bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Background and Rationale (Part 1 of Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib for Preserving Beta-Cell Function in New-onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) v1
Authors: not provided Stephen.Gitelman , A. Bluestone Jeffrey
Published: June 2021

This is Part 1 of "Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib for Preserving Beta-Cell Function in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus". This clinical study is supported by JDRF. The aim of the collection is to determine whether imatinib will slow the progression of the autoimmune destruction of ß cells and lead to the preservation of C-peptide secretion in T1DM and to assess Diabetes-related objectives and safety of Imatinib in participants with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus".
Regulatory framework and prospects for the implementation of the Electronic Prescription System in the Russian Federation
Authors: Zolotareva Natalia G. , Pokhvalenko Elisaveta V.
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of a study of legal regulation of medicines in accordance with the statement on January 1, 2019 of the Federal Project Creation of the Unified Digital Circuit of Health Care on the basis of the Unified State Health Information System. The project involves pharmacy organizations, which are going to issuance prescription drugs in the form of an electronic document. The development of the Unified State Health Information System will require a lot of organizational and methodological work both on the part of the regional health authorities and pharmacy organizations.

An analysis of the activities of pharmacy organizations in Saint Petersburg and the Northwestern Federal District that issuance prescription drugs made it possible to assess the level of preparedness to work in the new conditions. The developed measures necessary for pharmacies to work in the Electronic Prescription System cover infrastructural, functional and educational aspects and can be used as an appropriate action plan.
Reconociendo la humanidad del “otro” en Cuzcatlán, donde bate la mar del sur
Authors: Ramírez Manuel
Published: June 2021

Cuzcatlán, donde bate la mar del sur (1986) de Manlio Argueta, nos brinda una representación del mundo rural salvadoreño, cuyo trasfondo es el conflicto militar que vivió El Salvador durante la década de los ochenta, y que concluiría al firmarse los Acuerdos de Paz el 16 de enero de 1992. Este trabajo analiza el viaje que la protagonista del relato, Lucía Martínez, debe realizar para integrarse a un Comité Revolucionario que juzgará al cabo Pedro Martínez, miembro del ejército salvadoreño capturado por las fuerzas guerrilleras del FMLN (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional)1 y a quien se acusa de la muerte de varios campesinos.
Innovative and cost-effective proposals for prosthodontist and dentist during covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Chugh Anshul , Alam Maqbul , Chauhan Meghna , Chugh Ashima
Published: June 2021

The COVID -19 virus has emerged as a threat to human existence. It has become the only trending topic on social media websites these days. To fight against this virus, we need armamentarium, which is in shortage in developing countries such as India. In this article, we shall discuss some innovative ideas that can be useful to a dentist and prosthodontist in fighting this deadly disease.
Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values
Authors: Ruiz de Gauna Itziar , Markandya Anil , Onofri Laura , (Patxi) Greño Francisco , Warman Javier , Arce Norma , Navarrete Alejandra , Rivera Marisol , Kobelkowsky Rebeca , Vargas Mayela , Hernández Marisol
Published: June 2021

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
Primer registro del camarón hada Thamnocephalus venezuelensis Belk & Pereira, 1982 (Anostraca, Thamnocephalidae) en Colombia con observaciones morfológicas adicionales
Authors: Oliveros-Villanueva Jorge D. , Serna-Macias Daniel J. , Tamaris-Turizo Cesar E. , Eslava-Ejaiek Pedro J.
Published: June 2021

En el presente estudio se registra por primera vez Thamnocephalus venezuelensis Belk y Pereira, 1982 en La Guajira, norte de Colombia. La especie fue recolectada en charcas temporales de dos localidades. Este estudio agrega información sobre un rasgo presente en el oviducto de las hembras de T. venezuelensis no mencionado hasta ahora, el cual puede estar relacionado con la población de la localidad, y extiende la distribución de esta especie a Colombia.
Primer registro de Campylocia araca Gonçalves & Salles (Ephemeroptera: Euthyplociidae) en Colombia
Authors: Marín-Eslava Laura Jimena , Zúñiga María del Carmen , Gomes Dias Lucimar
Published: June 2021

En este trabajo se reporta el primer registro para Colombia de la especie Campylocia araca Gonçalves & Salles, con lo cual se amplía su distribución geográfica. La especie se determinó con base en dos imagos machos y una hembra procedentes del departamento del Meta. En la descripción original la especie solo había sido documentada en la Amazonía brasilera y este nuevo registro permite extender su distribución a la cuenca del río Orinoco, además de confirmar la atípica morfología de los genitales masculinos.
HEMOVIGILÂNCIA DAS REAÇÕES TRANSFUSIONAIS IMEDIATAS: OCORRÊNCIAS, DEMANDA E CAPACIDADE DE ATENDIMENTO
Authors: Cercato Marta Suzin , Bomfim de Souza Mariluce Karla
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: identificar e discutir a ocorrência de reações transfusionais (RT) imediatas, a sua relação com o tipo de hemocomponente transfundido e a demanda e capacidade de atendimento a partir de uma unidade de Hemoterapia (UH). Métodos: estudo de caso, retrospectivo, quantitativo, realizado a partir do levantamento de registros e documentos. Análise descritiva das frequências e percentuais das ocorrências e tipologias das RT, bem como, da demanda e capacidade de atendimento desta UH. Resultados: frequência de 6,43% de RTs imediatas/1.000 hemocomponentes transfundidos. A Reação Febril Não Hemolítica (RFNH) e a Reação Alérgica (RA) foram as que mais ocorreram. Maior número de RTs foram do grau I (97,5%), sendo que os concentrados de hemácias (44,1%) e de plaquetas (41,9%) foram os hemocomponentes envolvidos na maioria das RT. Conclusão: o ato transfusional não é isento de riscos e a notificação das RT tem se tornado um instrumento primordial para contínuo aperfeiçoamento da qualidade.
Effects of Cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β on the Functional Activity of Blood Mononuclear Cells against Giardia lamblia
Authors: Brune Maximilian Wilhelm , França Eduardo Luzía , Albuquerque Moraes Lucélia Campelo , Ribeiro Victor Pena , Gomes Maria Aparecida , HonorioFrança Adenilda Cristina
Published: June 2021

Background: This study aimed to analyze cultures of mononuclear (MN) cells with Giardia lamblia to determine the levels of the cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β and the functional activity of MN cells after incubation with cytokines.
Methods: This study was conducted in 2018 in Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 60 healthy volunteer donors to obtain leukocytes. The levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β were quantified in trophozoite cell culture supernatants. Superoxide release, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, apoptosis and intracellular calcium release were analyzed.
Results: The cytokines evaluated were detected in the culture supernatant of MN cells and G. lamblia. Regardless of the type of cytokine, MN cells increased superoxide release in the presence of G. lamblia. Phagocytosis, microbicidal activity and apoptosis were higher when MN phagocytes were treated with cytokines. The highest microbicidal activity and apoptosis rates were observed in MN cells cultured with TGF-β. IFN-γ increased the release of intracellular calcium by MN phagocytes.
Conclusion: Cytokines play a beneficial role in the host by activating MN cells against G. lamblia. In addition, phagocytosis causes G. lamblia death and that the modulation of the functional activity of blood MN phagocytes by cytokines is an alternative mechanism for eliminating G. lamblia.
Dysregulation of Ovine Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Expression by Hydatid Cyst-Derived Antigens
Authors: Soleymani Nooshinmehr , Taran Fateme , Nazemshirazi Mohammadhossein , Naghibi Abolghasem , Torabi Maryam , Borji Hassan , Haghparast Alireza
Published: June 2021

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as the first line of defense against various parasites play a critical role in sensing and triggering anti-parasite responses.
Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2019. Ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with hydatid cyst-derived antigens including hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), germinal layer antigens (GL), somatic and excretory/secretory (ES) products of protoscoleces (PSC). To investigate whether the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was altered during exposure to these antigens, PBMCs were stimulated with two different concentrations at different time points.
Results: After exposure of PBMCs to ES and somatic antigens of protoscoleces (PSC) the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was down-regulated in comparison with control group. Similarly, HCF markedly down-regulated TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts independent of dose and time. GL antigens significantly down-regulated TLR2, while TLR4 expression was up-regulated as compared with control group.
Conclusion: Hydatid cyst-derived antigens could dysregulate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in ovine PBMCs, suggesting a possible mechanism to suppress host immunity to establish chronic infection.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae from Recreational and Public Soils in Mazandaran, Northern Iran
Authors: Tanzifi Asal , Moghaddam Yousef , Dodangeh Samira , Daryani Ahmad , Sarvi Shahabeddin , Gholami Shirzad , Hosseini Seyed Abdollah , Nayeri Chegeni Tooran , Hosseininejad Zahra
Published: June 2021

Background: Free-living amoeba (FLA) belonging to Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria, and Balamuthia mandrillaris are the soil-born protozoa. This study aimed to survey the occurrence of FLA, including Acanthamoeba spp., B. mandrillaris, Vermamoeba spp., and Naegleria spp., in soil samples collected from various districts of Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran) from July to December 2018.
Methods: Overall, 118 soil samples from the recreational and public places were surveyed for the existence of Acanthamoeba spp., Vermamoeba, Naegleria, and B. mandrillaris using both morphological key and molecular tools with genus-specific primers of JDP1, NA, ITS1, and Bal, respectively. To verify the taxonomic status of isolated amoeba, the phylogenetic tree was made based on sequences of 18S rRNA by MEGA (5.05) software with the maximum likelihood model.
Results: Overall, 61/118 samples (51.6%) were contaminated with FLA, and based on the sequencing data, 29 isolates were successfully sequenced. Among the samples, all isolated Acanthamoeba (52.4%) belonged to the T4 genotype with amplification of the DF3 region (18S rRNA gene). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing revealed the presence of one strain of Naegleria americana. Twenty-eight V. vermiformis were also confirmed based on Nuclear SSU rDNA. Morphological survey and PCR assay did not show any positive samples for B. mandrillaris.
Conclusion: The present study indicates the occurrence of FLA in soil sources of the recreational and public places in Mazandaran province that it can be a severe risk to human health. Thus, more studies are expected to survey the infection source in patients with FLA-related diseases.
The Protective Effect of Artemisia spicigera Ethanolic Extract against Cryptosporidium parvum Infection in Immunosuppressed Mice
Authors: Shahbazi Parisa , Nematollahi Ahmad , Arshadi Sanaz , Hashemzadeh Farhang Hosein , Shahbazfar Amir Ali
Published: June 2021

