% dispersion) and reasonable results. We conducted two preliminary perovskite 4He diffusion experiments, which suggest a PHe closure temperature of >300°C. Perovskite in kimberlites is unlikely to be xenocrystic and its relatively high temperature sensitivity suggests that PHe dates will typically record emplacement rather than postemplacement processes. ZHe and PHe geochronology can effectively date kimberlite emplacement and provide useful complements to existing techniques.
The impact of a continent's longitudinal extent on tropical precipitation
Authors: Maroon Elizabeth A. , Frierson Dargan M. W.
Published: November 2016

We examine how the longitudinal extent of a subtropical continent impacts the distribution of tropical precipitation in two aquaplanet general circulation models. In the simpler model, the addition of land decreases evaporation and precipitation in the hemisphere with the continent, and the precipitation response scales with the continent's extent. In the more comprehensive model, tropical precipitation has zonal variation due to the downstream response of clouds to land. As the continental extent increases, this cloud response weakens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone becomes more zonal and shifts to the continent. The different precipitation responses in the two models indicate the importance of radiative feedbacks in modifying tropical circulation in models.
Constraints from GPS measurements on the dynamics of deformation in Anatolia and the Aegean
Authors: England Philip , Houseman Gregory , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu
Published: November 2016

We estimate the strength of the lithosphere in Anatolia and the Aegean, and the boundary forces acting upon it, using a dynamical model that treats the lithosphere as a thin fluid sheet deforming in response to variations in gravitational potential energy. This model has one free material parameter, the power law exponent, n, of the vertically averaged rheology of the lithosphere, and two parameters that specify the forces per unit length applied to its edges. Solutions to this model that best fit the velocities of 346 reliable GPS sites require an effective viscosity of the lithosphere of 1022 to 1021 Pa s at strain rates of 10 to 100 nanostrain per year. The best‐fitting force at the Arabia‐Anatolia boundary is consistent with the lithostatic pressure due to the high topography there, and the force at the Nubia‐Aegean boundary is consistent with the contrast in lithostatic pressure across that boundary. No additional force, from “slab rollback” or basal tractions due to convection in the mantle, is required to explain the observations. These results are supported by scaling relations derived from approximate analytical solutions. The inverse relationship between the viscosity of the lithosphere and deviatoric stress produces strong slowly deforming regions in the Southern Aegean and Central Anatolia whose motions resemble those of microplates. The distribution of geodetic strain rates within the region, and the partitioning between normal and strike‐slip faulting, are explained by the interplay between boundary conditions, internal variations in gravitational potential energy, and the power law rheology of the lithosphere.
The paleoclimate context and future trajectory of extreme summer hydroclimate in eastern Australia
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Palmer Jonathan G. , Cook Edward R. , Turney Chris S. M. , Allen Kathryn , Fenwick Pavla , O'Donnell Alison , Lough Janice M. , Grierson Pauline F. , Ho Michelle , Baker Patrick J.
Published: November 2016

Eastern Australia recently experienced an intense drought (Millennium Drought, 2003–2009) and record‐breaking rainfall and flooding (austral summer 2010–2011). There is some limited evidence for a climate change contribution to these events, but such analyses are hampered by the paucity of information on long‐term natural variability. Analyzing a new reconstruction of summer (December–January–February) Palmer Drought Severity Index (the Australia‐New Zealand Drought Atlas; ANZDA, 1500–2012 Common Era), we find moisture deficits during the Millennium Drought fall within the range of the last 500 years of natural hydroclimate variability. This variability includes periods of multidecadal drought in the 1500s more persistent than any event in the historical record. However, the severity of the Millennium Drought, which was caused by autumn (March‐April‐May) precipitation declines, may be underestimated in the ANZDA because the reconstruction is biased toward summer and antecedent spring (September‐October‐November) precipitation. The pluvial in 2011, however, which was characterized by extreme summer rainfall faithfully captured by the ANZDA, is likely the wettest year in the reconstruction for Coastal Queensland. Climate projections (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 scenario) suggest that eastern Australia will experience long‐term drying during the 21st century. While the contribution of anthropogenic forcing to recent extremes remains an open question, these projections indicate an amplified risk of multiyear drought anomalies matching or exceeding the intensity of the Millennium Drought.
Transport of chemical tracers from the boundary layer to stratosphere associated with the dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Pan Laura L. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Abalos Marta , Randel William J. , Bergman John W. , Bian Jianchun
Published: November 2016

