bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pneumothorax as a Complication of Radiation Therapy for Primary Lung Cancer
Authors: Hay Michael R. , Cho Kyung J. , Shin Hyunchul
Published: March 2008

A case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma is presented. Pneumothorax developed in a collapsed lung caused by a central bronchogenic carcinoma. The cause is presumably secondary to either a bronchopleural fistula by tumour or sudden expansion of the lung following irradiation.

Various tumours of the lung have been associated with spontaneous pneumothorax, including metastatic osteogenic sarcoma12, eosinophilic granuloma4, teratoma11, other metastatic sarcomas3, lymphoma following radiation therapy8, and primary bronchogenic carcinomas1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10.

We have encountered a case of spontaneous pneumothorax complicating irradiation for bronchogenic carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the English radiologic literature, and the second, in the English literature, of a case of spontaneous pneumothorax following radiation therapy for proven bronchogenic carcinoma.
Metatropic Dwarfism and its Variants (Report of six cases)
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Morris L. , Reinwein H. , Sprague P. , Tamaela L. A.
Published: March 2008

Six cases of METATROPIC DWARFISM or its VARIANTS–four which are the first Australian cases and one which is the first Indonesian case–are reported. Four of the cases had characteristic clinical and radiographic appearances whereas two, who died in early infancy, showed some variability in radiographic features. In one of the variants microscopy showed histologic features consistent with metatropic dwarfism.

Microscopic, ultrastructural and biochemical studies of cartilage should be performed in all the cases of bone dysplasias in which the radiographic diagnosis is unknown or uncertain.
Liver Studies with Radioisotopes
Authors: Dugdale L. M.
Published: March 2008

Radionuclide scanning of the liver is both sensitive and non‐traumatic and has become a widely accepted method of investigation of the hepatobiliary system. It is essential to understand the anatomical, physiological and pathological basis of liver scanning using various techniques and radiopharmaceuticals. This paper reviews the methodology and results in light of both literature and personal experience.
A Radiochromatographic Method for Biliary Contrast Agent Metabolites
Authors: Varga D.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a method which may be used to determine conjugation of iodipamide and ipodate in plasma, bile and urine. Using ‘“I‐labelled contrast agents, conjugation was determined by thin‐layer chromatography, before and after beta‐glucuronidase incubation of samples. This method achieves a high degree of sensitivity. It was found that ipodate is excreted in dog bile principally as the glucuronide conjugate. Excretion of a small amount of iodipamide as a glucuronide conjugate was also detected.
NISBET SYMPOSIUM “Current Medical Politics and Peer Review”
Authors: BAUME PETER
Published: March 2008

Australia's resources are finite and limited. Cash outlays by the government for health care have risen at a rate which cannot continue indefinitely as an increasing share of the national purse. It follows that as a profession, medical practitioners cannot do everything scientifically possible for everyone everywhere. New advances are seen to require new skills and techniques as much as new high cost gadgets.

Radiology is a particularly costly sub‐speciality which is almost uniquely capital intensive. The present danger is that radiologists are coming to be viewed as professionals engaged in a conspicuous consumption of scarce national resources while morbidity and mortality figures are not showing an improvement remotely proportionate to the increased expenditure. Examples of over use of resources together with private investment in high cost technology are outlined, and issues of accountability and of the need for clearly stated goals are discussed.

A role for the Royal Australasian College of Radiologists in monitoring the efficiency, diagnostic yield and the general effectiveness of radiological examinations is considered. If organised medicine is found unequal to the task of rationalising the use of resources, then this role may come to be assumed by others.
Interrupted Aortic Arch with Tricuspid Atresia
Authors: SINGHAM K. T.
Published: March 2008

A rare instance of an interrupted aortic arch and tricuspid atresia with long survival is described. Only one other case of this rare association is described in the literature and survival to the age of 17 years with these complex malformations is unusual.
Anterior Intervertebral Disc Herniations in Children Unrecognised Chronic Trauma to the Spine
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Five new cases of Anterior Intervertebral Disc Herniations are reported.

Anterior intervertebral disc hemiation is a common complication of chronic spinal trauma. It is often accompanied by vertebral fractures which present as localised, mild platyspondyly or as frank vertebral body fractures.

Two groups of children are prone to develop the disease. I‐Healthy boys active in sport and II ‐Children with osteoporosis.

The differential diagnosis includes discitis, tuberculosis, eosinophilic granuloma and specifically Scheuermann's disease.
American Burkitt's Lymphoma: Diagnosis by Ultrasonography and Arteriography
Authors: WOODRING JOHN H. , FRIED ANDREW M. , CHUANG VINCENT P.
Published: March 2008

A case of American Burkitt's lymphoma in a 10‐year‐old white male is described. The child presented with an abdominal mass without associated symptoms. Conventional studies including intravenous urography, barium enema, an upper gastrointestinal series and small bowel follow‐through were unrewarding. Synthesis of information obtained from gray‐scale ultrasonography and abdominal angiography provided the correct preoperative diagnosis. The role of special procedures in the diagnosis of this entity is discussed.
Radiation Treatment of Hepatoma in Papua New Guinea (Pilot Study — 1974–1975)
Authors: NIBLETT J. S.
Published: March 2008

In part I P.N.G. Clinical Trial (Pilot Study), six cases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with telecobalt therapy.

