bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing, Notational Iconicity, Calculus: On Writing as a Cultural Technique
Authors: Kramer Sybille , McChesney Anita
Published: February 2007

Alphabetical writing is traditionally interpreted as a medium that fixes oral language. Consequently, writing is seen as a purely discursive system: writing is a language and not an image. This essay attempts to modify this phonographic view, namely by rehabilitating a fundamental visual-iconic dimension of writing, which is referred to here as 'notational iconicity' (Schriftbildlichkeit). Writing � and its respective text � is a hybrid construct in which the linguistic and the iconic, telling and showing intersect. Only through the power of this visual potential can the cultural-technical function of writing be explained, for example in written calculation, in calculus in mathematics and logic, or in programming. The computer is also a writing machine. Digital writing marks the emergence of a new means of operating with writing, which at the same time reveals the boundaries of notational iconicity.
Monsters in Eden: Darwin and Derrida
Authors: Milburn Colin
Published: February 2007

Focusing on the tropology of the monster within the writings of Charles Darwin and Jacques Derrida, this essay demonstrates certain significant linkages joining Darwinism to deconstruction. The monstrous relations between Darwin and Derrida--both genealogical and intertextual--reveal themselves in shared evolutionary-deconstructive approaches to the concept of species, the metaphor of the book of nature, and the mythology of the Garden of Eden. Challenging humanist metaphysics, Darwin and Derrida together advance a theoretical discourse attentive to the mutations, the perversions, the aberrations and the monstrosities of the world: a teratology that looks beyond man and humanism and towards the unknown posthuman future.
Scrips and Scribbles
Authors: Rheinberger Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2007

This paper is concerned with forms of writing that characterize the laboratory, a research place where scientific knowledge is made to emerge and can be grasped in its emergence. Laboratory notebooks and other forms of research inscriptions have received increasing attention in recent years. With few exceptions, however, the epistemic function of such notes in the overall order of knowledge production has been widely neglected. This paper tries to compensate for this neglect. It highlights some facets of the productive function of particular forms of laboratory writing in the process of knowledge acquisition. In other words, it considers laboratory writing in its epistemic positivity. The first part describes some characteristics of individual, primary laboratory 'write-ups.' As an example, a short case study on the research notes of the German geneticist Carl Correns follows. The paper closes with a few remarks on collective forms of laboratory writing.
Modernist Reconnaissance
Authors: Saint-Amour Paul K
Published: February 2007

This article investigates connections between analytical cubism and World War I aerial reconnaissance through their shared discourse of hyperstereopsis. It begins by interrogating a commonplace in art historical accounts of cubism: namely that cubism bears some relation to the view of the earth from an airplane. This speculation, which appears to have originated with Hemingway, Stein, and several other contemporaries of the cubist painters, hinges on certain immediate visual similarities between cubism and aerial views. Such an account, however, addresses neither the optical and epistemological relationships between its subjects, nor its own historiographic assumptions. The essay revisits this pairing between cubism and aerial perspective in a manner that is at once more technically detailed and more historically specific, confining itself to a particular aerial photographic technique (hyperstereoscopy, or stereopsis with a greatly exaggerated interaxial distance) that was coeval with analytical cubism. It argues that analytical cubism and Great War aerial hyperstereoscopy were institutionally disparate manifestations of a single scopic regime, one which recognized the dependence of "normal" visual perception, and particularly stereovision, on the highly contingent physiology of human vision.
Slave Narratives and the Rhetoric of Author Portraiture
Authors: Casmier-Paz Lynn
Published: February 2007

âSlave Narratives and the Rhetoric of Author Portraitureâ places the author portraits of slave narratives within the historical contexts of illustrated texts generally, and the genre of slave narratives specifically. The essay begins with an examination of author portraiture from its earliest use in print publication, where the author portrait was an often ironic "zone of transaction" between the reader and the text's narrator. With the emergence of slave narratives, however, the essay argues that slave narrativesâ author portraits were serious evidence to prove the authenticity of slave narratives as autobiographies. Further, slave narratives' author portraits sought to evidence the irrational relationship of apparent skin color to race categories during the era of American slavery. The essay finds that the frontispiece author portraits were both proof of authorship/authenticity, and critical evidence of miscegenation's dire consequences. Yet the current editions of slave narratives often manipulate and, in many cases omit these portraits and thereby create a subtle but important crisis of authority in the slave narrative genre.
The Paradox of the Anthology: Collecting and Difference in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Benedict Barbara M
Published: February 2007

