bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing and wear properties of aluminium surface composites using friction stir processing
Authors: Thangarasu A , Murugan N
Published: March 2020

Friction stir processing (FSP) was employed to fabricate Aluminium Surface Composites (SC) by reinforcing boron carbide (B4C) particles with AA6082 aluminium matrix alloy. The role of reinforced particles on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of the prepared surface composites was studied. The microstructure of the produced composite was examined utilising optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The micrographs of the processed zone revealed fine grains and uniform dissemination of B4C particles with good interfacial bonding. Microhardness and wear resistance tests were conducted on the matrix alloy, FSPed matrix and produced surfaced composites with the different volume fraction of B4C particles. The microhardness and wear resistance showed the higher values compared to aluminium matrix and friction stir processed aluminium without B4C particulates. It was seen that the wear resistance of the FSPed surface composite was improved significantly as compared to that of the AA6082 matrix alloy.
Numerical study on Longitudinal control of Cessna 172 Skyhawk aircraft by Tail arm length
Authors: Vadivelu P , Lakshmanan D , Naveen R , Mathivannan K , Yoges Kumar G
Published: March 2020

This paper covers a new method of longitudinally controlling an aircraft by changing the horizontal tail arm length, without the conventional control surface called ‘elevator’. The effects of changing horizontal tail arm length from its steady level trimmed condition are determined numerically for the chosen Cessna aircraft. From the numerical calculations, the possibilities of implementing this type of control in the chosen Cessna aircraft are analyzed. At last, some recommendations are suggested for the effective longitudinal control of the Cessna aircraft by changing horizontal tail arm length. Further, it is also suggested that employing both elevator control and tail arm length control together will make an aircraft to meet any kind of longitudinal controllability and stability requirement at any instant. This optimal aircraft configuration can be achieved by proposing a novel configuration and morphing solutions.
Performance analysis of printed antenna on different novel substrates to enhance V2V communication in future
Authors: Susidharan N , Hamsagayathri P , Poongodi C , Shakthisandhanu S , Sivabalan R , Kaviyarashu P
Published: March 2020

In recent years, advancement in wireless technologies, communication in automotive vehicles has witnessed a tremendous growth in the market. All the sophisticated wireless services offered depends on the type of antenna used in it. The researchers in antenna community are trying very hard to improve the performance of the systems by making smaller antenna devices; however they face both scientific and technical limits. Other alternative approach is to use of novel materials for patch and substrate to adhere higher performance and better functionality. In this paper rectangular patch antenna with stepped ground structure is proposed and its radiation characteristics are analyzed for different dielectric substrates like Si3N4, Al2O3, BN, Quartz and Silica. This study will facilitate researchers to get a clear idea on the patch and substrate material that can be used for V2V applications. The proposed CNT patch antenna on Si3N4 substrate resonates at 5.9 GHz is designed and simulated results show that the minimum return loss of -37 dB is achieved with maximum gain of 6.87. In Addition, the proposed antenna also achieves an omni-directional radiation pattern with maximum radiation efficiency of 89%.
Heat Transfer in Square Porous Cavity Due to Radiation and Heat Generating Strip - Part I
Authors: Ameer Ahamad N. , Azeem  , Ahmed Ali Baig Maughal , Kamangar Sarfaraz , Anjum Badruddin Irfan , Lohith Reddy S.
Published: March 2020

Investigation of heat transfer is presented due to a vertical heat generating strip inside the square porous cavity. The heat is assumed to be generated at isothermal rate at a strip inside the medium. The vertical walls of the cavity are cooled to lower temperature Tc. The two horizontal surfaces are maintained adiabatically so that heat does not cross the boundary. Finite element method is applied as a solution tool to solve the governing equations. The impact of various parameters such as heating strip length, Rayleigh number and Radiation parameter are presented in terms of temperature and streamline distribution inside the porous cavity.
Effect of Manganese Doping on Dielectric Characteristics of Lead Zirconate Titanate of Different Zirconium/Titanium Ratios
Authors: Tiwari Balgovind , Babu T. , Choudhary R.N.P.
Published: March 2020

We are presenting in this work, the effect of Zr/Ti ratios on PZT ceramics modified by manganese. The studies include structural, microstructural, and dielectric properties of the samples. A solid state reaction method was used to prepare samples of PZT in different ratios of 65/35, 52/48, 35/65 modified with 0%, 2%, 6%, and 10% of manganese. Phase formation of compounds was checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The surface morphology of the compounds was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dielectric and electric characteristics show that Mn modification has increased the Tc and also, the values of εr whereas tangent loss is decreased.
Heat Transfer in Square Porous Cavity Due to Radiation and Heat Generating Strip - Part II
Authors: Ameer Ahamad N. , Azeem  , Ahmed Ali Baig Maughal , Kamangar Sarfaraz , Anjum Badruddin Irfan , Nagarjun Jana
Published: March 2020

