bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobile phone use among Alcoholics Anonymous members: new sites for recovery
Authors: Campbell Scott W. , Kelley Michael J.
Published: November 2008

This article reports on a line of research exploring mobile phone use in the recovery efforts of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members. A preliminary investigation indicated that many individuals in AA have come to rely on the mobile phone for both instrumental and expressive recovery-related interactions. This article reports on follow-up initiatives to assess whether and how these forms of use are linked to its perceived value and explores more deeply how the technology is used in these ways. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the study found that expressive use of the mobile phone made a particularly meaningful contribution to the perceived value of the technology as a tool for recovery. In addition, it uncovered ways that AA members are using mobile communication for social support and to stay connected with others in the program. The discussion offers implications of the findings and directions for future research.
Reassembling individual subjects
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: November 2008

The troubled times in which many anthropologists work require the conceptualization of singular analytical subjects: individual actors who are constituted as subjects in particular circumstances. The difficulty of this task lies in the fact that 'the death of the subject' has been convincingly argued for in so many disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Yet several deconstructivist philosophers have also proposed ideas that reassemble the subject, and this article discusses the work of Alain Badiou. Badiou defines the subject as one who recognizes the truth of a great historical event, but it is suggested here that anthropologists need a rather different theory capable of analysing individuals in more mundane circumstances. Here truth is not the issue, but fixing, if only temporarily, on 'who I am'. Debating with depictions of persons as actor-networks (Latour) or changing effects of perspectival relations (Strathern), it is argued that 'decision events' are occasions when the multiple strands of personhood achieve unity and singularity.
Who is a Christian?
Authors: Garriott William , O'Neill Kevin Lewis
Published: November 2008

This article aims to contribute to the continued formation of an anthropology of Christianity. We argue that anthropologists should adopt a more dialogic approach to the anthropological study of Christianity, one that shifts the concern from the problems posed by Christianity to anthropology, to the problems posed by Christianity to Christians themselves. In particular, we argue that the problem of determining who and what counts as a Christian is not a strictly anthropological problem, but is a potent source of debate within Christian communities. Attending to such debate offers a window into what is at stake in the lives of Christians themselves, and thus has the capacity to provide a non-essentializing foundation for the anthropology of Christianity as a comparative project. We begin with a review of recent anthropological literature and conclude with a set of ethnographic illustrations that show the import of such a shift for future research.
Muzzling the watchdog
Authors: Pinto Juliet
Published: November 2008

What silences an emergent watchdog press, even after that press has overcome great adversity to bring a form of journalism to mainstream news supporting democratization and social justice? Argentina presents an interesting case study in terms of changes in watchdog performance in a democratic and market-oriented context. A content analysis of three major Argentine news outlets from 1985 to 2005 first demonstrates that observable changes have taken place in mainstream watchdog reporting. Then, from interviews with journalists, media managers and media analysts, results indicate perceptions that public opinion shifts, media economy fluctuations, organizational strategies and government media relations facilitated or hindered the free practice of watchdog journalism in mainstream media. These findings illustrate the effects of forces working at the institutional and individual level that influence media performance, rather than simply at the environmental. Rather than a paradox, the Argentine case has implications for press freedom in other democracies.
How Early Can Fetal Heart Pulsations Be Detected Reliably Using Modern Ultrasound Equipment?
Authors: Ramsey Elisabeth , Shilitto Jayne
Published: November 2008

Background: Current national guidelines for the use of ultrasound in early pregnancy state that the embryonic heartbeat should be identified when the embryo measures 6 mm in length (RCOG/RCR 1995). Failure to visualise heart pulsations in embryos measuring 6 mm or less requires patients to wait 7 days for a repeat scan. Anecdotally, there is evidence to suggest that it is usually possible to see embryonic heart pulsation much earlier using modern ultrasound equipment. The aim of this study was to identify the smallest length of embryo when it is possible to always visualise heart pulsations during an ultrasound examination.

Method: This was a prospective observational study of women attending the early pregnancy unit of a large teaching hospital. Women were invited to participate when a clinically indicated ultrasound examination revealed an intrauterine pregnancy with an embryo measuring 6 mm or less. All women were symptomatic, i.e. they presented with pain and/or bleeding in early pregnancy. The presence or absence of discernible embryonic cardiac activity was recorded at the initial ultrasound examination, and any follow-up ultrasound examination, along with the crown rump length (CRL) of the embryo.

Results: The study sample consisted of 95 embryos with CRL range 1·2–6 mm. Visible heart pulsations were seen in 80 (84%) embryos at the initial examination. In 15 embryos, no discernible heart pulsation was noted; in all 15 cases, these pregnancies went on to miscarry: this was confirmed at a follow-up examination 7 days later.

Conclusion: In early pregnancy ultrasound, cardiac activity should be visualized in all live embryos as soon as the embryo can be identified reliably. The absence of heart pulsations in very small embryos is indicative of pregnancy demise, regardless of the actual size of the embryo.
Consultant Radiographer-led Ultrasound-guided Vacuum Assisted Excision Biopsy
Authors: Lawson Sarah
Published: November 2008

The recent introduction of ultrasound-guided vacuum assisted biopsy (VAB) has led to an increase in the non-operative diagnosis of indeterminate breast lesions. Local working practices have evolved in line with current evidence-based research for ultrasound-guided vacuum assisted excision biopsy of a selected group of these indeterminate lesions. Due to service demands and role extension within the professions allied to health, opportunities have arisen to train radiographers with proven expert practice in breast ultrasound in interventional procedures. Departmental policy has been established to support such suitably experienced radiographers to train and undertake this procedure. Aims have been to provide an effective, acceptable, cost-efficient service which can be accessed as an alternative to surgery. This paper demonstrates how with audited training, competence can be established. Discussion of initial experience suggests that once long-term effective follow up is reported, excision VAB could become established as an appropriate treatment for some patients with initial B3 core biopsy histology.
Diagnosis of Hepatosplenic Sarcoidosis by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Guided Needle Biopsy
Authors: Chiavaroli Roberto , Grima Pierfrancesco , Calabrese Paola , Grima Piero
Published: November 2008

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterised by non-caseating multiple granulomas involving virtually any organ in the body. The aetiology and natural history of sarcoidosis remains obscure. Hepatosplenic sarcoidosis is rare with image-based diagnosis difficult if no other organ is already involved. This case report describes a patient with asymptomatic liver and spleen involvement in which a final diagnosis was achieved with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) guided liver biopsy.
Scrotal Ultrasound: A Pictorial Review
Authors: Tapping Charles R. , Cast James E.
Published: November 2008

Ultrasound (US) is now the accepted modality of choice for imaging the scrotal contents, in particular for evaluation of suspected testicular pathology. There are numerous scrotal pathologies which present with pain, swelling and/or a mass. Testicular lesions vary from the benign to the malignant and also include surgical emergencies and infections. Using 'colour' and applying 'power' Doppler assist in making the diagnosis. However, differentiating between lesions requires a highly skilled US examiner, a sound knowledge of the normal US anatomy and knowledge of the US appearance of numerous conditions. This article reviews the US appearances of many common scrotal pathologies.
Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Sonography and the Alexander Technique
Authors: Gibbs Vivien , Young Pat
Published: November 2008

Work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD) is a problem affecting growing numbers of sonographers. The condition often leads to considerable pain for the individuals concerned and inconvenience for departments struggling to cope with increasing workloads. Employers and equipment manufacturers are making efforts to address the problem, but the number of cases of WRMSD continues to increase. This study looks at a different approach to tackling the problem, introducing student sonographers to a technique often used in other professions to overcome stress and damage to the body caused by repetitive movements. The 'Alexander technique' (AT) is a method of increasing an individual's awareness of their body and mind when performing an activity. In a profession such as sonography, where the practitioner is concentrating for long periods of time on interpreting images on a television monitor, the position and movement of the body is usually ignored. By working with a skilled teacher, individuals can be shown how to work more effectively, leading to a possible reduction in stress to the body. Initial results indicate that AT has potential to be of benefit to sonographers in preventing or reducing the incidence of WRMSD; further work is planned.
Protein disulfide isomerases are antibody targets during immune-mediated tumor destruction
Authors: Fonseca Catia , Soiffer Robert , Ho Vincent , Vanneman Matthew , Jinushi Masahisa , Ritz Jerome , Neuberg Donna , Stone Richard , DeAngelo Dan , Dranoff Glenn
Published: November 2008

The identification of cancer antigens that contribute to transformation and are linked with immune-mediated tumor destruction is an important goal for immunotherapy. Toward this end, we screened a murine renal cell carcinoma cDNA expression library with sera from mice vaccinated with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Multiple nonmutated, overexpressed proteins that function in tumor cell migration, protein/nucleic acid homeostasis, metabolism, and stress responses were detected. Among these, the most frequently recognized clone was protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). High titer antibodies to human PDI were similarly induced in an acute myeloid leukemia patient who achieved a complete response after vac-cination with irradiated, autologous GM-CSF–secreting tumor cells in the setting of nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Moreover, ERp5, a closely related disulfide isomerase involved in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related protein A (MICA) shedding, also evoked potent humoral reactions in diverse solid and hematologic malignancy patients who responded to GM-CSF–secreting tumor cell vaccines or antibody blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Together, these findings reveal the unexpected immunogenicity of PDIs and raise the possibility that these gene products might serve as targets for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Altered levels of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in plasma and leukocytes of sickle cell anemia patients and effects of hydroxyurea therapy
Authors: Lanaro C , Franco-Penteado C F , Albuqueque D M , Saad S T O , Conran N , Costa F F
Published: November 2008

