bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narratology and Orality in African Biblical Hermeneutics: Reading the story of Naboth's vineyard and Jehu's revolution in light of Intsomi yamaXhosa
Authors: Mtshiselwa Ndikho
Published: November 2016

On the issue of methodology, oral literature has been decisive in the interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Africa. For instance, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan�a Mphahlele) convincingly employed the folktale of the �Rabbit and the Lion� in her interpretation of the Bible. That Narratology and Orality in African Biblical Hermeneutics is a rarely researched area within biblical scholarship provides room for further studies in this area. This article argues that the reading of the Deuteronomistic story of Naboth�s vineyard and Jehu�s revolution in the light of Intsomi yamaXhosa [the folktale of the Xhosa people] illustrates how biblical interpretation in Africa could be informed by Orality and Narratology. This article examines the light that the socio-economic function of the story of Naboth�s vineyard and Jehu�s revolution would throw on the function of the folktale of Intsimi yeenyamakazana, and vice versa. Furthermore, the present article probes the socio-economic implications that can be drawn from biblical and Xhosa Orality and Narratology for post-apartheid South Africa.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article draws on the indigenous knowledge system, namely Xhosa Narratology and Orality, to interpret Old Testament texts with a view to offering liberating socio-economic possibilities for poor black people in South Africa.
Polyfolds: A first and second look
Authors: Fabert Oliver , Fish Joel W. , Golovko Roman , Wehrheim Katrin
Published: November 2016

Polyfold theory was developed by Hofer–Wysocki–Zehnder by finding commonalities in the analytic framework for a variety of geometric elliptic PDEs, in particular moduli spaces of pseudoholomorphic curves. It aims to systematically address the common difficulties of “compactification” and “transversality” with a new notion of smoothness on Banach spaces, new local models for differential geometry, and a nonlinear Fredholm theory in the new context. We shine meta-mathematical light on the bigger picture and core ideas of this theory. In addition, we compiled and condensed the core definitions and theorems of polyfold theory into a streamlined exposition, and outline their application at the example of Morse theory.
Collective synchronization of classical and quantum oscillators
Authors: Ha Seung-Yeal , Ko Dongnam , Park Jinyeong , Zhang Xiongtao
Published: November 2016

Synchronization of weakly coupled oscillators is ubiquitous in biological and chemical complex systems. Recently, research on collective dynamics of many-body systems has been received much attention due to their possible applications in engineering. In this survey paper, we mainly focus on the large-time dynamics of several synchronization models and review state-of-art results on the collective behaviors for synchronization models. Following a chronological order, we begin our discussion with two classical phase models (Winfree and Kuramoto models), and two quantum synchronization models (Lohe and Schrödinger–Lohe models). For these models, we present several sufficient conditions for the emergence of synchronization using mathematical tools from dynamical systems theory, kinetic theory and partial differential equations in a unified framework.
Congenital Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Washington, DC
Authors: Del Castillo Melissa , Szymanski Ann Marie , Slovin Ariella , Wong Edward C. C. , DeBiasi Roberta L.
Published: November 2016

Congenital malaria is rare in the United States, but is an important diagnosis to consider when evaluating febrile infants. Herein, we describe a case of congenital Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a 2-week-old infant born in the United States to a mother who had emigrated from Nigeria 3 months before delivery.
Seroepidemiology of Human Brucellosis Among Blood Donors in Southern Ethiopia: Calling Attention to a Neglected Zoonotic Disease
Authors: Workalemahu Bereket , Sewunet Tsegaye , Astatkie Ayalew
Published: November 2016

Human brucellosis is neglected in southern Ethiopia. Although traditional food processing practices and animal husbandry which increase the risk of brucellosis are common, it has not been properly studied yet. This study was conducted to determine the seroepidemiology of brucellosis among apparently healthy individuals in southern Ethiopia. In the study, blood samples were collected to screen for serum agglutinins reactive to stained antigen of Brucella abortus. Standard tube titration was performed for reactive serum to determine the titer of the agglutinin. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on possible risk factors for brucellosis. The seroprevalence of human brucellosis in this study was found to be 10.6% (95% confidence interval = 7.0, 14.0). Possession of domestic ruminant animals, contact with ruminant animals, and husbandry practices at home were associated with seropositivity. The higher seroprevalence of human brucellosis in the study area needs attention and additional confirmatory investigation.
Vector Competence of Lutzomyia cruzi Naturally Demonstrated for Leishmania infantum and Suspected for Leishmania amazonensis
Authors: de Oliveira Everton Falcão , Oshiro Elisa Teruya , Fernandes Wagner Souza , Ferreira Alda Maria Teixeira , de Oliveira Alessandra Gutierrez , Galati Eunice Aparecida Bianchi
Published: November 2016

