bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Values of Democracy
Authors: Wright
Published: March 2013

We are ready to agree that freedom with all that it implies, is the primary and central value of democracy, and that all its other advantages depend upon the realization of the values of freedom in the political sphere. But when we stop to ask ourselves what is implied in political (and personal) freedom, the whole matter becomes much less clear and self-evident. Thus we are reminded of how easy it is, particularly when dealing with values, to be convinced and contented by abstract and negative conceptions. Freedom, it is asserted, or at once agreed, is the outstanding value realized by the democratic system, but in discussing what such freedom means, few have any notion which goes beyond an individual's right not to be interfered with in the expression of opinion by speech or published statement, in religious belief and worship, and in the choice of occupation and the pursuit of prosperity therein. Now such liberties are, of course, fundamental. But democracy, we must admit, does propose a considerable amount of co-operation among its members. And it is hard to see how the establishment of freedom in this negative sense would enlist men in co-operative effort or would foster the spirit of co-operation among them.
The Collapse of France
Authors: Will
Published: March 2013

France has suffered defeat before but never before in her history has her defeat spelled such unqualified disaster. To speak only of the nineteenth century, after Waterloo in 1815 and after Sedan in 1870, in spite of the devastation of wide areas of her territory and in spite of an army of occupation, it may be said that her soil remained inviolate and her spirit undismayed. For her present abasement and servitude no parallel in her past can be found unless we revert to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and then the parallel weakens in favour of those distant times and by the fact that then the English were her masters. The hopelessness, the apathy, the mental misery, the unrest and disorder which caused the collapse of France in the Hundred Years War can be matched through the two thousand years of her history only by the state of her mind in the present generation.
A Social Dynamic for Canada?
Authors: Child Philip
Published: March 2013

In this war official and quasi-official statements of war aims are the shock troops of propaganda. During the last six months these pronouncements have increasingly embodied the claims of the belligerents to represent mankind's efforts to create a new social and economic order that will abolish the economic malaises and social injustices of the last twenty years. From a study of these pronouncements the following facts will emerge: that the announcement of war aims of a social nature is a vital weapon of propaganda in this total war; that this weapon has been used by the enemy shrewdly, if with ruthless inconsistency, for the purpose of creating disunity and class conflict within the democracies; that in this war ofideas Great Britain has chosen to fight on the defensive—at least in so far as official pronouncements are concerned—and has not as yet countered Hitler's specious "New World Order" with a potent dynamic of her own; that Great Britain's war aims, in so far as they deal with the defeat of the Nazi principle of force and with the rehabilitation of the conquered territories of our allies and of France, have been stated with sufficient clarity and vigour for the present, but that, in so far as they deal with mankind's struggle for economic security, they probably have not been so stated. Such, at any rate, are the conclusions of those who are putting pressure upon the British Government to sponsor a social dynamic in order to mobilize behind the democratic cause the dispersed longings of the masses everywhere for a greater measure of social justice and economic security.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1940.
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1940.
The Drama of the Agamemnon
Authors: Owen
Published: March 2013

In reading a play of Aeschylus we should start with the assumption that the poet really knew his business, and therefore be ready to acknowledge that, where his work runs counter to our own conceptions of how a drama should be constructed, it may not be because he did not understand the principles of his art (as has actually been stated and is often implied), but because he did and we do not. An examination of the art of Aeschylus does not consist in discovering to what extent his plays could be make tolerable for a modern audience, but how they fitted into the environment for which they were composed,i.e., environment in the widest sense of the artistic expectations of his own audience.
Bacon on Platonism
Authors: Anderson
Published: March 2013

Thinkers of the seventeenth century owe a primary debt to Martin Luther for their knowledge of Platonism. “Martin Luther,” acknowledges Bacon, “in discourse of reason finding what a province he had undertaken against the Bishop of Rome and the ... traditions of the Church, and finding his own solitude, being no ways aided by the opinions of his own time, was enforced to awake all antiquity, and to call former times to his succours to make a party against the present time; so that the ancient authors, both in divinity and in humanity, which had long time slept in libraries, began generally to be read and revolved.” As a result, continues Bacon, learning among Reformers became characterized by “the adoration of ancient authors, the hate of the schoolmen, the exact study of languages,” and an insistence upon the “efficacy of preaching”—this last, “because the great labour then was with the people.” The concurring of these four causes, Bacon argues with some asperity, often made scholars “hunt more after words than matter, and more after the choiceness of the phrase ... than after the weight of matter”: with the consequence that learning in many instances became “delicate”—“rather towards copy than weight”.
Reviews
Authors: Brown  , Clark  , Child Philip , Innis  , Auld
Published: March 2013

Norman Foerster, John C. McGalliard, René Wellek, Austin Warren, and Wilbur L. Schramm, Literary Scholarship: Its Aims and Methods ,reviewed by E. K. Brown

Clarence Dana Rouillard, The Turk in French History, Thought and Literature (1520–1660), reviewed by A. F. B. Clark

Joseph Warren Beach, American Fiction: 1920–1940, reviewed by Philip Child

Warming Both Hands: The Autobiography of Henry Rushton Fairclough including his experiences under the American Red Cross in Switzerland and Montenegro, reviewed by H. A. Innis

Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed., Holmes-Pollock Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Sir Frederick Pollock, 1874–1932, reviewed by F. C. Auld

Allan H. Gilbert, Literary Criticism: Plato to Dryden, reviewed by A. S. P. W.

Gay Wilson Allen and Harry Hayden Clark, eds., Literary Criticism: Pope to Croce, reviewed by A. S. P. W.

Paul Robert Lieder and Robert Withington, The Art of Literary Criticism, reviewed by A. S. P. W.

J. T. Salter, The Pattern of Politics: The Folkways of a Democratic People, reviewed by A. B.

Fredson Thayer Bowers, Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy, 1587–1642, reviewed by R. S. K.

Cephas Guillet, The Forgotten Gospel, reviewed by W. R. T.
Virgil, Beatrice, and the Poetry of Dante
Authors: Leo Ulrich
Published: March 2013

Aware as I am—and rather regretfully—that I have written many pages on Dante in which I have quoted his critics, often, but himself only here and there, I should like for a while, to get away from theoretical discussion and scientific criticism of his poetry to the poetry itself. And so let us now speak about Dante and no longer of Dante science. And let us consider two of his most famous characters as poetical personages only, avoiding everything that has been said or can be said unpoetically as to their allegorical, philosophical, or theological significance, or as to their sources in previous literature and the history of ideas.
Hitler's Basic Strategy
Authors: Strasser Otto
Published: March 2013

Hitler's great offensive in South Russia, in its prowess up to date, recalls most emphatically his operations in Northern France in May and June, 1940. As it was then, so it is today. The identical military plan: to separate a large part of the opposing army from its main forces, and then to destroy this isolated army. On the political front, Berlin counted on France being forced out of the war as a result, and hopes now that this same strategy will produce a similar effect on Russia.
The Last Peace and the Next
Authors: Gelber Lionel
Published: March 2013

What men deem to be the issues of the war will shape their thoughts about the nature of the peace. Even amid the clash of arms, the clamour of rival schools is not inaudible. But when the roar of battle subsides, those who aspire to be architects of the future will come more fully into their own. In the ensuing debate the views of two noted Englishmen, Mr Harold Butler and Mr E. H. Carr, are bound to exercise wide influence. On many of the social, economic arid political topics of the day they seem to agree. But on one basic question, that of Germany and the Germans, they are poles apart. And this is of the utmost importance. For the riddle of Europe, Mr Butler observes, is the riddle of Germany; the problem of Europe, Mr Carr re-echoes, is the problem of Germany. How, then, does each tackle what he considers the central factor of European stability? As guides to the peacemaking their attitude towards the German question is by their own terms the acid test of reliability.
Milton and the Protestant Aesthetic
Authors: Ross Malcolm Mackenzie
Published: March 2013

Milton is the last great Christian poet until Gerard Manley Hopkins. Between these two there are poets of stature who are Christian, but there are no Christian poets of stature. It would seem that Milton failed to transmit his most deeply felt values. This has been generally assumed. Such a view, however, is only superficially true. It fails to take proper account of the untraditional nature of Milton's theology and of the aesthetic consequences of his highly individual religiosity. For while Milton comes at the end of the universal Christian culture and preserves much from the medieval heritage (as from the more recent orthodoxy of the Reformation) it is also true that Milton projects into the secular culture which succeeds him, values and techniques which already in his most characteristic work contradict and repudiate significant aspects of the traditional Christian aesthetic.
J.S. Mill's LOGIC : A Post-Centenary Appraisal
Authors: Stewart H. L.
Published: March 2013

A venerable professor of philosophy in Ireland, who belonged to a generation long since passed away, used to impress upon me in my undergraduate days that the year 1843 was famous for two events whose relative importance he professed himself unable to distinguish. One of these was the Disruption of the Scottish Church; the other was the publication of J. S. Mill's System of Logic. The centenary of each fell in a year of such intense preoccupation with the war that it was little noted in journals. But it was well worth noting, and respecting the book of 1843 whose issue “marked an epoch,” it is not yet too late to repair the omission.
Reviews
Authors: Lynch Lawrence , Robbins W. , Keenleyside H.L. , Sandwell B.K. , MacCallum Reid , Dunn Charles
Published: March 2013

Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism, reviewed by Lawrence E. Lynch

William Plomer, ed., Kilvert's Diary, 1870–1879: Selections from the Diary of the Rev. Francis Kilvert, reviewed by W. Robbins

Andrew W. Lind, Hawaii's Japanese: An Experiment in Democracy, reviewed by H.L. Keenleyside

Kenneth Scott Latourette, ed., The History of Japan, reviewed H. L. Keenleyside

Kenneth Scott Latourette, A Short History of the Far East, reviewed by H. L. Keenleyside

Watson Kirkconnell and A. S. P. Woodhouse, The Humanities in Canada, reviewed by B. K. Sandwell

Geddes MacGregor, Aesthetic Experience in Religion, reviewed by Reid MacCallum

Edgar A. Sturtevant, An Introduction to Linguistic Science, reviewed by Charles W. Dunn
“In My Mind's Eye, Horatio”
Authors: Wiles Roy McKeen
Published: March 2013

The average theatre-goer probably does not know that the Greek root of the word “drama” implies action or doing; he does not know that Aristotle's definition of tragedy in the sixth chapter of his Poetics includes the phrase that serious drama is properly “in the form of action, not of narrative.” Yet to him the idea that the dramatist might tell some of his story instead of showing it on the stage would seem preposterous: a play is a play, to be shown, not related; and most play-goers instinctively look upon verbal descriptions and second-hand reports as disappointing substitutes for action itself.
Literature and the Marxist Aesthetic
Authors: Glicksberg Charles
Published: March 2013

In his preoccupation with the ultimate goal of social integration, the Communist critic emphasizes one pole of the personality to the exclusion of other aspects and potentialities, for he assumes that when social integration, according to his formula, is achieved the health and happiness of the individual and the flowering of culture will be automatically assured. For him the individual is but a function of economic society, a cell in the corporate blood stream. But if the individual has many roots of his complex being in society, there is also a part of him, an important part, that has no connection with the immediate pressures of his culture. He is lonely and apart, feeling within him the stirrings of energy and striving that he cannot account for, the emergence of mysteries he cannot hope to solve, the perception of cosmic enigmas which baffle the mobilized intelligence of science. He is both mystic and metaphysician, a dweller in the unconscious, a dreamer as well as a worker, a seeker after an unknown, perhaps ultimately unknowable God.
Lucretius
Authors: Tail
Published: March 2013

The part which creative imagination and intuition play in framing scientific hypotheses when disciplined by a logical habit of mind, is strikingly illustrated in the views of some of the early Greek philosophers. For though they did not understand the method of empirical science, and had no mechanical aids, they adumbrated the two most fruitful hypotheses of modern science, evolution and the atomic structure of matter. In the latter case they did more than adumbrate the conception, they worked it out in detail. In the work of the Roman poet Lucretius the atomic view of nature was finally presented as a complete interpretation of the universe.
The Crisis in the Far East
Authors: MacKenzie Norman
Published: March 2013

The importance of the present crisis in the Far East is not only due to the serious consequences likely to follow as a result of it for Japan and China, and incidentally for the other countries interested there. It is important also because it is the first occasion on which the League of Nations and other post-war methods of preventing war have been put to the test. For this reason I propose to discuss only incidentally the quarrel between Japan and China and to devote most of my attention to the position of the League and its members, as well as of the United States and Russia, in the struggle; and as this may best be done in the light of our own British and Canadian position and policy I propose to deal first with them.
A Reverie on a Dog
Authors: Pratt
Published: March 2013

We know the symptoms well: that sudden stitch, we call it, in the side, and the cold rheum that fills the corners of the eyes; the twitch of nerves, and those hot spasms that consume the strength which would endure the duller pains in creaking joints and knotted sinews. Time accounts for it, pouring his chilling rime, instead of blood, through arteries and veins and hardening up the walls. It's just old age, plying her tendon needles through and through that knits the tangles in the cartilage. Easy to see why she should come to men. Under the stress of three score years and ten, but why to dogs and least of all to you.
Bengough and Carlyle
Authors: Keys
Published: March 2013

"Only as the gaseous-chaotic Appendix to that aqueous-chaotic Volume can the contents of the Six Bags hover round us, and portions thereof be incorporated with our delineation of it". Sartor, Bk. I, Ch. XI.Canada has been called the Scotland of North America. Its geographical position in the northern half of the continent, with the great English-speaking republic to the south of it, would suggest the comparison. Historical facts bear it out. For more than two hundred years the Hudson's Bay Company has drawn its factors mainly from Scotland, so that even before Quebec was captured by Wolfe and his Highlanders "that true North" already had a Scottish infusion in its population. Many of those Highlanders settled in Quebec and intermarrying with the French habitants increased the Scottish element. The Selkirk settlement, the Gaels of Glengarry and of Cape Breton and Prince Edward Islands added to the number. And the climax is capped by Nova Scotia with its traditions of Scottish knighthood and its claims on a foothold in Edinburgh Castle. Moreover, partly from loyalty to the British crown, partly from their well known clannishness, the Scotch when emigrating to America, seem to have preferred Canada to the United States.
Tribute to Sparrows
Authors: Roberts Lloyd
Published: March 2013

A poem.
The Latin Spirit in Literature
Authors: Cochrane Charles
Published: March 2013

