bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐90: Permeation Properties of Inorganic Thin‐Film and Its Application to PM‐OLED using Electron Beam Evaporation System
Authors: Kim Kwang Ho , Kim Hoon , Koo Hong Mo , Kim Jai Kyeong , Kim Young Chul , Ju Byeong Kwon , Han Jung In , Moon Dae Gyu , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

In this paper, the inorganic thin‐film passivation layer was proposed to protect the passive matrix organic light diodes (PMOLEDs) with the cathode separator from moisture and oxygen. Passivation film is deposited by electron beam evaporation. There is important thing not to damage on organic layer and to select suitable passivation materials. So, the various kinds of inorganic matrials were deposited onto the poly(carbonate) film and water vapor transmission rates (WVTRs) of these films were measured. As a result of WVTRs, the MgO thin‐film had lower WVTR value than any other inorganic thin‐films. In this investigation, we analyzed the properties of the current‐voltage and luminescence characteristics for both MgO‐passivated OLED and nonpassivated OLED. MgO‐passivated OLED were remarkable improved the lifetime compare to non‐passivated OLED. Therefore, we can consider that the MgO thin‐film passivation mathod is one of the most suitable candidates for the thin‐film passivation layer for OLED.
P‐92: Electrochromic Passive‐Matrix Displays
Authors: Edwards Mårten O. M. , Thuraisingham Gunaraja , Hagfeldt Anders , Gruszecki Tadeusz , Pettersson Henrik
Published: January 2005

Historically, the realization of passive‐matrix addressing has been a critical issue in the development of electrochromic displays. We report on electrochromic passive‐matrix displays based on viologen‐derivatized films of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. High and uniform contrast is obtained for laboratory devices with few pixels.
P‐93: Reliability Performance for Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Displays with Simulated Active Matrix Drive
Authors: Danner G. M. , Atkinson J. , Duvally R. , Ewing J.
Published: January 2005

We describe experiments using a simple test structure for examining microencapsulated electrophoretic films. The test panel construction reproduces the essential details of a manufactured display panel, and specially designed electronics reproduce an active matrix waveform on the test pixels. We report on results using this test panel for thermal stress tests targeting reliability requirements for handheld device applications.
LP‐6: Late‐News Poster: In‐Plane EPD with an Embedded Collecting Electrode in a Spacer
Authors: Ukigaya N. , Endo T. , Matsuda Y. , Goden T. , Ishige K. , Takagi S. , Kishi E. , Ikeda T. , Matsuda H.
Published: January 2005

We reported improved performance of a new in‐plane structure. The characteristics of driving voltage, response time and shield effect of electric field cross‐talk are dramatically improved by introducing a collecting electrode embedded in the spacer that surrounds each pixel. A test cell exhibits excellent performance of switching with total duration time of 280 ms at 10 V and reproduced a gray scale in 260 dpi image by shielding the cross‐talk.
P‐95: Behavior of Fine Particles in Mobile Fine Particle Display (MFPD) Cells
Authors: Ogawa Masahiro , Takahashi Taiju , Saito Susumu , Toko Yasuo , Iwakura Yasushi , Kobayashi Kazuya , Akahane Tadashi
Published: January 2005

We proposed a novel display mode, which is called a Mobile Fine Particle Display (MFPD) with liquid crystal, the fine particles are moved to a horizontal direction for switching the display by the applied electric field. Fine particles are migratable by the synergistic effect of the flow of liquid crystal and the electrophoresis of the fine particles. In our MFPD cells, we measured the migration characteristics for the particles with both the organic type and the inorganic type depend on the cell temperature. It was proven that the temperature is high in the MFPD cells, quality of migration characteristics of fine particles which are the inorganic is better than that of the organic type.
P‐98: Modeling of Anchoring Strength upon the Fringe‐Field Switching
Authors: Choi Minwan , Yoon Sangho , Yoon Sukin , Lee Junhee , Kim Jinwoo , Kwon Ohseob , Won Taeyoung
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we report the influence of surface anchoring strength on the optical switching behavior. As a test vehicle, we have chosen the LC cell structure having the fringe‐field switching(FFS) layer. The director distribution is calculated by using three dimensional finite difference method(FDM), while the surface director has a various anchoring strength. Moreover the optical analysis is performed by 2×2 extended John's method. According to our result, the lower transmission intensity is obtained with the same voltage in the weak anchoring.
P‐99: Twisted HAN Mode for Reflective LCDs
Authors: Suh Dong‐Hae , Park Young‐IL , Son Gon , Lee Won‐Geon , Park Hae‐Sung , Lee Jung‐Yeal
Published: January 2005

A reflective color TFT‐LCD with high image quality has been developed for mobile display tools. The optimized construction of normally white (NW) mode reflective twisted hybrid aligned nematic (RTHAN) cell with a single polarizer and the cell structure is the same as the conventional sandwich 90° TN cell. The productivity of the generation of low pretilt angle is achieved by the proposed single exposure method. In this work, we have studied an optical design of the reflective twisted HAN mode TFT‐LCD to research an optical element design to obtain high contrast ratio, fast response time, wide viewing angle, and low driving voltage.
P‐100: Driving Technique for Grayscale in Dual‐Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Jhun Chul Gyu , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: January 2005

When an antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) cell is set between crossed polarizers for optical modulators or displays, it has low transmittance efficiency. This happens because AFLC materials have inherent tilt angles of typically 18°∼38°, not 45°. To improve the low transmittance efficiency, we propose a new optical configuration for antiferroelectric liquid crystal displays, which also improves color dispersion. We compare the Dual‐AFLCD with a conventional AFLCD by simulation and experiment with the fabricated cells, and grayscale characteristics of this Dual‐antiferroelectric liquid crystal display are estimated from the experiments in this paper.
P‐101: Eliminating Layer Undulation Textures in SSFLC Devices
Authors: Wang Chenhui , Bos Philip J. , Kumar Satyendra , Wand Michael , Handschy Mark
Published: January 2005

Temperature dependence of the smectic layer structures was studied by high resolution X‐ray diffraction analysis. The investigation was based on two different alignment SSFLC cells. The effect of layer spacing changes in the SmA phase on defects seen in the SmC phase of the devices is investigated. It is shown that when considering a defect free SmC* texture, the layer spacing changes in the SmA phase are more significant than changes in the SmC phase. An explanation is also proposed.
P‐103: Photo‐Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Azodyes
Authors: Umanskii Boris A. , Novoseletskii Nikolai V. , Torgova Sofia I. , Dorozhkina Galina N.
Published: January 2005

In this paper the photo‐induced alignment of liquid crystals by azo‐dyes was investigated in spin‐coated films of individual azo‐dyes and azo‐dyes incorporated in polymer. It was studied the photo‐induced optical anisotropy (POA) properties of different azodyes; the influence of azo‐dye molecular structure with different terminal and lateral substituents on the POA properties and on the aligning ability of LC. The inclined LC alignment was controlled by two‐steps irradiation: 1) with normal linearly polarized light and 2) with oblique non‐polarized light. It was shown that the type and the quality of the LC alignment as well as the value of pretilt angle depend on the exposure time to the nonpolarized light, on the nature of the solvent for spin‐coating process and on the treatment of the orienting layers. The correlation between POA of azo‐dyes and their aligning capability was explored. It was shown that it has nonlinear character: even small anisot‐ropy gives a good LC alignment. Moreover, photo‐aligning azo‐dye layers have a good thermostability and are stable under weak UV irradiation as well. In this case all the main parameters of these films, such as optical anisotropy, pretilt angle and degree of ordering are practically independent of temperature.
P‐104: Aligning Layers Using Azo Dye Derivatives for Liquid Crystal Devices
Authors: Takada Hirokazu , Akiyama Hidenari , Takatsu Haruyoshi , Chigrinov Vladimir , Prudnikova Elena , Kozenkov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: January 2005

The photo‐induced alignment of an azo dye film and liquid crystal (LC) alignment on it are discussed for the liquid crystal display applications. Considerable dichroism is induced in the azo dye SD1 film not only by polarized UV light but also by obliquely incident non‐polarized UV light irradiation. It was found that sulfo groups in the azo dye molecule play an important role in the LC alignment on the film. Large pretilt of LC on the photo‐aligned film was achieved simultaneously, because the azo dye molecules can be easily reoriented out of the film plane by obliquely incident non‐polarized light irradiation. In order to improve stability of the photo‐aligned film, a monomer derived from the azo dye was synthesized. After thermal polymerization, the film of it also exhibit good photo‐alignment properties. Improvement of durability against light exposure and moisture was observed in the LC cell using it.
P‐107: Analyses of Whiteness of Reflective TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Chu Liang‐San , Huang Yi‐Pai , Shieh Han‐Ping David , Liaw Ming‐Jiun , Liu Kang‐Hung
Published: January 2005

Whiteness appearance is an important issue to improve the readability of reflective LCDs. Factors affecting the whiteness appearance, such as metal reflector, liquid crystal dispersion, color filter, oblique incidence, brightness, and uniformity were analyzed in order to achieve a paper‐white image for reflective LCDs.
P‐108: Robust Polymer Stabilization for Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Reflective Displays
Authors: Sousa Matthew E. , Eakin James N. , Kossyrev Pavel A. , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a robust way to stabilize cholesteric liquid crystal materials for reflective display applications. Using a photolithographic‐type exposure process we enclose cholesteric liquid crystal in cylindrical containers to create a film that is extremely robust for flexible and conformable display applications. We discuss the influence of cylindrical containment on the cholesteric liquid crystal configuration and its influence on the electro‐optic properties.
P‐109: A High Contrast and Low Voltage PSCT Reflective Display
Authors: Ren Hongwen , Gauza Sebastian , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: January 2005

The electro‐optic properties of a reverse‐mode polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT) using a high birefringence (Δn∼0.4) liquid crystal were investigated. The device shows 80:1 contrast ratio at 7Vrm and 12 ms for switching‐on and 19 ms for switching‐off speed for reflective displays. A black and white reflective display using segmented numeric alphabet is demonstrated.
P‐111: Reflective Display Based on Total Internal Reflection and Grating‐Grating Coupling
Authors: Qi Jun , Crawford Gregory P.
Published: January 2005

We report on a novel reflection‐type display based on total internal reflection and grating‐grating coupling fabricated in H‐PDLC materials. In this display, two symmetric slanted gratings are temporally multiplexed into a single film. A narrowband light is selected and diffracted from two coupled Bragg gratings creating a reflected image. These holographic pixels have switching voltages that are at least one‐half that of H‐PDLC reflective displays reported in the literature.
P‐113: Rigorous Calculation of Pixel and Inter‐electrode Impedances of TFT‐LCDs Using three‐dimensional Simulation
Authors: Jang Sang‐Han , Jung Sung‐Min , Park Woo‐Sang
Published: January 2005

We have rigorously calculated for the first time all the inter‐electrode and the pixel impedances of thin‐film transistor liquid crystal displays using the total electrostatic energy and the total power dissipation inside a liquid crystal cell. The electrostatic energy and the power dissipation were obtained from the three‐dimensional profiles of the potential distribution and the molecular director profiles. The effects of the lateral fields generated by multiple electrodes of finite sizes were taken into account in the simulation. As a result, we confirmed that the pixel capacitance and the pixel resistance obtained from the three‐dimensional simulation are about 40% larger and about 15% smaller than those obtained from the conventional approach.
P‐120: Volume Holographic Technology for the Viewing Angle Compensation of TN‐LCDs
Authors: Lee Mane‐Si Laure , Delboulbé Anne , Lehureau Jean‐Claude , Loiseaux Brigitte , Gomez Gérard , Criton Eric
Published: January 2005

Thanks to holographic technology, the hybrid holographic compensators offer interesting properties for the versatility of the compensation design as well as for product integration. The adaptability of the hybrid holographic compensator is demonstrated through the implementation of the compensator on two avionic displays.
P‐123: Influence of Metal Nanoparticle on Electro‐Optic Response of Dual Frequency Nematic Liquid Crystal
Authors: Thisayukta Jirakorn , Masumi Takenori , Shiraishi Yukihide , Toshima Naoki , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Sawada Atsushi , Naemura Shohei
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate the influence of the nanoparticles on the electro‐optic (EO) response of the dual frequency nematic liquid crystal mixture. The dual frequency nematic itself has the cross over frequency (fc) around 2.9 KHz and exhibits frequency modulation response upon the frequency of the applied voltage. By doping the dual frequency nematic with Pd‐5CB and/or Pd‐CCN‐47 nanoparticles, we found that in the mixture contained (1%) Pd‐5CB, the cross over frequency (fc) significantly increased and at frequency higher than 2 KHz, subsequently, the threshold voltage (Vth) becomes lower than that of the dual frequency nematic alone, while the Pd‐CCN‐47 nano‐particle show slightly effect. The result suggests that the interfacial polarization, refer to Maxwell‐Wagner effect, takes place in this heterogeneous medium caused by incorporating of the nanoparticle, which modifies the EO characteristic of the dual frequency.
P‐129: Performance of Cold Mirror Coated Enhanced Metal and Conventional Glass Reflectors
Authors: Zaitsev Vladimir , Gasteiger Paul , Strobl Karlheinz
Published: January 2005

A novel manufacturing process is presented for manufacturing high performance, low cost, cold mirror coated metal reflectors for consumer and business projectors. The performance (light concentration ability, cost saving potential, operation temperature, lifetime, mounting features) of these enhanced metal reflectors is compared to that of traditional molded glass reflectors.
15.1: Emissive Microdisplay using Light Emitting Polymer
Authors: Bodammer G. , Buckley A. , Burns D. , Giebeler C. , Gourlay J. , Graham A. , Newsam M. , Monteith R. , Nicol D. , Parmiter P. , Steven D. , Underwood I. , Wilkinson C. , Whitelegg S. , Woodburn R. , Wright J.
Published: January 2005

An emissive microdisplay technology has been developed which incorporates a layer of light emitting polymer on a CMOS substrate. Monochrome microdisplays of QVGA (320 × 240) resolution have been manufactured and early aspects of their initial characterization are presented. Benefits of the technology include very low power consumption plus relatively simple drive electronics and opto‐mechanics.
15.2: A Novel Current Memory Circuit for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Display
Authors: Lin Yenchung , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Shih An , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

A novel current memory (CM) circuit with improved accuracy and operating speed for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting displays (AMOLED) was developed. The protecting circuit is designed in this CM circuit to reduce the charge‐injection mechanism without using larger storage capacitor. Owing to the voltage deviation is suppressed, the small storage capacitor can be used in CM circuit to preserve high accuracy. Furthermore, the significant amount of speed up can be also obtained and the capability of copying the current signal is achieved without relying on the matching of device characteristics. The proposed CM circuit can be implemented by low temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) technology and is suitable for high resolution AMOLED applications based on current driving scheme.
16.2: Cold versus Hot Alignment in Projection Display Lamp Reflector Module Manufacturing
Authors: Shen Li , Gasteiger Paul , Strobl Karlheinz
Published: January 2005

Lamp reflector modules built for the projection display market use traditionally a hot manufacturing process where the lamp is being aligned inside a reflector while it is ignited. We present an alternative cold alignment process that reduces production costs in high volume and improves output reproducibility and stability (lifetime).
17.1: Invited Paper: Desirable Performance and Progress of PDP and LCD Television Displays on Image Quality
Authors: Kurita Tiichiro
Published: January 2005

Image quality is an important factor in selecting CRTs, PDPs or LCDs. Contrast ratio or peak luminance, gray scale expression, noise visibility, and moving image quality should be improved in current PDPs and LCDs. Desirable performance and the progress in image quality of PDP and LCD television displays are discussed.
17.4: Experimental Observation on Image Sticking of 42‐inch PDP‐TV
Authors: Tae Heung‐Sik , Jang Sang‐Hun , Han Jin‐Won , Cho Byung‐Gwon , Kim Byung‐No , Chien Sung‐Il
Published: January 2005

The effects of a short time (within 5 minutes) image sticking on the subsequent dark or bright background images are investigated in the 42‐inch PDP‐TV. In the dark background image displayed by only the reset waveform, the luminance from the cells with an image sticking is observed to be higher than the luminance from the cells with no image sticking. On the other hand, in the bright background image displayed by the sustain waveforms including the reset and address waveforms, the luminance from the cells with an image sticking is observed to be lower than the luminance from the cells with no image sticking. It is concluded that the dark image degradation is caused by the activated MgO surface of the cells with an image sticking, whereas the bright image degradation is caused by the deterioration of the phosphor layers.
18.1: Invited Paper: Surface Modification of Screen‐Printed Carbon Nanotube Emitter for Large Diagonal Field Emission Displays
Authors: Takai M. , Zhao W. J. , Sawada A. , Hosono A. , Okuda S.
Published: January 2005

Surface modifications of carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes have been performed using laser photons, ion beams and plasmas to obtain uniformly high electron emissions at low applied electric fields for field emission display (FED) application. Laser and focused ion irradiations and plasma exposures were found to enhance electron emission and decrease threshold electric fields for emission. Among various surface treatments, ultra‐violet laser irradiation was found to enhance electron emission by 4 orders of magnitude with homogeneous emission.
18.3: Low Temperature Carbon Nanotubes for Triode‐Type Field‐Emitter Array
Authors: Kang Simon , Bae Craig , Son William , Kim M. H. , Yi Jonathan , Lee S. T. , Chang Aaron , Kim J. J. , Lee C. R. , Moon Jong Hyun , Lim Sung Hoon , Kim Hong Sik , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

We have developed a low temperature carbon nanotube (LT‐CNT) growing process that can be used for electron emitter of field emission display (FED). Using this process technology, we successfully demonstrated a 5.4 inch LT‐CNT FED using conventional 0.7 mm glass substrate without any distortion due to the thermal shrinkage of the glass substrate.
18.5L:Late‐News Paper: The First Active‐Matrix CNT Field Emission Display
Authors: Hwang Chi‐Sun , Song Y.‐H. , Kim K.‐B. , Chung C.‐H. , Kim B.‐C. , Lee J. H. , Choi I.‐S. , Park J.‐H.
Published: January 2005

The active‐matrix driven diode‐type field emission display (FED) was fabricated using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electron emission sources. The a‐Si TFT and screen‐printed CNT film were successfully integrated for the active‐matrix cathode. We fabricated the first prototype AM‐CNT FED panel as 3‐inch in diagonal with 96×64 pixels. The driving voltage of AM‐CNT FED was below 25 V and the operation was well stabilized by the control of driving TFT.
19.1: The Visibility of a Global Luminance Profile of a Display
Authors: Heynderickx I. , Vogels I. , Swinkels S. , Bech S. , Mastenbroek E.
Published: January 2005

The visibility threshold of a global luminance profile of a display has been determined with and without an undistorted display as a reference and for both a black and silver‐grayish color of the bezel frame. Results indicate a significant effect of the color of the bezel frame and a dependence on image content. For natural images, the visibility threshold is significantly lower with than without a reference, especially for those profiles, which are darker in the center than near the edges.
19.2: The Visibility of a Local Deviation in Luminance and White‐Point of a Display
Authors: Vogels I. , Heynderickx I. , Swinkels S. , De Lameillieure M.
Published: January 2005

The visibility threshold of a Gaussian deviation in the luminance or the white‐point of a display has been determined. In the most critical situation, i.e. for homogeneous and moving images, the threshold corresponds to a ΔE*uv of about 1 in the case of a local luminance variation and a ΔE*uv of about 2.5 in the case of a local variation in the white‐point.
19.3: Thin Crystal Films (TCF) for LCD Color Correction
Authors: Silverstein Louis D. , Paukshto Michael V.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes an investigation on the application of Optiva thin‐crystal film (TCF) coatings for the correction of color errors and color variations in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). A yellow TCF polarizer coating was developed as a supplementary color correction coating for LCDs. Modeling and simulation of a normally‐white, film‐compensated AMLCD with and without the supplementary coating revealed that the yellow TCF polarizer coating neutralized the chromaticity of the display black point and dramatically reduced the migration of white point chromaticity across the gray scale range while leaving the display contrast ratio and transmission essentially unchanged. Display evaluations have confirmed the results of these simulations.
20.1: Microcup® Active and Passive Matrix Electrophoretic Displays by Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Liang R. C. , Hou Jack , Chung Jerry , Wang Xiaojia , Pereira Cheri , Chen Yajuan
Published: January 2005

Rolls of flexible electrophoretic panels have been prepared by the SiPix roll‐to‐roll manufacturing process based on novel Microcup® and top‐sealing technologies. The resultant Microcup® passive matrix electrophoretic displays (PMEPDs) and a‐Si TFT active matrix electrophoretic displays (AMEPDs) have shown outstanding contrast ratio, switching rate, image bistability, threshold characteristics, grayscale capability, operation temperature latitude, and physicomechanical properties.
20.2: Drive Waveforms for Active Matrix Electrophoretic Displays
Authors: Zehner Robert , Amundson Karl , Knaian Ara , Zion Ben , Johnson Mark , Zhou Guofu
Published: January 2005

Microencapsulated electrophoretic (MEP) displays are promising candidates for smart handheld applications, where ease of reading and ultra‐low power consumption are of primary importance. A thorough study of the electro‐optic response characteristics of MEP systems has led to the development of a variety of novel drive waveforms that can be used to generate 1‐ bit, multi‐bit grayscale and full‐color images on MEP displays.
21.4: Thin Film Encapsulated Flexible OLED Displays
Authors: Chwang Anna B. , Rothman Mark A. , Mao Sokhanno Y. , Hewitt Richard H. , Weaver Michael S. , Silvernail Jeff A. , Rajan Kamala , Hack Michael , Brown Julie J. , Chu Xi , Moro Lorenza , Krajewski Todd , Rutherford Nicole
Published: January 2005

Fully encapsulated passive matrix, video rate, phosphorescent OLED displays on flexible plastic substrates using a multilayer barrier encapsulation technology are described. The flexible OLED (FOLED™) displays are based on highly efficient electrophosphorescent OLED (PHOLED™) technology deposited on barrier coated plastic film (Flexible Glass™ substrate) and are hermetically sealed with an optically transmissive multilayer barrier coating (Barix™ Encapsulation). Preliminary lifetime to half initial luminance (Lo∼100 cd/m2) of order 200 h is achieved on the encapsulated 80 dpi displays using a passive matrix drive at room temperature; 2500 h lifetime is achieved on a dc tested encapsulated 5 mm2 FOLED test pixel. The encapsulated displays are flexed 1000 times around a 1″ diameter cylinder and show minimal damage.
22.1: Wide Field of View Compensation Scheme for Cube Polarizing Beam Splitters
Authors: Robinson Michael G. , Chen Jianmin , Sharp Gary D.
Published: January 2005

A novel compensation scheme for correcting geometrical depolarization affects in cube polarizing beamsplitters is presented. The low cost, oblique, uniaxial birefringent components used can significantly improve system performance, e.g. the contrast of LCoS projection systems. The scheme is generally applicable to all mirror‐like beamsplitting elements whose performance can be improved by minimizing geometric polarization mixing.
24.1: Demonstration of a Possibility for a Large Panel BSD (Ballistic Electron Surface‐emitting Display) by Fabricating 7.6 inches Diagonal Prototype Model
Authors: Komoda T. , Ichihara T. , Honda Y. , Hatai T. , Baba T. , Takegawa Y. , Watabe Y. , Aizawa K. , Vezin V. , Koshida N.
Published: January 2005

A prototype model of Ballistic electron Surface‐emitting Display (BSD) is fabricated on a TFT glass substrate by low temperature process. 84 × 63 pixels, 7.6 inches diagonal mono‐color BSD shows excellent performance comparable to the previously reported 2.6 inches model. This result demonstrates a strong possibility for a large panel BSD.
25.1: Luminance Probes for Contrast Measurements in Medical Displays
Authors: Badano Aldo , Pappada Scott , Kelley Edward F. , Flynn Michael J. , Martin Sandrine , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: January 2005

We report on a comparative study that examines four conic luminance probes in their ability to measure small‐spot display contrast. We performed linear scans of a slit using a computer‐controlled stage. We found that, although the probes were assembled according to the same design, small differences in their performance due to minor variations in materials and surfaces can be measured.
25.2: Characterization of Physical Image Quality of 2‐ and 5‐Million‐Pixel Monochrome AMLCDs for Medical Imaging
Authors: Blume Hartwig , Steven Peter , Ho Annie , Roehrig Hans , Fan Jiahua , Amarpreet Chawla , Gandhi Kunal
Published: January 2005

The physical image quality of two new high‐performance monochrome active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs), a 2‐ and a 5‐million‐pixel display, is reviewed. The performance is illustrated by examples (because of space limitations) of on‐axis and off‐axis characteristic curves, luminance range and contrast, luminance uniformity across the display screen, temporal modulation transfer function (MTF), spatial MTF, spatial noise power spectra and spatial signal‐to‐noise ratios. The LCDs are equipped with an internal photosensor that maintains a desired maximum luminance and calibration to a given display function. The systems offer aperture and temporal modulation to place luminance levels with more than 12‐bit precision on a desired display function and achieve uniform contrast distribution over the luminance range for a narrow viewing angle perpendicular to the LCD face. The image quality of the LCDs is compared with that of high‐performance high‐resolution cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) displays.
25.3: Perceptually Linear Gamma Correction for LCDs
Authors: Sasaki Hisashi , Taguchi Takashi
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a natural and accurate approach how to design perceptually linear “gamma correction”1 for LCD. It is based on two advanced technologies: piece‐wise TRC (tone reproduction curve) model of electro‐optical property for LCD device, and DICOM grayscale function of optical‐perceptual characteristic for human visual system.
25.4: Color and Luminance Management for High‐Resolution Liquid‐Crystal Displays
Authors: Wright S. L. , Millman S. , Wu C. W. , Greier P. F. , Yamauchi K. , Numano K. , Sumiyoshi K. , Hanabuchi Y. , Miyamoto T.
Published: January 2005

A new method of color management is described which takes advantage of the high pixel density achievable with TFTLCDs. In this method, a calibration 10‐bit look‐up‐table can be loaded into the monitor and implemented as a 2×2 spatial dither block to provide a 10‐bit color palette for 8‐bit color drive. Other subpixel dithering techniques are also described for monochrome and color high‐resolution TFTLCDs. These techniques can create a very large palette, and combined with a 10‐bit digital data source to achieve precise luminance and color calibration.
27.1: Invited Paper: High Efficiency Organic EL Devices having Charge Generation Layers
Authors: Kido Junji , Matsumoto Toshio , Nakada Takeshi , Endo Jun , Mori Kohichi , Kawamura Norifumi , Yokoi Akira
Published: January 2005

We have developed organic EL (OEL) devices, in which extremely high quantum efficiency of over 100% can be obtained. In order to generate more than one photons per injected electron, “Charge Generation Layers (CGLs)” are placed between emissive units. At CGLs, electrons and holes are generated upon voltage application, and injected to the adjacent organic emissive layers. By using one CGL and two emissive units, quantum efficiency can be doubled compared to the conventional OEL device, and using two CGLs and three emissive units, quantum efficiency can be tripled. One of the OEL device using two CGLs and three emissive units, an extremely high efficiency of 48 cd/A (ca. 14% external) was obtained, which exceeds the so‐called theoretical upper limit of 5%. Examples of such “multiphoton emission” (MPE) devices will be introduced.
27.2: Single Dopant p‐i‐n White Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: D'Andrade Brian W. , Forrest Stephen R.
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate efficient, low operating voltage white organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs) employing an emissive region containing a single phosphorescent dopant, platinum(II)(2‐(4′,6′‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N, C2′)(2,4‐pentanedionato). The WOLED exhibited peak external quantum and power efficiencies of (4.8±0.5)% and (11±1.0)lm/W, respectively, and had color coordinates of (0.34, 0.43) and a color rendering index value of 71.
27.5L: Late‐News Paper: Multiphoton Organic EL device having Charge Generation Layer
Authors: Matsumoto Toshio , Nakada Takeshi , Endo Jun , Mori Koichi , Kawamura Norifumi , Yokoi Akira , Kido Junji
Published: January 2005

Novel structure of Multiphoton Emission (MPE) organic EL (OEL) device capable of exceeding 100% quantum efficiency was fabricated. The principle of the device is that a plurality of conventional OEL structure (emissive unit) are stacked and divided by Charge Generation Layer (CGL) that works as an injector of electron‐hole pair upon voltage application. Tripled stacked MPE successfully achieved 48 cd/A for the emission from fluorescent green dye coumarin C545T.
28.1: Invited Paper: Transfer Mechanism in Surface Free Technology by Laser Annealing / Ablation (SUFTLA®)
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Utsunomiya Sumio , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new technology named SUFTLA® (surface free technology by laser annealing / ablation), which enables the transfer of thin film devices from an original substrate to another substrate using laser irradiation. The transfer mechanism in this technology is discussed in this paper.
28.3: A High‐Resolution Full Color TFT‐LCD on Transparent Plastic
Authors: Won Sung Hwan , Lee Chang Bin , Nam Hyun Chul , Jang Jin , Chung Jang Kyun , Hong Munpyo , Kim Bo Sung , Lee Yong Uk , Yang Sung Hoon , Huh Jong Moo , Chung Kyuha
Published: January 2005

We developed a 93 DPI full color TFT‐LCD (2.2 inch) on transparent plastic (PES) using hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistor (a‐Si:H TFT). The low temperature process (<150) and the island formation of inorganic layers give a stress‐free AMLCD on PES.
29.1: Low Cost Barrier Rib Formation Technologies for High Efficiency PDPs
Authors: Toyoda Osamu , Tokai Akira , Kifune Motonari , Inoue Kazunori , Sakita Koichi , Betsui Keiichi
Published: January 2005

Two new techniques of barrier rib formation applicable to a variety of structures for high‐performance PDPs suitable for mass‐production were developed. The two techniques are mold replication, using adhesives with a reusable mold, and direct glass sculpting. Both equipment investment and material costs were reduced from previous methods in each technique. The feasibility of each method was demonstrated by fabrication tests and measured performance of test panels.
29.4: Photolithographic Method of Patterning Barrier Ribs for PDP
Authors: Park Lee‐Soon , Choi Hyung‐Suk , Im Moo‐Sik , Kim Hong‐Tak , Choi Sie‐Young
Published: January 2005

Barrier ribs in the color plasma display panel(PDP) function to maintain the discharge space between to glass plates as well as to prevent optical crosstalk. Patterning of barrier ribs is one of unique processes for making PDP. In this work photosensitive barrier rib pastes were prepared by incorporating binder polymer, solvent, functional monomers photoinitiator, and barrier rib powder whose surface was treated with fumed silica particles. Study on the function of materials for the barrier rib paste were undertaken. After optimization of paste formulation and photolithographic process, it was found that photolithographic patterning of barrier ribs could be used in the fabrication of high resolution PDP.
30.1: Invited Paper: Digital Packet Video Link ‐ A VESA Proposed Standard
Authors: Lamm Joseph D.
Published: January 2005

Digital Packet Video Link (DPVL) is a VESA proposed standard designed to provide a high‐level communication channel between a host computer and display. It defines a selective update mechanism whereby only portions of the screen that change are updated, reducing the bandwidth requirement on the communication channel and supporting higher resolution monitors.
30.3: An Enhanced Analog Video Interface Standard
Authors: Myers Robert
Published: January 2005

With the de‐facto standard “VGA” connector nearing the end of its useful life, no obvious candidate for its replacement has appeared. The recent digital interface standards have failed to gain widespread acceptance, due to their increased cost and lack of compatibility with the VGA installed base. This paper will describe a proposed new standard interface which effectively duplicates the performance of the current digital standards while retaining full backward compatibility with the VGA system.
31.2: Proposal of the Perceptive Parameter Motion Picture Response Time (MPRT)
Authors: Igarashi Youichi , Yamamoto T. , Tanaka Y. , Someya J. , Nakakura Y. , Yamakawa M. , Hasegawa S. , Nishida Y. , Kurita Taiichiro
Published: January 2005

