bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of tribulus terrestris methanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study
Authors: Azarm Ali , Ayoobi Fatemeh , Zare-Bidaki Mohammad , Taheri Mohammad , Zarandi Ebrahim Rezazadeh
Published: October 2024

Background:

Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract has shown good antibacterial activity against some bacteria. However, there are limited data on its cariogenic properties. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TT extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sorbinus), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) as the important cariogenic bacteria.

Materials and Methods:

This study was designed in an experimental model (in vitro). Phytochemical tests were carried out to detect herbal compounds in the TT extract. Agar well diffusion was performed to compare the extract (500–62.5 mg/mL) with different concentrations of chlorhexidine (2–0.25 mg/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the TT extract and chlorhexidine were also determined. The lowest concentration showing ≥50% inhibition of biofilm formation (MBIC50) was determined using crystal violet assay. Further, the time-kill assay (Log of CFU/mL) was performed, and acid production (pH) was measured at 1 × MIC concentration in 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Data analysis conducted using SPSS software (v26, IBM) involved One-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc tests, and t-test to compare concentrations and groups. Significance level is set at 0.05.

Results:

The TT extract mostly consisted of flavonoids. Its inhibition zones in the well diffusion test were statistically comparable with chlorhexidine in some concentrations (P > 0.05). The MIC of the TT extract was 15.625 mg/mL for all tested bacteria, whereas the MBC ranged from 31.25 to 62.5 mg/mL. Further, the MBIC50 ranged from 7.8125 to 15.625 mg/mL for the extract. Time-kill assay showed that the bactericidal activity of the TT extract lasted for 8, 12, and 2 h for S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. acidophilus, respectively. The acid production decreased obviously after 8 h.

Conclusion:

The TT extract showed good time-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, as well as acid production inhibition, against cariogenic bacteria in laboratory experiments.
Usefulness and Safety of Hybrid Uterine Septal Dissection
Authors: Saeki Shinichiro , Fukui Atsushi , Yamaya Ayano , Shibahara Hiroaki
Published: October 2024

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and utility of hybrid uterine septal resection.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective cohort trial included 16 patients who underwent hybrid uterine septal resection at Hyogo Medical University Hospital between January 2017 and September 2021. Hysteroscopic uterine septum resection was performed in 16 patients, whereas 5 patients with vaginal septal complications underwent an additional vaginal septectomy under supervision by thin laparoscopy and fluoroscopy. The main outcome measures were pregnancy success rate and procedure safety.

Results:

The results showed that the median operative time was 77 (46–114) min, and no cases of intraoperative or postoperative adverse events were identified. The postoperative pregnancy rate was 100.0% (7/7) and the live birth rate was 71% (5/7) in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Among women with infertility, the postoperative pregnancy rate was 55.5% (5/9), and the live birth rate was 20% (1/5).

Conclusion:

These findings indicate that our hybrid septal resection technique reduces patient burden and ensures safe and reliable surgery, with good results in terms of postoperative complications, pregnancy, and miscarriage rates.
Evaluation of Postoperative Adhesions in a Subsequent Cesarean Section Following the Use of Dextrin Hydrogel Spray as Adhesion Barrier for Laparoscopic Myomectomy
Authors: Wada Shinichiro , Fukushi Yoshiyuki , Shimabukuro Tomono , Matsumoto Sachiko , Nishimura Mai , Nakatani Makiko , Nakajima Ayako
Published: October 2024

Objectives:

Laparoscopic myomectomy (LM) is a procedure with a high rate of postoperative adhesions, which can lead to complications such as bowel obstruction and subsequent surgical problems, making anti-adhesion measures important. Various anti-adhesion materials are already on the market and have shown efficacy, but dextrin hydrogel spray (AdSpray™), an anti-adhesion material launched in 2017, has not yet been reported in the field of gynecology, although there are papers showing its usefulness in the surgical field such as repeat hepatectomy and ileostomy closure. Thereby, we investigated the postoperative status of AdSpray™ in LM.

Materials and Methods:

We report 24 cases in which AdSpray™ was used at Teine Keijinkai Hospital from 2018 to 2021 for LM, followed by cesarean section (CS) from 2019 to 2022. Adverse effects related to AdSpray™ and the presence of uterine adhesions in CS were examined.

Results:

Adhesions were observed in 4 (16.7%) cases, none of which resulted in significant adverse effects of AdSpray™.

Conclusion:

AdSpray™ was effective in preventing adhesion and may be an option as an anti-adhesion material in LM.
A novel case of Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome: Focus on hearing and language rehabilitation
Authors: Caragli Valeria , Genovese Elisabetta , Parretta Sara , Pellegrino Michele , Ciorba Andrea
Published: October 2024

Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome (TKS) is a rare congenital condition, caused by a mutation in the cell division cycle 42 gene. This gene typo impacts various physiological processes, including hearing, hematopoiesis, immunologic functioning, and neurodevelopment. Despite the high prevalence of hearing impairment in TKS, existing literature has concentrated primarily on pharmacological treatments for hematoimmunologic diseases. This case report presents a novel case of TKS, highlighting the importance of audiological assessment and rehabilitating interventions in children with TKS. We discuss the case of a prematurely born boy who was diagnosed with TKS and who presented with profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and associated developmental delays. Following comprehensive audiological evaluation and intervention – including hearing aids, sign language, and alternative augmentative communication systems – a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to enhance his communicative abilities. From this study, it emerges the increasing need for tailored rehabilitation strategies for TKS patients to improve communication skills and overall quality of life. Further researches are needed to develop standardized protocols for assessment and treatment in patients with TKS.
Association between preoperative denosumab and the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant cell tumor of bone: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Sun Ziwei , Wu Zheyu , Zhang Luosheng , Jia Qi , Zhou Zhenhua , Xiao Jianru
Published: October 2024

Objectives:

This meta-analysis aimed at determining the association between preoperative denosumab and the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant cell tumors of the bone.

Methods and Materials:

Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PubMed were comprehensively searched on April 20th, 2022. Data from the included articles were analyzed using meta-analysis. The bias of all included studies was evaluated according to ROBINS-I. Also, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed.

Results:

Eight studies with 1270 cases (195 in the denosumab group and 1075 in the control group) were eventually included. Patients receiving denosumab before curettage had a higher risk of local recurrence than those who underwent curettage alone (odds ratio: 2.29, 95% confidence intervals: 1.44–3.64, P = 0.0005). The denosumab group showed a significantly higher risk of local recurrence in most subgroup analyses, except for those with preoperative denosumab duration ≤six months/doses (P = 0.66) and sample size ranging from 100 to 180 (P = 0.69).

Conclusion:

Denosumab before curettage may increase the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant cell tumor of the bone. Preoperative denosumab should be used with caution after weighing an increased risk of local recurrence against the clinical benefits and a duration time of less than six months before surgery is recommended.
Comparison of Retreatability of AH Plus Sealer and Bioceramic Sealer with Solvent, Retreatment Files and Diode Laser: A CBCT and SEM Analysis
Authors: Sapana Sapana , Arya Ashtha , Nandanwar Anjali , Nagar Rohit , Roy Pragna , Tekam Deepashri
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Aim:

The present study evaluated the retreatability of canals obturated using AH Plus sealer and Bioceramic (BC) sealers, employing Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Methodology:

A group of 90 extracted premolars was classified into two main categories based on whether they were sealed with AH Plus or BC Sealer. Each of these categories was then divided into two subcategories according to the retreatment technique applied. CBCT and SEM were used to assess the residual filling material within the canals.

Results:

The findings showed that there was no marked statistical variation in the retreatment success of canals sealed with BC and AH Plus sealers.

Conclusion:

The diode laser was the most effective modality for eliminating root canal filling materials in the least amount of time. None of the retreatment modalities used removed the obturating material completely.
Reliability of Three Pain Assessment Tools in Children Requiring Dental Treatment: A Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Naik Rutika , Arvind Singh Anu , Patel Chhaya B. , Biradar Amarnath , Patil Prasannakumari S. , Kulkarni Manasi , Joshi Poonam
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Accurate pain assessment in pediatric dental patients is crucial for effective pain management and treatment planning.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 120 children aged 6-12 years, requiring dental treatment, were enrolled in this study. Each child was assessed using the three pain scales after undergoing a standardized dental procedure. The assessments were performed by two independent evaluators to determine inter-rater reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of each tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA to compare the mean pain scores across the three scales.

Results:

The mean pain scores reported were 4.3 ± 1.2 for the VAS, 4.5 ± 1.4 for the FPS-R, and 4.2 ± 1.3 for the WBFPRS. The ICC values for inter-rater reliability were 0.88 for the VAS, 0.86 for the FPS-R, and 0.90 for the WBFPRS, indicating high reliability for all tools. However, the WBFPRS showed slightly higher reliability compared to the other scales. No significant differences were found in pain scores across the three tools (P = 0.72).

Conclusion:

All three pain assessment tools demonstrated high reliability in assessing pain in pediatric dental patients. The Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale showed the highest inter-rater reliability, suggesting it may be the most reliable tool for clinical use in this population.
Association of Physical Fitness with Leisure Time Physical Activity in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Attarde Geetanjali N. , Ravindran R.
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background:

Physical fitness of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) is related to their upper limb strength and range of motion. A change in these factors may impact their participation in physical fitness, and consequently leisure time activities. The objective of the study was to examine an association of physical fitness with leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in people with SCI.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among 30 male and female participants with SCI. Physical fitness and LTPA were assessed using a 6-min push test and physical activity recall assessment for people with SCI, respectively. Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient was used to estimate the correlation between physical fitness and LTPA in persons with SCI.

