bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility and Reliability of the Snyder Classification of Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions Among Shoulder Surgeons
Authors: Jia Xiaofeng , Yokota Atsushi , McCarty Eric C. , Nicholson Gregory P. , Weber Stephen C. , McMahon Patrick J. , Dunn Warren Reid , McFarland Edward G.
Published: February 2011

Background: Previous studies of the reliability of classifications for superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions suggest that intraobserver/interobserver reliability is poor.

Purpose: The goals were to (1) evaluate intraobserver/interobserver reliability of the Snyder classification of labrum tears among experienced surgeons, (2) determine the effect of simplifying that classification into normal versus abnormal labrums, (3) determine the reliability of subdividing type II SLAP lesions, and (4) evaluate the effect of videotape quality on diagnostic confidence.

Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: At 2 separate times, 5 experienced shoulder surgeons (all >10 years of practice) evaluated 90 videotapes of shoulder arthroscopy performed for SLAP lesions to identify lesion type, to grade video quality, and to determine degree of confidence in diagnosis. The results were compared for intraobserver reliability (κ analysis) and interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients) and effect of video quality on diagnostic confidence. Significance was set at P < .05.

Results: When the choices were normal labrum or the 4 types of SLAP lesions, the intraobserver agreements (mean κ, 0.670) and interobserver agreements (mean correlation, 0.804) were substantial. When the labrums were divided into normal (normal and type I) and abnormal (types II-IV), the intraobserver agreements (mean κ, 0.792) and interobserver agreements (mean correlation, 0.648) were substantial. When the 3 type II SLAP lesion subvariants were evaluated, the intraobserver agreement (mean κ, 0.598) was moderate, and the interobserver agreement (mean correlation, 0.804) was substantial. The confidence of the diagnosis was highly correlated with the perceived video quality (average Pearson correlation, 0.718; P < .01). Repeated measures analysis showed a significant relationship between confidence and quality (parameter estimate, 0.732; standard error, 0.021; P < .01) adjusting for rater and review.

Conclusion: For experienced shoulder surgeons, the Snyder classification is a reliable system for identifying SLAP lesions.
Persistent Toe Walking in Autism
Authors: Barrow William J. , Jaworski Margie , Accardo Pasquale J.
Published: February 2011

The records of 954 ambulatory children presenting for initial evaluation to a university developmental pediatrician were reviewed for the prevalence of persistent toe walking and associated tight heel cords. The incidence of persistent toe walking (20.1%) and tight heel cords (12.0%) were found to be higher in 324 children with an autistic spectrum disorder but lower (10.0%/3.0%) in 30 children with Asperger syndrome. These results confirm the previously reported high incidence of toe walking in children with autism and with language disorders and also raise the possibility of a secondary orthopedic deformity that can complicate long-term management of these patients.
Gendered Matters: Undocumented Mexican Mothers in the Current Policy Context
Authors: Belliveau Michele
Published: February 2011

Feminist theorists have exchanged an exclusively gendered analysis for an intersectional lens that accounts for the multiple marginalized locations occupied by individuals in a hierarchy. This article uses both intersectional and feminist standpoint theories to analyze the findings from a qualitative study of undocumented Mexican mothers’ strategies of attaining resources for their children in the current policy context. Standpoint theory foregrounds the voices of undocumented Mexican mothers, while intersectional analysis illuminates their multiple and interacting social locations. The findings that mothers accessed some needed resources but not others are analyzed to demonstrate the relevance of intersectional analysis to policy development and practice.
Networking Among Apparel Store Owners in Small U.S. Communities: Developing Social Capital
Authors: Miller Nancy J. , Besser Terry L. , Vigna Diane
Published: February 2011

Traditionally, female-owned businesses are proportionally smaller in number of employees and sales volume than male-owned businesses. These characteristics often further complicate women’s ability to start or maintain small community businesses. The central premise of the research under discussion is that membership and participation in a business network can offer opportunities for women that may not form otherwise. Both social capital theory and strategic network theory form the basis for this phase of a sequential mixed method study. With knowledge gained from a prior quantitative analysis of twenty-nine established networks this study provides a qualitative case study analysis of a new women’s apparel store network’s activities over a five-year period. Findings suggest that a network develops when individuals share a common vision, exchange resources, and implement innovations that build competitive advantages for the member business. This research provides practical information for advancing formation of women-owned business networks in small communities.
Performance or enactment? The role of the higher level teaching assistant in a remodelled school workforce in England
Authors: Graves Susan
Published: January 2011

This article draws on research conducted over two years in the North West of England and is located in the context of workforce remodelling. It examines how the higher level teaching assistant (HLTA) role has developed and is appraised and suggests that the anomalous nature of the role, which often relies on the enactment of observed teacher performance, and the ambiguous, localised, niche roles which have developed, render measurement of impact problematic. The performance of HLTAs is assessed using a vocational model which relies on retrospective self-assessment of competence and the article draws on Foucault’s (1988) concept of ‘technologies of the self’ to examine the implications of using this approach. The article also suggests that the use of predominantly self-assessment to measure competence is problematic and applies Kruger & Dunning’s (1999: 1122) notion of the ‘unskilled and unaware’ to argue that lack of contextualised and specialised knowledge can lead to ‘inflated self-appraisals’.
Managing performance for effective classrooms
Authors: Moreland Jan
Published: January 2011

