bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XTREM
Authors: Contreras Gilberto , Martonosi Margaret , Peng Jinzhan , Ju Roy , Lueh Guei-Yuan
Published: November 2005

Managing power concerns in icroprocessors has become a pressing research problem across the domains of computer architecture, CAD, and compilers. As a result, several parameterized cycle-level power simulators have been introduced. While these simulators can be quite useful for microarchitectural studies, their generality limits how accurate they can be for any one chip family. Furthermore, their hardware focus means that they do not explicitly enable studying the interaction of different software layers, such as Java applications and their underlying Runtime system software.This paper describes and evaluates XTREM, a power simulation tool tailored for the Intel XScale icroarchitecture. In building XTREM, our goals were to develop a icroarchitecture simulator that, while still offering size parameterizations for cache, TLB, etc., more accurately reflected a realistic processor pipeline. We present a detailed set of validations based on ultimeter power measurements and hardware performance counter sampling. Based on these validations across a wide range of stressmarks, Java benchmarks, and non-Java benchmarks, XTREM has an average performance error of only 6.5% and an even smaller average power error: 4%. The paper goes on to present a selection of application studies enabled by the simulator. For example, presenting power behavior vs. time for selected embedded C and Java CLDC benchmarks, we can make power distinctions between the two programming domains as well as distinguishing Java application (JITted code) power from Java Runtime system power. We also study how the Intel XScale core 's power consumption varies for different data activity factors, creating power swings as large as 50mW for a 200Mhz core. We are planning to release XTREM for wider use, and feel that it offers a useful step forward for compiler and embedded software designers.
Adaptive code unloading for resource-constrained JVMs
Authors: Zhang Lingli , Krintz Chandra
Published: November 2005

Compile-only JVMs for resource-constrained embedded systems have the potential for using device resources more efficiently than interpreter-only systems since compilers can produce significantly higher quality code and code can be stored and reused for future invocations. However, this additional storage requirement for reuse of native code bodies, introduces memory overhead not imposed in interpreter-based systems.In this paper, we present a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) extension for adaptive code unloading that significantly reduces the memory requirements imposed by a compile-only JVM. The extension features an unloader that uses execution behavior to adaptively determine
when
to unload as well as
what
code to unload. We implement and empirically identify a set of unloading strategies that enable significant code size reduction (43%-61%). This reduction translates into significant execution time benefits for the benchmarks and JVM configurations that we studied. As such, by using adaptive code unloading, we make compile-only JVMs for embedded devices more feasible.
Link-time optimization of ARM binaries
Authors: De Bus Bruno , De Sutter Bjorn , Van Put Ludo , Chanet Dominique , De Bosschere Koen
Published: November 2005

The overhead in terms of code size, power consumption and execution time caused by the use of precompiled libraries and separate compilation is often unacceptable in the embedded world, where real-time constraints, battery life-time and production costs are of critical importance. In this paper we present our link-time optimizer for the ARM architecture. We discuss how we can deal with the peculiarities of the ARM architecture related to its visible program counter and how the introduced overhead can be eliminated to a large extent. Our link-time optimizer is evaluated in two tool chains. In the Arm Developer Suite tool chain, average code size reductions with 14.6% are achieved, while execution time is reduced with 8.3% on average, and energy consumption with 7.3%. On binaries from the GCC tool chain the average code size reduction is 16.6%, execution time is reduced with 12.3% and the energy consumption with 11.5% on average. Finally, we show how the incorporation of link-time optimization in tool chains may influence library interface design.
Finding effective compilation sequences
Authors: Almagor L. , Cooper Keith D. , Grosul Alexander , Harvey Timothy J. , Reeves Steven W. , Subramanian Devika , Torczon Linda , Waterman Todd
Published: November 2005

Most modern compilers operate by applying a fixed, program-independent sequence of optimizations to all programs. Compiler writers choose a single "compilation sequence", or perhaps a couple of compilation sequences. In choosing a sequence, they may consider performance of benchmarks or other important codes. These sequences are intended as general-purpose tools, accessible through command-line flags such as -O2 and -O3.Specific compilation sequences make a significant difference in the quality of the generated code, whether compiling for speed, for space, or for other metrics. A single universal compilation sequence does not produce the best results over all programs [8, 10, 29, 32]. Finding an optimal program-specific compilation sequence is difficult because the space of potential sequences is huge and the interactions between optimizations are poorly understood. Moreover, there is no systematic exploration of the costs and benefits of searching for good (i.e., within a certain percentage of optimal) program-specific compilation sequences.In this paper, we perform a large experimental study of the space of compilation sequences over a set of known benchmarks, using our prototype adaptive compiler. Our goal is to characterize these spaces and to determine if it is cost-effective to construct custom compilation sequences. We report on five exhaustive enumerations which demonstrate that 80% of the local minima in the space are within 5 to 10% of the optimal solution. We describe three algorithms tailored to search such spaces and report on experiments that use these algorithms to find good compilation sequences. These experiments suggest that properties observed in the enumerations hold for larger search spaces and larger programs. Our findings indicate that for the cost of 200 to 4,550 compilations, we can find custom sequences that are 15 to 25% better than the human-designed fixed-sequence originally used in our compiler.
Sex Determination in the Teleost Medaka, Oryzias latipes
Authors: Matsuda Masaru
Published: November 2005

Although the sex of most animals is determined by genetic information, sex-determining genes had been identified only in mammals, several flies, and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans until the recent discovery of DMY (DM-domain gene on the Y chromosome) in the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome of the teleost fish medaka, Oryzias latipes. Functional and expression analyses of DMY have shown it to be the master gene for male sex determination in the medaka. The only sex-determining genes found so far in vertebrates are Sry and DMY. Therefore, the medaka is expected to become a good experimental animal for investigating the precise mechanisms involved in primary sex determination in nonmammalian vertebrates. This article reviews the origin of DMY and the sexual development of gonads in the medaka. The putative functions of DMY are also discussed.
Ambient Air Pollution Is Associated With Increased Risk of Hospital Cardiac Readmissions of Myocardial Infarction Survivors in Five European Cities
Authors: von Klot Stephanie , Peters Annette , Aalto Pasi , Bellander Tom , Berglind Niklas , D’Ippoliti Daniela , Elosua Roberto , Hörmann Allmut , Kulmala Markku , Lanki Timo , Löwel Hannelore , Pekkanen Juha , Picciotto Sally , Sunyer Jordi , Forastiere Francesco
Published: November 2005

Background—

Ambient air pollution has been associated with increases in acute morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of urban air pollution on cardiac hospital readmissions in survivors of myocardial infarction, a potentially susceptible subpopulation.

Methods and Results—

In this European multicenter cohort study, 22 006 survivors of a first myocardial infarction were recruited in Augsburg, Germany; Barcelona, Spain; Helsinki, Finland; Rome, Italy; and Stockholm, Sweden, from 1992 to 2000. Hospital readmissions were recorded in 1992 to 2001. Ambient nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and mass of particles <10 μm (PM
10
) were measured. Particle number concentrations were estimated as a proxy for ultrafine particles. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital readmissions for myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and cardiac causes (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, dysrhythmia, or heart failure) were studied in city-specific Poisson regression analyses with subsequent pooling. During follow-up, 6655 cardiac readmissions were observed. Cardiac readmissions increased in association with same-day concentrations of PM
10
(rate ratio [RR] 1.021, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.039) per 10 μg/m
3
) and estimated particle number concentrations (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.005 to 1.048] per 10 000 particles/cm
3
). Effects of similar strength were observed for carbon monoxide (RR 1.014 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.026] per 200 μg/m
3
[0.172 ppm]), nitrogen dioxide (RR 1.032 [95% CI 1.013 to 1.051] per 8 μg/m
3
[4.16 ppb]), and ozone (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.051] per 15 μg/m
3
[7.5 ppb]). Pooled effect estimates for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction readmissions were comparable.

Conclusions—

The results suggest that ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in 5 European cities.
Prognostic Value of Troponin T and I Among Asymptomatic Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Khan Nadia A. , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. , Tonelli Marcello , Thompson Christopher R. , Levin Adeera
Published: November 2005

Background—

The prognostic usefulness of troponin enzymes in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is controversial. To resolve this uncertainty of troponin as a prognostic tool, we conducted a systematic review to quantify the association between elevated troponin I or T and long-term total mortality among ESRD patients not suspected of having acute coronary syndrome.

Methods and Results—

We conducted an unrestricted search from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and DARE bibliographic databases to December 2004 using the terms
troponin.mp.
or
exp troponin
and
exp kidney, exp renal, exp kidney disease exp renal replacement therapy
. We also manually searched review articles and bibliographies to supplement the search. Studies were included if they were prospective observational studies, used cardiac-specific troponin assays, and evaluated long-term risk of death or cardiac events for asymptomatic ESRD patients. Two authors independently abstracted data on study and patient characteristics. Studies findings were stratified according to troponin T or I levels. We used a random-effects model to pool study results and tested for heterogeneity using χ
2
testing and used funnel-plot inspection to evaluate the presence of publication bias. Data from 28 studies (3931 patients) published between 1999 and December 2004 were included in this review. Patients received dialysis for a median duration of 4 years, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. From the pooled analysis, elevated troponin T (>0.1 ng/mL) was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (relative risk, 2.64; 95% CI, 2.17 to 3.20). Although the prognostic effect sizes were all consistent with a positive relationship between troponin T and mortality, there was significant heterogeneity in the magnitude of these effect sizes (
P
=0.015). The funnel plot showed evidence of publication bias. Elevated troponin T was also strongly associated with increased cardiac death. Studies evaluating troponin I included a wide variety of assays and differing cut points, rendering synthesis of the study findings difficult.

Conclusions—

Elevated troponin T (>0.1 ng/mL) identifies a subgroup of ESRD patients who have poor survival and a high risk of cardiac death despite being asymptomatic. These findings suggest that troponin T is a promising risk stratification tool and may help frame therapeutic decisions. The clinical interpretation of elevated troponin I levels, however, remain unclear, largely because of the lack of standardization of assays.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Genotype and Response to Pravastatin in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Koeijvoets Kristel C.M.C. , Rodenburg Jessica , Hutten Barbara A. , Wiegman Albert , Kastelein John J.P. , Sijbrands Eric J.G.
Published: November 2005

Background—

The lipid-lowering effects of statin therapy show considerable interindividual variation in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Whether the type of LDL receptor mutation predicts the response to statin treatment is not yet established. We analyzed the relationship between LDL receptor genotype and response to pravastatin treatment in children with FH using carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) to measure efficacy.

Methods and Results—

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2-year trial with pravastatin, 193 children had genetically confirmed FH and were included in the present substudy. At baseline, children with null alleles had higher LDL cholesterol levels (difference, 0.94±0.19 mmol/L [SEM];
P
<0.001) and a greater carotid IMT (difference, 0.019±0.01 mm;
P
=0.02) compared with children with receptor-defective mutations. The decrease in carotid IMT during the trial was not significantly different in children with null alleles and receptor-defective mutations (0.018±0.012 and 0.012±0.010 mm; 2-way ANCOVA,
P
=0.7). After 2 years of treatment, the children with null alleles continued to have greater carotid IMT than children with receptor-defective mutations (difference, 0.016±0.01 mm;
P
=0.02). LDL cholesterol lowering tended to be less in carriers of null alleles compared with carriers of receptor-defective mutations (1.30±0.25 and 1.85±0.20 mmol/L; 2-way ANCOVA,
P
=0.08).

Conclusions—

In FH children, we found that the null allele genotype was associated with a greater carotid IMT, higher LDL cholesterol levels, and a nonsignificant tendency to attenuated LDL cholesterol lowering compared with receptor-defective mutations. Null alleles identify FH patients at the highest cardiovascular disease risk who may benefit from more aggressive treatment started in childhood.
Supranormal Myocardial Creatine and Phosphocreatine Concentrations Lead to Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Authors: Wallis Julie , Lygate Craig A. , Fischer Alexandra , ten Hove Michiel , Schneider Jürgen E. , Sebag-Montefiore Liam , Dawson Dana , Hulbert Karen , Zhang Wen , Zhang Mei Hua , Watkins Hugh , Clarke Kieran , Neubauer Stefan
Published: November 2005

Background—

Heart failure is associated with deranged cardiac energy metabolism, including reductions of creatine and phosphocreatine. Interventions that increase myocardial high-energy phosphate stores have been proposed as a strategy for treatment of heart failure. Previously, it has not been possible to increase myocardial creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations to supranormal levels because they are subject to tight regulation by the sarcolemmal creatine transporter (CrT).

Methods and Results—

We therefore created 2 transgenic mouse lines overexpressing the myocardial creatine transporter (CrT-OE). Compared with wild-type (WT) littermate controls, total creatine (by high-performance liquid chromatography) was increased in CrT-OE hearts (66±6 nmol/mg protein in WT versus 133±52 nmol/mg protein in CrT-OE). Phosphocreatine levels (by
31
P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were also increased but to a lesser extent. Surprisingly, CrT-OE mice developed left ventricular (LV) dilatation (LV end-diastolic volume: 21.5±4.3 μL in WT versus 33.1±9.6 μL in CrT-OE;
P
=0.002), substantial LV dysfunction (ejection fraction: 64±9% in WT versus 49±13% in CrT-OE; range, 22% to 70%;
P
=0.003), and LV hypertrophy (by 3-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging). Myocardial creatine content correlated closely with LV end-diastolic volume (
r
=0.51,
P
=0.02), ejection fraction (
r
=−0.74,
P
=0.0002), LV weight (
r
=0.59,
P
=0.006), LV end-diastolic pressure (
r
=0.52,
P
=0.02), and
dP
/
dt
max
(
r
=−0.69,
P
=0.0008). Despite increased creatine and phosphocreatine levels, CrT-OE hearts showed energetic impairment, with increased free ADP concentrations and reduced free-energy change levels.

Conclusions—

Overexpression of the CrT leads to supranormal levels of myocardial creatine and phosphocreatine, but the heart is incapable of keeping the augmented creatine pool adequately phosphorylated, resulting in increased free ADP levels, LV hypertrophy, and dysfunction. Our data demonstrate that a disturbance of the CrT-mediated tight regulation of cardiac energy metabolism has deleterious functional consequences. These findings caution against the uncritical use of creatine as a therapeutic agent in heart disease.
Mechanisms for Lagged Atmospheric Response to ENSO SST Forcing*
Authors: Su Hui , Neelin J. David , Meyerson Joyce E.
Published: November 2005

The mechanism and sensitivity of the lagged response of tropical tropospheric temperature to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST forcing are examined using the Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model (QTCM) coupled to a slab mixed layer ocean model, along with a simple analytical model. It is found that the lag and amplitude of tropospheric temperature response depend on mixed layer depth (MLD), ENSO SST forcing period, areal fraction of the mixed layer ocean, and the strength of Tropics to midlatitude transports. The phase lag is not a monotonic function of mixed layer depth. It maximizes at moderate MLD and, thus, is not very sensitive to MLD in the realistic range. The phase lag asymptotes to values determined by free-atmospheric time scales, between 1 and 2 months, for small or large values of MLD. The amplitude of the tropospheric temperature response decreases with increasing MLD. The phase lag and amplitude of tropospheric temperature both increase as a specified ENSO SST forcing period increases and they appear to be rather insensitive to the seasonal cycle of SST. On the other hand, the phase lag and amplitude of mixed layer ocean SST change monotonically with MLD and ENSO forcing period, with a deeper mixed layer producing longer lag and smaller amplitude of SST anomalies. Longer ENSO SST forcing periods correspond to longer lag and larger amplitude of mixed layer ocean SST anomalies. While the ENSO region convective heating (precipitation) anomalies are closely tied to SST anomalies, the tropical mean precipitation seems best viewed as a complex by-product of the response rather than as a driver. One useful parameter determining the lag of tropospheric temperature to ENSO SST is the freedecay time scale of the coupled system. This parameter combines the effects of surface flux exchanges, heat loss at the top of the atmosphere and from the Tropics to midlatitudes, and finite ocean heat capacity. It is indicative of the extent to which the lagged response of tropical tropospheric temperature to ENSO SST is a coupled phenomenon. Overall, the contribution of coupling to SST outside the ENSO region substantially increases the amplitude and lag of the tropospheric temperature response to ENSO.
Detection of Undocumented Changepoints Using Multiple Test Statistics and Composite Reference Series
Authors: Menne Matthew J. , Williams Claude N.
Published: November 2005

An evaluation of three hypothesis test statistics that are commonly used in the detection of undocumented changepoints is described. The goal of the evaluation was to determine whether the use of multiple tests could improve undocumented, artificial changepoint detection skill in climate series. The use of successive hypothesis testing is compared to optimal approaches, both of which are designed for situations in which multiple undocumented changepoints may be present. In addition, the importance of the form of the composite climate reference series is evaluated, particularly with regard to the impact of undocumented changepoints in the various component series that are used to calculate the composite.

In a comparison of single test changepoint detection skill, the composite reference series formulation is shown to be less important than the choice of the hypothesis test statistic, provided that the composite is calculated from the serially complete and homogeneous component series. However, each of the evaluated composite series is not equally susceptible to the presence of changepoints in its components, which may be erroneously attributed to the target series. Moreover, a reference formulation that is based on the averaging of the first-difference component series is susceptible to random walks when the composition of the component series changes through time (e.g., values are missing), and its use is, therefore, not recommended. When more than one test is required to reject the null hypothesis of no changepoint, the number of detected changepoints is reduced proportionately less than the number of false alarms in a wide variety of Monte Carlo simulations. Consequently, a consensus of hypothesis tests appears to improve undocumented changepoint detection skill, especially when reference series homogeneity is violated. A consensus of successive hypothesis tests using a semihierarchic splitting algorithm also compares favorably to optimal solutions, even when changepoints are not hierarchic.
Spectral and Broadband Longwave Downwelling Radiative Fluxes, Cloud Radiative Forcing, and Fractional Cloud Cover over the South Pole
Authors: Town Michael S. , Walden Von P. , Warren Stephen G.
Published: November 2005

Annual cycles of downwelling broadband infrared radiative flux and spectral downwelling infrared flux were determined using data collected at the South Pole during 2001. Clear-sky conditions are identified by comparing radiance ratios of observed and simulated spectra. Clear-sky fluxes are in the range of 110–125 W m−2 during summer (December–January) and 60–80 W m−2 during winter (April–September). The variability is due to day-to-day variations in temperature, strength of the surface-based temperature inversion, atmospheric humidity, and the presence of “diamond dust” (near-surface ice crystals). The persistent presence of diamond dust under clear skies during the winter is evident in monthly averages of clear-sky radiance.

About two-thirds of the clear-sky flux is due to water vapor, and one-third is due to CO2, both in summer and winter. The seasonal constancy of this approximately 2:1 ratio is investigated through radiative transfer modeling. Precipitable water vapor (PWV) amounts were calculated to investigate the H2O/CO2 flux ratio. Monthly mean PWV during 2001 varied from 1.6 mm during summer to 0.4 mm during winter. Earlier published estimates of PWV at the South Pole are similar for winter, but are 50% lower for summer. Possible reasons for low earlier estimates of summertime PWV are that they are based either on inaccurate hygristor technology or on an invalid assumption that the humidity was limited by saturation with respect to ice.

The average fractional cloud cover derived from the spectral infrared data is consistent with visual observations in summer. However, the wintertime average is 0.3–0.5 greater than that obtained from visual observations. The annual mean of longwave downwelling cloud radiative forcing (LDCRF) for 2001 is about 23 W m−2 with no apparent seasonal cycle. This is about half that of the global mean LDCRF; the low value is attributed to the small optical depths and low temperatures of Antarctic clouds.
Mixed Layer Heat Balance on Intraseasonal Time Scales in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean*
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: November 2005

Recent observations have shown evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (with periods of approximately 1–2 months) in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic trade winds. In this paper, the oceanic response to the observed intraseasonal wind variability is addressed through an analysis of the surface mixed layer heat balance, focusing on three locations in the northwestern tropical Atlantic where in situ measurements from moored buoys are available (14.5°N, 51°W; 15°N, 38°W; and 18°N, 34°W). It is found that local heat storage at all three locations is balanced primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, which is the same mechanism that is believed to play a dominant role on interannual and decadal time scales in the region. It is also found that the intraseasonal wind speed oscillations are linked to changes in surface wind convergence and convection over the western equatorial Atlantic warm pool. These atmospheric circulation anomalies and wind-induced SST anomalies potentially feed back on one another to affect longer time-scale variability in the region.
A Simplified Model of the Walker Circulation with an Interactive Ocean Mixed Layer and Cloud-Radiative Feedbacks
Authors: Peters Matthew E. , Bretherton Christopher S.
Published: November 2005

Cloud–climate feedbacks between precipitation, radiation, circulation strength, atmospheric temperature and moisture, and ocean temperature are studied with an idealized model of the Walker circulation in a nonrotating atmosphere coupled to an ocean mixed layer. This study has two main purposes: 1) to formulate a conceptual framework that includes the dominant feedbacks between clouds and a large-scale divergent circulation; and 2) to use this framework to investigate the sensitivity of the climate system to these interactions. Two cloud types—high, convective anvils and low, nonprecipitating stratus—are included and coupled to the large-scale dynamics. The atmosphere is coupled to an ocean mixed layer via a consistent surface energy budget. Analytic approximations with a simplified radiation scheme are derived and used to explain numerical results with a more realistic radiation scheme. The model simplicity allows interactions between different parts of the ocean–atmosphere system to be cleanly elucidated, yet also allows the areal extent of deep convection and the horizontal structure of the Walker circulation to be internally determined by the model.

Because of their strong top-of-atmosphere radiative cancellation, high clouds are found to have little overall effect on the circulation strength and convective area fraction. Instead, to leading order, these are set by the horizontally varying ocean heat transport and clear-sky radiative fluxes. Low clouds are found to cool both the ocean and atmosphere, to slightly increase the circulation strength, and to shrink the convective area significantly. The climate is found to be less sensitive to doubled greenhouse gas experiments with low clouds than without.
Externally Forced and Internal Variability in Ensemble Climate Simulations of the Maunder Minimum
Authors: Yoshimori Masakazu , Stocker Thomas F. , Raible Christoph C. , Renold Manuel
Published: November 2005

The response of the climate system to natural, external forcing during the Maunder Minimum (ca. a.d. 1645–1715) is investigated using a comprehensive climate model. An ensemble of six transient simulations is produced in order to examine the relative importance of externally forced and internally generated variability. The simulated annual Northern Hemisphere and zonal-mean near-surface air temperature agree well with proxy-based reconstructions on decadal time scales. A mean cooling signal during the Maunder Minimum is masked by the internal unforced variability in some regions such as Alaska, Greenland, and northern Europe. In general, temperature exhibits a better signal-to-noise ratio than precipitation. Mean salinity changes are found in basin averages. The model also shows clear response patterns to volcanic eruptions. In particular, volcanic forcing is projected onto the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index following the eruptions. It is demonstrated that the significant spread of ensemble members is possible even on multidecadal time scales, which has an important implication in coordinating comparisons between model simulations and regional reconstructions.
A New Perspective on Southern Hemisphere Storm Tracks
Authors: Hoskins B. J. , Hodges K. I.
Published: November 2005

