bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of ammonia permeation through porous silica membranes
Authors: Kanezashi Masakoto , Yamamoto Akira , Yoshioka Tomohisa , Tsuru Toshinori
Published: October 2009

A sol–gel method was applied for the preparation of silica membranes with different average pore sizes. Ammonia (NH3) permeation/separation characteristics of the silica membranes were examined in a wide temperature range (50–400°C) by measurement of both single and binary component separation. The order of gas permeance through the silica membranes, which was independent of membrane average pore size, was as follows: He > H2 > NH3 > N2. These results suggest that, for permeation through silica membranes, the molecular size of NH3 is larger than that of H2, despite previous reports that the kinetic diameter of NH3 is smaller than that of H2. At high temperatures, there was no effect of NH3 adsorption on H2 permeation characteristics, and silica membranes were highly stable in NH3 at 400°C (i.e., gas permeance remained unchanged). On the other hand, at 50°C NH3 molecules adsorbed on the silica improved NH3‐permselectivity by blocking permeation of H2 molecules without decreasing NH3 permeance. The maximal NH3/H2 permeance ratio obtained during binary component separation was ∼30 with an NH3 permeance of ∼10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at an H2 permeation activation energy of ∼6 kJ mol−1. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
A mechanistic model for the water‐gas shift reaction over noble metal substituted ceria
Authors: Deshpande Parag A. , Hegde M. S. , Madras Giridhar
Published: October 2009

The water‐gas shift (WGS) reaction was carried out in the presence of Pd and Pt substituted nanocrystalline ceria catalysts synthesized by solution combustion technique. The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD and XPS. The noble metals were found to be present in ionic form substituted for the cerium atoms. The catalysts showed high activity for the WGS reaction with high conversions below 250°C. The products of reaction were only carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and no hydrocarbons were observed even in trace quantities. The reactions were carried out with different amounts of noble metal ion substitution and 2% Pt substituted ceria was found to be the best catalyst. The various possible mechanisms for the reaction were proposed and tested for their consistency with experimental data. The dual site mechanism best described the kinetics of the reaction and the corresponding rate parameters were obtained. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Identification of susceptibility loci at 7q31 and 9p13 for bipolar disorder in an isolated population
Authors: Palo Outi M. , Soronen Pia , Silander Kaisa , Varilo Teppo , Tuononen Katja , Kieseppä Tuula , Partonen Timo , Lönnqvist Jouko , Paunio Tiina , Peltonen Leena
Published: October 2009

We performed a linkage analysis on 23 Finnish families with bipolar disorder and originating from the North‐Eastern region of Finland, using the Illumina Linkage Panel IV (6K) Array with an average intermarker spacing of 0.65 cM across the genome. We detected genome‐wide significant evidence for linkage of mood disorder (bipolar disorder type I, II, or not otherwise specified, manic type of schizoaffective psychosis, cyclothymia, or recurrent depression) to chromosomes 7q31 (LOD = 3.20) and 9p13.1 (LOD = 4.02). Analyzing the best markers on the complete set of 179 Finnish bipolar families supported the findings on chromosome 9p13 (maximum LOD score of 3.02 at position 383 Mb, immediately upstream of the centromere). This region harbors several interesting candidate genes, including contactin associated protein‐like 3 (CNTNAP3) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1B1). For the 7q31 locus, only one extended pedigree and ten families originating from the same late settlement region in North‐Eastern Finland provided evidence for linkage, suggesting that a gene predisposing to bipolar disorder is enriched in that region. Candidate genes of interest in this locus include potassium‐voltage‐gated channel, member 2 (KCND2) and calcium‐dependent activator protein for secretion 2 (CADPS2). The loci on the centromeric region of 9p13 and the telomeric region of 7q31 may represent susceptibility loci for mood disorder in the Finnish population. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the SAT1 in/del polymorphism with suicide completion
Authors: Fiori Laura M. , Turecki Gustavo
Published: October 2009

Several studies have observed decreased expression of spermidine/spermine N1‐acetyltransferase (SAT1) in the brains of suicide completers, and we previously identified a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of SAT1 which was associated with suicide completion and SAT1 expression in the brain. We recently characterized the haplotype structure of the SAT1 promoter region and identified an insertion/deletion (in/del) of 15 adenine residues. This variant appears to be a predictor of SAT1 expression, and we were thus interested in determining if the lower expressing deletion allele was found more frequently among suicide completers. To this end, we genotyped the in/del in a sample of 771 French‐Canadian males, comprising 326 suicide completers and 445 non‐suicide controls. We found no significant difference in the frequencies of the two alleles between suicide completers and controls in the entire sample. However, we observed a significantly higher frequency of the deletion in the depressed suicide completers compared to the depressed non‐suicides. These results add support for a role of SAT1 in conferring a risk for suicide completion, in particular in the context of depressive disorders. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density estimates of Panamanian owl monkeys (Aotus zonalis) in three habitat types
Authors: Svensson Magdalena S. , Samudio Rafael , Bearder Simon K. , Nekaris K. Anne‐Isola
Published: October 2009