The current article discusses the effect of a small heating strip placed inside the porous medium enclosed in a square cavity. The left vertical surface is maintained at hot temperature and right vertical surface remains at cold temperature that allows the heat to be dissipated outside the system. The other two surfaces of the cavity are maintained adiabatic. A comparison is drawn between the present work and the work where the left vertical wall is maintained at cold temperature. The different parameters such as length of the heating strip inside the domain, Rayleigh number and Radiation parameters are discussed with respect to the square porous domain.
Analysis of effectiveness of power on refined numerical models of floating point arithmetic unit for biomedical applications
Authors: Dinesh Kumar J R , Ganesh Babu C , Balaji V R , Visvesvaran C
Published: March 2020

“The technology defined today might be redefined tomorrow”- from the quotes, in the modern era redefining the architecture with the optimization of area, delay and reduction of power is focused more than fixed models. This paper describes the floating point arithmetic unit and insists the importance of it, in real time signal processing. The present trends of portable devices for medical applications need occupancy of smaller area with long span time life of battery. The bio medical signals are converted into IEEE 754 format as BIF. Hence it is easily analyzed in FPGAR devices and also this work insists the importance of redefining the architecture with reduction of critical path delay. The FPU arithmetic unit has the blocks to perform the computations like addition, Multiplication and division operation. The main architecture is constructed using top level design with individual blocks defined as a part of it. The floating point unit defined with modern FPGAR (Reconfigurable FPGA) increase the speed of computation and enables the flexibility and adopted to the hardware reconfigurable models. A 32 bit representation of IEEE 754 results of FPU is stored in the data storage and this process optimize the critical path between blocks. The way its programmed consumes lower level of power consumption in the range of 50.4 nw and delay of 25.2 ns and also modern adder structure with 6T type was used to implement the intermediate blocks of multiplier in FPU block as part of computing partial products. By this process of FPU redefining, reduce the number of slice to 206 and increase the operating frequency of 46.12 MHz.
Study of machining parameters of micro ECM on SS304 steel with nickel coated copper tool
Authors: Gnanasekaran K , Ramesh K , Jagadeesh S , Narayanamoorthy K , Elilraja Dr D
Published: March 2020

The aim of present study is to determine the optimum parameters on machining the material SS304 and nickel-coated copper tool by micro electrochemical machining. The coating process is done by an electroplating method. The parameters involved in the process are feed rate (0.5, 0.6, 0.7) duty ratio (0.6, 0.7, 0.8) voltage (16, 17, 18). Taguchi approach is used to find out the optimum machining parameter and the Minitab 17software is used to achieve better results. Copper coated tool life is improved when compared to the normal tool. The material removal rates (MRR), tapered angle, circularity, overcut are calculated by measuring the values on the video measuring machine.
Voice inspired entrenched arrangement for electrical utilizations
Authors: Vadivel M , Sinivasan M , Senthamilselvan R.M , Rajalashmi K.
Published: March 2020

The ultimate of this voice-controlled speech activated embedded system is to build a better companion for users. In this prototype was developed Remote control system for electrical appliance. This voice-controlled system will help in controlling different types of loads available. Voice controlled home appliances system that uses computers or mobile devices to control the appliances based on the command from mobile application. This application will enable a connection with any Arduino that involves a Bluetooth module. This technique of operating the home appliance is said to be safer one for the handicapped and aged peoples. Sprinkler controller which allows o connect to plant sensors and weather stations to help better manage of garden. This can be operate the appliances with less requirement of manpower.
Triphibian - an urban future transportation system
Authors: Eswaran Prakash , Tamilmani Balamurugan , Rarity Karna D , Mohamed Arif A , Susheel R N , Saravana Kumar B , Ramachandra Raju K
Published: March 2020

The future requires a new concept of saving the energy besides to save the nature for maintain the sustainable resources. A single vehicle can transform into a car, a helicopter, a boat and a submarine by utilizing the parts which taken from used parts. This concept vehicle can be used as a multi utility platform which encompasses latest technologies like image processing and artificial intelligence for motion control. The concept of connected vehicle and handless driving with electric driven is introduced for road ways which helps in reduction in size of the vehicle. Self-driving feature is powered by nexus of electric and solar energy. Proposed concept supports to rescue people in endangered areas and a better alternative for public transports.
Product design and development of googles and hand stick for blind people
Authors: Rajith Karna D , Rajiev R , Saravanan S
Published: March 2020

Project vision to world focuses on the field of medical science, which paves a way to the next level of medical technology. The theme of the vision to world is to bring back the vision to the blind people, with the help of this gadget. It is a blind helper device. The Gadget is engaged with UV emitter and receiver, sound senor, LED, circuit board, spectacles. It can be used by all kinds of people. It doesn’t need much knowledge. The device works by detecting the signals outdoor through the UV signals and that signals were converted into electric signals through which the sound and light signals were produced. The sound signal is used as an indicator to the blind and the light signal is used as an indicator to the normal people. It creates a mutual understanding with the blind and the normal people. This helps to rectify the visual problem of blind people. The gadget is in the shape of normal spectacles so it would be easier to carry everywhere. The origin of this device is bionic eye; the concept of bionic eye is to fix an electrode in the eyes. But in order to rectify that this project vision plays a major role in serving blind. The main objective is to give vision to the blind with artificial means without any side effects.
Performance Analysis of Medium Altitude Low-Cost Autonomous Quadcopter
Authors: Lakshmanan D , Saravanan P , Vadivelu P , Nivitha D , Yaswanth M S
Published: March 2020

