bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene Paste Electrode: Analytical Applications for the Quantification of Dopamine, Phenolic Compounds and Ethanol
Authors: Gutierrez Fabiana , Comba Fausto N. , Gasnier Aurélien , Gutierrez Alejandro , Galicia Laura , Parrado Concepción , Rubianes María D. , Rivas Gustavo A.
Published: July 2014

This work reports the analytical applications of a graphene paste electrode (GrPE) for the quantification of dopamine, ethanol and phenolic compounds. Dopamine was detected by differential pulse voltammetry‐adsorptive stripping with medium exchange at submicromolar levels even in the presence of high excess of ascorbic acid and serotonin. The electrocatalytic activity of graphene towards the oxidation of NADH and the reduction of quinones allowed the sensitive amperometric determination of ethanol and phenols using GrPE modified with alcohol dehydrogenase/NAD+ or polyphenol oxidase, respectively, with successful applications in real samples like alcoholic beverages and tea.
A Bayesian multivariate receptor model for estimating source contributions to particulate matter pollution using national databases
Authors: Hackstadt Amber J. , Peng Roger D.
Published: July 2014

Time series studies have suggested that air pollution can negatively impact health. These studies have typically focused on the total mass of fine particulate matter air pollution or the individual chemical constituents that contribute to it, and not source‐specific contributions to air pollution. Source‐specific contribution estimates are useful from a regulatory standpoint by allowing regulators to focus limited resources on reducing emissions from sources that are major contributors to air pollution and are also desired when estimating source‐specific health effects. However, researchers often lack direct observations of the emissions at the source level. We propose a Bayesian multivariate receptor model to infer information about source contributions from ambient air pollution measurements. The proposed model incorporates information from national databases containing data on both the composition of source emissions and the amount of emissions from known sources of air pollution. The proposed model is used to perform source apportionment analyses for two distinct locations in the U.S.A. (Boston, Massachusetts and Phoenix, Arizona). Our results mirror previous source apportionment analyses that did not utilize the information from national databases and provide additional information about uncertainty that is relevant to the estimation of health effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic seismic response assessment of linear systems equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers
Authors: Tubaldi Enrico , Ragni Laura , Dall'Asta Andrea
Published: July 2014

The paper aims at evaluating the influence of damper properties on the probabilistic seismic response of structural systems equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers.

For this purpose, a linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom system with an added linear or nonlinear viscous damper is considered, and the response statistics are evaluated for a set of natural records describing the ground motion uncertainty. A dimensional analysis of the seismic problem is carried out first to identify the minimum set of characteristic parameters describing the system and controlling the seismic response. An extensive parametric study is then performed to estimate the influence of the damper properties on the statistics of the main response quantities of interest (i.e. maximum displacements, accelerations and damper forces), for a wide range of values of the characteristic parameters. Finally, a set of case studies is investigated to show some interesting issues concerning the influence of the damper nonlinear behaviour on the evaluation of the system reliability and to highlight some limitations of current deterministic approaches neglecting the probabilistic properties of the response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonstationary stochastic response of structural systems equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers under seismic excitation
Authors: Tubaldi Enrico , Kougioumtzoglou Ioannis A.
Published: July 2014

Nonlinear viscous dampers are supplemental devices widely used for enhancing the performance of structural systems exposed to seismic hazard. A rigorous evaluation of the effect of these damping devices on the seismic performance of a structural system should be based on a probabilistic approach and take into account the evolutionary characteristics of the earthquake input and of the corresponding system response.

In this paper, an approximate analytical technique is proposed for studying the nonstationary stochastic response characteristics of hysteretic single degree of freedom systems equipped with viscous dampers subjected to a fully nonstationary random process representing the seismic input. In this regard, a stochastic averaging/linearization technique is utilized to cast the original nonlinear stochastic differential equation of motion into a simple first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the nonstationary system response variance. In comparison with standard linearization schemes, the herein proposed technique has the significant advantage that it allows to handle realistic seismic excitations with time‐varying frequency content. Further, it allows deriving a formula for determining the nonlinear system response evolutionary power spectrum. By this way, ‘moving resonance’ effects, related to both the evolutionary seismic excitation and the nonlinear system behavior, can be observed and quantified.

