bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the gender of the bully/victim dyad and the type of bullying influence children's responses to a bullying incident?
Authors: Fox Claire L. , Jones Siân E. , Stiff Chris E. , Sayers Jayde
Published: February 2014

Children's responses to bullying are context related; they will vary depending on the specific bullying episode. The aim of the present study was to explore whether children's responses to bullying vary depending on the gender of the bully and victim and the type of bullying portrayed. In total, 437 children aged 9–11 years from four primary schools in the UK took part in the study. Each child read a story about one child bullying another. There were 12 different versions of the story, varying the type of bullying (verbal, physical, or relational/indirect) and the gender of the bully and victim (i.e., male bully—female victim, female bully—male victim, male bully—male victim, female bully—female victim). Each child was randomly allocated to one of the 12 stories. After reading the story the children then responded to a series of questions to assess their perceptions of the victim and bully and situation. Overall females liked the bully more than males; females also reported liking the female victim more than the male victim and females were more likely than males to intervene with a female victim. The bullying was viewed as more serious, more sympathy was shown to the victim, and there was a greater likelihood of intervention when the incident involved a female bully. There was less liking for the bully if the situation involved a female victim of physical bullying. The findings are explained in terms of social identity theory and social norms about typical male and female behavior. Aggr. Behav. 40:359–368, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Chan–Lam Reaction of Chalcogen Elements Leading to Aryl Chalcogenides
Authors: Yu Jin‐Tao , Guo Huan , Yi Yuanqiuqiang , Fei Haiyang , Jiang Yan
Published: February 2014

A copper‐catalyzed chalcogenation of arylboronic acids with elemental sulfur or selenium is established, which provides diaryl disulfides or diaryl monoselenides in moderate to good yields with excellent selectivities, respectively. Moreover, after sequential reduction and coupling with aryl/alkyl iodides in one pot, unsymmetrical monosulfides were obtained in good yields.

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Intraspinal neural stem cell transplantation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Phase 1 trial outcomes
Authors: Feldman Eva L. , Boulis Nicholas M. , Hur Junguk , Johe Karl , Rutkove Seward B. , Federici Thais , Polak Meraida , Bordeau Jane , Sakowski Stacey A. , Glass Jonathan D.
Published: February 2014

Objective

The US Food and Drug Administration–approved trial, “A Phase 1, Open‐Label, First‐in‐Human, Feasibility and Safety Study of Human Spinal Cord‐Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Protocol Number: NS2008‐1,” is complete. Our overall objective was to assess the safety and feasibility of stem cell transplantation into lumbar and/or cervical spinal cord regions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) subjects.

Methods

Preliminary results have been reported on the initial trial cohort of 12 ALS subjects. Here, we describe the safety and functional outcome monitoring results for the final trial cohort, consisting of 6 ALS subjects receiving 5 unilateral cervical intraspinal neural stem cell injections. Three of these subjects previously received 10 total bilateral lumbar injections as part of the earlier trial cohort. All injections utilized a novel spinal‐mounted stabilization and injection device to deliver 100,000 neural stem cells per injection, for a dosing range up to 1.5 million cells. Subject assessments included detailed pre‐ and postsurgical neurological outcome measures.

Results

The cervical injection procedure was well tolerated and disease progression did not accelerate in any subject, verifying the safety and feasibility of cervical and dual‐targeting approaches. Analyses on outcome data revealed preliminary insight into potential windows of stem cell biological activity and identified clinical assessment measures that closely correlate with ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised scores, a standard assessment for ALS clinical trials.

Interpretation

This is the first report of cervical and dual‐targeted intraspinal transplantation of neural stem cells in ALS subjects. This approach is feasible and well‐tolerated, supporting future trial phases examining therapeutic dosing and efficacy. Ann Neurol 2014;75:363–373
Rhodium‐Catalyzed CH Alkynylation of Arenes at Room Temperature
Authors: Feng Chao , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: February 2014

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed ortho CH alkynylation of non‐electronically activated arenes is disclosed. This process features a straightforward and highly effective protocol for the synthesis of functionalized alkynes and represents the first example of merging a hypervalent iodine reagent with rhodium(III) catalysis. Notably, this reaction proceeds at room temperature, tolerates a variety of functional groups, and more importantly, exhibits high selectivity for monoalkynylation.
A Chiral Gold Nanocluster Au20 Protected by Tetradentate Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Wan Xian‐Kai , Yuan Shang‐Fu , Lin Zhi‐Wei , Wang Quan‐Ming
Published: February 2014

The chirality of a gold nanocluster can be generated from either an intrinsically chiral inorganic core or an achiral inorganic core in a chiral environment. The first structural determination of a gold nanocluster containing an intrinsic chiral inorganic core is reported. The chiral gold nanocluster [Au20(PP3)4]Cl4 (PP3=tris(2‐(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)phosphine) has been prepared by the reduction of a gold(I)–tetraphosphine precursor in dichloromethane solution. Single‐crystal structural determination reveals that the cluster molecular structure has C3 symmetry. It consists of a Au20 core consolidated by four peripheral tetraphosphines. The Au20 core can be viewed as the combination of an icosahedral Au13 and a helical Y‐shaped Au7 motif. The identity of this Au20 cluster is confirmed by ESI‐MS. The chelation of multidentate phosphines enhances the stability of this Au20 cluster.
A new mutation in the CSB gene in a Chinese patient with mild Cockayne syndrome
Authors: Luo Yu , Ling Yan , Chen Jiachao , Xu Xi , Chen Chen , Leng Fei , Cheng Jing , Chen Min , Lu Zhiqiang
Published: February 2014

