bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Program Schemes and their Interpretations
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Antoni
Published: February 2016

Schemes of concurrent programs are considered. The result of a scheme is defined as a set of traces, where each trace is a partially ordered set of symbol occurrences. It is shown that to each scheme corresponds a set of equations determining the result of the scheme; it is shown how these equations can be solved and that the solutions of these equations are regular trace languages. Next, a notion of action systems is introduced; an action consists of its resources and its transformation. Some properties of action systems are shown. Interpretations of schemes are defined as mappings which assign actions to scheme symbols. Interpreted schemes can be regarded as concurrent programs. It is shown how the results of schemes can be lifted (via interpretations) to the results of programs. Some examples of applications of the described methods to prove concurrent programs correct are given.
Anmeldelser
Authors: Jespersen Mikkel Leth , Olden-Jørgensen Sebastian , Gøbel Erik , Simonsen Asger , Bryld Claus , Jørgensen Steffen Elmer , Kristiansen Rikke Ilsted
Published: February 2016

Anmeldelser af:

Erik Fischer, Michael Bøgh Rasmussen, Ernst Jonas Bencard: Melchior Lorck. Bd. 1-4. Forlaget Vandkunsten, 2009.

Ulrik Langen: Den afmægtige – en biografi om Christian 7. Jyllands-Postens Forlag, 2008. 542 s., ill.

Palle Thilo: Orlogsbriggen Lougen, 18 kanoner, 1791-1802.
Forlaget Falcon, 2009. 169 s., ill.

Kjeld Hansen: Det tabte land. Den store fortælling om magten over det danske landskab. Gads Forlag, 2008. 847 s., ill.

Anette Faye Jacobsen: Husbondret. Rettighedskulturer i Danmark 1750-1920. Museum Tusculanums Forlag, 2008. 574 s.

Poul Ulrich Jensen: Byens plan. Vejles fysiske udvikling 1786-
2007. Vejles Historie bd. 5. Vejle Kommune, 2007. 250 s., ill.

Gerda Bonderup, Jørgen Mikkelsen og Lisbeth Skjernov (red.): „af yderste Vigtighed for det hele Borgersamfunds Tryghed“. Medicinalberetninger og deres anvendelsesmuligheder i historisk forskning. Kildeskriftselskabet, 2005. 491 s.
Fællesskab og integration – De bosniske krigsflygtninge i Randers 1993-2010
Authors: Espersen Anders Have
Published: February 2016

Kulturhistorisk Museum Randers har i de senere år sat øget fokus på byens indvandrerhistorie. I 2003 dokumenterede museet de tyrkiske gæstearbejderes historie, og i 2005 blev der set nærmere på tyrkernes børn. Tyrkerne var den første store gruppe af indvandrere i Randers, men er i antal siden blevet overhalet af bosnierne, hvoraf de første kom til byen som krigsflygtninge i 1993.

Denne artikel er baseret på en undersøgelse af de bosniske krigsflygtninge, som museet foretog henover sommeren 2010. Udover at klarlægge det historiske forløb for bosniernes tilværelse i Randers, giver undersøgelsen gennem tolv interviews et indblik i, hvordan bosnierne er faldet til i byen. Det beskrives desuden, hvorledes det er at være bosnier i Randers i dag. Interviewgruppen udgjordes af otte kvinder og fire mænd. Blandt kvinderne var der fire, der aldersmæssigt befandt sig i tyverne, mens de resterende befandt sig i henholdsvis trediverne, fyrrerne og halvtredserne. For mændenes vedkommende var den ene halvdel i fyrrerne og den anden i halvtredserne. 

Undersøgelsen viser blandt andet, at de mål for integration, som Randers Kommune satte sig, da det fra 1995 stod klart, at de bosniske flygtninge ville blive i byen, på de fleste områder stemte overens med ønskerne fra størstedelen af bosnierne. For kommunen blev det i løbet af kort tid det væsentligste, at de mange nye borgere blev i stand til at klare sig selv gennem sprog, beskæftigelse og bolig, mens det for bosniernes vedkommende handlede om hurtigst muligt at komme i gang med det liv, som krig og uvished havde afbrudt. At de bosniske flygtninge skulle integreres socialt i det danske fællesskab og gennem danske netværk var af begge parter prioriteret lavere. Selvom kontakten til danskerne i Randers stadig mest er begrænset til arbejde og uddannelse, opfattes bosnierne i Randers i dag, både af dem selv og den danske majoritetsbefolkning, alligevel som den mest velintegrerede større indvandrergruppe i byen.
Sange fra Vestkysten – en overset side af populærmusikken i Danmark
Authors: Nielsen Niels Kayser
Published: February 2016

Det vestjyske musikmiljø, på kysten fra Grænsen til Skagen, henlever en stille tilværelse i den danske kulturelle offentlighed og er med enkelte markante undtagelser næsten ukendt på den populærkulturelle musikscene. Denne artikel er et forsøg på at give mæle til et populærkulturelt marginalområde af Danmark; ikke for at placere det i en offerrolle, men snarere for at komplettere billedet af dansk musikkultur ved at pege på en center/periferi-tilgang. Nærmere bestemt foretages der analyser af de tematikker – kærlighed, politik, arbejde, kristentro, hjemstedsfornemmelse – der er så fremtrædende i den vestjyske musikkultur. Det er en grundtanke, at en opmærksomhed på også denne del af dansk musikliv er ønskværdig i henseende til udformningen af et kulturelt demokrati med henblik på en ligeværdig anerkendelse. 
Sommerferiens historie
Authors: Lützen Karin
Published: February 2016

