bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong rhythmic inhibition during gamma oscillations
Authors: Folias Stefanos E. , Yu Shan , Snyder Abigail , Nikolić Danko , Rubin Jonathan E.
Published: July 2013

Neurons in the visual cortex exhibit heterogeneity in feature selectivity and the tendency to generate action potentials synchronously with other nearby neurons. By examining visual responses from cat area 17 we found that, during gamma oscillations, there was a positive correlation between each unit's sharpness of orientation tuning, strength of oscillations, and propensity towards synchronisation with other units. Using a computational model, we demonstrated that heterogeneity in the strength of rhythmic inhibitory inputs can account for the correlations between these three properties. Neurons subject to strong inhibition tend to oscillate strongly in response to both optimal and suboptimal stimuli and synchronise promiscuously with other neurons, even if they have different orientation preferences. Moreover, these strongly inhibited neurons can exhibit sharp orientation selectivity provided that the inhibition they receive is broadly tuned relative to their excitatory inputs. These results predict that the strength and orientation tuning of synaptic inhibition are heterogeneous across area 17 neurons, which could have important implications for these neurons' sensory processing capabilities. Furthermore, although our experimental recordings were conducted in the visual cortex, our model and simulation results can apply more generally to any brain region with analogous neuron types in which heterogeneity in the strength of rhythmic inhibition can arise during gamma oscillations.
Conserving large populations of lions – the argument for fences has holes
Authors: Creel S. , Becker M. S. , Durant S. M. , M'Soka J. , Matandiko W. , Dickman A. J. , Christianson D. , Dröge E. , Mweetwa T. , Pettorelli N. , Rosenblatt E. , Schuette P. , Woodroffe R. , Bashir S. , Beudels‐Jamar R. C. , Blake S. , Borner M. , Breitenmoser C. , Broekhuis F. , Cozzi G. , Davenport T. R. B. , Deutsch J. , Dollar L. , Dolrenry S. , Douglas‐Hamilton I. , Fitzherbert E. , Foley C. , Hazzah L. , Henschel P. , Hilborn R. , Hopcraft J. G. C. , Ikanda D. , Jacobson A. , Joubert B. , Joubert D. , Kelly M. S. , Lichtenfeld L. , Mace G. M. , Milanzi J. , Mitchell N. , Msuha M. , Muir R. , Nyahongo J. , Pimm S. , Purchase G. , Schenck C. , Sillero‐Zubiri C. , Sinclair A. R. E. , Songorwa A. N. , Stanley‐Price M. , Tehou C. A. , Trout C. , Wall J. , Wittemyer G. , Zimmermann A.
Published: July 2013

Packer et al. reported that fenced lion populations attain densities closer to carrying capacity than unfenced populations. However, fenced populations are often maintained above carrying capacity, and most are small. Many more lions are conserved per dollar invested in unfenced ecosystems, which avoid the ecological and economic costs of fencing.
Maximum Entropy Dasymetric Modeling for Demographic Small Area Estimation
Authors: Leyk Stefan , Nagle Nicholas N. , Buttenfield Barbara P.
Published: July 2013

This article describes a framework for maximum entropy dasymetric modeling based on spatial allocations of public use microdata sample (PUMS) files provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The spatial units of the PUMS (PUMAs; public use microdata areas) are too large for fine‐scale geographic analysis of populations because the common expectation is high degrees of variation within one PUMA (containing about 100,000 people). Limited demographic attribution is available at finer spatial resolutions in census summary tables for tracts and block groups. The described method (i.e., the coupling of spatial allocation procedures with dasymetric modeling) extends the literature and implements related variable associations and limiting variable constraints for allocating microdata household records to census tracts, based on sampling weights imputed using maximum entropy models. We present techniques to quantify household‐level uncertainty and to show how this information is useful for guiding the dasymetric modeling and for improving the choice of limiting and related ancillary variables. We demonstrate our methods with a PUMA in Davidson County, Tennessee. Census summary statistics are used as related variables, and land cover‐derived residential areas are included as limiting variables to refine the solution spatially to a subtract level.

本文提出了基于美国人口统计局提供的公众微观采样数据（PUMS）的空间布局分析的最大熵密度建模框架。因一个PUMA(包含10万人的统计区)通常被认为有高的变异度，导致其空间单元对于精细尺度的人口地理分析而言过大。在区块组的人口普查表中少有精细尺度的人口属性收。本文所提方法（即基于密度建模的耦合空间配置过程），基于最大熵模型对采样权重进行填充，扩展了现有方法，实现了相关变量的集成以及面向微观住户记录对空间配置的限制变量约束。我们给出了量化住户水平的不确定性量化技术，展示了该信息如何有效指导了密度建模以及增强了限制变量和相关辅助变量的选择。以西安纳西州戴维森的一个PUMA的基础统计作为相关变量，并将土地覆盖‐居民区分布作为限制变量，演示了将结果空间精细化至向亚调查块层次。
The Network Interpolation of Population for Flow Modeling Using Dasymetric Mapping
Authors: Bentley George C. , Cromley Robert G. , Atkinson‐Palombo Carol
Published: July 2013

In spatial analysis, population frequently is aggregated into source units having an areal extent. When using such data in a flow model, distances are calculated as an average between each source unit and a set of destinations. In a network, this average distance might be the shortest path between a destination and the centroid of a source unit. However, population is never concentrated at centroids nor is it uniformly distributed within each spatial unit. In urban areas, it is more likely located proximate to the road system that traverses most areal units. This article presents a method for interpolating areally aggregated data to the segments of the road network bounding an areal unit using a dasymetric approach. A case study for Phoenix, Arizona, compares using a network‐interpolated population distribution with the area‐based approach for the problem of defining service areas for a given set of facilities. A comparison of the road network used, the total demand within each service area, and the total weighted travel distance to facilities shows that the areal‐based method underestimates the portion of road network used in travel and misestimates both the expected demand of each service area and the overall travel distance to a facility.

在空间分析中，群体频繁的集聚于具有一定面积范围的源区域。当在流模型中应用这类数据时，距离计算往往采用每个源区域与目标区域之间的平均值。在一个网络中，这种平均距离可能是终点区域和源区域质心的最短路径。然而，人口并不集中于质心或均匀分布于每个空间单元中。在城市地区，人口最有可能位于横贯多数空间单元的道路系统周围。基于密度插值的方法，本文提出了将空间聚集数据插值至以道路网络为边界的区域单元。以亚利桑那州菲尼克斯进行实证分析，针对给定服务设施集合下提供服务范围的问题，比较了道路网络插值和基于区域插值方法得到的人口分布。利用道路网络的每个服务区的总需求和到服务设施的总体加权通行距离进行比较，基于区域的插值方法低估了用于通行的道路网络比例，同时也误估了每个服务区的期望需求和到一个服务设施的总体通行距离。
Questioning environmental security
Authors: Mason Michael , Zeitoun Mark
Published: July 2013

Threats to and from ‘the environment’ inform geographical depictions of danger with widespread reach in political and policy circles. These fears invoke an existential anxiety about collapsing conditions of life – from ‘dangerous climate change’, and species extinctions to fossil fuel depletion and global water shortages. The ‘securitisation’ of socio‐environmental processes is at once both a consequence and driver of such concerns, prescribing urgent, even emergency, measures to prevent serious harm. Against this tendency, the papers in this themed section critically interrogate the application of securitising moves to a series of perceived environmental threats – moves which mark out spaces of safety in terms of ‘climate security’, ‘water security’, ‘food security’ and ‘energy security’. Theoretically, the papers serve as a productive foil to the dominant strand of securitisation theory associated with the so‐called Copenhagen School. There has been relatively little interrogation by geographers of this approach, despite its strong spatial assumptions: the Copenhagen School posits state‐bounded territoriality as the foremost arena of security dynamics, and advances explanatory claims about the conditions and scope for securitisation of the environment. Two featured papers argue that the Copenhagen School perspective on environmental security misses important spatialities of geopolitical power, while two more explore other modes of securitisation – disciplinary, biopolitical and geo‐economic – neglected by this approach. For critical geographers the research challenge is, we argue, to capture the distinctive trajectories of securitisation attached to environmental danger, demonstrating that their effects more often than not foreclose rather than protect human freedom and dignity.
Evaluation of THP‐1 cell line as an in vitro model for long‐term safety assessment of new molecules
Authors: Garcia I. , Pouzet C. , Brulas M. , Bauza E. , Botto J.M. , Domloge N.
Published: July 2013

Synopsis

Objective

Monitoring the chronic and subacute toxicity is essential in the development of new cosmetic ingredients. In response to the present lack of validated alternative methods, we developed an in vitro model for repeated dose cytotoxicity on THP‐1 cells.

Methods

Cultured in suspension, cells were treated with chemicals for 14 days with a frequency of three applications per week, and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. We first investigated the long‐term effects of chemicals that induce different kinds of cytotoxicity: Paraquat (PQ), 3‐Nitropropanoic acid (3‐NPA) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). From acute studies, doses between 1 and 10 μg ml−1 were chosen to perform our subacute cytotoxicity assay. Comparative genotoxicity evaluations were made with H2O2 or Paraquat treated TPH‐1 cells. Comet assays were performed at 1 h (4°C); after a 24‐h recovery period (37°C); and finally, after a long‐term period of treatment (14 days, 37°C).Once adapted to plant extracts or highly diluted molecules, some of our cosmetic compounds were tested with this model.

Results

As expected, after 14 days of treatment with Paraquat, cell viability rates dramatically decreased for doses as low as 3 μg ml−1, whereas 10 μg ml−1 of 3‐NPA and SDS did not induce more than 44% of cell death. Surprisingly, after subacute treatment, comet assay results revealed a dose‐dependent increase in tail moments for Paraquat, whereas those of H2O2 remained low. Moreover, all our compounds tested at 0.5–5 μg ml−1 were classified as safe, even with a cut‐off at 90% of cell viability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this assay could be of interest for subacute cytotoxicity and genotoxic assessment of daily and topically applied products and suggests that PQ is a choice worthy positive control.
Building a following: Local Candidates’ Political Careers and Clientelism in Argentine Municipalities
Authors: Szwarcberg Mariela
Published: July 2013

Why do some candidates prefer to use clientelistic strategies to mobilize voters while others do not? Building on existing explanations that highlight the importance of voters’ demand for particularistic goods and parties’ capacities to supply goods and monitor voters, this article focuses on candidates’ political careers. It argues that how candidates begin mobilizing voters to participate in rallies and elections becomes crucial in explaining their preferences to use clientelism. Candidates who receive a salary based on their ability to mobilize voters—paid party activists—are more likely to use clientelism than candidates who are not paid for their political work, unpaid party activists.
Social Movements, Party Organization, and Populism: Insights from the Bolivian MAS
Authors: Anria Santiago
Published: July 2013

The Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) emerged in Bolivia’s Chapare region in the 1990s. Born of a rural social movement of coca growers, it spread to the cities and became the country’s dominant political force as its leader, Evo Morales, was elected to the presidency in 2005. This article argues that the MAS is a hybrid organization whose electoral success has been contingent on the construction of a strong rural-urban coalition, built on the basis of different linkages between the MAS and organized popular constituencies in rural and urban areas. Whereas the MAS’s rural origins gave rise to grassroots control over the leadership, its expansion to urban areas has fostered the emergence of top-down mobilization strategies. The analysis also reveals how much popular sectors allied with the MAS have pressured the Morales government from below and held it accountable to societal demands.
How we frame the message of globalization matters
Authors: Snider Jamie S. , Reysen Stephen , Katzarska‐Miller Iva
Published: July 2013

We examine the effect of framing globalization either negatively or positively on students' emotions, perceptions, and endorsed behaviors. Participants read about the job market becoming more competitive (negative), more culturally diverse (positive), or no information was given. The results show that framing globalization negatively lowered felt positive emotion, identification with university and global citizenship identities, endorsement of pro‐social values, and increased the desire to reject outgroups and strengthen the ingroup, than when globalization was framed positively. The relationship between message framing and pro‐social values (e.g., valuing diversity) was mediated by global citizenship, but not university identification. Implications for global citizenship education and global citizenship identity are discussed.
A Spontaneous Emergence of Attachment Behavior in At‐Risk Children and a Correlation With Sensory Deficits
Authors: Purvis Karyn B. , McKenzie L. Brooks , Cross David R. , Razuri Erin Becker
Published: July 2013

Problem

Complex developmental trauma affects large numbers of children who have suffered from abuse, neglect, and/or deprivation. The effects often manifest in problems of attachment.

Methods

Researchers conducted therapeutic day camps for at‐risk children to determine whether multimodal therapies could ameliorate the effects of complex developmental trauma. Two groups of adopted children (ages 3–9 and 10–14 years) with histories of trauma attended separate 3‐week camps.

Findings

Data analysis indicated a positive correlation between negative attachment behaviors and deficits in sensory processing. Increased pro‐attachment behaviors were found to have a significant relationship with pre‐camp deficits in sensory processing.

Conclusions

These results are discussed in the context of systems theory.
T.BerryBrazelton,MD: A Lifetime of Contributions From a Giant in Our Field
Authors: Brandt Kristie
Published: July 2013

Topic

Dr.T.BerryBrazelton's contributions span over 60 years and have shaped the interdisciplinary field of infant–parent work.

Purpose

It is easy to lose sight of the foundational contributions to understandings and perspectives that currently seem universal or inherent.Brazelton's work began in the 1950s when prevailing belief suggested newborns could not see or hear, much less contribute to interactional processes, speak through their behavior, and be equal partners in the development of the parent–child relationship.

Conclusions

Brazelton's immense contributions are intrinsic to infant, child, and family work, particularly infant mental health, and continue to shape the nature of this interdisciplinary field.
Human endometrial stem cells confer enhanced myocardial salvage and regeneration by paracrine mechanisms
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Hu Xinyang , Yu Hong , Xu Yinchuan , Wang Lihan , Chen Han , Chen Huiqiang , Wu Rongrong , Zhang Zhaocai , Xiang Chunsheng , Webster Keith A , Wang Jian‐an
Published: July 2013

Human endometrial stem cells (EnSCs) have the potential to be ‘off the shelf’ clinical reagents for the treatment of heart failure. Here, using an immunocompetent rat model of myocardial infarction (MI), we provide evidence that the functional benefits of EnSC transplantation are principally and possibly exclusively through a paracrine effect. Human EnSCs were delivered by intramyocardial injection into rats 30 min. after coronary ligation. EnSC therapy significantly preserved viable myocardium in the infarct zone and improved cardiac function at 28 days. Despite increased viable myocardium and vascular density, there was scant evidence of differentiation of EnSCs into any cardiovascular cell type. Cultured human EnSCs expressed a distinctive profile of cytokines that enhanced the survival, proliferation and function of endothelial cells in vitro. When injected into the peri‐infarct zone, human EnSCs activated AKT, ERK1/2 and STAT3 and inhibited the p38 signalling pathway. EnSC therapy decreased apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation and c‐kit+ cell recruitment in vivo. Myocardial protection and enhanced post‐infarction regeneration by EnSCs is mediated primarily by paracrine effects conferred by secreted cytokines that activate survival pathways and recruit endogenous progenitor stem cells. Menstrual blood provides a potentially limitless source of biologically competent ‘off the shelf’ EnSCs for allogeneic myocardial regenerative medicine.
Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Essential Oil, Nisin, pH and Temperature on Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 43996 and Its Thermostable Direct Hemolysin Production
Authors: Khanjari Ali , Misaghi Ali , Basti Afshin Akhondzadeh , Esmaeili Hossein , Cherghi Narjes , Partovi Razieh , Mohammadian Mohammad‐Reza , Choobkar Nasrin
Published: July 2013

The present factorial design study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil (EO), nisin (N), pH values, storage temperatures (T), and their combinations on time‐to‐detection (TTD, time to the nearest visible growth detection) and log10 probability percentage (log P%) of growth initiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) production in brain–heart infusion broth. The growth of microorganism was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the EO, N, their combinations and storage time (D) at each defined T and pH except for N and its combination with EO at pH = 7.5 and T = 35C. TDH production was also significantly affected by EO, pH, T and their combinations, but not by N.

The inhibitory effect of EO, N and their synergistic effect on TTD and log P% were strongly affected by decreasing pH and T. Also, it has been shown that subinhibitory concentrations of Z. multiflora Boiss. EO, decrease the production of TDH. These results suggest that the use of Z. multiflora Boiss. EO and N in combination with low temperature and/or low pH may be practical for protecting food from the risk of V. parahaemolyticus.

Practical Application

The synergistic effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil and nisin in combination with low temperature and/or pH on Vibrio parahaemolyticus obtained in this study may improve the scope of essential oil function in food industry.
Taming Systemically Important Financial Institutions
Authors: FREIXAS XAVIER , ROCHET JEAN‐CHARLES
Published: July 2013

We model a systemically important financial institution that is too big (or too interconnected) to fail. Without credible regulation and strong supervision, the shareholders of this institution might deliberately let its managers take excessive risk. We propose a solution to this problem, showing how insurance against systemic shocks can be provided without generating moral hazard. The solution involves levying a systemic tax needed to cover the costs of future crises and more importantly establishing a systemic risk authority endowed with special resolution powers, including the control of bankers’ compensation packages during crisis periods.
Systemic Risk Monitoring and Financial Stability
Authors: LIANG NELLIE
Published: July 2013

This discussion briefly outlines key elements of a systemic risk monitor to help identify risks to financial stability. The monitor distinguishes shocks, which are varied and difficult to predict, from vulnerabilities, which can amplify shocks and lead to instability. Better data and models of amplification channels, and better communication among different authorities, are needed to be effective.
Oxytocin Induces a Conditioned Social Preference in Female Mice
Authors: Kent K. , Arientyl V. , Khachatryan M. M. , Wood R. I.
Published: July 2013

Friendships and other rewarding affilliative bonds are associated with the actions of the nonapeptide hormone oxytocin (OT) in humans and many social mammals. We investigated whether OT itself is rewarding, and if that reward is dependent upon the presence of conspecifics. We evaluated the reinforcing effects of OT infusion in female mice on social (conditioned social preference; CSP) and nonsocial tests (conditioned place preference; CPP). Ovariectomised females received oestradiol implants and i.c.v. cannulas. During a pre‐test, they were introduced to a three‐chamber apparatus for 10 min. Social and place apparatus were identical, except that each end‐chamber contained a novel stimulus female for CSP, whereas they were distinguished by visual and tactile cues for CPP. For CSP, test females received OT (0, 100, 200 or 100 ng) and were paired for 30 min with one stimulus female. On alternating days, they received saline vehicle and were paired with the opposite female, for a total of four pairings each. The final conditioned preference test was identical to the pre‐test. OT induced CSP. Test mice that received 100 ng of OT increased their preference score from −67.4 ± 22.1 s in pre‐test to +55.7 ± 35.1 s during the conditioned preference test (P < 0.05). It was observed that 200 ng OT induced an increase in preference score from −162.7 ± 47.3 to +74.3 ± 23.7 s (P < 0.001). There was no effect of 0 or 1000 ng of OT on CSP. An additional group of mice was tested for CPP at 200 ng of OT. Testing and pairings were identical to CSP. OT induced a small but significant CPP. Mice increased their preference score from −222.4 ± 38.0 to −126.0 ± 58.7 s (P < 0.05). OT had no effect on anxiety or odour recognition, as assessed by elevated plus maze and olfactory habituation/dishabituation tests, respectively. In conclusion, OT, similar to other motivating stimuli (drugs, food), not only is rewarding when tested under solitary conditions, but also is reinforcing in a social setting.
Vasotocin mRNA Expression is Sensitive to Testosterone and Oestradiol in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Female Japanese Quail
Authors: Aste N. , Sakamoto E. , Kagami M. , Saito N.
Published: July 2013

Vasotocin‐producing parvocellular neurones in the medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTM) of many species of birds and mammals show sexual dimorphism and great plasticity in response to hormonal and environmental stimuli. In the BSTM of Japanese quail, vasotocin‐immunoreactive neurones are visible and sensitive to testosterone exclusively in males. In males, gonadectomy decreases and testosterone restores vasotocin‐immunoreactive cells and fibres by acting on vasotocin mRNA transcription. The insensitivity of female vasotocin‐immunoreactive neurones to the activating effects of testosterone is the result of organisational effects of early exposure to oestradiol. Female quail also show vasotocin mRNA‐expressing neurones in the BSTM, although it is not known whether the insensitivity of the vasotocinergic neurones to testosterone originates at the level of vasotocin gene transcription in this sex. Therefore, initially, the present study analysed the effects of acute treatment with testosterone on vasotocin mRNA expression in the BSTM of gonadectomised male and female quail using in situ hybridisation. Gonadectomy decreased (and a single injection of testosterone increased) the number of vasotocin mRNA‐expressing neurones and intensity of the vasotocin mRNA hybridisation signal similarly in both sexes. Notably, testosterone increased vasotocin mRNA expression in ovariectomised females over that shown by intact quail. However, this treatment had no effect on vasotocin immunoreactivity. A second experiment analysed the effects of testosterone metabolites, oestradiol and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, on vasotocin mRNA expression in female quail. Oestradiol (but not 5α‐dihydrotestosterone) fully mimicked the effects of testosterone on the number of vasotocin mRNA‐expressing neurones and the intensity of the vasotocin mRNA hybridisation signal. Taken together, these results show, for the first time, that gonadal steroids strongly activate vasotocin mRNA expression in the BSTM of female quail.
AThurstonian Analysis of theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five Test
Authors: Ennis John M.
Published: July 2013

TheTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test is a method of unspecified difference testing. Although its low guessing probability (1/10) gives promise that it might have high power, the theoretical underpinnings of the method have not yet been investigated. In this article, we offer the first such investigation, viaThurstonian analysis. This investigation reveals that the standard form of theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test is more statistically powerful than theTriangle test, but not as powerful as theTetrad test. We then propose a new way of scoringTwo‐Out‐of‐Five data that yields a test with higher power and lower sample size requirements than theTetrad test, under the assumption that there is no additional noise from the evaluation of an additional stimulus. This last result is achieved without any experimental modification of theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five protocol. Tables for estimating theThurstonian measure of sensory effect size,δ, for calculating the error in such estimates, and for recommended sample sizes are given. Finally, caution is given against incorrect instructions in theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test – if respondents are asked simply to identify the two most similar samples, the resulting test has almost no power.

Practical Applications

This article shows that the standard form of theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test is more powerful than theTriangle test, but is not as powerful as theTetrad test. The article then proposes a new method of scoringTwo‐Out‐of‐Five data that requires smaller sample sizes than theTetrad test, under the assumption that the evaluation of an additional stimulus does not lead to an increase in perceptual noise. When this alternate method of scoring the data is used, the test is called theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test with forgiveness. Tables for estimatingδ, theThurstonian measure of sensory difference, together withBvalues that allow practitioners to calculate the variance in their estimates are given for both forms of theTwo‐Out‐of‐Five test. Tables of recommended sample sizes are also given in each case. Finally, it is noted that care must be taken to give correct instructions to respondents – it is possible to create a test with very low power if respondents are simply asked to identify the two most similar stimuli.
Situational, Cultural and Societal Identities: Analysing Subject Positions as Classifications, Participant Roles, Viewpoints and Interactive Positions
Authors: Törrönen Jukka
Published: July 2013

In this articleIdevelop tools for analyzing the identities that emerge in qualitative material.Iapproach identities as historically, socially and culturally produced subject positions, as processes that are in a constant state of becoming and that receive their temporary stability and meaning in concrete contexts and circumstances.Isuggest that the identities and subject positions that materialize in qualitative material can be analyzed from four different perspectives. They can be approached by focusing on (1)classificationsthat define the boundary lines between ‘us’ and ‘them’, as (2)participant rolesthat refer to the temporal aspect of subject positions and outline their meaning for action, as (3)structures of viewpointandfocalizationthat frame meaning and order to opinions and experiences of the world, and as (4)interactive positionsthat articulate the roles and identities taken by the participants of communication.
Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs (Ficus pumila) and their pollinating wasps (Wiebesia pumilae)
Authors: Wang Hurng‐Yi , Hsieh Chia‐Hung , Huang Chin‐Gi , Kong Siu‐Wah , Chang Hsiao‐Chi , Lee Ho‐Huei , Wang Wei‐Kuang , Chen Shih‐Lun , Tzeng Hsy‐Yu , Wu Wen‐Jer
Published: July 2013

To study interactions between host figs and their pollinating wasps and the influence of climatic change on their genetic structures, we sequenced cytoplasmic and nuclear genes and genotyped nuclear microsatellite loci from two varieties of Ficus pumila, the widespread creeping fig and endemic jelly fig, and from their pollinating wasps, Wiebesia pumilae, found in Taiwan and on nearby offshore islands. Great divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) with no genetic admixture in nuclear markers indicated that creeping‐ and jelly‐fig wasps are genetically distinct. Compared with creeping‐fig wasps, jelly‐fig wasps also showed better resistance under cold (20 °C) than warm (25 and 30 °C) conditions in a survival test, indicating their adaptation to a cold environment, which may have facilitated population expansion during the ice age as shown by a nuclear intron and 10 microsatellite loci. An excess of amino acid divergence and a pattern of too many rare mtCOI variants of jelly‐fig wasps as revealed by computer simulations and neutrality tests implied the effect of positive selection, which we hypothesize was associated with the cold‐adaptation process. Chloroplast DNA of the two fig plants was completely segregated, with signs of genetic admixture in nuclear markers. As creeping‐ and jelly‐fig wasps can pollinate creeping figs, occasional gene flow between the two figs is thus possible. Therefore, it is suggested that pollinating wasps may be playing an active role in driving introgression between different types of host fig.
Genetic inference of epiphytic orchid colonization; it may only take one
Authors: Trapnell Dorset W. , Hamrick J. L. , Ishibashi Caitlin D. , Kartzinel Tyler R.
Published: July 2013

Colonization of vacant habitat is a fundamental ecological process that affects the ability of species to persist and undergo range modifications in continually shifting landscapes. Thus, understanding factors that affect and limit colonization has important ecological and conservation implications. Epiphytic orchids are increasingly threatened by various factors, including anthropogenic habitat disturbance. As cleared areas (e.g. pastures) are recolonized by suitable host trees, the establishment and genetic composition of epiphytic orchid populations are likely a function of their colonization patterns. We used genetic analyses to infer the prevailing colonization pattern of the epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa. Samples from three populations (i.e. individuals within a tree) from each of five pastures in the dry forest of Costa Rica were genotyped with neutral nuclear and chloroplast markers. Spatial autocorrelation and hierarchical genetic structure analyses were used to assess the relatedness of individuals within populations, among populations within pastures and among populations in different pastures. The results showed significant relatedness within populations (mean r = 0.166) and significant but lower relatedness among populations within a pasture (mean r = 0.058). Our data suggest that colonization of available habitats is by few individuals with subsequent population expansion resulting from in situ reproduction, and that individuals within a tree are not a random sample of the regional seed pool. Furthermore, populations within a pasture were likely colonized by seeds produced by founders of a neighbouring population within that pasture. These results have important ramifications for understanding conservation measures needed for this species and other epiphytic orchids.
Extinction, reintroduction, and restoration of a lizard meta‐population equilibrium in the missouri ozarks
Authors: Sites Jack W.
Published: July 2013

In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Neuwald & Templeton (2013) report on a 22‐year study of natural populations of Collared Lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) that evolved on isolated on rock outcrops (‘glades’) in the Ozark Mountains in eastern Missouri. This ecosystem was originally maintained by frequent fires that kept the forest understory open, but fire‐suppression was adopted as official policy in about 1945, which led to a loss of native biodiversity, including local extinctions of some lizard populations. Policies aimed at restoring biodiversity included controlled burns and re‐introductions of lizards to some glades, which began in 1984. Populations were monitored from 1984–2006, and demographic and genetic data collected from 1 679 lizards were used to documents shifts in meta‐population dynamics over four distinct phases of lizard recovery: 1–an initial translocation of lizards drawn from the same source populations onto three glades that were likely part of one meta‐population; 2–a period of isolation and genetic drift associated with the absence of fires; 3–a period of rapid colonization and population increase following restoration of fire; and 4–stabilization of the meta‐population under regular prescribed burning. This study system thus provides a rare opportunity to characterize the dynamics of a landscape‐scale management strategy on the restoration of the meta‐population of a reintroduced species; long‐term case studies of the extinction, founding, increase, and stabilization of a well‐defined meta‐population, based on both demographic and population genetic data, are rare in the conservation, ecological, and evolutionary literature.
MANAGING THE CLIMATE RENT: HOW CAN REGULATORS IMPLEMENT INTERTEMPORALLY EFFICIENT MITIGATION POLICIES?
Authors: KALKUHL MATTHIAS , EDENHOFER OTTMAR
Published: July 2013

This paper provides a formal framework to analyze informational and commitment requirements of several intertemporal price and quantity instruments for mitigating global warming. We ask under what conditions and to what extend the regulator can shift the complex and daunting intertemporal optimization of fossil resource use to markets. Mitigation always generates an intertemporal climate rent which reflects the stock‐dependent damages and emerging scarcities of the atmospheric carbon deposit. In order to calculate and to manage this climate rent appropriately, common policy instruments like Pigouvian taxes or emissions trading presume perfect information about resource demand, extraction costs, reserve sizes, and damages for the entire planning horizon. To reduce these informational requirements we develop an alternative policy approach—a state dependent tax rule—that relies only on current observations of cumulative extraction (or atmospheric carbon concentration). Within a cost–benefit analysis, this instrument is capable to shift the complex intertemporal optimization problem completely to the resource sector when resource owners are homogeneous. Under a cost‐effective carbon budget approach, emissions trading with banking and borrowing can also unburden the regulator from solving the intertemporal social planner optimization problem. Additionally, we discuss which instruments can obtain an optimal allocation even if resource owners employ discount rate mark‐ups (i.e., due to imperfect commitment or insecure property rights). While an emissions trading scheme without banking and borrowing is robust against discount rate mark‐ups, resource taxes have to be modified in order to achieve an optimal allocation.
In vivo robotics: the automation of neuroscience and other intact‐system biological fields
Authors: Kodandaramaiah Suhasa B. , Boyden Edward S. , Forest Craig R.
Published: July 2013

Robotic and automation technologies have played a huge role in in vitro biological science, having proved critical for scientific endeavors such as genome sequencing and high‐throughput screening. Robotic and automation strategies are beginning to play a greater role in in vivo and in situ sciences, especially when it comes to the difficult in vivo experiments required for understanding the neural mechanisms of behavior and disease. In this perspective, we discuss the prospects for robotics and automation to influence neuroscientific and intact‐system biology fields. We discuss how robotic innovations might be created to open up new frontiers in basic and applied neuroscience and present a concrete example with our recent automation of in vivo whole‐cell patch clamp electrophysiology of neurons in the living mouse brain.
Fine‐mapping a fibre strength QTL QFS‐D11‐1 on cotton chromosome 21 using introgressed lines
Authors: Su Chengfu , Wang Wei , Qiu Xinmian , Yang Liu , Li Song , Wang Meixing , Pan Qunbin
Published: July 2013

An initial F2 mapping population of 223 plants of the cross between TM‐1 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) × H102 (Gossypium barbadense L.) was used to map QTLs controlling fibre strength in cotton. A genetic linkage map with 408 SSR markers was constructed with a total length of 3872.6 cM. Multiple‐QTL model of the software MapQTL version 5.0 was used to map QTLs related to fibre strength of the F2 : 3 population. QTL QFS‐D11‐1 conferring fibre strength was mapped between NAU2950 and NAU4855 on chromosome 21 (Chr. 21) which explained 23.4% of phenotypic variation. Introgressed lines (ILs), that is, IL‐D11‐1, IL‐D11‐2 and IL‐D11‐3 were obtained through marker‐assisted backcrossing in TM‐1 background. An F2 population of 758 plants derived from cross IL‐D11‐2 × TM‐1 was used for fine‐mapping QTL QFS‐D11‐1. QFS‐D11‐1 was mapped between markers NAU2110 and NAU2950, adjacent to its initial interval NAU2950–NAU4855 with phenotypic variation explaining 35.8%. QFS‐D11‐1 was further mapped to 0.6 cM from the flanking marker NAU2950. The results will give a basis for marker‐assisted selection of QFS‐D11‐1 in cotton breeding and to lay the foundation for cloning QFS‐D11‐1.
The Structured Employment Interview: Narrative and Quantitative Review of the Research Literature
Authors: Levashina Julia , Hartwell Christopher J. , Morgeson Frederick P. , Campion Michael A.
Published: July 2013

In the 20 years since frameworks of employment interview structure have been developed, a considerable body of empirical research has accumulated. We summarize and critically examine this literature by focusing on the 8 main topics that have been the focus of attention: (a) the definition of structure; (b) reducing bias through structure; (c) impression management in structured interviews; (d) measuring personality via structured interviews; (e) comparing situational versus past‐behavior questions; (f) developing rating scales; (g) probing, follow‐up, prompting, and elaboration on questions; and (h) reactions to structure. For each topic, we review and critique research and identify promising directions for future research. When possible, we augment the traditional narrative review with meta‐analytic review and content analysis. We concluded that much is known about structured interviews, but there are still many unanswered questions. We provide 12 propositions and 19 research questions to stimulate further research on this important topic.
Extending Corporate Social Responsibility Research to the Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior Domains: A Look to the Future
Authors: Morgeson Frederick P. , Aguinis Herman , Waldman David A. , Siegel Donald S.
Published: July 2013

Although issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become an important topic of research, there have been few studies on this topic conducted in the fields of human resource (HR) management and organizational behavior (OB). To address this gap, we edited a special issue of Personnel Psychology that explicitly focuses attention on CSR in the HR/OB domains. In this introductory editorial, we synthesize and extend the four articles published in the special issue. We also address issues relating to the conceptualization and measurement of CSR, the application of microlevel theories to CSR, and the practical and methodological implications of research in this domain. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research linking CSR with some of the most frequently studied topics in HR/OB. We propose that a focus on HR/OB will improve our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of CSR and also benefit HR/OB in terms of bridging the science–practice and micro–macro gaps.
Against Moral Intellectualism
Authors: Adams Zed
Published: July 2013

This paper argues that non‐cognitivism about moral judgements is compatible with moral realism. In order to reveal the possibility, and plausibility, of this hitherto under‐explored position in metaethics, it surveys a series of four increasingly fine‐grained formulations of the distinction between cognitivism and non‐cognitivism. It argues that all but the last of these distinctions should be rejected, on the grounds that they lead advocates of non‐cognitivism away from what initially motivated them to advocate non‐cognitivism in the first place. One significant pay‐off of this reconceived formulation of the cognitivism/non‐cognitivism distinction is that it reveals what it would take to properly appreciate the place of virtue ethics in contemporary metaethical debates.
Nominalism and Realism. How Not to Read the Tractatus' Conception of a Name
Authors: Mezzadri Daniele
Published: July 2013

This paper focuses on a central aspect of the “picture theory” in the Tractatus – the “identity requirement” – namely the idea that a proposition represents elements in reality as combined in the same way as its elements are combined. After introducing the Tractatus' views on the nature of the proposition, I engage with a “nominalist” interpretation, according to which the Tractatus holds that relations are not named in propositions. I claim that the nominalist account can only be maintained by rejecting the “identity requirement.” I then consider an opposite – “realist” – interpretation, according to which Tractarian names include names of properties and relations. I argue that, although it can accommodate the “identity requirement,” the realist interpretation falls short of providing a correct interpretation of the Tractatus' conception of a name. I conclude by presenting an alternative account (to both nominalism and realism) of the Tractatus' conception of a name.
Using Rfm for Simultaneous Positioning of Multi‐Sensor Spaceborne Sar Imagery
Authors: Wu Yingdan , Ming Yang
Published: July 2013

As a generic sensor model, the rational function model (RFM) has been widely used in the geometric processing of optical images, but its application to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets has not been developed sufficiently. In this paper a thorough study of the RFM‐based bundle adjustment for the simultaneous positioning of multi‐sensor spaceborne SAR imagery is made. Different control point layouts are designed to analyse its accuracy, and block adjustments based on a rigorous model are compared with the RFM. Experiments show that the RFM can attain a similar positional accuracy to the rigorous model and, when ground control points are sparse, the RFM is more stable.
Hydrurus‐related golden algae (Chrysophyceae) cause yellow snow in polar summer snowfields
Authors: Remias Daniel , Jost Steffen , Boenigk Jens , Wastian Johann , Lütz Cornelius
Published: July 2013

In polar regions, melting snow fields can be occupied by striking blooms of chrysophycean algae, which cause yellowish slush during summer. Samples were harvested at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica) and at Spitsbergen (Svalbard archipelago, High Arctic). The populations live in an ecological niche, where water‐logged snow provides a cold and ephemeral ecosystem, possibly securing the survival of psychrophilic populations through the summer. A physiological adaptation to low temperatures was shown by photosynthesis measurements. The analysis of soluble carbohydrates showed the occurrence of glycerol and sugars, which may play a role in protection against intracellular freezing. Although both populations were made of unicells with Ochromonas‐alike morphology, investigation by molecular methods (18S rDNA sequencing) revealed unexpectedly a very close relationship to the mountain‐river dwelling Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan. However, macroscopic thalli typical for the latter species were never found in snow, but are known from nearby localities, and harvested samples of snow algae exposed to dryness evolved a similar pervading, ‘fishy’ smell. Moreover, in both habitats tetrahedal zoospores with four elongate spikes were found, similar to what is known from Hydrurus. Our molecular results go along with earlier reports, where chrysophycean sequences of the same taxonomic affiliation were isolated from snow. This points to a distinct group of photoautotrophic, Hydrurus‐related chrysophytes, which are characteristic for long‐lasting, slowly melting snow packs in certain cold regions of the world.
Calorific values of Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) as a function of different phosphorus concentrations
Authors: Chia Mathias Ahii , Lombardi Ana Teresa , Gama Melão Maria da Graça
Published: July 2013

Quantification of the calorific content of microalgae is critical in studies of energy flow, trophic partitioning, plant/herbivore interactions in aquaculture and biomass production for biofuels. We investigated the calorific value and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris at different phosphorus (P) concentrations (6.0 × 10−7, 2.3 × 10−6 and 2.3 × 10−4 mol L−1 P). As expected, the control (2.3 × 10−4 mol L−1 P) supported better growth than P limited treatments. Biomolecules like total carbohydrates and lipids accumulated under P limitation, which significantly correlated with high calorific values. Lipid class composition showed that triacylglycerols were the most accumulated under P limited conditions. The calorific value reported under control conditions (13.78 kJ g−1) was less than those obtained under P limitation (30.47–33.07 kJ g−1). The highest calorific value with less growth retardation was obtained at 2.3 × 10−6 mol L−1 P.
Tuberculosis: Current state of knowledge
Authors: Leung Chi Chiu , Lange Christoph , Zhang Ying
Published: July 2013

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has developed various mechanisms to survive and cause disease in the human host. Incomplete understanding of the complex microbe–host interactions has hindered the identification of suitable biomarkers to expedite the development of diagnostic tools, drugs and vaccines. The field effectiveness of directly observed therapy–short course has been compromised by the intrinsic limitations of sputum microscopy and suboptimal adherence to the long duration of treatment amid the HIV‐TB syndemic and various socioeconomic constraints. While molecular tools are transforming the diagnostic processes, especially for multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR)‐TB, drug development and service provision for MDR‐TB seriously lag behind. Inappropriate management of detected MDR‐TB cases may amplify drug resistance, jeopardizing future control. Targeted screening and treatment of latent infection with M. tuberculosis with the currently available immunodiagnostic tools and treatment regimens aim more for personal protection than major epidemiological impact or elimination. The interferon‐γ release assays (IGRA) are not affected by cross‐reaction to the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine and are increasingly used for such screening before initiation of biologics for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. BCG offers only partial and unreliable protection against pulmonary TB in adults, the crucial transmission link for this airborne infection. Systems biology and vaccinomics may speed up vaccine research. The successful development of a fully effective TB vaccine that targets both growing bacteria and non‐growing persisters may reflect a major breakthrough, as natural infection does not induce sufficient immunity to prevent reinfection.