bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOVEL DELIVERY APPROACHES OF CO-TRIMOXAZOLE FOR RECREATING ITS POTENTIAL USE-A REVIEW
Authors: DESHMUKH ROHITAS , HARWANSH RANJIT K. , SHARMA MAYUR , PAUL SWARNALI DAS
Published: January 2021

Co-trimoxazole appropriates to category of broad-spectrum antimicrobial. They are active upon administration in vitro against an extensive collection of microorganisms. Their application in medical field has roughly spanned over decade now. There are numerous approaches that were progressed for improving their effectiveness towards their antimicrobial potency. However, routine use of this could accelerate the chance of bacterial resistance, and portrait it ineffective when required to treat infection. Consequently, newer investigations are necessary to keep the drug effective by minimise the development of resistance and maximise its safe use. Safe use is meant by safe delivery of drug in low dose, low frequency at the targeted molecule by effective ways. This can be achieved by using nanocarrier systems as they possess smart characteristics of effective drug delivery. These nanocarrier systems are including nanoparticle, liposomes, nanogels etc. Present review article deals with the historical perspectives with regards to co-trimoxazole, their mechanism of act/resistance and spectrum of activity in first section. In second portion different novel carriers, importance and application of nanogels, rational for co-trimoxazole nanogels are discussed. In conclusion, different literatures have proved the efficacy of nanogels in delivery of antimicrobial drug similar to co-trimoxazole. In the present time very less data is available for delivery of this drug with novel carriers. Therefore, this review aims to encourage researchers for creating some new findings in this perspective.
A REVIEW ON POLOXAMER AND HYDROXY PROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE COMBINATION AS THERMORESPONSIVE POLYMERS IN NOVEL OPHTHALMIC IN SITU GEL FORMULATION AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: KURNIAWANSYAH INSAN SUNAN , RUSDIANA TAOFIK , SOPYAN IYAN , SUBARNAS ANAS
Published: January 2021

Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug system. Ophthalmic ointments, solutions and suspensions are the most frequently used dosage forms to treat ocular disease, and their effectiveness as a drug are compromised by several limitations that lead to poor ocular bioavailability. In situ gel is one of the most promising strategy and solutions to improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. The purpose of this review is to discuss the formulation and characterization of in situ gel. This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, focused on Poloxamer 407 and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) bases combination.

Active ingredients to treat ocular disease such as Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole and Ofloxacin can be formulated with the combination of Poloxamer 407 as polymer gelling agent and HPMC as viscosity enhancer to produce good quality in situ gel dosage forms. The in situ gel dosage forms can be a promising alternate solution for the ophthalmic delivery system.
THE COSMETIC EFFECTS OF VARIOUS NATURAL BIOFUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS AGAINST SKIN AGING: A REVIEW
Authors: NASER WISAM
Published: January 2021

Nutricosmetics have emerged to indicate the health benefits of the products that create beauty from inside to outside. Nutricosmetic is the latest trend in the beauty industry. Cosmeceuticals are commonly used in skincare regimens to maintainhealthy skin and improve visible signs of aging. Natural products that target skin have gained great attention due to the general belief that they are harmless. A review of the biomedical literature was conducted using peer-reviewed journal articles toidentify laboratory, animal, and clinical studies that have evaluated recent breakthroughs in the biological properties and potential dermatologic uses of the different natural bioactive ingredients used in nutricosmetics and Cosmeceuticals. Bioactive ingredients used in Nutri-cosmeceutical products are derived from collagen, peptides, proteins, vitamins, carotenes, minerals, omega‐3 fatty acids and plant extracts. These ingredients have been shown to provide dermatologic benefits with potential applications for skin regeneration, photoprotection, wound healing, and more.The information provided by this article is valuable to get the picture of the latest trends. In addition, it might be helpful for clinicians and related manufacturing companies. Despite several developments in this field, extensive research is required for performing successful and precise clinical trials in the future. Further improvements would enable the researchers to develop new products in this field.
STUDY OF ISOTONICITY AND OCULAR IRRITATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN SITU GEL
Authors: KURNIAWANSYAH INSAN SUNAN , RUSDIANA TAOFIK , ABNAZ ZAHRA DZAKIRAH , SOPYAN IYAN , SUBARNAS ANAS
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the isotonicity of chloramphenicol ophthalmic in situ gel and to know the irritating effect of its in the eyes of test animals, so it can be to maximize absorption of the drug in the eye, minimize drug loss before corneal penetration and safe to used.

Methods: This study were started by making four aseptic formulations of in situ gel preparations with a comparison of the baseline concentrations of different Poloxamer 407 and HPMC, F1 (5: 0.45), F2 (10: 0.45), F3 (5: 1) and F4 (10: 1). Four aseptic of in situ gel preparations, followed by a qualitative isotonicity test using blood cells to see the comparison between control and test preparations, and ocular irritation test using the draize test method to determine the presence or absence of the irritation.

Results: The results obtained from the isotonicity test showed that the four preparations have normal blood cells that similar with isotonic control solution; therefore, it can be said that the preparations have been made isotonic.

The results of the ocular irritation test using the draize test method showed for each category, such as cornea, iris, conjunctiva and edema were zero. A zero value on the cornea indicates no ulceration or opacity, and the iris, conjunctiva and edema were normal. Conclusion: Chloramphenicol in situ gel are isotonic and do not cause irritation to the rabbit's eyes, so they are safe to use and the formulation can be used for further research until the final goal is obtained.
REVIEW ON EVALUATING THE ROLE OF NSAIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Authors: P. R. KRISHNENDU , B. ARJUN , K. VIBINA , T. S. NIVEA CLEO , N. K. DRISYA , MOHANDAS RADHIKA , ZACHARIAH SUBIN MARY , ZACHARIAH SUBIN MARY
Published: January 2021

Recently, several studies have been reported that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can fight against neurodegenerative disorders by various mechanisms. Currently, available therapies of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) provide only symptomatic relief. This is the point at which we need an alternative that acts on the root cause of disease. Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are the two NDs concentrated here. Since the drug profile is already known, drug repurposing is a promising technique in research, thereby reducing the cost and period effectively. Epidemiological studies on various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showed good results, but when it came to clinical studies the results are found to be poor. Hence, it can be concluded that NSAIDs provide its neuroprotective activity on its long-term use only, as the brain accessibility of this kind of drug is poor due to its lower lipophilicity.
FABRICATION OF SODIUM ALGINATE/GUM GHATTI IPN MICROBEADS INTERCALATED WITH KAOLIN NANO CLAY FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF CURCUMIN
Authors: GANESH D. , SURESH P. , RAO G. SRINIVAS
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of this study is to fabricate sodium alginate (SA)/gum ghatti (GG) microbeads intercalated with Kaolin (KA) nano clay for the sustained release of curcumin (CUR).

Methods: The microbeads were prepared by a simple ionotropic gelation technique. The developed beads were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Swelling studies and in vitro release studies were investigated under both pH 7.4 and pH 1.2 at 37 °C.

Results: The developed microbeads were characterized by FTIR, which confirms the interaction between CUR, polymeric matrix and KA. DSC and XRD analysis reveals that the CUR has molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix. In vitro results illustrated that microbeads were influenced by the pH of test media, which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The drug release mechanism was analyzed by fitting the release data into different kinetic equations and n values are obtained in the range of 0.609-0.640, suggesting that the developed microbeads showed the non-Fickian diffusion type drug release.

Conclusion: These results clearly illustrated that the developed KA intercalated polymeric microbeads are potential drug carriers for the controlled release of CUR.
FABRICATION OF NANO CLAY INTERCALATED POLYMERIC MICROBEADS FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF CURCUMIN
Authors: PALLERLA DHARMENDER , BANOTH SUMAN , JYOTHI SUNKARI
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the Curcumin (CUR) encapsulated sodium alginate (SA)/badam gum (BG)/kaolin (KA) microbeads for controlled drug release studies.

Methods: The fabricated microbeads were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dynamic swelling studies and in vitro release kinetics were performed in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4) and simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) at 37 °C.

Results: FTIR confirms the formation of microbeads. DSC studies confirm the polymorphism of CUR in drug loaded microbeads which indicate the molecular level dispersion of the drug in the microbeads. SEM studies confirmed the microbeads are spherical in shape with wrinkled and rough surfaces. XRD studies reveal the molecular dispersion of CUR and the presence of KA in the developed microbeads. In vitro release studies and swelling studies depend on the pH of test media, which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The % of drug release values fit into the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and n values are obtained in the range of 0.577-0.664, which indicates that the developed microbeads follow the non-Fickian diffusion drug release mechanism.

Conclusion: The results concluded that the CUR encapsulated microbeads are potentially good carriers for controlled drug release studies.
ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID VIA CO-CRYSTALLIZATION TECHNIQUE: A NOVEL ASA-VALINE COCRYSTAL
Authors: H. K. SHANTHALA , H. V. JAYAPRAKASH , RADHAKRISHNA MUNIGANTI , B. H. JASWANTH GOWDA , PAUL KARTHIKA , SHANKAR S. J. , AHMED MOHAMMED GULZAR , A. SANJANA
Published: January 2021

Objective: This study aims to synthesize acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) cocrystals using valine as a coformer via a co-crystallization technique to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of ASA.

Methods: The ASA-valine cocrystal (1:1 molar ratio) was prepared using the solvent evaporation technique with ethanol: water (50:50). The cocrystal was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), melting point to confirm the formation of cocrystal. The evaluation of cocrystal was done by drug content determination, solubility and dissolution studies.

Results: The prepared cocrystal was successfully confirmed for the formation of a hydrogen bond. The melting point of prepared cocrystal was decreased compared to pure ASA and valine, which indicated the formation of a new crystalline form. The FT-IR studies showed the formation of a new hydrogen bond by shifting the-O-H,-C=O and-N-H functional groups. SEM studies ensured that the prepared cocrystals were in needle-like appearance. Finally, DSC and PXRD studies were also indicated the successful formation of ASA-valine cocrystal. The drug release of cocrystal was found to be 100% at 60th min. Where in the case of pure ASA and marketed product of ASA exhibited the dissolution rate of 59% and 69% at 60th min respectively.

Conclusion: The co-crystallization technique can be adopted as the best strategy to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 2 drugs. Therefore the prepared ASA-valine cocrystal can be a greater alternative to increase the solubility and dissolution rate compared with pure and marketed ASA.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF DOLUTEGRAVIR SOLID DISPERSIONS
Authors: MUPPARAJU SUNDEEP , SURYADEVARA VIDYADHARA , DOPPALAPUDI SANDEEP
Published: January 2021

Objective: The current work mainly focuses on solubility enhancement of dolutegravir which is a BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class-II drug using various excipients.

Methods: Solid dispersions of dolutegravir were prepared by solvent evaporation and fusion methods using carriers like poloxamer-188 and plasdone K-29/32 in different ratios (1:0.5 to 1:3.0). The amount of dolutegravir used was kept constant and the polymer concentrations were increased. Various physical parameters like angle of repose, carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio were calculated for the prepared solid dispersions. They were also evaluated for particle size and drug content uniformity along with in vitro drug release. Characterization studies like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were also done.

Results: Dolutegravir solid dispersions showed good to excellent flow properties. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that the solid dispersion formulation DF3 containing dolutegravir and poloxamer-188 in 1:1.5 ratios prepared by fusion method showed better dissolution rate when compared with other formulations. The dissolution parameters were also evaluated. DF3 showed a higher drug release of 86.33% in 60 min. FTIR and DSC studies revealed that there were no major interactions between drug and excipients. XRD studies revealed the nature of formulations.

Conclusion: The solid dispersions prepared using poloxamer-188 by fusion method has enhanced the solubility of dolutegravir.
Tenun Sasak in Indonesian Legal Discourse: From Cultural Heritage to Local Economic Booster
Authors: Martini Dwi , Sutrisno Budi , Kurniawan Kurniawan
Published: January 2021

The Tenun Sasak, an Indonesian traditional woven fabric, requires proper legal protection to prevent and to solve various violations of laws. Currently, there is no single sui-generis law on the subject matter as it sporadically regulated in several laws. This article examines issues related to the perspective of Sasak community toward Tenun Sasak, existing regulation on economic and cultural aspects of Tenun Sasak in Indonesian legal discourse, and the expected legal protection form to preserve its economic and cultural values. To address these issues, the study applied socio-legal research methodology by combining primary legal material, literatures, and secondary legal material to gain clearer de jure and de facto perspective. For Sasak community, the traditional woven fabric is not only body cover. It contains more depth values such as inter-generation cultural inheritance, reflection of socio-cultural values, and source of livelihood. In Indonesian legal discourse, Tenun Sasak is regulated in certain laws and regulations ranging from Intellectual property (IP) and others. The expected forms of laws to protect the economic and cultural values consist of establishment of database, sui generis law, and local law on the subject matter. It can be concluded that to protect and preserve the economic and cultural dimension of the subject matter, a holistic legal arrangement is required both inside and outside the IP system.
Comparative evaluation about the efficacy of the use of variable concentrations of Epinephrine in Tumescent solution for control of bleeding in patients with abdominal liposuction
Authors: Farhadi Mahtab , Khorshidifar Abdolreza , Ghalambor Abdolazim , Bakhshaeekia Alireza
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The use of epinephrine for controlling the blood loss has gained out in many dermatological surgeries; however, its use in liposuction has not been studied. In this regard, we aimed to figure out the effectiveness of using epinephrine in tumescent solution during liposuctions surgery.

Methods: In this study we present a prospective, double-blind, nonrandomized study evaluating the effects of adding epinephrine to tumescent solution intra-operative in patients undergoing liposuction. Thirty-six patients including 6 males and 29 females undergoing liposuction were divided into two groups. In case group we use 1-1.4 mg/L epinephrine (based on the location of surgery) in tumescent solution; and control group did not receive epinephrine. Lab data such as hemoglobin and hematocrit as well as clinical data including blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before, after 1h and 6h of liposuction.

 Results: In this study, we observed that both case and control group faced a significant dropped in their hemoglobin and hematocrit; however, the decrement was significant lower in case group. In addition, both groups had a stable hemostasis after 1h and 6h of surgery. In this regard, we did not observe any significant difference between heart rate and blood pressure of two groups.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that using epinephrine as vasoconstriction agent in tumescent solution might decrease the rate of bleeding and increase the chance of stable hemostasis both during and after abdominal liposuction.
Frequency of Dietary Supplements usage in the Saudi Arabian Public and Gym Users
Authors: Sajid Muhammad Raihan , Quraiba Lama , Khames Rahaf Iyad , Alhusseini Noara Khaled , Alsheikh Haifa , Basha Nabel , Mansoor Saad , Omair Aamir
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The aim of the study is to explore the use of dietary supplements and to assess awareness of its positive/adverse effects among physically active adults and the general population in Saudi Arabia.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey-based study and received 574 responses showing frequencies and types of dietary supplements.

Results: The results show that 44.6% of respondents use dietary supplements. The most used dietary supplements were Vitamin C and multivitamins, consumed by 44% of the respondents, Vitamin D (44%), Iron (41%), and Calcium (39%).  Protein sports bars and powder were consumed mainly by gym members, particularly those practicing weight-training exercises. Approximately 4% of respondents reported side-effects secondary to the usage of the dietary supplements. We conclude that the dietary supplement usage is widespread in Saudi Arabia among both gym members and the general public.

Conclusion: It is highly recommended to increase awareness measures from official health entities by educating the general population and physically active adults about dietary supplement use and adverse effects to ensure safe practices.
Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of N-Chromosome Royal Jelly on the number of peripheral white blood cells in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Bahoush Gholamreza , Pahlevani Rozhin
Published: January 2021

Objectives: This study to investigate the immune response blood cells following N-Chromosome RJ administration in patients with childhood ALL.

Methods: This single center before and after 12-weeks clinical trial was done in Ali-Asghar Children Hospital on twenty-six patients diagnosed with ALL during maintenance phase of chemotherapy. After collecting their demographics, patients received a starter dose of 2-gram processed new natural   N-chromosome RJ before breakfast and were followed up each 2 weeks, counting their peripheral WBC, ANC and ALC by a blood cell count and differential analysis.

Results: A total of Twenty-six patients were enrolled in this study (16 males and 10 females). Mean Peripheral WBC count of total patients were raised significantly after administering N-RJ Being 2510 Â±1192 cells per cubic millimeter at the beginning and then raised to 4549Â±1500 cells per cubic millimeter at the end of trial. (P<0.005) None of patients suffered from any adverse reaction during the trial.

There was a positive statistical relationship between total peripheral WBC, ANC and ALC count and N-Chromosome Royal jelly increased dosage, Being more prominent at the beginning of trial (p<0.001) and the last two weeks of follow-ups. (p<0.0005)

Conclusion: This study has successfully demonstrated that N-chromosome RJ can be a promising immune- enhancing supplement in patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in their complete remission and maintenance therapy time. In addition, it is a natural alternative for drugs like G-CSF, but without those long-term adverse effects, we can see in G-CSF drugs.
Persepsi Petani Terhadap Inovasi Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 Di Subak Abang, Kecamatan Abang, Kabupaten Karangasem
Authors: Dera Setiawan I Gede Bagus , Setiyaningrum Putu Dyah Endristuti , Darmawan I Made Dody
Published: January 2021

Penelitian tentang persepsi petani terhadap inovasi system Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 di Subak Abang, Kecamatan Abang, Kabupaten Karangasem dirancang berbentuk survey dengan penjelasan yaitu bagaimana persepsi petani terhadap inovasi system Jajar Legowo 2 : 1. Penelitian dilakukan pada periode bulan Juli-Oktober 2019. Pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling, yang berjumlah 30 orang. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang berdasarkan pada pengumpulan data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa (1) Pengetahuan petani terhadap inovasi Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 termasuk kedalam kategori baik dengan skor 4,05, (2) Sikap petani terhadap inovasi Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 termasuk kedalam kategori sangat baik dengan skor 4,50, (3) Keterampilan petani terhadap inovasi Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 termasuk kedalam kategori sangat baik dengan skor 4,36, dan (4) Persepsi petani terhadap inovasi Jajar Legowo 2 : 1 termasuk kedalam kategori sangat baik dengan skor 4,30.
Dampak Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (SLPHT) Terhadap Tingkat Penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu Usahatani Kubis Di Kabupaten Semarang
Authors: Limbong Elsa , Gayatri Siwi , Prayoga Kadhung
Published: January 2021

Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (SLPHT) merupakan salah satu upaya yang dilakukan pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kompetensi petani sehingga mampu menerapkan budidaya pertanian berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis dampak pelaksanaan SLPHT terhadap tingkat penerapan pengendalian hama terpadu usahatani kubis di Kabupaten Semarang. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2020 di Desa Sepakung, Kecamatan Banyubiru, Kabupaten Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sensus yang dipilih secara purposive pada Kelompok Tani Sido Makmur III dengan sampel sebanyak 31 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner serta observasi. Metode analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan uji analisis linear berganda. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah materi pelatihan termasuk kategori tinggi (74,2%), kompetensi penyuluh dengan kategori tinggi (67,7%), sedangkan fasilitas pelatihan dan pemberian latihan soal berada dalam kategori sedang (67,7% dan 67,7%). Materi pelatihan dan kompetensi penyuluh secara parsial mempengaruhi penerapan PHT, sedangkan fasilitas pelatihan dan pemberian latihan soal tidak berpengaruh terhadap penerapan PHT. Variabel-variabel pada pelaksanaan SLPHT tersebut secara simultan mempengaruhi tingkat penerapan PHT sebesar 74,7%. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan SLPHT usahatani kubis memberikan dampak bagi tingkat penerapan pengendalian hama terpadu pada Kelompok Tani Sido Makmur III Desa Sepakung, Kecamatan Banyubiru, Kabupaten Semarang.
Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Sektor Pertanian Di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah
Authors: Br. Manurung Dewi Sartika Laurencia
Published: January 2021

Pembangunan ekonomi sangat diperlukan untuk memperkecil tingkat pengangguran. Sektor pertanian masih menjadi sektor yang memiliki andil dalam perekonomian. Ketenagakerjaan merupakan masalah nasional yang timbul akibat tidak adanya keseimbangan antara pertambahan jumlah tenaga kerja dari tahun ketahun dengan perkembangan jumlah lapangan usaha yang menampung tenaga kerja tersebut. Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang pengaruh inflasi, upah minimum provinsi dan PBRD Sektor Pertanian Sulawesi Tengah. Teknik analisa yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda dan uji statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan inflasi, PDRB Pertanian dan upah minimum berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tenaga kerja pertanian. Hasil uji parsial t-statistik terdapat dua variabel yakni variabel upah minimum dan PDRB Sektor Pertanian secara probabilitas signifikan terhadap variabel tingkat tenaga kerja pertanian.
Pregnancy outcomes in female patients with X chromosome mosaicism after the first IVF/ICSI treatment: A 6-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liang Shanshan , Yang Jianzhi , Wu Haixia , Xiong Shiyi , Guo Ming , Teng Xiaoming
Published: January 2021

Objective: The present study focused on the clinical pregnancy and
cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) of female patients with X chromosome
mosaicism (XM) after the first in-vitro-fertilization
(IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, and the
possible impact of different mosaic subtypes. Design: Retrospective
cohort study Setting: Single Center study Population: Infertility
couples Methods: In total, 76 couples with XM female partners and normal
male partners were included (2014–2019) as the X group, with another 76
couples with normal karyotype included as the control group. Subgroup X1
included 41 45,X/46,XX cases, Subgroup X2 included 22 47,XXX/46,XX
cases, and Subgroup X3 included 12 45,X/47,XXX/46,XX cases. Main Outcome
Measures: The ovarian stimulation, embryo results and pregnancy outcomes
were analyzed. Results: The X group presented similar CLBR but required
a higher total gonadotropin (Gn) dosage than the control group (1800 IU
vs. 1612 IU). Following subgroup analysis, the number of follicles
during oocyte retrieval and average number of fertilized oocytes was
lower in subgroup X1 than in X3. The clinical pregnancy rate and CLBR
were similar in all groups. Conclusion: Females with XM may present a
similar CLBR until one year after oocyte retrieval, but may require a
higher total Gn dosage. Females with 45,X cells may recover fewer
follicles during oocyte retrieval, resulting in fewer embryos. A higher
45,X cell ratio (over 5%) may lead to a lower CBLR. Funding: This study
was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
(2016YFC1000602). Keywords X chromosome mosaicism, IVF/ICSI outcome,
cumulative live birth rate
Right ovarian vein thrombophlebitis complicated by an inferior endocaval floating thrombus revealed by postpartum pyrexia: a case report
Authors: Faidherbe Clément
Published: January 2021

The clinical course of our patient highlights an atypical presentation
of thromboembolic disease related to pregnancy, a thrombophlebitis of
the right ovarian vein with endocaval floating thrombus in the
postpartum. The diagnosis remains difficult since it is a rare entity
with an atypical presentation but with serious medical consequences.
Isolated torsion of the fallopian tube associated with hydrosalpinx in a 17-year-old sexually inactive girl: an unusual case report
Authors: Daniilidis Angelos , Haritidou Sonia , PETOUSIS STAMATIOS , Liberis Anastasios , MARGIOULA-SIARKOU CHRYSOULA , DINAS KONSTANTINOS
Published: January 2021

Isolated tubal torsion is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain in women
and is even less frequent in the patients younger than 18 years. We
present the interesting case report of a tubal torsion accompanied with
hydrosaplinx, diagnosed in a 17-year old patient that was sexually
inactive adolescent
Impact of COVID-19 in Mexico: A vision
Authors: Hernandez Joel E. Valencia , Paez Diana M. Sarmiento , Galindo Raul Romero , Alfonzo David A. Saucedo , De Leon Edgar O. Lopez , Aguilar Claudia Hernandez
Published: January 2021

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a historical event that has come to change the way of life for humanity; where the population is the main subject of cause and solution. Considering the global variation of propagation, each country has taken different positions, decisions and resources where the time for making different decisions has also been an important factor. In Mexico, the SARS CoV-2 situation has been confronted mainly with government decisions and the actions of the population. The successes or failures have impacted various dimensions of society in each of the states that make up the country. In this research, some impacted life dimensions are analyzed: Social, mental, educational, economic and environmental. It is possible to say that the impact of the pandemic were influenced, among other aspects; by the state of health and nutrition associated with the lifestyle in which the population was at the arrival of the pandemic. This impact is also influenced by commercial activities, which are linked to the economic mobility of those who buy and those who sell. Also, other aspects that have influenced the impact of this pandemic; it is possible to highlight the lack of culture on the part of the population in the use of face masks and the non-obligatory use of it by the leaders. This, added to various other factors, have had a great impact on the number of infected cases and deaths in the country; primarily in Mexico City and the State of Mexico. It is worth mentioning that, despite the negative impact due to the pandemic, there are also positive aspects. Finally, it is possible to say that it is necessary for the population to develop more awareness. The population has a definitive role in containing the pandemic and to incorporate the new changes, in its life in order to precisely preserve.
Market Response to Audited Internal Control Weakness Disclosures
Authors: Adhikari Subash , Guragai Binod , Seetharaman Ananth
Published: January 2021

To help guard against weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires certain filers to have their ICFR assertions audited. Beneish et al. (2008) show that market participants fail to react negatively to adverse ICFR audit opinions. This is puzzling because weak ICFR heightens the risk of fraud or materially misstated financial statements. Our study reexamines this issue for the time periods covered by Auditing Standard No. 2 (AS2) and Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5). We too find no significant negative market reaction to the disclosure of adverse ICFR audits in the AS2 era. However, we show that markets react negatively for first-time disclosures of adverse ICFR audits after the adoption of AS5. Furthermore, in the AS5 regime, markets seem to differentiate between entity-wide versus account-specific ICFR weaknesses. We also show that correcting previous ineffective ICFR results in a positive market reaction.

Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.
Abortion
Authors: Verma Nisha , Nippita Siripanth
Published: January 2021

Individuals may have a variety of reasons to end a pregnancy. Healthcare providers should provide support during the decision-making process and should be able to give patients basic information about their options depending on gestational age. In the United States, clinicians can offer first-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol up to 10 weeks’ gestation. Uterine aspiration or dilation and curettage are options throughout the first trimester. Options in the second trimester include induction abortion with medications, or a surgical procedure (dilation and evacuation) which may require cervical preparation at later gestational ages. Clinicians should assess the patient’s desire for fertility following an abortion and may offer contraception or preconception advice, as appropriate.
This review contains 13 figures, 6 tables, and 61 references.
Key Words: abortion, dilation and curettage, dilation and evacuation, mifepristone, misoprostol, pregnancy termination
Early Pregnancy Loss
Authors: McKeon Bri Anne , Lambeth Sarah
Published: January 2021

Early pregnancy loss is a common clinical scenario for women of reproductive age. Confirmation of pregnancy loss by pelvic ultrasonography using established criteria is crucial to ensure that potentially viable pregnancies are not interrupted. Both medical and surgical management options are effective and safe methods for the management of early pregnancy loss. Management should largely be influenced by patient preference in the hemodynamically stable patient. The purpose of this section is to describe the criteria for the diagnosis of early pregnancy loss, discuss various evidence-based treatment options for early pregnancy loss, and review current recommendations for attempts at future conception.
This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 41 references
Key Words: dilation and curettage, inevitable abortion, miscarriage, missed abortion, misoprostol, nonviable pregnancy, retained products of conception, threatened abortion, ultrasonography criteria
Female Pelvic Pain: Assessment
Authors: Castellanos Mario , King Louise P
Published: January 2021

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women is responsible for greater than 10% of referrals to gynecologists. A majority of them will remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated. Over time, CPP may lead to a syndrome that results in disability, loss of employment, and discord within relationships. This review discusses how to achieve a comprehensive assessment of CPP from a variety of causes.

This review contains 13 figures, 5 tables and 60 references
Key Words: dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, pelvic floor dysfunction, pelvic pain, pudendal neuralgia, somatic pain, visceral pain
Human Trafficking
Authors: Verma Nisha , Royce Celeste S
Published: January 2021

Human sex trafficking, often referred to as modern-day slavery, is a major global human rights problem with at least 4.5 million people trafficked for commercial sex annually. Many of these women interface with the medical system regularly, often in women’s health clinics and the emergency departments. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to be able to identify red flags for human trafficking, to be able to screen effectively, and to know how to connect patients with resources in the community. It is also important for healthcare providers to be aware of the many long-term health effects related to sexual trauma that victims of human trafficking may develop. OBGYNs are able to have long-lasting impacts on the many survivors of human sex trafficking by screening effectively and providing compassionate, trauma-informed care.

This review contains 4 figures, and 3 tables, and 40 references.
Keywords:  Sexual assault, sexual violence, Intimate partner violence, Human trafficking, Rape, Trauma-informed care, Women, Primary Care, Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Induction and Augmentation of Labor
Authors: Morosky Christopher M
Published: January 2021

Certain maternal and fetal conditions require induction of labor for the safety and well-being of either the mother or baby. Similarly, once fetal maturity has been reached, elective induction of labor remains an option for delivery timing and patient request. A thorough understanding of the physiologic mechanisms of labor onset and maintenance has allowed obstetrical providers to induce labor from the quiescent state and augment spontaneous labor in the latent or prolonged state. The goal of labor induction and augmentation is the successful and expedited delivery of the neonate in a manner that is safe to both the mother and the infant. Positive maternal outcomes include a shortened admission to onset of labor time, shortened first stage of labor, successful vaginal delivery, and avoidance of intraamniotic infection or postpartum hemorrhage. Positive fetal outcomes include absence of meconium amniotic fluid staining, regular newborn nursery admission, and hospital discharge with the mother. In this review, we outline the various mechanical, chemical, and natural methods of labor induction and augmentation, including a detailed assessment of the risks and benefits of each method for both the mother and baby.

This review contains 7 figures, 4 tables, and 33 references.
Key Words: amniotomy, augmentation of labor, cervical ripening, induction of labor, oxytocin, membrane sweeping, nipple stimulation, prostaglandins, transcervical balloon catheter
Obesity in Pregnancy
Authors: Peterson Ashley T. , Edlow Andrea G.
Published: January 2021

The prevalence of maternal obesity has increased significantly in the United States and throughout the world over the last several decades.  In the United States, where obesity has reached epidemic proportions, it is estimated that more than two-thirds of reproductive aged women are overweight or obese. Obesity poses a challenge for the obstetrician, given its association with significant increases in maternal morbidity before, during, and after pregnancy. Obesity is associated with an increased risk for diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and venous thromboembolic disease, among other complications. Poor pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage and stillbirth, are more common in the setting of maternal obesity.  Maternal obesity also appears to impact both fetal brain and metabolic development, in ways that may have critical implications for long-term health outcomes of future generations.
This review contains 5 figures, 1 table, and 127 references.
Keywords: Pregnancy, obesity, congenital anomaly, cesarean delivery, wound complications, stillbirth, hypertensive disorders, bariatric surgery, diabetes, neurodevelopment
Sexual Dysfunction: Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Buster John E
Published: January 2021

Healthy female sexual functioning is driven by sexual desire. Sexual desire, traditionally defined as sexual thoughts and fantasies, is a natural life force and an art form affecting all aspects of a woman’s interpersonal and professional life. Virtually, all diagnostic categories of female sexual dysfunction, including arousal disorder, anorgasmia, and sexual pain disorder are linked to, caused by, or aggravated by loss of sexual desire. Decreased sexual desire is a diagnosis (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, HSDD) with its own International Classification of Diseases code (F52.0).. Impact is often subtle. HSDD may express as seemingly unrelated emotional disturbances that degrade life quality in family relationships, in the workplace, or both. For some women, it is severely distracting. The diagnosis of HSDD is made when symptoms are sufficient to cause distress. In older women, HSDD is heavily impacted by menopause-associated withdrawal of reproductive hormones, particularly testosterone and estradiol. HSDD greatly improves with transdermal replacement of these steroids. Side effects of transdermal hormones are minimal but response can be gratifying. In premenopausal women, HSDD behaves more as a psychoendocrine disorder that is responsive in some patients to flibanserin, a nonhormonal 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Side effects of flibanserin are significant but manageable.

This review contains 12 figures, 6 tables, and  references.
Key Words: estradiol, flibanserin, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, menopause, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sexual desire, sexuality, testosterone, transdermal, women
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in the Adolescent
Authors: Huhmann Kimberly , Zuckerman Andrea
Published: January 2021

Heavy menstrual bleeding is a common presenting problem in the adolescent population. The average age of menarche is between 12 and 13 years. The most common reason for heavy menstrual bleeding soon after menarche is from an immature hypothalamic ovarian access, which spontaneously resolves once cycles become ovulatory. However, the broad differential diagnosis for heavy menses in adolescents includes coagulopathy, thyroid disease, sexually transmitted infections, specifically chlamydia, and chronic medical conditions. Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding disorder that can present with heavy menstrual bleeding at menarche or shortly after. A thorough history and physical exam with occasional labs needs to be completed and can assist in narrowing the differential diagnosis. Treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding consists of hormonal and nonhormonal options: combination oral contraceptive pills, patches, or rings taken continuously or cyclically; progesterone-only pills; progesterone implants; progesterone intrauterine devices; cyclic tranexamic acid; cyclic aminocaproic acid; and GnRH agonists with add-back therapy.
This review contains 3 tables, and 28 references.
Key Words: adolescent menses, anovulation, bleeding disorder, heavy menstrual bleeding, immature hypothalamic ovarian axis, menarche, treatment of heavy menses, Von Willebrand disease
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Prevention In The Adolescent
Authors: Richards Alexandria , Stacey Joanna
Published: January 2021

Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common sexually transmitted disease, most often acquired during the adolescence or the early 20s. It can be divided into oncogenic and nononcogenic serotypes. It is responsible for genital warts as well as pathologic diseases that can lead to genital cancers and cancers of the oropharyngeal tract in both males and females. The majority of adolescents who acquire HPV infections do not go on to develop cancer. New discoveries about the virus’ persistence and latency direct how we treat adolescents with HPV infections. Recommendations for prevention of HPV include use of the 9-valent vaccine against the most common oncogenic HPV serotypes. Screening should be delayed until the age of 21, with the exception of immunocompromised women. The HPV vaccination is safe and effective, and does not encourage sexual activity among adolescents. Both boys and girls should be vaccinated against HPV at 11 to 12 years of age but may receive the vaccination as early as 9 or as late as 21 (males) or 26 (females) years of age. The vaccine may now also be given in only two doses if the series was started before the age of 15. Follow-up studies in the years after the vaccine’s introduction have shown large decreases in HPV infection rates.

This review contains 7 figures, 7 tables and 63 references
Key Words: Oncogenic subtype, Oropharyngeal cancer, Infection persistence, Immune tolerance, Cervical dysplasia, Genital warts, 9-valent vaccine, Vaccine safety
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Siff Lauren N
Published: January 2021

One in three women has had at least one urinary tract infection (UTI) treated with antibiotics by the age of 24 years, and half of all women experience a UTI in their lifetime with one in four developing recurrence. Recurrent UTI is defined by two or more symptomatic infections in the past 6 months or three or more symptomatic infections in the past 12 months where each UTI follows a complete resolution of the previous UTI. This review describes the risk factors, diagnosis, work-up and treatment, and prevention of recurrent UTIs. Prevention strategies can be divided into antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial strategies. Nonantimicrobial prevention with behavioral changes, cranberry products, or probiotics did not significantly reduce the occurrence of symptomatic UTIs. Compared with placebo, oral estrogens did not reduce UTIs. However, vaginal estrogens do play a role in prevention of recurrence, particularly in postmenopausal women. There are three main strategies for antibiotic prevention: (1) low-dose daily antimicrobial prophylaxis, (2) postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis, and (3) patient-initiated antimicrobial treatment. All of these strategies decrease infections during prophylaxis period.The choice of regimen should be based on susceptibilities and antibiotic allergy.

This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables and 37 references.
Keywords: antimicrobial prophylaxis, continuous antibiotics, CT urography, cystoscopy, postcoital prophylaxis, recurrent UTI, risk factors, self-directed therapy, treatment and diagnosis
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Jorgensen Kirsten , Wang Victoria , Schorge John O.
Published: January 2021

Ovarian cancer is a catchall term encompassing a wide variety of relatively uncommon heterogeneous diseases notable for having a gradual decrease in incidence over the past decade. Epithelial ovarian carcinoma predominates, especially the high-grade serous variant distinguished by few reliable signs or symptoms, exceptional difficulty in early detection, and poor prognosis despite aggressive surgery and chemotherapy. The recent discovery that many of these tumors actually arise from the fallopian tube has led to rapid acceptance of opportunistic salpingectomy as a convenient, low-risk method of prevention. Other advances in genetic testing, minimally invasive surgery, and novel-targeted therapies have greatly expanded the management of this disease in the past few years. Sex cord-stromal tumors, chiefly the granulosa cell variant, are rarely encountered, occur across a wide range of ages, are largely impervious to chemotherapy, and yet highly curable. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors are even rarer, generally present during the teens, are exquisitely sensitive to chemotherapy, and also very curable. Providing expert care to women with ovarian cancer has become increasingly complex due to emerging practice-changing data at multiple points of diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. Fortunately, the past few years have greatly expanded our understanding of this dreaded disease.
This review contains 5 tables, and 29 references.
Key Words: epithelial ovarian cancer, maintenance therapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, primary debulking surgery
Aortic Dissection
Authors: Orion Kristine C , Black III James H
Published: January 2021

Acute aortic dissection remains a lethal but uncommon condition. Historically, Stanford type B dissections are managed with best medical therapy whereas Stanford type A dissections are surgically treated. In the last decade, worldwide evidence has been building that has questioned optimal treatment for the former. In this review, we discuss the general features of aortic dissection, the pathophysiology and risk factors, appropriate imaging to make a prompt diagnosis, and current treatment principles and methods.
This review contains 82 references, 6 figures and 5 tables.
Key words: aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, malperfusion syndrome, penetrating aortic ulcer, thoracoabdominal
What Egalitarianism Requires
Authors: Roemer John E.
Published: January 2021

This is an interview by the Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics (EJPE) with John E. Roemer. The interview covers Roemer’s intellectual biography; his extensive writings on exploitation, egalitarianism, socialism, bargaining, and justice; his latest work on Kantian optimization, his vision for the future of socialism; and, finally, his methodological commitments and the value of interdisciplinarity.