bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noradrenergic control of circadian rhythms in Cebus albifrons
Authors: Winget C. M. , Vernikos‐Danellis Joan , Sakellaris P. C.
Published: August 2005

Manifestation of biologic oscillations (e.g., body temperature 24‐hour wave form) is the summation of the exogenous and endogenous response mechanisms of the biologic clock. Biologic rhythm asynchrony results from a rapid change in the environment presented to the time sensors. The destruction of noradrenergic terminals in a male Cebus albifrons by 6‐hydroxydopa interrupted the transmission of information from the defined environment to the biologic clock as evidenced by removal of the exogenous components of the 24‐hour deep body‐temperature (DBT) wave form; i.e., decrease in DBT rhythm was no longer associated to lights off, and the level about which this rhythm fluctuated was reduced. In contrast the daily heart rate rhythm was less affected.
Diurnal heart rate and body temperature in marmosets
Authors: Hampton John K.
Published: August 2005

Marmosets, Saguinus oedipus oedipus and S. fuscicollis, have been shown to have a diurnal heart rate pattern that has a marked difference between high and low values (about 55 beats/minute) and shows a low point during daylight hours around 1300–1400 hours. A similar pattern for body temperature was seen. A species difference existed; the larger S. o. oedipus has a higher heart rate during both light and dark periods. All measurements were made on undisturbed animals at hourly intervals using radiotelemetry. They were kept in a controlled environment with a light cycle of 12L: 12D and a temperature of 27 ± 1°C.
A chronic implant for recording of cochlear potentials in primates
Authors: Pugh James E. , Horwitz Milton R. , Anderson David J. , Singleton Earl F.
Published: August 2005

A new technique for the continuous recording of peripheral bioelectrical activity in the auditory system of primates is described. Because of basic differences in the anatomy of the temporal bone, the approach to the round window of the cochlea is more difficult in most primates than in lower animals. A relatively simple surgical approach, which made possible the placement of an electrode into the perilymph of the inner ear via the well‐demarcated horizontal semicircular canal was therefore developed and is described in detail. The bared tip of a Teflon‐coated wire was cemented into the canal opening with carboxylate cement, and the wire attached to a permanent electrical connector on the skull. Cochlear microphonic and action potentials of 50 to 100 μV amplitude were thus recorded on a continuing basis at the same time that behavioral studies of primate auditory acuity were conducted.
Hearing of old world monkeys (Cercopithecinae)
Authors: Stebbins William C.
Published: August 2005

The characteristics of normal hearing were examined in the laboratory for seven species of Old World monkeys. Operant conditioning procedures, coupled with standard audiometric testing methods, were used to assess thresholds of hearing, frequency range of hearing, and differential sensitivity to auditory intensity and frequency. To produce tonal stimulation, an animal was trained to touch and maintain manual contact with a contact‐sensitive key and to report hearing the tone by lifting his hand from the key; this response was followed by food reinforcement. When the reporting response occurred without the auditory signal, the animal was punished by a short suspension from the experiment. Additional contingencies were added to ensure stable and reliable responding, and threshold and differential acuity determinations were then made. Threshold was defined as the stimulus value responded to correctly 50% of the time. The frequency range of hearing of all the cercopithecoids tested extended from 60 to 40,000 Hz, an octave above the upper bound of 20,000 Hz for man but well below the 60–70,000 Hz limit for some prosimians. Absolute sensitivity for tonal stimulation in the most sensitive frequency range (1–8 kHz) was about 2 × 10−4 microbars, comparable to that of other primates tested, including man. Thus, the Old World monkey appears only slightly less sensitive than man to small changes in intensity and frequency of acoustic stimulation. At 1000 Hz at 60 dB above the threshold of audibility, his limit of resolution is about 5 Hz for frequency and 2 dB for intensity.
Effect of optic chiasmotomy upon serotonin concentration in the pineal gland of the monkey
Authors: Kenny G. C. T. , Louis C. J. , Bradley K. C. , Anderson R. McD. , Walden N. B.
Published: August 2005

The concentration of serotonin within the pineal gland of the monkey exhibits a 24‐hour rhythm, being higher during the hours of light and falling during the hours of darkness. Chiasmotomies were performed upon male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus) to ascertain whether the intrapineal concentration of serotonin is dependent upon information passing from the eyes by means of nerve fibers that cross in the optic chiasma. After two weeks, the operated animals, whether killed in the light or the dark, showed a significant reduction in intrapineal serotonin compared with controls; however, the concentration of serotonin in operated animals killed during hours of light was comparable with that of control animals killed during the corresponding hours of darkness. The results indicate that the intrapineal concentration of serotonin is dependent upon information transmitted from the eyes by means of nerve fibers which cross in the optic chiasma; it is possible that these fibers are also components of the accessory optic tracts. It also is suggested that during hours of light, uncrossed fibers of retinal origin may participate in the regulation of the intrapineal serotonin concentration of this monkey.
Maze behavior in Macaques
Authors: Doty Robert W. , Yamaga Kenichi
Published: August 2005

