bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Hydraulic Characteristics of Overland Flow
Authors: Cai Zekang , Wang Jian , Yang Yushuo , Zhang Ran
Published: April 2021

Soil erosion is a major problem in the Loess Plateau (China); however, it can be alleviated through vegetation restoration. In this study, the overland flow on a slope during soil erosion was experimentally simulated using artificial grass as vegetation cover. Nine degrees of vegetation coverage and seven flow rates were tested in combinations along a 12° slope gradient. As the coverage degree increased, the water depth of the overland flow increased, but the flow velocity decreased. The resistance coefficient increased with increasing degree of coverage, especially after a certain point. The resistance coefficient and the Reynolds number had an inverse relationship. When the Reynolds number was relatively small, the resistance coefficient decreased faster; however, when it exceeded 600, the resistance coefficient decreased at a slower rate. A critical degree of vegetation cover was observed in the relationship between the resistance coefficient and submergence degree. When the degree of coverage was greater than 66.42%, the resistance coefficient first decreased and then increased with a higher submergence degree. Finally, the formula for the resistance coefficient under vegetation coverage was derived. This formula has a relatively high accuracy and can serve as a reference for predicting soil erosion.
Small-Scale Study of Mooring Line Tension Thresholds Based on Impulsive Load Analysis during Big Floating Structure Operation and Commissioning
Authors: Cabrerizo-Morales Miguel , Molina-Sanchez Rafael , Pérez-Rojas Luis
Published: April 2021

Marine wind energy business competitiveness is strongly related to offshore substructures and their logistics. With the aim of avoiding oil and gas methodologies to reduce installation costs, some designs make use of multi-floater systems linked by cables. Optimization of these systems in search of larger operational windows increments the likelihood of snap-load event occurrence. This work describes the analysis of cable load during physical model simulation of a DEMOGRAVI3 installation procedure applying statistical and signal-processing methods. The authors describe a simple methodology to define the maximum load threshold for a given mooring line set-up in order to avoid snap loads.
Water Resources Management Models for Policy Assessment
Authors: Garrote Luis
Published: April 2021

Water resources management models support a variety of research applications, including the assessment of water availability [...]
Experimental Investigations of a Solar Water Treatment System for Remote Desert Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Yaqoob Haseeb , Farooq Muhammad , Teoh Yew , Xu Ben , Mahkamov Khamid , Sultan Muhammad , Ng Kim , Shahzad Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Pakistan is among the countries that have already crossed the water scarcity line, and the situation is worsened due to the recent pandemic. This is because the major budget of the country is shifted to primary healthcare activities from other development projects that included water treatment and transportation infrastructure. Consequently, water-borne diseases have increased drastically in the past few months. Therefore, there is a dire need to address this issue on a priority basis to ameliorate the worsening situation. One possible solution is to shift the focus/load from mega-projects that require a plethora of resources, money, and time to small domestic-scale systems for water treatment. For this purpose, domestic-scale solar stills are designed, fabricated, and tested in one of the harshest climatic condition areas of Pakistan, Rahim Yar Khan. A comprehensive overview of the regional climatology, including wind speed, solar potential, and ambient temperature is presented for the whole year. The analysis shows that the proposed system can adequately resolve the drinking water problems of deprived areas of Pakistan. The average water productivity of 1.5 L/d/m2 is achieved with a total investment of PKR 3000 (<$20). This real site testing data will serve as a guideline for similar system design in other arid areas globally.
Towards a New Paradigm for Building Science (Building Physics)
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Romanska-Zapala Anna , Yarbrough David
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a building construction approach that is based on forty years of experience and a focus on multi-disciplinary synergies. After 1980, the migration science-based design was accelerated by the “Integrated Design Process (IDP)”. As a result, building science became a significant force in reducing the effects of climate change. The component associated with heating, cooling, and ventilation that is labeled “Environmental Quality Management” (EQM) or EQM-retro for interior applications will be discussed. The critical aspects of EQM-retro are: (1) A two-stage process for new and retro construction that modifies financing patterns. In stage one, the object is to develop the best possible performance within an investment limit. In stage two, the cost is minimized; (2) Building Automatic Control Systems (BACS) are important for control thermal mass contributions of while achieving adaptable indoor climate as well as an integration of the HVAC system with the building structure; (3) This is achieved with use of a monitoring application and performance evaluation (MAPE); (4) Introduction of BACS and MAPE during design process improves the integration of building subsystems and energy optimization. Examples showing increaseased occupant-controlled comfort, energy efficiency and flexibility of energy demand are presented in the paper.
FORMS AND METHODS OF TEACHING HEALTH SAVING TO STUDENTS OF MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: DONCHENKO V.
Published: April 2021

The complex of developmental methods is systematized in the article, sent to development of medical education in the field of health saving. These include: cognitive (dialogical teaching methods, seminars-discussions, problem-based learning, cognitive counseling, cognitive maps, instrumental-logical training, reflection training, etc.); activity (methods of projects and guiding tests, contextual learning, organizational-activity games, complex didactic tasks, technological maps, simulation-game modeling, etc.); motivational (interactive and simulation games, development trainings, developmental psychodiagnostics, etc.).

The process of teaching students of medical institutions of higher education is based on the introduction of a set of methods with an emphasis on the formation of students' readiness for creative professional activity in the field of health (social adaptation, individual work, group, control testing, training). Methods, forms and means (active, passive, interactive) of learning are considered and analyzed. They are extremely effective in increasing the level of students' cognitive interest  reducing the time to assess the knowledge of all students in each class, focus their behavior on the acquisition of values, knowledge, skills and abilities. Particular attention is paid to the use of computer information technology as a highly effective learning tool.

The importance of all methods and forms of education and their necessity for the formation of readiness of students of medical institutions of higher education to use health-saving technologies in future professional activities is determined.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF PILOT INSTRUCTORS IN CIVIL AVIATION OF UKRAINE
Authors: ROZHNOVA T. , KONOVALOV O.
Published: April 2021

The article substantiates the theoretical principles of the professional training of pilot instructors in civil aviation of Ukraine. It covers the analysis of significant scientific researches and publications concerning training of civil aviation specialists and highlights the relevance of the topic of research. Considerable attention is given to the terminological apparatus in the context of aviation professional education. The article provides interpretations of such terms as professional training, pedagogical system, pedagogical conditions and competence.

There is a serious demand to educate a sufficient number of qualified flight instructors, who would be able to deal with the intensive scientific and technical transformations of the aviation industry. This matter is of particular relevance to our country, where the civil aviation industry may become a factor in the revival of an efficient economy.

Professional civil aviation pilot training has been a research subject of many Ukrainian scientists, such as: V. Asriyan I. Galimska, O. Moskalenko, T. Plachinda, G. Puhalska and others. However, the problem of professional civil aviation pilot instructor training in Ukraine has remained out of scientists’ attention.

Scientists suggest considering professional training of aviation specialists as an integrated system of interdisciplinary knowledge and skills, provided by the use of a set of theoretical and flight training activities, that teach to solve practical problems during professional duties. The essence of such training can be determined as an integrated pedagogical process that contributes to the formation of psychophysiological qualities, resistance to extreme factors of professional activity and achievement of a high level of efficiency by civil aviation pilots.

In this study, professional training of instructor pilots is also considered as a part of the overall education system of aviation specialists, which involves acquiring general and professional competencies that provide mastery of knowledge and skills of the future instructor. It is aimed at a full professional self-realization of the individual and is focused on the formation of pedagogical competence of an instructor. Successful functioning of elements of such a system is impossible without fulfillment of certain pedagogical conditions.

We have researched only some theoretical aspects of professional civil aviation pilot training in Ukraine. The next stage of our study will cover the legal regulations that describe professional training of pilot instructors in Ukraine.
Switching the O-O Bond Formation Pathways of Ru-pda Water Oxidation Catalyst by Third Coordination Sphere Engineering
Authors: Li Yingzheng , Zhan Shaoqi , Tong Lianpeng , Li Wenlong , Zhao Yilong , Zhao Ziqi , Liu Chang , Ahlquist Mårten S. G. , Li Fusheng , Sun Licheng
Published: April 2021

Water oxidation is a vital anodic reaction for renewable fuel generation via electrochemical- and photoelectrochemical-driven water splitting or CO
2
reduction. Ruthenium complexes, such as Ru-bda family, have been shown as highly efficient water-oxidation catalysts (WOCs), particularly when they undergo a bimolecular O-O bond formation pathway. In this study, a novel Ru(pda)-type (pda
2–
=1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate) molecular WOC with 4-vinylpyridine axial ligands was immobilized on the glassy carbon electrode surface by electrochemical polymerization. Electrochemical kinetic studies revealed that this homocoupling polymer catalyzes water oxidation through a bimolecular radical coupling pathway, where interaction between two Ru(pda)–oxyl moieties (I2M) forms the O-O bond. The calculated barrier of the I2M pathway by density-functional theory (DFT) is significantly lower than the barrier of a water nucleophilic attack (WNA) pathway. By using this polymerization strategy, the Ru centers are brought closer in the distance, and the O-O bond formation pathway by the Ru (pda) catalyst is switched from WNA in a homogeneous molecular catalytic system to I2M in the polymerized film, providing some deep insights into the importance of third coordination sphere engineering of the water oxidation catalyst.
Six New Species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) from Ecuador
Authors: Mashburn Brock , Ulloa Ulloa Carmen , Muchhala Nathan
Published: April 2021

Six species of Burmeistera H. Karst. & Triana are described as new from Ecuador: B. chrysothrix Mashburn & Muchhala, B. crocodila Mashburn & Muchhala, B. erosa Mashburn, B. lingulata Mashburn & Muchhala, B. sierrazulensis Mashburn & Muchhala, and B. valdiviana Mashburn. These discoveries bring the total number of Burmeistera species in Ecuador to ca. 47. Descriptions are given for each species, as well as diagnoses to differentiate them from other Burmeistera. Also provided is a discussion of each species’ etymology, phenology, and ecology, a list of all specimens examined, and distribution maps and photos, when available.
USE AND MANAGEMENT OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT IN PANDEMIES
Authors: Erdal Nurgül
Published: April 2021

No matter how advanced the technology is, nature always reminds human beings of its unpredictable powers, and the natural environment in which we live may not create any warning or cause epidemics. Returning from the past to the future is likely to happen in the future, just as epidemics have been experienced in the past and the past. In pandemics spreading over a wide geography, personal protective equipment must be coded and managed correctly in order to be protected from the epidemic. Since pandemics develop suddenly, an environment of panic occurs and the people rush to an uncontrolled personal protective equipment and uncontrolled and unnecessary shopping is experienced at the beginning. It consists of scarcity as supply decreases and demand increases. It has difficulties in accessing personal protective equipment, including healthcare institutions. It's important that you didn't know, as they play an active role in preventing pandemics. In this review study, the supply of personal protective equipment, its effective and efficient use, the importance of proper disposal after use, its management, was applied correctly and appropriately. All countries in the world should be prepared against possible pandemics and should be learned through planning before pandemics occur. Since vaccination and treatment methods are not yet known at the beginning of the pandemic, personal protective equipment is extremely important.
ÖRGÜTSEL SESSİZLİK KAVRAMINA HEMŞİRELİK MESLEĞİ AÇISINDAN BAKIŞ
Authors: Pata Yavuz , Gemlik Nilay
Published: April 2021

Çalışanların, örgütleri ile ilgili sorunlar olduğunda fikirlerini ve kaygılarını kendilerine saklamalarına, iyileşme ve gelişme amaçlı işle ilgili her türlü konuda kendi görüşlerini bilinçli olarak isteyerek veya istemeyerek paylaşmama ve sessizleşme durumuna örgütsel sessizlik adı verilir. Örgütsel sessizlik iki şekilde ortaya çıkabilir; birincisi çalışanın bilerek ve isteyerek bilinçli ve kasıtlı olarak kendisinden kaynaklanan sessiz kalma halidir. İkincisi ise, sessiz bırakılma olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Örgütsel sessizlik oluşumu ile ilgili dört teori mevcuttur. Bunlar bekleyiş teorisi, planlı davranış teorisi veya fayda maliyet analizi teorisi, sessizlik sarmalı teorisi, kendini uyarlama teorisidir. Sağlık kurumlarındaki örgütsel sessizlik, diğer örgütlerden farklıdır. Geri dönüşü olmayan, büyük ahlaki ve vicdani yükümlülükler doğuran durumlara neden olabilir. Hemşireler, hasta ve hasta yakınları ile sürekli iletişim halinde olduklarından, diğer meslek gruplarına ve diğer sağlık çalışanlarına göre daha çok tıbbi hata riski ile karşılaşabilirler. Bu nedenle örgüt içerisinde yapılabilecek tıbbi olan veya tıbbi olmayan bütün hataların azaltılması konusunda hemşireler önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle hemşireler için örgütsel sessizlik davranışının nedenlerini incelemek önemli olabilir.
SAĞLIK YÖNETİCİLERİNİN FİNANSAL OKURYAZARLIK HAKKINDAKİ GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ: NİTEL BİR ÇALIŞMA
Authors: Yılmaz Fatma Özlem , Erişen Mehmet Akif , Aydamak Muhammed Yusuf
Published: April 2021

Kıt ekonomik kaynakların varlığında kaynakların amaca yönelik olarak verimli ve etkili kullanılması oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Kaynakların verimli ve etkili kullanımı ise ancak bilgiye dayalı olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Bu durum ise finansal okuryazarlık kavramını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Sağlık harcamalarının önemli bir paya sahip olduğu ülkemiz ekonomisinde finansal kaynakların etkili kullanılması ve sağlık hizmeti sunumunun sürekliliğinin sağlanması noktasında finansal okuryazarlık önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi metodu kullanılarak sağlık yöneticilerinin finansal okuryazarlık hakkındaki görüşleri analiz edilmiştir.

Elde edilen bulgulara göre sağlık yöneticileri finansal okuryazarlığı sekiz ana tema ve on dokuz alt temada değerlendirmektedir. Katılımcılar hem sağlık hizmeti sunucuları hem de sağlık hizmeti talep eden toplum arasında finansal okuryazarlığın henüz yeterince yer almadığını ifade etmektedir. Katılımcılar sağlık yöneticilerinin finansal bilgi eksikliğini belirterek finans eğitimi ve profesyonel yönetim vurgusu yapmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada katılımcıların sağlık sektöründe finansal okuryazarlığa yönelik önerilerine yer verilmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu araştırmada, sektörde rol alan sağlık yöneticilerinin finansal okuryazarlık anlamında geliştirilmeye ihtiyaç duyduğu tespit edilmiştir.
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYİ VE EGZERSİZ YARAR/ENGEL ALGILARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Kasırga Zeynettin , Odabaşıoğlu Mehmet Ercan , Dedeoğlu Tahir
Published: April 2021

