bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multimedia and Computer Technology Application in Physical Education
Authors: Zhang Wang
Published: May 2014

As the development of the multimedia and computer science, various advanced technologies are generalized to the education tasks. In this paper, specialized to the physical education, we present the application of the multimedia and computer technology in the process of the education. The key of the multimedia and computer technology is presented as discuss, which would contribute to the development of the physical education.
Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Mega-Sub Controlled Structure with Friction Pendulum Bearings
Authors: Xia Chang , Fu Da Bao , Huang Bin , Liu Li Ying
Published: May 2014

A novelty configuration of tall building structure, so-called mega-sub controlled structure (MSCS) with friction pendulum bearings (FPBs), which is featured by the FPBs at the bottom of sub-structures, is studied. The seismic responses of the MSCS with FPBs are carried out. The effects of the radius of the sliding surface and friction coefficient on structural dynamic characteristic indices, i.e. energy, acceleration, story displacement, story shear force, are analyzed. A performance comparison is made with the conventional MSCS. The results show that the MSCS with FPBs exhibits a better vibration-control effect than conventional MSCS. The controlling effectiveness of structure with radius of 500mm and 1500mm is better than that with radius of 1000mm and 2000mm. As the friction coefficient increase, the dynamic behaviors of structure tend to increase.
Analysis of the Composition of Infrared Stealth Coating and the Influence Factors of its Emissivity
Authors: Zhang Juan , Yu Jiang , Jiang Liang Yan , Liu Pei
Published: May 2014

The paper gives a detailed introduction of the two important components of infrared stealth coating and analyzes the influence factors of its emissivity in terms of particle size, content, and the coating process, etc.
On the Bridges of the Qin and Han Dynasties
Authors: Li He Qun , Yu Feng Yun
Published: May 2014

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were several types of bridges, such as wooden poles and wooden beam bridges, arch bridges, gallery bridges, Zhandao, floating bridges and so on. These bridge remains are mainly located in Guanzhong area, Sichuan province and other areas. All these are important data for us to understand bridge shapes, construction technology, means of transportation, and social life of the Qin and Han Dynasties.
The Construction and Management of Steel Structure Work of the Large Stadium
Authors: Wang Fang Yu
Published: May 2014

take the construction of the steel structure work of a certain stadium as an example, summarize the contents such as project general situation, project characteristic and project management, emphatically introduce the general idea of the construction, the construction and management measures of the setting technology of the support tower and the installation technology of the awning steel structure in an effort to guide the similar engineering construction.
The Nonlinear Analysis of Sensitivity of the Plastic Zone of Surrounding Rock in Underground Caverns
Authors: Tian Zhi Fang , Su Zhi Min , Jiang Nian Hong , Lu Xue , Zhu Jian Bing
Published: May 2014

As the depth and the length of the various underground cavern is increasing, the stability analysis of surrounding rock is very important. This paper first gives the analytical solution equation of the circular tunnel. About the city-gate water tunnel with no analytical solution, it can be solved by numerical method, which is based on the large finite element software ANSYS. The form of a calculation model for conveyance city-gate water tunnel was established. With the D - P criterion, it is nonlinear calculated for the computation of water conveyance tunnel. Then it is obtained that the stress characteristic and development of plastic zone characteristics of the surrounding rock of city-gate tunnel. It also gives the relationship between the development of plastic zone, plastic strain and coefficient of horizontal pressure, the internal friction angle. The last, it is analyzed the relationship between the different parameters and the plastic zone development of different parts of tunnel cavern. This result can provide technical reference for design and the tunnel construction.
ANSYS Workbench for Static Analysis of Excavator Arm
Authors: Qi Xue Mei , Zhang Jing Dong
Published: May 2014

3D solid model of the excavator arm was established by using UG, and then imported into ANSYS Workbench through the interface of UG and ANSYS Workbench. ANSYS Workbench software was used to carry out static simulation and analysis,and got the stress contours and displacement contours of the moving arm. From the simulation results we can obtain that the stress of excavator moving arm was biggest,which offered theoretical references for the design and for further improvement of the excavator arm .
Fault Analysis and Improvement of Starter Contactor of Cessna 172R Power System
Authors: Zhou Yue Fei , Lin Lin
Published: May 2014

The aircraft AC generator is the most important component in the aero-power system, which has close relationship with the flight safety. This paper recorded Cessna 172Rs power system failure, analyzed the cause of this failure, studied the principle and mechanism of contactor in this aircraft. It proposed three measures to eliminate similar fault, to be popularized and applied in the practical application, it was proved that it can reduce the incidence of this kind of trouble.
The Large Turbine Impeller Cavitation Technology of Integrated Prevention and Control Lancang River Basin
Authors: Lv Zhan Jie , Tang Gui Ji , Han Guo Dong , Wang Zhang Qin , Wang Jin , Wan Shu Ting
Published: May 2014

