bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complexes of Group 1 Salts with N,N′‐Aromatic Bidentate Ligands, of 1 : 1 Salt : Base Ratio
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Effendy  , Mutrofin Siti , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

The present and three subsequent papers describe the syntheses and structural characterization of crystalline adducts, sometimes solvated, obtained from (usually methanolic) solutions of simple group 1 metal salts, MX, with the N,N′‐aromatic bases L = 2,2′‐bipyridine (‘bpy’), 1,10‐phenanthroline (‘phen’) and 2,9‐dimethyl,1,10‐phenanthroline (‘dmp’) of 1:n (n = 1,2,3 and some non‐integral) stoichiometries and anhydrous conditions. X are predominantly weakly basic oxyanions ClO4, NO3, O3SCF3 (= ‘triflate’, ‘tfs’) and (pseudo‐) halides for M = Li, Na, K, Rb (not, as yet, Cs). The present paper describes adducts of 1:1 (or near 1:1) MX : L stoichiometry. The majority of arrays described are single‐stranded one‐dimensional linear polymers, LM units being bridged by oxyanions: single‐stranded LiNO3 : dmp (1:1)(∞|∞), (the Na analogue is isomorphous, but with a different anion bonding mode), and double‐stranded NaClO4 : bpy (1:1)(∞|∞) and Mtfs : dmp (1:1)(∞|∞) (M = Na, K, Rb); an interesting single‐stranded ‘hydrolysis’ product, with supernumerary interleaving phen moieties ‘solvating’ as well as methanol, is defined as NaI : phen : H2O : MeOH (1:1(+1):2:1), [(phen)Na(μ‐OH2)2](∞|∞)I·phen·MeOH. The complex LiCl : dmp (2:2) is a dimer, [(dmp)Li(μ‐Cl)2Li(dmp)], while the LiBr : dmp system is defined in terms of two ionic adductsLiBr : dmp : MeOH (1:1:2.5) ≡ [(dmp)Li(HOMe)2]Br· 0.5MeOH and LiBr : dmp : MeOH : H2O (1:1(+1):1:1), ‘solvated’ with dmp, MeOH and H2O, as [(dmp)Li(HOMe)(OH2)]Br·dmp; also of this family is LiNCS : dmp : MeOH (1:1:1) ≡ [(dmp)Li(NCS)(HOMe)]. The adduct KPF6 : dmp (1:1)(∞|∞) is a novel double‐stranded one‐dimensional polymer in which (dmp)K units are bridged by PF6 counterions. Ktfs : dmp : MeOH (2:2:1)2 is a complex tetramer in which all species are coordinated, but its rubidium counterpart is an infinite polymer. Of more complex stoichiometry are the adducts KI : dmp : MeOH (6:8:3) ≡ [K6I4(dmp)8]I2·3MeOH containing a ‘polyiodide’ cation, and Ktfs : dmp (4:3), a double‐stranded, one‐dimensional polymer.
Complexes of Group 1 Salts with N,N′‐Aromatic Bidentate Ligands, of Mononuclear (‘Molecular’) 1 : 2 Salt : Base Ratio
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Effendy  , Koutsantonis George A. , Mutrofin Siti , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

Crystallizations of simple group 1 metal salts MX with N,N′‐bidentate aromatic ligands 1,10‐phenanthroline (‘phen’) and the hindered 2,9‐dimethyl,1,10‐phenanthroline (‘dmp’), as well as complexes of other forms and stoichiometries described in accompanying papers, have yielded a broad array of simple mononuclear adducts of 1:2(:n) MX : L (:S) stoichiometry from methanol solutions. One of these, NaBr : phen : MeOH (1:2:2) contains a six‐coordinate metal atom, being ionic [(MeOH)2Na(phen)2]Br, but the majority contain five‐coordinate metal atoms, being either ionic (one example only, [(MeOH)Li(phen)2]Cl·MeOH) or neutral [XML2] species, the latter for the combinations MX : phen (M = Li, X = I, ClO4, tfs (≡ ‘triflate’, F3CSO3) (a new form), NO3; M = Na, X = Br, I, ClO4, NO3) and MX : dmp (M = Na, X = NCS, Br, I, PF6, ClO4; M = K, X = I), the (coordinating) polyatomic anions being unidentate, and the coordination geometries distorted trigonal bipyramidal.
Complexes of Group 1 Salts with N,N′‐Aromatic Bidentate Ligands, of 1 : 3 Salt : Base Ratio
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Effendy  , Mutrofin Siti , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

Following reports of the synthesis and single crystal X‐ray structural characterization of adducts of simple group 1 metal salts with the N,N′‐aromatic bidentate ligands 2,2′‐bipyridine (‘bpy’), 1,10‐phenanthroline (‘phen’) and 2,9‐dimethyl,1,10phenanthroline (‘dmp’) (= L), of 1:1 and 1:2 MX : L stoichiometry in the preceding papers, adducts of 1:3 stoichiometry are described in the present, for M = Na, of the form [NaL3]X(·S) representative of all L = bpy, phen, dmp. [Na(bpy)3]I is of interest, the cation stereochemistry being essentially trigonal prismatic; in [Na(phen)3](F3CSO3)·2MeOH, it is a more usual twisted octahedron, while, in [Na(dmp)3]I·MeOH, in consequence, presumably, of constraints imposed by the ligand substituents, a novel array of quasi‐m symmetry, with out‐of‐plane coordination of the metal atom, is found for the first structurally defined [M(dmp)3]n± species. A hydrated adduct, KClO4 : phen : H2O (1:5:6) is also described, being of the form [(phen)3K(μ‐OH2)2K(phen)3](ClO4)2·4phen·4H2O, the unusual stereochemistry about the metal atom presumably strongly influenced by packing effects as is the lattice array itself.
The New Silver Thiostannate (1,4‐dabH2)Ag2SnS4: Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Pienack Nicole , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

