bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anwendung des Struktur‐ und Kerbspannungskonzepts in der Praxis – Hinweise und Erfahrungen für Quersteifenanschlussdetails
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Kugler Paul
Published: January 2020

Im traditionellen Stahlbau (Brücken‐, Kranbau) werden Ermüdungsnachweise sowie Nachweise der Restlebensdauer von Bestandstragwerken meist auf Basis des Nennspannungskonzepts durchgeführt. Die in anderen Fachbereichen bereits etablierten alternativen Vorgehensweisen nach dem Struktur‐ und Kerbspannungskonzept sind durch die Weiterentwicklung der numerischen Berechnungsmöglichkeiten bereits allgemein verfügbar.

Insbesondere bei Bestandstragwerken erhofft man sich durch die Anwendung dieser numerischen Verfahren eine zutreffendere Beurteilung am maßgebenden Konstruktionsdetail und damit verbunden eine Verlängerung der rechnerischen Restlebensdauer. Bei Brücken zeigt sich, dass häufig der Quersteifenanschluss bei Fahrbahnträgern das maßgebende Konstruktionsdetail darstellt und die Restlebensdauer bestimmt. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich daher gezielt auf dieses Quersteifenanschlussdetail. Für ein repräsentatives Anwendungsbeispiel werden die Ergebnisse nach Nenn‐, Struktur‐ und Kerbspannungskonzept, auf Basis der Ermüdungsfestigkeiten aktueller Normenwerke (Eurocode, IIW), gegenübergestellt und durch Variation der Geometrieparameter die Einflüsse von Flansch‐ und Steifendicke aufgezeigt.

Es erfolgen praktische Hinweise zur zutreffenden FE‐Modellierung und Spannungsberechnung sowie Vorschläge für zusätzliche notwendige Anpassungsfaktoren des Strukturspannungskonzepts, um bei Variation der Flanschdicke ähnliche Ergebnisse wie nach dem Kerbspannungskonzept zu erhalten.
Advances in Template Prepared Nano‐Oxides and their Applications: Polluted Water Treatment, Energy, Sensing and Biomedical Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhao Junkai , Shao Qian , Ge Shengsong , Zhang Jiaoxia , Lin Jing , Cao Dapeng , Wu Shide , Dong Mengyao , Guo Zhanhu
Published: January 2020

The nano‐oxide materials with special structures prepared by template methods have a good dispersion, regular structures and high specific surface areas. Therefore, in some areas, improved properties are observed than conventional bulk oxide materials. For example, in the treatment of dye wastewater, the treatment efficiency of adsorbents and catalytic materials prepared by template method was about 30 % or even higher than that of conventional samples. This review mainly focuses on the progress of inorganic, organic and biological templates in the preparation of micro‐ and nano‐ oxide materials with special morphologies, and the roles of the prepared materials as adsorbents and photocatalysts in dye wastewater treatment. The characteristics and advantages of inorganic, organic and biological template are also summarized. In addition, the applications of template method prepared oxides in the field of sensors, drug carrier, energy materials and other fields are briefly discussed with detailed examples.
Advances in Artificial Cell Membrane Systems as a Platform for Reconstituting Ion Channels
Authors: Komiya Maki , Kato Miki , Tadaki Daisuke , Ma Teng , Yamamoto Hideaki , Tero Ryugo , Tozawa Yuzuru , Niwano Michio , Hirano‐Iwata Ayumi
Published: January 2020

An artificial cell membrane that is composed of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) with transmembrane proteins incorporated within them represents a well‐defined system for the analysis of membrane proteins, especially ion channel proteins that are major targets for drug design. Because the BLM system has a high compatibility with recently developed cell‐free expression systems, it has attracted attention as a next‐generation drug screening system. However, three issues associated with BLM systems, i. e., their instability, the need for non‐volatile organic solvents and a low efficiency of ion channel incorporation, have limited their use as a drug screening platform. In this personal account, we discuss our recent approaches to address these issues based on microfabrication. We also discuss the potential for using the BLM system combined with cell‐free expression systems as a drug screening system for future personalized medicine.
Revisiting non-Gaussianity in multifield inflation with curved field space
Authors: Garcia-Saenz Sebastian , Pinol Lucas , Renaux-Petel Sébastien
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Recent studies of inflation with multiple scalar fields have highlighted the importance of non-canonical kinetic terms in novel types of inflationary solutions. This motivates a thorough analysis of non-Gaussianities in this context, which we revisit here by studying the primordial bispectrum in a general two-field model. Our main result is the complete cubic action for inflationary fluctuations written in comoving gauge, i.e. in terms of the curvature perturbation and the entropic mode. Although full expressions for the cubic action have already been derived in terms of fields fluctuations in the flat gauge, their applicability is mostly restricted to numerical evaluations. Our form of the action is instead amenable to several analytical approximations, as our calculation in terms of the directly observable quantity makes manifest the scaling of every operator in terms of the slow-roll parameters, what is essentially a generalization of Maldacena’s single-field result to non-canonical two-field models. As an important application we derive the single-field effective field theory that is valid when the entropic mode is heavy and may be integrated out, underlining the observable effects that derive from a curved field space.
Complexity geometry and Schwarzian dynamics
Authors: Lin Henry W. , Susskind Leonard
Published: January 2020

