bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The labor motivation of law enforcement officers as a management object in internal affairs agencies of Ukraine
Authors:   Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 27,L. Landau avenue, Kharkiv, 61080, Ukraine, Andreieva G. V.
Published: October 2020

The author proposes to realize the target motivative influence on militiamen as an important component of the process of management in Ukraine’s internal affairs agencies (IAA) and gives some recommendations about the peculiarities of its organization. The purposeful influence on the labor motivation of militiamen will allow one to coordinate personal purposes of an employee and the targets of IAA, to realize more completely the potential of each lawenforcement officer, to reveal and to eliminate the factors negatively affecting the attitude of militiamen to their work, and to prevent the domination of the enforced labor motivation.
Peculiarities of the life style of persons with particular demands
Authors:   Zhytomyr Institute of Economics and Humanities ", Dikova-Favorska О. М. ,   Universitet",   Ukraine",   52, Velyka Berdychivska Str., Zhytomyr, 10012, Ukraine
Published: October 2020

The specificity of the life style of persons with particular demands (disability) is analyzed. The conclusions are based on the results of interviews with members of families, where a child-invalid is brought up, and with student-invalids.
Place of the migration component on the labor market of the Czech Republic
Authors:   Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 60, Shevchenko blvd., Kyiv, 01032, Ukraine, Maidanik I. P.
Published: October 2020

The contemporary state of migration processes in the Czech Republic is considered. On the basis of the analysis of a database of vacancies for foreign workers, the main characteristics of the demand of the Czech labor market for the manpower from the other countries, including Ukraine, are clarified. It is revealed which professions are most required on the Czech labor market, which branches need mostly the labor of foreign workers, etc.
Business as a subject of the sociological theoretic comprehension: clarification of the problem
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 60, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine, Siryi Ye. V.
Published: October 2020

The present work considers the complicated question about the formation of a conceptualization of business in the sociological-theoretic knowledge in the mainstream of its crisis-gnoseological situation, the intensification of its methodological-theoretic searches, and the institutionalization of “business” as a notion-categorial sociological element. It is attempted to set the vector and to determine a scenario of the ordering of the concept of business in the sociological-theoretic knowledge system.
Specificity of the use of methods of visual sociology in studying a military organization
Authors:   Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk national university, Solnyshkina A. A.
Published: October 2020

The author clarifies the innovative potential of the methods of visual sociology in the study of the sociocultural field of a military organization and studies the peculiarities of the culture of military formations, by analyzing the military photos made during the First and Second World wars, photos of servicemeninternationalists, veterans of Afganistan, and participants of the Chechnya companies. The photos taken from the archives of contemporary military units reflect the structural elements of the army everyday life, symbols, rituals, and traditions of a military organization.
The organizational interaction in a sociological discourse
Authors:   Ukrainian State Employment Service Training Institute 17, Novovokzalna Str., Kyiv, 03038, Ukraine, Tulenkov M. V.
Published: October 2020

The author analyzes the essence and content of the organizational interaction which is one of the key categories of the management sociology, being on the stage of formation of its notion-categorial apparatus.
The idea of Ukraine’s population of the life age practices of a person: the gender aspect
Authors:   Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 12, Shovkovychna Str., Kyiv, 01021, Ukraine, Uzun S. V.
Published: October 2020

On the basis of data of the European social study for 2006-2007, the author analyzes the ideas of men and women of the comprehension of such notions as “adultness”, “mid-age”, and “old age”, as well as the ideas of the importance of the occurrence of certain events during the life which are essential or are not for the attainment of a definite life-age stage of the development of a person.
Institutionalization of rehabilitation services for persons who were subjected to violence in a family
Authors:   Academy of Labour, Social Relations and Tourism 3-A, Kiltseva doroha, 03187, Kyiv, Ukraine, Semigina T. V. , Gusak N. Ye. ,   National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" 2, Hryhoriia Skovorody Str., Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine
Published: October 2020

The author analyzes the institutionalization of rehabilitation services for persons, who were subjected to violence in a family, on the state’s level, describes the system of institutions granting the rehabilitation services to the indicated group of clients on the national and regional levels, and considers their interaction and specific features of the activity of separate agencies.
Modern methods to manipulate the social-mass consciousness and their application to political technologies
Authors:   Kryvy Rih Economic Institute National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Nagornyi A. I.
Published: October 2020

The specificity of manipulative techniques which are intensively used by the contemporary political establishment is clarified. The author’s vision of the purpose and the essence of manipulations occurred in the life of members of the Ukrainian society is presented. Commonly accessible methods of the protection against manipulations are proposed, and some of probable consequences are indicated.
Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast as a tourism resource
Authors: Haba Myroslava I. , Dnistrianska Nataliia I. , Ilnytska-Hykavchuk Halyna Ya. , Makar Oksana P. , Senkiv Mariana I.
Published: October 2020

The article describes the theoretical and methodical foundations of the study of the Jewish cultural heritage as a modern tourism resource. It turned out that in both foreign and domestic literature studies are not enough. The historical background of the formation of the cultural heritage of the Jewish ethnic group in the territory of the modern Lviv Oblast, which for many centuries has been the center of Jewish life, is considered. The dynamics of the ethnical composition of the population of the Lviv Oblast in 19312001 is studied and a significant reduction in the share of the Jewish community is found. The dynamics of the share of the Jewish population in urban settlements of the Lviv Oblast is studied, and it is found that it sharply decreased after the events of the World War II, primarily as a result of the Holocaust. A map of the share of the Jewish population in the urban settlements of the Oblast in 1939 is developed. The existing objects of Jewish cultural heritage (in particular, synagogues and cemeteries) in Lviv and other cities of the Lviv Oblast are characterized, and a map of these objects is developed. The main centers of Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: Lviv, Brody, Busk, Zhovkva, Rava-Ruska, Uhniv, Velyki Mosty, Sokal, Belz, Stryi, Drohobych, Staryi Sambir, Turka. It found that the main problems of the Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: neglected state of the objects, insufficient funding for the rehabilitation and restoration of these objects, the absence of tourist routes involving these objects, etc. The tourist route “By places of the Jewish sacred heritage of the Lviv Oblast” is developed and a map of this route is created. Measures for the restoration and popularization of Jewish cultural heritage of the Oblast are identified: allocation of budgetary funds, attraction of private investors, international organizations and Jewish communities; development of new tourist routes; determination of places by information stands; publication of information materials about objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals; training of guides on the topic of Jewish cultural heritage, etc.
Positional-dynamic territorial structure of the urban landscape
Authors: Klieshch Anastasia A. , Maksymenko Nadiya V.
Published: October 2020

The knowledge of landscapes’ positional - dynamic structure enabled us to include it in the work on urban landscape and ecological planning, with its ownspecifics as environmental management objects. The aim is to create cartographic models of a positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv landscape to ensure a balanced use of nature in environmental management. Methods: a positional-dynamic structure of urban landscape was selected by compiling andanalyzing cartographic works of landscape strips, tiers and districts. Territorial configuration of different types of landscape strips were identified and established based on the classical scheme of landscape locations typology by water-geochemical regime proposed by B. Polynov and supplemented by M. Glazovska, which includes 9 main types. Technically, synthesis of parameters combinations and determination of the territories affiliation to certain types of landscape strips was carried out using spatial analysis tools (in particular, reclassification and raster calculator) of initial data on morphometric relief parameters in ArcGIS. Results. A set of qualitative parameters is proposed, based on the characteristics of each type of landscape strips by which they can be identified.Composition and territorial configuration of positional-dynamic landscape strips of the urban landscape are established as a result of systematization and processing of geodata parametric features of the water-geochemical regime. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic structureof Kharkiv landscapes have been developed, including 13 types of landscape strips with individual features united in 5 groups by types of lateral migration of substances due to the peculiarities of their positionality (common position in relation to frame lines of flow directions) and factors of relief morphology similarity, nature of income and intensity of substances transfer. The identified mode types and the nature of the spatial distribution of the corresponding landscape strips have been described in detail. Conclusions. Cartographic models of the positional-dynamic territorial structure of Kharkiv, developed during the inventory stage of landscape-ecological planning, make it possible to choose areas of balanced nature management of a particular area.
Statistical analysis of genetic diversity using faba bean landraces database
Authors: Velcheva N. , Petrova S.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Evaluation of genetic diversity among landraces could be an invaluable aid related to the sustainable use of ex situ collections. Statistical methods are currently available for analysis of databases from investigation of stored germplasm. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a self-pollinating with high percentage of foreign pollination legume crop with a great importance for food and forage due to its high protein content as well as the important role in soil fertility and nitrogen fixation. The local populations are well adapted to specific agro-climatic conditions in the growing areas and are a rich initial material for the breeding programs. The purpose of this study is to establish the genetic diversity of 21 Bulgarian faba bean landraces by important traits in order to review the current potential of conserved germplasm for its sustainable use. All genotypes, included in the study, are collected from expeditions in the country, recorded in the National Register for Plant Genetic Resources and long term stored at the National Genebank. They are characterized according to the International Faba Bean Descriptors. The cluster analysis results show a high genetic diversity in the collection and the variability of each studied trait is presented. The factor analysis, which complements the cluster analysis, gives a reason to group the genotypes with their features into groups that have a breeding value. Genetic diversity in the studied collection has been identified and some of the landraces could be included in future breeding programs.
Detection of Potato virus Y associated with African nightshade leafy vegetable (Solanum scabrum miller) in Kenya
Authors: Kimaru S.L. , Kilalo D.C. , Kimenju J.W. , Muiru W.M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The African nightshades (ANS) have been part of the food systems in sub-Saharan Africa for generations. They are particularly attractive to small scale farmers because the risks of crop losses are much lower compared to the exotic vegetables. Plant viruses are economically important pathogens affecting African nightshade production. More than 200 plant viruses are reported to infest solanaceous family crops. This study was carried out to detect Potato virus Y associated with African nightshade. Symptomatic leaf samples were obtained from four agro-ecological zones in Kenya. The viral pathogens were detected using serology and molecular techniques. Laboratory experiments were carried out at the University of Nairobi and Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) from February 2017 to August, 2018. Field samples had the highest mean viral percentage frequency of 44.8% compared to greenhouse samples having 29.8% using serology methods. Molecular testing revealed that greenhouse and farm field sample were positive for the three Potato virus Y strains PVYN:O (necrotic recombinant), PVYO (ordinary) and PVYNTN (necrotic). Detection of Potato virus Y in ANS suggests that it is prevalent in the sampled regions and could cause problems to other solanaceous crops.
Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of goat milk from animals grown in a mountainous area in Bulgaria
Authors: Pamukova D. , Rusenova N. , Kolev T. , Chobanova S. , Naydenova N.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the goat milk quality from animals grown in a mountainous area in Bulgaria based on physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The study was carried out in a farm that breeds local goats and goats of the Bulgarian White Dairy Goat (BWD). Individual milk samples were taken on a monthly basis from morning milking. A total of 100 individual and 10 bulk milk samples were examined for fat, solids non fat, protein and density. A total of 62 samples were collected at a time to determine the microbiological characteristics of milk. For the period May-September 2017, the percentage of fat in the milk of local goats averaged 3.61% and of goats from BWD goat – 3.54%. The solids non fat were 8.27% and 8.19%, total protein – 3.13% and 3.10%, and the dry matter – 11.89% and 11.74%, respectively. For the period May-August 2017 the individual constituents of milk changed to varying degrees with the most variable being milk fat (decrease of 0.97% in local goats’ milk and 1.09% in milk from BWD goat) followed by solids non fat (0.56% and 0.7%, respectively). The slightest change was in protein – 0.21% and 0.26%, respectively. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant bacterial species in the goats’ milk samples.
Concept for the Developmen of the North-South International Transport Corridor
Authors: Kryukova Ekaterina
Published: October 2020

