bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[1-(1-Adamantylamino)ethylidene]oxonium methanesulfonate
Authors: Vícha Robert , Nečas Marek , Kozubková Zuzana , Potáček Milan
Published: May 2009

In the title salt, C12H20NO+·CH3SO3−, the [1-(1-adamantylamino)ethylidene]oxonium cations and methanesulfonate anions are linked into chains along theaaxisviaO—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. All non-H atoms of the acetamido group are essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0085 (12) Å. In comparison with related structures, the carbonyl C=O bond is slightly elongated [1.249 (2) Å], whereas the amide C—N bond is shortened [1.292 (2) Å].
Redetermination of bis(O,O′-diethyl dithiophosphato-κ2S,S′)nickel(II)
Authors: Paliwoda Damian , Chojnacki Jarosław , Mietlarek-Kropidłowska Anna , Becker Barbara
Published: May 2009

The centrosymmetric title complex, [Ni{S2P(OC2H5)2}2], has been redetermined using area-detector data. The central Ni(S2P)2core is essentially planar and confirms the early results of McConnell & Kastalsky [Acta Cryst.(1967),22, 853–859] based on multiple film technique data. In the title structure, the standard uncertainty values are approximately seven times lower and all H-atom positions are calculated. A pair of short symmetry-related H...H contacts with distances of 2.33 Å is observed in the crystal structure.
2,2′-(Hexane-1,6-diyl)diisoquinolinium tetrachloridozincate(II)
Authors: Ma Pei-Hua , Fan Zhi-Fang , Zhang Yun-Qian , Xiao Xin , Xue Sai-Feng
Published: May 2009

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C24H26N2)[ZnCl4], consists of two 2,2′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)diisoquinolinium cations and two [ZnCl4]2−complex anions. The [ZnCl4]2−anions have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The dihedral angles between the isoquinoline rings of the two cations are nearly equal [16.1 (2) and 16.3 (2)°]. In the crystal structure, the ordered linear formation is aggregated by weak intermolecular π–π stacking interactions between neighboring isoquinoline pyridine rings with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.779 (4) Å.
2-(4-{3-[1-(3-Bromopropyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylidene]prop-1-enyl}-3-cyano-5,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ylidene)malononitrile
Authors: Gainsford Graeme J. , Bhuiyan M. Delower H. , Kay Andrew J.
Published: May 2009

The backbone of the title molecule, C26H25BrN4O, is approximately planar: the dihedral angle between the planes of the indoline ring system and the furan ring is 7.68 (14)°. In the crystal, layers lying parallel to (10\overline{2}) occur, with the molecules interactingviaweak C—H...N(cyano) and C—H...Br bonds and short N(cyano)...Br contacts [3.345 (4) Å].
A neutral cubane with a ZnII4O4core: tetrabenzoatotetrakis(μ3-hydroxydi-2-pyridylmethanolato)tetrazinc(II)–acetone–methanol (1/2/1)
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Han Sim-Hee , Kim Pan-Gi , Kim Cheal , Kim Youngmee
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, [Zn4(C11H9N2O2)4(C7H5O2)4]·2(CH3)2CO·CH3OH, the tetranuclear molecule lies on a fourfold inversion axis. ZnIIions and μ3-O atoms in the cubane core occupy alternating vertices, forming two interpenetrating tetrahedra. Each ZnIIion is further coordinated by two N atoms from two different (py)2C(OH)O ligands (py is pyridyl) and one O atom from a monodentate benzoate ligand, forming a distorted octahedral environment. The (py)2C(OH)O ligand acts in an η1:η3:η1:μ3manner, forming two five-membered ZnNCCO chelating rings with two different ZnIIatoms sharing a common C—O bond, and an alkoxide-type bond to a third ZnIIion. There are four symmetry-related intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the two types of ligands. In the asymmetric unit, there is a half-occupancy acetone solvent molecule and a half-occupancy methanol solvent molecule that lies on a twofold rotation axis.
Phenylmethanaminium chloroacetate
Authors: Shahwar Durre , Tahir M. Nawaz , Ahmad Naeem , Khan Muhammad Akmal , Yasmeen Asma
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C7H10N+·C2H2ClO2−, the planar chloracetate ion [with a maximum deviation of 0.025 (3) Å] is oriented at a dihedral angle of 31.07 (4)° with respect to the planar [maximum deviation of 0.022 (3) Å] phenylmethanaminium cation. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a network. A weak C—H...π interaction is also present.
Tetraaqua(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-κ2N,N′)cobalt(II) dinitrate
Authors: Shi Wen-Juan
Published: May 2009

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(C12H6N2O2)(H2O)4](NO3)2, consists of a CoIIcomplex cation with twofold rotational symmetry and two nitrate anions. The CoIIatom has a distorted octahedral geometry with the basal plane occupied by two 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione N atoms and two aqua O atoms, with the other two aqua ligands in axial positions. The aqua ligands are involved in extensive hydrogen bonding to nitrate and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione O atoms.
Ethyl 2-[(3-chlorophenyl)hydrazono]-3-oxobutanoate
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Padaki Mahesh , Sowmya  , Isloor Arun M. , Chantrapromma Suchada
Published: May 2009

The molecule of the title oxobutanoate derivative, C12H13ClN2O3, adopts a keto–hydrazo tautomeric form and is roughly planar, the angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane through the hydrazone and aliphatic chain being 1.49 (6)°. This planarity is further aided by the formation of an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond which generates anS(6) ring motif. The aromatic ring and aliphatic chain have atransconfiguration with respect to the N—N bond. In the crystal packing, centrosymmetricR22(16) dimers are formed through pairs of weak C—H...O(3-oxo) interactions. These dimers are linked together through weak C—H...O(carboxylate C=O) interactions into ribbons along theb-axis direction. These ribbons are stacked along thea-axis direction. The crystal also exhibits Cl...Cl [3.4988 (6) Å] and C...O [3.167 (2)–3.335 (2) Å] short contacts.
9-Isopropenyl-4-methyl-2H-thieno[2,3-h]chromen-2-one
Authors: Xu Shiqing , Chen Ying , Xia Peng
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C15H12O2S, features three fused rings with a dihedral angle of 79.6 (2)° between the isopropenyl group and the thiophene ring. In the crystal, molecules are connected into a supramolecular helical chainviaC—H...O contacts.
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenylpyridine-2,6(1H,3H)-dione
Authors: Das Ushati , Chheda Shardul B. , Pednekar Suhas R. , Karambelkar Narendra P. , Guru Row T. N.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C18H15NO3, the pyridine-2,6-dione ring adopts an envelope conformation. The phenyl ring lies approximately perpendicular to the mean plane of the pyridine-2,6-dione ring [dihedral angle = 81.5 (1)°], while the methoxyphenyl ring is tilted to the same plane by a dihedral angle of 34.8 (1)°. Intermolecular C—H...O interactions link the molecules into chains along [100].
Dichloridobis(pyridine-2-carboxylato-κ2N,O)platinum(IV) acetonitrile solvate
Authors: Kim Nam-Ho , Hwang In-Chul , Ha Kwang
Published: May 2009

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [PtCl2(C6H4NO2)2]·CH3CN, contains a neutral PtIVcomplex and an acetonitrile solvent molecule. In the complex, the Pt4+atom is six-coordinated in a distorted octahedral environment by two N atoms and two O atoms from two pyridinecarboxylate (pic) ligands and two Cl atoms. The Cl atoms areciswith respect to each other. The compound displays inter- and intramolecular C—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonding.
5-Benzyl-2-phenyl-6,8-dihydro-5H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-c][1,4]oxazin-2-ium hexafluoridophosphate
Authors: Huang Yumin , Wei Siping , Wang Zhen , Mao Zhihua , Su Xiaoyu
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C18H18N3O+·PF6−, is a chiral bicyclic 1,2,4-triazolium salt which contains four rings,viz. a triazolium, a morpholine and two phenyl rings. Analysis of bond lengths shows that the N—CH—N group in the triazolium ring conforms to a typical three-center/four-electron bond (also known as the Pimentel–Rundle three-center model). The structure is completed by a disordered PF6−counter-ion [occupancies of F atoms 0.678 (8):0.322 (8)], which interacts with the main molecule through weak intermolecular P—F...π interactions.
4-[(E)-4-Bromobenzylideneamino]-3-[1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Jebas Samuel Robinson , Sujith K. V. , Kalluraya Balakrishna
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C21H23BrN4S, the 4-bromobenzylidene group is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.504 (5) and 0.496 (5). One of the methyl groups of the isobutyl unit is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.751 (19) and 0.249 (19). The benzene rings of the isobutylphenyl and bromophenyl (major disorder component) groups form dihedral angles of 71.63 (11) and 21.8 (3)°, respectively, with the triazole ring. In the crystal, centrosymmetrically related molecules exist as centrosymmetric N—H...S hydrogen-bonded dimers.
2,5-Bis(bromomethyl)biphenyl
Authors: Kuś Piotr , Zemanek Aleksander , Jones Peter G.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C14H12Br2, the Br atoms lie on opposite sides of their ring plane. The biphenyl interplanar angle is 53.52 (8)°. The packing is characterized by several H...Br contacts to each Br atom, but at long distances of 3.07–3.43 Å.
2-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)pyridinium nitrate
Authors: Cui Li-Jing , Yu Miao-Jia
Published: May 2009

In the cation of the title compound, C6H6N5+·NO3−, the dihedral angle between the pyridinium and tetrazole rings is 8.2 (2)°. The constituent ions of the compound are linkedviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming helical chains running along thebaxis. C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds are also observed.
Aquabis(4-nitrobenzoato)-κ2O,O′;κO-(piperidinium-4-carboxylato-κ2O,O′)cadmium(II)
Authors: Zhang Run-Wen , Wang Li-Li , Zhao Xiao-Jun
Published: May 2009

In the mixed ligand title compound, [Cd(C6H11NO2)(C7H4NO4)2(H2O)], which exhibits a discrete mononuclear structure, the CdIIatom is in a distorted octahedral geometry, surrounded by five carboxylate O atoms and one coordinated water molecule. The piperdinium ring adopts a chair conformation and the two 4-nitrobenzoate rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 75.8 (1)°. Intermolecular O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the mononuclear entities into a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Bis[1,3(η3)-allyl][μ-2(η4)-1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,4-diphenylcyclobuta-1,3-diene-1:3κ2P:P′]dichlorido-1κCl,3κCl-[2(η5)-isopropylcyclopentadienyl]-2-cobalt(I)-1,3-dipalladium(II) dichloromethane solvate
Authors: Chang Chin-Pei , Hong Fung-E
Published: May 2009

In the title complex, [CoPd2(C3H5)2(C8H11)Cl2(C40H30P2)]·CH2Cl2, the CoIatom is sandwiched between the cyclopentadienyl and cyclobutadiene rings. The two diphenylphosphine substituents of the cyclobutadiene ring are situated opposite to each other and bind two PdIIatoms, which are additionally coordinated by a chloride ion and the three C atoms of an allyl ligand, forming a distorted planar coordination environment. The Cl atoms of the dichloromethane solvent molecule (equal occupancies) and one C atom and its attached H atom of each of the allyl ligands (occupancies 0.55:0.45) are disordered.
Bis(5,6-dicarboxybenzimidazolium) sulfate monohydrate
Authors: Cui Yue , Gao Qian , Zhang Chao-Yan , Xie Ya-Bo
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, 2C9H7N2O4+·SO42−·H2O, the sulfate S atom and the water O atom reside on a crystallographic twofold axis. In the crystal, the component species are linked by N—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network structure. An intramolecular O—H...O link is seen in the cation.
4-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)pyridinium perchlorate
Authors: Dai Jing
Published: May 2009

In the cation of the title compound, C6H6N5+·ClO4−, the pyridinium and tetrazole rings form a dihedral angle of 23.6 (1)°. In the crystal structure, weak intermolecular N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds link cations and anions into chains extending along thebaxis.
5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis[2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy]calix[4]arene-26,28-diol acetonitrile tetrasolvate
Authors: Yuan Jiu-Mao , Gao Yong-Hong , Ma Jian-Ping , Guo Dian-Shun
Published: May 2009

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C60H70N2O10·4CH3CN, the calix[4]arene molecule adopts an open-cone conformation with two intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The four benzene rings of the calix[4]arene are twisted to the mean plane defined by four methylene C atoms bridging the benzene rings, with dihedral angles ranging from 57.74 (10) to 65.99 (12)°. Two pendant nitrophenyl rings are nearly perpendicular to each other, the dihedral angle being 70.9 (3)°. The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure contains four acetonitrile solvent molecules, one of which lies in the calix cavity and makes C—H...π interactions and another links with the calix[4]areneviaC—H...O hydrogen bonding. Onetert-butyl group is disordered over two sets of sites, with a 0.736 (13):0.264 (13) occupancy ratio.
1,2-Bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene dihydrate
Authors: Xu Hai-Jun , Pan Yi-Jie , Cui Li-Jing
Published: May 2009

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H6N8·2H2O, contains one half-molecule, with the benzene ring on a centre of symmetry, and two uncoordinated water molecules. The benzene ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 34.43 (12)° with respect to the tetrazole ring. Strong O—H...N hydrogen bonds link the water molecules to the N atoms of the tetrazole ring. In the crystal structure, strong intermolecular O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a network. One of the water H atoms is disordered over two positions and was refined with occupancies of 0.50.
2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexamethylbiphenyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetrayltetramethylene tetraacetate
Authors: Hu Tuoping
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C30H38O8, possessCisymmetry, with the inversion center situated at the center of the bridging C—C bond. In the crystal structure, molecules are held together by C—H...O interactions.
4-Bromothiobenzamide
Authors: Khan Mahmood-ul-Hassan , Hameed Shahid , Akhtar Tashfeen , Masuda Jason D.
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C7H6BrNS, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the aromatic ring and the thioamide fragment are 23.6 (4) and 20.5 (3)° in the two molecules. In the crystal, there are intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions between the amine group and the S atoms.
4-[3-(4-Fluorophenyl)quinoxalin-2-yl]-N-isopropylpyridin-2-amine
Authors: Koch Pierre , Schollmeyer Dieter , Laufer Stefan
Published: May 2009

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C22H19FN4, the quinoxaline system makes dihedral angles of 32.07 (13) and 69.64 (13)° with the 4-fluorophenyl and pyridine rings, respectively. The 4-fluorophenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 71.77 (16)° with the pyridine ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonding.
(2S)-Methyl 2-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonamido)-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate
Authors: Syed Tayyaba , Hameed Shahid , Jones Peter G.
Published: May 2009

The enantiomerically pure title compound, C12H16ClNO4S2, contains a pyramidal N atom with an S—N bond length of 1.6306 (15) Å. Molecules are linked to form chains parallel to theaaxis by classical N—H...O hydrogen bonding involving a sulfonyl O atom, supported by three weak C—H...Xinteractions. (X= S, O).
Myogenesis and molecules— insights from zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Chong S.‐W. , Korzh V. , Jiang Y.‐J.
Published: May 2009

Myogenesis is a fundamental process governing the formation of muscle in multicellular organisms. Recent studies in zebrafish Danio rerio have described the molecular events occurring during embryonic morphogenesis and have thus greatly clarified this process, helping to distinguish between the events that give rise to fast v. slow muscle. Coupled with the well‐known Hedgehog signalling cascade and a wide variety of cellular processes during early development, the continual research on D. rerio slow muscle precursors has provided novel insights into their cellular behaviours in this organism. Similarly, analyses on fast muscle precursors have provided knowledge of the behaviour of a sub‐set of epitheloid cells residing in the anterior domain of somites. Additionally, the findings by various groups on the roles of several molecules in somitic myogenesis have been clarified in the past year. In this study, the authors briefly review the current trends in the field of research of D. rerio trunk myogenesis.
Comments on ‘Significance of developmental expression of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri and zebrafish Danio rerio Hsd17b10 in biological and medical research’
Authors: He X. , Yang S.
Published: May 2009

The reported data on the developmental expression of Hsd17b10 gene in Danio rerio is crucial to the utilization of the D. rerio embryo as an animal model for human developmental disorders caused either by mutations on HSD17B10 (formerly HADH2) or by defective expression of the gene. Related diseases were summarized, and it was noticed that hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is not linked to HSD17B10. This inherited disease is actually caused by a deletion in the HADH gene on chromosome 4. Moreover, it was found by a revision of the reported phylogenetic tree that hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase II or rather hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 10 (HSD10) of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri—occupies a transition position from HSD10 orthologs of invertebrates to those of vertebrates.
Microsatellite variability of wild and farmed populations of Sparus aurata
Authors: Karaiskou N. , Triantafyllidis A. , Katsares V. , Abatzopoulos T.J. , Triantaphyllidis C.
Published: May 2009

The genetic diversity of Greek wild and farmed populations of Sparus aurata was investigated using seven microsatellite markers. Selective breeding programmes and founder effects have altered the composition of farmed populations leading to significant population differentiation between wild and cultured populations and lower allelic richness in farmed populations.
Morphological and mtDNA sequence studies on three crucian carps (Carassius: Cyprinidae) including a new stock from the Ob River system, Kazakhstan
Authors: Sakai H. , Iguchi K. , Yamazaki Y. , Sideleva V. G. , Goto A.
Published: May 2009

Three morphologically and genetically distinct forms of the genus Carassius were collected from the Ob River system, Kazakhstan, Central Asia; Carassius carassius, Carassius gibelio gibelio and an unknown stock tentatively referred to as Carassius gibelio sub‐species M. The last mentioned had 33–41 gill rakers, being intermediate between the other two forms (23–27 in C. carassius and 44–49 in C. g. gibelio), and five scales in the upper transverse series, less than in the others. It also had a relatively larger erythrocyte suggesting triploidy and an mtDNA haplotype distinct from all other known crucian carps. Comparative mtDNA phylogenetic analysis suggested that C. gibelio gibelio in the Ob River system was introduced from China and the Amur River, the same possibly being true for European C. gibelio gibelio based on published haplotypes. C. gibelio sub‐species M is thought to be more widely distributed in central Asia, probably extending as far west as European Russia.
Exploring factors shaping population genetic structure of the freshwater fishSinocyclocheilus grahami(Teleostei, Cyprinidae)
Authors: Chen S.Y. , Zhang R.D. , Feng J.G. , Xiao H. , Li W.X. , Zan R.G. , Zhang Y.P.
Published: May 2009

Phylogeographical analyses onSinocyclocheilus grahamisamples from seven localities within the Lake Dianchi Basin in China were conducted to explore the main factors shaping population structure within this species. Phylogenetic and network analyses revealed two major clades in 24 mtDNA haplotypes. One clade included three haplotypes exclusively from samples of the lower basin and another clade encompassed other haplotypes from samples of the upper basin. The estimated divergence time between the two clades predated the river capture event connecting the lower and upper lake basin and thus supported geographical isolation as the main factor shaping genetic divergence between these two clades. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance and pair‐wise ΦSTdistances revealed significant genetic differentiation within the upper basin. Mantel tests clearly supported patterns of differentiation arose purely as a result of isolation by distance. These results further highlight the importance of geographical isolation in shaping differentiation within this species.
No barriers to gene flow among sympatric polychromatic ‘small’Telmatherina antoniae from Lake Matano, Indonesia
Authors: Walter R.P. , Haffner G.D. , Heath D.D.
Published: May 2009

Genetic divergence, assortative courtship and intermale aggression were assessed between sympatric colour morphs of the sailfin silverside Telmatherina antoniae, endemic to Lake Matano, Indonesia. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers showed no barriers to gene flow among T. antoniae primary colour morphs (blue and yellow) within sampling sites, sympatric populations or at the lake‐wide level. Low but significant genetic differentiation was found between yellow morphs and mixed (blue–yellow) morphs. Behavioural surveys indicated assortative courtship does occur along primary colour lines; however, intermale aggression among paired and intruding male morphs appeared equal with respect to male colour. These observations support the hypothesis that males view other males as threats to their courtship regardless of their colour. This study supports recent work suggesting that assortative mating is present in T. antoniae despite a lack of reproductive isolation among colour morphs.
A comparison of complete mitochondrial genomes of silver carpHypophthalmichthys molitrixand bighead carpHypophthalmichthys nobilis: implications for their taxonomic relationship and phylogeny
Authors: Li S.F. , Xu J.W. , Yang Q.L. , Wang C.H. , Chen Q. , Chapman D.C. , Lu G.
Published: May 2009

Based upon morphological characters, Silver carpHypophthalmichthys molitrixand bighead carpHypophthalmichthys nobilis(orAristichthys nobilis) have been classified into either the same genus or two distinct genera. Consequently, the taxonomic relationship of the two species at the generic level remains equivocal. This issue is addressed by sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes ofH. molitrixandH. nobilis, comparing their mitogenome organization, structure and sequence similarity, and conducting a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of cyprinid species. As with other cyprinid fishes, the mitogenomes of the two species were structurally conserved, containing 37 genes including 13 protein‐coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs) genes and a putative control region (D‐loop). Sequence similarity between the two mitogenomes varied in different genes or regions, being highest in the tRNA genes (98·8%), lowest in the control region (89·4%) and intermediate in the protein‐coding genes (94·2%). Analyses of the sequence comparison and phylogeny using concatenated protein sequences support the view that the two species belong to the genusHypophthalmichthys. Further studies using nuclear markers and involving more closely related species, and the systematic combination of traditional biology and molecular biology are needed in order to confirm this conclusion.
ZYGOMYCOSIS: Current approaches to management of patients with haematological malignancies
Authors: Pagano Livio , Valentini Caterina G. , Caira Morena , Fianchi Luana
Published: May 2009

Zygomycosis is an invasive infection that can occur particularly in patients with haematological malignancy. The causative fungi are members of the order Mucorales, and individual species within this group require a high level of laboratory skill to be identified. Zygomycosis can present as rhinocerebral, pulmonary, or disseminated disease, with a rapid clinical course. The optimal management of these cases requires early diagnosis, aggressive antifungal therapy and, when possible, surgical debridement. Founded on clinical experience, but without the benefit of comparative studies, liposomal amphotericin B has become the therapeutic agent of choice. Posaconazole is an orally administered triazole with a demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against most Zygomycetes that is comparable to that of amphotericin B. Studies on salvage therapy with posaconazole have yielded promising results, and successful case reports are also available. As an adjuvant approach, iron chelation with deferasirox has shown promising results, although clinical experience is still limited.
A Phase II study of SGN‐30 (anti‐CD30 mAb) in Hodgkin lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Forero‐Torres Andres , Leonard John P. , Younes Anas , Rosenblatt Joseph D. , Brice Pauline , Bartlett Nancy L. , Bosly Andre , Pinter‐Brown Lauren , Kennedy Dana , Sievers Eric L. , Gopal Ajay K.
Published: May 2009

SGN‐30, a chimeric anti‐CD30 monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated potent preclinical antitumour activity in both Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). We conducted an open‐label, Phase II study to determine the safety and objective response rate of SGN‐30 in 79 patients with refractory/recurrent HL (n = 38) or systemic ALCL (n = 41). Each course of SGN‐30 comprised 6 weekly intravenous infusions, followed by a 2‐week treatment‐free period. Patients had received a median of 3 (range 1–5) prior regimens of chemotherapy or systemic therapy. The initial 40 patients received 6 mg/kg weekly; the latter 39 patients received 12 mg/kg weekly. In the ALCL group, two patients achieved a complete response and five additional patients achieved a partial response, with response durations ranging from 27 to 1460+ d. No objective responses were observed in the HL group; however, 11 patients (29%) had stable disease (duration 62–242 days). Although adverse events were common, most were mild or moderate, and no specific pattern of adverse events was observed in either disease group. These results demonstrate that weekly administration of SGN‐30 is safe, with modest clinical activity in patients with ALCL.
NF‐E2 overexpression delays erythroid maturation and increases erythrocyte production
Authors: Mutschler Manuel , Magin Angela S. , Buerge Martina , Roelz Roland , Schanne Daniel H. , Will Britta , Pilz Ingo H. , Migliaccio Anna Rita , Pahl Heike L.
Published: May 2009

The transcription factor Nuclear Factor‐Erythroid 2 (NF‐E2) is overexpressed in the vast majority of patients with polycythaemia vera (PV). In murine models, NF‐E2 overexpression increases proliferation and promotes cellular viability in the absence of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO‐independent growth is a hallmark of PV. We therefore hypothesized that NF‐E2 overexpression contributes to erythrocytosis, the pathognomonic feature of PV. Consequently, we investigated the effect of NF‐E2 overexpression in healthy CD34+ cells. NF‐E2 overexpression led to a delay in erythroid maturation, manifested by a belated appearance of glycophorin A‐positive erythroid precursors. Maturation delay was similarly observed in primary PV patient erythroid cultures compared to healthy controls. Protracted maturation led to a significant increase in the accumulated number of erythroid cells both in PV cultures and in CD34+ cells overexpressing NF‐E2. Similarly, NF‐E2 overexpression altered erythroid colony formation, leading to an increase in erythroid burst‐forming unit formation. These data indicate that NF‐E2 overexpression delays the early phase of erythroid maturation, resulting in an expansion of erythroid progenitors, thereby increasing the number of erythrocytes derived from one CD34+ cell. These data propose a role for NF‐E2 in mediating the erythrocytosis of PV.
The bronchial response to mannitol is attenuated by a previous methacholine test: but not vice versa
Authors: Gade E. , Thomsen S. F. , Porsbjerg C. , Backer V.
Published: May 2009

Aim
To examine the airway response to inhaled mannitol performed before or after a methacholine challenge test in a group of asthmatics with different levels of disease.

Methods
A total of 48 asthmatics, 18–73 years of age, were included in the study. Two pairs of challenges were performed in a random order on two separate days 24 h apart: either with mannitol performed first on day one, followed 1 h by methacholine, and methacholine as the first on day two, followed 1 h by mannitol or vice versa. A questionnaire‐based interview was performed and lung function, exhaled nitric oxide, skin prick test, and blood eosinophil count were measured.

Results
A total of 44% of the asthmatics used inhaled corticosteroids and 48% were atopic. The airway response to mannitol was attenuated when mannitol was given after methacholine, compared with the response to mannitol when it was given first [log response dose ratio (RDR): 1.42 vs. 1.60 (P=0.004)], whereas the response to methacholine was unchanged in the opposite test order [log RDR: 0.81 vs. 0.96 (P=0.102)].

Conclusion
Bronchial challenges with inhaled mannitol and methacholine may be performed on the same day but provocation with mannitol should be performed before methacholine.
Homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 promote inflammation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with ongoing viral replication
Authors: Damås J K , Landrø L , Fevang B , Heggelund L , Tjønnfjord G E , Fløisand Y , Halvorsen B , Frøland S S , Aukrust P
Published: May 2009

CCL19 and CCL21 and their receptor CCR7 are expressed constitutively within lymphoid organs, regulating lymphocyte homing. Recent studies suggest that these chemokines may have inflammatory properties. We hypothesized a role of CCL19/CCL21 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by promoting inflammation. We examined the expression of CCL19 and CCL21 in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) in HIV-infected patients before and during highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). We also examined the ability of CCL19/CCL21 to promote inflammatory responses in these patients. PBMC from untreated HIV-infected patients (n = 29) released enhanced levels of CCL19 spontaneously compared with cells from controls (n = 20), particularly in those with symptomatic disease (n = 15, P < 0·01 versus controls). During HAART (n = 9), there was a decrease in the spontaneous CCL19 release and an increase in the phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated CCL19 release in both PBMC (P < 0·01) and BMMC (P < 0·05). In patients with enhanced HIV replication there was an increased proportion of inflammatory CD8+CCR7-CD45RA- T cells in peripheral blood [P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 versus controls, untreated (n = 9) and treatment failure (n = 8), respectively]. In vitro, CCL19/CCL21 promoted an inflammatory response in PBMC when accompanied by high viral load, irrespective of HAART. The HIV-tat protein significantly boosted the inflammatory effect of CCL19/CCL21 in PBMC. These findings link a dysregulated CCL19/CCL21/CCR7 system in HIV-infected patients to persistent inflammation and HIV replication, not only in untreated HIV infection, but also in treatment failure during HAART.
Translational Mini-Review Series on B Cell-Directed Therapies: B cell-directed therapy for autoimmune diseases
Authors: Hu C , Wong F S , Wen L
Published: May 2009

B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of both systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Autoreactive B cells not only produce autoantibodies, but are also specialized to present specific autoantigens efficiently to T cells. Furthermore, these B cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines and can amplify the vicious cycle of self-destruction. Thus, B cell-directed therapies are potentially an important approach for treating autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, like T cells, there are subsets of B cells that produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and are immunosuppressive. These regulatory B cell subsets can protect against and ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Thus targeting B cells therapeutically will require this balance to be considered. Here we summarize the roles of pathogenic and regulatory B cells and current applications of B cell-directed therapy in autoimmune diseases. Considerations for future development of B cell-directed therapy for autoimmune diseases have also been discussed.
Translational Mini-Review Series on B Cell-Directed Therapies: The pathogenic role of B cells in autoantibody-associated autoimmune diseases – lessons from B cell-depletion therapy
Authors: Leandro M J , De La Torre I
Published: May 2009

B cell depletion therapy with rituximab (BCDT) is a licensed treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and has shown promising results in the treatment of severe, refractory patients with other autoantibody-associated autoimmune diseases (AAID). The exact role that B cells play in the pathogenesis of AAID and consequently the mechanisms by which BCDT is effective are not known. The two more widely discussed hypotheses are that BCDT is effective because it removes the precursors of plasma cells producing pathogenic autoantibody species, or because it depletes a critical mass of autoreactive B cell clones that present antigen to pathogenic autoreactive T cells. This review will focus on the effects of BCDT and whether the response of patients with AAID to BCDT could be due ultimately to its effects on autoantibodies. A better knowledge of the main role that B cells play in the pathogenesis of the different diseases and a better understanding of the most likely mechanism of relapse following an earlier response to BCDT would help to guide further developments of B cell targeting therapies and potentially increase the chance of designing a protocol that could induce a long-term remission.
Translational Mini-Review Series on B Cell-Directed Therapies: Recent advances in B cell-directed biological therapies for autoimmune disorders
Authors: Levesque M C
Published: May 2009

B cell-directed therapies are promising treatments for autoimmune disorders. Besides targeting CD20, newer B cell-directed therapies are in development that target other B cell surface molecules and differentiation factors. An increasing number of B cell-directed therapies are in development for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Like rituximab, which is approved as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), many of these newer agents deplete B cells or target pathways essential for B cell development and function; however, many questions remain about their optimal use in the clinic and about the role of B cells in disease pathogenesis. Other therapies besides rituximab that target CD20 are the furthest along in development. Besides targeting CD20, the newer B cell-directed therapies target CD22, CD19, CD40–CD40L, B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Rituximab is being tested in an ever-increasing number of autoimmune disorders and clinical studies of rituximab combined with other biological therapies are being pursued for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). B cell-directed therapies are being tested in clinical trials for a variety of autoimmune disorders including RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren’s syndrome, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis (MS), Graves' disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), the inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis and polymyositis) and the blistering skin diseases pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Despite the plethora of clinical studies related to B cell-directed therapies and wealth of new information from these trials, much still remains to be discovered about the pathophysiological role of B cells in autoimmune disorders.
Assessment of haemophilia treatment practice pattern in Japan
Authors: ONO O. , SUZUKI Y. , YOSIKAWA K. , WADA I. , DOI Y. , TAKANO M. , WADA Y. , FUKUSHIMA K. ,   PLANNING COMMITTEE, JAPANESE NURSE GROUP FOR RESEARCH OF HEMOPHILIA CARE
Published: May 2009

Summary.  The current status of replacement therapy for haemophilia and the role played by nurses in Japan were investigated at 16 facilities (17 specialties) each providing care to 20 or more haemophilia A or B patients without inhibitor. The questionnaire was mailed to the nurse or physician in charge of haemophilia at each facility in August 2006, asking the nurse to fill in the questionnaire. Responses were collected on 1318 patients (haemophilia A: 1078 patients; haemophilia B: 240 patients). About 70% of these patients were reported to be severe haemophilia A or B. Overall, 26% were receiving regular prophylaxis while 74% received on‐demand therapy with or without temporary prophylaxis before special events. The percentage of patients receiving primary prophylaxis was only 2%. The percentage of adherence to prophylaxis decreased with age (lowest at age 19–29) but this percentage for each age group in Japan was higher than that in the western countries. Of the nurses working at the facilities surveyed, 88% considered prophylaxis as an optimal therapy for severe haemophilia patients, although the percentage of patients receiving prophylaxis for the entire population surveyed was lower than that in the western countries. The main factor precluding introduction of prophylaxis was ‘difficulty in venous access’ for infants and small children. On the other hand, ‘unwillingness of family members’ and ‘poor adherence’ were the main factors precluding introduction of this therapy for those aged over 6 years.
Dentists’ involvement in identification and reporting of child physical abuse: Jordan as a case study
Authors: OWAIS ARWA ISSA NOOR , QUDEIMAT MUAWIA ABDALLAH , QODCEIH SADEQ
Published: May 2009

Objectives.  The objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge, attitude, and experience among Jordanian dentists regarding child abuse, and to explore the factors that affect their hesitation to report any suspected cases.

Materials and methods.  A self‐administered structured questionnaire was sent randomly to 500 Jordanian dentists. It investigated dentists’ knowledge, attitude, and experience in recognizing and reporting child abuse cases. It also investigated several factors associated with dentists’ hesitation to report suspected cases of child physical abuse.

Results.  The response rate was 68%. More dentists were aware of their ethical obligations (80%) than their legal responsibilities (71%) to report child abuse cases. One‐third of the dentists knew where to report suspected cases. Although 42% of dentists suspected cases of child abuse, only 20% of them reported these cases. The most frequently cited reasons for hesitation to report such cases were lack of history (76%), uncertainty about diagnosis (73%), and possible consequences on the child (66%). Reporting was significantly associated with suspicion of child abuse cases, as well as the belief of legal responsibilities.

Conclusion.  There was a low reporting rate of child abuse among Jordanian dentists. They lack the adequate knowledge about recognition and reporting issues of suspected cases.
Management of ecological thresholds to re‐establish disturbance‐maintained herbaceous wetlands of the south‐eastern USA
Authors: Martin Katherine L. , Katherine Kirkman L.
Published: May 2009

1. The restoration of disturbance‐maintained ecosystems may require management to overcome ecological thresholds and re‐establish feedbacks that perpetuate an alternative community. We use hardwood‐dominated depression wetlands (locally known as oak domes) embedded in the fire‐maintained longleaf pine–wiregrassPinus palustris–Aristida strictaecosystem as an example where concepts developed from alternative state theory are applied to practical restoration.

2. As extant communities were not available as reference sites, we based our restoration objectives on knowledge of vegetation dynamics, land‐use history and historical data. We quantified a hardwood encroachment pattern beginning with the establishment of central nuclei during fire‐free periods. Expansion of this core of hardwoods is positively reinforced by the accumulation of fuels that impede the spread of fire.

3. In order to examine the feasibility of re‐establishing herbaceous communities, we selected 10 depression wetlands in 2000 and randomly assigned a hardwood removal treatment to half of them. During the transition period of fine fuel accumulation, we adapted the management regime as necessary for control of hardwood re‐sprouts and to promote the development of a fire‐maintained community.

4. After 5 years, hardwood removal communities had shifted toward herbaceous dominance, characterized by multi‐layered, species‐rich, native, wetland‐specific ground flora. The rapid recovery of herbaceous species was probably possible because of initial seedling recruitment from a persistent wetland soil seed bank. This immediate recruitment of herbaceous vegetation produced fine fuels, allowing for the reintroduction of frequent prescribed fire and, thus, the re‐establishment of the herbaceous community‐fire feedback mechanism necessary to maintain the community state.

5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings confirm that it is possible to re‐establish a rare alternative community state in a fire‐maintained ecosystem. Establishment of a desired transition trajectory required decoupling ecological feedbacks that inhibit reintroduction of fire while facilitating positive feedbacks to promote fire. Our approach incorporating ecological thresholds and biotic legacies, such as a persistent seed bank, can serve as a model to inform restoration strategies for other disturbance‐maintained ecosystems.
Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain JF3835 reduces mortality of juvenile perch, Perca fluviatilis L., caused by Aeromonas sobria
Authors: Gobeli S , Goldschmidt‐Clermont E , Frey J , Burr S E
Published: May 2009

Motile aeromonad septicaemia caused by Aeromonas sobria is a cause of disease in farmed perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Switzerland. We have evaluated the potential of a Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate, obtained from perch intestine, to control A. sobria infection. Inoculation of juvenile perch with P. chlororaphis strain JF3835 prior to infection with A. sobria caused a reduction in A. sobria associated mortalities. Infection of perch with xylE‐labelled P. chlororaphis indicated the bacterium is able to transiently colonize juvenile fish and fingerlings.
A simple non‐enzymatic method for the preparation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) DNA from the haemolymph of Marsupenaeus japonicus using FTA matrix cards
Authors: Sudhakaran R , Mekata T , Kono T , Supamattaya K , Linh N T H , Suzuki Y , Sakai M , Itami T
Published: May 2009

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an important shrimp pathogen responsible for large economic losses for the shrimp culture industry worldwide. The nucleic acids of the virus must be adequately preserved and transported from the field to the laboratory before molecular diagnostic analysis is performed. Here, we developed a new method to isolate WSSV‐DNA using Flinders Technology Associates filter paper (FTA matrix card; Whatman) without centrifugation or hazardous steps involved. FTA technology is a new method allowing the simple collection, shipment and archiving of nucleic acids from haemolymph samples providing DNA protection against nucleases, oxidation, UV damage, microbial and fungal attack. DNA samples prepared from 10‐fold dilutions of moribund shrimp haemolymph using FTA matrix cards were analysed using semi‐quantitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were compared with two commercially available DNA isolation methods, the blood GenomicPrep Mini Spin Kit (GE Healthcare) and the DNAzol (Invitrogen). Sequence analysis was performed for the DNA samples prepared using the various isolation procedures and no differences in the sequence among these methods were identified. Results based on the initial copy number of DNA prepared from the GenomicPrep Mini Spin Kit are a little more sensitive than the DNA prepared from FTA matrix cards, whereas the DNAzol method is not suitable for blood samples. Our data shows the efficiency of retention capacity of WSSV‐DNA samples from impregnated FTA matrix cards. Matrix cards were easy to store and ship for long periods of time. They provide ease of handling and are a reliable alternative for sample collection and for molecular detection and characterization of WSSV isolates.
The high‐molecular‐mass amylase (HMMA) of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 interacts with the cell wall components by virtue of three specific binding regions
Authors: Ferner‐Ortner‐Bleckmann Judith , Huber‐Gries Carina , Pavkov Tea , Keller Walter , Mader Christoph , Ilk Nicola , Sleytr Uwe B. , Egelseer Eva M.
Published: May 2009

The complete nucleotide sequence encoding the high‐molecular‐mass amylase (HMMA) of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 was established by PCR techniques. Based on the hmma gene sequence, the full‐length rHMMA, four N‐ or C‐terminal rHMMA truncations as well as three C‐terminal rHMMA fragments were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified rHMMA forms were used either for affinity studies with the recombinant (r) S‐layer protein SbsC (rSbsC), peptidoglycan‐containing sacculi (PGS) and pure peptidoglycan (PG) devoid of the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP), or for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies using rSbsC and isolated SCWP. In the C‐terminal part of the HMMA, three specific binding regions, one for each cell wall component (rSbsC, SCWP and PG), could be identified. The functionality of the PG‐binding domain could be confirmed by replacing the main part of the SCWP‐binding domain of an S‐layer protein by the PG‐binding domain of the HMMA. The present work describes a completely new and highly economic strategy for cell adhesion of an exoenzyme.
Impact of genetic polymorphisms on the pathogenesis of achalasia: an age‐dependent paradigm?
Authors: Sarnelli Giovanni
Published: May 2009

Abstract  A wealth of evidence supports the concept that achalasia represents an autoimmune disorder in which a triggering factor (probably a virus) is the starter of an uncontrolled myenteric ganglionitis leading to neurodegeneration. The reasons whereby this process occurs only in some individuals and at the oesophageal level are unknown, but it is reasonable to assume that some genetic influence may affect the achalasia phenotype, making some individuals more or less susceptible to the disease. Association studies between achalasia and polymorphisms of genes involved in the regulation of immune responses may help to explain the complexity of achalasia pathogenesis and progression.
HLA‐B*1832, a novel B allele was found through high‐resolution HLA typing of a Spanish blood donor
Authors: Witter K. , Conrad H. , Bernhard H. , Albert T. , Kauke T.
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we describe the novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*1832 allele that we found in a female Spanish volunteer blood donor for clinical investigation during her high‐resolution HLA typing. The HLA‐B typing is B*1801, 1832, and the DNA sequence is homozygous with the exception characterized by a nucleotide exchange ‘C’ to ‘A’ at position 505, which, in consequence, replaced arginine at codon 169 (CGC) by serine in the new allele B*1832.