bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical Properties and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. on Selected Clinical Isolates
Authors: Adeniyi Sunday Adegoke , Olatunji Gabrial Ademola , Oguntoye Olubunmi Stephen , Solanke Ezekiel Olatoye
Published: March 2024

Bacterial and viral infections represent the most challenging diseases to treat in humans due to resistance to most of the therapeutic agents. The advent of drug resistance factors that have challenged the effectiveness of all antimicrobial agents prompted the investigation of antimicrobial activity studies of the methanolic leaf extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. This study is focused on evaluating the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of D. zibethinus Murr. on selected clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram-positive bacterial strains), Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (gram-negative bacterial strains) while Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii (fungi strains) using the standard agar disc diffusion technique. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and phenolic chemicals have all been identified via phytochemical investigation. The result indicated that the leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii at a range of 10.34–16.02 mm at a concentration of 150 mg/mL relative to standard gentamicin and fluconazole antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus was 0.250 mg/mL; for E. coli, it was 0.125 mg/mL; whereas it was 0.250 mg/mL for the two fungal strains, C. albicans and M. audouinii. Our investigation revealed that the D. zibethinus Murr. leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli whereas the extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against M. audouinii. Our research concluded that the Durio zibethinus Murr. leaf extract had potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, suggesting that it could be utilized to treat various pathogenic diseases.
Abiotic Stress Responses in Woody Plants: Morphological, Physiological, and Anatomical Features
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Kamran Muhammad , Arshad Abiha , Maqsood Muhammad Junaid , Rehman Komal , Usman Sama , Farooq Pakeeza
Published: March 2024

Abiotic stressors may have intricate and varied impacts on the growth and development of forest trees. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the effects of abiotic stressors, such as flood, drought, severe temperature, salt, heavy metal, combination stresses, and microplastics, on the morphological, physiological, and anatomical features of woody plants. The focus is particularly on evaluating these effects from the viewpoint of the xylem. During abiotic stress, the ability of xylem to transport water declines, which is linked to the control of leaf stomata and the suppression of aquaporin (AQP) function. Concurrently, woody plants maintain control over the dimensions and structure of their roots and leaves in order to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between water intake and evaporation. The anatomical characteristics are modified as well, including increased density of leaf stomata, smaller conduits, and thicker cell walls. Furthermore, various types of stressors elicit distinct responses in plants. For instance, flooding leads to the development of adventitious roots and aeration tissues, while forest fires cause irreparable damage to the xylem. Low temperatures result in tissue freezing, salt stress hinders ion absorption, and exposure to heavy metals induces biological toxicity. Woody plants' growth may be periodically enhanced in conditions of drought, floods, and exposure to heavy metals. The impact of combined stress on the physiological, morphological, and anatomical characteristics of woody plants is not only cumulative. The underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon requires additional investigation, particularly in natural or near-natural environments.
Effect of Microwave Treatment on Colourof Danedar khoa during Storage
Authors: Chavhan Bhavesh B. , Barnwal P. , Adil Shaikh , Wasnik P. G.
Published: March 2024

In-package microwave-treated danedar khoa (a heat-desiccated milk product) was investigated to determine color changes during its storage at different temperatures.  An optimized sample of danedar khoa packaged in a nylon pack was stored at 10, 35 and45°Ctemperatures.The changes in L*, a*, and b* value in the in-package microwave-treated and control danedar khoa were investigated during storage. In the control sample, the initial average value of L* was 65.04-67.56. As the temperature increased to 10°C, 35°C, and 45°C, the L* values also increased to 64.53-67.17, 65.45-67.10, and 65.58-67.22 respectively. For a*, the initial value was 5.40-4.19 With the rise in temperature to 10°C, 35°C, and 45°C, the a* values decreased to 5.20-4.01, 5.24-4.10, and 5.24-3.13 respectively. Regarding b*, the value in the control sample was 24.15-29.74 As the temperature was raised to 10°C, 35°C, and 45°C, the b* values further increased to 27.44-31.15, 29.50-30.57, and 27.53-31.91 respectively.
A Comprehensive Review on Harvesting Abundance: Exploring the Tools and Techniques of Zero Budget Natural Farming
Authors: Pathak Stuti , Johar Vishal , Kaur Anshmaan , Elizabath Reshma , Muhammad KT
Published: March 2024

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is an innovative and sustainable agricultural paradigm that redefines conventional farming practices. Pioneered by Subhash Palekar, ZBNF promotes a harmonious coexistence with nature by minimizing external inputs and eliminating the use of synthetic chemicals. The approach is rooted in indigenous wisdom, emphasizing the use of locally available resources and traditional farming techniques. Through the judicious application of inputs such as Jeevamrut and Bijamrita, ZBNF aims to enhance soil fertility and plant resilience. ZBNF advocates crop diversification, cover cropping, and agroforestry, fostering biodiversity and mitigating the risks associated with monoculture. The method encourages farmers to adopt natural pest management strategies, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides. One of the distinctive features is its "zero budget" approach, wherein farmers aim to meet their agricultural needs without incurring additional costs. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern ecological principles, ZBNF stands as a promising model for sustainable and regenerative agriculture, addressing global concerns about environmental impact and food security.
The Search for the Origin of the Quantum Conditions under the Paradigm of Absolute Space
Authors: Weber Stefan von , Eye Alexander von
Published: March 2024

