bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIPHOSPHONATE TREATMENT OF A PRIMARY OSTEOSARCOMA IN A DOG: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Francis Marion D. , Slough Candice L. , Black Hugh E. , Tofe Andrew J. , Gilbert Cloyd G.
Published: May 2005

The following sequence of treatments was administered to a Saint Bernard dog with a primary distal right radius osteosarcoma: 54 days of daily disodium 1‐hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate (HEDP) subcutaneous injections; 53 days of HEDP per os; one 32P‐HEDP intravenous injection. During the pretreatment period, there was an extensive increase in calcific tumor growth and osteoblastic proliferation. After the subcutaneous HEDP treatment, almost complete tumor necrosis was seen. After the oral HEDP treatment, only the deepest tumor portion contained active osteoblasts, calcific growth of the tumor was completely blocked, and uptake of 99mTc‐Sn‐HEDP was reduced to one fourth of the pretreatment uptake. After a single 32P‐HEDP dose, large areas of tumor necrosis were evident histopathologically. However, subsequent resumption of cellular activity occurred in the tumor, and the uptake of 99mTc‐Sn‐HEDP increased to pretreatment values. These data suggest that systemically administered HEDP should be studied further for its possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of osteosarcoma and indicate a need for further study of 32P‐HEDP or possibly 33P‐HEDP.
EXPERIMENTAL ISOLATED RENAL ARTERY PERFORATION IN THE DOG: ITS NATURAL HISTORY*
Authors: Gerlock Amil J. , Mathis John M. , Coulam Craig M. , Novak Gary R.
Published: May 2005

Three 25‐ to 30‐kg adult mongrel dogs had nonsurgical experimentally induced unilateral renal artery perforations produced by a rotating guide wire tip. The guide wire was introduced via a percutaneous femoral artery puncture. Baseline arteriograms were compared with serial postperforation arteriograms made over a three‐month peirod, and the natural history and healing rate of these lesions were assessed. In the three‐dog study, the renal artery perforations were self‐limiting. The dogs'healing processes alone seemed adequate in preserving both renal and renal artery function.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF SPONTANEOUS CANINE NEOPLASMS*
Authors: Marincek Borut , Young Stuart W.
Published: May 2005

Five spontaneous extracranial canine neoplasms studied by a computed tomography whole body scanner are presented: an undifferentiated sarcoma of the scapula, a mast cell sarcoma of the hip, a mast cell sarcoma of the neck, a fibrosarcoma of the neck, and a malignant melanoma of the gingiva. Computed tomography enables accurate detection and definition of tumor size and extent and is, therefore, an aid to diagnostic evaluation, therapy, and prognosis.
COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAL CHONDROSARCOMA IN A SAINT BERNARD DOG: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Hamerslag Karen L. , Evans Sydney M. , Dubielzig Richard
Published: May 2005

A 6‐year‐old male Saint Bernard dog was examined because of a firm nonpainful tail‐base mass. Radiographs revealed an expansile heterogeneous bony mass of the sixth coccygeal vertebra. The tail was amputated. The histologic diagnosis was coccygeal vertebral chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcomas account for ten to eleven percent of all skeletal tumors and occur commonly in the flat bones in large‐breed dogs. Radiographically chondrosarcomas appear predominantly osteolytic but may contain mottled mineralized densities. In the dog described here the radiographic signs were typical of a malignant cartilaginous tumor: cortical destruction, mottled mineralized densities, ill‐defined margins, and continued but relatively slow growth. However, there was no periosteal reaction and the chondrosarcoma was at an unusual site.
VERTEBRAL TUMORS IN THE DOG: A CLINICAL RADIOLOGIC, AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF 61 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LESIONS
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Med Vet , Ackerman Norman , Bailey Cleta S. , Pool Roy R.
Published: May 2005

The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of 26 primary and 35 secondary vertebral tumors of the dog with varying periods of clinical signs, possibly influenced by their being referred dogs, are presented. Pain without neurologic signs was the predominant initial sign with both primary and secondary tumors. However, by the time of hospital admission, most dogs had neurologic deficits. The time from pain onset to neurologic deficit ranged from two days to nine months. German Shepherd Dogs, Standard Poodles, and Labrador Retrievers were heavily represented; the average age was 7 years and there was a slight predominance of male dogs. Both primary and secondary tumors showed a destructive pattern, often with cortical destruction and adjacent disc space collapse. An associated paravertebral soft tissue mass was frequently present in the secondary tumors, 13 of 35 being secondary to intrapelvic tumors. Osteosarcomas were the most common primary tumor; the secondary tumor cell type varied. Most dogs were euthanized immediately upon histopathologic confirmation of the disease.
NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*
Authors: Silverman Sam , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu‐ alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.
RARE EARTH INTENSIFYING SCREENS FOR VETERINARY RADIOGRAPHY: AN EVALUATION OF TWO SYSTEMS
Authors: Doblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: May 2005

Two rare earth radiographic intensifying screen‐film systems were compared with a calcium tungstate screen‐film systems in a series of clinically oriented trials. The calcium tungstate screen‐film system was subjectively judged to have the highest overall image quality, primarily because of its wide latitude. Several rare earth screen‐film combinations produced radiographs of excellent diagnostic quality. In general, image quality was inversely related to screen‐film speed, whereas radiation protection was directly related to screen‐film speed. Medium‐speed rare earth screen‐film combinations resulted in reductios of scatter radiation on the order of 30 to 70 percent compared with the par‐speed film combination. Recommendations are made regarding the use of specific rare earth intensifying screen‐film combinations in small and large animal diagnostic radiography.
DOUBLE CONTRAST GASTROGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Laufer Igor
Published: May 2005

Double contrast gastrography affords more accurate detection of gastric lesions because it allows direct evaluation of mucosal pattern contours. The technic involves the induction of gastric hypomotility with intravenous glucagon, gastric intubation for the introduction of air and high‐density barium directly into the stomach, and positional manipulation for maximal air‐barium interface demonstration. Some dogs require sedation. Although fluoroscopic observation is an asset in isolating gastric anatomic abnormalities, this study may be performed using conventional radiographic equipment without fluoroscopic guidance. Double contrast gastrography is used to demonstrate the stomach mucosal surface by coating it with high‐density barium and having the mucosa contrast with the air‐filled gastric lumen. There are three elements to each double contrast image: the dependent surface, the nondependent surface, and the barium pool. The barium pool is manipulated to coat the mucosal surface and fill depressions of the dependent surface. Protrusions of the dependent surface appear as radiolucencies in the barium pool. Depressions and protrusions of the nondependent surface are outlined by barium. Double contrast gastrography is indicated in dogs where clinical signs suggest anatomic changes in the gastric mucosal surface, e.g., neoplasms, ulcers, or polyps. Concurrent gastrointestinal motility evaluation is precluded by sedation and the glucagon‐induced gastric hypomotility.
THE EFFECT OF DORSAL VERSUS VENTRAL RECUMBENCY ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE CANINE THORAX
Authors: Ruehl William W. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The thorax of nine dogs was radiographed with a vertical beam in both dorsal (VD) and ventral (DV) recumbency. The radiographs were evaluated subjectively and objectively for differences in appearance. To help explain appearance differences, lateral thoracic radiographs were made with the dogs in dorsal and ventral recumbency using a horizontally (laterally) directed x‐ray beam. The appearance of thoracic viscera in VD and DV vertical beam radiographs differed. In VD vertical beam radiographs the craniocaudal axis of the heart appeared longer, the heart had a more consistent positional relationship to the thoracic spine, a larger area of the accessory lung lobe was visible, and a greater length of the caudal vena cava was visible. In DV radiographs the caudal lobar pulmonary arteries were more easily identified. The selection of dorsal versus ventral recumbency for thoracic radiography should be based on the clinical status of the patient and the reason(s) for which the radiograph is being made.
THORACIC BLASTOMYCOSIS: A REVIEW OF ITS RADIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS IN 40 DOGS
Authors: Walker Michael A.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 40 dogs with confirmed blastomycosis were reviewed to determine the incidence of the associated radiographic signs. The predominant patterns of disease were determined in each dog and were as follows: nodular interstitial densities, 13 dogs; a mixed lung pattern not localized to any particular part of the lung, ten dogs; a bronchointerstitial pattern, five dogs; a nonspecific hazy interstitial pattern, four dogs; a mixed alveolar and interstitial density, two dogs; a cavitary lesion, one dog. The lungs appeared normal in four dogs. Concurrent findings included eight dogs with thoracic lymphadenopathy, two dogs with pneumomediastinum, and one dog with pleural effusion. None of the lesions appeared mineralized.
COMPLICATIONS OF METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: A SUMMARY OF 107 CLINICAL CASE HISTORIES
Authors: Adams William M. , Stowater Jon L.
Published: May 2005

The case histories of 107 dogs undergoing metrizamide myelography at two veterinary hospitals were reviewed. Twenty‐three variables, including body weight, injection site, dose of contrast medium, and medical complications during and after recovery from anesthesia, were submitted to statistical analysis by computer. Partial or generalized seizures were the most common medical complications, occurring in 54 percent of the dogs weighing more than 29 kg. Other less frequent medical complications were exacerbation of neurologic signs the day following myelography (11 percent), transient apnea during contrast medium injection (9 percent), vomiting (5 percent), hyperesthesia (3 percent), pyrexia (1 percent), and death (1 percent). The incidence of medical complications associated with metrizamide myelography in this study is higher than in previous reports. The most likely variables associated with seizures were high injection volumes and metrizamide injection at the cisterna magna. The preanesthetic administration of intramuscular pentobarbital did not significantly reduce seizure incidence. Seizures were controlled by anticonvulsant medication.
EPIDUROGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG: TECHNIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Wise M.
Published: May 2005

Ten clinically normal adult mongrel dogs were examined using lumbosacral epidurography in an effort to determine a reproducible technic and a normal radiographic appearance. The site of contrast medium injection was the ventral epidural space at the sacrococcygeal junction or the cranial coccygeal region. An initial dose of 0.15 ml/kg of metrizamide for the right lateral recumbent radiograph with 0.10 ml/kg additional metrizamide for additional right lateral or the subsequent dorsoventral radiographs was considered adequate. Two numerical values were observed for each normal epidurogram: the sacrovertebral angle; the ratio of the contrast medium column width to L6 body length. A statistically significant relationship between hindlimb positioning and the numerical value of the sacrovertebral angle was identified. Some advantages of epidurography for delineating the lumbosacral area are obvious: (1) it overcomes the limited value of lumbosacral area myelography; (2) it is technically easier than intraosseous vertebral venography; (3) there is minimal patient trauma; (4) there was no apparent adverse sequela to repeated contrast medium injections.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS OF THE DISTAL METACARPUS IN THE ADULT RACING THOROUGHBRED HORSE*
Authors: Hornof WilliamJ. , O'Brien TimothyR. , Pool RoyR.
Published: May 2005

The distal metacarpi from 11 sound Thoroughbred horses in active race training at the time of death were examined grossly, with thin section radiography, and histologically. Results were compared to those found in the distal metacarpi of five normal nonracing horses and two racing horses which had developed lameness and typical large osteochondral defects in distal palmar MC III seen often in the racing Thoroughbred. Lesions which had a similar appearance, consisting of an area of nonviable subchondral bone covered by normal appearing articular cartilage and surrounded by reactive bone, were found in the distal metacarpi of five of the 11 sound racing horses. These lesions were located on the palmar surface of distal MC III in a location similar to the large osteochondral defects in the two lame racing horses. The authors postulate that subchondral bone fracture is the etiology of this subchondral necrosis and that unless the bone fragment loosens or the overlying articular cartilage is disrupted, the animals remain sound and the lesions are capable of healing. The histologic appearance of these lesions is similar to many pathologic descriptions of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in man with normal articular cartilage covering necrotic subchondral bone. The lesion found in these horses differs from descriptions of OCD in other animals in that the lesions are primarily osseous rather than cartilaginous.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE IN THE HORSE
Authors: Farrow CharlesS.
Published: May 2005

The radiographic appearances of inflammatory lung disease in the horse are presented under three major morphologic categories: (a) parenchymal diseases, (b) airway diseases, (c) pleural diseases. Under the category of inflammatory parenchymal disorders, pneumonias of bacterial, viral, mycotic, parasitic, and immunologic origins are discussed. Airway disorders described included bronchitis, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and emphysema. Pleural effusion as well as less common manifestations of pleural disease, are also discussed.
IMAGING: RADIOGRAPHY‐11*
Authors: Barber DonL.
Published: May 2005

In this paper an overview of principles involved in radiographic imaging by tomography, magnification radiography, xeroradiography, and computed tomography is presented. Tomography is a method to selectively blur distracting superimposed shadows while maintaining relative image sharpness in a plane of concern. Magnification radiography is a method to directly enlarge the radiographic image by increasing object‐film distance and utilizing a small focal spot. Xeroradiography is an electrostatic imaging process that provides wide latitude and good resolution through enhanced contrast in tissues with poor inherent contrast.

Computed tomography involves imaging by computer analysis of x‐ray absorption utilizing rotational x‐ray projections.
THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL EXAMINATION IN THE CAT: NORMAL RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE USING POSITIVE CONTRAST MEDIUM
Authors: Morgan JoeP.
Published: May 2005

The normal radiographic appearance of the feline upper gastrointestinal (UGI) examination following oral administration of barium sulfate suspensions was described. Important findings included the minimal gastric air and small bowel gas present on survey abdominal radiographs. Gastric appearance was nearly constant. A normal duodenal pattern, referred to as a “string of pearls”, was described. Small bowel lumen size was consistently less than 12 mm. Small bowel mucosal patterns varied widely. The most commonly identified normal radiographic UGI patterns in this study were found consistently in a group of 26 cats thought to be without gastrointestinal disease. Because of the consistency of observation of many radiographic patterns, rapid gastric emptying, and a short small bowel transit time, normal UGI examinations in the cat present a more constant appearance than in the dog, thus making them more valuable as well as easier to conduct.
ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE CAPRINE DIGIT*
Authors: Burns Joanne , Cornell Creighton
Published: May 2005

Digital angiography of the caprine hindlimb was done via catheterization of dorsal metatarsal artery III. Good arteriograms were consistently produced. The vascular anatomy to the digit was similar to that reported in previous bovine studies. The caprine may be of use as a model for selected ruminant foot disease.
ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE CAPRINE DIGIT*
Authors: Jhonnson K.A.
Published: May 2005

Arthrodesis was performed on the right and left carpus of eight dogs. In each carpus all articular cartilage was removed and internal fixation achieved with a compression plate. A fresh autologous cancellous bone graft was used in the right carpus. Radiographic and microradiographic studies indicated that healing of the arthrodesis, defined as bridging of all joint spaces by trabecular bone, was significantly greater by 12 weeks when the graft was used.
METRIZAMIDE INSUFFLATION BRONCHOGRAPHY: A NEWDIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Authors: Cantwell H. dan , Blevins William E.
Published: May 2005

The search for a better and safer technique for roentgenographic opacification of the canine bronchial tree led to experimentation with metrizamide insufflation. Because metrizamide may be obtained in a microparticulate powdered form, it was postulated that oxygen pressure deliver through a powder blower connected to a selective bronchial catheter would produce a diagnostic quality bronchogram. Metrizamide was used because of its biologically inert, water soluble properties.

The delivery system consisted of a DeVilbiss No. 175 Powder Blower attached to an oxygen clinder with pressure regulator. A soft polyethylene catheter with flexible wire guide was used for selective bronchial catheterization under fluoroscopic control. Oxygen pressure for delivery was kept below 20 pounds/in2, and oxygen flow was controlled by a footswitch.

Insufflation was performed with the animal in ventrodorsal recumbency. Three to eight grams of metrizamide were selectively delivered to the left caudal, right caudal, and accessory lung lobes in 0.5‐to 1.0 second bursts over a period of 1–5 minutes.

Powder deposition in subsegmental bronchi was adequate when the insufflation catheter was placed in primary bronchi. Cranial lobe bronchi could be opacified by gravity directed flow of contrast medium‐laden bronchial mucous. Alveolarization and radiographic clearing of me‐trizamide from the pulmonary field occurred within 30 to 60 minutes.

No insufflation‐induced radiographic lesions were recognized. Gross necropsy did not reveal lesions associated with insufflation. Histopathologic examination showed mild multifocal lesions of pneumonitis.
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND APPLICATION IN ANIMALS*†
Authors: Rantanen NormanW. , Ewing RbertL.
Published: May 2005

Diagnostic ultrasound, a non‐invasive mode for imaging soft tissues, requires for its use an understanding of sound and sound‐tissue interaction physics. Ultrasound frequencies from 1.0 to 10.0 MHz are created by electrical stimulation of piezoelectric crystals. These crystals are housed within transducers, which, when applied to the body surface with a coupling agent will produce sound waves, referred to as the sound beam, which are propagated through the soft tissues of the body. When the sound beam encounters tissue interfaces of differing acoustic impedance, a portion of the sound beam is reflected back to the transducer which also acts as a receiver. Echoes returning from soft tissue acoustic interfaces are converted to electrical impulses and displayed on an oscilloscope screen as a cross section of the tissue. Lower frequency sound beams penetrate further into soft tissue, but have poorer resolving capabilities, than higher frequency sound beams.

A, B, and M‐modes are the three basic forms of ultrasound used in soft tissue imaging. A‐mode ultrasonic imaging is a one‐dimensional display of echo amplitudes versus distance. B‐mode ultrasonic imaging produces an accurate two‐dimensional cross sectional image of soft tissues. M‐mode ultrasonic imaging is an adaptation of B‐mode to evaluate moving structures of the heart.

Fluid‐filled cystic structures have characteristic clear (anechoic) central areas with acoustic enhancement of the back wall of the cyst and deeper structures. Solid masses have echoes in their central portion with resultant poor accentuation of deeper structures.

Application of ultrasound to animals requires hair removal since trapped air is a barrier to transmission of the sound beam. Gas‐filled bowel and bone are effective barriers to ultrasonic imaging because of their large acoustic impedance differences compared to soft tissues.

The position of the focal point of a focused transducer relative to tissue interfaces is important to accurately depict tissue character. For example, the focal point of the transducer should be superficial to the back wall when scanning cystic structures. When solid lesions, such as liver metastases, are scanned a focal point that lies deep to the lesion should be selected in order to accentuate sound beam attenuation.

Time‐gain compensation (TGC) settings are important to produce a balanced scan with equal echo production within like tissues throughout the depth of ultrasound tissue penetration. Initial TGC settings can be made from knowledge of the focal point of the particular transducer, but may have to be adjusted during scanning to produce a balanced image.

Ultrasound is an attractive imaging modality in animals since it is noninvasive and presents no known hazard to the operator or patient.
B‐MODE GRAY‐SCALE ULTRASOUND: IMAGING ARTIFACTS AND INTERPRETATION PRINCIPLES
Authors: Park RichardD. , Nyland ThomasG. , Lattimer JimmyC. , Miller CharlesW. , Lebel JackL.
Published: May 2005

The production and identification of gray‐scale ultrasonic imaging artifacts and some basic principles of ultrasonic interpretation are reviewed, discussed, and demonstrated with canine ultrasonograms. Imaging artifacts produced by ultrasound matter interactions include:reverberations, shadowing, through transmission and refractive and reflective zones. Technical imaging artifacts discussed include: off‐normal incidence defects, echo displacement, and improper time gain compensation settings. Interpretation principles to distinguish mass lesions, cystic structures, and calculi within abdominal parenchymal organs are presented.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN PLEURAL EFFUSION OF HORSES*
Authors: Rantanen Norman W. , Gage L. , Paradis M. R.
Published: May 2005

Three horses with clinical signs compatible with pleural effusion were examined with diagnostic ultrasound. In one of the three horses, confirmed septic pleural effusion was monitored with ultrasound during a successful treatment regimen. Eficacy of thoracentesis and detection of recurrence of fluid were readily determined. In the second horse, diagnosis of diffuse pleural neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) was made. In the third horse presented for pleural effusion, the effusion was documented and concurrent ascites detected with ultrasound. Carcinomatosis was found at necropsy. Ultrasound examination proved to be a sensitive, noninvasive modality useful in diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion.
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE OF NORMAL LUNG BORDERS AND ADJACENT VISCERA IN THE HORSE*
Authors: Rantanen NormanW.
Published: May 2005

