bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of diets containing alfalfa hay or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage on feeding behavior, productivity, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in lactating cows
Authors: KHADEM Ali‐Akbar , SHARIFI Majid , AFZALZADEH Ahmad , REZAEIAN Mohammad
Published: May 2009

The effects of barley flour on the fermentation parameters of alfalfa silage and on the productivity of dairy cows were investigated. Alfalfa forage was ensiled either with or without barley flour. Barley flour was soaked in water for 24 h before being mixed with alfalfa (12 kg: 100 kg dry matter bases) at ensiling. Eighteen multi‐parous cows were assigned to three equal treatment groups using a completely randomized design. Three isocaloric and isonitrogenous total mixed rations containing alfalfa hay, ordinary alfalfa silage or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage were then prepared. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid and butyric acid were lower in barley flour mixed alfalfa silage compared to that in ordinary alfalfa silage but the concentration of lactic acid was lower in the ordinary alfalfa silage. Feeding behavior, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites were measured. Although dry matter intake and milk production were not affected, the effect of preparation of alfalfa influenced feeding behavior and rumen fermentation parameters. Cows on alfalfa silage diets spent longer ruminating compared to those fed alfalfa hay. The ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea were affected by ensiling (alfalfa hay versus alfalfa silages) while both parameters were lower in cows fed on barley flour mixed alfalfa silage than those fed on ordinary silage. Although similar blood glucose was recorded for cows fed on alfalfa silages, it was higher in cows fed on alfalfa hay. It is concluded that the addition of barely flour when making alfalfa silage may improve both the fermentation process during ensilage and the ruminal ammonia nitrogen utilization with no significant effects on productivity.
Proteomic characterization of lipid raft proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse spinal cord
Authors: Zhai Jianjun , Ström Anna‐Lena , Kilty Renee , Venkatakrishnan Priya , White James , Everson William V. , Smart Eric J. , Zhu Haining
Published: May 2009

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked to mutations in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. The mutant SOD1 protein exhibits a toxic gain‐of‐function that adversely affects the function of neurons. However, the mechanism by which mutant SOD1 initiates ALS is unclear. Lipid rafts are specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane that act as platforms for the organization and interaction of proteins involved in multiple functions, including vesicular trafficking, neurotransmitter signaling, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In this article, we report a proteomic analysis using a widely used ALS mouse model to identify differences in spinal cord lipid raft proteomes between mice overexpressing wild‐type (WT) and G93A mutant SOD1. In total, 413 and 421 proteins were identified in the lipid rafts isolated from WT and G93A mice, respectively. Further quantitative analysis revealed a consortium of proteins with altered levels between the WT and G93A samples. Functional classification of the 67 altered proteins revealed that the three most affected subsets of proteins were involved in: vesicular transport, and neurotransmitter synthesis and release; cytoskeletal organization and linkage to the plasma membrane; and metabolism. Other protein changes were correlated with alterations in: microglia activation and inflammation; astrocyte and oligodendrocyte function; cell signaling; cellular stress response and apoptosis; and neuronal ion channels and neurotransmitter receptor functions. Changes of selected proteins were independently validated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The significance of the lipid raft protein changes in motor neuron function and degeneration in ALS is discussed, particularly for proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter signaling, and the dynamics and regulation of the plasma membrane‐anchored cytoskeleton.
Nontherapeutic Male Circumcision: Tackling the Difficult Issues
Authors: Perera Caryn L. , Bridgewater Franklin H.G. , Thavaneswaran Prema , Maddern Guy J.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Male circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world. Circumcision may be performed to treat an underlying pathological process (“therapeutic circumcision”). However there may be religious, cultural, and social indications.

Aim

This article addresses the religious, cultural, social, and ethical issues surrounding nontherapeutic male circumcision (NTMC).

Main Outcome Measures

Any religious, social, cultural, or ethical issues relating to NTMC.

Methods

Because of the absence of high level evidence, a concise literature review was undertaken to identify articles published between January 1990 and February 2009 summarizing current knowledge on NTMC.

Results

There are complex religious, cultural, social, and prophylactic incentives for NTMC. The procedure may have associated clinical and psychosocial adverse events and raises such ethical issues as bodily integrity and consent. Because of the strength of the incentives for NTMC, there may be important implications in denying patients the procedure. Several important issues must be considered when introducing mass circumcision as a preventative strategy for HIV/AIDS.

Conclusion

When assessing whether NTMC will benefit or harm a patient, clinicians must take his religious, cultural, and social circumstances into account. Males requiring mandatory religious or cultural NTMC are likely to suffer significant harm if they do not receive circumcision and should be considered separately to males in general.
Plant Agricultural Streptomycin Formulations Do Not Carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Authors: Rezzonico Fabio , Stockwell Virginia O. , Duffy Brion
Published: May 2009

Streptomycin is used in plant agriculture for bacterial disease control, particularly against fire blight in pome fruit orchards. Concerns that this may increase environmental antibiotic resistance have led to bans or restrictions on use. Experience with antibiotic use in animal feeds raises the possible influence of formulation-delivered resistance genes. We demonstrate that agricultural streptomycin formulations do not carry producer organism resistance genes. By using an optimized extraction procedure,
Streptomyces
16S rRNA genes and the streptomycin resistance gene
strA
were not detected in agricultural streptomycin formulations. This diminishes the likelihood for one potential factor in resistance development due to streptomycin use.
Reduced Susceptibility to Cefepime among
Escherichia coli
Clinical Isolates Producing Novel Variants of CMY-2 β-Lactamase
Authors: Doi Yohei , Paterson David L. , Adams-Haduch Jennifer M. , Sidjabat Hanna E. , O'Keefe Alexandra , Endimiani Andrea , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: May 2009

Here we describe three
Escherichia coli
clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefepime. Sequencing of the
bla
CMY
genes revealed two novel variants (CMY-33 and -44) with two- to four-amino-acid deletions in the H-10 helix. The deletions were responsible for 12- to 24-fold increases in the MICs of cefepime.
Modeling the Autoinhibition of Clarithromycin Metabolism during Repeated Oral Administration
Authors: Abduljalil Khaled , Kinzig Martina , Bulitta Jürgen , Horkovics-Kovats Stefan , Sörgel Fritz , Rodamer Michael , Fuhr Uwe
Published: May 2009

Clarithromycin decreases CYP3A4 activity and thus gradually inhibits its own metabolism as well as that of coadministered drugs. The aim of this study was to obtain an understanding of the time course of these changes. The plasma concentration-time profiles of clarithromycin and its active metabolite, 14(R)-hydroxy-clarithromycin, in 12 young healthy volunteers after oral administration of a clarithromycin suspension (500 mg twice a day [b.i.d.] for seven doses) were modeled by population pharmacokinetic analysis in the NONMEM program. The nonlinearity of clarithromycin metabolism was considered during model development, and the metabolite disposition kinetics were assumed to be linear. The absorption kinetics of clarithromycin were best described by a Weibull function model. The pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and its 14(R)-hydroxyl metabolite were adequately described by a one-compartment model each for clarithromycin and its metabolite as well as an inhibition compartment that reflects the autoinhibition of clarithromycin metabolism. Up to 90% of the apparent total clarithromycin clearance (60 liters/h) was susceptible to reversible autoinhibition, depending on the concentration in the inhibition compartment. The proposed semimechanistic population pharmacokinetic model successfully described the autoinhibition of clarithromycin metabolism and may be used to adjust the doses of other drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4 and that are coadministered with clarithromycin. Simulations showed that for the standard dose of 500 mg b.i.d., no further increase in the level of exposure occurs after approximately 48 h of treatment. For a 1,000-mg b.i.d. dose, the achievement of steady state is expected to take several days and to achieve a 3.6-fold higher level of clarithromycin exposure than the 500-mg b.i.d. dose. This evaluation provides a rationale for safer and more effective therapy with clarithromycin.
In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Characterization of a Novel Plectasin Antibiotic, NZ2114, in a Murine Infection Model
Authors: Andes D. , Craig W. , Nielsen L. A. , Kristensen H. H.
Published: May 2009

NZ2114 is a novel plectasin derivative with potent activity against gram-positive bacteria, including multiply drug-resistant strains. We used the neutropenic murine thigh infection model to characterize the time course of antimicrobial activity of NZ2114 and determine which pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index and magnitude best correlated with efficacy. Serum drug levels following administration of three fourfold-escalating single-dose levels of NZ2114 were measured by microbiologic assay. Single-dose time-kill studies following doses of 10, 40, and 160 mg/kg of body weight demonstrated concentration-dependent killing over the dose range (0.5 to 3.7 log
10
CFU/thigh) and prolonged postantibiotic effects (3 to 15 h) against both
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Mice had 10
6.3
to 10
6.8
CFU/thigh of strains of
S. pneumoniae
or
S. aureus
at the start of therapy when treated for 24 h with 0.625 to 160 mg/kg/day of NZ2114 fractionated for 4-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h dosing regimens. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to determine which PK/PD index best correlated with microbiologic efficacy. Efficacies of NZ2114 were similar among the dosing intervals (
P
= 0.99 to 1.0), and regression with the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC index was strong (
R
2
, 0.90) for both
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
. The maximum concentration of drug in serum/MIC index regression was also strong for
S. pneumoniae
(
R
2
, 0.96). Studies to identify the PD target for NZ2114 utilized eight
S. pneumoniae
and six
S. aureus
isolates and an every-6-h regimen of drug (0.156 to 160 mg/kg/day). Treatment against
S. pneumoniae
required approximately twofold-less drug for efficacy in relationship to the MIC than did treatment against
S. aureus
. The free drug 24-h AUCs/MICs necessary to produce a stasis effect were 12.3 ± 6.7 and 28.5 ± 11.1 for
S. pneumoniae
and
S. aureus
, respectively. The 24-h AUC/MIC associated with a 1-log killing endpoint was only 1.6-fold greater than that needed for stasis. Resistance to other antimicrobial classes did not impact the magnitude of the PD target required for efficacy. The PD target in this model should be considered in the design of clinical trials with this novel antibiotic.
Eradication of Bacteria in Suspension and Biofilms Using Methylene Blue-Loaded Dynamic Nanoplatforms
Authors: Wu Jianfeng , Xu Hao , Tang Wei , Kopelman Raoul , Philbert Martin A. , Xi Chuanwu
Published: May 2009

The bacterial killing efficiency of a dynamic nanoplatform (DNP) was evaluated. The polyacrylamide (PAA) hydrogel matrix of the DNP was loaded with methylene blue (MB) and was previously applied successfully to killing rat C6 glioma tumor cells in culture. This series of experiments is aimed at determining the suitability of this nanoplatform for elimination of bacterial infections. Suspended cultures of
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Escherichia coli
, and
Acinetobacter
sp. were exposed to activated (∼650-nm laser light) MB-PAA-DNPs. The killing efficiency of nanoparticle mass concentration, light irradiance and fluence, and dark incubation time was determined on each of the bacterial species. Moreover, the ability of activated MB-PAA-DNPs to inhibit biofilm growth and eradicate and disperse preformed biofilms, preformed on glass and polystyrene surfaces, was demonstrated. The data revealed that activated MB-PAA-DNPs eradicated all species of bacteria examined. Also, encapsulation of MB into the PAA-DNP matrix significantly diminished the observed dark toxicity of free dye. The photobactericidal efficacy of MB-PAA-DNP was found to be higher for gram-positive bacteria than for gram-negative bacteria. In addition, activated MB-PAA-DNP can inhibit biofilm growth and eradicate almost all of the early-age biofilms that are formed by all of the bacteria examined.
Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: an emerging cause of heart failure in adults
Authors: Nair S B , Khattar R S
Published: May 2009

Isolated left ventricular non-compaction is a rare, morphologically distinct primary genetic cardiomyopathy, which was first described in children, but is becoming increasingly recognised in adults. The most common clinical manifestations include heart failure, arrhythmias and embolic events, and in children it may be associated with facial dysmorphisms and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Misdiagnosis may occur through lack of awareness of the condition, but with increased vigilance detailed cardiac imaging can reliably differentiate isolated left ventricular non-compaction from other pathological causes of left ventricular dysfunction. This is important because the condition may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and genetic counselling and echocardiographic screening of first-degree relatives is recommended to detect asymptomatic cases.
HYPERON-NUCLEON FORCES CALCULATED FROM LATTICE QCD
Authors: NEMURA H. , ISHII N. , AOKI S. , HATSUDA T.
Published: May 2009

We study the hyperon-nucleon (YN) forces by using quenched lattice QCD. The Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes are calculated for the lowest scattering state of the systems so as to obtain the YN potentials. The numerical calculation is twofold: (i) The pΞ0 potentials and scattering lengths are obtained by using lattice QCD with β = 5.7, the lattice spacing of a = 0.1416(9) fm , on the 323 × 32 lattice. Two kinds of ud quark mass are used, corresponding to mπ ≃ 0.37 GeV and 0.51 GeV. The spatial lattice volume is (4.5 fm)3. The scattering lengths obtained from Lüscher's formula show that the pΞ0 interactions are both attractive at 1S0 and 3S1 channels, and the interaction in the 3S1 is more attractive than in the 1S0. These attractive forces become stronger as the u, d quark mass decreases. (ii) The pΛ potentials are calculated. The lattice setup is almost same as the former calculation except for the temporal part. The calculation is performed on 323 × 48 lattice. Two kinds of ud quark mass are used, corresponding to mπ ≃ 0.47 GeV and 0.51 GeV. The lowest scattering energies in the finite lattice volume are calculated.
COUPLED-CHANNELS ANALYSES OF 6He BREAKUP REACTIONS
Authors: MATSUMOTO T. , EGAMI T. , OGATA K. , ISERI Y. , KAMIMURA M. , YAHIRO M.
Published: May 2009

We present analyses of breakup effects of 6 He on the elastic scattering by the continuum-discretized coupled-channels method, in which the reaction system is described as a four-body model, n+n+4 He +target. In this analysis, three-body breakup continuum of 6 He is discretized by daiagonalizing the internal Hamiltonian of 6 He in a space spanned by the Gaussian basis functions. The calculated elastic cross sections are in good agreement with the experimental data, which shows that nuclear and Coulomb breakup effects are significant.
TIMELINESWikipedia
Authors: Reagle Joseph
Published: May 2009

Joseph Reagle's work on Wikipedia and its predecessors opened my eyes to a fascinating history. I'm delighted he has provided this account of the origin of the most interesting digital object since the Web itself.
---
Jonathan Grudin
Incorporating system-level concepts into undergraduate embedded systems curricula
Authors: Ricks Kenneth G. , Jackson David J.
Published: May 2009

As more and more embedded systems concepts are integrated into academic curricula, the incorporation of system-level concepts must keep pace with lower-level topics. However, there are several challenges faced by educators trying to integrate system-level concepts into embedded systems curricula. Four such challenges include: the breadth of the embedded systems field limits opportunities for system-level content; lack of adequate laboratory platforms addressing system-level alternatives; limited student exposure to diverse software tools; and assessment associated with system-level activities. Each of the challenges is described in detail and suggestions for overcoming them are offered.
The development of training course for embedded middleware design
Authors: Jiau Hewijin Christine , Wu Kuo Chen
Published: May 2009

In order to promote embedded software education and establish fundamental related research, Embedded Software (ESW) Consortium was initiated by Taiwan Ministry of Education in 2004. Embedded Middleware Design Curriculum is the advanced course for graduate and undergraduate students to develop and practice embedded middleware. In this work, course design, expected results and the course result analysis are presented.
Nexos
Authors: Brylow Dennis , Ramamurthy Bina
Published: May 2009

