bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low gestational weight gain and the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: HAN ZHEN , LUTSIV OLHA , MULLA SOHAIL , ROSEN ALLISON , BEYENE JOSEPH , MCDONALD SARAH D. ,   on behalf of the Knowledge Synthesis Group
Published: May 2011

Background. Low gestational weight gain is common, with potential adverse perinatal outcomes. Objective. To determine the relation between low gestational weight gain and preterm birth and low birthweight in singletons in developing and developed countries. Data sources. Medline, EMBASE and reference lists were searched, identifying 6 283 titles and abstracts. Methods of study selection. Following the MOOSE consensus statement, two assessors independently reviewed titles, abstracts, full articles, extracted data and assessed quality. Results. Fifty‐five studies, 37 cohort and 18 case‐control, were included, involving 3 467 638 women. In the cohort studies (crude data, generally supported where available by adjusted data and case‐control studies), women with low total gestational weight gain had increases in preterm birth <37 weeks [RR 1.64 (95%CI 1.62–1.65)], 32–36 weeks [RR 1.39 (95%CI 1.38–1.40)] and ≤32 weeks [RR 3.80 (95%CI 3.72–3.88)]. Low total gestational weight gain was associated with increased risks of low birthweight <2 500 g [RR 1.85 (95%CI 1.72–2.00)], in developing and developed countries [RR 1.84 (95%CI 1.71–1.99) and RR 3.02 (95%CI 1.37–6.63), respectively], 1 500–2 500 g [RR 2.02 (95%CI 1.88–2.17)] and <1 500 g (RR 2.00 (95%CI 1.67–2.40)]. Women with low weekly gestational weight gain were at increased risk of preterm birth [RR 1.56 (95%CI 1.26–1.94)], 32–36 weeks [RR 2.43 (95%CI 2.37–2.50)] and ≤32 weeks [RR 2.31 (95%CI 2.20–2.42)] but not low birthweight [RR 1.64 (95%CI 0.89–3.02)]. Conclusions. In this systematic review, we determined that singletons born to women with low total gestational weight gain have higher risks of preterm birth and low birthweight, with the lower the gain, the higher the risks.
Maternal understanding of commercial cord blood storage for their offspring – a survey among pregnant women in Hong Kong
Authors: SUEN STEPHEN SIK HUNG , LAO TERENCE T , CHAN OI KA , KOU THOMAS KAM ON , CHAN SAMMY CHUNG SUM , KIM JEAN HEE , LAU TZE KIN , LEUNG TAK YEUNG
Published: May 2011

Objective. To assess the knowledge on commercial cord blood banking (CCBB) among pregnant women. Design. Cross‐sectional survey. Setting. Antenatal clinics of two major public maternity units in Hong Kong. Population. Pregnant women. Methods. Self‐administered questionnaire. Main outcome measures. The survey explored knowledge about the use of self‐stored umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells and attitude towards CCBB. Results. Of the 2 000 women recruited, 1 866 (93.3%) completed the questionnaire. The majority (78.2%) had no idea that there was the chance of using self‐stored stem cells. Moreover, most of the respondents were unclear about which diseases other than leukemia are amenable to treatment with UCB stem cells in general. Only 20.3% of women knew that stem cells are available from the Red Cross in case their children need hematopoietic cell transplantation. Conclusions. The results of this study revealed inadequate knowledge on UCB stem cell banking and its applications among most of our pregnant women. The government and clinicians should combine efforts to provide accurate information on utilization of UCB stem cells during antenatal care.
The effects of climate change on density‐dependent population dynamics of aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Hart Edmund M. , Gotelli Nicholas J.
Published: May 2011

Global climate change has the potential to alter aquatic communities through changes in evapotranspiration and increased variability in precipitation. We used aquatic mesocosms to test the impacts of variable precipitation on population dynamics of common mosquito (Culicidae) and midge (Chironomidae) larvae that inhabit vernal pools. In a mixed deciduous forest in northern Vermont, USA, we orthogonally crossed seven levels of mean water level (increased rainfall) with seven levels of water level coefficient of variation (more variable rainfall) to simulate a broad array of climate change scenarios in 49 experimental mesocosms.

The average abundance of Culicidae was highest at low water levels, whereas the average abundance of Chironomidae was highest at higher water levels and low variability in water level. Treatments and environmental and spatial covariates collectively explained 49% of the variance in mean abundance. For both taxa, we fit hierarchical Bayesian models to each 16‐week time series to estimate the parameters in a Gompertz logistic equation of population growth with density dependence. We found that Culicidae population growth rate increased with decreasing water levels and that 87% of the variance in Chironomidae density dependence could be explained by treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that climate change can alter abundances aquatic invertebrate taxa but not necessarily through the same mechanism on all populations. In the case of Culicidae the abundance is affected by changes in growth rate, and in Chironomidae by changes in the strength of density dependence.
A nematomorph parasite explains variation in terrestrial subsidies to trout streams in Japan
Authors: Sato Takuya , Watanabe Katsutoshi , Tokuchi Naoko , Kamauchi Hiromitsu , Harada Yasushi , Lafferty Kevin D.
Published: May 2011

Nematomorph parasites alter the behavior of their orthopteran hosts, driving them to water and creating a source of food for stream salmonids. We investigated whether nematomorphs could explain variation in terrestrial subsidies across several streams. In nine study streams, orthopterans comprise much of the stomach contents of trout (46 ± 31% on average). Total mass of ingested prey per trout biomass positively correlated with the mass of orthopterans ingested, suggesting that the orthopterans enhanced absolute mass of prey consumption by the trout population. The orthopterans ingested per trout biomass positively correlated with the abundance of nematomorphs in the stream, but not with the abundance of camel crickets (the dominant hosts) around the streams. Streams in conifer plantations had fewer nematomorphs than streams in natural deciduous forests. These results provide the first quantitative evidence that a manipulative parasite can explain variation in the allochthonous energy flow through and across ecosystems.
The influence of snow on the functional response of grazing ungulates
Authors: Robinson Barry G. , Merrill Evelyn H.
Published: May 2011

The forage intake rate of grazing ungulates is limited either by the rate at which they encounter food items, or the rate at which food items are handled. Whether an ungulate is encounter‐ or handling‐limited influences spatial and temporal depletion of forage, daily time budgets, and ultimately animal condition. Previously, vegetation abundance has been used as a surrogate for an ungulate's encounter rate with food items and related to observed bite rate to determine whether intake rate is encounter‐ or handling‐limited. In temperate climates snow accumulation during winter limits access to vegetation by forcing animals to wade and paw through snow to consume underlying vegetation, increasing the amount of time required to encounter a food item. As a result, an ungulate may be handling‐limited when foraging in a high biomass system under snow‐free conditions, but becomes encounter‐limited when snow accumulates. We derived a model that provides a frame work for estimating the rate at which a grazing ungulate encounters vegetation by considering foraging velocity, vegetation biomass and the time required to paw away snow when present. We then used data from focal observations of 36 wild elk Cervus canadensis wintering on a montane grassland in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada, to apply our model and estimate encounter rate over a range of vegetation abundance and snow conditions. Using AICc in a model selection approach we found that an asymptotic regression model of observed bite rate as a function of estimated encounter rate provided a better fit than similar models using only vegetation abundance as the explanatory variable. An asymptotic model suggests elk were handling‐limited in the absence of snow, but became encounter‐limited when snow accumulated. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering the influence of factors other than vegetation abundance on the intake rate of grazing ungulates.
A new conceptual and methodological framework for exploring and explaining pattern in presence – absence data
Authors: Podani János , Schmera Dénes
Published: May 2011

A conceptual framework is proposed to evaluate the relative importance of beta diversity, nestedness and agreement in species richness in presence – absence data matrices via partitioning pairwise gamma diversity into additive components. This is achieved by calculating three complementary indices that measure similarity, relative species replacement, and relative richness difference for all pairs of sites, and by displaying the results in a two‐dimensional simplex diagram, or ternary plot. By summing two terms at a time, three one‐dimensional simplices are derived correspondig to different contrasts: beta diversity versus similarity, species replacement versus nestedness and, finally, richness difference versus richness agreement. The simplex diagrams can be used to interpret underlying data structures by showing departure from randomness towards well‐interpretable directions, as demonstrated by artificial and actual examples. In particular, one may appreciate how far data structure deviates from three extreme model situations: perfect nestedness, anti‐nestedness and perfect gradient. Throughout the paper, we pay special attention to the measurement and interpetation of beta diversity and nestedness for pairs of sites, because these concepts have been in focus of ecological reseach for decades. The novel method can be used in community ecology, conservation biology, and biogeography, whenever the objective is to recover explanatory ecological processes behind patterns conveyed by presence–absence data.
Ecological factors associated with the strength of trophic cascades in streams
Authors: Kurle Carolyn M. , Cardinale Bradley J.
Published: May 2011

Trophic cascades are extensively documented in nature, but they are also known to vary widely in strength and frequency across ecosystems. Therefore, much effort has gone into understanding which ecological factors generate variation in cascade strength. To identify which factors covary with the strength of cascades in streams, we performed a concurrent experiment across 17 streams throughout the Sierra Nevada Mountains. We eliminated top consumers from experimental substrates using electrical exclusions and compared the strength of indirect effects of consumers on the biomass of primary producers relative to control patches. In each stream we 1) classified the dominant invertebrate herbivores according to life‐history traits that influence their susceptibility to predators, 2) determined the abundance and diversity of algae and herbivores, and 3) measured production‐to‐biomass ratios (P:B) of the stream biofilm. This allowed us to assess three common predictions about factors thought to influence the strength of trophic cascades: cascade strength 1) is weaker in systems dominated by herbivores with greater ability to evade or defend against predators, 2) is stronger in systems characterized by low species diversity, and 3) increases with increasing producer P:B.

When averaged across all streams, the indirect effect of predators increased the biomass of periphyton by a mean 60%. However, impacts of predators on algae varied widely, ranging from effects that exacerbated algal loss to herbivores, to strong cascades that increased algal biomass by 4.35 times. Cascade strength was not related to herbivore traits or species diversity, but decreased significantly with increasing algal diversity and biofilm P:B in a stream. Partial regression analyses suggested that the relationship between cascade strength and algal diversity was spurious, and that the only significant covariate after statistically controlling for cross‐correlations was algal P:B. Our study contributes to the ongoing debate about why trophic cascade strength varies in nature and is useful because it eliminates factors that have no potential to explain variation in cascades within these stream ecosystems.
Dichotomy of eutherian reproduction and metabolism
Authors: Müller Dennis W. H. , Codron Daryl , Werner Jan , Fritz Julia , Hummel Jürgen , Griebeler Eva Maria , Clauss Marcus
Published: May 2011

How anatomical, physiological and ecological (life history) features scale with body mass is a fundamental question in biology. There is an ongoing debate in the scientific literature whether allometric scaling follows a universal pattern that can be described in a single model, or differs between groups. However, recently some analyses were published demonstrating a change in scaling across the body mass range: brain‐size allometry of mammals indicates that scaling follows a curvilinear pattern in double‐logarithmic space, and a quadratic pattern in double‐logarithmic space was found in one of the largest physiological datasets, on basal metabolic rate (MR) in mammals. Here, we analysed a variety of independent datasets on anatomical, physiological and ecological characteristics in mammals, birds and reptiles to answer the question whether the quadratic scaling is a universal biological law, or a pattern unique to mammals. The pattern was present in mammalian basal and field MR, brain size, and reproduction parameters, but neither in other organ allometries in mammals, nor in the scaling of MR in birds and reptiles. However, the curvature was better explained by separate allometric scaling of three different mammalian reproduction strategies: marsupials, and eutherian mammals with one and with many offspring. The two latter strategies are distributed unequally over the body mass range in eutherian mammals. Our findings show that a quadratic model, as well as a traditional allometric model with a universal scaling exponent (such as 0.67 or 0.75), may be inappropriate in mammals as they are a result of different scalings within these three reproductive groups. We propose that the observed distribution pattern is the result of the eutherian mammal clade's uniquely pronounced dichotomy of reproductive strategies.
Scavenger community response to the removal of a dominant scavenger
Authors: Olson Z. H. , Beasley J. C. , DeVault T. L. , Rhodes O. E.
Published: May 2011

The alteration of scavenging communities can reduce basic ecosystem services and increase risks to human and wildlife health. Recent work demonstrated that scavenging communities in agricultural landscapes are extremely efficient: superabundant mesopredators sequestered system energy by dominating scavenging activity. To explore how the disturbance of these communities affects the stability of carrion removal as an ecosystem function, we experimentally manipulated a scavenging community within an agricultural landscape by reducing the abundance of the dominant scavenger, raccoons Procyon lotor. We then monitored the fates of 676 mouse Mus musculus carcasses placed in 13 control and 13 removal woodlots from June 2007–May 2008. The diversity of vertebrate scavengers did not change between control and removal woodlots and scavenging by invertebrates was unaffected by our experiment. Although Virginia opossums Didelphis virginiana and other scavengers exhibited a functional response when raccoons were reduced in abundance, the increases did not change the proportional allocation of carcasses among scavengers. Finally, the reduced abundance of a major scavenger affected system efficiency. More carcasses remained un‐scavenged at the end of trials in removal woodlots than in control woodlots. This experiment demonstrates the vulnerability of a critical ecosystem service, carrion removal, to perturbations of the scavenging community and serves to highlight the method by which scavenger communities may respond to perturbations.
Immunohistochemical assessment of CD1a‐positive Langerhans cells and their relationship with E‐cadherin in minor salivary gland tumors
Authors: Dultra Fátima Karoline Araújo Alves , Barros Adna Conceição , Schaer‐Barbosa Helenemarie , Figueiredo Andréia Leal , Gurgel Clarissa Araújo Silva , Ramos Eduardo Antônio Gonçalves , da Silva Carvalho Ana Maria , dos Santos Jean Nunes
Published: May 2011

J Oral Pathol Med(2012)41: 47–53

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of CD1a‐positive Langerhans cells and their relationship with E‐cadherin in minor salivary gland tumors.

Methods: Twenty‐seven minor salivary gland tumors were investigated using immunohistochemistry for CD1a and E‐cadherin.

Results: A significant difference regarding the mean density of CD1a‐positive Langerhans cells was observed between pleomorphic adenomas and malignant tumors studied (P = 0.001). No CD1a‐positive cells were detected in most cases (n = 5) of cystic adenoid carcinomas. CD1a‐positive cells were detected in one mucoepidermoid carcinoma case, and six low‐grade polymorphous adenocarcinomas cases. Comparison of the mean density of CD1a‐positive cells between the three malignant tumors showed no significant difference (P = 0.127). No significant difference was observed in the presence of E‐cadherin between tumors (P = 0.73), but it was detected in 24 cases.

Conclusions: The lack of CD1a‐positive in malignant salivary gland tumors facilitates the neoplastic development and suggests that these cells might be useful as auxiliary diagnostic and prognostic tool in minor salivary gland tumors. Furthermore, it is suggested that E‐cadherin mediates cell adhesion in these tumors although we did not demonstrate significance.
Systemic treatment with corticosteroids in psoriasis–health care provision far beyond the S3‐guidelines
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Schäfer Ines , Reich Kristian , Glaeske Gerd , Radtke Marc
Published: May 2011

Background: The basis of induction therapy for psoriasis in Germany is the S3‐guideline which for moderate to severe psoriasis recommends the systemic agents fumaric acid esters, methotrexate, cyclosporine and the biologicals infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab and ustekinumab. Systemic glucocorticos‐teroids (GCS) are not proposed.

Question: To what extend are systemic glucocorticosteroids prescribed in psoriasis therapy?

Methods: The database of a German nationwide statutory health insurance 2007 was analyzed. Prescriptions of systemic glucocorticosteroids were identified by ATC‐encoding. Psoriasis patients with comorbidities requiring systemic glucocorticosteroid medication were analyzed separately.

Results: Among 1 423 308 continuously insured patients in 2007 n = 34 728 (2.4 %) were patients with psoriasis. The most prescribed systemic agents were corticosteroids (2774 patients), followed by methotrexate (853), fumaric acid esters (342), retinoids (110) and cyclosporine A (105). Even after excluding patients with psoriatic arthritis, systemic corticosteroids were still the most often prescribed systemic drugs. The average number of DDD (Defined Daily Doses) per insured patient was 120 (general practitioners), 141 (internists) and 68 (dermatologists). These results were confirmed by a control analysis with IMS data.

Conclusions: In Germany, psoriasis is often treated with systemic corticosteroids though these are not recommended by the S3‐guideline. General practitioners and internists are the main prescribers.
BEYOND ADOLESCENCE‐LIMITED CRIMINOLOGY: CHOOSING OUR FUTURE—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2010 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: May 2011

For over a half century, criminology has been dominated by a paradigm—adolescence‐limited criminology (ALC)—that has privileged the use of self‐report surveys of adolescents to test sociological theories of criminal behavior and has embraced the view that “nothing works” to control crime. Although ALC has created knowledge, opposed injustice, and advanced scholars’ careers, it has outlived its utility. The time has come for criminologists to choose a different future. Thus, a new paradigm is needed that is rooted in life‐course criminology, brings criminologists closer to offenders and to the crime event, prioritizes the organization of knowledge, and produces scientific knowledge that is capable of improving offenders’ lives and reducing crime.
RETRACTED: ETHNIC THREAT AND SOCIAL CONTROL: EXAMINING PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR JUDICIAL USE OF ETHNICITY IN PUNISHMENT*
Authors: JOHNSON BRIAN D. , STEWART ERIC A. , PICKETT JUSTIN , GERTZ MARC
Published: May 2011

Research on social inequality in punishment has focused for a long time on the complex relationship among race, ethnicity, and criminal sentencing, with a particular interest in the theoretical importance that group threat plays in the exercise of social control in society. Prior research typically relies on aggregate measures of group threat and focuses on racial rather than on ethnic group composition. The current study uses data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents to investigate the influence of more proximate and diverse measures of ethnic group threat, examining public support for the judicial use of ethnic considerations in sentencing. Findings indicate that both aggregate and perceptual measures of threat influence popular support for ethnic disparity in punishment and that individual perceptions of criminal and economic threat are particularly important. Moreover, we find that perceived threat is conditioned by aggregate group threat contexts. Findings are discussed in relation to the growing Hispanic population in the rapidly changing demographic structure of U.S. society.
DO NEIGHBORHOODS GENERATE FEAR OF CRIME? AN EMPIRICAL TEST USING THE BRITISH CRIME SURVEY*
Authors: BRUNTON‐SMITH IAN , STURGIS PATRICK
Published: May 2011

For a long time, criminologists have contended that neighborhoods are important determinants of how individuals perceive their risk of criminal victimization. Yet, despite the theoretical importance and policy relevance of these claims, the empirical evidence base is surprisingly thin and inconsistent. Drawing on data from a national probability sample of individuals, linked to independent measures of neighborhood demographic characteristics, visual signs of physical disorder, and reported crime, we test four hypotheses about the mechanisms through which neighborhoods influence fear of crime. Our large sample size, analytical approach, and the independence of our empirical measures enable us to overcome some of the limitations that have hampered much previous research into this question. We find that neighborhood structural characteristics, visual signs of disorder, and recorded crime all have direct and independent effects on individual‐level fear of crime. Additionally, we demonstrate that individual differences in fear of crime are strongly moderated by neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics; between‐group differences in expressed fear of crime are both exacerbated and ameliorated by the characteristics of the areas in which people live.
From adversarialism to managerialism: criminal justice in transition
Authors: McEwan Jenny
Published: May 2011

The criminal justice system of England and Wales has been subject to a series of essentially ad hoc reforms that depart to a significant degree from its adversarial heritage and represent a threat to fair trial rights under Art 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Far from moving closer to the European ‘inquisitorial’ model, as has been suggested by some commentators, criminal procedure is becoming increasingly dominated by managerialist concerns. Intolerance to litigant control is motivated by the desire to increase efficiency and reduce cost, although the replacement of party autonomy in terms of control over the conduct of the case by state power over process corresponds to some degree to the descriptions, in the work of Mirjan Damaška, of the system favoured by ‘activist’ states. However, the financial crisis facing the new government means that the situation is unlikely to be alleviated should the extent of government activity be reduced.
Narrative History and Theory
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: May 2011

I am a narrative historian. By narrative, I mean the telling of a story to explain and analyze events and human agency in order to increase understanding. As a narrative historian, I have not made extensive use of theory in my analysis of past events. In fact, in the past I consistently rejected theory, considering it more of a hindrance than a help.

The historian Geoffrey Roberts stated, “History is frequently labelled an idiographical discipline as opposed to a nomothetic one, that is, a discipline whose knowledge objects are particular, individual, and specific rather than classes of phenomena which are abstracted and subsumed in generalisations about trends, patterns and causal determinations.” In this vein, it was my view—as Peter Burke noted—that history examines particulars and “attend to concrete detail,” while theory attends to “general rules and screen[s] out the exceptions.”
Who's Afraid of Foucault? History, Theory, and Becoming Subjects
Authors: Coloma Roland Sintos
Published: May 2011

According to historian-philosopher Michel Foucault, “Each society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics' of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes function as true; the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned; the techniques and procedures accorded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true.” If each society has a regime of truth, it can be inferred that each scholarly discipline or field of study has its own general politics of truth which regulates its intellectual conditions, boundaries, and memberships. Consequently, Foucault's assertion leads me to ask: What regime of truth operates in the field of history of education? What types of discourse does it accept as true and deem as false? How does it distinguish between and sanction true and false statements? What value and status are conferred upon those charged with saying what counts as true and those considered saying what counts as false or unacceptable? What are the effects of such a regime on the field's analytical and methodological development as well as on its practitioners?
What's Foucault Got to Do with It? History, Theory, and Becoming Subjected
Authors: Butchart Ronald E.
Published: May 2011

The three essays before us constitute an indictment of the field of the history of education for its neglect of theory. Read linearly, from the Introduction through Coloma, the indictment becomes increasingly strident, moving from a gentle call for greater consideration of the potential contributions of theory for historical writing to a condemnation of the field for its parochial “indifference, imperviousness, and perhaps even resistance” to theory. As one practitioner within the field who shares with these authors a keen relish for theory and philosophy of history, I regret that the challenge to the field to attend more carefully to the possibilities of theory has been presented in exactly this form. My regret flows from the indictment's incoherent form, from its misleading evidentiary base, from its curious move from a broad embrace of multiple theoretical stances to a narrow, crabbed insistence on only one deeply problematic theory as acceptable evidence of the field's theoretical sophistication, and from the stunning effort in the last essay to appropriate and deploy language as power in order to marginalize and exclude from historical inquiry all but the narrowest range of discourse traditions. I will take up each of those issues in turn.
“What Happens in the Historian's Head?”
Authors: Weiler Kathleen
Published: May 2011

Over two hundred years ago Rousseau commented, “The facts described in history never give an exact picture of what actually happened. They change form in the historian's head. They get molded by his interests and take on the hue of his prejudices.” This insight—that history is a human creation molded by the interests and prejudices of the historian—is one that is easy to forget, particularly in times enamored by the claims of empirical science. But in the past three decades, historians, like other scholars across the humanities and social sciences, have faced a number of theoretical challenges to the empiricism that had been in ascendency since the late nineteenth century. Both established academic disciplines such as anthropology, literary studies, and philosophy and emerging disciplines such as cultural studies and film studies have been profoundly affected by these critiques. The “cultural turn,” with its emphasis on the inherently artificial nature of scholarly narratives, has challenged traditional historians' unquestioning reliance on documentary evidence, scientific methodology, and empirical claims to truth. Numerous historians have debated these theoretical challenges to the discipline, but historians of education have been largely silent. The absence of this debate in the history of education is striking, given the engagement of other scholars with these concerns and the fact that these ideas appeared over three decades ago: both Hayden White's Metahistory and Clifford Geertz's The Interpretation of Cultures were published in 1973, while Foucault's Discipline and Punish appeared in English translation in 1977.
Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children
Authors: Martin Emily T. , Kuypers Jane , Wald Anna , Englund Janet A.
Published: May 2011

Please cite this paper as: Martin et al. (2012) Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(1), 71–77.

Background  Molecular testing for viral pathogens has resulted in increasing detection of multiple viruses in respiratory secretions of ill children. The clinical impact of multiple virus infections on clinical presentation and outcome is unclear.

Objectives  To compare clinical characteristics and viral load between children with multiple virus versus single virus illnesses.

Patients/methods  Eight hundred and ninety‐three residual nasal wash samples from children treated for respiratory illness at Children’s Hospital, Seattle, from September 2003 to September 2004 were evaluated by quantitative PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), influenza (Flu), parainfluenza, adenoviruses, and coronaviruses (CoV). Illness severity and patient characteristics were abstracted from medical charts.

Results  Coinfections were identified in 103 (18%) of 566 virus‐positive samples. Adenovirus was most commonly detected in coinfections (52%), followed by CoV (50%). Illnesses with a single virus had increased risk of oxygen requirement (P = 0·02), extended hospital stays (P = 0·002), and admissions to the inpatient (P = 0·02) or intensive care units (P = 0·04). For Adv and PIV‐1, multiple virus illnesses had a significantly lower viral load (log10 copies/ml) than single virus illnesses (4·2 versus 5·6, P = 0·007 and 4·2 versus 6·9, P < 0·001, respectively). RSV, Flu‐A, PIV‐3, and hMPV viral loads were consistently high whether or not another virus was detected.

Conclusions  Illnesses with multiple virus detections were correlated with less severe disease. The relationship between viral load and multiple virus infections was virus specific, and this may serve as a way to differentiate viruses in multiple virus infections.
Apicystis bombi (Apicomplexa: Neogregarinorida) parasitizing Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Argentina
Authors: Plischuk Santiago , Meeus Ivan , Smagghe Guy , Lange Carlos E.
Published: May 2011

The neogregarine Apicystis bombi is considered a low prevalence parasite of Bombus spp. Before our work it has only once been detected in one single specimen of the Western honeybee Apis mellifera. This contribution reports the presence of A. bombi parasitizing both A. mellifera and Bombus terrestris at a site in Northwestern Argentine Patagonia (Bariloche, close to the border with Chile) and analyses its possible absence in the Pampas region, the most important beekeeping region of the country. In Bariloche, prevalence of A. bombi in A. mellifera was 7.6% in 2009, and 13.6% in 2010, whereas in B. terrestris it was 12.1%. Infections were not detected in 302 bee hives periodically prospected along 3 years (almost 400 000 honeybee specimens) in the Pampas. Analysis with the probability program FreeCalc2 suggested a possible absence of A. bombi in this area. Because of high virulence showed in several species of Bombus in the Northern hemisphere, A. bombi should be closely monitored in A. mellifera and in native Bombus species or other Apidae.
The Canyon Diablo impact event: 2. Projectile fate and target melting upon impact
Authors: ARTEMIEVA Natalia , PIERAZZO Elisabetta
Published: May 2011

Abstract– Despite its centennial exploration history, there are still unresolved questions about Meteor Crater, the first recognized impact crater on Earth. This theoretical study addresses some of these questions by comparing model results with field and laboratory studies of Meteor Crater. Our results indicate that Meteor Crater was formed by a high‐velocity impact of a fragmented projectile, ruling out a highly dispersed swarm as well as a very low impact velocity. Projectile fragmentation caused many fragments to fall separately from the main body of the impactor, making up the bulk of the Canyon Diablo meteorites; most of these fragments were engulfed in the expansion plume as they approached the surface without suffering high shock compression, and were redistributed randomly around the crater. Thus, the distribution of Canyon Diablo meteorites is not representative of projectile trajectory, as is usual for impactor fragments in smaller strewn fields. At least 50% of the main impactor was ejected from the crater during crater excavation and was dispersed mostly downrange of the crater as molten particles (spheroids) and highly shocked solid fragments (shrapnel). When compared with the known distribution, model results suggest an impactor from the SW. Overall, every model case produced much higher amounts of pure projectile material than observed. The projectile‐target mixing was not considered in the models; however, this process could be the main sink of projectile melt, as all analyzed melt particles have high concentrations of projectile material. The fate of the solid projectile fragments is still not completely resolved. Model results suggest that the depth of melting in the target can reach the Coconino sandstone formation. However, most of the ejected melt originates from 30–40 m depth and, thus, is limited to Moenkopi and upper Kaibab material. Some melt remains in the target; based on the estimated volume of the breccia lens at Meteor Crater, our models suggest at most a 2% content of melt in the breccia. Finally, a high water table at the time of impact could have aided strong dispersion of target and projectile melt.
Isotope fractionation and concentration measurements of Zn in meteorites determined by the double spike, IDMS‐TIMS techniques
Authors: GHIDAN Osama Y. , LOSS Robert D.
Published: May 2011

