bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Early‐Career Chemists in European Policy‐Making
Authors: John Torsten , Cieślak Maciej , Vargová Denisa , Richardson Shona M. , Mougel Victor , Milić Jovana V.
Published: March 2021

Global societal challenges emphasize the importance of collaboration between scientists and policy‐makers, while the participation of a diverse group of professionals, including early‐career scientists, is critical towards a sustainable future. The European Young Chemists’ Network (EYCN) has been actively working with the European Chemical Society (EuChemS) to create a platform for early‐career chemists in policy advice. This article comments on the possible roles of scientists in policy‐making and provides an overview of relevant initiatives and platforms at the European level that could facilitate involvement. Opportunities for participation in policy advice from the perspective of early‐career chemists are discussed and examples of impact are provided, hoping to stimulate further discussions and engagement in policy‐making.
Effect of Manufacturing Techniques in Pressure Drop on Triple Periodical Minimal Surface Packings
Authors: Zimmer Arthur , PachecoAraújo José D. , Andreassen Kari Anne , Grande Carlos A.
Published: March 2021

Structured packings are important elements to enhance mass and heat transfer in the chemical industry. New techniques of manufacturing, like 3D printing, can create completely new families of solids used for this purpose. In this work the effect of different 3D printing techniques in the manufacture of packings with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) geometry was analyzed and the influence of different 3D printing techniques in the final properties of packings produced with TMPS topologies, both numerically and experimentally, were studied.
Taylor Bubble Study of the Influence of Fluid Dynamics on Yield and Selectivity in Fast Gas‐Liquid Reactions
Authors: Kexel Felix , von Kameke Alexandra , Tenhaus Janina , Hoffmann Marko , Schlüter Michael
Published: March 2021

A consecutive competitive gas‐liquid reaction is investigated using a Taylor bubble setup regarding the influence of fluid mixing in the bubble wake on yield and selectivity. The concentration fields behind a Taylor bubble are visualized and measured quantitatively with a novel time‐resolved absorption imaging technique based on Beer Lamberts law and an integral selectivity is derived. In addition, the calculation of the local selectivity, often used in numerical approaches, is discussed and the existing experimental limits for its derivation are pointed out. Finally, an increase in selectivity of a competitive consecutive reaction for enhanced mixing is experimentally confirmed.
The Conversion of Human Tissue‐Like Inflammatory Monocytes Into Macrophages
Authors: Bsat Marwa , Mehta Heena , Rubio Manuel , Sarfati Marika
Published: March 2021

Classical circulating LyC6high murine monocytes differentiate progressively from inflammatory tissue monocytes to mature macrophages (Mϕ) after entry into gut mucosa. This protocol provides a two‐step in vitro culture method that replicates the human monocyte maturation cascade. First, purified circulating CD14+CD16− monocytes exposed to granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin 23 (IL‐23) differentiate into tissue‐like inflammatory monocytes. Next, addition of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plus interleukin 10 (IL‐10) promotes their maturation into tissue‐like Mϕ. Methods to sort these cells after culture are also provided. The fine‐tuning of this system might open therapeutic avenues for chronic inflammatory disorders. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC

This article was corrected on 25 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of human monocytes from peripheral blood

Basic Protocol 2: First step culture for generation of inflammatory monocyte‐like cells

Basic Protocol 3: Second step culture for differentiation of inflammatory monocyte‐like cells into macrophages

Alternate Protocol: Sorting and culturing of inflammatory monocyte‐like cells
Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Disease: An Emerging Virus Disease on Cotton in the U.S.
Authors: Bag Sudeep , Roberts Phillip M. , Kemerait Robert C.
Published: March 2021

In 2017, symptoms of leaf crinkling, downward curling, and deformation resembling virus‐like diseases were observed in Alabama. Partial gene sequences of the virus identified as cotton leafroll dwarf virus. By 2019, the virus has been detected from all the cotton‐growing states east of Texas, suggesting its widespread presence in the Cotton Belt of the continental U.S. This article discuses the virus’s history, symptoms, diagnosis, host range, properties, and genome. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/945.
Extending the benefits of ESG disclosure: The effect on the cost of debt financing
Authors: Raimo Nicola , Caragnano Alessandra , Zito Marianna , Vitolla Filippo , Mariani Massimo
Published: March 2021

In recent years, greater attention has been paid to sustainability issues. Companies have received increasing pressure from stakeholders to adopt sustainable behavior and provide an adequate representation of sustainability practices. Nonfinancial disclosure has thus taken on a crucial role. In the academic field, several researchers have analyzed the effects of nonfinancial disclosure. However, limited attention has been paid to the impact of nonfinancial information on the cost of debt. This study aims at bridging this gap by analyzing the effect of ESG disclosure on the cost of debt. The fixed effects analysis conducted on a sample of 8264 observations (an unbalanced panel data of 919 firms for the period 2010–2019), shows a negative effect of the ESG disclosure on the cost of debt financing. The results demonstrate that companies with greater levels of transparency in the dissemination of ESG information benefit from accessing third party financial resources at better conditions.
The use of flow cytometry for fungal nuclear DNA quantification
Authors: Talhinhas Pedro , Carvalho Rita , Loureiro João
Published: March 2021

Genome size information is sparse across fungi, with information being available for less than 2000 species. So far, most records have been obtained using static, microscope‐based cytometry methods or derived from genome sequencing projects. Flow cytometry is now considered the state‐of‐the‐art method for obtaining genome size measurements, and appropriate methods and DNA standards are available, enabling the analysis of most genome size ranges in a rapid, robust and inexpensive way. The average fungal genome size is 60 Mbp, but sizes vary across phylogeny, ranging from 2.2 (Encephalitozoon romaleae) to 3706 Mbp (Jafnea semitosta). In several fungal clades, genome size expansion seems to accompany evolution either to plant mutualism or to plant parasitism (particularly biotrophy), and fungi that interact with plants seem to have larger genomes than saprobes and those that interact with animals. Whereas flow cytometry for nuclear DNA quantification is routinely employed in plant sciences for genome size and ploidy studies, its use in fungal biology is still infrequent. Appropriate standards, methods and best practices are described here, with the aim of stimulating a more generalized and widespread use of flow cytometry for fungal genome size measurement.
Invasive trees rely more on mycorrhizas, countering the ideal‐weed hypothesis
Authors: Moyano Jaime , Rodriguez‐Cabal Mariano A. , Nuñez Martin A.
Published: March 2021

The ideal‐weed hypothesis predicts that invasive plants should be less dependent on mutualisms. However, evidence in favor of or against this hypothesis comes mainly from observational studies. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis using a two‐factor greenhouse experiment, comparing the seedling growth response of different Pinus species (varying in invasiveness) to ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation. Most species showed no response until they were 6 mo old, at which point inoculation increased growth between 10 and 260% among the different species. This growth response was higher for species with lower seed mass, higher dispersal ability, higher Z score (a proxy for invasiveness) and higher number of naturalized regions, all of which correspond to higher invasiveness. Our results show that timing is a crucial factor when comparing mycorrhizal dependency of different species. Dependence on mutualistic microorganisms could be part of a strategy in which invasive species produce smaller seeds, in greater number, which can disperse further, but where seedlings are more reliant on mycorrhizas to improve access to water, nutrients, and protection from pathogens. Our results suggest that reliance on mutualisms may enhance, rather than limit, nonnative species in their ability to spread, establish, and colonize.
Rapid evidence‐based sequencing of foundational drugs for heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Packer Milton , McMurray John J.V.
Published: March 2021

Foundational therapy for heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction consists of a combination of an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor, a beta‐blocker, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and a sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. However, the conventional approach to the implementation is based on a historically‐driven sequence that is not strongly evidence‐based, typically requires ≥6 months, and frequently leads to major gaps in treatment. We propose a rapid sequencing strategy that is based on four principles. First, since drugs act rapidly to reduce morbidity and mortality, patients should be started on all four foundational treatments within 2–4 weeks. Second, since the efficacy of each foundational therapy is independent of treatment with the other drugs, priority can be determined by considerations of relative efficacy, safety and ease‐of‐use. Third, low starting doses of foundational drugs have substantial therapeutic benefits, and achievement of low doses of all four classes of drugs should take precedence over up‐titration to target doses. Fourth, since drugs can influence the tolerability of other foundational agents, sequencing can be based on whether agents started earlier can enhance the safety of agents started simultaneously or later in the sequence. We propose an accelerated three‐step approach, which consists of the simultaneous initiation of a beta‐blocker and an SGLT2 inhibitor, followed 1–2 weeks later by the initiation of sacubitril/valsartan, and 1–2 weeks later by a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. The latter two steps can be re‐ordered or compressed depending on patient circumstances. Rapid sequencing is a novel evidence‐based strategy that has the potential to dramatically improve the implementation of treatments that reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction.
Magnetism: Another Idiosyncrasy of Boron?
Authors: Vignolo Maurizio , Bovone Gianmarco , Capra Marco , Loria Federico , Bernini Cristina , Vileno Bertrand , Mager Loïc , Donnio Bertrand , Rastei Mircea V. , Gallani Jean‐Louis
Published: March 2021

We have studied the magnetic properties of various Boron particles obtained by different methods and have found evidence of soft ferromagnetism in all. While our study cannot unequivocally exclude that Boron is at the origin of the magnetism, we suggest that various impurities which are either the result of the synthetic process or come from the intentional doping of the Boron particles are indeed responsible for the observed magnetic properties. The phenomenon bears similarities with what is observed in magnetic oxides such as MgO or ZnO.
A Selective Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Cd(II) Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode Impregnated with a Novel Ion‐imprinted Hybrid Polymer
Authors: Adauto Anais , Wong Ademar , Khan Sabir , Picasso Gino , del Pilar Taboada Sotomayor María
Published: March 2021

An electrochemical sensor (CPE‐IIHP) was developed for Cd(II) using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) impregnated with an ion‐imprinted hybrid polymer (IIHP). A CPE‐NIHP was also prepared for comparison. DPASV was used to optimize the sensor response and quantify Cd(II). The sensor presented a wide linear range from low concentrations of Cd(II): 1 to 100 μg L−1 and high concentrations of Cd(II): 2.75 to 5.0 mg L−1. Ions such as Co(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Sn(II) and Cu(II), showed no variation in the Cd(II) signal. The CPE‐IIHP was successfully applied in river and drinking water analysis, revealing the great potential for its application.
Modeling the Influence of Particle Shape on Mechanical Compression and Effective Transport Properties in Granular Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Becker Verena , Birkholz Oleg , Gan Yixiang , Kamlah Marc
Published: March 2021

The calendering step during manufacturing of lithium‐ion batteries is an essential process in the production, as it significantly influences the microstructure of electrodes and, therefore, the performance of the battery. Within this context, this article investigates the influence of particle shapes on the micromechanical responses during calendering and, in turn, their impact on the effective transport properties of battery electrodes. The electrodes are modeled using discrete elements. For this reason, a novel algorithm for the generation of random stress‐free particle assemblies consisting of superellipsoids is presented. The effective conductivities of solid and pore phase are calculated with a resistor network approach. In this context, a new analytical formula for calculating the individual resistance between two mechanically deformed ellipsoidal particles is presented. Furthermore, a geometrical approach is chosen for the pore phase for calculating individual resistances of pore throats in superellipsoidal particle assemblies. With the theoretical fundamentals, the effective conductivities of solid and pore phases of uniaxially compressed ellipsoidal particle assemblies are investigated. The mechanical response and its influence on the evolution of the effective conductivities are discussed. The deeper insight into the interplay between the calendering process and electrode microstructure can be a helpful information regarding a specific electrode design.
A distinct microglial subset at the tumor–stroma interface of glioma
Authors: Caponegro Michael D. , Oh Ki , Madeira Miguel M. , Radin Daniel , Sterge Nicholas , Tayyab Maryam , Moffitt Richard A. , Tsirka Stella E.
Published: March 2021

The characterization of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in high grade gliomas (HGG) has generated significant interest in an effort to understand how neoplastic lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) are supported and to devise novel therapeutic targets. The TME of the CNS contains unique and specialized cells, including the resident myeloid cells, microglia. Myeloid involvement in HGG, such as glioblastoma, is associated with poor outcomes. Glioma‐associated microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (GAM) accumulate within the neoplastic lesion where they facilitate tumor growth and drive immunosuppression. However, it has been difficult to differentiate whether microglia and macrophages have similar or distinct roles in pathology, and if the spatial organization of these cells informs outcomes. Here, we characterize the tumor–stroma border and identify peritumoral GAM (PGAM) as a unique subpopulation of GAM. Using data mining and analyses of samples derived from both murine and human sources we show that PGAM exhibit a pro‐inflammatory and chemotactic phenotype that is associated with peripheral monocyte recruitment, and decreased overall survival. PGAM act as a unique subset of GAM at the tumor–stroma interface. We define a novel gene signature to identify these cells and suggest that PGAM constitute a cellular target of the TME.
Deubiquitinase USP18 regulates reactive astrogliosis by stabilizing SOX9
Authors: Liu Wei , Ge Xuhui , Zhou Zheng , Jiang Dongdong , Rong Yuluo , Wang Jiaxing , Ji Chengyue , Fan Jin , Yin Guoyong , Cai Weihua
Published: March 2021

Reactive astrogliosis is a pathological feature of spinal cord injury (SCI). The ubiquitin‐proteasome system plays a crucial role in maintaining protein homeostasis and has been widely studied in neuroscience. Little, however, is known about the underlying function of deubiquitinating enzymes in reactive astrogliosis following SCI. Here, we found that ubiquitin‐specific protease 18 (USP18) was significantly upregulated in astrocytes following scratch injury, and in the injured spinal cord in mice. Knockdown of USP18 in vitro and conditional knockout of USP18 in astrocytes (USP18 CKO) in vivo significantly attenuated reactive astrogliosis. In mice, this led to widespread inflammation and poor functional recovery following SCI. In contrast, overexpression of USP18 in mice injected with adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐USP18 had beneficial effects following SCI. We showed that USP18 binds, deubiquitinates, and thus, stabilizes SRY‐box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), thereby regulating reactive astrogliosis. We also showed that the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway induces expression of USP18 through Gli2‐mediated transcriptional activation after SCI. Administration of the Hh pathway activator SAG significantly increased reactive astrogliosis, reduced lesion area and promoted functional recovery in mice following SCI. Our results demonstrate that USP18 positively regulates reactive astrogliosis by stabilizing SOX9 and identify USP18 as a promising target for the treatment of SCI.
Representation of visual numerosity information during working memory in humans: An fMRI decoding study
Authors: Pennock Ian Morgan Leo , Schmidt Timo Torsten , Zorbek Dilara , Blankenburg Felix
Published: March 2021

Both animal and human studies on numerosity have shown the importance of the parietal cortex for numerosity processing. However, most studies have focused on the perceptual processing of numerosity. Still, it is unclear how and where numerosity information is coded when this information is retained during a working memory delay phase. Such temporal storage could be realized by the same structures as perceptual processes, or be transformed to a more abstract representation, potentially involving prefrontal regions. FMRI decoding studies allow the identification of brain areas that exhibit multi‐voxel activation patterns specific to the content of working memory. Here, we used an assumption‐free searchlight‐decoding approach to test where numerosity‐specific codes can be found during a 12 s retention period. Participants (n = 24) performed a retro‐cue delayed match‐to‐sample task, in which numerosity information was presented as visual dot arrays. We found mnemonic numerosity‐specific activation in the right lateral portion of the intraparietal sulcus; an area well‐known for perceptual processing of numerosity. The applied retro‐cue design dissociated working memory delay activity from perceptual processes and showed that the intraparietal sulcus also maintained working memory representation independent of perception.
Forecasting volatility of crude oil futures using a GARCH–RNN hybrid approach
Authors: Verma Sauraj
Published: March 2021

Volatility is an important element for various financial instruments owing to its ability to measure the risk and reward value of a given financial asset. Owing to its importance, forecasting volatility has become a critical task in financial forecasting. In this paper, we propose a suite of hybrid models for forecasting volatility of crude oil under different forecasting horizons. Specifically, we combine the parameters of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and Glosten–Jagannathan–Runkle (GJR)‐GARCH with long short‐term memory (LSTM) to create three new forecasting models named GARCH–LSTM, GJR‐LSTM, and GARCH‐GJRGARCH LSTM in order to forecast crude oil volatility of West Texas Intermediate on different forecasting horizons and compare their performance with the classical volatility forecasting models. Specifically, we compare the performances against existing methodologies of forecasting volatility such as GARCH and found that the proposed hybrid models improve upon the forecasting accuracy of Crude Oil: West Texas Intermediate under various forecasting horizons and perform better than GARCH and GJR‐GARCH, with GG–LSTM performing the best of the three proposed models at 7‐, 14‐, and 21‐day‐ahead forecasts in terms of heteroscedasticity‐adjusted mean square error and heteroscedasticity‐adjusted mean absolute error, with significance testing conducted through the model confidence set showing that GG–LSTM is a strong contender for forecasting crude oil volatility under different forecasting regimes and rolling‐window schemes. The contribution of the paper is that it enhances the forecasting ability of crude oil futures volatility, which is essential for trading, hedging, and purposes of arbitrage, and that the proposed model dwells upon existing literature and enhances the forecasting accuracy of crude oil volatility by fusing a neural network model with multiple econometric models.
Enterprise knowledge graphs with applications to continuous monitoring systems
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E.
Published: March 2021

Continuous monitoring systems generate continuous business intelligence by gathering text from a range of sources and typically storing that text information using snippets of text. Further, continuous monitoring systems derive information from those snippets, such as sentiment and new concepts emerging in the text, beyond the existing ontology and dictionaries. However, it is difficult for users to gather much additional information from large quantities of text snippets. As a result, this paper investigates introducing the notion of “knowledge graphs” into such systems and analyzes some of the potential applications and capabilities in business intelligence settings. As part of that analysis, this paper extends current‐generation continuous monitoring systems to include knowledge graphs.
Rapidly freeze‐dried human red blood cells for pre‐transfusion alloantibody testing reagents
Authors: Alves Diana , Sparrow Rosemary , Garnier Gil
Published: March 2021

Prior to transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs), recipients must be tested for the presence of alloantibodies to avoid immune complications. Liquid‐preserved reagent RBCs with known blood group antigen phenotypes are used for testing. However, these reagents have practical constraints, including limited shelf‐life and require constant refrigeration. To address these issues, we explore the effects of rapid freeze‐drying conditions with trehalose cryoprotectant (0.1–1 M concentrations) on human RBCs and storage of freeze‐dried RBCs (FDRBCs) at room temperature (RT) for up to 12 months. We report that rapid freeze‐drying of RBCs for 2.5 hr with 0.5 M trehalose achieves recoverable cells with near‐normal morphological shape, although size‐reduced. The FDRBCs are metabolically active and functional in antibody‐agglutination tests by the column agglutination test (CAT) for ABO and Rhesus‐D blood group antigens. Expression of the Duffy blood group protein (CD234) decreases by 50% after freeze‐drying RBCs. The initial recovery rate is ≤25%; however, 43% of these FDRBCs are still recoverable after RT storage for 12 months. In this proof‐of‐principle study, we show that rapid freeze‐drying can stabilize RBCs. Further refinements to improve the recovery rate and preservation of antigenic epitopes will make FDRBCs a practical alternative source of reagent RBCs for pre‐transfusion alloantibody identification.
Biologically active phthalocyanine metal complexes: Preparation, evaluation of α‐glycosidase and anticholinesterase enzyme inhibition activities, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Güzel Emre , Koçyiğit Ümit M. , Taslimi Parham , Erkan Sultan , Taskin Omer S.
Published: March 2021

In this study, preparation, as well as investigation of α‐glycosidase and cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme inhibition activities of furan‐2‐ylmethoxy‐substituted compounds 1–7, are reported. Peripherally, tetra‐substituted copper and manganese phthalocyanines (5 and 6) were synthesized for the first time. The substitution of furan‐2‐ylmethoxy groups provides remarkable solubility to the complex and redshift of the phthalocyanines Q‐band. Besides, the inhibitory effects of these compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α‐glycosidase (α‐Gly) enzymes have been investigated. The AChE was inhibited by these compounds (1–7) in low micromolar levels, and K
i values were recorded between 11.17 ± 1.03 and 83.28 ± 11.08 µM. Against the BChE, the compounds demonstrated K
i values from 7.55 ± 0.98 to 81.35 ± 12.80 µM. Also, these compounds (1–7) effectively inhibited α‐glycosidase, with K
i values in the range of 744.87 ± 67.33 to 1094.38 ± 88.91 µM. For α‐glycosidase, the most effective K
i values of phthalocyanines 3 and 6 were with K
i values of 744.87 ± 67.33 and 880.36 ± 56.77 µM, respectively. Moreover, the studied metal complexes were docked with target proteins PDB ID: 4PQE, 1P0I, and 3WY1. Pharmacokinetic parameters and secondary chemical interactions that play an active role in interaction were predicted with docking simulation results. Overall, furan‐2‐ylmethoxy‐substituted phthalocyanines can be considered as potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's diseases and diabetes mellitus.
The region‐selective regulation of endothelial claudin‐5 expression and signaling in brain health and disorders
Authors: Chiba Hideki , Ichikawa‐Tomikawa Naoki , Imura Tetsuya , Sugimoto Kotaro
Published: March 2021

The neurovascular unit (NVU) consists of neurons, glial cells, microvascular cells, and extracellular matrix, and is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the NVU, the microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes principally contribute to maintaining the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Various types of cells are connected to each other in the NVU by diverse cell adhesion molecules, of which claudin‐5 (CLDN5) is by far the most abundantly expressed tight‐junction protein in brain microvascular endothelial cells and absolutely required for the maintenance of the BBB. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the region‐specific regulation and dysregulation of CLDN5 expression in CNS health and disorders. We also discuss how CLDN5 expression is regionally disrupted within the NVU. In addition, we focus on the link between cell adhesion and transcription factor signalings and describe the possible involvement of CLDN5‐adhesion signaling in brain health and disorders.
Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using animal blood, their preventive efficiency of bacterial species, and ecotoxicity in common carp fish
Authors: Kakakhel Mian Adnan , Wu Fasi , Feng Huyuan , Hassan Zubair , Ali Ihsan , Saif Irfan , Zaheer Ud Din Syed , Wang Wanfu
Published: March 2021

Possible high biodeterioration of the microorganisms due to their metabolic pathway and activities on stone materials causes solemn problems in cultural heritage. Different kinds of laboratory‐scale methods have been used for the reduction of microbial growth, that is, chemical, mechanical, and physical, which are cost‐effective and not ecofriendly. In the current study, an ecofriendly approach utilizing silver nanoparticles were synthesized using sheep blood serum. Transmission electron microscopy results have confirmed the spherical and well dispersed silver nanoparticles with an average size of 32.49 nm, while energy dispersive X‐ray has shown the abundance of silver nanoparticles. The efficiency against bacterial species was verified through laboratory‐scale testing. The strong antibacterial activity was confirmed when B‐AgNPs was tested against different bacterial species isolated from the Beishiku Cave Temple. The largest zone of inhibition was measured 26.48 ± 0.14 mm against Sphingomonas sp. while the smallest zone of inhibition measured was 9.70 ± 0.27 mm against Massilia sp. Moreover, these ecofriendly B‐AgNPs were tested for daily based dose in different concentrations (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L) against common carp fish for a long exposure (20 days) and 6.5% fatality was found. The highest lethal concentration (LC50) for fish (0.61 ± 0.09 mg/L). No doubt, the laboratory scale applications have revealed the best results with minute toxicity in fish. Therefore, sheep serum should be continued to synthesize silver nanoparticles on a large scale. A strict monitoring system should be developed for the synthesis and application of AgNPs.
Scanning electron imaging of mellitophilous and allergenic pollen grain of arid and northern irrigated agroecological zones of Pakistan
Authors: Noor Mehwish Jamil , Ahmad Mushtaq
Published: March 2021

Palynomorphic studies of 65 common mellitophilous and 16 allergenic flora of Arid and Northern irrigated agroecological zones of Pakistan are carried out in this study by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Mellitophilous pollen were extracted from honey samples of selected sites. For collection of local allergenic pollen, previously identified allergy‐causing plants were selected. Pollen morphological examination was carried out under FESEM. Diverse range of pollen shapes ranging from monad to polyad and sculpturing ranging from psilate to echinate, scabrate to reticulate, bireticulate, or echinolophate were observed. Brassicaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, and Poaceae were observed to be dominant allergenic and mellitophilous families of the selected sites.
An optimal χ‐bound for (P6, diamond)‐free graphs
Authors: Cameron Kathie , Huang Shenwei , Merkel Owen
Published: March 2021

