bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of the in vitro dehydration process of hydrogel contact lenses
Authors: González‐Méijome José M. , López‐Alemany Antonio , Almeida José B. , Parafita Manuel A. , Refojo Miguel F.
Published: April 2007

Purpose: To investigate the in vitro dehydration process of conventional hydrogel and silicone‐hydrogel contact lens materials. Methods: Eight conventional hydrogel and five silicone‐hydrogel contact lenses were dehydrated under controlled environmental conditions on an analytical balance. Data were taken at 1‐min intervals and dehydration curves of cumulative dehydration (CD), valid dehydration (VD), and dehydration rate (DR) were obtained. Several quantitative descriptors of the dehydration process were obtained by further processing of the information. Results: Duration of phase I (r2 = 0.921), CD at end of phase I (r2 = 0.971), time to achieve a DR of −1%/min (r2 = 0.946) were strongly correlated with equilibrium water content (EWC) of the materials. For each individual sample, the VD at different time intervals can be accurately determined using a 2nd order regression equation (r2 > 0.99 for all samples). The first 5 min of the dehydration process show a relatively uniform average CD of about −1.5%/min. After that, there was a trend towards higher average CD for the following 15 min as the EWC of the material increases (r2 = 0.701). As a consequence, average VD for the first 5 min displayed a negative correlation with EWC (r2 = 0.835), and a trend towards uniformization among CL materials for the following periods (r2 = 0.014). Overall, silicone‐hydrogel materials display a lower dehydration, but this seems to be primarily due to their lower EWC. Conclusions: DR curves under the conditions of the present study can be described as a three‐phase process. Phase I consists of a relatively uniform DR with a duration that ranges from 10 to almost 60 min and is strongly correlated with the EWC of the polymer as it is the CD during this phase. Overall, HEMA‐based hydrogels dehydrate to a greater extent and faster than silicone‐hydrogel materials. There are differences in water retention between lenses of similar water content and thickness that should be further investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Ethylene oxide sterilization in the medical‐supply manufacturing industry: Assessment and control of worker exposure
Authors: Chien Yeh‐Chung , Liu Hung‐Hsin , Lin Yi‐Chang , Su Po‐Chi , Li Lien‐Hsiung , Chang Cheng‐Ping , Tang Da‐Toung , Chen Chang‐Yuh
Published: April 2007

Objective: In 2005, the Taiwan Institute of Occupational Safety and Health started an on‐site consulting program for the medical supplies manufacturing industry, which use ethylene oxide (EO) as a sterilant, with the goal of enhancing occupational hygiene practices and controlling EO‐related risks. This study presents EO exposure assessment results and examines the effectiveness of control measures. Methods: Detailed surveys, including exposure monitoring, were conducted at 10 factories. Airborne EO was collected using an HBr‐coated charcoal tube and analyzed using GC/MS. Results: Sterilizer operators had an average short‐term EO exposure level of 27.61 ppm during unloading; mean time‐weighted average workshift exposure was 7.35 ppm. High EO concentrations were also present throughout the facilities. Specifically, mean EO concentrations in the aeration area, near the sterilizer and in the warehouse were 10.19, 5.75, and 8.78 ppm, respectively. These findings indicate that immediate controls are needed, and that EO emissions from sterilized products during storage cannot be overlooked. Worker short‐term exposures during unloading was inversely correlated (p < 0.05) with the numbers of poststerilization purge cycle applied. The specific controls implemented and their usefulness is discussed. Conclusion: Increasing the number of poststerilization purge cycles is a simple approach to eliminating extremely high exposure during unloading. Improvements to ventilation, particularly in the aeration area and warehouse, were also effective in minimizing worker exposures. Use of effective respirator is recommended until the EO exposure levels, averaging 3.41 ppm after the controls, fall below the permissible exposure limit. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Novel technique for preparing Ca‐ and P‐containing ceramic coating on Ti‐6Al‐4V by micro‐arc oxidation
Authors: Yu Sirong , Yang Xizhen , Yang Long , Liu Yaohui , Yu Yingjie
Published: April 2007

A novel technique for preparing the Ca‐ and P‐containing ceramic coating on Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy by micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) was developed successfully in this paper. In the new technique, Ti alloy first was micro‐arc oxidated in P‐containing electrolyte, and then it was micro‐arc oxidated in Ca‐containing electrolyte. This technique can avoid the undesired chemical reaction between Ca‐containing salt and P‐containing salt in electrolyte. The surface morphologies, composition, and phases of MAO coatings were studied by means of SEM, EDS, and XRD. The results show that the P‐ and Ca‐containing coating on Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy contains Ti, TiO2 (rutile), α‐Ca(PO3)2, CaTiO3, and AlTi3. There are many small and uniform pores in the coating. Most of these pores are coterminous. The microhardness of the coating is 720 HV and higher than that of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy (220 HV). The coating is more wear‐resistant than Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy under the lubricant of the artificial saliva and not easy to desquamate from the substrate of Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Translocation of fibroblast growth factor‐10 and its receptor into nuclei of human urothelial cells
Authors: Kosman Jeffrey , Carmean Nicole , Leaf Elizabeth M. , Dyamenahalli Kiran , Bassuk James A.
Published: April 2007

