bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ca substitution in Ca1‐xSrxTi0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ perovskites for oxygen transport membranes: A promising strategy to improve CO2 tolerance
Authors: Fedeli Paolo , Nigroni Veronica , Malgrati Enrico , Cavaliere Angelo , Cammi Andrea , Drago Francesca
Published: April 2024

Oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) can be operated as efficient oxygen separators and oxygen distributors, but their diffusion is hampered by the lack of appropriate materials with sufficient chemical stability in operating conditions. Mixed ionic‐electronic conducting SrTiO3‐based perovskite are a promising option due to their remarkable resistance in reducing environments, but they are prone to degradation in CO2‐containing atmospheres owing to carbonate formation. In this study, we propose new Ca1‐xSrxTi0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ perovskites where the Sr2+ cation is partially substituted by Ca2+ to improve the tolerance to CO2. We show that, upon increasing Ca molar fraction, the phase stability in CO2 is progressively improved thanks to the mitigation of carbonate growth. The manufacturing process of the membranes benefits from Ca introduction, which promotes powder densification during sintering. A membrane made of Ca0.1Sr0.9Ti0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ exhibited a stable oxygen flux for 340 h at 900°C when swept with He and for 170 h at 900°C when swept with a gaseous stream containing 40% CO2. Post‐test characterizations confirmed the retention of the crystal structure after the long‐term permeation tests. Ca‐substituted SrTi1‐yFeyO3‐δ perovskites can be considered promising materials for OTMs working in harsh environments and in the presence of CO2.
Linking landscape and genetic variation in the heterogeneous Yungas Andean forest' hotspot: a multi taxa approach
Authors: Baccaro Lara Inés , Akmentins Mauricio Sebastián , García Cecilia G. , Martínez Juan José
Published: April 2024

Aim

The factors that influence the diversity of Yungas Andean forest remain unexplored. Our study seeks to investigate the impact of key isolating factors on the genetic structure of multiple taxa, testing for four hypotheses: isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by resistance due to topography (IBRtopo), isolation by resistance due to habitat suitability (IBRsuit) and isolation by environmental dissimilarity (IBE).

Location

Yungas Andean forest.

Taxon

Tetrapoda.

Methods

We analysed a dataset consisting of 477 Cyt‐b sequences from 138 localities, encompassing 13 species. Through multiple matrix regression, Moran Spectral Randomization of Mantel and GDM analyses, we tested the impact of each extrinsic predictor on observed genetic variation and determined the effect size of environmental variation on genetic divergence. Additionally, we investigated the spatial distribution of lineages within the study species.

Results

The genetic variation within the Yungas exhibited varied responses that correspond to the regional landscape heterogeneity. We identified different isolating factors as the main predictor for specific species: IBD forAkodon spegazzinii; IBRtopo for certain small mammals' species; IBE forThylamys cinderellaandOligoryzomys brendae; and IBRsuit forCalomys fecundus,Oreobates barituensisandMelanophryniscus rubriventriswith some considerations. Furthermore, our results support the presence of a latitudinal pattern in the distribution of genetic lineages.

Main Conclusions

The heterogeneous landscape of the Yungas Andean forest posed varied effects on genetic variation. The effect of topography and continuity of suitable habitats over vertebrate dispersal shapes the genetic diversity, in particular topography acts either as a barrier or as corridor, while habitat suitability resistance mainly shapes endemism genetic structure; local climate represents a strong genetic promoter in transition zones; and the effect of geographic distance is less evident when considering other landscape promoter of genetic divergence. This reinforces the understanding that the complex interplay of environmental and historical factors contributes to the observed patterns of genetic diversity in this region.
The Geoeconomic Turn of the Single European Market? Conceptual Challenges and Empirical Trends
Authors: Herranz‐Surrallés Anna , Damro Chad , Eckert Sandra
Published: April 2024

The nature of global economic interactions is undergoing profound changes. Rising concerns over the security and strategic implications of economic interdependence are leading to what is often defined as a ‘geoeconomic world order’. In framing this Special Issue, this article sets a common conceptual ground to assess whether, how and why the single European market is experiencing such ageoeconomic turnand how EU responses are shaping other international actors in the process. It develops a research agenda to examine (i) thesystemic pressurespushing towards geoeconomic responses, (ii) theinternal driversand processes determining the nature of the EU's geoeconomic turn (what we term ‘shades of geopoliticisation’) and (iii) theexternal consequencesof the EU's embrace of geoeconomics. The analytical discussion is complemented by an overview of empirical trends, drawing examples from the various fields of market integration and European policy‐making covered in the contributions to this Special Issue.
Do traumatic events and substance use co‐occur during adolescence? Testing three causal etiologic hypotheses
Authors: Patel Herry , Tapert Susan F. , Brown Sandra A. , Norman Sonya B. , Pelham William E.
Published: April 2024

Background

Why do potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and substance use (SU) so commonly co‐occur during adolescence? Causal hypotheses developed from the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) among adults have not yet been subject to rigorous theoretical analysis or empirical tests among adolescents with the precursors to these disorders: PTEs and SU. Establishing causality demands accounting for various factors (e.g. genetics, parent education, race/ethnicity) that distinguish youth endorsing PTEs and SU from those who do not, a step often overlooked in previous research.