The new compound (1,4‐dabH2)Ag2SnS4 (1,4‐dab = 1,4‐diaminobutane) was prepared under solvothermal conditions and crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P42/n with lattice parameters a = 14.7847(8) Å, c = 11.9087(6) Å, V = 2603.1(2) Å3, Z = 8. In the structure SnS4 tetrahedra and AgS3 triangles are joined to form an one‐dimensional [Ag2SnS4]2− anionic chain. Prominent structural features of the chains are distorted Ag4S4 and Ag2Sn2S4 cubes sharing common faces. Four edges of the Ag4S4 cube are capped by two Sn and two S atoms whereas the latter cube is capped by two Ag and two S atoms. Another description bases on the interconnection of two Ag4 tetrahedra by two S atoms to form an Ag8S2 unit which is joined by two SnS4 tetrahedra yielding the anionic chains. The compound was characterized with Raman spectroscopy.
Synthesis of 2,6‐Bis(bis(2‐(methylthio)phenyl)phosphino)‐4‐methylphenol, a Novel Polydentate Ligand Containing Two Tripodal [S,S,P,O] Coordination Pockets; Crystal Structure of the Dimeric Thallium(I) Complex
Authors: Beganskiene Aldona , Kongprakaiwoot Natcharee , Luck Rudy L. , Urnezius Eugenijus
Published: August 2006

The reactions of bis(2‐(methylthio)phenyl)chlorophosphine (5a) (2 equivalents) with the O‐protected 2,6‐dilithio‐4‐methylphenol followed by acidic workup led to the isolation of 2,6‐bis(bis(2‐(methylthio)phenyl)phosphino)‐4‐methylphenol (2). Analogous reactions do not proceed if the sterically bulkier bis(2‐(tert‐butylthio)phenyl)chlorophosphine (5b) is used instead of 5a. Compound 2 is a topological analog of binucleading ligands built on a 2,6‐diaminophenol core, where two tripodal N‐ or O‐ligating compartments are flanking the phenolate functionality. A distinguishing feature of 2 is the “soft” donor environment of the potentially [S,S,P]‐ligating pockets flanking the phenolic OH group. Reaction of 2 with TlOEt lead to the formation of the dimeric thallium(I) phenoxide (3), which was characterized by a single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. In addition to μ‐phenoxide ligation, in the solid state each thallium atom also interacts with two phosphorus atoms from the opposing ligands. The interactions are not equivalent, with the two TlI–P distances differing by ca. 0.3Å. No significant Tl···S interactions are present in the solid state. Room temperature 31P NMR measurements indicate the dynamic behavior of 3 in solution.
Intake, utilization, and composition of browses consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harissoni) in captivity in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Kilbourn Annelisa , Karesh William , Bosi Edwin , Andau Mahedi , Alsisto Sylvia
Published: August 2006

The significant threats to the fewer than 30 wild Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni, the Bornean sub‐species of the Sumatran rhinoceros, are obvious and include poaching, habitat loss, and environmental changes. Subtle effects on population survival, however, include nutritional or other diseases, which affect morbidity and reproductive success. To address these issues and focus on animals within their natural range, this feeding trial and analysis characterizes the diet fed to the only three captive D. s. harissoni in the world housed at the Sumatran Rhino Breeding Center (SRBC) in Sabah, Malaysia. The study provides an indication of the variance in nutrient composition in local browse, and a comparison with other captive feeding studies. Mean dry matter intake (DMI), comprising ∼90% native browse species, equaled 3.55% (range=2.8–4.1%) of body mass, with a dry matter digestibility averaging 82%. The mean crude protein content of native browses (n=8 spp.) averaged 11.2% (DM basis; range=5–23%, depending on plant part), with available protein measured at 7.8%. Leaves contained significantly (P<0.001) more crude protein, and less (P<0.001) fiber (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin) than twig fractions analyzed, but animals consumed both fractions rather non‐selectively. Of minerals quantified, Na and P were potentially limiting in native browses compared to equid nutrient requirements, and Se may have been marginal. Ca, K, and Fe levels in particular were high in most native browses. Specifically, iron ranged from 45–1,400 mg/kg (mean=230 mg/kg DM), with only three preferred species containing this nutrient at <100 mg/kg. Excess dietary iron has been linked with health issues in browsing rhinos. Additionally, high levels of other minerals (for example Mn, with a mean of 382 mg/kg DM in this study), can precipitate deficiencies in crucial elements such as calcium. In view of the structural and chemical variations of the different parts of the same plants, dietary guidelines should be developed and incorporated into the basic husbandry of these animals that include increasing the number and combinations of species of browse offered daily to adjust for variance in protein, fiber, other nutritional components and food preference, to increasing the quantity of food offered per day based on desired weight gain and reproductive status. This, combined with information on the free‐ranging rhinoceros diet composition, and additional intake and digestibility trials (with concurrent serum analysis to evaluate nutritional status) should greatly assist in providing optimal diets for this highly endangered species. Zoo Biol 0:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The A985G mutation in the medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase gene: high prevalence in the swiss population resident in Geneva
Authors: Conne B. , Zufferey R. , Belin D.
Published: August 2006

We have determined the frequency of the A985G mutation in the medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene in a cohort of 1142 healthy babies born in two Geneva hospitals. Among babies with at least one Swiss parent, heterozygotes were detected at a frequency of 1/52, with a 95% confidence range from 1/82 to 1/38. The high frequency of the carrier state for this mutation suggests that MCAD‐deficient babies are born with a frequency of 1/10 000 in the Swiss population. This number is in sharp contrast with the low number of symptomatic MCAD‐deficient patients diagnosed in this country. Thus, the fraction of homozygotes who remain asymptomatic is likely to be very high in the Swiss population, and possibly higher than in other countries of northern Europe.
3‐Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine in 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency
Authors: van Hove J. L. K. , Rutledge S. L. , Nada M. A. , Kahler S. G. , Millington D. S.
Published: August 2006

A new acylcarnitine was observed in the plasma and urine of a patient with isolated 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency. Analysis by tandem mass spectrometry of the methyl ester and butyl ester and their fragment ion spectra identified it as a 3‐hydroxy‐C5‐acylcarnitine. Fibroblasts from a second patient were incubated with deuterium‐labelled leucine. Incorporation of label in the new acylcarnitine identified its origin from leucine, and thus confirmed the structure as 3‐hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine. The presence of elevated amounts of this metabolite, plus a small amount of 3‐methylcrotonylcarnitine in plasma, was diagnostic for isolated 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency. Other conditions in which a hydroxy‐C5‐acylcarnitine was present were readily differentiated by the abnormal elevation of other acylcarnitines.
First‐trimester enzyme exclusion of farber disease using a micromethod with [3H]ceramide
Authors: Akhunov V. S. , Gargaun S. S. , Krasnopolskaya X. D.
Published: August 2006

Farber disease was diagnosed in a patient with typical features and ceramide accumulation in lipogranulomatous nodules. [3H]Ceramide with high specific activity was prepared and used to confirm diagnosis in the patient after her death and for prenatal studies in this family. A micromethod was developed for ceramidase assay in chorionic villi.
Willow leaf traits affecting host use by the leaf‐gall‐forming sawfly
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuo , Ohsaki Naota
Published: August 2006

Gall‐forming insects usually have very restricted host ranges, but plant traits affecting patterns of host use have rarely been examined. The sawfly Phyllocolpa sp. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) forms leaf‐roll galls on three of seven Salix (Salicaceae) species that occur together on riverbanks in central Japan. We have attempted to explain this host‐use pattern by invoking three plant traits: synchrony of leaf flush with the oviposition period of the sawfly, intrinsic leaf quality as a potential larval food, and leaf morphology. Two Salix species frequently used by the sawfly, Salix eriocarpa and Salix pierotii, had similar leaf traits suitable for larval survival. The third species, Salix serissaefolia, was used relatively less often and the sawfly frequently stopped laying eggs on the plant during oviposition, suggesting ovipositional selection. S. serissaefolia had the smallest leaves, and survival of sawfly larvae was lower on S. serissaefolia than on S. eriocarpa and S. pierotii, because of gall destruction, by other herbivorous insects, and leaf‐size restrictions. Among the four unused species, Salix chaenomeloides had a late leaf‐flush phenology, Salix gracilistyla had inferior leaf quality, and Salix gilgiana had linear leaves; these seemed to be critical factors for non‐use. Salix subfragilis was also unused, but the reason for this could not be explained by the three leaf traits studied.
The contribution of patch topology and demographic parameters to population viability analysis predictions: the case of the European tree frog
Authors: Pellet Jérôme , Maze Gérard , Perrin Nicolas
Published: August 2006

Population viability analyses (PVA) are increasingly used in metapopulation conservation plans. Two major types of models are commonly used to assess vulnerability and to rank management options: population‐based stochastic simulation models (PSM such as RAMAS or VORTEX) and stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOM). While the first set of models relies on explicit intrapatch dynamics and interpatch dispersal to predict population levels in space and time, the latter is based on spatially explicit metapopulation theory where the probability of patch occupation is predicted given the patch area and isolation (patch topology). We applied both approaches to a European tree frog (Hyla arborea) metapopulation in western Switzerland in order to evaluate the concordances of both models and their applications to conservation. Although some quantitative discrepancies appeared in terms of network occupancy and equilibrium population size, the two approaches were largely concordant regarding the ranking of patch values and sensitivities to parameters, which is encouraging given the differences in the underlying paradigms and input data.
The domain of production and operations management and the role of Elwood Buffa in its delineation
Authors: Singhal Kalyan , Singhal Jaya , Starr Martin K.
Published: August 2006

Production and operations management (POM), as we know it today, was established in the 1960s in response to various drivers. Elwood Spencer Buffa first published his textbook,Modern Production Management, in 1961. He had degrees in business and engineering and had worked as an industrial engineer. He was also part of the UCLA–RAND academic complex whose operations researchers coined the termmanagement scienceand conceived the idea of The Institute of Management Sciences. Buffa coined the termoperations managementand consolidated knowledge from various streams of production management, including operations research and industrial engineering, into a coherent managerial framework.

Modern business education had started to emerge around 1959 after reports from the Carnegie Corporation and the Ford Foundation recommended improving research and analytical approaches. Many business schools created courses in POM. At the time, no single book covered what we now call production and operations management. The POM faculty at most business schools, including Columbia's Graduate School of Business, adopted Buffa's book enthusiastically when they introduced courses in “production management”. Buffa was an extraordinary visionary who covered supply chain management, design for manufacturing, quality management, service operations, and computer applications and the automated factory. The POM community pursued these issues more actively 2 or 3 decades later.
Editorial
Authors: Scheidegger C , Brodo I , Tchabanenko S
Published: August 2006

“Quality and Quantity: maintaining biological diversity in space and time”—Session II of the 5th Symposium of the International Association for Lichenology, Tartu, Estonia, 16–21 August 2004. As naturalists and especially as lichenologists, we would all agree that lichen diversity is desirable for its own sake. A species-poor forest looks ‘wrong’ to an experienced outdoors-person, and, conversely, a lichen-rich forest is a delight, even if the viewer knows nothing about lichens per se. This is why many people, not just lichen-lovers, agonize over the loss of lichen diversity in our natural landscape.
Recovery of lichens after logging: preliminary results from Tasmania's wet forests
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras , JARMAN S. Jean
Published: August 2006

Logging in Tasmania's wet eucalypt forests has traditionally been based on a clearfell, burn and sow regime, a process that has become increasingly controversial in recent years. The managing authority for these forests, Forestry Tasmania, has designed a Silvicultural Systems Trial in Tasmania's Southern Forests to explore alternative methods for harvesting and regenerating eucalypts. One of the components of this Trial is a study of lichens and bryophytes. Pre-logging surveys revealed a diverse flora comprising 134 lichen and 144 bryophyte taxa. Logging and regeneration produces a suite of new microhabitats for colonization by lichens and bryophytes. After three years, 51 lichens have been recorded in the plots. Twenty-eight were recorded in the unlogged forest, and represent recolonizers; lichen survivors after logging and regeneration treatment are very few. The remaining 23 lichens represent some transient weedy species as well as some that are typical of more open, drier conditions. A feature of the post-logging flora is the high proportion of species also found in the Northern Hemisphere. Re-establishment of the pre-logging flora is limited by habitat and will depend on the re-establishment of pre-logging habitats such as mature dominant trees and understorey trees and shrubs.
The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland
Authors: KUKWA Martin
Published: August 2006

The lichen genus Lepraria in Poland, comprising 17 species, is reviewed: for each taxon, remarks on the chemistry, distribution and habitat preferences are provided. Distribution maps are also presented, together with a key for determination of the Polish species. Lepraria diffusa var. chrysodetoides is reduced to a synonym of L. diffusa s. str., a new chemotype with a new substance is reported for L. neglecta, and rangiformic acid is reported for the first time for chemotype III of L. caesioalba. Lepraria borealis is reported for the first time from Africa (Canary Islands) and L. nigrocincta from Nepal.
Variation of lichen communities with landuse in Aberdeenshire, UK
Authors: WOLSELEY Patricia A. , STOFER Silvia , MITCHELL Ruth , TRUSCOTT Anne-Marie , VANBERGEN Adam , CHIMONIDES James , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph
Published: August 2006

The distribution of lichen species in upland regions of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, is investigated along a landuse gradient from natural forest to intensive agriculture. Quantitative data on lichen communities on saxicolous, epiphytic and terricolous substrata were collected from 16 hectares in one km2 in each landuse type. Multivariate analyses, NMDS and Cluster analysis were used to identify lichen communities associated with environmental factors including landuse, substratum type and age. The epiphytic community of native pinewoods was distinguished from all others by the highest species richness, the presence of indicators of ecological continuity and the absence of nitrophytes, while the epiphytic communities of farmland were distinguished by absence of acidophytes and a high contribution of nitrophytes. Plantations of conifers were distinguished by low species richness and an increase in tolerant species. Saxicolous communities were frequent on walls in all sites except native pinewood, where saxicolous substrata were rare. Intensively farmed sites were distinguished by an increase in percentage contribution of nitrophytes. The high acidophyte contribution in all sites suggests that crustose species of acid rocks may not respond rapidly to an increase in applied nitrogen. In landscapes where tree cover is sparse or non-existent combined assessment of habitat diversity and nitrophyte indicator species can be used to assess changes associated with agricultural intensification.
First psychiatric hospitalizations in the US military: the National Collaborative Study of Early Psychosis and Suicide (NCSEPS)
Authors: HERRELL RICHARD , HENTER IOLINE D. , MOJTABAI RAMIN , BARTKO JOHN J. , VENABLE DIANE , SUSSER EZRA , MERIKANGAS KATHLEEN R. , WYATT RICHARD J.
Published: August 2006

Background. Military samples provide an excellent context to systematically ascertain hospitalization for severe psychiatric disorders. The National Collaborative Study of Early Psychosis and Suicide (NCSEPS), a collaborative study of psychiatric disorders in the US Armed Forces, estimated rates of first hospitalization in the military for three psychiatric disorders: bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia.