Fibroblast growth factor‐10 (FGF‐10), a mitogen for the epithelial cells lining the lower urinary tract, has been identified inside urothelial cells, despite its acknowledged role as an extracellular signaling ligand. Recombinant (r)FGF‐10 was determined by fluorescence microscopy optical sectioning to localize strongly to nuclei inside cultured urothelial cells. To clarify the possible role of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in this translocation, a variant of rFGF‐10 was constructed which lacked this sequence. rFGF‐10(no NLS) was found in cytoplasm to a far greater degree than rFGF‐10, identifying this motif as a possible NLS. Furthermore, this variant displayed poor or non‐existent bioactivity compared to the wild‐type protein in triggering mitogenesis in quiescent urothelial cells. The presence of rFGF‐10(no NLS) in the nucleus suggested that additional interactions were also responsible for the nuclear accumulation of rFGF‐10. The FGF‐10 receptor was observed in cell nuclei regardless of the presence or concentration of exogenous rFGF‐10 ligand. Co‐localization studies between rFGF‐10 and the FGF‐10 receptor revealed a strong intracellular relationship between the two. This co‐localization was seen in nuclei for both rFGF‐10 and for rFGF‐10(no NLS), although the correlation was weaker for rFGF‐10(no NLS). These data show that an NLS‐like motif of rFGF‐10 is a partial determinant of its intracellular distribution and is necessary for its mitogenic activity. These advancements in the understanding of the activity of FGF‐10 present an opportunity to engineer the growth factor as a therapeutic agent for the healing of damaged urothelial tissue. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 769–785, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoskeletal elements and intracellular transport
Authors: Bhaskar Lakshmi , Krishnan Vidya S. , Thampan Raghava Varman
Published: April 2007

Recent advances in the understanding of the functions of various components of the cytoskeleton indicate that, besides serving a structural role, the cytoskeletal elements may regulate the transport of several proteins in the cell. Studies reveal that there are co‐operative interactions between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons including functional overlap in the transport influenced by different motor families. Multiple motors are probably involved in the control of the dynamics of many proteins and intriguing hints about how these motors are co‐ordinated are appearing. It has been shown that some of the intermediate elements also participate in selected intracellular transport mechanisms. In view of the author's preoccupation with the steroid receptor systems, special attention has been given to the role of the cytoskeletal elements, particularly actin, in the intracellular transport of steroid receptors and receptor‐related proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 101:1097–1108, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed activation of PKCδ and NFκB and higher radioprotection in splenic lymphocytes by copper (II)–Curcumin (1:1) complex as compared to curcumin
Authors: Kunwar Amit , Narang H. , Priyadarsini K. Indira , Krishna M. , Pandey R. , Sainis K.B.
Published: April 2007

A mononuclear 1:1 copper complex of curcumin had been found to be superior to curcumin in its anti‐oxidant properties. This paper describes the radio‐protective effects of the complex in splenic lymphocytes from swiss mice. The complex was found to be very effective in protecting the cells against radiation‐induced suppression of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Both curcumin and the complex protected radiation‐induced protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation in lymphocytes with the complex showing better protection than curcumin. It also showed better overall protection by decreasing the radiation‐induced apoptosis. The kinetics of activation of PKCδ and NFκB after irradiation in presence or absence of these compounds was looked at to identify the molecular mechanism involved. The modulation of irradiation‐induced activation of PKCδ and NFκB by curcumin and the complex was found different at later time periods although the initial response was similar. The early responses could be mere stress responses and the activation of crucial signaling factors at later time periods may be the determinants of the fate of the cell. In this study this delayed effect was observed in case of complex but not in case of curcumin. The delayed effect of the complex along with the fact that it is a better free radical scavenger must be the reason for its better efficacy. The complex was also found to be less cytotoxic then curcumin at similar concentration. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1214–1224, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acetylation of histone H4 in complex structural transitions of spermiogenic chromatin
Authors: Kurtz Kathryn , Martínez‐Soler Fina , Ausió Juan , Chiva Manel
Published: April 2007

In spermiogenic nuclei of the cephalopod mollusc Sepia officinalis histones are replaced by a precursor‐protamine molecule, which is later converted into protamine. Simultaneously, spermiogenic chromatin undergoes a complex structural change. Somatic‐like chromatin belonging to the earliest spermatid is progressively reorganized into: (a) granules of 20 nm diameter, (b) fibres of 30–35 nm, and (c) fibres of 40–50 nm. In the final phases of spermiogenesis these fibres of 40–50 nm join to form larger structures of condensed chromatin, and lastly, the uniformly packed chromatin in the sperm nucleus. Using specific antibodies for mono‐ and hyperacetylated forms of histone H4, in this work we show that the first structural remodelling of chromatin (from somatic‐like organization into 20 nm granules) is given concomitantly with a massive mono‐acetylation of H4 (acetylation in lysine 12), whereas the structural remodelling from 30–35 to 40–50 nm fibres is produced simultaneously with hyperacetylation of H4 and the nuclear removal of histones. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1432–1441, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of IL‐8 by iron chelator in human epithelial cells is independent from NF‐κB but involves ERK1/2‐ and p38 kinase‐dependent activation of AP‐1
Authors: Choi Eun‐Young , Park Zee‐Yong , Choi Eun‐Ju , Oh Hyun‐Mee , Lee SungGa , Choi Suck‐Chei , Lee Kang‐Min , Im Sin‐Hyeog , Chun Jang‐Soo , Jun Chang‐Duk
Published: April 2007

