bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cortex and the Critical Point
Authors: Beggs John M.
Published: August 2022

How the cerebral cortex operates near a critical phase transition point for optimum performance.

Individual neurons have limited computational powers, but when they work together, it is almost like magic. Firing synchronously and then breaking off to improvise by themselves, they can be paradoxically both independent and interdependent. This happens near the critical point: when neurons are poised between a phase where activity is damped and a phase where it is amplified, where information processing is optimized, and complex emergent activity patterns arise. The claim that neurons in the cortex work best when they operate near the critical point is known as the criticality hypothesis. In this book John Beggs—one of the pioneers of this hypothesis—offers an introduction to the critical point and its relevance to the brain.

Drawing on recent experimental evidence, Beggs first explains the main ideas underlying the criticality hypotheses and emergent phenomena. He then discusses the critical point and its two main consequences—first, scale-free properties that confer optimum information processing; and second, universality, or the idea that complex emergent phenomena, like that seen near the critical point, can be explained by relatively simple models that are applicable across species and scale. Finally, Beggs considers future directions for the field, including research on homeostatic regulation, quasicriticality, and the expansion of the cortex and intelligence. An appendix provides technical material; many chapters include exercises that use freely available code and data sets.
Mii *eai leat gal vuollánan – Vi *ha neimen ikke gitt opp
Authors: Wiechetek Linda , Pirinen Flammie , Gaup Børre , Argese Chiara , Omma Thomas
Published: August 2022

Machine learning is the dominating paradigm in natural language processing nowadays. It requires vast amounts of manually annotated or synthetically generated text data. In the GiellaLT infrastructure, on the other hand, we have worked with rule-based methods, where the linguistis have full control over the development the tools. In this article we uncover the myth of machine learning being cheaper than a rule-based approach by showing how much work there is behind data generation, either via corpus annotation or creating tools that automatically mark-up the corpus. Earlier we have shown that the correction of grammatical errors, in particular compound errors, benefit from hybrid methods. Agreement errors, on the other other hand, are to a higher degree dependent on the larger grammatical context. Our experiments show that machine learning methods for this error type, even when supplemented by rule-based methods generating massive data, can not compete with the state-of-the-art rule-based approach.
Språkdokumentasjon innen fennistikken og kvensk
Authors: Niiranen Leena
Published: August 2022

The study of the Finnish language – called Fennistics – was focused on collecting Finnish dialect material from very early on. During the 19th century interest in studying dialects was governed by the idea that dialects could be used to develop modern written Finnish. However, gradually the study of dialects also became an area of study in its own right. Collecting material on Kven dialects belonged to the larger project of Fennistic materials collection from the very beginning. Therefore, many Kven dialect materials can be found in Finnish dialect archives. The documentation which resulted from dialect collections gathered via the field of Fennistics have been used in the process of revitalizing Kven. In this article, language documentation is defined to be an activity which also includes traditional dialectology. By contrast, documentary linguistics is a field of linguistics established in the 1990s which focuses on revitalizing endangered languages. The difference between language documentation in the Fennistic tradition and documentation of endangered languages in the field of documentary linguistics today is also discussed.
Anarâškielâ postpositioi pelni já piälán čäällim sierâ já oohtân tievâdâsâinis SIKOR-tekstâčuágálduvâst
Authors: Morottaja Petter , Olthuis Marja-Liisa , Brecciaroli Fabrizio
Published: August 2022

Inari Saami does not have a strong written tradition. The current orthography was adopted as recently as the 1990s, and the revitalization process is beginning only now to shift its focus from increasing the number of speakers to strengthening the literacy of the language. This article studies the Inari Saami postpositions pelni and piälán as well as their shorter forms peln/beln and pel/bel. The main question is whether these postpositions are joined to the noun preceding them or stand after it as separate words. The research is based on the SIKOR Inari Saami free corpus developed by the Giellatekno team. The postpositions have been analyzed semantically taking into account the frequency with which they occur in the literature. They have been divided into four semantic groups: 1) place, 2) orientation and direction, 3) time and 4) other semantic categories. The long forms pelni and piälán are mostly written as separate words – except for when they are used to express orientation or direction – whereas the short forms peln/beln and pel/bel are usually joined to the preceding word other than in time expressions. Alternative explanations for such variation are also discussed.
Projections for Sámi in Norway
Authors: Vangsnes Øystein Alexander
Published: August 2022

The paper presents three different projections of the future number of Sámi language users in Norway based on the contemporary number of children receiving instruction in Sámi in the Norwegian school system, either North, Lule or South Sámi. There exist three different curricula for the subject Sámi, one for first language pupils (Sámi 1), one for second language pupils (Sámi 2), and one for pupils with no previous knowledge of the language (Sámi 3). Depending on whether only Sámi 1 pupils become future language users, or also Sámi 2 or even Sámi 3 pupils do so, a sober, moderate, and optimistic prognosis can be made, respectively. The sober prognosis predicts a dramatic decrease for North Sámi and slight decrease for the other two varieties, whereas the moderate prognosis predicts stability for North Sámi and increase for Lule and South Sámi, and the optimistic prognosis predicts an increase for all three varieties. A number of factors that are likely to modulate the prognoses are brought to attention and discussed, unveiling that more information is needed regarding a number of issues that bear on how the future of the Sámi languages in Norway can be estimated.
The relationship between the Functional Movement Screen and the Y Balance Test in youth footballers
Authors: Sikora Damian , Linek Pawel
Published: August 2022

Background

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and the Y Balance Test (Y-BT) are screening tools to detect movement deficits and to identify footballers at high risk of injury. If these tools are able to identify athletes with high risk of injury, they should measure the same construct and also be highly correlated.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the FMS and Y-BT in youth footballers. The present study also aimed to assess the degree of association between the FMS and Y-BT considering high-injury-risk (FMS <= 14 points and Y-BT <= 89.6%) and low-injury-risk groups (FMS > 14 points and Y-BT > 89.6%).

Method

A sample of 226 healthy athletes (mean age: 14.0 ± 2.3 years) was selected from a football club. The FMS and Y-BT data were collected from all participants. The Y-BT raw data were normalised to the relative length of the lower limbs. Spearman’s correlation was used in the analysis.

Results

For the whole group, there was a moderate correlation (R = 0.41; p < 0.001) between the composite FMS score and composite Y-BT score. The strength of relationships varied from weak to moderate between the FMS subtests and most Y-BT results for each direction. In the high-injury-risk group, there was no correlation (R = 0.11; p = 0.61) between the composite FMS score and composite Y-BT score. For the low-injury-risk group, there was a weak significant correlation (R = 0.27; p < 0.007) between the composite FMS score and composite Y-BT score. Additionally, 56 and 53 athletes were classified to the high-injury-risk group based on the FMS and Y-BT, respectively. Only 23 athletes were classified to the high-risk group by both tests.

Conclusions

Youth footballers showed only weak to moderate correlations between the FMS and the Y-BT. Footballers classified in the high-injury-risk group based on the FMS and Y-BT presented a different relationship between the FMS and Y-BT tasks compared to the low-injury-risk group. The results confirmed that the FMS and Y-BT should not be used interchangeably as they assess different movement deficits in the group of youth football players. The study results may partially suggest that using one of these screening tools cannot successfully predict injury risk in adolescent football players. This justifies the need to use these tests simultaneously to identify possible neuromuscular control deficits in youth footballers.
Analysis of endophyte diversity of Gentiana officinalis among different tissue types and ages and their association with four medicinal secondary metabolites
Authors: Hou QinZheng , Chen DaWei , Wang Yu-pei , Ehmet Nurbiye , Ma Jing , Sun Kun
Published: August 2022

Background

The difference of metabolites in medicinal plants has always been concerned to be influenced by external environmental factors. However, the relationship between endophytes and host metabolites remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, we used 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing to compare endophyte diversity among different tissue types and ages of Gentiana officinalis. Endophyte diversity and abundance was also analyzed in relation to the abundance of four secondary metabolites (Gentiopicroside, Loganic acid, Swertiamarine and Sweroside).

Results

The diversity and richness of G. officinalis endophyte differed as a function of tissue types and ages. Four metabolites of G. officinalis were significantly correlated with the abundance of dominant endophyte genera. The predictive function analysis showed that metabolism was main function of endophytic bacteria in different tissue and year root samples, while saprotroph was dominant trophic modes of endophytic fungi in the different year root samples. The dominant trophic modes of endophytic fungi was saprotroph and pathotroph, and relative abundances differed in the different tissue samples. The results of this study will help to elucidate the plant-microbial interactions and provide key information on the role of endophytes in the production of G.officinalis and its important metabolites.
Effective perturbation theory for simple isolated eigenvalues of linear operators
Authors:   Universite Paris-Est, Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Matematiques Appliquees (UMR 8050), UPEM, UPEC, CNRS, F-94010, Creteil, France, Kloeckner Benoit R.
Published: August 2022

We propose a new approach to the spectral theory of perturbed linear operators in the case of a simple isolated eigenvalue. We obtain two kinds of results: ``radius bounds'' which ensure perturbation theory applies for perturbations up to an explicit size, and ``regularity bounds'' which control the variations of eigendata to any order. Our method is based on the implicit function theorem and proceeds by establishing differential inequalities on two natural quantities: the norm of the projection to the eigendirection, and the norm of the reduced resolvent. We obtain completely explicit results without any assumption on the underlying Banach space. In companion articles, on the one hand we apply the regularity bounds to Markov chains, obtaining non-asymptotic concentration and Berry-Esseen inequalities with explicit constants, and on the other hand we apply the radius bounds to transfer operators of intermittent maps, obtaining explicit high-temperature regimes where a spectral gap occurs.
The Dixmier-Douady classes of certain groupoid C∗-algebras with continuous trace
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402 U.S.A., Ionescu Marius , Kumjian Alex ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557 U.S.A., Sims Aidan ,   School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, Williams Dana P. ,   Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755-3551 U.S.A.
Published: August 2022

Given a locally compact abelian group G, we give an explicit formula for the Dixmier-Douady invariant of the C∗-algebra of the groupoid extension associated to a Cech 2-cocycle in the sheaf of germs of continuous G-valued functions. We then exploit the blow-up construction for groupoids to extend this to some more general central extensions of etale equivalence relations.
Principals’ Effective Practice of Promoting School Achievement at High Performing Secondary Schools Malaysia
Authors: Salleh Mohamad Johdi
Published: August 2022