Specialization of the right cerebral hemisphere in man for analysis of spatial relations suggests that a similar specialization may exist in macaques. This possibility is being examined in animals first trained to negotiate a maze and then subjected to transection of optic chiasm and forebrain commissures. In the one successful experiment to date, clear evidence of such specialization was obtained for the left hemisphere in a monkey consistently using its left hand for retrieval of food. Provisional evidence for the existence of unilateral engrams in such circumstances was also obtained by limiting input during training to one eye and hemisphere and testing the other before and after completion of transection of the forebrain commissures. Finally, it was found that in the split brain macaque, a lesion in the parietal‐occipital area of one hemisphere initially disrupted maze performance using either hemisphere.
Alkaptonuria in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Keeling M. E. , McClure H. M. , Kibler R. F.
Published: August 2005

Alkaptonuria has been diagnosed in a laboratory born, five year old, female orangutan. In man, this relatively rare amino acid metabolic disorder is characterized by arthritis, pigmentation of cartilage, and darkening of the urine upon standing. The color change is due to oxidation of homogentisic acid not normally found in the urine. The condition in man is a simple Mendelian recessive trait characterized by the absence of homogentisic acid oxidase activity.

At two years of age, the affected orangutan was noted to void urine of normal color, which upon standing turned a very dark maroon color. Clinically the animal appeared normal; and the results of a urinalysis, hemogram, and survey radiographs confirmed this evaluation. Nonspecific laboratory determinations used to diagnose alkaptonuria in man were positive. Homogentisic acid in the urine was confirmed by paper chromatography, and a quantitative evaluation was made by a commercial laboratory.

The orangutan has shown no clinical change or evidence of ochronosis during the past three years, and quarterly survey radiographs show no evidence of osteoarthropathy. The affected orangutan has half brothers and sisters in the colony but no full sibling. Both parents are young, however, and are being paired in an attempt to produce siblings. It is hoped that additional animals with this metabolic defect will become available for use as potential models for studying this inborn error of metabolism.
Experimental protein malnutrition in primates—cytochemistry of the nervous system
Authors: Manocha Sohan L. , Olkowski Zbigniew L.
Published: August 2005

Experimental protein malnutrition was induced in groups of young juvenile squirrel monkeys by feeding them ad libitum diets very low in protein content, whereas a diet containing 25% protein content was fed to the control animals. Detailed cytochemical studies have clearly shown the sensitivity of the nervous system to dietary abuse. The motor neurons of the spinal cord and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are very sensitive to protein deficiency, and the number of oligodendroglia cells increases sharply. Gallocyanin stained preparations from the malnourished animals show significant decrease in the amount of RNA in the Purkinje cells of cerebellum and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The larger neurons show prominent chromatolysis with concomitant increase in the number of oligodendrocytes surrounding such nerve cells. The different layers of the cerebellar cortex of the malnourished animals, as well as some of the neurons of the spinal cord, showed decreased activity of succinate dehydrogenase and increased levels of thiamine pyrophosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Although ATPase activity appeared to remain unchanged quantitatively, it showed profound disturbance in its in situ localization, especially in the mitochondrial ATPase located in the cytoplasm. The enzyme activity in the nuclear membrane appeared unchanged. These studies emphasize the importance of studying in situ changes in the anatomically heterogeneous nervous tissue, rather than of working only with biochemical methods using homogenized material.
Analysis of rhesus monkey vocalizations: Maturation‐related sex differences in clear‐call frequency
Authors: Erwin J. , Mitchell G.
Published: August 2005

In the first of two studies six like‐sexed pairs of rhesus macaques early in their third year of life were observed for two days, then separated for two days, and finally reunited for two days. In the second, about nine months later, the same animals were paired across sex and were separated in a similar fashion to that in the previous study. The number of distress‐related clear calls uttered by females remained stable through both studies, but the males showed a decrease with age in this behavior. The results of these two studies are compared with other research in which maturation‐related sex differences have become apparent. These comparisons suggested that decreases in the production of clear calls accompany the onset of puberty. Since the females which were involved in our research reached puberty shortly before the time of our first study and the males did so shortly before the second, the decreases in male clear‐call rate which we observed across these two studies appears to have been linked with peri‐pubertal influences.
Isolation and characterization of a new virus from owl monkeys: Herpesvirus aotus type 3
Authors: Daniel M. D. , Melendez L. V. , King N. W. , Barahona H. H. , Fraser C. E. O. , Garcia F. G. , Silva D.
Published: August 2005