In this paper we show that every (, diamond)‐free graph satisfies , where and are the chromatic number and clique number of , respectively. Our bound is attained by the complement of the famous 27‐vertex Schläfli graph. Our result unifies previously known results on the existence of linear ‐binding functions for several graph classes. Our proof is based on a reduction via the Strong Perfect Graph Theorem to imperfect (, diamond)‐free graphs, a careful analysis of the structure of those graphs, and a computer search that relies on a well‐known characterization of 3‐colourable ‐free graphs.
Association of Hypertension With Both Occurrence and Outcome of Symptomatic Patients With Mild Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis: A Prospective Higher Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Shi Zhang , Zhao Ming , Li Jing , Meddings Zakaria , Shi Yibing , Jiang Tao , Liu Qi , Deng Benqiang , Lu Jianping , Teng Zhongzhao
Published: March 2021

Background

Intracranial atherosclerotic plaque causing mild luminal stenosis might lead to acute ischemic events. However, the difference between culprit and nonculprit lesions is unclear, as are the factors associated with favorable treatment outcomes.

Purpose

To quantify characteristics of intracranial atherosclerosis with mild luminal stenosis and to identify factors associated with lesion type (culprit or nonculprit) and with clinical outcomes.

Study Type

Prospective

Population

293 patients who had acute stroke with mild luminal stenosis (<50%) in the middle cerebral or basilar artery.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T higher resolution magnetic resonance imaging (hrMRI) of intracranial arteries and whole brain MR images.

Assessment

Morphological and compositional analysis of plaques was performed. This included assessment of plaque volume, plaque burden, remodeling ratio, eccentricity, intraplaque hemorrhage, and enhancement ratio. Clinical outcomes were assessed according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at day 90, with a favorable outcome being defined as a 90‐day mRS ≤2.

Statistical Tests

The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by a logistic regression model.

Results

Hypertension (OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.6–10.3; P < 0.05) and hrMRI enhancement ratio (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4–5.1; P < 0.05) were independently associated with lesion type. Patients without hypertension had significantly more (P < 0.05) favorable outcomes (124/144) than patients with hypertension (97/149). Most hypertensive patients without any previous blood pressure control (54/63) had a favorable outcome. However, these patients were significantly younger (P < 0.05) than those with adequate blood pressure control. After adjusting for all significant characteristics, hypertension duration (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.09–1.29; P < 0.05), hypertension management (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.18–5.26; P < 0.05), and enhancement ratio (OR 0.01; 95% CI 0.001–0.157; P < 0.05) were found to be independent high‐risk factors for outcome prediction.

Data Conclusion

hrMRI provided incremental value over traditional risk factors in identifying higher risk intracranial atherosclerosis with mild luminal stenosis.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Predicting grapevine canopy nitrogen status using proximal sensors and near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Walker Harriet V. , Jones Joanna E. , Swarts Nigel D. , Rodemann Thomas , Kerslake Fiona , Dambergs Robert G.
Published: March 2021

Background: The current method employed by industry for tissue analysis to determine grapevine nitrogen (N) status is expensive and time intensive.

Aims: This study explored the use of proximal sensors and Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT‐NIRS) to predict vine (Vitis vinifera L.) canopy N status over two growing seasons in Southern Tasmania, Australia.

Methods: The GreenSeeker, Crop Circle ACS‐430 and SPAD‐502 proximal sensors were used to measure vine canopies (cv. Pinot Noir and Chardonnay) at three sampling dates (January, February, March) in the 2017/18 growing season, and two (December & February) in the 2018/19 growing season. For 12 replicates consisting of 5 vines each, a 30‐leaf sample was taken for FT‐NIRS and elemental analysis on dried, ground leaf samples. In addition, measurements with a portable FT‐NIRS were taken on fresh leaf samples (2018/19). All measurements were correlated with leaf N concentration (%) determined via elemental analysis.

Results: The reliability of the proximal sensors to predict vine N content was dependent on the vine variety and sampling time. FT‐NIRS demonstrated a strong ability to predict vine N concentration independent of season, sampling time and variety. The benchtop FT‐NIRS showed the strongest predictability over both seasons (r2 = 0.94), yet the portable FT‐NIRS also showed potential (r2 = 0.76).

Conclusion: Further investigation of portable FT‐NIRS technology is necessary to provide a robust model for non‐destructive vine N determination in the field.
Prognostic value of neutrophils for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chen Lisha , Li Mengying , Xu Ting , Qiu Xiufang , Chen Chuanben
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate the relationship between absolute neutrophils count (ANC) in different periods of treatment and the outcomes of patients and assess effect of longitudinal neutrophils variation during radiotherapy (RT) on prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

A total of 1753 patients with newly diagnosed NPC were retrospectively analyzed. Complete blood counts of patients were obtained before treatment, before, during, and end of RT. The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan‐Meier method and the result was compared by the log‐rank test. The univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between the variation of ANC and survival for patients in different periods.

Results

Higher ANC pretreatment (>4 × 109/L) and pre‐RT (>7 × 109/L) were correlated with poor OS (89.7% vs 85.6%, P = .009; 88.3% vs 77.3%, P = .002, respectively). An increase >5 × 109/L of ANC during RT was associated with adverse OS (87.9% vs 73.6%, P = .042). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high ANC of pre‐RT (>7 × 109/L) and a high increase (>5 × 109/L) of ANC during RT were independent prognostic factors of patients with NPC (P = .002, .044, respectively).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrated that ANC was an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with NPC who received RT. Neutrophils may promote tumor resistance to radiotherapy in NPC.

Level of Evidence

2a.
Pore water exchange‐driven inorganic carbon export from intertidal salt marshes
Authors: Tamborski Joseph J. , Eagle Meagan , Kurylyk Barret L. , Kroeger Kevin D. , Wang Zhaoihui Aleck , Henderson Paul , Charette Matthew A.
Published: March 2021

Respiration in intertidal salt marshes generates dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that is exported to the coastal ocean by tidal exchange with the marsh platform. Understanding the link between physical drivers of water exchange and chemical flux is a key to constraining coastal wetland contributions to regional carbon budgets. The spatial and temporal (seasonal, annual) variability of marsh pore water exchange and DIC export was assessed from a microtidal salt marsh (Sage Lot Pond, Massachusetts). Spatial variability was constrained from224Ra :228Th disequilibria across two hydrologic units within the marsh sediments. Disequilibrium between the more soluble224Ra and its sediment‐bound parent228Th reveals significant pore water exchange in the upper 5 cm of the marsh surface (0–36 L m−2d−1) that is most intense in low marsh elevation zones, driven by tidal overtopping. Surficial sediment DIC transport ranges from 0.0 to 0.7 g C m−2d−1. The sub‐surface sediment horizon intersected by mean low tide was disproportionately impacted by tidal pumping (20–80 L m−2d−1) and supplied a seasonal DIC flux of 1.7–5.4 g C m−2d−1. Export exceeded 10 g C m−2d−1for another marsh unit, demonstrating that fluxes can vary substantially across salt marshes under similar conditions within the same estuary. Seasonal and annual variability in marsh pore water exchange, constrained from tidal time‐series of radium isotopes, was driven in part by variability in mean sea level. Rising sea levels will further inundate high marsh elevation zones, which may lead to greater DIC export.
Cardiac 18F‐Dopamine PET Distinguishes PD with Orthostatic Hypotension from Parkinsonian MSA
Authors: Lenka Abhishek , Lamotte Guillaume , Goldstein David S.
Published: March 2021

Background

Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension (PD + OH) can be difficult to distinguish clinically from the parkinsonian form of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐P). Previous studies examined cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging to differentiate PD from MSA but without focusing specifically on PD + OH versus MSA‐P, which often is the relevant differential diagnostic issue.

Objective

To investigate the utility of cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging by 18F‐dopamine positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning for separating PD + OH from MSA‐P.

Methods

Cardiac 18F‐dopamine PET data were analyzed from 50 PD + OH and 68 MSA‐P patients evaluated at the NIH Clinical Center from 1990 to 2020. Noradrenergic deficiency was defined by interventricular septal 18F‐dopamine‐derived radioactivity <6000 nCi‐kg/cc‐mCi in the 5′ frame with mid‐point 8′ after initiation of 3′ tracer injection.

Results

18F‐Dopamine PET separated the PD + OH from the MSA‐P group with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 96%.

Conclusion

Cardiac 18F‐dopamine PET scanning efficiently distinguishes PD + OH from MSA‐P.
Existence results for a coupled system of nonlinear multi‐term fractional differential equations with anti‐periodic type coupled nonlocal boundary conditions
Authors: Ahmad Bashir , Alblewi Manal , Ntouyas Sotiris K. , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: March 2021

This paper is concerned with the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system of nonlinear multi‐term fractional differential equations with anti‐periodic type coupled nonlocal boundary conditions. The existence of a unique solution is proved via Banach contraction mapping principle, while two existence results are proved by using Krasnosel'skiic̆'s fixed point theorem and Leray‐Schauder alternative. We also discuss a variant of the proposed problem involving fractional differential types nonlinearities. The obtained results are well illustrated by numerical examples.
miR‐221‐3p regulates apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via targeting FOXO1 in older women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR)
Authors: Wei Chaofeng , Xiang Shan , Yu Yi , Song Jingyan , Zheng Mingming , Lian Fang
Published: March 2021

In our earlier study, we showed that the expression of microRNA‐221‐3p (miR‐221‐3p) was significantly lower in women of advanced age with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) compared with young women with normal ovarian reserve (NOR). Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore how miR‐221‐3p regulates apoptosis of granulosa cells and the pathogenesis of DOR. Bioinformatics prediction and dual‐luciferase reporter assay were conducted to identify the target gene of miR‐221‐3p. miR‐221‐3p expression was manipulated by transfecting KGN cells with miR‐221‐3p mimics, inhibitor, and negative control. Following transfection, apoptosis of granulosa cells was determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of the target gene was measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blot analysis (WB). In addition, the expression of the target gene in granulosa cells of DOR patients and NOR patients was measured. miR‐221‐3p were found to directly bind the 3ʹ untranslated region of Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Transfection with miR‐221‐3p mimics significantly decreased the apoptosis rate of KGN cells compared with transfection with miR‐221‐3p inhibitors. The expression level of miR‐221‐3p was negatively correlated with the messenger RNA and protein levels of the FOXO1 gene. Besides, FOXO1 expression was upregulated in DOR patients. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that downregulation of miR‐221‐3p expression promotes apoptosis of granulosa cells by upregulating FOXO1 expression, thus serving an important role in DOR pathogenesis.
Gender role moderates correlation between learning needs and behavioural intention of sexual health care in female nurses
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Yi , Lee Shu‐Hsin , Wu Tzu‐Jung , Sun Yu‐Ching , Tsai Li‐Ya
Published: March 2021

