bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Implications of Open Generative Models in Human-Centered Data Science Work: A Case Study with Fact-Checking Organizations
Authors: Wolfe Robert , Mitra Tanushree
Published: November 2024

Calls to use open generative language models in academic research have highlighted the need for reproducibility and transparency in scientific research. However, the impact of generative AI extends well beyond academia, as corporations and public interest organizations have begun integrating these models into their data science pipelines. We expand this lens to include the impact of open models on organizations, focusing specifically on fact-checking organizations, which use AI to observe and analyze large volumes of circulating misinformation, yet must also ensure the reproducibility and impartiality of their work. We wanted to understand where fact-checking organizations use open models in their data science pipelines; what motivates their use of open models or proprietary models; and how their use of open or proprietary models can inform research on the societal impact of generative AI. To answer these questions, we conducted an interview study with N=24 professionals at 20 fact-checking organizations on six continents. Based on these interviews, we offer a five-component conceptual model of where fact-checking organizations employ generative AI to support or automate parts of their data science pipeline, including Data Ingestion, Data Analysis, Data Retrieval, Data Delivery, and Data Sharing. We then provide taxonomies of fact-checking organizations' motivations for using open models and the limitations that prevent them for further adopting open models, finding that they prefer open models for Organizational Autonomy, Data Privacy and Ownership, Application Specificity, and Capability Transparency. However, they nonetheless use proprietary models due to perceived advantages in Performance, Usability, and Safety, as well as Opportunity Costs related to participation in emerging generative AI ecosystems. Finally, we propose a research agenda to address limitations of both open and proprietary models. Our research provides novel perspective on open models in data-driven organizations.
ML-EAT: A Multilevel Embedding Association Test for Interpretable and Transparent Social Science
Authors: Wolfe Robert , Hiniker Alexis , Howe Bill
Published: November 2024

This research introduces the Multilevel Embedding Association Test (ML-EAT), a method designed for interpretable and transparent measurement of intrinsic bias in language technologies. The ML-EAT addresses issues of ambiguity and difficulty in interpreting the traditional EAT measurement by quantifying bias at three levels of increasing granularity: the differential association between two target concepts with two attribute concepts; the individual effect size of each target concept with two attribute concepts; and the association between each individual target concept and each individual attribute concept. Using the ML-EAT, this research defines a taxonomy of EAT patterns describing the nine possible outcomes of an embedding association test, each of which is associated with a unique EAT-Map, a novel four-quadrant visualization for interpreting the ML-EAT. Empirical analysis of static and diachronic word embeddings, GPT-2 language models, and a CLIP language-and-image model shows that EAT patterns add otherwise unobservable information about the component biases that make up an EAT; reveal the effects of prompting in zero-shot models; and can also identify situations when cosine similarity is an ineffective metric, rendering an EAT unreliable. Our work contributes a method for rendering bias more observable and interpretable, improving the transparency of computational investigations into human minds and societies.
Stable Diffusion Exposed: Gender Bias from Prompt to Image
Authors: Wu Yankun , Nakashima Yuta , Garcia Noa
Published: November 2024

Several studies have raised awareness about social biases in image generative models, demonstrating their predisposition towards stereotypes and imbalances. This paper contributes to this growing body of research by introducing an evaluation protocol that analyzes the impact of gender indicators at every step of the generation process on Stable Diffusion images. Leveraging insights from prior work, we explore how gender indicators not only affect gender presentation but also the representation of objects and layouts within the generated images. Our findings include the existence of differences in the depiction of objects, such as instruments tailored for specific genders, and shifts in overall layouts. We also reveal that neutral prompts tend to produce images more aligned with masculine prompts than their feminine counterparts. We further explore where bias originates through representational disparities and how it manifests in the images via prompt-image dependencies, and provide recommendations for developers and users to mitigate potential bias in image generation.
You Still See Me: How Data Protection Supports the Architecture of AI Surveillance
Authors: Yew Rui-Jie , Qin Lucy , Venkatasubramanian Suresh
Published: November 2024

Data forms the backbone of artificial intelligence (AI). Privacy and data protection laws thus have strong bearing on AI systems. Shielded by the rhetoric of compliance with data protection and privacy regulations, privacy-preserving techniques have enabled the extraction of more and new forms of data. We illustrate how the application of privacy-preserving techniques in the development of AI systems--from private set intersection as part of dataset curation to homomorphic encryption and federated learning as part of model computation--can further support surveillance infrastructure under the guise of regulatory permissibility. Finally, we propose technology and policy strategies to evaluate privacy-preserving techniques in light of the protections they actually confer. We conclude by highlighting the role that technologists could play in devising policies that combat surveillance AI technologies.
Mitigating Urban-Rural Disparities in Contrastive Representation Learning with Satellite Imagery
Authors: Zhang Miao , Chunara Rumi
Published: November 2024

