bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of post‐transplant renal function in pre‐emptive and post‐dialysis pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Kim Jin K. , Lorenzo Armando J. , Farhat Walid A. , Chua Michael E. , Ming Jessica M. , Dos Santos Joana , Koyle Martin A.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Little is known regarding post‐transplant renal function following pediatric pre‐emptive KT. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether there is a difference in 1 year post‐transplant renal function outcomes between pre‐emptive and post‐dialysis KT in pediatric transplant recipients.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients who underwent kidney transplant at our institution between 2000 and 2015 was performed. Kidney transplant recipients were divided into four groups: pre‐DD, post‐DD, pre‐LD, and post‐LD. The clinical outcomes, measured in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), acute rejection episodes within 1 year, and hospitalization within 1 year were compared to between groups in their respective donor types (pre‐DD vs post‐DD; pre‐LD vs post‐LD).

Results

The 324 patients were identified (21 pre‐DD, 151 post‐DD, 54 pre‐LD, and 98 post‐LD). Post‐DD group had more females (P = 0.018) and post‐operative complications (P = 0.023), although there was no difference in complications requiring intervention (P = 0.129). Post‐LD patients were more likely to be females (P = 0.017) and those with intrinsic renal (non‐urological/structural) ESRD etiology (P = 0.003). The 1‐year eGFR was similar between pre‐DD and post‐DD groups (70.3 [IQR 53.5‐88.5] vs 74.3 [IQR 62.3‐90.5], P = 0.613), as well as pre‐LD and post‐LD groups (66.6 [IQR 47.8‐73.7] vs 63.9 [IQR 55.0‐77.1], P = 0.600). There were no significant differences in rates of acute rejection episodes or hospitalization within 1 year of transplantation for in LD/DD groups.

Conclusion

There is no significant difference in renal function at 1 year post‐transplant in pediatric patients receiving pre‐emptive or post‐dialysis kidney transplants.
What is Phenomenology of Religion? (Part II): The Phenomenology of Religious Experience
Authors: Gschwandtner Christina M.
Published: February 2019

This article is part II of a consideration of phenomenology of religion focusing in this part on the conversation in contemporary French phenomenology. It begins with a brief comment about Heidegger's phenomenology of religious life and then engages most heavily those thinkers who discuss the phenomenon of religion in the Francophone context: Jean Héring, Emmanuel Lévinas, Jean‐Luc Marion, Michel Henry, Jean‐Yves Lacoste, Jean‐Louis Chrétien, and Emmanuel Falque. The article concludes with a brief consideration of the contemporary Anglophone conversation and the ways in which these French thinkers are appropriated in the current discussion about the phenomenality of religion.
Canine neutrophils cooperate with macrophages in the early stages of Leishmania infantum in vitro infection
Authors: Pereira Maria A. , Alexandre‐Pires Graça , Câmara Margarida , Santos Marcos , Martins Catarina , Rodrigues Armanda , Adriana Jéssica , Passero Luiz Felipe D. , Pereira da Fonseca Isabel , Santos‐Gomes Gabriela
Published: February 2019

Leishmania infantum is the aetiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis and canine leishmaniasis, both systemic and potentially fatal diseases. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the first cells to phagocyte this parasite at the inoculation site, but macrophages (MØ) are the definitive host cells, ensuring parasite replication. The interaction between dog MØ, PMN and L infantum promastigotes was in vitro investigated. It was observed that promastigotes establish contact with blood monocyte‐derived MØ mainly by the tip of the flagellum. These cells, that efficiently bind and internalize parasites, underwent major morphological changes, produced nitric oxide (NO) and released histone H1 in order to inactivate the parasite. Transfer of intracellular parasites from PMN to MØ was confirmed by flow cytometry, using L infantum expressing a green fluorescent protein. The interaction of MØ with L infantum‐infected PMN lead to NO production and release of extracellular traps, which may contribute to parasite containment and inactivation. This study highlights for the first time the diversity of cellular and molecular events triggered by the interaction between canine PMN and MØ, which can promote a reduction of parasite burden in the early phase of L infantum infection.
Tactile hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Ukai Katsuyuki
Published: February 2019

Background

Visual hallucinations (VH) are one of the most common psychological symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). It is generally considered that the VH that occur in DLB usually disappear when patients try to touch imaginary objects. However, DLB patients also sometimes experience tactile hallucinations (TH). To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report to comprehensively describe the TH experienced by DLB patients.

Methods

I searched the literature for case reports that described TH in Parkinson's disease (PD), PD dementia, or DLB. There were four reports regarding TH in PD, one of which was a review article published in 2017. I described the clinical courses of five representative cases of DLB in which TH were associated with VH, and then compared the characteristics of the TH experienced in DLB with those of the TH encountered in previously reported cases of PD.

Results

The TH experienced by the DLB patients had very similar characteristics to the TH experienced by PD patients. However, the TH of the DLB patients differed from those of PD patients in the following respects: (i) when the DLB patients tried to touch the imaginary objects, they often did not disappear; (ii) the imaginary objects experienced by the DLB patients sometimes exhibited characteristic hardness and temperature; and (iii) the imaginary objects experienced by the DLB patients were often influenced by the patients’ behaviour, which in turn led to further hallucinations.