Corumbá city is one of the oldest visceral leishmaniasis–endemic foci in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, where the transmission of Leishmania infantum has been attributed to Lutzomyia cruzi. Aiming at investigating the parameters of the vectorial capacity of Lu. cruzi for L. infantum, a project was undertaken in this city. Among these parameters, vector competence was investigated and the results obtained are reported herein. Of the 12 hamsters exposed to feed wild-caught female sandflies, two developed infection with L. infantum and surprisingly, one with Leishmania amazonensis. In addition, hamsters with L. infantum infection were bitten only by females of Lu. cruzi, whereas the hamster infected with L. amazonensis was bitten by 124 Lu. cruzi females and one of Evandromyia corumbaensis. Although there is a strong suspicion regarding the competence of Lu. cruzi in transmitting L. amazonensis naturally, it was not demonstrated.
Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists in the United States About Taeniasis and Cysticercosis
Authors: Hall Rebecca L. , Anderson Britta , Schulkin Jay , Cantey Paul T. , Montgomery Susan P. , Jones Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2016

An estimated 50 million persons worldwide are infected with cysticerci, the larval forms of the Taenia solium tapeworm. Neurocysticercosis can cause seizures, epilepsy, and hydrocephalus, and fatal cases have been reported in the United States in immigrants and in travelers returning from endemic countries. Pregnant women with symptomatic neurocysticercosis present treatment challenges, whereas those with the adult tapeworm infection (i.e., taeniasis) can put their infants and other family members, as well as obstetrician-gynecologists and their staff, at risk for cysticercosis. A questionnaire developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists was sent to a representative sample of 1,000 physicians to assess their awareness of T. solium infection and the potential for it to be encountered in an obstetrics and gynecology setting. In total, 31.4% of respondents correctly answered that taeniasis is caused by eating undercooked pork containing T. solium cysts (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.6–36.5). While only 14.5% (95% CI = 11.0–18.6) of respondents correctly answered that cysticercosis is acquired by ingesting tapeworm eggs shed in human stools, twice that number (30.3%; 95% CI = 25.5–35.3) correctly answered that a mother with taeniasis can cause cysticercosis in her infant. Practicing in a state in which cysticercosis was reportable at the time of the survey was not significantly associated with answering any of the 12 knowledge questions correctly. Overall, knowledge of T. solium infection among U.S. obstetricians-gynecologists is limited. This may result in missed opportunities to diagnose and treat pregnant women with taeniasis, which may put family members and obstetrics clinical staff at risk for cysticercosis.
Neuropsychiatric Outcomes After Mefloquine Exposure Among U.S. Military Service Members
Authors: Eick-Cost Angelia A. , Hu Zheng , Rohrbeck Patricia , Clark Leslie L.
Published: November 2016

Mefloquine was widely prescribed to U.S. military service members until 2009 when use was limited to personnel with contraindications to doxycycline and no contraindications to mefloquine. The need to estimate the occurrence of neuropsychiatric outcomes (NPOs) in service members prescribed mefloquine warranted a comprehensive evaluation of this issue. Active component service members filling a prescription for mefloquine, doxycycline, or atovaquone/proguanil (A/P) between January 1, 2008 and June 30, 2013, were included in the analysis. The risk of developing incident NPOs and the risk of subsequent NPOs among subjects with a history of the condition were assessed. A total of 367,840 individuals were evaluated (36,538 received mefloquine, 318,421 received doxycycline, and 12,881 received A/P). Among deployed individuals prescribed mefloquine, an increased risk of incident anxiety was seen when compared with doxycycline recipients (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.12 [1.01–1.24]). Among nondeployed mefloquine recipients, an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was seen when compared with A/P recipients (IRR = 1.83 [1.07–3.14]). An increased risk of tinnitus was seen for both deployed and nondeployed mefloquine recipients compared with A/P recipients (IRR = 1.81 [1.18–2.79]), 1.51 (1.13–2.03), respectively). Six percent of the mefloquine cohort had an NPO in the year before receiving mefloquine. When comparing individuals with a prior neuropsychiatric history to those without, the ratio of relative risks for adjustment disorder, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD were higher (not statistically significant) for mefloquine compared with doxycycline. These findings emphasize the continued need for physicians prescribing mefloquine to conduct contraindication screening.
Colonization Factors in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains in Travelers to Mexico, Guatemala, and India Compared with Children in Houston, Texas
Authors: Kharat Vineetkumar B. , Ahmed Makhdum , Jiang Zhi-Dong , Riddle Mark S. , DuPont Herbert L.
Published: November 2016

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can be attributed to around 200 million diarrheal episodes and 380,000 deaths in the developing regions. Travelers' diarrhea occurs in 15–40% of travelers to developing regions with ETEC being the most important etiologic agent. This study aims to describe the distribution of enterotoxins and colonization factor (CF) profiles of ETEC isolates from stool samples of adult travelers acquiring diarrhea in Mexico, Guatemala, and India and a group of children with acute diarrhea in Houston, TX, between 2007 and 2012. The heat-labile/heat-stable (LT/ST) enterotoxins and CFs from 252 patients were determined using polymerase chain reaction assay. Among the 252 ETEC isolates, 15% were LT-only, 58% were ST-only, and 28% produced both LT and ST. The distribution of LT-only (12–15%) and ST-only (55–56%) isolates was similar between Latin American and Indian sites. The most prevalent CF was CS21, expressed in 65% of the isolates followed by CS6 (25%) and CS3 (17%). Among the international travelers, 64% of the ETEC isolates expressed CS21. CS21 was expressed in 46% of isolates from Latin America compared with 96% of isolates from India (P < 0.0001). CS21 was expressed in 85% isolates from Houston children. CS21 was increasingly found in ST-only (P = 0.003) and ST/LT (P = 0.026) ETEC compared with LT-only ETEC. High frequency of finding CS21 among recent isolates of ETEC over a wide geographic distribution warrants additional studies on this CF. Highly conserved CS21 is an important target for potential multivalent ETEC vaccines.
BIM Open Source Software (OSS) for the documentation of cultural heritage
Authors: Logothetis Sotiris , Stylianidis Efstratios
Published: November 2016

