bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance—rule out high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: Cytopathologic characteristics and clinical correlates
Authors: Alli Patricia M. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: May 2003

The significance and clinical management of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) on cervical cytologic smears has been an area of much controversy. This study compiled a list of criteria useful in identifying the subset of cases that would be categorized as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance‐ rule out high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H) in the new Bethesda System terminology, which eventuate in a diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The cytopathology files at Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for ASC‐H cases from the 3‐yr period 1996–1998, which had definitive clinicopathologic follow‐up (colposcopy and cervical biopsies). The smears were reviewed, cytomorphologic features studied, and clinical correlations performed. ASC‐H was diagnosed in 257 of 45,428 gynecologic smears (0.6%), 72 having had clinicopathologic follow‐up. Of these 72 cases, 35 (49%) on follow‐up had a negative/reactive diagnosis (NR), whereas 37 (51%) turned out to be CIN [CIN‐I–18 (49%) and CIN II and III–19 (51%)]. The significant cytomorphologic differences in the ASC‐H category with a CIN follow‐up (compared with an NR follow‐up) were fewer atypical cells, more often discohesive or seen singly, more monomorphic, a higher nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, greater nuclear hyperchromasia, more coarse, unevenly dispersed chromatin, more prominent nuclear membrane irregularities, lack of nucleoli, chromocenters or nuclear grooves, and lack of an inflammatory background. Careful attention to subtle cytomorphologic characteristics may be helpful for a more definitive subdivision of ASC‐H terminology into a NR and a CIN diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:308–312. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clear cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma of soft parts): Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a highly pigmented tumor
Authors: Salem Shabb Nina , Boulos Fouad , Tawil Ayman , Hussein Maher , Hourani Mukbil
Published: May 2003

Diagnosis of clear cell sarcoma by fine‐needle aspiration is difficult, as melanin is usually absent. Here we describe a case of a primary clear cell carcinoma with abundant melanin, making diagnosis definitive. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:313–315. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic pitfalls of peritoneal washing cytology and the role of cell blocks in their diagnosis
Authors: Selvaggi Suzanne M.
Published: May 2003

Mesothelial cell hyperplasia, collagen balls, endometriosis, and endosalpingiosis are diagnostic pitfalls on peritoneal washing cytology in women who present with gynecologic lesions. Over an 8‐month period, the peritoneal washings from 10 patients undergoing gynecologic surgery for presumed malignancy showed unusual cytologic findings, several of which posed diagnostic difficulties. The washings from four patients with ovarian carcinomas were cellular and contained clusters and strips of cells with cytologic atypia mimicking malignancy. Confirmation of their benign mesothelial origin was confirmed on immunohistochemistry utilizing cell block preparations. In two cases of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, the washings contained several clusters of cells surrounding and/or admixed with a globular substance. Due to their similarity to endometrial cells, immunohistochemistry was performed on cell block preparations. The cells were positive for cytokeratin and negative for carcinoembryonic antigen and B72.3, confirming their mesothelial origin. In one case, clinically presumed to be a malignant mass, the washings contained tight clusters of cells with mild cytologic atypia admixed with hemosiderin‐laden macrophages. In conjunction with the cell block findings, a diagnosis of endometriosis was made. Extensive endometriosis was found on the surgically resected specimen. In two cases, strips of ciliated epithelial cells resembling tubal epithelium were present on the cytologic and cell block preparations, consistent with endosalpingiosis. The peritoneal washings in one case contained several clusters and balls of atypical cells surrounding microcalcifications on cell block preparation. Since calcification within groups of cells in peritoneal washings always raised the possibility of malignancy, a serous carcinoma of the ovary, particularly of borderline malignancy, would have to be excluded. Fortunately, the resected specimen was free of tumor and showed calcified endosalpingiosis on the ovarian surface. Preparation of cell blocks from peritoneal washings is of value in the work‐up and management of patients who present with cytologic mimickers of malignancy on fluid cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:335–341. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of fluorescence in situ hybridization as an ancillary tool to urine cytology in diagnosing urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Veeramachaneni Ravindra , Nordberg Mary L. , Shi Runhua , Herrera Guillermo A. , Turbat‐Herrera Elba A.
Published: May 2003

Our purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on routine urine samples and to compare the relative sensitivities of urine cytology and FISH for detecting urothelial carcinoma. Light microscopy (LM) using cytologic evaluation and FISH were used to study 121 consecutive urine samples. A mixture of fluorescent probes to chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and the 9p21 locus were used for detection of numerical chromosomal abnormalities (UroVysion, Vysis/Abbott). Biopsy specimens from patients in the study were reviewed if available. FISH analysis was performed without knowledge of cytology or biopsy findings. The urine cytology of 121 samples was interpreted as 59 negative, 41 reactive, 16 atypical, 2 suspicious and 3 insufficient cells for diagnosis. 85 samples were successfully analyzed by FISH. Thirty‐one of these showed chromosomal abnormalities and these samples were initially regarded on the original cytology reading as follows: 10 negative, 10 reactive, 9 atypical, and 2 suspicious. FISH demonstrated chromosomal abnormalities in a significant number of cases (67%) that were initially diagnosed as normal or reactive by LM. Twenty‐five patients were identified who had biopsy‐proven TCC and successful FISH. Thirteen of the 25 patients (52%) were abnormal by FISH (cytology: 2 suspicious, 6 atypical, 4 reactive, 1 negative). One patient was atypical by cytology with normal FISH results but had TCC on biopsy. Hyperdiploidy for chromosomes 3 (77%) and 7 (67%) were seen consistently. Multiple chromosomal abnormalities were seen in 67% of these cases. We conclude that FISH has a greater sensitivity in detecting urothelial carcinoma when coupled with urine cytology. It is not entirely clear at this time whether a positive FISH may indicate frank neoplastic urothelial transformation or merely be an indicator of unstable urothelium capable of or primed for malignant transformation thus detecting patients at significant risk. The use of FISH in conjunction with urine cytology can potentially reduce urothelial carcinoma morbidity and mortality by diagnosing these tumors earlier. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:301–307. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glomus tumor of the stomach: Cytologic diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Debol Steven M. , Stanley Michael W. , Mallery Shawn , Sawinski Elizabeth , Bardales Ricardo H.
Published: May 2003

The glomus tumor is usually a benign solitary neoplasm that arises from modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body, a type of neuromyoarterial receptor that plays a role in the regulation of arterial blood flow. We report a case of gastric glomus tumor diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration. Smears exhibited groups of cohesive, uniform, small, round to polygonal cells with scant cytoplasm, indistinct cell borders, and round, hyperchromatic nuclei with homogeneous chromatin. The cell block contained fragments of cells with similar morphologic features and immunohistochemical staining exhibited positivity for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. The diagnosis was confirmed by the surgically resected specimen. Ultrastructural examination revealed prominent pinocytotic vesicles lining the plasmalemma. In this report, we discuss the differential diagnosis of gastric glomus tumor and compare the cytologic features of this case with two others reported in the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:316–321. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of rheumatoid nodule: A case report with review of diagnostic features and difficulties
Authors: Kalugina Yelena , Petruzzelli Guy J. , Wojcik Eva M.
Published: May 2003

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis may develop extra‐articular subcutaneous nodules as part of the systemic disease or as initial manifestation. These lesions may represent significant diagnostic dilemmas in patients with clinical suspicion of malignancy. In this setting, fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the nodules may be the simplest and most appropriate diagnostic approach. In the literature, however, there are only sporadic reports describing FNA cytology of a rheumatoid nodule. In this report, we present a case of a 67‐year‐old male with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and squamous‐cell carcinoma of the larynx who developed a subcutaneous neck nodule in the immediate proximity of the surgical scar. Clinically, because of the history of squamous‐cell carcinoma and location of the lesion, the nodule was suspected to be metastatic cancer, but was proven by FNA biopsy to represent rheumatoid disease. Cytological criteria of rheumatoid nodule and diagnostic difficulties are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:322–324. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid tumor: A clinical and cytomorphologic study
Authors: Sahoo Sunati , Reeves Ward , DeMay Richard M.
Published: May 2003

We describe the cytologic findings and clinical presentation of three unusual cases of amyloid tumor. Two of our patients had low‐grade lymphoid malignancies and the third insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. In no cases was amyloid suspected as the cause of mass lesion. Two of our cases presented with superficial soft tissue mass and the third with right breast masses and bilateral axillary lymph node enlargement. Air‐dried slides from all aspirated cases were stained with Diff‐Quik for specimen adequacy evaluation. The remaining fixed slides were stained with Papanicolaou stain. Amyloid appeared as dark‐blue to purple clumps of acellular material on Diff‐Quik stain, accompanied with chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates and multinucleated giant cells, simulating granulomatous inflammation. Papanicolaou stain demonstrated cyanophilic to orangophilic acellular material. Amyloid was suspected and subsequently confirmed by Congo red stain. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:325–328. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History of anorexia nervosa in bulimic patients: Its influence on body composition
Authors: Vaz Francisco J. , Guisado Juan A. , Peñas‐Lledó Eva M.
Published: May 2003

Objective

To analyze the body composition of a group of patients fulfilling DSM‐IV criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN), comparing the patients who had a history of DSM‐IV anorexia nervosa (AN) with those without such a history to determine (1) whether both groups differed in terms of body composition and (2) whether the differences between groups could be the consequence of the past condition.