Satellite imagery is being leveraged for many societally critical tasks across climate, economics, and public health. Yet, because of heterogeneity in landscapes (e.g. how a road looks in different places), models can show disparate performance across geographic areas. Given the important potential of disparities in algorithmic systems used in societal contexts, here we consider the risk of urban-rural disparities in identification of land-cover features. This is via semantic segmentation (a common computer vision task in which image regions are labelled according to what is being shown) which uses pre-trained image representations generated via contrastive self-supervised learning. We propose fair dense representation with contrastive learning (FairDCL) as a method for de-biasing the multi-level latent space of a convolution neural network. The method improves feature identification by removing spurious latent representations which are disparately distributed across urban and rural areas, and is achieved in an unsupervised way by contrastive pre-training. The pre-trained image representation mitigates downstream urban-rural prediction disparities and outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on real-world satellite images. Embedding space evaluation and ablation studies further demonstrate FairDCL’s robustness. As generalizability and robustness in geographic imagery is a nascent topic, our work motivates researchers to consider metrics beyond average accuracy in such applications.
La Gamificación: Herramienta pedagógica del siglo XXI, Segunda edición
Authors:   Unidad Educativa República de Canadá- Parroquia Sabanilla, Páez Rivas George Michael , Arreaga León Rubén Antonio ,   Unidad Educativa República de Canadá- Parroquia Sabanilla, Espinoza Quinto Alejandrina Azucena ,   Unidad Educativa República de Canadá- Parroquia Sabanilla, Espinoza Quinto María Auxiliadora ,   Unidad Educativa Pueblo Nuevo
Published: November 2024

La Gamificación es una herramienta pedagógica, contemporánea, por su origen (Game) exclusivamente de juegos electrónicos, que sirven para el diseño de temas de refuerzo o retroalimentación para las clases, por lo que deben ser evaluadas con nota cualitativa, tienen como ventaja que llama la atención de los estudiantes , permite trabajar con resiliencia, sabiendo que se puede fallar en el proceso de aprendizaje, incluso según maría montessori, los niños tienen derecho a equivocarse, lo cual facilita enormemente el aprendizaje futuro de otras materias, pues la confianza adquirida es traspolada a otras áreas de la vida.
An experimental investigation of wh-dependencies in four island types in Romanian
Authors: Schoenmakers Gert-Jan Thomas , Stoica Irina
Published: November 2024

This paper gauges the acceptability of wh-extraction from four island types in Romanian, an understudied language in this respect. Linguistic theories predict wh-dependencies to be unacceptable when the gap is located inside adjuncts, complex NPs, embedded interrogative clauses, or subjects. After reviewing different theoretical approaches to island phenomena and experimental evidence from other Romance languages, we report on two acceptability judgment experiments, adapted from Sprouse et al.’s (2016) experiments for Italian. In order to test (conditional) adjunct, complex NP, and interrogative (whether) islands, the experiments crossed two factors: distance (between filler and gap, short vs. long) and construction (island vs. non-island). The investigation of subject islands required an alternative design for reasons specific to the structure of Romance languages. To test subject islands, we again followed the design used by Sprouse et al. (2016) and crossed the factors gap site (subject vs. object) and complexity (simple vs. complex). In line with predictions from most linguistic theories and the results from experimental work on Romance languages, we find significant island effects for each construction type. The subject island effect is weaker than the others, which may be an artifact of the alternative research design. Moreover, we discuss how our data from the adjunct and interrogative island item sets pattern in a somewhat unexpected manner. The present study provides initial experimental evidence for island sensitivity in Romanian bare wh-questions, which can serve as an empirical anchor for future investigations.
Trichopoda pictipennis Bigot, 1876 in Hungary (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Varga Nimród , Horváth Dávid
Published: November 2024

The occurrence of Trichopoda pictipennis Bigot, 1876 (Diptera: Tachinidae) is confirmed from Hungary for the first time.
Incidencia del sistema preventivo en los Encuentros Formativos de las asignaturas del Área de Razón y Fe
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Quishpe Gaibor Jeverson Santiago , Chela Chimborazo Jaime Arturo ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Published: November 2024

La educación, en especial el nivel universitario, presenta una larga historia que se consolida a partir del siglo XV en el seno de las iglesias e instituciones religiosas (franciscanos, dominicos, jesuitas, etc.); esta herencia se fortalece en el siglo XIX con la aparición de congregaciones dedicadas a esta labor educativa, entre ellas los Salesianos, que tienen como misión y opción fundamental a los jóvenes más pobres y necesitados.
Experiencias asociativas en la universidad: grupos culturales de Asociacionismo Salesiano Universitario en la UPS
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Caicedo Mogollón Karol Liliana , Castelo Garzón Alexis David ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Franco Ronquillo Johanna Marianela ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Herrera Cando Doris Alexandra ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ruiz Vásquez Mónica ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Sánchez Montalván Jorge Mauricio ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Published: November 2024

El Asociacionismo Universitario Salesiano (ASU) en la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) es un mecanismo que permite el empoderamiento de los jóvenes por medio de una formación en diversos campos artísticos que los prepara para su rol como hombres o mujeres de bien con valores y para aportar a la sociedad. Se ancla en el carisma mismo de los salesianos y es un factor diferenciador de la propuesta educativo-cultural de la UPS en relación con otras instituciones de educación superior.
La tutela constitucional del acceso al agua en condiciones de igualdad para personas en situación de vulnerabilidad (Caso 232-15-JP)
Authors:   CEDEC-Corte Constitucional del Ecuador, Calle Idrovo Rubén
Published: November 2024

