bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological studies of the storage of green peas
Authors: Wager H. G.
Published: November 2006

Gas storage of green peas was found to be effective only in certain seasons.

Peas deteriorated more slowly when stored in pods than when stored shelled. This was not the result of the gas mixture round the peas, wilting, bruising or volatiles. Much material moved from the pods to the peas during storage. The respiration of the peas appeared to change little on shelling but the pods, after removal of the peas, showed a slow rise in rate followed by a slow fall. The movement of a hormone type of compound from the pod to the pea is postulated.
The penetration by and distribution of calcium and bisulphite ions during potato scalding and hot‐air dehydration
Authors: McWeeny D. J. , Moody J. P. , Burton H. S.
Published: November 2006

The manner in which sodium metabisulphite is taken up by potato tissue from boiling aqueous solution has been investigated in respect of depth of penetration, extent of uptake and scalding time: uptake relationships. The extent to which 45Ca and 35S migrate to the centre of potato strips during hot‐air drying after scalding in solutions of 45CaCl2 and NaH35SO3 has been examined autoradiographically. 45Ca is more uniformly distributed than 35S which shows a greater tendency to concentrate at the strip centres. Losses in measurable SO2 during hot‐air dehydration are predominantly chemical rather than physical.
Low caloric value of carobs as the possible cause of growth depression in chicks
Authors: Alumot Eugenia , Nachtomi Edna , Bornstein S.
Published: November 2006

Five trials were conducted to elucidate the cause of the growth‐inhibitory effect of carob meal in chick rations, with special emphasis on estimating its productive energy value. The growth‐depressing factor of carob meal could not be extracted with methanol, ethanol or ethyl acetate. Consecutive extractions with cold and hot water left a residue which did not affect growth. The cold‐water extract had a slight, and the hot water extract a distinct, inhibitory effect on feed consumption, without affecting feed utilisation. This reduced feed intake may be due to the presence of tannin‐like compounds, which seem to affect appetite.

Supplementation of diets containing carob with fat resulted in growth similar to that of the control. The data presented indicate that carobs do not contain any toxic factors and that their low caloric value is the major factor responsible for growth depression. The energy value of carobs should be calculated on the basis of their sugar content as the only nutrient available to the chicks.
The disulphide group content of flour and dough
Authors: Axford D. W. E. , Elton G. A. H. , Tice B. B. P.
Published: November 2006

Earlier work reporting an inverse relationship between the disulphide group content of flour protein and the protein content of flour has been followed by measurements of the disulphide group content of the soluble protein in flour. These have been found to vary with the protein content of the flour in a way similar to that of the disulphide group contents of the total proteins, but over a smaller range. Further experimental work on changes in the titratable sulphur in flour doughs on severe mixing has led to the conclusion that these do not provide any conclusive evidence for the occurrence of mechanical scission of disulphide bonds, and attempts to demonstrate this by other means have also so far proved unsuccessful.
Studies on rumen metabolism. II.—in vivo hydrolysis and hydrogenation of lipid
Authors: Hawke J. C. , Robertson J. A.
Published: November 2006

The hydrolysis and hydrogenation of grass and clover lipids and linseed oil have been followed in fistulated twin cows. Mono‐ and di‐glycerides, in addition to fatty acids, were found in the rumen liquor after infusion of linseed oil into the rumen. The proportions of linoleic acid found in rumen liquor 6.5 h. after infusion of linseed oil were above normal, but the proportions of linolenic acid had returned to about the pre‐feeding level in this time. The free fatty acids were more saturated than the unhydrolysed triglycerides, but the proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in the partially hydrolysed glycerides were not greatly different to those of the triglycerides.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). X.—histidine and free sugars in herring flesh
Authors: Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

Free histidine was isolated from herring flesh and characterised. Its distribution in the musculature of the fish was measured, and the total content compared with that in the pilchard (Clupea pilchardus). The loss of the amino‐acid which occurs during heat‐processing was studied in relation to free sugars and sugar‐containing compounds. Measurements of the glucose content of fresh Scottish East Coast herring suggested that a maximum occurs in late June, coinciding with maximum oil content.
Biosynthesis of fat in ripening coconut: The in vivo ‘quantum’ synthesis of triglycerides
Authors: Kartha A. R. S.
Published: November 2006

Fats from ripening coconut at oil development stages of 3–100% showed practically no acetyl value by a new sensitive gravimetric technique. It is suggested that biosynthesis of triglycerides in ripening coconut takes place by a ‘quantum’ mechanism, the unit of esterification consisting in the conversion of one glycerol to a triglyceride molecule.
Volatile bases in ryegrass silage
Authors: Jackson R. B.
Published: November 2006

The steam‐volatile nitrogenous fraction of laboratory silages prepared from short‐rotation ryegrass (Lolium sp.) consisted of ammonia, ethylamine and trimethylamine. The proportions of ethylamine and trimethylamine increased during ensilage, but the ammonia‐nitrogen was never less than 97.8% of the total steam‐volatile nitrogen.

Increased nitrogenous fertilisation of the herbage produced silages having higher levels of steam‐volatile nitrogen.

