bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing Literacy to Four Year Olds: Creating Classroom Cultures in Three Schools
Authors: Gregory Eve , Williams Ann , Baker Dave , Street Brian
Published: May 2004

A principal aim of the National Curriculum in England was to ensure equality of opportunity for all children, regardless of race or social class. This aim was strengthened through the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy 10 years later which set out to standardize not just the literacy curriculum itself but also the materials and methods used to teach it. But are children living in very different economic circumstances really given equal access to literacyduring their first year in school? This article first uses insights from the work of Bourdieu on the economic, social and cultural capital or resources possessed by families and Bernstein on different curricula and pedagogic discourse to explain why some children are likely to have more success than others in making sense of classroom learning. It then goes on to argue that neither theory can fully account for children’s progress and shows how one teacher creates a particular culture with her class that defies existing paradigms of social class, capital and early school success.
Drawings as an Alternative Way of Understanding Young Children’s Constructions of Literacy
Authors: Kendrick Maureen , Mckay Roberta
Published: May 2004

As teachers seek to reflect children’s diverse experience in the subject matter they present and in the questions they explore, they must also embrace children’s multifaceted ways of knowing. Their major pedagogical challenge is to help children transform what they know into modes of representation that allow for a full range of human experience. In their lives outside of school, children ‘naturally move between art, music, movement, mathematics, drama, and language as ways to think about the world [...]. It is only in schools that students are restricted to using one sign system at a time.’ (Shortet al., 2000: 160). This study uses young children’s drawings about reading and writing as an innovative way of investigating their perceptions and understandings of literacy across the broad contexts of their lives. The study challenges the politics of classroom practices that privilege language-dependent modes of representation over other modes.
Double Jeopardy?
Authors: Bland Rachel , Hutchinson Nick , Oakes Peter , Yates Chrissie
Published: May 2004

Increasing numbers of people with learning disabilities are living into older adulthood,creating important challenges for services. Greater local understanding of the specific health needs of this population is crucial to influence needs-led service planning. The study used a questionnaire survey to identify people aged over.. who have learning disabilities,covered by a community health trust in England. Specific types of health problems for this older population were identified,along with the sources and types of community supports received and care staff satisfaction with these supports. The most frequently occurring health problems related to psychological/behavioural,incontinence/excretory and circulatory/respiratory needs. Overall general practitioners,followed by community/district nurses,provided the majority of healthcare support. Generally care staff appeared satisfied with the access and quality of health support. There were alarming findings in relation to some areas of health screening. Cervical,breast and testicular examinations were rare. The implications of the study are discussed.
Sex Matters in Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Thompson Travis , Caruso Mary , Ellerbeck Kathryn
Published: May 2004

We have paid little attention to gender differences in developmental disabilities aside from the purpose of establishing prevalence. Yet, studying sex differences in the incidence and presentation of developmental disability and mental health disorders may contribute to our understanding of the neural circuitry and neurochemistry of both the normal and the abnormal brain. Furthermore, investigation into gender difference may have practical implications, as we may need to design sex-specific interventions for persons with developmental disability. In this article, we first review sex differences in typically developing children as well as some of the literature on the biology proposed to explain those differences. We then explore differences in prevalence and presentation of several developmental and mental health disorders as they may relate to biological mechanisms–with special attention to autism. Finally, we look at research needs as they relate to sex in developmental disability.
What Difference Does it Make Who is Speaking?
Authors: Mcclimens Alex
Published: May 2004

Co-authorship is welcome in the field of disability studies where the argument for involving former ‘subjects’ in research is well rehearsed. This involvement brings concomitant problems to the process and these can be summarized around audience, ownership and authority. People with learning difficulties need to be involved in the research process. This involvement, however, is not straightforward. Poststructuralist critiques have rendered knowledge claims suspect when they are aligned with the ‘author-as-expert’. Similarly, presumed authenticity derived from ontological privilege invites criticism on the grounds that such a stance compromises knowledge claims by restricting them to specific identity positions. The article argues for a re-evaluation of the language used within the disability press that promotes variety over dogma and places more emphasis on what is said rather than who is speaking. Finally, a plea is made for accessible versions of the contents of academic publications to be readily available to a wider audience.
Epilepsy in Learning Disabilities
Authors: Turkistani Ibrahim Y. A.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the prevalence of epilepsy in learning disabilities and its association with mental illness and behavioural disturbance. Case notes were examined of adults and elderly people registered with specialist learning disability services in the Hull and Holderness area, England. Clients were divided into two groups: people with learning disabilities with an active history of epilepsy and those with no history of epilepsy. Findings from 240 clients were: 45 percent had active epilepsy; of these, 33.3 percent had onset of seizures before the age of 1 year, 76.9 percent had more then one seizure a month, and 50 percent were on one anti-epileptic drug. No significant association was found between epilepsy and behavioural disturbances or mental illness. These results may add some weight to the argument that epilepsy does not necessarily increase the incidence of mental illness and/or behavioural disturbance.
The Contents of an Ostrich’s Stomach
Authors: Elliman Paul
Published: May 2004

