bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Logic Control
Authors: Meech John A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is Fuzzy Logic?

A Brief History of Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Sets

Managing Uncertainty in Fuzzy Systems

Operation of a Fuzzy Logic Controller

How to Build a Fuzzy Logic Controller

Rule Structure in a Fuzzy Logic Controller

Selection of an Inference Method

Impact of Fuzzy Set Shape on Defuzzification

Effect of Inferencing Method on Centroid Position

Selection of a Defuzzification Method

Commonly Asked Questions About Fuzzy Control—a Summary

The Future of Fuzzy Control
Neural Net Applications
Authors: Garg Devendra P. , Ananthraman Santosh K. , Prabhu Sameer M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principles

Neural Network Applications in the Real World
Neural Nets for Feedback Control
Authors: Lewis F. L. , Kim Y. H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background in Neural Networks and Feedback Control

Tracking Control Using Static Neural Networks

Output Feedback Control using Dynamic Neural Networks

Hierarchical Intelligent Control: Adaptive Reinforcement Learning and Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman Optimal Design

Evaluation
Relay Control
Authors: Hang C. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Relay Autotuning

Practical Considerations

Extensions

Concluding Remarks
Digital Television
Authors: Netravali Arun N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Television Scanning

Composite TV Systems

Component Television

What is Compression?

Advantages of Compression

Compression Requirements

Basic Compression Techniques

A Compression Scheme

Complexity/Cost

Videophone and Compact Disk Standards—H.320 and Mpeg‐1

The Digital Entertainment TV Standard—Mpeg‐2
High Definition Television
Authors: Lim Jae S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Characteristics of HDTV

History of HDTV in the United States

Grand Alliance HDTV System

HDTV and Interoperability
Cathode‐Ray Tube Displays
Authors: Barbin Robert L. , Poulos Anthony S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

CRT Basics

Performance Basics

Design Considerations

Electron Gun

Deflection Yokes
Digital CATV Services
Authors: Hrastar Scott , Adas A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

System Architecture

Digital Catv Communication Architecture

Quality‐Of‐Service Framework

System Models

Service Characterization

System Design Process
Interactive Video
Authors: Li Victor O. K. , Liao Wanjiun
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Video‐on‐Demand System Infrastructure

Storage Management

Service Delivery

Standardization Efforts

Future Developments
Video Compression Methods
Authors: Clarke Roger J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Note

Basic Techniques for Video Compression

Other Techniques for Video Data Compression

Advanced Techniques and Image Transmission
Video Recording
Authors: Lubell Peter D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Chronology

Description of the Technologies

Commercial VTR Evolution‐Component and Composite, Digital Tape Recording

Consumer Video‐Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

Future DVD Enhancements

DVD Home Recording

Nonlinear Recording‐Commercial Video Servers
Video Signal Processing
Authors: Pirsch Peter , Stolberg Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Design Approaches for Video Signal Processors

Architectural Measures for Programmable Video Signal Processors

Design Approaches for Dedicated Architectures

Overview of Reported Video Signal Processor Designs

Future Trends in Video Signal Processor Design
Telemedicine
Authors: Chen Chang Wen
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Technologies for Telemedicine

Human and Policy Contexts of Telemedicine

Conclusion
Image Sequences
Authors: Tekalp A. Murat
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basics of Motion

Motion Estimation and Compensation

Motion Segmentation, Video Objects, and Video Object Tracking

Image Sequence Filtering

Acknowledgments
Dielectric Polarization
Authors: Hill R. M. , Alison J. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dielectric Dispersion

Dispersion Functions

Interfacial Polarization

Conclusions
Dielectric Permittivity and Loss
Authors: Das‐Gupta D. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dielectric Polarization

Microscopic Concepts of Polarization

Dielectric Loss

Models of Dielectric Relaxation

Application of Dielectric Spectroscopy in Detecting Aging In Insulating Polymers
Gaseous Insulation
Authors: Niemeyer Lutz
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Gas Insulation and Switching in Electric Power Transmission and Distribution

General Design Principles for Gas Insulation

SF6Circuit Breakers

Technology Outlook
Vacuum Insulation
Authors: Sudarshan Tangali S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Vacuum Gap Breakdown

Experimental Investigations

Theoretical Considerations

Surface Flashover

Applications
Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids
Authors: Zahn Markus
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Liquid Dielectrics

Liquid Insulation Systems

Charge Injection and Conduction

Streamers

Space‐Charge Effects

Zero Recombination Limit (α = 0)

Langevin Recombination Limit

Kerr Electrooptic Field Mapping Measurements

Sensitive Kerr Electro‐Optic Measurements with Weakly Birefringent Materials

Kerr Electro‐Optic Measurements with Electric Field Magnitude and Direction Varying Along the Light Path

Acknowledgments
Liquid Insulation
Authors: Nishimatsu Mineaki , Miyamoto Teruo , Suzuki Toshio
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