Results:

The mean age of the participants was 33.6 ± 7.73) years. This study found a positive weak to no correlation between physical fitness and LTPA in individuals with SCI (r
s = 0.1008) that was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.596). In this study, 28 (93.33%) participants had good physical fitness, and 19 (63.33%) participants performed LTPA for 20 min or more in a day, whereas 11 (36.67%) performed less than 20 min per day.

Conclusion:

Though most of the participants had good physical fitness, they performed only exercise-based activities such as walking with orthosis, pushups exercises, and resistance training exercises for upper limb muscles in their leisure time. They did not participate in LTPA such as sports, gardening, swimming, and other recreational activities. Furthermore, studies can be done to understand the perception of physiotherapists and SCI individuals toward the participation of LTPAs.
Zinc as An Emerging Therapy in the Management of Migraine: A Systematic Review
Authors: Singhal Shubha , Dutta Sudeshna B. , Bansal Sumit , Dutta Siddhartha , Shah Rima B.
Published: October 2024

Migraine, a common neurological condition, is characterized by a chronic and recurring headache that affects numerous people globally. Several drugs are available for the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine with their shortfalls. Zinc could play a role in migraine management because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was planned to systematically review the scientific databases to gather evidence regarding the role of zinc in the management of migraine. The protocol was registered with the PROSPERO (CRD42023398478). Three databases PubMed, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched with the keywords “migraine”, “migraine disorders” and “zinc”. A literature search led to the retrieval of 35 studies; of these five studies (2 clinical trials and 3 observational studies) were comprised in a systematic review. Clinical trials’ risk of bias assessment is low. The review suggested a positive role of zinc in managing migraine however, the evidence requires further strengthening. The available clinical literature on the effectiveness of zinc in migraines is limited; hence, more robust and large clinical trials are required to support the role of zinc in migraines.
Research Progress of Novel Inorganic Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ding Ning , Lei Yining , Hu Yuanyuan , Wei Jiping , Wang Wei , Zhang Ruyi , Cai Fei
Published: October 2024

The global increase in the number of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients has posed numerous treatment challenges. Six Food and Drug Administration-approved medications (e.g., donepezil and memantine) have demonstrated some efficacy but are primarily used to alleviate symptoms. The etiology of AD is unknown, and the blood-brain barrier restricts drug penetration, which severely restricts the use of various therapeutic agents. With their high targeting, long-lasting effect, and multifunctionality, inorganic nanomaterials provide a novel approach to the treatment of AD. A review of inorganic nanoparticles in the diagnosis and therapy of AD. This paper reviews the research literature on the use of inorganic nanomaterials in the treatment of AD. Gold nanoparticles, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots are among the inorganic nanomaterials studied. As knowledge of the origins of AD remains limited, the majority of studies on inorganic nanomaterials have primarily focused on interventions on Aβ proteins. Adjusting and enhancing the properties of these inorganic nanomaterials, such as core-shell structure design and surface modification, confer benefits for the treatment of AD. Inorganic nanoparticles have a wide spectrum of therapeutic potential for AD. Despite their potential benefits, however, the safety and translation of inorganic nanomaterials into clinical applications remain formidable obstacles.
Current Trends in Modalities of Pain Assessment: A Narrative Review
Authors: Chandra Sarangi S , Pooja Gupta , Kaur Makkar T , Ramesh Dodamani
Published: October 2024

Pain is a common complaint among a spectrum of diseases. Although an ideal objective method of pain assessment is lacking, several validated tools are available for use in clinical research and practice. The tool considerations are based upon the parameters to be assessed and factors specific to patient, disease, and availability of instruments. This review classifies and brings the key aspects of currently available pain assessment tools on a single platform to ease the selection process for researchers/practitioners. The tools utilized for pain assessment were collected from articles available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases and classified into the following domains: unidimensional, multi-dimensional, investigation-based, and computerized algorithm-based tools. Their purpose of use and limitations are reviewed. The unidimensional scales are used to describe only the characteristics of pain, like intensity (e.g. numerical rating scale), type (e.g. neuropathic pain questionnaire), or pattern. In contrast, multi-dimensional tools, like Mc Gill Questionnaire, assess not only pain as an individual symptom but also its influence on physical functioning and general well-being. However, certain components like ethnicity, age, cognitive impairment, sedation, and emotion become a limiting factor in selecting the scale. In addition to these scales, a potential role of parameters such as biopotentials/markers has also been shown in pain assessment. Last, artificial intelligence is also being applied in evaluation of pain. Pain measurement is subjective in nature as assessed through questionnaires and observational tools. Currently, multi-dimensional approaches of pain assessment are available, which can lead to precision pain management.
Value-Based, No-Cost-To-Patient Neurosurgery at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore: The Success Story
Authors: Murali Sanjay Honavalli , Thakar Sumit , Chandrasekhar D.V , Rajarathnam Ravikiran , Aryan Saritha
Published: October 2024

The Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust (SSSCT) was founded in 1972 as a public charitable trust with the objectives of providing free education, healthcare, and public utility benefits without any discrimination. The neurosurgery department at the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences (SSSIHMS), Bangalore, one of SSSCT’s many hospitals, has been offering comprehensive services with state-of-the-art facilities for a diverse range of disorders since 2001. Operating on a unique “no-cost-to-patient” model and guided by an ethos of altruism introduced by its founder Sri Sathya Sai Baba, the department has successfully provided high-quality neurosurgical care to a large number of patients. This article reviews the genesis of the department, its milestones over more than two decades, and the contributions of leaders who have played an important role in shaping the department.
Acquired Demyelination Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: 10 Years Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre in North India
Authors: Chakrabarty Biswaroop , Gulati Sheffali , Madaan Priyanka , Kumar Atin , Sondhi Vishal , Dubey Rachna , Gupta Juhi , Pandey R M
Published: October 2024

Background:

The childhood central nervous system (CNS) acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) can be monophasic or recurrent, with both having considerable overlap in the first decade of life.

Objectives:

The objective of the study was to describe clinical and radiological features, immunological characteristics, response to therapy and difference between monophasic and first episode of recurrent disorders of pediatric-onset CNS ADS.

Methods:

Case records of all patients presenting with CNS ADS to the Department of Pediatrics between January 2009 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Those with complete records and at least 12 months follow up were included for analysis.

Results:

Overall 95 case records were reviewed (66 monophasic: 20 ADEM and 46 CIS, 29 recurrent: 18 MS, 9 NMOSD, and 2 multiphasic ADEM). The median age of the cohort was 7 years (range: 1-12) and nearly two-thirds (62/95) were males. All acute cases were treated with intravenous pulse followed by tapering oral steroid therapy. All the recurrent entities received azathioprine with rituximab in few. Certain clinical and radiological features of CIS and immune and inflammatory characteristics in CSF were found to be significantly different in monophasic cases compared to first episode of recurrent cases.

Conclusions:

The CNS ADS show favourable response to immunotherapy. Azathioprine may be an effective long term immunomodulator, particularly in resource limited settings. Certain clinical, radiological and immunological features may differentiate monophasic illness from first episode of recurrent disorder.
Keyhole Alternatives to Pterional Craniotomy for the Microsurgical Clipping of Anterior Circulation Aneurysms: Technical Pearls, Surgical Results, and a Case Selection Algorithm
Authors: Das Kuntal K. , Mehrotra Anant , Jaiswal Awadhesh K. , Sahu Vipin , Dange Preetham , Dikshit Priyadarshi , Pattankar Sanjeev , Verma Pawan K. , Bhaisora Kamlesh S. , Srivastava Arun K. , Kumar Raj
Published: October 2024

Background:

Despite a recent surge in keyhole approaches to aneurysm clipping, only few studies have compared these approaches, and none have laid any foundation or roadmap for surgeons newly venturing into these procedures.

Objectives:

To report a single surgeon’s experience of multiple keyhole approaches to these aneurysms, and to highlight the case selection algorithm, technical nuances, and surgical results.

Material and Methods:

Twenty-four patients (25 aneurysms) underwent aneurysm clipping using either a mini-pterional approach (MPA), lateral supraorbital approach (LSO), or a supraorbital keyhole approach (SOKHA). Intraoperative premature rupture, adequacy of clipping, and immediate postoperative and long-term functional outcomes were recorded.

Results:

All but five patients presented with ruptured aneurysms (Hunt and Hess grade 1 in 12 patients, grade 2 in 5 patients, and grade 3 in 2 patients). The anterior communicating artery (A-Comm; n = 14, 56%) was most frequently involved with aneurysms. The MPA was most frequently employed (n = 11, 45.8%), followed by the LSO (n = 9, 37.5%) and the SOKHA (n = 4, 16.7%). An intraoperative rupture (total n = 5, 20.8%) was most frequently seen in the SOKHA group (50%) and the only case of inadequate aneurysm clipping resulted from inadequate clipping ergonomics during the SOKHA for A-Comm aneurysm. Major complications occurred in the supraorbital approaches (one each in the LSO and SOKHA). Irrespective of the approach used, the long-term outcomes were excellent.

