bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New perspectives in the Italian property market: the funeral sector
Authors: Morena Marzia , Truppi Tommaso , Ierecitano Verdiana , Lorusso Gianluca
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a particular type of property market, that of funeral homes, of which little is known, despite the fact that it is an expanding market, reflecting a social and cultural change in Italy.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative analysis of the funeral property market was carried out. Information and data were collected from funeral companies, with reference to their market strategy, and from institutional investors, in order to gauge their knowledge of that specific sector and their willingness to invest in this specific property type. The instruments used were questionnaires, telephone interviews and on-site visits.

Findings

The results of this study suggest that Italian funeral companies identified a new property market, responding to the demands of a changing social context, especially in Northern Italy. Limited experience in the management of this asset and the lack of a clear and uniform legislative regulation at the national level appear to be among the main difficulties. From the investors’ point of view, the main problems in investing in this property were the lack of adequate knowledge in the sector and moral qualms about the specific type of assets.

Research limitations/implications

The small sample restricts generalization beyond the companies that participated in the research. Furthermore, the research only focused on the private sector related to niche market strategy and property investments.

Practical implications

The paper could raise awareness of a specific and not well-known property market among the real estate operators.

Originality/value

The originality of the analysis lies in investigating a relevant phenomenon from the social point of view that has been little or not at all addressed from the point of view of real estate, particularly in Italy.
The Effect of Household Socioeconomic Status on the Demand for Child Health Care Services
Authors: Arthur Eric
Published: May 2019

The health of the child is an important factor for proper childhood development. Unfortunately, efforts to improve child health in many countries have not yielded the desired results as many children do not receive appropriate health care, hence contributing to high child mortality and morbidity from avoidable causes. To address this problem, it is important that we understand the factors that drive the demand for child health care services. This study, employing the binary and multinomial logistic regression models, examines the effect of household socioeconomic status on the demand for child health care in Ghana, Kenya and Zambia using data from the 2014 Demographic and Health Surveys. The results indicate that the likelihood of seeking appropriate health care for the child is higher when both parents make decisions. The findings further indicate that the odds of seeking treatment for the child falls with the birth order and age of the child, but increases with household wealth, insurance status and proximity to the health facility. Working women are more likely to demand child health care than their counterparts who are unemployed. Our results, therefore, suggest that improving child health will need the participation of both parents in the household on such decisions. Besides, there is the need to educate parents on the importance of seeking appropriate care for all the children born irrespective of the birth order and age of the child. There should also be deliberate efforts to improve the economic lot of households to enhance their purchasing power and encourage them to participate in health insurance schemes to enable effective utilization of health care services for the child in the efforts to improve child health.
Religion, partisanship and preferences for redistribution
Authors: SAVAGE LEE
Published: May 2019

This article offers a new theoretical explanation of the relationship between religion and the demand for redistribution. Previous literature shows that religious individuals are less likely to favour redistribution either because (a) religion provides a substitute for state welfare provision, or (b) it adds a salient moral dimension to an individual's calculus which induces them to act contrary to their economic interests. In this article, it is argued that the effect of religion on an individual's redistributive preferences is best explained by their partisanship, via a process of partisan motivated reasoning. In contexts where parties are able to combine religion with pro‐redistribution policies, religious individuals are more likely to favour redistribution as doing so reinforces their partisan identity. In advanced democracies, religious individuals are more likely to be supporters of centre‐right parties that oppose redistribution. However, in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) the historical and political context leads to the opposite expectation. The nature of party competition in CEE has seen nationalist populist parties adopt policy platforms that combine religion and leftist economic programmes. They are able to credibly combine these two positions due to the way in which religion and the welfare state became linked to conceptions of the nation during the inter‐war state‐building years. Using data from 2002–2014, the study shows that religiosity is associated with pro‐redistribution attitudes in CEE. Furthermore, religious supporters of nationalist populist parties are more likely to favour redistribution than religious supporters of other parties. The results of this research add greater nuance to our understanding of the relationship between religiosity and economic preferences.
Do health insurance and hospital market concentration influence hospital patients’ experience of care?
Authors: Hanson Caroline , Herring Bradley , Trish Erin
Published: May 2019

Objective

To examine the effects of insurance and hospital market concentration on hospital patients’ experience of care, as hospitals may compete on quality for favorable insurance contracts.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Secondary data for 2008‐2015 on patient experience from Hospital Compare's patient survey data, hospital characteristics from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey, and insurance market characteristics from HealthLeaders‐InterStudy.

Study Design

Hospital/year‐level regressions predict each hospital's patient experience measure as a function of insurance and hospital market concentration and hospital fixed effects. The model is identified by longitudinal variation in insurance and hospital concentration.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Hospital/year‐level data from Hospital Compare and the AHA merged by market/year to insurance and hospital concentration measures.

Principal Findings

Changes in patient satisfaction are positively associated with increases in insurance concentration and negatively associated with increases in hospital concentration. Moving from a market with 20th percentile insurance concentration and 80th percentile hospital concentration to a market with 80th percentile insurance concentration and 20th percentile hospital concentration increases the share of patients that rated the hospital highly from 66.9 percent (95% CI: 66.5‐67.2 percent) to 67.9 percent (95% CI: 67.5‐68.3 percent) and the share of patients that definitely recommend the hospital from 69.7 percent (95% CI: 69.4‐70.0 percent) to 70.8 percent (95% CI: 70.5‐71.2 percent). The relationship for insurance concentration is stronger in more concentrated hospital markets, while the relationship for hospital concentration is stronger in less concentrated hospital markets.

Conclusions

These findings add to the evidence on the harms of hospital consolidation but suggest that insurer consolidation may improve patient experience.
Validation in China of a non‐invasive salivary pepsin biomarker containing two unique human pepsin monoclonal antibodies to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Wang Yong Feng , Yang Chang Qing , Chen Ying Xuan , Cao Ai Ping , Yu Xiao Feng , Yu Yang , Zhang Zi Yan , Shen Xi Zhong , Liu Fei , Zhong Lan , Wang Ying Xin , Liu Zhan Ju , Shi Yan Hong , Zhong Jie , Li Jing Nan , Lan Yu , Lenham Rhianna K. , Woodcock Andrew D. , Dettmar Peter W. , Fang Jing‐Yuan
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Peptest is a new non‐invasive reflux diagnostic test based on lateral flow technology that containing two highly specific human pepsin monoclonal antibodies for detecting pepsin, a biomarker for reflux disease. The primary aim of this multicenter clinical study was to validate the efficacy of Peptest in patients diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux and healthy controls in China.

Methods

Patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux underwent an endoscopy and were classified into non‐erosive reflux disease and erosive esophagitis subgroups. A healthy control group was also recruited. All participants were given a reflux disease questionnaire—patients scoring greater than 12 and controls scoring zero. All participants provided a postprandial saliva sample and most patients gave an additional post‐symptom sample for pepsin analysis.

Results

Altogether 1032 participants aged between 19 and 78 years were recruited. They consisted of 488 patients with non‐erosive reflux disease, 221 with erosive esophagitis and 323 healthy controls. The number of postprandial and post‐symptom samples analyzed totaled 1031 and 692, respectively. The results across all centers showed an overall pepsin‐positive sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 60%, a positive predictive value of 82%, a negative predictive value of 65% and a positive likelihood ratio of 2.12.

Conclusion

The sensitivity of Peptest was high, but the specificity achieved in some centers was low, resulting overall in only a moderate specificity. Further diagnostic investigative studies are warranted.
Efficacy and safety of afatinib in a Chinese population with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with sensitive EGFR mutations
Authors: Wang Shouzheng , Xing Puyuan , Yang Ke , Hao Xuezhi , Ma Di , Mu Yuxin , Li Junling
Published: May 2019

Background

Afatinib is an irreversible ErbB family blocker that improves progression‐free survival (PFS) of advanced EGFR‐mutant lung adenocarcinoma compared to chemotherapy. However, afatinib leads to more adverse events than first‐generation EGFR inhibitors. Hence, exploration of the optimal afatinib initial dose and its efficacy and safety in Asian patients has drawn extensive attention.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated demographic and clinical information, survival data, and adverse events in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with afatinib from 27 February 2017 to 30 October 2018.

Results

A total of 60 patients were included in the study. Thirty‐nine (65%) patients received afatinib as first‐line treatment. The median PFS was 12.3 months (95% confidence internal 7.6–17.0). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, gender, smoking history, baseline brain metastasis status, afatinib starting dose, and mutation type did not significantly influence PFS. No significant difference in median PFS between patients treated with an initial dose of afatinib of 40 mg or 30 mg, either in the first‐line (14.5 vs. 5.2 months; P = 0.101) or in a second or later‐line setting (3.0 vs. 5.0 months; P = 0.375) was observed. The incidence of all grades of rash/acne (92.5% vs. 61.1%; P = 0.011) and paronychia (82.5% vs. 50.0%; P = 0.010) in the 40 mg group was significantly higher than in the 30 mg group.

Conclusion

First‐line afatinib treatment is beneficial for advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with sensitive EGFR mutations. Initial dose and baseline brain metastasis status do not significantly impact PFS.
Sustained effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring of tioguanine in a cohort of 274 IBD patients intolerant for conventional therapies
Authors: Simsek Melek , Deben Debbie S. , Horjus Carmen S. , Bénard Melanie V. , Lissenberg‐Witte Birgit I. , Buiter Hans J. C. , van Luin Matthijs , Seinen Margien L. , Mulder Chris J. J. , Wong Dennis R. , de Boer Nanne K. H. , van Bodegraven Adriaan A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Tioguanine (or thioguanine) is an alternative drug for IBD patients who fail prior conventional immunomodulating therapy.

Aim

To report effectiveness, safety and therapeutic drug monitoring in a cohort of patients with prolonged tioguanine maintenance therapy.

Methods

In this nationwide, multicentre study, medical records of tioguanine‐ using IBD patients were retrospectively reviewed. Response to therapy was defined as clinical effectiveness without (re)initiation of corticosteroids, concurrent biological therapy or surgical intervention. All adverse events that occurred during the follow‐up were listed and graded according to the common terminology criteria (CTC).

Results

Two hundred and seventy‐four patients (female 63%, Crohn's disease in 68%) were included with median treatment duration of 51 months, 1567 patient‐years of follow‐up and median 20 mg/d tioguanine dosage. Tioguanine was tolerated in 79%, clinical effectiveness at 6 months was documented in 66% and sustained clinical effectiveness during 12 months in 51% of patients. Forty‐one per cent of patients developed adverse events: 5% were graded as severe. Adverse events comprised infection requiring hospitalisation in three and skin cancer in eight patients (two melanomas). Asymptomatic nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver occurred in two out of 52 patients with liver biopsies (3.8%) and portal hypertension in three whereof one potentially associated with tioguanine (0.4%). Clinical effectiveness was correlated with 6‐thioguanine nucleotide threshold concentrations >682 pmol/8×108 RBC (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Long‐term tioguanine therapy for at least 12 months was effective in 51% and well tolerated as a maintenance treatment for IBD in about 70% of patients. Adverse events were common, but mainly mild or moderate. 6‐Thioguanine nucleotide threshold concentration ≥ 700 pmol/8×108 RBC is proposed as target level with higher odds for clinical effectiveness.
Moderate to severe hepatic steatosis leads to overestimation of liver stiffness measurement in chronic hepatitis B patients without significant fibrosis
Authors: Shen Feng , Mi Yu‐Qiang , Xu Liang , Liu Yong‐Gang , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Pan Qin , Zhang Rui‐Nan , Hu Xi‐Qi , Xu Lei‐Ming , Fan Jian‐Gao
Published: May 2019

Background

Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography is a noninvasive method for the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. The impact of hepatic steatosis on LSM remains to be explored.

Aim

To determine whether LSM is affected by hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods

Consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven CHB were prospectively enrolled. Hepatic steatosis was classified by pathology as none (S0, <5%), mild (S1, 5%‐33%), and moderate‐severe (S2‐3, >33%), and quantitatively by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) as CAP S0 (≤247 dB/m), CAP S1 (248‐267 dB/m) and CAP S2‐3 (≥268 dB/m). Liver fibrosis was assessed by METAVIR classification and noninvasively by LSM.

Results

The prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 223) in CHB patients (n = 593) was 37.6%. Forty‐eight belonged to S2‐3 and 127 belonged to CAP S2‐3. In patients without significant fibrosis (F0‐1), the median LSM (kPa) was 7.4 in S2‐3 and 7.1 in CAP S2‐3, which was significantly higher than that in S0/S1 (P = 0.005) and CAP S0/S1 (P = 0.003). No significant difference was found in significant fibrosis (F2‐4). For LSM identifying significant fibrosis (F2‐4), the negative predictive value was higher in CHB patients with CAP ≥ 268 compared to those with CAP < 268 (0.81 vs 0.73); the positive predictive value was lower in CAP ≥ 268 than its counterpart (0.65 vs 0.76).

Conclusions

Moderate‐severe steatosis increased the LSM value in CHB patients without significant fibrosis. A CAP ≥ 268 did not affect LSM for ruling out, but it slightly affected LSM for ruling in significant fibrosis. Trial Registration: ChiCTR‐DDT‐13003983.
Blockchain as the Database Engine in the Accounting System
Authors: Tan Boon Seng , Low Kin Yew
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the prediction that blockchain technology will transform accounting and the profession because transactions recorded on a blockchain can be aggregated into financial statements and confirmed as true and accurate. We argue that blockchain technology affects the database engine of the accounting information system (AIS) through digitisation of the current paper‐based validation process. In a blockchain‐based AIS, accountants will no longer be the central authority but will remain the preparer of financial reports required by regulations; they will continue to influence policies such as the choice and accreditation of validators and serve as validators of last resort. Audit evidence still needs to be gathered for rendering of an audit opinion in a blockchain‐based AIS. While digitisation of the validation process reduces the error rate and lowers the cost of vouching and tracing, and immutability of blockchain data reduces the incentive and opportunities for fraud, a blockchain‐based AIS alone does not guarantee that financial reports are true and fair. Lower error rates and reduced incentives for accounting fraud in a blockchain‐based AIS are expected to improve audit quality. This prediction will need to be empirically tested when blockchain‐based AIS become available. Using the three‐tier architecture of the AIS, this paper addresses the gap in the literature that misses how characteristics of blockchain technology can influence the implementation of a blockchain‐based AIS with related implications for the accounting profession.
Deeply buried ancient volcanoes control hydrocarbon migration in the South China Sea
Authors: Sun Qiliang , Jackson Christopher A. L. , Magee Craig , Xie Xinong
Published: May 2019

Seismic reflection data image now‐buried and inactive volcanoes, both onshore and along the submarine portions of continental margins. However, the impact that these volcanoes have on later, post‐eruption fluid flow events (e.g., hydrocarbon migration and accumulation) is poorly understood. Determining how buried volcanoes and their underlying plumbing systems influence subsurface fluid or gas flow, or form traps for hydrocarbon accumulations, is critical to de‐risk hydrocarbon exploration and production. Here, we focus on evaluating how buried volcanoes affect the bulk permeability of hydrocarbon seals, and channel and focus hydrocarbons. We use high‐resolution 3D seismic reflection and borehole data from the northern South China Sea to show how ca. <10 km wide, ca. <590 m high Miocene volcanoes, buried several kilometres (ca. 1.9 km) below the seabed and fed by a sub‐volcanic plumbing system that exploited rift‐related faults: (i) acted as long‐lived migration pathways, and perhaps reservoirs, for hydrocarbons generated from even more deeply buried (ca. 8–10 km) source rocks; and (ii) instigated differential compaction and doming of the overburden during subsequent burial, producing extensional faults that breached regional seal rocks. Considering that volcanism and related deformation are both common on many magma‐rich passive margins, the interplay between the magmatic products and hydrocarbon migration documented here may be more common than currently thought. Our results demonstrate that now‐buried and inactive volcanoes can locally degrade hydrocarbon reservoir seals and control the migration of hydrocarbon‐rich fluids and gas. These fluids and gases can migrate into and be stored in shallower reservoirs, where they may then represent geohazards to drilling and impact slope stability.
Optimal Social Insurance and Health Inequality
Authors: Grossmann Volker , Strulik Holger
Published: May 2019

This paper integrates into public economics a biologically founded, stochastic process of individual aging. The novel approach enables us to quantitatively characterize the optimal joint design of health and retirement policy behind the veil of ignorance for today and in response to future medical progress. Calibrating our model to Germany, our analysis suggests that the current social insurance policy instruments are set close to the (constrained) socially optimal levels, given proportional contribution rates for health and pension finance, the equivalence principle in the pension system, and a common statutory retirement age. Future progress in medical technology calls for a potentially drastic increase in health spending and a higher retirement age without lowering the pension contribution rate. Interestingly, from an ex ante point of view, medical progress and higher health spending are in conflict with the goal to reduce health inequality.
Fermentation dynamics and bacterial diversity of mixed lucerne and sweet corn stalk silage ensiled at six ratios
Authors: Wang Musen , Wang Luna , Yu Zhu
Published: May 2019

The fermentation dynamics and bacterial diversity of mixed lucerne (LU) and sweet corn stalk (SS) silage ensiled at six ratios were evaluated. LU and SS, harvested at 187 and 222 g/kg dry matter, respectively, were chopped to a length of about 1 cm and mixed in the fresh weight proportions of 10:0, 8:2 (Mix 1), 6:4 (Mix 2), 4:6 (Mix 3), 2:8 (Mix 4) and 0:10. Silos of each ratio were prepared in triplicate and stored at ambient conditions for 5, 10, 15, 30 and 65 days. The fermentation profile of silage during storage was determined at each point, and the bacterial diversity of silage stored for 65 days was analysed by high‐throughput sequencing. The silages with more SS inclusion in the forage mixtures were higher in lactic acid and lower in butyric acid and ammonia N, regardless of storage time. After 65 days of storage, Lactobacillus (relative abundance, 91.36%–95.86%) dominated the bacterial community in Mix 3, Mix 4 and SS silages, whereas the community composition in LU, Mix 1 and Mix 2 silages was complex, mainly consisting of Lactobacillus (45.48%–61.01%), Enterobacter (11.09%–19.57%) and Weissella (10.44%–14.13%). Inclusion of SS significantly enhanced the fermentation characteristics, and remarkably improved the bacterial community structure, reflected by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reducing the relative abundance of Enterobacter and Pantoea. The fermentation quality was better when LU was ensiled in a mixture with ≥ 40% SS.
Australia House: stones a long way from home
Authors: Siddall Ruth
Published: May 2019

Australia House is a prominent, Grade II listed building located on The Strand in London. It is the home of the High Commission of Australia, the diplomatic mission of Australia in the UK. It opened on 3 August 1918, just over a hundred years ago, and this opportunity is taken to commemorate this building through the remarkable stones used in its construction.
Geology and the Allied liberation of Normandy: highlights to help mark the 75th anniversary of D‐Day, 6 June 1944
Authors: Rose Edward P. F.
Published: May 2019

During the Second World War, the Allied invasion of the French coast of Normandy on D‐Day, 6 June 1944, was the greatest amphibious assault in world history. An article in Geology Today (v.11, for 1995, pp.58–63) marked the 50th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe, on 8 May 1945, by describing how British military geologists had participated in planning for D‐Day and in the NW Europe campaign that followed it. The work of these geologists provides a classic case history, revealing that ‘military geology’ has many potential applications. Geological factors influenced site selection for temporary airfields, predictions of trafficability for the Normandy beaches, the development of potable water supplies, and quarrying for road metal—and more besides. This new article helps to mark the 75th anniversary of D‐Day by further details of how geologists and geology contributed to Allied victory.
Histopathological, histoenzymological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of tissue response to sealing materials after furcation perforation
Authors: Silva R. A. B. , Borges A. T. N. , Hernandéz‐Gatón P. , de Queiroz A. M. , Arzate H. , Romualdo P. C. , Nelson‐Filho P. , Silva L. A. B.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To evaluate in vivo tissue responses after sealing furcation perforations in dog's teeth with either Biodentine™, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or gutta‐percha, by means of histopathological, histoenzymological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis.

