bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Evidence in Haemodiafiltration
Authors: Locatelli Francesco , Violo Leano , Longhi Selena , Del Vecchio Lucia
Published: September 2015

Background: Standard low-flux haemodialysis (HD) is not very efficacious, and patient morbidity and mortality rates are still very high. According to the initial study design, the MPO study reported that high-flux HD (hf-HD) showed a significant 37% relative risk reduction of mortality in patients with serum albumin ≤4 g/dl; online haemodiafiltration (HDF) is considered the most efficient technique of using high-flux membranes, as clearances of small solutes, like urea, are higher than in haemofiltration and clearances of middle solutes, like β2-microglobulin, are higher than in hf-HD. Summary: Three randomized trials have recently been published analysing the effect of online HDF on mortality. Two trials were unable to demonstrate a positive effect of HDF on survival, while 1 showed a significantly better survival in patients randomized to HDF in comparison to those randomized to hf-HD. It is intriguing that post hoc analyses of these 3 studies showed that the patients randomized to online HDF who received the highest convection volumes had a lower risk of mortality and cardiovascular events than those randomized to HD. Four very recently published meta-analyses have shown inconsistent results concerning the effect of convective treatments in improving patient general and cardiovascular survival, while they have consistently shown a significant reduction of the intradialytic symptomatic hypotension in patients treated with convective techniques in comparison with those treated with prevalent diffusive ones. Key Messages: The results of the randomized trials on the effect of HDF in improving patient survival are inconclusive. Moreover, trials specifically designed for testing the effect of increased convection of online HDF on patient survival and morbidity in comparison to patients treated with hf-HD are still awaited.
Clinical Role of the Detection of Human Telomerase RNA Component Gene Amplification by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization on Liquid-Based Cervical Samples: Comparison with Human Papillomavirus-DNA Testing and Histopathology
Authors: Zappacosta Roberta , Ianieri Manuel Maria , Buca Danilo , Repetti Elena , Ricciardulli Alessandra , Liberati Marco
Published: September 2015

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate whether the adjunct of human telomerase RNA component (hTERC) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis to cytological diagnosis and human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing may serve as a predictive marker for distinguishing cervical lesions destined to regress from those at high risk of progression towards invasive cancer. Study Design: hTERC FISH analysis was performed on 54 residual liquid-based cytology specimens obtained from women referred to colposcopy for the detection of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (ASCUS+) lesions. Histological diagnosis was considered the gold standard and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) as the worst outcome. Results: Oncogenic HPV-DNA was found in 96.3% of the specimens. Among these, 38.5% revealed a CIN2+ diagnosis. hTERC gene amplification was detected in 37% of the cases; among these, 70% showed up as CIN2+. hTERC FISH analysis significantly improves the specificity and positive predictive value of HPV-DNA testing, thus differentiating patients with a CIN2+ diagnosis from those with a CIN2- diagnosis. Conclusions: Despite the limitation of a small study sample, our findings provide promising data, indicating the possible role of hTERC analysis in the assessment of the risk of developing cervical cancer. This approach would implement the specificity of DNA testing, avoiding overtreatment at the same time. Prospective follow-up studies are needed with the aim of introducing hTERC FISH into decision-making algorithms.
Cord Occlusion in Monochorionic Twins with Early Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Abnormal Umbilical Artery Doppler: A Consecutive Series of 90 Cases
Authors: Parra-Cordero Mauro , Bennasar Mar , Martínez José María , Eixarch Elisenda , Torres Ximena , Gratacós Eduard
Published: September 2015

Objective: To describe perinatal outcomes achieved with cord occlusion (CO) in monochorionic twins with severe selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler in the IUGR twin (types II and III). Methods: We studied a consecutive series of 90 cases of sIUGR with abnormal Doppler treated with CO of the IUGR fetus. Abnormal Doppler was defined as continuous (type II, n = 41) or intermittent (type III, n = 49) absent/reversed end-diastolic flow. All cases presented at least one of the following severity criteria: gestational age (GA) <22 weeks, inter-twin estimated weight discordance >35%, reversed end-diastolic umbilical artery flow or ductus venosus pulsatility index >95th centile. We prospectively recorded pregnancy course and perinatal outcome. Results: Median GA at surgery was 20.6 weeks and mean duration 22.4 min. Miscarriage (<24 weeks) occurred in 3.3% (3/90) and preterm delivery <32 weeks in 7.1% (6/84) of continuing pregnancies. GA at delivery was 36.4 weeks and neonatal survival of the larger twin was achieved in 93.3%. Conclusion: In a consecutive series studied by an experienced team, CO in monochorionic twins with severe sIUGR type II or III was associated with delivery >32 weeks in 92.9% and neonatal survival of the normal twin in 93.3% of pregnancies.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology of Lyme Neuroborreliosis: A Report of 3 Cases with Literature Review
Authors: Xing Juan , Radkay Lisa , Monaco Sara E. , Roth Christine G. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: September 2015

