bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sucralfate on Phenytoin Bioavailability
Authors: Hall Thomas G. , Cuddy Paul G. , Glass Cynthia J. , Melethil Srikumaran
Published: October 2017

The mechanism of action of the antiulcer agent, sucralfate, involves drug binding to proteins, pepsin, and bile salts. The potential for sucralfate to bind to, and inhibit the oral absorption of, concurrently-administered drugs has been studied for very few agents. Phenytoin bioavailability was studied following a single dose of phenytoin 500 mg po in nine normal subjects during a control period and when given with sucralfate. Area under the serum concentration-time curve was compared at 48 hours (AUC48) and 120 hours (AUC120) using observed and extrapolated data. The phenytoin AUC48 was reduced from [Formula: see text], and the phenytoin AUC120 was reduced from 200.5 ± [Formula: see text], when sucralfate was administered. Because AUC comparisons for drugs with nonlinear elimination kinetics may reflect changes in rate, as well as extent, of absorption, these small changes in AUC may not reflect a change in the fraction of dose absorbed. However, our results suggest that sucralfate does affect phenytoin absorption. Further studies may be useful in determining the precise nature and clinical importance of this interaction.
Bradycardia Due to Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride
Authors: Blumensohn Rachel , Razoni Gideon , Shalev Amieh , Munitz Herman
Published: October 2017

A chronic schizophrenic patient was treated with an anticholinergic drug, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride. The patient developed, paradoxically, sinus bradycardia. The reaction was specific to trihexyphenidyl and not to other anticholinergic drugs. This antidyskinetic drug is widely used in clinical psychiatric practice and physicians should be aware of this side effect.
Management of Pediatric Patients with Bacterial Meningitis in the Emergency Department
Authors: Nahata Milap C. , Arnoto Richard T. , Powell Dwight A.
Published: October 2017

The pattern and appropriateness of the use of antibiotics, fluids, and laboratory data in the emergency department were evaluated in 50 pediatric patients with meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae, type b. Results indicate that the quality of care in emergency departments for patients with bacterial meningitis can be improved by (1) administering appropriate antibiotic doses; (2) minimizing the delay in administration of antibiotics; and (3) avoiding the excess fluid administration to decrease the potential for hyponatremia and cerebral edema.
Effect of Protein on Renal Function and Drug Disposition
Authors: Henderson Robert P. , Covinsky Joel O.
Published: October 2017

Studies in animals have indicated that increasing dietary protein intake could increase renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and kidney size and weight. More recent literature suggests that similar findings may be seen in humans with an oral protein load and continuous infusion of amino acids. This paper reviews this body of literature, and examines potential mechanisms involved in producing the observed changes in renal function seen with protein and amino acid administration and potential alterations in drug disposition.
Cefsulodin
Authors: Wright David B.
Published: October 2017

The chemistry, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and clinical indications for cefsulodin are reviewed and compared to ceftazidime and cefoperazone. Cefsulodin is a narrow-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin with activity virtually restricted to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cefsulodin is eliminated renally and has a serum half-life similar to ceftazidime and cefoperazone. Cefsulodin appears to be well tolerated and relatively free of any significant toxicity except for nausea and vomiting, which appear to be related to the infusion rate. Cefsulodin may be beneficial in those rare clinical situations where an infection is caused by a sensitive isolate of P. aeruginosa known to be resistant to the other antipseudomonal cephalosporins, and/or the avoidance of an aminoglycoside antibiotic is desired. However, its empiric use is to be discouraged.
Effect of Molindone on Weight Change in Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Parent Maria M. , Roy Swati , Sramek John , Lawson William , Herrera John
Published: October 2017

A retrospective review was conducted to assess the effect of molindone on weight. Monthly weights and neuroleptic dosages during the first three months of psychiatric hospitalization were compared between matched groups of patients receiving molindone, a combination of molindone and other neuroleptics, or other neuroleptic drugs. We found no significant differences in weight gain among the three groups. Our results challenge the common opinion that molindone can be associated with a lack of weight gain compared to other antipsychotics.
“This Is Not a Photograph of a Fetus”: A Feminist Reconfiguration of the Concept of Posthumanism as the Ultrasoundfetusimage
Authors: Taguchi Hillevi Lenz
Published: October 2017

Inspired by Claire Colebrook and Deleuze and Guattari, I aim to make the concept of posthumanism itself my “method.” The objective of such an inquiry is a growing self-critique of how posthumanism has, in part, been adopted in educational research. Concept as method puts the concept to play on, in this case, a feminist plane of thinking, to trace-and-map the problems and components from which the concept emerges; that is, it takes on its meanings and practices on this particular plane. Hereby, a reconfigured “face” of the concept of posthumanism takes the shape of the ultrasoundfetusimage.
Practitioner Views on the Impacts, Challenges, and Barriers in Supporting Older Survivors of Sexual Violence
Authors: Bows Hannah
Published: October 2017