B‐mode ultrasound was utilized to define the borders of the lungs and surrounding viscera in a normal horse. Characteristic reverberation artifacts produced by the air‐filled lung allowed accurate definition of the lung borders. The liver on the right and the spleen on the left were the predominant parenchymal organs identified. These two organs were seen adjacent to the lung and medial to the diaphragm. Recognition of the liver and spleen is important in evaluating equine pleural effusion.
GRAY‐SCALE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE ABDOMEN
Authors: Nyland ThomasG. , Park RichardD. , Lattimer JimmyC. , Lebel JackL. , Miller CharlesW.
Published: May 2005

This manuscript demonstrates that gray‐scale ultrasonography can be useful for the diagnosis of many canine abdominal disorders. It is safe, noninvasive, and requires minimal patient preparation. Size, shape, and location of abdominal organs can be determined readily. The unique physical properties of ultrasound allow detection and characterization of mass lesions and parenchymal pathology associated with abdominal organs. Ultrasonography can complement existing imaging modalities by adding information not obtainable by other methods. The effective use of ultrasound requires knowledge of its advantages, limitations, and how it complements other diagnostic procedures. The medical histories of four dogs were reported in order to illustrate proper application of ultrasound to clinical problems. Basic findings concerning ultrasound utilization for investigation of the liver, kidney, and caudal abdomen were discussed.
TOMY OF THE CANINE BRAIN USING HIGH RESOLUTION OMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY*
Authors: Fike JohnR. , LeCouteur RichardA. , Cann ChristopherE.
Published: May 2005

High resolution computed tomography (CT) was used to determine the normal appearance of the brain of an adult Beagle dog. Objects as small as 0.6 mm for bony structures (high contrast) and 1.5–2.0 mm for soft tissue structures (low contrast) could be resolved in the CT images. Multiplanar imaging using direct transverse and reformatted dorsal and sagittal images made it possible to obtain a three dimensional presentation of anatomy. Selective viewing, where CT number window and level settings were varied, was used to optimize visualization of specific brain structures. Normal high contrast components, cerebrospinal fluid, and osseous land‐marks, were important aids in identification of various intracranial structures. Quantitative densitometry was performed to characterize various regions of the brain in terms of their x‐ray attenuation values or CT numbers. This study indicated that high resolution CT provides a qualitative and quantitative appraisal of the canine brain that is unavailable using conventional radiographic technics.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF BRAIN TUMORS IN THE CAUDAL FOSSA OF THE DOG*
Authors: LeCouteur RichardA. , Fike JohnR. , Cann ChristopherE. , Pedroia VincentG.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) was used to investigate brain tumors in the caudal fossa of three dogs. Changes detected by CT included compression or distortion of cerebrospinal fluid spaces within the caudal fossa, and changes in parenchymal density before and after intravenous injection of a nondiffusible, iodinated contrast medium. CT provided information regarding tumor size, location, character, and relationships with normal caudal fossa structures. It was concluded that CT offered advantages over technics currently in use for diagnosis and assessment of caudal fossa lesions in the dog.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE UTERUS: A REVIEW
Authors: Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Radiographic evaluation of uterine enlargement is discussed and illustrated. Normal (pregnancy) and abnormal (pyometra, complications of pregnancy, neoplasma) causes of uterine enlargement are addressed. Special radiographic procedures for uterine evaluation are described.
THE CANINE LATERAL THORACIC RADIOGRAPH
Authors: Spencer CrispinP. , Ackerman Norman , Burt JamesK.
Published: May 2005

Selected structures seen on right and left lateral thoracic radiographs of 12 dogs were evaluated for differences in position, size, and shape. The size and position of the cardiac silhouette were different when thoracic radiographs made in left and right lateral recumbency were compared. These changes were, however, considered insignificant. The position of the right cranial lobe bronchus relative to the left varied in right lateral recumbency and left lateral recumbency. The right cranial lung lobe was better aerated when dogs were positioned in left lateral recumbency.

Lesions seen in the caudal portion of the left cranial lung lobe or the right middle lobe were masked when the affected lobe was dependent, and enhanced when the affected lung lobe was non‐dependent. It is believed that this difference occurred due to compression of the dependent lung with greater aeration of the non‐dependent lung.
PARTIAL ESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION BY AN INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA IN A DOG
Authors: van Bree H. , Rick De , Vandenberghe J.
Published: May 2005

A 9‐year‐old male Beagle dog was presented with a history of regurgitation for more than a month. In radiographic examination of the esophagus, a space‐occupying defect suggesting an intramural lesion was found in the caudal esophagus. At necropsy a diagnosis of a hematoma of the wall of the esophagus was made. Trauma was suggested as a possible etiology because the dog also had a fracture of the first rib on the same side as the esophageal hematoma.
IMAGING: RADIOGRAPHY—1
Authors: Barber Don L.
Published: May 2005

This is the first article in a series on imaging. An overview of principles involved in imaging by survey radiography, contrast radiography, and fluoroscopy is presented. Anatomic and functional information available by these imaging modes are compared. Survey radiography is convenient and relatively inexpensive but often provides limited anatomic and functional information. Contrast radiography often increases anatomic information and, when used with sequential exposures, enhances functional assessment of various organs. Fluoroscopy provides a continuous but non‐permanent image used in evaluation of organ motion or as a localizing tool. Permanent records are obtained by spot radiographs, spot film cameras, cine fluorography, and/or video tape/ disc systems.
SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF PULMONARY METASTASES IN A DOG*
Authors: Stone Elizabeth A. , Mahaffey Mary B.
Published: May 2005

