bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The HadGEM3-GA7.1 radiative kernel: the importance of a well-resolved stratosphere
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Kramer Ryan J. , Sima Adriana
Published: September 2020

Abstract. We present top-of-atmosphere and surface radiative kernels based on the atmospheric component (GA7.1) of the HadGEM3 general circulation model developed by the UK Met Office. We show that the utility of radiative kernels for forcing adjustments in idealised CO2 perturbation experiments is greatest where there is sufficiently high resolution in the stratosphere in both the target climate model and the radiative kernel. This is because stratospheric cooling to a CO2 perturbation continues to increase with height, and low-resolution or low-top kernels or climate model output are unable to fully resolve the full stratospheric temperature adjustment. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), standard atmospheric model data are available up to 1 hPa on 19 pressure levels, which is a substantial advantage compared to CMIP5. We show in the IPSL-CM6A-LR model where a full set of climate diagnostics are available that the HadGEM3-GA7.1 kernel exhibits linear behaviour and the residual error term is small, as well as from a survey of kernels available in the literature that in general low-top radiative kernels underestimate the stratospheric temperature response. The HadGEM3-GA7.1 radiative kernels are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3594673 (Smith, 2019).
Glacial lake inventory of high-mountain Asia in 1990 and 2018 derived from Landsat images
Authors: Wang Xin , Guo Xiaoyu , Yang Chengde , Liu Qionghuan , Wei Junfeng , Zhang Yong , Liu Shiyin , Zhang Yanlin , Jiang Zongli , Tang Zhiguang
Published: September 2020

Abstract. There is currently no glacial lake inventory data set for
the entire high-mountain Asia (HMA) area. The definition and classification
of glacial lakes remain controversial, presenting certain obstacles to
extensive utilization of glacial lake inventory data. This study integrated
glacier inventory data and 668 Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images and adopted
manual visual interpretation to extract glacial lake boundaries within a
10 km buffer from glacier extent using ArcGIS and ENVI software, normalized
difference water index maps, and Google Earth images. The theoretical and
methodological basis for all processing steps including glacial lake
definition and classification, lake boundary delineation, and uncertainty
assessment is discussed comprehensively in the paper. Moreover, detailed
information regarding the coding, location, perimeter and area, area error,
type, time phase, source image information, and subregions of the located
lakes is presented. It was established that 27 205 and 30 121 glacial lakes
(size 0.0054–6.46 km2) in HMA covered a combined area of 1806.47±2.11 and 2080.12±2.28 km2 in 1990 and 2018,
respectively. The data set is now available from the National Special
Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service
Platform (China): https://doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db (Wang et al., 2019a).
PAMTRA 1.0: the Passive and Active Microwave radiative TRAnsfer tool for simulating radiometer and radar measurements of the cloudy atmosphere
Authors: Mech Mario , Maahn Maximilian , Kneifel Stefan , Ori Davide , Orlandi Emiliano , Kollias Pavlos , Schemann Vera , Crewell Susanne
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Forward models are a key tool to generate synthetic observations given knowledge of the atmospheric state. In this way, they are an integral part of inversion algorithms that aim to retrieve geophysical variables from observations or in data assimilation. Their application for the exploitation of the full information content of remote sensing observations becomes increasingly important when these are used to evaluate the performance of cloud-resolving models (CRMs). Herein, CRM profiles or fields provide the input to the forward model whose simulation results are subsequently compared to the observations. This paper introduces the freely available comprehensive microwave forward model PAMTRA (Passive and Active Microwave TRAnsfer), demonstrates its capabilities to simulate passive and active measurements across the microwave spectral region for upward- and downward-looking geometries, and illustrates how the forward simulations can be used to evaluate CRMs and to interpret measurements to improve our understanding of cloud processes. PAMTRA is unique as it treats passive and active radiative transfer (RT) in a consistent way with the passive forward model providing upwelling and downwelling polarized brightness temperatures and radiances for arbitrary observation angles. The active part is capable of simulating the full radar Doppler spectrum and its moments. PAMTRA is designed to be flexible with respect to instrument specifications and interfaces to many different formats of input and output, especially CRMs, spanning the range from bin-resolved microphysical output to one- and two-moment schemes, and to in situ measured hydrometeor properties. A specific highlight is the incorporation of the self-similar Rayleigh–Gans approximation (SSRGA) for both active and passive applications, which becomes especially important for the investigation of frozen hydrometeors.
Quantifying multifrequency acoustic characterization accuracy for ice
model development applications
Authors: Topham David R. , Marko John R.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Multi-frequency acoustic profiling is critically examined to estimate accuracies currently attainable in characterizing frazil suspensions: with primary interests focused on measuring fractional ice volume, a key factor in river ice growth models. The central issue is the adequacy of representations of backscatter cross sections of disk shaped frazil particles in a well-established theory of elastic spherical targets. An initial investigation established criteria for the existence of three-frequency solutions capable of providing lognormal statistical descriptions in terms of effective radii. These criteria restricted analyses of available field data with such models to inputs at two-frequencies limiting outputs to: a common effective radius, particle number density and frazil volume. Additional frazil cross section information is shown to be required to more fully exploit the full capability of multi-frequency profiling. An approximate relationship between cross sections and the product of acoustic wavenumbers and particle effective radii (k1ae) is developed from laboratory polystyrene disk and sphere data and transformed into the natural ice environment. Field data within the transformed range is transposed to higher frequencies in order to allow testing at still larger field values of k1ae. Two-frequency analyses utilizing the resulting “pseudo-frazil” relationship confirmed a close match with the field data and increased compatibility with existence criteria for three-frequency solutions. The results showed that, within transducer calibration limits, the originally tested spherical backscattering extractions consistently under-estimate frazil ice volume concentrations by 25 % confirming its continued use for accurate estimates in conjunction with a constant scaling factor of about 1.25.
Demographic and Psychosocial Determinants of Life Satisfaction Among Youths in Nigeria: Evidence from the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey
Authors: Chima V. , Alawode Oluwatobi Abel , Awoleye A. F. , Hawa O. , Chima L. I.
Published: September 2020