Et essayistisk view over sommerferiens historie fra ca. 1850 til i dag.
Journalistik om et bebudet historisk øjeblik. Danske avisers blik på præsident Obamas indsættelse.
Authors: Jørndrup Hanne
Published: February 2016

Journalism about an Announced Historical Moment - Danish Newspapers’ Coverage of the Inauguration of President Obama

“We are just now witnessing an historical moment”; so exclaim the media from time to time. A statement which contains the expectation that we pause for a while and pay extra attention to the event, from which the historical moment arises. But what are these moments that claim the interest of their contemporaries as ‘historical’, how does journalism deal with these functions, and what may be the use of the invocation of history? The  inauguration of President Obama as the 44th President of the United States in January 2009 was if anything heralded as an historical moment. When the journalistic practice surrounding this media event is analysed, it becomes clear that the  invocation of the presence of history serves to underpin and legitimize the position of journalism as well as the tradition and authority of the social order, in which the historical moment is claimed to be played out.
Parallelle verdener. Magisk og rituel praksis blandt moderne hekse i Danmark.
Authors: Steno Anne Mia
Published: February 2016

Parallel Worlds - Magical Practice Among Modern Witches in Denmark

The purpose of the present article is to make a contribution to an understanding of what it means to be a witch in Denmark today. The article thus reviews the extent of the magical circle in Denmark and highlights special characteristics of the modern witch. The magical practice of the witches is elucidated and  analysed through a ritual case, since the very magical practice appears to be characteristic of the witches and defines them in contrast to other similar new religious groups and communities.

The article advocates an analytical approach to magic; rather than studying magic as a symbol of something else, for instance as a way of handling uncertainty in difficult times, magical practice should be seen as an emic concept, and the way in which the witches exist in and understand this world. In this  context, the understanding of the existence of two parallel universes is important: the profane and the magic universe, since it is the movements of the witches across the two that make magic possible and explain it. In continuation of this the questions are asked: What do the witches use the magic for, and how is magical practice meaningful in a wider social context? The article argues that the motivations and the subtle shades of the magical practice are overlooked if the analysis does not include the above questions and approach, and it underlines the importance of physicality in the magical practice.
Det havde været mere rationelt straks at lægge pengene i skraldespanden…
Authors: Leilund Sigrid
Published: February 2016

It would have been more rational to just throw the money in the trash…
 In the 1950s, Danish housewives were experts at making ends meet and ensuring that nothing was wasted. Essentially, they seemed to be good at preventing useable resources from ending up as useless garbage. To address increasing problems with food waste today, the Danish magazine Samvirke encourages its readers to adopt these bygone household virtues. The assumption is that if modern consumers could learn how to keep produce fresh and repurpose last night’s dinner leftovers for today’s lunch, they too could create more sustainable households. But was it only this practical knowledge that made housewives skilled at preventing waste? Through an analysis of the everyday practices of women who were housewives in the 1950s, this article argues that they were able to make the most out of the resources available to them due to an ideological attribution of responsibility for the household’s resources simultaneously combined with the knowledge needed to implement this particular kind of frugality.
„Nordslesvigeren er nr. 1“ – regional identitet på Østfronten 1914-1918
Authors: Christensen Steffen Lind
Published: February 2016

Historien om de nordslesvigske krigsdeltagere under 1. Verdenskrig er traditionelt blevet behandlet i et nationalt perspektiv. Her benævnes soldaterne oftest som ’danske’. Denne artikel undersøger, hvordan nordslesvigske soldater på Østfronten selv udtrykte deres identitet i krigssituationen. Udgangspunktet er krigsdeltagernes beskrivelser af og syn på dels de fællesskaber, de var en del af ved fronten, og dels de grupperinger, de anså for deres modsætninger. Hovedpointen er, at det mest italesatte tilhørsforhold blandt disse soldater var det regionale bånd til Nordslesvig.
I ly af natten? Seksualitet, seng og sædelighed i 1700-tallets Norden
Authors: Koefoed Nina Javette
Published: February 2016

Seng, nat og seksuelle handlinger er knyttet tæt sammen i det moderne menne- skes bevidsthed. Samtidig har vi vanskeligt ved at få vores forestillinger om det seksuelles forholds private karakter til at passe med 1700-tallets sovemønstre og senge centralt placeret i små hushold. Artiklen undersøger, hvordan det sek- suelle forholds status som ægteskabeligt eller uægteskabeligt, som legitimt eller illegitimt, havde betydning for dets relation til nat og seng. Derigennem argu- menteres for, at den uægteskabelige seksualitets illegitimitet blev understreget af netop afstanden fra seng og nat, idet disse faktorer samtidig konstituerede den ægteskabelige seksualitet.
Fortælling om musik som generations-, tids- og aldersmarkør
Authors: Rørdam Larsen Charlotte
Published: February 2016

Artiklen beskæftiger sig med fire aldrende mænds oplevelser og beskrivelser af hvad musik har betydet for dem i deres ungdom, og hvad den betyder idag. Umiddelbart tilhører de alle en generation, som musikalsk har haft rockmusikken som identitetsmarkør. Imidlertid forvalter de tilhørsforholdet til generationen forskelligt. Musiklytning er essentiel for dem alle, og indgår som et helt centralt element i af den enkeltes identitetsmæssige kontinuitet. Skønt man på forhånd kunne forestille sig, at forholdet til musik i ungdommen var nostalgisk, og at denne blev brugt som adgangsbillet til øjebliksoplevelser af en svunden tid, er der snarere tale om, at musikken anvendes refleksivt, til at begribe sig selv i nutiden. Musik i ungdommen opleves ikke som en tidsboble, man kan tilgå – snarere er den en forudsætning for at skabe en kontinuitet i fortællingen en selvfortælling. 
Creating a "Latino" Artist Identity in-between Sweden and Latin America - A Comparative Approach
Authors: Lindholm Susan
Published: February 2016

This article engages in a close comparative reading of the creation of a “Latino” artist identity by two Swedish artists – Fredrik FreddeRico Ekelund and Rodrigo Rodde Bernal. By focusing on the theoretical concept of white Swedish masculin- ity, it aims to deepen the understanding of how such identities are created within and against the background of specific historical contexts and locations.
Magnetic resonance of terahertz metamaterials in parallel plate waveguides
Authors: Razanoelina Manjakavahoaka , Serita Kazunori , Matsuda Eiki , Kawayama Iwao , Murakami Hironaru , Tonouchi Masayoshi
Published: February 2016

As new designs of metamaterials rapidly emerge, methods of characterizing their fundamental electromagnetic properties become increasingly important. Here, we utilize the parallel plate waveguide associated with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy experiments to analyze the coupling of terahertz radiation to ultrathin electric split-ring resonators located halfway between the waveguide plates. Our observations determine that the magnetic response dominates across the frequency range of the system. The experimental results are confirmed by simulations, emphasizing the usefulness of the proposed approach for further investigations of magnetic coupling in metamaterials in the terahertz regime.
Could biorational insecticides be used in the management of aflatoxigenicAspergillus parasiticusand its insect vectors in stored wheat?
Authors: Khan Tiyyabah , Shahid Ahmad Ali , Khan Hafiz Azhar Ali
Published: February 2016

Insect pests in stored wheat cause significant losses and play an important role in the dispersal of viable fungal spores of various species including aflatoxin producingAspergillus parasiticus. The problem of insecticide resistance in stored insects and environmental hazards associated with fumigants and conventional grain protectants underscore the need to explore reduced risk insecticides to control stored insects with the ultimate effect on aflatoxin production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the insecticidal potential of four biorational insecticides: spinosad, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and indoxacarb, on wheat grains artificially infested withRhyzopertha dominica/Sitophilus oryzaeand/orA. parasiticusspores, and the subsequent effect on aflatoxin production. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were the most effective insecticides againstR. dominicacompared toS. oryzaefollowed by imidacloprid. Spinosad applied at 0.25–1 ppm and thiamethoxam at 2 and 4 ppm concentrations resulted in complete mortality ofR. dominica. However, indoxacarb was more toxic againstS. oryzaecompared toR. dominica. Wheat grains inoculated withR. dominica/S. oryzae+spores elicited higher aflatoxin levels than wheat grains inoculated with or without insecticide+spores. In all the treatment combinations containing insects, aflatoxin production was dependent on insects’ survival rate. In addition, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid had also a significant direct effect on reducing aflatoxin production. Aflatoxin levels were lower in the treatment combinations with any concentration of thiamethoxam/imidacloprid+spores as compared to wheat grains inoculated with spores only. Correlation analyses revealed highly significant and positive association between moisture contents/insect survival rate and production of aflatoxin levels, and insect survival rate and moisture contents of the wheat grains. In conclusion, the results of the present study provide baseline data on the use of biorational insecticides againstR. dominicaandS. oryzaeand subsequent effect on aflatoxin production.
Internal seed dispersal by parrots: an overview of a neglected mutualism
Authors: Blanco Guillermo , Bravo Carolina , Pacifico Erica C. , Chamorro Daniel , Speziale Karina L. , Lambertucci Sergio A. , Hiraldo Fernando , Tella José L.
Published: February 2016

Despite the fact that parrots (Psitacifformes) are generalist apex frugivores, they have largely been considered plant antagonists and thus neglected as seed dispersers of their food plants. Internal dispersal was investigated by searching for seeds in faeces opportunistically collected at communal roosts, foraging sites and nests of eleven parrot species in different habitats and biomes in the Neotropics. Multiple intact seeds of seven plant species of five families were found in a variable proportion of faeces from four parrot species. The mean number of seeds of each plant species per dropping ranged between one and about sixty, with a maximum of almost five hundred seeds from the cactiPilosocereus pachycladusin a single dropping of Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari). All seeds retrieved were small (<3 mm) and corresponded to herbs and relatively large, multiple-seeded fleshy berries and infrutescences from shrubs, trees and columnar cacti, often also dispersed by stomatochory. An overview of the potential constraints driving seed dispersal suggest that, despite the obvious size difference between seeds dispersed by endozoochory and stomatochory, there is no clear difference in fruit size depending on the dispersal mode. Regardless of the enhanced or limited germination capability after gut transit, a relatively large proportion of cacti seeds frequently found in the faeces of two parrot species were viable according to the tetrazolium test and germination experiments. The conservative results of our exploratory sampling and a literature review clearly indicate that the importance of parrots as endozoochorous dispersers has been largely under-appreciated due to the lack of research systematically searching for seeds in their faeces. We encourage the evaluation of seed dispersal and other mutualistic interactions mediated by parrots before their generalized population declines contribute to the collapse of key ecosystem processes.
Structural modeling of the flagellum MS ring protein FliF reveals similarities to the type III secretion system and sporulation complex
Authors: Bergeron Julien R.
Published: February 2016

The flagellum is a large proteinaceous organelle found at the surface of many bacteria, whose primary role is to allow motility through the rotation of a long extracellular filament. It is an essential virulence factor in many pathogenic species, and is also a priming component in the formation of antibiotic-resistant biofilms. The flagellum consists of the export apparatus on the cytosolic side; the basal body and rotor, spanning the bacterial membrane(s) and periplasm; and the hook-filament, that protrudes away from the bacterial surface. Formation of the basal body MS ring region, constituted of multiple copies of the protein FliF, is one of the initial steps of flagellum assembly. However, the precise architecture of FliF is poorly understood. Here, I report a bioinformatics analysis of the FliF sequence from various bacterial species, suggesting that its periplasmic region is composed of three globular domains. The first two are homologous to that of the type III secretion system injectisome proteins SctJ, and the third possesses a similar fold to that of the sporulation complex component SpoIIIAG. I also describe thatChlamydiapossesses an unusual FliF protein, lacking part of the SctJ homology domain and the SpoIIIAG-like domain, and fused to the rotor component FliG at its C-terminus. Finally, I have combined the sequence analysis of FliF with the EM map of the MS ring, to propose the first atomic model for the FliF oligomer, suggesting that FliF is structurally akin to a fusion of the two injectisome components SctJ and SctD. These results further define the relationship between the flagellum, injectisome and sporulation complex, and will facilitate future structural characterization of the flagellum basal body.
Ultrasound estimates of muscle quality in older adults: reliability and comparison of Photoshop and ImageJ for the grayscale analysis of muscle echogenicity
Authors: Harris-Love Michael O. , Seamon Bryant A. , Teixeira Carla , Ismail Catheeja
Published: February 2016

Background.Quantitative diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been proposed as a method of estimating muscle quality using measures of echogenicity. The Rectangular Marquee Tool (RMT) and the Free Hand Tool (FHT) are two types of editing features used in Photoshop and ImageJ for determining a region of interest (ROI) within an ultrasound image. The primary objective of this study is to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of Photoshop and ImageJ for the estimate of muscle tissue echogenicity in older adults via grayscale histogram analysis. The secondary objective is to compare the mean grayscale values obtained using both the RMT and FHT methods across both image analysis platforms.

Methods.This cross-sectional observational study features 18 community-dwelling men (age = 61.5 ± 2.32 years). Longitudinal views of the rectus femoris were captured using B-mode ultrasound. The ROI for each scan was selected by 2 examiners using the RMT and FHT methods from each software program. Their reliability is assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the standard error of the measurement (SEM). Measurement agreement for these values is depicted using Bland-Altman plots. A pairedt-test is used to determine mean differences in echogenicity expressed as grayscale values using the RMT and FHT methods to select the post-image acquisition ROI. The degree of association among ROI selection methods and image analysis platforms is analyzed using the coefficient of determination (R2).

Results.The raters demonstrated excellent intrarater and interrater reliability using the RMT and FHT methods across both platforms (lower bound 95% CI ICC = .97–.99,p< .001). Mean differences between the echogenicity estimates obtained with the RMT and FHT methods was .87 grayscale levels (95% CI [.54–1.21],p< .0001) using data obtained with both programs. The SEM for Photoshop was .97 and 1.05 grayscale levels when using the RMT and FHT ROI selection methods, respectively. Comparatively, the SEM values were .72 and .81 grayscale levels, respectively, when using the RMT and FHT ROI selection methods in ImageJ. Uniform coefficients of determination (R2= .96–.99,p< .001) indicate strong positive associations among the grayscale histogram analysis measurement conditions independent of the ROI selection methods and imaging platform.

Conclusion.Our method for evaluating muscle echogenicity demonstrated a high degree of intrarater and interrater reliability using both the RMT and FHT methods across 2 common image analysis platforms. The minimal measurement error exhibited by the examiners demonstrates that the ROI selection methods used with Photoshop and ImageJ are suitable for the post-acquisition image analysis of tissue echogenicity in older adults.
Characterization of SSR genomic abundance and identification of SSR markers for population genetics in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujubaMill.)
Authors: Fu Peng-cheng , Zhang Yan-Zhao , Ya Hui-yuan , Gao Qing-bo
Published: February 2016

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujubaMill. [Rhamnaceae]), native to China, is a major dried fruit crop in Asia. Although many simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are available for phylogenetic analysis of jujube cultivars, few of these are validated on the level of jujube populations. In this study, we first examined the abundance of jujube SSRs with repeated unit lengths of 1–6 base pairs, and compared their distribution with those inArabidopsis thaliana. We identified 280,596 SSRs in the assembled genome of jujube. The density of SSRs in jujube was 872.60 loci/Mb, which was much higher than inA. thaliana(221.78 loci/Mb). (A+ T)-rich repeats were dominant in the jujube genome. We then randomly selected 100 SSRs in the jujube genome with long repeats and used them to successfully design 70 primer pairs. After screening using a series of criteria, a set of 20 fluorescently labeled primer pairs was further selected and screened for polymorphisms among three jujube populations. The average number of alleles per locus was 12.8. Among the three populations, mean observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.858 to 0.967 and 0.578 to 0.844, respectively. After testing in three populations, all SSRs loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in at least one population. Finally, removing high null allele frequency loci and linked loci, a set of 17 unlinked loci was in HWE. These markers will facilitate the study of jujube genetic structure and help elucidate the evolutionary history of this important fruit crop.
Polyamines regulate cell growth and cellular methylglyoxal in high‐glucose medium independently of intracellular glutathione
Authors: Kwak Min‐Kyu , Lee Mun‐Hyoung , Park Seong‐Jun , Shin Sang‐Min , Liu Rui , Kang Sa‐Ouk
Published: February 2016

Polyamines can presumably inhibit protein glycation, when associated with the methylglyoxal inevitably produced during glycolysis. Herein, we hypothesized a nonenzymatic interaction between putrescine and methylglyoxal in putrescine‐deficient or ‐overexpressing Dictyostelium cells in high‐glucose medium, which can control methylglyoxal production. Putrescine was essentially required for growth rescue accompanying methylglyoxal detoxification when cells underwent growth defect and cell cycle G1‐arrest when supplemented with high glucose. Furthermore, methylglyoxal regulation by putrescine seemed to be a parallel pathway independent of the changes in cellular glutathione content in high‐glucose medium. Consequently, we suggest that Dictyostelium cells need polyamines for normal growth and cellular methylglyoxal regulation.
Nucleation of mesospheric cloud particles: Sensitivities and limits
Authors: Wilms Henrike , Rapp Markus , Kirsch Annekatrin
Published: February 2016

Nucleation of mesospheric ice particles is thought to occur via heterogeneous nucleation on meteor smoke particles. However, several factors determining the nucleation rate are poorly known. To study the effect of uncertainties in the nucleation rate on cloud properties, we use the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres and systematically vary the nucleation rate over ±10 orders of magnitude. In one set of simulations, the background state of the atmosphere is described by climatological conditions. In a second set, gravity wave‐perturbed profiles from the Kühlungsborn Mechanistic general Circulation Model (KMCM) are used with typical temperature (vertical wind) perturbations at the mesopause on the order of 9 K (0.45 m/s). The resulting noctilucent cloud (NLC) characteristics are compared to lidar and satellite measurements. Realistic NLCs compared to the lidar measurements can only be modeled if the nucleation rate is reduced by up to 3 orders of magnitude compared to standard assumptions. For the same cases, the simulated NLCs compare best to the satellite measurements if the nucleation rate is reduced by 2 orders of magnitude or more. Dynamical processes at the mesopause strongly influence the NLC development. In a gravity wave‐perturbed atmosphere, the ice particles have only limited time for nucleation and growth. The growth time is limited by the vertical wind, because the vertical wind determines the residence time of the ice particles in the supersaturated region. Since the vertical wind amplitudes reach 1.5 m/s in KMCM (compared to a mean upwelling of ∼4 cm/s in the climatology), the ice particles remain significantly smaller in a gravity wave‐perturbed atmosphere than in climatological background conditions.
Pre‐mRNA splicing is modulated by antifungal drugs in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa
Authors: Mendes Niege S. , Silva Patricia M. , Silva‐Rocha Rafael , Martinez‐Rossi Nilce M. , Rossi Antonio
Published: February 2016

For this study, we sought to identify pre‐mRNA processing events modulated by changes in extracellular pH, inorganic phosphate, and antifungal drugs. We examined genes with at least four putative introns whose transcriptional level responded to these effectors. We showed that the intron retention levels of genes encoding asparagine synthetase 2, C6‐zinc finger regulator (fluffy), and a farnesyltransferase respond to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and other effectors. In general, the assayed antifungals promoted the disruption of the structural domains of these proteins probably leading to their inactivation, which emphasize the complexity of the metabolic modulation exerted by antifungal signaling.
Platinum Thin‐Film Electrodes Prepared by a Cost‐Effective Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
Authors: Schlupp Meike V. F. , Wehrle Moritz M. , Kunze Karsten , Remhof Arndt , Vogt Ulrich F.
Published: February 2016

Thin‐film growth of metallic platinum by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (AA‐CVD) is an attractive alternative to the application of vacuum‐based methods. This versatile and scalable technique allows gas phase deposition of thin‐films from nebulized precursor solutions in a simple, open setup at moderate temperatures between 400 and 600°C. We discuss the film growth mechanisms on silicon and zirconia substrates in terms of microstructure, surface coverage, sheet resistance, and thermal stability. Furthermore, the positive influence of Pt thin‐films deposited by AA‐CVD on the area specific resistance (ASR) of symmetric Pt/YSZ/Pt cells in air is presented.
Multiferroic Clusters: A New Perspective for Relaxor‐Type Room‐Temperature Multiferroics
Authors: Henrichs Leonard F. , Cespedes Oscar , Bennett James , Landers Joachim , Salamon Soma , Heuser Christian , Hansen Thomas , Helbig Tim , Gutfleisch Oliver , Lupascu Doru C. , Wende Heiko , Kleemann Wolfgang , Bell Andrew J.
Published: February 2016

Multiferroics are promising for sensor and memory applications, but despite all efforts invested in their research no single‐phase material displaying both ferroelectricity and large magnetization at room‐temperature has hitherto been reported. This situation has substantially been improved in the novel relaxor ferroelectric single‐phase (BiFe0.9Co0.1O3)0.4–(Bi1/2K1/2TiO3)0.6, where polar nanoregions (PNR) transform into static‐PNR as evidenced by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and simultaneously enable congruent multiferroic clusters (MFC) to emerge from inherent strongly magnetic Bi(Fe,Co)O3 rich regions as verified by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The material's exceptionally large Néel temperature TN = 670 ± 10 K, as found by neutron diffraction, is proposed to be a consequence of ferrimagnetic order in MFC. On these MFC, exceptionally large direct and converse magnetoelectric (ME) coupling coefficients, α ≈ 1.0 × 10−5 s m−1 at room‐temperature, are measured by PFM and MFM, respectively. It is expected that the non‐ergodic relaxor properties which are governed by the Bi1/2K1/2TiO3 component to play a vital role in the strong ME coupling, by providing an electrically and mechanically flexible environment to MFC. This new class of non‐ergodic relaxor multiferroics bears great potential for applications. Especially the prospect of a ME nanodot storage device seems appealing.
Room‐Temperature Wavelength‐Tunable Single‐Band Upconversion Luminescence from Yb3+/Mn2+ Codoped Fluoride Perovskites ABF3
Authors: Song Enhai , Chen Zitao , Wu Ming , Ding Sha , Ye Shi , Zhou Shifeng , Zhang Qinyuan
Published: February 2016

In contrast to well‐known multiple and fixed upconversion (UC) emission bands from lanthanide (Ln3+) ions activated luminescent materials, room temperature wavelength‐tunable single‐band UC emissions are designed and demonstrated in Ln3+ ions/transition metal Yb3+/Mn2+ codoped fluoride perovskites ABF3 (A = K+, Rb+, and Cs+; B = Mg2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+). Upon 976 nm laser excitation, the perovskites ABF3:Yb3+, Mn2+ exhibit intense single band UC emission centered at 550–610 nm depending on the substitution of the A+ and / or the B2+ species in ABF3. Crystal structure and luminescent properties analysis show that the UC emission should originate from the transitions of super‐exchange coupled Yb3+–Mn2+ pair. The Stokes and UC emission properties, UC luminescence decay behaviors, as well as temperature dependent UC emission properties of ABF3:Yb3+, Mn2+ are investigated and discussed in detail. The intense room (or high) temperature UC emission and ultralong UC decay lifetimes (≈25–45 ms) clearly reveal that the perovskites ABF3:Yb3+, Mn2+ can be potentially applied in the fields of time‐resolved luminescence imaging, lighting, and solid state lasers.
A New Extensional Mixing Element for Improved Dispersive Mixing in Twin‐Screw Extrusion, Part 2: Experimental Validation for Immiscible Polymer Blends
Authors: Carson Sidney O. , Maia João M. , Covas José A.
Published: February 2016

In Part 1 of this work, we presented a novel static extensional mixing element (EME) for twin‐screw extrusion operations and validated the design in terms of the type of flow experienced by the melt upon dispersive mixing. In Part 2, we experimentally demonstrate the ability of the EME to yield improved dispersive mixing when compared with standard kneading‐block‐induced mixing for immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends of varying viscosity ratios between 0.3 and 10. The extensional flow characteristics of the EME improved the dispersion of polystyrene in the blends over all viscosity ratios, with improvements of 30% and above as measured by the cumulative area ratio measurements of polystyrene phases smaller than 1 μm. The improvement in dispersive mixing seen from the EME for high viscosity ratio blends opens up applications in other areas, such as dispersion of nanoparticles or in reactive extrusion operations.
Polyurethane/Soya Protein Isolate Green Composites: Spectral, Microstructural, Thermal, Swelling, and Biodegradation Behaviors
Authors: Madhukar B. S. , Bhadre Gowda D. G. , Hemalatha K. , Somashekar R. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: February 2016

A series of polyurethane (PU) green composites were synthesized with varying amounts, viz. 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 wt% of soya protein isolate (SPI). Formation of the urethane linkage in the prepared green composites is revealed by infrared spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the fabricated PU/SPI composites has been evaluated by differential scanning calorimeter. Thermal stability and degradation analysis of the PU/SPI composites have been performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). TGA thermograms clearly revealed that the fabricated composites were thermally stable upto 181°C and show a three‐step of thermal degradation. The water uptake behaviors of PU/SPI systems have been studied at different chemical environments such as distilled water, salt solution, acidic and alkaline solutions. The microcrystalline parameters such as crystallite size (〈N〉) and surface weighted crystal size (Ds) have been evaluated from wide‐angle X‐ray scattering profiles using two different asymmetric distribution functions. PU/SPI green composites were subjected to biodegradation in the presence ofAspergillus niger. The structure–property response of the PU/SPI green composites has been established on the basis of these parameters.
Overpotentials and Faraday Efficiencies in CO2 Electrocatalysis–the Impact of 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Neubauer Sebastian S. , Krause Ralf K. , Schmid Bernhard , Guldi Dirk M. , Schmid Günter
Published: February 2016