A detailed view of Southern Hemisphere storm tracks is obtained based on the application of filtered variance and modern feature-tracking techniques to a wide range of 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. It has been checked that the conclusions drawn in this study are valid even if data from only the satellite era are used. The emphasis of the paper is on the winter season, but results for the four seasons are also discussed. Both upper- and lower-tropospheric fields are used. The tracking analysis focuses on systems that last longer than 2 days and are mobile (move more than 1000 km). Many of the results support previous ideas about the storm tracks, but some new insights are also obtained. In the summer there is a rather circular, strong, deep high-latitude storm track. In winter the high-latitude storm track is more asymmetric with a spiral from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in toward Antarctica and a subtropical jet–related lower-latitude storm track over the Pacific, again tending to spiral poleward. At all times of the year, maximum storm activity in the higher-latitude storm track is in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions. In the winter upper troposphere, the relative importance of, and interplay between, the subtropical and subpolar storm tracks is discussed. The genesis, lysis, and growth rate of lower-tropospheric winter cyclones together lead to a vivid picture of their behavior that is summarized as a set of overlapping plates, each composed of cyclone life cycles. Systems in each plate appear to feed the genesis in the next plate through downstream development in the upper-troposphere spiral storm track. In the lee of the Andes in South America, there is cyclogenesis associated with the subtropical jet and also, poleward of this, cyclogenesis largely associated with system decay on the upslope and regeneration on the downslope. The genesis and lysis of cyclones and anticyclones have a definite spatial relationship with each other and with the Andes. At 500 hPa, their relative longitudinal positions are consistent with vortex-stretching ideas for simple flow over a large-scale mountain. Cyclonic systems near Antarctica have generally spiraled in from lower latitudes. However, cyclogenesis associated with mobile cyclones occurs around the Antarctic coast with an interesting genesis maximum over the sea ice near 150°E. The South Pacific storm track emerges clearly from the tracking as a coherent deep feature spiraling from Australia to southern South America. A feature of the summer season is the genesis of eastward-moving cyclonic systems near the tropic of Capricorn off Brazil, in the central Pacific and, to a lesser extent, off Madagascar, followed by movement along the southwest flanks of the subtropical anticyclones and contribution to the “convergence zone” cloud bands seen in these regions.
The Contrasting Social Logics of Socialit and Survival
Authors: Hey Valerie
Published: November 2005

Late modernity has been characterized as a space, place and ‘series of flows’, marking conditions of complexity, contradiction and diversity as the global economics of capital restructuring reach down into the local/e to radically disorganize prior social forms of collective and political identity and allegiance (Giddens, 1998). Individualization implies a de-coupling of self from the weight of group, community and tradition, thus more local, idiosyncratic and syncretic trajectories are now said to structure ‘biographies of choice’.

My starting points for reflecting on this are Bourdieu’s conceptualization of the ‘social logics of the individual’ conceived as a thoroughly social subject. I use this idea to frame how two contrasting locales shape the subject within their respective interpersonal relations. Gender and class are central terms of the following discussion examining the newly improvized identities of the digitally enhanced and networked middle class, alongside the survival identities impelled by those ‘muddling through’ within disconnected locales.
Unpacking ‘Class Ambivalence’
Authors: Payne Geoff , Grew Clare
Published: November 2005

Recent work on class cultures and self-identities, in particular Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2001), demonstrates respondents’ reluctance to use class in personal terms even while using it to explain wider social conditions. They call this ‘class ambivalence’, or ‘defensiveness’. A new study demonstrates that this crucially depends on how data are collected and interpreted. It proposes an alternative frame of reference which recognizes that respondents operate with an incoherent model of class relations. If we escape from excessively formal theories of social class, we will find more people using what theymean by class, in a consistent rather than ambivalent way. Inarticulateness about complex concepts like class does not mean a lack of salience.
Beyond Consciousness?
Authors: Reay Diane
Published: November 2005

Emotional and psychic responses to class and class inequalities are routinely relegated to the realm of individual psychology if they are addressed at all. All too often in sociological research such psychic responses are individualized, pushed out of the wider social picture. However, in this article, I argue that there is a powerful dynamic between emotions, the psyche and class inequalities that is as much about the makings of class as it is about its consequences. In contemporary British society social class is not only etched into our culture, it is still deeply etched into our psyches, despite class awareness and class consciousness being seen as ‘a thing of the past’. In the article I draw on educational case studies to demonstrate some of the ways in which affective aspects of class – feelings of ambivalence, inferiority and superiority, visceral aversions, recognition, abjection and the markings of taste constitute a psychic economy of social class. This psychic economy, despite being largely ignored in both everyday commonsense understandings and academic theories, contributes powerfully to the ways we are, feel and act.
Muddying the Waters
Authors: Woodin Tom
Published: November 2005

This article charts and analyses the debates and discussions about class and identity over the last 30 years in the Federation of Worker Writers and Community Publishers (Fed).The Fed fostered a class identity that was sharpened through discussions about the role of middle-class sympathizers. Narrow definitions of class were continually widened as groups of women, black and gay groups asserted an autonomous identity and set up separate groups, sometimes in direct opposition to class. While one section of the Fed clung to a narrow conception of class, the majority welcomed the changes but were unwilling to jettison class.This evidence brings into question academic arguments that tended to assert that class, as a monolithic presence, has been simply undermined or replaced by new identities and new social movements.Too little attention has been paid to the persistent but changing meanings of class.
Teachers’ Perceptions of School Psychologists in Different Countries
Authors: Farrell Peter , Jimerson Shane R. , Kalambouka Afroditi , Benoit Jennifer
Published: November 2005

Teachers are probably the main group of professionals with whom school psychologists1 have most contact. Teachers are usually involved in making referrals of individual children, they may be expected to act on the advice of the school psychologist and they also work with school psychologists in consultation-based activities. It is therefore important to ascertain their views about the work of school psychologists in order for services to move forward in an evidenced informed manner. This article discusses the findings of a survey of teachers’ views of school psychologists in eight countries. A total of 1105 teachers completed a questionnaire that yielded quantitative and qualitative data. Findings suggest that there is considerable variation between countries in the amount of time school psychologists spend in schools and that this is related, though perhaps not as strongly as might be predicted, to the extent to which teachers value their services. Overall, teachers appreciate the quality of the service they receive from school psychologists although they would like to see more of them. In addition, they would like school psychologists to spend more time on activities that they currently undertake less frequently. There were also concerns in the UK and the USA about the large amount of time school psychologists spend on testing and assessments for special education. There are key implications from these findings for school psychology services in different countries as they strive to improve their services and meet the needs and expectations of teachers.
Bibliotherapy
Authors: Heath Melissa Allen , Sheen Dawn , Leavy Deon , Young Ellie , Money Kristy
Published: November 2005

Children’s literature is a therapeutic tool for facilitating emotional growth and healing. Stories provide a catalyst for change, providing children with other perspectives and options for thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Appropriately shared stories provide opportunities for children to gain insight and learn healthier ways to face difficulties. To increase familiarity with bibliotherapy the following information is reviewed: a background of literature’s therapeutic use; the stages of involvement, identification, catharsis, insight and universalism; suggestions for effectively selecting and sharing stories and strategies for creating a positive and productive learning experience. A list of children’s books is provided to support counselling interventions.
The Application of Multiple Intelligences Theory in South Korea
Authors: Jung TaeHee , Kim Myung-Hee
Published: November 2005

This study sought to determine whether Korean young children exhibit distinct profiles of intellectual strengths and weaknesses based on Project Spectrum, and to find the working style differences of children among strength, no strength/weakness and weakness domains. Project Spectrum helped to find in which domains each child had strength and/or weakness. Most children had some strength or weakness and showed relative strong and weak domains on a personal level. The study also showed that performances of children in domains of strength compared with domains of no strength/weakness and weakness were characterized by ‘easy to engage’, ‘confident’, ‘focused’, ‘persistent’ and ‘reflective on own work’. It was concluded that identification and development of children’s strengths is one of the most effective and desirable ways to get children to have positive working styles. The educational implications of multiple intelligences theory pertaining to the South Korean educational system are considered further.
The Latinamericanization of American Foreign Policy
Authors: Dosal Paul J.
Published: November 2005

The foreign policies of the George W. Bush administration, constructed by neo-conservative architects like Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, have their ideological antecedents in United States policy toward Latin America. Although the neo-conservatives are not schooled in Latin American diplomatic history, the Bush Doctrine draws so extensively on previous Latin American policies and practices that it represents the Latin Americanization of American foreign policy. The neo-conservatives take inspiration from the policies and practices of Theodore Roosevelt, who applied his big stick policy preemptively in the Caribbean region. While the doctrine of preemption has its roots in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, it goes beyond that policy by asserting a right to police not just Latin America, but Africa, the Middle East, and Asia as well. Unfortunately, the neo-conservatives ignored the nationalistic rebellions that American interventions produced in Latin America, exuding such confidence in their own moral superiority that they neglected obvious historical lessons from Latin America as well as the Middle East. They convinced themselves that the Iraqis would welcome American troops as liberators, apparently unaware that interventions in Latin America regularly produced militant and strongly nationalistic rebellions against United States occupation.
The American Empire in the New Century
Authors: Ayerbe Luis Fernando
Published: November 2005

This chapter analyzes the current position of United States supremacy, in light of the debate on hegemony and domination that acquires greater relevance after the formulation of the ‘Bush Doctrine’, which is systematized in the document ‘The National Security Strategy of the United States of America’. Our approach will emphasize the following aspects: establishment of a parallel between the transition from the 19th to the 20th centuries, from studies that point out the characteristics of imperialism at different times; an analysis of the current foreign policies of the United States, focusing on the debate between unilateralism and multilateralism, emphasizing the reactions caused by the intervention in Iraq; a critical argument about the approaches that highlight in the security agenda of the Bush administration an indicator of a loss of hegemony, which would impose open domination over the search for consensus.
Contesting Free Trade
Authors: Prevost Gary
Published: November 2005

The effort to unite the economies of the western hemisphere into a single free trade agreement was initiated at the Summit of the Americas in Miami in 1994. The timetable established was for completion of the agreement by 2005. This article analyzes the efforts that have arisen over the last six years in opposition to the proposed Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA). Opposition coming from both governments in Latin America and civil society throughout the hemisphere have threatened to derail the whole process. This article details the political arguments that have been mounted against the FTAA and also provides an analysis of the myriad tactics employed by the anti-FTAA movement.
Resistance and Alternatives to Washington’s Agenda for the Americas
Authors: Harris Richard L.
Published: November 2005

There is growing opposition among many Latin American and Caribbean governments, and from a broad spectrum of civil society organizations, to the hemispheric free trade regime that the United States government and the international financial institutions and US transnational corporations have been trying to impose on the region. This opposition represents a serious challenge to US hegemony and growing conflict over the nature and direction of capitalist development in the region. It seems increasingly possible that these forces and conditions will transform the nature of inter-American relations and bring about the regional integration of Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, it may do so in accordance with a progressive regional agenda rather than Washington’s neoliberal agenda for integrating the western hemisphere under US hegemony.
Why Cultural Sociology Is Not ‘Idealist’
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2005

I make use of this reply to McLennan to offer an overall perspective on the development of my work, normatively, empirically and theoretically, and in its earlier neofunctionalist and later cultural-sociological phase. I argue that, despite periodic suggestions that my cultural sociology seeks to push sociology towards an absolute subjectivity, the social-epistemological framework of ‘multidimensionality’ around which I organized my first work, Theoretical Logic in Sociology, still holds. Cultural sociology introduces a method and theory for understanding a dimension of social life, it is not an attempt to explain every part of social life. There is still structural power according to this perspective, but the nature and force of this power must be understood differently. It is a mistake for social science to take a ‘realist’ path, either in its epistemology or in its mode of explanation.
Collective Memory and Forgetting
Authors: Fowler Bridget
Published: November 2005

This article explores the cultural form of the obituary as a contribution to ‘collective memory’. In order to assess the value of viewing the obituary through this lens, it is necessary to look at how memory and collective memory have been conceptualized in various authors, especially in the classic works of Bergson, Halbwachs and Benjamin. Tension emerges between those who think that such social forms of memorizing, like tradition, are declining across the board and those who think that they are still alive but contained in new media such as the newspaper. For the latter, including the present author, these mosaics of tiny testimonies can shape collective memory. The cultural form of the obituary is undergoing an internal transformation. Although there is still considerable evidence of the material and social privilege of these subjects, the contemporary obituary is not restricted to the memory of the ‘dominants’. Obituary editors in national newspapers aspire to include all those who have significantly shaped the modern world, including figures hallowed in popular memory and even counter-memory. Moreover, obituaries have now branched out, beyond the arena of heroes and villains, into depictions of a more nuanced or contradictory world of tragedy and paradox. A key element of such memory is the public realm of producers. However here ‘heroes of production’ (workers or industrialists) figure much less frequently than those who have left distinguished cultural and scientific works for the collective inheritance. The article finally asks how the democratization of the form might be further advanced while also recognizing its inescapable foundation in the scarcity of distinction.
Deciphering The Labyrinth
Authors: Capetillo-Ponce Jorge
Published: November 2005

Octavio Paz has been known worldwide as a talented poet and essayist, but not as a sociologist. And yet his seminal work, The Labyrinth of Solitude, published in 1950 and containing Paz’s interpretation of Mexican history and identity, arrived at via his analysis of Mexican ‘myths’ or cultural forms, is rich in sociological content – particularly sociology of culture and sociology of knowledge. The author of this article, after noting that very few of the experts on Paz’s work have tried to analyze in a serious and sustained manner its sociological content, has determined not only to decipher Paz’s method but to reveal its strong links to the sociology of form and content produced by the German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel. Thus, the main goal of this article is to apply Simmel’s methods to The Labyrinth of Solitude and to thereby (1) shed some light on the sociological aspects of Paz’s seminal work, thus bringing him the credit he deserves as an early Mexican sociologist, and (2) reveal the extent of Simmel’s influence – hitherto ignored or at least very much minimized – upon The Labyrinth.