Owl monkey kidney cell cultures yielded a viral agent 32 days after initiation of the culture. The virus was identified as a herpesvirus by physico‐chemical, cultural, and morphological features. Serologically this herpesvirus was found to be unrelated to other members of this family, as well as to Herpesvirus aotus type 1 and 2. Based on these findings the name Herpesvirus aotus type 3 is suggested for this herpesvirus.
The rhesus monkey as a model for the study of infectious disease
Authors: Kastello Michael D. , Spertzel Richard O.
Published: August 2005

Models for bacterial and viral infections and intoxication were developed in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Manifestations of acute‐phase illnesses, e.g., temperature, white blood cell (WBC) counts, blood cultures, etc., were monitored at regular intervals. Viral infection was established by inoculating subcutaneously 412 plaque‐forming units of Trinidad strain, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. A diphasic febrile response developed, with the first fever peak on days 1 to 2 and a second peak on days 3 to 5. Viremia occurred within 12 hours and persisted in some animals for as long as five days. WBC responses were typical of viral infection. Gram‐positive infections were induced by intravenous (IV) inoculation of 108 Type I Diplococcus pneumoniae. Peak febrile response and bacteremia (102 to 106 pneumococci per milliliter) occurred within 48 hours. Gram‐negative infections, obtained by IV inoculation with 109 Salmonella typhimurium, induced maximal febrile responses within 24 to 48 hours. Leukopenia occurred in 75% of animals; all were bacteremic. Mortality was 40% at 72 hours. Manifestations of intoxication following IV administration of purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B (10 μg per kg body weight) consisted of vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, and fever within one to three hours and resembled nonlethal staphylococcal food poisoning of man. These studies indicate that the rhesus macaque has reproducible and characteristic responses to a variety of microbial stimuli and therefore is eminently suitable for studying pathophysiologic, metabolic, and immunologic parameters of infectious or toxic disease processes.
Control of losses in freshly‐imported laboratory primates during the acclimatization period
Authors: Lewis P. F.
Published: August 2005

Observation of large numbers of freshly‐trapped rhesus and crab‐eating macaques transported by air from Asia to an Australian laboratory has shown that severe losses may occur during the first few weeks following importation and that it is up to 12 weeks before the animals become properly acclimatized to the new environment. Deaths which occur during this period are primarily due to enteric and/or respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. In addition, endoparasitic infestations are almost invariably present; and viral infections may enhance the virulence of other pathogens.

Measures which have been taken to reduce losses during the period of stabilization involve good husbandry, the treatment of parasites, and the prophylactic use of antibiotics. However, greatest success has been achieved by partly acclimatizing monkeys to captivity in the country of origin, during which period they are treated for intestinal helminths. Only robust, adolescent animals are selected for dispatch to Australia by air in small consignments.
Experimental analysis of causal relationships between grooming behavior and inter‐individual proximity in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides): A preliminary report
Authors: Goosen C.
Published: August 2005

Some causal relationships between allogrooming, autogrooming, locomotion and close proximity in the behavior of one (adult female) Macaca arctoides while in the presence of another (adult male) monkey of the same species are reported. Allogrooming reduces the probability of walking away in the groomer, and thus increases the time spent close to the other monkey; autogrooming seems to have a similar effect. The duration of autogrooming is increased in a non‐proportional manner by reduction of locomotion, but the duration of autogrooming seems to directly reduce the amount of locomotion. Up to a certain optimal value, the duration of autogrooming increases accordingly as the time spent close to the other monkey increases. The duration of allogrooming may be influenced in the same way as the duration of autogrooming.
Maternal and paternal periods in the development of infant Callimico goeldii
Authors: Heltne Paul G. , Turner Dennis C. , Wolhandler Jill
Published: August 2005

The paternal‐maternal‐infant interactions of contact and nursing are reported from extensive longitudinal observations on two successive Callimico births in one family. For the first two weeks, the maternal period, the infant clings exclusively to the female. In the third week the infant shifts abruptly to the male. Subsequently, during the paternal period most of the maternal‐infant contact involves nursing. The infant Callimico remains almost totally dependent until week 6, but even in week 11 it spends less than 50% of the time off a parent.
Handedness in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Rothe Hartmut
Published: August 2005

For about 20 months the development of hand preferences in 21 experimentally naive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was examined in 15 different tests. Test preferences were compared with their spontaneous behavior preferences in such contexts as feeding, grooming, play, and others. In the spontaneous use of the hands, only eight animals showed a significant lateral preference (2 left‐handed, 6 right‐handed). During the test period, however, the number of handed marmosets increased to 19 (5 left‐handed, 14 right‐handed). Most of the animals fluctuated considerably in their preference levels, a situation which led to a remarkable test response inconsistency of handedness. When the test situation was changed, complete reversals of handedness were more frequent than weakening or strengthening of a particular preference. The animals' emotions during the test session and environmental variables affected handedness significantly. None of the tested marmosets showed an increase of hand preference from the first to the last test. Our results indicate that Callithrix is ambidextrous rather than handed.
On the function of facial muscles in different behavioral situations. A study based on muscle morphology and electromyography
Authors: Seiler Rolf
Published: August 2005

The anatomy and function of the facial muscles of Macaca cyclopis, M. fuscata, M. irus, M. mulatta, and M. nemestrina have been correlated and analyzed by means of electromyograms made by a 12‐channel electromyograph. We made records only of those areas where there is one layer of facial muscles. Morphologically the muscular differences among the species are insignificant for the recording of EMGs. Functionally, the facial muscles moving the eyebrows and ears differ under certain conditions. There is no muscle activity during sleep: during dozing, only a slight lowering of the eyebrows was noted and sometimes an extremely low level of watching behavior. The ear and eyebrow movements during the watching responses differ among the species. The basis for threatening behavior is watching: but most species raise the ears and eyebrows more extremely in threat, and other muscle activities differ among the species. In all species, the facial muscles are contracted in fear to a greater or lesser degree. Some muscular responses, too brief to be detected by observers but recorded by the EMG, can thus be analyzed and compared with the expressions of observed behavior.
Social organization of wild talapoin monkeys
Authors: Rowell T. E.
Published: August 2005

A troop of wild talapoins in Cameroon had 70 members including all age‐sex classes. Observed between the birth season and the next mating season, it was habitually divided into subgroups. Subgroups most commonly observed were (1) adult and large juvenile males: (2) adult females with infants, small juveniles, and large juvenile females; (3) medium sized juveniles with a single adult male. Adult females and adult males were rarely sighted together and never seen to interact. From observations of caged groups, predictions are made about the changes in this organization which might be expected during the breeding season. A possible parallel with the ecologically similar squirrel monkey is suggested.
Familial interactions of male rhesus monkeys in a semi‐free‐ranging troop
Authors: Miller Michael H. , Kling Arthur , Dicks Dennis
Published: August 2005

Although the central and stable position of female rhesus monkeys in semi‐free‐ranging bands has been observed and described, the position of the developing male in the social group is not as well delineated. The present study is an attempt to describe interactions of 18 males with members of their families.

Quantitative observations were made on one band (E) of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago. Incidences of behavior recorded were joining, grooming, and threatening. The resulting data were analyzed by comparing the behavior of the males studied toward members of their genealogy as well as unrelated members of the social group. Behavior of family and non‐relatives toward the males was also revealed.

Statistical analysis revealed that the male subjects engaged in more positive social interactions within the matrifocal family than with other members of the genealogy, and in turn, more such behavior was observed within the genealogy than with unrelated monkeys. Threatening behavior within the genealogies was infrequent.

Age effects were noted in that family members directed more interactions toward younger males and as males matured, they groomed more but joined family members less frequently.

These data suggest mechanisms of socialization within the genealogy that may be different from those employed within the unrelated social group.
On the genesis of a group of siamang
Authors: Aldrich‐Blake F. P. G. , Chivers D. J.
Published: August 2005

A population of siamang in lowland dipterocarp forest at Kuala Lompat, Pahang, Malaysia, was studied discontinuously between April 1969 and November 1971. Between March and May 1970 a sub‐adult male in the main study group became increasingly peripheral. The frequency of aggressive interactions with the adult male increased, and the sub‐adult played a greater part in group calling sessions. These changes coincided with the onset of sexual activity between the adult pair.

By October 1970 the sub‐adult male had left the group, established a territory in an adjacent vacant area of forest, and been joined by a young adult female. A second, older female joined the new group in April 1971, left it again in July, and returned in September. Social relations within the new group were unstable, and its activities were less coordinated than that of the old group.

It is suggested that the intolerance of the adult male during a period of reproductive activity, together with the maturation of the sub‐adult, were the crucial factors in the latter leaving the group, and that the sub‐adult's increased participation in group calling played a part in attracting females.
Ecologically differentiated patterns of aggressive and sexual behavior in two troops of Ugandan baboons, Papio anubis
Authors: Paterson James D.
Published: August 2005

Two baboon troops from different ecological conditions — a thicket savanna in Queen Elizabeth Park, and a forest edge in the Budongo Forest — were studied during a 15 month period. Two different social structures were found and various levels of aggressive activity were observed, both among males and among females and juveniles. The patterns of female sexual behavior differed widely between the two troops. These patterns are examined, and the genetic and environmental factors involved in the determination of aggressive and sexual behavior among baboons are discussed.
Observations on two types of neotropical primate intertaxa associations
Authors: Klein Lewis L. , Klein Dorothy J.
Published: August 2005

During a socioecological field study of Colombian spider monkeys, data were collected on spatial associations and social and ecological interactions among free‐ranging Ateles belzebuth, Alouatta seniculus, Cebus apella, and Saimiri sciureus. The most frequently observed associations occurred between groups of squirrel and capuchin monkeys. Saimiri‐Cebus associations were seen at all times of day and year, but no intertaxa play, passive body contact, or grooming interactions were observed. The Saimiri‐Cebus association was paralleled by one between Saimiri and the small hawk, Harpagus bidentatus, and sometimes other insectivorous birds. These associations may be based in part on a complex balance of both mutual and one‐sided foraging advantages.