Giraffes have no vocal chords. The last animal in the dictionary is the Zyzzyva, a tropical weevil. A cow gives nearly 200,000 glasses of milk in her lifetime. Camels chew in a figure-of-eight pattern. Butterflies taste with their feet. All polar bears are left-handed. A group of herons is called a siege. A group of jellyfish is called a smack. A group of owls is called a parliament. According to experts, whale songs rhyme. A snail can sleep for three years. A dog was once the King of Norway for three years during the 11th century AD. In 1939, a shower of tiny frogs fell on the English town of Trowbridge. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.
Ideological Dissonances in Singapore’s National Campaign Posters: a Semiotic Deconstruction
Authors: Teo Peter
Published: May 2004

This article probes into the semiotic construction of three posters used in Singapore’s national campaigns: the 1983 Productivity, the 1996 Speak Mandarin and the 1995 Courtesy Campaign posters. By unpacking the verbal messages and visual images encoded within these three posters and, more importantly, the interplay between them, the article aims to uncover possible ideological interests, meanings and implications woven into the semiotic fabric of the posters. Employing Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (1990 and 1996) framework of ‘reading images’, the three posters were analysed along the Interpersonal and Ideational dimensions of meaning-construction. The analysis reveals a series of dissonances, discontinuities and disjunctures both within the visual imagery itself and between the visual and the verbal texts, reflecting a substratum of tension existing among the various socio-political and socio-economic ideologies projected by the posters.
Heavy Hero or Digital Dummy? Multimodal Player–Avatar Relations in Final Fantasy 7
Authors: Burn Andrew , Schott Gareth
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the player–avatar relation in Final Fantasy 7, drawing on multimodality theory to analyse textual structures both in the game and in the discourse of player–interviews and fan writing. It argues that the avatar is a two-part structure, partly designed in conventional narrative terms as a protagonist of popular narrative, and partly as a vehicle for interactive game-play. The former structure is replete with the traditions and designs of Japanese popular narrative, oral formulaic narrative and contemporary superhero narratives, and is presented to the player as an offer act – a declarative narrative statement. The latter is a construct of evolving attributes and economies characteristic of role-playing games; and is presented to the player as a demand act – a rule-based command. Though these two functions separate out in the grammar of player and fan discourse, it is their integration which provides the pleasure of gameplay and narrative engagement.
The Persuasiveness of Democratic Majorities
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Estlund David
Published: May 2004

Under the assumptions of the standard Condorcet Jury Theorem, majority verdicts are virtually certain to be correct if the competence of voters is greater than one-half, and virtually certain to be incorrect if voter competence is less than one-half. But which is the case? Here we turn the Jury Theorem on its head, to provide one way of addressing that question. The same logic implies that, if the outcome saw 60 percent of voters supporting one proposition and 40 percent the other, then average voter competence must either be 0.60 or 0.40. We still have to decide which, but limiting the choice to those two values is a considerable aid in that.
Duties to Assist Others and Political Obligations
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2004

In response to recent criticisms of traditional theories of political obligation, scholars have advanced moral reasons for complying with the law that focus on natural duties to assist other people who are in need. In discussions of political obligation, these ‘rescue principles’ are presented as alternatives to traditional principles. I argue that theories of political obligation based on rescue principles are not able to fulfill the role theorists assign them. If the underlying assumptions of rescue theories are uncovered, they can be seen also to support more traditional obligations to obey the law. Accordingly, rather than serving as alternatives to traditional principles, rescue principles can only supplement them.
The Morality of the Market and the Medieval Schoolmen
Authors: Walsh Adrian
Published: May 2004