In modern engineering, the rapid growth in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles which deserves the major space in the area of intelligence and surveillance operations. Unlike the conventional aircraft, the number of rotors mounted in an autonomous body that determines the propulsive efficiency as well as the maneuvering capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles. The main objective of this research reveals that the low cost and an autonomous aerial vehicle with four rotors configuration design to achieve the long endurance flight limit. The developed Quadcopter flying model integrated with Arduino autopilot module which effectively controls the various maneuvering actions during the flight. This paper also reveals the entire hardware structure of the designed Quadcopter and its flight dynamic response characteristics. The remotely operated Quadcopter model was subjected to the flight test and the performance parameters have recorded. The flight test was conducted in an open environment in which stability parameters has been observed during onboard. Pitch angle, the Rotational speed of four rotors and the various attitudes of Quadcopter were changed accordingly to maintain the steady level flight. Findings are plotted with respect to the flight endurance.
Speed control of three phase induction motors using PowerFlex 525 compact AC drive
Authors: Lakshmi K , Kumaresan K , Sridhar C , Shylesh K
Published: March 2020

Most of the control systems have to make things move and that generally involves motors. Lifting, blowers, conveyors, pumping, robotics, and fans – pretty much everything uses a motor of some kind. All-purpose single or three-phase motors are huge for simple on/off systems and Inverter-duty motors are particularly designed for operation with variable frequency drives (VFD). They convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, which produces a mechanical rotary action that does some form of work. Alternating current motors are the common types of motors used in commercial and industrial applications. The fundamentals of drive programming and configuration with the PowerFlex 525 compact Alternating current drive, the CompactLogix PLC and the Studio 5000 Logix Designer software is used for configuring these drives. A characteristic that provides complete parameter groups for all the range applications used for the PowerFlex 525 AC Drive. The PowerFlex drive is used with ControlLogix, CompactLogix controllers and different Allen-Bradley products. Point-to-point positioning mode options used for the accurate motor stop at positioning in that system to save money and time during system operation, development, and maintenance. The addition of Allen-Bradley motor control devices into the Logix control devices helps to reduce programming time, ease startup, commissioning and streamline diagnostics.
Effect of Silicon Carbide in Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy Based Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Siddharthan B , Rajiev R , Saravanan S , Naveen T K
Published: March 2020

Metal Matrix Composites are a class of composites with evaluated properties that get another perspective of material structure and are generally utilized in the aviation and automobile industry. These materials have the properties of both the base matrix material as well as the reinforced materials. These metal matrix composites have low residual stress and thermal residual stresses. Due to this concept, the materials posses enhanced adhesive bonding between the matrix and reinforcements. Aluminium alloy with silicon carbide is applicable where hardness and toughness are the requirements. Metal Matrix Composites are designed in order to have the combined properties of both metals and ceramics. The specimens are fabricated for various proportions of the materials. In the fabrication, it begins with Aluminium alloy and Silicon carbide. The specimen is evaluated for diverse mechanical tests, and the experimental result is the pure aluminium undergoes more wear when compared to the reinforced specimen.
The Result of Nano-Additives in Diesel Engine using Diesel-E Waste Plastics Pyrolysis Oil Fuel Blends: A Review
Authors: Deepankumar S. , Senthil Kumar K. L. , Gokul L. S. , Saravanan B.
Published: March 2020

Primary pollutants IC engines are nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). For most recent years, researchers are rigorously working to discover the alternative fuel which will cut emission characteristics without compromising the performance. There are two methods in general to reduce emission in CI Engines. One way is using catalytic converter and another is to get better performance of Diesel engine using nano fuel additive. Adding fuel additive is one of the best ways to improve the performance of CI engines. Many researchers have contributed in this area and this paper consolidates the outcomes of different tests done on the CI engine utilizing nano fuel additives with pyrolysis oil in diesel fuel. It is understood that majority of the researchers report performance enhancement and reduction in emission characteristics with dosing of nano particles additives in diesel and biodiesel. The result of several nano particles on the enrichment in the performance characteristics and drop in emission of CI engine tested with diesel-biodiesel fuel blends are discussed.
Influence of Water Ageing on Mechanical Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) nanocomposites
Authors: Vinu Kumar S M , Hariprasad V , Senthil kumar K L
Published: March 2020

The current paper discusses about the effect of water ageing on mechanical properties of unfilled and nano-SiC filled Glass/Polyester (G-P) composites. G-P and its nanocomposites were synthesized using hand layup technique followed by compression moulding curing process. Kinetics of water absorption undergoing in each composites has been studied. Results showed that addition of nanofiller in pure G-P composites reduces the water uptake after attending its equilibrium level. Mechanical properties of the moisture absorbed sample exhibited low strength compared to dry or unexposed composites. In overall, amongst the fabricated composites, 4.5 wt.% nano-SiC Filled G-P composites showed better mechanical properties.
Experimental Investigation on PCC for Workability within Partial Replacement of M-Sand by Ecosand
Authors: Sathyakumar N , Harisbaskar M , Gowthaman S , Murugananthan K
Published: March 2020

In whole nation, concrete production events are enchanting abode on vast scale. Natural sand (river sand) is unique of the main requirements of concrete and it is pretty demand and exclusive. Manufactured sand (M-sand) is a standby of river sand for concrete assembly which is produced from rigid granite pebble by devastating. Eco-sand is fine particles which is outgrowth from cement trade. Effective use of this waste material should be done for cost efficiency. The present study is about the compressive strength of concrete block with limited surrogating of M-sand by Eco-sand. The conventional river sand is replaced with M sand and partial amount of silica sand Replacement of M-sand by Eco-sand at various percentages 0%, 6%, 12% 18%, 24%&30% in PCC.It is verified that the finest spare percentage of M-sand by Eco-sand and the properties of fresh concrete and hard concrete in PCC with eco-sand. The comparison of economic advantages of m sand and eco sand. The main objective of this project is to reduce the air pollution and eco-friendly. The various proportions is carried out and tested.
Parametric study and optimization of regression model in WEDM using genetic algorithm
Authors: Daniel G , Girishkumar  , Ali-Ul-Hasan-Rizvi  , Mathan Kumar P
Published: March 2020

Wire EDM is an unconventional machining processused for producing complicated profile on a hard material which is difficult in conventional cutting process. In WEDM heat affected zone is very minimum when compare to other unconventional cutting process. This distinct advantage made the WEDM to use in modern precision industries. In WEDM many process parameter which decides the quality of the machined component. In this study pulse on time, pulse off time, flushing pressure, wire tension, servo voltage and wire feed rate were selected as a process parameters. The effect of each parameter on material removal rate (MRR) was analyzed. Mathematical model was developed for material removal rate using regression analysis. The developed mathematical model is useful in predicting the response in the given range of input process parameter. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the developed model. The optimized model would be the technical chart for the given material for the selected input parameter. The obtained results were experimentally verified.
Characterization and Performance Analysis of Graphite and Molybdenum disulphide based Hybrid Composite Materials
Authors: Moorthy Appusamy Anandha , Eswaran Prakash , Subramani Madheswaran , Sadaiappan Santhanakumar , Shanmugavel Karthik
Published: March 2020

An attempt has been performed to observe the influence of heat treatment on composite specimen by dry sliding wear and hardness testing. The particulate reinforcements embedded with AA2218 Aluminium metallic element alloy with 4% constant weight proportion of Graphite, MoS2, with a variable amount of hard reinforcement particulates. Availability of fly ash is abounded and it has to be utilized in any other way. Instead of carbides and nitrides, introducing fly ash as reinforcement satisfies the structural and thermal properties. 5%, 10% & 15% of fly ash added to the composite by liquid scientific discipline route. To get better mechanical properties of composite specimens are treated with ASTM T6 standard. Performance of heat-treated hybrid composite was investigated with a pin on disc with a constant load 2 kg sliding at 300 rpm. Hardness of the specimen at temperature was conjointly measured before and once the heat treatment is completed. The results were compared with base alloy and untreated composite specimens. Heat treated metal exhibits high hardness and wear resistance. This investigation reveals that AA2218 Aluminium matrix composites with high hardness and wear resistance will replace the traditional material employed in automobile elements to get improved performance and longer life.
Enhancing the Tribological Properties of Talc and Boron Nitride based Composites by T6 - Heat Treatment
Authors: Moorthy Appusamy Anandha , Eswaran Prakash , Subramani Madheswaran , Sadaiappan Santhanakumar , Shanmugavel Karthik
Published: March 2020

Aluminium matrix composites (AMC) strengthened with hard particles has given rise to a potential material particularly for wear resistant and weight basic applications. The effect of heat treatment of aluminium alloys sliding wear nature are observed under varying load and speed. Irrespective of materials heat treatment improves hardness of the material. The particulate reinforcements embedded with Al2218 Aluminium metallic element alloy with 4% constant weight proportion of Talc, Boron Nitride and a variable amount of hard reinforcement particulates. By introducing fly ash as reinforcement satisfies the structural and thermal properties. 5%, 10% & 15% of fly ash added to the composite by metal stir casting technique. The specimens are treated with ASTM T6 standard. Performance of heat-treated matrix composite was investigated with a pin on disc apparatus through a constant load 2 kg and with a desirable rpm. Hardness of the specimen at temperature were measured before and once the heat treatment. Heat treated metal exhibits high hardness and wear resistance. This investigation reveals that 2218 Aluminium matrix composites with high hardness and wear resistance will replace the material employed in Automobiles like brake drum, cylinder block, connecting rod, piston etc for higher performance and longer life.
Modelization of elevator control system
Authors: Karrthik RS , Raghavendra Prabhu S , Megavarthini K K , Nandakumar K , Mathesh B
Published: March 2020