Background: A specific treatment has not yet developed for cryptosporidiosis, and some of the used drugs had side effects in immunodeficient patients. The goal of an appropriate remedy is to remove symptoms and improve immune responses in hosts. The current study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia spicigera ethanolic extract in experimentally infected immunosuppressed mice.
Methods: Thirty six NMRI mice, 4-6 wk old, were randomly divided into six equal groups. C1: uninfected, treated control; C2: infected, untreated control; T1, T2, T3, and P: infected, treated with 0.2, 2, and 20 mg/ml extract, and 5mg/ml paromomycin, respectively. Mice were experimentally infected by oral administration of 104 oocysts/animal of Cryptosporidium parvum and treated orally for eight days per 12h, starting 12h before experimental infection. The presence of oocyst shedding, weight gain/loss, and the histopathology of ileum sections were examined.
Results: Results revealed that oocyst shedding was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in treatment groups. There was no significant difference between the mean of weight gain/loss in the infected control and treated groups. Histopathological analysis of ileum sections further supported the parasitological findings.
Conclusion: Artemisia spicigera had acceptable efficacy as a therapeutic agent for cryptosporidiosis.
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Toxocara cati Infection in Feral Cats in Alexandria City, Northern Egypt
Authors: Abdelnaby El-Seify Mahmoud , Marey Naema Mohammed , Satour Neveen , Elhawary Nagwa Mohammed , Sultan Khaled
Published: June 2021

Background: This study was performed to determine the prevalence and to identify precisely Toxocara spp., which infects feral cats in Alexandria, Egypt based on morphological and molecular approaches.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 feral cats trapped from different areas of Alexandria during 2018. Adult male and female worms were recovered from small intestinal contents after euthanasia and dissection of cats. Distinct morphological features were initially determined using available keys, and then after amplification and sequencing of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene was carried out and phylogenetic trees were constructed.
Results: Forty out of 100 cats were infected with Toxocara spp. Intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 9 worms/cat, with a mean of 2.27±1.6. All isolates were confirmed as T. cati based on morphological features and the sequence of nad1 gene. Results of the current study clearly show that Egyptian T. cati isolate examined herein is genetically similar to those recorded in other countries.
Conclusion: The current work revealed high prevalence of T. cati in feral cats in the study area. This is the first genetic study that confirms T. cati from feral cats in Egypt. In addition, it demonstrated the suitability and need of genetic markers such as nad1 for identification of Toxocara spp. Furthermore highlights the public health importance of T. cati in Egypt.
Interaction between Chitosan and Chloroquine against Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum using In-Vivo and In-Vitro Tests
Authors: Momenfam Forough , Nateghpour Mehdi , Motevalli Haghi Afsaneh , Farivar Leila , Mohebali Mehdi , Hajjaran Homa , Etemadi Soudabeh
Published: June 2021

Background: The use of antimalarial drugs with number of compounds in combination form may potentiate each other's activity.
Methods: This study was conducted in the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2018. It was based on two methods including in vivo and in vitro tests with aim of considering interaction between chitosan and chloroquine against Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum parasites using different ratios of the agents with ED50s and IC50s baselines.
Results: Administrating 10 and 20 mg/kg (mouse body weight) of chitosan alone to the P. berghei –infected mice up to 4 successive days resulted in 37% and 45% inhibition of P. berghei respectively, while employing the compound with chloroquine in combination form with ratios of 90/10 and 70/30 (chloroquine/chitosan) had a considerable potentiation including 71.58% and 83.85% inhibition effectiveness against P. berghei. Moreover, 20 mg/L (CCM) concentration of chitosan alone could eliminate 69.55% of P. falciparum in culture medium while in combination with chloroquine in ratios of 90/10 (chloroquine/chitosan) had considerable potentiation including 79.14% inhibition effectiveness. Mean survival time of those mice received combination therapy in ratios of 90/10 and 70/30 (chloroquine/chitosan) was longer than those took up mono therapy of either chloroquine or chitosan based on their ED50s doses.
Conclusion: Interaction between chloroquine and chitosan showed considerable potentiation in combination form against either P. berghei or P. falciparum using in vivo and in vitro tests respectively. Meanwhile, interaction between the above mentioned agents resulted in a notable survival time for those P. berghei-infected mice treated with the combination.
Serological Detection of Trichinellosis among Suspected wild Boar Meat Consumers in North and Northeast of Iran
Authors: Koohsar Faramarz , Naddaf Saied Reza , Rokni Mohammad Bagher , Mirjalali Hamed , Mohebali Mehdi , Shafiei Reza , Mowlavi Gholamreza
Published: June 2021

Background: Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis disease worldwide. Humans acquire infection by ingesting raw or uncooked animal flesh containing viable Trichinella larvae. The most common reservoirs of this helminth are pigs and wild boars. In northern Iran, hunting and consuming wild boars meat by some communities, including ethnic Armenians, may expose them to trichinellosis. Here, we investigated antiTrichinella IgG antibodies in high-risk individuals in northeastern Iran.
Methods: From Mar to Aug 2020, we collected 189 blood samples from individuals with a history of wild boar meat consumption and examined the sera for antiTrichinella IgG antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit (NovaTec Immunodiagnostica GmbH, Germany). Sera from 30 individuals with no history of eating wild boar meat was used to determine the range of actual negative values and possible crossreactivity with other similar antigens.
Results: Of the 189 participants, 5 (2.6%) had anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies (OD, 1.176 ±0.154). None of the 30 negative controls became positive (OD, 0.198 ± 0.044). The age, gender, occupation, and education showed no significant association with Trichinella seropositivity rate (P>0.05). All five seropositive cases were among 112 individuals (4.46% seropositivity) that resided in the western part of the study area, stretching from Behshar to Gorgan.
Conclusion: Eating wild boar meat might expose individuals to trichinellosis in the north and northeast of Iran. Further studies with more individuals from different parts of the country and confirmation of the ELISA by additional tests like Western blot will give a more in-depth insight into human trichinellosis epidemiology in Iran.
A UTILIZAÇÃO DO PEER INSTRUCTION NO ENSINO DE FÍSICA MODERNA NO ENSINO MÉDIO COMO SISTEMATIZADOR PARA UMA APRENDIZAGEM MAIS SIGNIFICATIVA
Authors: Junger Alex Paubel , Ferraz Anderson Claiton , Labdim Vilela Jean Louis
Published: June 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as discussões iniciais de uma pesquisa que integra o trabalho de um professor da escola pública, acerca da potencialidade de utilizar o “Peer Instruction” junto aos estudantes do Ensino Médio. Por outro lado, reconhecem-se também as principais dificuldades encontradas na inserção da Física Moderna e Contemporânea no Ensino Médio nas escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, focou-se em buscar alternativas para uma aprendizagem mais significativa de acordo com David Ausubel, pois acredita-se que somente a exposição de conceitos não seja suficiente para tal aprendizagem. Apresenta-se aqui a relação de assuntos abordados e um exemplo de uma questão que colaborou para o primeiro contato com a perspectiva mais interativa em sala de aula. Por fim, percebeu-se que com essa estratégia, seja possível tornar o Ensino de Física Moderna algo mais próximo dos estudantes, uma vez que as aulas tornam-se mais interativas e problematizadoras.
O ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR SUPERVISIONADO NA FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE: PERCEPÇÕES DE ESTUDANTES E PROFESSORES DE UMA LICENCIATURA EM EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO COM HABILITAÇÃO EM ARTES E MÚSICA
Authors: Rodrigues Gomes Claudimara , De Araujo Gustavo Cunha , Gomes de Sousa Juliane
Published: June 2021

A pesquisa aborda o estágio curricular supervisionado como componente do processo de formação docente em uma Licenciatura em Educação do Campo de uma universidade brasileira. Este estudo é de abordagem qualitativa, de natureza exploratória e se caracteriza como um estudo de caso. Tem como objetivo principal compreender a importância do Estágio Curricular Supervisionado na formação docente para o meio rural. O estágio proporciona experiências interessantes entre estagiários e docentes, fazendo com que eles possam pensar em metodologias inovadoras para o ensino de arte, principalmente em escolas do campo. Além disso, o estágio é um espaço de formação que deve contribuir de maneira significativa para uma atuação mais crítica, formativa e emancipadora do professor. Dessa forma, o estágio revela-se como aspecto importante na/para a formação do futuro educador e educadora do campo. O estudo pode contribuir para ampliar o debate acerca das diversas dimensões do estágio voltado para o exercício docente no meio rural em diferentes contextos, uma vez que o curso analisado é a primeira licenciatura a formar professores habilitados para trabalhar artes nas escolas de Educação Básica localizadas em comunidades rurais no Brasil.
Bozçay Havzası Su Kalitesi Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi ve Çevresel Baskılar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Ayaz Selma , Erdoğan Nail
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışmada, Burdur Gölü kapalı havzasının yıllık akışının yaklaşık %63'ünü sağlayan Bozçay’ın yüzeysel su kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve çevresel baskılar açısından değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Yüzeysel su kalitesi fiziko-kimyasal ve biyolojik parametreler açısından analiz edilmiş ve ilgili yönetmelikler ve standartlar kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Bozçay üzerinde seçilen üç istasyon, Nisan 2014-Aralık 2014 dönemlerinde izlenmiş ve mevsimsel su kalitesi değişimleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan izleme sonuçları Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (10.08.2016, RG: 29797) Ek 5, Tablo 2.’de yer alan konvansiyonel parametreler üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Seçilen istasyonlarda, pH, sıcaklık (T), elektriksel iletkenlik (Eİ), çözünmüş oksijen (ÇO), nitrat azotu (NO3-N), toplam azot (TN), fosfat fosforu (PO4-P), toplam fosfor (TP), toplam organik karbon (TOK), çözünmüş madde (ÇM) ve askıda katı madde (AKM) parametreleri analiz edilmiştir. Fiziko-kimyasal parametre ölçüm sonuçlarına göre IST-I’de ÇO ve TP parametreleri açısından III. Kalite sınıfı olarak belirlenirken, IST-II ve IST-III’te yalnızca iletkenlik parametresi açısından II. su kalitesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Fiziko-kimyasal parametre sonuçları, biyolojik izleme sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmış, söz konusu her üç istasyon da BMWP indeksine göre orta derecede ve çok kirlenmiş su kalitesine sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Hubungan antara Tingkat Pengetahuan Pasien dan Pengawas Menelan Obat (PMO) dengan Kepatuhan Pasien Tuberkulosis di Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Pratama Antonius Nugraha Widhi , Aliong Amelya Prastica Rahayu , Sufianti Nili , Rachmawati Ema
Published: June 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mostly affects developing countries. In Indonesia, TB incidence increases every year due to patient inadherence to the standard DOTS therapy. The TB patients inadherence can be associated with poor knowledge among patients and treatment observers. This cross-sectional research aimed to explore the correlation between knowledge level of TB patients and their treatment observers and patient adherence. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 65 respondents from their primary health centers in Jember Regency, East Java. Knowledge of the respondents was evaluated using a 16 items questionnaire and patient adherence was assesed using the translated version of morisky medication adherence scale-8 (MMAS-8) questionnaire. The Spearman Rho correlation test resulted in p value of 0,043 between patients knowledge and patients adherence. Statistically significant correlation was also found between the knowledge of treatment observers and TB patients adherence (p= 0,015). These results suggested the needs to improve knowledge about TB not only for TB patients, but also their treatment observers.