Conclusions

Based on the abovementioned characteristics of the hallucinations of DLB patients, I propose that these phenomena represent a novel psychopathological entity, which I shall temporarily refer to as, ‘strengthening of VH by TH’.
Informal caregivers’ well‐being and care recipients’ quality of life and community reintegration – findings from a stroke survivor sample
Authors: Okoye Emmanuel Chiebuka , Okoro Sandra Chioma , Akosile Christopher Olusanjo , Onwuakagba Ifeoma Uchenna , Ihegihu Ebere Yvonne , Ihegihu Chima Collins
Published: February 2019

Background

Stroke is highly debilitating and requires long‐term care. Informal caregivers of stroke survivors play important roles in stroke rehabilitation. Caring for stroke survivors can negatively affect the caregivers’ well‐being and may adversely impact on their caregiving quality and subsequently on stroke survivors’ well‐being. There seems to be a dearth of research on the relationships between caregivers’ and stroke survivors’ well‐being.

Aims and Objectives

This study was designed to determine the relationships among informal caregivers’ burden and quality of life (QOL) and stroke survivors’ QOL and community reintegration.

Methods

This ethically certified cross‐sectional survey involved 82 stroke survivors (mean age = 60.48 ± 11.13 years) and their 82 primary caregivers (mean age = 36.13 ± 13.69 years) consecutively recruited from seven conveniently sampled tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Caregivers Strain Index, Igbo‐culture adapted Maleka Stroke Community Reintegration Measure and Short‐Form 36‐item Health Survey questionnaires were used to assess the caregivers’ burden, survivors’ community reintegration and QOL (of survivors and caregivers), respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman rank, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests at alpha level of 0.05.

Results

The mean stroke survivors’ community reintegration and QOL were 34.05 ± 21.54% and 34.93 ± 16 ± 49%, respectively. The mean caregivers’ QOL and burden scores were 74.49 ± 12.61% and 9.13 ± 3.18, respectively. About 80.5% of the caregivers experienced significant burden. Stroke survivors’ QOL and community reintegration, and caregivers’ QOL and burden significantly correlated with one another (p < 0.05). Poststroke duration, survivor–caregiver cohabitation duration, survivors’ community‐dwelling duration and daily care‐giving hours significantly correlated with each of stroke survivors’ community reintegration and QOL, and caregivers’ burden and QOL (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Stroke survivors’ community reintegration and QOL were poor while caregivers’ had moderate QOL and high prevalence of significant burden. Significant correlations exist between caregivers’ well‐being and stroke survivors’ QOL and community reintegration. Interventions targeted at reducing caregivers’ burden may help improve both caregivers and survivors’ well‐being.
Development of a coping model for work‐related fear among staff working in emergency department in Finland – study for nursing and medical staff
Authors: Mikkola Riitta , Huhtala Heini , Paavilainen Eija
Published: February 2019

The emergency department is a workplace where the staff regularly encounter new challenges and factors that can cause fear. The aim of this study was to describe coping with work‐related fear among emergency department staff. The study explains the current coping methods of emergency department staff and the requirement for support as well as the availability of support. A coping model for work‐related fear was also developed and will be presented. The study was conducted using a survey developed specifically for this study, which included the Brief COPE Inventory. The study was conducted in 16 hospitals (N = 544) among the doctors, nurses, practical nurses, and orderlies of the emergency departments. The results were analysed using statistical methods such as frequencies, cross‐tabulation, principal component analysis and binary logistic regression analysis. All values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The results showed that nearly all of the emergency department personnel had experienced work‐related fear. Most of the respondents to the survey would have wanted more support, professional help, preventive action and more resources for the emergency department. The emergency department staff had used several coping methods to cope with fear. The most commonly used coping methods were problem‐focused coping and social support. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to increase the availability of coping methods and further develop the existing coping methods.
Effect of health literacy of caregivers on survival rates of patients under palliative care
Authors: Metin Salih , Demirci Hakan , Metin Aybuke Tugce
Published: February 2019

Aim

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of health literacy of the patient caregiver on the care results of palliative care patients.

Methods

Two hundred and forty‐two patients who were hospitalised in palliative care units of seven hospitals in the city in January 2018 were involved in the study. Mortality of the patients was checked 3 months later. A survey interrogating the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and Turkish translation of Health Literacy Survey – European Union to measure the health literacy level of the caregivers were used.

Results

About 19.50% of the patient caregivers are in adequate (sufficient/perfect) HL group in term of general HL. Caregivers had difficulty to access information/knowledge of what to do in case of emergency. Prevalence of bedsore occurrence in patients whose caregiver has ‘inadequate’ HL is higher than patients whose caregiver has ‘adequate’ HL. Rate of ‘inadequate HL’ of the caregiver is higher in dead group. As the length of hospitalisation variable value increases 1 unit, risk of mortality decreases 2%.

