bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VALUASI EKONOMI MATA AIR MUDAL, BEJIHARJO, KARANGMOJO, GUNUNGKIDUL, YOGYAKARTA DENGAN METODE REPLACEMENT COST
Authors: Putri Arista
Published: February 2021

Mata Air Mudal merupakan mata air yang timbul dari aliran sungai bawah tanah yang  berada di Desa Ngringin, Bejiharjo, Karangmojo, Gunungkidul. Mata air ini digunakan warga sekitar untuk mengairi sawah mereka, sehingga pada penelitian kali ini penulis menghitung nilai ekonomi dari Mata Air Mudal dengan metode biaya pengganti salah satunya dengan menghitung nilai ekonomi dari sawah yang di airi oleh Mata Air Mudal. Selain biaya pengganti dengan menghitung nilai ekonomi sawah, dihitung pula biaya pembangnan irigasi, serta biaya bak penampungan mata air dengan nilai akhir masing masing aspek sebesar Rp. 73.527.369,00, untuk nilai ekonomi persawahan, Rp. 138.213.648,000 untuk nilai ekonomi irigasi sawah, Rp. 194.233.836 untuk nilai ekonomi bak penampungan mata air mudal dengan nilai ekonomi total sebesar Rp. 405.971.853,00
Tuyển sinh đại học ngành Việt Nam Học 2015
Authors: AISDL
Published: February 2021

CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GIÁO DỤC ĐẠI HỌC - Tên chương trình: Chương trình đào tạo bậc đại học ngành Việt Nam học- Trình độ đào tạo: Đại học- Ngành đào tạo: Việt Nam học- Loại hình đào tạo: Chính quy- Mã ngành đào tạo: 52.22.01.06- Trưởng nhóm dự án: PGS.TS. Lê Khắc Cường
Armchair Physics and the Method of cases
Authors: Schindler Samuel , Saint-Germier Pierre
Published: February 2021

The method of cases, i.e., the informal elicitation of judgements in thought experiments for the purpose of philosophical theorising, has been much criticised in recent years. In this paper we point out that the method of cases is not peculiar to philosophy: it can also be found in physics, where it has made a more limited, but still valuable contribution to the probing and formulation of theories. The method of cases per se should therefore not be treated as intrinsically methodologically flawed. This paper has also a narrower goal: to show that when the analogy underlying the so-called ‘expertise defence’ is drawn between judgements in thought experiments in philosophy and in physics, several objections can be avoided.
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback as a new treatment for psychiatric disorders: a meta analysis
Authors: Pindi Pamela , Houenou Josselin , Piguet Camille , Favre Pauline
Published: February 2021

Background: Neurofeedback using real-time functional MRI (RT-fMRI-NF) is an innovative technique that allows to voluntarily modulating a targeted brain response and its associated behavior. Despite promising results in the current literature, its effectiveness on symptoms’ management in psychiatric disorders is not yet clearly demonstrated. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of RT-fMRI-NF in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and to provide methodological suggestions for future studies. Methods: Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched using the keywords: neurofeedback AND (fMRI OR “functional magnetic resonance imag*” OR “functional MRI”) AND (“real-time” OR “real time”). Twenty-six clinical trials focusing on psychiatric disorders were included and categorized according to the diagnostic categories. The RT-fMRI-NF efficacy was assessed by reporting changes in clinical endpoints before vs. after NF training and before or after NF training vs. follow-up. Results: Among the 26 studies, 18 were controlled trials, of which five showed significant clinical improvement in the experimental vs. control group after the training. Eight studies found an effect at follow-up on ADHD symptoms, emotion dysregulation, depressive symptoms, hallucinations, psychotic symptoms and specific fear. Limitations: Here, we only focused our review on fMRI-based NF training. Conclusion: The use of RT-fMRI-NF as a treatment for psychiatric symptoms is promising. However, further double blind, randomized-controlled trials are warranted.
Retracted: Interprovincial Relations in Formative Phase of Federal Nepal
Authors: Subedi Girdhari
Published: February 2021

On 17th September 2021 the Editorial Board of the Journal of Political Science agreed to retract the article ‘Interprovincial Relations in Formative Phase of Federal Nepal’ published in Journal of Political Science, Vol.21 pages 9-18 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i0.35259 ) because the article was found to have significant overlap with other published sources. See retraction notice DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jps.v21i0.39813
Dialectics of ‘Inclusion and Exclusion’ in Nepal: A Review
Authors: Bhatta Chandra D.
Published: February 2021

Nepal’s post 1990s political discourse has witnessed many issues and the most important ones, among them, are also related to inclusion and exclusion. Both of them have taken the centre stage for their own reasons.  Yet, the debate itself is not going toward the right direction and there is more than one reason for that. A closer look of the discourse on the subject indicates that it certainly has not been much helpful to address problems coming out of it. In contrast, it has not only weakened the social fabric of society but also preparing grounds for the latent conflicts as well. If Nepal’s problems of inclusion and exclusion are to be resolved, there certainly is a need to revisit the debate itself. There are certainly problems in Nepali society as they are in others societies as well. Having said this, however, the crux of the matter is that the narrative that has been established in society over the years and their role in guiding the process is not free problem. Among many other factors, they do not necessarily take societal realities and its foundations into consideration.
The Dichotomy of Rights and Development: A Rights-Based Approach to Development in Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Prakash
Published: February 2021

