bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Well-Being of Participants in Wheelchair Sports: Comparison of Individuals with Congenital and Acquired Disabilities
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

Differences in psychological well-being between participants in wheelchair sport with congenital ( n = 50) and acquired ( n = 43) disabilities were examined. Psychological well-being was assessed by scores on mood, trait anxiety, self-esteem, and mastery. Analysis showed that the group with acquired disabilities had a more positive general mood, higher self-esteem and mastery, and lower trait anxiety than the group with congenital disabilities. This suggests that sports participants in wheelchairs who acquired their disabilities later in life have more positive scores on psychological well-being than those with congenital disabilities.
Representation of Mental Imagery Functions
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro , Giorgetti Marisa , Resinelli Laura , Scafidi Laura
Published: July 2017

A questionnaire was administered to 250 undergraduates to study their conceptions about the efficacy of mental images in thinking. Analysis showed that subjects rated differently the usefulness of visual imagery according to the kind of content rather than the mental process involved.
Conjugate Eye Movements: Comparison of Cerebral Palsied and Normal Adults,
Authors: Lee Sang K. , Legare Miriam , Zhang Hao P.
Published: July 2017

Stimulus-driven binocular pursuit and saccadic movements (±4°, ±8°; 0.3 Hz, 0.5 Hz) were measured in 6 cerebral palsied adults and 5 normal adults using a head-free corneal reflection technique. Correlation coefficients for binocular position and r2 were calculated; the latter were pooled for each group into 6 categories of eye movement: horizontal and vertical triangle and sine wave pursuit and saccades. The differences between the group means r2 in each category were tested by the Mann-Whitney U. The eye positions were statistically less conjugate for the cerebral palsy group in all categories. The differences and similarities between the groups are discussed with regard to neural and muscular control, visuomotor development, and organization of the visuomotor system.
Factors Influencing Involvement in Farm Accidents
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: July 2017

A self-administered questionnaire completed by 683 male farmers showed individuals incurring a farming-related injury more likely to score higher on a measure of personal risk-taking and to believe that accidents were inevitable (fatalism). Specific safe farming practices—wearing protective clothing and operating machinery safely—were associated with lower likelihood of injury. Traditional predictors of involvement in accidents (age, exposure to hazards, and work experience) were not significant.
Influence of Age, Sex, Balance, and Sport Participation on Development of Sidearm Striking by Children Grades K–8
Authors: Loovis E. Michael , Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of sidearm-striking by children in Grades K through 8. Each of 380 boys and 337 girls (ages 4–14 years), enrolled in a medium-size school system in southeastern Maine, was individually assessed on side-arm-striking and on static and dynamic balance. All subjects completed a survey relative to their participation in school or community-sponsored sports. To assess the independent effects of age, sex, static balance, dynamic balance, and sport participation within each grade, data were subjected to multiple-regression analysis. Development of mature striking was associated with sex; boys performed better at all grades except in Grade 5 where the percentage of girls showing a mature sidearm-striking pattern approximated that of boys.
A Difference in Heights and Weights between Right-Handed and Left-Handed Bowlers at Cricket
Authors: Pollard Richard
Published: July 2017

Right-handed pitchers have been shown to be significantly taller and heavier than left-handed pitchers. An analysis of 113 professional cricketers in England showed a similar difference between right-handed and left-handed bowlers. On average the right-handers were 1.05 in. taller and 8.30 lb. heavier than the left-handers, differences which were close to significance at the 5% level with this small n.
Explaining Exercise Behavior and Satisfaction with Social Exchange Theory
Authors: Unger Jennifer , Johnson C. Anderson
Published: July 2017

This study tested the hypothesis that the variables specified by social exchange theory (perceived rewards of exercising, perceived costs of exercising, social and tangible investments, and available alternative activities) are associated with exercise behavior and satisfaction. 190 health club members completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward exercise, exercise behavior, and demographic information. Exercise frequency and satisfaction were regressed on the social exchange theory variables and demographic covariates. Exercise satisfaction, the number of investments in exercise, and the number of available alternative activities were significantly related to exercise frequency, and the number of perceived rewards of exercise and the number of investments were significantly related to exercise satisfaction. These results suggest that social exchange theory is useful for explaining exercise behavior.
Effects of Positive Attitude toward Giving a Speech on Cardiovascular and Subjective Fear Responses during Speech in Anxious Subjects
Authors: Hu Senqi , Romans-Kroll Juong-Min
Published: July 2017

40 speech-anxious subjects were asked to deliver four speeches during the experiment. The conditions varied according to whether the subjects maintained a positive or neutral attitude toward speech prior to each presentation. Heart rate and self-reports of fear were measured during the experiment. Maintaining a positive attitude prior to delivering a speech reduced both subjective anxiety and cardiovascular responses.
Sports Skill Classification, Gender, and Perceptual Style
Authors: Brady Frank
Published: July 2017

