bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of translation errors made by Brazilian students of English
Authors: Mello Maria da Conceição Magalhães Vaz de
Published: July 2015

The purpose of the thesis is to do an analysis of the errorscontained in translations from Portuguese into English made byBrazilian students and to establish their causes taking into account mainly the interference from both the mother tongue andthe foreign language. The errors detected were classified linguistically according to a taxonomy of error types containing 19 categories and 119 subcategories. They were also classified according to the causes which led the students to make then. The final conclusion was that 44% of the errors were due to interference from the mother tongue, 14% were due to interference from the foreign language, 16% were due to interference from both the mother tongue and the foreign language, 13% were errors of strategies cf communication and theother 13% were errors of indeterminate origin.
Women as characters: literature and ideology
Authors: Gazolla Ana Lúcia Almeida
Published: July 2015

The treatment of women in American literature of the nineteenth century, from Romanticism through Realism to Naturalism, presents recurring features that contradict the accepted notion that these literary trends are totally opposed in the worldview conveyed.
Faulkner's Light in August
Authors: Gazolla Ana Lúcia Almeida
Published: July 2015

The following papers were presented in a workshop on Faulkner's novel Light in Auguit during the Segunda Semana de Estudos Germânicos by four students of our M. A. program in English.
The trap: Inspector Hound's illusion game
Authors: Eisenberg Irene Ferreira de Souza
Published: July 2015

In his popular play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1967) Tom Stoppard's character remarks: "A Chinaman of the T'ang Dinasty - and, by which definition, a philosopher - dreamed he was a butterfly, and from that moment he was never quite sure that he was not a butterfly dreaming it was a Chinese philosopher." Such is Stoppard's literary universe: illogical, perplexing, inquiring, uneasy. A trap.
The quest for truth in Robert Penn Warren's 'All the King's Men'
Authors: Jeha Júlio César
Published: July 2015

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O projeto de inglês instrumental do Departamento de Letras Germânicas: a língua para fins específicos e o texto - uma experiência pessoal
Authors: Silva Rosa Maria Neves da
Published: July 2015

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Preposition in English: a challenge to the Brazilian learner
Authors: Silva Rosa Maria Neves da
Published: July 2015

To understand the use of prepositions in Portuguese as compared to their use in English, the role they acquired in the modern version of these languages and then the difficulties the Brazilian student has in learning them, one ought to know the origins of prepositions in Portuguese -a romance language directly derived from Latin- the source of the English prepositions, and how they have changed in meaning.
Abordagem crítica de um texto fantástico: "A Queda da Casa de Usher"
Authors: Jeha Julio César
Published: July 2015

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Between the insect and the insecticide: a review of Saul Bellow's novel The Dean's December
Authors: Ávila Myriam Corrêa de Araújo
Published: July 2015

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Internal text organization as an overall schemata for reading research articles in psychology
Authors: Miccoli Laura S.
Published: July 2015

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Poems
Authors: Dawson Chester Sheppard
Published: July 2015

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The individualism of Orwell's thinking
Authors: Aguiar Cleusa Vieira de
Published: July 2015

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14 poems by Emily Dickinson: a translation
Authors: Oliveira Solange Ribeiro de
Published: July 2015

The principle underlying the translation is the obvious one of the attempt to find a Portuguese equivalent to the English original rather than a literal rendering of words and sentences. O princípio subjacente à tradução é o óbvio: o esforço de encontrar o equivalente, em português, ao original inglês, mais do que uma versão literal de palavras e orações.
The eye/I upon the event: a study of narrative voice in Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men
Authors: Vasconcellos Maria Lúcia Barbosa de
Published: July 2015

This thesis is a study of the relationship between the narrating self and its enunciation in Robert Penn Warren's All the king's men. The concept of point of view is surveyed and discussed and the poetics of narrative is opposed to the poetics of drama, since All the king's men is a novelization of a play by the same author. It is argued that narrative prose allows for a temporal perspective and is thus the adequate genre for the portrayal of man trapped in the complex tensions of time, a major theme of the novel. The narrative discourse is then analyzed through the categories of time, mode and voice, with the narrator's hesitation being examined in terms of function at the linguistic level. Finally, the fragmented and specular pattern of the enunciation is investigated by examining the insertion of the Cass Mastern episode in the narrative. A concluding reflexion focuses on the other voices which permeate the narrator's discourse and confirm the fragmented configuration of the text.
Aspectos culturais de povos desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos como caracterizadores dos seus contatos com línguas estrangeiras: uma correlação possível
Authors: Bastos Herzila Maria De Lima
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho pretende ser uma investigação sociológica, bibliográfica, quanto às características de auto-imagem (identidade) de povos desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos no contexto do neocolonialismo ocidental no qual vivemos. Tal trabalho objetiva elucidar determinadas hipóteses de reações diversificadas desses povos frente a línguas estrangeiras, por exemplo, a) brasileiros que carregam para o aprendizado da língua inglesa o seu sentimento de admiração pela cultura americana ou inglesa ou, exatamente por não concordar com seus valores, não aceitam tal aprendizagem; b) americanos e ingleses que são indiferentes ao estudo de línguas de povos do terceiro mundo ou que têm curiosidade em aprendê-las para verem o exótico desses povos. Tentar-se-á responder, sem qualquer pretensão de se ter a resposta definitiva, a perguntas como — 'porque todos os povos ex-colonizados, atualmente do terceiro mundo, têm o estigma da preguiça, da irresponsabilidade, da vocação ao fracasso?' 'Seria mera coincidência?' Num primeiro momento, este artigo levanta hipóteses para, em seguida, em dois tópicos, apresentar um questionamento histórico, baseado na leitura de autores africanos e brasileiros. A seguir a autora consolida suas hipóteses e levanta questões. This paper aims at being a sociological and bibliographical investigation as to the characteristics of self-image (= identity) of developed and underdeveloped countries in the occidental neocolonialism we live In. It is due to an attempt to clarify certain hypotheses concerning different reactions these peoples have in relation to foreign languages. e.g., a) Brazilians who bring to their learning the English language the same admiration they have in relation to the culture of the native speakers; b) American and English people who are indifferent to the study of languages of peoples of the third world or who are curious to learn them to get in touch with the exotic trend those cultures present. The writer will try to answer, with no intention to have a definite solution, some questions such as — 'Why are all the peoples who were once colonized lazy, irresponsible, prone to failure?' "Would it be a coincidence?'. At a first step this article raises hypotheses and later, in two sections, the writer presents a line of thought based on the historical questioning of African and Brazilian writers. Then she repeats her hypotheses and raises some questions.
Left atrial strain in patients with arterial hypertension
Authors: Cameli Mateli
Published: July 2015

Background: Arterial hypertension (HTN) causes left ventricular (LV) cavity dysfunction even if ejection function (EF) remains preserved. Recent studies have shown that diastolic dysfunction and left atrial (LA) dilatation are also associated with myocardial dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to explore the nature of LA longitudinal function disturbances in hypertensive patients with normal LV and LA structure and conventional function parameters.

Methods: Peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) was evaluated in 78 patients with systemic HTN and preserved EF (≥ 55%) divided in 41 patients with diastolic dysfunction but no hypertrophy (group HTNdd), and 37 patients with no diastolic dysfunction or hypertrophy (group eHTN). Results were compared with those from 38 age and gender-matched healthy controls.

Results: Indexed LA area and indexed LA volume were within the normal range and not different between the two patient groups and controls. eHTN group had reduced global PALS (p < 0.001) and four-and two-chamber average PALS (p < 0.001 for both). Similar abnormalities were seen in HTNdd group but to a worse degree (P < 0.01 for both). LV EF was not different between the eHTN and HTNdd groups compared to controls. LV E/e’ ratio was the strongest predictor of reduced global PALS in both eHTN and HTNdd groups.

Conclusion: Asymptomatic untreated HTN patients with preserved LVEF and normal diastolic function have compromised LA strain despite normal cavity size, consistent with preclinical LA myocardial dysfunction.
Factors associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in adults with surgically repaired coarctation of the aorta
Authors: Rinnström Daniel , Johansson Bengt
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Most patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta (CoA) live normal lives and have good physical
performance. However, even after a successful surgical intervention, long-term cardiovascular risks including left ventricular
hypertrophy remain. The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with increased left ventricular mass (LVM) in
patients with surgically repaired CoA.
Methods: Consecutive cardiovascular magnetic resonance investigations in 51 patients with surgically repaired CoA (age
37+/-15 years, age at intervention 9.7 ± 6.8 years, 45% female) were reviewed. LVM was measured and indexed to body
surface area. The association between increased LVM index and clinical, anatomic and functional variables was investigated
with logistic regression analysis.
Results: In this population, 14/51 (27%) patients had a LVM index above normal limits. Factors associated with an increased
LVM index in univariate analysis were higher systolic blood pressure (odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95 % confidence interval
(CI) 1.00-1.08, p = 0.03), descending aortic diameter (OR = 1.48, CI 1.14-1.90, p = 0.003) and more than mild aortic valve
disease or previous aortic valve intervention (OR = 15.1, CI 2.50-48.4, p=0.002), but not diastolic blood pressure, diameter of
ascending aorta, diameter or ratio of CoA, velocity in descending aorta, smoking or bicuspid aortic valve (p > 0.05 for all). In
multivariate analysis, only systolic blood pressure (p = 0.05) and aortic valve disease (p = 0.006) remained significant, yielding
R2 = 0.47, p = 0.002 for the model.
Conclusion: Increased LVM is a common late finding after surgically repaired CoA. This study showed that LVM was
associated with modifiable factors; systolic blood pressure and aortic valve disease. As most patients are young, and
increased LVM will eventually affect ventricular function, close attention to blood pressure optimization may be of particular
importance in the surgically repaired CoA population.
Are premature ventricular contractions in patients without apparent structural heart disease really safe?
Authors: Jazra Charles , Wazni Oussma , Jaroudi Wael
Published: July 2015

Premature ventricular complexes (PVC) are considered benign when they occur in patients without apparent structural heart disease. They usually originate from the right, or less commonly, left ventricular outflow tract. Their suppression was not beneficial in patients with heart disease like myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathies. Recently it has been shown that their suppression medically or by ablation, improved the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. This led to the hypothesis that they may contribute to this LV dysfunction especially when they are particularly frequent (> 20000 per day). Because of some overlap with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, the evaluation in patients without apparent heart disease should consider an magnetic resonance imaging if the echocardiography was not able to help in diagnosis especially when there is a suspicion.

Patients without structural heart disease and low-to modest PVC burdens do not always require treatment.

When necessary, treatment for PVCs involves beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or other antiarrhythmic

drugs and catheter ablation in selected cases. Catheter ablation can be curative, but it is typically reserved

for drug-intolerant or medically refractory patients with a high PVC burden.
Layered lower crust and mantle reflectivity as imaged by a re-processed crustal seismic profile from Sicily in the central Mediterranean
Authors: Valenti Vera , Catalano Raimondo , Wei Pingsheng , Wang Shujiang
Published: July 2015

Though Sicily is a key area for understanding the central Mediterranean tectonics, a number of questions on its dynamics remains open due to the lack of detailed data on the lithospheric structure.

Deep reflectivity images of the African lithosphere, beneath Sicily, have been derived from the re-processing of the crustal seismic reflection stack (SI.RI.PRO. Project).

Of specific interest was the imaging, beneath central-southern Sicily, of a thinned crust with a reflective, “layered” pattern for the lower crust that differs from the one, thicker and sub-transparent, of the northern-central sector. Brittle deformation in the upper crystalline crust along a low-angle normal fault and sub-horizontal sub-Moho events are the main features, spatially associated with the “layered”, attenuated lower crust.

Geological implications, which are related to the above-mentioned crustal characters, that allow us to suppose two combined hypotheses (the first suggesting that the crustal features derive from the effects of Permian and Mesozoic rifting cycles, the second connecting the crustal thinning to the latest Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic activity and tectonics), are here discussed.

The imaging of the Moho patterns and the crustal/sub-crustal reflectivity characteristics, here illustrated for the first time, could provide constraints for the geodynamic processes governing this area where an interaction between African and Tyrrhenian European plates occurs.
The Alboran domain in the western Mediterranean evolution: the birth of a concept
Authors: Casciello Emilio , Fernàndez Manuel , Vergés Jaume , Cesarano Massimo , Torne Montserrat
Published: July 2015

Since the early 70’s the majority of tectonic reconstructions of the western Mediterranean employ the Alboran domain notion as a migrating microcontinent or landmass mainly composed of Paleozoic-Triassic rocks affected by ‘Alpine’ HP-LT metamorphism. For nearly three decades, since the mid-80’s, the Alboran domain was considered as a fragment of the Alpine chain that moved westward, colliding into Iberia and North Africa to produce the Gibraltar arc and Betic-Rif chain. In 2012, a new hypothesis for the evolution of the western Mediterranean was presented in which the Betic-Rif orogenic chain originates from rollback of an initially SE-dipping subduction of the westernmost segments of the Ligurian-Tethys under the Africa margin. This interpretation considers the metamorphic ‘Alboran domain’ rocks as crustal successions of the hyper-extended African and Iberian continental margins, which have undergone a complete subduction-exhumation cycle above a NW- to W-retreating subduction. A key outcome of this hypothesis is that the Alboran domain is not a fragment of the Alpine chain but a consequence of rollback dynamics.

In this contribution we try to elucidate the historical reasons behind the classical ‘Alpine’ interpretation of the Betic-Rif, by briefly describing key contributions, which appear linked in a logical sequence that traces the evolution of the Alboran domain concept since its original formulation by Andrieux and coauthors in 1971.
Evaluating Grain Yield in Spring Wheat with Canopy Spectral Reflectance
Authors: Bowman B.C. , Chen J. , Zhang J. , Wheeler J. , Wang Y. , Zhao W. , Nayak S. , Heslot N. , Bockelman H. , Bonman J.M.
Published: July 2015

Worldwide, improving grain yield is the most important target for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders. Fast, cost‐effective, and nondestructive phenotyping methods for important traits are needed to increase the efficiency of cultivar development. The present study tested canopy spectral reflectance (CSR) as a potential high‐throughput method for assessing wheat grain yield in a diverse set of 540 spring‐habit accessions from the USDA–ARS National Small Grains Collection. Plots were grown under irrigated (IR) and terminal drought (DR) treatments over two growing seasons, and CSR was measured at several growth stages in each year. The CSR indices related to canopy water and N status, biomass, and photosynthetic area were evaluated for their relation to grain yield. The CSR indices were significantly correlated with yield at every growth stage, with anthesis and grain filling being the most useful for predicting grain yield in IR and DR environments. Single CSR indices selected up to 57% of the highest 25% yielding lines in DR conditions and the grain yield of accessions selected using CSR was 20% greater than randomly selected genotypes. Canopy spectral reflectance also identified up to 86% of the highest 10% yielding accessions. Canopy spectral reflectance may be valuable as a high‐throughput means of selecting for yield in large trials of genetically diverse wheat genotypes.
Genetic Characterization and Mapping of Anthracnose Resistance of Common Bean Landrace Cultivar Corinthiano
Authors: Sousa Lorenna L. , Gonçalves Aline O. , Gonçalves‐Vidigal Maria C. , Lacanallo Giselly F. , Fernandez Andrea C. , Awale Halima , Kelly James D.
Published: July 2015

The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic resistance in the Andean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Corinthiano to races 8, 65, 89, and 2047 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara through inheritance and allelism tests and to map the source of resistance. Corinthiano was crossed with cultivars Michelite, Michigan Dark Red Kidney (MDRK), Cornell 49‐242, Mexico 222, PI 207262, TO, TU, AB 136, G 2333, Jalo Listras Pretas (JLP), Jalo Vermelho (JV), BAT 93, Ouro Negro, AND 277, Pitanga, SEL 1308, H1 line, and Crioulo 159 to generate F2 populations. Inheritance tests conducted in F2 population and F2:3 families from the cross Corinthiano (resistant [R]) × Cornell 49‐242 (susceptible [S]) inoculated with race 2047 showed segregation that fit ratios of 3R:1S and 1RR:2Rr:1rr, respectively, indicating the action of a dominant resistance gene in Corinthiano. Allelism tests demonstrated that the gene in Corinthiano is independent from those previously characterized genes: Co‐1, Co‐14, Co‐2, Co‐3, Co‐33, Co‐34, Co‐35, Co‐4, Co‐5, Co‐52, Co‐42, Co‐6, Co‐11, Co‐12, Co‐13, Co‐14, and Co‐16 that are present in the genotypes tested. The symbol Co‐15 was assigned to this newly discovered anthracnose resistance gene in Corinthiano. Molecular analyses revealed that the sequence‐tagged site (STS) marker g2685 is linked in coupling phase at 5.6 cM from the Co‐15 locus. This marker was also polymorphic in the mapping population BAT 93/Jalo EEP 558, which confirmed the location of this marker and the Co‐15 gene on Pv04. Corinthiano has shown to be an important source of resistance to anthracnose, possessing a new gene that should be valuable in breeding for anthracnose resistance in common bean.
How Genetic Variance and Number of Genotypes and Markers Influence Estimates of Genomic Prediction Accuracy in Plant Breeding
Authors: Estaghvirou Sidi Boubacar Ould , Ogutu Joseph O. , Piepho Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2015

Genomic prediction is revolutionizing plant and animal breeding, but its accuracy is affected by multiple factors. Here, we simulate 24 scenarios, each with 1000 datasets, to evaluate how varying the genetic variance (small, large), number of genotypes (180, 360, 540, and 698), and markers (2912, 5823, and 11,646) affects the relative performance of seven competing methods for accuracy estimation in genomic prediction in plant breeding programs. Each method was used to estimate predictive accuracy. The estimates were then compared between methods and, for each method, with the simulated true accuracy for each scenario as the gold standard. The genetic variance and the number of genotypes and markers strongly and jointly influenced estimation accuracy. Accuracy was highest when the genetic variance was large and the numbers of genotypes (n = 698) and markers (n = 11,646) were highest. A recently proposed method (Method 5) and a method commonly used in animal breeding (Method 7) produced the most globally accurate, precise, and stable estimates of accuracy. Among the methods that use cross‐validation (Methods 1–4 and 6), Method 4 gave the most stable estimates of accuracy. Reducing genetic variance whilst increasing the numbers of genotypes and markers considerably prolonged the computing time for all methods. Thus, for quantitative traits with sizable genetic variances, using about 700 genotypes and 12,000 markers and using Method 5 or 7 should result in accurate genomic prediction in plant breeding.
Identification of Unique Genetic Sources of Soybean Rust Resistance from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection
Authors: Harris Donna K. , Kendrick Mandy D. , King Zachary R. , Pedley Kerry F. , Walker David R. , Cregan Perry B. , Buck James W. , Phillips Daniel V. , Li Zenglu , Boerma H. Roger
Published: July 2015

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rust is caused by the fungal pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Six rust resistance loci (Rpp1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) have been reported. Crosses were made between 75 resistant plant introductions (PIs) and a susceptible elite line or cultivar. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to determine if the PI resistance genes mapped to a previously identified locus or to an unreported locus. Fifty‐two PIs had resistance genes that mapped to the Rpp3 region on chromosome 6 of the soybean genome. A set of P. pachyrhizi isolates was used to further characterize the resistance of these PIs. Forty‐two of the PIs exhibited the same reaction profiles as either PI 462312 (Rpp3) or ‘Hyuuga’ (Rpp3 and Rpp5) to the panel of isolates. The fine mapping of Rpp1, Rpp3, and Rpp4 and the availability of the SoySNP50K Infinium Chip data on the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection made it possible to use BSA and isolate data on these PIs to determine in retrospect how effective haplotype analysis would be in narrowing down the PIs to those likely to have a unique source of resistance. Thirty‐seven of the 52 PIs (71%) mapping to the Rpp3 region had a haplotype identical to that of PI 462312. A combination of these analyses could prove useful in more rapidly narrowing down resistant PIs to those likely to carry a unique resistance gene.
Hydrothermal Germination Models: Comparison of Two Data‐Fitting Approaches with Probit Optimization
Authors: Hardegree Stuart P. , Walters Christina T. , Boehm Alex R. , Olsoy Peter J. , Clark Patrick E. , Pierson Frederick B.
Published: July 2015

Probit models for estimating hydrothermal germination rate yield model parameters that have been associated with specific physiological processes. The desirability of linking germination response to seed physiology must be weighed against expectations of model fit and the relative accuracy of predicted germination response. Computationally efficient empirical models have been proposed that do not require a priori assumptions about model shape parameters, but the accuracy of these models has not been compared to the more common probit‐optimization procedure. Thirteen seedlots, representing six native perennial rangeland grasses and an invasive annual weed, were germinated over the constant temperature range of 3 to 36°C and water potential range of 0 to ‐2.5 MPa. Hydrothermal germination models were generated using probit optimization, optimized regression, and statistical gridding. These models were evaluated for the pattern and magnitude of residual model error and the relative magnitude of predictive errors under field‐simulated temperature and moisture conditions. Residual model errors in predictions of germination rate were greatest for the probit optimization procedure. Statistical gridding and optimized regression produced lower predictive model error, but the latter procedure could not resolve germination response for slower‐germinating seed populations. The more computationally efficient and accurate regression and statistical‐gridding procedures may be desirable for identifying germination strategies and syndromes that are based on predicted response to simulated conditions of field temperature and moisture.
Oil Content and Fatty Acid Characteristics in Mediterranean Sesame Core Collection
Authors: Yol Engin , Toker Ramazan , Golukcu Muharrem , Uzun Bulent
Published: July 2015

The Mediterranean sesame core collection is a valuable genetic resource for the development of seed quality and quantity. To better characterize and exploit the core collection, this study investigated the oil and fatty acid composition of seeds in the collection. Oil content, determined by a Soxhlet apparatus, varied from 32.3 to 57.3%, with a mean of 46.6%. Oil yield varied greatly among the accessions, with the highest oil yield being 891.1 kg ha−1. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) determination of fatty acid composition within the core collection showed significant differences among genotypes. Oleic acid contents ranged from 38.2 to 47.3% and linoleic acid contents from 31.0 to 40.9%. Up to 80% of fatty acids were unsaturated, indicating their importance for human dietary needs. Palmitic and stearic acids were present in small amounts in all accessions, ranging from 8.85 to 12.0% and from 6.3 to 8.9%, respectively. These results indicated that oil profiles varied widely among seeds in the Mediterranean sesame core collection, providing information that may enable the development of new varieties with high oil contents. A cluster analysis of fatty acid data based on continent affiliation yielded results highly similar to those of a cluster analysis based on agromorphological data. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that agromorphological and oil composition data were compatible with geographical patterns.
Association Analysis of Stem Solidness and Wheat Stem Sawfly Resistance in a Panel of North American Spring Wheat Germplasm
Authors: Varella A. C. , Weaver D. K. , Sherman J. D. , Blake N. K. , Heo H. Y. , Kalous J. R. , Chao S. , Hofland M. L. , Martin J. M. , Kephart K. D. , Talbert L. E.
Published: July 2015

The expanding geographical range of wheat stem sawfly (WSS) damage, coupled with the limited number of effective control measures, calls for a need to better characterize and explore the genetic variability for resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm from North America. An association‐mapping analysis for stem solidness and wheat stem sawfly resistance was conducted using a set of 244 elite spring wheat lines from 10 North American breeding programs. Three previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance were confirmed, including QTL for stem solidness, heading date, and stem cutting. Three new QTL on chromosomes 2A, 3A, and 5B were identified to be associated with larval mortality and a QTL associated with early stem solidness was identified on chromosome 5D. Genetic variation for late stem solidness is mainly determined by the solid‐stem QTL on chromosome 3B, while variation for early solidness is affected by chromosomal regions on 1B, 3B, and 5D. Potential sources of a novel resistance mechanism causing larval mortality were identified among the panel lines. Favorable alleles for stem solidness and other resistance traits are available within North American wheat germplasm, but only Montana and South Dakota breeding programs appear to have favorable alleles for all QTLs detected in this study. Improvements in wheat stem sawfly management, for both historically impacted areas and for regions first experiencing damage, may be obtained using alleles that already exist in elite germplasm.
Grazing Management Affects Establishment Performance of Rhizoma Peanut Strip Planted into Bahiagrass Pasture
Authors: Castillo Miguel S. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Mullenix M. Kimberly , Blount Ann R. , Williams Mary J. , Mackowiak Cheryl L.
Published: July 2015

Establishing rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.; RP) in strips into existing bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) pastures has potential to increase forage nutritive value, decrease N fertilizer use, and improve N cycling. Grazing the grass–legume mixture in the year after planting may be possible, but appropriate grazing management strategies have not been defined. The objectives were to determine (i) the effect of year‐after‐planting (Y2) grazing management on ‘Florigraze’ RP performance when strip planted in bahiagrass swards, and (ii) the interaction of Y2 defoliation strategies with those imposed in the year of planting (Y1). Treatments were the factorial combinations of four Y1 defoliation strategies (no defoliation, hay production, simulated continuous stocking, and rotational stocking every 28 d) and three Y2 grazing frequencies (simulated continuous, 28 d, and 42 d to a 15‐cm bahiagrass stubble height). Grazing pastures in Y2 reduced RP contribution relative to that at the end of Y1. Canopy cover and frequency decreased from 30 to 10% and 80 to 50%, respectively, due to Y2 grazing for both Y1 no defoliation and hay production treatments. Cover remained below 10% in Y2 for both Y1 simulated continuous and rotational stocking treatments. Spread of RP into adjacent bahiagrass was greater in Y2 plots that in Y1 were not defoliated or were used for hay production (∼27 cm) than grazed (∼0 cm) plots. Results indicate that grazing during Y2 negatively affects RP establishment regardless of grazing frequency or RP cover at the beginning of Y2. Cattle preference for RP resulted in overgrazing; thus, if grazing occurs during RP establishment, target endpoints should be based on RP strips not the surrounding bahiagrass.
Validation Study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Urdu Language for Pakistani Population
Authors: Awan Safia , Shahbaz Naila , Akhtar Syed Wasim , Ahmad Arsalan , Iqbal Sadaf , Ahmed Sellal , Naqvi Haider , Wasay Mohammad
Published: July 2015

Validation study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Urdu language for Pakistani population

Objective:

This study was conducted primarily to validate and determine the optimal cutoff score in the diagnosis of dementia among Pakistani’s and study the effects of gender and education on the MMSE performance in our population.

Methods:

Four hundred participants took part in the study. Patient with dementia recruited from five major hospitals from Pakistan. The MMSE was translated into Urdu.

Results:

There were 61 men and 39 women in dementia group and 225 men and 75 women in the control group. The mean score of Urdu MMSE were lower in patients with dementia 18.5 ± 5.6 (range 0-30) as compared to the controls 26.8 ± 2.6 (range 7-30). This difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). Educational based MMSE score below 15 yielded perfect sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of dementia.

Conclusions:

These finding confirm the influence of level of education on MMSE score and education stratified cutoff scores should be used while screening for cognitive impairment in this population.
Exchange rate and oil price interactions in transition economies: Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland
Authors: Bayat Tayfur , Nazlioglu Saban , Kayhan Selim
Published: July 2015

This study investigates causal dynamics between crude oil prices and exchange
rates in Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary by employing monthly data from
the beginning of flexible exchange regime in each country to December 2011.
The study benefits from the recent advance in the time series econometric
analysis and carries out linear causality, non-linear causality, volatility
spillover and frequency domain causality tests. The frequency domain
causality analysis results imply that oil price fluctuations affect real
exchange rates in the long run in Poland and Czech Republic. On the other
hand, frequency domain causality test results indicate that oil price
fluctuations do not affect exchange rate in any period in Hungary despite its
economy?s high imported energy dependency.
Money neutrality: Rethinking the myth
Authors: Issaoui Fakhri , Boufateh Talel , Guesmi Mourad
Published: July 2015

Considered as an axiomatic basis of classical, neoclassical, and monetarist
theories, the long-run money neutrality assumption does not always seem to be
verified. Indeed, in our view, the money, in the sense of M2, can constitute
a long-run channel of growth transmission. Thus, this paper examines the
long-term relationship among money supply (M2), income (GDP), and prices
(CPI). The subprime crisis in 2007 has shown that the demand for money does
not only meet motives of transaction, precaution, and speculation but also of
fictional or quasi-fictional future demands due to the fact that they are
created without real counterparts. The capacity of production systems in
developed countries to respond to increases in money supply by creating more
wealth, involves the assumption of money neutrality in the long-run. However,
in developing countries, the excess of money supply may lead to inflation
trends. The present study has confirmed the long-term non-neutrality of money
supply in the USA, and its neutrality in Gabon and Morocco.
Local financial development and capital accumulations: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Eryiğit Sibel , Eryiğit Kadir , Dülgeroğlu Ercan
Published: July 2015

Despite the unquestionable importance of financial markets in the economy,
the factors promoting financial development have just recently begun to be
researched intensively. In this context, the aim of the study is to explain
the reasons for the financial development gaps among provinces in Turkey on
the basis of capital accumulations. According to the results of the spatial
panel data model estimates based on indices of 81 provinces in Turkey for the
period 2005-2009, it was found that the level of social capital best
explained the level of financial development, followed by physical capital
and human capital. Additionally, it was found that capital accumulations
contributed above average not only to the financial development of that
province, but also to that of the surrounding provinces.
Finsler-type estimators for the cancer cell population dynamics
Authors: Balan Vladimir , Stojanov Jelena
Published: July 2015

We introduce a Finslerian model related to the classical Garner dynamical
system, which models the cancer cell population growth. The Finsler structure
is determined by the energy of the deformation field-the difference of the
fields, which describe the reduced and the proper biological models. It is
shown that a certain locally-Minkowski anisotropic Randers structure,
obtained by means of statistical fitting, is able to provide a Zermelo-type
drift of the overall cancer cell population growth, which occurs due to
significant changes within the cancerous process. The geometric background,
the applicative advantages and perspective openings of the constructed
geometric structure are discussed.
Integral properties of rapidly and regularly varying functions
Authors: Elez Nebojsa , Vladicic Vladimir
Published: July 2015

Regularly and rapidly varying functions are studied as well as the asymptotic
properties related to, several classical inequalities and integral sums.
Hardy type inequalities on time scales
Authors: Oguntuase James
Published: July 2015

We obtain some new generalizations of Hardy type inequalities involving
several functions on time scales. Furthermore, some new multidimensional
Hardy-Knopp type inequalities on time scales are derived and discussed.
A transcendence criterion for continued fraction expansions in positive characteristic
Authors: Ammous Basma , Driss Sana , Hbaib Mohamed
Published: July 2015

We exhibit a family of transcendental continued fractions of formal power
series over a finite field through some specific irregularities of its
partial quotients.
Nse characterization of the simple group L2(3n)
Authors: Mosaed Hosein , Iranmanesh Ali , Tehranian Abolfazl
Published: July 2015

Let G be a group and ?(G) be the set of primes p such that G contains an
element of order p. Let nse(G) be the set of numbers of elements of G of the
same order. We prove that the simple group L2(3n) is uniquely determined by
nse(L2(3n)), where |?(L2(3n))| = 4.
A note on Gautschi's inequality and application to Wallis' and Stirling's formula
Authors: Lukarevski Martin
Published: July 2015

We present novel elementary proofs of Stirling's approximation formula and
Wallis' product formula, both based on a Gautschi's inequality for the Gamma
function.
A new formula for the Bernoulli numbers of the second kind in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first kind
Authors: Qi Feng
Published: July 2015

We find an explicit formula for computing the Bernoulli numbers of the second
kind in terms of the signed Stirling numbers of the first kind.
Some remarks on almost Menger spaces and weakly Menger spaces
Authors: Song Yan-Kui
Published: July 2015

A space X is almost Menger (weakly Menger) if for each sequence (Un : n ? N)
of open covers of X there exists a sequence (Vn : n ? N) such that for every
n ? N, Vn is a finite subset of Un and ?n?N ?{V : V ? Vn} = X (respectively,
?n?N ?{V : V ? Vn} = X). We investigate the relationships among almost
Menger spaces, weakly Menger spaces and Menger spaces, and also study
topological properties of almost Menger spaces and weakly Menger spaces.
Sliding mode controller for four leg shunt active power filter to eliminating zero sequence current, compensating harmonics and reactive power with fixed switching frequency
Authors: Chebabhi Ali , Fellah Mohammed-Karim , Benkhoris Mohamed-Fouad , Kessal Abdelhalim
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the four leg inverter controlled by the three dimensional
space vector modulation (3D SVM) is used as the shunt active power filter
(SAPF) for compensating the three phase four wire electrical network, by
using the four leg inverter with 3D SVM advantages to eliminated zero
sequence current, fixed switching frequency of inverter switches, and reduced
switching losses. This four leg inverter is employed as shunt active power
filter to minimizing harmonic currents, reducing magnitude of neutral wire
current, eliminating zero sequence current caused by nonlinear single phase
loads and compensating reactive power, and a nonlinear sliding mode control
technique (SMC) is proposed for harmonic currents and DC bus voltage control
to improve the performances of the three phase four wire four leg shunt
active power filter based on Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) theory in the
dq0 axes, and to decoupling the four leg SAPF mathematical model.
Age and gender effects on global self-worth and domain-specific self-perceptions in youth
Authors: Tubic Tatjana , Djordjic Visnja
Published: July 2015

Considering that self-perception of competence in the relevant domains is
important for understanding of individual?s behavior and achievement, the
study analyzed the effects of age and gender on global self-worth and
domain-specific selfperceptions. The cross-sectional study included 1130
participants of age range 8-23 (520 males and 610 females). The participants
were tested by the equivalent forms of six subscales from ?Self-Perception
Profile for Children?, ?Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents? and
?Self-Perception Profile for College Students?. Subscales measured
self-evaluations across domains of scholastic competence, social acceptance,
athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioral conduct and global
self-worth. Two separate MANOVAs revealed a significant main effect for age
in male subsample (Wilks? Lambda =.83, F (12, 1024)=8.35, p<.01) and in
female subsample (Wilks? Lambda =.80, F (12, 1204)=11.80, p< .01). An
analysis of variance showed that the effect of age in males was significant
in physical appearance, behavioral conduct and global self-worth, while in
females significant differences were registered in scholastic competence,
athletic competence, physical appearance and behavioral conduct. Pedagogical
implications refer to enhancing self-concept in youth by appropriate teaching
strategies and supportive learning environment. Learning experiences within
physical education might be particularly beneficial for female adolescents.
Predicting direct and indirect aggression based on gender and temperament in first-grade primary school pupils
Authors: Trbojevic Jovana , Perisic Natasa , Lazic Milica , Petrovic Jelica
Published: July 2015

The research explores the role of gender and temperament in explaining direct
and indirect aggression in first-grade primary school pupils. It is precisely
at this age that some forms of aggression - which have been tolerated
previously - become unsuitable in the school context and in peer relations.
Due to the complexity of the topic, direct and indirect aggression were taken
as relevant forms of aggression. Research participants were 146 first-grade
primary school pupils and four class teachers. In order to assess pupils?
direct and indirect aggression we constructed the Scale for assessing
aggression by the class teacher, and to assess pupils? temperament we used a
modified Scale for assessing temperament by the class teacher. Research
results have revealed that at this age boys exhibit a higher level of both
direct and indirect aggression. In order to determine the predictive value of
temperament for pupils? aggression, in addition to gender, the predictive
model also included two types of temperament obtained based on factor
analysis: active-inconsistent and passive-focused temperament. Direct
aggression is best predicted by gender and both types of temperament, with
the following dimensions as the most prominent: low adaptability, high level
of activity and high distractibility. In the case of indirect aggression,
both types of temperament proved to be significant predictors, with the
following dimensions as the most prominent: high intensity of reaction and
high level of activity. The results of moderation analysis have suggested
that only the interaction of gender and active-inconsistent temperament is
significant for explaining both types of aggression. The practical and
theoretical implications of these findings are discussed further in the text.
Aligning English grammar testing with European language standards
Authors: Bodric Radmila
Published: July 2015

In recent years, foreign language testing has gained in significance with the
advent of The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (2001)
(CEFR), a European language document which set comparable standards for
learning, teaching and assessing foreign languages. The CEFR was used to set
the research aim of this paper - testing grammar at level B2. The main aim of
the research was to determine grammatical competence at level B2 and
additional aims included: (a) determining which particular areas of grammar
need to be learned by students at level B2, (b) formulating grammatical
descriptors for each individual area of grammar, (c) determining the test?s
threshold level which would fulfil the criteria for grammatical competence at
level B2, and (d) determining the extent to which students have mastered the
given areas. The pre-testing was followed by the main testing on the sample
of 164 students in two secondary schools. The results indicated that the
quantity and quality of grammatical competence was lower than expected: 47%
of the population failed to fulfil the basic level of grammatical competence.
The causes may be attributed to the factors of a subjective and objective
nature. Level B2 is demanding qualitatively as well as quantitatively,
regarding both the formal and the functional complexity and scope of language
use, which requires intensive language production, high levels of motivation
and sound working habits in order to master the given grammatical structures.
Isolation and identification of Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum using the polymerase chain reaction method in sheep with footrot
Authors: Ozgen Ediz Kagan , Cengiz Seyda , Ulucan Mustafa , Okumus Zafer , Kortel Asli , Erdem Hüseyin , Sarac Huseyin Gurkan
Published: July 2015

Footrot is an important infectious disease of small ruminants leading to severe economical losses. The aim of the present study was to determine isolation and identification rates ofDichelobacter nodosusandFusobacterium necrophorumin the culture techniques and reveal the specificity and sensitivity of the culture technique based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in sheep with footrot. Dry swabs and swabs with Amies medium from 83 sheep were subjected to PCR and culture analyses. In dry swabs, 4 samples were positive forF. necrophorumand all were negative forD. nodosus. Colonies in Eugon and Fusobacterium selective agars from swabs with Amies medium were evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted on macroscopically and microscopically unidentified samples. The positivity rate was 55.4% forD. nodosusand 69.8% forF. necrophorumin cultures from Fusobacterium selective agars. The positivity rate forD. nodosusin Fusobacterium selective agars was higher than that in Eugon agar. Performing PCR and culture methods increased positivity as compared to performing them alone. In comparison with the PCR method, culturing in Fusobacterium selective agars had moderate sensitivity and low specificity forD. nodosus(71.7 and 28.7%) andF. necrophorum(61.3 and 80.0%), respectively. In conclusion, Fusobacterium selective agar (without antibiotics) for isolation and identification ofD. nodosusis superior to Eugon agar.Fusobacterium necrophorumshould also be considered as a provoking agent for footrot in small ruminants. The PCR method on culture increases elucidation of definitive aetiology.
Comparison of some biochemical and mineral indices among Norik breed Muráň Plain type and Hucul breed mares
Authors: Pošivák Ján , Styková Eva , Novotný František , Valocký Igor , Noskovičová Jana , Tučková Marta , Bílek Ján , Korim Peter , Pošiváková Terézia
Published: July 2015

Biochemical analysis in horses is an important aid for determining correct clinical diagnosis of general, infectious, and some parasitic diseases. This work studied the biochemical and mineral indices in mares of two breeds: the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul breed. A total of 34 mares of the Norik breed Muráň Plain type (aged 15.18 ± 5.99 years) and 28 Hucul mares (aged 9.03 ± 5.50 years) were used. Blood serum was analysed using the biochemical analyser Cobas c111 (Roche, Switzerland). Significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul mares in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity; significant difference (P < 0.01) was found in urea values; and highly significant difference (P < 0.001) was found in glucose values. The mineral profile elements showed a highly significant differences (P < 0.001) between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul mares in phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chloride, potassium, and sodium concentrations. The results confirmed that there are significant differences between horse breeds in some biochemical indices. Therefore, it is appropriate to determine reference values for other horse breeds, as well. To our knowledge, this is the first report that compares biochemical and mineral indices between the Norik breed Muráň Plain type and the Hucul breed.