bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women entrepreneurs in a masculine society: inclusive strategy for sustainable outcomes
Authors: Kumar Avanish
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse a women entrepreneurial model that promotes inclusive strategy and organizational structure for sustainable outcomes in a masculine society.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopts qualitative research methods, such as case study and in‐depth interviews, to analyse possible factors that promote sustainable outcomes among rural women entrepreneurs, such as purpose, processes and products of the strategy and stakeholders. The paper reviews existing literature on women entrepreneurship, especially in a masculine society.

Findings

The analysis reveals that women face three primary challenges: ability to take financial risk, ability to mitigate organisational risk, and ability to empower as a social collective. It also highlights that there are different phases of enterprise development and each phase requires a dedicated strategy. Lastly it identifies several social, political and economic advantages that are embedded in a social enterprise, if a social entrepreneurial sustainable model is adopted.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is confined to qualitative methods applied to key resource persons and case study. The paper does not include a survey of all the beneficiaries.

Practical implications

The outcome of this paper shall be useful for the government, funding agencies, and non‐government organisations to formulate an inclusive and sustainable policy that enables women to become successful entrepreneurs.

Social implications

This paper will influence across South Asia that faces similar socio‐economic challenges of women marginalization.

Originality/value

The paper is unique in providing a social entrepreneurship sustainable model for promoting inclusive outcomes in a masculine society.
Cross border higher education in India: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Rajkhowa Gautam
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to review the higher education system in India and to examine the challenges and opportunities for cross border higher education.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a review of published statistics and extant literature on Indian higher education provision, regulatory mechanisms and cross border higher education.

Findings

The higher education system in India is long established, has many strengths and has significant potential for growth. Whilst the regulatory system is largely onerous and could be simplified, there is significant scope for growth of cross border higher education.

Originality/value

Within the context of the current developments taking place in the higher education sector in India, this paper addresses issues related to growth and the challenges and opportunities for cross border higher education.
The use of incentives in organizations
Authors: Jeffrey Scott A. , Dickinson Alyce M. , Einarsson Yngvi F.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The authors aim to analyze actual practice in industry with respect to the use, choice, and effectiveness of four types of incentives, cash, prepaid cards, travel, and merchandise.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a survey of 170 practicing incentive design managers.

Findings

Usage of cash and cards continue to increase but travel and merchandise are still frequently used.

Originality/value

This will provide useful information to practitioners who design incentive programs.
Concentration and efficiency in the Vietnamese banking system between 1999 and 2009
Authors: Ngoc Nguyen Thao , Stewart Chris
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the degree of concentration and efficiency in the Vietnamese banking system using the structural model.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply the concentration ratio (CR), Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index (HHI) and concentration‐profitability model based upon the Structure‐Conduct‐Performance (SCP) and Efficiency Hypothesis (EH) approaches to examine 48 Vietnamese commercial banks over the period 1999‐2009.

Findings

The authors' empirical results show that the Vietnamese banking industry has become substantially less concentrated; however, large commercial banks still dominate the whole banking system. Further, their results do not support either the traditional Structure‐Conduct‐Performance or the Efficiency Hypothesis.

Practical implications

The State Bank of Vietnam needs to have policies for restructuring the system and promoting competition in the banking sector of Vietnam.

Originality/value

This is the first such study of the Vietnamese banking system.
Responses to co‐workers receiving recognition at work
Authors: Feys Marjolein , Anseel Frederik , Wille Bart
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of co‐workers receiving recognition on two types of responses, namely emotions (positive and negative) and behavioral intentions (interpersonal counterproductive behavior and interpersonal citizenship behavior).

Design/methodology/approach

This study is an experimental scenario study with a 2×2 between‐subjects design with 246 employees from a local health care organization.

Findings

The findings reveal that the relation between the recognition of others and positive or negative emotions was moderated by the quality of the relationship between both actors. Further, as hypothesized, the relation between the recognition of others and interpersonal counterproductive behavior was moderated by relationship quality. Contrary to the authors' expectations, relationship quality did not moderate the relation between employee recognition and interpersonal citizenship behavior.

Practical implications

This study provides useful suggestions for managers to diminish undesired (i.e. negative emotions and interpersonal counterproductive behavior) and enhance desired emotions and behaviors (i.e. positive emotions and interpersonal citizenship behavior).

Originality/value

This study is the first to show that employee recognition may have negative effects on the emotions of others and interpersonal behavior (i.e. interpersonal counterproductive behavior).
Leadership‐motivated excellence theory: an extension of LMX
Authors: Graen George B. , Schiemann William A.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review and extend leader‐member‐exchange theory (LMX). It also describes the new “Leadership‐Motivated Excellence Theory” (LMX‐T), and its implications for managing members of new generations.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper and does not employ research methods.

Findings

Recent findings included in this review and extension of LMX theory suggest that members of the millennial generation (born 1978‐1996) are having difficulties in finding a common ground with their chosen career organization after college. The new LMX‐T suggests that forming unique strategic alliances with team members may increase the inclusion of these generational members, and help them tackle common organizational problems.

Practical implications

The review of the new Leadership‐Motivated Excellence Theory suggests that managers may want to redesign their managerial leadership climate to make it more “millennial friendly”.

Originality/value

This review provides a unique perspective on the employee development needed for new generations of employees.
“Are you happy here?”: the relationship between quality of life and place attachment
Authors: Joaquim Araújo de Azevedo António , João Ferreira Custódio Maria , Pereira Antunes Perna Fernando
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This study aims to develop a new insight (focused on residents) into the measurement of place attachment, self‐esteem, self‐efficacy and perceived happiness, in order to provide public policy makers with performance indicators for place marketing strategies.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey applied to 641 residents of Portimão, the second most populated city in Algarve, in the south of Portugal, was conducted to assess the quality of life attributes and place attachment measures.

Findings

Findings revealed that the city's quality of life attributes (comprising six dimensions) influence place attachment – which is significantly correlated with self‐efficacy, perceived happiness and active citizenship behaviours.

Practical implications

As an input for the city policy makers, this research can contribute to a better knowledge and management of the factors that influence the residents' well‐being. For residents, it provided an opportunity for participation which may influence the public planning of the city.

Originality/value

The paper discusses a new framework that is a contribution for policy makers and public decision makers of the relevance of systematic place marketing and monitoring.
Changing the lens
Authors: Rutti Raina M. , Helms Marilyn M. , Rose Laura C.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To expand the literature and enhance understanding of the mentoring process, this research proposes the social exchange theory (SET) as a framework for the exchanges that take place between individuals in a mentoring relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

A detailed literature review for mentoring and Fiske's social exchange theory propositions, as well as work by Hofstede on power distance, gender, and diversity studies, provide a new approach to mentoring research.

Findings

The four relational structures (communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing) developed by Fiske and the effects of diversity are integrated with the existing mentoring literature to create a new model explaining the effects exchange type and diversity have on the perceived amount of support given and received during the maturation process of the mentoring relationship.

Research limitations/implications

This paper extends an under‐researched area of mentoring with discussion and suggests areas for future research. Specifically, the study focuses on operationalising and testing the proposed, expanded mentoring model in both qualitative and quantitative research for confirmation and further theory building.

Originality/value

By integrating mentoring and Fiske's social exchange theories to provide an alternative explanation for the mentoring process, this paper proposes a number of new possible relationships that will require quantitative, confirmatory research but should add significantly to this area of study. Propositions for further testing are provided as well as suggestions for operationalising and testing the model.
Do Big 4 audit firms improve the value relevance of earnings and equity?
Authors: Lee Hsien‐Li , Lee Hua
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between audit quality and value relevance of representative accounting measures, such as earnings and book value of equity.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors estimate the standard value relevance equations and the modified equations by ordinary least square regressions and use two ways to compare the difference in the value relevance of earnings and book value of equity audited by Big 4 auditors and non‐Big 4 auditors, as characterized by the coefficient of determination, R2; and based on previous lines of published research.

Findings

Some evidence was found that, in the Taiwan capital market, in general, the earnings and book value of equity audited by Big 4 auditors explain more variations in stock return than those audited by non‐Big 4 auditors. The results are robust to different empirical models and measurements of value relevance and control for risk and growth factors. Consequently, both earnings and book value audited by Big 4 audit firms are generally more relevant than those audited by non‐Big 4 audit firms.

Originality/value

Assuming that the Big 4 audit firms provide a higher level of assurance and credibility, the overall results are generally consistent with the authors' prediction that audit quality, as captured by size of audit firms, improves the value relevance of earnings and book value of equity.
Design of low‐noise CMOS transimpedance amplifier
Authors: Huang Chuah Joon , Holburn David
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to design a very low‐noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for a novel multi‐pixel CMOS photon detector which performs secondary electron (SE) detection in the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Design/methodology/approach

The TIA, which is implemented with three‐stage push‐pull inverters, is optimised using a nomograph technique developed in MATLAB. SPICE simulations are conducted to verify the results generated from MATLAB. Important performance figures are obtained experimentally and these measurements are compared with simulation results.

Findings

A low‐noise TIA fabricated in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology was tested. Experimental results obtained show that the TIA connected to a photodiode with a junction capacitance of 0.8 pF can carry out its task effectively with a transimpedance gain of 126.9 dBΩ, a bandwidth of 9.8 MHz, an input‐referred noise of 2.50×10−13 A/√Hz and an SNR of 12.8. The power consumption of the TIA was 49.3 mW. These encouraging results have exhibited the potential of the circuit for use in the CMOS photon detector.