Methods

We leveraged nationwide data from a sociodemographically diverse sample of youth (N = 11,468) in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. PTEs and substance use prevalence were assessed annually. To account for the many pre‐existing differences between youth with and without PTE/SU (i.e. confounding bias) and provide rigorous tests of causal hypotheses, we linked within‐person changes in PTEs and SU (alcohol, cannabis, nicotine) across repeated measurements and adjusted for time‐varying factors (e.g. age, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and friends' use of substances).

Results

Before adjusting for confounding using within‐person modeling, PTEs and SU exhibited significant concurrent associations (βs = .46–1.26, ps < .05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (βs = .55–1.43, ps < .05) but not vice versa. After adjustment for confounding, the PTEs exhibited significant concurrent associations for alcohol (βs = .14–.23, ps < .05) and nicotine (βs = .16, ps < .05) but not cannabis (βs = ‐.01, ps > .05) and PTEs prospectively predicted greater SU (βs = .28–.55, ps > .05) but not vice versa.

Conclusions

When tested rigorously in a nationwide sample of adolescents, we find support for a model in which PTEs are followed by SU but not for a model in which SU is followed by PTEs. Explanations for why PTSD and SUD co‐occur in adults may need further theoretical analysis and adaptation before extension to adolescents.
Human‐multimodal deep learning collaboration in ‘precise’ diagnosis of lupus erythematosus subtypes and similar skin diseases
Authors: Li Qianwen , Yang Zhi , Chen Kaili , Zhao Ming , Long Hai , Deng Yueming , Hu Haoran , Jia Chen , Wu Meiyu , Zhao Zhidan , Zhu Huan , Zhou Suqing , Zhao Mingming , Cao Pengpeng , Zhou Shengnan , Song Yang , Tang Guishao , Liu Juan , Jiang Jiao , Liao Wei , Zhou Wenhui , Yang Bingyi , Xiong Feng , Zhang Suhan , Gao Xiaofei , Jiang Yiqun , Zhang Wei , Zhang Bo , He Yan‐ling , Ran Liwei , Zhang Chunlei , Wu Wenting , Suolang Quzong , Luo Hanhuan , Kang Xiaojing , Wu Caoying , Jin Hongzhong , Chen Lei , Guo Qing , Gui Guangji , Li Shanshan , Si Henan , Guo Shuping , Liu Hong‐Ye , Liu Xiguang , Ma Guo‐Zhang , Deng Danqi , Yuan Limei , Lu Jianyun , Zeng Jinrong , Jiang Xian , Lyu Xiaoyan , Chen Liuqing , Hu Bin , Tao Juan , Liu Yuhao , Wang Gang , Zhu Guannan , Yao Zhirong , Xu Qianyue , Yang Bin , Wang Yu , Ding Yan , Yang Xianxu , Kai Hu , Wu Haijing , Lu Qianjin
Published: April 2024

Background

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Due to the complexity of cutaneous LE (CLE), clinical skin image‐based artificial intelligence is still experiencing difficulties in distinguishing subtypes of LE.

Objectives

We aim to develop a multimodal deep learning system (MMDLS) for human‐AI collaboration in diagnosis of LE subtypes.

Methods

This is a multi‐centre study based on 25 institutions across China to assist in diagnosis of LE subtypes, other eight similar skin diseases and healthy subjects. In total, 446 cases with 800 clinical skin images, 3786 multicolor‐immunohistochemistry (multi‐IHC) images and clinical data were collected, and EfficientNet‐B3 and ResNet‐18 were utilized in this study.

Results

In the multi‐classification task, the overall performance of MMDLS on 13 skin conditions is much higher than single or dual modals (Sen = 0.8288, Spe = 0.9852, Pre = 0.8518, AUC = 0.9844). Further, the MMDLS‐based diagnostic‐support help improves the accuracy of dermatologists from 66.88% ± 6.94% to 81.25% ± 4.23% (p = 0.0004).

Conclusions

These results highlight the benefit of human‐MMDLS collaborated framework in telemedicine by assisting dermatologists and rheumatologists in the differential diagnosis of LE subtypes and similar skin diseases.
Experience and caring needs of patients with psoriasis: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Ou Minxing , Xue Yanan , Qin Yiyi , Zhang Xiujie
Published: April 2024

Background

As a chronic skin disease, psoriasis often affects the physical, psychological and social status of the patient, which in turn impacts on their experience of illness and needs. However, there is no review of qualitative research that integrates and analyses the experiences and needs of these three influences from a holistic perspective.

Methods

This review follows the ENTREQ guidelines. Six English databases (JBI, Cochrane Library, PubMed, PsyINFO, CINAHL and Embase) and three Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP and Wanfang) were searched from January 2012 to October 2022. Literature was included if it was relevant to the experience of illness and caring needs of patients with psoriasis. The JBI‐QARI was used to rate the quality of included studies.

Results

Eleven studies were included in the meta‐synthesis. Four analytical themes were identified for analysis: physical challenges, psychological discomfort, social phenomena and caring needs.

Conclusions

The combined physical, psychological and social effects of psoriasis and the consequent caring needs should be emphasised. Health professionals, including doctors and nurses, should be aware of the multiple changes in patients and their coping strategies, provide information about psoriasis, monitor and follow‐up regularly over time and obtain feedback to inform further treatment and care so as to develop high‐quality therapeutic interventions to help and guide patients with their coping strategies.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

These findings describe the physical, psychological and social experiences of illness and caring needs of patients with psoriasis. Healthcare professionals should be more aware of patients' easily overlooked psychological and social distress, providing prompt attention and recognition of patients' experiences and needs, offering relevant assistance and support and enhancing daily, regular follow‐up to help them improve their understanding of and ability to manage their illness.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This is a meta‐synthesis without direct patient involvement.
Psychological treatments for temporomandibular disorder pain—A systematic review
Authors: Christidis Nikolaos , Al‐Moraissi Essam Ahmed , Al‐Ak'hali Mohammed Sultan , Minarji Natalie , Zerfu Bethel , Grigoriadis Anastasios , Schibbye Robert , Christidis Maria
Published: April 2024

Objective

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common. They affect abilities for carrying out daily tasks and influence different psychological aspects. In addition to standard treatment, psychological treatments have been suggested. The aim was to investigate the effects of psychological treatments on patients with painful TMD in a short‐ and long‐term perspective.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search was conducted in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) reporting psychological interventions for TMD. Registered beforehand in PROSPERO (CRD42022320106). In total, 18 RCTs were included; six RCTs that could be used in the meta‐analysis, and all 18 RCTs were used in the narrative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane's tool for assessing risk of bias and certainty of evidence by GRADE.

Results

The narrative synthesis indicates that psychological treatment options seem equivalent to standard treatment for painful TMD. The meta‐analysis showed that a combination of psychological treatment and standard treatment and manual treatment (very low‐quality evidence) are significantly better in pain reduction than just counselling and standard treatments of TMD.

Conclusion

This study indicates that psychological treatments seem to reduce pain intensity in individuals with painful TMD, and that the effect seems to be equally good as standard treatment. However, a combination of psychological treatments and standard treatments seems to have an even better effect. This indicates that psychological treatments are promising as an additional treatment approach for painful TMDs.
Utility of immature platelet fraction in the Sysmex XN‐1000V for the differential diagnosis of central and peripheral thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats
Authors: Perez‐Ecija Alejandro , Martinez Carmen , Fernandez‐Castañer Julio , Mendoza Francisco J.
Published: April 2024

Background

The immature platelet fraction (IPF), a parameter obtained by the Sysmex XN‐1000V analyzer, is used in humans to differentiate between central (CEN) and peripheral (PER) thrombocytopenia (TP) but has not been evaluated in small animals.

Objectives

Compare IPF between healthy, clinical non‐TP and TP dogs and cats, study IPF in different causes of TP in dogs and cats and, establish IPF reference intervals (RIs), and study the effect of age and sex on IPF in healthy dogs and cats.

Animals

A total of 3281 dogs and 726 cats.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical records. Animals were classified as nonthrombocytopenic (healthy group and group of clinical patients without TP [NTP]) or TP. These latter animals were subclassified as pseudothrombocytopenia (PSE), CEN and PER, based on evaluation of platelet clumps, estimated platelet count in blood smears and final diagnosis. Blood samples were evaluated using a Sysmex XN‐1000V with a specific platelet channel (PLT‐F).

Results

The IPF was significantly different between each subtype of TP in both species. Immature platelet fractions <6.9% in dogs or 13.6% in cats, once PSE has been eliminated by review of blood smears, are indicative of CEN. Reference intervals for IPF were 0.5%‐8% in healthy dogs and 1%‐40.3% in healthy cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We determined that IPF can differentiate between CEN and PER in dogs and cats, guiding additional testing and avoiding more invasive procedures (bone marrow sampling). A blood smear always should be evaluated to rule out platelet clumping.
Annual species' experimental germination responses to light and temperature do not correspond with their microhabitat associations in the field
Authors: da Silva Isis A. , Merritt David J. , Erickson Todd E. , Mayfield Margaret M. , Dwyer John M.
Published: April 2024

Questions

Annual species have evolved sets of germination cues that are thought to be predictive of the post‐germination environment. In naturally patchy environments, germination microsites often vary considerably in the amount of light they receive and in the diurnal temperature fluctuations they experience. However, whether species' differential germination responses to light and temperature are associated with their spatial patterns of occurrence remains largely untested.

Location

Mediterranean‐climate woodlands in Southwest Western Australia.