This study was designed to examine the relationship of sport classification and gender to perceptual style. 102 male and female undergraduate students from open-skilled, closed-skilled and nonathletic groups were administered the Rod and Frame Test and the Embedded Figures Test. Analysis of variance indicated men to be more field independent than women on the Rod and Frame Test, while there were no gender differences on the Embedded Figures Test. Athletes performing open and closed skills scored significantly more field independent on the Rod and Frame Test than the nonathletes. There were no significant differences among the groups on the Embedded Figures Test. No correlation between the two measures of perceptual style was obtained.
Patterns of Limb Laterality and Gross-Motor Agility in Children
Authors: Iteya Misaki , Gabbard Carl , Hart Susan
Published: July 2017

This study examined the association of nine patterns of limb preference (combination hand/foot), described as congruent or cross-lateral, with gross-motor agility of 302 4- to 6-yr.-old boys. Based on contemporary reports of handedness and motor coordination, it was hypothesized that persons exhibiting a right-hand/foot congruent pattern would outperform their peers in other groups. However, analyses indicated no significant differences on total motor performance between groups with different limb patterns. Further nonsupport of the hypothesis was evident since the best performance was exhibited by the mixed-hand/left-foot group. In view of past studies and these results, it appears that additional inquiry is warranted before any consensus regarding the association between limb laterality and motor coordination can be established.
Subject-Controlled Performance Feedback and Learning of a Closed Motor Skill
Authors: Janelle Christopher M. , Kim Jingu , Singer Robert N.
Published: July 2017

Research on knowledge of results and knowledge of performance has been directed toward identification of the optimal schedule for administering feedback. The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether a schedule based on performance feedback controlled by the learner would be a more effective means of delivering feedback than any predetermined or random schedule. Participants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (a) control group receiving no performance feedback, (b) 50% relative performance feedback, (c) summary performance feedback, (d) subject-controlled performance feedback, and (e) yoked control group. Data were collected during an acquisition phase (four blocks of 10 trials) and a retention phase (two blocks of 10 trials) in which subjects performed an underhand ball toss. Repeated-measures analyses indicated significant main effects for the absolute error (AE). Participants in the subject-controlled performance feedback condition performed significantly better on both retention trials than the other groups. Analysis suggests that a feedback schedule which is controlled by the learner may be a more effective means of delivering augmented feedback than other schedules which have been examined.
Association between Intermale Social Aggression and Cellular Density within the Central Amygdaloid Nucleus in Rats with Lithium/Pilocarpine-Induced Seizures
Authors: Desjardins Dawn , Persinger M. A.
Published: July 2017

Aggressive behaviors (numbers of bites/hour) within groups ( ns = 8) of normal rats and rats in which seizures had been induced by a single systemic injection of lithium/pilocarpine were observed for 11 successive, 1-hr. periods. Mean numbers of neurons and glial cells were counted for 10 different nuclei of the amygdala for 16 different brains (8 control; 8 seizure). Although there was no significant difference found between rats with chronically induced seizures and controls for the numbers of neurons per area within the central medial amygdaloid nucleus, the neuronal density was correlated significantly (.92) with mean numbers of bites per hour for the chronically epileptic group only. The hypothesis that seizure-induced damage within proximal amygdaloid nuclei disinhibits the central nucleus and encourages aggression was supported.
Evidence that Transcendental Meditation Does not Produce Cognitive Kindling: A Comment
Authors: Orme-Johnson David
Published: July 2017

This comment on Persinger's paper published in this journal in 1994 includes 4 studies not cited by Persinger. Each supports the inference of better health of those who practice Transcendental Meditation.
Comparison of two Orientation Systems for Indoor Travel of Blind Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Oliva D. , Bracalente S.
Published: July 2017

Two blind women affected by severe mental retardation were exposed to two previously developed orientation systems. One of the systems was based on acoustic cues, the other on vibratory feedback. The aim was to assess the relative effectiveness of the two systems. Data indicated that the acoustic system ensured a higher frequency of correct moves for one of the subjects and a more rapid performance of the moves for both subjects. The findings are reviewed in relation to the characteristics and applicability of the systems.
Lucid Dreaming and Control in Waking Life
Authors: Prescott James A. , Pettigrew C. Gary
Published: July 2017

In a survey of 17 middle-school students, search for control over situations in waking life was positively correlated with frequency of lucid dreaming.
The False Recognition of Mood-Matched and Mood-Opposite Words in a Memory Task: Introduction of a Delayed Testing Condition
Authors: Whissell Cynthia , Kienapple Cassandra
Published: July 2017

This report details the results of an extended replication with 74 new subjects of Whissell, Marshall, and Whissell's 1990 study. In confirmation of the original study and two follow-up studies, subjects tended to recognize words falsely as having belonged to a list if these words matched the emotional mood of the list but not if they had an opposite mood (mood was defined in terms of the pleasantness and activity dimensions of emotion). For delayed testing (one week), this effect was even more pronounced as false recognitions for mood-matching words become as frequent as correct recognitions for words actually on the list.
Accident History and Perceived Risk of Injury as Factors Influencing Fatalism about Occupational Accidents
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: July 2017

In a survey of 263 employed men and women fatalism about workplace accidents was rated highest by respondents who perceived that their current jobs were dangerous and posed a high risk of personal injury. An individual's prior accident history was not associated with ratings on Accident Fatalism.
Test-Retest Reliability of a Psychometric Instrument Designed to Measure Physical Therapy Students’ Burnout
Authors: Balogun Joseph A. , Helgemoe Sandra , Pellegrini Elizabeth , Hoeberlein Teresa
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess the reproducibility of scores on an instrument designed to measure physical therapy students’ burnout. Physical therapy students (28 juniors and 28 seniors) completed an adapted educators version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory on two occasions within a week interval. At each testing session, a separate score was obtained for each student for the three (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) subscales of the instrument. These scores, analyzed with a two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance, indicated a significant difference in the personal accomplishment score between the junior and senior students during the two time frames. Scheffé post hoc tests showed that the junior students reported higher personal accomplishment affect at both testing sessions than the senior students. Both junior and senior students reported higher personal accomplishment at retest than at baseline testing. A test-retest reliability coefficient of .850 was obtained for the Depersonalization subscale; .907 and .715 were obtained for the Emotional Exhaustion and Personal Accomplishment subscales, respectively.
Head Position and Spinal Position as Determinants of Perceived Emotional State
Authors: Schouwstra Sanneke J. , Hoogstraten J.
Published: July 2017

A sample of 60 first-year psychology students judged the emotional state of 21 drawn figures and completed the Adjective Checklist and a mood questionnaire. The judgements were affected by the interaction between head position and spinal position of the figure. Each figure was associated with a unique pattern of emotions, and the judgements given were not influenced by the subjects’ own emotional state.
Do Current Measures of Dimensions of Source Credibility Produce Stable Outcomes in Replicated Tests?
Authors: Powell F. C. , Wanzenried J. W.
Published: July 2017

Over a period of one year, data were obtained from four groups of university students to compare the stability of scores on the McCroskey and Jenson Source Credibility Scale and the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale in repeated tests. Using pre- and posttest scores, perceptions of President Clinton were obtained at four intersections while perceptions of Hillary Clinton, Jerry Brown, George Bush, and Ross Perot were obtained on a single date. The two scales used in the test yield approximate explanations of variance and coefficients a across the 16 analyses. The results suggest that current conceptualization and measurement of source credibility do not provide consistent dimensions on repeated tests.
Placebo Washout is not a Meaningful Part of Antidepressant Drug Trials
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Fisher Seymour , Riter James A.
Published: July 2017

Most trials testing the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs begin with a placebo washout phase. Hypothetically this technique rids studies of placebo re-spenders before randomization of subjects to drug and placebo groups. In theory, this lowers the level of response to placebo in the study and magnifies the superiority of the response to medication. An analysis of 10 years of research literature demonstrates that the washout technique does not do what it was designed to do in antidepressant studies. Within placebo or drug groups neither measures of depression nor dropouts were affected by including a preliminary washout in the design. The findings are consistent with the two other studies that have addressed this issue.
Sex-Stereotyping in Four-Year-Olds’ Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Rush Kimberly
Published: July 2017

68 4-yr.-olds were interviewed about their occupational aspirations and whether they would accept three male- and three female-typical jobs. Boys aspired to traditionally male-sex-typed occupations. Contrary to previous research, girls showed a wider range of occupational aspirations than boys, and girls’ aspirations were significantly higher in educational status than boys. The boys were significantly more likely to accept three male-stereotyped occupations than three female-stereotyped occupations. Girls were significantly more likely to choose female-stereotyped occupations than male occupations.
The Use of the Brookfield Synchro-Lectric Viscometer in Rheological Investigations of Coating and other Viscoelastic Materials
Authors: Fryklöf Lars-Einar
Published: July 2017

The Brookfield Viscometer is described and its use in rheological measurements is analyzed and discussed. The significance of spindle shape and rotational speed for different types of viscoelastic fluids is determined. Methods for using this viscometer to obtain the greatest amount of significant information are defined.
Gastroscopy in a West African Rural Mission Hospital
Authors: Dent A W
Published: July 2017

The results of 1075 fibreoptic gastroscopies performed in the Northwest Province of Cameroon are presented. Three hundred and fifty-three examinations showed pyloroduodenal ulcer disease, 111 showed macroscopic gastritis, and 37 had gastric carcinoma. Sixteen other diagnoses were made, with a positive finding in 620 cases.

The benefits of the ‘high-technology’ gastroscope in a low technology setting are discussed. Included are examinations of a series of 46 patients with haematemesis and/or melaena, and 43 who had previous gastric surgery.
Electrocardiographic Changes after Recovery from Measles
Authors: Olowu A O , Taiwo O
Published: July 2017

Children with measles seen at our hospital had an initial electrocardiogram (ECG) and a repeat after 3 months. The patients were aged 5 months to 8 years (mean 19 months).