Key Clinical Message

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease characterized by growth failure and progressive neurological degeneration. Here we report a mild form of CS patient who was homozygous for the C526T transition resulting in a new nonsense mutation, which converts Arg176 to a stop codon.
Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Triethanolamine Aqueous Solutions: Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer
Authors: López Ana B. , La Rubia M. Dolores , Navaza José M. , Pacheco Rafael , Gómez‐Díaz Diego
Published: February 2014

The carbon dioxide absorption process by triethanolamine aqueous solutions was analyzed in a bubble‐column reactor taking into account the chemical reaction mechanism, gas‐liquid interfacial area, and mass transfer rate. A speciation study of this gas‐liquid system was developed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in order to obtain the reaction mechanism and stoichiometry. The gas‐liquid interfacial area was evaluated considering the variations of bubble size distribution and gas holdup during the operation time. The liquid‐phase mass transfer coefficient was calculated from the carbon dioxide absorption rate data by interfacial area evolution and reaction stoichiometry.
Application of neural networks with novel independent component analysis methodologies for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, copper, and lead using an ISE array
Authors: Wang Liang , Yang Die , Chen Zuliang , Lesniewski Peter J. , Naidu Ravi
Published: February 2014

The paper introduces a novel chemometric strategy based on independent component analysis (ICA) coupled with a back‐propagation neural network. In this approach, one of the most popular ICA methods, the fast fixed‐point algorithm for ICA (fastICA), was implemented by the genetic algorithm (geneticICA) to avoid the local maxima problem commonly observed with fastICA. As a case study, an ion‐selective electrode (ISE) array, consisting of three working electrodes and one reference electrode, was used for the simultaneous determination of three heavy metals (cadmium, copper, and lead) in aqueous solutions, which are normally prone to severe interferences. The robustness and appropriateness of the approach were assessed using the average mean of relative error (MRE) of triplicated external validation. After configuration and optimization, the average MRE for Cu was <5%. For the determination of Cd and Pb, whose ISEs normally cannot tolerate Cu ions even at the microgram per liter levels, the MREs were 8%. This article demonstrated that this approach can be applied to the detection of heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater with prediction accuracies comparable with other popular quantitative chemometric neural network methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Chemistry and Magnetic Properties of Nd18Li8Fe4M′O39 (M′: Al, Ga) and La18Li8Fe4,5In0.5O39.
Authors: Thammajak Nirawat , Battle Peter D. , Brown Catherine , Higgon Katharine , Stansfield Rhian
Published: February 2014

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions of Nd2O3 or La2O3, Fe2O3, M2O3 (M: Al, Ga, In), and excess Li2CO3 (alumina crucibles, 800 °C, 16 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Bi65Cu13Ge41O6Br122, a Low‐Valent Compound of High Structural Complexity Featuring the Trigonal Anion [O(GeIIBr2)3]2‐ with an sp2‐Hybridized μ3‐Oxide Ion.
Authors: Gerisch Alexander , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: February 2014

(Bi5)2(Bi9)6 [O(GeBr2)3]6 [Cu6Ge5Br20] [BiCu7Ge18Br66] is obtained by very slow cooling of a melt of Bi, BiBr3, Cu, and partly oxidized Ge (1000 °C, 1 d, 1 K/h cooling rate).
ChemInform Abstract: Missing Links in the Sulfate Chemistry of Group 15 Elements: As(S2O7)(HS2O7), Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7) and Bi2(S2O7)3 from Reactions in Oleum under Harsh Conditions.
Authors: Logemann Christian , Kleineberg Henrike , Ohlert Jan , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: February 2014

Single crystals of As(S2O7)(HS2O7) (I), Sb2(SO4)2(S2O7) (II), Bi2(S2O7)3 (III) are obtained from reactions of As2O3, SbCl3, and (BiO)2CO3 with oleum (65 % SO3) (evacuated glass tubes, 150 °C fo (I), 250 °C for (II) and (III), 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of 3R‐LiTiS2 and Its Stability Compared to Other Polymorphs.
Authors: Nakhal Suliman , Lerch Martin , Koopman Jeroen , Islam Mazharul M. , Bredow Thomas
Published: February 2014

3R‐LiTiS2 is prepared by heating a stoichiometric mixture of Ti, S, and Li2S (evacuated silica tubes, 800 °C, 2 weeks) with 10% of Li1+xTi2‐xO4 and TiO2 as byproducts followed by reheating in H2S (alumina crucible, 750 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: AgCu3V4O12: A Novel Perovskite Containing Mixed‐Valence Silver Ions.
Authors: Akizuki Yasuhide , Yamada Ikuya , Fujita Koji , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Irifune Tetsuo , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: February 2014

