bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life Histories and Immature Stages of Four Ichneumonid Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) in Ontario
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

Four indigenous parasites of R. buoliana are discussed: Exeristes comstockii (Cress.), Scambus hispae (Harr.), Scambus tecumseh Vier. and Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). The first three are external larval parasites and the fourth an internal pupal parasite. Observations are given on the hosts, life histories, and habits under laboratory conditions. The immature stages are described.
The North American Species in Group I of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

Ips concinnus (Mannerheim) and Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) comprise Group I of the genus Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Members of this group have 3 spines on each lateral margin of the declivity and strongly arcuate sutures on the anterior face of the antennal club. I. radiatae Hopkins is placed as a synonym of I. mexicanus (Hopkins). I. concinnus breeds in Picea sitchensis in the coastal region from Alaska to southern Oregon. I. mexicanus breeds in various species of pines from Alaska to Guatemala and eastward in the United States and Canada to the Rocky Mountains. A key to the species and descriptions are provided.
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario XVII. Seasonal Distribution of Hemiptera (Corixidae, Notonectidae, Belostomatidae, Nepidae) in Redmond's Pond
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

From May 8 to September 29, 1961 4 species of Corixidae, 5 o f Notonectidae, 1 of Belostomatidae and 1 of Nepidae were collected and the seasonal distribution of each species was noted.
Causes of Variations in Effectiveness of Bracon cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Parasite of the Wheat Stem Sawfly
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Nelson W. A. , Peterson L. K. , Farstad C. W.
Published: January 2010

Adults of B. cephi emerged at the same time as the adults of their host, the wheat stem sawfly, and started to oviposit about mid-July. The second generation started to emerge between August 5 and 15. This generation, which was complete in some years, was apparently only partial in years in which adults of the first generation continued to oviposit late in the season. In most cases the larvae of Bracon that were present at harvest time were from eggs laid after August 1.

Most of the overwintering B. cephi were located in the lower internodes of the sawfly-infested wheat stems. Although B. cephi attacked some sawfly larvae in their stubs most sawflies escaped parasitism once they had cut their host stems.

High host densities per stem in hollow-stemmed wheats were detrimental to Bracon during the early part of the season as the unparasitized sawfly larvae in stems containing B. cephi destroyed the parasite larvae.

The sawfly-susceptible wheats were more suitable than the resistant for parasitism. Generally, differences in parasitism between wheats and between barleys were caused by differences in length of survival of the sawfly larvae in the different host plants; longer survival led to higher parasitism.

The fluctuations in amounts of parasitism mainly depended on the synchronization of development between B. cephi and the sawfly. Parasitism increased when the sawfly larvae cut their host stems sufficiently late to allow establishment by the second generation of B. cephi and decreased when the sawfly cut too early for parasitism by the second generation. The date of ripening of the host plant governs the date of cutting by the sawfly; hence, the amount of parasitism is influenced by the levels of soil moisture and temperature during the growing season, by differences in rate of development of various plant hosts, and by the date of seeding. Low levels of parasitism resulted from early ripening of the sawfly host plants in two consecutive years, whereas a moderately high level occurred even though the weather of the current year was conducive to early ripening, provided that the wheat in the preceding year had ripened late. It appears that moderate to high levels of parasitism required that the crop ripen late in at least one year out of two.
Studies on Oviposition and Fecundity of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Doane J. F.
Published: January 2010

Oviposition and fecundity of Cteniecra destructor (Brown) were studied in the laboratory and field. In a series of tests, total oviposition by individual field-collected females ranged from 495 to 1464 and averaged from 264.0 to 940.0 eggs per female. Temperatures from 50 to 86° F. had no effect on total fecundity but lower temperatures extended the oviposition period. Soil moisture from 8 to 20% in sifted clay loam soil (particle sine less than 0.177 mm.) had no effect on total oviposition. At 4% soil moisture females died rapidly and laid very few eggs. Food increased the total oviposition, the length of the oviposition period, and the longevity of females. Most eggs were laid during the first month after the onset of oviposition.

Oviposition was shown to be cyclic in nature. Females usually laid eggs in large batches, followed by periods when practically no eggs were laid. This resulted in a series of irregular oviposition peaks which gradually declined in magnitude as the oviposition period progressed.
The Progress of Nymphal Development in Pest Grasshoppers (Acrididae) of Western Canada
Authors: Putnam L. G.
Published: January 2010

