bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation on the groove effect in hydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Yang SY , Wang HF , Guo F
Published: January 2012

In this article, a custom-built test apparatus was used to measure the film thickness in a conformal contact consisting of a stationary fixed-incline block and a moving transparent disc. Two groups of grooved block surfaces were used: one with a step at the inlet, and the other without the inlet step. Under parallel-gap conditions, effective load-carrying lubricant films can be found only when surfaces with an inlet step are used, and a partially grooved surface in the inlet region can generate film thickness larger than the fully grooved one. If the outlet land is larger than the inlet land, a thicker film as well as a higher load-bearing capacity will be obtained. In this study, groove shows a negative impact on the hydrodynamic lift. And not all diverging clearance can form the cavitation, as it depends on the geometry configurations. The classical Reynolds’ solutions should be carefully used in the analyses of groove effects. The results can be useful for experiments in the case in which no cavitation occurs.
Nonlinear dynamic coefficients prediction of journal bearings using partial derivative method
Authors: Weimin Wang , Lihua Yang , Tiejun Wang , Lie Yu
Published: January 2012

For decades, linear dynamic coefficients of bearings are widely used to evaluate the stability and dynamic response of oil-film bearing-rotor systems. However, there often exist many strong nonlinear excitation sources in rotor systems. Therefore, the linear oil-film forces cannot reflect the nonlinearity characteristics of rotor systems. Some researchers present numerical methods for prediction of bearing nonlinear dynamic coefficients in order to represent nonlinear oil-film forces of bearing, while their methods are closely dependent on the size and shape of journal orbits. This article gives a computational method which is independent on the journal orbit to predict bearing dynamic coefficients using partial derivative method. The reliability of the numerical method is verified by comparing the linear dynamic coefficients of two-axial-groove bearing with the published results. The variation of dynamic coefficients with eccentricity ratios and length-to-diameter ratios of a simple oil-lubricated 360° journal bearing model is discussed. The numerical results indicate that bearing dynamic coefficients are dramatically increasing with the growth of eccentricity ratios and length-to-diameter ratios, especially when eccentricity ratio is larger than 0.8. The numerical model presented in this article will greatly simplify the solution of oil-film forces in nonlinear dynamic analysis of rotor systems.
Diphenyl diselenide-modulation of macrophage activation: Down-regulation of classical and alternative activation markers
Authors: Rupil Lucía L , de Bem Andreza F , Roth German A
Published: January 2012

Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, a simple organoselenium compound, possesses interesting pharmacological properties that are under extensive research. As macrophages respond to microenvironmental stimuli and can display activities engaged in the initiation and the resolution of inflammation, in the present report we describe the ability of (PhSe)2 to modulate the macrophage activation. Our data indicate that (PhSe)2 could inhibit the NO production in a dose-dependent fashion in peritoneal macrophages activated by LPS or treated with vehicle alone. We could demonstrate that this effect correlated with a reduction in the expression of the inducible NO synthase in (PhSe)2-treated cells. Furthermore, (PhSe)2 suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species, diminished the activity of the arginase enzyme, and the accumulation of nitrotyrosine modified proteins in LPS-stimulated macrophages. This compound also diminished the antigen presentation capacity of classically activated macrophages, as it reduced MHCII and CD86 expression. In addition, (PhSe)2 modulated the alternative activation phenotype of macrophages. Dexamethasone-activated macrophages presented higher production of IL-10 and CD206, which were both down-regulated by the addition of (PhSe)2. These results suggest that (PhSe)2 possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in classically-activated macrophages. We could demonstrate that (PhSe)2 can be also utilized to modulate the alternative activation phenotype of macrophages.
The “Fair Trade” Effect
Authors: Schuldt Jonathon P. , Muller Dominique , Schwarz Norbert
Published: January 2012

The authors provide evidence that social ethics claims on food packaging (e.g., fair trade) can promote the misperception that foods are lower-calorie and therefore appropriate for greater consumption. In Study 1, participants evaluating chocolate provided lower calorie judgments when it was described as fair trade—a claim silent on calorie content but signifying that trading partners received just compensation for their work. Further establishing this effect, Study 2 revealed that chocolate was perceived as lower-calorie when a company was simply described as treating its workers ethically (e.g., providing excellent wages and health care) as opposed to unethically (e.g., providing poor wages and no health care) among perceivers with strong ethical food values, consistent with halo logic. Moreover, calorie judgments mediated the same interaction pattern on recommendations of consumption frequency, suggesting that amid the ongoing obesity crisis, social ethics claims might nudge some perceivers to overindulge. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
IDH2 mutations are frequent in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Cairns Rob A. , Iqbal Javeed , Lemonnier François , Kucuk Can , de Leval Laurence , Jais Jean-Philippe , Parrens Marie , Martin Antoine , Xerri Luc , Brousset Pierre , Chan Li Chong , Chan Wing-Chung , Gaulard Philippe , Mak Tak W.
Published: January 2012