The Building Information Modelling (BIM) software enables the users to communicate and design, understand appearance, performance and cost in the spatial and urban design process. Another important use of the BIM technology is the documentation and 3D reconstruction of cultural heritage monuments. The appropriate BIM software equips the users with tools to easily capture and analyse concepts and maintain the coordination of design data through documentation and 3D modelling. Many developments come up in the BIM field and software industry for design, construction-reconstruction, restoration and management of the cultural heritage 3D models, using BIM tools; mainly commercial as well as free or open source. Nevertheless, recently the growing popularity of open source has altered the landscape in software industry, as they attract many users.

This paper presents a review of some recent research on the topic. We review the recent developments focusing on the OSS that can be used at various stages of BIM process in the digital documentation of cultural heritage. The results show that there is more preference in the commercial software due to the fact that the OSS is not yet complete and covers all stages of the BIM process. However, lately we have the Edificius in architectural BIM design and “BIM Vision” as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) model viewer that try to attract as many users as possible. These tools are free and they could well be used for the digital reconstruction of cultural heritage.
Digital Segusio: from models generation to urban reconstruction
Authors: Spanò Antonia , Chiabrando Filiberto , Dezzani Livio , Prencipe Antonio
Published: November 2016

The reconstructive study of the urban arrangement of Susa in the 4th century arose from the intention to exploit some resources derived from local studies, and survey activities, fulfilled by innovative methods from which the modelling of architectural heritage (AH) and virtual reconstructions are derived.  The digital Segusio presented in this paper is the result of intensive discussion and exchange of data and information during the urban landscape documentation activities, and due to the technology of virtual model generation, making it possible to recreate the charm of an ancient landscape. The land survey has been accomplished using aerial and terrestrial acquisition systems, mainly through digital photogrammetry from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and terrestrial laser scanning.  Results obtained from both the methods have been integrated into the medium scale geographical data from the regional map repository, and some processing and visualization supported by GIS (Geographical Information System) has been achieved. Subsequently, with the help of accurate and detailed DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and other architectural scale models related to the ancient heritage, this ancient landscape was modelled. The integration of the history of this city with digital and multimedia resources will be offered to the public in the city museum housed in the restored castle of Maria Adelaide (Savoy dynasty, 11th century), which stands in the place where the acropolis of the city of Susa lay in ancient times.
Quantifying the loss of processed natural gas within California's South Coast Air Basin using long-term measurements of ethane and methane
Authors: Wunch Debra , Toon Geoffrey C. , Hedelius Jacob K. , Vizenor Nicholas , Roehl Coleen M. , Saad Katherine M. , Blavier Jean-François L. , Blake Donald R. , Wennberg Paul O.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Methane emissions inventories for Southern California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) have underestimated emissions from atmospheric measurements. To provide insight into the sources of the discrepancy, we analyze records of atmospheric trace gas total column abundances in the SoCAB starting in the late 1980s to produce annual estimates of the ethane emissions from 1989 to 2015 and methane emissions from 2007 to 2015. The first decade of measurements shows a rapid decline in ethane emissions coincident with decreasing natural gas and crude oil production in the basin. Between 2010 and 2015, however, ethane emissions have grown gradually from about 13 ± 5 to about 23 ± 3 Gg yr−1, despite the steady production of natural gas and oil over that time period. The methane emissions record begins with 1 year of measurements in 2007 and continuous measurements from 2011 to 2016 and shows little trend over time, with an average emission rate of 413 ± 86 Gg yr−1. Since 2012, ethane to methane ratios in the natural gas withdrawn from a storage facility within the SoCAB have been increasing by 0.62 ± 0.05 % yr−1, consistent with the ratios measured in the delivered gas. Our atmospheric measurements also show an increase in these ratios but with a slope of 0.36 ± 0.08 % yr−1, or 58 ± 13 % of the slope calculated from the withdrawn gas. From this, we infer that more than half of the excess methane in the SoCAB between 2012 and 2015 is attributable to losses from the natural gas infrastructure.
Aerosol arriving on the Caribbean island of Barbados: physical properties and origin
Authors: Wex Heike , Dieckmann Katrin , Roberts Greg C. , Conrath Thomas , Izaguirre Miguel A. , Hartmann Susan , Herenz Paul , Schäfer Michael , Ditas Florian , Schmeissner Tina , Henning Silvia , Wehner Birgit , Siebert Holger , Stratmann Frank
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The marine aerosol arriving at Barbados (Ragged Point) was characterized during two 3-week long measurement periods in November 2010 and April 2011, in the context of the measurement campaign CARRIBA (Cloud, Aerosol, Radiation and tuRbulence in the trade wInd regime over BArbados). Through a comparison between ground-based and airborne measurements it was shown that the former are representative of the marine boundary layer at least up to cloud base. In general, total particle number concentrations (Ntotal) ranged from as low as 100  up to 800 cm−3, while number concentrations for cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) at a supersaturation of 0.26 % ranged from some 10 to 600 cm−3. Ntotal and NCCN depended on the air mass origin. Three distinct types of air masses were found. One type showed elevated values for both Ntotal and NCCN and could be attributed to long-range transport from Africa, by which biomass burning particles from the Sahel region and/or mineral dust particles from the Sahara were advected. The second and third type both had values for NCCN below 200 cm−3 and a clear minimum in the particle number size distribution (NSD) around 70 to 80 nm (Hoppel minimum). While for one of these two types the accumulation mode was dominating (albeit less so than for air masses advected from Africa), the Aitken mode dominated the other and contributed more than 50 % of all particles. These Aitken mode particles likely were formed by new particle formation no more than 3 days prior to the measurements. Hygroscopicity of particles in the CCN size range was determined from CCN measurements to be κ  =  0.66 on average, which suggests that these particles contain mainly sulfate and do not show a strong influence from organic material, which might generally be the case for the months during which measurements were made. The average κ could be used to derive NCCN from measured number size distributions, showing that this is a valid approach to obtain NCCN. Although the total particulate mass sampled on filters was found to be dominated by Na+ and Cl−, this was found to be contributed by a small number of large particles ( >  500 nm, mostly even in the super-micron size range). Based on a three-modal fit, a sea spray mode observed in the NSDs was found to contribute 90 % to the total particulate mass but only 4 to 10 % to Ntotal and up to 15 % to NCCN. This is in accordance with finding no correlation between Ntotal and wind speed.
Quantitation of nine alkyl amines in atmospheric samples: Separating structural isomers by ion chromatography
Authors: Place Bryan K. , Quilty Aleya T. , Di Lorenzo Robert A. , Ziegler Susan E. , VandenBoer Trevor C.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Amines are important drivers in particle formation and growth, which has implications for Earth’s climate. In this work, we developed an ion chromatographic (IC) method using sample cation-exchange preconcentration for separating and quantifying the nine most abundant atmospheric alkyl amines (monomethylamine (MMAH+), dimethylamine (DMAH+), trimethylamine (TMAH+), monoethylamine (MEAH+), diethylamine (DEAH+), triethylamine (TEAH+), monopropylamine (MPAH+), isomonopropylamine (iMPAH+), and monobutylamine (MBAH+)). Further, the developed method separates the suite of amines from five common atmospheric inorganic cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+). All 14 cations are greater than 95 % baseline resolved and elute in a runtime of 35 minutes. This paper describes the first successful separation of DEAH+ and TMAH+ by IC and achieves separation between three structural isomer pairs, providing specificity not possible by mass spectrometry. The method detection limits for the alkyl amines are in the picogram per injection range and the method precision (+1 σ) analyzed over 3 months was within 16 % for all the cations. The performance of the IC method for atmospheric application was tested with biomass-burning (BB) particle extracts collected from two forest fire plumes in Canada with large loadings of K+. In extracts of size-resolved BB samples from an aged plume we detected and quantified MMAH+, DMAH+, TMAH+, MEAH+, DEAH+ and TEAH+ in the presence of Na+, NH4+, and K+ at amines to inorganic cations molar ratios ranging from 1 : 2 to 1 : 1000. Quantities of DEAH+ and DMAH+ of 0.2–200 ng m−3 and 3–1200 ng m−3, respectively, were present in the extracts and an unprecedented amines to ammonium molar ratio greater than one was observed in particles with diameters spanning 56–180 nm. Extracts of respirable fine mode particles (PM2.5) from a summer forest fire in British Columbia in 2015 were found to contain iMPAH+, TMAH+, DEAH+ and TEAH+ at molar ratios of 1 : 300 with the dominant cations. The amines to ammonium ratio in a time-series of samples never exceeded 0.15 during the sampling of the plume. These results demonstrate the robustness and sensitivity of the developed method when applied to the complex matrix of biomass burning particle samples. The detection of multiple alkyl amines in the analyzed BB samples indicates that this speciation and quantitation approach can be used to constrain BB emission inventories and the biogeochemical cycling of these reduced nitrogen species.
Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiments: Past–Present–Future with
Introduction to Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the
Southern Ocean (KIFES) Project
Authors: Yoon Joo-Eun , Yoo Kyu-Cheul , Macdonald Alison M. , Yoon Ho Il , Park Ki-Tae , Yang Eun-Jin , Kim Hyun-Cheol , Lee Jae Il , Lee Min Kyung , Jung Jinyoung , Park Jisoo , Song Jae-Min , Choi Tae-Jun , Kim Kitae , Kim Il-Nam
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Since the start of the industrial revolution, human activities have caused a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which have in turn been cited as the cause of a variety climate changes such as global warming and ocean acidification. Various approaches have been proposed to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The ''Martin (or Iron) Hypothesis'' suggests that ocean iron fertilization (OIF) should be an efficient method for stimulating the biological pump in iron-limited high nutrient-low chlorophyll regions. To test the Martin hypothesis, a total 13 OIF experiments have been performed since 1990 in the Southern Ocean (7 times), in the subarctic Pacific (3 times), in the equatorial Pacific (twice), and in the subtropical Atlantic (once). These OIF field experiments demonstrated that primary production could be significantly increased after artificial iron addition. However, export production efficiency revealed by the OIF experiments was unexpectedly low compared to production from natural processes in all, except one of the experiments (i.e., the Southern Ocean European Iron Fertilization Experiment, EIFEX). These results, including side effects such as N2O production and hypoxia development, have been scientifically debated amongst those who support and oppose OIF experimentation. In the context of increasing global and political concerns associated with climate change, it is valuable to examine the validity and usefulness of the OIF. We provide a general overview of the OIF experiments conducted over the last 25 years (past), a discussion of OIF considerations including possible side effects (present), and an introduction to the OIF experiment plan currently being designed by Korean oceanographers (future).
Impact of annual and seasonal precipitation and air temperature on gross primary production in Mediterranean ecosystems in Europe
Authors: Bartsch Svenja , Guenet Bertrand , Boissard Christophe , Lathière Juliette , Peterschmitt Jean-Yves , Stegehuis Annemiek , Reiter Ilja-M. , Gauquelin Thierry , Baldy Virginie , Fernandez Catherine
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Mediterranean ecosystems are significant carbon sinks but are also particularly sensitive to climate change but the carbon dynamic in such ecosystem is still not fully understood. An improved understanding of the drivers of the carbon fixation by plants is needed to better predict how such ecosystems will respond to climate change. Here, for the first time, a large dataset collected through the FLUXNET network is used to estimate how the gross primary production (GPP) of different Mediterranean ecosystems was affected by air temperature and precipitation between the years 1996 and 2013. We showed that annual precipitation was not a significant driver of annual GPP. Our results also indicated that seasonal variations of air temperature significantly affected seasonal variations of GPP but without major impact on inter annual variations. Inter-annual variations of GPP seemed largely controlled by the precipitation during early spring (March–April), making this period crucial for the future of Mediterranean ecosystems. Finally, we also observed that the sensitivity of GPP in Mediterranean ecosystems to climate drivers is not ecosystem type dependent.
KRILLBASE: a circumpolar database of Antarctic krill and salp numerical densities, 1926–2016
Authors: Atkinson Angus , Hill Simeon L. , Pakhomov Evgeny A. , Siegel Volker , Anadon Ricardo , Chiba Sanae , Daly Kendra L. , Downie Rod , Fretwell Peter , Gerrish Laura , Hosie Graham W. , Jessopp Mark J. , Kawaguchi So , Krafft Bjørn A. , Loeb Valerie , Nishikawa Jun , Peat Helen J. , Reiss Christian S. , Ross Robin M. , Quetin Langdon B. , Schmidt Katrin , Steinberg Deborah K. , Subramaniam Roshni C. , Tarling Geraint A. , Ward Peter
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and salps are major macroplankton contributors to Southern Ocean food webs and krill are also fished commercially. Managing this fishery sustainably, against a backdrop of rapid regional climate change, requires information on distribution and time trends. Many data on the abundance of both taxa have been obtained from net sampling surveys since 1926, but much of this is stored in national archives, sometimes only in notebooks. In order to make these important data accessible we have collated available abundance data (numerical density, no. m−2) of postlarval E. superba and salps (combined aggregate and solitary stages and species) into a central database, KRILLBASE, together with environmental information, standardisation and metadata. The aim is to provide a temporal-spatial data resource to support a variety of research such as biogeochemistry, autecology, higher predator foraging and food web modelling in addition to fisheries management and conservation. Previous versions of KRILLBASE have led to a series of papers since 2004 which illustrate some of the potential uses of this database. With increasing numbers of requests for these data we here provide an updated version of KRILLBASE that contains data from 15,194 net hauls, including 12,758 with krill abundance data and 9,726 with salp abundance data. These data were collected by 10 nations and span 56 seasons in two epochs (1926–1939 and 1976–2016). Here, we illustrate the seasonal, inter-annual, regional and depth coverage of sampling, and provide both circumpolar- and regional-scale distribution maps. Krill abundance data have been standardised to accommodate variation in sampling methods, and we have presented these as well as the raw data. Information is provided on how to screen, interpret and use KRILLBASE to reduce artefacts in interpretation, with contact points for the main data providers.
CoastalME version 1.0: a Coastal Modelling Environment for simulating decadal to centennial morphological changes
Authors: Payo Andrés , Favis-Mortlock David , Dickson Mark , Hall Jim W. , Hurst Martin , Walkden Mike J. A. , Townend Ian , Ives Matthew C. , Nicholls Robert J. , Ellis Michael A.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Modelling coastal morphological changes at decadal to centennial time scales is required to support sustainable coastal management world-wide. One approach involves coupling of landform-specific components (e.g. cliff, beach, dunes, estuaries, etc.) that have been independently developed. An alternative, and novel approach explored in this paper is to capture the essential characteristics of the landform-specific models using a common spatial representation within an appropriate software-environment. In the proposed Coastal Modelling Environment (CoastalME), change in coastal morphology is formulated by means of dynamically linked raster and geometrical objects. A grid of raster cells provides the data structure for representing quasi-3D spatial heterogeneity and sediment conservation. Other geometrical objects (lines, areas and volumes) that are consistent with, and derived from, the raster structure represent a library of coastal elements (e.g. shoreline, beach profiles and estuary volumes) as required by different landform-specific models. As a proof-of-concept, we illustrate the potential capabilities of CoastalME by integrating a cliff-beach model. We verify that CoastalME can reproduce behaviours of each individual landform-specific model. Their integration within the framework of CoastalME reveals behaviours that emerge from landforms interaction and which have not previously been captured, such as the influence of the regional bathymetry on the local alongshore sediment transport gradient. This is the first step of the framework development, which provides an alternative to directly coupling existing models.
Modelling hydrologic impacts of light absorbing aerosol deposition on snow at the catchment scale
Authors: Matt Felix N. , Burkhart John F. , Pietikäinen Joni-Pekka
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Light absorbing impurities in snow and ice (LAISI) originating from atmospheric deposition enhance the snow melt by increasing the absorption of short wave radiation. The consequences are a shortening of the snow duration due to increased snow melt and, on a catchment scale, a temporal shift in the discharge generation during the spring melt season. In this study, we present a newly developed snow algorithm for application in hydrolgical models that allows for an additional class of input variables: the deposition rate of various species of light absorbing aerosols. To show the sensitivity of different model parameters, we first use the model as 1-D point model forced with representative synthetic data and investigate the impact of parameters and variables specific to the algorithm determining the effect of LAISI. We then demonstrate the significance of the additional forcing by simulating black carbon deposited on snow of a remote south Norwegian catchment over a six years period, from September 2006 to August 2012. Our simulations suggest a significant impact of BC in snow on the hydrological cycle, with an average increase in discharge of 2.5 %, 9.9 %, and 21.4 % for our minimum, central and maximum effect estimate, respectively, over a two months period during the spring melt season compared to simulations where radiative forcing from LAISI is turned off. The increase in discharge is followed by a decrease caused by melt limitation due to faster decrease of the catchment's snow covered fraction in the scenarios where radiative forcing from LAISI is applied. The central effect estimate produces reasonable surface BC concentrations in snow with a strong annual cycle, showing increasing surface BC concentration during spring melt as consequence of melt amplification. However, we further identify large uncertainties in the representation of the surface BC concentration and the subsequent consequences for the snowpack evolution.
Understanding and seasonal forecasting of hydrological drought in the anthropocene
Authors: Yuan Xing , Zhang Miao , Wang Linying
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Hydrological drought is not only caused by natural hydro-climate variability, but can also be directly altered by human interventions including reservoir operation, irrigation and groundwater exploitation, etc. Understanding and forecasting of hydrological drought in the anthropocene are grand challenges due to complicated interactions among climate, hydrology and human. In this paper, five decades (1961–2010) of naturalized and observed streamflow datasets are used to investigate hydrological drought characteristics in a heavily managed river basin, the Yellow River basin in North China. It is found that human interventions increase the nonlinear response of hydrological drought to the meteorological drought, and increase the response time especially during rainy seasons. Due to large water consumptions over the middle and lower reaches, there are two to four-fold increases in the hydrological drought frequency and up to six-fold increases in the drought severity, the drought duration increases by 12–83 %, and the drought onset becomes earlier. A set of 29-year (1982–2010) hindcasts from an established seasonal hydrological forecasting system are used to assess the forecast skill of hydrological drought. In the naturalized condition, the climate–model-based approach outperforms the climatology method in predicting the 2001 severe hydrological drought event. Based on the 29-year hindcasts, the former method has a Brier Skill Score of 11 %–26 % against the latter for the probabilistic hydrological drought forecasting. In the anthropocene, the skill for both approaches increases due to dominant influence of human interventions that have been implicitly incorporated by the hydrological post-processing, while the difference between two predictions decreases. This suggests that human interventions can outweigh the climate variability for the hydrological drought forecasting in the anthropocene, and the predictability for human interventions needs more attention.
Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland
Authors: Marmy Antoine , Rajczak Jan , Delaloye Reynald , Hilbich Christin , Hoelzle Martin , Kotlarski Sven , Lambiel Christophe , Noetzli Jeannette , Phillips Marcia , Salzmann Nadine , Staub Benno , Hauck Christian
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Permafrost is a widespread phenomenon in mountainous regions of the world such as the European Alps. Many important topics such as the future evolution of permafrost related to climate change and the detection of permafrost related to potential natural hazards sites are of major concern to our society. Numerical permafrost models are the only tools which allow for the projection of the future evolution of permafrost. Due to the complexity of the processes involved and the heterogeneity of Alpine terrain, models must be carefully calibrated, and results should be compared with observations at the site (borehole) scale. However, for large-scale applications, a site-specific model calibration for a multitude of grid points would be very time-consuming. To tackle this issue, this study presents a semi-automated calibration method using the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) as implemented in a 1-D soil model (CoupModel) and applies it to six permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps. We show that this semi-automated calibration method is able to accurately reproduce the main thermal condition characteristics with some limitations at sites with unique conditions such as 3-D air or water circulation, which have to be calibrated manually. The calibration obtained was used for global and regional climate model (GCM/RCM)-based long-term climate projections under the A1B climate scenario (EU-ENSEMBLES project) specifically downscaled at each borehole site. The projection shows general permafrost degradation with thawing at 10 m, even partially reaching 20 m depth by the end of the century, but with different timing among the sites and with partly considerable uncertainties due to the spread of the applied climatic forcing.
Process-level model evaluation: A Snow and Heat Transfer Metric
Authors: Slater Andrew G. , Lawrence David M. , Koven Charles D.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Land models require evaluation in order to understand results and guide future development. Examining functional relationships between model variables can provide insight into the ability of models to capture fundamental processes and aid in minimizing uncertainties or deficiencies in model forcing. This study quantifies the proficiency of land models to appropriately transfer heat from the soil through a snowpack to the atmosphere during the cooling season (Northern Hemisphere: October–March). Using the basic physics of heat diffusion, we investigate the relationship between seasonal amplitudes of soil versus air temperatures due to insulation from seasonal snow. Observations demonstrate the anticipated exponential relationship of attenuated soil temperature amplitude with increasing snow depth and indicate that the marginal influence of snow insulation diminishes beyond an "effective snow depth" of about 50 cm. A Snow and Heat Transfer Metric (SHTM) is developed to quantify model skill compared to observations. Land models within the CMIP5 experiment vary widely in SHTM scores and deficiencies can often be traced to model structural weaknesses. The SHTM value for individual models is stable over 150 years of climate 1850–2005, indicating that the metric is insensitive to climate forcing and can be used to evaluate each model's representation of the insulation process
Ruinas y legitimidad en Massinga. Formas de pensar el pasado entre ancianos empobrecidos del sur de Mozambique
Authors: Farré Albert
Published: November 2016

A partir del trabajo de campo etnográfico en el distrito de Massinga, en este artículo analizo la legitimidad de las autoridades tradicionales como un proceso de negociación que no puede desvincularse de la historia regional del África austral. Las transformaciones sociales producidas por el Estado colonial y la industria minera afectaron a las sociedades africanas. Los migrantes a las minas, excluidos de la modernidad en la que participaban, estaban a la vez dentro y fuera de dos procesos de reproducción social. Así, de entre los jóvenes proletarios de cada generación saldrían los futuros ancianos tradicionales. Esta posición ambigua se reflejaba en la construcción de casas cada vez más modernas, lo que, a su vez, contribuía a que cada nueva generación renovase la legitimidad de las instituciones tradicionales. Cuando los hombres perdieron la centralidad social que las minas les otorgaban, también perdieron la capacidad de renovar la legitimidad tradicional de sus instituciones.
Por qué en África no se reconoce la existencia de poblaciones indígenas. Un estudio de caso: los bubis de la isla de Bioko
Authors: Juanena Coro J-A
Published: November 2016

En los estudios africanos europeos es frecuente negar la existencia de comunidades indígenas en África a pesar de que, al igual que el continente americano, África ha sido una región colonizada por Europa. Las nuevas identidades históricas y sociales creadas bajo la colonialidad del poder (Quijano, 2000), perduran en el imaginario político y académico hasta el punto de rechazar la condición indígena actual de una buena parte de los pueblos africanos. Esta cuestión está teniendo una gran relevancia en la política internacional tras el resurgir de la identidad indígena a escala global y en respuesta al sistema capitalista contemporáneo, fortalecida tras la aprobación de la Declaración de Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas por la asamblea de Naciones Unidas en el año 2007. Mi objetivo en este artículo es deconstruir los procesos históricos que han llevado a rechazar la existencia actual de pueblos indígenas en el continente africano. El caso de estudio descriptivo que propongo es el de la comunidad bubi, ubicada en la isla de Bioko, la cual se está presentando actualmente en la arena global como pueblo indígena y reclamando sus derechos inherentes. Este caso de estudio es especialmente interesante porque cumple con una doble condición: por una parte, el primer contacto del “encuentro colonial” de este pueblo africano coincide con el mismo periodo histórico en el que se produce el primer contacto y la creación de la id-entidad geocultural denominada América; por otro lado, la colonización efectiva del territorio y su denominación como indígenas será llevada a cabo por la misma id-entidad geocultural —la Europa ibérica—, aunque en diferentes momentos históricos.
"Mandando bocas": cortejo y sexo entre jóvenes sampadjudus
Authors: Miguel Francisco
Published: November 2016

En este artículo se aborda el fenómeno caboverdiano de “mandar bocas” (lanzar pullas). Específicamente me centro en las “bocas enviadas” por los hombres contra otros hombres en la ciudad de Mindelo y que, desde una primera lectura analítica, se pueden clasificar rápidamente como insultos “homófobos”. Voy a argumentar, sin embargo, que esta no es la única interpretación posible del fenómeno y que las pullas que se lanzan son una fase de un cortejo homoerótico entre los chicos caboverdianos, aunque impregnado de signos machistas.
Formas reales de dominación
Authors: Maldonado Aranda Salvador
Published: November 2016

AGUDO SANCHÍZ, Alejandro y ESTRADA SAAVEDRA, Marco (Coord.). 2014. Formas reales de la dominación del Estado. Perspectivas interdisciplinarias del poder y la política. México, D.F.: El Colegio de México.
The Development of a Behavior Patterns Rating Scale for Preservice Teachers
Authors: Caliskan Nihat , Kuzu Okan , Kuzu Yasemin
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop a rating scale that can be used to evaluate behavior patterns of the organization people pattern of preservice teachers (PSTs). By reviewing the related literature on people patterns, a preliminary scale of 38 items with a five-points likert type was prepared. The number of items was reduced to 29 after obtaining expert opinions and was administered to 620 PSTs. As the results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, unlike two factors: structurist and free spirits behavior patterns, in the theory, we obtained the final scale of 15 items consisting of three factors: planners, solution-oriented and prescriptive behavior patterns. The related Cronbach Alpha value was found to be .830 for all the items. We identified that behavior patterns rating scale of the organization people pattern can be confidently applied to evaluate behavior patterns. Moreover, in this study, we obtained a contradiction between practice and theory. Thus, we provided a new idea related to behavior patterns of the organization people pattern.
Early diagnosis of genital mucosal melanoma: how good are our dermoscopic criteria?
Authors: Rogers Tova , Pulitzer Melissa , Marino Maria L. , Marghoob Ashfaq A. , Zivanovic Oliver , Marchetti Michael A.
Published: November 2016

Background: There are limited studies on the dermoscopic features of mucosal melanoma, particularly early-stage lesions. Described criteria include the presence of blue, gray, or white colors, with a reported sensitivity of 100%. It is unclear if these features will aid in the detection of early mucosal melanoma or improve diagnostic accuracy compared to naked-eye examination alone.

Case: An Asian female in her fifties was referred for evaluation of an asymptomatic, irregularly pigmented patch of the clitoral hood and labia minora of unknown duration. Her past medical history was notable for Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. She denied a personal or family history of skin cancer. Dermoscopic evaluation of the vulvar lesion revealed heterogeneous brown and black pigmentation mostly composed of thick lines. There were no other colors or structures present. As the differential diagnosis included vulvar melanosis and mucosal melanoma, the patient was recommended to undergo biopsy, which was delayed due to complications from her underlying lung cancer. Repeat dermoscopic imaging performed three months later revealed significant changes concerning for melanoma, including increase in size, asymmetric darkening, and the appearance of structureless areas and central blue and pink colors. Histopathological examination of a biopsy and subsequent resection confirmed the diagnosis of melanoma in situ.

Conclusion: Previously described dermoscopic features for mucosal melanoma may not have high sensitivity for early melanomas. Additional studies are needed to define the dermoscopic characteristics of mucosal melanomas that aid in early detection. Health care providers should have a low threshold for biopsy of mucosal lesions that show any clinical or dermoscopic features of melanoma, especially in older women.
From the editors
Authors: Value Language
Published: November 2016

From the Editors

SPECIAL ISSUE: LANGUAGE VALUE IN MINORITY LITERATURES

In the wake of Nigerian independence and in contrast to African writers who took an essentialist view that equates language with cultural identity (Ngugi wa Thiong’o, for example), Chinua Achebe declared that “[a] language spoken by Africans on African soil, a language in which Africans write, justifies itself” (1975: 67). According to his vision, the colonizers’ languages, English and French, even if they were not African languages, because of their grasp on African history, were part and parcel of African experience. [...]
Jacqueline Woodson’s narrative style in The Other Side: An African American picture book for children
Authors: Reyes Torres Agustín
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Agustín Reyes TorresUniversitat de València, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

The Other Side (2001) is a children’s story with multicultural characters and themes that can be regarded as an aesthetic exploration of the human experience in the process of the acquisition of knowledge. Following the Black Arts Movement, Jacqueline Woodson’s work portrays many of the issues that are present in the real world but seldom appear in children’s literature, such as racial division or interracial relationships. Using the metaphor of a fence, this African American author reveals issues of loneliness and friendship, inclusion and exclusion, and the overcoming of prejudice and segregation through the wisdom of Clover and Annie, an African American and a white girl, who become friends. The story is told from the point of view of Clover who is both the protagonist and the first person narrator. The reader, thus, gets to see and understand the world through her eyes.