ARC Suppression Properties

Discharge Resistance

Dielectric Constant and Loss

Thermal Transfer Characteristics

Resistance to Ignition

Moisture Effect

Aging Effects

Flow‐Induced Electrification

Mineral Oils

Synthetic Oils

Vegetable Oils

Liquids for Power Transformers

Liquids for Power Cables

Liquids for Switchgears

Liquids for High‐Voltage Capacitors
Capacitor Insulation
Authors: Clelland I. , Sarjeant W. J. , Bowers J. , Hudis M. , Price R. A. , Prymak J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ultralow ESR Multilayer Polymer Capacitors Provide Stability and Reliability in Power Conversion Applications

Technological Evolution in Metallized Polymeric Film Capacitors Over the Past 10 Years

Characterization of Reconstituted Mica Paper Capacitors used in High‐Voltage and High‐Temperature Power Electronics Applications

Ceramic Capacitors

Solid Tantalum Capacitors

Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Outdoor Insulation
Authors: Ahmed Nezar , Srinivas Nagu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Porcelain Insulators

Glass Insulators

Composite Insulators

Polymer Material

Hydrophobicity

Contamination Process

Pollution Flashover

Insulators for Highly Contaminated Installations

Direct Current Insulators

Coating

Mechanical Strength
Insulation Aging Testing
Authors: Crine Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Evaluation of New Materials

Single Stress Aging Tests

Some Multiple Stress Aging Tests

Designing Accelerated Aging Tests

Selecting Experimental Conditions: Water Treeing as an Example of a Complex Phenomenon

Data Analysis

Conclusion
Partial Discharges
Authors: Kreuger F. H. , Morshuis P. H. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Detecting Partial Discharges

Nonelectrical Detection

Electrical Detection

Observation of AC Discharges

Electrical Detection in More Detail (AC and DC)

Evaluation of AC Discharges

Evaluation of DC Discharges

Discharge Tests on Actual AC Equipment

Discharge Tests of Actual DC Equipment

Further Developments
Insulation Aging Models
Authors: Montanari Gian Carlo , Mazzanti Giovanni
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Models for Single Stress

Models for Multistress

Probabilistic Approach

Nonparametric and Adaptive Approaches
Electrical Trees, Physical Mechanisms and Experimental Techniques
Authors: Bamji Soli S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Stages of Electrical Treeing

Partial Discharges

Differences Between Electrical and Water Trees

Initiation Mechanisms of Electrical Treeing

Degenerate Region

Threshold Voltage of Tree Inception

Tree Propagation

Electrical Treeing Tests

Factors Affecting Electrical Treeing

Tree Retardation
Space Charge
Authors: Das‐Gupta D. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Space‐Charge‐Limited Current

The Thermally Stimulated Discharge Current Technique

Determination of Spatial Distribution of Space Charges in Dielectric Materials

Conclusion
Computer‐Aided Instruction
Authors: Hagler Marion O. , Marcy William M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Learning Environments on Desktop Computers

Learning Environments on Networks

Appropriate Application of Computer‐Aided Learning Environments

Creation of Learning Environments
Computer Engineering Education
Authors: Harris James G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Early Development of Computer Engineering Education

Development of Accreditation Activities

Organization of Computer Engineering Education

Basic Computer Engineering Curriculum

Future Trends
Educational Trends
Authors: Jones Edwin C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Studies of Engineering Education

The National Science Foundation Coalitions

Outcomes Assessment in Engineering Education and Accreditation Changes

Factors Affecting Engineering Education

Issues in Engineering Education

Active Learning and Cooperative Learning

Integrated Curricula

Learning Styles

Enrollment, Degrees, and Retention

Faculty Development

Promotion and Tenure
Electrical Engineering Education
Authors: Sage Andrew P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Brief History of Electrical Technology Evolution

Objectives for Higher Education and Engineering Education

Student Educational Needs, Outcomes, and Metrics–and Program Accreditation
Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Connelly John , Lesgold Alan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Some Background

Systems Categorized by Domain/Skill

Discussion
Professional Preparation
Authors: Sissom Leighton E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Baccalaureate Degree

Professionalism

Graduate Study

Career Development
DC Machines
Authors: Binder Andreas J. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Description of DC Machines

Basic Equations of DC Machines

Motor–Generator Sets

Solid‐State Drives

Control

Armature Coils

Temperature Control

Time‐Varying Loads

Limits of DC Machines
Diesel‐Electric Generators
Authors: Reader Graham , Potter Ian , Bowen Caroline , Zheng Ming , Hawley J. Gary
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Generator Applications

Engine Size, Classification, and Selection

Engine and Generator Set Ratings

Basic Concepts and Working Cycles of Engine Operation

Practical Aspects of Engine Operation

Environmental Aspects

Operations with Non‐Air Intake Mixtures

AC Generators
Diesel‐Electric Power Stations
Authors: Leotta Antonio , Nocera Ubaldo , Raciti Angelo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Internal Combustion Engines

Choice of A Diesel Generating Set

Parallel Operations of Multiple Diesel Generating Sets

Sizing of the Generating Groups

Electric Performance and Constraints

General Characteristics for Installation

Synchronous Generator Modeling

Diesel Engine Modeling
Homopolar and Inductor Machines
Authors: Stiebler Manfred H. , Guo Kezhong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Machines with Homopolar Excitation