The development of the international transport corridor plays a special role in the development of the transport system. Russian special economic zones do not form an integrated network; they can be characterized as separate isolated innovation-oriented elements in the economic space of the low-tech Russian economy. Research in the field of expanding the theoretical apparatus on the above issues has shown that the general understanding of the term “international transport system” includes a set of elements that provide significant international freight and passenger traffic between separate geographical areas, includes rolling stock and stationary devices of all modes of transport working in this direction, as well as a set of technological, organizational and legal conditions for the implementation of these transportation. As part of the study, the analysis of three options for the route of the international transport corridor “North-South” is proposed: transportation of goods by rail, western branch, eastern branch. Based on the results of the study, it is determined that the creation, development and operation of a free economic zone of a port type will create an impetus for the high-quality and efficient port infrastructure that will meet international standards and be one of the factors for attracting freight carriers.
Determinants of Audit Quality: Evidence from Nigerian Listed Insurance Companies
Authors: Olabisi Jayeola , Kajola Sunday , Abioro Matthew , Oworu Oyefemi
Published: October 2020

The study examines the factors that determine audit quality among listed insurance companies in Nigeria. The study adopts Ex-post facto research design, and 15 companies are purposively selected, out of 25 listed insurance companies in Nigeria as of 2018. Panel data is extracted from the annual account and reports of the selected companies over a period of ten years (2009–2018). Pearson correlation analysis, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Regression are the statistical tools used for the analysis. The results of the study reveal a significant relationship between the audit firm size, audit tenure, audit fee, cash flow and audit quality (p < 0.05). However, there is no significant relationship between auditors independence, joint audit and audit quality (p > 0.05). The study concludes that audit fees, audit firm size, audit tenure and cash flow from operations are major determinants of audit quality as each of them has significantly contributed to audit quality of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. Therefore, the Nigerian listed insurance companies should place a high premium on audit firm size, audit fees, and short term audit tenure when engaging services of an audit firm.
Application of Federal Accounting Standards in Agricultural Organizations
Authors: Anikina Irina , Solodova Svetlana
Published: October 2020

