bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Source apportionment of methane and nitrous oxide in California's San Joaquin Valley at CalNex 2010 via positive matrix factorization
Authors: Guha A. , Gentner D. R. , Weber R. J. , Provencal R. , Goldstein A. H.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Sources of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were investigated using measurements from a site in southeast Bakersfield as part of the CalNex (California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) experiment from 15 May to 30 June 2010. Typical daily minimum mixing ratios of CH4 and N2O were higher than daily averages that were simultaneously observed at a similar latitude background station (NOAA, Mauna Loa) by approximately 70 and 0.5 ppb, respectively. Substantial enhancements of CH4 and N2O (hourly averages > 500 ppb and > 7 ppb, respectively) were routinely observed suggesting the presence of large regional sources. Collocated measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g. straight-chain and branched alkanes, cycloalkanes, chlorinated alkanes, aromatics, alcohols, isoprene, terpenes and ketones) were used with a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source apportionment method to estimate the contribution of regional sources to observed enhancements of CH4 and N2O. The PMF technique provided a "top-down" deconstruction of ambient gas-phase observations into broad source categories, yielding a 7-factor solution. We identified these source factors as emissions from evaporative and fugitive; motor vehicles; livestock and dairy; agricultural and soil management; daytime light and temperature driven; non-vehicular urban; and nighttime terpene biogenics and anthropogenics. The dairy and livestock factor accounted for a majority of the CH4 (70–90%) enhancements during the duration of the experiments. Propagation of uncertainties in the PMF-derived factor profiles and time series from bootstrapping analysis resulted in a 29% uncertainty in the CH4 apportionment to this factor. The dairy and livestock factor was also a principal contributor to the daily enhancements of N2O (60–70%) with an uncertainty of 33%. Agriculture and soil management accounted for ~20–25% of N2O enhancements over the course of a day, not surprisingly given that organic and synthetic fertilizers are known to be a major source of N2O. The evaporative/fugitive source profile resembles a mix of petroleum operation and non-tailpipe evaporative gasoline sources, but was not responsible for any observed PMF resolved-CH4 enhancements. The vehicle emission source factor broadly matches VOC profiles of on-road exhaust sources and had no detected contribution to the N2O signals and negligible CH4 in the presence of a dominant dairy and livestock factor. The CalNex PMF study provides a measurement-based assessment of the state CH4 and N2O inventories for the southern San Joaquin valley. The state inventory attributes ~18% of the total N2O emissions to the transportation sector. Our PMF analysis directly contradicts the state inventory and demonstrates there were no discernible N2O emissions from the transportation sector.
Evaluation of the MACC operational forecast system – potential and challenges of global near-real-time modelling with respect to reactive gases in the troposphere
Authors: Wagner A. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , Bouarar I. , Brunke E.-G. , Clerbaux C. , Cupeiro M. , Cristofanelli P. , Eskes H. , Flemming J. , Flentje H. , George M. , Gilge S. , Hilboll A. , Inness A. , Kapsomenakis J. , Richter A. , Ries L. , Spangl W. , Stein O. , Weller R. , Zerefos C.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC/MACCII) currently represents the European Union's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) (http://www.copernicus.eu), which will become fully operational in the course of 2015. The global near-real-time MACC model production run for aerosol and reactive gases provides daily analyses and 5 day forecasts of atmospheric composition fields. It is the only assimilation system world-wide that is operational to produce global analyses and forecasts of reactive gases and aerosol fields. We have investigated the ability of the MACC analysis system to simulate tropospheric concentrations of reactive gases (CO, O3, and NO2) covering the period between 2009 and 2012. A validation was performed based on CO and O3 surface observations from the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) network, O3 surface observations from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and furthermore, NO2 tropospheric columns derived from the satellite sensors SCIAMACHY and GOME-2, and CO total columns derived from the satellite sensor MOPITT. The MACC system proved capable of reproducing reactive gas concentrations in consistent quality, however, with a seasonally dependent bias compared to surface and satellite observations: for northern hemispheric surface O3 mixing ratios, positive biases appear during the warm seasons and negative biases during the cold parts of the years, with monthly Modified Normalised Mean Biases (MNMBs) ranging between −30 and 30% at the surface. Model biases are likely to result from difficulties in the simulation of vertical mixing at night and deficiencies in the model's dry deposition parameterization. Observed tropospheric columns of NO2 and CO could be reproduced correctly during the warm seasons, but are mostly underestimated by the model during the cold seasons, when anthropogenic emissions are at a highest, especially over the US, Europe and Asia. Monthly MNMBs of the satellite data evaluation range between −110 and 40% for NO2 and at most −20% for CO, over the investigated regions. The underestimation is likely to result from a combination of errors concerning the dry deposition parameterization and certain limitations in the current emission inventories, together with an insufficiently established seasonality in the emissions.