Homopolar DC Machines

Inductor Machines

Variable‐Speed Inductor Machine Drive

Hybrid Stepping Motors

Appendix
Hydroelectric Generators
Authors: Campos‐Barros J. G. , Ingram Lindsay
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

HVDC Unit‐Connection Schemes

Hydraulic Turbines

Hydroelectric Generators

Other Considerations

Acknowledgments
Synchronous Generators
Authors: El‐Serafi Ahmed M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Generated Voltage Waveshape

Steady‐State Operation

Sudden Three‐Phase Short Circuit

Dynamic Performance

Determination of Synchronous‐Generator Parameters

Methods for Determining the Parameters Representing the Cross‐Magnetizing Phenomenon
Air Pollution Control
Authors: de Castro Arnulfo , Rahman Saifur , Reid Concha
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Global Electricity Generation and the Environment

Emissions From Fossil Fuels

Effects of Emissions

Pollution Control Technologies

International Agreements and Country Initiatives

Conclusions
Electric Machine Analysis and Simulation
Authors: Lipo T. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

d–q–0 Representation of Three‐Phase Quantities

d–q–0 Representation of Three‐Phase Induction Machines

Simulation of Induction Machine Using Flux Linkages as State Variables

Modeling of Saturation

Simulation of Deep Bar Effect

Saturation Model with Currents as State Variables

Simulation of Synchronous Machine

Saturation Model of Wound Field Synchronous Machine

Other Machines
Electrochemical Electrodes
Authors: Hooie D. Traub
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fuel Cell Components

The Electrode Role

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes

Alkaline Fuel Cell Electrodes

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Electrodes

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Electrodes

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes
Electrostatic Precipitators
Authors: Lawless Phil A. , Altman Ralph F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Detailed Examination of Electrostatic Precipitator Operation

Advanced Topics in Precipitation
Electrothermal Launchers
Authors: Bourham Mohamed A. , Gilligan John G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electrothermal Plasmas

Electrothermal Devices

Power Supplies

Electrothermal Plasma Modeling

Plasma‐Material Interaction
Fuel Cell Power Plants
Authors: Williams Mark C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fuel Cell Technology

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Status

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Status

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Status

Networks

High‐Efficiency Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Systems

The World Power Market

The Changing Face of Electricity Generation

Specific Fuel Cell Attributes and Market Applications

International Market Applications
Gas Turbine Power Stations
Authors: Massardo Aristide F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thermodynamic Analysis of The Gas Turbine Power Cycle

Existing Gas Turbines

Gas Turbine Components and Technological Innovations

Advanced Cycles
HVDC Power Converters
Authors: Woodford Dennis A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Why Use DC Transmission?

Configurations

Applications of HVDC Converter Bridges

Environmental Considerations

DC Converter Operation

Control and Protection

Areas for Development in HVDC Transmission
Hydrogen Energy Systems
Authors: Sherif S. A. , Barbir F. , Veziroglu T. N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fossil Fuels

New Energy System

Comparison of Energy Systems

Gaseous Hydrogen

Liquid Hydrogen

Slush Hydrogen

Conclusions
Magnetohydrodynamic Power Plants
Authors: Chapman James N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Mhd Topping Cycle

The Steam Bottoming Cycle
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Masutani Stephen M. , Takahashi Patrick K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of OTEC

Principles of Operation

Closed Cycle OTEC

Kalina Cycle

Open Cycle OTEC

Mist and Foam Lift OTEC Cycles

Hybrid Cycle OTEC

Comparison of OTEC Open and Closed Cycles

Open and Closed Cycle OTEC System Performance

Environmental Considerations

Economics of OTEC
Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Zhao Gaoling , Kozuka Hiromitsu , Lin Hong , Yoko Toshinobu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Molecular Photochemical Energy Storage and Photosynthesis

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

Wet‐Type Solar Cells
Steam Turbines
Authors: Sanders William P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Turbine Types

Turbine Performance and Efficiency

The Turbine Stage

Turbine Control

Bearings and Lubrication System

Operating Problems

Starting and Stopping Steam Turbines

Materials for Turbine Construction
Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Flake Barrett A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals

Applications

Design

Operation

Conclusion
Thermoelectric Conversion
Authors: Edwards Hal , Niu Qian , de Lozanne Alex
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thermoelectric Effects

Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Thermoelectric Power Generation

Efforts to Improve Thermoelectric Efficiency

Cryogenic Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Using Quantum‐Scale Devices

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Using a Superconducting Tunnel Junction

Prospects and Applications for Cryogenic Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Thermoelectric Power
Authors: Rowe Michael D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts

Thermoelectric Materials

Improving Thermoelectric Performance

Applications

Concluding Remarks
Wind Power
Authors: Blaabjerg Frede , Mohan Ned
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Power in the Wind

Power in a Wind Turbine

Power Control Methods

Simple Wind Power Systems

Advanced Wind Power Systems
Wind Turbines
Authors: Spée René , Bhowmik Shibashis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Wind Turbine Characteristics