Methods

We surveyed species' occurrences in annual plant communities in 150 quadrats across gradients of canopy cover and litter cover. Nineteen species recorded in this survey were then included in a germination experiment that manipulated (1) Light vs Dark (12 h light or continuous dark) approximating seeds near the soil surface vs those covered by litter and (2) Cold vs Warm temperature regimes (7/18°C and 7/24°C) approximating diurnal fluctuations experienced in shaded vs sun‐exposed microsites, respectively.

Results

In the germination experiment, six species had highest germination probabilities in the Light treatment (regardless of temperature), five in Cold + Light, one in Warm + Light, two were indifferent to the treatments, and four did not germinate at all. Binomial linear mixed‐effects models showed that species' maximum responses to light and temperature did not explain their spatial distributions along canopy cover and litter cover gradients, contrary to theoretical expectations of germination being a strong driver of species' occurrences.

Conclusions

Despite variation in species' responses to experimental treatments, no association was found with their field microsite associations. Germination strategies in our system were wider than expected for Mediterranean systems. Our results support that germination cues are not strong drivers of microhabitat associations in this system.
Case‐based discussion of the acute hepatic porphyrias: Updates on pathogenesis, diagnosis and management
Authors: Balwani Manisha , Keel Siobán , Meissner Peter , Sonderup Mark , Stein Penelope , Yasuda Makiko
Published: April 2024

The acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) include three autosomal dominant disorders, acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria  and hereditary coproporphyria, and the ultra‐rare autosomal recessive 5‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase‐deficient porphyria. All four are characterized by episodic acute neurovisceral attacks that can be life‐threatening if left untreated. The attacks are precipitated by factors that induce hepatic 5‐aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), resulting in accumulation of the porphyrin precursors, 5‐aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, which are believed to cause neurotoxicity. Diagnosis of these rare disorders is often delayed because the symptoms are non‐specific with many common aetiologies. However, once clinical suspicion of an AHP is raised, diagnosis can be made by specialized biochemical testing, particularly during attacks. Moderate or severe attacks are treated with intravenous hemin infusions, together with supportive care to relieve pain and other symptoms. Prophylactic treatments are recommended in patients with confirmed recurrent attacks (≥4 attacks in a maximum period of 12 months), the most effective being givosiran, an RNAi therapeutic targeting hepatocyte ALAS1 mRNA. AHP patients with clinically and/or biochemically active disease are at elevated risk for developing long‐term complications, including chronic kidney disease, chronic hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma, thus, surveillance is recommended. Here, using a case‐based format, we provide an update on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the AHPs based on literature review and clinical experiences.
The EIN3 transcription factor GmEIL1 improves soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Chen Xi , Sun Yan , Yang Yu , Zhao Yuxin , Zhang Chuanzhong , Fang Xin , Gao Hong , Zhao Ming , He Shengfu , Song Bo , Liu Shanshan , Wu Junjiang , Xu Pengfei , Zhang Shuzhen
Published: April 2024

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean (Glycine max), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is an extremely destructive disease worldwide. In this study, we identified GmEIL1, which encodes an ethylene‐insensitive3 (EIN3) transcription factor. GmEIL1 was significantly induced following P. sojae infection of soybean plants. Compared to wild‐type soybean plants, transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmEIL1 showed enhanced resistance to P. sojae and GmEIL1‐silenced RNA‐interference lines showed more severe symptoms when infected with P. sojae. We screened for target genes of GmEIL1 and confirmed that GmEIL1 bound directly to the GmERF113 promoter and regulated GmERF113 expression. Moreover, GmEIL1 positively regulated the expression of the pathogenesis‐related gene GmPR1. The GmEIL1‐regulated defence response to P. sojae involved both ethylene biosynthesis and the ethylene signalling pathway. These findings suggest that the GmEIL1‐GmERF113 module plays an important role in P. sojae resistance via the ethylene signalling pathway.
Genome comparisons reveal accessory genes crucial for the evolution of apple Glomerella leaf spot pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fungi
Authors: Liang Xiaofei , Yu Wei , Meng Yanan , Shang Shengping , Tian Huanhuan , Zhang Zhaohui , Rollins Jeffrey A. , Zhang Rong , Sun Guangyu
Published: April 2024

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an emerging fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum fructicola and other Colletotrichum species. These species are polyphyletic and it is currently unknown how these pathogens convergently evolved to infect apple. We generated chromosome‐level genome assemblies of a GLS‐adapted isolate and a non‐adapted isolate in C. fructicola using long‐read sequencing. Additionally, we resequenced 17 C. fructicola and C. aenigma isolates varying in GLS pathogenicity using short‐read sequencing. Genome comparisons revealed a conserved bipartite genome architecture involving minichromosomes (accessory chromosomes) shared by C. fructicola and other closely related species within the C. gloeosporioides species complex. Moreover, two repeat‐rich genomic regions (1.61 Mb in total) were specifically conserved among GLS‐pathogenic isolates in C. fructicola and C. aenigma. Single‐gene deletion of 10 accessory genes within the GLS‐specific regions of C. fructicola identified three that were essential for GLS pathogenicity. These genes encoded a putative non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase, a flavin‐binding monooxygenase and a small protein with unknown function. These results highlight the crucial role accessory genes play in the evolution of Colletotrichum pathogenicity and imply the significance of an unidentified secondary metabolite in GLS pathogenesis.
Temporal trend of food consumption markers, breakfast consumption and association with overweight/obesity in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years between 2007 and 2019
Authors: Costa Larissa da Cunha Feio , Barboza Bernardo Paz , Rossi Camila Elizandra , Roberto Denise Miguel Teixeira , Hinnig Patrícia de Fragas , de Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes
Published: April 2024