Each of the three grasshopper species, Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus bilituratus and M. bivittatus, spent approximately 13, 17, 19, 22 and 29% of total time in nymphal development in the successive five instars. These proportions appeared similar at each of the six rearing temperatures 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100°F. The times required for total nymphal development at these temperatures were 53, 36, 28½, 23½, 18 and 17 days, respectively. It was estimated that, for the grasshoppers to complete nymphal development and attain sexual maturity in time to have a reasonably good chance of successful reproduction, their integrated temperature experience for 12-hour days should be not less than 95°F. Whereas the apparent mid-point of nymphal development in terms of morphogenesis is midway through the third instar in the typical five-instar grasshoppers, the midpoint of time spent at constant temperatures is near the end of the third instar. C. pellucida appears unable to complete nymphal development at a temperature as low as 75°F.; the Melanoplus species, however, can complete development at this temperature, but with reduced survival.
The Tachinids of Trinidad V. Siphosturmiines and Masiphyiines
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the Trinidad species included by C. H. T, Town send (Manual of Myiology, IV) in his tribe Masiphyiini. The evidence given supports the separation by Reinhard of the genus Siphosturmia Coc). and allies from Masiphya B. B. and allies. Four new species have been described in genera recognized by previous authors. Three new genera, each with a new species, have been described. Of these, one (Masiphyoidea) is certainly allied to Masiphya, but the affinities of the others (Pseudomasiphya and Mystacomyoidea) are open to doubt with the data available at present.
Evolution and Adaptation of Larval Characters in the Tortricidae
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: January 2010

A true understanding of the evolution of the morphological characters of the tortricid larva, and hence of the phylogeny of the species, requires study of early as well as late instars. The characters of the first instars of about 20 species are compared with those of later instars. Postembryological changes and their significance are discussed for the head, the coronal suture, the ocelli, the spinneret, the body, the spiracle, the anal shield, the anal fork, the crochets, the integument and sclerotized areas, and the setae. Characters of the primitive larva are postulated, and it is concluded that this larva probably lived in a protected habitat, mining some part of its host plant, and had a convenient exit from which it could eject the frass. The evolution of some of the tortricid tribes as indicated by larval characters is also tentatively suggested: the Olethreutinae could have evolved from the Tortricinae as a result of the suppression «f the anal fork on the primordial tortricid ancestor; the reappearance of the fork not too long after its suppression resulted in the Olethreutini, and its continued suppression resulted in the Eucosmini and Laspcyresiini. The Archipini and Sparganothini appear to be the most specialized of the tribes examined of the Tortricinae, and the Laspeyresiim the most specialized of the Olethreutinae, with Laspeyresia Hbn. group 1 possibly being among the most recently evolved in the Tortricidae.

The inferences in this paper are drawn from: examination of the setal arrangements of a few first instars, the chaetotaxy of which is presumed to be an expression of the phylogenetic past of the larva; the fundamental setal arrangements on those larvae that, in late instars, show undoubted structural specialization; deductions as to the original arrangements of setae on the posterior abdominal segments by comparison with that on the primitive middle abdominal segments; the structural changes that occur between early and late instars and between generalized and specialized larvae; and lastly, a knowledge of the life histories of some of the species examined.

It is hoped that the discussion supporting these inferences will enable us to better understand (a) the changes occurring in larval characters not included here, (b) the phylogeny of other tribes of the Tortricidae, and (c) the larval structural changes and phylogeny of other families in the Microlepidoptera.
Biology of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia.: III. Interaction between the Beetle and its Host, with Emphasis on Brood Mortality and Survival
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

Studies were made on the distribution and survival of the mountain pine beetle over the lower stem of lodgepole pine. The relationship between density of attack and subsequent total length of egg galleries was examined as was the relationship between number of exit holes and number of emerging beetles. The influence on brood survival of tree diameter, density of egg galleries, moisture content of the outer sapwood, lethal temperatures, resinosis in the subcortical region, predators, and parasites is described. Survival is compared between broods established during different flights in the same year. The optimum weather conditions for brood survival are discussed.
Notes on the Biology of Synetaeris tenuifemur Walley (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Miller C. A. , Renault T. R.
Published: January 2010

The species discussed below was first recorded under the name Synetaeris n. sp. as a parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., in Ontario by McGugan and Blais (1959), although they point out that it may have been collected from budworm in British Columbia during the 1940's but incorrectly identified at that time. These authors collected S. tenuifemur during the declining years of a budworm outbreak in the Lake Nipigon region of northwestern Ontario, and it was during the declining years of a severe outbreak that the parasite was first reared from budworm in the Green River area of north-western New Brunswick (Morris, 1963, in press). These data suggest that S. tenuifemur is associated with endemic budworm populations, an assumption advanced by McGugan and Blais (1959). However, it was not found in the Green River area from 1945 to 1947 when budworm density was at a low level prior to the 1949-1959 outbreak.
Two New Dactynotine Aphids (Homoptera)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

The aphids described in this paper are referable to the genera Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko and Macrosiphum (Sitobion). The Canadian representatives of these two groups can be distinguished by means of the keys offered below.
ThegilvariusGroup ofAspilatesTreitschke (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Thegilvariusgroup of the genusAspilatesis revised. Thirteen species are recognized, of whichA.kozhantchikovi, Siberia,A.forbesi, northern Canada, andA.elwesi, northwestern China, are described as new. Four of the species are purely Nearctic, eight purely Palaearctic, and one is Amphiberingian. Six additional subspecies are recognized, of which the following are described as new:A.aberratus assiniboiarius, prairies of Canada;A.orciferarius baffinensis, Baffin Island;A.o.churchillensis, Churchill, Man.; andA.o.occidentalis, Yukon and Alaska.A.sibiricusDjakonov is sunk as a doubtfully valid subspecies ofA.tayloraeCurtis and the latter is distinguished specifically fromA.orciferarius.
Two New Species of Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) from Juniperus horizontalis Moench.
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

