bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRECIPITIN RESPONSE IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS FOLLOWING SUBARACHNOID INJECTIONS OF HORSE SERUM
Authors: Alexander Harry L.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits which have received a single dose of normal horse serum in the subarachnoid space produce precipitins in the blood in greater abundance, of higher titer, and persisting longer than those in control rabbits which have received a similar injection intravenously.

2. Repeated subarachnoid injections of normal horse serum in rabbits induce precipitins in the blood early. These may appear in high titer as soon as 1 week after the initial injection, whereas in rabbits similarly treated intravenously no precipitins are found at this time. They may appear a few days afterward and reach a high titer.

3. No anaphylactic manifestations occurred in rabbits treated repeatedly with subarachnoid injections of normal horse serum when the precipitin content of the blood was high.

4. Anaphylactins, as determined by passive transfer of anaphylaxis, were demonstrated in sera with high precipitin content.

5. These experiments may explain clinical evidences of anaphylaxis, observed when an initial intravenous injection of horse serum followed a series of intraspinal injections of such serum.
GRANULES IN THE CELLS OF CHICK EMBRYOS PRODUCED BY EGG ALBUMIN IN THE MEDIUM OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed
Published: June 2004

It is difficult to understand what factors may be concerned in the formation of the al. granules. The phenomenon may be concerned with changes in the cell membrane due to an abnormal environment; that is, material which would otherwise be excluded may be permitted to enter the cell, or, on the other hand, certain substances may be prevented from passing out of the cells. Previous investigators have shown that mesenchyme cells sometimes engulf certain foreign bodies, and it is possible that the solution of white of egg is ingested in the same manner. When a solution of peptone was placed on the cells instead of egg white, the phenomenon did not occur (Fig. 13); the cell remained normal and degenerated in the usual manner (Fig. 14). This would seem to indicate that the al. granules are not formed from peptone. Regardless of the factors involved, it is evident that egg albumin in the medium of tissue cultures of chick embryos causes the formation of numerous large granules in the cytoplasm of the connective tissue cells. This phenomenon is associated with unfavorable conditions for the life of the cells and results in the rapid death of the cultures.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Witherbee William D.
Published: June 2004

From a study of a series of rabbits inoculated with two old strains of Treponema pallidum, it was found that localized infection of bones and tendons was of frequent occurrence and led to the formation of a variety of lesions.

The bones usually involved were those of the face and the feet and legs. Most often the lesions arose from the periosteum but developed also within the bone or marrow cavities and at lines of epiphyseal union.

Grossly, the periosteal lesions were of two types—one being a circumscribed, indurated, and nodular mass and the other a process of a more diffuse character. Histologically, the lesions presented the typical appearance of syphilitic granulomata composed of more or less distinct layers which corresponded roughly with structural divisions of the periosteum. The composition of lesions of membrane and of cartilage bones differed somewhat in this respect, especially in the development of an osteoclastic layer. Invasion of the bone with absorption and necrosis were constant features of periosteal affections and were most marked in the case of the facial bones and the small bones of the feet.

Lesions in the bone and marrow cavities were detected chiefly by radiographs or by the occurrence of bone destruction in the absence of periosteal involvement. They were characterized by a loss of structural detail in the bone, rarefication, increased fragility, necrosis, pathological fracture, and epiphyseal separation associated with more or less granulomatous reaction. Histologically, the bone lesions presented essentially the same picture as those of the periosteum, while the lesions which arose from the marrow cavities were composed chiefly of polyblastic infiltrations. In this group of affections, the most important were those which developed at the epiphyses.

The destructive effects produced by all classes of lesions varied from a slight surface erosion or rarefication to extensive necrosis resulting in the formation of bony defects or in disintegration or fracture of the bone. These conditions differed very decidedly with the particular bones involved.

Of especial importance in this connection was the occurrence of a peculiar form of mass necrosis which at times resulted in the destruction of considerable areas of bone even in parts where the granulomatous type of lesion was comparatively slight. The most characteristic injuries were the saddle-nose deformities and the epiphyseal separation in the small bones of the tarsus and hind feet.

The marks of permanent injury were, on the whole, comparatively slight, but they also differed both with the degree of the original injury and with the bone affected.

Granulomatous lesions of tendons or tendon sheaths were occasionally seen, and in a few instances, lesions of synovial cavities were demonstrated microscopically.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Witherbee William D.
Published: June 2004

A systematic study was made of the affections of bone, cartilage, tendons, and synovial membranes which occurred in a series of rabbits with generalized syphilis. Localized infection of this group of structures was found to be of very frequent occurrence. The parts involved were, in the order of their frequency, the facial and cranial bones and cartilages, the bones, tendons, and joints of the feet and legs, the cervical and caudal vertebræ, the ribs, and the sternum. These infections often gave rise to characteristic manifestations of disease which could be detected without difficulty by inspection or palpation of the part. In many instances, however, clinical manifestations were so slight that the presence of lesions could be detected only by radiographic or pathological examination.