This paper takes the form of a discussion document. A number of ideas surrounding the topics of continuing professional development (CPD), performance management (PM) and effective classrooms in secondary schools are outlined. The paper draws on some of the recent literature in these areas and refers to some current trials within a UK-based context. The paper, however, is not presented as a case study nor as a traditional literature review. Rather, it is a practitioner’s reflection and the main intention is to pose some thoughts and ideas in order to generate debate and open up the issues for wider discussion.
On the Strength of Connections Between Localist Mental Modules as a Source of Frequency-of-Occurrence Effects
Authors: Besner Derek , Moroz Sarah , O’Malley Shannon
Published: February 2011

Frequency-of-occurrence effects (e.g., effects of word frequency or familiarity) are widely thought to arise through differences in resting levels of activation in localist input-output modules. A different account posits that these effects at least partially reflect the strength of connections between various localist modules. Given that Arabic numerals appear more frequently than their alphabetic counterparts, we contrasted reaction times to stimuli in both formats in a naming/reading-aloud task and a parity-judgment task. The script effect (the difference between reaction times to Arabic and to alphabetic formats) was large in the parity-judgment task but absent in the naming/reading-aloud task. This script-by-task interaction follows naturally from the idea that at least part of the effect of frequency of occurrence of a printed word or digit (and other instances of familiarity) resides in the strength of connections between specialized localist input-output modules and a localist semantic module. This conclusion is likely applicable across a variety of domains.
The Relationship Between Low-Income and Minority Children’s Physical Activity and Academic-Related Outcomes
Authors: Efrat Merav
Published: February 2011

This article explores an innovative strategy for battling the obesity epidemic. The strategy involves demonstrating to policy makers and education leaders the value of promoting physical activity in school as a way of enhancing academic-related outcomes to narrow the current achievement gap. A literature review was conducted to ascertain the feasibility of this strategy. Seven studies that examined the relationship between physical activity or fitness and academic-related outcomes were reviewed. Although more research is needed in this area, the majority of the articles reviewed found that regardless of socioeconomic status or ethnicity, a positive relationship exists between physical activity and academic-related outcomes. These findings suggest that integrating more physical activity into the school day may be an effective strategy to reduce both health disparities and the achievement gap.
Knowledge and discourse in secondary school social science textbooks
Authors: van Dijk Teun A. , Atienza Encarna
Published: February 2011

Within the framework of an interdisciplinary project on epistemic strategies in text and talk, this article examines such strategies in a (Spanish) secondary school textbook on social science. After a summary of current insights into the theory of knowledge in philosophy, psychology and linguistics, it is shown how discourse presupposes and expresses knowledge, with special emphasis on discourse processing and learning from text and its applications in education. The specific aim of this article is to study in some detail how exactly ‘new’ knowledge is formulated in pedagogical discourse, and how ‘old’ knowledge (generic knowledge of the world, knowledge learned before, etc.) is presupposed in a lesson on migration. We thus are able to describe the categories of, and the functional relations between, old and new knowledge, as discursive manifestations of underlying cognitive strategies of teaching and learning. It was also observed that in textbooks what is purported to be presented as knowledge often has an ideological basis.
The Use and Abuse of Attachment Theory in Clinical Practice With Maltreated Children, Part I: Diagnosis and Assessment
Authors: Allen Brian
Published: February 2011

Debate has ensued regarding the appropriate assessment and diagnosis for school-age children who display severe behavioral problems as a result of previous abuse and neglect within the primary attachment relationship. The current nomenclature recognizes reactive attachment disorder and some clinicians have suggested broader categories of attachment disorder. These attempts at classification are often criticized on empirical grounds; however, often lost in these criticisms is the fact that that these diagnostic approaches often misapply attachment theory and research. This article summarizes the original contributions of John Bowlby and other attachment researchers to our understanding of child development, examines misguided attempts to apply attachment theory to the diagnosis and assessment of maltreated children, and offers a diagnostic conceptualization and assessment recommendations consistent with the available attachment research.
The Use and Abuse of Attachment Theory in Clinical Practice with Maltreated Children, Part II: Treatment
Authors: Allen Brian
Published: February 2011

Recent years have witnessed a growing debate about the role of attachment theory in the treatment of maltreated children. Many professional organizations have issued statements against physically restraining children as some attachment therapists promote; however, often lost in these debates is the fundamental issue of what attachment theory and research proposes as the appropriate form of treatment. Given that these attachment therapies are often directed toward maltreated children, it becomes critical for clinicians working with abused and neglected children to understand these issues and recognize unethical and dangerous treatments. This article provides a summary of the theoretical and empirical bases for the use of attachment theory in the treatment of maltreated school-age children, an examination of the ways questionable approaches to treatment have misinterpreted and misapplied attachment theory, and a conceptualization of attachment-based intervention grounded in current theory and research.
Association of the Spatial Layout of the Home and ADL Abilities Among Older Adults With Dementia
Authors: Marquardt Gesine , Johnston Deirdre , Black Betty S. , Morrison Ann , Rosenblatt Adam , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Samus Quincy M.
Published: January 2011

We investigated the relationship between architectural space syntax measures describing the spatial layout of a home and activities of daily living (ADL) among people with dementia. We visited the homes of 82 participants in a dementia care comparative effectiveness clinical trial and measured the space syntax variables intelligibility and convexity along with several clinical variables, including ADLs. In regression models, we estimated the cross-sectional association between space syntax measures and ADLs. Higher convexity was associated with worse performance of basic but not instrumental ADLs (adjusted β =19.2, P = .02). Intelligibility was not associated with ADLs. These results imply that enclosed rooms with a clearly legible meaning and function might be better memorized and associated with the spatial layout of the home resulting in better basic ADL performance. These results warrant further research on space syntax measures in the home environment of people with dementia, including longitudinal study, which we are pursuing.
Young Children in Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Families: Research Gaps and Emerging Service Needs
Authors: Rosenthal Gelman Caroline , Greer Christine
Published: January 2011

Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), defined as affecting those under age 65, afflicts between 200,000 and 500,000 people in the US. EOAD tends to be a fast-progressing and aggressive form of AD. There is a beginning body of research exploring EOAD patients’ experience and needs, as well as that of their primary family caregivers, often spouses. However, there has been very little written about the experience and needs of EOAD patients’ children, who because of the early onset, and increasing postponement of childbearing, may be latency-aged or in their early teens. This paper reviews existing and related literature in this area, and illustrates the psychosocial impact on children using the case of a 50 year-old father diagnosed with AD and his 16 year-old daughter and 11 year-old son. The need for increased research and program development to address these children’s needs is discussed.
Review: Delirium in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mittal Vikrant , Muralee Sunanda , Williamson Deena , McEnerney Nicole , Thomas Jennifer , Cash Mary , Tampi Rajesh R.
Published: February 2011

Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric syndrome in the elderly characterized by concurrent impairments in cognition and behaviors. The etiologies for delirium are often multifactorial and are due to underlying medical illnesses and/or due to medication effect. The diagnosis of delirium is often missed in elderly patients and this condition may be mislabeled as depression or dementia. Untreated, delirium can have devastating consequences in the elderly with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Available evidence indicates that early detection, reduction of risk factors, and better management of this condition can decrease its morbidity rates. In this review, we discuss the etiology, neurobiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatments for this potentially lethal condition in the elderly.
Stabilisation of ferritic stainless steels with Zr and Ti additions
Authors: Cavazos J. L. , Gomez I. , Guerrero-Mata M. P.
Published: January 2011

Traditional 11·5 wt-%Cr ferritic stainless steels are single stabilised with Ti or dual stabilised with Ti–Nb additions. A dual-stabilised ferritic stainless steel 409 with Zr–Ti additions was studied, which was selected through thermodynamic and kinetics analysis. The alloy was subjected to thermomechanical processing using both hot and cold rolling and annealing. The intergranular corrosion resistance and microstructure of this alloy was evaluated. Of particular interest was to study the stabilisation behaviour of this alloy under all processing conditions. The results showed that the precipitation of CrxCy was effectively prevented; hence, the alloy used in this investigation had an excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion.
Influence of Ti on hot ductility of Nb containing HSLA steels
Authors: Banks K. M. , Tuling A. , Klinkenberg C. , Mintz B.
Published: January 2011

The influence of a low Ti addition (∼0·01%) on the hot ductility of Nb containing HSLA steels has been examined. For conventional cooling conditions in which an average cooling rate from the melting point to the test temperature was used, the ductility decreased markedly with the addition of Ti. However, when cooling conditions after melting were more in accord with the thermal heat treatment undergone by the strand during continuous casting, i.e. cooling is fast to begin with, reaches a minimum and then reheats, after which the temperature falls more slowly to the test temperature, the Ti addition was found to be beneficial.
Jahnsite—whiteite solid solutions and associated minerals in the phosphate pegmatite at Hagendorf-Süd, Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Grey I. E. , Mumme W. G. , Neville S. M. , Wilson N. C. , Birch W. D.
Published: January 2011

Secondary phosphate assemblages from the Hagendorf Süd granitic pegmatite, containing the new Mn-Al phosphate mineral, nordgauite, have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. Nordgauite nodules enclose crystals of the jahnsite—whiteite group of minerals, showing pronounced compositional zoning, spanning the full range of Fe/Al ratios between jahnsite and whiteite. The whiteite-rich members are F-bearing, whereas the jahnsite-rich members contain no F. Associated minerals include sphalerite, apatite, parascholzite, zwieselite-triplite solid solutions and a kingsmountite-related mineral. The average compositions of whiteite and jahnsite from different zoned regions correspond to jahnsite-(CaMnMn), whiteite-(CaMnMn) and the previously undescribed whiteite-(CaMnFe) end-members. Mo-Kα CCD intensity data were collected on a twinned crystal of the (CaMnMn)-dominant whiteite and refined in P2/a to wRobs = 0.064 for 1015 observed reflections.
The crystal structure of munakataite, Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4, from Otto Mountain, San Bernardino County, California, USA
Authors: Kampf A. R. , Mills S. J. , Housley R. M.
Published: January 2011

Munakataite, Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4, has been found in association with a variety of rare secondary Te minerals at Otto Mountain, San Bernardino County, California, USA. It is very rare and occurs as subparallel bundles of blue needles up to 1 mm long. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula Pb1.96Cu1.60[(Se0.894+S0.11)∑1O3](SO4)[(OH)3.34(H2O)0.66]∑4- Munakataite is mono-clinic, space group P21/m, with cell parameters a = 9.8023(26), b = 5.6751(14), c = 9.2811(25) Å, β = 102.443(6), V = 504.2(2) Å3 and Z = 2. The crystal structure, solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.0308 for 544 Fo > 4σF reflections, consists of Jahn-Teller-distorted Cu2+O6 square bipyramids. which form chains along b by sharing trans edges across their square planes. The chains are decorated by SO4 tetrahedra and Se4+O3 pyramids, which bond to apical corners of adjacent bipyramids. The chains are linked to one another via bonds to two different PbO9 polyhedra, only one of which exhibits one-sided coordination typical of Pb2+ with a stereochemically active 6s2 lone-electron-pair. Munakataite is isostructural with schmiederite and the structure is closely related to that of linarite.
Editorial: Synergism between NOD-like receptors and Toll-like receptors in human B lymphocytes
Authors: O'Neill Luke A J
Published: January 2011

A study of human B lymphocytes identifies an important synergy between NOD1 or NOD2 and TLRs in proliferation and activation.
Equity of access to psychological therapies
Authors: Richards David A. , Bower Peter
Published: January 2011

Improving access to psychological treatments for common mental disorders is
a priority in a number of countries worldwide. We consider the evidence
presented by Harris et al on the Australian Better Access initiative, and
discuss the challenges of delivering such intitiatives and evaluating their
impact.
Neonatal Exposure to Bisphenol A Alters Rat Uterine Implantation-Associated Gene Expression and Reduces the Number of Implantation Sites
Authors: Varayoud Jorgelina , Ramos Jorge G. , Bosquiazzo Verónica L. , Lower Melina , Muñoz-de-Toro Mónica , Luque Enrique H.
Published: February 2011

Endocrine disrupters have been associated with reproductive pathologies such as infertility and gynecological tumors. Using a rat model of early postnatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), we evaluated the long-term effects on 1) female reproductive performance, 2) uterine homeobox A10 (Hoxa10) and Hoxa10-target gene expression, and 3) ovarian steroid levels and uterine estrogen receptor α and progesterone (P) receptor expression. Newborn female rats received vehicle, BPA.05 (0.05 mg/kg · d), BPA20 (20 mg/kg · d), diethylstilbestrol.2 (0.2 μg/kg · d), or diethylstilbestrol 20 (20 μg/kg · d) on postnatal d 1, 3, 5, and 7. A significant decrease in the number of implantation sites was assessed in the xenoestrogen-exposed females. To address the molecular effects of postnatal xenoestrogen exposure on the pregnant uterus, we evaluated the expression of implantation-associated genes on d 5 of pregnancy (preimplantation uterus). All xenoestrogen-treated rats showed a lower expression of Hoxa10. In the same animals, two Hoxa10-downstream genes were misregulated in the uterus. β3Integrin, which is up-regulated by Hoxa10 in controls, was decreased, whereas empty spiracles homolog 2, which is down-regulated by Hoxa10, was increased. Furthermore a clear down-regulation of estrogen receptor α and P receptor expression was detected without changes in estradiol and P serum levels. The early exposure to BPA produced a lower number of implantation sites in association with a defective uterine environment during the preimplantation period. Alterations in the endocrine-regulated Hoxa10 gene pathways (steroid receptors—Hoxa10—β3integrin/empty spiracles homolog 2) could explain, at least in part, the BPA effects on the implantation process.
Maternal Protein Restriction in the Rat Inhibits Placental Insulin, mTOR, and STAT3 Signaling and Down-Regulates Placental Amino Acid Transporters
Authors: Rosario Fredrick J. , Jansson Nina , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Prasad Puttur D. , Powell Theresa L. , Jansson Thomas
Published: February 2011