Methods

The sample consisted of 104 patients, 43 with prior AN (BN‐AN group) and 61 without a history of AN (BN‐nonAN). The patients were assessed using anthropometric and bioelectrical methods: height and weight, body circumferences, abdominal diameter, skinfold thickness, and body impedance analysis. In a later phase and to test the influence of current low weight on the results, two experimental groups were created: the first group was composed of the patients from the BN‐AN group who had a normal body mass index (BMI range in this group, 20.1–23.4kg/m2; n = 23); the second group consisted of 23 patients from the BN‐nonAN group in the same BMI range. In both phases unpaired sample t tests were performed for statistical analysis.

Results

More than 40% of the bulimic patients with a history of AN had a BMI less than 20. They had a lower percentage of body fat, lower muscle mass, and higher percentage of extracellular water. Nevertheless, most of these differences disappeared in the second phase of the analysis, when only the patients within a normal weight range were compared.

Discussion

According to these results, a significant number of bulimic patients with a history of AN tend to retain some clinical traits of the past condition and could be viewed as remaining in a “subclinical anorexic status”: they are thinner and seem to have less difficulties in maintaining low weight than patients without a history of AN. Nevertheless, in patients who have reached a normal weight after AN, all these differences disappear. This fact raises some important questions related to the boundaries between AN and BN, the shifting from one to another, or when AN patients really recover. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 148–155, 2003.
Resting energy expenditure and plasma leptin levels in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Satoh Yayoi , Shimizu Toshiaki , Lee Tsubasa , Nishizawa Kyoko , Iijima Megumi , Yamashiro Yuichiro
Published: May 2003

Objective

Our aim was to examine the relationship between resting energy expenditure (REE) and circulating leptin levels during long‐term refeeding in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

We measured REE, the plasma leptin level, the free T3 level, body surface area (BSA), and dietary energy intake in AN adolescents before and 8 weeks after refeeding therapy.

Results

All parameters in AN subjects before the refeeding therapy were significantly lower than those in AN subjects after the therapy and in the controls. There were no significant differences in REE and BSA between posttherapy AN subjects and controls, but plasma leptin levels in the posttherapy AN subjects were still significantly lower than those in the controls. Significant correlations between REE and BSA were detected in the AN subjects both before and after the refeeding therapy, but REE did not correlate significantly with plasma leptin level in either of the AN groups.

Discussion

Our results suggest that the REE in AN subjects after long‐term refeeding therapy is not associated with the changes in plasma leptin levels but with BSA. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 156–161, 2003.
Gender differences in implicit weight identity
Authors: Grover Vishal P. , Keel Pamela K. , Mitchell Jason P.
Published: May 2003

Objective

This study examined gender differences in explicit and implicit attitudes toward overweight and explicit and implicit weight identity.

Method

Normal weight women (n=22) and men (n=20) and overweight women (n=20) and men (n=21) completed the Implicit Association Test and portions of the Eating Disorders Questionnaire.

Results

Although explicit and implicit anti‐fat attitudes were ubiquitous, gender differences emerged for weight identity. Both men and women provided accurate explicit appraisals of their weight status. However, men implicitly identified themselves as light regardless of actual weight status. Women's implicit weight identity was associated with their actual weight status, explicit weight appraisal, and implicit self‐esteem.

Discussion

These findings may provide additional insight into why men are underrepresented among those seeking weight loss and why women are at increased risk for developing eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 125–135, 2003.
Body image and eating disturbance among south Asian‐American women: The role of racial teasing
Authors: Sahi Iyer Dana , Haslam Nick
Published: May 2003

Objective

Acculturation and loss of ethnic identification have been proposed as risk factors for eating and body image disturbance among women of color. This study investigated whether being teased about racial or ethnic features might also play a role in these disturbances in minority women.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐two college women of South Asian descent completed questionnaire measures of disturbed eating behavior, body image dissatisfaction, distress, self‐esteem, acculturation, ethnic identification, and racial teasing.

Results

History of hurtful racial teasing, but not acculturation or ethnic disidentification, was associated with disturbed eating and body image, even after controlling for distress, self‐esteem, and body mass.

