bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Selective Etching of SiO2 over Si3N4 and Si in Capacitively Coupled Plasma Employing C5HF7 Gas
Authors: Miyawaki Yudai , Kondo Yusuke , Sekine Makoto , Ishikawa Kenji , Hayashi Toshio , Takeda Keigo , Kondo Hiroki , Yamazaki Atsuyo , Ito Azumi , Matsumoto Hirokazu , Hori Masaru
Published: January 2013

In a dual-frequency-excited parallel plate capacitively coupled plasma employing a heptafluoro-cyclo-pentene (C5HF7) gas with addition of O2 and dilution in Ar gas, highly selective etching of SiO2 at selectivities of 40 against Si3N4 and 57 against polycrystalline Si was realized. Gas phase fluorocarbon species containing H atoms such as C
x
HF
y
(x>2) played key roles in the selective deposition of thick hydrofluorocarbon films that covered the Si3N4 and polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) surfaces and in the selective etching of SiO2 over the photoresist, SiN, and Si.
Microfabrication of Three-Axis Tactile Feedback Actuator for Robot-Assisted Surgery
Authors: Doh Eunhyup , Yoo Jihyung , Lee Hyungkew , Park Joonah , Yun Kwang-Seok
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a three-axis tactile feedback actuator using pneumatic balloons for human perception applications such as robot-assisted surgery systems. A tactile actuator is composed of a center structure having four balloons, sidewalls with one lateral balloon on each sidewall, and a bottom structure supporting the center structure. We fabricated the proposed device using flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) and hard polyurethane with final dimensions of 18 ×18 ×18 mm3. The four balloons on the center structure produce normal tactile display during pneumatic-pressure-assisted inflation. The lateral movement of the center structure driven by sidewall balloons generates a shear tactile display on fingertips. The center deflections of the circular and rectangular balloons were calculated and measured experimentally.
Theoretical Electromagnetic Field Calculation of a Floating Metal Wire for Inductively Coupled Micro Plasma Using a Spiral Coil
Authors: Yun Kyyoul , Fujisaki Keisuke , Sasaki Minoru
Published: January 2013

According to calculation, one of the reasons which enables inductively coupled plasma generation with low ignition power with the use of a floating metal wire is that the electrical field intensity is concentrated at the end of the floating metal wire. The electrical field intensity with the floating metal wire is not affected by the properties of the materials, such as the permeability, electrical conductivity or permittivity. It is the same result obtained through experimental ignition power data. The electrical field intensity at the upstream side increases with increments of the floating metal wire length, while the electrical field strength at the downstream side decreases with increments of the floating metal wire length. This is the possible reason for the decrease of ignition power for plasma ignition with increments of the floating metal wire length. In this paper, the function of the floating metal wire in the spiral exciting coil is investigated based on the electromagnetic field calculation using the finite element method (FEM) and is compared with the experimental results.
Effect of Direct Current Power to Ti-Target on the Composition, Structure and Characterization of the Ti (0–2.36 at. %), Al Codoped ZnO Sputtering Thin Films
Authors: Lin Jing-Chie , Wu Jing-Nan , Tseng Chun-An , Peng Kun-Cheng
Published: January 2013

Transparent conductive Ti, Al codoped ZnO (TAZO) films were prepared on glass substrate by three-target magnetron sputtering system in this work. The glass substrate was heated to 200 °C, and the working pressure in the chamber was at 5×10-2Torr. In the process of sputtering, pure Ti target was bombarded by direct current varying in the power at 0, 20, 30, and 40 W; however, the pure Al target and pure ZnO target were bombarded by radio frequency power fixed at 100 W. After sputtering for 150 min, the thickness of the films was measured to be about 700 nm varying in Ti-content. The surface morphology and cross section of the films were examined by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and their composition was analyzed with attached energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Ti-content of the films was found to increase with increasing the DC power in the order: 0 at. % (0 W) < 0.59 at. % (20 W) < 1.35 at. % (30 W) < 2.36 at. % (40 W). Analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that all the films belong to wurtzite structure textured on (0002). Through examination by atomic force microscopy (AFM), the films revealed their average surface roughness (Ra) decreased from 10.74 to 5.40 nm with increasing the Ti-content. Surface composition and depth profile of the films were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrical resistivity of the films, determined by four-point probe, was in the range from 0.93×10-3Ω cm (with 0.59 at. % Ti) to 8.34×10-3Ω cm (with 2.36 at. % Ti). The average optical transmittance of the films analyzed by UV–vis light was higher than 85% in visible spectra.
Effects of Hydrogen Dilution on ZnO Thin Films Fabricated via Nitrogen-Mediated Crystallization
Authors: Suhariadi Iping , Matsushima Koichi , Kuwahara Kazunori , Oshikawa Koichi , Yamashita Daisuke , Seo Hyunwoong , Uchida Giichiro , Kamataki Kunihiro , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu , Bornholdt Sven , Kersten Holger , Wulff Harm , Itagaki Naho
Published: January 2013