Obesity has a multifactorial origin. Among the behavioural risk factors, excessive consumption of unhealthy foods, skipping breakfast and reduced physical activity stand out. The main objective of this article was to identify trends in dietary habits and their association with overweight/obesity over a 12‐year period in schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. A cross‐sectional panel analysis study, using anthropometric, sociodemographic, physical activity and food consumption data of schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years, collected in three waves of the Study of Prevalence of Obesity in Children and Adolescents (EPOCA), carried out during the years 2007, 2012/2013 and 2018/2019, was performed. To analyse the trend in dietary variables over the years, the 95% CIs were compared with the non‐overlap of intervals indicating statistical significance. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association of weight status with dietary markers. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 34.4%, 37.2% and 34.2% in 2007, 2012/2013 and 2018/2019, respectively, and there were no statistically significant differences among waves. There was a progressive and significant reduction in the consumption of soft drinks and sweets and in eating breakfast by schoolchildren, from 2007 to 2019. Breakfast consumption was inversely associated with the chance of overweight/obesity (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.93), and female students were less likely to have overweight/obesity when compared to boys (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.81). The reduction in the consumption of soft drinks and sweets over the years might be caused by efforts in public policies that intended to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foods among schoolchildren. The progressive and significant reduction in having breakfast should be better elucidated in future studies, to minimise the potential impact of this practice on schoolchildren's bodyweight.
Effects of vision therapy on near exodeviation in children with convergence insufficiency treated during the convergence insufficiency treatment trials
Authors: Schulman Erica , Scheiman Mitchell , Kulp Marjean T. , Roberts Tawna L. , Cotter Susan , Sinnott Loraine T. , Toole Andrew ,   The CITT‐ART Investigator Group
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To report the change in the magnitude of near exodeviation in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency successfully treated with office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial–Attention and Reading Trial.

Methods

A total of 131 children 9–14 years of age with symptomatic convergence insufficiency classified as successfully treated with office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy at the 16‐week outcome visit were included. Masked examiners measured the near ocular deviation by the prism and alternate cover test at baseline, primary outcome and 1‐year post‐treatment. The mean change in near deviation was calculated from baseline to primary outcome, from primary outcome to 1‐year post‐treatment and from baseline to 1‐year post‐treatment.

Results

Of the 131 participants successfully treated with vergence/accommodative therapy, 120 completed the 1‐year post‐treatment visit. A significant change in near exodeviation was observed at baseline to primary outcome (2.6Δ less exo, p < 0.001, moderate effect size d = 0.61) and at baseline to 1‐year post‐treatment (2.0Δ less exo; p < 0.001, small effect size d = 0.45). The change from primary outcome to 1‐year post‐treatment (0.6Δ more exo; p = 0.06, small effect size d = 0.11) was not significant. Forty per cent (48/120) of participants had a decrease in near exodeviation >3.5∆ (expected test/retest variability) between baseline and the primary outcome examination. Of the 120 participants, one (1.0%) was esophoric at the primary outcome and was subsequently exophoric at 1‐year post‐treatment. Four participants (3.3%) who were orthophoric or exophoric at the primary outcome were esophoric (all ≤3∆) at the 1‐year post‐treatment visit.

Conclusion

On average, the near exodeviation was smaller in size immediately after the discontinuation of vergence/accommodative therapy (2.6∆, moderate effect size) and 1 year post vergence/accommodative therapy (2.0∆, small effect size) in children with convergence insufficiency who were successfully treated; 40% had a clinically meaningful decrease in exophoria. The development of near esophoria was rare.
Does Family Structure Account for Child Achievement Gaps by Parental Education? Findings for England, France, Germany and the United States
Authors: Solaz Anne , Panico Lidia , Sheridan Alexandra , Schneider Thorsten , Dräger Jascha , Waldfogel Jane , Kwon Sarah Jiyoon , Washbrook Elizabeth , Perinetti Casoni Valentina
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the role of family trajectories during childhood in explaining inequalities by maternal education in children's math and reading skills using harmonized, longitudinal, and nationally representative surveys, which follow children over the course of primary and lower secondary school in four high‐income countries (England, France, Germany, and the United States). As single parenthood and family transitions are more likely among less educated parents and are associated with fewer resources for children, we explore whether growing up outside a stable two‐parent family mediates educational inequalities in math and reading scores.

Results show a strong educational gradient in family trajectories in the four countries, but this varies by child age and by country. Children who experience a family transition record lower test scores, although the magnitude differs by the type of postseparation arrangements.

Overall, family trajectories are strongly associated with children's math and reading scores but, because of the importance of selectivity in family trajectories, they play only a modest role in explaining the skills gaps by maternal education, considerably less than determinants such as income. The penalties associated with not living within a stable two‐parent family are always larger in the United States and England than in France and Germany.
Hypoxia reshapes Arabidopsis root architecture by integrating ERF‐VII factor response and abscisic acid homoeostasis
Authors: Eysholdt‐Derzsó Emese , Hause Bettina , Sauter Margret , Schmidt‐Schippers Romy R.
Published: April 2024

Oxygen limitation (hypoxia), arising as a key stress factor due to flooding, negatively affects plant development. Consequently, maintaining root growth under such stress is crucial for plant survival, yet we know little about the root system's adaptions to low‐oxygen conditions and its regulation by phytohormones. In this study, we examine the impact of hypoxia and, herein, the regulatory role of group VII ETHYLENE‐RESPONSE FACTOR (ERFVII) transcription factors on root growth in Arabidopsis. We found lateral root (LR) elongation to be actively maintained by hypoxia via ERFVII factors, as erfVII seedlings possess hypersensitivity towards hypoxia regarding their LR growth. Pharmacological inhibition of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis revealed ERFVII‐driven counteraction of hypoxia‐induced inhibition of LR formation in an ABA‐dependent manner. However, postemergence LR growth under hypoxia mediated by ERFVIIs was independent of ABA. In roots, ERFVIIs mediate, among others, the induction of ABA‐degrading ABA 8′‐hydroxylases CYP707A1 expression. RAP2.12 could activate the pCYC707A1:LUC reporter gene, indicating, combined with single mutant analyses, that this transcription factor regulates ABA levels through corresponding transcript upregulation. Collectively, hypoxia‐induced adaptation of the Arabidopsis root system is shaped by developmental reprogramming, whereby ERFVII‐dependent promotion of LR emergence, but not elongation, is partly executed through regulation of ABA degradation.
Complex cutaneous leishmaniasis in a pediatric patient
Authors: Dhami Ramneek K. , Tollefson Megha M. , Turbeville Jackson G.
Published: April 2024

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a parasitic infection caused by Leishmania protozoa and transmitted by sandfly bites, can be classified into Old World and New World subtypes. We report a case of a 2‐year‐old female who developed complex CL after travel to Panama. Ultimately, successful treatment required two rounds of liposomal amphotericin B. We report this case for its challenging clinical course and management.
New trends on personalized sunscreens
Authors: Gracia‐Cazaña Tamara , Aguilera José , Navarro‐Bielsa Alba , González Salvador , Lim Henry W. , Gilaberte Yolanda
Published: April 2024

Background/Purpose

Nowadays, there are emerging trends in customized and personalized photoprotection, focusing on the innovative approaches to enhance sun protection efficacy tailored to individual needs.

Methods

We conducted an electronic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Skin Register, and TESEO. Specific search terms related to personalized photoprotection and the variables of age, genetic predisposition, skin phototype, photodermatosis, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, as well as lifestyle habits were used.

Results/Conclusion

The article highlights the challenges and opportunities in adopting personalized photoprotection strategies, aiming to promote skin health and prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation in the era of precision medicine.
Too close for comfort: the pitfall of incumbents' knowledge search during industry evolution
Authors: Tryggvason Finn Jonas , Giones Ferran
Published: April 2024

Innovation shocks combine technology and market disruptions. They can lead to a complete overhaul of an industry. Building on prior work on firm‐level responses to technological uncertainty, we propose and explore a model to explain R&D behavior under uncertainty. We theorize that industry incumbents adjust their knowledge search as the innovation shock unfolds, reacting to the perceived sources of uncertainty. We use a unique combination of two decades (2000–2020) of patent data and archival news to (1) identify the industry evolution stages as the shock unfolds and (2) map the firm's knowledge search response. Our analysis of three leading car manufacturers exposed to the emergence of the electric vehicle shows the path‐dependency effects that delay the incumbents’ adjustment of their innovation direction, even after the shock becomes visible. We extract insights for R&D managers by making evident the long‐lasting effects of prior R&D decisions, impeding their reaction to a shock and reducing their capability to integrate newly available knowledge.
Improving gay, bisexual and transgender inclusion in blood and plasma donation policies and programmes in Canada: A qualitative study
Authors: Wright Isaac , Gahagan Jacqueline
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives

An increasing number of blood operators around the world, including those in Canada, have removed time‐based deferral periods for gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and replaced them with sexual behaviour‐based questions for all donors. While this marks a significant shift in screening approach, what remains unclear is how members of two‐spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (2S/LGBTQ+) communities view blood operators' initiatives to be more inclusive. As such, this study was conducted to assess the awareness of donor screening changes and other initiatives among members of 2S/LGBTQ+ communities and to explore their recommendations for blood operators' work with these communities.

Materials and Methods

Semi‐structured qualitative interviews (n = 15) were conducted with 2S/LGBTQ+ people across Canada. Data were analysed using open inductive coding methods.

Results

Reported here are the key results on recommendations for blood operators. Three themes were identified from the data: (1) the need for increased communications with 2S/LGBTQ+ communities surrounding changes to donor policies and guidelines; (2) the need for trans‐inclusive policy and procedures; and (3) the need for culturally responsive and equity‐informed staff training at donor centres.

Conclusion

Results suggest that blood operators should consider 2S/LGTBQ+ communities when developing blood and plasma donation policies, screening procedures and staff training. Increased consultation with these communities is desired, and further research specific to the experiences of transgender blood donors is needed.
Motor unit discharge rate modulation during isometric contractions to failure is intensity‐ and modality‐dependent
Authors: Valenčič Tamara , Ansdell Paul , Brownstein Callum G. , Spillane Padraig M. , Holobar Aleš , Škarabot Jakob
Published: April 2024

The physiological mechanisms determining the progressive decline in the maximal muscle torque production capacity during isometric contractions to task failure are known to depend on task demands. Task‐specificity of the associated adjustments in motor unit discharge rate (MUDR), however, remains unclear. This study examined MUDR adjustments during different submaximal isometric knee extension tasks to failure. Participants performed a sustained and an intermittent task at 20% and 50% of maximal voluntary torque (MVT), respectively (Experiment 1). High‐density surface EMG signals were recorded from vastus lateralis (VL) and medialis (VM) and decomposed into individual MU discharge timings, with the identified MUs tracked from recruitment to task failure. MUDR was quantified and normalised to intervals of 10% of contraction time (CT). MUDR of both muscles exhibited distinct modulation patterns in each task. During the 20% MVT sustained task, MUDR decreased until ∼50% CT, after which it gradually returned to baseline. Conversely, during the 50% MVT intermittent task, MUDR remained stable until ∼40–50% CT, after which it started to continually increase until task failure. To explore the effect of contraction intensity on the observed patterns, VL and VM MUDR was quantified during sustained contractions at 30% and 50% MVT (Experiment 2). During the 30% MVT sustained task, MUDR remained stable until ∼80–90% CT in both muscles, after which it continually increased until task failure. During the 50% MVT sustained task the increase in MUDR occurred earlier, after ∼70–80% CT. Our results suggest that adjustments in MUDR during submaximal isometric contractions to failure are contraction modality‐ and intensity‐dependent.

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Key points

During prolonged muscle contractions a constant motor output can be maintained by recruitment of additional motor units and adjustments in their discharge rate.

Whilst contraction‐induced decrements in neuromuscular function are known to depend on task demands, task‐specificity of motor unit discharge behaviour adjustments is still unclear.

In this study, we tracked and compared discharge activity of several concurrently active motor units in the vastii muscles during different submaximal isometric knee extension tasks to failure, including intermittent vs. sustained contraction modalities performed in the same intensity domain (Experiment 1), and two sustained contractions performed at different intensities (Experiment 2).

During each task, motor units modulated their discharge rate in a distinct, biphasic manner, with the modulation pattern depending on contraction intensity and modality.

These results provide insight into motoneuronal adjustments during contraction tasks posing different demands on the neuromuscular system.
Rapid Investigation of Blisk Mistuning Via Piezoelectric-Induced Stiffness Perturbations
Authors: Kelley Christopher R. , Kauffman Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2024

Manufacturing tolerances and engine wear produce slight variations in the nominally identical blades of a bladed disk, or blisk. In theory, the vibrational energy of a tuned blisk is evenly distributed among the identical blades. Mistuning arises when blades are not exactly identical, producing vibration localization at one or more blades that can lead to premature failure via high-cycle fatigue. Blisk designers must consider how expected manufacturing variations and potential engine wear affect blade vibration and lifetime. However, a single experimental blisk can only capture a single mistuned configuration, making experimental assessment of mistuning both cost- and time-prohibitive. This paper investigates piezoelectric-induced stiffness perturbations as a potential approach that enables rapid testing of a wide range of mistuned configurations in a lab environment. Integrating piezoelectric material onto the blisk produces a continuous range of effective blade stiffness values. Piezoelectric stiffness perturbations alter the relative stiffnesses of all blades, changing the mistuned configuration. Simulations of a lumped blisk model characterize piezoelectric mistuning to motivate use in experimental preliminary testing of blisks. Optimization of the piezoelectric stiffness perturbation enables testing of desired mistuned amplitude distributions. Finally, benchtop testing of an academic blisk validates the ability of piezoelectric stiffness perturbations to change the mistuned configuration without any mechanical adjustments. Overall, piezoelectric mistuning enables rapid investigation of a theoretically infinite number of mistuned configurations with only one experimental blisk.
Utility of uterine artery Doppler ultrasound imaging in predicting preeclampsia during pregnancy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Cao Li , He Biyuan , Zhou Yuqing , Chen Tiantian , Gao Yihui , Yao Bingyi
Published: April 2024