Aim

This study evaluated the correlation between learning needs and behavioural intention of sexual health care in female Registered Nurses and to assess the moderating effect of gender role on this relationship.

Design

In this cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based survey, a convenience sampling of female Registered Nurses was included from Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.

Methods

Three questionnaires were used to obtain self‐reported data on learning needs, behavioural intention and gender role.

Results

Based on gender role scores, 11.8% of participants were feminine, 10.0% were masculine, 31.0% were androgynous and 47.2% were undifferentiated. Significant positive correlations between learning needs and behaviour intention were observed in the total population as well as in undifferentiated, feminine and androgynous nurses (all p < .05). Learning needs were positively associated with the behavioural intention of sexual health care in female nurses, which was moderated by gender role (F = 2.868, p = .036).
Improvements in the degree of understanding the treatment guidelines for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in a nationwide dissemination and implementation study
Authors: Numata Shusuke , Nakataki Masahito , Hasegawa Naomi , Takaesu Yoshikazu , Takeshima Masahiro , Onitsuka Toshiaki , Nakamura Toshinori , Edagawa Reon , Edo Hiroaki , Miura Kenichiro , Matsumoto Junya , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Kishimoto Taishiro , Hori Hikaru , Tsuboi Takashi , Yasuda Yuka , Furihata Ryuji , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Ochi Shinichiro , Nagasawa Tatsuya , Kyou Yoshitaka , Murata Atsunobu , Katsumoto Eiichi , Ohi Kazutaka , Hishimoto Akitoyo , Inada Ken , Watanabe Koichiro , Hashimoto Ryota
Published: March 2021

Background

To implement clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), it is necessary for psychiatrists to deepen their understanding of the CPGs. The Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in Psychiatric Treatment (EGUIDE) project is a nationwide dissemination and implementation study of two sets of CPGs for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

A total of 413 psychiatrists (n = 212 in 2016; n = 201 in 2017) learned the two CPGs in the education program of the EGUIDE project, and clinical knowledge of these CPGs was evaluated at baseline and after the programs. To improve the correct answer rate for clinical knowledge after the programs, we revised the lecture materials associated with items that had a low correct answer rate in 2016 and used the revised lecture materials with the CPGs in 2017. The rates of correct answers after the programs between the 2016 and 2017 groups were compared.

Results

The correct answer rate of one item on the schizophrenia CPG and one item on the MDD CPG tended to be improved (S‐D5 and D‐C6) and that of one on the MDD CPG was significantly improved (D‐D3, P = 0.0008) in the 2017 group compared to those in the 2016 group.

Conclusions

We reported improvements in clinical knowledge of CPGs after the EGUIDE program in the 2017 group following revision of the lecture materials based on results from the 2016 group. These attempts to improve the degree of understanding of CPGs may facilitate the successful dissemination and implementation of psychiatric guidelines in everyday practice.
The Independent Risk of Obesity and Diabetes and Their Interaction in COVID‐19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tchang Beverly G. , Askin Gulce , Sahagun Ageline , Hwang Jonathan , Huang Hao , Mendelsohn Curanaj Felicia A. , Seley Jane J. , Safford Monika M. , Alonso Laura C. , Aronne Louis J. , Shukla Alpana P.
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study aimed to assess whether diabetes mellitus (DM) or obesity is an independent risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes and to explore whether the risk conferred by one condition is modified by the other.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study of inpatient adults with COVID‐19 used multivariable Cox regression to determine the independent effects of DM and obesity on the composite outcome of intubation, intensive care unit admission, or in‐hospital mortality. Effect modification between DM and obesity was assessed with a statistical interaction term and an exploration of stratum‐specific effects.

Results

Out of 3,533 patients, a total of 1,134 (32%) had DM, 1,256 (36%) had obesity, and 430 (12%) had both. DM and obesity were independently associated with the composite outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14 [95% CI: 1.01‐1.30] and HR 1.22 [95% CI: 1.05‐1.43], respectively). A statistical trend for potential interaction between DM and obesity was observed (P = 0.20). Stratified analyses showed potential increased risk with obesity compared with normal weight among patients with DM (HR 1.34 [95% CI: 1.04‐1.74]) and patients without DM (HR 1.18 [95% CI: 0.96‐1.43]).

Conclusions

DM and obesity are independent risk factors associated with COVID‐19 severity. Stratified analyses suggest that obesity may confer greater risk to patients with DM compared with patients without DM, and this relationship requires further exploration.