Long-term response of stratospheric ozone and temperature to solar variability
Authors: Bordi I. , Berrilli F. , Pietropaolo E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The long-term variability in stratospheric ozone mass mixing ratio (O3) and temperature (T) from 1979 to 2013 is investigated using the latest reanalysis product delivered by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), i.e., ERA-Interim. Moreover, using the Mg II index time series for the same time period, the response of the stratosphere to the 11-year Schwabe solar cycle is investigated. Results reveal the following features: (i) upward (downward) trends characterize zonally averaged O3 anomalies in the upper (middle to lower stratosphere) stratosphere, while prevailing downward trends affect the T field. Mg II index data exhibit a weaker 24th solar cycle (though not complete) when compared with the previous two; (ii) correlations between O3 and Mg II, T and Mg II, and O3 and T are consistent with photochemical reactions occurring in the stratosphere and large-scale transport; and (iii) wavelet cross-spectra between O3 and Mg II index show common power for the 11-year period, particularly in tropical regions around 30–50 hPa, and different relative phase in the upper and lower stratosphere. A comprehensive insight into the actual processes accounting for the observed correlation between ozone and solar UV variability would be gained from an improved bias correction of ozone measurements provided by different satellite instruments, and from the observations of the time behavior of the solar spectral irradiance.
Diatom flux reflects water-mass conditions on the southern Northwind Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Onodera J. , Watanabe E. , Harada N. , Honda M. C.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We studied time-series fluxes of diatom particles from 4 October 2010 to 18 September 2012 using bottom-tethered moorings with two sediment traps deployed at 180 and 1300 m depths at Station NAP (75° N, 162° W; 1975 m water depth) in the western Arctic Ocean. This paper discusses on the relationship of time-series diatom fluxes to satellite-based sea-ice motion and simulated hydrographic variations. We observed clear maxima of the diatom valve flux in November–December of both 2010 and 2011, and in August 2011. Diatoms in samples were categorized into 98 taxa. The diatom flux maxima were characterized by many resting spores in November–December and by the sea-ice-associated diatom Fossula arctica in August 2011. These assemblages along with abundant clay minerals in the samples suggest a significant influence of shelf-origin materials transported by mesoscale eddies, which developed along the Chukchi Sea shelf break. In contrast, the fluxes of total mass and diatoms were reduced in summer 2012. We hypothesize that this suppression reflects the influx of oligotrophic water originating from the central Canada Basin. A physical oceanographic model demonstrated that oligotrophic surface water from the Beaufort Gyre was supplied to Station NAP from December 2011 to the early half of 2012.
Description and implementation of a MiXed Layer model (MXL, v1.0) for the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy)
Authors: Janssen R. H. H. , Pozzer A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We present a new submodel for the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy): the MiXed Layer (MXL) model for the diurnal dynamics of the convective boundary layer, including explicit representations of entrainment and surface fluxes. This submodel is embedded in a new MESSy base model (VERTICO), which represents a single atmospheric column. With the implementation of MXL in MESSy, MXL can be used in combination with other MESSy submodels that represent processes related to atmospheric chemistry. For instance, the coupling of MXL with more advanced modules for gas-phase chemistry (such as the Mainz Isoprene Mechanism 2 (MIM2)), emissions, dry deposition and organic aerosol formation than in previous versions of the MXL code is possible. Since MXL is now integrated in the MESSy framework, it can take advantage of future developments of this framework, such as the inclusion of new process submodels. The coupling of MXL with submodels that represent other processes relevant to chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) yields a computationally inexpensive tool that is ideally suited for the analysis of field data, for evaluating new parametrizations for 3-D models, and for performing systematic sensitivity analyses. A case study for the DOMINO campaign in southern Spain is shown to demonstrate the use and performance of MXL/MESSy in reproducing and analysing field observations.
Technical Note: Approximate solution of transient drawdown for constant-flux pumping at a partially penetrating well in a radial two-zone confined aquifer
Authors: Huang C.-S. , Yang S.-Y. , Yeh H.-D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. An aquifer consisting of a skin zone and a formation zone is considered as a two-zone aquifer. Existing solutions for the problem of constant-flux pumping (CFP) in a two-zone confined aquifer involve laborious calculation. This study develops a new approximate solution for the problem based on a mathematical model including two steady-state flow equations with different hydraulic parameters for the skin and formation zones. A partially penetrating well may be treated as the Neumann condition with a known flux along the screened part and zero flux along the unscreened part. The aquifer domain is finite with an outer circle boundary treated as the Dirichlet condition. The steady-state drawdown solution of the model is derived by the finite Fourier cosine transform. Then, an approximate transient solution is developed by replacing the radius of the boundary in the steady-state solution with an analytical expression for a dimensionless time-dependent radius of influence. The approximate solution is capable of predicting good temporal drawdown distributions over the whole pumping period except at the early stage. A quantitative criterion for the validity of neglecting the vertical flow component due to a partially penetrating well is also provided. Conventional models considering radial flow without the vertical component for the CFP have good accuracy if satisfying the criterion.
