bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incentive hope: A default psychological response to multiple forms of uncertainty
Authors: Anselme Patrick , Güntürkün Onur
Published: March 2019

Our target article proposes that a new concept – incentive hope – is necessary in the behavioral sciences to explain animal foraging under harsh environmental conditions. Incentive hope refers to a specific motivational mechanism in the brain – considered only in mammals and birds. But it can also be understood at a functional level, as an adaptive behavioral strategy that contributes to improve survival. Thus, this concept is an attempt to bridge across different research fields such as behavioral psychology, reward neuroscience, and behavioral ecology. Many commentaries suggest that incentive hope even could help understand phenomena beyond these research fields, including food wasting and food sharing, mental energy conservation, diverse psychopathologies, irrational decisions in invertebrates, and some aspects of evolution by means of sexual selection. We are favorable to such extensions because incentive hope denotes an unconscious process capable of working against many forms of adversity; organisms do not need to hope as a subjective feeling, but to behave as if they had this feeling. In our response, we carefully discuss each suggestion and criticism and reiterate the importance of having a theory accounting for motivation under reward uncertainty.
Revising order or challenging the balance of military power? An alternative typology of revisionist and status-quo states
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel , Ward Steven
Published: March 2019

Unimensional accounts of revisionism – those that align states along a single continuum from supporting the status quo to seeking a complete overhaul of the international system – miss important variation between a desire to alter the balance of military power and a desire to alter other elements of international order. We propose a two-dimensional property space that generates four ideal types: status-quo actors, who are satisfied with both order and the distribution of power; reformist actors, who are fine with the current distribution of power but seek to change elements of order; positionalist actors, who see no reason to alter the international order but do aim to shift the distribution of power; and revolutionary actors, who want to overturn both international order and the distribution of capabilities. This framework helps make sense of a number of important debates about hegemony and international order, such as the possibility of revisionist hegemonic powers, controversies over the concept of ‘soft balancing’, and broader dynamics of international goods substitution during power transitions.
Hypothesis Test-based Detection of Wi-Fi Interference on NavIC/IRNSS S-band Signal
Authors: Lineswala Priyanka L. , Jagiwala Darshna D. , Shah Shweta N.
Published: March 2019

The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)/Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an emerging satellite navigation system that provides an independent navigation system for positioning and timing services in India and up to 1,500 km from its borderline. The dual frequency NavIC system uses the L5 frequency and S-band for navigation. These navigation signals are extremely weak and susceptible to interference when they are received on Earth's surface. Moreover, the performance of these bands may be degraded by other band or out-of-band communication systems, which can become the major threat to the performance of a NavIC receiver. The main focus of this paper is to detect real-time interference of Wi-Fi signals in the S-band of the NavIC receiver. The results are prepared with respect to the Power Spectral Density (PSD), execution of acquisition stage and the detection of Wi-Fi interference with two sample hypothesis testing methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS)-test, the t-test and the Variance (var)-test. A performance analysis of the p-value is used to measure the evidence of interference existence for hypothesis testing, decision hypothesis and probability of detection are evaluated for each hypothesis method. The results show the severity of the Wi-Fi signal as a potential source of interference for future NavIC applications.
Automated feedback generation for formal manufacturing rule extraction
Authors: Kang SungKu , Patil Lalit , Rangarajan Arvind , Moitra Abha , Jia Tao , Robinson Dean , Dutta Debasish
Published: March 2019

Manufacturing knowledge is maintained primarily in the unstructured text in industry. To facilitate the reuse of the knowledge, previous efforts have utilized Natural Language Processing (NLP) to classify manufacturing documents or to extract structured knowledge (e.g. ontology) from manufacturing text. On the other hand, extracting more complex knowledge, such as manufacturing rule, has not been feasible in a practical scenario, as standard NLP techniques cannot address the input text that needs validation. Specifically, if the input text contains the information irrelevant to the rule-definition or semantically invalid expression, standard NLP techniques cannot selectively derive precise information for the extraction of the desired formal manufacturing rule. To address the gap, we developed the feedback generation method based on Constraint-based Modeling (CBM) coupled with NLP and domain ontology, designed to support formal manufacturing rule extraction. Specifically, the developed method identifies the necessity of input text validation based on the predefined constraints and provides the relevant feedback to help the user modify the input text, so that the desired rule can be extracted. We proved the feasibility of the method by extending the previously implemented formal rule extraction framework. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by enabling the extraction of correct manufacturing rules from all the cases that need input text validation, about 30% of the dataset, after modifying the input text based on the feedback. We expect the feedback generation method will contribute to the adoption of semantics-based technology in the manufacturing field, by facilitating precise knowledge acquisition from manufacturing-related documents in a practical scenario.
ALBION W. SMALL’S NEGLECTED PROGRESSIVE VIEWS: REDUCING INEQUALITIES FOR A REASONABLE CAPITALISM
Authors: Chassagnon Virgile , Vallet Guillaume
Published: March 2019

