bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review article: Towards a context-driven research: a state-of-the-art review of resilience research on climate change
Authors: Ossewaarde Ringo , Filatova Tatiana , Georgiadou Yola , Hartmann Andreas , Özerol Gül , Pfeffer Karin , Stegmaier Peter , Torenvlied Rene , van der Voort Mascha , Warmink Jord , Borsje Bas
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The twofold aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of resilience research with regard to climate change in the social sciences and propose a research agenda. Resilience research among social scientists is characterized by much more diversity today than a few decades ago. Different definitions and understandings of resilience appear in publications during the last 10 years. Resilience research increasingly
bears the mark of social constructivism, a relative newcomer compared to the more long-standing tradition of naturalism. There are also approaches that are indebted to both “naturalism” and “constructivism”, which, of
course, come in many varieties. Based on our overview of recent scholarship, which is far from being exhaustive, we have identified six research avenues that arguably deserve continued attention. They combine naturalist and constructivist insights and approaches so that human agency, reflexivity, and considerations of justice and equity are incorporated into systems thinking research or supplement such research. Ultimately, we believe that the overarching challenge for future research is to ensure that resilience to climate change does not compromise sustainability and considerations of justice (including environmental, climate, and energy justice).
Contra las mujeres: el discurso misógino de Vox. “Palabras gruñido” del nacional-populismo español
Authors: Rivas Venegas Miguel
Published: March 2021

El avance meteórico del nacional-populismo en España, estrechamente relacionado con la gestión del conflicto político catalán y con el ascenso ya más que consolidado de formaciones equivalentes a nivel global- con casos como el de Bolsonaro en Brasil, Trump en los EEUU, Boris Johnson en Reino Unido, AfD en Alemania, o casos de trayectoria más consolidada como el Orbán en Hungría-, debe entenderse y ser estudiado también como fenómeno contra-reactivo, dirigido a minar los avances del feminismo. Este articulo se aproximará al discurso misógino y a los lenguajes de la violencia de la formación ultraderechista Vox, enmarcándola en el contexto de un desarrollo retórico de características y alcance transnacional, y valiéndose para ello de las herramientas del Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD), particularmente aquellas desarrolladas y aplicadas en los trabajos pioneros de Teun Van Dijk en relación al uso del lenguaje político en general y español en particular (1997; 2006; 2006a). Se apoyará también en nociones como aquella de “palabras gruñido” planteada ya en el clásico trabajo de Ichiye Hayakawa (1939) o la de “arsenales léxicos” (Veres, 2006; Rivas Venegas, 2020), para confrontar el análisis cualitativo de las “palabras clave” de este movimiento populista.
Violencia de género en la pareja en mujeres mayores. Obstáculos específicos a la búsqueda de ayuda y a la separación
Authors: Damonti Paola , Iturbide Ruth
Published: March 2021

En este artículo se examinan los procesos de salida de una relación violenta en el caso de mujeres mayores, con especial interés en la existencia de elementos que dificultan específicamente la búsqueda de ayuda y la separación.
La necesidad de este análisis se deriva de la constatación de que, aunque las mujeres mayores experimentan violencia de género en proporción similar al conjunto de mujeres, son muy pocas las que denuncian esta violencia y su presencia en los recursos sociales existentes para supervivientes también es muy reducida. Se trata, además, de un tema escasamente estudiado por la literatura, algo que, en un contexto de creciente desarrollo académico en materia de violencia de género, progresivo reconocimiento del paradigma interseccional y simultáneo envejecimiento de la población es cada vez menos aceptable. Las pocas investigaciones existentes, además, tienden a mantener una mirada ciega al género, algo que limita fuertemente su capacidad de comprender el fenómeno estudiado.
Para el análisis, se ha planteado una metodología cualitativa, realizando ocho entrevistas en profundidad con mujeres supervivientes, un grupo de discusión con profesionales de recursos especializados y otro con mujeres mayores asociadas. Se observa así que existen una serie de factores de nivel individual-subjetivo, familiar e institucional que dificultan específicamente la búsqueda de ayuda y salida de la relación en el caso de mujeres mayores y que remiten fundamentalmente a los efectos de la intersección entre el sexismo y el edadismo que permean la sociedad.
KOMUNIKASI PT PINDAD (PERSERO) DALAM PROGRAM PEMBINAAN MITRA UNGGULAN
Authors: Fuad Ibnu Ashari , Rahmat Agus , Yustikasari Yustikasari
Published: March 2021

Program Kemitraan dan Bina Lingkungan merupakan konsep pelaksanaan Tanggung Jawab Sosial yang dilaksanakan oleh seluruh BUMN. Program Kemitraan meliputi pemberian bantuan modal kepada UMKM yang memiliki potensi dan prospek untuk dikembangkan. Sasaran yang ingin dicapai adalah meningkatkan kemampuan kewirausahaan dan manajerial serta peningkatan kemampuan produksi, pemasaran, dan lain-lain sehingga UMKM yang dibina dapat menjadi usaha yang mandiri dan berkembang. Sejalan dengan ini, PT Pindad (Persero) membentuk Program Pembinaan Mitra Unggulan guna mewadahi UMKM yang siap untuk dimandirikan. Dampak yang dialami oleh target sasaran pada program ini membawa Pindad meraih penghargaan dalam ajang ICSRA ke-3 tahun 2019. Dalam program ini terlihat bahwa komunikasi yang terjalin antara Pindad dengan UMKM berlangsung baik dan memperoleh penerimaan serta komunikasi yang dijalankan tidak bersifat menggurui. Penelitian ini berjenis penelitian studi kasus dengan jenis data kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pencarian informasi yang dilakukan, bagaimana pendekatan yang dilakukan, bagaimana komunikasi dalam implementasi program, dan komunikasi seperti apa yang digunakan dalam evaluasi program. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka dengan teknik validitas data berjenis triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pencarian informasi yang dilakukan sesuai dengan model pencarian informasi yang dikemukakan oleh David Ellis dengan tahapan starting, chaining, differentiating, browsing, monitoring, dan extracting. Penedekatan bersifat Informatif dan Persuasif yang bersifat respon proaktif, reaktif, dan akomodatif. Pelaksanaan Program Pembinaan Mitra Unggulan merupakan tahap lanjutan dari pembinaan UMKM, pembagian kerja dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitas. Evaluasi yang dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner dan pemantauan. Evaluasi juga dilakukan kepada implementasi jadwal, target, tujuan, dan anggaran.
Crusoe’s Broken Window: A tribute to Frédéric Bastiat
Authors: Schneider Christian
Published: March 2021

Frédéric Bastiat was a great economist1 and writer, but most of all, he deserves everlasting fame as an educator. His 1850 essay «The Broken Window»2 teaches an unforgettable lesson. Unforgettable, on the one hand, because it is humiliating: humiliating to realize that one had not grasped an idea so simple yet so crucial for a basic understanding of economics. Unforgettable, on the other hand, be-cause once we have learned to «turn the mind’s eye to those hid-den consequences of human actions, which the bodily eye does not see» (Bastiat [1850] 2011a, 43), an intriguing journey of discovery begins. It has rightly been called «the one lesson»3 to which all economics can be reduced: to think through not only the visible and immediate consequences of human action and interaction, but also the unseen effects: those which are not yet seen, and those which will never be seen because they would follow only from an alternative course of action.4

Another sign of Bastiat’s excellence is that he was the first econ-omist to make extensive use of thought experiments with one or a few actors only, named, and sometimes ridiculed as, «Robinson Crusoe economics». In the imaginary laboratory of the desert is-land, we are free to set arbitrary conditions. In particular, we can construct the simplest version of any problem, where the essential features stand out most clearly. Simple scenarios, as Henry Hazlitt ([1946] 2008, 91) notes, «are ridiculed most by those who most need them, who fail to understand the particular principle illustrated even in this simple form, or who lose track of that principle com-pletely when they come to examine the bewildering complications of a great modern economic society». These complications can be mastered best by extending the analysis step by step from one ac-tor to a higher number, until real-world complexity is sufficiently approximated.5

When Bastiat was writing his last work That Which is Seen, and That Which is Not Seen, he was suffering from a terminal illness closing in on him. We can only speculate what form it might have taken and how much more he could have achieved, had he been granted more time. But what is obvious in the work he did is the importance of Crusoe scenarios and of that which remains unseen. The thought experiments presented in what follows merely com-bine these two ideas. Thus, this essay is deeply inspired by Basti-at’s way of thinking, and hopes to do honor to his inspiration.
Una revisión microeconómica del episodio de Banca Libre en Colombia: 1865-1886
Authors: Salazar Nelson David Chávez
Published: March 2021

El episodio de Banca Libre1 que vivió Colombia entre 1865 y 1886 es uno de los «más intrigantes» de la historia (Briones & Rockoff, 2005, p. 291) debido al contexto en el que tuvo lugar: una economía poco desarrollada, agitación social permanente —durante el siglo XIX estallaron nueve guerras civiles a nivel nacional2 y un número indeterminado a nivel regional (Espinal, 2014)— y una estructura política federal, que permitió el surgimiento de nueve3 sistemas distintos de Banca Libre.

La revisión que se propone aquí incluye tres aspectos: el desarrollo histórico de la Banca Libre en Colombia, un análisis de sus caracterís-ticas microeconómicas más importantes por cada uno de los Estados, y una revisión de los acontecimientos que condujeron a su fin.

La primera parte está fundamentada metodológicamente en el enfoque «histórico-conjetural» desarrollado por los economistas estadounidenses Lawrence White y George Selgin (1985), que a su vez, está basado en la teoría del origen y evolución del dinero de Carl Menger (2009) y sigue el supuesto según el cual los sistemas de Banca Libre surgen de manera espontánea, motivados por creencias y pro-pósitos privados, de tal modo que sus características institucionales son el resultado de acciones individuales basadas en el interés propio de los agentes que intervienen en el sistema (White y Selgin, 1985).

Este trabajo constituye la primera aplicación del enfoque evolu-tivo de White y Selgin al caso colombiano, siguiendo la línea revi-sionista de Fink (2011), quien aplicó el mismo enfoque para el estudio de la Banca Libre en Suiza.

El recuento histórico se inicia con la introducción de la econo-mía monetaria en Colombia, a mediados del siglo XVI, y finaliza en 1865, año en el que se promulgan dos leyes, la del 7 de febrero de 1865 (a nivel estatal), y la 35 de 1865 (a nivel nacional) que mar-can el punto de partida del periodo de Banca Libre en Colombia según la historiografía.

Posteriormente, se analizan las experiencias de Banca Libre de cada uno de los Estados de Colombia, a partir de dos aspectos: las características generales del sistema bancario (incluyendo el régi-men de competencia) y la estabilidad del mismo. Vale destacar que hubo experiencias más sofisticadas que otras y que para algunas regiones no existe una buena cantidad de información.

En la tercera parte se hace una descripción de los episodios que condujeron al fin de la Banca Libre en Colombia, que ocurrió en el mismo año (1886) para todas las regiones. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones.
La agilidad como estrategia en la visión sistémica de la empresa
Authors: Blanco María , Gómez Luis I.
Published: March 2021

La Teoría de Sistemas es una rama de la ciencia que sirve de ins- trumento cuando se aplica a realidades naturales. Nuestro cuerpo, las células, el entorno natural están organizados en sistemas; y la sociedad también. Este tipo de análisis permite entender el fun- cionamiento y la evolución del ámbito específico de estudio. La aproximación a la empresa desde la Teoría de Sistemas es cohe- rente con el concepto de empresario y empresarialidad propuesto por Kirzner y la Escuela Austriaca de economía. Este trabajo, en primer lugar, pretende demostrar la oportunidad de esta aproxi- mación. Por otro lado, los avances en la teoría de la organización empresarial también pueden enfocarse desde esta perspectiva y pueden ser de gran ayuda a la hora de reforzar los presupuestos a los que se llegan. Desde la «holocracia», hasta el modelo Spotify, pasando por los sistemas SAFe (scale agile framework), LeSS (large scale scrum), hasta el Nexus o la organización podular, los estudios sobre estrategia empresarial se esfuerzan por innovar en la ges- tión sistémica de la empresa. Pero ¿qué desafíos presentan estos avances? La teoría sistémica acorde coherente con la visión aus- triaca de la empresarialidad nos permite señalar graves proble- mas. Ese es otro de los objetivos del presente artículo.
Neumonía asociada a cuidados de la salud: revisión de la evidencia publicada
Authors: De Vedia Lautaro , Di Líbero Eugenia , Scapellato Pablo , Desse Javier
Published: March 2021

El concepto de neumonía asociada a cuidados de la  salud (NACS) surgió a partir de la presunción de que  los patógenos causantes del cuadro tendrían mayores probabilidades de ser microorganismos multiresistentes (MOMR), por lo que el esquema de tratamiento antibiótico debía ser diferente al requerido en neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Sin embargo, la evidencia que sustenta esa idea no es lo suficientemente robusta. Dado lo complejo del tema, y su elevado impacto en el consumo exagerado de antibióticos, se presenta esta revisión. Es posible que la ausencia de los factores de riesgo usualmente descriptos, o la presencia de solo uno, sugiera poca probabilidad de MOMR, por lo que el abordaje terapéutico debería ser similar al de NAC. Por el contrario, ante la acumulación de factores de riesgo o frente a cuadros severos se podría considerar  la cobertura de MOMR mediante un esquema de espectro ampliado.
Compromiso neurológico y cardiovascular en pacientes con triquinosis
Authors: Lamponi Tappatá Lucía , Spadaro María Laura , Maurizi Diego , Montanini Adriana
Published: March 2021

Introducción: La triquinosis es una infección parasitaria causada por nematodos del género Trichinella. El compromiso cardíaco no es habitual, pero representa la causa más frecuente de muerte por triquinosis, mientras que la afectación neurológica ocurre principalmente en pacientes severamente enfermos. Se sabe que a mayor cantidad de larvas ingeridas menor es el tiempo de incubación y mayor es la severidad de la enfermedad. Se presentan dos pacientes con compromiso del sistema nervioso central, uno de ellos cardiovascular, ambos pertenecientes a un brote de triquinosis ocurrido en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca.
Rol del virus sincicial respiratorio en una cohorte de adultos mayores
Authors: Cooke Bettina , Obed Mora , Romandetta Agustín , Spinelli Natalia , Alzogaray María Fernanda , Chaparro Gustavo , Galeano Lucía , Alcorta María Belén , Balbuena Juan , Russo Mara , Avaro Martín , Czech Andrea , Benedetti Estefanía , Pontoriero Andrea , Baumeister Elsa , Mykietiuk Analía
Published: March 2021

El rol de los virus respiratorios distintos de influenza en las infecciones respiratorias agudas en los adultos mayores ha sido probablemente subestimado. En los últimos años, los avances en técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico han hecho posible la identificación rápida del virus sincicial respiratorio humano (HRSV).Realizamos un estudio prospectivo observacional para evaluar el rol del HRSV en mayores de 65 años que se hospitalizaron por infecciones respiratorias en nuestra institución, ubicada en la ciudad de La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires. Fueron reclutados 124 pacientes y el HRSV se detectó en 13, influenza B en 9 e influenza A en 8. La presentación clínica más frecuente de los pacientes con HRSV fue el broncoespasmo y afectó principalmente a personas con comorbilidades. HRSV fue responsable de un número importante de internaciones por enfermedad respiratoria aguda en mayores de 65 años en nuestra institución y se asoció a mortalidad elevada (23%).
ASEI 102 demorado, otro efecto colateral de la pandemia
Authors: Cahn Pedro
Published: March 2021

El año 2020 será recordado en los futuros libros de historia como el año de la pandemia de CoVID-19, producida por el virus SARS-CoV-2.

No es para menos, teniendo en cuenta que, habiendo transcurrido poco más de ocho meses desde la descripción de los primeros casos en la ciudad de Wuhan, provincia de Hubei, en China, ya se han reportado aproximadamente 30 millones de infectados, con más de 1 millón de muertes en todas las regiones del planeta.

América Latina se ha convertido en los últimos meses en el epicentro de la pandemia. Seis de los doce países del mundo con más casos reportados pertenecen a esta región: Brasil, Perú, México, Colombia, Chile y Argentina.

Quienes editamos esta publicación somos profesionales de la salud y, como tales, estamos profundamente comprometidos con las tareas asistenciales y de investigación derivadas de este inédito desafío epidemiológico.

La pandemia ha provocado una catástrofe sanitaria, social y económica, con consecuencias aún no suficientemente medidas en el plano individual. Entre los centenares de miles de enfermos y fallecidos, los trabajadores de la salud están desproporcionadamente representados. Todos aquellos que formamos parte del equipo de salud tenemos colegas que han padecido la enfermedad en sus diferentes presentaciones, incluyendo las formas críticas y, lamentablemente, la muerte.

En este difícil contexto nos fue imposible editar durante el primer cuatrimestre el número 102 de nuestra revista, que se viene publicando en forma ininterrumpida desde 1993. Por eso pedimos disculpas a nuestros lectores y junto con presentarles esta (demorada) edición número 102, nos comprometemos a regularizar la publicación de los números siguientes en los próximos meses.

En nombre de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología y Fundación Huésped les agradecemos su permanente apoyo y los invitamos a enviarnos sus trabajos para su eventual publicación.

Seguimos trabajando para obtener la indexación de nuestra revista en PubMed. Contamos con ustedes.
Programa de acompañamiento por pares para personas con diagnóstico reciente de infección por VIH: Experiencia PPP
Authors: Bottaro Edgardo G. , Faraone Luciana , Soncini Agustina , Pasarón Mónica , Roussilian Nadia , Cascasi María Rosa , Otreras Álvaro , De Bernardi Mara , Rodríguez Sandra , Errea Sylvia , D'Alessandro Daniela , Caccavo Juliana , Rodríguez Brieschke María Teresa , Lauge Beatriz , Ilamendi María Magdalena , Espiño María del Carmen , Scapellato Pablo G.
Published: March 2021

Introducción: Para mejorar la retención en el sistema de salud de las personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH) con diagnóstico reciente y promover su adherencia se implementó el programa de acompañamiento de pares “Positivos para Positivos” (PPP).

Material y métodos: Se entrenó a PVVIH con excelente adherencia y se les ofreció integrar PPP. Entre 06/2014 y 08/2018 cada individuo con diagnóstico reciente de infección VIH fue invitado a contactar con PPP. Se evaluó prospectivamente la evolución de los pacientes durante un año y se analizaron variables vinculadas a adherencia. Se compararon sus resultados con lo observado entre PVVIH con diagnóstico reciente sin apoyo de pares. Se analizó mediante tablas de 2x2 y la prueba exacta de Fisher (EpiInfo7.2.2.6).

Resultados: Se incluyeron 158 PVVIH (40 grupo intervención y 118 grupo control). En el grupo intervención hubo más pacientes que iniciaron TARGA [100% vs 87,3%; RR 1,15 (IC95 1,07-1,23); p=0,024]. Tras excluir a los derivados y fallecidos tempranamente quedaron 37 y 112 pacientes respectivamente. En el grupo intervención se observó mejor control clínico [94,6% vs 75,9%; RR 4,2 (IC95 1,08-16,6); p=0,015] y menos abandono de seguimiento [8,1% vs 25,9%; RR 0,3 (IC95 0,11-0,98); p=0,02]. Entre quienes iniciaron TARGA y tuvieron al menos una consulta con el servicio de Infectología (37 grupo intervención y 97 grupo control) se registraron más pacientes con alta tasa de retiro de TARGA de farmacia [51,4% vs 18,6%; RR 2,77 (IC95 1,64–4,66); p=0,0003]; mayor alcance de CV <50 [100% vs 85,1%; RR 1,18 (IC95 1,06–1,30); p=0,06]; y menos interrupciones no estructuradas del TARGA [10,8% vs 36,1%; RR 0,3 (IC95 0,11–0,78); p=0,008].

Conclusión: El acompañamiento de pares impactó positivamente en la adherencia de las PVVIH con diagnóstico reciente en el primer año de seguimiento.
Assessment of Fenvalerate in Water, Soil and Vegetable Samples
Authors: Nirmal Mamta , Mundeja Prashant , Wan Kalpana , Patel Vindhiya , Khatoon Raisa , Sahu Ajay Kumar , Sahu Deepak Kumar , Rai Manish Kumar , Rai Joyce , Michael Pushpy
Published: March 2021

Simple and sensitive spectrophotometric scheme was described for the determination of fenvalerate in environmental samples. The scheme was based on the hydrolysis of 1 N of 5 mL NaOH to form cyanohydrin. The cyanohydrin is reacted with bromine and pyridine to form glutaconic aldehyde, which is then coupled with p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to give yellow dye having maximum absorbance at 440 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.6- 6.2 µg in a nal solution volume of 25 mL. The molar absorptivity of the colored system is 3.84×104 L mol-1cm-1 and Sandell’s sensitivity is 2.4×10-3 µg cm-2. The reproducibility assessed by carrying out seven days replicate analysis of a solution containing 0.6 µg of fenvalerate in a nal solution volume of 25 mL. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation for the absorbance value were found to be ± 3.4×10-3 and 1.5% respectively. The proposed scheme is sensitive and free from the interference of other toxicants. The analytical parameters were optimized and the scheme was applied to the determination of fenvalerate in environmental samples.
Key Aspects of Analytical Method Development and Validation
Authors: Shrivastava Suman , Deshpande Pooja , Daharwal S. J.
Published: March 2021

Development of a method is crucial for discovery, development, and analysis of medicines in the pharmaceutical formulation. Method validation could also be thought to be one in all the foremost well-known areas in analytical chemistry as is reproduced within the substantial variety of articles submitted and presented in peer review journals every year. Validation of an analytical procedure is to demonstrate that it's appropriate for its intended purpose. Results from method validation are often wont to decide the quality, reliability and consistency of analytical results. Analytical methods need to be validated or revalidated. This review describes general approach towards validation process and validation parameters to be considered during validation of an analytical method. It also refers to various regulatory requirements like WHO, USFDA, EMEA, ICH, ISO/IEC. The parameters described here are according to ICH guidelines which include accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity range and robustness.
Electrical Modeling of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Improving the Overall Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Sahu Swati
Published: March 2021

An electrical model of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is derived on continuity and transport equations for all the four charged species i.e. electrons, iodide ions (I-), triiodide ions (I3-) and cations. The device model comprises of a pseudo-homogeneous active layer, where solar photovoltaic effect including both diffusion of electrons in nanoporous TiO2 layer as well as ions in electrolyte occur, and a bulk electrolyte layer, where only ions diffuse take place. The distribution of the electrons, iodide and tri-iodide ions as function of the pseudo-homogeneous active layer thickness of the DSSC under both the open-circuit and short-circuit operation conditions were performed. Parametric studies were conducted to analyze (J–V) characteristic of the DSSC with three different sets of porosity and also for different sets of TiO2 layer thicknesses.
Flotation-Dissolution-Spectrophotometric Determination of Phorate in Various Environmental Samples
Authors: Sharma Harshita , Saha Anushree , Bhatt Chhaya , Wani Kalpana , Sahu Ajay Kumar , Goswami Jyoti , Mishra Arun Kumar , Rai Manish Kumar , Rai Joyce
Published: March 2021

The proposed method is based on flotation–dissolution an easy, impressible, extractive spectrophotometric determination, explained for easy investigation of the organophosphate pesticide phorate (O,O-diethyl S-[ethylthiomethyl] phosphorodithioate) on trace levels. A molybdophospho complex is generated when prorate is treated with ammonium molybdate in acidic medium. As an ion associate complex with methylene blue the complex is present in between of the water and organic layers which is extracted and then dissolved with acetone. The greenish blue complex produced show absorption maxima at 660 nm. Beer’s law range is found to be 0.5 to 16 µg per 10 ml for phorate. The molar absorptivity is 0.989×103 L mol-1 cm-1 and sandell’s sensitivity is 1.00×10-5 µg cm-2. Also calculated the standard deviation and relative standard deviation for the above method were ±0.006 and 1.95% respectively. The method has been applied and checked for the determination of phorate in water, soil and vegetables.
dinámica y los determinantes del proceso de integración económica de América Latina
Authors: Florensa Luis Marcelo , Márquez-Ramos Laura , Recalde María Luisa , Degiovanni Pedro Gabriel
Published: March 2021

Este artículo estudia la dinámica del proceso de integración económica de América Latina y analiza cuáles han sido sus determinantes en distintos momentos del tiempo durante el período 1962-2009. Se estima un modelo de elección discreta en el que la variable explicada es la existencia de un acuerdo de integración entre dos países, mientras que las variables explicativas se clasifican en económicas, geográficas,políticas e institucionales. Las principales conclusiones determinan que los factores económicos y geográficos son importantes a la hora de explicar por qué los países firman acuerdos de integración comercial, pero su importancia es sensible al momento del tiempo considerado. Además, se encuentra que los factores políticos e institucionales juegan un papel relevante sobre la estrategia de integración.
O Brasil e a integracao com as Americas: comercio sul-sul e sul-norte
Authors: Delago Morais Mauricio , Massuquetti Angélica , Zago de Azevedo André Filipe
Published: March 2021

Este artículo analiza los efectos sobre el comercio y el bienestar de la creación de un área de libre comercio entre los países de la Unión de Naciones Suramericanas (UNASUR) y entre Brasil y el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), caracterizando el comercio Sur-Sur y Sur-Norte, respectivamente. En el presente estudio son realizadas dos simulaciones por medio de un modelo de Equilibrio General Computable. Los resultados han demostrado que la UNASUR, a pesar de generar beneficios, expresados, principalmente, en la forma de robustecimiento del bienestar y de las exportaciones de bienes de mayor intensidad tecnológica para los países partícipes, ellos son limitados. Las mayores ventajas ocurren con la liberalización comercial Sur-Norte.
Diagnóstico da tributação da renda da pessoa jurídica no Brasil
Authors: Paes Nelson Leitão
Published: March 2021

Este artículo analiza la tributación a las ganancias de la persona jurídica en Brasil en su trayectoria reciente, la importancia de la recaudación y el impacto en las inversiones y la carga sectorial, siempre bajo la óptica comparada. Así, la evolución de la tributación sobre las ganancias en Brasil es cotejada con la de los países dela Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) y de América Latina. Los resultados apuntan a que Brasil presenta alícuotas nominaleselevadas, pero cuya recaudación está en nivel inferior a la media de América Latina y de la OCDE. En el lado de la inversión, el país también impone altas tasas efectivas, por encima de la media de los países desarrollados. En el estudio sectorial, se verifi có una rápida migración de la base renta del sector industrial al sector financiero.
La política económica de España en la Guerra de los 10 años en Cuba (1868-1878)
Authors: Gallegos Claudio Antonio
Published: March 2021

Entre los años 1868 y 1878 se desarrolló la primera guerra por la independencia de Cuba sobre su metrópoli España. El desarrollo de exitosas estrategias por parte de los insurrectos provocó una extensión temporal inesperada. En este sentido, este artículo pretende analizar algunas de las medidas económicas llevadas a cabo por el país ibérico vinculadas con el costo de la guerra y el mantenimiento del orden en la isla, las cuales proyectaron cambios en la estructura productiva y social. En concordancia con las acciones de guerra, se divisa una represión socioeconómica. Revisión de presupuestos, mayor emisión de moneda, nuevos impuestos y empréstitos refi eren a los puntos a considerar.
Sistema setorial de inovação no agronegócio: uma análise para a produção de azeite de oliva no RS
Authors: Caye Aline , Ruffoni Janaina , Righetto Ziegler Denise Dumoncel
Published: March 2021

A temática abordada neste trabalho refere-se ao Sistema Setorial de Inovação (SSI) de Azeite de Oliva no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Faz-se uso de uma perspectiva sistêmica para analisar o desenvolvimento de um setor produtor de um bem de valor agregado do agronegócio do RS. O objetivo é compreender elementos e atores que explicam o desenvolvimento desse SSI. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, tendo sido realizadas pesquisas bibliográfi ca, documental e de campo, ao longo do ano de 2017. Os principais resultados apontam que esse SSI constituiu-se com mais vigor recentemente e está em processo de consolidação.
Sustainability of the Brazilian public debt: An analysis using multicointegration
Authors: Campos Eduardo Lima , Cysne Rubens Penha
Published: March 2021

According to Bohn (1995), conventional econometric analysis of sustainability, based on unit root tests on the government debt-to-GDP series or cointegration analysis between revenues and expenses, are inconclusive to verify the sustainability of the fiscal policy. This paper uses the multicointegration method to investigatethe validity of a long-term relationship between the Brazilian government`s accumulated revenues and expenses and its debt, all expressed as a proportion of GDP. Leachman et al. (2005) argue that this technique allows concluding about the sustainability or not of fi scal policy. The present work considers specificationsthat allow evaluating the reaction of both accumulated revenues and expenses to changes in the debt-to-GDP, using monthly data from December 1997 to June 2018. We conclude that the Brazilian fiscal policy was unsustainable over the study period, due to the excessive government spending and its growing trajectory, mainly at the end of the sample.
Determinantes dos movimentos pendulares no Brasil: uma análise espacial
Authors: Brito Danyella Juliana , Amaral e Silva Marcus Vinicius
Published: March 2021

As decisões de onde viver e trabalhar envolvem dilemas entre oportunidades, salários, tempo de deslocamento e custo de vida. O objetivo do artigo é analisar quais os fatores municipais associados com as maiores taxas de deslocamento pendular, nos municípios brasileiros em 2010, compreendendo esses movimentos como possivelmente autocorrelacionados espacialmente. Para tanto, utilizaram-se técnicasde econometria espacial. Dentre os principais achados está a necessidade da ponderação da autocorrelação espacial na análise dos determinantes da mobilidade pendular. Ademais, os resultados indicam que variáveis de mercado de trabalho e de aglomeração urbana estão diretamente associadas aos maiores fluxos de entrada de pendulares. Por outro lado, as características de infraestrutura urbana não parecem explicar a pendularidade pelas mesmas vias que explica a atratividade migratória.
Fiscal Competition among Local Governments: The Issue of Municipal Overburden
Authors: Elliot Donald
Published: March 2021

This paper examines one set of hypotheses related to the interaction among local governments dependent upon a common property tax base. In measuring the fiscal capacity of one local government, the local revenue requirements of other governments are often taken into account. Thus, it is assumed that increased revenue demands by one local government significantly reduce the ability of other local governments to raise tax revenue. This is an empirically testable hypothesis.
The Effect of State and Local Government Employment on Income in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Posatko Robert C. , De Rooy Jacob
Published: March 2021

The conventional approach to the question of public sector impact on a region’s economy is to focus on public investment as a causal force behind economic growth and development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of another, relatively neglected aspect of public sector activity on local economic well-being. This paper is focused on public sector employment as a determinant of the level of regional income. More specifically, our objective is to identify the relationship between non-federal government employment and wage incomes within a region, and to examine for diffei entials in this relationship among areas which vary in size (population). The results generated provide evidence on the role of government employment as an instrument for regional development. The paper would also assist in appraising the potential effects on a local economy of significant reductions in public sector employment, such as would result from mandated tax cuts, or from other government spending constraints.
The Lagged Effect of Basic Employment Changes in a Regional Economy
Authors: Spreen Thomas H. , Mulkey W. David
Published: March 2021

The objective of this paper is to test empirically for the existence and nature of the hypothesized relationship between basic and total employment. The approach taken is non-traditional in terms of defining causality. The discussion proceeds in the next section by defining the concept of causality. Next, statistical tests are employed to test for the existence of a causal relationship between basic and total employment using quarterly employment data from five Southeastern states. The results are presented and tenative conclusions are drawn.
Revenue Diversification within Metropolitan Areas: Effects on Disparities and Central City-Suburban Fiscal Relationships
Authors: Bowman John H. , Mikesell John L.
Published: March 2021

As central city-suburban fiscal relationships remain strained, it is appropriate to consider the impact of increasing reliance upon local income and sales taxes within urban areas. Especially important questions in that environment include: Are tax base disparities among local units in a metropolitan area greater or less for income and sales taxes than for property taxes? Are property and non-property tax base disparities within the region additive or off-setting? Are central city-suburban fiscal relationships different under income and sales taxes from those found under property taxes? Are local income and sales taxes more or less equalizing with respect to income than property taxes?
Non-White Migration, Welfare Levels, and the Political Process: Some Additional Results
Authors: Premus Robert , Weinstein Robert
Published: March 2021

Due to problems of model specification and identification, the results of Cebula’s test and his conclusions are questionable. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to correct the specification and identification errors found in Cebula’s paper and to provide an alternative test of the simultaneity hypothesis.
A Delphi Study of Regional Industrial Land-Use
Authors: Ervin Osbin L.
Published: March 2021

This paper reports on an application of the Delphi method to regional industrial land-use forecasting. It should be emphasized from the outset that the work documented should be considered no more than an “abbreviated” Delphi approach, for the study was continued through only two rounds and there was no effort to arrive at a stabilized consensus of opinion. Both the methodological and substantive findings of the research are thought to be important and, therefore, both are discussed in the Results section of the paper. Also, because methodology is a major concern of the paper, the way in which the Delphi approach was applied is described fully.
An Approach to Forecasting the Demand for Urban Land
Authors: Babcock Michael W.
Published: March 2021

In recent years there has been a heightened interest in the management of local growth in general and in land use planning specifically. Regional economic theory suggests that local government has little control over the amount of growth that occurs. The model presented in this paper is a framework for (a) identifying the economic factors affecting the demand for urban land and (b) developing conditional forecasts of the demand for urban land.
Demographic Characteristics as Zoning Determinants
Authors: Wurtzebach Charles H. , Miles Mike
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the demographic characteristics of cities in view of their respective land use control posture. More specifically, the goal was to determine if the cities implementing what might be termed progressive planned growth zoning practices could be identified on the basis of their demographic characteristics. These policies can be identified as progressive insofar as they represent much more than zoning. If similar demographic characteristics were shared by cities currently implementing such planned growth zoning practices perhaps further research and study could predict under what circumstances other cities might wish to or be expected to implement similar ordinances.
The Measurement of Spatial Association: A Comment
Authors: Norcliffe G.B.
Published: March 2021

This comment addresses Latham’s (1978) review of techniques for measuring spatial association in which he identifies three approaches, namely; distance based measures; dichotomous measures of relative location; and continuous measures of relative location. Two purposes motivate what follows. First, to elaborate on some of the difficulties encountered in using measures based on distances. And second, to argue that a correlation coefficient based on proportional data, of which Latham is rather critical, may in many circumstances be a better indicator of spatial association than is a correlation coefficient based on absolute values, this being the measure preferred by Latham.
Nonmetropolitan Industrial Expansion: Emerging Implications for Regional Development
Authors: Erickson Rodney A.
Published: March 2021

The recent employment growth trend in many heretofore declining nonmetropolitan communities has created optimism that public policies can he formulated and implemented which will accomplish greater economic balance over the spatial landscape. The following analysis examines the characteristics of recent industrial location and expansion in a case study of nonmetropolitan Wisconsin, using the “filtering-down” process as a conceptual framework. The results of the analysis are used to explore some impacts of continued industrial decentralization and suggest some directions for public policy.
Housing Locational Choice Implications of Rapid Transit Expenditures
Authors: Davis Sid
Published: March 2021

The focus of this analysis is to explore the way transportation expenditures influence household locational choice. In order to accomplish this primary objective, it is first necessary to outline some general behavioral assumptions concerning the way in which households satisfy their need for the flow of service that is derived from combining a particular structure with a specific site within an urban community, keeping in mind the importance of transportation as a crucial ingredient in facilitating interaction between the household and the rest of the community.
Implications Of Occupational And Geographic Mobility among College-Trained Workers for Southern Manpower Supply-Demand Balances
Authors: Engels Richard A.
Published: March 2021

Movement between occupations is recognized as a more serious concern to be dealt with regardless of the area covered by the research (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1974). The burgeoning interest and activity in regional and state-level manpower studies call attention to both geographic and occupational movements of trained manpower. The intent of this paper is to evaluate the degree to which these two factors modify the manpower supply-demand picture for the Southern region, and to gauge the potential threat to the employment outlook of new Southern college graduates during the 1970s.
Supply Source Location Involving Fixed Charges and Economics of Scale: A Heuristic Approach
Authors: Fuller Stephen
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a model capable of accommodating plant location problems where 1) the long-run source or plant cost function exhibits a positive intercept (fixed charge), 2) the long-run plant cost function is discontinuous, and 3) there are economies of scale associated with increasing plant size. The model developed and presented here reverses the cost minimizing sequence of the Chern and Polopolus formulation, a model designed to include a discontinuous long-run plant cost function. For many types of plant location problems, the developed model (source location cost-sequencing model) will yield a lower cost solution than the Chern and Polopolus formulation.
Government Policy and Migration: An Empirical Extension
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Blomquist Glenn
Published: March 2021

Accordingly, the objective of this note is to examine the impact of state and local government policies by investigating a model which (a) views would-be migrants as weighing both the benefits and costs associated with local government units and (b) takes into account cost-of-living differentials among geographic areas.
An Empirical Analysis of Income Expectations and Interstate Migration
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Vetter Richard K.
Published: March 2021

Income expectations have been examined at considerable length as a result of their central role in the “permanent income” hypothesis formulated initially by Friedman and in the “life cycle” hypothesis formulated by Ando and Modighani. Income expectations have also been investigated in terms of their impact on a number of other issues, including investment in human capital, the efficacy of economic stabilization policies, and migration. This paper seeks to extend the latter body of literature by investigating how and to what extent certain income expectations proxies may influence human migration decisions in the United States.
Another Look at the Distribution of Physicians
Authors: Jud G. Donald , Harrison Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2021

Health economists have been concerned for some time with the numbers and distribution of the various classes of health manpower. Although this concern has been stated largely in terms of shortages of all types of manpower, the distribution of physicians has been emphasized because of their roles as deliverers of final health services as well as managers of other resources involved in the provision of health and medical care. Previous studies which have sought to explain the factors influencing the location of physicians have typically been plagued by two problems. First, reliable data on physicians’ incomes on a state-by-state basis have not been available. Secondly, there has been an incomplete theoretical specification of the factors determining the location of physicians. As a result, previous studies have generally reached confhcting conclusions with regard to the magnitude and direction of forces relevant to the spatial distribution of physician manpower.
The Impact of Natural Growth Centers: An Empirical Investigation in West Texas
Authors: Harner Dennis , Haynes Kingsley E.
Published: March 2021

This paper tests the efficiency of urban growth as an effective transmitter of economic growth impulses. After a brief literature review, the authors utilize a trend surface routine for the stepwise separation of spatial trends in order to identify a growth pole in West Texas. Results suggest a poor agreement between previously identified growth centers within the region and the flow of growth impulses. Furthermore, the instability in the growth surface suggests the strategy of focusing growth in small centers of lagging regions may be incorrect.
Income Inequality in Depressed Areas: A Principal Component Approach
Authors: Gunther William D.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between distributional equity and the level of development in a depressed region of the United States. The findings of the paper shed some light on the degree and direction in which distributional equity can be expected to vary and suggests the need for greater concern with the distributional consequences of accelerated development programs.
On the Impact of State and Local Government Policies on Human Migration: A Log-Linear Analysis
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: March 2021

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact on human migration (locational decisions) of state and local government expenditure and income redistribution policies. Tiebout has suggested that the “. . . consumer-voter may be viewed as picking that community which best satisfies his preference pattern for public goods.” Presumably, “. . . the consumer-voter moves to that community whose local government best satisfies his set of preferences.” This paper seeks to test the validity of this argument by focusing on the migration impact of two types of state and local government spending policies: the average level (per recipient) of welfare payments and per capita non-welfare public expenditures.
Industry Sectors and the Export Base Determination of Nonmetropoliton Employment Change in Four Midwestern States
Authors: Braschler Curtis , Kuehn John A.
Published: March 2021

The objective of this research was to test statistically the relative importance of various industrial sectors in explaining rural employment growth in the four midwestern states of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Data were obtained from the U. S. Censuses of Population for 1950, 1960, and 1970. Statistical tests were developed within the context of the economic base theory of regional growth. Williamson’s recent review concluded that this theory can provide valid empirical predictions of regional growth.
Air Pollution Abatement, Technological Change, and Relative Prices: A Regional Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Giarratani Frank , Thompson Luther C.
Published: March 2021

The foundation for the incorporation of environmental “externalities” in an Input-Output framework was laid by W. Leontief in his by now familiar article, “Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An Input-Output Approach.” In that paper, Leontief showed how one might use the model to deal concretely with some fundamental economic questions about alternatives. To that end, W. H. Miernyk has recently used a regional model for West Virginia in an attempt to quantify the effects on output of the change in technology necessary to meet the clean air standards in that region. Using the direct cost estimates of the Miernyk study, this note will examine the impact on relative prices of alternative methods of dealing with the major air pollutants in West Virginia.