Abstract

A celebrated feature of SYK-like models is that at low energies, their dynamics reduces to that of a single variable. In many setups, this “Schwarzian” variable can be interpreted as the extremal volume of the dual black hole, and the resulting dynamics is simply that of a 1D Newtonian particle in an exponential potential. On the complexity side, geodesics on a simplified version of Nielsen’s complexity geometry also behave like a 1D particle in a potential given by the angular momentum barrier. The agreement between the effective actions of volume and complexity succinctly summarizes various strands of evidence that complexity is closely related to the dynamics of black holes.
Intravascular adhesion and recruitment of neutrophils in response to CXCL1 depends on their TRPC6 channels
Authors: Lindemann Otto , Rossaint Jan , Najder Karolina , Schimmelpfennig Sandra , Hofschröer Verena , Wälte Mike , Fels Benedikt , Oberleithner Hans , Zarbock Alexander , Schwab Albrecht
Published: January 2020

Here we report a novel role for TRPC6, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRPC) channel family, in the CXCL1-dependent recruitment of murine neutrophil granulocytes. Representing a central element of the innate immune system, neutrophils are recruited from the blood stream to a site of inflammation. The recruitment process follows a well-defined sequence of events including adhesion to the blood vessel walls, migration, and chemotaxis to reach the inflammatory focus. A common feature of the underlying signaling pathways is the utilization of Ca2+ ions as intracellular second messengers. However, the required Ca2+ influx channels are not yet fully characterized. We used WT and TRPC6−/− neutrophils for in vitro and TRPC6−/− chimeric mice (WT mice with WT or TRPC6−/− bone marrow cells) for in vivo studies. After renal ischemia and reperfusion injury, TRPC6−/− chimeric mice had an attenuated TRPC6−/− neutrophil recruitment and a better outcome as judged from the reduced increase in the plasma creatinine concentration. In the cremaster model CXCL1-induced neutrophil adhesion, arrest and transmigration were also decreased in chimeric mice with TRPC6−/− neutrophils. Using atomic force microscopy and microfluidics, we could attribute the recruitment defect of TRPC6−/− neutrophils to the impact of the channel on adhesion to endothelial cells. Mechanistically, TRPC6−/− neutrophils exhibited lower Ca2+ transients during the initial adhesion leading to diminished Rap1 and β2 integrin activation and thereby reduced ICAM-1 binding. In summary, our study reveals that TRPC6 channels in neutrophils are crucial signaling modules in their recruitment from the blood stream in response to CXCL1.

Key point

Neutrophil TRPC6 channels are crucial for CXCL1-triggered activation of integrins during the initial steps of neutrophil recruitment.
CD16 pre-ligation by defucosylated tumor-targeting mAb sensitizes human NK cells to γc cytokine stimulation via PI3K/mTOR axis
Authors: Capuano Cristina , Pighi Chiara , Maggio Roberta , Battella Simone , Morrone Stefania , Palmieri Gabriella , Santoni Angela , Klein Christian , Galandrini Ricciarda
Published: January 2020

Obinutuzumab is a glycoengineered tumor-targeting anti-CD20 mAb with a modified crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain designed to increase the affinity for the FcγRIIIA/CD16 receptor, which was recently approved for clinical use in CLL and follicular lymphoma. Here we extend our previous observation that, in human NK cells, the sustained CD16 ligation by obinutuzumab-opsonized targets leads to a markedly enhanced IFN-γ production upon a subsequent cytokine re-stimulation. The increased IFN-γ competence in response to IL-2 or IL-15 is attributable to post-transcriptional regulation, as it does not correlate with the upregulation of IFN-γ mRNA levels. Different from the reference molecule rituximab, we observe that the stimulation with obinutuzumab promotes the upregulation of microRNA (miR)-155 expression. A similar trend was also observed in NK cells from untreated CLL patients stimulated with obinutuzumab-opsonized autologous leukemia. miR-155 upregulation associates with reduced levels of SHIP-1 inositol phosphatase, which acts in constraining PI3K-dependent signals, by virtue of its ability to mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) de-phosphorylation. Downstream of PI3K, the phosphorylation status of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) effector molecule, S6, results in amplified response to IL-2 or IL-15 stimulation in obinutuzumab-experienced cells. Importantly, NK cell treatment with the PI3K or mTOR inhibitors, idelalisib and rapamycin, respectively, prevents the enhanced cytokine responsiveness, thus, highlighting the relevance of the PI3K/mTOR axis in CD16-dependent priming. The enhanced IFN-γ competence may be envisaged to potentiate the immunoregulatory role of NK cells in a therapeutic setting.
The effect of varying intensities of lower limb eccentric muscle contractions on left ventricular function
Authors: Howlett Luke A. , O’Sullivan Kyle , Sculthorpe Nicholas , Richards Joanna
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The effect of eccentric (ECC) resistance exercise (RE) on myocardial mechanics is currently unknown.

Method

This study investigated ECC RE at varying intensities on left ventricular (LV) function using LV strain (ε), wall stress and haemodynamic parameters. Twenty-four healthy male volunteers completed ECC leg extensions at 20%, 50% and 80% of their ECC maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), whilst receiving echocardiograms. Global longitudinal ɛ, strain rate (SR), longitudinal tissue velocity, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), LV wall stress and rate pressure product (RPP) were assessed at baseline and during exercise.

Results

Left ventricular global ɛ, systolic SR and wall stress remained unchanged throughout. Systolic blood pressure (sBP), MAP and RPP increased at 80% and 50% intensities compared to rest (P < 0.01). Eccentric RE increased HR and peak late diastolic SR at all intensities compared to rest (P < 0.02).

Conclusion

The findings suggest acute ECC RE may not alter main parameters of LV function, supporting future potential for wider clinical use. However, future studies must investigate the impact of multiple repetitions and training on LV function.
Plant responses to decadal scale increments in atmospheric CO2 concentration: comparing two stomatal conductance sampling methods
Authors: Batke Sven Peter , Yiotis Charilaos , Elliott-Kingston Caroline , Holohan Aidan , McElwain Jennifer
Published: January 2020

Main conclusion

Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2, representing the year 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively.

There are several lines of evidence suggesting that the vast majority of C3 plants respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 by decreasing their stomatal conductance (gs). However, in the majority of CO2 enrichment studies, the response to elevated CO2 are tested between plants grown under ambient (380–420 ppm) and high (538–680 ppm) CO2 concentrations and measured usually at single time points in a diurnal cycle. We investigated gs responses to simulated decadal increments in CO2 predicted over the next 4 decades and tested how measurements of gs may differ when two alternative sampling methods are employed (infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] vs. leaf porometer). We exposed Populus tremula, Popolus tremuloides and Sambucus racemosa to four different CO2 concentrations over 126 days in experimental growth chambers at 350, 420, 490 and 560 ppm CO2; representing the years 1987, 2025, 2051, and 2070, respectively (RCP4.5 scenario). Our study demonstrated that the species respond non-linearly to increases in CO2 concentration when exposed to decadal changes in CO2. Under natural conditions, maximum operational gs is often reached in the late morning to early afternoon, with a mid-day depression around noon. However, we showed that the daily maximum gs can, in some species, shift later into the day when plants are exposed to only small increases (70 ppm) in CO2. A non-linear decreases in gs and a shifting diurnal stomatal behavior under elevated CO2, could affect the long-term daily water and carbon budget of many plants in the future, and therefore alter soil–plant–atmospheric processes.
Ecology of predator-induced morphological defense traits in Daphnia longispina (Cladocera, Arthropoda)
Authors: Sperfeld Erik , Nilssen Jens Petter , Rinehart Shelby , Schwenk Klaus , Hessen Dag Olav
Published: January 2020

Inducible defenses against predators are widespread among plants and animals. For example, someDaphniaspecies form neckteeth against predatory larvae of the dipteran genusChaoborus. Though thoroughly studied inD. pulex, knowledge about neckteeth in otherDaphniaspecies is limited. The occurrence of this trait in theD. longispinaspecies complex is only sporadically reported and the specific shape of neckteeth or the occurrence of other morphological defense traits is scarcely known in this widespread group. Here, we explored neckteeth occurrence in a large number ofD. longispinapopulations across Scandinavia and studied neckteeth formation and other morphological defense traits on threeD. longispinaclones in the laboratory. In the study region, neckteeth on juvenileD. longispinas. str. were observed frequently in permanent ponds, but only whenChaoborusspp. larvae were present. In the laboratory experiments, all threeD. longispinaclones developed neckteeth (very similar toD. pulex) in response toChaoboruskairomone exposure. TheD. longispinaclones also developed a longer tail spine, wider body, and larger neckteeth pedestal in response to predation threat—likely as a defense against the gape-limited predator. The intensity of neckteeth expression also depended on the clone studied and the concentration ofChaoboruskairomone. Our results demonstrate that neckteeth onD. longispinacan be common in nature and thatD. longispinacan also induce other morphological defenses against predators. The similarity of neckteeth inD. longispinaandD. puleximposes yet unresolved questions on the evolutionary origin in these distantly relatedDaphniagroups.
Long-term effects of splint therapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disease (PTSD)
Authors: Wolowski A. , Eger T. , Braas R. , Gohr J. , Weber N. , Witanski K. , Wörner F.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

The aim of a pilot study was to clarify the question of whether mouth opening restrictions in patients with PTSD by means of splint therapy (st) show long-term therapeutic effects in the case of functional disorders.

Material and methods

In 31 of 36 inpatients (soldiers, average age 37.1 ± 7.3 years, 26.7 ± 2.1 teeth) with confirmed posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain intensity > 6 (visual analogue scale 0 to 10), the mouth opening was determined, and the functional status (RDC-TMD) was recorded. All participants received a splint that was worn at night. A control of the therapeutic effect of the splint occurred after 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results

The mouth opening initially had an average of 30.9 ± 6.5 mm (median 31 mm). The pain intensity (PI) was reported to be on average VAS 8.3 ± 0.9, the chronic degree of pain according to von Korff was 3.9 ± 03. Six weeks after the st (n = 31), the average mouth opening was 49.5 ± 6.3 mm (median 51.5). PI was given as VAS 2.3 ± 1.1 on average. After 3, 6, and 12 months, 24, 15, and 14 subjects could be interviewed regarding PI. Based on the last examination date of all subjects, the average PI was given as 1.1 ± 0.9 (median 1).

Conclusion

The presented data show that the therapeutic short-term results achieved by means of a splint remain valid on the long term despite continued PTSD.

Clinical relevance

The presented study shows that patients will benefit in the long term from a splint and remain symptom-free, even if this mental illness persists.
Mentalization and Psychosis: A Rationale for the Use of Mentalization Theory to Understand and Treat Non-affective Psychotic Disorder
Authors: Weijers J. G. , ten Kate C. , Debbané M. , Bateman A. W. , de Jong S. , Selten J. -P. C. J. , Eurelings-Bontekoe E. H. M.
Published: January 2020

Social functioning can be severely impaired in non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD). Current models of psychosis pathogenesis do not tend to focus on social dysfunction and pharmacological treatment fails to ameliorate it. In this article, we propose that mentalization theory provides a valuable contribution to the understanding and treatment of NAPD. Impaired mentalizing may contribute to both positive and negatives symptoms as well as social dysfunction observed in NAPD. Furthermore, impaired mentalizing may help explain the relation between childhood abuse, insecure attachment and psychosis. Mentalization based treatment may contribute to the functional recovery of NAPD patients as it targets the social cognitive processes underlying social interaction. The article includes a description of the principles of MBT in general, specific characteristics of using MBT with patients with NAPD and a clinical vignette to illustrate these principles.
Metallographic Investigations of the Premature Corrosion Failure of Steel Seam-Welded Galvanized Cold Water Pipes
Authors: Pawłowski Bogdan , Tyrala Dorota , Pilch Monika
Published: January 2020

A premature corrosion failure in seam-welded galvanized steel cold water pipes was reported to occur after just 18–24 months in service. The aim of the present work was to investigate the causes of this premature corrosion of pipes, through metallographic investigations. This work comprised chemical analyses, visual examination of internal surfaces of pipes and microstructural examinations of the corrosion perforation regions (pitting corrosion areas) using optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The investigations showed that failures resulted from incorrect installation—pipes were installed with yellow brass ball valves. When mixed with yellow brass, galvanized steel triggers dezincification and results in electrolytic action when combined with nonferrous metals, such as copper and brass.
Medienbildung in der Grundschule – ein konzeptioneller Beitrag zur Auseinandersetzung mit (digitalen) Medien
Authors: Herzig Bardo
Published: January 2020

Angesichts der zunehmenden Mediatisierung und Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche stellt sich die Frage, wie bereits in der Grundschule Fähigkeiten für ein sachgerechtes, selbstbestimmtes, kreatives und sozial-verantwortliches Handeln unter diesen Bedingungen angebahnt werden können. Ausgehend von einem pädagogischen Medienbegriff, wird ein konzeptioneller Rahmen für die Medienbildung mit Aufgabenfeldern und grundschulspezifischen Kompetenzerwartungen vorgestellt. Dieser sieht eine Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Nutzungsformen (z. B. Information und Lernen oder Spiel und Unterhaltung) und Inhaltsbereichen (z. B. Medienlandschaft und ihre digitale Infrastruktur oder Medieneinflüsse auf das Individuum und die Gesellschaft) vor. Dabei spielen auch informatische Aspekte eine Rolle.
Atomic decompositions, two stars theorems, and distances for the Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu space and other big spaces
Authors: D'Onofrio Luigi , Greco Luigi , Sbordone Carlo , Schiattarella Roberta , Perfekt Karl-Mikael
Published: January 2020

Given a Banach space

E

with a supremum-type norm induced by a collection of operators, we prove that

E

is a dual space and provide an atomic decomposition of its predual. We apply this result, and some results obtained previously by one of the authors, to the function space

\mathcal{B}

introduced recently by Bourgain, Brezis, and Mironescu. This yields an atomic decomposition of the predual

\mathcal{B}_{*}

, the biduality result that

\mathcal{B}_{0}^{*} = \mathcal{B}_{*}

and

\mathcal{B}_{*}^{*} = \mathcal{B}

, and a formula for the distance from an element

f \in \mathcal{B}

to

\mathcal{B}_{0}

.
A transparent and defensible process for applicant selection within a Canadian emergency medicine residency program
Authors: Paterson Quinten S. , Hartmann Riley , Woods Rob , Martin Lynsey J. , Thoma Brent
Published: January 2020

Objectives

The Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) selection process has come under scrutiny due to the increasing number of unmatched medical graduates. In response, we outline our residency program's selection process including how we have incorporated best practices and novel techniques.

Methods

We selected file reviewers and interviewers to mitigate gender bias and increase diversity. Four residents and two attending physicians rated each file using a standardized, cloud-based file review template to allow simultaneous rating. We interviewed applicants using four standardized stations with two or three interviewers per station. We used heat maps to review rating discrepancies and eliminated rating variance using Z-scores. The number of person-hours that we required to conduct our selection process was quantified and the process outcomes were described statistically and graphically.

Results

We received between 75 and 90 CaRMS applications during each application cycle between 2017 and 2019. Our overall process required 320 person-hours annually, excluding attendance at the social events and administrative assistant duties. Our preliminary interview and rank lists were developed using weighted Z-scores and modified through an organized discussion informed by heat mapped data. The difference between the Z-scores of applicants surrounding the interview invitation threshold was 0.18-0.3 standard deviations. Interview performance significantly impacted the final rank list.

Conclusions

We describe a rigorous resident selection process for our emergency medicine training program which incorporated simultaneous cloud-based rating, Z-scores, and heat maps. This standardized approach could inform other programs looking to adopt a rigorous selection process while providing applicants guidance and reassurance of a fair assessment.
IRREDUCIBLE FAMILIES OF COMPLEX MATRICES CONTAINING A RANK-ONE MATRIX
Authors: LONGSTAFF W. E.
Published: January 2020

We show that an irreducible family ${\mathcal{S}}$ of complex $n\times n$ matrices satisfies Paz’s conjecture if it contains a rank-one matrix. We next investigate properties of families of rank-one matrices. If ${\mathcal{R}}$ is a linearly independent, irreducible family of rank-one matrices then (i) ${\mathcal{R}}$ has length at most $n$, (ii) if all pairwise products are nonzero, ${\mathcal{R}}$ has length 1 or 2, (iii) if ${\mathcal{R}}$ consists of elementary matrices, its minimum spanning length $M$ is the smallest integer $M$ such that every elementary matrix belongs to the set of words in ${\mathcal{R}}$ of length at most $M$. Finally, for any integer $k$ dividing $n-1$, there is an irreducible family of elementary matrices with length $k+1$.
Short-chain fatty acids producedin vitrofrom fibre residues obtained from mixed diets containing different breads and in human faeces during the ingestion of the diets
Authors: Wisker Elisabeth , Daniel Martina , Rave Gerhard , Feldheim Walter
Published: January 2020

It was studied whether the type of bread (i.e. a low-fibre wheat–rye mixed bread and coarse or fine wholemeal rye bread) either as part of a diet or alone, had an influence on the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced duringin vitrofermentation. Fermentation substrates were dietary fibre residues obtained from diets and breads. In addition, it was investigated whether the faecal SCFA pattern in the inoculum donors, who ingested the experimental diets, could be predicted byin vitrofermentation. Yields of SCFAin vitrowere 0·51–0·62 g/g fermented polysaccharide.In vitro, the molar ratios of butyrate were higher for the two high-fibre diets containing coarse or fine wholemeal bread than for the low fibre diet containing wheat–rye mixed bread; the difference was significant for the coarse (P< 0·01), but not for the fine bread diet (P= 0·0678). The coarse wholemeal bread alone produced a higher molar ratio of butyrate than the fine wholemeal bread (P< 0·05) and the wheat–rye mixed bread (P< 0·01). Ingestion by the inoculum donors of the diets containing wholemeal bread led to higher faecal butyrate ratios (molar ratios: coarse bread diet 19·6, fine bread diet 17·7) compared with the wheat–rye mixed bread-containing diet (14·9), but the differences between the diets were not significant. For the diets investigated, there were no significant differences between faecal andin vitroSCFA patterns.
Effect of polyethylene glycol onin vitrodegradability ofnitrogen and microbial protein synthesis fromtannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes
Authors: Getachew G. , Makkar H. P. S. , Becker K.
Published: January 2020

Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components.In vitrodegradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteriandQuercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortumandDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using thein vitrogas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P< 0·05) increasedin vitrogas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % inA. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri,D. intortum,D. uncinatumandQ. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P< 0·05;R20·70 and 0·82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P< 0·05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as μmol purine/mmol SCFA.
Socio-economic-related health inequality in non-communicable diseases among older people in Viet Nam
Authors: Le Duc Dung , Leon-Gonzalez Roberto , Giang Thanh Long , Nguyen Anh Tuyet
Published: January 2020

This study contributes to a growing literature body of studies aimed at explaining socio-economic-related health inequality in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with a focus on older people who are commonly affected by socio-economic gradient in later life. It identifies factors associated with self-reported NCDs and examines socio-economic-related health inequality in self-reported NCDs between rural and urban Vietnamese older people. This cross-sectional study utilised data from the Viet Nam Ageing Survey. A sample of 2,682 older people aged 60 and over (urban = 703, rural = 1,979) was analysed. Concentration indices were computed to measure socio-economic inequalities in self-reported NCDs. Concentration index decomposition analysis was performed to determine the relative contributions of the determinants to explaining those inequalities. Significant socio-economic inequalities in self-reported NCDs favouring the rich were found, in which the degree of inequality was more pronounced in urban areas than in their rural counterparts. Household wealth and social health insurance were the main drivers contributing to increased socio-economic inequalities in self-reported NCDs in urban and rural areas, respectively. Among disadvantaged groups, older people living alone, with lowest wealth and with social health insurance had highest probability of reporting at least one NCD for both areas. Public policies aimed at narrowing wealth gaps and expanding and improving principle roles of social health insurance should prioritise the most disadvantaged groups in order to achieve health equality.
Lifting Up the Next Generation with Austin Student Travel Grants
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: January 2020

Jamie Austin is helping AGU build an endowment for the benefit of our future Earth and space scientists—and you should be part of it.
A New Source of Sea Level Rise from Greenland: Ice Slabs
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: January 2020

Runoff from the Greenland ice sheet’s high elevations could double by 2100, thanks to solid layers of ice hiding just beneath the surface.
The Science and Policy of Climate Action
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: January 2020

Michael Bloomberg and Jerry Brown joined AGU’s Chris McEntee at Fall Meeting 2019 in San Francisco to discuss their new report on climate strategies.
Former NOAA Head Calls for Renewed Social Contract for Science
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2020

Jane Lubchenco says this is a “moment of truth” about climate change and that scientists need to think about their obligations and responsibilities to society.
Podcast: The Johnstown Flood—A Most Avoidable Tragedy
Authors: Speiser Joshua
Published: January 2020

How a dam failure near a small town in Pennsylvania continues to cast a shadow over the region more than 100 years later.
Bikini Seafloor Hides Evidence of Nuclear Explosions
Authors: Heidt Amanda
Published: January 2020

Seafloor mapping has revealed a crater and several shipwrecks persisting 73 years after the world’s first underwater nuclear test.
Atmospheric Rivers Have Different “Flavors”
Authors: Remmel Ariana
Published: January 2020

New research is helping scientists understand why moisture-laden atmospheric rivers of similar intensities have different effects on land.
The Eternal Nile Is Even More Ancient Than We Thought
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: January 2020

Deep-mantle flow helps maintain the river’s steady course.
Gas Flow by Invasion Percolation Through the Hydrate Stability Zone
Authors: Meyer Dylan W. , Flemings Peter B. , You Kehua , DiCarlo David A.
Published: January 2020

We describe gas flow through the hydrate stability zone as a growing gas network with hydrate forming on its edges. The diffusion‐limited model successfully describes the dynamics of hydrate formation observed experimentally. We obtain an expression for the rate of hydrate growth in a region where gas and water coexist. Our modeled rate of hydrate formation is much lower than predicted with a kinetics‐based approach, and it more successfully simulates the hydrate formation rate observed in geologic systems. Current simulation approaches can readily incorporate our approach to describe hydrate formation in geological systems.
Advective Fluxes in the Martian Regolith as a Mechanism Driving Methane and Other Trace Gas Emissions to the Atmosphere
Authors: Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Arvidson R. E. , Gómez‐Elvira J. , Webster C. , Newman C. E. , Mahaffy P. , Vasavada A. R.
Published: January 2020

Advective fluxes influence methane and CO2 soil emissions into the atmosphere on Earth and may drive trace gas emissions in the Mars atmosphere. However, their relevance in the Martian regolith has not been evaluated to date. Our regolith transport simulations show that advective fluxes can be relevant under Martian conditions and may drive the methane abundance detected by Mars Science Laboratory. Trace gas emissions would be highest in regions where winds interact with topography. Emissions in these regions may be further enhanced by time‐varying pressure fields produced by diurnal thermal tides and atmospheric turbulence. Trace gases such as methane should be emitted or produced from the first layers of regolith, or quickly transported to this region from a deeper reservoir through fractured media.
A Method for Estimating the Crustal Azimuthal Anisotropy and Moho Orientation Simultaneously Using Receiver Functions
Authors: Wang Pan , Huang Zhouchuan , Wang Xingchen
Published: January 2020

The P‐to‐S converted phase at the Moho (the Pms phase) contains important information regarding the crustal structure. Here, we employ a grid search approach to simultaneously extract the bulk crustal azimuthal anisotropy and Moho orientation using receiver functions. The solution of this approach is the weighted average of two individual subfunctions that separately analyze the birefringence and arrival time of the Pms phase. Since a tilted Moho deflects the polarized components of the Pms phase, the Pms birefringence subfunction minimizes the energy on all the transverse polarization components (i.e., the transverse polarization direction before Pms splitting). The implementation of this subfunction is similar to that of the transverse component minimization method, but the Moho orientation is considered. The Pms arrival time subfunction takes into account both the crustal anisotropy and the Moho orientation to predict and fit Pms arrivals. According to extensive synthetic experiments, this approach is remarkably robust to the presence of strong anisotropy, a steep Moho, and slightly tilted fast axes (less than 30°). This approach is also highly tolerant of random noise and data with uneven azimuthal coverage. We apply this approach to three permanent stations on the Tibetan Plateau. The resulting measurements boast a high quality and are consistent with the crustal anisotropy and Moho orientation revealed in previous studies.
Spatiotemporal Properties of Sub‐Rayleigh and Supershear Ruptures Inferred From Full‐Field Dynamic Imaging of Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Rubino V. , Rosakis A. J. , Lapusta N.
Published: January 2020