This paper sheds light on Albion Small’s views on the inequalities resulting from capital concentration. As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era, Small sought ways to reduce social injustice, which in his view was key to avoiding class conflict and preserving democracy. He emphasized the need to devise social policies with a view to ensuring the equality of opportunities for all to realize what Small termed their “interests”—through the combination of their labor with “tool-capital.” Small entrusted the State with the central role of fighting capital inequalities through social policies, the treatment of inequalities dealing with morals. He embraced the then-fashionable idea of reasonable capitalism, as expounded by fellow progressive scholars, the likes of Richard T. Ely, John Dewey, or John R. Commons, who all sensed that such an economic system would survive only if it improves the social well-being as well as the self-development of all individuals.
EDWIN B. WILSON, MORE THAN A CATALYTIC INFLUENCE FOR PAUL SAMUELSON’SFOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Carvajalino Juan
Published: March 2019

This paper is an exploration of the genesis of Paul Samuelson’sFoundations of Economic Analysis(1947) from the perspective of his commitment to Edwin B. Wilson’s mathematics. The paper sheds new light on Samuelson’sFoundationsat two levels. First, Wilson’s foundational ideas, embodied in maxims that abound in Samuelson’s book, such as “Mathematics is a Language” or “operationally meaningful theorems,” unified the chapters ofFoundationsand gave a sense of unity to Samuelson’s economics. Second, Wilson influenced certain theoretical concerns of Samuelson’s economics. Particularly, Samuelson adopted Wilson’s definition of a stable equilibrium position of a system in terms of discrete inequalities. Following Wilson, Samuelson developed correspondences between the continuous and the discrete in order to translate the mathematics of the continuous of neoclassical economics into formulas of discrete magnitudes. InFoundations, the local and the discrete provided the best way ofoperationalizingmarginal and differential calculus. The discrete resonated intuitively with data; the continuous did not.
Use of the brief Confusion Assessment Method in a veteran palliative care population: A pilot validation study
Authors: Wilson Jo Ellen , Boehm Leanne , Samuels Lauren R. , Unger Deborah , Leonard Martha , Roumie Christianne , Ely E. Wesley , Dittus Robert S. , Misra Sumi , Han Jin H.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Many patients with advanced serious illness or at the end of life experience delirium, a potentially reversible form of acute brain dysfunction, which may impair ability to participate in medical decision-making and to engage with their loved ones. Screening for delirium provides an opportunity to address modifiable causes. Unfortunately, delirium remains underrecognized. The main objective of this pilot was to validate the brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM), a two-minute delirium-screening tool, in a veteran palliative care sample.

Method

This was a pilot prospective, observational study that included hospitalized patients evaluated by the palliative care service at a single Veterans’ Administration Medical Center. The bCAM was compared against the reference standard, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Both assessments were blinded and conducted within 30 minutes of each other.

Result

We enrolled 36 patients who were a median of 67 years (interquartile range 63–73). The primary reasons for admission to the hospital were sepsis or severe infection (33%), severe cardiac disease (including heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and myocardial infarction) (17%), or gastrointestinal/liver disease (17%). The bCAM performed well against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, for detecting delirium, with a sensitivity (95% confidence interval) of 0.80 (0.4, 0.96) and specificity of 0.87 (0.67, 0.96).

Significance of Results

Delirium was present in 27% of patients enrolled and never recognized by the palliative care service in routine clinical care. The bCAM provided good sensitivity and specificity in a pilot of palliative care patients, providing a method for nonpsychiatrically trained personnel to detect delirium.
A scoping review of palliative care for persons with severe persistent mental illness
Authors: Donald Erin E. , Stajduhar Kelli I
Published: March 2019

Objective

People with severe persistent mental illness (SPMI) experience a greater burden and severity of chronic disease, late diagnosis, and premature death compared with the general population. Those with SPMI also receive fewer medical treatments, poor quality of care, and are less likely to receive palliative care. A systematic scoping review was undertaken to determine the extent, range, and nature of research activity about people with SPMI requiring palliative care, and to identify gaps and opportunities for future research.

Method

A systematic scoping review was undertaken in September 2017 and updated in May 2018 to map literature on this topic, determine the extent and range of what has been published, and report the findings. This five-stage framework was conducted by (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) determining study selection; (4) charting the data; and 5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. A narrative approach to analysis was used to synthesize and interpret findings. A search of multidisciplinary healthcare databases resulted in 46 included articles.

Result

Four major themes were identified from the included studies: complexity of care; limited access to care (both through systems and healthcare providers); competence and autonomy; and the potential for relationships between mental health and palliative care.

Significance of results

This review reveals a highly vulnerable population with complex needs that are not reliably being met by the healthcare system and providers. Research in this area must continue to develop using rigorous qualitative and quantitative study designs, and interventions should be developed and tested based on existing knowledge to inform care. The voices of people with SPMI in need of palliative care must be represented in future studies to address gaps. To expand a body of literature addressing mainly individuals, system perspectives and sociocultural analysis can bring much to contextualizing the experience of living with SPMI in the palliative phase of care. Adoption of a palliative approach, which promotes the principles of palliative care across nonspecialized care settings provided by nonspecialist palliative providers, has the potential to increase access to high-quality palliative treatment for people with SPMI.
INCREDVLVS ODI: HORACE AND THE SUBLITERARY AESTHETIC OF THE AUGUSTAN STAGE
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene
Published: March 2019

Starting from the comparative standpoint of elite hostility to nineteenth-century British melodrama, this article posits pantomime's ‘melodramatic’ mode of exhibitionist excess as one of the missing links in the landscape against which Horace composed hisArs poetica. It suggests that lines 182–8 of theArsthat disapprove the display of death, violence and physical impossibilities on the tragic stage may be better understood as Horace's hostile response to pantomime's increasing prominence in Roman theatrical life, more precisely to the dislocation of ‘horror’ and ‘marvel’ from the realm of the ‘heard’ to that of the ‘seen’ favoured by the pantomime genre.
Low-profile, extremely wideband, dual-band-notched MIMO antenna for UWB applications
Authors: Bhattacharya Ankan , Roy Bappadittya , Caldeirinha Rafael F. S. , Bhattacharjee Anup K.
Published: March 2019

In this article, an extremely wideband, isolation-enhanced, low-profile “Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output” (MIMO) antenna along with dual-band-notched features has been investigated. The antenna proposed herein, possesses two mutually orthogonal staircase-etched radiators for achieving a wide bandwidth. The radiating elements are placed mutually perpendicular in order to achieve polarization diversity and high isolation, i.e. for minimization of mutual coupling effect between adjacent radiating elements. The antenna exhibits an extremely wide frequency bandwidth covering 1.2–19.4 GHz except two frequency band notches centered at 3.5 and 5.5 GHz, respectively, originated due to the incorporation of a “Rectangular Complementary Split Ring Resonator (RCSRR)” structure and by etching dual “L-shaped” slits in the ground plane. The center frequency of the notched bands is adjusted by fine tuning of the dimensions of the incorporated band-notching structures. Isolation level (S21) better than −20 dB has been obtained due to the insertion of a “T-shaped” parasitic element as a decoupling structure. A prototype of the proposed antenna having dimension of 20 mm × 20 mm (0.08 λo × 0.08 λo) is fabricated and the antenna responses have been measured. Obtained results show that the miniaturized MIMO diversity antenna is undoubtedly a capable contender for communications supporting an extremely wide impedance bandwidth along with band-notched features for WLAN and WiMAX.
Effects of Delay Discounting and Other Predictors on Smoking Relapse
Authors: González-Roz Alba , Secades-Villa Roberto , Pericot-Valverde Irene , Weidberg Sara , Alonso-Pérez Fernando
Published: March 2019

Despite the substantial decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking and the availability of effective smoking cessation treatments, smoking relapse after formal treatments remains extremely high. Evidence regarding clinical predictors of relapse after quitting is essential to promote long-term abstinence among those who successfully quit. This study aimed to explore whether baseline delay discounting (DD) rates and other sociodemographic, psychological, and smoking-related variables predicted relapse to smoking at six-month follow-up. Participants were 188 adult smokers (mean age = 42.9, SD = 12.9; 64.4% females) who received one of three treatment conditions: 6-weeks of cognitive–behavioral treatment (CBT) alone; or combined with contingency management (CBT + CM); or combined with cue exposure treatment (CBT+CET). Smoking status was biochemically verified. Logistic regression was conducted to examine prospective predictors of smoking relapse at six months after an initial period of abstinence. Greater DD rates (OR: 0.18; 95% CI [0.03, 0.93]), being younger (OR: 0.96; 95% CI [0.94, 0.99]), high nicotine dependence (OR: 1.34; 95% CI [1.13, 1.60]), and a higher number of previous quit attempts (OR: 4.47; 95% CI [1.14, 17.44]) increased the likelihood of smoking relapse at six-month follow-up. Besides sociodemographic and smoking-related characteristics, greater DD predisposes successful quitters to relapse back to smoking. These results stress the relevance of incorporating specific treatment components for reducing impulsivity.
The Effect of Bilingualism Level on Creative Performance during Preadolescent Period
Authors: Sampedro Agurne , Peña Javier
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the performance of creativity tasks regarding different levels of bilingualism and school grade. The sample consisted of 224 preadolescent children from fifth and sixth grades resident in the Basque Country (Spain). Evaluation included verbal and figural creativity tasks, and a linguistic proficiency questionnaire. The sample was divided into three groups depending on the bilingualism level (low, medium, and high). Results showed on the one hand, a better performance in figural creativity in the high-level group compared to medium and low-level groups,F(2, 218) = 7.22,p= .001, Ƞ2p= .062. On the other hand, the high-level group performed better in verbal creativity compared to the medium level group,F(2, 218) = 4.22,p= .016, Ƞ2p= .037. Differences in creativity between the three levels of bilingualism were different depending on the school grade. Moreover, children from fifth grade had better results in figural creativity tasks,F(1, 218) = 6.75,p= .010, Ƞ2p= .030. These results suggest that level of bilingualism is related to performance in creativity, and concretely, that a high level of bilingualism is associated with a greater creativity, while a medium level of bilingualism is related to a worse creativity performance. These are relevant results for the educational field that point out the importance of acquiring good competence in both languages.
Low correlation between morning spot and 24-hour urine samples for estimating sodium intake in an Iranian population: Isfahan Salt Study
Authors: Khosravi Alireza , Mohammadifard Noushin , Gharipour Mojagn , Abdollahi Zahra , Nouri Fatemeh , Feizi Awat , Jozan Mahnaz , Sarrafzadegan Nizal
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Introduction: Although difficult, the 24-hour urine sodium excretion is still considered as the gold standard method to estimate salt intake. The current study aimed to assess the validity of using spot urine samples in comparison with the standard 24-hour urine collection to estimate sodium and potassium intake in healthy Iranian adults. Methods and subjects: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1099 healthy Iranians aged 18–69 years. Samples of 24-hour and fasting morning spot urine were collected to measure sodium and potassium excretions. Tanaka’s formula was utilized to predict the 24-hour sodium and potassium urinary excretions based on the spot values. Results: The difference between measured and estimated sodium excretion values was 4265 mg/day (95% CI: 4106–4424; P < 0.001) and 2242 mg/day in case of potassium excretion (95% CI: 2140–2344; P < 0.001). There was a weak significant correlation between the 24-hour urine sodium and potassium excretion and the predicted values (intraclass correlations: 0.22 and 0.28, respectively; both P < 0.001). Conclusion: The weak association between the predicted and measured values of sodium and potassium along with the marked overestimation of daily sodium and potassium excretions based on the spot urine and using Tanaka formula indicates that Tanaka formula is not practical for the prediction of sodium and potassium or salt intake in Iranian adults. Using other spot urine sampling times and/or adopting a formula designed based on the characteristics of the Iranian population may increase the validity of spot urine tests.
The Burden of Premature Mortality Related to Suicide in West Azerbaijan From 2014 to 2016
Authors: Aghazadeh-Attari Javad , EntezarMahdi Rasool , Ahmadzadeh Jamal , Mobaraki Kazhal , Mansorian Behnam , Karimi Hasan , Mirghaffarzadeh Shamsi , Hajimohammadian Mahnaz , Mohebbi Iraj
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Background: Examining the premature death rate represents the first step in estimating the overall burden of disease, reflecting a full picture of how different causes affect population health and providing a way of monitoring and evaluating population health. Aims: This study was conducted to assess the burden of premature mortality from suicides in West Azerbaijan Province, northwest of Iran from 2014 to 2016. Method: To calculate years of potential life lost (YPLL), we categorized all methods of suicide, then we subtracted actual age at death by suicide from the relevant age-based life table produced by the World Health Organization in 2015, after which we added the results for each type of suicide in a particular year. Results: We analyzed 638 suicides. Overall, during the 3-year study period for both sexes, the greatest sources of premature death among all methods of suicide were: hanging, strangulation, and suffocation (X70); smoke, fire, and flames (X76); and poisoning by narcotics and psychodysleptics (X62). Limitations: Limitations of the study include a lack of accurate, systematic recording and reporting of all cases of suicide, which might lead to measurement bias. Conclusion: This study identified and highlighted the most common methods of suicide in West Azerbaijan.
Physical Illnesses and Medically Serious Suicide Attempts in Rural China
Authors: Jin Shenghua , Liu Yanzheng , Hennessy Dwight A. , Sun Long , Zang Yuli , Si Min , Zhang Jie
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Background: Physical illness is a strong correlate of suicidal behavior. However, its impact on attempted suicide in rural China is under-studied. Aims: This study was designed to assess the influence of physical illness on risk of suicide attempts and to identify distinguishing characteristics among medically serious suicide attempters with physical illnesses from those without. Method: Participants were medically serious suicide attempters identified through hospital emergency rooms ( n = 659) as well as age- and gender-matched community controls ( n = 659) from Shandong Province, China. Face-to-face interviews with the respondents were conducted with a semistructured protocol that included sociodemographic and psychological measures. Results: Physical illness was a significant risk factor for medically serious suicide attempts ( OR = 1.739, 95% CI = 1.182–2.560). Older age was a significant risk factor, while female gender, no religion, and non-peasant occupations were significant protective factors for suicide attempts with physical illness. Limitations: Samples from only one province may not completely represent all serious suicide attempters in China. Furthermore, we did not assess the severity and the degree to which their physical illness limited the functioning of the individual. Conclusion: Physical illness is an important risk factor for suicide attempts in rural China. More efforts are needed to specifically target older people, males, those with religious beliefs, and peasant workers with physical illness.
Exploring the Effect of Aspect to Inform Future Earthcasts of Climate‐Driven Changes in Weathering of Shale
Authors: Sullivan P. L. , Goddéris Y. , Shi Y. , Gu X. , Schott J. , Hasenmueller E. A. , Kaye J. , Duffy C. , Jin L. , Brantley S. L.
Published: March 2019

Projections of future conditions within the critical zone—earthcasts—can be used to understand the potential effects of changes in climate on processes affecting landscapes. We are developing an approach to earthcast how weathering will change in the future using scenarios of climate change. As a first step here, we use the earthcasting approach to model aspect‐related effects on soil water chemistry and weathering on hillsides in a well‐studied east‐west trending watershed (Shale Hills, Pennsylvania, USA). We completed model simulations of solute chemistry in soil water with and without the effect of aspect for comparison to catchment observations. With aspect included, aqueous weathering fluxes were higher on the sunny side of the catchment. But the effect of aspect on temperature (0.8 °C warmer soil on sunny side) and recharge (100 mm/year larger on shaded side) alone did not explain the magnitude of the observed higher weathering fluxes on the sunny side. Modeled aspect‐related differences in weathering fluxes only approach field observations when we incorporated the measured differences in clay content observed in augered soils on the two hillslopes. We also had to include a biolifting module to accurately describe cation concentrations in soil water versus depth. Biolifting lowered some mineral dissolution rates while accelerating kaolinite precipitation. These short‐duration simulations also highlighted that the inherited differences in particle size on the two sides of the catchment might in themselves be explained by weathering under different microclimates caused by aspect—over longer durations than simulated with our models.
Dynamic Mapping of the Movement of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers Over Southern California With GPS Data
Authors: Wang Minghua , Wang Jiexian , Bock Yehuda , Liang Hong , Dong Danan , Fang Peng
Published: March 2019

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow, and transient corridors of strong horizontal water vapor transport that can result in heavy precipitation. Measuring the movement of these concentrated water vapor bands is important in gaining better insight into AR characteristics and forecasts of AR‐caused precipitation. We describe a method to dynamically map the movement of landfalling ARs. The method utilizes high‐rate GPS observations from a dense network to derive isochrones that represent the AR arrival time over specific locations. The generated isochrones show that the three ARs, during landfall over Southern California in January 2017, moved southeastward and took about 10 hr to pass over the study area. Overlaying the topography with isochrones reveals that the Peninsular Ranges slow the movement of the landfalling ARs. The large spacing between two adjacent isochrones, reflecting fast AR movement, is closely related to the increased hourly rain rate.
Using Major Element Logratios to Recognize Compositional Patterns of Basalt: Implications for Source Lithological and Compositional Heterogeneities
Authors: Yang Zong‐Feng , Li Jie , Jiang Qing‐Bao , Xu Fei , Guo Shuang‐Yan , Li Yue , Zhang Jun
Published: March 2019

Understanding the source lithology of basalts can greatly impact our understanding of magmatic processes, which can help us gain insight into mantle heterogeneity and crustal material recycling. However, many uncertainties remain about how to recognize the relationship between major element patterns of basalts and source lithological and/or compositional diversities using typical petrological methods. In this study, discriminant functional analysis and multivariate regression are carried out using major element logratios for literature experimental melts of four primitive mantle‐like lherzolites and six mafic lithologies (five pyroxenites and one hornblendite). A parameter called FCMS (FCMS = ln (FeO/CaO) − 0.058 * (ln (MgO/SiO2))3 − 0.636 * (ln (MgO/SiO2))2 − 1.850 * ln (MgO/SiO2) − 1.170, all the major elements in weight percent) is proposed to identify source lithologies for basaltic melts. When the logratios ln(K2O/Al2O3), ln (TiO2/Na2O), and ln (Na2O/K2O) are incorporated into FCMS, the temperature and pressure effects on the compositional heterogeneity of peridotites melts can be significantly reduced; a more powerful parameter called FCKANTMS (FCKANTMS = ln (FeO/CaO) − 0.08 * ln(K2O/Al2O3) − 0.052 * ln (TiO2/Na2O) − 0.036 * ln (Na2O/K2O) * ln (Na2O/TiO2) − 0.062 * (ln (MgO/SiO2))3 − 0.641 * (ln (MgO/SiO2))2 − 1.871 * ln (MgO/SiO2) − 1.473, all the major elements in weight percent) can be obtained. Olivine fractional crystallization and accumulation, although they can significantly change most major element contents and ratios, usually increase or decrease FCMS and FCKANTMS by only 0–0.15, which is one order of magnitude lower than their variations in the primary experimental melts of different lithologies. Importantly, approximately 80% and 50% low to moderate degree (F < 60%) partial melts (n = 303) of mafic lithology (with or without volatiles in source materials) can be distinguished from melts of peridotite and transitional lithologies when FCKANTMS combined with ln (CaO/TiO2) and ln (SiO2/(CaO + Na2O + TiO2)). Thus, the chemical markers could be used to constrain source lithology and origin of natural basalts.
GIGJ: A Crustal Gravity Model of the Guangdong Province for Predicting the Geoneutrino Signal at the JUNO Experiment
Authors: Reguzzoni M. , Rossi L. , Baldoncini M. , Callegari I. , Poli P. , Sampietro D. , Strati V. , Mantovani F. , Andronico G. , Antonelli V. , Bellato M. , Bernieri E. , Brigatti A. , Brugnera R. , Budano A. , Buscemi M. , Bussino S. , Caruso R. , Chiesa D. , Corti D. , Dal Corso F. , Ding X.F. , Dusini S. , Fabbri A. , Fiorentini G. , Ford R. , Formozov A. , Galet G. , Garfagnini A. , Giammarchi M. , Giaz A. , Grassi M. , Insolia A. , Isocrate R. , Lippi I. , Longhitano F. , Lo Presti D. , Lombardi P. , Malyshkin Y. , Marini F. , Mari S.M. , Martellini C. , Meroni E. , Mezzetto M. , Miramonti L. , Monforte S. , Montuschi M. , Nastasi M. , Ortica F. , Paoloni A. , Parmeggiano S. , Pedretti D. , Pelliccia N. , Pompilio R. , Previtali E. , Ranucci G. , Re A.C. , Ricci B. , Romani A. , Saggese P. , Salamanna G. , Sawy F.H. , Settanta G. , Sisti M. , Sirignano C. , Spinetti M. , Stanco L. , Verde G. , Votano L.
Published: March 2019

Gravimetric methods are expected to play a decisive role in geophysical modeling of the regional crustal structure applied to geoneutrino studies. GIGJ (GOCE Inversion for Geoneutrinos at JUNO) is a 3‐D numerical model constituted by ~46 × 103 voxels of 50 × 50 × 0.1 km, built by inverting GOCE (Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer) gravimetric data over the 6° × 4° area centered at the JUNO (Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory) experiment, currently under construction in the Guangdong Province (China). The a priori modeling is based on the adoption of deep seismic sounding profiles, receiver functions, teleseismic P wave velocity models, and Moho depth maps, according to their own accuracy and spatial resolution. The inversion method allowed for integrating GOCE data with the a priori information and some regularization conditions through a Bayesian approach and a stochastic optimization. GIGJ fits the highly accurate and homogeneously distributed GOCE gravity data with a ~1 mGal standard deviation of the residuals, compatible with the observation accuracy. GIGJ provides a site‐specific subdivision of the crustal layers masses, of which uncertainties include estimation errors, associated to the gravimetric solution, and systematic uncertainties, related to the adoption of a fixed sedimentary layer. A consequence of this local rearrangement of the crustal layer thicknesses is a ~21% reduction and a ~24% increase of the middle and lower crust geoneutrino signal, respectively. The geophysical uncertainties of geoneutrino signals at JUNO produced by unitary uranium and thorium abundances distributed in the upper, middle, and lower crust are reduced by 77%, 55%, and 78%, respectively. The numerical model is available at this site (http://www.fe.infn.it/radioactivity/GIGJ).
Dynamics and Attributions of Baseflow in the Semiarid Loess Plateau
Authors: Wu Jingwen , Miao Chiyuan , Duan Qingyun , Lei Xiaohui , Li Xiaoyan , Li Hu
Published: March 2019

Baseflow is an all‐important replenishment feature of the hydrologic cycle for maintaining surface water in basins across the world. Understanding its dynamics and the influence of climate variability and human activities will be beneficial for developing sustainable water‐management strategies. In this study, we selected 11 basins within the Loess Plateau (a typical semiarid region in China) for assessment of the variations in baseflow and baseflow index (BFI; the ratio of baseflow volume to total streamflow volume) during the period 1961–2014. We compared eight baseflow separation methods and selected the median series in order to reduce the uncertainty. Results showed that values of the “Bflow” and Eckhardt filter methods were higher than values of the other six methods for the period of peak discharge. Annual baseflow exhibited a statistically significant downward trend (p < 0.01) in all 11 basins except Qingjian and Yanhe basins, while nine basins trended upward for BFI. All basins exhibited downward trends for seasonal baseflow in all seasons, with Yanhe and Qingjian showing the least significant trend. Variations in both baseflow and the BFI were more sensitive to variations in potential evapotranspiration than to variations in precipitation. Across these 11 basins for both the conservation engineering period (1971–1999) and the reforestation period (2000–2014), human activities (73% and 76%, respectively) contributed more than climate variability (27% and 24%, respectively) to average baseflow decline. However, climate variability was the main factor altering the BFI, with the contribution accounting for about 54% and 76%, respectively, for the two periods.
Seasonal Patterns of Riverine Carbon Sources and Export in NW Greenland
Authors: Csank Adam Z. , Czimczik Claudia I. , Xu Xiaomei , Welker Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2019

Glacial runoff exports large amounts of carbon (C) to the oceans, but major uncertainty remains regarding sources, seasonality, and magnitude. We apportioned C exported by five rivers from glacial and periglacial sources in northwest Greenland by monitoring discharge, water sources (δ18O), concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ages (14C) of DOC and particulate organic C over three summers (2010–2012). We found that particulate organic C (F = 1.0366–0.2506) was generally older than DOC in glacial sourced rivers and likely sourced from the physical erosion of aged C pools. Most exported DOC showed strong seasonal variations in sources and discharge. In summer, mean DOC ages ranged from modern to 4,750 cal years BP (F = 1.0022–0.6291); however, the annual C flux from glacially sourced rivers was dominated by young, plant‐derived DOC (F = 0.9667–1.002) exported during the spring freshet. The most aged DOC (F = 0.6891–0.8297) was exported in middle to late summer at lower concentrations and was glacial in origin. Scaled to the whole of Greenland using model‐estimated runoff, we estimate a total riverine DOC flux of 0.29% to 0.45% ± 20% Tg C/year. Our flux results indicate that the highest C fluxes occur during the time of year when the majority of C is modern in age. However, higher melt rates from the Greenland ice sheet and longer growing seasons could result in increasing amounts of ancient C from the Greenland ice sheet and from the periglacial landscape to the ocean.
Deep Autoregressive Neural Networks for High‐Dimensional Inverse Problems in Groundwater Contaminant Source Identification
Authors: Mo Shaoxing , Zabaras Nicholas , Shi Xiaoqing , Wu Jichun
Published: March 2019

Identification of a groundwater contaminant source simultaneously with the hydraulic conductivity in highly heterogeneous media often results in a high‐dimensional inverse problem. In this study, a deep autoregressive neural network‐based surrogate method is developed for the forward model to allow us to solve efficiently such high‐dimensional inverse problems. The surrogate is trained using limited evaluations of the forward model. Since the relationship between the time‐varying inputs and outputs of the forward transport model is complex, we propose an autoregressive strategy, which treats the output at the previous time step as input to the network for predicting the output at the current time step. We employ a dense convolutional encoder‐decoder network architecture in which the high‐dimensional input and output fields of the model are treated as images to leverage the robust capability of convolutional networks in image‐like data processing. An iterative local updating ensemble smoother algorithm is used as the inversion framework. The proposed method is evaluated using a synthetic contaminant source identification problem with 686 uncertain input parameters. Results indicate that, with relatively limited training data, the deep autoregressive neural network consisting of 27 convolutional layers is capable of providing an accurate approximation for the high‐dimensional model input‐output relationship. The autoregressive strategy substantially improves the network's accuracy and computational efficiency. The application of the surrogate‐based iterative local updating ensemble smoother in solving the inverse problem shows that it can achieve accurate inversion results and predictive uncertainty estimates.
Evidence of Europa Neutral Gas Torii From Energetic Sulfur Ion Measurements
Authors: Nénon Q. , André N.
Published: March 2019

Imaging of energetic neutral atoms coming from a trans‐Europa region and energetic proton observations by Galileo around Jupiter have previously revealed the existence of a neutral gas torus produced by Europa. Energetic sulfur ions observed by Galileo do not show any effect of the Europa torus for Mc Ilwain parameters L > 9.2, surely because ions are multiply charged, so that the torus first needs to bring the ions charge state to one before being able to neutralize them. Signatures of the Europa torus in energetic sulfur ion measurements obtained near the magnetic equator at L = 9.08–9.20 during Galileo orbits C10 and E11 are reported for the first time in this letter. They provide an independent confirmation of the Europa neutral gas torus. Pitch angle distributions suggest that protons might principally interact with a vertically thin neutral oxygen torus, while sulfur ions are lost by charge exchange with a vertically thicker hydrogen torus.
Evidence for High Rates of Gas Transport in the Deep Subsurface
Authors: Stauffer P. H. , Rahn T. , Ortiz J. P. , Salazar L. J. , Boukhalfa H. , Behar H. R. , Snyder E. E.
Published: March 2019

Barometric pumping caused by atmospheric pressure fluctuations contributes to the motion of gases in the vadose zone. While the resulting gas transport is often negligible in unfractured porous rocks, rates of transport in fractured media can be significant. Deep atmospheric pumping has implications for nuclear gas detection, water balance, and contaminant transport. We present results from a tracer test conducted to characterize deep subsurface fractured basalt and investigate the effects of barometric pumping on gaseous contaminant mobility. The tracer test provides data to constrain permeability, porosity, and diffusivity in a numerical representation of the experiment. A numerical model is used to simulate gas flow and dispersive transport under fluctuating pressure conditions. Tracer test and simulation results suggest that barometric pumping induces 10 to 100 times more mixing in the basalt than predicted by gas diffusion alone. Within the basalt fractures, estimates of gas velocity reach maximums of nearly 1,000 m/day.
Responsiveness of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to leptin is impaired in diet-induced obese rats
Authors: Shin Andrew C. , MohanKumar Sheba M. J. , Balasubramanian Priya , Sirivelu Madhu P. , Linning Katrina , Woolcock Andrew , James Michelle , MohanKumar Puliyur S.
Published: March 2019

Background/objectives

Diet-induced obese (DIO) rats have altered stress (HPA) axis activity compared to diet-resistant (DR) rats when chronically exposed to a high-fat (HF) diet. Since stress axis is tightly regulated by leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone that is important for controlling body weight, we hypothesized that leptin action is impaired in DIO rats leading to alterations in HPA axis activity.

Subjects/methods

We intraperitoneally injected selectively bred DIO and DR rats with either saline or recombinant rat leptin. HPA axis activity was assessed by measuring norepinephrine (NE) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the median eminence, and serum corticosterone (CORT). To test if HF exposure duration and the corresponding increase in leptin differentially affects HPA axis activity, we placed animals on a chow or HF diet for 1 or 6 weeks.

Results

Leptin injection significantly increased serum leptin levels in both DIO and DR animals. It also reduced PVN NE in both groups, indicating that noradrenergic neurons in both groups remain responsive to leptin. HF diet duration-dependently increased serum leptin only in DIO animals whereas PVN NE increased in both groups. While DR rats responded to HF diet by increasing CRH and CORT at both time-points, responses in DIO rats varied, suggesting that they have altered HPA axis activity that may be dependent on HF-induced leptin levels and/or signaling. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we measured pSTAT-3, a marker of leptin signaling, in brainstem noradrenergic neurons and found reduced pSTAT-3 in A1 region of HF-fed DIO rats. We also found higher serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β.

Conclusions

Collectively, these findings reveal that DIO rats have inherent neuroendocrine impairment in NE-HPA axis circuitry that worsens with the extent of HF diet exposure, possibly due to brainstem leptin resistance and/or elevated circulating FFAs and IL-1β.
Adaptations and evolution of a heritable leaf nodule symbiosis between Dioscorea sansibarensis and Orrella dioscoreae
Authors: De Meyer Frédéric , Danneels Bram , Acar Tessa , Rasolomampianina Rado , Rajaonah Mamy Tiana , Jeannoda Vololoniaina , Carlier Aurelien
Published: March 2019

Various plant species establish intimate symbioses with bacteria within their aerial organs. The bacteria are contained within nodules or glands often present in distinctive patterns on the leaves in what is commonly referred to as leaf nodule symbiosis. We describe here a highly specific symbiosis between a wild yam species from Madagascar, Dioscorea sansibarensis and bacteria of the species Orrella dioscoreae. Using whole-genome sequencing of plastids and bacteria from wild-collected samples, we show phylogenetic patterns consistent with a dominant vertical mode of transmission of the symbionts. Unique so far among leaf nodule symbioses, the bacteria can be cultured and are amenable to comparative transcriptomics, revealing a potential role in complementing the host’s arsenal of secondary metabolites. We propose a recent establishment of a vertical mode of transmission in this symbiosis which, together with a large effective population size explains the cultivability and apparent lack of genome reductive evolution in O. dioscoreae. We leverage these unique features to reveal pathways and functions under positive selection in these specialized endophytes, highlighting the candidate mechanisms enabling a permanent association in the phyllosphere.
Genome-wide association analysis reveals KCTD12 and miR-383-binding genes in the background of rumination
Authors: Eszlari Nora , Millinghoffer Andras , Petschner Peter , Gonda Xenia , Baksa Daniel , Pulay Attila J. , Réthelyi János M. , Breen Gerome , Deakin John Francis William , Antal Peter , Bagdy Gyorgy , Juhasz Gabriella
Published: March 2019

Ruminative response style is a passive and repetitive way of responding to stress, associated with several disorders. Although twin and candidate gene studies have proven the genetic underpinnings of rumination, no genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been conducted yet. We performed a GWAS on ruminative response style and its two subtypes, brooding and reflection, among 1758 European adults recruited in the general population of Budapest, Hungary, and Manchester, United Kingdom. We evaluated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based, gene-based and gene set-based tests, together with inferences on genes regulated by our most significant SNPs. While no genome-wide significant hit emerged at the SNP level, the association of rumination survived correction for multiple testing withKCTD12at the gene level, and with the set of genes binding miR-383 at the gene set level. SNP-level results were concordant between the Budapest and Manchester subsamples for all three rumination phenotypes. SNP-level results and their links to brain expression levels based on external databases supported the role ofKCTD12,SRGAP3, andSETD5in rumination,CDH12in brooding, andDPYSL5,MAPRE3,KCNK3,ATXN7L3B, andTPH2in reflection, among others. The relatively low sample size is a limitation of our study. Results of the first GWAS on rumination identified genes previously implicated in psychiatric disorders underscoring the transdiagnostic nature of rumination, and pointed to the possible role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in this cognitive process.
Keratinocyte differentiation promotes ER stress-dependent lysosome biogenesis
Authors: Mahanty Sarmistha , Dakappa Shruthi Shirur , Shariff Rezwan , Patel Saloni , Swamy Mruthyunjaya Mathapathi , Majumdar Amitabha , Setty Subba Rao Gangi
Published: March 2019

Keratinocytes maintain epidermal integrity through cellular differentiation. This process enhances intraorganelle digestion in keratinocytes to sustain nutritional and calcium-ionic stresses observed in upper skin layers. However, the molecular mechanisms governing keratinocyte differentiation and concomitant increase in lysosomal function is poorly understood. Here, by using primary neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes, we identified the molecular link between signaling pathways and cellular differentiation/lysosome biogenesis. Incubation of keratinocytes with CaCl2 induces differentiation with increased cell size and early differentiation markers. Further, differentiated keratinocytes display enhanced lysosome biogenesis generated through ATF6-dependent ER stress signaling, but independent of mTOR-MiT/TFE pathway. In contrast, chemical inhibition of mTORC1 accelerates calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation, suggesting that activation of autophagy promotes the differentiation process. Moreover, differentiation of keratinocytes results in lysosome dispersion and Golgi fragmentation, and the peripheral lysosomes showed colocalization with Golgi-tethering proteins, suggesting that these organelles possibly derived from Golgi. In line, inhibition of Golgi function, but not the depletion of Golgi-tethers or altered lysosomal acidity, abolishes keratinocyte differentiation and lysosome biogenesis. Thus, ER stress regulates lysosome biogenesis and keratinocyte differentiation to maintain epidermal homeostasis.