Lyme disease can affect the central nervous system causing a B-cell-predominant lymphocytic pleocytosis. Since most reactions to infection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are typically T-cell predominant, a B-cell-predominant lymphocytosis raises concern for lymphoma. We present 3 Lyme neuroborreliosis cases in order to illustrate the challenging cytomorphological and immunophenotypic features of their CSF specimens. Three male patients who presented with central nervous system manifestations were diagnosed with Lyme disease. The clinical presentation, laboratory tests, CSF cytological examination and flow-cytometric studies were described for each case. CSF cytology showed lymphocytic pleocytosis with increased plasmacytoid cells and/or plasma cells. Flow cytometry showed the presence of polytypic B lymphocytes with evidence of plasmacytic differentiation in 2 cases. In all cases, Lyme disease was confirmed by the Lyme screening test and Western blotting. In such cases of Lyme neuroborreliosis, flow cytometry of CSF samples employing plasmacytic markers and cytoplasmic light-chain analysis is diagnostically helpful to exclude lymphoma.
The Expression and Cellular Localization of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 in the Fallopian Tube Are Altered in Women with Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Nio-Kobayashi Junko , Abidin Hazirah B.Z. , Brown Jeremy K. , Iwanaga Toshihiko , Horne Andrew W. , Duncan W. Colin
Published: September 2015

Galectin-1 and galectin-3 are abundantly expressed at implantation sites in the uterus, suggesting their involvement in the establishment of pregnancy. In this study, we examined the expression and localization of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in fallopian tubes from nonpregnant women, and in those presenting with tubal ectopic pregnancy. There was no significant difference in the expression of either galectin-1 (LGALS1) or galectin-3 (LGALS3) transcripts in the fallopian tube across the menstrual cycle. Their expressions in the fallopian tube were inversely correlated to each other (r = −0.5134, p < 0.0001) and differentially localized. Galectin-1 protein was abundant in the stroma of nonpregnant fallopian tubes, whereas galectin-3 was mainly localized to the epithelium, notably to the cilia of ciliated cells and the apical cytoplasm of secretory cells. In ectopic pregnancies, LGALS3 expression was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001), but LGALS1 expression did not change when compared to nonpregnant fallopian tubes collected during the mid-secretory phase. The percentage of fallopian tube epithelial cells expressing galectin-3 in cilia tended to be reduced (p = 0.0685), with an accompanying loss of a normal ciliary structure, while nuclear galectin-3 increased (p < 0.05) in ectopic pregnancies. Epithelial immunostaining for galectin-1 tended to be elevated in fallopian tubes from women with ectopic pregnancy. Coculture of human trophoblast origin SW71 cells significantly increased LGALS1 expression in human fallopian tube epithelial OE-E6/E7 cells, suggesting that trophoblast-derived products regulate LGALS1 expression in the oviductal epithelium. These findings imply a differential contribution of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the homeostasis of human fallopian tubes and in the pathophysiology of ectopic pregnancy.
Adult Onset of BRAFV600E-Mutated Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis with Cutaneous Involvement Successfully Diagnosed by Immunohistochemical Staining
Authors: Tono Hisayuki , Fujimura Taku , Kakizaki Aya , Furudate Sadanori , Ishibashi Masaya , Aiba Setsuya
Published: September 2015

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by the clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells; it is categorized as a single-system disease with single or multifocal lesions, and as a multi-system disease with or without the risk of organ involvement. Although the skin is not categorized as a risk organ, the precise diagnosis of skin lesions is necessary to determine the protocol for the treatment of LCH. In this report, we describe a 28-year-old Japanese man with adult onset of BRAFV600E-mutated LCH with cutaneous involvement successfully diagnosed by immunohistochemical staining. Our report suggests that immunohistochemical staining for the BRAFV600E gene could be a diagnostic tool to determine the clinical type of LCH.
Pre- and Postnatal Analysis of Chromosome 1q44 Deletion in Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
Authors: Shetty Mitesh , Srikanth Ambika , Kadandale Jayarama , Hegde Sridevi
Published: September 2015

Agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the common brain abnormalities and also a common finding in children with mental disability. ACC is heterogeneous and can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a syndrome. ACC can be accurately identified by the absence of the cavum septum pallucidum and tear drop effect of the lateral ventricle after 18 weeks of pregnancy in an ultrasound scan. Genetic causes have been attributed to 30-45% of cases with ACC. Submicroscopic deletions of 1q43q44 have been reported in several cases of ACC. The AKT3 gene, mapped to 1q44, is required for the development of the callosum and brain size. It is considered to be a candidate gene for ACC. We studied a total of 22 cases with ACC, in pre- and postnatal samples using FISH probes. None of the samples showed a deletion in 1q44, implying that the AKT3 gene may not be associated with ACC.
Interstitial Lung Disease Evaluation: Detecting Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Fischer Aryeh , Lee Joyce S. , Cottin Vincent
Published: September 2015

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common manifestation of connective tissue disease (CTD) and is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The evaluation of ILD in patients with CTD is complex because of the heterogeneity of the CTD spectrum, the various patterns and degrees of severity of ILD encountered, and because ILD can be identified at any point in time in these patients. A thorough - and optimally multidisciplinary - evaluation is needed when CTD patients develop ILD or when evaluating ILD patients for the presence of occult CTD. Determining whether ILD is associated with a preexisting CTD requires the exclusion of alternative etiologies, and thorough assessments of the clinical features of both the CTD and ILD. The detection of occult CTD in patients with presumed idiopathic interstitial pneumonia requires careful integration of clinical, serologic, and thoracic imaging and histopathologic features.
A ambivalência do protesto no teatro e na canção no Brasil pós-1964
Authors: Toledo Paulo Bio
Published: September 2015