A simple and easily reproducible method was developed using 6,000 rads high dose split‐course technique. Side effects evident during treatment were relatively minor. All cases responded to radiotherapy and five showed rapid regression of massive tumours. Raised AFP levels, when present, tended to fall during and after radiotherapy. Average survival was 6.3 months, with one case surviving 18 months.

A 4,000 rad, two phase, split‐course regime is recommended for the future. (Part II P.N.G. Clinical Trial.)
Progressive Osteosclerosis Associated with Renal Failure Due to Primary Oxalosis A Case Report
Authors: FONG P. L. , JACKSON B. , TUCKER W. G. , LAWRENCE J. R. , DYMOCK R. B.
Published: March 2008

A 22 year old woman with Primary Oxalosis was dialysed for four years before renal transplantation. This failed acutely from graft rejection although there was evidence of oxalosis in the graft. Dialysis was continued until the time of death a year later.

Over the period of dialysis progressive and extensive osteosclerosis developed. This was confirmed at autopsy to be related to widespread oxalate deposition.
Diagnosis of Renal Mass Lesions
Authors: LAU S. W. L.
Published: March 2008

There has been a marked change in the diagnostic approach to renal mass lesions over the last decade with advances in the fields of ultrasound and computed tomography. The relative frequency of such masses, as outlined in our flow chart, helps in restricting the use of more invasive procedures to those cases where they are really necessary.
The Use of Radionuclide Angiography in the Non‐Invasive Assessment of Left Atrial Myxoma — A Case Report
Authors: KALFF VICTOR , KELLY MICHAEL J. , MIDDLEBROOK KEN , ANDERSON STANLEY T. , HARPER RICHARD W. , PITT AUBREY
Published: March 2008

This case report demonstrates the use of ECG gated first pass and equilibrium gated radionuclide cineangiography in the non‐invasive diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma. It also shows that the ECG gated first pass method in the left posterior oblique projection may be more sensitive than previously described radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis of this condition because it enables visualisation of tumour motion in profile during the entire cardiac cycle and is unimpeded by tracer activity from other cardiac structures.
Obstructive Jaundice — An Unusual Presentation of a Secondary Deposit
Authors: MUTHUKUMARASWAMY S.
Published: March 2008

A well defined eccentric filling defect at the lower end of the common bile duct causing obstruction with dilatation of the biliary system is presented as a sign of a secondary deposit in the head of the pancreas.
Alkaline Encrusted Cystitis
Authors: CHERIAN M. JOSEPH , MOHAN V. , GUPTA S. K. , TRIPATHY V. N. P.
Published: March 2008

A case of alkaline encrusted cystitis is reported not only because of the rare tuberculous etiology but also because of the presence of multiple calculi impacted in the encrusted bladder mucosa.
The Diagnosis and Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Comparison of Computed Tomography, Ultrasound and Aortography
Authors: THOMAS M. LEA , PATEL M.P. , WRIGHT C. H.
Published: March 2008

Forty two patients with suspected abdominal aneurysms were examined by contrast enhanced infusion computed tomography. Of these 17 also had ultrasound and 8 had additional aortography.

It is concluded that C.T. scan and ultrasound are accurate methods of diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms and should be used for the initial diagnosis and follow up.

Aortography, although invasive, provides information about the exact relationship of the aneurysm to the renal and visceral arteries and shows any vascular abnormality of importance to the surgeon.

It is suggested that C.T. and ultrasound complement rather than replace aortography in the diagnosis and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Isodose Versus Isoeffect in Radiotherapy Planning as Applied to Parallel Opposed Fields
Authors: WIGG D. R. , WILSON B. C.
Published: March 2008

Isodosing is the foundation of radiotherapy treatment planning. Nevertheless, there may be a considerable disparity between the actual biological effect and that predicted by isodose plans. Simple parallel opposed fields are examined to demonstrate this disparity. The biological effects have been determined by calculation of the Equivalent Dose at the peak region, and Survival Fraction at the peak region and at mid separation, for a variety of treatment conditions. It is apparent that when parallel opposed fields are used, isodosing may substantially underestimate the effect towards the peak region compared with that at the centre, especially if only one field is treated daily. The biological effect is critically dependent on separation values, and even when two fields are treated daily, it may be considerably greater than is generally realised at separation values commonly met in clinical practice. The undesirable biological effects arising from this technique can be reduced by the use of multiple fields for whole or part of a course of treatment or by exploiting the advantages of very high energy beams, the full benefits of which are not necessarily demonstrated by isodosing. In addition, radiotherapy planning based on isoeffect rather than isodose would more clearly indicate regions of potential overdose in parallel opposed or multiple field techniques.
High Dose Radiotherapy for Pituitary Tumours
Authors: MEAD K. W.
Published: March 2008

The results of treatment of 120 pituitary tumours are presented. Based on this experience operable chromophobe adenomas are now treated with 5,000 rads in 4 weeks and inoperable ones receive an additional central dose to 7,500 rads. Pituitary Cushing's tumours are given 10,000 rads in 5 weeks using small fields and acromegalics 5,000 rads to the whole sella and 7,500 to its lower half. The absence of complications at these dose levels is attributed to the use of small fields and the precise application of treatment.
The Ponticulus Posterior of the Atlas
Authors: DUGDALE L. M.
Published: March 2008

The ponticulus posterior is a congenital variant of the first cervical vertebra, or atlas. It occurs in approximately 15% of Caucasian subjects, and appears to have no differences in distribution between the sexes, nor a predominance to either side. Normal age distribution indicates that it is not an aging phenomenon. The size of the foramen produced is a good indicator of the diameter of the contained vertebral artery.
The Caudate Lobe
Authors: HEAP STUART W.
Published: March 2008

The Anatomy of the Caudate Lobe has been carefully documented and its boundaries defined. A better understanding of this region should prevent mis‐interpretation of the Ultrasound appearances.
Fluid Collections Around the Kidney
Authors: SHULMAN L. A.
Published: March 2008

The anatomy of the fascial planes surrounding the kidneys and its importance in delineating the position of perirenal fluid masses is outlined. The various modalities with regard to the fascial planes and associated pathology are examined.
The Development of a Sectional Anatomy Component in a Course for Trainee Radiologists
Authors: McGRATH PHILOMENA , MILLS PETER
Published: March 2008

The study of sectional anatomy in recent years has become an important component in the training programme for radiologists. Effective use of sectional anatomy as a teaching medium has in the past been limited by the practical difficulties associated with preparation and presentation of specimens. Techniques are described which produce packaged sections which are readily portable, odourless and dry and which permit examination by close scrutiny and discriminating touch. The production of related keys and worksheets is described and their value discussed.
Late Cerebrovascular Disease after Radiation Therapy – Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: KEARSLEY JOHN H.
Published: March 2008

Symptomatic vascular disease induced by radiation therapy has become a problem, increasingly recognised by the cancer therapist in recent years. Two further cases of this entity are reported herein, followed by a detailed literature review of histopathologic changes seen in experimentally‐and clinically‐iiradiated blood vessels the clinical and radiological features, treatment and natural history of large vessel, especially cerebral, disease attributed to therapeutic irradiation.
A Case of Afferent Loop Syndrome
Authors: PERETZ G. , SIMMONS K. C.
Published: March 2008

A case of an obstructed afferent loop diagnosed by computerised tomography is presented. A definitive sign identifying dilated small bowel on C.T. is described.

The post gastrectomy afferent loop syndrome results from obstruction of the afferent loop by recurrent tumour or strictures. This may result in obstruction to the outflow of bile and pancreatic fluid. The ultrasound and C.T. findings can mimic a recurrent necrotic tumour mass or a pancreatic pseudocyst (1).
A Comparative Double‐Blind Trial of Mannitol and Magnesium Citrate/Bisacodyl (MCB)* in the Preparation of Barium Enema Patients
Authors: BENSON MARK , HARPER JOHN
Published: March 2008

In preparation of the large bowel prior to barium enema a double blind trial of 257 patients was performed comparing a regime of oral mannitol with a regime of magnesium citrate, bisacodyl and a 3 day low residue diet. Faecal residue and the quality of mucosal coating with barium were assessed. No significant differences were found between the sexes or in the mucosal coating. MCB regime was significantly better than the mannitol regime in cleansing of the large bowel, though there is room for improvement with the former.
Radiological Features of Localised Giant Pseudo‐Polyposis in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: FOSTER D. R.
Published: March 2008

Localized giant pseudo‐polyposis is a rare complication of ulcerative or granulomatous colitis. A case illustrating the typical radiological findings is described. Recognition of this condition is important since it may simulate malignancy.
Conservative Surgery and Radiotherapy as Primary Treatment for Early Breast Cancer: Results of a 10 Year Experience
Authors: SIMES R. J. , KEARSLEY J. H. , DONOVAN J. K.
Published: March 2008

A 10 year period of treatment at the Radiotherapy Department of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital was analysed retrospectively in order to assess the efficacy of conservative management of early breast cancer. From May 1968 to May 1978 a total of 1,785 patients with breast cancer were treated. Of these, 30 underwent conservative surgery for Stage I or II disease, followed by a course of “radical” irradiation.

Patient follow‐up ranged from 0.5 to 11.1 years (median 6.5). The 10 year actuarial probability of local tumour control for the entire group was 91% and the 5 and 10 year actuarial survivals were 82 and 53% respectively. Only three patients have died from their primary disease, and three have had local recurrences, all readily controlled with mastectomy. Sixteen patients remain alive and well, but six have died from inter‐current illness. No significant radiation complications have occurred although eight patients (28%) have developed a second primary malignancy over the ten year period.

Local excision plus radiotherapy appears to be an effective alternative approach to the local treatment of primary breast cancer in selected patients. Recommendations are made concerning axillary node sampling, interstitial brachytherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients treated by this technique.
Clinical Applications of High Resolution Real Time Sector Scanning
Authors: CROCKER ERNEST F. , WALKER ANTHONY G.
Published: March 2008

A commercially available high resolution real time sector scanner was clinically evaluated over a 6 month period in a teaching hospital. The instrument was found to be suitable as a “stand alone” scanner for most small parts applications. Studies performed on this scanner complemented compound water path ultrasonic investigation of the breast and testes. The advantages and limitations of scanning with this type of instrument are discussed.
Physical Characteristics of a Varian Clinac 18/10 Linear Accelerator Part 2 – The Electron Beam
Authors: WONGSE‐EK“ CHAVALIT , KAROLIS CHRISTOPHER , STEWART ROBERT JACKSON
Published: March 2008

The physical characteristics of the Varian Clinac 18/10 electron beam are examined in detail. Included are measurements of the following:

incident surface energy,

skin dose

initial build‐up,

depth ionization and depth absorbed dose

photon contamination

focal spot position,

cone size dependence on depth absorbed dose and output

field homogeneity.
Lead Shielding for Electron Beams from 6–18 MeV
Authors: STEWART R. JAMES J. , DREDGE TREVOR J. , LANGENEGGER ARMIN , WONGSE‐EK CHAVILET , KAROOS CHRISTOPHER , OLIVER LYN D.
Published: March 2008

The penetration through lead of 6–18 MeV electron beams from a linear accelerator has been investigated. Complete transmission curves are presented for lead placed at the patient surface, and within the electron applicator. Geometric considerations cause transmitted dose to be significantly greater in the former case. Transmission through, and scatter around, flat and curved eye shields of 36 mm diameter has also been measured. In cases of inadequate shield thickness the curved shields cause elevated doses to tissue within them. This situation is particularly important when it is desired to place curved shields beneath the eyelid.
Non‐Malignant Oesophago‐Bronchial Fistulae in the Adult Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: CAMERON DAVID C.
Published: March 2008

Benign O.B.F. though rare, is a curable cause of prolonged suppuration and disability. It is a diagnostic problem. ONO's sign is diagnostic but may be overlooked and with smaller fistulae an index of suspicion is required. In no other situation is the accurate taking of the patient's history more important. Finally, histology of surgical specimen may be required to sort out the more common congenital forms from acquired fistulae.
Fractionated Total Body Irradiation in Bone Marrow Transplantation – An Emphasis on Lung Dosimetry
Authors: YUILE PHILLIP G. , WIELINGA WILLEM , CRESTANI EVIO A.
Published: March 2008

The use of fractionated total body irradiation is now replacing the large single dose technique originally used in many centres. Twenty‐three patients have received this form of therapy prior to marrow transplantation at St. Vincent's Hospital. Doses of 12 to 14 Gray are delivered over 3 to 3 days treating twice daily. Particular emphasis is placed on the amount of radiation received by the lungs and the prescribed dose is related directly to this.

The rationale of this technique is discussed, together with the methods of dose calculation, set‐up, and incidence of side‐effects. Fractionation results in a regime that is very well tolerated with a lower morbidity than that seen with single dose irradiation.
Misonidazole & Radiotherapy in the Palliative Treatment of Lung Cancer
Authors: MAMEGHAN HEDY , HELLER EDGAR H.
Published: March 2008

Twenty patients with inoperable carcinoma of bronchus of all histologies except small cell anaplastic were treated with radiotherapy (2400 rads in 8 fractions over two weeks) together with misonidazole administered orally 0.75 g/m2 four hours before each dose of radiotherapy. The total cumulative dose of misonidazole for all patients was 6 g/m2. There was no immediate or long term toxicity attributable to either misonidazole or radiotherapy in any of the patients. In particular there was no central or peripheral neurotoxicity and no deterioration of lung function detected by detailed lung function studies. This report confirms the lack of major neurotoxicity of misonidazole when used in the above dosage and shows good palliation of chest symptoms in patients treated with only a modest dose of irradiation.
A Clinical Comparison of Bowel Preparations Prior to Double Contrast Barium Enema
Authors: SHAW M. R. P. , TAIT K. B.
Published: March 2008

Two proprietary, oral, bowel preparation products have been compared for double contrast barium enema examinations. The study was a double blind design involving 109 patients. Evaluation was by radiological review and supported by questionnaires completed by both the patients and the six participating Radiologists. The products compared were Raykit, which was taken to be typical of a whole range of similar systems (based upon low residue diet, saline cathartic and bisacodyl tablets and suppository) and the newly developed Mede‐Prep (based upon low residue/high fluid diet and oral mannitol). Both products were found to be equally effective at bowel cleansing, while administration of Mede‐Prep was associated with significantly fewer adverse patient side‐effects, notably less thirst (better patient hydration) and less probability of interrupted sleep on the night prior to the examination.
Quantitative Evaluation of Biliary X‐Ray Contrast Agents in Computed Tomography
Authors: EVILL C. A. , WILSON B. C. , BENNESS G. T.
Published: March 2008

A CT scanner has been used to measure liver enhancement with two liver‐directed contrast media, iodipamide and iosulamide, in dogs. The results following slow, and rapid infusions suggested increased liver retention of iosulamide while with iodipamide enhancement appeared to be mainly a function of blood iodine concentration. An increase in CT number of around 15 EMI units above blood was observed with iosulamide in delayed scans following rapid infusion. Thus there may be a potential for specific enhancement of normal liver tissue with iosulamide.
Stereoscopic Calculation of Tomographic Cut Level for Intravenous Cholangiography
Authors: HURRELL MICHAEL
Published: March 2008

The technique of foreign body localisation was modified for use on a tomographic machine by taking into account film to table‐top distance. A simple mathematical table was generated from a derived formula and this is being used successfully in calculating tomographic cut‐levels in Intravenous Cholangiography.
Evaluation of the Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema in Crohn's Disease of the Small Intestine
Authors: JONES MICHAEL W.
Published: March 2008

The Small Bowel Enema technique practised in 5 the Westmead Centre Radiology Department has been described. It was evaluated in 34 patients ‐ investigated for Crohn's disease of the small) intestine. It correctly identified ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 normals, giving an accuracy of 100%. SBE and surgical findings matched if four patients with Crohn's disease. It is stressed that a meticulous examination technique is required to achieve a high degree of accuracy in the assess ment of small intestinal Crohn's disease.

The Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema (SBE) using Methylcellulose was used to evaluate the small bowel in 44 patients with suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Thirty‐four of these patients subsequently had a definite diagnosis made by clinical and laboratory means, terminal ileal biopsy at colonoscopy or surgery. Ten patients were found to have Crohn's disease and 24 were normal or had another disease. The SBE correctly identified the ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 who did not have Crohn's disease. The examination technique used is described in detail. Early changes of Crohn's disease are illustrated. The value of accurate diagnosis is discussed.
Diagnostic Value of Radionuclide Technetium 99m‐MDP Skeletal Survey in Acute Leukaemia
Authors: PARAMSOTHY M. , PENG LIN HAI , SAMUEL D.
Published: March 2008

This study compares the sensitivity of radionuclide skeletal survey to the radiological technique in detecting bone involvement in acute leukaemia. The results indicate the latter is about twice as sensitive and should be the initial screening procedure.
Direct “Metrizamide” Myelocystography in Syringohydromyelia
Authors: SILVA MERL DE , KOS WALTER
Published: March 2008

Metrizamide myelography, followed by CT examination, demonstrated features consistent with syringohydromelia in three patients. One was an adult, male, of 23 years and two were females of 5 and 6 years respectively. Subsequently, metrizamide was introduced into the syrinx by direct needle puncture in each patient. The anatomical details of the syrinx are well demonstrated, continuity of the myelocyst is easily established, and the possibility of communication with the fourth ventricle is readily assessed. The technique is simple and was without complication in these cases. The myelo‐graphic and CT findings are also presented. The Arnold‐Chiari Type I malformation was present in two patients. The myelocyst did not communicate with the fourth ventricle in two patients. Poor communication was demonstrated in one patient by CT examination immediately after the myelocystogram.
Current Opinion on Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy
Authors: BARNETT S.B. , KOSSOFF G.
Published: March 2008

Ultrasonic visualisation procedures provide the clinician with additional diagnostic information to allow a high level of patient care, which is particularly valuable in pregnancy management. The benefit will invariably exceed any risk from the examination in symptomatic patients. The safety of diagnostic ultrasound in pregnancy is assumed from negative findings in epidemiological studies, and on the absence of any report of adverse effects in children following in utero in‐sonation. Reports of subtle biological responses to ultrasound relate to in vitro insonation of cells under specially selected conditions. Neither the importance of cellular bioeffects nor their possible extrapolation to the human in vivo situation is clearly understood. Overseas Government bodies and Ultrasound Societies, and the Australian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine agree that there is no independently verified evidence of harmful effects of diagnostic ultrasound, and advocate its use wherever a medical reason exists.
Contrast Media Deaths
Authors: LALLI ANTHONY F.
Published: March 2008

Ninety‐two deaths resulting from the use of contrast media are described and analyzed together with 228 deaths reported earlier. Of these new deaths, 11 were associated with angiography, 28 with intravenous cholangiography and 53 with urography or C.T. The majority of deaths were associated with cardiac arrest or pulmonary oedema. The mode of death appears to be unrelated to the formulation of the contrast media. The suddenness of the demise and the organs affected suggest that a neurologic mechanism may be involved.
Assessment of the Accuracy of C.T. Staging of Bladder Tumours
Authors: TURTON N. , SIMMONS K. C.
Published: March 2008

Although C.T. is useful in staging bladder tumours it is only as accurate as the resolution of the scanner. Non‐enlarged, involved lymph nodes cannot be identified, and interpretation can be inaccurate in the presence of poorly defined tissue planes, for example, post surgery, radiotherapy or if the structures are contiguous. However, C.T. is useful in demonstrating enlarged nodes not detected clinically and it remains a useful tool in staging bladder tumours.

The C.T. appearances of bladder tumours in forty‐nine patients were reviewed and correlated with either cystectomy and postmortem findings, or biopsy and clinical findings.

The ability of C.T. to detect spread of tumour through the bladder wall or adjacent or retroperitoneal nodes was assessed retrospectively. Sources of error in original interpretations were identified.
Early Schistosomiasis in a Young Immigrant
Authors: THOMPSON SHANE
Published: March 2008

A case of urinary schistosomiasis in a young African boy is presented. The slightly unusual radiological features of this case are described. A brief review of common and more unusual radiological features of the disease is presented.
Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome: Report of a case
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , RAHILLY P.
Published: March 2008

A case of Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome I in a female child with normal weight, normal lungs and almost normal face is reported. This case widens the spectrum of Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome I. Radiographic examination may have diagnostic importance in some of these cases.
NMR Images Produced in a Substantially Non‐Uniform Field
Authors: BRAUN M. , MCCARTHY A.L.
Published: March 2008

NMR images of distinct sections through a three‐dimensional phantom were obtained using steady magnetic fields much less uniform than those generally considered necessary for NMR imaging, but whose substantial gradient served to define the slices to be imaged. A sensitive point technique and a modified spin‐echo pulse sequence were used.

NMR images are generally produced in highly uniform steady magnetic fields, to which switched gradients are added to achieve spatial selection. In this note we show that NMR images can be produced in a substantially non‐uniform field, provided the field is shaped so that the gradient of the steady field can be used to define the slice to be imaged.
Psoas Abscess: Ultrasonographic and Computed Tomographic Appearances
Authors: PUVANESWARY M. , DAVID C.V.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of staphylococcal psoas abscesses are described, one of which was associated with osteomyelitis of the spine.
Pseudohypertension; The Radiologist's Role
Authors: STOREY PETER J. , THORPE ROBERT J.
Published: March 2008

An illustrative case of pseudohypertension due to non‐compressibility of the brachial artery is cited. The radiologist's role in diagnosis of this condition is discussed.
Mucoid Impaction of the Bronchi
Authors: WOODRING JOHN H. , BERNARDY MARK O. , LOH FANG KUM
Published: March 2008

Mucoid impaction of bronchi refers to the progressive accumulation of mucus and inflammatory products within the bronchial lumen eventually leading to progressive dilatation and bronchiectasis. Radiographically, mucoid impaction presents as V or Y‐shaped densities directed toward the hilum. Mucoid impaction may occur in a number of obstructive or nonobstructive diseases of the bronchi. Patients whose chest radiograph demonstrates mucoid impaction should be evaluated for underlying bronchogenic carcinoma; if no tumor is found they should be evaluated for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Occasionally, other causes of mucoid impaction will be found.
High Resolution CT Scanning of the Bronchial Tree CT Bronchography: Anatomy
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W.
Published: March 2008

Detail CT study of the bronchial tree is now possible with high resolution CT scanning. The anatomy of the bronchial tree and the major associated vessel are described. Familarization with these structures would be helpful to interpret pathological studies.
Antral Web ‐ A Rare Cause of Vomiting and Haematemesis in Childhood
Authors: LURASCHI D. , GIACOMO C. DE , FIORI T. DE , LUZI G. , PATERLINI A. , BELUFFI G.
Published: March 2008

The case of a 3 year‐old girl with an antral diaphragm is reported. The patient presented with vomiting and haematemesis. In spite of extensive investigations the lesion causing the haematemesis remained undetected.
Workplace Exposure and Reported Health in New Zealand Diagnostic Radiographers
Authors: SPICER J. , D.I.C. D.M. HAY B.Sc. B.E.(Chem). M.Sc. (Ind Saf). , D.C.R.(R) M. GORDON
Published: March 2008

A postal survey of diagnostic radiographers in New Zealand was conducted to explore associations between exposure to the workplace and the reported frequency of a variety of health problems. Exposure was measured in terms of average hours per week spent: in the vicinity of a processor; operating a processor; and working in the darkroom. The frequency of each of 19 symptoms was reported on a 5 point scale. Correlational analyses were performed on data from 349 practising radiographers.

Fifteen of the 19 symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with at least one exposure variable, although the correlations were weak. Those most consistently related to exposure were: bad taste in the mouth, sinus problems, nasal discharge, catarrh, unexpected fatigue, painful joints and numb extremities. The frequency with which symptoms apparently related to exposure were reported to some degree, ranged from 15% to 61 %. It is argued that the results, in conjunction with anecdotal evidence, indicate a need for further investigation of health problems, especially upper respiratory tract disorders, amongst health professionals in volved in X‐ray processing
Pulmonary Radiographic Changes in Pseudoxanthoma Elasf icum
Authors: PUVANESWARY M.
Published: March 2008

The pulmonary radiographic changes in a 41 year old man with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, consisting of widespread bilateral nodular ill‐defined opacities of high radio‐opacity, were shown by lung biopsy to be due to pulmonary calcification secondary to elastic tissue damage.
Ultrasound in Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: DOWNEY P.R. , MOK P.M.
Published: March 2008

The ultrasonographic findings of 44 patients, with obstructive jaundice were retrospectively reviewed. Our conclusions from this study are:

Ultrasound is an excellent modality for detecting dilatation of the biliary tree (in part or in total) and assessing the degree of dilatation, but it does not reliably detect the obstructing lesion often enough.

It is important to adequately visualise the area of the extra‐hepatic biliary tree and pancreatic head before suggesting the aetiology of any biliary tract dilatation regardless of the findings more proximally in the biliary tract.

The optimal role of ultrasound is to detect a mass if one is present: tissue‐typing requires histological or cytological examination of material from the mass.
The Accuracy of Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (P.T.C.) Using the Chiba Needle in the Diagnosis of Level and Cause of Cholestasis
Authors: JUTTIJUDATA P. , PALAVATANA C. , CHIEMCHAISRI C. , CHURNRATANAKUL S.
Published: March 2008

A prospective study of P.T.C. using the Chiba Needle in the diagnosis of cholestasis was carried out in 276 patients. The visualization of the biliary system by P.T.C. and the pathological diagnoses were confirmed in 253 patients. The accuracy of P.T.C. in the determination of the level and cause of cholestasis was 100.0% and 96.0% respectively. P.T.C, in our opinion, is still the diagnostic modality of choice, especially in surgically difficult patients.
The Problem of Local Control in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer — A Combined Modality Approach
Authors: BOYAGES J.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study is to present the initial results, particularly the rates of local control and sites of relapse, in 26 cases of locally advanced breast cancer, treated by a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

The treatment protocol consisted of three cycles of Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide, followed by radiation therapy to the primary and regional nodes, followed by 12 (or latterly six) cycles of Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, 5‐Fluorouracil and prednisone. Three patients did not complete the protocol because of side effects, one of whom died of sepsis secondary to leukopenia.

At the completion of all treatment, twenty of the twenty‐six patients (77%) had obtained complete remission (CR) of local disease which was maintained for up to 42 months. At a median follow‐up of 18 months (range 7 to 42 months), only one patient of those obtaining a CR has relapsed locally, but five have died of metastatic disease, with local control.
Turner's Syndrome
Authors: VERCO P.W. , BARBARY J. , ENTHOVEN C.
Published: March 2008

A foetus in utero was found to have a small cystic hygroma on the back of its neck at 17/18 weeks. Chromosome analysis revealed a female karyotype 45, X diagnostic of Turner's Syndrome.
Ovarian Cancer: A Comparison of Two Techniques for Postoperative Whole Abdominal Radiotherapy
Authors: FEIGEN MALCOLM
Published: March 2008

Many treatment options are available for patients with advanced ovarian cancer to prevent relapse following surgical resection. All may produce severe side effects and long‐term benefits are controversial.

A feasibility study is reported of two techniques for the delivery of whole abdominal radiotherapy in thirty seven consecutive patients. The open field technique appears to be a practical, safe and effective method for suitable patients, requiring a seven week course of irradiation which was half as long as that required for the moving strip technique. Complications were acceptable, mostly transient and reversible, but longer follow‐up is required to assess the effect on survival.
Clinical Trials in High Risk Endometrial Carcinoma and Carcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Authors: BRINDAL ROSEMARY
Published: March 2008

Three new trials utilizing a multi‐disciplinary approach have been initiated by C.O.S.A. on the management of cases of high risk endometrial carcinoma, and early stage but node positive carcinoma of the cervix, and late stage carcinoma of the cervix. In each study a systemic drug is added to the treatment regime in one arm of the trial and in the other arm surgery and/or radiotherapy only are used.

Direct cytotoxic effects and/or radiosensitization may result.
Gastroschisis and Omphalocele Prenatal Ultrasonic Detection and its Significance
Authors: OSBORNE JONATHAN
Published: March 2008

Gastroschises and omphaloceles are both conditions of extra abdominal gut herniation.

An omphalocele presents ultrasonically as an extra‐abdominal mass, with a smooth margin surrounded by an echogenic membrane attaching to the umbilical cord at the apex of the mass. The condition is associated with a relatively high incidence of other congenital abnormalities.

A gastroschisis is an extra abdominal mass, with a lobulated edge and without an echogenic layer. The mass is not related to the umbilical cord which lies in a normal position. The condition is relatively free from associated congenital defects.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Sternum — A case report
Authors: SAHA MADAN M. , KAPOOR RAVI
Published: March 2008

A case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the sternum, an extremely rare condition, is presented, being the third example so far reported in the world literature.
A Further Contribution to the Knowledge of Mucopolysaccharidosis I H/S Compound. Presentation of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: COLAVITA N. , ORAZI C. , FILENI A. , LEONE P.C. , RICCI R. , SEGNI G.
Published: March 2008

The mucopolysaccharidosis I H/S compound syndrome, although included among mucoploy‐saccharidoses, remains imperfectly defined in its biochemical and genetical features. The relatively low number of cases studied and the great phenotypic variability explain why the H/S compound as an autonomous pathological entity is still a much debated subject. The present report deals with the presence of the H/S syndrome in two brothers.

The observed features and those reported in the literature were compared in order to assess whether among the possible alterations, subgrouped as cardinal or accessory, at least a few could be considered specific for the diagnosis.

However, a careful analysis failed to point out the existence of such a group of signs thus supporting, in the authors' opinion, the hypothesis that the H/S compound represents a continuum of phenotypically worsening conditions that clinically spans from the Scheie syndrome to the Hurler syndrome.

The acceptance of the term MPS I (α‐L‐iduronidase deficiency) syndrome is encouraged to encompass such a broad spectrum of phenotypes, which at its most severe is represented by the classic Hurler phenotype and at its mildest, by the Scheie.
Solitary Neurofibroma of Foot — An Unusual Case with Extensive Calcification and Ossification
Authors: KAPOOR RAVI , MITTAL K.P. , JAYARAM GITA
Published: March 2008

An unusual case of solitary neurofibroma of the foot showing extensive calcification and ossification is presented. Such a pattern has not been documented in the literature.
Radiographically Visible Calcification in Colloid Carcinoma of the Stomach
Authors: DWYER ROSS T. , PHILLIPS ROBERT L.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a case report of colloid adenocarcinoma of the stomach with radio‐graphically visible calcification. Previous case reports are reviewed and the unique features of calcification in colloid tumours discussed. A mechanism for calcification in this tumour is proposed in the light of recent advances in the understanding of glycoprotein metabolism.
Dose‐Volume Considerations in Small Field Thoracic Irradiation
Authors: HAMILTON C.S. , EBERL M.
Published: March 2008

This paper examines and compares the isodose distributions in the lungs of a reference man, irradiated with four differing fixed field arrangements using a 4 MeV linear accelerator photon beam. Two 3 field, one 4 field and one 8 field plan were generated on a General Electric RT/Plan computer to cover an arbitrary central thoracic volume of 10 times 5 × 5 cm. The tissue specific NSD equation and a previously published Integral Probability Model for organ complications were applied to each plan, and form the basis for an objective comparison of the lung dose‐volume pattern in each case. The validity of the computer generated lung isodose distributions was checked by exposing x‐ray film and TLD crystals within the appropriate slices of a Rando Phantom Man, to the above field arrangements. Both the NSD equation and the Integral Probability Model suggest that the 8 field plan has a distinct advantage over the others, in small field thoracic irradiation. The limitations of the NSD concept and the integral probability model are discussed in the light of current volume theory.
Metastatic Differentiated Carcinoma of the Thyroid and Radioiodine
Authors: ANDREWS J.T. , McGENNISKEN M.R.
Published: March 2008

Between 1966 and 1984, 15 patients with differentiated distant metastatic thyroid carcinoma were studied and treated with radioiodine. All patients had a partial or total thyroidectomy followed by thyroid ablative radioiodine. Thirteen patients were also treated for their metastases by further radioiodine.

Metastases were clinically present initially in seven patients and were detectable in four patients within the first year, two patients in the second year, and the last patient after 11 years.

Eight patients died of metastatic disease during the one to 23 year follow up; all within four years of developing metastases. Six patients are still alive, one with predominantly recurrent bony disease still receiving “‘I treatment, the other five have lung metastases which have either regressed (two patients), or stabilized (three patients) with radioiodine treatment.

The overall prognosis is grave. Best results with radioiodine are obtained in small pulmonary metastases, but palliation may be obtained when metastases in other organs are present.
Ultrasonography in Acute Upper Abdomen
Authors: KHOSLA ANIL , BERRY M. , MUKHOPADHYAY S. , KAPUR B.M.L.
Published: March 2008

100 patients presenting with acute right upper quadrant pain were examined with plain radiography and gray scale ultrasonography. These findings were correlated with surgical and histopathological findings in the 40 patients who underwent surgery. In the remaining 60 patients, laboratory and clinical data along with other investigations like oral cholecystography (OCG) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were correlated with the ultrasonographic findings.

In the final analysis of 100 patients, 49 patients were found to have gall bladder disease i.e. acute cholecystitis with cholelithiasis if, acute acalculous cholecystitis2, cholecystitis with cholelithiasis21, and cholelithiasis alone12.

Amoebic liver abscess was seen in 19 patients, acute pancreatitis in 5 patients and pyonephrosis in 4 patients. Normal abdominal scans indicating no obvious cause for right upper quadrant pain were seen in 23 patients. The value of ultrasonography in defining morphology of the above‐mentioned conditions is discussed.
Conservative Surgery and Radiation Therapy as Treatment for Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Treatment Policy at the Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy
Authors: HARRIS JAY R. , SILVER BARBARA , ROSE MARY ANN , RECHT ABRAM
Published: March 2008

The combination of conservative surgery and radiation therapy has become a more widely employed treatment approach for patients with early breast cancer. Cooperation between the surgeon, radiologist, pathologist, radiation therapist and medical oncologist is critical in obtaining good results using this approach. In this article, we summarize the treatment policy at the Harvard Joint Center for Radiation Therapy with concentration on treatment techniques and their appropriate application.
Evaluation of Intracardiac and Pericardial Tumours with Computed Tomography
Authors: PUVANESWARY M. , SINGHAM K.T. , YAP SIMON
Published: March 2008

Though echocardiography is the standard method in the diagnosis of cardiac tumours computed tomography may demonstrate the presence, location and size of intracardiac tumours and the relationship of the mass to the cardiac chambers and extracardiac extension.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Aortic Aneurysms with 3‐D Image Reconstruction
Authors: VALK PETER E , HALE JAMES D. , CROOKS LAWRENCE E. , KAUFMAN LEON , HIGGINS CHARLES B.
Published: March 2008

A programme was written to detect flow in a sequence of MR images and to construct 3‐D vessel maps from the detected flow regions. Reduction in first echo intensity and prolongation of calculated T2 value were used as flow‐detection criteria. The programme was used to image the aorta in 6 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and 5 patients with aortic dissection. Results were compared with contrast angiography in 9 cases and X‐ray CT in 2. The images obtained by the two techniques were comparable in 9 cases. In 2 cases of aortic dissection, where flow in the false lumen was slow, the false lumen could not be demonstrated by angiography, but was clearly seen in the reconstructed MR images.
Large Phalangeal Exostosis in Multiple Cartilaginous: Exostoses (Diaphyseal Aclasia) – A Case Report
Authors: KAPOOR RAVI , SAHA MADAN M.
Published: March 2008

A rare case of an unusually large exostosis of the great toe in a case of multiple cartilaginous exostoses (MCE) is presented.