Conversion Systems for Wind Power Generation

Wind Turbine Control Systems

Wind Turbine Operation

Outlook and Further Information
Activation Energy
Authors: Ghosh Subhasis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Activation Energy of Ionization

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Ionization

Activation Energy of Diffusion

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Diffusion

Activation Energy of Current Transport Through Metal–Semiconductor Contact

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Schottky Barrier
Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors
Authors: Kuo James B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Bipolar Transistors
Authors: Cressler John D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Double‐Polysilicon Bipolar Technology

Theory of Operation

High‐Injection Effects

Scaling Issues

Future Directions
Electric Breakdown in Semiconductors
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Zener Breakdown and Zener Diode

Breakdown in Junction Transistors

Breakdown Devices
Cathode Ray Tubes
Authors: Alig R. Casanova
Published: September 2005

The cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) is best known as the display for television and computer monitors. It is a vacuum tube in which electrons move in a beam. A cut‐away diagram of the interior of a CRT for color television display is shown. Inside the tube, the large, nearly flat, area, called the screen, is covered with phosphor materials that convert the electron‐beam energy into light. The beam is rapidly swept over this area, and its intensity is varied, so a display appears to the viewer, who visually integrates the light. When the display is rapidly changed, the viewer sees motion, as in television.

The CRT is described in this article. In particular, the parts of the CRT, such as the cathode, electron gun, phosphors, deflection system, and shadow mask, are explained. The electrons come from the negative electrode, called the cathode, and form a beam, or ray, inside a vacuum tube, leading to the name cathode‐ray‐tube. Much interesting physics is associated with the beam formation and direction and its conversion to light, as well as with the manufacture of CRTs. CRTs have been used in other display applications, such as oscilloscopes, radar, and photorecording tubes. Some history of the tube, which extends during the last century, is presented.

The
CRT

History and Applications

Construction

Industry—Today and Future
Charge Injection Devices
Authors: Luryi Serge , Mastrapasqua Marco
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Operation of a Charge Injection Device

Charge Injection Transistor

Negative Differential Resistance Devices

Charge Injection Logic Devices

Light‐Emitting Charge Injection Devices

Conclusions
C–V Profiles
Authors: Olowolafe Johnson O.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Capacitance and Semiconductor Devices

Capacitance of Semiconductor Devices

Doping Profiles

Surface States

Response Time

C
–
V
Profiling on Wide Band‐GAP Semiconductor Substrates
Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy
Authors: Okumura Tsugunori
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principle of The DLTS Technique: Rate Window Concept

Detection of Trapped Charges by Junction Capacitance

Change in Electron Occupation at Trap Levels

Deep‐Level Characterization with Junction Capacitance Transients
Infrared Detector Arrays, Uncooled
Authors: Çelik‐Butler Zeynep , Butler Donald P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bolometric Detectors

Pyroelectric IR Detectors

Acknowledgments
Diffusion
Authors: Gossmann Hans‐Joachim L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Diffusion in Solids

The Standard Model of Point‐Defect Mediated Diffusion

Nonequilibrium Diffusion
Diodes
Authors: Misiakos Konstantinos
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of
P–N
Junctions

Doping‐Carrier Profiles in Equilibrium and the Quasi‐Neutral Approximation

Forward and Reverse Bias Conditions

Approximate Analytical Expressions in The Steady State

Transient Response of Diodes

Heavy Doping Effects in The Emitter

Diodes of Nonconventional Transport
Schottky Oxide Ramp Diodes
Authors: Badila Marian , Brezeanu Gheorghe , Mitu Florin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Simulation

Device Fabrication

Analytical Model

Conclusions
Electroluminescence
Authors: De Visschere Patrick , Neyts Kristiaan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Powder Electroluminescent Devices

Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Devices

Electrical Behavior of Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Devices

Optical Behavior of Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Devices

Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Color Displays
Electromigration
Authors: Bernstein Gary H. , Kriman Alfred M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Metallic Grain Effects

The Role of Stress

Microscopic Effects

Statistical Considerations

Managing Electromigration
Electrons
Authors: Reinhard D. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Properties

Atomic Electrons

Electrons in Solids

Current Developments
Electro‐Optical Devices
Authors: Takizawa Kuniharu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

EOEffect

Electro‐Optic Modulators Using Bulk Crystals

WaveguideEODevices

Optical Phase Modulators Using a Channel Waveguide

Mach–Zehnder Type Optical Modulator

Electroabsorption Modulator

Directional Couplers

Optical Waveguide Switches

Two‐Dimensional Optical Switches
Field Emission
Authors: Zaidman Ernest G. , Jensen Kevin L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Analysis

Complications

Directions for Improvement
Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Roy Pradip K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Silicon Thermal Oxidation Mechanism and Kinetics

Oxidation Techniques and Systems

Electrical Characterization of the Gate Oxide

Graded Grown Gate Oxide

Summary and Future Directions
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
Authors: Pulfrey D. L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Advantages of the HBT Over the BJT

Fabrication and Performance of HBTS

Modeling

Applications

Acknowledgment
Hot Carriers
Authors: Grotjohn Timothy A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Hot Carrier Generation