Method. First hospitalizations for BD, MDD and schizophrenia were ascertained from military records for active duty personnel between 1992 and 1996. Rates were estimated as dynamic incidence (using all military personnel on active duty at the midpoint of each year as the denominator) and cohort incidence (using all military personnel aged 18–25 entering active duty between 1992 and 1996 to estimate person-years at risk).

Results. For all three disorders, 8723 hospitalizations were observed in 8120136 person-years for a rate of 10·7/10000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 10·5–11·0]. The rate for BD was 2·0 (95% CI 1·9–2·1), for MDD, 7·2 (95% CI 7·0–7·3), and for schizophrenia, 1·6 (95% CI 1·5–1·7). Rates for BD and MDD were greater in females than in males [for BD, rate ratio (RR) 2·0, 95% CI 1·7–2·2; for MDD, RR 2·9, 95% CI 2·7–3·1], but no sex difference was found for schizophrenia. Blacks had lower rates than whites of BD (RR 0·8, 95% CI 0·7–0·9) and MDD (RR 0·8, 95% CI 0·8–0·9), but a higher rate of schizophrenia (RR 1·5, 95% CI 1·3–1·7).

Conclusions. This study underscores the human and financial burden that psychiatric disorders place on the US Armed Forces.
Differences in the digestive organ morphology of captive and wild Brown Teal Anas chlorotis and implications for releases
Authors: MOORE SUZANNE J. , BATTLEY PHIL F.
Published: August 2006

The digestive tract of many animals is morphologically flexible and can adjust over time to make the most efficient use of the foods available. Differences between captive and wild diets often cause large differences in the gut morphology of captive and wild birds. This is potentially an issue when captive-bred birds are used to establish or supplement populations in the wild, such as in the Brown Teal Anas chlorotis, an endangered duck endemic to New Zealand. We compared the size and mass of the digestive organs (proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, caeca, rectum and liver) of 57 wild, eight captive and four captive-bred released Brown Teal. Captive Brown Teal had much shorter and lighter small intestines and caeca than wild Brown Teal. These differences could reduce the ability of captive-bred teal to efficiently digest a wild diet in the weeks following release, and are likely to contribute to the number of released teal found dead in extremely poor nutritional condition. Increased fibre and diversity in the captive diet together with supplementary feeding post-release are recommended to improve the survival of captive-bred Brown Teal released to the wild.
Other Histories, Other Biologies
Authors: Radick Gregory
Published: August 2006

When philosophers look to the history of biology, they most often ask about what happened, and how best to describe it. They ask, for instance, whether molecular genetics subsumed the Mendelian genetics preceding it, or whether these two sciences have main–tained rather messier relations. Here I wish to pose a question as much about what did not happen as what did. My concern is with the strength of the links between our biological science—our biology—and the particular history which brought that science into being. Would quite different histories have produced roughly the same science? Or, on the contrary, would different histories have produced other, quite different biologies?
Souls, Minds, Bodies and Planets
Authors: Midgley Mary
Published: August 2006

What does it mean to say that we have got a mind-body problem? Do we need to think of our inner and outer lives as two separate items between which business must somehow be transacted, rather than as aspects of a whole person?
Evo-devo: A New Evolutionary Paradigm?
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: August 2006

The homologies of process within morphogenetic fields provide some of the best evidence for evolution—just as skeletal and organ homologies did earlier. Thus, the evidence for evolution is better than ever. The role of natural selection in evolution, how–ever, is seen to play less an important role. It is merely a filter for unsuccessful morphologies generated by development. Population genetics is destined to change if it is not to become as irrelevant to evolution as Newtonian mechanics is to contempo–rary physics. (Gilbert, Opitz, and Raff 1996, 368)
Evolution and Aesthetics
Authors: O’hear Anthony
Published: August 2006

I want to begin with four quotations, fairly typical of their type, and germane to our topic because they encapsulate what many artists and art lovers feel about art and music. These feelings are often inchoate, to be sure, and in the cold light of analytical day they may look extravagant and exaggerated. But they do capture something of the experience people often have of art and beauty, and for that reason alone must be given some phenomenological plausibility at least.
Under Darwin’s Cosh? Neo-Aristotelian Thinking in Environmental Ethics
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: August 2006

As a first shot, one might say that environmental ethics is concerned distinctively with the moral relations that exist between, on the one hand, human beings and, on the other, the non-human natural environment. But this really is only a first shot. For example, one might be inclined to think that at least some components of the non-human natural environment (non-human animals, plants, species, forests, rivers, ecosystems, or whatever) have independent moral status, that is, are morally considerable in their own right, rather than being of moral interest only to the extent that they contribute to human well-being. If so, then one might be moved to claim that ethical matters involving the environment are best cashed out in terms of the dutes and responsibilities that human beings have to such components. If, however, one is inclined to deny independent moral status to the non-human natural environment or to any of its components, then one might be moved to claim that the ethical matters in question are exhaustively delineated by those moral relations existing between individual human beings, or between groups of human beings, in which the non-human natural environment figures. One key task for the environmental ethicist is to sort out which, if either, of these perspectives is the right one to adopt—as a general position or within particular contexts. I guess I don’t need to tell you that things get pretty complicated pretty quickly.
Need, Humiliation and Independence
Authors: O’Neill John
Published: August 2006

