bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Responses to an ICT-Based E-Assessment Application for the Teaching Practicum/ Teaching Practice MODULE
Authors: Davids M. Noor
Published: May 2017

Situated within the context of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) in South Africa, this study introduces the notion of an interactive Teaching Practicum E- Assessment application: e-assessment application for the teaching practicum/Teaching Practice module to replace the current model of assessment. At present students enrolled for an Initial Teacher Education qualification have to complete a compulsory Teaching Practice module. The successful completion of the module arguably provides evidence of students' readiness for professional practice. The assessment of the teaching practicum is often riddled with anxiety on the part of the students and conflict between students and their supervisor. Two interrelated research questions guided this study: What are students' experiences of the current teaching practicum assessment? and What were students' responses to the ICT-based assessment proposal? Data were collected from a sample of Teaching Practice students (N = 40) and a focus group discussion conducted with eight (8) students. Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) and critical connectivity theory provided the study with analytical and conceptual lenses. Findings are discussed in response to the research questions posed in preparation of the software development stage of the project.
Digital Literacy Skills Among Librarians in University Libraries In the 21st Century in Edo And Delta States, Nigeria
Authors: Emiri Ogochukwu Thaddaeus
Published: May 2017

This paper discussed the contemporary digital literacy skills (DLS) among librarians in university libraries the 21st century in Edo and Delta States of Southern Nigeria. The study was guided by six objectives and research questions and one hypothesis. The design of the study is descriptive survey and the population consist of all librarians from university libraries in the aforementioned states in Nigeria. The instrument used to generate data is the questionnaire and the date generated was analysed using simple percentages and frequency count for research questions and SPSS version 14.0. The findings show that electronic mailing, social networking, use of PDAs, mobile phones and internet surfing are the major DLS amongst librarians. It was also discovered that librarians acquired DLS through colleague's assistance, trial and error, IT programmes and formal education while librarian's level of use of DLS is low amongst other findings. Researcher made useful recommendations.
Cinco siglos resistiendo: la marcha del 12 de octubre en Buenos Aires y Santiago de Chile como memoria colectiva cronotrópica y de reivindicación amerindia en Abya Yala
Authors: Mardones Charlone Pablo , Fernández Droguett Francisca
Published: May 2017

El 12 de octubre de 1492 es el día en el que según las crónicas Cristóbal Colón llegó al Caribe. Entonces, ¿Cómo llegó éste a constituirse en jornada de reflexión, protesta y reivindicación a través de una marcha anual que en 2016 cumplió 25 años de realización ininterrumpida en dos grandes urbes, Buenos Aires y Santiago, históricamente imaginadas como “blancas”? En ambas ciudades, las únicas donde se realiza esta marcha, son amerindios (tanto extranjeros como nacionales) quienes protagonizan la misma, siendo ésta conducida en clave festiva a través de la música y la danza. En este territorio alejado del Caribe, la fecha mágica de los quinientos años ha permitido cristalizar demandas amerindias históricas, generando, a través del símbolo de una efeméride, un sentido de pertenencia común con el resto de la región. En este trabajo, describiendo su contexto, génesis e historia, y haciendo un análisis desde los usos políticos de la memoria a través de una lectura cronotrópica (donde un evento significativo del pasado adquiere relevancia en el presente para volverse significativo en el futuro), intentamos dar pistas y proponer algunas líneas sugerentes para comprender este hecho y sus repercusiones.
Proceedings of the 35th National Congress of the Italian Society of Histochemistry
Authors: Editors Guest
Published: May 2017

Proceedings of the 35th National Congress of the Italian Society of HistochemistryGuestÂ Editors:Â Paola Sirigu, Maria Teresa Perra, Cristina Maxia, Franca Piras
Aproximación ética al diagnóstico de muerte bajo criterios neurológicos y cardiocirculatorios. Reflexiones sobre el posicionamiento de la Iglesia Católica sobre la donación de órganos para trasplante / Ethical approach to the diagnosis of death under neurological and cardiocirculatory criteria. Reflections on the position of the Catholic Church on the donation of organs for transplantation
Authors: Domínguez-Roldán Jose María , Aznar Justo
Published: May 2017

El diagnóstico de muerte del ser humano tiene dimensiones antropológicas, médicas, religiosas, legales, y culturales. No obstante corresponde a los médicos establecer los criterios de muerte del individuo y precisar el momento en que la muerte se ha producido. La donación de órganos para trasplante provenientes de personas fallecidas debe realizarse lo antes posible a fin de preservar la viabilidad de los órganos. Los criterios para establecer la muerte basándose en aspectos neurológicos nacieron simultáneamente al desarrollo de la trasplantología. La creciente demanda de órganos para trasplante ha dado paso a que la muerte se establezca por criterios cardiocirculatorios. En relación con ello, se revisan aspectos clínicos sobre el tiempo necesario que debe transcurrir desde el comienzo de la parada circulatoria hasta el establecimiento definitivo de la muerte (que actualmente es muy variable en los distintos países), así como los aspectos éticos que pudieran conllevar el hecho de que dichos pacientes van a ser donantes de órganos y la potencial influencia que podría tener en el manejo de los pacientes antes de su fallecimiento. También se lleva a cabo una valoración de la doctrina de la Iglesia Católica, no sólo sobre la donación de órganos para trasplante, sino también sobre los aspectos que la dignidad en el proceso de la muerte de la persona debe conllevar. ---------- The diagnosis of death in humans has anthropological, medical, religious, legal and cultural dimensions. Nevertheless, it falls to clinicians to establish the criteria for death of the individual, and to determine the time at which death occurred. Donation of organs for transplantation from deceased persons should be done as soon as possible, in order to preserve organ viability. The criteria for establishing death based on neurological aspects originated in parallel with the development of transplantology. The growing demand for organs for transplantation has given way to the establishment of death based on cardiocirculatory criteria. In relation thereto, we review the clinical aspects of the time that must elapse from the beginning of circulatory arrest until the definitive establishment of death (which presently varies greatly among different countries). We also examine the ethical aspects that might be entailed in the fact that said patients will be organ donors, and the potential effect that this might have on management of patients before their death. We make an assessment of the doctrine of the Catholic Church, not only with respect to organ donation for transplantation, but to aspects that dignity in the process of dying must encompass.
Lo sviluppo delle cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte. Metodologie sperimentali, aspetti epistemologici e implicazioni bioetiche / The development of induced pluripotent stem cells. Experimental methodologies, epistemological aspects and bioethical implications
Authors: Di Bernardo Mirko , Cecconi Elisa
Published: May 2017

Il presente contributo vuole offrire uno spaccato su alcuni sviluppi contemporanei concernenti le ricerche nel campo delle cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (IPSCs). Sviluppi che confrontandosi con la complessità del vivente ammettono l’esistenza di una pluralità di livelli d’investigazione, incoraggiando il ricorso ad una molteplicità di linguaggi e di metodologie. Vengono individuate altresì possibili vie alternative alle IPSCs compatibili con una riflessione sul legame fra libertà e responsabilità nella ricerca scientifica. Tali studi consentono oggi di delineare un innovativo approccio di cura senza manipolazioni genetiche in grado di andare oltre la stessa metodologia proposta originariamente da Yamanaka. ---------- This article aims to offer a description of some contemporary developments concerning the researches in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). Advancements that confronting the complexity of the living being, allow the existence of a plurality of investigation levels and encouraging the use of different languages and methodologies. Moreover, this paper identifies alternative ways to IPSCs compatible with a reflection about a connection between freedom and responsability in the scientific research. Such studies allow today to outline an innovative approach to care without genetic manipulation able to overcome the original Yamanaka’s method.
Modelos de volumen específicos y regionales para 12 especies forestales en el estado de Durango, México
Authors: Simental-Cano Bernardo , López-Sánchez Carlos A. , Wehenkel Christian , Vargas-Larreta Benedicto , Álvarez-González Juan G. , Corral-Rivas José J.
Published: May 2017

Introducción: La estimación del volumen de árboles individuales es un aspecto relevante en la dendrometría y en la realización de inventarios forestales.Objetivo: Se evaluaron diferencias significativas en sistemas de ecuaciones aditivas para la estimación de volumen total de árboles individuales en nueve especies de Pinus (P. cooperi, P. durangensis, P. arizonica, P. leiophylla, P. teocote, P. engelmannii, P. lumholtzii, P. strobiformis y P. herrerae), y tres de Quercus (Q. sideroxyla, Q. durifolia y Q. rugosa), y entre unidades de manejo forestal regional (UMAFOR) cuando se trata de una misma especie.Materiales y métodos: Para evaluar si el sistema de ecuaciones difiere entre especies de un mismo género y entre las UMAFOR para una misma especie, se utilizaron dos análisis estadísticos complementarios basados en el ajuste de un sistema reducido y un sistema completo de ecuaciones: la prueba F asociada al método de la suma adicional de cuadrados no lineales y el análisis de significancia de los parámetros.Resultados y discusión: Para la mayoría de las especies estudiadas, los sistemas de ecuaciones son significativamente diferentes. Se reporta la necesidad de utilizar modelos regionales en 10 de las 12 especies, exceptuando a P. strobiformis y Q. rugosa.Conclusiones: Se recomienda el empleo de un modelo estatal para P. strobiformis y Q. rugosa.
Usos alternativos de los desechos de la industria del aserrío
Authors: Fregoso-Madueño Jesús N. , Goche-Télles José R. , Rutiaga-Quiñones José G. , González-Laredo Rubén F. , Bocanegra-Salazar Melissa , Chávez-Simental Jorge A.
Published: May 2017

En México, la producción anual de madera es de aproximadamente 8 millones de m3. De este volumen, 70 % se destina a la industria del aserrío, generando alrededor de 2.8 millones de m3 de desechos, principalmente aserrín, virutas y cortezas. El manejo de estos residuos representa un problema en la actualidad, pues se emplean principalmente como fuente de energía, afectando negativamente el ambiente, generando polvo en el aire y contribuyendo a la emisión de dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera. Además, los desechos perjudican la salud de trabajadores y habitantes de las zonas cercanas a los aserraderos, al generar problemas ambientales como incendios y autocombustión. En consecuencia, es necesario encontrar alternativas de uso de los residuos. La mayoría de estos son ricos en celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina y otras sustancias de bajo peso molecular, características deseables en muchos procesos industriales. Las sustancias extraíbles podrían emplearse en dichos procesos, disminuyendo así el impacto ambiental. Esta revisión proporciona alternativas sustentables para el desarrollo y aprovechamiento de los recursos de la industria forestal, con base en la información disponible sobre la aplicación y uso de los residuos forestales.
Ecotono del límite superior del bosque de Pinus hartwegii Lindl.: estructura y límites altitudinales en el Nevado de Toluca, México
Authors: Alfaro-Ramírez Farid U. , Arredondo-Moreno José T. , Pérez-Suárez Marlín , Endara-Agramont Ángel R.
Published: May 2017

Introducción: La complejidad del ecotono del límite superior del bosque de Pinus hartwegii puede funcionar como una barrera para la migración altitudinal.Objetivos: La estructura del bosque de P. hartwegii se caracterizó a través del ecotono de su límite superior en el Nevado de Toluca; además, se determinaron los posibles cambios en los límites altitudinales en los últimos 25 años.Materiales y métodos: Se determinaron la densidad arbórea, altura y diámetro normal de cada árbol, y la regeneración natural del bosque. Los límites altitudinales se determinaron mediante el método de la ventana móvil en imágenes de satélite de 1989 y 2014.Resultados y discusión: La densidad del arbolado se redujo entre 8 y 70 % en el gradiente altitudinal. Los límites altitudinales (3,980-4,130 m) no presentaron diferencias significativas (P = 0.07) entre los años evaluados. El ecotono es de forma difusa, regulado por limitaciones al crecimiento. Esto implica que el bosque modificará su distribución altitudinal en función de los cambios ambientales, de acuerdo con su amplitud ecológica y la rapidez con que puedan establecerse nuevos individuos a mayores altitudes.Conclusión: Es importante establecer monitoreos, a largo plazo, para saber si la especie es realmente capaz de migrar altitudinalmente como resultado del incremento de temperatura ambiental.
Analyzing trace gas filaments in the Ex-UTLS by 4D-variational
assimilation of airborne tomographic retrievals
Authors: Vogel Annika , Ungermann Jörn , Elbern Hendrik
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This case study explores the potential for chemical state analysis at extratropical upper tropospheric – lower stratospheric (Ex-UTLS) height levels with airborne limb-images, assimilated into an advanced spatio-temporal system. The investigation is motivated by the limited capability of both, nadir- and limb-viewing satellite sensors to resolve highly filamented structures, delineated by sharp trace gas gradients on small horizontal and vertical scales. The EURAD-IM (EURopean Air pollution Dispersion – Inverse Model) is applied as assimilation system and designed to extend the flight path confined retrievals from GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) to both, larger areas and detailed vertical structures by a tomographic flight pattern. Related potential and limitations of the method are studied with the following features applied: (i) airborne limb-imaging observations of the Ex-UTLS, (ii) spatio-temporal extension by 4-dimensional variational data assimilation, (iii) correlation between ozone and potential vorticity (PV) as an indicator of airmasses and (iv) anisotropic and inhomogeneous horizontal background error correlations in the Ex-UTLS, spreading information towards unobserved regions along PV isopleths. This setup demonstrated substantial improvements to basic approaches in exploring new data on the spatial extend and alignment of airmasses down to small-scale filaments in the Ex-UTLS. Tomographic observations provide detailed insight for reconstructing filamentary foldings along airmass boundaries above the tropopause during this case study.
Amores oblicuos sobre paisaje en guerra: el colaboracionismo en Suite francesa de Irène Némirovsky
Authors: Brito Díaz Carlos
Published: May 2017

Irène Némirovsky traza uno de los primeros testimonios literarios de la Segunda Guerra Mundial pues el tempo novelesco es contiguo a los acontecimientos de la historia simultánea. La versión cinematográfica reciente del bestseller (Saul Dibb, 2015) atiende a uno de los dos relatos conservados, Dolce, sobre la primera ocupación alemana de Francia en 1940. Alejada de la narración romántica, cinta y relato narrativo convocan un fresco descriptivo –aval del estilo minucioso de la autora– que descubre las guerras íntimas y minúsculas subsumidas en el gran decorado del conflicto internacional, en las que pespuntan la crueldad, la muerte y la sinrazón predecibles en continuidad con la valentía, la solidaridad y la entereza moral improbables. De las dos partes conservadas, la primera (Tempestad en junio) se articula sobre cuadros narrativos que fijan la visión en la hecatombe; la segunda, Dulce, es una novela que ahonda en las diversas formas de colaboracionismo.
La escritura de Primo Levi frente a Auschwitz: razonar contando
Authors: Vilei Leonardo
Published: May 2017

En «La zona grigia», un capítulo de la obra I sommersi e i salvati (1986), Primo Levi introduce la figura de Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, presidente del gueto de Łódź entre 1940 y 1944. A través de esta historia, Levi precisa su discurso acerca de la ambigüedad humana que se determina a raíz de la opresión: la zona gris es justamente ese espacio, nunca vacío, que separa las víctimas de los carnífices y donde se produce el contagio del mal. El ejemplo de Rumkowsi es para Levi fundamental en su precisa tarea de «razonar contando» el horror del Holocausto.
After Gnadenhütten: The Moravian Indian Mission in the Old Northwest, 1782–1812
Authors: Fisher Kyle
Published: May 2017

This article examines the Moravian missions to Native Americans in the Old Northwest after the massacre of ninety-six Christian Indians at Gnadenhütten, Ohio, in 1782. It argues that the missions grew after the massacre despite the trauma of the event. Natives continued to find the Moravian culture centered on a theology of the suffering Savior a compelling reason to join the church, often in the context of famine, alcoholism, and displacement among Native communities. However, as seen in the White River mission in Indiana, nativist resistance movements presented an alternative to Moravian mission culture and prevented the missions from expanding westward. Missions in Ohio eventually declined because of pressures associated with rapid white settlement. While the Gnadenhütten massacre did not destroy the missions, it affected the way Indians interacted with Moravian Christianity.
Sustentabilidade na hotelaria
Authors: Nascimento Barbara Fernandes do , Wada Elizabeth Kyoko , Rodrigues Vanuza Bastos
Published: May 2017

Trabalhar o conceito de sustentabilidade nas empresas pode significar uma grande influência nos resultados que elas desejam alcançar e, também, um importante diferencial no mercado. Por isso, muitos empreendimentos têm adotado esta política e trabalhado a gestão sustentável em seu dia a dia. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se responder a seguinte problemática: “Por que os quesitos ambientais, sociais e econômicos seriam importantes para a gestão de um hotel?”. Teve-se por objetivo apresentar a importância de uma gestão sustentável em hotéis, visando ao equilíbrio entre os fatores ambientais, sociais e econômicos para o sucesso do empreendimento, considerando a hospitalidade na relação com os stakeholders para tal. Examinou-se como estava se dando essa gestão sustentável em hotéis, mostrou-se a importância dos stakeholders para esta gestão e procurou-se avaliar como a hospitalidade exerceria influência na relação entre as partes. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, empírica e qualitativa. Apresenta-se como um estudo de casos múltiplos, realizado nos hotéis Intercontinental São Paulo, Meliá Jardim Europa e Pullman Ibirapuera localizados na cidade de São Paulo (São Paulo/SP, Brasil). Os resultados obtidos revelaram a importância de se trabalhar a sustentabilidade, considerando os stakeholders para o sucesso dessa gestão.
Desenvolvimento do turismo baseado em elementos culturais
Authors: Camilo Irene , Bahl Miguel
Published: May 2017

Neste artigo são feitas considerações relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da atividade turística de forma sustentável e sobre patrimônio histórico cultural, como parte relevante para o incremento do turismo e fonte de sustentabilidade para a atividade. Trata também da importância do planejamento para minimizar os efeitos negativos causados pelo turismo desordenado no meio ambiente natural e antrópico. Aborda a importância do planejamento para a sustentabilidade dos destinos turísticos, bem como a valorização do patrimônio como reforço da identidade de um determinado espaço geográfico. A metodologia utilizada foi a de pesquisa bibliográfica. A fundamentação embasou-se em autores que abordam os assuntos referentes ao planejamento sustentável, patrimônio histórico cultural e identidade.
Painful Times
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the dimensions of touch in pain and suffering. It looks at the role of touch in the common ailments of premodern life as well as in the use of treatments. In addition, the chapter considers the role of religious touch in treating and curing ailments. This chapter also examines the sensuality of the blind, before moving on to more severe health issues such as leprosy, the Black Death, and the dancing mania, or St. Vitus's Dance. Next, the chapter discusses the uses and ubiquity of pain in human experience, then turns to the particular difficulties of sensation in the afterlife—most notably in Christian theological conceptions of hell. Finally, the chapter examines the feelings of sorrow and compassion.
Uncommon Scents
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the class politics of smell. Though smell has been described as a lower sense and of little use since man began to walk upright, it is also a sense that mysteriously seemed to improve as one moved up the social ladder. Having grown sensitive with their rise in status, only middle-class noses appeared to possess the potential to serve their communities, while those of the ordinary masses remained untrained and indelicate. In an effort to challenge this notion, this chapter discusses some workers who clearly relied on their sense of smell to fulfill key functions in a variety of industries. It aims to recover some of the smells associated with class and labor and to construct smell as a skill wielded not only by perfumers and disease hunters but also by laborers in some unlikely settings.
Conclusion
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter looks back to Alain Corbin's seminal work, The Foul and the Fragrant, in discussing the strides made in smell studies since its publication. At the same time it returns to the themes already laid out in the previous chapters. When it first appeared some three decades ago, Corbin's study filled an important gap in our understanding of past senses. Not surprisingly, other studies followed. Most of these similarly employ a binary model when considering smells, particularly when addressing the urban industrial environment. Because of this, much research into the history of smell comprises studies of extremes, documenting primarily pleasant scents and pungent odors. The chapter calls for further scholarship on the sense of smell, noting current gaps in the field, as despite its progress in recent years olfaction still continues to be overshadowed by other senses.
Incredibly Slowly Our View Begins to Slide
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter comprises the years following the demise of the ONCE festivals as Ashley moves to Oakland, California and takes up a professorship at Mills College, from where he would teach electronic music. As best he could in new circumstances, he continued the kind of activities he had directed in Ann Arbor. However, despite this new and promising life on the West Coast, it was a depressing period for Ashley. His composing had slowed to a standstill, and he had no plans to continue. With the demise of ONCE, nobody, he felt, was interested in his kind of music, and he did not want to just write music that would sit in a file cabinet. This creative fallow would last from 1968 to 1972, when Ashley's muse would catch a second wind and jumpstart another series of compositions, which this chapter records in more detail.
Epilogue
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter expands the subject of lynching to a global, transnational focus, briefly suggesting the implications of the book's analysis for understanding contemporary lynching violence in locales as different as Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Caribbean. In recent decades, group killing across global cultures has, like American lynching in the long nineteenth century, reflected ambivalence about alterations in law and social values and rejection of seemingly ineffectual legal regimes that ostensibly do not offer sufficient protections for the property or security of particular communities. The chapter also traces the evolution of lynching from the early modern death penalty and its eventual shift to the modern death penalty; in fact, the contemporary American death penalty carries forth the cultural legacy of the battle over rough justice and due process that marked the United States' distinctive path during the long nineteenth century.
From the Jewish Heartland
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

This book reveals the distinctive flavor of Jewish foods in the Midwest and tracks regional culinary changes through time. Exploring Jewish culinary innovation in America's heartland from the 1800s to today, the book examines recipes from numerous midwestern sources, both kosher and nonkosher, including Jewish homemakers' handwritten manuscripts and notebooks, published journals and newspaper columns, and interviews with Jewish cooks, bakers, and delicatessen owners. Settling into the cities, towns, and farm communities of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota, Jewish immigrants incorporated local fruits, vegetables, and other comestibles into traditional recipes. Such incomparable gustatory delights include Tzizel bagels and rye breads coated in midwestern cornmeal, baklava studded with locally grown cranberries, tangy ketchup concocted from wild sour grapes, rich Chicago cheesecakes, and savory gefilte fish from Minnesota northern pike. The book also considers the effect of improved preservation and transportation on rural and urban Jewish foodways and the efforts of social and culinary reformers to modify traditional Jewish food preparation and ingredients. Including dozens of sample recipes and ample illustrations, the book takes readers on a memorable and unique tour of midwestern Jewish cooking and culture.
When to Cook …
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents several recipes along with anecdotes about them. These include legendary cook, Etheldoris Grais' recipe for “Gefilte Fish ‘Minnesota Style’” and her version of a Sephardic Passover dish called “Persian Charoset”; Judy Dworkin' matzo pop-overs recipe, which she said she typically served with stuffed veal breast; and Ruth Dunie's recipes for matzo-balls and lemon-flavored cake. All these recipes represent the mosaic that is the Midwest Jewish community. They are distinctly and firmly grounded in cultural and religious traditions, both Ashkenazic and Sephardic, yet show a great deal of creativity and individuality. They also demonstrate how adaptable the cuisine really is to local conditions, available produce, and resources.
The Rise of Chicago's Black Metropolis, 1920-1929
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

