bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractional Bloch's Equations Approach to Magnetic Relaxation
Authors: Matuszak Zenon
Published: February 2015

It is the goal of this paper to present general strategy for using fractional operators to model the magnetic relaxation in complex environments revealing time and spacial disorder. Such systems have anomalous temporal and spacial response (non-local interactions and long memory) compared to systems without disorder. The systems having no memory can be modeled by linear differential equations with constant coefficients (exponential relaxation); the differential equations governing the systems with memory are known as Fractional Order Differential Equations (FODE).

The relaxation of the spin system is best described phenomenologically by so-called Bloch's equations, which detail the rate of change of the magnetization M of the spin system. The Ordinary Order Bloch's Equations (OOBE) are a set of macroscopic differential equations of the first order describing the magnetization behavior under influence of static, varying magnetic fields and relaxation. It is assumed that spins relax along the z axis and in the x-y plane at different rates, designated as R1 and R2 (R1=1/T1,R2=1/T2) respectively, but following first order kinetics.

To consider heterogeneity, complex structure, and memory effects in the relaxation process the Ordinary Order Bloch's Equations were generalized to Fractional Order Bloch's Equations (FOBE) through extension of the time derivative to fractional (non-integer) order.

To investigate systematically the influence of “fractionality” (power order of derivative) on the dynamics of the spin system a general approach was proposed. The OOBE and FOBE were successively solved using analytical (Laplace transform), semi-analytical (ADM - Adomian Decomposition Method) and numerical methods (Grunwald- Letnikov method for FOBE). Solutions of both OOBE and FOBE systems of equations were obtained for various sets of experimental parameters used in spin !! NMR and EPR spectroscopies. The physical meaning of the fractional relaxation in magnetic resonance is shortly discussed.
The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in the Study of Tissues Specimens
Authors: Stefaniuk Ireneusz , Wróbel Dagmara , Skręt Andrzej , Magierło Joanna Skręt , Góra Tomasz , Szczerba Piotr
Published: February 2015

The Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy (EPR) is the most direct and powerful method for the detection and identification of free radicals and other species with unpaired electrons. Statistics disorders are a common gynaecological disorder occurring in women. The condition afflicts around 15% of women to the extent of impairing the quality of living. According to scientific reports as many as 50% of women experiencing problems related to genital statistics disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate tissue taken from women with genital statistics disorders using the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance method. The studies on the tissue of women is one of the first studies in this area. In this work we observed a close relationship between the observed EPR signal and the consumption of omega 3 acids.
Dynamic Light Scattering Investigation of Pnipam-Co-Maa Microgel Solution
Authors: Śliwa Tomasz , Jarzębski Maciej
Published: February 2015

The paper presents results of a study of the effect of the environment temperature and pH on the size of particles based on poly N (isopropylacrylamide) chain. The tested substance was the copolymer PNIPAM-co-MAA. The particle size measurements were performed by dynamic light scattering. It was found that the copolymer tested reacts specifically to temperature increase by shrinking more than two times. Important for stabilization of the structure are the chemical groups -COOH present in methacrylic acid that undergoes dissociation. Gradual increase in temperature results in a decrease in the dissociation constant, in binding of protons and thus causes shrinkage of the entire particle. It was also shown that PNIPAM-co-MAA in high concentrations undergoes crystallization.
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of Latex Standardized Beads
Authors: Śliwa Tomasz , Jarzębski Maciej , Szutkowski Kosma
Published: February 2015

The most popular technique for particle size characterization is the dynamic light scattering (DLS). In recent years new advanced method based on counting each single particle movement was introduced giving perspective for measurement of each component of mixture. This study presents some advantages of nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method in comparison to DLS. For tests standard polystyrene beds were chosen vary diameter of 22, 61 and 150 nm and its mixtures. Experiments showed that the particles size resolution allows to distinguish each population in two population suspension opposed to DLS. The NTA method permits to eliminate the negative effects i.e. dust or aggregates in sample during post processing, that permits to use it in a variety of studies.
Intellectual Property in Slovakia in the Light of the Present Legal Regulation
Authors: Lazíková Jarmila
Published: February 2015

The Civil Law of Slovakia includes more sub-branches of the private law, such as family law, obligation law, property law, law of succession and intellectual property law. The intellectual property law is regulated outside the Civil Code, in special codes and laws. The intellectual property law is one of them. The intellectual property law provides legal protection to various intangible assets which are the results of the creative intellectual activities of individuals. The paper analyses selected legal institutions of the intellectual property law and tries to systematise legal regulations related to the intellectual property on the national level, the level of the European Union as well as international level.
Effect of deforestation on stream and spring water chemistry in Malinowski and Czyrna catchments in Beskid Âlàski Mts.
Authors: Małek Stanisław , Krakowian Katarzyna , Jasik Michał , Dudek Katarzyna , Bátor Martin
Published: February 2015

Dieback of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) which has been observed in the Western Carpathians is of interest to scientists from many disciplines.. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of deforestation on water chemical composition in mountainous streams and springs. The research was carried out in 2004 and 2013 in two catchments of the Skrzyczne massif in the Silesian Beskid Mountains. Field studies included measurements of water pH and conductivity. Under laboratory conditions, there were determined concentrations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4
+, Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2 in each water sample. The results of physical and chemical analyses of water collected within the Malinowski catchment (covered mainly with spruce stands) and on northern slopes of the Skrzyczne massif - within the Czyrna catchment (covered mainly with beech stands), showed higher contents of base cations when compared to deforested areas. The highest concentrations of the ions analysed were recorded within the Czyrna catchment. Such phenomena should be taken into consideration during forest reconstruction after spruce dieback.
Thermographic Analysis of a Bridge Power Converter
Authors: Anna V. Andonova , Nikolay L. Hinov
Published: February 2015

Any loss of power in converters is dissipated as heat in the components of the circuit. The article presents a new approach to measuring heat dissipation in a bridge power converter with hard switches using infrared thermography. Parallel measurements by thermocouples have been carried out. The experimental results are compared and used from the both cases. The proposed approach can be used for various circuit implementations of the converters in a similar manner.
Wings Improving Driving Parameters
Authors: Kratochvíl Miroslav , Astraverkhau Nikita , Slanina Vítek
Published: February 2015

Shrnutí

Aerodynamika je nedílnou součástí automobilového průmyslu. Zlepšení jízdních vlastností vozu díky přítlaku jsou si konstruktéři vědomi již od 60. let minulého století. Ve Formula Student tomu není jinak. Následující článek představuje návrh aerodynamických prvků týmu CTU Cartech za pomocí CFD analýzy a následného ověření při testování na trati.
Computational Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of a 2D Triaxially Braided Composite
Authors: Vašíček Michal
Published: February 2015

Shrnutí

Článek představuje vývoj nových numerických modelů kompozitních materiálů na mezi-úrovni. Modely jsou určeny k predikci mechanických vlastností v tahu, tlaku, smyku a impaktním zatížení různých konfgurací tri-axiálně pleteného uhlíkového kompozitu, přičemž využívá znalosti materiálových vlastností vlákna a matrice a zvolené geometrie pletení. Představené výsledky jsou porovnány s měřením na vzorcích materiálu a vykazují dobrou úroveň shody. Modely lze využít mimo predikce materiálových vlastností v detailních analýzách porušení laminátu.
Effect of Antioxidants on The Oxidative Stability of Jatropha Biodiesel
Authors: Kapilan Natesh , Birdar Chandra Sekar
Published: February 2015

Shrnutí

Řekne-li se obnovitelné palivo, napadne nás okamžitě bionafta jako přímá náhrada nafty. Vlastnosti bionafty jsou podobné naftě, avšak chemické složení bionafty vede k její oxidaci během skladování. S postupující oxidací významně degradují vlastnosti bionafty. Pokud dojde k velké změně vlastností, tak bionafta už nemusí odpovídat dané specifikaci a může dojít i k poškození vstřikovacího systému. Přidání vhodných antioxidantů může výrazně zvýšit stabilitu paliva. V Indii je bionafta vyráběna z nejedlých plodů stromu Jatropha, který má velký potenciál pro výrobu bionafty. Tento článek popisuje vlastnosti bionafty vyrobené z metylesteru oleje stromu Jatropha. Byla analyzována přítomnost mastných kyselin v bionaftě Jatropha. Byly provedeny experimentální studie vedoucí ke zvýšení stability tohoto paliva.
Prace Oryginalne Original Papers Why Women Who Have Mastectomy Decide Not to Have Breast Reconstruction?
Authors: Zieliński Tomasz , Lorenc-Podgórska Katarzyna , Antoszewski Bogusław
Published: February 2015

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy occurring in women. The treatment of breast cancer is a complex, multistep process involving surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and very often rehabilitation. After the treatment of the underlying disease, or still in its course, there remains a problem of deformation of the chest. Although the number of women opting for breast reconstructive surgery increases every year, the number of such procedures in Poland is low.

was to investigate the reasons why women after amputation of the breast due to cancer are not likely to undergo breast reconstructive surgery.

The study comprised 73 women, residents of the province of Silesia, aged between 37 and 79 years, who had undergone mastectomy for malignancy in the years 1987-2013.

From all of the reasons given by women for refraining from breast reconstruction, the most frequently pointed was the fear of being subjected to further surgery (38.3%). 23 women (31.5%) admitted that they were also afraid of postoperative pain. Similarly, a common response (35.6%) was that it is not essential for their mental state, and 30% of respondents fully accepted their appearance after mastectomy. Concern about the effect of failed reconstruction was reported by 24.6% of the women, and the fear that the surgery could negatively affect the process of cancer treatment by 27.4% of respondents. Lack of information about the capabilities and knowledge of breast reconstruction methods was not an important factor in decision-making.