Hydrogenated ZnO thin films have been successfully deposited on glass substrates via a nitrogen mediated crystallization (NMC) method utilizing RF sputtering. Here we aim to study the crystallinity and electrical properties of hydrogenated NMC-ZnO films in correlation with substrate temperature and H2flow rate. XRD measurements reveal that all the deposited films exhibit strongly preferred (001) orientation. The integral breadth of the (002) peak from the hydrogenated NMC-ZnO films is smaller than that of the conventional hydrogenated ZnO films fabricated without nitrogen. Furthermore, the crystallinity and surface morphology of the hydrogenated NMC-ZnO films are improved by increasing substrate temperature to 400 °C, where the smallest integral breadth of (002) 2θ–ω scans of 0.83° has been obtained. By utilizing the hydrogenated NMC-ZnO films as buffer layers, the crystallinity of ZnO:Al (AZO) films is also improved. The resistivity of AZO films on NMC-ZnO buffer layers decreases with increasing H2flow rate during the sputter deposition of buffer layers from 0 to 5 sccm. At a H2flow rate of 5 sccm, 20-nm-thick AZO films with low resistivity of 1.5×10-3Ω cm have been obtained.
Transparent Ultrahigh-Strength Moisture Barrier Film Fabricated by Lamination Process
Authors: Lin I-Lin , Chen Chun-Yuan , Guo Yoou-Bin , Liu Chia-Ming , Hong Franklin Chau-Nan
Published: January 2013

Multilayer barrier films were fabricated by stacking multiple pairs of inorganic and organic layers on organic-treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates. The inorganic and organic moisture barrier layers were prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and bar coating, respectively, at room temperature. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) through six pairs of inorganic/organic stacking layers can reach 2.1×10-5 g m-2 day-1. By laminating two PET substrates, both coated with two pairs of inorganic/organic barrier layers, individually achieving a WVTR of 5 ×10-3 g m-2 day-1, an ultrahigh-strength moisture barrier film could be produced with the WVTR significantly lowered to as much as 4×10-5 g m-2 day-1, which was in the same order of magnitude as a single PET film coated with six pairs of inorganic/organic stacking layers. Even after bending 5,000 times, the laminated barrier film maintained not only the high moisture barrier strength but also the good optical transparency and flexibility. The possible reason for the significant improvement of the moisture barrier strength by lamination is also proposed.
Plasma-Assisted Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zinc Oxide Films Using Solution of Zinc Acetate
Authors: Takenaka Kosuke , Okumura Yusuke , Setsuhara Yuichi
Published: January 2013

Zinc oxide (ZnO) film deposition has been carried out by plasma-assisted mist chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a solution of zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2], and the effects of plasma exposure on film properties have been investigated in terms of RF power. With increasing RF power, the results of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of ZnO films with plasma exposure showed the existence of crystallized ZnO films with plasma exposure. Under this condition, the substrate temperature was as low as 200 °C for a plasma exposure time of 20 min. The surface morphology shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shows that the ZnO films were textured with round grains, which is attributed to the effect of the use of mist with the precursor.
Improved Energy Conversion Efficiency of TiO2 Thin Films Modified with Ta2O5 in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kao Ming-Cheng , Chen Hone-Zern , Young San-Lin
Published: January 2013

Tantalum-doped TiO2 thin films [(TiO2)1-x
(Ta2O5)
x
, x=0–0.8%] were prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated substrates by sol–gel technology for uses in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of Ta content on the growth and properties of the TiO2 thin films were investigated. The crystallization and microstructures of the thin films were examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. The performance of DSSCs based on Ta-doped TiO2 thin films was also studied. From the obtained results, the increases in J
sc and V
oc may be due to the increased electron concentration of TiO2 thin film and the flat-band potential of the TiO2 shifted by tantalum doping, respectively. The optimum properties of DSSCs of V
oc=0.68 V, J
sc=7.84 mA/cm2, FF=45.1%, and η=2.4% were obtained using the Ta-doped TiO2 thin film with x=0.5%.
Effect of Hydrogen Dilution on the Nanostructural and Electrooptical Characteristics of Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Films Prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Nam Hee-Jong , Son Jong-Ick , Cho Nam-Hee
Published: January 2013

Nanocrystalline hydrogenated amorphous silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films were deposited on silicon wafers and glass by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The hydrogen dilution in the precursor gases, [SiH4/H2], were varied from 1 to 0.01 with the other deposition factors kept constant. The nanocrystallite size and volume fraction increased steadily with increasing hydrogen dilution ratio in the gas from 1 to 0.01. The mean size of the nanocrystallites ranged from ∼1 to ∼7 nm. The band gap of the films varied according to the hydrogen dilution, indicating the nanostructural features of the films. Film resistivity was dependent on the crystallite size and volume fraction in the films. In particular, the resistivity of a simple P–I–N type device decreased with increasing nanocrystallite size. The increased crystallinity can be explained by the predominance of Si–H bonds in the films.
Selective Growth of GaN Rods on the Apex of GaN Pyramids by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Yun Wy Il , Lee Hyo Jong , Shin Kee Sam , Park Jung Sik , Yu Young Moon , Lee Jeung Woo , Lee Gang Suok , Ahn Hyung Soo , Yang Min
Published: January 2013

We report on the growth and characterization of GaN rods selectively grown on the apex of hexagonal GaN pyramids. SiO2 near the apex of the hexagonal GaN pyramids was removed by an optimized photolithography process and subsequently subjected to Au deposition and selective growth of GaN rods by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It was observed that there were preferred GaN rods orientations toward <1100> directions. The GaN rods had triangular cross section enclosed with (1122), (1122), and (0001) side facets. A particular feature was that each rod has sharp edge at its very end. We found that the GaN rods could be formed not by vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process but Ga–Au intermediate state. This work opens up new growth methods for position and density controlled III–nitride nano- and micro-structures which have potential use in high functional devices, such as field emitters and gas sensors.
Size-Dependent Resonant Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes for Collimating Concerns
Authors: Chu Ying-Chien , Su Yan-Kuin , Chao Chia-Hsin , Yeh Wen-Yung
Published: January 2013

This paper presented the GaN-Based size-dependent ultrathin-film resonant cavity light-emitting diode (uT-RCLED) for highly collimation and light-collective efficiency. The cavity was bound by bottom silver mirror (∼97%) and top distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with five pairs of SiO2/TiO2 (∼95%). The viewing angle of 50 µm (100 µm) uT-RCLED was near ±51° (±47°) through the beam profiler and presented the best light-collective efficiency of 8.18% (9.73%) within ±15° light extraction cone contrasted with regular non-DBR ultrathin-film light-emitting diodes (uT-LEDs) (6.57%). In addition, the absolute light output power of the 50 µm (100 µm) uT-RCLED was 95.26% (127.36%) much higher than the uT-LED. Besides, the micromation of RCLED influenced neither the resonant effect nor the collimating properties which opens a potential application for the LED microprojectors to meet the etendue limitation for maximum luminance output.
Thermal Treatment of Al2O3, MgO, and CeO2 Granulated Powders by Induction Thermal Plasma: A Numerical Approach
Authors: Hossain M. Mofazzal , Alam M. Rafiqul , Watanabe Takayuki
Published: January 2013

A plasma–particle interactive flow model has been developed for the investigation of plasma temperature, velocity, particle temperature, diameter, and flight path during in-fight thermal treatment of granulated powders – Al2O3, MgO, and CeO2 in induction thermal plasma, taking into account of plasma particle interaction and particle loading effects. In this model, the conservative equations are solved to investigate the influence of feed-rate and particle diameter on the melting behavior of granulated powders and to predict particle trajectories, temperature histories etc. In this paper attention is given to the effects of carrier gas flow-rate, powder feed-rate and secondary gas (oxygen) flow-rate on the particles' final diameter and trajectory for Al2O3, MgO, and CeO2 powders. Results show that the particles diameter after thermal treatment is strongly dependent on the powder feed-rate, oxygen gas flow-rate and carrier gas flow-rate. Among the three types of powders, particle diameter decrement is significant in case of MgO and less significant in case of Al2O3; and the effect of oxygen flow-rate on the particle diameter decrement is significant in case of MgO. Particles trajectories are wider for smaller particles than that of larger particles. Particle temperature is lowest for MgO and highest for Al2O3 particles.
Effect of Yb3+ Concentrations on the Upconversion Luminescence Properties of ZrO2:Er3+,Yb3+ Phosphors
Authors: Noh Hyeon Mi , Yang Hyun Kyoung , Moon Byung Kee , Choi Byung Chun , Jeong Jung Hyun , Choi Haeyoung , Kim Jung Hwan
Published: January 2013

ZrO2:Er3+ and ZrO2:Er3+,Yb3+ phosphors were synthesized via a solvothermal reaction method. For low concentrations of Yb3+, the crystalline structure changed from the tetragonal to monoclinic phase as sintering temperature increased. As the Yb3+ concentration increased to a value above 0.05 mol, ZrO2 phosphors displayed a very stable tetragonal phase. The green and red upconversion emissions of ZrO2:Er3+,Yb3+ phosphors were measured under the excitation with a 975 nm continuous wave diode laser, and the pump power dependence of upconversion intensity was investigated. As the Yb3+ concentration increased from 0 to 0.05 mol, the red upconversion emission intensity increased more rapidly than the green emission intensity. This is attributed to the energy transfer (4I11/2→4I15/2
4I13/2→4F9/2) between Er3+ ions and the energy back transfer [4S3/2
4I13/2(Er3+)→2F7/2
2F5/2(Yb3+)] between the Er3+ and Yb3+ ions. In this case, the pump power dependence of red emission intensity changed from quadratic to linear as Yb3+ concentration increased.
Functionally Gradient Material Ceramics of Hydroxyapatite and Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering for Biocompatibility and Mechanical Strength
Authors: Kawagoe Daisuke , Eda Hokuto , Shinohara Akiko , Nakata Satoshi
Published: January 2013

Hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2: HA, is biocompatible with human hard tissue. Zirconia has mechanical strength and toughness. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a processing technique that makes it possible to prepare materials at low temperatures. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use the SPS method to prepare functionally gradient material (FGM) ceramics with the biocompatibility of HA and the strength of yttria partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ). Fine powders of HA and Y-PSZ (ZrO2 + 3 mol % Y2O3) were poured into the graphite mold and then subjected to SPS at 1100 °C for 10 min. The outer layer has a mixing ratio of 70 wt % HA : 30 wt % Y-PSZ and the other layers are deposited by gradually changing the mixing ratio of HA and Y-PAZ. Each layer in the obtained composite (1.5 mmφ × 1.7 mm) was approximately 0.25 mm thick. The measured compressive strength of the composite prepared by SPS at 1100 °C for 10 min was 950 MPa.
Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells Using MoO3 Hole-Transporting Layers Prepared by Simple Spin-Cast of Its Dispersion Solution in Methanol
Authors: Kishi Mayuko , Kubo Yosuke , Ishikawa Ryo , Shirai Hajime , Ueno Keiji
Published: January 2013