Recently among analytic political philosophers there has been a considerable revival of interest in the normative evaluation of the market and of economic processes more generally. While not rejecting markets in toto, philosophers such as Elizabeth Anderson and Amartya Sen have raised questions about the proper range of the market, explored the role of normative considerations in economic decision-making and raised doubts about the view that normative constraints are never legitimately placed on economic activity. In this article I experience the relevance to such explorations of the economic casuistry of the medieval schoolmen.
A Cross-National Comparative Study of Work/Family Demands and Resources
Authors: Poelmans Steven , Spector Paul E. , Cooper Cary L. , Allen Tammy D. , O’Driscoll Michael , Sanchez Juan I.
Published: May 2004

This article presents phase 2 of the Collaborative International Study of Managerial Stress (CISMS2) with the objective of studying cross culturally/cross-nationally potential causes and consequences of work-family conflict. This collaborative international study contributes to the existing literature on work and family by adding a different theoretical perspective (interaction between demands and resources, and resource loss), following the thinking of Grandey and Cropanzano, focusing on a specific collective (managers), and testing both universalistic and cross cultural hypotheses in a large sample taken from 25 countries in different continents, representing different socio-cultural contexts. It will explore cross cultural/cross-national issues in a comparative sense, looking at how family and societal differences relate to work-family conflict. More specifically we expect that individualism/collectivism and the presence of family-supportive government policies will moderate relationships between demands, resources and work-family conflict.
Cross Cultural Differences in Managers’ Support for Home-Based Telework
Authors: Peters Pascale , den Dulk Laura
Published: May 2004

Home-based telework is one of the arrangements organizations can introduce to facilitate a better balance between employees’ professional and private lives. This article focuses on the question of under what conditions managers grant a subordinate’s request to telework and what role national cultures play herein. By looking into managers’ willingness to delegate power and to trust home-based teleworkers we try to explain the slow adoption of home-based telework and the reported differences across Northern and Southern European countries. In doing so we will make use of Hofstede’s writings on national cultures and of the propositions made by the telework literature on how to mitigate the potential trust problem associated with distance working. The purpose of the article is to develop new hypotheses regarding factors that influence managerial decision-making concerning telework and how these interact with national cultures. To test the hypotheses, a cross-national vignette study is proposed.
From Kinship to Trust
Authors: Mellahi Kamel , Wood Geoffrey T.
Published: May 2004

Research on recruitment has neglected the possible influence of political instability and civil wars. This article seeks to redress this gap, by providing insights into recruitment and selection criteria in African countries during a time of political instability, based on the case of Algeria. The research focuses on how small businesses in highly unstable political environments vet candidates, the recruitment channels they use, and the type of criteria small businesses use during the recruitment process. Through interviews with 14 managers of small and medium sized enterprises, data were collected on recruitment and selection criteria of 144 employees. It was found that a tradition of basing recruitment on extended family networks has mutated into narrower and more confining networks based on trust.
Make it Easy on Yourself!
Authors: McKillop James , Wilkinson Heather
Published: May 2004

In this article we draw on personal experiences to discuss the use of the interview as a research method from the perspective of someone with dementia. Despite the increased emphasis on including people with dementia themselves in research, the perspective of the person with dementia on the interview situation is so far missing. In this article we hope to add to the established understanding that people with dementia can be included in research, by outlining the reflections of a person with dementia about how it felt and what was useful in taking part in an interview. In particular, we want to highlight the importance of the relationship created in an interview, the role of the social setting, and some basic practical strategies to make the situation easier.
Stigma and Parental HIV
Authors: Cree Viviene E. , Kay Helen , Tisdall Kay , Wallace Jennifer
Published: May 2004

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is experienced as a highly stigmatized disease by those with HIV and their families. Moreover, it has been argued that it is the stigmatized nature of HIV that separates it from other chronic illnesses (Bor and Elford, 1998; Geballe and Gruendel, 1995). Drawing from a recently completed qualitative study conducted in Scotland, this article examines the impact of HIV stigma on children and young people with a parent or carer with HIV. The starting point for the research (and for this article) is the perspective of the children and young people themselves. The article gives an account of their understanding of stigma, and explores the different methods that they have adopted to cope with the effects of living with such a stigmatized illness in the family. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this study for social work policy and practice with children and young people affected by parental HIV.
Problematizing the Familiar
Authors: Jones Sue
Published: May 2004