The mixtures of room temperature ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([EMIM]TFO) and water as electrolytes for reduction of CO2 to CO are reported. Linear sweep voltammetry shows overpotentials for CO2 reduction and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), both of which vary as a function of [EMIM]TFO concentration in the range from 4 × 10−3m (0.006 mol%) to 4869 × 10−3m (50 mol%). A steady lowering of overpotentials up to an optimum for 334 × 10−3m is identified. At 20 mol% and more of [EMIM]TFO, a significant CO2 reduction plateau and inhibition of HER, which is limited by H2O diffusion, is noted. Such a plateau in CO2 reduction correlates to high CO Faraday efficiencies. In case of 50 mol% [EMIM]TFO, a broad plateau spanning over a potential range of 0.58 V evolves. At the same time, the overpotential for HER is increased by 1.20 V when compared to 334 × 10−3m and, in turn, HER is largely inhibited. The Faraday efficiencies for CO and H2 formation feature 95.6% ± 6.8% and 0.5% ± 0.3%, respectively, over a period of 3 h in a separator divided cell. Cathodic as well as anodic electrochemical stability of the electrolyte throughout this time period is corroborated in 1H NMR spectroscopic measurements.
Synergistically Optimizing Electrical and Thermal Transport Properties of BiCuSeO via a Dual‐Doping Approach
Authors: Liu Yong , Zhao Li‐Dong , Zhu Yingcai , Liu Yaochun , Li Fu , Yu Meijuan , Liu Da‐Bo , Xu Wei , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: February 2016

The layered oxyselenide BiCuSeO system is known as one of the high‐performance thermoelectric materials with intrinsically low thermal conductivity. By employing atomic, nano‐ to mesoscale structural optimizations, low thermal conductivity coupled with enhanced electrical transport properties can be readily achieved. Upon partial substitution of Bi3+ by Ca2+ and Pb2+, the thermal conductivity can be reduced to as low as 0.5 W m−1 K−1 at 873 K through dual‐atomic point‐defect scattering, while a high power factor of ≈1 × 10−3 W cm−1 K−2 is realized over a broad temperature range from 300 to 873 K. The synergistically optimized power factor and intrinsically low thermal conductivity result in a high ZT value of ≈1.5 at 873 K for Bi0.88Ca0.06Pb0.06CuSeO, a promising candidate for high‐temperature thermoelectric applications. It is envisioned that the all‐scale structural optimization is critical for optimizing the thermoelectricity of quaternary compounds.
Evaluation of adverse health risks associated with antineoplastic drug exposure in nurses at two Chinese hospitals: The effects of implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Zheng Qiaowei , Lv Yun , An Mengna , Zhang Yating , Wei Youxia , Feng Weiyi
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine the health risks of antineoplastic drugs (ADs) occupational exposure in nurses and to evaluate the effects of implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service (PIVAS) in two Chinese hospitals.

Methods

The laboratory findings were collected from annual staff physical examination data. Reproductive toxicity and clinical manifestations were self‐reported via a questionnaire.

Results

Hematotoxicity, organ damage, reproductive toxicity, and clinical manifestations associated with AD exposure were markedly higher in oncology nurses than unexposed nurses. Application of PIVAS led to a significant restoration of the blood cell counts and kidney function, and a reduction in adverse reproductive outcomes among oncology nurses. Pronounced symptoms related to AD exposure were alleviated as well.

Conclusion

Oncology nurses who work with AD's experienced more adverse health outcomes than unexposed nurses. The health risks to AD were significantly alleviated by implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:264–273, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The comparison of high‐resolution computed tomography findings in asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Akira Masanori , Morinaga Kenji
Published: February 2016

Background

To determine whether the HRCT findings are useful to differentiate asbestosis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Methods

We assessed HRCT scans from patients with asbestosis (n = 96) and IPF (n = 65). The frequencies and extent of parenchymal abnormalities and the frequencies of pleural changes were evaluated by consensus of two chest radiologists.

Results

There was a significant difference between IPF and asbestosis in pleural changes. In addition, there were significant differences between IPF and asbestosis in several parenchymal abnormalities on CT, especially in the less advanced stage of both diseases. On multivariate analysis, HRCT features that distinguished asbestosis from IPF were subpleural lines at a distance of less than 5 mm from the inner chest wall, subpleural dots and parenchymal bands.

Conclusions

There are significant differences between IPF and asbestosis in the parenchymal and pleural abnormalities on CT. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:301–306, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Latino immigrant day laborer perceptions of occupational safety and health information preferences
Authors: Díaz Fuentes Claudia M. , Martinez Pantoja Leonardo , Tarver Meshawn , Geschwind Sandy A. , Lara Marielena
Published: February 2016

Background

We address immigrant day laborers' experiences with occupational safety in the construction industry in New Orleans, and opinions about content and method of communication for educational interventions to reduce occupational risks.

Methods

In 2011, we conducted seven focus groups with 48 Spanish‐speaking day laborers (8 women, 40 men, 35 years on average). Focus group results are based on thematic analysis.