Many earthquakes propagate at sub‐Rayleigh speeds. Earthquakes propagating at supershear speeds, though less common, are by far more destructive. Hence, it is important to quantify the motion characteristics associated with both types of earthquake ruptures. Here we report on the spatiotemporal properties of dynamic ruptures measured in our laboratory experiments using the dynamic digital image correlation technique. Earthquakes are mimicked by the frictional rupture propagating along the interface of two Homalite plates. Digital images of the propagating ruptures are captured by an ultrahigh‐speed camera and processed with digital image correlation in order to produce sequences of evolving displacement and velocity maps. Our measurements reveal the full‐field structure of the velocity components, bridge the gap between previous spatially sparse velocimeter measurements available only at two to three locations, and enable us to quantify the attenuation patterns away from the interface.
Shifts in the Distribution and Fate of Sedimentary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Within the Estuarine‐Inner Shelf Areas of the East China Sea: Response to Human‐Induced Catchment Change
Authors: Wang Chenglong , Hao Zhe , Feng Ziyue , Zhang Chuchu , Li Yali , Yu Wenwen , Zou Xinqing
Published: January 2020

Key Points

Distribution patterns of PAHs changed drastically due to human‐induced catchment changes

Depositional center of PAHs in the ECS transferred southward

River‐dominated margins will face this threat worldwide
Stored Nutrients and Climate Warming Will Feed More Algal Blooms
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

High nutrient concentrations cause water quality problems in lakes, and as the climate warms, these issues will only get worse. A new model assesses future scenarios and explores solutions.
Understanding Material Movement in the Ocean’s Upper Layer
Authors: Chamecki Marcelo , Chor Tomas , Yang Di , Meneveau Charles
Published: January 2020

Computer simulations are advancing our understanding of how natural and anthropogenic materials are transported around the upper layer of the ocean.
Megadrought Helped Topple the Assyrian Empire
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: January 2020

Paleoclimate records shed light on the ancient civilization’s meteoric rise and catastrophic collapse.
Michelle F. Thomsen Receives 2019 John Adam Fleming Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2020

Michelle F. Thomsen was awarded the 2019 John Adam Fleming Medal at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2019 Honors Ceremony, held on 11 December 2019 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and/or related sciences.”
Taal Eruption and Ashfall Continue; Thousands Still at Risk
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: January 2020

The Philippines’ volcanology institute warns that a hazardous eruption of Taal is imminent. In the past, Taal’s eruptions have lasted months and even years.
Specific, reversible G1 arrest by UCN-01 in vivo provides cytostatic protection of normal cells against cytotoxic chemotherapy in breast cancer
Authors: Mull Benjamin B. , Livingston J. Andrew , Patel Nalini , Bui Tuyen , Hunt Kelly K. , Keyomarsi Khandan
Published: January 2020

Background

Low-dose UCN-01 mediates G1 arrest in normal proliferating cell lines with an intact G1 to S transition but not tumour cells with a deregulated G1 to S checkpoint. Here we hypothesised that UCN-01 is effective in mediating a selective, reversible G1 arrest of normal proliferating cells, resulting in decreased chemotoxicity, improved tolerance and enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy in vivo in both non-tumour-bearing mice and in breast cancer cell line xenograft models.

Methods

Murine small bowel epithelium was used to examine the kinetics and mechanism of low-dose UCN-01-mediated arrest of normal proliferating cells and if it can protect tumour-bearing mice (MDA-MB-468 xenografts) against the toxic effects of chemotherapy (5-fluorouricil (5-FU)) allowing for its full therapeutic activity.

Results

UCN-01 causes significant, reversible arrest of normal gut epithelial cells at 24 h; this arrest persists for up to 7 days. Normal cellular proliferation returns by 2 weeks. Pre-treatment of both non-tumour-bearing and MDA-MB-468 tumour-bearing mice with UCN-01 prior to bolus 5-FU (450 mg/kg) yielded enhanced therapeutic efficacy with significantly decreased tumour volumes and increased survival.

Conclusions

UCN-01 mediates a specific, reversible G1 arrest of normal cells in vivo and provides a cytoprotective strategy that decreases toxicity of cytotoxic chemotherapy without compromising efficacy.
ADT-OH, a hydrogen sulfide-releasing donor, induces apoptosis and inhibits the development of melanoma in vivo by upregulating FADD
Authors: Cai Fangfang , Xu Huangru , Cao Nini , Zhang Xiangyu , Liu Jia , Lu Yanyan , Chen Jia , Yang Yunwen , Cheng Jian , Hua Zi-Chun , Zhuang Hongqin
Published: January 2020

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now widely considered the third endogenous gasotransmitter and plays critical roles in cancer biological processes. In this study, we demonstrate that 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (ADT-OH), the most widely used moiety for synthesising slow-releasing H2S donors, induces melanoma cell death in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with previous reports, ADT-OH inhibited IκBɑ degradation, resulting in reduced NF-κB activation and subsequent downregulation of the NF-κB-targeted anti-apoptotic proteins XIAP and Bcl-2. More importantly, we found that ADT-OH suppressed the ubiquitin-induced degradation of FADD by downregulating the expression of MKRN1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of FADD. In addition, ADT-OH had no significant therapeutic effect on FADD-knockout B16F0 cells or FADD-knockdown A375 cells. Based on these findings, we evaluated the combined effects of ADT-OH treatment and FADD overexpression on melanoma cell death in vivo using a mouse xenograft model. As expected, tumour-specific delivery of FADD through a recombinant Salmonella strain, VNP-FADD, combined with low-dose ADT-OH treatment significantly inhibited tumour growth and induced cancer cell apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that ADT-OH is a promising cancer therapeutic drug that warrants further investigation into its potential clinical applications.
Maximizing the ovarian reserve in mice by evading LINE-1 genotoxicity
Authors: Tharp Marla E. , Malki Safia , Bortvin Alex
Published: January 2020

Female reproductive success critically depends on the size and quality of a finite ovarian reserve. Paradoxically, mammals eliminate up to 80% of the initial oocyte pool through the enigmatic process of fetal oocyte attrition (FOA). Here, we interrogate the striking correlation of FOA with retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1) expression in mice to understand how L1 activity influences FOA and its biological relevance. We report that L1 activity triggers FOA through DNA damage-driven apoptosis and the complement system of immunity. We demonstrate this by combined inhibition of L1 reverse transcriptase activity and the Chk2-dependent DNA damage checkpoint to prevent FOA. Remarkably, reverse transcriptase inhibitor AZT-treated Chk2 mutant oocytes that evade FOA initially accumulate, but subsequently resolve, L1-instigated genotoxic threats independent of piRNAs and differentiate, resulting in an increased functional ovarian reserve. We conclude that FOA serves as quality control for oocyte genome integrity, and is not obligatory for oogenesis nor fertility.
Melanoblast transcriptome analysis reveals pathways promoting melanoma metastasis
Authors: Marie Kerrie L. , Sassano Antonella , Yang Howard H. , Michalowski Aleksandra M. , Michael Helen T. , Guo Theresa , Tsai Yien Che , Weissman Allan M. , Lee Maxwell P. , Jenkins Lisa M. , Zaidi M. Raza , Pérez-Guijarro Eva , Day Chi-Ping , Ylaya Kris , Hewitt Stephen M. , Patel Nimit L. , Arnheiter Heinz , Davis Sean , Meltzer Paul S. , Merlino Glenn , Mishra Pravin J.
Published: January 2020

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive cancer of melanocytes with a strong propensity to metastasize. We posit that melanoma cells acquire metastatic capability by adopting an embryonic-like phenotype, and that a lineage approach would uncover metastatic melanoma biology. Using a genetically engineered mouse model to generate a rich melanoblast transcriptome dataset, we identify melanoblast-specific genes whose expression contribute to metastatic competence and derive a 43-gene signature that predicts patient survival. We identify a melanoblast gene, KDELR3, whose loss impairs experimental metastasis. In contrast, KDELR1 deficiency enhances metastasis, providing the first example of different disease etiologies within the KDELR-family of retrograde transporters. We show that KDELR3 regulates the metastasis suppressor, KAI1, and report an interaction with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase gp78, a regulator of KAI1 degradation. Our work demonstrates that the melanoblast transcriptome can be mined to uncover targetable pathways for melanoma therapy.
Electrophysiological dynamics of antagonistic brain networks reflect attentional fluctuations
Authors: Kucyi Aaron , Daitch Amy , Raccah Omri , Zhao Baotian , Zhang Chao , Esterman Michael , Zeineh Michael , Halpern Casey H. , Zhang Kai , Zhang Jianguo , Parvizi Josef
Published: January 2020

Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the default mode network (DMN) exhibits antagonistic activity with dorsal attention (DAN) and salience (SN) networks. Here we use human intracranial electroencephalography to investigate the behavioral relevance of fine-grained dynamics within and between these networks. The three networks show dissociable profiles of task-evoked electrophysiological activity, best captured in the high-frequency broadband (HFB; 70–170 Hz) range. On the order of hundreds of milliseconds, HFB responses peak fastest in the DAN, at intermediate speed in the SN, and slowest in the DMN. Lapses of attention (behavioral errors) are marked by distinguishable patterns of both pre- and post-stimulus HFB activity within each network. Moreover, the magnitude of temporally lagged, negative HFB coupling between the DAN and DMN (but not SN and DMN) is associated with greater sustained attention performance and is reduced during wakeful rest. These findings underscore the behavioral relevance of temporally delayed coordination between antagonistic brain networks.
Temporal inhibition of autophagy reveals segmental reversal of ageing with increased cancer risk
Authors: Cassidy Liam D. , Young Andrew R. J. , Young Christopher N. J. , Soilleux Elizabeth J. , Fielder Edward , Weigand Bettina M. , Lagnado Anthony , Brais Rebecca , Ktistakis Nicholas T. , Wiggins Kimberley A. , Pyrillou Katerina , Clarke Murray C. H. , Jurk Diana , Passos Joao F. , Narita Masashi
Published: January 2020

Autophagy is an important cellular degradation pathway with a central role in metabolism as well as basic quality control, two processes inextricably linked to ageing. A decrease in autophagy is associated with increasing age, yet it is unknown if this is causal in the ageing process, and whether autophagy restoration can counteract these ageing effects. Here we demonstrate that systemic autophagy inhibition induces the premature acquisition of age-associated phenotypes and pathologies in mammals. Remarkably, autophagy restoration provides a near complete recovery of morbidity and a significant extension of lifespan; however, at the molecular level this rescue appears incomplete. Importantly autophagy-restored mice still succumb earlier due to an increase in spontaneous tumour formation. Thus, our data suggest that chronic autophagy inhibition confers an irreversible increase in cancer risk and uncovers a biphasic role of autophagy in cancer development being both tumour suppressive and oncogenic, sequentially.