bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible photoluminescent waveguide amplifiers to improve visible light communication platforms
Authors: Bastos Ana R. N. , McKenna Barry , Silvério Tiago , Carlos Luís D. , André Paulo S. , Evans Rachel C. , Ferreira Rute A. S.
Published: September 2020

Commercial light‐emitting diodes are a low‐cost and energy‐efficient solution for the implementation of optical wireless communication, known as visible light communication (VLC). This technology has a huge growing interest, being recently a research spotlight in the scientific community, especially due to the increasing popularity and rapid development of self‐sustainable smart houses and the Internet of Things. As the VLC link is free space, big challenges arise in its implementation. To improve the VLC performance, this work proposes an enhanced system solution integrating an optical amplifier. In this context, organic–inorganic hybrids incorporating a blue‐emitting conjugated polymer with high quantum yield (>50%) were synthesised and processed as planar waveguides. The waveguides were tested in a testbed scenario, showing a signal amplitude improvement of 2.5 dB, establishing the proposed approach as a promising cost‐effective solution for optical amplification in VLCs.
Handlungsempfehlung zur prähospitalen Versorgung psychiatrischer Notfälle S2k-Leitlinie „Notfallpsychiatrie“
Authors: Pajonk Frank-Gerald , Flüchter Peter
Published: September 2020

Psychiatrische Notfälle stellen seit vielen Jahren eine relevante Einsatzursache für den Notarzt dar. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der jüngst erschienenen S2k-Leitline Notfallpsychiatrie für den Notarzt zusammengefasst. Dabei wird der Fokus auf das praktische Vorgehen in der Notfallsituation gelegt. Im ersten Teil werden die erforderlichen diagnostischen Maßnahmen, das Verhalten im Erstkontakt und die Möglichkeiten der psychotherapeutischen und psychopharmakologischen Krisenintervention beschrieben. Nachfolgend wird die Versorgung der wichtigsten notfallpsychiatrischen Syndrome und Störungen dargestellt.
Neonatal Cerebellar Hemorrhage and Facial Nerve Palsy: An Unusual Association
Authors: Coviello Caterina , Remaschi Giulia , Becciani Sabrina , Montano Simona , Corsini Iuri , Mussa Federico , Basile Massimo , Dani Carlo
Published: September 2020

Cerebellar hemorrhage is rare in term newborns and is most often seen after traumatic birth. Lifelong sequelae include motor and cognitive impairment. We report the uncommon case of a late preterm infant born by spontaneous delivery who showed right peripheral facial palsy at 24 hours of life. Cranial ultrasound showed lateral ventricles dilatation and a diffuse hyperechoic round lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere. The computed tomography scan confirmed a hemorrhagic lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere and in the vermis with midline shift and intraventricular bleeding. Ommaya reservoir was inserted and used for a few days. The facial palsy gradually recovered to a complete remission after 6 weeks. Follow-up examinations at 12 and 18 months evidenced infant's delayed motor function, hyperreflexia, tremors, and speech delay.
Evaluation of Bowel Function, Urinary Tract Function, and Quality of Life after Transanal Endorectal Pull-Through Surgery for Hirschsprung's Disease
Authors: Byström Cornelia , Östlund Sanna , Hoff Nils , Wester Tomas , Granström Anna Löf
Published: September 2020

Introduction The objective of this study is to determine short-term complications and evaluate long-term bowel function, lower urinary tract symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) in patients treated for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) with transanal endorectal pull-though (TERPT) compared with healthy controls.

Materials and Methods This cross-sectional case–control study included 30 HSCR patients treated with TERPT in 2006 to 2014 at Karolinska University Hospital, and 30 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Data on short-term complications were compiled from medical records and classified according to Clavien-Dindo. Bowel function and QoL were evaluated with the validated questionnaires bowel function score and KIDSCREEN-52. Lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated through an 8-item lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) questionnaire.

Results Six (20%) patients had a short-term postoperative complication according to Clavien-Dindo, with insufficient pain management being the most common complication. The median age at follow-up was 7 years (range = 4–11). Median bowel function score was significantly lower in HSCR patients than in controls, 14 versus 19 (p < 0.001). Twenty-one of the HSCR patients reported impaired bowel function compared with two of the controls (p < 0.001). The overall prevalence of LUTS was 11 (38%) in the HSCR patients compared with seven (23%) in the controls (p = 0.751). HSCR patients reported a slightly lower QoL in the KIDSCREEN domain “financial resources” compared with controls (p = 0.008).

Conclusion According to Clavien-Dindo, short-term postoperative complications occurred in 20% of the patients. Impaired bowel function persists throughout childhood for most HSCR patients. The prevalence of LUTS and QoL is not affected in HSCR patients compared with controls.
Relation between Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Diseases in a Large Population Sample
Authors: van Paridon Pauline C. S. , Panova-Noeva Marina , Wild Philipp S. , van Oerle Rene , Schulz Andreas , Prochaska Jürgen H. , Arnold Natalie , Schmidtmann Irene , Beutel Manfred , Pfeiffer Norbert , Münzel Thomas , Lackner Karl J. , Hackeng Tilman M. , ten Cate Hugo , Spronk Henri M. H.
Published: September 2020

Objective Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a potent anticoagulant protein in the extrinsic coagulation pathway. In the present study, we aim to identify the cardiovascular determinants for total TFPI activity and its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality.

Methods Total TFPI activity was assessed in a selection of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study (n = 5,000). Statistical analysis was performed to identify the determinants for total TFPI activity as well as the associations with CVD and mortality.

Results Multivariable linear regression analysis identified smoking (β 0.095 [0.054–0.136]) as a positive determinant for total TFPI activity, while diabetes (β –0.072 [–0.134 to –0.009]), obesity (β –0.063 [–0.101 to –0.024]), and history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were negatively associated with total TFPI activity, independent of age, sex, and the remaining cardiovascular risk factors. After adjustment for lipoprotein levels, the association between total TFPI activity levels and obesity and CAD was lost. The analysis additionally revealed a strong positive association between total TFPI activity levels and low-density lipoprotein (β 0.221 [0.204–0.237]). The Cox regression models revealed that a higher total TFPI activity, above 97.5th percentile of the reference group, was associated with an increased mortality risk (hazard ratio = 2.58 [95% confidence interval: 1.49–4.47]), independent of age, sex, and cardiovascular risk profile.

Conclusion In the Gutenberg Health Study population-based cohort, the highest percentage of total TFPI correlated with an increased mortality risk. While elevated TFPI may reflect endothelial cell activation, the associations between total TFPI activity and obesity and CAD, points to additional mechanistic interactions.
Comparative Evaluation of Echinococcus Serology with Cytology for the Diagnosis of Hepatic Hydatid Disease
Authors: Mahajan Supriya , Thapar Shalini , Khillan Vikas , Gupta Pradheer , Rastogi Archana , Gupta Ekta
Published: September 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to determine the diagnostic efficacy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in radiologically confirmed liver mass lesions for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid disease (HHD) and to compare the diagnostic performance of ELISA with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) (taken as standard) for HHD diagnosis.

Materials and Methods This retrospective study included blood samples of 223 patients with radiologically confirmed liver mass lesions in which immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Echinococcus antibodies were tested using a commercial IgG ELISA (RIDASCREEN, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany). Results of ELISA, ultrasonography, FNAC, and liver function tests were obtained from the hospital information system. ELISA results were compared with those of FNAC to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of ELISA for HHD diagnosis.

Statistical Analysis Comparison of the results obtained from ELISA was performed with respect to FNAC results (taken as standard) to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of ELISA for HHD detection. Data has been represented as median (range) or in frequencies. Wilson score was used to assess 95% confidence interval of diagnostic parameters. The analysis was performed using SPSS Version 22.0 (IBM Corp.) and Open Epi (version 3.01).

Results Out of 223 cases with liver mass lesions, Echinococcus IgG was reactive in 62 (28%) cases and FNAC was positive in 16 (7.2%) cases. Since two cases were FNAC-positive but IgG-nonreactive, total HHD cases were 64 (28.7%). Echinococcus IgG reactive cases were seen more in the extremes of age group, that is, 1 to 10 years and 81 to 90 years. Taking FNAC as the standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ELISA were 87.5, 76.8, 22.6, and 98.7%, respectively. Cytology-positive cases demonstrated a mean ELISA optical density/cut-off (OD/CO) of 4.2 ± 3 standard deviation.

Conclusion ELISA in radiologically confirmed liver mass cases is highly sensitive in detecting HHD and hence should be used along with ultrasonography for the screening of HHD followed by confirmation with cytology even in cases with a higher OD/CO of ELISA.
Periodic and asymptotically periodic quasilinear elliptic systems
Authors: Silva Edcarlos D. , de Albuquerque J. C. , Silva Maxwell L.
Published: September 2020

In this work, we are concerned with the existence and nonexistence of ground state solutions for the following class of quasilinear Schrödinger coupled systems taking into account periodic or asymptotically periodic potentials. The nonlinear terms are superlinear at infinity and at the origin. By using a change of variable, we turn the quasilinear system into a nonlinear system where we can establish a variational approach with a fine analysis on the Nehari method. For the nonexistence result, we compare the potentials with periodic potentials proving the nonexistence of ground state solutions.
Complex coacervates as artificial membraneless organelles and protocells
Authors: Deng Nan-Nan
Published: September 2020

Complex coacervates are water droplets dispersed in water, which are formed by spontaneous liquid–liquid phase separation of an aqueous solution of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Similar to the membraneless organelles that exist in biological cells, complex coacervate droplets are membraneless and have a myriad of features including easy formation, high viscosity, selective encapsulation of biomolecules, and dynamic behaviors in response to environmental stimuli, which make coacervates an excellent option for constructing artificial membraneless organelles. In this article, I first summarize recent advances in artificial compartments that are built from coacervates and their response to changes in the surrounding environment and then show the advantages of microfluidic techniques in the preparation of monodisperse coacervates and encapsulation of coacervates in droplets and liposomes to construct complex cell-like compartments, and finally discuss the future challenges of such membraneless aqueous compartments in cell mimics and origin of life.
Data Collection at the Park
Authors: Bakken Clarence
Published: September 2020

Data Collection at the Park

Frames of Reference

When we consider measurements at an amusement park, we must first determine which axis or axes of motion we wish to measure. In a stationary world, the directions up and down are determined by gravity. Normally we refer to positions on a section of horizontal ground using the labels X and Y relative to some arbitrary direction such as east or north. This leaves Z as the upward or –Z as the downward direction as shown in Fig. 1.
Overview and History of the NGSS
Authors:   AAPT
Published: September 2020

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) were written as a response to the growing need for a STEM-ready U.S. workforce with critical thinking and inquiry-based problem solving skills. The NGSS addresses science understanding and skills at the K-12 level and includes performance expectations for students to have accomplished by the end of Kindergarten, grades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and at the end of Middle School (MS) and High School (HS).
Reading the NGSS
Authors:   AAPT
Published: September 2020

Attempting to read and understand the layout of the NGSS can seem overwhelming, given the number and depth of interdisciplinary connections. This challenge can be compounded for teachers who look at the NGSS with a desire to see only what standards apply to them and their students. Because the NGSS was written to highlight only the “big ideas” as they fit into the larger context of science, but not the minutiae, it is important to get a K-12 overview across all of the sciences in order to understand how physics fits into the equation.
Relative Motion
Authors: Camp Charles W. , Clement John J.
Published: September 2020

The general goal in these lessons is for students to understand, on an intuitive level, motion relative to a reference frame that is itself moving with respect to the Earth, and to be able to solve relative motion problems.
Gravitational Force II
Authors: Camp Charles W. , Clement John J.
Published: September 2020

In spite of clear instruction to the contrary, many teachers will find that students retain the notion that the third law does not apply to gravitational forces between very different masses. This unit builds student understanding of the Law of Universal Gravitation starting with individual masslets. Building on the belief in the gravitational force between small objects established in the earlier Gravitational Force I unit, the argument is developed for equal and opposite gravitational forces. In order to ensure that students grasp the significance of the equal and opposite force pattern, we consider examples in the three domains of gravitational forces from Gravitational Force I.
Electrical Hazards
Authors:   American Association of Physics Teachers Apparatus Committee
Published: September 2020

Be careful when working with electrical equipment in order to prevent shock. The human body is an extremely complex system. The brain, heart, and muscles all operate by transmitting electrical impulses in the nervous system. As a result, the human body is particularly susceptible to electrical shock. Thermal hazards due to shorts, joule heating, or arcs are also a concern. An appreciation of the danger of electrical hazards and how they occur will help educators avoid potentially dangerous situations.
Visualization of Magnetic Field Lines and Domain Theory
Authors: Nelson Jane Bray , Nelson Jim
Published: September 2020

In order to get around the action-at-a-distance problem with electrical and magnetic forces, Michael Faraday invented the idea of electrical and magnetic “field lines,” also known as “lines of force.” These field lines helped Faraday to visualize various electrical and magnetic interactions.
Momentum
Authors: Mader Jan , Winn Mary
Published: September 2020

The study of momentum logically follows the study of dynamics and, in particular, Newton’s second law. The relationship between an unbalanced force and the change in an object’s motion can be used to introduce the concept of momentum as an extension of the kinematics principle of velocity multiplied by an object’s mass. In fact, Isaac Newton used the expression “quantity of motion” for mv (or momentum). Intuitively students understand that a lineman in football with a mass of 100 kg traveling at 2 m/s has a great deal more “motion” than a 60-kg safety traveling at the same velocity, and therefore objects with more momentum require a larger force or a longer time to stop. The activities included in Chapter 7 are intended to help students recognize the role of mass and velocity in momentum, that momentum is a vector quantity, that momentum is conserved, and that an unbalanced force will produce a change in the object’s momentum when applied over a period of time.
DC Circuits
Authors: Mader Jan , Winn Mary
Published: September 2020