Fiziksel inaktivite birçok sağlık probleminin gelişiminde rol alan önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin mevcut fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile algılanan egzersiz yararları ve engellerinin bazı sosyo-demografik özelliklerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Araştırmaya 814 kişi katılmıştır ancak araştırma formlarının tamamını eksiksiz olarak dolduran 481 katılımcı ile tamamlanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı tipte olan araştırmadaki veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “IPAQ kısa formu” ve “Egzersiz yarar/engel ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların %66,9’u kadın, %33,1’i erkektir. Bu çalışmadaki bireylerin %75,7’sinin yeterli düzeyde fiziksel olarak aktif olmadığı saptandı. Kadınların erkeklere oranla fiziksel aktivite açısından daha fazla inaktif oldukları tespit edildi (p<0,01). Egzersiz yararı toplam puanı 85,8±13,0, egzersiz engelleri toplam puanı 32,3±5,6 olarak saptandı. Öğrencilerde algılanan egzersiz yarar ortalama değeri 2,96±0,45, algılanan egzersiz engel ortalama değeri 2,31±0,40, yarar/engel oranı ise 1,28 olarak tespit edildi. Egzersiz yararlarındaki fiziksel performans alt ölçeği (3,12±0,52), egzersiz engellerindeki ise fiziksel çaba alt ölçeği (2,56±0,58) en yüksek bulundu. Öğrencilerin egzersiz yarar ve engel algılarının onların fiziksel aktiviteye ve sportif faaliyetlere katılımı üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Öğrencilerin egzersize yönelik engel algılarındaki öne çıkan durumların çevresel yetersizlikler ve problemler ile egzersize yönelik bireysel motivasyondaki bariyerlerin olduğu sonucuna varıldı
TÜRK TOPLUMUNDA KADININ STATÜSÜNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ
Authors: Yavuz Kübra , Ertem Aksa
Published: April 2021

Toplumun sağlam temeller üzerinde inşa edilmesinde ve sağlıklı gelişim göstermesinde kadın önemli bir değere sahiptir. Bütün toplumların kendine özgü inançları, tarihleri, kültürel değerleri, sosyal ve siyasal hayatları bulunmakta olup bu toplumların cinsiyet ve kadın algısı da kendine özgü değerler içerisinde farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde kadın toplumsal cinsiyet açısından değerlendirildiğinde dünya genelinde var olan toplumların hepsinde ayrımcılığa ve şiddetin her türlüsüne maruz kalarak ikinci sınıf insan olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Dünyada son yıllarda meydana gelen siyasal, ekonomik, sosyal ve teknolojik ilerlemeler sayesinde kadının toplumdaki konumunun tartışılmaya başlaması ile birlikte bu konudaki olumsuzlukların giderilmesi için kadınlar hak mücadelesi vermeye başlamışlardır. Bu mücadeleler ile birlikte toplumlar içerisinde kadınların konumu ve bu toplumların kadınlara bakış açısında olumlu yönde değişimler görülmeye başlanmıştır.
Bu çalışma kronolojik bir tarihsel süreç içerisinde geçmişten günümüze Türk toplumunda kadın algısı, kadının toplumsal hayattaki rolünü ve konumu açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Çalışma bu konu ile ilgili, sosyoloji, tarih, hukuk ve uluslararası ilişkiler kapsamında yazılmış kaynakların incelenmesi sonucunda yapılmıştır.
Neurodigestión gerencial: una herramienta estratégica para la construcción del aprendizaje organizacional
Authors: Villalobos Daniel
Published: April 2021

La analogía de los procesos gerenciales con los procesos fisiológicos, en función de cohesionar los conocimientos de los eventos biológicos de la digestión humana y la información de la disciplina gerencial, crear un marco unificado de entendimiento, frente a la necesidad de evitar que las organizaciones colapsen en trastornos indigeribles. El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar el significado de la neurodigestión gerencial como una herramienta estratégica para la construcción del aprendizaje organizacional. El tipo de investigación fue un enfoque cualitativo, a través del método de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los datos se recogieron utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas; para analizar los datos se utilizó el método comparativo constante de Corbin y Strauss. Concluida la exploración, se consideró que la neurodigestión gerencial: es un proceso de capacitación y aprendizaje continuo, producto del contacto social e interacción emocional, que a través de la comunicación e interconexión se nutre y se construye el aprendizaje organizacional para la innovación creativa. Esta perspectiva de la digestión nos invita a pensar y enfrentar la realidad actual de las empresas y sus desafíos constantes, desde una analogía del sistema digestivo humano capaz de reconocer y detectar quienes tienen potencial para la innovación.
Pengukuran Tingkat Kapabilitas Tata Kelola Teknologi Informasi Menggunakan Framework Cobit 5 dan Rekomendasi Perbaikan (Studi Kasus: Badan Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi)
Authors: Utami Rizky Sugiharti
Published: April 2021

This study aims to measure the level of IT Governance capability and provide recommendations for improving IT Governance in Information Technology Development Institute using COBIT 5. The domains chosen in this research are APO and BAI in order to improve IT services and optimize IT implementation in BPTI environment. The research method used are interviews and questionnaires in obtaining research data. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the measurement of the eight selected processes indicated that most of the processes were already at level 1, and a few were at level 0. Based on the results of prioritization, the process that became the top priority in making improvements was APO07, namely Managing Human Resources. This research was only carried out in eight processes which were in accordance with previously mapped, so that this research was more complete and comprehensive, it could be carried out using other process areas in COBIT 5.
Webes alkalmazások összekapcsolása egy PLC alapú lakásautomatizálási rendszerben
Authors: Forgács Zsófia , Dorkó Ticián
Published: April 2021

Az utóbbi években az építőiparban egyre nagyobb szerepet kaptak az épületautomatizálási rendszerek, amelyek elsősorban a beltéri jellemzőket befolyásoló eszközök és berendezések automatizálására összpontosítanak. A lakásautomatizálás alapvető feladatainak tanulmányozásához egy olyan demonstrációs rendszert alakítottunk ki, amelyben elsősorban egy PLC és egy webes alkalmazás közötti adatcsere lehetőségeit vizsgáltuk.
STERILISASI ALAT KEDOKTERAN GIGI DENGAN STERILISATOR (DRY HEAT) DAN TEKNIK BOILING
Authors: Sulistiani Silvia , Fitriana Nur Eka , Nurwanti Widi
Published: April 2021

Sterilisasi alat kedokteran gigi merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk menghindari infeksi silang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektifitas sterilisasi alat kedokteran gigi dengan dry heat sterilitator dan teknik boiling. Metode: sampel penelitian ini adalah kaca mulut yang telah digunakan untuk praktikum klinik. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik accidental sampling dengan jumlah sampel 20 buah. Kaca mulut sebelum dan sesudah disterilkan, ditempelkan pada Blood Agar Plate (BAP) kemudian diinkubasi selama 1 x 24 jam. Hasil: Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan penurunan jumlah bakteri yang siginifikan pada dry heat sterilisator (P<0,005) sedangkan pada teknik boiling tidak signifikan (P>0,005). Kesimpulan: Dry heat sterilisator lebih efektif dalam mengurangi bakteri pada instrumen dibandingkan teknik boiling.
Tra saeculum e mysterium fidei. La chiesa cattolica in regime di lockdown
Authors: Bova Vincenzo
Published: April 2021

The consequences of the pandemic on the presence of the Catholic Church. The relation State-Church. The adaptive strategies by the church followers and by the religious institution. The role played by Pope Francis.The Catholicism between visibility and evanescence. The questions asked to the institution and the possible outcomes for the future way of believing.
Correlation Between Pleural Fluid GenXpert® and Histopathology Finding of Pleural Biopsy in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
Authors: Matheos Sheilla , Marhana Isnin Anang , Rahaju Anny Setijo
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Tuberculosis pleural effusion is the most common extrapulmonary TB after lymphadenitis TB, but a definite diagnosis is still a challenge. Pleural biopsy has historically been the gold standard procedure for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis. GenXpert® is a computerize test based in nucleic acid amplification tahat automatically detect MTB and rifampicin resistance. This study aimed to prove the correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis.
Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional design conducted in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya in March-June 2017. Statistic analysis was using chi square test and contingensi coofisient. The pleural GenXpert® was tested in 23 patients with pleural effusion and their biopsy speciments underwent histopathological analysis.
Results: Histopathological findings of pleural biopsy was positive in 4 subjects and pleural fluid GenXpert® resulted positive in 6 subjects. There was significant correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of specimen pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis (P=0.040) with moderate strenght (P=0.014). Sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid GenXpert® were 75.0% dan 84.2% respectively.
Conclusions: There was significant correlation between pleural fluid GenXpert® and histopathological findings of pleural biopsy in patients with pleural tuberculosis. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 1-6)
Effect of Vitamin C to The Plasma Level of Interleukin-6, Plasma MDA and Length of Hospitalization of COPD Exacerbation Patient
Authors: Yulistiana Fadlia , Suradi Suradi , Reviono Reviono
Published: April 2021

Background: Exacerbation is an acute condition characterized by worsening of symptoms that require a change in therapy. Increased inflammation of the airways and lungs during exacerbations causes an increase in plasma IL-6 and MDA levels and causes most patients needed treatment at the hospital. Vitamin C is an antioxidant vitamin that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects so that it can be added to COPD exacerbations therapy. This study aims to determine the effect of vitamin C on plasma IL-6, plasma MDA levels and length of hospitalization of acute exacerbation of COPD patients.
Methods: This research is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test design. Subjects consisted of 33 patients with exacerbation of COPD were treated at the Soehadi Pridjonegoro Hospital Sragen in October-November 2015 which were selected by purposive sampling. Subjects were divided into two groups, the treatment group (n=16) received vitamin C therapy 1x1000 mg/day and the control group (n=17) received 5 mL of NaCl 0.9%. Levels of IL-6 plasma and plasma MDA was measured on admission and at discharge criteria are met. Length of hospitalization is calculated based on the number of days’ patients in hospital.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference to decreased of IL-6 plasma level (P=0.379), MDA plasma level (P=0.27) and length of hospitalization (P=0.24) between treatment and control group.
Conclucions: The addition of vitamin C 1x1000 mg/day during hospitalization is not helpful to decreased in levels of plasma IL-6, plasma MDA and length of hospitalization in this study. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 24-32)
The Effects of Anthocyanins in Purple Sweet Potato Extract to the Level MDA and NO Sputum Asymptomatic Smokers
Authors: Arisanti Ni Luh Putu Eka , Hasan Helmia
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Cigarette consist of 4000 chemical substances which can induce oxidative stress. In lungs, oxidative stress can cause lipid peroxidation, which produce MDA that leads to DNA damage, gene mutations, and loss of repair. Cigarette can also reduce the activity of endogenous Nitric Oxide (NO). Decrease of physiologic NO can cause dysfunction of the endothelium, pulmonary vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, mucous hypersecretion, reduction of mucociliary clearance, and airway remodeling. This damage can be prevented by antioxidant. The content of antosianin in purple cassava (purple sweet potato) is a potent antioxidant that can prevent oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to find out the effects of antosianin administration on MDA and NO sputum level in asymptomatic smoker.
Methods: This study is an experimental study with randomized controlled trial pre–post test controlled group design, that performed on outpatient clinic of dr. Soetomo hospital.
Results: The result of this study shows that MDA level in treatment group were significantly decrease P=0.0001 between pre (336,90 ng/ml) and post treatment (165,30 ng/ml) compare with control group that shows the opposite effect. In the control group, there was an increase of MDA level both before (416,00 ng/ml) and after placebo was given (476,00 ng/ml). The NO level in treatment group increase but it is not statistically significant between pre (40,80 ng/ml) and post treatment (78,30 ng/ml). The increase of NO level also occured in control group but it is not statistically significant between before (66,67 ng/ml) and after placebo was given (72,00 ng/ml), with the increment was higher in treatment group (6,66 ng/ml) compare with control group (0.53 ng/ml).
Conclusions: The MDA sputum level were significantly decrease after the administration of antosianin extract from purple sweet potato in asymptomatic smoker. There were no significant increment of sputum NO level after the given of antosianin extract from purple sweet potato in asymptomatic smoker. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(2): 64-74)
Effect of Andrographolide on The Expression of TNF-α and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Rats Granulomas are Infected With Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Nugroho Y. Slamet , Reviono Reviono , Suradi Suradi , Prasetyo Diding Heri
Published: April 2021

Background. Andrographolide as an anti-inflammatory inhibit activation of NF-κβ, the production of TNF-α, IL-12, pressing the release inducibele nitic oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibiting the release of COX-2 in human fibroblast cells and also prevents the production of oxygen radicals. TNF- α stimulates the migration of immune cells to get to the site of infection, contribute to the formation of granulomas, and can control the disease progresificity.
Methods. The study aims to analyze the effect of andrographolide on the expression of TNF-α and tuberculosis granuloma in mice infected with CFA. Laboratory tests in the laboratory of histology and pathology anatomy medical faculty of UNS. Samples are 30 individuals’ mice, consist of 10 rats as control, 10 rats injected with CFA, and 10 rats injected with CFA+ andrographolide. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of lung tissue granuloma examinated in the laboratory of pathology anatomy medical faculty of UNS.
Results. The study design was purely experimental or (true experiment, with randomized post test only control group design). Andrographolide lowering the average expression of TNF-α compared to the CFA group, based on the description of the variable expression of TNF-α. The results of the analysis of three different variations or the average using Kruskal Wallis test showed that there are differences in the average number 3 granuloma with P=0.003. It means different average number of granulomas in the control group, CFA and CFA+ Andrographolide completely different convincingly. Compared with the average number of granulomas in the control group, the group CFA has a tendency average number of granuloma higher (increased), then the average number of granuloma in group CFA + Andrographolide has an average lower than the group CFA or mean average granuloma amount can be reduced by giving Andrographolide paniculata extract.
Conclusion. Andrographolide 14.8% paniculata extract shown to decrease the expression of TNF-α induction of pulmonary tuberculosis in mice the CFA. Andrographolide 14.8% paniculata extract shown to reduce the number of lung granuloma in mice induced tuberculosis CFA. There is a positive correlation between the expression of strong TNF-α by the number of granulomas in the lungs in mice induced tuberculosis CFA. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(2): 75-82)
The Effect of Curcumin On Plasma Histamine Level, PEF Variation and Length of Stay of Patients With Acute Exacerbation Asthma
Authors: Sutedjo Lydia Arista , Suradi Suradi , Setijadi Ana Rima
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Inflammation in asthma occured in airway especially in submucous layer, and involve eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocytes T, epitheliat cel, basophil, mast cell, and lymphocytes B. Inflammatory cells produce inflammatory mediators (histamine, leucotrienes, and prostanoid), cytokines, and chemokines that can cause bronchocontriction. This study was conducted to determine and prove the effect of curcumin as adjunctive therapy in acute exacerbation asthma. Curcumin is expected to increase the quality therapy of acute exacerbation asthma. The effect of curcumin is known wiith evaluate plasma histamine level, PEF variation, and length of stay of patient with acute exacerbation asthma.
Methods: This study is a quasi experimental study with pretest and posttest design. Sampel of study is 30 patients hospitalizes acute exacerbation asthma in Moewardi hospital and Sohadi Prijonegoro Sragen hospital in August 2016 until september 2016. The subject was taken with concecutive random sampling. Independent variable is curcumin 4x550 mg and dependent variables are plasma histamin level, PEF variation, and length of stay.
Result: There is no significant difference (P=0.462) of decreasing plasma histamine level between treatment group 3,988±2,739 ng/ml and control group 3,376±1,606 ng/ml. There is no significant difference (P=0.501) of PEF variation between treatment group 28,126±7,886% and control group 30,400±10,217%. There is no significant difference (P=0.936) of length of stay between treatment group perlakuan 6,333±2,193 days and control group 6,400±2,292 days.
Conclusion: Giving curcumin in acute exacerbation asthma while hospitalized didn’t reduce inflammatory marker plasma histamin, PEF variation, and length of stay. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(2): 100-8)
CCL2 and CCR2 Expression in Broncoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Cynomolgus Macaque Model Of Asthma
Authors: Mariya Sela S , Dewi Fitriya N , Villiandra Villiandra , Pramastri Yasmina A , Iskandriati Diah , Hayes Eric , Pamungkas Joko , Lelana R.P Agus , Tumbelaka Ligaya I , Sajuthi Dondin
Published: April 2021

Background: Animal models are essential for the development and improvement of novel and effective methods for diagnostic and treatment of human diseases. Cynomolgus monkeys have been used as animal model in asthma studies wherein they exhibited different responses to allergen exposure in the airway; some were low responders while others were high responder. CCL2 is a potent chemotactic factor for monocytes and the gene expression was high in animal model of asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate CCL2 and CCR2 expression between the low and high responders.
Methods: Realtime PCR technique was used to evaluate CCL2 and CCR2 gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. The subject
of this study was asthmatic cynomolgus monkeys, consisted of 4 low responders and 4 high responders. This study was held in Biotechnology
Laboratory of Primate Research Center LPPM IPB on October 2016- January 2017.
Results: CCL2 and CCR2 expression in low responders were higher than those in high responders at 24hours post airway challenge.
Conclusion: CCL2 may potentially be developed as target for therapy or a genetic marker for asthma responsiveness in individuals. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(2): 115-22)
The Effect of Harmonica Exercise on Inspiratory Capacity, Dyspnea, Exercise Capacity and Quality of Life of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Authors: Raharjo Angga M. , Suradi Suradi , Aphridasari Jatu
Published: April 2021

Background: Chronic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes respiratory muscle dysfunction and decreased respiratory muscle capacity. Incongruity of the capacity and the burden of the respiratory muscle results in increased symptoms of breathlessness, decreased inspiratory capacity, exercise capacity, and quality of life. The objectives of the study were to analyze the effect of harmonica exercise as a pulmonary rehabilitation modality on inspiratory capacity, shortness of breath symptoms, exercise capacity, and quality of life on stable COPD patient.
Methods: Clinical trials with pre and post test group design were performed on 30 stable COPD patients at the respiratoy clinic at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta in August - September 2017 taken by purposive sampling. Evaluation of inspiratory capacity (IC) by spirometry, symptoms of breathlessness by mMRC, exercise capacity by 6MWT and quality of life by SGRQ were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks in the harmonic and control exercises group.
Results: A total 30 stable COPD subjects met criteria and divided into two groups. The harmonica training group increased IC (1.78±0.30 litre) and 6MWT (420.00±35.49 meters), decreased mMRC score (1.00±0.458) and SGRQ score (33.87±6.05) after exercise were had significant differences (p
The Effects of Allopurinol on Glutathione Sulfhydryl (GSH) Serum Level, Six Minute Walking Test, and CAT Score of COPD Patients
Authors: Samuel Samuel , Suradi Suradi , Sutanto Yusup Subagio
Published: April 2021

Background: Stress oxidative in COPD impairs striated muscle thus worsening COPD symptoms. Allopurinol as antioxidant reduces stress oxidative so it can improve exercise capacity and clinical symptoms. The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of allopurinol on GSH serum level, six minute walking test (6MWT), and COPD assessment test (CAT) score of COPD patients.

Methods: This study was a pre and post test clinical trial held in pulmonology outpatient clinic in Dr. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta from January to February 2018 using purposive sampling. The COPD group C and D patients were cathegorized as intervention group which received allopurinol 300 mg/day for 4 weeks and control group which did not receive allopurinol. Glutathione sulfhydryl serum level, 6MWT, and CAT score were measured at baseline and after 4 weeks in both groups.

Results: A total of 37 stable COPD group C and D patients were included in this study. The intervention group showed decreased GSH level (52.58±38.39) µg/ml and CAT score (10.37±4.46) which were statistically significant compared to control group (P
Immunogenicity Test of ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Indonesian Strain) Recombinant Protein Fusion: TNF-α, IL-17 and CD4+ T Cells Expression in PBMC Culture
Authors: Prasetyo Eko , Astuti Triwahju , Muktiati Nunuk Sri , Arthamin Maimun Z
Published: April 2021

Background: Bascillus Calmette Guѐrin vaccination has not provided protection against TB in adults. ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb recombinant protein fusion as a vaccine candidate can stimulate the body's immune response. Interleukin-17, TNF-α and CD4+ play a major role against TB. This study aims to determine that the recombinant protein fusion ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb can stimulate TNF-α, IL-17 and CD4+ T cells expression in PBMC culture.

Methods: Design of this study is experimental study. Number of research sample per group of 8 subjects. The subjects: healthy, TB contact and TB patients were taken their peripheral blood sample and treated with ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb recombinant protein fusion. TNF-α CD4+ T cells were measured by ELISA. Flow cytometry is used to measure IL-17 and CD4+ Tcells. As standard protocol research on tuberculosis vaccine, each subject also treated without antigen and with PPD.

Results: There was no significant increase in the administration of ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb fusion compared without antigen on TNF-α expression of CD4+ (P=0.202), expression of IL-17 CD4+ (P=0.994) and percentage of CD4+ T cells (P=0.183). ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb Fusion was able to stimulate expression of TNF-α CD4+ in healthy subjects (29.91±1.23pg/ml), TB contact (32.21±4.02pg/ml) and TB patients (33.35±8.41 pg/ml). Expression IL-17 CD4+ in healthy subjects (33.24 ± 39.01%), TB contact (23.88 ± 21%) and TB patients (51.93 ± 36%). CD4+ T cell expression in healthy subjects 30.64 ± 7.63%, TB contact 24.58 ± 5.24% and TB patients (40.73±2.63%).

Conclusions: ESAT-6/CFP-10 Mtb recombinant proteins fusion may stimulate the production of TNF-α, IL-17 CD4+ and CD4+ T cells in all subject. Expression of TNF-α, IL-17 CD4+ and CD4+ T cells in the healthy group, indicated that the ESAT-6/CFP-10 recombinant protein fusion has the potential as vaccine candidate. (J Respir Indo. 2019; 39(3):160-8)
The Relationship Between Bacterial Pattern with Degree of Airflow Limitation FEV1 in Acute Exacerbation of COPD at Adam Malik General Hospital and Pirngadi Hospital
Authors: Tarigan Rianti , Tarigan Amira P , Wahyuni Dian Dwi , Eyanoer Putri C
Published: April 2021

Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bacterial pattern and the degree of airflow limitation (FEV1) in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD at Adam Malik General Hospital and Pirngadi Hospital, also the sensitive antibiotics according to the susceptibility test.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study of all patients admitted to Adam Malik and Pirngadi Hospital with AECOPD from September 2015 until September 2016. In all 45 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the spirometry was examination undergone to evaluate the degree of severity of COPD according to GOLD 2017. In each sample sputum expectoration, the gram smear was made. Barttlet criteria was used to calculate the amount of epithelial cells and PMN. The sample was then grown on blood agar medium. Bacterial susceptibility test to antibiotics was conducted using VITEC 2 methods.
Results: From 45 patients, 30 patients (66,7%) had positive sputum cultures. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Streptococcus pneumonia (26,7%). The most sensitive antibiotic was Amikacin (100%). There were no correlation between the in degree of airflow limitation FEV1 and bacterial sputum culture result. There were no significant differences between gram positive or negative bacteria with the degree of airflow limitation.
Conclusion: The incidence of bacterial infection based on positive sputum culture in AECOPD was about 66,7% Streptococcus pneumonia was the most common pathogen and Amikacin was the most sensitive antibiotic. There were no significant correlation between the degree of airflow limitation FEV1 with the positive or negative sputum culture and also with the result of gram staining. (J Respir Indo. 2019; 39(3):204-9)
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Implementation of Control Measures in Ketapang District, West Borneo, Indonesia
Authors: Saputri Imelda Nita , Munthe Eva Lydia
Published: April 2021

Background: Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has emerged as a threat of public health in Indonesia. The utilization of GeneXpert MTB/RIF as a rapid yet effective diagnostic tool enables early and appropriate treatment initiation of MDR-TB. This study aims in describing the occurrence of MDR-TB and the implementation of control measures in Ketapang District, West Borneo, Indonesia, since the utilization of GeneXpert MTB/RIF as a diagnostic tool.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were taken from medical record of patients with MDR-TB in Dr.Agoesdjam District General Hospital. The diagnosis was obtained from PCR-based analysis GeneXpert MTB/RIF of sputum sample, which detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to Rifampicin.
Results: Seventeen subjects were included in the study. Subjects were 8 (47%) male and 9 (53%) female aged 24-75 years. Most subjects are farmers (35.3%) or housewives (35.3%), and did not receive formal education (41.2%). The main symptom reported upon admission was cough (41.2%). Direct microscopic smear of sputum detected acid-fast bacilli of +2 (29.4%) and +1 (29.4%) the most. The most common feature seen in thoracic X-ray was infiltrate in 100% of cases. Four subjects (23.5%) have type II diabetes mellitus, while one subject (5.9%) is infected with HIV. Subjects are categorized into new case (17.6%), failure of category 1 treatment (41.2%), and failure of category 2 treatment (41.2%). Treatment for MDR-TB has been initiated since 2014, while two subjects have not started taking the regimen. Among 15 subjects receiving treatment, one (6.7%) was recovered, 6 (40%) subjects deceased, and 8 (53.3%) subjects are currently still taking the regimen, while conversion occurred in 8 (53.3%) subjects.
Conclusion: Using the GeneXpert MTB/RIF analysis, 17 cases of MDR-TB have been detected in Ketapang district. Management of MDR-TB has been conducted since 2014.
Increased Serum KL-6/MUC1 Level, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes Sputum in Malang Splendid Bird Market Workers
Authors: Firmansyah Zam Zam , Astuti Tri Wahju , Duta Garinda Alma
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: People who work in the bird market have a high exposure risk of air pollution in large numbers, particulate pollutans including organic dust, loose feathers, insects or ticks, food aerosol particles, bird’s excreta (amonia) and various of gram bacteria, fungal and virus. Exposure to particles will stimulate the immune system against harmful pathogens in the form of an inflammatory response. An infection or injury will stimulate secretion of KL-6/MUC1 (Krebs von den Lungen-6 is a high molecular weight, mucin-like glycoprotein in human (MUC1)) by AEC type II and bronchial epithelial cells in response to cell damage and regeneration.
Methods: This was an observational analytic cross-sectional study on 35 subjects, which examined and analyzed the characteristics of workers, percentage count of neutrophils, lymphocytes in induced sputum and KL-6/MUC1 serum levels using ELISA sandwich.
Results: Mean KL-6/MUC1 serum levels in the bird market workers increased (1152.67+583.92 U/ml) from normal levels (105.3-401.2 U/ml). There was a significant positive correlation between the length of exposure and KL-6/MUC1 serum levels (r=0.624; P