bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The SPOTS Models: A Grid of Theoretical Stellar Evolution Tracks and Isochrones for Testing the Effects of Starspots on Structure and Colors
Authors: Somers Garrett , Cao Lyra , Pinsonneault Marc H.
Published: March 2020

One-dimensional stellar evolution models have been successful at representing the structure and evolution of stars in diverse astrophysical contexts, but complications have been noted in the context of young, magnetically active stars, as well as close binary stars with significant tidal interactions. Numerous puzzles are associated with pre-main-sequence (pre-MS) and active main sequence (MS) stars, relating to their radii, their colors, certain elemental abundances, and the coevality of young clusters, among others. A promising explanation for these puzzles is the distorting effects of magnetic activity and starspots on the structure of active stars. To assist the community in evaluating this hypothesis, we present the Stellar Parameters of Tracks with Starspots (SPOTS) models, a grid of solar-metallicity stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones that include a treatment of the structural effects of starspots. The models range from 0.1 to 1.3 M
⊙ and from spotless to a surface covering fraction of 85%, and are evolved from the pre-MS to the red giant branch (or 15 Gyr). We also produce two-temperature synthetic colors for our models using empirically calibrated color tables. We describe the physical ingredients included in the SPOTS models and compare their predictions to other modern evolution codes. Finally, we apply these models to several open questions in the field of active stars, including the radii of young eclipsing binaries, the color scale of pre-MS stars, and the existence of sub-subgiants, demonstrating that our models can explain many peculiar features of active stars.
An integrative taxonomic approach reveals a new species of Eranthis (Ranunculaceae) in North Asia
Authors: Erst Andrey S. , Sukhorukov Alexander P. , Mitrenina Elizaveta Yu. , Skaptsov Mikhail V. , Kostikova Vera A. , Chernisheva Olga A. , Troshkina Victoria , Kushunina Maria , Krivenko Denis A. , Ikeda Hiroshi , Xiang Kunli , Wang Wei
Published: March 2020

A new endemic species, Eranthis tanhoensissp. nov., is described from the Republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk Province, Russia. It belongs to Eranthis section Shibateranthis and is morphologically similar to E. sibirica and E. stellata. An integrative taxonomic approach, based on cytogenetical, molecular and biochemical analyses, along with morphological data, was used to delimit this new species.
Rôle des mécanismes épigénétiques dans le développement et la transmission des traumas psychiques
Authors: Benarous Xavier , Cohen David
Published: February 2020

Après avoir rappelé les principaux mécanismes épigénétiques, nous examinerons comment les résultats de données expérimentales sur des modèles animaux et cliniques éclairent notre compréhension de l’impact des situations d’adversité précoces sur le développement. Enfin, nous expliquerons en quoi l’épigénétique forme un modèle de compréhension biologique prometteur pour la compréhension de l’émergence et la prévention de certaines pathologies de l’enfant et de l’adolescent.
Du corps sacré au corps défaillant, dévoilement du diagnostic anténatal
Authors: Shulz Jessica
Published: February 2020

L’auteur propose, dans une perspective psychodynamique, un éclairage sur les liens entre honte, idéal du moi et emprise à partir des résultats d’une recherche menée au sein d’une maternité avec des femmes enceintes suite à une interruption médicale de grossesse (IMG). Un cas clinique issu de cette recherche, illustrant particulièrement les effets d’un diagnostic anténatal avec suspicion de transmission génétique sur le fonctionnement psychique des femmes confrontées à cette expérience, sera détaillé.
Éléments de controverses autour des changements socio-environnementaux et de la dynamique des paysages en pays dogon (Mali)
Authors: Taïbi Aude Nuscia
Published: February 2020

Au fil de l’analyse des transformations du pays dogon (Mali), nous souhaitons ici examiner de manière critique les représentations catastrophistes sur les dynamiques d’évolution des milieux et paysages en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les travaux sur ces dynamiques, fréquemment qualifiées de désertification, reposent sur des fondements inappropriés. Il ne s’agit pas de nier la réalité matérielle de phénomènes de dégradation et de leurs incidences sur les populations, mais de remettre en lumière des processus de transformation, tout en changeant le regard porté sur eux, et de participer ainsi à renouveler les conceptions des programmes dits de restauration et de protection des milieux et écosystèmes, qui, par leurs pratiques simplificatrices, contribuent à accroître à terme la vulnérabilité des systèmes socio-écologiques qu’ils veulent soutenir.
Visites touristiques et détournements du passé sur la Route de l’esclave à Ouidah
Authors: Goussanou Rossila
Published: February 2020

La « Route de l’esclave » de Ouidah est un lieu de mémoire de la traite atlantique très visité. Afin de répondre à la demande d’un public en quête d’informations, des habitants se proposent de commenter les visites, créant progressivement un « corps de guides » informel, puis réglementé par la municipalité en 2007. Cet article interroge la manière dont certains guides usent de « stratégies narratives » pour détourner un récit officiel et introduire des mémoires particulières.
Quand agir, c’est penser, Genres de vie et genres de connaissance dans l’anthropologie d’André Varagnac
Authors: Fruteau de Laclos Frédéric
Published: February 2020

L’adhésion active d’André Varagnac (1894-1983) à la vision du folklore promue par le régime de Vichy a fait l’objet d’analyses précises. Par-delà sa thèse d’une survivance des genres de vie traditionnels, nous insistons sur son étude de la connaissance imaginative déployée par les activités quotidiennes. Du corps-à-corps avec la nature naissent des schèmes et des systèmes symboliques différents. Cette diversité tient au type d’action initié par les hommes. Dans le cas des actions instantanées, les individus se représentent des dieux, personnifications vivantes de la matière ; quand le labeur est dur et répétitif, ils sont davantage portés à se figurer l’immortalité de leur âme et à envisager la question de leur salut.
Probabilistically Sophisticated Choice: An Alternative Axiomatization
Authors: Karni Edi
Published: February 2020

Cet article propose une nouvelle axiomatisation du modèle de choix «  probabilistically sophisticated  » à la Machina-Schmeidler [1995].
Désir et prémonition de l’enfant modèle musicien
Authors: Bourdaud Anne-Sophie
Published: February 2020

L’article propose d’aborder la spécificité de l’enfant musicien parmi les enfants modèles. Un vœu inaugural puissant précède l’advenue du grand musicien. Sous la forme d’un rêve perçu comme prémonitoire ou d’un désir ardent, il trouve un écho en l’enfant modèle qui va s’en saisir pour lui donner chair. À travers les trajectoires de quelques grands musiciens se dessinent les lignes croisées entre l’aspiration parentale et le futur artiste en devenir. C’est dans cet espace de rencontre entre le parent désirant et l’enfant modèle que va pouvoir prendre corps l’intuition précoce d’un destin à accomplir. Les forces pulsionnelles sont tendues vers un même but, dirigées vers une ambition où elles peuvent se rejoindre. C’est une quête sans fin de l’objet perdu qui se trouve être au cœur de la prophétie autoréalisatrice. La fugue perpétuelle de l’objet, toujours insaisissable, s’en trouve être l’enjeu. Elle anime le feu sacré, et la présomption parentale inébranlable d’une destinée qui attend l’enfant modèle en est le prélude. L’ancrage charnel dont il est le lieu est ce qui en permet l’expression. La musique, par sa nature même, lui donne quant à elle le pouvoir de s’incarner.
Devenir analyste : analyse d’un désir
Authors: Gibeault Alain
Published: February 2020

Le désir d’être analyste et ce qui s’y oppose demandent à être repérés lors des entretiens d’admission à la formation et l’analyse de ce désir dépend de l’analyse du candidat. Entre situation analytique et réponse institutionnelle, différents cas de figure se présentent selon les modèles de formation ; ils faisaient l’objet d’une Journée des formateurs de la SPP à laquelle ce texte introduisait.
L’institution en creux
Authors: Barazer Claude
Published: February 2020

La cure didactique présentait parmi ses défauts celui de se mettre au départ au service d’une demande : devenir psychanalyste, contredisant le principe d’une suspension de toute visée objective à l’expérience. Les procédures de formation mises en place par les institutions courent toujours le risque d’entériner cette demande et par là même de participer au renforcement des résistances auxquelles tout analyste est confronté face à l’exigence d’interroger les déterminations inconscientes à l’œuvre dans ce « désir de devenir psychanalyste » et de le « rester » tout au long de sa pratique. La définition des conditions les plus à même de répondre à ce qui constitue la spécificité du « devenir analyste » a fait l’objet de débats et de conflits passionnels dans l’histoire des institutions psychanalytiques, témoignant d’une compatibilité toujours problématique entre les impératifs institutionnels et la singularité de la démarche qui impose à chacun d’interroger le désir qui anime sa pratique.
Developing an Effective Professional Panel
Authors: Wolf Zane Robinson , Mauro Ann Marie P.
Published: March 2020

Plenary panel planning and implementation, carried out by temporary teams, are described for nursing organizations and professional development across settings. The conference or meeting theme and objectives frame panel member selection and moderator focus. Panelist conversations highlight different career trajectories and connect with attendees.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2020;51(3):100–102.]
Révolution, évolution, progrès et régrès chez Élisée Reclus
Authors: Pelletier Philippe
Published: February 2020

Pour Élisée Reclus (1830-1905), géographe anarchiste, il n’y a pas de philosophie de l’histoire mais des variations de milieux (physiques, humains) faits de progrès et de régrès. Le progrès est une amélioration de la condition humaine : il « consiste à trouver l’ensemble des intérêts et des volontés commun à tous les peuples, il se confond avec la solidarité ». Nulle situation n’est figée puisque chaque milieu étant localement divers, chaque peuple peut effectuer des choix techniques et culturels différents malgré des conditions parfois proches. Reclus critique aussi bien les contempteurs que les laudateurs du progrès.
Cutting Edge: The Use of Topical Aminoglycosides as an Effective Pull in “Prime and Pull” Vaccine Strategy
Authors: Gopinath Smita , Lu Peiwen , Iwasaki Akiko
Published: March 2020