Most of the surveyed women who abandon breast reconstruction surgery, make this decision on the basis of more than one reasons. Fear of undergoing a second surgical procedure and pain related to it were the most important reasons for the refusal of breast reconstruction. An important factor in the decision to desist from breast reconstruction is the age of the patients.
Food, Mechanic and Septic Complications in Patients Enterally Nutritioned in Home Conditions
Authors: Kalita Monika , Majewska Krystyna , Gradowska Aleksandra , Karwowska Katarzyna , Ławiński Michał
Published: February 2015

Home enteral nutrition (HEN for short) allows practically normal living for patients who cannot be fed orally but at the same time do not have to stay in hospitals, which is often found to decrease their mental condition, increase of probability of complications and costs of medical treatment.

was to analyze the frequency of nutritional, mechanical and septic complications in patients fed enterally in home conditions.

. The study performed using retrospective analysis of study results and reports from control visits for patients in the period between 2012-2013. 147 patients fed enterally using HEN method participated in the study, including 70 men and 77 women aged 19 to 99 years (average 65 years). The following type of gastrointestinal tract access was used for patients: PEG in 113 (76.5%), feeding jejunostomy - 21 (1.4%), PEG-PEJ - 5 (3.5%), in case of the remaining 8 patients the nasogastric gavage (5.5%) was used.

. The most common complication were infections (of gastric tract, skin soft tissue in the region of nutritional fistula entry, in three cases the aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed) found in 55 (49.1%) of cases. Mechanical complications were found out in 29 (25.9% of all complications), nutritional complications were present 28 times, which constituted 25% of all complications.

. In the studied group of patients with an implemented HEN procedure, septic complications were the most common problem. The longest average nutrition time with PEG-PEJ probably results from the effective protection of the patient against aspiration pneumonia.
Richter Type of Incarcerated Obturator Hernia; Misery Still Continues
Authors: Jayant Kumar , Agarwal Rajendra , Agarwal Swati
Published: February 2015

Obturator hernia is a rare type of hernia which accounts for only 0.07-1.4% of all intra-abdominal hernias and 0.2-5.8% of small-intestinal obstructions. It develops predominantly in elderly underweight women. It has nonspecific early symptoms, so these hernias are usually discovered only after they have become incarcerated. Incarcerated obturator hernias are usually discovered on abdominal computed tomography scan or emergency surgery due to bowel obstruction.

Here we present a case of a 65-year-old female who presented with intermittent abdominal pain, distension and nausea for last 3 days. She was a known case of hypothyroidism, taking Levothyroxine in inadequate dose. Her intial abdominal Xray was showing few air-fluid level with air present in rectum. She was initially managed conservatively but later developed features of peritonitis for which she was operated. In laparotomy, Richter type of right-sided incarcerated obturator hernia was discovered with a small necrotic area and perforation of small bowel. Bowel resection was performed and obturator hernia was closed with interrupted sutures. The patient recovered without complications. Obturator hernia, due to its rarity and nonspecific early symptoms, can still be misleading even to the most experienced clinicians. Delay in diagnosis of obturator hernia can lead to bowel necrosis and perforation with significant postoperative morbidity and mortality.
Timing of the Spring Migration of the Song Thrush Turdus Philomelos through Southern Italy
Authors: Scebba Sergio , Soprano Michele , Sorrenti Michele
Published: February 2015

We studied the population trend and movements of the Song Thrush during the winter near the Tyrrhenian coast in the region of Latium, from 2012 to 2014, in order to establish the timing of spring migration.

During standardized mist-netting we captured and ringed 431 birds. The data collected indicate that the study area is mainly visited by wintering thrushes with significant year-toyear fluctuations in the number of birds.

Based on the information gathered during this study, confirmed by the results of other studies carried out in southern Italy and France, we assume that spring migration starts in Latium between the second and third decade of February.
Lead Oxide-Graphite Composite Electrode for pH Measurement
Authors: Nepal Ranjan , Pradhananga Raja Ram
Published: February 2015

Lead oxide-graphite composite electrode for pH measurement had been fabricated with different percentage of PbO2 in the composite. The proportions of lead oxide affected the sensitivity of the electrode. The electrode composed of 50% lead oxide and 50% graphite gave reproducible result and behaved in Nernstian manner with a potential gradient of -58.8±0.3 mV per unit change in pH. Metal ions such as iron (II), iron (III) and lead (II) interfered in the measurement of pH, while silver (I), copper (II), oxidizing agents such as dichromate and permanganate do not interfere. In absence of interfering ion, the lead oxide-graphite composite electrode could be used for the measurement of pH from 2 to 11. This electrode can also be used as an indicator electrode for acid base titrations. Low cost, quick response, easy to fabricate are some of the advantages of the lead oxide-graphite composite electrode. This electrode is also found to be sensitive to Pb2+ -ions and can be used as a Pb2+-ion sensor up to 10-4M.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12015  Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 61-66
Dynamics of Rural Urban Water Flows and Implications on Peri-urban Water Security
Authors: Shrestha Anushiya , Sada Rajesh , Shukla Ashutosh
Published: February 2015