Microscopic Hot Electron Effects

n‐Mosfet Hot Electron Effects

p‐Mosfet Hot Carrier Effects

Bipolar Transistor Hot Carrier Effects

Accelerated Testing and Ac‐Stressing

Final Remarks
Isolation
Authors: Kamgar Avid
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Isolation in Devices

Interdevice Isolation

Interconnect Isolation

Integrated Circuit Isolation

Isolation Between Subcircuit Blocks

Insulator as the Substrate
Klystron
Authors: Tallerico Paul J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Operation Principle

Applications of the Klystron

Design Methods

Limitations of the Klystron

Klystron Variations

Theory
Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Anandan Munisamy
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thermotropic Liquid Crystal

Anisotropy in Liquid Crystal

Principle of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display

Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Fabrication

Principle of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Driving (Addressing)

Thin‐Film‐Transistor Liquid Crystal Display with Twisted Nematic Structure

Other Types of Liquid Crystal Displays
Lithography
Authors: Cerrina F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Lithographic Technologies
Micromachined Devices and Fabrication Technologies
Authors: Bart Stephen F. , Judy Michael W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bulk Micromachining

Surface Micromachining

Micromachined Devices and Applications

Micromachined Devices
Electron and Hole Mobility in Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Ghibaudo Gérard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Theory of Electronic Transport in Semiconductors

Mobility in Bulk Silicon and Gallium Arsenide

Mobility in Field Effect Devices
Modulation Doped Fets
Authors: Morkoç Hadis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analytical Description of Modulation Doped Field Effect Transistors

Power Modeling

Processing

Channel Design

Modfet Performance

AIGaN/GaN Modfets

Si1−xGexModfet Structures

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Metal Semiconductor Metal Photodetectors
Authors: Harari J. A. , Vilcot J. P. , Decoster D. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principles

Epitaxial Structure and Device Properties

Integration
Negative Resistance
Authors: King Clifford A. , Ng Kwok K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Tunnel Diode

Resonant Tunneling Structures

Semiconductor Switches

Gunn Effect and the Transferred Electron Device

Real‐Space Transfer Devices

Applications

Transit‐Time Devices
Noise, High‐Frequency
Authors: Agethen M. , Reuter R. , Breder T. , Bertenburg R. M. , Brockerhoff W. , Tegude F. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Noise Theory

RF‐Noise Measurements

RF Noise in Electronic Devices

Extension and Application of Presented Noise Models
Noise, Low‐Frequency
Authors: Handel Peter H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Shot Noise

Generation–Recombination Noise

Thermal Noise

General Introduction to 1/fNoise

Calculation of the Conventional Quantum 1/fEffect in Homogeneous Semiconductor Materials

Derivation of Mobility Quantum 1/fNoise inn+pDiodes and Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Devices

Derivation of the Conventional Quantum 1/fEffect

Physical Derivation of the Coherent Quantum 1/fEffect

Rigorous Derivation of the Coherent Quantum 1/fEffect

Recent Results

Development of Special Materials for Ultralow‐Noise FET and Junction Devices

Device Optimization for Ultralow 1/fNoise

Discussion
Ohmic Contacts
Authors: Werner Matthias
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory of Metal‐Semiconductor Contacts

Practical Ohmic Contacts to Semiconductors

Acknowledgments
Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Pal B.B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Photodetectors

Long‐Wavelength Detection

Optical Field Effect Transistors

Optoelectronic Switch

Phototransistor

Optical Waveguides

Optical Amplifiers

Multiplexing

System Integration

Monolithic Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Receiver

Acknowledgment
Organic Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Deen M. Jamal
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Light‐Emitting Diodes

Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)

Light Emitting Polymers

Organic Thin Film Transistors

Photovoltaic Cells, Photodiodes, and Metal/Organic Semiconductor Junctions
Bipolar Permeable Transistor
Authors: Schüppen Andreas
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Device Architecture and History

Special Physical Effects in PBTs

PBT Design
Power Devices
Authors: Huang Alex Q. , Zhang Bo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Rectifiers

Switches

Integrable Lateral Power Devices

Isolation Technologies for Power ICS

SiC‐Based Power Devices
Schottky Barriers
Authors: Ashok S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory of Schottky Barrier Formation

Carrier Transport

Barrier Height Measurements

Material Systems

Schottky Barrier Modification
Silicon‐On‐Insulator Devices
Authors: Balestra F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Trends in Microelectronics

The SOI Structure

SOI Materials

Subthreshold Swing and Threshold Voltage of the SOI Mosfet

Driving Current

Kink Effect

Latch and Breakdown Phenomena

Self‐Heating Effects

Transient Effects

Short‐Channel Effects

Hot‐Carrier Effects

Ultimate Device Architectures

Volume Inversion

Noise

Quantum Effects

Influence of Temperature
Static Induction Transistors
Authors: Strollo Antonio G. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

SIT Structure and Characteristics

SIT Operation

Bipolar‐Mode SIT (BSIT)

Static Induction Thyristor (SIThy)
Superconducting Electronics
Authors: Jeffery Mark
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Principles of Superconducting Electronics