During the Roaring 1920s, African Americans rapidly transformed their Chicago into a “black metropolis.” This book describes the rise of African Americans in Chicago's political economy, bringing to life the fleeting vibrancy of this dynamic period of racial consciousness and solidarity. The book shows how African Americans rapidly transformed Chicago and achieved political and economic recognition by building on the massive population growth after the Great Migration from the South; the entry of a significant working class into the city's industrial work force; and the proliferation of black churches. Mapping out the labor issues and the struggle for control of black politics and black business, the book offers an unromanticized view of the entrepreneurial efforts of black migrants, reassessing previous accounts such as St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton's 1945 study Black Metropolis. The book delineates a web of dynamic social forces to shed light on black businesses and the establishment of a black professional class. It draws on fictional and nonfictional accounts of the era, black community guides, mainstream and community newspapers, contemporary scholars and activists, and personal interviews.
Cultural and Aesthetic Expressions
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the cultural undergirding that made the Jazz Age what it was. The performing arts—which included instrumental music, choral music, and individual vocal presentations—dominated creative performance in Chicago. Mastery of the voice heard in sopranos, tenors, baritones, and basses accompanied widespread mastery of the piano. As a result, highly skilled musicians abounded. In the second decade of the century, ragtime, blues, and jazz emerged. Black groups performed throughout the city in concert halls such as the downtown district's Orchestra Hall and Auditorium Theater, in South Side churches, and in the private homes of wealthy whites on the North Side.
India’s Global and Internal Labor Migration and Resistance
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of India as a labor-export economy through assessing the warped development of the country in its effort to create a mobile labor force in all segments of the economy. Though most observers have analyzed the dramatic growth of the high technology and business service guest workers on a world scale, India seeks to export workers in all skill and wage segments, from low-wage construction, trucking, and service laborers in the Arab gulf states to high technology and business services workers in advanced capitalist countries. The chapter examines two case studies of the outcome of new migration patterns in South Asia (India), examining the high-technology enclave of Hyderabad—viewed by many corporate leaders in the North as a model for the future workplace.
The Migration of Low-Wage Jamaican Guest Workers
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the process and effects of low-wage migration in Jamaica to reveal the growing importance of hospitality and domestic services in the global economy and the specific effect of U.S. guest worker programs on guest workers and their families. Though multilateral agencies extol the benefit that migration has had on the Jamaican economy through remittances, the chapter shows that in reality the guest worker program does not appreciably improve living standards of most guest workers, their families, and communities. While some development economists may argue that remittances from abroad are essential to support the basic needs of Jamaica's poor, they neglect to demonstrate how poverty is generated by the IMF and other multilateral institutions that have applied onerous terms on the country's economy which contribute to the shortage of jobs, education, health care, and adequate housing.
In Pursuit of Gold
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