Results

Most employers did not provide safety equipment, threatened to dismiss workers who asked for it, and did not provide health insurance. Attitudes toward accepting unsafe work conditions varied. Women faced lower pay and hiring difficulties than men. Day laborers preferred audio format over written, and content about consequences from and equipment for different jobs/exposures.

Conclusions

Day laborers have common occupational experiences, but differences existed by gender, literacy and sense of control over safety. Day laborer information preferences and use of media needs further studying. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:476–485, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐pot synthesis of biodegradable and linear poly(ester amide)s based on renewable resources
Authors: Wang Runguo , Ren Tiange , Bai Yunxiang , Wang Yuzhu , Chen Jianfeng , Zhang Liqun , Zhao Xiuying
Published: February 2016

Poly(ester amide) has attracted much attention because they demonstrate satisfactory mechanical performance, yet are biodegradable. Owing to the increasing depletion of fossil resources, we chose 1,4‐butanediol, 1,10‐decanediamine (DD), 1,10‐sebacic acid, and itaconic acid (IA), which can be produced in large scale by fermentation of renewable resources, to synthesize a series of biobased poly(ester amide)s (BPEAs) by condensation polymerization. We used multiple monomers to suppress crystallization. The pyrrolidone rings formed between DD and IA increases the molecular spacing and the chain irregularity of BPEAs. The properties of BPEAs were tunable by adjusting the monomer ratio. The effect of DD content on the molecular weight, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation of BPEAs was investigated. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43446.
Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres derived from pickering emulsions polymerization in determination of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate in bottled water samples
Authors: Fan Ting , Yang Wenming , Wang Ningwei , Ni Xiaoni , Wen Jia , Xu Wanzhen
Published: February 2016

The mono‐dispersed macroporous Molecularly Imprinted microspheres (MIPMs) selective for Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) were synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization. Silica nanoparticles were stabilizers in forming a stable oil‐in‐water emulsion, while the polymeric system was prepared by radical polymerization using methacrylic acid as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker. The results of scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption desorption measurement indicated that the obtained polymer microspheres had regularly porous structure and narrowly diameter distribution (100 nm), besides the specific surface area (SBET) was 452 m2 g−1, pore volume was 9.685 cm3 g−1, and pore diameter was 5.089 nm. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of MIPs was 1.75 mg g−1 at 298 K. Good selectivity for DEHP in another two kinds of analogies (DBP and DAP) was demonstrated with high selectivity coefficients, respectively 17.753 and 19.450. In the end, DEHP‐MIP was used as packing of solid‐phase extraction to form an sensitive analytical method in extraction and enrichment DEHP in bottled water samples with the limits of detection of 1.7–2.5 μg L−1.The recoveries at three spiking level (0.05, 0.1, and 1 mg L−1) were varied between at 97.5 and 103.1% with RSD values below 3.5. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43484.
Cell evolution and compressive properties of styrene–butadiene–styrene toughened and calcium carbonate reinforced polystyrene extrusion foams with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Jing Xin , Peng Xiang‐Fang , Mi Hao‐Yang , Wang Yuan‐Sheng , Zhang Shuidong , Chen Bin‐Yi , Zhou Hua‐Min , Mou Wen‐Jie
Published: February 2016

Polystyrene (PS) foams have been used in various fields, whereas its broader application is limited by its low mechanical strength and brittle features. In this study, styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles were melt‐blended with PS and extrusion‐foamed with supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent to simultaneously toughen and reinforce PS foams. Under the same foaming conditions, the addition of SBS and CaCO3was shown to have a significant influence on the cell structure and the compressive properties of the composite foams. We found that the cell structure evolution was highly correlated with the system viscosity. When the rubbery‐phase SBS content was 20%, the cell diameter decreased by 20.7%, and the compressive modulus was enhanced by 289.5%. With the further addition of 5% rigid CaCO3nanoparticles, the cell diameter was further reduced by 72.2% and the compressive modulus was improved by 379.2%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43508.
Impact of summer rainfall over southern‐central Europe on circumglobal teleconnection
Authors: Lin Zhongda , Lu Riyu
Published: February 2016

In this study, a significant link is found between summer rainfall over southern‐central Europe (SCE) and the circumglobal teleconnection (CGT). It is proposed that the SCE rainfall drives the CGT. The downstream‐extended CGT‐like wave train is reproduced with a linearized barotropic vorticity equation model forced by an upper‐tropospheric divergence over SCE. This study provides an alternative mechanism for the formation and maintenance of the CGT.
Making sense of the sensory regulation of hunger neurons
Authors: Chen Yiming , Knight Zachary A.
Published: February 2016

AgRP and POMC neurons are two key cell types that regulate feeding in response to hormones and nutrients. Recently, it was discovered that these neurons are also rapidly modulated by the mere sight and smell of food. This rapid sensory regulation “resets” the activity of AgRP and POMC neurons before a single bite of food has been consumed. This surprising and counterintuitive discovery challenges longstanding assumptions about the function and regulation of these cells. Here we review these recent findings and discuss their implications for our understanding of feeding behavior. We propose several alternative hypotheses for how these new observations might be integrated into a revised model of the feeding circuit, and also highlight some of the key questions that remain to be answered.