The study aims to examine the effective practice of Promoting School Achievement among principals of High Performing Secondary Schools Malaysia. The framework of the study was adapted from Hallinger and Murphy [1], Latip [2], Surayya and Salleh [3] and Salleh & Hatta [4]. Data was collected using questionnaires survey from 418 respondents of principals and teachers of different genders, academic qualification, ethnicity, and, position of responsibilities at schools. The data gathered from the survey was analyzed in descriptive and inference statistics of the SPSS-Versions 23.0 programme. The findings indicated that the highest rank at ‘very effective’ practiced was function ‘Developing and Enforcing Academic Standards’ achieved mean 4.1097, second highest at ‘very effective’ practiced was function ‘Providing Incentives for Learning’ mean 4.0075 and third rank at ‘Effective’ level was function ‘Promoting Professional Development’ mean 3.6189. It is hoped that the findings of the study would substantively inspire principals and teachers to effectively facilitate students' academic performance in their respective schools and join hands in the collective effort of raising the work force compatible to meet national goals towards realization of Malaysia Development Plan 2030.
In vivo and In silico Anti Inflammatory Studies of Alstonia scholaris Bark Extract
Authors: Raju M. Ganga , Manisha R. , Suvarchala Reddy V. NVL , Simharayullu P. Samson
Published: August 2022

The present research is focused on screening In vivo anti-inflammatory activity using carrageen and formalin induced paw edema model in rodents and In silico approaches like docking studies (mcule), Ramchandran plot (procheck) and PASS. The extract significantly inhibited inflammation caused by carrageenan and formalin at doses of 200 mg and 400 mg/kg body weight which is compared to the the effect of the standard drugs meloxicam and indomethacin. Docking studies for natural compounds were carried out against PDB ID: 2AZ5, PDB ID: 1IBC, PDB ID: 6COX, and PDB ID: 4NOS in order to assess the ligand-binding affinity of the active principles of the extract. The docking results showed that the phytoconstituents from the extract and standard drugs meloxicam and indomethacin had shown highest glide scores with all the selected proteins which indicate a greater affinity for binding between receptor and ligand. From the PASS results the possible interventions of selected active constituents of Alstonia scholaris were found to be anti- inflammatory intestinal, Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase inhibitor, TNF expression inhibitor, Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 inhibitors, NOS2 expression inhibitor, and Interleukin1 and 6 antagonists. From the prediction results of adverse effects the constituents like Stigmasterol, Diospyrolide, D-Friedoolean-14-en-3-one and Lupeol acetate were found to be free from any adverse effects. All the constituents of Alstonia scholaris were found to have interventions either as direct targets or possible targets with Histamine H2 receptor, Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 TNF-alpha, Cyclooxygenase 1, Prostanoid EP2 receptor, Prostaglandin E synthase, and Serotonin 1e (5-HT1e) receptor. From In vivo and In silico results it is evident that ethanolic bark extract of Alstonia scholaris possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Chemical and Functional Properties of Different Rice Varieties from Ebonyi and Anambra States Nigeria
Authors: Nmesomachi N. Amuzie , Chinasa Okorie-Humphrey , Chukwunwike U. Enyi , Wisdom N. Emecheta , Emem O. Ukpong
Published: August 2022

The chemical and functional properties of selected rice varieties commercially cultivated in Ebonyi and Anambra States of Nigeria were evaluated. Four rice varieties each (IR-8, 1416, Faro 44 and 306) from these States were analyzed for the mineral, vitamin, functional and phytochemical properties. The mineral contents of the rice samples were a range of copper (0.01-0.06mg/100g); Calcium (0.31-0.55mg/100g); lead (0.04 to 0.12 µg/g); Iron (0.54-1.26mg/100g); Zinc (0.92-1.76mg/100g), Phosphorus (12.25-28.68mg/100g). Potassium (58.01-74.02mg/100g); Manganese (0.05-0.23mg/100g) and Magnesium (0.19-0.58mg/100g). Vitamin contents of the rice samples had a range of thiamine B1(0.02-0.08mg/100g); Riboflavin B2 (0.10-0.28mg/100g) and niacin B3 (2.35-3.48mg/100g). The functional properties were in range of bulk density (0.71-0.83g/cm3); water absorption capacity (2.60-4.00g/ml); swelling index (1.20-1.82); gelation temperature (82.00-90.000C); amylose (17.88-27.50%) and amylopectin (73.54-81.85%). The phytochemical contents of the rice samples were in a range of tannin (0.01-02mg/100g); Phytate (4.27-9.28mg/kg); Oxalate (0.02-0.40mg/100g); flavonoid (1.14-5.58%) and carotenoid (473.59-4542.97mg/100g). The results of the mineral contents showed that the selected varieties were generally low in Copper, Iron, Zinc, Phosphorus, Manganese, Magnesium; high in calcium and potassium but low in lead content. The results of the vitamin contents showed that the selected varieties had low level of Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2) and good level of Niacin (B3). The result of the functional properties showed that the selected rice varieties were showed lowest in bulk density and water absorption capacity; moderate in swelling index and gelatinization temperature; however. 306 and1416 had good level of amylose whereas IR-8 and Faro 44 had good levels of amylopectin. Results also showed that the selected varieties were generally low in phytochemical contents and wouldn’t pose nutritional risk when consumed. The result of this study can go a long way to an effective utilization of our indigenous varieties thus adding value to the crop.
A Study on Knowledge Level of Rice Growers on Green Technologies in Rice Based Ecosystem for Sustainable Agriculture in Madurai and Trichy District of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Deepika M. , Pushpa J. , Velusamy R. , S. Amarnath J. , Radha M.
Published: August 2022

The present study was conducted in Trichy and Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. From each district two blocks were selected. Thus, the total sample size of 240 were selected for the present investigation. that higher percentage of the Trichy farmers had high level of knowledge towards green technologies (43.33%) followed by low (36.67%) and medium (20.00%) level of knowledge towards green technologies. Meanwhile, half of the Madurai farmers had high level of knowledge (50.00%) followed by low (36.67%) and medium (13.33%) level of knowledge towards green technologies.The R2 value indicated that all the variables contributed 59.60% and 66.90% variation in the knowledge level among the respondents of Trichy and Madurai district respectively.
A Study on Affordable Homestead Implements for Stress Reduction on Body Parts amongst Farm Workers of Khammam District, India
Authors: Kumar J. Hemantha , Suneetha W. Jessie , Chaitanya V. , Ravi Kumar K. , Nagaraju D. , Reddy R. Uma , V. Prasad J.
Published: August 2022

The rural populations consisting of marginal and poor farmers are dependent on labourers for all farm related activities like sowing / planting of paddy, harvesting of agricultural and horticultural produce and application of pesticides which can be very costly. These labourers also face a lot of problems in sowing / planting of paddy as it has to be done by  bending down continuously or during application of pesticides to cotton fields drift can be major health concern and harvesting different produce like bhendi due to its thorny spikes and capsaicin content of chilies. In view of this, KVK, Wyra, Khammam has assessed cost effective homestead implements and is relentlessly trying to popularize them. These included use of protective clothing during application of pesticides, rolling stem applicator for controlling sucking pest in cotton, knitted gloves for bhendi plucking and chilli finger guard for its plucking.  These simple and cost-effective farm implements helped farm women in drudgery reduction, ergonomic stress on various body parts, improved work efficiency, decreased labour cost and body allergies. Protective clothing reduced itching, irritation, skin allergies, burning, vomiting, headache and faintness over a month’s time, rolling stem applicator was ecofriendly and decreased the amount of chemicals, knitted gloves for bhendi plucking reduced the bruising and repeated damage to fingers during harvesting and chilli finger guard. The reduction in stress on body parts automatically improved the work efficiency among farm workers.
Effect of Tillage and Nutrient Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Oil Quality of Rice Fallow Sesame
Authors: Hari Priya K. , Ramesh K. , Deep Tuti Mangal , Anjaiah T. , A. Qureshi M. A. , Yadav Pradhuman
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted during year 2021-22 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study the effect of tillage and nutrient management practices on growth, yield and quality of sesame grown in rice fallows. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 18 treatments comprised of three main plot treatments i.e., A1: Reduced tillage (Cultivator once) , A2: Conventional tillage (Cultivator twice with rotavator once) and A3: Minimum tillage (tillage in the row zone/uprooting soil in the seed zone with hand held dibbler) with six sub-plot treatments  i.e., B1: Control , B2: 25% RDF, B3: 50% RDF, B4 : 75% RDF, B5 : 100% RDF and B6 : 125 % RDF replicated three times. Results revealed that there was a significant improvement in growth and yield of rice fallow sesame with conventional tillage and application of 125% RDF. Significantly taller plants, higher drymatter production, seed yield and stalk yield was obtained with conventional tillage. While,125% RDF recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters when compared to lower fertilizer doses. There was no significant influence of tillage and nutrient management practices on oil content and fatty acid composition. However, with increase in fertilizer dose upto 125% RDF there was a slight change in oil content. Significant effect of tillage and nutrient management was observed in oil yield. Conventional tillage proved to be beneficial as it increased oil yield significantly. With increase in fertilizer doses there was appreciable increase in linoleic and oleic acid content. But stearic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acid contents decreased at higher fertilizer doses.
Zn and B Mediated Effect on Yield Attribute, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medick.)
Authors: Kumar Yadav Praveen , Kumar Satendra , Kumar Vivek , Dixit Vidhu , Verma Shikhar , Singh Vikash
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2020-21 at the Crop Research Center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to evaluate the Effect of Zn and B application. Ten treatments comprising control, RDF, Zn and B in a different combination were tested in a randomized block design with three replications. The experimental results revealed that yield attributing traits viz. number of pods plant-1, number of grain plant-1, grain yield plant-1, test weight and biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and content and uptake of N, P, K, Zn, S, and B in lentil differed significantly among different treatments. Growth parameters were significantly better in the treatment T10 (RDF + Boron 2 kg ha-1 + Zinc 5 kg ha-1). The highest grain yield was recorded in T10 RDF + Boron 2 kg ha-1 + Zinc 5 kg ha-1 which were statistically at par with T8. It is concluded based on the study that the application of RDF + Boron 2 kg ha-1 + Zinc 5 kg ha-1 with Zn, and B (T10) gave best results (Grain yield increased by 26.7%, 25.7%, 21%, 22.9%, 17.2% and 59.1% over T1, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T1, respectively) and proved to be beneficial for rabi lentil followed by  RDF + Boron 2 kg ha-1 + Zinc 5 kg ha-1 (T9). The balanced and combined use of Zn, and B along with N, P, K and S in lentil improved the yield attribute, yield, and total uptake of nutrients along with maintaining the soil fertility.
Nutrient Status and Yield of French marigold as Influenced by Application of Spent Mushroom Compost, Biofertilizer and MKP Foliar Application
Authors: Rashid Assma , Singh Arvinder , Laishram Nomita , Pandey R. K.
Published: August 2022

