bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Female Pole of the Godhead in Tantrism and the Prakrti of Sāmkhya
Authors: Jacobsen Knut
Published: May 2005

The dualism of the consciousness principle (puruṣa) and the material principle (Prakrti) in the Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya (Yoga) traditions of religious thought has often been thought of as a dualism of a male and a female principle. Contrary to what is often assumed however the material principle of Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya does not possess a female identity. This paper argues that the identification of the Sāmkhya and Pātañjala-Sāmkhya Prakrti with a female principle among scholars is due to a very selective use of evidence and too much dependence on later sources, especially the Tantric religious systems in which the female-male polarity was utilized for the interpretation of the ultimate reality, the structure of the world and the means to attain liberation. The way the Tantric religions utilized the Sāmkhya dualism of Prakrti and puruṣa to illustrate the female-male polarity of ultimate reality illustrates the manner in which the Tantric religions reinterpreted elements of earlier systems of religious thought and transformed them according to their own purpose and the process of borrowing and synthesizing of what had come before them typical of the Hindu religious traditions.
Predecessors and Prototypes: Towards a Conceptual History of the Buddhist Antarābhava
Authors: Cuevas Bryan Jaré
Published: May 2005

The Buddhist Sanskrit term antarābhava refers quite literally to existence (bhava) in an interval (antarā) and designates the temporal space between death and subsequent rebirth. It is apparent that, among the early schools of Buddhism in India, the status of this intermediate existence inspired considerable controversy. However, in spite of its controversial beginnings, the concept of the antarābhava continued to flourish and to exert a significant force upon the theories and practices of the later Northern Buddhist traditions. Questions concerning the conceptual origins of this notion and its theoretical connections with earlier Indian systems of thought have received little scholarly attention, despite a growing popularity of literature on the subject of death in Buddhist traditions. In this essay the possible links between the early conceptual systems of Hinduism (the Vedic and Upaniṣadic traditions) and Buddhism are examined to determine whether certain theoretical developments in Hinduism may have contributed to the emergence of the Buddhist notion of a postmortem intermediate period. The conclusion is drawn that the early Buddhists, in formulating a concept of the antarābhava, borrowed and reinterpreted elements from Hindu cosmography and mythology surrounding the issue of postmortem transition.
Influence of the intertidal environment on muscle activity in different species of sea anemones (Actiniaria)
Authors: Patronelli Luis , Olivera Elvira González , Zamponi Mauricio
Published: May 2005

The muscular activity of the marginal sphincters of Oulactis muscosa ,Aulactinia marplatensis and Aulactinia reynaudi from the intertidal zones of two different ecosystems was compared. The study was made upon the quartzitic outcrop ecosystem of Punta Cantera and the sandbar ecosystem of Santa Clara del Mar from Mar del Plata (Argentina). The isolated marginal sphincters were stimulated at increasing KCl concentrations and analysed as a dose-response curve expressed in tension in grams (gr: grams force) vs. concentration. Sphincters of sea anemones from the outcrop ecosystem of Punta Cantera developed greater maximal tension than specimens from the sandbar ecosystem of Santa Clara del Mar. No significant differences were found between the species from Punta Cantera. The same result was observed for the species from Santa Clara del Mar. It was concluded that sphincters of sea anemones from Punta Cantera are adapted to resist the continuous dashing of waves. Hence, they developed higher isometric forces in their sphincters compared to those specimens from Santa Clara del Mar. These physiological responses are correlated with the different physiography of both ecosystems.
Observations on two new species of Nematocystis Hessé, 1909 (Protozoa: Monocystidae) from earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Probir , Mitra Amlan Kumar
Published: May 2005

Surveys of acephaline gregarines from Nadia district (23°N, 88.5°E) of West Bengal, India revealed the occurrence of two new species of Nematocystis Hessé, 1909; Nematocystis gardenica sp.n. and Nematocystis kalyaniensis sp. n. in the seminal vesicles of earthworms, Amynthas diffriengens (Bairds, 1809) and Amynthas hawayanus (Rosa, 1891), respectively. Trophozoites of Nematocystis gardenica sp. n. are elongate, nematode-like and have parallel sides with pointed tips. Dimensions of trophozoites ranged from 110 to 1320 (505.0 ± 12.0) μm. Dimensions of gametocysts ranged from 140 to 166 μm and the small biconical sporocysts have varying dimensions of 11.0−12.6 μm × 4.0 μm. Trophozoites of Nematocystis kalyaniensis sp.n. are solitary, elongate, nematode-like but have nearly equal bulb-like swellings at two ends, one of which lodges the nucleus. Dimension of trophozoites ranged from 246 to 1232 (565.0 ± 21.0) μm. Dimensions of gametocysts ranged from 120 to 155 μm. Sporocysts are biconical with dimensions of 8.5−11.4 × 5.0 μm.
Egg production and shell relationship of the hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus (Anomura: Paguridae) from southern Brazil
Authors: Iossi Carmem , Biagi Renata , Mantelatto Fernando
Published: May 2005

