bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Energiewende im Kontext von Klima- und Demokratiekrise: Die Grenzen der Deliberation und radikaldemokratische Alternativen
Authors: Krüger Timmo
Published: October 2021

Die Umsetzung der Energiewende begleiten viele Konflikte um das Gemeinwohl, in denen sich zunehmend Phänomene einer Demokratiekrise zeigen. Das deliberative Demokratiemodell stößt hier an Grenzen. Der Schlüssel für eine konstruktive Bearbeitung von Klima- und
Demokratiekrise liegt darin, die Konfrontation zwischen konkurrierenden Energiewende-Visionen zu forcieren. Es gilt, den pluralistischen Kern moderner Demokratien und die Legitimität von Konflikten anzuerkennen (conflictual consensus) und auf dieser Basis Konflikte um Gemeinwohlziele
auszutragen.In government policy, security of supply, affordability and the protection of the climate and the environment are postulated as equal goals of the German energy transition (Energiewende). There is no explicit prioritization of these supposed goals. This leads to problems
both in terms of the success of the Energiewende itself, and in terms of its effects on the political culture. Conflicts over the implementation of the Energiewende increasingly reveal a crisis of democracy, which cannot be adequately responded to in negotiations over concrete
energy projects. A one-sided focus on the deliberative model of democracy further exacerbates the symptoms of a democratic crisis. From a radical democratic perspective, the key to constructively addressing both climatic and democratic challenges is to encourage a confrontation between competing
Energiewende visions in a way that is compatible with a pluralistic understanding of democracy.
Naturschutz in Zeiten sozial-ökologischer Transformationen: Triebkraft oder Getriebener?
Authors: Leibenath Markus , Eser Uta , Katz Christine , Kurth Markus , Ober Steffi , Poblocki Annika , Wessel Magnus J.K.
Published: October 2021

In Deutschland befindet sich der Naturschutz traditionell in einem Zwiespalt: Auf der einen Seite üben Naturschützer(innen) Kritik an wirtschaftlichem und technologischem Fortschritt sowie steigendem Konsum. Andererseits ist die Naturschutzszene mit einem wenig nachhaltigen
Lebens- und Wirtschaftsmodell verzahnt. Vor diesem Hintergrund diskutieren wir einige Beobachtungen und Thesen zu den Beziehungen zwischen dem Naturschutz in Deutschland und den Forderungen nach weitreichenden sozial-ökologischen Transformationen.
The2030 Agenda for Sustainable Developmentat state level: the case of Hesse
Authors: Hey Christian
Published: October 2021

The role of the federal states(Länder)in Germany’s sustainability transformation has received comparatively little attention in the political science literature. This article examines the contributions, capacities and competencies of theLänderin relation to Germany’s sustainability transformation with a focus on the role of Hesse. Hesse is a particularly interesting federal state to consider as it introduced a differentiated and demanding sustainable development policy already in 2008.
External quality assessment of serum indices: Spanish SEQC-ML program
Authors: Gómez Rioja Rubén , Ventura Monserrat , Llopis María Antonia , Bauça Josep Miquel , Caballero Garralda Andrea , Ibarz Mercedes , Martinez Debora , Gómez Carolina , Salas Gómez-Pablos Paloma , García del Pino Isabel , Delgado Jose , Puente Juan Jose , Marzana Iciar
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Serum indices included in clinical chemistry instruments are widely used by laboratories to assess the quality of samples. Instruments that report quantitative results allow an evaluation of their diagnostic performance in a similar way to other biochemical tests. The Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQC-ML) launched a monthly External Quality program of serum indices in 2018 using three lyophilized materials of simultaneous annual distribution. We present the results of the first three years of the program.

Methods

The use of four different quality control materials with different concentrations in three alternate months allows an annual evaluation of the participant’s accuracy. Assigned values are established by consensus among homogeneous groups, considering necessary at least 10 participants for a comparison at instrument level. The average percentage difference results per instrument allow the assessment of bias among groups.

Results

The imprecision of the three indices ranges between 3 and 9%, with no major differences among instruments. Significant differences were observed in all indices among instruments with more than 10 participants (Roche Cobas, Abbott Architect, Abbott Alinity and Siemens Advia). The 90th percentile of the distribution of percentage differences was used as the analytical performance specification (APS). An improvement in performance was observed in the first three years of the program, probably due to the learning curve effect. In 2020, APS of 7.8, 12.2 and 9.7% were proposed for hemolytic, icteric and lipemic indices, respectively.