The new title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of Ag2O, CuO, VO2, and V2O5 in the molar ratio 1:6:6:1 (Pt capsule, 15 GPa, 1373 K, 20 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Trichloromethyl Ketones: Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation and Subsequent Jocic‐Type Reactions with Amines.
Authors: Perryman Michael S. , Harris Matthew E. , Foster Jade L. , Joshi Anushka , Clarkson Guy J. , Fox David J.
Published: February 2014

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of trichloromethyl ketones (I) is achieved using a Noyori‐type ruthenium‐complex as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Carbene Migratory Insertion: New Approach to 3‐Vinylindoles and 3‐Vinylbenzofurans.
Authors: Liu Zhenxing , Xia Ying , Zhou Shiyi , Wang Long , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: February 2014

One‐pot Pd‐catalyzed coupling of tosylhydrazones, generated in solution from the corresponding carbonyl compounds, with N‐propynyl‐2‐iodoamides or the analogous O‐propynyl‐2‐iodophenols offers a novel synthetic route to 3‐vinylindoles as well as 3‐vinylbenzofurans.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Approach to Ullmann C—N Couplings at Room Temperature: New Families of Nucleophiles and Electrophiles for Photoinduced, Copper‐Catalyzed Processes.
Authors: Ziegler Daniel T. , Choi Junwon , Munoz‐Molina Jose Maria , Bissember Alex C. , Peters Jonas C. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2014

This is a new coupling reaction of carbazoles, indoles, benzimidazoles, and imidazoles with various aryl and alkyl halides including hindered, deactivated, heterocyclic aryl iodides, alkenyl and alkynyl halides yielding N‐substituted heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Increasing the Structural Span of Alkyne Metathesis.
Authors: Persich Peter , Llaveria Josep , Lhermet Rudy , de Haro Teresa , Stade Robert , Kondoh Azusa , Fuerstner Alois
Published: February 2014

Several new catalysts for alkyne metathesis, e.g. MMC, are introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Deoxygenative Trifluoromethylation of Benzylic Xanthates: Generation of a C—CF3 Bond from an O‐Based Electrophile.
Authors: Zhu Lingui , Liu Shasha , Douglas Justin T. , Altman Ryan A.
Published: February 2014

The reaction is proposed to proceed via a radical cation intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Copper‐Based Metal—Organic Framework as a Promising Heterogeneous Catalyst for Chemo‐ and Regio‐Selective Enamination of β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Zhao Ying , Deng Dong‐Sheng , Ma Lu‐Fang , Ji Bao‐Ming , Wang Li‐Ya
Published: February 2014

A new metal‐organic framework derived from Cu(II), 5‐nitro‐1,2,3‐benzenetricarboxylic acid and a bis(triazolyl)propane is shown to be an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the highly selective enamination of β‐ketoesters (I) (11 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative ortho‐Benzoxylation of Acetanilides with Aromatic Acids.
Authors: Padala Kishor , Jeganmohan Masilamani
Published: February 2014

The reaction of substituted acetanilides with aromatic acids proceeds in most cases regioselectively to afford 2‐benzoxylated acetanilides.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Intramolecular Cyclization of Functional Derivatives of Unsaturated Compounds. Part 4. Cyclosulfenylation of 5‐Hexenoic Acid Amides and Nucleophilic Cleavage of Reaction Products.
Authors: Vas'kevich A. I. , Tsizorik N. M. , Staninets V. I. , Vovk M. V.
Published: February 2014

Compounds (I) react with arylsulfenyl chlorides (II) to give products of electrophilic cyclization (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Rauhut—Currier Domino Reaction: A Facile Strategy for the Construction of Carbocyclic Spirooxindoles Skeletons.
Authors: Hu Chongchong , Zhang Qinglong , Huang You
Published: February 2014

Spirocyclic compounds are constructed with the formation of two new C—C bonds and one quaternary carbon center in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Green Syntheses of 2‐(N‐Methylindole‐3‐carbonyl)‐3‐(N‐methylpyrrol‐2‐yl)acrylonitriles (V) and a Study of Their Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Thirupathi G. , Venkatanarayana M. , Dubey P. K. , Kumari Y. Bharathi
Published: February 2014

The title compounds (V) and their precursors (III) show excellent antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli as well as very good activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticle Supported Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Catalysts for Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[b]pyran.
Authors: Nasseri Mohammad Ali , Sadeghzadeh Seyed Mohsen
Published: February 2014

A newly synthesized catalyst effectively catalyzes the formation of benzopyran derivatives (IV) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Route to Highly Functionalized Chalcone‐Based Pyranocoumarins via Iodine‐Promoted Michael Addition Followed by Cyclization of 4‐Hydroxycoumarins.
Authors: Ahmed Naseem , Babu B. Venkata
Published: February 2014

An effective and regioselective method to synthesize highly functionalized pyranocoumarin derivatives (III) (34 examples) from 4‐hydroxycoumarin (I) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyridin‐2‐one via Michael Addition of in situ‐Generated Enaminones.
Authors: Kumar J. B. Senthil , Kumari Neeta , Luthra Pratibha Mehta
Published: February 2014