The present study characterised the fecundity of the hermit crab Pagurus brevidactylus as well as the influence of shell type and size on fecundity using the morphometric relationship. Ovigerous females were collected monthly from January to December 1999 in the infra-littoral region of Anchieta Island, using scuba-diving methods. Only the ovigerous females with eggs in the early phase of development were selected for the fecundity analysis. The number of eggs carried by individuals of several sizes (SL, shield length), condition of development, and egg size were determined. A high percentage (77.0%) of ovigerous females with eggs in the early phase of development were captured, with a low frequency (9.2%) of females with eggs in the final stage of development. A total of 157 females with recently produced eggs were analysed. Individual fecundity ranged from 27 (SL = 1.25 mm) to 1075 eggs (SL = 3.19 mm) and mean fecundity was 158 ± 119 eggs. The number of eggs produced during spring was significantly higher than those produced in the other seasons of the year. Considering the two shells most occupied by P. brevidactylus (C. atratum and M. nodulosa), the highest fecundity was observed for ovigerous females occupying M. nodulosa ones, showing that shell type can influence the reproductive potential of ovigerous females. The reproductive aspects of P. brevidactylus were related to the shell species occupied and to strategies developed to compensate for interspecific competition, i.e., continuous reproductive effort and early maturity.
Observations on two new species of Monocystis Stein, 1848 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Monocystidae) Monocystis darjeelingensis sp.n. and M. ranaghatensis sp.n. from earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Probir , Mitra Amlan Kumar
Published: May 2005

Surveys of acephaline gregarines infesting earthworms from Senchal of Darjeeling and Ranaghat of Nadia districts of West Bengal, India revealed the occurrence of two new species of Monocystis Stein, 1848. Monocystis darjeelingensis sp.n. was found in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Amynthus robusta Perrier, 1892 from Senchal, Darjeeling, and M. ranaghatensis sp.n. in the seminal vesicles of the earthworm Eutyphoeus valtoni (Michaelsen) from Ranaghat. Trophozoites of M. darjeelingensis sp.n. are cylindroid in shape: 210.0-273.0 (231.0 ± 2.0) × 84.0-140.0 (98.0 ± 1.8) μm; spherical gametocyst: 147.0-163.0 (156.0 ± 0.4) μm; navicular oocyst: 15.4-18.0 (17.0 ± 1.0) × 8.0-9.0 (8.2 ± 0.5) μm. Trophozoites of M. ranaghatensis sp.n. are napiform, having a nearly spheroid to ellipsoid or ovoid body, 119.0-167.0 (124.0 ± 11.0) × 57.0-84.0 (62.0 ± 1.9) μm with a prominent tail like structure at the posterior end and ellipsoidal nucleus, 9.022.0 (12.0 ± 0.4) × 9.0-13.0 (10.0 ± 1.5) μm. Gametocysts are egg-shaped, measuring 95.0-124.0 (105.0 ± 0.9) μm. Oocysts are biconical, measuring 7.6-10.1 ( 9.3 ± 1.1) × 4.1-5.6 (4.5 ± 1.3) μm.
Reproductive characteristics of the Pyrenean high-mountain lizards: Iberolacerta aranica (Arribas, 1993), I. aurelioi (Arribas, 1994) and I. bonnali (Lantz, 1927)
Authors: Arribas Oscar , Galán Pedro
Published: May 2005

The three lacertid lizards species of the Iberolacerta genus, which have recently been described or recognised as different species, are reptiles that live strictly at the highest altitudes in Europe, from elevations of near 1900 up to more than 3000 m a.s.l. in the Pyrenees (Spain, Andorra, France). In this paper, the reproductive cycle and reproductive characteristics of these species are described for the first time. Data were obtained from field studies carried out in different high-mountain Pyrenean locations from 1989–2002. In addition we also conducted hatching studies in laboratory. Due to the harsh climatic conditions in the high mountains the activity cycle of these species is very short, just over 4 months, from mid-May to late September or beginning of October. This affects their reproductive cycle (i.e., only one annual egg-clutch is produced), as well as other reproductive characteristics, as the existence of a very advanced embryonic development at oviposition, which is interpreted as an advanced stage in the tendency towards viviparity, and diverse life history characteristics as a very little annual growth which greatly delays sexual maturity to 4 years in males and 4–5 years in females. Clutch size correlates significantly with female snout-vent length (SVL) in all three species. The average clutch size is 2.53 eggs in I. aurelioi (the smallest species), 3.03 in I. bonnali and 3.44 in I. aranica (the biggest species). Notwithstanding the differences in egg number the three species have a similar egg volume. The incubation period in the laboratory is very short with an average of 30–36 days among the species. The low reproductive potential observed in these three species and revealed in this paper is a strongly threatening factor which, together with their extremely reduced distribution area, endangers these endemic, rare and very threatened species.
Diel fluctuations in blood metabolites in cannulated African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822)
Authors: Van Heeswijk Johannes , Vianen Gerjanne , Van Den Thillart Guido
Published: May 2005

African catfish were cannulated in the dorsal aorta to study diurnal changes in blood metabolites. Cannulation of the branchial artery was tested but proved to be less successful. A clear diel fluctuation in the two major blood metabolites, free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose, was observed. Compared to the initial value at 8.30 a.m., the plasma FFA levels dropped by ca. 50% within 2 hours, after which the FFA concentration stayed relatively constant. Minimum values of 0.26±0.04 mM were reached at 12.30. The FFA concentration recovered to the initial value within the following 3 hours. The fluctuation in plasma glucose levels showed a comparable course but there was a phase-shift by 2 hours. The most astonishing finding of our study was the almost complete absence of glucose in the plasma of African catfish (0.05 ± 0.03 mM), a never reported phenomenon for any fish species. This study demonstrates the relatively low level of control of plasma glucose levels as compared to plasma FFA levels in African catfish.
Investigation of Soil Erosion from Bare Steep Slopes of the Humid Tropic Philippines
Authors: Presbitero A. L. , Rose C. W. , Yu B. , Ciesiolka C. A. A. , Coughlan K. J. , Fentie B.
Published: May 2005

At the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA) on the island of Leyte in the Philippines, hydrologic and soil-loss measurements were recorded for 32 erosion events over 3 yr on three 12-m-long bare soil plots with slopes of approximately 50%, 60%, and 70%. Measurements included rainfall and runoff rates at 1-min intervals, total soil lost per event from the plot, rill details when observed after an erosion event, and soil settling-velocity characteristics. Storm events are characterized by high rainfall rates but quite low rates of runoff, because of the consistently high infiltration rate of the stable clay soil (an Oxic Dystropept). Both observation and modeling indicated that overland flow is commonly so shallow that much of the soil surface is likely to be unsubmerged. For the 70% slope plot, half the events recorded mean sediment concentrations from 100 to 570 kg m−3. A somewhat constant hydrologic lag between rainfall and runoff is used to estimate a Manning’s roughness coefficient n of about 0.1 m−1/3 s, a value used to estimate velocity of overland flow. Possible effects of shallow flows and high sediment concentrations on existing erosion theory are investigated theoretically but are found to have only minor effects for the ViSCA dataset. A soil erodibility parameter β was evaluated for the data whenever rilling was recorded following an erosion event. The values of β indicate that, except for events with higher stream powers, other erosion processes in addition to overland flow could have contributed to soil loss from erosion plots in a significant number of events.
The Generation and Detection of Sound Emitted by Aircraft Wake Vortices in Ground Effect
Authors: Rubin William L.
Published: May 2005

Sound recorded by the author in March 2002 at JFK International Airport shows that wake vortices in ground effect emit infrasound that is 1) more than 40 dB stronger than audible wake vortex sound; 2) substantially stronger than the infrasound component of wind noise and airport noise; and 3) comparable to, and often stronger than, the infrasound component of aircraft noise. Spectra and time plots of the magnitude of wake-vortex-generated sound are presented for aircraft landing on JFK runway 31R.
In Situ Measurement of the Water Vapor 18O/16O Isotope Ratio for Atmospheric and Ecological Applications
Authors: Lee Xuhui , Sargent Steve , Smith Ronald , Tanner Bert
Published: May 2005

In this paper a system for in situ measurement of H216O/H218O in air based on tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption spectroscopy is described. Laboratory tests showed that its 60-min precision (one standard deviation) was 0.21‰ at a water vapor volume mixing ratio of 2.67 mmol mol−1 (dewpoint temperature −10.8°C at sea level) and improved to 0.09 at 15.3 mmol mol−1 (dewpoint temperature 13.4°C). The TDL measurement of the vapor generated by a dewpoint generator differed from the equilibrium prediction by −0.11 ± 0.43‰ (mean ± one standard deviation). Its measurement of the ambient water vapor differed from the cold-trap/mass spectrometer method by −0.36 ± 1.43‰. The larger noise of the latter comparison was caused primarily by the difficulty in extracting vapor from air without altering its isotope content. In a 1-week test in Logan, Utah, in August 2003, the isotope ratio of water vapor in ambient air was positively correlated with the water vapor mixing ratio and also responded to wetting events (rain and irrigation) in an expected manner.