The literary collection is at once an exclusive and a communal genre that encourages the simultaneous perception of difference and sameness. Literary collections contain no less than three, distinct works of literary art, each both independent from and part of the whole anthology. Arising in the long eighteenth century, the anthology purveys exclusivity and selectivity to a dispersed, general audience. This paradox reflects the anthology’s nature as a collection of works that bridges public and private meanings by embodying consensus while encouraging private hierarchies of merit. It is the literary embodiment of the social tensions and project of the early period of modernization: the gathering together into a composite whole of diverse elements that yet retain their integrity.
Maximal Tensions and Minimal Conditions: Tynianov as Genre Theorist
Authors: Duff David
Published: February 2007

This article reappraises the distinctive theory of genre developed by Yuri Tynianov (1894-1943), a key figure in the Russian formalist movement. Tynianov modifies Shklovky's conception of genre as a "repertoire of devices" by emphasising the interdependence of devices and the relations of dominance and subordination between them, and between genres themselves. Rejecting static definitions of literature and what he saw as the artificial disjunction between synchronic and diachronic approaches, Tynianov treats genres and genre-systems as perpetually evolving entities, and conceives of genre study as "a kind of dynamic archaeology." The originality of his theory rests partly on his analysis of four variables in generic evolution Ð form, function, "orientation" and status Ð and his recognition that these features may evolve either separately or together. Notable too is his explanation of how genres behave when they are in ascendance or decline, seeking "maximal tension" or reducing to their "minimal condition" - though never quite dying out. Many of these ideas, summarised in his well-known essays "On Literary Evolution" and "The Literary Fact", are first worked out in his study of "The Ode as an Oratorical Genre," translated into English for the first time in this issue of New Literary History. The present article examines Tynianov's arguments, highlighting his work on the ode, on poetic structure in general, and on the complex processes involved in the evolution of a major literary genre.
The Long and the Short of Holocaust Verse
Authors: Gubar Susan
Published: February 2007

The enormity of the Shoah often propelled poets in two diametrically opposed directions: on the one hand, toward ellipses, fragmentation, in short poems that exhibit their inadequacy by shutting down with a sort of premature closure; on the other, toward verbosity in long poems that register futility by reiterating an exhausted failure to achieve closure. Composed in what Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari called "deterritorialized" languages, the laconic stalls of short poems and the repetitive stutters of very long poems illuminate linguistic consternation after Auschwitz. Through translations of Hungarian, Hebrew, German, Yiddish, and Spanish texts, as well as several works composed in English, this essay studies the semantic panic or philological consternation of a range of writers: from such first-generation authors as Miklós Radnóti, Dan Pagis, Paul Celan, and Yitzhak Katzenelson to such contemporaries as Marjorie Agosín, Anna Rabinowitz, Micheal O'Siadhail. Patently mediated in its defiance of sequentiality, verse in this trans-national tradition puts on display the blockage of testimony.
Literature as Historical Archive
Authors: Pasco Allan H
Published: February 2007

While it is always desirable to develop new archives, it is especially important for late eighteenth century France. A number of cultural historians have suggested that our sense of historical reality would be augmented if it were infused by the information provided by art and literature. The last half of the eighteenth century gives reason to believe that literature offers a particularly useful opening onto the reality of people's lives. Because the methods of literary patronage had changed, for the first time the financing of publication required a mass market. Fortunately, literacy was increasing significantly, thus producing sufficient numbers of paying customers to support a burgeoning publishing industry. People read for entertainment and, it seems, for information. Writers increasingly claimed their works were realistic. Numerous scholars have used these works for illustration of conclusions reached about the period; a few have turned to them as the source of indications of that reality. While literature in one way or another reflects the period of its creation, better methodology needs to be developed for using literature as an opening onto the age. Single works do not in isolation provide trustworthy insights into the thought, feelings, customs, and details of everyday life. Still, reliability increases as the novels and plays included in the archive become more numerous and common elements emerge. Multiplicity of example and congruence of significance are essential for using literature and the arts as reliable historical archives. If a large percentage of the actual works of art not only turn around but focus, for example, on the reasons for emigration, or the anguish of divorce, or incest, or suicide, it seems obvious that literature is responding to contemporary conditions and attitudes. Of course, any conclusions are particularly useful when they are buttressed by other, traditional resources.
The Ethics of Foucauldian Poetics: Women's Selves
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: February 2007

Although Foucault's analysis of instituted, disciplined selfhood has found application in many fields, poetry on the whole has been neglected, being often seen as a formal discourse removed from wider cultural issues. American women poets, however, here Sylvia Plath and Gwendolyn Brooks, offer in their work on the one hand a powerful representation, confrontation, and enactment of the disciplining of women's bodies in modern American culture. On the other, their work challenges Foucault's extreme reduction of the subject to disciplinary function, as he himself attempted to do in his later writing on ethics of the self. Gwendolyn Brooks in particular affirms resources of selfhood not only in resistance against disciplinary social institutions and critique of them, but also in commitment to community and social ties which situate women and become sources of strength, definition, and transformation.
Naked Sex in Exile: On the Paradox of the "Sex Question" in Feminism and in Science
Authors: Kraus Cynthia
Published: February 2007

Is there anything left to "sex" that is not the "gender construction
of biology"? With the fruit fly, this article seeks
to rethink the substance of sexual difference--here called "naked
sex"--as that part of sex which rebuffs the gender microscope. Naked
sex haunts the terms by which feminist scholars have deconstructed the
(un)scientific construction of sex, and have challenged biological
determinism and gender biases in science. The sex-determining genes
appear as the minimal bundle for this returning residue which secures
the epistemology of gender that is naked sex. The experimental
history (1976-1979) of the Drosophila sex-determining
gene, Sex-lethal, displaces the insistent question of "what
is real/biological about biological sex" toward an inquiry into the
"realization" of sex through sexing and unsexing research practices,
wherein sex becomes scientifically performative. Unexpectedly,
sex never emerges as naked sex throughout this singular exploration of
"How to Do Scientific Things with Sex" in the lab.
Walking a Tightrope: The Feminist Life of a Drosophila Biologist
Authors: Wayne Marta L.
Published: February 2007

Despite widely reported success in increases of the number of women
enrolling in graduate school, the androcentric focus of science remains
present in biology at every level: from what questions are asked, to what
answers may be considered, to who may ask/answer the questions. This
is an increasing problem for me both personally, as a woman who is a
scientist and a feminist; and politically, because of the ever-increasing
presence of science (particularly my field, evolutionary genetics)
in people's lives. The continuity between the ways that assumptions of
the male as norm occlude my field from the interpretation of data to
the training of women scientists is discussed. The growing scholarship
in feminist science studies offers the hope of a better science and a
better climate for feminist scientists, but communication between women's
studies and life sciences professionals is as yet at an early stage.
Gender Differences: Struggles Around "Needs" and "Rights" in South Africa
Authors: Cock Jacklyn , Bernstein Alison R.
Published: February 2007

This article analyses the Women's National Coalition which was
established in South Africa in 1992 and successfully mobilized thousands
of women to demand equal rights in the new post-apartheid order. The
success of the coalition rested on an acknowledgement of difference and
raises important questions regarding both the limits and the possibilities
of feminist struggles.
NWSA25: In the Beginning
Authors: Rothschild Joan
Published: February 2007

This article takes the New England Women's Studies
Association (NEWSA) from the initial organizing meetings in fall 1976,
as one of twelve regions to NWSA's founding conference in 1977, to
NEWSA's own founding conference in April of that year, and up to the
mid-1980s. It highlights NEWSA's role as regional host for NWSA's 1981
national convention, Women Respond to Racism, at the University of
Connecticut. Quoting a paper circulated at NWSA's founding convention
and NEWSA's Statement of Purpose, it discusses women's studies' roots
in the women's movement. This meant a commitment to developing feminist
education at every educational level and setting, rejecting artificial
divisions between academy and community, and pursuing a feminist vision
of a world free not only from sexism, but also from all oppressive "isms"
and their institutional supports. The article concludes by asking if we
have remained true to that vision.
NWSA Presidential Address: NWSA in 2001
Authors: Van Dyke Annette Joy
Published: February 2007

Presidential address given at the National Women's
Studies Association, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
June 2001.
The Representation of the Indigenous Other in Daughters of the Dust and The Piano
Authors: Brown Caroline
Published: February 2007

This article examines two films, Daughters of the Dust, by Julie
Dash, and The Piano, by Jane Campion. While both are subversive
tales that rely on unconventional narrative techniques to examine and
challenge female subordination and ethnocentric ideological systems,
they are simultaneously "foundational" epics that mythologize this
subordination even as they attempt to resist it. Key to this process
is each film's reliance on native Others to both create and sustain a
space of individuality and revolt for the female protagonist. Despite
significant differences in the structure and perspective of each
production, in both, the indigenous characters are silenced in order
to permit non-native women the right to speak and affirm themselves and
their embattled identities. This article analyzes both the tensions and
forms of novel representation arising from this process.
Sierra Leone: A Country Report
Authors: Lebbie-Moebiyor Margaret
Published: February 2007

In this brief report on the status of women in war-torn Sierra Leone,
Margaret Lebbie-Moebiyor utilizes data gathered between 1994 and 2001 in
the Tonkolili District, Northern Sierra Leone. By raising the question of
war and its role in violence on women, Lebbie-Moebiyor hopes to mobilize
support and assistance for these and other women.
Representing Domestic Violence: Ambivalence and Difference in What's Love Got to Do with It
Authors: Shoos Diane
Published: February 2007

This article investigates the problems of visibility, ambivalence,
and difference as they relate to our ways of "seeing" domestic abuse. The
focal
point of this investigation is the 1993 Brian Gibson film, What's
Love Got
to Do with It, based on Tina Turner's autobiography. In this essay I
"re-view" What's Love in order to consider how the complexities
of gender,
race, and class construct popular cinematic representations of abusive
relationships and how these representations can offer us comfortable
positions from which to "see" what we already assume about men as abusers,
women as victims, and the racial and class politics of violence.
Numeral Classifiers and Counting Systems in Polynesian and Micronesian Languages: Common Roots and Cultural Adaptations
Authors: Bender Andrea , Beller Sieghard
Published: January 2007

Polynesian and Micronesian languages inherited a decimal number system from Proto-Oceanic, and individually extended it on one or more dimensions: in length by adding terms for larger numbers, in breadth by specifying numeral classifiers for certain objects (prevailing in Micronesia), and in factor by introducing a larger counting unit (prevailing in Polynesia). Specific counting systems are characterized by a combination of these features: They are based on larger counting units (multiplication function) and apply to certain objects only (object specificity). This paper surveys the distribution of each extension type in Polynesian and Micronesian number systems, characterizes the features that they share, and analyzes the constitutive role that numeral classifiers play for specific counting systems. It is concluded that in most of these languages, number systems are composed according to similar principles, while the divergence in classifiers, objects of reference, and factors chosen results from cultural adaptations, some of which might have been responses to socioeconomic requirements and served purposes of cognitive facilitation.
Why is Celiac Disease So Common in Ireland?
Authors: Cronin Cornelius C , Shanahan Fergus
Published: February 2007

Celiac disease (gluten sensitive enteropathy) is
a condition affecting the small bowel, characterized by permanent
intolerance to dietary gluten, and giving rise to varying degrees of
malabsorption and diarrhea. With the advent of sensitive screening tests,
the condition is being increasingly diagnosed. Celiac disease is more
common in the Irish and in those of Irish descent. Simoons (1978, 1981)
hypothesized that the present-day prevalence of celiac disease across
Europe is related to the interaction between genetic gradients, largely
determined by the advance of agriculture, and historical patterns of
cereal ingestion. This essay examines Simoons' hypothesis as it relates to
Ireland, reviews the ethnic and genetic mix of those living on the island
of Ireland and aspects of Irish dietary history, and considers how these
factors may have combined to result in a high frequency of celiac disease.
Human Mobility and Population Health: New Approaches in a Globalizing World
Authors: MacPherson Douglas W , Gushulak Brian D
Published: February 2007

The globalization of economies in the last 25 years has
greatly increased both the number of people on the move and the rapidity
of their movement, and has brought attention to global disparities
in health determinants and to the health of migrant populations
themselves. Differences in epidemiological disease risk (prevalence
gaps) may have negative, neutral, or positive health consequences for the
migrant or receiving population. Population mobility represents a growing
challenge to the development of public health programs and legislative
policies to prevent the importation of disease, and to promote and
protect the health of migrants and the local, receiving population. The
inability to detect and contain imported disease threats at national
borders requires a shift in immigration, quarantine, and public health
approaches to health and mobile populations. A new paradigm is needed
to facilitate the development of policies and programs to address the
health consequences of population mobility.
The Presence and Influence of Religion in American Bioethics
Authors: Messikomer Carla M , Fox Renee C. (Renee Claire) , Swazey Judith P
Published: February 2007

From the inception of the relatively short
history of American bioethics in the mid-to-late 1960s, the place of
religion in this field has been complex and controversial. It has also
been a subject of more than casual interest and concern to bioethicists,
and to an array of medical and non-medical groups in U.S. society
for whom the activities and issues in which bioethics is engaged have
ongoing import. The questions and the tensions linked to the status and
influence of religion in the sphere of bioethics have ramifications
that extend beyond bioethics and biomedicine into matters involving
the relationship of religion to the institutional structure of American
society--most particularly its polity, legal foundations, and realm of
public affairs--and to its cultural attributes and tradition. It is within
this larger perspective that we will consider the association between
American bioethics and religion. Our analysis includes two case studies:
(1) how, in the early years of bioethics, a pioneering organization in
the field dealt with the "redefinition of death" in its discussions and
in a major medical journal publication; and (2) the way in which the most
recently appointed federal bioethics commission, the National Bioethics
Advisory Commission, involved religion in its work on cloning and stem
cell research.
Conflicting Interests in Toronto: Anatomy of a Controversy at the Interface of Academia and Industry
Authors: Healy David I
Published: February 2007

In December 2000, the University of Toronto breached a contract
it held with me, initiating a sequence of events that has led to a public
letter to the University from a large number of senior figures in the
psychopharmacology community, protesting against the infringement of
academic freedom involved, and a first-ever legal action seeking redress
for violation of academic freedom. This case has been intertwined from the
start with a longer running debate about the possibility that the SSRI
group of antidepressants may have the potential to trigger suicidality
or other serious effects in a subgroup of takers. And this specific
issue connects to concerns about conflict of interest in the domain
of therapeutics, as well as in science in general, the ghostwriting of
scientific articles, and a series of other hot-spots on the interface
between academia and industry.
Population Genetics and Sociobiology: Conflicting Views of Evolution
Authors: Schwartz James
Published: February 2007

This article explores the tension between the population genetics
and sociobiological approaches to the study of evolution. Whereas
population geneticists, like Stanford's Marc Feldman, insist that the
genetic complexities of organisms cannot be overlooked, sociobiologists
(many of whom now prefer to call themselves "behavioral ecologists")
rely on optimization models that are based on the simplest possible
genetics.These optimization approaches have their roots in the classical
result known as the fundamental theorem of natural selection, formulated
by R. A. Fisher in 1930. From the start there was great uncertainty over
the proper interpretation of Fisher's theorem, which became confused with
Sewall Wright's immensely influential adaptive landscape concept. In
the 1960s, a new generation of mathematical biologists proved that
Fisher's theorem did not hold when fitness depended on more than one
locus. Similar reasoning was used to attack W. D. Hamilton's inclusive
fitness theory. A new theory, known as the theory of long-term evolution,
attempts to reconcile the rigorous population genetics approach with
the long-standing sociobiological view that natural selection acts to
increase the fitness of organisms.
Identification of Genetic Susceptibility to Common Diseases: The Case for Regulation
Authors: Baird P. (Patricia)
Published: February 2007

There is, and will continue to be, pressure to disseminate and
market population-wide availability of genetic susceptibility tests
for common, complexly determined diseases. Many of the claims for
such genetic screening tests are made by parties who stand to gain:
laboratories, service providers, biotechnology firms, scientists working
in genetics. Despite the fact that there is little or no evidence to
support the claims of benefit, the current lack of appropriate regulation
means there is a danger that promotion and advertising will nevertheless
be successful in marketing such testing. Some suggestions as to the
content of possible regulation are made, and some impediments to the
implementation of regulation are discussed.
The Ecology of Height: The Effect of Microbial Transmission on Human Height
Authors: Beard Albertine S , Blaser Martin J
Published: February 2007

The height that adult humans achieve results from a complex
interplay between genetic endowment and environmental exposures
during development. We hypothesize that exposure to microbes—both
exogenous pathogens and endogenous biota—are critical environmental
determinants of the expression of human height in a community. Both
experimental studies and historical changes in height in relation to
presumed microbial transmission support this hypothesis.
Evidence-Based Medicine, Opinion-Based Medicine, and Real-World Medicine
Authors: Hampton John R
Published: February 2007

The freedom of a doctor to treat an individual patient in the way he
believes best has been markedly limited by the concept of evidence-based
medicine. Clearly all would wish to practice according to the best
available evidence, but it has become accepted that "evidence-based"
means that which is derived from randomized, and preferably double-blind,
clinical trials. The history of clinical trial development, which can be
traced to the use of oranges and lemons for the treatment of scurvy in
1747, has reflected a progressive need to establish whether smaller and
smaller effects of treatment are real. It has led to difficult concepts
such as "equivalence" and aberrations such as "meta-analysis." An
examination of evidence-based practice shows that it has usually been
filtered through the opinions of experts and journal editors, and
"opinion-based medicine" would be a more appropriate term. In the real
world of individual patients with multiple diseases who are receiving
a number of different drugs, the practice of evidence-based (or even
opinion-based) medicine is extremely difficult. For each patient a
judgment has to be made by the clinician of the likely balance of risks
and benefits of any therapy. Good practice still requires clinical
freedom for doctors.
Where Have All the Giants Gone?: Reconciling Medical Education and the Traditions of Patient Care with Limitations on Resident Work Hours
Authors: Lowenstein Jerome
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education recently approved
regulations that would prohibit residents from working more than 80
hours per week and more than 24 hours at a stretch. These regulations
are scheduled to take effect in all U.S. teaching hospitals on 1 July
2003. Those who approve of the proposed regulations argue that house
staff fatigue is responsible for physician error, depression, anger,
and a lack of compassion for patients. But critics point to the adverse
effects on key goals of house staff training—the development of
accountability and responsibility. Can the rigorous discipline of medical
education and the long tradition of medicine as a profession be reconciled
with the current calls for limiting resident duty hours and on-call
schedules? The intensity of patient care in teaching hospitals today
is far greater than it was in the past. These changes in medical care
make it critical to develop new programs that will reconcile rigorous,
scientifically based humanistic medicine with the needs of patients and
physicians. This will require imaginative and creative solutions that take
a larger view of medical education and medical care than mere manpower
calculations and numerical solutions focused simply on compliance with
an 80-hour work week.
New Perspectives on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health
Authors: Mackenbach J. P , Howden-Chapman Philippa
Published: February 2007

In all countries with available data, risks of disease
and premature death tend to be systematically higher for those with
lower levels of education and income. During the 1990s, substantial
progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms and factors
involved in generating these variations in health. What has emerged
from recent research efforts is a rather complex picture of how
individuals in the lower socioeconomic strata are exposed over their
lifetime to a wide variety of unfavorable and interacting material,
cultural, and psychological conditions, and how these exposures lead
to ill-health—either directly, or indirectly through unhealthy
behaviors or psychosocial stress. This research has opened a number
of new perspectives which we review here: life-course perspectives
(dealing with the clustering of advantage and disadvantage over an
individual's lifetime), biological perspectives (dealing with the
biological mechanisms that bring socioeconomic disadvantage under the
skin), macrosocial perspectives (dealing with the effect of the wider
social, economic, and political environment), and policy perspectives
(dealing with the implications of research findings for the development
of effective strategies to reduce inequalities in health).
The Politics of Public Health: A Response to Epstein
Authors: Gostin Larry O. (Larry Ogalthorpe) , Bloche Maxwell Gregg
Published: February 2007

Conservatives are taking aim at the field of public health,
targeting its efforts to understand and control environmental and
social causes of disease. Richard Epstein and others contend that
these efforts in fact undermine people's health and well-being by
eroding people's incentives to create economic value. Public health,
they argue, should stick to its traditional task—the struggle
against infectious diseases. Because markets are not up to the task
of controlling the transmission of infectious disease, Epstein says,
coercive government action is required. But market incentives, not state
action, he asserts, represent our best hope for controlling the chronic
illnesses that are the main causes of death in industrialized nations. In
this article, we assess Epstein's case. We consider his claims about the
market's capabilities and limits, the roles of personal choice and social
influences in spreading disease, and the relationship between health and
economic inequality. We argue that Epstein's critique of public health
overreaches, oversimplifies, and veils his political and moral preferences
behind seemingly objective claims about the economics of disease control
and the determinants of disease spread. Public health policy requires
political and moral choices, but these choices should be transparent.
Understanding Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Marmot M. G
Published: February 2007

A prominent feature of health in all industrialized
countries is the social gradient in health and disease. Many observers
believe that this gradient is simply a matter of poor health for
the disadvantaged and good health for everyone else, but this is an
inadequate analysis. The Whitehall Study documented a social gradient in
mortality rates, even among people who are not poor, and this pattern
has been confirmed by data from the United States and elsewhere. The
social gradient in health is influenced by such factors as social
position; relative versus absolute deprivation; and control and social
participation. To understand causality and generate policies to improve
health, we must consider the relationship between social environment
and health and especially the importance of early life experiences.
Democracy and Confucian Values
Authors: O'Dwyer Shaun
Published: February 2007

This essay considers a number of proposals for liberal political democracy in
East Asian societies, and some of the critical responses such proposals have
attracted from political philosophers and from East Asian intellectuals and
leaders. These proposals may well be ill-suited to the distinctive traditional
values of societies claiming a Confucian inheritance. Offered here instead is a
pragmatist- and Confucian-inspired vision of participatory democracy in
civic life that is possibly better able to address the problem of conserving and
continuing these traditional values through times of economic and social
change.
Custom and Human Nature in Early China
Authors: Lewis Mark Edward
Published: February 2007

Here it is demonstrated how, in the early ru philosophical discussions of human nature and the pivotal role of education, the concept of "custom" came to play a crucial role. This concept became the standard rubric for all defective education or upbringing. Custom was defective because it was partial, tied to the character of place, and dominated by the attraction of material objects. This contrasted with the "classicist" education of the ru that was all-encompassing, grounded in the refined culture of the Zhou literary and musical heritage, and detached from the desire for material goods.
The Seductiveness of Certainty: The Destruction of Islam's Intellectual Legacy by the Fundamentalists
Authors: Albertini Tamara
Published: February 2007

This essay highlights how contemporary Muslim fundamentalists reduce Islam's rich and complex intellectual legacy to a set of authoritarian rules. The three branches of classical Islamic educationÑtheology, jurisprudence, and ethicsÑare particularly targeted. The reductionist pattern applied to these areas is designed to eliminate both the scholarly space of inquiry and the room for individual reflection traditionally granted to its followers by Islamic religion. The essay ends with an analysis of the language used by Osama bin Laden in various documents over the last ten years that show how he has abused Islam's jurisprudential tradition to confer on him a convenient likeness of legality.
Aesthetic Suggestiveness in Chinese Thought: A Symphony of Metaphysics and Aesthetics
Authors: Gu Ming Dong
Published: February 2007

Suggestiveness is a major theoretical category in Chinese aesthetic thought. Within the broader context of Chinese tradition, it is a product of the interpenetration of and exchanges between philosophical and artistic discourses. Despite its prevalence in Chinese aesthetic thought, suggestiveness has never been examined as an aesthetic category in its own right, nor have its implications been explored in relation to contemporary theories. This essay reexamines suggestiveness and its seminal ideas as an aesthetic category in Chinese tradition, exploring their relation to philosophical thought and reconceptualizing their implications in terms of the postmodern idea of literary openness. As a preliminary attempt to pioneer an approach to Chinese aesthetic theory that may emancipate it from intellectual stagnation and at the same time preserve its characteristic features, this essay also intends to inquire whether insights of Chinese aesthetics, often characterized as gems of "Oriental mysticism," can be understood in terms of reflective analysis and have a meaningful dialogue with contemporary Western literary thought.
Ethics and Politics in the Early Nishida: Reconsidering Zen no kenkyu
Authors: Goto-Jones Christopher S
Published: February 2007

The early Nishida has conventionally been seen as an apolitical thinker, concerned primarily with religious philosophy. In itself this constitutes a political reading of Nishida's work, since it represents an attempt to distance (and thus "save") his wider philosophy from his dubious political practice during the 1930s and 1940s. However, a fresh reading of Nishida's debut, Zen no kenkyu (An inquiry into the good), reveals a distinctive political agenda and a sophisticated philosophy of political ethics. Counterintuitively, this essay suggests that Nishida's politics, at least in his "early period," provides a sound philosophical basis for a critique of imperialism and ultranationalism.
Fate, Fortune, Chance, and Luck in Chinese and Greek: A Comparative Semantic History
Authors: Raphals Lisa Ann
Published: February 2007

The semantic fields and root metaphors of "fate" in Classical Greece and pre-Buddhist China are surveyed here. The Chinese material focuses on the Warring States, the Han, and the reinvention of the earlier lexicon in contemporary Chinese terms for such concepts as risk, randomness, and (statistical) chance. The Greek study focuses on Homer, Parmenides, the problem of fate and necessity, Platonic daimons, and the "On Fate" topos in Hellenistic Greece. The study ends with a brief comparative metaphorology of metaphors for the action of fate including command, division or allotment, and wheel or cycles of change.
Planning the Academic Library of the Future
Authors: Bazillion Richard J.
Published: February 2007

Designing an academic library is a form of scholarship
because the building embodies certain basic principles of modern
librarianship. New libraries then serve as "teaching and learning
instruments" that encourage students to develop the electronic research
skills demanded by an information society. Design considerations determine
how well a library will be able to fulfill this mission.
XML, TEI, and Digital Libraries in the Humanities
Authors: Nellhaus Tobin
Published: February 2007

abstract: XML is a new "language" for creating electronic texts,
especially for the Web. When used in an encoding structure called TEI,
it offers the humanities extensive analytical possibilities. Although
the special needs of theater and drama reveal some limitations in TEI,
in general XML will probably become very popular for humanities texts.
The Role of Special Collections Departments in Humanities Undergraduate and Graduate Teaching: A Case Study
Authors: Schmiesing Ann , Hollis Deborah
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes the pedagogical rationale and learning
outcomes for incorporating a special collections department in teaching
humanities undergraduate and graduate courses. This case study highlights
an innovative collaboration between a University of Colorado German
professor and the special collections librarian and staff.
Hiring and Recruitment Practices in Academic Libraries: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Raschke Gregory K
Published: February 2007

Academic libraries need to change their recruiting and hiring procedures to stay competitive in today's changing marketplace. By taking too long to find and to hire talented professionals in a tight labor market, academic libraries are losing out on top candidates and limiting their ability to become innovative and dynamic organizations. Traditional, deliberate, and risk-averse hiring models lead to positions remaining open for long periods, opportunities lost as top prospects find other positions, and a reduction in the overall talent level of the organization. To be more competitive and effective in their recruitment and hiring processes, academic libraries must foster manageable internal solutions, look to other professions for effective hiring techniques and models, and employ innovative concepts from modern personnel management literature.
Master's and Doctoral Thesis Citations: Analysis and Trends of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kushkowski Jeffrey D , Parsons Kathy A , Wiese William H
Published: February 2007

This article reports the results of a longitudinal study
of over 9100 citations from 629 master's and doctoral theses written
between 1973 and 1992 at a large midwestern land-grant university. The
results of this study suggest that graduate students writing theses
favor current research regardless of disciplinary affiliation. The
length of theses increased over time and the number of citations in
thesis bibliographies varied by discipline. Implications of the results
for collection development and scholarship as well as areas for future
research are discussed.
Continuing to Build the Future: Academic Libraries and their Challenges
Authors: Stoffle Carla J , Allen Barbara , Morden David , Maloney Krisellen
Published: February 2007

This article is based on presentations by Carla J. Stoffle at the Ontario
Library Association, January 31, 2002, and the Rare Book and Manuscripts
Section Pre-Conference, American Library Association Conference, June
12, 2002.
Librarians and Link Rot: A Comparative Analysis with Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Tyler David C , McNeil Beth
Published: February 2007

The longevity of printed guides to resources on the web is a topic
of some concern to all librarians. This paper attempts to determine
whether guides created by specialist librarians perform better than
randomly assembled lists of resources (assembled solely for the purpose
of web studies), commercially created guides ('Best of the web'-type
publications), and guides prepared by specialists in library science
and other fields. The paper also attempts to determine whether the
characteristics of included web resources have an impact on guides'
longevity. Lastly, the paper addresses methodological issues of concern
to this and similar studies.
A Survey of Business Trends at BioOne Publishing Partners and Its Implications for BioOne
Authors: Carpenter Todd A , Joseph Heather , Waltham Mary
Published: February 2007

This paper describes a survey of BioOne participating publishers that was conducted during the fall of 2003. In that survey, BioOne collected data from 18 not-for-profit publishers on circulation levels, scholarly output in terms of pages and articles produced, revenues, and expenditures. From eight of the publishers, complete profit, loss, and circulation information was gathered, while the remaining 10 publishers only provided circulation data and answered general operations questions. This information was then compiled to compare the business operations of these publishers against industry-standard benchmarks to assess their business practices and to examine the effect of recent trends on publishers' revenue streams and costs. The paper also explores these data in relation to shifting to a publishing model based not on print but electronic subscriptions.
Reframing Current Controversies around Memory: Feminist Contributions
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: February 2007

Abstract: This paper offers a feminist review of the debates surrounding delayed (false/recovered) memories. It highlights the philosophical and conceptual issues involved to attempt to illuminate this complex and controversial area. Going beyond disputes around the validity of False Memory Syndrome (FMS) or practical prescriptions, it first considers broader effects of the rhetorical reality this has achieved—in particular in supporting a discourse of disbelief that undermines therapeutic work with abuse survivors. Secondly, four tensions within feminist responses to the memory debate are explored that also highlight constitutive features of its cultural and disciplinary contexts. The third section explores how the memorial controversies reflect prevailing social concerns with familial and existential disintegration, and rely upon an elision between popularly circulating notions of inner childhood and the adult recalling their childhood. Fourthly, it is suggested that the same conceptual difficulties apply to some of the empirical psychological literature drawn upon as evidence in determining the status of false/recovered memories. From this conceptual analysis the paper concludes by highlighting implications for practice, suggesting that it is the false memory advocates rather than their opponents who are insufficiently constructionist in their approach to memory.
Phenomenology of Self-Disturbances in Schizophrenia: Some Research Findings and Directions
Authors: Sass Louis Arnorsson , Parnas Josef
Published: February 2007

Phenomenological psychiatry has suffered from a failure
to translate its insights into terms specific enough to be applied
to psychiatric diagnosis or to be used in contemporary research
programs. This difficulty can be understood in light of the well-known
tradeoff between reliability and validity. We argue, however, that with
sufficient ingenuity, phenomenological concepts can be adapted
and applied in a research context.

Elsewhere, we have described a phenomenologically oriented conception
of schizophrenia as a self- or ipseity-disorder with two main facets:
decline in the sense of existing as a subject of awareness (diminished
self-affection) and heightened awareness of aspects of experience that
would normally remain tacit or presupposed (hyperreflexivity). This
approach is consistent with Minkowski, Blankenburg, and Kimura and offers
one possible synthesis of their views. Here we describe two areas of
empirical research that are congruent with, or actually inspired by,
a phenomenological approach emphasizing such disorders of consciousness
and self-experience: (1) Phenomenologically oriented, interview studies
show that, whereas negative-symptom patients generally deny
any diminishment of affect and thinking, they do describe qualitative
alterations of experience suggestive of hyperreflexivity and diminished
self-affection. (2) Another line of research suggests that the early
detection of schizophrenic symptoms may be enhanced by adopting a
phenomenological approach.