Both a history of an overlooked community and a well-rounded reassessment of prevailing assumptions about Chinese immigrants in the American West, this book brings to life the world of turn-of-the-century mining towns in the Northwest. The book meticulously recreates the lives of Chinese immigrants, miners, merchants, and others who populated these towns and interacted amicably with their white and Native American neighbors, defying the common perception of nineteenth-century Chinese communities as insular enclaves subject to increasing prejudice and violence. While most research has focused on Chinese miners in California, this book is the first extensive study of Chinese experiences in the towns of John Day in Oregon and Tuscarora, Island Mountain, and Gold Creek in Nevada. The book illustrates the relationships between miners and merchants within the communities and in the larger context of immigration, arguing that the leaders of the Chinese and non-Chinese communities worked together to create economic interdependence and to short-circuit many of the hostilities and tensions that plagued other mining towns. Peppered with fascinating details about these communities from the intricacies of Chinese gambling games to the techniques of hydraulic mining, the book draws on a wealth of historical materials, including immigration records, census manuscripts, legal documents, newspapers, memoirs, and manuscript collections. The book supplements this historical research with invaluable firsthand observations of artifacts that the author experienced in archaeological digs and restoration efforts at several of the sites of the former booming mining towns.
Eastward to Northeastern Nevada: Tuscarora
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the Nevada experience and looks at the large mining town of Tuscarora that the Chinese helped settle at the conclusion of the construction of the first transcontinental railroad. The Chinese miners and merchants in the new boomtown of Tuscarora had a different experience from those in Grant County, Oregon, primarily because Nevada allowed them to own property (including mining claims). Two Chinese merchants who headed rival brotherhoods were the leaders of the Chinese community and one, Ah Lee Lake of the Zhigongtang (Chinese Free Masons) even remained in the town long after mining had declined and most of the Chinese had left. The Chinese in Nevada became successful even though the nature of mining had become more technical and the national anti-Chinese movement that led to the passage of the Chinese exclusion acts was intensifying.
From the Nursery to the Library
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ray Bradbury's early life, from his birth up to the time he developed a passion for reading in the libraries and his arrival in Los Angeles in 1934. In his autobiographical anecdotes, Bradbury claims to remember the trauma of birth, the sensation of breastfeeding, the pain of circumcision, and infant nightmares about being born. This chapter begins with a discussion of Bradbury's memories of his birth —which he believed were were the result of heightened development of his senses —before turning to some of the challenges he encountered as a child. It then considers Bradbury's trips to the Waukegan Public Library and his subsequent library pilgrimages; his instinctive approach to the library; the books that drew his interest the most, including the science fiction and fantasy stories of Edmond Hamilton and Jack Williamson; and the influence of the pioneering genre pulps on his early professional writing. The chapter also examines Bradbury's education and how his sense of authorship developed and concludes with an overview of his life in California.
Hannes Bok and the Lorelei
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Hans (later Hannes) Bok's influence on Ray Bradbury's short fiction “Lorelei,” which was inspired by a gift the latter received from the artist and writer: a tempura painting of a strange Bokian creature. In Los Angeles, Bradbury continued to write stories. In the middle of his senior year Bradbury met Bok at one of the meetings of Science Fiction League and was drawn to his tempura compositions. This chapter first looks at Bradbury's friendship with Hannes Bok and their shared fondness for fantasy literature and fairy tales before turning to “Lorelei,” a 10,000-word novella written in July 1938 that articulates Bradbury's fears that the coming World War would destroy him before he could become a writer. It also considers Bradbury's religious faith and experiences, along with his conviction that Man would eventually solve the riddle of the universe.
“Chrysalis”: Bradbury and Henry Kuttner
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Henry Kuttner influenced Ray Bradbury as a writer. In terms of his overall development as a writer, Bradbury received his most intense mentoring from Kuttner. Although Bradbury correctly sensed that Kuttner believed in his potential and respected his enthusiasm, he never felt that Kuttner wanted to be a close friend. But Kuttner's surviving letters, written after he entered military service in early 1942, proved otherwise: they project a genuine friendship as well as growing professional respect. These letters document the first major opportunity for Bradbury as a science fiction author. This chapter considers Kuttner's role as mentor to Bradbury during his clash with Astounding editor John Campbell over Bradbury's story “Chrysalis” regarding length and narrative point of view.
Life and Death in Mexico
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ray Bradbury's challenging and traumatizing personal experiences during his and Grant Beach's trip to Mexico that also proved to be a watershed moment in his career. It recounts Bradbury's first-hand encounter with strange and frightening things in Mexico, which also provided material for some of his stories such as The Fear of Death Is Death, “The Next in Line,” and “The Candy Skull.” It first describes the abject poverty and the intercultural tension witnessed by Bradbury all around him, along with Beach's irksome behavior that proved to be borne out of his repressed writer's jealousy. It then considers Bradbury's terrified reaction to the catacombs and mummies he and Beach visited in Guanajuato and the misunderstanding that arose between him and Beach. The chapter ends with Bradbury leaving Beach in Mexico to return to Los Angeles.
Transitions: Bradbury and Don Congdon
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines some of the transitions in Ray Bradbury's life and career by focusing on the role played by Don Congdon, editorial at Simon & Schuster. It begins with a consideration of Bradbury's deteriorating relationship with Grant Beach, followed by a discussion of challenges on the professional front, including the poor sales of his pulp market stories. It then turns to developments that boded well for Bradbury for the long term, such as the increasing interest being shown by anthologists and New York publishing houses towards his work and the opportunities resulting from his four major market magazine sales in the summer of 1945. It also looks at Bradbury's relationship with Congdon and how he helped him secure major sales for some of his best new fiction such as “Homecoming,” which sold to Mademoiselle. Under Congdon's guidance, Bradbury also saw increased demand for reprints of his short stories such as “Skeleton,” “The Watchers,” and “Invisible Boy.”
The Power of Love
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's romance with Marguerite McClure, which began in 1946 and culminated in marriage in 1947, and his creative enrichment during the period. Bradbury and McClure met for the first time on April 24, 1946, while he was reading in Fowler's Bookstore. Within a week they were dating and celebrated their first month together in June. They soon discovered that they had complementary literary passions. This chapter first describes how Bradbury's relationship with Maggie developed in a year that saw him work on a number of stories centered on the visible metaphor of the powerhouse near his family's Venice Beach home. It then considers how the powerhouse provided the inspiration for Bradbury's idea for a new story, “a woman who never believed in God before, finds God,” which became the award-winning “Powerhouse.”
Obsessed with Perfection
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Ray Bradbury as a writer obsessed with perfection as reflected in his tendency to revise his stories. Bradbury's public reputation was growing fast, but this proved to be a little difficult for him to handle psychologically. Julius Schwartz was still circulating his new stories among the New York pulp editors, but Bradbury was sending fewer and fewer selections East because of his desire to make everything perfect. He believed that careful revisions, sometimes over a period of weeks or even months, were preferable to immediate circulation “hot from the typewriter.” This chapter considers how Bradbury's convictions sometimes led to conflict with the few writers he considered intimates, citing as examples his disagreements with Hannes Bok and Jack Woodford over the latter's Trial and Error and with Jack Snow over his Dark Music and Other Spectral Tales. Bradbury's propensity to revise also led to the growing tensions between him and August Derleth as Dark Carnival went through presswork.
Finding His Own Way
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's determined stance to go his own way and write stories to please himself despite the reluctance of slick magazines to publish them. Bradbury's early postwar success in the slicks came with short stories that were basically or with a few dark fantasies that the slicks were willing—very occasionally—to take a chance on. For example, Rita Smith at Mademoiselle had taken three Bradbury stories, but began to draw the line at stories about Mars. Throughout the late 1940s Bradbury's science fiction and dark fantasies were rejected by major market editors, deeming them “wrong” or “not quite right” for their readers. This chapter considers Bradbury's insistence on writing his own kind of story instead of slanting for the slicks and how his change in creative focus enabled him to sell many of his Martian stories, along with many of the other darker science fiction tales, to pulp magazines with little or no need for revision. It also discusses the impasse Bradbury had reached with his attempts at long fiction.
The Anthology Game
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's failed attempt to publish a mainstream literary anthology of science fiction stories centered on Mars. The development of the Illinois novel was slowed by Bradbury's increased focus on the science fiction stories he was writing and revising with more and more frequency. Despite Don Congdon's influence with a wide range of editors, these stories were still not selling to the major magazines at all. What sustained both his spirit and his reputation during this period was his almost phenomenal success with the premier award anthologies of the day such as the Best American Short Stories annual and the O. Henry Prize Stories. This chapter considers the impact of Bradbury's anthology awards on his writing life by focusing on his membership in the leftist poetry magazine California Quarterly, founded by Dolph Sharp and others. It also discusses Bradbury's idea for an anthology that would consist of twenty-five science fiction stories, a project that he called “The Martian Chronicles. Edited by Ray Bradbury” and never came to fruition.
The Gospel of the Working Class
Authors: Gellman Erik S. , Roll Jarod
Published: May 2017