La protección de los denominados derechos sociales a través de instrumentos de tutela como las garantías jurisdiccionales en el caso ecuatoriano constituye una impronta en permanente construcción en el quehacer de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador (CCE). Su desarrollo doctrinario y jurisprudencial permite consolidar precedentes vinculantes que se traducen en prácticas cotidianas por parte de las autoridades judiciales al momento de resolver casos concretos, donde lo que se discute principalmente es el valor e importancia que dentro de un Estado Constitucional de Derechos y Justicia se da a los derechos sociales/derechos del buen vivir.
Izazovi prilagodbe na posljedice klimatskih promjena – urbano-lokalna perspektiva iz četiri hrvatska grada
Authors: Ančić Branko , Cik Tomislav , Jaklin Katarina , Kuhar Miljenka
Published: November 2024

Due to its characteristics, climate change represents a complex problem for humanity and an unprecedented environmental issue. It is estimated that cities are responsible for 70% of global CO2 emissions related to energy production and around 65% of total energy demand. For this very reason, cities as well as regional and local communities have a special role to play in adapting to climate change. The concept of adaptation to climate change implies a change in behavior, actions and decision-making in a way that helps them better adapt their biological, social and infrastructural responses to climate change. At the same time, adaptation depends on the events that have already occurred or will occur. Understanding the current applications of adaptation solutions depends on the multiple interrelated ways in which people experience, deal with or have certain knowledge and/or beliefs about climate change. The aim of this paper is to investigate how adaptation challenges and potentials in the fight against climate change are recognized and evaluated from the perspective of cities and regional administrations. For this purpose, a qualitative research was conducted with experts on the fight against climate change in four Croatian cities: Pula, Slavonski Brod, Zadar and Zagreb (N=45). Multilevel open coding was used in the analysis, which enabled the inductive conceptualization of basic categories, on the basis of which a thematic analysis was conducted, which made it possible to structure the obtained results into a complete narrative about the adaptation of local communities to climate change.
Psicologia e nefrologia: possibilidades de intervenções com pacientes renais em tratamento por hemodiálise
Authors: Cardoso Bruna de Moura , Schwertner Suzana
Published: November 2024

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal crônica (DRC) caracteriza-se por lesão renal e perda progressiva e irreversível da função dos rins. Em seu estágio final, desenvolve-se a insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), condição em que os rins adoecidos perdem a capacidade de realizar as suas funções básicas e necessitam de Terapia Renal Substitutiva (TRS). Contudo, o tratamento mediante TRS é causador de grandes mudanças na qualidade de vida e rotina dos pacientes e seus familiares, gerando muitos sofrimentos e angústias, o que evidencia a importância do acompanhamento em saúde mental para os pacientes renais submetidos a TRS. OBJETIVO: Analisar as intervenções realizadas por psicólogas nos espaços de Nefrologia em que atuam, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento por hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa realizada no ano de 2023, com delineamento qualitativo, de cunho exploratório e descritivo, com amostra não probabilística e composta por três psicólogas. A produção de dados foi construída por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, realizada de modo on-line. RESULTADOS: A análise de dados foi executada mediante a técnica de Análise Textual Discursiva, a qual gerou três categorias temáticas, sendo elas: A vida pós diagnóstico de doença renal crônica: “Existe uma mudança no se sentir útil”; Possibilidades de intervenção com pacientes em hemodiálise; O cuidado multiprofissional no tratamento de hemodiálise. CONCLUSÃO: Identificou-se que a Psicologia desempenha diversas intervenções e auxilia no tratamento de pacientes renais crônicos, possibilitando melhora no prognóstico e qualidade de vida de pacientes e familiares.
Radioactivity of some Rock Types of Andhra State, India
Authors: Mahadevan C. , Tilak V. V. S. S. , Aswathanarayana U.
Published: November 2024

Beta-activity has been determined for 37 rocks (12 gneisses, 7 granites, 7 charnockites. 5 calc-granulites and 6 schists) drawn from various parts of Andhra Pradesh. For 15 samples selected from the above groups, alpha-activity was also determined, for effecting a comparative study of the two sets of measurements. The present work confirms the results of previous studies which showed that the beta-activity of a rock is conditioned by the following mutually-related factors: chemical composition (Fe2O3: FeO ratio, silica, potash, alumina, and calcium oxide concentrations), mineralogical composition (quartz, feldspar and heavy mineral contents), and petrogenetic history. The discrepancies in the equivalent uranium content of rocks as deduced from their beta- and alpha-activities, are traced to the variations in the concentration of beta-emitting K40 and U : Th ratios.
Nickel Ore in Tagaung Taung, Upper Burma
Authors: Ferencic Ante
Published: November 2024

The occurrences of nickel silicates in the north-western part of the mountain mass Tagaung Taung in Upper Burma, were the object of geologic investigations in April 1957 by geologists of "Geoistrazivanja" Zagreb, Yugoslavia.

The explored area consists of ultrabasic (ultramafic) rocks (dunite, saxonite, lherzolite, wehrlite) which are partly serpentinized and in general strongly weathered. Many garnierite veins and boxwork within the zones of brecciated serpentinite with opal-quartz cement, occur in the north-western Tagaung Taung region. At 4 localities mineralization of garnierite reached a comparatively higher degree. The garnierite deposit in Innet Taung, locality A, was particularly studied and the quality and quantity of ore evaluated.

There are also outcrops of chromite and chromite-bearing placer accumulations, as well as occurrences of some other minerals (copper and manganese ores and magnesite), but these have not received close attention in this article.

Garnierite, as nickel ore, is of economic significance. The chromite outcrops, chromite placer deposits and other ore occurrences should be explored further, since the present data are not sufficient for an economic estimate of the occurrences.
Some Observations on the Structure, Metamorphism, and Geological Evolution of Peninsular India
Authors: Pichamuthu C. S.
Published: November 2024

Peninsular India, like other shield areas of the world, displays an ingrained pattern of successive orogenic belts. The description of these belts is accompanied by a tectonic map in which are noted the main structural trends as well as many of the reliable ages so far determined.

The variations in the grades of metamorphism which can be recognised in South India are delineated in a sketch map. There is a general progressive increase in the intensity of metamorphism from north-west to south-east. The highest grades are met within the southern and south-eastern parts of the Peninsula where charnockites and khondalites are prevalent.

The successive stages in the geological evolution of Peninsular India are next described. The structural pattern as well as relative ages indicate that the oldest rocks are found in the type area for Dharwar Schists in Mysore State. This region is a continental nucleus, and the Eastern Ghats and Satpura provinces are later Precambrian accretions which have been folded by pressures directed towards this Archaean nucleus.
Fossil Primates from the Siwalik Beds near Haritalyangar, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Prasad K. N.
Published: November 2024

Certain Primate fossils collected by the author from the Nagri beds at Haritalyangar are described in this paper. A left mandibular ramus with the associated dentition is assigned to a new species of Sivapithecus on the basis of certain specific characters. The great vertical depth of the jaw combined with a short symphysis is rather suggestive of a new species. The mandible has also been compared with other known Dryopithecinae from the Siwaliks of India as well as those from Africa, particularly with Proconsul major, a large ape from the Miocene of Kenya.

The other moiety described includes a fragment of a mandible with two excellently preserved molars. Apart from their large size, the two molars do not show any significant differences from Sivapithecus indicus. It was undoubtedly a large ape next only in size to Dryopithecus giganteus. An isolated, narrow lower molar with high crowns recognised in the collection is referred to the genus Sugrivapithecus. Another lower molar, slightly squarish and much worn, is assigned to Sivapithecus.

Sivapithecus is generally regarded as a highly evolved ape showing certain progressive characters, and Pilgrim attributed a high status for this genus. Other authorities considered the presence of a projecting canine and a seetorialised lower first premolar in addiltion to a simian shelf? as more apelike. Palaeontological evidence so far has not been conclusive and the whole problem now depends on collection of more material for further elucidation.
Stratigraphy and Correlation of the Indravati Series (Purana Group) of Bastar Dt. (M.P.)
Authors: Dutt N. V. B. S.
Published: November 2024

The sequence of the Purana formations of Bastar, in the ascending order of (1) Tiratgarh subarkose and orthoquartzite, with purple shale towards the top, (2) Kanger grey laminated limestone, and (3) Jagdalpur purple shale and shale-limestone, with intercalations of quartzites and limestones, in one conformable series, is established. The name "Indravati Series", is proposed for this succession after the name of the river draining the largest patch where the entire sequence is exposed.

On lithological, successional and structural considerations, the 'Tiratgarh' is correlated with the Paniam of Kurnool and the Chandarpur of Chhattisgarh; the 'Kanger' with the Koilkuntla of Kurnool, and the 'Charmuria' of Chhattisgarh and the 'Jagdalpur' with the Nandyal of Kurnool and the 'Gunderdehi, Khairagarh and Raipur' of Chhattisgarh. The 'Tiratgarh' is tentatively correlated with the Sullavai of the Godavari valley. An upper Kurnool age is thus assigned to the Indravati series.

Various structural considerations indicate that the basin, which was continuous from Sukma to Chhattisgarh, was separated from the basin along the Godavari valley by a landmass with shore lines roughly trending N.W.-S.E. The south-eastern boundary of the Indravatis and the eastern boundary of the Kurnools indicate the limits of the basin in this direction.
Some Aspects of Metamorphism of Sakoli Series around Gangajhiri, Bhandara District, Maharashtra
Authors: Sengupta Amaljyoti
Published: November 2024

The area around Angul (20°50'N, and 85°05'E) at the north-eastern part of the Eastern Ghats belt, is characterised by highly metamorphosed Archaean catazonal meta-sediments which were syntectonically intruded by a group of hitherto unreported igneous rocks, viz. anorthosite, norite, gabbro and acid charnockite suite sensu stricta. The acid charnockites are generally conformable to the country rocks but clearly show intrusive features in several localities. Along with the surrounding country rocks the syntectonic igneous rocks are highly deformed and metamorphosed under hornblende-granulite subfacies condition. A homophanous biotite-granite, pegmatite-vein quartz and dolerites are post-tectonic discordant intrusions. The paper discusses the geological succession of the area with special reference to the relation between deformation, intrusion and metamorphism of the meta-sediments and the igneous rocks. Among the intrusives, anorthosites are early tectonic and charnockites are late tectonic in nature. Emplacement of norites took place during the main phase of deformation and even slightly outlasted the major folding movement. The maximum regional metamorphism took place in the late tectonic period after the emplacement of charnockites and was followed by granitisation of the rocks to some extent. The post-tectonic intrusions do not show any regional metamorphic effect; but the dolerite shows evidence of auto-metamorphism.
On the Origin and Mechanics of Emplacement of Pegmatites and Related Bodies, Gurpa, Gaya District, Bihar
Authors: Das Bhagwan
Published: November 2024

The origin of muscovite-pegmatites in the area around Gurpa, Gaya district, Bihar (India), seems to be associated with syn- to late-kinematic migmatization and granitization connected with Satpura Orogeny. They have been formed by a process of metasomatic replacement, with the proviso, that some may be replacement 'insitu' while others may probably be a 'mobilized replacement'. Various mechanisms of emplacement are indicated, non-displacement and non-mobility being the most significant. The pegmatitic constituents were introduced into the emplacement sites from outside; but local derivation by metamorphic differentiation is not ruled out for some of them.
Uranium in Carbonaceous Clays in Neyveli South Arcot, Madras State
Authors: Venkataraman K.
Published: November 2024

Since some low-rank coals have been found to contain significant amounts of uranium in several countries, the recently exposed Lignite bed at Neyveli, S. Arcot, was examined for its uranium content. Though the lignite itself was found to contain only a poor amount of uranium, a carbonaceous clay bed immediately overlying the lignite showed uranium in amounts varying from .005% to .086%. From the nature of the occurrence and the radio ­ active disequilibrium seen in the clays, the uranium appears to have been emplaced in the clays by groundwater, which leached it from the crystalline rocks to the north and north-west of Neyveli. Uranium is apparently present in the carbonaceous clays as urano ­ organic complex.
Nepheline Syenite in the Deccan Traps of Jawhar, Bombay
Authors: Sukheswala R. N. , Avasia R. K.
Published: November 2024

The paper records the occurrence of nepheline syenite noticed as a narrow vertical dyke in the Deccan Trap area near Khuded, about 90 miles north-east of Bombay. A full description is given of the nepheline syenite, including its physical, chemical and optical characters; and on the basis of these data, the mode of origin of this nepheline syenite and its age relationship with reference to the adjacent Deccan basalts are discussed.
On some Fossil Bryozoa from India
Authors: Tewari B. S. , Srivastava I. P.
Published: November 2024

Ten new species of Bryozoa have been described and illustrated in this paper. Out of these Diploporaria kashmirensis n. sp. a Cryptostome Bryozoan is recognised from the Zewan Limestone of Permian age; eight species of Cheilostome Bryozoa and Stigmatoechos striatus n. sp. a Cyclostome Bryozoan have been obtained from the Tertiary rocks of Kutch. Correla- tion of the Tertiary rocks of Kutch is possible on the basis of Bryozoa.
Palmoxtlon Mahabalei, A New Petrified Palm Wood from Mohgaon Kalan, India
Authors: Rao A. R. , Menon Vimala K.
Published: November 2024

A petrified monocotyledonous wood from Mohgaon Kalan (M.P.) shows a number of characters with the form genus Palmoxylon. It differs from all known Indian species of this genus, and particularly in that the ventral sclerenchyma of each fibrovascular bundle is more developed than the dorsal and often unites with it to form a sclerenchyma ring. The specimen which may be referred to the "Cocos-like" palms of the combined scheme of Von Mohl and Stenzel has been designated Palmoxylon mahabalei.
The Behaviour of Some Trace Elements in the Alkalic Suite of Koraput, Orissa
Authors: Bose Mihir K. , Sankaran A. V. , Bhattacharya T. K.
Published: November 2024

Geochemical data for 20 igneous rock samples from alkali complex of Koraput, Orissa are presented and discussed. Trace element contents in 8 individual minerals separated from the rock members have been estimated. The abundances of rare alkali earth metals are distinctly higher in early basic and intermediate members compared to those in a calcalkali suite. Some diadochic element ratios reveal a pronounced change of the variation trends at the ultimate end of the fractionation process. The granitophilc elements are not so remarkably enriched in the late differentiates as expected in low melting temperature constituents. Unlike feldspathoidal syenites of agpaitic complex, the nepheline syenite of Koraput is poor in niobium and zirconium.
A Review of the Groundwater Potential and Scope for Future Development in East and West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur Districts of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Balasundaram M. S.
Published: November 2024

The coastal districts of East and West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur of Andhra Pradesh have an areal extent of 42,264 sq. km., of which an area of 21,801 sq. km is covered by hard crystalline rocks and metamorphosed older sedimentary rocks. An area of 4,826 sq. km comprises of Lower and Upper Gondwana and Tertiary sediments and Deccan Trap formations. Alluvial deposits together occupy the remaining area (i.e. 15,637 sq. km) of the deltaic parts of Krishna and Godavari rivers. Of these, the sedimentary formations along with the alluvial deposits are the most important formations for groundwater development on a large scale by means of tube-wells.

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has drawn up a Package project for constructing 7,500 tube-wells in the upland and deltaic areas of the region to step up agricultural production in the State. There is good scope for large scale development both in the areas occupied by sedimentary formations of the upland region and by alluvial deposits of the deltaic region.
Petrology of Coal, Burnt Coal and Para Lava from Singrauli Coalfield, M. P. & U. P
Authors: Pareek H. S.
Published: November 2024

Extensive drilling operations carried out by the Geological Survey of India and the Indian Bureau of Mines, in the north-eastern portion of Singrauli coalfield, M.P. and V.P., have revealed the existence of several thick and persistent coal seams, named as Kota, in the Karharbaris, Turra and Purewa from the bottom, in the Barakars, and Jhingurdah Top and Jhingurdah Bottom in the Raniganj formations. Petrological studies of the coals representing these seams in cores and from the quarry faces, have been carried out.

The Karharbari and Barakar coals are composed of mainly durite, 'intermediates', and fusite, while the Raniganj coals are essentially vitrinite-rich, being composed of a greater proportion of vitrite, clarite and the' intermediates' than durite and fusite. The mineral matter is thoroughly disseminated in the organic layers, and it is doubtful if mechanical washing methods can improve the quality of coal. The petrographic composition is also unfavourable for making metallurgical coke. The sporinite content is quite high and may be useful for hydrogenation.

The Singrauli coals are similar in petrographic composition to the coals of the adjacent coalfields of Son valley basin. It is also inferred that the Singrauji basin formed a part of the large spread of the Gondwana sediments from Talcher in the east to Singrauli in the west, forming the Son-Mahanadi basin.

The burnt coal occurs at the expected outcrop position of the Purewa seam in asso. ciation with para lava-fused Barakar sandstone. The presence of cristobalite indicates that temperatures up to 1300°C were reached during spontaneous combustion of the coal seam.
Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of Meso-Cenozoic Sequence of the 'Cauvery Basin, South India
Authors: Banerji Ranjit K. , Mohan Radha
Published: November 2024

In this paper, an unified regional foraminiferal biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the Albian to Burdigalian sequence of the Cauvery Basin is presented. In all twenty-six zones and a number of sub-zones are delineated. Their typical sections, geographic extensions, important foraminifera and geologic age are described in detail. A number of faunal datum lines are also recognised. This type of zonation will serve as the basis of reference for the stratigraphic section, outcrop or sub-crop, of the entire Cauvery Basin as well as other sedimentary basins of India in terms of its precise and relative time-stratigraphic level.
Some Non-Diastrophic Structures in the Lower Siwalik of the Haldwani-Tanakpur Area, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Rao Y. S. N. , Rao D. P. , Rahman A. A.
Published: November 2024

Some structures of non-diastrophic origin - are described from the Lower Siwalik (Nahan) strata of the Haldwani-Tanakpur area. Some are epigenetic and the others are syngenetic or penecontemporaneous. The epigenetic structures simulate structures formed due to the penecontemporaneous slumping of sediments; but the presence of cross-bedding passing undisturbed through them negates this mode of origin. They are considered to be due to 'Liesegang banding'.

Among the syngenetic or penecontemporaneous structures are groove casts which are uncommon in Siwaliks. It is suggested that though there might have been occasionally grooving, the grooves were rarely preserved because of the turbulence of the environment. The other structures described comprise those due to slump deformation and intrusion of soft sediments, and those due to organic activities.
Some Orthopyroxene-Bearing Rocks Constituting an Integral Part of High-Grade Metapelites of Satnur-Halaguru Area, Mysore State
Authors: Devaraju T. C. , Sadashivaiah M. S.
Published: November 2024

Orthopyroxene-bearing rocks viz., quartz-norite, cordierite-biotite-hypersthene granulite, leptynite and hypersthene-biotite quartzite containing minerals like hypersthene (aluminous), diopside, brown hornblende, biotite, garnet, cordierite, plagioclase and quartz, occur constituting an integral part of the high-grade metapelites of the area. The field and petrological observations suggest that these orthopyroxene-bearing rocks are variants of the metapelites, derived by the metamorphism of appropriate sediments and have no connection with the associated charnockites of the area.
An Edge Notched Card System for Marine Geological Data
Authors: Karunakaran C. , Siddlquie H. N.
Published: November 2024

The note describes a simple data processing and retrieval system designed for marine geological data. The data for each station are recorded on a single card (18 cm × 14 cm) with mainly a single row of 101 holes; about 97 different data can be coded on a single card. The system has already been put into operation; and to begin with, data for about 140 stations have been coded on the cards, and more are being coded as the information becomes available.
Precambrian Carbonatites of Tamil Nadu, South India
Authors: Borodin L. S. , Gopal V. , Moralev V. M. , Subramanian V. , Ponikarov V.
Published: November 2024

The newly discovered carbonatites of Tamil Nadu are Upper Precambrian in age. They are associated with alkali syenite massifs in Tirupattur area, where the fault system directed NE-SW, very likely represents an ancient deeply eroded trough or rift valley. The carbonatites are mostly beforsitic (para-ankeritic); and pyrochlore mineralization found here is unique in the world, as in general pyrochlore is not reported from beforsitic carbonatites. Both geological setting and petrological features support the view that the Tamil Nadu carbonatite province differs in many respects from Narmada Valley province in India as well as from other carbonatite provinces all the world over.
Thrust Faulting and Related Structures in the Bannikoppa-Bagewadi Conglomerates of Gadag Schist Belt
Authors: Gokhale N. W. , Gothe N. N. , Koppad V. B.
Published: November 2024

The Bagewadi and the Bannikoppa conglomerates occupy a significant position in the Gadag belt. A detailed investigation of these conglomerates has revealed many important features regarding their origin and structure. The earlier workers reported the occurrence of a band of greywacke to the east of Bagewadi conglomerate. The present investigation bas shown that this is a micro-breccia and not a greywacke, and was formed due to the intensive brecciation of the eastern portion of the Bagewadi conglomerate. This brecciation was caused by a thrust fault. The Bannikoppa conglomerate constitutes the 'Klippe' structure.
Tectonic Framework and Subsurface Stratigraphy of the Ganga Basin
Authors: Sastri V. V. , Bhandari L. L. , Raju A. T. R. , Datta A. K.
Published: November 2024

Significant data on the structure, tectonics and stratigraphy of Ganga basin have been obtained from aeromagnetic, ground magnetic, gravity and seismic surveys and the deep drilling conducted in the basin during the last fifteen years, Based on these data, the Ganga basin has been defined as a major platform depression and classified into seven tectonic zones, viz., Monghyr-Saharsa ridge, East Uttar Pradesh shelf, Gandak depression, Faizabad ridge, West Uttar Pradesh shelf, Sarda depression and Delhi-Hardwar ridge. This classification is based on the continuation of major tectonic trends from the Peninsular shield into the Ganga basin, the variations in the total thickness of the sedimentary cover, and the basement configuration as deduced from different surveys.

The sedimentary cover over most part of the Ganga basin is essentially composed of two main stratigraphic cum structural sequences representing the two main sedimentary stages in the geological evolution of the basin. The oldest, probably corresponding to the Vindhyans, is represented by stable to unstable shelf sediments composed of quartz-arenite-limestone-shale alternations. The younger sequence, unconformably overlying the Vindhyans, corresponds to the Neogene terrigenous clastics (Siwaliks). The structural and stratigraphic data of these sediments have been discussed. The presence of a profound unconformity between these two groups of sediments representing a considerable time gap ranging from (?) late Palaeozoic to Paleogene is an important factor in deciphering the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya. However, towards the northernmost depressed parts of the Ganga Basin, the age of the additional thickness of sediments intervening between the two above mentioned groups remains uncertain.
Petrology of the Alkalic Suite of Sivamalai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Bose Mihir K.
Published: November 2024

The 'Sivamalai Series' of Holland comprise ferrosyenite, perthite syenite and a group of nepheline syenites. The main intrusion of Sivamalai forms a thick lensoid body tilted to the northeast. The ferrosyenite is characterised by abundant mesoperthite whereas the mafic phases, olivine and clinopyroxene, are appreciably rich in ferrous iron. The clinopyroxene, a hypersolvus ferroaugite, unmixed during subsolidus cooling. The major petrographic types in Sivamalai intrusion are (1) hornblende nepheline syenite (2) biotite hastingsite nepheline syenite (3) perthite syenite (perthosite) (4) leucocratic nepheline syenite and pegmatite with clots of iron-titanium oxides. Alkali feldspar, unmixed to mesoperthite or antiperthite, is the dominant constituent of these hypersolvus alkali syenites. Chemical and X-ray data indicate the primary feldspar to be a sodium rich monoclinic phase. The nepheline in leucocratic syenite and pegmatite shows deviation from the ideal composition with respect to Si and K contents. With progressive fractional crystallisation, both amphibole and biotite show relative enrichment in iron, the latter particularly in ferric iron. The coexisting iron-titanium oxides indicate a low temperature of crystallisation for the late syenitic liquid.

Differentiation index of the Sivamalai series increases progressively from ferrosyenite to leucocratic syenite, the composition of the magma descends down from near the feldspar join towards the temperature minimum in the undersaturated part of Petrogeny's residua system. The index of agpaicity in these rocks is normally below unity except for the locally developed peralkalic facies. The trend of evolution of syenitic magma in Sivamalai series has been compared with that in adjoining alkalic complexes.
Early Tertiary Stratigraphy of the Area around Garampani, Mikir-North Cachar Hills, Assam
Authors: Samanta Bimal K.
Published: November 2024

The early Tertiary rocks developed in and around Garampani, Mikir-North Cachar Hills, Assam, are made up of three formations, in ascending order, Mikir formation, Garampani limestone and Kopili formation. The sequence is apparently conformable. The Tertiary rocks rest unconformably over the Precambrian complex and are covered by soil and alluvium. The Mikir formation, essentially an arenaceous unit, is apparently devoid of faunal element. The Garampani limestone, a dominantly calcareous unit, and the Kopili formation, an argillaceous unit, are highly fossiliferous and contain abundant foraminifera. On the basis of the occurrence of the stratigraphically significant larger and planktonic foraminifera, the Garampani limestone and the Kopili formation are zoned and correlated. The former is dated as middle to upper middle Eocene and the latter as upper Eocene in age. The Mikir Formation is suggested to be lower to lower middle Eocene in age.
Geology of the Area around Kajlidongri, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Lahiri Dipankar
Published: November 2024

Manganese silicate rocks interbedded with manganese oxide ores occur enclosed in phyllites of the Precambrian Aravalli Group in and around Kajlidongri, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh. The phyllites are metamorphosed up to the biotite zone of regional metamorphism. The manganese oxide minerals in the bedded ore deposits are braunite and hematite of two generations, bixbyite and jacobsite associated with spessartite and alurgite. A granite body and a few small calcareous bodies present in the area are younger than the phyllites and the enclosed manganese deposits. Epigenetic veins cutting across all the formations are important in this area. Though the mineral composition of the veins are in general simple, being constituted by quartz and calcite, a number of minerals are present in them and the surrounding wall rocks where they intersect bedded manganese deposits. Their unusual mineral composition containing aegirine-augite, micaceous hematite, richterite, zoisite, cummingtonite, scapolite, barite, fluorite, hollandite, blanfordite, brown manganese pyroxene, winchite, tirodite, alurgite, piedmontite, manganophyllite, tilasite, pyrolusite and cryptomelane is explained from field and textural evidences as due to reconstitution of the sedimentary manganese by the effect of the epithermal veins.

An interesting feature of the phyllites is the presence of fluid inclusions in quartz which have a definite pattern of abundance in relation to the granite and the carbonate bodies. The petrographic characters of the carbonate bodies indicate their replacement origin apparently due to the activity of fluids derived from granite.
Superposed Folding in the Aravalli Rocks of the Type Area around Udaipur, Rajasthan
Authors: Roy A. B. , Paliwal B. S. , Goel O. P.
Published: November 2024

Around Udaipur, the Precambrian rocks belonging to the Aravalli System are represented by feldspathic greywacke grading to phyllite and mica schist, calc-arenite, and ferruginous and carbonaceous quartzites. The rocks display a high degree of structural complexity resulting from the impress of three distinct periods of folding (F1, F2 and F3). The earliest folding movement (F1) produced tight to isoclinal folds with drawn-out hinges. The F1 folds are accompanied by a set of very well developed axial plane schistosity. These folds are presumed to have been initially recumbent with E-W to NW-SE axial trend. The second fold movement (F2) refolded the F1 folds to upright, open to occasionally isoclinal folds. The F2 folds have variable plunge and an overall northerly axial trend. The third fold movement has resulted in the formation of tight to isoclinal folds (F3) of small and intermediate scales on the limbs of larger F2 folds. The F3 folds are characterized by a set of axial plane crenulation cleavages. The superposition of the three fold systems has resulted in complex interference patterns on different scales.
Aravallian Stromatolites from Udaipur, Rajasthan
Authors: Banerjee D. M.
Published: November 2024

At least five types of stromatolites have been reported from the Aravalli succession near Udaipur. Excepting Collenia columnaris all other forms are phosphatic. Association of these stromatolites with phosphorite deposits of economic importance has been clearly demonstrated. Age significance of these stromatolitic forms has also been discussed in detail.
Myrmekite from the Charnockite Series of Amaravathi, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ramaswamy A. , Murty M. S.
Published: November 2024

A detailed description of myrmekite is furnished and its origin discussed in the light of the existing theories. Myrmekite is believed to be formed by exsolution, deriving both the components - quartz and plagioclase, which are held in solid solution in the form of albite and CaAl2, Si6O16 in po:ash felspar. Myrmekite in norite is presumed to be formed due to the breakdown of anorthite molecule of the plagioclase releasing the required silica, thus making the plagioclase less basic than its parent. The granulite facies (charnockite environmental) conditions seem to be ideal for the formation of myrmekite by exsolution process.
Carbonatite Veins of Mundwara Igneous Complex, Rajasthan
Authors: Subrahmanyam N. P. , Rao G. V. U.
Published: November 2024

Lenticular veins of carbonatite are located in the pheripheral Erinpura granites E of Alkalic Mer pluton in Mundwara igneous complex, Sirohi District, Rajasthan. These veins vary in length from 20' to 200' and are composed of discontinuous lenses arranged en echelon. Calcite is the principal mineral of these veins and the associated accessory minerals are ankerite, hematite, magnetite, aegirine, apatite, feldspar, quartz and baryte. Frothy and fluidal textures as well as chilled marginal and fenitisation effects are observed in these veins. Martitised magnetite and chalcedony indicate low temperature of formation whereas the vesicular nature of these veins indicates low confining pressures (may be as low as I bar). These veins.are having high Sr, Ba and RE contents. The calcites from these are enriched in Sr, Ba, RE, Mo, Mg and P compared to their sedimentary counterparts. Thus, these veins are alvikites formed under pneumatolytic-hydrothermal conditions.

Lenticular veins are not reported by earlier workers and the Mundwara veins seem to be unique in this respect.