Less frequent associations between Ateles and Alouatta were based on mutual attraction to specific fruiting trees or contacts occurring on travel routes. Unlike the more frequently observed associations between Saimiri and Cebus, those between Ateles and Alouatta included both positive and negative interactions; for example, mutual play, grooming, and olfactory investigation as well as threats, chases, and supplantations.
Synecology of bornean primates. I. A test for interspecific interactions in spatial distribution of five species
Authors: Rodman Peter S.
Published: August 2005

In a 15‐month study of anthropoid primates in the forest of eastern Borneo, observers made 1230 contacts with groups of five different species within a study area of approximately 3 km2. A test of the hypothesis that there is no effect on the presence of one species by the presence of another (using the method of partial correlation) shows that in every pair of species the presence of one has a negative effect on the presence of the other, and that in seven of ten pairs the hypothesis may be rejected at the 97% level of confidence or better. Three cases in which the hypothesis cannot be rejected are found to have biological meaning: behavioral data show that niche separation of the pairs of species is such that their distributions should be independent. In spite of widely divergent feeding and locomotor adaptations, it is apparent that the species are competing for use of the forest.
Transferrins, haptoglobins, and ceruloplasmins among tribal groups of Madagascar
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Reisman Richard , Coppenhaver Dorian , Mason George A. , Buettner‐Janusch Vina
Published: August 2005

Transferrin phenotypes of 403 Malagasy were determined by autoradiography after electrophoresis of plasma or serum. Three phenotypes, Tf C, Tf CD, and Tf D, were found. The frequency of TfD was 0.051 in the total sample, 0.041 in tribes of the Madagascar plateau, and 0.075 in tribes of the coastal and lowland regions.

Haptoglobin phenotypes of 402 Malagasy were determined. The frequency of Hp1 was 0.41 in the total sample, 0.38 in tribes of the plateau, and 0.49 in coastal‐lowland tribes. There is a significant difference in the frequency of Hp1 between the tribes of the plateau and those of the coastal and lowland regions. This confirms earlier observations of significant differences in frequencies of haptoglobins and hemoglobin S.

Plasma or serum samples from 405 Malagasy were examined by electrophoresis to determine ceruloplasmin phenotypes. Seven distinct ceruloplasmin bands were observed. These were A, B, Galveston, Bridgeport, New Haven, Tananarive, and X, the last two described for the first time. Ten different phenotypes composed of one or two of the bands were observed. The frequency of the allele for ceruloplasmin B (CpB) was 0.78 in the total sample, 0.73 in tribes of the plateau, and 0.92 in coastal and lowland tribes. There is a significant difference in the frequency of this allele in the two major tribal groups, and this provides additional evidence of genetic differences between the peoples of the plateau and those of the coast and lowland regions of Madagascar.
Immunoglobulins in the Eastern Carolines
Authors: Steinberg A. G. , Morton N. E.
Published: August 2005

Serum samples from Micronesian populations on the Pingelap, Mokil, Ponape and Kusaie islands were tested for the immunoglobulin G (IgG) allotypes, Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 14, 21), and for Inv (1). All four populations have the Gm phenogroups, Gm1,21, Gm1,2,21, Gm1,3,5,13,14, and Gm1,5,6. The Ponapeans have Gm1,5,13,14 also. Pedigree analysis shows that the Gm1,5,6 phenogroup in the Pingelap and Mokil populations is derived from the single offspring of a member of a crew of a whaling ship and that the Gm1,2,21 phenogroup was introduced by three non‐native individuals. The Gm allotypes indicate that the Ponapean and Kusiean populations also have phenogroups from other races, and historical data show that there has been adequate opportunity for this to have occurred. Only the phenogroups Gm1,21 and Gm1,5,13,14 appear to be endemic to eastern Micronesia.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. III. Number of cusps on the upper permanent molars
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjørn
Published: August 2005

A study of 35 coastal and 64 inland Alaskan Eskimos revealed a reduction in the number of cusps from the first to the third maxillary molar. While 97% of the first molars had four cusps, only 39.6% of the second molars and 15.2% of the third molars had that number.

The reduction occurs through elimination of the hypocone.

No statistically significant sex difference in the trend towards reduction in the cusp numbers was found.

In the inland female group the occurrence of four cusps in the maxillary second molar was statistically higher than in the coastal female group. This may be due to a more pronounced racial admixture of white people along the coast. A similar difference, although not statistically significant, was found in the corresponding male groups.

Alaskan Eskimos have a tendency towards a lower frequency of four cusps on all three maxillary molars than Aleuts. Only the second molar exhibited a statistically significant difference in this respect.

A statistical evaluation revealed that in the Alaskan Eskimo maxillary first and third molars the reduction of cusps is independent of the size and form of the molars and of the suppression of the third molar.

For the second molar, however, the groups with four well‐developed cusps showed significantly larger buccolingual diameter.
Growth and skeletal maturation in British Columbia Indian populations
Authors: Birkbeck J. A. , Lee M.
Published: August 2005

Stature and skeletal maturation in childhood, mature stature, and calorie and protein intakes were studied in two populations of British Columbia Indians. Although mature stature was similar in both groups, one population (Anaham) showed delayed stature achieved for age and delayed skeletal maturity in childhood, compared with the other population (Ahousat). Analysis of growth data suggests that environmental factors are probably the predominant cause of the differences, which coincide with differences in nutritional status. Mean calorie intakes at Ahousat approximate or exceed the Canadian Dietary Standards, but those at Anaham are consistently below the standards for all age groups. Although mean protein intakes are well above the standards for all age groups, except teen‐age girls at both reserves, they are consistently lower at Anaham than at Ahousat.
Size and shape in similarity coefficients based on metric characters
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

A variety of quantitative measures of distance and similarity have been used in physical anthropology, often without sufficient prior testing of their usefulness and understanding of their meaning. A variety of such coefficients were compared by applying them to an odontometric sample. It was found that Penrose's size‐shape dichotomy extends not only to his coefficients but to all other similarity measures as well, such as the coefficient of racial likeness, generalized distance, canonical variates, and Q‐mode correlation. Only size differences were detected by the C.R.L., Penrose's size distance, D2, and canonical variates, and as a result these methods failed to produce an accurate classification. Penrose's shape distance and Q‐mode correlation coefficients produced better results due to their determination of similarity on the basis of more important shape and morphological differences. The D2and canonical variates methods were converted to shape measures through Q‐mode standardization of the raw data, whereupon they also produced more meaningful results.
Study on some genetic traits of Tibetans at Chandragiri, district Ganjam, Orissa
Authors: Patel S.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of ABH secretion, dry cerumen, ear‐lobe attachment, hand clasping, arm‐folding, and digital hair, occipital hair whorl and relative length of first and second toes is reported for Tibetan refugees. In those traits for which comparative data are available, they resemble Mongoloid rather than Caucasoid populations.
A‐B‐O groups of Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus, Kerr) in South Africa
Authors: Downing H. J. , Milner L. V. , Rogers V. J. , Skinner D. D.
Published: August 2005

The blood and saliva groups of 51 Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus, Kerr) were determined. The ABO blood group frequencies differed significantly from another subspecies (P. u. ursinus) but they gave a close agreement with the Hardy‐Weinberg estimates. Thus the data are compatible with the hypothesis that the saliva groups of baboons are the products of two allelic genes A and B that are inherited in a similar manner to the A and B genes of humans.
Precision casting: A new method in museum technology
Authors: Parsons Kenneth C.
Published: August 2005

By employing a version of industrial slush casting to conventional silicone rubber moulds and simultaneously applying internal pressure, accurate epoxy resin casts may be obtained, varying by less than 1.0% from the original. This is made possible by the construction of a machine which rotates the moulds through all axes.

When applied to fossil crania these moulding and casting methods not only accurately reproduce the external morphology, but when access permits, simultaneously copy the endocranium. The dimensional accuracy is reproduced throughout for any given measurement.

By using a variety of colouring methods these casts also produce replicas which closely approximate the appearance of the original.
How large were the australopithecines?
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: August 2005

Stature of the African early hominids is estimated from most of the available fragments of fossil long bones by means of regression analysis. The average height of the South African gracile australopithecines is predicted to be 145.1 cm (4′9″) where n = 4 and of the South African robust forms, 152.7 cm (5′) where n = 3. The East African early hominids are somewhat taller (x = 163.0 cm or 5′4″, where n = 7). Variability in stature is high even within the same site which is probably a reflection of fairly strong sexual dimorphism in body size.

Evidence is presented which suggests that at least in one form of early hominid the size proportions of fore‐ and hindlimbs are different than in modern man. There is also evidence that average stature may have increased through time.

The most significant of these findings is that the two forms of early hominids in South Africa are possibly more similar in stature than is usually cited. This does not imply necessarily that the two forms did not differ significantly in robustness or weight.
Sexual differences in the anterior dentition in African primates
Authors: Almquist Alan J.
Published: August 2005

A study was made of ranges of variation of the anterior dentition of various African nonhuman primates. Comparisons of the dentitions were made between different species and sex differences within each species were determined. Among the nonhuman primate groups studied were: Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercocebus albigena and Colobus badius. In monkeys the canine teeth of the males are considerably larger than those of the females. There are also considerable differences in size in the rest of the anterior dentition. In apes, and specifically only gorillas, distinct sex differences are only found in the maxillary canines. In the chimpanzees, sex differences in the dentition are much smaller and there is considerable overlap in the ranges of variation. There are no fundamental differences in the size of the rest of the anterior dentition in the apes. The present study shows that differences due to sex in the anterior dentition, excluding the canine, are not as great as has been considered. If we consider the fossil record of man, whose morphological complex includes a much reduced canine, the probability will be that sex differences in the rest of the dentition will be negligible. Given the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, it is, therefore, highly unlikely that the determination of the sex of any fossil hominid specimen can be accurately made based solely on the evidence of its dentition.
Approximal grooving of teeth
Authors: Wallace John A.
Published: August 2005

Approximal grooving of teeth is a form of tooth wear seen in some fossil hominids (Neandertal Man and Pekin Man) and in some primitive peoples (Bushmen, Australian aborigines and American Indians). Previous workers have claimed the grooves were produced either by an acid secreted from the gum or by constant probings with a tooth‐pick. The purpose of this paper is to refute these hypotheses, and to suggest from observations on the morphology of the grooves in four Bushman skulls, one American Indian skull, and one South African Negro skull that the approximal grooves are produced by dietary grit (sand and soil in the food and drinking water) being sucked from the vestibule into the oral cavity proper during the mouth‐cleansing phase of swallowing.
Canine role in dental wear patterns: Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Butler Ronald J. , Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: August 2005

A study of variables and patterns in dental wear among 30 individuals in a colony of Macaca nemestrina shows that consideration of age and sex are crucial for understanding differential wear degrees on molar occlusal planes. With advanced age, this species of non‐human primate undergoes obliteration of initial morphological characteristics through the gradual erosion of enamel. Wear gradients are differential from PM1‐M3 in both sexes. It appears that there is a functional relationship between degrees of occlusal plane wear and the degree of wear on the canines, and that females show a greater degree of wear changes relative to males of equivalent age because of initial differences in canine length and robusticity due to sexual dimorphism. It appears that there is a direct relationship between occlusal wear plane changes and the degree of wear on the canines, with advanced differential wear showing up in individuals in whom years of maxillary canine honing, canine damage, and the normal wear of mastication has reduced dimensions of unworn permanent canines. Other considerations included in this study are the honing functions of the deciduous first mandibular molars and molar cusp height relative to canine function.
Sagittal cresting in the South African australopithecines
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: August 2005

The evidence for sagittal cresting, and more generally the position of the temporal lines is reviewed in the South African australopithecine sample. The position of the lines is dependent on both the allometric relation of the masticatory apparatus to cranial size and on individual variation. In the Swartkrans specimens, with generally bigger body size, the influence of allometry predominates, actually overshadowing the influence of individual variation. At Sterkfontein and Makapansgat with generally smaller body size and a resulting smaller allometric ratio, individual variation has a greater influence. Of the eleven adult South African specimens, the four largest are crested. The one smaller crested specimen comes from Sterkfontein. The crested Makapan specimen is intermediate in size. The pattern of australopithecine cresting is somewhat different from other hominoids, and is part of a total morphological pattern suggesting adaptation to a diet requiring powerful crushing during mastication.
Brain size and intelligence in man
Authors: van Valen Leigh
Published: August 2005

Although estimates of brain weight are useless in prediction of individual intelligence in man, the available data (none of them entirely adequate) suggest that the real correlation may be as high as 0.3. Evaluation of causes suggests the participation of a direct effect. Natural selection on intelligence at a current estimated intensity suffices to explain the rapid rate of increase of brain size in human evolution. Selection on birth weight may also suffice for this. It does not seem overly difficult to estimate directly the relationships among brain weight, intelligence, and fitness.
An examination of the meaning of cranial discrete traits for human skeletal biological studies
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

Discrete traits are of increasing interest in comparative skeletal biological research. Characteristics justifying their use have been investigated primarily in mice, however. Using 72 discrete variants, 321 human skulls from the Terry Collection of known race, sex and age have been studied. Significant sex and age differences were detected. Inter‐trait correlation was found to be at a low but significant overall level. Multivariate comparison with conventional craniometric analysis was undertaken on subdivisions of the sample, and distance based on metric and nonmetric data were concordant. It is concluded, on the basis of these findings and the discontinuous variant frequency distributions, that discrete traits in isolation are not of paramount value to skeletal genetic studies, but may be vital in comparison and conjunction with other types of data in analyzing the population genetics of extinct groups.
Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing
Authors: Schanfield M. S. , Giles Eugene , Gershowitz H.
Published: August 2005

Genetic studies in the Markham Valley, northeastern Papua New Guinea: Gamma globulin (Gm and Inv), group specific component (Gc) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) typing. M. S. Schanfield, Eugene Giles and H. Gershowitz, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.

Immunoglobulin allotyping was carried out on 680 serum samples from inhabitants of the Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea (seven villages speaking the same Melanesian [MN] language and a single Papuan [PAP] speaking village). Family and population data verified the presence of Gmag, and Gmafb among the MN speakers and Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb among the PAP speakers. The frequency of Gmag was between 0.048 and 0.235, while the frequency of Gmab was between 0.427 and 0.627 and the frequency of Gmafb ranged between 0.261 and 0.424 among the seven MN villages; the single PAP village had frequencies of 0.568, 0.160, 0.213 and 0.059 for Gmag, Gmaxg, Gmab and Gmafb respectively. The frequency of Inv1 ranged between 0.034 and 0.095 in the MN villages and 0.014 in the PAP village. The rare occurrence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) could be studied in three families. In an MN family the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the presence of a Gmaxfb haplotype, while in two PAP families the presence of Gm(x) without Gm(g) was explained by the abnormally weak expression of Gm(g) in a Gmaxg haplotype.

A total of 654 sera were typed for Gc, with the seven MN villages ranging between 0.350 and 0.650 for Gc1, 0.312 and 0.575 for Gc2 and between 0.017 and 0.112 for GcAb; the single PAP village had a value of 0.627 for Gc1, 0.165 for Gc2 and 0.208 for GcAb.

A total of 693 sera were tested for ceruloplasmin type. All showed the common Cp(b) phenotype.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XII. Biodemographic studies
Authors: Neel James V. , Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: August 2005

The Yanomama Indians of Southern Vanezuela and Northern Brazil are one of the largest, relatively unacculturated tribes of the tropical rain forest. Over a period of eight years data have been collected from a considerable portion of their territory on estimated age, sex ratio, fertility rates (as determined by physical examination and urine tests), and infant death rates. Although it has been impossible to collect direct data on infanticide, this subject can be approached indirectly through distortions of the sex ratio and anecdotal information. Some historical data are also available as a basis for estimating tribal expansion in the past 100 years. With this material it has been possible to construct Life Tables for the Yanomama, and to explore the results of various perturbations of the input parameters.

Data are also presented on patterns of mating and reproduction: number of spouses, mean and variance in number of surviving children, frequency of “extra‐marital conceptions” based on the results of extensive blood group typings, and consanguinity rates as determined by observation and computer simulation.

Although we do not present the Yanomama as typical, these data are seen as providing a basis for more realistic population models than have existed in the past. In addition, the data provide a basis for relatively precise estimates of such demographic measures as Fisher's Reproductive Value, Crow's Index of Total Selection, and Weiss' Index of Growth Regulation.
Sex and genetic differences in hair color changes during early childhood
Authors: Matheny Adam P. , Dolan Anne Brown
Published: August 2005

Hair color was assessed routinely from three months to six years for children participating in a longitudinal study of twins: 169 female twin pairs, 161 male pairs, and 60 opposite‐sex pairs. Age trends, established by sampling only one member of every pair, showed marked changes in hair color for both sexes, but there was a consistent excess of light‐haired males and dark‐haired females. Within‐pair concordance rates were calculated for same‐sex pairs whose zygosity had been determined independently through blood‐typing. A high rate of concordance was found for MZ twins at every age in spite of the general change in hair color, indicating a strong genetic influence in the timing of color changes. The results are discussed in terms of accelerated maturation of females, and the need for genetic models of the inheritance of hair color which are age‐ and sex‐specific.
Septal apertures in the humerus of normal and experimental rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse , Simon Mark
Published: August 2005

Septal apertures of the humerus are rare in wild and domesticated rats but their occurrence is more frequent in females than in males and on the left than on the right side. Septal apertures can be produced experimentally by hypophysectomy due to an extreme reduction of the thickness of the septal wall. Other endocrine ablations, starvation and unilateral front leg paralysis do not produce a sufficient reduction of septal wall thickness to cause septal apertures. Their occurrence is also not correlated with total humeral robusticity. Thus, the manifestations of septal apertures in a non‐specialized mammal such as the rat do not differ from those in higher primates.
Papago Indian admixture and mating patterns in a mining town: A genetic cauldron
Authors: Lamb Neven P.
Published: August 2005

Problems of delineation of population units and sub‐units and the poor fit of genetic models make populations with high mobility and low stability difficult to analyze by present means. Examination of three processes—in‐migration, admixture, and dispersal—as well as the mate selection factors involved in out‐mating and changing population boundaries are suggested as alternate procedures in these cases. The Papago Indian community of Ajo, Arizona, is characterized by historical instability, an in‐migration rate of 72.3%, a dispersal rate of 20.6%, and an admixture rate of 36.7%. Inmigrant parents continue to come from all parts of the reservation, reservation ties are strong, and families often fragmented between reservation and Ajo homes. For these and other reasons the community cannot be delineated as a population unit nor incorporated into models of subdivided populations. Ajo's function as a cauldron in which genes are mixed and from which they are scattered is evident in sharp increases in the percentage of mixed Papagos among residents and out‐migrants. Among the latter more than twice as many mixed Papago leave Ajo as entered in the parental generation. Mate selection factors possibly involved in admixture are considered.