The article is the result of tutor reflection and considers some dilemmas faced by Deaf students as they seek to work with d/Deaf and non-deaf people using a qualitative paradigm.1 Emerging themes are presented which challenge the appropriateness of academic research language in relation to sign language and the competing notions of Deaf people as invariably ‘experts’ or ‘the other’. Some case examples are given to stimulate debate. The position of Deaf researchers is related to that of ‘subalterns’ (Ladd, 2003) and seen as potentially ‘emancipatory’ (Truman et al., 2000). The article concludes by seeding the development of a new and critical paradigm of social work research among Deaf researchers and respondents within the seventh moment (Denzin, 2002) and therefore posing the question of how this will be achieved for students whose preferred mode of communication is sign language.
The Experience of Being a Treatment Foster Mother
Authors: Wells Kathleen , Farmer Elizabeth M. Z. , Richards Jesse T. , Burns Barbara J.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the experiences of treatment foster mothers. It is part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the use, implementation, and effectiveness of treatment foster care. The study sample is 43 treatment foster mothers. Study data are from in-person interviews with mothers in which each is asked to talk about the youth in her care and her experience of being the youth’s treatment foster mother. Mothers’ responses were analyzed through an inductive and iterative process. The analysis yielded six mutually exclusive categories of experience. Each category was labeled with a name that reflected a critical element of its definition: Strategic, Struggle, Satisfaction, Mothering, Rejection, and ‘Other’. Findings suggest wide variation in how treatment foster mothers experience their role and relationships with youth. Study strengths, limitations, and relevant theoretical frameworks for further work are discussed.
A Method for Investigating Practitioner Use of Theory in Practice
Authors: Floersch Jerry
Published: May 2004

This article describes a methodology for studying the relationship between scientific theory (technical-rational or textbook) and theory generated in practice (knowledge-inaction or practical). It identifies the written and oral practice narrative as empirical sites for studying the use of technicalrational theory in practice. The strengths and limitations of studying the written narrative alone are discussed and a method for juxtaposing the oral and written narrative of the same practice event is described. By respecting both forms of knowledge as productive powers, identifying their empirical referents, and investigating in vivo practice events, it is argued that practice research will remain open to discovering its dual or holistic potential.
Managing Insider Research
Authors: van Heugten Kate
Published: May 2004

From 1993 until 1999, the author was engaged in a qualitative doctoral study that explored the issues that arise for social workers who make a transition from paid agency employment to private practice. The idea for the research study arose from her personal experience of this transition and of the ethical and professional issues this raises. The findings of the study have been previously reported (van Heugten, 2001, 2002, 2003; van Heugten and Daniels, 2001a, 2001b, 2002). This article focuses on tools the researcher employed to overcome some of the methodological dilemmas that emerged due to the insider nature of the research. The author proposes that intersubjective conceptualizations of countertransference that have emerged from the field of psychoanalysis, provide a useful additional aid to the management of potential insider bias. The other methodological issue explored in this article concerns the reliability of respondents’ retrospective self reports about decision making processes.
Structural Damage Assessment Using Vibration Modal Analysis
Authors: Khoo Lay Menn , Mantena P. Raju , Jadhav Prakash
Published: May 2004

Vibration techniques have been employed for detecting the presence and monitoring the progression of damage in structures. Pinpointing the location of damage is a more complicated and elaborate task. This paper presents modal analysis techniques for locating damage in a wooden wall structure by evaluating damage-sensitive parameters such as resonant pole shifts and mode shapes, residue and stiffness changes. Artificial damage (simulating termite degradation) was created in one of the walls of a specially constructed room. The wall was excited using an impact hammer and its frequency response measured using a laser vibrometer. Resonant poles (plotted in the s-plane) were used for identifying modes that are sensitive to damage, since not all modes are equally affected by the presence of damage. The damaged region was identified by visual comparison of the deformation mode shapes before and after damage. The modal residue and stiffness changes were also quantified for a better representation of the damage location.
Understanding Denial in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Schneider Sandra L. , Wright Robert C.
Published: May 2004

Treatment of sexual offenders is routinely complicated by the presence of denial. This article examines how denial is related to the willingness to take responsibility for offense-related thoughts and actions and how conceptualizations of denial have developed and changed over time. Multiple facets of denial are described in detail, along with an assessment of how different forms of denial undermine acceptance of responsibility throughout treatment. Evidence is presented to show that resistance and denial often hinge on cognitive and motivational processes that are commonly accepted as fundamental treatment targets rather than treatment obstacles. The authors propose that denial may be best understood as the acceptance of explanations that reduce accountability and are reinforced by distorted beliefs and self-deceptive thinking processes. The article concludes with a discussion of the rich clinical information embedded in different expressions of denial and the benefits of treatment strategies designed to assess and work through them.
Pregnancy and Domestic Violence
Authors: Jasinski Jana L.
Published: May 2004

