bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Was wollen wir mit „Klug entscheiden“ erreichen?
Authors: Lynen Jansen Petra , Siegmund Britta
Published: July 2020

„Klug entscheiden“ adressiert das Problem der Über- und Unterversorgung in der Medizin. Nach dem amerikanischen Vorbild „Choosing wisely“ erarbeitet ein interdisziplinäres Team aller internistischen Fachgesellschaften evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen, die die Indikationsqualität verbessern sollen. Die Initiative gibt, anders als Leitlinien, keine medizinisch umfassenden Empfehlungen, sondern stellt besonders versorgungsrelevante Probleme in den Vordergrund. Darüber hinaus soll sie die Kommunikation zwischen Arzt und Patient, aber auch die nationale Debatte über einen verantwortlichen und sinnvollen Umgang mit medizinischen Ressourcen fördern.
„Klug entscheiden“ in der Gastroenterologie – eine Wissenschaftskompetenz, die bereits im Medizinstudium gelernt werden muss
Authors: Stallmach Andreas , Jünger Jana
Published: July 2020

Die Prinzipien der evidenzbasierten Medizin und der Klug-entscheiden-Initiativen bilden die Grundlagen für eine patientenzentrierte Medizin, die eine Über- und Unterversorgung der Patienten verhindern kann. Um eine flächendeckende Implementation in Deutschland zu erreichen, ist es sinnvoll, die dafür notwendigen Kompetenzen, insbesondere die Wissenschaftskompetenzen, stärker im Medizinstudium zu verankern und in den Staatsexamina zu prüfen. Mit dem Masterplan Medizinstudium 2020 soll sich das Medizinstudium von seiner starken Orientierung mit Vermittlung von Fakten und Wissen lösen und stärker auf das Lehren und Lernen von Kompetenzen und Fertigkeiten orientieren. Innovative Prüfungsformate wie Key-Feature-Fälle und OSCE-Prüfungen sowie in Zukunft auch Prüfungen am Patienten im Rahmen des im aktuellen Entwurf der Ärztlichen Approbationsordnung vorgesehenen M4-Staatsexamens, die sich an den „Klug-entscheiden“-Empfehlungen der DGVS orientieren, helfen bei einer flächendeckenden Implementierung dieser Empfehlungen.
Methodische Herausforderungen in der Nutzenbewertung von Medizinprodukten – Ein Kommentar zum IQWiG-Methodenpapier 6.0
Authors: Raddatz Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

Das relevante methodische Vorgehen von IQWiG, beschrieben im Methodenpapier 6.0, hat eine große Tragweite für die Versorgung der Patienten mit Medizinprodukten in Deutschland. Im vorliegenden Kommentar wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie das Methodenpapier 6.0 den Rahmen für die Nutzenbewertung in Bezug auf Medizinprodukte gestaltet.
Clinical Profile of Bacterial Meningitis in Children and Comparative Inter-Alia Analysis of Various Microbiological Tests
Authors: Halder Rohan , Malik Richa , Aggarwal K.C , Nair Deepthi , Sharma Shobha
Published: July 2020

Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a life-threatening and neurologically debilitating infectious disease. We studied the clinical profile, organisms involved in bacterial meningitis in children, and compared the tests on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), latex agglutination test (LAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Gram stain (conventional) and Cyto-Tek cytospin centrifuge Gram stain to culture which is the gold standard. This was an observational cross-sectional study (age range 3 to 12 months) conducted in a tertiary care hospital, New Delhi, India over 1 year. A total of 101 patients were enrolled and divided into three age groups, namely, < 1 year, 1 to 5 years, and > 5 years. Fever was the most common presenting symptom in all groups (84.2%). Refusal to feed, headache, altered sensorium, vomiting, and blurring of vision were significantly associated with bacterial meningitis in all age groups. Cranial nerve palsies and neck rigidity were significantly higher in older children. Age < 5years, low-socioeconomic status, overcrowding, and smoke exposure were identified as risk factors for meningitis. Eight children died within 48 hours of admission and the rest (n = 93) recovered without complications. CSF culture was positive in 35.6% cases, with streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common organism. PCR was most sensitive (86.1%) and cytospin gram stain showed positivity in 65% cases which was statistically higher compared with conventional gram stain. Cytospin-prepared Gram stain was a viable low-cost alternative for early diagnosis of meningitis in low-income countries like India.
Post-Glenn Shunt Systemic Desaturation—Is Venovenous Collateral the Culprit?
Authors: Ponnana Hemanth Harish , Maddury Jyotsna , Kumar M. Naveen
Published: July 2020

After classic Glenn shunt or bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, the reappearance or deepening of cyanosis may be due to systemic venous collateral channels. There are only few case reports on this issue in the present literature. Here, we present two cases that underwent bidirectional Glenn shunt, who later presented with cyanosis and desaturation and both of them were found to have venovenous collaterals.
Use of Indocyanine Green Imaging for Perforator Identification in Preexpanded Brachial Artery Perforator Flaps
Authors: Han Tinglu , Khavanin Nima , Zang Mengqing , Zhu Shan , Chen Bo , Li Shanshan , Xie Tingjun , Yue Shuai , Wang Danying , Liu Yuanbo
Published: July 2020