As a basic introduction to circuits and current, the activities included in this unit address some of the serious misconceptions that students have about electricity and electric circuits. A few of these incorrect ideas are listed below:Current and voltage are equivalent.Current is used up in a circuit. Resistors consume charge, and charges slow down as they go through a resistor.Charges that flow through a circuit originate at the battery.
Front Matter
Authors: Mader Jan , Winn Mary
Published: September 2020

The authors would like to thank Alan Gibson for providing endless support and encouragement. Without Al’s persistence and his work through the AAPT Publications Committee, the book would never have been completed. We also thank Mary Beth Monroe for working with the members of the Publications Committee as they oversaw the project and made many helpful suggestions; the Publications Committee, for continuing to support the several versions of the book; and the High School Committee, for seeing the need for this book and supporting it to completion.
The Role of Graphing Calculators in Teaching Physics
Authors: Lehman Cherie Bibo , Antinone Linda J. , Gastineau John E.
Published: September 2020

These materials start with the very basic features of graphing calculators and gradually build up to the graphing and data analysis features of the Ti-83. Many functions of graphing calculators are highlighted in demonstrations, laboratories, and classroom activities.
Transparencies
Authors: Lehman Cherie Bibo , Antinone Linda J. , Gastineau John E.
Published: September 2020

This section contains transparency masters that may be useful during the workshop.
Graphing
Authors: Lehman Cherie Bibo , Antinone Linda J. , Gastineau John E.
Published: September 2020

Many problems in physics textbooks lend themselves to a graphical solution. Consider the following problem from Fundamentals of Physics, Fourth Edition by Halliday, Resnick & Walker.
Programming the TI-83
Authors: Lehman Cherie Bibo , Antinone Linda J. , Gastineau John E.
Published: September 2020

Press [PRGM] to display the program menu. The EXECute menu is displayed. A program can be selected from this screen by typing the number of the program or by scrolling down to the program. This pastes the program name to the home screen. Pressing [ENTER] will cause the program to be executed.
The Age of the Universe
Authors: Krauss Lawrence M. , Starkman Glenn D.
Published: September 2020

Because the universe is expanding and galaxies are moving apart, at earlier times galaxies were closer together and the observable universe occupied a smaller volume. This suggests that the universe has had a finite lifetime. Extrapolating the observed expansion backwards it seems clear that at some well-defined time, called the Big Bang, all matter in the observable universe could have been located together at a single point. We can get an estimate of the age of the universe in this way. At the same time, we can try to independently estimate the age of objects in the universe, such as our sun, or our galaxy. By comparing these two age estimates, we can check for consistency.
Computer Applications
Authors: Franklin Bill
Published: September 2020

There are at least four classes of computer programs that may be useful for teaching about impulse and momentum. In addition there are many information sources on the Internet.
The Exploratory
Authors: Amann George , Barber Jon E. , Ryan Hank J.
Published: September 2020

An exploratory is an introduction activity to engage the student’s interest in the material that is to be studied. It is a blending of the “explore” and “engage” phases of the learning cycle, where the students are allowed to explore some of the phenomena that will be examined. They are introduced to a series of, hopefully novel, experiences with which they interact as a method to engage their interest.
Becoming a High School Physics Teacher
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Teaching is one of the world's great occupations. Although demanding, teaching often provides rewards that are worth more than money. If you aspire to be a teacher, you probably want to do so for one or two main reasons. The most commonly cited reasons are spending time dealing with the subject a teacher enjoys and wanting to make a difference in the lives of others. There are many other good reasons to become a teacher that help to offset the fact that you will probably be taking a substantial amount of course work in science and mathematics, will have to complete teacher education course requirements, pass state testing of content knowledge, and complete many weeks of student teaching. This chapter will help teacher candidates determine if they are making the right decision to become a physics teacher. If you are already a teacher, this chapter will help you to recruit the next generation of physics teachers.
Science Literacy
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

