bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criminal Violence in America: The First Hundred Years
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: October 2007

America has long been notorious for its vio lence, but illegitimate criminal violence has received rela tively little attention. Vigilantism is the best known of the specifically American forms of social violence. Woven deeply into our history, bound up in the westward movement, the gun culture, and slavery, vigilantism in its wider sense was an important form of political expression. Mob violence reached its apogee in the North before the Civil War, but con tinued to flourish in the South and West through 1876 and gave the whole nation a heritage of direct action in the name of justice. Gunfighting has been less important in our actual history, but very significant in our national imagination. The gunfighting mystique, and our fascination with it, has con tributed heavily to our tradition of violence. Urban riot and crime are new fields of study, drawing heavily on interdisci plinary methods. Recent work on the city of Philadelphia, for example, may be used in several ways. The nature of collective violence reveals something about the city's own polity and, in connection with other studies of individual violence, something about social and economic stages of development. In brief, all sorts of street violence decreased with the Industrial Revolution, and the Centennial City was quieter than any earlier.
The Growth of Crime in the United States
Authors: Pepinsky Harold E.
Published: October 2007

The growth of crime in the United States has been viewed as a social problem since the founding of the Republic. From at least the middle of the nineteenth century, this growth can be explained as an outcome of the development of crime measurement technology. American crime measurement specialists have consistently operated under a pair of assumptions: that crime is underreported rather than overreported in crime statistics and that rates of crime generally increase. These assumptions have be come the foundation of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Efforts have been devoted to detecting larger rates of crime by using each measure that has been developed, and new measures have continued to be created to supplement the old. Recently, for instance, police departments "refined" their procedures for compiling offense reports, so rates of offenses known to the police climbed dramatically. And the victim survey was developed to supplement police data, with the victim data interpreted as indicating that crime rates are increasing far faster than we had previously imagined.

It is proposed that those engaged in crime measurement be given incentives to report fewer offenses. Otherwise, regardless of change in the level of interpersonal conflict in American society, the prophecy of American crime mea surement specialists can be expected to continue to fulfill itself, with an unabated growth of crime.
Blacks, Crime, and American Culture
Authors: Davis John A.
Published: October 2007

Attempts to understand crime patterns among blacks in the United States have systematically failed to consider the impact of slavery and resultant racist policies on black self-esteem. This paper explores the thesis that cultural domination was fundamentally more damaging than economic domination to black self-esteem. The ruth less attacks on blacks and black culture, usually justified by legal interpretations by whites, destroyed their faith that justice could be secured in this society. Data is pre sented which indicates that social inequalities have been perpetuated under the law and blacks were aware of this. Indeed, the law appears as a major instrument of racial oppression and, historically, many blacks have resisted oppression through illegal acts. Economic oppression of blacks under the law and their resistance created the condi tion in which the connection between crime and punishment lost the power to constrain antisocial acts. Blacks often secretly admired resistance, particularly those who felt op pressed, while whites developed extreme paranoia that blacks were out to take their lives and property. The euphemism "crime in the streets" is the perpetuation of this paranoia. The records show that blacks mainly victim ize blacks. Chances are far greater for a white to be victim ized by another white than by a black. The predominant crime pattern among blacks is against property, and the rate is not significantly higher than for whites. In crime against persons, black rates are higher than white rates.
Controlling "Dangerous" People
Authors: Monahan John , Geis Gilbert
Published: October 2007

The label "dangerous" often has been applied in America to persons whose major threat lay in the fact that they offended the moral or esthetic sensibilities of those holding power. In the America of the Revolutionary period, there was comparatively little violent crime, but by today's standards, punishments tended to be harsh and/or humil iating. The mentally aberrant were seen as especially dangerous, since their condition was traced to a devilish infestation, and they were handled with great brutality. Blacks, too, often restive under slavery, were regarded as dangerous persons. Today, similar kinds of ascriptions as "dangerous" are applied to criminals, mental patients, and minorities—with similarly unconvincing evidence to justify the treatment such persons often receive. Danger ought to be determined on a social basis, not by theo logical or medical dictation, and the category ought to in clude all (but only) forms of human and group action which represent real threats.
Equity and Republican Justice
Authors: Wilkins Leslie T.
Published: October 2007

The incarceration of offenders (in prisons) with a view to their reformation was a social invention of the early Americans—the Quakers of Pennsylvania—some 200 years ago. The view that the goal of rehabilitation of offenders is either impossible or undesirable or both is now gaining ground rapidly. It has also become widely accepted, as the result of research and general experience, that the simplification of the problem of crime to the problem of the offender leads nowhere. The anchor points for moral values have been eroding, and reference to authority figures or symbols for guidance as to what is right and just is regarded as unsatisfactory. The concept of equity (which in volves comparisons between items) has come to be preferred over the concept of justice (which refers to a fixed ideal). Parole determinations, for example, may be "arbitrary" but they must not be "capricious." Justification of punishment for socially damaging behavior relies on the idea of com mensurateness ("deserts"). This raises to a new level of urgency the issue of doing justice in an unjust society—a difficulty which the prior philosophy of the treatment of offenders was able to avoid.
Health Policy: The Need for Governance
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: October 2007

Health policy must accept public control of the health care system, and the resulting political dilemmas, if the health cost crisis is to be resolved. Public governance is one way of achieving order and rationality in health—that is, controlling the health sector and allocating social resources to it optimally. These goals are not achieved now, because of a system of insured, fee-for-service financing, in which actors need not balance the overall benefits of care against their cost.

In theory, control could be achieved by either delegating care and spending decisions to health professionals or by mar ket allocation. But for fundamental as well as practical reasons, neither of these mechanisms has restrained costs adequately.

Hence, explicit public control seems inevitable. Federal health policy has moved toward it. Success will depend on resolving the resulting political tensions. Governance re quires continual wrestling with provider and patient inter ests in which there can be no clear standards for the correct course of action.

Public control should be structured to facilitate resolution of these tensions. Public utility approaches tend to accord the providers too much autonomy; radical political reforms, too little. European experience suggests that a combination of central budget control with decentralized administration may be the best way to achieve order and rationality in health.
Toward a Multidimensional Framework for the Analysis of Social Policy
Authors: Heisler Martin O. , Peters B. Guy
Published: October 2007

Most conceptual models of the policy process have relied upon single factor explanations of policy out comes. While enhancing clarity, these models have tended to oversimplify greatly the real complexity of the formation of public policies. In this article, a plea for a more complex conceptualization of the policy process is made, with an expressed need for considering the factors of time, policy area, level of government, and nation. By considering these fac tors, some of the apparently contradictory evidence in cur rent policy studies may be better integrated. This will be especially important in reemphasizing the role of politics, as opposed to resources, as a component of explanation of policy choices.
Sociological Criminology and Models of Juvenile Delinquency and Maladjustment
Authors: Szabo Denis
Published: October 2007

The aim of this paper is to review and reinter pret the contemporary literature on juvenile delinquency by classifying it according to two explanatory models called the "consensual" and "conflictual" models.

The consensual model considers the social system as a general framework of interactions structured in a homeostatic system, while the conflictual model sees it as a system of unresolvable conflicts between its component elements. Methodological and theoretical correlates of the two models are outlined, based on the general sociological literature; the relevant research on juvenile delinquency is summarized and analyzed according to its ties or affinities to one or the other model. Studies on ecology, social organizations, subcultures, social regulation and control are included in the consensual model; research on hidden delinquency and dark numbers, on deviance as opposed to delinquence, on existential contexts and meaningful acts as opposed to legally defined conduct are included in the conflictual model.

For both models, the impact on social policy and practice is discussed.
When Do Votes Count?
Authors: Mylonas Harris , Roussias Nasos
Published: October 2007

The effects of electoral systems have been tested recently in Africa, raising several questions: Are the systematic effects of electoral rules the same across regime types? Does the conduct of elections affect the process of strategic coordination between voters and parties? The literature to date has not considered these issues and also analyzes elections in settings where a crucial set of its assumptions are clearly violated. The authors argue that the mechanism of strategic coordination only operates in democracies that hold free and fair elections, and they exhibit the ways it is violated outside of this domain. They compile a new data set on sub-Saharan African elections and show that the interaction of electoral rules and ethnopolitical cleavages predicts the number of parties only in democratic settings, failing to produce substantive effects in nondemocratic ones.
Private-enterprise broadcasting and accelerating dependency: Case studies from Nigeria and Uganda
Authors: Folarin Ogundimu Folu
Published: October 2007

This paper shows how political economy transformations in sub-Saharan Africa have led to the proliferation of privately-owned, commercial broadcasting stations. Despite assumptions that political economy constraints and weak market factors would inhibit private-enterprise broadcasting, the paper shows that none of these constraints have prevented indigenous (African) entrepreneurs from establishing viable broadcast stations. Using cases from Nigeria and Uganda, the paper argues that notwithstanding the potential for reverse export earnings, the existing private-enterprise stations are heavily dependent on foreign vendors for equipment and programming, with the region spending an estimated $300 million between 1995 and 1996 on broadcast-related services.
What does China want the world to know: A content analysis of CNN World Report sent by the People's Republic of China
Authors: Xinlu Yu
Published: October 2007

This study is a content analysis of news sent by China to CNN World Report. Significant differences are found between the news sent before and that sent after the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement. During the pre-movement period, economic news was the type of story from China most frequently aired on CNNWR while news that was supportive as well as news that was critical of the government were both well-represented. After the student movement, political news increased dramatically and there was much less negative news and more supportive news during this period. Another interesting finding is that the news patterns of the stories sent by China to CNNWR in 1994 resembled the news patterns of those sent before the 1989 student movement, both in news categories and news direction.
Telecommunication, transportation, and trade networks of 15 European countries
Authors: Choi Young , Ahn Minho
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the telecommunication, transportation, and trade networks among 15 European countries. An attempt is made to show that the relations or locations of nations on the European continent could be meaningfully conceptualized as flows of transactions between countries and subjected to systematic empirical analysis. The findings of this study reveal the major role of the G-7 member countries such as Germany, United Kingdom, France, and Italy across all three European networks indicating that the positions of these countries in the European continent are quite stable and consistent. Switzerland also keeps a very central position in the network. Eastern bloc countries such as Hungary and Czechoslovakia and Iceland are the least central in all three networks.
The Person-Centered Approach Meets Neuroscience: Mutual Support for C. R. Rogers's and A. Damasio's Theories
Authors: Motschnig-Pitrik Renate , Lux Michael
Published: October 2007

Neuroscience offers new ways and levels to look into the functioning of our organisms. It thus can be used as a means to confirm or question psychological phenomena. In this article, the authors aim to view Carl Rogers's theory of personality and behavior in light of Antonio Damasio's theories and hypotheses concerning emotions, feelings, and conscious thought. The results indicate a tight correspondence of basic concepts and hypotheses such as the actualizing tendency and the vital role of feelings in thought. Furthermore, several ways accrue in which neuroscience and psychology complement one another in producing a more complete and, hence, reliable image of human functioning.
Reclaiming Humanistic Psychology From Modernity: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Dillon James J.
Published: October 2007

This article begins as a lamentation over the historical demise of humanistic psychology programs in the United States and considers the critiques and alternatives to the humanistic tradition proposed during such transitions. The article isolates the core elements of the premodern humanistic tradition, outlines the central features of the cultural trend referred to as modernity, and shows how modernity has provided the fuel for most of the major critiques of and alternatives to the humanistic tradition. The article then shows how modernity has even influenced the way that humanistic psychology has appropriated its own premodern tradition. The article concludes with six concrete suggestions for reclaiming humanistic psychology from modernity hopefully setting it on a sounder, more valid, and potentially more effective course for the future.
The Medical Model in Psychotherapy
Authors: Elkins David N.
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the limitations and failures of the medical model in psychotherapy. Specifically, the article shows that (a) the medical model does not accurately describe what actually occurs in psychotherapy; (b) the model continues to dominate the field not because of its accuracy but because of its questionable ties with medicine, science, and the health insurance industry; (c) the model obscures the fact that psychotherapy is an interpersonal process, not a medical procedure; and (d) the model fails to account for the fact that the vast majority of clients use psychotherapy for support, guidance, and personal growth instead of treatment for mental illness. Implications of this analysis are presented.
Modern Technology, Job Enrichment and the Quality of Life
Authors: Cameron Clyde R.
Published: October 2007

The future of this country will be determined more by leaders with grass roots knowledge and insight, by a community consensus on values seen in depth and by a recognition of principles and procedures proper in dealing with persons in work situations.
Northern Rock: Solutions and Problems
Authors: Weale Martin
Published: October 2007

September brought the United Kingdom its first mass market bank run. Although there had been bank runs in the nineteenth century, with the last in 1866, very few people then had bank accounts so the runs were not in any sense comparable with what happened to Northern Rock, which showed a failure of mass retail banking.
Banking Crises and Economic Growth
Authors: Barrell Ray , Holland Dawn
Published: October 2007

Over the summer of 2007 problems began to emerge in financial markets as a result of debt defaults, particularly on US housing lending to individuals with low credit ratings. The globalisation of financial markets has meant that such risks are shared across banks throughout the world and a number of European banks suffered major losses as a result of purchasing high yield high risk bundles of these assets. In this note we discuss the possibility of a systemic banking crisis as a result of debt defaults, putting this risk and its impact on the economy into recent historical context. We also look at the vulnerability of the personal and business sectors to increases in borrowing rates, and at the evidence for a risk related rise in borrowing rates. We then use our model, NiGEM, to investigate the impacts of a significant rise in the spread between lending and borrowing rates for both producers and consumers. Such an increase in spreads might arise when banks wish to rebuild their capital after a crisis or reflect significant capital rationing. In either case they represent the immediate impacts of a crisis in the banking sector. The spread between borrowing and lending rates for producers reflects a risk premium in the business sector, and was used in the September EFN report to the European Commission, whilst the spread between consumer lending and borrowing rates is in use for the first time on the model. The debt-to-income ratio has been rising in the personal sector in a number of countries, and especially in the UK, Ireland and Spain, as we can see from figure 1, and this might indicate where problems could arise.
Danish Labour Market Activation Policies
Authors: Kvist Jon , Pedersen Lisbeth
Published: October 2007

Under the heading of flexicurity, Danish labour market activation policies are receiving international attention because of their perceived ability both to curb unemployment and to boost employment. Indeed, the objectives, target groups and design of activation policy have undergone a remarkable transformation over the past fifteen years. From the initial curbing of unemployment among the insured unemployed through standard activation offers, the aim today is also to increase labour supply among non-economic active groups using individually tailored programmes. Danish activation policies thus embrace not only active labour market policies but also social and integration policies. Despite widespread popularity and belief in the positive effects of activation, little is actually known about its overall impact on the Danish economy.
Testing the Crêpage of Yarns Before Weaving
Authors: Saxl Irving J.
Published: October 2007

In view of the importance of investigating the crêpage of individual yarns before their going into production, a new apparatus has been designed with which the crêpage of yarn samples can be determined previous to their being woven into cloth. By the contraction of the yarn, a drum is rotated and a pointer attached to the drum directly indicates the shrinkage of the sample. For bringing the yarn into contact with the solution, under uniform conditions, the latter is heated electrically and the temperature is controlled thermostatically.
Silk Degumming
Authors: Ougen O.A.
Published: October 2007

The theory of silk degumming developed in Part II is applied to practical conditions of boiling-off silk hosiery. About 80 tests were conducted on 10 pound lots totaling over 1000 dozen pairs of stockings, besides tests on loads up to 500 pounds each. Operating conditions employed in boiling-off hosiery are reviewed. At 200° F., with a water ratio of 20 to 1, in a reciprocating drum on 98 denier silk soaked in a soluble sulphonated oil, the values of k for different alkalies and for soap were found to be as follows: ( Values of the degumming coefficient, k1, on the pound basis are given for comparison.)

k k, Reagent (equivalent basis) (pound basis) Soap .01 Normal..... 184 .605 .02 " ..... 152 .500 .04 " ..... 104 .342 .06 " ..... 71 .233 .08 " ..... 49 .161 .10 " ..... 33 .108 Sodium hydroxide..... 144 3.60 Sodium carbonate..... 121 2.27 Sodium silicates Ratio of SiO2/Na2O %Na 2O 1.0 10.5 175 .595 1.63 19.4 164 1.025 2.62 29.9 101 .975 3.73 8.9 61 .175 Trisodium phosphate..... 51 .400 Borax..... 28 .147 Sodium bicarbonate..... 25 .298

For soap solutions log10 k = 2.236 - 8.21 N0 where No is the initial normality. The most rapid rate of degumming in soap occurs at a normality of 1/(2.3) (8.21) = .053 N. Values of k vary inversely with the 3/4-power of yarn denierage. The temperature coefficient of k was enormous, increasing three-fold from 180° to 200° F. and may be represented by the equation In k =— 20900//T + b where T is in degree Rankine.

An increase in agitation increases the value of k, due to an increased rate of diffusion. For a given rate of rotation the coefficient k seems to be independent of the size of machine. Values of k were 30% higher for yarns soaked in a soluble sulphonated oil than when soaked in a soap-fixed oil combination. Values of k seemed highest for a loading of one pound of stock to 20 pounds of water. Correction factors for temperature and yarn size are given, also the time schedule for boilind-off hosiery with different concentrations of soap and sodium carbonate.
Two-Tone Dyeing as Related to the Shape and Size of Silk Filaments
Authors: Mennerich Fred A. , Hougen O.A.
Published: October 2007

The results of a previous investigation by the authors have been confirmed. It has been established that the size and shape of silk filaments are characteristic for different breeds of silk worms and that differences in size and shape account for a most troublesome cause of two-tone dyeing which cannot be oorrected by chemical treatment.

1. Differences in shape (diameter ratio) cause two-tone dyeing.

2. Differences in size ( mean diameter) cause two-tone dyeing.

3. The larger filaments dye darker.

4. The flatter filaments dye darker.

Two-tone dyeing becomes noticeable when the difference in diameter ratio (shape) exceeds .03 and difference in mean diameter (size) exceeds 0.7 micron. In grading 40 ten-bale lots of raw silk according to filament shape and size, two-thirds were sufficiently uniform to show no two-tone dyeing within ten-bale lots, and one-quarter were sufficiently uniform to show no two-tone dyeing within or among ten-bale lots.
X-ray Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Sisson Wayne A.
Published: October 2007

A concept concerning the secondary structure of cellulose, paralleling that proposed by Zwicky for inorganic orystals, is suggested in the hope that the present conflicting theories regarding the fine structure of cellulose may be harmonized. This picture may be described as a compromise between the concept of discrete micelles or well-defined crystallites on the one hand, and the existence of a continuous structure on the other. There appears to be nothing in the X-ray data to belie the concept of secondary structure for cellulose.
Micro-Analysis of Textile Fibres
Authors: Osborne G. Gordon
Published: October 2007

The recent work on the actual structure of kemp has proven the following: First, that there is a definite scale formation on the surface of the ftbre completely encasing it. In all respects this is similar to wool. In themselves, however, the scales are smootlaer in surface and less jagged in edge; they are less prominent, in their projection from the fibre, both in length and angle; nor do they overlap to the extent common in wool.

Second, in cross-section the fibre is strikingly different. Scale and outer casing are the same; the interior of the fibre, however, is just the reverse of normal wool. In kemp the cortical layer is extremely small, whereas in wool it forms the major portion of the fibre. In both, this layer appears as a hontogeneovs mass, though in reality it is formed by myriads of tightly-packed and closely-cemented spindle- cells. In some wools a fine medulla forms a core through the centre of the cortex,

Third, it is this medulla that comprises the major part of, and is the distinguishing aspect of a kemp fabre. It is cellular in composition, the cells being spaced without break throughout the fibre. They are irregular in size and outline and are arranged in similar order to the cells in a honey-comb. This medulla in true kemp is the prod-net of a special group of cells in the root (is annular in growth) and therefore can scarcely be considered an abnormality.

The murch greater reflection from kemp (due to the air filled ineditlla) is the cause of the difference observed after dyeing. In reality, however, it has been shown by removing the air that kemp and wool are almost eqacally dyed; penetration and affinity being very similar.
The Degradation of Silk, Wild Silk and Wool by Steam
Authors: Chamberlin Walde Eunice , Barr Mildred , Edgar Rachel
Published: October 2007

The degradation of silk and wild silk in one hour at 0 to 75 lbs. of steam per square inch and for one-half to five hours at 60 lbs., and of wool in one hour at 0 to 40 lbs. and for one to five hours at 10 lbs., has been followed by weight, nitrogen, sulfur and wet breaking strength. Degradation by steam. has been shown to increase with increasing time or pressure and to be greater for wool than for the silks, and greater for wild silk than for silk. Mechanical failure of these protein fibres has been shown more rapid than loss of weight, nitrogen, or sulfur, indicating a breakdown of fibrous structure preceding formation of soluble degradation products.
Alkaline Degradation of Wool Keratin
Authors: Barr Mildred , Edgar Rachel
Published: October 2007

1. Alkaline degradation of wool keratin by 0.02 to 0.25 N sodium hydroxide in 10 hours at 25°, 40°, and 55° C. has been followed by weight, nitrogen, sulfur, and wet breaking strength of the residual wool.

2. Weight of wool has been shown to deerease with increasing temperature and almost lincarly with increasing concentration of alkali.

3. Nitrogen, sulfur, and the ratio of sulfur to nitrogen in wool have been shown logarithmic functions, y = axB, of the concentration of alkali and to decrease with increasing temperature.

4. Ratio of dissolved to residual sulfur of wool kcratin has been shown greater the greater the temperature or concentration of alkali.

5. Rcsidual wool from alkaline degradation has been shown to decrease in sulfur and to increase slowly in nitrogen with increasing concentration of alkali.
A New Method for Measuring Pebble
Authors: Saxl Irving J.
Published: October 2007

A new method is described for determining quantitalively the surface pattern of textile materials. The process consists substantially in making a casting in plaster of Paris of the textile material and investigating the relief structure of same either by optical or mechanical enlargement of the profile in the direction of the warp and the filling.
A Critical Study of Cotton Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Lee R.L.
Published: October 2007

Doubling does improve uniformity of counts of cotton strands. Graphs of the average of 6-inch lengths of sliver taken from random spots show that number irregularity is decreased as the strands are doubled through successive manufacturing processes. The combinations of the weights of the random spots according to the cans (sliver) from which they were taken show much less spread around the mean of the mass after having been doubled through each successive process. These results are mathematically logical.

Results indicate that doubling also decreases the variability of cotton strands within short distances.