AUTOMATIC TEXTURE AND ORTHOPHOTO GENERATION FROM REGISTERED PANORAMIC VIEWS
Authors: Krispel U. , Evers H. L. , Tamke M. , Viehauser R. , Fellner D. W.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Recent trends in 3D scanning are aimed at the fusion of range data and color information from images. The combination of these two outputs allows to extract novel semantic information. The workflow presented in this paper allows to detect objects, such as light switches, that are hard to identify from range data only. In order to detect these elements, we developed a method that utilizes range data and color information from high-resolution panoramic images of indoor scenes, taken at the scanners position. A proxy geometry is derived from the point clouds; orthographic views of the scene are automatically identified from the geometry and an image per view is created via projection. We combine methods of computer vision to train a classifier to detect the objects of interest from these orthographic views. Furthermore, these views can be used for automatic texturing of the proxy geometry.
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ROOF SURFACES FOR THE INSTALLATION OF SOLAR PANELS USING A MULTI-DATA SOURCE AND MULTI-SENSOR AERIAL PLATFORM
Authors: López L. , Lagüela S. , Picon I. , González-Aguilera D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A low-cost multi-sensor aerial platform, aerial trike, equipped with visible and thermographic sensors is used for the acquisition of all the data needed for the automatic analysis and classification of roof surfaces regarding their suitability to harbour solar panels. The geometry of a georeferenced 3D point cloud generated from visible images using photogrammetric and computer vision algorithms, and the temperatures measured on thermographic images are decisive to evaluate the surfaces, slopes, orientations and the existence of obstacles. This way, large areas may be efficiently analysed obtaining as final result the optimal locations for the placement of solar panels as well as the required geometry of the supports for the installation of the panels in those roofs where geometry is not optimal.
MULTI-SENSOR RADIOMETRIC STUDY TO DETECT PATHOLOGIES IN HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
Authors: Del Pozo S. , Herrero-Pascual J. , Felipe-García B. , Hernández-López D. , Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P. , González-Aguilera D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a comparative study with different remote sensing technologies to recognize pathologies in façades of historical buildings. Building materials deteriorate over the years due to different extrinsic and intrinsic agents, so assessing these diseases in a non-invasive way is crucial to help preserve them. Most of these buildings are extremely valuable and some of them have been declared monuments of cultural interest. In this way through close range remote sensing techniques, it is possible to study material pathologies in a rigorous way and in a short duration field campaign. For the investigation two different acquisition systems were applied, active and passive methods. The terrestrial laser scanner FARO Focus 3D was used as active sensor, working at the wavelength of 905 nm. For the case of passive sensors, a Nikon D-5000 and a 6- bands Mini-MCA multispectral camera (530-801 nm) were applied covering visible and near infrared spectral range. This analysis allows assessing the sensor, or sensors combination, suitability for pathologies detection, addressing the limitations according to the spatial and spectral resolution. Moreover, the pathology detection by unsupervised classification methods is addressed in order to evaluate the automation capability of this process.
3D VIRTUALIZATION BY CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY INDOOR GOTHIC CHURCH APSES. THE CASE STUDY OF CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO IN BETANZOS (LA CORUÑA, SPAIN)
Authors: Pérez Ramos A. , Robleda Prieto G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Virtualization using low cost photogrammetric techniques, is often replaced by Terrestial Laser Scanning inside churches. Especially in the case of Gothic churches where light penetrates the interior of the building difficulting shooting in proper condition to perform their restitution. The need to use Terrestial Laser Scaning for indoor virtualization is a significant increase in the final surveying cost. In these cases, the Terrestial Laser Scanning is used to generate dense point clouds that can produce high resolution models. However, many Terrestial Laser Scanners are not able to provide color images or can not reach the quality of images which can be obtained through a semiprofessional camera. So, digital photogrammetry is often used to make these models high resolution textures that Terrestial Laser Scanner based methodology is not capable of providing. This article aims to solved the problem posed by virtualizating Gothic churches indoors. Making that task more affordable exclusively by low cost photogrammetric techniques. The proposed methodology allows obtaining photographs in such a good conditions for virtualizing the target by point cloud. In order to verify the usefulness of the method, It has been decided to apply it to Gothic apse of the church of San Francisco in Betanzos (La Coruña). The equipment used is inexpensive and easy to carry: DSLR camera with 18-135 mm lens, tripod, lights and total station.
MIND YOUR GREY TONES – EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF DECOLOURIZATION METHODS ON INTEREST POINT EXTRACTION AND MATCHING FOR ARCHITECTURAL IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
Authors: Verhoeven G. , Karel W. , Štuhec S. , Doneus M. , Trinks I. , Pfeifer N.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper investigates the use of different greyscale conversion algorithms to decolourize colour images as input for two Structure-from-Motion (SfM) software packages. Although SfM software commonly works with a wide variety of frame imagery (old and new, colour and greyscale, airborne and terrestrial, large-and small scale), most programs internally convert the source imagery to single-band, greyscale images. This conversion is often assumed to have little, if any, impact on the final outcome. To verify this assumption, this article compares the output of an academic and a commercial SfM software package using seven different collections of architectural images. Besides the conventional 8-bit true-colour JPEG images with embedded sRGB colour profiles, for each of those datasets, 57 greyscale variants were computed with different colour-to-greyscale algorithms. The success rate of specific colour conversion approaches can therefore be compared with the commonly implemented colour-to-greyscale algorithms (luma Y’601, luma Y’709, or luminance CIE Y), both in terms of the applied feature extractor as well as of the specific image content (as exemplified by the two different feature descriptors and the various image collections, respectively). Although the differences can be small, the results clearly indicate that certain colour-to-greyscale conversion algorithms in an SfM-workflow constantly perform better than others. Overall, one of the best performing decolourization algorithms turns out to be a newly developed one.
HDR IMAGING FOR FEATURE DETECTION ON DETAILED ARCHITECTURAL SCENES
Authors: Kontogianni G. , Stathopoulou E. K. , Georgopoulos A. , Doulamis A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. 3D reconstruction relies on accurate detection, extraction, description and matching of image features. This is even truer for complex architectural scenes that pose needs for 3D models of high quality, without any loss of detail in geometry or color. Illumination conditions influence the radiometric quality of images, as standard sensors cannot depict properly a wide range of intensities in the same scene. Indeed, overexposed or underexposed pixels cause irreplaceable information loss and degrade digital representation. Images taken under extreme lighting environments may be thus prohibitive for feature detection/extraction and consequently for matching and 3D reconstruction. High Dynamic Range (HDR) images could be helpful for these operators because they broaden the limits of illumination range that Standard or Low Dynamic Range (SDR/LDR) images can capture and increase in this way the amount of details contained in the image. Experimental results of this study prove this assumption as they examine state of the art feature detectors applied both on standard dynamic range and HDR images.
BIM FROM LASER CLOUDS AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: COMBINING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND GEOMETRIC COMPLEXITY
Authors: Barazzetti L. , Banfi F. , Brumana R. , Gusmeroli G. , Oreni D. , Previtali M. , Roncoroni F. , Schiantarelli G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper describes the use of BIM models derived from point clouds for structural simulation based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Although BIM interoperability has reached a significant level of maturity, the density of laser point clouds provides very detailed BIM models that cannot directly be used in FEA software. The rationalization of the BIM towards a new finite element model is not a simple reduction of the number of nodes. The interconnections between the different elements and their materials require a particular attention: BIM technology includes geometrical aspects and structural considerations that allow one to understand and replicate the constructive elements and their mutual interaction. The information must be accurately investigated to obtain a finite element model suitable for a complete and detailed structural analysis. The aim of this paper is to prove that a drastic reduction of the quality of the BIM model is not necessary. Geometric data encapsulated into dense point clouds can be taken into consideration also for finite element analysis.
A MULTI-DATA SOURCE AND MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR THE 3D RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF A COMPLEX ARCHAELOGICAL SITE: THE CASE STUDY OF TOLMO DE MINATEDA
Authors: Torres-Martínez J. A. , Seddaiu M. , Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P. , Hernández-López D. , González-Aguilera D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The complexity of archaeological sites hinders to get an integral modelling using the actual Geomatic techniques (i.e. aerial, closerange photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanner) individually, so a multi-sensor approach is proposed as the best solution to provide a 3D reconstruction and visualization of these complex sites. Sensor registration represents a riveting milestone when automation is required and when aerial and terrestrial dataset must be integrated. To this end, several problems must be solved: coordinate system definition, geo-referencing, co-registration of point clouds, geometric and radiometric homogeneity, etc. Last but not least, safeguarding of tangible archaeological heritage and its associated intangible expressions entails a multi-source data approach in which heterogeneous material (historical documents, drawings, archaeological techniques, habit of living, etc.) should be collected and combined with the resulting hybrid 3D of “Tolmo de Minateda” located models. The proposed multi-data source and multi-sensor approach is applied to the study case of “Tolmo de Minateda” archaeological site. A total extension of 9 ha is reconstructed, with an adapted level of detail, by an ultralight aerial platform (paratrike), an unmanned aerial vehicle, a terrestrial laser scanner and terrestrial photogrammetry. In addition, the own defensive nature of the site (i.e. with the presence of three different defensive walls) together with the considerable stratification of the archaeological site (i.e. with different archaeological surfaces and constructive typologies) require that tangible and intangible archaeological heritage expressions can be integrated with the hybrid 3D models obtained, to analyse, understand and exploit the archaeological site by different experts and heritage stakeholders.
