bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Princeton_TIGRESS 2.0: High refinement consistency and net gains through support vector machines and molecular dynamics in double‐blind predictions during the CASP11 experiment
Authors: Khoury George A. , Smadbeck James , Kieslich Chris A. , Koskosidis Alexandra J. , Guzman Yannis A. , Tamamis Phanourios , Floudas Christodoulos A.
Published: February 2017

Protein structure refinement is the challenging problem of operating on any protein structure prediction to improve its accuracy with respect to the native structure in a blind fashion. Although many approaches have been developed and tested during the last four CASP experiments, a majority of the methods continue to degrade models rather than improve them. Princeton_TIGRESS (Khoury et al., Proteins 2014;82:794–814) was developed previously and utilizes separate sampling and selection stages involving Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations and classification using an SVM predictor. The initial implementation was shown to consistently refine protein structures 76% of the time in our own internal benchmarking on CASP 7‐10 targets. In this work, we improved the sampling and selection stages and tested the method in blind predictions during CASP11. We added a decomposition of physics‐based and hybrid energy functions, as well as a coordinate‐free representation of the protein structure through distance‐binning
distances to capture fine‐grained movements. We performed parameter estimation to optimize the adjustable SVM parameters to maximize precision while balancing sensitivity and specificity across all cross‐validated data sets, finding enrichment in our ability to select models from the populations of similar decoys generated for targets in CASPs 7‐10. The MD stage was enhanced such that larger structures could be further refined. Among refinement methods that are currently implemented as web‐servers, Princeton_TIGRESS 2.0 demonstrated the most consistent and most substantial net refinement in blind predictions during CASP11. The enhanced refinement protocol Princeton_TIGRESS 2.0 is freely available as a web server at http://atlas.engr.tamu.edu/refinement/. Proteins 2017; 85:1078–1098. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disseminated histoplasmosis: a rare clinical phenotype with difficult diagnosis
Authors: Xiong Xiao‐feng , Fan Li‐li , Kang Mei , Wei Jia , Cheng De‐yun
Published: February 2017

We describe a rare and interesting case of a 37‐year‐old man who presented with an intermittent fever, progressive cytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Histopathological examination of a bone marrow smear revealed haemophagocytes and intracellular yeast‐like Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum); thus, we prolonged the blood culture duration to detect fungi, and H. capsulatum was detected in the peripheral blood. After the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis, the patient was successfully treated with amphotericin B and symptomatic therapy. This is the first case in southwest China for which H. capsulatum was cultivated in peripheral blood, illustrating that the duration of specimen culture should be lengthened if a specific pathogen infection is suspected. Moreover, this case enriches our understanding of clinical manifestations of disseminated histoplasmosis.
Theoretical Study on the Catalysis Effect of Platinum Cluster during Carbon Monoxide Polymer Growth
Authors: Yang Yongpeng , Cheng Ping , Huang Shiping
Published: February 2017

The polymerization of carbon monoxide on Pt55 cluster has been studied using density functional theory. Firstly, some randomly generated oxocarbons, ranging from C2 species to C9 species, are obtained on the Pt cluster at high CO coverage. The high stability of those adsorbed oxocarbons is demonstrated by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and the high CO coverage can hinder the decomposition of oxocarbons especially for C2O2. By comparing the favorite structures of C4O4, C5O5 and C6O6 before and after adsorbed on the Pt cluster, it is found that all the oxocarbons preferred to be linear rather than cyclic or lactone‐like when adsorbed on the Pt cluster because of the stronger interaction between linear oxocarbons and Pt surface. Several different mechanisms of oxocarbon growth are also investigated, and we find that small oxocarbons prefer to couple with co‐adsorbed CO to form larger oxocarbons with overcoming an energy barrier of ∼ 1 eV. The high stability and low energy barrier of oxocarbon growth indicate the utilization of Pt cluster can significantly overcome the drawbacks of CO polymerization in diamond anvil cell: extreme condition and very low yield.
Acid‐Functionalized Mesoporous SBA‐15 as an Efficient Heterogeneous Organocatalyst for the Green Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohol Derivatives
Authors: Ghosh Swarbhanu , Bhanja Piyali , Molla Rostam Ali , Khatun Resmin , Islam Sk. Manirul
Published: February 2017

SBA‐15 has been post‐synthesized for modification to sketch highly arranged AFS‐1, ‐COOH functionalized mesoporous hybrid organosilica. This hybrid organosilica has been utilized as a good mesoporous organocatalyst to synthesize 2‐amino alcohols under the application of mild conditions without co‐catalyst of any other metal. The material has reactivity for nucleophilic reaction of nucleopholic aromatic amines with epoxide under the application of solvent free condition and for the synthesis of 2‐amino alcohols from different kind of epoxides at normal temperature. To produce 2‐amino alcohols it has shown outstanding elevated catalytic efficiency in neat condition.
Self‐Assembled Flower–like ZnMoO4/Graphene Composite Materials as Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tang Mei , Niu Yubin , Huang Jing , Li Chang Ming
Published: February 2017

ZnMoO4, carbon‐coated ZnMoO4 (ZnMoO4/C) and ZnMoO4/Graphene (ZnMoO4/G) composite grown on titanium substrate were synthesized by simple hydrothermal reaction and their lithium storage properties were investigated. The results show that, when compared with ZnMoO4 electrode, ZnMoO4/G composite exhibits higher specific capacity, better cycling performance and more outstanding rate capability than those of ZnMoO4/C composite, which are mainly attributed to the excellent conductivity of graphene and unique composite structure.
Manganese‐Mediated Aerobic Oxidative Olefination of (Het)Arenemethanols with Acetonitrile: Highly Stereoselective Preparation of Trans‐Cinnamonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Wu Hui , Yang Peng , Du Zhengyin , Fu Ying
Published: February 2017

A one‐step, cheap and practical manganese‐mediated aerobic oxidative olefination of (het)arenemethanols with acetonitrile to highly steroselectively prepare trans‐cinnamonitrile derivatives in good yield is developed. For benzyl alcohols, the trans‐products were obtained exclusively. The convenient method of this C=C bond formation has an wide substrate scope and a highly atom utility. Control experiments showed that synergetic oxidative effect of manganese dioxide and oxygen and Mn‐promoted Knoevenagel condensation thereafter make the reaction proceed smoothly.
Copper‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Assisted Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Aliphatic Azo Compounds
Authors: Dana Suman , Sahoo Harekrishna , Bhattacharyya Ayan , Mandal Anup , Prasad Edamana , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: February 2017

An unprecedented and convenient synthetic approach to a new class of unsymmetrical azo compounds is developed through a chelation‐assisted copper‐catalysis using cheap commercial reagents. The reactions proceed rapidly at room temperature (typically one hour) and were performed in aqueous medium as well as in solvent‐free conditions, delivering structurally diverse alkyl aryl azo compounds in good yields. It has been observed that these novel pyridine hinged azo derivatives exhibit “turn on” fluorescence response in the presence of copper(II) ion in aqueous medium.
Iron Disulfide (FeS2): A Promising Material for Removal of Industrial Pollutants
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Singh Bikramjeet , Singh Paviter , Singh Kulwinder , Thakur Anup , Kumar Manjeet , Bala Rajni , Kumar Akshay
Published: February 2017

For environmental concerns, there is need of cost effective method for the removal of toxic and carcinogenic dyes used in industries that pose a serious threat to humankind as well as marine life/ecosystems. FeS2 is a promising semiconductor photocatalyst because of its high potential to degrade dyes as well as organic materials. In the present study, FeS2 was successfully synthesized using low cost and more effective hydrothermal method. The different features of synthesized FeS2 material was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV‐visible spectrophotometry. Methyl orange dye and also a textile dye that contribute as a major organic pollutant was effectively degraded by photo catalytically active FeS2 nanostructures. The maximum degradation efficiency (93.09%) was occurred in 120 minutes with 1 g/L FeS2 catalyst dose. The dye removal efficiency for a textile dye Novacron yellow Huntsman (NYH) approximately 98.15 % was achieved with 1 g/L FeS2 catalyst in just 80 min irradiation of visible light. This work further insights to develop FeS2 nanostructures photocatalyst for the removal of toxic and hazardous water contaminants.
The French Revolution, 1789–1804
Authors: Aston Nigel
Published: February 2017

What was the appeal of the values of the Revolution? When did disillusionment set in, and why? Why did so few women identify with the Revolution? These are some of the questions which recur in this fresh study which focuses on some of the major themes at the heart of the current debate on the French Revolution and the Counter-Revolution.

The French Revolution, 1789-1804:

- Examines the human cost of Revolutionary change and the political ruthlessness of its key players

- Explores the continuities and ruptures in the unfolding of the Revolution up to 1804 and Napoleon's coronation as emperor

- Discusses the emergence of a new political culture, institutions, political participation and rhetoric

- Considers the social history of the 1790s with an assessment of the militarisation of France, violence and vandalism, and the social effects of economic changes

- Adopts a wide perspective and looks at the reception of Revolutionary values in Europe, the French colonies, and the United States

Nigel Aston's concise study is essential reading for all those with an interest in this crucial moment in the creation of the modern world
Risky Sex and HIV Acquisition Among HIV Serodiscordant Couples in Zambia, 2002–2012: What Does Alcohol Have To Do With It?
Authors: Joseph Davey Dvora , Kilembe William , Wall Kristin M. , Khu Naw Htee , Brill Ilene , Vwalika Bellington , Chomba Elwyn , Mulenga Joseph , Tichacek Amanda , Javanbakht Marjan , Comulada W. Scott , Allen Susan , Gorbach Pamina M.
Published: February 2017

In this paper we evaluate the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on sexual behavior, HIV acquisition, and antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation in a longitudinal open cohort of 1929 serodiscordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia from 2002 to 2012. We evaluated factors associated with baseline heavy alcohol consumption and its association with condomless sex with the study partner, sex outside of the partnership, and ART initiation using multivariable logistic regression. We estimated the effect of alcohol consumption on HIV acquisition using multivariable Cox models. Baseline factors significantly associated with women’s heavy drinking (drunk weekly or more in 12-months before enrollment) included woman’s older age (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] = 1.04), partner heavy drinking (aPOR = 3.93), and being HIV-infected (aPOR = 2.03). Heavy drinking among men was associated with less age disparity with partner (aPOR per year disparity = 0.97) and partner heavy drinking (aPOR = 1.63). Men’s being drunk daily (aOR = 1.18), women’s being drunk less than monthly (aOR = 1.39) vs. never drunk and being in a male HIV-negative and female HIV-positive union (aOR = 1.45) were associated with condomless sex. Heavy alcohol use was associated with having 1 or more outside sex partners among men (aOR drunk daily = 1.91, drunk weekly = 1.32, drunk monthly = 2.03 vs. never), and women (aOR drunk monthly = 2.75 vs. never). Being drunk weekly or more increased men’s risk of HIV acquisition (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.72). Men and women being drunk weekly or more was associated (p < 0.1) with women’s seroconversion (aHR = 1.42 and aHR = 3.71 respectively). HIV-positive women who were drunk monthly or more had lower odds of initiating ART (aOR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.70–0.99) adjusting for age, months since baseline and previous pregnancies. Individuals in HIV-serodiscordant couples who reported heavy drinking had more outside sex partnerships and condomless sex with their study partner and were more likely to acquire HIV. HIV-positive women had lower odds of initiating ART if they were heavy drinkers.
Changes in Effective Thermal Conductivity During the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnetite Using Graphite
Authors: Kiamehr Saeed , Ahmed Hesham , Viswanathan Nurni , Seetharaman Seshadri
Published: February 2017

Knowledge of the effective thermal diffusivity changes of systems undergoing reactions where heat transfer plays an important role in the reaction kinetics is essential for process understanding and control. Carbothermic reduction process of magnetite containing composites is a typical example of such systems. The reduction process in this case is highly endothermic and hence, the overall rate of the reaction is greatly influenced by the heat transfer through composite compact. Using Laser-Flash method, the change of effective thermal diffusivity of magnetite-graphite composite pellet was monitored in the dynamic mode over a pre-defined thermal cycle (heating at the rate of 7 K/min to 1423 K (1150 °C), holding the sample for 270 minutes at this temperature and then cooling it down to the room temperature at the same rate as heating). These measurements were supplemented by Thermogravimetric Analysis under comparable experimental conditions as well as quenching tests of the samples in order to combine the impact of various factors such as sample dilatations and changes in apparent density on the progress of the reaction. The present results show that monitoring thermal diffusivity changes during the course of reduction would be a very useful tool in a total understanding of the underlying physicochemical phenomena. At the end, effort is made to estimate the apparent thermal conductivity values based on the measured thermal diffusivity and dilatations.
Education, Religious Commitment, and Religious Tolerance in Contemporary China
Authors: Wang Xiuhua , Uecker Jeremy E.
Published: February 2017

Most existing research on education and religion has been situated in the United States, a context where it is normative for youth to receive religious socialization within families that is often thought to be challenged once they enter college. This study examines the relationship between higher education and religion in a non-Western context, China, where children are typically raised in secular contexts and anti-religious ideology permeates the education system. For Chinese youth, college is often individuals’ first significant exposure to religious perspectives. Using data from the 2007 Spiritual Life Study of Chinese Residents, we find that the influence of education on religion is not a secularizing one: Although the least educated are more likely to identify themselves as members of a religious group, this is true only of older adults. People with at least some college education report similar levels of religious salience and belief in their lives compared to both the least and moderately educated. In fact, younger adults who went to college are more likely to hold a religious belief than younger adults with only a primary school education, and more likely to report religion is important to them than those with a middle or high school education. Moreover, college-educated people are more likely to tolerate religious beliefs as alternatives to communism, and younger adults who went to college are more tolerant of religion vis-à-vis science than are younger adults with middle or high school education.
A brief randomized controlled intervention targeting parents improves grades during middle school
Authors: Destin Mesmin , Svoboda Ryan C.
Published: February 2017

Despite a growing number of brief, psychosocial interventions that improve academic achievement, little research investigates how to leverage parents during such efforts. We designed and tested a randomized controlled intervention targeting parents to influence important discussions about the future and responses to academic difficulty experienced by their adolescent during eighth grade in the United States. We recruited experienced parents to convey the main messages of the intervention in a parent panel format. As expected, current parents who were randomly assigned to observe the parent panel subsequently planned to talk with their adolescents sooner about future opportunities and to respond more positively to experiences of academic difficulty than parents who were randomly assigned to a control group. The intervention also led to a significant increase in student grades, which was mediated by parents’ responses to academic difficulty. We suggest an increase in experimental research that utilizes parents to influence student achievement.
Promoting Resilience in New Perioperative Nurses
Authors: Stephens Teresa M. , Smith Pamela , Cherry Caitlin
Published: February 2017

New nursing graduates experience many challenges when transitioning from the academic environment to the practice setting. For many, the period of transition from student to employee is less than optimal, with many still experiencing reality shock, cognitive dissonance, and theory‐practice gaps. The Stephens Model of Nursing Student Resilience addresses the unique issues faced by new graduate nurses to assist them in developing healthy coping strategies and to promote resilience. This model forms the basis of the RN Personal Resilience Enhancement Plan, a supplemental onboarding program created to assist new nurses in confidently facing challenges encountered during orientation and successfully moving forward as nursing professionals. This article describes the concept of resilience and explains how to link the RN Personal Resilience Enhancement Plan to the onboarding process in the perioperative setting.
Back to Basics: Instrument Cleaning
Authors: Spruce Lisa
Published: February 2017

Adequately cleaning and processing surgical instruments may be challenging for perioperative team members; however, the cleaning and processing of instruments are critical steps in making instruments safe to use on patients and achieving an appropriately safe OR environment. Instruments that are cleaned properly have had organic debris and soil removed, rendering them ready for sterilization or disinfection. This Back to Basics article covers the basic steps and considerations for cleaning and processing instruments before sterilization.
Guideline Implementation: Energy‐Generating Devices, Part 1‐Electrosurgery
Authors: Eder Sheryl P.
Published: February 2017

Energy‐generating devices are standard equipment in the surgical suite, with electrosurgical units being the most common type of electrical device used in the OR. Prevention of injuries to patients and personnel related to the use of energy‐generating devices is a key component of the perioperative nurse's role. The AORN “Guideline for safe use of energy‐generating devices” provides guidance on the use and maintenance of devices that deliver energy in the forms of radiofrequency waves, ultrasound waves, or lasers. This article focuses on key points of the guideline, which address precautions specific to electrosurgical units, patients with implanted electronic devices, and minimally invasive surgery, and documentation of the use of energy‐generating devices. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
Cutting force and machine kinematics constrained cutter location planning for five-axis flank milling of ruled surfaces
Authors: Xu Ke , Wang Jiarui , Chu Chih-Hsing , Tang Kai
Published: February 2017

Five-axis flank milling has been commonly used in the manufacturing of complex workpieces because of its greater productivity than that of three-axis or five-axis end milling. The advantage of this milling operation largely depends on effective cutter location planning. The finished surface sometimes suffers from large geometrical errors induced by improper tool positioning, due to the non-developability of most ruled surfaces in industrial applications. In addition, a slender flank-milling cutter may be deflected when subjected to large cutting forces during the machining process, further degrading the surface quality or even breaking the cutter. This paper proposes a novel tool path planning scheme to address those problems. A simple but effective algorithm is developed to adaptively allocate a series of cutter locations over the design surface with each one being confined within an angular rotation range. The allocation result satisfies a given constraint of geometrical errors on the finished surface, which consists of the tool positioning errors at each cutter location and the sweeping errors between consecutive ones. In addition, a feed rate scheduling algorithm is proposed to maximize the machining efficiency subject to the cutting force constraint and the kinematical constraints of a specific machine configuration. Simulation and experimental tests are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Both the machining efficiency and finish surface quality are greatly improved compared with conventional cutter locations.

Highlights Tool position is bounded with respect to the geometrical machining error. Cutting force and kinematics during five-axis flank milling process are analyzed. An incremental adaptive flank milling tool path generation algorithm is proposed. Feed rate is smoothly assigned respecting cutting force and kinematic constraints.
Potential Barriers to Improving Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings: The Case of Supermarket Refrigeration
Authors: Klemick Heather , Kopits Elizabeth , Wolverton Ann
Published: February 2017

According to engineering analyses, energy-intensive commercial buildings have ample opportunities to reduce energy use while saving money, but many seemingly profitable strategies go unadopted. This study explores potential barriers to energy- and refrigerant-reducing investments in supermarket refrigeration. While supermarkets are large energy users, energy and refrigerant account for a relatively small proportion of expenditures. However, due to the intensely competitive nature of the industry, reducing refrigeration costs could have a sizable impact on supermarkets’ bottom lines. Given the scarcity of empirical data in this context, we conducted focus groups and interviews with U.S. supermarket representatives to elicit information about potential barriers to investment and used content analysis to qualitatively evaluate results. Participant statements suggest that the rate at which they adopt specific energy-reducing refrigeration technologies and practices correlates fairly well with estimates of expected payback. Uncertainty and imperfect information about the performance of new technologies, high opportunity costs of capital, and tradeoffs with other valued system attributes such as reliability and customer appeal were the most pervasive potential barriers discussed by participants, although split incentives between firms and contractors or employees also played a role for some firms. Our assessment is that these factors have moderately limited or slowed investments in energy-saving refrigeration technologies for many firms; only in the cases of uncertainty/imperfect information and split incentives between firms and contractors or employees are these barriers potentially indicative of market failures. In addition, in several instances we identify ways in which analysts could improve engineering-based net present value calculations to make them more consistent with actual firm decisions.
The great cat mutilation: sex, social movements and the utilitarian calculus in 1970s New York City
Authors: PETTIT MICHAEL
Published: February 2017

In 1976, the animal liberation movement made experiments conducted on cats at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) one of its earliest successful targets. Although the scientific consensus was that Aronson was not particularly cruel or abusive, the AMNH was selected due to the visibility of the institution, the pet-like status of the animals, and the seeming perversity of studying non-human sexuality. I contextualize the controversy in terms of the changing meaning of utilitarian ethics in justifying animal experimentation. The redefinition of ‘surgeries’ as ‘mutilations’ reflected an encounter between the behavioural sciences and social movements. One of the aims of the late 1960s civil rights movements was to heighten Americans’ sensitivity to differing experiences of suffering. The AMNH protesters drew inspiration from a revived utilitarian ethics of universal organismic pain across the lines of species. This episode was also emblematic of the emergence of an anti-statist, neo-liberal ethos in science. Invoking the rhetoric of the 1970s tax revolt, animal liberationists attacked Aronson's ability to conduct basic research with no immediate biomedical application. Without denying the violence involved, an exclusive focus on reading the experiments through the lens of utilitarianism obscures what ethics animated Aronson's research.
The impact of feeding a supplement based on aloe and Manuka honey on milk yield from dairy cows
Authors: Whyte David , Sharma Kuldeep , Tarver Paul
Published: February 2017

An Aloe vera and manuka honey commercial supplement (Cow and Calf Formula, DairyCare Ltd, NZ) was fed to approximately 40% of a commercial New Zealand herd with over 1000 cows in lactation following spring calving (August) until the end of lactation (April the following year). The 5 ml of supplement was added automatically to the feed for the treatment group via transponder identification units during at milking. At peak lactation (until October) there was a 5.5% increase (11.76 versus 12.41 litres per milking for control and treated cows respectively; P < 0.001) in yield for the supplemented cows, and over the whole season there was a 4.7% milk yield increase (8.12 versus 8.50 litres per milking for control and treated cows respectively). Data from December and January (high summer) showed no significant increase in milk yield, which was due to a major drought in the area and loss of grazed forage intakes. From these results, it was considered that that the Aloe vera and manuka honey, acting either separately or in synergy, resulted in more nutrients being available for milk production.
Multi-decadal reduction in glacier velocities and mechanisms driving deceleration at polythermal White Glacier, Arctic Canada
Authors: THOMSON LAURA I. , COPLAND LUKE
Published: February 2017

Annual and seasonal surface velocities measured continuously from 1960 to 1970 at White Glacier, a 14 km long polythermal valley glacier spanning ~100–1800 m a.s.l., provide the most comprehensive early record of ice dynamics in the Canadian Arctic. Through comparison with differential GPS-derived velocity data spanning 2012–16, we find reductions in mean annual velocity by 31 and 38% at lower elevations (600 and 400 m a.s.l.). These are associated with decreased internal ice deformation due to ice thinning and reduced basal motion likely due to increased hydraulic efficiency in recent years. At higher elevation (~850 m a.s.l.) there is no detectable change in annual velocity and the expected decrease in internal deformation rates due to ice thinning is offset by increased basal motion in both summer and winter, likely attributable to supraglacial melt accessing a still inefficient subglacial drainage system. Decreases in mass flux at lower elevations since the 1960s cannot explain the observed elevation loss of ~20 m, meaning that ice thinning along the glacier trunk is primarily a function of downwasting rather than changing ice dynamics. The current response of the glacier exemplifies steady thinning, velocity slowdown and upstream retreat of the ELA but, because the glacier has an unstable geometry with considerable mass in the 1300–1500 m elevation range, a retreat of the ELA to >1300 plausible within 25–40 years, could trigger runaway wastage.
Methods for simulating nutritional requirement and response studies with all organisms to increase research efficiency
Authors: Vedenov Dmitry , Alhotan Rashed A. , Wang Runlian , Pesti Gene M.
Published: February 2017

Nutritional requirements and responses of all organisms are estimated using various models representing the response to different dietary levels of the nutrient in question. To help nutritionists design experiments for estimating responses and requirements, we developed a simulation workbook using Microsoft Excel. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the influence of different numbers of nutrient levels, ranges of nutrient levels and replications per nutrient level on the estimates of requirements based on common nutritional response models. The user provides estimates of the shape of the response curve, requirements and other parameters and observation to observation variation. The Excel workbook then produces 1–1000 randomly simulated responses based on the given response curve and estimates the standard errors of the requirement (and other parameters) from different models as an indication of the expected power of the experiment. Interpretations are based on the assumption that the smaller the standard error of the requirement, the more powerful the experiment. The user can see the potential effects of using one or more subjects, different nutrient levels, etc., on the expected outcome of future experiments. From a theoretical perspective, each organism should have some enzyme-catalysed reaction whose rate is limited by the availability of some limiting nutrient. The response to the limiting nutrient should therefore be similar to enzyme kinetics. In conclusion, the workbook eliminates some of the guesswork involved in designing experiments and determining the minimum number of subjects needed to achieve desired outcomes.
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BANISHMENT: CITIZENSHIP STRIPPING IN COMMON LAW NATIONS
Authors: Pillai Sangeetha , Williams George
Published: February 2017

Three common law countries—the UK, Canada and Australia—have significantly expanded citizenship revocation laws as a counterterrorism response. This article provides a detailed examination of these laws, their development and their use. It also explores and critiques the extent to which the laws shift citizenship away from fundamental common law principles, and the means by which such a shift has been justified.
PROVOCATIVE CLIMATE PROTECTION: EU ‘EXTRATERRITORIAL’ REGULATION OF MARITIME EMISSIONS
Authors: Dobson Natalie L. , Ryngaert Cedric
Published: February 2017

In 2015, frustrated by the slow pace of negotiations in the International Maritime Organisation, the EU issued Regulation 2015/757 on the monitoring, reporting, and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport. Echoing the controversial Aviation Directive, the Regulation is intended to support a unilateral market-based measure, and includes emissions from outside EU territory. This raises the question whether, according to international law, the EU has jurisdiction to regulate such ‘extraterritorial’ circumstances. In exploring the appropriate jurisdictional bases, we argue that neither the Law of the Sea Convention, nor world trade law definitively decide this issue. We therefore devote more detailed attention to the customary international law of State jurisdiction supplementing these regimes. We seek to build on the existing analysis by examining climate change as a ‘common concern of mankind’. We argue that this emerging concept has distinct legal implications that can and should be accommodated within the interest-balancing exercise underlying the jurisdictional analysis.
MODELLING THE RISK FACTORS FOR BIRTH WEIGHT IN TWIN GESTATIONS: A QUANTILE REGRESSION APPROACH
Authors: Michael A. John , Antonisamy Belavendra , Gowri S. Mahasampath , Prakash Ramasami
Published: February 2017

Birth weight is used as a proxy for the general health condition of newborns. Low birth weight leads to adverse events and its effects on child growth are both short- and long-term. Low birth weight babies are more common in twin gestations. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of maternal and socio-demographic risk factors at various quantiles of the birth weight distribution for twin gestations using quantile regression, a robust semi-parametric technique. Birth records of multiple pregnancies from between 1991 and 2005 were identified retrospectively from the birth registry of the Christian Medical College and hospitals in Vellore, India. A total of 1304 twin pregnancies were included in the analysis. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the mothers were analysed. The mean gestational age of the twins was 36 weeks with 51% having preterm labour. As expected, the examined risk factors showed different effects at different parts of the birth weight distribution. Gestational age, chroniocity, gravida and child’s sex had significant effects in all quantiles. Interestingly, mother’s age had no significant effect at any part of the birth weight distribution, but both maternal and paternal education had huge impacts in the lower quantiles (10thand 25th), which were underestimated by the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The study shows that quantile regression is a useful method for risk factor analysis and the exploration of the differential effects of covariates on an outcome, and exposes how OLS estimates underestimate and overestimate the effects of risk factors at different parts of the birth weight distribution.
Population structure, mobility and conservation of common bottlenose dolphin off south-west England from photo-identification studies
Authors: Brereton Tom , Jones Duncan , Leeves Keith , Lewis Kate , Davies Rachel , Russel Trudy
Published: February 2017

In this study photo-identification data were used to better understand movements, population structure and abundance of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in south-west England and surrounding waters, to inform conservation efforts. A catalogue of 485 photographic sightings of 113 individuals was compiled from ~150 common bottlenose dolphin encounters made on 87 dates between March 2007 and January 2014. From these and other data, three likely sub-populations were identified in the western English Channel, demarcated by bathymetry and distance to land: (1) south-west England – inshore Cornwall to Devon, (2) offshore English/French waters and (3) inshore France from Brittany to Normandy. Maximum abundance estimates for south-west England coastal waters, using two methods, ranged between 102 and 113 (range 87–142, 95% CL) over the period 2008–2013, likely qualifying the region as nationally important, whilst the yearly maximum was 58 in 2013. The population was centred on Cornwall, where 19 well-marked animals were considered ‘probable’ residents. There were no ‘probable’ resident well-marked individuals found to be restricted to either Devon or Dorset, with animals moving freely within coastal areas across the three counties. Movements were also detected within offshore English waters and French waters (from other studies) of the western English Channel, but no interchange has as yet been detected between the three regions, highlighting the possible separation of the populations, though sample sizes are insufficient to confirm this. Given the findings, south-west England waters should be considered as a separate management unit requiring targeted conservation efforts.
Roman Catholics in Pre-Civil War England: The Problem of Definition
Authors: Newman P. R.
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to what appears to be a developing gulf in the study of the Catholic community during the early seventeenth century. How do we determine whether an individual was or was not a Catholic? It looked for a time as if the conventional wisdom concerning Catholics and the Civil War was to maintain that they were, as a body, neutral. It is now hard to see how that view can be substantiated. By no means connected with that view, but threatening in the same way to establish itself as a dictum, is the idea that there can be no Catholicism without a recorded conviction for recusancy.
Catholicism and Rhetoric in Southwell, Crashaw, Dryden and Pope
Authors: Crane David
Published: February 2017

The 150 years separating Southwell from Pope saw great changes in English Catholicism. In the later sixteenth century the Catholic faith was still native English, and the older poetical tradition of lyric religious meditation, which Southwell found flourishing about him when he returned from Rome in July 1586, blended readily in his own poetry with the newly passionate and ingenious devotion of the Counter-Reformation. The enterprise of reviving the Faith in England was vigorous and young, and the blood of the martyrs flowing in the very streets of London as once it had flowed in the streets of Rome must have made of the Church in its most deeply traditional and heroic aspect a present English reality. The passionate ingenuity of the Counter-Reformation; the plainness of the English religious and gnomic tradition; the edge of sober reality and depth given to meditation, even curious meditation, on the sufferings of Christ and the saints by the virtual certainty of the gallows; together with a rhetorical hold on the Faith deeper and older than the Counter-Reformation devotion he found in Italy, to be found rather together with the lives of the early martyrs in his breviary: all combined in Southwell's best poetry in a taut and assured style, full of balanced tensions. But as the years passed, England was not converted and the time of martyrdom ended. Where bloody persecution failed, exile and neglect began to succeed. A sense of the Church as thoroughly English and as in the fervour of its first centuries gradually disappeared. English Catholic devotion in the poetry of Crashaw became contemporary and sometimes uncontrollably ingenious and Continental, with martyrdom a metaphor, though exile a reality. In Dryden's poetry, the Church also appeared in very much its contemporary aspect, though expressing itself now not so much in devotional as in apologetic terms. Dryden's conversion was clearly genuine and his apologia sincere, but he had in his poetry an oddly restricted hold on the Faith, speaking of the Church's relation to other Christian sects often in political or social language. Dryden suffered willingly, however, for his belief, though not exile or martyrdom; whereas the suspicion with Pope is always that, though he remained a Catholic, his Catholicism was a social disability to be borne in much the same way as his physical disability. In the poetry of Pope, Catholicism is a remnant, contributing rather little to an assurance about final realities as impressive perhaps in its way as Southwell's.
Warwickshire Catholics in the Civil War
Authors: Mosler David F.
Published: February 2017

Recent scholarship has challenged the Marxist and Whig-Liberal views which placed the Catholics solidly behind Charles I in the Civil War. Kieth Lindley, Martin J. Havran and others argue that they were hard hit by the taxation policies of Thorough in the 1630s, and that when the Civil Wars came they were too impoverished and politically alienated to risk life and property for the King. The story of Catholics in Warwickshire during the Civil War and Interregnum well illustrates these revisionist interpretations.
The Roman Catholics and the Cumbrian Religious Censuses
Authors: Burgess John
Published: February 2017

In a region of sparse population and little culture it is hardly surprising that organised religion has never been strong in Cumbria. During the Middle Ages the Church's main influence was via the several monastic settlements, particularly the powerful Furness Abbey, which possessed a real economic empire. The influence of the clergy was restricted when population was so dispersed and parishes so massive, and the conclusion must be that Roman Catholicism possessed only a tenuous hold at any point in its history. That the Cumbrians so easily and swiftly on the surface adopted the new Anglican Establishment of the sixteenth century did not reflect the attractions for the new faith or the coercion of authorities; it was simply that no Christian denomination was taken to heart by the native Cumbrians. By the mid-seventeenth century it has been estimated that there were about 500 Roman Catholics in the whole of Cumbria out of a population of towards 100,000. A number of prominent Cumbrians retained the old faith—the Stricklands of Sizergh (who suffered greatly for it) and most of the Howards of Corby and Naworth (who enjoyed considerable honours) and their households being the most prominent. Generally, the remaining Catholics were left alone, though in case of emergency their loyalty might be questioned.
Robert Manning and Thomas Howlatt: English Catholic Printing in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mitchell C.J
Published: February 2017

In seeking signs of vitality in the English Catholic Church of the early eighteenth century John Bossy notes first the publication of new books reformulating the position of Catholics in England, and also the growth of catechising, spearheaded by the introduction of several new editions of simplified catechisms. But he makes no mention of the problems, surely severe, which an underground organisation must face in printing and circulating its propaganda. The Church needed books rather than pamphlets or broadsheets, and the presses on which books were printed cannot have been either itinerant or easily hidden; rather, they would have needed the constant attendance of skilled compositors and pressmen, and a steady supply of bulky materials such as ink and paper.
A Note on the Life of St Edmund Gennings
Authors: David Rogers
Published: February 2017

It is now not far short of thirty years since, in the pages of the present journal, Antony Allison made his survey of ‘Franciscan Books in English 1559–1640’. In the course of his article he describes the work entitled The Life and Death of Edmund Geninges priest which appeared at St. Omers in 1614. He cited the prime authority of Luke Wadding, the great Franciscan historian, whose Scriptores Ordinis Minorum was published in 1650, that this anonymous account was by the martyr’s brother, John Gennings, who became a Franciscan about 1616, restored the Second Province of the English Friars, and was in fact still alive when Wadding wrote. Further analysing the book, Allison identifies ‘I. G. P’, to whom it is dedicated, as John Gennings Priest, and ‘I. W. P.’ who writes the dedication, as John Wilson Priest, who in 1614 had already for several years been manager of the press operating in the English Jesuit College at St. Omers.
The Practice and Problems of Recusant Disarming, 1585–1641
Authors: Quintrell B. W.
Published: February 2017

A familiar theme in Parliamentary agitation from the 1580s onwards was the demand that, in the interests of national security, those Catholics owning weapons and armour should be dispossessed of all but a few of them until they conformed in religion. They were to be left only with sufficient swords, daggers, brown bills and pike-staves to defend their homes and families. Confiscated arms not already sold to an approved buyer had still to be shown at musters; but one of the marks of gentility was no longer assured to recusants accustomed, in Sir Thomas Tresham’s words, ‘daily [to] go armed with weapons as a badge of… vocation.’
Did Creswell Write the Answer to the Proclamation of 1610? A Note on A&R 265
Authors: Allison A. F.
Published: February 2017

A work commonly attributed in bibliographies to Joseph Creswell S.J. (1556–1623) is a reply, written under the pseudonym B. D. de Clerimond, to King James I’s proclamation of 2 June 1610 ‘for the due execution of all former laws against Recusants’. The reply, published in 1611, is A&R 265: A proclamation published vnder the name of lames King of Great Britanny. With a brief & moderate answere therunto. Whereto are added the penall statutes, made in the same kingdome, against Catholikes. Togeather with a letter which sheweth the said Catholikes piety: and diuers aduertisements also, for better vnderstanding of the whole matter. Translated out of Latin into English.
A Leicestershire Recusant Family: The Nevills of Nevill Holt—II
Authors: Elliott Bernard
Published: February 2017

On Henry Nevill II’s death at the ripe old age of 85 on 28 June 1728, the terms of his will were duly carried out. In it he arranged that ‘his youngest daughter, the Lady Mary Countess Migliorucci, should have the custody and management of his said son during his insanity, not doubting but she will see him taken all imaginable care of and used with that tenderness and regard that is due to be had for one in his unfortunate circumstance’. Then he left to his grandson, Cosmas Henry Joseph Count Migliorucci (whom he desired to take the surname of Nevill) the sum of £5,000. Next, he left to his eldest daughter, Margaret Conyers, the sum of £2,000 and to his Conyers grand-daughters, Harriet and Elizabeth, £300 apiece. To his youngest daughter, the Countess Mary Migliorucci, he left £10,000 in trust. On her father’s death, Lady Mary Migliorucci faced several problems. The first was to carry out her father’s instruction to take care of her idiot brother and for this she was allowed £200. It would seem, however, that his care fell mainly on the shoulders of Henry Milton, the bailiff of Nevill Holt, for Lady Mary spent most summers at her London house in Queen’s Square, near Ormond Street, Thus, on 3 June 1729, Milton wrote to her that ‘Mr. N. is in good health’.
Some Notes on the Recusant Rolls of the Exchequer 1
Authors: Bowler Hugh
Published: February 2017

Recusancy was the Elizabethan term for the refusal (Lat. recusare) to attend, in one's “parish church, chapel or usual place of common prayer”, the Edwardian services of the Church of England as established by the Act of Uniformity in 1559 (1 Eliz., cap. 2). Among the penalties prescribed by this same Act was a fine of 12d., to be levied by the churchwardens for every Sunday or festival on which a person omitted attendance. These forfeitures were allocated not to the Crown but “to the use of the poor of the parish”; consequently the Exchequer rolls, being concerned only with the revenue of the Crown, bear no record of them.
Venerable John Talbot: Some Genealogical Notes
Authors: Bowler Hugh
Published: February 2017

The will of this martyr's father (John Talbot of Thorntonle Street, N.R. Yorks), to which reference has been made in a former article in this journal (Vol. II, p. 16), is printed in Surtees Soc., Vol. II; Wills and Inventories, pp. 369-371 (No. CCLXXX).