Abstract– The isotope fractionation of Zn in meteorites has been measured for the first time using thermal ionization mass spectrometry and a double spiking technique. The magnitude of δZn ranged from −0.29 to +0.38‰ amu−1 for five stone meteorites whereas the iron meteorite Canyon Diablo displays δZn of 1.11 ± 0.11‰ amu−1. The results for chondrites in this work can be divided into positive and negative δZn, supporting a previous proposal that chondrites are a mixture of materials from two different temperature sources. The Zn isotope fractionation present in meteorites may represent a primordial heterogeneity formed in the early solar system. An anomalous isotopic composition of Zn obtained for the Redfields iron meteorite suggests large‐scale inherited isotope heterogeneity of the protosolar nebula, or the presence of a parent body that has formed within its own isotopically anomalous reservoir. These anomalies are in the same direction but smaller than nuclear field shift effects observed in chemical exchange reactions. The isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) technique was used to measure Zn concentration, yielding a range from 20.1 μg g−1 to 302 μg g−1 in five stone meteorites and from 0.019 to 26 μg g−1 in seven iron meteorites. The IDMS‐measured abundance of Zn in Orgueil is 302 ± 14 μg g−1 and should be considered for future compilations of the abundance of Zn in the solar system.
Experimental aqueous alteration of cometary dust
Authors: NAKAMURA‐MESSENGER Keiko , CLEMETT Simon J. , MESSENGER Scott , KELLER Lindsay P.
Published: May 2011

Abstract– Recent spacecraft missions to comets have reopened a long‐standing debate about the histories and origins of cometary materials. Comets contain mixtures of anhydrous minerals and ices seemingly unaffected by planetary processes, yet there are indications of a hydrated silicate component. We have performed aqueous alteration experiments on anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) that likely derived from comets. Hydrated silicates rapidly formed from submicrometer amorphous silicates within the IDPs at room temperature in mildly alkaline solution. Hydrated silicates may thus form in the near‐surface regions of comets if liquid water is ever present. Our findings provide insight into origins of cometary IDPs containing both anhydrous and hydrated minerals and help reconcile the seemingly inconsistent observations of hydrated silicates from the Stardust and Deep Impact missions.
Ion microprobe analyses of oxygen three‐isotope ratios of chondrules from the Sayh al Uhaymir 290 CH chondrite using a multiple‐hole disk
Authors: NAKASHIMA Daisuke , USHIKUBO Takayuki , GOWDA Rudraswami N. , KITA Noriko T. , VALLEY John W. , NAGAO Keisuke
Published: May 2011

Abstract– The ion microprobe is the only technique capable of determining high‐precision stable isotope ratios in individual tiny extraterrestrial particles (≤100 μm in diameter), but these small samples present special analytical challenges. We produced a new sample holder disk with multiple holes (three holes and seven holes), in which epoxy disks containing a single unknown sample and a standard grain are cast and polished. Performance tests for oxygen two‐isotope analyses using San Carlos olivine standard grains show that the new multiple‐hole disks allow accurate analysis of tiny particles if the particles are located within the 500 μm and 1 mm radius of the center of holes for seven‐hole and three‐hole disks, respectively. Using the new seven‐hole disk, oxygen three‐isotope ratios of eight magnesian cryptocrystalline chondrules (approximately 100 μm in diameter) from the Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 290 CH chondrite were analyzed by ion microprobe at the University of Wisconsin. Five out of eight chondrules have nearly identical oxygen isotope ratios (Δ17O = −2.2 ± 0.6‰; 2SD), which is consistent with those of magnesian cryptocrystalline chondrules in CH/CB and CB chondrites, suggesting a genetic relationship, i.e., formation by a common (possibly impact) heating event. The other three chondrules have distinct oxygen isotope ratios (Δ17O values from −6.4‰ to +2.2‰). Given that similar variation in Δ17O values was observed in type I porphyritic chondrules in a CH/CB chondrite, the three chondrules may have formed in the solar nebula, similar to the type I porphyritic chondrules.
The complex impact structure Serra da Cangalha, Tocantins State, Brazil
Authors: KENKMANN Thomas , VASCONCELOS Marcos A. R. , CRÓSTA Alvaro P. , REIMOLD Wolf U.
Published: May 2011

Abstract– Serra da Cangalha is a complex impact structure with a crater diameter of 13,700 m and a central uplift diameter of 5800 m. New findings of shatter cones, planar fractures, feather features, and possible planar deformation features are presented. Several ring‐like features that are visible on remote sensing imagery are caused by selective erosion of tilted strata. The target at Serra da Cangalha is composed of Devonian to Permian sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstones that are interlayered with siltstone and claystones. NNE–SSW and WNW–ESE‐striking joint sets were present prior to the impact and also overprinted the structure after its formation. As preferred zones of weakness, these joint sets partly controlled the shape of the outer perimeter of the structure and, in particular, affected the deformation within the central uplift. Joints in radial orientation to the impact center did not undergo a change in orientation during tilting of strata when the central uplift was formed. These planes were used as major displacement zones. The asymmetry of the central uplift, with preferred overturning of strata in the northern to western sector, may suggest a moderately oblique impact from a southerly direction. Buckle folding of tilted strata, as well as strata overturning, indicates that the central uplift became gravitationally unstable at the end of crater formation.
Impact cratering in sandstone: The MEMIN pilot study on the effect of pore water
Authors: KENKMANN Thomas , WÜNNEMANN Kai , DEUTSCH Alexander , POELCHAU Michael H. , SCHÄFER Frank , THOMA Klaus
Published: May 2011