Subjective Wellbeing, implying an evaluation of one’s life has recently received intellectual attention, especially in developed countries. Measuring this concept entails both an effective and cognitive evaluation of life. Life satisfaction plays a vital role in positive life outcomes as a key part of the cognitive component of subjective wellbeing. Various factors could determine the current state of wellbeing on an individual. Leveraging on one of the surveys that collect data on subjective wellbeing in Nigeria, we examined the determinants of life satisfaction among youths in Nigeria, with a concentration on the demographic and psychosocial factors. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data for Nigeria (n = 18,454) was analyzed using chi-square tests and binomial logistic regression in Stata 14. The result showed that gender, residence, and region significantly determined life satisfaction. For psychosocial factors influencing life satisfaction; health, family life satisfaction, friendship, treatment by others, and perceived improvement in comparison to last year, significantly determine life satisfaction. Specifically, male resident in rural areas of Nigeria were more likely to report satisfaction with life. Further, youths that reported satisfaction with family life were more likely to be satisfied with life in general, while satisfaction with health, friendships, treatment by others, and improved condition from last year influenced satisfaction with life. In conclusion, it has been shown that beyond the socio-demographic factors, psychosocial determinants play vital roles in determining life satisfaction among youths. It is therefore imperative that government agencies consider policies and interventions that address psychosocial support for youths in Nigeria.
Patient Opioid Requirements Are Often Far Less Than Their Discharge Prescription After Orthopaedic Surgery: the Results of a Prospective Multicenter Survey
Authors: Wyles Cody C. , Thiels Cornelius A. , Hevesi Mario , Ubl Daniel S. , Gazelka Halena M. , Turner Norman S. , Trousdale Robert T. , Pagnano Mark W. , Mabry Tad M. , Habermann Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Evidence-based, procedure-specific guidelines for opioid prescribing after orthopaedic surgery are urgently needed to standardize care and minimize excess opioids.

Methods:

We developed a prospective, multicenter survey study conducted from March 2017 to January 2018 including 7 common elective orthopaedic surgical procedures (total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, lumbar fusion, lumbar laminectomy, rotator cuff repair, arthroscopic meniscectomy, and carpal tunnel release). Phone surveys were conducted between 21 and 35 days postoperatively. We aimed to document both the amount and length of time patients consumed opioid medications to inform further improvements in opioid management and prescribing.

Results:

Among the 919 orthopaedic patients who completed the survey, 94.3% received opioids at discharge with a median of 388 oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) (interquartile range [IQR] 225 to 675). A median of 128 (IQR 23 to 360) OME were consumed with 77% of patients having leftover opioids. Sixty percent of prescribed opioids were unused; 18.2% of patients used no opioids, and 34.7% required <50 OME. In comparison to departmental guidelines, 50.2% of patients consumed <50% of the recommended prescription maximum per procedure.

Discussion:

Most patients used far fewer opioids after orthopaedic surgery than prescribed. These data have informed further improvement of our opioid prescription guidelines to more precisely align with anticipated procedure- and patient-specific requirements.
Defining Outpatient Hip and Knee Arthroplasties: A Systematic Review
Authors: McClatchy Samuel G. , Rider Carson M. , Mihalko William M. , Pharr Zachary K. , Toy Patrick C.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

The term “outpatient” has a variety of meanings regarding the location of arthroplasty and the duration of stay postoperatively. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the literature and more accurately define the term “outpatient.”

Methods:

A PubMed search (2014 to 2019) using the terms “outpatient AND arthroplasty” identified 76 studies; 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria were assessed to determine the definition of “outpatient.” The level of evidence, type of arthroplasty, location of surgery (hospital or ambulatory surgery center [ASC]), approach used for hip arthroplasty, number of patients, number of surgeons, and length of time the patients were kept at the location after surgery were evaluated.

Results:

Arthroplasties analyzed were total hip (11), total knee (seven), unicompartmental knee (five), and hip and knee (12). Only 16.8% of surgeries defined as outpatient hip or knee arthroplasty were done in a freestanding ASC, and 44.2% of patients defined as outpatients were kept overnight for the 23-hour observation.

Discussion:

We propose “DASH” (Discharge from ASC to Home) as a new term to define arthroplasties done in an outpatient setting with the patient discharged home the same day.
Preoperative Opioid Use Increases the Cost of Care in Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Bell Kerri L. , Detweiler Maxwell , Yayac Michael , Penna Sreeram , Chen Antonia F.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Predictors of financial costs related to total joint arthroplasty (TJA) have become increasingly important becuase payment methods have shifted from fee for service to bundled payments. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between preoperative opioid use and cost of care in primary TJA.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted in Medicare patients who underwent elective unilateral primary total knee or hip arthroplasty between 2015 and 2018. Preoperative opioid usage, comorbidities, length of stay, and demographic information were obtained from chart review. The total episode-of-care (EOC) cost data was obtained from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services based on Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative Model 2, including index hospital and 90-day postacute care costs. Patients were grouped based on preoperative opioid usage. Costs were compared between groups, and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to analyze whether preoperative opioid usage influenced the cost of TJA care. Analyses were risk-adjusted for patient risk factors, including comorbidities and demographics.

Results:

A total of 3,211 patients were included in the study. Of the 3,211 TJAs, 569 of 3,211 patients (17.7%) used preoperative opioids, of which 242 (42.5%) only used tramadol. EOC costs were significantly higher for opioid and tramadol users than nonopioid users ($19,229 versus $19,403 versus $17,572, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression predicted that the use of preoperative opioids in TJA was associated with increased EOC costs by $789 for opioid users (95% confidence interval [CI] $559 to $1,019, P < 0.001) and $430 for tramadol users (95% CI $167 to $694, P = 0.001). Total postacute care costs were also increased by 70% for opioid users (95% CI 44% to 102%, P < 0.001) and 48% for tramadol users (95% CI 22% to 80%, P < 0.001).

Discussion:

This study demonstrated that preoperative opioid usage was associated with higher cost of care in TJA. Limiting preoperative opioid use for pain management before TJA could contribute to cost savings within a bundled model.
Resident Selection in the Wake of United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 Transition to Pass/Fail Scoring
Authors: Cohn Matthew R. , Bigach Stephen D. , Bernstein David N. , Arguello Alexandra M. , Patt Joshua C. , Ponce Brent A. , Beal Matthew D. , Kogan Monica , Dyer George S. M.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

The numeric score for the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 is one of the only universal, objective, scaled criteria for comparing the many students who apply to orthopaedic surgery residency. However, on February 12, 2020, it was announced that Step 1 would be transitioning to pass/fail scoring. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the most important factors used for interview and resident selection after this change and (2) to assess how these factors have changed compared with a previous report on resident selection.

Methods:

A survey was distributed to the program directors (PDs) of all 179 orthopaedic surgery programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Questions focused on current resident selection practices and the impact of the Step 1 score transition on expected future practices.

Results:

A total of 78 PDs (44%) responded to the survey. Over half of PDs (59%) responded that United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 clinical knowledge (CK) score is the factor that will increase most in importance after Step 1 transitions to pass/fail, and 90% will encourage applicants to include their Step 2 CK score on their applications. The factors rated most important in resident selection from zero to 10 were subinternship performance (9.05), various aspects of interview performance (7.49 to 9.01), rank in medical school (7.95), letters of recommendation (7.90), and Step 2 CK score (7.27). Compared with a 2002 report, performance on manual skills testing, subinternship performance, published research, letters of recommendations, and telephone call on applicants' behalf showed notable increases in importance.

Discussion:

As Step 2 CK is expected to become more important in the residency application process, current applicant stress on Step 1 scores may simply move to Step 2 CK scores. Performance on subinternships will remain a critical aspect of residency application, as it was viewed as the most important resident selection factor and has grown in importance compared with a previous report.
Dual-Mobility Articulations in Femoral Neck Fractures: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-analysis of the Outcomes
Authors: Albanese Kevin M. , Deshmane Prashant , Patil Nilesh , Larsen David A. , Ordway Nathaniel R.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Femoral neck fractures have been traditionally managed with hemiarthroplasty (HA) or conventional total hip arthroplasty (CTHA). There has been recent interest in using dual-mobility components (DMC) in total hip arthroplasty for patients with femoral neck fractures to provide increased stability and decrease the need for future revision.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review of the literature reporting on the use of DMC in the management of femoral neck fractures in geriatric patients. We included studies in which DMC were used alone and studies that included a comparison to total hip arthroplasty or HA. The outcomes of interest were postoperative dislocation, revision, and revision surgery rates. Two separate subgroup analyses were conducted. For the comparative studies, we analyzed the differences in outcomes using a random-effects model of relative risks. For the noncomparative studies, we estimated the cumulative incidence of the different outcomes.