An experiment was carried out in open field condition during the year 2018-19 to ascertain the effect of spent mushroom compost, biofertilizers and MKP foliar application on nutrient status, yield and profitability of French marigold. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) and comprised of twenty three treatments replicated thrice. The highest available soil nitrogen content (259.95 Kg/ha), available soil P (33.23 Kg/ha) and available soil potassium content (244.60 Kg/ha) was recorded with Control (100% RDF).Maximum total leaf nitrogen (1.367%), leaf phosphorus (0.433%) and leaf potassium content (1.88%) was recorded with treatment 75% RDF + spent mushroom compost + biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (T9) whereas, the lowest total leaf nitrogen content (1.103%), leaf phosphorus content (0.313%) and total leaf K (1.33 %) was recorded with no fertilizer application (Farmers practice). Plants treated with 75% RDF + Biofertilizers + 1% foliar spray of MKP (T8) recorded the highest benefit cost ratio (2.81:1) closely followed by benefit cost ratio of 2.54 in 100% RDF whereas lowest benefit cost ratio (0.36:1) was recorded in the treatment T17 comprising 25 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2).Highest chlorophyll content (48.89%) was recorded with T8.
Efficacy of Certain Insecticides and Biopesticides against Dimondback Moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) on Cabbage, Brassica oleracea (Linnaeus)
Authors: Vaishnavi Mummareddy , Tayde Anoorag R.
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted in the Rabi season of 2021 at Central research farm (CRF), Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experiment was laid in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments each replicated thrice using a Golden acer. The treatments were Spinosad 45SC, Flubendiamide 20% WG, Bacillus thuringiensis 0.5% WP, Indoxacarb 14.5SC, Neem oil, Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (1X108 CFU/gm), Azadirachtin 0.03%EC and untreated Control. The data on the mean larval population of the first spray and second spray, overall mean revealed that all the treatments except untreated control are effective and at par. Among all the treatments, the least larval population of Diamondback moth was recorded in Spinosad 45SC (0.800) followed by Flubendiamide 20% WG (0.934), Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (1.223), and Neem oil (1.667), Azadirachtin 0.03%EC (1.811) which was followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 0.5% WP (2.156), Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (2.211) was the least effective among all treatments. While the highest yield 302 q/ha was obtained from the treatment Spinosad 45SC. It was followed by Flubendiamide 20% WG (270 q/ha) and Indoxacarb 14.5SC (256 q/ha). When the cost-benefit ratio was worked out, an interesting result was achieved. Among the treatments studied, the best and most economical treatment was Flubendiamide 20% WG (1:6.12) followed by Spinosad 45SC (1:5.89), Indoxacarb 14.5SC (1:5.16), Neem oil (1:5.00), Azadirachtin 0.03%EC (1:4.89), Bacillus thuringiensis 0.5% WP (1:4.75), Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (1:4.43) as compared to control plot (1:2.96).
Energy Resources of Southern Africa: Potentials and Sustainable Energy Delivery
Authors: Sanusi Yekeen A. , Ohadugha Chukwudi B. , Martins Valda I. , Olaide Sheriffdeen A.
Published: August 2022

Energy resources constitute a substantial part of natural resources of many nations. The energy resources confer advantages on the resource nations as they provide the base for energy development, support economic development and provide export commodities. Southern Africa has some fossil fuel resources of natural oil, natural gas, and coal. It also has uranium deposits for nuclear energy development. With the global attention shifting to renewable and cleaner energy sources, it is advantageous that Southern Africa is also endowed with renewable energy resources. The advantage of its position relative to the Equator, the vast land that accommodates high wind speed, the vast tropical forest that yields bio-energy resources and coastlines that permit access to the ocean for off-shore wind energy and ocean energy, provide the renewable energy resources to help in achieving universal access. The objectives of the study are to profile the non-renewable energy resources of the Southern Africa subregion, understand the potentials of the renewable energy resources and draw implications of the energy resources for energy delivery in the Southern Africa subregion. The paper notes that while non-renewable energy resources are confined to a few countries, all the countries have advantages of renewable energy resources with adequate distribution of wind and solar energy resources. The paper also notes that clean non-renewable resources of natural gas and uranium can be adequately combined with the renewable energy resources to harvest the advantages of the two groups of energy resources for achieving the twin goals of universal energy access and green energy development.
Effects of Erythrina senegalensis (Fabaceae) Stem Bark Aqueous Extract in Cardiovascular Complications on Hypertensive Diabetic Rat
Authors: Bidingha Ronald À. Goufani , Bilanda Danielle Claude , Donfack Mireille Flore Metchi , Oumarou Bibi-Farouck Aboubakar , Nguegan Lohik Mbolang , Owona Pascal Emmanuel , Tcheutchoua Yannick Carlos , Djomeni Paul Désiré Dzeufiet , Dimo Théophile , Kamtchouing Pierre
Published: August 2022

Background and Aim: Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients. They develop due to microvasculopathy, myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. In the present study, the activity of aqueous extract of Erythrina senegalensis on cardiovascular complications in diabetic hypertensive rats was evaluated.