Pregnancy-related violence is a serious public health issue. Although there is a growing body of research on this subject, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the prevalence of this type of victimization, the risk factors, and the consequences. The purpose of this literature review is to organize and synthesize the interdisciplinary empirical research on pregnancy-related violence and to provide direction for both researchers and practitioners for future work in this area.
An Overview of Child Physical Abuse
Authors: Runyon Melissa K. , Deblinger Esther , Ryan Erika E. , Thakkar-Kolar Reena
Published: May 2004

This article reviews and summarizes the extant literature regarding child physical abuse (CPA). Literature is summarized that describes the wide range of short-and long-term effects of CPA on children as well as the documented characteristics of parents/caregivers who engage in physically abusive parenting practices. Although the reviewed research documents that interventions geared only toward the parent have been found to produce significant improvements with respect to parenting abilities, parent-child interactions, and children’s behavior problems, there is a paucity of research examining the efficacy of interventions developed specifically to target the child’s emotional and behavioral difficulties. Based on the few studies that have shown emotional and behavioral gains for children who have participated in treatment, an integrated parent-child cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) approach is proposed here to address the complex issues presented by both parent and child in CPA cases. The direct participation of the child in treatment also may improve our ability to target posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms as well as anger control and dysfunctional abuse attributions in the children themselves. Implications for practice, public policy, and research are also addressed.
College Women’s Experiences of Sexual Coercion
Authors: Adams-Curtis Leah E. , Forbes Gordon B.
Published: May 2004

The literature on college women’s experiences with sexual coercion is reviewed, with an emphasis on work published since 1990. Sexual coercion is defined as any situation in which one person uses verbal or physical means (including the administration of drugs or alcohol, with or without the other person’s consent) to obtain sexual activity against consent. We argue that coercive sexual behavior among college students can best be understood within the context of other sexual behaviors and values on college campuses. Significant definitional and methodological problems are identified and discussed. Important victim, perpetrator, and situational variables are identified and discussed. These include attitudes toward women, beliefs about sexual behavior (including rape-supporting beliefs and values), communication problems, coercion-supporting peer groups (including fraternities and athletics), concepts of masculinity and femininity, sexual promiscuity, and alcohol.
The Effects and Treatment of Community Violence in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sieger Karin , Rojas-Vilches Angela , McKinney Cliff , Renk Kimberly
Published: May 2004

The amount of community violence that children and adolescents are exposedtois unsettling. Intensifying the issue, the amount of community violence that is wit-nessed or experienced directly by children and adolescents is increasing with time. It has been documented that children and adolescents who are exposed to community violence display a wide array of psychological symptoms, ranging from depression and anxiety to antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Many variables have been studied in an attempt to determine correlates, moderators, and mediators of exposure to community violence. Furthermore, many intervention strategies have been developed from the discovery of relationships among these variables. Despite these efforts, many children continue to suffer from the negative effects of exposure to community violence. The purpose of this article is to encourage mental health professionals to mobilize their efforts to help children, adolescents, and their families cope with the effects of community violence.
A Collaborative Approach to Program Evaluation of Community-Based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Projects
Authors: Fluhr Janene D. , Oman Roy F. , Allen James R. , Lanphier Marilyn G. , McLeroy Kenneth R.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a model for collaboration between program providers and program evaluators. The article describes how university-based evaluators, a state health department, and local program providers collaborated to evaluate 12 projects implementing commercially developed teenage pregnancy prevention (TPP) programs in school settings. Approximately 2,200 students participate annually in the programs. Program evaluation staff and local program providers worked together to construct logic models that helped guide the intervention and evaluation design. The local providers also participated in training sessions, conducted by the evaluation team, to increase their understanding and skills related to program evaluation methods. Student-level outcomes related to knowledge, attitudes, skills, behaviors, as well as an assessment of curricula fidelity were included in the evaluation. The result of this collaborative model has been a quality program evaluation for the projects while maintaining community input regarding program improvements that reflect local population needs.
Guidelines for Public Health Practitioners Serving as Student Preceptors
Authors: Kemper Karen A. , Dye Cheryl Rainey , Sherrill Windsor Westbrook , Mayo Rachel M.
Published: May 2004

