bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allogeneic hepatocyte transplantation: Contribution of Fas‐Fas ligand interaction to allogeneic hepatocyte rejection
Authors: KAWAHARA TOSHIYASU , YAGITA HIDEO , KASAI SHINICHI , SAWA MASAYUKI , KATO KAZUYA , OKUMURA KO , FUTAGAWA SHUNJI , MITO MICHIO
Published: October 2017

Hepatocyte transplantation is a potential therapeutic modality for overcoming the shortage of liver donors, and the clinical application of allogeneic hepatocyte transplantation has been considered. However, there are two major problems with allogeneic hepatocyte transplantation: protection of transplanted hepatocytes from rejection and stimulation of the rapid proliferation of surviving cells. Without immunosuppression, allogeneic hepatocytes are rapidly rejected within a few days after transplantation, even though it is relatively easy to induce immunotolerance after allogeneic whole liver transplantation. Accordingly, different rejection mechanisms seem to operate after allogeneic hepatocyte transplantation and whole liver transplantation. To overcome the rejection of transplanted hepatocytes, induction of donor‐specific unresponsiveness to graft without compromising the host immune system would be ideal. We previously reported that the Fas‐Fas ligand system plays a critical role in the CD28‐independent pathway of hepatocyte rejection. Therefore, blockade of rejection using CTLA4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) or anti‐CD80/86 monoclonal antibodies and anti‐FasL monoclonal antibody may prolong the survival of transplanted allogeneic hepatocytes. Furthermore, administration of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) can promote the proliferation of allogeneic hepatocytes and this may lead to the development of a functioning liver substitute.
Hepatic and renal expression of senescence marker protein‐30 and its biological significance
Authors: FUJITA TOSHIKO , SHIRASAWA TAKUJI , INOUE HARUHIKO , KITAMURA TSUNEO , MARUYAMA NAOKI
Published: October 2017

A novel rat hepatic protein was detected and isolated, the amount of which is down‐regulated in an androgen‐independent manner with ageing. This protein was designated as senescence marker protein‐30 (SMP30). Senescence marker protein‐30 turned out to be identical to a hepatic calcium‐binding protein called regucalcin (RC). This review gives an overview of SMP30 in its structure, expression and possible physiological function(s). A hypothetical role of SMP30 in ageing and calcium homeostasis is also discussed.
Dose‐dependent biphasic effects of phenobarbital on growth and differentiation of primary culture rat hepatocytes
Authors: MIYAZAKI MASAHIRO , MARS WENDY M , MICHALOPOULOS GEORGE K , NAMBA MASAYOSHI
Published: October 2017

The actions of phenobarbital, a liver tumour promoter, on growth and differentiation of primary culture normal rat hepatocytes change biphasically as a function of its concentration. At low concentrations of 0.5–2 mmol/L, phenobarbital enhances DNA synthesis of normal adult rat hepatocytes in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or dexamethasone. This is also true for normal suckling (1–2‐week‐old) rat hepatocytes, without added growth factor(s), in serum‐free primary culture. Contrarily, phenobarbital at high concentrations (3–4 mmol/L) suppresses DNA synthesis of suckling rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, phenobarbital inhibits DNA synthesis of transforming growth factor‐a‐stimulated primary hepatocytes from normal adult rats in a dose‐dependent manner within a concentration range of 3–6 mmol/L. When normal adult rat hepatocytes are led to undergo multiple proliferative cycles upon stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and EGF in the chemically defined hepatocyte growth medium (HGM), 3 mmol/L phenobarbital also remarkably suppresses DNA synthesis. Phenobarbital at 3 mmol/L effectively keeps these hepatocytes morphologically differentiated and accelerates restoration of the expression of markers characteristic of differentiated cells after the initial cellular growth phase. In addition, phenobarbital efficiently supports prolonged survival of the hepatocytes.
Growth and differentiation of adult rat hepatocytes regulated by the interaction between parenchymal and non‐parenchymal liver cells
Authors: TATENO CHISE , YOSHIZATO KATSUTOSHI
Published: October 2017

We have devised a medium which supports the continuous growth of hepatocytes without losing their replicative potential and differentiation capacity for a longer period. The medium HCGM, contains four key substances in addition to foetal bovine serum. They are epidermal growth factor, nicotinamide, ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate and dimethylsulphoxide. When a non‐parenchymal cell fraction containing small hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cells was cultured in HCGM, small hepatocytes grew clonally and differentiated into cells expressing either mature hepatocyte marker proteins or biliary cell marker proteins. Thus, for the first time, we showed the presence of a small compartment of bipotent and highly replicative clonogenic hepatocytes in the rat adult liver. HCGM also supported the growth of stellate cells (Ito cells) which were in the original preparation, suggesting the important role of stellate cells for the successful cultivation of hepatocytes. Together, these results suggest that a microenvironment is produced as a result of cooperative interactions between hepatocytes and stellate cells: one which stimulates the growth and differentiation of clonogenic hepatocytes.
Concurrence of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire and developmental behaviour checklist among children with an intellectual disability
Authors: Rice L. J. , Emerson E. , Gray K. M. , Howlin P. , Tonge B. J. , Warner G. L. , Einfeld S. L.
Published: October 2017

Background

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is widely used to measure emotional and behavioural problems in typically developing young people, although there is some evidence that it may also be suitable for children with intellectual disability (ID). The Developmental Behaviour Checklist – Parent version (DBC‐P) is a measure of emotional and behavioural problems that was specifically designed for children and adolescents with an ID. The DBC‐P cut‐off has high agreement with clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between DBC‐P and SDQ scores in a sample of children with ID.

Method

Parents of 83 young people with ID aged 4–17 years completed the parent versions of the SDQ and the DBC‐P. We evaluated the concurrent validity of the SDQ and DBC‐P total scores, and the agreement between the DBC‐P cut‐off and the SDQ cut‐offs for ‘borderline’ and ‘abnormal’ behaviour.

Results

The SDQ total difficulties score correlated well with the DBC‐P total behaviour problem score. Agreement between the SDQ borderline cut‐off and the DBC‐P cut‐off for abnormality was high (83%), but was lower for the SDQ abnormal cut‐off (75%). Positive agreement between the DBC‐P and the SDQ borderline cut‐off was also high, with the SDQ borderline cut‐off identifying 86% of those who met the DBC‐P criterion. Negative agreement was weaker, with the SDQ borderline cut‐off identifying only 79% of the participants who did not meet the DBC‐P cut‐off.

Conclusion

The SDQ borderline cut‐off has some validity as a measure of overall levels of behavioural and emotional problems in young people with ID, and may be useful in epidemiological studies that include participants with and without ID. However, where it is important to focus on behavioural profiles in children with ID, a specialised ID instrument with established psychometric properties, such as the DBC‐P, may provide more reliable and valid information.
Effects of kneeling posture on chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in males
Authors: Ho Michael SH , Chow Daniel HK
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

To study the effects of kneeling posture on chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in males.

Background

Efficiency of chest compression during CPR affected millions of victims over the world. There are still no clear guidelines on kneeling posture that a rescuer should adopt in performing CPR.

Design

A self‐controlled repeated‐measures design was applied in this study. The efficiency of chest compression on a mannequin when three kneeling postures were adopted (farthest, self‐adjusted and nearest) was analysed.

Methods

Eighteen participants with qualified first‐aid certificate were recruited. Each participant had to perform three sessions of CPR, using one of the three different kneeling postures (i.e., farthest, self‐adjusted and nearest) in each. They were performed in a random order chosen by drawing lots. Each session consisted of five cycles of CPR in each kneeling posture. Each cycle consisted of 30 strokes of chest compression performed within 18 s with a 4‐s pause between consecutive cycles. Each session lasted for 2 min. The participants were allowed to rest for 10 min on a chair between sessions. Efficiency of chest compression was quantified by compression force, joint angle, heart rate and energy expenditure. After each session of CPR, the participants were surveyed about their rate of perceived exertion.

Results

Efficiency of chest compression in self‐adjusted and nearest kneeling postures was significantly better than that of the farthest one. While the self‐adjusted and nearest postures had the similar effect, most of the participants preferred self‐adjusted kneeling posture because of lower rate of perceived exertion.

Conclusion

The use of the self‐adjusted and nearest kneeling postures during CPR in males resulted in more effective chest compression with lower perceived exertion, compared with the farthest kneeling posture. Both these positions can be objectively recommended to enhance the efficiency of chest compression and thereby increase the cardiac arrest survival rate.

Relevance to clinical practice

More consistent force and higher endurance could be achieved by performing CPR at self‐adjusted kneeling posture.
Development and psychometric testing the Health of Body, Mind and Spirit Scale for assessing individuals who have drug abuse histories
Authors: Sun Fan‐Ko , Chiang Chun‐Ying , Lu Chu‐Yun , Yu Pei‐Jane , Liao Tzu‐Chiao , Lan Chu‐Mei
Published: October 2017

Aims and objectives

To develop the Health of Body, Mind and Spirit Scale (HBMSS), which was designed to assess drug abusers' health condition.

Background

Helping drug abusers to become healthy is important to healthcare professionals. However, no instrument exists to assess drug abusers' state of health.

Design

A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was implemented to examine the validity of the HBMSS.

Methods

Data were collected from 2015–2016 at one drug abuse prevention centre in Taiwan. Participants (N = 320) who had abused drugs were invited to complete a preliminary 64‐item version of the HBMSS. An item analysis, criterion‐related validity analysis (using the Relapse Prediction Scale [RPS] score), split‐half reliability testing and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the HBMSS.

Results

The final version of the HBMSS contained 15 items that were divided into three subscales: the health of the body, mind and spirit. Cronbach's α and split‐half reliability coefficients were all above .85. The factor loading of each item was between .74–.95. The HBMSS had satisfactory criterion‐related validity with the RPS score (r = −.50, p < .001). A second‐order CFA was conducted on the HBMSS. The fit indexes were good, χ2 = 184.060, df = 94, χ2/df = 1.958 (p = .000).

