bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Nurse Managers regarding Clinical Relicensing Audits at Private Hospitals
Authors: Chellan Jamila
Published: November 2018

The National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa aims to provide access to quality health services for all South Africans. The NHI will only accredit and contract eligible health facilities that meet nationally approved quality standards both in the public and private sector. Detailed tools for measuring compliance with the National Core Standards (NCS) and Batho Pele principles have been developed and implemented in the public sector. To date and since its implementation in the public sector, very little is known about the national audit tool and the method used to evaluate quality and patient safety standards in private hospitals in the eThekwini district, South Africa. The aim of the study was therefore to assess nurse managersâ€™ perceptions regarding the clinical relicensing audits performed at selected private hospitals in the eThekwini district. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design using an interview guide was used to conduct the study. The group of hospitals (NÂ =Â 4) studied has approximately 40 clinical managers who were sampled for the study. A total of 24 nurse managers were interviewed, guided by data saturation. The results of the study showed that the selected private hospitals in the eThekwini district have not fully implemented the approach to clinical practice standards and healthcare audits in relation to the three clinical domains of the NCS, namely patient rights, patient safety and clinical care, and clinical support services, and the Batho Pele principles. Recommendations are for the internal and external factors influencing the national audit process to be dealt with based on the results of the study.
On the Choice of Coordinates in Anharmonic Theoretical Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Panek Paweł T. , Hoeske Adrian , Jacob Christoph R.
Published: November 2018

By a suitable choice of coordinates,the computational effort required for calculations of anharmonic vibrational spectra can be reduced significantly. By using suitable localized-mode coordinates obtained from an orthogonal transformation of the conventionally used normal-mode coordinates, anharmonic couplings between modescan be significantly reduced. However, such a transformation introduces harmonic couplings between the localized modes. To elucidate the role of these harmonic couplings, we consider vibrational self-consistent field (VSCF) / vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) calculations for both few-mode model systems and for ethene as a molecular test case. We show that large harmonic couplings can result in significant errors in localized-mode L-VSCF/L-VCI calculations and study the convergence with respect to the size of the VCI excitation space. To further elucidate the errors introduced by harmonic couplings, we discuss the connection between L-VSCF/L-VCI and vibrational exciton models. With the help of our results, we propose an algorithm for the localization of normal modes in suitable subsets that are chosen to strictly limit the errors introduced by the harmonic couplings while still leading to maximally localized modes.
La Chimie en Couleurs: Socially-Relevant and Original Research in Chemistry at High-Schools Using Modest Resources
Authors: Rossel Thibaud , Creus Marc
Published: November 2018

Teaching chemistry at high school level has the potential of playing a major role for the development of our society, in particular, to form future leaders in chemistry who will address social challenges such as the need for better healthcare, improved agricultural techniques and more efficient use of energy resources. In general, the high school’s chemistry teaching programs tend to illustrate the great historic discoveries and glorious past of chemical research. It is hoped that this historical perspective will help to provide students with the basic understanding necessary for the development of the chemistry of tomorrow. Unfortunately, in general, the emphasis on established chemical research and on the reassuringly solid-foundations of the field is ubiquitous not only in the theoretical classes, but also in more practical aspects of teach- ing, such as in student maturity work: these small, often laboratory-oriented research projects are often limited to reproducing the scientific literature often printed in black white- and/or adding minor modifications to estab- lished scientific protocols, instead of exploring the colourful world of current scientific discovery and the excitement of pushing back the boundaries of knowledge. Practicing innovative and original research with chemistry stu- dents is therefore a challenge for the mentor of any maturity work. Here, I describe the implementation of a practical program nicknamed La Chimie en Couleurs- for carrying out original research work in chemistry, making science live, colourful and vivid to students, i.e. not something that has already been done by others before, but something that one can pursue oneself and that is totally new and original. The program is taught during high-school courses and carried by students, using inexpensive equipment, easily-accessible, non- toxic chemicals and simple chemical concepts. Part of the research work was presented by students at the Swiss Chemical Society Annual Meeting and merited a Poster-Prize in the Inorganic Chemistry Runner-Up category. The La Chimie en Couleurs program presented here illustrates that up-to-date and socially-relevant chemistry (not just historically-relevant chemistry!) can be taught to teenagers in a creative way through the implementation of serious, albeit inexpensive, scientific research at highschool level.
A carnivorous plant genetic map: pitcher/insect-capture QTL on a genetic linkage map ofSarracenia
Authors: Malmberg Russell L , Rogers Willie L , Alabady Magdy S
Published: November 2018

The study of carnivorous plants can afford insight into their unique evolutionary adaptations and their interactions with prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. ForSarracenia(pitcher plants), we identified 64 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for insect-capture traits of the pitchers, providing the genetic basis for differences between the pitfall and lobster-trap strategies of insect capture. The linkage map developed here is based upon the F2 of a cross betweenSarracenia roseaandSarracenia psittacina; we mapped 437 single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. We measured pitcher traits which differ betweenS. roseaandS. psittacina, mapping 64 QTL for 17 pitcher traits; there are hot-spot locations where multiple QTL map near each other. There are epistatic interactions in many cases where there are multiple loci for a trait. The QTL map uncovered the genetic basis for the differences between pitfall- and lobster-traps, and the changes that occurred during the divergence of these species. The longevity and clonability ofSarraceniaplants make the F2 mapping population a resource for mapping more traits and for phenotype-to-genotype studies.
Research on the Connotation and Business Model of Internet of Things under the Background of Globalization
Authors: Chen Yurong
Published: November 2018

Â With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the new generation of information technology industry represented by the Internet of Things has continually nurtured new business models and economic growth points, and created one after another IoT mythology, which greatly promoted the global socioeconomic development and transformation. IoT has increasingly become the new engine of the current global economic development. To this end, this paper starts with the concept and connotation of the Internet of Things, discusses the development and application of the global Internet of Things and the types and characteristics of the Internet of Things business model, and proposes the measures and countermeasures of the business model of the Internet of Things in the context of globalization.
Epidemiological profile of accidents by venomous animals / Perfil epidemiológico de acidentes por animais peçonhentos / Perfil epidemiológico de accidentes por animales venenosos
Authors: Da Silva Caio Filipe Rosa , Dos Santos Carolina Magalhães , Palermo Thaís Aparecida de Castro
Published: November 2018