Student fieldwork and service learning are valuable strategies for developing the skills of future public health professionals. Practitioners who serve as preceptors to students often receive little preparation for guiding and evaluating students. Findings from a review of fieldwork and service learning literature and a program evaluation of an undergraduate public health program at a large southern public university were used to construct guidelines for the practitioners supervising students in the field. These guidelines should aid practitioners in their role as preceptors of public health students. The guidelines address assessing student competencies, developing student competencies, writing learning objectives, evaluating students, maximizing the student precept or relationship, and managing problems.
The Evolution of Health Education: The Kaiser Permanente Southern California Experience
Authors: Valencia Martha A. , Kingston Nancy , Nakamura Ronald B. , Rosenfield Frayne , Schwartz Mei Ling
Published: May 2004

This article conveys the history of establishing the health education program, the current delivery model, and the lessons learned from the process including practical applications for the practice setting. The evolution of health education in Kaiser Permanente reflects its history and describes the continued need for and relevance of health education. The era of the patient as the passive recipient of care is being replaced by an emphasis on the patient as a partner in care. Every health education program emphasizes shared responsibility and encourages active participation by the patient, family, and other social supports. Multiple modalities of self-care and/or self-management resources and services increase member access to needed health education, health promotion, and prevention information that facilitate lifestyle behavior changes for better health and simultaneously improve organizational clinical outcome measures. Ongoing efforts align health education with regulatory requirements and the organization’s commitment to culturally and linguistically appropriate patient information.
Application of the Transtheoretical Model for HIV Prevention in a Facility-Based and a Community-Level Behavioral Intervention Research Study
Authors: Cabral Rebecca J. , Cotton David , Semaan Salaam , Gielen Andrea C.
Published: May 2004

This article describes the application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change to prevention programs for women at risk for or infected with HIV. The focus of these multisite demonstration projects was to increase condom and contraceptive use. The model was operationalized for use in the following two different intervention approaches: facility-based interventions (individual counseling for women in clinics, shelters, and drug treatment centers) and community-level interventions (including production of small media materials, street outreach, and community mobilization). The authors found that interventions derived from a complex theory can be disseminated to frontline providers who have little prior HIV education experience or academic training. They suggest that the transtheoretical model has value for the design and implementation of HIV prevention programs.
Research and Practice for Equity in Health: Actions of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education
Authors: Mittelmark Maurice B. , Lamarre Marie-Claude , Jones Catherine , Green Jackie , Davies John Kenneth
Published: May 2004

The published health promotion knowledge base is biased in favor of information produced in just a few English-speaking countries. This is an impediment to health promotion’s global development, which would be fostered by better access to information from the broadest possible range of sources. Responding, the International Union for Health Promotion and Education has expanded the scope of its flagship journal, Promotion and Education, publishing material in French and Spanish, in addition to English, and intending to broaden its scope even more. The International Union for Health Promotion and Education has also established an equity project in the health promotion publishing arena, together with other health promotion journals, to assist would-be authors for whom language is a barrier. A third International Union for Health Promotion and Education initiative is the Global Essential Readings in Health Promotion book project, whose editorial team includes experts from every continent, to ensure that the book includes material from every quarter of the globe.
Simplifying Qualitative Data Analysis Using General Purpose Software Tools
Authors: La Pelle Nancy
Published: May 2004

This article shows how clever but simple use of word-processing functions can provide many features of special-purpose software designed for analyzing text. For many qualitative research projects, and for students who are learning computerassisted analysis of text, the Microsoft Word functions outlined here may be all that are required. Examples are given showing how Microsoft Word can be used for coding and retrieving, semiautomated coding and inspection, creating hierarchies of code categories via indexing, global editing of theme codes, coding of “face-sheet” data, exploring relationships between face-sheet codes and conceptual codes, quantifying the frequency of code instances, and annotating text. The techniques outlined can be used for analyzing and managing many kinds of data, including key informant interviews, focus groups, document and literature reviews, and open-ended survey questions.
Surveying Nonrespondents
Authors: Stoop Ineke A. L.
Published: May 2004

Nonresponse rates in household surveys in the Netherlands are high. As low response rates are generally assumed to increase nonresponse bias, doubts have arisen concerning the value of survey research. The costs of fieldwork have substantially increased in recent years and will increase even more to compensate for the unfavorable response trends. This article describes a survey in which high response rates were attained and which measures were taken to achieve this. It also studies the differences between respondents who are hard to reach and those who are reluctant to participate in a survey. Additional data from a follow-up survey among refusers cast doubt on the assumption that reluctant respondents are similar to refusers.
Using a Word Processor to Tag and Retrieve Blocks of Text
Authors: Ryan Gery W.
Published: May 2004