The mechanisms underlying reduced fetal growth in response to maternal protein restriction are not well established. Maternal levels of insulin, IGF-I, and leptin are decreased in rats fed a low protein (LP) diet. Because these hormones stimulate placental amino acid transporters in vitro, we hypothesized that maternal protein restriction inhibits placental leptin, insulin/IGF-I, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and down-regulates the expression and activity of placental amino acid transporters. Pregnant rats were fed either an isocaloric low protein (LP, 4% protein) or control diet (18% protein) and studied at gestational day (GD)15, GD19, or GD21 (term 23). At GD19 and GD21, placental expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (Thr-36/46 or Thr-70) and phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (Ser-235/236) was decreased in the LP group. In addition, placental expression of phosphorylated S6 kinase 1 (Thr-389), phosphorylated Akt (Thr-308), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Tyr-705) was reduced at GD21. In microvillous plasma membranes (MVM) isolated from placentas of LP animals, protein expression of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)2 and the large neutral amino acid transporters 1 and 2 was reduced at GD19 and GD21. MVM SNAT1 protein expression was reduced at GD21 in LP rats. SNAT4 and 4F2 heavy chain expression in MVM was unaltered. System A and L amino acid transporter activity was decreased in MVM from LP animals at GD19 and GD21. In conclusion, maternal protein restriction inhibits placental insulin, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling, which is associated with a down-regulation of placental amino acid transporters. We speculate that maternal endocrine and metabolic control of placental nutrient transport reduces fetal growth in response to protein restriction.
Tonic Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptor Currents Control Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Excitability in the Mouse
Authors: Bhattarai Janardhan P. , Park Seon Ah , Park Jin Bong , Lee So Yeong , Herbison Allan E. , Ryu Pan Dong , Han Seong Kyu
Published: February 2011

It is well established that the GABAA receptor plays an important role in regulating the electrical excitability of GnRH neurons. Two different modes of GABAA receptor signaling exist: one mediated by synaptic receptors generating fast (phasic) postsynaptic currents and the other mediated by extrasynaptic receptors generating a persistent (tonic) current. Using GABAA receptor antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline methiodide, and gabazine, which differentiate between phasic and tonic signaling, we found that ∼50% of GnRH neurons exhibit an approximately 15-pA tonic GABAA receptor current in the acute brain slice preparation. The blockade of either neuronal (NO711) or glial (SNAP-5114) GABA transporter activity within the brain slice revealed the presence of tonic GABA signaling in ∼90% of GnRH neurons. The GABAA receptor δ subunit is only found in extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. Using single-cell RT-PCR, GABAA receptor δ subunit mRNA was identified in GnRH neurons and the δ subunit–specific agonist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c] pyridin-3-ol was found to activate inward currents in GnRH neurons. Perforated-patch clamp studies showed that 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c] pyridin-3-ol exerted the same depolarizing or hyperpolarizing effects as GABA on juvenile and adult GnRH neurons and that tonic GABAA receptor signaling regulates resting membrane potential. Together, these studies reveal the presence of a tonic GABAA receptor current in GnRH neurons that controls their excitability. The level of tonic current is dependent, in part, on neuronal and glial GABA transporter activity and mediated by extrasynaptic δ subunit–containing GABAA receptors.
Introduction: Contexts for a Comparative Relativism
Authors: Jensen Casper Bruun , Smith Barbara Herrnstein , Lloyd G. E. R. , Holbraad Martin , Roepstorff Andreas , Stengers Isabelle , Verran Helen , Brown Steven D. , Winthereik Brit Ross , Strathern Marilyn , Kapferer Bruce , Mol Annemarie , Pedersen Morten Axel , de Castro Eduardo Viveiros , Candea Matei , Battaglia Debbora , Wagner Roy
Published: January 2011

This introduction to the Common Knowledge symposium titled “Comparative Relativism” outlines a variety of intellectual contexts where placing the unlikely companion terms comparison and relativism in conjunction offers analytical purchase. If comparison, in the most general sense, involves the investigation of discrete contexts in order to elucidate their similarities and differences, then relativism, as a tendency, stance, or working method, usually involves the assumption that contexts exhibit, or may exhibit, radically different, incomparable, or incommensurable traits. Comparative studies are required to treat their objects as alike, at least in some crucial respects; relativism indicates the limits of this practice. Jensen argues that this seeming paradox is productive, as he moves across contexts, from Lévi-Strauss's analysis of comparison as an anthropological method to Peter Galison's history of physics, and on to the anthropological, philosophical, and historical examples offered in symposium contributions by Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Marilyn Strathern, and Isabelle Stengers. Comparative relativism is understood by some to imply that relativism comes in various kinds and that these have multiple uses, functions, and effects, varying widely in different personal, historical, and institutional contexts that can be compared and contrasted. Comparative relativism is taken by others to encourage a “comparison of comparisons,” in order to relativize what different peoples—say, Western academics and Amerindian shamans—compare things “for.” Jensen concludes that what is compared and relativized in this symposium are the methods of comparison and relativization themselves. He ventures that the contributors all hope that treating these terms in juxtaposition may allow for new configurations of inquiry.
RAISING THE ANTI-, OR RELATIVISM SQUARED
Authors: Holbraad Martin
Published: January 2011