It is frequently said that achieving science literacy is the main goal of science education. This is a laudable goal. A concise, mutually agreeable definition of science literacy has been an objective for many scientists, educators, and philosophers for the better part of the 20th century, and only recently has there been some degree of convergence in their thinking. Over the past three decades, using working definitions, science-teaching standards have emerged and continue to do so. Today we are now seeing the emergence of Common Core State Standards and the Next Generation Science Standards, both of which are a new attempt at defining a national level of basic skills and science understanding necessary for future student success in careers and active citizenship.
Teaching and Learning
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Teachers need to possess a proper understanding of the concepts of teaching and learning. Good teaching entails more than telling, and good physics learning entails more than students memorizing and regurgitating terms and solving equations. Unless one possesses a normative definition of teaching and learning, a teacher will not know what type of performances to aim toward and how best to achieve student learning. What teachers know and believe about teaching and learning serves as the basis for their teaching philosophies and shapes how they teach.
Scientific Epistemology
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Epistemology concerns itself with ways of knowing and how we know what we know. In science, inquiry is typically the approach we use to both learn and teach science, but it is not the only way we come to understand the natural world. To better understand how scientists in general and physicists in particular come to know things, this chapter addresses several ways of knowing and contrasts them with other approaches to knowledge. It focuses on the processes of induction and deduction, observation and experimentation, the development and testing of hypotheses and theories, as well as implications for how to teach the methods of science at high school level.
Teaching the Nature of Science
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

The nature of science (NoS) refers to the scope and characteristics of science. While scientific practices describe the individual or group behaviors of scientists who research particular phenomena, the NoS describes science as a contextualized endeavor of a broad, professional community. It includes the human side of this endeavor, including its historical, social, and cultural contexts. Good science teachers help their students to model the behaviors of scientists, and they also help them to understand the scientific endeavor holistically by infusing considerations for the NoS throughout their instruction. While teaching about the NoS might be limited in scope and duration on any one day, like inquiry-oriented instruction, it must be explicit and ongoing.
Scientific Practices and Intellectual Skills
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Holistic education in physics includes the learning of scientific practices and intellectual skills, such as critical thinking and scientific reasoning. Possessing these skills are the hallmarks of scientifically literate individuals. Teachers can best help students learn these practices by using an inquiry-oriented approach to teaching in which students create knowledge primarily based on their experiences. Teachers can teach and enhance students’ intellectual skills by implementing physics instruction informed by the Levels of Inquiry Model for Physics Teaching.
Inquiry of Lower Complexity
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Traditional forms of physics teaching rarely authentically incorporate the general procedures classical scientists have used to make discoveries throughout history. For many generations, students have been expected to learn the processes of physics through osmosis; too often, with the use of cookbook verification labs. Effective teaching of the processes of physics should be based on inquiry-oriented practices and should include direct instruction only when necessary. This chapter presents, in a more formal fashion, some of the inquiry approaches that are best taught in the laboratory setting by authentically conducting scientific inquiry.
Inquiry of Medium and Higher Complexity
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Experimental inquiry does not always consist of one independent and one dependent variable. Sometimes several independent variables can contribute interactively to changes in a dependent variable. Newton's second law (F=ma) and Ohm's law (ΔV=IR) are just two examples. At other times, the relationships between variables are rather complex, as with total resistance for resistors in series, 1/Rt=1/R1+1/R2, and the relationship between focal length, image distance, and object distance in geometric optics, 1/f=1/di+1/do. When such situations arise, students must use indirect techniques, such as merging sets of experimental results, to produce a single unified outcome or using specialized graphing approaches.
Minimizing Student Resistance to Inquiry
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Establishing and maintaining a classroom atmosphere conducive to student learning should be a goal for all teachers. As science teachers shift from traditional didactic forms of instruction to inquiry-oriented learning, they sometimes encounter resistance from students, parents, administrators, and even teaching colleagues. In advance of and following changes in classroom pedagogy, it is imperative that teachers properly consider and take action to set and maintain an appropriate atmosphere. Teachers must also be prepared to react to adverse external influences that might surface. This chapter considers several forms of resistance and offers techniques of climate setting that can alleviate concerns and help create classroom, school, and community atmospheres conducive to student learning via inquiry.
Good Teaching Practices
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

While many consider teaching to be an art, there is a large and growing body of evidence for a science of teaching. Beginning with this chapter, and continuing throughout this section of the book, we examine research-based teaching practices from general education as applied in a physics-teaching context. This chapter helps teachers understand the need for engaged learning and provides a variety of methods beyond the scope of the Levels of Inquiry Model for Physics Teaching to make learning both hands-on and minds-on. Such strategies strongly affect student achievement.
Cooperative Learning
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Formal cooperative learning activities (as opposed to more informal group learning activities) help improve students’ academic performance as well as increase motivation, strengthen self-esteem, and promote literacy skills. When used properly, cooperative learning develops students’ social and communication skills, increases behaviors inclusive of diversity, and improves academic achievement. It is a powerful means for involving students in real-world problem solving.
Students with Special Needs
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

No discussion about individualizing student learning would be complete without a thorough analysis of providing equal access to those in special education programs. Although all students should receive a “special” education, students formally identified as needing special education services have legally binding documents that require teachers to provide accommodations. As students are more frequently identified and placed in mainstream classes, physics teachers must be aware of how to provide accommodations within the scope of instruction and assessments.
Promoting Academic Success
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Good teachers want their students to lead caring, responsible, and successful lives. One of the hallmarks of a successful life is academic success. Hard work is one key to success, academic or otherwise. The ability of students to do quality work depends upon their abilities, motivation, effort, and environment. What follows is a new model of academic achievement based on several psychologically sound strategies that teachers can use to help promote academic success among students.
Whiteboarding
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Whiteboarding is often at the heart of instruction in inquiry-oriented classrooms, and is one specific approach to managing classroom conversations through Socratic dialogue. The practice is helpful when it comes to making student thinking transparent through visual and verbal communication, and fostering the growth of new knowledge through consensus-building. Teachers should establish classroom norms about the process of whiteboarding so that it can become an effective two-way communication tool for teachers and students.
Curriculum Development
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

stablishing a course curriculum is one of the first duties that a new teacher is likely to confront. Wise teachers must make prudent judgements about what is worth knowing based upon values that balance breadth of topic and depth of understanding. Prepared at the beginning of the school year or semester, the curriculum outlines what it is that the teacher will emphasize and what goals will be attained. Teachers need to understand and anticipate the influences that will exert limitations on curricular decisions.
Complex Assessment
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Complex assessments are often considered “alternatives” to traditional paper and pencil examinations. Complex applications of knowledge and skills applied to authentic, real-world situations invariably result in the need for complex assessment instruments. In this chapter, we address lab practicals, nontraditional forms of homework, student work portfolios, and other “complex” aspects of student work. Rubrics are introduced as an optimal means for scoring complex tasks.
The High School Setting
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

While typical teaching candidates have spent four years in high school before college, they are rarely aware of the administrative structure of their high schools and the responsibilities of various key personnel while attending as students. This chapter begins by focusing attention on the diversity of U.S. high schools and concludes by reviewing key high school personnel and their responsibilities.
Student Teaching
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Student teachers, as well as teacher educators, school administrators, university supervisors, and cooperating teachers, will benefit from a frank and detailed explanation of the experience of student teaching. This chapter attempts to provide that benefit by reflecting on the activities of more than 60 physics student teachers from Illinois State University during the interval from 1995 to 2008.
Finding Your First Teaching Job
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

Many current physics teachers are underprepared for their current teaching assignment in physics, often having been prepared in other science fields. As the baby boomer generation begins to retire, this need for physics teachers will continue to grow. Furthermore, with the current national push for students to improve achievement in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and the high importance being placed on standardized college-readiness tests, the number of high school students taking physics will continue to grow. During student teaching, teacher candidates need to begin preparing their professional resumes and portfolios in preparation for job interviews. Teachers should also use the time before their formal employment to reflect upon and revise their personal teaching philosophy in preparation for the new school year.
The First Year of Teaching and Beyond
Authors: Wenning Carl J. , Vieyra Rebecca E.
Published: September 2020

The first year of teaching is a rollercoaster ride in all senses of the word. It is, at times, painfully slow, adrenaline-surging fast, and sometimes it makes you so scared that it makes you sick. Sometimes you feel like you could ride it forever, and at other times you can't imagine how you got yourself on that ride in the first place and never want to go back ever again. Did I like this, or did I hate it? Sometimes you aren't really sure. Fortunately, new teachers can alleviate some of the stressors of being a novice teacher by understanding the cycle through which most new teachers progress, as well as how they can seek systemic support and self-care along their professional journey.
Atmospheric rivers in the Australia-Asian region: a BoM–CMA collaborative study
Authors: Ye Chengzhi , Zhang Huqiang , Moise Aurel , Mo Ruping
Published: September 2020

The name ‘atmospheric river’ (AR) could easily be misinterpreted to mean rivers flowing in the sky. But, ARs actually refer to narrow bands of strong horizontal water vapour transport that are concentrated in the lower troposphere. These bands are called ‘atmospheric rivers’ because the water vapour flux they carry is close to the volume of water carried by big river systems on the ground. ARs can cause heavy rainfall events if some physical mechanisms, such as orographic enhancement, exist to set up the moisture convergence and vertical motions necessary to produce condensation. In recent decades, these significant moisture plumes have attracted increasing attention from scientific communities, especially in North America and western Europe, to further understand the connections between ARs and extreme precipitation events which can trigger severe natural disasters such as floods, mudslides and avalanches. Yet very limited research has been conducted in the Australia-Asian (A-A) region, where the important role of atmospheric moisture transport has long been recognised for its rainfall generation and variations. In this paper, we introduce a collaborative project between the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and China Meteorological Administration, which was set up to explore the detailed AR characteristics of atmospheric moisture transport embedded in the A-A monsoon system. The project in China focused on using AR analysis to explore connections between moisture transport and extreme rainfall mainly during the boreal summer monsoon season. In Australia, AR analysis was used to understand the connections between the river-like Northwest Cloud Band and rainfall in the region. Results from this project demonstrate the potential benefits of applying AR analysis to better understand the role of tropical moisture transport in rainfall generation in the extratropics, thus achieve better rainfall forecast skills at NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction), sub-seasonal and seasonal time scales. We also discuss future directions of this collaborative research, including further assessing potential changes in ARs under global warming.
On the recent hiatus of tropical cyclones landfalling in NSW, Australia
Authors: Gray J. L. , Verdon-Kidd D. C. , Callaghan J. , English N. B.
Published: September 2020

It is well known that severe storms result in some of the costliest natural disasters for New South Wales (NSW), Australia. However, it is not widely acknowledged that some of these events are, in fact, a result of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs). Indeed, the intense focus of TC research within the tropics generally disregards landfalling TC events in the mid-latitude regions of Australia. This is likely due to the perceived infrequency of these events compared to other more susceptible regions. Therefore, in this study, we review this assumption by developing a 150-year record of TC activity, based on a range of digitised and analogue historical datasets and identify 30 individual landfalling TCs that have impacted NSW. Periods of enhanced and reduced TC activity are observed, with a defined hiatus (absence of landfalling TCs) after approximately 1980. The recent decrease in TC activity is subsequently linked to an increase in El Niño activity and warming of north-west Australian sea-surface temperatures during this time. Importantly, it is possible that a return to enhanced TC activity could occur again in the future if the Pacific conditions align. We also propose that pre-instrumental data on TC activity need to be developed to appropriately quantify TC risk for the study region via the development of local palaeoclimate archives. This study provides a significant contribution to understanding the risks of NSW landfalling TCs and expands upon our knowledge of environmental conditions that influence landfalling TCs in NSW.
Modal analysis of finite-size piezoelectric metamaterial plates
Authors: Aghakhani Amirreza , Murat Gozum Mehmet , Basdogan Ipek
Published: September 2020

Two-dimensional electromechanical metamaterials composed of thin plates with local piezoelectric resonators can display extreme vibration attenuation characteristics at desired frequencies. The typical bandgap analyses in the literature use the assumption of wave propagation in an infinite elastic structure and do not consider the modal characteristics of the structure. However, for practical implementation and design of finite-size electromechanical metamaterials, modal behaviour of the host structure and piezoelectric elements must be coupled with the dynamics of shunt circuits. To this end, we present a system-level modal analysis framework for finite-size thin plates with a segregated array of piezo-patches connected to resonant shunt circuits. The developed model takes into account the spatially discontinuous flexural rigidity of the metamaterial plate due to discrete placement of piezoelectric resonators on the substrate. Using the developed framework, we show that the electrical quality factor of resonators is critical for transitioning from broadband shunt damping to bandgap formation in piezoelectric plate metamaterials. This enables on-demand tailoring of effective dynamic stiffness of metamaterial plates for the targeted task. Lastly, for a fixed number of discrete resonators, we demonstrate the effect of physical gap size between resonators on the bandgap creation. Overall, the modelling frameworks in this study can be used for predicting the dynamics of piezoelectric plate-type metamaterials for applications in waveguiding, attenuation, filtering, and energy harvesting.
Enhancement of current injection efficiency of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes by controlling strain relaxation
Authors: Hao Guo-Dong , Taniguchi Manabu , Inoue Shin-Ichiro
Published: September 2020

The external quantum efficiency (EQE) in electrically injected AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is severely limited by their poor current injection efficiency (CIE). We report improvement in the CIE via controlling the relaxation of strains in the p-AlGaN hole injection layer (HIL) and the electron blocking layer (EBL). Simulation results show that an unrelaxed strain in the HIL associated with a relaxed strain in EBL can significantly enhance CIE. Deeper analysis indicates that high hole concentrations can be generated at HIL/EBL interface by strain-induced piezoelectric fields, which can then provide abundant numbers of holes for injection into quantum wells. Two sub-280 nm DUV-LEDs were fabricated with specific designs for different strain relaxations in the p-AlGaN HIL by changing the HIL thickness from 200 to 20 nm. The strain difference was identified using Raman spectroscopy. Electroluminescence measurements demonstrated much higher EQE in the strained-HIL DUV-LEDs. By separating the EQE contributions of three efficiencies, i.e. the CIE, the radiative recombination efficiency and the light extraction efficiency, we found that the EQE enhancement could mainly be attributed to the improved CIE, which agreed well with the simulation results.
Photoproduction of K
+Λ,

KS0Σ+

and K
+Σ0 on the proton
Authors: Egorov M V
Published: September 2020

I analyze a possibility of building an isobar model of the kaon–hyperon pair photoproduction in the γp → K
+Λ,

γ
p
→

K

S

0

Σ

+

, and γp → K
+Σ processes, where the Born terms play a comparatively small role in the full amplitude. The total width of hadron resonances can be written in the form of a sum of partial contributions into the K
+Λ,

K

S

0

Σ

+

, and K
+Σ channels, and the effective inelastic channel with zero strangeness. The introduction of the effective inelastic channel makes it possible to partially restore the broken unitarity of the total amplitude of photoproduction. The latter includes the gauge-invariant Born and resonant s-, t-, and u-channel contributions calculated in the tree-level approximation. The obtained sets of hadron decay widths of intermediate resonances and coupling constants calculated using these decay widths allow one to equally well reproduce the total and some differential cross sections of the K
+Λ,

K

S

0

Σ

+

, and K
+Σ photoproduction.
Velocity, acceleration, jerk, snap and vibration: forces in our bodies during a roller coaster ride
Authors: Pendrill Ann-Marie , Eager David
Published: September 2020

Changing acceleration and forces are part of the excitement of a roller coaster ride. According to Newton’s second law,

F

=
m

a

, every part of our body must be exposed to a force to accelerate. Since our bodies are not symmetric, the direction of the force matters, and must be accounted for by ride designers. An additional complication is that not all parts of the body accelerate in the same way when the acceleration is changing, i.e. when there is jerk. Softer parts of the body provide varying levels of damping, and different parts of the body have different frequency responses and different resonance frequencies that should be avoided or reduced by the roller coaster designer. This paper discusses the effect of acceleration, jerk, snap and vibration on the experience and safety of roller coaster rides, using authentic data from a dive coaster as an example.
Laser-driven proton acceleration via excitation of surface plasmon polaritons into TiO2 nanotube array targets
Authors: Cristoforetti G , Baffigi F , Brandi F , D’Arrigo G , Fazzi A , Fulgentini L , Giove D , Koester P , Labate L , Maero G , Palla D , Romé M , Russo R , Terzani D , Tomassini P , Gizzi L A
Published: September 2020

In this paper we report the measurement of laser-driven proton acceleration obtained by irradiating nanotube array targets with ultrashort laser pulses at an intensity in excess of 1020 W cm−2. The energetic spectra of forward accelerated protons show a larger flux and a higher proton cutoff energy if compared to flat foils of comparable thickness. Particle-In-Cell 2D simulations reveal that packed nanotube targets favour a better laser-plasma coupling and produce an efficient generation of fast electrons moving through the target. Due to their sub-wavelength size, the propagation of e.m. field into the tubes is made possible by the excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons, travelling down to the end of the target and assuring a continuous electron acceleration. The higher amount and energy of these electrons result in turn in a stronger electric sheath field on the rear surface of the target and in a more efficient acceleration of the protons via the target normal sheath acceleration mechanism.
Patterns and isotopic composition of greenhouse gases under ice in lakes of interior Alaska
Authors: O’Dwyer Madeline , Butman David E , Striegl Robert G , Dornblaser Mark M , Wickland Kimberly P , Kuhn Catherine D , Bogard Matthew J
Published: September 2020

Arctic and boreal lake greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are an important component of regional carbon (C) budgets. Yet the magnitude and seasonal patterns of lake GHG emissions are poorly constrained, because sampling is limited in these remote landscapes, particularly during winter and shoulder seasons. To better define patterns of under ice GHG content (and emissions potential at spring thaw), we surveyed carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations and stable isotopic composition during winter of 2017 in 13 lakes in the arid Yukon Flats Basin of interior Alaska, USA. Partial pressures of CO2 and CH4 ranged over three orders of magnitude, were positively correlated, and CO2 exceeded CH4 at all but one site. Shallow, organic matter-rich lakes located at lower elevations tended to have the highest concentrations of both gases, though CH4 content was more heterogeneous and only abundant in oxygen-depleted lakes, while CO2 was negatively correlated to oxygen content. Isotopic values of CO2 spanned a narrow range (−10‰ to −23‰) compared to CH4, which ranged over 50‰ (−19‰ to −71‰), indicating CH4 source pathways and sink strength varied widely between lakes. Miller-Tans and Keeling plots qualitatively suggested two groups of lakes were present; one with isotopically enriched source CH4 possibly more dominated by acetoclastic methanogenesis, and one with depleted signatures suggesting a dominance of the hydrogenotrophic production. Overall, regional lake differences in winter under ice GHG content appear to track landscape position, oxygen, and organic matter content and composition, causing patterns to vary widely even within a relatively small geographic area of interior Alaska.