Nos primeiros anos após o Golpe Militar de 1964, o teatro e a canção viveram dilemas centrais para seu desenvolvimento. De um lado estava a tentativa de resistir esteticamente ao arbítrio e a interrupção das experiências populares do período anterior; de outro, o entusiasmo com o sucesso da nova produção e com o alcance da indústria de massa. O artigo discute estas questões no texto e nas canções do espetáculo Arena conta Zumbi, de Augusto Boal e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, bem como na releitura de Maria Bethânia em 1965 para Vivo num tempo de guerra, canção-chave do espetáculo e emblemática para o período. Por fim, analisa a crítica de Boal à cultura de esquerda pós-1964 no programa da I Feira Paulista de Opinião. 
Depression and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Are Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure Among Veterans
Authors: White Jessica R. , Chang Chung-Chou H. , So-Armah Kaku A. , Stewart Jesse C. , Gupta Samir K. , Butt Adeel A. , Gibert Cynthia L. , Rimland David , Rodriguez-Barradas Maria C. , Leaf David A. , Bedimo Roger J. , Gottdiener John S. , Kop Willem J. , Gottlieb Stephen S. , Budoff Matthew J. , Khambaty Tasneem , Tindle Hilary A. , Justice Amy C. , Freiberg Matthew S.
Published: September 2015

Background—

Both HIV and depression are associated with increased heart failure (HF) risk. Depression, a common comorbidity, may further increase the risk of HF among adults with HIV infection (HIV+). We assessed the association between HIV, depression, and incident HF.

Methods and Results—

Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) participants free from cardiovascular disease at baseline (n=81 427: 26 908 HIV+, 54 519 without HIV [HIV−]) were categorized into 4 groups: HIV− without major depressive disorder (MDD) [reference], HIV− with MDD, HIV+ without MDD, and HIV+ with MDD.
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision
codes from medical records were used to determine MDD and the primary outcome, HF. After 5.8 years of follow-up, HF rates per 1000 person-years were highest among HIV+ participants with MDD (9.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.20–10.6). In Cox proportional hazards models, HIV+ participants with MDD had a significantly higher risk of HF (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.45–1.95) compared with HIV− participants without MDD. MDD was associated with HF in separate fully adjusted models for HIV− and HIV+ participants (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.06–1.37; and adjusted hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.11–1.51, respectively). Among those with MDD, baseline antidepressant use was associated with lower risk of incident HF events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58–0.99).

Conclusions—

Our study is the first to suggest that MDD is an independent risk factor for HF in HIV+ adults. These results reinforce the importance of identifying and managing MDD among HIV+ patients. Future studies must clarify mechanisms linking HIV, MDD, antidepressants, and HF and identify interventions to reduce HF morbidity and mortality in those with both HIV and MDD.
Targeting Interleukin-1β Reduces Leukocyte Production After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sager Hendrik B. , Heidt Timo , Hulsmans Maarten , Dutta Partha , Courties Gabriel , Sebas Matthew , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R. , Tricot Benoit , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Sun Yuan , Weissleder Ralph , Libby Peter , Swirski Filip K. , Nahrendorf Matthias
Published: September 2015

Background—

Myocardial infarction (MI) is an ischemic wound that recruits millions of leukocytes. MI-associated blood leukocytosis correlates inversely with patient survival, yet the signals driving heightened leukocyte production after MI remain incompletely understood.

Methods and Results—

With the use of parabiosis surgery, this study shows that soluble danger signals, among them interleukin-1β, increase bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation after MI. Data obtained in bone marrow reconstitution experiments reveal that interleukin-1β enhances hematopoietic stem cell proliferation by both direct actions on hematopoietic cells and through modulation of the bone marrow’s hematopoietic microenvironment. An antibody that neutralizes interleukin-1β suppresses these effects. Anti-interleukin-1β treatment dampens the post-MI increase in hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Consequently, decreased leukocyte numbers in the blood and infarct reduce inflammation and diminish post-MI heart failure in ApoE
–/–
mice with atherosclerosis.

Conclusions—

The presented insight into post-MI bone marrow activation identifies a mechanistic target for muting inflammation in the ischemically damaged heart.
Effect of Fructose on Established Lipid Targets: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials
Authors: Chiavaroli Laura , de Souza Russell J. , Ha Vanessa , Cozma Adrian I. , Mirrahimi Arash , Wang David D. , Yu Matthew , Carleton Amanda J. , Di Buono Marco , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Leiter Lawrence A. , Wolever Thomas M. S. , Beyene Joseph , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Jenkins David J. A. , Sievenpiper John L.
Published: September 2015

Background

Debate over the role of fructose in mediating cardiovascular risk remains active. To update the evidence on the effect of fructose on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular disease (low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL]‐C, apolipoprotein B, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL‐C]), and metabolic syndrome (triglycerides andHDL‐C), we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled feeding trials.

Methods and Results

MEDLINE,EMBASE,CINHAL, and the Cochrane Library were searched through July 7, 2015 for controlled feeding trials with follow‐up ≥7 days, which investigated the effect of oral fructose compared to a control carbohydrate on lipids (LDL‐C, apolipoprotein B, non‐HDL‐C, triglycerides, andHDL‐C) in participants of all health backgrounds. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data. Data were pooled using random effects models and expressed as mean difference with 95%CI. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2statistic). Eligibility criteria were met by 51 isocaloric trials (n=943), in which fructose was provided in isocaloric exchange for other carbohydrates, and 8 hypercaloric trials (n=125), in which fructose supplemented control diets with excess calories compared to the control diets alone without the excess calories. Fructose had no effect onLDL‐C, non‐HDL‐C, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, orHDL‐C in isocaloric trials. However, in hypercaloric trials, fructose increased apolipoprotein B (n=2 trials; mean difference = 0.18 mmol/L; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.30;P=0.005) and triglycerides (n=8 trials; mean difference = 0.26 mmol/L; 95%CI: 0.11, 0.41;P<0.001). The study is limited by small sample sizes, limited follow‐up, and low quality scores of the included trials.

Conclusions

Pooled analyses showed that fructose only had an adverse effect on established lipid targets when added to existing diets so as to provide excess calories (+21% to 35% energy). When isocalorically exchanged for other carbohydrates, fructose had no adverse effects on blood lipids. More trials that are larger, longer, and higher quality are required.

Clinical Trials Registration

URL:https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique Identifier:NCT01363791.
Pluperfects and the Artist in Ekphrases
Authors: de Jong Irene J.F.
Published: September 2015

This study discusses the figure of the artist in classical ekphrases, in particular the pluperfects of verbs of making of the type ἐτέτυκτο, ἤσκητο, ἐκεκόσµητο, ἐτετείχιστο,caelaverat,fecerat,struxeratwhich evoke that artist. After setting up a framework of the various other ways in which the artist can be represented in ekphrases, I zoom in on the pluperfects and show how they are used differently in Greek and Latin ekphrases: in Greek the medio-passive pluperfect describes a finished object while at the same time acknowledging the act of making and hence the maker; in Latin the active pluperfect occurs in analepses which evoke the act of making by a maker as an event of the past. I end with the remarkable use of the pluperfect by Vergil in the shield of Aeneas inAeneid8. He uniquely combines the Greek epic tradition of the refrain of verbs of making with the Latin analeptic force of the tense, in order to keep reminding the narratees of the maker of the shield, Vulcan, and his prophetic powers and of the earlier, crucial scene of the divine smith forging the shield.
The “Pet Effect”
Authors: Wheeler Evangeline A. , Faulkner Margaret E.
Published: September 2015

The “pet effect,” whereby interaction with a companion animal reduces the physiological indices of stress, varies with respect to fear of animals, companion animal guardianship, type of companion animal, or types of stress. In this study, a non-clinical sample of 223 undergraduates underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (tsst) in order to investigate how interaction with a companion animal affected stress levels for people with different levels of trait anxiety, a variable not yet investigated in this paradigm. An index of trait anxiety was taken along with repeated measures of state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate. Overall results indicated that interaction with a companion dog reduced stress for all participants, with the effect being more pronounced for those high in trait anxiety.
Schleiermacher’s Perspective on Redemption
Authors: Park Jae-Eun
Published: September 2015

This article analyzes the philosophical background of Schleiermacher’s doctrine of redemption. The two philosophical strands of dialectic Neoplatonism and Romanticism form the basis of Schleiermacher’s soteriology, in which Christ’s redemption is seen not just as an act to liberate from sin, but the fulfillment of the coincidentia oppositorum (the coincidence of opposites) between the finite (individual) and the Infinite (the whole) within the dynamic dialectical interrelationship between them. By participating in Christ’s perfect God-consciousness through receptivity to “absolute dependence,” the individual experiences redemption. In its philosophical context, Schleiermacher’s soteriology may be labeled as Christ-Centered Dialectic-Neoplatonic-Romantic-Soteriology.
Studies of Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycota) on Myrmica ants (II): variation of infection by Rickia wasmannii over habitats and time
Authors: Haelewaters Danny , Boer Peter , Gort Gerrit , Noordijk Jinze
Published: September 2015