Conclusions

Serum indices have a great impact on the quality and the reliability of laboratory test results. Participation in proficiency testing programs for serum indices is helpful to encourage harmonization among providers and laboratories.
On convergence of associative copulas and related results
Authors: Kasper Thimo M. , Fuchs Sebastian , Trutschnig Wolfgang
Published: October 2021

Triggered by a recent article establishing the surprising result that within the class of bivariate Archimedean copulas 𝒞ardifferent notions of convergence - standard uniform convergence, convergence with respect to the metricD1, and so-called weak conditional convergence - coincide, in the current contribution we tackle the natural question, whether the obtained equivalence also holds in the larger class of associative copulas 𝒞a. Building upon the fact that each associative copula can be expressed as (finite or countably infinite) ordinal sum of Archimedean copulas and the minimum copulaMwe show that standard uniform convergence and convergence with respect toD1are indeed equivalent in 𝒞a. It remains an open question whether the equivalence also extends to weak conditional convergence. As by-products of some preliminary steps needed for the proof of the main result we answer two conjectures going back to Durante et al. and show that, in the language of Baire categories, when working withD1a typical associative copula is Archimedean and a typical Archimedean copula is strict.
Fe3+ and Ce3+ modified nano-TiO2 for degradation of exhaust gas in tunnels
Authors: Luo Yin , Wu Jianmin , Qin Zhong , Zhang Hengcong
Published: October 2021

To solve the environmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust in a tunnel, this study has developed a modified nano-TiO2 based on Fe3+ and Ce3+. The modified nano-TiO2 is prepared by the sol–gel method, and the modification adopts Fe3+ single-doping, Ce3+ sing-doping, and co-doping. The properties were also characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, UV-vis diffuse reflectance analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, specific surface area analysis, and paramagnetic resonance popper analysis. The analyses showed that the doping of ions would change the energy band structure of nano-TiO2 and produce crystal defects, thus improving the photocatalytic activity. Then, a self-fabricated exhaust gas degradation device was used to carry out the exhaust gas degradation experiments. The results showed that the modification improves the catalytic efficiency of nano-TiO2, and Fe3+, Ce3+ co-doping > Ce3+ single-doping > Fe3+ single-doping > pure TiO2. At the dosage of 0.5%, the maximum degradation efficiencies of NO and CO before compensation are 53.85% and 16.39%, respectively, and the maximum degradation rates are 1.04 and 0.93 ppm·min−1. After compensation, the maximum degradation efficiencies of NO and CO are 20.14% and 6.04%, respectively. The maximum degradation rate is 0.40 and 0.41 ppm·min−1, respectively.
Analysis of enzyme activity and microbial community structure changes in the anaerobic digestion process of cattle manure at sub-mesophilic temperatures
Authors: Zhen Xiaofei , Luo Miao , Dong Haiying , Fang Lei , Wang Weiwei , Feng Lei , Yu Qin
Published: October 2021

To improve the biogas potential in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in cold regions, we investigated, in this study, the potential of the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure through sequencing batch anaerobic digestion experiments at sub-mesophilic temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 37°C) for 50 days. Specifically, the changes in the biogas yield, pH, sCOD concentration, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure were examined. The maximum daily yield of biogas was 19.18 mL·gVS−1, which was recorded on day 6 at 37°C, and the final biogas accumulation yield at this temperature was 403.64 mL·gTS−1. The concentration of sCOD gradually increased as enzyme activity increased. The maximum activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, protease, and amylase were recorded in the 37°C experimental group. The decrease in temperature severely limited the activity of different types of enzymes, resulting in a decrease in the activity of microorganisms, which greatly influenced the methanogenic reaction. The dominant bacteria at the phylum level were Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and the dominant methanogen at the genus level was Methanosaeta.
The effects of visual realism and visuospatial abilities on memorizing soccer tactics
Authors: Ben Mahfoudh Hatem , Zoudji Bachir , Ait El Cadi Abdessamad
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Dynamic visualizations have become valuable assets in acquiring and improving sports skills. However, their instructional efficiency depends on their design and on learners’ cognitive abilities. Intending to improve learning sessions using these technologies, this study investigates the effects of visual realism and visuospatial abilities (VSA) on the memorization of soccer scenes.

Methods

Twenty-four soccer beginners first performed a multitask VSA test followed by the memorization and reproduction of three dynamic sequences with different levels of realism. An eye-tracking system was used in the memorization phase to record gaze behavior and identify the involved cognitive processes.

Results

Findings revealed that increasing visual realism disrupted learners’ memorization performance and visual processing. Moreover, learners with high-VSA were more efficient in memorizing soccer scenes than those with low-VSA and benefited more from reduced visual realism than low-VSA. Learners’ visual processing revealed that high-VSA were more focused on creating a mental representation of the content whereas low-VSA were rather visually guided when memorizing the scene.

Conclusions

Results imply considering learners’ VSA and adapting presentations’ visual realism to optimize tactical learning among beginners.
A pilot of a modified diabetes prevention program in Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Alvear Durán Susana , Sanchez-del-Hierro Galo , Gomez-Correa Diego , Enriquez Andrés , Sanchez Enver , Belec Melissa , Casapulla Sharon , Grijalva Mario J. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: October 2021

Context

Diabetes has become a global noninfectious pandemic with rates rapidly rising around the globe. The major drivers of this increase in type 2 diabetes are obesity, an increase in processed foods, and a decrease in physical activity. In the United States, the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) has proven to be an effective lifestyle intervention to delay or prevent new-onset type 2 diabetes. However, there is limited evidence that such a lifestyle program will work in a South American community.

Objectives

This pilot program aims to determine if a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) would be feasible in an Ecuadorian population. The goals of this pilot program were a 7% weight loss, >150 min of physical activity per week, and a reduction of fat calories to yield a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. This program was led by family medicine physicians and was offered to people with prediabetes in Quito, Ecuador.

Methods

The program was modified to include only the first half of the DPP curriculum, which included a schedule of 16 classes in the first 6 months. Further, the program was provided in Spanish and modified to be more culturally specific to this population. Participants were recruited from the faculty and staff of Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador [PUCE]) in Quito. Outcomes measured included A1c reduction, weight loss, increase in physical activity minutes, and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Results

The sample included 33 people with prediabetes. The mean age of the participants was 52 years (range, 41–66 years), the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.6 kg/m2 (range, 21.0–40.3 kg/m2), and the mean HbA1C was 6.2% (range, 5.7–6.4%). The attendance was 97.8% at 6 months. The mean weight loss was 3.4 kg per participant (range, 1.5 kg weight gain to 8.3 kg weight loss); in percentage points, this was a mean weight loss of 3.6% (range, 2.3% gain to 11.8% weight loss). Three-fourths of the participants lost weight (78.3%). The majority of participants (75.8%) met the target physical activity level of 150 min per week, and all participants increased their physical activity levels from baseline. No participants progressed to type 2 diabetes during this study.

Conclusions

The DPP 6 month pilot was effective in this population with prediabetes in Ecuador. The largest changes were made in physical activity time. Holding the program at worksites and providing lunch were key factors in the very high retention rate in this study.
Improving the precision of micro-EDM for blind holes in titanium alloy by fixed reference axial compensation
Authors: Lin Chaohui , Li Jiaming , Liang Shiyong , Zhang Yonghui , Gou Junfeng , Liu Jiangwen , Li Yao
Published: October 2021

During the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, the tool electrode wear is inevitable, which affects the process precision of the micro-hole. In the present experimental investigation, a fixed reference axial compensation (FRAC) method is proposed to enhance the machining precision of micro-hole. The effect of pulse power, compensation methods, and electrode materials on the depth and roundness factor of micro-hole are explored. The experiment results show that the FRAC method can realize the accurate compensation and reach the expected depth hole processing. When the FRAC is used, the depth deviation is less than 0.43%, and the minimum difference from the expected depth is only 0.106 µm. In addition, the micro-holes of tungsten steel and brass electrodes machine by the FRAC method were close to the expected depth, the difference from the expected depth less than 0.7%, but the bottom of micro-hole produced a cone. However, compared to tungsten steel and brass electrodes, the copper electrode has a better processing performance, the roundness factor is up to 79.8%. When the long-pulse power supply is applied, the expected depth of 400–1,600 µm blind holes with a better processing shape, and the phenomenon of the cone at the bottom are not apparent. Therefore, the proposed FRAC method can be utilized in many high-end manufacturing fields to improve the precision of the micro-hole for micro features.
“Convergent validity of the central sensitization inventory and experimental testing of pain sensitivity”
Authors: Holm Liam Andrén , Nim Casper Glissmann , Lauridsen Henrik Hein , Filtenborg Johanne Brinch , O’Neill Søren Francis
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to examine the convergent validity of the Central Sensitization Inventory by quantifying the correlation with experimental measures of pain sensitivity and self-reported psycho-social questionnaires, in a low back pain population.

Methods

All participants were recruited from an outpatient hospital spine care clinic (Spine Centre of Southern Denmark). Participants underwent a standardized experimental pain test protocol and completed the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) along with additional self-reported questionnaires to assess psycho-social constructs across different domains. The association between the CSI, experimental pain measures and other self-reported psycho-social questionnaires were analyzed using correlation and contingency tests. ROC-curve analysis was used to determine sensitivity and specificity for CSI.

Results

One hundred sixty-eight (168) participants were included. The CSI was weakly correlated with nine out of 20 variables in the experimental pain test protocol (rho range −0.37 to 0.22). The CSI was more closely correlated with psycho-social factors such as work ability, disability, and symptoms of exhaustion disorder. ROC-analysis identified an optimal cut-point of 44 on CSI (Sn=39.1% Sp=87.4%). The CSI had an area under the ROC curve of 0.656. Fisher’s exact test demonstrated a statistically significant association between participants scoring ≥40 on CSI and participants categorized as sensitized by experimental pain tests (p-value=0.03).

Conclusions

Our findings are consistent with previous studies, indicating that the CSI is related to psycho-social constructs. However, the convergent validity with experimental pain measures is small and probably not clinically meaningful.
MEASURING THE NEED FOR EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISION AMONGST CHILD PROTECTION SOCIAL WORKERS: AN EXPLORATION
Authors: Mokoele Balebetse , Weyers Mike
Published: October 2021

Supervision is a potentially effective tool for empowering social workers to perform their duties to their optimal abilities. There are, however, indications from research and practice that this potential has not always been fully realised in South Africa. This especially applies to educational supervision. The aim of the study on which this article is based was to help address this deficiency by profiling the educational supervision needs of a group of child protection social workers of a provincial department of social development. Its results could be used to address deficiencies not only in that province, but also further afield.
A review of year 2 LCAPs: A weak response to English Learners
Authors: Olsen Laurie , Armas Elvira , Lavadenz Magaly
Published: October 2021

A panel of 32 reviewers analyzed the Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) of same sample of 29 districts for the second year of implementation of the 2013 California Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF). Using the same four questions as the Year 1 report, the Year 2 analysis also addresses the key differences between first and second-year LCAPs. Key findings from the Year 2 LCAPs review include: (1) similarly weak responses to the needs of ELs by LEAs in Year 2; (2) some improvement in clarity about services provided to ELs in some areas, though most evidence was weak; (3) minimal attention to the new English Language Development Standards; (4) minimal investment in teacher capacity building to address EL needs; (5) lack of attention to coherent programs, services and supports for ELs and failure to address issues of program and curriculum access; (6) weak engagement of ELs’ parents in LCAP process and content of LCAP plans; (7) poor employment of EL data to inform LCAP goals and weak use of EL indicators as an LCAP accountability component; (8) lack of specificity in describing district services and site allocations for supplemental and concentration funding; and (9) difficulty identifying the coherence of responses of EL needs in year 2 LCAPs. Overall, the analysis of the 29 LCAPs continue to signal a weak response to EL needs. The authors reassert the urgency of the recommendations in the Year 1 report, offer additional specific recommendations for the state, county offices of education, and districts, and call upon the state to reaffirm the equity commitment in the LCFF design.
Masking the Focus on English Learners: The Consequences of California’s Accountability System Dashboard Results on Year 4 Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs)
Authors: Lavadenz Magaly
Published: October 2021

California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), signed into law in 2013, centers equity as a key to increased and improved services for three targeted student subgroups, including English Learners (ELs), low-income students, and foster youth. As a component of LCFF, districts develop Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to specify their goals and strategies for using LCFF funds for equity and continuous improvement purposes. The California Model Five by Five Grid Placement Report (Spring 2017 Dashboard) included the Five by Five Placement Grid, a key function of which is to identify the needs of diverse ELs. The Dashboard and the LCAPs are two policy mechanisms with great promise in combining school finance and accountability reform to promote equity and coherent state-wide. In this report, Lavadenz and colleagues review the EL policy context and examine the connection between the two contemporary policy mechanisms in California, namely the Year 4 LCAP and the California Department of Education’s Accountability Model (Spring 2017 Dashboard). The authors use a sample of 26 California school districts with high numbers/percentages of ELs and conclude that California’s current accountability system diminishes the urgency to respond to educational needs of the English Learner subgroup and undermines the equity intent of the LCFF. Few promising practices and assets-based approaches were identified in the LCAPs, and there is minimal mention of metrics focused on EL outcomes. The authors provide recommendations at state, county office of education and district levels.
Analysis of the Impact of Business Greening, which Based on Circular Economy Principles, on Sustainable Tourism Development in European Countries
Authors: Meshko Nataliia , Nikolaienko Artem
Published: October 2021