Conclusion:

In properly selected patients, keyhole approaches—particularly the MPA and the LSO—can provide excellent surgical outcomes. The learning curve in the SOKHA is steeper. A pragmatic case selection algorithm is proposed.
Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Patients’ Choice of Thrombolytic Agent and its Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Rebello Alex , Pattanayak Shiva Narayan , Hameer Subhangi Thakur , Varshney Megha , Goyal Manoj Kumar , Modi Manish , Lal Vivek
Published: October 2024

Background and Objective:

Alteplase, a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only FDA-approved thrombolytic drug in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Tenecteplase is a modified rtPA, which is cheaper. We aimed to study influence of socioeconomic status (SES) in patients’ preference of thrombolytic agent and its outcome.

Methods:

This prospective observational study conducted in PGIMER, a tertiary care center in India, recruited AIS patients thrombolyzed between July 2017 and September 2018. We studied variables including SES, thrombolytic agent chosen, and outcomes like National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 24-h and at discharge; and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after 3 months.

Results:

Thirty-nine patients received tenecteplase and 39 patients received alteplase. Seven patients belonged to upper class, all of whom (100%) chose alteplase. Thirty patients belonged to upper middle class, of whom 25 (83.3%) and five (16.7%) patients chose alteplase and tenecteplase, respectively. Twenty-five patients belonged to lower middle class in which seven (28%) and 15 (72%) chose alteplase and Tenecteplase, respectively. Twenty patients were in upper lower class, of whom 4 (20%) and 16 (80%) chose alteplase and Tenecteplase, respectively. The difference in distribution of SES in tenecteplase and alteplase groups was significant (P = 0.000). Median 3 month-mRS scores were 3 and 3.5 in alteplase and tenecteplase groups, respectively (P = 0.608). There were no significant differences in NIHSS score improvement at 24 h postthrombolysis (P = 0.537) or at discharge (P = 0.429) among different SES categories. No correlation between SES and 3 month-mRS score was found (Spearman’s ρ = 0.101, P = 0.398).

Conclusions:

Majority of patients in upper and lower SES chose alteplase and Tenecteplase, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in outcomes among various SES categories.
Trapping Combined Double-bypass to Manage Unruptured Giant Thrombosed MCA Aneurysm
Authors: Jin Lide , Tao Weihua , Li Xuehua , Qian Xiying , Zhou Hu , Zhao Jianhua , Yang Shuaifeng
Published: October 2024

Management of giant complex thrombosed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is challenging. Most giant MCA aneurysms possess some unfavorable features, such as incorporation of key MCA branches, efferent or perforating vessels originating from the sac, mural calcifications, intraluminal thrombi, or fusiform configurations. Due to these peculiar features, traditional clipping or simple endovascular coiling is generally not able to treat these aneurysms. Consequently, multiple revascularizations are needed for trapping the aneurysms. Here we used a simpler, low-flow double-bypass (frontal and parietal branch of superficial temporal artery-M4 MCA bypasses) over the high-flow saphenous vein or radial artery bypass grafts to manage unruptured giant thrombosed MCA aneurysm with preexisting ischemic injury.
Radiosurgery for Facial Pain: A Narrative Review
Authors: Deora Harsh , Tripathi Manjul
Published: October 2024

The surgical treatment of pain has been an integral part of neurosurgery since the early 20th century when Harvey Cushing pioneered ganglionectomy for trigeminal neuralgia. Over the ensuing years, as anatomic and physiologic knowledge of pain systems grew, new techniques aimed at new targets were developed for various pain conditions. Our objective was to provide an informative and up-to-date summary of radiosurgery for chronic facial pain, emphasizing trigeminal neuralgia and discussing the advantages and challenges of this modality. A PubMed search with keywords (“trigeminal neuralgia” or “cluster headache” or “glossopharyngeal neuralgia”) and (“radiosurgery”) and (“systematic review” or “review”) was conducted. Relevant publications in English published from January 2000 to May 2022 were screened manually for their title, abstract, and even full text to determine their relevance. References from the searched articles were also searched as other supplementary articles. We excluded original articles and personal series from the analysis and only considered systematic reviews to maintain the transparency in the record. A total of 19 studies for trigeminal neuralgia (n > 100), 52 cases of cluster headache, and 42 cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia were found. Radiosurgery remains the safest among various treatment options with equitable pain control with other percutaneous procedures. MVD remains the gold standard for long-term pain control. There is no difference in efficacy or tolerance between patients treated with gamma knife, linear accelerator, or CyberKnife. The minimum recommended prescription dose was 70 Gy (level of evidence II), and the maximum dose was 90 Gy (level of evidence III) in a single fraction. Radiosurgery provides 5-year pain control in 50% of patients without medication (85% of patients with/without medication) with an average latency period of 1–3 months. Approximately 8–15% of patients will experience a recurrence of pain after an average period of 1 year. Prospective pain relief will be about 60% at 3 years, 40% at 7 years, and 37% in 10 years. The main complication was facial hypoesthesia occurring in 25–50% of patients within 6 months–3 years and disabling in 10% of cases. Cluster headache and glossopharyngeal neuralgia are emerging conditions for treatment with GKRS, although long-term efficacy remains to be studied. Having searched PubMed and other databases and summarized the application of radiosurgery for facial pain, we concluded that radiosurgery is undoubtedly a promising tool for chronic facial pain, but further studies are needed to realize its long-term efficiency and advanced applications of the same.
Perspectives on Career Paths Available to the Indian Neurosurgery Graduate
Authors: Agrawal Mohit , Doddamani Ramesh , Dash Chinmaya , Mittal Piyush
Published: October 2024

Healthcare in India is primarily divided into two systems. On one hand, there are academic institutes administered by hospitals, which are aided by central and state governments/charitable trusts and cater primarily to the disadvantaged. On the other hand, there is private practice (either in an individual capacity or in a corporate setting). One of the most difficult decisions that a residency graduate or fellow in India must make concerns where and how to start one’s career – in academics or in private practice. Both have their pros and cons, which are discussed here.
Novel Missense Mutation in GJB1 Gene Leading to X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease in Young Male: A Case Report
Authors: Patra Priyanka
Published: October 2024

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. As more genes are identified and overlapping of neuropathy phenotypes, the traditional classification of CMT often proves inadequate. A young male with typical clinical features was suspected to have CMT, but family history about the inheritance pattern and distinct features suggestive of particular subtypes were lacking. He was directly evaluated by whole exome sequencing (WES). The libraries from extracted DNA were sequenced on Illumina sequencing platform. The variant detected in WES was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. WES shows a likely pathogenic hemizygous missense variation in exon 2 of the gap junction protein beta 1(GJB1) gene (chrX: 70444104; C > T; Depth: 66x) that results in the substitution of cysteine for arginine at codon 183 (p.Arg183Cys). This novel variation expands the spectrum of GJB1 mutations associated with X-linked CMT (CMTX) to establish a specific genetic cause.
The prevention and response to infectious diseases in long-term care facilities in Korea: a nationwide survey
Authors: Na Sun Hee , Eom Joong Sik , Kim Sun Bean , Yoon Hyung Jin , Yoo So Yeon , Cha Kyeong Sook , Choi Jong Rim , Choi Ji Youn , Han Si Hyeon , Park Jin Ju , Kim Tark , Lee Jacob
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES: Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are communal environments for patients with chronic diseases or older adults, making them particularly susceptible to significant harm during infectious disease outbreaks. Nonetheless, LTCFs have historically been subject to less stringent infection prevention and control (IPC) mandates. This study aimed to assess the current state of LTCFs and to develop an IPC system tailored for these facilities following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.METHODS: We conducted an online survey of 11,366 LTCFs in Korea from December 30, 2022 to January 20, 2023, to evaluate the components of IPC in LTCFs. The infectious diseases targeted for IPC included COVID-19, influenza, and scabies. Additionally, we compared institution-based and home-based long-term care insurance facilities.RESULTS: Overall, 3,537 (31.1%) LTCFs responded to the survey, comprising 1,819 (51.4%) institution-based and 1,718 (48.6%) home-based facilities. A majority (87.4%, 2,376/2,720) of these facilities experienced COVID-19 outbreaks. However, only 42.2% of home-based facilities, in contrast to 90.6% of institution-based facilities, were equipped to manage concurrent COVID-19 cases. Similarly, while 92.1% of institution-based facilities were capable of managing influenza, only 50.5% of home-based facilities could do the same. The incidence of scabies was significantly higher in institution-based facilities than in home-based ones (26.1 vs. 4.3%). Additionally, 88.7% of institution-based facilities managed scabies cases effectively, compared to only 42.1% of home-based facilities.CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the LTCFs had a basic capacity to respond to infectious diseases. However, there were differences in response capabilities between institution-based facilities and home-based facilities.
Pathogenesis and research progress of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Shan Guan-Yue , Wan Hui , Zhang Yu-Xin , Cheng Jun-Ya , Qiao Duan-Rui , Liu Yi-Ying , Shi Wen-Na , Li Hai-Jun
Published: October 2024

In this editorial, we comment on the article by Mei et al . Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe inflammatory subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with pathological features including steatosis, hepatocellular damage, and varying degrees of fibrosis. With the epidemic of metabolic diseases and obesity, the prevalence of NAFLD in China has increased, and it is now similar to that in developed countries; thus, NAFLD has become a major chronic liver disease in China. Human epidemiological data suggest that estrogen has a protective effect on NASH in premenopausal women and that sex hormones influence the development of liver disease. This review focuses on the pathogenesis, treatment, and relationship between NASH and other diseases as well as on the relationship between NASH and sex hormone metabolism, with the aim of providing new strategies for the treatment of NASH.
Bioactive constituents and action mechanism of Xiaoyao San for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Qiu Xiao-Xia , Li Zheng
Published: October 2024

Xiaoyao San (XYS) is a classic Chinese medicine prescription. It is traditionally used to relieve syndrome of “liver stagnation and spleen deficiency”, a common syndrome type in traditional Chinese medicine, through soothing liver, tonifying spleen, and nourishing blood. Correspondingly, XYS has long application in the treatment of depression, dyspepsia and liver diseases. Given the rising of cutting-edge researches on XYS, there’s a significant need to diligently uncover the bioactive constituents and action mechanisms of XYS for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease accordingly.
Development Assistance as Benelux Countries’ Foreign Policy Tool: Structural and Transformational Aspects
Authors: Posazhennikova A. A.
Published: October 2024

The article discusses the use of development assistance as a foreign policy tool by the Benelux countries, namely Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The paper aims to answer the question whether the development assistance provided by the Benelux states corresponds to their political statements which cite this policy area as a soft power instrument, or the three approaches to development assistance rather reflect other goals, e.g. beneficial economic cooperation with developing countries. The article analyzes international statistical data, sociological surveys and official development assistance-related documents, using qualitative historical and descriptive as well as genealogical and historical methods to trace the evolution of the three countries’ approaches. The concepts of small and middle powers, to which the Benelux countries belong, and the concept of soft power constitute the theoretical and methodological framework of the research. The article concludes that the Benelux countries’ approaches to development assistance are different, complex and changeable. The pursuit of economic goals helps explain at least some of the three states’ geographic and functional priorities, which translate into defining countries where Benelux’ companies are situated as key partners or specializing in the development assistance areas where these companies can be involved. This pursuit is most clearly evident in the Dutch approach, while Luxembourg seems to value soft power function more as it enhances the country’s image as one of the most generous donors and a responsible member of the international community. Unlike Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium show a downward trend in the amount of assistance allocated (with the exception of 2015 and 2022), amid doubts about the effectiveness of development assistance and securitization of this area; however, the ongoing public debates keep relevant the use of development assistance as soft power  vis-à-vis the countries of the Global South.
Growth of Indigofera zolingeriana with differences in source of cuttings and planting media
Authors: Merani Jeki Romelus , Rumetor Sientje D. , Sawen Diana
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the effect of different cutting types and planting media on the growth of Indigofera zollingeriana, a valuable forage crop. The research used a factorial randomized block design (2 x 2) with 40 experimental units. The treatments included two cutting sources—stem cuttings (A1) and shoot cuttings (A2)—and two planting media—natural soil (B1) and natural soil supplemented with liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine (B2). Growth parameters such as the number of leaves, plant height, and stem diameter were measured. The results indicate that cutting type significantly affects leaf production, with shoot cuttings (A2) producing a higher number of leaves than stem cuttings (A1) (P<0.05). However, the planting media and its interaction with the cutting type had no significant impact on plant height and stem diameter (P>0.05). These findings suggest that using shoot cuttings could enhance the propagation and growth of Indigofera zollingeriana for sustainable forage production. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term effects of organic fertilizer on biomass yield.
Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Development and Acquisition of Soft Skills among Information Technology Undergraduate Students in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Njogu Wachira Anne , Koros Peter , Kanga Anne
Published: October 2024

This study investigated stakeholders' perceptions of the development and acquisition of soft skills among IT undergraduate students among universities within the Nairobi Metropolitan area, using the mixed-methods approach. The study employed the two-stage cluster sampling procedure to select 10 out of 31 universities (five private and five public) in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region. The study selected 1,143 Information Technology undergraduate students from 3,814 enrolled students. A semi-structured questionnaire collected quantitative data, specifically capturing stakeholders' thoughts on soft skills. Data analysis encompassed quantitative techniques such as descriptive statistics and linear regression. The findings reveal a notable disparity between perceptions of stakeholders and actual development of soft skills among the IT undergraduates. Therefore, there is a need to enhance teaching methods, closely align curricula with stakeholders' expectations, and incorporate specialized modules to cultivate soft skills.
Linking Tourism Development with Residents’ Well-being through Livelihood Capitals in Northern Tanzania
Authors: J. Mwongoso Alpha
Published: October 2024

This study aimed at evaluating the link between tourism development, well-being and residents’ access to livelihood capitals when confounding variables are controlled. The study used the quasi-experimental design. Well-being condition was determined through the Livelihood Capital Index after controlling for socio-economic covariates among matched samples of 413 tourism beneficiaries and 421 non-beneficiary agro-pastoralists living in three gateway tourism destination communities namely Burunge, Lake Natron and Loliondo in Northern Tanzania. Selected communities experienced a development stage of tourism destination life cycle. This study largely relied on analysis of quantitative data by calculating the Livelihood Capital Index. However, qualitative data from 24 key informants, through Focus Group Discussions complemented the quantitative data. The study established that linkage between tourism development and well-being is facilitated with residents’ access to livelihood capitals. Basing on difference in the average treatment effect of 0.087 (8.7%) in the livelihood capital index, which was statistically significant (p <0.001), the study concluded that residents’ well-being as a function of livelihood capital status is enhanced more with tourism than without tourism, especially in financial, social, physical and human capitals. Therefore, the study recommended that efforts to sustain tourism development in enabling resident access to livelihood capitals that underpin their well-being should strike a balance between residents’ need for cultivation and grazing at one hand and tourism investment on communal land on the other hand.
Factors Shaping Academic Study Skills of University of Rwanda Undergraduate Students
Authors: Mukingambeho Delphine , Nizeyimana Gabriel , Nzahabwanayo Sylvestre , Nzabalirwa Wenceslas
Published: October 2024

This study examined factors that shape study skills of University of Rwanda undergraduate students, specifically at the National Police College. Using a qualitative cross-sectional design, the study involved 60 homogeneously sampled students from a total of 398 across three programs. Data was collected through focus group discussions and analyzed thematically. The findings identified both positive and negative influences on students' study skills under three key categories. Institutional factors include the living environment, rules and regulations, teaching methods and examination timetables. Student-related factors encompass individual personality traits, social media usage, demographic characteristics and challenges related to English language proficiency. Teacher-related factors involve practices, such as prohibiting note-taking in class, providing only soft copies of notes before sessions and not incorporating additional reading materials into assessments. There is a clear need for a holistic approach to enhance students' study skills, considering the diverse influences at play. A close collaboration between UR and NPC should be established to tackle challenges related to quality learning. Additionally, University of Rwanda should initiate a comprehensive campaign across all its colleges to raise awareness about the importance of study skills in higher education.
Effectiveness and Preference of Recognition Strategies for Academic Staff Retention among Selected Private Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania
Authors: Alli Mwanaisha , Lisakafu Jacob
Published: October 2024

This study soughht to establish effectiveness and preference of recognition strategies for academic staff retention among selected private higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The study used the descriptive research design. Out of the population of 180 potential participants, 132 were sampled and only 119 filled a questionnaire and a few were interviewed. Data was treated through descriptive statistics and thematic approach. The study concludes that members of the academic staff are interested being recognized by their employers even through informal and low cost methods. Therefore, the study recommends that each private HLIs in Tanzania considers formulating policies that take into account recognition strategies for retention of its members of academic staff. Some of these strategies could be sponsoring long training and career development opportunities. This will motivate the academic staff to stay and attract new comers to join.
Mental Models and Cognitive Frames in International Business
Authors: Celo Sokol , Newburry William
Published: October 2024

The modern international business (IB) landscape is characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and rapid change, making effective decision-making more crucial than ever. Such decisions are made by managers who use mental models and cognitive frames to interpret and act on information. The role such cognitive tools play in shaping how managers perceive opportunities, assess risks, and navigate unfamiliar environments cannot be overstated. The four articles in this special issue of AIB Insights aim to address this issue by examining how mental models and cognitive frames influence decision-making in IB, offering both theoretical insights and, more importantly, practical advice for practitioners.
POVERTY, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, AND SEGREGATION IN CZECH CITIES AND REGIONS
Authors:   Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Prague, Czech Republic, Sýkora Luděk
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the spatial concentrations of income poverty, social exclusion, and segregation in Czechia from 2015 to 2022, addressing the critical need to understand and mitigate these issues. Utilizing a spatially detailed database on social welfare benefit recipients, the research maps the most pronounced concentrations of poverty and social exclusion and evaluates intra-urban and intra-regional disparities. The analysis reveals two primary findings. Firstly, despite a period of overall economic growth and increased well-being between 2015 and 2019, the concentration of vulnerable populations in areas marked by social exclusion and segregation intensified. Secondly, recent events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the War in Ukraine, have introduced significant social and economic uncertainties, including high price inflation and declining real incomes. This study specifically examines the years directly affected by these developments to identify distinct trends in the spatial concentration of social exclusion and segregation in Czech cities and regions that differ from the pre-pandemic period. The findings are contextualized within the broader framework of long-term social and urban development in a post-socialist country, considering national and local policies and practices related to segregation and social exclusion. Additionally, the study reflects on narratives concerning populations at risk of social exclusion and segregation, situating the discussion within international debates while highlighting the specificities of Central and Eastern Europe.