bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioaccumulation kinetics of organic xenobiotic pollutants in the freshwater invertebrateGammarus pulexmodeled with prediction intervals
Authors: Ashauer Roman , Caravatti Ivo , Hintermeister Anita , Escher Beate I.
Published: March 2010

Uptake and elimination rate constants, bioaccumulation factors, and elimination times in the freshwater arthropod Gammarus pulex were measured for 14 organic micropollutants covering a wide range of hydrophobicity (imidacloprid, aldicarb, ethylacrylate, 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, carbofuran, malathion, 4-nitrobenzyl-chloride, 2,4-dichloroaniline, Sea-Nine, 2,4-dichlorophenol, diazinon, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, and hexachlorobenzene; all 14C-labeled). The toxicokinetic parameters were determined by least-square fitting of a one-compartment first-order toxicokinetic model, followed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo parameter estimation. The parameter estimation methods used here account for decreasing aqueous concentrations during the exposure phase or increasing aqueous concentrations during the elimination phase of bioaccumulation experiments. It is not necessary to keep exposure concentrations constant or zero during uptake and elimination, respectively. Neither is it required to achieve steady state during the exposure phase; hence, tests can be shorter. Prediction intervals, which take the between-parameter correlation into account, were calculated for bioaccumulation factors and simulations of internal concentrations under variable exposure. The lipid content of Gammarus pulex was 1.3% of wet weight, consisting of 25% phospholipids and 75% triglycerides. Size-dependent bioaccumulation was observed for eight compounds, although the magnitudes of the relationships were too small to be of practical relevance. Elimination times ranged from 0.45 to 20 d, and bioaccumulation factors ranged from 1.7 to 4,449 L/kg. The identified compounds with unexpectedly long elimination times should be given priority in future studies investigating the biotransformation of these compounds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1625–1636. © 2010 SETAC
Unsteady shrinking sheet with mass transfer in a rotating fluid
Authors: Ali F. M. , Nazar R. , Arifin N. M. , Pop I.
Published: March 2010

In this paper, the problem of unsteady flow induced by a shrinking sheet with mass transfer in a rotating fluid is studied. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically by an implicit finite‐difference scheme known as the Keller‐box method. The influence of rotation, unsteadiness and mass suction parameters on the reduced skin friction coefficients f″(0) and g′(0), as well as the lateral velocity and velocity profiles are presented and discussed in detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel finite particle formulations based on projection methodologies
Authors: Asprone D. , Auricchio F. , Reali A.
Published: March 2010

Particle methods are among the most studied meshless approaches, with applications ranging from solid mechanics to fluid‐dynamics and thermo‐dynamics. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the behavior of finite particle formulations based on projection methodologies, investigating in particular how these approaches behave in approximating 1D and 2D second‐order problems. Moreover, the issue of choosing suitable projection functions is discussed and 1D and 2D numerical tests, showing the second‐order accuracy of the methods under investigation, are performed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A unified sub‐cell force‐based discretization for cell‐centered Lagrangian hydrodynamics on polygonal grids
Authors: Maire Pierre‐Henri
Published: March 2010

We develop a general formalism to derive cell‐centered Lagrangian scheme, wherein numerical fluxes are expressed in terms of sub‐cell force. The general form of the sub‐cell force is obtained by requiring the scheme to satisfy a semi‐discrete entropy inequality. Sub‐cell force and nodal velocity are computed consistently with cell volume variation by means of a node‐centered solver, which results from total energy conservation. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and the robustness of this scheme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregabalin in outpatient detoxification of subjects with mild‐to‐moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Di Nicola M. , Martinotti G. , Tedeschi D. , Frustaci A. , Mazza M. , Sarchiapone M. , Pozzi G. , Bria P. , Janiri L.
Published: March 2010

Objective

In this open, prospective study we aimed to investigate the efficacy, medical safety and practicability of pregabalin in outpatient detoxification of alcohol‐dependent patients with mild‐to‐moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Craving reduction, improvement of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life were the secondary endpoints.

Methods

Forty alcohol dependent patients (DSM‐IV) were detoxified receiving 200–450 mg of pregabalin. Withdrawal (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (CIWA‐Ar)) and craving (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); Obsessive and Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS)) rating scales were applied; psychiatric symptoms and quality of life were evaluated using the Symptom Check List‐90 Revised (SCL‐90‐R) and the QL‐Index, respectively. Relapsed and abstinent patients in the post‐detoxification evaluation have been compared.

Results

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms and craving for alcohol resulted significantly reduced (p < 0.001) over time after pregabalin treatment. Pregabalin also resulted in a favourable improvement in psychiatric symptoms and quality of life (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first open, prospective study, about the possible use of pregabalin as an outpatient detoxification agent. These preliminary data show its efficacy and safety in the management of patients with mild‐to‐moderate AWS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching stable patients with schizophrenia from depot and oral antipsychotics to long‐acting injectable risperidone: efficacy, quality of life and functional outcome
Authors: Lloyd Keith , Latif Muhammud A. , Simpson Steve , Shrestha Keshar L.
Published: March 2010

Objective

This international, non‐randomised study evaluated maintained efficacy and safety of Risperidone Long‐Acting Injectable (RLAI) compared to previous medications. To investigate the possible effect of differences in national health care systems across Europe, the UK subset efficacy, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and functioning data are reported here.

Methods

Patients with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, symptomatically stable on antipsychotic medication, received intramuscular injections of RLAI 25 mg (to a maximum of 50 mg) every 2 weeks for 6 months.

Results

Of 182 UK patients recruited; 79% had schizophrenia (87% paranoid), 21% other psychotic disorders; 96% had been hospitalised at sometime. Improvement in mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score was significant at 1 month through to endpoint (p = 0.0001). There were significant improvements in PANSS subscales (p ≤ 0.001), PANSS‐Marder subscores (p ≤ 0.0391), and in Clinical Global Impression‐Severity (p = 0.0001) at endpoint. Patients reported improvements in: HRQoL (p < 0.05), Global Assessment of Functioning (p = 0.0001) and patient satisfaction (p = 0.0001) at endpoint. The proportion of patients rating RLAI treatment as ‘very good’ increased from 10% to 40%. 55% (22/40) of patients hospitalised at baseline were discharged by endpoint.

Conclusion

Sustained, significant improvement in symptom control, HRQoL and functioning was seen in stable patients treated with RLAI over 6 months following a switch from previous antipsychotic medications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolactin fluctuation over the course of a day during treatments with three atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Furukori Hanako , Sugawara Norio , Tsuchimine Shoko , Fujii Akira , Inoue Yoshimasa , Kaneko Sunao
Published: March 2010

Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent consequence of treatment with some antipsychotic agents. Although prolactin secretion varies over the course of a day and during psychological circumstances, there is little information in the literature regarding the time dependence of the prolactin response to antipsychotics. We evaluated prolactin levels in schizophrenic patients receiving risperidone (3 mg twice daily), olanzapine (10 mg twice daily), or perospirone (16 mg twice daily) for at least 4 weeks. The subjects were compared to matched healthy controls. Plasma sample collection for quantification of drug and prolactin levels was conducted before and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning dosing. Prolactin concentrations before dosing during risperidone treatment were significantly higher than during treatment with olanzapine and perospirone in females. The daily fluctuation of prolactin concentration after perospirone treatment was larger than that observed after risperidone and olanzapine treatments. Areas under the plasma concentration‐time curves was greatest in subjects treated with risperidone, followed by perospirone and finally by olanzapine. These findings suggest that daily fluctuations in prolactin concentration after perospirone treatment are larger than following treatment with risperidone and olanzapine. The plasma concentration of prolactin during perospirone treatment therefore depends on the time of sampling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varenicline does not increase serum BDNF levels in patients with nicotine dependence
Authors: Umene‐Nakano Wakako , Yoshimura Reiji , Yoshii Chiharu , Hoshuyama Tsutomu , Hayashi Kenji , Hori Hikaru , Katsuki Asuka , Ikenouchi‐Sugita Atsuko , Nakamura Jun
Published: March 2010

Varenicline, α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist, is a new class of medications for treating nicotine dependence. As an α4β2 nAChR partial agonist, varenicline serves to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms, while high‐affinity binding of the agonist mitigates the reinforcing effects of smoking. In the present study, we compared serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of nicotine dependence and nonsmokers, and we investigated changes in serum BDNF levels after 8 weeks of treatment with varenicline. Patients met the DSM‐IV criteria for nicotine dependence. Both the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and the Tobacco Dependence Screener (TDS) were used. Serum BDNF levels and breath carbon monoxide (CO) levels were measured before and 8 weeks after varenicline treatment. Fourteen of 16 subjects (87.5%) stopped smoking within 12 weeks of varenicline treatment. Thirteen healthy nonsmokers who never had previously smoked were randomly selected as a control group. Serum BDNF levels of patients before treatment (4.8 ± 3.8 ng/ml) were significantly lower than those in the control group (12.4 ± 6.13 ng/ml). Serum BDNF levels had not increased from baseline (4.8 ± 3.8 ng/ml) to 8 weeks after varenicline treatment (3.0 ± 1.1 ng/ml) of patients. These results suggest that smoking might decrease serum BDNF levels and that treatment with varenicline for 8 weeks, combined with 12 weeks of not smoking, does not increase serum BDNF levels in smokers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Lechward K, Glaser W, Falkner S. ABCA4 is ubiquitously expressed in mouse tissues and forms high molecular weight complexes. J Cell Biochem. 2010 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]”
Authors: Lechward Katarzyna A. , Glaser Walter , Falkner Susanne
Published: March 2010

ABC transporters are the focus of extensive research attempts due to their natural ability of selective transport of huge variety of substances into and out of the cells. They are being a potential target for pharmacologists and drug designers as well as basic scientists. We were interested to study the expression patterns of mouse proteins which belong to the “A” family of ABCs as well as to analyze their protein–protein interactions. The most exciting finding came with the studies of ABCA4, which mRNA was distributed in several mouse tissues, including eyes, brain, heart, lungs, liver, and testis, and the corresponding protein was present in brain, heart, eyes, and testis. Previously, ABCA4 was described as retina‐specific transporter, therefore, we extended our research to clarify where ABCA4 is expressed on RNA level, where its protein is expressed and what are its interacting proteins, in tissues different then retina. By several techniques which utilized the protein‐specific antibody we proved that ABCA4 is not a retina‐specific ABC transporter and that we purified it from brain and testis as well as from eyes and the heart. Analysis of the co‐purifying proteins by mass‐spectrometry had shown that apart from ABCA4, ABCA1, and ABCC3 were present in cross‐linked fraction. We also identified map kinase 12 and jade1S protein as putative ABCA4 interacting proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor structure of the treatment outcome package for children
Authors: Kraus David R. , Boswell James F. , Wright Aidan G.C. , Castonguay Louis G. , Pincus Aaron L.
Published: March 2010

The Treatment Outcome Package (TOP) is a behavioral health assessment and outcome battery with modules that assess a wide array of behavioral health symptoms and functioning, demographics, case‐mix variables, and treatment satisfaction. The TOP was developed to follow the design specifications set forth by the Core Battery Conference (Horowitz, Lambert, & Strupp, 1997), but also to ensure the battery's applicability to naturalistic treatment. The TOP also includes a child version that addresses recommendations recently voiced by several experts in youth assessment and treatment. The purpose of this manuscript is to document the process involved in developing the shortened version of the Child TOP. With large samples of diverse patients, 103 items were reduced to 48, with 13 stable and clinically useful subscales. The final confirmatory factor analysis of 7,267 patients replicated the model with excellent results. Although some of these subscales were similar to factors derived from the adult version of the TOP, others were specific to childhood disorders. In addition, the analyses demonstrated that the TOP is not restricted to manifestations of distress and impairment, but also captures a unique factor of childhood strengths (i.e., resiliency). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–14, 2010.
Calcium ion propagation in cultured keratinocytes and other cells in skin in response to hydraulic pressure stimulation
Authors: Goto Makiko , Ikeyama Kazuyuki , Tsutsumi Moe , Denda Sumiko , Denda Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2010

We have previously suggested that a variety of environmental factors might be first sensed by epidermal keratinocytes, which represent the frontier of the body. To further examine this idea, in the present study, we examined the intracellular calcium responses of cultured keratinocytes to external hydraulic pressure. First, we compared the responses of undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes with those of fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells (VEC), and lymphatic endothelial cells. Elevation of intracellular calcium was observed after application of pressure to keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and VEC. The calcium propagation extended over a larger area and continued for a longer period of time in differentiated keratinocytes, as compared with the other cells. The response of the keratinocytes was dramatically reduced when the cells were incubated in medium without calcium. Application of a non‐selective transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker also attenuated the calcium response. These results suggest that differentiated keratinocytes are sensitive to external pressure and that TRP might be involved in the mechanism of their response. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:229–233, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of prothymosin alpha in meiotic and post‐meiotic germ cells during the first wave of rat spermatogenesis
Authors: Ferrara Diana , Izzo Gaia , Pariante Paolo , Donizetti Aldo , d'Istria Michela , Aniello Francesco , Minucci Sergio
Published: March 2010

Prothymosin alpha (PTMA) is a highly acidic small polypeptide, that is, widely distributed and conserved among mammals. Its possible involvement in male gametogenesis has been mentioned but not clarified yet; in particular, it has been suggested that, in non‐mammalian vertebrates, it could play a role during GC meiosis and differentiation. In the present work we investigated the possible association between PTMA and meiotic and post‐meiotic phases of mammalian spermatogenesis. Three different time points during postnatal development of rat testis were analyzed, that is, 27 dpp (completed meiosis), 35 dpp (occurring spermiogenesis), and 60 dpp (first wave of spermatogenesis definitely ended). RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses showed that the expression levels of both Ptma mRNA and corresponding protein decrease in total extracts from 27 to 60 dpp. The in situ hybridization localized the transcript in interstitial Leydig cells, peritubular myoid cells and, inside the tubules, in germ cells from pachytene spermatocytes to newly formed haploid spermatids. The immunohistochemistry analysis localized the protein in the same cell types at 27 dpp, while at 35 and 60 dpp the haploid cells remain the only germ cells that still express it. In particular, PTMA specific localization in the heads of spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa, associated with the acrosome system, supports for the first time the hypothesis of a direct function in male germ cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 362–368, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The chromatin remodeling factor SRCAP modulates expression of prostate specific antigen and cellular proliferation in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Slupianek Artur , Yerrum Smitha , Safadi Fayez F. , Monroy M. Alexandra
Published: March 2010

The SNF2‐related CBP activator protein (SRCAP) serves as a coactivator for several nuclear receptors including the androgen receptor (AR). SRCAP is an ATPase that is the core subunit of a large multiprotein complex and was shown to incorporate the histone variant H2A.Z into nucleosomes. In this report, we demonstrate that SRCAP is expressed in the epithelium of normal prostate and in prostate carcinoma cells, and is associated with AR in the nucleus. Using transient transfection assays we demonstrate that SRCAP activates hormone‐dependent transcription of the androgen responsive, prostate specific antigen (PSA)‐Luciferase reporter gene in human prostate cells. The in vivo occupancy of SRCAP at the endogenous PSA promoter is demonstrated using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. ShRNA mediated knockdown of SRCAP resulted in decreased H2A.Z binding at the enhancer region of the PSA promoter and decreased expression of PSA in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibition of SRCAP expression significantly inhibited androgen dependent prostate cancer cell growth. These data identify SRCAP as a physiologically relevant mediator of PSA expression, and demonstrate that SRCAP plays a role in prostate cancer cell proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 369–375, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: single patient response to GNE gene Lipoplex therapy
Authors: Nemunaitis Gregory , Maples Phillip B. , Jay Chris , Gahl William A. , Huizing Marjan , Poling Justin , Tong Alex W. , Phadke Anagha P. , Pappen Beena O. , Bedell Cynthia , Templeton Nancy S. , Kuhn Joseph , Senzer Neil , Nemunaitis John
Published: March 2010

Background

Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is an autosomal recessive adult onset myopathy. It is characterized by mutations of the GNE (UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase/N‐acetylmannosamine kinase) gene. Afflicted patients have no therapeutic options. In preclinical testing, we have previously demonstrated the ability to correct GNE gene function and the safety of delivery of wild type GNE gene using a liposomal delivery vehicle.

Methods

A single patient (subject #001) with severe HIBM treated by compassionate investigational new drug received four doses of GNE gene Lipoplex via intramuscular injection. GNE transgene expression, downstream induction of sialic acid, safety and muscle function were evaluated.

Results

Significant durable improvement in locoregional skeletal muscle function was observed in the injected left extensor carpi radialis longus of #001 in correlation with GNE transgene upregulation and local induction of sialic acid. Other than transient low grade fever and pain at the injection site, no significant toxicity was observed.

Conclusions

Proof of principle for manufacturing of ‘clinical grade’ GNE gene Lipoplex, clinical safety and activity are demonstrated with GNE gene Lipoplex. Further assessment will involve intravenous administration and subsequent phase I trial involving additional but less severely afflicted HIBM patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unplugged!: An analysis of agricultural biotechnology PPPs in Kenya
Authors: Muraguri Lois
Published: March 2010

The last two decades have seen an increase in the formation of public private partnerships (PPPs) in agricultural biotechnology generally. This article presents a normative understanding of the genesis of PPPs and how they should behave. It examines agricultural biotechnology PPPs in Kenya and argues that they do not reflect the theory particularly with regard to the drivers of the partnerships. These PPPs owe their formation and execution to factors outside the partnerships. These exogenous factors are inappropriate and are in part responsible for the PPPs' limited effect in meeting food security related objectives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experts to the rescue? An analysis of the role of experts in biotechnology regulation in Kenya
Authors: Kingiri Ann Njoki
Published: March 2010

The biotechnology sector attracts a wide range of interested actors with some getting entangled in the development of requisite regulatory systems as experts in the virtue of being knowledge suppliers and innovation drivers. However, questions have arisen as to whether experts enhance or constrain the evolution of regulatory structures for management of biotechnology as part of its broader governance. This has direct impact on biotechnology development based on the roles played by different governance actors. Using a dynamic case study of Kenya in its effort to institute a viable regulatory system to govern biotechnology, this paper explores the role of experts in regulating innovations. It draws insights from the Kenyan experience with a view of evaluating how the role of experts, in particular the scientific community can spur positive contributions towards pro‐innovation and pro‐poor biotechnology policy processes. This recontextualised role of experts is explored from the perspective of knowledge use and how it is linked to development. This is because of the tension between undisputed role of biotechnology as an economic driver and the political nature of biotechnology regulation in the African context. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Science communication in Sub‐Saharan AFrica: The case of GMOs
Authors: Outram Simon M.
Published: March 2010

The following paper discusses the importance of establishing communication channels between academia, the media, and the public with respect to the development of biotechnology within Sub‐Saharan Africa. Citing evidence from interviews with specialists in genetic science, science journalism and public education, the paper reflects on the problems associated with developing multidisciplinary discussion within academic circles, communication between natural scientists and the media, and ultimately the exchange of knowledge between science and society. The major findings from these interviews is that while there is a shared objective and realisation that science communication is important for the development of the region, this objective is hampered by a lack of understanding and trust between scientists and the scientific media. A pattern of mistrust has developed whereby local experts tend to talk to journalists from outside the region rather than from Africa. As a result, there is little opportunity for scientists and the media to communicate the relevance of genetics and biotechnology for the region's development. By way of conclusion, the paper discusses the positive indicators for science communication across the region, based on demand for knowledge, empowerment of scientists and the public, and the urgency of the regional food crisis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alone or together? Can cross‐national convergence of biosafety systems contribute to food security in SSA?
Authors: Mugwagwa Julius T.
Published: March 2010

The quest for effective mechanisms to regulate modern biotechnology has elicited policy responses at various levels the world over, with the main multilateral framework being the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa are at various levels towards developing and implementing domestic frameworks that comply with this Protocol. In addition, several efforts have been made towards regional cooperation in biosafety. After tracing the motivations and imperatives behind these efforts, the challenges and successes met, this paper proposes anchoring the regional cooperation agenda on food security if a consistent and unifying cross‐national biotechnology governance framework is to emerge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing capacity for agricultural market chain innovation: Experience with the ‘PMCA’ in Uganda
Authors: Horton Douglas , Akello Beatrice , Aliguma Lucy , Bernet Thomas , Devaux Andre , Lemaga Berga , Magala Damalie , Mayanja Sarah , Sekitto Immaculate , Thiele Graham , Velasco Claudio
Published: March 2010

The Participatory Market Chain Approach (PMCA) was developed originally to foster pro‐poor innovation in potato market chains in the Andean highlands of South America. After promising results in Peru and Bolivia, two questions emerged: (1) Could the PMCA be successfully used to stimulate innovation outside the Andes and in other commodity chains? (2) What would it take to successfully introduce and apply the PMCA in a new setting? The first test application of the approach outside of the Andes was in Uganda. This paper outlines how the PMCA was developed in the Andes and its main features. It then describes the strategies used to introduce the PMCA to Uganda and some of the results to date. The Ugandan experience indicates that the PMCA can, in fact, stimulate technological and institutional innovation in locally relevant agricultural commodity chains in Africa. Since the PMCA requires researchers and development professionals to work in new ways with diverse stakeholders, including not only small farmers but also market agents and policy makers, its successful introduction requires an intensive capacity‐development process that fosters the development of social networks, changes in attitudes, and the acquisition of social as well as technical knowledge and skills. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Springtime coupled modes of regional wind in the Iberian Peninsula and large‐scale variability patterns
Authors: Martín M. L. , Valero F. , Morata A. , Luna M. Y. , Pascual A. , Santos‐Muñoz D.
Published: March 2010

This paper investigates the relationships between the Global Circulation Model (GCM)‐simulated 1000 hPa geopotential heights (taken from the ERA40 reanalysis) over the North Atlantic and the regional wind over the Iberian Peninsula for springtime (March to May). The main goal is to recognize the atmospheric circulation patterns linked to wind anomaly configurations. The method used for the downscaling is singular value decomposition (SVD). After applying a Monte Carlo approach to assess the statistical significance of the obtained modes, the SVD analysis highlighted that the covariability is dominated by three main large‐scale features of the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic: (1) a first mode that relates local wind to the Scandinavian pattern (SCAN), by which a blocking pattern is linked to below‐normal winds, (2) a second covariability mode associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern that correlates with wind over Iberia. An enhanced spring NAO pattern is related to positive (negative) wind correlations over the northern (southern) Iberia and (3) a third SVD mode that relates wind to the East Atlantic (EA) pattern promoting a dissimilar behaviour in the Iberian wind with positive (negative) wind correlations in the western (eastern) part of Iberia. To conclude, composite maps were built up to give an average circulation associated with coherent wind variability over Iberia. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Synoptic conditions of the occurrence of snow cover in central European lowlands
Authors: Bednorz Ewa
Published: March 2010

In the central European lowlands, snowiness increases meridionally from the south to the north and latitudinally from the west to the east. Taking into account the spatial variability in the occurrence of snow cover, four regions of snow cover were distinguished using the principal component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, circulation patterns responsible for intense snowfalls and persistence of snow in each region were analysed. Composite maps of the sea level pressure (SLP) and 500‐hPa geopotential height means and anomalies were constructed for the days on which snow depth increased by ≥ 5 cm and for days on which the snow cover lasted for at least 3 days. Contour maps show negative anomalies of SLP and 500‐hPa heights over central Europe, associated with organized low‐pressure systems. The lows may differ in the intensity and localization, depending on the region. In the south‐western part of central Europe, heavy snowfalls usually appear as a result of cold‐air fronts in the colder parts of Mediterranean cyclones, the centres of which are often situated over the Italian Peninsula. Another typical location of cyclones or troughs of low pressure causing heavy snowfalls is the Baltic Sea region, where meteorological fronts appear quite frequently. Such a location of cyclonic systems causes snowfalls particularly frequently in the most snowy north‐western part of central Europe. The cyclonic activity over the continent that brings snowfalls is simultaneous to the weakening of Icelandic Low and significant positive SLP anomalies over the north Atlantic. The persistence of snow cover in the central European lowlands is possible under the positive anomalies of SLP over most of the continent, except for its south‐western part where weak negative anomalies are observed. At the same time, positive anomalies of 500‐hPa geopotential heights appear over the northern Atlantic and Scandinavia. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Hydrological impacts of land use/land cover change in a large river basin in central–northern Thailand
Authors: Petchprayoon Pakorn , Blanken Peter D. , Ekkawatpanit Chaiwat , Hussein Khalid
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover (LULC) change in the Yom watershed in central–northern Thailand over a 15‐year period using an integration of remote sensing, Geographic Information System, statistical methods, and hydrological modelling. The LULC changes showed an expansion of urban areas by 132% (from 210 km2 in 1990 to 488 km2 in 2006). The Yom River's daily discharge long‐term trend significantly increased at most of the measurement stations (p value < 0.05), and the rate of increase in discharge at areas downstream of the rapid urbanisation was significantly greater than that at areas upstream. There were no significant long‐term trends in precipitation characteristics in the basin, except for one station. The rate of change in discharge after changes in LULC showed a systematic increase over a range from 0.0039 to 0.0180 m3 s−1 day−1 over a 15‐year period, with the increase in urbanised area spanning a range from 81 to 149% in two flood‐prone provinces. A rainfall‐runoff model simulated a small increase (∼10%) in peak flows. The coupling of surface observations, remote sensing, and rainfall‐runoff modeling demonstrated the impacts of changes in LULC on peak river discharge, hence flooding behaviour, of a major river in central–northern Thailand. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Temperature and surface lapse rate change: a study of the UK's longest upland instrumental record
Authors: Holden Joseph , Rose Robert
Published: March 2010

A homogenized 76‐year daily‐mean temperature series is presented for Moor House, an upland peatland meteorological station in northern England, which provides the longest instrumental temperature record in the UK uplands. This paper assesses trends in the temperature record over time compared to the nearby lowland temperature record at Durham. Overall warming for 1991–2006 compared with 1931–1960 and 1961–1990 was approximately the same at the upland site (0.53 °C and 0.73 °C for the two time periods, respectively) as at Durham (0.61 °C and 0.71 °C), maintaining a similar lapse rate. However, winter warming is dominant at Moor House and more pronounced and concentrated over a shorter period than at Durham; summer warming is more prominent at Durham. Therefore, seasonal lapse rates have changed and become more divergent between winter and summer half‐years. Rather than changes in the dominance of particular air‐masses over the study area accounting for seasonal lapse rate changes, there had been significant steepening of lapse rates over time for some air flow types. Minimum temperatures have increased more than maximum temperatures at Moor House with a consequent significant reduction in diurnal range. At Durham minimum and maximum temperatures have changed in approximate tandem so that there is no significant change in diurnal temperature range. The frequency of air frosts reduced by approximately 23% (from 129 days per year to 99) at Moor House from 1991–2006 compared to 1953–1980, and this may have major implications for the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic systems in the region. These results demonstrate that while overall annual warming in the uplands and lowlands within particular regions may be similar, even where annual lapse rates have been maintained, the seasonal distribution of that warming may be quite different even over short distances and so lowland records are not a reliable indicator of regional upland temperature change. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Cenozoic uplift of southwest England
Authors: Westaway Rob
Published: March 2010

The uplift history of southwest England is inferred using a composite dataset including marine and fluvial terraces and karstic data. The estimated post‐Mid‐Pliocene uplift increases eastward from ∼130 m in west Cornwall and ∼135 m in south Devon to ∼150 m in the Hampshire Basin. The post‐Early‐Pleistocene uplift likewise increases eastward, from ∼55 m in west Cornwall to ∼60 m in south Devon and ∼80 m in Hampshire. Landscape and thermochronological evidence also indicates Eocene uplift, caused by the British Tertiary Igneous Province magmatism; this component tapers eastward from ∼300 m in west Cornwall to ∼50 m in south Devon, with subsidence in east Devon. This uplift accompanied magmatic underplating; the mafic layer added to the basal crust thins eastward from ∼6 km in west Cornwall to ∼2 km in south Devon, evidently tapering to zero farther east. The laterally variable crustal properties caused by this variation in underplating have affected the post‐Mid‐Pliocene uplift; the study region is thus intermediate, in terms of crustal strength and landscape evolution, between central‐southern England, with no underplating, and Ireland, where ∼10 km thick underplating has resulted in extreme Late Cenozoic landscape stability. The Eocene mantle‐plume‐related uplift is distinct from the post‐Mid‐Pliocene phase which, the modelling indicates, has been driven by surface processes and, thus, by climate change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of two pairs of 16th century Nanbam folding screens by Raman, EDXRF and FTIR spectroscopies
Authors: Pessanha Sofia , Carvalho Maria Luisa , Cabaço Maria Isabel , Valadas Sara , Bruneel Jean‐Luc , Besnard Marcel , Ribeiro Maria Isabel
Published: March 2010