The two aphids described here are the first that have been found on Juniperus horizontalis Moench.
Some Ichneumonid-Sarcophagid Interactions in the Gypsy Moth Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Campbell Robert W.
Published: January 2010

Four ichneumonid species, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), Pimpla pedalis Cress., Theronia atalantae (Poda), and Theronia hilaris (Say), were seen attacking the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), in the Town of Glenville, Schenectady County, New York. These species stung and killed many more host pupae than they successfully parasitized (success here being measured by the development of an ichneumonid offspring within the host). The ratio between the total number of hosts stung by ichneumonids and the number of ichneumonid offspring emerging was different for each of the three primary ichneumonids studied, ranging from 4 to 1 for T. atalantae to more than 200 to 1 for I. conquisitor.

The sarcophagids associated with the gypsy moth, although apparently parasitic, are largely scavengers. Their attacks almost always follow those of ichneumonids. Since the sting by an ichneumonid kills the host but is not always discernible, the number of pupae containing sarcophagid larvae has been used to, indicate the true effects of ichneumonids on the host population.
The New Tribe Athyreini and Its Included Genera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupinae)
Authors: Howden Henry F. , Martinez Antonio
Published: January 2010

The new tribe Athyreini is established in the subfamily Geotrupinae, family Scarabaeidae. The genus Athyreus MacLeay is delimited and three new genera, Pseudoathyreus, Parathyreus and Neoathyreus, are proposed.
Carabids Collected in a DDT-sprayed Peach Orchard in Ontario (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Herne D. H. C.
Published: January 2010

At least 25 species of Carabidae were caught in pitfall traps in a DDT-sprayed Ontario peach orchard, the commonest being Pterostichus melanarius (Ill.). Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Dej.), Agonoderus lecontei Chd., Amara (Curtonotus) pennsylvanica Hayw., Anadaptus sanctaecrucis (F.) and Anisodactylus rusticus Say. Fewer P. melanarius were caught in plots where foliar sprays of DDT were used most recently, but a rather large and varied population of carabids persisted in all plots despite the application of DDT for as long as ten years.
Taxonomy of Cocoons and Puparia, and their Contents, of Canadian Parasites of Some Native Diprionidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

Parasites of the sawfliesNeodiprion abbotii(Leach),N.abietis(Harr.),N.lecontei(Fitch),N.nanulus nanulusSchedl,N.pinetum(Nort.),N.pratti banksianaeRoh.,N.swaineiMidd., and theN.virginianaRoh. complex are separated by using characters of the parasite remains in the host cocoons from which the parasites emerged. Characteristics of the cast skin of the last larval instar of 11 species are described and illustrated in this paper; the remaining 29 species were described and illustrated in earlier papers (Finlayson, 1960a, 1960b, 1962). Keys are given to separate the species of the generaExenterusandLamachusthat attack the above hosts, using characters of the cast skin of the last larval instar.
Dynamic Programming, “Look Ahead Programming”, and the Strategy of Insect Pest Control
Authors: Watt Kenneth E. F.
Published: January 2010

Many problems in the management of renewable natural resources are extremum problems: we wish to maximize fish yield from a lake, tree yield from a forest, or minimize insect pest survival, for example. Such problems can be handled better by dynamic programming than classical analysis, because of the large number and the complex nature of constraints imposed on such systems. However, a priori arguments and analysis of biological time series show that such renewable natural resources do not constitute Markov processes, since state changes from t to t + 1 are dependent on the state: at t − 1 as well as the state at t. Therefore, before making a decision about the optimal strategy at t, we must explore the future consequences of the strategy at t + 1 and t + 2. This paper reports computer experiments on strategy evaluation procedures, using dynamic programming and modified dynamic programming with two-stage “look-ahead”. The data used to develop the model came from 60 years of observations on weather conditions and insect pest populations at Magdeburg, Germany. The general conclusion from this work is that the selection of most appropriate strategy for a biological management problem should he determined by the structure of the problem. Sometimes, “one-stage look-ahead” gave the lowest value for the criterion function, and sometimes “two-stage look-ahead” was optimal. The two types of programming always yielded lower cumulative defoliation than the method now used: killing as many pests as feasible whenever “pest” densities are reached.
A Comparison of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and R. fitchii (Sand.) as Vectors of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Authors: Smith Harvey C. , Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Although Rhopalosiphum padi L. was common on cereals and Gramineae in Ontario, only a small number of R. fitchii (Sand.) were found on one grass plant in 1961. Fundatrigeniae of R. padi from Prunus virginiana L. and of R. fitchii from Crataegus spp. and Malus spp. were transferred to oats and wheat on which alienicolae of R. padi multiplied rapidly, but R. fitchii very slowly. R. fitchii transmitted all but one of the isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) that R. padi transmitted to Clintland 60 oats, but fewer test plants became infected, the incubation period for symptom development was longer and symptoms were less severe when R. fitchii was the vector. Both species infected more test plants after a 5-day than after a 2-day acquisition feed on the virus source. It appears that R. padi, a common and efficient vector of BYDV, has frequently been mistaken for R. fitchii which is not common on cereals and not a highly efficient vector.