A facile one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives (III) (13 examples) under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted 1,2‐Dihydroquinolines as Anticancer Agents: Electronic Control of Redox Stability, Assessment of Antiproliferative Effects, and Mechanistic Insights.
Authors: Victor Napoleon John , Sakthivel Ramasamy , Muraleedharan Kannoth Manheri , Karunagaran Devarajan
Published: February 2014

The compounds (III) and (V) show promising anticancer activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride Catalyzed Sonochemical Synthesis of Acridine Diones
Authors: Kaur Bhupinder , Kumar Harish
Published: February 2014

via a three‐component reaction
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, G‐Quadruplex Stabilization, Docking Studies, and Effect on Cancer Cells of Indolo[3,2‐b]quinolines with One, Two, or Three Basic Side Chains.
Authors: Lavrado Joao , Borralho Pedro M. , Ohnmacht Stephan A. , Castro Rui E. , Rodrigues Cecilia M. P. , Moreira Rui , dos Santos Daniel J. V. A. , Neidle Stephen , Paulo Alexandra
Published: February 2014

The synthesized compounds, especially compounds (IIIb) and (IVb) show high G‐Quadruplex (G4) thermal stabilization over duplex DNA and selectivity for the HCT116 cancer cell line over primary rat hepatocytes.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Induced Solvent‐Free Synthesis and Antifungal Screening of Novel Spiro Heterocyclic Systems Containing 3,5‐Diphenyl‐7H‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine and Indolin‐2‐one.
Authors: Singh Divya , Fatma Shahin , Ankit Preyas , Mishra Priya , Singh Sarita , Singh Shyam Babu , Singh Jagdamba
Published: February 2014

A facile, environmentally benign and economic synthesis of spiro compounds (V) (7 examples) incorporating two biologically important heterocycles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Confined Zeolite System: An Approach Towards Water Mediated Room Temperature Synthesis of Spiro[pyrazolo[3,4‐e]benzothiazepines].
Authors: Arya Kapil , Prabhakar Biswajeet
Published: February 2014

The applied catalytic system can be recycled at least five times without losing its catalytic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Hemilabile N‐Xylyl‐N′‐methylperimidine Carbene Iridium Complexes as Catalysts for C—H Activation and Dehydrogenative Silylation: Dual Role of N‐Xylyl Moiety for ortho‐C—H Bond Activation and Reductive Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Choi Gyeongshin , Tsurugi Hayato , Mashima Kazushi
Published: February 2014

Newly developed Ir‐catalysts are used for the direct dehydrogenative silylation of pyridyl and iminyl‐derived arenes with triethylsilane giving selectively the monosilylated products in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Markovnikov Hydrophosphoroselenoylation of Alkenes Using Phosphorodiselenoic Acid Esters Leading to the Formation of Phosphonoselenoic Acid Esters.
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Maekawa Yuuki , Monzaki Masaki , Ando Takafumi , Maruyama Toshifumi
Published: February 2014

Chiral phosphorodiselenoic acid esters (I) reacts with alkenes to afford a variety of phosphonoselenoic acid esters [16 examples], which are readily converted into phosphoric acid esters and phosphonite‐boranes.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of a New Biflavonoid (I) from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron
Authors: Han Ah‐Reum , Lee Na‐Youn , Nam Joo‐Won , Wiryawan Adam , Seo Eun‐Kyoung
Published: February 2014

isolation and structure elucidation
ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Amides from the Fruits of Tribulus terrestris and Their Inhibitory Effects on the Production of Nitric Oxide.
Authors: Hong Seong Su , Jeong Wonsik , Kwon Jin Gwan , Choi Yun‐Hyeok , Ahn Eun‐Kyung , Ko Han‐Jik , Seo Dong‐Wan , Oh Joa Sub
Published: February 2014

A new phenolic amide, named as tribulusamide D (I), is isolated together with four already known phenolic amide derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiplasmodial and Larvicidal Compounds of Toddalia asiatica Root Bark
Authors: Nyahanga T. , Jondiko J. Isaac , Manguro L. Onyango Arot , Orwa J. Atieno
Published: February 2014

isolation, antiplasmodial and larvicidal activities of eight compounds from the plant root bark, of which compounds (Ic), (II), and (III) are characterized by 13C‐NMR for the first time
ChemInform Abstract: On Some Problems of Inorganic Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Pervov Vladislav S. , Zotova Anna E.
Published: February 2014

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Binders Used in Cemented Paste Tailings for Underground and Surface Disposal Practices
Authors: Tariq Amjad , Yanful Ernest K.
Published: February 2014

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Model Studies on Au(111) to Working Conditions with Unsupported Nanoporous Gold Catalysts: Oxygen‐Assisted Coupling Reactions
Authors: Stowers K. J. , Madix R. J. , Friend C. M.
Published: February 2014

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Pinus Species
Authors: Li Bo , Shen Yun‐Heng , He Yi‐Ren , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: February 2014

Review: 106 refs.
Synthesis of Porous Nanoparticle Layers on Arbitrary Substrates by Means of Low Pressure Impaction
Authors: Zeng Lintao , Weber Alfred P.
Published: February 2014

Mittels Niederdruckimpaktion wurden durch Sprühtrocknung hergestellte poröse Ausgangspartikeln, sogenannte Building Blocks, zu einer porösen Schicht auf einem Substrat aufgebaut. Die Wachstumsrate der Schicht hängt von der Impaktionszeit und vom Kammerdruck ab. Die Porosität der Schichten lässt sich über den Impaktionsdruck kontrollieren. Die in diesem Experiment gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können für das Aufbringen von dreidimensionalen porösen Schichten mit einstellbarer Porengrößenverteilung auf beliebigen Substraten verwendet werden.
Optimizing detection of RET and PPARg rearrangements in thyroid neoplastic cells using a home‐brew tetracolor probe
Authors: Caria Paola , Frau Daniela V. , Dettori Tinuccia , Boi Francesco , Lai Maria L. , Mariotti Stefano , Vanni Roberta
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify specific DNA target sequences in the nuclei of nondividing cells of numerous solid neoplasms has contributed to the introduction of molecular cytogenetics as a useful adjunct to cytology, leading recently to the “marriage” of the 2 disciplines. Numerous cancer molecular markers can now be investigated using different technical approaches, at both the gene and expression levels, in biopsies of various suspected cancers, including differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The limited amount of bioptic material is often insufficient to carry out multiple tests, and optimizing handling of the biopsy is desirable.

METHODS

We have developed a home‐brew tetracolor break‐apart probe able to simultaneously identify the 2 most common genetic alterations in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: RET/PTC variants in papillary thyroid carcinoma and PAX8/PPARg fusion and variants in follicular thyroid carcinoma.

RESULTS

The probe had 100% specificity, 99.5% sensitivity, and ≥3% cutoff. The probe was tested on RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARg RT‐PCR positive controls, and feasibility was assessed in 368 thyroid nodule fine‐needle aspirations (FNA). In the latter analysis, 24 FNAs had split RET signal, and 9 had split PPARg signal. FISH analysis of available surgically removed nodules confirmed the sensitivity of FISH in detecting abnormal clones and oligoclones.

CONCLUSIONS

The home‐brew tetracolor probe showed high feasibility, optimizing the use of the biological material in relation to the available molecular tests and maximizing the FISH experimental and slide‐scoring times. This probe may be considered an alternative to RT‐PCR when recovery and quality of RNA amplification from FNA are insufficient. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:377–385. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer Cytopathology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
A CO2 Sensor Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Coated with a Sensitive Membrane
Authors: Muraoka Shigenobu , Kiyohara Yuya , Oue Hiroyoshi , Higashimoto Shinya
Published: February 2014

We attempted to fabricate a CO2 sensor that utilizes a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with an acrylonitrile–styrene copolymer (AS) sensitive membrane. The concentration of CO2 gas diluted with dry N2 gas was determined by measuring the shift in the resonant frequency of the QCM. Since the Earth's atmosphere consists of N2, O2, CO2, Ar, and moisture, the sensitivity of the QCM to Ar, O2, and humidity was also examined. It was shown that AS‐coated QCMs are sensitive not only to CO2 but also to humidity, but are insensitive to O2 and Ar. The relationship between the concentration of CO2 gas diluted with damp N2 gas and the frequency shifts in the QCMs was examined. It was found that the frequency shift compensated for humidity is almost the same as the frequency shift caused by CO2 gas diluted with dry N2 gas. Hence, it was demonstrated that the concentration of CO2 gas in the Earth's atmosphere can be measured using a QCM. It was also found that the sensitivities to the concentration of CO2 and to humidity increase with increasing thickness of the AS membrane.
Reduction of Vibration in Concentrated Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor by Means of Skew Effects of Rotor
Authors: Takahata Ryoichi , Wakui Shinichi , Miyata Kenji , Noma Keiji , Senoo Masaharu
Published: February 2014

Global warming and the problem of successfully incorporating environmental safeguards are promoting the need for a more power‐efficient motor. Therefore, as a driving source, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with concentrated winding are widely used in a variety of fields. However, a PMSM with a concentrated winding generates more vibration than one with a distributed winding because of the radial electromagnetic force. This paper describes the effect of a new skewed rotor on the characteristics of a concentrated winding PMSM. We investigated this effect by three‐dimensional finite element method (3D FEM) analysis and measurement. We also demonstrate that the proposed rotor is effective in reducing the radial electromagnetic force without decreasing motor efficiency. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(2): 33–43, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22400
Pupil diameter covaries with BOLD activity in human locus coeruleus
Authors: Murphy Peter R. , O'Connell Redmond G. , O'Sullivan Michael , Robertson Ian H. , Balsters Joshua H.
Published: February 2014

The locus coeruleus‐noradrenergic (LC–NA) neuromodulatory system has been implicated in a broad array of cognitive processes, yet scope for investigating this system's function in humans is currently limited by an absence of reliable non‐invasive measures of LC activity. Although pupil diameter has been employed as a proxy measure of LC activity in numerous studies, empirical evidence for a relationship between the two is lacking. In the present study, we sought to rigorously probe the relationship between pupil diameter and BOLD activity localized to the human LC. Simultaneous pupillometry and fMRI revealed a relationship between continuous pupil diameter and BOLD activity in a dorsal pontine cluster overlapping with the LC, as localized via neuromelanin‐sensitive structural imaging and an LC atlas. This relationship was present both at rest and during performance of a two‐stimulus oddball task, with and without spatial smoothing of the fMRI data, and survived retrospective image correction for physiological noise. Furthermore, the spatial extent of this pupil/LC relationship guided a volume‐of‐interest analysis in which we provide the first demonstration in humans of a fundamental characteristic of animal LC activity: phasic modulation by oddball stimulus relevance. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential for utilizing pupil diameter to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the role of the LC–NA system in human cognition. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4140–4154, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time series analysis of the world's longest fluvial nitrate record: evidence for changing states of catchment saturation
Authors: Worrall Fred , Howden Nicholas J. K. , Burt Tim P.
Published: February 2014

Processes that drive the occurrence of nitrate concentrations in surface waters are known to operate over many decades longer than the available observations. This study considers the world's longest water quality record of nitrate concentrations in the River Thames (1868–2009) in order to understand whether the nature of the time series has changed with time and such external drivers as climate change and land use of hydrology. The study considers the linear trend, the seasonality, the memory and the impulsivity relative to river flow of the time series for moving windows of 6 years in length. The study can show that:

Time series analysis proved effective at discriminating controls upon the nitrate concentration in the long term as different components of the record respond to different drivers in different ways.

There was decoupling of the annual minimum, annual maximum and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle.

The nature of the time series is dominantly controlled by changes in source of nitrate and not by climate change.

That even similar increases in nitrate concentration in surface waters can have distinct character that illustrates that they are the result of different sources of nitrate.

Changes in the impulsivity of the record show that the study catchment has recovered from a state of saturation, but the memory effect shows that there is an increased contribution from a shallow groundwater.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cyclic cluster model at hartree–fock level
Authors: Peintinger Michael F. , Bredow Thomas
Published: February 2014

We present the implementation of the cyclic cluster model (CCM) formalism at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level. In contrast to other periodic models, the CCM is a Γ‐point approach. Integration is carried out in real space within a finite interaction area determined by the size and the shape of the cluster that corresponds to a supercell of the solid, surface, or polymer. Particular care has to be taken for the proper treatment of three‐ and four‐center integrals that involve basis functions located at the boundaries of the Wigner–Seitz supercell, which defines the interaction region. The similarity between the CCM formalism and molecular approaches allows in principle the application of sophisticated post HF methods to solid‐state problems with only moderate modification of the molecular code. We show for selected model systems, that with our approach, the electronic structure and energetics obtained by the conventional supercell model is fully reproduced. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of the CMIP5 global climate model simulations of the western tropical Pacific climate system and comparison to CMIP3
Authors: Grose Michael R. , Brown Jaclyn N. , Narsey Sugata , Brown Josephine R. , Murphy Bradley F. , Langlais Clothilde , Gupta Alex Sen , Moise Aurel F. , Irving Damien B.
Published: February 2014

A set of 27 global climate models from the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble are assessed for their performance for the purpose of making future climate projection studies in the western tropical Pacific and differences to Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) are assessed. The CMIP5 models show some improvements upon CMIP3 in the simulation of the climate in the western tropical Pacific in the late 20th century. There are fewer CMIP5 models with very poor skill scores than in CMIP3 for some measures and a small group of the well‐performing models in CMIP5 have lower biases than in an equivalent group from CMIP3. These best‐performing models could be particularly informative for studying certain climate sensitivities and feedbacks in the region. There is evidence to reject one model as unsuitable for making regional climate projections in the region, and another two models unsuitable for analysis of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). However, while there have been improvements, many of the systematic model biases in the mean climate in CMIP3 are also present in the CMIP5 models. They are primarily related to the shape of the transition between the Indo‐Pacific warm pool and equatorial cold tongue, and the associated biases in the position and orientation of the SPCZ and Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone, as well as in the spatial pattern, variability and teleconnections of the West Pacific monsoon, and the simulation of El Niño Southern Oscillation. Overall, the results show that careful interpretation and consideration of biases is required when using CMIP5 outputs for generating regional climate projections for the western tropical Pacific, particularly at the country scale, just as there was with CMIP3.
A comparison of two 810 diode lasers for hair removal: Low fluence, multiple pass versus a high fluence, single pass technique
Authors: Koo Bonnie , Ball Kaity , Tremaine Anne‐Marie , Zachary Christopher B.
Published: February 2014

Background & Objective

Laser hair removal has become an increasingly popular method to remove unwanted or excessive hair. We have assessed the relative efficacy and discomfort associated with competing hair removal techniques, namely a high average power 810 nm diode laser using an “in‐motion” technique with a market‐leading 810 nm device with a single‐pass vacuum‐assisted technique. This study has determined the long‐term (6–12 months) hair reduction efficacy and the relative pain induction intensities of these devices.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Prospective, randomized, side‐by‐side comparison of either the legs or axillae was performed comparing the Soprano XL 810 nm diode in super hair removal (SHR) mode (Alma Lasers, Buffalo Grove, IL) hereafter known as the “in‐motion” device vs. the LightSheer Duet 810 nm diode laser (Lumenis) hereafter known as the “single pass” device. Five laser treatments were performed 6 to 8 weeks apart with 1, 6, and 12 months follow‐ups for hair counts. Pain was assessed in a subjective manner by the patients on a 10‐point grading scale. Hair count analysis was performed in a blinded fashion.

Results

There was a 33.5% (SD 46.8%) and 40.7% (SD 41.8%) reduction in hair counts at 6 months for the single pass and in‐motion devices respectively (P = 0.2879). The average pain rating for the single pass treatment (mean 3.6, 95% CI: 2.8 to 4.5) was significantly (P = 0.0007) greater than the in‐motion treatment (mean 2.7, 95% CI 1.8 to 3.5).

Conclusions

This data supports the hypothesis that using diode lasers at low fluences and high average power with a multiple pass in‐motion technique is an effective method for hair removal, with less pain and discomfort, while maintaining good efficacy. The 6 month results were maintained at 12 month for both devices. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:270–274, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and temperature‐responsive behaviors of novel hybrid amphiphilic block copolymers containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
Authors: Xu Yiting , Xie Jianjie , Chen Lingnan , Gao Hui , Yuan Conghui , Li Cong , Luo Weiang , Zeng Birong , Dai Lizong
Published: February 2014

Organic/inorganic hybrid amphiphilic block copolymer poly(methacrylate isobutyl POSS)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PMAPOSS‐b‐P(NIPAM‐co‐OEGMA)) was synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The self‐assembly behavior of this block copolymer in aqueous solution was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the novel block copolymer can self‐assemble into spherical micelles with PMAPOSS segment as the hydrophobic part and P(NIPAM‐co‐OEGMA) segment as the hydrophilic part. The temperature‐responsive characteristics of the assemblies were tested by UV–Vis spectra and DLS. Some factors such as the concentration, molecular weight, and copolymer generation that may affect the cloud point were studied systematically. The results reveal that this copolymer exhibits a sharp and intensive lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The essentially predetermined LCST can be conveniently achieved by adjusting the content of NIPAM or OEGMA domain. In addition, these novel hybrid micelles can undergo an association/disassociation cycle with the heating and cooling of solution and the degree of reversibility displaying a tremendous concentration dependence, as a novel organic/inorganic hybrid material with distinctive virtues can be potentially used in biological and medical fields, especially in drug nanocarriers for targeted therapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of growth parameters on the Mg acceptor in InxGa1‐xN:Mg and AlxGa1‐xN:Mg
Authors: Zvanut M. E. , Willoughby W. R. , Sunay U. R. , Koleske D. D. , Allerman A. A. , Wang Ke , Araki Tsutomu , Nanishi Yasushi
Published: February 2014

InxGa1–xN and AlxGa1–xN alloys are used in many optoelectronic applications due to their tunable band gap, but p‐type doping remains a challenge. To better understand the Mg acceptor in nitride alloys, we investigate the effects of In or Al mole fraction, growth temperature and sample thickness on the amount of un‐ionized (neutral) Mg using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The results show that neither temperature nor thickness effects the concentration of the neutral Mg‐related acceptor defects; however, the mole fraction of metal, In or Al, alters the behavior of the dopant. For InxGa1–xN, a broadening of the EPR linewidth is shown to be directly related to the presence of a nearby In and is consistent with a lowering of the acceptor level. Incorporation of Al into GaN, on the other hand, produces a systematic decrease in the concentration of neutral Mg‐related acceptors as the amount of Al increases. Earlier studies indicate that the reduction is caused by incomplete hydrogen removal from the acceptor impurity. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of semipolar {11$ \bar 2 $2} GaN using SiNx intermediate layer by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Ueno M. , Hashimoto Y. , Yamane K. , Okada N. , Tadatomo K.
Published: February 2014

Semipolar {11‐22} plane GaN layer was grown using a SiNx intermediate layer by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). By optimizing the deposition time of the SiNx intermediate layer, the dislocation density decreased compared to that of a conventional {11‐22} GaN layer. The reduction in the dislocation density was due to three dimensional regrowth of the {11‐22} GaN layer at the interface. However, basal plane stacking faults (BSFs) were increased by use of the SiNx intermediate layer, and with increasing the SiNx deposition time. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation impact in a convective‐scale localized ensemble transform Kalman filter
Authors: Sommer Matthias , Weissmann Martin
Published: February 2014

The aim of the present study is the accuracy and sensitivity assessment of a recently developed approximation method for observation impact, i.e. the contribution of observations to forecast‐error reduction. The considered method uses an analysis and forecast ensemble for the approximation and does not require the adjoint model. The method is implemented for the first time in a convective‐scale limited‐area modelling system and its accuracy is assessed through comparison with results from a number of data denial experiments. It has been found that the difference from data denial is not significant and it is possible to assess the impact of subgroups of observations and detect disadvantageous or improperly used observations.
Neonatal exposure to MK‐801 reduces mRNA expression of mGlu3 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent rats
Authors: Uehara Takashi , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Rujescu Dan , Genius Just , Matsuoka Tadasu , Takasaki Ichiro , Itoh Hiroko , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: February 2014