Conclusions

Health literacy levels of the individuals dealing with the care of palliative unit patients hospitalised in our region are low. Amelioration of health literacy of the caregivers will have a direct effect on patient health and prevention of complications. Improving health literacy must be a priority target for a more quality patient care and less complication. The issues that caregivers felt themselves insufficient should be addressed and necessary actions should be taken in the identified issues.
Is surgical PD catheter insertion safe for urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis?
Authors: Javaid Muhammad M. , Khan Behram A. , Subramanian Srinivas
Published: February 2019

Urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis (USPD) is increasingly seen as a viable alternative to hemodialysis through a central venous catheter for late‐presenting end‐stage renal disease patients. However, concerns remain about starting dialysis early following the surgical implantation of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter; urgent PD is often thought to be a safe option only after minimally invasive percutaneous catheter insertions. Analysis of the cumulative data from published literature presented in this review appears to negate this general perception and shows that compared to the percutaneous catheter insertions, starting PD urgently following surgically placed catheter is not associated with more catheter leaks, dysfunctions, or other complications. The outcome of USPD is independent of the mode of catheter insertion. Instead, measures to minimize intra‐peritoneal pressure including using the low initial dwell volume based on patient's weight and body habitus and keeping patients in strict supine posture during exchanges in the first 2 weeks of treatment are the two most important factors ensuring a minimization of the risk of catheter‐related complications.
Development of the Collectivist‐Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale
Authors: Cowden Richard G. , Worthington Everett L. , Nonterah Camilla W. , Cairo Athena H. , Griffin Brandon J. , Hook Joshua N.
Published: February 2019

Mounting evidence suggests that experiences of forgiveness vary across cultures. However, culturally sensitive conceptualizations of forgiveness lack empirical support, in part because psychometrically sound instruments designed to capture unique aspects of forgiveness in non‐Western cultures are rare. For this reason, we developed the Collectivist‐Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS‐CS), which is designed to measure trait forgivingness within societies characterized by a blend of individualistic and collectivistic worldviews. In Study 1 (N = 597), exploratory factor analysis revealed a 16‐item three‐factor structure of third‐party forgiveness, collectivistic forgiveness, and interpersonal resentment among South Africans. In Study 2 (N = 897), the three‐factor model replicated in an independent South African sample. Findings also offered preliminary evidence supporting the construct validity of the TFS‐CS. Overall, these studies support a conceptualization of trait forgivingness with similarities and differences relative to Western models and highlight the importance of appreciating the influence of culture when measuring forgiveness.
Can imagined intergroup contact change (internal) dialogues on differences between ingroup and outgroup?
Authors: Puchalska‐Wasyl Małgorzata M.
Published: February 2019

Several positive functions have been ascribed to integrative internal dialogues (IDs), which are based on mutual openness to a partner's viewpoint and a readiness to consider his/her arguments in order to potentially modify one's own stance. As the technique of imagined intergroup contact (IIC) favorably influences attitudes towards outgroup members, it was hypothesized that IIC would have a beneficial impact on IDs with an outgroup member when the dialogue is focused on differences between ingroup and outgroup. In the experiment, 151 people (80 women) participated. It revealed that after IIC, both the dialogue author's confrontational attitude and the interlocutor's integrative attitude decreased. Thus, IIC made participants less inclined to gain an advantage over their imagined outgroup interlocutors and more inclined to give them freedom in IDs. However, the effect was significant only when the author's involvement in ID was high or medium.
Identification of three new HLA alleles in the Spanish population: HLA‐C*05:203, C*15:10:04 and DRB1*01:99
Authors: Balas Antonio , Planelles Dolores , Rodríguez‐Cebriá Manuel , Luis‐Hidalgo Mar , Vicario José L.
Published: February 2019

Three new HLA alleles, HLA‐C*05:203, ‐C*15:10:04 and DRB1*01:99, were characterized in the Spanish population.
Optimized small‐molecule pull‐downs define MLBP1 as an acyl‐lipid‐binding protein
Authors: Sterlin Yelena , Pri‐Tal Oded , Zimran Gil , Park Sang‐Youl , Ben‐Ari Julius , Kourelis Jiorgos , Verstraeten Inge , Gal Maayan , Cutler Sean R. , Mosquna Assaf
Published: February 2019

Abscisic acid (ABA) receptors belong to the START domain superfamily, which encompasses ligand‐binding proteins present in all kingdoms of life. START domain proteins contain a central binding pocket that, depending on the protein, can couple ligand binding to catalytic, transport or signaling functions. In Arabidopsis, the best characterized START domain proteins are the 14 PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, while the other members of the superfamily do not have assigned ligands. To address this, we used affinity purification of biotinylated proteins expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana coupled to untargeted LC‐MS to identify candidate binding ligands. We optimized this method using ABA–PYL interactions and show that ABA co‐purifies with wild‐type PYL5 but not a binding site mutant. The Kd of PYL5 for ABA is 1.1 μm, which suggests that the method has sufficient sensitivity for many ligand–protein interactions. Using this method, we surveyed a set of 37 START domain‐related proteins, which resulted in the identification of ligands that co‐purified with MLBP1 (At4G01883) or MLP165 (At1G35260). Metabolite identification and the use of authentic standards revealed that MLBP1 binds to monolinolenin, which we confirmed using recombinant MLBP1. Monolinolenin also co‐purified with MLBP1 purified from transgenic Arabidopsis, demonstrating that the interaction occurs in a native context. Thus, deployment of this relatively simple method allowed us to define a protein–metabolite interaction and better understand protein–ligand interactions in plants.
In situ transcriptomic and metabolomic study of the loss of photosynthesis in the leaves of mixotrophic plants exploiting fungi
Authors: Lallemand Félix , Martin‐Magniette Marie‐Laure , Gilard Françoise , Gakière Bertrand , Launay‐Avon Alexandra , Delannoy Étienne , Selosse Marc‐André
Published: February 2019

Mycoheterotrophic plants have lost photosynthesis and obtain carbon through mycorrhizal fungi colonizing their roots. They are likely to have evolved from mixotrophic ancestors, which rely on both photosynthesis and fungal carbon for their development. Whereas our understanding of the ecological and genomic changes associated with the evolutionary shift to mycoheterotrophy is deepening, little information is known about the specific metabolic and physiological features driving this evolution. We investigated this issue in naturally occurring achlorophyllous variants of temperate mixotrophic orchids. We carried out an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the response to achlorophylly in the leaves of three mixotrophic species sampled in natura. Achlorophyllous leaves showed major impairment of their photosynthetic and mineral nutrition functions, strong accumulation of free amino acids, overexpression of enzymes and transporters related to sugars, amino acids and fatty acid catabolism, as well as induction of some autophagy‐related and biotic stress genes. Such changes were reminiscent of these reported for variegated leaves and appeared to be symptomatic of a carbon starvation response. Rather than decisive metabolic innovations, we suggest that the evolution towards mycoheterotrophy in orchids is more likely to be reliant on the versatility of plant metabolism and an ability to exploit fungal organic resources, especially amino acids, to replace missing photosynthates.
Neuronal Ca2+ signalling at rest and during spontaneous neurotransmission
Authors: Kavalali Ege T.
Published: February 2019

Action potential driven neuronal signalling drives several electrical and biochemical processes in the nervous system. However, neurons can maintain synaptic communication and signalling under resting conditions independently of activity. Importantly, these processes are regulated by Ca2+ signals that occur at rest. Several studies have suggested that opening of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels near resting membrane potentials, activation of NMDA receptors in the absence of depolarization or Ca2+ release from intracellular stores can drive neurotransmitter release as well as subsequent signalling in the absence of action potentials. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that manipulation of resting neuronal Ca2+ signalling yielded pronounced homeostatic synaptic plasticity, suggesting a critical role for this resting form of signalling in regulation of synaptic efficacy and neuronal homeostasis. Given their robust impact on synaptic efficacy and neuronal signalling, neuronal resting Ca2+ signals warrant further mechanistic analysis that includes the potential role of store‐operated Ca2+ entry in these processes.

image
Thermomechanical Interaction Between Thin Bare-Die Package and Thermal Solution in Next-Generation Mobile Computing Platforms
Authors: Uppal Aastha , Peterson Jerrod , Chang Je-Young , Guo Xi , Liang Frank , Tang Weihua
Published: February 2019

The demands for both thinner bare-die ball grid array (BGA) packages and thinner thermal solutions have added complexity for the thermal enabling design and material options associated with system on chip packages in mobile personal computer (PC) platforms. The thermomechanical interactions between the bare-die package and the thermal solution are very critical, creating the needs for: (1) an in-depth thermomechanical characterization to understand their impacts on product quality and performance and (2) a simple and yet robust modeling methodology to analyze design parameters using a commercially available software. In this paper, experimental metrologies and modeling methodology are developed with the details of contents documented. Validation of the newly developed tools and recommendation/guidance are also discussed for detailed assessments of thermomechanical tradeoffs for optimal design spaces for next-generation mobile platforms.
Liquid Cooling of Compute System
Authors: Gullbrand Jessica , Luckeroth Mark J. , Sprenger Mark E. , Winkel Casey
Published: February 2019

The continued demand for increasing compute performance results in an increasing system power and power density of many computers. The increased power requires more efficient cooling solutions than traditionally used air cooling. Therefore, liquid cooling, which has traditionally been used for large data center deployments, is becoming more mainstream. Liquid cooling can be used selectively to cool the high power components or the whole compute system. In this paper, the example of a fully liquid cooled server is used to describe different ingredients needed, together with the design challenges associated with them. The liquid cooling ingredients are cooling distribution unit (CDU), fluid, manifold, quick disconnects (QDs), and cold plates. Intel is driving an initiative to accelerate liquid cooling implementation and deployment by enabling the ingredients above. The functionality of these ingredients is discussed in this paper, while cold plates are discussed in detail.
Mechanical Characterization of Thermal Interface Materials and Its Challenges
Authors: Subramanian Vijay , Sanchez Jorge , Bautista Joseph , He Yi , Wang Jinlin , Das Abhishek , Schuldes Jesus Gerardo Reyes , Yazzie Kyle , Dhavaleswarapu Hemanth K. , Malatkar Pramod
Published: February 2019

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) play a vital role in the performance of electronic packages by enabling improved heat dissipation. These materials typically have high thermal conductivity and are designed to offer a lower thermal resistance path for efficient heat transfer. For some semiconductor components, thermal solutions are attached directly to the bare silicon die using TIM materials, while other components use an integrated heat spreader (IHS) attached on top of the die(s) and the thermal solution attached on top of the IHS. For cases with an IHS, two TIM materials are used—TIM1 is applied between the silicon die and IHS and TIM2 is used between IHS and thermal solution. TIM materials are usually comprised of a polymer matrix with thermally conductive fillers such as silica, aluminum, alumina, boron nitride, zinc oxide, etc. The polymer matrix wets the contact surface to lower the contact resistance, while the fillers help reduce the bulk resistance by increasing the bulk thermal conductivity. TIM thickness varies by application but is typically between 25 μm and around 250 μm. Selection of appropriate TIM1 and TIM2 materials is necessary for the reliable thermal performance of a product over its life and end-use conditions. It has been observed that during reliability testing, TIM materials are prone to degradation which in turn leads to a reduction in the thermal performance of the product. Typical material degradation is in the form of hardening, compression set, interfacial delamination, voiding, or excessive bleed-out. Therefore, in order to identify viable TIM materials, characterization of the thermomechanical behavior of these materials becomes important. However, developing effective metrologies for TIM characterization is difficult for two reasons: TIM materials are very soft, and the sample thickness is very small. Therefore, a well-designed test setup and a repeatable sample preparation and test procedure are needed to overcome these challenges and to obtain reliable data. In this paper, we will share some of the TIM characterization techniques developed for TIM material down-selection. The focus will be on mechanical characterization of TIM materials—including modulus, compression set, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), adhesion strength, and pump-out/bleed-out measurement techniques. Also, results from several TIM formulations, such as polymer TIMs and thermal gap pads, will be shared.
Influence of Optical Parameters on Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection in a Horizontal Cylindrical Annulus
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Ben-Wen , Hu Zhang-Mao
Published: February 2019

The coupled phenomena of radiative–magnetohyrodynamic (MHD) natural convection in a horizontal cylindrical annulus are numerically investigated. The buoyant flow is driven by the temperature difference between the inner and outer cylinder walls, while a circumferential magnetic field induced by a constant electric current is imposed. The hybrid approach of finite volume and discrete ordinates methods (FV-DOM) is developed to solve the nonlinear integro-differential governing equations in polar coordinate system, and accordingly, the influences of Hartmann number, radiation–convection parameter, and optical properties of fluid and wall on thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of the “downward flow,” originally occurring without consideration of radiation and magnetic field, are mainly discussed. The results indicate that both the circulating flow and heat transfer are weakened by the magnetic field, but its suppression effect on the latter is rather small. Under the influence of magnetic field, the “downward flow” pattern has not been obtained from zero initial condition even for the case of weak radiation of NR = 0.1. Besides, the variation of radiative heat transfer rate with angular positions diminishes for the fluid with strong scattering or weak absorption.
Epistemic Uncertainty Stemming From Measurement Processing—A Case Study of Multiphase Shock Tube Experiments
Authors: Park Chanyoung , Matthew Justin , Kim Nam H. , Haftka Raphael T.
Published: February 2019

Experiments of a shock hitting a curtain of particles were conducted at the multiphase shock tube facility at Sandia National Laboratories. These are studied in this paper for quantifying the epistemic uncertainty in the experimental measurements due to processing via measurement models. Schlieren and X-ray imaging techniques were used to obtain the measurements that characterize the particle curtain with particle volume fraction and curtain edge locations. The epistemic uncertainties in the experimental setup and image processing methods were identified and measured. The effects of these uncertainties on the uncertainty in the extracted experimental measurements were quantified. The influence of the epistemic uncertainty was significantly higher than the experimental variability that has been previously considered as the most important uncertainty of experiments.
Set compliance current induced resistive memory characteristics of W/Hf/HfOx/TiN devices
Authors: Maji S. , Samanta S. , Das P. , Maikap S. , Dhanak V. R. , Mitrovic I. Z. , Mahapatra R.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the authors have investigated the effect of current compliance during the set process on the resistive memory characteristics and switching mechanism of W/Hf/HfOx/TiN devices. The presence of an Hf thin cap layer enables the stable and uniform bipolar resistive switching behavior. Compliance current can modify the barrier height at the oxide-electrode interface by increasing or reducing the oxygen vacancies and induce different switching mechanisms. Low compliance current (50 μA) based switching confirms the Schottky conduction mechanism due to the interfacial effects, while high compliance current (500 μA) involves the ohmic conduction mechanism, signifying the formation of a conductive filament. No significant dispersion of reset current and reset voltage has been found for each set compliance current varying from 50 to 500 μA, indicating uniform performance of the devices. The devices also exhibited a read endurance up to 2000 cycles.
Airport construction threatens Incan heartland
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: February 2019

Nearly 200 researchers sign letter opposing project, saying it could harm ancient sites.
Indonesian earthquake broke a geologic speed limit
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: February 2019

Event could raise hazard risks by showing "supershear" earthquakes can strike more faults.
Homogenized halides and alkali cation segregation in alloyed organic-inorganic perovskites
Authors: Correa-Baena Juan-Pablo , Luo Yanqi , Brenner Thomas M. , Snaider Jordan , Sun Shijing , Li Xueying , Jensen Mallory A. , Hartono Noor Titan Putri , Nienhaus Lea , Wieghold Sarah , Poindexter Jeremy R. , Wang Shen , Meng Ying Shirley , Wang Ti , Lai Barry , Holt Martin V. , Cai Zhonghou , Bawendi Moungi G. , Huang Libai , Buonassisi Tonio , Fenning David P.
Published: February 2019

Advantages of adding just enough alkalis

For organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, addition of cesium or rubidium cations can improve power conversion efficiency. Correa-Baena
et al.
used nanoscale x-ray fluorescence imaging to show that the addition of metal cations at low concentrations homogenized the distribution of bromide and iodide anions and also increased charge-carrier lifetimes. However, at high concentrations, aggregation and cluster formation led to increased charge recombination.

Science
, this issue p.
627
Dynamic gating of infrared radiation in a textile
Authors: Zhang Xu A. , Yu Shangjie , Xu Beibei , Li Min , Peng Zhiwei , Wang Yongxin , Deng Shunliu , Wu Xiaojian , Wu Zupeng , Ouyang Min , Wang YuHuang
Published: February 2019

A cloth that adapts to the heat

Textiles trap infrared radiation, which helps keep us warm in cold weather. Of course, in hot weather, this is less desirable. Zhang
et al.
constructed an infrared-adaptive textile composed of polymer fibers coated with carbon nanotubes. The yarn itself expanded and collapsed based on heat and humidity, which changed the spacing of the fibers. Wider fiber spacing allowed the textile to breathe but also altered the infrared emissivity of the textile. This allowed for better heat exchange under hot and wet conditions. The self-adjusting emissivity of the textile could help toward wearable thermal-management attire.

Science
, this issue p.
619
Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes requires YAP-dependent metabolic adaptation
Authors: Lee Choong-kun , Jeong Seung-hwan , Jang Cholsoon , Bae Hosung , Kim Yoo Hyung , Park Intae , Kim Sang Kyum , Koh Gou Young
Published: February 2019

Fueling lymph node metastases

Metastatic cells can migrate from a primary tumor to distant organs through two routes: They can enter the bloodstream directly, or they can enter a lymph node adjacent to the primary tumor. Little is known about the biological mechanisms that allow tumor cells to survive and grow within lymph nodes. Studying mouse models, Lee
et al.
found that tumor cells adapt to the lymph node microenvironment by shifting their metabolism toward fatty acid oxidation. This occurs through activation of a signaling pathway driven by the yes-associated protein (YAP) transcription factor. Importantly, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation or YAP signaling suppressed lymph node metastasis in the mice.

Science
, this issue p.
644
Branched-chain amino acids in disease
Authors: White Phillip J. , Newgard Christopher B.
Published: February 2019

Are BCAAs a biomarker, causal agent, or both in cardiometabolic disease?
Supersymmetric laser arrays
Authors: Hokmabadi Mohammad P. , Nye Nicholas S. , El-Ganainy Ramy , Christodoulides Demetrios N. , Khajavikhan Mercedeh
Published: February 2019

Stability through symmetry

A common route to get more light out of a laser system is to couple multiple lasers to form an array. However, instabilities owing to cross-talk and interference between different modes of individual cavities is generally detrimental to performance and could ultimately be damaging to the laser cavities. Hokmabadi
et al.
applied notions derived from supersymmetry, a theory developed in high-energy physics to describe the make-up and properties of particles, to design a stable array of semiconductor lasers (see the Perspective by Kottos). Based on symmetry arguments, the method is scalable and could provide a practical platform to design and develop complex photonic systems.

Science
, this issue p.
623
; see also p.
586
Liquid lessons
Liquid Rules: The Delightful and Dangerous Substances That Flow Through Our Lives
Mark Miodownik
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019. 256 pp.
Authors: Brandt Sara
Published: February 2019

From ink to oceans, a materials scientist explores the properties of fluids encountered on a transatlantic flight
Nitrogen in the environment
Authors: Stevens Carly J.
Published: February 2019

Excess nitrogen causes problems in developed nations, but nitrogen-poor soils threaten food security elsewhere
Structural basis of α-scorpion toxin action on Na
v
channels
Authors: Clairfeuille Thomas , Cloake Alexander , Infield Daniel T. , Llongueras José P. , Arthur Christopher P. , Li Zhong Rong , Jian Yuwen , Martin-Eauclaire Marie-France , Bougis Pierre E. , Ciferri Claudio , Ahern Christopher A. , Bosmans Frank , Hackos David H. , Rohou Alexis , Payandeh Jian
Published: February 2019

How activation leads to gating

Voltage-gated sodium (Na
v
) channels are key players in electrical signaling. Central to their function is fast inactivation, and mutants that impede this cause conditions such as epilepsy and pain syndromes. The channels have four voltage-sensing domains (VSDs), with VSD4 playing an important role in fast inactivation. Clairfeuille
et al.
determined the structures of a chimera in which VSD4 of the cockroach channel Na
v
PaS is replaced with VSD4 from human Na
v
1.7, both in the apo state and bound to a scorpion toxin that impedes fast activation (see the Perspective by Chowdhury and Chanda). The toxin traps VSD4 in a deactivated state. Comparison with the apo structure shows how interactions between VSD4 and the carboxyl-terminal region change as VSD4 activates and suggests how this would lead to fast inactivation.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav8573
; see also p.
1278
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Utilizes Both Phospholipase D and Arcanolysin To Mediate Its Uptake into Nonphagocytic Cells
Authors: Gellings Patrick S. , McGee David J.
Published: February 2019