A dosage concept is proposed to explain differences in vector efficiencies of R. padi and R. fitchii. It is also suggested that strains of BYDV become ’adapted’ to transmission by a vector species.
Note on Oviposition in Plant Stems by Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Pickford R. , Taylor M. E.
Published: January 2010

Most species of grasshoppers in North America appear to lay their eggs in soil or among grass roots. A variation of this habit was reported in Manitoba by Criddle (1933) who states that Chloealtis conspersa Harr. and Neopodismopsis abdominalis (Thom.) oviposit exclusively in decaying wood or in dung.

Recently, a few stems of sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desv., and Russian thistle, Salsola kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch, that contained insect eggs, were sent to the Saskatoon Research Station by A. Vadeboncoeur of Val Marie in southwestern Saskatchewan. These eggs were laid in the pithy centres of the stems in groups of eight or nine (Fig. 1). According to the sender, the clover had been cut during the summer and the thistle was about two years old. Both were lying in the ditch on the railroad right-of-way. At our request, Mr. Vadeboncoeur sent in a few more infested stems. From a total of about 10 samples it seems evident that oviposition in plant stems is typical of the grasshopper involved. The exact egg-laying procedure is difficult to visualize in view of the small diameter of the pith (approximately 3 mm.), and the lack of any sign of penetration through the side of the stem. Inserting its abdomen into the narrow stem and depositing the eggs 25 to 30 mm. from the cut end of the stem must have involved considerable gymnastic manoeuvring by the female grasshopper.
A Revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) VII. The Subgenus Eurylophella
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Edmunds George F.
Published: January 2010

The fourteen species of the subgenus Eurylophella are reviewed with accounts of each species including complete synonymies, synoptic descriptions of nymphs and adults, and distribution. Illustrated keys for nymphs and adults and distribution maps are presented for each species. Ephemerella bieoloroides McDunnough is regarded as a synonym of E. verisimilis McDunnough. Ephemerella doris and E. trilineata Berner are of questionable status, being either closely allied to or identical with E. temporalis; and the relationship of E. lithuanica Kazlauskas to E. karelica is uncertain.
Synopsis of the genus Orius Wolff in America north of Mexico (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: January 2010

Four species of Orius Wolff, a Holarctic genus, are known from the Nearctic region. Orius insidiosus (Say) is known from midwestern and eastern United States and eastern Canada, while O. tristicolor (White), shown here to be a valid species, is transcontinental in North America. O. minutus (L.), a common species in the Palaearctic region, is known from western North America. O. pumilio (Champ.) occurs in Florida. The distinguishing characteristics of the species are given, and a key is provided.
Previously Undescribed Forms of Pseudocercidis rosae Richards (Homoptera: Aphididae), with Biological Notes on the Species
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: January 2010

Descriptions of alate viviparous female, ovipara and male of Pseudocercidis rosae Richards are given, with brief notes on biology of the species on Rosa sp.
Insecticide Tests on the Douglas-Fir Cone Midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote
Authors: Koerber Thomas W.
Published: January 2010

Three insecticides — lindane, dieldrin, and Sevin — were tested for control of the Douglas-fir cone midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). They were applied to infested duff samples at the rate of 1.5 pounds of insecticide in 15 gallons of diesel oil per acre. Lindane was the most effective, causing a 98.5% reduction in the number of midges emerging from the duff. Dieldrin also caused a significant reduction in emergence, but Sevin was no more effective than diesel oil alone.

The results of this test suggest that oil-based sprays applied to the duff before the cone midges emerge might give satisfactory control more consistently than the water-based sprays which are usually applied to the trees. The test procedure would avoid the timing and formulation problems involved in treating developing cones on the trees.
The Status of Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.) (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Melvin J. C. E.
Published: January 2010

The taxonomic status, life history, distribution and hosts of Bessa harveyi (Tnsd.) are discussed. In its development on the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), a partial second generation of parasite adults emerges after the host larvae have completed feeding. Alternate hosts are scarce and rarely parasitized so that there is little or no successful reproduction by these adults.
A Note on Synchronized Emergence in Gomphus vastus Walsh (Odonata: Gomphidae)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: January 2010

An ecological classification of dragonfly species into spring and summer types was proposed by Corbet (1954). Much of the basis for the classification rests with the pattern and period of adult emergence. Since little information of this type is known for North American species, the following observations are reported.