Results:

Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Eleven noncomparative studies showed a cumulative incidence of dislocation to be 1.2% (95% confidence interval = 0.3% to 2.7%) when DMC were used alone. Subgroup analyses of the seven comparative studies yielded a relative risk of dislocation using DMC was 59% less than HA and 83% less than CTHA. DMC also compared favorably in terms of revision surgery and revision rates to HA. There was insufficient quality evidence to comment on revision surgery and revision rates when compared with CTHA in comparative studies, but among the noncomparative studies, there was a low rate of revision and revision surgery.

Conclusions:

Our study revealed overall lower risk of dislocation using DMC compared with both CTHA and HA. There were also lower revision and revision surgery rates when DMC were used compared with HA. Further studies are required to elucidate cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes of DMC in these scenarios.

Level of Evidence:

Level III-meta-analysis
Does Surgeon Subspecialty Training Affect Outcomes in the Treatment of Displaced Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children?
Authors: Fisher Brandon T. , Chong Alexander C.M. , Flick Travis , Forness Mikayla , Sauer Brian R. , Peterson Jonathan B.
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

The effect of the treating surgeon's subspecialty training on the outcomes of managing displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in the pediatric cohort remains under debate. The objective of this study was to examine patient outcomes and treatment variables for these injuries based on the surgeon subspecialty training.

Methods:

A retrospective study of children who had undergone primary closed reduction and percutaneous fixation for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures was done from January 2012 through May 2019. The following four groups with differing orthopaedic subspecialty training were evaluated: (1) pediatric fellowship trained (2) trauma fellowship trained, (3) sports medicine fellowship trained, and (4) all others. Outcomes examined included time to surgery, surgical time, fluoroscopy usage, postoperative follow-up protocols, radiographic measurements of alignment, and complications between surgeon groups.

Results:

Two hundred thirty-one cases were included (mean age 6 ± 2 years). Pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons took patients to surgery in a more delayed fashion (>12 hours, P = 0.02). Surgical time and fluoroscopy usage were significantly shorter for pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons (P < 0.001). No statistical difference was noted in pin configuration constructs between the groups. Pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons, on average, saw patients two times postoperatively within a year with most patients being within 30 days. Complications were not statistically different between the groups.

Conclusions:

Pediatric fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons provide more efficient care on a more delayed basis for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures than other subspecialty-trained orthopaedic surgeons. However, if barriers exist that limit the practicality or availability of these specialists, nonpediatric fellowship-trained surgeons achieve similar and satisfactory outcomes.

Level of Evidence:

Level III retrospective cohort study
Patient-reported Outcomes Associated With Preoperative Opioid Use in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Smith Evan , Klemt Christian , Sabeh Karim , Tirumala Venkatsaiakhil , Kwon Young-Min
Published: September 2020

Background:

Opioid use is a public health crisis in the United States and an area of increased focus within the arthroplasty literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of preoperative opioid use on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) before and after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Methods:

A total of 381 consecutive revision THA patients with both preoperative and postoperative PROMs were identified. Because of differences in baseline characteristics, 104 opioid users were matched to 208 nonusers using nearest-neighbor propensity score matching.

Results:

Propensity score–matched opioid users had significantly lower preoperative PROMs than the nonuser for hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score physical function (53.2 versus 60.1, P < 0.01) and patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) short form (SF) Physical (38.5 versus 43.2, P < 0.01). Postoperatively, opioid users demonstrated significantly lower scores across all PROMs: hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score physical function (58.1 versus 70.0, P < 0.001), PROMIS SF Physical (40.3 versus 48.4, P < 0.001), and PROMIS SF Mental (43.7 versus 53.2, P < 0.001). Propensity score–matched opioid users demonstrated an increased hospital stay (P = 0.04).