The rapid and haphazard urbanization in Kathmandu and expansion of built-up area to the peri-pherial rural landscapes has resulted to formation of peri- urban areas which are now themselves transforming into urban form. Simultaneously, the water being diverted or transferred from these peri-urban areas is rapidly evolving. This paper describes the changing modes of urban oriented water flow from the peri-urban landscape of Kathmandu and the implications of this water transfer on water security of peri-urban areas. Through series of semi-structured interviews, formal and informal discussions with local people and key informant interviews, the study found that Matatirtha, a peri-urban village, has traditionally been a source of water for the domestic water demand in Kathmandu. However, the social and economic developments have induced a paradigm shift in urban water transfer from the area and promoted the economic benefits as a way of compensating the loss of local water resources. Moreover, the increasing opportunities of economic benefits through water in absence of regulatory mechanism have facilitated exploitation of resources. This, therefore, created need of strong mechanism, promoting insights for sustainable management of water resources and contribute to improve rural urban linkages through optimal use of water resources.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12025 Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 99-106
Assessment of Water Quality of Kolpu Khola in Sisdol Landfill Area of Nuwakot District
Authors: Shrestha Ujjwal Thapa , Shrestha Jaya K. , Devkota Rohini P.
Published: February 2015

The present study was carried out to determine the impact of the leachate contamination on water quality of Kolpu Khola nearby Sisdol landfill site. Water samples were collected from six different sites of Kolpu Khola from upstream to downstream. The samples were collected in clean plastic bottles from a leachate collection from December, 2007 to August, 2008 and analyzed for the determination of physical parameters (pH, conductivity, temperature) and chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, chloride, calcium hardness, total hardness, BOD5, PO4-P, NO3-N, NH4-N) using a standard method. It was found that leachate was severely polluted with most of the physicochemical parameters being higher than the generic standard for industrial effluent discharged into inland surface water. The variation of BOD and COD showed that the chemistry of the leachate in the landfill was undergoing rapid change. The surface water of Kolpu Khola was not polluted from chloride point of view and the spatial variation of chloride content was significant at 0.01 significance level. The river water at all the sites under study had PO4-P above natural range i.e. 0.005 to 0.020 mg/l and was not suitable for livestock drinking and for aquatic animals with reference to most of the physicochemical parameters studied.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12026Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 107-114
Conventional and Molecular Studies of Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) Resistance Genes in Rice: A Basis for Future Study of Natural Insect Resistance Genes Using Molecular Markers in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Prem N. , Mori Naoki , Takumi Shigeo , Nakamura Chiharu
Published: February 2015

Rice productivity is greatly affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Insect-pests are one of the major bioticconstraints to cause significant losses in rice production. Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, isthe most serious insect-pest of rice in Asia where most of the world rice is produced. Controlling insects usingchemicals is already proven detrimental not only to environment but also to human health. Integrated PestManagement (IPM) is the best approach to control insect pests. Host plant resistance is the principal componentof IPM along with biological, cultural and physical methods. Use of varietal resistance is the best option to controlBPH. Many BPH resistant rice varieties with natural BPH resistance have been developed and widely used againstBPH. However, frequent breakdown of monogenic resistance by new BPH biotypes has been a serious threat tocontrol BPH. To overcome such difficulty in the use of monogenic resistance, development of durable resistanceis needed as the sustainable means to control BPH. To develop durable resistance, pyramiding of BPH resistancegenes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs), through marker-assisted method, is needed. For this, many BPH resistancegenes and QTLs have already been identified and mapped on rice chromosomes. This article reviews identification,mapping and pyramiding toward successful cloning of BPH resistance genes/QTLs and provides the basis/guidelines to work on natural insect resistance genes using molecular markers in Nepal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12032Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 145-156
How Well Do Functional Assessments of Mobility and Balance Discriminate Fallers and Recurrent Fallers from Non-Fallers among Ambulatory Older Adults in the Community?
Authors: Balasubramanian Chitralakshmi K. , Boyette Amber , Wludyka Peter
Published: February 2015