In the post-constitution period of political and social upheavals, the process of inclusion and the role of democratization and federalism made new spaces for deliberations on caste/ethnicity, ethnic identity and rights quandaries, credibility and questioning of state authority and the challenge of societal hierarchy and conventional governance patterns in Nepal. The ‘Instrumentalist’ either self-aggravated exaggeration of political, social, economic, regional differences or the historically existing differences or discriminatory, exclusionary socio-economic and political practices being followed in Nepal led ethnic and marginalized caste groups elites and activists to be in ‘primordial’ row and struggle to scuffle for their group’s better position. Concurring to ethnographic representations of ethnic thoughts, actions and claims as socio-cultural veracity, this paper argues that the ethnic and marginalized groups demand for more rights, autonomy and better life that can be resolved with the adoption of rights based model of development via affirmative transformation of power relations between the rights holders (marginalized groups) and the duty bearers (state institutions). Both duty bearers and the rights holders will have a fervent role in assuring rights and development. This will enable to manage ethnic rows and ethnic/caste identities that can be linked with development by making institutions more inclusive and promoting social interaction between different communities and institutions.
Уходящее поколение сибиряков в прозе Михаила Тарковского
Authors: Pavlenko Svetlana
Published: February 2021

This article analyses the image of the older generation of Siberians in the prose of the modern Russian author Mikhail Tarkovsky, drawing from stories, novellas, essays,and the detailed portrait of the Yenisey people found within the novel Toyota Cresta. The study aims to concretize the very concept of “Siberian” in Tarkovsky’swork, identifying specific generational “types” among the protagonists and enumerating the characteristics of male and female characters based on the analysis oftheir appearance, behaviour, manners of speech, approach to language, and attitudes towards work and nature. In addition, the article touches upon such problemsas the continuity of generations and generational conflicts.
Implementasi QR-Code pada Aplikasi E-Market Mandiri untuk Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Kreatif Berbasis Android
Authors: Ramayanti Desi , Gunawan Wawan , Faishal Imam Ibnu
Published: February 2021

Aplikasi E-Market mandiri merupakan sebuah aplikasi yang dirancang untuk memberikan kemudahan bagi masyarakat ketika akan melakukan transaksi pembelian pada toko yang terdapat pada lokasi sekitar. Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat diharapkan dapat terwujud dengan adanya inovasi implementasi aplikasi tersebut. Aplikasi E-Market dirancang dengan konsep user friendly sehingga akan memberikan kemudahan kepada pengguna ketika akan menggunakan aplikasi. Karena konsep tersebut maka aplikasi dibuat dengan berbasis mobile smartphone yang pada umumnya setiap saat digunakan oleh masyarakat dengan menggunakan teknologi QR-Code. Aplikasi dibuat dengan menggunakan konsep client-server sehingga setiap data yang terkirim akan disimpan pada database untuk keperluan pencatatan atau riwayat pada setiap transaksi pembelian. Sebanyak 90% mengalami peningkatan penjualan yang signifikan dan sebanyak 90% berhasil mempromosikan produk yang dijualnya dan juga sebanyak 94,4% responden memberikan penilaian yang sangat baik untuk hasil penjualan menggunakan aplikasi e-market mandiri.
Economic and biological characteristics of the new spring oats variety “Arkhan”
Authors: Korelina V. А. , Batakova О. B. , Zobnina I. V. , Kabashov А. D.
Published: February 2021

The developed spring oats varieties should combine potential productivity with resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors due to increased adaptability. The purpose of the current study was to develop a new highly productive spring oats variety with a complex of economically valuable traits that are resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors. The current paper has presented a description of the new spring oats variety ‘Arkhan’ (mutika), developed by the Moscow RIA in cooperation with the FSEI “Kotlasskoe” by the method of individual-family selection from a hybrid population obtained from step hybridization of the varieties of different origin. The Competitive Variety Testing of the variety ‘Arkhan’ was carried out in 2013–2016 on the basis of the FSEI “Kotlasskoe” of the Arkhangelsk region, the variety ‘Krechet’ was the standard variety. The grain productivity of the new variety averaged 4.5 t/ha over 4 years, which was significantly larger than that of the standard variety ‘Krechet’ (3.5 t/ha). The average green mass productivity of the variety ‘Arkhan’ was 26.7 t/ha, which on 8.5 t/ha higher than that of the standard variety ‘Krechet’. The variety ‘Arkhan’ is characterized by resistance to head smut, being relatively resistant to crown oats rust. The variety is highly resistant to grain shedding and lodging. According to the best indicators, the new spring oats variety ‘Arkhan’ in 2017 was sent for the study to the State Variety Network of the Russian Federation. According to the results of the State Variety Testing, the variety has been included into the State List of Breeding Achievements approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation since 2020 (in regions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
The heterosis value of economically valuable traits in the multi-row hybrids F1 of spring barley obtained by saturating crossings
Authors: Kryuchkova N. A. , Murugova G. А. , Klykov А. G.
Published: February 2021