Elevator is a transport device that is used to move people or goods in vertical direction. In this paper programmable logic based elevator control system is constructed to simulate as an actual lift in real life. Here, a new method for traction based elevator system is introduced which doesn’t need a counterweight. By this method friction along the traction sheave of the elevator can be improved. To reduce friction along the rails bearings are used in the hoisting mechanism. Servo motor (Mitsubishi’s HJ-KS43J) is used as the prime mover for its accurate positioning capability. SIEMENS S7 200 SMART PLC was used for controlling the entire system. PLC is interfaced with hooters, floor switches, indicators and sensors for effective functioning of the elevator system.
Non-linear Stochastic Fractional Neutral-type Differential Systems with State Delay : A Controllability Interpretation
Authors: Sundaravadivoo B.
Published: March 2020

Aforementioned manuscript, stochastic neutral fractional systems with bounded operator having state delay is explored. We use a Grammian matrix defined by Laplace transform to get the solution representation for the considered model. Controllability results are obtained through the application of the Banach contraction principle. Finally, a numerical example shows the accuracy of the controllability parameters obtained.
A Review on 3D Printed Sensors
Authors: Dhinesh S K , Senthil Kumar K L
Published: March 2020

Industry 4.0 is a revolution that has greater potential to connect machines to monitor and control them through data acquisition and analysis. It helps the industries in getting quality products at economic cost with flexibility and processability incorporated in it. 3D printing is a subset of Industry 4.0, which can support the digital manufacturing and sensors are devices, which can measure the physical parameters from the environment and play key role in implementing Industry 4.0. Thus, this paper aims to review the recent works carried out in 3D printed sensors. Here an overview of sensors and their fabrication methods practiced using 3D printing technology for various applications are discussed. From the review, it is found that there is major scope for fabricating the complete sensor with 3D printing.
Characterization of Stainless Steel 410 L weld bead for Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfaced Valve Seat Rings
Authors: Srimath N , Sathyabalan P
Published: March 2020

Wear brings about drastic fallout in metallic components during their application. It is established that hardfacing process has substantially matured over the recent times. To start with, Stainless steel 410 L is hardfaced over the face of low carbon steel IS-2062 valve seat rings by plasma transferred arc hardfaced process. The main and interaction effects of Plasma Transferred Arc hardfaced variables for stainless steel were obtained. These investigations were based on a design matrix of five factors, five level factorial method. The Regression analysis was tested for scrutinizing the adequacy. The percentage dilution was optimized. The conformity test was conducted and the optimized results were verified, with the percentage of error being calculated. The impact factors on the dry sliding wear resistance of Stainless Steel 410 L alloy was investigated under conditions leading to an obdurate metallic wear condition of the hard facing alloy. Mathematical model was developed relating the wear and the main factors, such as, normal load, Disc Speed, track radius. The Optimized wear model was obtained for minimizing the wear rate. Mathematical models relating wear testing parameters to wear and coefficient of friction were developed. The developed mathematical model can be used to assess the wear and the wear was found to increase.
Mixing of graphene nanoplatelets with magnesium alloy powders by electrostatic adsorption
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Chen Tijun , Pu Pengpeng
Published: March 2020

Mg matrix composites reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) offers an efficient approach for improving the mechanical properties of Mg alloys. Unfortunately, the poor uniform dispersion of GNPs into Mg matrix vastly restricts their development. In addition, surface oxidation of Mg alloy powders is always serious. To alleviate these issues, pickling and surface modification technologies of ZK61 Mg alloy powders and mixing process with GNPs have been investigated. The results show that ZK61 alloy powders with smooth surface and low degree of oxidation can be obtained after being simultaneously mechanically stirred and ultrasonically treated for 30 min in a 0.2 vol% HF ethanol solution. They were then rinsed and dried, and modified by 0.3% wt% cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide to carry a positive charge. Subsequently, GNPs ethanol suspension was poured into the modified ZK61 alloy powders solution and mechanically stirred for 10 min, and then a powder mixture that GNPs randomly attached on the Mg powders was obtained after drying.XPS analysis reveals that GNPs were adsorbed on the surfaces of the modified Mg powders by the mechanism of electrostatic adsorption. The achieved method for preparing GNPs/ZK61 alloy mixture powders provides a new strategy for fabricating Mg matrix composites reinforced by uniformly distributed GNPs.
Fabrication process and characterization of AgNPs/PVA/cellulose as a SERS platform for in-situ detection of residual pesticides in fruit
Authors: Nguyen Thi Huong , Nguyen Dai Hai , Vu Minh Thanh , Tran Huynh Nhu , Pham Tran Linh Phuong , Nguyen-Thi Ngoc-Tram , Le Ngoc Thuy Trang , Le Minh Tri Nguyen
Published: March 2020

In this work, AgNPs/PVA/Cellulose was used as a substrate material for surface Raman scattering enhancement. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized by Lee and Meisel’s method with the average particles size of 15.4 nm. Then, this silver colloid was made a homogenous coating on polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose film and structural characteristics of this material were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The findings demonstrated that the Raman shifts of the pesticide will be identified by the SERS method at 1660 cm−1, 2234 cm−1 (strong intensity), and at 3077 cm−1, 1033 cm−1, 1457 cm−1 (medium intensity) when using the excited laser with wavelength of 532 nm. Under excited laser, the limit of chlorfenapyr detection is 1 ppm (mg l−1), allowing determination of chlorfenapyr residue in food. Potential applications identified food samples containing chlorfenapyr residue for rapid detection, low cost, non-destructive nature and minimal sample preparation.
Experimental correlation using ANOVA and DOE studies on corrosion behavior of Fe and Ni-based alloy under different media
Authors: Gaber Ghalia A , Mohamed Lamiaa Z , Tash Mahmoud M
Published: March 2020