Purpose: To test the hypothesis of the relationship between the degree of business greening on the basis of a circular economy and indicators that determine the level of international tourism attractiveness of European countries in the context of sustainable tourism. Findings: The author puts forward a hypothesis about the existence of a stable relationship between the business greening degree, which based on the principles of a circular economy, and the level of tourist attractiveness of the country. Based on the analysis of the basic provisions of the circular economy concept and the principles of sustainable development, the author provides a theoretical substantiation of this relationship. The author testes the hypothesis by clustering European countries according to the Environmental Performance Index and, based on correlation analysis, determines a close relationship between economic and environmental indicators within each of the clusters. Calculations show that in some regions of Europe there is a positive impact of the spread of the circular economy on the intensification of migration flows to the country. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used in the practice of international companies when justifying the feasibility of investments in circular projects and programs for the transition to environmental development of territories, as well as for public administration in the development of a positive tourist image of the country. Originality/Value: For the first time, the author proposes a methodological approach to assessing the tourist attractiveness of a country in the context of business greening based on a circular economy. Future Research: Image-making of territories based on a circular economy, systematization of world experience in tourist consumption greening, the formation of tourist clusters in countries with a high level of development of the circular economy.   Paper type: Empirical
“Big Challenges” As a Factor of Transformation of State-Legal Relations
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Kononenko Danil
Published: October 2021

Introduction: in recent years the “big challenges” category has rapidly come into language use. From the word combination of a prognostic-journalistic nature, the expression has penetrated normative legal acts, becoming a legal category that can potentially change social relations. However, in legal acts and a fairly small catalog of legal scientific publications, this construct is considered through the prism of socio-economic relations; its legal essence and possible state-legal transformations that may follow it are not highlighted. Purpose: to give an overview of the “big challenges” category through its genesis, transformation, and through the prism of legal realities. Methods: the methodological framework for the study was made up of general scientific methods – analysis and synthesis, as well as specific scientific methods – formal-legal and comparative-legal. Results: big challenges, initially referring to the category of scientific knowledge of the IT sphere, are subsequently used concerning a wide group of public relations, finding their consolidation in the program documents of an international and national nature. At the domestic level, acts are not only a declaration of intent but also a mandatory work plan for public authorities. In Russia, the final consolidation of the term “big challenges” in public-legal rhetoric took place in 2016, which led to the introduction of changes or the appearance of new legal acts of a planned nature. Conclusions: despite the legal definition of “big challenges” in the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, there is still no legal description of the institution under consideration, although it carries huge legal potential, including in the field of public administration, laying the foundations for such a promising way of influencing social relations as smart regulation. An attempt is made to define “big challenges” in the legal discourse.
Information Technologies As a Means of Improving the Efficiency of the State and Public Affairs Management
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Vasilevich Sergey
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the paper examines the impact of information technologies on the management of state and public affairs. It is emphasized that these technologies significantly change the nature of the relationship between a person and the state, contribute to their democratization, as well as the optimization of the system and the activities of the state bodies. Drawing attention to the positive side of the digital transformation of public relations, at the same time, it is noted that information technologies, as well as the technical developments based on them, narrow the scope of private space. In this regard, it is important to find a balance between public and private interests. Several proposals are made to improve the legal regulation and practice in this area. Introduction: in the modern period, more and more attention is paid to the digital transformation of public relations. The development of information technologies creates new conditions for the dynamic development of the state and law, the adoption of effective management decisions. Purpose: to evaluate the possibilities of using information technologies in the field of public administration, to make suggestions on possible improvements in the legislation and practice. Methods: the methods of systematicity, analysis, and comparative law method are used. Results: based on the analysis of trends in the legal regulation in using information technologies in the economic, social, and political spheres some proposals for improving the legislation and practice are made. Conclusions: the introduction of IT in the public space optimizes and integrates diverse processes and procedures, creating a new paradigm, which ultimately improves the quality of public services and expands communication channels, introduces people to the process of making political decisions. Regarding the digital transformation in the field of human rights and freedoms, one should be guided by the principle: the rights that a person has offline should also be protected online (on the Internet).
International Cooperation of the Russian Federation in Health Care Amid the Pandemic
Authors:   MGIMO University, Platonova Natalia , Vargina Valeria ,   MGIMO University
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the current epidemiological situation in the world, characterized as a pandemic since March 11, 2020, has proved the importance of developing national health systems, and also emphasized the need to develop the channels of international cooperation in health care for joint operational measures to combat the spread of the virus. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to determine the prospects for the development of this area and the opportunities for improving the existing systems. Methods: the general scientific methods were used in the research process: logical, system-structural, complex, and functional, as well as the specific scientific methods in the form of the method of concrete-sociological research, the method of modeling, and the formal-legal method. Results: the paper considers the basics of the implementation of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in healthcare amid the pandemic: the differentiation of international cooperation formats is carried out, the legal bases of cooperation are analyzed, and the organization of interaction with the World Health Organization is studied. Justified in the work the trajectories of the development of international cooperation in healthcare are predicted. Conclusions: as a result of the study, it is established that the post-coronavirus era will be characterized by new priorities for cooperation. On the basis of the conducted research, a proposal was made to amend the Federal Law “On the Basics of Public Health Protection in the Russian Federation”, as well as the main recommendations for further implementation of international cooperation in healthcare.
Consistency of Law Enforcement Practice in Matters of Deviation from the Principle of Equality of the Spouses’ Shares in Their Common Property
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Crimean Branch), Ablyatipova Natalia
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the issues of the division of the jointly acquired property of spouses do not lose their relevance. As a general rule, in the absence of an agreement between the spouses, the division is carried out in court based on the legally established presumption of equality of shares, regardless of the method of participation in the formation of joint property. However, this principle is not absolute and the court has the right to deviate from the principle of equality by increasing the share of one of the spouses. Meanwhile, the possibility of increasing the share in the marital property is interpreted ambiguously in law enforcement, and the incorrect interpretation of the norm is revealed. In this regard, the author sets the goal: to summarize the approaches developed by the judicial practice on this issue, to identify and analyze the grounds for deviation from the principle of equality of shares in the division of property of spouses. Results: the reasons for the increase in the marital share are investigated, the problems of determining the criteria are identified, and the inconsistency of court decisions in similar cases when considering the categories “child’s interest” and “spouse’s interest” is established. Conclusions: based on the analysis of the legislation and materials of judicial practice, the problems of applying the grounds for derogating from the equality of the shares of spouses in the division of jointly acquired property and the ambiguity of the law enforcement are highlighted. Based on the results of the work, the author has developed some practical proposals and recommendations for improving the legislation.
Legal Aspects of 3D Printing
Authors:   Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Ammalainen Victoria
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the article discusses the legal aspect of 3D printing and computer 3D models, which are printed using a 3D printer. The prospects, threats and challenges that the development of 3D printing technologies entails are examined. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to adapt the new technological realities to the current legislation and it is necessary to take into account which particular object will be displayed in the three-dimensional model, since this will determine which rights to objects will be affected. Methods: the methodological basis of this scientific article is a number of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main place is occupied by methods of information processing and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and generalization. Results: the author’s position on 3D models and their legal regulation is presented. Conclusions: as a result of the study, recommendations were made for improving the regulatory framework, the author proposes to delimit the legal protection of 3D models by amending Art. 1259, 1352 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Obligational Relations in the Midst of Digitalization of Business Activity: The Concept and Types
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Safarli Nizami
Published: October 2021