Discussion:

Revision THA patients who use opioids preoperatively have notably lower preoperative and postoperative outcome scores compared with propensity score–matched nonusers. As opioid use has the potential to be a modifiable factor, it would be important to counsel patients on the benefit of minimizing or eliminating opioid use preoperatively to optimize outcome after revision THA.
The Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization and Its Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Children of Health Care Workers (HCWs) and Non-HCWs
Authors: Sedighi Iraj , Faradmal Javad , Alikhani Mohammad Yousef , Olfat Mehrnaz
Published: September 2020

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive coccus bacterium responsible for a wide spectrum of human infections. The main colonization site for S. aureus in humans is the anterior nares. Health care workers (HCW) are commonly colonized with resistant microorganisms; however, it is not clear whether close contact with HCW is a risk factor for colonization with resistant microorganisms. Objectives: The aim of the study was the determination of the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission from colonized parents to their children via daily contact. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Hamadan city, the west of Iran, between October 2016 and March 2017. We defined two groups for our investigation. The first group included 1 - 6 years old children who their mother, father, or both were health care workers (HCW) in university-affiliated hospitals of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, and the second group consisted of children whose parents were not health care workers. Both groups attended day care centers. One hundred and thirty-four children were enrolled in this study, from which 67 had HCW parents, and 67 had non-HCW parents. Results: S. aureus colonization rate among children of HCWs was 17.9 % (12/67), and in children of non-HCWS was 32.8% (22/67). The colonization rate was not significantly different between these 2 groups (P = 0.052). Of all the S. aureus isolates, one methicillin-resistant isolate and one clindamycin-resistant isolate were observed. The D-test was positive in 12.1% of clindamycin sensitive isolates Conclusions: We recommend the use of anti-staphylococcal penicillin or first-generation cephalosporins in cases of non-life-threatening staphylococcal infections and clindamycin for MRSA infections. Regarding to our results, there is no difference in the choice of antibiotic between children of health care workers and other children. We also recommend avoiding switching therapy from erythromycin to clindamycin.
Required Data Elements and Requirements of a Teleoncology System to Provide Treatment Plans for Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Khodaveisi Taleb , Sadoughi Farahnaz , Novin Kambiz
Published: September 2020

Background: Teleoncology refers to the use of telemedicine for remotely providing multiple specialized services in clinical oncology processes, including screening, diagnosis, treatment planning, consultation, supportive care, pathology, surgery, and follow-up services. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the required data elements and elicitation of requirements for developing a telemedicine system that aims at providing treatment plans for patients with breast cancer. Methods: In this study, the required data elements for the teleoncology system were identified through both the investigation of clinical guidelines and review of patients’ medical records. Identified data elements were determined by breast cancer specialists through the questionnaire. Besides, an interview method was applied to elicit the requirements of this system. Results: The identified data elements were categorized into 20 groups (e.g., clinical data, breast physical examinations, pathological results, tests, imaging results, etc.). From the 182 data elements included within the questionnaire, 125 were recognized to be necessary (n = 32, 100%). The lowest mean percentage were observed in magnesium blood test (Mg) (n = 21, 65.63%) and protein test (Pr) (n = 21, 65.63%). Other data elements with a minimum mean of 71.87% and a maximum mean of 100% were recognized necessary. In general, 2 major themes, 9 categories, and 45 related sub-categories were extracted from analyzing the findings of the interviews related to the system requirements. Conclusions: The findings of the present study can be used as a basis for developing teleoncology systems that aim at providing treatment plans for patients with breast cancer.
Erectile Dysfunction in Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Authors: Motazedian Somayeh , Entezam Sepehr , Banihashem SeyedShahab , Zahed Ghazal , Kheradmand Ali
Published: September 2020

Background: Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is one of the most common treatments for drug use complications. Sexual disorders are reported as common side effects of these treatments, the most important of which is erectile dysfunction. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dose-dependence and duration of methadone treatment on erectile dysfunction in patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 192 opioid-dependent men undergoing methadone maintenance treatment at Shariati Hospital in Fasa (Iran) in 2018. Samples were selected by the available sampling method. Each individual was given a demographic questionnaire, methadone consumption questionnaire, and standard erectile dysfunction questionnaire. The one way ANOVA test and, in some cases, Pearson correlation coefficient with chi-square test for qualitative variables were used. Results: Mean age of patients was 41.41 ± 8.41, the mean duration of MMT was 60.53 ± 37.8 months, and the mean therapeutic dose was 83.68 ± 27.07mg. 171 (86.8%) were married, 13 (6.8%) had no erectile dysfunction. While 37 (19.3%) had mild, 78 (19.3%) mild to moderate, 48 (25%) moderate, and 16 (8.3%) had severe erectile dysfunction. The results showed that erectile dysfunction was significantly associated with age and duration of methadone consumption. However, the type of methadone and marital status had no significant association with erectile function. Conclusions: Erectile dysfunction is common in men receiving MMT. The severity of erectile dysfunction is related to the duration of MMT and is not dose-dependent. Therefore, subjects who are on long-term MMT need more frequent erectile dysfunction assessment.
A Review of COVID-19 Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Yaghobzadeh Reyhaneh , Kamel Seyyed Reza , Shirazi Koresh
Published: September 2020

: The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently emerged as an acute respiratory syndrome. The virus has spread throughout the world since the primary outbreak of the disease reported in Wuhan, China. The pandemic has led to increased mortality as the most important threat of the disease in specific populations across the world. Furthermore, COVID-19 has caused significant economic problems in several countries. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 is currently an important concern for physicians and communities. The present study aimed to review the published articles regarding the diagnosis of COVID-19 until the end of February 2020. According to the results we show that deep learning and machine learning algorithms can be effectively used to the scope of the disease.
The Risk Assessment of Low Back Pain Based on Allowable Weight Limits for Manual Lifting in Iranian Women Workers
Authors: Afshari Davood , Mojaddam Maryam , Nourollahi Maryam
Published: September 2020

Background: Manual load lifting is one of the most important risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders, including occupational low back pain. These disorders are common in women workers who perform manual load lifting and displacement tasks at the workplace. Objectives: To determine the level of musculoskeletal disorders and to evaluate the recommended limits of manual load lifting in women workers using WISHA checklist and ACGIH TLV, the recommended limits of Iran, and compare the results of two methods. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 women workers who performed manual loading tasks in 2018. Nordic questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, and two methods, WISHA checklist and ACGIH TLV, were used to determine the recommended allowable limits for manual load lifting. Results: The results of the prevalence assessment of musculoskeletal disorders showed that most of the musculoskeletal disorders were in the low back (55%) in the past 12 months. The results of the assessment of the allowable lifting limits also showed that 8% of women in the WISHA checklist method and 31% in the ACGIH TLV method were at risk for low back injuries. The kappa coefficient test (0.031) also showed that there is a poor and insignificant agreement between the two methods of WISHA checklist and ACGIH TLV in determining the allowable limits for manual lifting. Conclusions: The results of this study showed a poor agreement between the WISHA checklist and ACGIH TLV in determining the allowable limits for manual lifting, which suggest that the two methods are not mutually exclusive. Hence, owing to the increasing presence of women in various occupations and raising the hand load-lifting and, naturally increasing occupational low back pain among them, it is necessary that in a comprehensive study, the allowable limits of lifting loads according to anthropometric and physiological characteristics of Iranian women, prepare and compile according to a comprehensive instruction.
Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy of Vincristine Sulfate for Lymphoma Using Niosome-Based Drug Delivery
Authors: Mehrabi Mohammad Reza , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Toliyat Tayebeh , Shirzad Masoomeh , Izadyari Azadeh , Zoghi Mofrad Laya , Chiani Mohsen , Akbarzadeh Azim
Published: September 2020

: Clinical application of vincristine sulfate as a chemotherapeutic agent is limited because of its low aqueous solubility and severe side effects. This study aimed to improve the bioavailability and reduce side effects of vincristine sulfate through entrapping in PEGylated niosomes. We evaluated the anticancer activity of PEGylated niosomal vincristine sulfate (PEG-nVCR) in a mouse model of lymphoma induced by BCL1 clone 5B1b cell line. PEG-nVCR was prepared by the thin-film hydration method. The prepared niosomes were characterized by size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The drug release pattern, neurotoxicity experiment, and in vivo anticancer activity of PEG-nVCR were evaluated by the dialysis diffusion method, rotarod performance test, and flow cytometry, respectively. The mean particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of nisomes were obtained around 220 nm, -19 mV, and 81%, respectively. A sustained release behavior was indicated by PEG-nVCR so that the maximum release of VCR from niosomes reached to 69% after 36h of incubation. After the treatment of mice by different formulations, a significant reduction in lymphoma cells in the spleen was obtained for the PEG-nVCR, as compared to the free vincristine sulfate. In the neurotoxicity experiment, a 2.5-fold lower motor incoordination effect was observed for the PEG-nVCR group with respect to the free VCR group. According to these findings, it can be concluded that the PEGylated niosomal formulation could be a suitable carrier for the delivery of VCR to the lymphoma cells or other related cancer cells.
Unification or Differentiation?
Authors: Dong Le ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2020

In this article, I argue that Merleau-Ponty underpins an idea of differentiation without ultimate unification through intertwining. I trace this idea of intertwining to Phenomenology of Perception. I argue that what perception marks is already differentiation prior to any identification. For this purpose, firstly, I will introduce Merleau-Ponty’s depiction of intertwining; secondly, I will elaborate perception in Phenomenology of Perception; finally, I will discuss flesh as intertwining in The Visible and The Invisible.
Satire and social criticism in Ubayd Zakani's works
Authors: Halilović Muamer
Published: September 2020