The tissues of the medial arm as a donor site for perforator flap design have several advantages. However, they are relatively underused with limited reports, partly due to unreliable perforator anatomy. Therefore, we aimed to review our preliminary experience using indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to design and elevate preexpanded pedicled brachial artery perforator (BAP) flaps for regional reconstruction. All patients underwent soft tissue reconstructions using a preexpanded BAP flap in two or three stages. ICG angiography was used to localize perforators during both expander insertion and flap elevation. The pedicle was divided at the third stage 3 weeks following flap elevation for head and neck cases. Sixteen patients underwent reconstructions of the head and neck (n = 13) or shoulder/trunk (n = 3) using 14 perforator-plus and 2 propeller BAP flaps. In total, 50 perforators were identified using ICG imaging, all of which were appreciable during both expander placement and flap elevation. Thirty-five perforators were directly visualized during flap elevation, and an additional 15 perforators were not explored but incorporated into the flap. All flaps survived without necrosis, and the donor sites healed uneventfully without complications. The medial arm provides thin and pliable skin for the resurfacing of regional defects with relatively minimal donor-site morbidity. With the assistance of ICG angiography, perforators of the brachial artery can be reliably identified, facilitating the preexpansion and elevation of pedicled BAP flaps for use in head–neck and trunk reconstruction.
Risk Factors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Moderate/Late Premature Infants in Turkey: A Prospective Multicenter Epidemiological Study
Authors: Ozkan Hilal , Celebi Solmaz , Koksal Nilgun , Hacımustafaoğlu Mustafa , Koc Esin , Tezer Hasan , Cetinkaya Merih , Cebeci Burcu , Erdeve Omer , Ozdemir Halil ,   Turkish Neonatal Society RSV Study Group
Published: July 2020

Objective Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most prevalent causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The primary objective of this study is to provide the risk modelling of confirmed RSV infection in children who were born preterm at 29 to 35 weeks of gestational age and presented with LRTI.

Study Design This prospective, multicenter study was performed between October 2015 and March 2017. Premature infants born with gestational age between 29 and 35 weeks that were ≤2 years of age at the beginning of the RSV season and admitted to the hospital with clinical findings of LRTI during the season were included. RSV-positive and -negative infants were compared in terms of demographic features, risk factors, and requirement of hospitalization.

Results RSV positive group was lower than RSV negative group and ratio of ≤3 months age at admission was significant higher in RSV (+) group. RSV-positive infants were found to be significantly born during or 3 months prior to RSV season. The rate and duration of hospitalization and need for mechanical ventilation were significantly higher in RSV positive infants. The rate and duration of hospitalization in RSV positive patients was related to the chronological age.

Conclusion This study showed that preterm infants with RSV-associated LRTI significantly needed more hospitalization, intensive care admission, and mechanical ventilation. In addition need of hospitalization and duration of hospitalization were significant higher in ≤3 months of age. Therefore, we suggest the importance of palivizumab prophylaxis in infants ≤ 3 months chronological age, especially during the RSV season.
Bleeding Risk in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Wang Yimin Pearl , Kehar Rohan , Iansavitchene Alla , Lazo-Langner Alejandro
Published: July 2020

Introduction In randomized trials in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have a lower risk of bleeding compared with warfarin. However, data from randomized trials may not extrapolate to general population. We aimed to determine the risk of bleeding in patients on DOACs in observational studies.

Materials and Methods Observational studies from 1990 to January 2019 were included. A pooled effect hazard ratio (HR) was calculated with a random effects model using the generic inverse variance method. Subgroup analyses according to previous anticoagulants exposure, study type, funding source, and DOAC type (direct thrombin inhibitors vs. factor Xa inhibitors) were conducted.

Results A total of 35 studies comprising 2,356,201 patients were included. The average pooled HR for observational data was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71, 0.85). There were no statistically significant differences in pooled HR by previous exposure to anticoagulants, DOAC type (direct thrombin vs. factor Xa inhibitors), study type, and funding source. Among patients receiving factor Xa inhibitors, patients on apixaban had a lower risk of bleeding compared with warfarin (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.50, 0.71, p < 0.001) in contrast to those on rivaroxaban (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91, 1.06, p = 0.60).

Conclusion In observational studies, AF patients on DOACs experience less bleeding events compared with warfarin; however, apixaban and dabigatran, but not rivaroxaban, have a lower risk of bleeding than warfarin.
Optical coherence tomography measurement of capillary filling in porous silicon
Authors: Sallese M. , Torga J. , Morel E. , Budini N. , Urteaga R.
Published: July 2020

The use of nanoporous structures with known morphology allows studying the properties of fluids in conditions of strong spatial confinement. Alternatively, the capillary filling of nanoporous structures with simple fluids provides information on their morphology. When a liquid enters the porous structure there is an increase in the optical path of the porous layer, and measuring this optical path as a function of position and time allows evaluating the filling dynamics of the pores. In this work, we determined the capillary filling dynamics of nanostructured porous silicon (PS) by optical coherence tomography. The high spatial resolution of this technique allows one not only to follow the position of the liquid front as a function of time but also to resolve in detail the filling fraction profile of the liquid front inside the PS matrix. Moreover, these profiles contain information about the pore size distribution in the PS structure. Therefore, we show how the determination and analysis of the filling fraction profile along the advancing liquid front can be used as a method to study the pore size distribution inside PS structures.
A look inside the black box: Using graph-theoretical descriptors to interpret a Continuous-Filter Convolutional Neural Network (CF-CNN) trained on the global and local minimum energy structures of neutral water clusters
Authors: Bilbrey Jenna A. , Heindel Joseph P. , Schram Malachi , Bandyopadhyay Pradipta , Xantheas Sotiris S. , Choudhury Sutanay
Published: July 2020

We describe a method for the post-hoc interpretation of a neural network (NN) trained on the global and local minima of neutral water clusters. We use the structures recently reported in a newly published database containing over 5 × 106 unique water cluster networks (H2O)N of size N = 3–30. The structural properties were first characterized using chemical descriptors derived from graph theory, identifying important trends in topology, connectivity, and polygon structure of the networks associated with the various minima. The code to generate the molecular graphs and compute the descriptors is available at https://github.com/exalearn/molecular-graph-descriptors, and the graphs are available alongside the original database at https://sites.uw.edu/wdbase/. A Continuous-Filter Convolutional Neural Network (CF-CNN) was trained on a subset of 500 000 networks to predict the potential energy, yielding a mean absolute error of 0.002 ± 0.002 kcal/mol per water molecule. Clusters of sizes not included in the training set exhibited errors of the same magnitude, indicating that the CF-CNN protocol accurately predicts energies of networks for both smaller and larger sizes than those used during training. The graph-theoretical descriptors were further employed to interpret the predictive power of the CF-CNN. Topological measures, such as the Wiener index, the average shortest path length, and the similarity index, suggested that all networks from the test set were within the range of values as the ones from the training set. The graph analysis suggests that larger errors appear when the mean degree and the number of polygons in the cluster lie further from the mean of the training set. This indicates that the structural space, and not just the chemical space, is an important factor to consider when designing training sets, as predictive errors can result when the structural composition is sufficiently different from the bulk of those in the training set. To this end, the developed descriptors are quite effective in explaining the results of the CF-CNN (a.k.a. the “black box”) model.
The effect of grain boundary on the local incipient plastic deformation of fcc metals during nanoindentation
Authors: Bagheripoor Mahdi , Klassen Robert
Published: July 2020

The effect of grain boundaries (GBs) on deformation mechanisms becomes increasingly important as the volume of deformation reaches the submicrometer and nanoscale. The current work investigates the impact of grain boundaries on the incipient plasticity of small-scale deformations of fcc metals. For this purpose, the behavior of single and bi-crystal Au thin films during nanoindentation are studied, using large-scale atomistic simulations. Various symmetric ⟨110⟩ tilt GBs with a wide range of misorientation angles are included to analyze the effect of GB geometry on the nanoscale plasticity mechanisms. Potentially, GBs can act as a source, sink, or obstacle for lattice dislocation, depending on their geometry, energy level, and distance from the deformation zone. The role of the heterogeneous nucleation and emission of dislocations from GBs on the plasticity and hardness of bicrystals is analyzed. According to our results, the intrinsic free volume involved in the GB region is associated with dislocation nucleation at the GB. The volume of the plastic zone generated beneath the tip and the way it grows is strongly dependent on the GB structure. Dislocation nucleation occurs predominantly in the early stages of indentation at GBs with a dissociated interface structural unit, before the interaction of lattice dislocation and GB. Coherent twin boundaries display the lowest effect on the hardness. Based on our results, there is a strong correlation between the interfacial boundary energy and its effect on the bicrystal hardness. GBs with lower interfacial energy offer a higher barrier against slip transmission and nucleation at the GB.
Cardiovascular disease risk assessment in an Aboriginal community-controlled health service: comparing algorithms
Authors: Fitzgerald Xavier , Herceg Ana , Douglas Kirsty , Siddiqui Nadeem
Published: July 2020

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance (NVDPA) CVD risk assessment algorithm is used for all Australians. The Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association (CARPA) algorithm used in the Northern Territory adds five percentage points to all NVDPA risk scores for Indigenous Australians. Information was extracted from an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Service for all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander regular clients aged 35–74 years without known CVD (n=1057). CVD risk scores were calculated using both algorithms. Prescription of lipid-lowering medications was assessed. Clients with high-risk scores were reviewed and recalled if required. CVD risk scores were calculated for 362 (34.4%) clients. Clients with high CVD risk comprised 17.7% (NVDPA) or 23.8% (CARPA), with most determined clinically. Clients with low CVD risk comprised 73.7% (NVDPA) or 47.2% (CARPA). More than 30% of those with high risk were not on lipid-lowering medications. Significant health and social issues affected treatment uptake. It is unclear which algorithm is most applicable; however, this service has decided to continue to use the NVDPA algorithm. Use of CVD risk assessment and management of high-risk clients could be increased in primary care.
Variation in experiencing boredom during self-directed learning in a virtual world
Authors: Kruk Mariusz
Published: July 2020

The paper presents the results of a study that aimed to investigate fluctuations in the levels of boredom in the
virtual world of Second Life (SL) and factors accounting for such changes as reported by a single student of
English philology. The participant took part in 15 sessions over the period of one summer semester. The learner was free to
explore the virtual world in question, and she self-directed her own learning there. Using data collected by means of a set of
research instruments (i.e., a background questionnaire, the Learning Style Survey, a session log, and a semi-structured interview),
the study found that the student’s experience of boredom was subject to some changes both in single sessions and from one visit to
another. These fluctuations in boredom levels were affected by such factors as meeting the same interlocutors, scarcity of
conversation topics, monotonous conversations, group chats or visits that the student perceived as not being beneficial for her
language development.
“I’m kind of agnostic”
Authors: Perera Nirukshi
Published: July 2020

Transplanting non-Western religions to Western nations results in first-generation migrant attempts to transmit
faith in vastly different contexts. Especially as adolescents, second-generation migrants tackle mediating their personal
religious beliefs in a society with diverse religions and ideologies as well as negotiating membership of their ethnoreligious
community. This paper draws from an ethnography in a Tamil Hindu temple in Australia. I present Sri Lankan teenage migrants’
discourse from their faith classroom to elucidate processes of belief positioning. In working out their emergent, and provisional,
faith identities, the students deploy mainly Tamil and English linguistic features in their belief narratives. Flexible languaging
complements their “syncretic acts” – the practice of drawing on diverse ideologies and experiences (outside the boundaries of a
particular religion) to form personalized beliefs. Translanguaging thus facilitates the expression of circumspect, nuanced, and
non-traditional interpretations of their heritage religion. Understanding such processes of belief positioning can help societies
and institutions to work towards migrant youth inclusion.
Effects of nonnative input on language abilities in
Spanish-English bilinguals
Authors: Core Cynthia
Published: July 2020

Variations in the quantity and quality of input
bilingual children hear account for individual differences in
language learning. Some sources of variation in quality of input are
related to the parents’ language background (Place & Hoff, 2011;
2016). The parents’ language background determines the sources of
children’s exposure to English, how frequently children hear a
language in the home, the richness of the English language
environment, and access to native speakers of each language in the
home (Hammer, Davison, Lawrence,
& Miccio, 2009; Place & Hoff, 2011; Place & Hoff, 2016; Paradis,
2011). The present paper examines the effects of parents’
language backgrounds on bilingual children’s language outcomes. We
followed 120 bilingual Spanish-English speaking children from 30 to
54 months, with language outcomes in both languages at both time
points. We examine the effect of the number of monolingual speakers
of each language in the home, the amount of input from native and
nonnative speakers of each language, and parent language proficiency
in each language. Our findings have theoretical implications for
understanding how parents’ language backgrounds and nonnative input
in bilingual homes affect children’s language development in each of
their two languages and practical implications for offering advice
to families raising children who hear more than one language.
The growth of the transitivising Reaction Object Construction
Authors: Bouso Tamara
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the growth of the Reaction Object Construction (ROC) as in Pauline smiled her
thanks, offering new insights into its characterisation and historical development from the perspective of
Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006,
2019) and its application to patterns of language change (Hilpert 2013; Traugott & Trousdale 2013). It is argued
that the modern ROC qualifies as a traditional form-meaning pairing and, at a deeper level, as a polysemous construction that
follows the path of development of other transitivising constructions such as the way-construction (Israel 1996), and of processes of constructionalisation in general. Once the ROC imposes
a coreferential constraint on its object argument, acquiring in this way its status as a form-meaning pairing over the Early
Modern English period (1500–1700), the construction increases its productivity and schematicity; at the same time it decreases its
compositionality since the link between the form/syntax and the overall meaning of the construction becomes less transparent, as
in The door jingled a welcome. The ROC can thus be argued to be part and result of a broader development in the
grammar of English, namely the historical trend towards transitivisation.
Opinions about perceived linguistic intelligibility in late-medieval Italy
Authors: Carlucci Alessandro
Published: July 2020

This article contributes to the historical study of intercomprehension between speakers of closely related
languages by focusing on Italy in the period up to the mid-fifteenth century. After an introduction to the topic, the second
section will be devoted to methodological questions, including certain differences between research based on experimental testing
and research based on historical evidence. The third section of the article reports opinions by medieval speakers about the
intelligibility of different Italo-Romance varieties, and then compares them to opinions about genealogically and/or
geographically more distant languages. While the dominant view among experts on Italy’s linguistic history is that speakers were
trapped within mutually unintelligible vernaculars, this review of the extant evidence suggests a greater degree of
intercomprehension than is usually supposed.
English and internationalization of Korean universities
Authors: Song Juyoung
Published: July 2020

The internationalization of higher education in South Korea has brought marked changes to the linguistic and cultural diversity of university campuses. This ethnographic case study examined language policies, language use, and intercultural interactions in two localized English-Medium-Instruction courses that incorporated both English and Korean as mediums of instruction. The results drawn from interviews with ten participants and observations of classroom interactions show that English was a primary medium for students’ academic literacy and Korean as an additional communication tool in the absence of any explicit Medium of Instruction policy. They also illustrate how the different statuses of the two languages limited students’ investment in learning Korean as a second language and created unequal intercultural interactions between speakers of different languages. The results illuminate how a neoliberal ideology adopted and enacted at a national and institutional level through internationalization translated into implicit policies and practices at different levels on campus.
Causation and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick
Published: July 2020

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human complex traits have provided us with new estimates of heritability. These estimates foreground the question of genetic causation. After having presented in simple terms the rationale underlying this way of estimating heritability, I assess the extent to which relationships between genes and phenotypes established with GWAS satisfy several dimensions of causal relationships—namely, range of influence, specificity, and stability—distinguished within the interventionist account of causation. The upshot is that if these relationships are causal in some sense, my analysis shows the extent to which they do not represent paradigmatic causal relationships.
Uncertainties, Values, and Climate Targets
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: July 2020

Using climate policy debates as a case study, I argue that a certain response to the argument from inductive risk, the hedging defense, runs afoul of a reasonable ethical principle: the no-passing-the-buck principle according to which scientists ought to offer their scientific judgment when such judgment is both possible and needed in public policy debates.
In situ measurement of phase transformations and residual stress evolution during welding using spatially distributed fiber-optic strain sensors*
Authors: Petrie Christian M , Sridharan Niyanth
Published: July 2020

Welding of high-strength steels can result in large tensile strains as the base metal and filler material cool from their molten state. To combat these large tensile strains, low-transformation-temperature (LTT) metal fillers have been proposed. These fillers undergo a martensitic phase transformation at a lower temperature which can ultimately reduce the tensile strain or can even introduce compressive strain adjacent to the weld metal. However, the process for optimizing the composition of the LTT material, as well as various weld parameters for each unique weld geometry, can be quite expensive, especially if the acceptance criterion requires using neutrons, x-ray beams, or destructive techniques to characterize residual stresses. This work describes a simple, low-cost method for quantifying residual stresses and phase transformations in situ during welding. Spatially distributed fiber-optic sensors were bonded to a cast iron plate, along with tack-welded thermocouples, to measure temperature and strain during multiple passes with LTT filler metals. Results show that the fiber-optic sensors can successfully resolve compressive strain adjacent to the weld region caused by the martensitic phase transformations in the LTT filler material.
A new type capsule-based healing agent for concrete and its protective function of spores
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Qian Chunxiang
Published: July 2020

To prolong the survival time of bacteria in the concrete and improve the self-healing ability of the late-age cracks, a new type of core–shell structure capsule-based healing agents were prepared for loading spores. The performance and protective ability of the capsules were tested. The self-healing concrete was prepared by mixing the substitution of fine aggregates with an equal amount of capsule-based healing agents. And the slump, compressive strength and repair-ability of concrete were carried out. The results showed that the capsule could provide long-term protection for loaded spores under the erosion of simulated pore solution of concrete for at least 203 d. Furthermore, the concentration and the cumulative amount of calcium ions of the crack zone solution were significantly increased. The slump and compressive strength of concrete do not change significantly with a low dose of capsule-based healing agents. However, the fluidity of fresh concrete will be greatly improved with the increase of dosage. Compared with adding spore powder directly, the self-healing ability of late-age crack (the repair-ability to crack area and the water impermeability of crack) will be improved obviously by adding capsules. Therefore, using capsule loading to protect spores is a potential solution for the long-term maintenance of the self-healing ability of concrete.
Open space networks can guide urban renewal in a megacity
Authors: Thorne James H , Choe Hyeyeong , Boynton Ryan M , Lee Dong Kun
Published: July 2020

As human populations move into cities they are increasingly isolated from the natural world, with associated negative impacts on health and well-being. However, as cities renew themselves through urban redevelopment and climate-adaptation, opportunities arise to improve people’s access to urban green areas that can be informed by modeling the network of urban open spaces. Recent research identified the need for multi-criteria indices of access to urban green spaces. Including open spaces such as empty lots, ground- and air-spaces surrounding buildings, and spaces associated with roads and other linear features can improve planning for urban greenspaces by identifying areas of opportunity for additional greening. Further, the gradient of interconnections among open spaces can be used to prioritize urban greening locations to build green networks. We modelled all open-space connections across 605 km2 in Seoul, population 10.3 million, using Omniscape, a landscape connectivity model. We combined the resulting open-space connectivity map with distance-based indices for existing urban parks and street trees. Combining these criteria permits rank-prioritization of locations where new green spaces would most improve residents’ access. We found 2910 of 3375 (86.2%) locations where urban green spaces already exist within 300 m for city residents. Of the remaining 465 locations, 276 are in areas with the lowest-open space connections. For urban street trees, 44.3% of the 2588 km of the city’s major roads are already planted with street trees. Of the remainder, 210 km (8.1%) are located in the areas with the least connections to green spaces. Nine new urban parks would provide relief for the most highly-impacted areas, where the flow of open space is lowest and where no green spaces are available within 300 m. The integration of a spatial model typically used for conservation assessments with city planning provides useful additional context for building urban health.
High Temperature Effect and Radiation Damage in Yb4Hf3O12 Delta Phase Material
Authors: Ado M , Wang Q , Ibrahim S A , Ullah A
Published: July 2020

The development of next generation nuclear energy systems such as Gen-IV and fusion reactors need materials that resist radiation damage effects. Therefore, advanced nuclear reactors require the development of new materials that will satisfy their design specifications. A considerable amount of research has been performed on some crystalline oxides with fluorite related structures (CaF2) as potential candidates for inert matrix in nuclear fuel and waste forms. Delta phase, another fluorite-related phase structure is a compound produced from ceramic oxide compositions usually in the form of A4B3O12 or A6B1O12 describe as M7O12 (where M is a metal representing AB and O is oxygen). In this work, we developed a new Yb4Hf3O12 delta phase material using solid-state sintering. The oxide was characterized with an ordered rhombohedral structure called delta phase material The high-temperature XRD result showed that the phase and structure of the composition remain the same up to the high temperature of 1300°C indicating a non-phase transition, but the lattice parameters values revealed a linear thermal expansion in the volume as the temperature increases. The polycrystalline sample was irradiated with 6keV He+ at room temperature to fluences of 7.6 x 1016 ions/cm2 (corresponding to 6.2dpa) to study the radiation tolerance in the compound. The irradiated sample was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result showed no formation of bubble gas but an airy ring was observed in the diffraction pattern indicating that the structure was damaged.
Distribution of the Laterally Supplying Facial Nerve to the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Authors: Choi Yeop , Kim In-Beom
Published: July 2020

Background

The facial nerve that traverses the lateral border of the orbicularis oculi muscle is considered the primary motor for the muscle. Nevertheless, the lateral motor supply to the orbicularis oculi muscle has not yet been fully described.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to report detailed anatomic information about the lateral motor supply route to the orbicularis oculi.

Methods

Facial nerve branches that cross the lateral orbicularis oculi border were fully traced from the parotid border to the nerve destinations in 43 fresh hemifaces by microscopic surgical dissection and time-lapse photography.

Results

Through the lateral route, the anterior temporal and upper zygomatic branches supply the superior orbital and superior preseptal orbicularis oculi of the upper eyelid, as well as the lateral pretarsal and malar orbicularis oculi, excluding the upper medial pretarsal portion of the upper eyelid and most of the lower eyelid. The nerve supplying the lateral pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle crosses the anterior area of the zygomatic arch. It then traverses an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease.

Conclusions

The anterior area of the zygomatic arch and an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease are the facial nerve danger zones. The present anatomic findings provide surgeons with further insights for performing blepharoplasty, midface lift, facelift, and facial nerve reconstructive surgery.
The effects of extracellular volume and intradialytic peripheral resistance changes on ambulatory blood pressure in hemodialysis patients with and without recurrent intradialytic hypertension
Authors: McAdams Meredith , Gregg L Parker , Lu Rong , Concepcion Michael , Lederer Swati , Penfield Jeff , Van Buren Peter Noel
Published: July 2020

Background

Hypertension and extracellular volume (ECV) overload are interrelated mortality risk factors in hemodialysis (HD) patients, but confounding related to changes in ECV and vasoconstriction during and between treatments obfuscate their relationship. We sought to clarify independent contributions of post-HD ECV and intradialytic changes in vasoconstriction on ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in patients with and without recurrent intradialytic hypertension (IH).

Methods

In this prospective observational study, we obtained measurements of pre- and post-HD ECV with bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), pre- and post-HD total peripheral resistance index and 44-h ambulatory BP. Linear regression determined associations between post-HD ECV/weight and intradialytic change in total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) with interdialytic BP and slope.