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
is an emerging human pathogen that causes pharyngitis and wound infections. A few studies have suggested that
A. haemolyticum
is able to induce its uptake into nonphagocytic epithelial cells, but the bacterial factors associated with host cell invasion and the host cell processes involved have yet to be studied.
Establishment of a thalassaemia major quality improvement collaborative in Pakistan
Authors: Hoodbhoy Zahra , Ehsan Lubaina , Alvi Najveen , Sajjad Fatimah , Asghar Aleezay , Nadeem Omair , Qidwai Asim , Hussain Shabneez , Hasan Erum , Altaf Sadaf , Kirmani Salman , Hasan Babar S
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to establish multidisciplinary care for patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (TDT) by creating a TDT quality improvement (QI) collaborative in a resource-constrained setting. This study presents our initial experience of creating this collaborative, the baseline characteristics of the participants, the proposed QI interventions and the outcome metrics of the collaborative.

Design and setting

TDT QI collaborative is a database comprising patients with TDT from four centres in Karachi, Pakistan. Study variables included symptoms of cardiac or endocrine dysfunction, physical examination including anthropometry and Tanner staging, chelation therapy, results of echocardiography, T2* cardiac MRI (CMR) and serum ferritin. The main outcome of this collaborative was improvement in TDT-related morbidity and mortality. Interventions addressing the key drivers of outcome were designed and implemented.

Results

At the time of reporting, the total number of patients in this database was 295. Most patients reported cardiac symptoms corresponding to New York Heart Association class 2. Approximately half (52%, n=153) of the patients demonstrated severe myocardial iron overload (T2* <10 ms). Majority of the patients (58%, n=175) were not on adequate chelation therapy. There was no difference in echocardiographic measures of systolic and diastolic left ventricle among the different spectrums of iron overloaded myocardium.

Conclusion

Using T2* CMR and endocrine testing, we have identified significant burden of iron siderosis in our patients with TDT. Lack of adequate iron load assessment and standardised management was observed. Interventions designed to target these key drivers of outcome are the unique part of this QI-based TDT registry.
Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Xue Yue , Yang Yanxiang , Huang Tao
Published: February 2019

Objective

To synthesise randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the effects of chronic exercise interventions on different domain-specific executive functions (EFs) among children and adolescents.

Design

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Data sources

PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, Embase and Web of Science were searched.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

RCTs or cluster RCT design, which employ chronic exercise interventions and target healthy children (age 6–12 years) and adolescents (age 13–17 years). We defined chronic exercise as physical activity (PA) which consists of multiple exercise sessions per week and lasts for an extended period of time (typically over 6 weeks).

Results

We included 19 studies, with a total of 5038 participants. The results showed that chronic exercise interventions improved overall EFs (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.20, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.30, p<0.05) and inhibitory control (SMD=0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45, P<0.05). In meta regression, higher body mass index was associated with greater improvements in overall EFs performance (β=0.03, 95% CI 0.0002 to 0.06, p<0.05), whereas age and exercise duration were not. In subgroup analysis by intervention modality, sports and PA programme (SMD=0.21, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.31, p<0.05) and curricular PA (SMD=0.39, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.69, p<0.05) improved overall EFs performance, but integrated PA did not (SMD=0.02, 95% CI −0.05 to 0.09, p>0.05). Interventions with a session length < 90 minutes improved overall EFs performance (SMD=0.24, 95%CI 0.10 to 0.39, p=0.02), but session length ≥ 90 minutes did not (SMD=0.05, 95%CI -0.03 to 0.14). No other moderator was found to have an effect.

Conclusions

Despite small effect sizes, chronic exercise interventions, implemented in curricular or sports and PA programme settings, might be a promising way to promote multiple aspects of executive functions, especially inhibitory control.
Loss of patellofemoral cartilage thickness over 5 years following ACL injury depends on the initial treatment strategy: results from the KANON trial
Authors: Culvenor Adam G , Eckstein Felix , Wirth Wolfgang , Lohmander L Stefan , Frobell Richard
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To evaluate changes in patellofemoral cartilage thickness over 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and to determine the impact of treatment strategy.

Methods

121 adults (ages 18–35 years, 26% women) had an ACL injury and participated in the KANON randomised controlled trial. Of those, 117 had available MRIs at baseline (<4 weeks post-ACL rupture) and at least one follow-up measurement (2, 5 years). Patellofemoral cartilage thickness was analysed by manual segmentation (blinded to acquisition order). Patellar, trochlear and total patellofemoral cartilage thickness changes were compared between as-randomised (rehabilitation+early ACL reconstruction (ACLR) (n=59) vs rehabilitation+optional delayed ACLR (n=58)) and as-treated groups (rehabilitation+early ACLR (n=59) vs rehabilitation +delayed ACLR (n=29) vs rehabilitation alone (n=29)).

Results

Patellofemoral cartilage thickness decreased −58 µm (95% CI −104 to –11 µm) over 5 years post-ACL rupture, with the greatest loss observed in trochlea during the first 2 years. Participants randomised to rehabilitation+early ACLR had significantly greater loss of patellar cartilage thickness compared with participants randomised to rehabilitation+optional delayed ACLR over the first 2 years (−25 µm (−52, 1 µm) vs +14 µm (−6 to 34 µm), p=0.02) as well as over 5 years (−36 µm (−78 to 5 µm) vs +18 µm (−7, 42 µm), p=0.02). There were no statistically significant differences in patellofemoral cartilage thickness changes between as-treated groups.

Conclusion

Patellofemoral (particularly trochlear) cartilage thickness loss was observed in young adults following acute ACL rupture. Early ACLR was associated with greater patellofemoral (particularly patellar) cartilage thickness loss over 5 years compared with optional delayed ACLR, indicating that early surgical intervention may be associated with greater short-term structural patellofemoral cartilage deterioration compared with optional delayed surgery.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN84752559; Post-results.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in UK civilians with traumatic brain injury: an observational study of TBI clinic attendees to estimate PTSD prevalence and its relationship with radiological markers of brain injury severity
Authors: Qureshi Kasim L , Upthegrove Rachel , Toman Emma , Sawlani Vijay , Davies David James , Belli Antonio
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a large civilian population with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to assess whether brain injury severity is correlated with PTSD symptoms.

Design

Observational, cross-sectional study.

Setting and participants

Outpatient clinic in a major UK trauma centre and secondary care hospital. Estimates of PTSD prevalence are based on 171 sampled individuals attending TBI clinic within an 18-month period. Analysis of the relationship between TBI severity and PTSD was performed on the subset of 127 patients for whom injury severity data were also available.

Methods

Civilian TBI clinic attendees completed validated self-report questionnaires assessing PTSD (PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C)) and other psychiatric symptoms. From this, the prevalence of PTSD was estimated in our cohort. Postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Score and Marshall grade on CT brain scan were recorded as indicators of brain injury severity. A hierarchical regression explored whether TBI severity may predict PTSD scores.

Results

A high prevalence of PTSD was estimated (21% with PCL-C score >50). Higher Marshall grading displayed a slight negative correlation with PTSD symptoms. This statistically significant relationship persisted after confounding factors such as depression and postconcussion symptoms were controlled for.

Conclusions

PTSD and TBI frequently coexist, share antecedents and overlap in their resultant symptoms. This complexity has given rise to conflicting hypotheses about relationships between the two. This research reveals that PTSD is common in civilians with TBI (adding to evidence drawn from military populations). The analysis indicated that more severe brain injury may exert a slight protective influence against the development of PTSD—potentially by disrupting implicit access to traumatic memories, or via overlapping neuropsychiatric symptoms that impede diagnosis. The association suggests that further research is warranted to explore the reuse of routine clinical and neuroimaging data—investigating its potential to predict risk of psychiatric morbidity.
Implementation of the WHO manual for Robson classification: an example from Sri Lanka using a local database for developing quality improvement recommendations
Authors: Senanayake Hemantha , Piccoli Monica , Valente Emanuelle Pessa , Businelli Caterina , Mohamed Rishard , Fernando Roshini , Sakalasuriya Anshumalie , Ihsan Fathima Reshma , Covi Benedetta , Wanzira Humphrey , Lazzerini Marzia
Published: February 2019

Objectives

This study aimed at describing the use of a prospective database on hospital deliveries for analysing caesarean section (CS) practices according to the WHO manual for Robson classification, and for developing recommendations for improving the quality of care (QoC).

Design

Observational study.

Setting

University Obstetric Unit at De Soysa Hospital for Women, the largest maternity unit in Sri Lanka.

Data collection and analysis

For each childbirth, 150 variables were routinely collected in a standardised form and entered into a database. Data were routinely monitored for ensuring quality. Information on deliveries occurring from July 2015 to June 2017 were analysed according the WHO Robson classification manual. Findings were discussed internally to develop quality improvement recommendations.

Results

7504 women delivered in the hospital during the study period and at least one maternal or fetal pathological condition was reported in 2845 (37.9%). The CS rate was 30.0%, with 11.9% CS being performed prelabour. According to the Robson classification, Group 3 and Group 1 were the most represented groups (27.0% and 23.1% of population, respectively). The major contributors to the CS rate were group 5 (29.6%), group 1 (14.0%), group 2a (13.3%) and group 10 (11.5%). The most commonly reported indications for CS included abnormal cardiotocography/suspected fetal distress, past CS and failed progress of labour or failed induction. These suggested the need for further discussion on CS practices. Overall, 18 recommendations were agreed on. Besides updating protocols and hands-on training, activities agreed on included monitoring and supervision, criterion-based audits, risk management meetings and appropriate information for patients, and recommendations to further improve the quality of data.

Conclusions

This study provides an example on how the WHO manual for Robson classification can be used in an action-oriented manner for developing recommendations for improving the QoC, and the quality of data collected.