The Nexos Project is a joint effort at Marquette University (MU) and University of Buffalo (UB) to build curriculum materials and a supporting experimental laboratory for hands-on projects in embedded systems courses. Our approach focuses on inexpensive, flexible, commodity embedded hardware, (the Linksys WRT54GL wireless router,) freely available development and debugging tools, and a fresh implementation of a classic operating system that is now ideal for embedded system exploration. The prototype laboratory environment is being used in multiple courses at our respective Universities, with excellent results. We report on the infrastructure we have developed, the goals and content of our initial course offerings at both schools, and an evaluation of our success thus far.
Advances in High-Pressure Biophysics: Status and Prospects of Macromolecular Crystallography
Authors: Fourme Roger , Girard Eric , Kahn Richard , Dhaussy Anne-Claire , Ascone Isabella
Published: May 2009

A survey of the main interests of high pressure for molecular biophysics highlights the possibility of exploring the whole conformational space using pressure perturbation. A better understanding of fundamental mechanisms responsible for the effects of high pressure on biomolecules requires high-resolution molecular information. Thanks to recent instrumental and methodological progress taking advantage of the remarkable adaptation of the crystalline state to hydrostatic compression, pressure-perturbed macromolecular crystallography is now a full-fledged technique applicable to a variety of systems, including large assemblies. This versatility is illustrated by selected applications, including DNA fragments, a tetrameric protein, and a viral capsid. Binding of compressed noble gases to proteins is commonly used to solve the phase problem, but standard macromolecular crystallography would also benefit from the transfer of experimental procedures developed for high-pressure studies. Dedicated short-wavelength synchrotron radiation beamlines are unarguably required to fully exploit the various facets of high-pressure macromolecular crystallography.
Foxa2-dependent hepatic gene regulatory networks depend on physiological state
Authors: Bochkis Irina M. , Schug Jonathan , Rubins Nir E. , Chopra Atul R. , O'Malley Bert W. , Kaestner Klaus H.
Published: May 2009

Bile acids are powerful detergents produced by the liver to aid in the absorption of dietary lipids. We recently reported a novel role for Foxa2 in bile acid metabolism. The winged helix transcription factor Foxa2 is required to prevent intrahepatic cholestasis and liver injury in mice fed a cholic acid-enriched diet. Here, we use functional genomics to study how Foxa2 regulates its targets in a cholic acid-dependent manner. We found that multiple signaling pathways essential for the hepatic response to acute liver injury are impaired in livers of Foxa2-deficient mice, suggesting that the deletion of Foxa2 in the hepatocyte affects the liver on a large scale. We also discovered distinct feed-forward regulatory loops controlling Foxa2-dependent targets in a cholic acid-dependent or -independent manner. We show that Foxa2 interacts with different transcription factors to achieve gene expression responses appropriate for each physiologic state.
Discrimination of Motor Imagery‐Induced EEG Patterns in Patients with Complete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Pfurtscheller G. , Linortner P. , Winkler R. , Korisek G. , Müller-Putz G.
Published: May 2009

EEG‐based discrimination between different motor imagery states has been subject of a number of studies in healthy subjects. We investigated the EEG of 15 patients with complete spinal cord injury during imagined right hand, left hand, and feet movements. In detail we studied pair‐wise discrimination functions between the 3 types of motor imagery. The following classification accuracies (mean ± SD) were obtained: left versus right hand 65.03%  ±  8.52, left hand versus feet 68.19%  ±  11.08, and right hand versus feet 65.05%  ±  9.25. In 5 out of 8 paralegic patients, the discrimination accuracy was greater than 70% but in only 1 out of 7 tetraplagic patients. The present findings provide evidence that in the majority of paraplegic patients an EEG‐based BCI could achieve satisfied results. In tetraplegic patients, however, it is expected that extensive training‐sessions are necessary to achieve a good BCI performance at least in some subjects.
Cross‐Layer Support for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Chilamkurti N. , Zeadally S. , Vasilakos A. , Sharma V.
Published: May 2009

The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) algorithm computes a new route when packet loss occurs. DSR does not have an in‐built mechanism to determine whether the packet loss was the result of congestion or node failure causing DSR to compute a new route. This leads to inefficient energy utilization when DSR is used in wireless sensor networks. In this work, we exploit cross‐layer optimization techniques that extend DSR to improve its routing energy efficiency by minimizing the frequency of recomputed routes. Our proposed approach enables DSR to initiate a route discovery only when link failure occurs. We conducted extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of our proposed cross‐layer DSR routing protocol. The simulation results obtained with our extended DSR routing protocol show that the frequency with which new routes are recomputed is 50% lower compared with the traditional DSR protocol. This improvement is attributed to the fact that, with our proposed cross‐layer DSR, we distinguish between congestion and link failure conditions, and new routes are recalculated only for the latter.
Preparation and Characterization of a Calcium Carbonate Aerogel
Authors: Plank Johann , Hoffmann Heinz , Schölkopf Joachim , Seidl Wolfgang , Zeitler Ingo , Zhang Zheng
Published: May 2009

We report on a facile method for the preparation of a calcium carbonate aerogel consisting of aggregated secondary vaterite particles with an approximate average diameter of 50 nm. It was synthesized via a sol‐gel process by reacting calcium oxide with carbon dioxide in methanol and subsequent supercritical drying of the alcogel with carbon dioxide. The resulting monolith was opaque, brittle and had overall dimensions of 6 × 2 × 1 cm. It was characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption method (BET), and scanning electron microscopy.
Composition Operators from the Hardy Space to the Zygmund‐Type Space on the Upper Half‐Plane
Authors: Stević Stevo
Published: May 2009

Here we introduce the nth
weighted space on the upper half‐plane Π+ = {z ∈ ℂ : Im z > 0} in the complex plane ℂ. For the case n = 2, we
call it the Zygmund‐type space, and denote it by 𝒵(Π+). The main result of the
paper gives some necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness of
the composition operator Cφf(z) = f(φ(z)) from the Hardy space Hp(Π+) on the upper half‐plane, to the Zygmund‐type space, where φ is an analytic
self‐map of the upper half‐plane.
Exploiting Redundancy in an OFDM SDR Receiver
Authors: Palenik Tomas , Farkas Peter
Published: May 2009

Common OFDM system contains redundancy necessary to mitigate interblock interference and allows computationally effective single-tap frequency domain equalization in receiver. Assuming the system implements an outer error correcting code and channel state information is available in the receiver, we show that it is possible to understand the cyclic prefix insertion as a weak inner ECC encoding and exploit the introduced redundancy to slightly improve error performance of such a system. In this paper, an easy way to implement modification to an existing SDR OFDM receiver is presented. This modification enables the utilization of prefix redundancy, while preserving full compatibility with existing OFDM-based communication standards.
Optimization of Multiple Active Ion Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Three Communication Windows
Authors: Jiang Chun , Jin Li
Published: May 2009

We present for the first time a theoretical model of Er3+‐Tm3+‐Pr3+ codoped fiber pumped with both 800 nm and 980 nm lasers to explore possibility of this co‐doped system as all‐wave fiber amplifier. The rate and power propagation equations of the model are solved numerically and the dependence of the gains at 1310, 1470, 1530, 1600, 1650 nm windows on fiber length is calculated. The results show that with pump power of 200 mW/200 mW, when the concentrations of Pr3+, Tm3+, Er3+ are around 1.7 × 1024, 3.9 × 1024, 1.2 × 1024 (ions/m3), respectively, the signals at 1310, 1470, 1530, 1600, 1650 nm may be nearly equally amplified with gain of 13–16.0 dB in the active fiber with length of 23.5 m; the co‐doping concentrations and fiber length and pump powers may be further optimized to reduce the ripple.
Weighted Composition Operators from F(p, q, s) Spaces to Hμ∞ Spaces
Authors: Zhu Xiangling
Published: May 2009

Let H(B) denote the space of all holomorphic functions on the
unit ball B. Let u ∈ H(B) and φ be a holomorphic
self‐map of B. In this paper, we investigate the boundedness and
compactness of the weighted composition operator uCφ from
the general function space F(p, q, s) to the weighted‐type space
in the unit ball.
A Dynamic Bayesian Approach to Computational Laban Shape Quality Analysis
Authors: Swaminathan Dilip , Thornburg Harvey , Mumford Jessica , Rajko Stjepan , James Jodi , Ingalls Todd , Campana Ellen , Qian Gang , Sampath Pavithra , Peng Bo
Published: May 2009

Laban movement analysis (LMA) is a systematic framework for describing all forms of human movement and has been widely applied across animation, biomedicine, dance, and
kinesiology. LMA (especially Effort/Shape) emphasizes how internal feelings and intentions govern the patterning of movement throughout the whole body. As we argue, a complex understanding of intention via LMA is necessary for human‐computer interaction to become embodied in ways that resemble interaction in the physical world. We thus introduce a novel, flexible Bayesian fusion approach for identifying LMA Shape qualities from raw motion capture data in real time. The method uses a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to fuse movement features across the body and across time and as we discuss can be readily adapted for low‐cost video. It has delivered excellent performance in preliminary studies comprising improvisatory movements. Our approach has been incorporated in Response, a mixed‐reality environment where users interact via natural, full‐body human movement and enhance their bodily‐kinesthetic awareness through immersive sound and light feedback, with applications to kinesiology training, Parkinson′s patient rehabilitation, interactive dance, and many other areas.
Maximise Global Gain in the Minority Game
Authors: Liaw Sy-Sang
Published: May 2009

We find a simple, partially altruistic mechanism that can increase global gain for a community of selfish agents. The mechanism is implied in the phenomena found in the minority game. We apply the mechanism to a two-road traffic system to maximise traffic flow.
Time‐Dependent Vascular Effects of Endocannabinoids Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ)
Authors: O′Sullivan Saoirse E. , Kendall David A. , Randall Michael D.
Published: May 2009

The aim of the present study was to examine whether endocannabinoids cause PPARγ‐mediated vascular actions. Functional vascular studies were carried out in rat aortae. Anandamide and N‐arachidonoyl‐dopamine (NADA), but not palmitoylethanolamide, caused significant vasorelaxation over time (2 hours). Vasorelaxation to NADA, but not anandamide, was inhibited by CB1 receptor antagonism (AM251, 1 μM), and vasorelaxation to both anandamide and NADA was inhibited by PPARγ antagonism (GW9662, 1 μM). Pharmacological inhibition of
de novo protein synthesis, nitric oxide synthase, and super oxide dismutase abolished the responses to anandamide and NADA. Removal of the endothelium partly inhibited the vasorelaxant responses to anandamide and NADA. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (URB597, 1 μM) inhibited the vasorelaxant response to NADA, but not anandamide. These data indicate that endocannabinoids cause time‐dependent, PPARγ‐mediated vasorelaxation. Activation of PPARγ in the vasculature may represent a novel mechanism by which endocannabinoids are involved in vascular regulation.
Fabrication of One‐Dimensional Organic Nanostructures Using Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates
Authors: Al-Kaysi Rabih O. , Ghaddar Tarek H. , Guirado Gonzalo
Published: May 2009

Organic nanostructures are new comers to the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In recent years novel methods for controlling the growth and uniformity of one‐dimensional (1D) organic nanostructures (nanowires and nanotubes) have been developing. The use of hard templates as molds for the formation of organic nanowires or nanotubes seems to be a reliable and convenient method. In this review we will discuss the use of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates as the inorganic hard template of choice. We will briefly survey advances in the fabrication of 1D polymer nanostructures using AAO templates, while the bulk of the review will focus on the synthesis of small molecule nanowires, nanotubes, and nanorods. We will also discuss unique properties of some highly crystalline small molecule nanorods fabricated using AAO templates.
Dominating Sets and Domination Polynomials of Paths
Authors: Alikhani Saeid , Peng Yee-Hock
Published: May 2009

Let G = (V, E) be a simple graph. A set S⊆V is a dominating set of G, if every vertex in V\S is adjacent to at least one vertex in S. Let be the family of all dominating sets of a path Pn with cardinality i, and let . In this paper, we construct , and obtain a recursive formula for d(Pn, i). Using this recursive formula, we consider the polynomial , which we call domination polynomial of paths and obtain some properties of this polynomial.
Structural Transformation upon Nitrogen Doping of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films by Microwave Plasma CVD
Authors: Teng Chien-Chung , Song Shin-Min , Sung Chien-Min , Lin Chhiu-Tsu
Published: May 2009

The molecular properties and surface morphology of undoped and N‐doped ultra‐nanocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films deposited by microwave plasma CVD with addition of nitrogen are investigated with various spectroscopic techniques. The results of spatially resolved Raman scattering, ATR/FT‐IR and XPS spectra show more amorphous and sp2/sp3 ratio characteristics in N‐doped UNCD films. The surface morphology in AFM scans shows larger nanocrystalline diamond clusters in N‐doped UNCD films. Incorporation of nitrogen into UNCD films has promoted an increase of amorphous sp2‐bonded carbons in the grain boundaries and the size of nanocrystalline diamond grains that are well correlated to the reported enhancement of conductivity and structural changes of UNCD films.
Solution of Temperature Distribution in a Radiating Fin Using Homotopy Perturbation Method
Authors: Hosseini M. J. , Gorji M. , Ghanbarpour M.
Published: May 2009

Radiating extended surfaces are widely used to enhance heat transfer between primary surface and the environment. The present paper applies the homotopy perturbation to obtain analytic approximation of distribution of temperature in heat fin radiating, which is compared with the results obtained by Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Comparison of the results obtained by the method reveals that homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is more effective and easy to use.
Sequence Variation and Expression of theGimapGene Family in the BB Rat
Authors: Rutledge Elizabeth A. , Fuller Jessica M. , Van Yserloo Brian , Moralejo Daniel H. , Ettinger Ruth A. , Gaur Prashant , Hoehna Jana L. , Peterson Morgan R. , Jensen Richard , Kwitek Anne E. , Lernmark Åke
Published: May 2009

Positional cloning of lymphopenia (lyp) in the BB rat revealed a frameshift mutation inGimap5, a member of at least seven related GTPase Immune Associated Protein genes located on rat chromosome 4q24. Our aim was to clone and sequence the cDNA of the BB diabetes prone (DP) and diabetes resistant (DR) alleles of all sevenGimapgenes in the congenic DR.lyprat line with 2 Mb of BB DP DNA introgressed onto the DR genetic background. All (100%)DR.lyp/lyprats are lymphopenic and develop type 1 diabetes (T1D) by 84 days of age whileDR.+/+rats remain T1D andlypresistant. Among the sevenGimapgenes, theGimap5frameshift mutation, a mutant allele that produces no protein, had the greatest impact on lymphopenia in theDR.lyp/lyprat.Gimap4andGimap1each had one amino acid substitution of unlikely significance for lymphopenia. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a reduction in expression of all sevenGimapgenes inDR.lyp/lypspleen and mesenteric lymph nodes when compared toDR.+/+. Only four;Gimap1,Gimap4,Gimap5, andGimap9were reduced in thymus. Our data substantiates theGimap5frameshift mutation as the primary defect with only limited contributions to lymphopenia from the remainingGimapgenes.
Adult Pancreatic Hemangioma: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Mundinger Gerhard S. , Gust Shannon , Micchelli Shien T. , Fishman Elliot K. , Hruban Ralph H. , Wolfgang Christopher L.
Published: May 2009

We report an adult pancreatic hemangioma diagnosed on pathological specimen review following pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for a symptomatic cystic mass in the head of the pancreas. Eight cases of adult pancreatic hemangioma have been reported in literature since 1939. Presenting symptoms, radiographic diagnosis, pathologic characteristics, and treatment of adult pancreatic hemagiomas are discussed following review of all published cases.
Investigation on Evolutionary Synthesis of Movement Commands
Authors: Oplatková Zuzana , Zelinka Ivan
Published: May 2009

This paper deals with usage of an alternative tool for symbolic regression—analytic programming which is able to solve various problems from the symbolic domain, as well as genetic programming and grammatical evolution. This paper describes a setting of an optimal trajectory for a robot (originally designed as an artificial ant on Santa Fe trail) solved by means of analytic programming. Firstly, main principles of analytic programming are described and explained. The second part shows how analytic programming was used for the application of finding a suitable trajectory step by step. Because analytic programming needs evolutionary algorithms for its run, three evolutionary algorithms were used—self-organizing migrating algorithm, differential evolution, and simulated annealing—to show that anyone can be used. The total number of simulations was 150 and results show that the first two used algorithms were more successful than not so robust simulated annealing.
A Robust and Self‐Paced BCI System Based on a Four Class SSVEP Paradigm: Algorithms and Protocols for a High‐Transfer‐Rate Direct Brain Communication
Authors: Parini Sergio , Maggi Luca , Turconi Anna C. , Andreoni Giuseppe
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we present, with particular focus on the adopted processing and identification chain and protocol‐related solutions, a whole self‐paced brain‐computer interface system based on a 4‐class steady‐state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) paradigm. The proposed system incorporates an automated spatial filtering technique centred on the common spatial patterns (CSPs) method, an autoscaled and effective signal features extraction which is used for providing an unsupervised biofeedback, and a robust self‐paced classifier based on the discriminant analysis theory. The adopted operating protocol is structured in a screening, training, and testing phase aimed at collecting user‐specific information regarding best stimulation frequencies, optimal sources identification, and overall system processing chain calibration in only a few minutes. The system, validated on 11 healthy/pathologic subjects, has proven to be reliable in terms of achievable communication speed (up to 70 bit/min) and very robust to false positive identifications.
AIN‐Based Action Selection Mechanism for Soccer Robot Systems
Authors: Wang Yin-Tien , You Zhi-Jun , Chen Chia-Hsing
Published: May 2009

Role and action selections are two major procedures of the game strategy for multiple robots playing the soccer game. In role‐select procedure, a formation is planned for the soccer team, and a role is assigned to each individual robot. In action‐select procedure, each robot executes an action provided by an action selection mechanism to fulfill its role playing. The role‐select procedure was often designed efficiently by using the geometry approach. However, the action‐select procedure developed based on geometry approach will become a very complex task. In this paper, a novel action‐select algorithm for soccer robots is proposed by using the concepts of artificial immune network (AIN). This AIN‐based action‐select provides an efficient and robust algorithm for robot role selection. Meanwhile, a reinforcement learning mechanism is applied in the proposed algorithm to enhance the response of the adaptive immune system. Simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the proposed AIN‐based algorithm, and the results show that the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and applicable algorithm for mobile robots to play soccer game.
Experiential Learning in Vehicle Dynamics Education via Motion Simulation and Interactive Gaming
Authors: Hulme Kevin , Kasprzak Edward , English Ken , Moore-Russo Deborah , Lewis Kemper
Published: May 2009

Creating active, student‐centered learning situations in postsecondary education is an ongoing challenge for engineering educators. Contemporary students familiar with visually engaging and fast‐paced games can find traditional classroom methods of lecture and guided laboratory experiments limiting. This paper presents a methodology that incorporates driving simulation, motion simulation, and educational practices into an engaging, gaming‐inspired simulation framework for a vehicle dynamics curriculum. The approach is designed to promote active student participation in authentic engineering experiences that enhance learning about road vehicle dynamics. The paper presents the student use of physical simulation and large‐scale visualization to discover the impact that design decisions have on vehicle design using a gaming interface. The approach is evaluated using two experiments incorporated into a sequence of two upper level mechanical engineering courses.
Determinants of Left Ventricular Early-Diastolic Lengthening Velocity
Authors: Opdahl Anders , Remme Espen W. , Helle-Valle Thomas , Lyseggen Erik , Vartdal Trond , Pettersen Eirik , Edvardsen Thor , Smiseth Otto A.
Published: May 2009

Background—

Peak early-diastolic mitral annulus velocity (e′) by tissue Doppler imaging has been introduced as a clinical marker of diastolic function. This study investigates whether lengthening load (early-diastolic load) and restoring forces are determinants of e′ in addition to rate of left ventricular (LV) relaxation.

Methods and Results—

In 10 anesthetized dogs, we measured e′ by sonomicrometry and tissue Doppler imaging during baseline, volume loading, caval constriction, dobutamine infusion, and occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Relaxation was measured as the time constant (τ) of LV pressure decay by micromanometer. Lengthening load was measured as LV transmural pressure at mitral valve opening (LVP
MVO
). Restoring forces were quantified by 2 different indices: (1) As the difference between minimum and unstressed LV diameter (L
min
−L
0
) and (2) as the estimated fully relaxed LV transmural pressure (FRP
Est
) at minimum diameter. In the overall analysis, a strong association was observed between e′ and LVP
MVO
(β=0.49;
P
<0.001), which indicates an independent effect of lengthening load, as well as between e′ and L
min
−L
0
(β=−0.38;
P
<0.002) and between e′ and FRP
Est
(β=−0.31;
P
<0.002), consistent with an independent contribution of restoring forces. A direct effect of rate of relaxation on e′ was observed in a separate analysis of baseline, dobutamine, and ischemia when postextrasystolic beats were included (β=−0.06,
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

The present study indicates that in the nonfailing ventricle, in addition to LV relaxation, restoring forces and lengthening load are important determinants of early-diastolic lengthening velocity.
Mechanisms of Recurrent Functional Mitral Regurgitation After Mitral Valve Repair in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lee Alex Pui-Wai , Acker Michael , Kubo Spencer H. , Bolling Steven F. , Park Seung W. , Bruce Charles J. , Oh Jae K.
Published: May 2009

Background—

Recurrent functional mitral regurgitation (MR) has been reported after mitral valve repair with annuloplasty in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, but the mechanism is not understood completely. The authors sought to identify abnormalities of the mitral valve and left ventricle that are associated with recurrent MR after mitral annuloplasty.

Method and Results—

In 104 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent annuloplasty for functional MR, basal mitral anterior leaflet angle, distal mitral anterior leaflet angle (ALA
tip
), posterior leaflet angle, coaptation depth, tenting area, mitral annular dimensions, left ventricular volumes, and MR severity were quantified by echocardiography before surgery and at 6-month intervals after it. Compared with patients without MR recurrence (n=79), patients with recurrent MR (defined as ≥2+) (n=25) had greater ALA
tip
(
P
<0.001) and basal mitral anterior leaflet angle (
P
<0.001), greater coaptation depth and tenting area (
P
<0.001), larger left ventricular volumes (
P
<0.001), and worse left ventricular ejection fraction (
P
<0.05) but similar mitral annular dimensions and postoperative exaggeration in posterior leaflet angle. Multivariable analysis identified postoperative ALA
tip
as the major determinant of postoperative MR. Receiver operator characteristic curves identified preoperative ALA
tip
as the best predictor of MR recurrence (area under curve, 0.98). For ALA
tip
>25°, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values in predicting recurrent MR were 88%, 94%, 82%, and 93%, respectively. Three distinct patterns of anterior leaflet tethering (minimal, basal, and distal) with an increasing risk of recurrent MR were identified.

Conclusions—

Posterior leaflet tethering is invariable after mitral annuloplasty, rendering postoperative mitral competence highly dependent on distal anterior leaflet mobility.
Metformin Prevents Progression of Heart Failure in Dogs
Authors: Sasaki Hideyuki , Asanuma Hiroshi , Fujita Masashi , Takahama Hiroyuki , Wakeno Masakatsu , Ito Shin , Ogai Akiko , Asakura Masanori , Kim Jiyoong , Minamino Tetsuo , Takashima Seiji , Sanada Shoji , Sugimachi Masaru , Komamura Kazuo , Mochizuki Naoki , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: May 2009

Background—

Some studies have shown that metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and has a potent cardioprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Because AMPK also is activated in animal models of heart failure, we investigated whether metformin decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and attenuates the progression of heart failure in dogs.

Methods and Results—

Treatment with metformin (10 μmol/L) protected cultured cardiomyocytes from cell death during exposure to H
2
O
2
(50 μmol/L) via AMPK activation, as shown by the MTT assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, and flow cytometry. Continuous rapid ventricular pacing (230 bpm for 4 weeks) caused typical heart failure in dogs. Both left ventricular fractional shortening and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significantly improved in dogs treated with oral metformin at 100 mg · kg
−1
· d
−1
(n=8) (18.6±1.8% and 11.8±1.1 mm Hg, respectively) compared with dogs receiving vehicle (n=8) (9.6±0.7% and 22±0.9 mm Hg, respectively). Metformin also promoted phosphorylation of both AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased plasma nitric oxide levels, and improved insulin resistance. As a result of these effects, metformin decreased apoptosis and improved cardiac function in failing canine hearts. Interestingly, another AMPK activator (AICAR) had effects equivalent to those of metformin, suggesting the primary role of AMPK activation in reducing apoptosis and preventing heart failure.

Conclusions—

Metformin attenuated oxidative stress–induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and prevented the progression of heart failure in dogs, along with activation of AMPK. Therefore, metformin may be a potential new therapy for heart failure.
Time-Varying Perturbations Can Distinguish Among Integrate-to-Threshold Models for Perceptual Decision Making in Reaction Time Tasks
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wong-Lin KongFatt , Philip Holmes
Published: May 2009

Several integrate-to-threshold models with differing temporal integration mechanisms have been proposed to describe the accumulation of sensory evidence to a prescribed level prior to motor response in perceptual decision-making tasks. An experiment and simulation studies have shown that the introduction of time-varying perturbations during integration may distinguish among some of these models. Here, we present computer simulations and mathematical proofs that provide more rigorous comparisons among one-dimensional stochastic differential equation models. Using two perturbation protocols and focusing on the resulting changes in the means and standard deviations of decision times, we show that for high signal-to-noise ratios, drift-diffusion models with constant and time-varying drift rates can be distinguished from Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, but not necessarily from each other. The protocols can also distinguish stable from unstable Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, and we show that a nonlinear integrator can be distinguished from these linear models by changes in standard deviations. The protocols can be implemented in behavioral experiments.