Several applications involving various system and input properties are included. Furthermore, various response parameters of interest for the seismic performance assessment are considered as well. Comparisons with pertinent Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the reliability of the proposed technique. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomically heterogeneous populations of CB1 cannabinoid receptor‐expressing interneurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus show homogeneous input–output characteristics
Authors: Szabó Gergely G. , Papp Orsolya I. , Máté Zoltán , Szabó Gábor , Hájos Norbert
Published: July 2014

A subpopulation of GABAergic cells in cortical structures expresses CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) on their axon terminals. To understand the function of these interneurons in information processing, it is necessary to uncover how they are embedded into neuronal circuits. Therefore, the proportion of GABAergic terminals expressing CB1 and the morphological and electrophysiological properties of CB1‐immunoreactive interneurons should be revealed. We investigated the ratio and the origin of CB1‐expressing inhibitory boutons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we estimated that ∼40% of GABAergic axon terminals in different layers of CA3 also expressed CB1. To identify the inhibitory cell types expressing CB1 in this region, we recorded and intracellularly labeled interneurons in hippocampal slices. CB1‐expressing interneurons showed distinct axonal arborization, and were classified as basket cells, mossy‐fiber‐associated cells, dendritic‐layer‐innervating cells or perforant‐path‐associated cells. In each morphological category, a substantial variability in axonal projection was observed. In contrast to the diverse morphology, the active and passive membrane properties were found to be rather similar. Using paired recordings, we found that pyramidal cells displayed large and fast unitary postsynaptic currents in response to activating basket and mossy‐fiber‐associated cells, while they showed slower and smaller synaptic events in pairs originating from interneurons that innervate the dendritic layer, which may be due to dendritic filtering. In addition, CB1 activation significantly reduced the amplitude of the postsynaptic currents in each cell pair tested. Our data suggest that CB1‐expressing interneurons with different axonal projections have comparable physiological characteristics, contributing to a similar proportion of GABAergic inputs along the somato‐dendritic axis of CA3 pyramidal cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial tricarboxylate and dicarboxylate–Tricarboxylate carriers: from animals to plants
Authors: Dolce Vincenza , Cappello Anna Rita , Capobianco Loredana
Published: July 2014

The citrate carrier (CiC), characteristic of animals, and the dicarboxylate–tricarboxylate carrier (DTC), characteristic of plants and protozoa, belong to the mitochondrial carrier protein family whose members are responsible for the exchange of metabolites, cofactors, and nucleotides between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix. Most of the functional data on these transporters are obtained from the studies performed with the protein purified from rat, eel yeast, and maize mitochondria or recombinant proteins from different sources incorporated into phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). The functional data indicate that CiC is responsible for the efflux of acetyl‐CoA from the mitochondria to the cytosol in the form of citrate, the primer for fatty acid, cholesterol synthesis, and histone acetylation. Like the CiC, the citrate exported by DTC from the mitochondria to the cytosol in exchange for oxaloacetate can be cleaved by citrate lyase to acetyl‐CoA and oxaloacetate and used for fatty acid elongation and isoprenoid synthesis. In addition to its role in fatty acid synthesis, CiC is involved in other processes such as gluconeogenesis, insulin secretion, inflammation, and cancer progression, whereas DTC is involved in the production of glycerate, nitrogen assimilation, ripening of fruits, ATP synthesis, and sustaining of respiratory flux in fruit cells. This review provides an assessment of the current understanding of CiC and DTC structural and biochemical characteristics, underlying the structure–function relationship of these carriers. Furthermore, a phylogenetic relationship between CiC and DTC is proposed. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(7):462–471, 2014
Toxicity of new emerging pollutant tris‐(2,3‐dibromopropyl) isocyanurate on BALB/c mice
Authors: Li Juan , Zhang Xu , Bao Jieqing , Liu Yuchen , Li Junfeng , Li Jia , Liang Yong , Zhang Jie , Zhang Aiqian
Published: July 2014

The emerging heterocyclic brominated flame retardant tris‐(2,3‐dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC), widely used in reinforced plastics, has demonstrated toxicity to fish. However, little is known about its toxicity in rodents. This study aims to determine the effect of TBC on growth, biochemical parameters in serum, organs and related gene expression of both male and female BALB/c mice after gastro‐gavage administration of 0, 2, 10 and 50 mg kg−1 TBC for 28 days. Results indicated that exposure to TBC had no effects on basic growth and food intake of mice, but significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels in male mice. Histopathological analyses showed that focal necrosis (2, 10 and 50 mg kg−1 TBC‐exposed groups) and ballooning degeneration (10 and 50 mg kg−1 TBC‐exposed groups) were found in mouse liver, whereas transmission electron microscopy revealed dose‐dependent hepatocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial degeneration and endoplasmic reticulum dilation. Histopathological and ultrastructural assessments in the lung showed dose‐dependent hyperplasia of pulmonary alveolar epithelium, bronchial congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells and mitochondrial swelling following TBC exposure. Our results also indicated that mitochondria are one of the major target cytoplasmic organelles for TBC, suggesting that damage in mitochondria is one of the pathways that led to toxic effects in the liver and lung of TBC‐treated groups. Moreover, TBC effectively activated the gene expression of p53 in mice liver. Our findings provide strong evidence that TBC induces significant toxicity in mice organs, especially in liver and lung, which play vital roles in detoxification and gas exchange, respectively. This research will contribute to characterize the toxic effects of TBC, which was introduced as one of the candidates for brominated flame retardant replacement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of three‐dimensional power doppler sonography in the diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous malformation and follow‐up after uterine artery embolization: Case report and brief review of literature
Authors: Tullius Thomas G. , Ross Jason Robert , Flores Melanie , Ghaleb Melhem , Kupesic Plavsic Sanja
Published: July 2014