Spontaneous regression of presumed lung metastases was diagnosed in an Irish Wolfhound which had a previous pelvic limb amputation for tibial fibrosarcoma. Literature on spontaneous regression in man is reviewed and implications of spontaneous tumor regression for animal patients are discussed.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE THORAX: ANATOMY AND TECHNIC
Authors: Farrow C. S.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic evaluation of the entire adult equine thorax in the standing position requires a minimum of four overlapping lateral radiographs. Small horses could often be studied with fewer radiographs. This basic examination provided the optimal radiographic opportunity for detecting lung diseases in the horse. An understanding of normal gross and radiographic anatomy is an absolute necessity if one is to avoid the potential diagnostic pitfalls inherent in radiographic interpretation of the equine thorax. Of equal importance is an appreciation for the technic required to produce thoracic radiographs. The advent of rare‐earth intensifying screen and highspeed film systems has enhanced the opportunity for obtaining diagnostic standing lateral equine thoracic radiographs.
LUMBO‐SACRAL VERTEBRAL SINUS VENOGRAPHY VIA TRANSJUGULAR CATHETERIZATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Suter Peter F.
Published: May 2005

A technic for percutaneous transjugular catheterization of the median sacral vein (MSV) was developed in the dog. This technic provides a means for visualizing the vertebral sinuses in the lumbo‐sacral area. Temporary external occlusion of the caudal vena cava coincident with injection of contrast medium was necessary to get consistent, symmetrical filling of the vertebral sinuses. Dissections confirmed variation in location of the MSV and presence of valves at the terminus of this vessel. Angiograms performed using the seventh lumbar intervertebral vein, cranial gluteal vein, and internal iliac vein were less satisfactory due to incomplete filling of the vertebral sinuses.
DISPROPORTIONATE DWARFISM IN TWO BOVINE SIBLINGS
Authors: Carrig C. B. , Grandage J. , Seawright A. A.
Published: May 2005

Disproportionate dwarfism is reported in two bovine siblings. Affected animals were similar in appearance and were characterized by shortening of the limbs. Pelvic limbs were noticeably shorter than the pectoral limbs. The axial skeleton was not noticeably affected, but the back sloped because of the shorter pelvic limbs. Sloping of the back was accompanied by thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis.

Comparison of the length of bones from an affected animal with those from a normal animal indicated that major growth retardation occurred in the femur, tibia, and metatarsal bones. Histological examination of the physes indicated a reduction in cartilage cell maturation and matrix calcification. This was associated with a reduction of osteogenesis and the formation of thickened, shortened primary trabeculae surrounded by fibrous and poorly vascularized bone marrow.
A 200 CENTIMETER FOCAL SPOT‐FILM DISTANCE (FFD) TECHNIQUE FOR EQUINE THORACIC RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Gordon Bradley J. , Johnston Gary R. , McClanahan Susan L. , Jessen Carl R.
Published: May 2005

The construction of a variable kVp, variable mA radiographic technique chart for the equine thorax using linear regression analysis is described. The independent variables in the analysis were body weight (pounds) and thoracic girth (inches) and the dependent variables were the radiographic exposure techniques (mAs, kV.p). Four areas (lateral views only) of each horse's thorax were radiographed using a focal spot‐film distance (FFD) of 200 cm with the animal standing. The four views were craniodorsal, cranioventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral. For comparison, an additional caudodorsal view was made at 100 cm FFD to quantitate the decrease in exposure, the increased magnification and the decreased area of the lung exposed on the x‐ray tube side of the horse compared with 200 cm FFD technique. Body weight was a satisfactory means to determine radiographic technique factors for thoracic radiographs in the horse. Thoracic girth (inches) was also measured and used to determine radiographic technique factors but was less exacting and less convenient than body weight.
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA OF THE NASAL CAVITY IN A CAT: POSTOPERATIVE CONTROL WITH HIGH DOSE‐PER‐FRACTION RADIATION THERAPY AND METRONIDAZOLE
Authors: Lord Peter F. , Kapp Daniel S. , Schwartz Anthony , Morrow David T.
Published: May 2005

An 11‐year‐old Siamese cat with an osteogenic sarcoma of the nasal cavity was treated by partial surgical excision followed by a course of high dose‐per‐fraction radiation therapy in conjuction with metronidazole, a hypoxic cell sensitizer. Four thousand two hundred rads were delivered to the tumor in 7 weekly fractions. Each treatment was preceded by 6 gm/m2 oral metronidazole given 3 hours before irradiation. There were no untoward side effects and the cat was in remission 2 years after treatment.
NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIAL APLASIA IN MINK*
Authors: Rantanen Norman W. , Hegreberg Gerald A.
Published: May 2005

Naturally occurring radial aplasia was found in 14 of 26 closely related mink examined for forelimb abnormalities. The condition resembles human radial aplasia. Attempts to determine genetic or other causes were unsuccessful
HIP DYSPLASIA IN THE AFGHAN HOUND*
Authors: Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

In evaluation of pelvic radiographs and necropsy specimens of 3 litters of Afghan Hound puppies resulting from matings of dysplastic parents a spectrum of radiographic phenotypes similar to that reported in other breeds was found. The percentage of dysplastic offspring (75% and 71%) and age at which the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia could be made (28.5% at 6; 67% at 12; 90.5%at 18; 95% at 35; and 100% at 36 months of age) was also similar to that reported for other breeds. Hip dysplasia in the Afghan Hound is similar in radiographic appearance to hip dysplasia in other breeds despite the low. incidence of this condition among Afghan Hounds. The inheritance of hip dysplasia appeared to be the same in Afghan Hounds as that reported in other breeds
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT IN THE DOG
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Olmstead Marvin L. , Hohn R. Bruce
Published: May 2005

The radiographic signs associated with implanted canine total hip prostheses include: (1) a 1 mm‐or‐less wide static lucent zone at the acetabular and femoral bone‐cement interfaces, and (2) periosteal bone proliferation surrounding the stem of the femoral prosthesis. The radiographic signs associated with total hip replacement complications are dislocation of the femoral component, bone changes suggestive of infection involving the acetabular and femoral components, and loosening of the acetabular component. Arthrography is beneficial in determining the presence of a loose prosthesis with or without infection.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF GASTRIC ULCERS IN DOGS
Authors: Barber Don L.
Published: May 2005

This paper is a retrospective analysis of the radiographic appearance of one benign and four malignant gastric ulcers in dogs. The benign gastric was diagnosed radiographically following gastric surgery and was healed at necropsy 28 months after diagnosis. Malignant gastric ulcers were confirmed at surgery and/or necropsy. None of the five ulcers penetrated the normally expected gastric contour. Mucosal fold pattern was either partially or completely effaced with all five ulcers. Undermining appeared to be present asymmetrically in the benign and one malignant ulcer, and symmetrically in one malignant ulcer. Tissue surrounding the ulcers joined the normal gastric wall very abruptly in three malignant ulcers. This transition was more gradual in the benign ulcer and was not identified in one malignant ulcer. None of these ulcers completely fit the criteria used in people to diagnose benign gastric ulcer. Prospective evaluation of more cases with a more thorough radiographic technique is needed
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE THORAX OF THE ADULT NUBIAN GOAT*
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Healey William V.
Published: May 2005

A stable adult animal model is needed to mimic as closely as possible the conditions which will exist when a permanent total cardiac prosthesis is placed in a human. Such a model presently under investigation is the adult Nubian goat. One of the studies utilized to assess the thoracic anatomy of this animal was computed tomography. The resulting computed tomograms provide a reference for the normal cross‐sectional thoracic anatomy of the adult goat
NON‐SELECTIVE ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG AND CAT
Authors: Wise Michael
Published: May 2005

Non‐selective angiocardiograms were performed on clinically normal mature dogs and cats to determine the optimal contrast medium dose. A dose of 200 mg of iodine per 0.45 kg of body weight was found to give the most consistent results. A 105 mm spot film camera was used at a speed of 2 frames per second. No study took longer than 11 seconds to complete. The technique provided good visualization of the cranial vena cava, pulmonary outflow tract, the pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle and aorta. The technique provided fair visualization of the right atrium, right ventricle, valves and papillary muscles
RADIOGRAPHIC AND HISTOLOGIC APPEARANCE OF SYNOVIAL OSTEOCHONDROMATOSIS OF THE FEMOROTIBIAL BURSAE IN A HORSE: A CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Kirk M. D.
Published: May 2005

Synovial osteochondromatosis, an uncommon monarticular disease characterized by intrasynovial proliferation of cartilage cells, is described in a 16‐year‐old horse. Synovial osteochondromatosis is a direct metaplasia of connective tissue cells within the synovial or bursal structure. Etiology is unknown although trauma is implicated. Radiographic diagnosis is difficult and may be confused with chondrosarcoma. The presence of intra articular loose bodies and calcified granular matter is not pathognomonic for the disease. Histologic diagnosis is dependent on wide excision biopsy and serial sectioning. Radical synovectomy is the treatment of choice if extracapsular expansion is identified. Intrasynovial osteochondromatosis appears self‐limiting. Cosmetic appearance and limitation of motion are the reasons treatment is sought.
ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF BOVINE FOOT ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Gogoi S. N. , Nigam J. M. , Singh A. P.
Published: May 2005

Angiography of normal and diseased feet in cattle was carried out. In osteomyelitis of distal phalanx there was a narrowing of the digital artery with diminished vascular supply to the affected digit. An area of bone necrosis was found to be avascular. With overgrown hooves, narrowing of both the medial and lateral digital arteries with ill‐defined laminar vessels was seen. The vascular pattern in cattle with cork screw claws was characterized by a dilated tortuous digital artery and a crowded arterial network resulting in increased vascular supply in the affected claw. Abrupt stricture of common digital artery, a crowded vascular network in the area of the middle phalanx and filling defects of terminal arches were demonstrated in animals with exostosis
ABERRANT ORIGIN OF THE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT MIMICKING AN OSTEOCHONDRAL LESION RADIOGRAPHICALLY: A CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Dueland R. , Sisson D. , Evans H. E.
Published: May 2005