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of temperature, immersion time, and different corrosive media such as HCl, H2SO4and KOH at different time intervals at 30 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C on the corrosion behavior of Fe and Ni-based alloy. The use of the design of experiment (DOE) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be a useful methodology to reach this research. The analysis of the effects of each variable and their interaction on the corrosion of Fe and Ni-based alloys important role in selective best materials choice. The corrosion rate differs with different time intervals and different acid-base environments and increased with an increase in temperature from 30 to 60 °C. The study further reveals that the corrosion rate in different environment follows the order: HCl > H2SO4 > KOH.
Nasal Hump Treatment With Cartilaginous Push-Down and Preservation of the Bony Cap
Authors: Ishida Luiz Carlos , Ishida Jorge , Ishida Luis Henrique , Tartare Adriane , Fernandes Rafaela Katerine , Gemperli Rolf
Published: March 2020

Background

Classic nasal hump reduction based on partial resection of the cartilage and bones in the nose may lead to dorsum deformities such as an inverted-V deformity, irregularities, and an open roof. Techniques that preserve the nasal dorsum (namely the push-down and let-down) avoid these problems, but may not always be indicated for very large, broad, or deviated noses, whereas cartilaginous push-down is also indicated for large and deviated humps. Because only the cartilaginous portion of the hump is preserved in the cartilaginous push-down, a rough area may remain where the bony portion is resected.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to develop a variation of the cartilaginous push-down technique which includes a bony cap to preserve the smoothness of the keystone area during nasal hump treatment.

Methods

Forty-eight consecutive patients with indication for nasal hump treatment who underwent cartilaginous push-down procedures with bony cap preservation between August 2018 and October 2019 were studied.

Results

We observed related complications in 2 patients (4.2%); in 1 patient (2.1%) the bony cap was lost during the rasping of the nasal bones and the surgery was altered to utilize only the cartilaginous push-down. Another patient (2.1%) experienced a mild hump recurrence during the early weeks following the procedure. All of the remaining patients had their nasal humps treated adequately.

Conclusions

The nasal hump was adequately corrected in most of the study patients (95.8%). Preserving the bony cap while performing the cartilaginous push-down may prevent complications related to the osseous resection of the keystone area.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Effect of Thymosin beta4 on the Survival of Autologous Fat Grafting: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Qu Yaping , Wang Qian , Fu Su , Guo Xiaoshuang , Luan Jie , Mu Dali
Published: March 2020

Background

Autologous fat grafting is a common procedure to improve tissue deficiencies. However, the survival rate of fat grafting is unpredictable. Thymosin beta 4 (Tß4), a multifunctional peptide containing 43 amino acids, is effective in angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation.

Objectives

The authors initially investigated the potential effect of Tß4 in fat grafting.

Methods

Adipose tissue premixed exogenous Tß4 were transplanted into rabbit ears. Rabbits were randomly assigned to 3 groups: group A, 5 μg/mL Tß4; group B, 10 μg/mL Tß4; and group C, phosphate-buffered saline buffer as a blank control. The fat grafts were subjected to magnetic resonance imaging at 2, 4, and 12 weeks in vivo. Each harvested graft was analyzed at 3 time points after transplantation.

Results

The fat grafts in the Tß4-treated groups showed better volume and weight retention, greater adipose tissue integrity, adipocyte viability, and angiogenesis. The results of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging also showed that the experimental groups increased microcirculation perfusion of the grafts.

Conclusions

The study proved that Tß4 could improve adipose tissue survival and neovascularization. It may be useful for fat grafting as a potential protective reagent.
Phylogeography of the widespread white-eared hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis): pre-glacial expansion and genetic differentiation of populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
Authors: Zamudio-Beltrán Luz E , Licona-Vera Yuyini , Hernández-Baños Blanca E , Klicka John , Ornelas Juan Francisco
Published: March 2020

The Pleistocene glacial cycles had a strong influence on the demography and genetic structure of many species, particularly on northern-latitude taxa. Here we studied the phylogeography of the white-eared hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis), a widely distributed species of the highlands of Mexico and Central America. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences was combined with ecological niche modelling (ENM) to infer the demographic and population differentiation scenarios under present and past conditions. Analyses of 108 samples from 11 geographic locations revealed population structure and genetic differentiation among populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) and the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán (MPJ) fault barriers. ENM predicted a widespread distribution of suitable habitat for H. leucotis since the Last Inter Glacial (LIG), but this habitat noticeably contracted and fragmented at the IT. Models for historical dispersal corridors based on population genetics data and ENM revealed the existence of corridors among populations west of the IT; however, the connectivity of populations across the IT has changed little since the LIG. The shallow geographic structure on either side of the isthmus and a star-like haplotype network, combined with the long-term persistence of populations across time based on genetic data and potential dispersal routes, support a scenario of divergence with migration and subsequent isolation and differentiation in Chiapas and south of the MPJ fault. Our findings corroborate the profound effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on the evolutionary history of montane taxa but challenge the generality of expanded suitable habitat (pine-oak forests) during glacial cycles.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the risk of metachronous cancer after endoscopic resection of esophageal cancer
Authors: Yokoyama Akira , Katada Chikatoshi , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Takizawa Kohei , Yano Tomonori , Oda Ichiro , Shimizu Yuichi , Nakanishi Hiroyoshi , Koike Tomoyuki , Hirao Motohiro , Okada Hiroyuki , Yoshii Takako , Katagiri Atsushi , Yamanouchi Takenori , Matsuo Yasumasa , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Kobayashi Nozomu , Ishikawa Hideki , Muto Manabu
Published: March 2020

Follow-up studies of Japanese patients who had undergone endoscopic resection (ER) for early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have reported a high prevalence of metachronous SCC in the upper aerodigestive tract (UAT). This prospective multicenter cohort study followed up 330 Japanese patients after ER of ESCC for a median of 49.4 months. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for the 12-month period prior to study registration revealed high frequencies of high-risk drinking behaviors: 84 (25.4%) subjects had AUDIT scores of ≥15 points (suspected alcohol dependence) and 121 (36.7%) subjects had AUDIT scores of 8–14 points (hazardous drinking). Seventy-four subjects were metachronously diagnosed with ESCC, and 20 subjects with head and neck SCC (HNSCC). AUDIT scores ≥15 were associated with increases in the total number of HNSCCs per 100 person-years (0.4 for 0–7, 1.2 for 8–14 and 7.1 for ≥15; P < 0.0001). AUDIT scores were progressively associated with the grade of esophageal Lugol-voiding lesions (LVLs), a predictor of field cancerization in the UAT. Both an AUDIT score of ≥15 points and the presence of multiple LVLs were independent predictors of metachronous HNSCC [multivariate hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 6.98 (1.31–37.09) and 3.19 (1.19–8.54), respectively]. However, a high AUDIT score was not a predictor of metachronous ESCC. In conclusion, high AUDIT scores were markedly frequent in this population and increased the risk of metachronous HNSCC. The assessment of drinking behavior using the AUDIT and the completion of interventions for alcohol problems should be incorporated into the treatment strategy of ESCC.

The name of the clinical trial register and the clinical trial registration number: Japan Esophageal Cohort Study, UMIN000001676.
Exploring the Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Jones Daniel P , Richardson Tom G , Davey Smith George , Gunnell David , Munafò Marcus R , Wootton Robyn E
Published: March 2020

Background

Previous observational evidence has suggested an association between smoking and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

We used observational techniques followed by Mendelian randomization to explore whether smoking is a causal factor in the development of IBD and its subtypes.

Results

In those who have ever smoked, we observed increased risk of IBD and, in current smokers, we observed increased risk of Crohn disease and decreased risk of ulcerative colitis. However, our Mendelian randomization analyses found little evidence that smoking affects the development of IBD.

Conclusion

Overall, our results suggest that smoking does not causally influence the risk of IBD.
High-molecular-weight von Willebrand Factor multimer ratio differentiates true-severe from pseudo-severe classical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis
Authors: Kellermair Joerg , Saeed Sahrai , Ott Helmut W , Kammler Juergen , Blessberger Hermann , Suppan Markus , Grund Michael , Kiblboeck Daniel , Urheim Stig , Chambers John B , Steinwender Clemens
Published: March 2020

Aims

Upon high wall shear stress, high-molecular-weight (HMW) von Willebrand Factor (VWF) multimers are degraded, thus, HMW VWF multimer deficiency mirrors haemodynamics at the site of aortic stenosis (AS). The aim of the present study was to analyse the role of HMW VWF multimer ratio for subcategorization of classical low-flow, low-gradient (LF/LG) AS.

Methods and results

Eighty-three patients with classical LF/LG AS were prospectively recruited and HMW VWF multimer pattern was analysed using a densitometric quantification of western blot bands. Patients were subclassified into true-severe (TS) and pseudo-severe (PS) classical LF/LG AS based on dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Positive and negative predictive values (PPV/NPV) of HMW VWF multimer ratio for diagnosis of the TS subtype were calculated. HMW VWF multimer ratio in TS classical LF/LG AS was significantly decreased compared to PS classical LF/LG AS (0.86 ± 0.27 vs. 1.06 ± 0.09, P < 0.001). HMW VWF multimer deficiency occurred exclusively in the TS subtype with an optimal PPV of 1.000 and NPV of 0.379. HMW VWF multimer ratio showed a strong correlation with mean transvalvular pressure gradients during DSE (r = −0.616; P < 0.001). HMW VWF multimer ratio measured at baseline was higher compared to levels measured after DSE (0.87 ± 0.27 vs. 0.84 ± 0.31; P = 0.031) indicating DSE-induced increased proteolysis.