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the uterus can cause life‐threatening hemorrhage. Unexplained, heavy vaginal bleeding in a reproductive age woman should raise suspicion for an AVM. Here a 37‐year‐old woman had increasingly severe vaginal bleeding for 15 days. Serum β‐hCG was elevated. Two‐dimensional transvaginal ultrasound suggested retained products of conception. Before dilation and curettage (D&C), color Doppler and three‐dimensional (3D) power Doppler demonstrated findings indicative of uterine AVM. A bilateral uterine artery embolization was performed without complications. Three months after uterine artery embolization, 3D power Doppler ultrasonography found complete resolution of the AVM. This case illustrates the importance of assessing both gray‐scale and 3D power Doppler, and the ability of postprocedure Doppler to assess resolution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:327–334, 2015
A g‐factor metric for k‐t‐GRAPPA‐ and PEAK‐GRAPPA‐based parallel imaging
Authors: Ramb Rebecca , Binter Christian , Schultz Gerrit , Assländer Jakob , Breuer Felix , Zaitsev Maxim , Kozerke Sebastian , Jung Bernd
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The aim of this work is to derive a theoretical framework for quantitative noise and temporal fidelity analysis of time‐resolved k‐space‐based parallel imaging methods.

Theory

An analytical formalism of noise distribution is derived extending the existing g‐factor formulation for nontime‐resolved generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) to time‐resolved k‐space‐based methods. The noise analysis considers temporal noise correlations and is further accompanied by a temporal filtering analysis.

Methods

All methods are derived and presented for k‐t‐GRAPPA and PEAK‐GRAPPA. A sliding window reconstruction and nontime‐resolved GRAPPA are taken as a reference. Statistical validation is based on series of pseudoreplica images. The analysis is demonstrated on a short‐axis cardiac CINE dataset.

Results

The superior signal‐to‐noise performance of time‐resolved over nontime‐resolved parallel imaging methods at the expense of temporal frequency filtering is analytically confirmed. Further, different temporal frequency filter characteristics of k‐t‐GRAPPA, PEAK‐GRAPPA, and sliding window are revealed.

Conclusion

The proposed analysis of noise behavior and temporal fidelity establishes a theoretical basis for a quantitative evaluation of time‐resolved reconstruction methods. Therefore, the presented theory allows for comparison between time‐resolved parallel imaging methods and also nontime‐resolved methods. Magn Reson Med 74:125–135, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influences of face, stigma, and psychological symptoms on help‐seeking attitudes in Macao
Authors: Cheang Sut Ieng , Davis J. Mark
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between concerns about loss of face, stigma, psychological symptoms, and attitudes toward seeking mental health services such as counseling in Macao. Participants included 391 students attending the largest public university in Macao: 277 were from Macao and 114 were from Mainland China. Participants completed questionnaires measuring attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, concerns about loss of face, self‐stigma, public‐stigma, and psychological symptoms. Results showed that positive attitudes toward help‐seeking were significantly negatively correlated with self‐stigma, public‐stigma, and concerns about loss of face but there was no significant correlation with psychological symptoms. Psychological symptoms were positively correlated with face concerns, self‐stigma, and public‐stigma. Stigma (self and public) was found to be significantly positively associated with face concerns, but the correlations were weak. Findings also showed that Macao students had higher levels of distress, and endorsed greater self‐ and public‐stigma than Mainland Chinese students; however, the groups did not differ in face concerns or attitudes toward help‐seeking. Regression analysis indicated that group membership was not a significant predictor of help‐seeking. Self‐stigma was the strongest predictor of professional help‐seeking. Age and sex were also found to be significant predictors. Results suggested that younger students were more likely to seek help and that female students reported greater levels of distress and tended to have more positive attitudes toward seeking psychological services than male students.
Molecular determinants of tetramerization in the KcsA cytoplasmic domain
Authors: Kamnesky Guy , Hirschhorn Orel , Shaked Hadassa , Chen Jingfei , Yao Lishan , Chill Jordan H.
Published: July 2014

The cytoplasmic C‐terminal domain (CTD) of KcsA, a bacterial homotetrameric potassium channel, is an amphiphilic domain that forms a helical bundle with four‐fold symmetry mediated by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Previously we have established that a CTD‐derived 34‐residue peptide associates into a tetramer in a pH‐dependent manner (Kamnesky et al., JMB 2012;418:237‐247). Here we further investigate the molecular determinants of tetramer formation in the CTD by characterizing the kinetics of monomer‐tetramer equilibrium for 10 alanine mutants using NMR, sedimentation equilibrium (SE) and molecular dynamics simulation. NMR and SE concur in finding single‐residue contributions to tetramer stability to be in the 0.5 to 3.5 kcal/mol range. Hydrophobic interactions between residues lining the tetramer core generally contributed more to formation of tetramer than electrostatic interactions between residues R147, D149 and E152. In particular, alanine replacement of residue R147, a key contributor to inter‐subunit salt bridges, resulted in only a minor effect on tetramer dissociation. Mutations outside of the inter‐subunit interface also influenced tetramer stability by affecting the tetramerization on‐rate, possibly by changing the inherent helical propensity of the peptide. These findings are interpreted in the context of established paradigms of protein‐protein interactions and protein folding, and lay the groundwork for further studies of the CTD in full‐length KcsA channels.
A pragmatic approach to wind farm simulations using the dynamic wake meandering model
Authors: Keck Rolf‐Erik , Undheim Ove
Published: July 2014

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for using the dynamic wake meandering model to conduct simulations of wind farm power production. The method is based on creating a database, which contains the time and rotor‐averaged wake effect at any point downstream of a wake‐emitting turbine operating in arbitrary ambient conditions and at an arbitrary degree of wake influence. This database is later used as a look‐up table at runtime to estimate the operating conditions at all turbines in the wind farm, thus eliminating the need to run the dynamic wake meandering model at runtime.

By using the proposed method, the time required to conduct wind farm simulations is reduced by three orders of magnitude compared with running the standalone dynamic wake meandering model at runtime. As a result, the wind farm production dynamics for a farm of 100 turbines at 10,000 different sets of ambient conditions run on a normal laptop in 1 h.

The method is validated against full scale measurements from the Smøla and OWEZ wind farms, and fair agreement is achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid optimization of stall‐regulated wind turbine blades using a frequency‐domain method: Part 1, loads analysis
Authors: Merz Karl O.
Published: July 2014

A fast and effective loads analysis method was developed for the preliminary design of stall‐regulated blades. Calculations are conducted in the frequency domain, including a three‐dimensional representation of turbulence, for a rapid evaluation of lifetime loads. The structural model is simplified, consisting of a single flexible blade on a rigid drivetrain. Load cases are defined which consider ultimate, extreme operating (with and without tip brake deployment), and lifetime fatigue loads. It is shown, by comparison with time‐domain simulations, that the load cases provide a reasonable estimate of design‐driving loads. The method described in Part 1 of this article forms the basis for a novel optimization method in Part 2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontogenetic niche shifts matter in community ecology: a review and future perspectives
Authors: Nakazawa Takefumi
Published: July 2014

Almost all organisms on Earth exhibit ontogenetic niche shifts, which causes great phenotypic variation among individuals and is thus considered to critically mediate community structure and dynamics. In contrast, community ecology has traditionally assumed that species are composed of identical individuals with invariant traits and ignored the potentially important ecological roles of ontogenetic niche shifts. To bridge the gap, here I briefly review ecologically relevant examples which show that basic insights of species‐based community theories can be revised by including the ontogenetic perspective. Specifically, I focus on the most representative animals in the study of ontogenetic niche shifts, i.e., fish, insects, and amphibians. Notably, their ontogenetic niche shifts create novel views of community structure: (1) ontogenetic diet shifts of predatory fish couple pelagic and benthic food webs in aquatic systems, (2) ontogenetic shifts in interaction types of pollinating insects couple herbivory and pollination networks in terrestrial systems, and (3) ontogenetic habitat shifts of amphibians and aquatic insects couple aquatic and terrestrial metacommunities at interface areas. Dynamic models of such stage‐structured communities suggest that their ontogenetic niche shifts may affect the community resilience and disturbance responses. Exploring more complex systems (e.g., where many species undergo ontogenetic niche shifts several times or continuously) is a future direction, for which describing body size relationships between interacting organisms would be a promising approach. I conclude that both theoretical and empirical advances are needed to facilitate the ontogenetic perspective for better understanding mechanisms underlying biodiversity and ecosystem functioning which are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbance.
Secretion expression of SOD1 and its overlapping function with GSH in brewing yeast strain for better flavor and anti-aging ability
Authors: Wang Zhaoyue , Bai Xuejing , He Xiuping , Zhang Borun
Published: July 2014