Chemical transport associated with the dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) system is investigated using model output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model run in specified dynamics mode. The 3‐D day‐to‐day behavior of modeled carbon monoxide is analyzed together with dynamical fields and transport boundaries to identify preferred locations of uplifting from the boundary layer, the role of subseasonal‐scale dynamics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), and the relationship of ASM transport and the stratospheric residual circulation. The model simulation of CO shows the intraseasonal east‐west oscillation of the anticyclone may play an essential role in transporting convectively pumped boundary layer pollutants in the UTLS. A statistical analysis of 11 year CO also shows that the southern flank of the Tibetan plateau is a preferred location for boundary layer tracers to be lofted to the tropopause region. The vertical structure of a model tracer (E90) further shows that the rapid ASM vertical transport is only effective up to the tropopause level (around 400 K). The efficiency of continued vertical transport into the deep stratosphere is limited by the slow ascent associated with the zonal‐mean residual circulation in the lower stratosphere during northern summer. Quasi‐isentropic transport near the 400 K potential temperature level is likely the most effective process for ASM anticyclone air to enter the stratosphere.
An overview of the 29 May 2012 Kingfisher supercell during DC3
Authors: DiGangi E. A. , MacGorman D. R. , Ziegler C. L. , Betten D. , Biggerstaff M. , Bowlan M. , Potvin C. K.
Published: November 2016

On 29–30 May 2012, the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment observed a supercell thunderstorm on the southern end of a broken line of severe storms in Oklahoma. This study focuses on an approximately 70 min period during which three mobile Doppler radars operated and a balloon‐borne electric field meter, radiosonde, and particle imager flew through the storm. An overview of the relationships among flash rates, very high frequency (VHF) source densities, and Doppler‐radar‐derived storm parameters is presented. Furthermore, the evolution of the flash distribution relative to the midlevel storm's kinematics and microphysics is examined at two times during a period of rapid storm intensification. The timing of increases in VHF counts in the 8–10 km above ground level (agl) layer, which contained the largest VHF source counts, is similar to the timing of increases in updraft mass flux, in updraft volume, and in graupel volume at approximately 5–9 km agl. Although some increases in VHF source counts had little or no corresponding increase in one or more of the other storm parameters, at least one other parameter had an increase near the time of every VHF increase, a pattern which suggests a common dependence on updraft pulses, as expected from the noninductive graupel‐ice electrification mechanism. A classic bounded weak lightning region was observed initially during storm intensification, but late in the period it appeared to be due to a wake in the flow around the updraft, rather than due to a precipitation cascade around the updraft core as is usually observed.
Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and chlorophyll concentration from multiwavelength measurement over East China Sea
Authors: Shi Chong , Nakajima Teruyuki , Hashimoto Makiko
Published: November 2016

A flexible inversion algorithm is proposed for simultaneously retrieving aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and surface chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration from multiwavelength observation over the ocean. In this algorithm, forward radiation calculation is performed by an accurate coupled atmosphere‐ocean model with a comprehensive bio‐optical ocean module. Then, a full‐physical nonlinear optimization approximation approach is used to retrieve AOT and Chl. For AOT retrieval, a global three‐dimensional spectral radiation‐transport aerosol model is used as the a priori constraint to increase the retrieval accuracy of aerosol. To investigate the algorithm's availability, the retrieval experiment is conducted using simulated radiance data to demonstrate that the relative errors in simultaneously determining AOT and Chl can be mostly controlled to within 10% using multiwavelength and angle covering in and out of sunglint. Furthermore, the inversion results are assessed using the actual satellite observation data obtained from Cloud and Aerosol Imager (CAI)/Greenhouse gas Observation SATellite GOSAT and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua instruments through comparison to Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) aerosol and ocean color (OC) products over East China Sea. Both the retrieved AOT and Chl compare favorably to the reported AERONET values, particularly when using the CASE 2 ocean module in turbid water, even when the retrieval is performed in the presence of high aerosol loading and sunglint. Finally, the CAI and MODIS images are used to jointly retrieve the spatial distribution of AOT and Chl in comparison to the MODIS AOT and OC products.
Magnetic anomalies in the Imbrium and Schrödinger impact basins: Orbital evidence for persistence of the lunar core dynamo into the Imbrian epoch
Authors: Hood L. L. , Spudis P. D.
Published: November 2016