Faced with the problem of depicting the spirit of Rome, the question may well be asked, to begin with: who were the Roman people? The mists that obscure the dawn of Roman history rise to disclose the city of the Seven Hills. But is there any connection, apart from the name which they held in common, between the spear-bearing populace of the Servian city and the citizens of an empire which, nine centuries later, "comprehended the fairest part of the earth and the most civilized portion of mankind"? And who, moreover," of all the names that appear in Roman history, are to be taken as most typically Roman? Are they the Valerii, the Camilli, the Decii, those colourless heroes of the primitive commonwealth, rather than, for example, the Catos, the Scipios and the Gracchi of the second century B.C., or, again, the Caesars and Pompeys of the last days of the republic? What connection, in turn, may be discerned between the senatorial aristocracy whose very names were extinguished in the agony of the republic, and that of imperial times when the provinces of Spain, Gaul and Africa gave not merely senators but emperors to Rome; or between these latter and men like Diocletian, Constantine and Theodosius?
T. S. Eliot and His Relation to T. E. Hulme
Authors: Daniells
Published: March 2013

Though much has been written concerning the work of T. S. Eliot, the subject still seems farther from exhaustion than the critics. Eliot is variously described as finding the core of reality in himself, as renouncing individuality, and as having compromised his intellectual integrity because he accepts the Church of England. The purpose of this paper, however, is not merely to synthetize certain of Eliot's affirmations but also to relate them to the Speculations of T. E. Hulme. There are special reasons why Hulme should be introduced. He deserves to be better known in this country for his intrinsic worth and interest; he merits attention as an unthanked pioneer; and he will repay careful study on the part of all who are interested in Eliot. In 1926, Eliot pointed out that his New Criterion illustrated a tendency toward what might be vaguely termed Classicism, and mentioned in connection with the movement the work of Sorel, Maurras, Benda, Maritain, Babbitt, and Hulme. Hulme, it will be noticed, is the only Englishman on the list.
The State and Economic Life in Canada
Authors: Brady
Published: March 2013

Obvious among the direct effects of the present economic depression is a profound change in the relations of the state to economic life. The failure of capitalism or free enterprise to maintain its self-adjusting character has shaken western institutions to their foundations, and the nation-state in America as in Europe is inexorably forced to use its sovereign power in bolstering up an almost tottering economic system. This development does little more than extend a former tendency, for the system of free enterprise never existed in a pure form, except in economic textbooks. In what are now viewed as the halcyon days before 1929, nowhere was the regulative influence on the production and consumption of commodities merely that of competitive economics. In every country collective action in varied forms had begun to check or to regulate competition.
Zola Fifty Years Later
Authors: Brown Calvin
Published: March 2013

Fifty years ago Emile Zola was at the height of his powers and his reputation. Nine years earlier he had finished the monumental cycle of twenty novels about the Rougon-Macquart family, and had immediately plunged into “The Three Cities,” a series of novels in which a priest, by his successive experiences in Lourdes, Rome, and Paris, finally rejects dogma and superstition to embrace scientific rationalism as the only sane and fruitful basis for human life. Zola had already completed three novels of a new series, “The Four Gospels,” in which this priest's sons founded their own utopias based on their father's final articles of faith–Fecondite, Travail, and Vérité. While working on the “Cities” and the “Gospels” he had championed the innocence of Dreyfus, following up the dramatic rhetoric of “J”'accuse”'accuse”'accuse”'accuse” with months of hard and sometimes spectacular work and, after a year's banishment in England, returning to see the case through to a moral victory. Vérité was about to appear as a serial, and Zola was at work planning the last of the “Gospels,” a novel called Justice which was to show the extinction of war by the growth of a sense of justice among nations.
Justice and Love in Othello
Authors: Nowottny Winifred
Published: March 2013

It is a commonplace of criticism of Othello that the Moor, entering in Act V to the murder of Desdemona, sees himself as a minister of Justice. It is apparent that this act is full of references to judgment and of images drawn from it. Yet it is usually assumed that this is but an additional tum of the screw, a means of throwing an even more lurid light on Othello's crime against the innocent Desdemona. It is the purpose of this article to put the case that the insistence on justice in Act V of Othello is the culmination to which the drama as a whole is designed to lead, and moreover that a fuller perception of the excellence of the dramatic economy will follow upon the recognition that Shakespeare intends in this play an evaluation of justice in its relation to love.
Three Greek Critics
Authors: Grube G. M. A.
Published: March 2013

Plato banished the poets from his ideal Republic. This, and often little else, is remembered in every discussion of ancient criticism. Banishing the poets, however, is not Plato's only, nor indeed his chief contribution to the history of criticism, though it is a contribution of some importance. To understand his attitude to poetry and to literature we must keep in mind both the attitude of the Greeks in general to poetry and its place in Greek education.
A Mirror for Scholars
Authors: Maclure Millar
Published: March 2013

The history of the Elizabethan age is like an illuminated manuscript: each chapter begins with the bright capital of some great name—of one who sacked a Spanish town, or wrote a great poem, or founded a great house—and the whole is a collection of "success-stories," pendants to the glory of the Queen. Yet there were two professions in which few Elizabethans achieved success, learning and arms. Lances and letters combine in the ideal of the courtier, in Sidney, in Ophelia's remembrance of the untroubled Hamlet; but the England of Elizabeth offered small rewards to either the academic or the soldier. "The greatest Schole clarkes," said Sir Humphrey Gilbert, "are not alwayes the wisest men," and men of the world from Cecil to Osborn set down the same advice for their sons. Learn only what you can use, they said; the rest is lumber. Nicholas Carr in one generation and Robert Burton in the next complained bitterly of the small encouragement offered by English patrons and English presses to works of pure scholarship, leaving "many flourishing wits smothered in oblivion, dead and buried." As for arms, the Norrises and Vere achieved glory under incredible difficulties, but in general the "policy" of the Queen and Cecil made it impossible to make a military reputation in the Low Countries, while bogs and kerns conspired with incompetence to deny success in Ireland to all but Mountjoy.
The Influence of Science on the Cultural Outlook
Authors: Basterfield S.
Published: March 2013

The scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries wrought a great change in the outlook and mode of thought of the educated mind. While the Greeks were the real founders of science, their genius was mainly philosophical and mathematical; and though they were bold thinkers and speculators, they were not fully aware of the necessity for careful and thorough observation or experimentation. Not that observation and experiment were foreign to Greek science. Aristotle was a remarkably accurate observer in biology, though not much of an experimental physicist. Archimedes was both a mathematical and an experimental physicist of high quality. Furthermore, astronomers such as Hipparchus and Ptolemy were patient and persistent observers of the motions of the heavenly bodies, the interpretation of which gave them wide scope for the application of their unusual mathematical ability. It remains nevertheless true that, by and large, the Greek mind did not attain to scientific maturity. Its chief defect was its failure to recognize the need for complete and accurate observation of relevant facts in selected fields of inquiry, and for verification of deductions from principles too frequently assumed to be self-evident. Their nature philosophy was thus a rationalistic type largely based on a priori principles, although taking some account of empirical data that appeared to fit into the accepted scheme.
A Legal Reading of Chaucer's Hous of Fame
Authors: Schoeck R. J.
Published: March 2013

One of Chaucer's early works, The Hous of Fame, generally dated about 1375–9 during Chaucer's years as controller of the customs, is in the words of a recent literary historian "a badly proportioned, incomplete, and utterly delightful poem." Most scholars, not knowing the occasion and intention of the poem, have felt much of this dissatisfaction with the form of the poem, yet nearly all have felt the utter delight of Chaucer's playfulness.
Reviews
Authors: Priestley F. E. L. , Barker A. E. , Brady A. , Maclure Millar , Powicke Michael , Knox R.S. , McLuhan H. M. , Long Marcus , Priestley F. E. L.
Published: March 2013

John Holloway, The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument, reviewed by F.E.L. Priestley

Warson Kirkconnell, The Celestial Cycle: The Theme of Paradise Lost in World Literature with Translations of the Major Analogues, reviewed by A.E. Barker

W.H.G. Armytage, A.J. Mundella, 1825–1897: The Liberak Background to the Labour Movement, reviewed by A. Brady

Rosemond Tuve, A Reading of George Herbert, reviewed by Millar Maclure

C.W. Previte-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History, reviewed by Michael R. Powicke

Allardyce Nicoll, A History of English Drama 1600–1900 Vol I, II, III, reviewed by R.S. Knox

Spiritual Problems in Contemporary Literature: A Series of Adresses and Discussions, reviewed by H.M. McLuhan

A.H. Johnston, Whitehead's Theory of Reality, reviewed by Marcus Long

Douglas Knight, Pope and Heroic Tradition: A Critical Study of His Iliad, reviewed by F.E.L. Priestley
Milton and the New Music
Authors: Stapleton Laurence
Published: March 2013

In thinking of composition in a poem, as distinguished from the circumstances of the poet's writing it, the only question that matters is what exists and acts in the lines themselves. But the kind of observation then demanded of the reader is, luckily, inexhaustible, provided that the poem has intensity of language, or feeling, or idea: inseparable elements, varyingly combined according to the skill and interest of the poet and not unaffected by the spirit of the age. By the spirit of the age I mean what the poet and his associates read, heard discussed, saw about them, but equally, the expectations of the intelligent reader or listener, by which any writer will be affected whether he sympathizes with these expectations or wishes to change them.
Dr. Johnson and the King of Ashbourne
Authors: Gray James
Published: March 2013

Who was Dr. Johnson's closest friend? Boswell? Burney? Edmund Hector? Francis Barber, his negro servant? Mrs. Thrale? Sir John Hawkins? Goldsmith? Garrick? Dr. Adams? Sir Joshua Reynolds? George Strahan? Bennet Langton? Dr. Hawkesworth? Probably none of these, though strong claims could be staked for any one of them. The personage who is described by Mrs. Thrale as Johnson's “truest friend” and who, according to the great man's own testimony, was “better acquainted with my heart than any man or woman now alive,” was Dr. John Taylor of Asbbourne, a country parson and a farmer.
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1953.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

Books in this section commonly fall into two categories: those dealing with one or other aspect of Canada and its development, and those dealing with themes unrelated to Canada. The former are inevitably the more numerous, and for this reason alone command more of the limited space available in this survey. We are also perhaps justified in giving somewhat more attention to the studies concerned with Canada, for only in the journals of this country are they likely to receive appropriate consideration. Learned books by Canadians on other lands and other themes will usually receive due assessment abroad, but here we are not ignoring their appearance, for the scholarly pursuit of subjects beyond the national boundaries is evidence of a growing maturity and vitality in Canadian social study.
Music and Morality in Thomas Mann and Hermann Hesse
Authors: Field
Published: March 2013

No one can have even a passing acquaintance with the works of Mann and of Hesse without being aware of the very special role of music in both these writers. Much has been written on various aspects of music in Thomas Mann's work, but little attention has so far been given to this theme in Hesse. So far as possible this comparative study seeks to avoid purely technical features (although in the case of Mann some involvement in musical theory is inevitable) and it is our intention to concentrate on the meaning of music in its widest sense, the role of music in life, its significance in human culture, in other words its relation to moral actions and concepts.
Thomas Babington Macaulay
Authors: Plumb
Published: March 2013

On the day in November 1848 when the first volume of Macaulay's History of England appeared, Ludgate Hill was jammed with carriages struggling to get to Messrs. Longman in Paternoster Row. Three thousand copies were sold in ten days and the pace began to increase rather than slacken. The time came when Robert Longman pressed a cheque for £20,000 on Macaulay on the grounds that he had too much money in his own account. At a guinea a volume this was a prodigious achievement for Victorian times. Although Macaulay naturally thought well of his work, its public reception astonished even him. The reviews were almost uniformly as eulogistic as they were lengthy, but the book was far more than a success of metropolitan literary society. "At Duckinfield, near Manchester, a gentleman who thought that there would be a certain selfishness in keeping so great a pleasure to himself, invited his poorer neighbours to attend every evening after their work was finished, and read the History aloud to them from beginning to end. At the close of the last meeting, one of the audience rose, and moved, in north country fashion, a vote of thanks to Mr. Macaulay 'for having written a history which working men can understand.'" His success at Windsor was as great as at Manchester. The Prince Consort was so deeply impressed by his book that he immediately offered Macaulay the vacant chair of Modem History at Cambridge, which Macaulay immediately declined on the grounds that if he were to lecture well he would be forced to give up his History. And if he were to write the History, his lectures would be bad. Some years later, Queen Victoria recognized Macaulay's unique position in English life and letters by making him a peer—the first writer to achieve such a distinction.
Trends and Symbols in Contemporary German Fiction
Authors: Boeschenstein
Published: March 2013

At the end of the war, once the publishing ban had been lifted, German fiction poured forth in steadily increasing volume. After a survey of the first decade of resumed literary activities it can be stated that the promise of the late nineteen-forties has been largely fulfilled by subsequent achievements. Credit for this must go to a number of younger talents or at least new names. The share of those writers whose reputation was well established before the advent of National Socialism is by no means impressive. Hermann Hesse has attended to his garden and left literature alone. One can sympathize with those who wish that Ernst Wiechert had done the same.
Composers in Toronto and Montreal
Authors: Beckwith John
Published: March 2013

Several recent articles have dealt with Canadian music in general (have we any serious composers? is their music identifiably Canadian?) or with the pros and cons of new music (the problems of the composer electing to write in an advanced idiom; the composer-audience relationship). In this essay I should like for once to assume that there are composers in Canada and that the musical idioms of our century are more than passing fashions. Discussion of the cultural setting of our music (its social and historical context), while valuable in itself, is left outside the scope of the present report. Instead I propose to examine a few characteristic works in detail, their techniques and stylistic components. The report deals with recent music by eight composers, some well known and others less so, four of whom live in Toronto and four in Montreal. The eight are chosen for interest and variety, and not because they are the only composers of merit in these cities, or even necessarily the best. In assembling these comments I have attempted to avoid professional jargon, but I have assumed in the non-professional reader some little knowledge of notation.
Faith, Fact, and Philosophy
Authors: Penelhum Terence
Published: March 2013

The feature which distinguishes philosophy today from philosophy two or three decades ago is the intense concern of a great number of contemporary philosophers with language. It is out of this concern that all the revolutionary changes in the discipline in our day have arisen. Among these is some challenging new discussion of the nature of religious belief, which I wish to introduce in this essay.
The Unstable Society
Authors: Vickers Geoffery
Published: March 2013

For three years I have paid an annual visit to Canada to take part, as the only non-Canadian participant, in an inquiry organized by the School of Social Work at the University of Toronto into the effect on the well-being of ordinary men and women of the rapid industrialization which is transforming Canada and her society. This is a report and personal commentary on that experience.
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1958.
Social Studies II
Authors: Careless
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1958.
Publications in Other Languages
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of publications in other languages published in Canada in 1958.
Irving Babbitt
Authors: More Paul
Published: March 2013

It is not an easy thing, with the cold page of print in mind, to write of a friend, a very close friend, and it is only with reluctance that I have acceded to the request to undertake such a task. And there was a special reason for hesitating in this case. Babbitt was an author and a teacher, and in these capacities is known to a larger and a smaller circle; others may estimate—indeed Professor Mercier has already estimated—the value of his books as well as I could do, or better, and of his astonishing manner and power in the lecture room, his pupils, many of them now holding prominent places in the academic world, can speak from a knowledge which I do not possess. But he was a talker too, greater in that vein, I believe, than as a teacher, greater, I know, than as an author. And it is just of his genius in the give and take of conversation that I am qualified, by long association and by a fundamental sympathy of mind not incompatible with clashing differences, to write as probably no one else can do. Yet a record of the spoken word without its intonation and the accompanying gesture leaves it but a dead thing, and a reported argument is likely to lose its point unless the second party to the discussion brings himself into the scene to a degree that may seem egotistic.
Heine's Vaudeville
Authors: Fairely Barker
Published: March 2013

It is no exaggeration to say that Heine is the most widely read and widely enjoyed of all lyrical poets, unless, perhaps, we except his ancestor, the Psalmist. Neither the songs of Shakespeare nor the songs of Goethe have quite achieved the international success of Du bist wie eine Blume or of Im wunderschönen Mona Mai. If a universal ballot could be taken covering the last century; Heine would be an easy winner. Not that he would score heavily at first. A century ago-in 1834the now famous Buch der Lieder was before the literary public but had hardly reached it. The first edition, of 1827—itself a re-editing of verses previously published and dating back to 1821—met the need for ten years, and it was only with the second and subsequent editions that its wider popularity came. From then on, however, it carried all before it: if not in Germany, where its French and Jewish affinities have been so ungenerously remembered, at any rate in France, in England, and, it is safe to say, in all countries where German was translated or read and an interest in lyrical poetry existed.
The Future of Psychiatry
Authors: Seeley John
Published: March 2013

The practice of psychiatry is, I am sure, full of satisfaction—win, lose, or draw with the patient. There is joy in success; heightened interest and determination in the face of failure. It is only when we try to make what we do intelligible that the difficulties multiply and, for good reason, the anxiety mounts. This difficulty is common to all professions. All have secrets: some to be concealed from the public, some from colleagues, some even from oneself, the ultra-privatissima. But psychiatrists who believe in uncovering when covering hampers performance may be uuder special mandate to steel themselves to its pains. In any case, since I also believe that the future of psychiatry is bound up so much more with clarification of theory than inventions of practice, I shall assume that the pressures of necessity are added to the fortitude and patience for which I ask.
Johnson's "Divided Self"
Authors: Bloom Edward
Published: March 2013

"Silence," Kierkegaard has written, "is the snare of the demon, and the more one keeps silent, the more terrifying the demon becomes; but silence is also the mutual understanding between the Deity and the individual." Samuel Johnson recognized this paradox. Often trapped in silence by the demon of his fears, he was during dark, introspective moments in his closest communion with the deity. His need for intimate social exchange is summed up thus: "To have no assistance from other minds, in resolving doubts, in appeasing scruples, in balancing deliberations, is a very wretched destitution." Yet this gregarious man experienced crises when, unable to confide in anyone, he surrendered himself spiritually and strove for relief in the composition of prayers. The intensity of his private fears was magnified on solemn occasions, most notably Easter, New Year's Day, and his birthdays. With the advent of these anniversaries, he was troubled by the urgency of his religious obligations. A recurrent awe of judgement and resurrection, of the duties he must fulfil in the period from one new year to the next or from one birthday to the next, filled him with fear and trembling. It was at such times, therefore, that he sought most directly for divine intervention.
W. H. Mallock and Late Victorian Conservatism
Authors: Tucker Albert
Published: March 2013

It would be an exaggeration to say that W. H. Mallock is a "neglected" figure. His early satirical writing is still studied by scholars of Victorian literature; his political criticism has been the subject of an essay by at least one American political scientist; and his attack on socialism was the centre of some controversy in 1953. In that year a writer in the Times Literary Supplement suggested that Mallock's book, A Critical Examination of Socialism, should be republished because of the truths it foreshadowed for a society which has experienced the problems of socialist government. But no internal criticism or analysis has yet been done of Mallock's social writing, particularly of a series of articles which he wrote for the National Review after its first appearance in 1883. Russell Kirk has used these articles, but his study of them was entirely that of a partisan. It is true, as Kirk has said, that Mallock's writing can be placed in the polemics of a continuing conservative tradition, that his criticism of radicals and socialists may still be referred to in defence of the need for inequality. At the same time, it is unconvincing to take from Mallock only that which confirms this continuity. It robs his thought of particular tensions which arose from the very natnre of the conservative attempt to take an intellectual position in the England of the eighteen-eighties and nineties. Mallock's work becomes much more vital if we place it in its immediate historical context. We shall find then that his writing is not only representative; it also contains a social analysis which illustrates the relationship between society and ideology, and tells us much about the nature of Mallock's own intellect.
Milton and Figurative Interpretation of the Bible
Authors: MacCallum
Published: March 2013

"The-letter killeth,” said St. Paul, "but the spirit giveth life." In the history of the study of the Bible, two influential interpretations of this statement have frequently vied with each other. One interpretation conceives of the life-giving spirit in terms of knowledge, the other in terms of grace. The first view results in a theory of Christian symbolism; it identifies the work of the spirit with the comprehension of metaphorical or figurative expressions, maintaining that spiritual understanding arises from a gradual realization of the true meanings of signs. This theory leads finally to allegorical interpretation of the Bible. The alternative view of the Pauline injunction results in a theory of Christian liberty. This explanation associates the letter with the outward and compulsory law and the spirit with grace. It contrasts bare and servile conformity with the spiritual freedom which enables the Christian to comprehend the intention behind the letter, maintaining that spiritual understanding arises when the commands of the Bible are interpreted in such a way as to establish the reign of love. The first view, then, interprets St. Paul's assertion in a manner that leads to contemplation, the second in a manner that leads to action. The history of the conflict between the rival interpretations provides a profound commentary on the roles of mind and will in Christian experience.
Paradise Regained: Moral Dialectic and the Pattern of ReJection
Authors: Steadman John
Published: March 2013

"Heroic rejection" and "heroic knowledge" are, in fact, complementary concepts rather than mutually exclusive alternatives. In Paradise Regained, rejection is grounded in knowledge, and knowledge in turn is perfected through rejection; the "process of self-definition" is accomplished by and through the "series of refusals." Christ rejects his Adversary's offers precisely because he knows their relative value in comparison with the Kingdom of Heaven. In the "dialectical drama" of the Second Temptation, rejection and knowledge are actually inseparable; and to dismiss the rejection-motif simply because it is Satan who sums it up (IV, 156, 368-71, 467, 536-7) is to ignore the fact that Christ also summarizes his ordeal in terms of refusal (IV, 496).
PoÉsie et ThÉÂtre
Authors: Sylvestre Guy
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1961.
Romans et Nouvelles
Authors: Duhamel Roger
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian fiction published in Canada in 1961.
Samuel Butler's Canadian Investment
Authors: Currie
Published: March 2013

Samuel Butler, author of Erewhon and The Way of All Flesh, made a fortune in New Zealand but lost most of it in a foolish speculation in Canada. He spent many exasperating months in Montreal in a futile attempt to reduce or eliminate his loss. Then he returned to England, a ruined man.
Dryden on Horace and Juvenal
Authors: Rudd Niall
Published: March 2013

Since Dryden's Discourse Concerning The Original And Progress Of Satire is still widely read and provides for many students ofEnglish literature what is probably their only source of information about Horace and Juvenal, it seems worth while to examine its content in the light of present-day scholarship. We shall not be concerned with Dryden's remarks on the pre-literary history of satura, nor shall we attempt to add anything to his critique of Casaubon's partiality towards Persius. Our object will be simply to review his comparison of the two major satirists of antiquity.
James's In the Cage: An Approach through the Figurative Language
Authors: Blackall Jean
Published: March 2013

The adventure of the nameless telegraphist of In the Cage is primarily an imaginative one. She is confined by poverty and by her humble social class to a certain sphere in life, and her adventure consists in a speculative excursion beyond its limits. When at last she is resigned to accepting life in the terms in which it is given her, the story is resolved. To represent the girl's own world James draws on the impression which, according to his preface, originally gave rise to the nouvelle, that of the telegraphist's cage. Her varying relationships to the cage define the various phases of her adventure. At first the cage is a symbol ofher confinement: "her position [is] that of a young person spending, in framed and wired confinement, the life of a guinea-pig or a magpie" (367). It bounds a limited and drab world.
The Unfinished Gothic Cathedral: A Study of the Organic Unity
Authors: Stevenson Lionel
Published: March 2013

Perhaps the most significant statement that Wordsworth ever made about his own work is in his preface to The Excursion, when he remarks that The Prelude (then unpublished) and The Recluse (of which The Excursion was the only part yet written) "have the same kind of relation to each other ... as the ante-chapel has to the body ofa Gothic church. Continuing this allusion, [the author] may be permitted to add, that his minor Pieces, which have been long before the Public, when they shall be properly arranged, will be found by the attentive Reader to have such connection with the main Work as may give them claim to be likened to the little cells, oratories, and sepulchral recesses, ordinarily included in those edifices."