Silages prepared from immature hertage had more steam‐volatile nitrogen than those prepared from more mature materials. Fertiliser level and maturity of the herbage had little effect on the composition of the steam‐volatile nitrogenous fraction.

The compositions of the steam‐volatile nitrogenous fractions of a number of field silages (perennial ryegrass‐white clover mixtures) were similar to those of the laboratory silages.
Casein. VI.—determination of sialic acid in casein
Authors: Huang Flora Y. Y. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

Sialic acid isolated from submaxillary gland and also from casein, and synthetic sialic acid have been used as standards in the determination of sialic acid in casein by the thio‐barbituric acid method. Consistently higher results for the apparent sialic acid content of casein were obtained with the synthetic sialic acid than with the sialic acid obtained from biological materials.

A study has been made of the effects of conditions of hydrolysis on the apparent concentration of sialic acid in whole casein.
Fat oxidation and storage life of iced trout. II.—the influence of sex and season
Authors: Hansen Poul
Published: November 2006

The storage life of gutted trout packed in ice varied considerably from as little as 6 days to more than II days. The limiting factor as estimated by peroxide determinations and tasting tests was the development of rancidity in the surface fats of the belly wall. In September, male and female trout kept equally well, while in March female trout could be kept about 3 days longer than male trout. The average storage life of trout in March did not show any consistent difference from that found in September.
Thiocyanate ‘scorch’ on grassland
Authors: Tod Henry
Published: November 2006

‘Scorch’ is produced on grass swards by aqueous solutions containing 0.2% or more of ammonium thiocyanate. This ‘scorch’ merges into severe injury to the grass at a concentration of 0.4%, the effect lasting up to 6 weeks.
Evaluation of Scotch whisky distiller's feeds in poultry rations
Authors: Boruff C. S. , Luthy P. W. , Van Lanen J. M.
Published: November 2006

Scotch distiller's feeds, by chemical and vitamin analyses, are generally similar to the feeds recovered by the U.S. grain distilling industry. Both Scotch and bourbon distiller's feeds gave equal or better growth as replacements for brewer's yeast, dried skim milk and fish meal in a practical broiler diet. Evidence for the presence of one or more unidentified growth factors in distiller's dried grains, distiller's dried grains with solubles and distiller's dried solubles from both Scotch and bourbon production was obtained by use of a semipurified ration.
Supplementary value of precooked roller‐dried protein foods based on full‐fat soya flour and low‐fat groundnut flour to a poor Indian rice diet
Authors: Shurpalekar S. R. , Korula Soma , Joseph A. A. , Parthasarathy L. , Chandrasekhara M. R. , Swaminathan M. , Sreenivasan A. , Subrahmanyan V.
Published: November 2006

The protein efficiency ratio (PER) and supplementary value to a poor Indian rice diet of precooked roller‐dried protein foods based on full‐fat soya flour and a I : I blend of full‐fat soya flour and low‐fat groundnut flour respectively and fortified with DL‐methionine and certain vitamins and minerals, have been studied using weanling albino rats. The PER of the foods were 2.25 and 1.92 respectively as compared with 3.09 for skim milk powder. Fortification of the foods with DL‐methionine (1.6 g. per 100 g. of protein) improved significantly the PER to 2.99 and 2.52 respectively. Supplementation of a poor rice diet with the above foods to provide about 2.5% extra protein in the diet resulted in a highly significant increase in the growth of rats. No significant differences were observed in the mean protein contents of the carcasses or livers of rats receiving the protein foods or skim milk powder. The livers of rats fed on diets containing the protein foods were quite normal, while those of rats fed on the rice diet showed mild parenchymal damage of protein deficiency type and mild fatty infiltration. Large‐scale production and use of fortified protein foods based on soya and groundnut flours will help effectively in overcoming the incidence of protein malnutrition among young children in developing countries.
Some nutritional aspects of cod liver oil. I.—its essential fatty acid and hypocholesterolaemic activity
Authors: Reed S. A.
Published: November 2006

The effect of cod liver oil on rats fed on an unsaturated fatty acid‐deficient diet has been studied. Many of the symptoms of such rats, such as loss of weight, sterility and elevated triene to tetraene fatty acid ratio of the depot fat, are cured by cod liver oil despite the fact that its fatty acids are primarily of the linolenic type. Certain other conditions of the rats, such as dermal symptoms and viability of the young, were not cured by the level of cod liver oil being fed.

The rats used in these experiments were also hypercholesterolaemic and the effectiveness of cod liver oil, its ethyl ester and a fraction with high iodine value from it were compared with maize oil in their effectiveness in reducing their serum cholesterol levels. The effectiveness of these oils appeared to be approximately proportional to the number of methylene‐interrupted double bonds of diene unsaturation and upwards present in the fatty acids irrespective of whether the fatty acids were of the linoleic or linolenic types.
Soil nitrogen. VIII.—some factors affectinga correlations between measurements of soil‐N status and crop performance
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. , Jephcott B. M.
Published: November 2006

In 1959, samples of 17 soils from sites of experiments testing N fertilisers with barley were used to measure their N status in the laboratory, and 14 of the soils were used to grow ryegrass in pots. In the fresh soils, nitrate‐N and mineral‐N (ammonium‐N + nitrate‐N) were measured and also the increases on incubating the Iresh or re‐wetted air‐dry soil (Δ nitrate‐Nfresh or air‐dry and Δ mineral‐Nfresh or air‐dry).

These measurements and similar ones obtained in 1958 were correlated with yields of barley grown without fertiliser‐N and with the grain response to 0.5 cwt. of N/acre as fertiliser.

The laboratory measurements showed that mineralisable‐N increased more by drying soils at 25° than at 15‐18°, and the values determined after storing for 32 weeks before incubating, correlated slightly less well with crop performance than values after 12 weeks of storage. Yields of ryegrass and its content of N were correlated better with nitrate‐N than with mineral‐N in fresh soils.

Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ mineral‐Nair‐dry were correlated most consistently with the yield of barley grain from unfertilised soils or its response to fertiliser‐N. With measurements on fresh soils, nitrate‐N correlated better than mineral‐N with crop performance; with air‐dry soils, Δ mineral‐N correlated better than Δ nitrate‐N. The slopes of the lines for the regressions of responses of barley on soil‐N varied between years.
The natural skin coating of the apple and its influence on scald in storage. I.—fatty acids and hydrocarbons
Authors: Meigh D. F.
Published: November 2006

The way in which oiled wraps reduce the incidence of superficial scald in cold‐stored apples has been studied by determining the composition of the skin coating of the apple and that of the lipid material that is transferred to the wrap during storage. The skin coating of apples treated with diphenylamine, another scald inhibitor, was also analysed.

In the fatty acid fraction from the apple, the C18 group of acids predominated, followed by C16 and C20. Other odd‐ and even‐numbered acids from C9 to C22 were found. The principal hydrocarbon was the normal C29, followed by the C27, C25 and C28 normal hydrocarbons. Other odd‐ and even‐numbered members of the series between C10 and C31 were also found.

The fatty acid fraction absorbed by the wrap was about 10% of that of the unwrapped apple. Its composition approximated to that of the apple except that it was deficient in linoleic, linolenic, arachidic and behenic acids. The effect of diphenylamine was to reduce the total yield of carbon straight‐chain compounds but the acid and hydrocarbon composition was substantially unaltered. The results suggest that neither fatty acids nor hydrocarbons are involved in the protectant action of oiled wraps or of diphenylamine.
The aqueous transport of water‐soluble nematicides through soils. II.—the movement of phenol solutions at a constant percolation rate through a soil profile
Authors: Phillips F. T.
Published: November 2006

Phenol is used as a test chemical to simulate a water‐soluble nematicide.

The concentration‐time product (C.T.P.) of phenol solutions percolated through water‐saturated soil profiles remains approximately constant at all depths, the band width broadening gradually.

When percolated through weakly sorptive soils (sands, silts) which have similar linear sorption isotherms, the rate of leaching of the phenol band is directly proportional to the percolation rate and the C.T.P. is inversely proportional to the percolation rate. For highly sorptive soils (peats) with linear sorption isotherms, other factors have to be introduced.

Sufficient winter rainfall is experienced in this country to leach the phenol band through 1–1 1/2 ft. depth, depending on the soil type.
The aqueous transport of water‐soluble nematicides through soils. III.—natural factors modifying the chromatographic leaching of phenol through soil
Authors: Phillips F. T.
Published: November 2006

A band of phenol solution moves upwards through the soil layers under surface drying conditions.

Surface impaction by raindrops and temperature changes affect the percolation rate and hence the leaching rate of phenol.

Under certain conditions, soil bacteria may cause loss of phenol by degradation.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. IV.—scheme for the rapid determination of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in plant material
Authors: Bradfield E. G.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the rapid determination of copper, iron, manganese and zinc on separate aliquots of a single plant digest solution. The coefficients of variation for these elements should not exceed 5% for strawberry, blackcurrant, apple and plum leaves. More variable results may be obtained for zinc in raspberry leaves but the reason for this is not clear.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. V.—sand culture N, P, K, Mg experiments with strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
Authors: Bould C.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made, by means of factorial sand culture pot experiments, of the relationship between N, P, K and Mg concentrations in the laminae of recently matured leaves of strawberry at flowering, at fruiting and after fruiting, and the yield and grade of fruit. Leaf‐N levels at flowering and at fruiting are higher in pot plants than in plants growing under field conditions. Thus the relation between leaf‐N and yield derived from pot experiments, in which the N‐supply is kept constant, differs from that in the field, where the N‐supply declines throughout the growing season. The agreement with field experience is good for phosphorus and potassium. Standard leaf values representing deficient, marginal and sufficient concentrations of N, P, K and Mg at flowering, at fruiting and after fruiting are suggested.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. XI.—changes in the texture of meat
Authors: Bailey A. J. , Rhodes D. N.
Published: November 2006

The treatment of pork or beef with ionising radiation resulted in a tenderisation, as judged by a taste panel after cooking, detectable at a dose of 2 Mrads and marked at 4 Mrads. Irradiation after a partial cooking produced less effect.

The solubility of the collagen in intact beef muscle was increased by irradiation, as was that of rat tail tendon immersed in meat juice or enclosed in meat tissue. Both collagens became less soluble when irradiated in saline. The solubilisation of collagen was considered to be the result of an indirect action of radicals formed in water, prevented by the presence of the soluble constituents of the meat. These changes in collagen did not account for the whole of the effect of radiation on texture.
Estimation of nisin in foods
Authors: Tramer J. , Fowler G. G.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the estimation of nisin in solution and in foods are described and the nisin unit is redefined. The presence of interfering substances in certain food extracts has been demonstrated. In the foods examined compensation for the effect on the plate assay could be made by inactivating the nisin by an alkali treatment, and using these treated extracts as a basis for controls.

For quantitative determination of suspensions of nisin alone and in food extracts, a large plate diffusion method requiring no prediffusion and using M. flavus as test organism is described. For semi‐quantitative estimations, or for sorting purposes, a simple reverse‐phase disk assay technique based on B. stearothermophilus spores, with overnight incubation at 55°, is proposed.
Griseofulvin spent broth as a liquid fertiliser
Authors: Ingram J. M. A. , Taylor H. F.
Published: November 2006

Concentrated griseofulvin spent broth was examined as to its value as a liquid fertiliser. When diluted, and the nitrogen level adjusted, the broth was shown to compare favourably with a proprietary liquid fertiliser. The material contained the natural plant hormone indol‐3‐ylacetic acid and the griseofulvin which remained in the broth conferred some protection against powdery mildew on wheat plants.
Commercial animal and yeast extracts in composite food products. I.—An examination of beef, whale, mutton, chicken and yeast extracts by paper chromatography
Authors: Crush K. G.
Published: November 2006

Commercial beef, mutton, whale and yeast extracts, and a chicken extract prepared in the laboratory, were examined by two‐dimensional paper chromatography for characteristic substances by which each extract might be recognized and possibly estimated.

The animal extracts were all found to contain β‐alanylpeptides, creatine, creatinine, hypoxanthine (free and combined), small amounts of amino‐acids, and urea (except chicken extract), which distinguishes them from yeast extract and hydrolysed protein, both of which contain high concentrations of amino‐acids but none of these substances. Appreciable amounts of adenine were found in yeast extract but much less in the animal extracts.

Apart from minor differences, whale extract was readily identified by the presence of β‐alanyl‐3‐methylhistidine and chicken extract by an unidentified substance, but beef and mutton extracts were difficult to distinguish from each other.
Commercial animal and yeast extracts in composite food products. II.—Identification of meat extracts, yeast extract and hydrolysed protein in soup tablets and cubes by paper chromatography
Authors: Crush K. G.
Published: November 2006

Composite food products containing salt, monosodium glutamate, fat and a commercial beef, whale or yeast extract or chicken meat, or hydrolysed protein were examined, after extraction of the fat, by two‐dimensional paper chromatography. Characteristic constituents of the extracts were resolved and the recognition of extracts is discussed.

Commercial soup tablets and cubes from European countries were examined for whale extract by the method described: it was detected in all four chicken tablets, in two out of five cubes and in five out of twenty‐three soup tablets.
Some properties of freeze‐dried pork muscles of high or low ultimate pH
Authors: Penny I. F. , Voyle C. A. , Lawrie R. A.
Published: November 2006

The induction of a high ultimate pH in pork muscle by preslaughter injection of adrenaline gave a product which after Accelerated Freeze Drying was more tender and more juicy than the corresponding control pork muscle of low ultimate pH.
Effects of soil and foliar applications of sodium borate to sugar beet
Authors: Hamence J. H. , Oram P. A.
Published: November 2006

The effects were examined of liquid and solid applications of sodium borates, used at the rate of 20 lb. borax equivalent/acre, to sugar beet at seeding, mid‐June and late August. The trials were conducted at twelve sites on light‐land farms in East Anglia, selected as far as possible as having a previous history of boron deficiency.

Treatments were effective in controlling, but not always entirely eliminating, boron‐deficiency symptoms, and had no detrimental influence on germination, population or growth. Nevertheless yields of roots and sugar, and sugar content, were increased significantly only at severely deficient sites; juice purity was not improved nor was noxious nitrogen reduced even at such sites; and these trials lend no support to theories that boron addition has some specific value in increasing sugar content, even where soils have a normal supply of the element. Leaf weight was increased more consistently, even where boron had no effect on root yield and there were no noticeable deficiency symptoms. Climatic and soil influences were very marked, serious deficiency being more prevalent in drier years and on lighter soils, where temporary attacks in intermittent dry periods were also liable to occur. No consistent differences could be observed between liquid or solid applications whether to the seed bed or to the growing crop, but August treatment in neither case gave good results.

Boron analyses were made on soils and leaves. Results suggest that soil analysis (either for total or available boron) is an unreliable means of diagnosing boron requirement, that roots neither reflect boron contents of soils or plants, nor the results of boron addition. The analysis of blades of older leaves in June when it is not too late to take the necessary corrective action, is the best procedure for sugar beet. The available boron content of soils and the total boron content of plants were highest in late summer, and even where boron had been added in August, residual effects were small and well below the safety margin for crops less tolerant than beet. In view of climatic hazards, the uncertainty of soil analysis as a means of diagnosis, the low residual effects of boron addition, and the damaging losses from serious deficiency, a routine application of borate to all sugar beet crops grown on lighter soils seems a wise precaution. These trials indicate that for this purpose a foliar spray applied in June, or after singling, is just as effective as a fertiliser applied to the seed bed.
Total sulphur and water‐soluble sulphate contents of soils and their relation to other soil properties
Authors: Massoumi A. , Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

In 58 cultivated mineral soils, there were wide ranges in the contents of total sulphur and water‐soluble sulphate‐sulphur and in the content of sulphate‐sulphur calculated as a percentage of total sulphur. Calcareous soils had a higher average total sulphur content than had non‐calcareous soils, although the range of values in both groups was wide and showed considerable overlapping. Total sulphur was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with sulphate, but variations in total sulphur accounted for only 15% of the variations in sulphate. Walkley‐Black carbon values accounted for 47% and total nitrogen for 34% of the variations in total sulphur: pH and clay content were poorly correlated with total sulphur. Correlations of sulphate with pH, Walkley‐Black carbon, total nitrogen and clay were of a low order or non‐significant. The average nitrogen/sulphur ratio of the soils was somewhat lower than those reported by other workers for similar groups of soils.
Citrus essential oils. IV.—Chemical transformations of lime oil
Authors: Slater C. A. , Watkins W. T.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of some of the chemical transformations which may occur when natural lime oil is distilled from or kept in contact with lime juice. The results help to account for the differences in aroma and flavour between natural and distilled lime oils and between fresh and stored lime juice.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers on the non‐volatile organic acids of tomato fruit
Authors: Davies J. N.
Published: November 2006

The effect of two levels each of N, P and K in factorial combination on the acidity and the individual non‐volatile organic acids in ethanolic extracts of whole, ripe tomato fruit has been studied. The concentrations of the two principal acids, citric and malic, were both significantly increased by high levels of K in the soil. Although the main effect of N was not significant, significant interactions between N and K were found with respect to both acids, and a significant interaction between N and P with respect to citric acid.

Glutamic and aspartic acids and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) were all increased by N applications and decreased by phosphate. There was no significant main effect of K on glutamic acid concentrations, but aspartic acid and PCA were significantly decreased by high K levels in the soil. Changes in glutamic and aspartic acids were reflected in the total α‐amino‐N content; the highest concentrations were found where high N was combined with low phosphate. Addition of K decreased the total α‐amino‐N at the low, but not at the high level of N.
Determination of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in lawn fertilisers
Authors: Bradley J. K. , Thompson W. K.
Published: November 2006

The extraction and determination by gas chromatography of 2,4‐dichloro‐ (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐trichloro‐phenoxyacetic acids (2,4,5‐T) as their methyl esters when present together in lawn fertilisers is described. The recovery of these herbicides varies with the composition of the fertiliser and four formulations have been studied to cover the most likely variations to be met in practice. The presence of dissolved hide meal results in extremely low recoveries. With this exception, recovery of over 90% of the 2,4‐D added and 75% of the 2,4,5‐T added is obtained. Standard deviations for three formulations are quoted.
Factors influencing the production of hydrogen sulphide from meat during heating
Authors: Johnson A. R. , Vickery J. R.
Published: November 2006

The relationship between the nutritional history of an animal and the production of H2S when the meat is heated has been investigated. The flesh of animals in poor condition produced more labile sulphur in the form of H2S than did the flesh from animals in good condition. The amount of H2S produced was directly related to the pH of the meat, irrespective of whether the pH was varied artificially by the use of acid or alkali, or whether the ultimate pH was increased biologically by starvation.
Effects of cobalt‐60 γ‐irradiation and mechanical damage on soft wheat flour
Authors: Miller B. S. , Koenig V. L. , Trimbo H. , Ogrins Alide
Published: November 2006

Several cake flours were irradiated with 60Co γ‐rays and subjected to chemical, physicochemical and cake‐making evaluation. Ball‐milled and pin‐milled samples were similarly studied. Damage to volume, grain and texture characteristics of white layer cakes occurred between 0.1 and 1.0 × 106 rads, and greater dosages caused progressively more deterioration. Profound changes in starch and protein occurred as the result of irradiation. Mechanical damage by pin‐ and (especially) ball‐milling affected the properties of the starch and protein, but not always in the same way as irradiation. Whereas milling led to improvement in cake quality, irradiation apparently did not.
The nutritive value of meat by‐products
Authors: Grace N. D. , Richards E. L.
Published: November 2006

The “available lysine value” (ALV) of various meat by‐products has been determined, and correlations with the relative nutritive values (determined by bioassay using growth of chickens) and the “gross protein value” (GPV) estimated. The ALV correlated well with GPV but not with the relative nutritive value and there was no significant correlation between the values obtained by the biological methods. Biological assay showed that there were significant differences in the nutritive value of the meat by‐products. The use of the GPV which evaluates protein supplements at a sub‐optimal level of protein may give an inaccurate indication of their value at optimum levels of protein. The proximate analyses and the calcium and phosphorus content of these materials are also reported.
The protein amino‐acid composition and nitrogen distribution in two tropical grasses
Authors: Hodgson H. C.
Published: November 2006

Determinations have been made of the amino‐acid composition of protein extracts from the dried green tissues of two perennial tropical grasses—Brachiaria ruziziensis and Setaria sphacelata, harvested at various growth stages. The relative contributions of the isolated protein N, soluble N, and residual or unextracted N to the total organic nitrogen have also been investigated. The results show general similarities of protein composition and pattern of nitrogen distribution throughout the development of the plants.
Flour treated with chlorine dioxide: Multigeneration tests with rats
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. , Pace J.
Published: November 2006

Two groups of rats were bred and maintained for six successive generations on diets containing over 70% by weight of dried bread. For one group the bread was made from untreated flour and for the other from flour treated with 48 p.p.m. of chlorine dioxide. For each generation the number of litters produced, the number per litter, the birthweight, the weight of the young at 7, 14 and 21 days during suckling, the weight at weaning, the survival rate at weaning, the post‐weaning rate of growth to maturity and food consumption during growth were observed. In these respects there was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the generations or over all generations. The observations as a whole provide no evidence that treatment of flour with chlorine dioxide at this level produces a factor which adversely affects the nutrition of the rat during reproduction and growth.
Coumarin and related compounds of Anthoxanthum puelii and Melilotus alba and dicoumarol formation in spoilt sweet vernal and sweet clover hay
Authors: Davies E. G. , Ashton W. M.
Published: November 2006

Anthoxanthum species are unusual among British grasses in their content of coumarin, a compound whose presence in sweet clover (Melilotus alba) has been alleged to give rise to the production of the anticoagulant dicoumarol in “sweet clover disease”. By chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques, 7‐hydroxycoumarin 6‐glucoside (aesculin) and o‐hydroxyhydrocinnamic (melilotic) acid, trans‐2‐hydroxycinnamic (o‐coumaric) acid, and 4‐hydroxycinnamic (p‐coumaric) acid were found in annual sweet vernal (A. puelii) and sweet clover. 3‐Methoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic (ferulic) acid was also found in annual sweet vernal, and 7‐hydroxycoumarin in sweet clover. Dicoumarol formation was studied in spoilt (i.e., mouldy) hay made from perennial sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum). The hay contained very small amounts of dicoumarol, and larger amounts were present when the hay was inoculated with Penicillium jenseni and when formaldehyde was added. During spoilage the coumarin content of the hay decreased while the related compounds increased in amount and reached a steady value in about 4 weeks.

Although the coumarins and related compounds of annual sweet vernal and sweet clover are virtually the same, much higher levels of dicoumarol were found in the latter after spoilage, possibly because, under the conditions of the experiment, it became more mouldy than the former.

Experiments with a mixed oatgrass/cocksfoot hay indicated that added trans‐2‐hydroxycinnamic acid and not coumarin gave rise to 4‐hydroxycoumarin which reacted with formaldehyde to produce dicoumarol. This suggests that this acid and not coumarin is the precursor of dicoumarol.

The very small amounts of dicoumarol found in spoilt perennial sweet vernal hay, and the results of earlier experiments in which such hay was fed to sheep and rabbits, do not suggest that the increased use of Anthoxanthum species in pastures would lead to detrimental effects.
The mineral composition of apples. II.—Analytical methods
Authors: Perring M. A.
Published: November 2006

Two methods of determination of potassium in apples using aqueous extraction and a flame photometer are described. Comparisons with results obtained by ashing show that 95–98% of the total potassium can be recovered. Methods of clarifying the extracts are compared.

Methods used to determine potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in ash solutions are discussed. It is shown that the concentrations of the other ions present in ash solutions do not interfere with the direct determination of potassium and sodium by flame photometer.
Rapid estimations of hypoxanthine concentrations as indices of the freshness of chill‐stored fish
Authors: Jones N. R. , Murray J. , Livingston E. I. , Murray C. K.
Published: November 2006

Rapid estimates of hypoxanthine concentration in muscle extracts by xanthine oxidase reaction agreed well with those obtained by ion‐exchange chromatography. Assay by precipitation as the silver salt was subject to some inaccuracy. Concentrations of hypoxanthine increased throughout the period of useful storage of a number of species. The increases correlated well with most evaluations of quality by taste panel.
Studies in beef quality. IV.—A comparison of the eating quality of meat from bulls and steers
Authors: Jones K. Bryce , Harries J. M. , Robertson Jean , Akers J. M.
Published: November 2006

The eating quality of rib joints and silversides from 10 pairs of bull‐and‐steer twins has been investigated.

Steer meat was the more tender. Overall it also had a slight advantage in juiciness and flavour. Significant differences in tenderness were found in the longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semi‐tendinosus muscles. The differences in quality were most marked in the region of the 7–8th rib. Shear values supported the taste panel assessment of tenderness.

The bull meat contained less fat than the steer meat. Several animals, mostly bulls, yielded meat with high pH values but the meat was not dark cutting.
Availability of sulphur amino‐acids in protein foods. I.—Total sulphur amino‐acid content in relation to sulphur and nitrogen balance studies with the rat
Authors: Miller E. L. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: November 2006

For a series of seven fish, meat and whale meals, there was no correlation between their sulphur content (expressed per 16 g. of N) and their net protein utilisation for rats although the quality of the protein was limited by the sulphur‐containing amino‐acids. The relationship found for a series of human diets cannot therefore be extended to processed material of the type used here. Cystine and methionine accounted for less than two‐thirds of the sulphur found in five of the samples. Digestibility of the sulphur ranged from 53 to 90% and, except for two meals which had the highest ratio of cystine to methionine, was similar to the corresponding figure for nitrogen. The product of sulphur amino‐acid content and sulphur digestibility of the meals correlated with their net protein utilisation for rats. Procedures for estimation of cystine and methionine are discussed.
Infant food based on coconut protein, groundnut protein isolate and skim milk powder. II—Overall growth‐promotinǵ value and supplementary value to poor cereal diets
Authors: Rao G. Rama , Indira K. , Ramanatham G. , Chandrasekhara M. R.
Published: November 2006

The nutritive value of a spray‐dried infant food described in Part I was studied by growth experiments on albino rats. The growth of albino rats on the infant food diet was 15.3 g. as compared with 13.9 g. for a control milk food of a similar composition. A 3 : I blend of infant food and cane sugar promoted a weekly growth rate of 18.1 g. as compared with 16.1 g. obtained for a similar blend of control milk food and sugar. No significant differences were observed in the contents of liver‐protein and fat but protein and calcium contents of the carcasses of animals receiving infant food were lower than of those receiving milk food. When incorporated at 20% level (providing about 5% of extra protein) in maize‐tapioca diets and at 10% level in rice diets, the food was as effective in promoting growth in rats. However, in the compositions of the liver and carcass there were some significant though inconsistent differences, between the diets on maize‐tapioca and rice. The livers of rats receiving the supplement of infant food or milk food were normal, indicating that both the supplements were effective in correcting the protein deficiency in the diets and in preventing liver damage which occurred in the unsupplemented diets.
Some biochemical investigations into the susceptibility of barley varieties to DDT
Authors: Upshall D. G. , Goodwin T. W.
Published: November 2006

The internal DDT deposits in the leaves of a barley strain (Rika) which is susceptible to DDT and of one (Proctor) which is resistant, were found to be the same. DDT specifically accumulated to the same extent in both strains.

Neither DDT (2.56 × 10−5M) nor DDE (2.75 × 10−5M) inhibited the Hill reaction in either strain. When DDT at approximately 30 p.p.m. was included in a water culture solution, no adverse effect on the root system of either strain was noted; only very slight uptake of DDT into the plant was noted. The susceptible strain when germinated in the presence of DDT is not adversely affected until the 10th day, i.e., when all food reserves are used up. No significant metabolism of DDT by either strain could be observed even when [14C]‐DDT was used.

Examination of 19 DDT analogues revealed three structural requirements for toxicity.

It is concluded that DDT exerts its toxic effect in Rika by gaining access to a functional lipoprotein in the chloroplast by being able to penetrate the membrane; in Proctor it is adsorbed on the chloroplast but presumably cannot penetrate the chloroplast membrane.
Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. I.—Sampling procedure and analytical methods
Authors: Acquaye D. K.
Published: November 2006

The analytical methods used in foliar diagnosis at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, are described; and their accuracy and precision tested by statistical analysis. The variables which might influence the harvesting of a representative leaf sample were studied. The age, size and position of leaf with respect to light and time of day of sampling affected nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in the leaves. Sampling of alternate trees of a plot of 100 trees (planted at 8 ft. × 8 ft.) indicated that on the average about 50% and 14% of the tree population should be sampled to show a significant difference of 10% and 20% respectively at P = 0.05.

A sampling procedure is recommended.
Hydrogen sulphide production by yeasts
Authors: Rankine B. C.
Published: November 2006

Hydrogen sulphide production was studied quantitatively with 64 yeasts from 12 genera in pure culture in grape juices under different conditions.

Large differences were observed between strains, ranging from no detectable production using sensitive lead acetate indicator tubes to high production easily detected by smell. On the average about five times as much was produced at 30° as at 15°. The amount produced under defined conditions appears to be a constant character of the yeasts. Schizosaccharo‐myces malidevorans produced the greatest quantity, and oxidative yeasts of the genera Pichia and Candida growing as surface films gave slow production over a long period.

Production by pairs of yeasts, the partners of which differed in amount produced in pure culture, was also studied. With pairs of yeasts having the high hydrogen sulphide‐producing Schizosaccharomyces as one partner, the yield was related to the proportion of this yeast in the mixture, as measured towards the end of fermentation.

With yeasts producing lesser amounts, the amount produced by the pair of yeasts fermenting together was less than that expected. A possible reason for this is given.

The importance of selecting a yeast with minimal hydrogen sulphide production for winemaking, and the use of an adequate volume of starter to dominate the natural yeasts is emphasized.
Studies on rumen metabolism. III.—Effect of lipids in vitro and in vivo on microbial activity
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Hawke J. C.
Published: November 2006

The addition of lipids increased the formation of ammonia when strained rumen liquors were incubated anaerobically at 39° with ryegrass juice extract high in protein, but decreased the formation of ammonia when fibrous substrates low in protein were used instead of ryegrass juice extract. The addition of lipid did not affect ammonia levels in the rumen of cows on a hay diet. Lipid decreased the digestion of fibrous ryegrass constituents and cotton thread by rumen micro‐organisms in vitro and in vivo respectively. Decreased formation of acetic acid and increased formation of propionic acid also occurred in the presence of lipid. High rates of fermentation of the constituents of ryegrass juice were not affected by lipid and were accompanied by rapid hydrogenation of the constituent unsaturated fatty acids of the lipid itself.
Digestion. III—Faecal analyses and digestibility
Authors: Hellström Nils , Aamisepp Margarethe
Published: November 2006

A study is made of five fractions (separated by a technique described) from the faeces of sheep fed on ryegrass and cocksfoot cut at different periods of growth. The correlation between the feed, the protein contents of the faeces fractions and the metabolic product is briefly discussed.
The nitrogen metabolism of the young pig. II—Effect of heat treatment on the ‘available’ lysine content fish meal and the performance of pigs
Authors: Jones A. S. , Cadenhead A.
Published: November 2006

Young male pigs were given diets containing barley and fish meal with added minerals and vitamins. The fish meal was Peruvian or white fish meal of similar ‘available’ lysine content but different total lysine content, heated white fish meal with the same total but reduced ‘available’ lysine content, or heated white fish meal with supplementary lysine. There was a reduction in the nitrogen retention, growth rate and feed conversion of the pigs when the heated meal was given, but there were no significant differences in these criteria for pigs given the Peruvian or the white fish meal. Some of the reduced performance on the heated meal was due to a lowering of the digestibility of dry matter and the addition of synthetic lysine to the diet containing heated fish meal only partly restored nitrogen retention, growth rate and feed conversion.
The rǒle of wheat flour pentosans in baking. III—Enzymic degradation of pentosan fractions
Authors: Wrench Pamela M.
Published: November 2006

Enzymes in snail digestive juice degrade two of the five fractions obtained when flour pentosans are chromatographed on DEAE, cellulose. These fractions are both glycoproteins containing arabinose and galactose and one also contains xylose. Solutions of the latter fraction gel on the addition of oxidising agents, but this ability is lost after incubation with snail juice enzymes. Loaves baked from doughs in which the pentosans have been degraded by snail juice enzymes are inferior in volume, but this effect is not observed in the presence of oxidising agents. The effect of oxidising agents, however, does not appear to be directly related to that of the pentosans.
Protein denaturation in frozen fish. IX—The inhibitory effect of glycerol in cod muscle
Authors: Love R. M. , Elerian M. K.
Published: November 2006

The denaturation of cold‐stored cod fillets was inhibited to some extent by treatment with glycerol solution before freezing, 10% being the optimum concentration. There was less ice present at a given temperature in frozen tissue pre‐treated with glycerol than in the controls, and this observation has shed some light on the nature of the protective mechanism.
Studies on the nutritional value of foods treated with γ‐radiation. I.—Effects on some B‐complex vitamins in egg and wheat
Authors: Kennedy T. S.
Published: November 2006

By use of microbiological methods of assay, the effect of γ‐radiation at doses of 0·5 Mrad and 5·0 Mrad on the content of some B‐complex vitamins in frozen whole egg has been studied. For comparative purposes, analyses were also performed on egg treated by a heat‐pasteurisation process designed to eliminate salmonellae food‐poisoning organisms. No change was apparent in pantothenic acid, biotin and riboflavin after any of the treatments. A 24% loss of thiamine occurred at 0·5 Mrad and this was increased to 61% at 5·0 Mrads.

Similar analyses were made on Manitoba wheat irradiated at 0·02 Mrad, which is approximately the dose required for grain disinfestation, and also at ten times this dose. No apparent change was observed in the contents of nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, biotin and total vitamin B6 after irradiation at 0·02 Mrad; pantothenic acid showed a slight loss at this dose. At 0·2 Mrad a loss of 12% nicotinic acid, 11% pantothenic acid and 10% biotin occurred.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. VI—Relative toxicity of pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II against four strains of house flies
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Elliott M.
Published: November 2006

Freshly reconstituted samples of pyrethrins I and II were tested against four strains of house flies. Pyrethrin II was 1·21–1·50 times more toxic than pyrethrin I, 24 h. after treatment, and 1·09–1·54 times more toxic, 48 h. after treatment. The strain of flies and the method of immobilising the insects before treatment (CO2 or chilling) had little effect on the relative toxicity of the two esters. Two strains resistant to organophosphorus insecticides were very strongly resistant to knock‐down but not to kill by the pyrethrins. The two esters were stable for 3 months when stored as 5% w/v solutions in darkness at −20°; only pyrethrin II lost some of its insecticidal activity (23%) when left in acetone solution in daylight for 5 days at 15–20°.