3D TRACKING BASED AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DATA MANAGEMENT
Authors: Battini C. , Landi G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The development of contactless documentation techniques is allowing researchers to collect high volumes of three-dimensional data in a short time but with high levels of accuracy. The digitalisation of cultural heritage opens up the possibility of using image processing and analysis, and computer graphics techniques, to preserve this heritage for future generations; augmenting it with additional information or with new possibilities for its enjoyment and use. The collection of precise datasets about cultural heritage status is crucial for its interpretation, its conservation and during the restoration processes. The application of digital-imaging solutions for various feature extraction, image data-analysis techniques, and three-dimensional reconstruction of ancient artworks, allows the creation of multidimensional models that can incorporate information coming from heterogeneous data sets, research results and historical sources. Real objects can be scanned and reconstructed virtually, with high levels of data accuracy and resolution. Real-time visualisation software and hardware is rapidly evolving and complex three-dimensional models can be interactively visualised and explored on applications developed for mobile devices. This paper will show how a 3D reconstruction of an object, with multiple layers of information, can be stored and visualised through a mobile application that will allow interaction with a physical object for its study and analysis, using 3D Tracking based Augmented Reality techniques.
POLYGONAL SHAPES DETECTION IN 3D MODELS OF COMPLEX ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Benciolini G. B. , Vitti A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A sequential application of two global models defined on a variational framework is proposed for the detection of polygonal shapes in 3D models of complex architectures. As a first step, the procedure involves the use of the Mumford and Shah (1989) 1st-order variational model in dimension two (gridded height data are processed). In the Mumford-Shah model an auxiliary function detects the sharp changes, i.e., the discontinuities, of a piecewise smooth approximation of the data. The Mumford-Shah model requires the global minimization of a specific functional to simultaneously produce both the smooth approximation and its discontinuities. In the proposed procedure, the edges of the smooth approximation derived by a specific processing of the auxiliary function are then processed using the Blake and Zisserman (1987) 2nd-order variational model in dimension one (edges are processed in the plane). This second step permits to describe the edges of an object by means of piecewise almost-linear approximation of the input edges themselves and to detects sharp changes of the first-derivative of the edges so to detect corners. The Mumford-Shah variational model is used in two dimensions accepting the original data as primary input. The Blake-Zisserman variational model is used in one dimension for the refinement of the description of the edges. The selection among all the boundaries detected by the Mumford-Shah model of those that present a shape close to a polygon is performed by considering only those boundaries for which the Blake-Zisserman model identified discontinuities in their first derivative. The output of the procedure are hence shapes, coming from 3D geometric data, that can be considered as polygons. The application of the procedure is suitable for, but not limited to, the detection of objects such as foot-print of polygonal buildings, building facade boundaries or windows contours. v The procedure is applied to a height model of the building of the Engineering Faculty of the University of Trento and to other data. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the variational methods in handling geometric data describing complex objects. The most original and innovative contributions of this work are: - the consecutive and coordinated use of the proper variational models (of first and second order respectively) at first in two dimension and subsequently on the one dimensional sets arising in the first segmentation, - the application to geometrical data that represent a quite complex architecture.
INTEGRATION OF POINT CLOUDS ORIGINATED FROM LASER SCANER AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGES FOR VISUALIZATION OF COMPLEX DETAILS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
Authors: Altuntas C.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) models of historical buildings are created for documentation and virtual realization of them. Laser scanning and photogrammetry are extensively used to perform for these aims. The selection of the method that will be used in threedimensional modelling study depends on the scale and shape of the object, and also applicability of the method. Laser scanners are high cost instruments. However, the cameras are low cost instruments. The off-the-shelf cameras are used for taking the photogrammetric images. The camera is imaging the object details by carrying on hand while the laser scanner makes ground based measurement. Laser scanner collect high density spatial data in a short time from the measurement area. On the other hand, image based 3D (IB3D) measurement uses images to create 3D point cloud data. The image matching and the creation of the point cloud can be done automatically. Historical buildings include more complex details. Thus, all details cannot be measured by terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) due to the blocking the details with each others. Especially, the artefacts which have complex shapes cannot be measured in full details. They cause occlusion on the point cloud model. However it is possible to record photogrammetric images and creation IB3D point cloud for these areas. Thus the occlusion free 3D model is created by the integration of point clouds originated from the TLS and photogrammetric images. In this study, usability of laser scanning in conjunction with image based modelling for creation occlusion free three-dimensional point cloud model of historical building was evaluated. The IB3D point cloud was created in the areas that could not been measured by TLS. Then laser scanning and IB3D point clouds were integrated in the common coordinate system. The registration point clouds were performed with the iterative closest point (ICP) and georeferencing methods. Accuracy of the registration was evaluated by convergency and its standard deviations for the ICP and residuals on the control points for the georeferencing method.
Improvement for the multi-scale periodic characteristics revealing of precipitation signals and its impact assessment on soil hydrological process by combining HHT and CWT approaches
Authors: Yu S. , Yang J. , Liu G. , Yao R. , Wang X.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This study conducts a detailed analysis of multi-scale periodic features involved in the annual and seasonal precipitation signals at the typical coastal reclamation region in China by selecting the suitable continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and innovatively combining the improved Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), and further deduces the precipitation trend and its impacts on the future soil hydrological process. The Morlet wavelet transform is proved suitable in revealing the precipitation signals broad-scale periodicities, however, the critical mode mixing problem in CWT causes the poor significance in the fine-scale periodicities, which cannot well match the climate background. By combining the HHT approach, the fine-scale mode mixing drawback in CWT is effectively eliminated, and the the studied precipitation signals multi-scale periodicities are accurately revealed. Consequently, an overall decreasing trend of annual and seasonal precipitation in future years is demonstrated. Furthermore, by novelly using the cross wavelet transform (XWT) and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) approaches, the prominent correlations between the precipitation dynamics and soil and groundwater salinities dynamics, it is demonstrated that the precipitation increase can effectively leach the surface soil salt downwards into the deeper soil layers and groundwater with 5–7-day lag in the new cultivated tidal land. The revealed future decreasing trend of precipitation, especially in spring and summer, may aggravate the soil salinization at the coastal reclamation region, thus some reasonable salt leaching and evaporation suppression measures need to be taken to prevent the possible soil secondary salinization process.
Propagation regimes of interfacial solitary waves in a three-layer fluid
Authors: Kurkina O. E. , Kurkin A. A. , Rouvinskaya E. A. , Soomere T.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Long weakly nonlinear finite-amplitude internal waves in a fluid consisting of three inviscid layers of arbitrary thickness and constant densities (stable configuration, Boussinesq approximation) bounded by a horizontal rigid bottom from below and by a rigid lid at the surface are described up to the second order of perturbation theory in small parameters of nonlinearity and dispersion. First, a pair of alternatives of appropriate KdV-type equations with the coefficients depending on the parameters of the fluid (layer positions and thickness, density jumps) are derived for the displacements of both modes of internal waves and for each interface between the layers. These equations are integrable for a very limited set of coefficients and do not allow for proper description of several near-critical cases when certain coefficients vanish. A more specific equation allowing for a variety of solitonic solutions and capable of resolving most near-critical situations is derived by means of the introduction of another small parameter that describes the properties of the medium and rescaling of the ratio of small parameters. This procedure leads to a pair of implicitly interrelated alternatives of Gardner equations (KdV-type equations with combined nonlinearity) for the two interfaces. We present a detailed analysis of the relationships for the solutions for the disturbances at both interfaces and various regimes of the appearance and propagation properties of soliton solutions to these equations depending on the combinations of the parameters of the fluid. It is shown that both the quadratic and the cubic nonlinear terms vanish for several realistic configurations of such a fluid.
Comparison of spatial association approaches for landscape mapping of soil organic carbon stocks
Authors: Miller B. A. , Koszinski S. , Wehrhan M. , Sommer M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be variable at small analysis scales, but consideration of its role in regional and global issues demands the mapping of large extents. There are many different strategies for mapping SOC, among which is to model the variables needed to calculate the SOC stock indirectly or to model the SOC stock directly. The purpose of this research is to compare direct and indirect approaches to mapping SOC stocks from rule-based, multiple linear regression models applied at the landscape scale via spatial association. The final products for both strategies are high-resolution maps of SOC stocks (kg m−2), covering an area of 122 km2, with accompanying maps of estimated error. For the direct modelling approach, the estimated error map was based on the internal error estimations from the model rules. For the indirect approach, the estimated error map was produced by spatially combining the error estimates of component models via standard error propagation equations. We compared these two strategies for mapping SOC stocks on the basis of the qualities of the resulting maps as well as the magnitude and distribution of the estimated error. The direct approach produced a map with less spatial variation than the map produced by the indirect approach. The increased spatial variation represented by the indirect approach improved R2 values for the topsoil and subsoil stocks. Although the indirect approach had a lower mean estimated error for the topsoil stock, the mean estimated error for the total SOC stock (topsoil + subsoil) was lower for the direct approach. For these reasons, we recommend the direct approach to modelling SOC stocks be considered a more conservative estimate of the SOC stocks' spatial distribution.
Snow-cover reconstruction methodology for mountainous regions based on historic in situ observations and recent remote sensing data
Authors: Gafurov A. , Vorogushyn S. , Farinotti D. , Duethmann D. , Merkushkin A. , Merz B.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Spatially distributed snow-cover extent can be derived from remote sensing data with good accuracy. However, such data are available for recent decades only, after satellite missions with proper snow detection capabilities were launched. Yet, longer time series of snow-cover area are usually required, e.g., for hydrological model calibration or water availability assessment in the past. We present a methodology to reconstruct historical snow coverage using recently available remote sensing data and long-term point observations of snow depth from existing meteorological stations. The methodology is mainly based on correlations between station records and spatial snow-cover patterns. Additionally, topography and temporal persistence of snow patterns are taken into account. The methodology was applied to the Zerafshan River basin in Central Asia – a very data-sparse region. Reconstructed snow cover was cross validated against independent remote sensing data and shows an accuracy of about 85%. The methodology can be used in mountainous regions to overcome the data gap for earlier decades when the availability of remote sensing snow-cover data was strongly limited.
Recorreguts geològics i mineralògics per la comarca de l’alt Palància: des de Viver a Teresa, Begís, Torás, al Toro i a Barracas
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: March 2015

Itinerari realitzat el dia 7 de desembre del 2013. Aquest itinerari geològic i mineralògic, discorrerà íntegrament dintre del Sistema Ibèric, tot i que molt lluny de la denominada Zona d´Enllaç. Malgrat aquesta circumstància, aquesta zona es troba afectada per fractures de direcció catalana, de rumb NE – SW (i NNE – SSW), fonamentalment.Així, en aquesta ocasió la totalitat del recorregut es situarà en part dintre dels denominats relleus triàsics de Sagunt (definits per Oriol RIBA et altri, 1976). D’aquesta manera, en la major part dels trajectes anirem trobant afloraments dels diferents materials mesozoics. Aquests en un principi són triàsics, passant després a també trobar-se afloraments dels materials del Juràssic i del Cretàcics, segons els indrets per on discorri l´itinerari.Per d’altra banda, cal dir que aquest itinerari transitarà per una sola comarca: concretament per la del Alt Palància. Així, s’iniciarà per les immediacions de la població de Viver per a cloure prop de la població de Barracas, al límit septentrional de la comarca, molt prop de la comarca aragonesa de Gúdar – Javalambre (de les terres de Teruel)Per d’altra banda, cal dir que aquesta comarca és una de les que composen la Regió de Segorbe / Sogorb.Algeps.
Structuration de la recherche en marketing en France et point de vue des chercheurs sur les thématiques d’avenir
Authors: Béji-Bécheur Amina , Besson Madeleine , Bonnemaizon Audrey
Published: March 2015

L’objectif de cette réflexion est d’appréhender la construction de la recherche en marketing en France ainsi que les thèmes et visions des chercheurs qui dessinent son avenir. Sur la base de documents et d’entretiens, une histoire de la structuration de la recherche marketing souligne l’encastrement de la recherche dans un réseau d’acteurs. Une étude menée auprès des institutions de la recherche et de chercheurs, aboutit à : (1) une cartographie de 8 thèmes d’intérêt majeur et de leur traduction en marketing et, (2) l’examen des questionnements de chercheurs sur leur positionnement vis-à-vis de ces thèmes et plus largement sur leur rôle vis-à-vis de leurs différents publics (futurs docteurs, entreprises et société civile).
Managers et recherche en marketing : de nouvelles attentes dans un contexte de bouleversements technologiques et temporels
Authors: Cadenat Sandrine , de Lassus Christel , Hussant-Zebian Rola
Published: March 2015

Bien que le marketing fasse l’objet de nombreux débats, aucun travail récent n’a analysé le regard que portent les managers en France vis-à-vis de ce champ mais aussi vis-à-vis des chercheurs. Une recherche conduite auprès de 18 responsables marketing permet de mettre en lumière l’impact majeur de la technologie du numérique sur l’évolution des marchés et sur leur métier. Dans ce contexte, leurs attentes vont dans le sens d’une nécessaire redéfinition des modèles de consommation, de la relation client, des méthodes d’analyse et de réflexions de fond sur les sujets d’avenir. Ils appellent également à une collaboration renforcée avec le monde académique, sous la contrainte du temps et de la pertinence managériale.
A striatal-enriched intronic GPCR modulates huntingtin levels and toxicity
Authors: Yao Yuwei , Cui Xiaotian , Al-Ramahi Ismael , Sun Xiaoli , Li Bo , Hou Jiapeng , Difiglia Marian , Palacino James , Wu Zhi-Ying , Ma Lixiang , Botas Juan , Lu Boxun
Published: March 2015

Huntington's disease (HD) represents an important model for neurodegenerative disorders and proteinopathies. It is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the mutant huntingtin protein (Htt) with an expanded polyQ stretch. While Htt is ubiquitously expressed, HD is characterized by selective neurodegeneration of the striatum. Here we report a striatal-enriched orphan G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR) Gpr52 as a stabilizer of Htt in vitro and in vivo. Gpr52 modulates Htt via cAMP-dependent but PKA independent mechanisms. Gpr52 is located within an intron of Rabgap1l, which exhibits epistatic effects on Gpr52-mediated modulation of Htt levels by inhibiting its substrate Rab39B, which co-localizes with Htt and translocates Htt to the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, reducing Gpr52 suppresses HD phenotypes in both patient iPS-derived neurons and in vivo Drosophila HD models. Thus, our discovery reveals modulation of Htt levels by a striatal-enriched GPCR via its GPCR function, providing insights into the selective neurodegeneration and potential treatment strategies.
Climate change impacts on the vegetation carbon cycle of the Iberian Peninsula—Intercomparison of CMIP5 results
Authors: Aparício Sara , Carvalhais Nuno , Seixas Júlia
Published: March 2015

The vulnerability of a water‐limited region like the Iberian Peninsula (IP) to climate changes drives a great concern and interest in understanding its impacts on the carbon cycle, namely, in terms of biomass production. This study assesses the effects of climate change and rising CO2 on forest growth, carbon sequestration, and water‐use efficiency on the IP by late 21st century using 12 models from the CMIP5 project (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5). We find a strong agreement among the models under representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario, mostly regarding projected forest growth and increased primary production (13, 9% of gross primary production (GPP) increase projected by the models ensemble). Under RCP8.5 scenario, the results are less conclusive, as seven models project both GPP and net primary production to increase (up to 83% and 69%, respectively), while the remaining four models project the IP as a potential carbon source by late century. Divergences in carbon mass in wood predictions could be attributed to model structures, such as the N cycle, land model component, land cover data and parameterization, and distinct clusters of Earth System Models (ESMs). ESMs divergences in carbon feedbacks are likely being highly impacted by parameterization divergences and susceptibility to climate change and CO2 fertilization effect. Despite projected rainfall reductions, we observe a strong agreement between models regarding the increase of water‐use efficiency (by 21% and 34%) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Results suggest that rising CO2 has the potential to partially alleviate the adverse effects of drought.
On the presence of giant particles downwind of ships in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Prabhakar Gouri , Jonsson Haflidi , Woods Roy K. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: March 2015

This study examines large oceangoing ships as a source of giant cloud condensation nuclei (Dp > 2 µm) due to wake and stack emissions off the California coast. Observed particle number concentrations behind 10 ships exceeded those in “control” areas, exhibiting number concentration enhancement ratios (ERs) for minimum threshold diameters of ~2, ~10, and ~20 µm as high as 2.7, 5.5, and 7.5, respectively. ER decreases with increasing downwind distance and altitude. ER becomes better correlated with ship size variables (gross tonnage, length, and beam) as the minimum size threshold increases from 2 to 20 µm, whereas ship speed has a less distinct relationship with ER. One case study of a container ship shows that there are higher concentrations of sea‐salt tracer species behind it relative to adjacent control areas. These results have implications for cloud properties and precipitation in marine boundary layers exposed to ship traffic.
Trajectories of male sexual aggression from adolescence through college: A latent class growth analysis
Authors: Swartout Kevin M. , Swartout Ashlyn G. , Brennan Carolyn L. , White Jacquelyn W.
Published: March 2015

Approximately 25% of male college students report engaging in some form of sexual coercion by the end of their fourth year of college. White and Smith (2004) found that negative childhood experiences—childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and witnessing domestic violence—predicted sexual aggression perpetrated before college, but not during the subsequent college years, a puzzling finding in view of the reasonably consistent rates of sexual aggression from adolescence to the first 2 years of college. The current study takes a person‐centered approach to sexual aggression in an attempt to resolve this discrepancy. We examined the possibility of cohesive subgroups of men in terms of their frequency of sexual aggression across the pre‐college and college years. A series of latent class growth models were fit to an existing longitudinal dataset of sexual experiences collected across four time points—pre‐college through year 3 of college. A four‐trajectory model fit the data well, exhibiting significantly better fit than a three‐trajectory model. The four trajectories are interpreted as men who perpetrate sexual aggression at (1) low (71.5% of the sample), (2) moderate (21.2%), (3) decreasing (4.2%), and (4) increasing (3.1%) frequencies across time. Negative childhood experiences predicted membership of the decreasing trajectory, relative to the low trajectory, but did not predict membership of the increasing trajectory, explaining the discrepancy uncovered by White and Smith. Implications for primary prevention of sexual aggression are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 41:467–477, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.