bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epitope Mapping of the
Brucella melitensis
BP26 Immunogenic Protein: Usefulness for Diagnosis of Sheep Brucellosis
Authors: Seco-Mediavilla Patricia , Verger Jean-Michel , Grayon Maggy , Cloeckaert Axel , Marín Clara M. , Zygmunt Michel S. , Fernández-Lago Luis , Vizcaíno Nieves
Published: July 2003

Sequencing of
bp26
, the gene encoding the
Brucella
sp. immunogenic BP26 periplasmic protein, was performed in the reference strains of
Brucella abortus
,
B. suis
, and
B. ovis
. The three
bp26
sequences were almost identical to that published for
B. melitensis
16M
bp26
, and only minor nucleotide substitutions, without modifying the amino acid sequence, were observed between species. The
bp26
genes of the seven
B. abortus
biovar reference strains and
B. abortus
S19 and RB51 vaccine strains were also sequenced. Again, only minor differences were found. Surprisingly, the
bp26
nucleotide sequence for
B. abortus
S19 was almost identical to that found for
B. melitensis
16M and differed from the sequence described previously by others (O. L. Rossetti, A. I. Arese, M. L. Boschiroli, and S. L. Cravero, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:165-169, 1996) for the same
B. abortus
strain. The epitope mapping of BP26, performed by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA techniques, allowed the identification of an immunodominant region of the protein interesting for the diagnosis of
B. melitensis
and
B. ovis
infection in sheep. A recombinant fusion protein containing this region of BP26 reacted indeed, in Western blotting, as the entire recombinant BP26 against sera from
B. melitensis-
or
B. ovis
-infected sheep while it avoided false-positive reactions observed with sera from
Brucella
-free sheep when using the entire recombinant BP26. Thus, use of this recombinant fusion protein instead the entire recombinant BP26 could improve the specific serological diagnosis of
B. melitensis
or
B. ovis
infection in sheep.
Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Sera of Blood Donors and of Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Gonçales Fernando Lopes , Pereira Josiane Silveira Felix , da Silva Claudia , Thomaz Glaucimari Roberto , Pavan Maria Helena Postal , Fais Viviane Cristina , Magna Luis Alberto , Gonçales Neiva Sellan Lopes
Published: July 2003

With the use of PCR, we searched for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum samples from 415 HBsAg-negative, anti-HBc-positive patients: 150 were blood donors, 106 had only hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and 159 had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (of which 88 were HCV positive and 71 were HCV negative). HBV DNA was detected in 4% of blood donors, 3.4% of HIV- and HCV-positive patients, and 24% of HCV-positive patients.
Aromaticity in Substituted [2,2]Paracyclophane: A Density Functional Study
Authors: Salcedo Roberto , Mireles Norma , Sansores Luis Enrique
Published: July 2003

Inductive effect in the aromatic moieties of [2,2]paracyclophane is theoretically analyzed with the density functional theory. The inclusion of different substituents in one of the moieties seems to affect the behaviour of the other. The nature of activating or deactivating groups as substituents reflect known facts on electrophilic aromatic substitutions derived from the inductive effects. The interesting feature in this case is that the phenomenon is transfered from the substituted deck to the other via transannular effects. The strain suffered by the cyclophane molecule is also analyzed.
Atom-Bond Electronegativity Equalization Method and its Applications Based on Density Functional Theory
Authors: Yang Zhong-Zhi , Wang Chang-Sheng
Published: July 2003

The atom-bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEM) and its applications for predicting intrinsic properties of large molecules, such as the charge distribution, the molecular energy, the local softness and the Fukui function, the regio- and stereo-selectivity of Diels–Alder reactions, the linear response function, and the charge polarization normal modes have been formulated. The examples show that there is a very good agreement of the ABEEM results with those of the corresponding ab initio quantum chemical calculations, demonstrating the reasonable and possible ABEEM's applications to the large molecular systems.
Interplay Between the Repulsive and Attractive Interaction and the Spacial Dimensionality of an Excess Electron in a Simple Fluid
Authors: Sethia Ashok , Bittner Eric R. , Hirata Fumio
Published: July 2003

The behavior of an excess electron in a one, two and three dimensional classical liquid has been studied with the aid of Chandler, Singh and Richardson (CSR) theory [J. Chem. Phys.81, 1975 (1984)]. The size or dispersion of the wavepacket associated with the solvated electron is very sensitive to the interaction between the electron and fluid atoms, and exhibits complicated behavior in its density dependence. The behavior is interpreted in terms of an interplay among four causes: the excluded volume effect due to solvent, the pair attractive interaction between the electron and a solvent atom, the thermal wavelength of the electron (λe), a balance of the attractive interactions from different solvent atoms and the range of repulsive interaction between electron and solvent atom. Electron self-trapping behavior in all the dimensions has been studied for the same solvent-solvent and electron-solvent interaction potential and the results are presented for the same parameter in every dimension to show the comparison between the various dimensions.
Unexplained Discontinuity in the U.S. Radiosonde Temperature Data. Part I: Troposphere
Authors: Eskridge Robert E. , Luers James K. , Redder C. R.
Published: July 2003

Inhomogeneities in U.S. radiosonde data that used the VIZ and Vaisala RS80 cannot be explained by radiation errors, which can be removed by the heat balance models. WMO intercomparision data, modeling results, temperature time series, and 1200 minus 0000 UTC temperature differences are examined to show that there appears to be an error in the U.S. RS80/RSN93 temperature correction software.