Aims: Accurate prediction of preeclampsia could improve maternal outcomes. However, the role of uterine artery Doppler ultrasound in predicting preeclampsia remains unclear.Materials and methods: We comprehensively searched several electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, covering studies published from the time of database creation to September 23, 2023. Studies on the predictive value of uterine artery Doppler ultrasound for preeclampsia were included. The primary pregnancy outcome was preeclampsia. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 scoring scale.Results: The use of resistance index (RI) for predicting preeclampsia demonstrated the highest sensitivity of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30–0.94) and specificity of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.72–0.97), with a pooled area under the curve value of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88–0.93). The use of pulsatility index (PI) for predicting preeclampsia showed a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.45–0.81) and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.77–0.94). Furthermore, preeclampsia prediction via notching showed a sensitivity of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.38–0.68) and specificity of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79–0.95).Conclusions: These findings highlight the varying predictive performance of different preeclampsia indices. PI and RI demonstrated moderate-to-high sensitivity and specificity, whereas notching exhibited relatively lower sensitivity but comparable specificity. Further research and validation are warranted to consolidate these results and enhance the accuracy of preeclampsia prediction.
Self-Reported Physical Activity and Mental Health Among Asylum Seekers in a Refugee Camp
Authors: Filippou Konstantinia , Knappe Florian , Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Morres Ioannis D. , Tzormpatzakis Emmanouil , Havas Elsa , Pühse Uwe , Theodorakis Yannis , Gerber Markus
Published: April 2024

Background: Global forced displacement has been rising steeply since 2015 as a result of wars and human rights abuses. Forcibly displaced people are often exposed to physical and mental strain, which can cause traumatic experiences and poor mental health. Physical activity has been linked with better mental health, although such evidence is scarce among those populations. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships of self-reported physical activity and fitness with mental health indices among people residing in a refugee camp in Greece as asylum seekers. Methods: Participants were 151 individuals (76 women, 75 men; mean age 28.90 y) displaced from their homes for an average of 32.03 months. Among them, 67% were from Afghanistan and countries from southwest Asia, and 33% from sub-Saharan African countries. Participants completed self-report measures assessing physical activity, fitness, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and well-being. Results: High prevalence of mental health disorder symptoms and poor well-being were identified, with women and Asians showing poorer mental health. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety were related to perceived fitness, but not to self-reported physical activity. Regression analysis showed that perceived fitness (β: 0.34; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.52) and low-intensity physical activity (β: 0.24; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.009) significantly positively predicted well-being, showing small to medium effect. Conclusions: The findings provide useful insights regarding the link between physical activity and well-being; nevertheless, further research examining objectively measured physical activity is warranted to complement these data and further explore the associations between physical activity and mental health.
Portrait of the Assessment Practices of Physical Education Teachers in Quebec: Reporting and Grading
Authors: Bezeau David , De Guise Audrey-Anne
Published: April 2024

Purpose: To gain a better understanding of the assessment practices currently implemented by Quebec physical education teachers regarding reporting and grading. Method: Exploratory mixed-methods study using semistructured interviews (n = 13), interviews to the double (n = 12), and a questionnaire (n = 164) with elementary and high school physical education teachers. Results: Participants use different strategies to report student performance. When grading, their strategy is to combine a mathematical approach with their professional judgment. They often consider all the marks taken during a learning and assessment situation and not only those taken at the end of it. Discussion/Conclusions: The main finding of this study is that teachers’ reporting and grading practices are subjective. We discuss how our results show the subjectivity in teachers’ practices and possible explanations for it, and then conclude by trying to understand how to make assessment in physical education more objective.
Assessing the Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Physical Activity Among Women in Southeast England
Authors: Paice Katherine , Hersant Hannah , Anico Shannah , Smith Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in restricting daily physical activity (PA). Women’s PA levels have been disproportionately negatively affected by the pandemic, compared with men. It is important to determine how women’s PA has changed over the pandemic, and if new barriers to PA participation exist since the release of restrictions. Aims: To assess how women in southeast England changed their activity during the pandemic and postpandemic, including how barriers and facilitators to activity have changed. Methods: Three hundred and thirty females completed the first online questionnaire (during lockdown), and 139 completed the postlockdown questionnaire. Questionnaires were designed from the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants self-reported PA, and barriers and facilitators to exercise. Eighteen females then participated in online semistructured focus groups. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used for questionnaire data, and focus group transcriptions were thematically analyzed. Results: Most females maintained PA levels throughout the pandemic. Significant barriers to activity were lack of access to equipment/space, limited time to exercise, limited access to social groups, and finances as well as legal restrictions, safety concerns, gender, and lack of childcare. Similarly, significant facilitators were identified during lockdown and postlockdown for access to equipment, finances, having more time to exercise, and exercising with a social group. Participants both expressed desires to return to prelockdown PA habits, but also maintain new ones that were created. Conclusion: It is evident that the pandemic affected and changed the barriers and facilitators to female PA participation. Governments and industries in the sector should focus on providing services that address these changing habits to improve activity levels in women.