bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humour and Licensed Retailing
Authors: Johnson Keith , Ball Stephen
Published: December 2009

The anthropological and sociological purpose of this article is to illustrate the importance of humour within hospitality and, in particular, licensed retail management. With the aid of a number of examples and with the results of some field studies it seeks to conduct a preliminary analysis of the use of humour in a licensed retail context. The aim is to illustrate that within this context, humour is not just a trivialising process. It has other functions and benefits. It also has its limitations. The intention is to show that humour can be, amongst other things, a form of human and organisational communication that is as serious and as subtle as any other. As such it is an appropriate subject for management attention, particularly in this context. Making money and making jokes are compatible activities in licensed retailing, as many publicans will testify.
Organic Wines — The UK Market: A Shift from ‘niche market’ to ‘mainstream’ Position?
Authors: Sharples Liz
Published: December 2009

This paper examines the development of a small, yet highly significant section of the UK wine market with the arrival of a limited range of organically produced wines on to our mainstream supermarket shelves and highstreet restaurant wine lists. Until recently, UK demand for all organic produce was relatively small, the total size of the UK retail organic market during 1993/1994 being only £105 million (Soil Association Certification Ltd., 2000). The last five years has seen a period of rapid growth, with the same report predicting that the 1999/2000 total sales figure will have increased to £546 million (Soil Association Certification Ltd., 2000). Organic wine still features as a small category within the complete organic picture but experts indicate that the UK market is in a period of significant growth with estimated sales of approximately £7–8 million per annum (Gardener, 2000). The nature of consumers and suppliers involved with the organic food market also appears to be changing. Multinationals have entered the market alongside whole‐food independents, (Blythman, 2000) and the market is seemingly no longer limited to the ‘select few’ of the population willing to seek out and pay the price for a premium product. A recent report suggested that as many as one third of the UK population now buy organic produce of one category or another (Soil Association, 1999). The organic market has apparently ‘come of age’ and as the debate of ‘natural is better’ takes hold, fuelled by continual media coverage, in both the broad‐sheet (Slater, 1998; Dimbleby, 1999) and popular press (Organic Living, 2000). It will be interesting to observe the hospitality industry's response in attempting to keep pace with this developing market.
External Search Effort for Wine
Authors: Chaney Isabella M.
Published: December 2009

The existence and extent of consumers' external search effort has been deliberated by consumer behaviour theorists for several decades. Research has largely focused on durable goods such as automobiles for which there is a high monetary risk. This study considers a non‐durable product, wine, where there are several hundred alternatives. Furthermore, knowledge of the product's attributes are difficult to assess by visual inspection of the product. Thus it is presumed that consumers would conduct a search for information prior to their purchase, in particular making use of expert opinion by reading wine reviews and books. Results show that there is very little external search effort undertaken prior to entering the store. Furthermore, the two highest ranked information sources, point of sale material and labels, are only rated somewhat important. Overall there is no one overriding information source but several sources cumulate to provide the information consumers require.
US Wine Exports to México
Authors: Sánchez Alfonso
Published: December 2009

In this article, information needed for potential US wine exporters to Mexico is provided. The opportunities for US wines in the Mexican market are closely examined in addition to essential facts vital to a US wine producer interested in exporting wines to Mexico. With the increase of wine culture in Mexico, the recovery of the Mexican economy, and the increased demand for US wines in the Mexican market, the potential to increase market share in the Mexican market is enormous. In 1996, responding to a US tariff increase on Mexican brooms, Mexico greatly increased its wine tariffs. The US saw its wine market share in Mexico decrease by more than 50%. However, with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) there will be a zero‐tax on US wines by the year 2003. The substantially lower prices of US wines and the increased demand for wines in Mexico should give US wine producers a very attractive market in Mexico. This article also informs potential exporters about label and packaging requirements needed to export wines into Mexico as well as the wine distribution channels in Mexico.
Elements Influencing Wine Purchasing: A New Zealand View
Authors: Thomas Art
Published: December 2009

Consumers make numerous decisions about product purchases and these are influenced by internal and external factors. Manufacturer influence over some external elements can occur through packaging. In wine marketing, packaging and labels assume undeniable influence with packaging forming an integral part of any wine's promotion and consumption. This article reviews New Zealand's wine market against limited available consumer research. The retail environment, segmentation, motives and influences are also examined prior to an elaboration of wine packaging that focuses on labels. It is concluded that New Zealand's wine industry is currently attracted to lucrative export markets and may be limiting its efforts on the home front. The home market, capable of expansion, will require a concentrated consumer research effort aimed at identifying the impact of label perceptions on consumer purchases. Such research ultimately should assist both domestic and international marketing activities.
Wine Tourism: A Tale of Two Conferences
Authors: Beverland Michael
Published: December 2009

Wine tourism has gained increased coverage in the last 4–5 years. Recognised as an effective aid to distribution and brand building, both industry and academia have developed research and strategies for increasing the effectiveness of how wineries manage wine tourism. This paper synthesises the findings from two recent conferences and argues that in order to be successful wineries will need to pay more attention to strategies that attract repeat visitors. This requires a relationship marketing strategy.
Crunch Time for Small Wineries Without Market Focus?
Authors: Beverland Michael
Published: December 2009

Many industry commentators in New Zealand are predicting a rationalisation in the industry. The New Zealand wine industry consists of 297 wineries, of which, 285 are competing for just 10% of the domestic market. Using a survey derived from a set of interviews with key industry players this research analyses whether small wineries are prepared to meet the challenges facing them in the domestic and world wine markets. The results point to the likelihood of some rationalisation among wineries without a market focus.
Tanunda Winery
Authors: McDougall Gordon , Lockshin Larry
Published: December 2009

The Tanunda Winery is a made‐up company facing a series of real world wine marketing issues. It has been successful domestically, but has not really looked to the global marketplace for growth. This case focuses on the decisions a medium sized winery must face when assessing the international marketplace and deciding which countries to enter. The case provides a reasonable amount of internal data for a medium‐sized (10,000–15,000 ton) winery, including financial and cost data. The case provides a great deal of information about the Australian wine industry and four of the most important wine export markets: the UK, the US, Canada, and Japan. Students can assess the opportunities available to Tanunda Winery and engage in real world cost‐benefit analysis in deciding which and how many countries to export to.
Wine Tourism — A Thirst for Knowledge?
Authors: Charters Steve , Ali‐Knight Jane
Published: December 2009

Wine tourism is a growing segment of the tourism industry. Wine tourists are not a homogeneous group, but seek differing components of the overall wine tourism experience. This research evaluates their demand for an educational element in the overall process, within Australia. Personal surveys were carried out in two wine regions in Western Australia. Respondents were questioned on their previous experience of wine education, the possibilities for learning at the cellar door, the benefits of wine education, and how far their expectations for wine education had been met. The research yielded findings from which broad visitor profiles of the Western Australian wine tourist can be constructed, as well as general conclusions on the provision of wine education at the cellar door. Some variation between responses from the two regions are also reported.
A Note on the Current State of the South African Wine Market
Authors: Garrett Peter
Published: December 2009

This article sets out the background to the market in the latter half of the year 2000.
Strategic Initiatives in the Argentina Wine Industry
Authors: Schrock Jay R. , Adams Charlie R. , Nicholson Joel D. , Dodd Tim H.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this article is to study the export strategies used by the Argentina wine industry. The implementation of export strategies is related to the comparative advantages that Argentina has in wine‐making and wine‐exporting. Using the concept of competitive advantage, the authors found that Argentina has benefited from a low cost of production and several other strengths to develop a strong wine industry. To develop further they must minimise their weaknesses and capitalise on current opportunities.
The United States Wine Industry: Restraint of Trade and the Religious Right
Authors: Britton Charles R. , Ford Richard K. , Gay David E.R.
Published: December 2009

This article examines the interaction between state legislatures and regulators restricting interstate wine shipments. The US wholesale liquor industry, and the religious right, frequently supported the restrictions. Additionally, the “three‐tier marketing system” of wine distribution has limited access to wines. Meanwhile, technological advances have lowered barriers to catalogue and internet wine sales. Using chi‐square tests, this article investigates the restraint of trade between US states and the role played by the wholesale liquor industry and religious right in higher restrictions. Conclusions include (1) the greater the percentage of conservative Protestants within a state, the greater will be the shipping restrictions, and (2) the higher the per capita wine consumption within a state, the lower is the percentage of conservative Protestants.
Cultural Wine Tourists: Product Development Considerations for British Columbia's Resident Wine Tourism Market
Authors: Williams Peter W. , Kelly Joseph
Published: December 2009

Emerging initiatives in British Columbia and elsewhere clearly suggest that by working with tourism stakeholders, the wine industry can not only contribute to the development of rural tourism, but it can also gain valuable direct marketing and value added sales advantages. For these benefits to be fully realized, more must be known about the character of travel markets interested in wine tourism. To provide insights into BC's domestic wine tourist markets, this research involves two overriding phases of investigation. Initially, it conducts an overview analysis of BC's domestic wine tourists. The second phase of the study involves describing a small but valuable and growing niche market of culturally oriented wine tourists. It then suggests several product development strategies suited to attracting and retaining such wine tourists. The strategies relate to incorporating a range of wine and non‐wine related activities into the tourism experience, creating strong connections between local wines and regional cuisine, building cultural and heritage dimensions into wine tourism product packages, incorporating and promoting environmentally friendly resource management practices; and, protecting wine tourism landscapes. While the empirical part of this investigation is focused on BC wine tourists, the findings provide insights into strategies suited to other wine producing regions in Canada and elsewhere.
An Industry Stakeholder SWOT Analysis of Wine Tourism in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Wilkins Matthew , Hall C. Michael
Published: December 2009