Despite half a century of research on both sexual violence and elder abuse, the intersection between the two remains largely unexplored. Using theoretical lenses of feminist criminology and critical feminist gerontology, this article explores the intersection between age and sexual violence drawing on interviews with 23 practitioners supporting older survivors (aged 60 and over). They reported physical and emotional effects of sexual violence leading to limited lifestyles, disengagement from social networks, and reliance on pathogenic coping strategies. Provision of effective support was complicated by challenges associated with aging bodies and the social stigma associated with both sexual victimhood and older age. Additional challenges lay in supporting older male survivors and those living with dementia. The article ends by discussing implications for practice and an agenda for future research.
Expression of Disialoganglioside (GD2) in Neuroblastic Tumors: A Prognostic Value for Patients Treated With Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy
Authors: Terzic Tatjana , Cordeau Martine , Herblot Sabine , Teira Pierre , Cournoyer Sonia , Beaunoyer Mona , Peuchmaur Michel , Duval Michel , Sartelet Herve
Published: October 2017

Neuroblastoma, a malignant neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system, is one of the most aggressive pediatric cancers. Patients with stage IV high-risk neuroblastoma receive an intensive multimodal therapy ending with an immunotherapy based on a chimeric monoclonal antibody ch14.18. Although the use of ch14.18 monoclonal antibody has significantly increased the survival rate of high-risk neuroblastoma patients, about 33% of these patients still relapse and die from their disease. Ch14.18 targets the disialoganglioside, GD2, expressed on neuroblastic tumor (NT) cells. To better understand the causes of tumor relapse following ch14.18 immunotherapy, we have analyzed the expression of GD2 in 152 tumor samples from patients with NTs using immunohistochemical stainings. We observed GD2 expression in 146 of 152 samples (96%); however, the proportion of GD2-positive cells varied among samples. Interestingly, low percentage of GD2-positive cells before immunotherapy was associated with relapse in patients receiving ch14.18 immunotherapy. In addition, we demonstrated in vitro that the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cell lines to natural killer-mediated lysis was dependent on the proportion of GD2-positive cells, in the presence of ch14.18 antibody. In conclusion, our results indicate that the proportion of tumor cells expressing GD2 in NTs should be taken in consideration, as a prognostic marker, for high-risk neuroblastoma patients receiving anti-GD2 immunotherapy.
Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease
Authors: Backel Katherine , Cain Christine
Published: October 2017

Practical relevance:

Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management.

Audience:

This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz.

Evidence base:

This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
Mechlorethamine, vincristine, melphalan and prednisolone rescue chemotherapy protocol for resistant feline lymphoma
Authors: Martin Olya A , Price Josh
Published: October 2017

Objectives

The goals of this retrospective study were to evaluate the use of mechlorethamine, vincristine, melphalan and prednisolone (MOMP) chemotherapy for rescue of feline lymphoma, to describe the protocol’s toxicity and to determine prognostic indicators for progression-free survival.

Methods

The medical records of 12 cats treated with MOMP chemotherapy at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center between 2007 and 2017 were evaluated. Parameters assessed included lymphoma cell size, anatomical location, number of previous chemotherapy drugs and number of previous rescue protocols received. Chemotherapy-related toxicity was also described.

Results

Seven of 12 cats responded to this rescue protocol. Three cats experienced complete response and four cats achieved partial response for a median duration of 39 days (range 14–345 days). Cats that achieved complete response had a significantly longer median progression-free survival than cats that did not respond to treatment. Five of 12 cats developed hematologic toxicity (neutropenia) and one cat developed gastrointestinal toxicity. Toxicity was mild in most cases; no cats needed to be hospitalized. Neutropenia was associated with increased progression-free survival.

Conclusions and relevance

MOMP is a safe and effective rescue chemotherapy protocol for cats with relapsing and refractory lymphoma.
Enhanced Wellbeing of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes following Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation for Three Months in a Randomised, Double-blind, Cross-over Pilot Study
Authors: Marakis George , Walker Ann F. , Simpson Hugh C.R. , Byng Martyn , Robinson Paul A.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To investigate the effects of a daily multinutrient supplement on plasma indicators of glycemic and lipemic control and psychological wellbeing in type 2 diabetic patients.

Design

Double-blind, randomised, cross-over pilot intervention study.

Subjects

Twenty-nine subjects (15 males and 14 females) with non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes.

Intervention

Either a multinutrient supplement or placebo were provided daily during two intervention periods of 3 months separated by a 4 week washout.

Results

There were no significant changes of multinutrient treatment compared with placebo in HbA1c, fasting or postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and fasting plasma lipid concentrations. Using a validated wellbeing questionnaire (W-BQ 22) designed for diabetic subjects, the multinutrient supplement resulted in improvements in the secondary outcome of wellbeing of the volunteers in terms of anxiety (p = 0.020), vitality (p = 0.013) and general wellbeing (p = 0.021), relative to placebo.

Conclusions

Findings from this pilot study suggest that a multinutrient supplement may enhance the wellbeing of diabetic patients, even in the absence of a significant improvement in clinical parameters. If substantiated in a full clinical study the results would have important implications for the prevention of late complications of diabetes, as psychological factors can hinder successful management of the condition and adversely affect metabolic control.
Effect of Tai Chi Exercise on Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Shen Chwan-Li , Feng Du , Christina M. , Esperat R. , Irons Brian K. , Chyu Ming-C. , Valdez Gloria M. , Thompson Eve Y.
Published: October 2017

This feasibility study investigated the effects of Tai Chi, a mind-body exercise, on management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 25 subjects (20–70 years) were recruited to participate in two 60-minute instructed Tai Chi exercise sessions each week for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measures (physiological variables) were hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) taken at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, and self-reported fasting blood glucose level measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of intervention. The secondary outcome measures (psychosocial variables) were Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (Diabetes-39) and Exercise Self-Efficacy administered at baseline and 12 weeks. A semi-structured interview was conducted at the end of the study (week 12). Paired t-tests was employed to determine all pre- and post-intervention measurement changes, while individual growth curves were generated to show changes in fasting blood glucose levels during the study period. A rather high attrition rate of 48% was observed among the participants. The data showed no significant effect of Tai Chi on HbA1c and self-reported fasting blood glucose, although there seemed to be a trend of lowered HbA1c. Analysis of subjects’ response suggested a positive experience for those who completed the intervention.
Predictors of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among California Adults with Cancer and other Chronic Conditions
Authors: Goldstein Michael S. , Lee Jennifer H. , Morgenstern Hal , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Brown E. Richard , Hsiao An-Fu , Bastani Roshan
Published: October 2017

Background

Population-based data about utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among those with chronic conditions is lacking.

Objective

To describe whether CAM use by California adults with cancer and other chronic conditions reflects condition-specific patterns or a general tendency to use CAM modalities.

Methods

Interviews of 9,187 respondents including all participants with cancer from a prior representative survey of California households, and a stratified sample of all other respondents. Almost 74% of the respondents reported at least one chronic health problem.

Results

Use of all forms of CAM among those with chronic health problems is high. Those with a diagnosis of cancer are more likely to use prayer, dietary supplements, and support groups, and less likely to use CAM providers and special diets. Overall, individuals diagnosed with most chronic problems use a similar set of CAM modalities. Demographic correlates of CAM use differ in their impact and vary according to what type of CAM is being used.

Conclusions

Clinicians should be aware that while a diagnosis of cancer is associated with a greater use of some forms of CAM, overall patterns of CAM use are similar to those with most other chronic problems.
Induction of Cytochrome P450 CYP3A by St John's Wort in the Rat Liver and Intestine
Authors: Phan Thuong Tran , Heng See Huey , Abarno Damien , McKinnon Ross Allan , Ngo Suong Ngoc Thi
Published: October 2017

It has been well reported that complementary medicines can significantly alter the way the body handles conventional drugs, leading to potential fatal herb-drug interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of drug interactions involving St John's wort (SJW) (Hypericum perforatum L), a popular herbal medicine widely used for depression, particularly examining changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 CYP3A, the most abundant drug metabolising CYP enzymes in man.

Eighteen Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned randomly into 3 groups (n = 6/group): control, low dose and high dose (500 and 1000 mg/kg/day of SJW, equal to 1500 and 3000 µg/kg/day of Hypericin). Each group was treated with SJW or control preparation, by gastric gavage, for 14 consecutive days. Liver and intestinal CYP3A activity and protein and mRNA levels, from five segments of the intestine, were examined using CYP3A-dependent erythromycin N-demethylation activity assay, quantitative immuno-blotting and real-time RT-PCR.

Increase in CYP3A activity and protein level by SJW was observed in some intestinal regions, with a 3.0 fold increase in liver CYP3A activity and a 10.6 fold increase in liver CYP3A1 mRNA (p < 0.05) in a dose dependent manner. The results suggested that up regulation of liver CYP3A mRNA and differential induction of intestinal CYP3A play an important role in the molecular mechanism of herb-drug interactions.
Pass the Source—Journalism’s Confidentiality Bane in the Face of Legislative Onslaughts
Authors: Fernandez Joseph M.
Published: October 2017

‘Journalism under siege’ proclaimed the cover of The Walkley Magazine, an Australian publication dedicated to promoting journalism excellence in its March 2017 issue. This headline reflects the severe disruption journalism is experiencing globally. Facts used to be facts and news was news but now we have ‘alternative facts’ and ‘fake news’ (Media Watch, 2017). Against this backdrop, a persistent dilemma for journalism has been the impact of the law on journalists relying on confidential sources who play a critical part in providing access to information. The journalism profession’s apparent source protection gains have been undermined by legislative and other assaults, and it has had a chilling effect on journalists’ contacts with confidential sources. The Australian journalists’ union, the Media Alliance, has warned that ‘it is only a matter of time’ before a journalist is convicted for refusing to disclose a confidential source (Murphy, 2017, p. 3). This article builds on earlier work examining how Australian journalists are coping in their dealings with confidential sources. This article (a) reports on the findings from an Australian study into journalists’ confidential sources and (b) identifies lessons and reform potentials arising from these findings.
Underreporting ‘Bout a Revolution: A Historical–Comparative Study Exploring Major Newspaper Coverage of Disability Rights in a Revolutionary Context (1980–2017)
Authors: Mellifont Damian
Published: October 2017

The disability rights movement has grown considerably. Recognizing that this international movement has travelled largely under the media radar, it nevertheless remains important to explore how this phenomenon has been reported upon over recent decades. Applying historical–comparative and thematic analysis methods to a sample of 16 major newspaper texts published between 1980 and 2017 and obtained via a ProQuest Historical Newspaper database search, as supplemented by eight journal articles retrieved from a Google Scholar search, this exploratory study reveals three key messages. These messages should be of particular interest to newspaper editors, journalists and disability activists around the globe. First, despite a general shortage of major newspaper reporting about the disability rights revolution, progressive themes of activism, legislation, technology and economic participation principles were identified. Second, the ethical reporting of disability rights in a revolutionary context offers opportunities for journalists to move away from disempowering stereotypes. Finally, journalists need to be more prepared to investigate and report about disability rights, the challenges experienced by many people with disabilities, as well as community-endorsed, evidence-based ways forward.
Sustainability of an early detection program for autism spectrum disorder over the course of 8 years
Authors: Pijl Mirjam KJ , Buitelaar Jan K , de Korte Manon WP , Rommelse Nanda NJ , Oosterling Iris J
Published: October 2017

The importance of early detection of autism spectrum disorder followed by early intervention is increasingly recognized. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the long-term effects of a program for the early detection of autism spectrum disorder (consisting of training of professionals and use of a referral protocol and screening instrument), to determine whether the positive effects on the age at referral were sustained after the program ended while controlling for overall changes in the number of referrals. Before, during, and after the program, the proportion of children referred before 3 years (versus 3–6 years) of age was calculated for children subsequently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder ( N = 513) or another, non-autism spectrum disorder, condition ( N = 722). The odds of being referred before 3 years of age was higher in children with autism spectrum disorder than in children with another condition during the program than before (3.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–7.6) or after (1.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.0–3.0) the program but was not different before versus after the program. Thus, although the program led to earlier referral of children with autism spectrum disorder, after correction for other referrals, the effect was not sustained after the program ended. This study highlights the importance of continued investment in the early detection of autism spectrum disorder.
Barns upplevelser när föräldrars missbruk upphört
Authors: Alexanderson Karin , Näsman Elisabet
Published: October 2017

This article is based on interviews with fifteen children, whose parents have addiction problems.

Purpose:

To contribute to in-depth understanding of children's situation when parents have ceased abusing drugs or alcohol.

Method:

An explorative interview study with childhood sociology and symbolic interactionism as theoretical framework.

Outcome:

The end of the abuse gives children space to feel how they feel, to reflect on the impact of the addiction on their health and personality, and to try changing themselves and their lives. Their need for processing may last for a long time. It can take time and be difficult to build up the relationship with the parent. Children can still feel care responsibility but also distrust and worry about relapses. However, teenagers can see opportunities to move on with their own life. If the abuse ends only for one of two parents with addiction problems, children are still affected by addiction.

Conclusion:

Children's need for processing in relation to the parents can both be time consuming and last for a long period of time, regardless of if the child lives with the parent or not. Children may need help for their own part but also in relation to the parent. Professionals should be encouraged to work with a family perspective, regardless of organizational divisions and if parents and children live together or not. This requires structures, procedures and resources for collaboration across organizational boundaries.
Biofuel blend late post-injection effects on oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance
Authors: Tilli Aki , Hulkkonen Tuomo , Kaario Ossi , Larmi Martti , Sarjovaara Teemu , Lehto Kalle
Published: October 2017

In this article, the effects of different biofuel–diesel blends on engine oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance during late post-injections were investigated. The engine tests were made with an off-road diesel engine under low load conditions at 1200 r/min engine speed. During the experiments, oil samples were periodically taken from the engine oil and later analyzed. Emissions and temperatures before and after the diesel oxidation catalyst were also measured. The fuels studied were fossil EN590:2013 diesel fuel, 30 vol.% biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and 30 vol.% hydrotreated vegetable oil, which is a paraffinic diesel fuel fulfilling the EN15940 specification. The novelty of the study is based on two parts. First, similar late post-injection tests were run with blends of both hydrotreated vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester, giving a rare comparison with the fuels. Second, oil dilution and the fuel exit rates during normal mode without the late post-injections were measured. The results showed the oil dilution and the diesel oxidation catalyst performance to be very similar with regular diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil blend. With the fatty acid methyl ester blend, increased oil dilution, smaller temperature rise in the diesel oxidation catalyst and higher emissions were measured. This indicates that during diesel particulate filter regeneration by late post-injections, fatty acid methyl ester blends increase fuel consumption and require shorter oil change intervals, while hydrotreated vegetable oil blends require no parameter changes.
Computing the closed-loop characteristics of a generalized multi-threshold knock controller
Authors: Shayestehmanesh Saeed , Peyton Jones James C , Frey Jesse
Published: October 2017

Most knock controllers respond to knock events which are defined according to some threshold knock intensity. Multi-threshold knock events offer more informative feedback since they encode not just the occurrence of knock events but also some measure of their intensity. While this has the potential for improved control, it is hard to assess the extent to which any benefits are truly realized because (in common with all knock control systems) the results of any single experiment or simulation depends on the random arrival of knock events in that instance. In this article, methods are developed instead to compute the statistical properties of the closed-loop response of a general multi-threshold knock controller, thereby providing a much more complete and rigorous characterization of its performance than has previously been possible. The method is applied to single- and dual-threshold knock controllers and used to provide a rigorous comparison of the transient and steady-state performance of these different control laws. The method can also be used as a calibration aid to assess the effects of different controller gains in reliable, repeatable fashion.
Automation and the Human Factors Race to Catch Up
Authors: Burns Catherine M.
Published: October 2017

Automation has been rapidly developing into a pervasive part of our every day lives. Although I agree with Kaber’s original article, I argue that human factors as a discipline is not keeping up with the pace of technological change. Human factors researchers must rapidly embrace the development of richer automation models, more complex laboratory studies, and naturalistic studies in the field to generate relevant insights into human automation interaction. The corresponding development of massive data collection presents an opportunity for a more data-driven approach to understanding human automation interaction and human factors in general.
The Benefits of Walking Your Talk: Aggregate Effects of Behavioral Integrity on Guest Satisfaction, Turnover, and Hotel Profitability
Authors: Simons Tony , McLean Parks Judi , Tomlinson Edward C.
Published: October 2017

Extending theory on behavioral integrity to department and business unit levels of analysis, we examined a chain of relationships culminating in operational and financial performance measures. Specifically, we analyzed survey data from 6,800 workers from 76 same-branded US hotels and integrated it with operational and financial data. Latent variables structural equation modeling and path analyses showed strong associations between manager behavioral integrity and worker turnover, customer satisfaction, and hotel profitability. In fact, behavioral integrity accounted for 13% of the variance in profitability across hotels. This relationship was partially mediated by trust in managers, affective commitment, and discretionary service behavior.
Serving Consumers, Citizens, or Elites: Democratic Roles of Journalism in Chilean Newspapers and Television News
Authors: Hallin Daniel C. , Mellado Claudia
Published: October 2017

Print journalism has long been seen as a key institution of democratic politics, serving to enhance transparency, provide a forum for debate, and facilitate public participation. Instead, television journalism, particularly in its commercial form, has often been seen more negatively, as a form of infotainment that contributes little to the functions of journalism as an institution of democratic citizenship. Some scholars have questioned the dichotomy between infotainment and democratic roles, however, and the existing research comparing journalistic roles in print and television has produced mixed results. Focusing on the case of Chile and making use of a standardized news content-based index of journalistic roles, this study compares the prevalence of three professional roles by medium—newspapers and television—and also by audience orientation—popular and elite media across both print and television news. Our results show that commercial television in Chile is higher than print media in the performance of the watchdog and civic roles, and the infotainment role is positively, not negatively, correlated with these. We discuss the implication of these findings in light of the literature on infotainment and citizenship, as well as the emerging body of research on journalistic role performance.
A Journalists’ Protest? Personal Identification and Journalistic Activism in the Israel Social Justice Protest Movement
Authors: Shultziner Doron , Shoshan Aya
Published: October 2017

The Social Justice Protest movement in 2011 was the largest social movement in Israel’s history. The movement received media coverage for almost two months and in all news outlets, despite the protest’s broad demands and its overall radical indictment against the economic system and the status quo. This study explores the causes for this extraordinary media coverage. We find that movement characteristics of the leadership’s professional background, the media strategies they employed, and the effects of mainstream channels on media tactics were important. We also find that journalists’ personal identification with the movement is a key factor leading to the wide and favorable media coverage. Personal identification led many journalists to report favorably on the movement and write supportive opinion columns, to ignore stories that could damage it, to participate and volunteer in movement activities, and to offer their professional skills to help the movement leadership. We propose a tentative model consisting of factors and mechanisms that may explain when personal identification and journalistic activism are more likely to occur.
An Epidemiological Comparison of Elbow Injuries Among United States High School Baseball and Softball Players, 2005-2006 Through 2014-2015
Authors: Pytiak Andrew V. , Kraeutler Matthew J. , Currie Dustin W. , McCarty Eric C. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: October 2017

Background:

Pitching is a common mechanism of injury in baseball, with known risk factors for elbow injuries among adolescent pitchers.

Hypothesis:

Elbow injury rates and mechanisms will differ between high school baseball and softball players.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

Baseball- and softball-related injury data from the 2005-2006 through 2014-2015 academic years were collected from the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) Internet-based data collection tool. Athlete-exposure (AE) and injury data were collected by certified athletic trainers. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated comparing injury rates in the 2 populations. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) comparing elbow injuries in pitchers and nonpitchers were calculated as the proportion of all elbow injuries in pitchers divided by the proportion of all elbow injuries in nonpitchers.

Results:

A total of 214 elbow injuries in male baseball players occurred over 2,327,774 AEs, for an overall elbow injury rate of 0.92 per 10,000 AEs. A total of 75 elbow injuries were reported in female softball players over 1,731,644 AEs, for an overall rate of 0.43 per 10,000 AEs. The rate of elbow injury was significantly higher for baseball than softball (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.64-2.77). A significantly greater proportion of elbow injuries in baseball were pitching-related compared with those from softball, with 50.2% occurring while pitching in baseball versus 11.0% in softball (IPR, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.35-8.93). If all injuries occurring during pitching were removed from both sports, the difference in elbow injury rate for baseball and softball would no longer be significant (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.88-1.62).

Conclusion:

The rate of elbow injuries is significantly higher in baseball than softball. This is attributable to differences in rates of pitching-related injuries between these 2 groups.

Clinical Relevance:

These results demonstrate that overhand pitching increases risk of elbow injury in high school athletes.
Longitudinal evaluation of resting-state connectivity, white matter integrity and cortical thickness in stable HIV infection: Preliminary results
Authors: Corrêa Diogo G , Zimmermann Nicolle , Ventura Nina , Tukamoto Gustavo , Doring Thomas , Leite Sarah CB , Fonseca Rochele P , Bahia Paulo RV , Lopes Fernanda CR , Gasparetto Emerson L
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The objectives of this study were to determine if HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), without dementia, suffer from longitudinal gray matter (GM) volume loss, changes in white matter (WM) integrity and deterioration in functional connectivity at rest, in an average interval of 30 months.

Methods

Clinically stable HIV-positive patients (on HAART, CD4 + T lymphocyte > 200 cells/μl, and viral loads <50 copies/μl) were recruited. None of them had HIV-associated dementia. Each patient underwent two scans, performed in a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. FreeSurfer was used to perform cortical volumetric reconstruction and segmentation of GM structures. WM integrity was assessed using tract-based spatial statistics to post-process diffusion tensor imaging data, and FMRIB's Software Library tools were used to post-process resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI).

Results

There were no significant differences in cortical thickness, deep GM volumes, or diffusivity parameters between the scans at the two time points. Five resting-state networks were identified in our patients. In the second MRI, HIV-positive patients presented increased areas of functional connectivity in visual pathways, frontoparietal and cerebellar networks, compared with the first MRI (considering p < 0.05).

Conclusions

RS-fMRI revealed potentially compensatory longitudinal alterations in the brains of HIV-positive patients, attempting to compensate for brain damage related to the infection.
A Review of a Workers’ Compensation Database 2003 to 2013: Patient Factors Influencing Return to Work and Cumulative Financial Claims After Rotator Cuff Repair in Geriatric Workers’ Compensation Cases
Authors: Shields Edward , Thirukumaran Caroline , Noyes Katia , Voloshin Ilya
Published: October 2017

Background:

Workers’ compensation status is associated with poor outcomes after rotator cuff repair surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze a database of geriatric workers’ compensation patients after surgical repair of the rotator cuff and identify both medical and nonmedical patient factors that influence the time it takes for them to return to work at full duty, including a comparison of arthroscopic and open techniques.

Methods:

An all workers’ compensation database was queried for rotator cuff claims that were surgically managed using arthroscopic, open, or both approaches from 2003 to 2013 in patients aged ≥60. Primary outcomes were the number of days for return to full work (RTW) following surgery and the total reimbursement for health care. Multivariate analysis was performed, and data are presented as average ± standard deviation.

Results:

The database yielded 1903 claims for surgically treated rotator cuff conditions (arthroscopic n = 935; open n = 926; both n = 42). In multivariate RTW analyses, we did not find a significant difference between groups (RTW in days was 153 ± 134 for arthroscopy [ P = .81], 160 ± 160 for open [Ref], and 140 ± 82 days for both [ P = .75]). However, multivariate analysis of reimbursement claims found arthroscopic surgery claims to be 13% higher compared to claims for open surgery only (US $29 986 ± 16 259 for arthroscopy vs US $26 495 ± 13 186 for open, P < .001). Patients aged ≥65 had more medical expenses than patients aged 60 to 64 ( P = .03). Potentially modifiable variables that significantly prolonged RTW timing and higher health-care claims included need for vocational rehabilitation services and filing of a legal suit.

Conclusions:

Return to full-duty work in geriatric workers’ compensation patients after rotator cuff repair takes about 5 months regardless of surgical approach and costs significantly more in patients aged ≥65. Arthroscopic repairs generated 13% more cumulative health-care costs than open surgery alone. More efficient vocational rehabilitation services and minimizing legal suits may help get patients back to work sooner and reduce overall costs.
When Do Biological Attributions of Mental Illness Reduce Stigma? Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis to Contextualize Attributions
Authors: Andersson Matthew A. , Harkness Sarah K.
Published: October 2017

Individuals increasingly have encountered messages that mental illness is explained by biological factors such as chemical imbalance or genetic abnormality. Many assumed this “biological turn” would lessen stigma toward mental illness, but stigma generally has remained stable or even increased. Given how nonbiological illness explanations (e.g., way one is raised, bad character, life stressors) often are endorsed even among those who support biological explanations, we contend that combinations or configurations of beliefs integrating distinct types of explanation may hold a key to understanding why biological beliefs have not succeeded in lessening stigma. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) on national vignette data (2006 General Social Survey; N = 968), we find that not blaming an individual’s character is essential to lowering depression stigma whenever biological explanations also are endorsed and that blaming character unconditionally contributes to stigmatizing alcoholism. For schizophrenia and alcoholism, biological explanations may lower stigma contingent on several other beliefs.
Beyond Pokémon: Augmented Reality Is a Universal Design for Learning Tool
Authors: Walker Zachary , McMahon Don D. , Rosenblatt Kara , Arner Tracy
Published: October 2017

The success of Pokémon Go is demonstrating that augmented reality (AR) is reaching the masses quickly and can be a robust tool to enhance student engagement and learning. Leveraging AR for instructional purposes has the potential to become a powerful medium for Universal Design for Learning (UDL) by providing new tools for multiple means of representation, action and expression, and engagement. One of the advantages of using AR applications and AR platforms is the ability to display context relevant digital information to support students’ needs in real time and in specific contexts. Although many educational AR applications are in their developmental stages, the rapid growth of AR is likely to continue. The examples presented in this article focus on how educators can use mobile devices and AR to apply the principles of UDL. Combining AR with the principles of UDL can help educators create lessons that are accessible, engaging, and powerful for a diverse range of learners.
Why Petroleum Did Not Save the Whales
Authors: York Richard
Published: October 2017

Ironically, even though fossil fuels provided substitutes for the main uses of whale oil, the rise of fossil fuel use in the nineteenth century served to increase the intensity of whaling. The connections between fossil fuels and whaling are an example of the unanticipated consequences that frequently come with technological change. I draw on political-economic theory to explain why fossil fuels served to escalate rather than eliminate whaling. The case of whaling highlights the limited potential for technological developments to help overcome environmental problems without concurrent political, economic, and social change that supports conservation.
The Legacy of David B. Barrett
Authors: Zurlo Gina A.
Published: October 2017

Missiologists today speak routinely of the shift of Christianity to the Global South, but it was David B. Barrett who first described this trend. Many of the religious statistics cited by sociologists, demographers, scholars of world Christianity, the media, and others today can be traced to the work of Barrett and the 1982 World Christian Encyclopedia. Barrett strove to meld his scientific background with a missionary conviction to reach the unevangelized. In the process, he inadvertently laid the foundation for the contemporary academic field of international religious demography, a vital part of his mission research legacy.
The Legacy of Irma Highbaugh
Authors: Stasson Anneke
Published: October 2017

Irma Highbaugh (1891–1973), an American Methodist missionary, used her thirty years of experience in China’s Christian home movement to help Christians throughout Asia develop Christian home literature and train leaders in marriage and family counseling. Her publications and presence at international missionary conferences stoked interest in Christian home missiology, and she put her stamp on that missiology. She was notable for believing that both men and women should be involved with Christian home work and for insisting that significant funds and professionally trained personnel should be dedicated to this ministry.
The Three Ds of Transcription Activation by Glucagon: Direct, Delayed, and Dynamic
Authors: Goldstein Ido , Hager Gordon L
Published: October 2017

Upon lowered blood glucose occurring during fasting, glucagon is secreted from pancreatic islets, exerting various metabolic effects to normalize glucose levels. A considerable portion of these effects is mediated by glucagon-activated transcription factors (TFs) in liver. Glucagon directly activates several TFs via immediate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)– and calcium-dependent signaling events. Among these TFs, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a major factor. CREB recruits histone-modifying enzymes and cooperates with other TFs on the chromatin template to increase the rate of gene transcription. In addition to direct signal transduction, the transcriptional effects of glucagon are also influenced by dynamic TF cross talk. Specifically, assisted loading of one TF by a companion TF leads to increased binding and activity. Lastly, transcriptional regulation by glucagon is also exerted by TF cascades by which a primary TF induces the gene expression of secondary TFs that bring about their activity a few hours after the initial glucagon signal. This mechanism of a delayed response may be instrumental in establishing the temporal organization of the fasting response by which distinct metabolic events separate early from prolonged fasting. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances and critical discoveries in glucagon-dependent gene regulation with a focus on direct TF activation, dynamic TF cross talk, and TF cascades.
Modeling Economic Growth: Domar on Moving Equilibrium
Authors: Boianovsky Mauro
Published: October 2017

This essay makes use of archival material to examine Evsey Domar's role in the introduction of the rate of growth as a variable in economics in the 1940s and 1950s. Domar investigated the nature of what he called the “moving equilibrium” of economic processes with infinite duration. Reactions to Domar's approach at the time brought about methodological assertions on the distinction between models and theories. Domar's model was an open one, in the sense that his growth equation allowed different closures. A main feature of the model was its relatively stable capital-output ratio, which reflected the terms of the debate about A. H. Hansen's stagnation thesis in the 1940s. The real economy was supposed to be stable, although the model itself was not perfectly consistent with that. The estimation of the “Residual” by Solow and others led Domar to rethink aspects of his original model.
We Are Not the Center of the Universe: The Role of Astronomy in the Moral Defense of Commerce in Adam Smith
Authors: Paganelli Maria Pia
Published: October 2017

Adam Smith's account of commercial societies as societies of strangers may be read as a moral defense of commercial societies. A society of strangers can be a fostering environment for moral development. Smith's account of moral development echoes his contemporaries' accounts of the move from geocentric to heliocentric understandings of the solar system. If we imagine ourselves at a distance from our own position, we humble the arrogance of our self-love as we realize we are not the center of the universe. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith describes the realization that we are not the center of the moral universe. In contemporary presentations and popularizations of astronomical theories the realization is that literally we, on Earth, are not the center of the physical universe. Adam Smith's theory of moral development, and therefore his moral defense of commercial societies, seems indebted to astronomical theories in general, rather than just to Newton, as it is commonly assumed.
What Was Theory? Toward a Generic History
Authors: Felsch Philipp
Published: October 2017

The intellectual content of such paradigms as Critical Theory, neo-Marxism, and poststructuralism has been abundantly traced. What remains to be studied, however, is the tremendous impact these schools of thought had on both the academic field and Western countercultures during the Cold War. This article I proposes to conceive of theory as a genre, that is, as an institution controlling the production, dissemination, and reception of texts. Drawing on the archives of the leading West German theory publishers Suhrkamp and Merve, the article follows the policies and strategies that led to the emergence of the countercanon of theory between the 1960s and the 1980s.