Conclusions

The entire HBMSS and the subscales had satisfactory reliability and validity.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals could use the HBMSS to evaluate the condition of the health of individuals with a drug abuse history.
A Review of Volume 5 of the Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Parts III and IV
Authors: Davidoff Thomas
Published: October 2017

This paper reviews parts III and IV of the recent Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. Many of the surveys within the Handbook relate to two phenomena of interest: the recent boom and bust cycle in U.S. housing markets, and the striking growth of home prices in a few global “Superstar Cities.” Real Estate and Urban economists have made progress in modeling these phenomena. There is considerable room for future research, however. There is no coherent story explaining U.S. home price movements in the 2000s that does not run afoul of important stylized facts. We also have not yet identified the relative importance of supply constraints and demand growth in the rise of Superstar City prices.
Unequal pupils in an asthmatic child
Authors: Ng David CE , Shangkeree RP , Khoo Erwin J
Published: October 2017

See Answer
Exploring nursing staff views of responsive behaviours of people with dementia in long‐stay facilities
Authors: Clifford C. , Doody O.
Published: October 2017

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Caring for people with dementia and responsive behaviours is challenging; however, little is known of nurses’ experiences of responsive behaviours.

What does this paper add to existing knowledge?

To demonstrate understanding nurses need to be aware of their own actions, thoughts, attitudes and reactions.

Time, education and management support are essential in enabling a person‐centred approach.

A decision regarding the place of care is difficult to come to, and given the drive to a person‐centred approach, there is a need to consider the views of people with dementia.

What are the implications for practice?

Nursing staff supporting people with dementia should engage more frequently in reflective practice, ongoing education and decision‐making.

Service providers/managers need to have an understanding of the complexities of caring for a person with dementia and responsive behaviours and provide their staff with relevant supports and education that is accessible to all staff.

Introduction

Caring for people with dementia and responsive behaviours can challenge nurses, and little is known of their experiences.

Aims

To explore nurses’ views of supporting people with dementia and responsive behaviours in long‐stay facilities.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study utilizing in‐depth audio‐recorded interviews of nine nurses, recruited from private and public care facilities. Qualitative content analyses conducted involving iterative comparisons of transcripts, summaries and memos, where coding, key quotes and tables were developed to determine themes.

Results

Four themes emerged: recognizing and understanding responsive behaviour, resources and interventions to support people with dementia and responsive behaviour, the impact of education on nursing practice and the care environment.

Discussion

Availability of staff, adequate time and financial restraints hinder nurses’ ability to provide care. Access to ongoing education and being able to provide one‐to‐one care was valued as dementia‐specific education changed nursing practice.

Implications for practice

Place of care was seen as dependent on the type of responsive behaviour in question, the duration of the behaviour and the impact of the behaviour on the person, other residents and staff. Dementia education needs to be accessible to all staff, and a collaborative approach is necessary in order to develop management guidelines and support strategies.
Self‐Preserving Leviathans Evidence from Local‐Level Data
Authors: Kluge Jan , Markwardt Gunther , Thater Christian
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates the impact of the intensity of political competition on the leviathan behavior of local politicians. While we find only weak effects of strong parties on total expenditures and, thus, only weak traces of standard leviathan behavior, we find strong evidence that the spending pattern during a legislative period depends on the distribution of power in local councils. In municipalities with weak political competition, the public spending reaches a peak in election years. If parties face politically strong opponents, they do not initiate a political budget cycle. Our results indicate that local politicians act as self‐preserving leviathans.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and theTurkish Embassy Letters: A Survey of Contemporary Criticism
Authors: Hall Jordan , Sagal Anna K. , Zold Elizabeth
Published: October 2017

Since the publication of Robert Halsband's biography of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in 1956 and his later edited collection of her letters, modern scholars have been fascinated with the network of critical discourses in Montagu's writing in the Turkish Embassy Letters. Analyzing her work on multiple axes – religious, political, scientific, and gendered – contemporary critics have made this classic text accessible to new generations of readers and thinkers. Yet as scholarship on these letters continues to flourish, certain trends persist, often at the expense of new avenues of inquiry. This article proposes that several recent threads in the scholarly conversation surrounding the Turkish Embassy Letters have the potential to be expanded in three promising new directions to more fully explore Montagu's religious identity and its relationship to her discussions of religious belief and practice; her unique role as a mother while traveling; and her place in the smallpox variolation controversy and its relationship to disability.
Style, autonomy, and ideology: Making room for late modernism in the American scene
Authors: Afflerbach Ian
Published: October 2017

While the growing field of late modernist studies has established coherent geographic and temporal boundaries for its period in Britain, it has struggled to do the same for the United States. This essay proposes that ongoing critical efforts to establish an American late modernism have been organized and constrained less by national history than by a pair of aesthetic categories: style and autonomy. Scholars have deployed these categories in two competing ways: first, by defining late modernist style as a heroic escape from the reactionary autonomous art of “high” modernists like Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot; second, by defining late modernism as an ideology of autonomous art established in the United States by critics like Cleanth Brooks and Clement Greenberg. Through a methodological critique of these two accounts, this essay argues for an American late modernism grounded upon a more dialectical understanding of the relationship between style and autonomy in modernist studies, one attuned to the political and cultural changes in the United States from the 1930s to the 1960s.
Living the Social Determinants of Health: Assemblages in a Remote Aboriginal Community
Authors: Chenhall Richard D. , Senior Kate
Published: October 2017

This article provides a critical discussion of the social determinants of health framework and compares it with theoretical perspectives, such as that offered by assemblage theory, offering an alternative view of the complex interplay between human relationships and the structures around us. We offer an ethnographic perspective, discussing the lived experiences of the social determinants in an Indigenous community in a remote part of northern Australia.
Technical rationality and the decentring of patients and care delivery: A critique of ‘unavoidable’ in the context of patient harm
Authors: Hutchinson Marie , Jackson Debra , Wilson Stacey
Published: October 2017

In recent decades, debate on the quality and safety of healthcare has been dominated by a measure and manage administrative rationality. More recently, this rationality has been overlaid by ideas from human factors, ergonomics and systems engineering. Little critical attention has been given in the nursing literature to how risk of harm is understood and actioned, or how patients can be subjectified and marginalised through these discourses. The problem of assuring safety for particular patient groups, and the dominance of technical forms of rationality, has seen the word ‘unavoidable’ used in connection with intractable forms of patient harm. Employing pressure injury policy as an exemplar, and critically reviewing notions of risk and unavoidable harm, we problematise the concept of unavoidable patient harm, highlighting how this dominant safety rationality risks perverse and taken‐for‐granted assumptions about patients, care processes and the nature of risk and harm. In this orthodoxy, those who specify or measure risk are positioned as having more insight into the nature of risk, compared to those who simply experience risk. Driven almost exclusively as a technical and administrative pursuit, the patient safety agenda risks decentring the focus from patients and patient care.
Content in a Dynamic Context
Authors: Stojnić Una
Published: October 2017

The standing tradition in theorizing about meaning, since at least Frege (1882), identifies meaning with propositions, which are, or determine, the truth‐conditions of a sentence in a context. But a recent trend has advocated a departure from this tradition: in particular, it has been argued that modal claims do not express standard propositional contents. This non‐propositionalism has received different implementations in expressivist semantics (Moss, 2015; Swanson, 2006; Yalcin, 2007) and certain kinds of dynamic semantics (Gillies, 2004, 2010; von Fintel and Gillies, 2007; Veltman, 1985, 1996). They maintain that the key aspect of interpretation of modal claims is the characteristic dynamic effect they have on the context. I argue that pessimism about truth‐conditions arises from an overly simplistic picture of content, context and their interaction. While I agree with the critics that an important aspect of modal meaning is the dynamic effect modals have on the context, I argue that they have mischaracterized the nature and the complexity of this effect. A more nuanced account of the interaction between modals and context shows that far from being incompatible with propositional meaning, the dynamic aspect of meaning is precisely what allows us to predict the correct propositional content of an utterance.
Homeostatic synaptic plasticity at the neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Wang Xueyong , Rich Mark M.
Published: October 2017

A number of studies in the past 20 years have shown that perturbation of activity of the nervous system leads to compensatory changes in synaptic strength that serve to return network activity to its original level. This response has been termed homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Despite the intense interest in homeostatic synaptic plasticity, little attention has been paid to its role in the prototypic synaptic disease, myasthenia gravis. In this review, we discuss mechanisms that have been shown to mediate homeostatic synaptic plasticity at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. A subset of these mechanisms have been shown to occur in myasthenia gravis. The homeostatic changes occurring in myasthenia gravis appear to involve the presynaptic nerve terminal and may even involve changes in the excitability of motor neurons within the spinal cord. The finding of presynaptic homeostatic synaptic plasticity in myasthenia gravis leads us to propose that changes in the motor unit in myasthenia gravis may be more widespread than previously appreciated.
Halberdiers and Combat Systems in the Argaric
Authors: Lull Vicente , Micó Rafael , Rihuete Herrada Cristina , Risch Roberto , Escanilla Nicolau
Published: October 2017

The Argaric halberd is a specialized weapon for hand‐to‐hand combat, with its full development in the south‐east of the Iberian Peninsula between 2000 and 1800 cal BCE. This paper deals with the Argaric combat system and the factors that drove this type of confrontation, given the social order, the active and passive archaeological traces present in these weapons and their effects on the human body. This pragmatic order of directing interpersonal violence had three patriarchal socio‐political implications: the domestication of the body through the discipline of instruction and combat, a ritual of identification represented in funerary practices and a symbol of power, but only available to a small number of men. The Argaric halberdiers occupy an intermediate position in the transition between an armed man and a soldier, probably intersecting with the figures of the hero and the warrior.

In Supporting Information Annexe 1, we develop a morphological description, based on the system of hafting the Argaric halberds and, in Annexe 2, we present the funerary contexts with interesting data for the combat system.
I Will Follow You into the Dark: Death and Emotion in a Mycenaean Royal Funeral
Authors: Middleton Guy D.
Published: October 2017

Despite many years of intensive research into burial and funeral practices in Late Bronze Age (LBA) Greece, emotion remains largely absent from the discussion. Yet death and the emotions it provoked would have been familiar aspects of daily life in Mycenaean Greece. The dead had to be dealt with and moved on through various rites until they became a safe part of the landscape and memory of individuals and communities. In addition to anthropological and psychological research on death and grieving, we have several categories of evidence that can allow us a glimpse of the emotional world of death in LBA Greece: the Homeric poems the Iliad and Odyssey, iconographical representations of death, funeral practices and mourning, and the archaeological material itself – the tombs and offerings. In this paper, I introduce the various categories of evidence and draw on them to support an imaginative reconstruction of an event that happened, but which is not recorded in any historical sources – the death and burial of a great king of Mycenae. I argue that using emotion as a lens through which to view the evidence can sometimes allow deeper interpretation and enable fuller historical reconstructions of lived lives and experiences.
Self‐report pain assessment tools for cognitively intact older adults: Integrative review
Authors: Kang Youjeong , Demiris George
Published: October 2017

Background

Pain is common in older adults, but it is often underreported or undertreated partly because many consider pain to be a normal consequence of ageing. Among the plethora of available self‐report pain assessment tools, there is no synthetised evidence which tools are indicated for use among cognitively intact older adults.

Purpose of the study

To understand documented self‐report pain assessment tools that have been used among cognitively intact older adults, and to describe their characteristics including overall performance as well as studies demonstrating their use.

Methods

A systematic search of the indexed databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus) was conducted to identify documented self‐report pain assessment tools through peer‐reviewed papers, including citations from January 1990 to December 2015. Thirty‐five percentage of abstracts were independently evaluated by two raters according to specific criteria.

Results

Among identified tools, the Iowa Pain Thermometer, the 6‐point Verbal Descriptor Scale, the Numeric Rating Scale, the short form Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM) may be suitable tools for self‐reported pain by cognitively intact older adults based on the statement of the literature. Only two self‐report tools (the GPM and the Geriatric Painful Events Inventory) were designed specifically for older adults.

Conclusions

More studies are needed to evaluate pain measures' psychometric performance across different settings, racial/ethnic groups and disease categories. Since 80% of older adults have at least one chronic disease, multidimensional tools such as the GPM may need to be used more often for accurate self‐report of pain.

Implications for practice

Examining the psychometric properties of comprehensive self‐report pain assessment tools informs recommendations for the selection of tools to be used in clinical practice.
Conditional reprogramming of pediatric airway epithelial cells: A new human model to investigate early‐life respiratory disorders
Authors: Wolf S. , Perez G. F. , Mukharesh L. , Isaza N. , Preciado D. , Freishtat R. J. , Pillai D. , Rose M. C. , Nino G.
Published: October 2017

Background

Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are quite difficult to access in newborns and infants. It is critically important to develop robust life‐extended models to conduct translational studies in this age group. We propose the use of a recently described cell culture technology (conditionally reprogrammed cells—CRC) to generate continuous primary cell cultures from nasal and bronchial AEC of young children.

Methods

We collected nasal and/or bronchial AEC from a total of 23 subjects of different ages including newborns/infants/toddlers (0‐2 years; N = 9), school‐age children (4‐11 years; N = 6), and a group of adolescent/adult donors (N = 8). For CRC generation, we used conditioned medium from mitotically inactivated 3T3 fibroblasts and Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y‐27632). Antiviral immune responses were studied using 25 key antiviral genes and protein production of type III epithelial interferon (IFN λ1) after double‐stranded (ds) RNA exposure.

Results

CRC derived from primary AEC of neonates/infants and young children exhibited: (i) augmented proliferative capacity and life extension, (ii) preserved airway epithelial phenotype after multiple passages, (iii) robust immune responses characterized by the expression of innate antiviral genes and parallel nasal/bronchial production of IFN λ1 after exposure to dsRNA, and (iv) induction of airway epithelial inflammatory and remodeling responses to dsRNA (eg, CXCL8 and MMP9).