Objective: to identify the epidemiological profile of accidents by venomous animals in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes. Methodology: this is a quantitative, descriptive study with a retrospective approach, which the data of 462 chips of a secondary basis were investigated. A semi-structured road map constructed using the accident investigation sheet was used as a data collection instrument. This study was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Higher Institutes of Education of the Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora Educational Center under protocol number 92070618.3.0000.5524. Results: there was a predominance of male victims (62.1%), young adults (36.8%), without school attendance (2.2%) and urban origin (31%). The majority of accidents occurred in the rural area (42.4%) and the foot was the most affected member (25.5%). Scorpion accidents stood out among accidents (46.8%), followed by snakes (32.9%), and the botrópico genus (13.9%). Cases classified as light (62.6%), use of serum therapy (48.1%) and evolution to cure (79.4%) predominated. Conclusion: Accidents are influenced by regional characteristics presenting different form according to the region studied. Epidemiological studies related to these accidents contribute to the situational diagnosis and monitoring of exposures and outcomes.Descriptors: Disease Notification. Information Systems. Accidents for venomous animals.
Trends in seasonal influenza vaccine coverage of target groups in France, 2006/07 to 2015/16: Impact of recommendations and 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic
Authors: Verger Pierre , Fressard Lisa , Cortaredona Sébastien , Lévy-Bruhl Daniel , Loulergue Pierre , Galtier Florence , Bocquier Aurélie
Published: November 2018

Background and aims

Seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) uptake (SIVU) rates in France are below target. We (i) describe trends in French SIVU over 10 consecutive seasons among different target groups and (ii) examine the effects of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic and the publication of new SIV recommendations in 2011 and 2013.

Methods

Our study was based on records of vaccines delivered in community pharmacies for a permanent, representative sample of 805,000 beneficiaries of the French National Health Insurance Fund. For the first objective, we analysed SIVU rate trends among ≥ 65 year olds as well as among  < 65 year olds with each of the following conditions: diabetes, respiratory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, or chronic liver disease. For the second goal, we computed segmented log-binomial regression analyses.

Results

After the 2009 pandemic, except for the target group with liver diseases, where the difference was not statistically significant, SIVU fell significantly in all groups during the 2010/11 season, remaining relatively stable until 2015/16 in groups not targeted by new recommendations. Crude SIVU rates in 2015/16 were 48% (43,950/91,794) for ≥ 65 year olds and between 16% (407/2,565) and 29% (873/3,056) for  < 65 year olds depending on their condition. SIVU increased modestly after new recommendations were published, but only in patients newly eligible for a free vaccine voucher.

Conclusions

Our results suggest: (i) a prolonged confidence crisis in SIV, initially impelled by the 2009 pandemic vaccination campaign; (ii) that new recommendations are ineffective without additional measures. Interventional research in this field is a priority.
Use of Lipat Algorithm on Android to Secure Data Communication in Social Media
Authors: Wintolo Hero , Pujiastuti Asih , Imam Muhammad
Published: November 2018

Cryptography is one of science that learn about securing a message. Message security is done by randomizing the message (encryption) and returned to it’s original form (description). In this study, the designer of the system first and build an application to secure the message by using the Lipat Algorithm method that aims to secure messages consisting of letters, numbers, or symbols. Applications are designed and built running on Mobile Android. The Lipat Algorithm Method applies a fourfold system in the encryption process and the description of the message to be encrypted and in the description will advance 4 (four) characters forward or backward. Based on testing done the application managed to perform the encryption process and description correctly, ranging from short messages to messages as much as 2305 characters.
Pravni položaj žene po odredbama srednjovjekovnog Skradinskog statuta
Authors: Pezelj Vilma , Erent Sunko Zrinka , Harašić Žaklina
Published: November 2018

Autorice analiziraju neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene po odredbama srednjovjekovnog Skradinskog statuta, ukazujući na rješenja drugih dalmatinskih pravnih sustava, posebno splitskog, trogirskog, zadarskog i šibenskog, što je nužno zbog nedorečenosti statutarne materije. U uvodnom dijelu navode se vrela skradinskog srednjovjekovnog prava, a u središnjem su dijelu obrađena neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene u statusnom, obiteljskom, imovinskom, procesnom i kaznenom pravu. Pravni položaj žene prema statutarnim odredbama Skradinskog statuta upotpunjen je analizom malobrojnih sačuvanih notarskih zapisa. Statutarne odredbe predstavljaju normativnu stranu srednjovjekovnog pravnog sustava dok notarski zapisi daju cjelovitiji uvid u pravni položaj žene u srednjovjekovnom Skradinu.
(Nefunkcionalan) institucionalni okvir i problemi ostvarivanja prava na pravično suđenje
Authors: Grbić Sanja , Bodul Dejan
Published: November 2018

Predstečajni postupci su, po svojoj prirodi i zakonskim propisima, postupci in exstremis u cilju očuvanja vrijednosti sredstava i zaštite interesa vjerovnika. Ipak, vrijeme potrebito za otvaranje predstečajnog postupka dulje je od zakonom predviđenih rokova. Stoga unatoč kvalitetno postavljenom normativnom okviru, problemi koji onemogućavaju učinkovitiji predstečajni postupak nisu oni vezani uz tekst zakona i pratećih propisa, već se nalaze u primjeni i/ili izvan samog predstečajnog pravnog okvira. Autori postavljaju tezu – kako reforma predstečajne nagodbe koja je rezultirala predstečajnim postupkom nije bila višestrana – činjenicom da zakonodavac nije predvidio učinke i posljedice koje će zakonske izmjene proizvesti te uslijed toga nije niti pripremio (pravosudni) sustav da ih spremno dočeka. Kompleksnost predmeta istraživanja i postavljeni zadaci uvjetovali su izbor metoda pa je u istraživanju prvenstveno korišten normativno-pravni metodološki pristup. U radu će se analizirati i praksa Europskog suda za ljudska prava u postupcima uz članak 6. jer polazimo od pretpostavke da saznanja o ovome mogu biti ključna za razumijevanje problematike rada.
Bona fides u parničnom postupku – teorijska razmatranja
Authors: Rakočević Milka
Published: November 2018

Procesna su ovlaštenja predviđena zakonom kako bi parnične stranke ostvarile pravnu zaštitu koju traže od suda, ali istodobno i da bi se zaštitio pravni poredak. Zbog društvene funkcije koju parnični postupak ima, sudionici u postupku dužni su ponašati se lojalno i savjesno koristiti svoja procesna ovlaštenja. Imajući u vidu široko postavljenu koncepciju savjesnog vršenja prava, u okviru parničnog postupka, na strankama primarno leži dužnost da pred sudom savjesno koriste procesna prava i da ne zloupotrebljavaju svoja procesna ovlaštenja. U radu se nastoji obraditi pitanje bona fides u parničnom postupku. Nakon uvodnih razmatranja o konceptu bona fides i teoriji zlouporabe prava u parničnom postupku, središnji i opsegom najveći dio rada posvećen je analizi pojma, značenja i funkcije principa zabrane zlouporabe prava u parničnom postupku, s posebnim osvrtom na kriterije za definiranje zloupotrebe procesnih ovlaštenja.
Standards of the European Court of Human Rights in the area of administrative law with special reference to the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Stefanovska Vesna , Sinani Blerton
Published: November 2018

In many occasions, the European Court of Human Rights has reiterated that the ECHR is a ‘living instrument’. The rights enshrined in the Convention have to be interpreted in the light of present day conditions so as to be practical and effective. Therefore, the Court has on several occasions modified its views on certain subjects because of scientific developments. Although in the scope of Article 6(1) of European Convention on Human Rights are civil rights and obligations and criminal charges, the application to administrative disputes has arised from the Court’s case-law. This paper will try to analyze the framework of administrative disputes in the Republic of Macedonia, mainly the Law on Administrative Disputes and its consolidation with the international standards, specifically with the ECHR. Further, subject of elaboration will be the Macedonian dossier in Strasbourg and the judgments in which the ECtHR found violation of Article 6 of ECHR in relation to administrative disputes and procedures.
Pristanak pacijenta na medicinski zahvat kao razlog za isključenje protupravnosti
Authors: Mišić Radanović Nina
Published: November 2018

Iako je pristanak oštećenika pojam koji je materijalno identičan u građanskom i kaznenom pravu, njegov je učinak različit. Dok u hrvatskom odštetnom pravu pravno valjan pristanak pacijenta kao oštećenika isključuje protupravnost medicinske intervencije, to nije slučaj u kaznenom pravu. Zbog složenosti ove problematike autorica obrađuju pojmove različitih vrsta pristanka pacijenta, od pretpostavljenog pristanka, zamjenskog ili surogat-pristanka do anticipirane naredbe/punomoći za slučaj nesposobnosti te posebno analizira sve uvjete potrebne za njegovu valjanost. Budući da u kaznenom pravu postoje različita stajališta o učinku pristanka oštećenika uopće, u radu su posebno prikazana dva suprotna stajališta zastupljena u komparativnom pravu u pogledu učinka pristanka pacijenta na medicinski zahvat. Autorica prikazuje normativni model ekskulpacijskog učinka pristanka prema kojemu nanošenje teške ili osobito teške tjelesne ozljede u liječenju ili djelatnosti u svrhu liječenja nije protupravno ako je pacijent dao pristanak u obliku i pod uvjetima predviđenima zakonom, te model prema kojemu je pristanak oštećenika bitan samo za biće djela.
Multimodal transport in Kosovo
Authors: Jashari Nexhat
Published: November 2018

Development of the classic branches of transport until after the year 1999 was a characteristic of economic policies in Kosovo, which came as a result of improper functioning of the market economy and non-application of modern technologies.
Despite the great importance that the multimodal transport has for Kosovo, till today initial steps have been taken with the approval of the sector strategy for the multimodal transport 2015-2025 by the Kosovo Government, respectively by the Ministry of Infrastructure. The aim of this strategy is to set priorities in terms of infrastructure, as well as in terms of legal regulation. This paper addresses this topic in Kosovo for the first time, among other things notes the newly established circumstances in Kosovo after the war in 1999, which led to the change of policy development in the field of transport in order to adapt to the newly created circumstances and approximate with EU integration processes.
Measurement of Visitor’s Satisfaction Through Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) Method About Servicescape
Authors: Waryono S.Pd. , Pasaribu
Published: November 2018

This research is motivated by the visitor’s complaints about servicescape at the visitor Attraction of Ngalau Indah Cave in Payakumbuh city. The research objective was to determine the extent to which level of visitor satisfaction about servicescape Attraction in Ngalau Indah Cave in Payakumbuh, consisting of dimensions: ambient condition, spatial layout and functionality, sign, symbol, and artifacts. This research was a descriptive using quantitative data through survey method. The research population was the visitors who visited Ngalau Indah cave, Payakumbuh. Population of this research totaled 3,233 people. Sampling method used is non-probability sampling, with the kind of purposive sampling. The number of samples in this research amounted to 100 respondents. Data collection is done by distributing questionnaires using Likert scale that has been tested for validity and reliability. Furthermore, the data were analyzed through descriptive analysis Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and categorizing the level of satisfaction based on four quadrant Cartesian diagram. The research concluded that the level of visitor satisfaction about services cape Attraction in Ngalau Indah Cave, Payakumbuh city in general as much as 35.72% of visitors expressed great satisfaction. While based on the dimensions services cape namely: 1) ambient condition, asmany as 50% of visitors expressed great satisfaction. 2) spatial layout and functionality, as much as 40% of visitors expressed great satisfaction. 3) sign, symbol, and artifacts, as much as 20% of visitors expressed great satisfaction.
PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK BATUBARA DAN PROSES PEMBAKARAN PADA BOILER BATUBARA BUBUK (PULVERIZED COAL) TERHADAP EMISI NOx DI INDUSTRI TEKSTIL
Authors: Furqon Mochammad , Sugiyana Doni
Published: November 2018

Dalam penelitian ini dipelajari perkiraan emisi NOx dari penggunaan boiler batubara bubuk di industritekstil berdasarkan pengaruh karakteristik batubara dan proses pembakaran pada boiler. Penelitian dilakukanmelalui pendekatan pengembangan empiris untuk memperkirakan pembentukan NOx dengan menganalisis faktor –faktor: karakteristik batubara, desain – operasi burner dan desain – operasi boiler. Kandungan nitrogen, zat terbangdan kehalusan butir diidentifikasi sebagai karakteristik batubara yang mempengaruhi emisi NOx. Jumlah putaranburner di atas 1,0 pada penggunaan burner ditemukan mampu menghasilkan kadar emisi NOx lebih rendah.Pengoperasian boiler perlu memperhatikan aspek konsentrasi oksigen dan proses pelepasan panas pada daerahburner karena potensial mempengaruhi tingkat emisi NOx.
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUK NON WOVEN MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN MESIN NEEDLE PUNCH
Authors: Eriningsih Rifaida , Sudiyanto Sudiyanto
Published: November 2018

Prototip Mesin Non Woven Needle Punch yang ada di Balai Besar Tekstil selama ini masih belummemenuhi persyaratan, baik komponen mesinnya sendiri maupun hasil produknya. Untuk itu maka tujuan daripenelitian ini adalah melakukan pengembangan mesin tersebut dengan melengkapi beberapa komponen, yaitu satuset jarum dan komponennya, rol penyuap, dudukan lapisan dasar dan rol out put, serta meningkatkan kecepatangerakan dan penetrasi jarum dengan menyempurnakan gerakan eksentrik dan pulley eksentrik, sehingga diperolehpeningkatan kualitas hasil produknya. Dalam pengembangan mesin tersebut dilakukan dengan melengkapi 1 setjarum nomor 36 beserta dudukannya (needle board) yang dapat digunakan untuk proses serat rayon, meningkatkanputaran pulley dan eksentrik dari 150 rpm menjadi 500 rpm, menambah komponen-komponen tersebut di atas sertamembuat dinding penyekat untuk ukuran lebar kain. Dari hasil pengembangan mesin tersebut, maka prosespersiapan pemasukan serat /web dapat terukur dan kontinyu, sehingga meningkatkan homogenitas tebal kain,ikatan antar serat yang terjadi lebih kuat, karena gerakan jarum-jarum (needle punch) meningkat dan hasil produkkain nonwoven dapat digulung pada rol penggulung. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari hasil uji tebal kain, berat kain,kekuatan tarik, daya tembus udara, kekuatan jebol dan daya serap air, yang memberikan koefisien variasi relatifkecil dibandingkan hasil uji kain non woven pada mesin sebelum dimodifikasi. Demikian juga unjuk kerja mesinmenjadi lebih baik.
PEMBUATAN SERAT NANO KITOSAN TANPA BEADS MELALUI PENAMBAHAN PVA DAN HDA
Authors: Judawisastra Hermawan , Winiati Wiwin , Ramadhianti Prisa Annisa
Published: November 2018

Serat nano kitosan telah berhasil dibuat melalui penambahan polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), denganpermasalahan pada kadar kitosan diatas 50% berat dengan derajat deasetilasi kitosan di bawah 70%, pembentukanbutiran (beads) masih terjadi sepanjang serat nano kitosan/PVA. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat serat nanotanpa beads yang berbahan dasar kitosan dengan derajat deasetilasi lebih kecil dari 70%. Pembuatan serat nanokitosan dilakukan melalui penambahan polimer PVA dan surfaktan kationik Hexadecylamine (HDA). Sintesiskitosan dilakukan melalui deasetilasi kitin dari kulit udang windu selama 4 jam. Kajian literatur yang mendalampada pembuatan serat nano kitosan/PVA dilakukan dengan analisis mengenai hubungan antara derajat deasetilasikitosan dengan jumlah PVA yang diperlukan untuk membuat serat nano tanpa beads. Larutan dengan variasi rasiokitosan/PVA/HDA dibuat dan diproses menjadi serat nano kitosan/PVA/HDA melalui proses electrospinning.Karakterisasi serat nano dilakukan untuk menentukan morfologi dan diameter serat nano dengan menggunakanScanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Suatu persamaan untuk menentukan kadar PVA yang diperlukan dalammembuat serat nano kitosan/PVA tanpa beads telah diperoleh. Namun, penambahan PVA saja tidak akan efektifdalam mengurangi jumlah beads pada serat nano kitosan. Penambahan HDA pada larutan kitosan/PVA efektifmenghilangkan beads serat nano berbahan dasar kitosan (kadar kitosan 60% berat) dengan derajat deasetilasi 65%.Serat nano kitosan tanpa beads dengan derajat deasetilasi 65% dapat dibuat melalui proses electrospinning denganpenambahan PVA sebesar 40% berat larutan dan penambahan HDA 1x10-6 mol/L.
BENANG GELATIN/ALGINAT SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU KAIN KASA
Authors: Eriningsih Rifaida , Mutia Theresia , Sjaifudin Achmad
Published: November 2018

Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan benang campuran gelatin/alginat melalui proses wet spinning.Alginat yang digunakan adalah hasil ekstraksi dari rumput laut coklat yang dibuat tanpa proses pemutihan yangmemberikan kekuatan tarik yang relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan alginat komersial (Manutex RS). Hasilpercobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum diperoleh pada perbandingan gelatin/alginat 75/25, denganpenambahan zat pengikat Transglutaminase (TGA) dapat meningkatkan kekuatan tarik menjadi 1024 g, kekuatansimpul 688,5 g dan mulur sekitar 12 %, yang memenuhi syarat dapat ditenun menjadi kain kasa. Selain itu benangtersebut bersifat antibakteri, berdaya serap tinggi sehingga diharapkan hasil pertenunan akan memenuhi syaratsebagai kasa pembalut luka.
PENINGKATAN SIFAT MEKANIK SERAT KITOSAN MELALUI PROSES PLASTISISASI DENGAN GLISEROL SETELAH PROSES DEHIDRASI DENGAN METANOL
Authors: Winiati Wiwin , Wahyudi Tatang , Kurniawan Indra , Yulina Rizka
Published: November 2018

Serat kitosan mempunyai sifat getas, kekuatan yang rendah terutama dalam keadaan basah dan elongasisaat putus yang rendah disebabkan kristalin yang tinggi. Untuk dapat digunakan sebagai benang operasimonofilamen, diperlukan serat kitosan dengan diameter yang relatif kecil tetapi mempunyai kekuatan tarik yangtinggi disertai fleksibilitas dan elongasi yang baik sehingga mudah dibuat simpul. Proses dehidrasi dengan metanoltelah berhasil meningkatkan kekuatan dan menurunkan diameter tetapi elongasi menurun. Penelitian ini ditujukanuntuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik terutama elongasi serat kitosan dengan cara melakukan proses plastisisasidengan gliserol setelah proses dehidrasi dengan metanol . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada serat kitosanyang dibuat dari larutan kitosan dengan viskositas 5.684 mPa.s dengan alat wet-spinning menggunakan spinneretdengan diameter 1500 μm, proses dehidrasi dengan metanol dilanjutkan dengan proses plastisisasi dengan gliserolmemberikan penurunan diameter 7 %, peningkatan densitas 46%, peningkatan kekuatan tarik 90%, danpeningkatan elongasi 167 %. Dengan proses plastisisasi serat kitosan menjadi lebih hidrofil, densitas dan %kristalinitas naik sehingga serat lebih padat merata dan memberikan peningkatan elongasi yang signifikan.
PENDEKATAN MATEMATIK UNTUK PENENTUAN PELEPASAN GAS SO2 PADA TUNGKU PEMBAKARAN FLUIDIZED BED SIRKULASI BATUBARA
Authors: Furqon Mochamad
Published: November 2018

Pada tulisan ini dilakukan pendekatan matematik untuk menganalisis reaksi antara muatan bahan batubaradan batu kapur dengan udara pada pembakaran batubara di dalam tungku fluidized bed sirkulasi. Pendekatandidasarkan pada asumsi-asumsi terhadap aliran udara masuk dan aliran muatan bahan. Sasaran analisis ditujukanpada reaksi antara belerang dan batu kapur. Melalui penentuan laju reaksi per unit volume bahan padat dan gas,akan diperoleh parameter reaksi yaitu parameter perbandingan Ca/S dan parameter distribusi bahan padat. Padaanalisis dari sisi bahan padat diperoleh bahwa reaksi bahan padat dan waktu retensi bahan pada tungkumempengaruhi laju reaksi dan pelepasan gas SO2. Pendekatan yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan hasilpengukuran pelepasan gas SO2 pada pembakaran batubara tidak banyak berbeda, pada rasio mole Ca/S : 1,3 dan 1,4dan waktu retensi 2 jam hasil perhitungan dan pengukuran pelepasan gas SO2 relatif sama.
PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI PEREDAM SUARA DARI BAHAN BAKU SERAT ALAM
Authors: Eriningsih Rifaida , Widodo Mukti , Marlina Rini
Published: November 2018

Serat alam pada umumnya memiliki kemampuan  menyerap suara untuk mengendalikan kebisingan. Untuk mengurangi kebisingan khususnya terhadap bunyi mesin tekstil, maka dalam penelitian ini dibuat komposit peredam suara berpenguat serat rami, kelapa dan abaka. Komposit terdiri dari lembaran non woven needle punch yang diproses dengan sistem compression moulding dengan matriks resin epoksi. Perbandingan berat fraksi serat:  resin adalah 5:7, tekanan 60 kg/cm2 dan suhu pengeringan 70oC. Karakterisasi komposit peredam suara didasarkan pada jenis serat, sifat fisik serat dan morfologi. Kualitas dari bahan peredam suara ditunjukkan dengan nilai α (koefisien penyerapan bahan terhadap bunyi). Dari hasil uji absorpsi suara dengan sistem tabung impedansi diketahui bahwa komposit serat kelapa pada frekuensi standar maupun tinggi menunjukkan α relatif tinggi masing-masing 0,84 dan 0,96.  Komposit serat abaka pada frekuensi standar memberikan α cukup tinggi  (0,82), namun pada frekuensi tinggi relatif rendah (0,42). Komposit serat rami menunjukkan α relatif lebih rendah baik pada frekuensi standar maupun frekuensi tinggi (masing-masing 0,54 dan 0,49). Hasil uji absorpsi suara tersebut berhubungan dengan sifat porositas komposit yang dibuktikan dari hasil uji morfologi melalui Scanning Electron Microspcope (SEM). Sebagai standar pembanding digunakan peredam  suara glasswool pada frekuensi standar yang menunjukkan bahwa komposit serat kelapa dengan tebal 30,5 mm dan komposit serat abaka dengan tebal 20 mm memberikan α lebih tinggi dari pembanding tersebut, sedangkan komposit serat rami dengan tebal lebih kecil dari 15 mm masih mendekati glasswool.  Rata-rata pada frekuensi standar dan tinggi  menghasilkan koefisien absorbsi komposit rami dengan α = 0,52, komposit kelapa dengan  α = 0,90 dan komposit abaka dengan α = 0,62. Komposit tersebut  keseluruhan masih diatas standar glasswool.
Oscar Niemeyer: ensayos tipológicos y morfológicos sobre la arquitectura de formas libres
Authors: Bullaro Luca
Published: November 2018

Este artículo analiza algunas obras de Oscar Niemeyer, seleccionadas por su innovación plástica y conceptual, y propone su clasificación según tres características diferentes: las primeras dos reúnen unos proyectos cuya génesis se desarrolla a partir de la definición proyectual de la planta o de la sección; el tercero tipo es una superposición de las dos primeras, en la cual el diseño nace a partir de la fusión espacial entre huella planimétrica y alzado, e intenta dar vida a un novedoso espacio orgánico, cuatridimensional que recuerda experimentos recientes de la arquitectura contemporánea. La investigación del maestro carioca se adelantó a su tiempo y es una de las influencias más importantes para la segunda generación de los protagonistas de la arquitectura de la Modernidad.
Registration of Seven Upland Cotton Germplasm Lines (PSLC‐U01, PSLC‐U02, PSLC‐U03, PSLC‐U04, PSLC‐U05, PSLC‐U06, and PSLC‐U07) for the Texas High Plains Possessing Superior Fiber Traits and Good Yield
Authors: Burke John J. , Ulloa Mauricio
Published: November 2018

Seven upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines—PSLC‐U01 (Reg. No. GP‐1038, PI 687031), PSLC‐U02 (Reg. No. GP‐1039, PI 687032), PSLC‐U03 (Reg. No. GP‐1040, PI 687033), PSLC‐U04 (Reg. No. GP‐1041, PI 687034), PSLC‐U05 (Reg. No. GP‐1042, PI 687035), PSLC‐U06 (Reg. No. GP‐1043, PI 687036), and PSLC‐U07 (Reg. No. GP‐1044, PI 687037)—were developed by the USDA–ARS and jointly released with Cotton Incorporated in 2017. The plant stress laboratory cotton (PSLC) germplasm lines originated from the cross of two distinct commercial cultivars from different cotton growing regions of the United States, ‘Phytogen 72’ (PHY 72 [female] far west [PVP #200100115]) and ‘Stoneville 474’ (STV 474 [male] mid‐south [PVP# 9400152]). The PSLC‐U01 to PSLC‐U07 lines were originally selected from a total of 137 F7 recombinant inbred lines in 2014; each line derived from a single seed or plant decent (F1:7). In 2014 and 2016, at the USDA–ARS Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research Unit, Lubbock, TX, 137 and 27 lines were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three and four single 6.1‐m‐plot replications under two irrigation regimes (regular and reduced by half using subsurface drip irrigation system), respectively. In 2016, 7 lines of the 27 advanced breeding lines (PSLC‐U01, PSLC‐U02, PSLC‐U03, PSLC‐U04, PSLC‐U05, PSLC‐U06, and PSLC‐U07) were selected for release on the basis of good overall agronomic performance and superior fiber quality properties in these tests when they were compared with original parents and four upland commercial check cultivars.
Holocene environmental change in Tonle Sap, Cambodia based on fossil diatoms
Authors: Nguyen Hang Thi Gia , Le Thuyen Xuan
Published: November 2018

Tonle Sap Lake (“Great Lake”, Cambodia) is a biggest inland freshwater body. The size of the lake is changed dynamically following monsoon via connected to the Mekong river, especially the flood pulse. The flood pulse on Tonle Sap has affected considerably the lake’s ecological property as well diatom assemblages. The present study aimed to assess the impact of the flood pulse to diatom assemblages by time. Two short sediment cores from Tonle Sap Lake with the depth of 1.54 m and 1.27 m respectively below the lake floor were collected in May 2013 and 2015 and one short sediment core with the depth of 1.68 m was collected from the confluence of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap River in May, 2013. The sedimentations were dated by using radiometric dating (210Pb and 137Cs). Succession of fossil diatom assemblages was calculated by Rarefaction index (ES) and species richness is by Hill's N2 index. A total of 70 diatom species was released, and the diversity of diatom assemblages was extremely fluctuated in function of time (p-value = 0.0045***). Especially, 6 diatom taxa: Aulacoseira distans, Aulacoseira granulata, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima, Gyrosigma acuminatum, Gyrosigma attenuatum and Paralia sulcata characterized by the highest relative abundance (>1 %). In term of ecology, these species are the epipelic diatoms living commonly in eutrophication and high suspendid solid conditions. In fact, it is clear that the onset of flood pulses affected considerably the studied diatom assemblages in particular, and made sense to bio-community in general; also the lacustrine environment of Tonle Sap lake was changed very strongly in response to this shift of hydrological regime.
PENGARUH TINGKAT KEMATANGAN DAN JENIS GULA DALAM PEMBUATAN “NATA DE COCO”
Authors: Ninsix Retti
Published: November 2018

Air kelapa yang dihasilkan di Indonesia berjumlah lebih dari 900 juta liter pertahun. Bahan ini sebagian kecil sudah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat, sedangkan selebihnya sering merupakan bahan yang terbuang begitu saja dan berakibat buruk terhadap kesuburan tanah khususnya tanah lahan pertanian.“nata de coco” merupakan jenis makanan hasil fermentasi air kelapa oleh suatu bakteri Acetobacter Xylinum. Makanan ini membentuk padat,putih,transparan dan rasanya menyerupai kolang kaling. Biasanya disajikan campuran dalam “fruit bowl, ” fruit cocktail”, ice cream atau cukup diberikan sirup saja.Cara kerja pembuatan “nata de coco” sederhana dan mudah dikerjakan, hanya saja memerlukan suasana yang bersih dan kondisi yang aseptis.Penelitian menggunakan ranncangan acak lengkap (RAL) dalam bentuk factorial yang terdiri dari 2 faktor ( A sebagai factor 1 dan B sebagai factor ke -2 ) yang setiap factor terdiri dari 3 taraf ( A1 = a1,a2.a3 dan B = b0,b2,b3 ) dan 3 ulangan, di uji lanjut dengan BNJ pada taraf 5%. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah a1,b0 (air kelapa tua : glukosa), a1,b1 (air kelapa tua : sukrosa), a1,b2 (air kelapa tua : fruktosa), a2,b0 ( air kelapa ½ tua : glukosa), a2,b1 (air kelapa ½ tua : sukrosa), a2,b2 (air kelapa ½ tua : glukosa), a3,b0 (air kelapa muda : glukosa), a3,b1 (air kelapa muda : sukrosa), a3,b2 (air kelapa muda : fruktosa).Pengamatan yang dilakukan terhadap rendemen, ketebalan, kadar air, total asam, kadar gula dan uji organoleptik terhadap nilai warna, tekstur dan rasa.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kematangan kelapa dan jenis gula yang digunakan berpengaruh nyata terjadi aksi dari kedua factor terhadap nilai kadar gula, ketebalan dan kadar air dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai total asam dan rendemen tetapi tidak terjadi interaksi dari kedua factor, terhadap nilai organoleptik terhadap nilai rasa, warna dan tekstur cendrung disukai. Perlakuan yang terbaik yaitu tingkat kematangan kelapa tua dan jenis gula glukosa
STUDI PEMBUATAN YANGKO
Authors: Nuroso Agus
Published: November 2018

Tujuan dari proses pembuatan yangko adalah dapat mengetahui dan memahami proses pembuatan Yangko sehingga dihasilkan yangko dengan Tekstur lunak, Warnanya cukup terang/cukup muda, Rasanya manis, Memiliki aftertaste agak lengket di gigi, manis terasa lama, berkesan gurih, aroma menarik. Oleh karena itu diperlukan inovasi produk. Inovasi ini dapat berupa perkembangan produk Yangko yang memiliki berbagai macam jenis seperti rasa coklat, rasa strawberry, kacang, keju, maupun rasa buah-buahan. Produk yangko yang prima memerlukan ketelitian sejak pengadaan bahan dasar, tahap pembuatannya sampai pada distribusinya. Oleh karena itu, pengolahannya harus tepat, baik perbandingan bahan – bahannya maupun langkah – langkah pembuatannya, serta hasilnya juga harus berpenampilan menarik. Proses pembuatan Yangko dibagi menjadi dua tahap yaitu pembuatan tepung beras ketan dan pemasakan. Dalam pembuatan Yangko, gula pasir dilarutkan dalam air mendidih. Proses pembuatan yangko meliputi pemilihan bahan dasar, pencampuran dengan bahan lain, pemasakan, pengemasan, dan pelabelan.
PERBANDINGAN PENGGUNAAN KALSIUM KARBONAT DAN NATRIUM KARBONAT DALAM PEMISAHAN CANGKANG DAN KERNEL
Authors: Sari Vonny Indah
Published: November 2018

Clay bath is where the separation of the shell, core nucleus intact and broken. The process of separation occurs because of differences in density between the core with the shell with the help of a solution of CaCO3. Core with a lighter density in the solution of CaCO3 floats and shells with a greater specific gravity settle to the bottom. This process is carried out in a cone-shaped vessel is equipped with a pump to circulate CaCO3. The existence of the circulation of fluid motion will bring the kernel into the sieve vibration to be cleaned and then sent to the kernel in the Kernel Wet Fan heading to Kernel Shiloh to the heat. This reseach compared the performance of the solution with a solution of Na2CO3 and CaCO3 in their shells and kernels, seen from the solubility rate between kalsim carbonate and sodium carbonate in water
PENGOLAHAN NUGGET SAYUR
Authors: Rujiah Rujiah , Ninsix Retti , Hayati Zinatal
Published: November 2018

Selama ini nugget yang dijual dipasaran berasal dari bahan baku hewani seperti ikan, daging, ayam maupun udang. Dengan memodifikasi bahan dasar pengolahan nugget pada penelitian ini dengan menggunakan sayur seperti wortel diharapkan dapat menghasilkan nugget yang bergizi tinggi namun harganya lebih murah sehingga dapat dikonsumsi oleh semua kalangan masyarakat Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Formulasi Perbandingan Wortel (Daucus carota L) dan Ikan Gabus (Ophiocephalus stiatus) Terhadap Karakteristik Nugget. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh perlakuan yang terbaik yaitu perlakuan E (3:1) dengan Kadar Air (61,75%), Kada Abu (20%), Kadar Protein (8%), Kadar Lemak (13,25%), Kadar B-Karoten (5,50%), Kadar Karbohidrat (17,25%), Warna (3,50), Rasa (3,25), Aroma (3,00), dan Tekstur (3,00).
SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG TERIGU DENGAN TEPUNG KACANG HIJAU DALAM PENGOLAHAN MIE KERING
Authors: Sriyanto Sriyanto , Apriyanto Mulono
Published: November 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik mie dari pencampuran tepung terigu dengan penambahan bahan tepung kacang hijau yang digunakan. Pencampuran bahan, penggilingan, pencetakan, pengukusan (100 0C selama 12 menit). Pendinginan (15 menit)dan menghasilkan mie. Penambahan tepung kacang hijau dengan berbagai variasi yaitu, 80% tepung kacang hijau, 20% tepung terigu, 70% tepung kacang hijau, 30% tepung terigu, 60% tepung kacang hijau 40% tepung terigu dan 50% tepung kacang hijau 50% tepung terigu dan dilakukan 4 kali ulangan.Untuk analisa dilakukan untuk menetukan kadar protein, kadar abu, kadar air, penilaian organoleptik meliputi warna mie, tekstur mie, aroma mie , rasa mie dan kekenyalan mie. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi perlakuan penambahan tepung kacang hijau 50% tepung kacang hijau dan 50% tepung terigu mendapatkan hasil yang baik, semakin tinggi volume tepung terigu semakin baik pula mie yang dihasilkan.
STUDI KONSENTRASI GULA YANG TEPAT DALAM PEMBUATAN SIRUP BUAH KELUBI (Eleiodoxa conferta)
Authors: Melisa Rekka , Mardesci Hermiza
Published: November 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi gula terhadap mutu sirup buah kelubi yang dihasilkan. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan, bahwa perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada D (larutan gula sukrosa 125%/bb) dengan kadar gula total 42.353%, kandungan vitamin C 0.1183%, total padatan terlarut 64.267oBrix, dan pH 2.750%. Dengan hasil uji organoleptik yang disukai panelis, warna 3.3000% aroma 3.4167%, rasa 3.3167% dan kekentalan 3.5500%. Pada pembuatan sirup asam kelubi dengan penambahan gula sukrosa 80%, 95%, 110% dan 125% belum menghasilkan sirup buah kelubi kadar gula dengan standar SNI.
KAJIAN PENERAPAN CARA PRODUKSI YANG BAIK (CPB) DAN PENGARUH SUMBER MATA AIR TERHADAP MUTU AIR MINUM ISI ULANG (AMIU) DI KECAMATAN TEMBILAHAN HULU
Authors: Pertiwi Dina , Ninsix Retti
Published: November 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dari mana sumber mata air yang digunakan Depot RR QUA, SPDP-99, ARAYA, Dan CACA WATER untuk diolah menjadi air minum Isi ulang, lalu apakah ada penerapan CPB pada depot air minum RR QUA, SPDP-99, ARAYA, Dan CACA WATER Dan apakah ada pencemaran bakteri Escherichia coli pada produksi air minum di sejumlah depot air minum isi ulang di Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG CANGKANG TELUR TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MIE BASAH YANG DIHASILKAN
Authors: Asviani Tria , Ninsix Retti
Published: November 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk persentase tepung cangkang telur yang tepat pada pengolahan mie basah terhadap karakteristik mie basah yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan syarat mutu mie basah menurut SNI 2046-90. Penelitian ini mengolah cangkang telur menjadi tepung lalu selanjutnya diolah kembali menjadi mie basah untuk memanfaatkan cangkang telur yang hanya menjadi limbah dimasyarakat, karena cangkang telur memiliki kandungan kalsium yang cukup tinggi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh manusia.Rancangan percobaan pada penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu perlakuan A (Tepung Cangkang Telur 7,5% per Berat Bahan), B (Tepung Cangkang Telur 15% per Berat Bahan), C (Tepung Cangkang Telur 22,5% per Berat Bahan), D (Tepung Cangkang Telur 30% per Berat Bahan), dengan berat bahan 250 gram tepung terigu. Analisa yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung cangkang telur terhadap karakteristik mie basah yang dihasilkan diantaranya yaitu kadar kalsium, kadar air, kadar abu dan organoleptik (Rasa, Warna, Aroma, dan Tekstur). Hasil karakteristik mie basah terbaik dari penelitian ini yaitu pada perlakuan A dengan penambahan tepung cangkang telur 7,5% per berat bahan yang menghasilkan nilai kadar kalsium 0,32%, nilai kadar air 19,33%, nilai kadar abu 1,30%, nilai rasa 3,70, nilai warna 4,50, nilai aroma 3,40 dan nilai tekstur 3,50.
PERUBAHAN pH , KEASAMAN DAN INDEKS FERMENTASI BIJI KAKAO SELAMA FERMENTASI HASIL BIJI KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO)
Authors: Apriyanto Mulono
Published: November 2018

Most cocoa beans are produced by farmers Indonesia is dry cocoa drying whose quality can be improved by the fermentation method, but it takes more optimization for fermentation can run well. This study aimed to determine changes in the chemical properties of fermented dry cocoa beans drying. Dry beans drying is obtained by drying the wet cocoa beans (fresh) in a cabinet dryer with a previously conditioned at a temperature such as drying in the sun, and each determined the reduction of sugar levels. Experiments fermented dry cocoa beans are fermented in the fermentation container with the amount of 100 grams of seed per container. Before the first fermented dry cocoa beans drying on rehydration to obtain a moisture content approaching fresh beans, dry beans drying then incubated for six days and without inverted during fermentation. Each treatment was repeated three times and observed every 24 hours to 120 hours. Reduction sugar, acid levels tertitrasi, the population of yeasts and acetic acid bacteria in fermented pulp was observed during the fermentation process. To determine the quality of dry beans drying measurement of pH and the fermentation index during fermentation.
PENENTUAN PRODUK PROSPEKTIF DARI TIGA PRODUK UNGGULAN OLAHAN KELAPA DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR, RIAU
Authors: Mardesci Hermiza , Santosa Santosa , Nazir Novizar , Hadiguna Rika Ampuh
Published: November 2018

Indragiri Hilir merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Riau yang menghasilkan cukup banyak kelapa. Kelapa tersebut berpotensi untuk dilakukan pengolahan lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan berbagai macam produk olahan. Pada tulisan ini akan membahas kajian pengembangan agroindustri kelapa, yang meliputi pemilihan alternatif produk olahan komoditas kelapa.Penentuan kriteria dan alternatif produk olahan kelapa pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan diskusi dengan pakar. Wawancara dengan menggunakan kuisioner dilakukan terhadap pakar untuk mengetahui preferensi pakar terhadap alternatif berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditentukan. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap tiga orang pakar, yang meliputi akademisi, tenaga penyuluh, dan pendamping kelompok tani.Metode pengolahan data pada penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan teknik fuzzy group decision making, pengambilan keputusan kelompok secara fuzzy dengan preferensi independen menggunakan multi expert multi criteria decision making (ME-MCDM).Dari hasil analisis dengan menggunakan teknik fuzzy non numeric decision making diperoleh produk yang prospektif untuk dikembangkan adalah minyak kelapa.
STUDI PENAMBAHAN IKAN GABUS (Channa striata) TERHADAP MUTU DENDENG DAUN KATUK (Sauropus androgynus)
Authors: Fatimah Fatimah , Ninsix Retti , Novitasari Rifni
Published: November 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persentase ikan gabus yang tepat seta pengaruhnya terhadap karakteristik penerimaan konsumen serta mutu dendeng daun katuk. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dendeng daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus) yang ditambahkan dengan ikan gabus (Channa striata) bahwa perlakuan terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan D dengan penambahan ikan gabus 40% yaitu dengan kadar air 9,19%, kadar protein 4,46%, kadar vitamin C 1,36%. Dengan hasil uji organoleptik tingkat penerimaan konsumen warna 55%, aroma 2,90%. Namun pada tekstur panelis lebih menyukai perlakuan A dengan penambahan ikan gabus sebanyak 10% yaitu 3,45% sedangkan pada perlakuan B yaitu dengan penambahan ikan gabus sebanyak 20% yaitu 2,80%.