bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Cast Methods for Estimating Age from the Os Pubis
Authors: Klepinger LL , Katz D , Micozzi MS , Carroll L
Published: August 2015

Age-related changes of the public symphysis have gained wide acceptance among physical anthropologists as one basis for estimating adult skeletal age. However, these methods have not been tested by independent observers on large samples with known ages at death that represent contemporary populations. In this study 202 female and 116 male pairs of pubes collected at autopsy were blindly evaluated for age using the McKern-Stewart or Gilbert-McKern and Suchey-Brooks methods. Performance of the methods was measured by mean absolute deviation of true age from scored interval means and frequencies of true age falling within ±1 and ±2 standard deviations from the mean. The results suggest that the Suchey-Brooks methods are superior in forensic applications and that the racially specific refinement for males should be used. Age estimates should include ±2 standard deviations, and chances of error should be considered, especially when advanced age or debilitation is suspected.
Scanning Electron Microscopy: Application in the Identification of Diatoms in Cases of Drowning
Authors: Pachar JV , Cameron JM
Published: August 2015

A simple and rapid method is described for processing organ and water samples for the identification of diatoms so that they can be studied and recorded for taxonomic and diagnostic purposes. Samples are treated with concentrated nitric acid; the fluid obtained is centrifuged, and its sediment is dried, coated, and examined under the scanning electron microscope. The method does not alter the morphology of diatoms and allows the study of freshwater and seawater species present in the organs of bodies found in the water, making possible the diagnosis of drowning under specific conditions.
New Perspectives in the Legal Psychiatry of Cocaine-Related Crimes
Authors: Bunt GC
Published: August 2015

The legal criteria for the insanity defense as it applies to cocaine-related crimes remains elusive because of cocaine's unique spectrum of effects on human thought and action. This paper discusses the literature relevant to cocaine and forensic psychiatry/psychology, and summarizes the results of a survey of forensic psychiatrists on the topic of drug-induced psychosis. A conceptual framework is posited for the expert witness to distinguish the separable effects of cocaine on human behavior and to clarify their relationship to criminal responsibility.
Language Disorders in Disruptive Behavior Disordered Homicidal Youth
Authors: Myers WC , Jane Mutch P
Published: August 2015

Eight homicidal youths were assessed for language disorders and psychiatric diagnoses using a battery of standardized language tests and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Both language disorders and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-R psychiatric diagnoses were present in all subjects.
Cocaine and Sudden “Natural” Death
Authors: Mittleman RE , Wetli CV
Published: August 2015

The cardiovascular effects of cocaine may culminate in clinical episodes of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and intracranial hemorrhage. To clarify whether or not cocaine causes fatalities by these mechanisms, we studied 24 cases of sudden, apparently natural deaths as a result of coronary arteriosclerosis (15 cases). hypertensive cardiovascular disease (4 cases), and intracranial hemorrhage (5 cases) associated with cocaine use. In 11 cases, cocaine was found in the blood (average concentration: 0.57 mg/L, range: 0.05 to 1.45 mg/L), whereas in the remainder, cocaine or its major metabolite was found in the urine or other tissues. In the majority of decedents, autopsy disclosed the existence of severe natural disease which could have been exacerbated by the administration of stimulant drugs, including cocaine. These data, and a review of the current medical literature, indicate that cocaine may precipitate the sudden death of an individual with undiagnosed cardiovascular disease. A contributory role of cocaine should be considered in any apparently natural death occurring in a population where cocaine abuse is prevalent.
Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDXA) in Identification of Foreign Material on Bullets
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Dana SE , Taylor WE , Ondrusek J
Published: August 2015

The authors report two cases in which examination of foreign material embedded in or adherent to bullets provided critical information in the reconstruction of a crime scene. Analysis of small particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) can be accomplished without destruction or injury of the particles. In one case, the detection and identification of mineral fragments embedded near the nose of a bullet provided conclusive evidence that the bullet had ricocheted from a fireplace before striking the victim. In the second case, analysis of particles from two bullets identified them as bone fragments, thus proving which shots fired from a police officer's gun had killed a suspected burglar. SEMEDXA has not been widely used to identify such material on bullets, but should be considered a potentially powerful tool in forensic science.
Line Quality—Historic and Contemporary Views
Authors: Hilton O
Published: August 2015

The various elements of the writing movement that are recorded in a person's handwriting are important parts of all identifications, in some problems absolutely controlling. A. S. Osborn introduced the term, line quality, to embrace all factors relating to writing movement. A portion of the factors relates to the writing instrument used. Have modern writing instruments hidden most of these factors? The analysis of this problem finds that there is some need to modify Osborn's conception slightly to a contemporary definition. With such modification the term line quality is still valid.
The Individuality of Toolmarks Produced by a Label Maker Used to Write Extortion Notes
Authors: Mason JJ , Grose WP
Published: August 2015

To determine if toolmarks produced by label makers can be useful in identifying taped messages produced from them, examinations were conducted on seven tapes received as evidence and three reference label makers. It was determined that Dymo® Model 1885 Handimark label makers can be linked to the labeling tapes they produce on the basis of the individual characteristics of the drive wheel impressions and cutting toolmarks, along with the class characteristics which include flaws in the character wheel. An unusual case involving an abduction, where extortion notes had been written on Dymo labeling tape, was received in the Questioned Documents Section of the Virginia Bureau of Forensic Science. The laboratory was asked to determine whether the seven tapes had been produced by one label marker. When it was observed that there were scratches running the length of the tapes which might be suitable for comparison, the case was referred to the Firearms and Toolmarks Section. The scratches did not appear to be of any value for comparison, since they were apparently artifacts of the manufacturing process and not repetitive. However, further investigation revealed more useful information.
Maxillary Suture Obliteration: Aging the Human Skeleton Based on Intact or Fragmentary Maxilla
Authors: Mann RW , Symes SA , Bass WM
Published: August 2015

Obliteration of the four sutures of the bony palate is examined to determine its value as an age indicator. Thirty-six maxillae from a predominately white series representing both sexes and a wide variety of ages are studied. It is concluded that the amount of obliteration of these sutures is useful in estimating general biological age.
Identification of Skulls by Video Superimposition
Authors: Iten PX
Published: August 2015

A method of matching skulls with photographic portraits or impressions of the face in clay by video superimposition is described. Two different practical cases are presented. The first one deals with the identification of a skull of a six-year-old girl, the second with the identification of the skull of the famous Swiss Pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who died about 160 years ago. The advantages and versatility of this method are shown; also the setup of the equipment and the working technique.
The Relationship of Court Clinics to Correctional Mental Health Services: Opportunities for Cooperation and Potential Sources of Conflict
Authors: Rosner R
Published: August 2015

When the ends of law and the ends of medicine coincide, cooperation between clinical and forensic psychiatry is likely. When the ends of law and the ends of medicine diverge, cooperation may not be feasible. This is demonstrated by the relationship between the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic fbr the New York Criminal and Supreme Courts (First Department) and the Prison Mental Health Service of the City of New York. It is suggested that the experience of these two agencies is generalizable to all who attempt to provide mental health services to defendant populations.
Mental Health and Corrections: Towards a Working Partnership
Authors: Harmon RB
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the development of mental health services to the courts and correction facilities in the City of New York. The origins, structure, and functions of the interagency New York City Task Force on Prison Mental Health Services are explained. The Task Force's role in the development, promulgation, and implementation of the Minimum Standards for Mental Health Services in New York City Correctional Facilities are outlined. These standards, enacted by the New York City Board of Correction, are described and discussed.
Was the Document Reinserted in the Typewriter?
Authors: Horan JJ
Published: August 2015

Experimentation indicates that, with care, a typist can in many cases reinsert a typewritten document in a typewriter and add a word, line, or paragraph without having vertical or horizontal misalignment.
A Review of Plant Drug Analysis
Authors: Spiehler VR
Published: August 2015

The 170 color plates in this book are of art book quality and the graphic organization deserves a design award. The book is a pleasure to own and peruse. However, the effort and expense to produce these features were, I expect, for more practical than aesthetic purposes. The extraordinary color photography and reproduction have the goal of matching the true colors of the striking fluorescence and color reactions seen in thin-layer chromatography. This book achieves this better than any other this reviewer has seen before. The book will function as a useful handbook for identification and interpretation of composition of plant products, especially for those laboratories who have the duty of assaying medicinal plant products for meeting pharmacopeia standards. All laboratories that have occasion to assay plant material for the presence of pharmacologically active compounds will find this a useful addition to their reference shelf.
A Review of Reasonable Doubt
Authors: Wecht CH
Published: August 2015

In every national poll that has been taken in the United States since the assassination of John F. Kennedy on 22 Nov. 1963, a large majority of Americans have expressed their unwillingness to accept the principal conclusion of the Warren Commission Report (WCR), namely, that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the planning and execution of the President's murder in Dallas 23 years ago. While it is obviously true that guilt or innocence and the question of conspiracy are not matters to be ultimately determined by popular vote, the continuing and overwhelming rejection of the findings of a Presidential blue ribbon panel is not a matter that should be casually ignored. When one considers the intensive, well-orchestrated efforts by various governmental agencies and powerful segments of the news media during the past two decades (frequently associated with ad hominem attacks against one or more of the WCR critics) to convince the American public of the thoroughness and validity of the original investigation, then the repudiation of the WCR by a substantial majority of people in this country (and throughout the world) assumes a much greater significance.
Photoluminescent Enhancement of Ninhydrin Developed Fingerprints by Metal Complexation: Structural Studies of Complexes Formed Between Ruhemann's Purple and Group IIb Metal Salts
Authors: Lennard CJ , Margot PA , Sterns M , Warrener RN
Published: August 2015

Ruhemann's purple (RP), formed in the ninhydrin development of latent fingerprints, readily coordinates to a number of metal cations. The luminescent behavior of the Group IIb complexes has been used in the enhancement of fingerprints developed with ninhydrin. Spectroscopic evidence is presented which indicates that all three complexes have similar structures. The structure of the cadmium complex has been determined by X-ray diffraction and found to contain a 1:1 ratio of metal to chelating agent (RP). The properties of this complex suggest that it is the active agent in the cadmium(II) promoted photoluminescence of ninhydrin developed fingerprints. Coordinated water in the complex explains the need for moisture in the enhancement procedure.
Persistence of Vaginal Spermatozoa as Assessed by Routine Cervicovaginal (Pap) Smears
Authors: Randall B
Published: August 2015

Retrospective review of cervicovaginal (Pap) smears of women with known sexual histories affords an opportunity to assess the potential for postcoital sperm recovery for large numbers of individuals. This study reviewed 542 individuals' Pap smears with accompanying sexual histories. Three hundred forty-nine respondents reported at least one act of sexual intercourse during the five days preceding the Pap smear. Unlike a previous report, the current study showed very poor sperm recovery (maximum of 25% during the first postcoital day). The observed results roughly correlate with the incidence of sperm noted on screening of large numbers of routine clinical Pap smears in a private reference laboratory. Routine Pap smears can detect sperm but do not appear to be an ideal method to substantiate recent sexual intercourse.
The Mariel Refugee and the New York Criminal Court
Authors: Harmon RB , Rosner R , Wiederlight M
Published: August 2015

In the spring of 1980, the Mariel Boat Lift brought refugees from Communist Cuba to the shores of Florida. Most refugees came seeking political freedom, but many were sent by the Cuban Government directly from its prisons and mental institutions. Literal rejects of their own society, they arrived in this country and spent many months interned in refugee camps. As they moved out into local communities, their behavioral problems began to come to the attention of local authorities. This paper describes the “Marielitos” seen in the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the Criminal and Supreme Courts of New York between mid-1980 and mid-1985. It explores how their reactions to their new environment may be affected by their past psychiatric and criminal histories, their language barrier, and the stress of the emigration experience.
The Analysis of Nail Varnishes by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Tebbett IR , Tulloch IA , Knutsen P
Published: August 2015

A method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the analysis and comparison of nail varnishes.
Maternal Death Associated with Intravenous Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) and Pentazocine (Talwin®) Abuse
Authors: Lundquest DE , Young WK , Edland JF
Published: August 2015

A case of maternal death from pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary granulomatosis is presented. The granulomas are associated with a history of intravenous injection of medications (Ritalin® and Talwin®) intended for oral use.
Missouri's Lakes and the Disposal of Homicide Victims
Authors: Dix JD
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the circumstances surrounding the retrieval and subsequent autopsies of four bodies accidentally discovered weighted down in Missouri's lakes. The bodies, representing four separate cases of homicide, were sunken for a period of three weeks to ten months. The relationship of adipocere formation to the postmortem interval and the problems of injury interpretation are discussed.
The Man in the Mask
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT , Breithaupt MK
Published: August 2015

A skeletonized body, wearing a black leather bondage mask, was found in a Revolutionary War smokehouse cave with two bullet holes in the back of the head. The body was skeletonized up to the maxillary area but the head region under the mask was well preserved and permitted a positive visual identification. There was evidence that the body had been eaten by small animals and subsequently burned. Investigations into this brutal murder revealed a tale of a bizarre sadomasochistic ritual that attained national prominence.
Estimation of a Bullet's Diameter Using the Bullet Hole Identification Kit (BTK)
Authors: Bergman P , Even H , Agron N , Klein A , Springer E
Published: August 2015

Evaluation of the diameter of a bullet which caused an entrance hole by measuring the diameter of the color rings developed through use of the bullet hole identification kit (BTK) is presented. A direct estimation of the diameter of the bullet can be made, or a range of diameters can be determined. This range depends on the material of the target, and to an extent, on the kind of support behind the target. In the case of woven cotton textiles, this range was found to be small, and larger in other textile materials. Even in these latter cases, one can discriminate between the large and small diameters (for example, those of the 0.22 and 0.38 calibers). These results can be very useful when targets are dark colored or soiled to a degree where the black ring (“ring of dirt”) around the entrance hole is unrecognizable.
The Specificity of Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy for the Identification of N-Ethyl-1-Phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE)
Authors: Clark CC
Published: August 2015

The electron impact mass spectrum of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE) was studied using both deuterium-labeled compounds and structurally related analogs. The deuterium-labeled compounds used were d2 · PCE with two deuterium atoms on the methylene carbon of the N-ethyl group, d3 · PCE with three deuterium atoms on the methyl carbon of the N-ethyl group, d4 · PCE with four deuterium atoms on the β carbons of the cyclohexyl rings, and d5 · PCE with five deuterium atoms on the phenyl ring. Structurally related compounds used included the N,N-dimethyl, N-propyl, and cyclopentyl analogs. The identities of some major fragments and possible pathways leading to their formation are shown. Electron impact mass spectroscopy is shown to be a definitive test for the identification of PCE.
Image Processing and Statistical Analysis as an Aid in the Comparison of Typewritten Impressions
Authors: Noblett MG
Published: August 2015

A device is being evaluated which images and statistically evaluates typewritten impressions on paper. The device can differentiate between typeface designed and manufactured by one company and typeface copied from the same design but manufactured by a different company. The device can make precise and detailed measurements of typewritten impressions while reducing the effects of the ribbon and paper to provide a valid and reliable image of the individual typewritten characters.
Scene Investigation, Identification, and Victim Examination Following the Accident of Galaxy 203: Disaster Preplanning Does Work
Authors: McCarty VO , Sohn AP , Ritzlin RS , Gauthier JH
Published: August 2015

Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 crashed following takeoff from Reno-Cannon International Airport on 21 Jan. 1985. Sixty-eight persons on board the aircraft perished in the initial crash and resultant fire which followed. Two victims expired as a result of crash injuries within subsequent days and one passenger survived. A community disaster response plan was in place and had been practiced by local government agencies before this incident. The successes of this preplanned response, as well as methods of actual recovery, identification, and examination of the victims is presented.
Nitrogen Narcosis and Alcohol Consumption—A Scuba Diving Fatality
Authors: Michalodimitrakis E , Patsalis A
Published: August 2015

Nitrogen narcosis can cause death among experienced scuba divers. Nitrogen under pressure affects the brain by acting as an anesthetic agent. Furthermore, the consumption of ethanol along with diving will cause the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis to occur at depths less than 30 m. Our case deals with an experienced diver who drank alcoholic beverages before diving and developed symptoms of nitrogen narcosis at a shallow depth. These two conditions contributed to his death by drowning.
Multiple Deaths from Argon Contamination of Hospital Oxygen Supply
Authors: Smith FP
Published: August 2015

During the course of routine hospital surgical procedures, three patients lapsed into hypoxic cyanosis. Two expired immediately, another after four days of coma. Investigation of the hospital's central liquid oxygen tank revealed that it had been refilled recently and was labelled both “oxygen” and “argon.” Mass spectrometric analysis of gas sampled from the questioned tank revealed a predominance of argon. A discussion of the sampling technique, method of analysis, role of the criminalist, and causes of this accident is presented.
Death Caused by Ingestion of Endosulfan
Authors: Bernardelli BC , Gennari MC
Published: August 2015

This paper reports the autopsy and toxicological findings of a death caused by ingestion of endosulfan dispersed in a colorless liquid containing about 55% of xylene (w/v). For isolation of endosulfan, the biological material was homogenized and the drug was isolated by extraction with ether. Quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography. The following concentrations of endosulfan were found:

Blood 30 mg/L

Gastric contents 0.5 g in the total 50 mL

Liver 20 mg/kg

Kidney 2.0 mg/kg

Brain 0.3 mg/kg

Xylene (solvent) was detected only in stomach contents (0.4 g in the total 50 mL).
Determination of Barium in Gunshot Residue Collection Swabs Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Koons RD , Havekost DG , Peters CA
Published: August 2015

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was compared with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for barium determination in gunshot residue (GSR) collection swabs. Lack of interferences by common swab extract constituents, a wide linear dynamic range, and good precision and accuracy of ICP-AES make it superior to AAS for barium determination in GSR swab extracts.
The Autodegradation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in Human Rib Bone and Its Relationship to the Time Interval Since Death
Authors: Perry WL , Bass WM , Riggsby WS , Sirotkin K
Published: August 2015

This research explored the feasibility of using the degradation rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in human rib bone to determine the time interval since death. Postmortem human rib samples were surface sterilized and incubated under sterile conditions in either high or low humidity conditions at room temperature for a period of weeks. At selected times, portions of the bone were cut away, and the DNA from these samples was extracted and subjected to strand separating gel electrophoresis. The DNAs in the gels were transferred to a nylon membrane, preserving their relative positions as in the gel, and probed with radioactive total genomic human DNA. Autoradiograms produced were scanned and digitized. When the samples were incubated under identical conditions, the degradation rate of DNA in samples from different individuals appeared very similar. The DNA degradation rate may vary with temperature and humidity more than it varies between individuals.
Childhood Identification and Prophylaxis of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Bloomingdale LM , Bloomingdale EC
Published: August 2015

Physiological and psychological characteristics show considerable similarity between children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and adults with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Prospective studies of ADDH children, with or without conduct disorder (CD), show a high outcome of ASPD. Recently, other forms of treatment have been added to the traditional psychopharmacological agents used for ADDH. If medicated and new treatment modalities are administered for a period of three years, a recent controlled study indicates that the mean number of arrests for felony offenses and the mean number of institutionalizations are reduced at a p < 0.0001 level (1.32 versus 0.19 and 0.49 versus 0.00, respectively).
Extractive Alkylation and Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Sulfide
Authors: Shigetoshi K , Nagata T , Kimura K , Kudo K
Published: August 2015

A sensitive analysis of sulfide in blood was established, using an extractive alkylation technique. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide was used as the alkylating agent, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride as the phase-transfer catalyst, and potassium dihydrogenphosphate as the buffer to suppress the formation of sulfide. Mass fragmentography was used to identify the sulfide derivative and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector was used for quantitative determination, with the lowest limit of detection being about 0.01 μg/g. The blood level of rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide was also determined.
Identification of Human Urinary Stains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Uromucoid
Authors: Tsutsumi H , Okajima H , Sato K , Katsumata Y
Published: August 2015

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the sandwich type for identification of human urinary stains using commercially available anti-human uromucoid was developed. When experimentally prepared urinary stains of humans and animals, 2 by 2 cm in area, were subjected to analysis, human stains could be differentiated from animal ones except chimpanzee and Old World monkey ones. Stains of other human body fluids showed negative reactions. The reactions did not decrease when human urinary stains were stored at room temperature for three months. The present ELISA provides a useful presumptive test for urinary stains of human origin.
A Review of The Essentials of Forensic Medicine: 4th Edition
Authors: Tate LR
Published: August 2015

Dr. C. J. Poison with the assistance of Dr. David Gee, and Dr. Bernard Knight, has produced a fourth edition of his text, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine. The book is divided into two unequal parts. The first part, which takes up the majority of the volume, covers the topic of Forensic Pathology, and therefore has general application regardless of what part of the world one practices. The second part of the text is entitled The Law Relating to the Practice of Medicine, and concerns itself with the law governing medical practice within England, and the rest of the British Isles, and Ireland. It has less general application to those practicing elsewhere.
Sex Identification in Fresh Blood and Dried Bloodstains by a Nonisotopic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analyzing Technique
Authors: Kobayashi R , Nakauchi H , Nakahori Y , Nakagome Y , Matsuzawa S
Published: August 2015

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) specimens were prepared from blood or bloodstain extracts, and the content of a Y-chromosome specific DNA fragment was investigated by the Southern hybridization method using a nonisotopic staining technique. Thus obtained patterns of male DNA showed a clear band, whereas broad stains with some faint bands appeared on the patterns of DNA from both sexes. This method is expected to be a new powerful mean of forensic medical examination.
Identification of Male Bloodstains by Dot Hybridization of Human Y Chromosome-Specific Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Probe
Authors: Fukushima H , Hasekura H , Nagai K
Published: August 2015

The sex determination of bloodstains was performed using a human Y chromosome-specific (DNA) fragment of 1.9-kb length as a hybridization probe. The DNA samples were taken from 1- and 4-week-old bloodstains of males and females, respectively. Strong signals with male DNA were observed by Y-probe, while faint signals with female DNA were detected. In addition, clear signals were observed in the extract samples from male bloodstains (16-week-old) on paper. Dot hybridization of the Y-probe would be widely applicable to studies on sex determination of medicolegal materials such as blood, bloodstains, teeth, and cadaverous parts.
Sudden Death Following Administration of Radio Contrast Media
Authors: Edelstein JM
Published: August 2015

Six patients died suddenly following the administration of radio contrast media. All had received the so-called older agents which are being replaced by newer contrast agents, which are characterized by reduced osmolality. Five of the six patients experienced almost immediate difficulty in breathing followed by death.
Association Between Victim's Clothing and Fabric Impressions in Grease
Authors: Wilson WH
Published: August 2015

A child was killed by a truck which left the scene. Recovered evidence included a chunk of grease which displayed cloth rib and fabric weave impressions that did not precisely match those of the victim's pants. Various methods of reproduction were attempted before a positive conclusion was drawn regarding the source of the impressions.
A Review of Photographs and Maps Go to Court
Authors: Walton JS
Published: August 2015

Advertised by the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing as “… an in-depth discussion on photogrammetry in U.S. Courts,” this book falls far short of this lofty claim. However, Mr. Gillen is more realistic, and reminds the user to bear in mind that the text is a transcript of oral presentations which have been edited to improve their clarity and readability. The presentations and subsequent panel discussion that are the basis of this book were recorded by a stenographer during a session on “Forensic Photogrammetry” held in March 1986 as part of the proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
The Medical Investigation of Airship Accidents
Authors: Stahl CJ , McMeekin RR , Ruehle CJ , Canik JJ
Published: August 2015

A review of the autopsy reports for 18 of 21 victims in 3 of the 4 nonrigid Navy airship accidents during the period 1955 to 1966 revealed that the patterns of injury, complicated by postcrash entrapment, immersion, or fire, are similar to the injuries observed in the low-speed, low-altitude crashes of rigid airships and of light aircraft. With the renewed interest in the development of airships for military purposes, there is a need for improved design related to crashworthiness and to aircrew habitability, safety, restraint, and egress in order to enhance the chance for survival in the event of an accident.
Establishing Paternity Using Minisatellite DNA Probes When the Putative Father Is Unavailable for Testing
Authors: Odelberg SJ , Demers DB , Westin EH , Hossaini AA
Published: August 2015

A paternity case involving a putative father who had died a few years earlier in an automobile accident was referred to the laboratory for testing. The child and his mother, the deceased's parents, and nine of the deceased's siblings were available for analysis. As previously reported, paternity testing using red blood cell groups, human leukocyte antigens (HLA), red blood cell enzymes, serum proteins, and immunoglobulin allotypes gave a cumulative paternity index of 43 300 and a combined probability of paternity equal to 99.998%. RFLP analysis using Hinf 1 and Sau 3A single digests and the minisatellite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes 15.1.11.4 and 6.3 showed no exclusion of paternity and gave nearly conclusive evidence that the putative father was the biological father of the child.
The Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) System: A Computer-Based Identification Program
Authors: Lorton L , Rethman M , Friedman R
Published: August 2015

The Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) system was developed at the U.S. Army Institute of Dental Research to facilitate rapid identification of human remains. The increasing requirement for dental based identification of high-energy fatalities and decomposed remains has dovetailed with the development of computer capabilities permitting automation of most of the highly repetitive chart-by-chart screenings characteristic of traditional identification taskings. This report summarizes the concepts upon which CAPMI is based, describes how it works, and reviews suggested applications and limitations. CAPMI software is available to governmental, civic, or humanitarian organizations at no cost.
Tooth Mark Artifacts and Survival of Bones in Animal Scavenged Human Skeletons
Authors: Haglund WD , Reay DT , Swindler DR
Published: August 2015

Animal scavenging activity can result in production of tooth mark artifacts. Such activity can confound interpretation of skeletal material and the identification process. To date, these topics have received limited attention in the forensic science literature. This study discusses the nature of various animal tooth mark artifacts and typical damage to selected bony elements. This study also assesses survivability of various skeletal elements over time. Two major factors that affect which bones are recovered and the amount of damage are circumstances which shelter remains from animals and human population density of the area where the skeleton is recovered.
Dye Batch Variation in Textile Fibers
Authors: Wiggins KG , Cook R , Turner YJ
Published: August 2015

Fiber samples from a number of different sources have been examined for dye batch variation. The manufacturers who supplied material included producers of knitting yarn, clothing, carpets, and car seat covers. Microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and thin-layer chromatography have been used for comparison of the dyes.

Degrees of variation were found. With some knitting yarns there was none at all, but some clothing fabrics showed large differences. Thin-layer chromatography is the best means of discriminating between dyes extracted from these materials.

The reasons for these results and their implications for the court-going officer are discussed.
Identification of a Phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM 1) Variant in a Case of Murder/Suicide
Authors: Franco MA , Goetz RJ
Published: August 2015

A murder/suicide case is reported in which a phosphoglucomutase (PGM) 1*W9 variant was detected in a woman, her child, and from blood collected at the scene.
Evidentiary Value of the Contents of Hollow-Point Bullets
Authors: Smith O'BC , Harruff RC
Published: August 2015

The fortuitous recovery of material trapped within the cavity of a hollow-point bullet at autopsy was demonstrated to be of evidentiary value. Analysis of this material, as well as that from hollow-point bullets from test-firings, showed that the contents, especially if in multiple layers, could be correlated with the series of intermediate targets perforated. In the case presented, this aided investigators in determining how many bullets actually struck the victim. Frequently displaced, especially if distortion of the hollow point has occurred, this tidbit of trace evidence is worth recovering and analyzing.
The Examination of Vaginally Inserted Plastic Tampon Applicators for Genetic Markers and Evidence of Prior Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Springer EE , Laber TL , Randall BB
Published: August 2015

Vaginally inserted plastic tampon applicators were obtained from 42 female volunteers. The applicators were examined for the presence of ABH blood group substances, phosphoglucomutase (PGM), amylase, acid phosphatase, P30, and intact spermatozoa. Each applicator was accompanied by a control blood sample, a saliva specimen, a brief sexual and menstrual history, and method of birth control of the donor. Eight of the male sexual partners of the donors submitted blood and saliva samples. One male sexual partner submitted only a saliva sample.

ABH blood group substances corresponding to the donor were recovered from 36 of the 42 applicators. The remaining 6 applicators revealed a combination of the donor's and sexual partner's ABH substances. The female's PGM type was recovered from 34 of the applicators. The remaining 8 applicators failed to show PGM activity. Of the applicators, 15 indicated evidence of prior sexual intercourse by the detection of ABH substances not consistent with the applicator donor (6 samples), high levels of acid phosphatase (11 samples), or recovery of spermatozoa (8 samples) or some combination of these. All applicator samples failed to show the presence of either P30 activity or PGM factors foreign to the female.
Cervical Airway Injuries as a Result of Impact with Steering Wheel Rim
Authors: Mittleman RE
Published: August 2015

Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction.
Confidence Intervals for Estimates Based on Linear Regression in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Giles E , Klepinger LL
Published: August 2015

Forensic anthropologists commonly use simple linear regression to estimate the value of a dependent variable, such as stature, for a single specimen where the value of the independent variable, such as humerus length, is known. Published studies providing regression equations for such use almost invariably include the standard error of estimate. Unfortunately, it is exceptional for forensic anthropologists to use the standard error to calculate correctly the confidence limits for their single predicted value. We attempt to show why this may be and provide explicit guidelines for the proper construction of confidence intervals in such circumstances.
Probability Analysis and the Evidential Value of Bolt Arrangements
Authors: Even H , Bergman P , Springer E , Feingold G
Published: August 2015

The orientation of bolt heads is random because of production or assembly processes. A series of bolts may serve as a means of identification according to orientation.
Examination Techniques for Determining Whether or Not a Key Is an Original or a Duplicate
Authors: Springer E , Bergman P , Feingold G
Published: August 2015

Various examination techniques for determining whether or not a key is an original or a duplicate were discussed. It was found that based on “production processes,” original keys made for cylinder locks of the pin tumbler and wafer variety can be distinguished from store duplicated keys. In addition, an example of a positive comparison between two keys manufactured simultaneously was presented.
Rapid Clay Mineralogical Analysis for Forensic Science Investigation—Clay Mineralogy Over the Short Distances
Authors: Marumo Y , Nagatsuka S , Oba Y
Published: August 2015

Rapid clay mineralogical analysis using a particle size fraction less than 0.05 mm without extraction of a clay fraction (< 0.002 mm) is applied to granitic soil samples collected from an area within a range of about 25 km with variation of topography. This area is located in a lucidophyllus forest climatic zone corresponding to a zone of yellow-brown forest soils. Clay mineralogical compositions obtained by this method showed different characteristics closely related to the topographic positions from where the soil samples were collected. It was confirmed that this method is effective for the discrimination of soil samples, and further for determining the original site of the soil samples as follows. In soils of hilly regions under well drained conditions, vermiculite is mixed with a large amount of gibbsite except for soil on flat places on ridges, which is characterized by the presence of a large amount of kaolin with a smaller amount of gibbsite. Soils under wet conditions such as valley-bottom plain and alluvial plain are characterized by interstratified clay minerals of chlorite and chloritized vermiculite. They are discriminated from each other in that the former are more abundant in gibbsite and the latter contain smectite.
The Quantitation of Phenyl-2-Propanone Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sottolano SM
Published: August 2015

A method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the rapid, selective, and accurate quantitation of phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P). A Perkin-Elmer HS/5 C18 column is utilized with a water, methanol, phosphoric acid mobile phase to achieve separation of clandestinely manufactured P-2-P from precursor chemicals and reaction by-products. Absorbance ratio and relative retention time data for some of the more common by-products and precursors are presented.
A Processing Protocol for Drug Residue and Latent Print Evidence
Authors: Nielson JP , Katz AI
Published: August 2015

Thirty percent cocaine:inositol residues and latent fingerprints were deposited on a wide variety of porous and nonporous substrates typical of the types of materials encountered in casework. Protocols were investigated which would optimize the probability of recovery of both drug residues and latent prints. Different protocols are required for porous and nonporous surfaces.
Wilton Marion Krogman, Ph.D. (1903–1987): The End of an Era
Authors: Yaşar İşcan M
Published: August 2015

Dr. Wilton Marion Krogman was one of the major founders of physical and forensic anthropology in the United States. His extraordinary career spanned nearly six decades, and he was universally admired and respected for his scholarship, teaching, research, wit, and humanity. While studies based on human skeletal remains have long been used to assist the medico-legal system, the late Dr. Krogman can be credited with uniting these areas into the discipline of forensic anthropology. His “Guide to the Identification of Human Skeletal Material” (1939) in the F.B.I. Law Enforcement Bulletin became the foundation of this discipline; his monumental book The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (updated with the author in 1986) solidified its establishment. The purpose of this paper is to pay tribute to this great man and outline his influence on the development and advancement of forensic anthropology.
Autoerotic Asphyxial Death Following Television Broadcast
Authors: O'Halloran RL , Warren Lovell F
Published: August 2015

How individuals who engage in autoerotic asphyxial activities first become aware of its purported erotic potential is debated. The case of an adult male who died from autoerotic asphyxiation shortly after watching a television show that discussed sexual asphyxiation is reported. A request is made that medical examiners and coroners report other accidental autoerotic deaths that are temporally associated with this television broadcast.
A Case of Panhypogammaglobulinemia Masquerading as Child Abuse
Authors: Copeland AR
Published: August 2015

A case of panhypogammaglobulinemia in a 15-month old boy is presented. The child was followed at a local university teaching hospital for pneumonia, failure to thrive, and possible child abuse/neglect. Following minor trauma to the face, massive sepsis developed in the child. The mother was afraid to seek medical care because she was fearful of legal action against her. Upon the child's demise at home, police and medical examiner involvement ensued. The correct diagnosis was established at autopsy.
A Review of Violence Prediction: Guidelines for the Forensic Practitioner
Authors: Tumosa CS , Dowd R
Published: August 2015

A blood specimen from a forensic science case appeared to violate Landsteiner's Rule. The red cells failed to react with anti-A, anti-B, or O serum while reacting strongly with Ulex europaeus lectin but not other anti-A lectins. The saliva from the person involved was found to contain both A and H blood group substances in a ratio of 4:1. The blood group was determined to be type Am.
Validity Testing of Commercial Urine Cocaine Metabolite Assays: II. Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, and Confirmation by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cone EJ , Mitchell J
Published: August 2015

A comprehensive validity assessment study was performed on eight commercial urine assays for detection of cocaine use. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each assay were evaluated by analyzing, in random order and under blind conditions, specimens spiked with known drug concentrations and clinical specimens obtained from human subjects after intravenous cocaine use. Commercial assay results were compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) assay of the same specimens for benzoylecgonine. All of the assays examined were determined to have utility in screening for cocaine use, with the exception of the KDI Quik Test®, which was not a reliable test for detection of cocaine use. Major differences in sensitivity, specificity, and confirmation rate by GC/MS were noted among the assays, differences which should be taken into consideration when implementing a urine screening test for cocaine use or interpreting test results involving use of these assays.
The Use of Videotape to Demonstrate the Dynamics of Bite Marks
Authors: West MH , Frair J
Published: August 2015

Traditionally, bite mark photographs have been used to study statically a dynamic event. With the advent of the compact video camcorder, odontologists can now document bite marks on video tape and, in some instances, with the model of the suspect's dentition, may be able to record the dynamics of a bite on human flesh. A review of two cases and equipment used is discussed.
The Effect of Temperature on the Formation of Ethanol by Canadida Albicans in Blood
Authors: Chang J , Elliot Kollman S
Published: August 2015

The effect of temperature on microbial fermentation in blood was studied. Specimens of human blood from a blood bank were inoculated with Candida albicans, an organism capable of causing fermentation. A preservative was added to a portion of the inoculated specimens. These inoculated specimens, as well as uninoculated blood, were stored under various temperature conditions. Production of ethyl alcohol was monitored over a period of six months. Fermentation was found to be highly temperature dependent, with refrigeration proving to be most effective at inhibiting ethanol formation.
The Differentiation of Electrostatic Photocopy Machines
Authors: Crown DA
Published: August 2015

The various electrostatic photocopy machines marketed encompass models using coated paper, plain paper, liquid toners, and dry toners with varying magnetic and fusing methods. Data regarding the 613 known electrostatic machines are given plus techniques for differentiating the various types of machines.
Analysis of Gunshot Primer Residue Collection Swabs Using Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Effects of a Modified Extraction Procedure and Storage of Standards
Authors: Koons RD , Havekost DG , Peters CA
Published: August 2015

Two modifications to a previously reported extraction procedure for determination of antimony, barium, and lead in gunshot primer residue swab extract solutions have been studied. Removal of cotton tips from swabs by cutting their shafts results in extraction efficiencies for all elements that compare favorably with those obtained by complete removal of the cotton from the swab shaft. Swab-mounted standards can be made and stored in a dry condition for periods of at least four months before use without adverse effects on analytical results. Long-term relative precision estimates for the combined extraction and analysis are approximately 5% for all three elements.