We have shown that the bacterial iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), triggers inflammatory signals including the production of CXC chemokine IL‐8, in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) by activating the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. In this study we investigated the mechanisms involved in IL‐8 generation by DFO, focusing on the transcription factors involved and the roles of both mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the transcription factor activation. Treatment of human epithelial HT‐29 cells with DFO markedly up‐regulated the expression of the essential components of the transcription factor AP‐1 at a transcriptional level, while it minimally affected the expression of the NF‐κB subunits. DFO also induced AP‐1‐dependent transcriptional activity in HT‐29 cells, and this activity was further augmented by the wild‐type c‐Jun transfection. In contrast, the AP‐1 activity by DFO was markedly decreased by the dominant‐negative c‐Jun transfection. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that DFO increases the specific binding of AP‐1 but not of NF‐κB. Such AP‐1 binding and transcriptional activities were blocked by the inhibitors of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways, suggesting that both mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) lie upstream of AP‐1. Besides its action on AP‐1, DFO also induced the specific binding of other transcription factors such as CREB and Egr‐1. In summary, our results indicate that iron chelator‐induced IL‐8 generation in IECs involves activation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase and downstream activation of AP‐1. A possible link between iron status and two additional transcription factors, that is, CREB and Egr‐1, rather than NF‐κB, was also suggested. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1442–1457, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two inducible, functional cyclooxygenase‐2 genes are present in the rainbow trout genome
Authors: Ishikawa Tomo‐o , Herschman Harvey R.
Published: April 2007

The cyclooxygenases (Cox) catalyze the initial reactions in prostanoid biosynthesis, and produce the common prostanoids precursor, PGH2. Mammalian species have two Cox isoforms; constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase‐1 (Cox‐1) and inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2). Database searches suggest three Cox genes are present in many fish species. In this study, we cloned and characterized a second Cox‐2 cDNA, Cox‐2b, from the rainbow trout. Rainbow trout Cox‐2b protein contains all the functionally important conserved amino acids for Cox enzyme activity. Moreover, the Cox‐2b message contains AU‐rich elements (AREs) in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) characteristic of inducible Cox‐2 mRNAs. We took advantage of the existence of a rainbow trout cell line to demonstrate that expression from both the originally reported Cox‐2 (Cox‐2a) and Cox‐2b genes is inducible. However, differential induction responses to alternative inducers are observed for rainbow trout Cox‐2a and Cox‐2b. Both Cox‐2a and Cox‐2b proteins expressed in COS cells are enzymatically active. Thus the rainbow trout has two functional, inducible Cox‐2 genes. The zebrafish also contains two Cox‐2 genes. However, genome structure analysis suggests diversion of the Cox‐2a gene between zebrafish and rainbow trout. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1486–1492, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and organismal ageing: Role of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the induction of transient and terminal senescence
Authors: Schmid Gerald , Kramer Matthias P. , Maurer Margarita , Wandl Stefanie , Węsierska‐Gądek Józefa
Published: April 2007

In recent years, an impact of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the processes of cellular and organismal ageing became evident. First hints were found in model organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster where a clear connection between ageing phenotypes and pathways that are regulated by p53, were found. Interestingly, pathways that are central to the ageing process are usually also involved in energy metabolism and are highly conserved throughout evolution. This also supports the long known empiric finding that caloric restriction has a positive impact on the life span of a wide variety of organisms. Within the last years, on the molecular level, an involvement of the insulin‐like growth factor and of the histone deacetylase SRIT1 could be shown. Insight on the impact of p53 on ageing at the organismal level came from mice expressing aberrant forms of the p53 protein. Obviously, the balance of the full length p53 protein and of the shorter p44/ΔNp53 isomer bear a strong impact on ageing. The shorter isoform regulates full length p53 and in cases where there is too much of the longer isoform, this leads to elevated apoptosis resulting in decreased tumor incidence but also in premature ageing due to exhaustion of the renewal potential. Therefore, modulating the expression of the truncated p53 isoform accordingly, might lead to increased health‐span and elevated life‐span. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1355–1369, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical study on the low‐lying electronic states of NiH and NiAt
Authors: Zou Wenli , Liu Wenjian
Published: April 2007

The low‐lying electronic states of NiH and NiAt are investigated by using multireference second‐order perturbation theory with relativistic effects taken into account. The potential energy curves as well as the corresponding spectroscopic constants are reported. The results are grossly in good agreement with the available experimental data and should thus be very useful for guiding future experimental measurements. A cross comparison with other nickel monohalides NiX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) reveals that the change in the spin–orbit splittings when going from lighter to heavier ligands results more from the state interaction than from the relativistic effects of the ligands. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Nonsurgical management of thyroid abscess with sonographically guided fine needle aspiration
Authors: Ilyin Alexey , Zhelonkina Natalia , Severskaya Natalia , Romanko Svetlana
Published: April 2007