On May 20, 1962, I spent several hours collecting Baisaeschna janata and Didymops transversa along the New River, two miles north of McCoy, Virginia. A search was made at that time for odonate exuviae. None were found. I returned to the site at 9:30 a.m. the following day. The vegetation, tree trunks, rocks and detritus along the river were clustered with exuviae, all apparently of Gomphus vastus. Several thousand individuals must have emerged from that general area of the river. As an example of the density, 230 cast skins were counted along one 20-foot stretch of the river bank. Some individuals had transformed directly on the sand banks and others at a height of seven feet.
Occurrence of Pissodes terminalis Hopp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada: Life History, Behaviour, and Cytogenetic Identification
Authors: Drouin J. A. , Sullivan C. R. , Smith S. G.
Published: January 2010

Hopping’s P. terminalis, which attacks the elongating terminal shoots of lodgepole pine in California, similarly attacks lodgepole pine in the Yukon and northern British Columbia. Cytologically it is unique, and on this basis, although phenotypically variable, it is demonstrated to occur on jack pine in Saskatchewan. Cytogenetic analysis proves it to be a hybrid species, thus accounting for both its internal cytological and external morphological polymorphism. Its fundamental taxonomic characteristics, determinable only in living specimens, comprise an unparalleled sexual dimorphism of chromosome complements and a restriction in breeding to current growth of lodgepole and jack pines.

After this article had been sent to press, we learned that G. R. Hopping (in "Lodgepole Pine in Alberta", Department of Forestry Bulletin 127, p. 84, 1962) had already discovered P. terminalis infesting lodgepole pine near Mercoal, Alta., in 1949.
Note on Strains of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Resistant to the Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in Western Newfoundland
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: January 2010

In October, 1960, growers in the Robinsons-St. Davids area of Newfoundland reported that aldrin and heptachlor no longer protected rutabagas and cabbage adequately from attack by the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché).

In 1961, an experiment was conducted in the area, at Jeffreys, to determine if strains resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons had developed. Six plots, each containing 58 cabbage plants, were set up on June 13 in an area heavily infested with the maggot in the previous years. The insecticides, rates of application, and results obtained are shown in Table I. All treatments were applied two days after transplanting and concentrated in the soil around the stems of the plants.
A New Species of Acropsilus from the Solomon Islands (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: Robinson H.
Published: January 2010

A new species of Acropsilus from the Solomon Islands is described, and a key provided for the four known species of the genus.
Sugar-Beet Root Aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Southern Alberta
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: January 2010

In southern Alberta the fundatrix of P. betae hatches from the overwintered egg in late April and early May and feeds on an emerging leaf of P. angustifolia or P. balsamifera, forming a gall. In the gall it produces alate fundatrigeniae, which migrate from the poplars to beets and produce apterous alienicolae. This form of the aphid reduces both yield and sugar content of beet roots. During the summer several generations of alienicolae are produced. In the fall most of the alienicolae produce sexuparae. These migrate from beets to poplars, where they produce males and oviparae. Each fertilized ovipara lays a single egg on the bark of a poplar tree. The species may overwinter as eggs on the poplars or as alienicolae in the soil. The egg has an obligatory diapause that is terminated by exposure to low temperature. The fungatrigeniae migrate from late June to mid-August and the sexuparae from early September to late October. The potential reproductive capacities of the fundatrix, fundatrigenia, sexupara, and ovipara averaged 163, 13, 6, and 1, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions 20 aphids (alienicolae) produced 9,000 in 6 weeks when the soil temperature was maintained at 27 °C. Below 15 °C. the rate of reproduction was low and death was caused by exposure to 30 °C. for 6 weeks. The most important predators of P. betae were the anthocorid A. antevolens, the flies S. bigelowi, L. pemphigae and T. glabra, and a coccinellid Scymnus sp.
A New Subgenus and Species of Fullawaya Essig (Homoptera, Aphididae) from Populus tremuloides Michx.
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

In this paper a new species of Fullawaya Essig is described. The genus is broken down to include subgenera Neopterocomma H.R.L. and Pseudopterocomma new subgenus. The species Fullawaya saliciradicis Essig and Pterocomma braggi (Gillette and Palmer) are discussed.
Problems in Naming the Setae of Lepidopterous Larvae
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: January 2010

Some problems in the use of the nomenclatorial systems devised by Hinton (1946) and Mutuura (1956) for identification of the setae of lepidopterous larvae are discussed, and it is evident that our knowledge of setal origins in the larvae of this order are still far from complete.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a perovskite membrane reactor with multi‐step oxygen insertion
Authors: Czuprat Oliver , Werth Steffen , Caro Jürgen , Schiestel Thomas
Published: January 2010