An aberrant cranial cruciate ligament mimicked an osteochondral lesion of the lateral femoral condyle in a young dog. This rare condition was diagnosed at surgery. At a four‐year follow‐up, no radiographic evidence of the apparent osteochondral defect was seen.
EMPHYSEMATOUS HEPATIC ABSCESS ASSOCIATED WITH TRAUMA, NECROTIC HEPATIC NODULAR HYPERPLASIA AND ADENOMA IN A DOG: A CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Lord Peter F. , Carb Allan , Halliwell William H. , Prueter James C.
Published: May 2005

A 13‐year‐old male Setter‐Springer crossbred dog was presented with signs of acute peritonitis three days after blunt abdominal trauma. In abdominal radiographs, a bubbly accumulation of gas in the central and cranioventral parts of the liver silhouette and mild peritoneal effusion were seen. At laparatomy, firm, necrotic, nodular hepatic masses containing gas were found to be ruptured. The histologic diagnoses were hepatic adenoma with hepatic necrosis and nodular hepatic hyperplasia. The pathogenesis of hepatic abscessation and the radiographic differential diagnosis of extraluminal abdominal gas are discussed.
SELECTIVE ABDOMINAL ANGIOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD FOR DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN THE DOG: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Koper Stanislav , Mucha Marek , Silmanowicz Piotr , Karpiéski Janusz , Zilo Tadeusz
Published: May 2005

Difficulty in recognition of some diaphragmatic hernias in dogs have stimulated the authors to develop a diagnostic method consisting of selective angiography of the cranial mesenteric and celiac arteries. The basis for the experimen was that each herniated visceral organ is usually displaced with its vessels. The experiment was carried out on 14 mongrel dogs. Four dogs served as controls. Different kinds of diaphragmatic hernias were surgically created in 10 dogs. Survey abdominal radiographs, gastrointestinal tract contrast studies and selective abdominal angiography were performed 14 days later. In angiograms of dogs with omental diaphragmatic hernias, displacement of branches of the left gastroepiploic artery into the thorax was seen. In angiograms of dogs with hepatic diaphragmatic hernias, branches of the common hepatic artery were seen to enter the thorax. In dogs with herniated small intestine, the jejunal branches of the cranial mesenteric artery were seen entering the thorax. Potential possibilities of selective abdominal angiography for diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernias are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINE IN THE DOG
Authors: Bargai Uri
Published: May 2005

Twelve dogs of various breeds, age and weight were injected with xylazine hydrochloride by intravenous and intramuscular routes at various doses. Radiographs of the abdomen were made prior to and at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after injection. The drug produced dilatation of the stomach and the intestines. Radiographic changes were consistent with gastric dilatation and paralytic ileus
ACQUIRED CYSTIC BRONCHIECTASIS IN THE DOG: A CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Hamerslag Karen L. , Evans Sydney M. , Dubielzig Richard
Published: May 2005

A 9‐year‐old neutered female mixed breed dog was examined for productive coughing, gagging, increased respiratory effort and restlessness. In survey chest radiographs a soft tissue opacity was present in the right middle lung lobe. In horizontal‐beam radiographs, it was apparent that the opacity was a thin‐walled cyst containing air and fluid. Peribronchial infiltration and bronchial dilation were present in all lung lobes. At necropsy, a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis and cylindrical and cystic bronchiectasis was made. Acquired bronchiectasis may result from any disease process which weakens the bronchial wall or obstructs drainage. Three forms of bronchiectasis have been described in man: cylindrical, saccular and cystic. Cylindrical bronchiectasis is tubular distention of larger, thick‐walled bronchi; saccular bronchiectasis is circumscribed outpocketing of intermediate‐sized bronchi and cystic bronchiectasis is a more pronounced manifestation of saccular bronchiectasis in terminal bronchi. Cylindrical and saccular bronchiectasis have been described in the dog; cystic bronchiectasis has not been described in the dog. Generalized bronchiectasis is an incurable condition due to the irreversible bronchial pathologic changes. Focal bronchiectasis can be surgically corrected by lobectomy and the prognosis is good. Aggressive antibiotic therapy should be used to treat chronic bronchitis in an effort to prevent bronchial destruction and development of bronchiectasis.
RESPONSE OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE NOSE OF THE CAT TO TREATMENT WITH X RAYS
Authors: Carlisle Carol H. , Gould S.
Published: May 2005

Results of radiotherapy of 88 cats with squamous cell carcinomas of the nose were recorded. Two treatment regimens were used: 2000 rad per treatment at monthly intervals and 1000 rad at two‐day intervals, with a total dose of 3000 rad. Results indicated that three treatments of 1000 rad each was superior to monthly treatments of 2000 rad. Small lesions had the highest cure rate. Response of large lesions to radiotherapy was poor.
RADIOTHERAPY OF SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS OF THE CANINE NASAL PLANE
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Adams William M.
Published: May 2005

Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plane in eight dogs was treated with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy failed to control the tumor in each dog. Mean time until treatment failure was apparent was 2.9 months. Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plane in dogs appears to respond more poorly to radiotherapy than does squamous cell carcinoma of the gingiva.