 

Keywords: TB patient, treatment observer, knowledge, compliance
Uji in vitro Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Batang Sereh (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap Shigella dysenteriae
Authors: Wulansari Yunita , Suswati Enny , Wahyudi Septa Surya
Published: June 2021

Shigella dysenteriae is bacteria that caused diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. Resistance and toxicity has reported in some antibiotics therapy towards S. dysentriae. Therefore, alternative therapy based on herbal plants is needed. Chymbopogon citratus oil can be used as an antibacterial to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus mutans, all strains Staphlylococcus sp, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to investigate antibacterial activity of C. citratus oils on the growth of S. dysentriae and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). This type of research was a quasi experimental. Antibacterial activity test performed by diffusion method. Subjects in this study were S. dysentriae. C. citratus oil concentration used were 15 μl/ml, 20 μl/ml, 25 μl/ml, 30 μl/ml, 35 μl/ml and 40 μl/ml. Positive control group was given ciprofloxacin 5 μl/ml and a negative control group was given tween-80. Inhibition zone was observed at a concentration of 25 µl/ml (P3). The MIC of C. citratus oils againts S. dysentriae was at a concentration of 25 µl/ml. Kruskal Wallis analysis showed that p=0.000 and α=0.05, it was revealed that there were differences between antibacterial activity amoung tested group with different concentration.

Keywords: Shigella dysenteriae, Chymbopogon citratus oil, antibacterial
Hubungan Self Compassion dengan Stres Family Caregiver Orang Dengan Skizofrenia (ODS) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Mumbulsari Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Juwarti Juwarti , Wuryaningsih Emi Wuri , A`la Muhammad Zulfatul
Published: June 2021

Schizophenia is a mental illness shows psycological disorder, violent behavior, and inability self care. This has created a burden for family caregiver, financially, social, and psychological. The purpose of this study to identified the relationship between self compassion and stress of schizophrenis family caregiver in Puskesmas (PHC) Mumbulsari Jember. The study used correlation study with the cross sectional approach. The sampling was counted 35 family caregiver using total sampling. The instrument used self compassion scale (α=0,89) and stres in family (α=0,977). The result showed that the average self compassion of family caregiver was 71.31(26-104). While the average stress of family caregiver was 18,74 (0-28). Bivariate analysis using pearson test showed that there was no correlation between self compassion and stress of schizophenia family caregiver in Puskesmas (PHC) Mumbulsari Jember. There was no correlation between stress of schizophenia family caregiver and gender, age, education level, profession, relationship with schizophenia patient, and long tending of family caregiver. This has showed that family caregiver covered stress and showed a positive self acceptance. Actually, family caregiver showed that noncompliance of patient recovery, many of them was not accompanying schizophenia patient to public health, and neglecting schizophenia patient. Counseling and health promotion should be enhanced psychological health of family caregiver in treating schizophrenia patient in community through public health care serving.