The article substantiates the importance of agro-industrial enterprises, their products and the economic effect produced in the development of economy of the Russian Federation. The stages of reforming the regulatory control of accounting in the Russian Federation are disclosed. The article describes the current state of accounting modernization in agricultural organizations. The necessity of creating a methodological base for accounting by agricultural producers is justified. The possible directions of constructing and developing a methodological base for the organization of accounting in agricultural enterprises are revealed. The formation of accounting policies in accordance with the amended Russian Accounting Standards (RAS) and the new Federal Accounting Standards (FAS) requires a comprehensive approach and algorithmization of activities, dividing them into blocks or stages. The algorithm of implementing new Federal Accounting Standards for agricultural organizations in the accounting process is defined. Document forms that allow following the proposed algorithm for implementing new Federal Accounting Standards in the accounting process have been developed. Separate issues of application of the Federal Accounting Standard “Inventories” are considered. The necessity to determine the order of accounting objects of accounting supervision before the introduction of new standards into effect is justified in order to optimally implement the Standards in the practice of organizations.
In Search of Identity: The Israeli Arab Artist in Anton Shammas'sArabesques
Authors: Brenner Rachel Feldhay
Published: October 2020

The autobiographical novelArabesquespresents a complex double self-portrayal of an Israeli Arab as an artist. The narrator's gravitation toward the cultural center conflicts with his loyalty to his ethnic periphery. His search for identity as a minority writer intertwines with his search for identity as an individual. The tension of the unresolved identity split emerges in the work's fragmented structure and inconsistent story line. I argue that the centrality of Hebrew inArabesquescommunicates the possibility of overcoming the split. Such reconciliation requires that instability and pluralism be accepted as forces that shape the lives of individuals and of nations. The use of Hebrew explodes both the cultural stagnation of the minority and the intransigence of the majority. The hybridization of language and lore destabilizes the definition of nationalism, bringing, for both the dominating and the dominated, the hope of cultural revitalization and of ideological rapprochement.
Mario Vargas Llosa, Euclides da Cunha, and the Strategy of Intertextuality
Authors: Wasserman Renata R. Mautner
Published: October 2020

When revisiting Euclides da Cunha'sOs sertõeswithLa guerra del fin del mundo, Mario Vargas Llosa constructs an intertextual sequence analogous to that constituted by literary and other texts within European culture, the sphere against which Latin American writings are usually measured. As the two books examine a complex historical event, they consider the composition, physical environment, and history of South American populations, attempting to define a characteristically Latin American culture and to question the relevance of European explanatory schemes for such a definition. The relation between the two texts suggests that intertextuality can be a tool in the service of shaping a national — or continental — consciousness.
The Dialectic of “Enscentment”: Patrick Süskind's Das Parfum as Critical History of Enlightenment Culture
Authors: Gray Richard T.
Published: October 2020

Patrick Süskind's best-selling novel Das Parfum applies the postmodern literary practice of pastiche and playful allusion to pursue a critical purpose: an adumbration of the destructive logic that underpins the instrumental reason of Enlightenment culture. Süskind's critique is informed by ideas put forward by Horkheimer and Adorno in their Dialektik der Aufklärung and by the sociohistorical methodology of the Annales historiographers. In the Active history of Grenouille, the monstrous master perfumer who murders young women to capture and exploit their aromatic “essences,” Süskind depicts the will to power and overpowering fundamental to enlightened reason. This parabolic histoire des mentalités of Enlightenment culture is thrown into relief by two strategic moves: the transposition of the Enlightenment's visual prejudices into the olfactory domain and the contextualization of Grenouille's development as perfumer in the history of Western aesthetics. Süskind thereby implicates modernist aesthetic sensibilities in the dialectic of Enlightenment.
Guest Column: Naming the Problem That Led to the Question “Who Shall Teach African American Literature?”; or, Are We Ready to Disband the Wheadey Court?
Authors: McKay Nellie Y.
Published: October 2020

We whose names are underwritten, do assure the World, that the poems in the following Page, were (as we verily believe,) written by phillis, a young Negro Girl, who was but a few Years since, brought an uncultivated Barbarian from Africa. […] She has been examined by some of the best Judges, and is thought qualified to write them.

Attestation in Phillis Wheatley's

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

The poems written by this young negro bear no endemial marks of solar fire or spirit. They are merely imitative; and, indeed, most of those people have a turn for imitation, though they have little or none for invention.

Anonymous reviewer of Wheatley's poems in 1764 (Shields 267)

It was not natural. And she was the first. […] Phillis Miracle Wheatley: The first Black human being to be published in America. […] But the miracle of Black poetry in America, the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America, is that we have been rejected […] frequently dismissed […] because, like Phillis Wheatley, we have persisted for freedom. […] And it was not natural. And she was the first. […] This is the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America; that we persist, published or not, and loved or unloved: we persist.