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a significant antioxidant, but unlike glutathione (GSH), SOD cannot be secreted into beer by yeast cells during fermentation, this directly leads to the limited application of SOD in beer anti-aging. In this investigation, we constructed the SOD1 secretion cassette in which strong promoter PGK1p and the sequence of secreting signal factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were both harbored to the upstream of coding sequence of SOD1 gene, as a result, the obtained strains carrying this cassette successfully realized the secretion of SOD1. In order to overcome the limitation of previous genetic modification on yeast strains, one new comprehensive strategy was adopted targeting the suitable homologous sites by gene deletion and SOD1 + GSH1 co-overexpression, and the new strain ST31 (Δadh2::SOD1 + Δilv2::GSH1) was constructed. The results of the pilot-scale fermentation showed that the diacetyl content of ST31 was lower by 42 % than that of the host, and the acetaldehyde content decreased by 29 %, the GSH content in the fermenting liquor of ST31 increased by 29 % compared with the host. Both SOD activity test and the positive and negative staining assay after native PAGE indicated that the secreted active SOD in the fermenting liquor of ST31 was mainly a dimer with the size of 32,500 Da. The anti-aging indexes such as the thiobarbituric acid and the resistance staling value further proved that the flavor stability of the beer brewed with strain ST31 was not only better than that of the original strain, but also better than that of the previous engineering strains. The multi-modification and comprehensive improvement of the beer yeast strain would greatly enhance beer quality than ever, and the self-cloning strain would be attractive to the public due to its bio-safety.
Identification and characterization of a short-chain acyl dehydrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae and its application for high-level production of l-2,3-butanediol
Authors: Park Jang Min , Hong Won-Kyung , Lee Sung-Mok , Heo Sun-Yeon , Jung You Ree , Kang In Yeong , Oh Baek-Rock , Seo Jeong-Woo , Kim Chul Ho
Published: July 2014

Klebsiella pneumoniae synthesize large amounts of l-2,3-butanediol (l-2,3-BD), but the underlying mechanism has been unknown. In this study, we provide the first identification and characterization of an l-2,3-BD dehydrogenase from K. pneumoniae, demonstrating its reductive activities toward diacetyl and acetoin, and oxidative activity toward l-2,3-BD. Optimum pH, temperature, and kinetics determined for reductive and oxidative reactions support the preferential production of 2,3-BD during cell growth. Synthesis of l-2,3-BD was remarkably enhanced by increasing gene dosage, reaching levels that, to the best of our knowledge, are the highest achieved to date.
Using evidence to drive action: A “revolution in accountability” to implement quality care for better maternal and newborn health in Africa
Authors: Hulton Louise , Matthews Zoe , Martin‐Hilber Adriane , Adanu Richard , Ferla Craig , Getachew Atnafu , Makwenda Charles , Segun Babatunde , Yilla Mohamed
Published: July 2014

Introducing evidence‐based accountability mechanisms at national and subnational levels into maternal newborn health programs can accelerate reductions in maternal and newborn mortality. Clearly packaged evidence has the potential to catalyze change, if it is communicated not only to the public but also to key policymakers. Evidence for Action (E4A) is a DFID‐funded program that contributes to global efforts toward improving accountability in maternal and neonatal health. It uses evidence to drive action and accountability to improve maternal and newborn survival in six African countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania. This paper introduces the E4A program, the rationale that underpins the program design, and presents initial findings on how information and data currently feed into accountability and implementation across the six E4A countries.
Process Algebra: Equational Theories of Communicating Processes
Authors: Baeten J. C. M. , Basten T. , Reniers M. A.
Published: July 2014

Process algebra is a widely accepted and much used technique in the specification and verification of parallel and distributed software systems. This book sets the standard for the field. It assembles the relevant results of most process algebras currently in use, and presents them in a unified framework and notation. The authors describe the theory underlying the development, realization and maintenance of software that occurs in parallel or distributed systems. A system can be specified in the syntax provided, and the axioms can be used to verify that a composed system has the required external behaviour. As examples, two protocols are completely specified and verified in the text: the Alternating-Bit Protocol for Data Communication, and Fischer's Protocol of Mutual Exclusion. The book serves as a reference text for researchers and graduate students in computer science, offering a complete overview of the field and referring to further literature where appropriate.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Genesis and Design1
Authors: Nagy Rosemary
Published: July 2014

How and why did Canada end up with a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) rather than a judicially based public inquiry in response to Indian Residential Schools? Using a constructivist-interpretivist approach with interview research with twenty-three key actors, this article traces the path toward the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. It examines in particular the shift from calls for public inquiry to truth and reconciliation. In sourcing the idea of a TRC, it gauges the balance between transnational influences and home-grown elements and suggests that two different approaches to a truth commission were merged during the settlement negotiations. One approach, associated with the Assembly of First Nations, focuses on accountability and public record, and the other, associated with survivor and Protestant organizations, is more grassroots and community-focused. This article looks at hybridity and gaps in the TRC’s design, suggesting that the two visions of a truth commission continue to exist in tension.
Fitness cost and realized heritability of resistance to spinosad in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Abbas N. , Mansoor M.M. , Shad S.A. , Pathan A.K. , Waheed A. , Ejaz M. , Razaq M. , Zulfiqar M.A.
Published: July 2014

The common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea is a key biological control agent employed in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for managing various insect pests. Spinosad is used for the management of pests in ornamental plants, fruit trees, vegetable and field crops all over the world, including Pakistan. A field-collected population of C. carnea was selected with spinosad and fitness costs and realized heritability were investigated. After selection for five generations, C. carnea developed 12.65- and 73.37-fold resistance to spinosad compared to the field and UNSEL populations. The resistant population had a relative fitness of 1.47, with substantially higher emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity and hatchability and shorter larval duration, pupal duration, and development time as compared to a susceptible laboratory population. Mean relative growth rate of larvae, intrinsic rate of natural population increase and biotic potential was higher for the spinosad-selected population compared to the susceptible laboratory population. Chrysoperla species are known to show resistance to insecticides which makes the predator compatible with most IPM systems. The realized heritability (h2) value of spinosad resistance was 0.37 in spinosad-selected population of C. carnea.
KURDISH CINEMA AS A TRANSNATIONAL DISCOURSE GENRE: CINEMATIC VISIBILITY, CULTURAL RESILIENCE, AND POLITICAL AGENCY
Authors: Koçer Suncem
Published: July 2014

Within the last few years, “Kurdish cinema” has emerged as a unique discursive subject in Turkey. Subsequent to and in line with efforts to unify Kurdish cultural production in diaspora, Kurdish intellectuals have endeavored to define and frame the substance of Kurdish cinema as an orienting framework for the production and reception of films by and about Kurds. In this article, my argument is threefold. First, Kurdish cinema has emerged as a national cinema in transnational space. Second, like all media texts, Kurdish films are nationalized in discourse. Third, the communicative strategies used to nationalize Kurdish cinema must be viewed both in the context of the historical forces of Turkish nationalism and against a backdrop of contemporary politics in Turkey, specifically the Turkish government's discourses and policies related to the Kurds. The empirical data for this article derive from ethnographic research in Turkey and Europe conducted between 2009 and 2012.
The Field of In Between
Authors: Stein Sarah Abrevaya
Published: July 2014

In the spring of 1902, Miryam bint Lalu Partush appealed to military representatives in Ghardaïa, in the Mzab Valley (a valley of five fortified oasis cities in the northern Algerian Sahara, six hundred kilometers south of Algiers), for the paperwork that would allow her to undertake a six-month pilgrimage to Jerusalem with her husband, the wealthy merchant Musa (Moshe) bin Ibrahim Partush. Miryam Partush was unusual in possessing the means for such a rare, costly voyage; but notwithstanding her class, Partush's legal status was typical of most Muslims and southern Algerian Jews in Algeria. She was not a citizen, nor did she hold official papers of any kind. When Miryam Partush appealed to the military authorities in Ghardaïa, then, she was appealing for many things: for the right to leave her native valley and travel to the port of Algiers; for the papers that would allow her to cross colonial boundaries; and for the documentation that would register her liminal legal identity. Authorizing her travel, Algeria's governor-general named Partush a “non-naturalized Jew from the Mzab.” Thus did Partush embark on her six-month journey with a negative legal identity: this Jewish woman was definable, in the eyes of the law, only by what she did not possess.
Jewish Identities in the Arab Middle East: The Case of Egypt in Retrospect
Authors: Ginat Rami
Published: July 2014

Much work has been done in recent decades on the histories of the Jews of Arab lands across a variety of time periods, reflecting an increasing interest in the historical past of the Jews of the “Orient.” While diverse, this literature may be divided into several general groups. The first comprises studies written by Western and Israeli scholars and encompasses a broad spectrum of Arabic-speaking countries. This literature has explored, among other things, issues relating to the way of life and administration of ethnically and culturally diverse Jewish communities, their approaches to Zionism and the question of their national identities, their positions regarding the Zionist–Israeli–Arab conflict in its various phases, and the phenomena of anti-Semitism, particularly in light of the increasing escalation of the conflict. It includes works by Israeli intellectuals of Mizrahi heritage, some of whom came together in the late 1990s in a sociopolitical dissident movement known as the Mizrahi Democratic Rainbow Coalition. The target audience of this movement was Mizrahi Jews: refugees and emigrants from Arab countries as well as their second- and third-generation offspring. The movement, which was not ideologically homogeneous (particularly regarding approaches to the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict), took a postcolonialist approach to the Zionist narrative and enterprise, and was critical of the entrenchment of the Ashkenazi (European-extraction) Jews among the elites of the emerging Israeli society. The movement had scant success in reaching its target population: the majority of Mizrahi/Sephardi Jews living in Israel. Nevertheless, it brought to the fore the historical socioeconomic injustices that many Jews from Arab countries had experienced since arriving in Israel, whether reluctantly or acquiescently.
Multi-phase variety trials using both composite and individual replicate samples: a model-based design approach
Authors: SMITH A. B. , BUTLER D. G. , CAVANAGH C. R. , CULLIS B. R.
Published: July 2014

The present paper provides an approach for the design and analysis of variety trials that are used to obtain quality trait data. These trials are multi-phase in nature, comprising a field phase followed by one or more laboratory phases. Typically the laboratory phases are costly relative to the field phase and this imposes a limit on the number of samples that can be tested. Historically, this has been achieved by sacrificing field replication, either by testing a single replicate plot for each variety or a single composite sample, obtained by combining material from several field replicates. An efficient statistical analysis cannot be applied to such data so that valid inference and accurate prediction of genetic effects may be precluded. A solution that has appeared recently in the literature is the use of partial replication, in which some varieties are tested using multiple field replicates and the remainder as single replicates only. In the present paper, an approach is proposed in which some varieties are tested using individual field replicate samples and others as composite samples. Replication in the laboratory is achieved by splitting a relatively small number of field samples into sub-samples for separate processing. It is shown that, if necessary, some of the composite samples may be split for this purpose. It is also shown that, given a choice of field compositing and laboratory replication strategy, an efficient design for a laboratory phase may be obtained using model-based techniques. The methods are illustrated using two examples. It is demonstrated that the approach provides more accurate variety predictions compared with the partial replication approach and that the gains can be substantial if the field variation is large relative to the laboratory variation.
Mortality of the Endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus by electrocution in Odisha, India
Authors: Palei Nimain Charan , Palei Himanshu Shekhar , Rath Bhakta Padarbinda , Kar Chandra Sekhar
Published: July 2014

Elephants are threatened globally by habitat loss, poaching and accelerating levels of human–elephant conflict. In the state of Odisha, east India, electrocution by domestic electric power lines is causing mortality of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus. We collated data on elephant mortality from such electrocution in the villages surrounding elephant habitat for a period of 12 years (2001–2012). During this period 118 elephants were killed in 91 incidences. Most deaths (73.68%) were a result of accidental contact with electric power lines whilst elephants were moving into agricultural areas for crop raiding. The increasing human population, poor electrical infrastructure and ivory poaching pose serious threats to the continued survival of these elephants. To reduce elephant mortality from electrocution and to ensure the long-term survival of this population of elephants we recommend strengthening of the electrical infrastructure, minimizing habitat destruction, increasing public awareness of the problem, and stronger law enforcement.
Occupancy and abundance of large macaws in the Beni savannahs, Bolivia
Authors: Berkunsky Igor , Cepeda Rosana E. , Marinelli Claudia , Simoy M. Verónica , Daniele Gonzalo , Kacoliris Federico P. , Díaz Luque José A. , Gandoy Facundo , Aramburú Rosana M. , Gilardi James D.
Published: July 2014

Monitoring of wild populations is central to species conservation and can pose a number of challenges. To identify trends in populations of parrots, monitoring programmes that explicitly take detectability into account are needed. We assessed an occupancy model that explicitly accounted for detectability as a tool for monitoring the large macaws of Bolivia's Beni savannahs: the blue-throated Ara glaucogularis, blue-and-yellow Ara ararauna and red-and-green macaws Ara chloropterus. We also evaluated the joint presence of the three macaw species and estimated their abundance in occupied areas. We modelled occupancy and detection for the three macaw species by combining several site and visit covariates and we described their conditional occupancy. Macaws occupied two thirds of the surveyed area and at least two species occurred together in one third of this area. Probability of detection was 0.48–0.86. For each macaw species, occupancy was affected by the abundance of the other two species, the richness of cavity-nesting species, and the distance to the nearest village. We identified key priority areas for the conservation of these macaws. The flexibility of occupancy methods provides an efficient tool for monitoring macaw occupancy at the landscape level, facilitating prediction of the range of macaw species at a large number of sites, with relatively little effort. This technique could be used in other regions in which the monitoring of threatened parrot populations requires innovative approaches.
Psychotic experiences and psychological distress predict contemporaneous and future non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in a sample of Australian school-based adolescents
Authors: Martin G. , Thomas H. , Andrews T. , Hasking P. , Scott J. G.
Published: July 2014

Background

Recent cross-sectional studies have shown psychotic experiences (PEs) are associated with suicidal ideation and behaviours. We aimed to examine associations between psychotic experiences (including persistent PE), and contemporaneous and incident non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts.

Method

Participants were from an Australian longitudinal cohort of 1896 adolescents (12–17 years). NSSI and suicide attempts were measured using the Self-Harm Behaviour Questionnaire. Items from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children were used to assess psychotic experiences, and the General Health Questionnaire-12 measured psychological distress.

Results

Adolescents both psychologically distressed and endorsing psychotic experiences had increased odds of contemporaneous and incident NSSI and attempted suicide. Psychotic experiences alone did not predict future risk. Persistent psychotic experiences were associated with increased risk of NSSI and suicide attempts.

Conclusions

Psychological distress with accompanying psychotic experiences and persistent psychotic experiences are important predictors of NSSI and suicide attempts. Screening these phenotypes in adolescents will assist in discerning those adolescents most at risk, providing opportunities for targeted suicide prevention strategies.
Neural correlates of trauma-unrelated emotional processing in war veterans with PTSD
Authors: van Rooij S. J. H. , Rademaker A. R. , Kennis M. , Vink M. , Kahn R. S. , Geuze E.
Published: July 2014

Background

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is thought to be characterized by general heightened amygdala activation. However, this hypothesis is mainly based on specific studies presenting fear or trauma-related stimuli, hence, a thorough investigation of trauma-unrelated emotional processing in PTSD is needed.