The needs principle—that certain goods should be distributed according to need—has been central to much socialist and egalitarian thought. It is the principle which Marx famously takes to be that which is to govern the distribution of goods in the higher phase of communism. The principle is one that Marx himself took from the Blanquists. It had wider currency in the radical traditions of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century it remained central to the mutualist form of socialism defended by Tawney and Titmuss. The principle underlay the development and justification of the modern welfare state—thus the National Health Service is still founded upon the idea that the distribution of medical resources should be determined by medical need, not by ability to pay. One source of the power of the needs principle lies in the fact that it appears to be both a principle of justice and a principle of community or social solidarity. As a principle of justice it is offered as a corrective to the particular forms of unequal distributions of goods that can result from market transactions, and as a principle of community or social solidarity as a corrective to the possessive individualism taken to be the corollary of a market order.
Leading a Life of One’s Own: On Well-Being and Narrative Autonomy
Authors: Brännmark Johan
Published: August 2006

We all want things. And although we might disagree on just how significant our wants, desires, or preferences are for the matter of how well we fare in life, we would probably all agree on some of them having some significance. So any reasonable theory about the human good should in some way acknowledge this. The theory that most clearly meets this demand is of course preferentialism, but even pluralist theories can do so. However, then they will at the same time bring aboard a classical problem for preferentialism, namely that of discriminating among preferences. Not all preferences would seem to make contributions to our well-being and there should be some set of criteria which at least makes it intelligible why there is such a difference and that perhaps can even be used in order to evaluate hard cases.
Well-Being, Adaptation and Human Limitations*
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar
Published: August 2006

Philosophical accounts of human well-being face a number of significant challenges. In this paper, I shall be primarily concerned with one of these. It relates to the possibility, noted by Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen amongst others, that people’s desires and attitudes are malleable and can ‘adapt’ in various ways to the straitened circumstances in which they live. If attitudes or desires adapt in this way it can be argued that the relevant desires or attitudes fail to provide a reliable basis for evaluating well-being. This is, what I shall call the ‘adaptation problem’. Nussbaum and Sen have—in different ways used this argument to motivate their versions of the ‘capability approach’. However, questions remain about the implications of adaptation for philosophical accounts of well-being.
Consequentialism and Preference Formation in Economics and Game Theory
Authors: Hausman Daniel
Published: August 2006

When students first study expected utility, they are inclined to interpret it as a theory that explains preferences for lotteries in terms of preferences for outcomes. Knowing U($100) and U($0), the agent can calculate that the utility of a gamble of $100 on a fair coin coming up heads is U($100)/2 + U($0)/2. Utilities are indices representing preferences, so in calculating the utility of the gamble, one is apparently giving a causal explanation for the agent’s preference for the gamble.
Preference, Deliberation and Satisfaction
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: August 2006

In his famous lecture on ‘The Concept of Preference’ Amartya Sen (1982) opened up the topic of preference and preference-satisfaction to critical, philosophical debate. He pointed out that preference in the sense in which choice reveals one’s preference need not be preference in the sense in which people are personally better off for having their preferences satisfied. And on the basis of that observation he built a powerful critique of some common assumptions in welfare economics.
Reasoning with preferences?
Authors: Broome John
Published: August 2006

Rationality requires certain things of you. It requires you not to have contradictory beliefs or intentions, not to intend something you believe to be impossible, to believe what obviously follows from something you believe, and so on. Its requirements can be expressed using schemata such as:
Satellite‐based daily SSTs over the global ocean
Authors: Barron Charlie N. , Kara A. Birol
Published: August 2006

Daily 1/8° global fields of sea surface temperature (SST), operationally produced by the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS), are presented. Production using a combination of optimal interpolation and climatologically corrected persistence balances eddy‐resolving spatial and daily temporal resolution with improved transitions in time and space across cloud‐obscured regions to eliminate data voids. Hindcast reanalysis has consistently extended complete MODAS SST coverage from 1993 to the present. In validation analysis using 219 yearlong daily SST time series from both coastal and open ocean buoys over the global ocean, MODAS gives a median root mean squared SST difference of 0.41°C. Whether hindcast or real‐time, stand‐alone or coupled, MODAS SST is applicable for physical or biological studies and operational applications on regional to global scales.
Cohesin protein SMC1 represses the nuclear receptor CAR-mediated synergistic activation of a human P450 gene by xenobiotics
Authors: Inoue Kaoru , Borchers Christoph H. , Negishi Masahiko
Published: August 2006

CAR (constitutive active/androstane receptor) regulates both the distal enhancer PBREM (phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module) and the proximal element OARE [OA (okadaic acid) response element] to synergistically up-regulate the endogenous CYP2B6 (where CYP is cytochrome P450) gene in HepG2 cells. In this up-regulation, CAR acts as both a transcription factor and a co-regulator, directly binding to and enhancing PBREM upon activation by xenobiotics such as TCPOBOP {1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene} and indirectly associating with the OARE in response to OA [Swales, Kakizaki, Yamamoto, Inoue, Kobayashi and Negishi (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3458–3466]. We have now identified the cohesin protein SMC1 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 1) as a CAR-binding protein and characterized it as a negative regulator of OARE activity, thus repressing synergy. Treatment with SMC1 small interfering RNA augmented the synergistic up-regulation of CYP2B6 expression 20-fold in HepG2 cells, while transient co-expression of spliced form of SMC1 abrogated the synergistic activation of a 1.8 kb CYP2B6 promoter. SMC1 indirectly binds to a 19 bp sequence (−236/−217) immediately downstream from the OARE in the CYP2B6 promoter. Both DNA affinity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that OA treatment dissociates SMC1 from the CYP2B6 promoter, reciprocating the indirect binding of CAR to OARE. These results are consistent with the conclusion that SMC1 binding represses OARE activity and its dissociation allows the recruitment of CAR to the OARE, synergizing PBREM activity and the expression of the CYP2B6 gene.
Mutational analysis of the intramembranous H10 loop of yeast Nhx1 reveals a critical role in ion homoeostasis and vesicle trafficking
Authors: Mukherjee Sanchita , Kallay Laura , Brett Christopher L. , Rao Rajini
Published: August 2006

Yeast Nhx1 [Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger 1] is an intracellular Na+(K+)/H+ exchanger, localizing to the late endosome where it is important for ion homoeostasis and vesicle trafficking. Phylogenetic analysis of NHE (Na+/H+ exchanger) sequences has ident-ified orthologous proteins, including HsNHE6 (human NHE6), HsNHE7 and HsNHE9 of unknown physiological role. These appear distinct from well-studied mammalian plasma membrane isoforms (NHE1–NHE5). To explore the differences between plasma membrane and intracellular NHEs and understand the link between ion homoeostasis and vesicle trafficking, we examined the consequence of replacing residues in the intramembranous H10 loop of Nhx1 between transmembrane segments 9 and 10. The critical role for the carboxy group of Glu355 in ion transport is consistent with the invariance of this residue in all NHEs. Surprisingly, residues specifically conserved in the intracellular isoforms (such as Phe357 and Tyr361) could not be replaced with closely similar residues (leucine and phenylalanine) found in the plasma membrane isoforms without loss of function, revealing unexpected side chain specificity. The trafficking phenotypes of all Nhx1 mutants, including hygromycin-sensitivity and missorting of carboxypeptidase Y, were found to directly correlate with pH homoeostasis defects and could be proportionately corrected by titration with weak base. The present study demonstrates the importance of the H10 loop of the NHE family, highlights the differences between plasma membrane and intracellular isoforms and shows that trafficking defects are tightly coupled with pH homoeostasis.
Scanning peptide array analyses identify overlapping binding sites for the signalling scaffold proteins, β-arrestin and RACK1, in cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D5
Authors: Bolger Graeme B. , Baillie George S. , Li Xiang , Lynch Martin J. , Herzyk Pawel , Mohamed Ahmed , High Mitchell Lisa , McCahill Angela , Hundsrucker Christian , Klussmann Enno , Adams David R. , Houslay Miles D.
Published: August 2006

The cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D5 can interact with the signalling scaffold proteins RACK (receptors for activated C-kinase) 1 and β-arrestin. Two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that RACK1 and β-arrestin interact with PDE4D5 in a mutually exclusive manner. Overlay studies with PDE4D5 scanning peptide array libraries showed that RACK1 and β-arrestin interact at overlapping sites within the unique N-terminal region of PDE4D5 and at distinct sites within the conserved PDE4 catalytic domain. Screening scanning alanine substitution peptide arrays, coupled with mutagenesis and truncation studies, allowed definition of RACK1 and β-arrestin interaction sites. Modelled on the PDE4D catalytic domain, these form distinct well-defined surface-exposed patches on helices-15–16, for RACK1, and helix-17 for β-arrestin. siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of RACK1 in HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) B2 cells increased β-arrestin-scaffolded PDE4D5 approx. 5-fold, increased PDE4D5 recruited to the β2AR (β2-adrenergic receptor) upon isoproterenol challenge approx. 4-fold and severely attenuated (approx. 4–5 fold) both isoproterenol-stimulated PKA (protein kinase A) phosphorylation of the β2AR and activation of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase). The ability of a catalytically inactive form of PDE4D5 to exert a dominant negative effect in amplifying isoproterenol-stimulated ERK activation was ablated by a mutation that blocked the interaction of PDE4D5 with β-arrestin. In the present study, we show that the signalling scaffold proteins RACK1 and β-arrestin compete to sequester distinct ‘pools’ of PDE4D5. In this fashion, alterations in the level of RACK1 expression may act to modulate signal transduction mediated by the β2AR.
Effects of dietaryAstragaluspolysaccharide on growth performance and immune function in weaned pigs
Authors: Yuan S.L. , Piao X.S. , Li D.F. , Kim S.W. , Lee H.S. , Guo P.F.
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of a polysaccharide isolated fromAstragalus membranaceus(APS) on performance and immune responses in weaned pigs. A total of 144 crossbred pigs weaned at 26 to 30 days of age with an average initial live weight (LW) of 7·64 (s.d. 0·290) kg were randomly allotted to six diets supplemented with APS at 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg. There were six replicates (three barrow pens and three gilt pens) per diet treatment with four pigs per pen. Pigs were given foodad libitumfor 21 days and the LW and food intake were measured on days 14 and 21. Pigs were intramuscularly injected with 1 mg/kg LW ovalbumin (OVA) on day 14 to evaluate humoral immune response. Blood samples were collected on day 21 to measure leukocyte differential counts, percentage of blood CD4+and CD8+lymphocyte subsets, lymphocyte proliferation response to Concanavalin A, serum concentration of immunoglobulin G (Ig G), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and specific OVA antibody. The results showed that the average daily gain, the numbers of WBC and lymphocytes, the proportion of CD4+lymphocyte subset, and the contents of IL-2 and IFN-γ increased (P< 0·05) as pigs were fed increased supplemental level of APS during the 21 d period. However, the contents of specific OVA antibody, Ig G, IL-4, and IL-10 were not affected (P> 0·05) by dietary levels of APS. The broken line analysis and quadratic regression analysis indicate that the optimal APS supplemental level would be between 381 mg/kg and 568 mg/kg for the maximal ADG and from 324 to 563 mg/kg for immune responses. Collectively, this study suggests that dietary APS can be used as a potential immuno-modulating agent by affecting cellular immunity of weaned pigs.
Performance, lean meat proportion and behaviour of fattening pigs given a liquid diet at different animal/feeding-place ratios
Authors: Rasmussen D. K. , Weber R. , Wechsler B.
Published: August 2006