There is a large widespread cavitation turbine components. By using HVOF Stellite alloy coating technology, brushing epoxy technology, epoxy-coated steel wire technology, brazed carbide block technology, repeated welding technology integrated control over the water turbine components cavitation,effectively prevent the turbine parts water cavitation in running condition, improve the reliability of hydroelectric equipment..
Injection Mould Design of Mobile Phone Back Shell
Authors: Liang Feng , Liang Guo Dong
Published: May 2014

This article introduces the injection mould design of mobile phone back shell. The mould adopts 3-plate mold structure, pin-point gate for feeding in the glue, ejector pin and pieces for stripping. The under-cut at the side edge adopts 3-side sliding block molding, and the cooling system adopts “U”-shape coolant gallery. It is proved by production practice that the mould structure is reasonable, stripping smoothly and the plastic parts quality meets the design requirements.
Study on Aluminum Alloy Helicopter Deck under Static Loads
Authors: Feng An Tao , Zhou Xin Gang
Published: May 2014

Test and study of aluminum alloy helicopter deck under static load were carried out. The deck is made of aluminum alloy sandwich panel. In the experiment, the deflection and stress of deck are measured under different static load conditions. Load conditions are determined by the conditions that helicopter berths at the deck. When helicopter berths at the deck, the deck endures vertical compressive loads on the deck surface and diagonal tension loads on the tie-down rod which is used to fasten the helicopter. According to the test results under different load conditions, the characteristic behavior and ultimate load carrying capacity were analyzed. Based on experimental results, FEM simulation was made. The results of FEM analysis was agreed with the test results very well. It is shown that the helicopter deck which is composed of aluminum alloy sandwich panel has good mechanical performance.
Design of New Energy-Saving Pumping Unit Suitable for Remote Areas and Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Guo Hong , Liu Shi En
Published: May 2014

At present, China's key oil and gas exploration and development was directed to heavy oil reservoirs and reservoirs in remote areas. As the main mechanical oil recovery equipment, pumping unit in general has some shortcomings in developing these kinds of reservoir, such as high energy consumption, short maintenance cycle, high cost of production management, and not suitable for remote area of harsh environment. In view of the deficiencies of the existing oil pumping unit, a new type of energy-saving pumping unit is designed with high efficiency and energy saving, stable and reliable, long pump inspection cycle, convenient maintenance and low-cost. It can fully meet the needs of production and maintenance for viscous oil wells and remote wells.
Effects of Inhibit Woody Materials Photochromic Coated with Water-Based Paints
Authors: Liu Yi , Hu Ji Hang , Xing Fang Ru , Gao Jian Min , Guo Hong Wu
Published: May 2014

The inhibition effect of medium density fiberboard (MDF), particle board, dyed veneer and poplar veneer photochromic coated with water-borne wood paint and wax oil were studied by CIE(1976)L*a*b* color measurement system. The results showed that the specimen surface towards yellowing, lightness reduced, yellow-blue chromatic index rose and color saturation increased. Coating treatment has good inhibition effect on woodiness material photochromic mainly depends on it can significantly inhibit the yellow-blue index increase.
The Effect of the Floor Openings Rate on the Dynamic Characteristics of the Building
Authors: Jiang Ming Mei
Published: May 2014

Taking the framework of a floor openings for example, The paper using SATWE software, analyzed dynamic characteristics of the structure, discussed the effect of the floor opening size on the mode participation coefficient. It provided reference for the design of floor partial discontinuity building.
Dedicated Transformer Remote Integrated Data Acquisition and Alarm System
Authors: Ye Jun , Sun Hong Liang , Li Xiao Jun , Cheng Xiao Ming
Published: May 2014

According to the power dedicated collection methods to large enterprise customers, special transformer remote data acquisition and alarm systems is proposed in this paper. A high precision signal acquisition module, DSP digital signal processor, Siemens GPRS module, VC + + software, MySQL database, used to design a comprehensive data acquisition and alarm system. The system can be used for data acquisition and remote communication special transformer operation. System software can provide real-time monitoring, special transformers, and an alarm sound and light. The operator can monitor, reactive power compensation, according to the TOU and load adjustment power factor adjustment to the business to conserve electricity. The system is proved to be reliable and stable.
The Research on the Hydrolysis and Application of the Starch from Mung Beans
Authors: Mao Di Rui , Du Feng Guo , Hong Hai Cheng , Sun Guang Ren
Published: May 2014

In this paper, the production technology and application of carbohydrate-based fat mimics (CBFM) from starch of mung beans was studied for further exploitation. The starch of mung beans was hydrolyzed by enzyme and used in processing of low-fat sausage as fat mimics. The condition of enzyme hydrolysis is that enzyme recruitment was 6 U/g, the substrate concentration was 15%, the hydrolysis time was 15min, the reaction temperature of 85°C. The best formula is adding amount of CBFM 14%, starch 15%, water 16%, carrageenan 0.9%. Compared to the non-simulated fat sausage, the cooking loss of the low-fat sausage was reduction, adhesion increases, water retention rate increases, fat content reduces, freeze-thaw stability has increased, which avoids sausage retrogradation and increases the storage stability of the products.
Compressive Aggregates of Two-Dimensional Mono-Disperse to Assess Flaw Dissemination
Authors: Promkotra Sarunya
Published: May 2014

Polystyrene particles of 4 μm in diameter are aggregated as the monolayer clusters rearranged themselves when the compressive forces are applied to the clusters. Oriented structures of the clusters are then examined and characterized the failure mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) aggregation. Failure mechanisms cause rearrangement of particles within the aggregates. Their flaw locations of each applying force change due to the particle bonding-rebonding themselves. Particles can move either relatively to each other or the small aggregates. Even though, these orientations occur in the small scale and barely significant, disturbed particles gradually accumulate stress. Small aggregates or particles inside the bulk perhaps cannot immediately change the cluster shape, but regularly oriented until reaching to yield. Compression to 2D aggregates can make an existing dislocation and fractures of this aggregated structure. Crack propagation of the dense is possible to proceed dynamically. The clusters collapse until reaching to yield. Two-dimensional structures of compressive aggregated polystyrene are always mechanical instable that increases in propagating rupture. Therefore, the quake will reasonably occur.
Electrical Discharge Milling of Silicon Carbide with Different Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Zeller Florian , Ojha Nirdesh , Müller Claas , Reinecke Holger
Published: May 2014

Silicon Carbide is a ceramic material with extraordinary properties. Not only does it excel in mechanical properties, such as very high hardness and flexural strength, but also shows excellent thermal properties with a low thermal expansion and operating temperatures above 1000°C. These properties predestine silicon carbide for applications in harsh environments. Structuring silicon carbide in the sintered state with conventional methods is not feasible due to its hardness. A non-conventional process to structure materials independent of their mechanical properties is electrical discharge machining (EDM). A certain conductivity is however required for this process. To fulfill this requirement, the method of an assisting electrode (AE) is used. During the process, an intrinsic AE is generated from the cracked dielectric oil and deposited on the ceramic surface. The process can therefore continue even after the applied AE has been penetrated. For a deeper understanding of the present removal mechanism EDM of non-conducting ceramics, especially in the area of micro EDM, an investigation of the influence of conductivity is necessary. Therefore three silicon carbide ceramics with different electrical conductivity (S-SiC: 1 10-7S/cm; LR-SiC: 10 S/cm; HO-SiC: 5 10-9S/cm) have been microstructured and analysed. It is found that the conductivity of the silicon carbide materials has no influence on the machinability, all samples can be microstructured. The microsections of the machined samples show that the near-surface structure of the SiC materials is not negatively influenced by the EDM process. The analysis of the surface revealed indications that for S-SiC and for HO-SiC, thermal spalling is the present removal mechanism. The LR-SiC surface shows melting structures. The material removal rate of LR-SiC is 8 × 10-3mm3/min, whereas the material removal rate of the S-SiC and the HO-SiC ranges at 3 × 10-3mm3/min. The high MRR of the LR-SiC indicates a removal mechanism analog to Silicon infiltrated Silicon carbide (SiSiC), with removal of a conductive phase.
Strategies for Correcting the Workpiece Deformation during the Manufacturing at the Milling Process
Authors: Georgiadis Anthimos , Eggebrecht Marvin , Wagner Thomas
Published: May 2014

In cutting procedures a possible reason for deviations from the predefined dimensions of the workpiece are deformations caused by the clamping. The deviations are usually measured after process using for example a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). It would be very much advantage to detect such deformations in process. Then, it could be possible to avoid, compensate or repair them before finishing. In the present work, four strain gauges have been applied into a four-jaw chuck in order to measure the clamping forces during milling and correlate them with deviations in the dimensions of the workpiece. A correlation between the clamping forces and deviations in the roundness of the workpiece has been verified. These investigations allow for the next step the development of an active clamping system for adaptive corrections during the cutting process.
Rocky shores of a major southern African Marine Protected Area are almost free from intertidal invertebrate alien species
Authors: Malherbe Hanlie , Samways Michael
Published: May 2014

A major threat to marine ecosystems is the establishment and proliferation of invasive alien species. This study addresses gaps in our knowledge regarding marine alien invertebrate species in the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (KBR) and adjacent Betty’s Bay Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Western Cape of South Africa, together a potentially important area for south-coast marine conservation. Understanding the distribution and geographical expansion of these species is critical for conservation planning. A quantitative systematic survey of the intertidal rocky shore region was undertaken. The mytilid Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata were the only alien species recorded along the coastline, which included the MPA. The abundance of M. galloprovincialis was significantly higher outside the MPA, and the abundance of W. subtorquata was significantly higher inside the MPA. With only two alien species recorded, the Betty’s Bay MPA and its surroundings support relatively few marine alien species with regards to rocky shore invertebrate biodiversity. Conservation implications: It is important that the Betty’s Bay MPA and its adjacent coastline maintain its current status as an area with relatively few marine alien species. The conservation implications on management require routine surveys of this region to detect early introductions of any additional species.
Attribution of detected changes in streamflow using multiple working hypotheses
Authors: Harrigan S. , Murphy C. , Hall J. , Wilby R. L. , Sweeney J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper revisits a widely cited study of the Boyne catchment in east Ireland that attributed greater streamflow from the mid-1970s to increased precipitation linked to a shift in the North Atlantic Oscillation. Using the method of multiple working hypotheses we explore a wider set of potential drivers of hydrological change. Rainfall–runoff models are used to reconstruct streamflow to isolate the effect of climate, taking account of both model structure and parameter uncertainty. The Mann–Kendall test for monotonic trend and Pettitt change point test are applied to explore signatures of change. Contrary to earlier work, arterial drainage and simultaneous onset of field drainage in the 1970s and early 1980s are now invoked as the predominant drivers of change in annual mean and high flows within the Boyne. However, a change in precipitation regime is also present in March, thereby amplifying the effect of drainage. This new explanation posits that multiple drivers acting simultaneously were responsible for the observed change, with the relative contribution of each driver dependant on the timescale investigated. This work demonstrates that valuable insights can be gained from a systematic application of the method of multiple working hypotheses in an effort to move towards more rigorous attribution, which is an important part of managing emerging impacts on hydrological systems.
Stochastic semi-continuous simulation for extreme flood estimation in catchments with combined rainfall–snowmelt flood regimes
Authors: Lawrence D. , Paquet E. , Gailhard J. , Fleig A. K.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Simulation methods for extreme flood estimation represent an important complement to statistical flood frequency analysis because a spectrum of catchment conditions potentially leading to extreme flows can be assessed. In this paper, stochastic, semi-continuous simulation is used to estimate extreme floods in three catchments located in Norway, all of which are characterised by flood regimes in which snowmelt often has a significant role. The simulations are based on SCHADEX, which couples a precipitation probabilistic model with a hydrological simulation such that an exhaustive set of catchment conditions and responses is simulated. The precipitation probabilistic model is conditioned by regional weather patterns, and a bottom–up classification procedure was used to define a set of weather patterns producing extreme precipitation in Norway. SCHADEX estimates for the 1000-year (Q1000) discharge are compared with those of several standard methods, including event-based and long-term simulations which use a single extreme precipitation sequence as input to a hydrological model, statistical flood frequency analysis based on the annual maximum series, and the GRADEX method. The comparison suggests that the combination of a precipitation probabilistic model with a long-term simulation of catchment conditions, including snowmelt, produces estimates for given return periods which are more in line with those based on statistical flood frequency analysis, as compared with the standard simulation methods, in two of the catchments. In the third case, the SCHADEX method gives higher estimates than statistical flood frequency analysis and further suggests that the seasonality of the most likely Q1000 events differs from that of the annual maximum flows. The semi-continuous stochastic simulation method highlights the importance of considering the joint probability of extreme precipitation, snowmelt rates and catchment saturation states when assigning return periods to floods estimated by precipitation-runoff methods. The SCHADEX methodology, as applied here, is dependent on observed discharge data for calibration of a hydrological model, and further study to extend its application to ungauged catchments would significantly enhance its versatility.
Seismic hazard of the Iberian Peninsula: evaluation with kernel functions
Authors: Crespo M. J. , Martínez F. , Martí J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The seismic hazard of the Iberian Peninsula is analysed using a nonparametric methodology based on statistical kernel functions; the activity rate is derived from the catalogue data, both its spatial dependence (without a seismogenic zonation) and its magnitude dependence (without using Gutenberg–Richter's relationship). The catalogue is that of the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, supplemented with other catalogues around the periphery; the quantification of events has been homogenised and spatially or temporally interrelated events have been suppressed to assume a Poisson process. The activity rate is determined by the kernel function, the bandwidth and the effective periods. The resulting rate is compared with that produced using Gutenberg–Richter statistics and a zoned approach. Three attenuation relationships have been employed, one for deep sources and two for shallower events, depending on whether their magnitude was above or below 5. The results are presented as seismic hazard maps for different spectral frequencies and for return periods of 475 and 2475 yr, which allows constructing uniform hazard spectra.
“A King in Every Countrey”: English and French Encounters with Indigenous Leaders in Sixteenth-Century America
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: May 2014

Beginning with Columbus’ 1493 report of kings among the “Indians,” European expeditionaries regularly perceived Indigenous leaders as kings during the first century of colonialism in the Americas. English and French narratives of the sixteenth century, following the models of early Spanish and Portuguese accounts, brought to light the existence of Aboriginal monarchs throughout the Americas, from the Arctic to Brazil and from New England to California. Popular compilations of travel accounts only cemented the trope in the European imagination. The ubiquity of such kings in early English and French colonial writing reveals the conceptual frameworks through which colonizers perceived the New World and the logic of the strategies they devised to conquer it. Toward the end of the sixteenth century, English and French views diverged, with the latter demonstrating a general reluctance to use the term “king” for Native American leaders. By contrast, English sources would continue to employ the vocabulary of kingship for this purpose into the nineteenth century.
Landscape reaction, response, and recovery following the catastrophic 1918 Katla jökulhlaup, southern Iceland
Authors: Duller Robert A. , Warner Nicholas H. , McGonigle Christopher , De Angelis Silvio , Russell Andrew J. , Mountney Nigel P.
Published: May 2014

One of the largest recorded glacier outburst floods (jökulhlaups) occurred in 1918, generated by the last major subglacial eruption of Katla volcano in southern Iceland. Using digitized historical topographic surveys and field observations from the main proglacial outwash plain (Mýrdalssandur), we document the reaction of Mýrdalssandur to the 1918 event and subsequent response and recovery. Our analysis highlights the longevity of elevated topography, over the recovery period, and the complete reorganization of the main perennial meltwater channel system, both of which will affect and condition the flow routing and impact of future jökulhlaups. The jökulhlaup deposited approximately 2 km3 of sediment onto Mýrdalssandur immediately after the event and extended the coastline by several kilometers. However, 80% of this material by volume has since been removed by surface and subsurface water flow on the main sandur and by marine reworking at the coast. By 2007, the surface elevation at specific locations on the outwash plain and the position of the coastline were similar to those in 1904, indicating near‐complete recovery of the landscape. Despite this, the Mýrdalssandur coastline has experienced net advance over the past 1000 years. Using our calculated characteristic landscape response and recovery values following the 1918 event (60 years and 120 years) we deduce that the landscape has been in a dominant state of transience, with regard to forcing frequency and timescale of recovery, over the past 1000 years, which has facilitated long‐term landscape growth.
An objective regional cloud mask algorithm for GOES infrared imager radiance assimilation
Authors: Zou Xiaolei , Da Cheng
Published: May 2014

A local, regime‐dependent cloud mask (CM) algorithm is developed for isolating cloud‐free pixels from cloudy pixels for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imager radiance assimilation using mesoscale forecast models. In this CM algorithm, thresholds for six different CM tests are determined by a one‐dimensional optimization approach based on probability distribution functions of the nearby cloudy and clear‐sky pixels within a 10° × 10° box centered at a target pixel. It is shown that the optimizal thresholds over land are, in general, larger and display more spatial variations than over ocean. The performance of the proposed CM algorithm is compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) CM for a 1 week period from 19 to 23 May 2008. Based on MODIS CM results, the average Probability of Correct Typing reaches 92.94% and 91.50% over land and ocean, respectively.
Gradient and weather resistant hybrid super‐hydrophobic coating based on fluorinated epoxy resin
Authors: Li Jin‐Hua , Weng Rui , Di Xi‐Qiang , Yao Zeng‐Wen
Published: May 2014

A weather resistant super‐hydrophobic coating that can offer good substrate adhesion and yet to be easily processed at large scale can be of practical use in emerging fields of self‐cleaning and anti‐icing paint, combing all these properties together remains challenging task. Here we describe a composite coating composed of a fluorinated epoxy resin emulsion with embedded in situ surface‐modified dual‐scale nano‐silica, which displayed durable super‐hydrophobicity and excellent adhesive strength. The as‐prepared coating possesses water contact angle of 158.6 ± 1°, sliding angle around 3.8 ± 0.2° which remain stable even under acidic/alkaline, heat/cool, and accelerated aging treatment. The results demonstrate that surface roughness had a micron‐ and nanometer scale distribution with increased particle loading beyond 40 wt %. Through quantitative comparison of surface Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) with bulk FT‐IR transmission spectra, a gradient coating with surface enrichment of hydrophobic groups was determined. The air‐side fluorinated polysiloxane‐rich layer endows coating with weather‐resistance and ultra‐hydrophobicity while bottom epoxy resin layer enhances substrate adhesion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40955.
Structural similarity between β3‐peptides synthesized from β3‐homo‐amino acids and aspartic acid monomers
Authors: Ahmed Sahar , Sprules Tara , Kaur Kamaljit
Published: May 2014

Formation of stable secondary structures by oligomers that mimic natural peptides is a key asset for enhanced biological response. Here we show that oligomeric β3‐hexapeptides synthesized from l‐aspartic acid monomers (β3‐peptides 1, 5a, and 6) or homologated β3‐amino acids (β3‐peptide 2), fold into similar stable 14‐helical secondary structures in solution, except that the former form right‐handed 14‐helix and the later form left‐handed 14‐helix. β3‐Peptides from l‐Asp monomers contain an additional amide bond in the side chains that provides opportunities for more hydrogen bonding. However, based on the NMR solution structures, we found that β3‐peptide from l‐Asp monomers (1) and from homologated amino acids (2) form similar structures with no additional side‐chain interactions. These results suggest that the β3‐peptides derived from l‐Asp are promising peptide‐mimetics that can be readily synthesized using l‐Asp monomers as well as the right‐handed 14‐helical conformation of these β3‐peptides (such as 1 and 6) may prove beneficial in the design of mimics for right‐handed α‐helix of α‐peptides. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 359–367, 2014.
Macroscopic and microscopic deformation coupling in up‐sampled cloth simulation
Authors: Saito Shunsuke , Umetani Nobuyuki , Morishima Shigeo
Published: May 2014

Various methods of predicting the deformation of fine‐scale cloth from coarser resolutions have been explored. However, the influence of fine‐scale deformation has not been considered in coarse‐scale simulations. Thus, the simulation of highly nonhomogeneous detailed cloth is prone to large errors. We introduce an effective method to simulate cloth made of nonhomogeneous, anisotropic materials. We precompute a macroscopic stiffness that incorporates anisotropy from the microscopic structure, using the deformation computed for each unit strain. At every time step of the simulation, we compute the deformation of coarse meshes using the coarsened stiffness, which saves computational time and add higher‐level details constructed by the characteristic displacement of simulated meshes. We demonstrate that anisotropic and inhomogeneous cloth models can be simulated efficiently using our method. © 2014 The Authors. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical structures for collision checking between virtual characters
Authors: Stüvel Sybren A. , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia , Thalmann Daniel , Egges Arjan , van der Stappen A. Frank
Published: May 2014

Simulating a crowded scene like a busy shopping street requires tight packing of virtual characters. In such cases, collisions are likely to occur, and the choice in collision detection shape will influence how characters are allowed to intermingle. Full collision detection is too expensive for crowds, so simplifications are needed. The most common simplification, the fixed‐width, pose‐independent cylinder, does not allow intermingling of characters, as it will either cause too much empty space between characters or undetected penetrations. As a possible solution to this problem, we introduce the bounding cylinder hierarchy (BCH), a bounding volume hierarchy that uses vertical cylinders as bounding shapes. Because the BCH is a generalization of the single cylinder, we expect that this representation can be easily integrated with existing crowd simulation systems. We compare our BCH with commonly used collision shapes, namely the single cylinder and oriented bounding box tree, in terms of query time, construction time, and represented volume. To get an indication of possible crowd densities, we investigate how close characters can be before collision is detected and finally propose a critical maximum depth for the BCH. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling social behaviors in an evacuation simulator
Authors: Chu Mei Ling , Parigi Paolo , Law Kincho , Latombe Jean‐Claude
Published: May 2014

Building occupants perceive information about the surrounding environment and navigate for safety during emergency evacuation (egress). They often choose their actions by interacting with their social groups and observing the actions of the surrounding crowd. Most egress simulators, however, ignore individuals' crowd perceptions and social interactions. This paper presents a novel platform, SAFEgress (Social Agent For Egress), in which building occupants are modeled as agents who decide their evacuation actions on the basis of their knowledge of the building and their interactions with the social groups and the neighboring crowd. Results from the SAFEgress prototype show that both agents' familiarity with the building and social influence can significantly impact egress performance. By simulating different occupants' behaviors, architects and facility managers may better understand the influence of human and social factors on evacuation and consequently design safer buildings and egress procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery from life‐threatening pelvic organ prolapse in an 80‐year‐old Japanese woman: a case report
Authors: Matsuo Tomohiro , Miyata Yasuyoshi , Ohba Kojiro , Mochizuki Yasushi , Sakai Hideki
Published: May 2014

Key Clinical Message

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is common among multiparous elderly women. POP related to obstructive anuria is very uncommon, but can be life‐threatening if untreated. In this report, the patient survived from a septic shock with multidisciplinary treatment and was completely cured of POP after tension‐free vaginal mesh repair.
Four‐Membered Heterometallacyclic d0 and d1 Complexes of Group 4 Metallocenes with Amidato Ligands
Authors: Haehnel Martin , Priebe Jacqueline B. , Yim Jacky C.‐H. , Spannenberg Anke , Brückner Angelika , Schafer Laurel L. , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: May 2014

A study of the coordination chemistry of different amidato ligands [(R)NC(Ph)O] (R=Ph, 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Dipp)) at Group 4 metallocenes is presented. The heterometallacyclic complexes [Cp2M(Cl){κ2‐N,O‐(R)NC(Ph)O}] M=Zr, R=Dipp (1 a), Ph (1 b); M=Hf, R=Ph (2)) were synthesized by reaction of [Cp2MCl2] with the corresponding deprotonated amides. Complex 1 a was also prepared by direct deprotonation of the amide with Schwartz reagent [Cp2Zr(H)Cl]. Salt metathesis reaction of [Cp2Zr(H)Cl] with deprotonated amide [(Dipp)NC(Ph)O] gave the zirconocene hydrido complex [Cp2M(H){κ2‐N,O‐(Dipp)NC(Ph)O}] (3). Reaction of 1 a with Mg did not result in the desired Zr(III) complex but in formation of Mg complex [(py)3Mg(Cl) {κ2‐N,O‐(Dipp)NC(Ph)O}] (4; py=pyridine). The paramagnetic complexes [Cp′2Ti{κ2‐N,O‐(R)NC(Ph)O}] (Cp′=Cp, R=Ph (7 a); Cp′=Cp, R=Dipp (7 b); Cp′=Cp*, R=Ph (8)) were prepared by the reaction of the known titanocene alkyne complexes [Cp2′Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] (Cp′=Cp (5), Cp′=Cp* (6)) with the corresponding amides. Complexes 1 a, 2, 3, 4, 7 a, 7 b, and 8 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The structure and bonding of complexes 7 a and 8 were also characterized by EPR spectroscopy.
The Diagnostic Utility of Electrochemical Impedance
Authors: Xu Qiao , Davis Jason J.
Published: May 2014

Diagnostic tests currently underpin the majority of patient management decisions and biosensing devices capable of reporting on levels of specific analytes in blood, urine or saliva have already had a profound impact on clinical diagnostics and the quality of life of those unfortunate enough to live with, or be exposed to, disease. Among the range of methodologies available to protein biomarker detection, those based on electroanalysis present the most promising combination of sensitivity, low cost, speed, convenience and multiplexing. To date, a plethora of impedance based assays have been developed for the detection of disease‐associated biomarkers through the employment of a range of planar or “nanofunctionalized” interfaces comprising immobilized antibodies/antigens, oligonucleotide or PNA receptors. This review selectively highlights recent advances in this area.
Demulsification of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions for the Petroleum Industry by using Alternating Copolymers
Authors: Yan Chuanyu , Han Jin , Huang Chengyi , Mu Tiancheng
Published: May 2014

In this study, a class of hydrophilic‐alternating‐lipophilic copolymers (HaLCs) has been designed, and the polymers were prepared and applied in the demulsification of stable water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions. The results showed that the efficiency of HaLCs can reach 100 % in less than 10 min even at room temperature. The optimum dosages for l‐, s‐, and t‐ (linear, square and tetrahedron‐shaped) HaLC were 125, 313, and 156 ppm, respectively. This finding is helpful in understanding the demulsification process and development of demulsifiers with higher efficiency in the future, which is important in the petroleum industry.
Investigation of commercial enzyme preparations for selective release of arabinose from corn fibre
Authors: Fehér Csaba , Gál Boglárka , Fehér Anikó , Barta Zsolt , Réczey Kati
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Lignocellulosic materials have great potential in the production of L‐arabinose in a new cost‐effective way. Selective enzymatic liberation of L‐arabinose from agricultural residues could be a promising method if purification of specific enzymes and extraction of pure polysaccharides could be omitted from the process. To achieve this goal, investigation of commercial multi‐component enzyme preparations for selective release of L‐arabinose from destarched corn fibre and soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreated destarched corn fibres were performed.

RESULTS

Hemicellulase NS22002 (Novozymes) has a relative xylanase activity of 1% (of measured highest) and 9%, and a relative arabinoxylan‐arabinofuranohydrolase (AX‐AFH) activity of 71% and 100% at pH 3 and 4, respectively. At pH 6 its relative xylanase and AX‐AFH activities are 93% and 52%, respectively. Hydrolyses of SAA pretreated destarched corn fibre with Hemicellulase NS22002 at pH 4 and 6 resulted in a large amount of hemicellulosic oligomers, considerable amount of monomer arabinose and negligible amount of monomer xylose and galactose in the supernatants. During the hydrolysis at pH 3 monomer sugars were not released and low amounts of hemicellulosic oligomers were solubilised.

CONCLUSION

SAA pretreatment has been found to be an appropriate method to make the structure of destarched corn fibre accessible for hemicellulose‐degrading enzymes. Hemicellulase NS22002 has high endo‐xylanase activity over a broad pH range, and its α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase can release arabinose from solubilised hemicellulosic oligomers derived from corn fibre. Enzymatic hydrolysis of SAA pretreated destarched corn fibre using Hemicellulase NS22002 is suitable to solubilise the hemicellulose fraction, however it cannot selectively release arabinose monomers. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dry brining, liquid smoking and high‐pressure treatment on the physical properties of aquacultured King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during refrigerated storage
Authors: Kong Kelvin Jia Wey , Alçiçek Zayde , Balaban Murat O
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Aquacultured King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) pieces were dry brined with a salt/brown sugar mix, dipped in liquid smoke for 3 min, vacuum packed, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treated at 600 or 200 MPa for 5 min and stored at 4 °C for up to 40 days.

RESULTS

The surface redness (average a*) of the samples increased after dry brining, then decreased after liquid smoke treatment. HHP did not change the outside color of liquid‐smoked samples. However, the inside color changed depending on pressure. HHP‐treated control samples without dry brining and liquid smoking changed to a pale pink color. HHP at 600 MPa resulted in a significant increase in hardness. Compared with fresh samples, dry‐brined samples had reduced water activity, while samples dipped in liquid smoke had lower pH values.

CONCLUSION

Dry brining and liquid smoking protect the outside color of salmon against changes caused by HHP. The increase in hardness may counteract the softening of the smoked salmon tissue over time. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical presentation and outcome of 20 fetuses with parvovirus B19 infection complicated by severe anemia and/or fetal hydrops
Authors: Macé Guillaume , Sauvan Marine , Castaigne Vanina , Moutard Marie‐Laure , Cortey Anne , Maisonneuve Emeline , Garel Catherine , Dhombres Ferdinand , Boujenah Jeremy , Mailloux Agnès , Carbonne Bruno
Published: May 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the prognosis of parvovirus B19 infection with severely anemic and/or hydropic fetuses according to initial ultrasound and biological criteria.

Material and methods

Retrospective study of 20 cases of congenital parvovirus B19‐proven infection (positive PCR) complicated by fetal anemia and/or hydrops was examined. Anemia was suspected on an elevated peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery and was confirmed by fetal blood sampling.

Results

Survival rate was 70% (14/20) overall and 76% (13/17) for fetuses with one or more transfusions. When fetal effusion regressed after the transfusion, all 11 fetuses survived, and neonatal condition was favorable for all. Among the 14 live‐born children, there was one neonatal death and one admission to the neonatal care unit with no major complications.

Conclusion

Despite active management by transfusion in fetuses with parvovirus B19 infection, mortality remained substantial during the acute phase of anemia and fetal hydrops. Regression of effusion appears to be an important variable for prognosis. Non‐anemic forms exist with isolated refractory ascites or pleural effusion. Maternal mirror syndrome appears to reflect the intensity and persistence of the fetal anemia. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase acidity of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imides. Effects of the perfluoroalkyl group on the acidity
Authors: Zhang Min , Sonoda Takaaki , Mishima Masaaki , Honda Tsunetoshi , Leito Ivo , Koppel Ilmar A. , Bonrath Werner , Netscher Thomas
Published: May 2014

The gas‐phase acidity (GA) values were determined for a number of perfluoroalkyl‐substituted sulfonylimides by measuring proton‐transfer equilibria using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometer. The GA scale below 286.5 kcal mol−1 for (CF3SO2)2NH was extended and partially revised. The GA value of (C4F9SO2)2NH which is currently the strongest acid was revised from 284.1 to 278.6 kcal mol−1. The effect of fluorine atoms on the acidity of perfluoroalkyl‐substituted sulfonylimides was described with the following model
urn:x-wiley:08943230:media:poc3317:poc3317-math-0001where N(α), N(β), N(γ), and N(δ) are the numbers of fluorine atoms at α, β, γ, and δ position in RfSO2 (Rf = perfluoroalkyl group), respectively. This correlation indicates that the electron‐withdrawing ability of the RfSO2 group can be described in terms of the number of fluorine atoms in the perfluoroalkyl group corrected by taking into account their positions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE EXISTENCE THEOREM FOR THE GENERAL RELATIVISTIC CAUCHY PROBLEM ON THE LIGHT-CONE
Authors: CHRUŚCIEL PIOTR T.
Published: May 2014

We prove existence of solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations with initial data induced by a smooth metric on a light-cone.
Who defines the need for fishery reform? Participants, discourses and networks in the reform of the Greenland fishery
Authors: Jacobsen Rikke Becker , Raakjær Jesper
Published: May 2014

This article investigates recent reforms of the Greenland coastal fisheries in order to contribute to the general lessons on reform and policy networks in the context of a changing Arctic stakeholdership. It analyses participation in fisheries governance decision-making by examining the emergence of discourses and policy networks that come to define the very need for reform. A policy network is identified across state ministries, powerful officials, banks and large scale industry that defined the need for fisheries reform within a ‘grand reform’ discourse. But inertia characterised the actual decision-making process as reform according to this ‘grand reform’ discourse was blocked by a combination of small-scale fishers’ informal networks and the power of the parliamentary majority. After a parliamentary shift in power the new government implemented the ‘grand reform’ gradually whilst new patterns of participation and exclusion emerged. In this process, the identities of the participating participants were reinterpreted to fit the new patterns of influence and participation. The article argues that fishery reform does not necessarily start with the collective recognition of a problem in marine resource use and a power-neutral process of institutional learning. Instead, it argues that fishery reform is likely to be the ‘reform of somebody’ and that this ‘somebody’ is itself a changing identity.
Northern fisheries: managing income, nutrition and cultural values
Authors: Nakhshina Maria , Krause Franz
Published: May 2014

Fishing is a key livelihood for many people worldwide, and significantly contributes to global nutrition. However, there is an awareness of a widespread crisis in fisheries with profound ecological, social and cultural impacts (Urquhart and others 2013). The majority of people dependent on fishing are involved in small-scale fisheries, which stands in contrast to the narrow focus of most fishery science and policy on large-scale, capital intensive fishing (Berkes and others 2001). Small-scale fisheries require different approaches for research, policy and management, due to their specific technological, economic and sociocultural characteristics that differ from those of large-scale fisheries, as well as a large degree of internal diversity in terms of fish stocks, fishers’ backgrounds, vessel capacity, etc (see Afterword of this collection of papers).
Fluid subsistences: towards a better understanding of northern livelihoods
Authors: Lien Marianne Elisabeth
Published: May 2014

In this collection we learn about varied livelihoods that are roughly grouped as northern small-scale fisheries. Two messages are particularly salient, and hence they connect nearly all the papers:

First, that small-scale fishing is paramount for social and cultural livelihoods, and an indispensable resource for reproduction of coastal communities. And second, that certain fish related practices are changing, or currently under threat, and thus threatening the core subsistence of coastal communities.