Experimental Procedure: The model of hypertensive diabetic rats was obtained by daily oral administration of sucrose (15%) and 40° ethanol at doses of 1.5 and 5 g/kg respectively for six weeks, followed by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). After four weeks of complications, the diabetic hypertensive rats were divided into six groups of 5 animals each, and received the different treatments for four weeks where blood glucose level was taken weekly. At the end of the treatments, the animals were anaesthetised and the arterial pressures and electrocardiograph were recorded by the direct method. Then the aorta and heart were removed for biochemical calorimetric analysis and histological evaluation.

Results and Conclusion: In the diabetic hypertensive animals the results showed chronic hyperglycaemia associated with high blood pressure. On the electrocardiogram there was a cardiac arrhythmia manifested by a significant decrease in the duration of the PR, QRS, RR, QTc segments, ST interval, P, QRS and T waves, a decrease in the amplitude of the QRS and T waves. There was a significant increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride atherogenic index and a decrease in HDL-cholesterol with a change in the cardiac ionogram and oxidative status in the aorta and heart. The different treatments improved these parameters and cardiovascular function. These results suggest that the extract of E. senegalensis by the presence of several bioactive compounds would possess cardioprotective, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive and antioxidant properties.
Comparative Phytochemical Analysis and Antiradical Activity of Five Plants Used for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Benin
Authors: Seton S. , Koukoui O. , Koudoro Y. , Amagbegnon J. B. , Betira M. , Sonounameto F. , Agbangnan C. P.
Published: August 2022

Background: Diabetes remains a real public health problem in the world today. Although considered a disease of rich countries, today diabetes is increasingly a major concern in developing countries and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Benin, its prevalence in 2015 was 12.4%.

Objective: This work aimed to compare the secondary metabolites, the content of phenolic compounds (total phenol, flavonoid) and the antiradical power of five plants (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Ex Wendel; Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G. Don; Mangifera indica L.; Saccharum officinarum L.; and Annona muricata L.) used in Benin by traditional healers to treat type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods: Secondary metabolites were identified by coloration and precipitation reactions specific to each family of metabolites. Total phenols were determined by Folin Ciocalteu method. The aluminum trichloride method has been used to quantify total flavonoids. The antiradical capacity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).

Results: Plants which leaves were higher in total phenols were Mangifera indica, Parkia biglobosa and Bambusa vulgaris while Annona muricata and Parkia biglobosa were the richest plants in flavonoids. The hydroethanolic extract of leaves of Bambusa vulgaris (IC50=0.28mg/mL), Parkia biglobosa (IC50=0.3mg/mL) and Mangifera indica (IC50=2.5mg/mL) showed more pronounced antiradical activity than vitamin C (IC50=3.2 mg/mL) which were synthetic antioxidant.

Conclusion: Our results showed that among the five plants studied Mangifera indica, Parkia biglobosa and Bambusa vulgaris were the richest in total phenols and also those whose leaf extracts had the highest antiradical activities. These three plants could therefore be considered as potential remedies for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Developing a Healing Formulation Able to Prevent Scar Hypertrophy
Authors: Nardini Patrizia , Urru Matteo , Chiarugi Alberto
Published: August 2022

Derangement of the processes regulating wound healing leads to esthetical and functional problems, and its prevention still represents an unmet therapeutic need. Several compounds are endowed with the ability to redirect the healing process, and prevent excessive fibroblast proliferation, scar hypertrophy as well as keloids. In the present study, we evaluated the healing and anti-inflammatory effects of topical applications of a multicomponent healing formulation (MHF) containing bromelain, onion extracts, glycyrrhizin, and snail mucus as well as vitamin E and A in a mouse model of scar hypertrophy. Daily topical application of the MHF did not affect the healing rate. Still, the MHF significantly reduced the wound inflammatory response as evidenced by reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6 and TNFα in the granulation tissue of mice exposed to MHF compared to control animals. In keeping with this, histological analysis of the scars showed that those from MHF-challenged mice were less hyperplastic, with reduced abnormal collagen deposition and, overall, appeared more hydrated and with higher conservation of tissue organization. The present study, on the one hand indicates that the MHF may be harnessed to prevent the evolution of the healing process toward scar hypertrophy or keloids in patients, and on the other that a multicomponent strategy is a rational approach to developing topical remedies to prevent abnormal wound healing.
O QUE É QUE A BAIANA FAZ? Os NOVOS PADRÕES DA DIVISÃO SEXUAL DO TRABALHO NAS ATIVIDADES URBANAS DO ESTADO DA BAHIA
Authors: Guimarães Iracema Brandão , Castro Nadya Araújo
Published: August 2022

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QUESTÃO AGRÁRIA E CRISE NO APARELHO DO ESTADO
Authors: Ivo Anete Brito Leal
Published: August 2022

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INTRODUÇÃO
Authors: Agier Michel
Published: August 2022

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FAMÍLIAS, RELAÇÕES DE GÊNERO E EXPERIÊNCIA FEMININA NO TRABALHO
Authors: Guimarães Iracema Brandão
Published: August 2022

O crescimento contínuo do trabalho remunerado na população feminina é um fato revelador de um amplo quadro de mudanças. Entre essas, destacam- se as configurações subjetivas, baseadas nas experiências vividas pelas mulheres na família e no trabalho. Essas esferas também se modificam, pois a organização familiar passa a se apoiar em novas bases, redefinem-se as condições da reprodução, em decorrência da estruturação das classes sociais e surgem novas oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. The steady increase of wage labor among women is one of the signs of a more pervasive set of changes occurring to the feminine subjectivity. As new conditions of class structure, new labor market opportunities, and new reproduction logic develop, women experience in a different way both work and family life. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
O caos e seu oposto
Authors: Pedrão Fernando
Published: August 2022

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Crise do Welfare State, Políticas do Setor Informal e Consenso Liberal na América Latina
Authors: Marques Jaime
Published: August 2022

Este artigo analisa as implicações de desregulamentação do mercado de trabalho e da redefinição do papel do Estado na esfera social na América Latina, identificando os determinantes econômicos, as bases sociais e as mediações políticas que levam à implementação do ajuste estrutural e associando esse processo à questão da exclusão, da cidadania e da legitimidade estatal. Welfare State Crises, Informal Sector Polices and the Liberal Conconsus in Latin America Jaime Marques This article analyzes the implications of deregulation of the labor market and redefinition of the role of the State in the social sphere in countries of Latin America. It identifies the economic constraints, social basis, and the political mediations that lead to the implementation of suck structural adjustments, associating this process to issues related to the question of exclusion, citizenship rights, and State legitimacy. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Mediated psychotherapy, transitional space and cybernetic capitalism
Authors: Farnsworth John
Published: August 2022

My focus is on how psychoanalysis and digital worlds influence each other: how they shape and comprehend each other through the human, the posthuman, various new digital processes and cybernetic agents. Together, they create entanglements of consciousness, affect and unconscious processes that are intricate and wide-ranging. They are intricate, too, by interweaving with psychoanalytic theory, illustrated here through the concept of transitional space. They also interweave with a rich body of contemporary social theory and I draw on Bernard Stiegler’s work to show how these extensive bodies of psychotherapy and critical theory relate in important ways to each other. Critical theory is often sensitised to psychoanalysis, but it is also highly critical of the way digital capitalism constructs new cybernetic worlds, the “psychopathologies of cognitive capitalism”, as Neidich (2017) terms it. Patricia Clough (2018) describes these developments as “the user unconscious”, the other- than-human agencies increasingly at work beyond and below the threshold of human consciousness. I emphasise that practitioners cannot avoid these developments, and I conclude by asking how, as psychotherapists in democratic societies, we best engage effectively and critically with them.

E arotahia ana e au te pēhea o te awenga i waenga o te wetewetenga hinengaro me te ao matihiko; pēhea tā rāua hanga, mōhio hoki i a rāua anō mai i te ira tangata, te tangata pohewa, ngā tepe matihiko hou me ngā tūāhua kaiwhakahaere kōtuitui. Piritahi ka puta ake he whīwhinga mauri ora, he ngau me ngā hātepe mauri moe tino uaua tino whānui nei. Ka uaua ake anō hoki ki te rarangahia atu ki te ariā wetewetenga hinengaro, e whakaahuahia ake ana e te ariā atea tauwhirowhiro. Ka taki hono atu anō hoki ki te rahi o ngā ariā hapori o ēnei rā ā ka toro atu au ki ngā mahi a Penara Hiekere kia kitea ai he pēhea te hononga o ngā huihuinga whakaoranga hinengaro matawhānui nei me te ariā wetewetenga ki a rāua anō. I te nuinga o te wā kua taunga kē te ariā matapaki ki te wetewetenga hinengaro, engari e kaha ana ki te whakahāwea i te āhua whakahou mahi ao kōtuitui a te haupū rawa matihiko, arā e ai ki te kī a Nitiki (2017), “ ngā arakauwaka haupū rawa”. Ko tā Paterehia Karawhe (2018) whakaahua i ēnei whanekenga ko te “kaimahi hinengaro moe”, ko ērā atu i te ira tangata kaiwhakahaere e rahi haere ake ana te mahi i tua atu i raro iho o te pito hinegaro ira tangata. E whakahau ana au kāre e taea e ngā kaiwhakaharatau te karo i ēnei whanaketanga, ā, i te mutungā ko taku matapaki ki a tātau ngā kaiwhakaora hinengaro i roto i tēnei hāpori manapori he aha te huarahi pai, te huarahi whai hua hai hīkoitahitanga mā tātau.
Over 10% Efficient Cu2CdSnS4 Solar Cells Fabricated from Optimized Sulfurization
Authors: Fan Ping , Lin Jinhong , Hu Juguang , Yu Zixuan , Zhao Yunhai , Chen Shuo , Zheng Zhuanghao , Luo Jingting , Liang Guangxing , Su Zhenghua
Published: August 2022