Sensor feeding is a liquid feeding system for fattening pigs that is operated with a restricted animal/feeding-place ratio (AFR). The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of three different AFRs (4:1, 7:1 and 13:1, calculated with a feeding space of 33 cm per animal) on the performance and behaviour of fattening pigs (mean initial weight 26·3 (s.d. 3·3) kg, live weight at slaughter 102 (s.d. 5) kg). The pigs were housed in groups of 40 and each AFR was tested with seven groups (21 groups in total). The daily weight gain of the individual pigs was calculated from the beginning of the experiments until slaughter. Additionally, the lean meat percentage was recorded (AutoFOM). Feeding behaviour was observed by means of 24-h video recording at the ages of 14 and 17 weeks with scan sampling every 5 min. The daily weight gain decreased with increasing AFR (P<0·01) and females had lower weight gains than barrows (P<0·001). The lean meat proportion was influenced by the AFR (P<0·01) and sex of the pigs (P<0·001). Proportions were highest with the AFR 13:1 and in females. The average number of pigs feeding simultaneously was highest for the AFR of 4:1 (P<0·01). Moreover, the ingestion rate per day (kg/min) increased with increasing AFR (P<0·05). The average number of pigs waiting behind other pigs feeding at the trough was highest with the AFR 13:1 (P<0·001).In conclusion, growth performance and pig behaviour were negatively affected by an AFR of 13:1, which cannot be recommended for use with this feeding system. With an AFR of 4:1 lean meat values were low.
Skin bioavailability of dietary vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, zinc and selenium
Authors: Myriam Myriam , Sabatier Magalie , Steiling Heike , Williamson Gary
Published: August 2006

Dietary bioactive compounds (vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, Se and Zn) have beneficial effects on skin health. The classical route of administration of active compounds is by topical application direct to the skin, and manufacturers have substantial experience of formulating ingredients in this field. However, the use of functional foods and oral supplements for improving skin condition is increasing. For oral consumption, some dietary components could have an indirect effect on the skin via, for example, secondary messengers. However, in the case of the dietary bioactive compounds considered here, we assume that they must pass down the gastrointestinal tract, cross the intestinal barrier, reach the blood circulation, and then be distributed to the different tissues of the body including the skin. The advantages of this route of administration are that the dietary bioactive compounds are metabolized and then presented to the entire tissue, potentially in an active form. Also, the blood continuously replenishes the skin with these bioactive compounds, which can then be distributed to all skin compartments (i.e. epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat and also to sebum). Where known, the distribution and mechanisms of transport of dietary bioactive compounds in skin are presented. Even for compounds that have been studied well in other organs, information on skin is relatively sparse. Gaps in knowledge are identified and suggestions made for future research.
Wine constituents inhibit thrombosis but not atherogenesis in C57BL/6 apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
Authors: Soulat Thierry , Philippe Catherine , Sollier Claire Bal dit , Brézillon Christophe , Berge Natacha , Teissedre Pierre-Louis , Callebert Jacques , Rabot Sylvie , Drouet Ludovic
Published: August 2006

Regular and moderate wine consumption is one of the explanations suggested for the lower incidence of cardiovascular events in France compared with other industrialized countries. We evaluated whether alcohol alone or combined with red wine polyphenols reduced plaque size and/or attenuated thrombotic reactivity at the site of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Red wine extract, or purified (+)-catechin with alcohol, or alcohol alone, was added for 12 weeks to the drinking water of apoE-deficient (apoE−/−) C57B/ mice and wild-type counterparts. In the apoE−/−mice, all alcohol-containing mixtures were associated with a larger size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. On the other hand, red wine extract and (+)-catechin significantly inhibited blood thrombotic reactivity (P<0·05) as assessed in a cylindrical perfusion chamber model of experimental thrombosis: area reductions in cross-sectional surface of theex vivothrombus were 64% and 63%, respectively. In the wild-type mice, red wine extract and (+)-catechin tended to reduce thrombogenicity, which was on the whole less marked than in the apoE−/−mice. These findings suggest that a moderate and regular consumption of red wine may protect against clinical cardiovascular events, mainly by attenuating the thrombogenic response rather than by reducing the development of atherosclerotic lesions. This antithrombogenic effect may include normalization of the abnormally high thrombogenic responsiveness in apoE−/−mice as well as a direct antithrombotic effect.