The presence of tissue-resident memory T cells at barrier tissues is critical for long-lasting protective immune responses. Previous work has shown that tissue-resident memory T cells can be established by “pulling” virus-specific effector T cells from circulation to the genital mucosa via topical vaginal application of chemokines in mice. Once established, these cells protect hosts against genital herpes infection. We recently showed that vaginal application of aminoglycoside antibiotics induces robust activation of the IFN signaling pathway, including upregulation of chemokine expression within the tissue in mice. In this study, we show that a single topical application of neomycin, an inexpensive and vaginally nontoxic antibiotic, is sufficient to pull CD8 T cells to the vaginal mucosa and provide protection against genital herpes infection in mice.
Personal conversion factors influencing debt uptake amongst young households in South Africa
Authors: Malan Shan , De Clercq Bernadene , Meiring Jacolize
Published: February 2020

Orientation: Young South African households (in which the head of the household is between 18 and 32 years old) are starting their financial life journey.Research purpose: To determine which personal conversion factors influence young adults’ choices to access the various types of debt as they age.Motivation for the study: By focusing on the role of the different personal conversion factors on the debt uptake of young households, this article furthers the discussion on the concept of financial capability, referring to the ability of young households to convert debt uptake opportunities into debt uptake outcomes.Research approach/design and method: The data were collected for the period 1999–2013 from the annual South African Advertising Research Foundation’s All Media and Products Survey (AMPS). By means of Cox proportional hazards regression models, the article determines the influence of personal conversion factors on choices to access different types of debt by young households in South Africa.Main findings: Personal conversion factors (e.g. employment status, level of education, life stage, family size, household income and the number of financial assets) significantly impact credit card uptake of these young households. Similar relationships were not found for the other five debt products that was included in the evaluation.Practical implications/managerial implications: Young households are in need of debt intervention, but they need to be fully included in developing such interventions to ensure that buy-in. The young households should also be considered high priority by all stakeholders to ensure they refrain from becoming over-indebted.Contribution/value-add: Through the application of the capability approach, this article presents an alternative approach to assess the determinants of debt product uptake over time.
Classification of audiograms in the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss: A clinical perspective
Authors: Musiba Zumbi
Published: February 2020

Background: Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major contributor to disabling hearing loss. Engineering controls are superior to hearing protection devices (HPDs) in prevention of occupational noise induced hearing loss (ONIHL), although the latter are more commonly used. Effective use of audiometry requires quick categorization of audiograms. The UK Health and Safety Executive (UKHSE) scheme for the categorization of audiograms is a tool that accomplishes this.Objectives: The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the classification of audiograms and build a case for the preferential use of the UKHSE’s scheme to achieve this.Method: The author provides a literature review of methods of classification for audiograms and uses a case study in a Tanzanian mining company to demonstrate how the UKHSE scheme was successfully used to enhance the existing hearing protection program.Results: The literature review identified several methods of classification based on a variation of threshold shifts from baseline. The difference was in the frequency and level of threshold shift used to determine hearing loss, and the recommended course of action once hearing loss is detected. The UKHSE scheme is simple and provides guidance on steps to be taken thereafter. This was demonstrated in a case study among miners in a mining company in Tanzania.Conclusion: The UKHSE audiogram classification scheme has the advantage of providing a straightforward, easy to determine classification that allows for intervention appropriate to the findings.
First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice
Authors: Frey Markus M. , Norris Sarah J. , Brooks Ian M. , Anderson Philip S. , Nishimura Kouichi , Yang Xin , Jones Anna E. , Nerentorp Mastromonaco Michelle G. , Jones David H. , Wolff Eric W.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Two consecutive cruises in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in winter 2013 provided the first direct observations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing snow above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to account for winter time SSA maxima in the Antarctic. Blowing or drifting snow often leads to increases in SSA during and after storms. For the first time it is shown that snow on sea ice is depleted in sulfate relative to sodium with respect to seawater. Similar depletion in bulk aerosol sized ∼0.3–6 µm above sea ice provided the evidence that most sea salt originated from snow on sea ice and not the open ocean or leads, e.g. >90 % during the 8 June to 12 August 2013 period. A temporally very close association of snow and aerosol particle dynamics together with the long distance to the nearest open ocean further supports SSA originating from a local source. A mass budget estimate shows that snow on sea ice contains even at low salinity (<0.1 psu) more than enough sea salt to account for observed increases in atmospheric SSA during storms if released by sublimation. Furthermore, snow on sea ice and blowing snow showed no or small depletion of bromide relative to sodium with respect to seawater, whereas aerosol was enriched at 2 m and depleted at 29 m, suggesting that significant bromine loss takes place in the aerosol phase further aloft and that SSA from blowing snow is a source of atmospheric reactive bromine, an important ozone sink, even during winter darkness. The relative increase in aerosol concentrations with wind speed was much larger above sea ice than above the open ocean, highlighting the importance of a sea ice source in winter and early spring for the aerosol burden above sea ice. Comparison of absolute increases in aerosol concentrations during storms suggests that to a first order corresponding aerosol fluxes above sea ice can rival those above the open ocean depending on particle size. Evaluation of the current model for SSA production from blowing snow showed that the parameterizations used can generally be applied to snow on sea ice. Snow salinity, a sensitive model parameter, depends to a first order on snowpack depth and therefore was higher above first-year sea ice (FYI) than above multi-year sea ice (MYI). Shifts in the ratio of FYI and MYI over time are therefore expected to change the seasonal SSA source flux and contribute to the variability of SSA in ice cores, which represents both an opportunity and a challenge for the quantitative interpretation of sea salt in ice cores as a proxy for sea ice.
Modeling Atmospheric Ammonia using Agricultural Emissions with Improved Spatial Variability and Temporal Dynamics
Authors: Ge Xinrui , Schaap Martijn , Kranenburg Richard , Segers Arjo , Reinds Gert Jan , Kros Hans , de Vries Wim
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Ammonia emissions to the atmosphere have increased substantially in Europe since 1960, largely due to the intensification of agriculture as illustrated by enhanced livestock and increasing use of fertilizers. These associated emissions of reactive nitrogen, particulate matter and acid deposition have contributed to negative societal impacts on human health and terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the limited availability of measurements, emission inventories are used to assess large-scale ammonia emissions from agriculture, creating gridded annual emission maps as well as emission time profiles, both globally and regionally. The modeled emissions are in turn used in chemistry transport models to obtain ammonia concentrations and depositions. However, current emission inventories usually have relatively low spatial resolutions and coarse categorizations that do not distinguish between fertilization on various crops, grazing, animal housing, and manure storage in its spatial allocation. Furthermore, in assessing the seasonal variation of ammonia emissions, they do not take into account local climatology and agricultural management, which limits the capability to reproduce observed spatial and seasonal variations in the ammonia concentrations. This paper describes a novel ammonia emission model that quantifies agricultural emissions with improved spatial details and temporal dynamics over the year of 2010, in Germany and Benelux. The spatial allocation was achieved by embedding the agricultural emission model INTEGRATOR into MACC-III, thus accounting for differences in manure and fertilizer application on croplands and grassland, grazing, animal houses and manure storage systems. The more detailed temporal distribution comes from the integration of the TIMELINES model, which provided predictions of the timing of key agricultural operations including the day of fertilization across Europe. The emission estimates and time profiles were imported into LOTOS-EUROS to obtain surface concentrations and total columns for validation. The comparison of surface concentration time series between modeled output and in-situ measurements illustrated that the updated model has been improved significantly with respect to the temporal variation of ammonia emission, and its performance was more stable and robust. The comparison between ammonia total columns from remote sensing and simulations showed that there is an overestimation in Southern Germany and underestimation in Northern Germany, which suggested that updating ammonia emission fractions and accounting for manure transport is the direction for further improvement.
Applying FP_ILM to the retrieval of geometry-dependent effective Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GE_LER) daily maps from UVN satellite measurements
Authors: Loyola Diego G. , Xu Jian , Heue Klaus-Peter , Zimmer Walter
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The retrieval of trace gas, cloud, and aerosol
measurements from ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared (UVN) sensors
requires precise information on surface properties that are traditionally
obtained from Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) climatologies. The
main drawbacks of using LER climatologies for new satellite missions are that (a) climatologies are typically based on previous missions with significantly
lower spatial resolutions, (b) they usually do not account fully for
satellite-viewing geometry dependencies characterized by bidirectional
reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects, and (c) climatologies may
differ considerably from the actual surface conditions especially with
snow/ice scenarios. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for the retrieval of
geometry-dependent effective Lambertian equivalent reflectivity
(GE_LER) from UVN sensors; the algorithm is based on the
full-physics inverse learning machine (FP_ILM) retrieval.
Radiances are simulated using a radiative transfer model that takes into
account the satellite-viewing geometry, and the inverse problem is solved
using machine learning techniques to obtain the GE_LER from
satellite measurements. The GE_LER retrieval is optimized not only for trace gas
retrievals employing the DOAS algorithm, but also for the large amount of
data from existing and future atmospheric Sentinel satellite missions. The
GE_LER can either be deployed directly for the computation of
air mass factors (AMFs) using the effective scene approximation or it can be used to create a
global gapless geometry-dependent LER (G3_LER) daily map from
the GE_LER under clear-sky conditions for the computation of
AMFs using the independent pixel approximation. The GE_LER algorithm is applied to measurements of TROPOMI
launched in October 2017 on board the EU/ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P)
mission. The TROPOMI GE_LER/G3_LER results are
compared with climatological OMI and GOME-2 LER datasets and the advantages
of using GE_LER/G3_LER are demonstrated for
the retrieval of total ozone from TROPOMI.
Ionospheric total electron content anomaly possibly associated with the April 4, 2010 Mw7.2 Mexico earthquake
Authors: Liu Jing , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Xuemin
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Identifying ionospheric disturbances potentially related to an earthquake is a challenging work. Based on the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) data from the madrigal database at the Haystack Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a new decomposition and nonlinear fitting method has been developed and applied in this work to extract the TEC disturbances that are potentially related to the Mw7.2 Mexico earthquake occurred on April 4 2010. By analyzing the TEC data for a long period of time (72 days) before and after the earthquake, we found that a unique TEC depletion occurred in the region around the epicenter on March 25. No other significant ionospheric TEC anomalies were identified in the 72-day period around the earthquake, except some TEC disturbances that appeared to be related to the geomagnetic activity between April 1 and 6, 2010. We further analyzed the TEC data from other magnetically quiet days, and no TEC anomaly like that occurred on March 25 was detected. The TEC data calculated from a first principles model SD-WACCM-X were also analyzed using the same method as that for the observational data. No TEC anomaly was found on March 25 from the model outputs either. Thus the source of the TEC anomaly on March 25 is unlikely from the lower atmosphere waves. In this study, we show the occurrence of TEC anomaly on March 25, 10 days before the Mw7.2 Mexico earthquake and this TEC anomaly may not be explained by lower atmosphere or geomagnetic activity forcing.
Wet/dry status change in global closed basins between the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum and its implication for future projection
Authors: Zhang Xinzhong , Li Yu , Ye Wangting , Peng Simin , Zhang Yuxin , Liu Hebin , Li Yichan , Han Qin , Xu Lingmei
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Closed basins, mainly located in subtropic and temperate drylands, have experienced alarming decline in water storage in recent years. However, a long-term assessment of hydroclimate changes in the region remains unquantified at a global scale. By intergrating the lake records, PMIP3/CMIP5 simulations and modern observations, we assess the wet/dry status during the Last Glacial Maximum, mid-Holocene, pre-industrial, 20th and 21th century periods in global closed basins. Results show comparable wetting at a global scale during the mid-Holocene and modern warming periods with regional mechanism differences, attributed to the boreal winter and summer precipitation increasing, respectively. The long-term moisture change pattern is mainly controlled by the millennial-scale insolation variation, which lead to the poleward moving of westerlies and strengthening of monsoons during the interglacial period. However, modern moisture change trends are significantly associated with ENSO in most of closed basins, indicating strong connection with ocean oscillation. Our research suggests that moisture changes in global closed basins are more resilient than previous thought to warm periods.
Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations
Authors: Kurahashi-Nakamura Takasumi , Paul André , Munhoven Guy , Merkel Ute , Schulz Michael
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We developed a coupling scheme for the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2) and the Model of Early Diagenesis in the Upper Sediment of Adjustable complexity (MEDUSA), and explored the effects of the coupling on solid components in the upper sediment and on bottom seawater chemistry by comparing the coupled model's behaviour with that of the uncoupled CESM having a simplified treatment of sediment processes.
CESM is a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice–land model and its ocean component (the Parallel Ocean Program version 2; POP2) includes a biogeochemical component (the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling model; BEC).
MEDUSA was coupled to POP2 in an offline manner so that each of the models ran separately and sequentially with regular exchanges of necessary boundary condition fields.
This development was done with the ambitious aim of a future application for long-term (spanning a full glacial cycle; i.e. ∼105 years) climate simulations with a state-of-the-art comprehensive climate model including the carbon cycle, and was motivated by the fact that until now such simulations have been done only with less-complex climate models.
We found that the sediment–model coupling already had non-negligible immediate advantages for ocean biogeochemistry in millennial-timescale simulations.
First, the MEDUSA-coupled CESM outperformed the uncoupled CESM in reproducing an observation-based global distribution of sediment properties, especially for organic carbon and opal.
Thus, the coupled model is expected to act as a better “bridge” between climate dynamics and sedimentary data, which will provide another measure of model performance.
Second, in our experiments, the MEDUSA-coupled model and the uncoupled model had a difference of 0.2 ‰ or larger in terms of δ13C of bottom water over large areas, which implied a potentially significant model uncertainty for bottom seawater chemical composition due to a different way of sediment treatment.
For example, an ocean model that does not treat sedimentary processes depending on the chemical composition of the ambient water can overestimate the amount of remineralization of organic matter in the upper sediment in an anoxic environment, which would lead to lighter δ13C values in the bottom water.
Such a model uncertainty would be a fundamental issue for paleo model–data comparison often relying on data derived from benthic foraminifera.
Global-scale drought risk assessment for agricultural systems
Authors: Meza Isabel , Siebert Stefan , Döll Petra , Kusche Jürgen , Herbert Claudia , Eyshi Rezaei Ehsan , Nouri Hamideh , Gerdener Helena , Popat Eklavyya , Frischen Janna , Naumann Gustavo , Vogt Jürgen V. , Walz Yvonne , Sebesvari Zita , Hagenlocher Michael
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Droughts continue to affect ecosystems, communities and entire economies.
Agriculture bears much of the impact, and in many countries it is the most
heavily affected sector. Over the past decades, efforts have been made to
assess drought risk at different spatial scales. Here, we present for the
first time an integrated assessment of drought risk for both irrigated and
rainfed agricultural systems at the global scale. Composite hazard indicators were calculated for irrigated and rainfed systems separately
using different drought indices based on historical climate conditions (1980–2016). Exposure was analyzed for irrigated and non-irrigated crops. Vulnerability was assessed through a socioecological-system (SES) perspective, using socioecological susceptibility and lack of coping-capacity indicators that were weighted by drought experts from around the world. The analysis shows that drought risk of rainfed and irrigated agricultural systems displays a heterogeneous pattern at the global level, with higher risk for southeastern Europe as well as northern and southern Africa. By providing information on the drivers and spatial patterns of drought risk in all dimensions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, the presented analysis can support the identification of tailored measures to reduce drought risk and increase the resilience of agricultural systems.
The variation and visualisation of elastic anisotropy in rock-forming minerals
Authors: Healy David , Timms Nicholas Erik , Pearce Mark Alan
Published: March 2020

Abstract. All minerals behave elastically; elasticity is a rheological property that controls their
ability to support stress, strain, and pressure; controls the nature of acoustic wave
propagation; and influences subsequent plastic (i.e. permanent
non-reversible) deformation. All minerals are intrinsically anisotropic in
their elastic properties – that is, they have directional variations that
are related to the configuration of the crystal lattice. This means that the
commonly used mechanical elastic properties that relate elastic stress to
elastic strain, including Young's modulus (E), Poisson's ratio (ν),
shear modulus (G) and linear compressibility (β), are dependent on
crystallographic direction. In this paper, we explore the ranges of
anisotropy of E, ν, G and β in 86 rock-forming minerals, using
previously published data, and show that the range is much wider than
commonly assumed. We also explore how these variations (the directionality
and the magnitude) are important for fundamental processes in the solid
earth, including deformation (mechanical) twinning, coherent phase
transformations and brittle failure. We present a new open-source software
package (AnisoVis, written in MATLAB), which we use to calculate and
visualise directional variations in elastic properties of rock-forming
minerals. Following previous work in the fields of chemistry and materials science,
we demonstrate that by visualising the variations in elasticity, we discover
previously unreported properties of rock-forming minerals. For example, we
show previously unreported directions of negative Poisson's ratio and
negative linear compressibility, and we show that the existence of these
features is more widespread (i.e. present in many more minerals) than
previously thought. We illustrate the consequences of intrinsic elastic
anisotropy for the elastic normal and shear strains within α-quartz
single crystal under different applied stress fields; the role of elastic
anisotropy on Dauphiné twinning and the α–β phase
transformations in quartz; and stress distributions around voids of
different shapes in talc, lizardite, albite, and sanidine. In addition to
our specific examples, elastic anisotropy in rock-forming minerals, to the
degree that we describe, has significant consequences for seismic (acoustic)
anisotropy, for the focal mechanisms of earthquakes in anisotropic source
regions (e.g. subducting slabs), for a range of brittle and ductile
deformation mechanisms in minerals, and for geobarometry using mineral
inclusions.
Towards a coupled model to investigate wave–sea ice interactions in the Arctic marginal ice zone
Authors: Boutin Guillaume , Lique Camille , Ardhuin Fabrice , Rousset Clément , Talandier Claude , Accensi Mickael , Girard-Ardhuin Fanny
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ), where strong interactions between sea ice, ocean and atmosphere take place, is expanding as the result of ongoing sea ice retreat. Yet, state-of-the-art models exhibit significant biases in their representation of the complex ocean–sea ice interactions taking place in the MIZ. Here, we present the development of a new coupled sea ice–ocean wave model. This setup allows us to investigate some of the key processes at play in the MIZ. In particular, our coupling enables us to account for the wave radiation stress resulting from the wave attenuation by sea ice and the sea ice lateral melt resulting from the wave-induced sea ice fragmentation. We find that, locally in the MIZ, the ocean surface waves can affect the sea ice drift and melt, resulting in significant changes in sea ice concentration and thickness as well as sea surface temperature and salinity. Our results highlight the need to include wave–sea ice processes in models used to forecast sea ice conditions on short timescales. Our results also suggest that the coupling between waves and sea ice would ultimately need to be investigated in a more complex system, allowing for interactions with the ocean and the atmosphere.
Towards a ‘Women-Oriented’ Approach to Post-Conflict Policing: Interpreting National Experience(s) and Intergovernmental Aspirations
Authors: Strobl Staci
Published: March 2020

In regard to the United Nations’ (UN) framework for promoting gender equality in policing, including women in national police forces remains a global challenge. Even countries possessing a stable history of women’s involvement reveal that women are significantly under-represented in policing when compared to other professions—even though prior research has strongly suggested that women are important actors in establishing post-conflict democratic order. This article outlines the political, social and institutional challenges that are faced to achieve significant gender representation in national police forces. It also recommends countering these challenges by using a ‘women-oriented’ approach. Such an approach does not merely fulfil the aspirational UN goals of achieving greater gender balance, it also yields many practical advantages for improving policing, including 1) leveraging the unique skills that women offer in policing, 2) making better use of force decisions, 3) combatting police corruption and 4) increasing the gender responsiveness of police. Finally, several operational strategies for promoting more women into policing are suggested.
Enhancing Female Prisoners’ Access to Education
Authors: Ryder Judith A
Published: February 2020

The rate of female incarceration continues to surge, resulting in over 714,000 women currently being held behind bars worldwide. Females generally enter carceral facilities with low educational profiles, and educational programming inside is rarely a high priority. Access to education is a proven contributor to women’s social and economic empowerment and can minimise some of the obstacles they encounter after being released from custody. Support for the intellectual potential of incarcerated female ‘students’ can address intersecting inequalities that impede access to social protection, public services and sustainable infrastructure.  Policymakers, academics and activists concerned with gender equality must begin by focusing on academic and vocational program development for female prisoners, built through strong community partnerships, and inclusive of trauma informed supports.
How Women’s Police Stations Empower Women, Widen Access to Justice and Prevent Gender Violence
Authors: Carrington Kerry , Guala Natacha , Puyol María Victoria , Sozzo Máximo
Published: March 2020

Women’s police stations are a distinctive innovation that emerged in postcolonial nations of the global south in the second half of the twentieth century to address violence against women. This article presents the results of a world-first study of the unique way that these stations, called Comisaría de la Mujer, prevent gender-based violence in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One in five police stations in this Province was established with a mandate of preventing gender violence. Little is currently known about how this distinctive multidisciplinary model of policing (which includes social workers, lawyers, psychologists and police) widens access to justice to prevent gender violence. This article compares the model’s virtues and limitations to traditional policing models. We conclude that specialised women’s police stations in the postcolonial societies of the global south increase access to justice, empower women to liberate themselves from the subjection of domestic violence and prevent gender violence by challenging patriarchal norms that sustain it. As a by-product, these women’s police stations also offer women in the global south a career in law enforcement—one that is based on a gender perspective. The study is framed by southern criminology, which reverses the notion that ideas, policies and theories can only travel from the anglophone world of the global north to the global south.

The article has been kindly translated into Spanish by one of the authors María Victoria Puyol - and can be viewed in both English and Spanish

Cómo las Comisarias de la Mujer empoderan a las mujeres, amplían el acceso a la justicia y previenen la violencia de género
From Thinking to Raging: Reflexes of Indo-European *Men- Polysemy in Homer
Authors: Nigrelli Castrenze
Published: March 2020

This paper aims at investigating the semantic value of the verb μαίνομαι “to rage, to be furious” in Homeric Greek, in order to clarify the striking semantic relationship between the common ‘irrational’ meaning of the verb and the original ‘rational’ meaning of the Indo-European root *men- “to think”, to which the verb traces back. The corresponding words for μαίνομαι in other Indo-European languages (e.g. OInd. mányatē; Av. mainyeite; OIr. (do)moiniur; OCS mъnjo; Lit. miniu) can be translated as “to think”, thus showing an opposite meaning. From a textual analysis of all the occurrences of μαίνομαι in the Iliad and the Odyssey, the study aims at finding semantic traces of the original meaning “to think” belonging to the Indo-European root *men-, in order to account for the apparently impossible semantic relationship between the verb and the original root. Textual data show a significant polysemy of μαίνομαι, which refers to particular psychosomatic dynamics and which can be explained by taking into account the Homeric ‘body-mind’ association and the role of the heart as the crucial organ which supervises all the vital functions, including the psychic and the cognitive ones.
The Negative Effects of Some Non – Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on EFL Teaching and Learning in Sudan
Authors: Mohammed Abdulghani Eissa Tour , Othman Khalid Abdurrahman Jabir , Mohammed Mohammed Abdalla Abdalgane
Published: March 2020

The current study endeavours to investigate the negative impact created due to the existence of the international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on the overall educational system in Sudan. It also attempts to determine how the great advantages and the big gains inspire EFL teachers to prefer working for these organizations rather than working for ministry of education, and how this situation generally influenced teaching and learning English. Under the umbrella of the humanitarian crises missions, Sudan has witnessed a rush of numerous and funded NGOs during the last two decades, particularly at some high conflict zones such as the Blue Nile, South Kordofan and Darfur states. Most of these organizations adopt English language as a means of communication. They also offer better opportunities to their employees compared to other local institutions including the ministry of education. These gains have motivated many English language professionals including EFL teachers to implement job hunting strategies while attempting to work for these NGOs. In so doing, they are willing and able to work as facilitators, administrators, security officers, secretaries and part-time employees with either long-term or short-term contracts. Among the luckiest ones who successfully managed to get better job opportunities are the EFL teachers. It seems as if working for such internationally recognized and well-paid organizations is better than working for ministry of education for the majority of teachers. Although working for these NGOs creates a good opportunity for the qualified teachers to improve their overall living standard and enables them to provide better life, healthcare system as well as sustainable better education to their families. However, the ministry of education’s loss of the qualified teachers has negatively impact the overall education system in the country. Shortages of English teachers have highly been reported during the last decade, particularly at the public sector. The data collection for the current study goes through designing and distributing a questionnaire to a sample of EFL teachers, students, and some interested parties in Al - Fashir area. The data collection process as well as its analysis resulted into the following:The existence of the international NGOs in Sudan has motivated the qualified EFL teachers to quit their jobs in ministry of education and work for such organizations.Their existence has indirectly and negatively been influencing the education system in Sudan, particularly the process of teaching and learning English language as a school subject.
Retroactive comparison of operator-designed and computer-generated skid-trail networks on steep terrain
Authors: Contreras Marco Antonio , Parrott David L , Stringer Jeffrey W
Published: March 2020

Aim of the study: Quantify potential economic benefits of implementing computer-generated skid-trail networks over the traditional operator-designed skid-trail networks on steep terrain ground-based forest operations.Area of study: A 132-ha harvest operation conducted at the University of Kentucky’s Robinson Forest in eastern Kentucky, USA.Materials and methods: We compared computer-generated skid-trail network with an operator-designed network for a 132-ha harvest. Using equipment mounted GPS data and a digital elevation model (DEM), we identified the original operator-designed skid-trail network. Pre-harvest conditions were replicated by re-contouring terrain slopes over skid-trails to simulate the natural topography and by spatially distributing the harvestable volume based on pre-harvest inventories and timber harvest records. An optimized skid-trail network was designed using these pre-harvest conditions and compared to the original, operator-designed network.Main results: The computer-generated network length was slightly longer than the operator-designed network (53.7 km vs. 51.7 km). This also resulted in a slightly longer average skidding distance (0.71 km vs. 0.66 km) and higher total harvesting costs (5.1 $ ton-1 vs. 4.8 $ ton-1).  However, skidding costs of the computer-generated network were slightly lower (4.2 $ ton-1 vs. 4.3 $ ton-1).  When comparing only major skid-trails, those with ≥ 20 machine passes, the computer-generated skid-trail network was 28% shorter than the operator network (9.4 km vs. 13.1 km). Research highlight: This assessment offers evidence that computer-generated networks could be used to generate efficient skid-trails, help determine skidding costs, and assess further potential economic and environmental benefits.Key words: timber harvesting; forest operations; network optimization; soil disturbances; cost minimization.
Teacher Education in Ghana: Policies and Practices
Authors: Buabeng Isaac , Ntow Forster Danso , Otami Charles Deodat
Published: March 2020

This article focuses on teacher education in Ghana. It examines a number of reforms involving curricular changes and restructuring of teacher education institutions tasked with the responsibility of preparing teachers for the basic school level. The article highlights the structure and changes in Ghana’s teacher development policies and practices following the adoption of a new programme which took effect in 2018 with the intake of the first batch of 4-year degree students in the country’s Colleges of Education. We envisage that improved teacher qualification and a conscious effort to link theory to practice will result in improved teacher knowledge and skills required for a professional teacher. Despite this stated enthusiasm, a number of contextual issues which could negatively affect the intended gains from this most current reforms have been discussed. We end with a call on policy makers to address the contextual issues highlighted in this paper and also a need for continuity in teacher education policies in Ghana considering the numerous politically-related reforms.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Ding Alice
Published: February 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020.
Spatial, Temporal and Structural Usages of Pashto Case Marker ‘Ta’
Authors: Khan Raj Wali , Iqbal Muhammad , Anwar Muhammad
Published: March 2020

Pashto is an Indo-Iranian language which expresses different semantic aspects and functions with the help of case markers. The post-position & case marker Ta has the quality to posit many types of usages i.e. temporal, spatial and structural in Pashto language. In the research on Pashto syntax, Khan (2009), Roberts (2000) and Tegey and Robson (1996) have described the phenomenon of case marker ‘Ta’ but have not been investigated extensively. This study follows Ahmed (2006) to analyze in detail different functions and usages of Ta in terms of semantic and syntactic principles and provides a unified account for these diverse usages and their meanings. The analyses confirm that Ta as a case marker is not only used for Dative case as a subject but it has a polysemous nature in terms of spatial and non-spatial (structural, temporal) usages. The non-spatial usages are the extension of its spatial origin in the semantic field that is metaphorically spatial by default. Besides temporal and structural ­Ta usages can be extended to purpose, reason, obligations, immediate future, perception, ability and inability in relations to DAT (as a SUBJ or OBJ) in Pashto language.