One group of important insect parasites are the Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota), microscopic fungi that live attached to the exterior of their hosts, mainly beetles, but also mites, millipedes, earwigs, and ants.Rickia wasmanniiis a common fungus in Europe and is limited to the ant genusMyrmica(Hymenoptera, Formicidae). This paper presents patterns ofR. wasmanniiinfection in the Netherlands from three host species collected in three series of pitfall traps:Myrmica ruginodis,M. sabuleti, andM. scabrinodis. The infection rate of especiallyM. sabuletiwas so high, that it allowed analyses of infection patterns over time and habitats. We found that only workers were infected, mostly the older ones with a hard cuticle. Gynes are probably never infected. This is supported with data from a nature restoration site: in this young areaR. wassmanniiis not abundant in contrast to close-by sites, so there probably is a build-up of infection byRickiaover time through worker contact. Taken over three periods throughout the year (spring,summer,autumn), parasite prevalence declined significantly inM. sabuleti, with a non-significant declining trend inM. scabrinodis. Increased allogrooming behavior in the nest in the winter may be the main contributing factor for this. New, largely uninfected cohorts of workers lead to decreased infection rate during the reproduction season. Finally,Rickia wasmanniioccurs throughout a wide variety of habitats, from moist and cool to dry and warm.
Whose Problem Is Non-Identity?
Authors: Hurley Paul , Weinberg Rivka
Published: September 2015

Teleological theories of reason and value, which take reasons to be reasons to realize “best” states of affairs, cannot account for the intuition that victims in non-identity cases have been wronged. Deontological accounts, however, recognize second-personal reasons, reflective of the moral significance of each person regardless of outcomes. We argue that such deontological accounts are better positioned to identify the wrong to victims in non-identity cases because a person wrongs another on such accounts if she violates his second-personal claims. Parfit argues that non-identity victims would consent to the acts in question, thereby waiving any such second-personal claims. But his arguments misrepresent the role of consent by articulating it through appeal to the very teleological theory of reasons that deontologists reject. We argue that Parfit's conception of consent as retroactive endorsement only determines whether, given that the non-identity victim is second-personally wronged, he is nonetheless better off existing. It becomes clear that non-identity poses a problem for teleology – it cannot account for the intuition that non-identity victims have been wronged – but deontology can.
The Justification of Associative Duties
Authors: Lazar Seth
Published: September 2015

People often think that their special relationships with family, friends, comrades and compatriots, can ground moral reasons. Among these reasons, they understand some to be duties – pro tanto requirements that have genuine weight when they conflict with other considerations. In this paper I ask: what is the underlying moral structure of associative duties? I first consider and reject the orthodox Teleological Welfarist account, which first observes that special relationships are fundamental for human well-being, then claims that we cannot have these relationships, if we do not recognise associative duties, before concluding that we should therefore recognise associative duties. I then introduce a nonteleological alternative, grounded in the Appropriate Response approach to ethical theory.
From the Sacred to the Secular: Ethnic Identity and Monetary Value embodied in Jewish Ceremonial Textiles according to the Pinkassim of Amsterdam
Authors: Cohen Julie-Marthe
Published: September 2015

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Jewish intelligentsia developed a historical and scholarly interest in material objects of Jewish culture. In new exhibitions they organized, ritual objects that had been associated exclusively with religious observance, were moved to the public domain and divested of their purely religious ritual function. In a secular setting, Judaica became an expression of Jewish ethnic identity defined by its surrounding and religion, and evoked a new appreciation as objets d’art that implicitly assumed a monetary market value. This article examines whether this expression of ethnic identity and aesthetic and monetary appreciation developed first in the context of nineteenth-century secularism. By presenting three case studies based on written sources, I argue that ethnic and monetary value were already manifest in prior centuries and underline the value of written sources for an understanding of the social and cultural historical context of Jewish ceremonial objects.
Mapping the Responsibilities to Protect: A Typology of International Duties
Authors: Pattison James
Published: September 2015

The international responsibility to protect is the most important and value-added element of the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine. However, the existing accounts of the international responsibilities of R2P are often fairly ad hoc and not clearly systematised, largely focusing on particular responsibilities. Consequently, this article provides a typology of the various international responsibilities required by the R2P. In particular, it presents six types of international responsibility to protect: (1) the responsibility to undertake direct action; (2) the responsibility to support direct action; (3) the responsibility to authorise; (4) the responsibility not to act; (5) the responsibility to advance R2P; and (6) the responsibility to reform. In doing so, it will clarify how these responsibilities hang together and highlight underappreciated responsibilities.
The Dog That Didn’t Bark? A Response to Dunne and Gelber’s Analysis of RtoP’s Influence on the Intervention in Libya
Authors: Hehir Aidan
Published: September 2015

In this article I challenge the argument presented by Tim Dunne and Katherine Gelber in ‘Arguing Matters: The Responsibility to Protect and the Case of Libya’ (Global Responsibility to Protect vol. 6, iss. 3, 2014). I argue that the evidence supplied by Dunne and Gelber to support their argument that the Responsibility to Protect played a role in the debate on the international response to the crisis in Libya is based on an unsustainable expansion of what constitutes RtoP language, fails to acknowledge the historical evolution of human rights-orientated discourse, and exaggerates the extent to which references were made to RtoP during the debates preceding Resolution 1973.
Orthoclads from Eocene Amber from Sakhalin (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)
Authors: Baranov Viktor , Andersen Trond , Perkovsky Evgeny E.
Published: September 2015

Four Middle Eocene orthoclad species,Heterotrissocladius naibuchisp. n.,Paraphaenocladius nadezhdaesp. n.,Pseudosmittia kodrulaesp. n. andSmittia sukachevaesp. n.. are described and figured. Based on the combination of the diptera fauna composition and paleobotanical data, suggestions on the climate and habitats of the Sakhalin amber forest are given.
Surveys of Provinces, Regions and Cities of the Russian Empire, 1870–1916, as Historical Sources
Authors: Раздорский Алексей Игоревич , Razdorskii Aleksei Igorevich
Published: September 2015