Results

In fully-adjusted models for participants with complete data, post-HD ECV/weight associated with mean ambulatory BP (β = 133, P = 0.01; n = 52) and ambulatory BP slope (β = −4.28, P = 0.03; n = 42). ECV/weight was associated with mean ambulatory BP in those with recurrent IH (β = 314, P = 0.0005; n = 16) and with ambulatory BP slope in those without recurrent IH (β = −4.56, P = 0.04; n = 28). Interdialytic weight gain percentage and intradialytic TPRI change were not associated with ambulatory BP or slope in any analyses.

Conclusion

Ambulatory BP in HD patients is more strongly associated with post-HD ECV assessed with BIS than with intradialytic TPRI changes or interdialytic ECV increases. These findings highlight the essential role of recognizing and managing chronic ECV overload to improve ambulatory BP in HD patients, particularly so for those with IH.
Cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients: beyond direct cardiomyocyte damage of anticancer drugs: novel cardio-oncology insights from the joint 2019 meeting of the ESC Working Groups of Myocardial Function and Cellular Biology of the Heart
Authors: Tocchetti Carlo Gabriele , Ameri Pietro , de Boer Rudolf A , D’Alessandra Yuri , Russo Michele , Sorriento Daniela , Ciccarelli Michele , Kiss Bernadett , Bertrand Luc , Dawson Dana , Falcao-Pires Ines , Giacca Mauro , Hamdani Nazha , Linke Wolfgang A , Mayr Manuel , van der Velden Jolanda , Zacchigna Serena , Ghigo Alessandra , Hirsch Emilio , Lyon Alexander R , Görbe Anikó , Ferdinandy Péter , Madonna Rosalinda , Heymans Stephane , Thum Thomas
Published: July 2020

In western countries, cardiovascular (CV) disease and cancer are the leading causes of death in the ageing population. Recent epidemiological data suggest that cancer is more frequent in patients with prevalent or incident CV disease, in particular, heart failure (HF). Indeed, there is a tight link in terms of shared risk factors and mechanisms between HF and cancer. HF induced by anticancer therapies has been extensively studied, primarily focusing on the toxic effects that anti-tumour treatments exert on cardiomyocytes. In this Cardio-Oncology update, members of the ESC Working Groups of Myocardial Function and Cellular Biology of the Heart discuss novel evidence interconnecting cardiac dysfunction and cancer via pathways in which cardiomyocytes may be involved but are not central. In particular, the multiple roles of cardiac stromal cells (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) and inflammatory cells are highlighted. Also, the gut microbiota is depicted as a new player at the crossroads between HF and cancer. Finally, the role of non-coding RNAs in Cardio-Oncology is also addressed. All these insights are expected to fuel additional research efforts in the field of Cardio-Oncology.
Does divergence from normal patterns of integration increase as chromosomal fusions increase in number? A test on a house mouse hybrid zone
Authors: Fruciano Carmelo , Colangelo Paolo , Castiglia Riccardo , Franchini Paolo
Published: July 2020

Chromosomal evolution is widely considered an important driver of speciation because it can promote the establishment of reproductive barriers. Karyotypic reorganization is also expected to affect the mean phenotype, as well as its development and patterns of phenotypic integration, through processes such as variation in genetic linkage between quantitative trait loci or between regulatory regions and their targets. Here we explore the relationship between chromosomal evolution and phenotypic integration by analyzing a well-known house mouse parapatric contact zone between a highly derived Robertsonian (Rb) race (2n = 22) and populations with standard karyotype (2n = 40). Populations with hybrid karyotypes are scattered throughout the hybrid zone connecting the two parental races. Using mandible shape data and geometric morphometrics, we test the hypothesis that patterns of integration progressively diverge from the “normal” integration pattern observed in the standard race as they accumulate Rb fusions. We find that the main pattern of integration observed between the posterior and anterior part of the mandible can be largely attributed to allometry. We find no support for a gradual increase in divergence from normal patterns of integration as fusions accumulate. Surprisingly, however, we find that the derived Rb race (2n = 22) has a distinct allometric trajectory compared with the standard race. Our results suggest that either individual fusions disproportionately affect patterns of integration or that there are mechanisms which “purge” extreme variants in hybrids (e.g. reduced fitness of hybrid shape).
Risk-taking behavior of bull-headed shrikes that recently colonized islands
Authors: Hamao Shoji , Torikai Hisahiro , Yoshikawa Midori , Yamamoto Yutaka , Ijichi Tugeru
Published: July 2020