Inflammation, cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, and endothelial injury contribute to sickle cell anemia (SCA) vaso-occlusion. Although alterations in inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers have been related, reports have been conflicting, and a conclusive role for these molecules in the disease remains to be established. Furthermore, the effect of hydroxyurea therapy (HU) on the release of inflammatory mediators is not understood. This study aimed to determine plasma levels and leukocyte gene expressions of inflammatory mediators in healthy controls, steady-state SCA patients, and SCA patients on HU therapy. TNF-α, IL-8, and PGE2 levels were significantly higher in the plasma of SCA individuals when compared with control individuals. HU therapy was associated with a significant reversal of augmented TNF-α and, interestingly, increased plasma anti-inflammatory IL-10. IFN-γ, IL-10, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene expressions were unaltered in SCA mononuclear cells (MC); however, gene expressions of TNF-α, IL-8, and the protective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were significantly higher. HU therapy was not associated with significantly altered SCA MC inflammatory gene expression, although COX-2 mRNA expression was decreased. In SCA neutrophils, gene expressions of IL-8, IFN-γ, iNOS, and HO-1 were significantly higher than those of control subjects. Patients on HU demonstrated lower iNOS and higher IL-10 neutrophil gene expressions. Taken together, data suggest that alterations in the gene expressions and productions of a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are present in SCA and importantly, in those patients on HU therapy. Knowledge of these pathways may contribute to further the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.
Canonical Wnt signaling is required for the maintenance of dorsal retinal identity
Authors: Veien Eric S. , Rosenthal Judith S. , Kruse-Bend Renee C. , Chien Chi-Bin , Dorsky Richard I.
Published: November 2008

Accurate retinotectal axon pathfinding depends upon the correct establishment of dorsal-ventral retinal polarity. We show that dorsal retinal gene expression is regulated by Wnt signaling in the dorsal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We find that a Wnt reporter transgene and Wnt pathway components are expressed in the dorsal RPE beginning at 14-16 hours post-fertilization. In the absence of Wnt signaling, tbx5 and Bmp genes initiate normal dorsal retinal expression but are not maintained. The expression of these genes is rescued by the downstream activation of Wnt signaling, and tbx5 is rescued by Bmp signaling. Furthermore,activation of Wnt signaling cannot rescue tbx5 in the absence of Bmp signaling, suggesting that Wnt signaling maintains dorsal retinal gene expression by regulating Bmp signaling. We present a model in which dorsal RPE-derived Wnt activity maintains the expression of Bmp ligands in the dorsal retina, thus coordinating the patterning of these two ocular tissues.
Multi-objective design optimization of a rotary compressor for household air-conditioning
Authors: Ooi K T , Lee H Q
Published: November 2008

This paper presents a design optimization of a rolling piston compressor using a multi-objective optimization technique that uses a genetic and evolutionary algorithm. The procedures begin with a pool of compressor designs called population, which were generated pseudo-randomly based on the preset constraints, to arrive at a set of optimum trade-off solutions from the various multiple objective function sets. The optimum solution set allow designers to choose a particular optimum solution that best suited their needs. The cases under examination attempt to optimize combinations of some nine objective functions: the coefficient of performance, refrigerating capacity, motor input power, friction power, indicated work, discharge valve loss, suction valve loss, compressor overall size, and machine cost. There are 18 compressor design variables that are allowed to vary during the optimization process bounded by 23 preset constraints. Results show an effective employment of the multi-objective optimization technique in compressor design.
Flow measurements in the discharge port of a screw compressor
Authors: Guerrato D , Nouri J M , Stosic N , Arcoumanis C , Smith I K
Published: November 2008

The angle-resolved mean velocity and turbulence characteristics of axial air flow within the rotors and discharge chambers of a screw compressor have been measured, using a laser Doppler velocimeter with high spatial and temporal resolution. The measurements were made through special transparent windows fixed in the compressor casing and in the pipe immediately above the discharge port. Results were obtained at a speed of 1000 r/min, a discharge pressure 1 bar, and a temperature of 57 °C.

The flow interaction between the rotors and the discharge chamber was established as well as the spatial variation of the axial mean velocity and turbulence velocity fluctuation. It was shown that the discharge flow was complex, strongly time-dependent, and controlled by several mechanisms. In general, the axial velocity, on entering the working chamber downstream of the discharge port exit was higher than that immediately upstream with large variation in mean and root mean square velocities immediately after the opening of the discharge port, then flow becomes more uniform. The high velocity values and large fluctuation are mainly controlled by the pressure gradient across the port at the very beginning of the discharge process, after that, as the port opens wider, uniform flow is influenced mainly by the rotor action.

These measurements will be used as input data for more reliable optimization of compressor design and to validate a computational fluid dynamics model of fluid flow within twin screw compressors, already developed in-house.
Nano/Micro Patterning of Inorganic Thin Films
Authors: Koumoto Kunihito , Saito Noriko , Gao Yanfeng , Masuda Yoshitake , Zhu Peixin
Published: November 2008

The present review is focused on the site-selective deposition of inorganic thin films on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates. SAMs were used to modify the substrate surface with chemical functional groups. The patterned SAM substrate was prepared by exposing the SAM substrate to UV light through photomasks for photocleavage. The patterned SAM was used as the templates for deposition of ceramic thin films in aqueous solutions. The preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, and the preparation of the patterned SAM templates are explained. Solution chemistry for the deposition of ceramic oxides and the physics and chemistry of interfaces are described. Experimental examples are given to explain how these aspects influence the formation of films and their properties. Various examples of site-selective deposition of ceramic oxides on SAM templates are explained with classification into three categories: patterning by site-selective attachment of homogeneously nucleated particles, patterning by surface-selective heterogeneous nucleation and growth, and patterning by catalyst-induced heterogeneous nucleation. We also describe pattern-deposition on flexible substrates and future views to improve the pattern resolution.
Categorization and Enumeration of Achiral and Chiral Alkanes of a Given Carbon Content by Considering Internal Branching
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku
Published: November 2008

Combinatorial enumeration of alkanes as three-dimensional structures has been investigated, where the degrees of internal branching have been taken into consideration by introducing branching indicators (BIs, i.e., q, t, s, and p). After generating functions for counting preformed alkyl moieties (PAMs) were calculated by following Fujita’s proligand method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chem. Acc.2005, 113, 73; 2005, 113, 80; 2006, 115, 37), they have been introduced into functional equations for counting alkanes so as to give the corresponding generating functions, where such alkanes of carbon content k have been categorized into four cases in terms of centroidal/bicentroidal nature and achirality/chirality. Thereby, the generating functions of the respective cases have given the numbers of alkanes, where each number appears as the coefficient of the term called a branching monomial (BM)nq quaternary, nt tertiary, ns secondary, and nq quaternary carbons (k=nq+nt+ns+np). The results of the enumeration have been verified by drawing alkanes of several representative cases, where a mode of divergence, i.e., [nq, nt, ns, and np], has been used for the purpose of qualitative discussions. Previous approaches without considering BIs have been derived by disregarding the effect of internal branching. Moreover, the functional equations for counting 3D structures have been systematically reduced into those for counting graphs, where graph-reduction conditions have been formulated to rationalize the reduction processes. Thereby, Pólya’s theorem for counting graphs has been shown to be a special case of Fujita’s proligand method for counting 3D structures. As a result, difference between stereoisomers (3D structures) and constitutional isomers (graphs) has been discussed by the common criterion due to BMs (or modes of divergence), which provides more detailed enumerations than previous enumerations due to carbon contents (or constitutions). when such an alkane contains
Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds Using Combinations of Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis, Dehydration, Oxidation, and Tautomerization
Authors: Yoshida Kazuhiro , Toyoshima Takeharu , Imamoto Tsuneo
Published: November 2008

An approach to aromatic compounds using combinations of ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM), dehydration, oxidation, and tautomerization is reported. The RCM reaction of 1,7-diene-3,5-diols, which were readily prepared by the allylation of aldol products, gave corresponding cyclized products, 4-cyclohexene-1,3-diols, in high yields. The subsequent dehydration or oxidation of 4-cyclohexene-1,3-diols led to versatile substituted benzenes including phenol and resorcinol derivatives.
Synthesis and Characterization of o-Hydroxybenzophenone Chromophore Bonded to Aminopropyl Silica Gel Microbeads
Authors: Senda Yoshiya , Hidaka Takahiro , Matsumoto Jin , Shiragami Tsutomu , Yasuda Masahide
Published: November 2008

o-Hydroxybenzophenone (Hbp) chromophores were immobilized on 3-aminopropyl silica gel (SiO2–NH2) by a reaction of succinimidyl 4-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)butanoate (2a) and -undecanoate (2b) with SiO2–NH2 to produce microbeads 1a and 1b in 25 and 21% yield, respectively. The bond formation was confirmed by appearance of an absorption at 1550 cm−1 due to the N–H bending of the amide bond in the IR spectra of 1a and 1b. In order to enhance the thermal and photochemical stabilities, the 1a and 1b residual amino group was acetylated by Ac2O in CHCl3 to produce 7a and 7b. Acetylation occurred on the aminopropyl group. However, it did not occur on the phenolic OH group of Hbp from the IR spectra where the absorptions of the bending of the methyl group and the bending of the phenolic OH group appeared at 1375 and 1348 cm−1, respectively. By degradation experiments, it was found that thermal and photochemical stabilities were high in 7a and 7b compared with that of 1a and 1b.
Optimisation of Wind Turbine Inspection Intervals
Authors: Andrawus Jesse A. , Watson John , Kishk Mohammed , Gordon Heather
Published: November 2008

The choice of correct inspection intervals poses a serious challenge to industries that utilise physical assets. Too short an interval increases operational cost and waste production time while too long an interval increases the likelihood of unexpected asset failures. Failure Modes and Effect Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is a technique that permits qualitative evaluation of assets' functions to predict critical failure modes and the resultant consequences to determine appropriate maintenance tasks for the assets. The Delay-Time Maintenance Model (DTMM) is a quantitative maintenance optimisation technique that examines equipment failure patterns by taking into account failure consequences, inspection time and cost in order to determine optimum inspection interval. In this paper, a hybrid of FMECA and DTMM is used to assess the failure characteristics of a selected subsystems of a chosen wind turbine. Optimal inspection intervals for critical subsystems of the wind turbine are determined to minimise its total life-cycle cost.
Compensation of Bias in Lidar Wind Resource Assessment
Authors: Clive P J M
Published: November 2008