Digital Superconducting Electronics

Advanced Applications and Future Directions for Digital Superconducting Electronics

Acknowledgment
Surface States
Authors: Poindexter Edward H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Surface States on Ideal Semiconductors

Models of Surface States in Nonideal Systems

Electrical Analysis of Si–SiO2Interface Traps

Effects on Device‐Related Properties

Processing‐Related Chemistry

Interface Traps Generated by Radiation or Electrical Stress

Nature and Features of Surface States on Other Semiconductors
Thin Film Devices
Authors: Young Nigel D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors

Thin Film Diodes
Thyristor Types
Authors: Driscoll John Cuervo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Applications

Open‐Base Recovery Problems

Available Types

Temperature Control

Triggering
Gunn or Transferred‐Electron Devices
Authors: Eisele Heribert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principles of Operation

Fabrication Technologies

Device Packages, Oscillator Circuits, and RF Performance

Device Structures

Noise

Future Trends
Transit Time Devices
Authors: Roy Sitesh Kumar
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Impatt Diodes

Impatt Structures and Doping Profiles

Basic Principle of Generation of Microwaves in Impatt Diodes

Small‐Signal Analysis Based on Analytical Approximation

Computer Studies of the DC and Small‐Signal Properties of Impatt Diodes of any Doping Profile

Small‐Signal Computer Analysis of Impatt Diodes

Large‐Signal Analysis of Impatt Diodes

DC‐to‐Microwave Conversion Efficiency

Effect of Mobile Space Charge

Double Avalanche Region Diode and Cancellation of Space Charge Effect

Low–High–Low Diodes for Reduction of the Space Charge Effect and Constriction of the Avalanche Zone

High‐Frequency Considerations

Noise in Impatt Diodes

Thermal Limitations and Heat Sink

Millimeter‐Wave Impatt Diodes

Pulsed Millimeter‐Wave Impatt Diode

Frequency Chirp in Pulsed Impatt Oscillators

GaAs and InP Impatt Diodes

Heterojunction Impatt Diodes

Control of Impatt Properties by Optical Illumination of the Active Area and by A Transverse Field in the Drift Region

Trapatt Diode

Baritt Diodes

Acknowledgement
Traps
Authors: Zhang Jian Fu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Origin of Traps

Trapping Kinetics

Detrapping

Effects of Traps and Trapped Charges on Device Performance

Measurement Techniques
Traveling Wave Tubes
Authors: Kory Carol L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Traveling‐Wave Tube Principal Components

Basic Field Theory

Traveling‐Wave Tube Computer Modeling

Future Trends
Tunnel Devices
Authors: Sargent Edward H. , Xu J. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Tunneling Concept

Functional Devices

Tunneling: Early Developments

The Tunnel, or Esaki, Diode

The Resonant Tunneling Diode

Resonant Interband Tunneling

Single‐Electron Tunneling: Effects and Devices

Tunneling in Optoelectronics

Tunnel Device Modeling

Overview, Assessment, and Outlook
Bimetals
Authors: Gutiérrez I. , López B. , Alemán B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fabrication of Bimetals

Solid‐State Bonding

Mechanical and Chemical Compatibility

Heat Treatments

Mechanical Properties

Fractography

Acknowledgments
Electrolytes
Authors: Forsyth Maria , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Theory

Methods of Characterization of Electrolytes

Electrolyte Types
Electrostatic Discharge
Authors: Ashton Robert A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

ESD Concerns in Modern Electronics

Measurement of ESD Robustness

ESD Protection

ESD Trends
Gettering in Silicon
Authors: McHugo S. A. , Hieslmair H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Brief Overview of Gettering

Definition of Solubility

Relaxation Gettering

Segregation Gettering

Gettering by Implantation

Gettering Simulations
Hopping Conduction
Authors: Scott J. Campbell
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Hopping Mechanism

Amorphous Semiconductors

Variable Range Hopping

Polarons

Experimental Methods

Dispersive Transport

Gaussian Disorder Model

Origins of Energetic Disorder

Electric Field Dependence of the Mobility

Applications
Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Organic Semiconductor Materials

Organic Semiconductor Devices

Organic Photonic Devices
Peltier Effect
Authors: Bardas Athanassios
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Peltier Effect in Metals and Semiconductors

Peltier Refrigeration

Peltier Refrigeration in the Millikelvin Temperature Range
Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Uchino Kenji
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Trends in Micro‐Mechatronics

Ceramic Actuator Materials

Actuator Designs

Drive/Control Techniques

Device Applications

Future of Ceramic Actuators
Resistance Heating
Authors: Spannhake Jan , Helwig Andreas , Friedberger Alois , Müller Gerhard , Hellmich Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

In this article, we focus on resistance heating in miniaturized electronic devices, i.e., thermal sensors and thermal actuators. Such devices are transducers of energy, which involve thermal energy conversion on an intermediate stage. In such devices, heat dissipation is not an unwanted by‐product of the energy conversion process but constitutes the central mechanism that underlies device operation. Some industrially important kinds of such sensor and actuator devices are explained in more detail.

