bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulsatile tinnitus arising from jugular megabulb deformity: A treatment rationale
Authors: Buckwalter Jeffrey A. , Sasaki Clarence T. , Virapongse Chat , Kier E. Leon , Bauman Natan
Published: October 2006

Pulsatile tinnitus is a rare presenting symptom in patients with enlarged jugular bulbs. We will describe three young women presenting with right pulsatile tinnitus associated with a megabulb deformity of the temporal bone. After extensive radiologic and audiologic evaluation, no vascular or bony abnormalities could be identified. All three patients demonstrated pulsatile bruits over the right temple. Pulsatile tinnitus disappeared with ipsilateral jugular compression suggestingflowrather thanpressureto be responsible for abnormal auditory symptoms. This observation formed the basis of our treatment recommendations.

Because of progressively debilitating pulsatile tinnitus, two patients elected right internal jugular vein ligations under local anesthesia. Both patients were relieved of tinnitus.

We conclude that jugular vein ligation can be a safe and effective surgical treatment for pulsatile tinnitus resulting from a jugular megabulb deformity, provided two criteria are met:1, The presence of an expanding tumor is ruled out.2. The presence of contralateral venous drainage is established by angiography or brain scan. Anatomic and functional hemodynamic considerations of brain circulation will be emphasized in the discussion of our treatment rationale.
Otosyphilis and hearing loss: Response to penicillin and steroid therapy
Authors: Dobbin James M. , Perkins John H.
Published: October 2006

Acquired and congenital syphilis are both known causes of potentially reversible sensorineural hearing loss. Various therapeutic regimens, including penicillin and/or corticosteroids have been used in the past as treatment for otosyphilis. Response rates have varied from 15% to 80%. In this retrospective study, 13 patients with otosyphilis were treated with a combined course of long‐term penicillin and prednisone. A significant response was defined as a 15% improvement in the discrimination score and/or the pure tone average. Initial response rates were 35% with a lasting response rate of 15%. Discrimination scores improved more commonly than pure tone averages. No patient with congenital syphilis or profound deafness had a lasting response. An analysis of possible reasons for failure of therapy is discussed.
Cis‐platinum Ototoxicity: Clinical experience and temporal bone histopathology
Authors: Strauss Melvin , Towfighi Javad , Lord Sherman , Lipton Allan , Harvey Harold A. , Brown Barbara
Published: October 2006

A clinical and pathologic study of cis‐platinum ototoxicity was performed. Twenty‐four patients treated with cis‐platinum for head and neck cancer were studied prospectively. Post cis‐platinum hearing losses were subclinical, detected in 25% of patients, isolated to 4 and 8 kHz, and did not exceed 25 dB at any frequency.

Temporal bones from a 9‐year‐old with frontal lobe astrocytoma and with cis‐platinum ototoxicity were studied with routine and special techniques to elucidate oto and neurotoxicity. Degenerative changes in the outer hair cells in the lower turns of the cochlea, in the spiral ganglion, and cochlear nerve were the most striking findings.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea: A community's experience
Authors: Maisel Robert H. , Antonelli Patrick J. , Iber Conrad , Mahowald Mark , Wilson Kent S. , Fiedler Barbara , Schluter Jan
Published: October 2006

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has become an accepted method for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), with a reported success rate as high as 77%, depending upon inclusionary and outcome criteria. The authors reviewed the records of 90 patients with moderately severe OSA (apnea plus hypopnea index [AHI] greater than 20) who underwent UPPP at either a private community or an academic hospital. Forty percent of patients experienced more than a 50% reduction in their AHI with UPPP. Only 22 (24%) of the patients had a postoperative AHI less than 50% of the preoperative AHI and less than 20, i.e., met the authors' criteria for surgical success. The success rate for community otolaryngologists was no different than that achieved in the academic institution. When data from previously published reports were analyzed using these criteria for success, similar results were observed.

This study suggests that the effectiveness of UPPP performed by the general otolaryngologic community is equivalent to that reported in the literature. However, more rigorous criteria must be applied to UPPP when evaluating its results and in counseling potential candidates for this procedure.
Juvenile angiofibroma: A review of the literature and a case series report
Authors: Gullane Patrick J. , Davidson Jean , O'Dwyer Tadgh , Forte Vito
Published: October 2006

Juvenile angiofibroma is a rare, histologically benign tumor which occurs almost exclusively in adolescent boys. The morbidity and mortality associated with this tumor are related to its prominent vascularity and its propensity for aggressive local growth.

From 1974 through 1988, 21 male patients with a diagnosis of juvenile angiofibroma were managed at the Toronto General Hospital or the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Preoperative computed tomography was performed on 20 patients, selective angiography on 21 patients, and preoperative embolization on 15 patients. Primary surgery was performed on 67% of these patients, with radiation therapy used for advanced stage II and stage III disease or in response to patient preference. Pterygopalatine fossa involvement was demonstrated in 90% of the patients; as a result, the lateral rhinotomy approach was most commonly used in the surgical cases. A successful outcome was achieved in 86% of patients treated with surgery alone. Two patients underwent radiotherapy for salvage following postoperative recurrence. There were no treatment'related deaths and no major surgical complications.