This system has been in continuous operation in New Haven, Connecticut, since December 2003. It is suggested that such uninterrupted measurement may open a new window on the hydrologic cycle, particularly processes involving phase changes of water, and can increase the power of the isotope method in ecological applications.
Shattering during Sampling by OAPs and HVPS. Part I: Snow Particles
Authors: Korolev Alexei , Isaac George A.
Published: May 2005

The data on cloud particle sizes and concentrations collected with the help of aircraft imaging probes [optical array probes OAP-2DC, OAP-2DP, and the High Volume Precipitation Spectrometer (HVPS)] are widely used for cloud parameterization and validation of remote sensing. The goal of the present work is to study the effect of shattering of ice particles during sampling. The shattering of ice particles may occur due to 1) mechanical impact with the probe arms prior to their entering the sample volume, and 2) fragmentation due to interaction with turbulence and wind shear generated by the probe housing. The effect of shattering is characterized by the shattering efficiency that is equal to the ratio of counts of disintegrated particles, to all counts. The shattering efficiency depends on the habit, size, and density of ice particles, probe inlet design, and airspeed. For the case of aggregates, the shattering efficiency may reach 10% or even more. The shattering of ice particles results in an overcounting of small particles and an undercounting of large ones. The number of fragments in the images of shattered particles may reach several hundreds. It was found that particles as small as 600 μm may shatter after impact with the probe arms. The effect of particle shattering should be taken into account during data analysis and carefully considered in future designs of airborne cloud particle size spectrometers.
Multi-PRI Signal Processing for the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar. Part I: Clutter Filtering
Authors: Cho John Y. N. , Chornoboy Edward S.
Published: May 2005

Multiple pulse repetition interval (multi-PRI) transmission is part of an adaptive signal transmission and processing algorithm being developed to aggressively combat range–velocity ambiguity in weather radars. In the past, operational use of multi-PRI pulse trains has been hampered due to the difficulty in clutter filtering. This paper presents finite impulse response clutter filter designs for multi-PRI signals with excellent magnitude and phase responses. These filters provide strong suppression for use on low-elevation scans and yield low biases of velocity estimates so that accurate velocity dealiasing is possible. Specifically, the filters are designed for use in the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) and are shown to meet base data bias requirements equivalent to the Federal Aviation Administration’s specifications for the current TDWR clutter filters. Also an adaptive filter selection algorithm is proposed that bases its decision on clutter power estimated during an initial long-PRI surveillance scan. Simulations show that this adaptive algorithm yields satisfactory biases for reflectivity, velocity, and spectral width. Implementation of such a scheme would enable automatic elimination of anomalous propagation signals and constant adjustment to evolving ground clutter conditions, an improvement over the current TDWR clutter filtering system.
Microwave Rainfall Estimation over Coasts
Authors: McCollum Jeffrey R. , Ferraro Ralph R.
Published: May 2005

The microwave coastal rain identification procedure that has been used by NASA for over 10 yr, and also more recently by NOAA, for different instruments beginning with the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), is updated for use with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)-[Earth Observing System (EOS)] E microwave data. Since the development of the SSM/I algorithm, a wealth of both space-based and ground-based radar-rainfall estimates have become available, and here some of these data are used with collocated TMI and AMSR-E data to improve the estimation of coastal rain areas from microwave data. Two major improvements are made. The first involves finding the conditions where positive rain rates should be estimated rather than leaving the areas without estimates as in the previous algorithm. The second is a modification to the final step of the rain identification method; previously, a straight brightness temperature cutoff was used, but this is modified to a polarization-corrected temperature criterion. These modifications are made for the TRMM version 6 product release and the third (1 September) release of AMSR-E products to the public, both in 2004. The modifications are slightly different for each of these two sensors.
Some Concerns when Using Data from the Cooperative Weather Station Networks: A Nebraska Case Study
Authors: Wu Hong , Hubbard Kenneth G. , You Jinsheng
Published: May 2005

In this study, daily temperature and precipitation amounts that are observed by the Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) were compared among geographically close stations. Hourly observations from nearby Automatic Weather Data Network (AWDN) stations were utilized to resolve the discrepancies between the observations during the same period. The statistics of maximum differences in temperature and precipitation between COOP stations were summarized. In addition, the quantitative measures of the deviations between COOP and AWDN stations were expressed by root-mean-square error, mean absolute error, and an index of agreement. The results indicated that significant discrepancies exist among the daily observations between some paired stations because of varying observation times, observation error, sensor error, and differences in microclimate exposure. The purpose of this note is to bring attention to the problem and offer guidance on the use of daily observations in the comparison and creation of weather maps. In addition, this study demonstrates approaches for identifying the sources of the discrepancies in daily temperature and precipitation observations. The findings will be useful in the quality assurance (QA) procedures of climate data.
Childhood Family Structure and Routes Out of the Parental Home in Sweden
Authors: Bernhardt Eva , Gähler Michael , Goldscheider Frances
Published: May 2005

Leaving home at a very young age, particularly when not in conjunction with attending school away from home, appears to have a variety of negative consequences for the trajectory of young adults into successful career patterns and stable families. In this article, we examine the relationship between childhood family structure and nest-leaving patterns in the Swedish context. To our knowledge, this has never been done before. Analyses show that individuals from disrupted childhood families leave their parental home earlier than other young adults. The present state of knowledge is extended with analyses of the impact of adding a stepparent and of family conflict, and we distinguish between young adults leaving home to enter a union, to attend school, or to form a household of their own.
Why Do People Accept Different Income Ratios?
Authors: Hadler Markus
Published: May 2005

Although evaluation of income inequality has been the subject of many studies, there are questions that remain to be answered. In regard to the structural position thesis, the reflection thesis and dominant ideology thesis, this article examines how much income inequality people will accept before deciding that the disparity is too large and how societal differences can be explained adequately. For this purpose, the attitudes of about 35,000 respondents in 30 countries are investigated. A multi-level analysis is carried out using data from the ISSP survey ‘Social Inequality III’ of 1999. At the societal level, both socio-economic and cultural characteristics are considered. While much research places emphasis on dominant ideologies, this analysis in addition attempts to grasp these ideologies by aggregating individual beliefs. It is shown that societal differences are well explained by ideologies, but that socio-economic characteristics are important as well. At the micro-level, several individual characteristics are considered. Among other things, people at the top of the vertical axis are less critical than those at the bottom. There are also substantial differences between societies in regard to how much inequality in income ratio will be accepted. Thus, people not only accept different amounts of income, they even have different preferences about which ratio is just.
Business Ethics and Corporate Governance in Japan
Authors: Demise Nobuyuki
Published: May 2005

In Japan, although many people are interested in corporate governance and business ethics, there is little consensus on what good corporate governance entails. The Japanese Commercial Code (revised in 2003) enables Japanese companies to introduce a board committee system and abolish the company auditor system. After the recent exposure of various corporate malpractices, many Japanese companies have started institutionalizing business ethics in their organizations. Nevertheless, ethical issues such as death from overwork (karoshi), harassment at work, illegal collusion (dangou), and defrauding consumers and governments still remain prominent.
Corporate Governance and Business Ethics in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Kimber David , Lipton Phillip
Published: May 2005

This article investigates the relation between corporate governance and business ethics in the Asia-Pacific region. It draws on four examples of countries in the region (Australia, China, Singapore, and India), not because they are representative of certain regional characteristics, but as a means of reflecting on the diversity in this region. These countries display pronounced differences in terms of inter alia, historical development, cultural and social factors, legal system, corporate governance model, political system, and economic development. The complex interaction of all these considerations provides the context for corporate governance and business ethics in each of the countries. The article highlights different orientations to stakeholder management and integrity behavior in the boardroom and executives’ offices. Although globalization and financial market hegemony suggests a convergent model is theoretically desirable, this research suggests that the human capacity to protect diversity and enshrine regional and local interests seems likely to inhibit rapid change.
Business-Government Relations Within a Contingency Theory Framework: Strategy, Structure, Fit, and Performance
Authors: Meznar Martin B. , Johnson Julius H.
Published: May 2005

Using a contingency theory framework, this study examines the relationship between a firm’s business-government relations (BGR) strategy, BGR structure, and BGR performance. Based on previous work, the study hypothesizes that BGR strategy determines, in part, the structure of the public affairs function, as well as the function’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the study contends that an appropriate fit between BGR strategy and BGR structure leads to improved BGR performance. Results indicate that there is a positive association between BGR strategies (buffering and bridging) and BGR performance. There is also a positive association between BGR strategy and BGR formalization (structure). However, the study finds no direct association between BGR structure and performance. Further analysis reveals that it is a fit between a firm’s BGR strategy and BGR structure that leads to improved BGR performance. The associations between strategy, structure, fit, and performance offer empirical support for the relevance of the contingency theory framework to BGR research.
The Participation of Businesses in Community Decision Making
Authors: Boehm Amnon
Published: May 2005

Theoretical and practical trends of corporate citizenship indicate a deepening partnership between business and community. Following these developments, the article develops a model for the participation of businesses in decision-making processes as part of policy making and social-economic planning in the community. The article focuses on three levels: It examines the benefits and risks of such participation; identifies the typical dimensions of the participation processes; and finally, provides guidelines on how to develop a participation strategy based on the unique conditions of each business and community.
Off-axis Flexure Test: A New Method for Obtaining In-plane Shear Properties
Authors: Mujika F. , Valea A. , Gañán P. , Mondragon I.
Published: May 2005

Off-axis three-point flexure test for unidirectional composites is proposed as a new method for obtaining in-plane shear modulus and in-plane shear strength. The method of determination of the in-plane shear modulus GLT has been explained in a previous work where the displacement field of an off-axis flexure test was analyzed. In the present work, besides summarizing the calculation equations of GLT, the condition of small displacements is analyzed. Otherwise, an error analysis is carried out in order to study the influence of the calculated value of GLT on the other elastic parameters.

Normal and shear stresses in the fiber–matrix interface change from point to point in the specimen depending on the fiber orientation angle and specimen geometry. A critical point of failure that depends on the fiber orientation angle is determined and optimum conditions for obtaining in-plane shear strength are discussed. Experiments for different fiber orientations and geometric conditions have been carried out for IM7/8552 epoxy matrix based carbon fiber reinforced unidirectional composite material.
Heat of Reaction, Cure Kinetics, and Viscosity of Araldite LY-556 Resin
Authors: Seifi Rahman , Hojjati Mehdi
Published: May 2005

The cure kinetics expression for Araldite LY-556 epoxy resin is determined by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The heat of reaction, the rate of cure, and degree of cure are determined at constant temperature of 363, 373, 383, 393, 403, and 413 K (isothermal scanning) using the data generated by DSC. The ultimate heat of reaction also is measured at a constant heating rate of 5, 10, and 15 K/min (dynamic scanning). The viscosity is measured as a function of time at constant temperatures of 323, 343, and 363 K using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Expressions are developed using the data generated by DSC and DMA, and by the curve fitting method, which represent the rate of cure, and the viscosity versus degree of cure and temperature. The new and accurate expressions are used for better modeling of the resin behavior.
Carbon Foam Core Composite Sandwich Beams: Flexure Response
Authors: Sarzynski M. D. , Ochoa O. O.
Published: May 2005

The possibility of utilizing an open-cell carbon foam in structural applications is assessed through integrated testing and computational analysis. The structural elements considered are sandwich beams with carbon-epoxy laminate face sheets and carbon foam core subjected to bending loads. The primary damage mode observed is the formation of shear cracks in the carbon foam core at a measured axial strain of 2473 me on the face sheet. Subsequently, three-dimensional FEA models are developed to identify the damage modes and the progressive damage pattern for an isotropic carbon foam core. Results of the computational simulations – displacements, axial strains, and damage modes – correlated well with the test outcome.
The politics of counter-memory on the French extreme right
Authors: Flood Christopher
Published: May 2005

This article examines the forms, the modes of dissemination and some of the recent topics of revisionist historical writing in France’s extreme right-wing subculture today. Over the last two centuries shared understandings of French national history have structured the extreme right’s definition of itself as guardian of the national interest in opposition to other ideological families which came to constitute the political mainstream. Its adherents take pride in the strength and continuity of their intellectual tradition. Although the extreme right is largely excluded from historical debates in the journals or media outside its own milieu, its adherents shadow those debates, putting their own, different interpretations on the meaning of events to articulate what they consider to be authentic readings of the past and, hence, of the present. It is argued that this process, defined here as counter-memory, is essential to the maintenance of the subculture.
Viewing memory through Night and Fog, The Sorrow and the Pity and Shoah
Authors: Furman Nelly
Published: May 2005

Between 1955 and 1983, three French film documentaries displaced our understanding of the events of World War II: Nuit et brouillard by Alain Resnais, Le Chagrin et la pitié by Marcel Ophuls and Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah. These are films that reveal specific moments in France’s difficult path to assessing the events of the ‘dark years’. As markers of changes in the political, social and cultural attitude of France’s views of the war and Vichy, these films offer probing historical evidence of France’s struggles with its past, as well as compelling archival materials on the deportations, the occupation and the Holocaust. But, in addition, they also present us with exceptional illustrations of the vicissitudes of recollections, the unpredictable workings of memory, and the vicarious effects of visual and oral testimonies. They in turn testify to a contemporary cultural event: the displacement of traditional history in favour of testimony.
Memory at the front
Authors: Katz Ethan
Published: May 2005

The period of Occupied France presents a striking example of the failure of memory studies thus far to penetrate certain essential questions in French historiography. Despite its paramount importance, the memory of the French Revolution during the Occupation years has received little serious examination. This article argues that the central revolutionary commemoration of le 14 juillet assumed a critical role during the Occupation. Le 14 juillet was the occasion when Vichy, the collaborationists and the Resistance each chose to glorify, qualify or condemn the Revolution. Their respective selected symbols, words, and ceremonies projected narratives of the proper French past and visions for the postwar future that competed for legitimacy. Each year, this anniversary also served to gauge the French public’s response to the conflicting manipulations of the Revolution’s memory, thereby becoming a vital testing ground for the political direction of the nation. Ultimately, the evolution of the holiday’s meaning during the Occupation period had consequences that reached well into the post-war era.
Voice onset time in infant directed speech over the first six months
Authors: Englund Kjellrun T.
Published: May 2005

Using a natural interactional setting, a quasi-experiment investigated stop consonants in Norwegian infant directed speech (IDS) compared with adult directed speech (ADS) in six mothers interacting with their infants at 10 points throughout six months. Voice onset time (VOT) in voiced and voiceless bilabial, alveolar and velar stops was compared between the two speech types. Results from two repeated measures analysis show longer VOTs in IDS than in ADS for alveolar and velar stops, as well as for /b/, but not for /p/. These results were stable across the six months. This suggests that stops are overspecified in speech to infants from birth until six months, maybe enhancing both auditory and visual aspects of speech in the first six months.
Toddlers’ novel word learning: Effects of phonological representation, vocabulary size and parents’ ostensive behaviour
Authors: Tan Seok Hui , Schafer Graham
Published: May 2005

We explore factors affecting word learning: phonological representation, vocabulary size and the frequency with which parents name objects for their children. Infants at 16–20 months were taught two novel words using preferential looking; they showed reliable learning of these words and reliably distinguished between familiar objects with phonologically similar labels, supporting the view that phonological representation is not necessarily ‘underspecified’ at this age (Gerken, Murphy & Aslin, 1995). Infants who learnt the novel words also distinguished the objects with similar-sounding labels. However, vocabulary size was not related to word learning or segmental representation capacity, suggesting that segmental representation may help infants to learn words, but this process is not driven by vocabulary growth (Metsala, 1999). We also report a positive relationship between word learning ability and the frequency of parents’ ostensive naming.
Teaching gestural signs to infants to advance child development: A review of the evidence
Authors: Johnston J. Cyne , Durieux-Smith Andrée , Bloom Kathleen
Published: May 2005

Should parents be encouraged to teach their hearing infants to communicate using gestural signs? Does signing in infancy advance child behaviour and development as claimed by many commercially available products for parents? To answer these questions, a review was undertaken to evaluate currently available research studies that examined the effectiveness of prelingual signing for normally developing, hearing infants. Databases, reference lists and the Internet were searched for relevant documents using a pre-determined search protocol. Seventeen reports met the review’s inclusion criteria and were retrieved and evaluated. The review failed to support claims that signing facilitates language development, due to insufficiencies in scientific methods and to equivocal results.
The functions of maternal verbal responses to prelinguistic infants as predictors of early communicative and linguistic development
Authors: Paavola Leila , Kunnari Sari , Moilanen Irma , Lehtihalmes Matti
Published: May 2005

Maternal overall verbal responsiveness to prelinguistic infants at 0;10 was analysed by categorizing responses according to their function. In addition, the predictive validity of the response categories to the child’s communicative and linguistic development at 1;0 was examined. The participants were 27 Finnish-speaking mothers and their first-born infants. The results indicated several predictive relations between the functions of maternal verbal responses and child communicative and linguistic development, while maternal overall verbal responsiveness seemed to imply aspects of verbal style only modestly. Child contributions that may account for relationships between maternal interaction and child linguistic development were also considered. The results are discussed with reference to maternal interactional sensitivity.
The emergence of phonological awareness: Connections to language and theory of mind development
Authors: Farrar M. Jeffrey , Ashwell Sylvia , Maag Lisa
Published: May 2005

The emergence of phonological awareness was examined in a longitudinal study. Two issues were of particular interest: (1) the relationship between phonological awareness and early language development, and (2) the relationship between theory of mind and phonological awareness. Of interest was whether early language ability at 2 years was related to phonological awareness (e.g., rhyming) at 4 years. Overall, children’s early language ability at 2 years predicted their phonological awareness at 4 years. Also of interest was the relationship between theory of mind understanding and phonological awareness. At 4 years measures of theory of mind were related to phonological awareness. Possible explanations of the link between language, theory of mind and phonological awareness are discussed.
Self-Appraisal and Attributions: A Test of a Model
Authors: Levy Paul E.
Published: May 2005

A path-analytic model was employed to examine the predicted relationships among self-esteem, locus of control, self-appraisal, and attributions. Participants completed two individual difference measures (self-esteem and locus of control) and then worked on a test that they believed was a managerial selection instrument. They then rated their own performance on the instrument and made attributions for their performance. The model received strong support and each hypothesized path was statistically significant. The results are discussed with respect to recent work by Levy and Foti (1989, 1990) and Farh and Dobbins (1989b) and a general framework is suggested for future research.
Gender and Willingness to Mentor in Organizations
Authors: Ragins Belle Rose , Cotton John L.
Published: May 2005

We investigated differences in willingness to mentor among men and women in three organizations. When controlling for gender differences in factors relating to decisions to mentor (age, rank, tenure, and mentorship experience), women expressed equivalent intentions to mentor as men, even though they anticipated more drawbacks to becoming a mentor. Additionally, individuals with prior experience in mentoring relationships, either as a protege or as a mentor, reported greater willingness to mentor than individuals lacking mentorship experience.
Moderators of Sex Bias in the Performance Appraisal Process: A Cognitive Analysis
Authors: Robbins Tina L. , DeNisi Angelo S.
Published: May 2005

The present study was designed to analyze cognitive characteristics and situational moderators associated with sex bias in performance appraisal. The results of this study suggest that sex bias does not emerge as an influential factor during rater recall. Ratees performing in sex-incongruent occupations were found to receive deflated ratings in situations where their gender was not distinct within the group of ratees to be evaluated. Interpretations, limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Turning Work into Play: Implications for Microcomputer Software Training
Authors: Webster Jane , Martocchio Joseph J.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the effects of task labelling (as play or work) and trainee age on learning outcomes. Results indicate an interaction between task labelling and age: Younger employees who received training labelled as ‘play’ showed higher motivation to learn and performed better in an objective test of software knowledge than older employees. In contrast, no differences were found between younger and older employees receiving training labelled as ‘work‘. Implications for training are discussed.
Peripheral Vision
Authors: Fairclough Norman
Published: May 2005

Although studies of organization certainly need to include analysis of discourse, one prominent tendency within current research on organizational discourse limits its value for organizational studies through a commitment to postmodernism and extreme versions of social constructivism. I argue that a version of critical discourse analysis based on a critical realist social ontology is potentially of greater value to organization studies, and I refer in particular to the contribution it can make to research on organizational change.
Lebenssoziologie
Authors: Lash Scott
Published: May 2005

This article presents a case for the revaluation of vitalism in sociological theory. It argues for the relevance of such a Lebenssoziologie in the global information age. The body of the article addresses what a vitalist sociology might be through a consideration of Georg Simmel. The analysis works from the juxtapositon of vitalist monadology with postivist atomism. It shows how Simmel drew on the Kantian cognition to develop an idea of the social. Here Kant’s Newtonian atomism was transformed into Simmel’s Darwinian atomism. ‘Form’, for Kant, is the a priori of the cognitive categories. For Simmel form is the functions that constitute the social a priori. The other of form is substance. Simmelian ‘substance’, we see, is understood as ‘life’. We view this in the context of Leibniz’s monadology. In this the monad is simple substance as difference. The monad is self-organizing, conceived on the lines of not the extensivity of res extensa, but the intensivity of res cogitans; the monad is possessed with memory as trace; it is comprised of relations of perception; it is reflexive. In each case monadology is systematically contrasted with atomism. We consider the Bergsonian and Nietzschean impetus in Simmel’s shift from Darwinian atomistic evolution to monadological creative evolution. We compare Marx’s labour theory of value with Simmel’s ‘life theory of value’. For Marx it is labour that makes up value-substance: for Simmel life is value-substance. We examine Simmel’s core notion of life as social substance: as a primordial inter-subjectivity of flux. We conclude with a contrast of such ‘flux’ and flow: of such a flux of ‘becoming’ and invention in contrast to the flows of domination of today’s global capitalism.
Radical Post-humanism
Authors: Gane Nicholas
Published: May 2005

This article uses the work of Friedrich Kittler to address the ways in which media technologies underpin and structure the basis of ‘human’ existence and understanding. Kittler’s ‘media materialism’ is explored through four main influences: the information theory of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, the media analysis of Marshall McLuhan, the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan, and Michel Foucault’s work on power and discourse. These figures are used, in turn, to draw into question the materiality of information technology, and, following this, to develop a post-human approach to media analysis. The final section of this article considers the challenges such an approach poses to the humanistic bias of mainstream sociology and media studies.
Culture, Cognition and Jean Laplanche’s Enigmatic Signifier
Authors: Stack Allyson
Published: May 2005

Empathy is widely touted as a springboard for social change. Within the academy, ‘identification’ is often used to promote the social value of literary and cultural studies. But to what degree have scholars, in seeking to defend the value of literary and cultural studies, conceived the act of reading in problematic ways? ‘An Ethics of Reading’ argues that adopting a Lacanian paradigm of self (reader) and text (other) to discuss the act of textual interpretation reduces a complex event involving multiple actors to a simple dualism, while ineluctably consigning any act of interpretation to simple projection. Turning instead to psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche’s concept of the enigmatic signifier, this article rethinks the relation between reader and cultural text – reconceiving the act of interpretation by situating it within a dynamic of transference, as opposed to projection. When conceived via this Laplanchian framework, reading becomes not only an effective path to cognition and knowledge, but a radical means of subjective transformation.
Nothing Comes Between Me and My CPU
Authors: Andrejevic Mark
Published: May 2005

The promise of interactivity is quietly but systematically undergoing a downgrade that will require a lot less activity on the part of the user – and a lot more on the dispersed ‘smart’ objects that will eventually populate their lives. This article reads the promotional literature on ‘smart’ clothes through the lens of Benjamin’s discussion of fetishism and flânerie, considering the ways in which such clothes provide a mobile form of bourgeois interiority: a ‘casing’ that allows the user to make an individualized impression on the world. The promise is one of comfort and convenience, offered in exchange for the ability to gather detailed information about consumers. Smart clothing realizes the phantasmagoria of the commodity world described by Benjamin – one in which the commodities embark on a life of their own, taking on the active role ceded by the pacified consumer. At the same time, one can recognize in the digitally encased consumers the after-image of the flâneur insofar as they participate in the work of being watched. The article concludes with a discussion of the uncanniness of this re-emergent form of commodity fetishism.