The current paper has presented the analysis results of the value of heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance of hybrids F1 obtained by saturating crossings of two-row and multi-row spring barley forms. The purpose of the study was to determine the value of heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance of the main quantitative traits of the multi-row hybrids of spring barley. The study was carried out in the laboratory for grain crops and groats breeding of the FSBSI FRC of Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East named after A. K. Chayka. There were studied 68 varieties of multi-row spring barley forms selected from the world collection of IPI of various ecological and geographical origin. The two-row varieties ‘Primorsky 98’, ‘Primorsky 44’, ‘Primorsky 89’, ‘Tikhookeansky’ and ‘Vostochny’ developed by FSBSI FRC of Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East named after A. K. Chayka were taken as maternal forms. Four multi-row barley varieties ‘Kazminsky’ (Khabarovsk Territory), ‘Peguis’ (Canada), ‘Kolchan’ (Altai Territory), ‘07N1’ (China) with valuable economic traits were taken as a paternal form. There was conducted a five-fold backcrossing of hybrids with paternal forms and there were selected the populations of multi-row genotypes. The most of the hybrids F1 manifested their heterosis simultaneously according to four traits, productive tillering, number of grains per main head, grain weight per main head, and grain weight per a plant. Only two hybrids ‘Primorsky 98 x Kolchan’ and ‘Primorsky 89 x Peguis’ showed a depression. There was identified heterosis by the traits ‘number of grains per main head’, ‘grain weight per main head’ in all hybrids. When analyzing the inheritance of the trait ‘grain weight per a plant’, there was established overdominance of this trait at the highest values of the hybrids ‘Tikhookeansky x Peguis’ (9.7) and ‘Primorsky 44 x 07N1’ (5.2), the heterosis degree was 50.4% and 82.2%, respectively. There has been established that three hybrids ‘Primorsky 98 x 07N1’, ‘Primorsky 44 x 07N1’, ‘Tikhookeansky x Peguis’ can belong to the most promising ones.
Economic and biological characteristics of the spring bread wheat varieties developed in the Voronezh FASC named after V. V. Dokuchaev
Authors: Malokostova E. I.
Published: February 2021

The current paper has discussed information on the characteristics and properties of the zoned spring bread wheat varieties developed in the Federal Agricultural Scientific Centre named after V.V. Dokuchaev. The purpose of the study was to develop new spring bread wheat varieties with high productivity and grain quality, resistant to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors and adapted to the conditions of the Central Blackearth Region. In the FASC named after V.V. Dokuchaev there were developed such highly productive spring bread wheat varieties as ‘Krestyanka’, ‘Kurskaya 2038’, ‘Voronezhskaya 12’, ‘Chernozemnouralskaya 2’ and ‘Voronezhskaya 18’, which are currently approved for use in production. There were analyzed the study results of productivity, grain quality and resistance to unfavorable environmental factors in different growing periods of the varieties. There was found an unambiguous productivity excess of the developed varieties over the standard ones. The endurance of the presented varieties in unfavorable conditions indicates an increase in the stability of the main traits that characterize productivity, resistance to drought, diseases, and lodging. There has been established, that in terms of grain quality the varieties ‘Krestyanka’ and ‘Chernozemnouralskaya 2’ belong to strong wheat with potential productivity of 7.20 and 6.65 t/ha, respectively. The varieties ‘Kurskaya 2038’, ‘Voronezhskaya 12’ and ‘Voronezhskaya 18’ are valuable wheat varieties with realized productivity potential of 5.31, 5.70 and 6.96 t/ha, respectively. There has been identified that the varieties ‘Chernozemnouralskaya 2’ and ‘Voronezhskaya 18’ are recommended to sow with a seeding rate of 6.0 million germinating grains per hectare for the rapid seed reproduction and obtaining high gross grain yield, since productivity, yield of conditioned seeds, germination and 1000-grain weight at this rate was the best. The sowing dates of these varieties were early.
The estimation of environmental stability and adaptability of the grain sorghum varieties in the Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors: Biktimirov R. А. , Nizaeva А. А.
Published: February 2021

The current paper has presented the study of productivity, environmental stability and adaptability of 11 Russian grain sorghum varieties of various groups of ripeness in the conditions of the Ural steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan, conducted in 2015–2019. The purpose of the study was to estimate the grain sorghum varieties according to the parameters of environmental adaptability and stability of productivity in changing environmental conditions. The weather conditions during the years of study were different in temperature and water supply, which made it possible to evaluate the lines in the contrasting cultivation conditions. The index of environmental conditions for grain yield of grain sorghum in 2015 was 0.9, in 2016 it was 1.3, in 2017 it was -1.0, in 2019 it was -1.2. The data completely characterizes the weather conditions of the years of study and their effect on the growth and development of plants. Environmental adaptability (bi) and stability (Ϭ2d) were calculated according to the methods of S.A. Eberchart and W. A. Rassel (1966) interpreted by V. A. Zykin, stress resistance (Ymin–Ymax) was estimated according to the equation of A. A. Rossille, J. Hamblin interpreted by A. A. Goncharenko, productivity range (d) was evaluated according to V. A. Zykin. The varieties ‘Kamelik’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Orlovskoe’ turned out to be adaptable (bi was close to 1); the varieties ‘Slavyanka’, ‘Zernyshko’ and ‘Ros’ were responsive to the improvement of growing conditions (bi > 1). Based on a comprehensive estimation of the value of environmental adaptability and stability, the varieties ‘Premiera’, ‘Belochka’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Orlovskoe’ were identified as the best ones. These varieties are highly intensive, responsive to the improvement of growing conditions and characterized with high productivity. The paper has collected and presented the material of the long-term study of the environmental adaptability and stability of the grain sorghum productivity in the conditions of the Ural steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Spring wheat grain formation and filling and its productivity under various weather conditions
Authors: Zezin N. N. , Postnikov P. A.
Published: February 2021

In the conditions of the Sverdlovsk region, spring wheat is the main grain crop, which occupies 40% in the grain wedge structure. The purpose of our study is to identify the effect of the weather factors and nutritional backgrounds on wheat productivity in field crop rotations. The study was carried out on dark gray forestry soil in the stationary trial of the Ural Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Ural Department of RAS. The object of study was the spring wheat variety ‘Krasnoufimskaya 100’, sown after various forecrops. The current paper has presented the results of the analysis of data on precipitation, average daily air temperature, STC according to some months, as well as the spring wheat productivity, depending on the moisture conditions and the background of nutrition. There has been identified that in the moisture years the growing season of spring wheat lasted 90 days, in the arid years it reduced on 10 days, and with moisture excess it was 102 days. All differences in the growing season length are mainly due to the length of the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’, which varied from 40 to 60 days depending on the year moisture conditions. When using mineral and organic fertilizers, the largest wheat grain yield (3.80–4.25 t/ha) was obtained with 1.62 units of STC in May-August. With insufficient moisture on an unfertilized nutritional background, the spring wheat productivity was not more than 1.4–1.6 t/ha, and under favorable hydrothermal conditions, it increased in 1.8–2.1 times compared to the arid conditions. The maximum intensity of grain formation in the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’ was identified under moderately moisture conditions.
Yield and Failure Analysis of FinFET Source to Drain Leakage in 12nm Technology
Authors: Beaudoin Felix , Kodali Satish , Deshpande Rohan , Zhao Wayne , Banghart Edmund , Lee Rinus , Mahalingam Thirukumaran , Yuksek Nuh , Yuan Lu , Tao Wang , Li Lillian , Perumalla Sushruth Goud , Arora Shweta , Rust Trejo
Published: February 2021

Fault localization using both dynamic laser stimulation and emission microscopy was used to localize the failing transistors within the failing scan chain latch on multiple samples. Nanoprobing was then performed and the source to drain leakage in N-type FinFETs was identified. After extensive detailed characterization, it was concluded that the N-type dopant signal was likely due to projections from the source/drain regions included in the TEM lamella. Datamining identified the scan chain fail to be occurring uniquely for a specific family of tools used during source/drain implant diffusion activation. This paper discusses the processes involved in yield delta datamining of FinFET and its advantages over failure characterization, fault localization, nanoprobing, and physical failure analysis.
Qualification and Selection Philosophy for the SuperCam IRS Photodiode on Perseverance Rover
Authors: Jacquinod Sophie , Reess Jean-Michel , Tuong Napoléon Nguyen , Parisot Jérôme , Chapron Frédéric , Kiryukhina Kateryna , Perez Guy , Bascoul Guillaume , Gilard Olivier , Mekki Julien , Heim Marina , Raynal Estelle , Hello Yann
Published: February 2021

The SuperCam instrument was selected by NASA in July 2014 and has been implemented on the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. This instrumental suite gathers four different remote-sensing techniques including a very compact Infrared Spectrometer (IRS). For several reasons of costs and planning and after a risk mitigation phase, the use of full commercial-off-the-shelf photodiodes from TELEDYNE JUDSON J19 Series as detector for the IRS was decided. This paper describes the procurement, evaluation, and qualification philosophy of these photodiodes, providing information on the subsystems of the SuperCam instrument and the description of these photodiodes. Critical and fragile parts of the photodiode as the thermo electric cooler, have been particularly studied. In conclusion, the component was space qualified using the original use of the particle impact noise detection test applied for a mechanical screening purpose, with correlation between performance and fine leak, screening and the lot acceptance test processes.
Bottom Electrode Properties and Electrical Field Cycling Effects on HfOx based Resistive Switching Memory Device
Authors: Li J. , Kim Y. , Kong D. , Cheng K. , Seo S. -C. , Robinson C. , Saulnier N. , Robison R. R. , Varghese A. J. , Ahsan I. , Muralidhar R. , Ando T. , Narayanan V.
Published: February 2021

The continuously growing demands in high-density memories drive the rapid development of advanced memory technologies. In this work, we investigate the HfOx-based resistive switching memory (ReRAM) stack structure at nanoscale by high resolution TEM (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) before and after the forming process. Two identical ReRAM devices under different electrical test conditions are investigated. For the ReRAM device tested under a regular voltage bias, material redistribution and better bottom electrode contact are observed. In contrast, for the ReRAM device tested under an opposite voltage bias, different microstructure change occurs. Finite element simulations are performed to study the temperature distributions of the ReRAM cell with filaments formed at various locations relative to the bottom electrode. The applied electric field as well as the thermal heat are the driving forces for the microstructure and chemical modifications of the bottom electrode in ReRAM deceives.
Electrical Probing Role in 14nm SOI Microprocessor Failure Analysis
Authors: Song Zhigang , McGinnis Pat , Albert Dave , Hornicek Greg , Tenney Mike , Fischer Larry , Sylvestri John , Tran Phong , Le Chuck , Floyd Danielle , Lian Guoda , Boettcher Steve , Ali Malik
Published: February 2021

Failure analysis plays a very important role in semiconductor industry. Photon Emission Microscopy (PEM) has been extensively used in localization of fails in microelectronic devices. However, PEM emission site is not necessarily at the location of the defect. Thus, it has limitation for the success rate of the follow-up physical failure analysis focusing on the emission site. As semiconductor technology advanced in the 3D FinFET realm and feature size further shrank down, the invisible defects during SEM inspection are tremendously increased. It leads to the success rate further decreasing. To maintain good success rate of failure analysis for advanced 3D FinFET technology, electrical probing is necessary to be incorporated into the failure analysis flow. In this paper, first, the statistic results of PEM emission sites versus real defect locations from 102 modules of microprocessors manufactured by 14nm 3D FinFET technology was present. Then, we will present how to wisely design electrical probing plan after PEM analysis. The electrical probing plans are tailored to different scan chain and ATPG failures of microprocessors for improving failure analysis success rate without increasing too much turn-around time. Finally, two case studies have been described to demonstrate how the electrical probing results guide the follow-up physical failure analysis to find the defect.
Enhanced Failure Analysis (FA) of Organic Contamination Using Submicron Simultaneous IR and Raman Spectroscopy: Breakthrough Developments of Optical Photothermal IR (O-PTIR)
Authors: Jay Anderson D. , Kansiz Mustafa , Lo Michael , Dillon Eoghan , Marcott Curtis
Published: February 2021

Rapid identification of organic contamination in the semi and semi related industry is a major concern for research and manufacturing. Organic contamination can affect a system or subsystem’s performance and cause premature failure of the product. As an example, in February 2019 the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TMSC), a major semiconductor manufacturer, reported that a photoresist it used included a specific element which was abnormally treated, creating a foreign polymer in the photoresist resulting in an estimated loss of $550M [1].
Using NI-PXI Test Platform in Soft Defect Localization of Temperature Dependent Failures
Authors: Deligente Jed Paolo , Sarip Saidaliah
Published: February 2021

Soft Defect Localization (SDL) method has been a common failure analysis technique used in fault isolation of temperature dependent failures, however proper signal conditioning and conversion of the monitored signal into a pass/fail signal are critical in acquiring an accurate defect location. This paper presents case studies where LabVIEW software using NI-PXI test platform was successfully implemented to effectively convert the failure mode into a pass/fail signal which provided a reliable SDL result.
Enabling EFA on Single Die
Authors: Schlangen Rudolf , Chien Chen Chih (Ronan) , Nemirow Christopher , Yang Eddy , Cheng Jiff , Lo William , Marks Howard , Leslie Neel , Sabbineni Prasad
Published: February 2021

Working on wafer-level has been the only way of performing electrical failure analysis (EFA) without the need for die-packaging. The introduction of Si-interposer based 2.5D packaging, with high bandwidth memory (HBM) stacks surrounding our GPU chip, drastically increasing packaging turn around times from approximately 3 days to 3-4 weeks. Having to wait more than 3 weeks for EFA and debug work of 1st Silicon chips is a significant risk for chip bring-up. To address these challenges, this paper presents different ways of reusing the existing wafer-level EFA tool for single die EFA, and introduces a concept for a novel and dedicated single die tool. Additionally, singulated die fixturing and support windows are designed to enable the usage of a 2.45 Numerical Aperture Solid Immersion Lens, and first results from a near reticle limited 16 nm Fin-FET GPU product are also presented.
LASRE: A Novel Approach to Large area Accelerated Segmentation for Reverse Engineering on SEM images
Authors: Wilson Ronald , Forte Domenic , Asadizanjani Navid , Woodard Damon L.
Published: February 2021

In the hardware assurance community, Reverse Engineering (RE) is considered a key tool and asset in ensuring the security and reliability of Integrated Circuits (IC). However, with the introduction of advanced node technologies, the application of RE to ICs is turning into a daunting task. This is amplified by the challenges introduced by the imaging modalities such as the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) used in acquiring images of ICs. One such challenge is the lack of understanding of the influence of noise in the imaging modality along with its detrimental effect on the quality of images and the overall time frame required for imaging the IC. In this paper, we characterize some aspects of the noise in the image along with its primary source. Furthermore, we use this understanding to propose a novel texture-based segmentation algorithm for SEM images called LASRE. The proposed approach is unsupervised, model-free, robust to the presence of noise and can be applied to all layers of the IC with consistent results. Finally, the results from a comparison study is reported, and the issues associated with the approach are discussed in detail. The approach consistently achieved over 86% accuracy in segmenting various layers in the IC.
Electrical Probing of 7nm SRAMS/SOC at Contact Layer
Authors: Saujauddin Noor Jehan , Niemi Tim , Lundquist Ted , Niu Baohua
Published: February 2021

For advanced node semiconductor process development, manufacturing, fault isolation and product failure analysis, nanoprobing is an indispensable technology. As the process technology node scales, transistors and materials used are more susceptible to electron beam damage and changes. As scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy decreases to minimize electron beam damage, imaging resolution degrades. Process scaling has not only affected patterning dimensions and pitch scaling, but also materials utilized in advanced nodes. The material used at the contact level has changed from tungsten (W) to cobalt (Co), in combination with ultra-low K dielectrics. These new materials tend to make sample preparation and probing increasingly more challenging. At advanced nodes with sub-20nm contacts, probe landing accuracy and probe-contact stability are important to maintain good electrical contact throughout measurement time. In this paper, we discuss nanoprobing results from a 7nm SRAM obtained from a commercially available leading edge 7nm SOC.
Application of B-Scan SAT Mode, an Acoustic Cross Section Technique to Analyze Packaged Components beyond Delamination
Authors: Rajaram Srinath , Barrientos Denise , Ahmad Nadia , Carpenter Robert , Barbian Eric
Published: February 2021

Failure Analysis labs involved in customer returns always face a greater challenge, demand from customer for a faster turnaround time to identify the root cause of the failure. Unfortunately, root cause identification in failure analysis is often performed incompletely or rushing into destructive techniques, leading to poor understanding of the failure mechanism and root-cause, customer dissatisfaction. Scanning Acoustic Tomography (SAT), also called Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM) has been adopted by several Failure Analysis labs because it provides reliable non-destructive imaging of package cracks and delamination. The SAM is a vital tool in the effort to analyze molded packages. This paper provides a review of non-destructive testing method used to evaluate Integrated Circuit (IC) package. The case studies discussed in this paper identifies different types of defects and the capabilities of B-Scan (cross-sectional tomography) method employed for defect detection beyond delamination.
Localization and Characterization of Defects for Advanced Packaging Using Novel EOTPR Probing Approach and Simulation
Authors: Zhang Chuan , Li Jane Y. , Aguada John , Elliott Jonathon , Rahimi Somayyeh , Schmidt Christian , Marks Howard , White Tom , Alton Jesse , Gibson Brett , Igarashi Martin
Published: February 2021

A typical workflow for advanced package failure analysis usually focuses around two key sequential steps: defect localization and defect characterization. Defect localization can be achieved using a number of complementary techniques, but electro optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR) has emerged as a powerful solution. This paper shows how the EOTPR approach can be extended to provide solutions for the growing complexity of advanced packages. First, it demonstrates how localization of defects can be performed in traces without an external connection, through the use of an innovative cross-sectional probing with EOTPR. Then, the paper shows that EOTPR simulation can be used to extract the interface resistance, granting an alternative way of quantitative defect characterization using EOTPR without the destructive physical analysis. These novel approaches showed the great potential of EOTPR in failure analysis and reliability analysis of advanced packaging.
A Study on the Early Detection of Metal Line Bridge Defects Using Wafer Burn-in Stress
Authors: Min Kyunghwui , Kwon Hayoung , Lee Seihui , Hong Heeil , Yim Sungsoo , Kim Jonghoon , Lee Jung-Bae
Published: February 2021

As scaling-down of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has been continued, the pitch of metal-line already reached sub-50nm where it is hard to define the soft bridge and normal one. Moreover, the metal bridge failure at system level cannot be corrected with in-situ system error-code correction (ECC) modules. In order to screen these failures in the wafer or/and package level electrical tests, high voltage stress methods are necessary. Therefore, accurate stress quantity decided by combination temperature, voltage and time, and effective stress methodologies are essential for high quality and reliability. For a mass production environment, a wafer level burn-in (WBI) can enable multiple word-lines simultaneously and consistently is appropriate. Moreover, we confirmed the actual voltage level on real cells in WBI and optimized stress parameters in terms of time and voltage. Finally, it was proven through the WBI evaluation for over 60k DRAM chips.
Influence of Dose Delivery of Low-Beam Energy Gallium on FinFET Devices
Authors: Wong Michael , Sidorov Oleg , Haimson Or , Goldman Roy , Donnet David , Tien David , Leslie Neel , Ahlgren Debbora
Published: February 2021

In a previous study, the authors introduced a novel technique of using low-beam energy Gallium Focused Ion Beam to expose a large area of Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) over a Dynamic Ring Oscillator (DRO) incurring virtually no change of its operating frequency. In this paper, the authors further investigate the influence of extended dose delivery of 5 kV Ga+ after the initial exposure of the STI over a DRO on modern 7 nm process. The motivation of this study is to understand the dynamics between the Ga+ ion interaction at lower beam energies on live and functional devices and the failure mechanism of the device from such interaction. The frequency of the DROs after the initial STI exposure at 5 kV exhibits <1% increase. Additional dosage of lowkV exposure was performed over the exposed STI and its effects on the DRO frequency was monitored. Finally TEM analysis of the irradiated DROs will be analyzed to understand the failure mechanism of transistors.
Improving Amplifier for OBIRCH/TIVA Application
Authors: Morag Michael , Leslie Neel
Published: February 2021

OBIRCh(Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change) and TIVA (Thermal Induced Voltage Alteration) are widely used ElectricalFailure Analysis techniques for finding defects under static conditions. This paper will discuss the requirements for a good amplifier to be used for OBIRCh, and recent improvements that have been released to market from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Failure Analysis of Total-Dose Radiation-Induced Degradation on FinFET Logic ICs
Authors: Liao Joy Y. , Rahimi Somayyeh , Schmidt Christian , Marks Howard Lee
Published: February 2021

X-ray imaging for both Failure Analysis and In-line Inspection has been utilized widely in the semiconductor industry, especially for surface mount device applications. During the investigation of total ionizing dose (TID) induced degradation of logic ICs with bulk FinFET technology, we observed that the degradation is mainly in the form of an increase in I/O leakage and IDDQ. Using filters during radiation was shown to impact TID. Failure Analysis was performed to localize the excessive current in both I/O leakage and IDDQ.
Fault Isolation using Layout Pattern Analysis
Authors: Chittora Atul , Bawaskar Neerja , Malik Shobhit , Babu Monisa R , Batarseh Fadi , Bakshi Janam , Pacifico Davide , Song Shenghua
Published: February 2021

Many fabless customers do not share the design information such as LEF/DEF (Library Exchange Format and Design Exchange Format), design netlist, and test program information with foundries because they contain proprietary IP. Determining the root-cause of defects on such products only based on Sort test results and no scan diagnostics [1] for logic chips can be quite challenging. This paper presents a new layout pattern analysis methodology to isolate the failing weak layout structure using only the sort test results and the product GDS layout.
Cross Sectional Passive Voltage Contrast Approach for Gate Oxide Breakdown Defect Isolation and Visualization for TEM Analysis
Authors: Ting S.L. , Tan P.K. , Pan Y.L. , Thoungh H.H.W. , Thum S.Y. , Rivai F. , Ng P.T. , Moon S.J. , Nagalingam D. , Yu T.T. , Neo S.P. , Chen C.Q.
Published: February 2021

Gate oxide breakdown has always been a critical reliability issue in Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon (CMOS) devices. Pinhole analysis is one of the commonly use failure analysis (FA) technique to analysis Gate oxide breakdown issue. However, in order to have a better understanding of the root cause and mechanism, a defect physically without any damaged or chemical attacked is required by the customer and process/module departments. In other words, it is crucial to have Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis at the exact Gate oxide breakdown point. This is because TEM analysis provides details of physical evidence and insights to the root cause of the gate oxide failures. It is challenging to locate the site for TEM analysis in cases when poly gate layout is of a complex structure rather than a single line. In this paper, we developed and demonstrated the use of cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (XSEM) passive voltage contrast (PVC) to isolate the defective leaky Polysilicon (PC) Gate and subsequently prepared TEM lamella in a perpendicular direction from the post-XSEM PVC sample. This technique provides an alternative approach to identify defective leaky polysilicon Gate for subsequent TEM analysis.
Competency-Based Approach in Higher Education System: Socio-Psychological Analysis
Authors: Sagitova Viktoriia Ravilevna
Published: February 2021

The paper presents an analysis of the concept of competence and competency in the works of domestic and foreign authors, and a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the concepts of competence in foreign and domestic science is carried out in tabular form. The author's definition of competence is given, which made it possible to conduct an empirical pilot study of the formed competencies of the university teaching staff.
Psychological and Pedagogic Characteristic of Older Preschool Children
Authors: Polynskaia Irina Nikolaevna
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of the development of older preschool children. The main periods and factors influencing the formation of the child's personality are described. These include the main activities of a preschooler – play, work, creative work, educational activities. Such concepts as speech, folklore, literature, music, visual activity, theatrical events that influence the development and formation of stable psychological characteristics of a child's personality are substantiated.
EL FOTOPERIODISMO COMO CAMPO SOCIAL. PROPUESTA PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA FOTOGRAFÍA PERIODÍSTICA
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Lara Morales Edgar
Published: February 2021

La fotografía periodística es un mensaje que se construye, como todo acto comunicativo, para provocar algo y, a través de su articulación con otros elementos, puede llegar a estructurar un discurso complejo que excede en mucho la simple enunciación de un hecho particular.Además de la propia fotografía, su estudio debe considerar el polo de producción, cuyos intereses y objetivos determinan sus temas, tratamiento y disposición al público. Entender al fotoperiodismo como campo social permite estudiar la relación –en dos sentidos– entre las estructuras objetivas y las estructuras incorporadas en los agentes del campo y su incidencia en la configuración del mensaje
On general convergence behaviours of finite-dimensional approximants for abstract linear inverse problems
Authors: Caruso Noè Angelo , Michelangeli Alessandro , Novati Paolo
Published: February 2021

In the framework of abstract linear inverse problems in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space we discuss generic convergence behaviours of approximate solutions determined by means of general projection methods, namely outside the standard assumptions of Petrov–Galerkin truncation schemes. This includes a discussion of the mechanisms why the error or the residual generically fail to vanish in norm, and the identification of practically plausible sufficient conditions for such indicators to be small in some weaker sense. The presentation is based on theoretical results together with a series of model examples and numerical tests.
Use of TDI during MRI/US fusion-guided biopsy for suspected prostate cancer
Authors: Maxeiner Andreas , Fischer Thomas , Stephan Carsten , Treskatsch Selda , Baur Alexander Daniel Jacques , Jung Ernst-Michael , Hamm Bernd , Lerchbaumer Markus Herbert
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) uses the Doppler principle to quantify the movement of biological tissues. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the contribution of TDI parameters derived during magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound (MRI/US) fusion-guided biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) discrimination. METHODS: From March 2016 to Dec. 2018, 75 men with suspected PCa prospectively underwent fusion-guided prostate biopsy. TDI overlaid on predefined target lesion were compared to the confirmed contralateral tumor-free area of the prostate gland (using Image J). Diagnostic value of TDI parameters was assessed using histopathology as standard of reference. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were diagnosed with PCa (49.3%), among them 27 with clinically significant PCa (Gleason score >  3 + 3 = 6 (ISUP 1). The LES/REF ratio was lower in confirmed PCa patients compared to patients without PCa (0.42, IQR, 0.22–0.59 vs. 0.52, IQR, 0.40–0.72, p = 0.017). TDI parameters allowed differentiation of low-risk from high-to-intermediate-risk PCa (ISUP 2 versus ISUP 3) based on lower pixel counts within the target ROI (1340, IQR 596–2430 vs. 2687, IQR 2453–3216, p = 0.004), lower pixel percentage (16.4 IQR 11.4–29.5 vs. 27.3, IQR 22.1–39.5; p = 0.005), and lower LES/REF ratios (0.29, IQR 0.19–0.51 vs. 0.52, IQR 0.47–0.74, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: TDI of prostate lesions prelocated by MRI discriminates between cancerous and noncancerous lesions and further seems to enable characterization of PCa aggressiveness. This widely available US technique may improve confidence in target lesion localization for tissue sampling.
Ready for the future? Employability skills and competencies in the twenty-first century: The view of international experts
Authors: Rakowska Anna , de Juana-Espinosa Susana
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: Today’s uncertain economic and social dynamics are leading companies to seek the sort of human talent that will help them to survive and thrive. Training demands are thus arising for specific skills and competencies that would make current students and employment seekers more employable. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the twenty-first century’s major employability skills and competencies as well as the main demand trends for skills and competencies. METHODS: An international panel of experts (from Spain, Thailand and Poland), from both, academic and professional business backgrounds, were asked to quantitatively project the importance of different generic and specific skills and competencies over the next five years. They were asked to do so twice, once before and once after a four-year interval (in 2016 and in 2019). Each time, they were interviewed to discuss the results. RESULTS: The most valued employability skills were of a generic nature, in all three countries. Regarding specific skills, those of a social and managerial nature were the most highly valued. Work experience and formal education became less relevant for employability. CONCLUSIONS: The study’s results can lead to recommendations on how to design a more employability-oriented curriculum in educational institutions.
Validity of the MemTrax Memory Test Compared to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia due to Alzheimer’s Disease in a Chinese Cohort
Authors: Liu Xiaolei , Chen Xinjie , Zhou Xianbo , Shang Yajun , Xu Fan , Zhang Junyan , He Jingfang , Zhao Feng , Du Bo , Wang Xuan , Zhang Qi , Zhang Weishan , Bergeron Michael F. , Ding Tao , Ashford J. Wesson , Zhong Lianmei
Published: February 2021

Background:

A valid, reliable, accessible, engaging, and affordable digital cognitive screen instrument for clinical use is in urgent demand.

Objective:

To assess the clinical utility of the MemTrax memory test for early detection of cognitive impairment in a Chinese cohort.

Methods:

The 2.5-minute MemTrax and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were performed by 50 clinically diagnosed cognitively normal (CON), 50 mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD), and 50 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) volunteer participants. The percentage of correct responses (MTx-% C), the mean response time (MTx-RT), and the composite scores (MTx-Cp) of MemTrax and the MoCA scores were comparatively analyzed and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves generated.

Results:

Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated MTx-% C, MTx-Cp, and the MoCA score were significantly lower in MCI-AD versus CON and in AD versus MCI-AD groups (all with p≤0.001). For the differentiation of MCI-AD from CON, an optimized MTx-% C cutoff of 81% had 72% sensitivity and 84% specificity with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.839, whereas the MoCA score of 23 had 54% sensitivity and 86% specificity with an AUC of 0.740. For the differentiation of AD from MCI-AD, MTx-Cp of 43.0 had 70% sensitivity and 82% specificity with an AUC of 0.799, whereas the MoCA score of 20 had 84% sensitivity and 62% specificity with an AUC of 0.767.

Conclusion:

MemTrax can effectively detect both clinically diagnosed MCI and AD with better accuracy as compared to the MoCA based on AUCs in a Chinese cohort.
Path planning of UHV equipotential live working
Authors: Zhang Yujiao , Chen Yanran , Li Houxu , Huang Xiongfeng , Yan Cheng
Published: February 2021

The live working paths for equipotential operators in the hanging basket method is determined by minimum safety values of various clearances stipulated in regulations. However, the optimization of the safety path planning by the complex gaps is scarce. In this paper, an optimization method for path planning is proposed based on ant colony algorithm. Grid model is established to partition the operation area into different calculation districts, in which key parameters are grid data and obstacle grids. Grid data are the maximum value of the electric field strength on the body surface, calculated by the finite element model. And obstacle grids are grids that dissatisfy the requirements of complex gaps and their data are larger than the air breakdown field strength. Then ant colony algorithm is employed to search for the best operation path with the minimum working distance and the minimum electric field strength value. After that, an application case is illustrated to demonstrate the optimizing processes. At last, the shock U50 test and power frequency corona discharge test are implemented to verify the safety of the optimized path. Therefore, the path obtained by the proposed method scientifically and effectively shortens the distance of the hanging basket method.