Methods

In this study, 31 male medication-naive veterans with PTSD, 28 male control veterans (combat controls; CC) and 25 non-military men (healthy controls; HC) were included. Participants underwent functional MRI while trauma-unrelated neutral, negative and positive emotional pictures were presented. In addition to the group analyses, PTSD patients with and without major depressive disorder (MDD) were compared.

Results

All groups showed an increased amygdala response to negative and positive contrasts, but amygdala activation did not differ between groups. However, a heightened dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) response for negative contrasts was observed in PTSD patients compared to HC. The medial superior frontal gyrus was deactivated in the negative contrast in HC, but not in veterans. PTSD+MDD patients showed decreased subgenual ACC (sgACC) activation to all pictures compared to PTSD–MDD.

Conclusion

Our findings do not support the hypothesis that increased amygdala activation in PTSD generalizes to trauma-unrelated emotional processing. Instead, the increased dACC response found in PTSD patients implicates an attentional bias that extends to trauma-unrelated negative stimuli. Only HC showed decreased medial superior frontal gyrus activation. Finally, decreased sgACC activation was related to MDD status within the PTSD group.
Publishing Robinson'sReports Of Cases Argued And Determined In The High Court Of Admiralty
Authors: Gordan John D.
Published: July 2014

Since the year 1798, the decisions of Sir William Scott, (now Lord Stowell) on the admiralty side of Westminster Hall, have been read and admired in every region of the republic of letters, as models of the most cultivated and the most enlightened human reason.

James Kent,Commentaries on American LawVol. 2, (New York: O. Halsted 1827), 526.

Chancellor Kent's single, luminous sentence, published while Sir William Scott was still on the bench, presents the questions this article will explore. It investigates two interrelated aspects of the trajectory of the first decade of Sir William Scott's admiralty judgments: the history of their nearly simultaneous publication on both sides of the Atlantic and dissemination into the transnational “republic of letters” and the circumstances of their immediate absorption as precedents into the jurisprudence of the United States.
Legal Scholarship in Ontario's English-speaking Common Law Schools
Authors: Shanahan Theresa
Published: July 2014

Ce travail examine l'état actuel de la recherche juridique universitaire dans un milieu de politique néolibérale. L'étude avait pour objet d'obtenir des données empiriques sur les activités de recherche des professeurs de droit, à statut régulier et à plein temps, dans les écoles decommon lawanglophones de l'Ontario, afin de déterminer les tendances des vingt dernières annés. La portée des résultats a été analysée dans un cadre sociocritique qui prend en considération les liens entre connaissances et profession dans le contexte de l'économie politique de l'enseignement supérieur. Les conclusions suggèrent que bien que les changements associés aux politiques néolibérales qui sont apparus dans l'enseignement supérieur représented un défi au contexte des recherches des professeurs de droit, ces mêmes changements favorisent également leur position au sein de l'université. Les résultats indiquent que cela est principalement dû à des facteurs qui ne sont pas associés aux recherches : une forte mission d'enseignement et des frais de scolarité déréglementés, reliés au programme professionnel, ainsi que la proximité à une profession riche et entrepreneuriale qui a des relations étroites avec le marché et offre des possibilités de dotation et de dons. Si certains interviewés pensaient que cela permettait aux professeurs de droit de préserver l'autonomie professionnelle dans leur travail et leur recherche, d'autres maintenaient que le droit lui-même avait été pénétré, et possiblement compromis, par un agenda néolibéral.
Security, Sovereignty, and Non-State Governance “From Below”
Authors: Lea John , Stenson Kevin
Published: July 2014

Les chercheurs en gouvernementalité explorent les nouveaux modes post-keynesiens et pluralistes de la gouverne publique en articulant les organismes étatiques et non-étatiques. L'insistance sur la «gouvernance d'en haut» doit être complétée, notamment dans les espaces urbains, par celle dévolue à la «gouvernance d'en bas» par des acteurs non-étatiques. La «gouvernance d'en bas» peut impliquer des acteurs allant d'associations commerciales et d'initiatives populaires au crime organisé et aux réseaux paramilitaires opérant dans les villes, au-delà de la souveraineté de l'État, au sein et entre les nations. Dans les pays riches et pauvres, de telles pratiques peuvent être conflictuelles mais peuvent aussi être inscrites dans des formes de gouverne publique. Cet article conteste l'idée que la gouvernance d'en bas comble un vide laissé par le désengagement de l'État-nation. Ces développements témoignent plutôt de complexes formes de réarticulation de la gouvernance d'en haut comme d'en bas, qui peuvent parfoir renforcer l'autorité légale de l'État.