The value of computed tomography is discussed, the authors' treatment protocol is outlined, and the case series results are presented.
Expression of the major mammalian stress protein in the rat cochlea following transient ischemia
Authors: Myers Michael W. , Quirk Wayne S. , Rizk Samieh S. , Miller Josef M. , Altschuler Richard A.
Published: October 2006

The transient expression of stress proteins in cells exposed to adverse environmental conditions is thought to provide a survival advantage. In the present study, the expression of the major mammalian stress protein, Hsp72, was characterized in the rat peripheral auditory system following varying periods of unilateral cochlear ischemia and reperfusion. Western blot analysis of whole cochlear homogenates revealed Hsp72 expression after as little as 5 minutes of cochlear ischemia. Cochlear Hsp72 immunoreactivity following 10 minutes of ischemia was observed within 2 hours, remained evident through 6 hours, and decreased toward control levels by 12 hours. Preliminary immunocytochemical localization data revealed Hsp72 expression in the outer hair cells. The characterization of Hsp72 expression following transient ischemia represents the first step toward understanding the role that stress proteins have in the protection of the mammalian auditory system.
Transtympanic endoscopy of the middle ear
Authors: Poe Dennis S. , Rebeiz Elie E. , Pankratov Michail M. , Shapshay Stanley M.
Published: October 2006

Modern optical technology has made available fiberoptic and rigid endoscopes with diameters of 2 mm and less with acceptable resolution. Endoscopes of small caliber were introduced through a strategically placed myringotomy or an existing perforation to perform exploration of the middle ear as an in‐the‐office procedure. This technique is now routinely used as an adjunct in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected middle ear conditions. Exploratory surgery of the middle ear may be avoided or definitive procedures may be planned better based on endoscopic findings.
Anterior cricoid split for subglottic stenosis: Experience at the children's hospital of new jersey
Authors: Palasti Sandra , Respler Don S. , Fieldman Robert J. , Levitt Joel
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐five children with acquired and congenital subglottic stenosis (SGS) were managed with the anterior cricoid split (ACS) operation at the authors' institution from September 1987 to January 1990. Ages ranged from 2.5 months to 5.5 years. Twenty‐one (84%) of the children were extubated after 5 to 14 days of nasotracheal intubation and have remained stable after an average follow‐up of 10 months. Atelectasis was a common postoperative problem, encountered in 12 (48%) of the patients. Other complications included a tracheocutaneous fistula, prolapse of soft tissue into the tracheal lumen via the cricoid incision, a subglottic granuloma, and 2 cases of prolonged lower extremity paresis following reversal of vecuronium. The results of this retrospective study indicate that the ACS is a valuable first‐line procedure for the management of SGS in a variety of pediatric patients.
Experimental otitis media with effusion induced by middle ear effusion
Authors: Nakata Junko , Suzuki Masashi , Kawauchi Hideyuki , Mogi Goro
Published: October 2006

Experimental otitis media with effusion was induced in chinchillas by middle ear effusion, which was induced by an injection of immune complex into the tympanic cavity. To elucidate the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, cytologic and biochemical findings of the effusion and histopathology of the middle ear mucosa of effusion‐induced chinchillas were compared with those of experimental otitis media with effusion induced by different procedures; eustachian tube obstruction, intratympanic inoculation of endotoxin, and immune reaction.

No significant differences were seen in cytology, biochemistry, and histopathology among OMEs induced by these procedures. However, middle ear effusions, when compared with the corresponding sera, were proven to contain higher amounts of histamine and prostaglandin E2. These findings seem to demonstrate that middle ear effusion containing a large number of inflammatory mediators is essential for induction and prolongation of inflammatory reaction in the middle ear.
Hypoplastic endolymphatic sac, hydrops, and mondini deformity: A case report
Authors: Hamed Alaa A. Wahab , Gadre Arun K. , Linthicum Fred H.
Published: October 2006

The Mondini deformity of the inner ear is usually associated with a large vestibular aqueduct and endolymphatic sac. The authors present a case with a hypoplastic sac and endolymphatic hydrops, which are presumed to be the cause of the Meniere's syndrome symptoms that occurred in mid‐life.
Three‐Dimensional anatomy of human scarpa's ganglion
Authors: Sato Hiroaki , Sando Isamu , Takahashi Haruo
Published: October 2006

Using a computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction and measurement method, the authors studied the shape and dimensions of Scarpa's ganglion and interrelations of the ganglion to nearby important anatomical structures in 10 normal human temporal bones obtained from 10 individuals of different ages (12 gestational weeks to 72 years). In the postnatal cases, Scarpa's ganglion was shaped like a distorted hourglass. Although the shape of the ganglion varied somewhat among specimens, a superior division, inferior division, and isthmus gan‐glionaris were distinguishable in each case. Volume of the ganglion was relatively consistent after birth, so that width and height of the ganglion were inversely correlated with each other (linear regression analysis, P <.05). There seemed to be, however, a possible postnatal increase in the distances from the ganglion to neighboring structures and in the length of the internal auditory canal; these increases were probably the result of postnatal growth of the temporal bone. Moreover, the width of the ganglion in any single specimen was found to correlate significantly positively with the distances from the ganglion to the vestibular end‐organs and the length of the internal auditory canal in that specimen (linear regression analysis, P<.01). This finding suggests that Scarpa's ganglion may be elongated secondary to the elongation of the vestibular nerve due to the growth of the temporal bone. In fetuses, each portion of the ganglion was less clearly identifiable than that portion in postnatal cases. The dimensions of Scarpa's ganglion were found to have reached maturity around the time of birth.
Long‐Term effects of silastic® sheeting in the middle ear
Authors: Ng Matthew , Linthicum Fred H.
Published: October 2006

Silastic® sheeting is used to restore a mucosally lined middle ear space and to prevent mucosal adhesions between the medial surface of the tympanic membrane and the promontory after surgical procedures involving the removal of middle ear mucosa. To determine the long‐term (1.2 to 21.2 years) effects of Silastic sheeting in the middle ear, six temporal bones from patients with permanent Silastic sheeting in the middle ear cavity after single‐stage tympanoplasty were examined. In all six bones, no histologic evidence of foreign body reaction, rejection, or chronic inflammation in the middle ear surrounding the silicone sheeting was observed. Furthermore, the middle ear space was lined by normal‐appearing, continuous middle ear mucosa. In four temporal bones, there was no evidence of significant submucosal fibrosis. In two bones, significant submucosal fibrosis was attributable to concurrent middle ear disease rather than to the presence of the silicone. It is concluded that Silastic sheeting in the middle ear after single‐stage procedures may prevent adhesions between mucosal surfaces. Given eustachian tube function, Silastic promotes a mucosally lined, aerated middle ear cavity without apparent foreign body reaction, rejection, or chronic inflammatory response.
Analysis of the efficiency of retrocochlear screening
Authors: Kotlarz Jack P. , Eby Thomas L. , Borton Thomas E.
Published: October 2006

The auditory brainstem response (ABR), as well as associated audiologic and radiographic studies of 175 patients suspected of having cerebellopontine angle tumors were reviewed. The majority of patients presented with asymmetric hearing loss. Eight acoustic neuromas were identified. All eight had abnormal ABRs. The false‐positive rate was 22%. Rollover and acoustic reflex testing played a minimal role in the decision as to whether or not an ABR was ordered and, as a result, are not important in the search for retrocochlear disease. The cost per tumor diagnosed was roughly $7600. A rational approach to tumor screening based on the efficiency and cost of the screening tests, the frequency of abnormal ABRs, and the cost per tumor diagnosed is presented.
Three‐Dimensional surgical anatomy for stapes surgery computer‐aided reconstruction and measurement
Authors: Takahashi Haruo , Sando Isamu
Published: October 2006

To define anatomical relationships relevant to stapes surgery, computer‐aided three‐dimensional reconstruction and measurement were performed on nine normal temporal bones. The mean distance from the inferior portion of the long process of the incus to the center of the oval window was 3.80 mm. The shortest distance from the center of the oval window to the utricular macula, saccular membrane, and macula averaged 1.37, 1.60, and 2.13 mm. Surgery directed posteromedial‐superior from the oval window was found to be most dangerous because it would come so close to the utricular macula; a pos‐teromedial‐inferior approach was found to be safest. The distance from the inferior margin of the oval window inferiorly to the cochlear duct in the hook portion ranged between 0.58 and 1.29 mm, suggesting that when a drill hole is made on the inferior margin of the oval window to lift up a depressed stapes footplate, the hole should not be greater than 0.5 mm in diameter.
Facial nerve to facial canal cross‐sectional area ratio in children
Authors: Saito Haruo , Takeda Taizo , Kishimoto Seiji
Published: October 2006

The incidence of facial palsy among children is lower than that among adults, and the recovery rate after facial palsy among children is higher than that of adults. To investigate these differences, we compared the cross‐sectional area ratio of the facial nerve to that of the facial canal in 26 pediatric temporal bone specimens with that of 10 adult temporal bone specimens. The ratios were 0.31 ±0.08,0.35 ±0.10, and 0.18 ± 0.12, respectively, in the labyrinthine, horizontal, and mastoid segments of pediatric specimens. The ratios for adult specimens were 0.46 ±0.07, 0.52 ± 0.17, and 0.37 ± 0.04, respectively, in the labyrinthine, horizontal, and mastoid segments. These ratios were all significantly smaller than those for the corresponding segments of the adult specimens (P<.01). The results indicate that in children there is less possibility for entrapment of the facial nerve in the facial canal, and that children require facial nerve decompression less often than adults.
Utility of immediate on‐site cytopathological procurement and evaluation in fine needle aspiration biopsy of head and neck masses
Authors: Eisele David W. , Koch Wayne M. , Richtsmeier William J. , Sherman Mark E. , Wu Agnes Y. , Erozan Yener S.
Published: October 2006

The utility of on‐site microscopic evaluation of fine needle aspirates (FNAs) of the head and neck was assessed by comparing the diagnostic yield in 336 specimens obtained with immediate on‐site cytopathological procurement and evaluation to that achieved in 548 cases performed without immediate on‐site evaluation. Three hundred six (91%) of 336 immediate evaluation specimens were adequate for cytopathologic diagnosis, compared to 391 (71%) of 548 specimens not evaluated immediately (P < .001, chi‐squared test). The higher satisfactory rate in immediate evaluation cases was related primarily to 1. immediate reaspiration of the masses until sufficient cytopathologic material was obtained for diagnosis; and 2. optimal specimen preparation.

It is concluded that immediate on‐site cytopathological procurement and evaluation of fine needle aspirates of head and neck masses is a valuable practice which assures a higher yield of adequate specimens compared to biopsies taken without immediate evaluation. The technique of immediate on‐site evaluation of FNAs is discussed and a cost‐benefit analysis of immediate on‐site evaluation of FNAs is presented.
Development of a striving to avoid inferiority scale
Authors: Gilbert Paul , Broomhead Claire , Irons Chris , McEwan Kirsten , Bellew Rebecca , Mills Alison , Gale Corinne , Knibb Rebecca
Published: October 2006

Social rank theory suggests that mood variation is linked to the security a person feels in his/her social domain and the extent to which they are sensitive to involuntary subordination (e.g. feeling defeated and feeling inferior). Previous studies looking at rank‐related and competitive behaviour have often focused on striving for dominance, whereas social rank theory has focused on striving to avoid inferiority. This study set out to develop a measure of ‘Striving to Avoid Inferiority’ (SAIS) and assess its relationship to other rank and mood‐related variables. We hypothesized two factors: one we called insecure striving, relating to fear of rejection/criticism for ‘not keeping up’, and the second we called secure non‐striving, relating to feeling socially acceptable and valued regardless of whether one succeeds or not. This scale was given to 207 undergraduates. The SAIS had good psychometric properties, with the two factors ofinsecure strivingandsecure non‐strivingstrongly supported by exploratory factor analysis. Both factors were significantly (though contrastingly) related to various fears of rejection, need for validation, hypercompetitive attitudes, feeling inferior to others, submissive behaviour and indicators of stress, anxiety and depression. Striving to avoid inferiority was a significant predictor of psychopathologies, especially where individuals perceived themselves to have low social rank.
Expression and Immunolocalization of Endothelin Peptides and Its Receptors, ETA and ETB, in the Carotid Body Exposed to Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia
Authors: Rey Sergio , Corthorn Jenny , Chacón Cecilia , Iturriaga Rodrigo
Published: October 2006

Increased levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the carotid body (CB) contribute to the enhancement of chemosensory responses to acute hypoxia in cats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). However, it is not known if the ET receptor types A (ETA-R) and B (ETB-R) are upregulated. Thus, we studied the expression and localization of ETA-R and ETB-R using Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in CBs from cats exposed to cyclic hypoxic episodes, repeated during 8 hr for 4 days. In addition, we determined if ET-1 is expressed in the chemoreceptor cells using double immunofluorescence for ET-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). We found that ET-1 expression was ubiquitous in the blood vessels and CB parenchyma, although double ET-1 and TH-positive chemoreceptor cells were mostly found in the parenchyma. ETA-R was expressed in most chemoreceptor cells and blood vessels of the CB vascular pole. ETB-R was expressed in chemoreceptor cells, parenchymal capillaries, and blood vessels of the vascular pole. CIH upregulated ETB-R expression by ∼2.1 (Western blot) and 1.6-fold (IHC) but did not change ETA-R expression. Present results suggest that ET-1, ETA-R, and ETB-R are involved in the enhanced CB chemosensory responses to acute hypoxia induced by CIH.
The extrinsic polyharmonic map heat flow in the critical dimension
Authors: Gastel Andreas
Published: October 2006

We consider the gradient flow of higher order elliptic functionals of the type ∫
M

2 for maps from a compact Riemannian manifold M to ℝ
n
with image contained in another compact manifold, called the extrinsic polyharmonic map heat flow. We prove that smooth initial values can be continued as an eternal solution to the flow if M is of dimension < 2m. In the critical case dim M = 2m, we find a unique eternal weak solution which is smooth except possibly for finitely many times. A singularity can occur only if a “bubble” separates, using up a certain amount of energy.
GABAergic Synaptic Inhibition Is Reduced before Seizure Onset in a Genetic Model of Cortical Malformation
Authors: Trotter Stacey A. , Kapur Jaideep , Anzivino Matthew J. , Lee Kevin S.
Published: October 2006

Malformations of the neocortex are a common cause of human epilepsy; however, the critical issue of how disturbances in cortical organization render neurons epileptogenic remains controversial. The present study addressed this issue by studying inhibitory structure and function before seizure onset in the telencephalic internal structural heterotopia (tish) rat, which is a genetic model of heightened seizure susceptibility associated with a prominent neocortical malformation. Both normally positioned (normotopic) and misplaced (heterotopic) pyramidal neurons in the tish neocortex exhibited lower resting membrane potentials and a tendency toward higher input resistance compared with pyramidal neurons from control brains. GABAergic synaptic transmission was attenuated in the tish cortex, characterized by significant reductions in the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs recorded from pyramidal neurons. In addition, the amplitudes of sIPSCs were reduced in the tish neocortex, an effect that was more profound in the normotopic cells. Immunohistochemical assessment of presynaptic GABAergic terminals showed a reduction in terminals surrounding pyramidal cell somata in normotopic and heterotopic tish neocortex. The attenuation of inhibitory innervation was more prominent for normotopic neurons and was associated with a reduction in a subset of GABAergic interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin. Together, these findings indicate that key facets of inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission are disturbed before seizure onset in a brain predisposed to developing seizures. Such alterations represent a rational substrate for reduced seizure thresholds associated with certain cortical malformations.
The Orexin OX1Receptor Regulates Ca2+Entry via Diacylglycerol-Activated Channels in Differentiated Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Näsman Johnny , Bart Genevieve , Larsson Kim , Louhivuori Lauri , Peltonen Hanna , Åkerman Karl E. O.
Published: October 2006

We studied the cellular response to orexin type 1 receptor (OX1R) stimulation in differentiated IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells.In vitrodifferentiation of IMR-32 cells with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine leads to a neuronal phenotype with long neurite extensions and an upregulation of mainly N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Transduction of differentiated IMR-32 cells with baculovirus harboring an OX1R–green fluorescent protein cDNA fusion construct resulted in appearance of fluorescence that was confined mainly to the plasma membrane in the cell body and to neurites. Application of orexin-A to fluorescent cells led to an increase in intracellular free Ca2+concentration, [Ca2+]i. At low nanomolar concentrations of orexin-A, the response was reversibly attenuated by removal of extracellular Ca2+, by application of a high concentration (10 mm) of Mg2+, and by the pharmacological channel blocker dextromethorphan. A diacylglycerol, dioctanoylglycerol, but not thapsigargin or depolarization with potassium, mimicked the OX1R response with regard to Mg2+sensitivity. A reverse transcription-PCR screening identified mRNAs for all transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels, including TRPC3, TRPC6, and TRPC7, which are known to be activated by diacylglycerol. Expression of a dominant-negative TRPC6 channel subunit blunted the responses to both dioctanoylglycerol and OX1R stimulation. The results suggest that the OX1R activates a Ca2+entry pathway that involves diacylglycerol-activated TRPC channels in neuronal cells.
Switching of Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation of CaV1.3 Channels by Calcium Binding Proteins of Auditory Hair Cells
Authors: Yang Philemon S. , Alseikhan Badr A. , Hiel Hakim , Grant Lisa , Mori Masayuki X. , Yang Wanjun , Fuchs Paul A. , Yue David T.
Published: October 2006

CaV1.3 channels comprise a vital subdivision of L-type Ca2+channels: CaV1.3 channels mediate neurotransmitter release from auditory inner hair cells (IHCs), pancreatic insulin secretion, and cardiac pacemaking. Fitting with these diverse roles, CaV1.3 channels exhibit striking variability in their inactivation by intracellular Ca2+. IHCs show generally weak-to-absent Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI), potentially permitting audition of sustained sounds. In contrast, the strong CDI seen elsewhere likely provides critical negative feedback. Here, we explore this mysterious CDI malleability, particularly its comparative weakness in hair cells. At baseline, heterologously expressed CaV1.3 channels exhibit intense CDI, wherein each lobe of calmodulin (CaM) contributes a distinct inactivation component. Because CaM-like molecules (bearing four recognizable but not necessarily functional Ca2+-binding EF hands) can perturb the Ca2+response of molecules regulated by CaM, we asked whether such CaM-like entities could influence CDI. We find that CaM-like calcium-binding protein (CaBP) molecules are clearly expressed within the organ of Corti. In particular, the rare subtype CaBP4 is specific to IHCs, and CaBP4 proves capable of eliminating even the potent baseline CDI of CaV1.3. CaBP4 thereby represents a plausible candidate for moderating CDI within IHCs.
Nursing-Induced Somatosensory Cortex Plasticity: Temporally Decoupled Changes in Neuronal Receptive Field Properties Are Accompanied by Modifications in Activity-Dependent Protein Expression
Authors: Rosselet Céline , Zennou-Azogui Yoh'i , Xerri Christian
Published: October 2006

This study is an attempt to gain insight into the malleability of representational maps in the primary somatosensory cortex in relation to the expression of proteins involved in inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems that contribute to maintain these maps in a dynamic state. Malleability of somatosensory maps is characterized by changes in the sizes of neuron receptive fields (RFs) affecting the representational grain and in the locations and submodalities of these RFs modifying the map extent. The concomitance of these alterations remains so far hypothetical. We used nursing as an evolving source of ethologically significant cutaneous stimulation. This cyclic behavior is particularly suited to investigating the time course of experience-dependent cortical changes. Electrophysiological maps of the ventrum skin were recorded twice in the same lactating rats between nursing initiation and several weeks after nursing. We found that reduction in RF size occurred earlier than map expansion. As nursing time declined, the map expansion was maintained longer than the RF sharpening. Based on this difference in time course, we compared the expression patterns of several activity-dependent proteins in relation to the RF plasticity. Western blot analysis showed an increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase expression that was concomitant with RF contraction. In contrast, NR2A subunit of NMDA and α calcium/calmodulin kinase type II were upregulated at times when map expansion was observed. We propose that inhibitory and excitatory plasticity mechanisms operating with different time courses may contribute to the temporal dissociation of nursing-induced RF reshaping and map expansion.
Identified Motoneurons Involved in Sexual and Eliminative Functions in the Rat Are Powerfully Excited by Vasopressin and Tachykinins
Authors: Ogier Roch , Tribollet Eliane , Suarez Philippe , Raggenbass Mario
Published: October 2006

The pudendal motor system is constituted by striated muscles of the pelvic floor and the spinal motoneurons that innervate them. It plays a role in eliminative functions of the bladder and intestine and in sexual function. Pudendal motoneurons are located in the ventral horn of the caudal lumbar spinal cord and send their axon into the pudendal nerve. In the rat, binding sites for vasopressin and tachykinin are present in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral pudendal nuclei, suggesting that these neuropeptides may affect pudendal motoneurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible effects of vasopressin and tachykinins on these motoneurons. Recordings were performed in spinal cord slices of young male rats using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Before recording, motoneurons were identified by 1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate retrograde labeling. The identification was confirmed, a posteriori, by choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry. Vasopressin and tachykinins caused a powerful excitation of pudendal motoneurons. The peptide-evoked depolarization, or the peptide-evoked inward current, persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin, indicating that these effects were mainly postsynaptic. By using selective receptor agonists and antagonist, we determined that vasopressin acted via vasopressin 1a (V1a), but not V1b, V2, or oxytocin receptors, whereas tachykinins acted via neurokinin 1 (NK1), but not NK2 or NK3, receptors. Vasopressin acted by enhancing a nonselective cationic conductance; in some motoneurons, it also probably suppressed a resting K+conductance. Our data show that vasopressin and tachykinins can excite pudendal motoneurons and thus influence the force of striated perineal muscles involved in eliminative and sexual functions.
Permeant Ion Effects on External Mg2+Block of NR1/2D NMDA Receptors
Authors: Qian Anqi , Johnson Jon W.
Published: October 2006

Voltage-dependent channel block by external Mg2+(Mgo2+) of NMDA receptors is an essential determinant of synaptic function. The resulting Mgo2+inhibition of NMDA responses depends strongly on receptor subunit composition: NR1/2A and NR1/2B receptors are more strongly inhibited by Mgo2+than are NR1/2C or NR1/2D receptors. Previous work showed that permeant ions have profound effects on Mgo2+block of NMDA receptors composed of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunits. Whether permeant ions affect Mgo2+inhibition of NR1/2C or NR1/2D receptors is unknown. We investigated the effects of permeant ions on Mgo2+block of NR1/2D receptors by integrating results from whole-cell recordings, single-channel recordings, and kinetic modeling. Lowering internal [Cs+] caused a voltage-dependent decrease in the Mgo2+IC50and in the apparent Mgo2+unblocking rate, and increase in the apparent Mgo2+blocking rate (k+,app) of NR1/2D receptors. Lowering external [Na+] caused modest voltage-dependent changes in the Mgo2+IC50andk+,app. These data can be explained by a kinetic model in which occupation of either of two external permeant ion binding sites prevents Mgo2+entry into the channel. Occupation of an internal permeant ion binding site prevents Mgo2+permeation and accelerates Mgo2+unblock to the external solution. We conclude that variations in permeant ion site properties shape the NR2 subunit dependence of Mgo2+block. Furthermore, the external channel entrance varies little among NMDA receptor subtypes. Differences in the Mgo2+blocking site, and particularly in the selectivity filter and internal channel entrance, are principally responsible for the subunit dependence of Mgo2+block.
Irreversible Transformations: Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Scottish Energy Science
Authors: MACDUFFIE ALLEN
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT This essay discusses Robert Louis Stevenson's use of the discourse of thermodynamics to structure the transformation in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as an irreversible process. Refashioning metamorphosis along scientific lines imbues the moral life of the novelwith the pressure and reality of physical lawand links the individual “flaws” in transformation to a vision blending scienti.c and theological accounts of apocalypse.
A Troubled Legacy: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the Inheritance of Human Rights
Authors: REESE DIANA
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT This reading of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: or, the Modern Prometheus attributes the novel's remarkable versatility to its emphasis on the succession of events and its open reference to eighteenthcentury philosophical .ctions. Undertaking an examination of various Enlightenment predications of human liberty, I argue that the novel's political import resides less in the problem of man becoming god than it does within the paradoxes of man becoming “man.”
Cheong Gye Cheon restoration in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Shin Jong-Ho , Lee In-Kun
Published: October 2006

While much of Britain's canal and railway networks have been abandoned, the country has yet to start ripping up the roads that replaced them. But in Seoul, Korea, they have done just that. Last year saw the completion of a bold, community-driven scheme to demolish a 6 km long, 10-lane stretch of concrete highway in the middle of the city to bring the old Cheong Gye Cheon river underneath it back to life. It has created a much-needed green corridor in the post-industrial centre of one of the world's largest cities. This paper provides an overview of the £200 million project, which has become a new benchmark for urban regeneration.
Seasonal changes in pore water pressure in a grass-covered cut slope in London Clay
Authors: Smethurst J. A. , Clarke D. , Powrie W.
Published: October 2006

In temperate European climates, the season of peak water demand by vegetation (summer) is out of phase with the season of greatest rainfall (winter). This results in seasonal fluctuations in soil water content and, in clay soils, associated problems of shrinking and swelling that can in turn contribute to strain-softening and progressive slope failure. This paper presents field measurements of seasonal moisture content and pore water pressure changes within the surface drying zone of a cut slope in the London Clay at Newbury, Berkshire, UK. A climate station was installed at the site to measure the parameters needed to determine specific plant evapotranspiration. This information was used to carry out a water balance calculation to estimate the year-round soil moisture deficit caused by the vegetation. The calculated soil moisture deficit matches reasonably closely the field measurements of soil drying. The field measurements of seasonal changes in pore water pressure and suction are linked quantitatively to the measured changes in water content using the soil water characteristic curve for the London Clay. The suctions generated by the light vegetation cover at Newbury were found not to persist into the winter and early spring.
Determination of critical slip surface in slope analysis
Authors: Sarma S. K. , Tan D.
Published: October 2006

A new method of finding the critical slip surface in slope stability analysis is developed in this paper, based on the limit equilibrium technique with added stress acceptability criterion. The stress acceptability criterion is based on the limited strength of soil. The slip surface is developed in terms of the critical acceleration. The procedure uses stress acceptability as a prerequisite to derive a system of non-linear equations to determine the slip surface slice by slice upwards; no prior assumption of the shape of the surface is needed. This surface simultaneously satisfies the kinematical acceptability criterion. The whole procedure includes both homogeneous and non-homogeneous slopes. In terms of the minimum factor of safety, the obtained critical slip surfaces compare well with those obtained through methods based on optimisation techniques. In addition, the solution provides information on the critical acceleration and the kinematically acceptable interslice boundaries for the analysis of seismic displacements of slopes using a multi-block sliding model.
A laboratory study of the development of earth pressure behind integral bridge abutments
Authors: Clayton C. R. I. , Xu M. , Bloodworth A.
Published: October 2006

A conventional bridge abutment utilises bearings to support the bridge deck, and expansion joints to allow it to slide as temperature changes occur. But experience has shown that expansion joints often leak, leading to deterioration of underlying structural elements, and are expensive to maintain and replace. As a result integral abutments, which are fully fixed with respect to the bridge deck, are increasingly being recommended. However, there is uncertainty about the magnitude of the earth pressures that they should be required to support. Available evidence from model tests and from field instrumentation does not provide a basis upon which to predict either the circumstances under which thermal cycling will lead to significant increases in earth pressure, or the levels to which they might rise. This paper reports the result of laboratory tests on natural clay samples, on pluviated sand specimens, and on glass ballotini, all of which have been subjected to the stress paths and levels of cyclic straining that a typical integral bridge abutment might impose on its retained soil. The results show that whereas the natural clay and the glass ballotini showed no lateral stress accumulation, regardless of strain levels and stress excursions, the pluviated sand specimens experienced systematic increases in lateral stress for almost all cyclic strain levels, eventually reaching states of stress at, or close to, both active and passive. The underlying mechanisms of stress increase are explored, and it is concluded that particle shape is an important factor in determining the response of soil to this special type of loading.
ANTIGAY PREJUDICE AMONG HETEROSEXUAL MALES: RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM AS A STRONGER PREDICTOR THAN SOCIAL-DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND HETEROSEXUAL IDENTITY
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: October 2006

In recent years there has been much contested debate around the psychology of prejudice and the extent to which it is essentially an outcome of a variety of personality-related variables or whether the social context with which one identifies plays an equally, if not more, important role. Debate has also focused on the complex interplay of personality and social context. This study, using a combination of survey and experimental methodology, examined the extent to which antigay prejudice among men is predicted by right-wing authoritarianism, social-dominance orientation, and identity as a heterosexual. In phase 1 (N= 112) antigay stereotypes were found to be significantly related to right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, but nevertheless best predicted by right-wing authoritarianism (β = .27,p< .01) and in phase 2 (N= 52), despite males' sexual identity being primed, heterosexual identity was still not significantly related to measures of prejudice. These results are discussed with reference to the nature of authoritarianism and social-dominance orientation, as well as social-identity theory.
EXAMINING THE BURNOUT OF ACADEMICS IN RELATION TO JOB SATISFACTION AND OTHER FACTORS
Authors: Bilge Filiz
Published: October 2006

This study examined the relationships between burnout and job satisfaction of academics along with other related factors. The study group comprised 194 academics. The results demonstrated that the most important variable that predicts emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal
accomplishment is intrinsic job satisfaction. It was found that the status of academics is capable of predicting not only emotional exhaustion but also personal accomplishment. In addition female gender was found to be an important predictor of a lower level depersonalization; and extrinsic
satisfaction in lower personal accomplishment. No significant relationship was found with marital status, seniority and being abroad for academic purposes.
THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG COPING WITH STRESS, LIFE SATISFACTION, DECISION-MAKING STYLES AND DECISION SELF-ESTEEM: AN INVESTIGATION WITH TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Deniz M. Engin
Published: October 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among styles of coping with stress, decision self-esteem, decision-making styles and life satisfaction. The sample consisted of 492 university students. Life satisfaction was found to be positively correlated to problem-focused
coping and seeking social support. It was also found that life satisfaction is significantly correlated to decision self-esteem and all decision-making styles (vigilance, buckpassing, procrastination, and hypervigilance). In addition, significant relationships were found among coping with
stress, decision self-esteem and decision-making styles.
Evaluation of risk factors for development of secondary glaucoma in dogs: 156 cases (1999–2004)
Authors: Johnsen Devin A. J. , Maggs David J. , Kass Philip H.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To determine the immediately antecedent cause of secondary glaucoma and the prevalence of secondary glaucoma with anterior uveitis or lens dislocation in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—156 dogs with secondary glaucoma.

Procedures—Cause of glaucoma was determined from records. Breed, age, sex, and neuter status of all dogs with secondary glaucoma were compared with the general hospital population. The prevalence of secondary glaucoma in dogs with a primary diagnosis of lens dislocation or anterior uveitis during the same period was determined.

Results—Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed in 156 of 2,257 (6.9%) dogs examined because of ophthalmic disease and was bilateral in 33 (21.2%) of those dogs. In 31 (94%) bilaterally affected dogs, the antecedent cause was the same in both eyes. Common causes of secondary glaucoma were non-surgical anterior uveitis (44.9%), anterior uveitis associated with prior phacoemulsification (15.8%), and lens dislocation (15.2%). Parson Russell Terriers, Poodles, Boston Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Australian Cattle Dogs had diagnoses of secondary glaucoma more often than expected, compared with the reference population. Age, sex, neuter status, and laterality were not associated with secondary glaucoma. The prevalence of secondary glaucoma in dogs with lens dislocation or uveitis was 15% or 17%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glaucoma develops secondary to many intraocular diseases, particularly uveitis and lens dislocation. Diagnosis of these diseases should prompt frequent monitoring of intraocular pressure, regardless of signalment.
Effect of rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible on feed digestibility and fecal particle size in horses
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Allen Andrew L.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To evaluate the effect of rostrocaudal mobility (RCM) of the mandible during extension and flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint on weight gain, feed digestibility, and fecal particle size in horses.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—34 pregnant mares housed in 1 barn.

Procedures—Horses were randomized into a treatment (n = 17) or control (17) group. All horses were sedated, and the distance between the rostral portions of the upper and lower incisor arcades was determined during extension and flexion of the atlanto-occipital joint; mandibular RCM was calculated as the difference between these values. In the treatment group, measurements were made after dental floating. Body weight was recorded 1 day before dental floating and at intervals after mandibular RCM determination for a period of 24 weeks. Feces were collected from each horse during two 5-day periods. Samples of feed and feces were analyzed to determine feed digestibility; particle size analysis was performed on dried fecal samples.

Results—Data obtained from each group of horses revealed that RCM of the mandible did not affect weight gain, feed digestibility, or particle size in feces; there were no differences among breeds. Controlling for age and number of dental lesions did not significantly affect results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, RCM of the mandible did not appear to affect weight gain, feed digestibility, or fecal particle size. On the basis of these and other published data, the assumption that dental abnormalities affect digestion detrimentally in horses needs to be reevaluated.
Serum IgG and total protein concentrations in dairy calves fed two colostrum replacement products
Authors: Foster Derek M. , Smith Geof W. , Sanner Truman R. , Busso Gonzalo V.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To evaluate effects of 2 commercially available colostrum replacement products on serum IgG and total protein concentrations in dairy calves.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—84 Holstein bull calves from a single dairy.

Procedures—Calves were randomly assigned to be given 4 quarts of colostrum (group 1; n = 21), 2 packages of a colostrum replacement product (product A; group 2; 21), 1 package of a different colostrum replacement product (product B; group 3; 21), or 2 packages of product B (group 4; 21). Treatments were given within 3 hours after birth, and blood samples were collected 24 hours later and submitted for determination of serum total protein and IgG concentrations.

Results—Group 1 calves had significantly higher serum total protein and IgG concentrations than did calves in the other 3 groups. However, the percentage of calves with adequate passive transfer (ie, serum IgG concentration > 1,000 mg/dL) was not significantly different among groups 1 (90%), 3 (81%), and 4 (95%). In contrast, only 10% of calves in group 2 had adequate passive transfer. It was predicted that calves fed product B that had serum total protein concentrations > 5.2 g/dL would have serum IgG concentrations > 1,000 mg/dL at least 90% of the time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that product B could be considered as an alternative to colostrum in dairy calves, but product A failed to routinely provide adequate serum IgG concentrations when fed according to label directions.