Radiosonde soundings taken at U.S. stations that launch Vaisala RS80 radiosondes, which are integrated within the National Weather Service (NWS) Microcomputer Automatic Radio-Theodolite (Micro-ART) system, should not be used in climate studies since there is a large systematic error of unknown origin in the temperature data. This paper is the first of two and is primarily concerned with the midtroposphere. The second paper discusses the large unexplained 0000 and 1200 UTC differences in the stratosphere.
Nonlinear Modes of North American Winter Climate Variability Derived from a General Circulation Model Simulation
Authors: Wu Aiming , Hsieh William W. , Zwiers Francis W.
Published: July 2003

Nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), via a neural network (NN) approach, was applied to an ensemble of six 47-yr simulations conducted by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) second-generation atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM2). Each simulation was forced with the observed sea surface temperature [from the Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (GISST)] from January 1948 to November 1994. The NLPCA modes reveal nonlinear structures in both the winter 500-mb geopotential height (Z500) anomalies and surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies over North America, with asymmetric spatial anomaly patterns during the opposite phases of an NLPCA mode. Only during its negative phase is the first NLPCA mode related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); the positive phase is related to a weakened jet stream. Spatial patterns of the NLPCA mode for the Z500 anomalies generally agree with those for the SAT anomalies.

Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA), also via an NN approach, was then applied to the midlatitude winter GCM data and the observed SST of the tropical Pacific. Nonlinearity was detected in both the forcing field (SST) and the response field (Z500 or SAT) at zero time lag. The leading NLCCA mode for the SST anomalies is a nonlinear ENSO mode, with a 30°–40° eastward shift of the positive SST anomalies during El Niño relative to the negative SST anomalies during La Niña. The leading NLCCA mode for the Z500 anomaly field is a nonlinear Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. The ray path of the Rossby waves induced during El Niño is 10°–15° east of that induced during La Niña. The nonlinear atmospheric response to ENSO is also found in the leading NLCCA mode for the SAT anomalies.
The North Atlantic Oscillation, Surface Current Velocities, and SST Changes in the Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Flatau Maria K. , Talley Lynne , Niiler Pearn P.
Published: July 2003

Changes in surface circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic are documented for the recent interannual switch in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index from positive values in the early 1990s to negative values in 1995/96. Data from Lagrangian drifters, which were deployed in the North Atlantic from 1992 to 1998, were used to compute the mean and varying surface currents. NCEP winds were used to calculate the Ekman component, allowing isolation of the geostrophic currents. The mean Ekman velocities are considerably smaller than the mean total velocities that resemble historical analyses. The northeastward flow of the North Atlantic Current is organized into three strong cores associated with topography: along the eastern boundary in Rockall Trough, in the Iceland Basin (the subpolar front), and on the western flank of the Reykjanes Ridge (Irminger Current). The last is isolated in this Eulerian mean from the rest of the North Atlantic Current by a region of weak velocities on the east side of the Reykjanes Ridge.

The drifter results during the two different NAO periods are compared with geostrophic flow changes calculated from the NASA/Pathfinder monthly gridded sea surface height (SSH) variability products and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SST data. During the positive NAO years the northeastward flow in the North Atlantic Current appeared stronger and the circulation in the cyclonic gyre in the Irminger Basin became more intense. This was consistent with the geostrophic velocities calculated from altimetry data and surface temperature changes from AVHRR SST data, which show that during the positive NAO years, with stronger westerlies, the subpolar front was sharper and located farther east. SST gradients intensified in the North Atlantic Current, Irminger Basin, and east of the Shetland Islands during the positive NAO phase, associated with stronger currents. SST differences between positive and negative NAO years were consistent with changes in air–sea heat flux and the eastward shift of the subpolar front. SST advection, as diagnosed from the drifters, likely acted to reduce the SST differences.
Dispersed Phase Particle Size in Polymer Blends: Interfacial and Rheological Effects
Authors: Shariatpanahi H. , Nazokdast H. , Hemmati M.
Published: July 2003

Simple blends with different viscosity ratios of the components as well as compatibilized blends varying in content of compatibilizer were used in order to study the relation between interfacial tension and viscosity ratio of the components with dispersed phase particle size for PP/EPDM (80/20 wt.%) and PP/PA6 (80/20 wt.%) blends. Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers (EMA-I) was used as a compatibilizer for both systems. For blends prepared in an internal mixer, a power law relation was found between capillary number and torque ratio of the blend components. This relation was used to estimate the interfacial tension for the compatibilized blends.
Effectiveness of Dyadic and Multi-Party Joint Ventures
Authors: García-Canal Esteban , Valdés-Llaneza Ana , Ariño Africa
Published: July 2003

Using data from 80 joint-venture (JV) experiences, this article compares the influence on JV effectiveness of two alternative ways of management: relational investment and formal control. Our results show that the adoption of one or another is contingent upon the number of partners: while relational investment significantly influences the effectiveness of dyadic JVs, formal control is pivotal in the case of multi-party JVs.
Owner-Managers and the Practice of Strategic Management
Authors: Woods Adrian , Joyce Paul
Published: July 2003

The distinction between management of operational effectiveness and strategic management has been a core belief of much management literature. Operational management is concerned with the ongoing activities of the business in relation to existing products or services and in respect of existing markets. Strategic management, in contrast, is concerned with the future success of the business and may entail major changes in the benefits to be offered customers, in organizational capacity, and in competitive posture. The application of strategic management to small firms can be seen as posing particular challenges. This can be inferred from, for example, the organizational studies of Mintzberg (1979) who has argued that the typical owner-managers of small businesses, especially entrepreneurial ones, manage in quite a different way from the methods indicated by the strategic planning literature. Such businesses are governed, it is said, using more personal and arbitrary forms of control. However useful these arguments have been to the progress of understanding small businesses in the past, the time is fast approaching (and perhaps has arrived already) when this kind of argument is becoming fruitless and sterile. In this article it is assumed we now need to understand whether and how managers in small businesses have taken up the language and practice of planning and strategic analysis, and we need to understand with what results these have been taken up. At the heart of the article is the analysis of the results of a survey of owner-managers and other managers. The article is concluded with a look at the implications of the findings.
English as Global Language: Problems, Dangers, Opportunities
Authors: Kushner Eva
Published: July 2003

To say that globalization is on all our minds would be both trite and excessive. Yet for many years we have known that we live in the ‘global village’ and, as humanists, we have even rejoiced in the fact that the various technologies facilitating communications and travel have woven our world into one, concretely and visibly. We know that the Other is not out or down there but right here; that the suffering of the Other, for example that of the Third World, is with us constantly in images and statistics. In many ways this has been the fulfilment of many dreams: Christian, humanist, cosmopolitan dreams in which humanity is indeed one.
On Butterflies: Stories and Fables for Children from the 17th Century to the Present Day
Authors: Perrot Jean
Published: July 2003

The flutter of a swooping butterfly. The feverish rush of readers as they move from poem to poem, text to text, as if from flower to flower, pursuing a personal pleasure guided by the law of desire and by reasons that reason has no knowledge of. In the Dictionnaire universel of 1690 Antoine Furetière illustrated the word with the following remark: ‘On dit proverbialement qu'un homme court après les papillons quand il s'amuse à des bagatelles’ (The proverb has it that a man is chasing butterflies when he takes pleasure in trivial things). We are also familiar with the words of Jean de La Fontaine, who did not mince epigrams when, four years earlier, he addressed his old friend thus:

Toi qui crois tout savoir, merveilleux Furetière. (p. 646)

(You who think you know it all, marvellous Furetière.)
Hysteresis During Sol-Gel and Gel-Sol Phase Transitions of k-Carrageenan: A Photon Transmission Study
Authors: Kara Selim , Tamerler Candan , Bermek Hakan , Pekcan Önder
Published: July 2003

Photon transmission techniques were used to study sol-gel and gel-sol transitions in k-carrageenan-water systems with various carrageenan contents. The photon transmission intensity, Itr was monitored against temperature to determine critical phase transition temperatures and transition rates. It was observed that the sol-gel transition temperatures, Tsg, were found much lower than the gel-sol, Tgs, transition temperatures based on the hysteresis of the phase transition loops. Sol-gel and gel-sol activation energies were determined and it was found that a carrageenan-water system required less energy for the gel-sol transition than for the sol-gel transition.
Comparison of Effects of Bleach and Cleansing Tablet on Reflectance and Surface Changes of a Dental Alloy Used for Removable Partial Dentures
Authors: Keyf Filiz , Güngör Tayyar
Published: July 2003

Proper hygienic care of removable partial dentures is important for maintaining a healthy oral mucosa. A daily home care routine is the responsibility of the patient to maintain oral hygiene. A dentist must inform the patient about denture cleansers used for plaque control. Common denture cleansers may negatively affect the surface of alloys used to make partial dentures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether bleach and cleansing tablet have deleterious effects on the surface of a dental alloy used to fabricate removable partial dentures. Nineteen test specimens were prepared from CoCr dental alloy. The specimens were cast into 10 mm long × 10 mm wide × 1 mm thick. Fresh solutions made from a commercial bleach and a commercial cleansing tablet were used for each treating. Three groups (commercial denture cleansing tablet, bleach and tap water) were tested. Six specimens were immersed in 200 mL of tap water containing a single denture cleansing tablet. Two spoons of the commercial bleach was added to 200 mL of tap water. Seven specimens were treated. The control specimens were immersed in 200 mL of tap water. Six specimens were the control group. Each specimen was immersed for 30 min per day in the solution for a period of 30 days. The specimens were analyzed for reflectance with a spectrophotometer, for surface changes with a light microscope and weight which was measured with sensitive balance before and after treatment. The SPSS program was used for the statistical analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used. No significant changes of reflectance was shown in the Kruskal-Wallis Test ( p > 0.05). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was performed for comparison into groups. The difference between before and after treatment was statistically significant for the commercial denture cleansing tablet and the commercial bleach ( p = 0.028) ( p<0.05). Reflectance was decreased after treatment. Within the limitations of this study, the commercial cleaning solutions had influenced the decrease of reflectance on the surface of the dental alloy. This solutions should not be limitlessly used on dentures with metal components, because they caused clinically significant reflectance changes on the surface of the alloy after 30 days.
The Bioconvertible Osteosynthesis System - Results of a Prospective Clinical Study on Stability of Bimaxillary Surgery
Authors: Malek Michael , Obwegeser Joachim A.
Published: July 2003

The findings of a prospective clinical study with the purpose to evaluate the stability of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery using autoclaved allogenic cortical bone screws and bony plates in the fixation of osteotomies are presented. The results of 31 patients were compared with the outcome of 33 cases using metallic devices for osteotomy fixation. The follow-up time was one year. With the help of the structural superimposition of lateral cephalometric radiographs, the stability was evaluated in consideration of maxillary and mandibular movements caused by operation. Both groups showed excellent results in the anterior-posterior plane as in the vertical plane without any significant difference.
A Novel Permanent Maglev Impeller TAH: Most Requirements on Blood Pumps have been Satisfied
Authors: Qian K. X. , Zeng P. , Ru W. M. , Yuan H. Y.
Published: July 2003

Based on the development of an impeller total artificial heart (TAH) (1987) and a permanent maglev (magnetic levitation) impeller pump (2002), as well as a patented magnetic bearing and magnetic spring (1996), a novel permanent maglev impeller TAH has been developed. The device consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is driven radially. Two impellers with different dimensions are fixed at both the ends of the rotor. The levitation of the rotor is achieved by using two permanent magnetic bearings, which have double function: radial bearing and axial spring. As the rotor rotates at a periodic changing speed, two pumps deliver the pulsatile flow synchronously. The volume balance between the two pumps is realized due to self-modulation property of the impeller pumps, without need for detection and control. Because the hemo-dynamic force acting on the left impeller is larger than that on the right impeller, and this force during systole is larger than that during diastole, the rotor reciprocates axially once a cycle. This is beneficial to prevent the thrombosis in the pump. Furthermore, a small flow via the gap between stator and rotor from left pump into right pump comes to a full washout in the motor and the pumps. Therefore, it seems neither mechanical wear nor thrombosis could occur. The previously developed prototype impeller TAH had demonstrated that it could operate in animal experiments indefinitely, if the bearing would not fail to work. Expectantly, this novel permanent magnetic levitation impeller TAH with simplicity, implantability, pulsatility, compatibility and durability has satisfied the most requirements on blood pumps and will have more extensive applications in experiments and clinics.
Production of Powder-Coated Towpregs and Composites
Authors: Nunes J. P. , Silva J. F. , Marques A. T. , Crainic N. , Cabral-Fonseca S.
Published: July 2003

An efficient and cost-effective dry coating process was developed to deposit polymer powders on continuous fibers and produce thermoplastic matrix towpregs to be processed into composites. The technological solutions used in the coating line construction and the influence of the processing parameters on manufactured glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GF/PP) towpregs are detailed in this paper.

Composites were produced from characterized (GF/PP) towpregs using hot plate compression molding. The mechanical properties determined on the composites are compared with theoretical values predicted by the Classical Lamination Theory (CLT) using the experimentally determined raw material contents and tensile properties.
Vibration Control of a Wire Cut Discharge Machine Using ER Brake Actuator
Authors: Kim K. S. , Choi S. B. , Cho M. S.
Published: July 2003

This paper presents vibration characteristics of a wire cut discharge machine in which an electrorheological brake actuator is used to control the wire tension. On the basis of the tension level required in the machine an appropriate size of the ER brake actuator is devised. The ER brake actuator is then incorporated into the machine and the field-dependent wire tension is experimentally evaluated. The straightness of the workpiece is also empirically investigated by changing the intensity of the electric field. In addition, the tension control performance of the discharge machine is simulated by utilizing a robust sliding mode controller.
Design of a High-Efficiency Magnetorheological Valve
Authors: Yoo Jin-Hyeong , Wereley Norman M.
Published: July 2003

A high efficiency design was explored for meso-scale magnetorheological (MR) valves (< 25 mm OD with an annular gap < 1 mm). The objective of this paper is to miniaturize the MR valve while maintaining the maximum performance of the MR effect in the valve. The main design issues in the MR valve involve the magnetic circuit and nonlinear fluid mechanics. The performance of the MR valve is limited by saturation phenomenon in the magnetic circuit and by the finite yield stress of the MR fluid. When field is applied to the magnetic circuit in the MR valve, a semisolid plug (as a result of particle chain formation) forms perpendicular to the flow direction through the valve, and a finite yield stress is developed as a function of field. The resulting plug thickness is used to control flow rate through, and pressure drop across, the MR valve. The nondimensional plug thickness is evaluated as a basis for evaluating valve efficiency. Design parameters of the MR valve are studied and an optimal performance was designed using steel (Permalloy) material in the magnetic circuit. A maximum magnetic flux density at the gap was achieved in the optimized valve design based on a constraint on the outer diameter limitation. Valve performance was verified with simulation. A flow mode bypass damper system was fabricated and was used to experimentally validate valve performance.
Augmenting Heat Transfer from Fail-Safe Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers Using Fins
Authors: Dogruoz M. Baris , Wang Eric L. , Gordaninejad Faramarz , Stipanovic Arthur J.
Published: July 2003

This paper presents a lumped system model for predicting the heat transfer from fail-safe magneto-rheological fluid dampers. For this study, a fail-safe damper is defined as a damper which retains a moderate damping capacity in the event of a power systems failure. To evaluate the validity of the theoretical model, two automotive size dampers were constructed, one with fins to augment heat transfer and one without fins. The results show that the model slightly over predicts the temperature rise when compared to experimental data. Despite the error, both the experimental and theoretical results clearly demonstrate that the heat transfer can be considerably enhanced with the use of the fins. Finally, the results also indicate that both the mechanical and electrical power input contribute substantially to the temperature rise.
Active Control of Rod Vibrations Using Magnetic Fluids
Authors: Wang Z. , Bossis G. , Volkova O. , Bashtovoi V. , Krakov M.
Published: July 2003

The use of magnetic fluids in controlling rod vibrations is investigated. A prototype of ferrofluid vibration damper is designed and experimentally set up based on the principle of anti-resonance. The efficiency of this damping system is verified in experiments and well explained with classical equations of motion. The improvement of the present system towards active control of rod vibration is also discussed.
Performance Modeling of a Piezo-Hydraulic Actuator
Authors: Cadou Christopher , Zhang Bing
Published: July 2003

A simple quasi-static model has been developed as an engineering tool for improving the performance of a piezo-hydraulic actuator's fluid system. The model's predictions compare reasonably well with experimental data at low frequencies (<150 Hz) as trends in the dependence of actuation speed on driving frequency and applied load are captured within 30%. The model indicates that there is an optimum load and driving frequency that corresponds to maximum power output but that the operating conditions for optimum power output and efficiency are different. The efficiency of the fluid system decreases with increasing frequency at a rate that depends on the load. Viscous losses through the valves and tubing are negligible compared with the inertial losses associated with accelerating and decelerating the load. This acceleration and deceleration process occurs twice per piezo cycle because of the configuration of the fluid system used to rectify the oscillatory motion of the piezo stack. Accordingly, the inertia of the load dominates the behavior of the device at high frequencies. The performance of the fluid system is most sensitive to the stiffness of the fluid in the pumping chamber, which should be maximized for maximum power output.
Adaptive Control of Semiactive Variable Stiffness Devices for Narrow-Band Disturbance Rejection
Authors: Gandhi Farhan , Anusonti-Inthra Phuriwat
Published: July 2003

The present study examines the potential of using a semiactive controllable stiffness device, whose spring coefficient can be modulated in real-time, for tonal disturbance rejection applications. A frequency-domain control algorithm is developed for determining the spring coefficient variation (at twice the disturbance frequency) that minimizes the force transmitted to the support at the disturbance frequency. The effectiveness of open loop, closed loop, and adaptive controllers in rejecting the transmitted disturbances are evaluated. The results of the study indicate that when limits in stiffness coefficient variation are considered, the support force could be reduced by about an additional 30%, beyond the levels due to the passive isolation characteristics (no cyclic stiffness modulation). When the disturbance phase changes during operation, the effectiveness of the open loop controller is rapidly degraded. While the closed loop controller (with inputs based on current levels of force transmitted to the support) performed better, there was still some degradation in performance, and transmitted support forces were not reduced to levels prior to change in disturbance phase. The results show that for the semiactive system to retain its effectiveness in rejecting disturbances, a closed loop, adaptive controller (with on-line system identification) is required; even when there is only a change in disturbance, and no change in basic system properties. An explanation for this phenomenon, related to the bilinear nature of the semiactive system, is provided.
A Work Breakdown Structure that Integrates Different Views in Aircraft Modification Projects
Authors: García-Fornieles J. M. , Fan I. -S. , Perez A. , Wainwright C. , Sehdev K.
Published: July 2003

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) defines the work scope of a project. The way a WBS is defined depends on the person and his/her viewpoint. The aircraft modification business carries out a great variety of projects. Although the core skills and tasks are similar, there are very few projects that are exact repetition of previous work. The reuse of information is difficult without a good structure to archive and manage project information.

This paper presents an integrated WBS approach for managing the work scope in aircraft modification projects. The model is the result of an in-depth study and analysis of the working methods in an aircraft modification industrial company. This WBS is designed to incorporate the information needs and the views of the different functions involved in aircraft modification. It provides the structure for the reuse of information, such as cost and schedules, in the diverse range of aircraft modification projects. In this model, the top tiers of the WBS are configured from a pre-defined industry specific template. The lower tiers are defined with a flexible structure to support the different views of the knowledge users and providers in the project. The information need for all the life stages of the project is fully covered.

The integrated WBS is being implemented in an enterprise wide computing solution that is used for cost estimating in the collaborating company. The same approach could be used to enhance knowledge reuse where there is a great diversity in project contracts.
Even Newer Social Movements? Anti-Corporate Protests, Capitalist Crises and the Remoralization of Society
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: July 2003

This paper examines the possibility of using Jürgen Habermas's theory of new social movements as a way of making sense of the recent wave of anti-corporate protests. It is argued that anti-corporatism fits with Habermas's model in many key respects. However, a number of problems in the Habermasian model are identified. Specifically, Habermas limits his focus to the First World and develops his account in relation to a now outdated model of the Welfare Society. These issues must be addressed, but if they are, it is argued, the Habermasian model remains useful.
Research Subjects/Research Subjections: Exploring the Ethics and Politics of Critical Research
Authors: Wray-Bliss Edward
Published: July 2003

I use this paper to reflect upon the ethics and politics of Critical Management Studies (CMS) research. I highlight a potential for problematic power relations in CMS and, drawing upon Foucault's (1976) `five methodological precautions' for analysing power, I explore these power relations as an effect of the micro-constitution of `subordinate' and `superior' subject positions within the research process. Through detailed analysis of a research interview transcript I illustrate how the researched's `subordinate' and researcher's `superior' subject positions may be constructed as an outcome of normal and well-intentioned CMS research.
Self-Advocacy and Supported Learning for Mothers with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Booth Tim , Booth Wendy
Published: July 2003

This article describes the work of the Supported Learning Project (SLP). The SLP was a DfEE ACLF funded programme designed to provide personal support and development in self-advocacy to mothers with learning difficulties. The authors provide an account of the project, an overview of the learning gains made by the mothers and the obstacles to progress they encountered, and an evaluation of the project's success in achieving its intended aims. The article concludes with a discussion of the transferable lessons that emerged from working with this hard-to-reach group of excluded mothers.
Reward and Responsibility: How Should We be Affected when Others Change their Effort?
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W. , Tungodden Bertil
Published: July 2003

We look at how one should reward effort without rewarding talent. One way to approach this issue is to ask how an increase in one individual's effort should be allowed to affect the post-tax income of others. The article provides characterizations of three main classes of redistribution mechanism on the basis of how these answer this question.
Unusual complication of ingestion of a foreign body
Authors: Passey J. C. , Meher Ravi , Agarwal Sunil , Gupta Bulbul
Published: July 2003

Foreign bodies of the upper aerodigestive tract are common problems dealt with by the otolaryngologist. Among all foreign bodies in the oesophagus, an open safety pin still presents a challenge for the ENT specialists because of its propensity to pierce the oesophagus and surrounding structures. We present an interesting case of a long-standing foreign body i.e. an open safety pin, which, after piercing the hypopharynx, caused fatal common carotid artery rupture.
Epistaxis as a rare presenting feature of glomus tympanicum
Authors: Tatla T. , Savy L. E. , Wareing M. J.
Published: July 2003

Glomus tumours are the most common primary neoplasms of the middle ear, typically benign and slowly progressive. Pulsatile tinnitus and ipsilateral hearing loss are the most common symptoms at presentation by far; otalgia, aural fullness and otorrhoea being less frequent. A case of primary glomus tympanicum presenting with recurrent epistaxis, previously unreported in the literature, is described and associated imaging presented.
Modeling of Environmental Degradation in Fatigue‐Life Prediction of Near‐α Titanium Alloy IMI 834 under Complex High‐Temperature Loading Conditions
Authors: Teteruk R.G. , Christ H.‐J. , Maier H.J.
Published: July 2003

The crack propagation model successfully applies to life‐prediction of near‐α‐titanium alloy IMI 834 under complex high‐temperature fatigue‐loading conditions. The predictive capabilities of the model can be attributed to the close correlation of the model with the relevant damage mechanisms (among them environmental degradation under varying conditions) and micro‐structural processes. The Figure shows an SEM image of a typical crack‐initiation site for a test run at 400 °C.
Titanium in Automotive Production
Authors: Schauerte O.
Published: July 2003

Although titanium has meanwhile made its way into serial production of automotive parts, its use has been widely limited to niche applications and was not driven by weighing the technical and economic aspects. Cost of semi‐finished titanium products is still limiting; indeed, new and cheaper processes for production of Ti itself are urgently needed. However, if one extrapolates the current status of Ti technology based on the historic development of the knowledge bases on other automotive metals (steel, Al, and Mg), the future of titanium use in cars looks quite bright.
Physico‐chemical Assessment of the Reference Status in German Surface Waters: A Contribution to the Establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG in Germany
Authors: Schneider Petra , Neitzel Peter L. , Schaffrath Martin , Schlumprecht Helmut
Published: July 2003

For the establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive in Germany the physico‐chemical reference conditions of surface waters in Germany had to be determined. The results of the statistical analysis of 3500 data sets of 31 surface water catchment types show that water body types can be aggregated to bogs and bog riverside meadows, saliniferous type, carbonatic‐dolomitic type, sandy‐clayey type, silicatic type, and metallogenic type. The data base allows an assessment of the plausibility of the surface water quality classification and quality targets of the LAWA (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser). The investigated reference status of the natural surface waters for the considered elements in the suspended particulate matter, except in metallogenic landscapes, corresponds to the water quality class I of the LAWA. The reference conditions of cadmium and mercury in the total water phase are significantly higher than the quality targets of the LAWA. The evaluated reference data of the other physico‐chemical parameters in the total water phase show, that assessable physico‐chemical parameters refer to a quality class of I, mainly and quality class II, locally. Mainly, the data reached the quality targets of the LAWA. In spite of the hard evaluation criteria to separate reference sites a special enrichment of nitrate and cadmium was found in many German surface water reference catchment types.
Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence, Toxicity, Speciation, Mobility
Authors: Bissen Monique , Frimmel Fritz H.
Published: July 2003

In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals.
Role of Temperature in Controlling Performance of Photorefractive Organic Glasses
Authors: Ostroverkhova Oksana , He Meng , Twieg Robert J. , Moerner W. E.
Published: July 2003

We present a detailed temperature‐dependence study of dielectric, birefringent, conductive, and photorefractive (PR) properties of high‐performance low‐molecular weight organic glasses that contain 2‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐cyano‐2,5‐dihydrofuran (DCDHF) derivatives. DCDHF organic glasses sensitized with C60exhibit high two‐beam coupling gain coefficients in the red‐wavelength region. However, in the best performing DCDHF glasses at room temperature the PR dynamics are limited by slow molecular reorientation in the electric field. While orientational and, therefore, PR speed can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature above the glass‐transition temperature of the material, the steady‐state performance may worsen. Comprehensive study of the temperature dependence of various processes, which contribute to the PR effect in DCDHF glasses, clarifies the limiting factors and allows for optimization of the overall PR performance.
Experimental and Quantum‐Chemical Studies on the Thermochemical Stabilities of Mercury Carbodiimide and Mercury Cyanamide
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Müller Paul , Kroll Peter , Dronskowski Richard , Wilsmann Wolfgang , Conradt Reinhard
Published: July 2003

Calorimetric dissolution measurements of the solid compounds mercury carbodiimide HgNCN(I) and mercury cyanamide HgNCN(II) in aqueous HCl that targeted at their thermochemical stabilities show the cyanamide species HgNCN(II) to be the more stable phase in terms of both enthalpy and Gibbs energy with an enthalpy difference of 2–3 kJ mol−1. While the stability ranking of HgNCN(I) and HgNCN(II) thus perfectly matches Pearson's HSAB concept, quantum‐chemical stability predictions using common parametrizations of density functional theory appear to be fundamentally flawed. An analysis of the error is attempted on the basis of correlated wave functions for related molecules.
Nickel Tetraaminophthalocyanine Based Films for the Electrocatalytic Activation of Dopamine
Authors: Goux Aurélie , Bedioui Féthi , Robbiola Luc , Pontié Maxime
Published: July 2003

A novel electrode material was obtained by two consecutive procedures: (i) the electropolymerization of NiTAPc in DMF via the electro‐oxidative N–N coupling of the amino groups, to achieve a film denoted poly‐NiTAPc, followed by (ii) the electrochemical transformation of the poly‐NiTAPc film in alkaline aqueous solution to form the interconnected ONiO oxo bridges. The obtained film is then denoted poly‐NiTAPc(OH). For the first time the electropolymerized poly‐NiTAPc coating shows a clear electrocatalytic activity towards Dopamine (DA) redox process, either as prepared or upon its electrochemical transformation in alkaline solution. Furthermore it clearly appears that poly‐NiTAPc(OH) film exhibits a much larger electrocatalytic behavior than the as‐prepared poly‐NiTAPc coating. This shows unambiguously the beneficial effect of the changes in the staking structure of the nickel phthalocyanine complexes upon the electrochemical treatment of the film in alkaline solution. It should be emphasized here that the increase in the oxido‐reduction currents related to DA on both films is not to be associated with any changes in the geometrical electrode area. This novel kind of material could present some interesting potentialities for a highly sensitive detection of others neurotransmitters.
Application of water‐soluble polymers as modifiers in electrophoretic analysis of phenols
Authors: Pirogov Andrei V. , Shpigun Oleg A.
Published: July 2003

A review of application of water‐soluble cationic, anionic and nonionic polymers as pseudostationary phases in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) is presented. The effect of the structure of the polymers on the selectivity and efficiency of separation is discussed. A novel specially designed cationic polymer, 2,10‐ionene, has been used for the separation of phenols. The polymer has hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in its backbone. The polymer shows the best selectivity as a modifier in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)‐mode, which allows the selective determination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic phenols.
Capillary electrophoresis in anti‐cancer metallodrug research: Advances and future challenges
Authors: Hartinger Christian G. , Timerbaev Andrei R. , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: July 2003

An efficient and convenient separation method has been a long sought after goal for anti‐cancer metallodrug developers. For many reasons, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has recently emerged as the method of choice for the separation of intact platinum metal complexes and their metabolites, assessment of drug stability, and studying the interaction of the administered and potential tumor‐inhibiting metallocomplexes with biomolecules. Due to the application of gentle separation conditions and successful developments in combinations with molecule‐specific detectors, CE is also growing in importance as a versatile tool for the characterization of specific metal‐bioligand binding products and thereby for providing mechanism‐of‐action information. Recent advances in metallodrug monitoring by CE are reviewed and critically evaluated. Likewise, the current limitations of CE in the field, such as the lack of assays involving individual proteins and targeting real‐world biological samples, are brought into focus. Further strategies for method's refinement in anti‐cancer metallodrug research that should ultimately take place along these lines and result in the development of high‐throughput screening CE systems in the near future are finally discussed.
Separation of thiosulfate and the polythionates in gold thiosulfate leach solutions by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: O'Reilly John W. , Dicinoski Greg W. , Miura Yasuyuki , Haddad Paul R.
Published: July 2003

A technique for the separation of thiosulfate (S2O32−), polythionates (SxO62−, x = 3 to 5) and the gold(I) thiosulfate complex (Au(S2O3)23‐) using capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous UV detection at 195 and 214 nm is presented. The five species were separated in under 3 min with a total analysis time of 8 min, using an electrolyte containing 25 mM 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐2,2',2''‐nitrilotriethanol (bis‐tris) adjusted to pH 6.0 with sulfuric acid and an applied voltage of –30 kV. While the gold(I) thiosulfate complex could be separated from the other analytes of interest under these conditions, the quantification of this complex was not possible due to inconsistent peak areas and peak splitting effects induced by the sulfur‐oxygen species in the leach matrix. Detection limits calculated for 3s pressure injection at 50 mbar ranged between 0.5–2 μM. The method was linear over the ranges 40–8000, 10–2000, 10–2000, and 5–2000 μM for thiosulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate, and pentathionate, respectively. The technique was applied successfully to leach liquors containing 0.5 M ammonium thiosulfate, 2 M ammonia, 0.05 M copper sulfate and 20% w/v gold ore, diluted 1:100 prior to analysis.
Miniaturized movable contactless conductivity detection cell for capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Macka Miroslav , Hutchinson Joseph , Zemann Andreas , Shusheng Zhang , Haddad Paul R.
Published: July 2003

A miniaturized capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (mini‐C4D) cell has been designed which is small enough to allow it to slide along the effective capillary length inside the capillary cassette of an Agilent capiillary electrophoresis system (CE) (or other CE brand of similar construction), including the possibility of positioning it close to the point of optical detection (4 cm), or even putting two such detector cells in one cassette. The cell was tested and the performance characteristics (noise, sensitivity, and peak width) were compared with those obtained with the previously used large C4D cell. No significant differences were observed. The mini‐C4D was used in simultaneous separations of common cations and anions where its advantage over a larger C4D cell is the ability to vary the point of detection with the mini‐C4D cell continuously at any point along the capillary length, so that the optimum apparent selectivity can be chosen. Other applications include providing a convenient second point of detection in addition to photometric detection, such as to measure accurately the linear velocity of a zone, or to allow placement of two mini‐C4D cells in one capillary cassette simultaneously.
CFD Optimization of a Plate Photobioreactor Used for Cultivation of Microalgae
Authors: Perner I. , Posten C. , Broneske J.
Published: July 2003

Microalgae are unicellular phototroph microorganisms producing various metabolites, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, vitamins and some sulfonized polysaccharides, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Most microalgae are cultivated in closed systems. In photobioreactors algae growth depends on the reactor geometry, light intake and fluid dynamics interacting with each other. Modeling the reactor geometry leads to an improved algae growth, as shown in the present contribution.