MoO3 is one of the efficient hole-transporting materials for organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Here, a facile method of preparing the MoO3 buffer layer will be introduced. MoO3 powder was added into methanol and ultrasonication of the dispersion solution was carried out. Then the solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was spin-cast on an indium–tin-oxide anode. On it, a photoconversion layer was prepared by spin-casting a poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) composite solution. The fabricated OPVs revealed an efficiency as high as 3.05%, which is better than that of P3HT:PCBM OPV with a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) hole-transporting layer.
Mass Detection Using a Graphene-Based Nanomechanical Resonator
Authors: Lee Haw-Long , Yang Yu-Ching , Chang Win-Jin
Published: January 2013

The potential of using graphene as a nanomechanical resonator is explored. A graphene-resonator sensor is assumed to be a simply supported rectangular plate. The frequency equation of the sensor with an attached mass is derived analytically using nonlocal elasticity theory. The results indicate that increasing the nonlocal parameter markedly increases the frequency shift of the sensor, and the frequency shift becomes larger as the aspect ratio approaches 1. Therefore, in order to obtain the highest sensitivity, a square geometrical sensor should be used. The mass sensitivity can reach up to 10-27 g/Hz.
High Temperature Growth of Non-polar a-Plane GaN Film Grown Using Gallium-Oxide as Ga Source
Authors: Sumi Tomoaki , Bu Yuan , Kitamoto Akira , Imade Mamoru , Yoshimura Masashi , Isemura Masashi , Mori Yusuke
Published: January 2013

In this study, we reported a decrease of oxygen concentration and an increase in the growth rate of a-plane gallium nitride (a-GaN) film grown using Ga2O gas and NH3 gas. The oxygen concentration in a-GaN film was decreased with increasing partial pressure of NH3 and growth temperature. An a-GaN film with the lowest oxygen concentration of 4 ×1018 atoms/cm3 and the growth rate of 18 µm/h was obtained under NH3 partial pressure of 84 kPa at 1250 °C. We concluded that growth under high partial pressure of NH3 at high temperature can produce a-plane GaN film with a high growth rate and low oxygen concentration.
Charge Propagation Dynamics in Temperature Quenching of Sm-Doped TiO2: Impedance Spectroscopy of Release Processes of Trapped Charges Determining Luminescence Intensity
Authors: Ishii Masashi , Towlson Brian , Harako Susumu , Zhao Xin-wei , Komuro Shuji , Hamilton Bruce
Published: January 2013

The mechanism of the temperature quenching of luminescence in samarium-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Sm) was investigated with electrical measurement techniques. Because electrical measurements are sensitive to charge dynamics, the indirect excitation processes of the Sm dopants, i.e., trapping and recombination of injected charges into the host TiO2, can be clarified. Complex impedance spectroscopy between 100 and 300 K revealed a correlation between the temperature quenching of TiO2:Sm and the trapping and recombination processes. Analyses using equivalent circuits revealed that the main factor determining the temperature quenching properties was delocalization of the trapped charges and decoupling of free charges in TiO2from trapped charges. The delocalization and decoupling parameters were evaluated from the equivalent circuit constants, and a numerical model incorporating the determined values reproduced the experimentally observed temperature quenching of photoluminescence.
EphA7 expression identifies a unique neuronal compartment in the rat striatum
Authors: Tai Alexander X. , Cassidy Robert M. , Kromer Lawrence F.
Published: January 2013

Prior studies have identified two anatomically and neurochemically distinct cellular compartments within the mammalian striatum, termed striosomes and matrix, which express μ‐opioid receptors (μOR) and EphA4, respectively. Here we identify and characterize an additional compartment in the rat striatum composed of neurons that express EphA7. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical data indicate that neurons expressing EphA7 mRNA and protein are arranged in a banded “matrisome‐like” pattern confined to the matrix in the dorsal striatum. Within the ventral striatum, EphA7‐positive (+) neurons have a less organized mosaic pattern that partially overlaps areas expressing μOR. Immunolabeling data demonstrate that EphA7+ striatofugal axons form distinct fascicles leaving the striatum. Within the globus pallidus, EphA7+ axons terminate primarily within ventromedial areas of the nucleus and along its striatal border. EphA7+ axons avoid regions containing dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra and preferentially innervate areas near the rostral and caudal margins of the nucleus. Within both nuclei, EphA7+ axons have similar but more restricted terminal fields than the entire population of EphA4+ matrix axons, indicating that EphA7+ axons comprise a subpopulation of matrix axons. Ligand binding data demonstrate that ephrin‐A5 selectively binds areas of the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra containing EphA7+ neurons and axons, but not areas expressing only EphA4. Our findings demonstrate that EphA7 expression identifies a novel “matrisome” compartment within the matrix that binds ephrin‐A5 and possesses unique axonal projections. Our findings also suggest that EphA7 and ephrin‐A5 may participate in the formation of this matrisome subcompartment and its striatofugal projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2663–2679, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BINOL‐Fused Maleimides – A New Class of C2‐Symmetric Chiral Imides
Authors: Brenet Simon , Baptiste Benoit , Philouze Christian , Berthiol Florian , Einhorn Jacques
Published: January 2013

The first synthesis of BINOL‐fused maleimides has been developed. This new chiral scaffold is easily accessible from various BINOL analogues and 2,3‐dihalomaleimide derivatives under basic conditions. It can be easily functionalized on the BINOL moiety and is an entry towards promising new classes of chiral organocatalysts and ligands.
Anisotropic analysis of multi‐component T2 and T1ρ relaxations in achilles tendon by NMR spectroscopy and microscopic MRI
Authors: Wang Nian , Xia Yang
Published: January 2013

Purpose:

To study the anisotropic characteristics of both multi‐component T2 and T1ρ relaxation times in tendon.

Materials and Methods:

T2 and T1ρ were measured in tendon by NMR spectroscopy at different orientations and by microscopic MRI at the magic angle. Several experimental issues in the multi‐component relaxation measurements were investigated, including the effects of echo spacing, the resolution of MRI experiments, the influence of the specimen orientations, and the strengths of different spin‐lock frequencies in T1ρ experiments.

Results:

Both the values and fractions of T2 in tendon showed significant orientational dependence. The values and fractions of T1ρ strongly depended on both the specimen orientation and the spin‐lock strength. The imaging resolution (35–280 μm) had little influence in the T2 experiments. Both the echo spacings (0.6–3.0 ms) in the T2 experiment and the spin‐lock strengths (0.5–5 kHz) in the T1ρ experiment affected the quantification of the multi‐component relaxation. Up to three T2 and T1ρ components were resolved in tendon.

Conclusion:

Multi‐component relaxations could be attributed to different populations of water in the tissue. The transitions between a mono‐component and multi‐component result call for the caution in interpreting the relaxation results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:625–633. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linear Context‐Free Rewriting Systems
Authors: Kallmeyer Laura
Published: January 2013

This paper introduces Linear Context‐Free Rewriting Systems, a mildly context‐sensitive grammar formalism that displays a range of interesting formal properties and that has attracted a lot of interest in the context of natural language parsing recently because of its capacity to describe discontinuous constituents and non‐projective dependencies. Besides a presentation of the formalism, the paper includes a discussion of recent LCFRS applications in parsing and dependency grammar.
The Past in the Present. Lessons on Semiotics of History from George H. Mead and Boris A. Uspensky
Authors: Hałas Elżbieta
Published: January 2013

This article examines the parallels between George H. Mead's theory of time and Boris A. Uspensky's semiotics of history, looking for implications relevant to the symbolic interactionist theory of historical processes. It suggests that Mead's theory of time and theory of communication hold important implications for semiotic analysis of the historical dimension of sociocultural phenomena. A further aim is to link the symbolic interactionist tradition of the Chicago school with the Tartu school and its semiotics of history. This would fuel the further development of both theoretical orientations.
Audience design in the police interview: The interactional and judicial consequences of audience orientation
Authors: Haworth Kate
Published: January 2013

Police-suspect interviews in England and Wales are a multi-audience, multi-purpose, transcontextual mode of discourse. They are conducted as part of the initial investigation into a crime, but are subsequently recontextualized through the judicial process, ultimately being presented in court as evidence against the interviewee. The communicative challenges posed by multiple future audiences are investigated by applying Bell's (1984) audience design model to the police interview, and the resulting “poor fit” demonstrates why this context is discursively counterintuitive to participants. Further, data analysis indicates that interviewer and interviewee, although ostensibly addressing each other, may orientate to different audiences, with potentially serious consequences. As well as providing new insight into police-suspect interview interaction, this article seeks to extend understanding of the influence of audience on interaction at the discourse level, and to contribute to the development of theoretical models for contexts with multiple or asynchronous audiences. (Audience design, audience orientation, police interviews, forensic linguistics)*
Effects of resources and mortality on the growth and reproduction of Nile perch in Lake Victoria
Authors: DOWNING ANDREA S. , van NES EGBERT H. , van de WOLFSHAAR KAREN E. , SCHEFFER MARTEN , MOOIJ WOLF M.
Published: January 2013

1. A collapse of Nile perch stocks of Lake Victoria could affect up to 30 million people. Furthermore, changes in Nile perch population size‐structure and stocks make the threat of collapse imminent. However, whether eutrophication or fishing will be the bane of Nile perch is still debated.

2. Here, we attempt to unravel how changes in food resources, a side effect of eutrophication, and fishing mortality determine fish population growth and size structures. We parameterised a physiologically structured model to Nile perch, analysed the influence of ontogenetic diet shifts and relative resource abundances on existence boundaries of Nile perch and described the populations on either side of these boundaries.

3. Our results showed that ignoring ontogenetic diet shifts can lead to over‐estimating the maximum sustainable mortality of a fish population. Size distributions can be indicators of processes driving population dynamics. However, the vulnerability of stocks to fishing mortality is dependent on its environment and is not always reflected in size distributions.

4. We suggest that the ecosystem, instead of populations, should be used to monitor long‐term effects of human impact.
Geographical patterns of community‐based tree species richness in Chinese mountain forests: the effects of contemporary climate and regional history
Authors: Shen Zehao , Fei Songlin , Feng Jianmeng , Liu Yining , Liu Zengli , Tang Zhiyao , Wang Xianping , Wu Xiaopu , Zheng Chenyang , Zhu Biao , Fang Jingyun
Published: January 2013

The relationship between climate/productivity and historical/regional contingency and their relative influence on geographical patterns of species richness (GPSR) are still unresolved. Based on field data from 1494 plots from forests on 63 mountains across China, we document the GPSR for forest communities. Regression tree and generalized linear models were used to explore the discreteness and gradient of the distribution of tree species richness (α‐diversity), and to estimate the correlations of climate, historical floristic region, and local habitat with species richness. The collinearity between climatic variables and region were further disentangled; and the spatial autocorrelation in the patterns of α‐diversity and the residuals of alternative predictive models were compared. Overall, 75% of variation in plot‐based α‐diversity of trees was accounted for by all variables included, and about 66.5%, 64.5% and 27.9% by climate, region, and local habitat respectively. Importantly, the explanatory power of these variables differed in particular for coniferous, deciduous broadleaved and evergreen broadleaved species. Ambient temperature was more important for α‐diversity of trees than were the other climatic variables across China. Spatial autocorrelation in the pattern of α‐diversity could be accounted for mainly by spatial variation climate. The concordance between tree α‐diversity, historical flora, contemporary climate, and Quaternary climate change mode suggests the climate/productivity and historical/regional contingency both contribute to the GPSR in a complimentary manner. Taken together, our results provide unique evidence to link of the effects of contemporary climate and historical climate change on species richness across scales.
Thoracoscopic resection of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in an adolescent
Authors: Shimizu Seiichi , Yamashita Yoshinori , Mukaida Hidenori , Hirabayashi Naoki , Egawa Hiromi , Kaneko Mayumi , Sakatani Akio , Takiyama Wataru
Published: January 2013

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) in adolescents or adults is extremely rare. In this case study, a 17‐year‐old boy was admitted to our clinic for the treatment of a giant bulla in the lower lobe of the right lung. Preoperative imaging studies led to the diagnosis of cystic lung disease. The patient underwent wedge resection of the right lower lobe with VATS, and histological examination confirmed the presentation of type 1 CCAM. A thoracoscopic lobectomy was performed after the second surgery because of postoperative air leakage.Herein, we report a case of CCAM in an adolescent. VATS was a suitable procedure for the operation. Between the parenchyma‐saving resection and lobectomy for CCAM, we believe that the lobectomy is the better treatment option when the extent of the disease cannot be determined clearly or it is extremely large. Therefore, strategies for deciding between parenchyma‐saving resection and lobectomy for the treatment of CCAM should be developed.
Two new HLA alleles, HLA‐A*23:20 and HLA‐A*02:127 identified in Chinese individuals
Authors: Wang D. , Liu N. , Wang L. , Li W. , Zhang Z.
Published: January 2013

Two new HLA‐A alleles, A*23:20 and A*02:127, differ from their closely related alleles by nucleotide mutations.
New species of the caddisfly genus Alterosa Blahnik 2005 (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae: Philopotaminae) from Brazil
Authors: DUMAS LEANDRO LOURENÇO , NESSIMIAN JORGE LUIZ
Published: January 2013

Alterosa Blahnik 2005 contains 23 described species distributed in southern and southeastern Brazil. Twelve new species in the caddisfly genus Alterosa are described from Brazil: Alterosa affinis sp. nov., A. bandeira sp. nov., A. bilanceolata sp. nov., A. caissara sp. nov., A. capixaba sp. nov., A. catarinae sp. nov., A. graciosa sp. nov., A. inappendiculata sp. nov., A. morato sp. nov., A. paranaensis sp. nov., A. ruschii sp. nov., and A. spiesae sp. nov. Illustrations of the male genitalia, descriptions, and diagnosis are provided for each of the new species. In addition, new distribution records in Brazilian states are given for A. caparaonensis, A. flinti, A. intervales and A. marinonii.
Foxc1 controls the growth of the murine frontal bone rudiment by direct regulation of a Bmp response threshold of Msx2
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Ishii Mamoru , Ting Man-Chun , Maxson Robert
Published: January 2013

The mammalian skull vault consists of several intricately patterned bones that grow in close coordination. The growth of these bones depends on the precise regulation of the migration and differentiation of osteogenic cells from undifferentiated precursor cells located above the eye. Here, we demonstrate a role for Foxc1 in modulating the influence of Bmp signaling on the expression of Msx2 and the specification of these cells. Inactivation of Foxc1 results in a dramatic reduction in skull vault growth and causes an expansion of Msx2 expression and Bmp signaling into the area occupied by undifferentiated precursor cells. Foxc1 interacts directly with a Bmp responsive element in an enhancer upstream of Msx2, and acts to reduce the occupancy of P-Smad1/5/8. We propose that Foxc1 sets a threshold for the Bmp-dependent activation of Msx2, thus controlling the differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells and the rate and pattern of calvarial bone development.
Crystal structure of tetrakis((μ-naphthalene-1-carboxylato-κ2O,O’)bis- (pyridine)copper(II), C54H38Cu2N2O8
Authors: Xu Wei , Yu Xiao-Ke
Published: January 2013