Introduction: civil obligations are one of the central institutions of the civil law system, which is currently undergoing a new stage of understanding and development. The domestic civil law quite clearly identified the tasks that are urgent for theoretical, as well as comparative and practical research aimed at analyzing the problems of obligations that arise from civil law and business contracts. Purpose: to analyze the features of the regulation of market relations at the contractual level in the midst of digitalization of business activity. Methods: the methods of systematicity, analysis, and comparative law are used in the work. Results: the legal regulation ensures the implementation of equality as one of the most important principles of civil law: by setting additional requirements for entrepreneurs, the state equalized them with other participants in the turnover. This also dictates the need for the active introduction and application of legal means as proactive actions based on the permissibility of the law. One of them is a contract, so the specifics of business relations are most clearly demonstrated by contractual obligations. Conclusions: the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in addition to the general provisions on obligations, also contain provisions that are only applicable to obligations related to the implementation of business activities. Business obligations are specific in nature, and sometimes directly opposite to traditional obligations. As a result of the process of evolution, the digital economy has become one of the main engines of the growth of the global economic system. The widespread use of digital technologies increases competition in global markets and encourages leading industrial countries to implement appropriate economic policies and develop contractual relations.
The Features of Consumer Rights Violations in Online Trading
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Mammadli Zaur
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the development of the Internet and e-commerce has largely changed the habits, behaviors, and preferences of consumers. This dynamic and efficient means of providing goods has been able to overcome many of the obstacles inherent in offline trading. This became especially relevant in 2020 and does not lose its relevance at the present time in the situation of the lockdown precedent on a global scale. It is possible to increase the protection of business entities and, first of all, consumers, if there is an effective system of the legal regulation of the sphere under consideration. There is a need for legally established guarantees, an appropriate level of legal regulation, effective measures, methods and means implemented within the framework of monitoring the compliance with the norms of the current legislation. To protect the rights of consumers, respect their legitimate interests, and create a civilized competitive environment, the state must fully establish legal means to ensure the rule of law in the field of online commerce without restricting the freedoms of entrepreneurs. The purpose of the paper is to review the current state of the violations of the rights of participants in economic relations that occur when making online purchases. Methods: in the process of writing the paper, general scientific methods (qualitative and logical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, system approach, retrospective analysis, morphological analysis), and a special method (scenario analysis) were used. Results: the main aspects related to the legal regulation of electronic commercial activity regarding the protection of buyers are considered. It is indicated that when buying through e-commerce, various violations of consumer rights often occur. This is expressed, in many cases, in the discrepancy between the actual condition of the goods provided to the buyer with the information contained on the seller’s website, in the delivery of goods with obvious defects, non-compliance with the requirements of GOST. Conclusions: the protection of the rights of online buyers includes two main aspects. First, it concerns the protection of consumer rights regarding the improper quality of the delivered goods, the specifics of the purchase return, and the funds spent. Secondly, what the world community pays considerable attention to is the legal regulation and protection of consumer data privacy. It is noted that domestic researchers place more emphasis on the first aspect of the problem. It is indicated that the improvement of the legal regulation of e-commerce should be carried out following the global trends in the development of international law in this area.
The Forms of Criminal Prosecution
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Dikarev Ilya , Baymanov Sailaubek ,   Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the paper discusses the possibility of differentiating the forms of criminal prosecution. The critical analysis is subject to the widespread position in the science of criminal procedure that the forms of criminal prosecution are suspicion and accusation. This point of view is based on the conclusion that the content of criminal prosecution varies depending on the degree of proof of the guilt of the person subject to criminal prosecution. Concerning compliance with the principle of adversarial parties, the theoretical position is also evaluated, according to which one of the forms of criminal prosecution is conviction. The question of the grounds for differentiating the forms of criminal prosecution is studied. Purpose: the confirming the unified nature of the criminal prosecution carried out during the pretrial proceedings, regardless of the procedural position of the person accused of committing the crime. Methods: the paper uses the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, as well as specific scientific methods: legal interpretation and logical-legal. The methodological framework was the dialectical method. Results: the study of the common position in the science of criminal procedure, according to which criminal prosecution at different stages of its implementation consistently takes the forms of suspicion and accusation, showed its inconsistency. From the standpoint of philosophy, the content always has a determining value, and the form is always determined. Accordingly, to establish a change in the form of criminal prosecution, it is necessary to make sure that the content of this activity changes. However, the degree of proof of the person’s involvement in the crime is not reflected in the content of the accusatory activity, it remains the same. Therefore, suspicion and accusation do not form the independent forms of criminal prosecution. At the same time, the differentiation of the forms of criminal prosecution is possible, but on different grounds. Conclusions: the differentiation of the forms of criminal prosecution should be made depending on, first, the organization of procedural activities that determine the role and powers of the subject of criminal prosecution in the process of proof; secondly, the procedural status of the participant in the criminal process on the part of the prosecution and, thirdly, the content of the fact in issue.
On the Development of the Mechanism for Regulating Medical Waste
Authors:   Volgograd Institute of Management, Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Motorin Dmitriy
Published: October 2021