Detailed descriptions of various clinical types of disease were given and the clinical manifestations correlated with the pathological process. It was pointed out that bone lesions exhibited a decided predilection for certain exposed bony prominences, for lines of bony union, and for epiphyseal lines in particular.

A study of the clinical history of bone lesions brought out the fact that they were among the earliest of the generalized forms of disease; they tended to pursue a comparatively rapid course, and relapse was never observed.

Especial emphasis was laid upon three aspects of the experimental infection: the analogy existing between certain forms of the animal and human affections, the relation of syphilis of the osseous system to other evidences of disease, and the occurrence of obscure bone lesions.

In this connection, it was pointed out that the nasal and epiphyseal lesions of the rabbit presented a striking analogy to those of congenital syphilis in man.

It was also pointed out that syphilis of the osseous system occupied a definite position in the scheme of defensive reactions such that lesions of these tissues might be favored or inhibited according to the experimental conditions employed.

Finally, the frequency with which infections occurred which were not accompanied by sufficiently distinctive signs even to suggest the possibility of their existence was interpreted as evidence that some cases of latent or obscure infection in man might find their explanation in the presence of a similar group of affections.
A NEW STRAIN OF TRANSMISSIBLE LEUCEMIA IN FOWLS (STRAIN H)
Authors: Ellermann Vilhelm
Published: June 2004

1. A new strain of fowl leucosis has been transmitted through twelve generations of fowls.

2. An increase in virulence was observed during its passage. This was shown in a shortening of the interval between inoculation and death. The increase in virulence does not affect the number of successful inoculations, which remains approximately constant in from 20 to 40 per cent of the birds employed.

3. As with former strains, the disease manifests itself in various forms; i.e., myeloid and intravascular lymphoid types. A single lymphatic case was observed.

4. In several intravascular cases a diminution in the hemolytic power of the serum was established. This phenomenon was absent in a number of myeloid cases.

5. Active immunization cannot be produced by means of the subcutaneous injection of virulent material.

6. The finding of previous experiments that the virus is filterable has been confirmed.

7. The inoculation of human leucemic material into fowls gave negative results.
SUPERINFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF SUBCURATIVE DOSES OF ARSPHENAMINE OR NEOARSPHENAMINE
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Experiments were carried out on rabbits for the purpose of determining the effects of subcurative doses of arsphenamine and of neo-arsphenamine upon the resistance of infected animals to reinoculation with Treponema pallidum and hence the possibilities of the occurrence of a second infection in treated but uncured cases of infection.

All the animals used were inoculated with the same virus, and the experimental tests were carried out when the first cycle of testicular reaction was nearing its height. The animals with the most marked testicular lesions were used for the basic experiment of treatment and reinoculation. The results of this experiment were controlled from four different standpoints: (1) the effect of the treatment employed upon the existing infection; (2) the immunity present at the time of treatment; (3) the virulence of the organisms used for reinoculation as compared with those causing the existing infection; (4) the comparative susceptibility of normal animals to the virus used for reinoculation.

The results obtained showed (1) that the treatment employed was insufficient to cure any of the therapeutic controls; (2) that the infected controls were highly refractory to a second inoculation; (3) that the treated animals were highly susceptible to a second inoculation and although not cured of their original infection, reacted to the second inoculation with the formation of lesions indistinguishable from those of a first infection; (4) that in certain instances the treatment given had rendered infected animals more susceptible to infection than the normal controls.
COMMUNAL ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA
Authors: Churchman John W. , Kahn Morton C.
Published: June 2004

1. The behavior of a single bacterial cell toward gentian violet differs fundamentally from that of a small group of cells (thirty).

2. The explanation of this phenomenon is not purely quantitative; thirty cells accomplish much more than thirty times what one cell can accomplish.
FATE OF THE LYMPHOCYTE
Authors: Bunting C. H. , Huston John
Published: June 2004

Although the count of circulating lymphocytes in the blood stream remains constant, more lymphocytes enter the blood from the thoracic duct during 24 hours than are present in the blood at any one time. This excess of lymphocytes is not destroyed in the blood stream. The cells migrate from the blood vessels into the mucous membranes and through them to their surface. This occurs chiefly in the gastrointestinal tract, and it is apparently in the mucosa and especially within the intestinal lumen that the function of the lymphocyte is normally performed.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CHANGES IN PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Stadie William C.
Published: June 2004

In the occasional cases of pneumonia which show a decrease in the oxygen capacity of the blood, the decrease is probably due to a formation of methemoglobin. The latter is removed from the circulation, however, as rapidly as it is formed, so that it can seldom be detected even qualitatively, and is probably never a cause of cyanosis.
FIBRIN AND SERUM AS A CULTURE MEDIUM
Authors: Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

A technique is described by which a medium composed of fibrinogen suspension, serum, and embryo juice may be made.

Fibroblasts grew in this medium about as well as in plasma and embryo juice.

A strain of connective tissue in this medium remained practically as active as the control for several passages.
FLAGELLUM OF THE MICROORGANISM OF RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: Adachi Kiyohisa
Published: June 2004

The work of previous investigators was confirmed in that the microorganism of rat-bite fever was found to have flagella which are clearly visible by dark-field illumination and which can be stained. The best staining is obtained with alkalinized Akashi solution, which is a modification of Giemsa's solution; the vapor of osmic acid gives the best fixation.

The number of demonstrable flagella seems to vary with the technique. Sometimes many slender flagella unite into one large one or one large flagellum divides into several smaller ones. It may be concluded that commonly many slender flagella occur at the ends and that these may unite into one or several large flagella. In the living microorganism the flagella appear to be spiral. Their form in fixed preparations depends upon the method employed. Some long forms have flagella arising at the middle of the body; this seems to indicate that division is transverse and not longitudinal as generally believed. The rigid body, the signs of transverse division, and multiple flagella seem to distinguish the forms reported here from spirochetes and indicate that they are spirilla.
AN IMPROVED ANAEROBE JAR
Authors: Brown J. Howard
Published: June 2004

There has been described a modification of the anaerobe jars of McIntosh and Fildes and of Smillie in which the oxygen is consumed by combustion with hydrogen under the catalytic action of platinized or palladinized asbestos.

The special advantages of the apparatus described reside in its greater safety and in the fact that the catalyzer is heated electrically after the jar is closed and may be reheated at any time during incubation without opening the jar.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

From the filtered nasopharyngeal washings of patients in the first 36 hours of uncomplicated epidemic influenza and rarely in later stages of the disease, we have cultivated a minute bacilloid body, Bacterium pneumosintes, 0.15 to 0.3 microns in length, of constant cultural characters and capable of indefinite propagation on artificial media. This organism, not of the nature of ordinary bacteria, was also recovered in pure culture from the unfiltered and filtered lung tissue of rabbits and guinea pigs inoculated with unfiltered and filtered nasopharyngeal washings of early influenza cases, both from the first epidemic of 1918–19 and from the second one of 1920. The organism grows only under strictly anaerobic conditions, passes Berkefeld V and N filters, and withstands the action of sterile 50 percent glycerol for a period of months.

It has been recovered from cultures contaminated with a variety of ordinary bacteria such as Bacillus pfeifferi, pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci, and has been experimentally cultivated in symbiosis with them.

Similar cultivation of control materials uniformly failed to yield growths of this organism. The materials tested consisted of the unfiltered and filtered nasopharyngeal washings of persons free from influenza, some of whom were suffering from acute coryza, the lung tissue of normal rabbits and of rabbits with bacterial respiratory infections, and the uninoculated media.

The intratracheal injection in rabbits and guinea pigs of mass cultures of this organism has induced effects on the blood and lungs of these animals which are not to be distinguished from those obtained with the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in the early hours of epidemic influenza. From the pulmonary lesions thus induced the same organism has been recovered in pure culture, and has been found to cause similar lesions on subsequent animal passage. Its pathogenicity is not lost by prolonged artificial cultivation.

Our experiments indicate that the cultivable bodies obtained directly from human nasopharyngeal washings and from affected rabbit lungs are strains of the same organism. This organism appears to be the source of the reactions which occur in experimental animals—rabbits and guinea pigs—as a result of the intratracheal injection of nasopharyngeal washings obtained during the early hours of uncomplicated epidemic influenza in man.
THE BILIARY OBSTRUCTION REQUIRED TO PRODUCE JAUNDICE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The bile ducts from three-quarters of the liver substance in dogs and monkeys can be obstructed without any clinical evidence developing of pigment or cholate accumulation in the organism. And in the dog nineteen-twentieths of the liver substance can be placed in stasis without the occurrence of tissue icterus such as regularly follows total obstruction in this animal. There is no reason to suppose that this will not be found true in the monkey as well. Always a local obstruction results sooner or later in atrophy of the affected tissue with compensatory hypertrophy elsewhere. Thus as time passes the derangement of function produced by the sudden stasis is progressively lessened.

The plasma of the dog and monkey, unlike that of man, is normally free from bilirubin, and this pigment so readily escapes from the blood into the urine that bilirubinuria is often to be found in the dog in the absence of bilirubinemia, while the latter is never met with alone in either animal. It follows that in both species the renal threshold for bilirubin is much lower than in man,—if indeed one can be said to exist at all.

The amount of biliary obstruction required to produce jaundice in human beings is probably as great as in the experimental animals with which we have dealt. The clinical jaundice encountered in association with local liver lesions should be viewed not as the result of local bile resorption, but as due to a general injury to the hepatic parenchyma or ducts, or to blood destruction.
TUBERCULIN HYPERSENSITIVENESS IN NON-TUBERCULOUS GUINEA PIGS INDUCED BY INJECTIONS OF BACILLUS-FREE FILTRATES
Authors: McJunkin Frank A.
Published: June 2004

1. When a guinea pig with well developed peritoneal tuberculosis is injected intraperitoneally with about 20 cc. of a heavy suspension of a virulent tubercle bacillus (Culture H37) death occurs within 24 hours or the animal becomes extremely toxic. Such a peritoneal tuberculosis develops in about 1 month after 1 cc. of. a very heavy suspension of Culture H37 has been introduced into the abdominal cavity. If the viscid fluid which is contained within the peritoneal cavity is mixed with saline solution and passed through a Berkefeld filter a bacillus-free filtrate is obtained which induces in normal guinea pigs a certain degree of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to tuberculin.

2. The abdominal organs and the parietal peritoneum, to which masses of leucocytes and tubercle bacilli are adherent, when crushed and extracted with saline solution yield a filtrate which likewise induces a cutaneous hypersensitiveness.

3. The cutaneous hypersensitiveness does not appear before the 7th or 8th day after the filtrate injection and is therefore considered to be the result of an active sensitization of the animal.
DISSOCIATION OF MICROBIC SPECIES
Authors: De Kruif Paul H.
Published: June 2004

Two types of organism have been shown to exist in cultures of the bacillus of rabbit septicemia, recently isolated from spontaneous infections.

One, Microbe D, grows diffusely in serum and plain broth, forms rather opaque, fluorescing colonies on serum agar, and is highly virulent for rabbits. These characters are retained throughout many passages in serum or plain broth.

The other type, Microbe G, flocculates rapidly in fluid media, forms translucent) bluish colonies with little fluorescence, and exhibits extremely low virulence for rabbits. Like Microbe D, its distinguishing characters persist throughout many passages in artificial media.

Two methods for the dissociation of these varieties from the parent culture have been described.

The two types are morphologically indistinguishable and possess identical fermentation reactions.

Rabbits surviving inoculation with Type G are resistant to multiple lethal doses of Type D. The agglutination reactions bear out this suggestion of the antigenic identity of the varieties. Community of antigenic character is rendered certain by the results of absorption reactions.

Microbe D, in contact with immune serum, flocculates well at 55°, but poorly or not at all at 37°C. Microbe G, on the other hand, agglutinates easily at both temperatures.

Microbe D, after being carried through twenty-five passages in serum and in plain broth, retains perfectly its characteristics of diffuse growth and of virulence, in the plain as well as in the serum broth.
EFFECT OF SMALL DOSES OF X-RAYS ON HYPERTROPHIED TONSILS AND OTHER LYMPHOID STRUCTURES OF THE NASOPHARYNX
Authors: Murphy James B. , Witherbee William D. , Craig Stuart L. , Hussey Raymond G. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

46 individuals with tonsils both hypertrophied and otherwise pathologically altered and some of whom had in addition adenoid masses and lymphoid deposits posterior to the pillars of the fauces, were given exposures to x-rays. In all but four cases the treatment was followed by marked atrophy of the tonsils and the other lymphoid deposits, attended by an opening and drainage of the tonsillar crypts. As this process progressed the previously enlarged tonsils assumed a smooth and normal appearance and the hemolytic bacteria—streptococci and staphylococci chiefly—which were often present in the affected tonsil disappeared usually within 4 weeks of the treatment.
REACTIONS OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND POSTNASAL SPACE TO CHILLING OF THE BODY SURFACE
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Goldman Alfred , Grant Samuel B.
Published: June 2004

Devices are described by means of which the terminals of thermopiles may be held in stable apposition with the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space and local temperature variations thus followed.

Chilling of the body surface has without exception caused depression of the temperature of the nasal mucosa surface, amounting in some instances to as much as 6°C., and indicating marked reflex vasoconstriction and diminution of blood supply. With rewrapping, partial recovery of blood supply promptly occurs, although recovery has been incomplete within the duration of the experiments in ten of twelve instances.

Application of the wires within the nasal cavity has usually caused pain and discharge of clear mucus, sometimes also lacrimation and sneezing. The rhinorrhea has occurred both on the side directly irritated and on the opposite side, although on the former more abundantly, and has apparently been little if at all affected by the diminished blood supply and shrinkage of the mucous membrane incident to chilling the body surface. Discharge from the nose has been at most a rare occurrence in experiments in which the nasal mucosa was not directly irritated.

The temperature of the nasopharyngeal mucosa surface has also been depressed, typically between 1° and 2°C., with chilling of the body surface. This depression has also been shown to have local reflex vasoconstriction and ischemia as its basis. With rewrapping, prompt return toward normal occurs, but here also recovery of blood supply has in the majority of instances not been complete within the duration of the experiments.

The thresholds of the chilling vasoconstrictor reflex to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and postnasal space, tonsil, oropharynx, and palate and the threshold of the reflex to the skin of the trunk have been found to be lower than the threshold of the like reflex to the skin of the forehead. Disrobing 'the warmly wrapped subject in a room a little below ordinary room temperature has been found sufficient to cause marked vasoconstriction in the sites of the former group, but only slight or no vasoconstriction in the forehead.

A number of instances of cold or sore throat occurred among the subjects of the experiments, in several instances correlated with somewhat interesting bacteriologic findings which will be described elsewhere.
THE CONCENTRATING ACTIVITY OF THE GALL BLADDER
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

The bile coming at one time from different portions of the liver of the dog has nearly the same amount of pigment per cubic centimeter. With this determined we have studied the power of the gall bladder to concentrate bile directed to it, using as criterion the pigment strength of a sample collected throughout the period of experiment from a duct branch. The extent and rapidity of the concentration are alike remarkable. A gall bladder emptied at the beginning of one experiment and left to fill from the liver, concentrated the 49.8 cc. of bile reaching it in 22½ hours to 4.6 cc., that is to say reduced its bulk 10.8 times; while another bladder left distended with a bile of known constitution and receiving in addition fresh increments from the liver concentrated the secretion 8.9 times in 22 hours. A series of five emptied bladders concentrated the bile coming to them in about 24 hours on the average 7.1 times, or a little more than the 6.4 times of seven organs left full. The conditions in both cases were relatively unfavorable to the withdrawal of fluid from the bile because this takes place by osmosis and diffusion, with the ultimate Δ always that of the blood, and the secretion in our animals was notably rich in solids as an indirect result of the operation.

The rapidity with which fluid is withdrawn through the wall of the bladder may be judged from some experiments in which a bag was connected with the tip of the organ by a large cannula. Merely in its passage through the bladder the bile was concentrated 2.3 to 4.8 times. The finding indicates a potential source of error in observations upon samples of bile obtained from fistulous channels of which the bladder forms a part.

The bile ducts do not withdraw fluid from the secretion they convey but tend to dilute it, as we shall show in a companion paper. The restriction of the concentrating activity to the receptaculum chyli is good evidence that the latter has special significance for the organism. The nature of this significance is briefly discussed.
STUDY OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD
Authors: Ashby Winifred
Published: June 2004

Group IV transfused blood in a recipient of unlike group is eliminated by a blood-destroying activity of the body.

This blood-destroying activity is periodic both in men and women, and in women coincident with menstruation.

The elimination of the transfused blood probably takes place as part of a period of blood-destroying and blood-producing activity of the body, although direct evidence to this effect is so far lacking.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

From the study of a number of instances of eye infection in the rabbit, it was found that a variety of affections might occur following scrotal or testicular inoculations of Treponema pallidum. Those observed included ciliary injection, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and iritis which might occur separately or in combination with one another, except that keratitis and iritis were always accompanied by a reaction in the ciliary vessels and usually by a conjunctivitis.

Several forms of each of these affections were described, and while some of them were regarded as presenting a very characteristic picture, it was recognized that the conditions present in other cases were not sufficiently distinctive to permit of a clinical diagnosis. With a few exceptions, however, the pathology of the lesions was sufficient to identify them as processes of a syphilitic nature.

It was also found that this group of lesions usually arose from a common focus of infection which was located in the episcleral tissues immediately surrounding the cornea. From this point, the infection tended to spread to the conjunctiva and the cornea, or toward the canal of Schlemm and the spaces of Fontana and thence to the ciliary body, the iris, and the choroid. The localization of the lesion and the mode of extension were held to be responsible for the combination of manifestations usually observed.

From an analysis of the circumstances under which affections of the eyes occurred, it was found that the great majority of them occupied a definite position in the scheme of tissue reactions, being the only generalized lesions developed or the last type of lesion to appear.

These facts, together with the unusual frequency of relapse in these affections, were believed to indicate that a low degree of protection was conferred upon these tissues by reactions taking place elsewhere and that the protection afforded by the local reaction was of a feeble character. This deduction was in part confirmed by the fact that it was found to be possible to increase or decrease the incidence of eye lesions by the use of experimental means which varied the scheme of reaction in animals inoculated with a given strain of Treponema pallidum.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

1. The enzyme present in the pneumonic lung exudate still remains active after preservation for 18 months.

2. The enzyme is active at incubator temperature before and after heating to 65°C. for 1 hour. It is slightly active at room temperature and inactive after heating at 75°C. for 1 hour.

3. Dialysis of the enzyme is not demonstrable.

4. Activity persists when the enzyme is mixed with concentrations of sodium chloride varying from normal to thirty-two times normal.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

The purulent sputum obtained during life and the exudate at autopsy from the later stages of lobar pneumonia commonly erode the surface of Löoffler's blood serum. Cellular material obtained from the pneumonic lung in an early stage of lobar pneumonia failed to erode the surface until washed with normal saline solution. Mixtures of washed pneumonic cellular material and normal human serum fail to erode Löffler's blood serum when the amount of cellular material is less than one part of cells to approximately three parts of serum. Erosion occurs when the cellular material exceeds this amount in the ratio.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

Specific agglutinins for the homologous pneumococcus are lacking or present only in small amount in the pneumonic exudates due to the fixed types of pneumococci. Suspensions of fixed types of pneumococci in the supernatant fluid obtained after centrifuging the mash of the pneumonic lung give positive agglutination tests in dilutions not higher than equal parts of suspension and supernatant fluid (1:2). The pneumonic lung contains a soluble substance inhibiting agglutination of the fixed types of pneumococci by the homologous antipneumococcus serum.
STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Authors: Kahn R. L.
Published: June 2004

It is shown by complement fixation studies with protein antigens and specific immune rabbit sera that the rate of fixation of complement is determined by the concentration of antibodies in the immune sera, that the greater part of fixation of complement takes place during the 1st hour, and that fixation is practically completed at the end of 4 hours at ice box temperature.

It is further shown that the rate. of fixation of complement is practically the same at ice box, room, and water bath temperatures, the tendency being for slightly stronger fixation at ice box temperature.
MEASUREMENT OF THE GROWTH OF TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been developed by which two fragments of tissue, put in identical media, can grow at almost the same rate.

2. A method of measuring the growing tissue is described.

3. The differences observed in the rate of growth of two fragments of the 9 year old strain of connective tissue, cultivated in identical media and measured according to this technique, are less than 10 per cent.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Steffen Gustav I.
Published: June 2004

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with three large doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine confers on them a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.

2. The intravenous inoculation of small doses of Pneumococcus Type I vaccine also confers complete immunity against the homologous type of pneumonia.

3. Specific protective bodies may or may not be present in the serum of monkeys vaccinated against Pneumococcus Type I. There appears to be no intimate relation between active immunity against pneumonia and the presence or absence of protective substances in the serum of the vaccinated animal.
THYROIDECTOMY AND PARATHYROIDECTOMY WITH RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Ecker Enrique E. , Goldblatt Harry
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy the maximum and average hemolytic titers of the sera of rabbits injected intravenously with sheep blood are equal to or higher than those of normal animals similarly injected.

2. Thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy does not inhibit antibody production. This fact is in accord with the results of Garibaldi, Launoy and Lévy-Bruhl, Lerda and Diez, and others.

3. Thyroidectomy with partial parathyroidectomy does not cause serious disturbance in the adult rabbit. If the operation is performed properly, the animals survive and only moderate cachexia develops in time.

4. After complete thyroparathyroidectomy a small proportion of the animals survive even after developing very severe tetany. Those that recover do not show further signs of serious disturbance, but in time develop a moderate degree of cachexia no greater than that of the thyroidectomized animals.

5. Thyroparathyroidectomized rabbits develop anti-sheep hemolysin of a uniformly low titer—on an average one-fifth that of the controls.

6. Injection of bovine blood into rabbits that survived complete thyroparathyroidectomy from 1 to 2 months previously results in the production of hemolysin of a uniformly low titer compared with that of normal animals similarly treated.
THE MULTIPLICATION OF FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments and within the limits of accuracy of the method, the temporary multiplication of fibroblasts cultivated in the plasma of an adult animal is not due to the serum. It may be attributed to the presence of a small amount of embryonic juice within the tissue itself.

2. The indefinite multiplication of fibroblasts in a medium composed of adult plasma and of embryonic juice is due neither to the serum nor to the fibrin. It depends entirely on substances contained in the embryonic juice.

3. There is a definite relation between the rate of growth and the concentration of the embryonic juice in the medium.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Carrel Alexis , du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The latent period of cicatrization varies generally from 5 to 7 days.

2. It stops abruptly and contraction starts with its maximum velocity.

3. The formula of du Noüy applies to the beginning of the contraction period as well as to the subsequent periods.
THE DIASTATIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERGLYCEMIA
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Koeckert Herbert L. , Wahl Spencer A.
Published: June 2004

1. The diastatic activity of the blood is not materially changed by the subcutaneous injection of phlorhizin, uranyl nitrate, or adrenalin.

2. The diastatic activity of the blood is not affected by puncture of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

3. The diastatic activity of the blood is definitely increased by subcutaneous injections of morphia when a marked hyperglycemia is produced. The same phenomenon appears in asphyxia.

4. Complete pancreatectomy in dogs produces an increase in the diastatic activity of the blood.

5. The diastatic activity of the blood is not altered by the diet.

6. Ether anesthesia, alone, produces a very slight tendency to increase in the diastatic activity of the blood.

7. Repeated periodic small hemorrhages (4.5 cc.) produce no change in the diastatic activity of the blood until a definite color anemia results, when a slight tendency toward increase occurs simultaneously with the rise in blood sugar.

8. The diastatic activity of the blood is not proportional to the concentration of the sugar in the blood.
TYPHUS FEVER AMONG RECENT IMMIGRANTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

It is experimentally demonstrated in the guinea pig that the blood from an infected Czecho-Slovakian arriving at the Port of New York from Italy contained the virus of typhus fever and that this strain is identical with the epidemic virus present in man and louse in Poland.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID PRODUCTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS
Authors: Goodpasture Ernest W.
Published: June 2004

An experimental study upon the demonstrable effects of large doses of dried thyroid gland and thyroxin upon the myocardium of rabbits has been made. Animals under such treatment show characteristic clinical symptoms with definite, although relatively slight, myocardial lesions. Similarly treated animals which have, in addition, been subjected to chloroform anesthesia show more striking, widespread myocardial necrosis.

These experiments indicate very distinctly that chloroform as an anesthetic in cases of hyperthyroidism is apt to be exceptionally detrimental to the myocardium, and should be avoided.
GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE MEDIUM
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

1. The rate of growth of fibroblasts is markedly modified by slight changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. The curves expressing the rate of growth in function of the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium are nearly symmetrical on both sides of the maximum.

2. The optimum growth of fibroblasts occurs at pH 7.4 to 7.8. A slight change from this reaction has a remarkable influence on the rate of growth.

3. Fibroblasts show more resistance to higher alkalinity than to higher acidity. They grew for only four to six generations in a medium having a pH of 5.5, and for more than ten generations in one of 8.5.

4. The influence of different hydrogen ion concentrations on fibroblasts was only of a quantitative nature.
STUDIES ON THE PHENOMENON OF D'HÉRELLE WITH BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that a lytic fluid for dysentery bacilli can be obtained from the peritoneum of the guinea pig by intraperitoneal inoculation of live dysentery bacilli, and that the lytic action of such a fluid is not strictly specific, but that it exerts a group action on the dysentery-colon-typhoid group of bacilli. A lytic fluid with similar effects was obtained from a child dying of Flexner dysentery infection, and an anti-colon bacillus lytic fluid from a child who died of intussusception with colon bacillus peritonitis.

The action of the lytic fluid on the dysentery bacilli, both in vivo and in vitro, is to divide the culture into sensitive and resistant strains, and the latter can be carried to a degree of very marked, if not complete resistance to lysis. Such resistant strains are not lysogenic, nor are they agglutinable. The sensitive strains are lysogenic and agglutinable. Varying degrees of sensitive and resistant bacilli exist in a single culture. The sensitive bacilli gradually lose the lysogenic property which they acquired under special conditions, but the very resistant bacilli never acquire that property. It is conceivable that the resistant strains are responsible for the untoward outcome of disease in human beings. Theoretically the administration of lytic fluid should rid the intestinal tract of most of the infecting bacilli, and only if completely resistant bacilli in large numbers remain unacted on is the outcome of the disease a fatal one.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

The work reported in this paper relates to the bacteria which can be cultivated from the blood and spleen of guinea pigs at different stages of infection with the virus of typhus fever.

The studies show that during the period of incubation and before the onset of fever no ordinary bacteria appear in the cultures, while on the 1st day of the febrile reaction different bacteria were found in 6 of 26 guinea pigs cultured; on the 2nd day, in 10 of 16; on the 3rd day, in 3 of 4; and on the 4th day in cultures of all of the 4 guinea pigs observed. The findings indicate that the virus of typhus fever is distinct from ordinary cultivable bacteria, and, as the disease set up by the virus progresses, the infected guinea pigs become subject to invasion by secondary or concurrent bacteria which thus induce a mixed infection.

