bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hard tissue alterations after socket preservation with additional buccal overbuilding: a study in the beagle dog
Authors: Fickl Stefan , Zuhr Otto , Wachtel Hannes , Kebschull Moritz , Hürzeler Markus B.
Published: September 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to histometrically assess alterations of the ridge following socket preservation alone and socket preservation with additional buccal overbuilding.

Material and Methods:In five beagle dogs four extraction sites were randomly subjected to one of the following treatments: Tx 1: The socket was filled with BioOss Collagen®and covered with a free gingival graft from the palate. Tx 2: The buccal bone plate was augmented using the GBR‐technique, the socket was filled with BioOss Collagen®and covered with a free gingival graft. Tx 3: The buccal bone plate was forced into a buccal direction using a manual bone spreader. The socket was filled with BioOss Collagen®and covered with a free gingival graft from the palate. Tx 4: The socket was filled with BioOss Collagen®and a combined free gingival/connective tissue graft was used to cover the socket and for buccal tissue augmentation. For each experimental site, two histological sections were subjected to histometric analysis and evaluated for (i) vertical bone dimensions and (ii) horizontal bone dimensions.

Results:All treatment groups showed horizontal and vertical bone loss. The mean vertical bone loss of the buccal bone plate was significantly lower in Tx 4 than in the other groups, while no statistical significant differences could be detected among the groups in the horizontal dimension.

Conclusion:Overbuilding the buccal aspect in combination with socket preservation does not seem to be a suitable technique to compensate for the alterations after tooth extraction.
“And loved he was with all”. Identity in Sir Isumbras
Authors: Landers Samara P.
Published: September 2009

Sir Isumbras serves as a concrete example of how medieval romances define and construct identity. The key element of this romance is the main character’s movement through many different social persons during his journey to establish his identity and his constant behavior during that movement. Isumbras’s social movement, combined with his clear moral stability, establishes him as an unadulterated representation of identity expressed through one continuous aspect of the character, in this case his noble behavior. This article will focus on how Isumbras relates to and interacts with the people around him and how he is formed by and with his surroundings as a way of understanding his identity. He does not become entangled with new communal ties as he works to rediscover who he is and where he fits into society; his separation from society isolates his identity from the complications that confront figures in other romances. This isolation allows us to focus on how the romance develops Isumbras’s identity because there are few other influences that last for the duration of the poem.
Wer singt Mahomets Gesang? Zu einem Problem der Goethe‐Edition
Authors: Lange Horst
Published: September 2009

Erich Trunz hat behauptet, dass der Titel von Goethes Gedicht Mahomets Gesang eigentlich Mahomets‐Gesang lauten solle. Im Artikel wird einerseits gezeigt, dass die Manuskriptlage und Goethes Äußerungen über das Gedicht dies sehr unwahrscheinlich machen. Andererseits wird nahegelegt, dass Goethe Mohammed ironisieren wollte und dass der von Trunz fälschlich geleugnete Umstand, dass Mohammed der Sänger eines Loblieds auf sich selbst ist, ein wichtiges Element dieser Ironisierungsstrategie ist.
Melatonin and serotonin in flowers and fruits of Datura metel L.
Authors: Murch Susan J. , Alan Ali R. , Cao Jin , Saxena Praveen K.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Datura metel is a plant that contains several different neurologically active phytochemicals which affect human health. On‐going research has examined the potential role of the human neuroindoles, melatonin and serotonin, in medicinal plants with neurological efficacy. In this report, we describe the quantification of melatonin and serotonin in flowers and developing fruits of Datura metel and the effects of cold stress on the levels of these neuroindoles in the reproductive tissues of this plant. Melatonin and serotonin were found at the highest levels in the least developed flower buds with decreasing concentrations as the flower buds matured. Cold stress significantly increased the concentration of melatonin in young flower buds. In the developing fruit, melatonin was present at relatively stable, high concentrations for the first 10 days after anthesis. After 10–15 days, the ovule had grown to a sufficient size for excision and analysis and melatonin was found to be at the highest concentrations in the developing ovule with minimal concentrations of the neuroindoles in the fleshy fruit. Together, these data indicate that melatonin may play a role in protecting the reproductive tissues during flower and seed formation in a Datura species.
Dermatology in the Darwin anniversary. Part 2: Evolution of the skin‐associated immune system
Authors: Wölfle Ute , Martin Stefan , Emde Matthias , Schempp Christoph
Published: September 2009

The present review highlights the evolution of the skin‐associated immune system from the invertebrates to the vertebrates and man. In the invertebrates a non‐specific humoral immune response dominates. It includes antimicrobial peptides, oxidases, lysozyme, agglutinins, coagulins and melanin. The cellular immune system initially consists of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Later migrating phagocytes and natural killer cells occur. From the fishes on, dendritic cells are present, linking innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to this unspecific but highly effective immune system, the specific immune response, based on genetic recombination, is present in the vertebrates starting with the chondral fishes. The adaptive immune system possesses unlimited numbers of highly specific antibodies and T‐cell receptors, increasingly tissue specific MHC restriction, and cellular memory. Elements of the skin‐associated adaptive immune system are first detectable in the teleost fishes in the form of intraepithelial IgM positive lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Moving up to mammals and man, the skin‐associated immune system became more and more complex and effective.
Neuroprotein s‐100B – a useful parameter in paediatric patients with mild traumatic brain injury?
Authors: Castellani C , Bimbashi P , Ruttenstock E , Sacherer P , Stojakovic T , Weinberg A‐M
Published: September 2009

Aims: To examine the correlation of S‐100B to cranial computerized tomography (CCT) scan results in children after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).

Methods: One hundred and nine paediatric patients (0–18 years) with MTBI were included in this prospective single‐centre study. Serum was collected within 6 h of trauma for determination of serum S‐100B. The upper reference of S‐100B was set to 0.16 μg/L. A CCT scan was performed in all patients and the results were correlated to the S‐100B values.

Results: Computerized tomography was abnormal in 36 patients showing intracerebral haemorrhages and/or skull fractures. Serum S‐100B level was significantly higher in patients with a pathological condition as shown in CT scan results (p = 0.003). There were no false negative, but 42 false positive test results for S‐100B. This resulted in a sensitivity of 1.00, specificity of 0.42, positive predictive value of 0.46 and negative predictive value of 1.00. An area under the receiver operating curve of 0.68 was calculated.

Conclusion: S‐100B is a valuable tool to rule out patients with pathological CCT findings in a collective of paediatric patients with MTBI. Elevations of S‐100B do not necessarily lead to a pathological finding in the CT scan, but values below the cut‐off safely rule out the evidence of intracranial lesions.
Land use improves spatial predictions of mountain plant abundance but not presence‐absence
Authors: Randin Christophe F. , Jaccard Hélène , Vittoz Pascal , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Guisan Antoine
Published: September 2009

Question:Does a land‐use variable improve spatial predictions of plant species presence‐absence and abundance models at the regional scale in a mountain landscape?

Location:Western Swiss Alps.

Methods:Presence‐absence generalized linear models (GLM) and abundance ordinal logistic regression models (LRM) were fitted to data on 78 mountain plant species, with topo‐climatic and/or land‐use variables available at a 25‐m resolution. The additional contribution of land use when added to topo‐climatic models was evaluated by: (1) assessing the changes in model fit and (2) predictive power, (3) partitioning the deviance respectively explained by the topo‐climatic variables and the land‐use variable through variation partitioning, and (5) comparing spatial projections.

Results:Land use significantly improved the fit of presence‐absence models but not their predictive power. In contrast, land use significantly improved both the fit and predictive power of abundance models. Variation partitioning also showed that the individual contribution of land use to the deviance explained by presence‐absence models was, on average, weak for both GLM and LRM (3.7% and 4.5%, respectively), but changes in spatial projections could nevertheless be important for some species.

Conclusions:In this mountain area and at our regional scale, land use is important for predicting abundance, but not presence‐absence. The importance of adding land‐use information depends on the species considered. Even without a marked effect on model fit and predictive performance, adding land use can affect spatial projections of both presence‐absence and abundance models.
Effects of the Changes in Legislation Governing Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities in Norway: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Søndenaa Erik , Linaker Olav Martin , Nøttestad Jim Aage
Published: September 2009

A recent change in legislation in Norway redefined which persons with an intellectual disability (ID) are considered as “offenders” within the judicial system. After that change, the number of adults with ID convicted of a crime and subject to forensic services decreased from 27 in 2002 to 13 in 2006. Crimes considered under the statue include those of a violent nature, sexual offenses, or life‐threatening arson. Persons falling under provisions of the statue include those identified as non‐responsible with intellectual functioning corresponding to moderate or severe ID (IQ < 55). The new statue includes a provision of sentence to mandatory care (MC) for those with a high risk of recidivism. The aim of this study was to compare offenders with ID adjudicated before and after the legislation revision. A comparison cross‐sectional study design was used, and measures examined group compositions and staff and service characteristics. Results showed that after the change in legislation, offenders with ID appeared to be managed by more qualified staff, but at the same time, they had less contact with health services outside their residence. In addition, more restrictive care management measures were evident after the change.
Diverse Conceptualizations of Deinstitutionalization as a Barrier to the Implementation of Discharge Policies
Authors: Parlalis Stavros K.
Published: September 2009

There are various reasons why the regular movement of people with intellectual disabilities from the institution to the community has been impeded in the United Kingdom. Some of these include the lack of a formal national policy, the difficulty of forming joint planning groups, fiscal difficulties, the lack of appropriate accommodation, inadequate development of services in the community, and resistance from the community. Using a case study approach, the author undertook to identify the particular barriers that arose in one specific discharge program, and to produce guidelines for avoiding such difficulties in future projects. Data were collected by means of interviews, and a grounded theory approach was employed for their analysis. It was found that the main obstacles to deinstitutionalization in this particular discharge program included: (1) a lack of a coherent approach; (2) a failure to develop discharges consistently according to professionals' plans or service users' needs; (3) a lack of holistic support for professionals undergoing transition; (4) ambiguous model of management; and (5) a lack of interest in joint working. It was concluded that the different conceptualizations of what deinstitutionalization meant constituted the main barrier to policy and practice. Professionals need to reach a shared understanding and conceptualization of the discharge program, and, in order to proceed with the huge workload of a discharge program, there should be a consortium approach in place among the main stakeholders.
Current and Future Concerns of Older Parents of Sons and Daughters With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Weeks Lori E. , Nilsson Thomy , Bryanton Olive , Kozma Albert
Published: September 2009

Increasingly greater numbers of older parents are providing care at home for their sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities. As attention needs to be paid to the supports needed by such families to assist them with their caregiving activities, it is prudent to identify the types of supports that will be needed when the parents are no longer able to provide care. Working with a cohort of older parent carers in Prince Edward Island, Canada, the authors undertook to examine older carer concerns and planning issues. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the key issues that older parents of sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities are currently facing and their preferences for care in the future, the authors initiated a population‐case‐finding process, undertook pilot interviews with a sample, and then used the resultant qualitative data to form the quantitative component of the study. Of 132 identified families in the province, 10 parents voluntarily participated in pilot interviews, and 33 parents agreed to complete in‐depth interviews. Analysis of qualitative data resulted in the following five themes: (1) worry about the future care of son or daughter; (2) concern about services funding; (3) having housing and care options; (4) lack of provider understanding of carer's needs; and (5) helping son or daughter become a productive and active member of society. Key issues identified through quantitative analysis included interactions with the government, the need for respite care, and meeting social and emotional needs. Preferred types of housing and care options included “small option homes” and services that provide care to both older parents and their sons and daughters. The authors' results emphasize the necessity of adequate supports being made available to older parents who wish to support their sons and daughters with intellectual disabilities at home and to ensure that desired supports are available in the future when they are no longer able to provide care.
ANARCHISTS AND LABOR UNIONS: AN ANALYSIS USING NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENT THEORIES
Authors: Williams Dana M.
Published: September 2009

The goal of this article is to explore the characteristics of North American anarchists who are union members. New social movement (NSM) theories suggest that movements have changed in recent decades to focus less on economic issues and have divorced themselves from the working class. The union membership of anarchists is related to subjective working‐class status, age, being from North America, economic anarchist ideology, anarchist movement participation, and activist identity. Given these findings, it is questionable how well the arguments offered by NSM theories—specifically a postmaterialist focus and emphasis upon collective cultural identity—are able to describe anarchists.
SEETHING WITH THE IDEAL: GALLEANISTI AND CLASS STRUGGLE IN LATE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY AND EARLY TWENTIETH‐CENTURY USA
Authors: Wellbrook Christopher
Published: September 2009

It is the purpose of this article to initiate a reevaluation of the place of the Galleanisti and insurrectionary anarchism in relation to working‐class struggle. Regardless of the breadth and weight of anarchist philosophy, the shady, bomb‐throwing, wild‐eyed, and bushy bearded fanatic is a caricature that still persists in coloring the movement. Accordingly, historical accounts of the Galleanisti tend to emphasize the “extremism” of their ideas as a means of accounting for the violence surrounding the group. I will highlight the relatively unexceptional nature of Galleanisti in the context of tactics commonly employed by labor militants of the era, the frequency of violence and revolutionary reprisal within leftist discourse, and the popularity and influence of Galleanisti ideals. Through this, I intend to reposition the Galleanisti as a political tendency situated within, articulating the demands of, and acting in defense of, their own working‐class communities.
ANARCHISM, MARXISM, AND THE IDEOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CHICAGO IDEA
Authors: Pinta Saku
Published: September 2009

The aim of this article is to reexamine the ideological composition of the “Chicago Idea” movement of the Haymarket Martyrs. Following the “morphological” approach of Michael Freeden, I will argue that the evolution of the revolutionary labor movement in Chicago 1876–1886 exhibits conceptual features common to both the Marxist and anarchist traditions—which deeply impacted its radical praxis and outlook—in what might be regarded as an early “libertarian communist” formulation. The intellectual trajectory of the Chicago Idea will be contextualized with reference to key developments in the international and American socialist milieu, showing both similarities and differences with its state socialist, insurrectionary, and individualist contemporaries. The Chicago Idea remains an important ideological configuration, especially in light of more recent efforts to forge a common ground between social anarchisms and revolutionary marxisms. Viewed in this light, an analysis of what Grubacic and Lynd have recently called the “Haymarket Synthesis” and its legacy shows that an anarchist/Marxist synthesis has deeper historical roots than most left historians have previously acknowledged and might provide one point of departure on which to reconceptualize a contemporary anarchist/Marxist synthesis.
EUROPEAN ANARCHISM IN THE 1890S: WHY LABOR MATTERS IN CATEGORIZING ANARCHISM
Authors: Turcato Davide
Published: September 2009

Standard typologies of anarchism are based on categories such as individualism and communism that refer to philosophical issues or to different models of the future society. Such categorizations project an image of anarchism as more concerned with abstract questions than with practical matters. However, they are misleading. Through a cross‐national analysis of three major European anarchist movements, Italian, Spanish, and French, around the 1890s, I show that the most fundamental issues that divided all these movements alike were tactical, not theoretical. They concerned participation in the labor movement, collective action, and organization. By revising standard categorizations along these lines, anarchism can be rescued from the stereotypical charge of irrationalism and shown to be a movement in rational search of the best means to achieve its ends.
ANARCHISM AND THE POLITICS OF TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Gordon Uri
Published: September 2009

Contemporary anarchist practices display a strong ambivalence toward technology, with active resistance residing alongside extensive use and development. This article theorizes a broad‐based anarchist politics of technology, which can account for these diverse expressions within a coherent framework. I first examine the two major competing approaches to technology in anarchist literature—Promethean anticapitalism and the primitivist critique of civilization. Noting the limitations of both approaches, I then turn to the work of Langdon Winner and other critical theorists of technology who stress the inherence of social relations in technological design and deployment. Such a perspective allows anarchists to judge technologies according to their promotion of hierarchical or nonhierarchical social practices, leading to three options for action: abolitionism, guarded adoption, and active promotion.
ANARCHIST PHILOSOPHY AND WORKING CLASS STRUGGLE: A BRIEF HISTORY AND COMMENTARY
Authors: Jun Nathan
Published: September 2009

Anarchist philosophy has often played and continues to play a crucial role in interventions in working‐class and labor movements. Anarchist philosophy influenced real‐world struggles and touched the lives of real, flesh‐and‐blood workers, especially those belonging to the industrial, immigrant working classes of late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century America. Too often the writings, which were disseminated to, and hungrily consumed by, these workers are dismissed as “propaganda.” However, insofar as they articulate and define political, economic, and social concepts; subject political, economic, and social institutions to trenchant critique against clear and well‐defined normative standards; offer logical justifications of their own positions; and advance positive alternative proposals, why should these writings not be regarded as philosophical texts and analyzed accordingly? Obviously they should, and the fact that they have been so long ignored by political philosophers, historians, and other scholars reflects academic prejudice rather than the intellectual and philosophical merit of the writings. This article is a preliminary step toward giving anarchist philosophy the hearing it so richly deserves.
Functional and Morphologic Characterizations of the Diabetic Mouse Corpus Cavernosum: Comparison of a Multiple Low-Dose and a Single High-Dose Streptozotocin Protocols
Authors: Jin Hai-Rong , Kim Woo Jean , Song Jae Sook , Choi Min Ji , Piao Shuguang , Shin Sun Hwa , Tumurbaatar Munkhbayar , Tuvshintur Buyankhuu , Nam Moon-Suk , Ryu Ji-Kan , Suh Jun-Kyu
Published: September 2009

Introduction

With the advent of genetically modified mice, it seems particularly advantageous to develop a mouse model of diabetic erectile dysfunction.

Aim

To establish a mouse model of type I diabetes by implementation of either multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) protocol or single high-dose STZ protocol and to evaluate morphologic alterations in the cavernous tissue and subsequent derangements in penile hemodynamics in vivo.

Methods

Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: a control group, a group administered the multiple low-dose STZ protocol (50 mg/kg × 5 days), and a group administered the single high-dose STZ protocol (200 mg/kg).

Main Outcome Measures

After 8 weeks, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was then harvested and stained with hydroethidine (in situ analysis of superoxide anion), TUNEL, or antibodies to nitrotyrosine (marker of peroxynitrite formation), PECAM-1, smooth muscle α-actin, and phospho-eNOS. Penis specimens from a separate group of animals were used for phospho-eNOS and eNOS western blot or cGMP determination.