A membrane reactor incorporating a hollow fiber with successive parts of oxygen permeable and passivated surface segments has been developed and was used for the oxidative dehydrogenation (DH) of propane. This membrane geometry allows a controlled oxygen feeding into the reactor over its axial length. In the oxidative DH, the thermodynamic limitation of propane DH can be overcome. By using this novel hollow fiber membrane reactor with a Pt/Sn/K DH catalyst, oxygen separation and propene formation could be established even at temperatures as low as 625°C with long‐term stability. Combining the hollow fiber membrane and the DH catalyst, the highest propene selectivity of 75% was observed at a propane conversion of 26% and 625°C whereas the best propene yield of 36% was obtained at 675°C (48% propene selectivity). The performance of this reactor is evaluated by applying various reaction conditions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Agitation and mobilization of thixotropic liquids
Authors: Derksen J. J.
Published: January 2010

Direct numerical simulations of transitional and turbulent flows of purely viscous thixotropic liquids in stirred tanks have been performed. The simple thixotropy model used is based on the notion of a network in the liquid with an integrity that builds up with finite rate under quiescent conditions, and breaks down under liquid deformation. We solve a transport equation for the network integrity which is two‐way coupled to the lattice‐Boltzmann‐based flow solver. The liquid's time scale characterized by the dimensionless Deborah number shows a profound impact on the level of mobilization and the flow patterns in the mixing tanks, especially if the time scale of the liquid is of the same order as the circulation time in the tank. It is also demonstrated to what extent increasing the impeller speed improves mobilization and mixing. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Non‐myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic transplantation for multiple myeloma
Authors: Osman Keren , Elliott Brian , Mandeli John , Scigliano Eileen , Malone Adriana , Isola Luis , Grosskreutz Celia
Published: January 2010

In multiple myeloma (MM), allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT) carries a lower relapse risk than autologous transplantation but a greater transplant‐related mortality. Nonmyeloablative conditioning for allogeneic transplantation (NST) reduces transplant‐related toxicity. Results are encouraging when used during first remission in low‐risk patients, but less‐so in relapsed or refractory disease. This is a single‐center retrospective analysis of 20 previously treated MM patients who underwent NST from matched‐related or matched‐unrelated donors from 2000–2006. Median age was 52.7 years (37.2–68.0). Twenty‐five percent had advanced or high‐risk disease. Eleven still had active disease prior to NST. Conditioning was total body irradiation 200 cGy on a single fraction on day −5, followed by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 1.5 mg/kg/day and fludarabine 30 mg/m2/day on days −4 to −2. All received immunosuppression, most commonly with oral mycofenylate mofetil and cyclosporine beginning on day −5. At day 100, 50% had achieved complete remission. Transplant‐related mortality was 25%. Median overall survival (OS) was 21.2 months (0.6–90+) and progression‐free survival (PFS) 6.6 months (0.6–90+). Both OS and PFS were 24% at 3 years. OS was significantly greater for patients with age <52 years (median 27 months vs. 7.9 months, P = 0.031), and there was a trend toward greater OS for those with β2 microglobulin <2.5 mg/l (median 27 months vs. 7.7 months, P = 0.08). Donor characteristics and Ig type had no significant effect on survival. These data suggest a benefit of NST in relapsed/refractory MM. Randomized trials must be performed to confirm and further qualify this benefit. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluative mediation: In search of practice competencies
Authors: Della Noce Dorothy J.
Published: January 2010

Although there is no shortage of literature on why mediators should be allowed to give evaluations and why parties in dispute allegedly want and need evaluations, there is a relative lack of empirical literature on the subject of what exactly qualifies as competent evaluative mediation practice. The author reviews existing literature to formulate a description of the behaviors that would be considered competent in evaluative mediation practice, and to open a discussion of the implications of these findings for such contemporary fieldwide conversations as defining quality mediation, establishing performance‐based competency standards, distinguishing among approaches to practice, and exploring the relationship between underlying values and practice approaches.
Forecasting macroeconomic variables in a small open economy: a comparison between small‐ and large‐scale models
Authors: Gupta Rangan , Kabundi Alain
Published: January 2010

This paper compares the forecasting ability of five alternative types of models in predicting four key macroeconomic variables, namely, per capita growth rate, the CPI inflation, the money market rate, and the growth rate of the nominal effective exchange rate for the South African economy. Unlike the theoretical small open economy new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium, the unrestricted VAR, and the small‐scale Bayesian vector autoregressive models, which are estimated based on four variables, dynamic factor models and the large‐scale BVAR models use information from a data‐rich environment containing 266 macroeconomic time series observed over the period 1983:01 to 2002:04. The results, based on root mean square errors, for one‐ to eight‐quarter‐ahead out‐of‐sample forecasts over the horizon of 2003:01 to 2006:04, show that, except for the growth rate of the of nominal effective exchange rate, large‐scale BVARs outperform the other four types of models consistently and, generally, significantly. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using spaced retrieval and Montessori‐based activities in improving eating ability for residents with dementia
Authors: Lin Li‐Chan , Huang Ya‐Ju , Su Su‐Gen , Watson Roger , Tsai Belina W‐J. , Wu Shiao‐Chi
Published: January 2010

Objectives

To construct a training protocol for spaced retrieval (SR) and to investigate the effectiveness of SR and Montessori‐based activities in decreasing eating difficulty in older residents with dementia.

Methods

A single evaluator, blind, and randomized control trial was used. Eighty‐five residents with dementia were chosen from three special care units for residents with dementia in long‐term care facilities in Taiwan. To avoid any confounding of subjects, the three institutions were randomized into three groups: spaced retrieval, Montessori‐based activities, and a control group. The invention consisted of three 30–40 min sessions per week, for 8 weeks.

Results

After receiving the intervention, the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED) scores and assisted feeding scores for the SR and Montessori‐based activity groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. However, the frequencies of physical assistance and verbal assistance for the Montessori‐based activity group after intervention were significantly higher than that of the control group, which suggests that residents who received Montessori‐based activity need more physical and verbal assistance during mealtimes. In terms of the effects of nutritional status after intervention, Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in the SR group was significantly higher than that of the control group.

Conclusion

This study confirms the efficacy of SR and Montessori‐based activities for eating difficulty and eating ability. A longitudinal study to follow the long‐term effects of SR and Montessori‐based activities on eating ability and nutritional status is recommended. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of pretreatment 18FDG‐PET/CT in surgical decision‐making for head and neck cancers
Authors: Iyer N. Gopalakrishna , Clark Jonathan R. , Singham Shahlini , Zhu Jacqui
Published: January 2010

Background

Despite widespread use, the utility of pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) remains undefined. In this study, we aim to determine its accuracy in nodal disease.

Methods

In all, 111 patients managed between 2003 and 2007 were analyzed.

Results

For squamous cell cancers (SCCs) with any increased nodal uptake (mild to high), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) were 75%, 95%, 85%, and 90%. However, if PET was deemed positive for only moderate to high uptake, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 71%, 95%, 85%, and 89%. In patients undergoing elective neck dissection, the accuracy was lower: for any increased uptake, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 66%, 96%, 83%, and 92%, whereas for moderate to high uptake, these were 52%, 97%, 79%, and 89%.

Conclusions

Despite advances in PET/CT technology, these statistics suggest that PET/CT is not sufficiently accurate to direct superselective neck dissections, or to guide therapeutic decisions in the N0 neck. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Predictors of functional decline in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients from South Brazil
Authors: Silver Heidi J. , de Campos Graf Guimaraes Christine , Pedruzzi Paola , Badia Maraisa , Spuldaro de Carvalho Adriana , Oliveira Benedito V. , Ramos Gyl H. A. , Dietrich Mary S. , Pietrobon Ricardo
Published: January 2010

Background

Functional decline in Brazilian patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with impaired recovery, quality of life, and health care costs.

Methods

Sixty patients enrolled at the regional oncology center in Curitiba, Brazil, were assessed over 6 months for toxicities, nutritional status, anthropometry, fatigue, stress, and functionality.

Results

Severe mid‐arm and mid‐calf circumference depletion accompanied weight loss. Total fatigue score increased 64% (p < .001), as did perceived stress and serum cortisol (p = .01). Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) dependence doubled, and activities of daily living (ADL) dependence quadrupled (p < .001). Difficulty chewing or swallowing, weight loss, fatigue, perceived stress, and IADL dependence accounted for 48.2% of ADL dependence.

Conclusions

The physical and psychological impact of HNSCC and its treatment are universally experienced; yet, screening and intervention for symptoms such as fatigue and stress are not typical clinical practice. Moreover, assessment of functional status is usually limited to chewing and swallowing. This study identified symptoms that require systematic intervention and randomized trials with functional independence as the outcome. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Immunotherapy using allogeneic squamous cell tumor–dendritic cell fusion hybrids
Authors: Lee Walter T. , Tan Chunrui , Koski Gary , Shu Suyu , Cohen Peter
Published: January 2010

Background

Tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) are known to be immunotherapy targets; thus tumor‐sharing TAA may be used as a fusion hybrid partner to confer protection against subsequent tumor challenge.

Methods

The squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), SCCVII and B4B8, were used in C3H/HEN mice: SCCVII (H‐2k) is syngeneic, B4B8 (H‐2d) is allogeneic. Experiments using tumor alone included hyperimmunization schedule, subdermal and intranodal routes. Mice were challenged 2 weeks later. Fusion hybrids were created from both SCC tumor cell lines and syngeneic dendritic cells (DCs). These were delivered intranodally for immunization, and mice were challenged with tumor 2 weeks later.

Results

Only syngeneic tumor given subdermally was able to protect after tumor challenge 2 weeks later. Hyperimmunization schedule did not alter these findings. However, fusion hybrid immunization from both allogeneic and syngeneic SCCs conferred protection after tumor challenge.

Conclusions

Allogeneic tumor–DC fusion hybrids targeting TAA can protect against subsequent tumor challenge. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Progranulin (granulin/epithelin precursor) and its constituent granulin repeats repress transcription from cellular promoters
Authors: Hoque Mainul , Mathews Michael B. , Pe'ery Tsafi
Published: January 2010

Progranulin (also known as granulin/epithelin precursor, GEP) is composed of seven granulin/epithelin repeats (granulins) and functions both as a full‐length protein and as individual granulins. It is a secretory protein but a substantial amount of GEP is found inside cells, some in complexes with positive transcription elongation factor b (P‐TEFb). GEP and certain granulins interact with the cyclin T1 subunit of P‐TEFb, and with its HIV‐1 Tat co‐factor, leading to repression of transcription from the HIV promoter. We show that GEP lacking the signal peptide (GEPspm) remains inside cells and, like wild‐type GEP, interacts with cyclin T1 and Tat. GEPspm represses transcription from the HIV‐1 promoter at the RNA level. Granulins that bind cyclin T1 are phosphorylated by P‐TEFb in vivo and in vitro on serine residues. GEPspm and those granulins that interact with cyclin T1 also inhibit transcription from cellular cad and c‐myc promoters, which are highly dependent on P‐TEFb, but not from the PCNA promoter. In addition, GEPspm and granulins repress transcriptional activation by VP16 or c‐Myc, proteins that bind and recruit P‐TEFb to responsive promoters. These data suggest that intracellular GEP is a promoter‐specific transcriptional repressor that modulates the function of cellular and viral transcription factors. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 224–233, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal job splitting on a multi‐slot machine with applications in the printing industry
Authors: Ekici Ali , Ergun Özlem , Keskinocak Pınar , Lagoudakis Michail G.
Published: January 2010

In this article, we define a scheduling/packing problem called the Job Splitting Problem, motivated by the practices in the printing industry. There are n types of items to be produced on an m‐slot machine. A particular assignment of the types to the slots is called a “run” configuration and requires a setup cost. Once a run begins, the production continues according to that configuration and the “length” of the run represents the quantity produced in each slot during that run. For each unit of production in excess of demand, there is a waste cost. Our goal is to construct a production plan, i.e., a set of runs, such that the total setup and waste cost is minimized. We show that the problem is strongly NP‐hard and propose two integer programming formulations, several preprocessing steps, and two heuristics. We also provide a worst‐case bound for one of the heuristics. Extensive tests on real‐world and randomly generated instances show that the heuristics are both fast and effective, finding near‐optimal solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Poly(urethane‐co‐benzoxazine)s via reaction of phenol terminated urethane prepolymers and benzoxazine monomer and investigation of their properties
Authors: Jamshidi Sadegh , Yeganeh Hamid , Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram
Published: January 2010

In the present work, a new method was developed for the combination of polyurethanes (PUs) and polybenzoxazine (PBz) to obtain novel thermoset poly(urethane‐co‐benzoxazine)s with good thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties as well as low temperature curing profile. Knowing the catalytic effect of compounds possessing free phenolic groups on ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine monomers, preparation of phenol terminated urethane oligomers (PTPU) as the macroinitiator for a benzoxazine monomer (Ba) was considered. Firstly, NCO‐terminated urethane prepolymers were prepared from the reaction of poly(tetramethyleneether glycol), and 2,4‐tolylene diisocyanate, and then end functionalized with bisphenol‐A under proper condition. DSC, DMTA, and gel content measurements were applied to find optimum ring opening polymerization condition (170°C for 1 hr and 200°C for 15 min). Various kinds of thermoset polymers were prepared by the reaction of PTPU at different molecular weights with variable contents of Ba. All of monomeric and polymeric materials were characterized by conventional spectroscopic methods and their thermal, mechanical, viscoelastic, and electrical properties were measured and properties were correlated to their structure. Due to the interesting properties of these new materials, the possibility of using them as electrical insulators with higher service temperature in comparison to common PUs were examined and their potential applicability was confirmed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late glacial vegetation and climate oscillations on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau inferred from the Lake Naleng pollen profile
Authors: Kramer Annette , Herzschuh Ulrike , Mischke Steffen , Zhang Chengjun
Published: January 2010

We present a late glacial pollen record (17,700 to 8500 cal yr BP) from a Lake Naleng sediment core. Lake Naleng is located on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (31.10°N 99.75°E, 4200 m) along the upper tree-line. Variations in the summer monsoon are evident from shifts in vegetation that correspond to late glacial climate trends from other monsoon-sensitive regions. Alpine steppe was recorded between 17,700 and 14,800 cal yr BP, indicating low effective moisture at the study site. Expansion of alpine meadows followed by advances in the position of tree-line around Lake Naleng suggest that climate became warmer and wetter between ∼ 14,800 and 12,500 cal yr BP, probably representing an enhancement of the Asian monsoon. Climatic cooling and reduced effective moisture are inferred from multivariate analysis and the upward retreat of tree-line between ∼ 12,500 and 11,700 cal yr BP. The timing and nature of these shifts to warm, wet and then cold, dry climatic conditions suggest that they correspond to the Bølling/Allerød and Younger Dryas intervals. Abies-Betula forests, representing warm and moist conditions, spread during the early Holocene.