The proposed Motion Picture Response Time (MPRT) measurement is designed to represent and quantify the visual perception of moving images across an AM‐LCD screen. MPRT measurement method takes into account three basic LCD panel characteristics: the capacitive‐hold‐type brightness variations, brightness level dependent transition times and a liquid crystal response time. Further, MPRT figure is affected by a back light control method and video signal processing algorithms. The proposed measurement method incorporates the synchronously moving test pattern and the evaluation of the pattern edge brightness changes.
31.4L: Late‐News Paper: Evaluation of Motion Picture Quality in LCDs by using of “Motion Picture Response Time” and Subjective Evaluation
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Sasaki S. , Igarashi Y. , Tanaka Y.
Published: January 2005

Motion picture quality of several LCDs is evaluated by both quantitative and subjective evaluation methods. In general, the value of the quantitative parameter MPRT (Motion Picture Response Time) is clearly related with the subjective evaluation, and a large value of the correlation coefficient between the value MPRT and subjective evaluation is obtained. The quality of LCDs with black insertion and over‐driving methods is better than that of LCDs without these methods, on both the MPRT and the subjective evaluation.
32.4: Two Modes of LC Parallel Alignment on the Plasma Treated Substrates
Authors: Yaroshchuk Oleg , Kravchuk Ruslan , Dobrovolskyy Andriy , Qiu Liou , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new alignment procedure for liquid crystals cells that yields both zero and non‐zero pretilt. This procedure is an oblique irradiation of the bounding substrates with the directed plasma flux. As a source of plasma irradiation we use an anode layer thruster producing sheet like plasma fluxes suitable to treat large‐area substrates. Both organic (polymers) and inorganic (glass, ITO) layers can be treated. Plasma beam irradiation results in two types of LC alignment: (1) the easy axis in the incident plane formed by the direction of beam and the normal to substrate; (2) the easy axis perpendicular to the plane of incidence. By increasing the irradiation dose, one can change the alignment direction from the type (1) towards the type (2). In the first type of alignment, the pretilt angle can be controlled by changing parameters such as irradiation angle, ion current density, ion energy, etc. The second type of alignment is characterized by a zero pretilt. The azimutal anchoring energy coefficient is relatively weak (W=10−3 erg/cm2) for the first type of alignment and strong (W>10−1 erg/cm2, comparable to the rubbed polymer substrates) for the second type. The two‐mode alignment feature can be used to generate alignment with desirable parameters as well as to pattern the LC cell substrates. The method is free of certain shortcomings known for the traditional rubbing technique.
33.3: Invited Paper: OLEDs with Doped Transport Layers for Highly Efficient Displays
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin , Zhou Xiang , Huang Jingsong , Leo Karl , Blochwitz‐Nimoth Jan
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we discuss recent experiments which prove that evaporated organic films can be efficiently doped by coevaporation with dopant molecules. Key advantages for devices are the high conductivity and the formation of ohmic contacts despite large energetic barriers.

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with electrically doped transport layers show significantly improved properties: For instance, we have achieved a brightness of 100Cd/m2 already at a voltage of 2.55V, well below previous results for undoped small‐molecule devices.

The advantages of doping are even more pronounced for top‐emitting, inverted OLED structures: Due to the ohmic contacts nearly independent of the contact properties, it is possible to realize inverted top‐emitting devices with parameters comparable to standard devices. Also, it is possible to deposit ITO anodes on such devices without significant sputter damage since the active regions of the device are protected by thick doped transport layers. Our doping technology is thus a significant advantage for active‐matrix OLED displays and other displays on opaque substrate.
33.4: Thermal Treatment for the Longer Operating Lifetime of Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Yong‐Han , Ko Chang‐Hee , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Song Ok‐Keun
Published: January 2005

Thermal effects on OLEDs display after full fabrication process including an encapsulation process have been studied for the longer operating lifetime of OLEDs. Time and temperature were considered as experimental factors to optimize thermal treatment. Brightness and voltage changes after thermal treatment at the optimized condition were negligible. However, the operating lifetime of OLEDs with proper thermal treatment was significantly improved.
34.1: Active Matrix Displays Made with Printed Polymer Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Sirringhaus H. , Burns S. E. , Kuhn C. , Jacobs K. , MacKenzie J. D. , Etchells M. , Chalmers K. , Devine P. , Murton N. , Stone N. , Wilson D. , Cain P. , Brown T. , Asais A. C. , Mills J. , Friend R. H.
Published: January 2005

We present a process for active matrix flat panel display manufacture by printing polymer thin film transistors. In this process, transistors are fabricated using soluble semi‐conducting and conducting materials. Accurate definition of the transistor channel and other circuit components is achieved by direct inkjet printing combined with surface energy patterning. We have used this process to create a 4,800 pixel, 50 dpi, active matrix display. This process is in principle environmentally friendly, low temperature, compatible with flexible substrates, cost effective and advantageous for short run length and large display sizes.
34.2: PMMA Buffer‐Layer Effects on Electrical Performance of Pentacene OTFTs with a Cross‐linked PVA Gate Insulator on a Flexible Substrate
Authors: Jin S. H. , Yu J. S. , Kim J. W. , Lee C. A. , Park B.‐G. , Lee J. D. , Lee J. H.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we proposed for the first time a technique of poly‐methylmethacrylate (PMMA) buffer layer insertion to overcome unsaturated output characteristics of OTFTs with cross‐linked poly‐vinylalcohol (PVA) gate insulators on a PET substrate. A 3:1 diluted PMMA buffer layer insertion resulted in saturated output characteristics and small shift of a threshold voltage in successive I‐V measurements for OTFTs due to the enhancement of surface hydrophobicity on the gate insulator. The electrical performances of a threshold voltage, a subthreshold slope and on‐off current ratio have been noticeably improved after PMMA buffer layers insertion. To our best knowledge, the highest mobility of 0.32 cm2/Vsec has been obtained among OTFTs fabricated with polymer gate insulators by spin coating processes on a PET substrate.
34.5L: Late‐News Paper: High Transmittance Pixel Design of In‐Plane Switching TFT‐LCDs for TVs
Authors: Nakayoshi Y. , Kurahashi N. , Tanno J. , Nishimura E. , Ogawa K. , Suzuki M.
Published: January 2005

Design architecture of realizing high performance IPS‐LCDs with a 30% improved transmittance, less color shifting, and faster response time of less than ms 16 in the grayscales was represented. The newly developed pixel structure, consisting of transparent electrodes arranged on organic insulator, improved the transmittance and shielding effect for a data line. Finally, we have developed a 20‐inch diagonal wide‐XGA LCD to confirm the performance available to flat‐panel TVs.
35.1: Invited Paper: Filtered and Filter‐Less Full Color Inorganic EL Displays
Authors: Hirabayashi J. , Yano Y. , Susukida M. , Nagano K.
Published: January 2005

Filtered and filter‐less full color iEL displays with 4.25″ diagonal size using TDEL structure have been developed. These results were provided by improvement of a fabrication process and using new RGB set of phosphor. In this paper, the characteristics and features of these devices are discussed.
35.2: Black Dielectric Electroluminescent 160×80 Pixel Display
Authors: Heikenfeld J. , Jones R. A. , Steckl A. J.
Published: January 2005

We report on recent technological progress in black dielectric electroluminescent (BDEL) displays. Fabrication of the first BDEL 160×80 pixel 4″ displays driven with commercial low power (<5W) drive circuitry is presented. Improvements in both BDEL display performance and display manufacturability underscore the recent development path.
35.3L: Late‐News Paper: Optical and Electrical Characterization of Particle‐Related Defects in Large Area Inorganic Thick Dielectric Electroluminescent Displays
Authors: Luke D. , Yang R. , Briglio D. , Abe H. , Yoshida I. , Hamada H.
Published: January 2005

Thick dielectric electroluminescent displays are tolerant of particle‐related defects introduced during fabrication processes compared to TFT‐LCD displays. Early experimental trials have shown that displays can have a high incidence of particle‐related defects and that a small percentage of the defects had an adverse effect on display performance or image quality. Defects introduced at different steps in the fabrication process have been characterized and their impact on the projected manufacturing yield for the displays assessed. Characterization was carried out using electrical and optical measurement techniques.
35.4L: Late‐News Paper: Sputter‐Deposition of Blue‐Emitting Ba‐Al‐S: Eu Phosphors for Thin Film EL Displays
Authors: Kosyachkov Alexander
Published: January 2005

First results are reported on sputter‐deposition of blue emitting Ba‐Al‐S: Eu phosphors for inorganic electroluminescent FPD. Being used in Thick‐film Dielectric Electroluminescent (TDEL) devices, the phosphors exhibit EL‐luminance of about 200 cd/m2 and the C.I.E. coordinates X=0.13 and Y=0.09‐0.12 at 60 V above the optical threshold voltage under 250 Hz pulse drive. Lifetime of 2500 h at 1200 Hz pulse voltage is achieved for rapid thermal processed phosphor that is equivalent to more than 30,000 h in a TV display application.
36.2: A Development of Driving Chip‐set and System for 1.94″ Full Color PM OLED
Authors: Kim Jin , Back J. H. , Lee Giljae , Noh J. D. , Kim T. J. , Ann H. R.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents the driving system of the 1.94 inch full color passive matrix OLED(organic light emitting display) using full color driver IC. The developed PM(passive matrix)OLED driver module consists of data driver IC, scan driver IC and controller IC, respectively. The data driver IC has 384 channel outputs, 64‐level gray scale per channel using current source. The scan driver IC has 160 channel outputs and output current is 300mA per each channel. The controller includes display GRAM and OSC circuit. The driving method is adopted CSFR driving waveform[1] and normal driving waveform. The developed driving system is connected to the OLED panel by TCP(tape carrier package) or COF(chip on film) technology. As the result, high quality image is achieved in display of 1.94″ full color PMOLED.
36.3: Development of 192‐Output SOI PDP Address Driver IC with Over Temperature Detection Circuit
Authors: Fujiwara A. , Takasugi K. , Hosokawa A. , Takahashi K.
Published: January 2005

We have developed 192 outputs PDP address driver IC, uPD16347 with the over temperature detection circuit. This IC uses bonded SOI wafer and trench process for dielectric isolation. This IC has the 0.5μm design rule CMOS logic circuit and 80V high withstand voltage CMOS output circuit. Also, this IC uses the TCP that is expected to become the mainstream of package technology for future PDP address driver IC. However, it is difficult to use TCP for PDP address driver IC because of large power dissipation to drive PDP. Therefore we have developed the over temperature detection circuit for this product. By using this function it becomes possible to detect the over temperature condition of the driver IC.
36.4: A Voltage Compensation Controller for Lighting Passive Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes Panels
Authors: Juan Chang‐Jung , Tsai Ming‐Jong
Published: January 2005

A voltage compensation controller for producing gray‐scaled pictures on PMOLEDs panels is presented in this paper. The proposed controller is a voltage type has been fabricated by FPGAs and has been verified its luminance performance by a 64*48 PMOLEDs panel. The driver does not include PLL circuit and therefore suitable for commercialization.