C54H38Cu2N2O8, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 10.783(2) Å, b = 13.968(3) Å, c = 15.808(3) Å, β = 104.23(3)°, V = 2307.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0436, wRref(F2) = 0.1502, T = 295 K
Images des paradis perdus: mythe des « peuples premiers », photographie et anthropologie
Authors: L'Estoile Benoît de
Published: January 2013

Cet article, s'appuyant notamment sur un vaste ensemble d'expositions en France et au Brésil, analyse les façons dont le mythe des « peuples premiers », fournissant aux classes moyennes urbaines l'image romantique de peuples indigènes hors de l'histoire, trouve une incarnation privilégiée dans les photographies des groupes indigènes d'Amazonie, souvent représentés de façon stéréotypée. Ces représentations romantiques présentes dans les médias, les univers artistiques, structurent aussi les catégories de perception et d'interprétation des visiteurs d'expositions, des spectateurs ou des lecteurs, constituant une composante essentielle du succès populaire de l'anthropologie.
Pressure drop in a split‐and‐recombine caterpillar micromixer in case of newtonian and non‐newtonian fluids
Authors: Carrier Odile , Funfschilling Denis , Debas Hélène , Poncin Souhila , Löb Patrick , Li Huai‐Zhi
Published: January 2013

Microreactors are very promising tools for the design of future chemical processes. For example, emulsions of very narrow size distribution are obtained at much lower energy consumption than the one spent with usual processes. Micromixers play thereby an eminent role. The goal of this study is to better understand the hydrodynamic properties of a split‐and‐recombine Caterpillar micromixer (CPMM) specially with regard to handling viscoelastic fluids, a topic hardly addressed so far in the context of micromixers in general, although industrial fluids like detergent, cosmetic, or food emulsions are non‐Newtonian. Friction factor was measured in a CPMM for both Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. For Newtonian fluids, the friction factor in the laminar regime is f/2 = 24/Re. The laminar regime exists up to Reynolds numbers of 15. For shear‐thinning fluids like Carbopol 940 or viscoelastic fluids like Poly Acryl Amide (PAAm) aqueous solutions, the friction factor scales identically within statistical errors up to a generalized Reynolds number of 10 and 0.01, respectively. Above that limit, there is an excess pressure drop for the viscoelastic PAAm solution. This excess pressure drop multiplies the friction factor by more than a decade over a decade of Reynolds numbers. The origin of this excess pressure drop is the high elongational flow present in the Caterpillar static mixer applied to a highly viscoelastic fluid. This result can be extended to almost all static mixers, because their flows are generally highly elongational. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2679–2685, 2013
Long‐term changes in BMI and adiposity rebound among girls from Kraków (Poland) over the last 30 years (from 1983 to 2010)
Authors: Kowal Małgorzata , Kryst Łukasz , Woronkowicz Agnieszka , Sobiecki Jan , Brudecki Janusz , Żarów Ryszard
Published: January 2013

Background

Early adiposity rebound (AR, below 5 years) is an important predictor of adult obesity.

Objectives

The main purpose of this study was to explore changes in body weight and height, BMI, body fat, and AR timing in girls from Krakow within the last 3 decades.

Methods

1,970 girls were measured in 2010. Using the results of body height, weight and skin folds measurements, the BMI and %BF was calculated. The LMS method was used to constructed BMI and %BF centiles. Three fractions were distinguished in individual age groups of the subjects—below the 15th percentile (underweight girls), 50th percentile and above 85th percentile (overweight girls). These data were compared with the results from previous survey series (1983 and 2000). The mean age of the menarche onset were calculated by means of the probit method.

Results

The girls from last series are taller and heavier than girls measured in 1983. Before the time of AR, girls from last series have lowest BMI and %BF than girls from the first series. In spite of this, all girls measured in 2010 have the time of AR earlier than girls measured in 1983. The girls from the last series of measurements showed also acceleration of sexual maturation and the average menarche age was the earliest in them and equalled 12.68 years.

Conclusions

AR cannot be explained only by changes in body adiposity. Early AR could be a marker of acceleration of development already in an early postnatal ontogenesis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:300–306, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring molecular equilibria using quantum information measures
Authors: Nalewajski Roman F.
Published: January 2013

The quantum information‐theoretic description of electron probabilities and currents in molecules is extended. The Harriman‐Zumbach‐Maschke framework of equidensity orbitals is reexamined and the nonclassical Fisher information contribution it generates is used to determine the system equilibrium states for the fixed (ground‐state) electron density/energy. The lowest of such variational “thermodynamic” states can in general exhibit the space‐dependent phase and hence also nonvanishing probability current. The phase/current feature of electronic states in Harriman's representation is emphasized throughout, the probability interpretation of its key constructs is given, and the phase shifts accompanying interactions between the equidensity orbitals are examined. The phase‐“temperature” concept is introduced as the information‐theoretic descriptor of probability currents in molecules and their fragments.
Tofacitinib (CP‐690,550) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate: Twelve‐month data from a twenty‐four–month phase III randomized radiographic study
Authors: van der Heijde Désirée , Tanaka Yoshiya , Fleischmann Roy , Keystone Edward , Kremer Joel , Zerbini Cristiano , Cardiel Mario H. , Cohen Stanley , Nash Peter , Song Yeong‐Wook , Tegzová Dana , Wyman Bradley T. , Gruben David , Benda Birgitta , Wallenstein Gene , Krishnaswami Sriram , Zwillich Samuel H. , Bradley John D. , Connell Carol A. ,   and the ORAL Scan Investigators
Published: January 2013

Objective

The purpose of this 24‐month phase III study was to examine structural preservation with tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX). Data from a planned 12‐month interim analysis are reported.