This response to Barbara Herrnstein Smith's article, “The Chimera of Relativism: A Tragicomedy,” presents some thoughts on how the debates about “relativism” upon which Smith comments could be refigured in the light of this symposium's theme of “comparative relativism.” If the notion of relativism can be rendered relative unto itself, as the notion of a “comparative” relativism would seem to suggest, then how might one understand its “position” within the kinds of debates in which Smith's paper, by way of commentary, also participates? In particular, if part of Smith's aim is to defuse some of the unfair thoughts that have fueled the antirelativist industry in academia, then how might one think of the character of such “anti-anti-“moves themselves? What manner of academic debate does a properly relative notion of relativity allow for? The response herein to these questions takes off from the obvious thought that, properly squared, relativism cannot be understood as a “position”—one that should or could be “defended,” albeit in the Geertzian “anti-anti-“mode that Smith's article seems sometimes to adopt. Rather, it would imply a somewhat different way out of the tribal deadlocks that Smith so elegantly helps put to rest (relativists vs. positivists, etc.); namely, a manner of debate in which a generalized relativity of thinking, including the relativity of that thought itself, would make a merit of academic opposition at all levels. This piece suggests, in other words, a manner of debating in which the “anti-” would be both proffered and received as a manner of compliment rather than attack.
OF ARCHIPELAGOS AND ARROWS
Authors: Battaglia Debbora
Published: January 2011

These comments on Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's article, “Zeno and the Art of Anthropology,” emphasize, first, his engagement with ideas of Gilles Deleuze that open to the political dimension of Amerindian perspectivism and to a “multinatural” understanding of human-to-environment relations; these form the foundation of postdevelopment action in this part of the world and orient actors' “postures of attention” to power relations. Second, this commentary raises questions concerning arrows—archetypal of the protentive element of Amerindian “speculative ontology” and, as such, symbolic vehicles of a hopeful environmental consciousness and activism. The interesting point of arrows in this context is that their protention can and must take into account both forward- and also backward-looking time, in order to fulfill their promise of finding their mark. The matter of their intended effectiveness being sharply focused on the figures of their human sources, parabolic course, and targets, both reversals of direction and the ground they would traverse can be lost sight of. Ironically, focusing on figures invites attention to their backgrounds: expanses of earth or air and gaps between origin and contact can remind us, for example, of all that can interfere with or defeat intended goals, particularly in a lifeworld of multisited human and nonhuman agency. Overall, this response to Viveiros de Castro takes an aesthetico-political approach to his article. It comments on the important work of recognizing how uncemented values of Amerindians can be recombined with Western concepts to shape an ongoing “found object” relationship of Western and Amerindian intellectual traditions that is capable of addressing complexities of shifting power in modern times.
Improved Dispersion Stability of Surface-fluorinated TiO2 Particles
Authors: Kim Jae-Ho , Sato Hiroaki , Kubo Toshimasa , Yonezawa Susumu , Takashima Masayuki
Published: January 2011

Fluorinated TiO2 (F-TiO2) particles with good dispersion stability were synthesized at a temperature lower than 100 °C using fluorine gas. The average particle sizes and ζ potentials of F-TiO2 particles were around seven times smaller and 1.4 times larger, respectively, than those (2200 nm and −19.35 mV) of untreated TiO2 particles in water. However, the existence of TiOF2 prepared at a temperature higher than 100 °C might negatively affect the dispersion stability of TiO2. To prepare the fluorinated TiO2 without TiOF2, it is essential for optimizing the beneficial effects of surface fluorination against the dispersion stability of TiO2.
Surgical Workforce: Planning Today for the Workforce of the Future
Authors: Sarafidou Katerina , Greatorex Robert
Published: January 2011

The Royal College of Surgeons in collaboration with the surgical specialty associations has just published the results of the first comprehensive survey of the surgical workforce in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. As part of our commitment to maintain the highest standards of surgical practice and patient care, we aim to support a dynamic workforce planning process for delivering the best possible care for the population.
Clays Developed Under Sequoia gigantia and Prairie Soils: 150 Years of Soil-Plant Interaction in the Parks of French Châteaux
Authors: Barré Pierre , Velde Bruce
Published: January 2011

The effect of plant species on soil-clay mineralogy has not been studied widely. In the present study, the clay mineralogy of top soils under Sequoia gigantia and grass regimes, maintained side by side for up to 150 y in the parks of several French châteaux, were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods and chemical analyses of the clay fractions. The seven paired samples that were studied originated from soils developed on calcareous, granitic, and loess substrates. The XRD data indicated the presence of a trioctahedral chlorite with a trioctahedral hydroxy-Mg sheet in sequoia soils observed in four of seven of the sites whereas it was absent from the adjacent prairie-soil samples. Parent materials influenced the formation of magnesian chlorite as it was observed in all soils developed on granite and in none of the soils developed on limestone. The exchangeability of the interlayer hydroxy-Mg sheet replaced by K+ from newly formed chlorite in a 14 y old sequoia-influenced soil suggests that the mineral was initially a hydroxy-interlayered mineral. Increased stability was observed in the older (100 and 150 y) soil chlorites, indicating a progression of polymerization of the Mg hydroxy-interlayered material. The small amount of chlorite in the whole clay assemblage impeded the observation of changes in Mg content by direct chemical measurements of the clay fractions but the systematically greater amount of exchanged Mg2+ ion measured under sequoia compared with adjacent prairie supports the formation of Mg magnesian chlorite.