The ECG changes observed after clinical recovery included T-wave inversion in eight patients (16%), flattening in eight patients (16%), prolonged PR interval in six (12%), prolonged Q-Tc in three (6%) and low QRS amplitude in four (8%). At least one ECG change was present in 18 patients (36%) after recovery, 14 of these were due to persistence of the changes noted during measles.

The implication of above findings and the need for a longer-term follow-up study are discussed.
Factitious Disorder by Proxy: A Call for the Abandonment of an Outmoded Diagnosis
Authors: Mart Eric G.
Published: July 2017

Factitious disorder by proxy (also referred to as Munchausen's syndrome by proxy) is a controversial diagnosis that generally involves the induction, falsification or exaggeration of medical symptoms in a victim by a caretaker. The syndrome is recognized as generally, but not exclusively, involving a mother and child. The author suggests that syndromatic terms for this type of child abuse are outmoded and should be abandoned in favor of an exact description of the suspected abusive behaviors in child dependency courts. Should there be a finding of abuse, the offending parent should be evaluated in terms of the major dynamics of her medically abusive behavior. Such evaluations should be utilized in the dispositional phase of child abuse proceedings and not employed for the proof of the matter.
Understanding and Reporting Child Abuse: Legal and Psychological Perspectives. Part One: Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, and Neglect
Authors: Rodriguez-Srednicki Ofelia , Twaite James A.
Published: July 2017

This is the first of two articles for mandated child maltreatment reporters on issues surrounding the definitions, origins, and effects of child maltreatment. The present article considers physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (abuse by omission). The second article considers emotional abuse and secondary child abuse, which occurs when caretakers allow children to observe other family members engaging in aggressive behavior.
“Wet” and Wild: PCP and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Weiss Kenneth J.
Published: July 2017

In this clinical article, the author examines the effects of the widely abused drug phencyclidine (PCP, “wet”) in relation to claims of intoxication, diminished capacity or insanity in criminal cases. It is widely accepted that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to a crime, although some states permit such evidence in determining mens rea. Involuntary or pathological intoxication is a permissible defense. A third scenario, persistent or “settled” insanity due to drug effect, is a defense in some jurisdictions. The author notes the prevalence of violent crimes committed under the influence of PCP or in persons with PCP-induced psychosis. The paper presents several cases from the author's practice in which PCP intoxication and/or psychosis was raised as an issue at trial. There is a discussion of how persistent PCP psychosis is different from intoxication and why it might be used in the service of an insanity defense.
Secondary Trauma Associated with State Executions: Testimony regarding Execution Procedures
Authors: Gil Amanda , Johnson Matthew B. , Johnson Ingrid
Published: July 2017

Secondary trauma associated with state executions refers to distress, harm, and injuries suffered by individuals other than the condemned prisoner. This article reviews the available research on this topic presenting findings, suggesting risks to correctional officers, judges and judicial staff, journalists, as well as the family members of the death row inmate, and the family members of the victim of the homicide. The literature review was prepared for testimony before a state department of corrections hearing regarding execution procedures. According to the authors, secondary trauma associated with state executions warrants further research and should be considered in the context of public policy regarding state executions.
Challenging Expert Testimony on Intelligence and Mental Retardation
Authors: Frumkin I. Bruce
Published: July 2017

An accurate assessment of a defendant's intellectual functioning is oftentimes needed to help in the assessment of a variety of psycholegal issues. Psychologists' evaluations and testimony are sometimes based upon misinterpretation of data. A host of factors may not be considered that could influence how the psychologist, and ultimately the court, view a defendant's intellectual capabilities. This article will discuss definitions of intelligence and mental retardation, tests of adaptive functioning, the Flynn and practice effects, abbreviated scales of intelligence, crosscultural issues in intellectual assessment, and malingering of cognitive abilities.
Factitious Disorders and Trauma-Related Diagnoses
Authors: Brown Daniel , Scheflin Alan W.
Published: July 2017

The recent plethora of lawsuits involving allegations of iatrogenically implanted memories of satanic ritual abuse and other traumas has highlighted the existence of a unique group of psychiatric patients. Although these patients are often successful at deceiving therapists (and sometimes juries), the case studies in this special issue reveal the chronic nature of their propensity to invent traumatic identities and past histories. The core clinical features of affect dysregulation, somatization, and impaired object relations, together with frequent histories of alcohol and substance abuse, parallel the psychiatric co-morbidity frequently found in genuine trauma victims. These case studies also point to early childhood problems in attachment, and sometimes to real childhood trauma, as possible etiologic factors. The current diagnostic system does not adequately capture the full range of these patients' psychopathology, which involves the creation of factitious identities and fictional traumatic personal histories. The particulars of these histories change over time as the patients incorporate, deliberately and/or “unconsciously,” details derived from outside sources. Although clearly susceptible to being influenced by authority figures of all kinds, it is evident from these case studies that the core psychopathology at work here is intrinsic to the patients and not the by-product of therapeutic misadventure.
Variations on a Factitious Theme
Authors: Marmer Stephen
Published: July 2017

This paper addresses three problems. The first is the differentiation between malingering and factitious disorders. In the former, conscious elements are said to predominate, while in the latter, unconscious factors are primary. That notion is questioned here. Second, the determination of the truth of memories is especially controversial in cases of reported childhood abuse. This paper argues that numbers of such patients may have a mixture of Munchausen-like symptoms together with childhood trauma and adult dissociative symptoms. Such patients may present their therapists with “false truths” and “true falsehoods.” Third, there is a puzzle in the cases of patients who assert histories of severe childhood abuse and subsequently retract those stories. Rather than seeing them as helpless foils of therapists who “implant” falsehoods, or as individuals who are merely attempting to profit from turning against a therapist who had helped them, this paper argues that such patients may be enacting a pathological “victim” role with therapist and attorney alike, in a “legal Munchausen syndrome.”
False Memories and True Lies: The Psychology of a Recanter
Authors: Armstrong Judith G.
Published: July 2017

The article explores the case of a “recanter” in a false memory, false dissociative identity disorder case in which the jury found for the defense. It is argued that the polemical controversy over false memory and dissociative identity disorder has drawn attention away from the scientific study of the psychology of such recanters. It has also deflected attention from examination of the objective facts in such lawsuits, thus impeding the ability of the law to determine which, if any, of the plaintiff's versions of events to accept as true. In the present case, records documented the plaintiff's repeated claiming and recanting of psychiatric diagnoses and maltreatment since childhood. Her coercive behavior with authority figures and claims of injury were associated with her need to reinvent herself and her history in order to obtain nurturance. She presented a complex diagnostic picture of malingering, factitious disorder, borderline personality disorder, and dissociative disorder. Treatment and forensic implications of this case are discussed.
Iatrogenic Dissociative Identity Disorder—An Evaluation of the Scientific Evidence
Authors: Brown Daniel , Frischholz Edward J. , Scheflin Alan W.
Published: July 2017

In recent years there has been a remarkable increase in malpractice suits in which a retractor-plaintiff alleges that a defendant therapist has suggestively implanted a false dissociative identity disorder (DID) diagnosis. A critical examination of the arguments used by plaintiff expert witnesses demonstrates that the scientific evidence is insufficient, consisting largely of anecdotal case reports, non-data-based pro-false-memory opinion papers, and several methodologically questionable laboratory studies. These sparse data fail to meet a minimal standard of scientific evidence justifying the claim that a major psychiatric diagnosis like dissociative identity disorder per se can be produced through suggestive influences in therapy. However, some scientific evidence exists to show that behavioral reinforcement can affect the frequency and type of alter behavior manifesting in patients who already have DID. Plaintiff expert witnesses have confused alter creation with alter shaping. Based on the available scientific evidence, it is doubtful whether such plaintiff complaints could meet a Frye-Daubert standard in a test of admissibility of such testimony. Furthermore, current malpractice claims based in iatrogenic DID fail to consider other plausible alternative explanations for plaintiff's retraction beliefs, such as the manufacture of retraction beliefs through systematic exposure to post-treatment pro-false-memory suggestive influences and/or deceptive, factitious behavior on the part of plaintiff.
Hemangioendothelial Sarcoma in Brown Adipose Tissue of Mouse Induced by Carcinogenic Heterocyclic Amine, Glu-P-1
Authors: Sakamoto Michiie , Takayama Shozo , Hosoda Yasuhiro
Published: July 2017

2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2- a:3',2'- d]limidazole, a potent bacterial mutagen from glutamic acid pyrolysate, when given to male CDF, mice at a concentration of 0.05% in the diet induced blood vessel tumors characterized histopathologically. These hemangioendothelial sarcomas showed positive alkaline phosphatase activity histochemically and Weibel-Palade bodies ultrastructurally. Neoplasms were predilective for brown adipose tissue and foci of atypical cells, not peliosis-like lesions, appear to be an early stage in tumor development.
The infrastructure and Reversibility of Testicular Atrophy Induced by Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (EGME) in the Rat
Authors: Lee K. P. , Kinney L. A.
Published: July 2017

Inhalation exposure to 300 ppm ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) for 3 days produced degenerative changes in spermatocytes of pachytene and meiotic division at spermatogenic stage XIV in rats. However, a wide range of germ cell types including spermatogonia was affected and the stage-specific damage was not discernible after 2 weeks exposure to 300 ppm EGME. The stage-specific damage was related to exposure concentration-time course. In early stages, degenerating spermatocytes showed nuclear chromatin clumping around synaptonemal complexes, cytoplasmic vesiculation with electron-dense material deposition, and disruption of the plasma membrane. Chromosomal microtubules in the meiotic division of spermatocytes were discontinued with deposition of electron-dense chromatin material. Sertoli cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, contact loss to germ cells, and cytoplasmic processes fragmentation with disrupted microtubules. Degenerative pachytene or meiotic spermatocytes were associated with disrupted Sertoli-germ cell relationship, chromosomal microtubules, and synaptonemal complexes. Spermatid degeneration and giant cell formation were observed after spermatocyte degeneration. Spermatid degeneration appeared to be a secondary change resulting from disrupted Sertoli-to-germ cell association. After 14 days post-exposure (PE) following 2 weeks exposure, some tubules were lined with regenerating spermatocytes with or without round spermatids. By 42 days PE, many tubules regained normal germinal epithelium, but some tubules were still atrophic even after 84 days PE. Reversibility of testicular atrophy was inversely proportional to severity of damaged stem cells.
3,4,3,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl-Induced Effects in the Rat Liver. II. Electron Microscopic Autoradiographic Localization of H-TCB
Authors: Durham Stephen K. , Brouwer Abraham
Published: July 2017

Recent results (3) indicate that 200 mg 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl induces hepatomegaly accompanied by significant decreases in serum and hepatic retinoid content and hepatocyte morphologic alterations of proliferated and vesiculated endoplasmic reticulum and megamitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions. There was also an associated change in the number, size, and distribution of lipid droplets in hepatocytes and fat-storing cells. Electron microscopic autoradiographic techniques were utilized to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of 3H-3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3H-TCB) in the adult rat liver and determine if there is any relationship between subcellular morphologic change and radiolabel localization. Adult female WAG/Rij rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg TCB/kg containing 1.85 mCi of 3H-TCB and were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days following exposure. The vast majority of 3H-TCB-derived radioactivity was located in the hepatocyte at all time points examined, ranging from 79–86% of the total number of autoradiographic grains counted over the liver cells. Sequential order of radiolabel localization per liver cell type at 1, 3, and 7 days was hepatocyte > > > Kupffer cell > fat-storing cell > endothelial cell. At day 14, the sequential order of radiolabel localization per liver cell type was hepatocyte > > > fat-storing cell > Kupffer cell > endothelial cell, which indicates that there was some shift movement of label over time. The lipid droplet, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum were the subcellular structures or organelles of hepatocytes having the highest number of 3H-TCB-derived grains at all time periods examined. The predominant morphological alterations induced following TCB intoxication were observed in these organelles. The results of this study suggests that there is an association between TCB localization and morphologic change induced in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes following TCB exposure.
Gastric Morphological Changes Including Carcinoid Tumors in Animals Treated with a Potent Hypolipidemic Agent, Ciprofibrate
Authors: Spencer Andrew J. , Barbolt Thomas A. , Henry Douglas C. , Eason Charles T. , Sauerschell Richard J. , Bonner Frank W.
Published: July 2017

Oral administration of ciprofibrate, a potent hypolipidemic compound, to rats for 2 or more weeks at doses of 20 mg/kg/day or more resulted in hypertrophy and increased eosinophilia of the oxyntic cells in the gastric mucosa. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed small secretory canaliculi with small microvilli in these cells, changes consistent with the inhibition of acid secretion. After longer administration (e.g., >2 months at 20 mg/kg/day), hyperplasia of the neuroendocrine cells (in particular, the enterochromaffin-like cells) was present in the fundic mucosa of the stomach. After life-time (2-year) administration at 10 mg/kg/day, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia was accompanied by formation of malignant carcinoid tumors in the fundus of 5 of 59 male and 1 of 60 female rats. In contrast, administration of ciprofibrate to mice at 20 mg/kg/day for 2 months was not associated with oxyntic or neuroendocrine cell changes, a finding consistent with the lack of gastric carcinoid tumors in a 2-year mouse study. Similarly, no significant changes were induced in the marmoset stomach by doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day for 6 months. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the formation of gastric carcinoid tumors following ciprofibrate administration is a phenomenon that occurs specifically in those species such as the rat where this compound has significant gastric antisecretory activity.
Comparison of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Induced Pleiotropic Response in the Liver of Nine Strains of Mice
Authors: Dwivedi R. S. , Alvares K. , Nemali M. R. , Subbarao V. , Reddy M. K. , Usman M. I. , Rademaker A. W. , Reddy J. K. , Rao M. S.
Published: July 2017

We have investigated the hepatic effect of ciprofibrate, a potent peroxisomal proliferator, in 9 strains of mice to ascertain whether all strains show similar peroxisome proliferation or if there are any that are resistant to the induction of peroxisome proliferation. Dietary feeding of ciprofibrate at 2 concentrations (0.0125% or 0.025% w/w) for 2 weeks resulted in a significant increase in liver weight (170 to 200%) and a 7- to 11-fold increase in volume density of peroxisomes. Catalase and peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes increased by 1.7- to 2.7- and 1.9- to 9.3-fold, respectively, over the controls. SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis of post-nuclear fractions of livers showed a marked increase in 80,000-mol. wt. polypeptide. Immunocytochemical studies, as expected, revealed higher levels of PBE. Ciprofibrate treatment also induced hepatic DNA synthesis in all strains as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography. Dot blot analysis of total RNA from livers of ciprofibrate-treated mice (5 strains) showed a significant increase in peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional enzyme (PBE) mRNA. When the 9 strains were ranked for each parameter, CBA/Ca was the least responsive mouse strain and the B6C3F1 was the most responsive. However, the results of this study indicate that there is no significant interstrain difference in rankings across strains to ciprofibrate-induced hepatic pleiotropic response.
Development of an Acute Model for the Study of Chloromethanediphosphonate Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Alden Carl L. , Parker Ronald D. , Eastman David F.
Published: July 2017

Chloromethanediphosphonate (Cl2MDP), a cation chelator, is used as a therapeutic for hypercalcemia of malignancy. Cl2MDP exhibits nephrotoxic potential. Thus, a useful model has been developed to study the mechanism of injury. Intraperitoneal administration of highly exaggerated dosages, specifically 200 mg/kg b.i.d., resulted in a consistent mild to moderate extent of kidney damage after the third day of treatment in rats. Proteinuria and lowered serum phosphorus levels occur prior to onset of histopathologic changes. Injury was characterized as necrosis of proximal tubular epithelium with predilection for pars recta. Unlike many renal toxicity models, the necrosis occurs as cell lysis only after 24 to 48 hours of treatment. However, this model significantly reduces the time required to induce renal toxicity observed in routine toxicity studies from months of treatment to less than 1 week and will, thus, serve as a baseline for subsequent pathogenetic studies.
Formaldehyde-Induced Lesions of Xenotransplanted Human Nasal Respiratory Epithelium
Authors: Klein-Szanto Andres J. P. , Ura Hitoshi , Resau James
Published: July 2017

Cells from the nasal respiratory epithelium were obtained at autopsy from young adults, amplified in primary cultures, and inoculated into de-epithelialized rat tracheas. These tracheas were sealed and transplanted subcutaneously into irradiated nude mice. Four weeks after this xenotransplantation procedure, when the tracheal lumina were covered by normal respiratory epithelium, the transplants were exposed to slow releasing silastic devices containing 0,0.5 or 1 mg paraformaldehyde. Histological examination supplemented with autoradiographies revealed that the aldehyde produced both involutional changes such as erosion and atrophic epithelium and proliferative reactions such as hyperplastic-metaplastic lesions. These epithelial changes were characterized by a higher labeling index that in some focal areas reached values 10 to 20 times higher than normal. These effects were noted 2 weeks after exposure with FMD and in an attenuated form could also be seen at 8 weeks. This response pattern is very similar to that of the xenotransplanted human tracheobronchial epithelium and also of the rat nasal and tracheobronchial epithelia, in which formaldehyde proved to be an effective carcinogen.
Reversibility of Rat Liver Cirrhosis by Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Authors: Stenbäck Frej , Saarni Hannu U. , Rautio Arja , Stengård Jari , Sotaniemi Eero A.
Published: July 2017

The possible effects of a synthetic progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), on carbon tetrachloride/phenobarbital (CCl4/PB)-induced rat liver injury were studied by morphological methods. CCl4/PB-treated rats showed extensive liver fibrosis consisting of procollagen type III aminoterminal propeptide-positive strands and fibres with concomitant extensive basement membrane deposits and fibronectin synthesis. MPA treatment after CCl4/PB-induced liver damage reduced alterations in cytoplasmic organelles, inflammation and hemorrhages and reversed the fibrosis, mostly around individual liver cells, possibly due to the normalization of cellular structure and function with a decrease in fibronectin deposits.
Immunocytochemical Demonstration of Cytochrome c Oxidase as a Marker for Renal Oncocytes and Oncocytomas
Authors: Mayer Doris , Weber Edgar , Kadenbach Bernhard , Bannasch Peter
Published: July 2017

Using an antibody raised against the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1), it was possible to visualize microoncocytomas, oncocytic tubules and even single oncocytes in the renal cortex of rats treated with N-nitrosomorpholine, and to localize the lesions to the collecting duct of the nephron. In human specimens, the antibody also stained oncocytomas and oncocytic tubules in the surrounding macroscopically unaffected cortex. Thus, this antibody may be used for detection as well as for investigation of the development of oncocytic lesions in various species.
Transplantation Studies of Preputial Gland and Epithelial Skin Neoplasms Derived from Benzidine-Based Dye Carcinogenicity Assays in Fischer 344 Male Rats
Authors: Ulland Borge M. , Maronpot Robert R. , Lemen Joan K. , Mennear John H.
Published: July 2017

Neoplasms of preputial gland and skin were obtained from Fischer 344 male rats on lifetime drinking water studies of the benzidine congener 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, C.I. Direct Blue 15 or C.I. Acid Red 114, bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine and 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine. Portions of these well differentiated neoplasms were implanted into the left mammary fat pad of Fischer 344 male recipients. The rate of growth, presence of local invasion and distant metastases, and morphologic features were observed following 4 serial transplantations. All implants appeared early, grew rapidly, and were histomorphologically similar to the original neoplasms. Metastases from transplants were observed with both preputial gland and skin tumor lines in serial passages. The transplantation results confirm the malignant nature of these neoplasms.
Hepatomas in Rats and Hepatorenal Injury in Ducklings Fed Peanut Meal or Aspergillus flavus Extract
Authors: Newberne Paul M. , Carlton William W. , Wogan Gerald N.
Published: July 2017

When rats were fed peanut meal (made from peanuts grown and processed in the United States) for 10–12 months, a high incidence of hepatomas and renal damage was observed. Direct extension of hepatomas to the mesentery and metastasis to the lungs occurred in several animals. Parathyroid adenomas were also seen.

Ducklings fed the toxic peanut meal for 4 weeks in short term experiments developed hepatic cell damage and bile duct hyperplasia. Lesions induced in ducklings by intubation with extracts of cultures of Aspergillus flavus for 5 days were comparable to those induced with toxic peanut meal.
Herdförmige symmetrische Hirngewebsnekrosen bei Hunden mit epileptiformen Krämpfen
Authors: Fischer Karin
Published: July 2017

The histologic changes in the CNS of 10 dogs with epileptiform cramps and psychic alterations are described. Most of the animals had gastroenteritis of apparently diverse aetiology prior to the onset of the nervous signs.

The lesions are characterized by bilaterally symmetrical focal necroses in the grey matter. Oedema and proliferation of blood vessels were present to varying extents in individual cases. What is conspicuous is not only the symmetrical localization of the lesions but also the invatiable damage of the rhinencephalon in the broad sense. There was no significant increase of oligo- or astroglia. In almost all cases Ammon's horn and the piriform lobe were simultaneously affected. In addition the olfactory bulbs, septum pellucidum, dorsomedian cortex, and now and then also the lateral cortical layers and basal ganglia might show accompanying lesions. The remaining brain stem and the cerebellum remained almost entirely spared.

The aetiology of the lesions described is undetermined. Exogenous intoxication does not appear likely although it cannot be excluded with certainty. The clinical and histologic findings rather suggest the action of diverse pathogenetic factors. These lead to morphologically similar alterations, which may be a consequence of a deficient provision of the brain tissue with oxygen or with nutrient substances.
Reticuloendotheliosis, a Myeloproliferative Disorder of Cats: A Comparison with Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Gilmore C. E. , Gilmore V. H. , Jones T. C.
Published: July 2017

Leukoproliferative diseases are common in cats and involve a variety of cell types. One such disorder, an anatomical entity of unknown etiology, is characterized by severe progressive anemia and proliferation of undifferentiated (reticulum) cells in bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes. Malignant behavior of the abnormal cells is not obvious, and the descriptive term, reticuloendotheliosis, is suggested for the disorder until the etiology is known.

Clinical, hematologic and post mortem findings in 10 cats with reticuloendotheliosis are compared in this report with those in 10 cats with lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical findings are not distinctive and are similar in both conditions, but the diseases can be distinguished by hematologic and post mortem studies. Cats with reticuloendotheliosis are characterized by persistence of totally undifferentiated cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. Between 15.7 and 76.8% of these cells were found in the bone marrow and up to 55% in the peripheral blood. No intermediate stages, suggesting development toward a more specific cell type, were found.

Gross findings at necropsy in cats with reticuloendotheliosis were anemia and enlargement of the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. Reticulum cells were diffusely distributed in vascular or lymphatic spaces in each of these organs. The cells were individually discrete and did not form solid masses.

Cats with lymphocytic leukemia had high proportions of lymphocytic cells in the blood and bone marrow. The neoplastic cells obliterated the normal architecture of lymph nodes and frequently formed solid masses in other tissues.

Hematologic and post mortem findings in some previously reported cases of leukemia in cats which were characterized by proliferation of poorly differentiated cells have some similarities to those in cases of reticuloendotheliosis.
A Granulomatous Disease of Fish Produced by Flavobacteria
Authors: Kluge John P.
Published: July 2017

An enzootic fatal disease occurred in a group of tropical fish, Molliensia sphenops. Multiple focal areas of chronic granulomatous inflammation were found in the liver, central nervous system, kidney and pancreas of the affected fish. There appeared to be a predilection for the liver. A gram-negative rod was isolated from the lesions which fits the characteristics of the genus Flavobacterium. This isolate produced the disease experimentally in fish of the same species.
Testis in the Sterile Hybrid Duck
Authors: Rigdon R. H. , Mott Charles
Published: July 2017

The histologic and histochemical characteristics of the testis and epididymis in normal and hybrid ducks are described. Granules are present in the cytoplasm of the spermatocytes in all ducks; however, the amount is much greater in the sterile hybrid birds. These granules stain PAS positive and are diastase resistant. Associated with, or as a part of, these PAS positive granules are foci that stain positive for iron in some of the cells in the seminiferous tubules. This reaction, too, is more often present in the sterile hybrid than in the normal. Lipids are present in the spermatocytes and, likewise, in much larger amounts in the sterile hybrids than in the normals. PAS positive and diastase resistant granules are present in the tubules of the epididymis of all ducks. A majority of these granules also give a strongly positive reaction for iron. The amount of iron is greater in the sterile hybrids than in the normal ducks. Lipids are also present in the epididymis.