Schizophrenia is considered as a “neurodegenerative” and “neurodevelopmental” disorder, the pathophysiology of which may include hypofunction of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDA‐R) or subsequent pathways. Accordingly, administration of NMDA‐R antagonists to rodents during the perinatal period may emulate some core pathophysiological aspects of schizophrenia. The effect of 4‐day (postnatal day; PD 7–10) administration of MK‐801, a selective NMDA‐R antagonist, on gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Specifically, we sought to determine whether genes related to Glu transmissions, for example those encoding for NMDA‐Rs, metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs), or Glu transporters, were altered by neonatal treatment with MK‐801. Model rats showed downregulation of the mGluR3 subtype in the mPFC around puberty, especially at PD 35 in response to MK‐801 or during ontogenesis without pharmacological manipulations. Genes encoding for other mGluRs subtypes, that is NMDA‐Rs and Glu transporters, were not affected by the neonatal insult. These results suggest that NMDA‐R antagonism in the early course of development modulates the expression of mGluR3 in mPFC around puberty. Thus, mGluR3 may serve as a potential target to prevent the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Synapse 68:202–208, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term contact fatigue analysis of a planetary bearing in a land‐based wind turbine drivetrain
Authors: Jiang Z. , Xing Y. , Guo Y. , Moan T. , Gao Z.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an approach for performing a long‐term fatigue analysis of rolling element bearings in wind turbine gearboxes. Multilevel integrated analyses were performed using the aeroservoelastic code HAWC2, the multibody dynamics code SIMPACK, the three‐dimensional finite element code Calyx and a simplified lifetime prediction model for rolling contact fatigue. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's 750 kW wind turbine and its planetary bearing were studied. Design load cases, including normal production, parked and transient load cases, were considered. To obtain the internal bearing load distribution, an advanced approach combining a finite element/contact mechanics model and a response surface model were used. In addition, a traditional approach, the Harris model, was also applied for comparison. The long‐term probability distribution of the bearing raceway contact pressure range was then obtained using Weibull and generalized Gamma distribution functions. Finally, we estimated the fatigue life of the bearing, discussed the differences of the methods used to obtain the bearing internal loads and analyzed the effects of the environmental conditions and load cases on the results. The Harris model may underestimate the inner raceway life by 55.7%, which can cause large load fluctuations along the raceways. The bearing fatigue life is very sensitive to the wind distribution and less affected by the transient and parked load cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the robustness of the fixed points for a dynamical performance characteristic—or: a closer look at the Langevin power curve
Authors: Gottschall Julia , Courtney Michael
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we review a dynamical power curve concept that was introduced in earlier publications and shown to provide results for a wind turbine's power characteristic with several benefits compared with the IEC 61400‐12‐1 standard procedure. After summarizing the theoretical concept based on the theory of Langevin processes and their reconstruction, we enlarge on a number of specific practical issues. Special attention is paid to the convergence or robustness of the reconstructed results, and their dependence on different settings for the data analysis scheme is studied. A key issue for the procedure that is investigated in this paper is the variability of the wind speed data that may be controlled by applying a specific data filter. It is seen that the necessity for filtering depends both on the time scales present in the wind data in relation to the wind turbine power dynamics and to some degree also on the correlation between the wind and the power signal.

The observations and findings altogether suggest that the dynamical performance characteristic, as it is considered here, is definitely a promising concept, particularly since it allows much flexibility in the handling of noisy performance data, but with some technical difficulties that demand a careful consideration in order to obtain reproducible and representative results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global energy‐climate scenarios and models: a review
Authors: Krey Volker
Published: February 2014

Long‐term energy scenarios are an important input to policy‐relevant assessment reports on climate change such as those produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or the United Nations Environment Programme to just name a few examples. They are also used by government agencies to support their decision making in the context of climate change mitigation and other energy‐related challenges. In response to this demand, two broader categories of model development are currently pursued by the scientific community: (1) the degree of integration is increasing, in other words, the system boundaries of models are being extended, in particular to address the interlinkages between the energy, land, food, water, and climate more comprehensively and (2) the heterogeneity of the representation of various entities (e.g., spatial, sectoral, socio‐economic) is increasing to adequately address distributional effects (e.g., countries within regions, urban vs rural areas, different types of households). Moreover, the energy‐climate scenarios that are being developed are designed to be more ‘realistic’ by going beyond very stylized designs and integrate features that are observed in the real world. This includes delayed action on climate mitigation or fragmented approaches to mitigation that not only exclude major emitters from climate action, but also the exclusion of specific technologies from the portfolio of mitigation options in response to technical challenges or public acceptance issues. Finally, an attempt is made to summarize robust insights that have emerged from individual studies and particularly from modeling comparison exercises.WIREs Energy Environ2014, 3:363–383. doi: 10.1002/wene.98

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Energy Systems Economics > Climate and Environment

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy

Energy and Climate > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment