bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Elastohydrodynamic Film-Forming Properties of Metalworking Fluids and Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Authors: Liu H. C. , Pape F. , Zhao Y. , Ellersiek L. , Denkena B. , Poll G.
Published: December 2022

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are water-based lubricants and used as fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and metalworking fluids (MWFs) in industry. The (elasto-)hydrodynamic film-forming properties of O/W emulsions have been studied extensively in literature. Typical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) behaviors are revealed at low rolling speeds followed by a starved EHL regime at elevated speeds. These emulsions are self-prepared and mostly stable only for a limited time ranging from hours to several days. By contrast, the film-forming behavior of water-miscible commercial MWFs (long-term stable O/W emulsions) has rarely been reported. This restricts the understanding of the lubrication status of many tribological interfaces in manufacturing processes, e.g., the chip-tool contact in cutting. In this work, the (elasto-)hydrodynamic film-forming property of two commercial MWFs is investigated by measuring the film thickness on two ball-on-disc test rigs using different optical interferometry techniques. For comparison, two self-prepared simple O/W emulsions with known formulation have also been investigated. Experimental results from the two test rigs agree well and show that the two self-prepared emulsions have typical EHL behaviors as reported in literature. However, for the two commercial MWFs, there is almost no (elasto-)hydrodynamic film-forming ability over the whole range of speeds used in this study. This could be explained by the cleaning and re-emulsification effects of the MWFs. The lubrication mechanism of the two MWFs is mainly boundary lubrication rather than hydrodynamic lubrication.

Graphical Abstract
Mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating overactive bladder
Authors: Liao Yuxiang , Du Xin , Fu Yuanbo , Liu Lu , Wei Jiangyan , An Qi , Luo Xuanzhi , Gao Fan , Jia Shuhan , Chang Ying , Guo Mengxi , Liu Huilin
Published: December 2022

Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) has made increasing progress in mechanism and treatment research. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a common complementary therapy for OAB, and it has been found to be effective. However, the intervention mechanism of TCM in the treatment of OAB is still unclear. The aim of this review is to consolidate the current knowledge about the mechanism of TCM: acupuncture, moxibustion, herbs in treating OAB, and the animal models of OAB commonly used in TCM. Finally, we put forward the dilemma of TCM treatment of OAB and discussed the insufficiency and future direction of TCM treatment of OAB.
A Practical Quality Assurance Procedure for Data Acquisitions in Preclinical Simultaneous PET/MR Systems
Authors: Courteau Alan , McGrath John , Walker Paul Michael , Presles Benoît , Garipov Ruslan , Cochet Alexandre , Brunotte François , Vrigneaud Jean-Marc
Published: December 2022

The availability of preclinical simultaneous PET/MR imaging systems has been increasing in recent years. Therefore, this technique is progressively moving from the hands of pure physicists towards those of scientists more involved in pharmacology and biology. Unfortunately, these combined scanners can be prone to artefacts and deviation of their characteristics under the influence of external factors or mutual interference between subsystems. This may compromise the image quality as well as the quantitative aspects of PET and MR data. Hence, quality assurance is crucial to avoid loss of animals and experiments. A possible risk to the acceptance of quality control by preclinical teams is that the complexity and duration of this quality control are increased by the addition of MR and PET tests. To avoid this issue, we have selected over the past 5 years, simple tests that can be easily and quickly performed each day before starting an animal PET/MR acquisition. These tests can be performed by the person in charge of the experiment even if this person has a limited expertise in instrumentation and performance evaluation. In addition to these daily tests, other tests are suggested for an advanced system follow-up at a lower frequency. In the present paper, the proposed tests are sorted by periodicity from daily to annual. Besides, we have selected test materials that are available at moderate cost either commercially or through 3D printing.
Seizure onset zone identification using phase-amplitude coupling and multiple machine learning approaches for interictal electrocorticogram
Authors: Miao Yao , Iimura Yasushi , Sugano Hidenori , Fukumori Kosuke , Tanaka Toshihisa
Published: December 2022

Automatic seizure onset zone (SOZ) localization using interictal electrocorticogram (ECoG) improves the diagnosis and treatment of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) extracted from interictal ECoG and the feasibility of PAC serving as a promising biomarker for SOZ identification. We employed the mean vector length modulation index approach on the 20-s ECoG window to calculate PAC features between low-frequency rhythms (0.5–24 Hz) and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) (80–560 Hz). We used statistical measures to test the significant difference in PAC between the SOZ and non-seizure onset zone (NSOZ). To overcome the drawback of handcraft feature engineering, we established novel machine learning models to learn automatically the characteristics of the obtained PAC features and classify them to identify the SOZ. Besides, to handle imbalanced dataset classification, we introduced novel feature-wise/class-wise re-weighting strategies in conjunction with classifiers. In addition, we proposed a time-series nest cross-validation to provide more accurate and unbiased evaluations for this model. Seven patients with focal cortical dysplasia were included in this study. The experiment results not only showed that a significant coupling at band pairs of slow waves and HFOs exists in the SOZ when compared with the NSOZ, but also indicated the effectiveness of the PAC features and the proposed models in achieving better classification performance .
Practical initialization of the Nelder–Mead method for computationally expensive optimization problems
Authors: Takenaga Shintaro , Ozaki Yoshihiko , Onishi Masaki
Published: December 2022

Black-box optimization (BBO) algorithms are widely employed by practitioners to address computationally expensive real-world problems such as automatic tuning of machine learning models and evacuation route planning. The Nelder–Mead (NM) method is a well-known local search heuristic for BBO that has been applied to solve many real-world problems from way back because of its promising performance. However, this method has a strong dependence on initialization due to its local search tendency. Nevertheless, a discussion on the proper initialization of the NM method is limited to the recent study by Wessing (Optim Lett 13(4):847–856, 2019), which is solely based on an analysis using the simple sphere function. In this study, we take a further step to improve Wessing’s result by massively investigating how the initialization affects the search performance in views of the initial simplex size and shape and a constraint handling method that is employed on 24 BBO benchmarking problems. Based on the numerical results, we present the empirical best practice for the initialization of the NM method for cases involving a limited evaluation budget.
New low-cost, flow-through carbon electrodes characterized in brackish water
Authors: Molaei Arman , Ahmed Fareed , Ail Ujwala , Crispin Xavier
Published: December 2022

We propose a simple and low-cost flow-through electrode for electrochemical cells used for instance in capacitive desalination. We have coated macro-porous carbon fiber papers with various loads of carbon microporous particles to combine both a high surface area and an open structure for good fluid dynamics. In this first study, we restrict our investigation to the charging/discharging behavior, the identification of side reactions, and the effect of geometry on the diffusion of ions. The electrochemical performance was first investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanic charge–discharge techniques. The specific capacitance increases by three orders of magnitude upon adding the carbon particles. Then, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed the presence of charge transfer phenomena and modification in the mass transport by the diffusion process for the coated electrode.

Graphical abstract

SEM image of the surface morphology of the cross section of CP/CFP/CP structure of the flow-through electrode.
Geomagnetic Field Polarity Changes
Authors: Korte Monika
Published: December 2022

The Earth’s magnetic field, or geomagnetic field, forms the magnetosphere around Earth, which shields our habitat from cosmic radiation and solar wind. It is generated by dynamic processes in Earth’s fluid outer core and changes constantly. These changes are slow on human timescales, but can be drastic on geological scales: over Earth’s history, the geomagnetic field has changed its polarity multiple times. While the occurrence of such events is firmly established, the underlying processes in Earth’s core and potential consequences for our habitat are not well understood.
Value-addition, by Extraction of Critical Minerals - Cu, Co, Ni, Mo and REEs - from the Albitite Type U-deposits in Rohil and Adjoining Areas, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Raju R. Dhana
Published: December 2022

The albitite type of U-deposits have been established through detailed exploration and resource-evaluation by AMD in Rohil and adjoining areas of Rajasthan. Of these, 1,086.46 hectares in the Sikar district of Rajasthan has been recently issued a letter of interest (LOI), by the State Govt. of Rajasthan to start mining by the Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL). Salient attributes of the deposits are given, with their U-ore containing many sulphide/ oxide ore minerals from which critical minerals (CMs), viz., Cu, Co, Ni, Mo and REEs are recoverable. It is suggested in this communication that (i) these CMs, besides U, may be extracted from the ore under value-addition in an integrated cost-effective project with high returns of investment and (ii) simultaneous laboratory/pilot-plant scale mineral processing of bulk ore from the proposed Rohil exploratory mine along with mine construction/ development of these deposits is preferable, as it saves some time in establishing a processing plant for the U-ore to recover its main product (U) and by-products (CMs).
Variation in Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility with Depth in the Upper 1 km of the Earth’s Crust in Singhbhum Region (India) – First Results
Authors: Chakraborty Ritwik , Mamtani Manish A. , Tripathi S. , Singh Arun , Rakesh S. , Chakrabarti Kalyan , Sinha D.K.
Published: December 2022

In this paper the first results of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies carried out on 10 schist samples taken from different depths of a borehole in the vicinity of Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) are presented. A cube of 8 cm3 volume was extracted from each borehole sample and its AMS was measured; the shallowest sample is from 112 m depth, while the deepest is from 850 m depth. In the depth vs. mean magnetic susceptibility (Km) plot, a sharp decrease in the Km values is noted in samples from 547 m and 588 m depths. Microstructural investigation of the different samples reveals presence of thick quartz veins in samples from the above mentioned depths vis-à-vis other samples. Petrographic studies also reveal presence of the mineral “allanite” in sample from 547 m depth, which contained a thick quartz vein. It is thus suggested that studies involving AMS investigation of borehole samples from the top 1 km depth of the region hold promise in mineral exploration studies.
Tertiary Himalayan Coal-bearing Sequences of India: A Reappraisal of their Evolutionary Consequences
Authors: Singh Prakash K. , Singh B. P. , Singh Alok K. , Singh G. P.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a comprehensive account on the evolution of the Tertiary Himalaya coals of India and their various attributes. The coal bearing sequences in Himalaya have formed in two different geotectonic settings, first under foreland basin (Oligocene coals of Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of northeastern India) and second under Platform basin (Eocene coals of Meghalaya of north-eastern India) conditions. The Jammu coals of northwest India developed in the late Paleocene in the western Himalayan foreland basin. A sea transgression inundated the Jammu area which gave rise to forest swamp and Jammu coals eventually formed under tropical humid climatic conditions in the tropical climatic belt of northern hemisphere. In northeastern India, the Oligocene coals have shown more maturity than the Eocene coals and have relatively high carbon content and they also have developed caking characters in many coalfields. This may be because the Eocene coal developed in the tropical climatic belt when the northern part of the northeast India was still in the southern hemisphere and the Oligocene coal evolved when the northern part of the northeast India was in the northern hemisphere and the collision during the Oligocene in this part improved the maturity of Oligocene coal due to Himalayan orogeny. The Himalayan coals are exceedingly rich in vitrinite with variable quantities of liptinite and inertinite macerals. Dominance of typical Tertiary angiospermic floral assemblage in the Himalayan coals is well indicated by the occurrence of single, double and triple celled telutospores.
Stability Assessment of Siwalik Rock Slopes – A Case Study from Dehradun Area, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Ghosh Sayantan , Kumar Saurabh , Khare Sunil Kumar , Pandey Hemant Kumar
Published: December 2022

This study presents a slope stability assessment of Siwalik rocks formations along an old, unpaved road connecting Dehradun to Thangaon village via Dunga village located in the Himalayan foothills. This road is a part of the proposed major road connecting Dehradun-Mussoorie. Hard rocks in the study area are medium-grained, massive sandstones composed of ~100% quartz and less prone to weathering, while soft rocks are quartz-rich with ~10% micaceous/argillaceous minerals, fine-grained, relatively laminated sandstones that are more prone to weathering. Joints are prominent in the hard and massive sandstones. Joint openings range from 0.5-1 mm to 2-3 cm. Rock mass rating and slope mass rating criteria along with kinematic analysis reveal that bedding, natural joint, and excavation faces are oriented such that ~50% of locations have chances of wedge failure. Roads oriented in the NNW-SSE directions with ridges to the left are the most vulnerable to rock slides as evidenced by slope assessment. Natural joint orientations with respect to bedding strikes are unpredictable, as bed strike-parallel, strike-perpendicular, and strike-oblique joints are present at various locations. Most rock fall incidents happening during the monsoon implies extra water from the rains acts as failure catalyst. Based on the field observations, select remedial measures were suggested.
A Simple Model for Quantifying Fluoride in Shallow Groundwater from Fertilizer Leaching
Authors: Sukanya Acharyya , Das Anirban
Published: December 2022

Fluoride (F–) like nitrate (NO3–) is a common anionic groundwater contaminant. In areas dominated by long-term agricultural practices, leaching from phosphate fertilizers and other agrochemicals (through the vadose zone) is believed to be a F–source in groundwater. Despite studies attribute fertilizer as important source of groundwater F– however its quantification, unlike NO3–, does not exist. This is perhaps because of limitation in applying stable isotopic tool for tracing and quantifying sources of F–, as it has one stable isotope (19F), unlike NO3– which has two stable isotopes (15N and 14N).

In this study, a simple box model is proposed with steady-state assumptions to estimate the concentrations of groundwater F– derived from fertilizer leaching. The model parameters include fertilizer application rate, F concentrations in fertilizer and its leaching coefficient, groundwater recharge rate and the evapotranspiration factor. Model application to a specific study area with a few reasonably well constrained parameters shows that F– from fertilizer leaching can contribute up to ~0.2 mg L–1 in groundwater. The sensitivity analysis shows that groundwater recharge rate and the evapotranspiration factor are the two most sensitive parameters. It is believed that this study may lead to the foundation for more extensive, rigorous and more accurate models which can constrain the entwined input parameters more accurately.
Partition-based SIMD Processing and its Application to Columnar Database Systems
Authors: Hildebrandt Juliana , Pietrzyk Johannes , Krause Alexander , Habich Dirk , Lehner Wolfgang
Published: December 2022

The Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) paradigm became a core principle for optimizing query processing in columnar database systems. Until now, only the instructions are considered to be efficient enough to achieve the expected speedups, while avoiding is considered almost imperative. However, the instruction offers a very flexible way to populate SIMD registers with data elements coming from non-consecutive memory locations. As we will discuss within this article, the instruction can achieve the same performance as the instruction, if applied properly. To enable the proper usage, we outline a novel access pattern allowing fine-grained, partition-based SIMD implementations. Then, we apply this partition-based SIMD processing to two representative examples from columnar database systems to experimentally demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of our new access pattern.
Curating a Case Catalog: Development and Implementation of a Process for Revising Small Group Teaching Cases for Pre-clerkship Medical Education
Authors: Bruner Lia Pierson , Szymik Brett , House Ellen , Chappell M. Tresa , Teshager Dina , Baldwin Amy
Published: December 2022

Small group, case-based learning (CBL) is an integral component of many pre-clerkship undergraduate medical education (UME) curricula. We report here an institutional process for curating a catalog of CBL cases utilized in a pre-clerkship curriculum, providing a practical guide for faculty. We describe the structured revision process conducted by a team of foundational and clinical science faculty, which incorporates student and faculty feedback. Revisions take into account core attributes of a case catalog, producing a collection of cases that are more relevant and instructional, realistic, challenging, consistent, current, diverse and inclusive, patient-centered, and mission-centered. Measurable outcomes after implementation of this process include increased focus on primary care as well as humanization and diversification of the case patients.
Scaffolding in Health Sciences Education Programmes: An Integrative Review
Authors: Masava Beloved , Nyoni Champion N. , Botma Yvonne
Published: December 2022

The complexity of health sciences programmes justifies scaffolding to support students in becoming competent health professionals. This article reports on an integrative review that aimed to describe the application of scaffolding in health sciences programmes. Twenty-nine sources, inclusive of theoretical and empirical studies, were reviewed. The sequencing of educational activities, the application of scaffolding tools or resources, frameworks for applying scaffolding, modelling, and fading represented the application of scaffolding in health sciences programmes. Awareness of the application of scaffolding in health sciences programmes could contribute to enhancing competence development among students when applied across all learning platforms.
Novel configurations of type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Corynebacterium striatum clinical isolates
Authors: Ramos Juliana Nunes , Baio Paulo Victor Pereira , Veras João Flávio Carneiro , Vieira Érica Miranda Damásio , Mattos-Guaraldi Ana Luiza , Vieira Verônica Viana
Published: December 2022

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that, through Cas proteins, promote the degradation of foreign nucleic acids such as phages and plasmids. We analyzed 10 genomes of Corynebacterium striatum clinical isolates from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the most emergent multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium species. All isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The occurrence and diversity of the CRISPR system were investigated by bioinformatics tools. Our analysis revealed that the isolates exhibited type I-E gene arrangements, and 3 more multidrug-resistant isolates, alternative type I-E gene arrangements, showing a divergent gene arrangement within the cas operon. Phylogenetic analysis of the cas1 gene of this type I-E CRISPR-Cas system alternative arrangement, termed here type I-E’, showed a cluster in a distinct clade of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. The systems’ guanine-cytosine (GC) content is lower than the genomic DNA’s GC content, and mobile genetic elements were found in some isolates near the CRISPR-Cas system. Most CRISPR spacers are unknown indicating that there is a reservoir of unexplored corynebacteriophages and plasmids. Some spacers showed perfect homologies with phage and plasmid sequences. Intact phage regions were found in 3 of our isolates, ranging from 9.1 to 43.8 kb, with regions showing similarity to Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium phages. Our results may contribute to research about the CRISPR-Cas system diversity in C. striatum, where there are no published data to date.
Impact of Endocrine Disorders on IVF Outcomes: Results from a Large, Single-Centre, Prospective Study
Authors: Herman Tunde , Csehely Szilvia , Orosz Monika , Bhattoa Harjit Pal , Deli Tamas , Torok Peter , Lagana Antonio Simone , Chiantera Vito , Jakab Atilla
Published: December 2022

Endocrine disorders negatively influence the ovarian function, and increasing incidence of endocrine diseases with age may have further negative effects on pregnancy rate. Prospective cohort study of 231 consecutively enrolled patients underwent IVF treatment. In patients with known endocrine disorders, the laboratory parameters were corrected before IVF treatment. One hundred sixty one patients (69.7%) had at least one known and treated endocrine disorder (study group), and 70 patients were endocrine negative (control group). Endocrine disorders diagnosed were thyroid disorders (32.5%), diminished ovarian reserve (23.8%), insulin resistance (22.5%), PCOS (15.2%), hyperprolactinaemia (13.4%), obesity (12.1%), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (0.8%) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (0.2%). Before the IVF treatment, systematic endocrine laboratory examinations were performed in all patients. Higher age, BMI and FSH were found in the study group, while AMH level was lower. There were no differences in LH, E2, prolactin, TSH, FT3, FT4, TT, DHEAS, androstendione, 17-OHP and SHBG level between the study and control groups. The study group had higher baseline glucose, baseline insulin, 120-min glucose and 120-min insulin level after oral glucose tolerance test. With no difference in the IVF cycles performed, pregnancy rate was lower in the study group (61.43% vs. 34.16%; p = 0.003), and this difference (p = 0.0151) remained in age-corrected rates, as well. The analyses were also performed in individual endocrinology groups. The prevalence of endocrine disorders is high in females participating in IVF programs, and they are often accompanying each other. Even after proper correction, the presence of the endocrine disorder negatively influences the pregnancy rate in IVF treatment.
Experiential Learning in a Biomedical Device Engineering Course: Proposal Development and Raw Research Data-Based Assignments
Authors: Goshi Noah , Girardi Gregory , Kim Hyehyun , Seker Erkin
Published: December 2022

There is a need for novel teaching approaches to train biomedical engineers that are conversant across disciplines and have the technical skills to address interdisciplinary scientific and technological challenges. Here, we describe a graduate-level miniaturized biomedical device engineering course that has been taught over the last decade in in-person, remote, and hybrid formats. The course employs experiential learning components, including a proposal development and review that mimic the National Institutes of Health process and technical assignments that use raw research data to simulate a research experience. The effectiveness of the course was measured via pre-/post-course concept inventory surveys as well as course evaluations with targeted questions on the learning instruments. Statistical comparison of pre-/post-course survey scores suggests that the course was effective in students achieving the learning objectives, and comparison of relative increase in pre-/post-course survey scores across different instruction formats (i.e., in-person, remote, hybrid) showed minimal difference, suggesting that the teaching elements are readily transferrable to remote instruction.
Mapping of individual time units in horizontal space
Authors: Malyshevskaya Anastasia , Gallo Federico , Scheepers Christoph , Shtyrov Yury , Myachykov Andriy
Published: December 2022

We often refer to space when we talk about time. To support this, studies show that we tend to associate the past with the left and the future with the right, space. However, there is little research that compares the spatial mapping of individual time units within the same methodological framework. Here, we used the same line-bisection paradigm to study horizontal spatial biases in various individual time units (i.e., hours, days, and months). Fifty-four adults processed temporal words and indicated their location on a horizontal line representing a time interval via a mouse click. Each word corresponded to one of the three conditions: left, right, or central position on the line. Our results show a reaction-time facilitation effect for hour and day units in congruent conditions (e.g., left semantic bias + left position on the line). Also, processing hour units shifted the response coordinates in the direction of the presumed spatial bias. Finally, the congruent combination of visual and semantic biases led to a shift in manual responses in the corresponding direction for all time units. We conclude that while left-to-right mapping of time concepts is relatively universal, the horizontal mapping is stronger for hours as compared with days and months.
BIG COHEN–MACAULAY TEST IDEALS IN EQUAL CHARACTERISTIC ZERO VIA ULTRAPRODUCTS
Authors: YAMAGUCHI TATSUKI
Published: December 2022

Utilizing ultraproducts, Schoutens constructed a big Cohen–Macaulay (BCM) algebra
$\mathcal {B}(R)$
over a local domain R essentially of finite type over
$\mathbb {C}$
. We show that if R is normal and
$\Delta $
is an effective
$\mathbb {Q}$
-Weil divisor on
$\operatorname {Spec} R$
such that
$K_R+\Delta $
is
$\mathbb {Q}$
-Cartier, then the BCM test ideal
$\tau _{\widehat {\mathcal {B}(R)}}(\widehat {R},\widehat {\Delta })$
of
$(\widehat {R},\widehat {\Delta })$
with respect to
$\widehat {\mathcal {B}(R)}$
coincides with the multiplier ideal
$\mathcal {J}(\widehat {R},\widehat {\Delta })$
of
$(\widehat {R},\widehat {\Delta })$
, where
$\widehat {R}$
and
$\widehat {\mathcal {B}(R)}$
are the
$\mathfrak {m}$
-adic completions of R and
$\mathcal {B}(R)$
, respectively, and
$\widehat {\Delta }$
is the flat pullback of
$\Delta $
by the canonical morphism
$\operatorname {Spec} \widehat {R}\to \operatorname {Spec} R$
. As an application, we obtain a result on the behavior of multiplier ideals under pure ring extensions.
Determinants of diversity and composition of the tapeworm fauna of blue sharks, Prionace glauca: a geographical and host-specificity analysis
Authors: Penadés-Suay J. , Jarque-Rico A. E. , Tomás J. , Aznar F. J.
Published: December 2022

Blue sharks, Prionace glauca, are cosmopolitan, extremely vagile sharks and the species among elasmobranchs for which most surveys containing tapeworm community data are available worldwide. In this study we report on the tapeworm fauna of three samples of blue sharks (n = 37) from two new regions (one sample from Galicia, north-east Atlantic, and two from Valencia, western Mediterranean), and compared it with previous studies, assessing the relative role of the ecological and evolutionary factors in structuring local tapeworm assemblages. Nine cestode taxa were identified, of which four included adult specimens, that is, Platybothrium auriculatum, Prosobothrium armigerum, Anthobothrium caseyi and Molicola horridus. The abundance of these species, and Brillouin's diversity index, differed significantly among samples without a clear geographical signal. A comparison with six previous surveys revealed that tapeworm assemblages were composed of the same ‘core’ taxa, with mean species richness typically ranging from two to four species. Global records of adult tapeworms in blue sharks included: 15 taxa identified at species level, of which only eight (generalist trypanorhynchs) were shared with other sympatric host species; five mostly with other carcharhinids; and three with large lamnid sharks sharing the blue sharks’ habitat. The composition of tapeworm communities of blue sharks is thus highly constrained by strong host specificity, with composition and abundance varying across localities depending on idiosyncratic environmental conditions.
21st Century Global and Regional Surface Temperature Projections
Authors: Ma Nicole , Jiang Jonathan H. , Hou Kennard , Lin Yun , Vu Trung , Rosen Philip E. , Gu Yu , Fahy Kristen A.
Published: December 2022

Many countries and regions across the globe broke their surface temperature records in recent years. Recent crippling heat waves swept across the Earth, further sparking concerns about the impending arrival of “tipping points” later in the 21st century. This study analyzes observed global surface temperature trends in three target latitudinal regions: the Arctic Circle, Tropics, and the Antarctic Circle. We show that global warming is accelerating unevenly across the planet, with the Arctic warming at more than three times the average rate of our world. We also analyzed the reliability of latitude‐dependent surface temperature simulations from a suite of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models and their multi‐model mean (MMM) by comparing their outputs to observational data sets. We selected the best‐performing models based on their statistical abilities to reproduce historical, latitude‐dependent values adapted from these data sets. The surface temperature projections were calculated from ensemble simulations of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 (SSP2–4.5) by the selected CMIP6 models. We estimate the calendar years of when surface temperatures will increase by 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5°C relative to the preindustrial period, both globally and in the three target regions. Our results reaffirm a dramatic, upward trend in projected surface temperatures, with unprecedented acceleration in the Arctic Circle, which could lead to catastrophic consequences across the Earth. Further studies are necessary to determine the most efficient solutions to reduce global warming acceleration and maintain a low SSP, both globally and regionally.
Estimating Household Preferences for Coastal Flood Risk Mitigation Policies Under Ambiguity
Authors: Ha Si , Fujimi Toshio , Jiang Xinyu , Mori Nobuhito , Begum Rawshan A. , Watanabe Masahide , Tatano Hirokazu , Nakakita Eiichi
Published: December 2022

Risk mitigation policies (like dike rising) are essential to address increasing coastal flood risks due to global warming. Furthermore, the optimal level of risk mitigation policy should be determined by public preferences for risk reduction. However, it is difficult to reveal public preferences for coastal flood risk reduction because projections of coastal flood risks inevitably involve uncertainty. This study aims to estimate household preference for coastal flood reduction under ambiguity and multiple projections of coastal flood risks. By coupling storm surge inundation simulations and stated preference experiments with decision models, we estimate the expected loss reduction, risk premium, and ambiguity premium for coastal flood risk mitigation policies. The study shows that ignoring the ambiguity premium causes significant undervaluation of coastal flood risk mitigation.
Residential and Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Heat Vulnerability in the United States
Authors: Manware Mitchell , Dubrow Robert , Carrión Daniel , Ma Yiqun , Chen Kai
Published: December 2022

Adverse health outcomes caused by extreme heat represent the most direct human health threat associated with the warming of the Earth's climate. Socioeconomic, demographic, health, land cover, and temperature determinants contribute to heat vulnerability; however, nationwide patterns of residential and race/ethnicity disparities in heat vulnerability in the United States are poorly understood. This study aimed to develop a Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) for the United States; to assess differences in heat vulnerability across geographies that have experienced historical and/or contemporary forms of marginalization; and to quantify HVI by race/ethnicity. Principal component analysis was used to calculate census tract level HVI scores based on the 2019 population characteristics of the United States. Differences in HVI scores were analyzed across the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) “redlining” grades, the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CEJST) disadvantaged versus non‐disadvantaged communities, and race/ethnicity groups. HVI scores were calculated for 55,267 U.S. census tracts. Mean HVI scores were 17.56, 18.61, 19.45, and 19.93 for HOLC grades “A”–“D,” respectively. CEJST‐defined disadvantaged census tracts had a significantly higher mean HVI score (19.13) than non‐disadvantaged tracts (16.68). The non‐Hispanic African American or Black race/ethnicity group had the highest HVI score (18.51), followed by Hispanic or Latino (18.19). Historically redlined and contemporary CEJST disadvantaged census tracts and communities of color were found to be associated with increased vulnerability to heat. These findings can help promote equitable climate change adaptation policies by informing policymakers about the national distribution of place‐ and race/ethnicity‐based disparities in heat vulnerability.
A Surface Flux Estimation Scheme Accounting for Large‐Eddy Effects for Land Surface Modeling
Authors: Liu Shaofeng , Zeng Xubin , Dai Yongjiu , Yuan Hua , Wei Nan , Wei Zhongwang , Lu Xingjie , Zhang Shupeng
Published: December 2022

We propose a surface flux estimation formula to account for large eddy effects by keeping the boundary layer depth the only added parameter. We develop a novel way to evaluate the estimation formula by using a set of independent large eddy simulations, in which the vertical extents of largest eddies affecting surface layer are confined in a wide range of depths. It is found that these confined vertical extents hold a significant linear relationship (with slope of ∼1) with the inversely estimated vertical extents of affecting large eddies. This close relationship between the two vertical extents verifies the hypothesis that the boundary layer depth is linearly relevant for accounting for large eddy effects. Moreover, the two vertical extents are found to be comparable in value. This implies that the estimation formula we propose here is likely to be valid and applicable to unstable boundary layer in general.
Cascading Hazards in a Migrating Forearc‐Arc System: Earthquake and Eruption Triggering in Nicaragua
Authors: Higgins M. , La Femina P. C. , Saballos A. J. , Ouertani S. , Fischer K. M. , Geirsson H. , Strauch W. , Mattioli G. , Malservisi R.
Published: December 2022

Strain partitioning in oblique convergent margins results in margin‐parallel shear in the overriding plate. Margin‐parallel shear is often accommodated by margin‐parallel strike‐slip faults proximal to active volcanic arcs. Along the Nicaraguan segment of the Central American Forearc (CAFA) in the Cocos‐Caribbean plate convergent margin, there are no well‐expressed right‐lateral faults that accommodate CA‐CAFA relative motion. Instead, historical earthquakes and mapped fault orientations indicate that the ∼12 mm/yr of dextral motion is accommodated on arc‐normal, left‐lateral faults (i.e., bookshelf faults). We investigate three upper‐plate earthquakes; the 10 April 2014 (Mw 6.1), 15 September 2016 (Mw 5.7), and 28 September 2016 (Mw 5.5), using Global Position System co‐seismic displacements and relocated earthquake aftershocks. Our analyses of the three earthquakes indicate that the 10 April 2014 earthquake ruptured an unmapped margin‐parallel right‐lateral fault in Lago Xolotlán (Managua) and the September 2016 earthquakes ruptured arc‐normal, left‐lateral and oblique‐slip faults. These earthquakes represent a triggered sequence whereby the 10 April 2014 earthquake promoted failure of the faults that ruptured in September 2016 by imparting a static Coulomb stress change (ΔCFS) of 0.02–0.07 MPa. Likewise, the 15 September 2016, earthquake additionally promoted failure (ΔCFS of 0.08–0.1 MPa) on sub‐parallel faults that ruptured in two subsequent earthquakes. We also present an instance of magma‐tectonic interaction whereby the 10 April 2014 earthquake dilated (10s of μStrain) the shallow magmatic system of Momotombo Volcano, which led to magma injection, ascent, and eruption on 1 December 2015, after ∼100 years of quiescence.
Thermal Responses in Global Marine Planktonic Food Webs Are Mediated by Temperature Effects on Metabolism
Authors: Archibald Kevin M. , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Laufkötter Charlotte , Moeller Holly V.
Published: December 2022

Rising ocean temperatures affect marine microbial ecosystems directly, since metabolic rates (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration) are temperature‐dependent, but temperature also has indirect effects mediated through changes to the physical environment. Empirical observations of the long‐term trends in biomass and productivity measure the integrated response of these two kinds of effects, making the independent components difficult to disentangle. We used a combination of modeling approaches to isolate the direct effects of rising temperatures on microbial metabolism and explored the consequences for food web dynamics and global biogeochemistry. We evaluated the effects of temperature sensitivity in two cases: first, assuming that all metabolic processes have the same temperature sensitivity, or, alternatively, that heterotrophic processes have higher temperature sensitivity than autotrophic processes. Microbial ecosystems at higher temperatures are characterized by increased productivity but decreased biomass stocks as a result of transient, high export events that reduce nutrient availability in the surface ocean. Trophic dynamics also mediate community structure shifts resulting in increased heterotroph to autotroph ratios at higher temperatures. These ecosystem thermal responses are magnified when the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophs is higher than that of autotrophs. These results provide important context for understanding the combined food web response to direct and indirect temperature effects and inform the construction and interpretation of Earth systems models used in climate projections.
Effects of Shifting Spring Phenology on Growing Season Carbon Uptake in High Latitudes
Authors: Zheng Jiangshan , Xu Xiyan , Jia Gensuo
Published: December 2022

Phenological shifts not only alter the growing season length, but also modify land‐atmosphere exchanges of water and energy, which in turn affects ecosystem carbon uptake. However, how changes in the start of the growing season (SOS) affect carbon uptake throughout growing season has not been fully explored for high‐latitude ecosystems. Here, we investigated the impacts of SOS shifts on carbon uptake and the mechanisms over 2000–2020 in the northern high latitudes (>50°N) using multiple satellite and climate data sets. We found a contrasting response of gross primary productivity (GPP) in the early (April–June) and late (July–September) growing season to SOS shifts. Advanced SOS resulted in increased early‐season GPP, whereas slightly decreased late‐season GPP. The earlier SOS resulted from a warmer early season, which induced a decline of snow to precipitation ratio, therefore drier soil and atmosphere. In the early season, when water requirement of vegetation was low, the warm and dry conditions ensured favorable solar radiation and improved vegetation water use efficiency (WUE), thus enhancing photosynthesis. The dry soil and atmosphere conditions extended to the late season due to less snow and excessive water utilization by vegetation in the early season, which therefore slightly suppressed photosynthesis by weakening WUE. Conversely, the delayed SOS resulted in reduced early‐season GPP and slightly enhanced late‐season GPP due to the opposite thermal and moisture conditions to that of advanced SOS. The SOS is likely to be further advanced as warming continues in the high latitudes, intensifying seasonal contrasts in vegetation photosynthesis capacity.
Controls on Spatial Variability in Mean Concentrations and Export Patterns of River Chemistry Across the Australian Continent
Authors: Liu Shuci , Dupas Rémi , Guo Danlu , Lintern Anna , Minaudo Camille , Bende‐Michl Ulrike , Zhang Kefeng , Duvert Clément
Published: December 2022

The state and dynamics of river chemistry are influenced by both anthropogenic and natural catchment characteristics. However, understanding key controls on catchment mean concentrations and export patterns comprehensively across a wide range of climate zones is still lacking, as most of this research is focused on temperate regions. In this study, we investigate the catchment controls on mean concentrations and export patterns (concentration–discharge relationship,C–Qslope) of river chemistry, using a long‐term data set of up to 507 sites spanning five climate zones (i.e., arid, Mediterranean, temperate, subtropical, tropical) across the Australian continent. We use Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and hierarchical modeling (BHM) approaches to predict the mean concentrations and export patterns and compare the relative importance of 26 catchment characteristics (e.g., topography, climate, land use, land cover, soil properties and hydrology). Our results demonstrate that mean concentrations result from the interaction of catchment indicators and anthropogenic factors (i.e., land use, topography and soil), while export patterns are influenced by topography. We also found that incorporating the effects of climate zones in a BHM framework improved the predictability of both mean concentrations andC–Qslopes, suggesting the importance of climatic controls on hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Our study provides insights into the contrasting effects of catchment controls across different climate zones. Investigating those controls can inform sustainable water quality management strategies that consider the potential changes in river chemistry state and export behavior.
Varying Importance of Storm Types and Antecedent Conditions for Local and Regional Floods
Authors: Brunner Manuela I. , Dougherty Erin M.
Published: December 2022

Local and potentially more impactful regional floods are driven by a combination of precipitation‐triggering storms and antecedent conditions. However, it is yet unclear how the importance of these flood drivers and their interplay differs between local and regional events. Therefore, we assess differences in the compounding drivers of local and regional floods in the United States using newly developed classification schemes for storm types and antecedent conditions. Our results show that the dominant storm type triggering floods is frontal events, in particular those related to mesoscale convective systems. The importance of different storm types varies by season, with frontal mesoscale convective systems being most important in summer, nonfrontal, and extratropical cyclone‐related storms in winter and spring, and tropical cyclones in fall. Our comparison of the drivers of local and regional events shows that the relative importance of different storm types only weakly differs between local and regional floods, while antecedent conditions are clearly distinct. Regional events are in 75% of the cases related to wet antecedent conditions in some cases combined with snowmelt, while local events are more likely to also develop under dry conditions. Over all regions and seasons, regional events are most often the result of a frontal storm combined with wet antecedent conditions, which highlights the important role of compounding flood drivers. This finding suggests that regional flood risk and change assessments should account for the compounding nature of atmospheric and land‐surface flood drivers.
Factors associated with blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and HIV at a large urban HIV clinic in Uganda
Authors: Musimbaggo Douglas Joseph , Kimera Isaac Derick , Namugenyi Christabellah , Schwartz Jeremy I. , Ssenyonjo Rebecca , Ambangira Fortunate , Kizza Lubega , Mbuliro Mary , Katwesigye Rodgers , Ssinabulya Isaac , Muddu Martin , Neupane Dinesh , Olsen Michael Hecht , Pareek Manan , Semitala Fred C.
Published: December 2022

Globally, people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with increased morbidity. We conducted an exploratory survey with hypertensive persons living with HIV who received integrated HIV and hypertension care in a large clinic in Uganda between August 2019 and March 2020 to determine factors associated with blood pressure control at six months. Controlled blood pressure was defined as <140/90 mmHg. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine baseline factors associated with blood pressure control after 6 months of antihypertensive treatment. Of the 1061 participants, 644 (62.6%) were female. The mean age (SD) was 51.1 (9.4) years. Most participants were overweight (n = 411, 38.7%) or obese (n = 276, 25.9%), and 98 (8.9%) had diabetes mellitus. Blood pressure control improved from 14.4% at baseline to 66.1% at 6 months. Comorbid diabetes mellitus (odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26–0.64, p < 0.001) and HIV status disclosure (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.55–0.98, p = 0.037) were associated with the absence of controlled blood pressure at 6 months. In conclusion, comorbid diabetes mellitus and the disclosure of an individual’s HIV status to a close person were associated with poor blood pressure control among persons living with HIV who had hypertension. Therefore, subpopulations of persons living with HIV with hypertension and comorbid diabetes mellitus may require more thorough assessments and intensive antihypertensive management approaches to achieve blood pressure targets.