Abstract– Planetary surfaces are subjected to meteorite bombardment and crater formation. Rocks forming these surfaces are often porous and contain fluids. To understand the role of both parameters on impact cratering, we conducted laboratory experiments with dry and wet sandstone blocks impacted by centimeter‐sized steel spheres. We utilized a 40 m two‐stage light‐gas gun to achieve impact velocities of up to 5.4 km s−1. Cratering efficiency, ejection velocities, and spall volume are enhanced if the pore space of the sandstone is filled with water. In addition, the crater morphologies differ substantially from wet to dry targets, i.e., craters in wet targets are larger, but shallower. We report on the effects of pore water on the excavation flow field and the degree of target damage. We suggest that vaporization of water upon pressure release significantly contributes to the impact process.
Differentiation of planetesimals and the thermal consequences of melt migration
Authors: MOSKOVITZ Nicholas , GAIDOS Eric
Published: May 2011

Abstract–We model the heating of a primordial planetesimal by decay of the short‐lived radionuclides26Al and60Fe to determine (1) the time scale on which melting will occur, (2) the minimum size of a body that will produce silicate melt and differentiate, (3) the migration rate of molten material within the interior, and (4) the thermal consequences of the transport of26Al in partial melt. Our models incorporate results from previous studies of planetary differentiation and are constrained by petrologic (i.e., grain‐size distributions), isotopic (e.g.,207Pb‐206Pb and182Hf‐182W ages), and mineralogical properties of differentiated achondrites. We show that formation of a basaltic crust via melt percolation was limited by the formation time of the body, matrix grain size, and viscosity of the melt. We show that low viscosity (<1 Pa · s) silicate melt can buoyantly migrate on a time scale comparable to the mean life of26Al. The equilibrium partitioning of Al into silicate partial melt and the migration of that melt acts to dampen internal temperatures. However, subsequent heating from the decay of60Fe generated melt fractions in excess of 50%, thus completing differentiation for bodies that accreted within 2 Myr of CAI formation (i.e., the onset of isotopic decay). Migration and concentration of26Al into a crust results in remelting of that crust for accretion times less than 2 Myr and for bodies >100 km in size. Differentiation would be most likely for planetesimals larger than 20 km in diameter that accreted within approximately 2.7 Myr of CAI formation.
Comparison of four meteorite penetration funnels in the Campo del Cielo crater field, Argentina
Authors: VESCONI Mario A. , WRIGHT Shawn P. , SPAGNUOLO Mauro , JACOB Robert , CERRUTTI Carlos , GARCIA Luciana , FERNANDEZ Evangelina , CASSIDY William A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract– More craters may be discovered in the future, but as it is currently known, the Campo del Cielo crater field is 18 km long by 4 km at its widest point. Such a distribution of craters suggests that the parent meteoroid entered and traversed the atmosphere at a very low angle relative to horizontal. The crater field contains at least 20 small craters produced by the larger fragments of the parent meteoroid. Four of these are explosion analog craters and the rest are penetration funnels. During four field seasons, we have constructed topographic and magnetic maps of four of the penetration funnels as found, and then dug trenches across them to learn their original structures and recover meteorites preserved within them. Structures of these penetration funnels indicate very low angles of impact, i.e., 9–16° relative to horizontal. This supports the idea that the parent meteoroid traversed the atmosphere at a low angle. Data given here for the four penetration funnels include projectile masses, lengths, widths, depths, and estimates of impact angles and azimuths. One of the penetration funnels described here (No. 6) can almost be classified as an explosion analog crater.
Moduli spaces of stable quotients and wall-crossing phenomena
Authors: Toda Yukinobu
Published: May 2011

The moduli space of holomorphic maps from Riemann surfaces to the Grassmannian is known to have two kinds of compactifications: Kontsevich’s stable map compactification and Marian–Oprea–Pandharipande’s stable quotient compactification. Over a non-singular curve, the latter moduli space is Grothendieck’s Quot scheme. In this paper, we give the notion of ‘ ϵ-stable quotients’ for a positive real number ϵ, and show that stable maps and stable quotients are related by wall-crossing phenomena. We will also discuss Gromov–Witten type invariants associated to ϵ-stable quotients, and investigate them under wall crossing.
Dietary composition programmes placental phenotype in mice
Authors: Coan P. M. , Vaughan O. R. , McCarthy J. , Mactier C. , Burton G. J. , Constância M. , Fowden A. L.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  Studies on mice using severe diets show alterations in placental function, and fetal and adult health. However, little is known about the effects of mild dietary variations on the placenta. We investigated placental growth and function in mice fed diets with similar energy, but small differences in protein and sugar content. We show that placental adaptations occur to help support fetal growth: reduced protein leads to increased glucose transport and transporter gene expression in late pregnancy; just prior to term, amino acid transport expression correlated with protein intake; the placental endocrine compartment was smaller with the least dietary protein and somewhat larger with slight reduction in protein. Placentas in mice fed the least protein were better adapted than those exposed to slight protein reduction. These results may provide a good index of conditions in the womb and have important implications for the pre‐birth programming of life expectancy.