The resolution of the ambiguity surrounding the taxonomy ofAotusmeans data on newly classified species are urgently needed for conservation efforts. We conducted a study on the Panamanian owl monkey (Aotus zonalis) between May and July 2008 at three localities in Chagres National Park, located east of the Panama Canal, using the line transect method to quantify abundance and distribution. Vegetation surveys were also conducted to provide a baseline quantification of the three habitat types. We observed 33 individuals within 16 groups in two out of the three sites. Population density was highest in Campo Chagres with 19.7 individuals/km2and intermediate densities of 14.3 individuals/km2were observed at Cerro Azul. In la LlanaA.zonaliswas not found to be present. The presence ofA.zonalisin Chagres National Park, albeit at seemingly low abundance, is encouraging. A longer‐term study will be necessary to validate the further abundance estimates gained in this pilot study in order to make conservation policy decisions. Am. J. Primatol. 72:187–192, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐gestation ventricular myocardial reduction in fetuses of hyperglycemic CD1 mice is associated with increased apoptosis
Authors: Gutierrez J. Claudio , Prater M. Renee , Smith Bonnie J. , Freeman Larry E. , Mallela Murali K. , Holladay Steven D.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Previous work in our laboratory showed reduced myocardium and dilated ventricular chambers in gestation day (GD) 17 hearts that were collected from hyperglycemic CD1 mouse dams. Pre‐breeding maternal immune stimulation, using Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), diminished the severity of these fetal heart lesions. The following experiments were performed to detect possible changes in fetal heart apoptotic cell death, under hyperglycemic conditions and with or without maternal immune stimulation. METHODS: Female CD1 mice were injected with 200 mg/kg of streptozocin (STZ) to induce insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Half of these mice received prior FCA injection. Fetal hearts were collected on GD 17 and myocardial apoptotic cells were quantified using flow cytometry. A panel of apoptosis regulatory genes (Bcl2, p53, Casp3, Casp9, PkCe) was then examined in the fetal myocardium using RT‐PCR. RESULTS: Early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic/necrotic cells were significantly increased in fetal hearts from STZ or STZ+FCA dams. Pre‐treatment with FCA reduced late apoptotic/necrotic cells to control level, suggesting some cell death protection was rendered by FCA. Paradoxically in the face of such increased cell death, the expression of pro‐apoptotic genes Casp3 and Casp9 was decreased by diabetes, while the anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl2 was increased. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal hyperglycemia causes dys‐regulated apoptosis of fetal myocardial cells. Such effect may be prevented by maternal immune stimulation. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:409–415, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy in the Third Reich: an outline, part 3. The science and ethics of anatomy in National Socialist Germany and postwar consequences
Authors: Hildebrandt S.
Published: October 2009

Anatomists in National Socialist (NS) Germany did research on materials from animals and humans, including tissues from the bodies of NS victims. The research was competent but rarely innovative. This may be due to the isolation of the German research community from international developments, as well as to the dismissal of a great number of successful anatomists for racial or political reasons. Other research was unproductive because of its foundation in the pseudoscience of racial hygiene. Anatomists in the Third Reich acted according to a new set of medical ethics favored by the NS regime. Not the individual human being but the “body of the people” as a whole was the object of this ethics. Every action was ethical that ensured the health of the German people, including sterilization, so‐called euthanasia, and finally mass murder. Anatomists made use of the opportunities given to them by the NS regime, which led to the postmortem utilization of the bodies of NS victims. After the war, most anatomists retained their positions and NS history was not discussed until the later 20th century. Since then, historical research and public discussions have led to an increased awareness of questions of ethics in anatomy. The history of anatomy in the Third Reich illustrates that the theory and practice of a science is dependent on the political system it exists in, and that the scientists' competence not only in their science but also in politics and ethics is a prerequisite for the freedom of science. Clin. Anat. 22:906–915, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chivosazoles A and F, Cytostatic Macrolides from Myxobacteria, Interfere with Actin
Authors: Diestel Randi , Irschik Herbert , Jansen Rolf , Khalil Mohammed W. , Reichenbach Hans , Sasse Florenz
Published: October 2009

Chivosazoles A and F, isolated from Sorangium cellulosum, showed high antiproliferative activity with different mammalian cell lines including human cancer cells. The chivosazoles caused a delay in G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and treated cells often contained two nuclei. By labeling F‐actin it was shown that the actin cytoskeleton of the cells starts to break down after a few minutes of treatment. In vitro polymerization assays with purified G‐actin revealed that the chivosazoles inhibit actin polymerization and also cause a depolymerization of pyrene‐labeled F‐actin microfilaments prepared in vitro. Chivosazoles are new tools for the investigation of issues concerning the actin cytoskeleton and they have a different mode of action from the known microfilament‐disrupting compounds like rhizopodin and cytochalasin D.
Einfluss zyklischer Temperaturänderungen auf die mechanische Beanspruchung von Radialstromadsorbern
Authors: Steinbach H. , Brunner B. , Ferstl J. , Platzer B.
Published: October 2009

In chemischen oder kryogenen Industrieanlagen befindet sich häufig ein Anlagenteil für die Adsorption von Stoffen aus Gasströmen. Durch den erforderlichen Wechsel zwischen einer kalten Arbeits‐ und einer heißen Regenerierungsphase unterliegen die eingebundenen Komponenten einer zyklischen Temperaturbelastung und daraus resultierenden mechanischen Beanspruchungen. Die Berechnung einer Adsorberstation bedarf deshalb aufgrund ihrer hohen Zyklenzahl einer zeitfesten Auslegung mit einer definierten Spannungsschwingbreite (Amplitude). Der Artikel befasst sich mit der experimentellen Erfassung der auftretenden Temperaturprofile und berücksichtigt die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bei der Simulation der mechanischen Belastung radialdurchströmter Adsorptionsbehälter. Die Validierung der simulierten Ergebnisse erfolgte an einer Luftzerlegungsanlage. Die Berücksichtigung des Wärmeübergangs in den Behälter bei der Berechnung von mechanischen Belastungen ermöglicht eine weitaus größere Genauigkeit bei der Dimensionierung von Wandstärken und der Berechnung der Lebensdauer.
Fast Prediction of Cytochrome P450 Mediated Drug Metabolism
Authors: Rydberg Patrik , Vasanthanathan Poongavanam , Oostenbrink Chris , Olsen Lars
Published: October 2009

Cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of drugs is one of the major determinants of their kinetic profile, and prediction of this metabolism is therefore highly relevant during the drug discovery and development process. A new rule‐based method, based on results from density functional theory calculations, for predicting activation energies for aliphatic and aromatic oxidations by cytochromes P450 is developed and compared with several other methods. Although the applicability of the method is currently limited to a subset of P450 reactions, these reactions describe more than 90 % of the metabolites. The rules employed are relatively few and general, and when combined with solvent‐accessible surface area calculations to account for steric accessibility, the method gives a major P450 metabolite as first‐ranked position for 75 % of the substrates, and ranked in the top three for 90 % of substrates for a set of 20 substrates. In combination with docking, it can predict isoform‐specific metabolism, and we apply this on CYP1A2 with very good results on 81 substrates, for which we find a major metabolite ranked in the top three for 90 % of the substrates (100 % in the training set and 87 % in the larger test set).
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors in childhood
Authors: Alaggio Rita , Cecchetto Giovanni , Bisogno Gianni , Gambini Claudio , Calabrò Maria Luisa , Inserra Alessandro , Boldrini Renata , De Salvo Gian Luca , G. d'Amore Emanuele S. , Dall'Igna Patrizia
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are myofibroblastic lesions with unpredictable biologic behavior that occur at a young age. For this report, the authors investigated clinicopathologic features in a series of pediatric IMTs. The objective of the study was to identify morphologic or immunohistochemical prognostic markers and the possible pathogenic role of human herpes virus 8 (HHV‐8).

METHODS:

Twenty‐six patients were observed over a period of 18 years. Clinical/histologic data were reviewed, and immunohistochemical/molecular studies were performed.

RESULTS:

Patients ages 8‒216 months (median age, 60 months) presented with tumors of the lung‐bronchus (8 patients), abdomen (17 patients), and thoracic wall (1 patient). Twenty‐one patients underwent complete excision, and microscopic or macroscopic residual disease was present in 5 of those patients. Chemotherapy was received by 5 patients. After a median follow‐up of 6.6 years, 24 patients were in complete remission, and 2 patients had died of disease. Local recurrences were observed in 6 patients (including 4 recurrences that occurred after a complete excision). Cytologic atypia, low inflammatory infiltrate, and a rich myxoid pattern were detected in patients who had recurrent disease or a poor prognosis. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was positive in 7 patients (including 2 patients with recurrent disease). No correlation between clusterin expression and prognosis was demonstrated. HHV‐8 was identified in 1 pulmonary IMT.

CONCLUSIONS:

IMTs are locally aggressive lesions. In this series, the local recurrence rate was 23%, and the 5‐year and 10‐year event‐free survival rates were 87.4% and 72.8%, respectively. The results indicated that the treatment of choice is a complete, nonmutilating excision; chemotherapy may be given to patients who have microscopic or macroscopic residual disease, although the results are controversial; cytologic atypia and positive ALK status are more frequent in aggressive tumors, whereas metastatic tumors are negative for ALK; and HHV8 is not involved in the pathogenesis of IMT. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Mesh dependence and slip complexity in earthquake fault models
Authors: Olsen‐Kettle L. M. , Mühlhaus H. B.
Published: October 2009

We study the origins of mesh dependence in earthquake dynamics and show that mesh sensitivity in numerical models of earthquake rupture can unearth new, exciting physical phenomena, and provide hidden clues to discovering the physics underlying earthquake complexity. We show (in agreement with previous numerical studies of dynamic rupture at faults) that coarse meshes or discrete models produce more interesting physics because these numerical simulations produce richer spatio‐temporal complexity at faults over multiple earthquake cycles. These discrete models are desirable as they reproduce the observed Gutenberg–Richter power‐law frequency magnitude distribution of earthquakes more accurately. However, this complexity is lost as the mesh size is refined, which is undersirable from a physical point of view. We investigate this mesh sensitivity by analysing the higher‐order perturbative terms introduced into numerical models with coarse meshes. The introduction of these higher‐order, nonlinear terms into standard continuum models generally used to describe earthquake dynamics may provide a key to reproducing earthquake complexity while partially removing the associated mesh dependence without the need to modify the underlying mesh. This is a first step towards deriving a physical law capable of reproducing the scale‐invariant behaviour in earthquake sizes and reconciling continuum and discrete models of earthquake rupture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromal vascular progenitors in adult human adipose tissue
Authors: Zimmerlin Ludovic , Donnenberg Vera S. , Pfeifer Melanie E. , Meyer E. Michael , Péault Bruno , Rubin J. Peter , Donnenberg Albert D.
Published: October 2009

The in vivo progenitor of culture‐expanded mesenchymal‐like adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC) remains elusive, owing in part to the complex organization of stromal cells surrounding the small vessels, and the rapidity with which adipose stromal vascular cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype in vitro. Immunohistostaining of intact adipose tissue was used to identify three markers (CD31, CD34, and CD146), which together unambiguously discriminate histologically distinct inner and outer rings of vessel‐associated stromal cells, as well as capillary and small vessel endothelial cells. These markers were used in multiparameter flow cytometry in conjunction with stem/progenitor markers (CD90 and CD117) to further characterize stromal vascular fraction (SVF) subpopulations. Two mesenchymal and two endothelial populations were isolated by high speed flow cytometric sorting, expanded in short term culture, and tested for adipogenesis. The inner layer of stromal cells in contact with small vessel endothelium (pericytes) was CD146+/α‐SMA+/CD90±/CD34−/CD31−; the outer adventitial stromal ring (designated supra adventitial‐adipose stromal cells, SA‐ASC) was CD146−/α‐SMA−/CD90+/CD34+/CD31−. Capillary endothelial cells were CD31+/CD34+/CD90+ (endothelial progenitor), whereas small vessel endothelium was CD31+/CD34−/CD90− (endothelial mature). Flow cytometry confirmed these expression patterns and revealed a CD146+/CD90+/CD34+/CD31− pericyte subset that may be transitional between pericytes and SA‐ASC. Pericytes had the most potent adipogenic potential, followed by the more numerous SA‐ASC. Endothelial populations had significantly reduced adipogenic potential compared with unsorted expanded SVF cells. In adipose tissue, perivascular stromal cells are organized in two discrete layers, the innermost consisting of CD146+/CD34− pericytes, and the outermost of CD146−/CD34+ SA‐ASC, both of which have adipogenic potential in culture. A CD146+/CD34+ subset detected by flow cytometry at low frequency suggests a population transitional between pericytes and SA‐ASC. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Development of small and inexpensive digital data acquisition systems using a microcontroller‐based approach
Authors: Naivar Mark A. , Wilder Mark E. , Habbersett Robert C. , Woods Travis A. , Sebba David S. , Nolan John P. , Graves Steven W.
Published: October 2009

Fully digital data acquisition systems for use in flow cytometry provide excellent flexibility and precision. Here, we demonstrate the development of a low cost, small, and low power digital flow cytometry data acquisition system using a single microcontroller chip with an integrated analog to digital converter (ADC). Our demonstration system uses a commercially available evaluation board making the system simple to integrate into a flow cytometer. We have evaluated this system using calibration microspheres analyzed on commercial, slow‐flow, and CCD‐based flow cytometers. In our evaluations, our demonstration data system clearly resolves all eight peaks of a Rainbow microsphere set on both a slow‐flow flow cytometer and a retrofitted BD FACScalibur, which indicates it has the sensitivity and resolution required for most flow cytometry applications. It is also capable of millisecond time resolution, full waveform collection, and selective triggering of data collection from a CCD camera. The capability of our demonstration system suggests that the use of microcontrollers for flow cytometry digital data‐acquisition will be increasingly valuable for extending the life of older cytometers and provides a compelling data‐system design approach for low‐cost, portable flow cytometers. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Structural Elucidation of tmeda‐Solvated Alkali Metal Diphenylamide Complexes
Authors: Kennedy Alan R. , Klett Jan , O'Hara Charles T. , Mulvey Robert E. , Robertson Gemma M.
Published: October 2009

Lithium, sodium and potassium salts of diphenylamine have been prepared by using a deprotonative route and characterised in both, solid state (by X‐ray crystallography) and solution (by NMR spectroscopic studies). In each case the metal atom's coordination sphere is completed by coordination to the synthetically important co‐ligand N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda). Complexes 1 and 2 [{(tmeda)M(NPh2)}2] (M = Li for 1, Na for 2) can be prepared by treating 1 mol.‐equiv. of the parent amine with an equimolar quantity of nBuM and tmeda in hexane solution. In the solid state, 1 and 2 are essentially isostructural, being dimeric with a four‐atom M–N–M–N framework. The coordination sphere of each M atom is completed by a bidentate tmeda molecule. Complex 3 [{(tmeda)3/2K(NPh2)}2] has been prepared in a similar way to 1 and 2 except that benzylpotassium has been utilised as the metallating agent. In addition, 4 mol‐equiv. of tmeda is required to fully solubilise the heavy alkali metal amide mixture. In the solid state, 3 exists as a polymeric array of dinuclear K–N–K–N rings. Akin to 1 and 2, the K atom is coordinated to a bidentate tmeda molecule; however, each K atom is also bound to another tmeda molecule that acts as a monodentate bridge, thus producing the coordination polymer. Crystalline 1 and 2 are soluble in C6D6; hence, NMR spectroscopic studies could be performed. These show that the solid‐state structure appears to stay intact in arene solution. On the other hand, 3 is not soluble in C6D6; so solution studies have been performed in [D8]thf. These studies reveal that 3 readily looses tmeda during in‐vacuo isolation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Bis(oxazolinylmethyl) Derivatives of C4H4E Heterocycles (E = NH, O, S) as C2‐Chiral Meridionally Coordinating Ligands for Nickel and Chromium
Authors: Konrad Felix , Lloret Fillol Julio , Rettenmeier Christoph , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: October 2009

The synthesis of the three ligands employed in this study is based on the condensation of two molar equivalents of (S)‐valinol with the diester precursors pyrrole‐2,5‐bis(ethyl)acetate (2a), furan‐2,5‐bis(ethyl)acetate (2b) and thiophene‐2,5‐bis(ethyl)acetate (2c). This gave the corresponding bis(oxazolinylmethyl)pyrrole (iPrLNH, 4a), bis(oxazolinylmethyl)furan (iPrLO, 4b) and bis(oxazolinylmethyl)thiophene (iPrLS, 4c) ligands. Stirring 4a in MeOD at ambient temperature in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid (1 mol‐%) led to complete hydrogen/deuterium exchange in the two bridging methylene groups of the ligand. This behaviour is explained by an acetate‐mediated reversible proton transfer between the oxazoline N atom and the methylene bridge, a conjecture which was supported by a DFT study of the process. Deprotonation of iPrLNH (4a) with tBuLi at –78 °C and subsequent stirring with NiCl2 yielded the square planar nickel(II) complex [Ni(iPrLN)Cl] (5). However, on stirring iPrLNH (4a) with nickel acetate in methanol, a deep red nickel acetato complex [Ni(iso‐iPrLN)(OAc)] (6) bearing the isomerized tridentate pincer ligand was obtained. Reaction of acetato complex 6 with Me3SiCl in dichloromethane cleanly gave the corresponding chlorido complex [Ni(iso‐iPrLN)Cl] (7), which is the isomer of compound 5. The intraligand rearrangement was explained by acetate‐mediated proton transfer between the methylene bridges and the 3/4‐positions of the pyrrole ring, the computed thermodynamic driving force being ΔG = –9.8 kcal mol–1. Neither thiophene derivative 4c nor furan‐derived ligand 4b gave robust, isolable complexes with nickel(II). However, reaction of iPrLO (4b) with [CrCl3(thf)3] in thf yielded the yellow‐green complex [CrCl3(iPrLO)] (8), whereas no complexation occurred with the analogous thiophene‐derived bisoxazoline 4c. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
What's in a name? Classifying ‘the dropout’ from treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Sly Richard
Published: October 2009

Treatment drop‐out rates for anorexia nervosa (AN) are notoriously high, and have remained so over the course of time, and across different treatment settings and modalities. The outcome for such patients is frequently poor. Despite the prevalence of this problem, there is little quality evidence as to why this is the case, and what the predictors of drop‐out are. Methodological uniformity has been called for in order to develop a cohesive literature in this field, and this paper argues that we must also reflect upon how our labelling of ‘the dropout’ has shaped what we have examined to date, and how that has in turn led to a weak evidence base. A new, less pejorative term for those who do not complete treatment is needed to reflect the direction research in this area needs to take. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Wide‐area time‐delay robust damping control for power system
Authors: Qi Jun , Jiang Quanyuan , Wang Guangzeng , Cao Yijia
Published: October 2009

This paper presents time‐delay robust damping control for inter‐area oscillation in power system by using remote signals from wide‐area measurement system (WAMS). To ensure satisfactory performance, variations of operating condition and time delay are considered. Design of damping controller is formulated as time‐delay output‐feedback control problem. Time‐delay power system model is constructed by system identification and Pade approximation. Based on the time‐delay system model, robust damping controller is designed employing mixed‐sensitivity H∞ control theory and pole placement approach in the linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework. This method is applied to design damping controller for prototype power system reinforced with static var compensator (SVC). Damping performance of the controller is examined in the frequency and time domains for various operating scenarios. The controller is found to be effective in damping inter‐area oscillation and robust to variations of operating condition and time delay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation of bluff body wake in planar shear flow
Authors: Lankadasu A. , Vengadesan S.
Published: October 2009

Large eddy simulation of planar shear flow past a square cylinder has been investigated. Dynamic Smagorinsky model has been used to model subgrid scale stress. The shear parameter, K, namely the nondimensional streamwise velocity gradient in the lateral direction, is 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2. Reynolds number based on the centerline velocity is fixed at Re=21400. The time and span‐averaged velocity components, pressure coefficient, Reynolds stresses for uniform are in good agreement with the literature. In shear flow the calculated flow structure and mean velocity components are shown to be markedly different from those of the uniform flow. With increasing shear parameter, the cylinder wake is dominated by clockwise vortices. Both the velocity components in shear flow are compared with respective components in uniform flow. Comparison of normal and shear stresses between shear and no shear case have also been presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional impact of field strength on voxel‐based morphometry results
Authors: Tardif Christine L. , Collins D. Louis , Pike G. Bruce
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study was to characterize the sensitivity of voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) results to choice field strength. We chose to investigate the two most widespread acquisition sequences for VBM, FLASH and MP‐RAGE, at 1.5 and 3 T. We first evaluated image quality of the four acquisition protocols in terms of SNR and image uniformity. We then performed a VBM study on eight subjects scanned twice using the four protocols to evaluate differences in grey matter (GM) density and corresponding scan‐rescan variability, and a power analysis for each protocol in the context a longitudinal and cross‐sectional VBM study. As expected, the SNR increased significantly at 3 T for both FLASH and MP‐RAGE. Image non‐uniformity increased as well, in particular for MP‐RAGE. The differences in CNR and contrast non‐uniformity cause regional biases between protocols in the VBM results, in particular between sequences at 3 T. The power analysis results show an overall decrease in the number of subjects required in a longitudinal study to detect a difference in GM density at 3 T for MP‐RAGE, but an increase for FLASH. The number of subjects required in a cross‐sectional VBM study is higher at 3 T for both sequences. Our results show that each protocol has a distinct regional sensitivity pattern to morphometric change, which goes against the classical view of VBM as an unbiased whole brain analysis technique, complicates the combination of data within a VBM study and the direct comparison of VBM studies based on different protocols. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bulk and supported tungstophosphoric acid as friendly, efficient, recyclable catalysts for the synthesis of bis‐indolylmethanes under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Aliyan Hamid , Fazaeli Razieh , Naghash Hamid Javaherian , Massah Ahmad Reza , Momeni Ahmad Reza , Iravani Zohreh
Published: October 2009

The treatment of indole with structurally diverse aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of inorganic‐supported polyoxometalates, heterogeneous, reusable and efficient catalysts at room temperature gave the corresponding bis‐indolylmethanes in excellent yields and shorter reaction times under solvent‐free conditions. The catalyst can be reused for several times, but it will be less active. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:325–331, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20554
New tin(IV) complexes with sterically hindered o‐iminobenzoquinone ligand: Synthesis and structure
Authors: Piskunov Alexandr V. , Mescheryakova Irina N. , Fukin Georgii K. , Bogomyakov Artyem S. , Romanenko Galina V. , Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Abakumov Gleb A.
Published: October 2009

The reduction of 4,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(2, 6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)‐o‐iminobenzoquinone (imQ) by tin amalgam in hexane solution leads to new six‐coordinated o‐iminoquinonato tin(IV) complex (iSQ)2SnAP (1) (where iSQ and AP are o‐iminosemiquinolate and dianion o‐amidophenolate, respectively). Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 have shown that this complex possesses a weak ferromagnetic exchange between o‐iminosemiquinonate ligands. The oxidation of 1 with air oxygen produces new o‐iminoquinonolate tin(IV) derivatives [(iSQ)Sn(AP)]2O (2) and (iSQ)2Sn(OH)2 (3) containing μ‐oxo‐ and hydroxo‐ligands, respectively. The electronic structure of 1 was examined by DFT analysis. Complexes 1–3 have been investigated using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:332–340, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20555
Microwave‐mediated pyrazole fluorinations using selectfluor®
Authors: Sloop Joseph C. , Jackson James L. , Schmidt Robert D.
Published: October 2009

Microwave‐mediated electrophilic fluorinations and a new single‐pot condensation en route to ring‐fluorinated pyrazoles were examined:
magnified image
The monofluorination by these methods was successful for a variety of pyrazoles, with yields ranging from 13% to 75%. While electrophilic aromatic fluorination of 3‐CF3 pyrazoles proved largely ineffective, development of a single‐pot process overcame this limitation. The microwave‐mediated reaction is regioselective; ring fluorination of the heterocycle occurs preferentially over phenyl and alkyl substituents. Alkyl side chain fluorination, when desired, can be modulated by reactant ratios. The single‐pot method, which involves acid catalysis by H‐TEDA, produces 4‐fluoropyrazoles products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:341–345, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20556
Retinoic Acid Signaling Positively Regulates Liver Specification by Inducing Wnt2bb Gene Expression in Medaka
Authors: Negishi Takahiro , Nagai Yoko , Asaoka Yoichi , Ohno Mami , Namae Misako , Mitani Hiroshi , Sasaki Takashi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Terai Shuji , Sakaida Isao , Kondoh Hisato , Katada Toshiaki , Furutani-Seiki Makoto , Nishina Hiroshi
Published: October 2009

During vertebrate embryogenesis, the liver develops at a precise location along the endodermal primitive gut tube because of signaling delivered by adjacent mesodermal tissues. Although several signaling molecules have been associated with liver formation, the molecular mechanism that regulates liver specification is still unclear. We previously performed a screen in medaka to isolate mutants with impaired liver development. The medaka

hio

mutants exhibit a profound (but transient) defect in liver specification that resembles the liver formation defect found in zebrafish

prometheus

(

prt

) mutants, whose mutation occurs in the

wnt2bb

gene. In addition to their liver abnormality,

hio

mutants lack pectoral fins and die after hatching. Positional cloning indicated that the

hio

mutation affects the

raldh2

gene encoding retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type2 (RALDH2), the enzyme principally responsible for retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis. Mutations of

raldh2

in zebrafish preclude the development of pectoral fins. Interestingly, in

hio

mutants, expression of

wnt2bb

in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) directly adjacent to the liver-forming endoderm was completely lost.

Conclusion:

Our data reveal the unexpected finding that RA signaling positively regulates the

wnt2bb

gene expression required for liver specification in medaka. These results suggest that a common molecular mechanism may underlie liver and pectoral fin specification during piscine embryogenesis. (Hepatology 2009.)
Empirical and policy performance of a forward‐looking monetary model
Authors: Onatski Alexei , Williams Noah
Published: October 2009

In this paper we consider the implications of a fully specified dynamic general equilibrium model, developed by Smets and Wouters (2003). This is a relatively large‐scale forward‐looking model, which was shown to provide a good fit to the data. We show that systematically accounting for prior uncertainty may lead to substantially different parameter estimates. However many of the qualitative features of the model remain similar under the alternative estimates that we find. We then formulate and analyze optimal policy rules in the model, focusing on a simple loss function which is commonly used and is independent of the estimates. We determine the optimal equilibrium dynamics for our estimates as well as those of Smets and Wouters, and find that they imply largely similar behavior. We then analyze simple policy rules, finding that these rules perform relatively well and are robust to our different sets of parameter estimates. Overall, our results suggest that the model may be relatively robust in its ability to capture certain aspects of the data. However some caution should be exercised in basing inference on the structural estimates, as these seem to be only weakly identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical examination of the individual‐level personality‐based theory of self‐management failure
Authors: Renn Robert W. , Allen David G. , Huning Tobias M.
Published: October 2009

The individual‐level personality‐based theory of self‐management failure posits that personality predisposes individuals to self‐defeating behavior that, in turn, leads to self‐management failure (Renn, Allen, Fedor, & Davis, 2005). To provide a partial test of the theory, a model is hypothesized that operationalized personality with neuroticism and conscientiousness of the Big Five personality dimensions; self‐defeating behavior with inability to delay gratification, procrastination, and emotional self‐absorption; and self‐management with personal goal setting, monitoring, and operating. The model was tested using data collected from 286 working employees and structural equations analysis. Results supported nine of 11 theory‐derived hypotheses. As hypothesized, high neuroticism was associated with improper personal goal setting, monitoring, and operating; and emotional self‐absorption and procrastination accounted for the relationship between high neuroticism and ineffective self‐management. In addition, low conscientiousness was associated with inferior self‐management practices, and inability to delay gratification and procrastination partially explained the relationship between low conscientiousness and poor self‐management. The findings provide new insight into how high neuroticism and low conscientiousness may contribute to self‐management failure. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agritourism in the Arkansas delta byways: assessing the economic impacts
Authors: Das Biswa R. , Rainey Daniel V.
Published: October 2009

Large parts of rural USA are seeing gradual decline in economic fortunes. The small and medium scale farms are especially dwindling in numbers and their incomes are stagnating. Towards revitalizing the rural agrarian economies, agritourism is being seen as a catalyst to supplement income and trigger economic growth in some parts of the USA. This study focuses on a 15‐county region in the Arkansas Delta Byways (ADB) predominantly dependent on agriculture. The study uses agritourism visitor and expenditure data to estimate the baseline economic impacts in 2007 and predict potential impacts in 2012 on the region's economy. The study is conducted in two stages; the first stage involves statistical predictions of future agritourism visitors using time series extrapolation models. In the second stage, an input–output (I–O) framework is used to estimate the economic impacts relating to sales, employment, income and tax revenue to federal, state and local governments. Three alternate scenarios, where the agritourism visitors as a percentage of total visitors increases from the baseline level to hypothetical higher levels as a result of the state's agritourism promotion and initiatives are examined, and the net economic gain from additional visitors are estimated. Findings suggest that farms will benefit from increases in income but do not see any significant increase in jobs mainly due to the family nature of the enterprises. Economic benefits from on‐farm hunting far outstrip other agritourism activities and their impacts reverberate across many other sectors of the local economy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coding microsatellite instability analysis in microsatellite unstable small intestinal adenocarcinomas identifies MARCKS as a common target of inactivation
Authors: Michel Sara , Kloor Matthias , Singh Sandhya , Gdynia Georg , Roth Wilfried , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Schirmacher Peter , Bläker Hendrik
Published: October 2009

Approximately 15% of small intestinal adenocarcinomas show inactivation of DNA‐mismatch repair (MMR) and display high‐level microsatellite instability (MSI‐H). MSI‐H tumors progress as a result of mutations affecting coding microsatellites (coding microsatellite instability, cMSI) that may result in a functional inactivation of the encoded proteins and provide a selective growth advantage for the affected cell. To investigate the cMSI selection in small intestinal carcinogenesis 56 adenocarcinomas were tested for MSI. Eleven MSI‐H carcinomas (19.6%) were identified and subjected to cMSI analysis in 24 potentially tumor relevant genes. Mutation frequencies were similar to those observed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Beside high frequencies of cMSI in TGFβR2, ACVR2, and AIM2 we detected MARCKS mutations in 10 out of 11 (91%) tumors with a 30% share of biallelic mutations. Since little is known about MARCKS expression in the intestine, we analyzed MARCKS protein expression in 31 carcinomas. In non‐neoplastic mucosa, MARCKS was found to be expressed with a concentration gradient along the crypt–villus axis. In line with cMSI induced functional inactivation of MARCKS, 8 out of 11 MSI‐H adenocarcinomas showed regional or complete loss of the protein. In microsatellite stable (MSS) small bowel adenocarcinoma, loss of MARCKS expression was seen in 2 out of 20 tumors (10%). In conclusion, we herein present a cMSI profile of MSI‐H small intestinal adenocarcinomas identifying MARCKS as a frequent target of mutation. Loss of MARCKS protein expression suggests a significant role of MARCKS inactivation in the pathogenesis of small intestinal adenocarcinomas. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voiding dysfunctions in children with mental retardation
Authors: Pei‐Yu Yang , Nai‐Hsin Meng , Eric Chieh‐lung Chou
Published: October 2009

Aims

This study aims to evaluate the voiding disorder and lower urinary tract symptoms in mentally retarded children.

Methods

Fifty‐one mentally retarded children (age 7.7 years) was assessed. A volunteer sample comprised of 36 typically developing children (age 6.4 years) served as the comparative group. All participants underwent uroflometric investigation, and residual urine was detected by sonography. Urological history including history of urinary tract infection, incontinence, frequency, and dysurea was collected. In addition, the mentally retarded group was classified according to IQ: severe mentally retarded group (IQ below 40) (n = 11), moderate mentally retarded group (IQ: 41 to 55) (n = 19), mild mentally retarded group (IQ: 56 to 70) (n = 21). Group comparisons were analyzed using Chi‐square and Student's t‐test.

Results

Of the 51 mentally retarded children, 18(35.2%) were found to have voiding dysfunction, which is significantly higher than the control group (8.3%). The incidence of urine incontinence and frequency is also significantly higher in the mentally retarded group. The comparison of the three mentally retarded subgroups showed that the severe mentally retarded group had the highest incidence of voiding dysfunction and urinary incontinence. Overall, the mentally retarded group had higher percentage of small bladder capacity.

Conclusions

We concluded that mentally retarded children have a higher incidence of voiding dysfunction and incontinence than the control group. Early detection of voiding dysfunction in an objective, non‐invasive manner is important in mentally retarded children, particularly those with severe cognitive impairment. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1272–1275, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncogenic NRF2 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas of oesophagus and skin
Authors: Kim Yoo Ri , Oh Ji Eun , Kim Min Sung , Kang Mi Ran , Park Sang Wook , Han Ji Youn , Eom Hyeon Seok , Yoo Nam Jin , Lee Sug Hyung
Published: October 2009

Nuclear factor erythroid‐related factor 2 (NRF2) encodes a transcription factor that induces expression of cytoprotective proteins upon oxidative stress and oncogenic NRF2 mutations have been found in lung and head/neck cancers that inactivate KEAP1‐mediated degradation of NRF2. The aim of this study was to catalogue NRF2 mutations in other human cancers. For this, we analysed 1145 cancer tissues from carcinomas from oesophagus, skin, uterine cervix, lung, larynx, breast, colon, stomach, liver, prostate, urinary bladder, ovary, uterine cervix, and kidney, and meningiomas, multiple myelomas, and acute leukaemias by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. We detected NRF2 mutations in oesophagus (8/70; 11.4%), skin (1/17; 6.3%), lung (10/125; 8.0%), and larynx (3/23; 13.0%) cancers. Of note, all of the 22 mutations except one were found in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (95.5%). The mutations were observed within or near DLG and ETGE motifs that are important in NRF2 and KEAP1 interaction. All of the oesophageal SCCs and skin SCCs with the NRF2 mutations showed increased NRF2 expression in the nuclei. However, none of the SCCs from oesophagus and skin harboured KEAP1 mutation. Our study demonstrated here that NRF2 mutation occurs not only in lung and head/neck cancers, but also in oesophageal and skin cancers. Our data suggest that the NRF2 mutation plays a role in the development of SCC and is a feature of SCC. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoglobin Hakkari: An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia with inclusion bodies arising from de novo mutation in exon 2 of beta globin gene
Authors: Kanathezhath B. , Hazard F.K. , Guo H. , Kidd J. , Azimi M. , Kuypers F.A. , Vichinsky E.P. , Lal A.
Published: October 2009

Certain β globin gene mutations produce a thalassemia major phenotype in the heterozygous state. While most such patients have thalassemia intermedia, we describe a young Guatemalan child with a de novo mutation in the β globin gene, codon 31 T → G (Hemoglobin Hakkari), who developed severe anemia at the age of 10 months and remains transfusion‐dependent. The substitution of B13 leucine with arginine in the β globin results in alteration of a critical heme contact point resulting in an extremely unstable variant hemoglobin and a clinical picture that is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and numerous intracytoplasmic inclusions within the erythrocyte precursors of the bone marrow. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:332–335. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.