Methods

In this double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study, patients receiving background MTX were randomized 4:4:1:1 to tofacitinib at 5 mg twice daily, tofacitinib at 10 mg twice daily, placebo to tofacitinib at 5 mg twice daily, and placebo to tofacitinib at 10 mg twice daily. At month 3, nonresponder placebo‐treated patients were advanced in a blinded manner to receive tofacitinib as indicated above; remaining placebo‐treated patients were advanced at 6 months. Four primary efficacy end points were all analyzed in a step‐down procedure.

Results

At month 6, response rates according to the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria for tofacitinib at 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily were higher than those for placebo (51.5% and 61.8%, respectively, versus 25.3%; both P < 0.0001). At month 6, least squares mean (LSM) changes in total modified Sharp/van der Heijde score for tofacitinib at 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily were 0.12 and 0.06, respectively, versus 0.47 for placebo (P = 0.0792 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively). At month 3, LSM changes in the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index score for tofacitinib at 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily were –0.40 (significance not declared due to step‐down procedure) and –0.54 (P < 0.0001), respectively, versus –0.15 for placebo. At month 6, rates of remission (defined as a value <2.6 for the 4‐variable Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate) for tofacitinib at 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily were 7.2% (significance not declared due to step‐down procedure) and 16.0% (P < 0.0001), respectively, versus 1.6% for placebo. The safety profile was consistent with findings in previous studies.

Conclusion

Data from this 12‐month interim analysis demonstrate that tofacitinib inhibits progression of structural damage and improves disease activity in patients with RA who are receiving MTX.
“Let's Get Physical”: Advantages of a physical model over 3D computer models and textbooks in learning imaging anatomy
Authors: Preece Daniel , Williams Sarah B. , Lam Richard , Weller Renate
Published: January 2013

Three‐dimensional (3D) information plays an important part in medical and veterinary education. Appreciating complex 3D spatial relationships requires a strong foundational understanding of anatomy and mental 3D visualization skills. Novel learning resources have been introduced to anatomy training to achieve this. Objective evaluation of their comparative efficacies remains scarce in the literature. This study developed and evaluated the use of a physical model in demonstrating the complex spatial relationships of the equine foot. It was hypothesized that the newly developed physical model would be more effective for students to learn magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the foot than textbooks or computer‐based 3D models. Third year veterinary medicine students were randomly assigned to one of three teaching aid groups (physical model; textbooks; 3D computer model). The comparative efficacies of the three teaching aids were assessed through students' abilities to identify anatomical structures on MR images. Overall mean MRI assessment scores were significantly higher in students utilizing the physical model (86.39%) compared with students using textbooks (62.61%) and the 3D computer model (63.68%) (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between the textbook and 3D computer model groups (P = 0.685). Student feedback was also more positive in the physical model group compared with both the textbook and 3D computer model groups. Our results suggest that physical models may hold a significant advantage over alternative learning resources in enhancing visuospatial and 3D understanding of complex anatomical architecture, and that 3D computer models have significant limitations with regards to 3D learning. Anat Sci Educ 6: 216–224. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Learning anatomy enhances spatial ability
Authors: Vorstenbosch Marc A.T.M. , Klaassen Tim P.F.M. , Donders A.R.T. (Rogier) , Kooloos Jan G.M. , Bolhuis Sanneke M. , Laan Roland F.J.M.
Published: January 2013

Spatial ability is an important factor in learning anatomy. Students with high scores on a mental rotation test (MRT) systematically score higher on anatomy examinations. This study aims to investigate if learning anatomy also oppositely improves the MRT‐score. Five hundred first year students of medicine (n = 242, intervention) and educational sciences (n = 258, control) participated in a pretest and posttest MRT, 1 month apart. During this month, the intervention group studied anatomy and the control group studied research methods for the social sciences. In the pretest, the intervention group scored 14.40 (SD: ± 3.37) and the control group 13.17 (SD: ± 3.36) on a scale of 20, which is a significant difference (t‐test, t = 4.07, df = 498, P < 0.001). Both groups show an improvement on the posttest compared to the pretest (paired samples t‐test, t = 12.21/14.71, df = 257/241, P < 0.001). The improvement in the intervention group is significantly higher (ANCOVA, F = 16.59, df = 1;497, P < 0.001). It is concluded that (1) medical students studying anatomy show greater improvement between two consecutive MRTs than educational science students; (2) medical students have a higher spatial ability than educational sciences students; and (3) if a MRT is repeated there seems to be a test effect. It is concluded that spatial ability may be trained by studying anatomy. The overarching message for anatomy teachers is that a good spatial ability is beneficial for learning anatomy and learning anatomy may be beneficial for students' spatial ability. This reciprocal advantage implies that challenging students on spatial aspects of anatomical knowledge could have a twofold effect on their learning. Anat Sci Educ 6: 257–262. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.