bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can we intercalibrate satellite measurements by means of data assimilation? An attempt on LEO satellites
Authors: Castillo Tibocha Angelica M. , Shprits Yuri Y. , Aseev Nikita A. , Smirnov Artem , Drozdov Alexander , Cervantes Sebastian Cervantes , Michaelis Ingo , Garcı́a Peñaranda Marina , Wang Dedong
Published: March 2024

Understanding the dynamics of energetic electrons in the radiation belts is key to protect space borne equipment and astronauts on-board spacecraft missions. Therefore, global reconstruction of the near-Earth radiation environment should be available at all times, radial distances and geomagnetic latitudes. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites provide a large data set of rapid observations of the radiation belt region over a wide range of magnetic local times (MLT). However, the use of this data set is rather complicated due to possible proton contamination of electron fluxes and the observation of electron precipitation, leading to high variability of electron measurements, considerable instrumental errors and the need for background correction. In this study, we present a new intercalibration method for satellite measurements of energetic electrons in the radiation belt region using a data assimilation approach. Our aim is to intercalibrate the electron flux measurements of the POES satellites NOAA-15,-16,-17,-18,-19 and MetOp-02 against RBSP observations for the period October 2012 to December 2013. For this, we use a reanalysis of the radiation belt region, obtained by assimilating RBSP and GOES electron data into 3-D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB-3D) code simulations via a standard Kalman filter. Since the reanalysis provides global reconstruction of the state of the system. We compare the POES/MetOp data with our reanlysis and estimate the flux ratios at each time, location and energy. These ratios are averaged over time and space to obtain energy dependent recalibration coefficients. In order to validate our results, we perform a traditional conjunction study between POES/MetOp satellites and the Van Allen probes. Similarly, we estimate flux ratios for all the found conjunctions and calculate the corresponding energy dependent recalibration coefficients. The conjunction coefficients and the DA estimated coefficients show very good agreement. Additionally, the use of data assimilation allows for improved statistics, as the number of possible ratios is considerably improved. The recalibration coefficients estimated using the our data assimilation approach leads to good resemblance and agreement between the recalibrated POES/MetOp data set and the RBSP observations.
Climatic and environmental impacts on source-to-sink processes in SW Taiwan since the last deglaciation
Authors: Colin Christophe , Bertaz Joffrey , Liu Zhifei , Dapoigny Arnaud , Tien-Shun Lin Andrew , Li Yanli , Jian Zhimin
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, many scientific studies have been conducted to constrain present and past source-to-sink processes and their controlling factors. The role of typhoon and monsoon summer rainfall on chemical weathering and soils erosion in east Asia is still not well established. Clay minerals and major elements, combined with Nd and Sr isotopic compositions were analyzed on sediments from Core MD18-3569 located close to the Penghu Canyon on the Taiwan margin (northeastern South China Sea) in order to establish climatic and environmental controls on source-to-sink processes and weathering history of small river basins of southwest Taiwan since the last glacial period. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios and ɛNd values of the detrital and clay fractions combined with the high content of illite and chlorite suggest that the mountainous rivers of southwest Taiwan are the main sources of sediments to the Taiwan margin since the last deglaciation. Such results permit to evaluate past intensity of chemical weathering in the rivers of southwest Taiwan from major elements composition and clay mineral assemblages. The long-term changes of chemical weathering intensity in Taiwan are driven by the variations of east Asian summer monsoon rainfall. During the deglaciation, the progressive strengthening of rainfall enhanced the chemical weathering intensity which peaked in the early Holocene. The Holocene is characterized by a decrease of the chemical weathering degree of sediments derived from Taiwan. This coincides with the weakening of summer monsoon rainfall, an increase in typhoon activity, and changes in vegetation cover in southwest Taiwan. These processes caused soil destabilization and erosion, regressive pedogenesis, and weaker chemical weathering intensity. This was due to the shorter residence time of sediments in the soils of southwest Taiwan. Our multi-proxy study highlights the strong link between summer monsoon and typhoon rainfalls, environmental changes, and chemical weathering history in Taiwan.
Assessing redox-related biotic changes during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition in the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal
Authors: Storm Marisa , Duarte Luís V. , Kraal Peter , Hennekam Rick , Isaji Yuta , Ogawa Nanako O. , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Schouten Stefan , van der Meer Marcel T.J.
Published: March 2024

The geochemical record of the Early Jurassic Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition (S–P transition; ~193 Ma) is marked by a prominent negative carbon-isotope excursion and a short-lived increase in pCO2. The paleoenvironmental responses to this carbon-cycle disturbance within the Eastern European Seaway are limited to a widespread, but minor increase in organic matter burial when compared to, e.g., the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event. In contrast, coeval deposits from the Água de Madeiros and Vale das Fontes formations, Lusitanian Basin (Portugal), located in the north-western fringes of the Tethys, comprise highly organic-rich black shales. Here, we reconstruct the paleoenvironmental and redox changes in the Lusitanian Basin across the S–P transition (oxynotum to raricostatum Zone), which are transitioning from euxinic to anoxic to oxygenated conditions. We combine major- and trace-element concentrations, biomarker analysis, and compound-specific carbon- and nitrogen isotope data including those of geoporphyrins. We assess the impact of redox changes and associated shifts in nitrogen cycling and bioavailability (e.g. denitrification) on the abundance and species composition of the marine microflora, the compound-specific carbon-isotope record and phytane-based pCO2 reconstructions. The exceptionally well preserved, thermally immature and highly organic-rich succession allows new insights into the characteristics and the local processes governing the development of low oxygen conditions outside the temporal realm of large-scale global warming and widespread ocean anoxia.
A newly discovered youngermost (13.07 Ma) “Upper Tuff”, a large-volume phreatomagmatic ignimbrite in the Pannonian Basin, drapes the present, faulted/dissected topography 
Authors: Biró Tamás , Lahitte Pierre , Portnyagin Maxim , Márton Emő , Mohr Emőke , Palotai Márton , Józsa Sándor , Iván Levente , Krasznai Márton , Hencz Mátyás , Paquette Jean-Louis , Hír János , Vörös Fanni , Karátson Dávid
Published: March 2024

Silicic ignimbrite volcanism played a major role in the Miocene evolution of the Central Paratethys. The most voluminuous ignimbrites identified to date (18.1–14.4 Ma) were emplaced in various paleoenvironments in the North Pannonian Basin, thus they are extremely helpful in regional stratigraphy. Here, we present the discovery of a previously unknown but widespread, youngest member of the “Upper Rhyolite Tuff“, referred to as Dobi Ignimbrite, which shows a distinctive glass geochemistry. High-precision sanidine and plagioclase Ar-Ar dating yielded 13.066±0.019 Ma (earliest Sarmatian stage in Paratethys chronology), significantly shifting the previously claimed termination (i.e. Badenian) of the North Pannonian ignimbrite flare-up. In addition, we demonstrate that, although the Dobi Ignimbrite is underlain by a marine sedimentary succession, it was emplaced on land, as it bears leaves and tree trunk fragments and is rich in charcoal. Despite the highly faulted terrain as well as intense dissection and erosion controlled by the neotectonic evolution of the Pannonian Basin, the observed areal extent (c. 1000 km2) and calculated minimum volume (c. 50 km3) of the ignimbrite may represent a VEI= 6 or 7 eruption, which needs to be further delineated. At the same time, the ignimbrite has a strongly phreatomagmatic character, suggesting an abundant, possibly shallow sea- or residual lake water source that was likely limited to the vent area (e.g. caldera graben). The detected sharp environmental change from submarine to terrestrial, as defined by the timing of ignimbrite emplacement at c. 13 Ma, marks the latest Badenian regressive period, followed by a Sarmatian erosion during the Central Paratethethys evolution. 
Enhancing resilience to climate-driven geohazards through international collaboration – experience from the GEOMME partnership’s journey in research and education
Authors: Gilbert Graham Lewis , Issler Dieter , Ito Yoichi , Nishii Ryoko , Yamaguchi Satoru , Niiya Hirofumi , Tanabe Takahiro , Kwon Tae-Hyuk , Cheon Enok , Park Joon-Young , D'Amboise Christopher , Vick Louise
Published: March 2024

The GEOMME partnership is an international initiative with partners in South Korea, Japan, and Norway aiming to enhance societal resilience to climate-driven geohazards through research and education. The project is funded by the Research Council of Norway (project number 322469) and is running from 2021 to 2026. An overarching objective of GEOMME is to initiate collaborative activities which will improve the adaptive capacity of these nations to climate change through knowledge exchange and research-based education.A unique feature of the partnership is the collaborative development and implementation of four specialized education packages, each aligned with one of the project's scientific themes: (1) understanding geohazards in a changing climate, (2) modelling geohazards at different spatial scales, (3) methodologies for monitoring and early warning, and (4) sustainable approaches to hazard and risk mitigation – including Nature-based Solutions. Each package consists of (1) an online module for wide accessibility – and to level set within the participant group prior to the in-person course, and (2) an intensive, in-person course providing experience-, practice-, and research-based learning. The target audiences are graduate students, practitioners, and researchers.As of 2024, two education packages have been successfully developed. The first, titled “Geohazards in a Changing Climate,” focused understanding the impacts of climate change on hazards processes in the partner countries and culminated in a course in Norway in August 2022. The second, titled “Modelling Gravitational Mass Flows over Large Areas” was hosted in Niigata, Japan, in November 2023 and focused on snow avalanche and debris flow modelling, large-scale hazard mapping, and quantitative risk assessment – integrating Japan's unique context to explore both technical and social aspects of hazard and risk management.The aim of this contribution is (1) to share the online learning resources developed by the partnership and (2) present experiences developing and implementing digital and in-person research-based teaching methodologies in an international consortium. 
Plutonic formation through sills stacking and amalgamation: The case of Beauvoir rare-metal granite
Authors: Esteves Nicolas , France Lyderic , Bouilhol Pierre , Cuney Michel
Published: March 2024

To better constrain the assembly, evolution and magmatic differentiation associated kinematics of granitic intrusions, we took advantage of a 1 km long drilled core of the Echassières-Beauvoir rare metal granite, allowing a high resolution sampling of a fully recovered plutonic body. Structural and textural data, coupled with high-resolution major and trace element composition of the mineral phases (in-situ measurements and chemical map), provide constraints on the differentiation processes and its dynamics. As Li-mica (lepidolite) is a liquidus phase present all along melt evolution, their compositions allow tracking melt batches and their differentiation state. We show that the granite formed through the stacking of deca- to hectometric crystal-poor sills, defining different sub-units within the granite. As each sub-units are compositionally different, the detailed study of mineral composition provides a dynamic record of the pluton assembly: although globally constructed from bottom to top, sill emplacement can also occur through off-sequence intrusion within or beneath partly crystallized sub-units. Those sub-units seem to be the result of the amalgamation of smaller sills; the latter displaying similar mineral composition from one to the other.Once intruded these sills crystallize an assemblage of quartz-topaz-mica and alkali-feldspar, recording differentiation trends from core to rim. This differentiation leads to the formation of a quartz-rich mush and associated albite-saturated interstitial residual melts enriched in incompatible elements (e.g. Li, F, P). A part of these residual melts has been extracted from the quartz-rich mush under the form of differentiated magma channels. Now fully crystallized, those channels correspond to albite-rich segregates, forming lobate contacts with the surrounding granite. Locally, these albite-rich segregates are accumulated beneath the overlying subsequently intruded sill, indicating a protracted plutonic construction faster than the solidification of a single sill. Ultimately, the protracted differentiation of the last and upper sub-unit (≈130 m thick) has led to the accumulation of weakly-viscous evolved melt in the upper-part of magmatic reservoir. This newly formed liquid-rich lens could then be mobilized as erupted silica-rich magma, potentially corresponding to rhyolitic intruding the surrounding host-rocks.
Physical and mechanical characterization of veined rocks: Implications to a porphyry model
Authors: Robbiano Franco , Orellana Luis Felipe , Violay Marie
Published: March 2024

The brittle-ductile transition is an important mechanical shift within the Earth's lithosphere and, as a crucial interface between ascending hot magma and colder host rock, plays a fundamental role in fluid migration within hydrothermal systems. Traditionally assumed to occur at temperatures between 350 °C and 400 °C, recent studies challenge this assumption, revealing a temperature transition range dependent on minerals. Experimental and numerical investigations highlight significant variability, ranging from 260 °C in wet quartz to 700 °C for dry orthopyroxene within homogeneous mineral compositions.This study delves into the complexities of this rheological barrier in the El Teniente Mafic Complex in Chile (currently a copper mine and formerly a hydrothermal system at the BDT), unraveling its impact on the migration of magmatic fluids. Building on previous research suggesting a self-sustaining mechanism that facilitates fluid movement over the brittle-ductile transition through overpressure-permeability waves and the formation of a dense, multi-episode vein network, our focus is on understanding deformation mechanisms and the localization of deformation and permeability at the BDT. Heat transfer models propose a dual paradigm of conduction and convection, adding to the complexity.To address these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive series of physical and mechanical measurements on 34 cylindrical samples from the El Teniente Mafic Complex. This included analyses of density, porosity, elastic wave characteristics, and electrical conductivity under variable water conductivities. Elastic wave measurements were performed using 2.25 MHz transducers on both dry and saturated samples. Permeabilities were determined by the pulse decay technique for compact rocks, complemented by triaxial tests and local strain measurement using strain gauges, along with acoustic emission measurements on dry samples subjected to confinements similar to those near the mine.Our results highlight consistently low porosity (below 1%) in the samples, with electrical conductivity, permeability, and strength controlled by veins. Particularly, at lower salinities, the metallic particle content and the orientation of the vein with respect to the loading axis significantly influence electrical conductivity and phase. At higher water conductivities, behavior is governed by connected porosity. Furthermore, favorably oriented veins emerge as crucial controllers of both permeability and mechanical resistance.These observations align with a convection heat flow model in a porphyry system, providing significant insights into the complex interaction between rock and vein properties. The study uniquely focuses on fossil high enthalpy systems, shedding light on their complex behavior. Additionally, the article discusses constraints on model variables, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the brittle-ductile transition in magmatic-hydrothermal systems.
MHD simulations of meso-scale processes in an ICME-like Magnetic Flux Rope
Authors: Sangalli Mattia , Verdini Andrea , Landi Simone , Papini Emanuele
Published: March 2024

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are among the main drivers of geomagnetic storms. The intensity of such storms is related to both the amplitude, coherenceand orientation of the magnetic field embedded in the magnetic cloud carried bythe CME, which can be often identified as a Magnetic Flux Rope (MFR).During their propagation in the Heliosphere, MFRs are subjectto meso/small-scale processes such as magnetic reconnection and interaction withturbulent fluctuations. The latter arise from solar wind turbulence,but also include the turbulent sheath region which can form behind theinterplanetary shock driven by the CME.These processes are difficult to capture in global numerical simulations ofCMEs and are possibly responsible for the rather small magneticcorrelation lengths which have been estimated for magnetic clouds, as short as a few tenth of AU.We present a new numerical approach that exploits a lagrangian reference frameto follow the evolution of a MFR via a high-resolution, 2.5D, visco-resistive MHD code implementing spherical expansion (Expanding Box Model).In particular, we simulate the evolution of a low-beta MFR immersed in aturbulent medium and study the resiliency of the magnetic structure as afunction of the amplitude and correlation length of the surrounding turbulence.We present preliminary results using different proxies to estimate the evolutionof MFR coherence and helicity.
Change detection monitoring of archaeological sites submerged in shallow waters using remote sensing data: the case study of the port of the Ancient Amathous in Cyprus
Authors: Abate Dante , Kalogeriou Eleftheria , Themistocleous Kyriakos , Hadjimitsis Diofantos
Published: March 2024

Cultural Heritage (CH) monuments are often subject to various environmental threats, with climate change (CC) exacerbating their vulnerability. These historical sites, valuable for their cultural and archaeological significance, face increasing risks of deterioration due to land deformation, flooding, acid rain, erosion, and man-made hazards like illegal excavations. Such threats not only endanger the structural integrity of these monuments but also risk depriving humanity of crucial archaeological information and artifacts, which are key to understanding our collective past.This article explores a novel approach that leverages the capabilities of satellite-based remote sensing techniques for monitoring CH sites under shallow water conditions. A wide array of data will be used for a more frequent and comprehensive analysis of the site's condition over time, enabling the detection of subtle changes that might go unnoticed with conventional methods.The case study focuses on the submerged port of Amathous archaeological site along the coast of Cyprus. The site's unique geographical and historical characteristics make it an exemplary model for applying advanced remote sensing technologies.By integrating satellite data with on-site ground truth measurements (topographical and aerial-born imagery), the study aims to develop a robust framework for the preservation and protection of underwater CH sites. This approach can not only enhances the understanding of the impacts of CC and human activities on these sites but also paves the way for developing proactive measures to safeguard heritage assets. The findings from this study are expected to contribute significantly to the field of heritage conservation, offering scalable and efficient solutions to monitor and protect CH sites worldwide.
Temperature stability requirements of free-running Nd:YAG lasers for atmospheric temperature profiling through the rotational Raman technique
Authors: Comerón Adolfo , Zenteno-Hernández José Alex , Dios Federico , Rodríguez-Gómez Alejandro , Muñoz-Porcar Constantino , Sicard Michaël , Franco Noemi , Behrendt Andreas , Di Girolamo Paolo
Published: March 2024

The Raman lidar technique to measure atmospheric temperature profiles is based on the dependence on temperature of the intensity of the atmospheric N2 and O2 rotational Raman lines [1]. The technique requires very good stability of the laser wavelength, or frequent recalibrations, to avoid errors in the retrieved temperature produced by wavelength drifts.  Frequency doubled or tripled Nd:YAG lasers are usually employed to implement this technique. To achieve laser wavelength stability, injection-seeded lasers are used that transfer the wavelength stability of the seeder to the high-power laser [2]; this has also the consequence of narrowing the spectrum of the transmitted radiation. Temperature profiling using free-running lasers are also reported in the literature [3]. In this case wavelength stability must be obtained by keeping the laser operating conditions, and in particular the Nd:YAG rod temperature, very stable.We have assessed the effects on the atmospheric temperature retrieval of the spectral width and temperature-induced wavelength drift of the 3rd harmonic of a free-running Nd:YAG laser. We have found that the spectral width has a negligible effect, as compared with the negligible spectral width of an injection-seeded laser, in the receiving filters that are part of the lidar. However, slight temperature-induced drifts on the central wavelength of the laser emitted spectrum entail small changes in the filter responses that impair the calibration and cause an uncertainty in the retrieved atmosphere temperature. We have estimated that to keep the retrieved temperature uncertainty below 1 K, the rod temperature must also to be kept within a ±1 K range. This is also the temperature stability that would be needed in the seeder of an injection seeded laser, as changes of temperature in the seeder will also cause wavelength drifts, hence uncontrolled biases in the atmosphere temperature measurements that would add to their uncertainty.   [1] J. Cooney, Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles by Raman Backscatter, J Appl Meteorol Climatol. 11 (1972) 108–112. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1972)0112.0.CO;2[2] E. Hammann, A. Behrendt, F. Le Mounier, V. Wulfmeyer, Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment, Atmos Chem Phys. 15 (2015) 2867–2881. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2867-2015.[3] P. Di Girolamo, R. Marchese, D.N. Whiteman, B.B. Demoz, Rotational Raman Lidar measurements of atmospheric temperature in the UV, Geophys Res Lett. 31 (2004) 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018342.
Modeling Immiscible Fluid Flow: Insights into Air Displacement of Water in Microscale Porous Media
Authors: Wang Sookyun , Lee Minhee , Kim Seon-Ok
Published: March 2024

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of immiscible displacement phenomena, focusing on the displacement of water by air in an artificial porous medium. The research combines experimental approaches using transparent micromodels and numerical simulations conducted with COMSOL Multiphysics, offering an in-depth understanding of the physical processes governing immiscible fluid displacement in porous structures. At the core of the study is the experimental observation of air injection into a water-saturated artificial porous medium. These experiments were meticulously designed to mirror realistic subsurface conditions and provided a clear visual insight into the immiscible displacement process. The transparent micromodels employed in these experiments were instrumental in visualizing the interaction between air and water phases, capturing the intricate development of preferential pathways as air displaces water within the medium. Complementing the experimental observations, numerical analyses using COMSOL Multiphysics provided a theoretical framework to validate and expand upon the experimental results. These simulations were crucial in quantifying the dynamics of immiscible displacement under varied conditions, offering a detailed perspective on the interplay between air and water phases within the porous medium. The synergy between experimental and numerical approaches allowed for a holistic understanding of the displacement mechanics, ensuring both visual and quantitative insights. A significant aspect of this research was investigating the impact of injection pressure and wettability on the displacement process. Both parameters are known to critically influence the behavior of immiscible fluids in porous media. The study meticulously compared the effects of varying these parameters in both experimental and numerical settings. This comparison offered valuable insights into how changes in injection pressure and surface wettability affect the formation and evolution of preferential pathways, as well as the overall efficiency of the displacement process. One of the key findings of this study is the remarkable similarity in displacement patterns observed in both experimental micromodels and numerical simulations. This consistency not only validates the numerical model used but also underscores the reliability of the experimental approach in replicating real-world conditions. The observed displacement patterns shed light on the complex dynamics governing immiscible fluid flow in porous media, highlighting the interplay of factors such as capillary forces, fluid viscosity, and medium heterogeneity.
Assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity using land and waterborne transient electromagnetic surveys
Authors: McLachlan Paul
Published: March 2024

Lake Sibaya is the largest groundwater-fed freshwater lake in South Africa. In the past several decades the lake levels have declined substantially, largely due to drought, human water demands, and the expansion of eucalyptus plantations. These falling lake levels have resulted in the formation of isolated basins, most notably a northern main basin and a southern secondary basin, where water levels behave independently. The southern basin plays an important water resource and ecological role in the area, consequently, there is a need to better understand the groundwater-surface water connectivity and hydrogeological structure.The area is characterized by a complex depositional system comprising dune and fluvial-deltaic sediments which makes understanding the groundwater and surface water connectivity non-trivial. To better understand the subsurface structure land and waterborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys were conducted using a towed TEM system. The TEM method utilizes a transmitter and a receiver coil to estimate the subsurface resistivity distribution to depths of 50 – 70 m. Firstly, a primary electromagnetic field is generated by passing an electric current around the transmitter coil. The primary electromagnetic field induces currents in the subsurface which then generate a secondary electromagnetic field. The receiver coil then detects the secondary electromagnetic field. The rate of decay of this secondary electromagnetic field can be used to model the subsurface resistivity distribution. The resistivity models can be used with local borehole data to constrain geological boundaries in the survey area.The resistivity models derived from the surveys, combined with borehole data, revealed distinct geological layers comprising organic sediments, sands, silts, and calcareous sandstones. Furthermore, whereas the northern basin is connected to the deeper aquifer, the southern basin is not. This work highlights the ability of high-productivity TEM methods to gain a better understanding of complex hydrogeological systems and provide context for their management.
Integrating environmental modelling and qualitative social science to evaluate BECCS from abandoned cropland
Authors: Næss Jan Sandstad , Henriksen Ida Marie , Skjølsvold Tomas Moe
Published: March 2024

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is essential in most climate change mitigation pathways, but the deployment of dedicated bioenergy crops risks enhancing land use competition. Recultivating recently abandoned cropland to produce perennial grasses has been highlighted as an option for near-term bioenergy deployment with reduced sustainability trade-offs. However, the real-world feasibility of utilizing abandoned cropland for bioenergy and BECCS is still unclear.We used a combination of natural science and qualitative social science methods to assess near-term recultivation opportunities for bioenergy, considering biophysical potentials, future biomass demand, and sociotechnical conditions. Focusing on Norway, we processed high-resolution global gridded land use projections from integrated assessment to unravel how global drivers may affect Norwegian land use with future global climate action. We mapped recently abandoned cropland using satellite data and quantified bioenergy and BECCS resource potentials using a crop yield model. We interviewed local farmers and stakeholders and performed a policy document analysis in the region with the highest resoure potential. Applying the multi-level perspective, we investigated the interplay between technical aspects and social aspects.Land use projections showed major near-term bioenergy crop deployment in SSP-RCP2.6 scenarios and Trøndelag had the highest Norwegian near-term bioenergy resource potentials from abandoned cropland. While we found a theoretical potential for bioenergy crop expansion, the sociotechnical analysis showed a lack of real-world feasibility of achieving the modelled pace of bioenergy expansion from SSP-RCP2.6 scenarios. Remote sensing insufficiently captured actual local land availability for bioenergy. New policies are needed if BECCS from abandoned cropland is to deliver a meaningful contribution to climate change mitigation. Increased integration of social science perspectives into large-scale modelling exercises is key to better understand the role of BECCS in climate change mitigation.
Assessing the biogeochemical impacts of terrestrial enhanced rock weathering on soil fertility
Authors: Dupla Xavier , Claustre Romane , Bonvin Emma , Graf Iris , Le Bayon Claire , Grand Stéphanie
Published: March 2024

Terrestrial enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a promising carbon dioxide removal technology that consists in applying ground silicate rock on agricultural soils. ERW efficiency is based on the carbon dioxide sequestration associated with the chemical weathering of silicate minerals. On top of carbon sequestration, this chemical weathering can most notably raise the soil pH and release nutrients, thereby potentially improving soil fertility. Despite these possible cobenefits, potential drawbacks such as heavy metal pollution or soil structure damage have also been raised. Yet to our knowledge, these potential effects of ERW on soil fertility have not been simultaneously investigated.This field trial assessed the impact of ERW on biological, physical, and geochemical dimensions of soil fertility. Overall, basalt addition had a predominantly positive to neutral effect on soil fertility. The majority of soil properties showed no significant change either 1 month or 1 year post basalt application. Nevertheless, our study highlighted a significant increase in earthworm biomass, soil respiration and sodium concentration as early as 1 month post application. These changes, suggestive of rapid initial weathering processes, require further investigation before enhanced rock weathering can be considered a viable and secure carbon dioxide removal technology.
Treeline resposes to 2K warming in the Alps in half a century
Authors: Körner Christian
Published: March 2024

Since climatic treelines track the elevational position of isotherms across the globe, it is not the question if, but when and how they will arrive at a novel steady-state position. After briefly recalling the essential difference between the edge of the realized and fundamental niche of the life form tree (not to be confused with species’ range limits), I will present data on recent climatic trends in the Alps based on long term meteorological records. Two years of in-situ temperature records from Pinus cembra trees growing right at the current upper edge of tree size individuals in Eastern Tyrol (supplemented with data from the Swiss Engadin region), make it obvious that the current high elevation record positions around 2500 m elevation are lagging substantially behind the upslope shift of the isotherm. This explains, why these trees grew so exceptionally rapid over the past 10 years, partly growing a meter in height in only 6-8 years. The locations with rapid tree radiation are all under nutcracker control. These data permit projections on forthcoming treeline shifts. For the Austrian Alps, the current uppermost trees represent all-time elevation records, and will soon out-range the uppermost fossil elevation records of trees that date back to the warmest period of the Holocene. Suggested reading: Körner C, Hoch G (2023) Not every high-elevation or high-latitude forest edge is a treeline. J Biogeography, open access.
Representation of Arctic mixed-phase clouds in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System during MOSAiC
Authors: Schulte Luise , Magnusson Linus , Forbes Richard , Day Jonathan , Schemann Vera , Crewell Susanne
Published: March 2024

Mixed-phase clouds are common in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer and their representation is challenging for models. Recent studies suggest that the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) shows too many cloudy periods in the Arctic in summer and generally misses the periods with clear skies, while in winter the cloudy state is underrepresented.We use ground-based remote sensing data from the MOSAiC campaign to assess systematic errors in modelled liquid cloud water over the whole MOSAiC period and combine this with more detailed analyses of selected cases.In addition, we perform sensitivity tests to identify ways to improve the parametrization for Arctic mixed-phase clouds in the IFS.We run cases in the Single Column Model (SCM) version of the IFS and investigate the representativity of model sensitivities in the SCM for the 3D model.
Formation of thermal vortex rings
Authors: Jędrejko Paweł , Yano Jun-Ichi
Published: March 2024

Geophysical convection is usually characterized by Reynolds number in the range typical for turbulent flow. Despite that, it displays features of organization.  Thermal vortex rings are considered candidates for the basic elements of that order (Yano 2023, ch. 16). In this work, the process of their formation from a spherical buoyancy anomaly is studied numerically. The buoyancy distribution is assumed to be uniform with a discontinuity at the interface. The rising anomaly experiences a collapse at the bottom, and initially spherical shape is transformed into a torus. Neglecting diffusive processes, the system is uniquely defined by the vortex sheet coincident with the interface. For that reason, its evolution is considered on the grounds of vorticity dynamics with Lagrangian approach.The vortex sheet is intensified by buoyancy and further subjected to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. This starts in high wavenumbers increasing the effective thickness by purely advective mechanism. A similar instability is then launched in lower wavenumbers, and the phenomenon repeats hierarchically. As a result, the energy is transferred from small to large scales. The same mechanism also drives the interfacial mixing by applying stretching and folding repetitively. This makes it a good starting point for further studies on the entrainment rate and order emerging out of chaos. 
Trace metal scavenging from CO2-H2S injection into basaltic rocks at the CarbFix pilot and CarbFix2 sites, Iceland
Authors: Clark Deirdre E. , Galeczka Iwona M. , Snæbjörnsdóttir Sandra Ó. , Oelkers Eric H. , Sigfússon Bergur , Gunnarsson Ingvi , Gíslason Sigurður R.
Published: March 2024

Basaltic rock dissolution release trace and toxic elements to the aqueous phase; this process has been extensively studied in Icelandic geothermal systems. There is little information regarding their fate as a result of subsurface carbon mineralization. Samples collected from the CarbFix pilot and CarbFix2 monitoring wells at the Hellisheidi geothermal field (Iceland) were measured over time as dissolved CO2 and H2S were injected into the subsurface basalts. Results suggest that the release of any trace elements were likely scavenged into several secondary phases, including carbonate and sulfide minerals.Although these fluids are not meant for human consumption, the aqueous trace element concentrations were generally below the WHO, EU, and Iceland drinking water standards, with a few exceptions. There were peaks in Fe during both injection experiments at the CarbFix pilot site in 2012 that exceeded proposed drinking water values, which were not sustained once the gas injections finished. In addition, As concentrations were significantly elevated at the start of the CarbFix2 gas injection in 2014, but concentrations have since greatly reduced over time to levels at or below drinking water standards although injection continued. 
An analysis of remote sensing land subsidence data in the Netherlands
Authors: Hammad Muhannad , Stouthamer Esther , Erkens Gilles
Published: March 2024

Land subsidence is a major challenge in many parts of the Netherlands, and in order to develop practically plausible scenarios and pathways of possible mitigation and adaptation measures under inclusive governance, it is necessary to study and analyse historical land subsidence data in the Netherlands.This study leverages the estimated ground-surface displacement amount from "Bodemdalingskaart.nl" based on remote sensing data from Sentinel-1 processed data every twelve days for five consecutive years from October 2017 to October 2022. The main goal of this study is to identify places that have significant land subsidence values, which is a critical stage in determining which and where mitigation and adaptation measures might be implemented.More than 4 million land subsidence scatterer points throughout the whole Netherlands were analysed to identify locations with high subsidence values, and the results were then interpolated with administrative and elevation maps of the Netherlands, allowing for the extraction of high-resolution data that provides detailed insights into land subsidence patterns across the entire Netherlands. In total, 155 locations were recognized as having significant land subsidence values; in our analysis, the significant value was set as 3 mm/year. The 155 identified locations were distributed among all twelve provinces. Moreover, 60 of the 155 locations were located in areas below sea level, mainly in the six western provinces from Groningen in the north to Zeeland in the south, indicating a high risk of flooding in these places in the future if relative sea level rise (RSLR) is taken into consideration.The identified places that exhibit significant land subsidence values should be subjected in the next stage to further assessment and evaluation through 3D modelling,  damage assessment, and Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) to allow the stakeholders to effectively prioritize all possible mitigation and adaptation measures through an appropriate governance framework. By pinpointing the specific locations where land subsidence has relatively significant values, different scenarios and pathways for different mitigation and adaptation measures could be developed to address the adverse effects of land subsidence on all affected parties in the Netherlands, both in urban and rural areas.In summary, this study uses the extensive land subsidence point data supplied by "Bodemdalingskaart.nl" to investigate the patterns and features of land subsidence across the Netherlands. Leveraging land subsidence point data provided a more meaningful knowledge of the spatial distribution of significant land subsidence values in the Netherlands, allowing for the identification of places where more attention and further investigation are required.
Multidimensional climate envelop modeling of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) distribution in North America
Authors: Strigul Nikolay , Rumyantseva Olga
Published: March 2024

Understanding the intricate relationships between climate and vegetation remains a fundamental challenge in contemporary ecology. The ability to anticipate the specific climatic factors affecting different tree species and understand how they respond is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change on forested ecosystems. Additionally, quantitatively assessing habitat loss resulting from anthropogenic activities is essential for informed conservation efforts.Our objective is to evaluate the potential distribution of pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in North America and assess the associated habitat loss. To achieve this, we employ a stepwise multidimensional climate envelope modeling approach, comparing two data-intensive models—the Variable Interaction Model (VIM) and the Variable Non-Interaction Model (VNM). These models discern the influence of diverse combinations of climatic characteristics on the distribution of the species. Both VNM and VIM employ Shapley values for factor ranking during construction. VNM assumes independent effects, resulting in a hyperrectangle-shaped climate envelope, while VIM considers interactions, yielding a complex, data-driven multidimensional envelope. Data integration involves mining the US Forest Inventories and climatic data  encompassing 19 parameters.  The results unequivocally highlight the VIM superior predictive accuracy compared to the Variable Non-Interaction Model VNM. Our findings reveal a habitat loss of approximately 91 %, primarily attributed to anthropogenic activities. This underscores the critical importance of comprehending the interplay between climatic factors in the development of climate envelope models for species ranges. The modeling approach developed in this study has the potential to enhance species distribution models for various tree species in the context of evolving climatic conditions.
A detailed map of the Jovian high-energy radiation belts
Authors: Jørgensen John , Denver Troelz , Herceg Matija , Sushkova Julia , Jørgensen Peter , Connerney Jack , Bolton Scott
Published: March 2024

High energy particle fluxes (>15MeV e- and 120MeV p+) throughout the Jovian magnetosphere have been continuously measured by the MAG investigation’s ASC instrument. Juno’s highly elliptical polar orbit has effectively traversed almost all of the Jovian magnetosphere with most regions sampled multiple times over time. Pronounced variations in the observed flux for comparable regions of the magnetosphere are observed in association with the positions of the Galilean moons and their associated dust and plasma tori, while global variations appear to be coupled to magnetic compression due to corona mass ejections. Oversampling of specific regions affords the opportunity to compile a quiet time map of the energetic trapped particle environment despite variations in solar activity and satellite-related effects. Subtracting this quiet time flux from that observed yields detailed information on the impact of solar activity, the Galilean moons, and the gossamer rings on the high-energy trapped particle environment of Jupiter. We present the observed quiet time map and show the impact on the trapped high-energy flux from the abovementioned local sources and sinks, and compare these results to those observed by Pioneer 10 and 11.
The Influence of Meteorological Variables on Energy Demand in the Federal District of Brazil
Authors: Gomes Helber , Herdies Dirceu , Santos Luiz Fernando , Hackerott João Augusto , Quadro Mário , Silva Fabricio Daniel dos Santos , Semolini Robinson , Cerqueira Bruno Dantas , Junior Djanilton Henrique Moura
Published: March 2024

The effects of climate change are present in all segments of society in general, and especially in the energy segment. Brazil plays a leading role in the use of renewable energy, with the majority of its matrix coming from renewable sources. In this sense, evaluating the impact of meteorological variables on the injected energy load is fundamental for the efficient use of energy. The present study aims to analyze the influences of meteorological variables on the energy load demand in Brasília - Federal District, Brazil. We analyzed observed data from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) weather station, reanalysis data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), reanalysis from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRA-2) and South American Mapping of Temperature (SAMeT). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to quantify the linear relationship between the observed data from the meteorological station (INMET) and the monthly load injected in Brasília in the period 2016-2022. Subsequently, statistical metrics, commonly used for model checking, were applied to regularly spaced global numerical model datasets with assimilation: CFSR (NCEP), ERA5 (ECMWF), MERRA2 (NASA), and SAMET (INPE). A high direct correlation of the injected monthly load with the monthly averages of maximum and average temperatures (0.65 and 0.51), respectively, and an inverse correlation with the observed average relative humidity (-0.50) was noted. Furthermore, the representativeness of temperatures from the data sets was investigated, aiming to expand the analysis to other regions that do not have meteorological station data. In validating the maximum and average temperature, it was possible to identify a high representative potential of the sets covered. Highlights include SAMET and ERA5, which presented the highest correlation coefficients (higher than 0.90) and standard deviation proportional to observational data.
Multi-scale characterization for pore systems of  hydrate-bearing reservoir
Authors: Guan Wen
Published: March 2024

By using X-ray computeted tomography(XCT), low-field nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), N2 gas adsorption(N2GA) method, the microscopic pore system of hydrate-bearing sediments in  KG Basin was comprehensively characterized. Results shown that the pore types are complex, with diverse pore geometry, poor connectivity, foraminiferal shells provide certain pores, 4-20μm micropores contribute the most to permeability. For the lacking of measuring closed pores by N2GA leads to a significant difference in the total pore volume compared with NMR results.Through monitoring the phase transition process in pores under temperature changes through NMR, the intensity value of the first peak signal of CPMG is collected, meanwhile the pure water signal is calibrated to calculate the unfrozen water content and pore size distribution. The results indicate that the water signal inside the macropores is constantly increasing, significantly weaker than in the micropores; the middle peak values corresponding to the mesopores are disorferly. Analysis shows that water migration occurs within the mesopores, the process of ice melting into water initial occurs in smaller pores.