Conclusion

Conditional reprogramming of AEC from young children is a feasible and powerful translational approach to investigate early‐life airway epithelial immune responses in humans.
Spinoza's Formal Mechanism
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: October 2017

I defend a new reading of Spinoza's account of causation that reconciles the strengths of the mechanist and formal cause interpretations by locating instances of nature's fixed and unchanging laws inside individual natures; natures are efficacious because that's where the laws are. God's necessity, for instance, follows from certain logical principles contained within God's nature. Causes between finite particulars likewise stem entirely from finite natures. They do so, I argue, because finite instances of nature's fixed and unchanging laws are inscribed within those natures. In each of these instances, effects follow from natures on account of laws contained within them.
Differences in osmotic adjustment, foliar abscisic acid dynamics, and stomatal regulation between an isohydric and anisohydric woody angiosperm during drought
Authors: Nolan Rachael H. , Tarin Tonantzin , Santini Nadia S. , McAdam Scott A.M. , Ruman Rizwana , Eamus Derek
Published: October 2017

Species are often classified along a continuum from isohydric to anisohydric, with isohydric species exhibiting tighter regulation of leaf water potential through stomatal closure in response to drought. We investigated plasticity in stomatal regulation in an isohydric (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and an anisohydric (Acacia aptaneura) angiosperm species subject to repeated drying cycles. We also assessed foliar abscisic acid (ABA) content dynamics, aboveground/belowground biomass allocation and nonstructural carbohydrates. The anisohydric species exhibited large plasticity in the turgor loss point (ΨTLP), with plants subject to repeated drying exhibiting lower ΨTLP and correspondingly larger stomatal conductance at low water potential, compared to plants not previously exposed to drought. The anisohydric species exhibited a switch from ABA to water potential‐driven stomatal closure during drought, a response previously only reported for anisohydric gymnosperms. The isohydric species showed little osmotic adjustment, with no evidence of switching to water potential‐driven stomatal closure, but did exhibit increased root:shoot ratios. There were no differences in carbohydrate depletion between species. We conclude that a large range in ΨTLP and biphasic ABA dynamics are indicative of anisohydric species, and these traits are associated with exposure to low minimum foliar water potential, dense sapwood and large resistance to xylem embolism.
Chondroblastoma of extra‐craniofacial bones: Clinicopathological analyses of 103 cases
Authors: Konishi Eiichi , Nakashima Yasuaki , Mano Masayuki , Tomita Yasuhiko , Kubo Toshikazu , Araki Nobuhito , Morii Eiichi , Yoshikawa Hideki , Haga Hironori , Toguchida Junya , Ueda Takafumi , Osawa Masahiko , Hoshi Manabu , Inoue Takeshi , Aono Masanari , Yanagisawa Akio
Published: October 2017

We elucidated clinicopathological characteristics of chondroblastoma (CB) in Japan, and reliable clinicopathologic parameters predicting local recurrence and/or metastasis. Clinicopathological profiles of 103 CB (80 male, 23 female) in extra‐craniofacial bones were retrieved. Numerical scoring of nine pathological and five radiological features was statistically analyzed to determine prognostic significance. Age ranged 8–61 years (average 19.6 years). Frequently involved sites were femur, tibia, calcaneus, patella and humerus. Radiologically, tumors were 2–80 mm (average 31.1 mm) in size. Marginal sclerosis and calcification were common. Histologically, pink cartilage, mitoses, and chicken‐wire calcification were often seen. Within a follow‐up period [2–260 months (average 53.5 months)], the local recurrence rate was 15.5%. No patient had metastasis. Recurrence was most frequently observed at the femur. By log‐rank analysis, only cyst formation in images was significant for predicting recurrence free survival (RFS). By Cox hazard analysis with representative clinico‐radiological and pathological features, only age (≥16 years) and cyst formation were significant predictors for RFS. Pathological features were not significant in both uni‐ and multivariate analyses.
The Impact of Consumer Returns on the Multichannel Sales Strategies of Manufacturers
Authors: Letizia Paolo , Pourakbar Morteza , Harrison Terry
Published: October 2017

Manufacturers adopt a variety of channels for the sale of their products in the attempt to deliver the highest possible value to end consumers. For instance, a manufacturers’ retail arm provides consumers with the instant gratification of product purchase and the benefit of in‐store shopping assistance, whereas their online arm offers potential benefits by selling to market segments that value shopping convenience, product variety, availability, and customization. The main difference between these two channels is that consumers cannot “touch and feel” the product before they make an online purchase, whereas they can physically inspect and often even experience the product before making an in‐store purchase. As a consequence, the online arm implies a higher degree of uncertainty about product fit than the retail arm. The ensuing possibility that consumers will return the product, due to product misfit, might impact the manufacturer's design of the channels of distribution. We show that product marginal value and salvage value for product returns determine whether the manufacturer will sell his product through “bricks” only, “bricks and clicks,” or “clicks” only. Our work highlights the pivotal role that online and retail channels play in the manufacturers’ sales strategies in a market characterized by returns, wherein the online channel reduces double price marginalization and the retail channel curtails the number of returns. In particular, we show that a “bricks and clicks” channel structure may be the most profitable option for the manufacturer, due to its flexibility in reducing returns without adhering to strict return policies that would hurt sales.
Restoration prioritization for industrial area applying multiple potential natural vegetation modeling
Authors: Török Katalin , Csecserits Anikó , Somodi Imelda , Kövendi‐Jakó Anna , Halász Krisztián , Rédei Tamás , Halassy Melinda
Published: October 2017

Scaling‐up ecological restoration demands the involvement of private sector actors. Experience regarding science‐based habitat restoration programs in the sector should be made available to support further joint projects. In our case, hierarchical restoration prioritization was applied to select best target for habitat reconstruction at a Hungarian industrial area. Multiple potential natural vegetation model, a novel approach, supported restoration prioritization satisfying both ecological (sustainability and nature conservation value) and other needs (feasibility, rapid green surface, amenity, and education value). The target that met all priorities was the open steppe forest that has a mosaic arrangement with open and closed sand steppes. The potential area of this xero‐thermophile oak wood is expected to expand in Hungary with climate change, therefore the selected target has a likelihood of long‐term sustainability, if established. A matrix of sand steppes was created first at the factory area in 2014–2015, and tree and shrub saplings were planted in this matrix. The seeding induced rapid changes in vegetation composition: the second year samples became close to reference sand steppes in the principal component analysis ordination space. Tree and shrub survival was species dependent, reaching a maximum of 52 and 73% for tree and shrub species, respectively. One tree and 2 shrub species did not survive at all. Altogether 53 of 107 target species have established. So far, restored vegetation development confirmed the suitability of the applied hierarchical prioritization framework at factory scale.
Old age and underlying interstitial abnormalities are risk factors for development of ARDS after pleurodesis using limited amount of large particle size talc
Authors: Shinno Yuki , Kage Hidenori , Chino Haruka , Inaba Atsushi , Arakawa Sayaka , Noguchi Satoshi , Amano Yosuke , Yamauchi Yasuhiro , Tanaka Goh , Nagase Takahide
Published: October 2017

Background and objective

Talc pleurodesis is commonly performed to manage refractory pleural effusion or pneumothorax. It is considered as a safe procedure as long as a limited amount of large particle size talc is used. However, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare but serious complication after talc pleurodesis. We sought to determine the risk factors for the development of ARDS after pleurodesis using a limited amount of large particle size talc.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent pleurodesis with talc or OK‐432 at the University of Tokyo Hospital.

Results

Twenty‐seven and 35 patients underwent chemical pleurodesis using large particle size talc (4 g or less) or OK‐432, respectively. Four of 27 (15%) patients developed ARDS after talc pleurodesis. Patients who developed ARDS were significantly older than those who did not (median 80 vs 66 years, P = 0.02) and had a higher prevalence of underlying interstitial abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT; 2/4 vs 1/23, P < 0.05). No patient developed ARDS after pleurodesis with OK‐432. This is the first case series of ARDS after pleurodesis using a limited amount of large particle size talc.

Conclusion

Older age and underlying interstitial abnormalities on chest CT seem to be risk factors for developing ARDS after talc pleurodesis.
Longitudinal physical activity trajectories from childhood to adulthood and their determinants: The Young Finns Study
Authors: Rovio S. P. , Yang X. , Kankaanpää A. , Aalto V. , Hirvensalo M. , Telama R. , Pahkala K. , Hutri‐Kähönen N. , Viikari J. S. A. , Raitakari O. T. , Tammelin T. H.
Published: October 2017

Determining lifelong physical activity (PA) trajectories and their determinants is essential to promote a physically active lifestyle throughout the life‐course. We aimed to identify PA trajectories from childhood to midlife and their determinants in a longitudinal population‐based cohort. This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. From 1980, a population‐based cohort (N = 3596; 1764 boys/1832 girls, age 3‐18 years) has been followed up for 31 years. PA indices were formed based on self‐reported data (between age 9‐49 years) on frequency, duration, and intensity of leisure (during childhood) or high‐intensity (at later age) PA and on sports club participation/competitions. PA trajectories were analyzed using group‐based trajectory modeling. Childhood (age 12 years), young adulthood (age 24 years), and early midlife (age 37 years) determinants were analyzed. Five PA trajectories were identified: persistently active (6.6%), decreasingly active (13.9%), increasingly active (13.5%), persistently low active (51.4%, reference group), persistently inactive (14.6%). In childhood, rural residential area (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21‐0.96) and high academic performance (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.58‐3.00) associated with persistently active group. In early midlife, smoking (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.07‐2.58) associated with persistently inactive group, regular alcohol drinking (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.12‐7.55) with persistently active group and having children (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.27‐3.38) with decreasingly active group. High adulthood education associated with both decreasingly (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.05‐3.35) and increasingly (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.19‐3.68) active groups. We identified five PA trajectories from childhood into midlife. Most prominent determinants were academic achievement, education, having children and health habits (i.e. smoking/alcohol use).
Welfare Regime Change in Developing Countries: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Sumarto Mulyadi
Published: October 2017

This article discusses welfare regime change using two theoretical frameworks, i.e. welfare regimes in developing countries and institutional change. Using these theories as a loop to look at the Indonesian case, it suggests that the Indonesian welfare regime has experienced ‘flourishing’ development and changes. The regime has changed three times, stimulated by economic growth, global market pressures and social policy ‘universalization’. The last two changes have been loaded with thorny layering, to which the government introduced numerous government‐formal social programmes on top of community‐based informal welfare arrangements. This causes complicated consequences, including the problem of informal and formal welfare institutions harming each other. The discussion of the Indonesian case leads to a better understanding of the characteristics and changes of welfare regimes in developing countries, for which there is currently a research gap.
Examining the Types, Features, and Use of Instructional Materials in Afterschool Science
Authors: D'Angelo Cynthia M. , Harris Christopher J. , Lundh Patrik , House Ann , Leones Tiffany , Llorente Carlin
Published: October 2017

Afterschool programs have garnered much attention as promising environments for learning where children can engage in rich science activities. Yet, little is known about the kinds of instructional materials used in typical, large‐scale afterschool programs that implement science with diverse populations of children. In this study, we investigated the types, features, and use of science instructional materials at more than 150 public afterschool program sites across California. Using afterschool site survey data, we categorized the types and the range of materials used at the sites. We then collected a subsample of the instructional materials for in‐depth analysis of their support features for enabling staff and children to enact science. We also interviewed afterschool site staff to better understand how they selected and used materials. Results from our analysis of survey and interview data show that afterschool staff primarily used stand‐alone lessons and activities found on the Internet or in activity books as resources for planning and enacting science. Our analysis of the subsample of instructional materials indicate that curricular materials, while used less frequently by afterschool staff, have on average more of the support features that would help them implement high‐quality science experiences with children.
Middle School Mathematics Teachers’ Perceptions of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and Its Impact on the Instructional Environment
Authors: Davis Jon D. , Choppin Jeffrey , Roth McDuffie Amy , Drake Corey
Published: October 2017

This study examines Middle School Mathematics Teachers’ (MSMTs') (N = 1,241) perceptions of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) and its impact on the instructional environment. A total of eight factors appear in the data. These factors include professional support, teachers’ use of district‐adopted and non‐district‐adopted curricular resources, influence of CCSSM assessment and teacher evaluation on the instructional environment, influence of the CCSSM on classroom instruction, teachers’ planning practices, and perceived rigor of the CCSSM. The data suggest that teachers’ use of digital resources located online was disconnected from their district‐adopted resources suggesting a lack of curricular coherence. MSMTs note that the CCSSM had caused them to incorporate more reform‐oriented practices such as exploration and productive struggle into their daily instruction. MSMTs also perceive that the CCSSM includes new content that is more rigorous than previous state standards. Sampled MSMTs state that while state assessments will measure CCSSM content, they are less likely to include more complex problems or the standards for mathematical practice. Teachers are more likely to read teacher resources than student textbook activities online and to use digital resources for remediation instead of inquiry activities. Over one‐third of MSMTs wanted more CCSSM professional development.
The novel HLA‐B*08:183 allele identified by sequence‐based typing in a Caucasian leukemia patient
Authors: Mostafa A. A. , Petrosenko M. , Stamm L. , Khan F. , Berka N.
Published: October 2017

HLA‐B*08:183 differs from HLA‐B*08:01:01 by a single substitution in exon 5.
Identification of the novel allele, HLA‐DRB1*09:30, by sequence‐based high resolution typing
Authors: Ou G. J. , Ji X. , Wang J. , Liu Z.
Published: October 2017

HLA‐DRB1*09:30 shows a single nucleotide difference from DRB1*09:01:02 at nucleotide 250 (CGG→TGG).
Teaching for the recovery of meaning: An imagination‐centered pedagogical approach for today's college students
Authors: Manning Patrick R.
Published: October 2017

In the face of a mounting mental health crisis among college students, professors have an opportunity and responsibility to respond to their students’ psychological distress. Psychological and historical scholarship suggests that the proliferation of modern media and breakdown in traditional sources of existential meaning like religion are significant factors in young adults’ declining mental health. In response to this crisis, this article examines the crucial role of the imagination in constructing meaning and proposes an imagination‐centered pedagogical process by means of which teachers can assist students in recovering meaning and integration in their lives.
Conversation with 2016 American Academy of Religion Excellence in Teaching Award Winner Joanne Maguire Robinson
Authors: Robinson Joanne Maguire , Gallagher Eugene V. , Pui‐lan Kwok , Pearson Thomas
Published: October 2017

This conversation between the editors of Teaching Theology and Religion and Joanne Maguire Robinson continues an occasional series of interviews that has previously featured Jonathan Z. Smith, Stephen Prothero, Mary Pierce Brosmer, and Mary Elizabeth Mullino Moore. The exchange takes as its point of departure the teaching statement that Professor Robinson produced in support of her candidacy for the American Academy of Religion's Excellence in Teaching Award. Issues addressed include the impact of institutional context on one's teaching, teaching the humanities in universities that are ever more focused on job training, making the transition from a graduate program focused on research to teaching undergraduates who are unlikely to take even a second course in the study of religion, and ways in which women are challenged to navigate multiple responsibilities while striving to make their way in a male‐dominated academy.