A number of vector and volume averaging considerations arise in relation to remote sensing, and in particular, Lidar. 1) Remote sensing devices obtain vector averages. The magnitude of a vector average is less than or equal to the scalar average obtained over the same period. The use of Lidars in wind power applications has introduced practices entailing the estimation of scalar average point quantities by the measurement of vector averages over volumes and vice versa. The relationship between vector and scalar averages, and the relationship between volume and point measurements, must therefore both be understood. It is found that their ratio depends upon wind direction variability according to a Bessel function of the standard deviation of the wind direction during the averaging interval. The impact of wind direction variability on power production is also explored. 2) The finite probe length of remote sensing devices incurs a volume averaging bias if wind shear is non-linear. The sensitivity of the devices to signals from a range of heights produces volume averages representing wind speeds within that range. If the wind shear is described by a logarithmic wind profile the apparent height, at which the average wind speed occurs, is found to depend on simple geometrical arguments concerning configuration height and probe length independent of the degree of wind shear. Similar arguments are applied to determine the ideal height across the rotor at which to acquire wind speed data for power curves. 3) The common restriction of the locus of points at which radial velocity measurements are made to the circumference of a horizontally oriented disc at a particular height is seen to introduce ambiguity into results when dealing with wind vector fields which are not uniform.
Moment Connection of Concrete-Filled Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tubes by Direct Embedment into Footings
Authors: Nelson Mark , Lai Yu Ching , Fam Amir
Published: November 2008

A moment connection of concrete-filled fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes (CFFTs) to concrete footing is explored. The CFFTs are directly embedded into the footings to develop their full moment capacity, in lieu of using mechanical connections, dowel reinforcing bars, or posttensioning methods. CFFT specimens of 219 mm diameter (D) were embedded into footings, at various depths, ranging from 0.3D to 1.5D. The CFFT cantilevered specimens were then laterally loaded to failure. The objective was to establish the critical embedment length, which was found to be 0.73D. Shorter embedment lengths resulted in a bond failure associated with excessive slip, where the full flexural strength of CFFTs was not reached. Specimens with the critical or longer embedment lengths have achieved flexural tension failure of the CFFT, just outside the footing. Ancillary push-through tests were also carried out using CFFT stubs embedded into concrete footings, throughout the full thickness of the footing, and tested under concentric compression loads. The objective was to establish the bond strength between the GFRP tube and concrete footing, which was found to be 0.75 MPa. The bond strength and critical embedment length will vary from case to case. As such, the parameters affecting their values have been identified.
Analysis and Design of Simply Supported Deep Beams Using Strut and Tie Method
Authors: Nagarajan Praveen , Pillai T. M. Madhavan
Published: November 2008

Generally structural members can be broadly divided into two regions, namely B or Bernoulli regions where the strain distributions are linear and D or Disturbed regions where the strain distributions are nonlinear. A beam whose depth is comparable to span is known as deep beam and these structural elements belong to D regions. It has been recently understood that the strut and tie method (STM) is an effective tool for the design of both B and D regions. The present code recommendations are inadequate for the design of deep beams. In this paper simple equations using STM are developed for finding the area of main steel required to have a balanced type of failure and to find the ultimate capacity of deep beams failing in different failure modes. These equations are compared with experimental results and a good agreement is found.
Optimum Shape Design of Arch Dams by a Combination of Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation and Genetic Algorithm Methods
Authors: Seyedpoor S. M. , Gholizadeh S.
Published: November 2008

An efficient method is proposed to find optimal shape of arch dams subjected to response spectrum loading. The optimization is performed by a combination of simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods. This new method is called simultaneous perturbation genetic algorithm (SPGA). Operation of SPGA includes three phases. In the first phase, a preliminary optimization is accomplished using SPSA. In the second phase, an optimal initial population is produced using the first phase results. In the last phase, GA is employed to find optimum design using the optimal initial population. The numerical results reveal the robustness and high performance of the proposed method for optimum shape design of arch dams. The optimum design obtained by SPGA is compared with those of SPSA and GA. It is demonstrated that the SPGA converges to better solution compared to SPSA and GA by spending lower computational cost.
Numerical Simulation of Residual Stresses in Quenched Steel Bodies Using Subroutines to Represent TTT and CCT Diagrams
Authors: Bortoleto Eleir Mundim , Lagatta Cristiano Fernandes , Di Vernieri Cuppari Márcio Gustavo , Machado Izabel Fernanda , de Souza Roberto Martins
Published: November 2008

The objective of this work is to analyze residual strains and stresses and volumetric expansion due to phase transformations that occur during quenching of a steel body. Three different models are proposed, based on the finite element software ABAQUS ® and on the use of FORTRAN subroutines. The time-tempreature-transformation (TTT) or continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams of SAE 4140 steel are represented differently in each model, depending on the transformed phases and correspondent volumetric expansion. In the first model, diagrams are intentionally simplified in order to consider only the austenite-martensite transformation. In the second model, the thermomechanical-phase transformation coupling is represented through the incorporation of the austenite-pearlite transformation into the TTT diagram used in the first model and considering that this transformation occurs for cooling rates lower than the limit for martensitic transformation. The third model is based on a subroutine that calculates all the microstructures resulting from quenching (ferrite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite), depending on cooling rate. This subroutine includes information from all the TTT and CCT diagrams of SAE 4140 into a FORTRAN code. Model testing was conducted based on the analysis of the quenching of a cylinder with diameter of 45 mm and based on the comparison with results presented in the literature. Significant differences are observed in the numerical results provided by each model, which, in some cases, also provided data with significant differences from literature.
Field Verification of Smoothness Requirements for Weigh-in-Motion Approaches
Authors: Chen Dar-Hao , Hong Feng
Published: November 2008