Treatment of thyroid abscess commonly includes the surgical drainage along with systemic antibiotic therapy. Alternatives for open surgical intervention may be the conservative management with use needle aspiration or catheter drainage. We report here two cases of thyroid abscess treatment with 21‐gauge needle aspiration under ultrasound guidance. In each case needle drainage was performed twice, at the 1st and 5th day of admission. Antibiotics were administered in pills and injected into the abscess cavity followed the pus aspiration and lavage. Both patients were cured. Follow‐up has not revealed recurrence during 6 month and 5 years. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Iatrogenic venous pseudoaneurysm following venipuncture: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Lotfi Mehrzad , Nabavizadeh Seyed Ali , Abbasi Hamid Reza , Geramizadeh Bita
Published: April 2007

We report the case of a venous pseudoaneurysm that developed after a venipuncture made during a blood donation in an otherwise healthy 43‐year‐old man. The patient presented 3 years later with a mass in the antecubital fossa that was successfully treated with surgical resection. The clinical features of this exceptionally rare lesion are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Lower blood flow velocity, higher resistance index, and larger diameter of extracranial carotid arteries are associated with ischemic stroke independently of carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Bai Chyi‐Huey , Chen Jiunn‐Rong , Chiu Hou‐Chang , Pan Wen‐Harn
Published: April 2007

Purpose.

To investigate the association between diameter and flow velocity of the carotid arteries and ischemic stroke.

Methods.

Peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, Pourcelot resistance index, blood flow volume, luminal diameter, and carotid plaque burden were measured and compared in 240 ischemic stroke (IS) patients without history of stroke, 163 chronic stable IS patients, and 236 nonstroke controls (age, ≥40 years). Data were also compared between stroke subtypes (large artery atherosclerosis, lacunar, cardioembolic, or undetermined origin).

Results.

Acute as well as chronic stable IS patients had significantly lower flow velocities and flow volume, higher resistance index than nonstroke controls in the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery and external carotid artery, and larger common carotid artery diameter. The differences were found across all IS subtypes and in stroke patients with as well as without carotid plaque. Comparisons between these subgroups showed significant differences in end diastolic velocity, resistance index, flow velocity, and diameter that were more prominent in the CCA. After adjusting for carotid plaque and cardiovascular risk factors, the associations between the above‐mentioned parameter and stroke remained significant.

Conclusions.

Stroke patients in acute as well as chronic stable phase appeared to have larger CCA diameters, lower carotid flow velocities and volume, and higher resistance index than nonstroke patients independently of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis. These findings need to be confirmed by a prospective study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Partial demineralization of maple sap by electrodialysis: impact on syrup sensory and physicochemical characteristics
Authors: Bazinet Laurent , Gaudreau Hélène , Lavigne Darie , Martin Nathalie
Published: April 2007

In this project, samples of osmosed maple saps were demineralized to 12.5 and 25% levels by electrodialysis (ED). The effect of this treatment on the composition and the physicochemical and sensory properties of maple syrups obtained from demineralized maple sap was evaluated. The ED technology was efficient to decrease levels of malic acid and calcium in osmosed maple saps. Effectively, 38% and 24% decreases in malic acid and calcium respectively were reached for ED with a demineralization level of 25% without any changes in the other measured components of osmosed maple saps. The demineralization process had no effect on the yield of syrups produced and on their characteristics: no significant difference was observed during sensory analysis and viscosity. Moreover, the percentage of light transmission of syrups produced from demineralized osmosed saps was higher than for the control. This work suggests that ED could be a potential technology to decrease or avoid sugar sand formation during maple syrup production. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The ripening and aging of noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.): microbiological flora and antioxidant compounds
Authors: Chan‐Blanco Yanine , Vaillant Fabrice , Pérez Ana M , Belleville Marie‐Pierre , Zúñiga Cira , Brat Pierre
Published: April 2007

The juice of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) is claimed to be a natural functional beverage with a growing market both in the USA and Europe. It is traditionally produced by keeping harvested fruit in closed containers for several weeks as the fruit senesces or ages. Little is known about the changes that occur in the juice's microbiological, physicochemical, and functional characteristics during this treatment. Traditional processing was simulated in the laboratory, with samples being recovered and analyzed at various time intervals. At first, fermentation occurred and populations of molds, yeasts, and mesophilic bacteria increased significantly. After 2 weeks, microbial growth changed abruptly, stopping for yeasts, molds, and mesophilic bacteria, and decreasing suddenly for lactic bacteria. Analyses of pH, soluble solids, ethanol, and lactic acid in the fruits confirmed the microbial analyses, indicating initial sensitive variations, followed by values remaining comparatively steady during aging. Vitamin C and total phenol contents also remained constant at 300 ± 60 mg and 50 ± 20 mg GAE, respectively, per 100 g of pulp. Antioxidant capacity likewise remained relatively high at 8 ± 1.5 µmol Trolox® g−1. All phenolic compounds, including scopoletin and rutin, varied significantly immediately after harvest but remained more or less steady during aging. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The potential use of hydrolysed konjac glucomannan as a prebiotic
Authors: Al‐Ghazzewi Farage Hashmi , Khanna Sheila , Tester Richard Frank , Piggott John
Published: April 2007

Konjac glucomannan hydrolysate was derived enzymatically from konjac flour under optimal conditions. A number of culture strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were grown on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) media supplemented with the hydrolysate. This hydrolysate stimulated the growth of all strains examined. Colony sizes of those strains grown on konjac hydrolysate were significantly (P = 0.001) bigger than those grown on pectin or xylan hydrolysates. Bacterial growth profiles were also conducted on nutrient agar (MRS or modified MRS agar containing konjac hydrolysate) using single strains of lactobacilli or bifidobacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei or Bifidobacterium adolescentis), single pathogen cultures (Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes) or mixed bacterial cultures (from chicken breast extract). Although the growth of lactobacilli inhibited the growth of pathogens (single or mixed culture) the pathogens could not grow on the konjac hydrolysate as a sole carbon source. Microbial growth profiles using konjac hydrolysate or inulin in UHT milk were also investigated. The results showed that the numbers of colony forming units (cfu) obtained from milk containing the konjac hydrolysate were significantly (P = 0.01) higher than those containing inulin. It is suggested that the unique properties of konjac hydrolysate make it universally valuable as a prebiotic which can be applied to a wide range of foods, feeds and healthcare/pharmaceutical products. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancing the productivity of high‐magnesium soil and water resources in Central Asia through the application of phosphogypsum
Authors: Vyshpolsky F. , Qadir M. , Karimov A. , Mukhamedjanov K. , Bekbaev U. , Paroda R. , Aw‐Hassan A. , Karajeh F.
Published: April 2007

Recent evidences from some irrigated areas worldwide, such as Central Asia, suggest that water used for irrigation contains magnesium (Mg2+) at levels higher than calcium (Ca2+). Excess levels of Mg2+ in irrigation water and/or in soil, in combination with sodium (Na+) or alone, result in soil degradation because of Mg2+ effects on the soil's physical properties. More than 30 per cent of irrigated lands in Southern Kazakhstan having excess levels of Mg2+ are characterized by low infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivities. The consequence has been a gradual decline in the yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which is commonly grown in the region. These soils require adequate quantities of Ca2+ to mitigate the effects of excess Mg2+. As a source of Ca2+, phosphogypsum—a byproduct of the phosphorous fertilizer industry—is available in some parts of Central Asia. In participation with the local farming community, we carried out a 4‐year field experiment in Southern Kazakhstan to evaluate the effects of soil application of phosphogypsum—0, 4·5, and 8·0 metric ton per hectare (t ha−1)—on chemical changes in a soil containing excess levels of Mg2+, and on cotton yield and economics. The canal water had Mg2+ to Ca2+ ratio ranging from 1·30 to 1·66 during irrigation period. The application of phosphogypsum increased Ca2+ concentration in the soil and triggered the replacement of excess Mg2+ from the cation exchange complex. After harvesting the first crop, there was 18 per cent decrease in exchangeable magnesium percentage (EMP) of the surface 0·2 m soil over the pre‐experiment EMP level in the plots where phosphogypsum was applied at 4·5 t ha−1, and a 31 per cent decrease in EMP in plots treated with phosphogypsum at 8 t ha−1. Additional beneficial effect of the amendment was an increase in the soil phosphorus content. The 4‐year average cotton yields were 2·6 t ha−1 with 8 t ha−1 phosphogypsum, 2·4 t ha−1 with 4·5 t ha−1 phosphogypsum, and 1·4 t ha−1 with the control. Since the amendment was applied once at the beginning, exchangeable Mg2+ levels tended to increase 4 years after its application, particularly in the treatment with 4·5 t ha−1 phosphogypsum. Thus, there would be a need for phosphogypsum application to such soils after every 4–5 years to optimize the ionic balance and sustain higher levels of cotton production. The economic benefits from the phosphogypsum treatments were almost twice those from the control. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note on Classes of BANACH Spaces Related to Stable Measures
Authors: Mathé Peter
Published: April 2007

The problem under consideration is the following: Let S: E′ → Lq, T: E′ → Lp, 0 < q ≦ 2, 0 < p ≦ 2, be operators, ‖Sa‖ ≦ ‖Ta‖, such that, T generates a stable measure on E, i.e., exp (‐‖Ta‖ p), a ϵ E′, is the characteristic function of a RADON measure on E. Does this imply, that exp (‐‖Sa‖ q), a ϵ E′, is the characteristic function of a RADON measure, too? In general this is not true provided q or p less than 2. A BANACH space is said to be of (q,p)‐cotype if the answer to the above question is “yes”. We establish several properties of this classification and obtain as an application the well‐known classes due to MOUCHTARI, TIEN, WERON and MANDREKAR, WERON, Finally we apply our results to so‐called S‐spaces.
Limit Theorems for Supercritical Branching Random Fields
Authors: Dawson Donald A. , Gorostiza Luis G.
Published: April 2007

An infinite particle system in Rd is considered where the initial distribution is POISSONian and each initial particle gives rise to a supercritical age‐dependent branching process with the particles moving randomly in space. Our approach differs from the usual: instead of the point measures determined by the locations of the particles at each time, we take the particles at a “final time” and observe the past histories of their ancestry lines. A law of large numbers and a central limit theorem are proved under a space‐time scaling representing high density of particles and small mean particle lifetime. The fluctuation limit is a generalized GAUSS‐MARKOV process with continuous trajectories and satisfies a deterministic evolution equation with generalized random initial condition. A more precise form of the central limit theorem is obtained in the case of particles performing BROWNian motion and having exponentially distributed lifetime.
On the Kellogg Method and its Variants
Authors: van Hot Le , Kolomý Josef
Published: April 2007

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of the KELLOGG method and its variants for unbounded self‐adjoint operators with the non‐isolated spectrum are derived. Moreover, some error estimates are established.
Über das globale Verhalten der Normallösungen von x′(t) = (B + t−1A) x(t) und zweier Arten von assoziierten Funktionen
Authors: Schäfke Reinhard
Published: April 2007

Das Differentialgleichungssystem x′(t) = (B + t−1 A) x(t) ist über die LAPLACE‐Transformation mit dem parameterabhängigen Differentialgleichungssystem (s − B) v′(s) = (ρ − A) v(s) gekoppelt. In dieser Arbeit werden Lösungen der Systeme untersucht, die an den Singularitäten t = ∞ bzw. s Eigenwert von B bzw. ρ = ∞ ein besonderes Verhalten haben. Es wird gezeigt, daß mehrere Zusammenhangsrelationen zwischen solchen „lokalen”︁ Lösungen eng verknüpft sind. Ein Hauptergebnis ist eine Grenzwertformel für gewisse STOKESsche Koeffizienten des t‐Systems.
On a Probabilistic Model of Infinite Quantum Mechanical Particle Systems
Authors: Fichtner Karl‐Heinz , Freudenberg Wolfganj
Published: April 2007

The usual formulation of quantum mechanics with help of the SCHRÖDINGER equation is possible only for systems with a finite number of particles. In the present paper we propose a new formulation in terms of random point processes which is applicable without any mathematical changes both for finite and for infinite particle systems. Up to now it is restricted to a non‐relativistic description of pure states of boson systems. For finite particle systems this approach is equivalent to the usual HILBERT space formulation of quantum mechanics. Especially we consider POISSON states representing systems of (possibly infinite) independent bosons. Further, we give sufficient conditions for invariance (i.e., for stationary states) and we discuss invariance in the case of a system of coupled harmonic oscillators.
Customers' values, beliefs on sustainable corporate performance, and buying behavior
Authors: Collins Christy M. , Steg Linda , Koning Martine A. S.
Published: April 2007

Sustainable corporate performance (SCP) requires balancing a corporation's economic, social, and environmental performance. This research explores values, beliefs about the importance of SCP, and buying behaviors of supermarket customers from within a stakeholder framework. Beliefs about the importance of SCP (both social and environmental, but not economic) were found to be related to values. Also, it was found that customers' environmentally responsible buying behaviors were related to their beliefs about the importance of environmental SCP. However their socially responsible buying was not related to their beliefs about the importance of social SCP. Responsible buying behavior may be facilitated by providing reliable information about environmental and social aspects of products. Marketing professionals have a central role to play in moving towards a greater level of corporate transparency and sustainability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infrared spectroscopy of organometallic ions in the gas phase: From model to real world complexes
Authors: MacAleese Luke , Maître Philippe
Published: April 2007

Gas phase mid‐infrared spectroscopy of molecular ions can nowadays be performed with high performance mass spectrometers coupled to free electron lasers (FEL). The wide and continuous tunability of highly intense FELs in the mid‐infrared region can be exploited for performing infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy of molecular ions. This review will focus on gas phase IRMPD spectroscopic investigations aiming at probing the structure and the reactivity of transition metal complexes. The performance of infrared spectroscopy for characterizing the coordination mode of polydentate ligands and the spin state of the metal will be illustrated. Infrared spectroscopy has also been exploited to probe the reactivity of metal complexes, and a special attention will be given to the infrared spectroscopy of reactive intermediates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spectrom. Rev.
Multiporous Materials From Thermoreversible Poly(vinyledene fluoride) Gels
Authors: Dasgupta Debarshi , Nandi Arun K.
Published: April 2007

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVF2) produces thermoreversible gels with alkyl diesters of general formula (CH2)n (COOEt)2 as well as with camphor, a naturally occurring ketone. These gels containing polymer‐solvent intercalates yield multiporous materials when subjected to controlled solvent removal techniques. The micro and meso pores are attributed to polymer‐solvent complexation while the macro pores are formed as a result of removal of the solvent trapped in the fibrillar network. PVF2 –diethyl azelate (DEAZ, n = 6) and PVF2 ‐camphor gels produce porous polymer network when dried by cyclohexane leaching. FESEM images exhibit porous network structures with fibrillar morphology. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) shows presence of pores having diameter in the range 4 nm–400µm for both the systems. The BJH pore size distribution curves for both systems confirm the presence of mesoporosity. The HK pore size distribution plots indicate that micropores are also created and it also puts evidence of single molecule solvent intercalation between the PVF2 strands. The hysteresis between the extrusion and the intrusion curves indicates the presence of channel type/ink‐bottle type structure in these systems.
Effect of Stereoregular Polyelectrolyte on Protein Thermal Stability
Authors: Zhang Honglei , Saiani Alberto , Guenet Jean‐Michel , Curtis Robin
Published: April 2007

Myoglobin was used as a model protein to study the effect of polyelectrolyte on protein thermal stability for solutions. Stereoregular polystyrene sulfonate was used to investigate the effect of chain properties on protein polyion binding affinity. Turbidity measurement indicate stronger binding to protein of atactic polystyrene sulfonate than isotactic polystyrene sulfonate, an effect that might be due to the higher chain flexibility of the atactic form. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle x‐ray (SAXS) scattering indicate the presence of the polyelectrolyte has a destabilizing effect on the protein. The results showed that, although the presence of polyelectrolytes has no effect on myoglobin structure at room temperature at pH 7.4, myoglobin stability is reduced as the temperature is elevated. This effect is linked to the binding of the protein to the polylectrolyte. This binding is probably driven by a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, the latter of which are enhanced at higher temperatures.
High‐Frequency Dynamical Behavior of Poly(ethylene glycol)+H2O Mixtures by Brillouin Spectroscopy
Authors: Pochylski M. , Aliotta F. , Błaszczak Z. , Gapiński J.
Published: April 2007

Brillouin spectroscopy has been used to examine high‐frequency dynamical behavior of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (Mw ≈ 400g/mol) at 298K in the entire concentration region. It was found that a relaxation process takes place in the experimental frequency window that significantly affects the shape of experimentally recorded spectrum of the density fluctuations (dynamical structure factor). The process detected was attributed to segmental motion of the flexible polymeric chain. The full spectrum analysis of Brillouin spectra has been performed taking advantage of the relaxation function previously used in describing a single relaxation process in dielectric examination of water solutions of PEG 400. The proposed data processing procedure permits a qualitative reproduction of concentration dependencies of the hypersonic wave velocity and absorption measured. The shapes of the concentration dependencies of the relaxation times obtained from the Brillouin and the dielectric spectroscopies are in good agreement over a very broad concentration range, although their absolute values are scaled by the factor of 3. This result indicate that the two processes revealed independently by dielectric and Brillouin spectroscopies, apparently separated in time‐scale, are just the same relaxation process.
Antiseptic Nanocapsule Formation via Controlling Polymer Deposition onto Water‐in‐Oil Miniemulsion Droplets
Authors: Paiphansiri Umaporn , Tangboriboonrat Pramuan , Landfester Katharina
Published: April 2007

The stable nanodroplet was prepared by inverse miniemulsion with an aqueous antiseptic solution dispersed in an organic medium of solvent/nonsolvent mixture containing an oil‐soluble surfactant and the polymer for shell formation. The change in gradient of the solvent/nonsolvent mixture, obtained by heating at 50 °C, led to the precipitation of the polymer in the organic phase and deposition onto the large interphase of the aqueous miniemulsion droplets. The monodisperse polymer nanocapsule, with the size range of 80–240 nm, dispersed in cyclohexane phase was achieved as a function of surfactant concentration. By variation of polymer content, molecular weight and type, an encapsulation efficiency of 20–100% was obtained as detected by proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement. The nanocapsule could be easily transferred into water as continuous phase resulting in aqueous dispersion with nanocapsule containing the antiseptic agent as an aqueous core. The encapsulated amount of the antiseptic agent was evaluated to indicate the durability of the nanocapsule's wall. Additionally, the different types of polymer having glass transition temperature ranging from −60 to 100°C have been successfully used. Currently, the research work on the incorporation of nanocapsules onto natural rubber (NR) latex in order to prepare NR latex glove containing the antiseptic agent nanocapsules is carried out. By using the simple and versatile layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique based mainly on an electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged species, the deposition of nanocapsules onto NR latex film has successfully been fulfilled.
3D Networks from Self‐Assembling Ionic‐Complementary Octa‐Peptides
Authors: Mohammed Amran , Miller Aline F. , Saiani Alberto
Published: April 2007

The self‐assembly and gelation properties of a set of four octo‐peptides AEAEAKAK, AEAKAEAK, FEFEFKFK and FEFKFEFK based on alanine (A), phenylalanine (F), lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) were investigated via small angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS experiments suggest that AEAKAEAK peptide does not self‐assemble in solution while AEAEAKAK form rod‐like structure i.e.: fibres with a radius of ∼3.3 nm. The latter peptide does not form a gel suggesting that the fibres do not aggregate and form a three‐dimensional network. On the other hand FEFEFKFK and FEFKFEFK peptides were found to form gels for concentrations higher than ∼7 mg ml−1. Below the critical gelation concentration these peptides were also found to form fibrillar structures with smaller average radii of ∼1.7 nm. Above the critical gelation concentration a scattering maximum is observed in the scattered intensity curve. From the position of the maximum a rough estimation of the mesh size of the gel network could be derived and was found to vary between 15 and 30 nm depending on the gel concentration.
Using of Volatile Release Measurements to Understand Polysaccharide Molecular Interactions: An Example with Guar Gum Study
Authors: Aguni Y. , Jouquand C. , Malhiac C. , Grisel M.
Published: April 2007

It is well establishment that polysaccharides are commonly used in many fields of formulation such as food and cosmetic industries as viscosity modifiers or gelling agents. Among the different impacts on the mixture properties, these materials are also known to affect the aroma release or retention thus its sensory perception; the effect depends whether polysaccharide structure induces specific retention or release phenomena from the complex media. Present study deals with studying aroma compounds behaviour from dilute and semi‐dilute aqueous polysaccharide solutions consisting of different guar gum samples.

Results allow stating that the whole polymer characteristics as determined by means of structural analysis, protein content determination, rheological and surface tension measurements play a major role on the polysaccharide/aroma compound interaction mechanisms. In particular, results evidence a strong Mannose to Galactose (M/G) ratio effect, thus allowing stating the occurrence of hydrophobic intra and intermolecular mechanism. In addition to that, proteins are demonstrated to only slightly affect the volatile retention.

More generally, such an original study allows new highlights concerning macromolecular organisation and interactions in solution.
A Potentiometric and Spectroscopic Study on the Interaction Between Human Immunoglobulin G and Sodium Perfluorooctanoate in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Messina Paula V. , Prieto Gerardo , Sabín Juan , Blanco Elena , Varela Carla , Dodero Verónica , Ruso Juan M. , Sarmiento Félix
Published: April 2007

The interaction between human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and sodium perfluorooctanate (SPFO) has been characterized by a combination of UV‐vis and UV‐CD spectroscopies and ion selective electrodes. The study determined that there were true specific unions between SPFO and IgG. The conformational changes at the bulk solution, induced by SPFO, were well characterized by UV‐vis and UV‐CD spectroscopies. Chemical and thermal unfolding were analysed and the thermodynamic parameters were determined.
Hochtemperaturprüfung – Ein Beitrag zur Werkstoffentwicklung und ‐qualifizierung sowie Simulation der Bauteilbeanspruchung
Authors: Scholz A. , Schwienheer M. , Müller F. , Linn S. , Schein M. , Walther C. , Berger C.
Published: April 2007

Parallel zur fortlaufenden Weiterentwicklung von Dampf‐ und Gasturbinen sowie Maschinen der Verkehrstechnik einerseits und Randbedingungen wie niedrigem spezifischen Brennstoffverbrauch und hinreichender Umweltverträglichkeit andererseits wird das Ziel verfolgt, durch Anhebung von Prozessparametern wie Temperatur und Druck eine Wirkungsgradsteigerung zu erreichen. Diese Bestrebungen wirken sich insbesondere auf die thermisch und mechanisch hoch beanspruchten Bauteile von thermischen Maschinen und Anlagen aus.

Weitgehend unerforscht ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen den durch chemische Zusammensetzung, Herstellungsprozess und Wärmebehandlung bestimmten Gefügemerkmalen, den Änderungen der Mikrostruktur infolge mehraxialer Beanspruchung und der sich daraus ableitenden, zeitabhängigen Verformung und Festigkeit. Vor diesem Hintergrund lassen sich durch verfeinerte Methoden bei der Ermittlung der Werkstoffeigenschaften, deren Modellierung und Übertragung auf das Bauteil Wandstärken optimieren und Wirkungsgrade steigern.

Bei der Ermittlung der statischen und zyklischen Werkstoffeigenschaften auch an fehlerbehafteten Proben treten Unsicherheiten auf, die einerseits vom Prüfverfahren und der Auswertung herrühren können, andererseits aber auch vom Werkstoff und dessen Herstellungsverfahren beeinflusst werden. Insgesamt besteht daher die Forderung nach zuverlässiger Ermittlung von Werkstoffeigenschaften und Methoden zur Behandlung von Streubändern und deren mathematisch‐statistischer Beurteilung. Für die Simulation werden konsistente Werkstoffdaten benötigt, die die komplexe Wechselwirkung von Temperatur, Beanspruchungsdauer und Beanspruchungsart beschreiben. Insgesamt handelt es sich um Maßnahmen zur Qualifizierung des gesamten Prozesses von der Herstellung bis zum Betriebsverhalten von Bauteilen.
100 Jahre Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt Darmstadt (MPA Darmstadt) und 80 Jahre Fachgebiet und Institut für Werkstoffkunde (IfW) an der Technischen Universität Darmstadt
Authors: Kloos K. H. , Berger C.
Published: April 2007

Die vor 100 Jahren gegründete Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt Darmstadt (MPA Darmstadt) bildet mit dem 20 Jahre später entstandenen Institut für Werkstoffkunde (IfW) an der TU Darmstadt seit nunmehr 80 Jahren eine Betriebseinheit. Anlässlich ihrer Jubiläen können MPA Darmstadt und IfW auf eine über mehrere Generationen hinweg erfolgreiche Entwicklung hinsichtlich kontinuierlicher und kompetenter Leistungen in Forschung, Lehre, Materialprüfung und vielen verwandten Gebieten zurückblicken. Die dazu verfasste ausführliche Abhandlung beleuchtet die Zeit der Gründung und die bisherigen 5 geschichtlichen Epochen dieser Einrichtung, ihre leitenden Persönlichkeiten und würdigt auch deren z. T. weit über Darmstadt hinaus bekannt gewordenen Verdienste auf dem Gebiet der Materialforschung und –prüfung, aber auch die Leistungen für den Transfer der Erkenntnisse in die Industrie, für die Aufklärung und Abhilfe von Schäden sowie industrienahe Gemeinschaftsforschung und handhabbare Grundlagenforschung.

Mit der Institution untrennbar verbunden sind die Namen der früheren Leitungspersönlichkeiten Otto Berndt, August Thum, Hans Sigwart und Heinrich Wiegand. Nach einer Periode mit getrennter Instituts‐ und MPA Leitung durch Karl Heinz Kloos und Anton Bäumel, die von heutigen Mitarbeitern des Hauses rückschauend gewürdigt wird, schließt der Beitrag mit einer Beschreibung der aktuellen Aktivitäten dieses Forschungslaboratoriums und Hochschulinstitutes mit insgesamt 140 Mitarbeitern, das nunmehr seit 12 Jahren (wieder in Personalunion) von Christina Berger geleitet wird.