Results

Erectile function was significantly less in diabetic groups than in control group. The generation of superoxide anion and nitrotyrosine and the number of apoptotic cells in both cavernous endothelial and smooth muscle cells were significantly higher in diabetic groups than in control group. Cavernous tissue phospho-eNOS and cGMP expression and the number of endothelial and smooth muscle cells were lower in diabetic groups than in control group. Both diabetic models resulted in similar structural and functional derangements in the corpus cavernosum; however, the mortality rate was higher in mice receiving single high-dose of STZ than in those receiving multiple low-doses.

Conclusion

The mouse model of type I diabetes is useful and technically feasible for the study of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in diabetic erectile dysfunction.
A Rare Cause of Difficulty with Sexual Intercourse: Large Retroperitoneal Leiomyoma
Authors: Yildiz Fahrettin , Camuzcuoglu Hakan , Toy Harun , Terzi Alpaslan , Guldur Muhammet Emin
Published: September 2009

Introduction

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high among women; however, sexual dysfunction secondary to anatomical deformity in women is rare. In addition, primary retroperitoneal leiomyomas are very rare clinical conditions.

Aim

To present a case with sexual dysfunction secondary to anatomical deformity.

Methods

In this article, we report the case of a large retroperitoneal leiomyoma causing sexual dysfunction.

Results

After the surgical removal of the large retroperitoneal mass, previous intercourse difficulties had been resolved.

Conclusions

Retroperitoneal tumors may obstruct the vagina by congesting the pelvic area and may be considered as a possible cause of female sexual dysfunction.
Automated Test Assembly for Cognitive Diagnosis Models Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Finkelman Matthew , Kim Wonsuk , Roussos Louis A.
Published: September 2009

Much recent psychometric literature has focused on cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), a promising class of instruments used to measure the strengths and weaknesses of examinees. This article introduces a genetic algorithm to perform automated test assembly alongside CDMs. The algorithm is flexible in that it can be applied whether the goal is to minimize the average number of classification errors, minimize the maximum error rate across all attributes being measured, hit a target set of error rates, or optimize any other prescribed objective function. Under multiple simulation conditions, the algorithm compared favorably with a standard method of automated test assembly, successfully finding solutions that were appropriate for each stated goal.
Reliability and Attribute‐Based Scoring in Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment
Authors: Gierl Mark J. , Cui Ying , Zhou Jiawen
Published: September 2009

The attribute hierarchy method (AHM) is a psychometric procedure for classifying examinees’ test item responses into a set of structured attribute patterns associated with different components from a cognitive model of task performance. Results from an AHM analysis yield information on examinees’ cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Hence, the AHM can be used for cognitive diagnostic assessment. The purpose of this study is to introduce and evaluate a new concept for assessing attribute reliability using the ratio of true score variance to observed score variance on items that probe specific cognitive attributes. This reliability procedure is evaluated and illustrated using both simulated data and student response data from a sample of algebra items taken from the March 2005 administration of the SAT. The reliability of diagnostic scores and the implications for practice are also discussed.
A Comparison of the Logistic Regression and Contingency Table Methods for Simultaneous Detection of Uniform and Nonuniform DIF
Authors: Güler Neşe , Penfield Randall D.
Published: September 2009

In this study, we investigate the logistic regression (LR), Mantel‐Haenszel (MH), and Breslow‐Day (BD) procedures for the simultaneous detection of both uniform and nonuniform differential item functioning (DIF). A simulation study was used to assess and compare the Type I error rate and power of a combined decision rule (CDR), which assesses DIF using a combination of the decisions made with BD and MH to those of LR. The results revealed that while the Type I error rate of CDR was consistently below the nominal alpha level, the Type I error rate of LR was high for the conditions having unequal ability distributions. In addition, the power of CDR was consistently higher than that of LR across all forms of DIF.
The Circle‐Arc Method for Equating in Small Samples
Authors: Livingston Samuel A. , Kim Sooyeon
Published: September 2009

This article suggests a method for estimating a test‐score equating relationship from small samples of test takers. The method does not require the estimated equating transformation to be linear. Instead, it constrains the estimated equating curve to pass through two pre‐specified end points and a middle point determined from the data. In a resampling study with two test forms that differed substantially in difficulty, the proposed method compared favorably with other equating methods, especially for equating scores below the 10th percentile and above the 90th percentile.
Representing Pump‐Capacity Relations in Groundwater Simulation Models
Authors: Konikow L.F.
Published: September 2009

The yield (or discharge) of constant‐speed pumps varies with the total dynamic head (or lift) against which the pump is discharging. The variation in yield over the operating range of the pump may be substantial. In groundwater simulations that are used for management evaluations or other purposes, where predictive accuracy depends on the reliability of future discharge estimates, model reliability may be enhanced by including the effects of head‐capacity (or pump‐capacity) relations on the discharge from the well. A relatively simple algorithm has been incorporated into the widely used MODFLOW groundwater flow model that allows a model user to specify head‐capacity curves. The algorithm causes the model to automatically adjust the pumping rate each time step to account for the effect of drawdown in the cell and changing lift, and will shut the pump off if lift exceeds a critical value. The algorithm is available as part of a new multinode well package (MNW2) for MODFLOW.
The differential diagnosis and management of asthma in the preschool‐aged child
Authors: Ellis Kathleen C.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To discuss the diagnosis and management of asthma in preschool‐aged children by nurse practitioners in primary care.

Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles; 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma.

Conclusions: Proper diagnosis leads to appropriate treatment of asthma in preschool‐aged children, which facilitates asthma control. Well‐controlled asthma results in fewer asthma exacerbations, fewer nighttime awakenings, and an increased ability to engage in normal childhood activities.

Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses are in the position to aid in the initial diagnosis of asthma in preschool‐aged children through taking detailed medical histories, providing thorough physical examinations, and, if needed, initiating a therapeutic trial with an inhaled corticosteroid. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma is essential to reduce asthma complications, such as exacerbations leading to emergency department visits and hospitalizations.
Getting to the heart of pleural effusions: A case study
Authors: Mertin Susan , Sawatzky Jo‐Ann V. , Diehl‐Jones William L.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with an overview of the physiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and comprehensive assessment, as well as the differential diagnosis process and initial management of patients with unilateral pleural effusions.

Data sources: A review of the scientific literature was performed on pleural effusions, using Pub Med, Medline, and CINAHL. The case study of a patient with a pleural effusion related to heart failure is used to integrate this knowledge into clinical practice.

Conclusions: Pleural effusions are common sequelae of numerous pathophysiological processes.

Implications for practice: Knowledge of the underlying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms enables the NP to obtain an accurate and comprehensive assessment, establishes a differential diagnosis, and provides the timely initial management necessary to optimize patient care outcomes.
Childhood and adolescent attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis, clinical practice guidelines, and social implications
Authors: Salmeron Patricia A.
Published: September 2009

Purpose: To review the diagnostic criteria for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), present an overview of the effects that ADHD has on family dynamics, school performance, and substance abuse, and provide an overview of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clinical practice and treatment guidelines.

Data sources: An extensive health science literature review was carried out using PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Other information was collected by searching reference lists of published reports.

Conclusions: The diagnostic criteria and guidelines are important to make an accurate clinical assessment and manage a child with ADHD. Early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD decreases academic failure, family conflict, social isolation, substance abuse, and occupational adversity in later years for these children.

Implications for practice: Often primary care nurse practitioners are the first healthcare provider a child with ADHD will see. Awareness of the diagnostic criteria and treatment for children with ADHD can assist with early identification and perhaps eliminate much impairment that accompanies this chronic disorder.
Patterns of Intermarriages and Cross-Generational In-Marriages among Native-Born Asian Americans
Authors: Min Pyong Gap , Kim Chigon
Published: September 2009

This article examines patterns of post-1965 native-born Asian Americans’ intermarriages and cross-generational in-marriages using a combined sample of the 2001–2006 American Community Surveys from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. The analysis focuses on ethnic and gender differences in intermarriage and cross-generational in-marriage rates and patterns. About 55 percent of native-born Asian Americans are found to be intermarried while another 23 percent are married to 1.5-generation or first-generation co-ethnic immigrants. Thus only 22 percent of native-born Asian Americans are married to co-ethnic native-born Asian Americans. As expected, there are significant ethnic and gender differences in intermarriage and cross-generational in-marriage rates and patterns. This study is significant because it is the first study that has examined intermarriage patterns among post-1965 native-born Asian Americans, the majority of whom are likely to be children of post-1965 Asian immigrants, using the most recent Census data available. It is also significant for studies of the new second generation in general in that it is the first study to show patterns of cross-generational in-marriage among members of the new second generation.
Immigrant Gateways and Hispanic Migration to New Destinations
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. , Johnson Kenneth M.
Published: September 2009

Our understanding of the underlying demographic components of population change in new Hispanic destinations is limited. In this paper, we (1) compare Hispanic migration patterns in traditional settlement areas with new growth in emerging Hispanic destinations; (2) examine the role of immigration vis-à-vis domestic migration in spurring Hispanic population redistribution; and (3) document patterns of migrant selectivity, distinguishing between in-migrants and non-migrant Hispanics at both the origin and destination. We use several recent datasets, including the 1990 and 2000 Public Use Microdata Samples (which include new regional geocodes), and the 2005 and 2006 files of the American Community Survey. Our results document the widespread dispersion of the Hispanic population over the 1990–2006 period from established Hispanic gateways into new Hispanic areas and other parts of the country. Nearly one-half of Hispanic net migration in new destinations comes from domestic gains. In contrast, both established and other Hispanic areas depend entirely on immigration, with each losing domestic migrants to high growth areas. Migrant flows also are highly differentiated by education, citizenship, and nativity. To fully understand the spatial diffusion of Hispanics requires a new appreciation of the complex interplay among immigration, internal domestic migration, and fertility.
Work, Refuge, Transit: An Emerging Pattern of Irregular Immigration South and East of the Mediterranean
Authors: Fargues Philippe
Published: September 2009

Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEM) countries have recently turned into receivers of migrants, but they have neither the institutions nor the policies that would allow them to integrate migrants. Therefore, most migrants in SEM countries found themselves in irregular situation. Using a variety of statistical sources, official and non-official, the article establishes that out of 5.6 million immigrants living in SEM countries in the mid-2000s, a minimum of 3.6 would be in irregular situation. They belong to three categories: approximately 2 million migrant workers attracted by SEM labour markets where they are employed in the informal sector with no work permit, 1.5 million de facto refugees who cannot obtain the status of refugee and are waiting for resettlement in a third country or return to their homes, and less than 200,000 transit migrants initially bound for Europe, which they are unable to reach for lack of visa. While their reasons to be stranded in the SEM differ, these three categories share the same vulnerable conditions, with no legal access to work, services, or protection.
Processes of Internal and International Migration from Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Bohra Pratikshya , Massey Douglas S.
Published: September 2009

In this study, we examine which factors predict internal and international migration from Chitwan, a flat valley located in the south-central region of Nepal, seeking to measure the effect of theoretically specified variables such as human capital, social capital, physical capital, and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions while controlling for demographic variables. We use data from the Chitwan Valley Family Study to estimate a series of discrete time event history models of first and repeat migration to three competing destinations: other locations within Chitwan, other districts within Nepal, and places outside of Nepal. Results support hypotheses derived from neoclassical economics, the theory of new economics of migration, social capital theory, and cumulative causation theory. Our results underscore the need for a synthetic theoretical model that incorporates factors operating at the individual, household, and community levels. The use of multiple explanatory models yields a clearer picture of the forces driving internal and international migration from rural districts in developing nations such as Nepal.
Getting a Handle on the Migration Rights—Development Nexus
Authors: Böhning Roger
Published: September 2009

The migration-development nexus has fascinated academics, NGOs, and national and international officials since the mid-1990s. Although it is not actually new — the Review published a special issue on it over a quarter of a century ago (IMR, 1982) — it suffers from lack of conceptual clarity and disregard of a crucial modulating variable, migrants’ rights. The aim of this paper is to give credence to the role played by rights and, in the process, to solidify some of the uncertain foundations of the migration-development debate. I eschew too technical a presentation in order to reach not only academics but also NGOs and journalists, the drivers of today's rights movements.
Activation of the basal forebrain by the orexin/hypocretin neurones
Authors: Arrigoni E. , Mochizuki T. , Scammell T. E.
Published: September 2009

The orexin neurones play an essential role in driving arousal and in maintaining normal wakefulness. Lack of orexin neurotransmission produces a chronic state of hypoarousal characterized by excessive sleepiness, frequent transitions between wake and sleep, and episodes of cataplexy. A growing body of research now suggests that the basal forebrain (BF) may be a key site through which the orexin‐producing neurones promote arousal. Here we review anatomical, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies on how the orexin neurones may promote arousal by exciting cortically projecting neurones of the BF. Orexin fibres synapse on BF cholinergic neurones and orexin‐A is released in the BF during waking. Local application of orexins excites BF cholinergic neurones, induces cortical release of acetylcholine and promotes wakefulness. The orexin neurones also contain and probably co‐release the inhibitory neuropeptide dynorphin. We found that orexin‐A and dynorphin have specific effects on different classes of BF neurones that project to the cortex. Cholinergic neurones were directly excited by orexin‐A, but did not respond to dynorphin. Non‐cholinergic BF neurones that project to the cortex seem to comprise at least two populations with some directly excited by orexin‐A that may represent wake‐active, GABAergic neurones, whereas others did not respond to orexin‐A but were inhibited by dynorphin and may be sleep‐active, GABAergic neurones. This evidence suggests that the BF is a key site through which orexins activate the cortex and promote behavioural arousal. In addition, orexins and dynorphin may act synergistically in the BF to promote arousal and improve cognitive performance.
Hypocretin/orexin in fish physiology with emphasis on zebrafish
Authors: Panula P.
Published: September 2009

One hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) gene has been identified in several fish species. The first pufferfish gene was identified in 2002 and the zebrafish gene was cloned in 2004. Its structure is very similar to that of mammals, and it encodes for two active peptides with C‐termini similar to those of mammals. The gene is expressed in the brain in only one hypothalamic nucleus, which sends projections to the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon. The terminal fibres are found in close contact with many aminergic cell groups, including those of raphe serotonergic, locus coeruleus noradrenergic, several dopaminergic cell groups and the sole histaminergic hypothalamic cluster. One receptor corresponding to mammalian hcrt 2 receptor has been identified in fish. Overexpression of hcrt in zebrafish has been reported to consolidate wakefulness and inhibit rest. On the other hand, fish lacking the hcrt receptor show short and fragmented sleep instead of sleepiness and cataplexy. Food deprivation increases hcrt mRNA expression in zebrafish brain, and intracerebroventricular hcrt peptides stimulate food consumption and feeding behaviour in goldfish. Hcrt peptides thus have important roles in fish physiology. Many genetic and functional methods available render fish, especially zebrafish, a suitable organism to study new aspects of hcrt physiology in vertebrates.
Improvement of Rituximab Efficiency in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by CpG‐Mediated Upregulation of CD20 Expression Independently of PU.1
Authors: Mankaï Amani , Buhé Virginie , Hammadi Mariam , Youinou Pierre , Ghedira Ibtissem , Berthou Christian , Bordron Anne
Published: September 2009

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG‐containing phosphothioate oligonucleotides (CpG) and various cytokines impact chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. For example, they influence cell cycle entry, expression of co‐receptors, and CD20. Rituximab (RTX), for which CD20 molecule is the target, proved to be less efficient in CLL than in lymphoma. This is accounted for by a lower CD20 level in the former than in the latter B lymphocytes. CD20 transcription is mediated by four transcription factors, of which only purine‐rich box‐1 (PU.1) is reduced in CLL. We thus examined the effects of LPS, CpG, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interferon‐alpha, interleukin (IL)‐3, IL‐4, IL‐21, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (CSF), and granulocyte‐CSF on the transcription of PU.1, and the subsequent expression of CD20. It appeared that CpG was unique in that it raised the membrane expression of CD20 on malignant B cells, owing to a PU.1 independent increase in its gene transcription. Moreover, RTX‐induced complement‐mediated lysis was also ameliorated. Thus, CpG accelerates the transcription of CD20 independently of PU.1, and thereby improves the efficacy of RTX in CLL.
IL‐10 Production by B Cells Expressing CD5 with the Alternative Exon 1B
Authors: Garaud Soizic , Le Dantec Christelle , De Mendoza Agnès Revol , Mageed Rizgar A. , Youinou Pierre , Renaudineau Yves
Published: September 2009

B lymphocytes are divided into two subpopulations, B1 and B2 cells based on expression of the T cell‐associated protein CD5. Natural B1 cells are further divided into B1a cells that express CD5 on their membrane and B1b cells that do not but share most other biological characteristics of B1a cells. Recent studies from our laboratory have revealed, in humans, the existence of two alternative isoforms of the CD5 protein. A cell surface CD5 isoform which uses exon 1A (E1A) of the gene in B1a cells, and an intracellular isoform which uses exon 1B (E1B) mainly in human B1b cells. Indeed, the protein isoform encoded by transcripts containing E1B lack the leader peptide and is, thus, retained in the cytoplasm of B cells. The restriction of interleukin (IL)‐10 to B1 lymphocytes in the mouse raises the possibility that the human CD5‐E1B‐expressing B cells produce IL‐10. This prediction was confirmed in the CD5 negative Jok‐1 B cells transfected with cDNA for either isoforms resulted in high level IL‐10 production. Our data indicate that E1B‐CD5‐expressing B cells have the capacity to interfere with the immune response through their ability to produce high levels of IL‐10.
Anti‐infectious Antibodies and Autoimmune‐associated Autoantibodies in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus and their Close Family Members
Authors: Krause Ilan , Anaya Juan Manuel , Fraser Abigail , Barzilai Ori , Ram Maya , Abad Verónica , Arango Alvaro , García Jorge , Shoenfeld Yehuda
Published: September 2009

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease with complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. We compared antibody levels to various infectious agents and of autoimmune‐associated autoantibodies between Colombian T1DM patients, their close family members and healthy controls. Significantly lower levels of antibodies against several infectious agents were detected in the T1DM patients. These included Helicobacter pylori (P= 0.01), cytomegalovirus (P= 0.001), Epstein‐Barr virus (P= 0.02) and Toxoplasma (P= 0.001). T1DM patients had significantly higher levels of IgG‐anti‐gliadin antibodies (P= 0.001) and IgG‐antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (P= 0.03), and a borderline association with anticentromere antibodies (P= 0.06). The lower level of antibodies against infectious agents in T1DM patients may be related to their younger ages, but may also point to a protective role of those infections in T1DM development in susceptible individuals. Our results confirm the association between T1DM and celiac disease. A possible association with anticentromere antibody needs further studies.