bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature effects on tensile and bending properties of carbon/Kevlar hybrid fiber sandwich composites
Authors: Chen Miao , Gao Xiaoping , Chen Jiawei , You Geyi , Liu Ce , Zhao Ke
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the mechanical properties of carbon/Kevlar hybrid fiber‐reinforced resin composites at different temperatures were studied. The hybrid composites were prepared by Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI). The sandwich structure of reinforcement consists of Kevlar plain weave fiber as a surface layer and carbon fiber plain weave fabric as a core layer, while the matrix consists of a curing agent and epoxy resin. The bending and tensile properties of the composite specimens were tested at different temperatures using the in situ testing method, separately. The fracture morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the damage mechanism of the material properties at the micro‐scales. The results show that the sandwich composite material shows a positive hybrid effect. The carbon fibers increases effectively the strength and rigidity of the sample, while Kevlar fiber improves the toughness and brittle damage mode. The mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates are strongly dependent on temperature. The tensile and bending properties of carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites decreased when the temperature increased from −30°C to 40°C. The effect of temperature on the bending properties was more pronounced for the carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites. This study consists of damage analysis and variation analysis of the mechanical behavior of carbon/Kevlar composite specimens, which will lay the foundation to provide basic data for the application of carbon/Kevlar hybrid composites.

Highlights

Advantages of carbon/Kevlar hybrid sandwiched structure on tensile and bending properties.

Comprehensive mechanical property testing in multiple composite environments.

Based on the hybrid effect and temperature effect, the damage mechanism of the sample was analyzed.
Comparative study on flexural performances of carbon fiber reinforced polymers with micro‐, micro‐/nano‐, and nano‐sized aramid fiber interlayers
Authors: Hu Yunsen , Gao Yuxuan , Tan Bo , Hu Xiaozhi , Zhang Jian
Published: December 2024

Delamination restricts the out‐of‐plane loading capacity of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), posing a challenge in their structural applications. While interlaminar reinforcement using aramid fibers has emerged as a promising method to alleviate delamination issues, the effects of aramid fiber size and areal density on the flexural properties of reinforced CFRPs remain underexplored. This study investigated the reinforcing potential of different aramid fiber forms, including short aramid fibers, aramid pulp, and aramid nanofibers, through a three‐point bending test on CFRPs. The results revealed that short aramid fibers and aramid pulp provided better reinforcing effects than aramid nanofibers as their fiber lengths were optimal for the bridging mechanism. Specimens reinforced with 0.16 g/m2 short aramid fibers attained the highest flexural strength, with a 20.9% improvement compared to unmodified specimens. Increasing the areal reinforcement density led to thicker interlayers, which negatively impacted flexural strength. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the use of aramid fibers in the industrial manufacturing of CFRPs, considering both reinforcing effects and process efficiency.

Highlights

Different‐sized aramid fibers were used for interlaminar reinforcement of CFRPs.

Influence of interlayer thickness on flexural properties was investigated.

Up to 20.9% improvement in flexural strength was achieved.

Potential applications of different‐sized aramid fibers were discussed.
Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorder: A systematic review and network meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Terao Itsuki , Kodama Wakako
Published: December 2024

The individual efficacy and safety of intravenous racemic (IV) ketamine, psilocybin, and theta burst stimulation (TBS) for major depressive disorder have been demonstrated through meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but the comparative usefulness of these novel treatments has not yet been fully examined. We systematically searched the CENTRAL, Medline, CINHAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomized controlled trials up to July 4, 2024. Random‐effects network meta‐analyses were conducted to compare the Comparative antidepressant effects and safety of intravenous racemic ketamine, psilocybin and theta burst stimulation for major depressive disorderantidepressant efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of IV ketamine, psilocybin, and TBS. Twenty‐eight RCTs were included. All treatments were superior to placebo, with IV ketamine and psilocybin showing significantly greater antidepressant efficacy than TBS. No significant differences were detected between all treatments and placebo in tolerability and acceptability. In a subgroup analysis focusing on short periods of 1 week or less, only IV ketamine was significantly more effective than placebo. In another subgroup analysis focusing on periods of 4 weeks or longer, IV ketamine and psilocybin showed significantly better antidepressant effects than placebo. The confidence in the evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Specifically, there is a scarcity of studies on psilocybin and a lack of direct comparison trials. The findings suggest that IV ketamine and psilocybin may be more effective treatments compared to TBS. Additionally, IV ketamine may have an advantage in terms of rapid onset of action. The number of included studies is limited, especially for psilocybin, and therefore the current findings are preliminary, necessitating further accumulation of direct‐comparison RCTs.
Role of Myofibroblasts in the Repair of Iatrogenic Preterm Membranes Subjected to Mechanical Stimulation
Authors: Costa E. , Thrasivoulou C. , Becker D. L. , Deprest J. , David A. L. , Chowdhury T. T.
Published: December 2024

Objective

We examined the role of myofibroblasts in regulating Cx43 and collagen structure in iatrogenic preterm amniotic membrane (AM) defects subjected to mechanical stimulation.

Method

Preterm AM specimens were collected from women undergoing planned preterm caesarean section after in utero intervention for correction of spina bifida by open fetal surgery (n = 4 patients; preterm delivery at 34 + 0 weeks to 35 + 0 weeks). Control specimens taken 5 cm away from the open fetal surgery defect site were compared with wound edge AM. In separate experiments, the effects of mechanical stimulation and co‐treatment with Cx43 antisense on matrix and repair proteins were examined. Specimens were immunostained to detect αSMA and Cx43 in myofibroblasts and counterstained with DAPI to quantify nuclei shape. The direction of collagen fibrils in the wound edge region was examined by SHG imaging. Markers for matrix (collagen, elastin, GAG), inflammation (PGE2) and repair (TGFβ1) were examined by RT‐qPCR and biochemical assays.

Results

In iatrogenic preterm AM specimens, the diameter of the open fetal surgery defect ranged between 3.5 and 7.5 cm. At the wound edge of the open fetal surgery defect, αSMA positive myofibroblasts had deformed nuclei and showed abundant Cx43 localized in the cell bodies or formed plaques. In the fibroblast layer, collagen had degenerated in some regions or had polarity near the wound edge. In preterm AM defects, mechanical stimulation and Cx43 antisense increased the levels of collagen and elastin but not GAG or PGE2 release. Mechanical stimulation increased Cx43 and TGFβ1 gene expression.

Conclusion

In open fetal surgery defects, myofibroblasts were elongated with collagen fibrils that either degenerated or had polarity. Whilst cells produced substantially higher Cx43 in the fibroblast than in the epithelial layer, they formed plaques, which may prevent migration and delay healing. Mechanical stimulation of preterm AM enhanced matrix repair proteins and the mechanotransduction should be explored to understand how Cx43 contributes to membrane integrity.
Preparation, characterization and pork preservation of antibacterial chitosan composite film based on ethyl p‐methoxycinnamate isolated from Kaempferia galanga L.
Authors: Xiang Zhaobao , Ping Xueli , Chen Pengfei , You Linfeng , Zhou Bin
Published: December 2024

Chitosan (CS)‐based films incorporated with ethyl p‐methoxycinnamate (EPMC) isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. were fabricated to prolong the shelf life of refrigerated pork. Addition of EPMC into CS‐based films significantly improved the physical properties, such as opacity (6.42 to 46.33), moisture content (44.01% to 33.29%) and water vapor permeation (0.21 to 0.13 g mm kPa−1 h−1 m−2). These changes were verified via multiple spectral techniques, indicating that the improvement in the characteristics of the composite films probably resulted from the intermolecular interaction between CS and EPMC. The diameter of the inhibition zone against Escherichia coli of the composite film with a high content (0.4%) of EPMC increased from 1.42 cm in the control CS group to 1.93 cm. The pH values, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, total volatile base nitrogen and total viable count of bacteria of fresh pork stored at 4 °C for 8 days coated in composite film with a high content (0.4%) of EPMC were 5.8, 0.66 mg kg−1, 20 mg (100 g)−1 and 106 CFU g−1, respectively. This indicates that shelf life of fresh pork coated in the composite film was prolonged up to 8 days at 4 °C. The results demonstrated the considerable potential for the utilization of the composite film in pork preservation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Clinical Outcomes Through Two Years for Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Tracheomalacia
Authors: Zak Sara M. , Onge Ina St , Higano Nara S. , Bates Alister J. , Gandhi Deep , Fleck Robert J. , Kingma Paul S. , Woods Jason C. , Hysinger Erik B.
Published: December 2024

Background

Tracheomalacia (TM) is common in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and associated with respiratory morbidity. Assessment of TM was historically via bronchoscopy, but recent studies demonstrate that ultrashort echo‐time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately assess TM in neonates.

Research Question

Do neonates with MRI‐identified TM and BPD have increased respiratory morbidity through age 2 years?

Methods

We performed an observational cohort study of 54 subjects with BPD and assessed TM using UTE MRI at term‐equivalent age. TM was defined as an airway minor/major axis ratio (rd,min) of < 0.7. Outcomes through 2 years of life were evaluated via electronic medical record review.

Results

There were 23 subjects (43%) with TM. Modified Ochiai MRI scores were similar between the subjects with and without TM (7.3 ± 4.1 vs. 7.4 ± 4.1). Subjects with TM were more likely to require respiratory support at age 2 years (62% vs. 30%, p = 0.04) and be prescribed systemic corticosteroids (71% vs. 27%, p = 0.004). Most patients with TM were prescribed bronchodilators (90% vs. 60%, p = 0.04). A 10% increase in tracheal collapse correlated with a 28‐day increased hospital length of stay (p = 0.047), increased likelihood of pneumonia (p = 0.05), and treatment with antibiotics (p = 0.04) and systemic steroids (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

TM in the neonatal period was associated with increased respiratory morbidity through age 2 years, demonstrated by increased respiratory support and more frequent usage of systemic corticosteroids and bronchodilators, independent of the severity of BPD. These results highlight the significance of central airway disease in neonates with BPD.
Comparison of Maitland Passive Joint Mobilization and Self‐Rehabilitation on Function, Activity, and Quality of Life in Beninese Patients With Hip Osteoarthritis: A Pragmatic Randomized Trial
Authors: Assogba Todègnon Franck , Zounon Diane‐Aurore , Niama Natta Ditouah Didier , Sogbossi Emmanuel Segnon , Lawson Teefany , Kpadonou Toussaint , Mahaudens Philippe , Detrembleur Christine
Published: December 2024

Background

Orthopedic manual therapy is currently considered as an alternative approach for treating hip osteoarthritis. However, studies assessing its efficacy in low‐income countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa are scarce.

Objectives

Investigating the effectiveness of Maitland passive joint mobilization (Maitland PJM) compared to self‐rehabilitation in patients with hip osteoarthritis in Benin, a low‐income country, in Sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

This was a pragmatic, single‐blind, two‐arm randomized trial involving 66 participants randomly assigned into two groups (Maitland PJM group, n = 33, and self‐rehabilitation group, n = 33). Both interventions took 5 weeks. The primary outcome (pain) was evaluated using numerical rating scale. Secondary outcomes (passive hip range of motion, muscles strength, walking, and quality of life) were assessed using goniometry, medical research council, 10 m walk test, and short‐form 36. Participants were assessed at baseline, after interventions and 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

Forty‐nine patients (Maitland PJM group, n = 22, self‐rehabilitation, n = 27) completed the sessions. Within‐group analyses showed a significant improvement in body function, walking speed, and quality of life (p < 0.05) after interventions and at 3‐month follow‐up within both groups. No significant differences in any outcomes were observed between the Maitland PJM and self‐rehabilitation groups, after interventions and at the 3‐month follow‐up (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Maitland passive joint mobilization and self‐rehabilitation similarly improved function, walking speed, and quality of life in Beninese patients with hip osteoarthritis.

Trial Registration

PACTR201911553990405
Crocin Supplementation on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Bahari Hossein , Shahraki Jazinaki Mostafa , Aghakhani Ladan , Amini Mohammad Reza , Noushzadeh Zahra , Khodashahi Rozita , Malekahmadi Mahsa
Published: December 2024

Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L. flowers. The yellow‐orange color of saffron comes from crocin, a water‐soluble carotenoid that can be ingested. Crocin is known for its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant potential. It is believed to affect inflammation and oxidative stress, making it a promising therapeutic option. However, research on its impact is inconclusive. This meta‐analysis aimed to assess the benefits of crocin supplementation and its specific effects on inflammation and oxidative stress markers. A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted up to February 2024 in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science to find suitable randomized clinical trials (RCTs). All participants were adults who were supplemented with crocin as part of the study intervention. The selected trials were subjected to heterogeneity tests using the I
2 statistic. Random effects models were examined based on the heterogeneity tests, and the pooled data were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 519 papers that remain after duplications were removed, 13 eligible RCTs were included in the present meta‐analysis. Our findings indicated that crocin supplementation significantly reduced c‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD: −0.50; 95%CI: −0.86 to −0.13; p = 0.008), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (SMD: −1.96; 95%CI: −2.72 to −1.19; p < 0.001), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (SMD: −3.52; 95%CI: −6.84 to −0.20; p = 0.03). Also, crocin supplementation led to a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 1.48; 95%CI: 0.52 to 2.43; p = 0.002). Overall effect size showed that crocin intake failed to change the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly. Crocin reduces inflammatory markers and increases TAC. The effect of crocin on inflammatory markers was greater in a dose ≥ 30 mg/day and an intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks. However, more studies are needed for definitive conclusions.
Using DNN‐Compensator Coupling PD‐Controller Strategy Control Two‐Wheeled Robots Upright Motion Balance
Authors: Zhaojia Tang , Yu Han , Ping Wang
Published: December 2024

Aiming at the problem that the two‐wheeled mobile self‐balancing robot (TWMSR) is challenging to control balance when TWMSR drives on uneven surface road, this study adds a DNN‐compensator specially used to curb the TWMSR's toppling based on the traditional PID motion balance control system. A coupling function couples the control value between the PD‐controller and the DNN‐compensator. Its effect is that when the PD‐controller's output value is insufficient to maintain the TWMSR's balance, the DNN‐compensator will compensate the PD‐controller's output. The experimental results show that using our DNN‐compensator coupling PD‐controller balance control strategy to control the TWMSR movement on uneven surface road can maintain the TWMSR drive stability; compared to traditional PD‐controller, our control strategy braking performance is better, and the pitch angle () fluctuation range is smaller, TWMSR topple over is difficult.
Bayesian Posterior Interval Calibration to Improve the Interpretability of Observational Studies
Authors: Mulgrave Jami J. , Madigan David , Hripcsak George
Published: December 2024

Observational healthcare data offer the potential to estimate causal effects of medical products on a large scale. However, the confidence intervals and p values produced by observational studies only account for random error and fail to account for systematic error. Therefore, operating characteristics such as confidence interval coverage and Type I error rates often deviate sharply from their nominal values and render interpretation impossible. While there is a longstanding awareness of systematic error in observational studies, analytic approaches to empirically account for systematic error are relatively new. Several authors have proposed approaches using negative controls (also known as “falsification hypotheses”) and positive controls. The basic idea is to adjust confidence intervals and p values in light of the bias (if any) detected in the analyses of the negative and positive control. In this work, we propose a Bayesian statistical procedure for posterior interval calibration that uses negative and positive controls. We show that the posterior interval calibration procedure restores nominal characteristics, such as 95% coverage of the true effect size by the 95% posterior interval.
Multilevel Resistive Switching Dynamics by Controlling Phase and Self‐Assembled Nanochannels in HfO2
Authors: Parida Tanmayee , Luong Minh Anh , Das Santanu , Claverie Alain , Kanjilal Aloke
Published: December 2024

A resistive switching device with precise control over the formation of conductive filaments (CF) holds immense potential for high‐density memory arrays and atomic‐scale in‐memory computing architectures. While ion migration and electrochemical switching mechanisms are well understood, controlling the evolution of CF remains challenging for practical resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) deployment. This study introduces a systematic approach to modulate oxygen vacancies (OV) in HfO2 films of Ag/HfO2/Pt‐based RRAM devices by controlling the substrate temperature. At 300 °C, the HfO2 film exhibits a dominant monoclinic phase with maximum OV concentration, which plays a key role in achieving optimal multilevel resistive switching behavior. Self‐assembled nanochannels in the HfO2 films guide CF evolution, and the diffusion of Ag at inside these films suggests a synergistic interplay between OV and Ag⁺ ion migration for reseting the voltage‐controlled resistive states. This approach addresses the endurance/retention trade‐off with an impressive Ron/Roff ratio of ≈8000 while demonstrating growth temperature‐driven OV modulation as a tool for multi‐bit data storage. These findings provide a blueprint for developing high‐performance oxide‐based RRAM devices and offer valuable insights into multilevel resistive switching mechanisms, paving the way for future low‐power, high‐density memory technologies.
Deflected, static shape of a water‐conveying, elbow‐ended, flexible pipe
Authors: Padilla Valdez Karolina , Cros Anne
Published: December 2024

When a ‐elbowed pipe conveys a flow, the fluid deviation generates a transversal force on the tube. So, if the pipe is flexible, it may be deformed. In this experimental and theoretical work, we study the static deflection of a flexible pipe whose upper extreme is clamped while the other, lower, elbowed end is free. When water discharges, a follower force acts onto the free extreme which is proportional to the square of the fluid's velocity. We establish an analytical expression for the free extreme's deflection when the system's weight is neglected and solve the differential equation when its weight is taken into account. An experimental device is mounted which allows to easily record various deflection measurements as the fluid's velocity varies. Our experimental points are in agreement with the theory. They roughly align around the same line when dimensionless numbers are considered since theoretical deviation from a weight‐negligible system is lower than in our experiments.
Heat‐driven stress: Comprehending thermal dynamics in solid disks with varying different densities
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Singh Namarta , Thakur Pankaj
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the stresses and displacements in solid rotating disks under heat‐induced conditions with an emphasis on the influence of varying density. Utilizing B.R. Seth's transition theory, the research examines both compressible and incompressible materials, highlighting the role of Poisson's ratio in the distribution of stresses and displacements. The effects of density variation on circumferential and radial stresses are analyzed comprehensively. The study also investigates how thermal influence affects stress distribution and displacement within the disk, highlighting the intricate interplay of mechanical and thermal forces. These findings offer important insights for designing rotating machinery that operates under different temperature conditions and varying material densities.
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearm Promotion in Digital Media: Corporate Influences on Adolescent Health
Authors: Emond Jennifer A. , Chester Jeffrey , Noel Jonathan , Allem Jon-Patrick , Bushman Brad J. , Primack Brian , Sargent James D.
Published: December 2024

Alcohol, tobacco, and firearm use are the root causes of disability and mortality in the United States. The use of these products in adolescence has considerable impacts on immediate and lifelong health. Adolescents have been the key targets of alcohol, tobacco, and firearm companies because of the potential to shape brand alliances and lifetime use. Marketing and product placements in media have often been used to reach the adolescent market for tobacco and alcohol products, continue to be used to reach the adolescent market for alcohol, and emerging data suggest that they may be used to reach the adolescent market for firearms as well. This chapter discusses how these products are marketed to adolescents using contemporary digital media, including social media, the metaverse, and video games. This chapter illustrates the marketing tactics used in these spaces and discusses the current research gaps that limit our understanding of a causal association between digital marketing exposures and adolescent product use. This chapter closes with recommendations for future efforts to protect adolescents from marketing by companies that produce harmful products.
Introduction to the Section on Digital Media, Cognition, and Brain Development
Authors: Kirkorian Heather
Published: December 2024

The rapidly changing digital media landscape has sparked both widespread concern and optimism for children growing up in the digital age. Research to date suggests that the potential impacts of digital media on children are multifaceted and complex. The chapters within this section summarize and critique the evidence for media effects as they relate to cognition and brain development. This brief introduction provides an overview of each chapter in this section, identifies convergent themes across chapters, and raises gaps to be addressed in future research.
Treatment and Prevention of Internet Use Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sussman Clifford , Tsappis Michael , Greenfield David , Weigle Paul , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen
Published: December 2024

Internet use disorders (IUDs) represent conditions where individuals experience a loss of control over their interactive online media use resulting in reduced functional capacity, and physical, and mental health impairments. Disordered Internet use may develop with various online use activities including video games, social media, online pornography, video watching, and shopping. Prevalence rates for these disorders are increasing worldwide resulting in an increased demand for effective treatment. A number of structured psychosocial treatment approaches have been shown to improve IUD symptoms. Effective psychosocial treatments specifically for gaming disorder include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), the Acceptance and Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Program (ACRIP) based on a cognitive behavioral and mindfulness model, and a Craving Behavioral Intervention (CBI). More general treatments for IUDs have shown to be successful based on CBT. Among pharmaceutical interventions, bupropion has been effective. Preventive interventions appear promising in school settings. Individual studies of primary prevention showed efficacy, but pooled results did not. Based on a meta-analysis, early prevention is particularly effective. Results are limited by methodological shortcomings and premature evidence. Recommendations for the future include more specific research questions related to effective components, appropriate settings, and motivational approaches to clinical treatment and prevention interventions. Considerations for clinicians and parents are outlined.
Introduction to the Section on Youth Digital Wellbeing
Authors: Davis Katie , Charmaraman Linda
Published: December 2024

This introduction provides an overview of the chapters in this section. Observing that the harms of social media are well-addressed in other parts of the handbook, the authors of the chapters in this section focus more on the positive dimensions of young people’s social media experiences. This introduction provides an executive summary of each chapter, highlighting notable themes that address the section’s overarching focus on youth wellbeing, kindness, social communication, and connection in online environments.
Digital Media, Cognition, and Brain Development in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Kirkorian Heather , Barr Rachel , Coyne Sarah M. , Munzer Tiffany Grace-Chung , Paulus Martin , Thomason Moriah E.
Published: December 2024

This chapter summarizes research on digital media, cognition, and brain development throughout childhood. Rapid brain development produces age-related differences in children’s responses to media and the potential impact of media on cognition. In infancy, cognitive constraints limit whether and how infants learn from media, although they learn under some conditions (e.g., with repetition or parental scaffolding). Throughout early and middle childhood, children use a wider range of media and become better able to comprehend and learn from media. There is an emerging literature suggesting associations between screen time and brain structure in children; however, brain-behavior associations are not well understood. Meta-analytic reviews of research on media and cognitive development report mostly nonsignificant or small negative associations between overall screen time and cognitive outcomes (e.g., self-regulation, attention, language, academic achievement). However, there is substantial variability across studies and individuals, with media effects varying by the content and context of media use. For example, solitary media use (versus parent-child joint media engagement) and use of noneducational or adult-directed content (versus child-directed informational content) are associated with more negative and fewer positive outcomes. This chapter concludes with a future research agenda and recommendations informed by the current literature.
Empathy, Kindness, and Dignity in a Connected World
Authors: James Carrie , Collier Anne , Davis Katie , Konrath Sara , Milosevic Tijana , Milovidov Elizabeth , Staksrud Elisabeth , Weinstein Emily
Published: December 2024

Public discourse often contains speculation about the impacts of digital technologies on human empathy, kindness, and dignity. Cases of cyberbullying, online hate speech, and oppressive algorithms contribute to perceptions that digital life is a net negative for human compassion. Research findings paint a more nuanced picture of the ways in which digital technologies can positively support human connection, empathy, kindness, and dignity. This chapter describes what is currently known about the implications of smartphones and social media for empathy, kindness, and dignity, with a particular focus on youth users. We frame findings from current research around a core set of questions: Does the presence of digital technologies in face-to-face interactions compromise empathy? How are digital technologies used in empathic ways? How is digital technology use related to empathy? How does online prosocial behavior benefit youth? How is low empathy related to cyberbullying? How can the state, the tech industry, and educators contribute to creating online environments that facilitate children’s well-being and dignity? We conclude by highlighting open or understudied questions and suggesting high-level recommendations for educators and peer mentors, clinicians, parents, tech designers, and policymakers.
Parasocial Relationships in Children and Teens
Authors: Bond Bradley J. , Dill-Shackleford Karen E. , Dibble Jayson L. , Gleason Tracy R. , Jennings Nancy , Rosaen Sarah , Forster Rebecca Tukachinsky
Published: December 2024

Media afford audiences opportunities to develop nonreciprocal, socioemotional bonds with fictional characters and celebrities called parasocial relationships. Audiences’ parasocial relationships may feel like friendships, but they may also take the form of romantic attachments. The parasocial relationships that children and teens develop with their favorite media figures can serve as socialization agents. Fictional characters and celebrities that are perceived as important social others have the potential to teach, persuade, alter attitudes and beliefs, and influence identity and psychological well-being. The research on parasocial relationships among young people is reviewed here as a means of providing background and context for recommending future research to media psychology scholars, and for recommending actions that parents, teachers, and community members can take to better understand young people’s lived experiences in the media-saturated world of today.
Online Self-Presentation and Identity: Insights from Diverse and Marginalized Youth
Authors: Yang Chia-chen , Calvin Angela , Choukas-Bradley Sophia , Leurs Koen , Manago Adriana , Subrahmanyam Kaveri
Published: December 2024

In the digital age, self-presentation on social media has become commonplace among youth. By selectively posting texts, photos, and videos, young people present and communicate aspects of who they are and/or how they want to be seen. Online self-presentation has important implications for identity development. In this chapter, we review recent studies about (1) different types of online self-presentation and their identity implications, (2) online self-presentation and body image, and (3) online self-presentation among marginalized youth (sexual and gender minority youth, youth from underrepresented cultural and racial/ethnic backgrounds, and migrant youth). Based on the reviewed literature, we propose directions for future research and provide recommendations for researchers, policymakers, clinicians, and educators.
Radical and Untethered: The Health Benefits of Imagination in Virtual Reality for Black Youth
Authors: Cogburn Courtney D. , Taylor Valerie Jones , Filippone Prema , Oyekoya Oyewole
Published: December 2024

The imagination is a powerful social and revolutionary force. In the following discussion, we consider the health benefits of imagination and the role of immersive virtual experiences, such as virtual reality (VR), in facilitating imagination, particularly for Black youth. The paramount focus on understanding and attenuating threats that digital media pose to health should be complemented by research examining ways digital media may enrich the lives of young people. Immersive technologies have the potential to fundamentally change the ways we observe, learn, think, engage, and imagine. We provide an overview and critique of racial embodiment in VR and the sparse empirical literature linking health, medicine, and imagination. The concepts of radical and untethered imagination are also introduced as distinct imaginary processes that may promote health and be facilitated through the use of VR. Recommendations for future research linking imagination and health are also provided.
It’s Not Just Sexting: Adolescents’ Experiences with Exchanging and Disseminating Nude Images
Authors: Van Ouytsel Joris , Maas Megan K. , Klettke Bianca , Clancy Elizabeth M. , Temple Jeff R.
Published: December 2024

As mobile devices become increasingly versatile and integrated into the daily lives of youth, their use for sexual purposes has also risen. One such example is sexting, which enables adolescents to engage in digital sexual communication and expression via nude and semi-nude imagery. This chapter presents an overview of sexting research among adolescents, specifically examining the prevalence rates and the motivations for and pressures to engage in this multidimensional behavior. Additionally, we discuss the potential problems associated with nonconsensual sexting (e.g., anxiety and risk-taking) and the dissemination of sexts through a school (e.g., mental health, fear of going to school) that are disproportionately experienced by girls and LGBTQ+ youth. We discuss future research that focuses on individual-level characteristics such as age, gender, indigeneity, and sexual identity that make some adolescents more vulnerable than others to harmful outcomes associated with sexting. We also provide recommendations for how schools can prevent and respond to sexting among students and how to encourage parents to discuss sexting with their adolescent children.
Media and Parenting: Current Findings and Future Directions
Authors: Reich Stephanie M. , Aladé Fashina , Cingel Drew P. , Takeuchi Lori , Warren Ronald , Uhls Yalda T.
Published: December 2024

Digital devices are an ubiquitous part of children’s lives and parents often struggle with how best to support their children growing up in a digital world. This chapter highlights the main conceptualizations of parenting of children and adolescents’ media use, summarizes the current patterns of findings, identifies gaps in the extant research literature, and offers suggestions for supporting both youth’s and parents’ healthy media use. Caregivers have a critical role in supporting children’s and teens’ optimal development, and media provide another context in which parenting is important—from open lines of communication and clear and consistent rules to healthful modeling of media use.
Putting Digital Media in Balance: The Importance of Human-to-Human Interaction for Young Children
Authors: Hirsh-Pasek Kathy , Zosh Jennifer M. , Hassinger-Das Brenna , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Uhls Yalda T. , Guernsey Lisa
Published: December 2024

Research suggests that parents and caregivers are concerned about their children’s increasing screen media use. While the focus to date has primarily been on the number of hours of screen media use and the educational content screens offer, the latest research suggests a more nuanced approach is needed that focuses on the impact of screen media use on human-to-human interaction. Here, we explore the latest science demonstrating that human-to-human, socially contingent, and responsive interactions underlie healthy physical, social, cognitive, and emotional development. We ask how children’s use of screens—especially without parents, caregivers, and peers—may impact the human-to-human interaction that our social brain requires. The impacts of caregivers’ use of digital technologies are also discussed. Finally, we suggest that co-viewing and joint media engagement may offer a path forward for families that is grounded in the reality of screen use but is also supported by the science of supportive, caring, and contingent relationships.
Digital Media Use and Language Development in Early Childhood
Authors: Dore Rebecca A. , Jing Mengguo , Taylor Gemma , Madigan Sheri , Samudra Preeti G. , Sundqvist Annette S. , Xu Ying
Published: December 2024

The pervasiveness of digital media and the importance of language skills underscore a pressing need to understand the role of media in language development. Historically, research has focused on the quantity of children’s media use but there has been a recent focus on content (i.e., the kinds of media that children use), context (i.e., who children use media with), and interactivity (i.e., whether children watch content passively or can respond contingently) as well as technoference (i.e., adult technology use around children). Meta-analyses suggest that while associations between media quantity and early language skills are either negative or null, both educational content (intending to convey knowledge) and co-use (use with others) are often associated with stronger skills, whereas adult technology use can disrupt parent–child interactions. Some researchers have also argued that interactive media that can respond contingently to children may support language, although more research is needed. Here, we focus on these aspects of media use and their associations with children’s language development in early childhood (0–6 years). We review the current literature, propose important directions for future research, and provide recommendations for researchers in this area and for various stakeholder groups.
Digital Policy Trends: Regulations, Interventions, and Policy Solutions
Authors: Akuetteh Teki , Brossi Lionel , Day Emma , Farthing Rys , Golin Josh , O’Neill Brian
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides a global perspective on policy trends affecting children’s participation in the digital environment. We examine the three interrelated policy fields of online harms, children’s privacy, and children as consumers, each of which has exhibited a shift away from self-regulation by industry toward obligations for digital service providers set by legislation and enforced by regulators. We review these trends through the lens of children’s rights and ask if these measures go far enough to protect children from online harms or sufficiently empower them with the necessary support to benefit from online opportunities. The chapter includes suggestions for future research and recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and educators focused on child-centered and rights-based approaches to policy development.
Children’s Privacy in the Digital Age: US and UK Experiences and Policy Responses
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Lievens Eva , Graham Richard , Pothong Kruakae , Steinberg Stacey , Stoilova Mariya
Published: December 2024

Children need, and have the right to, privacy and heightened data protection. Privacy enables autonomy and growth and is undermined by excessive scrutiny or lack of respect for children's agency in sharing personal information. Through case studies of parents, schools, health services, and commerce, we examine US and UK policy regarding children’s privacy in the context of the “datafication” of children’s digital lives. Policies variously seek to regulate the companies that are involved in and profit from children’s data and to strengthen digital literacy among children, parents, and the public. The balance between regulation and education is struck differently around the world, influenced by culture, legal frameworks, and educational ethos. Policy responses in the US and the UK value educational interventions, introducing privacy and data literacy into the school curriculum, and raising parents’ awareness of the importance of protecting their children’s privacy in digital contexts, to improve children’s safety and build their resilience against commercial exploitation. However, US privacy protection stems from consumer protection, prioritizing parental authority in protecting children’s privacy and offering children different levels of privacy protection as compared with the UK and EU privacy and data protection grounded in human rights.
Intrafascial Colpotomy, Edge-to-Edge Closure, and Peritoneal Graft Technique for Minimizing Mesh Erosion in Concurrent Robotic Hysterectomy and Sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Yagur Yael , Kalantan Assem , Bukhari Mujahid , Donohoe Orla , Almoqren Mohammed , Robertson Jessica , Choi Sarah , Rosen David , Chen Zhuoran , Moore Kate , Chou Danny
Published: December 2024

Introduction and Hypothesis

Sacrocolpopexy (SCP) is a recognized treatment for apical pelvic organ prolapse (POP). However, mesh erosion remains a concern, particularly when performed with concomitant hysterectomy. This video presents data on one case of a modified technique aimed at potentially minimizing mesh erosion in robotic SCP.

Methods

This technique focuses on reinforcing the vaginal cuff and using a pedicled peritoneal graft to create a tissue barrier between the mesh and the vaginal vault. Procedural steps include intrafascial colpotomy, edge-to-edge cuff closure using barbed sutures, and joining anterior and posterior meshes away from the vaginal cuff.

Results

The surgical technique was successfully implemented in this single patient presented in the video and was performed in ten more patients with no intraoperative or postoperative complications. During the follow-up period, there were no signs of mesh erosion or exposure.

Conclusions

This approach emphasizing vaginal cuff strengthening and mesh separation using a pedicled peritoneal graft can be an option for reducing mesh erosion risk. This report does not provide definitive evidence that this approach reduces mesh erosion risk and further research and long-term follow-up are required to validate these findings and integrate this technique into standard management practices.
ESR Essentials: how to get to valuable radiology AI: the role of early health technology assessment—practice recommendations by the European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics
Authors: Kemper Erik H. M. , Erenstein Hendrik , Boverhof Bart-Jan , Redekop Ken , Andreychenko Anna E. , Dietzel Matthias , Groot Lipman Kevin B. W. , Huisman Merel , Klontzas Michail E. , Vos Frans , IJzerman Maarten , Starmans Martijn P. A. , Visser Jacob J.
Published: December 2024

AI tools in radiology are revolutionising the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of patients. However, there is a major gap between the large number of developed AI tools and those translated into daily clinical practice, which can be primarily attributed to limited usefulness and trust in current AI tools. Instead of technically driven development, little effort has been put into value-based development to ensure AI tools will have a clinically relevant impact on patient care.

An iterative comprehensive value evaluation process covering the complete AI tool lifecycle should be part of radiology AI development. For value assessment of health technologies, health technology assessment (HTA) is an extensively used and comprehensive method. While most aspects of value covered by HTA apply to radiology AI, additional aspects, including transparency, explainability, and robustness, are unique to radiology AI and crucial in its value assessment. Additionally, value assessment should already be included early in the design stage to determine the potential impact and subsequent requirements of the AI tool. Such early assessment should be systematic, transparent, and practical to ensure all stakeholders and value aspects are considered. Hence, early value-based development by incorporating early HTA will lead to more valuable AI tools and thus facilitate translation to clinical practice.

Clinical relevance statement

This paper advocates for the use of early value-based assessments. These assessments promote a comprehensive evaluation on how an AI tool in development can provide value in clinical practice and thus help improve the quality of these tools and the clinical process they support.

Key Points

Value in radiology AI should be perceived as a comprehensive term including health technology assessment domains and AI-specific domains.

Incorporation of an early health technology assessment for radiology AI during development will lead to more valuable radiology AI tools.

Comprehensive and transparent value assessment of radiology AI tools is essential for their widespread adoption.
On the Cut-Vertex and the Interval Transit Functions of Hypergraphs
Authors: Shanavas Ameera Vaheeda , Changat Manoj , Stadler Peter F.
Published: December 2024

Transit functions $$R:V\times V\rightarrow 2^V$$

R
:
V
×
V
→

2
V

model abstract betweenness as well as binary clustering. Examples are I(u, v), the interval between u and v, comprising all points on a shortest path from u to v, and C(u, v), the set of all cut vertices separating u and v together with u and v. Here we characterize the cut-vertex transit function of hypergraphs as the monotone transit functions satisfying (x) $$R(u,v)\subseteq R(u,x)\cup R(x,v)$$

R
(
u
,
v
)
⊆
R
(
u
,
x
)
∪
R
(
x
,
v
)

for all $$u,v,x\in V$$

u
,
v
,
x
∈
V

. We define new hypergraph classes as restrictions and generalizations of linear hypergraphs and describe relevant properties of blocks and Berge cycles. We then show that the cut-vertex transit function coincides with the interval function exactly for linear B$$^*$$

∗

-hypergraphs, generalizing a similar result for graphs. Moreover, we identify a subclass of block hypergraphs and characterize it using axioms on its interval function and prove a similar characterization for block graphs.
Calcium and vitamin D substitution for hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy – how is it continued after discharge from hospital?
Authors: Staubitz-Vernazza Julia I. , Lederer Ann-Kathrin , Bouzakri Nabila , Lozan Oana , Wild Florian , Musholt Thomas J.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Postoperative hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) is one of the most feared complications after thyroid surgery. In most cases, HypoPT is transient, requiring temporary substitution with calcium and active vitamin D. The analysis was conducted to investigate how calcium and vitamin D substitution was managed in routine postoperative clinical practice after discharge from hospital.

Methods

From March 2015 to December 2023, patients with HypoPT after thyroidectomy at the university medical center (UMC) Mainz, were included in a retrospective study. The rate of continued prescription of calcium and vitamin D by external practitioners in relation to the PTH and calcium levels at the first postoperative outpatient visit at the outpatient clinic of the UMC Mainz was analyzed and critically discussed.

Results

Ninety-four of 332 patients (28.3%) were continuously prescribed with calcium/vitamin D supplements: 14 had PTH deficiency and hypocalcemia and 14 had normal/elevated PTH levels with hypocalcemia, 59 had PTH values below the normal range and normo- or hypercalcemia and 7 had normal or elevated PTH levels with normocalcemia.

Conclusions

There are inconsistent procedures regarding the adjustment of the calcium and vitamin D substitution by the practices providing external follow-up treatment. To avoid iatrogenic suppression of PTH levels, high calcium load and potential affection of the kidney function, a reduction scheme should be actively recommended by thyroid surgeons.