Keywords: Schizophrenia, stress family caregiver, self compassion
Pengaruh Konseling terhadap Kepatuhan Suplementasi Tablet Besi (Fe) pada Ibu Hamil di Kabupaten Lumajang
Authors: Pratama Antonius Nugraha Widhi , Puspasari Nanda , Christianty Fransiska Maria
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Indonesia is relatively high. However, adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women is relatively low, even though the supplementation is provided free of charge by the government. Counseling is expected to increase patient adherence. Therefore, the present research was to study the effect of counseling on adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women. A number of 62 respondents from a primary health center in Lumajang Regency were recruited after they gave informed consent and equally allocated to control and treatment groups based on their area residence. The control group received routine antenatal service, while the treatment group received the additional counseling using a brochure. The average of adherence score, based on Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8), in the treatment group (5.9±1.9) was significantly different (p=0.027) from the control group (5.0±1.2). Counseling with brochure appeared to be effective to improve adherence to iron supplementation for pregnant women.

Keywords: adherence, iron suplementation, pregnancy, pharmacy counseling
The Financing of Perugia University (14th-15th Centuries)
Authors: Zucchini Stefania
Published: June 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo ilustrar los mecanismos de financiación de la Universidad de Perugia en la Edad Media y cómo han influido en los orígenes y el funcionamiento de la institución. La Universidad de Perugia fue fundada a principios del siglo XIV por el gobierno local, que en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII ya había establecido Conferencias de Física y Derecho a cargo de la ciudad. Partiendo de una visión general sobre la relación entre el gobierno de la ciudad y la Universidad local, el presente trabajo analizará dos aspectos diferentes de la financiación de la Universidad: 1) la relación entre la situación económica y política de la ciudad y la financiación de la Universidad; 2) las cuestiones más técnicas, como los registros en los que se basa este estudio de financiación.
The Pope’s Universities: Sources and Research Perspectives on Finances and Funding in the Early Modern Period in Bologna
Authors: Guerrini Maria Teresa
Published: June 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer una primera panorámica sobre el tema de la financiación de las Universidades en el Estado Pontificio durante los siglos XVI-XVIII. Aunque hubo nueve universidades en el Estado de la Iglesia en este período, la investigación se centrará en las más relevantes y antiguas: Bolonia, Perugia y Roma. La historia de estos tres Studia es bien conocida, pero el tema específico de las finanzas no ha sido ampliamente analizado. En particular, en relación con esta cuestión, se analizará la situación en la Universidad de Bolonia, durante el período moderno, donde la tradición política autonómica de la ciudad condicionó en gran medida el desarrollo de la Universidad. En particular, se prestarà especial atención al estado de las fuentes. Por tanto, estos tres casos podrían ofrecer la oportunidad de comparar diferentes situaciones y verificar la acción del Estado hacia una uniformidad cada vez mayor.
White Paper on Character Set Standardization for Early Cyrillic Writing after Unicode 5.1
Authors: Birnbaum David J. , Cleminson Ralph , Kempgen Sebastian , Ribarov Kiril
Published: June 2021

The White Paper on Character Set Standardization for Early Cyrillic Writing after Unicode 5.1 emerged from discussions among the authors at the "Slovo" conference in Sofia in 2008. It is partially a response to documents published by the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences. It has been written for the benefit of medieval Slavic philologists.
Sacred components of hunting and fishing technologies of the indigenous peoples of the Amur-Sakhalin Region
Authors: Bereznitsky S.V.
Published: June 2021

The article, by means of the comparative-historical method, critical analysis of scholarly concepts, and use of ethnographic materials, deals with the study of the complex of beliefs and rituals of indigenous peoples of the Russian Far East (Nanais, Negidals, Nivkhs, Orochs, Udeges, Uilta, Ulchs, and Evenks) as a sacred component of their traditional and modern hunting and fishing technologies. The term ‘technology’ originates from the Ancient Greek philosophy by the development of the doctrine of ‘techne’ as an art by which things are made. Technology is based on notion and supersedes the role of the chance in human life and activities, which expedites the proc-ess of adaptation to the nature. The ritual preceding production of a tool or a vehicle is performed to improve qual-ity of the item to ensure its more productive use in hunting and fishing. In the culture of indigenous peoples of the Russian Far East, there are known examples of invocation of magic, cults, beliefs, and rituals to secure hunter’s luck in fabrication of hunter carriers, tools for hunting marine and terrestrial animals, and traps. Beliefs and rituals serve as the sacred components of the hunting and fishing technologies, which have the utmost importance for sustainable life of the indigenous population. The main conclusion is that, in spite of some differences in the economy, degree of settlement and mobility, and the level of influence of nonethnic cultures, undoubtedly, the results of hunting, fishing, off-shore seal catching, deer breeding, and foraging depend on personal experience, rational knowledge of the qualities of plants, weather signs, and migration times and habits of animals, and on the quality of the trade equipment, transport, clothes and footwear. However, these aspects are not sufficient and the hunters resort to the sacral components of the hunting and fishing technologies — transport means are ‘enli-vened’, by magic means they are imparted with the qualities of living beings — people or animals. With the help of amulets, the hunters strengthen their trade qualities — agility, perception-reaction time, and intuition. Prohibitions are observed, which are aimed at decreasing dependence on chance and increasing hunting productivity. The rational technologies, aimed at the survivance of the ethnos, are complemented by the sacred components, so that people cling to the help of supernatural powers.
Sudovians in Sambia in the 13th–14th centuries
Authors: Kulakov V.I.
Published: June 2021

The aim of the proposed work is to ascertain, based on archeological data and written sources, the presence of individuals of the easternmost tribe from the community of the Western Balts — Sudins/Yotvingians. Both scien-tific data from old German excavations and the latest archaeological research in the Zelenogradsk district of the Kaliningrad region are introduced into the scientific discourse. There are no funeral monuments of the Teutonic Order in the territory of the ‘Sudovian corner’ (Lat. Campus Sudowitarum) in the northwestern part of the Sambia peninsula. Ethnographic data on this part of the Amber Coast, provided by the local history manuscripts of the 16th–17th c., include data on the West Baltic population of Western Sambia without actual confirmation of its tribal affiliation. In fact, authors of Polish written sources of the Order time do not draw distinction between the Sudins and Prussians either. Individual burials of male warriors and women with features characteristic of the Sudovian funeral rituals were found at the Prussian burial grounds of the Northern Sambia. Anthropological data confirm this conclusion. In the eastern part of the Prussian tribal area, occupied by the Prussians in the pre-Order times, according to the dating of the burial grounds, two burials with spearheads were encountered amongst the com-plexes of the 14th c., which can be tentatively associated with bearers of the Sudovian traditions. The low repre-sentation of the Sudovian burials at Prussian burial grounds attests to the fact that the Order authorities could have appointed individual representatives of the Sudovian aristocracy, who sided with the conquerors, in order to strengthen the Order in the local polcas (volosts). Using the linguistic and cultural closeness with the Sembians, these Sudins possessed military power (presence of spearheads in the burials, with the common absence of weapons in the Prussian community graves) and could have been collecting taxes on behalf of the Order (the presence of a Western European moneybag in burial Ve-161). The seemingly unnatural presence of the Baltic warriors in the service of the Teutonic Order is symbolized by the decoration of the buckle from burial Ve-161, which bears the coat of arms of the Order and a stylized image of the mythical companion of God Perkuno — the sacred goat, an object of the Prussian sacrifices, presented here as a symbol of the native spiritual traditions.
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens associated with dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in northern Kenya
Authors: Getange Dennis , Bargul Joel L. , Kanduma Esther , Collins Marisol , Bodha Boku , Denge Diba , Chiuya Tatenda , Githaka Naftaly , Younan Mario , Fèvre Eric M. , Bell-Sakyi Lesley , Villinger Jandouwe
Published: June 2021

Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are major constraints to camel health and production, yet epidemiological data on their diversity and impact on dromedary camels are limited. We sur-veyed the diversity of ticks and TBPs associated with camels and co-grazing sheep at 12 sites in Marsabit County, northern Kenya. We screened blood and ticks (858 pools) collected from 296 camels and 77 sheep for bacterial and protozoan TBPs by high-resolution melting analysis and sequencing of PCR products. Hyalomma (75.7%), Amblyomma (17.6%) and Rhipicephalus (6.7%) spp. ticks were morphologically identified and confirmed by molecular analyses. We detected TBP DNA in 80.1% of blood samples from 296 healthy camels. “Candidatus Anaplasma camelii”, “Candidatus Ehrlichia regneryi” and Coxiella burnetii were detected in both camels and associ-ated ticks, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia aeschlimannii and Coxiella endo-symbionts were detected in camel ticks. We also detected Ehrlichia ruminantium, responsible for heartwater disease in ruminants, in Amblyomma ticks infesting camels and sheep and in sheep blood, indicating its endemicity in Marsabit. Our findings also suggest that camels and/or the ticks infesting them are reservoirs of zoonotic Q fever (C. burnetii), ehrlichiosis (E. chaffeensis), and rickettsiosis (R. africae), which pose a public health threat to pastoralist communities.
Non-Parametric Analysis of Nitrogen Trends in the form of Nitrate and Nitrite in Rivers and Streams of the Contiguous United States for 1990-2019
Authors: Mohebbi Amin , Akbariyeh Simin
Published: June 2021

Nitrogen and phosphorous support the ecosystem by supplying nutrients to algae and aquatic plants. Having them in excess results in the eutrophication of waters creating quality problems. In the past, nitrogen has been widely investigated for wells in the context of groundwater flow. However, a national-scale nitrogen assessment in rivers and streams has not received enough attention. In this research, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, as a non-parametric hypothesis testing method, has been applied to nitrogen concentration in the form of nitrate-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen in rivers and streams of the Contiguous United States. This approach was particularly selected because of the non-normal and positively skewed nitrogen levels occurring in the surface flow. This method was able to identify the impaired body of waters as well as quantify the confidence, significance, and errors involved. The Northern Appalachians (NAP), Northern Plains (NPL), and Xeric (XER) ecoregions were worsening in the nitrogen-nitrate condition with NAP, and XER needed immediate actions. The nitrite-nitrogen condition did not pose an immediate threat, so mitigation plans should focus more on nitrate-nitrogen remediation. It was shown that the method was superior to the two-sample t-test by yielding lower type II errors.
Blockchain-Enabled Transaction Scanning Method for Money
Laundering Detection
Authors: Oad Ammar , Razaque Abdul , Tolemyssov Askar , Alotaibi Munif , Alotaibi Bandar , CHENGLIN ZHAO
Published: June 2021

Currently, life cannot be imagined without the use of bank cards for purchases or money
transfers; however, their use provides new opportunities for money launders and terrorist organizations.
This paper proposes a Blockchain-enabled transaction scanning (BTS) method for the detection
of anomalous actions. The BTS method specifies the rules for outlier detection and rapid movements
of funds, which restrict anomalous actions in transactions. The specified rules determine the specific
patterns of malicious activities in the transactions. Furthermore, the rules of the BTS method scan
the transaction history and provide a list of entities that receive money suspiciously. Finally, the
Blockchain-enabled process is used to restrict the money laundering. To validate the performance
of the proposed BTS, the Spring Boot application is built based on the Java programming language.
Based on experimental results, the proposed BTS method automates the process of investigating
transactions and restricts the money laundering incident.
Nutritional, Gastrointestinal and Endo-Metabolic Traps in the Management of Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1
Authors: Corsello Antonio , Scatigno Lorenzo , Pascuzzi Martina Chiara , Calcaterra Valeria , Dilillo Dario , Vizzuso Sara , Pelizzo Gloria , Zoia Elena , Mandelli Anna , Govoni Annalisa , Bosetti Alessandra , Francavilla Ruggiero , Indrio Flavia , Fabiano Valentina , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Verduci Elvira
Published: June 2021

The management of patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is constantly evolving. In just a few decades the medical approach has switched from an exclusively palliative therapy to a targeted therapy, transforming the natural history of the disease, improving survival time and quality of life, and creating new challenges and goals. Many nutritional problems, gastrointesti-nal disorders and metabolic and endocrine alterations are commonly identified in patients af-fected by SMA1 during childhood and adolescence. For this reason, a proper pediatric multidis-ciplinary approach is then required in the clinical care of these patients, with a specific focus on the prevention of most common complications. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide the clinician with a practical and usable tool about SMA1 patients care, through a comprehensive insight into the nutritional, gastroenterological, metabolic and endocrine management of SMA1. Considering the possible horizons opened thanks to new therapeutic frontiers, a nutritional and endo-metabolic surveillance is a crucial element to be considered for a proper clinical care of these patients.
Multidrug Resistance Behaviors of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Associated to Pigment Coloration
Authors: Kothari Ashish , Yadav Rohitash , Rajput Prashant , Singh Vanya , Kaushal Karanvir , Jain Neeraj , Omar Balram Ji
Published: June 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an adaptable bacterial pathogen that infects various organs, including the respiratory tract, vascular system, urinary tract, and central nervous system leading to high morbidity and mortality. Our primary focus of this study was to characterize P. aeruginosa clinical strains on the basis of pigment color production, determine its association to multidrug resistance behavior and ability to form biofilm. We identified yellow (30.1%), green (39.8%) and no pigment (30.1%) producing strains from a total of 143 clinical isolates. Yellow pigment producing strains presented significant resistance to a class of antibiotics including β-lactam (91.5%), aminoglycosides (70.5%), and carbapenems (51.9%) compared to green and non-pigmented strains. Importantly, 16.3% of yellow pigment producing strains was resistant to colistin where only 2.3% of non-pigmented and 1.8% of green pigmented strains were resistant to this agent. Moreover, yellow pigment producing strain were frequent producers of β-lactamase group of enzymes, ESBL (55.6%), MBL (55.6%), and AmpC (50%) and displayed higher frequency of efflux positive group (64.2%) compared to green (7.14%) and non-pigmented one (28.5%). Notably, green pigment producing strains when compared to non-pigmented groups also displayed antibiotic susceptibility behavior similar to yellow pigment producing strains. Although yellow pigment producing strains were strong biofilm producers, no significant association was identified between pigment and biofilm formation. Among pigmented and non-pigmented strains, majority of yellow pigment producing strains have shown MIC levels greater than the green and non-pigmented strains. Our study has demonstrated the impact of pigment coloration on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents where yellow pigment producing strains represent considerably a serious problem as due to lack of alternative agents against such transformed strain may collectively be associated with multidrug resistance development.
Concrete Cracks Monitoring using Deep Learning-based Multiresolution Analysis
Authors: Arbaoui Ahcene , Ouahabi Abdeldjalil , Jacques Sébastien , Hamiane Madina
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we propose a new methodology for crack monitoring in concrete structures. This approach is based on a n this paper, we propose a new methodology for monitoring cracks in concrete structures. This approach is based on a multi-resolution analysis of a sample or a specimen of the studied material subjected to several types of solicitation. The image obtained by ultrasonic investigation and processing by a dedicated wavelet will be analyzed according to several scales in order to detect internal cracks and crack initiation. The ultimate goal of this work is to propose an automatic crack type identification scheme based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). In this context, crack propagation can be monitored without access to the concrete surface and the goal is to detect cracks before they are visible on the concrete surface. The key idea allowing such a performance is the combination of two major data analysis tools which are wavelets and Deep Learning. This original procedure allows to reach a high accuracy close to 0.90. In this work, we have also implemented another approach for automatic detection of external cracks by deep learning from publicly available datasets.