Introduction

Thermal Sensors and Actuators

Thermal Microstructures

Specific Sensor Applications

Specific actuator applications

Mathematical modeling of thermal microstructures
Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interfaces
Authors: Oskam Gerko , Hoffmann Peter M. , Natarajan Arun , Searson Peter C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Energy Band Structure

Semiconductor–Solution Interface

Modulation Techniques
Semiconductor–Insulator Interfaces
Authors: Hong M. , Liu C. T. , Reese H. , Kwo J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Si–SiO2Interface

Compound‐Semiconductor–Insulator Interfaces
Static Electrification
Authors: Washabaugh Andrew P. , Zahn Markus
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Streaming Electrification Process

Electrification in Industry

Stages and Factors

Measurement Techniques

Future Considerations
Triboelectricity
Authors: Schein Lawrence B. , Castle G. S. P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Charging Methods

Applications

Nuisances and Hazards

Measurement of Charge

Mechanisms of Triboelectrification
Band Gap Tuning
Authors: Chandrasekhar H. R. , Chandrasekhar Meera
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Band‐Structure Properties of Bulk Semiconductors

Changes in Band Structure Due to Carrier Confinement

Fabrication of Semiconductor Heterostructures

Effect of External Perturbations

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Semiconductor Ultrasound Treatment
Authors: Ostapenko Sergei , Korsunskaya Nadejda E. , Sheinkman Moissei K. , Koveshnikov Sergei
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

UST Method and Apparatus

Fundamentals: UST Phenomena and Mechanisms

UST Applications

Summary and Conclusion
Semiconductor Layering Processes
Authors: Roy Pradip K. , Merchant Sailesh M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Semiconductor: Poly‐Silicon

Oxides: Gate Dielectrics

Nitrides

Multilevel Interconnects
Accounting
Authors: Fogarty Timothy
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Accounting

Financial Accounting

Managerial Accounting

Auditing

Taxation Services

Accounting Standards

The Accounting Profession

Accounting Research

The Future of Accounting
Branch Automation
Authors: Wayne Beverly K. , Wayne Curtis B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Trends in Retail Banking
Business Data Processing
Authors: Chávez Tom
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Client‐Server Architecture

Object‐Oriented Method for Business Systems Development

Distributed Object Computing

Internet/Intranet
Aircraft Maintenance
Authors: Luxhøj James T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Development of a Bayesian Model for Aircraft Fault Diagnostics

Hugin Prototype: Aircraft Tire Condition Assessment

Hugin Prototype: Aircraft Navigation System

Hugin Prototype: Aircraft Hydraulic System

Conclusions

Acknowledgment
Computer‐Aided Production Planning
Authors: Olson John T. , Britanik John , Marefat Michael M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Knowledge Representation

Simulation Methodology

Automatic Simulation Model Generation

Conclusion

Appendix 1. Dynamic Models
Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Long Francis M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Process View of Production

Quality Function Deployment

Design of Experiments

Concluding Comments
Cost Analysis
Authors: Dello Russo Francis M. , Garvey Paul R. , Hulkower Neal D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Work Breakdown Structure

Cost Estimating and Analysis

Related Topics

Acknowledgments
Critical Path Analysis
Authors: Dey Sujit , Gefen Yosef G. T. , Parker Alice C. , Potkonjak Miodrag
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Algorithmic Transformations and Retiming

State of the Art in Transformation Approaches for High‐Level Synthesis

Extending the ERB Technique to High‐Level Synthesis

The ERB‐Based Algebraic Speedup Algorithm

Experimental Results

Future Work and Conclusions
Information Retrieval and Access
Authors: Allan James , Singhal Amit
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Information Retrieval and the Internet

Experimental Evaluation

Models for Information Retrieval

AD‐HOC Retrieval

Information Filtering and Text Classification

Document Summarization

Interactive Systems

Multimedia Information Retrieval

Conclusion
Entrepreneuring
Authors: Hutt Roger W. , Chakravarthy Suresh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Entrepreneuring Defined

The Entrepreneur

Innovation

Selecting an Industry

Business Plan

Growth Strategies

Venture Capital

Entrepreneurship and Technology

Entrepreneurial Spin‐Offs

Corporate Venturing
Expert Decision System for Robot Selection
Authors: Kamrani Ali K. , Wang Rong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Economic Justification of Automated Systems

Problem Statement

Robotics and Industrial Robots

Robot Applications and Characteristics

Economic Justification for Robotics

Artificial Intelligence

Knowledge‐Based Expert Systems

Selection of Industrial Robots

Sample Scenario

Conclusion

Appendix 1. Sample Robots Specifications
Forecasting Theory
Authors: Sanders Nada R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Forecasting Fundamentals

Smoothing Forecasting Models

Autoregressive/Moving Average Forecasting Models

Probabilistic Forecasting

Dynamic Modeling with Belief Networks

Organizational Forecasting

Conclusion
Human Resource Management
Authors: Hiraoka Leslie S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fordism and Scientific Management

Employee Learning

Human Resource Management

International Dimensions

International Technology Transfer

Joint Ventures
Insurance
Authors: Powers Michael R. , Khovidhunkit Piyawadee
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Insurance

