bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron‐Efficient Co‐Electrosynthesis of Formates from CO2 and Methanol Feedstocks
Authors: Li Xin , Chen Qingsong , Sun Wei , He Chengchao , Wen Zhenhai
Published: August 2024

The electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals using renewable electricity shows significant promise for achieving carbon neutrality and providing alternative energy storage solutions. However, its practical application still faces significant challenges, including high energy consumption, poor selectivity, and limited stability. Here, we propose a hybrid acid/alkali electrolyzer that couples the acidic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) at the cathode with alkaline methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) at the anode. This dual electro‐synthesis cell is implemented by developing Bi nanosheets as cathode catalysts and oxide‐decorated Cu2Se nanoflowers as anode catalysts, enabling high‐efficiency electron utilization for formate production with over 180 % coulombic efficiency and more than 90 % selectivity for both CO2RR and MOR conversion. The hybrid acid/alkali CO2RR‐MOR cell also demonstrates long‐term stability exceeding 90 hours of continuous operation, delivers a formate partial current density of 130 mA cm−2 at a voltage of only 2.1 V, and significantly reduces electricity consumption compared to the traditional CO2 electrolysis system. This study illuminates an innovative electron‐efficiency and energy‐saving techniques for CO2 electrolysis, as well as the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts.
Ultra‐Tough, yet Rigid and Healable Supramolecular Polymers with Variable Stiffness for Multimodal Actuators
Authors: Jing Jiajie , Yao Bowen , Sun Wen , Chen Jiaoyang , Xu Jianhua , Fu Jiajun
Published: August 2024

Variable stiffness materials have shown considerable application in soft robotics. However, previously reported materials often struggle to reconcile high stiffness, stretchability, toughness, and self‐healing ability, because of the inherently conflicting requisite of these properties in molecular design. Herein, we propose a novel strategy that involves incorporating acid‐base ionic pairs capable of from strong crosslinking sites into a dense and robust hydrogen‐bonding network to construct rigid self‐healing polymers with tunable stiffness and excellent toughness. To demonstrate these distinct features, the polymer was employed to serve as the strain‐regulation layers within a fiber‐reinforced pneumatic actuator (FPA). The exceptional synergy between the configuration versatility of FPA and the dynamic molecular behavior of the supramolecular polymers equips the actuator with simultaneous improvement in motion dexterity, multimodality, loading capacity, robustness, and durability. Additionally, the concept of integrating high dexterity at both macro‐ and micro‐scale is prospective to inspire the design of intelligent yet robust devices across various domains.
Physical properties of bloom‐resistant chocolate using palm‐based no‐trans cocoa butter replacers
Authors: Fukami Yojiro , Iwaoka Eiji , Kuriyama Masamitsu , Sato Kiyotaka
Published: August 2024

In this study, two types of palm‐based trans‐free cocoa butter replacers (CBRs) were prepared using interesterification and solvent fractionation techniques. Fat A was prepared from palm oil (PO) and fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO), while Fat B was prepared from PO, FHPO, and palm kernel oil (PKO). The following results were obtained: (1) the two fats melted at 38–39°C; (2) an 80/20 mixture of Fat A/CB exhibited β'‐β transformation after 1 month, whereas an 80/20 mixture of Fat B/CB sustained the β' form for >2 months under thermal thawing conditions (17↔28°C); and (3) fat bloom was observed in the compound chocolate containing Fat A (80%) and CB (20%) after 2 months of storage, whereas no fat bloom occurred in the compound chocolate containing Fat B (80%) and CB (20%) for 3 months. This may be due to the addition of PKO‐based triacylglycerolss with the CN numbers ranging from 40 to 46 (total of 16.1%) in Fat B. Therefore, it was concluded that Fat B prepared from PO, FHPO, and PKO is a trans‐free CBR exhibiting high stability of the β' form.
Unlocking the potential of edible Ulva sp. seaweeds: Metabolomic profiling, neuroprotective mechanisms, and implications for Parkinson's disease management
Authors: Abu‐Baih Dalia H. , Abd El‐Mordy Fatma Mohamed , Saber Entesar Ali , Ali Sayed Foud El‐sheikh , Hisham Mohamed , Alanazi Mohammad A. , Altemani Faisal H. , Algehainy Naseh A. , Lehmann Leane , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan
Published: August 2024

Green seaweed (Ulva sp.) is frequently used as a food component and nutraceutical agent because of its high polysaccharide and natural fiber content in Asian countries. This study investigates both metabolomic profiling of Ulva sp. and the neuroprotective efficacy of its ethanol extract and its underlying mechanisms in a rotenone‐induced rat model of neurodegeneration, mimicking Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. Metabolomic profiling of Ulva sp. extract was done using liquid chromatography high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and led to the identification of 22 compounds belonging to different chemical classes.Catenin Beta Additionally, this study demonstrated the neuroprotective properties against rotenone‐induced PD, which was achieved through the suppression of elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐6 together with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, inflammatory mediators, and the phosphoinositide 3‐kinases/serine/threonine protein kinase (PI3K/AKT) pathway. Using a protein–protein interaction network, AKT1, GAPDH, TNF‐α, IL‐6, caspase 3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Catenin Beta 1, epidermal growth factor receptor, B‐cell lymphoma ‐2, and HSP90AA1 were identified as the top 10 most significant genes. Finally, molecular docking results showed that compounds 1, 3, and 7 might possess a promising anti‐parkinsonism effect by binding to active sites of selected hub genes. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the Ulva sp. extract has the potential to be further developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD.
Impact of stroke imaging selection modality on endovascular thrombectomy outcomes in the early and extended time windows: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Jiwei , Peng Zhi , Zhang Hengzhu
Published: August 2024

Background

The effect of imaging selection modality on endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion (AIS‐LVO) remains unclear. This study aims to compare post‐EVT outcomes in patients with AIS‐LVO who underwent basic imaging (computed tomography with or without computed tomography angiography) and advanced imaging (computed tomography perfusion or magnetic resonance imaging) in early and late time windows.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from inception until June 10, 2023. Studies investigating the relationship between the imaging selection modality and post‐EVT outcomes in patients with AIS‐LVO were retrieved. A random‐effects model was used to pool the effect estimates of successful reperfusion, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), functional independence, and mortality. The meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager software v.4.3, and the outcomes were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Result

A total of 13 non‐randomized observational studies, comprising 19,694 patients, were included in this meta‐analysis. In the early time windows, AIS‐LVO patients receiving advanced imaging demonstrated a higher likelihood of functional independence (OR, 1.25, 95% CI, 1.08–1.46) and a lower risk of mortality (OR,.73 95% CI,.61–.86) compared to those receiving basic imaging. In the extended time windows, AIS‐LVO patients undergoing advanced imaging had a lower mortality rate (OR,.79, 95% CI,.68–.92). Regardless of the time of onset, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of sICH or successful reperfusion.

Conclusion

Advanced imaging combined with EVT may achieve better clinical outcomes in patients with AIS‐LVO. Further high‐quality studies are needed to validate these findings.
Rectal adenocarcinoma: Ex vivo 9.4T MRI—correlation with histopathologic treatment response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Li Zhihui , Yuan Yuan , Liu Minglu , Bo Tingting , Ma Xiaolu , Wang Hanqi , Chen Chen , Shi Xiaohui , Wang Hao , Bai Chenguang , Ni Xiang , Shao Chengwei , Lu Yong , Lu Jianping , Shen Fu
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To determine the imaging details and diagnostic information of the treatment response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) of rectal adenocarcinoma at 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by ex vivo.

Methods

Fifteen cases with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) followed by radical surgery after nCRT between September 2022 and February 2023 were recruited. Resected specimens were fixed in a perfluoropolyether‐filled test tube and scanned with a 3.0T and 9.4T MRI system ex vivo. The residual tumor depth and MRI‐based tumor regression grade (TRG) were subjectively assessed and then compared with the pathological findings.

Results

The ex vivo 9.4T T2WI without fat suppression clearly differentiated tumor tissue, fibrosis and normal rectal wall, which clearly corresponded to the pathologic tissues of the rectal specimens. The TRG could be accurately assessed on ex vivo 9.4T images in 13/15 specimens (86.7%), while in 11/15 specimens (73.3%) on ex vivo 3.0T images.

Conclusion

Ex vivo 9.4T MR imaging clearly displayed the components of rectal wall and proved excellent diagnostic performance for evaluating the treatment response to nCRT, which allow radiologists to understand and then assess more accurately the TRG of LARC after nCRT.
Exploring an incongruence frame for online reviews
Authors: Sugathan Praveen , Sudhir Subin , Ramachandran Rahul
Published: August 2024

Given the growth in the internet and e‐retailing, consumers are extremely reliant on online user‐generated reviews (“reviews”) for decision‐making. Reviews often combine informational cues such as numeric (i.e., star) ratings and qualitative text, and these may not always be in alignment. To understand conflicting informational cues, this research conceptualizes and tests an incongruence frame that captures the inconsistency between a review's textual and numeric message cue components. Incongruence occurs when the valence of the review text is not in alignment with the product star rating given by the reviewer. To further qualify the findings, the paper introduces two types of incongruences: Type A (Type B) is categorized as involving low (high) star ratings alongside a positive (negative) review text. The research findings shed light on an underexplored dimension of review processing based on inconsistency between the textual and numeric components of a single review. Using primary and secondary data across four studies, the incongruence effect is shown to undermine review usage. Incongruence is found to influence both review diagnosticity and review authenticity. The initial heuristics of review evaluation generate differential effects between Type A and Type B. Incongruence in the review is also shown to influence product purchases. The incongruence frame, therefore, helps reconcile some of the inconsistencies in the extant literature and offers fruitful avenues of future research for both academics and practitioners.
Successful chemical ablation for intraventricular septal ventricular tachycardia—An alternative approach to the septal branch
Authors: Hasegawa Shin , Tanaka Akimitsu , Uehara Yukihiro , Yabuta Hiroki , Kato Kazuo
Published: August 2024

Key Clinical Message

Trans‐coronary ethanol ablation for ventricular tachycardia originating from the ventricular septum is effective, but there are cases with no septal perforator from left anterior descending artery. CT and angiography can reveal the optimal vessel.
Sulfonamide‐Sulfonimide Copolymers as Novel, Fluorine‐Lean Type of Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Brinke Leon , Wagner Maximilian , Thiele Simon , Kerres Jochen
Published: August 2024

In this work, a novel type of fluorine‐lean proton exchange membranes is presented, using sulfonamide‐sulfonimide functional groups for ion conduction. These groups are constructed on a polystyrene backbone for simple and cost‐efficient usage as well as rapid scalability. The polymer is further tailored by adjusting the sulfonamide functionality with various end‐groups, namely pentafluorophenyl, 4‐fluorophenyl, butyl and octyl groups. These groups affect the pKa, leading to pKa values of 5.7 for the pentafluorophenyl substitution and pKa 10.5 for the alkyl chain. The glass transition temperature of the sulfonamide homopolymers can be reduced from Tg=151 °C (Pentafluorophenyl) to 49 °C (Octyl), making the ionomer more flexible at room temperature. The combination of the non‐swelling sulfonamide further mitigates the high water uptake of the sulfonimide while maintaining the nominal ion exchange capacity. This combination leads to extremely high proton conductivities with up to σ=283 mS cm−1 at room temperature, which is clearly outperforming Nafion and approaches values for acid doped systems. This approach can pave the way to a novel type of ion conducting class in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
Simultaneous Solar‐Driven Interfacial Evaporation and Photo‐Fenton Oxidation by Semiconducting Metal–Organic Framework From Waste Polyimide
Authors: Liu Lijie , Liu Huajian , Fan Zifen , Liu Jie , Wen Xueying , Wang Huiyue , She Yan , Hu Guixin , Niu Ran , Gong Jiang
Published: August 2024

The integrated technology of interfacial solar steam generation and photo‐Fenton oxidation has emerged as a promising way to simultaneously mitigate freshwater scarcity and degrade organic pollutants. However, fabricating low‐cost, multi‐functional evaporators with high water evaporation and catalytic ability still presents a significant challenge. Herein, we report the functional upcycling of waste polyimide into semiconducting Fe‐BTEC and subsequently construct Fe‐BTEC‐based composite evaporators for simultaneous freshwater production and photo‐Fenton degradation of pollutants. Firstly, through a two‐step solvothermal‐solution stirring method, Fe‐BTEC nanoparticles with the size of 20–100 nm are massively produced from waste polyimide, with a band gap energy of 2.2 eV. The composite evaporator based on Fe‐BTEC and graphene possesses wide solar‐spectrum absorption capacity, high photothermal conversion capacity, rapid delivery of water, and low enthalpy of evaporation. Benefiting from the merits above, the composite evaporator achieves a high evaporation rate of 2.72 kg m−2 h−1 from tetracycline solution, as well as the photothermal conversion efficiency of 97% when exposed to irradiation of 1 Sun, superior to many evaporators. What is more, the evaporator exhibits the tetracycline degradation rate of 99.6% with good recycling stability, ranking as one of the most powerful heterogeneous Fenton catalysts. COMSOL Multiphysics and density functional theory calculation results prove the synergistic effect of the concentrated heat produced by interfacial solar steam generation and catalytic active sites of Fe‐BTEC on promoting H2O2 activation to form reactive oxidation radicals. This work not only provides a green strategy for upcycling waste polyimide, but also proposes a new approach to fabricate multi‐functional evaporators.
Diversity of regulatory B cells: Markers and functions
Authors: Bradford Hannah F. , Mauri Claudia
Published: August 2024

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a functionally distinct B‐cell subset involved in the maintenance of homeostasis and inhibition of inflammation. Studies, from the last two decades, have increased our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in their generation, function, and to a certain extent phenotype. Current research endeavours to unravel the causes and consequences of Breg defects in disease, with increasing evidence highlighting the relevance of Bregs in promoting tumorigenic responses. Here we provide historical and emerging findings of the significance of Bregs in autoimmunity and transplantation, and how these insights have translated into the cancer field.
Iron biofortification in cereal crops: Recent progress and prospects
Authors: Zulfiqar Usman , Ayub Aqsa , Hussain Saddam , Ahmad Muhammad , Rehman Abdul , Ishfaq Muhammad , Ali Muhammad Fraz , Shabaan Muhammad , Yong Jean Wan Hong
Published: August 2024

Micronutrient malnutrition is one of the major causes of human disorders in the developing world. Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient due to its use in human metabolism such as immune system and energy production. Estimates indicate that above 30% of the global population is at risk of Fe deficiency, posing a particular threat to infants and pregnant women. Plants have adapted various strategies for uptake, transport, accumulation, and storage of Fe in tissues and organs which later can be consumed by humans. Biofortification refers to increase in micronutrient concentration in edible parts of plants and understanding the pathways for Fe accumulation in plants. Conventional plant breeding, transgenics, agronomic interventions, and microbe‐mediated biofortification are all potential methods to address Fe deficiency. This review article critically evaluates key aspects pertaining to Fe biofortification in cereal crops. It encompasses an in‐depth analysis of the holistic presence of Fe, its significance in both human and plant contexts, and the diverse strategies employed in Fe uptake, transport, accumulation, and storage in plant parts destined for human consumption. Additionally, the article explores the bioavailability of Fe and investigates strategies for biofortification, with a specific emphasis on both traditional methods and recent breakthroughs aimed at enhancing the Fe content in food crops. Keeping in view the significance of Fe for human life, appropriate biofortification strategies may serve better to eliminate hidden hunger rather than its artificial supplementation.
Physical and chemical properties and sensory evaluation of camel meat and new camel meat jerky
Authors: Wu Jindi , He Xige , Yun Xueyan , Qi Mei , Menghe Buren , Chen Lu , Han Yunfei , Huang Yajuan , Wang Mingxu , Sha Rina , Borjigin Gerelt
Published: August 2024

Alxa Bactrian camel meat is an organic diet that provides balanced nutrition and is easy to digest and absorb. Despite its potential, it is currently underutilized. To develop a new type of camel jerky, this study utilized a single‐factor design method to optimize the formula and fermentation process parameters of Alxa Bactrian camel jerky. Additionally, the physical and chemical composition, nutritional components, protein degradation, and microbial changes of the camel jerky were analyzed to evaluate the nutritional benefits of the new camel jerky created using modern fermentation technology. The results show that the optimal addition amounts of camel fermented jerky ingredients are 2.2% black pepper, 3% salt, 1.8% white sugar, and 9% cooking wine, whereas the optimal fermentation conditions by compound starter culture are 0.07% starter, 23 h of fermentation time, and a 30°C fermentation temperature. Compared to the single starter, the compound starter significantly increased the protein content, total amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, trace elements, and a*, L*, and e‐values of jerky; however, it also decreased the water activity (aw), thiobarbituric acid, and pH values of jerky during storage. Compound starter strains can compensate for the shortage of single starters and improve the overall quality of meat products. These findings could provide new insights and serve as a reference for the development of camel meat products and hold significant importance for the growth of the camel industry.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by transoral robotic surgery versus upfront surgery for locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma: A propensity score matched analysis
Authors: Sampieri Claudio , Cioccoloni Eleonora , Costantino Andrea , Kim Dahee , Lee Kyuin , Meccariello Giuseppe , Cammaroto Giovanni , Vicini Claudio , Kim Se‐Heon
Published: August 2024

Background

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a promising treatment for advanced‐stage oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPSCC) able to reduce the adjuvant therapy administration rate.

Methods

A retrospective bi‐centric study was conducted to analyze NAC + TORS versus upfront TORS patients. A 1:1 propensity score matching was used to compare the two groups.

Results

Among the 300 patients with stage III‐IV OPSCC, 204 patients were matched for comparing NAC + TORS versus upfront TORS. Between the two groups, no significant difference was observed in recurrences and in survival for RFS, OS, and DSS. In the NAC + TORS p16‐positive population, adjuvant therapy could be spared in 51% versus 16% in the upfront surgery cohort (p < 0.001) due to the lower frequency of pathological risk factors after NAC.

Conclusions

NAC followed by TORS for locoregionally advanced OPSCC demonstrated to achieve non‐inferior survival outcomes to upfront surgery, while in the p16‐positive population allowed to significantly spare adjuvant therapy.
Spillover effects in the nexus of finance‐institutions‐growth: New insights from spatial Durbin analysis on emerging economies
Authors: Ahmad Mahyudin , Hall Stephen G. , Law Siong Hook , Nayan Sabri
Published: August 2024

Despite extensive finance‐growth literature, the critical role of spatial interdependence between countries has often been overlooked. This paper addresses this gap by utilising spatial Durbin modelling on a 30‐year panel dataset of 56 emerging economies, examining the spillover effects of financial development (FD) and institutions on economic growth. The findings reveal FD has a significant positive within‐country impact on growth; on average, FD is expected to raise growth by approximately 5.8% holding other factors constant. Meanwhile, the FD spillover effect on growth is estimated to be around 10 times its within‐country effect, which is not surprising given that the 10‐nearest‐neighbour is the preferred matrix for conceptualising the spatial dependence between the countries under study. The results however show no evidence of significant threshold effect of FD. Political institutions emerge as the most influential in driving growth both within and across countries, whereas improvement in economic institutions moderates the growth‐effect of FD. FD's within‐country effect on growth is largely driven by financial institutions, while its spillover effect stems primarily from the neighbours' financial markets. The findings' robustness is confirmed through a battery of tests. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the complex finance‐institutions‐growth nexus in emerging economies. By considering spatial interdependencies and the role of institutions, policymakers can craft effective strategies to harness FD's positive effects and foster an environment for sustained, inclusive economic growth.
The LTAR Cropland Common Experiment in the Upper Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Dell Curtis J. , Karsten H. D. , Laboski C. A. M. , Adams Thomas S. , Goslee Sarah C. , Adler Paul R.
Published: August 2024

Dairy production is a key agricultural enterprise in the Upper Chesapeake Bay (UCB) basin, where phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) loading contribute to eutrophication. Import of forages and grains and application of mineral fertilizers contribute to nutrient imbalances in the basin. The UCB Long‐Term Agroecosystem Research Cropland Common Experiment aims to evaluate diverse crop rotations that minimize the need for imported feed, maximize year‐round living cover, and reduce nutrient losses. UCB's plot‐scale experiment was established in 2018, incorporating an ongoing cropping system study that was established by the Pennsylvania State University in 2010. An alternative dairy cropping rotation (including silage and grain corn [Zea mayes L.], alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]/orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.] mix, winter rye silage [Secale cereale L.], and sorghum‐sudangrass [Sorghum × drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chas]) that employed manure injection, integrated pest management, and less frequent manure application was compared to a prevailing, conventionally managed silage corn–alfalfa rotation with higher manure application rates. A field‐scale experiment was established in 2019 to monitor alternative production practices (manure injection and avoidance of neonicotinoid seed treatment) and prevailing practices in three fields on a commercial dairy farm. Findings suggest that crop rotation diversification, manure injection, and integrated pest management have the potential to increase the economic and environmental sustainability of dairy cropping systems, but long‐term evaluation is needed for confirmation.
Exploring Creative Spaces Predict Domain‐Specific Creative Achievements
Authors: Goulet‐Pelletier Jean‐Christophe , Cousineau Denis
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to understand the factors predicting creative activities and creative achievements among university students. Based on a recently proposed framework of 10 creative spaces, we hypothesized that exploring those creative spaces, alongside the personality trait openness to experience and divergent thinking abilities would predict creative activities and achievements in specific domains. Using the Inventory of Creative Activities and Achievements (ICAA) to evaluate eight domains of creativity, two divergent thinking tasks, and one associative task, we analyzed a sample of n = 300 university students. The results of Structural Equation Models revealed that the creative spaces significantly predicted creative activities and creative achievements in the eight domains assessed. The model explained in average 27% of the variance in creative activities and 17% in creative achievements. Openness significantly predicted creative activities in music, literature, and arts and crafts. Intellect did not significantly predict any domain. Lastly, fluency in divergent thinking was positively associated with all domains (average coefficient of β = .15), despite not always reaching significance. We discuss the roles of the recently proposed creative spaces, as well as openness to experience, and fluency in predicting creativity across various domains.
Comparing barriers to early stage diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma between safety net hospitals and academic medical centers: An analysis from the United States Safety‐Net Collaborative
Authors: Stylianos Sophia L. , Goel Caroline R. , Lee Rachel M. , Yopp Adam , Kronenfeld Joshua , Goel Neha , Datta Jashodeep , Lee Ann , Silberfein Eric , Russell Maria C. ,   and other members of the United States Safety‐Net Collaborative
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with improved survival. However, a greater proportion of patients treated at safety net hospitals (SNHs) present with late‐stage disease compared to those at academic medical centers (AMCs). This study aims to identify barriers to diagnosis of HCC, highlighting differences between SNHs and AMCs.

Methods

The US Safety Net Collaborative‐HCC database was queried. Patients were stratified by facility of diagnosis (SNH or AMC). Patient demographics and HCC screening rates were examined. The primary outcome was stage at diagnosis (AJCC I/II—“early”; AJCC III/IV—“late”).

Results

1290 patients were included; 50.2% diagnosed at SNHs and 49.8% at AMCs. At SNHs, 44.4% of patients were diagnosed late, compared to 27.6% at AMCs. On multivariable regression, Black race was associated with late diagnosis in both facilities (SNH: odds ratio 1.96, p = 0.03; AMC: 2.27, <0.01). Screening was associated with decreased odds of late diagnosis (SNH: 0.46, p = 0.04; AMC: 0.37, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Black race was associated with late diagnosis of HCC, while screening was associated with early diagnosis across institutional types. These results suggest socially constructed racial bias in screening and diagnosis of HCC. Screening efforts targeting SNH patients and Black patients at all facilities are essential to reduce disparities.
Photonic Neuromorphic Pattern Recognition with a Spiking DFB‐SA Laser Subject to Incoherent Optical Injection
Authors: Zhang Yuna , Xiang Shuiying , Yu Chengyang , Gao Shuang , Han Yanan , Guo Xingxing , Zhang Yahui , Shi Yuechun , Hao Yue
Published: August 2024

Photonic neuromorphic computing is a competitive paradigm to overcome the bottleneck of von Neumann architectures. Incoherent and coherent synaptic networks are two popular schemes realizing photonic weighting functions. Previous works have proved the distributed feedback (DFB) laser with an intracavity saturable absorber (DFB‐SA) can behavior like a spiking neuron. However, the compatibility with the incoherent synaptic architecture has not yet been demonstrated. Here the neuron‐like dynamics of a DFB‐SA laser subject to single‐wavelength and multiple‐wavelengths incoherent optical injections are experimentally demonstrated. The results show that, for the DFB‐SA laser subject to single‐wavelength incoherent injection, the neuron‐like dynamics including threshold, temporal integration, and refractory period are achieved. Besides, the range of injection wavelength that leads to a successful neuron‐like response is identified. For the DFB‐SA laser with four‐wavelength incoherent optical injection, the neuron‐like dynamics can also be achieved. In addition, the effect of wavelength interval is also considered. The logic XOR operation and Iris recognition tasks are successfully implemented. Furthermore, the feasibility of a cascaded system for the DFB‐SA lasers with four‐wavelengths incoherent optical injection is demonstrated. This work provides a feasible scheme for the system integration of photonic spiking neurons and incoherent synaptic networks.
CBCT‐based synthetic CT image generation using a diffusion model for CBCT‐guided lung radiotherapy
Authors: Chen Xiaoqian , Qiu Richard L. J. , Peng Junbo , Shelton Joseph W. , Chang Chih‐Wei , Yang Xiaofeng , Kesarwala Aparna H.
Published: August 2024

Background

Although cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has lower resolution compared to planning CTs (pCT), its lower dose, higher high‐contrast resolution, and shorter scanning time support its widespread use in clinical applications, especially in ensuring accurate patient positioning during the image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT) process.

Purpose

While CBCT is critical to IGRT, CBCT image quality can be compromised by severe stripe and scattering artifacts. Tumor movement secondary to respiratory motion also decreases CBCT resolution. In order to improve the image quality of CBCT, we propose a Lung Diffusion Model (L‐DM) framework.

Methods

Our proposed algorithm is based on a conditional diffusion model trained on pCT and deformed CBCT (dCBCT) image pairs to synthesize lung CT images from dCBCT images and benefit CBCT‐based radiotherapy. dCBCT images were used as the constraint for the L‐DM. The image quality and Hounsfield unit (HU) values of the synthetic CTs (sCT) images generated by the proposed L‐DM were compared to three selected mainstream generation models.

Results

We verified our model in both an institutional lung cancer dataset and a selected public dataset. Our L‐DM showed significant improvement in the four metrics of mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), normalized cross‐correlation (NCC), and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). In our institutional dataset, our proposed L‐DM decreased the MAE from 101.47 to 37.87 HU and increased the PSNR from 24.97 to 29.89 dB, the NCC from 0.81 to 0.97, and the SSIM from 0.80 to 0.93. In the public dataset, our proposed L‐DM decreased the MAE from 173.65 to 58.95 HU, while increasing the PSNR, NCC, and SSIM from 13.07 to 24.05 dB, 0.68 to 0.94, and 0.41 to 0.88, respectively.

Conclusions

The proposed L‐DM significantly improved sCT image quality compared to the pre‐correction CBCT and three mainstream generative models. Our model can benefit CBCT‐based IGRT and other potential clinical applications as it increases the HU accuracy and decreases the artifacts from input CBCT images.
Unraveling contributions to the Z‐spectrum signal at 3.5 ppm of human brain tumors
Authors: Heo Hye‐Young , Singh Munendra , Mahmud Sultan Z. , Blair Lindsay , Kamson David Olayinka , Zhou Jinyuan
Published: August 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of the confounding factors, direct water saturation (DWS), and magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) effects on measured Z‐spectra and amide proton transfer (APT) contrast in brain tumors.

Methods

High‐grade glioma patients were scanned using an RF saturation‐encoded 3D MR fingerprinting (MRF) sequence at 3 T. For MRF reconstruction, a recurrent neural network was designed to learn free water and semisolid macromolecule parameter mappings of the underlying multiple tissue properties from saturation‐transfer MRF signals. The DWS spectra and MTC spectra were synthesized by solving Bloch‐McConnell equations and evaluated in brain tumors.

Results

The dominant contribution to the saturation effect at 3.5 ppm was from DWS and MTC effects, but 25%–33% of the saturated signal in the gadolinium‐enhancing tumor (13%–20% for normal tissue) was due to the APT effect. The APT# signal of the gadolinium‐enhancing tumor was significantly higher than that of the normal‐appearing white matter (10.1% vs. 8.3% at 1 μT and 11.2% vs. 7.8% at 1.5 μT).

Conclusion

The RF saturation‐encoded MRF allowed us to separate contributions to the saturation signal at 3.5 ppm in the Z‐spectrum. Although free water and semisolid MTC are the main contributors, significant APT contrast between tumor and normal tissues was observed.
Enhanced mechanical, thermal properties and thermal conductivities of epoxy composites via incorporating graphene oxide‐grafted carbon nanotubes hybrids
Authors: Liu Song , Zhang Jingshan , Fan Xiangying , Hu Linchen , Guan Jun , Zeng Shaohua
Published: August 2024

A hetero‐structured hybrid was produced by grafting one‐dimensional (1D) amine‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto the basal plane of two‐dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) via an amine‐epoxy ring‐opening reaction, and such hybrid was further applied for reinforcing epoxy composites. Based on this hybrid design, 1D MWCNTs anchored on the 2D GO nanosheets resisted the re‐stacking of GO nanosheets while GO improved the MWCNTs' dispersion state. Attributing to the synergistic effect of GO and MWCNTs, a multi‐dimensional conducting network within epoxy matrix was constructed and efficiently transferred stress and heat between hybrid and matrix. When just 0.5 wt% hybrids were incorporated, the mechanical properties, thermal stability and thermal conductivity of hybrid‐filled epoxy composites were significantly improved, compared with pure epoxies. This work gives a promising method for designing and preparing polymer composites for thermal management and protection applications.

Highlights

A hetero‐structured hybrid consisting of MWCNTs and GO was obtained.

Better dispersion of GO–MWCNTs within matrix was achieved.

A multi‐dimensional GO–MWCNTs conducting network in matrix was constructed.

Enhanced properties were due to the synergistic effect of GO and MWCNTs.

Structural performance of GO and MWCNTs was maximized.
Internal consistency of measures for ICD‐11 personality disorder severity and traits: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hualparuca‐Olivera Luis , Caycho‐Rodríguez Tomás , Torales Julio , Ramos‐Vera Cristian , Ramos‐Campos Dayana , Córdova‐Gónzales Luis , Bach Bo
Published: August 2024

A number of measures and scales have been developed for the ICD‐11 personality disorder (PD) diagnosis, including severity and trait dimensions. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis sought to evaluate the internal consistency of these measures across different populations and cultures. A systematic search was conducted across four databases where relevant studies were subjected to explicit eligibility criteria resulting in 49 included studies and 370 effect sizes. Study characteristics were tabulated, their methodological quality was evaluated, and findings were synthesized using random effects meta‐analysis. Findings overall indicated that measures of ICD‐11 PD severity and trait domains have adequate levels of internal consistency (α/ω = 0.82, 95% CI [0.81; 0.83], I2 = 97.3%). Aspects such as sample, country, language, format, and measured construct were significant sources of variation. Additional meta‐analyses revealed that some measures performed better than others for certain dimensions. Internal consistency was overall supported across ICD‐11 measures of severity and trait domains. Future research should further investigate the interrater reliability, test–retest reliability and stability, and alignment with interview‐based PD diagnoses.
Integrase inhibitor drugs during pregnancy and congenital anomalies: A case/non‐case study from the global pharmacovigilance database VigiBase®
Authors: Saint‐Lary Laura , Lacroix Isabelle , Leroy Valériane , Sommet Agnès
Published: August 2024

In 2018, a significant neural tube defects (NTD) signal was reported after pre‐conceptional exposure to dolutegravir, but was not confirmed in further analysis. Since 2019, dolutegravir‐based regimen, an integrase inhibitor (INI), is recommended by WHO as the most‐effective first‐line therapy in all patients living with HIV. To explore the potential INI‐related teratogenic effect, we searched disproportionate signals between exposure to INI‐class drugs and congenital anomalies, compared to non‐INI drugs, using the international pharmacovigilance database, VigiBase®. We selected all the reports registered in VigiBase® between 01/01/2007 and 30/03/2021 on any antiretroviral drug‐related fetal or neonatal adverse drug reactions, declared either in children (<2 years) exposed in utero or in pregnant women (12–50 years). A case/non‐case study was conducted to detected signals between congenital anomalies and prenatal exposure to any INI‐class drug, compared to non‐INI drugs, by estimating adjusted reporting odds ratios (aROR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). We identified 2521 unique reports, among which 664 (26.3%) were related to INI‐class use. Overall, 520 congenital anomalies were cited from 327 unique reports, of whom 31.0% were INI‐related. Compared to non‐INI drugs, no significant disproportionate reporting signal between prenatal exposure to INI‐class drugs and congenital anomalies was found (aROR 1.13; 95% CI:0.85–1.51). However, specific significant signals were reported for raltegravir/elvitegravir/dolutegravir drug exposure and urinary malformations (aROR 2.43; 95%CI:1.08–5.43), digestive malformations (aROR 3.09; 95%CI:1.22–7.84), and NTDs (aROR 3.02; 95%CI:1.09–8.37). Although specific congenital anomalies signals associated with raltegravir/elvitegravir/dolutegravir exposure were notified, causal relationship needs to be further investigated in prospective studies.
Occurrence and potential diffusion of pine wilt disease mediated by insect vectors in China under climate change
Authors: Gao Ruihe , Liu Lei , Fan Shiming , Zheng Wenfang , Liu Ruyuan , Zhang Zhiwei , Huang Ruifen , Zhao Lijuan , Shi Juan
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Pine wilt disease (PWD), a major international quarantined forest pest, causes serious ecological and economic damage to Pinus species in Asia and Europe. In China, PWD has spread northeasterly and northwesterly beyond its original northern limits. Consequently, an evaluation of the insect vector‐mediated occurrence and potential diffusion of PWD is needed to identify important transmission routes and control the spread of disease.

RESULTS

An optimized MaxEnt model was used to assess the current and future geographical distribution of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vectors in China. The predicted suitable area for B. xylophilus colonization is currently 212.32 × 104 km2 and mainly concentrated in Central, East, Southwest and South China, although is anticipated to include the northwestern regions of China in the future. As for the insect vectors, Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius are expected to spread toward the northwest and southwest, respectively. The maximum predicted dispersion area of PWD mediated by M. alternatus, M. saltuarius and both species was 91.85 × 104, 218.76 × 104 and 29.99 × 104 km2, respectively, with potential diffusion areas being anticipated to increase in the future. Both the suitable probabilities and areas of B. xylophilus and its insect vectors were found to vary substantially along the latitudinal gradient, with the latitudinal range of these species being predicted to expand in the future.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study to investigate the potential diffusion areas of PWD mediated by insect vectors in China, and our finding will provide a vital theoretical reference and empirical basis for developing more effective management strategies for the control of PWD in China. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Wireless Optogenetic Targeting Nociceptors Helps Host Cells Win the Competitive Colonization in Implant‐Associated Infections
Authors: Fang Xinyu , Ding Haiqi , Chen Yang , Wang Qijin , Yuan Xuhui , Zhang Chaofan , Huang Jiagu , Huang Jiexin , Lv Jianhua , Hu Hongxin , Huang Changyu , Hu Xueni , Lin Yiming , Zhang Nanxin , Zhou Wei , Huang Ying , Li Wenbo , Niu Susheng , Wu Zhaoyang , Lin Jianhua , Yang Bin , Yuan Tifei , Zhang Wenming
Published: August 2024

The role of nociceptive nerves in modulating immune responses to harmful stimuli via pain or itch induction remains controversial. Compared to conventional surgery, various implant surgeries are more prone to infections even with low bacterial loads. In this study, an optogenetic technique is introduced for selectively activating peripheral nociceptive nerves using a fully implantable, wirelessly rechargeable optogenetic device. By targeting nociceptors in the limbs of awake, freely moving mice, it is found that activation induces anticipatory immunity in the innervated territory and enhances the adhesion of various host cells to the implant surface. This effect mediates acute immune cell‐mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus on implants and enables the host to win “implant surface competition” against Staphylococcus aureus. This finding provides new strategies for preventing and treating implant‐associated infections.
Effect of high temperature on FRCM‐confined concrete
Authors: Toska Klajdi , Faleschini Flora , Beaucour Anne‐Lise , Pellegrino Carlo , Noumowe Albert
Published: August 2024

The paper investigates the effect of high temperature exposure on the performance of concrete confined through textile/fabric‐reinforced composites. Small‐scale cylindrical specimens (150 × 300 mm) were confined using two types of carbon fibers (dry and epoxy‐resin coated). For the sake of comparison, two confining layers were applied to all specimens. After curing, cylinders were exposed to four ranges of increasing temperatures—being 20°C (ambient), 80°C, 100°C, and 250°C and, after cooling down, were tested under compressive cyclic loading. The experimental results show that thermal stress significantly influences the confinement effectiveness of textile‐reinforced composites. Exposure to high temperatures reduces the ultimate confined strength and significantly influences the overall axial stress–strain behavior.
Challenges and opportunities toward a sustainable bio‐based chemical sector in Europe
Authors: Rinke Dias de Souza Nariê , Groenestege Marisa , Spekreijse Jurjen , Ribeiro Cláudia , Matos Cristina T. , Pizzol Massimo , Cherubini Francesco
Published: August 2024

The chemical sector is the fourth largest industry in the European Union (EU) and the second largest chemical producer globally. However, its global share in chemicals sales has declined from 25% two decades ago to around 14% now. The sector, which accounts for 22% of the EU industry's energy demands, faces significant challenges in mitigating climate change, reducing pollution and toxicity, and improving circularity. Biomass, a promising renewable feedstock, currently represents only 3% of the sector's feedstocks. This review explores the opportunities and challenges for a bio‐based chemical sector in the EU, particularly plastics, to improve circularity and contribute to climate neutrality, reduction of pollution and toxicity. It provides an overview of current fossil‐based feedstocks, production processes, country‐specific trends, bio‐based production, and sustainability initiatives. Exploring new feedstocks such as lignin, organic residues, and algae can increase biomass availability toward a circular bioeconomy. Integrating chemicals and plastics production into commercial pulp and power factories, biofuel plants, and the sustainable hydrogen economy could boost the sector. Hydrogen is crucial for reducing biomass's oxygen content. These can ultimately contribute to reduce climate change impacts. Designing novel chemicals and plastics to accommodate biomass's higher oxygen content, reduce toxicity, and enhance biodegradability is essential. However, plastic waste mismanagement cannot be solved by merely replacing fossil feedstocks with biomass. Sustainability initiatives can strengthen and develop a circular bio‐based chemical sector, but better management of bio‐based plastic waste and transparent labeling of bio‐based products are needed. This calls for collaborative efforts among citizens, academia, policymakers, and industry.

This article is categorized under:

Climate and Environment > Circular Economy

Climate and Environment > Net Zero Planning and Decarbonization

Emerging Technologies > Materials
Controlling and Managing Radioactive Sources
Authors: Ramamoorthy N. , Boyd Christopher , Willey Anne L.
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the dangers of uncontrolled or orphaned radioactive sources. From the Indian perspective, N. Ramamoorthy provides an overview of the importance of legitimate industrial and medical uses of radioactive materials. He argues that such applications preclude a one-size-fits-all approach to security. To mitigate the problem, Ramamoorthy argues for the use of non-radiological alternatives where possible, and for better accountability and proliferation-proof designs where there is no alternative. U.S. authors Christopher Boyd and Anne Wiley explain that radiological sources can provide material for dirty bombs, and are often located in areas with relatively lax security environments. To address this problem, the authors argue for regulatory flexibility and, where possible, for risk elimination rather than risk mitigation.