The smoothness of the pavement surface approaching a Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) scale directly affects the device’s ability to accurately estimate static loads from measured dynamic forces. Lack of smoothness creates difficulties in reducing the weighing error to an acceptable level. Efforts were made in this study to determine appropriate values of profile length and roughness of the WIM approach. Roughness data for 19 WIM sites across Texas were collected, and the corresponding calibration records from those WIM sites were employed to verify the smoothness guidelines proposed by AASHTO MP 14 and ASTM E1318. Since there are multiple lanes at each WIM site, a total number of 70 profiles were collected. Based on the calibration records from the WIM sites and field roughness measurements, it was found that the upper threshold value of Long Range Index (LRI) of AASHTO method MP 14 should be adjusted in order to screen out the locations that yield unacceptable weighing error. The lower threshold value was found to be unnecessary, because more than 90 % of WIM sites yielded acceptable weighing error even when they exceeded the lower threshold value. The LRI is preferable to the Short Range Index (SRI) as it matched well with the field WIM calibration results. Based on the 70 profiles used to determine appropriate lengths, a profile length of 25.8 m preceding the WIM is found to be sufficient. That is the length required to obtain a valid LRI, according to AASHTO MP 14. The ASTM E1318 requirement of 60 m is too conservative. It is concluded that an LRI of 1.74 m/km for the 25.8 m leading up to the WIM is the only critical factor in AASHTO MP 14 and is the limit recommended.
Does an altered leptin axis play a role in obesity among children and adolescents with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Authors: Völkl Thomas M K , Simm Diemud , Körner Antje , Rascher Wolfgang , Kiess Wieland , Kratzsch Jürgen , Dörr Helmuth G
Published: November 2008

Objective

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients are at a higher risk to develop obesity. The role of leptin in CAH is still controversial. Our study aimed to evaluate serum levels of leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and the sOB-R: leptin molar ratios in a cohort of CAH children and adolescents, and their associations with clinical and metabolic parameters.

Methods

We studied 51 CAH patients, aged 5.6–19.6 years (median 11.8, n=30 females) cross-sectionally. All patients had genetically proven CAH and received standard steroid substitution therapy. Blood specimens were taken after overnight fasting between 0800 and 1000 h. For the analyses of leptin and sOB-R, matched pairs were built with healthy Caucasian patients for sex, Tanner stage (TS), chronologic age (CA), and body mass index (BMI).

Results

BMI and SDS were significantly elevated compared with the reference population. Leptin levels were not different between matched pairs, whereas sOB-R levels were significantly lower in CAH. Consequently, the sOB-R: leptin molar ratios were significantly decreased in CAH. Correlation analyses in CAH patients revealed significant relationship between leptin and CA, TS, BMI, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Similar results were obtained for the matched control group. For sOB-R, we found no significant correlation for CA, TS, or BMI in CAH, but we did in the controls. There were significant correlations for androgens within the CAH group. Additional analyses revealed no correlation with steroid medication or metabolic control.

Conclusions

Our data show that an altered leptin axis with normal serum leptin concentrations but decreased sOB-R serum levels may contribute to the increased risk of overweight and obesity in CAH.
The prevalence of melanocytic naevi among teenagers
Authors: Csoma Zsanett , Erdei Zsuzsanna , Bartusek Dóra , Dósa-Rácz Éva , Dobozy Attila , Kemény Lajos , Oláh Judit
Published: November 2008