Individuals which have invaded urbanized environments are reported to engage in riskier behaviors, possibly influenced by the scarcity of predators in urbanized areas. Here, we studied the risk-taking behavior of birds which had invaded a new natural environment, rather than an artificial urban environment, using recently established populations of the bull-headed shrike Lanius bucephalus, which naturally colonized three subtropical islands in Japan. We compared flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which an individual approached by a human initiates flight, between the islands and the temperate mainland. FID was longer for the insular shrikes compared with the mainland shrikes after controlling for other factors, indicating that the individuals which had invaded a new natural environment had a lower propensity for risk-taking. A possible explanation for these results is that low risk-taking behavior might be adaptive on the islands due to predation by the black rat Rattus rattus, an unfamiliar predator not found in shrike habitats on the temperate mainland. Further studies are needed to examine the nest predation rate, predator species, and nest site selection of these insular shrike populations.
Louise Dyer’s Éditions de l’Oiseau Lyre and the Œuvres complètes de François Couperin
Authors: Daniels Susan
Published: July 2020

In 1933 Louise Dyer launched her publishing company Les Éditions de l’Oiseau Lyre with the Œuvres complètes de François Couperin. The 12 volumes constituted a monument to France’s cultural patrimony in an age of growing nationalism. While Couperin’s harpsichord works had been available in modern editions for some time, it was the first modern printing of his sacred works, secular songs and chamber music. The article explores why Dyer settled on Couperin for her first project and how she negotiated her way through the varied interests and prejudices of those who held power within the French musical and political establishments.
Fragmentary organism VS. oRGANIC FRAGMENT: Reconceptualizing aesthetic principles in kleist’s der zerbrochne krug and penthesilea
Authors: Latifi Kaltërina
Published: July 2020

Starting from the undeniable inadequacy of (poetic) language, which, as Kleist pointed out, can only provide ‘torn fragments’ without allowing fully accomplished communication, this article examines how such fragmentariness creates distinct units of meaning as part of the author’s intentionality. Kleist programmatically called his drama Penthesilea, which was published in his journal Phöbus in 1808, an ‘organic fragment’. This paradoxical term highlights an inherent contradiction: namely the unity between the fragmentary and the organic, the latter presupposing, after all, an existing whole. Whilst the author termed his drama in this case a fragment, which pretends to be organic, the opposite occurs with his comedy Der zerbrochne Krug. Here, Kleist generates a complete whole from linguistic fragmentations or, to put it provocatively, a fragmentary organism. This intricate relationship is the subject of the following philological and thematic analysis.
Biased Gene Retention in the Face of Introgression Obscures Species Relationships
Authors: Forsythe Evan S , Nelson Andrew D L , Beilstein Mark A
Published: July 2020

Phylogenomic analyses are recovering previously hidden histories of hybridization, revealing the genomic consequences of these events on the architecture of extant genomes. We applied phylogenomic techniques and several complementary statistical tests to show that introgressive hybridization appears to have occurred between close relatives of Arabidopsis, resulting in cytonuclear discordance and impacting our understanding of species relationships in the group. The composition of introgressed and retained genes indicates that selection against incompatible cytonuclear and nuclear–nuclear interactions likely acted during introgression, whereas linkage also contributed to genome composition through the retention of ancient haplotype blocks. We also applied divergence-based tests to determine the species branching order and distinguish donor from recipient lineages. Surprisingly, these analyses suggest that cytonuclear discordance arose via extensive nuclear, rather than cytoplasmic, introgression. If true, this would mean that most of the nuclear genome was displaced during introgression whereas only a small proportion of native alleles were retained.
A Double Burden of Exclusion? Digital and Social Exclusion of Older Adults in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Seifert Alexander , Cotten Shelia R , Xie Bo
Published: July 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has excluded older adults from a society based on physical social contact. Vulnerable populations like older adults also tend to be excluded from digital services because they opt not to use the internet, lack necessary devices and network connectivity, or inexperience using the technology. Older adults who are frail and are not online, many of whom are in long-term care facilities, struggle with the double burden of social and digital exclusion. This paper discusses the potential outcomes of this exclusion and provides recommendations for rectifying the situation, with a particular focus on older adults in long-term care facilities.
An integrative understanding of comparative cognition: lessons from human brain evolution
Authors: Liu Yuxiang , Konopka Genevieve
Published: July 2020

A comprehensive understanding of animal cognition requires the integration of studies on behavior, electrophysiology, neuroanatomy, development, and genomics. Although studies of comparative cognition are receiving increasing attention from organismal biologists, most current studies focus on the comparison of behaviors and anatomical structures to understand their adaptative values. However, to understand the most potentially complex cognitive program of the human brain a greater synthesis of a multitude of disciplines is needed. In this review, we start with extensive neuroanatomic comparisons between humans and other primates. One likely specialization of the human brain is the expansion of neocortex, especially in regions for high-order cognition (e.g., prefrontal cortex). We then discuss how such an expansion can be linked to heterochrony of the brain developmental program, resulting in a greater number of neurons and enhanced computational capacity. Furthermore, alteration of gene expression in the human brain has been associated with positive selection in DNA sequences of gene regulatory regions. These results not only imply that genes associated with brain development are a major factor in the evolution of cognition, but also that high-quality whole-genome sequencing and gene manipulation techniques are needed for an integrative and functional understanding of comparative cognition in non-model organisms.