At present, Kesterite‐based thin‐film solar cells, such as Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells, involve serious band‐tailed states, which leads to low open‐circuit voltage, thereby hindering the further improvement of device performance. In stannite‐based materials, such as Cu2CdSnS4, the substitution of Zn with Cd can effectively suppress CuCd‐related point defects and defect clusters; thus, the band‐tailing state is few, which has attracted considerable research attention. In this work, on the basis of using optimized sulfurization and optimizing ratios (Cu/Cd+Sn) and temperatures, Cu2CdSnS4 thin films can be obtained with good quality and single‐phase composition, in which the device prepared at a ratio of 0.83 and 590 °C has the highest efficiency. Defect analysis shows that the substitution of Zn with Cd can effectively reduce CuCd‐related defects and defect clusters (such as 2CuCd+SnCd) and also decrease Urbach energy, fluctuations of bandgap, and electrostatic potential compared with kesterite‐based devices. In particular, Cu2CdSnS4 thin‐film solar cell prepared under optimized conditions (the ratio of 0.83 and 590 °C) has the minimum reverse saturation current, red shift, and the maximum minority carrier diffusion length. Therefore, an efficiency over 10% Cu2CdSnS4 thin‐film solar cell is reported, which shows the highest efficiency among stannite‐based solar cells to date.
Metal Confined in 2D Membranes for Molecular Recognition and Sieving towards Ethylene/Ethane Separation
Authors: Cheng Long , Guo Yanan , Liu Quan , Liu Guozhen , Li Renhao , Chen Xi , Zeng Hui , Liu Gongping , Jin Wanqin
Published: August 2022

Membranes with nanochannels have exhibited great potential in molecular separations, while it remains a great challenge to separate molecules with very close physical properties and kinetic diameters (e.g., ethylene/ethane) owing to the lack of size‐sieving property and specific affinity. Herein, a metal confined 2D sub‐nanometer channel is reported to successfully discriminate ethylene over ethane via molecular recognition and sieving. Transition metal cations are paired with polyelectrolyte anions to achieve high dissociation activity, forming reversible complexation with ethylene. Aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy observes that the metals with size of ≈2 nm are uniformly confined in graphene oxide (GO) interlayer channels with average height of ≈0.44 nm, thereby cooperating the size‐sieving effect with a molecular recognition ability toward ethylene and stimulating its selective transport over ethane. The resulting ultrathin (≈60 nm) membrane exhibits superior ethylene/ethane separation performance far beyond the polymeric upper‐bound. Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic simulations reveal that the metal@2D interlayer channel provides a molecular recognition pathway for selective gas transport. The proposed metal confined in 2D channel with molecular recognition and sieving properties would have broad application in other related fields such as single‐atom catalysis, sensor and energy conversion.
Surface Anchoring‐Induced Robust Luminescence Thermal Quenching Suppression in Shell‐Free Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Hu Xudong , Wu Yuting , Wang Yue , Xu Lili , Zhang Shengli , Wang Junhui , Wu Kaifeng , Liu Yang , Li Yuelei , Li Xiaoming
Published: August 2022

The luminescence thermal quenching (LTQ) behavior is one of the detrimental effects which result in poor stability and hinder the practical applications of luminescent nanocrystals (NCs) severely. Suppressing the LTQ effect is fundamentally important, especially for the recent rising star lead halide perovskite NCs while related investigations are rare. Herein, taking CsPbBr3 NCs with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as examples, a surface anchoring mechanism is proposed and the LTQ effect is successfully overcome. By introducing hybrid ligand system with large binding effect and steric hindrance, ligand desorption induces irreversible LTQ effect and the formation of surface atom vibration related transient traps is suppressed. As a result, 96.3% and 75.6% of the initial PL intensity are maintained up to 378 and 423 K, respectively, which are even superior to conventional core–shell NCs. Notably, after being treated under 333 K for 15 days, a PL intensity remnant of >88.4% is achieved. Such anti‐LTQ mechanism is also extended to blue perovskite NCs. Temperature‐tolerant stimulated emission and high temperature lasing phenomenon are fulfilled with considerable thermal stability. This work provides a new mechanism which can possibly help to solve the bottleneck toward practical luminescence applications for perovskite nanostructures.
Cu‐Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyzed Synthesis of Nitriles and Amides from Alcohols and Ammonia in Presence of Air
Authors: Senthamarai Thirusangumurugan , Poovan Fairoosa , Alenad Asma M. , Rockstroh Nils , Rabeah Jabor , Bartling Stephan , Baráth Eszter , Natte Kishore , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V.
Published: August 2022

The synthesis and functionalization of nitrogen‐containing compounds continue to be important due to their wide applications. In particular, the preparation of nitriles and amides applying cost‐effective and green methodologies is of central importance because these products represent valuable fine and bulk chemicals and serve as key precursors and central intermediates in organic synthesis and drug discovery as well as materials. Here, the preparation of nitriles and primary amides from alcohols and ammonia by a heterogeneous Cu‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation process is reported. The optimal catalyst for this synthesis is based on supported copper oxide‐nanoparticles, which are prepared by the impregnation and pyrolysis of simple copper nitrate on carbon. Applying these reusable nanoparticles, various simple, substituted, and functionalized aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic nitriles are synthesized starting from inexpensive and easily accessible alcohols and ammonia in the presence of air. In addition, the synthesis of selected primary amides in a water medium is also performed using these Cu nanoparticles.