Purpose: 1) To compare the ability of functional mobility and balance assessments in discriminating fallers from non-fallers and recurrent fallers from those with fewer or no falls. 2) To compare the discriminatory accuracy of cut-off scores specific to this study sample with that of cut-off scores proposed in the literature for community-dwelling older adults. Methods: In a sample of 39 ambulatory older adults living independently in the community, fallers were identified on the basis of number of falls in the past year. Seven functional tests of mobility and balance were used to identify fallers and recurrent fallers on the basis of their fall history. Results: Discrimination of fallers from non-fallers was poor: Only a high-level balance assessment significantly discriminated these groups (p=0.0498, area under the curve [AUC]=0.68). Four assessments significantly discriminated recurrent fallers from those with fewer or no falls (ps=0.006–0.009), but their discriminatory powers were not significantly different from one another (AUCs=0.77–0.80, p>0.05). For two assessments, cutoff scores based on the study sample enhanced discriminatory accuracy relative to the literature-based cutoff scores. Conclusions: To improve fall prediction for ambulatory community-dwelling older adults, future prospective studies should consider including high-level mobility and balance assessments and targeting cutoff scores to the level of function of this relatively high-functioning population.
Pine Woodchip Biochar Impact on Soil Nutrient Concentrations and Corn Yield in a Silt Loam in the Mid-Southern U.S.
Authors: Brantley Katy , Savin Mary , Brye Kristofor , Longer David
Published: February 2015

Biochar has altered plant yields and soil nutrient availability in tropical soils, but less research exists involving biochar additions to temperate cropping systems. Of the existing research, results vary based on soil texture, crop grown, and biochar properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pine (Pinus spp.) woodchip biochar at 0, 5, and 10 Mg·ha−1 rates combined with urea nitrogen (N) on soil chemical properties and corn (Zea mays L.) yield under field conditions in the first growing season after biochar addition in a silt-loam alluvial soil. Biochar combined with fertilizer numerically increased corn yields, while biochar alone numerically decreased corn yields, compared to a non-amended control. Corn nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) was greater with 10 Mg·ha−1 biochar compared to no biochar. There were limited biochar effects on soil nutrients, but biochar decreased nitrate, total dissolved N, and Mehlich-3 extractable sulfur and manganese concentrations in the top 10 cm. Pine woodchip biochar combined with N fertilizer has the potential to improve corn production when grown in silt-loam soil in the mid-southern U.S. by improving NUE and increasing yield. Further research will be important to determine impacts as biochar ages in the soil.
Genomic, Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Studies of Two Well-Characterized, Laboratory-Derived Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Strains Derived from the Same Parent Strain
Authors: Hattangady Dipti , Singh Atul , Muthaiyan Arun , Jayaswal Radheshyam , Gustafson John , Ulanov Alexander , Li Zhong , Wilkinson Brian , Pfeltz Richard
Published: February 2015

Complete genome comparisons, transcriptomic and metabolomic studies were performed on two laboratory-selected, well-characterized vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) derived from the same parent MRSA that have changes in cell wall composition and decreased autolysis. A variety of mutations were found in the VISA, with more in strain 13136p−m+V20 (vancomycin MIC = 16 µg/mL) than strain 13136p−m+V5 (MIC = 8 µg/mL). Most of the mutations have not previously been associated with the VISA phenotype; some were associated with cell wall metabolism and many with stress responses, notably relating to DNA damage. The genomes and transcriptomes of the two VISA support the importance of gene expression regulation to the VISA phenotype. Similarities in overall transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that the VISA physiologic state includes elements of the stringent response, such as downregulation of protein and nucleotide synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway and nutrient transport systems. Gene expression for secreted virulence determinants was generally downregulated, but was more variable for surface-associated virulence determinants, although capsule formation was clearly inhibited. The importance of activated stress response elements could be seen across all three analyses, as in the accumulation of osmoprotectant metabolites such as proline and glutamate. Concentrations of potential cell wall precursor amino acids and glucosamine were increased in the VISA strains. Polyamines were decreased in the VISA, which may facilitate the accrual of mutations. Overall, the studies confirm the wide variability in mutations and gene expression patterns that can lead to the VISA phenotype.
Open and Dense Topological Transitivity of Extensions by Non-Compact Fiber of Hyperbolic Systems: A Review
Authors: Nitica Viorel , Török Andrei
Published: February 2015

Currently, there is great renewed interest in proving the topological transitivity of various classes of continuous dynamical systems. Even though this is one of the most basic dynamical properties that can be investigated, the tools used by various authors are quite diverse and are strongly related to the class of dynamical systems under consideration. The goal of this review article is to present the state of the art for the class of Hölder extensions of hyperbolic systems with non-compact connected Lie group fiber. The hyperbolic systems we consider are mostly discrete time. In particular, we address the stability and genericity of topological transitivity in large classes of such transformations. The paper lists several open problems and conjectures and tries to place this topic of research in the general context of hyperbolic and topological dynamics.
PDZ Domain Recognition: Insight from Human Tax-Interacting Protein 1 (TIP-1) Interaction with Target Proteins
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Ovee Mohiuddin , Banerjee Monimoy
Published: February 2015

Cellular signaling is primarily directed via protein-protein interactions. PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/ZO-1 homologous) domains are well known protein-protein interaction modules involved in various key signaling pathways. Human Tax-interacting protein 1 (TIP-1), also known as glutaminase interaction protein (GIP), is a Class I PDZ domain protein that recognizes the consensus binding motif X-S/T-X-V/I/L-COOH of the C-terminus of its target proteins. We recently reported that TIP-1 not only interacts via the C-terminus of its target partner proteins but also recognizes an internal motif defined by the consensus sequence S/T-X-V/L-D in the target protein. Identification of new target partners containing either a C-terminal or internal recognition motif has rapidly expanded the TIP-1 protein interaction network. TIP-1 being composed solely of a single PDZ domain is unique among PDZ containing proteins. Since it is involved in many important signaling pathways, it is a possible target for drug design. In this mini review, we have discussed human TIP-1, its structure, mechanism of function, its interactions with target proteins containing different recognition motifs, and its involvement in human diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of TIP-1 interactions with distinct target partners and their role in human diseases will be useful for designing novel therapeutics.
Lipids around the Clock: Focus on Circadian Rhythms and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Gnocchi Davide , Pedrelli Matteo , Hurt-Camejo Eva , Parini Paolo
Published: February 2015

Disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and transport are responsible for the development of a large spectrum of pathologies, ranging from cardiovascular diseases, to metabolic syndrome, even to tumour development. Recently, a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control our biological clock and circadian rhythms has been achieved. From these studies it has clearly emerged how the molecular clock tightly regulates every aspect of our lives, including our metabolism. This review analyses the organisation and functioning of the circadian clock and its relevance in the regulation of physiological processes. We also describe metabolism and transport of lipids and lipoproteins as an essential aspect for our health, and we will focus on how the circadian clock and lipid metabolism are greatly interconnected. Finally, we discuss how a deeper knowledge of this relationship might be useful to improve the recent spread of metabolic diseases.
Collagenolytic Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and Cancer
Authors: Woode Denzel , Shiomi Takayuki , D'Armiento Jeanine
Published: February 2015

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer result in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to the role of environmental smoke exposure in the development of both diseases, recent epidemiological studies suggests a connection between the development of COPD and lung cancer. Furthermore, individuals with concomitant COPD and cancer have a poor prognosis when compared with individuals with lung cancer alone. The modulation of molecular pathways activated during emphysema likely lead to an increased susceptibility to lung tumor growth and metastasis. This review summarizes what is known in the literature examining the molecular pathways affecting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this process as well as external factors such as smoke exposure that have an impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Increased expression of MMPs provides a unifying link between lung cancer and COPD.
Six-Year Survival and Early Failure Rate of 2918 Implants with Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Enossal Surfaces
Authors: Gac Olivier , Grunder Ueli
Published: February 2015

The aim of this chart review was to obtain an objective, quantitative assessment of the clinical performance of an implant line used in an implantological office setting. Implants with hydrophilic (INICELL) and hydrophobic (TST; both: Thommen Medical AG, Grenchen, Switzerland) enossal surfaces were compared and the cumulative implant survival rate was calculated. The data of 1063 patients that received 2918 implants (1337 INICELL, 1581 TST) was included. The average follow up time was 2.1 (1.1–5.4) years for INICELL and 4.5 (1.3–5.9) years for TST implants (Thommen Medical AG, Switzerland). In the reported period 7 implants with INICELL (0.5%) and 23 TST implants (1.5%) failed. This difference was statistically significant. The analysis of cases treated and followed up in a single implantological office for 6 years confirmed the very good clinical outcome that was achieved with both used implant lines. Within the limitations of this retrospective analysis, the overall early failure rate of the hydrophilic implants was significantly lower than that of hydrophobic implants. The use of hydrophilic implants allows the clinician to obtain less early failures, hence the interest of an up-to-date surface for the daily work of an implant practice.
Use of Fiber-Reinforced Cements in Masonry Construction and Structural Rehabilitation
Authors: Erdogmus Ece
Published: February 2015

The use of fiber reinforcement in traditional concrete mixes has been extensively studied and has been slowly finding its regular use in practice. In contrast, opportunities for the use of fibers in masonry applications and structural rehabilitation projects (masonry and concrete structures) have not been as deeply investigated, where the base matrix may be a weaker cementitious mixture. This paper will summarize the findings of the author’s research over the past 10 years in these particular applications of fiber reinforced cements (FRC). For masonry, considering both mortar and mortar-unit bond characteristics, a 0.5% volume fraction of micro fibers in type N Portland cement lime mortar appear to be a viable recipe for most masonry joint applications both for clay and concrete units. In general, clay units perform better with high water content fiber reinforced mortar (FRM) while concrete masonry units (CMUs) perform better with drier mixtures, so 130% and 110% flow rates should be targeted, respectively. For earth block masonry applications, fibers’ benefits are observed in improving local damage and water pressure resistance. The FRC retrofit technique proposed for the rehabilitation of reinforced concrete two-way slabs has exceeded expectations in terms of capacity increase for a relatively low cost in comparison to the common but expensive fiber reinforced polymer applications. For all of these applications of fiber-reinforced cements, further research with larger data pools would lead to further optimization of fiber type, size, and amount.
Humanities under Pressure
Authors: Mittelstrass Jürgen
Published: February 2015