A melanoma malignumban szenvedő betegek száma évről évre emelkedik a világ számos országában, köztük hazánkban is. A betegség kialakulásában szerepet játszó konstitucionális és környezeti tényezők felismerése, ezáltal a fokozott rizikónak kitett személyek azonosítása a primer prevenció elengedhetetlen eszközei.
Célkitűzés:
Jelen vizsgálatunkban felmértük a különböző festéksejtes bőrelváltozások előfordulásának gyakoriságát serdülő és fiatal felnőtt korosztály körében.
Módszerek:
Felmérésünkben 1320, 14 és 18 év közötti középiskolai tanuló vett részt. A bőrgyógyászati szűrővizsgálat során a közönséges festéksejtes anyajegy, az atípusos anyajegy, a veleszületett anyajegy, a lentigo és a szeplő prevalenciáját határoztuk meg. A diákok körében szétosztott kérdőív segítségével arra kerestük a választ, hogy a pigmentált bőrelváltozások, illetve az egyes fenotípusos jellegek, napozási szokások, valamint a rosszindulatú festéksejtes daganatok, a nagyszámú anyajegy családban történő esetleges előfordulása között milyen összefüggés áll fenn.
Eredmények:
A diákok túlnyomó többsége rendelkezett közönséges festéksejtes anyajeggyel: 1–10 számú anyajegy 27%-nál, 10–100 számú anyajegy 67%-nál, míg nagyszámú, 100 feletti anyajegy 5,4%-nál fordult elő. A vizsgálatban részt vett egyének 24,3%-ánál fordult elő klinikailag atípusos anyajegy, a veleszületett anyajegyek gyakorisága 6,2% volt. A vizsgált faktorok közül a nem, a hajszín, a szemszín, a bőrtípus, a gyermekkori hólyagos napégés előfordulása, valamint a családban előforduló nagyszámú festéksejtes anyajegy statisztikailag szignifikáns kapcsolatot mutatott az egyes pigmentált bőrelváltozások előfordulásának gyakoriságával.
Következtetések:
A világirodalmi adatokhoz képest igen magas volt az atípusos anyajeggyel, illetve a nagyszámú közönséges anyajeggyel rendelkező fiatalok száma, ami már önmagában is egyértelműen jelzi a bőr rosszindulatú festéksejtes daganatának kialakulására való fokozott hajlamot az adott populáción belül. Eredményeink igazolják, hogy a melanoma megelőzését szolgáló felvilágosító programokkal már a fiatal korosztályokat érdemes megcélozni. Rendszeres egészségnevelő tevékenységgel és megfelelő szűrővizsgálatokkal, a magas kockázatú személyek kiemelésén és gondozásán keresztül a melanoma mortalitási arányának jelentős csökkenését érhetjük el.
The effect of body weight reduction on the effectivity of combined peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in chronic HCV hepatitis
Authors: Hagymási Krisztina , Fehér János
Published: November 2008

Idült C-vírus-hepatitisben a túlsúly/elhízás a zsírmáj kialakulásának független kóroki tényezője. A kombinált pegilált interferon + ribavirin kezelés hatástalansága hepatitis C-vírus 1-es genotípusa esetében a derékkörfogattal, a testtömegindexszel (BMI), a szénhidrát-anyagcsere zavarával, a steatosissal, a fibrosis súlyosságával áll összefüggésben. Az elhízás a kezelésre adott elégtelen válasz önálló negatív prediktív tényezője.Esetismertetés:A szerzők egy 59 éves, elhízott (BMI = 46,47 kg/m2), krónikus HCV-fertőzött férfi beteg esetét ismertetik, akinél a testsúlycsökkenés – kétszeri sikertelen kombinált antivirális kezelés után – a peginterferon-alfa-2a + ribavirin kezelésre adott biokémiai és virológiai választ segítette. A beteg a korszerű interferon és ribavirin kombinált kezelések között amantadin- és szilimarinterápiában részesült.Megbeszélés:A szerzők esetükkel összefüggésben áttekintik a zsírmáj, illetve az inzulinrezisztencia jelentőségét idült HCV-hepatitisben, valamint ismertetik a testsúlycsökkentés és az inzulinrezisztencia csökkentésének jelentőségét.Következtetés:A testsúlycsökkentés és a hepatoprotectiv szerek elősegíthették a peginterferon és ribavirin kombinált kezelés antivirális hatásának növelését és így a tartós immunválasz kialakítását.
Secretive and proliferative tumor profile helps to select the best imaging technique to identify postoperative persistent or relapsing medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Faggiano A , Grimaldi F , Pezzullo L , Chiofalo M G , Caracò C , Mozzillo N , Angeletti G , Santeusanio F , Lombardi G , Colao A , Avenia N , Ferolla P
Published: November 2008

In patients with postoperative persistent medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), the tumor detection rate is generally low for most of the imaging techniques now available. The aim of this study was to investigate if the clinico-biological profile of the tumor may indicate which imaging technique to perform in order to identify postoperative persistent or relapsing MTC foci. Thirty-five consecutive MTC patients with detectable and progressively increasing postoperative serum concentrations of calcitonin were enrolled in the study. The detection rates of 18F-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET), somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS), and 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy (MIBG) were compared in relation with calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen serum concentrations, Ki-67 score and results of conventional imaging techniques (CIT). FDG–PET positivity was significantly associated with calcitonin serum concentrations >400 pg/ml and Ki-67 score >2.0% (P<0.05), while SRS positivity was associated with calcitonin serum concentrations >800 pg/ml (P<0.05). SRS positivity significantly correlated with tumor appearance at CIT (P<0.01), while FDG–PET was positive in nine CIT-negative patients. The secretive and proliferative tumor profile may guide the choice of the imaging technique to use in the follow-up of patients with MTC. A Ki-67 score >2.0% suggests to perform a FDG–PET in addition to conventional imaging. Calcitonin secretion predicts both FDG–PET and SRS uptake but SRS positivity is generally found only in patients with well defined MTC lesions that are also detectable at the conventional imaging examination. MIBG outcome is not predicted by any clinico-biological factors here investigated.
Benefits and drawbacks of thermal pre-hydrolysis for operational performance of wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Phothilangka P. , Schoen M. A. , Wett B.
Published: November 2008

