bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the target in synapse elimination: studies in cerebellum of developing lurcher mutants and adult chimeric mice
Authors: Rabacchi SA , Bailly Y , Delhaye-Bouchaud N , Herrup K , Mariani J
Published: March 2018

As the mature nervous system is sculpted out of its embryonic anlage, regressive events are a surprisingly common feature. As one example, the establishment of adult innervation in the CNS and PNS often involves a massive withdrawal of previously formed functional synapses. In the cerebellum, the one-to-one relationship of inferior olivary climbing fibers to Purkinje cells is preceded by a transient stage in which each Purkinje cell is multiply innervated. The regulation of this regressive event is still not fully understood; previous studies suggested that some stimulus from the maturing granule cells is necessary. We have used the lurcher (Lc) mutation as a model system in which to study this phenomenon. In lurcher mice, Purkinje cells degenerate during the first few postnatal weeks, after receiving synaptic contacts from both inferior olivary neurons and granule cells. We have recorded the climbing fiber responses both in lurcher mutants at postnatal days 14–20 (P14-P20) and in adult lurcher chimeras. In the latter, experimental genetics are used to create a situation in which untreated wild-type Purkinje cells are present in an environment that ranges from 100% wild-type to nearly mutant. We found that in P14-P16 lurcher mutants, most of the cells recorded (75%) remained polyinnervated, whereas in wild-type control mice, only 10% of the Purkinje cells retained their multiple innervation. By P18-20, it was difficult to find Purkinje cells in the lurcher mutants that would withstand an intracellular electrode. Nonetheless, in those cells that were successfully impaled, most remained multiply innervated. By this age in wild-type mice, 100% of the Purkinje cells are monoinnervated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Changes in PKC gamma immunoreactivity in mouse hippocampus induced by spatial discrimination learning
Authors: Van der Zee EA , Compaan JC , de Boer M , Luiten PG
Published: March 2018

In the present study, we examined changes in immunoreactivity (ir) for the gamma-isoform of protein kinase C (PKC gamma) in mouse hippocampus in relation to spatial memory processes employing the monoclonal antibody 36G9 raised against purified PKC gamma. Learning and memory were assessed by performance in a free-choice spatial pattern paradigm in a hole board in which the animals learned the pattern of 4 baited holes out of 16 holes. Adult male house mice were used, divided in four groups. Three control groups were formed: group N, naive (blank controls); group H, habituated (animals were for 5 consecutive days introduced to the hole board with all holes baited); and group PT, pseudotrained (animals were for 13 consecutive days introduced to the hole board with all holes baited). The T (trained) group was for 5 consecutive days introduced to the hole board with all holes baited (similar to the H and PT groups) followed by 8 successive days with only four holes baited in a fixed pattern. Behaviorally, following the first 5 d, the PT group crossed the hole board randomly, whereas the T group gradually learned to orientate in the hole board. The mice were killed 24 hr after the last performance. A shift in 36G9-ir appeared from the cell somata to the dendrites of hippocampal principal neurons when comparing the H and PT group, respectively. In contrast, the T group showed strong PKC gamma-ir in both cell somata and dendrites, which clearly exceeded that of the H and PT mice. In this way, 36G9-ir reveals the physiologically activated neurons involved in hole board learning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Visualization of O-2A progenitor cells in developing and adult rat optic nerve by quisqualate-stimulated cobalt uptake
Authors: Fulton BP , Burne JF , Raff MC
Published: March 2018

Some macroglial cells of the O-2A lineage express glutamate receptor channels of the quisqualate/kainate type and take up extracellular cobalt when activated by glutamate agonists. These cells can be identified both in vitro and in situ following precipitation and intensification of the intracellular cobalt. We have used this technique to characterize these cells in the developing and adult rat optic nerve. In purified cultures of optic nerve cells, O-2A progenitor cells and type 2 astrocytes took up cobalt in the presence of quisqualate, while oligodendrocytes, type 1 astrocytes, and microglial cells did not. When whole optic nerves of various postnatal ages were exposed to quisqualate and cobalt, a subpopulation of glial cells took up cobalt. Cobalt uptake in vitro and in situ was blocked by 6-cyano-7- nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The number, morphology, and spatial distribution of cobalt-filled cells in situ varied with age. In perinatal nerves, 9% of glial cells took up cobalt. These cells had a simple unipolar or bipolar morphology and were two to three times more concentrated at the chiasm end than at the eye end of the nerve. During subsequent development, this gradient disappeared and the cobalt-filled cells became progressively more complex in morphology and increased in number and density, reaching a peak toward the end of the second postnatal week. The number subsequently declined to about 16,000 (7%) in the adult nerve. The processes of some cobalt-filled cells appeared to contact nodes of Ranvier. All cobalt-filled cells in 2 1/2-week-old optic nerves had a similar ultrastructural appearance and did not resemble either mature oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Our results suggest that the cells stimulated by quisqualate to take up cobalt in the optic nerve are the in vivo counterpart of O-2A progenitor cells. We found no evidence that any of these cells are type 2 astrocytes.
Genome-Wide Analysis ofMycoplasma bovirhinisGS01 Reveals Potential Virulence Factors and Phylogenetic Relationships
Authors: Chen Shengli , Hao Huafang , Zhao Ping , Liu Yongsheng , Chu Yuefeng
Published: March 2018

