bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic and Cardiac Electrophysiologic Effects of Lidocaine–Bupivacaine Mixture in Anesthetized and Ventilated Piglets
Authors: Lefrant Jean-Yves , Muller Laurent , de La Coussaye Jean E. , Lalourcey Laurent , Ripart Jacques , Peray Pascale A. , Mazoit Xavier , Dauzat Michel , Sassine Antoine , Eledjam Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2004

Background

The sensory blockade induced by a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture combines the faster onset of lidocaine and the longer duration of bupivacaine. The current study compared the effects of large doses lidocaine (16 mg/kg), bupivacaine (4 mg/kg), and a mixture of 16 mg/kg lidocaine-4 mg/kg bupivacaine on hemodynamic and cardiac electrophysiologic parameters in anesthetized and ventilated piglets.

Methods

After carotid artery cannulation, a double micromanometer measured mean aortic pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and the first derivative of left ventricular pressure. Electrocardiogram recording and a bipolar electrode catheter measured RR, PQ, QRS, QT C, JT C, AH, and HV intervals. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, or the mixture was administered intravenously over 30 s, and studied parameters were measured throughout 30 min.

Results

Mean aortic pressure decreased in all groups ( P < 0.05). The first derivative of left ventricular pressure was decreased in all groups ( P < 0.001) but to a greater extent with the mixture compared with lidocaine ( P < 0.04). RR, QT C, and JT C intervals were similarly increased in all groups ( P < 0.05). In all groups, PQ, AH, HV, and QRS intervals were widened ( P < 0.001). The lengthening of PQ was greater with bupivacaine ( P < 0.02). The lengthening of AH was greater and delayed with bupivacaine compared with lidocaine ( P < 0.03). The lengthening of HV and the widening of QRS were greater and delayed with bupivacaine ( P < 0.01). The widening of QRS was greater with the mixture than with lidocaine ( P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The alterations of ventricular conduction parameters are greater with 4 mg/kg bupivacaine than with a mixture of 16 mg/kg lidocaine-4 mg/kg bupivacaine, whereas the hemodynamic parameters are similarly altered.
Inhibitory Effects of Etomidate and Ketamine on Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel Relaxation in Canine Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Sohn Ju-Tae , Murray Paul A.
Published: February 2004

Background

The authors recently demonstrated that etomidate and ketamine attenuated endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and Ca -activated K + channels. In the current study, they tested the hypothesis that these intravenous anesthetics inhibit pulmonary vasorelaxation mediated by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (K + ATP ) channel activation.

Methods

Endothelium intact and denuded pulmonary arterial rings were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. The effects of etomidate (5 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-5) m) and ketamine (5 x 10(-5) and 10(-4) m) on vasorelaxation responses to lemakalim (K + ATP channel activator), prostacyclin, and papaverine were assessed in phenylephrine-precontracted rings. The effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin was assessed in some protocols.

Results

Etomidate (5 x 10(-6) m) only inhibited the vasorelaxant response to lemakalim in endothelium intact rings, whereas a higher concentration of etomidate (5 x 10(-5) m) inhibited relaxation in both intact and endothelium-denuded rings. Pretreatment with indomethacin abolished the endothelium-dependent attenuation of lemakalim-induced relaxation caused by etomidate. Ketamine (5 x 10(-5) and 10(-5) m) inhibited the relaxation response to lemakalim to the same extent in both endothelium-intact and -denuded rings, and this effect was not prevented by indomethacin pretreatment. Etomidate and ketamine had no effect on the relaxation responses to prostacyclin or papaverine.

Conclusions

These results indicate that etomidate, but not ketamine, attenuates the endothelium-dependent component of lemakalim-induced pulmonary vasorelaxation an inhibitory effect on the cyclooxygenase pathway. Both anesthetics inhibit K + ATP -mediated pulmonary vasorelaxation a direct effect on pulmonary vascular smooth muscle.
Isoflurane Sensitizes the Cardiac Sarcolemmal Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel to Pinacidil
Authors: Gassmayr Susanne , Stadnicka Anna , Suzuki Akihiro , Kwok Wai-Meng , Bosnjak Zeljko J.
Published: February 2004

Background

Cardioprotective effects of isoflurane are partially mediated by the sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (sarcK ATP ) channel. The authors tested the hypothesis that isoflurane sensitizes sarcK ATP channels to a potassium channel opener, pinacidil, adenosine- and phospholipid-mediated pathways.

Methods

Activation by pinacidil of the K ATP current (I KATP ) was monitored in guinea pig ventricular myocytes at 0.5 and 5 mm intracellular ATP in the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique. The sensitization effect was evaluated by pretreating each myocyte with isoflurane (0.57 +/- 0.04 mm) before application of pinacidil (5 micro m) in the continued presence of the anesthetic. To investigate whether intracellular signaling pathways may be involved in isoflurane sensitization, the authors used the adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline (100 micro m) and the phosphatidylinositol kinase inhibitor wortmannin (100 micro m).

Results

The density of pinacidil-activated I KATP was higher at 0.5 mm ATP (20.7 +/- 3.2 pA/pF) than at 5 mm ATP (2.0 +/- 0.3 pA/pF). At 0.5 mm ATP, pretreatment with isoflurane caused an increase in density of pinacidil-activated I KATP (42.4 +/- 6.2 pA/pF) and accelerated the rate of current activation (from 5.4 +/- 1.2 to 39.0 +/- 7.9 pA. pF(-1). min(-1) ). Theophylline attenuated current activation by pinacidil (9.4 +/- 3.9 pA/pF) and abolished the sensitization effect of isoflurane on I KATP (10.0 +/- 2.5 pA/pF). Wortmannin did not alter pinacidil activation of I KATP (13.2 +/- 1.7 pA/pF) but prevented sensitization by isoflurane (15.8 +/- 4.5 pA/pF).

Conclusions

These results suggest that isoflurane increases sensitivity of cardiac sarcK ATP channels to the potassium channel opener pinacidil. Blockade of adenosine receptors or phosphatidylinositol kinases abolishes the sensitization effect, suggesting that the adenosine and phospholipid signaling pathways may be involved in the actions by isoflurane.
Continuous Interscalene Analgesia with Ropivacaine 2 mg/ml after Major Shoulder Surgery
Authors: Ekatodramis Georgios , Borgeat Alain , Huledal Gunilla , Jeppsson Lennart , Westman Lars , Sjövall Jan
Published: February 2004

Background

In this open, randomized study, the pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of a 48-h continuous interscalene infusion of 2 mg/ml ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief were investigated in patients undergoing open major shoulder surgery.

Methods

An initial interscalene block with 30 ml ropivacaine, 7.5 mg/ml (225 mg), was performed. After completion of interscalene block, all patients (n = 24) received general anesthesia, and 6 h after interscalene block, a 48-h continuous interscalene infusion of 12 or 18 mg/h using 2 mg/ml ropivacaine was started. Total and unbound plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and 2.6-pipecoloxylidide (PPX; a major active metabolite) were determined during and up to 6 h after the interscalene infusion. Postoperative pain at rest was assessed by a visual analog scale. Supplementary analgesics and adverse events were recorded.

Results

Plasma concentrations of total and unbound ropivacaine were proportional to the total dose. At the end of the interscalene infusion of 9 ml/h, the mean +/- SD plasma concentrations of total and unbound ropivacaine were 1.40 +/- 0.54 and 0.03 +/- 0.01 mg/l, respectively, and of total and unbound PPX were 0.70 +/- 0.38 and 0.30 +/- 0.20 mg/l, respectively. Plasma concentrations of unbound ropivacaine and unbound PPX, added together, remained well below threshold levels for systemic central nervous system toxicity. There were no significant differences between the groups for postoperative pain (median maximum of about 20 mm on the visual analog scale in both groups), analgesic consumption, or quality of pain relief assessed by the patient. No signs or symptoms of systemic local anesthetic toxicity were observed.

Conclusion

A 48-h continuous interscalene infusion of 6 or 9 ml/h ropivacaine, 2 mg/ml, started 6 h after an initial interscalene block of 30 ml ropivacaine, 7.5 mg/ml, provided satisfactory postoperative pain relief after major shoulder surgery and was well tolerated. Unbound plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and PPX remained well below threshold levels for systemic central nervous toxicity.
Comparison of Povidone Iodine and DuraPrep, an Iodophor-in-Isopropyl Alcohol Solution, for Skin Disinfection Prior to Epidural Catheter Insertion in Parturients
Authors: Birnbach David J. , Meadows Warner , Stein Deborah J. , Murray Odessa , Thys Daniel M. , Sordillo Emilia M.
Published: February 2004

Background

Although rare, infectious sequelae of epidural analgesia can occur. A recently marketed antiseptic solution (DuraPrep) which contains an iodophor in isopropyl alcohol, may provide enhanced and longer-lasting antimicrobial activity and thus be useful in the obstetric setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antisepsis achieved with DuraPrep compared with povidone iodine (PI).

Methods

Sixty women in active labor who requested epidural analgesia were randomly assigned to receive skin preparation with either PI or DuraPrep solution. A total of three cultures were obtained from each subject. The first was obtained just prior to skin disinfection, the second was obtained immediately following antisepsis, and the third was obtained just before removal of the catheter. In addition, the distal tip of the catheter was also submitted for culture.

Results

The clinical characteristics and the risk factors for infection were similar in the two groups. The proportion of subjects with positive skin cultures immediately after skin disinfection differed significantly between the PI and DuraPrep groups (30 3%, respectively, P = 0.01). The number of subjects with any positive skin cultures at the time of catheter removal was greater in the PI group as compared to the DuraPrep group (97 50%, respectively, P = 0.0001), as was the number of organisms cultured from skin (log CFU 1.93 +/- 0.40 0.90 +/- 0.23, respectively, P = 0.03). Six catheters, all from the PI group, yielded positive cultures by the roll-plate technique.

Conclusion

As compared to PI, DuraPrep solution was found to provide a greater decrease in the number of positive skin cultures immediately after disinfection, as well as in bacterial regrowth and colonization of the epidural catheters.
Comparison of the Visceral Antinociceptive Effects of Spinally Administered MPV-2426 (Fadolmidine) and Clonidine in the Rat
Authors: Pertovaara Antti , Kalmari Jaakko
Published: February 2004

Background

The authors determined the visceral antinociceptive effect induced by MPV-2426 (fadolmidine), a selective alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, in rats with and without inflammation of the colon. They also determined whether the sympathetic nervous system or intact descending pathways are critical for the alpha 2 -adrenoceptor-induced visceral antinociception.

Methods

Spinal neuronal responses evoked by colorectal distension were recorded in pentobarbitone-anesthetized rats. MPV-2426 was administered onto the spinal cord. Clonidine was used as a reference alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonist. Inflammation of the colon was induced by turpentine. Sympathectomy was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. A midthoracic transection of the spinal cord was performed to study the role of descending pathways.

Results

Spinal administration of MPV-2426 produced a dose-dependent attenuation of responses evoked by colorectal distension, and this effect was of the same percentual magnitude in inflamed as in noninflamed animals. Clonidine and MPV-2426 induced equipotent visceral antinociception. The effect by spinally administered MPV-2426 was enhanced by a chemical sympathectomy but not influenced by spinal transection.

Conclusions

Spinally administered MPV-2426 produces a dose-dependent visceral antinociception as well in animals with an inflammation of the colon as in controls. The visceral antinociceptive effect induced by spinal MPV-2426 is equipotent to that of spinal clonidine. An intact sympathetic nervous system or intact brainstem-spinal pathway is not critical for the MPV-2426-induced visceral antinociception.
Loss of T-type Calcium Current in Sensory Neurons of Rats with Neuropathic Pain
Authors: McCallum J. Bruce , Kwok Wai-Meng , Mynlieff Michelle , Bosnjak Zeljko J. , Hogan Quinn H.
Published: February 2004

Background

Pathophysiology in the primary sensory neuron may contribute to chronic neuropathic pain. Ca channels play a central role in neuronal processes, and sensory neurons are rich in low-voltage-activated calcium channels (LVACCs). However, the physiologic function of these channels is unknown. Their possible role in rebound burst firing makes them a candidate for increased excitability after neuropathic injury.

Methods

This study uses pharmacological methods to isolate LVACC in cells from the dorsal root ganglia of neuropathic and sham-operated rats, including the blockade of high-voltage-activated Ca channels with fluoride and selective toxins. LVACCs were examined with conventional whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology techniques.

Results

After chronic constriction injury of the peripheral axon, LVACC was significantly reduced compared to sham rats as shown by a 60% reduction in peak current density and an 80% reduction in total calcium influx. A depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation and an increase in the rate of deactivation and inactivation appear to cause this reduction of LVACC. Either Ni2+ or mibefradil, blockers of LVACC, applied in the bath to normal dorsal root ganglion cells during current clamp significantly and reversibly increased excitability.

Conclusions

These results suggest that loss of LVACC may contribute to decreased spike frequency adaptation and increased excitability after injury to sensory neurons. Through decreased Ca2+ influx, the cell becomes less stable and more likely to initiate or transmit bursts of action potentials. Consequently, modulation of Ca2+ currents at the dorsal root ganglion may be a potential method of therapeutic intervention.
Spinal Nitric Oxide Contributes to the Analgesic Effect of Intrathecal [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]-Enkephalin in Normal and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Chen Shao-Rui , Pan Hui-Lin
Published: February 2004

Background

Spinal nitric oxide (NO) is important for the analgesic actions of morphine and cholinergic agents. Its role in the analgesic effect of delta-opioid receptor agonists is not known. In the present study, the authors determined the role of spinal endogenous NO in the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal [D-Pen2, D-Pen5 ]-enkephalin (DPDPE), a delta-opioid receptor agonist, in normal rats and a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain.

Methods

Rats were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Intrathecal catheters were implanted in age-matched normal and diabetic rats. Nociceptive thresholds were determined by application of a noxious pressure stimulus to the hind paw. The dose-dependent effect of intrathecal DPDPE was first determined. The role of spinal NO in the analgesic effect of intrathecal DPDPE was then examined through intrathecal treatments with NO synthase inhibitors (NMMA and TRIM) and a specific NO scavenger (carboxy-PTIO).

Results

The diabetic rats developed a sustained mechanical hyperalgesia within 3 weeks after streptozotocin injection. Intrathecal DPDPE, 2-20 micro g, dose-dependently increased the withdrawal threshold in response to the noxious pressure in normal and diabetic rats. However, the ED(50) of DPDPE in diabetic rats was about twofold higher than that in normal rats. Intrathecal pretreatment with NMMA, TRIM, or carboxy-PTIO diminished the analgesic effect of DPDPE in both normal and diabetic rats. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of NMMA on the action of intrathecal DPDPE was reversed by intrathecal l-arginine but not d-arginine.

Conclusions

Intrathecal DPDPE produces an antinociceptive effect in normal rats and a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Spinal endogenous NO contributes importantly to the analgesic action of intrathecal DPDPE in both normal and diabetic neuropathic pain conditions.
Estimating Times of Surgeries with Two Component Procedures
Authors: Strum David P. , May Jerrold H. , Sampson Allan R. , Vargas Luis G. , Spangler William E.
Published: February 2004

Background

Variability inherent in the duration of surgical procedures complicates surgical scheduling. Modeling the duration and variability of surgeries might improve time estimates. Accurate time estimates are important operationally to improve utilization, reduce costs, and identify surgeries that might be considered outliers. Surgeries with multiple procedures are difficult to model because they are difficult to segment into homogenous groups and because they are performed less frequently than single-procedure surgeries.

Methods

The authors studied, retrospectively, 10,740 surgeries each with exactly two CPTs and 46,322 surgical cases with only one CPT from a large teaching hospital to determine if the distribution of dual-procedure surgery times fit more closely a lognormal or a normal model. The authors tested model goodness of fit to their data using Shapiro-Wilk tests, studied factors affecting the variability of time estimates, and examined the impact of coding permutations (ordered combinations) on modeling.

Results

The Shapiro-Wilk tests indicated that the lognormal model is statistically superior to the normal model for modeling dual-procedure surgeries. Permutations of component codes did not appear to differ significantly with respect to total procedure time and surgical time. To improve individual models for infrequent dual-procedure surgeries, permutations may be reduced and estimates may be based on the longest component procedure and type of anesthesia.

Conclusions

The authors recommend use of the lognormal model for estimating surgical times for surgeries with two component procedures. Their results help legitimize the use of log transforms to normalize surgical procedure times prior to hypothesis testing using linear statistical models. Multiple-procedure surgeries may be modeled using the longest (statistically most important) component procedure and type of anesthesia.
Conscious Volunteers Developed Hypoxemia and Pulmonary Collapse When Breathing Air and Oxygen at Reduced Lung Volume
Authors: Nunn John F. , Raja Srinivasa N.
Published: February 2004

Ventilation at maximal voluntary reduction of lung volume caused significant desaturation in some healthy subjects breathing air. Saturation rapidly returned to control levels when normal lung volume was regained. These changes are probably due to reversible airway obstruction. During the inhalation of oxygen, ventilation at maximal voluntary reduction of lung volume caused, in one subject, a reduction of arterial Po2 of 243 mmHg. Normal arterial Po2 was not immediately restored on regaining normal lung volume. Chest radiographs showed extensive atelectasis, which persisted for several hours in an ambulant subject. These changes are probably due to absorption of oxygen from alveoli beyond obstructed airways. Reduction of lung volume may be harmful for patients who are breathing oxygen. Caution is therefore necessary in the use of a subatmospheric pressure phase during artificial ventilation and during suction of the tracheobronchial tree.
The development of capability: the content of potential and the potential of content
Authors: Brown Reva , McCartney Sean
Published: February 2004

All too often discussion of Capability proceeds as if it is clear what ‘Capability’ is: and that all that is required is the ascertaining of means for developing it. This paper seeks to explore the meanings of Capability. It provides two broad meanings, and discusses the paradoxes inherent in the application of these to the real world of management and business. On the one hand, Capability is defined as Potential, what the individual could achieve. Potential is an endowment, which is realised by the acquisition of skills and knowledge, i.e. the acquisition of Content. On the other hand, Capability is defined as Content: what the individual can (or has learned to) do. This Content has been acquired by, or input into, the individual, who then has the Potential to develop further. So there are different routes to Capability, depending on the definition of Capability one chooses. All of this impinges on the development of Capability. This leads us on to a consideration of whether the ‘Development of Capability’ is a meaningful concept.
What is “enterprise education”? An analysis of the objectives and methods of enterprise education programmes in four European countries
Authors: Hytti Ulla , O’Gorman Colm
Published: February 2004

This paper explores what constitutes “enterprise education” in four European countries. It proposes a conceptual schema for capturing the various objectives of enterprise education programmes and initiatives. This conceptual schema is then used to categorise the objectives of 50 enterprise programmes from Austria, Finland, Ireland, and the UK. The paper reviews the teaching/learning methods used in these programmes. It discusses what factors are associated with “effective” enterprise education, illustrating the discussion with “best practice” from the programmes studied. The paper argues that in order to operate effective enterprise education programmes, policy makers and educators need a thorough understanding of the diverse and alternative aims and objectives of enterprise education interventions, of the alternative forms such interventions can take, and of the need to “train the trainers”.
Widening participation into higher education for disabled students
Authors: Taylor Margaret
Published: February 2004

This paper describes a three‐year project led by Hereward College (The National Integrated College for Disabled Students), Coventry, UK, that was carried out as part of the Widening Participation initiative to encourage under‐represented groups to take up places in higher education. The paper describes the methodological approach adopted (qualitative interviews) to explore the barriers that disabled students, and in particular those with complex learning support needs, encountered. The main thrust of the activities that resulted from the research findings was to “close the gap” between further and higher education. Partnership days, a summer school, and insight weeks were designed to bring disabled students into the higher education ethos, and vice versa, and to make university staff more aware of the needs, opinions, hopes and fears of potential students with complex difficulties. The project proved to be effective in significantly increasing the numbers of disabled students who subsequently made successful applications to higher education from the college, with an increase of 300 per cent over a three‐year period.
Robots pave the way to improved quality at Peugeot Citroen UK
Authors: Mortimer John
Published: February 2004

The France‐based vehicle maker, PSA Group, is preparing for the next round of new model introductions. So it is making an in‐depth assessment of which robots to purchase. Meanwhile, the company's plant in Britain is gearing up for its own compliment of new robots.
BMW chooses innovative robotic machining system for axle carriers
Authors: Kochan Anna
Published: February 2004

BMW axle design has evolved considerably in recent years to reduce weight and increase performance. The latest developments have created the need for a relatively precise finish machining operation on axle carriers. To perform this machining, BMW uses innovative Tricept robots due to the high level of flexibility they offer. The automaker has installed two highly automated machining systems based on Tricept robots at its Dingolfing plant. Their capacity, operating three shifts a day, 5 days a week, is more than 1,400 parts per day.
The CLAWAR project on mobile robotics
Authors: Virk G.S. , Muscato G. , Semerano A. , Armada M. , Warren H.A.
Published: February 2004

This paper presents the EC funded Climbing and walking robotics project and its activities to encourage the development of a common framework to assist researchers and companies to focus at the component level to make the required innovations. An open modular philosophy is felt to be needed to allow the robotics technology to evolve so that the wide and growing range of service applications can be adequately supported. The current and future planned activities are briefly described.
Robot cell feasibility study and implementation for a Japanese manufacturing company based in Hong Kong
Authors: O’Brien S. , Reid C. , Dang C.B. , Tse Brian
Published: February 2004

The report details work carried out by the Hong Kong Technical College for a feasibility and implementation study for a robotically serviced turning cell for the manufacture of automotive pump rotors.
Building an energetic model to evaluate and optimize power consumption in walking robots
Authors: Guardabrazo T.A. , Gonzalez de Santos P.
Published: February 2004

An energetic model for walking robots based on both dynamic and actuator models is proposed in this paper. While applied to walking machines, this method allows the evaluation of the influence of leg configuration, body weight, and gait parameters on power consumption. The model is validated by using genetic algorithms to identify the unknown parameters, which enables it to be used as a tool to evaluate and optimize the performance of a legged robot configuration according to the power consumption. This method has been applied to find the optimum stride length for the minimum energy expenditure of a biped prototype depending on the speed and payload, considering both level and slope walking.
Development of mobile system using leg‐type crawler for rough terrain
Authors: Yokota Sho , Kawabata Kuniaki , Kobayashi Hisato
Published: February 2004

The purpose of this study is to develop a new mobile system using “leg‐type crawler” mechanism. Our proposed “leg‐type crawler” mechanism realizes flexible mobility on rough terrain environments. The mobile system, which consists of four leg‐type crawler units including mechanisms and controller, can adopt several moving configurations. Since we adopt unimodular structure for the leg‐type crawlers, we can replace the legs easily. This paper shows the outline of the proposed leg‐type crawler units, as well as basic experimental results, proposal of basic control law for this system and verification by experiment.
Modeling customer satisfaction in mortgage credit companies
Authors: Høst Viggo , Knie‐Andersen Michael
Published: February 2004

This paper presents an analysis of price and service quality effects through customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and recommendations in a business‐to‐business setting of mortgage credit. The research question is examined based on returned questionnaires from the largest companies in Denmark. An initial study applying LISREL does not support a full model including the five‐factor structure of the SERVPERF model. The further LISREL analysis however gives statistical evidence of a recursive model that explains willingness to recommend by customer loyalty and customer satisfaction, customer loyalty by customer satisfaction and customer satisfaction by price, assurance and reliability.
Critical competitive methods, generic strategies, and firm performance
Authors: Powers Thomas L. , Hahn William
Published: February 2004

This paper reports research findings on the relationship between competitive methods, generic strategies, and firm performance. It was found that competitive methods in the banking industry correspond to Porter's generic strategy types and that a cost leadership strategy provides a statistically significant performance advantage over banks that are stuck‐in‐the‐middle. Alternatively, firms that used competitive methods to pursue a broad differentiation, customer service differentiation, or focus strategy were unable to realize a performance advantage over firms that are stuck‐in‐the‐middle. This study suggests that in the banking industry it may be difficult to generate superior returns using a differentiation or focus strategy.
Does the love of money moderate and mediate the income‐pay satisfaction relationship?
Authors: Li‐Ping Tang Thomas , Luna‐Arocas Roberto , Sutarso Toto , Shin‐Hsiung Tang David
Published: February 2004

This research examines the love of money as a moderator and as a mediator of the self‐reported income‐pay satisfaction relationship among university professors (lecturers). Hierarchical multiple regression results showed that the interaction effect between self‐reported income and the love of money on pay satisfaction was significant. For high‐love‐of‐money professors (lecturers), the relationship between income and pay satisfaction was positive and significant, however, for low‐love‐of‐money professors (lecturers), the relationship was not significant. High‐love‐of‐money participants had lower pay satisfaction than low‐love‐of‐money participants when the self‐reported income was below $89,139.53. When income was higher than $89,139.53, the pattern of pay satisfaction was reversed. Further, the love of money was a mediator of the self‐reported income‐pay satisfaction relationship. Income increases the love of money that, in turn, is used as a “frame of reference” to evaluate pay satisfaction.
Does customer portfolio analysis relate to customer performance? An empirical analysis of alternative strategic perspective
Authors: Eng Teck‐Yong
Published: February 2004

An important managerial task in business‐to‐business marketing is the strategic management of supplier‐customer relationships, which is concerned with a portfolio of relationships. A review of existing customer portfolio theories reveals that: most of the portfolio dimensions have not yet been empirically validated; the theoretical base of relevant dimensions may be conceptually inadequate in terms of strategy analysis; and the link between customer portfolio dimensions and customer performance has not yet been examined. Attempts to address these gaps in the literature by studying customer portfolios of large UK‐based banks. The main results indicate that the common industrial organization perspective may only give a short run picture of customer performance. Suggests that long run positioning value of a customer portfolio can be accounted for by resource‐based analysis and strategic approach to customer portfolio analysis. Concludes with a discussion of the results and implications.
Toward the creation of an eco‐oriented corporate culture: a proposed model of internal and external antecedents leading to industrial firm eco‐orientation
Authors: Stone George , Joseph Mathew , Blodgett Jeffrey
Published: February 2004

Corporate recognition of the interdependence between ecological considerations and the need for sustained economic growth has enforced the need for a paradigm in which environmental considerations are included as a prerequisite for sustained operations. One of the underlying factors driving this philosophy appears to be corporate recognition of the fact that many consumers now routinely make themselves aware of the ecological reputation of the firm. The purpose of this research is to test a proposed model in which an organization’s generation, dissemination and responsiveness to environmental information is contingent on both internal organizational requisites and the external environmental circumstances facing the industry. Specifically, this study examines the effects of external environmental turbulence and internal organizational factors on the organization’s ability to create an eco‐oriented corporate culture.
Functional morphology of the developing alimentary canal in the holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix (Holothuroidea, Dendrochirota)
Authors: Mashanov V. S. , Dolmatov I. Yu
Published: February 2004

Development of the digestive tract of the holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix was examined using light and transmission electron microscopy. After the blastopore closes, the gut rudiment loses its connection with the blastoderm and becomes an enclosed, tubular chamber, ending blindly at both ends. The differentiation of the digestive and coelomic epithelia is mainly completed by day 12. Since no transient cell types are observed, this differentiation is definitive. By day 20, the mouth and anal openings appear. The cuticular lining in the anterior part of the gut rudiment has an endodermal origin and differentiates before the mouth is formed. The rest of the gut lining is composed of enterocytes typical of holothuroid intestine. At the early stages of development, mitotic figures are encountered among nonspecialized cells of the gut primordium. In more developed digestive epithelium, vesicular enterocytes are capable of mitotic division. Dividing enterocytes retain secretory vacuoles; thus mitosis occurs in actually differentiated cells. After mouth and anus formation, the oesophagus, stomach, intestine and rectum can be distinguished. In the wall of the stomach, powerful musculature is formed.
The vomeronasal organ and associated structures of the fetal African elephant,Loxodonta africana(Proboscidea, Elephantidae)
Authors: Göbbel Luminita , Fischer Martin S. , Smith Timothy D. , Wible John R. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P.
Published: February 2004

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure of the nasal septum found in most tetrapods. Although potential behavioural correlates of VNO function have been shown in two of the three elephant species, its morphology inLoxodonta africanahas not been studied. The development of the VNO and its associated structures in the African elephant are described in detail using serially sectioned material from fetal stages. The results show that many components of the VNO complex (e.g. neuroepithelium, receptor‐free epithelium, vomeronasal nerve, paravomeronasal ganglia, blood vessels, vomeronasal cartilage) are well developed even in a 154‐day‐old fetus, in which the VNO opens directly into the oral cavity with only a minute duct present. However, the vomeronasal glands and their ducts associated with the VNO were developed only in the 210‐day‐old fetus. Notably, in this fetus, the vomeronasal–nasopalatine duct system had acquired a pathway similar to that described in the adult Asian elephant; the VNOs open into the oral cavity via the large palatal parts of the nasopalatine ducts, which are lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The paired palatal ducts initially coursed anteriorly at an angle of 45° from the oral recess and/or the oral cavity mucosa, and merged into the vomeronasal duct. This study confirms the unique characteristics of the elephant VNO, such as its large size, the folded epithelium of the VNO tube, and the dorsomedial position of the neuroepithelium. The palatal position and exclusive communication of the VNO with the oral cavity, as well as the partial reduction of the nasopalatine duct, might be related to the unique elephantid craniofacial morphogenesis, especially the enormous growth of the tusk region, and can be seen as autapomorphies.
Fine structure and development of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoda) during metamorphosis: a review
Authors: Korneva J. V.
Published: February 2004

The results of long‐term investigations of tissue differentiation during metamorphosis in the pseudophyllidean cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus are discussed. The process of tissue reorganization during transformation of the free‐swimming coracidium of T. nodulosus to a parasitic procercoid are studied and the development of all specialized systems (tegumental, muscular, excretory, nervous and glandular) are described and compared. As a consequence, the general cytological mechanism of differentiation has been identified in T. nodulosus. The cytodifferentiation processes are characterized by autophagy of the initial specialized cell population and its replacement by a second population with other morphological and functional potentials. The change in specialized cell populations during morphogenesis is caused by a change in the functional requirements of organs. The primitive nature of the differentiation processes in T. nodulosus at the initial stages of tissue formation is confirmed. It is supposed that destruction of the primary cell populations is the result of apoptosis or genetically programmed suicide.
Bridging the Idiographic‐Nomothetic Divide in Ratings of Self and Others on the Big Five
Authors: Grice James W.
Published: February 2004

Recent discussions of the idiographic‐nomothetic debate were initially reviewed in this paper. Three important issues stemming from this debate were then expounded within the context of Personal Construct Theory and evaluated in an empirical study. Participants were required to rate themselves and people they knew on 25 marker items for the Big Five personality traits and on 12 of their own unique personal constructs. The ratings were analyzed using a number of novel statistical methods, including a simple type of confirmatory factor analysis and an informative graphing procedure. Results indicated that at least half of the statistical information derived from the idiographic, personal construct ratings was unique when compared to ratings on the nomothetic Big Five items. The implications of these methods and results for person‐centered and trait conceptualizations of personality were discussed.
High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success
Authors: Tangney June P. , Baumeister Roy F. , Boone Angie Luzio
Published: February 2004

What good is self‐control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self‐control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self‐control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self‐esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so‐called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self‐control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.
Extraordinary Moral Commitment: Young Adults Involved in Social Organizations
Authors: Matsuba M. Kyle , Walker Lawrence J.
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The personality of exemplary young adults was studied in an effort to paint a portrait of moral excellence that expanded upon the traditional emphasis on moral reasoning maturity. These young adults were nominated based on their extraordinary moral commitment towards various social organizations. The sample included 40 moral exemplars and 40 matched comparison individuals who responded to a battery of questionnaires and participated in a semistructured interview. It was found that moral exemplars, in contrast to comparison individuals, were more agreeable, more advanced in their faith and moral reasoning development, further along in forming an adult identity, and more willing to enter into close relationships. These findings are discussed in the context of describing moral excellence from a multifaceted, personality perspective.
Facial variations in sensory responses
Authors: Marriott Marie , Whittle Ed , Basketter David A.
Published: February 2004

Subjective effects such as stinging, itching and burning commonly occur in the absence of any visible irritation and give rise to discomfort, which may be enough to deter an individual from using even the most effective of skin care products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of different anatomical regions of the face to determine which region displayed the most intense stinging response to the application of lactic acid. The effect of occlusion on the level of response was also investigated. 45 volunteers were treated with 10% lactic acid on the nasolabial fold, forehead, chin and cheek, occluded and unoccluded for 8 min. Sensory reactions were recorded at 2.5, 5 and 8 min. The response levels on the occluded sites were always significantly lower than on the unoccluded sites, despite the dose per unit area being comparable. Females showed a trend towards being more sensitive to the subjective effects elicited by lactic acid than males, but these results were not conclusive. Interestingly, there was not a complete correlation between individuals who reacted on the nasolabial fold and the other sites, particularly the forehead. A positive stinging response on the nasolabial fold may not necessarily predict subjective responses to a product when used on other areas of the face.
Allergenic activity of an air‐oxidized ethoxylated surfactant
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Bodin Anna , Matura Mihaly
Published: February 2004

Ethoxylated surfactants are used in household and industrial cleaners, topical pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and laundry products. Polyethers, e.g. ethoxylated surfactants and polyethylene glycols, are oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (autoxidized) when stored and handled. We have previously shown that a chemically well‐defined non‐ionic surfactant, the ethoxylated alcohol penta‐ethylene glycol mono‐n‐dodecyl ether (C12E5), forms a complex mixture of autoxidation products when exposed to air. Predictive testing in guinea pigs showed that the surfactant itself is a non‐sensitizer, but that oxidation products formed are skin sensitizers. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitizing capacity of a total oxidation mixture of C12E5 obtained after autoxidation. The allergenic activity of different oxidation products is discussed as well as the clinical importance of the findings. This study shows that the non‐ionic surfactant C12E5 containing 20% oxidation products is a sensitizing mixture. The result accords with what is observed for other compounds that are unstable when in contact with air, e.g. limonene and linalool, major fragrance terpenes. Studies regarding the clinical relevance of our findings should be performed. However, it is already clear from this study that precautions must be taken in handling and storage of ethoxylated surfactants to avoid formation of allergenic mixtures.
Skin strain and its influence on systemic exposure to a glycol ether in offset printing workers
Authors: Korinth G. , Göen T. , Lakemeyer M. , Broding H. C. , Drexler H.
Published: February 2004

Under workplace conditions, it is difficult to prove the influence of skin lesions on skin penetration by chemical substances. The aim of the present study was to show whether systemic exposure to glycol ether increases due to lesions of the skin in printing workers. 28 male printers, exposed to 2‐(2‐butoxyethoxy)ethanol (BEE), were interviewed about the workplace exposure by a standardized questionnaire. The systemic exposure in printers was determined by biological monitoring of the main metabolite of BEE butoxyethoxyacetic acid (BEAA) in urine. Furthermore, clinical examination of the skin, transepidermal water loss, capacitance and skin surface pH measurements were carried out. Erythema and scaliness were the most important factors showing an effect on dermal absorption. The mean urinary BEAA excretions for printers with skin lesions on the hands were higher (20.62 mg/l for scaliness and 14.40 mg/l for erythema) compared to that for printers without detectable skin lesions (12.08 mg/l for scaliness and 13.03 mg/l for erythema). Bioengineering measurements to predict skin strain and percutaneous absorption were only supportive. We were able to show that by using a multiple spectrum of methods an enhancement of percutaneous absorption of BEE could be demonstrated in workers with skin lesions.
Relevance of positive patch test reactions in patients attending a dermatology tertiary referral centre
Authors: Goon Anthony Teik‐Jin , Goh Chee‐Leok
Published: February 2004

Our purpose was to determine the proportion of relevant patch test reactions among all patch tested patients in the National Skin Centre (NSC), Singapore, from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2000. A retrospective study was made of the patch test records of all patients patch tested in the study period. The proportion of relevant patch tests in this population was then determined. The allergens most likely to have present or past relevance were: nickel sulfate (79%), p‐phenylenediamine (76%), colophonium (73%), cobalt chloride (68%) and potassium dichromate (67%). The most common allergens for each of the following relevance categories were as follows – present: p‐phenylenediamine, thiuram mix, potassium dichromate; past: colophony, nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride; exposed: neomycin, gold sodium thiosulfate, fragrance mix and unknown: gold sodium thiosulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride. Evaluating relevance is difficult, and the results of relevance scoring vary widely between different groups. A consensus on the definition and standardization of the concept of relevance is needed.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride, with an unusual patch test reaction
Authors: Akita Hirotaka , Akamatsu Hirohiko , Matsunaga Kayoko
Published: February 2004

2‐day (2‐D) closed patch tests are often used in daily clinical practice and useful for evaluating the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. However, even when 2‐D closed patch tests at appropriate concentrations are performed for suspected allergic contact dermatitis based on clinical findings, positive reactions are not always obtained. Therefore, although the use of the allergen again induces similar symptoms, a definite diagnosis cannot be made in some cases. We report a case of allergic contact dermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride in eyedrops, with an unusual patch test reaction. Although the results of the routine 2‐D closed patch test were negative, a definite diagnosis could be made by closed scratch–patch test. In addition, long‐lasting allergic patch test reactions were observed at the positive scratch–patch test site for about 3 months. We speculated that these unusual results on patch testing in our case were associated with the degree of percutaneous absorption of causative agents. Therefore, even when 2‐D closed patch tests are negative, scratch–patch tests may be indicated for patients in whom clinical symptoms continue strongly to suggest contact dermatitis.
The Shadows of the Law: Contemporary Approaches to Regulation and the Problem of Regulatory Conflict
Authors: Haines Fiona , Gurney David
Published: February 2004

Regulatory analyses often assume that compliance is desirable, with literature focusing on strategies to encourage “excellence” in adherence to regulatory goals. Yet, it is not unusual for disparate regulatory goals to exist that are based on competing values of what constitutes the “good society.” It is this conflict that forms the substance of this paper. In cases of competing regulatory goals, techniques that encourage exemplary compliance in one area can create incentives to breach regulatory provisions of a competing regime. In such cases, generic regulatory techniques are unable to provide a useful means for resolving regulatory conflict but do allow a political delegation of conflict resolution to the “scientific” strategies of the regulator. In turn, the regulator places responsibility on companies for resolving competing regulatory demands. Successive delegation leads to juridification as well as regulators vying to retain primacy for their regime. This problem is examined through analysis of responsibilities for subcontractor safety under Australian health and safety law and sections of the Australian Trade Practices Act 1974 aimed at protecting competition.