The results presented indicate, on the one hand, the importance of plant regimes in controlling the soil chemistry and hence the clay mineralogy of surface soil horizons (magnesian chlorites were observed only under sequoia), and, on the other hand, that parent material modulates this plant influence (chlorite formation was observed on granite-derived soils).
Selective transformations of cephalostatin analogues
Authors: Nawasreh Mansour M.
Published: January 2011

The highly tumor inhibitory cephalostatins (e.g., cephalostatin 1), a marine natural product isolated from Cephalodiscus gilcristi, have attracted us to synthesize biologically active analogues. The goal of this study is to shed more light on selective desymmetrization of a symmetrical starting analogue through the F-ring opening route applied to certain analogues using different borane complexes. Previously, we have reported a selective opening of the spiroketal in the northern part of an analogue using catechol-borane and D-(N-tosyl) valine-borane complexes. We demonstrate here the possibility of opening the southern part of the same analogue using salicylic acid-borane complex by which extra flexibility is harvested. In contrast, a different reaction type took place when another analogue was treated with 3,4-diaminobenzonitrile-borane complex, which give after H2O2 oxidation, products arising from ∆14 bond hydration. This led us to conclude that the geometry of both borane complex and substrate govern the regioselectivity of the products. However, the electronic nature of both substrate and borane-complex govern the chemoselectivity.
A Velocity Map Ion-imaging Study on Ketene Photodissociation at 218 nm
Authors: Liu Jie , Wang Feng-yan , Wang Hua , Jiang Bo , Yang Xue-ming
Published: January 2011

Photodissociation dynamics of ketene at 218 nm has been investigated using the velocity map ion-imaging method. Both angular and translational energy distributions for the CO products at different rotational and vibrational states have been obtained. The 2+1 REMPI spectrum of CO products is also obtained. The results are as below: (i) CO products in the first two vibrational states (v'' = 0 and v'' = 1) exhibit significant rotational excitation. Furthermore the rotational excitation of CO at the v'' = 0 level is noticeably higher than that at the v'' = 1 level. (ii) It was found that the major photodissociation pathway of ketene at 218 nm is the CH2(a1A1) + CO(X1+) channel, while the CH2(b1B1) + CO(X1+) channel and the CH2(X3B1) + CO(X1+) channel are also likely present. (iii) The anisotropy parameters of CO different rovibronic states all appear to be larger than zero. No significant difference is observed at the two vibrational states.
Review of Kelvin's Equation and Its Modification in Characterization of Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Zhang Ying , Lam Frank Leung-Yuk , Yan Zi-Feng , Hu Xijun
Published: January 2011

Physical and mathematical models as well as calculation methods of nitrogen bed on porous media have been introduced to evaluate the structural parameters of mesoporous materials. Kelvin's equation is a link between the relative adsorbate pressure, the mean pore radius, and pore capillarity on the basis of macroscopic capillary condensation. However, Kelvin's equation has been identified that it underestimates the calculated pore size of a material especially in the boundary of pore size which is between 2 and 4 nm. Various modifications on Kelvin's equation were mentioned in order to develop a new model to improve the accuracy of pore size calculation. The problems on conventional mathematical models were analyzed and discussed. A number of calculation methods on physisorption and pore size, especially fundamental theories of physisorption, basis of models and their deficiencies are reviewed. It can provide guidance on developing a modified Kelvin's equation for pore size calculation.
Abnormality of Magnetic Behavior and Resistivity of La0.7xDyxSr0.3MnO3 (0.00x0.30) System at Low Temperature
Authors: Liu Ning , Yan Guo-qing , Xu Su-jun , Tong Wei
Published: January 2011

By measuring M-T curves, -T curves and M R-T curves of the samples under different temperatures, the influence of Dy doping (0:00 x 0:30) on the magnetic and electric properties of La0.7xDyxSr0.3MnO3 has been studied. The experimental results show that, with the increase of the Dy content, the system undergoes a transition from long range ferromagnetic order to the cluster-spin glass state and further to antiferromagnetic order. For the samples with x=0.20 and 0.30, their magnetic behaviors are abnormal at low temperature, and their resistivities at low temperature have a minimum value. These peculiar phenomena not only come from the lattice effect induced by doping, but also from extra magnetic coupling induced by doping.
Quantitative Interpretation of Polarization SFG Vibrational Spectra of Air/Methanol Interface
Authors: Wu Hui , Zhang Wen-kai , Gan Wei , Cui Zhi-feng , Wang Hong-fei
Published: January 2011

Even though in IR and Raman spectra of liquid methanol there is always an apparent feature for the asymmetric stretching mode of the CH3 group around 2970 cm1, this feature has not been observed in the Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (SFG-VS) in any polarizations from the air/methanol interface. Here we present a treatment based on a corrected bond additivity model to quantitatively interpret the SFG-VS of the air/methanol interface from the IR and Raman spectra of liquid methanol.
Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-oil, Naphtha and CH4 over C12A7-Mg Catalyst
Authors: Pan Yue , Wang Zhao-xiang , Kan Tao , Zhu Xi-feng , Li Quan-xin
Published: January 2011