The Humanities have a problem with visibility both in the public sphere and in the academic system itself, and they have an organisational problem when compared with other sections of the academic system. They also have a funding problem, particularly in a European context, i.e., in the framework of the European research policy. The topic of this position paper is the essential role of the Humanities when dealing with the European project, the framing of Europe. In this respect, in contrast to the natural and social sciences, the Humanities need specific models of research funding, more individualised and of more interdisciplinary character. Additionally, they may need more multi-national centres for advanced studies on a European level, thus also solving their visibility and organisational problems.
Schemes of Funding Music Research in Italy: A Case Study in Comparison with other European Countries
Authors: Gianturco Carolyn
Published: February 2015

The awareness of the central government and other supportive agencies in Italy as to the need for research to be accomplished in music and music history in that country is determined by first stating what that support has been for such research in the 1990s, together with its accessibility to groups and/or individuals working in that field, and then reporting how such aid has been reduced in the more recent times of financial crises. In order to assess Italy’s position not in isolation but more realistically by considering it within a broader geographical frame, the same investigation has been accomplished for a group of other culturally developed countries in Europe which offer sufficient areas of comparison: Spain, France, England, Germany. Sadly, Italy does not come off well. Perhaps surprisingly but still sadly this is shown not to be due to the present financial crises but to a long-standing absence of respect for the entire musical history of the country and for the need that it be known and understood thoroughly. In short, the government in Italy seems not to have been sufficiently aware of its responsibility to acknowledge and preserve its musical patrimony by adequately supporting research which aims at uncovering the country’s rich past, understanding it, and thereby making it available to professional performing musicians and, through them, also to the people of Italy and the rest of the world.
Clashing Concepts and Methods: Assessing Excellence in the Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: February 2015

The humanities are going through a period of exceptional vitality characterised by the proliferation of novel interpretative frameworks, methodologies and perspectives. Yet they—and, to a lesser extent, the social sciences—feel threatened by the rising tide of research assessment which appear to be predominantly derived from the needs and experience of the physical and natural sciences and depend on the application of standardized assessment tools. This position paper intends to contribute to the debate on the current criteria of evaluation and measures for excellence in the Humanities by casting light on their conceptual implications and methodological assumptions. It argues that decisions about their relative weight are not simply technical but also reflect underlying value systems.
Estimation of Seasonal Risk Caused by the Intake of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium through Freshwater Fish Consumption from Urban Water Reservoirs in Arid Areas of Northern Mexico
Authors: Nevárez Myrna , Leal Luz , Moreno Myriam
Published: February 2015

Bioavailability and hence bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species depends on seasonal conditions causing different risks levels to human health during the lifetime. Mercury, cadmium and lead contents in fish from Chihuahua (Mexico) water reservoirs have been investigated to assess contamination levels and safety for consumers. Muscle samples of fish were collected across the seasons. Lead and cadmium were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, and mercury by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest concentrations of cadmium (0.235 mg/kg), mercury (0.744 mg/kg) and lead (4.298 mg/kg) exceeded the maximum levels set by European regulations and Codex Alimentarius. Lead concentrations found in fish from three water reservoirs also surpassed the limit of 1 mg/kg established by Mexican regulations. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) suggested by the World Health Organization for methyl mercury (1.6 µg/kg bw per week) was exceeded in the spring season (1.94 µg/kg bw per week). This might put consumers at risk of mercury poisoning.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Children’s Respiratory Health in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wang Rui , Yang Yingying , Chen Renjie , Kan Haidong , Wu Jinyi , Wang Keran , Maddock Jay , Lu Yuanan
Published: February 2015

To assess the status of, and factors associated with, residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to air pollution and respiratory health of children in Shanghai, we conducted a cross-sectional survey. Demographic factors associated with residents’ knowledge were identified by multiple logistic regressions. The questionnaires were completed by 972 participants, half from the Shanghai Children Hospital and the other half from the Jiading communities. Half of the participants’ scores of knowledge and attitudes were equal or greater than 8.0 on a 9-point scale, over 75% of respondents’ practice scores were equal to or less than 4.0. Our studies demonstrated a significant difference of average knowledge scores between the two groups (t = 1.27, p < 0.05). The parents’ educational level (OR = 1.89, 2.48) and average annual household income (AAHI) (OR = 2.37, 2.40, 2.12) were the two strongest factors on knowledge awareness. In addition, statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups in their attitudes towards air quality and their perception of the government’s efforts to alleviate it. The hospital and community groups also showed significant differences in practices geared towards protecting their children’s health. Nearly 90% of the respondents agreed that improving air quality is the responsibility of every citizen, and the joint action of governments and all citizens should be utilized for enhanced control. In addition, more resources should be allocated towards providing citizens with appropriate practices to help lessen the effects of poor air quality.
Development of Composite PCMs by Incorporation of Paraffin into Various Building Materials
Authors: Memon Shazim , Liao Wenyu , Yang Shuqing , Cui Hongzhi , Shah Syed
Published: February 2015