Sophisticated text management software is currently available for doing thematic or code-based analysis, the principal procedural approach to qualitative data analysis. Such packages allow researchers to tag and retrieve contiguous blocks of data, maintain complex codebooks, manage large corpora of data, and display search results in interesting ways. For simple projects, however, with a few themes and a small number of texts, a complex program that requires a large investment of time to learn may be more technology than one needs. This article provides tips for making better use of the humble word processor, in this case, Microsoft Word. The use of text-formatting features, find-and-replace command, and Microsoft Word’s macro programming language can be used to mark themes in texts and retrieve exemplars of themes on demand.
Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and their Solutions
Authors: Gil-White Francisco J.
Published: May 2004

This article reports the experiences of one ethnographer conducting economic experiments in Bulgan Sum, Khovd, Republic of Mongolia. Torguud and Kazakh nomadic pastoralists played the ultimatum game against anonymous coethnics and nonethnics. The evidence gathered is relevant to (1) whether there is an in-group favoritism bias as maintained by social identity theory and social categorization theory and (2) whether non-Western populations behave differently from the now relatively well-studied Western populations in ways that are plausible given their culture. Special attention is given to the challenges involved in adapting this valuable research method to non-Western populations in rural settings. The biggest difficulty had to do with bootstrapping for participants all of the “obvious” background cultural assumptions about experiments as social situations, which an ideal participant carries in his head and which are assumed to be there rather than verified when conducting experiments in the West.
Fixed-Choice and Open-Ended Response Formats: A Comparison from HIV Prevention Research in Zimbabwe
Authors: Hruschka Daniel J. , Cummings Beverley , St. John Daphne Cobb , Moore Janet , Khumalo-Sakutukwa Gertrude , Carey James W.
Published: May 2004

This article examined similarities and differences in responses to open-ended and fixed-choice question formats gathered from Zimbabwean women participating in an HIV intervention study ( n = 227). Specifically, the authors compared the responses of women to two questions (one open-ended and one fixed-choice) about male condom negotiation strategies used with their partners. Comparisons across formats revealed that the definitions of negotiation categories coded from openended responses overlapped only moderately with categories used for the fixed-choice checklist. Fixed-choice reports of negotiation strategies were not statistically associated with reported condom use, but a statistically significant association was obtained with a category derived from open-ended questions. Although these results may be specific to this study and its specific study question, the data suggest that asking key study questions in both open-ended and fixed-choice formats may provide a valuable form of perspective for social and behavioral data.
Moving Up the Judicial Ladder
Authors: Bratton Kathleen A. , Spill Rorie L.
Published: May 2004

State institutions have assumed increasingly important roles in policymaking. Moreover, prior research indicates that judicial experience has emerged as a particularly important factor in nomination to the federal courts. Despite these developments, justices from state Supreme Courts are not often nominated to the federal judiciary. This article identifies the factors that influence the nomination of state Supreme Court justices to the federal courts. The results indicate that partisan alignment between the nominee, senators, and president is a critical factor in nomination. Age is also a significant factor in predicting nomination; a justice’s likelihood of being nominated peaks in her early 50s. Moreover, state high court justices who serve on relatively prestigious courts or have considerable seniority are less likely to be nominated to the federal courts thereby suggesting that visibility may not be an asset to state justices wishing to move to the federal courts.
Does Politics Really Matter?
Authors: Kelly Nathan J.
Published: May 2004

Analyses of the U.S. governing system indicate that national policy is influenced by public opinion, and this is interpreted as representation. Not as much is known aboutwhether policy systematically influences societal outcomes. In fact, some analyses suggest that there is little connection between policies and the outcomes these policies seek to produce. This article seeks to determine whether such a connection exists for income inequality. Although connections should exist, various views of the policymaking process cast doubt on the prospect. Measures of government’s equalizing influence and aggregate policy are created for 1979-1996, and time series regression is used to test the connection between the two. Even in the presence of controls for economic and demographic factors, policy liberalism produces greater government redistribution. When assessed in light of earlier research, these results indicate that shifts in public opinion lead to important changes in the way government influences society.
The Calculus of Concession
Authors: Haynes Audrey A. , Gurian Paul-Henri , Crespin Michael H. , Zorn Christopher
Published: May 2004