June Jordan (252, 254, 261)

More than two hundred years have gone by since the spring of 1773, when Phillis Wheatley, subject of the epigraphs of this essay, an African slave girl and the first person of her racial origin to publish a book in North America, collected her best poems and submitted them to public scrutiny. In search of authentication, she appeared with them before eighteen white men of high social and political esteem, “the best Judges” for such a case in colonial Boston. Wheatley's owners and supporters arranged this special audience to promote her as a writer. According to popular wisdom of the time, Africans were intellectually incapable of producing literature. None of the Anglo-Americans beyond her immediate circle could imagine her reading and writing well enough to create poetry.
The Child—What Sort of Human?
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: October 2020

The rights of the child [are] the first rights of citizenship.

—Herbert Hoover's “Children's Charter”

The assumption that children are not citizens is deeply rooted in our civic traditions.

—Bill Bell, “Are Children Citizens?”

The rubbish dump is close to where they live, but there is little money to be made there and it involves plenty of risks. The rats, the filth and the smell are all deeply unappealing; the risk of injury and infections from broken glass or jagged metal is high. Selling food is another option, but there are start-up costs…. In comparison with the jobs available, prostitution is well paid…. Without the school-leaving certificates… necessary for any sort of office or shop work …, the children's only other option, besides sorting rubbish, is begging, which is seen as a poor choice as earnings fluctuate greatly.

—H. Montgomery

Human rights doctrine defines its brief inclusively to encompass “all members of the human family” (Universal Declaration, preamble). But the vantage point from which human interactions are viewed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), although it invokes the family metaphor, is partial: all humans “should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood” (art. 1). This disjunction between inclusive membership and partial perspective encapsulates the position of children in human rights doctrine: they are included in the broad scope of protection but peripheral to the framing conception of agency. The particular conception of “human” motivating the doctrine is restrictive in other ways relevant to childhood: article 1 of the UDHR states, “All humans … are endowed with reason and conscience,” which is manifestly not true unless “endowed” is interpreted to indicate a capability rather than an ontological state. But “endowed” suggests a current reality, not a future possibility. As the Brazilian delegation to the UDHR drafting process wryly noted, “[U]nfortunately it is not exactly true that all men are endowed by nature with reason and conscience” (qtd. in Morsink 297). And it is certainly not true that all children are. How, then, do children fit into the human rights project?
On Making Dehumanization Possible
Authors: Esmeir Samera
Published: October 2020

Contemporary liberal assertions equate illegal oppression and practices of expulsion from the juridical order with exclusion from humanity. It is often argued that violence ensuing from the abandonment of persons beyond the pale of the law not only violates their humanity but also, and perhaps more crucially dehumanizes them or constitutes them as less than human. While the objective of these critical assertions is to expose the radical evil that illegal violence can institute, they also establish an equation between the protection of the law and the constitution of humanity, effectively granting the former a magical power to endow the latter. Moreover, these critical assertions reproduce a particular conviction that humanity is a status to be recognized and conferred, or seized and taken away. Rather than leave this relation between humanity and the law intact, by pointing to its political instrumentality in contemporary human rights campaigns, this paper examines what this relation does to politics and to subjects of violence beyond its instrumental use directed at highlighting the suffering of subjects (by employing a dehumanization rhetoric) and at insisting on human-rights-based remedies to combat it. The paper asks the following questions. First, what conceptual and theoretical assumptions about humanity and the law, as well as about the relation between them, make possible the dehumanization argument? Second, to what degree has the law's conception of humanity as a status moved beyond the juridical field, leading many humanist practitioners to assert, albeit critically, that certain groups and individuals are dehumanized? And, finally, what other ways of being human are foreclosed by the conceptual assumptions grounding the law-based humanity argument?
Humanity in the Field of Instrumentality
Authors: Cheah Pheng
Published: October 2020

Globalization touches the core of what it means to be human. The proliferation of discourses on human rights after the end of the cold war indicates that globalization raises the deepest anxieties about the continuing preservation of our humanity. Because the humanities does not take the humanity of the human being as a given but sets as its basic task the inquiry of how humanity is constituted, it can help us assess whether the vicissitudes of globalization compel a radical rethinking of what it means to be human. If social-scientific solutions to the problems of globalization have always precomprehended an idea of humanity as the bearer of dignity, freedom, sociability, and culture as the power of transcending contingent limitations, and therefore the idea of humanity as an ideal project that needs to be actualized, the task and challenge of the humanities today may be to question this precomprehension of the human and even, somewhat perversely, to give it up.
Close Reading
Authors: Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty
Published: October 2020

Many of us say with a smug surprise: “the Law is founded on its own transgressions.” This may be a convenient aphorism that carries within it the memory—in most cases a textual memory not necessarily elaborated by the user—of Lacan's explanations of the Law of the Father, or of Derrida's meditations on perjury, or, rather, par-jure because ultimately Derrida carefully stopped short at the irreducibility of idioms, the limits of the translatability of philosophies.
The Debate about Gender, Religion, and Rights: Thoughts of a Middle East Anthropologist
Authors: Abu-Lughod Lila
Published: October 2020

I want to raise some questions in this essay about the impoverished way debates on the relation among gender, religion, and human rights are often framed. I approach this issue as an anthropologist who comes from a discipline that, whatever its flaws, thinks hard about social and cultural processes and what it is to be human; I also approach it as someone who has spent her academic life thinking about and studying the Muslim Middle East, a region that carries a heavy symbolic load in the Western imagination with respect to the relation between religion and women's rights.
Disappearing Acts: On Gendered Violence, Pathological Cultures, and Civil Society
Authors: Volpp Leti
Published: October 2020

“Human rights” is now a technique deployed to measure the progress of states. In the last two decades it has become both the normative language of how injustice is evaluated and a means through which powerful states discipline the new world order (Grewal 121). This disciplining often relies on a relation posed between gendered violence and human rights violations, whereby the denial of women's human rights represents the pathological cultures of repressive states. But this representation—commonly assumed by states, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the public—is founded on the ignoring or effacing of political violence. Discourses about human rights attribute responsibility for gendered violations to purportedly pathological cultures, rather than to political sources. This tendency becomes apparent in the narrative told of why violations occur, as well as in the solutions proposed to these violations. What lurks beneath this disappearing act is a presumption that the world is made up of two kinds of states. One kind, described as rogue states or failed states, has a pathological culture in the place of a civil society. The other kind of state enjoys both a civil society and a monopoly on legitimate violence.
Human Rights without Borders: The Movement for Moral Globalization and Universal Protection
Authors: Levine Iain
Published: October 2020

as a human rights practitioner rather than an academic, I am humbled in a number of ways to be part of this conversation. I am also reminded of the gulf of perception that exists between human rights practitioners and those who write and think about the practice of human rights. One example of this is the very different sense of the human rights movement's capacity to influence change.
Is Literary Studies Becoming Unpublishable?
Authors: Murrell Mary
Published: October 2020

When asked to write a short piece for the PMLA series entitled “The Book Market,” I muttered to myself, with a nervous laugh, “What book market?” More and more often I and others in academic publishing have been asking ourselves whether there exists a viable book market for literary studies. Almost every university press has a long history of publishing works in literary studies, and yet recently the frustrations of the market have begun to sour the relation between the field and its publishers. I regularly hear of one university press or another declaring that it is “getting out of the field.” Could a discipline with so many strengths, so much talent, and so much sophistication—in fact, the engine of the humanities—find itself for the most part unpublishable?
Keeping Her Distance: Cisneros, Dickinson, and the Politics of Private Enjoyment
Authors: Sanborn Geoffrey
Published: October 2020

Critics of Sandra Cisneros have not paid much attention to her career-long advocacy of private enjoyment, possibly because it seems incompatible with the political commitment that is an equally prominent feature of her work. This essay argues that we cannot name Cisneros's politics without first coming to terms with her representation of the pleasures of withdrawing from face-to-face sociality. In the central chapters of her most famous work,The House on Mango Street, Cisneros maps the political salience of private enjoyment by means of a complex evocation and transformation of a poem by Emily Dickinson. Private enjoyment becomes in Cisneros's hands democratically accessible—the technologies of privacy range from writing to self-talk to masturbation—and constitutively insecure. Because privacy signifies not a space into which one might retreat but a point from which one must depart, it is for Cisneros the precondition of new collective formations.
Dr. Strange Media; or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Film Theory
Authors: Rodowick D. N.
Published: October 2020

Imagine that you are a young sociologist working around 1907. On your daily ride to the university, you witness an explosion of nickelodeons along the trolley route. They seem to operate continuously, day and night, and it is rare not to see a queue outside their doors. Because your children spend an extravagant amount of time and money unsupervised within their walls and exhibit an extraordinary and sometimes incomprehensible fascination with the characters presented there and the people who play them, perhaps you have gone inside to see a photoplay or two. How can you comprehend, despite the breadth and depth of your knowledge, that an entirely new medium and an important industry are being created that, in many respects, will come to define the visual culture of the twentieth century?
Who's Carving Up the Nineteenth Century?
Authors: Mcgann Jerome
Published: October 2020

The Passage I've Placed at the Head of this Essay should be Committed to Memory and Taken to Heart Taken to heart. It says in brief nearly everything that needs to be said, not only on the question that rubricates this essay—the question put to me by the editor—but on the larger implications of that question.
Dismantling the Canterbury Book
Authors: Dean James
Published: October 2020

Although several Chaucer scholars have argued for the last four tales of theCanterbury Talesas a concluding sequence, it has not been generally recognized that Chaucer ends his book deliberately and skillfully beginning with the Second Nun's Tale. Through the concluding stories Chaucer disengages himself and his audience from the fiction making of theTales, moving toward his own voice in the Retraction, and he introduces themes of transformation in tales concerning the conversion of souls (Second Nun), the transmutation of metals through alchemy (Canon's Yeoman), the metamorphosis of Apollo's crow (Manciple), and the transforming powers of contrition and penitence (Parson, Retraction). The consistency of these closure themes provides evidence for the authority of the Ellesmere manuscript as against the highly regarded and recently published Hengwrt manuscript of theTales, which has a different concluding tale order and which does not contain the Canon's Yeoman's Tale.
Reading Characters: Self, Society, and Text in Emma
Authors: Litvak Joseph
Published: October 2020

Most criticism of Emma echoes Jane Austen's powerful moralism. Even feminist critics who find the novel subversive locate its unsettling force in its celebration of female “authority,” a virtue opposed to “literacy” or linguistic playfulness. Austen subverts her own moralism, yet she does so by identifying her heroine, and women in general, with the very figurative language that readers have attempted to discredit or ignore. Wordplay in Emma almost always signals a disruptive counterplot. Emma's strategic misreading of Mr. Elton's riddle is an exemplary disruption, in which the distance between self and text collapses. Extending this principle of the rhetorical self to imagine collective existence as an endless process of reading and writing, Austen reveals a greater linguistic and social sophistication than critics have acknowledged.
An Onomastic Double Bind: Colette's Gigi and the Politics of Naming
Authors: Cohen Susan D.
Published: October 2020

Although Colette did not consider herself a feminist in the activist sense of the term and even mocked feminism as a political movement, her fiction presents the situation of women in ways that stress their specificity and their imposed social inferiority. Gigi addresses the problem of naming as a crucial factor in male-female relations and implicitly identifies it as the nodal point of a struggle for discursive, as well as socioeconomic, identity.
Editor's Column
Authors: Kronik John W.
Published: October 2020

“A good read.” That expression is everywhere about us these days. However humble its beginnings, its incorporation into the critical lingo of the established literary press has vested it with apparent respectability. Before long, William Safire or another student of picturesque usage will comment on the origins and spurious legitimacy of this recent attachment to our linguistic arsenal. It is perhaps no accident that it was an expert on the allegory of language—and an erstwhile Californian—who introduced this designation some two years ago into the solemn deliberations of the PMLA editorial board. Unfortunately, I cannot recall the specific manuscript that incited this spontaneous and pithy assessment; but I do know that the newfound objective measure took immediate root as one of the board's many evaluative criteria. Most likely, the term fastened onto a way of perceiving and reading that we had been engaging in all along but for which no such neat tag had been readily available.
Report of the South Atlantic Modern Language Association
Authors: Kay Donald
Published: October 2020

Samla's fifty-second annual convention will be held on 11–13 November in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Peachtree Center Plaza Hotel, and approximately 2,200 registrants are expected to attend one hundred separate sections, discussion circles, special sessions, affiliate meetings, and general sessions. Featured speakers will include James Dickey, Lewis Grizzard, Doris Betts, Germaine Brée, Morse Peckham, Paul Zimmer, Madison Jones, and Roy Blount, but the bill of fare features much more, such as the annual exhibition of books, which attracts publishers from across the country. Members will receive preregistration materials and the Program issue of the South Atlantic Review in early September and should quickly send in their hotel reservation forms and preregistration materials. Individuals may join SAMLA at any time by forwarding dues of $9 to Drawer CA, University, AL 35486, but preregistration forms for the convention can be sent only to those who join before 1 October.
Report of the Northeast Modern Language Association
Authors: Washington Ida H.
Published: October 2020

The 1983 NEMLA annual convention will be held 14–16 April 1983 at the Erie Hilton in Erie, Pennsylvania, with Allegheny College as host institution. The choice of site accords with the informal tradition of meeting alternately on the edges and in the middle of the NEMLA area. The 1984 convention is tentatively planned for the Philadelphia area.
Reports of the Regional Modern Language Associations
Authors: Davis Charles G. , Mews Siegfried , Critchfield Richard D. , Duarte Maria A. , Washington Ida H. , Davis Charles G.
Published: October 2020