Industry Practices

Role of Government

Actuarial Issues

Reinsurance Markets

Alternative Risk‐Financing
International Trade
Authors: Lindquist Eric
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Process of International Trade

Institutional Interactions for International Trade

Intelligent Transportation Systems and International Trade

International Telecommunications and International Trade

An International Trade Scenario

Issues to Resolve and the Future for International Trade
Investment
Authors: Benaroch Michel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Investment and Qualitative Reasoning

Analyzing Corporate Behavior

Making Actual Investment Decisions

Designing Complex Investment Positions

Conclusion
Law Administration
Authors: Fleming Thomas B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electronic Sources of Legal Information

Economics of Electronic Information

Internal Uses of Electronics
Life Cycle Optimization
Authors: Stefanis Stavros K. , Livingston Andrew , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Hierarchical Approach for Waste Minimization

Environmental Applications of MATHEMATICAL Programming

Risk Analysis Tools

Life Cycle Analysis Principles

Minimum Environmental Impact Methodology

Life Cycle Optimization in Continuous Processes

Life Cycle Optimization in Batch/Semicontinuous Processes

Environmental Impact Minimization and Risk Assessment of Nonroutine Releases

Conclusions
Management Information Systems
Authors: Dawley Donald L. , Rajkumar T. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Competitive use of Information Technology

Corporate Management Information Systems

The Global Market

Information Architecture

Decision Support Systems

Qualified is Personnel

Future Developments
Management of Change
Authors: McDermott Christopher , Marucheck Ann , Coates Theresa
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Computer‐Aided Design

Background

Restructuring Design Work Through CAD

Discussion
Manufacturing Resource Planning
Authors: Kadipasaoglu Sukran N. , Sridharan V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Before Manufacturing Resource Planning

Manufacturing Planning and Control Systems

Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II)

Conclusion
Operations Research Decision Making
Authors: Triantaphyllou E. , Shu B. , Sanchez S. Nieto , Ray T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Multiattribute Decision Making: A General Overview

Classification of MCDM Methods

Some MCDM Application Areas

Multicriteria Decision Making Methods

Sensitivity Analysis in MCDM Methods

Data Estimation for MCDM Problems

Concluding Remarks
PERT
Scheduling Techniques for Engineering Projects
Authors: Badiru Adedeji
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Historical Perspectives

PERT
/
CPM
Tools

Precedence Structure

PERT
Network Analysis

Complexity of
PERT
Networks

Resource Allocation in
PERT
Networks

Critical Resource Diagramming

Resource Scheduling Constraints

Resource Profiling

Resource Leveling

Resource Idleness

CRD
Network Construction

CRD
Network Analysis

Resource Schedule Chart

CRD
and Work Rate Analysis

Computational Examples

Conclusion
Survey of Job Shop Scheduling Techniques
Authors: Jones Albert , Rabelo Luis C. , Sharawi Abeer T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Mathematical Techniques

Dispatching Rules

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Techniques

Artificial Neural Networks

Neighborhood Search Methods

Fuzzy Logic

Swarm

Reactive Scheduling

Learning in Scheduling

Theory of Constraints

Summary and Conclusions
Educational Technology
Authors: Berge Zane L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Technology’s Role

The Goals of Education

Evidence of Schools Designed for the Industrial Age: What Schools ShouldNotBe

The Communication Era: What Twenty‐First‐Century Schools Should Be

Environments Rich in Diversity and Authentic Learning

Changing Roles and Functions of Students, Teachers, Teaching Styles, Curriculum, and Institutions

Conclusions
Business Process Reengineering
Authors: Gupta Bhuwenesh , Crowe Thomas J. , Noble James S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Business Process Reengineering Defined

Logic of Business Process Reengineering

Business Process Reengineering Fails

How to Get Started for Reengineering

Need for Formal Modeling

Example of Or/Ms Thinking Used for Reengineering

Business Process Modeling Tools

System Dynamics

Case Study

Conclusion
High Technology Marketing
Authors: Traynor Kenneth , Traynor Susan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Growth of High‐Technology Services

Tools of Marketing
Data Warehouse
Authors: Bagchi Kallol K. , Cerveny Robert , Kirs Peeter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Data Warehouse Use

Data Warehouse Types

Data Warehouse Components

Data Warehouse Products

Major Factors in Favor of Data Warehouse Adoption and Usage

Drawbacks in Data Warehouse Adoption

Major Share of Implementation:
DM
or
DW
?

A Few Key Major Players?

Integrated Products or a Set of Products?

Which Industry Segment
IS
Prominent?

Stages of Growth and Growth Forecasting

Future Trend
Lightning, Lightning Protection and test Standards
Authors: Krider E. Philip , Uman Martin A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Cloud‐To‐Ground Lightning

Lightning Damage

Protection Techniques

Test Standards
Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Celozzi Salvatore , D’Amore Marcello
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Aspects

Electrostatics

Magnetostatics

Electromagnetics

Shielding Performance Measurement and Standards

Numerical Methods for Shielding Analysis

Current Research Topics