Conclusion

The psychological impact of racial teasing may be a potent but neglected source of eating and body image disturbance among minority women. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 142–147, 2003.
A sliding mode controller for manipulator driven by artificial muscle actuator
Authors: Cai Dawei , Dai Ying
Published: May 2003

An artificial muscle actuator manipulator is a manipulator driven by an artificial muscle actuator. The artificial muscle actuator has less weight and more output than pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders. It also has good flexibility and a high level of safety. Therefore, wide ranges of applications in industry and medical assistance are expected. If the nonlinear dynamics of the actuator are neglected, it is considered difficult to achieve accurate and fast trajectory tracking. For trajectory control of the manipulator, a new control approach with excellent robustness involving a sliding mode control technique is proposed, in which the instability of the characteristics of artificial muscle and the unknown portions of the manipulator are taken into account. Further, by an analysis based on Lyapunov stability theory, the stability and tracking error convergence of this control method are analyzed. The stability of the tracking error closed loop system consisting of the proposed controller is proved. Also, in the case with external disturbance, the proposed control method is modified to provide a sliding mode control method for the case with external disturbance. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by the results of simulation experiments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 57–64, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10046
A bipolar logistic chaos neuron and its hardware implementation
Authors: Matsuzaki Tetsuya , Nakagawa Masahiro
Published: May 2003

A novel bipolar logistic chaos neuron model (bLCN) is proposed as an example of nonmonotonic neuron models for hardware implementation. The activation function is approximated in quadratic form, which is reminiscent of logistic mapping, instead of the sinusoidal form previously investigated. In this report, we shall analyze the bifurcation characteristics and the corresponding invariant measures of the monotonic chaos neuron model (MCN), the periodic chaos neuron model (PCN) proposed earlier, and the bLCN. We shall confirm that the PCN and bLCN have symmetric response, in contrast to the MCN. Furthermore, we shall present an electronic circuit model of the presently proposed bLCN, and compare it with the numerical model. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 46–56, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10063
A software reliability assessment method based on neural networks for distributed development environment
Authors: Tamura Yoshinobu , Yamada Shigeru , Kimura Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2003

The software development environment has been changing into a new development paradigm in CSSs (client/server systems) by the use of network computing technologies. Therefore, it is important to assess the reliability of software system in a distributed development environment because of increasing demands on quality and productivity in social systems. However, it is difficult to assess software reliability in recent years because the complexity of software systems has been increasing as a result of distributed system development.

In this paper, we propose a software reliability assessment method considering the interaction among software components in the system‐testing phase of a distributed development environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 13–20, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10092
An analysis of correlation‐based watermarking systems
Authors: Ejima Masataka , Miyazaki Akio
Published: May 2003

With recent advances in digital technology, it is now easy to copy digital content. As a result, unauthorized copying of content is widespread and copyright protection has become a serious issue. One solution to this problem is electronic watermarking, for which various techniques have been proposed. However, since no method of evaluation of the robustness of electronic watermarking methods has been established, it is difficult to compare various methods. This paper presents an analysis of the correlation‐based electronic watermarking method in which a pseudo‐random sequence is embedded as a watermark into the transform coefficients of the image and watermarking is detected by correlation. A method of evaluation is also proposed. Based on the proposed method, an electronic watermarking method using discrete wavelet transforms is proposed. Finally, based on the results, methods for improving the performance of the watermarking method are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 1–12, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10093
Physical model for dynamic analysis of structures with FPS isolators
Authors: Almazán José L. , Llera Juan C. De la
Published: May 2003

This article presents a physical model for frictional pendulum isolators (FPS) that is ready to be implemented in most commercial software. The model is capable of accounting for effects such as large deformations, sticking, and uplift and impact by sensing the normal loads in the isolators through a gap element. Sticking has been incorporated into the model by extending the Park–Wen hysteretic model to the case of large deformations. The proposed model has been tested against a theoretically ‘exact’ formulation leading to essentially identical results. To facilitate its use, the physical FPS model has been cast into a typical non‐linear structural element format, i.e. with deformation as input and restoring force as output. Examples of a building and a bridge have been chosen to show the potential of the element and to provide further insight into the earthquake response of structures with FPS isolators; in particular, in aspects such as the orientation in placement of the isolator, sticking, P− Δ, and other large deformation effects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid platform for vibration control of high‐tech equipment in buildings subject to ground motion. Part 1: experiment
Authors: Xu Y. L. , Liu H. J. , Yang Z. C.
Published: May 2003

This paper presents an experimental study, while a companion paper addresses an analytical study, to explore the possibility of using a hybrid platform to mitigate vibration of a batch of high‐tech equipment installed in a building subject to nearby traffic‐induced ground motion. A three‐storey building model and a hybrid platform model are designed and manufactured. The hybrid platform is mounted on the building floor through passive mounts composed of leaf springs and oil dampers and controlled actively by an electromagnetic actuator with velocity feedback control strategy. The passive mounts are designed in such a way that the stiffness and damping ratio of the platform can be changed. A series of shaking table tests are then performed on the building model without the platform, with the passive platform of different parameters, and with the hybrid platform. The experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid platform is very effective in reducing the velocity response of a batch of high‐tech equipment in the building subject to nearby traffic‐induced ground motion if dynamic properties of the platform and control feedback gain are selected appropriately. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid platform for vibration control of high‐tech equipment in buildings subject to ground motion. Part 2: analysis
Authors: Yang Z. C. , Xu Y. L. , Chen J. , Liu H. J.
Published: May 2003

The experimental results of using a hybrid platform to mitigate vibration of a batch of high‐tech equipment installed in a building subject to nearby traffic‐induced ground motion have been presented and discussed in the companion paper. Based on the identified dynamic properties of both the building and the platform, this paper first establishes an analytical model for hybrid control of the building‐platform system subject to ground motion in terms of the absolute co‐ordinate to facilitate the absolute velocity feedback control strategy used in the experiment. The traffic‐induced ground motion used in the experiment is then employed as input to the analytical model to compute the dynamic response of the building‐platform system. The computed results are compared with the measured results, and the comparison is found to be satisfactory. Based on the verified analytical model, coupling effects between the building and platform are then investigated. A parametric study is finally conducted to further assess the performance of both passive and hybrid platforms at microvibration level. The analytical study shows that the dynamic interaction between the building and platform should be taken into consideration. The hybrid control is effective in reducing both velocity response and drift of the platform/high‐tech equipment at microvibration level with reasonable control force. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic displacement ratios for evaluation of existing structures
Authors: Ruiz‐García Jorge , Miranda Eduardo
Published: May 2003

Results of a detailed statistical study of constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios to estimate maximum lateral inelastic displacement demands on existing structures from maximum lateral elastic displacement demands are presented. These ratios were computed for single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems with different levels of lateral strength normalized to the strength required to remain elastic when subjected to a relatively large ensemble of recorded earthquake ground motions. Three groups of soil conditions with shear wave velocities higher than 180m/s are considered. The influence of period of vibration, level of lateral yielding strength, site conditions, earthquake magnitude, distance to the source, and strain‐hardening ratio are evaluated and discussed. Mean inelastic displacement ratios and those associated with various percentiles are presented. A special emphasis is given to the dispersion of these ratios. It is concluded that distance to the source has a negligible influence on constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios. However, for periods smaller than 1s earthquake magnitude and soil conditions have a moderate influence on these ratios. Strain hardening decreases maximum inelastic displacement at a fairly constant rate depending on the level of relative strength for periods of vibration longer than about 1.0s while it decreases maximum inelastic displacement non‐linearly as the period of vibration shortens and as the relative‐strength ratio increases for periods of vibration shorter than 1.0s. Finally, results from non‐linear regression analyses are presented that provide a simplified expression to be used to approximate mean inelastic displacement ratios during the evaluation of existing structures built on firm sites. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic risk evaluation of RC bridge structures
Authors: Lupoi A. , Franchin P. , Schotanus M.
Published: May 2003

In this work a probabilistic methodology, recently developed by Cornell and co‐workers for seismic risk assessment of moment‐resisting steel frames, is investigated for possible applications to RC bridge structures. The basic theory is first illustrated; it is characterized by a remarkably simple but accurate mathematical formulation and by a light computational effort to estimate the risk. A simple extension to account for uncertainties in the mechanical parameters is then proposed. The methodology is applied to an existing RC bridge. The study has confirmed the robustness of the methodology with respect to the simplifying assumptions on which it is based, in particular to the reduced number of accelerograms required for a stable and accurate estimate of risk, and demonstrates the applicability to the case of RC bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient finite difference scheme for free‐surface flows in narrow rivers and estuaries
Authors: Chen XinJian
Published: May 2003

This paper presents a free‐surface correction (FSC) method for solving laterally averaged, 2‐D momentum and continuity equations. The FSC method is a predictor–corrector scheme, in which an intermediate free surface elevation is first calculated from the vertically integrated continuity equation after an intermediate, longitudinal velocity distribution is determined from the momentum equation. In the finite difference equation for the intermediate velocity, the vertical eddy viscosity term and the bottom‐ and sidewall friction terms are discretized implicitly, while the pressure gradient term, convection terms, and the horizontal eddy viscosity term are discretized explicitly. The intermediate free surface elevation is then adjusted by solving a FSC equation before the intermediate velocity field is corrected. The finite difference scheme is simple and can be easily implemented in existing laterally averaged 2‐D models. It is unconditionally stable with respect to gravitational waves, shear stresses on the bottom and side walls, and the vertical eddy viscosity term. It has been tested and validated with analytical solutions and field data measured in a narrow, riverine estuary in southwest Florida. Model simulations show that this numerical scheme is very efficient and normally can be run with a Courant number larger than 10. It can be used for rivers where the upstream bed elevation is higher than the downstream water surface elevation without any problem. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chebyshev super spectral viscosity solution of a two‐dimensional fluidized‐bed model
Authors: Sarra Scott A.
Published: May 2003

The numerical solution of a model describing a two‐dimensional fluidized bed by a Chebyshev super spectral viscosity (SSV) method is considered. The model is in the form of a hyperbolic system of conservation laws with a source term, coupled with an elliptic equation for determining a stream function. The coupled elliptic equation is solved by a finite‐difference method. The mixed SSV/finite‐difference method produces physically shaped bubbles, on a very coarse grid. Fine scale details, which were not present in previous finite‐difference solutions, are present in the solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spectral/finite‐difference approach for narrow‐channel flow with inertia
Authors: Siddique Mizanur R. , Khayat Roger E.
Published: May 2003

A hybrid spectral/finite‐difference scheme is proposed to determine the inertial flow inside narrow channels. The flow field is represented spectrally in the depthwise direction, which together with the Galerkin projection lead to a system of equations that are solved using a variable step finite difference discretization. The method is particularly effective for non‐linear flow, and its validity is here demonstrated for a flow with inertia. The problem is closely related to high‐speed lubrication flow. The validity of the spectral representation is assessed by examining the convergence of the method, and comparing with the fully two‐dimensional finite‐volume solution (FLUENT), and the widely used depth‐averaging method from shallow‐water theory. It is found that a low number of modes are usually sufficient to secure convergence and accuracy. Good agreement is obtained between the low‐order description and the finite‐volume solution at low to moderate modified Reynolds number. The depth‐averaging solution is unable to predict accurately (qualitatively and quantitatively) the high‐inertia flow. The influence of inertia is examined on the flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the local truncation error in the pressure‐free projection method for incompressible flows: a new accurate expression of the intermediate boundary conditions
Authors: Iannelli P. , Denaro F. M.
Published: May 2003

The numerical integration of the Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flows demands efficient and accurate solution algorithms for pressure–velocity splitting. Such decoupling was traditionally performed by adopting the Fractional Time‐Step Method that is based on a formal separation between convective–diffusive momentum terms from the pressure gradient term. This idea is strictly related to the fundamental theorem on the Helmholtz–Hodge orthogonal decomposition of a vector field in a finite domain, from which the name projection methods originates. The aim of this paper is to provide an original evaluation of the local truncation error (LTE) for analysing the actual accuracy achieved by solving the de‐coupled system. The LTE sources are formally subdivided in two categories: errors intrinsically due to the splitting of the original system and errors due to the assignment of the boundary conditions. The main goal of the present paper consists in both providing the LTE analysis and proposing a remedy for the inaccuracy of some types of intermediate boundary conditions associated with the prediction equation. Such evaluations will be directly performed in the physical space for both the time continuous formulation and the finite volume discretization along with the discrete Adams–Bashforth/Crank–Nicolson time integration. A new proposal for a boundary condition expression, congruent with the discrete prediction equation is herein derived, fulfilling the goal of accomplishing the closure of the problem with fully second order accuracy. In our knowledge, this procedure is new in the literature and can be easily implemented for confined flows. The LTE is clearly highlighted and many computations demonstrate that our proposal is efficient and accurate and the goal of adopting the pressure‐free method in a finite domain with fully second order accuracy is reached. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD simulation of two‐ and three‐dimensional free‐surface flow
Authors: Apsley David , Hu Wei
Published: May 2003

The paper describes the implementation of moving‐mesh and free‐surface capabilities within a 3‐d finite‐volume Reynolds‐averaged‐Navier–Stokes solver, using surface‐conforming multi‐block structured meshes. The free‐surface kinematic condition can be applied in two ways: enforcing zero net mass flux or solving the kinematic equation by a finite‐difference method. The free surface is best defined by intermediate control points rather than the mesh vertices. Application of the dynamic boundary condition to the piezometric pressure at these points provides a hydrostatic restoring force which helps to eliminate any unnatural free‐surface undulations. The implementation of time‐marching methods on moving grids are described in some detail and it is shown that a second‐order scheme must be applied in both scalar‐transport and free‐surface equations if flows driven by free‐surface height variations are to be computed without significant wave attenuation using a modest number of time steps. Computations of five flows of theoretical and practical interest—forced motion in a pump, linear waves in a tank, quasi‐1d flow over a ramp, solitary wave interaction with a submerged obstacle and 3‐d flow about a surface‐penetrating cylinder—are described to illustrate the capabilities of our code and methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral element method for viscoelastic flows in a planar contraction channel
Authors: Meng Sha , Li Xin Kai , Evans Gwynne
Published: May 2003

A new algorithm, which combines the spectral element method with elastic viscous splitting stress (EVSS) method, has been developed for viscoelastic fluid flows in a planar contraction channel. The system of spectral element approximations to the velocity, pressure, extra stress and the rate of deformation variables is solved by a preconditioned conjugate gradient method based on the Uzawa iteration procedure. The numerical approach is implemented on a planar four‐to‐one contraction channel for a fluid governed by an Oldroyd‐B constitutive equation. The behaviour of the Oldroyd‐B fluids in the contraction channel is investigated with various Weissenberg numbers. It is shown that numerical solutions obtained here agree well with experimental measurements and other numerical predictions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical study of the propulsive efficiency of a flapping hydrofoil
Authors: Pedro G. , Suleman A. , Djilali N.
Published: May 2003

A computational fluid dynamics study of the swimming efficiency of a two‐dimensional flapping hydrofoil at a Reynolds number of 1100 is presented. The model accounts fully for viscous effects that are particularly important when flow separation occurs. The model uses an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method to track the moving boundaries of oscillatory and flapping bodies. A parametric analysis is presented of the variables that affect the motion of the hydrofoil as it moves through the flow along with flow visualizations in an attempt to quantify and qualify the effect that these variables have on the performance of the hydrofoil. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical Taylor–Galerkin model for first‐order hyperbolic equation
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Lee P. H.
Published: May 2003

This paper presents a class of Taylor–Galerkin (TG) finite‐element models for solving the first‐order hyperbolic equation which admits discontinuities. Five parameters are introduced for purposes of controlling stability, monotonicity and accuracy. In this paper, the total variation diminishing concept and the theory of M‐matrix are applied to construct a monotonic TG model for capturing discontinuities. To avoid making the scheme overly diffusive, we apply a flux‐corrected transport (FCT) technique of Boris and Book to overcome the difficulty with anti‐diffusive flux. In smooth flow regions, our strategyof developing the temporal and spatial high‐order TG finite‐element model is based on modified equation analysis. In regions where discontinuity is encountered, we resort to two dispersively more accurate models to make the prediction accuracy as high as that obtained in smooth cases. These models are developed using the entropy‐increasing principle and the theory of group velocity. Guided by this theory, a slower group velocity should be used ahead of the shock. To avoid a train of post‐shocks, free parameters should be chosen properly to obtain a group velocity which takes on a larger value than the exact phase velocity. In this paper, we also apply the entropy‐increasing principle to determine free parameters introduced in the finite‐element model. Under the entropy‐increasing requirement, it is mandatory that coefficients of the even and odd derivative terms shown in the modified equation should change signs alternatively in order to avoid non‐physical wiggles. Several benchmark problems have been investigated to confirm the integrity of these proposed characteristic models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the unsteady behaviour of cavitating flows
Authors: Coutier‐Delgosha O. , Reboud J. L. , Delannoy Y.
Published: May 2003

A 2D numerical model is proposed to simulate unsteady cavitating flows. The Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the mixture of liquid and vapour, which is considered as a single fluid with variable density. The vapourization and condensation processes are controlled by a barotropic state law that relates the fluid density to the pressure variations. The numerical resolution is a pressure‐correction method derived from the SIMPLE algorithm, with a finite volume discretization. The standard scheme is slightly modified to take into account the cavitation phenomenon. That numerical model is used to calculate unsteady cavitating flows in two Venturi type sections. The choice of the turbulence model is discussed, and the standard RNG k–εmodel is found to lead to non‐physical stable cavities. A modified k–εmodel is proposed to improve the simulation. The influence of numerical and physical parameters is presented, and the numerical results are compared to previous experimental observations and measurements. The proposed model seems to describe the unsteady cavitation behaviour in 2D geometries well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a parallel storm surge model
Authors: Davis Justin R. , Sheng Y. Peter
Published: May 2003

A new parallel storm surge model, the Parallel Environmental Model (PEM), is developed and tested by comparisons with analytic solutions. The PEM is a 2‐D vertically averaged, wetting and drying numerical model and can be operated in explicit, semi‐implicit and fully implicit modes. In the implicit mode, the propagation, Coriolis and bottom friction terms can all be treated implicitly. The advection and diffusion terms are solved with a parallel Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme developed for this study. The model is developed specifically for use on parallel computer systems and will function accordingly in either explicit of implicit modes. Storm boundary conditions are based on a simple exponential decay of pressure from the centre of a storm. The simulated flooding caused by a major Category 5 hurricane making landfall in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida is then presented as an example application of the PEM. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The identification of trends in the utilisation of mental health services by elderly: a Dutch case register study
Authors: Pijl Ysbrand J. , Sytema Sjoerd
Published: May 2003

Objective

In view of the rapid ageing of the population any changes in the use of mental health services by the elderly became increasingly important for policy development. This study aimed at the supply of information about trends in the numbers of elderly clients, the services they used and the volume and pattern of service utilisation.

Methods

Details of elderly users and their use of community‐ and hospital‐based services between 1990 and 1999 were retrieved from the Groningen case register. Developments in population size and age distribution in the register area were taken into account, as were the unit costs of mental health services.

Results

Large age specific changes were found that caused only the expenditures on the oldest elderly to increase due to a shift from outpatient clinics to prolonged psychogeriatric day treatment and inpatient care. Comparatively young elderly used fewer inpatient services and more community care. The number of new elderly clients declined progressively. In some age groups treated prevalence also decreased, but to a lesser extent, because of a prolonged use of mental health services.

Conclusions

Study results seemed well in accordance with mental health policy as to deinstitutionalization and active ageing. Research on the effect of mental health care on life expectancy and the time lag between the intake of mental health providers and treated prevalence was proposed in order to improve the prediction of future service use by elderly. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visuospatial impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease: a process analysis approach
Authors: Simard Martine , van Reekum Robert , Myran David
Published: May 2003

Background

Reports of differential impairments on visual‐construction tasks in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sometimes controversial, whereas visual‐perceptual data are lacking. The existence of different clinical sub‐groups of DLB has been hypothesized to explain the discrepancies among the cognitive results. The goal of this study was to compare the visual‐perceptual performance of subjects with DLB with predominant psychosis, DLB with predominant parkinsonian features and AD.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional neuropsychological study with between diagnostic group comparisons. The Benton Judgement Line Orientation (BJLO) test was administered to four DLB patients with predominant psychosis (DLB‐psy), four DLB subjects with predominant parkinsonian features (DLB‐PD), and 13 patients with AD. An analysis of error types was applied to the results of the BJLO with QO1, QO2, QO3, QO4 (visual attention) errors, as well as VH, IQO, IQOV, and IQOH (visual‐spatial perception) errors.

Results

A MANOVA showed significant differences between the DLB, and AD groups on the number of VH (F = 6.049, df = 1,19, p = 0.024), IQOH (F = 4.645, df = 1,19, p = 0.044) and QO1 (F = 4.491, df = 1,19, p = 0.047) errors, but no difference on the total score of the BJLO. Another MANOVA and post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls analyses demonstrated that the DLB‐psy sub‐group made significantly more VH and IQOH errors than AD and the DLB‐PD subjects.

Conclusions

Subjects with DLB and psychosis have more severe visual‐perception (VH errors) impairments than subjects with DLB and predominant parkinsonian features, and AD subjects. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS‐m) in Hebrew
Authors: Beeri Michal Schnaider , Werner Perla , Davidson Michael , Schmidler James , Silverman Jeremy
Published: May 2003

Introduction

The validity of the Hebrew version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status‐Modified (TICS‐m) for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), for dementia, and for cognitive impairment (either MCI or dementia) was investigated.

Methods

Of the 10 059 who took part of the Israel Ischemic Heart Disease Cohort, 1902 of the 2901 survivors in 1999 had TICS‐m interviews. Those with a score of 27 or below and a random sample with a score of 28 or 29 were invited to have a physician's examination for the diagnosis of dementia. The analysis was performed on the 576 who agreed.

Results

Based on physician's diagnosis, 269 were diagnosed as suffering from dementia, 128 as suffering from MCI, and 179 were diagnosed with no cognitive impairment. The TICS‐m Hebrew version's internal consistency was very high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.98) and showed a strong convergent validity with the MMSE (r = 0.82; p < 0.0005). The sensitivity was 100% for each of the conditions. Finally, after controlling for age, education and hearing impairment, TICS‐m was a strong predictor of dementia, MCI and cognitive impairment.

Conclusion

At a cut‐off of 27/50 the Hebrew version of the TICS‐m is a useful screening instrument to identify subjects suffering from mild cognitive impairment, dementia and cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.