In this research, we focused on the development of composite phase-change materials (CPCMs) by incorporation of a paraffin through vacuum impregnation in widely used building materials (Kaolin and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)). The composite PCMs were characterized using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Moreover, thermal performance of cement paste composite PCM panels was evaluated using a self-designed heating system. Test results showed that the maximum percentage of paraffin retained by Kaolin and GGBS was found to be 18% and 9%, respectively. FT-IR results show that CPCMs are chemically compatible. The phase-change temperatures of CPCMs were in the human comfort zone, and they possessed considerable latent-heat storage capacity. TGA results showed that CPCMs are thermally stable, and they did not show any sign of degradation below 150 °C. From thermal cycling tests, it was revealed that the CPCMs are thermally reliable. Thermal performance tests showed that in comparison to the control room model, the room models prepared with CPCMs reduced both the temperature fluctuations and maximum indoor center temperature. Therefore, the prepared CPCMs have some potential in reducing peak loads in buildings when applied to building facade.
Development and Characterization of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers (SSRs) for an Endemic Plant, Pseudolarix amabilis (Nelson) Rehd. (Pinaceae)
Authors: Geng Qi-Fang , Liu Jun , Sun Lin , Liu Hong , Ou-Yang Yan , Cai Ying , Tang Xin-Sheng , Zhang Hong-Wei , Wang Zhong-Sheng , An Shu-Qing
Published: February 2015

Pseudolarix (Pinaceae) is a vulnerable (sensu IUCN) monotypic genus restricted to southeastern China. To better understand levels of genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow among populations of P. amabilis, we developed five compound SSR markers and ten novel polymorphic expressed sequence tags (EST) derived microsatellites. The results showed that all 15 loci were polymorphic with the number of alleles per locus ranging from two to seven. The expected and observed heterozygosities varied from 0.169 to 0.752, and 0.000 to 1.000, respectively. The inbreeding coefficient ranged from −0.833 to 1.000. These markers will contribute to research on genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. amabilis, which in turn will contribute to the species conservation.
Phytoalexins: Current Progress and Future Prospects
Authors: Jeandet Philippe
Published: February 2015

Phytoalexins are low molecular weight antimicrobial compounds that are produced by plants as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses. As such they take part in an intricate defense system which enables plants to control invading microorganisms. In the 1950s, research on phytoalexins started with progress in their biochemistry and bio-organic chemistry, resulting in the determination of their structure, their biological activity, as well as mechanisms of their synthesis and catabolism by microorganisms. Elucidation of the biosynthesis of numerous phytoalexins also permitted the use of molecular biology tools for the exploration of the genes encoding enzymes of their synthesis pathways and their regulators. This has led to potential applications for increasing plant resistance to diseases. Phytoalexins display an enormous diversity belonging to various chemical families such as for instance, phenolics, terpenoids, furanoacetylenes, steroid glycoalkaloids, sulfur-containing compounds and indoles.[...]
Relationships among Food Label Use, Motivation, and Dietary Quality
Authors: Miller Lisa , Cassady Diana , Applegate Elizabeth , Beckett Laurel , Wilson Machelle , Gibson Tanja , Ellwood Kathleen
Published: February 2015

Nutrition information on packaged foods supplies information that aids consumers in meeting the recommendations put forth in the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans such as reducing intake of solid fats and added sugars. It is important to understand how food label use is related to dietary intake. However, prior work is based only on self-reported use of food labels, making it unclear if subjective assessments are biased toward motivational influences. We assessed food label use using both self-reported and objective measures, the stage of change, and dietary quality in a sample of 392 stratified by income. Self-reported food label use was assessed using a questionnaire. Objective use was assessed using a mock shopping task in which participants viewed food labels and decided which foods to purchase. Eye movements were monitored to assess attention to nutrition information on the food labels. Individuals paid attention to nutrition information when selecting foods to buy. Self-reported and objective measures of label use showed some overlap with each other (r = 0.29, p < 0.001), and both predicted dietary quality (p < 0.001 for both). The stage of change diminished the predictive power of subjective (p < 0.09), but not objective (p < 0.01), food label use. These data show both self-reported and objective measures of food label use are positively associated with dietary quality. However, self-reported measures appear to capture a greater motivational component of food label use than do more objective measures.