Approximate maps of the lunar crustal magnetic field at low altitudes in the vicinities of the three Imbrian‐aged impact basins, Orientale, Schrödinger, and Imbrium, have been constructed using Lunar Prospector and Kaguya orbital magnetometer data. Detectable anomalies are confirmed to be present well within the rims of Imbrium and Schrödinger. Anomalies in Schrödinger are asymmetrically distributed about the basin center, while a single isolated anomaly is most clearly detected within Imbrium northwest of Timocharis crater. The subsurface within these basins was heated to high temperatures at the time of impact and required long time periods (up to 1 Myr) to cool below the Curie temperature for metallic iron remanence carriers (1043 K). Therefore, consistent with laboratory analyses of returned samples, a steady, long‐lived magnetizing field, i.e., a former core dynamo, is inferred to have existed when these basins formed. The asymmetrical distribution within Schrödinger suggests partial demagnetization by later volcanic activity when the dynamo field was much weaker or nonexistent. However, it remains true that anomalies within Imbrian‐aged basins are much weaker than those within most Nectarian‐aged basins. The virtual absence of anomalies within Orientale where impact melt rocks (the Maunder Formation) are exposed at the surface is difficult to explain unless the dynamo field was much weaker during the Imbrian period.
Thermal structure of proglacial lakes in Patagonia
Authors: Sugiyama Shin , Minowa Masahiro , Sakakibara Daiki , Skvarca Pedro , Sawagaki Takanobu , Ohashi Yoshihiko , Naito Nozomu , Chikita Kazuhisa
Published: November 2016

Calving glaciers are rapidly retreating in many regions under the influence of ice‐water interactions at the glacier front. In contrast to the numerous researches conducted on fjords in front of tidewater glaciers, very few studies have been reported on lakes in which freshwater calving glaciers terminate. To better understand ice‐water interactions at the front of freshwater calving glaciers, we measured lakewater temperature, turbidity, and bathymetry near Glaciar Perito Moreno, Upsala, and Viedma, large calving glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield. The thermal structures of these lakes were significantly different from those reported in glacial fjords. There was no indication of upwelling subglacial meltwater; instead, turbid and cold glacial water discharge filled the region near the lake bottom. This was because water density was controlled by suspended sediment concentrations rather than by water temperature. Near‐surface wind‐driven circulation reaches a depth of ~180 m, forming a relatively warm isothermal layer (mean temperature of ~5–6°C at Perito Moreno, ~3–4°C at Upsala, and ~6–7°C at Viedma), which should convey heat energy to the ice‐water interface. However, the deeper part of the glacier front is in contact with stratified cold water, implying a limited amount of melting there. In the lake in front of Glaciar Viedma, the region deeper than 120 m was filled entirely with turbid and very cold water at pressure melting temperature. Our results revealed a previously unexplored thermal structure of proglacial lakes in Patagonia, suggesting its importance in the subaqueous melting of freshwater calving glaciers.
Interactions among vegetation, climate, and herbivory control greenhouse gas fluxes in a subarctic coastal wetland
Authors: Kelsey K. C. , Leffler A. J. , Beard K. H. , Schmutz J. A. , Choi R. T. , Welker J. M.
Published: November 2016

High‐latitude ecosystems are experiencing the most rapid climate changes globally, and in many areas these changes are concurrent with shifts in patterns of herbivory. Individually, climate and herbivory are known to influence biosphere‐atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange; however, the interactive effects of climate and herbivory in driving GHG fluxes have been poorly quantified, especially in coastal systems that support large populations of migratory waterfowl. We investigated the magnitude and the climatic and physical controls of GHG exchange within the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta in western Alaska across four distinct vegetation communities formed by herbivory and local microtopography. Net CO2flux was greatest in the ungrazedCarexmeadow community (3.97 ± 0.58 [SE] µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), but CH4flux was greatest in the grazed community (14.00 ± 6.56 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1). The grazed community is also the only vegetation type where CH4was a larger contributor than CO2to overall GHG forcing. We found that vegetation community was an important predictor of CO2and CH4exchange, demonstrating that variation in regional gas exchange is best explained when the effect of grazing, determined by the difference between grazed and ungrazed communities, is included. Further, we identified an interaction between temperature and vegetation community, indicating that grazed regions could experience the greatest increases in CH4emissions with warming. These results suggest that future GHG fluxes could be influenced by both climate and by changes in herbivore population dynamics that expand or contract the vegetation community most responsive to future temperature change.