This book, a dual biography and cultural history, traces the influence of two southern activist preachers, one black and one white, who used their ministry to organize the working class in the 1930s and 1940s across lines of gender, race, and geography. Owen Whitfield and Claude Williams, along with their wives, Zella Whitfield and Joyce Williams, drew on their bedrock religious beliefs to stir ordinary men and women to demand social and economic justice in the eras of the Great Depression, New Deal, and Second World War. In chronicling the shifting contexts of the actions of Whitfield and Williams, this book situates Christian theology within the struggles of some of America's most downtrodden workers, transforming the dominant narratives of the era and offering a fresh view of the promise and instability of religion and civil rights unionism.
Opening the West
Authors: Short Simine
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the selection of Octave Chanute to design and build a lasting bridge across the unbridged Missouri River at Kansas City. The offer to bridge the Missouri, the most difficult of all navigable streams, was a compliment for Chanute, but also a formidable challenge to his ambition as a civil engineer. The completion of the bridge called for the construction of about four hundred miles of connecting roads, bringing urbanization to the Kansas frontier. The thirty-seven-year-old Chanute built this rail system and connected it with eastern railroads, bringing profit to both systems. During the first 230 days of operation, 5,263 locomotives had pulled their load across the bridge, and $5,706 had been collected in tolls from street traffic. The chapter also describes Chanute's appointment as chief engineer of the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad and his involvement in construction of the Kansas City & Santa Fe Railroad, Galveston Railroad, and Atchison & Nebraska Railroad.
Free, Black, and Married
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess
Published: May 2017

This chapter concerns the importance of marriage to the formation of a free black antebellum community. It discusses Frank J. Webb's 1857 novel, The Garies and Their Friends, which depicts the trials and tribulations of the growing free, black middle class of Philadelphia of which he and his first wife, the distinguished performer Mary E. Webb, were prominent members. Drawing upon Stowe's concept of the nonlegal slave-marriage as offering a more equitable and fruitful relationship between a husband and wife than the proprietary terms of a legal marriage, Webb's novel develops the terms of a free black marriage. Moving away from the legal rhetoric of marriage, The Garies and Their Friends imagines marriage—based perhaps on the author's own exemplary marriage—as an equal exchange between husband and wife.
Conclusion
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter turns to a new, yet old, slave fiction: Hannah Crafts' The Bondwoman's Narrative(2002). According to its editor, the novel was written by a female fugitive slave in the 1850s, though it was never published during the author's lifetime. The book's gripping, visceral depictions of slave life and an escape to the North are familiar to readers of the slave narratives. From here, the chapter returns to the tension between history and fiction that was raised in the introduction. By doing so, the chapter considers Crafts' novel not as historical fact but as a slave fiction, a form that presents experience through the eyes of a slave. This perspective, fictional though it may be, offers readers today insights into the past that was not, for various reasons, contained by historical accounts of slavery.
Introduction
Authors: Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

“In the same week we have heard Sartre’s lecture, been to the opening night of Les bouches inutiles (The Useless Mouths) and read the first issue of Les temps modernes (Modern Times).”1 So wrote a mildly irritated critic, according to Beauvoir in ...
Preface To La Bâtarde by Violette Leduc
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

When, early in 1945, I began to read Violette Leduc’s manuscript—“My mother never gave me her hand”—I was immediately taken by her temperament and her style.1 Camus welcomed L’asphyxie [In the Prison of Her Skin] right away into his Espoir [Hope] series....
Preface to James Joyce in Paris: His Final Years
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

So often of late, while walking through this new Paris of freshly whitened façades where a stream of traffic flows along the road between hedges of parked cars, I find myself pausing to ask: What did all this look like in the days when I was young? How I longed to bring back from memory a picture as vivid as one of the illustrations in ...