Methodology

After root canal treatment, perforations were created in the central region of the pulp chamber floor using a round diamond bur and filled with one or other of the materials. The animals were euthanized after 120 days, and the teeth (n = 30) were processed for histopathological analysis of new mineralized tissue formation and collagen fibre reinsertion, immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin (OPN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and immunofluorescence analysis for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP‐2), cementum attachment protein (CAP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN) and cementum protein1 (CEMP1). Histoenzymology was performed for TRAP activity and osteoclast count. Data were analysed statistically (α = 0.05) using chi‐square and Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results

Gutta‐percha did not induce mineralized tissue formation. MTA and BiodentineTM formed mineralized tissue in 88% and 92% of specimens, respectively, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). Gutta‐percha was associated with scattered collagen fibres parallel to the perforations. Groups treated with MTA or BiodentineTM had partial fibre reinsertion perpendicular to the newly formed mineralized tissue. All materials induced OPN and ALP expression, weakest for gutta‐percha and strongest for MTA (P < 0.05). Only MTA induced BMP‐2, BSP, OCN, CAP and CEMP1 expression. Osteoclast counts were similar in all groups (P = 0.97).

Conclusions

Mineral trioxide aggregate and BiodentineTM were biocompatible, with formation of mineralized tissue and partial reinsertion of collagen fibres. In addition, the participation of several molecules by which calcium silicate‐based materials induce the formation of mineralized tissue were noted, with expression of ALP and OPN mineralization markers, without interference in the number of osteoclasts. Only MTA stimulated the expression of proteins associated with the formation of a cementum‐like mineralized tissue.
Effect of chitooligosaccharide from squid pen on gel properties of sardine surimi gel and its stability during refrigerated storage
Authors: Singh Avtar , Benjakul Soottawat , Prodpran Thummanoon
Published: May 2019

Effect of chitooligosaccharide from squid pen prepared using lipase (COS‐L) at various concentrations (0–30 g kg−1) on gel properties of sardine surimi gel was investigated. Breaking force (BF) and deformation (DF) of gel were increased, when COS‐L level was increased up to 10 g kg−1 (P < 0.05). Water holding capacity and whiteness of gel were improved with the addition of COS‐L than those of control. Gel added with 10 g kg−1 COS‐L had denser network with higher likeness score for all sensory attributes, compared to control. When gel incorporated with 10 g kg−1 COS‐L was stored at 4 °C, BF, DF and whiteness were maintained during 10 days of storage. Textural properties of surimi gel added with COS‐L were higher than those of control throughout storage. Thus, incorporation of 10 g kg−1 COS‐L could improve gel properties of sardine surimi gel and retarded the deterioration of gel properties during refrigerated storage.
Prevalence, aetiology, and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization in children living in Izmir City (Turkey)
Authors: Kılınç Gülser , Çetin Müjdet , Köse Berk , Ellidokuz Hülya
Published: May 2019

Background

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is frequent in children and etiology is different.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of MIH and to investigate the relationship between the severity of the defect in the teeth affected by MIH and the risk factors.

Design

The study included patients at the age range of 9 and 10 years, who were admitted to the clinic of paediatric dentistry in Dokuz Eylul University and had four‐first molar teeth (FMT) and eight incisor teeth eruptions in the jaws. The presence of only demarcated opacities in one or several FMT and incisor teeth was defined as MIH1, and the presence of post‐eruptive breakdown (PEB), atypical restorations, and extracted teeth was defined as MIH2.

Results

MIH was detected in 142 (11.5%) of 1237 children. Although there was no statistically significant difference between upper and lower FPM and the occurrence of MIH (P < 0.902), there was a difference between upper and lower central and lateral teeth (P < 0.001; P < 0.009). A significant difference was detected between birth week, birthweight, high fever, and asthma/bronchitis and MIH1 and MIH2 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of MIH was found to be 11.5%. It was observed that the patients undergoing low birthweight, preterm delivery, high fever, and asthma/bronchitis were more severely affected by MIH.
Temperature effects on “overwintering” phenology of a polyphagous, tropical fruit fly (Tephritidae) at the subtropical/temperate interface
Authors: Merkel Katharina , Schwarzmueller Florian , Hulthen Andrew D. , Schellhorn Nancy , Williams David , Clarke Anthony R.
Published: May 2019

Around the world, several pest tephritids are extending their ranges from warm tropical or Mediterranean climates into cooler temperate regions. The ability to tolerate climatic diversity is uncommon among insects, and understanding the population phenology drivers of such species across different parts of their range will be critical for their management. Here, we determined the role of temperature versus fruit availability on the population phenology of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Using a field site located at the subtropical/temperate interface, with host fruits continuously available, we monitored the development times and abundance of B. tryoni, a species which has invaded temperate Australia from the tropics. From fruit samples held at ambient and controlled conditions, the abundance of emerging flies was highly variable among collection dates, but the variance did not reflect the observed changes in temperature. For most samples, the survival rate of flies in a field site was lower than predicted by a day‐degree population model fitted with mean daily field temperatures. The development time of the immature stage in the field was prolonged, presumably due to cooler ambient conditions, but the fitted day‐degree population model consistently over‐predicted estimated development times. Our results indicate that at the subtropical/temperate interface, the decline in B. tryoni populations during winter is only partly driven by temperature and host availability. We classify B. tryoni as a climate generalist, which likely employs physiological as well as behavioural mechanisms to achieve broad climatic tolerance ranges.
Potamotrygon marquesi, a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin
Authors: Capretz Batista da Silva João Paulo , Silva Loboda Thiago
Published: May 2019

Potamotrygon marquesi, sp. nov., is described and compared with other species of Potamotrygon occurring in the Amazon Basin. The identity of this new species is supported by an extensive external and internal morphological study including coloration pattern, squamation, skeleton and ventral lateral‐line canals. Morphometrics and meristics were used to further distinguish P. marquesi from congeners. Potamotrygon marquesi was first considered to fall within the range of variation found in P. motoro. However, even with an extensive variation in coloration observed in P. motoro, this new species presents a series of autapomorphies that confidently distinguishes it from what is understood as the morphological variation found in P. motoro. Additional morphological characters that diagnose P. marquesi include three angular cartilages, asymmetrical star‐shaped denticles, a single regular row of spines on tail dorsum, lateral row of caudal spines near the sting insertion, dorsal disc background in beige and grey mixed with shades of grey and bearing open and closed bicolored rings, among others. Although presenting a gap of distribution along the west–east extension of the Amazon Basin, its diagnostic charactistics are consistent in both recorded regions. Our study supports the need for many morphological characters to robustly distinguish members of Potamotrygoninae considering their extremely variable dorsal disc color pattern.
Genetic and morphological characterization of Mawsonascaris vulvolacinata n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) and associated histopathology in a wild caught cowtail stingray, Pastinachus ater
Authors: Shamsi Shokoofeh , Dang Mai , Zhu Xiaocheng , Nowak Barbara
Published: May 2019

There are limited reports of infectious agents affecting Australian cowtail stingrays. In the present study, a new species of ascaridoid nematode belonging to the genus Mawsonascaris is described. The most distinct characteristic features were observed in females (the presence of a polar spine in the eggs and a flap‐like projection in the vulval area). An identification key for Mawsonascaris spp. is provided. Additionally, internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences were obtained for the new species. Alignment of the ITS sequence of the specimens in the present study with those deposited in GenBank showed that there exists no other highly similar sequence. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in a distinct grouping of our specimens supporting morphological distinction from previously described Mawsonascaris spp. Histology was used to investigate the pathology caused by the infection. Necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis were evident at the border of the nodules formed by parasite. A large number of parasites were present in muscularis mucosae and submucosa but not in the muscularis of the stomach. The parasites were associated with an increased inflammatory response, which was also found in the muscularis mucosae and submucosa. Similar pathology has been described in elasmobranchs infected by cestodes, although with more severe lesions.
Susceptibility of Caligus rogercresseyi collected from the native fish species Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier) to antiparasitics applied by immersion
Authors: González Gómez Margarita P. , Ovalle Loreto , Menanteau Mylena , Spinetto Claudia , Oyarzún Renato , Rivas Mario , Oyarzo Cristian
Published: May 2019

A major challenge for Chilean salmon farming is infestation by the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi. In addition, there is evidence that a loss of chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy against important fish pathogens is occurring in salmon farming, including antiparasitic efficacy. Currently, there are known techniques that allow the determination of the susceptibility profile of parasites to antiparasitic treatment. However, there is scarce information about both threshold values and categorization of antiparasitic susceptibility for C. rogercresseyi. Bioassay technique allowed the determination of both mean values and the natural variation of EC50%, which were contrasted with available susceptibility thresholds. Results allowed to determine that parasites from the native fish host, Eleginops maclovinus, are susceptible to azamethiphos, deltamethrin and cypermethrin treatments, showing a high susceptibility profile to antiparasitics.
Barriers to Banking: A Mixed‐Methods Investigation of Previously Incarcerated Individuals' Banking Perceptions and Financial Knowledge
Authors: Mielitz Katherine S. , Clady Joy , Lurtz Meghaan , Archuleta Kristy
Published: May 2019

Minimal research currently exists on the financial aspects, including financial knowledge and capability, that impact previously incarcerated individuals. However, the reality is that many currently and previously incarcerated individuals have never interacted with financial services and, if they have, they had limited exposure. The focus of the current research study was to examine previously incarcerated individuals' banking perceptions, banking behaviors, and financial knowledge by employing a mixed methodology using a sequential explanatory design. Across case analyses discovered three themes of (a) barriers to banking, (b) prudency of banking, and (c) confidence versus trepidation. The findings in this study provide implications for financial institutions and policymakers and suggested solutions are addressed.
Attentional Control Explains Covariation Between Symptoms of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety During Adolescence
Authors: Brooker Rebecca J. , Moore Mollie N. , Van Hulle Carol A. , Beekman Charles R. , Begnoche J. Patrick , Lemery‐Chalfant Kathryn , Goldsmith H. Hill
Published: May 2019

Symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety are common during adolescence and frequently co‐occur. However, the genetic and environmental influences that underlie this co‐occurrence are understudied. Using a large twin sample (N = 1,017), we examined cross‐sectional genetic and environmental influences on ADHD and anxiety symptoms during childhood. We also explored whether these influences were shared with attentional control, a putative mechanism for symptom comorbidity. We found evidence for common genetic and nonshared environmental influences on the covariation among attentional control, ADHD, and anxiety symptoms, supporting the putative role of attentional control as a mechanism by which comorbid problems may develop. Genetic factors also accounted for symptom co‐occurrence after controlling for covariation with attentional control, suggesting the presence of additional unmeasured mechanisms.
Understanding the crispy–crunchy texture of raw red pepper and its change with storage time
Authors: Alvarez María Dolores , Velarde Cristina , Barrios Laura , Herranz Beatriz
Published: May 2019

Red sweet peppers held in cold storage were periodically sampled at 1‐week intervals over a 3‐weeks period using three‐point bending, puncture, cutting, and Volodkevich (coupled with acoustic emission) tests, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and other physicochemical measurements. At each sampling, tissue specimens were soaked in mannitol solutions (0.0–0.9M) and puncture test, dimension changes and CLSM were used to identify degrees of turgidity present in osmotically manipulated pepper tissue. Pepper texture became crumbly with increased storage time due to softening and wilting processes. The Young's modulus, derived from the bending test using the single‐edge notched bend geometry without notches decreased progressively during cold storage and resulted as the best mechanical parameter for measuring the loss of whole‐tissue stiffness by both decreased cell wall stiffness and turgor pressure. Osmotic adjustment indicated that the pepper structure is extremely anisotropic, with the specimen's “average” relative thickness (RT) being the dimension change more affected. Incipient plasmolysis was evident in the highest mannitol concentration (0.9M), therefore, the turgor pressure of nonsoaked tissue could not be inferred. However, significant correlations were found between RT and puncture parameters such as initial slope, initial and final distances, and the number of flesh and skin force peaks, which depended on the dilation or shrinkage caused by the osmotic adjustment. During storage, soaked tissues had lower crunchy texture than nonsoaked, reflecting that cell wall stiffness plays a more significant role in determining pepper crunchiness than cell turgor pressure.
Student and clinician identities: how are identities constructed in interprofessional narratives?
Authors: Rees Charlotte E , Kent Fiona , Crampton Paul E S
Published: May 2019

Context

Although the literature on professional identity formation in medical education is increasing, it is scant by comparison on student and clinician identities within interprofessional contexts. We therefore adopt a novel discursive approach to identities to explore how soon‐to‐become graduates and workplace‐based clinicians construct their own and others’ identities in interprofessional student–clinician (IPSC) interaction narratives.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative narrative interview study with 38 students and 23 clinicians representing the fields of medicine, midwifery, nursing, occupational therapy, paramedicine and physiotherapy. Through framework analysis, we identified the breadth of student and clinician identity constructions across 208 IPSC interaction narratives, and explored how common constructions differed by narrative and narrator. Through in‐depth positioning analysis, we explored how student and clinician identities are discursively positioned within two selected IPSC interaction narratives.

Results

We identified 11 common constructions of student identities and eight common constructions of clinician identities across all 208 narratives. We found differences in identity constructions across positively versus negatively evaluated narratives, and student versus clinician narrators, highlighting the rhetorical nature of narratives. Our in‐depth positioning analysis of two narratives illustrates how one student and one clinician discursively positioned theirs and others’ identities during interprofessional interactions, and how identities vary depending on narrators’ evaluations of their stories. Although both positioning analyses illustrate how the narrators’ language serves to reproduce the common societal discourse of interprofessional conflict, the clinician narrative also draws on the competing discourse of interprofessional collaboration.

Conclusions

Although some of the identities support previous uniprofessional research, our findings illustrate greater breadth and depth in terms of student and clinician identities within interprofessional contexts. We encourage educators to embed identities curricula into existing workplace learning for students and clinicians to help them make sense of their developing professional and interprofessional identities. Workplace educators should facilitate meaningful IPSC interactions to promote interprofessional learning and collaboration.
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae XopQ protein suppresses rice immune responses through interaction with two 14‐3‐3 proteins but its phospho‐null mutant induces rice immune responses and interacts with another 14‐3‐3 protein
Authors: Deb Sohini , Gupta Mahesh K. , Patel Hitendra K. , Sonti Ramesh V.
Published: May 2019

Many bacterial phytopathogens employ effectors secreted through the type‐III secretion system to suppress plant innate immune responses. The Xanthomonas type‐III secreted non‐TAL effector protein Xanthomonas outer protein Q (XopQ) exhibits homology to nucleoside hydrolases. Previous work indicated that mutations which affect the biochemical activity of XopQ fail to affect its ability to suppress rice innate immune responses, suggesting that the effector might be acting through some other pathway or mechanism. In this study, we show that XopQ interacts in yeast and in planta with two rice 14‐3‐3 proteins, Gf14f and Gf14g. A serine to alanine mutation (S65A) of a 14‐3‐3 interaction motif in XopQ abolishes the ability of XopQ to interact with the two 14‐3‐3 proteins and to suppress innate immunity. Surprisingly, the S65A mutant gains the ability to interact with a third 14‐3‐3 protein that is a negative regulator of innate immunity. The XopQS65A mutant is an inducer of rice immune responses and this property is dominant over the wild‐type function of XopQ. Taken together, these results suggest that XopQ targets the rice 14‐3‐3 mediated immune response pathway and that its differential phosphorylation might enable interaction with alternative 14‐3‐3 proteins.
Flp, a Fis‐like protein, contributes to the regulation of type III secretion and virulence processes in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Leng Ming , Lu Zhuo‐Jian , Qin Zuo‐Shu , Qi Yan‐Hua , Lu Guang‐Tao , Tang Ji‐Liang
Published: May 2019

The ability of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) to cause disease is dependent on its ability to adapt quickly to the host environment during infection. Like most bacterial pathogens, Xcc has evolved complex regulatory networks that ensure expression and regulation of their virulence genes. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a Fis‐like protein (named Flp), which plays an important role in virulence and type III secretion system (T3SS) gene expression in Xcc. Deletion of flp caused reduced virulence and hypersensitive response (HR) induction of Xcc and alterations in stress tolerance. Global transcriptome analyses revealed the Flp had a broad regulatory role and that most T3SS HR and pathogenicity (hrp) genes were down‐regulated in the flp mutant. β‐glucuronidase activity assays implied that Flp regulates the expression of hrp genes via controlling the expression of hrpX. More assays confirmed that Flp binds to the promoter of hrpX and affected the transcription of hrpX directly. Interestingly, the constitutive expression of hrpX in the flp mutant restored the HR phenotype but not full virulence. Taken together, the findings describe the unrecognized regulatory role of Flp protein that controls hrp gene expression and pathogenesis in Xcc.
Motivation and Intervention in the Northern Ireland Peace Process: An Interview with President Bill Clinton
Authors: Spencer Graham
Published: May 2019

The role of former U.S. President William Jefferson Clinton in the Northern Ireland peace process has been acknowledged as an example of political risk‐taking and leadership driven by political interests and strategic post–Cold War aims. The tendency to examine Clinton's role from the perspective of international and global policy objectives, however, has obscured consideration of his motivational role in the Northern Ireland peace process and of how he moved between encouragement and intervention to help the political parties reach a settlement. This article, which is drawn from an extended interview conducted with Clinton in 2017, seeks to paint a more comprehensive picture of Clinton's participation in the peace process, showing how his combination of motivational and interventional skills enabled him to help convince others of the need to take risks for peace and gave him greater influence and leverage over the peace process as a result.
High‐resolution anal manometry: Repeatability, validation, and comparison with conventional manometry
Authors: Gosling Jonathan , Plumb Andrew , Taylor Stuart A. , Cohen Richard , Emmanuel Anton V.
Published: May 2019

Background

Accurate measurement of anal sphincter function is potentially of value in defining treatment of common pelvic floor disorders. The aim of this study was to establish repeatability and validate high‐resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) by comparison to conventional manometry (CM). Arising from this work would be definitive normal range data.

Methods

Eighty healthy volunteers (40 female) underwent a test‐retest repeatability study. A 16‐channel water‐perfused HRAM catheter was compared to an 8‐channel conventional catheter using a station pull‐through technique.

Key Results

High‐resolution anorectal manometry had similar precision to conventional manometry when measuring resting pressure (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.73 vs 0.68, HRAM vs CM) and squeeze increment (ICC 0.90 vs 0.94, HRAM vs CM). HRAM measured resting pressures 10% lower than CM and squeeze pressure 27% higher than CM.

Conclusions and Inferences

High‐resolution anorectal manometry is a valid technique with comparable precision to CM. HRAM measurements differ considerably to CM, and a new set of normal values must be used.