Calculated or expected "after doubling" variability was determined by dividing the "before doubling" variability by the square root of the number of strands doubled. Correlations between the actual and the expected results are very high, and indicate that the degree of reduction in variability by doubling is equal to the reciprocal of the square root of the number of strands doubled.
A Preliminary Model for the Examination of Intention Throu Gh Content Analysis
Authors: Beale John
Published: October 2007

This paper, after outlining a model of the processes of interaction, proposes a classification of intentions in terms of eight categories which are claimed to be exhaustive. This gives rise to a technique of content analysis applicable to the arts and the mass media.
A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects
Authors: Ball-Rokeach S.J. , DeFleur M.L.
Published: October 2007

It is suggested that one of the reasons that there is such a lack of clarity as to whether the media have effects is that researchers have proceeded from the wrong theoretical conceptualizations to study the wrong questions. The dependency model of media effects is presented as a theoretical alternative in which the nature of the tripartite audience-media-society relationship is assumed to most directly determine many of the effects that the media have on people and society. The present paper focuses upon audience dependency on media information resources as a key interactive condition for alteration of audience beliefs, behavior, or feelings as a result of mass communicated in formation. Audience dependency is said to be high in societies in which the media serve many central information functions and in periods of rapid social change or pervasive social conflict. The dependency model is further elaborated and illustrated by examination of several cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects which may be readily analyzed and researched from this theoretical framework.
The Effect of Prior Assistance/Nonassistance and Norms Regarding Assistance On Transmission of Valenced Messages
Authors: Johnson Robert B. , Tesser Abraham
Published: October 2007

Male college students were induced either to assist or not to assist their partner under conditions where they had previously established a norm of assistance or nonassistance. They then were in formed of either a bad news (experimen tal group) or a good news (control group) message intended for their partners. As predicted, subjects who learned of good news transmitted more completely/ spontaneously than those who learned of bad news (p < .001). Greater transmission of bad news by subjects who initially agreed to assist their partner (p < .025) was explained in terms of Ss perception of the role relationship betuveen Ss in the experimental situation. The finding that the effects of both actual (behavioral) assistance, which resulted in a marginally significant increase in the transmission of bad news (p < . 10), and the establishment of a norm of assistance were additive in their effect on the transmission decision is explained in terms of increasing salience of the social responsibility norm.
Legitimation in the 1976 U.S. Election Campaign
Authors: Dennis Jack , Chaffee Steven H.
Published: October 2007

Two related propositions about legitimation as a function of an election were tested with data from a panel study of Wisconsin residents during the fall 1976 presidential campaign. The hypothesis that public confidence in governmental institutions would increase during the campaign period was supported, and these increases were associated with heavier exposure to the campaign and to the Ford-Carter debates. No support was found for the hypothesis that the candidate the person was not voting for would become more favorably evaluated as a function of the campaign. Evaluations of the candidate voted for improved over time; this change was associated most strongly with interpersonal discussion rather than with exposure to the campaign via media.
Female Responses To Provocation After Exposure To Aggressive and Erotic Films
Authors: Cantor Joanne R. , Zillmann Dolf , Einsiedel Edna F.
Published: October 2007

Female college students were exposed to a neutral, aggressive, or erotic film. They then were either provoked or not provoked in a game situation which provided an immediate opportunity for retaliation. Both instigation and retaliation were operationalized in the delivery of noxious noise to the opponent. Benevolent behavior, operationalized in the delivery of pleasant sounds, was a response alternative to noxious noise. Physiological reactions to the films were measured These measures revealed that the erotic film was significantly more arousing than the aggressive film. The neutral film held an intermediate position and did not differ significantly from the other two. For subjects who were not provoked, the prior viewing of films did not differentially affect the delivery of noxious stimulation. For provoked subjects, however, those who had seen the erotic film delivered noxious noise significantly more often than those who had seen the aggressive film or the neutral film. The findings are best accounted for in terms of excitation-transfer theory, which states that an emotion such as anger will be intensified by arousal lingering on from prior experiences. The aggressive film did not intensify retaliation, presumably because it was not arousing to the female subjects. The need to study women independently of men in media-violence research was discussed.
Testing a Process Model of Involvement
Authors: Bybee Carl R.
Published: October 2007

A process model of involvement based on expectancy-value research is proposed. Two key elements are included. The first is the person's expectation that a given event will be important. The second is the person's discrimination of whether his or her initial expectation was confirmed or disconfirmed. Both expectations and discrimination were manipulated for all subjects. The key dependent variable was each individual's subsequent expectation of the importance of similar events in the future. The implications of expectation of information-seeking intensity are also considered. Students enrolled in a University of Wisconsin advertising class served as subjects (N = 92) for the study. Data were collected at two points in time using booklets containing the experimental manipulations. Multiple regression analysis indicated that for students whose initial expectation of importance was high the experience of having that expectation confirmed or disconfirmed substantially influenced subjects' subsequent importance expectation. Subjects who had their high expectation confirmed exhibited higher subsequent expectations of importance than subjects who had their high initial expectation disconfirmed The effect, however, was limited to subjects who had previously felt such events were relatively unimportant. The results were discussed in terms of their implications for the enhancement of involvement.
Process Models for Sequential, Cross-Sectional Survey Data
Authors: Hewes Dean E.
Published: October 2007