In this research we outline and evaluate a theory of the “calculus of concession”: when and why presidential primary candidates exit the race. Our explanation builds on prior studies of candidate attrition that traditionally emphasize money. However, we focus additional attention on the role of the press and its potential to influence a candidate’s exit decision. Data from the 2000 Republican presidential nomination campaign are used to test a Weibull model of candidate exit. Our results suggest that money is a critical component. But our research also demonstrates that the influence of money on candidates’ decisions depends on the candidate’s competitive position in the race. The availability of financial resources is far more critical to a close runner-up than to a less established long shot. Conversely, news coverage is far more critical to the decisions of longshot candidates early in the campaign than it is to big-shot candidates later on.
Subcontinental Divide
Authors: Cho Wendy K. Tam , Lad Suneet P.
Published: May 2004

As a group, Asian Indians exhibit high sociodemographic and English proficiency levels, traits commonly associated with high levels of political participation. Recently, they have even begun to field a number of viable political candidates and to donate large sums of money to federal campaigns. Despite bearing all the traits of a coveted political group, we knowlittle about their political behavior or their role within the Asian American group. Our examination of campaign finance records sheds some light on this political entity and adds to the intrigue that they may soon become a significant political force. Whether this force will emerge as part of a larger Asian American movement or on the margins of the broader group is less clear.
Shame and Despair in December
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: May 2004

In an attempt to interpret the current international crisis surrounding America’s presence in Iraq, a short, one act play is presented. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, this play writes history by quoting history back to itself. George Bush is placed in a dialogue with Mark Twain, Walter Benjamin, Tom Cruise, Molly Ivins, Walt Whitman, Paulo Freire, David Corn, and others.
Undoing the Blindfold of Old Glory: Observations on 9/11 and the War on Terrorism From Lockdown USA
Authors: Rocha Mario Alberto
Published: May 2004

Written from the perspective of a wrongfully incarcerated young man of color in a California prison, this essay argues that the U.S. response to 9/11 parallels the ways local police forces have responded to inner city gang warfare, by acting out of vengeance and anger rather than critically examining the causes of the problem. Moreover, just as the “war on gangs” in California has led to more crime, more violence, and more imprisoned young men—hence creating precisely the context for the alienation that fuels gangs and gang violence—so the U.S. war on terrorism has triggered an international wave of anger and has increased the violence directed toward the U.S.
Academia Pro Bono
Authors: Sterne Jonathan
Published: May 2004

This essay argues that academics should develop a “pro bono” ethic analogous to the manner in which doctors and lawyers donate their time to causes they support. This labor should be given freely and not used for scholars’ own professional advancement, and it should be directed toward making the university’s resources available to groups that otherwise might lack access to them.
Employee Burnout: A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Age or Years of Experience
Authors: Brewer Ernest W. , Shapard Leslie
Published: May 2004

This study examined the relationship between age or years of experience and employee burnout by performing a meta-analysis on research studies that present findings on relationships between employee burnout and age or years of experience. The problem has practical significance in that the appropriateness of approaches to addressing employee burnout may depend on whether age or years of experience is a factor related to burnout. Results indicated that there was a small negative correlation between employee age and emotional exhaustion, one of the components of burnout, at least for employees in some fields in the United States, and possibly a small negative correlation between years of experience in a field and emotional exhaustion.
Toward an HRD Auditing Protocol: Assessing HRD Risk Management Practices
Authors: Clardy Alan
Published: May 2004

Even though HRD-related programs and activities carry risks that should be monitored and assessed, there is little literature on how auditing applies to the HRD function; the existing literature on the topic defines HRD auditing in widely different ways. The nature of risk for organizational process is discussed, followed by a review of the current three-part model for auditing drawn from the professional auditing field. After examining prior approaches to defining HRD audits, a risk management approach to HRD auditing is indicated, and eight potential perils that the HRD function may create for its host organization are discussed. Given these perils and a generic auditing approach, a working protocol for auditing the HRD function is proposed. The future research needs for this proposal are noted.
Community Intervention as Clinical Case Study
Authors: Borg Mark B.
Published: May 2004

In the field of community psychology, empowerment is analogous with health, and the concept of intervention, synonymous with treatment, is intended to foster and sustain long-term prevention of both acute and chronic problems in the target community. Community empowerment interventions that include prevention techniques and focus on interpersonal functioning are the most successful form of interventions for communities that have undergone crisis or disaster. In this article, the author briefly reviews the theoretical and research basis for integrating community revitalization techniques with a psychoanalytic model that specifically highlights and addresses interpersonal functioning as the cornerstone of community health and well-being. An illustrative case study includes a conceptualization of the underlying pathological problems that were treated and the adaptive resources thatwere developed in a 4-year intervention in one circumscribed South Central Los Angeles community after the 1992 riots there.