This study deals with the physical (not the mathematical) origin of the quantum conditions. The assumption of an absolute space together with the speed of 369.5 km/s of the sun leads to cycloidal or helical orbits of the electron around the proton. This kind of orbits is a previously unnoticed fact and not compatible with the model of a closed circular standing wave. It is the aim of this study to search for alternative models. The Alternating Field model (AFM) assumes the existence of alternating fields for both the proton and the electron. The Higgs-field provides the energy requirements. By Puthoff’s effect, adapted for the electrostatic field, the electron changes its Compton frequency according to its position in the field. The interference of the alternating fields of the proton and the electron causes beats that are integer multiples of the orbital frequencies when the electron moves on Bohr’s orbits.
Important results of this study are: The electrostatic Schwarzschild-radius is exactly half the value of the classical electron radius.  Bohr’s first three principal quantum numbers, 1, 2, 3, are reproduced as 1.000052, 2.000214, and 3.000685. A two-dimensional simulation shows that the AFM causes orbits with ribbon shape. A formula, using only the orbital frequencies of the two innermost circular orbits, can predict the shortest wavelength of the Lyman series.
The AFM is still incomplete. E.g., it does not prevent illegal orbits, but only indicates them. Also, the AFM does not use the magnetic core field of the proton. On the other hand, the model has produced results showing that Newton’s absolute space and the QM are compatible.
Concurrent acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16)(p13.1q22) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Molecular evidence of two separate diseases
Authors: Lu Chuanyi M. , Murata‐Collins Joyce L. , Wang Endi , Siddiqi Imran , Jeffrey Lawrence H.
Published: August 2006

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurring concurrently with or after untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rare. We report a case of a 59‐year‐old man who was evaluated for anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis with circulating blasts. On the basis of the morphology and immunophenotyping results, a preliminary diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with concurrent CLL was considered. Subsequently, cytogenetic analysis of the leukemic blood specimen revealed inv(16)(p13.1q22) with secondary trisomy 22 in a sideline clone. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the CBFβ rearrangement associated with inv(16) in myeloblasts and myelomonocytic cells, but not in CLL cells. Therefore, a final diagnosis of AML with inv(16) with concurrent CLL was made. After standard chemotherapy for AML, the patient achieved complete remission for both his AML and CLL. The unique aspects of this case include concomitant AML and CLL, which do not share clonality, complex cytogenetic abnormalities with trisomy 22 as a secondary abnormality associated with inv(16), and achievement of remission for both AML and CLL by AML chemotherapy regimen. This case also represents one of the rare instances where a diagnosis of AML can be established even when the blast percentage in the marrow and blood is less than 20%. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consanguineous marriage and congenital heart defects: A case‐control study in the neonatal period
Authors: Khalid Yunis , Ghina Mumtaz , Fadi Bitar , Fadi Chamseddine , May Kassar , Joseph Rashkidi , Makhoul Ghaith , Hala Tamim
Published: August 2006

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Am J Med Genet Part A 140A:1524–1530.
Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism
Authors: James S. Jill , Melnyk Stepan , Jernigan Stefanie , Cleves Mario A. , Halsted Charles H. , Wong Donna H. , Cutler Paul , Bock Kenneth , Boris Marvin , Bradstreet J. Jeffrey , Baker Sidney M. , Gaylor David W.
Published: August 2006

Autism is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder usually diagnosed in early childhood that is characterized by impairment in reciprocal communication and speech, repetitive behaviors, and social withdrawal. Although both genetic and environmental factors are thought to be involved, none have been reproducibly identified. The metabolic phenotype of an individual reflects the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on genotype. As such, it provides a window through which the interactive impact of genes and environment may be viewed and relevant susceptibility factors identified. Although abnormal methionine metabolism has been associated with other neurologic disorders, these pathways and related polymorphisms have not been evaluated in autistic children. Plasma levels of metabolites in methionine transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways were measured in 80 autistic and 73 control children. In addition, common polymorphic variants known to modulate these metabolic pathways were evaluated in 360 autistic children and 205 controls. The metabolic results indicated that plasma methionine and the ratio of S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) to S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), an indicator of methylation capacity, were significantly decreased in the autistic children relative to age‐matched controls. In addition, plasma levels of cysteine, glutathione, and the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, an indication of antioxidant capacity and redox homeostasis, were significantly decreased. Differences in allele frequency and/or significant gene–gene interactions were found for relevant genes encoding the reduced folate carrier (RFC 80G > A), transcobalamin II (TCN2 776G > C), catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT 472G > A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C > T and 1298A > C), and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST M1). We propose that an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress (endogenous or environmental) may contribute to the development and clinical manifestations of autism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cannabis receptor haplotype associated with fewer cannabis dependence symptoms in adolescents
Authors: Hopfer Christian J. , Young Susan E. , Purcell Shaun , Crowley Thomas J. , Stallings Michael C. , Corley Robin P. , Rhee Soo Hyun , Smolen Andrew , Krauter Ken , Hewitt John K. , Ehringer Marissa A.
Published: August 2006