Mycoplasma bovirhinis is a significant etiology in bovine pneumonia and mastitis, but our knowledge about the genetic and pathogenic mechanisms of M. bovirhinis is very limited. In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of M. bovirhinis strain GS01 isolated from the nasal swab of pneumonic calves in Gansu, China, and we found that its genome forms a 847,985 bp single circular chromosome with a GC content of 27.57% and with 707 protein-coding genes. The putative virulence determinants of M. bovirhinis were then analyzed. Results showed that three genomic islands and 16 putative virulence genes, including one adhesion gene enolase, seven surface lipoproteins, proteins involved in glycerol metabolism, and cation transporters, might be potential virulence factors. Glycerol and pyruvate metabolic pathways were defective. Comparative analysis revealed remarkable genome variations between GS01 and a recently reported HAZ141_2 strain, and extremely low homology with others mycoplasma species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that M. bovirhinis was most genetically close to M. canis, distant from other bovine Mycoplasma species. Genomic dissection may provide useful information on the pathogenic mechanisms and genetics of M. bovirhinis.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping Uncovers Fw1, a Dominant Gene Conferring Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Strawberry
Authors: Pincot Dominique D A , Poorten Thomas J , Hardigan Michael A , Harshman Julia M , Acharya Charlotte B , Cole Glenn S , Gordon Thomas R , Stueven Michelle , Edger Patrick P , Knapp Steven J
Published: March 2018

Fusarium wilt, a soil-borne disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, threatens strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production worldwide. The spread of the pathogen, coupled with disruptive changes in soil fumigation practices, have greatly increased disease pressure and the importance of developing resistant cultivars. While resistant and susceptible cultivars have been reported, a limited number of germplasm accessions have been analyzed, and contradictory conclusions have been reached in earlier studies to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of resistance. Here, we report the discovery of Fw1, a dominant gene conferring resistance to Fusarium wilt in strawberry. The Fw1 locus was uncovered in a genome-wide association study of 565 historically and commercially important strawberry accessions genotyped with 14,408 SNP markers. Fourteen SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with Fw1 physically mapped to a 2.3 Mb segment on chromosome 2 in a diploid F. vesca reference genome. Fw1 and 11 tightly linked GWAS-significant SNPs mapped to linkage group 2C in octoploid segregating populations. The most significant SNP explained 85% of the phenotypic variability and predicted resistance in 97% of the accessions tested—broad-sense heritability was 0.96. Several disease resistance and defense-related gene homologs, including a small cluster of genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat proteins, were identified in the 0.7 Mb genomic segment predicted to harbor Fw1. DNA variants and candidate genes identified in the present study should facilitate the development of high-throughput genotyping assays for accurately predicting Fusarium wilt phenotypes and applying marker-assisted selection.
Gendered Deep History of the Bona Dea Cult
Authors: Ambasciano Leonardo
Published: March 2018

The article offers an overview of the cult of Bona Dea in light of the gendered social framework of ancient Roman society. Intrasexual competition and patriarchal, institutionalized sociodicy are taken into account, respectively, as ultimate and proximate explanations of the Bona Dea mythography. The diffusion of the cult and its spread in the literary environment are also tentatively explained by the presence of specific narrative elements (e.g. metamorphosis), some of which are apt to elicit strong reactions (i.e. rape, incest). Finally, the December cult devoted to the goddess is interpreted as a teletropic ritual device both symbiotic/euphoric (i.e. stress-relieving) and exploitative (i.e. a top-down concession enhancing psychological dependence on masculine hierarchy).
Distant Reading Conversion in Early Modernity
Authors: Wittek Stephen
Published: March 2018

This essay provides an overview of the theory, methodology, and technical innovation driving the creation of Distant Reading Early Modernity (DREaM), a digital humanities platform that makes a massive corpus of early modern texts amenable for use with macro-scale analytical tools. Key focus areas include (i) introduction to DREaM and the Early Modern Conversions project, (ii) the argument for our approach to the early modern archive, (iii) overview of the digital tools available through DREaM-Voyant, (iv) the making of DREaM, and solutions to technical problems deriving from non-standardized spelling.
Jeppe Sinding Jensen, What is Religion? (Durham: Acumen, 2014), xi + 186 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84465-759-9. $19.95 pbk.
Authors: Alciati Roberto
Published: March 2018

Jeppe Sinding Jensen, What is Religion? (Durham: Acumen, 2014), xi + 186 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84465-759-9. $19.95 pbk.
Edmund Russell, Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on Earth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), xviii + 216 pp. ISBN: 9-780-52174-509-3. £18.99 pbk.
Authors: Brunelli Andrea
Published: March 2018

Edmund Russell, Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on Earth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), xviii + 216 pp. ISBN: 9-780-52174-509-3. £18.99 pbk.
István Czachesz and Risto Uro (eds.), Mind, Morality and Magic: Cognitive Science Approaches in Biblical Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 2014), viii+316 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84465-733-9. $150 hbk.
Authors: Kaše Vojtěch
Published: March 2018

István Czachesz and Risto Uro (eds.), Mind, Morality and Magic: Cognitive Science Approaches in Biblical Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 2014), viii+316 pp. ISBN: 978-1-84465-733-9. $150 hbk.
Joseph Henrich, The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (Princeton, NJ and Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2016), 464 pp. ISBN: 978-0-69116-685-8. $29.95/£22.95 hbk.
Authors: Petersen Anders Klostergaard
Published: March 2018

Joseph Henrich, The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (Princeton, NJ and Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2016), 464 pp. ISBN: 978-0-69116-685-8. $29.95/£22.95 hbk.
Divination in the Ancient World, from Plato to the Neo-Platonists by Way of Aristotle and the Stoics. A Review of Peter T. Struck’s Divination and Human Nature
Authors: Pigliucci Massimo
Published: March 2018

Divination is nowadays considered a pseudoscience or a parlor trick. Consequently, we are inclined to dismiss the ancient Greco-Romans’ interest in it as misguided and an intellectual dead end. But a new book by Peter Struck traces an intellectual history of divination from Plato to Aristotle and from the Stoics to the Neoplatonists, re-interpreting the concept as an early attempt to make sense of what we today call intuition.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Susceptibility to Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C Infections
Authors: Enciso-Vargas Moisés , Ruíz-Madrigal Bertha , Hernández-Nazara Zamira Helena , Maldonado-González Montserrat
Published: March 2018

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene is a negative regulator of T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring on the CTLA-4 gene can modify the ability to control the proliferation of T lymphocytes, thereby impacting the clearance of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) virus infections. The -319C/T and +49A/G SNPs of CTLA-4 gene have been associated with autoimmune disorders and liver infections. Studies show that the +49G allele confers susceptibility to HBV and HCV infection in chronic disease (without cirrhosis), associates with the risk of chronic HCV infection in males, confers protective effect against the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and favors viral elimination. Furthermore, the +49G allele alone or in haplotype with the -319C favors chronic infection with genotype 3 HCV; has an inverse association with HCV genotype 1; and decreases viral load in chronic hepatitis C associated with sustained viral response (SVR). These findings support an important role of the SNPs of CTLA-4 gene in viral hepatitis; however, the mechanisms by which they influence immune response against viral infections is not fully understood. This review gives an overview of the current understanding of the association between CTLA4 SNPs and HBV/HCV infections.
Intracellular Chloride and Scaffold Protein Mo25 Cooperatively Regulate Transepithelial Ion Transport through WNK Signaling in the Malpighian Tubule
Authors: Sun Qifei , Wu Yipin , Jonusaite Sima , Pleinis John M. , Humphreys John M. , He Haixia , Schellinger Jeffrey N. , Akella Radha , Stenesen Drew , Krämer Helmut , Goldsmith Elizabeth J. , Rodan Aylin R.
Published: March 2018

Background With No Lysine kinase (WNK) signaling regulates mammalian renal epithelial ion transport to maintain electrolyte and BP homeostasis. Our previous studies showed a conserved role for WNK in the regulation of transepithelial ion transport in the Drosophila Malpighian tubule.

Methods Using in vitro assays and transgenic Drosophila lines, we examined two potential WNK regulators, chloride ion and the scaffold protein mouse protein 25 (Mo25), in the stimulation of transepithelial ion flux.

Results
In vitro, autophosphorylation of purified Drosophila WNK decreased as chloride concentration increased. In conditions in which tubule intracellular chloride concentration decreased from 30 to 15 mM as measured using a transgenic sensor, Drosophila WNK activity acutely increased. Drosophila WNK activity in tubules also increased or decreased when bath potassium concentration decreased or increased, respectively. However, a mutation that reduces chloride sensitivity of Drosophila WNK failed to alter transepithelial ion transport in 30 mM chloride. We, therefore, examined a role for Mo25. In in vitro kinase assays, Drosophila Mo25 enhanced the activity of the Drosophila WNK downstream kinase Fray, the fly homolog of mammalian Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and oxidative stress-responsive 1 protein (OSR1). Knockdown of Drosophila Mo25 in the Malpighian tubule decreased transepithelial ion flux under stimulated but not basal conditions. Finally, whereas overexpression of wild-type Drosophila WNK, with or without Drosophila Mo25, did not affect transepithelial ion transport, Drosophila Mo25 overexpressed with chloride-insensitive Drosophila WNK increased ion flux.

Conclusions Cooperative interactions between chloride and Mo25 regulate WNK signaling in a transporting renal epithelium.
AYNI EVDE YAŞAMAK: KUŞAKLARARASI BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA
Authors: ÖZTÜRK M. Serhat , ÖZTOP Hülya
Published: March 2018

Bu
çalışmanın amacı, Postigo ve Honrubia (2010) tarafından geliştirilen
‘Yaşlılarla Aynı Evde Yaşanan Çatışmanın Değerlendirilmesi’ ölçeği-nin Türkiye
örneğinde geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerinin yapılmasıdır. Yapılan çalışma üç
kuşağa ait 260 veri içermektedir. Hacettepe Üniversitesi’nde (Ankara) öğrenim
gören öğrenciler genç nesil örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Öğrencilerin
ebeveynleri ve büyük ebeveynleri ise, yetişkin ve yaşlı bireylere ilişkin
örneklemdir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, torunlar ve büyük ebeveynlerin, ‘Büyük
ebeveynler ev işlerine yardım ederler.’, ‘Büyük ebeveynler hastalıklarını
bahane ederek duygusal tehditlerde bulunurlar.’, ‘Büyük ebeveynler eskiden
olduklarına göre daha toleranslılardır.’, ifadelerine verdikleri cevaplar
arasında anlamlı farklılıklar bulunduğunu göstermektedir.
Who Undermines the Welfare State? Austerity-Dogmatism and the U-Turn in Swedish Asylum Policy
Authors: Scarpa Simone , Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: March 2018

Within the EU, the so-called “refugee crisis” has been predominantly dealt with as an ill-timed and untenable financial burden. Since the 2007–08 financial crisis, the overarching objective of policy initiatives by EU-governments has been to keep public expenditure firmly under control. Thus, Sweden’s decision to grant permanent residence to all Syrians seeking asylum in 2013 seemed to represent a paradigmatic exception, pointing to the possibility of combining a humanitarian approach in the “long summer of migration” with generous welfare provisions. At the end of 2015, however, Sweden reversed its asylum policy, reducing its intake of refugees to the EU-mandated minimum. The main political parties embraced the mainstream view that an open-door refugee policy is not only detrimental to the welfare state, but could possibly trigger a “system breakdown”. In this article, we challenge this widely accepted narrative by arguing that the sustainability of the Swedish welfare state has not been undermined by refugee migration but rather by the Swedish government’s unbending adherence to austerity politics. Austerity politics have weakened the Swedish welfare state’s socially integrative functions and prevented the implementation of a more ambitious growth agenda, harvesting a potentially dynamic interplay of expansionary economic policies and a humanitarian asylum policy.
Imperceptible Politics: Illegalized Migrants and Their Struggles for Work and Unionization
Authors: Wilcke Holger
Published: March 2018

This article argues that illegalized migrants carry the potential for social change not only through their acts of resistance but also in their everyday practices. This is the case despite illegalized migrants being the most disenfranchised subjects produced by the European border regime. In line with Jacques Rancière (1999) these practices can be understood as ‘politics’. For Rancière, becoming a political subject requires visibility, while other scholars (Papadopoulos & Tsianos, 2007; Rygiel, 2011) stress that this is not necessarily the case. They argue that political subjectivity can also be achieved via invisible means; important in this discussion as invisibility is an essential strategy of illegalized migrants. The aim of this article is to resolve this binary and demonstrate, via empirical examples, that the two concepts of visibility and imperceptibility are often intertwined in the messy realities of everyday life. In the first case study, an intervention at the ver.di trade union conference in 2003, analysis reveals that illegalized migrants transformed society in their fight for union membership, but also that their visible campaigning simultaneously comprised strategies of imperceptibility. The second empirical section, which examines the employment stories of illegalized migrants, demonstrates that the everyday practices of illegal work can be understood as ‘imperceptible politics’. The discussion demonstrates that despite the exclusionary mechanisms of the existing social order, illegalized migrants are often able to find work. Thus, they routinely undermine the very foundations of the order that produces their exclusions. I argue that this disruption can be analyzed as migrants’ ‘imperceptible politics’, which in turn can be recognized as migrants’ transformative power.
Mobile Peoples: Transversal Configurations
Authors: Isin Engin
Published: March 2018

This essay is an attempt to think ‘mobile peoples’ as a political concept. I consider mobile peoples as a norm rather than an exception and as political subjects rather than subject peoples. After discussing the tension between ‘mobile’ and ‘peoples’, I draw on Ian Hacking’s historical ontology for understanding how a people comes to be. For understanding how the people comes to be, or rather, how the tension between a people that constitutes itself as a whole and those peoples that remain as residual parts, I draw on Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Rancière, and Ernesto Laclau as authors who identified this tension as a fundamental problem of ‘Western’ political thought. Yet, their inattention to territory draws me to James Scott whose work on early states challenges how we have come to understand the people as sedentary in the first place. His account of how ‘barbarians’ (mobile peoples) came to be seen as a threat to sedentary peoples enables us to understand that tension. Then a path opens toward thinking about mobile peoples as a political concept.
Crowdsourced Quantification and Visualization of Urban Mobility Space Inequality
Authors: Szell Michael
Published: March 2018

Most cities are car-centric, allocating a privileged amount of urban space to cars at the expense of sustainable mobility like cycling. Simultaneously, privately owned vehicles are vastly underused, wasting valuable opportunities for accommodating more people in a livable urban environment by occupying spacious parking areas. Since a data-driven quantification and visualization of such urban mobility space inequality is lacking, here we explore how crowdsourced data can help to advance its understanding. In particular, we describe how the open-source online platform What the Street!? uses massive user-generated data from OpenStreetMap for the interactive exploration of city-wide mobility spaces. Using polygon packing and graph algorithms, the platform rearranges all parking and mobility spaces of cars, rails, and bicycles of a city to be directly comparable, making mobility space inequality accessible to a broad public. This crowdsourced method confirms a prevalent imbalance between modal share and space allocation in 23 cities worldwide, typically discriminating bicycles. Analyzing the guesses of the platform’s visitors about mobility space distributions, we find that this discrimination is consistently underestimated in the public opinion. Finally, we discuss a visualized scenario in which extensive parking areas are regained through fleets of shared, autonomous vehicles. We outline how such accessible visualization platforms can facilitate urban planners and policy makers to reclaim road and parking space for pushing forward sustainable transport solutions.
Social and Physical Characterization of Urban Contexts: Techniques and Methods for Quantification, Classification and Purposive Sampling
Authors: Serra Miguel , Psarra Sophia , O'Brien Jamie
Published: March 2018

Robust quantitative descriptions of the social and physical characteristics of urban contexts are essential for assessing the impacts of urban environments on other, potentially dependent variables. Common methodologies used for that purpose, however, are either coarse or suffer from biasing effects. At the social level, the use of indicators encoded into pre-defined areal units, makes results prone to the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. At the physical level, the adopted morphological indicators are usually highly aggregated descriptors of urban form. Moreover, there is a lack of explicit methodologies for the purposive sampling of urban contexts with specific combinations of social and physical characteristics, which—we argue—may be more effective than probabilistic sampling, when exploring phenomena as elusive as the effects of urban contextual factors. This article presents a set of GIS-based methods for addressing these issues, based on: a) local indicators of spatial association; b) detailed quantitative morphological descriptions, coupled with unsupervised classification techniques; and c) purposive sampling strategies carried out on the data generated by the proposed context characterization methods (a and b). The methods are illustrated through the characterization of the urban contexts of the 77 state-sector secondary schools in Liverpool, but are generalizable across all categories of urban objects and are independent of the geographical context of implementation.
Essential Means for Urban Computing: Specification of Web-Based Computing Platforms for Urban Planning, a Hitchhiker’s Guide
Authors: Nourian Pirouz , Martinez-Ortiz Carlos , Ohori Ken Arroyo
Published: March 2018

This article provides an overview of the specifications of web-based computing platforms for urban data analytics and computational urban planning practice. There are currently a variety of tools and platforms that can be used in urban computing practices, including scientific computing languages, interactive web languages, data sharing platforms and still many desktop computing environments, e.g., GIS software applications. We have reviewed a list of technologies considering their potential and applicability in urban planning and urban data analytics. This review is not only based on the technical factors such as capabilities of the programming languages but also the ease of developing and sharing complex data processing workflows. The arena of web-based computing platforms is currently under rapid development and is too volatile to be predictable; therefore, in this article we focus on the specification of the requirements and potentials from an urban planning point of view rather than speculating about the fate of computing platforms or programming languages. The article presents a list of promising computing technologies, a technical specification of the essential data models and operators for geo-spatial data processing, and mathematical models for an ideal urban computing platform.
Comparative EEG analysis of learning effectiveness using paper books, e-books, and audio books
Authors: Andrusiak V. , Kravchenko V.
Published: March 2018

In this work the peculiarities of reading comprehension from electronic, audio devices and hard copies were studied through comparative analysis of the learning accuracy and electrical activity of the brain when reading or listening to the text. Eighty students took part in the research.
They were offered 2 passages of text from fiction and popular-scientific literature for reading, presented in a form of an e-book, MP3-format and in a printed copy. The level of comprehension and assimilation of the read material was checked by testing based on the content of the text immediately after reading and in 2 weeks. The comparative EEG analysis did not reveal significant differences in the spectral power of the studied ranges when reading a paper book and e-book. Differences were found when listening to audiobooks comparatively to reading. In general, the effectiveness of text learning does not depend on the way of its presentation, however, sex and individual traits of a person, such as preferred learning style and extraversion level, are more important.
Fatigue-incduced modulation of human soleus Hoffmann reflex under conditions of homosynaptic postactivation depression due to pair tibial nerve stimulation
Authors: Kolosova O.
Published: March 2018

The purpose of our work was to investigate in detail the influence of pair stimulation of tibial nerve (n.tibialis) on human soleus H-reflex amplitude at rest and after long-lasting voluntary contraction of calf muscle (m.m. gastrocnemius-soleus), which caused the fatigue of soleus muscle. The method of H-reflex of soleus muscle was used. Test and conditioned responses (by pair stimulation of n. tibialis) were registered. Homosynaptic postactivation depression led to inhibition of H-reflex at rest. After fatiguing voluntary static contraction the amplitudes of test and conditioned soleus H-reflex were significantly reduced. Then both H-reflex amplitudes subsequently recovered. Soleus H-reflex inhibition might be due to the activation of the groups III and IV afferent nerves under the influence of mechanical and metabolic changes in the muscle.
Разработка диагностического опросника по выявлению позиций взаимодействия у студентов — будущих специалистов сферы психолого-педагогического сопровождения
Authors: Маралов Владимир Георгиевич , Ситаров Вячеслав Алексеевич
Published: March 2018

Статья посвящена вопросам разработки и апробации опросника по выявлению позиций взаимодействия у студентов: позиции принуждения, позиции манипулирования, позиции ненасилия и позиции невмешательства. В первичной апробации опросника, осуществленной в 2017 г., приняли участие около 200 студентов Московского гуманитарного и Череповецкого государственного университетов. Опросник прошел ряд стандартных процедур по определению критериальной и эмпирической валидности, внутренней согласованности и надежности. Вторичная апробация была осуществлена на 172 студентах в том же году на том же контингенте студентов.

Конечная форма опросника составила 40 вопросов-утверждений, по 10 вопросов на каждую позицию. Разработанный и апробированный опросник по выявлению позиций взаимодействия у студентов прошел все необходимые процедуры, соответствует в целом требованиям, предъявляемым к такого рода диагностическим процедурам, и может быть рекомендован к практическому применению.
Дальнейшую перспективу его использования авторы видят в организации серии исследований по выявлению факторов, обусловливающих принятие студентами той или иной позиции, разработку и реализацию модели формирования позиции ненасилия у студентов — будущих специалистов сферы психолого-педагогического сопровождения в условиях вузовского обучения.
Музыкально-стилевые предпочтения российских студентов
Authors: Полянская Екатерина Николаевна , Каргина Наталья Вячеславовна
Published: March 2018

Статья посвящена изучению музыкальных предпочтений современного российского студенчества — социальной группы, чьи эстетические идеалы и социальная идентичность находятся в стадии активного формирования, в процессе которого музыка играет важную воспитательную, организационную, информационную роль. В статье проанализированы основные направления изучения музыкальных предпочтений личности, а также представлены результаты собственного эмпирического исследования. С целью изучения музыкально-стилевых предпочтений российских студентов использовалась анкета музыкальных предпочтений, разработанная Е. С. Борисовой.

Теоретический анализ литературы показывает, что музыкальные предпочтения становятся частью социальной идентификации, соотносятся с молодежной субкультурой, при этом на них оказывают влияние многие факторы: статус, профессиональная деятельность, образование, личный музыкальный опыт и уровень музыкальной подготовки, пол, возраст, гендер, место жительства, СМИ, мода, семья, референтная группа, привлекательность того или иного эмоционального состояния, вызываемого определенной музыкой, увлечения, темперамент, общий интеллект, порог активности, психотип и др. Результаты эмпирического исследования авторами музыкально-стилевых предпочтений российских студентов (Российского университета дружбы народов, 2016 г.) показали, что наиболее часто студенты слушают музыку к кинофильмам, рэп, хип-хоп, далее по степени убывания предпочтений — рок, клубную музыку, классику, классику в современной обработке и музыку для релаксации, панк, джаз и шансон, реже всего — эстраду, этнику, авангардное направление в классике.

Сделан вывод, что музыкально-стилевые предпочтения российских студентов представлены в первую очередь музыкой, широко популяризированной для аудитории молодежи в первую очередь благодаря фильмам, музыкальным каналам телевидения, клубам, Интернету, гаджетам, являющейся «молодежной» и модной. Несмотря на то что музыка становится сегодня неотъемлемой частью повседневной жизни и признается исследователями как самый популярный досуг молодежи, студенты не столь часто слушают музыку, как ожидалось, мало осведомлены о различных ее направлениях и, скорее, являются пассивными потребителями музыки, прослушивание которой носит функциональный характер.
Феномен гендерной метаморфозы в романе А. Картер «Страсть новой Евы»
Authors: Семенец Антонина Валерьевна
Published: March 2018

Статья посвящена рассмотрению феномена гендерной метаморфозы на примере романа английской писательницы ХХ в. Анджелы Картер «Страсть новой Евы» (1977). Мотив разного рода превращений свойственен широкому кругу произведений разных авторов, поэтому данное явление анализируется во взаимосвязи с другими художественными текстами.

Трансформации можно рассматривать как фантастические элементы, создающие такие нарративы, в которых повествование может быть подвергнуто деконструкции или извращаться. Метаморфоза, или превращение, переход, принятие новой формы с изменением внешнего вида, влечет за собой разрыв связей между телом и сознанием, которые были достаточно крепки и естественны. Отмечено, что сюжеты, связанные с превращениями, сформированы под влиянием мифологии, философии и фольклора. 

В работе выделены как общие черты сюжетообразующего начала метаморфозы в романе А. Картер, так и ее особенности, к которым можно прежде всего отнести феминистскую направленность. Рассмотрены образы Евы/Эвелина и Тристессы как примеры гендерной нестабильности. Их неординарность отображает позицию автора, что гендер имеет социальную природу и ему свойственна динамичность.
Современные теории идентичности катализируют дискуссии феминистского характера, они также расширили теоретическую базу, ставшую основой творчества А. Картер. Литературная интертекстуальность ее работ указывает на осведомленность и интерес писательницы к интерпретациям идентичности и гендера, базирующимся на теориях психоанализа и феминизма. А. Картер, используя литературные приемы, не только подвергает критике стереотипы, выработанные современным обществом, но и разрабатывает гендерную проблематику. Такая писательская стратегия позволяет автору находить все новые ключи к расширению человеческой свободы
Цинизм как способ существования глобалистской культуры
Authors: Горелова Татьяна Анатольевна
Published: March 2018

В статье рассматривается роль цинического мировоззрения в современной культуре, которая названа автором глобалистской (понятие, производное от «глобализм» в интерпретации А. А. Зиновьева). Особые черты этой культуры проявляются как отсутствие национального ядра; массовидный характер; «вирусный» способ распространения; стремление к разрушению системы традиционных ценностей. Ядром данной культуры становится циническое мировоззрение, которое, проникая во все сферы современной жизни, действует не только как мировоззрение, но и как способ существования человечества.

По П. Слотердайку, исторический путь цинизма можно представить в виде расширения ложных установок и стереотипов как в индивидуальном, так и в общественном сознании: Ложь → Заблуждение → Идеология → Цинизм. Последний предстает как следующая после идеологии стадия социокультурной эволюции, как мировоззрение постмодерна. Жизнь в больших городах и информатизация сознания способствуют тому, что природа цинизма становится вирусной, а сам он в силу такой природы — диффузным. В работе показано, что в духовной сфере цинизм становится подменой духовного развития во всех отраслях культуры.

Цинизм современной экономической ситуации заключается на общественном уровне в том, что государственная власть больше не обладает суверенитетом, а решения на самом деле принимаются глобальной сверхвластью; на уровне отдельного человека деньги, превратившись в самодовлеющую сущность, сделали каждого средством для своего бытия. Цинизм глобальной социальной ситуации в том, что современная сверхвласть — это не класс воинов, получивших свои регалии за мужество и доблесть, не класс аристократов, обладающих «генетическим» статусом на основе родословной, не класс буржуа, создавших массовое производство, и даже не сообщество государственных мужей, радеющих о будущности своего народа, а горстка удачливых и не брезгующих никакими средствами глобальных финансовых спекулянтов.

Цинизм технологического мира заключается в обещании все большей свободы, но на самом деле человек остается рабом, но не другого человека, а техники. Цинизм глобальной политической ситуации заключается в создании системы глобального неоколониализма и использовании двойных стандартов: государство, присваивающее себе роль демократического наставника человечества, является безжалостным агрессором, расчищающим себе жизненное пространство за счет других стран, при этом государственный терроризм и терроризм против государства мотивируются друг другом. Информационная сфера, управляемая СМИ, создает «кровеносную» систему глобалистской культуры, в которую ныне закачивается уже не идеологическая, а циническая информационная «жидкость». Предельный цинизм глобального человечества — «делать худшее, зная лучшее» — особенно ярко проявляется в экологической сфере: с одной стороны, осознана ограниченность земных ресурсов, но с другой — резко возрастает воздействие человеческой деятельности на природу, что обостряет борьбу за ресурсы и одновременно усиливает отрицательные экологические последствия такого воздействия.
Connective tissue dysplasia in females with primary knee and hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Izmozherova N V , Getmanova N A , Popov A A , Peretolchina T F
Published: March 2018

Aim. Assessment of the prevalence of connective tissue dysplasia markers in women with primary knee and hip osteoarthritis.

Methods. 203 females were examined in a cross-sectional study, with median age 58 years (55-62 years) and duration of post-menopause for 8 years (5.0-12.0 years). Severity of postmenopausal syndrome was defined by modified menopause index scores with the assessment of neurovegetative, metabolic and endocrine and psychoemotional symptoms. Backache and joint pain were assessed by visual analogue scale. Osteoarthritis was diagnosed according to clinical and radiologic criteria.

Results. In 153 patients primary osteoarthritis stage 2-3 was diagnosed (group 1), group 2 included 50 patients without osteoarthritis. Screening for connective tissue dysplasia was performed by steps. At first, L.V. Solovyova’s phenotypic screening scale modified by T.F. Peretolchina was used, and cut-off score of 1.92 points was found in 6 (12%) patients without osteoarthritis and 44 (28.8%) in osteoarthritis group, that allowed suggesting connective tissue dysplasia. Then international M.J. Glesby phenotypic scale was used: 53 (34.6%) patients with osteoarthritis and only 1 (2%) subject without osteoarthritis had three and more phenotypic traits (χ2=18.925, р <0.001), that confirms connective tissue dysplasia. On step three, according to Russian guidelines on «Inherited disorders of connective tissue» (Russian scientific society of cardiology, 2012), among examined patients three phenotypes of connective tissue dysplasia were determined: (1) joint hypermobility syndrome; (2) increased dysplastic stigmatization and (3) increased, mostly visceral dysplastic stigmatization. The latter was more prevalent in females with osteoarthritis.

Conclusion. High prevalence of connective tissue dysplasia criteria in primary osteoarthritis patients confirms the presence of dysplastic osteoarthritis phenotype and necessity of personalized attitude to patient management.
Efficacy of magneto-laser therapy in the treatment of ureaplasma infection
Authors: Aliev N N , Zeynalov M S , Alieva N N
Published: March 2018

Aim. To study clinical and epidemiological data in males and females with ureaplasma infection and to evaluate efficacy of magneto-laser therapy used as additional treatment of ureaplasma infection.

Methods. 104 patients (94 men and 10 women) with urogenital ureaplasma infection were observed. Patients were divided into two groups: a study group (n=55) that received standard and magneto-laser therapy, and a comparison group (n=49) that received only standard treatment. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate samples for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and urealyticum, and bacteriological study for Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. was additionally performed with determining their antibiotic susceptibility. Magnetic therapy was conducted with the use of Michelangelo device (Italy) for 10 minutes to small pelvis area for 10 days.

Results. As a result, 78 (82.9%) males were diagnosed with uretritis, 52 (55.3%) with prostatitis, 37 (39.3%) with cystitis. In females monoinfection was more prevalent than in males (50.0% vs 40.4%). Ureaplasmosis predominantly affected subjects aged 20-29 (97.8%) and 30-39 (86.0%) years. In female group, patients aged 20-29 years prevailed, while in a male group - patients aged 30-39 years. In males, the association of Ureaplasma with Mycoplasma hominis (36.1%) prevailed.

Conclusion. Complex treatment of ureaplasma infection of urogenital tract including magneto-laser therapy demonstrated high clinical efficacy and allowed achieving clinical and laboratory cure of ureaplasma infection in 85.4% of cases.
Pathophysiologic aspects of the development of cognitive disorders in chronic heart failure in elderly patients
Authors: Pokachalova M A , Silyutina M V
Published: March 2018

The present literature review presents current views on pathophysiologic aspects of the formation and progression of cognitive disorders in chronic heart failure in elderly patients. Advanced age itself is an important predictor of the development of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases. Involutive changes of cardiovascular system are known to potentiate the development of chronic heart failure. Heart failure in older people usually develops gradually. Formation of the cognitive deficit in heart disease is associated with chronic cerebral ischemia as well as a cascade of neurochemical processes occurring in the brain, eventually forming a vicious circle. Often the symptoms of cerebral ischemia due to reduced stroke volume occur much earlier than congestion signs in other organs and systems. Chronic cerebral ischemia that occurs due to violation of cerebral hemodynamics, is associated with both extracerebral and intracerebral causes, which in turn contributes to the development of chronic brain hypoxia and aggravation of cognitive dysfunction. Thus, the features of the development and course of disease in people of older age groups indicate that in geriatric practice existing diagnostic schemes are not always applicable. When observing patients of elderly and senile age with chronic heart failure, during the assessment of their condition and running diagnostic tests, special attention should be payed to the earliest detection of cognitive dysfunction signs in order to correct the patient's treatment and improve quality of life.
Analysis of the incidence of dermatomycosis in Azerbaijani Republic during 2000-2016
Authors: Ahmedova S D
Published: March 2018

Aim. To conduct epidemiological analysis of the incidence of dermatomycosis (superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages) in the Republic of Azerbaijan during 2000-2016, as well as clinical epidemiological monitoring during 2011-2016.

Methods. Analysis of incidence of visits was performed in the Republican dermato-venerologic clinic, children's republican dermato-venerologic dispansary №3, city dermato-venerologic dispansary №1 of the Republic of Azerbaijan according to the forms of state statistical observation №9 («Information about predominantly sexually transmitted diseases, fungal skin infections and scabies») approved by the decree of Azerbaijan State Statistical Commission No. 72/5 issued on 04.12.2000. Clinical analysis of dermatomycosis incidence during 2011-2016 was performed based on the results of laboratory (microscopic) verification of mycelium of the fungus.

Results. During 2000-2016 in the Republic of Azerbaijan steady increase of the incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages was observed. In 2000 the incidence was 2783. In 2016, 12 630 cases were recorded, which is the peak value and is 4.5 times higher than in 2000. Clinical analysis of incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages in 2011-2016 demonstrated that the diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor (keratomycosis) took the leading place (33.5%). The second place in the prevalence was taken by smooth skin mycoses (32.7%), the third place - by candidiasis (skin and visible mucous membranes - 17.1%), the fourth place - by onychomycosis (14.5%), and the last place - by mycosis of the scalp and face (2.2%). Young population (10-20 years) is susceptible to keratomycosis, and adult population (30-50 years) - to smooth skin mycosis. We suggest that it is related to climate-geographic features, increased insolation, and as a result - to sweating and to disordered lipid-alkaline protective skin barrier. To confirm our hypothesis further investigation is necessary.

Conclusion. Incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages, increased by 4.5 times was revealed; the leading position in prevalence is taken by pityriasis versicolor, the second - by smooth skin mycoses and the third - by skin and visible mucous membranes candidiasis.
A clinical case of polyneoplasia
Authors: Akhmetzyanov F A , Valiev N A , Egorov V I , Burba D V
Published: March 2018

Primary multiple neoplasms (polyneoplasia) are among the interesting and insufficiently studied fields of oncology. The term polyneoplasia is usually used for two or more malignant neoplasms in a single patient, which occur synchronously or metachronously. Over the last decade, an increase of primary multiple tumors prevalence has been observed. In 2015 39 195 new cases of primary multiple tumors were registered in Russia and comprised 6.7% of all incident malignant neoplasms. Primary multiple metachronous and primary multiple synchronous tumors with two neoplasms development are observed most often, with three more rarely, and with four or more very rarely. In average, 0.1% of a total number of oncologic patients have at least three malignant neoplasms. Primary multiple tumors of gastrointestinal tract are observed most often. The current article presents a clinical case of four synchronous tumors in a single patient localized in major duodenal papilla, sigmoid, transverse colon and lung.