This paper presents benefits and potential drawbacks of thermal pre-hydrolysis of sewage sludge from an operator's prospective. The innovative continuous Thermo-Pressure-Hydrolysis Process (TDH) has been tested in full-scale at Zirl wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Austria, and its influence on sludge digestion and dewatering has been evaluated. A mathematical plant-wide model with application of the IWA Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) and the Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) has been used for a systematic comparison of both scenarios—operational plant performance with and without thermal pre-hydrolysis. The impacts of TDH pre-hydrolysis on biogas potential, dewatering performance and return load in terms of ammonia and inert organic compounds (Si) have been simulated by the calibrated model and are displayed by Sankey mass flow figures. Implementation of full scale TDH process provided higher anaerobic degradation efficiency with subsequent increased biogas production (+75–80%) from waste activated sludge (WAS). Both effects—enhanced degradation of organic matter and improved cake's solids content from 25.2 to 32.7% TSS—promise a reduction in sludge disposal costs of about 25%. However, increased ammonia release and generation of soluble inerts Si was observed when TDH process was introduced.
Impact of recycled effluent on the hydrolysis during anaerobic digestion of vegetable and flower waste
Authors: Lü F. , He P. J. , Hao L. P. , Shao L. M.
Published: November 2008

Two trials were established to investigate the effect of recycled effluent on hydrolysis during anaerobic co-digestion of vegetable and flower waste. Trial I evaluated the effect by regulating the flow rate of recycled effluent, while Trial II regulated the ratio of hydrolytic effluent to methanogenic effluent, which were recycled to hydrolysis reactor. Results showed that the recirculation of methanogenic effluent could enhance the buffer capability and operation stability of hydrolysis reactor. Higher recycled flow rate was favourable for microbial anabolism and further promoted hydrolysis. After 9 days of hydrolysis, the cumulative SCOD in the hydrolytic effluent reached 334, 407, 413, 581 mg/g at recycled flow rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 m3/(m3·d), respectively. It was feasible to recycling a mixture of hydrolytic and methanogenic effluent to the hydrolysis reactor. This research showed that partially introducing hydrolytic effluent into the recycled liquid could enhance hydrolysis, while excessive recirculation of hydrolytic effluent will inhibit the hydrolysis. The flow ratio 1:3 of hydrolytic to methanogenic effluent was found to provide the highest hydrolysis efficiency and degradation rate of lignocelluloses-type biomass, among four ratios of 0:1, 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. Under this regime, after 9 days of hydrolysis, the cumulative TOC and TN in the hydrolytic effluent reached 162 mg/g and 15 mg/g, the removal efficiency of TS, VS, C and cellulose in the solid phase were 60.66%, 62.88%, 58.35% and 49.12%, respectively. The flow ratio affected fermentation pathways, i.e. lower ratio favoured propionic acid fermentation and the generation of lactic acid while higher ratio promoted butyric acid fermentation.
Membrane fouling propensity after adsorption as pretreatment in rainwater: a detailed organic characterisation
Authors: Sabina L. , Kus B. , Shon H.-K. , Kandasamy J.
Published: November 2008

Organic characterisation in rainwater was investigated in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) after powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. PAC adsorption was used as pretreatment to membrane filtration to reduce membrane fouling. The MW of organic matter in rainwater used in this study was in the range of 43,000 Da to 30 Da. Each peak of organic matter consisted of biopolymers (polysaccharides and proteins), humic and fulvic acids, building blocks, low MW acids (hydrolysates of humic substances), low MW neutrals and amphiphilics. Rainwater contained the majority of hydrophilic compounds up to 72%. PAC adsorption removed 33% of total DOC. The removal efficiencies of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions after PAC adsorption were 50% and 27%, respectively. PAC adsorption was found to preferentially remove the hydrophobic fraction. The majority of the smaller MW of 1,100 Da, 820 Da, 550 Da, 90 Da and 30 Da was removed after PAC adsorption. The MFI values decreased from 1,436 s/L2 to 147 s/L2 after PAC adsorption. It was concluded that PAC adsorption can be used as a pretreatment to membrane filtration with rainwater.
Removal of endocrine disruptors and cytostatics from effluent by nanofiltration in combination with adsorption on powdered activated carbon
Authors: Kazner C. , Lehnberg K. , Kovalova L. , Wintgens T. , Melin T. , Hollender J. , Dott W.
Published: November 2008

Direct capillary nanofiltration also in combination with an upstream powdered activated carbon treatment was tested for high quality water reuse of tertiary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Two endocrine disruptors (BPA and EE2) and two cytostatics (CytR and 5-FU) were spiked in concentrations of 1 to 2 μg/L to evaluate the process performance. In direct NF the real total removal of the micropollutants was between 5 and 40%. Adsorption to the membrane played a major role leading to a seemingly total removal between 35 and 70%. Addition of powdered activated carbon and lignite coke dust largely reduced the influence from adsorption to the membrane and increased the total removal to >95 to 99.9% depending on the PAC type and dose. The cytostatics showed already in direct NF a very high removal due to unspecified losses. Further investigations are ongoing to understand the underlying mechanism. The PAC/NF process provided a consistently high permeate quality with respect to bulk and trace organics.