Conclusion

HMW VWF multimer ratio represents a valuable biomarker for classical LF/LG AS subclassification and mirrors haemodynamics during DSE. HMW VWF multimer ratio identifies the TS subtype without the use of other imaging techniques.
Seeking Asylum in Germany: Do Human and Social Capital Determine the Outcome of Asylum Procedures?
Authors: Kosyakova Yuliya , Brücker Herbert
Published: March 2020

Although the Refugee Convention and European asylum legislation state that decisions regarding asylum applications should be determined solely based on persecution and other human rights violations, the outcomes of asylum procedures may be subject to socioeconomic selectivity. This article is the first to analyse whether the human and social capital of asylum-seekers affect the results of decisions regarding their asylum applications and the length of asylum procedures based on a comprehensive longitudinal survey of 5,300 refugees in Germany. We find that socioeconomic and social capital resources increase the probability of approval of asylum applications and reduce the length of asylum procedures. Moreover, human capital is particularly rewarding for asylum-seekers from countries subject to severe political and civil rights violations, whereas social networks are more conducive when the case for protection is rather difficult to prove. Finally, asylum-seekers with a higher socioeconomic status before migration seem to be better positioned to efficiently instrumentalize social networks during the asylum process. Throughout the analysis, we control for variables that capture the violation of human rights and other forms of violence, changes in asylum policies and country-of-origin-specific fixed effects. The results are robust to different specifications and are representative for asylum-seekers arriving in Germany between 2013 and 2016. Altogether, similar to other claim-making processes, the asylum process seems to promote social inequality due to socioeconomic and social capital resources.
Single-Tube Multimarker Assay for Estimating the Risk to Develop Preeclampsia
Authors: Ratnik Kaspar , Rull Kristiina , Hanson Ele , Kisand Kalle , Laan Maris
Published: March 2020

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) affects 2%–8% of all pregnancies worldwide. The predictive value of the currently used maternal serum fms-like tyrosine kinase-1/ placental growth factor (sFlt-1/PlGF) test is < 40% for PE onset within 4 weeks. We aimed to develop an innovative multiplex assay to improve PE prediction.

Methods

The 6PLEX assay combining the measurements of ADAM12, sENG, leptin, PlGF, sFlt-1, and PTX3 was developed for the Luminex® xMAP platform. Assay performance was evaluated using 61 serum samples drawn from 53 pregnant women between 180 and 275 gestational days: diagnosed PE cases, n = 4; cases with PE onset within 4–62 days after sampling, n = 25; controls, n = 32. The B·R·A·H·M·S Kryptor sFlt-1/PlGF test (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hennigsdorf, Germany) was applied as an external reference. Alternative PE prediction formulae combining 6PLEX measurements with clinical parameters were developed.

Results

There was a high correlation in sFlt-1/PlGF estimated for individual sera between the 6PLEX and B·R·A·H·M·S Kryptor immunoassays (Spearman’s r = 0.93, P < 0.0001). The predictive power of the 6PLEX combined with gestational age and maternal weight at sampling reached AUC 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–1.00) with sensitivity 100.0% and specificity 96.9%. In all models, sFlt-1/PlGF derived from the B·R·A·H·M·S immunoassays exhibited the lowest AUC value (<0.87) and sensitivity (<80%) with broad confidence intervals (13%–92%). The estimated prognostic yield of the 6PLEX compared to the B·R·A·H·M·S assay was significantly higher (96.5% vs 73.7%; P = 0.0005).

Conclusions

The developed single-tube multimarker assay for PE risk estimation in combination with clinical symptoms reached high prognostic yield (96.5%) and exhibited superior performance compared to the sFlt-1/PlGF test.
Microsclerotial Granular Formulation of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium brunneum and Its Combinations With Hydrogel and Imidacloprid Against the Annual Bluegrass Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Koppenhӧfer Albrecht M , Wu Shaohui , Kostromytska Olga S
Published: March 2020

We determined the potential of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum Petch (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) F52 strain, and of a microsclerotial formulation, for the control of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, which is a major pest of golf course turf in eastern North America with widespread insecticide resistance. Under laboratory conditions in Petri dishes with moist sand, the microsclerotia (23–46 kg granules/ha) caused high rates of mortality (85–100%) and infection (67–80%) in annual bluegrass weevil adults, but these levels did not occur until after 9 d at constant 26°C and 12–15 d at 14 h at 23°C and 10 h at 17°C. Production of viable conidia was marginally higher at the higher temperature regime (7.3 vs. 5.2 × 109 per gram of granules). Application of microsclerotia did not provide significant control and infection of adults in pots with grass in the greenhouse. In field trials targeting spring generation larvae, microsclerotia application (50–100 kg granules/ha) was ineffective, and coapplication of hydrogel to stabilize soil moisture did not increase larval control. A liquid M. brunneum F52 conidial formulation (4.75–9.5 × 1013 colony forming units/ha) provided up to 51% control. Combinations of M. brunneum F52 with the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid provided additive control with up to 70% control with the conidial formulation. Field efficacy was probably limited by suboptimal temperatures for the fungus, and future tests need to examine whether higher control rates can be achieved in applications targeting the summer generation larvae.