The bacteria which under the influence of the virus of typhus fever thus invade the body of the guinea pig are of several kinds, and vary not only among themselves, but also with the day of the fever on which the examination is made. Thus, on the 1st day of the fever Plotz' bacilli were recovered twice and anaerobic streptococci, proteus bacilli, aerobic diphtheroids, Gärtner type bacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus each once. On the 2nd day Plotz' bacilli were found four times, anaerobic streptococci three times, Gärtner type bacilli, aerobic diphtheroids, Bacillus welchii, aerobic Gram-positive diplobacilli, and Staphylococcus aureus each once. On the 3rd day Plotz' bacilli were recovered once, as were anaerobic streptococci and Grtner type bacilli. On the 4th day Staphylococcus aureus was found twice and Plotz' bacilli and Bacillus proteus each once.

This variation in the kind of bacteria as well as the lack of predominance of one kind over another during the different stages of the febrile reaction in guinea pigs leads us to infer that they occur concurrently with the typhus virus. And since the more unusual of these organisms, the Plotz bacillus, the anaerobic streptococcus, the aerobic diphtheroid, and the diplobacillus are non-pathogenic for guinea pigs, while the more common bacteria such as the Gärtner type bacillus, Welch's bacillus, the proteus bacillus, and the staphylococci induce distinctive effects, and since all the bacteria could be suppressed without their reappearance in guinea pig passages of the virus containing them, we believe that they are independent and unrelated to the true virus of typhus fever.
EXPERIMENTAL MUMPS MENINGITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that an aseptic meningitis of 3 to 5 days duration and favorable prognosis can be induced in cats by intrathecal injection of sterile saliva filtrate from early cases of parotitis, and that such a meningitis can be transmitted to other cats by injecting the cerebrospinal fluid in the same manner. The cerebrospinal fluid does not, at any time, contain bacteria which grow with the ordinary culture methods.
A STUDY OF BACILLUS BOVISEPTICUS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible to study the cultural characters and certain of the immunological relationships of sixteen strains of Bacillus bovisepticus. The organisms have fallen into three distinct cultural groups. The largest group comprises eight strains, four of them obtained in pure cultures from cases of pneumonia in cows, two others were pure infections in calves, the others were associated with other organisms. This group may be characterized as short, non-motile, Gram-negative, encapsulated rods which fail to produce indole but produce clear zones about the deep colonies in horse blood agar plate cultures. Members of this group produce acid in media containing dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and mannitol. The final hydrogen ion concentration in dextrose broth lies between pH 6.3 and 6.1.

The next largest aggregation comprises six strains. These organisms ferment dextrose and saccharose, but do not attack lactose, maltose, or mannitol. All produce indole. All are soluble in ox and guinea pig bile but none are hemolytic.

The other two strains resemble the preceding but attack mannitol in addition to dextrose and saccharose. They produce indole but are not bile-soluble.

In the main the immunological relationship has been found to follow cultural grouping. All of Group I are agglutinated by a serum prepared by immunizing a rabbit with a single Group I strain. This serum fails to agglutinate members of other groups. The same holds true with Group II and III sera. In no instance has cross-agglutination between groups taken place.
THE FACTOR DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF RED MARROW DURING ANEMIA
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Haessler Herbert
Published: June 2004

Rabbits in which a chronic anemia of moderate grade is induced by repeated bleedings repair the hemoglobin loss much more rapidly when given subcutaneous injections of hemoglobin than when this is not the case. But the effect of the injections is not manifest for several weeks, during which many pale corpuscles are put out by the marrow; whence it follows that the introduced pigment does not find its way in quantity direct to the new-formed cells but must follow a more or less roundabout metabolic route, perhaps the same one as that of ordinary iron compounds destined for the blood.

The rapid replacement of the circulating hemoglobin in the injected animals occurs chiefly through an increased production of corpuscular substance having the same color index as that found in uninjected, anemic controls. By color index in this connection is meant the relation of hemoglobin to the volume of the massed corpuscles.

Late in the period of bleedings and hemoglobin injections the demand for stroma for the new-formed blood is far greater than in control animals that have been merely bled, yet the circulating corpuscles show no lessening in resistance to salt solution, such as might perhaps be expected were there a stroma lack. The hematopoietic tissue of the injected animals undergoes an extensive increase—a fact which speaks strongly for the view that the elements out of which stroma is formed are still abundant.

The factor which determines the spread of red marrow during anemia is shown by our experiments to be the presence in the body of hemoglobin, or perhaps of its precursors, in excess of the amount which can be utilized by the marrow already existing. Numerous illustrations in support of the point can be adduced from human pathology. Two will suffice. The widespread "currant jelly" marrow of pernicious anemia is found in an organism rendered anemic but supplied with hemoglobin in excess; while the pale, restricted marrow of cases suffering from chronic anemia due to repeated hemorrhages is associated with depletion of the constituents necessary for pigment production.