The association's eighty-sixth annual meeting will be held 11–13 November 1988, in Portland, Oregon. The host institution is Portland State University. Most of the meeting's events will take place at the Red Lion Inn, Portland Center. A local committee headed by Georgia Ronan Crampton and Claudine Fisher (Portland State Univ.) is in charge of preparations.
South Atlantic Modern Language Association
Authors: Harper Margaret Mills
Published: October 2020

SAMLA's sixty-ninth annual convention will be held in Atlanta at the Hyatt Regency from 4 to 6 November. Our diverse program will include over 140 sessions and other events. Shirley Brice Heath will present the keynote address; Charles Altieri will address the critical forum; Ellen Douglas and Robert Morgan will give readings; and French, German, and Spanish plenary addresses will be featured. Readings by contemporary writers will be sponsored by Five Points, and graduate students will host a poets' circle.
“The Time Is Sick and Out of Joint”: Physical Disability in Victorian England
Authors: Lacom Cindy
Published: October 2020

By 1870 England had colonized over one-fifth of the world's landmasses. In 1776 Adam Smith revolutionized economic theory with the publication of The Wealth of Nations, setting the stage for a celebration of laissez-faire capitalism that continues today. In 1859 Samuel Smiles published Self Help, a text that would become a best seller and profoundly influence Victorian and modern ideas about human independence and endeavor. Charles Kingsley's sermons, which invoked the term “muscular Christianity,” linked athleticism and physical stamina with true masculinity and moral strength. Authors like Thomas Carlyle, from whose essay “Signs of the Times” the first part of my paper title is taken, increasingly aligned the ills of England's social body with the ills of individual bodies. And throughout the nineteenth century, as industrialization and urbanization radically altered life for millions, England struggled to cope with chronic and extreme poverty among the working classes, including starvation in the streets.
Disability and Narrative
Authors: Bérubé Michael
Published: October 2020

After a decade of working in disability studies, I still find myself surprised by the presence of disability in narratives I had never considered to be “about” disability—in animated films from Dumbo to Finding Nemo; in literary texts from Huckleberry Finn to Joan Didion's Play It As It Lays; and, most curiously, even in the world of science fiction and superheroes, a world that turns out to be populated by blind Daredevils, mutant supercrips, and posthuman cyborgs of all kinds. Indeed, I now consider it plausible that the genre of science fiction is as obsessed with disability as it is with space travel and alien contact. Sometimes disability is simply underrecognized in familiar sci-fi narratives: ask Philip K. Dick fans about the importance of disability in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and you'll probably get blank stares. But the Voigt-Kampff empathy test by which the authorities distinguish humans from androids was, Dick tells us, actually developed after World War Terminus to identify “specials,” people neurologically damaged by radioactive fallout, so that the state could prevent them from reproducing. That aspect of the novel's complication of the human-android distinction is lost in the film Blade Runner, but the film does give us an engineer with a disability that involves premature aging, which links him intimately to the androids who have life spans of only four years.
Reflections on Writing and Teaching Disability Autobiography
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: October 2020

The standard charge activists and scholars make against disability autobiographies is that they reinforce cultural stereotypes and hinder social change. These texts, such critics argue, perpetuate the notion that disability is a personal tragedy that happens to an individual rather than a set of cultural structures and practices that affect many individuals. As a writer and reader of disability autobiography, I believe it is possible to use one's personal experiences to comment on the culture one inhabits. I do not intend here, however, to defend or condemn specific authors or works or to debate the value of these texts as a facet of a social-change movement. I offer instead an impressionistic account of a course on disability autobiography that I taught at Berkeley recently. What stands out in my memory of the course has to do less with students' responses to particular texts and more with interactions among the students or between the students and me that often seemed peripheral to the topic at hand. This is, then, an autobiographical essay, a series of vignettes and portraits, rendered in all the randomness of lived experience. But it will, I hope, raise issues that are central to disability activism and disability studies.
Compulsory Feralization: Institutionalizing Disability Studies
Authors: Mitchell David T. , Snyder Sharon L.
Published: October 2020

While disability studies has opened up new discursive spaces for revising cultural attitudes and beliefs about disability, its increasing legitimation in the contemporary academy comes with conflicts. The university as a research location cannot merely divorce itself from the ethical and restrictive practices that have characterized the past two centuries. In fact, it does so only at its own risk and, even more important, at the risk of further entrenching disabled people in its institutional grounding. The institutionalization of disability studies is just that—a formal cultural ingestion process that churns out knowledge about disability while resisting reflexive inquiries about whether or not more detail is inherently better. More knowledge is inherently better for the institution because it keeps the research mill active, but here we want to contemplate the degree to which generating more professionally based data about disability threatens to reproduce some of the problems that have characterized the study of disability to this point in history.