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) occur in most grade 2 and 3 gliomas, secondary glioblastomas, and a subset of acute myelogenous leukemias but have not been detected in other tumor types. The mutations occur at specific arginine residues and result in the acquisition of a novel enzymatic activity that converts 2-oxoglutarate to D-2-hydroxyglutarate. This study reports IDH1 and IDH2 genotyping results from a set of lymphomas, which included a large set of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. IDH2 mutations were identified in approximately 20% of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITLs), but not in other peripheral T-cell lymphoma entities. These results were confirmed in an independent set of AITL patients, where the IDH2 mutation rate was approximately 45%. This is the second common genetic lesion identified in AITL after TET2 and extends the number of neoplastic diseases where IDH1 and IDH2 mutations may play a role.
Combined inactivation of the Clostridium cellulolyticum lactate and malate dehydrogenase genes substantially increases ethanol yield from cellulose and switchgrass fermentations
Authors: Li Yongchao , Tschaplinski Timothy J , Engle Nancy L , Hamilton Choo Y , Rodriguez Miguel , Liao James C , Schadt Christopher W , Guss Adam M , Yang Yunfeng , Graham David E
Published: January 2012

Background

The model bacterium Clostridium cellulolyticum efficiently degrades crystalline cellulose and hemicellulose, using cellulosomes to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. Although it imports and ferments both pentose and hexose sugars to produce a mixture of ethanol, acetate, lactate, H2 and CO2, the proportion of ethanol is low, which impedes its use in consolidated bioprocessing for biofuels production. Therefore genetic engineering will likely be required to improve the ethanol yield. Plasmid transformation, random mutagenesis and heterologous expression systems have previously been developed for C. cellulolyticum, but targeted mutagenesis has not been reported for this organism, hindering genetic engineering.

Results

The first targeted gene inactivation system was developed for C. cellulolyticum, based on a mobile group II intron originating from the Lactococcus lactis L1.LtrB intron. This markerless mutagenesis system was used to disrupt both the paralogous L-lactate dehydrogenase (Ccel_2485; ldh) and L-malate dehydrogenase (Ccel_0137; mdh) genes, distinguishing the overlapping substrate specificities of these enzymes. Both mutations were then combined in a single strain, resulting in a substantial shift in fermentation toward ethanol production. This double mutant produced 8.5-times more ethanol than wild-type cells growing on crystalline cellulose. Ethanol constituted 93% of the major fermentation products, corresponding to a molar ratio of ethanol to organic acids of 15, versus 0.18 in wild-type cells. During growth on acid-pretreated switchgrass, the double mutant also produced four times as much ethanol as wild-type cells. Detailed metabolomic analyses identified increased flux through the oxidative branch of the mutant's tricarboxylic acid pathway.

Conclusions

The efficient intron-based gene inactivation system produced the first non-random, targeted mutations in C. cellulolyticum. As a key component of the genetic toolbox for this bacterium, markerless targeted mutagenesis enables functional genomic research in C. cellulolyticum and rapid genetic engineering to significantly alter the mixture of fermentation products. The initial application of this system successfully engineered a strain with high ethanol productivity from cellobiose, cellulose and switchgrass.
Magnitudes of induced earthquakes and geometric scales of fluid-stimulated rock volumes
Authors: Shapiro Serge A. , Krüger Oliver S. , Dinske Carsten , Langenbruch Cornelius
Published: January 2012

Sometimes rock stimulations by fluid injections into geothermal boreholes are able to trigger perceptible or even potentially damaging earthquakes. This does not seem to be the case for hydraulic fracturing of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Reasons for such a difference and factors defining magnitudes of induced earthquakes (triggered tectonicly as well as induced artificially) remain unclear. We analyzed microseismic data obtained by fluid stimulations at different geothermal and hydrocarbon sites. This analysis indicates that a rupture corresponding to a fluid-induced earthquake seems to be only probable along a surface located mainly inside a stimulated rock volume. We approximated the stimulated volume by an ellipsoid, and compared the statistics of induced events with the statistics of randomly distributed thin flat disks modeling rupture surfaces. We found that one of the main factors limiting the probability to induce a large-magnitude event is the minimum principal axis of a fluid-stimulated rock volume. This geometrical scale can be very different in geothermal and hydrocarbon reservoirs. It may control the order of a largest possible magnitude. We quantified an impact of the geometry of a stimulated volume on the Gutenberg-Richter-type frequency-magnitude distribution of induced earthquakes. Our results show that monitoring the spatial growth of seismicity in real time can help to constrain a risk of inducing damaging earthquakes.
ROS1 Rearrangements Define a Unique Molecular Class of Lung Cancers
Authors: Bergethon Kristin , Shaw Alice T. , Ignatius Ou Sai-Hong , Katayama Ryohei , Lovly Christine M. , McDonald Nerina T. , Massion Pierre P. , Siwak-Tapp Christina , Gonzalez Adriana , Fang Rong , Mark Eugene J. , Batten Julie M. , Chen Haiquan , Wilner Keith D. , Kwak Eunice L. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Carbone David P. , Ji Hongbin , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Pao William , Iafrate A. John
Published: January 2012

Purpose

Chromosomal rearrangements involving the ROS1 receptor tyrosine kinase gene have recently been described in a subset of non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Because little is known about these tumors, we examined the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with NSCLC with ROS1 rearrangement.

Patients and Methods

Using a ROS1 fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, we screened 1,073 patients with NSCLC and correlated ROS1 rearrangement status with clinical characteristics, overall survival, and when available, ALK rearrangement status. In vitro studies assessed the responsiveness of cells with ROS1 rearrangement to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib. The clinical response of one patient with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC to crizotinib was investigated as part of an expanded phase I cohort.

Results

Of 1,073 tumors screened, 18 (1.7%) were ROS1 rearranged by FISH, and 31 (2.9%) were ALK rearranged. Compared with the ROS1-negative group, patients with ROS1 rearrangements were significantly younger and more likely to be never-smokers (each P < .001). All of the ROS1-positive tumors were adenocarcinomas, with a tendency toward higher grade. ROS1-positive and -negative groups showed no difference in overall survival. The HCC78 ROS1-rearranged NSCLC cell line and 293 cells transfected with CD74-ROS1 showed evidence of sensitivity to crizotinib. The patient treated with crizotinib showed tumor shrinkage, with a near complete response.

Conclusion

ROS1 rearrangement defines a molecular subset of NSCLC with distinct clinical characteristics that are similar to those observed in patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Crizotinib shows in vitro activity and early evidence of clinical activity in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC.
Unique amino acid signatures that are evolutionarily conserved distinguish simple-type, epidermal and hair keratins
Authors: Strnad Pavel , Usachov Valentyn , Debes Cedric , Gräter Frauke , Parry David A. D. , Omary M. Bishr
Published: January 2012

Keratins (Ks) consist of central α-helical rod domains that are flanked by non-α-helical head and tail domains. The cellular abundance of keratins, coupled with their selective cell expression patterns, suggests that they diversified to fulfill tissue-specific functions although the primary structure differences between them have not been comprehensively compared. We analyzed keratin sequences from many species: K1, K2, K5, K9, K10, K14 were studied as representatives of epidermal keratins, and compared with K7, K8, K18, K19, K20 and K31, K35, K81, K85, K86, which represent simple-type (single-layered or glandular) epithelial and hair keratins, respectively. We show that keratin domains have striking differences in their amino acids. There are many cysteines in hair keratins but only a small number in epidermal keratins and rare or none in simple-type keratins. The heads and/or tails of epidermal keratins are glycine and phenylalanine rich but alanine poor, whereas parallel domains of hair keratins are abundant in prolines, and those of simple-type epithelial keratins are enriched in acidic and/or basic residues. The observed differences between simple-type, epidermal and hair keratins are highly conserved throughout evolution. Cysteines and histidines, which are infrequent keratin amino acids, are involved in de novo mutations that are markedly overrepresented in keratins. Hence, keratins have evolutionarily conserved and domain-selectively enriched amino acids including glycine and phenylalanine (epidermal), cysteine and proline (hair), and basic and acidic (simple-type epithelial), which reflect unique functions related to structural flexibility, rigidity and solubility, respectively. