bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequence features that drive human promoter function and tissue specificity
Authors: Landolin Jane M. , Johnson David S. , Trinklein Nathan D. , Aldred Shelly F. , Medina Catherine , Shulha Hennady , Weng Zhiping , Myers Richard M.
Published: May 2010

Promoters are important regulatory elements that contain the necessary sequence features for cells to initiate transcription. To functionally characterize a large set of human promoters, we measured the transcriptional activities of 4575 putative promoters across eight cell lines using transient transfection reporter assays. In parallel, we measured gene expression in the same cell lines and observed a significant correlation between promoter activity and endogenous gene expression (r = 0.43). As transient transfection assays directly measure the promoting effect of a defined fragment of DNA sequence, decoupled from epigenetic, chromatin, or long-range regulatory effects, we sought to predict whether a promoter was active using sequence features alone. CG dinucleotide content was highly predictive of ubiquitous promoter activity, necessitating the separation of promoters into two groups: high CG promoters, mostly ubiquitously active, and low CG promoters, mostly cell line–specific. Computational models trained on the binding potential of transcriptional factor (TF) binding motifs could predict promoter activities in both high and low CG groups: average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the models was 91% and exceeded the AUC of CG content by an average of 23%. Known relationships, for example, between HNF4A and hepatocytes, were recapitulated in the corresponding cell lines, in this case the liver-derived cell line HepG2. Half of the associations between tissue-specific TFs and cell line–specific promoters were new. Our study underscores the importance of collecting functional information from complementary assays and conditions to understand biology in a systematic framework.
Annular lichenoid dermatosis of youth: Report of the first Japanese case and published work review
Authors: HUH WookKang , KANITAKIS Jean
Published: May 2010

Annular lichenoid dermatosis of youth is a recently described skin disease with particular clinicopathological features. It has been so far described in 35 patients, all of whom (but one) were white. We report here the first case of annular lichenoid dermatosis of youth in a Japanese patient, who is the youngest reported with this diagnosis, and briefly review the salient clinicopathological features of this condition. Our observation shows that annular lichenoid dermatosis of youth can also affect Japanese patients; therefore, Japanese dermatologists should be aware of this particular dermatosis.
Localized crossed hyperhidrosis and the coexistence of thyroid gland disease
Authors: SERDAR Zehra A. , ALTUNAY Ilknur K. , YASAR Sirin , KAYAOGLU Semra , GÜNES Pembegül
Published: May 2010

Hyperhidrosis is the most common type of sweat gland disorder. It may be localized or generalized. The localized type usually occurs in a symmetrical fashion over the palms, soles and armpits as a response to emotional stimuli. Another form of the localized type is idiopathic localized unilateral hyperhidrosis which is very rare and the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report a female patient who had localized crossed hyperhidrotic areas on her body (on the left side of the scalp, face and the shoulder and on the right side of the trunk) and also had thyroid gland disease. We herein discuss this extremely rare presentation of the disease and its association with thyroid gland disease.
Oncogenic Ras‐mediated downregulation of Clast1/LR8 is involved in Ras‐mediated neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis in NIH3T3 cells
Authors: Ryu Sun‐Hyo , Kim Ki Hwan , Kim Hong‐Beum , Kim Mi‐Hwa , Kim Na‐Hee , Kang Yoonsung , Hyun Jin Won , Seo Hong Joo , Jun Jae‐Yeul , You Ho Jin
Published: May 2010

Oncogenic Ras proteins transform cells by way of multiple downstream signaling pathways that promote the genesis of human cancers. However, the exact cellular mechanisms by which downstream targets are regulated are not fully understood. Here, we show that oncogenic Ras reduced Clast1/LR8 transcript levels in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human WI38 fibroblasts. Clast1/LR8 transcript was undetectable in H460, A549, and H1299 cells showing high Ras activity, but was relatively abundant in DMS53 cells displaying low Ras activity. We also showed that K‐Ras siRNA restored Clast1/LR8 expression in H460 and A549 cells, and that inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation reversed oncogenic H‐Ras‐mediated suppression of Clast1/LR8 transcription. Additionally, ectopic expression of Clast1/LR8 inhibited serum‐stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in H‐RasV12‐transformed NIH3T3 cells. We further showed that the expression of Clast1/LR8 interfered with oncogenic Ras‐induced NIH3T3 cell transformation and invasion. Finally, our results showed that Clast1/LR8 inhibited Ras‐induced proliferation of, and tumor formation by, oncogenic H‐RasV12‐transformed NIH3T3 cells in vivo. This study identifies the downregulation of Clast1/LR8 as a potentially important mechanism by which oncogenic Ras‐mediated neoplastic transformation occurs. (Cancer Sci 2010)
Systematic review: steroid withdrawal in anti‐TNF‐treated patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Bultman E. , Kuipers E. J. , Van Der Woude C. J.
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 313–323

Background  The increasing awareness of increased risk for opportunistic infections when combining several immunosuppressant drugs led to new treatment goals for inflammatory bowel disease including limited use of steroids.

Aim  To conduct a systematic review to establish figures for steroid withdrawal in anti‐TNF treated inflammatory bowel disease‐patients.

Methods  Medline was searched using the search‐terms Ulcerative Colitis (UC) [Mesh], Crohn Disease (CD) [Mesh], IBD [Mesh], crohn, colitis, IBD and steroid sparing, all combined with infliximab and adalimumab. We selected English‐language publications that addressed the effect of anti‐TNF on steroid withdrawal. Studies had to assess patients with luminal CD or UC. Numbers of patients who were able to withdraw steroids were calculated.

Results  Six studies could be included; five reporting on infliximab and one on adalimumab. Studies were heterogeneously designed. Overall, in the adult population, up to 38% of the patients were able to withdraw corticosteroids during infliximab therapy. In the paediatric population, up to 75% of the patients were able to withdraw corticosteroids during infliximab therapy.

Conclusions  Although a consensus on the definition of steroid‐sparing is lacking, approximately two‐thirds of the inflammatory bowel disease‐patients are unable to withdraw corticosteroid treatment during anti‐TNF therapy.
Ascites in patients with noncirrhotic nonmalignant extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Spaander M. C. W. , Van Buuren H. R. , Hansen B. E. , Janssen H. L. A.
Published: May 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 529–534

Background  The clinical significance of ascites in patients with extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EPVT) has been poorly defined.

Aims  To assess the frequency, natural history and prognostic implication of ascites in patients with EPVT and to identify risk factors for this complication.

Methods  A single‐centre retrospective study of consecutive patients diagnosed with noncirrhotic nonmalignant EPVT between 1985 and 2009.

Results  One hundred and three patients [35% males; median age 43 (range 16–83) years] were included and followed up for a median time of 5.2 (range 0.9–32.5) years. Twenty‐nine (28%) had ascites at the time of diagnosis. Overall survival was 91% at 5 years vs. 80% at 10 years. Survival in patients presenting with and without ascites was 83% vs. 95% at 5 years and 42% vs. 87% at 10 years (P = <0.01). There was no correlation between the presence of ascites and extension of the thrombus into the large splanchnic veins, duration of thrombosis or presence of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Conclusions  Ascites is present in a quarter of patients presenting with noncirrhotic nonmalignant extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis. Ascites is a significant and independent prognostic factor and it is associated with a decreased long‐term survival.
Public and stakeholder attitudes to the reintroduction of the burbot, Lota lota
Authors: WORTHINGTON T. , TISDALE J. , KEMP P. , WILLIAMS I. , OSBORNE P. E.
Published: May 2010

Abstract  Consideration of key sociological factors, including the views and attitudes of the local population, is critical to species reintroduction project success. This study examined the opinions of anglers, conservationists and the general public to a potential reintroduction of burbot, Lota lota L., to UK rivers. An online survey targeted the key stakeholder groups and a questionnaire was used to obtain a snapshot of public attitudes. In both studies, more than 90% of respondents supported reintroduction. Anglers, participants with prior knowledge of the species, males and respondents who were not a member of a conservation organisation, exhibited the most positive attitudes. Anglers and participants with prior knowledge of the species cited burbot as an angling opportunity, suggesting these groups view burbot as an exploitable resource. Overall, the surveys indicated that reintroduction of the burbot, should it be deemed feasible on ecological and biological grounds, would not be met by major public opposition.
Substance P primes lipoteichoic acid‐ and Pam3CysSerLys4‐mediated activation of human mast cells by up‐regulating Toll‐like receptor 2
Authors: Tancowny Brian P. , Karpov Victor , Schleimer Robert P. , Kulka Marianna
Published: May 2010

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide with neuroimmunoregulatory activity that may play a role in susceptibility to infection. Human mast cells, which are important in innate immune responses, were analysed for their responses to pathogen‐associated molecules via Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in the presence of SP. Human cultured mast cells (LAD2) were activated by SP and TLR ligands including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and mast cell leukotriene and chemokine production was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gene expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Mast cell degranulation was determined using a β‐hexosaminidase (β‐hex) assay. SP treatment of LAD2 up‐regulated mRNA for TLR2, TLR4, TLR8 and TLR9 while anti‐immunoglobulin E (IgE) stimulation up‐regulated expression of TLR4 only. Flow cytometry and western blot confirmed up‐regulation of TLR2 and TLR8. Pretreatment of LAD2 with SP followed by stimulation with Pam3CSK4 or LTA increased production of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and interleukin (IL)‐8 compared with treatment with Pam3CSK4 or LTA alone (> 2‐fold; P < 0·01). SP alone activated 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) nuclear translocation but also augmented Pam3CSK4 and LTA‐mediated 5‐LO translocation. Pam3CSK4, LPS and LTA did not induce LAD2 degranulation. SP primed LTA and Pam3CSK4‐mediated activation of JNK, p38 and extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and activated the nuclear translocation of c‐Jun, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, activating transcription factor 2 (ATF‐2) and cyclic‐AMP‐responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factors. Pretreatment with SP followed by LTA stimulation synergistically induced production of chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8)/IL‐8, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL‐6 protein. SP primes TLR2‐mediated activation of human mast cells by up‐regulating TLR expression and potentiating signalling pathways associated with TLR. These results suggest that neuronal responses may influence innate host defence responses.
Reduction of folic acid during baking and implications for mandatory fortification of bread
Authors: Anderson Wayne A. , Slaughter Desmond , Laffey Christopher , Lardner Caroline
Published: May 2010

A pilot scale study designed to quantify the reduction of folic acid during bread baking in Ireland was undertaken. Flour was fortified with different concentrations of folic acid and used to make four different types of commercial bread. The dispersal of folic acid in flour on a pilot scale was variable but better homogeneity would have been achieved in the final bread due to batch size and thorough mixing of the dough. Generally, the heat degradation of folic acid during baking was between 21.9% and 32.1%. Whilst the percentage degradation of folic acid in white pan loaves, white baguettes and brown soda bread were similar the result in wholemeal bread was found to be significantly higher than in other bread types tested. Taking into account all variables affecting folic acid concentration during baking, a concentration of c. 225 μg 100 g−1 folic acid would be needed in flour to deliver commercial bread in Ireland with an average folic acid content of 120 μg 100 g−1 in line with Government requirements.
Aroma profile and physico‐chemical properties of artisanal honey from Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Viuda‐Martos Manuel , Ruiz‐Navajas Yolanda , Zaldivar‐Cruz Juan M. , Kuri Victor , Fernández‐López Juana , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A. , Pérez‐Álvarez JoséÁ.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this work was to characterise, physico‐chemically, sugar composition and aroma profile of ten honey samples collected by small producers during two seasons and produced in different agricultural ecosystems from Tabasco State (Mexico). The mean values obtained for the physico‐chemical parameters were: pH 3.63; 19.25% moisture; 78.8°Brix sugar; 0.64% ash; 0.25 mS cm−1 electrical conductivity and 0.58 water activity. Based on colour parameters, Tabasco honeys can be placed in the group of dark honeys. In the analysed samples; fructose was the major sugar (39.45%), followed by glucose (35.74%) while sucrose only represented 2.93%. The volatile profiles of the ten honey samples were obtained by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. All the honeys were characterised by their high contents of benzene and furan‐related compounds. As a result, artisanal honeys from Tabasco (Mexico) can be considered to present a good level of quality.
Safety and functional aspects of pre‐selected pediococci for probiotic use in Iberian dry‐fermented sausages
Authors: Ruiz‐Moyano Santiago , Martín Alberto , Benito María José , Hernández Alejandro , Casquete Rocío , Córdoba María de Guía
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate pre‐selected pediococci for potential probiotic use in Iberian dry‐fermented sausages. A total of twelve strains isolated from Iberian dry‐fermented sausages and pig faeces were evaluated according to safety and functional characteristics including biogenic amines and d‐lactic acid production, antibiotic susceptibility, cell adhesion and antimicrobial activity against food‐borne pathogens. The strain P. acidilactici SP979 was able to establish itself and compete with enteropathogens such as Salmonella choleraesuis on the intestinal epithelium and an inhibition of such pathogenic bacteria as Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. This strain was also considered safe to be used with regard to its void aminogenic potential, low d‐lactic acid production and antibiotic resistance pattern; being identified as a potential probiotic meat starter culture suitable for manufacture of dry‐fermented Iberian sausages.
Effects of onion on physicochemical properties, lipid oxidation and microbial growth of fresh pork patties
Authors: Park Sung Y. , Chin Koo B.
Published: May 2010

Onions with or without heating (100 °C, 30 min) were extracted with water or methanol, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of onion extracts were evaluated. Product characteristics of fresh pork patties containing various onion extracts were measured during refrigerated storage. Water extracts of onions showed higher extraction yield and iron chelating ability than methanol extracts (P < 0.05), whereas, the latter was more effective than the former in phenolic compounds and reducing power (P < 0.05). The addition of onion extracts [water extract from fresh onion (WEFO), methanol extract from heated onion (MEHO) and their combinations (WEFMEHO)] to pork patties decreased redness, increased yellowness, and inhibited lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05). One per cent of WEFMEHO in pork patties had antioxidant activities as effective as butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT, 0.01%). Redness and yellowness decreased and increased with the addition of onion extract, respectively (P < 0.05).
Modelling of heat and moisture transport during drying black grapes
Authors: Toğrul İnci Türk
Published: May 2010

In this work, heat and moisture transport occurred during drying of black grapes in a laboratory dryer were investigated. In the experiments, the air was passed through the chamber at a variety of flow rates (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 m s−1) and temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C). Thermal and moisture diffusivities were determined. The possibility of expressing the moisture removal from the grapes was searched with the fourteen one‐layer drying models selected from the literature. Among all the models, the Page model was found the best for explaining the experimental results. The effects of the drying temperature and air velocity on the constants and coefficients of Page model and diffusivities were also investigated by multiple combinations of the different equations as the linear, power, logarithmic, exponential, polynomial, inverse polynomial and Arrhenius type by non‐ linear regression analyses. Models obtained were also analysed statistically using t‐test, RMSE, MBE and χ2.
Heat‐induced gels of soy protein and κ‐carrageenan at different pH values
Authors: Cavallieri Ângelo Luiz Fazani , Garcez Monique Monteiro , Takeuchi Katiucha Pereira , Cunha Rosiane Lopes da
Published: May 2010

Heat‐induced (90 °C/30 min) gelling of soy protein isolate (SPI) and κ‐carrageenan (κ‐CR) systems at pH values of 6.7 and 5.7 was evaluated. κ‐CR addition, increase in protein concentration and reduction in pH led to decreases in the initial gel structure forming temperature. Self‐supporting gels were not formed at concentrations of 8% (w/w) SPI or at concentrations below 0.3% (w/w) κ‐CR, but an increase in the concentration of SPI and κ‐CR led to an increase in the stress at rupture without influencing the deformability. Gel properties were a consequence of a simultaneous process of gelling and phase separation during heating. The non‐linear parameter of the Blatz, Sharda and Tschoegl (BST) rheological model allowed for the evaluation of the structural characteristics that in general corresponded to strain hardening behaviour. Strain weakening behaviour was observed at high biopolymer concentrations and at pH 6.7, which was associated with accentuated phase separation and a more discontinuous gel network.
Effects of drying process on biochemical and microbiological quality of silverside (fish) Atherina lagunae
Authors: Selmi Salah , Bouriga Nawzet , Cherif Mourad , Toujani Mohsen , Trabelsi Monia
Published: May 2010

Changes in biochemical and microbiological quality of silverside during two drying process were investigated. Total fatty acid and amino acid contents in silverside were 5.42 and 10.9 g 100 g−1 fresh sample, respectively, in which, palmitic acid and glutamic acid were the most abundant. N‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were 0.59 and 0.62 g 100 g−1 fresh silverside respectively. After hot air and solar drying treatments, Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of the total lipids increased significantly (P < 0.05) to reach 2.58 and 3.41 meq active O2 kg−1 oil and 0.87 and 1.27 mg MA kg−1 oil, respectively. Fatty acid profile of non‐polar lipid remains unchanged during experimental drying process. However, PUFA (% of total fatty acids) of polar lipid decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during both drying process with lower levels in solar drying process. Drying conditions had a significant effect on the microbiological quality. Therefore, mesophiles and total coliforms increased within drying treatment with higher counts in solar drying process.
Influence of nutrients on proteinase A activity in draft beer during fermentation
Authors: Hao Xin , Xiao Dong‐Guang , Zhang Cui‐Ying , Chen Ye‐Fu
Published: May 2010

With the increase of α‐amino nitrogen concentrations from 90 to 230 mg L−1, proteinase A (PrA) in wort fermentations was showing a downward trend while higher alcohols contents a U‐shaped one. The level of 210 mg L−1of α‐amino nitrogen supplement, at which wort fermentation exhibited a low PrA activity and a level of higher alcohols below the industrial norm (90 mg L−1), was used as the optimised α‐amino nitrogen concentration for further exploring the effect of biotin levels on PrA activity. In the biotin range of 0–65 μg L−1, PrA activity registered the lowest value when biotin level was at 50 μg L−1. Medium with 210 mg L−1of α‐amino nitrogen and 50 μg L−1of biotin was therefore adopted for investigating influences of inorganic salt Fe2(SO4)3, KH2PO4, ZnSO4and MgSO4on PrA production. It was shown that Fe2(SO4)3and KH2PO4had significant influence on PrA production while ZnSO4and MgSO4did not. Based on above findings, an optimised set of nutritive elements was determined and used in fermentation. The results indicated that the activity of PrA reduced by 60% without noticeably effects of the fermentation performance and beer flavour.
Effect of the addition of pumpkin oil cake to gelatin to produce biodegradable composite films
Authors: Popović Senka , Lazić Vera , Popović Ljiljana , Vaštag Žužana , Peričin Draginja
Published: May 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of pumpkin oil cake (PuOC) addition to gelatin in attempt to form biodegradable composite films. Different amounts of PuOC (40–95%) were added to gelatin and films with improved characteristics were made. The best tensile strength (TS) had the film made of 60% gelatin and 40% PuOC, with all used concentration of glycerol, compared to pure gelatin film, made in this work. Elongation to break (EB), increased with increase of PuOC % in films, and when 0.15 and 0.2 g glycerol g−1 protein were used, was two to three times higher then EB of 100% gelatin film, made under the same conditions. Swelling properties, as well as solubility, colour and antioxidant activity were investigated and results showed that film, with similar or improved properties could be produced, when PuOC was added to gelatin.
Optimisation of enzymatic hydrolysis of the by‐products of marine crab processing using mixed enzymes
Authors: Liu Guang‐Ming , Cao Min‐Jie , Yu Hui‐Lin , Hu Yong‐Hua , Zhang Ling‐Jing , Su Wen‐Jin
Published: May 2010

To obtain the optimum conditions for mixed enzyme hydrolysis of the by‐products of marine crab processing (BMCP), response surface methodology (RSM) and orthogonal methodology (OM) were used in this study. RSM results showed that the hydrolysis conditions required for neutrase were as follows: a material/water (M/W) ratio of 1:3, 4.0% enzyme, pH 6.5, temperature (T) = 50 °C, time (t) = 5 h; OM results showed the hydrolysis conditions required for mixed enzymes were a M/W ratio of 1:3, 3.5% enzyme, pH 6.0, T = 55 °C, t = 7 h, and a ratio of mixed enzymes (neutrase:flavorase:papain) of 1:2:1. The mixed enzyme hydrolysate of BMCP contained seventeen types of free amino acids with a total content of amino acids of 51.75 mg g−1, and a content of essential amino acids of 25.42 mg g−1. After spray drying the hydrolysate of the BMCP a powder was obtained, the yield of which was 10.44%. The hydrolysates were used to prepare liquid and semi‐solid natural condiments.
Characteristics of sixteen mung bean cultivars and their protein isolates
Authors: Li Wenhao , Shu Chang , Yan Shuqin , Shen Qun
Published: May 2010

Sixteen mung bean varieties were studied for their proximate composition and protein isolates’ properties. A wide range of variation was observed: crude protein content ranged 24.26–28.50%, crude fibre 3.21–4.18%, crude fat 0.57–1.86%, ash content 3.64–4.24%, moisture 7.49–8.45% and carbohydrates 54.25–58.69%, respectively. The content of protein, ash, fat and moisture in isolated proteins ranged from 69.22% to 74.85%, 2.19% to 3.04%, 0.36% to 0.64% and 8.20% to 9.28%, respectively. The functional properties of isolated proteins analysed including water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, foam stability, emulsifying activity and protein solubility, which ranged from 1.03 g g−1 to 2.78 g g−1, 1.00 mL g−1 to 3.38 mL g−1, 33.00% to 67.50%, 56.00% to 20.00%, 1.77 m2 g−1 to 3.30 m2 g−1 and 28.7% to 65.52%, respectively. Properties of mung bean protein isolates except oil absorption capacity were similar to most of legumes’ but lower than soybean’s. Oil absorption capacity showed negative correlation with nitrogen solubility index.
Identification of four low molecular and water‐soluble proteins from grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds
Authors: Zhou Ting , Li Quanhong , Zhang Jian , Yang Haixia , Zhao Guanghua
Published: May 2010

Profiles of soluble proteins isolated from mature seeds of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) pomace were studied using two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE) coupled with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF–MS). Two‐dimensional gels stained with Coomassie brilliant blue revealed more than fifty protein spots. Four abundant protein spots showing low molecular weight (Mr) and wide isoelectric point (pI) were analysed by MALDI–TOF–MS, resulting in their identification. Taken together, these results suggest that identified proteins may be linked to seed development and metabolism, but more instructive is that they have some potential functions for future food application. These results provide some insights into conversion of grape processing wastes into useful products or even as raw material for other industries.
Characterisation of anti‐Staphylococcus aureus activity of quercetin
Authors: Hirai Itaru , Okuno Mana , Katsuma Reika , Arita Namie , Tachibana Masahiro , Yamamoto Yoshimasa
Published: May 2010

Although many antibiotics are available for the treatment of bacterial infections, the emergence and global spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria is a community‐wide problem. To overcome this problem, we must explore alternative antimicrobials. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of quercetin, a flavonoid present in vegetables and fruits. Quercetin was tested against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria and was found to exert selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Some clinical MRSA strains showed remarkable susceptibility to quercetin. In combination with antibiotics, such as oxacillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, and erythromycin, quercetin showed markedly enhanced antibacterial activity against MRSA. We also report quercetin‐induced aggregation of S. aureus cells; the morphological changes in these cells, as assessed by electron microscopy; and the colony‐spreading ability of quercetin‐sensitive MRSA, all of which revealed the unique antibacterial properties of quercetin against S. aureus.
Effect of fermentation and cooking on protein quality of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars
Authors: Mohiedeen Iman E. , El Tinay Abdullahi H. , Elkhalifa Abd Elmoneim O. , Babiker Elfadil E. , Mallasy L. O.
Published: May 2010

Maize like other cereals shows qualitative and quantitative deficiency in protein content. Efforts were made to correct this by fortification, supplementation and fermentation. Two maize cultivars, Hudeiba 1 and Mugtama 45, were used to study the effect of fermentation followed by cooking on their protein quality. Maize flour was fermented for 32 h; samples were withdrawn at 8 h intervals. Results indicated that the proteins fractions albumins plus globulins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the fermented doughs. This is an indication of improvement in the protein quality of maize. Cooking resulted in significant (P < 0.05) changes in protein solubility. The essential amino acids particularly lysine increased from 1.82 to 2.06 and from 1.88 to 2.60 g/100 g (i.e. an increase of 11.6% and 27.7%) for Hudeiba 1 and Mugtama 45, respectively. The in vitro protein digestibility of cooked samples decreased significantly (P < 0.05); however, the negative effects of cooking were lower than those of unfermented cooked samples.
Determination of lactulose in foods: a review of recent research
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Yang Ruijin , Wang He , Ye Fayin , Zhang Sha , Hua Xiao
Published: May 2010

This article mainly discusses the methods for the determination of lactulose. The methods referred to were spectrophotometric methods, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and other related techniques (such as: capillary electrophoresis, differential pH methods, flow analysis methods). Spectrophotometric methods are suitable both for qualitative and quantitative determination of lactulose with good efficiency and limited costs. Although tedious and time‐consuming preparation of samples is necessary for HPLC and GC methods, both of them afford high resolution and excellent accuracy for lactulose analysis. In addition, other methods (CE, FA and differential pH methods) could also provide reliable results for lactulose determination with relatively simple operation. Various methods of recent research were introduced by analysing the advantages and disadvantages of them.
Determination of ethyl carbamate in Chinese yellow rice wine using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Fu Ming‐liang , Liu Jing , Chen Qi‐he , Liu Xiao‐jie , He Guo‐qing , Chen Ji‐cheng
Published: May 2010

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a naturally occurring component in the fermented products, especially the Chinese yellow rice wine. EC has been found showing a potential for carcinogenity and causing food safety problems. This study is to investigate the application of the existing HPLC‐FLD method to the analysis of EC in Chinese yellow rice wine, and to validate it for EC analysis with high through‐out and applicability in Chinese yellow rice wine sample. The parameters examined in this study were fully evaluated. Results indicated that good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9990, the limit of detection and quantification was 73.2 and 243.9 μg L−1, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 98.30% and 101.30%, and the precision of this method was lower than 5% (RSD). The method conducted in this work was successfully applied to determine EC concentration in Chinese yellow rice wine samples from different origins. The negative correlation between EC formation and urea level in yellow rice wine samples is evaluated with the developed HPLC‐FLD method.
Circulating cytokine levels and antibody responses to human Schistosoma haematobium: IL‐5 and IL‐10 levels depend upon age and infection status
Authors: MILNER T. , REILLY L. , NAUSCH N. , MIDZI N. , MDULUZA T. , MAIZELS R. , MUTAPI F.
Published: May 2010

Experimental schistosome infections induce strong parasite‐specific Th2 responses. This study aims to relate human systemic cytokine and antibody levels to schistosome infection levels and history. Levels of anti‐Schistosoma haematobium antibodies (directed against crude cercariae, egg and adult worm antigens) and plasma cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐17, IL‐21, and IL‐23) were measured by ELISA in 227 Zimbabweans (6–60 years old) in a schistosome‐endemic area and related to age and infection status. Egg‐positive people had significantly higher levels of specific antibodies, IL‐2, IFN‐γ and IL‐23. In contrast, egg‐negative individuals had significantly higher circulating IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐13 and IL‐21 that were detected with high frequency in all participants. Subjects with detectable plasma IL‐17 produced few or no eggs. When analyzed by age, IL‐4 and IL‐10 increased significantly, as did schistosome‐specific antibodies. However, when age was combined with infection status, IL‐5 declined over time in egg‐positive people, while increased with age in the egg‐negative group. Older, lifelong residents had significantly higher IL‐4 and IL‐5 levels than younger egg‐negative people. Thus, a mixed Th1/Th2 systemic environment occurs in people with patent schistosome infection, while a stronger Th2‐dominated suite of cytokines is evident in egg‐negative individuals.
Singing Activity Reveals Personality Traits in Great Tits
Authors: Naguib Marc , Kazek Agnieszka , Schaper Sonja V. , Van Oers Kees , Visser Marcel E.
Published: May 2010

In animal communication, sexually selected signals have been shown to often signal individual attributes such as motivation or quality. Birdsong is among the best studied signalling systems, and song traits vary substantially among individuals. The question remains if variation in signalling also reflects more general and consistent individual characteristics. Such consistent individual differences in behaviour that are relatively stable over time and contexts are referred to as personality or behavioural syndromes. Here, we studied the relation between singing and explorative behaviour, a well‐studied personality trait, using great tits (Parus major) under standardized aviary conditions. The results show that singing activity measured as the number of songs sung in spring prior to breeding correlated with male but not with female explorative behaviour. In contrast, song repertoire was not related to explorative behaviour but varied over the day. The link between explorative and singing behaviour suggests that sexually selected signals are more than signals of quality but can also reflect other intrinsic behavioural characteristics such as personality traits.
Frequency response of implantable blood pressure telemetry systems
Authors: McCormick Daniel , Budgett David M , Lim Matthew K , Van Vliet Bruce , Nielsen Poul F , Hu Aiguo P , Malpas Simon C
Published: May 2010

1. Measurement of blood pressure via telemetry in a variety of animal species has become an indispensable part of cardiovascular physiology, drug development and safety pharmacology.

2. These telemetry systems use fluid‐filled catheters, which differ from commonly encountered indwelling catheters by virtue of their short length, high durometer, variable inner diameter and the use of a gel interface at the distal tip.

3. Despite the widespread use of blood pressure telemetry, there is little information describing the frequency response of these systems. The frequency response is of importance because it determines how well the waveform dynamics, such as pulse pressure, are captured.

4. For this reason, we measured the frequency responses of commonly used telemeters manufactured by Data Sciences International (St Paul, MN, USA; namely PA‐C10, PA‐C40 and PA‐D70) and Telemetry Research (TR43P). The mean (± SEM) –3 dB frequencies measured for the PA‐C10, PA‐C40, PA‐D70 and TR43P telemeters were 57 ± 2 Hz, 40 ± 6 Hz, 32 ± 2 Hz and 173 ± 3 Hz, respectively.

5. Simulation of the devices’ dynamic performance by applying their frequency responses to a high‐fidelity recording of arterial pressure demonstrated that the devices have sufficient bandwidth to accurately record arterial waveform dynamics. Experiments were also performed to determine how routine laboratory use and maintenance of the catheter affects the frequency response of the telemeters. Provided no air bubbles were introduced, these showed that the telemeters’ frequency responses were robust to the maintenance procedures of tip removal and gel application.

6. The frequency response measurements, combined with simulation results, demonstrate that the systems tested have adequate dynamic performance to record arterial pressure.
Time to redefine the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Poulton Alison S
Published: May 2010

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common and difficult problem that is regularly seen in general paediatric practice. Although classified as an independent diagnosis, ODD very commonly coexists with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but in contrast to the latter, there are few studies that deal specifically with ODD and there is a lack of formal management guidelines. However, if ODD was included as a subtype of ADHD, this exclusion would not be sustainable. This would make guidelines more helpful and relevant for Australian paediatricians who currently have little support beyond their own clinical experience in dealing with this often very disabling condition.
The pathology of methylmercury poisoning (Minamata disease)
Authors: Eto Komyo , Marumoto Masumi , Takeya Motohiro
Published: May 2010

Methylmercury (Me‐Hg) poisoning (Minamata disease: MD) is one of the most severe types of disease caused by humans to humans in Japan. The disease is a special class of food‐borne methylmercury intoxication in humans as typified by the outbreak that began in 1953 in Minamata and its vicinity in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. There are 450 autopsy cases in Kumamoto and 30 autopsy cases in Niigata Prefecture related to MD in Japan. Two hundred and one cases in Kumamoto and 22 cases in Niigata showed pathological changes of MD. This report provides a brief research history and overview of the pathological changes of MD, and also presents representative cases of adult, infantile and fetal forms of MD among the 450 MD‐related autopsy cases in Kumamoto Prefecture.
Immunohistochemical and Molecular Studies on Malignant Transformation in Mature Cystic Teratoma of the Ovary
Authors: Yoshioka Tomomi , Tanaka Toshinobu
Published: May 2010

Objectives:To determine a useful tumor marker for detecting squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dermoid cyst, and to find the molecular pathogenesis of this condition.

Methods:In 4 cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dermoid cyst and 22 cases of dermoid cyst, we studied tissue expressions and serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), CA 19‐9 and CA 125, and the mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene.

Results:Three of 4 malignant cases had either positive SCC expressions or elevated serum SCC levels. The mean serum SCC level in benign cases was below the cut‐off level. CA 19‐9 and CA 125 were not detected in squamous cell carcinoma. p53 overexpressions were observed in all malignancies.

Conclusion:These results suggested that the serum SCC might be a useful marker for detecting squamous cell carcinoma arising in a dermoid cyst, and that the mutation of p53 might be one of the genetic events in the malignant transformation of a dermoid cyst.
Eclampsia: Is There a Seasonal Variation in Incidence?
Authors: Jamelle Raana N.
Published: May 2010

Objective: To clarify whether seasonal variation of temperature and humidity has any effect on the incidence of eclampsia. Eclampsia is the second major cause of maternal mortality in Pakistan.

Methods:Data was collected monthwise for the year 1996 from 4 large Govt. teaching hospitals of 4 provincial metropolis of Pakistan. Each province has diverse climate with considerable variation of air temperature and humidity.

Results:There were 395 cases of eclampsia amongst 18,483 deliveries in 1996, giving an incidence of 2.14%.

In Karachi (Sindh Province) with mild hot and humid climate and mild winter months, there was increase in eclampsia cases from April‐July and in September. Otherwise the incidence remained stable.

In Rawalpindi (Punjab Province) with moderately hot summer and cold winter, it was highest in hot season from May to September but was stable in winter. In Peshawar (N.W.F.P) and Quetta (Baluchistan Province) with more severe cold and dry winter the incidence peaked in winter and summer months both.

Conclusions: The pattern of eclampsia cases showed variations in extremes of temperature but it was stable in mild weather. However, the statistical analysis revealed non‐significant relationship of incidence of eclampsia with temperature when analysed by linear regression analysis.
A Case of Mid‐Trimester Intrauterine Fetal Death with Cushing's Syndrome
Authors: Murakami Soh , Saitoh Masahiro , Kubo Takeshi , Kawakami Yasushi , Yamashita Kamejiro
Published: May 2010

A 34‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome after her first pregnancy ended in intrauterine fetal death at 25 weeks' gestation. She subsequently had a successful pregnancy after treatment of her disease. Although patients with Cushing's syndrome rarely conceive, abortion, preterm labor, and intrauterine growth retardation are common when they do.
A. Case of Primary Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Uterine Cervix Treated by Combination Chemotherapy (THP‐COP)
Authors: Nasu Kaei , Yoshimatsu Jun , Urata Kenichiro , Miyakawa Isao
Published: May 2010

We present a case of primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the uterine cervix, Ann Arbor stage IE. This 64‐year‐old multiparous Japanese woman showed markedly elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) at the time of diagnosis. Combination chemotherapy was administered and consisted of pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisolone (THP‐COP). After 3 courses of such therapy, the serum levels of LDH and of sIL‐2R decreased within normal limits, and the patient achieved a complete remission.
Ultrashort‐Time FISH for Identification of the Sex of Peripheral‐Blood Lymphocytes and Preimplantation Embryos
Authors: Ikeda Toshiro , Fujino Toshinori , Nagata Yukihiro
Published: May 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to shorten the time required for sex determination using peripheral‐blood lymphocytes and blastomeres of human preimplantation embryos by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Methods: Peripheral‐blood lymphocytes from a male and a female, and 8 blastomeres from 2 preimplantation embryos were analyzed by FISH. The probes used were DYZ1 and DXZ1. The hybridization time was shortened from overnight to 30 minutes or 5 minutes, and the accuracy of FISH was compared between 5‐minute, 30‐minute and overnight hybridization.

Results: The accuracy of the identification of the sex of lymphocytes by 5‐minute hybridization FISH was more than 90%, and was the same as that achieved by 30‐minute‐ and overnight hybridization FISH. In 5‐minute hybridization FISH, the entire process was only 63 minutes. Of the 8 blastomeres, it was possible to identify the sex of 5 and was impossible to determine the sex of 1, with 2 being lost during the procedure.

Conclusions: We have established an ultrashort‐time FISH method for sex determination that takes only 63 minutes.
The First 2 Case Reports of Frozen Embryo Donation Twin Pregnancies in Singapore: Hormonal Profiles and Obstetrical Outcome
Authors: Chan Clement L. K. , Kumar Jothi , Yong Eu L. , Fong Chui Y. , Bongso Ariff , Ng Soon C.
Published: May 2010

A 35‐year‐old woman with premature ovarian failure and another 30‐year‐old woman with gonadal dysgenesis were the recepients of donated supernumerous frozen embryos after successfully prepared with cyclic steroid replacement therapy as described previously.1,2)

One patient received 4 and the second 2 frozen embryos, transferred transcer‐vically on the 3rd day of progesterone administration. Both patients had viable twin pregnancies. The plasma βhCG levels for both patients at 2 weeks post replacement (4 weeks gestation) were lower than the median values in our normal, uncomplicated singleton pregnancy for the same gestation. The levels after 4 weeks post‐replacement (6 weeks gestation) became comparable. Plasma progesterone profiles suggested a level of above 70 ng/ml would be enough to support the twin pregnancies.

The first patient developed antepartum haemorrhage of unknown origin at 34 weeks of gestation preceding preterm premature rupture of membranes and subsequently had preterm labour. The second patient developed proteinuric hypertension at 33 weeks of gestation. Both ended in a lower segment cesarean section.

Both sets of twins and their mothers were discharged well.
Comparison of Lytic Cocktail and Magnesium Sulphate Regimens in Eclampsia: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Sawhney Harjeet , Vasishta Kala , Rani Kamla
Published: May 2010

Retrospective analysis of eclamptic patients was done during two time periods. In time period A (Jan. 1987‐Dec. 1988), 79 patients of eclampsia were treated with lytic cocktail and in time period B (April 1992‐April 1994), 104 eclamptic patients were treated with magnesium sulfate. The severity of disease, details of labour, delivery, incidence of persistent convulsions and the maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared. Incidence of persistent convulsions was significantly lower with magnesium sulphate (4.8%) compared to lytic cocktail (26.6%). No difference was observed in duration of labour and mode of delivery. Perinatal mortality was significantly lower in magnesium sulphate treated group. Maternal mortality was similar in both the groups (lytic cocktail‐3.8%, Magnesium sulphate‐2.9%).
Inhibitory Effects of Catecholamines and Maternal Stress on Aromatase Activity in the Fetal Rat Brain
Authors: Jimbo Masatoshi , Okubo Kazutoshi , Toma Yoshiro , Shimizu Yukiko , Saito Hiroshi , Yanaihara Takumi
Published: May 2010

Objective: Aromatization in the the fetal brain is thought to be involved both in sex differentiation during early development and in adult sexual behavior. Although recently the relationship between aromatase and catecholamine has been disscussed, the effect of stress on aromatase in the fetal brain has not been clarified. Therefore, in the present study, localization of aromatase and the inhibitory effects of catecholamines and maternal stress on aromatase activity in the fetal rat brain were examined.

Methods: Localization of aromatase cytochrome P‐450 using a specific poly‐clonal antiserum against human placenta aromatase was examined, and the inhibitory effects of dopamine and norepinephrine on aromatase activity in vitro were studied. Further, the influences of intrauterine stress on aromatase activity in the prenatal rat brain were evaluated in vivo.

Results: Aromatase‐immunoreactive neurons are located principally in the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Aromatase activity in the fetal rat brain was competitively inhibited by dopamine and norepinephrine, with Ki values of 120/XM and 100 JIM, respectively. Aromatase activity in the fetal brain was significantly lower in stressed rats given 1.5% salt water (89.2 ± 17.5 fmol/mg/hr; n = 4) (p < 0.05) than in the control group (123.1 ±10.0 fmol/mg/hr; n = 4).

Conclusion: Aromatase activity in the prenatal rat brain is influenced by catecholamine metabolism during intrauterine stress.
A Prospective, Open, Randomized Clinical Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Two Gonadotropin Preparations Administered in WHO Group II Anovulatory Subfertile Women
Authors: Ernest Ng Hung‐yu , Flora Tang Oi‐shan , William So Wai‐Ki , Pak‐chung Ho
Published: May 2010

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of 2 gonadotropin preparations in inducing ovulation in clomiphene‐resistant WHO Group II anovulatory subfertile women.

Methods: Twenty patients were randomized to receive either Metrodin intramuscularly or Metrodin HP subcutaneously and underwent 45 treatment cycles. A maximum of 3 cycles were offered unless conception or severe adverse reaction occurred. The presence of redness, swelling, bruising and pain of the injection sites was noted and compared.

Results:Seven patients became pregnant (3 in the Metrodin group and 4 in the Metrodin HP group) and the pregnancy rates per patient and per cycle were 7/20 (35%) and 7/45 (15.6%), respectively. No local reactions were found in the majority of cycles. There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates and the number of cycles complicated by bruise, pain, itching, redness or swelling between these 2 groups.

Conclusions: This clinical study shows that in WHO Group II anovulatory patients Metrodin HP administered subcutaneously by self‐injection is as safe and effective as Metrodin administered intramuscularly in inducing ovulation.