Cannabis is a major substance of abuse, and the gene encoding for the central cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) is a logical candidate gene for vulnerability toward developing symptoms of cannabis dependence. We studied four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 gene for association with having one or more symptoms of cannabis dependence in 541 adolescent subjects who had all tried cannabis five or more times. Cases (327) were defined as those who had tried marijuana and developed one or more symptoms, and controls (214) as those who had tried marijuana but developed no dependence symptoms. Cannabis dependence symptoms were assessed in these youth when they were 17 or older with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview—Substance Abuse Module. Univariate (single‐marker) association tests demonstrated that SNP rs806380, located in intron 2 of the CNR1 gene, was significantly associated with developing one or more cannabis dependence symptoms, with the G allele having a protective effect (P < 0.02). This was consistent with the results of the global haplotype test (P < 0.01). One of the common haplotypes examined (present in 21% of the subjects) was significantly associated with a lower rate of having one or more cannabis dependence symptoms. Our findings provide evidence suggesting that a common CNR1 haplotype is associated with developing fewer cannabis dependence symptoms among adolescents who have experimented with cannabis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exon 3 polymorphisms of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children
Authors: Cheuk Daniel Ka Leung , Li Susanna Yuk Han , Wong Virginia
Published: August 2006

Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The 7‐repeat allele of the variable‐number‐of‐tandem‐repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in exon 3 has been reported to be associated with ADHD. However, studies in Chinese populations have yielded conflicting results. We therefore perform another study to investigate the association between ADHD and DRD4 gene polymorphism in Chinese children in Hong Kong. In this prospective family‐based and case‐control study during January–June 2004, we recruited consecutive Chinese children diagnosed with ADHD by DSM‐IV and sex‐matched controls admitted for acute upper respiratory infection, excluding those with perinatal brain insults, mental retardation, or neurological deficits. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were determined by standard PCR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sixty‐four ADHD cases (52 boys, 12 girls), their family members, and 64 normal controls were recruited. The 4‐repeat allele (84.4%) and the 4/4‐repeat genotype (70.3%) were the most prevalent. Both family‐based and case‐control analyses showed no association between ADHD and DRD4 gene polymorphisms (transmission dysequilibrium test (TDT): P = 0.91 and P = 0.33 for the 7‐repeat and 4‐repeat alleles, respectively; OR for the 7‐repeat allele = 2.01 (95% CI 0.07–60.4, P = 0.66), OR for the 4‐repeat allele = 1.51 (95% CI 0.80–2.85, P = 0.2)). However, the longer repeat alleles had a positive trend association with ADHD (P = 0.01) in the case‐control analysis. We concluded that ADHD is not associated with a particular VNTR polymorphism of the DRD4 gene. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of repeat length of the VNTR region of the DRD4 gene in the pathogenesis of ADHD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase and the clinical features of psychosis
Authors: McClay J.L. , Fanous A. , van den Oord E.J.C.G. , Webb B.T. , Walsh D. , O'Neill F.A. , Kendler K.S. , Chen X.
Published: August 2006

A functional polymorphism (Val‐158‐Met) at the Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) locus has been identified as a potential etiological factor in schizophrenia. Yet the association has not been convincingly replicated across independent samples. We hypothesized that phenotypic heterogeneity might be diluting the COMT effect. To clarify the putative association, we performed an exploratory analysis to test for association between COMT and five psychosis symptom scales. These were derived through factor analysis of the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychiatric Illness. Our sample was the Irish Study of High Density Schizophrenia Families, a large collection consisting of 268 multiplex families. This sample has previously shown a small but significant effect of the COMT Val allele in conferring risk for schizophrenia. We tested for preferential transmission of COMT alleles from parent to affected offspring (n = 749) for each of the five factor‐derived scales (negative symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, mania, and depression). Significant overtransmission of the Val allele was found for mania (P < 0.05) and depression (P = 0.01) scales. Examination of odds ratios (ORs) revealed a heterogeneous effect of COMT, whereby it had no effect on Negative Symptoms, but largest impact on Depression (OR = 1.4). These results suggest a modest affective vulnerability conferred by this allele in psychosis, but will require replication. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study on the Decomposition of 2‐Chloroethylnitro‐ sosulfamides (CENS) in Serum Using HPLC On‐line Solid Phase Extraction
Authors: Seridi Achour , Winum Jean‐Yves , Kadri Mekki , Abdaoui Mohamed , Montero Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2006

In this paper we have investigated the kinetic decomposition of 2‐chloroethylnitrososulfamides (CENS) in fetal calf serum. The study was monitored by on‐line solid phase extraction linked to RP‐LC‐MS. We demonstrated that CENS are less stable in fetal calf serum than in aqueous buffer at pH 7.4 and 37°C. Moreover, we have shown that partition coefficient of CENS can be correlated to the kinetics decomposition, and we observe that the stability is better for lipophilic CENS. The different metabolites after decomposition have been tentatively identified by RP‐HPLC‐MS. This study indicates the formation of several metabolites resulting from a mechanism of decomposition more complex than in aqueous phosphate buffer, nevertheless, leading to the same main products.
A Formal Total Synthesis of Taxol Aided by an Automated Synthesizer
Authors: Doi Takayuki , Fuse Shinichiro , Miyamoto Shigeru , Nakai Kazuoki , Sasuga Daisuke , Takahashi Takashi
Published: August 2006

A 36‐step synthesis was carried out in automated synthesizers to provide a synthetic key intermediate of taxol. A key step involved a microwave‐assisted alkylation reaction to construct the ABC ring system from an AC precursor. Subsequent formation of the D ring afforded baccatin III, a well‐known precursor of taxol.
PAMP recognition and the plant–pathogen arms race
Authors: Ingle Robert A. , Carstens Maryke , Denby Katherine J.
Published: August 2006

Plants have evolved systems analogous to animal innate immunity that recognise pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP detection is an important component of non‐host resistance in plants and serves as an early warning system for the presence of potential pathogens. Binding of a PAMP to the appropriate pattern recognition receptor leads to downstream signalling events and, ultimately, to the induction of basal defence systems. To overcome non‐host resistance, pathogens have evolved effectors that target specific regulatory components of the basal defence system. In turn, this has led to the evolution in plants of cultivar‐specific resistance mediated by R proteins, which guard the targets of effectors against pathogen manipulation; the arms race continues. BioEssays 28: 880–889, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Common and divergent pathways in alternative developmental processes of ascidians
Authors: Manni Lucia , Burighel Paolo
Published: August 2006

Colonial ascidians offer opportunities to investigate how developmental events are integrated to generate the animal form, since they can develop similar individuals (oozooids from eggs, blastozooids from pluripotent somatic cells) through very different reproductive processes, i.e. embryogenesis and blastogenesis. Moreover, thanks to their key phylogenetic position, they can help in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of morphogenesis and their evolution in chordates. We review organogenesis of the ascidian neural complex comparing embryos and buds in terms of topology, developmental mechanisms and terminology. We propose a new interpretation of bud territories, and reconsider nervous system development based on recent results suggesting that ascidians have vertebrate placodal and neural‐crest‐like cells. Comparing embryonic and blastogenic development in Botryllus schlosseri, we propose that the bud has territories with a placodal potentiality, suggesting that chordate ancestors possessed neurogenic placodes, and that the genetic pathways regulating neurogenic placode formation were co‐opted for new developmental processes, such as blastogenesis. BioEssays 28: 902–912, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Enhancement of cellulose saccharification kinetics using an ionic liquid pretreatment step
Authors: Dadi Anantharam P. , Varanasi Sasidhar , Schall Constance A.
Published: August 2006

Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose in aqueous media catalyzed by the cellulase enzyme system suffers from slow reaction rates due in large part to the highly crystalline structure of cellulose and inaccessibility of enzyme adsorption sites. In this study, an attempt was made to disrupt the cellulose structure using the ionic liquid (IL), 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, in a cellulose regeneration strategy which accelerated the subsequent hydrolysis reaction. ILs are a new class of non‐volatile solvents that exhibit unique solvating properties. They can be tuned to dissolve a wide variety of compounds including cellulose. Because of their extremely low volatility, ILs are expected to have minimal environmental impact on air quality compared to most other volatile solvent systems. The initial enzymatic hydrolysis rates were approximately 50‐fold higher for regenerated cellulose as compared to untreated cellulose (Avicel PH‐101) as measured by a soluble reducing sugar assay. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated non‐invasive system for quantifying secreted human therapeutic hIL2
Authors: Yung Chong Wing , Barbari Timothy A. , Bentley William E.
Published: August 2006

Cell encapsulation has been used to treat diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other chronic ailments by the secretion of therapeutic proteins in vivo. Detection of these proteins typically requires invasive procedures such as blood sampling or device extraction, however. In this article, a non‐invasive means of measuring secreted protein concentration using a co‐expressed red fluorescent protein marker is developed. A bicistronic expression vector was constructed for the intracellular production of a red fluorescent protein marker and the secreted production of human interleukin‐2 (hIL2). The destabilized red fluorescent protein, DsExDR, was selected for its rapid turnover, as well as its ability to emit red light, which is readily transmitted through mammalian tissue. Transfections of this bicistronic vector into three cell lines C2C12, HEK293, and Jurkat showed linear correlations between the expressed proteins, DsExDR (intracellular) and hIL2 (secreted), with transfection DNA concentration. Correspondingly, there was a linear correlation between secreted product (hIL2) and intracellular marker (DsExDR). As transfection DNA was increased, Jurkat cells were found to increase secreted hIL2 in direct proportion to the accumulated DsExDR. HEK293 and C2C12 cells expressed and secreted significantly more hIL2 than the Jurkat cells, while still maintaining a linear relationship. Thus, all three cell lines were suitable hosts for the bicistronic expression of DsExDR and expression and secretion of therapeutic hIL2. This reporting strategy may find the greatest use in cell encapsulation therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new approach for the recovery of precious metals from solution and from leachates derived from electronic scrap
Authors: Macaskie L.E. , Creamer N.J. , Essa A.M.M. , Brown N.L.
Published: August 2006

A new approach is described for the recovery of precious metals (PMs: Au, Pd and Ag) with >99% efficiency from aqueous solution utilising biogas produced during the aerobic growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Gold was recovered from electronic scrap leachate (∼95%) by this method, with some selectivity against Cu. The recovered PM solids all contained metal and sulphur as determined by energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX). X‐ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) showed no crystalline metal sulphur compounds but a crystalline palladium amine was recorded. Silver was recovered as a sulphide (found by EDX), carbonate and oxide (found by XRD). EDX analysis of the Au‐precipitate showed mainly gold and sulphur, with some metallic Au(0) detected by XRD. The gold compound was shock‐sensitive; upon grinding it detonated to leave a sooty black deposit. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:631–639. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost‐effective engineering of a small‐scale bioreactor
Authors: Bartholomew Sadie R. , Tansey John T.
Published: August 2006

Several methods exist for increasing the scale of cell culture in the laboratory. While these methods provide significant increases in biomass, they are often prohibitively expensive for many laboratories. We have engineered a small‐scale bioreactor with a novel means of introducing oxygen through the catalytic breakdown of hydrogen peroxide using a manganese oxide catalyst. We have also adapted and modified an existing assay for dissolved oxygen to be compatible with culture conditions. In this system we have been able to culture CHO cells at densities of up to 107 cells/mL without the use of automated feedback systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 401–407. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scale‐up criteria of square tank surface aerator
Authors: Rao Achanta Ramakrishna , Kumar Bimlesh
Published: August 2006

Oxygen transfer rate and the corresponding power requirement to operate the rotor are vital for design and scale‐up of surface aerators. Present study develops simulation or scale‐up criterion correlating the oxygen transfer coefficient and power number along with a parameter governing theoretical power per unit volume (X, which is defined as equal to F4/3R1/3, where F and R are impellers' Froude and Reynolds number, respectively). Based on such scale‐up criteria, design considerations are developed to save energy requirements while designing square tank surface aerators. It has been demonstrated that energy can be saved substantially if the aeration tanks are run at relatively higher input powers. It is also demonstrated that smaller sized tanks are more energy conservative and economical when compared to big sized tanks, while aerating the same volume of water, and at the same time by maintaining a constant input power in all the tanks irrespective of their size. An example illustrating how energy can be reduced while designing different sized aerators is given. The results presented have a wide application in biotechnology and bioengineering areas with a particular emphasis on the design of appropriate surface aeration systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 464–470. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhancing oxygen tension and cellular function in alginate cell encapsulation devices through the use of perfluorocarbons
Authors: Khattak Sarwat F. , Chin Kyuong‐sik , Bhatia Surita R. , Roberts Susan C.
Published: August 2006

Encapsulation devices are often hindered by the inability to achieve sufficient oxygen levels for sustaining long‐term cell survival both in vivo and in vitro. We have investigated the use of synthetic oxygen carriers in alginate gels to improve metabolic activity and viability of HepG2 cells over time. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), specifically perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA) and perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB), were emulsified with alginate and used to encapsulate HepG2 cells in a spherical geometry. Cellular state was assessed using the MTT assay and Live/Dead® stain as well as through analysis of both lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels which are indirect indicators of oxygen availability. Addition of 1% surfactant resulted in stable emulsions with evenly dispersed PFC droplets of the order of 1–2 µm in diameter, with no influence on cell viability. Both PFCs evaluated were effective in increasing cellular metabolic activity over alginate‐only gels. The presence of 10% PFOB significantly increased cellular growth rate by 10% and reduced both intracellular LDH and extracellular lactate levels by 20–40%, improving glucose utilization efficiency. The characteristic drop in cellular metabolic activity upon encapsulation was eliminated with addition of 10% PFC and viability was better maintained throughout the bead, with a significant decrease in necrotic core size. Results were consistent under a physiologically relevant 5% oxygen environment. The incorporation of PFC synthetic oxygen carriers into encapsulation matrices has been successfully applied to improve cell function and viability with implication for a variety of tissue engineering applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 156–166. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of ferrous ion on the biological activity in a UASB reactor: Mathematical modeling and verification
Authors: Vlyssides Apostolos , Barampouti Elli Maria , Mai Sofia
Published: August 2006

The effect of ferrous ion on the biological activity in a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was studied. A mathematical model was developed and validated in order to simulate the dynamic behavior of a UASB reactor. This model took into consideration of all the biological and physicochemical reactions. The model was able to simulate the accumulation of iron in the sludge bed and its effect on the biological activity of the anaerobic sludge. A significant increase in the maximum uptake rate of methanogens and acidogens was revealed when iron was supplemented to the UASB reactor. The addition of ferrous iron induced a stable and excellent COD conversion rate. The model can be a useful tool for the prediction of process performance in the future and can be used to assist in the operation of biogas plants. The ferrous ion addition proved to enhance the biological activity of UASB sludge. Thus, the model can be used for the design of treatment plants that will take advantage of the benefits of iron addition. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:853–861. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aziridide‐Based Inhibitors of Cathepsin L: Synthesis, Inhibition Activity, and Docking Studies
Authors: Vicik Radim , Busemann Matthias , Gelhaus Christoph , Stiefl Nikolaus , Scheiber Josef , Schmitz Werner , Schulz Franziska , Mladenovic Milena , Engels Bernd , Leippe Matthias , Baumann Knut , Schirmeister Tanja
Published: August 2006

A comprehensive screening of N‐acylated aziridine (aziridide) based cysteine protease inhibitors containing either Boc‐Leu‐Caa (Caa=cyclic amino acid), Boc‐Gly‐Caa, or Boc‐Phe‐Ala attached to the aziridine nitrogen atom revealed Boc‐(S)‐Leu‐(S)‐Azy‐(S,S)‐Azi(OBn)2 (18 a) as a highly potent cathepsin L (CL) inhibitor (Ki=13 nM) (Azy=aziridine‐2‐carboxylate, Azi=aziridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylate). Docking studies, which also accounted for the unusual bonding situations (the flexibility and hybridization of the aziridides) predict that the inhibitor adopts a Y shape and spans across the entire active site cleft, binding into both the nonprimed and primed sites of CL.
An association between glutathione S‐transferase P1 gene polymorphism and younger age at onset of lung carcinoma
Authors: Miller David P. , Asomaning Kofi , Liu Geoffrey , Wain John C. , Lynch Thomas J. , Neuberg Donna , Su Li , Christiani David C.
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND.

Among the genes that encode the glutathione S‐transferase (GST) superfamily of Phase 2 metabolizing enzymes, GSTP1 has the highest expression in the lung. The polymorphic GSTP1 gene encodes glutathione S‐transferase π, which is an enzyme that detoxifies cigarette carcinogens, such as benzo‐[a]‐pyrene. The variant GSTP1 GG genotype is associated with lower enzymatic activity and higher DNA adduct levels in human lymphocytes compared with the AA genotype.

METHODS.

The authors evaluated the association of GSTP1 genotypes with lung cancer in 1921 cases and 1343 controls of Caucasian descent by using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The results were analyzed with multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, and pack‐years. To investigate specifically the subset of younger lung cancer patients and controls, the effect of age (either as a dichotomous or continuous variable in separate models) was analyzed as a modifying factor of the association between the GSTP1 polymorphism and lung cancer.

RESULTS.

The GSTP1 GG genotype was not associated with an overall increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.78–1.34) compared with the GSTP1 AA genotype. In both models that evaluated the gene‐age interaction, an overall statistically significant interaction (P < .01) was observed between age and the GG genotype. However, for the model that included age as a dichotomous variable, the odds ratio of lung cancer risk with the GG genotype compared with the AA among individuals age ≤50 years was 2.67 (95% CI, 1.36–5.22); in older individuals, the risk was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.65–1.2).

RESULTS.

The GSTP1 GG genotype was associated with increased lung cancer susceptibility among younger study participants. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Neuropathic pain: symptoms, models, and mechanisms
Authors: Beggs Simon , Salter Michael W.
Published: August 2006

Peripheral neuropathic pain is the most debilitating of all clinical pain syndromes and affects a large and growing number of people worldwide. There are diverse causes for peripheral neuropathic pain, which may be experienced after traumatic nerve injury or from diseases that affect peripheral nerves, such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and cancer, and it can also result from toxic chemicals, such as cancer chemotherapy agents. Despite these varying causes, it is clear that neuropathic pain is due to persistent pathological alterations resulting in hyperexcitability in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and it is the neuropathology that must be targeted for effective therapy of which there is none presently available. Mechanistically, neuropathic pain is distinct from acute pain and inflammatory pain, for which many effective therapies are known. In this review, we describe the relationships between clinical symptoms and experimental models of peripheral neuropathic pain, and we provide a framework for understanding the potential mechanisms that involve primary neuronal dysfunction as well as pathological changes in neuron‐glial signaling. Drug Dev. Res. 67:289–301, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional profiling of dorsal root ganglia in a neuropathic pain model using microarray and laser capture microdissection
Authors: Davis‐Taber Rachel A. , Scott Victoria E.S.
Published: August 2006

Chronic neuropathic pain arises following nerve injury and persists long after the initial damage has recovered. To enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this pain state, the gene expression profiles of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from spinal nerve ligation (SNL; L5/L6 region) were examined using microarray techniques 14 days post‐insult and compared with gene expression patterns in DRG of sham‐operated animals. There were 350 dysregulated gene products with a majority of those transcripts changing ≥2‐fold. Genes that had an altered expression pattern were classified into the following groups: cellular homeostasis and remodeling, ion channels and receptors, enzymes, immune response, neuronal markers, synaptic plasticity, and a transcription factors category. Several genes involved in synaptic plasticity (e.g., Narp and synaptobrevin) were downregulated, whereas genes involved in the immune response (e.g., MHCII) and cell regeneration/proliferation (e.g., Reg‐2 and GADD45) were upregulated. To obtain a more in‐depth profile of genes that exhibited altered expression in the SNL model, subpopulations of the small nociceptive (diameter <25 µm) and the large mechanosensitive (diameter >40 µm) neurons from the L5/L6 DRG were isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Microarray analysis revealed a greater number of dysregulated genes in the large diameter neurons than in the small neurons. While some genes (e.g., 5HT3A, synaptotagmin 4, GFRα1) showed similar changes in expression in both small and large neurons in the SNL model, several genes were dysregulated in only one neuronal subtype. Altered expression of NPYR5, P2X3, and Nell I occurred only in small neurons whereas altered expression of P2X5, PKCε, and Nav1.1 occurred only in large neurons. For the first time, expression changes that occur in specific subpopulations of neurons isolated by LCM are given and provide a detailed view of the molecular landscape of neuropathic pain in the DRG. The utilization of LCM may help to pinpoint the underlying components that play a role in this complex pathophysiology. Drug Dev. Res. 67:308–330, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the protein related to Dan and Cerberus gene—prdc—During eye, pharyngeal arch, somite, and swim bladder development in zebrafish
Authors: Müller Iris I. , Knapik Ela W. , Hatzopoulos Antonis K.
Published: August 2006

The protein related to Dan and Cerberus, or PRDC, is a secreted glycoprotein, which belongs to the DAN subfamily of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. In zebrafish, prdc is expressed initially around 17 hours postfertilization in the developing eyes and the first two pharyngeal arches. Expression in the eye starts in the outer layers of the optic cup. Later, prdc expression domains are juxtaposed at the edges of the optic cup surrounding the choroid fissure, then gradually becoming restricted to a small site in the ventral marginal zone. Prdc expression in the arch mesenchyme expands stepwise to the remaining posterior arches. Prdc is also detectable in the ventral part of the somites and the mesenchyme of the swim bladder. The relatively late appearance during development is a unique feature of Prdc among BMP antagonists. Moreover, the complexity of the prdc expression pattern suggests possible roles in eye development, pharyngeal arch remodeling, somitogenesis, and swim bladder organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:2881–2888, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct sources and targets of IL‐10 during dendritic cell‐driven Th1 and Th2 responses in vivo
Authors: Perona‐Wright Georgia , Jenkins Stephen J. , Crawford Alison , Gray David , Pearce Edward J. , MacDonald Andrew S.
Published: August 2006

Dendritic cells (DC) can both initiate an immune response and dictate its character. Cytokines are critically involved in this process and, although interleukin (IL)‐10 is known as a potent immunosuppressant, the impact of its release from DC remains unclear. Here, we transfer pathogen‐conditioned murine DC in vivo and show that, while DC‐derived IL‐10 can act to limit Th1 development, it is not required for Th2 induction. In both Th2 and Th1 settings, however, IL‐10 from cells other than the initiating DC dominates the regulation of the emerging effector cell populations. Surprisingly, the critical source of IL‐10 in this process is neither T nor B cells. These data illustrate the distinct actions of IL‐10 during differently polarised, pathogen‐focussed, DC‐driven immune responses in vivo.
Drug Self‐Templated Synthesis of Ibuprofen/Mesoporous Silica for Sustained Release
Authors: Qu Fengyu , Zhu Guangshan , Lin Huiming , Sun Jinyu , Zhang Daliang , Li Shougui , Qiu Shilun
Published: August 2006

The synthesis of Ibuprofen/mesoporous silica has been achieved by a drug self‐templated one‐step co‐condensation process. The drug template of Ibuprofen, a co‐template of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and tetraethoxysiliane (TEOS) were self‐assembled into Ibuprofen/mesoporous silica in a neutral aqueous reaction system. This drug/mesoporous silica was characterized by powder XRD diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, TEM, and 29Si/MAS and 13C/MAS NMR spectroscopy. The Ibuprofen/mesoporous silica system gives a well‐sustained release profile. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Zinc Hydrazide and Zinc Alkoxide Hydrazide Cages with Zn4N8 and Zn4N6O Cores – Cluster Isomerism as a Result of Subtle Changes in Ligand Size
Authors: Jana Surajit , Fröhlich Roland , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: August 2006

The hydrazide cluster [(iPrZn)4(NHNMe2)4] (1) was synthesised by the reaction of diisopropylzinc with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine and was characterised by 1H‐ and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and X‐ray crystallography. This compound forms asymmetric aggregates containing Zn4N8 cores. The Zn atoms in these aggregates are arranged in topological tetrahedra in which the triangular faces are bridged by NHNMe2 substituents. Each NH group is connected to two Zn atoms and each NMe2 group to one Zn atom. Alkoxide clusters were prepared in one‐pot syntheses by treating diisopropylzinc solutions with mixtures of N,N‐dimethylhydrazine and ROH (R = Et, iPr). The resulting compounds have the formula [(iPrZn)4(NHNMe2)3(OR)] [R = Et (3), iPr(4)] and contain Zn4N6O cages, such that one NHNMe2 in 1 is replaced by one alkoxide group. Two different aggregation modes were found for these Zn4N6O cages. In compound 3, one Zn atom is bound to two NMe2 groups and one NH group. The other three Zn atoms each have three bonds to NH groups and one dative bond to an NMe2 group. The cage consists of one four‐membered and one six‐membered ring as well as four five‐membered rings. In compound 4, the fourth zinc atom is exclusively bonded to three anionic NH functions in such a way that the rings in the cage are all five‐membered. Compounds 3 and 4 were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Hydrazide hydroxide clusters were also obtained through the reaction of a diisopropylzinc solution with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine and a small amount of water. The structure of the resulting cocrystalline material, [(iPrZn)4(NHNMe2)4]·[(iPrZn)4(NHNMe2)3(OH)] (2), was also confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The hydroxide cluster in 2 contains a Zn4N6O cage, with a similar aggregation mode to that of 4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Lithium Oligophosphanediides in the Li/PhPCl2 System
Authors: Stein Daniel , Dransfeld Alk , Flock Michaela , Rüegger Heinz , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: August 2006

Optimized conditions for the selective synthesis of [Li2(PnPhn)(tmeda)x] (n = 2, 3, 4) have been developed. X‐ray diffraction with single crystals show [Li2(P2Ph2)(tmeda)2] and [Li2(P4Ph4)(tmeda)2] to be ion triples, while for n = 3 the ion pair [Li(tmeda)2]+[Li(P3Ph3)(tmeda)]– is observed. NMR experiments support the assumption that these structures are retained in solution. Structural differences between the lithium and the corresponding sodium compounds, [Na2(PnPhn)(tmeda)x], can be partially rationalized using the electrostatic stabilization parameters, ESP = Σ(1/r) + Σ(1/r) – Σ(1/r); M = Li, Na. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Uranium(IV) Complexes of Calix[5]arene
Authors: Salmon Lionel , Thuéry Pierre , Ephritikhine Michel
Published: August 2006

The μ‐oxo uranium(V) compound [Hpy]2[{U(calix[5]arene–5H)}2(μ2‐O)]·4py (1·4py) was the sole product isolated from the reaction of UCl4 and calix[5]arene unless the last traces of water were eliminated by thoroughly drying the macrocyclic molecule; under such strictly anhydrous conditions, thebinuclear UIV complex [Hpy]3[U2(calix[5]arene–5H)Cl6]·4py (2·4py) was obtained. Treatment of U(OTf)3 or U(OTf)4 (OTf = OSO2CF3) with calix[5]arene gave the dimeric UIV complex [U(calix[5]arene–4H)(py)]2·4py (3·4py); compound 3 was also formed when no precautions were taken to avoid the presence of traces of water, together with compound 1. The crystal structures of the complexes were determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Diastereomeric 4‐Fluoro‐4,5‐Dihydroceramides
Authors: Oldendorf Jens , Haufe Günter
Published: August 2006

Two diastereomeric enantiopure 4‐fluoro‐4,5‐dihydroceramides with the natural D‐erythro configuration at the 2‐ and 3‐carbon atoms have been synthesized in an enantioselective eleven‐step sequence. The key step of the synthesis was a diastereoselective asymmetric Sharpless dihydroxylation of ethyl trans‐4‐fluorooctadec‐2‐enoate (8) with AD‐mix‐β to afford the D‐erythro arrangement. The diastereomers of the other enantiomeric series were synthesized analogously with the use of AD‐mix‐α. In all cases, the nitrogen heteroatom was introduced into the 2‐position by regio‐ and stereoselective ring opening of cyclic sulfates 13 and 14 with azide. Staudinger reduction, acylation of the intermediary formed amino group, chromatographic separation of the diastereomers and chemoselective reduction of the ester functionality with sodium borohydride in the presence of methanol afforded both title compounds in an enantiopure form. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Perceived group and personal discrimination: differential effects on personal self‐esteem
Authors: Bourguignon David , Seron Eleonore , Yzerbyt Vincent , Herman Ginette
Published: August 2006

In two studies, we investigate the differential influence of perceived group and personal discrimination on self‐esteem in the context of the Rejection–Identification model (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, 1999). We first polled a group of African immigrants and found that whereas personal discrimination was negatively related to personal self‐esteem, group discrimination was positively associated with it. As expected, identification served as a buffer between personal discrimination and self‐esteem. We replicated these effects in a second study using women as our respondents. These results suggest that perceiving group discrimination may be positively related to self‐esteem because people feel less alone in their plight, thereby alleviating the ill‐effects of exclusion. We discuss these results in relation to both the Rejection–Identification model and the discounting hypothesis (Crocker & Major, 1989). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.