Originality/value

This paper presents a low‐noise transimpedance amplifier that is highly suitable to be used as a critical constituent block for the CMOS photon detector which aims to take over the role of photomultiplier tube in SE detection in the SEM. Solid‐state approaches have recently been reinvigorated for improving certain aspects of SE detection in scanning electron microscopy and this work has supported and contributed to the trend.
Diagnostic usefulness of findings in Doppler sonography for amelanotic melanoma
Authors: Kato Masayuki , Mabuchi Tomotaka , Yamaoka Hanako , Ikoma Norihiro , Tamiya Shiho , Ozawa Akira , Taguchi Masahito , Kuramochi Akira , Tsuchida Tetsuya
Published: June 2013

To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of Doppler sonography for amelanotic melanoma (AM), the correspondence between the findings of dermoscopy and Doppler sonography was investigated in AM in comparison with other hypopigmented tumors. Seven cases with AM and 11 cases with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 10 cases with non‐ or hypopigmented basal cell carcinoma (NP‐BCC) and six cases with eccrine poroma (EP) as hypopigmented tumors were investigated. EP is readily recognized by differences from AM and SCC based on a single vertical and non‐torvtuous vessels. NP‐BCC is distinguished from AM based on tortuosity running in a vertical direction. Though findings of tortuosity in vessels and heterogeneity of vessel size are recognized both in AM and SCC: (i) abundant blood flow was recognized more clearly in AM; (ii) total blood flow was more than 40% in most cases of AM (average, 60.9%); and (iii) more vessels which flow into a tumor are found in AM (85.7%). There is no relationship between dermoscopic findings of vessel types and Doppler sonography findings of vessels. In this study, the diagnostic usefulness of the above‐mentioned specific findings in examination may suggest using Doppler sonography for AM as one non‐invasive method.
Interference with the germination and growth ofUlvazoospores by quorum‐sensing molecules fromUlva‐associated epiphytic bacteria
Authors: Twigg Matthew S. , Tait Karen , Williams Paul , Atkinson Steve , Cámara Miguel
Published: June 2013

Ulvazoospores preferentially settle onN‐acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) producing marine bacterial biofilms. To investigate whetherAHLsignal molecules also affect the success and rate of zoospore germination in addition to zoospore attraction, the epiphytic bacteria associated with matureUlva linzawere characterized and bacterial isolates representative of this community tested for the ability to produceAHLs. Two of theseAHL‐producing isolates,Sulfitobacterspp. 376 andShewanellaspp. 79, were transformed with plasmids expressing theBacillusspp.AHLlactonase geneaiiAto generateAHL‐deficient variants. The germination and growth ofU. linzazoospores was studied in the presence of theseAHL‐deficient strains and theirAHL‐producing counterparts. This revealed that theAHLsproduced bySulfitobacterspp. andShewanellaspp. or the bacterial products they regulate have a negative impact on both zoospore germination and the early growth of theUlvagermling. Further experiments withEscherichia colibiofilms expressing recombinantAHLsynthases and syntheticAHLsprovide data to demonstrate that zoospores germinated and grown in the absence ofAHLswere significantly longer than those germinated in the presence ofAHLs. These results reveal an additional role forAHLs per sein the interactive relationships between marine bacteria andUlvazoospores.
Polyketide genes in the marine sponge Plakortis simplex: a new group of mono‐modular type I polyketide synthases from sponge symbionts
Authors: Della Sala Gerardo , Hochmuth Thomas , Costantino Valeria , Teta Roberta , Gerwick William , Gerwick Lena , Piel Jörn , Mangoni Alfonso
Published: June 2013

Sponge symbionts are a largely unexplored source of new and unusual metabolic pathways. Insights into the distribution and function of metabolic genes of sponge symbionts are crucial to dissect and exploit their biotechnological potential. Screening of the metagenome of the marine sponge Plakortis simplex led to the discovery of the swf family, a new group of mono‐modular type I polyketide synthase/fatty acid synthase (PKS/FAS) specifically associated with sponge symbionts. Two different examples of the swf cluster were present in the metagenome of P. simplex. A third example of the cluster is present in the previously sequenced genome of a poribacterium from the sponge Aplysina aerophoba but was formerly considered orthologous to the wcb/rkp cluster. The swf cluster was also found in six additional species of sponges. Therefore, the swf cluster represents the second group of mono‐modular PKS, after the supA family, to be widespread in marine sponges.

The putative swf operon consists of swfA (type I PKS/FAS), swfB (reductase and sulphotransferase domains) and swfC (radical S‐adenosylmethionine, or radical SAM). Activation of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain of the SwfA protein to its holo‐form by co‐expression with Svp is the first functional proof of swf type genes in marine sponges. However, the precise biosynthetic role of the swf clusters remains unknown.
Foraging costs, hunting success and its implications for African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) conservation inside and outside a protected area
Authors: van der Meer Esther , Rasmussen Gregory S.A. , Muvengwi Justice , Fritz Hervé
Published: June 2013

When selecting a habitat, animals utilize habitat in which they yield the highest rate of energy. Differences in foraging costs and hunting success are therefore likely to affect habitat choice. In a previous study, we showed that African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) packs with territories inside Hwange National Park (HNP), over the course of several years, moved their territories into the buffer zone outside HNP, where reproductive success was higher but anthropogenic mortality exceeded natality. In this study, based on long‐term radio‐telemetry data from 22 African wild dog packs, we analysed whether differences in foraging costs and hunting success could have contributed to this territorial drift. Taking seasonality and pack size into account, we determined foraging costs (foraging distance and chase distance) and hunting success (successful or failed chase) inside and outside HNP. Although we observed no difference in foraging costs, hunting success was higher outside HNP, which is likely to have contributed to the territorial drift into the buffer zone outside the protected area. This study shows the importance of taking factors affecting hunting success into account in the conservation strategy of African wild dogs.
Visual acuity and microperimetric mapping of lesion area in eyes with inflammatory cystoid macular oedema
Authors: Munk Marion R. , Kiss Christopher G. , Huf Wolfgang , Montuoro Alessio , Sulzbacher Florian , Kroh Maria , Larsen Michael , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula
Published: June 2013

Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of fluid accumulation on local visual function in inflammatory cystoid‐macular‐edema (ICME).

Methods:  This cross‐sectional study applied optical‐coherence‐tomography over a 12 × 12 fovea‐centered field in 50 patients with ICME and mapped the extent of fluid‐filled spaces in various retinal layers, of subretinal‐fluid and of diffuse‐edema. Regression analysis examined effect of planimetric fluid‐distribution on best‐corrected‐visual‐acuity (BCVA) and mean microperimetric‐sensitivity.

Results:  BCVA decreased with increasing central‐neuroretinal‐thickness (r = 0.52, p = 0.001), total central‐retinal‐thickness, including subneuroretinal‐fluid (r = 0.41, p = 0.006), total cystoid‐and‐diffuse edema‐area (r = 0.35, p = 0.036) and cystoid inner‐nuclear‐layer area (r = 0.39, p = 0.02). Mean retinal‐sensitivity decreased with increasing diffuse edema‐area (r = −0.86, p < 0.0001), total cystoid‐and‐diffuse edema‐area (r = −0.54, p = 0.001), cystoid inner‐nuclear‐layer area (r = −0.46, p = 0.008) and cystoid ganglion‐cell‐layer area (r = −0.6, p = 0.049), central‐neuroretinal‐thickness (r = −0.42, p = 0.028) and total central‐retinal‐thickness (r = −0.34, p = 0.039). In multivariate‐analyses BCVA was best described by central‐neuroretinal‐thickness, duration of edema, total cystoid‐and‐diffuse edema‐area and cystoid inner‐nuclear‐layer area (R2 = 0.5, p = 0.002). Mean retinal‐sensitivity was best described by diffuse edema‐area, total cystoid‐and‐diffuse edema‐area and central‐neuroretinal‐thickness (R2 = 0.75, p < 0.0001). Subretinal‐fluid area and cystoid outer‐nuclear/Henle’s layer area had no effect on either BCVA or microperimetry.

Conclusions:  Thickening of the neurosensory‐fovea, not subfoveal‐fluid, had major impact on both BCVA and retinal‐sensitivity. The extent of edema in inner retinal layers also had major impact on both of these two functional parameters. Visual‐impairment seems to differ depending on the layers involved, thus different types of fluid accumulation may potentially be given varying treatment priorities.
Culture, role and group work: A social network analysis perspective on an online collaborative course
Authors: Stepanyan Karen , Mather Richard , Dalrymple Roger
Published: June 2013

This paper discusses the patterns of network dynamics within a multicultural online collaborative learning environment. It analyses the interaction of participants (both students and facilitators) within a discussion board that was established as part of a 3‐month online collaborative course. The study employs longitudinal probabilistic social network analysis (SNA) to identify the patterns and trends within the network. It conjectures and tests a set of hypotheses concerning the tendencies towards homophily/heterophily and preferential attachment. The paper presents identified interaction network patterns in relation to cultural differences. It also evaluates network dynamics by considering participant roles and group work in the course under study. Results of social network analyses are reported along with measures of statistical confidence in findings. The potential for extending exploratory SNA methods and visualisation techniques in educational research are discussed here.
Incontinentia pigmenti diagnostic criteria update
Authors: Minić S. , Trpinac D. , Obradović M.
Published: June 2013

In 1993 diagnostic criteria for incontinentia pigmenti (IP), a genodermatosis in which skin changes are usually combined with anomalies of other organs, were established. Approximately a decade ago, IKBKG gene mutation was discovered as a cause for IP. This finding has not been included in IP diagnosis so far. In addition, literature data pointed out a few other clinical findings as possible IP diagnostic criteria. Literature facts concerning IP diagnosis were analyzed. Different organ anomalies, their frequency and severity, were analyzed in the context of applicability as IP diagnostic criteria. Taking into account analyzed data from the literature, the proposal of updated IP diagnostic criteria was presented. We propose as major criteria one of the stages of IP skin lesions. As updated IP minor criteria in our proposal we included: dental, ocular; central nervous system (CNS), hair, nail, palate, breast and nipple anomalies; multiple male miscarriages, and IP pathohistological findings. In the diagnosis of IP, the presence of IKBKG mutation typical for IP, and existence of family relatives with diagnosed IP are taken into account.
Morphogenesis of peri‐implant mucosa revisited: an experimental study in humans
Authors: Tomasi Cristiano , Tessarolo Francesco , Caola Iole , Wennström Jan , Nollo Giandomenico , Berglundh Tord
Published: June 2013

Aim

To apply a novel human model to evaluate the morphogenesis of the mucosal attachment to implants.

Material and methods

Twenty one patients receiving implant‐supported single‐tooth replacement were enrolled in this study. After implant installation, a custom‐designed experimental abutment was connected to the implant. Soft tissue biopsies representing 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks of healing were collected by the use of a circular cutting device and prepared for histological analysis.

Results

The soft tissue biopsies were retrieved, preserved and processed with a technique that was safe and reproducible. The results from the histological analysis in regards to dimensional and qualitative changes in the mucosa over time were consistent with those reported from animal experiments. At 8 weeks, the soft tissue dimension was about 3.6 mm and included a barrier epithelium of 1.9 mm and a connective tissue portion of 1.7 mm. Similar dimensions were found at 12 weeks.

Conclusion

It is suggested that the new human model provides advantages in terms of cost‐effectiveness in research as well as from ethical aspects and should be considered as an alternative to pre‐clinicalin vivostudies in animals.
Strategies for the prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Watanabe T.
Published: June 2013

Aim

To review the optimal strategy to prevent recurrence of Crohn's disease (CD) after surgery, with particular emphasis on the risk factors that predict postoperative recurrence, methods of monitoring for recurrence and medications used to prevent postoperative recurrence.

Method

MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials and meta‐analyses that studied postoperative recurrence and prophylactic medications in CD.

Results

The most significant factor that predicted postoperative recurrence was patient smoking status. Smokers had an increased risk of recurrence (odds ratio = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.42–3.27). Similarly, perforating CD appeared to be associated with a higher recurrence rate compared with nonperforating CD (hazard ratio = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.16–1.93). The optimal monitoring strategy for postoperative recurrence has yet to be established. Nonetheless, ileocolonoscopy is considered to be the gold standard. Noninvasive imaging techniques including contrast ultrasonography and capsule endoscopy appear to be useful for postoperative monitoring. A number of meta‐analyses found that mesalazine, nitroimidazole antibiotics and purine analogues (azathioprine/6‐mercaptopurine) significantly reduced the risk of postoperative recurrence when compared with placebo. Additionally, recent randomized controlled trials have suggested that an early intervention with infliximab is likely to prevent recurrence after ileocolonic resection. Likewise, in prospective studies, biological therapy (infliximab/adalimumab) reduced clinical and endoscopic CD activity in patients with early endoscopic recurrence after surgery.

Conclusion

Although additional evidence is necessary, endoscopic monitoring and treatment step‐up should be used to prevent postoperative recurrence of CD.
Two weeks of reduced‐volume sprint interval or traditional exercise training does not improve metabolic functioning in sedentary obese men
Authors: Skleryk J. R. , Karagounis L. G. , Hawley J. A. , Sharman M. J. , Laursen P. B. , Watson G.
Published: June 2013

Aims

To investigate the effects of short‐term, reduced‐volume sprint interval training (SIT) compared to traditional exercise recommendations (TER) in sedentary obese men.

Methods

Sixteen subjects [37.8 ± 5.8 years; body mass index (BMI) 32.8 ± 4.7 kg/m2] were randomly allocated to 2 weeks of either SIT (6 sessions of 8–12 × 10 s sprints) or TER [10 sessions of 30 min at 65% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak)] cycle exercise. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA–IR), body composition and VO2peak were assessed at baseline and approximately 72 h after the final training bout. Skeletal muscle biopsy samples were also obtained before and 72 h after training and analysed for AS160 phosphorylation and COX II, COX IV, GLUT‐4, Nur77 and SIRT1 protein expression.

Results

No changes in BMI, body composition, VO2peak, glucose, insulin, NEFA and HOMA–IR were observed after training, either within or between groups. Skeletal muscle markers of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function also remained unaltered after 2 weeks of exercise training.

Conclusions

Our findings show that 2 weeks of reduced‐volume SIT or TER did not elicit any measurable metabolic adaptations in sedentary obese men. Further work is needed to determine the minimal amount of exercise required for short‐term adaptations in this population.
Evaluations and the Forgetfulness of Pedagogical Relations: Remarks on Educational Authority
Authors: Thompson Christiane
Published: June 2013

In this essay, Christiane Thompson addresses the question of evaluative practices, particularly student evaluation of teaching (SET), and their effects with respect to pedagogical relations in the university setting. In the first part of the essay, Thompson draws on Michel Foucault's analysis of power to show how university teaching has come to be defined according to notions of obligation, accountability, and assurance. The forgetfulness of pedagogical relations that results from the increasing use of SET prompts Thompson to rethink the significance of pedagogical relations in the second part of the essay. Referring to the notion of “educational authority” and Foucault's framework of power, Thompson argues that education is about the continuous re‐institution of pedagogical relation to the other. In the final section, Thompson reflects upon the professor's “authority” in terms of constituting a “community of inquiry”: specifically, the seminar is interpreted as a pedagogical setting that implies a different “being‐with” than SET suggests. She concludes by considering what possibilities and limitations the seminar setting offers and how we can discuss this issue (by means of evaluative practice).
Three dimensional, radiosteriometric analysis (RSA) of equine stifle kinematics and articular surface contact: A cadaveric study
Authors: Halley S. E. , Bey M. J. , Haladik J. A. , Lavagnino M. , Arnoczky S. P.
Published: June 2013

Reasons for performing study

Studies examining the effect of stifle joint angle on tibial rotation, adduction–abduction angle and articular contact area are lacking.

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that tibial rotation, adduction–abduction angle and articular contact area change with stifle joint angle.

Study design

Descriptive study of normal kinematics and articular contact patterns of the equine stifle through the functional range of motion using 3 dimensional (3D) radiosteriometric analysis (RSA) and equine cadaver stifles.

Methods

Multiple, radiopaque markers were embedded in the distal femur and proximal tibia and sequential, biplanar x‐rays captured as the stifle was passively extended from 110° to full extension. Computer‐programmed RSA was used to determine changes in abduction–adduction and internal–external rotation angles of the tibia during stifle extension as well as articular contact patterns (total area and areas of high contact) through the range of motion.

Results

The tibia rotated externally (P<0.001) as the stifle was extended. Tibial abduction occurred from 110–135° of extension (P<0.001) and tibial adduction occurred from 135° through full extension (P = 0.009). The centre of joint contact moved cranially on both tibial condyles during extension with the lateral moving a greater distance than the medial (P = 0.003). Articular contact area decreased (P = 0.001) in the medial compartment but not in the lateral compartment (P = 0.285) as the stifle was extended. The area of highest joint contact increased on the lateral tibial condyle (P<0.001) with extension but decreased (P = 0.001) on the medial tibial condyle.

Conclusions

Significant changes occur in tibial rotation, adduction–abduction angle and articular contact area of the equine stifle through the functional range of motion. Understanding the normal kinematics of the equine stifle and the relationship between joint positions and articular contact areas may provide important insight into the aetiology and location of common stifle joint pathologies (articular cartilage and meniscal lesions).
Comparison between cold plasma, electrochemotherapy and combined therapy in a melanoma mouse model
Authors: Daeschlein Georg , Scholz Sebastian , Lutze Stine , Arnold Andreas , von Podewils Sebastian , Kiefer Thomas , Tueting Thomas , Hardt Olaf , Haase Hermann , Grisk Olaf , Langner Sönke , Ritter Christoph , von Woedtke Thomas , Jünger Michael
Published: June 2013

The study was undertaken to compare antitumor efficacy of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with cold plasma therapy (CP) in a melanoma mouse model. After melanoma implantation into the flank of C57BL/6N mice, CP by two different plasma sources (APPJ and DBD) was applied directly to the tumor surface. ECT was performed with bleomycin intravenously at a field strength of 1000 V/cm without or combined with CP. Primary endpoints were tumor growth acceleration (TGA), daily volume progression (DVP) and survival after treatment. Both plasma sources as single treatment showed a significant TGA delay, which proved less effective than ECT. CP (APPJ) combined with ECT (ECJ) significantly improved per cent mouse survival, with significant superiority compared with ECT. Plasma therapy alone albeit less effective seems a potential alternative to ECT in patients with melanoma and can be applied manifold in a session without general anaesthesia. Accordingly, CP alone and combined with ECT may serve as new option in palliative skin melanoma therapy.
Silicon Nitride—Grain Boundary Oxynitride Glass Interfaces: Deductions From Glass Bulk Properties
Authors: Hampshire Stuart , Pomeroy Michael J.
Published: June 2013

Oxynitride glasses exist as grain boundary phases in Si3N4ceramics. This paper provides an overview of oxynitride glasses outlining effects of composition on properties. A review of the effects of grain boundary glass chemistry on fracture resistance of silicon nitride is given. A knowledge of overall additive compositions and their quantities in Si3N4combined with measured properties of bulk glasses allows residual stresses in the interfacial glasses to be calculated. Increase in Y:Al ratio leads to higher thermal expansion mismatch and higher residual stresses in intergranular glasses. Values are in good agreement with those obtained using micromechanical finite element analysis.
The Effect of 13‐cis‐Retinoic Acid on Wound Healing in Dogs
Authors: DZUBOW LEONARD M. , MILLER WILLIAM H.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. 13‐cis‐retinoic acid is currently accepted as a valuable treatment for patients with severe nodulocystic acne. Many of these individuals express interest in surgical scar‐correcting procedures. To ascertain the effect of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid on wound healing, sequential biopsies were examined from partial and full‐thickness wounds in dogs following a 2‐month course of retinoids. No significant difference was histologically observed from the control animal.
Comparison of circulating tumour necrosis factor superfamily cytokines in periodontitis patients undergoing supportive therapy: a case‐controlled cross‐sectional study comparing smokers and non‐smokers in health and disease
Authors: Nile Christopher J. , Sherrabeh Sakhr , Ramage Gordon , Lappin David F.
Published: June 2013

Background

B‐cells are prominent immune cells in established periodontitis lesions. Tumour necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) cytokines play roles in supporting B‐cell function as well as bone re‐modelling. The influence of smoking on factors that support B‐cell function in periodontitis remains unclear.

Aim

To investigate plasma concentrations of TNF (TNSF1A), soluble receptor activator of nuclear‐factor Kappa‐B ligand (sRANKL/TNFSF11), a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL/TNFSF13), B‐cell activating factor (BAFF/TNFSF13B) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG/TNFRSF11B) in smokers and non‐smokers with and without chronic periodontitis

Materials & Methods

Plasma concentrations of TNFSF and OPG were evaluated in 200 systemically healthy subjects divided into four groups: non‐smokers with periodontitis (n = 101), smokers with periodontitis (n = 55), healthy non‐smokers (n = 27) and healthy smokers (n = 17).

Results

Periodontitis patients had significantly higher plasma sRANKL, TNF, APRIL and BAFF and lower OPG than healthy subjects (p < 0.01). TNF and sRANKL were significantly greater in smokers with periodontitis (p = 0.011, p = 0.001) and OPG concentrations significantly lower (p = 0.001), whereas APRIL or BAFF were little changed. Plasma APRIL, BAFF, sRANKL and TNF correlated with probing depth and clinical attachment loss.

Conclusion

TNFSF cytokines correlate with periodontitis disease severity. However, only TNF, sRANKL and OPG levels were altered by cigarette smoking. APRIL and BAFF appear as good indicators of disease severity.
Microsporidian Diversity in Soil, Sand, and Compost of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Ardila‐Garcia Alex M. , Raghuram Nandini , Sihota Panela , Fast Naomi M.
Published: June 2013

Microsporidia are intracellular parasites considered to be ubiquitous in the environment. Yet the true extent of their diversity in soils, sand, and compost remains unclear. We examined microsporidian diversity found in the common urban environments of soil, sand, and compost. We retrieved 22 novel microsporidian sequences and only four from described species. Their distribution was generally restricted to a single site and sample type. Surprisingly, one novel microsporidian showed a wide distribution, and high prevalence, as it was detected in five different compost samples and in soil samples collected over 200 km apart. These results suggest that the majority of Microsporidia appear to have a narrow distribution. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Microsporidia detected in this study include representatives from four of the five major microsporidian groups. Furthermore, the addition of our new sequences calls into question the cohesiveness of microsporidian clade II. These results highlight the importance of increasing our knowledge of microsporidian diversity to better understand the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of this important group of emerging parasites.
Worse outcome of sorafenib therapy associated with ascites and Child‐Pugh score in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Hwi Young , Park Joong‐Won , Joo Jungnam , Kim Hyoseok , Woo Sang Myung , Lee Woo Jin , Kim Chang‐Min
Published: June 2013

Background and Aim

The outcomes of sorafenib therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and impaired liver function remain unresolved. Although Child–Pugh (CP) classification is widely used for patient categorization, heterogeneity within a given CP class makes outcomes less predictable. The aim was to investigate the prognostic significance of CP score elements on the outcome of sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC and impaired liver function.

Methods

Of 1385 consecutive patients with advanced HCC in our center between January 2007 and December 2010, we reviewed the medical records of 325 patients who received sorafenib monotherapy.

Results

Median duration of sorafenib was 2.0 months (range 0.4–24.2) and median follow‐up was 4.9 months (range 0.5–43.4). Disease control rates were significantly higher in CP class A (CPA) than in CP class B (CPB) patients. Median overall survival (OS) was 5.8 months. Subgroups with different CP scores showed significantly different OS (months): CPA5, 8.4; CPA6, 5.1; CPB7, 3.5; CPB8–9, 2.6 (P < 0.001). The presence of ascites was a significant prognostic factor in CPB7 patients (hazard ratio 2.262; P = 0.016). OS of CPB7 patients without ascites was similar to that of CPA6 patients (4.6 months) and was significantly longer than that of CPB7 patients with ascites (2.5 months; P = 0.027). OS of CPB7 patients with ascites was similar to that of CPB8–9 patients.

Conclusions

CP score was more important than CP class in predicting the outcome of sorafenib therapy in patients with advanced HCC. Among the CP score components, presence of ascites was a significant prognostic factor, especially in CPB7 patients.
AtFH16, an Arabidopsis Type II Formin, Binds and Bundles both Microfilaments and Microtubules, and Preferentially Binds to Microtubules
Authors: Wang Jiaojiao , Zhang Yi , Wu Jing , Meng Lei , Ren Haiyun
Published: June 2013

Formins are well‐known regulators that participate in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in organisms. The Arabidopsis thaliana L. genome encodes 21 formins, which can be divided into two distinct subfamilies. However, type II formins have to date been less well characterized. Here, we cloned a type II formin, AtFH16, and characterized its biochemical activities on actin and microtubule dynamics. The results show that the FH1FH2 structure of AtFH16 cannot nucleate actin polymerization efficiently, but can bind and bundle microfilaments. AtFH16 FH1FH2 is also able to bind and bundle microtubules, and preferentially binds microtubules over microfilaments in vitro. In addition, AtFH16 FH1FH2 co‐localizes with microtubules in onion epidermal cells, indicating a higher binding affinity of AtFH16 FH1FH2 for microtubules rather than microfilaments in vivo. In conclusion, AtFH16 is able to interact with both microfilaments and microtubules, suggesting that AtFH16 probably functions as a bifunctional protein, and may thus participate in plant cellular processes.
Impact of new gestational diabetes mellitus criteria on stillbirth: A regional population‐based study in Japan
Authors: Kodama Yuki , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ohashi Masanao , Ikenoue Tsuyomu
Published: June 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine whether the new gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) criteria increase the prevalence of diabetes‐mellitus‐related stillbirths by using a regional population‐based approach.

Material and Methods

A retrospective, population‐based study was conducted to assess 114 036 deliveries from 2000 to 2010 in Miyazaki, Japan. During this period 318 stillbirths occurred after 22 weeks of gestation. Of these cases, 236 were examined to determine the cause of death. The remaining 82 cases were not fully investigated. In particular, we investigated the prevalence of pregestational diabetes mellitus and GDM among the stillbirths. We also applied new GDM criteria to evaluate the impact of these factors on stillbirth.

Results

Of the 236 stillbirths, 47% were due to an explainable cause. Application of previous criteria indicated two cases of pregestational diabetes mellitus and three GDM cases in the remaining unexplained stillbirths. By applying new GDM criteria, the GDM count increased to 17.

Conclusions

In an unselected population in southern Japan, the application of new GDM criteria resulted in a 5.7‐fold increase (from 2.4% [3/126] to 13.5% [17/126]) in the number of GDM cases in unexplained stillbirths. Even in women with a mild degree of GDM, proper management of both mother and fetus could reduce the number of unexplained stillbirths.
Low‐dose acetylsalicylic acid and gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding – a cohort study of the effects of proton pump inhibitor use patterns
Authors: Hedberg J. , Sundström J. , Thuresson M. , Aarskog P. , Oldgren J. , Bodegard J.
Published: June 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) usage patterns and risk of severe gastrointestinal events in patients treated with low‐dose acetylsalicylic acid (LDA).

Design and setting

A nationwide cohort study in Sweden.

Patients

All Swedish residents ≥40 years of age, without cancer and receiving LDA treatment (≥80% adherence for 365 days between 2005 and 2009) were identified in the Swedish Prescription Register. Continuous PPI use was defined as >60 of 90 days covered by daily PPI doses and further divided into high (≥80%) or moderate (<80) adherence. All other PPI use was defined as intermittent use.

Main outcome measures

The risk of a combined end‐point of gastrointestinal ulcer or bleeding was analysed using Cox proportional hazard models. We also investigated risk of >45 days of LDA treatment interruption.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 2.5 years, 7880 of 648 807 (1.2%) LDA‐treated patients experienced gastrointestinal events. In multivariable‐adjusted models, both intermittent‐PPI and no‐PPI use were associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding compared with continuous PPI use with a high level of adherence [hazard ratio (HR) 1.83 (95% CI 1.66–2.02) and 1.14 (95% CI 1.05–1.23), respectively]. Amongst continuous PPI users, moderate adherence also increased the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding [HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.07–1.40)]. The risk of LDA treatment interruption was higher with intermittent PPI use [HR 1.16 (95% CI 1.14–1.19)] than continuous PPI use with high adherence.

Conclusions

In this large cohort of LDA users, intermittent PPI use was associated with higher risk of gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding and interrupted LDA treatment, compared with continuous PPI use.
Hot-melt co-extrusion: requirements, challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical applications
Authors: Vynckier An-Katrien , Dierickx Lien , Voorspoels Jody , Gonnissen Yves , Remon Jean Paul , Vervaet Chris
Published: June 2013

Objectives

Co-extrusion implies the simultaneous hot-melt extrusion of two or more materials through the same die, creating a multi-layered extrudate. It is an innovative continuous production technology that offers numerous advantages over traditional pharmaceutical processing techniques. This review provides an overview of the co-extrusion equipment, material requirements and medical and pharmaceutical applications.

Key findings

The co-extrusion equipment needed for pharmaceutical production has been summarized. Because the geometrical design of the die dictates the shape of the final product, different die types have been discussed. As one of the major challenges at the moment is shaping the final product in a continuous way, an overview of downstream solutions for processing co-extrudates into drug products is provided. Layer adhesion, extrusion temperature and viscosity matching are pointed out as most important requirements for material selection. Examples of medical and pharmaceutical applications are presented and some recent findings considering the production of oral drug delivery systems have been summarized.

Co-extrusion provides great potential for the continuous production of fixed-dose combination products which are gaining importance in pharmaceutical industry. There are still some barriers to the implementation of co-extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry. The optimization of downstream processing remains a point of attention.