Introduction: at the moment, medical waste is removed from the scope of application of the legislation on production and consumption waste. With its regulatory mechanism, the medical waste management system in practice demonstrates a clear lack of controls over the movement of waste streams. In this regard, the author aims to study the reasons and conditions for the separation of medical waste as an object of law, as well as to determine possible ways to develop legal regulation in medical waste management. Within the framework of the research, the author uses a set of methods of cognition, among which the methods of system analysis, historicism, and the comparative law method prevail. Results: as part of the study, it is found that the attempt to create a more rigid, compared to the ordinary one, system for regulating medical waste, led to a lack of legal institutions in the mechanism of the system. The author considers the scientific concepts of the development of the medical waste sphere, as well as the legislative initiative for its modernization. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that most scientific positions are reduced to the need to bring the regime of medical waste closer to the waste of production and consumption, which, in the author’s opinion, does not take into account the reasons for the isolation of the system and the specifics of the activities of medical and pharmaceutical organizations. Against this background, the initiative to create a centralized system for the management of medical waste, which, however, also needs to be improved, seems more successful. As a result, the author put forward some proposals for amendments to the bill.
Legal Experiment as a Method of “Smart Legal Regulation” Through the Example of the Russian Bar Association
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Melnichenko Roman
Published: October 2021

Introduction: through the example of the project in the field of regulation of the legal activity “state legal bureau”, such a method of “smart legal regulation” as a legal experiment is demonstrated. The task is to identify errors in the implementation of this method of “smart legal regulation”. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a combination of the following methods of scientific knowledge: the hermeneutical method, the method of systematicity, and the method of analysis. Results: the author has identified the errors that can be made during the use of “smart legal regulation” methods. Conclusions: a feature of such a method of “smart legal regulation” as a legal experiment is point-based legal regulation. The legal experiment, being a gentle method of legal regulation, seems very promising, provided that before it begins, the criteria for its “success” are determined and at the end, the procedure for correlating the specified criteria and the results of the experiment is followed.
The Classification of Regulatory Sandboxes (Experimental Legal Regimes): Russian and Foreign Experience
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Makarov Vladislav
Published: October 2021

Introduction: the institution of regulatory sandboxes, which is a financial and legal tool aimed at testing new technological solutions, which is not subject to restrictions of the current legal regulation, has been developed in almost all countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. At the same time, a theoretical and comparative legal study of a rapidly developing institution is required. In the paper, we study the types of regulatory sandboxes that are distinguished in world practice, as well as propose other classifications of experimental legal regimes. Purpose: based on Russian and foreign experience, to identify approaches to the regulation of digital innovations and the classification of experimental legal regimes (regulatory sandboxes) using various criteria. The research methodology is based on the application of methods of formal logic, system, and structural analysis, as well as the comparative law method, the methods of legal experiment, legal forecasting, and interpretation of legal norms. As a result of the conducted research, four main approaches to the regulation of digital innovations are described and adapted, as well as the classifications of regulatory sandboxes (experimental legal regimes) are identified. Conclusions: the main approaches to the regulation of innovations in international practice are observational, approbation, stimulating, and reformation. In turn, it is possible to classify regulatory sandboxes based on Russian and foreign experience by goals, by the territory of operation, by the subject of expertise, by the duration of testing, by the type of solutions promoted, by consumer protection measures, by the regulatory body, as well as by the scope of technology application.
Urm1, not quite a ubiquitin-like modifier?
Authors: Kaduhr Lars , Brachmann Cindy , Ravichandran Keerthiraju Ethiraju , West James D. , Glatt Sebastian , Schaffrath Raffael
Published: October 2021

Ubiquitin related modifier 1 (Urm1) is a unique eukaryotic member of the ubiquitin-fold (UbF) protein family and conserved from yeast to humans. Urm1 is dual-functional, acting both as a sulfur carrier for thiolation of tRNA anticodons and as a protein modifier in a lysine-directed Ub-like conjugation also known as urmylation. Although Urm1 conjugation coincides with oxidative stress and targets proteins like 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from yeast (Ahp1) and fly (Prx5), it was unclear how urmylation proceeds molecularly and whether it is affected by the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. An in-depth study of Ahp1 urmylation in yeast from our laboratory (Brachmann et al., 2020) uncovered that promiscuous lysine target sites and specific redox requirements determine the Urm1 acceptor activity of the peroxiredoxin. The results clearly show that the dimer interface and the 2-Cys based redox-active centers of Ahp1 are affecting the Urm1 conjugation reaction. Together with in vivo assays demonstrating that high organic peroxide concentrations can prevent Ahp1 from being urmylated, Brachmann et al. provide insights into a potential link between Urm1 utilization and oxidant defense of cells. Here, we highlight these major findings and discuss wider implications with regards to an emerging link between Urm1 conjugation and redox biology. Moreover, from these studies we propose to redefine our perspective on Urm1 and the molecular nature of urmylation, a post-translational conjugation that may not be that ubiquitin-like after all.