Mass media research has been inhibited by the lack of process methodologies which do not require panel data. This paper presents three alternative methods for generating predictions from survey-accessible phenomena which meet the requirements mentioned above. These techniques are applied to real data. The relative presumptions and merits of each are assessed
Political Communication Research and the Uses and Gratifications Model a Critique
Authors: Swanson David L.
Published: October 2007

Serious conceptual problems undermine the usefulness of the uses and gratifications approach. These problems, in turn, grow out of the approach's commitment to the variable analytic method. So long as that commitment is retained, the value of research based on the uses and gratifications approach will continue to be limited.
Measurement of Gratifications
Authors: Becker Lee B.
Published: October 2007

Various operational problems confronting researchers working in the area of media gratifications are discussed. Strategies are delineated and difficulties inherent in each detailed Data from four studies are presented to provide solutions to some of these problems.
Behavioral, Emotional, and Autonomic Reactions To Stress Among Incarcerated, Youthful Offenders
Authors: Hokanson Jack E. , Megargee Edwin I. , O'Hagan Steven E. , Perry Aubrey M.
Published: October 2007

Approximately 200 youthful, male prison inmates underwent a laboratory procedure involving episodes of interpersonal stress. On each stress trial, inmate-subjects indicated their subjective feeling state and communicated a social counterresponse to the provoking experimenter. Four autonomic processes were also measured throughout these procedures. Analyses of these interrelated sources of data suggested that the characteristic inmate reaction pattern could be described as anxious, acquiescent, self-demeaning, and depressive-like; and that behavioral-autonomic data patterns revealed an unusual inverse relationship not ordinarily found in control subjects. The implications of these results for rehabilitation programs are discussed.
Correlates of Supervisory Style Among Policemen
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Aldag Ramon J. , Wallden Richard A.
Published: October 2007

Seventy-five police officers completed a questionnaire which included indices of their immediate superior's consideration and initiating structure behaviors. Initiating structure was found to significantly positively correlate with faith in people, experienced meaningfulness of work, experienced responsibility for work, general job satisfaction, job involvement, internal work motivation, and organizational commitment. Initiating structure was found to significantly negatively correlate with defensive posture. Consideration correlated significantly positively with only organizational commitment. Implications of the results for police administration and future research are discussed.
Evaluating Correctional Treatments
Authors: Adams Stuart
Published: October 2007

Some recent reviews of correctional treatment research have concluded that "reform is a flop," and that "with few and isolated exceptions," rehabilitation does not occur. More optimistic interpretations of correctional outcomes are possible if one focuses on (1) newer perceptions of the role of rehabilitation; (2) the quality of the evidence for treatment success; (3) variations in system or client outcome by type of research design; and (4) the relationship between research productivity and the organization of research. The prospects that corrections can be made to "work" appear improved if rehabilitation is seen as only one of several agency goals; if treatment success is seen as specific to selected combinations of client type, treatment mode, treatment site, and change agent; if both system models and outcome models of research are used; and if much of the research and development effort is located in-house.
Behavior Modification in the Correctional Setting
Authors: Johnson V. Scott
Published: October 2007

The review of the literature has been written in three parts. The first reviews the questions and issues raised about the utility of behavior modification and corrections. The second portion of the paper reviews literature according to the technique applied. The final portion provides a brief description and assessment of program which have attempted intervention through behavioral technology. The review concludes that repeated studies demonstrate that offenders' behavior can be modified within the correctional institution. However, researchers have not addressed the issue of modification of illegal acts.
Youths as Behavior Change Agents in an Institution
Authors: Carstens Susan J. , Young Mary Lynn
Published: October 2007

Behavioral studies have shown that youths in various settings can function effectively as behavior change agents. The study used five 15 to 18 year old male youths in a closed institutional setting as behavior change agents for five male youth counselors. Youths specified staff behaviors they wanted to change, collected frequency data on each specified staff behavior, and suggested and implemented treatments to change staff behavior. A multiple baseline design across staff members was used to demonstrate the effects of youths' interventions on staff behaviors. Staff increased their frequency of positive verbal comments and decreased their frequency of negative verbal comments regarding loss of privileges following one-time feedback from youths regarding staffs baseline frequency of responses. Two staff members received a second treatment consisting of verbal feedback and praise immediately following each data collection session. This treatment for the behaviors of positive and negative comments was too short to test the effect on them. The second treatment was longer for threats and decreased staffs frequency of threats to a near-zero rate. Follow-up revealed that frequency of responses did not return to the baseline rate in most cases.
Patterns of Change in Prisonization
Authors: Alpert Geoffrey P.
Published: October 2007

Research on prisonization has traditionally analyzed cross-sectional data testing either the importation or deprivation model. This investigation incorporates a longitudinal research design to analyze patterns of change in prisonization. Variables including individual status factors, prisoner status factors, factors specific to present incarceration, and features of current incarceration are used to monitor the process of change over a six-month period. Race, criminal record, and total years spent in prison are all significant in explaining shifts in degrees of prisonization.
Privacy and Corrections
Authors: Smith Dale E. , Swanson Richard M.
Published: October 2007

The present study is an examination of the effects of various correctional environments on inmate perceptions of privacy. To investigate such effects, a social learning approach was proposed. Consistent with this approach, instruments were developed to assess inmate values of privacy and inmate expectancies for privacy. The instruments were in turn administered to samples of inmates from six correctional facilities representing a variety of institutional conditions. As indicated by the analyses comparing institutions, inmate expectancies for privacy varied across settings whereas inmate values did not. On the basis of these results, the utility of approaching privacy from a social learning perspective is suggested.
A Consumer's View of Correctional Policy
Authors: McNeece C. Aaron , Lusk Mark W.
Published: October 2007

Several states have recently considered the adoption of determinate sentencing policies that would eliminate or reduce the discretion of parole authorities in deciding when to release inmates on parole status. Surveys in two correctional institutions show that inmates strongly prefer determinate sentencing over the more commonly used indeterminate sentencing policies. The same inmates also indicated that they would have participated in rehabilitative programs while incarcerated without the possibility of early release through parole being contingent on such participation.
Violence and Sexuality
Authors: Vera Hernan , Barnard George W. , Holtzer Charles W. , Vera Maria I.
Published: October 2007

This article is an empirical profile of defendants charged with acts of violence alone, such as assault; violence and sexuality, such as rape; and purely sexual, such as exposure. The three groups are compared along four types of variables: background, medical and mental health history, psychiatric, and some derived from the circumstance of the criminal event.
Overcrowding and Inmate Behavior
Authors: Jan Lee-Jan
Published: October 2007

This report used four prisons of different types in Florida to study the relationships between overcrowding and inmate behavior. Two types of behavior were examined, disruptive and constructive behavior. The results in general confirm previous findings that overcrowding is positively related to disruptive behavior, and the strength of this relationship varies with different types of institutions. Additional findings are that overcrowding and constructive behavior are negatively related, and the strength of this relationship also has various strengths with different types of institutions.
The Future of Offender Classification
Authors: Clements Carl B.
Published: October 2007

Selected offender classification practices, past and present, are reviewed and evaluated in light of minimal criteria. Megargee's (1977) requirements for a "good" classification system are amplified, and a critique of several current approaches is provided. The role of classification deficiencies in prison conditions litigation is summarized. The author also draws together in Appendices several sets of guidelines from commissions, courts, scholars, and government institutes.
MMPI Modal Profiles in a Juvenile Delinquent Population
Authors: Pickett Lawrence K.
Published: October 2007

The MMPI results obtained from a sample of 245 adolescent males referred to the evaluation unit of a Juvenile Court were submitted to a multivariate classification system developed by Skinner (1977). The data were entered in the form of T-scores computed from the means and standard deviations reported in Marks et al. (1974). The procedure involves a Q-factor analysis of a double-centered matrix to produce modal profiles determined by profile shape. By correlating individual subject profiles with the modal profiles, six membership groups were formed. The cross products of each membership group were then submitted to a second Q-factor analysis to produce subgroups based on elevation and scatter parameters. The expected subgroups were not found. There was no relationship found between group membership and either subject age or race.
Occupational Hazards of Street Prostitutes
Authors: Silbert Mimi H. , Pines Ayala M.
Published: October 2007

A study of 200 women street prostitutes documents extremely high levels of on-the-job victimization. Subjects reported being physically abused and beaten by both customers and pimps. Other forms of victimization included customer rape, forced perversion, non-payment, robbery, violence, clients going beyond the prostitution contract, and unfair split of money with pimps.
A Case Study of Delinquency Devolution
Authors: Brown Waln K.
Published: October 2007

Delinquency evolves from the interplay of specific life experiences. It may also devolve in a similar manner. Yet few social scientists have studied the devolutionary aspect of delinquency. Instead, the major emphasis has remained concerned with continued deviance and pathology. This article attempts to offer a fresh, more positive perspective. It examines the life experiences involved in delinquency devolution for one former juvenile offender. The author argues for a less pathological perspective of human behavior. An alternative approach—"Positive Outcomes Research"—is presented.