The article analyzes surveys of provinces, regions and cities of the Russian Empire for 1870–1916. These surveys were published as appendices to annual reports by provincial governors, and by leading officials of regions and cities. The article treats the history, origins and evolution of these documents, their quantitative, chronological, geographical and typological characteristics, their structure and form. In an appendix, the article provides a statistical and chronological table of the surveys.
Crossmodal Correspondences: Standing Issues and Experimental Guidelines
Authors: Parise Cesare V.
Published: September 2015

Crossmodal correspondences refer to the systematic associations often found across seemingly unrelated sensory features from different sensory modalities. Such phenomena constitute a universal trait of multisensory perception even in non-human species, and seem to result, at least in part, from the adaptation of sensory systems to natural scene statistics. Despite recent developments in the study of crossmodal correspondences, there are still a number of standing questions about their definition, their origins, their plasticity, and their underlying computational mechanisms. In this paper, I will review such questions in the light of current research on sensory cue integration, where crossmodal correspondences can be conceptualized in terms of natural mappings across different sensory cues that are present in the environment and learnt by the sensory systems. Finally, I will provide some practical guidelines for the design of experiments that might shed new light on crossmodal correspondences.
New Species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina) from South America

Authors: Elix John A. , Nash III Thomas H.
Published: September 2015

The species Flavoparmelia quichuaensis Elix & T. H. Nash, Hypotrachyna divaricatica Elix & T. H. Nash, Hypotrachyna goiasii Elix & Nash, Hypotrachyna hypoalectorialica Elix & T. H. Nash and Relicina xanthoparmeliformis Elix & T. H. Nash are described as new to science.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der BRYOTROP-Expedition nach Zaire und Rwanda 5. Höhengliederung epiphytischer Moose im östlichen Kongobecken und den angrenzenden Gebirgsstöcken (Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega/Zaire, Forêt de Nyungwe/Rwanda).

Authors: Kürschner Harald
Published: September 2015

By mean of a line-taxation (ordination), the floristic discontinuities of epiphytic bryophytes were shown within an altitudinal gradient from the eastern Congo basin to the mountains of the Riftvalley (Mt. Kahuzi) (BRYOTROP III-transect). By this ordination, the epiphytic vegetation can be grouped into four ecological groups, indicating the climatic factors. They show a strong correlation to the known altitudinal zonation, the different forest zones, and the plantsociological classification. These groups consist of taxa of different relationships which grow and evolve under similar environmental conditions.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der BRYOTROP-Expedition nach Zaire und Rwanda 6. Lebensformen und Adaptionen zur Wasserleitung und Wasserspeicherung in epiphytischen Moosgesellschaften im östlichen Kongobecken und den angrenzenden Gebirgsstöcken (Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega/Zaire, Forêt de Nyungwe/ Rwanda)

Authors: Kürschner Harald , Seifert Ulrike H.
Published: September 2015

Life forms, water conducting and water storing structures of epiphytic bryophytes are studied along an altitudinal gradient from the eastern Congo basin (tropical lowand zone) to the mountains of the East-African graben (tropical subalpine/alpine zone; BRYOTROP III-transect). Based on a phytosociological analysis, these adaptations were put in relation to the distribution pattern of the bryophyte communities, as well as to the ecological gradient. The interpretation is based on the mean percent cover of each group. The tropical lowland zone is dominated by the life form mat, which is distinctly correlated with watersacs and taxa of the Jubulaceae, Lejeuneaceae and Radulaceae. In the following perhumid montane zone a clear alteration concerning the life form and the adaptations can be observed. The physiognomy of the primary rain-forests now is dominated by fan-forming Plagiochila species which are standing off the phorophyte by its flattened shoots. They are able to condensate water vapour from the fogs as well as using the low light intensities. Within the epiphytes of the bamboo zone of the upper montane zone, similar adaptation strategies to those of the lowland zone can be observed. The communities of the anthropogeneous montane woodlands of this zone, which are rich in mosses, show an ecomorphological wide spectrum [weft and tall-turfs correlated with a central strand (hadrome), hyalocysts and rhizoids]. Within the tropical subalpine/alpine zone exposed to great diurnal variations of climate, mat, weft and cushion-forming tall-turfs dominate, indicating the more xeric conditions (drought stress) by 88 water storing structures (alar cells, central strand, hyalocysts, rhizoids). In this zone, also structures reach a high mean percent cover, which enables the condensation of water vapour from the fog and mist rising from the upper montane zone or which show a groove-like arrangement of the leaflets. This may be recognized as a mechanism enabling a permanent water supply as well as a drain off of surplus water.
Scientific results of the BRYOTROP expedition to Zaire and Rwanda 7. Life strategies of epiphytic bryophytes from tropical lowland and montane forests, ericaceous woodlands and the Dendrosenecio subpáramo of the eastern Congo basin and the adjacent mountains (Parc National de Kahuzi-Biega/Zaire, Forêt de Nyungwe/Rwanda)

Authors: Frey Wolfgang , Kürschner Harald , Seifert Ulrike H.
Published: September 2015

Life strategies of epiphytic bryophytes are studied along an altitudinal gradient from the eastern Congo basin (tropical lowland zone) to the mountains of the East-African graben (tropical subalpine/alpine Zone; BRYOTROP III-transect). Three strategies, Colonists, Perennial shuttle species and Perennial stayers can be observed, which are further subdivided according to their reproduction tactic (high sexual reproductive effort, high asexual reproductive effort, moderately or low sexual and asexual reproductive effort). Of these, only taxa with a long life span (perennials) are of importance, indicating the unchanging and constant ecological conditions and long-lasting microsites, provided by the epiphytic habitats. The basis for the life strategy pattern analysis along the altitudinal gradient were plant sociological investigations and the determination of the mean percentage cover values for the different life strategy categories. By this, the distribution and occurrence of the different strategies within the communities and the altitudinal zones can be shown.  Typical for the epiphytes of the primary rain-forests of the tropical lowland and lower montane zone are Perennial shuttle species and Perennial stayers with moderately or low sexual and asexual reproductive effort. This strategy obviously is favoured by the well balanced, high temperature and humidity regime of these zones and typical of most of the liverworts, dominating the epiphytic communities. They are replaced in the montane rain-forests and cloudy moss forests of the upper tropical montane zone by Perennial shuttle species with high asexual reproductive effort, regenerating mainly by propagules and clonal growth. Within the secondary woodlands of this zone and the unique ericaceous woodlands and subpáramo of the African volcanos, Perennial shuttle species and Perennial stayers with high sexual reproductive effort reach a maximum, building regularly sporophytes under the already xeric and strong diurnal climatic conditions of the subalpine/alpine zone. This reproduction strategy is typical of epiphytic communities of xerophytic woodlands. The frequent change within the life strategy spectra of the different altitudinal zones indicates, that life strategies can be seen as a set of co-evolved adaptive traits, which grow and evolve within different taxa under similar ecological conditions.
Nomenclatural changes in two families of asellote isopods (Acanthaspidiidae and Ischnomesidae)
Authors: MERRIN KELLY L. , POORE GARY C. B.
Published: September 2015

Iolanthe Beddard, 1886a is shown to be a senior synonyn of Acanthaspidia Stebbing, 1893, the replacement name for the preoccupied Acanthoniscus Sars, 1879 (Isopoda: Asellota: Acanthaspidiidae). Ischnomesus kussakini nom. nov. is erected as a replacement name for Ischnomesus antarcticus (Kussakin, 1982), preoccupied in this combination (Isopoda: Asellota: Ischnomesidae).
Redescription of the early larval stages of the pandalid shrimp Chlorotocus crassicornis (Decapoda: Caridea: Pandalidae)
Authors: LANDEIRA JOSE M. , JIANG GUO-CHEN , CHAN TIN-YAM , SHIH TUNG-WEI , GOZÁLEZ-GORDILLO J. IGNACIO
Published: September 2015

The first four larval stages of the pandalid shrimp Chlorotocus crassicornis (A. Costa, 1871) are described and illustrated from laboratory-reared material obtained from ovigerous females collected in the southwestern Spain and south Taiwan. The second to fourth larval stages of this species are reported for the first time to science. Detailed examination of the first larval stages reveals that previous description misidentified some key larval characters which have prevented its identification in plankton samples. It is found that the zoeal morphology of Chlorotocus is not very different from other pandalid larvae, and in fact closely resembles Plesionika and Heterocarpus.
Two new acoels (Acoelomorpha) of the genus Haplogonaria from the northwest Atlantic
Authors: HOOGE MATTHEW D. , TYLER SETH
Published: September 2015

Two previously unknown species of Haplogonaria (Acoela), H. schillingi sp. nov. and H. baki sp. nov., are described from the coastline of Maine, USA. The two species are morphologically similar to each other but H. schillingi can be distinguished from H. baki by its red pigmentation, its possession of a large genital atrium that branches posteriorly to the seminal vesicle and anteriorly to the vagina, a seminal vesicle that is more ellipsoid-shaped than spherical, and a well-defined wall in the seminal bursa.        We provide a description of the new species using live observation, light microscopy of serial sagittal sections, and confocal microscopy imaging of F-actin. We compare the morphology of the new species with other members of the genus and discuss the phylogenetic position of H. schillingi in light of conflicting morphological and molecular data.
Zapożyczenia litewskie dotyczące charakteru i zachowań człowieka (na materiale gwar polskich na Litwie)
Authors: Rutkowska Krystyna
Published: September 2015

Lithuanian loanwords describing human character and behaviour (based on the material of Polish dialects in Lithuania) The aim of the present article is to describe the vocabulary of Lithuanian origin that correlates with an individual’s psychology. The major attention in the article is given to the function of this lexical group in the present-day Polish dialects, as well as to the changes, which took place in the semantic structure of the borrowings in comparison to the original expressions. In this connection, the area of the usage of corresponding lexemes in Lithuanian dialects has been established, their semantic structure analysed, and stylistic marking regarded. Most of the analyzed material has been chosen from my personal collection of Lithuanisms, and it contains vocabulary used in various dialect regions of Lithuania. The Lithuanisms discussed in the article correlate to such individual’s qualities as loquacity, proneness to complain, moan, wail, frivolity, slowness, negligence, slyness and foolishness. Заимствования из литовского языка обозначающие черты характера человека и типичные для него способы поведения (на материале польских говоров в Литве)В статье рассматривается группа лексики литовского происхождения связанная с психической сферой жизни человека. Основное внимание обращено на способ функционирования заимствованных лексических единиц в польских говорах и на те семантические сдвиги, которые произошли в смысловой структуре заимствований по сравнению со словами-источниками. В связи с этим определена сфера употребления соответсвующих лексем-прототипов в литовских говорах, пpoанализирован их семантический объем, учтена стилистическая окраска. Основой исследования является диалектная лексика, собранная автором на различных польскоязычных ареалах Литвы. Анализируемая в статье заимствования касаются таких характерных для человека черт, как: болтливость, сварливость, плаксивость, легкомыслие, медлительность, нерасторопность, хитрость и смекалистость.
Leksykalne i syntaktyczne elementy rosyjskiej gwary w polszczyźnie staroobrzędowców z Gabowych Grądów i Boru
Authors: Paśko Dorota
Published: September 2015

Lexical and syntactic elements of the Russian dialect in the polish language of the old believers from Gabowe Grądy and BórThe Old Believers living in Poland are descendants of the Old Believers who did not accept the Patriarch Nikon’s reforms in the second half of the 17th century. The villages Gabowe Grądy and Bór are the biggest centers of the Old Believers in Poland. As a result of Polish-Russian bilingualism, we can observe not only the influence of Polish on the Russian dialect, but also the influence of the Russian dialect on the Polish of the Old Believers. Some characteristic features of their Polish which result from the influence of the Russian dialect include: borrowings, calques, hybrids and code-switching.  Лексические и синтаксические элементы русского говора в польском языке старообрядцев из Габовых Грондов и БураСтарообрядцы проживающие в Польше это потомки поселенцев, которые во второй половине ХVII века покидали Россию после реформ Никона. В настоящее время деревни Бур и Габове Гронды являются самыми крупными старообрядческими деревнями в Польше. Их жители употребляют свой русский говор и польский язык попеременно, в зависимости от коммуникативной ситуации и требований коммуникативного партнëра. Для представителей старшего поколения старообрядцев первичным языком является русский говор. На говоре они общаются дома и передают его своим детям. У среднего и младшего поколения польский язык начинает играть бóльшую, чем у старшего роль. Русский говор старообрядцев под влиянием польского языка подвергается гибридизации и его можно даже назвать языком-гибридом. Польское влияние особенно заметно в области лексики (заимствования, кальки, переключение кода). Оно также наблюдается и в несложных высказываниях. Исследование русского говора и польского языка жителей Габовых Грондов и Бура с 1999 года стало проводиться студентами и аспирантами университета им. Николая Коперника в Торуне под руководством проф. Стефана Гжибовского. В результате польско-русского двуязычия отмечено также  влияние русского говора на польский язык старообрядцев, прежде всего в лексике и синтаксисе (заимствования, кальки, гибриды, переключение кода, управление глагола и предлога). Заимствования из русского говора коснулись особенно культуры, традиции, обычаев и религии. Влияние русского говора на польский язык видно не только в речи старшего поколения старообрядцев, также среднего и младшего.
Zachowane cechy dialektalne oraz wpływy polskie w rosyjskiej gwarze przedstawiciela starszego pokolenia staroobrzędowców regionu augustowskiego
Authors: Głuszkowski Michał
Published: September 2015

Preserved dialectal features and the Polish influence in old believers' dialect on the example of a representative of the older generation in the Augustów regionPolish Old Believers constitute a bilingual ethno-cultural minority.Their bilingualism has developed especially in the 20th century, and since then it has been modified under the influence of Polish language. On the one hand, there are Polish borrowings, insertions and loan-translations in Russian Old Believers’ dialect. On the other hand, the Old Believers have preserved many dialectal features from their region of origin – Pskov region in north-Western Russia. The author attempts to reveal, how many and which Pskov language features are still present in the Old Believers’ dialect. The analysis is basing on an idiolect of a representative of the old generation of the community of our interest.  Сохраненные диалектные черты и польское влияние в русском говоре представителя старшего поколения старообрядцев августовского регионаПольские старообрядцы составляют этнокультурное меньшинство. Их билингвизм стал развиваться начиная с ХХ столетия, и с тех пор их русский диалект подвергался особосильномувлиянию польского языка. С одной стороны, в старообрядческом говоре наблюдаются польские заимствования, вставки и кальки. С другой стороны, старообрядцы сохранили многие диалектные средневеликорусские черты. Данная статья является попыткой выяснить, какие черты диалектов из окрестностей Великих Лук, Пскова и Новгорода до сих пор существуют в говоре старообрядцев. Анализ опирается на идиолект представителя старшего поколения исследуемой общины.