Until the last decade British Columbia was not well known as an area that produced premium wines. In 1994 Mission Hill Wineries, located in the heart of the Okanagan Valley, won the prestigious Avery Trophy for the best Chardonnay, beating out entrants from all the major wine growing regions in the world. Since that time many other accolades and awards have followed. These achievements reflect an increase in the quality of wine produced and level of viticultural expertise since the ‘rebirth’ (Aspler, 1999) of the British Columbia wine industry brought about by massive replanting programmes in response to the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which liberalised export markets and made the production and sale of wine significantly more competitive in both the United States and Canada (Hackett, 1998). To the growing awareness of domestic and international markets, the British Columbia wine industry has been able to reinvent itself as an international premium vinifera wine producer (Aspler, 1999).
Lifestyle Behaviours of New Zealand Winery Visitors: Wine Club Activities, Wine Cellars and Place of Purchase
Authors: Mitchell Richard , Hall C. Michael
Published: December 2009

Introduction Understanding the patterns of wine consumption plays a critical role in the wine marketing process and allows wineries and other wine business to effectively target their market. However, as recently as 2000, Mitchell et al. (2000: 124) lamented the fragmentary picture of wine lifestyles, purchasing behaviours and wine interests of wine tourists, suggesting that “Establishing the level of interest in wine of winery visitors is extremely important in terms of educating the consumer.” This research note explores wine lifestyles in New Zealand from a number of indicators of wine interest including wine club participation, wine cellaring behaviour, place of purchase and wine knowledge.
What's on the Wine List? Wine Policies in the New Zealand Restaurant Industry
Authors: Ørjan Thorsen Egil , Hail C. Michael
Published: December 2009

Restaurants are an important outlet for wine sales and a means of raising customer awareness of wine. This research note reports on a study of restaurant policies and attitudes with respect to wine in New Zealand.
Information Asymmetries in the Pricing of Fine Wines
Authors: Thode Stephen F. , Taylor Larry W. , Maskulka James M.
Published: December 2009

A dynamic econometric model of wine auctions is estimated to measure the informational signalling impact of a wine critic on the return to the investment in fine wines. United States data suggests that critic Robert Parker is an influencer on the auction price of Bordeaux wines. Furthermore it appears that American buyers look toward the much larger European market in order to establish values. In doing so they may be able to mitigate the effects of asymmetric information.
Country of Origin Effects and Complimentary Marketing Channels: Is Mexican Wine More Enjoyable when Served with Mexican Food?
Authors: Olsen Janeen E. , Nowak Linda , Clarke T.K.
Published: December 2009

This article investigates whether a negative country of origin bias facing imported wine can be offset when it is distributed in marketing channels alongside already accepted complimentary products. Specifically we consider the case of Mexican wine being introduced to consumers in a Mexican restaurant versus a more general themed contemporary restaurant. An experimental design was employed to investigate consumers' perceptions and future purchase intentions after tasting Mexican wine in a proposed restaurant with one of the two themes. Findings suggest that the best method for introducing Mexican wine to US consumers may be through Mexican restaurants although adoption of the wine for consumption at home may be slow.
Promoting Wine by Country
Authors: Chancy Isabella M.
Published: December 2009

Purchasing products based on their country‐of‐origin is often employed by consumers as it is a short cut in the often lengthy decision process. Researchers have studied this country‐of‐origin phenomenon for several decades notably with an emphasis on durable goods understandably as durable goods tend to be high involvement purchases. The proliferation of brands and lack of knowledge can mean that wine too can be a complex purchase for many consumers. With the assistance of store displays by country many consumers use country‐of‐origin to simplify their wine choice. Generic wine promotions by individual countries further reinforce the country‐of‐origin concept for wine. This study sought to understand the level of understanding of certain countries as wine producers. Tourist‐based activities and price promotions were perceived as suitable strategies for generic bodies. These facilitate the purchase of wines from a country for the first time. The research focused on the case of Switzerland as it has low recognition as a wine producing country. Results show that Switzerland's products have a high quality image and this could be exploited in developing a generic campaign.
The History and Development of Chilean Wines
Authors: Knowles Tim , Sharples Liz
Published: December 2009

This paper charts the history and development of Chilean wines. The incredible growth of Chile's wine output is a textbook example of how aggressive private enterprise can combine with enthusiastic government backing. In 1988, Chile shipped 185,630 hectolitres abroad. By 1998, this had grown to an impressive 2.3 million hl worth US$500 million. Equally, instead of sending 88% of its wine to Latin America, as it had in the 1980s, in 2001 it sold in high‐profit markets like Europe (41% of all exports), North America (34%) and, increasingly, Asia, where in 1998 Chile sold 14% of its wine. The only country spared from the devastating blight of phylloxera, Chile's wine industry boomed in the early years of the 20th century. In 1981, there were 100,000 hectares (one ha = 2.47 acres) under vines, which sank to 67,000 in 1985, the nadir of the industry. Then, a new sense of identity and purpose swept Chile's winemakers and investors. Suddenly, the wine revolution which had earlier had its impact on California and Australia caught on in Chile. There were gigantic investments in land, plantings and equipment. Old‐fashioned vines were uprooted. In the late 1990s, Cabernet Sauvignon doubled from 11,000 to 20,000 hectares. Merlot vineyard acreage quadrupled between 1994 and 1999, similar growth was seen with Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Winemakers were also experimenting with Pinot Noir and with Shiraz, which loves the dry, hot Chilean autumn. Chile today has 75,600 hectares under vine about two‐thirds of them red grapes. That prime fruit is being pressed by the latest equipment from Europe, Australia and North America.
The Wine Zones of Chile
Authors: Knowles Tim , Garces Alejandra , Espinosa Ignacio
Published: December 2009

This paper explores nine wine zones of Chile based on the country's appellation of origin legislation. In pursuing this discussion, two key themes emerge: the influence of rainfall and temperature. It is these two themes that dictate the suitability of the various grape varieties used throughout the country. Equally, the geography of Chile, the influence of the Andes and the cooling currents of the Pacific also influence rainfall and temperature throughout the nine zones commented on in this paper. The zones that are commented on are based on latitude from north to south and are similar to the country's political and administrative regions. However, from the perspective of vine cultivation they do not reflect key technical considerations such as climate and soil in any real detail. This paper expands the comments on the zones in order to comment on a range of technical considerations, vital for effective vine cultivation.
Building Brand Equity: Consumer Reactions to Proactive Environmental Policies by the Winery
Authors: Nowak Linda I. , Washburn Judith H.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the existence and strength of the relationship between proactive environmental policies and brand equity for the winery. Results of this study suggest that consumer perceptions about product quality, consumer trust, consumer perceptions about pricing, and positive expectations for the consequences of the winery's actions undertaking the pro‐environmental policies, all have strong, positive relationships with the winery's brand equity. Trust in the winery and brand equity for the winery increased significantly when the winery in this study adopted proactive environmental business policies.
French Nuclear Testings and Consumption of French Wine in Denmark
Authors: Bentzen Jan , Smith Valdemar
Published: December 2009

In the Spring of 1995 the French military announced a series of nuclear tests to take place at the Muroroa atoll later that year. Despite worldwide protests a nuclear test series of six bombs was carried out from September 1995 to January 1996. In some countries, e.g. Denmark, the public reaction to the test series was quite strong and during the nuclear testing period in the South Pacific many consumers substituted goods from other countries, especially wine, for French goods. This paper analyses the demand for French wine in Denmark with focus on the effects of the nuclear tests on the Danish import of French wine. The effects, if any, may be temporary or more permanent, affecting the consumption of French wine in Denmark in the long run. By the use of monthly data for the Danish import of red wine and white wine, the long‐run trends in these variables are extracted and the analysis of these are in favour of wine import boycott effects of a temporary nature in late 1995 and early 1996 and possibly a minor permanent effect for French red wine on the Danish market.
Building Strong Brands Through the Management of Integrated Marketing Communications
Authors: Reid Mike
Published: December 2009

Integrated marketing communications (IMC) is regarded as an important marketing management issue because of increasingly dynamic market conditions, and the impact that this dynamism is having on the effectiveness of traditional marketing communications tools and planning approaches. IMC relates to me strategic management of marketing communications to achieve superior brand performance. This paper uses that Integrated Marketing Audit (Duncan and Moriarty, 1997) as a mechanism to analyse the degree of integration of marketing communications management and link this to measures of brand performance. The research employs the Australian and New Zealand wine industries as a context to consider this relationship. Analysis suggests that a higher degree of integration in marketing communications management results in better brand performance. As a result, managers of wine brands should consider how to adopt IMC principles and review their management of marketing communications.
Utilisation of the World Wide Web by Wine Producers
Authors: Richardson Oliver
Published: December 2009

Many thousands of business related pages have been established on the World Wide Web (The Web) in the last five years. Some of the organisations that have published such pages have seen the Web as a medium of massive potential in the future. Despite this, actual direct sales from the web are still fairly low, especially amongst wine producers. A worldwide survey of vineyards with Web sites showed that there are many reasons for these low sales, including legal problems and transport of goods. However, the Vineyards appear confident that their investment will pay off, if not in direct sales then in terms of marketing benefit and cheap advertising. To date, the majority of vineyards questioned seem to be content. This paper discusses the main findings of the survey that produced these results.
An Empirical Confirmation of Wine‐Related Lifestyle Segments in the Australian Wine Market
Authors: Johnson Trent , Bruwer Johan
Published: December 2009

The wine industry has been criticised in the past for adopting a mass‐marketing approach but in the current ultra‐competitive wine market the inevitable outcome of a production rather than marketing orientation is almost certain failure. Whereas the Australian domestic wine market is currently experiencing a low growth rate, a precursor to any future growth strategy is a clear understanding of the market. Acceptance of market segmentation as a strategy to target consumers more effectively enhances the focus and differentiation essential to achieve growth in the wine market. Recently a new segmentation approach of lifestyle based on a cognitive deductive perspective that makes lifestyle specific to the area of wine consumption was developed by Bruwer et al. (2001). This process included the development of a wine‐related lifestyle (WRL) measurement research instrument and the identification of five wine‐related lifestyle market segments. In this paper, a study conducted in the Australian wine market on 363 consumers to empirically confirm or disconfirm the previously identified five wine‐related lifestyle segments is reported on. The further theoretically‐driven development and improvement of the WRL research instrument is also described.
Developing an eBusiness Strategy to Achieve Consumer Loyalty through Electronic Channels
Authors: Louvieris Panos , Van Westering Jetske , Driver John
Published: December 2009

E‐Business channels are presenting novel opportunities for small vineyards to target new online market segments, to communicate directly with the customer and side‐step the main wine distributors who have traditionally blocked access to substantially wider markets. In the UK, where the majority of wine producers is heavily reliant on direct sales, understanding the role that eBusiness channels can play in the buyer behaviour process could be critical for building effective customer relationships and sales. This paper investigates how competitive advantage can be achieved through B2C channels.
Wine Consumption in Hong Kong
Authors: Dewald B.W.A. (Ben)
Published: December 2009

Wine consumption has increased worldwide by 5.6% since 1994. All the major wine consuming regions have reported increases in consumption: Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan), Northern Europe (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway) and North America (USA and Canada) have experienced the largest increases of 68%, 29.9% and 23.6% respectively. This study investigates the wine drinking patterns of people in Hong Kong. The findings indicate that nearly half of all local adults have drunk wine over the past year. There was an almost equal distribution between male and female wine‐drinking respondents. Wine‐drinkers in general were found to have higher education levels, better jobs and to earn more money. Half of the wine consumption was found to occur in both Western and Chinese restaurants and surprisingly 40% of the wine was consumed at home. Half of the wine was purchased in local supermarkets. Red wine was much more popular than both white and sparkling wine and the preferred country of origin was France. Hong Kong wine drinkers were, however, found to be infrequent consumers of the product.
Wine Consumption Contexts
Authors: Pettigrew Simone
Published: December 2009

While the wine market is significant in Australia, very little has been done in the way of consumer research to investigate Australians' attitudes towards the product. This study explored the physical and social contexts that are considered appropriate for wine consumption in Australia. Interviews were conducted with 82 adults, adolescents, and children across three Australian states. The findings indicate that the apparent preference of females for wine over other forms of alcohol is contrived by the social environment in which Australians live and consume, as is the tendency for many men to avoid wine consumption in particular informal contexts. Wine marketers need to be aware of the extent to which different segments of the population adhere to the social norms surrounding wine consumption in order to select appropriate ways to attempt to integrate wine more fully into a wider range of consumption contexts.
Wine Pricing: The Influence of Country of Origin, Variety, and Wine Magazine Ratings
Authors: Arias‐Bolzmann Leopoldo , Sak Orkun , Musalem Andres , Lodish Len , Báez K. Rodrigo , José De Sousa Luis
Published: December 2009

In recent years there has been a marked increase in the consumption of bottled wine in the United States. Associated with this phenomenon, there has been a substantial rise in the number of vineyards from foreign countries entering this competitive market. The study examines the factors that influence wine prices. Specifically, the article proposes that the country of origin, the perceived quality and the varietal of the wine have an effect on wine price in favour of countries with greater wine traditions. These premises were tested by means of a multiple regression model estimated using a sample drawn from the North American market. The study concluded that this market recognises differences in country of origin, quality and varietal. Specifically, these factors significantly influence wine prices, with price premiums being awarded to wines of varietal Pinot and to wines produced in France.
The Importance of Wine Label Information
Authors: Thomas Art , Pickering Gary
Published: December 2009

Some wine marketing studies make reference to the importance of wine labels and the information they contain. Others suggests that the information content of wine labels be grouped under seven information positioning statements: namely, parentage, nonpareil, manufacture, attributes, endorsements, end user and end use. Nested within some of these statements is other information commonly associated with wine lables. There is a dearth of research that examines the importance of these seven statements or their expanded state. A questionnaire, exploring the importance of an expanded list of information elements and the importance of front and back labels, was constructed. As these questions formed part of a larger research endeavour, eight versions and two wine types were presented in a mail survey to 1.144 participants. The survey sample was drawn from a national wine mailing list (n=640). plus staff (n=304) and students (n=200) of an academic institution. No follow‐up activity was undertaken and a 28% response rate was achieved. A range of behavioural and demographic information was collected. Using a 7‐point scale, respondents were asked to indicate how important 14 pieces of information were to them in deciding on which wine to buy. Varied and significant levels of importance exist for some elements of wine label information. For example, front labels were found to be more important than back labels, and this is supported by significant differences amongst some background information. The expansion of parentage into its component parts shows wine company and brand name to be more important than history of wine maker or history of wine region. The results of this research challenge a number of existing findings and beliefs on the importance of various elements of wine label information.
The South African Wine Industry 2002
Authors: Garrett Peter
Published: December 2009

South Africa's wine industry employs some 200,000 people and contributes over eight percent to the country's total exports. Recently it had cause to celebrate. After four years the European Union and South Africa, finally in May, signed an agreement. One of the terms stipulates that Port, Sherry, Grappa, and some others, will shortly cease to be names used by SA producers. However, the EU is allowing 43 million litres of wine per year to be imported duty free. This is 10 million more than hitherto. Also a grant of 15 million Euros is generously being given for development aid.
Comparative Economic Regulation of Viticultural Appellations: U.S. Practices and Italian Wine Law
Authors: Gay David E.R.
Published: December 2009

Government regulation affects “the economics of what's‐in‐a‐name” in the U.S.A. and Italy, as well as in other nations. The paper briefly explores some of the economic implications of creating viticultural appellations or geographic districts. Among the issues examined are the exclusivity principle, the problem of the commons, the value of governmental approval, and consumer issues. Also, several U.S. anomalies are introduced and discussed. This paper compares the establishment of U.S. viticultural areas with the Italian approach, which was initially private and later developed within the framework of the Italian wine laws. The Italian approach more closely resembles a private arrangement supported by law instead of a cartel.
An Overview of a Successful Export Industry from Regional Australia
Authors: Wichramasekera Rumintha , Bamberry Geoff
Published: December 2009

Australian wineries have shown a dynamism lacking in some other regional industries by successfully tapping into international markets. This paper provides an overview of Australian wineries engaged in exporting in terms of their age. size, domestic market penetration, level of export planning, attitudes towards factors enhancing or inhibiting exporting and reasons for advancing through the various stages of exporting. The overview also outlines a range of characteristics of the managers of exporting wineries. Comparisons are made with wineries that decide not to export. The overview uses a four stage model of internationalisation to analyse data from a survey of 292 Australian wineries as well as a number of case studies.
US Wine Imports and Foreign Investment Opportunities
Authors: Benito Carlos A.
Published: December 2009

Demand for US wine imports, import planning process. Nerlovian adjustment model, short and long run elasticities, forecast The increase in wine imports, poses questions about a possible trend, and its implications for future investment opportunities of US wine companies in other wine producing countries. This article presents a model to explain the demand for wine imports in the US. Using econometric procedures we estimate coefficients of the major explanatory factors such as relative wine import prices, exchange rates, real per capita income, wine production capacity, and population. The model is used to forecast likely wine import volumes from 2003 to 2012. Even under conservative assumptions about trends of those explanatory variables we predict an important increase in US wine imports.
An Econometric Model for Identifying Value in South African Red Wine
Authors: Van Rensburg P. , Prülaid D.A.
Published: December 2009

This article develops an econometric valuation methodology that is applied to identifying value in South African red wines. It is found that quality, as simultaneously measured by Wine magazine and Platter star ratings, is the dominant factor in explaining the cross‐section of prices. However, together with a varietal dummy these factors are only able to explain about 40% of the variation in wine prices. This implies that there is considerable value that may be gleaned through informed bargain seeking using this tool. Indeed, at certain levels of value there is more than a 50% differential in price.
The German Wine Law from an Information Economics Perspective
Authors: Müller Simone
Published: December 2009

The German wine law has been made responsible as one of the reasons for the critical market position of German wines inside and outside Germany. As a consequence, a new wine law (the profile wine concept) has been introduced in year 2000. As consumers are increasingly looking for variety and change the wine denomination becomes a critical purchasing criterion beside bottle and brand design. The main function of a wine law is to reduce the perceived purchasing uncertainty of consumers. We analyse the factors that determine the degree of consumer uncertainty when buying wine. This uncertainty can be reduced by the information economics mechanism of signalling. We derive signalling requirements that an efficient wine law should fulfill. Subsequently we analyse how the former German wine law and the new profile wine concept comply with these requirements by analysing their effects on three distinctive consumer groups within the concept of the triangle of goods characteristics. We conclude by opposing governmental regulation on the wine market with possible self regulation possibilities within the industry.
THE SON MORE VISIBLE: IMMATERIALISM AND THE INCARNATION
Authors: HIGHT MARC A. , BOHANNON JOSHUA
Published: December 2009

In this article we argue that an immaterialist ontology—a metaphysic that denies the existence of material substance—is more consonant with Christian dogma than any ontology that includes the existence of material substance. We use the philosophy of the famous eighteenth‐century Irish immaterialist George Berkeley as a guide while engaging one particularly difficult Christian mystery: the doctrine of the Incarnation of Christ. The goal is to make plausible the claim that, from the analysis of this one example, there are strong reasons for thinking that if one wants to be a Christian one ought to be an immaterialist.
Modeling of the Grain Shape Effect on the Elastic-Inelastic Behavior of Polycrystals With Self-Consistent Scheme
Authors: Abdul-Latif A. , Radi M.
Published: December 2009

Based on a well established nonincremental interaction law for fully anisotropic elastic-inelastic behavior of polycrystals, tangent formulation-based and simplified interaction laws of softened nature are derived to describe the nonlinear elastic-inelastic behavior of fcc polycrystals. Using the Eshelby’s tensor, the developed approach considers that the inclusion (grain) form is ellipsoidal. It has been clearly demonstrated by Abdul-Latif et al. (2002, “Elastic-Inelastic Self-Consistent Model for Polycrystals,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 69, pp. 309–316) for spherical inclusion that the tangent formulation-based model requires more calculation time, and is incapable to describe correctly the multiaxial elastic-inelastic behavior of polycrystals in comparison with the simplified model. Hence, the simplified nonincremental interaction is studied considering the grain shape effect. A parametric study is conducted showing principally the influence of the some important parameters (the grain shape (α) and the new viscous parameter γ) and the effect of their interaction on the hardening evolution of polycrystals. Quantitatively, it is recognized that the model describes suitably the grain shape effect together with the new viscous parameter γ on the strain-stress behavior of aluminum and Waspaloy under tensile test.
A Comparative Multifield FEA and Experimental Study on the Enhanced Manufacturability of 6061-T6511 Aluminum Using dc Current
Authors: Khalilollahi Amir , Johnson David H. , Roth John T.
Published: December 2009

An electric current, applied during deformation, has been shown to reduce the deformation force/energy, while also increasing the maximum achievable strain and decreasing springback. Considering this, the present work initiates the development of a finite element model to investigate electricity’s thermal/structural effects on a tensile specimen. The model allows the effect of joule-heating to be separated from other nonthermal property changes caused by the electricity. Comparison with experimental tensile testing with respect to the predicted stress-strain behavior and transient temperature profiles demonstrates the model predicts these behaviors adequately. A multifield large deformation finite element model is then developed. The model evaluates the stress-strain characteristics of the material while the specimen is carrying a large dc current and is being deformed, incorporating the effect of thermal softening. The simulation results are compared with surface infrared temperature measurements in order to verify the finite element model and then to actual deformation results in order to attain more qualitative and quantitative insight into the effects of the electric field.
Densification and Properties of 420 Stainless Steel Produced by Three-Dimensional Printing With Addition of Si3N4 Powder
Authors: Sun Li , Kim Yong-Ha , Kim Dave (Dae-Wook) , Kwon Patrick
Published: December 2009

This study is aimed to investigate the effect of adding Si3N4 on the three-dimensional printing (3DP) processed 420 stainless steel (SS). The final density, dimensional changes, and mechanical properties have been studied for the samples prepared under a series of sintering conditions. The contents of Si3N4 powder ranging between 0 wt % and 15 wt % and the sintering temperature were varied in the experiments in order to understand the dependence of densification kinetics and changes in properties on these process parameters. The experiments provide the evidence that the addition of Si3N4 can improve the densification kinetics of 420 SS significantly. The 420 SS samples produced by 3DP with 12.5 wt %Si3N4 sintered at 1225°C for 6 h yielded 95% relative density, 190 GPa Young’s modulus, and 500 Knoop microhardness without any major sample shape distortion. The results are promising in that the 3DP process can be used to yield the prototype almost equivalent to a real part with a full mechanical capacity.
Effect of Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters on Microstructure of Titanium Alloy Welds
Authors: Balasubramanian M. , Jayabalan V. , Balasubramanian V.
Published: December 2009

Titanium is one of the most important nonferrous metals, which finds extensive application in aerospace and chemical industries, because of its light weight, excellent corrosion resistance and high strength to weight ratio. Single pass gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding of thin sections of Ti–6Al–4V was accomplished with pulsing current technique and was found to be superior to conventional continuous current process in terms of grain refinement in the fusion zone. In this investigation, an attempt was made to study the effect of pulsed current GTA welding parameters on titanium alloy weld characteristics such as grain size and hardness. It was revealed that at an optimum value of 6 Hz pulse frequency and 80A peak current, the hardness was maximum and the grain size was minimum. Pulsing current in inert gas welding was found to be beneficial in titanium welding.
Optimized Mask Image Projection for Solid Freeform Fabrication
Authors: Zhou Chi , Chen Yong , Waltz Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes based on mask image projection have the potential to be fast and inexpensive. More and more research and commercial systems have been developed based on these processes. For the SFF processes, the mask image planning is an important process planning step. In this paper, we present an optimization based method for mask image planning. It is based on a light intensity blending technique called pixel blending. By intelligently controlling pixels’ gray scale values, the SFF processes can achieve a much higher XY resolution and accordingly better part quality. We mathematically define the pixel blending problem and discuss its properties. Based on the formulation, we present several optimization models for solving the problem including a mixed-integer programming model, a linear programming model, and a two-stage optimization model. Both simulated and physical experiments for various CAD models are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.
Evaluation of the Role of Eddy Current in Resistance Spot Welding
Authors: Abu-Aesh M. , Hindy Moataza
Published: December 2009

Extensive work had been conducted on spot-welding due to its rapidly increasing industrial importance. The resistance spot-welding involves complicated phenomena, as several effects are found in the process, e.g., temperature, surface roughness, pressure, and eddy current effects. Most of the work exerted for analyzing the spot-welding process neglect the effect of the eddy current generated during the flow of the huge welding main current through the assembly of electrodes and work sheets. This work presents an analytical method to investigate the generation of eddy current and to determine the total effective welding current in spot-welding. The current distribution on the work sheet when it is fed by a conducting electrode is also investigated. The obtained current formula is based on electromagnetic principles, where a very strong magnetic field is generated in the core of the electrodes as well as in the materials of work sheets due to the flow of very high amperage. The final resultant effective current is the superposition of the electrode welding current and the induced eddy current in the electrode and work piece assembly. The results offer a viable mathematical model, which can be applied for a precise prediction of the effective value of welding current in spot-welding processes, if applied in a comprehensive model including all involved effects.
Mathematical Modeling of a Complex Helical Drill Point
Authors: Hsieh Jung-Fa
Published: December 2009

Helical drill points provide a superior cutting performance, particularly when drilling microholes. Complex helical drill points retain the advantages of conventional helical drills while providing a further strengthening of the cutting edge. However, no methods currently exist for systematically modeling drills of this type. The proposed method has three distinct features. First, the mathematical model of the complex helicoid grinding surface enables the normal and tangential vectors of the abrasive wheel to be explicitly derived. Second, the mathematical models of the flute and flank surfaces are integrated, and thus the cutting edges and chisel edges can be obtained using a simple numerical calculation procedure. Finally, the derivation of the model is straightforward and expresses the drill’s characteristics (e.g., the chisel edge, the lip clearance angle, the heel clearance, the normal rake angle, and the normal clearance angle) in accordance with International Organization for Standardization standards. When integrated with appropriate computer numerical control (CNC) software, the modeling approach presented in this study provides a powerful tool for the design and manufacturing of complex helical drill points with a variety of geometrical designs.
Stability Predictions for End Milling Operations With a Nonlinear Cutting Force Model
Authors: Elías-Zúñiga Alex , Pacheco-Bolívar Jovanny , Araya Francisco , Martínez-López Alejandro , Martínez-Romero Oscar , Rodríguez Ciro A.
Published: December 2009

The aim of this paper is to obtain the stability lobes for milling operations with a nonlinear cutting force model. The work is focused on the generation of stability lobes based on a formulation with Chebyshev polynomials and the semidiscretization method, considering a nonlinear cutting force model. Comparisons were conducted between experimental data at 5% radial immersion with aluminum workpiece and predictions based on Chebyshev and semidiscretization. In all cases, the use of nonlinear cutting force model provides better prediction of process stability conditions.