Two pairs of hand‐painted Japanese folding screens were analyzed by Raman, energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in order to characterize the materials used in their production. Japanese folding screens, called byobu, are one of the oldest and most highly refined forms of Japanese art, where paper and silk were used as materials for the artists to paint on. The two pairs of folding screens studied in this work also exhibit a golden background to create a luminous effect. These screens depict some of the Portuguese who arrived to Japan during the 16th century, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West, called the Nanban Trade. Nowadays, only about 60 examples of this Namban genre remain, so the study of these two pairs is of utmost importance to the knowledge of this precious craft. The materials identified, such as gold, silver, malachite, azurite, vermillion, red lead, red madder, yellow ochre, white oyster shell, and carbon black, are part of the traditional Japanese palette. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Banoub Joseph H. , Aneed Anas El , Cohen Alejandro M. , Joly Nicolas
Published: March 2010

Mass spectrometric studies are now playing a leading role in the elucidation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structures through the characterization of antigenic polysaccharides, core oligosaccharides and lipid A components including LPS genetic modifications. The conventional MS and MS/MS analyses together with CID fragmentation provide additional structural information complementary to the previous analytical experiments, and thus contribute to an integrated strategy for the simultaneous characterization and correct sequencing of the carbohydrate moiety. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:606–650, 2010
The effect of supporting a surgeon's wrist on their hand tremor
Authors: Coulson Chris J. , Slack Paul S. , Ma Xianghong
Published: March 2010

Background. Operative tremor can greatly influence the outcome of certain, precise, microsurgical operations. Reducing a surgeons tremor may not only improve the operative results but decrease the operative time. Previous studies have only measured uni or bi directional tremor and therefore have been unable to calculate both the overall tremor amplitude and the tremor reduction by resting the wrists. Materials and methods. We measured the tremor of 21 neurologically normal volunteers while performing a micromanipulation task, with and without wrist support. Measurements were acquired in three dimensions using three accelerometers attached to the hand, allowing an overall tremor amplitude to be calculated. Results. Resting the wrist on a gelled surface decreases an individuals tremor by a factor of 2.67 (P = 0). Conclusions. Supporting the wrists significantly decreases the amplitude of the tremor. Surgeons should consider using wrist supports when performing parts of operations which necessitate a high degree of accuracy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:565–568, 2010.
Regulation of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 during early porcine embryonic development
Authors: Gao Yu , Hyttel Poul , Hall Vanessa Jane
Published: March 2010

The epigenetic marks H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 are important repressive and permissive histone modifications, respectively, which are involved in gene regulation such as Hox gene expression during embryonic development. In this study, we investigated the global levels of these two histone modifications. We also investigated the expression of H3K27me3's methyltransferase (EZH2), EZH2 co‐factors (EED and SUZ12) and demethylases (JMJD3 and UTX), as well as H3K4me3's methylases (ASH1L and MLL1) and demethylase (RBP2) in porcine pre‐implantation embryos. In addition, the expression of Hox genes, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA7, HOXA10, HOXB4, HOXB7, HOXC8, HOXD8, and HOXD10 was investigated. We found that global levels of H3K27me3 decreased from the 1‐ to the 4‐cell stage, corresponding to the time of major embryonic genome activation. Subsequently, the levels increased in hatched blastocysts, particularly in the trophectoderm. The expression levels of EZH2, EED, SUZ12, JMJD3, and UTX correlated well with these findings. The global levels of H3K4me3 decreased from the 1‐cell to the morula stage and increased in hatched blastocysts, especially in trophectoderm. A peak in expression of ASH1L was seen at the 4‐cell stage, but overall, expression of ASH1L, MLL1, and RBP2 correlated poorly with H3K4me3. HOXA3, A7, and B4 were expressed in 4‐cell embryos, and HOXA7, A10, B4, and D8 were expressed in hatched blastocysts, and did not correlate well to global methylation of H3K27me3 or H3K4me3. Thus, H3K4me3 may play a role in early porcine embryonic genome activation, whereas, H3K27me3 may be involved in initial cell lineage segregation in the blastocyst. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 540–549, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards a space mapping approach to dynamic compressor optimization of gas networks
Authors: Banda Mapundi K. , Herty Michael
Published: March 2010

The goal of this paper is to present an efficient approach for dynamic compressor optimization in gas networks based on a space mapping approach. For the fine space a non‐linear isothermal gas flow model is employed, whereas for the coarse‐space model an algebraic model is applied. To solve an optimization problem with the nonlinear model is expensive. Nevertheless we desire to bring as much nonlinear effects into the optimization process as possible. The mathematical formulation and algorithmic aspects of a space mapping technique are developed. A framework in which such can be achieved for compressible isothermal gas flow is presented. Computational results and comparison between different approaches are presented. The results demonstrate that such a multi‐level approach provides more accurate results efficiently. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer nanoparticles: their effect on rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)
Authors: Mishra Satyendra , Chatterjee Aniruddha , Rana Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2010

Rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of polymer particle/LLDPE blends were studied in this paper. The blends were prepared individually by incorporating nanoparticles of polystyrene (nPS) of ∼60 nm and polymethyl methacrylate (nPMMA) of ∼50 nm with different wt% loading (i.e., 0.10–0.5%). It was shown from the experimental results that rheological, thermal and mechanical properties were increased as polymer particles blended with LLDPE. Blends with 0.25 wt% loading of nPS and 0.5 wt% loading of nPMMA exhibited better rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties compared with that of other wt% loadings. The improvements in properties were due to the close packing of LLDPE chains as recorded by improvement in crystallinity of LLDPE with addition of nPS and nPMMA as shown by SEM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasons for participation in optional pharmacokinetic studies in children with cancer: A Children's Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study
Authors: Berg Stacey L. , Winick Naomi , Ingle Ashish Mark , Adamson Peter C. , Blaney Susan M.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies provide critical information about the disposition of anticancer drugs in children. In the Children's Oncology Group (COG) Phase 1 Consortium, pharmacokinetic studies are usually optional. We surveyed the attitudes towards PK studies among subjects in phase 1 trials at COG institutions.

Methods

Subjects were eligible if they participated in a phase 1 anticancer drug study with optional PK studies within the 4 weeks, regardless of whether they agreed to participate in the PK studies. Staff provided demographics; subjects/parents completed a questionnaire.

Results

Fifty eligible subjects enrolled. Thirty‐six (72%) of the 50 eligible subjects consented to participate in PK studies; 14 (25%) declined. The most common reasons for participating were “the results might help researchers learn more about the drug” and “results from the pharmacokinetic studies might help other children.” The most common reasons for not participating were “having the samples drawn would mean spending extra time in the hospital,” and “my child might have needed a separate IV catheter in order to participate.”

Conclusions

The majority of subjects identified altruistic motives for participation in PK studies. Subjects who did not participate in PK studies identified extra time and need for an extra IV as important concerns. Simple interventions like sending staff to the subjects' home to draw PK samples or drawing samples from existing catheters could increase the number of subjects who are willing to participate in PK studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:119–122. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of composites based on polyhydroxybutyrate and waste powder from coconut fibers processing
Authors: Macedo Jeremias de S. , Costa Marysilvia F. , Tavares Maria I.B. , Thiré Rossana M.S.M.
Published: March 2010

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a thermoplastic, biodegradable, linear, and semicrystalline polyester synthesized by bacteria; while coir dust, a waste generated during the coconut fiber processing, is a mixture of short fibers and powder. The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize composites based on a biopolymer and biowaste, so that the products were derived from natural renewable resources. The composites were produced by compression molding. Composite properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile tests. The best results were obtained for the composite containing 10 wt% coir dust, which presented improvements of 35% in tensile strength and 25% in elongation at break when compared with unfilled PHB. The dispersion of higher contents of filler was inefficient resulting in agglomeration and consequently, in premature failure. Despite hydrophilic nature of the coir dust, some degree of interaction between filler and polymeric matrix occurred. It was suggested that coir dust plays two simultaneous roles in the composite. Initially, the filler surface would favor crystal formation acting as a nucleating agent, and at the same time, chain movements would be progressively hindered inhibiting crystal growth. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reinforcement of adhesion and development of morphology at polymer–polymer interface via reactive compatibilization: A review
Authors: Jiang Genjie , Wu Hong , Guo Shaoyun
Published: March 2010

Polymer blending is a common and effective way to develop new materials with desirable physical and mechanical properties. Since most polymer pairs are immiscible, reactive compatibilization has been extensively studied to stabilize morphology of polymer blends and improve their mechanical properties. In the past several years, considerable interest has been expressed in understanding the fundamental kinetics and mechanisms of the interfacial reaction, investigating the reinforcement of the interfacial adhesion and the development of morphological structure at polymer–polymer interface induced by the interfacial reaction. The present review focused on some theoretical and experimental results that include the formation and growth of copolymers at the interface, and also the major factors such as reaction conditions, the concentration and bulk properties of the functionalized polymer, the thermodynamic interaction between the functionalized polymer and the matrix, which can influence the interfacial adhesion and morphological development. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers