bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrieving the characteristics of slab ice covering snow by remote sensing
Authors: Andrieu François , Schmidt Frédéric , Schmitt Bernard , Douté Sylvain , Brissaud Olivier
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We present an effort to validate a previously developed radiative transfer model, and an innovative Bayesian inversion method designed to retrieve the properties of slab-ice-covered surfaces. This retrieval method is adapted to satellite data, and is able to provide uncertainties on the results of the inversions. We focused on surfaces composed of a pure slab of water ice covering an optically thick layer of snow in this study. We sought to retrieve the roughness of the ice–air interface, the thickness of the slab layer and the mean grain diameter of the underlying snow. Numerical validations have been conducted on the method, and showed that if the thickness of the slab layer is above 5 mm and the noise on the signal is above 3 %, then it is not possible to invert the grain diameter of the snow. In contrast, the roughness and the thickness of the slab can be determined, even with high levels of noise up to 20 %. Experimental validations have been conducted on spectra collected from laboratory samples of water ice on snow using a spectro-radiogoniometer. The results are in agreement with the numerical validations, and show that a grain diameter can be correctly retrieved for low slab thicknesses, but not for bigger ones, and that the roughness and thickness are correctly inverted in every case.
UTILIZAÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO PARA REDUÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE COLAPSO/ EXPANSÃO DE UM SOLO SILTO ARGILOSO DE MASSAPÊ DA CIDADE DE ICÓ – CE
Authors: Da Silva Chagas Gleiber , Moura Alfran Sampaio , De Araujo Carneiro Andressa
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: No presente trabalho apresenta-se um estudo do comportamento de um solo silte argiloso, de massapê da cidade de Icó-CE, que será utilizado como suporte das fundações das estruturas de um conjunto habitacional. O objetivo do trabalho é averiguar a eficiência da técnica da compactação na redução do potencial de colapso/expansão do solo estudado. Foi realizada uma caracterização do solo por meio de ensaios de laboratório (granulometria, limite de liquidez, limite de plasticidade, densidade real, compactação e CBR) e campo (SPT). Além disso, realizaram-se ensaios especiais do tipo edométrico simples e duplo. Foram coletadas ainda, em uma empresa local, um total de 20 furos de sondagens à percussão (SPT) e que foram realizadas no local do estudo. Pela análise dos resultados foi possível verificar que a compactação mostrou-se uma técnica eficiente para minorar ou mesmo eliminar o potencial de expansão/colapso do solo estudado. A realização deste trabalho contribui para a área do conhecimento pois comprova, a partir do estudo de um caso real, que a compactação de solos potencialmente colapsíveis ou expansivos, de fato, reduz seu potencial a níveis aceitáveis para uso como suporte de fundações superficiais de edifícios. ABSTRACT: FIn this paper we present a study of the behavior of a clayey silt soil, the city massapê Icó-CE, which will be used to support the foundations of the structures of a housing development. The objective is to ascertain the efficiency of the technique of compression in reducing the potential for collapse / expansion of the studied soil. A characterization of the ground by means of laboratory tests (grain size, liquid limit, plastic limit, real density, compaction and CBR) and field (SPT). In addition, there were special tests of simple and double edometer type. Were also collected, in one place, a total of 20 percussion boreholes (SPT) and were performed at the study site company. By analyzing the results we observed that compaction proved to be an efficient technique to reduce or even reduce the potential for expansion / collapse of the studied soil. This work contributes to the field of knowledge as proof, from the study of a real case that the compression of potentially collapsible or expansive soils, in fact, reduces its potential to acceptable levels for use as support shallow foundations of buildings.
ANÁLISE QUALITATIVA DE SÓLIDOS ELASTOPLÁSTICOS SOB DEFORMAÇÃO FINITA UTILIZANDO ELEMENTOS DE BARRA BI-ARTICULADOS 2D E 3D
Authors: Matias Silva William Taylor , Da Silva Wellington Andrade , Noronha Brito Marcus Alexandre
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma descrição Lagrangeana Total para retratar sólidos elastoplásticos sob deformação finita. Discretiza-se estes sólidos com elementos de treliça 2D e 3D com o intuito de obter analiticamente o vetor de forças internas e a matriz de rigidez tangente. Assume-se um modelo constitutivo hiperelástico para o estado uniaxial de tensão-deformação, utilizando a tensão de Kirchhoff e a deformação logarítmica, que formam um par energeticamente conjugado. Para descrever as deformações plásticas finitas utiliza-se a hipótese da decomposição multiplicativa do estiramento uniaxial do elemento de treliça. Por fim, apresentam-se algumas simulações numéricas de sólidos 3D discretizados com elementos de treliça 2D e 3D. ABSTRACT: This paper presents a Lagrangian Total description to describe elastoplastic solids under finite deformation. These solids are discretized with truss elements 2D and 3D aiming to obtain analytically internal force vector and the tangent stiffness matrix. Are assumed a hyperelastic constitutive model for the state of uniaxial stress-strain using the Kirchhoff's stress and logarithmic strain, to form a conjugate pair energetically. To describe the finite plastic deformation using the hypothesis of the multiplicative decomposition of uniaxial stretching of the truss element. Finally, we present some numerical simulations of solid 3D discretized with 2D and 3D truss elements.
INFLUÊNCIA DAS VARIÁVEIS ATMOSFÉRICAS NA DEGRADAÇÃO DOS MATERIAIS DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL
Authors: De Souza Rui Barbosa , Reboita Michelle Simões , Werle Ana Paula , Carvalho Costa Eliane Betânia
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: Este estudo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema impacto de variáveis atmosféricas em materiais da construção civil. Ao longo do trabalho é apresentada a definição das variáveis atmosféricas e a relação destas com a degradação de materiais cerâmicos, metálicos, poliméricos e madeiras. Por exemplo, a temperatura do ar pode causar dilatação e retraimento em materiais cerâmicos causando o colapso desse material. Essa variável atmosférica também é responsável pela alteração estrutural de polímeros. Já os materiais metálicos sofrem corrosão pelo efeito da umidade do ar; nas madeiras, esta variável favorece o desenvolvimento de agentes biológicos degradadores. Por fim, destaca-se que este estudo serve de referência para graduandos em engenharia civil e arquitetura bem como para aqueles interessados no tema. ABSTRACT: This study presents a review of literature on the subject impact of atmospheric variables in the construction materials. Throughout the paper, we present the definition of atmospheric variables and their relationship to the degradation of ceramic, metallic and polymeric materials and wood. For example, the air temperature can cause dilatation and retraction of ceramic materials causing the collapse of the material. This atmospheric variable is also responsible for structural polymers change. Metallic materials corrode by the humidity effect. While, in the woods, this variable favors the development of degrading biological agents. Finally, it is emphasized that this study serves as a reference for graduate students in civil engineering and architecture as well as for those interested in the topic.
A história oral de mulheres que viveram no seringal
Authors: Corrêa Pedro Vasconcelos , Oliveira Fernanda Costa , Cecílio Tada Dra. Iracema Neno
Published: September 2016

Este artigo possui como objetivo geral dar voz as mulheres do município de Fortaleza do Abunã/RO, região da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira, que moraram em seringais localizados na Ponta do rio Abunã/RO e reservas fixadas em terras da Bolívia. De maneira específica, investigou-se a vida no seringal e as relações vividas por aquelas mulheres. Foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa com o método da História Oral Temática (HOT). Foram realizadas entrevistas com quatro mulheres. Os resultados foram descritos em cinco categorias descritivas e permitiram compreender que a ida para o seringal ocorreu com o sonho de mudança de vida e que a realidade mostrou-se árdua, com relações de trabalho desiguais em função do gênero. Aquelas que lá chegaram ainda criança relataram sua infância e o ingresso na vida adulta. Fatos significativos que compõem a história de vida dessas mulheres e que ao serem narrados emergiram com os sentimentos provocados pelas recordações.
Projetos de vida na Pós-Modernidade: possibilidades e limites aos jovens
Authors: Pereira Heloísa Cristina , Stengel Márcia
Published: September 2016

Este artigo discute a temática projeto de vida, considerando a dimensão temporal e adolescência. Nesta fase este tema torna-se mais pertinente por haver uma exigência social de que os adolescentes definam caminhos em suas vidas. Discutimos o termo projeto e suas abrangências, explicando os sentidos atribuídos ao conceito. Trouxemos à tona os atravessamentos sofridos pelo mesmo em relação à dimensão temporal, explicitando o papel desta diante da visão do homem ao projetar-se. Levantamos questões vivenciadas atualmente pelos adolescentes, apontando fatores favorecedores e dificultosos do processo de construção dos projetos. Frente a um cenário de mudanças, marcado por incertezas e riscos que se encontram os adolescentes, cujo período de transição para a vida adulta não se encontra definido como outrora. O adolescente precisa criar planos de curto prazo e desenvolver estratégias para enfrentar essa realidade, que muda rapidamente, assim como elaborar respostas para conseguir saídas frente ao futuro imprevisível.
The New Clinicopathologic and Molecular Findings in Myeloid Neoplasms With inv(3)(q21q26)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2)
Authors: Wang Huan-You , Rashidi Hooman H.
Published: September 2016

Context.—

Inv(3)(q21q26)/t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) is the most common form of genetic abnormality of the so-called 3q21q26 syndrome. Myeloid neoplasms with 3q21q26 aberrancies include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and blast crisis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Recent advances on myeloid neoplasms with inv(3)/t(3;3) with regard to clinicopathologic features and novel molecular or genomic findings warrant a comprehensive review on this topic.

Objective.—

To review the clinicopathologic features and molecular as well as genomic alterations in myeloid neoplasms with inv(3)/t(3;3).

Data Sources.—

The data came from published articles in English-language literature.

Conclusions.—

At the clinicopathologic front, recent studies on MDS with inv(3)/t(3;3) have highlighted their overlapping clinicopathologic features with and similar overall survival to that of inv(3)/t(3;3)-harboring AML regardless of the percentage of myeloid blasts. On the molecular front, AML and MDS with inv(3)/t(3;3) exhibit gene mutations, which affect the RAS/receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. Furthermore, functional genomic studies using genomic editing and genome engineering have shown that the reallocation of the GATA2 distal hematopoietic enhancer to the proximity of the promoter of ectopic virus integration site 1 (EVI1) without the formation of a new oncogenic fusion transcript is the molecular mechanism underlying these inv(3)/t(3;3) myeloid neoplasms. Although the AML and MDS with inv(3)/t(3;3) are listed as a separate category of myeloid malignancies in the 2008 World Health Organization classification, the overlapping clinicopathologic features, similar overall survival, and identical patterns at the molecular and genomic levels between AML and MDS patients with inv(3)/t(3;3) may collectively favor a unification of AML and MDS with inv(3)/t(3;3) as AML or myeloid neoplasms with inv(3)/t(3;3) regardless of the blast count.
Editor's Corner: Pages of Our Past
Authors: Verbeten Sharon
Published: September 2016

Take a good look at the photo on this issue’s cover. Does it look anything like your storytime? If your library is anything like mine, it doesn’t. OK, to be fair, there are probably still librarians wearing high heels and skirts and sitting in rocking chairs. (And that’s perfectly fine!) But chances are your children aren’t sitting quite so, well, rapt and quiet—carefully in their rows.
Taking Time to Look Back: Reflective Practice in Librarianship
Authors: Connell Jan
Published: September 2016

What makes a children’s library program successful? What measures indicate success? Is attendance evidence of success? Is making a difference in the lives of program participants and facilitators evidence of success?We often use numbers to measure success, but what does “success” really look like? I asked these questions after facilitating a new program called Accidental Art: For Children of All Abilities at the Library. Reflection on the experience led to an integration of theory in practice, and programming hasn’t been the same since.
Flippin’ for Books: A Library/University Collaboration
Authors: Wee Jongsun
Published: September 2016

Flippin’ for Books is a community event for young children coordinated by the children’s librarian at Winona (MN) Public Library (WPL); this year is the twelfth anniversary of this event, held on a Saturday in November at a local high school.
The Last Word: I’m Late, I’m Late!
Authors: Krueger Matt
Published: September 2016

These little rabbits sure don’t look late to any tea party! In fact, they look like they’re having a great time, and that’s on purpose.These charming little bunnies, my pets Harry and Otto, take center stage in this photo—shot for a calendar project.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION CORRELATED WITH RELIEF IN RECIFE METROPOLITAN REGION AND SURROUNDING AREAS
Authors: Silva Eduardo Cabral
Published: September 2016

The Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) is located in the eastern portion of northeastern Brazil, which is influenced by causative mechanisms of great totals rainfall. The study of the spatial variability of rainfall in areas with high population density and constructive is essential, once promotes proper planning of mitigation measures of problems related to floods, landslide and water planning. This work aims to study the spatial variability of precipitation in the RMR seasonally, relating it to the relief conditions. The rainfall data were obtained on the website of Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima (APAC). The representation of relief was based on the Model Digital Terrain (MDT), available by EMBRAPA. The results show that there is a great seasonal variability of rainfall in RMR and surrounding areas. More than 85% annual rainfall was associated with relief.
Leishmania Infection of a Knee Megaprosthesis
Authors: Papanastasiou John , Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Flevas Dimitris , Megaloikonomos Panayiotis D. , Kolimpianakis Emmanouil , Iakovidou Ioanna , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J. , Demertzis Nikolaos
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This article presents a 19-year old patient with a distal femoral osteosarcoma treated with limb salvage and distal femoral megaprosthetic reconstruction complicated postoperatively by bone leishmaniasis. Bone biopsy was done; bone tissue was sent for cultures and histology. Cultures were negative. Histological sections showed Leishman - Donovan bodies within histiocytes confirming the diagnosis of leishmania infection of the distal femoral megaprosthesis. The patient was administered amphotericin B for a total of 10 days and gradually became afebrile. Two months after treatment the patient was readmitted with high fever, pancytopenia, liver and spleen enlargement, and chest pain. Radiographs of the chest showed lobar pneumonia and pleural effusion; thoracentesis showed Mycobacterium avium intracellulare lung infection. Despite multi-regimen antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy, disease progressed and the patient died 19 months after osteosarcoma resection and distal femoral megaprosthetic reconstruction from cancer-related complications.
Immune Response to Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Long-term Daclizumab Beta
Authors: Mehta Lahar , Umans Kimberly , Ozen Gulden , Robinson Randy R. , Elkins Jacob
Published: September 2016

Background:

For patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) undergoing continuous immunomodulatory therapy, understanding whether vaccinations can be performed safely and effectively is important. We tested the immune response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine during long-term daclizumab beta treatment.

Methods:

In this prospective, open-label, single-arm extension SELECTED study, an optional vaccine substudy was performed on patients with RRMS who had already received daclizumab beta for 1 to 2 years in previous studies. Patients were administered the seasonal vaccine as a single intramuscular dose containing three inactivated influenza virus strains: A/California/7/2009 (A/H1N1), A/Texas/50/2012 (A/H3N2), and B/Massachusetts/2/2012 (B). Endpoints included proportion of patients achieving seroprotection, proportion of patients who seroconverted, geometric mean titer ratio before and after vaccination, and adverse events reported during 28-day follow-up.

Results:

Ninety patients received the influenza vaccine (mean previous daclizumab beta exposure, 49.6 doses). Seroprotection (anti–hemagglutination immunoglobulin G titer ≥40) was detected in 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85%–97%) of patients for A/H1N1, 91% (83%–96%) for A/H3N2, and 67% (56%–76%) for B. The proportion of patients who seroconverted was 69% (95% CI, 58%–78%) for A/H1N1, 69% (58%–78%) for A/H3N2, and 44% (34%–55%) for B. The anti–hemagglutination immunoglobulin geometric mean titer ratio was 7.7 for A/H1N1, 9.0 for A/H3N2, and 4.3 for B. There were no significant adverse events considered related to vaccination during 28-day follow-up.

Conclusions:

Patients with RRMS receiving long-term daclizumab beta treatment mounted an immune response to the seasonal influenza vaccine at levels considered to confer protection. No major or new safety issues were identified.
REFLEXÕES PROXIMAIS SOBRE EDUCAÇÃO, ENSINO DE FILOSOFIA E A QUESTÃO AMBIENTAL
Authors: Calloni Humberto , Amorim Filipi Vieira
Published: September 2016

Filosofia, Educação e meio ambiente são, certamente, um dos trinômios significativos e inadiáveis para o debate que deve emergir quando consideramos a tarefa da Filosofia nos dias atuais, o quefazer da Educação e o entendimento da noção de meio ambiente. O nosso objetivo é enfatizar o diálogo implícito entre Filosofia, Educação e meio ambiente no processo pedagógico. O enfoque teórico da presente reflexão é esboçado pela noção de complexidade e, metodologicamente, apoiamo-nos nos estudos e pesquisas teóricas que versão a partir do Teoria da Complexidade, do pensador francês Edgar Morin (1921-). Preferimos manter os conceitos Educação, Filosofia e meio ambiente nas suas singularidades por mera formalidade, ainda que saibamos das inúmeras semânticas, ou seja, dos diferentes sentidos, significados e orientações teóricas que tais conceitos adquiriram ao longo de suas respectivas historicidades, no Ocidente, até o presente.
KIERKEGAARD E A FRAGILIDADE DA PROVAS RACIONAIS PARA A EXISTÊNCIA DE DEUS
Authors: Marques Jose da Cruz Lopes
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo tem como de discussão a crítica de Søren Kierkegaard ao racionalismo hegeliano, especificamente, a sua refutação à possibilidade de provas racionais para a existência de Deus. A análise terá como referência, principalmente, o terceiro capítulo da obra Migalhas filosóficas, texto no qual o pensador dinamarquês aponta as inconsistências tanto de argumentos a priori (prova ontológica) quanto de argumentos a posteriori (prova teleológica). Para Kierkegaard, tais argumentos não possuem qualquer valor demonstrativo no que diz respeito à existência de Deus, uma vez que toda a discussão acerca de Deus parte de um pressuposto. Este pressuposto, não obstante, é colocado pela fé.
RESENHA: BETANCOURT,RAÚL F. E BEORLEGUI,CARLOS - FILOSOFIA LATINO-AMERICANA
Authors: Gomes Carlos Alberto
Published: September 2016

Análise crítica á mais recente obra dos destacados filósofos Raul Betancourt e Carlos Beorlegui. A obra constitui um marco na compreensão e fundamentação de um pensamento identitário latino-americano, e bebe as suas influências no americanismo de Alberdi e no historicismo de Leopoldo Zea.

Editada em Granada, Espanha (2014), e publicada em 2015.
A MEDITAÇÃO SOBRE A MORTE ENQUANTO TRANSVALORAÇÃO DE TODOS OS VALORES
Authors: Kussler Leonardo Marques
Published: September 2016

No presente artigo, propomo-nos a explicitar uma relação heterodoxa entre Nietzsche e Platão, enfatizando como há diversas afinidades na proposta nietzschiana, reconfigurando a leitura tradicional, que interpreta Sócrates como uma figura meramente niilista. Para tanto, na primeira seção, abordamos alguns conceitos, especialmente o de transvaloração de todos os valores, sublinhando o teor platônico não admitido na produção intelectual nietzschiana. Em um segundo momento, traçamos como a noção de meditação sobre a morte pode ser compreendida, em uma interpretação imanente, como uma forma de transformação de si, de modo que o niilismo platônico criticado por Nietzsche torna-se exatamente sua proposta de superação do homem por sua própria potência. Por fim, esperamos que a leitura dos diálogos Fédon e Apologia possam esclarecer a postura do filósofo diante da morte como alguém que busca ser mais virtuoso em vida, e não busca salvação transcendental, como aponta a interpretação de um Platão cristianizado.
Rectification of elastic waves in beams with rectangular cross sections
Authors: Tanaka Yukihiro , Kono Daichi , Nishiguchi Norihiko
Published: September 2016

We propose two types of acoustic-wave rectifiers composed of a beam with rectangular cross sections. One is a beam with a triangular void and the other is a beam with wedgewise cuts. Using a finite-difference time-domain method, we numerically investigate the propagation of compressional and flexural modes in both beams. For two flexural modes with different polarizations, the beams show an effective rectification in wide frequency regions, while for compressional modes, they do not have an efficient rectification. We find that the acoustic-wave rectification in a beam with wedgewise cuts is more effective than that in a beam with a triangular void from a practical viewpoint. The characteristic unique to acoustic rectifiers composed of a beam is that their performance depends on the position where the incident wave is excited.
Studies on resistive hysteresis characteristics of metal organic decomposition-derived BaTiO3 thin films prepared under various annealing conditions and related switching endurance properties
Authors: Sugie Toshiyuki , Maejima So , Yamashita Kaoru , Noda Minoru
Published: September 2016

We have prepared metal organic decomposition (MOD)-derived BaTiO3 (BT) thin films under various annealing conditions, especially in nitrogen, and investigated the properties of bipolar-type resistive switching, focusing on the relation between oxygen vacancies and the behavior of resistive hysteresis. BT thin film with both pre annealing and final annealing in nitrogen (layer-by-layer annealing) showed the resistive hysteresis of bipolar-type switching with current ON/OFF ratios of 2 orders of magnitude for both bias polarities. Moreover, it showed the endurance property with the 104 switching cycles. It is possible that the non-filament bipolar-type resistive switching has origins not only at the metal electrode/oxide interface but also the inside of the oxide films, that is, the presence of the oxygen vacancies inside of BT thin films would play an important role in the bipolar-type resistive switching and in improving the switching endurance properties.
Effects of substrate materials on piezoelectric properties of BaTiO3 thick films deposited by aerosol deposition
Authors: Kawakami Yoshihiro , Watanabe Masato , Arai Ken-Ichi , Sugimoto Satoshi
Published: September 2016

Piezoelectric properties were evaluated for annealed BaTiO3 (BT) films formed by aerosol deposition on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and Fe–Cr–Al-based heat-resistant stainless steel (SS). The piezoelectric constants d
31 of BT films annealed at 1200 °C formed on YSZ and SS were −71 and −41 pm/V, respectively. The effects of different substrates on piezoelectric properties were investigated. The grain sizes of the films formed on YSZ and SS were 1.5 and 1.0 µm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis using a two-dimensional stress method revealed that the respective residual stresses of the films formed on YSZ and SS were −55 ± 8 and −32 ± 7 MPa, respectively, as compressive stresses. The c-domain structure was formed preferentially in the films on SS because of its larger compressive stress. These results suggest that differences in piezoelectric properties attributable to substrates result from differences in compressive stress magnitude and the volume fraction between the c- and a-domains.
Simulation and fabrication of a MEMS optical scanner device considering deformation caused by internal stress
Authors: Takeshita Toshihiro , Makimoto Natsumi , Nogami Hirofumi , Sawada Renshi , Kobayashi Takeshi
Published: September 2016

We fabricated a MEMS actuator device that is used as an actuator component of an optical scanning device without deflection of the device using finite element method (FEM) software. When Pt/Ti/PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO2 multilayers were deposited on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer in order to fabricate the MEMS actuator device, the wafer was deflected because of inner stress generated by thin-film deposition, and as a result, the MEMS actuator device using the deflected wafer was also deflected. We aimed to define the relationship between the deflection of the SOI wafer and the deflection of the MEMS actuator device by simulation. Moreover, by using this relationship, we determined the optimal deflection of the SOI wafer after the deposition of thin films, enabling the fabrication of a MEMS actuator device without deflection, by simulation. From the simulation result, when the changes in the deflection of SOI wafers were 14.1 and 7.4 µm, the displacements of the MEMS actuator device were 1.1 and 5.7 µm, respectively. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. From the simulation results, the optimal wafer deflection for preventing the deflection of the MEMS actuator device was 15.6 µm. This value was close to the experimental value, 14.1 µm. This method enables easy simulation of any MEMS device that is complicated in design and which uses multilayer thin films.
Angular dependence of Raman spectrum for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 epitaxial films
Authors: Fukushima Hiroaki , Ichinose Daichi , Funakubo Hiroshi , Uchida Hiroshi , Shima Hiromi , Nishida Ken
Published: September 2016

Herein, we investigate the angular dependence of the Raman spectra of (001)/(100)-oriented tetragonal and (111)/

-oriented rhombohedral epitaxial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films. The A
1 and E modes have the same angular dependence for the (111)/

-oriented rhombohedral epitaxial PZT film, but not for the (001)/(100)-oriented tetragonal epitaxial PZT film. These results agree well with theoretical predictions. On the basis of the fact that the angular dependence of the phonon mode in PZT films is linked to the crystal orientation and structure, the angular dependence of the Raman modes can be used to investigate the orientation and structure of PZT films.
Management of Clinically and Mammographically Occult Benign Papillary Lesions Diagnosed at Ultrasound‐Guided 14‐Gauge Breast Core Needle Biopsy
Authors: Moon Sung Mo , Jung Hae Kyoung , Ko Kyung Hee , Kim Youdong , Lee Kyong Sik
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To determine how to manage clinically and mammographically occult benign papillary lesions diagnosed at ultrasound (US)‐guided 14‐gauge breast core needle biopsy (CNB) by evaluating their upgrade rates.

Methods

From our pathologic database of US‐guided 14‐gauge breast CNB, 69 benign papillomas and 9 atypical papillomas with available subsequent excisional findings (surgery or vacuum‐assisted removal with additional US follow‐up for ≥2 years) or US follow‐up alone (≥2 years) were included in this study. We analyzed their upgrade rates by using excisional or US follow‐up findings, with no change at 2 years as the reference standard. Patient age, lesion size, lesion distance from the nipple, multiplicity, imaging‐histologic concordance, and histologic findings were compared between groups with and without upgrades by statistical analysis.

Results

Surgical excision was performed in 53 (67.9%) of 78 benign papillary lesions and revealed 5 upgrades (11.4%) to atypical papillomas in 44 benign papillomas and 2 upgrades (22.2%) to ductal carcinomas in situ in 9 atypical papillomas. Among 12 benign papillomas (15.4%) with vacuum‐assisted removal and US follow‐up (≥2 years), 1 (8.3%) was upgraded to atypical papilloma. The remaining 13 benign papillomas (16.7%) were followed with US and were stable after a 2‐year follow‐up period. There were no significant differences in the variables between the groups.

Conclusions

Uniform surgical excision is not a reasonable management strategy for clinically and mammographically occult benign papillary lesions diagnosed at US‐guided 14‐gauge breast CNB. Clinically and mammographically occult benign papillary lesions may be subsequently managed by vacuum‐assisted removal or imaging follow‐up if atypia is not found.
Evaluation of Right Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease by 2‐Dimensional Speckle‐Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Liu Yingfeng , Wang Dawei , Du Qigen , Che Guoying , Tian Jiawei , Su Yanxin
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To investigate the value of 2‐dimensional (2D) speckle‐tracking echocardiography for assessing right ventricular (RV) systolic function in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease (CPHD) and the correlation of its parameters with the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

According to pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, 80 patients with CPHD and tricuspid regurgitation were divided into 2 groups: 42 with mild pulmonary hypertension (PH; 30–50 mm Hg) and 38 with moderate or severe PH (≥50 mm Hg); 41 control participants were recruited. All participants underwent 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography and cardiac MRI. The longitudinal peak systolic strain and longitudinal peak systolic strain rate were measured by echocardiography in each segment of the RV free wall and interventricular septum and compared with the RVEF on cardiac MRI.

Results

Strain values in all segments of the RV free wall and interventricular septum were lower in the mild PH group than the control group (P < .05). Strain rate values in the apical segment of the RV free wall and basal segment of the interventricular septum were lower in the mild PH group than the control group (P< .05). Strain and strain rate values in all segments of the RV free wall and interventricular septum were lower in the moderate or severe PH group than the control group (P < .05). Strain and strain rate values in all segments of the RV free wall and interventricular septum were lower in the moderate or severe PH group than the mild PH group (P< .05). Strain and strain rate values in all segments of the RV free wall and the interventricular septum correlated with the RVEF (P < .001).

Conclusions

The ability of speckle‐tracking echocardiography to directly monitor RV myocardial function may allow early sensitive detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with CPHD, with better risk stratification and timely institution of therapy.
Review of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and a Proposed Scanning Protocol
Authors: Chen Yin-Ting , Williams Lisa , Zak Matthew J. , Fredericson Michael
Published: September 2016

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common peripheral compressive neuropathy. Ultrasonography (US) is an emerging technology that can be used in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Although the cross‐sectional area is the most studied and validated measurement for carpal tunnel syndrome, there is no standardized neuromuscular US scanning protocol. We review the most studied neuromuscular US characteristics and protocols in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome and propose a standardized protocol for evaluating carpal tunnel syndrome with neuromuscular US based on current literature.
Polylactides: Properties and Applications
Authors: Ahmed Jasim , Arfat Yasir Ali
Published: September 2016

Concerns about environmental pollution, sustainability, and the safety of petroleum‐based polymeric materials have motivated researchers to develop biodegradable polymers, blends, and composites as an alternative suitable for various applications. Polylactides have been studied extensively and are rapidly gaining commercial acceptance due to low production costs and new applications in various fields ranging from tissue engineering to food packaging.This article provides an overview of poly(lactic acids) (PLAs), the most promising biodegradable polymers from renewable resources, their characterization, and industrial applications. Thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of PLA, as well as migration issues, are discussed along with implications to processability, improved properties, and potential design aspects for various devices.
Pressure Vessels
Authors: Ross Carl T. F.
Published: September 2016

Thin‐walled circular cylinders appear in a number of different branches of engineering, from ocean engineering to aeronautical engineering and from rocket technology to civil engineering. Such vessels also occur in food packaging, boiler technology, and medicine. In ocean engineering, such structures include submarine pressure hulls, offshore drilling rigs, and other submersibles. In aeronautical engineering, such structures appear as fuselages for aeroplanes and rockets. In civil engineering, such structures appear as silos, cooling towers, nuclear reactors, and so on. In food packaging, such structures are used to contain a number of different foods, including liquids, fish, meat, vegetables, and so on, and in medicine, such structures appear as needles, “vacutainers,” thermometers, rubber tubes, and so on.
Trapping of the near‐inertial wave wakes of two consecutive hurricanes in the Loop Current
Authors: Pallàs‐Sanz E. , Candela J. , Sheinbaum J. , Ochoa J. , Jouanno J.
Published: September 2016

The near‐inertial trapping of the wave wakes of two consecutive hurricanes at the base of the Loop Current is described using observations of a triangular mooring array. Hurricane Gustav translates over the Loop Current twice as fast and leads to a sharper, but equally strong, wind intensity peak than Hurricane Ike. Following the passage of Gustav, near‐inertial oscillations in the main thermocline have large horizontal (
) and vertical (
) scales. The wave kinetic energy propagates down with a vertical group velocity of several tens of meters per day and leads to a downward energy flux of
. Observations suggest that the dispersion of the wave wakes produced by the hurricanes is driven by Doppler shifting in the upper
and the vertical‐varying vorticity inside the Loop Current. Near‐inertial kinetic energy is enhanced and near‐inertial oscillations are circularly polarized in a critical layer at the base of the Loop Current where the group velocity vector is nearly horizontal. The trapping and amplification of the near‐inertial wave wakes of two consecutive hurricanes is addressed using a primitive equation numerical model. Numerical results suggest an increase of the near‐inertial kinetic energy and vertical shear by a factor of
near the critical layer due to wave‐mean flow and wave‐wave interactions. A K‐profile parameterization of these interactions results in banded regions of elevated turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of
for critical Richardson number Ric = 1, depending on the stratification of the water column.
Large‐scale tectonic cycles in Europe revealed by distinct Pb isotope provinces
Authors: Blichert‐Toft Janne , Delile Hugo , Lee Cin‐Ty , Stos‐Gale Zofia , Billström Kjell , Andersen Tom , Hannu Huhma , Albarède Francis
Published: September 2016

Lead isotopic systematics of U‐poor minerals, such as sulfides and feldspars, can provide unique insights into the origin and evolution of continents because these minerals “freeze in” the Pb isotopic composition of the crust during major tectonothermal events, allowing the history of a continent to be told through Pb isotopes. Lead model ages constrain the timing of crust formation while time‐integrated U/Pb, Th/Pb, and Th/U ratios shed light onto key geochemical processes associated with continent formation. Using ∼6800 Pb isotope measurements of primarily lead ores and minor K‐feldspar, we mapped out the Pb isotope systematics across Europe and the Mediterranean. Lead model ages define spatially distinct age provinces, consistent with major tectonic events ranging from the Paleozoic to the Proterozoic and latest Archean. However, the regions defined by time‐integrated U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios cut across the boundaries of age provinces, with high U/Pb systematics characterizing most of southern Europe. Magmatic influx, followed by segregation of dense sulfide‐rich mafic cumulates, resulted in foundering of U‐ and Th‐poor lower crust, thereby changing the bulk composition of the continental crust and leading to distinct time‐integrated U‐Th/Pb provinces. We show that the tectonic assembly of small crustal fragments leaves the crust largely undifferentiated, whereas the formation of supercontinents results in fundamental changes in the composition of the crust, identifiable in time and space by means of Pb isotope systematics. Observations based on Pb isotopes open up a new perspective on possible relationships between crustal thickness and geodynamic processes, in particular the role of crustal foundering into the mantle and the mechanisms responsible for the existence of cratons.
SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars
Authors: Stuurman C. M. , Osinski G. R. , Holt J. W. , Levy J. S. , Brothers T. C. , Kerrigan M. , Campbell B. A.
Published: September 2016

Morphological analyses of Utopia Planitia, Mars, have led to the hypothesis that the region contains a substantial amount of near‐surface ice. This paper tests this hypothesis using ground‐penetrating radar techniques. We have identified an expansive radar reflective region spanning approximately 375,000 km2 in SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) data over western Utopia Planitia. The SHARAD reflective regions coincides with high densities of scalloped depressions and polygonal terrain. The reflectors are associated with layered mesas ∼80–170 m thick. We find a value of 2.8 ± 0.8 for the dielectric constant of the material overlying the reflectors. This work finds that the dielectric constant is consistent with a mixture of ice, air, and dust, containing a water ice volume up to 14,300 km3 in this unit.
Ionospheric conductances and currents of a morning sector auroral arc from Swarm‐A electric and magnetic field measurements
Authors: Juusola L. , Archer W. E. , Kauristie K. , Burchill J. K. , Vanhamäki H. , Aikio A. T.
Published: September 2016

We show the first ionospheric Hall and Pedersen conductances derived from Swarm magnetic and electric field measurements during a crossing of a morning sector auroral arc. Only Swarm‐A was used, with assumptions of negligible azimuthal gradients and vanishing eastward electric field. We find upward field‐aligned current, enhanced Hall and Pedersen conductances, and relatively weak electric field coincident with the arc. Poleward of the arc, the field‐aligned current was downward, conductances lower, and the electric field enhanced. The arc was embedded in a westward electrojet, immediately equatorward of the peak current density. The equatorward portion of the electrojet could thus be considered conductance dominant and the poleward portion electric field dominant. Although the electric field measured by Swarm was intense, resulting in conductances lower than those typically reported, comparable electric fields have been observed earlier. These results demonstrate how Swarm data can significantly contribute to our understanding of the ionospheric electrodynamics.
Artificial bias typically neglected in comparisons of uncertain atmospheric data
Authors: Pitkänen Mikko R. A. , Mikkonen Santtu , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Lipponen Antti , Arola Antti
Published: September 2016

Publications in atmospheric sciences typically neglect biases caused by regression dilution (bias of the ordinary least squares line fitting) and regression to the mean (RTM) in comparisons of uncertain data. We use synthetic observations mimicking real atmospheric data to demonstrate how the biases arise from random data uncertainties of measurements, model output, or satellite retrieval products. Further, we provide examples of typical methods of data comparisons that have a tendency to pronounce the biases. The results show, that data uncertainties can significantly bias data comparisons due to regression dilution and RTM, a fact that is known in statistics but disregarded in atmospheric sciences. Thus, we argue that often these biases are widely regarded as measurement or modeling errors, for instance, while they in fact are artificial. It is essential that atmospheric and geoscience communities become aware of and consider these features in research.
Understanding the ion distributions near the boundaries of reconnection outflow region
Authors: Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Pan Dong‐Xiao , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Runov Andrei , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Pu Zu‐Yin
Published: September 2016

An interesting signature observed shortly after the onset of magnetotail reconnection is the gradual appearance of a local peak of ion phase space density (PSD) in the duskward and downstream direction separated from the colder, nearly isotropic ion population. Such a characteristic ion distribution, served as a diagnostic signature of magnetotail reconnection and well reproduced by a particle‐tracing Liouville simulation, are found to appear only near the off‐equatorial boundaries of the reconnection outflow region. Further analysis on ion trajectories suggests that the ions within the local peak and within the neighboring PSD cleft both belong to the outflowing population; on top of their outflowing motion, they both meander across the neutral sheet to exhibit duskward velocities near the off‐equatorial edges of their trajectories. The difference between them is that the local peak originates from ions previously constituting the preonset plasma sheet, whereas the cleft corresponds to the inflowing lobe ions before they are repelled in the downstream direction. As reconnection proceeds, the local PSD peak gradually attenuates and then disappears, which is a signature of reconnection flushing effect that depletes the ions in the preonset plasma sheet and eventually replaces them by lobe ions.
Magnetotelluric tensors, electromagnetic field scattering and distortion in three‐dimensional environments
Authors: Brown Colin
Published: September 2016

This paper describes how subsurface resistivity distributions can be estimated directly from the magnetotelluric (MT) tensor relationship between electric and magnetic fields observed on a three‐dimensional (3‐D) half‐space. It presents an inhomogeneous plane wave analogy where relationships between horizontal electric and magnetic fields, and an apparent current density define an apparent resistivity tensor constructed from a quadratic function of the MT tensor. An extended‐Born relationship allows the electric field to be normalized with respect to an apparent background current density. The model is generalized by including the vertical magnetic field in a 3 by 3 MT response tensor. A complex apparent wave number tensor, constructed from this tensor, has eigenvalues which, using the plane wave analogy, are the vertical wave numbers associated with the eigenpolarizations of propagating waves in the model half space. The elements associated with the vertical magnetic field transfer function define the horizontal wave numbers. An extended 3 by 3 phase tensor contains four elements of the conventional 2 by 2 phase tensor and two elements associated with the vertical magnetic transfer function. The extended phase tensor and a single real distortion tensor with six independent elements can be used to quantify static electric and magnetic field distortions. The approach provides a theoretical basis for visualization and migration of MT data, in comparison with results from other electrical and EM techniques, a starting point for constrained 3‐D inversions, and an assessment of results with other geophysical and geological data.
A method for determining transverse permeability of tight reservoir cores by radial pressure pulse decay measurement
Authors: Yang Zehao , Dong Mingzhe , Zhang Shaojie , Gong Houjian , Li Yajun , Long Feifei
Published: September 2016

A transverse pressure pulse decay (TPPD) method is presented to measure transverse permeability of tight reservoir cores in a cell with finite volume. Given appropriate assumptions, a mathematical model based on the specially designed experiment is formulated, and its general solution is proposed. Early‐time and late‐time techniques are further presented for convenient postprocessing applications of experimental data. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis of TPPD method is given. It is found that a good TPPD experimental principle can be obtained by adjusting test gas, experimental pressure, dimension of core sample, and volume ratio (λ). The volume ratio error (λerror) analysis reveals the following: (1) a larger λerror results in increased transverse permeability error (kerror); (2) the volume ratio (λ) is better not very close to 0.754; (3) when λ is equal to or greater than 1, the kerror resulting from λerror is monotonic decreasing as the volume ratio increases. In practice, λ is usually equal to or greater than 1 due to the very small pore volume of a tight core. But this does not mean that the volume ratio should be as large as possible. The reason for this is that a pressure transducer with higher resolution is needed to record pressure change. That means experimental apparatus is much more costly. And such a TPPD experiment requires a much longer time to attain the late‐time straight line behavior. The best choice is to find an optimal balance point among experimental cost, time, and accuracy.