Social problems can be discussed in different ways. One is a philosophical interpretation of the essence of the problem, another is a historical consideration of the origin of the problem, and the third is a sociological analysis of the relationship between the problem and the development, namely decadence, of social life. However, all this belongs to the scientific method of social research, when we try to approach the analysis and solution of the problem by perceiving the problem as a phenomenon with certain characteristics and properties. Nevertheless, there is also a way when we just want to point out the problem, to draw people's attention to its harmfulness, to remind them that they are largely accustomed to it, to the extent that they no longer notice it even though its harmfulness is still obvious, perhaps even more than ever before. This is exactly the method that some writers, satirists, opt for. They offer a caricature of the social situation, because they believe that this is the only way we will get startled and realize how unconscious and unscrupulous we have been in relation to certain harmful circumstances in which we live and raise our children and future generations. Very often satirists do not offer any concrete solution, because that is not what they intend to do. Their method is not scientific, so that we would expect them to analyze a problem and then propose a solution. Their intention is solely to shake up the members of their community, wake them up from the dream they have fallen into, and encourage them to do something. Not more than that. In this paper, we will try, holding probably the greatest satirist in the history of Islam, Ubayd Zakani, as an example, to find out to what extent satirical thought could have been useful in the period following the Mongols' occupation of almost all Muslim territories.
Epistemology according to Allamah Tabatabai
Authors: Rizvi Sejed
Published: September 2020

Epistemology is a science that discusses: 1. Human knowledge, 2. Evaluation of the types of human knowledge, 3. Determining the true and false criteria of human knowledge. Although this topic (issue, subject matter), has no long history in the history of science, as an independent science and a branch of philosophy, scholars have never been unaware of the issue of recognition and its value and importance, and attention to this issue is not restricted to recent decades. Also in Islamic philosophy and logic, epistemological topics have been raised sporadically in various dimensions but many of them have an ontological state (approach) rather than an epistemological one. Allamah Tabatabai, as one of the greatest scholars and contemporary Islamic philosophers, discussed in his compilations, directly in some cases, and indirectly in other philosophical discussions, the subject of epistemology. Epistemology includes a variety of topics, but three of them are considered as the most important ones: 1. The definition of knowledge, 2. The possibility of knowledge, 3. The instruments of knowledge. The article analyzes epistemology in these titles from the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai. First, it expresses the importance and necessity of epistemology and then it looks at the historical course of epistemology in the Occident and Islam.
The role of adaptability with the exigencies of time and space in dynamism of Shia jurisprudence
Authors: Aga-Mohamadi Morteza
Published: September 2020

The ability to adapt to the requirements and exigencies of time and place is a unique feature that distinguishes Shia jurisprudence from many customary jurisprudential schools, and makes it dynamic and capable to last at the same time. It enables the jurists to always find a way out of blocks without being forced to retreat from existing stances. This article aims to discover the role of the exigencies of time and space (place) in the dynamics of Shiite jurisprudence. This research based on library findings, first deals with the necessity of such adaptability, and then a reflection is made on what the concept and function of the role of time and place in jurisprudence is. Finally, dynamic juridical effort (Ijtihad), the necessity of using second order rulings alongside primary ones, mandatory and non-mandatory rulings, governmental rulings, the role of customary understanding, and conflict, are discussed as the key features and components of the dynamic jurisprudence.
The political conduct of Imam Ridha while facing the revolts at the time of his Imamate
Authors: Šodžaifard Hamid-Reza , Sadžadi Zahra
Published: September 2020

Imam is a guide, leader, navigator, successor of the Prophet and the Divine ambassador on the Earth, whose speech, action and authentication are authority and proofs for us. In fact, Imam is the true ideal for humanity in various aspects of worship, individual, social and political realms. While Imam's speech, actions and authentication is authority for us in matters of worship and jurisprudence, similarly they are proofs for us in the matters of governance and politics. Moreover, if we want to succeed in these grounds, we need to follow the infallible Imams and take their code of conduct as ideal for us. This article seeks to examine the political conduct of Imam Ridha facing the revolts during the period of his Imamate, in order to set an example to Muslims in political affairs.
Hvad vare vi i fordum? Hvad ere vi nu? Nogle rettelser og tilføjelser til Grundtvig-Studier 1956
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

What were we in the past? What are we now? Some corrections and additions to the Grundtvig Studies 1956By William Michelsen
Henning Høirup: Frederik Lange Grundtvig
Authors: Albeck Gustav
Published: September 2020

Frederik Lange Grundtvig. By Henning Høirup, in collaboration with M. F. Blichfeld, Inger M. Boberg, and Hans E. Eriksen. By Gustav Albeck. It is more than a mere work of piety that Dean Høirup has performed in publishing this comprehensive book about Grundtvig’s youngest son. It appeared on the occasion of the centenary of Frederik Lange Grundtvig’s birth, but it is something other and more than a tribute to his memory. Dr. Høirup has taken charge of its publication and has written the greater part of the text, but has supplimented his own presentation of the subject with contributions from other writers. Thus the Rev. M. F. Blichfeld, who was a Danish clergyman in the U.S.A. and has now retired, has written Chapter V and VI of the book, which deal with F. L. Grundtvig’s activities in the Danish Church in America and his national work among Danish people there (1883—1900) and with his last tragic years (1900—1903), while Dr. Inger M. Boberg (who has since died) writes, with specialist knowledge and not without admiration, about F. L. Grundtvig’s comprehensive and original contribution as a collector of folk traditions. But the most important part of the book is Dr. Høirup’s description — full of understanding and insight — of F. L. Grundtvig’s childhood and youth, his literary work in America, partly as a poet for the Danish settlers in “the country where the nations gather”, partly as editor and publisher of »Sangbog for det danske Folk i Amerika« (“Songbook for the Danish people in America”) — and finally as a theological author of treatises and studies of the Fathers of the Church. An enormous amount of work lies behind this well-informed and sympathetic biography — work based on both printed and unprinted sources. Dr. Høirup has had good help from many sides, not least from people who are still alive and who knew Frederik Lange Grundtvig and his work in America, especially his daughter, Mrs. Marie Lorange, Oslo. Of particular importance for research into N. F. S. Grundtvig’s life are the first chapters of the book, which paint a moving picture of the old father’s love for his little motherless son, and, at some decisive points, increase our knowledge concerning N. F. S. Grundtvig’s latest years. Frederik Lange Grundtvig’s life was tragic in many respects, because, in filial piety, he felt himself bound to his great father’s work and ideas and tried to preserve them and to realise them in practice in a land where the climate of thought was unfavourable to them — and in a period which was characterised by material progress more than by spiritual growth. But his destinity assumed dimensions which were worthy of the name which laid him under corresponding obligations, and it was not chance, but his own deeds and behaviour, which gave greatness to his all too short life.
Harry Aronson: Mänskligt och kristet
Authors: Høirup Henning
Published: September 2020

Harry Aronson: Human and ChristianBy Henning Høirup
Den grundtvigske arv: Christian Hostrup som prædikant med særligt blik på de grundtvigske elementer
Authors: Thodberg Christian
Published: September 2020

The Grundtvig Heritage: Christian Hostrup as Preacher, with a Special Consideration of the Grundtvig Elements in his Sermonsby Christian ThodbergJens Christian Hostrup (1818-92) was one of Grundtvig’s most important heirs. Hostrup drew nearer to Christianity and to Grundtvig as a result, amongst other things, of the attack which Søren Kierkegaard launched on the official Church in the 1850’s. It was for this reason that in particular the sermon aimed at saving souls and formulated in simple language became a characteristic of Hostrup as a preacher. He did not take holy orders until he was a man of mature years with a praiseworthy career as a playwright behind him. Hostrup takes over Grundtvig’s words and concepts but attributes a different meaning to them. The renunciation of the devil and the creed, for example, were to Grundtvig a message with a personal address by virtue of the interrogative form used in the baptism ritual, but for Hostrup the renunciation and the creed in the form in general use become a minimum demand on the tempted believer. Above all he emphasizes a personal awareness of the relationship with God. Whereas Grundtvig returned to baptism and dramatically relived it, baptism for Hostrup is to be supplemented by a growing awareness in the mature Christian.Most instructive is the relationship between Grundtvig and Hostrup as analysed in their use of the word heart. For Grundtvig heart is often used in conjunction with mouth, tongue, word and ear. This pattern stresses man’s extrovert nature towards God and his fellow man. Thus for Grundtvig the heart is the subject of a series of distinctive verbs of experience, emphasizing the image of God and its dynamic character in the heart. It is different with Hostrup; for him the heart becomes exclusively the seat of religious awareness.Attention is centred to a great degree on the heart’s feelings that the truth and the power in God’s Word can only be received through the heart’s sensitivity, through its desire and its aspiration. The heart is thus made independent, but becomes at the same times an expression of man’s loneliness: man can go only so far as the heart will allow. Thus for Hostrup the heart is almost static, in contrast to the dynamic character it had for Grundtvig as a mirror of God’s love - as an ear and a sounding-broard for God’s word.With its background in a structuralist examination of Grundtvig’s words and concepts in the present book the paper proves that a corresponding examination of the words and concepts of one of Grundtvig’s heirs gives a precise specifi308 cation of the characteristic differences. In Grundtvig and Hostrup we find the same words and concepts, but the patterns into which they fit are different. A structuralist analysis is therefore useful for an investigation into what happens when a tradition is handed on and taken over.
N. F. S. Grundtvigs Fond. Beretning om virksomheden 1983-87
Authors: Bugge K. E.
Published: September 2020

N. F. S. Grundtvigs Fond. Report on the company 1983-87By K. E. Bugge
Poul Georg Lindhardt in memoriam
Authors: Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

Poul Georg Lindhardt in memoriamBy Jens Holger Schjørring
Grundtvig og Kierkegaard som grundlæggere af en moderne social bevidsthed
Authors: Kühnhold Christa
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and Kierkegaard as founders of a modern social awarenessBy Christa Köhnhold