Hydrogen production by catalytic steam reforming of the bio-oil, naphtha, and CH4 was investigated over a novel metal-doped catalyst of (Ca24Al28O64)4+4O/Mg (C12A7-Mg). The catalytic steam reforming was investigated from 250 to 850C in the fixed-bed continuous flow reactor. For the reforming of bio-oil, the yield of hydrogen of 80% was obtained at 750C, and the maximum carbon conversion is nearly close to 95% under the optimum steam reforming condition. For the reforming of naphtha and CH4, the hydrogen yield and carbon conversion are lower than that of bio-oil at the same temperature. The characteristics of catalyst were also investigated by XPS. The catalyst deactivation was mainly caused by the deposition of carbon in the catalytic steam reforming process.
Theoretical Study on Reaction Mechanism of Tautomerization of Indazole and 3-halogeno-indazole
Authors: Yu Hai-yan , Li Bao-zong , Guo Yong-min
Published: January 2011

The molecular structures of indazole and 3-halogeno-indazole tautomers were calculated by the B3LYP method at the 6-311G** level, both in the gaseous and aqueous phases, with full geometry optimization. The geometry and electronic structure of the tautomers of indazole, 3-halogeno-indazole and their transition states were obtained. The Onsager solvate theory model was employed for the aqueous solution calculations. The results of the calculation indicated that the N1-H form of the studied molecule is more stable than that of the N2-H form. The influences of the different 3-halogeno and solvent effects on the geometry, energy, charge and activation energy were discussed. The reaction mechanism of the tautomerization of indazole and 3-halogeno-indazole was also studied and a three-membered cyclic transition state of the tautomer reaction has been obtained.
Modeling Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices of Oxygen-containing Compounds by Novel Atom-type Topological Indices
Authors: Hu Xiao-fang , Lu Chun-hui , Yin Chun-sheng
Published: January 2011

Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model for the estimation of retention indices (RIs) of 39 oxygen-containing compounds containing ketones and esters was established by our newly introduced distance-based atom-type indices DAI. The useful application of the novel DAI indices has been demonstrated by developing accurate predictive equations for gas chromatographic retention indices. The statistical results of the multiple linear regression for the final model are r=0.9973 and s=8.23. Furthermore, an external test set of 10 oxo-containing compounds can be accurately predicted with the final equation giving the following statistical results: rpred=0.9966 and spred=8.56.
Which is More Efficient as Compatibilizer: Di-block or Multiblock Copolymer?
Authors: Sun Da-chun , Liang Hao-jun
Published: January 2011

Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the compatibilizing behaviors of multi-block copolymers with different architectures in A/B/(block copolymer) ternary blends. The volume fraction of homopolymer A, employed as the dispersed phase, was 19%. The simulations illustrate how a di- or multi-block copolymer aggregates at the interfaces and influences the phase behaviour of such incompatible polymer blends. The di-block copolymer chains tend to "stand" on the interface whereas the multi-block chains lie on the interface. In comparison with the di-block copolymer, the block copolymers with 4, or 10 blocks can occupy more areas on the interface, and thus the multi-block copolymers have higher efficiency for the retardation of the phase separation.
Optical Properties of Nd3+ in Nd(DBM)3Phen-doped Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Zheng Zhi-qiang , Liang Hao , Ming Hai , Zhang Qi-jin , Xie Jian-ping
Published: January 2011

Nd(DBM)3Phen-doped (DBM is dibenzoylmethane and Phen is phenanthroline) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is prepared. Optical absorption, excitation and emission spectra were analyzed for Nd3+ in Nd(DBM)3Phen-doped PMMA. Using the Judd-Ofelt theory, the absorption spectrum was analyzed. The Judd-Ofelt(J-O) intensity parameters of Nd(DBM)3Phen-doped polymethyl methacrylate were calculated to be 2 = 20.971020 cm2, 4 = 3.421020 cm2, 6 = 2.901020 cm2. The radiative lifetime (631 s) of the excited 4F3/2 level is given. The stimulated emission cross-sections and the fluorescence branch ratios for the 4F3/2 4IJ' transitions are also evaluated. Analysis reveals that Nd(DBM)3Phen-doped PMMA is promising for application in polymer optical fibers and planar waveguides.
Structure and Properties of Hydrotalcite Using Electrostatic Potential Energy Model
Authors: Ni Zhe-ming , Pan Guo-xiang , Wang Li-geng , Yu Wei-hua , Fang Cai-ping , Li Dan
Published: January 2011

The electrostatic potential energy model of hydrotalcites was based on the theory of crystallography. The anionic potential energy of MgAl-hydrotalcites, with 20 layers and 2107 anions per layer, was calculated, and the anionic stability of the hydrotalcites was investigated. The charge density of the layer and the distance between the adjacent anions varied with the molar ratio of Al3+=(Mg2+ + Al3+). Anionic potential energy depended on the charge and size of the anions. Calculation results remained consistent with thermal stability and the ion exchange ability reported. This model is able to predict anionic stability of the hydrotalcites.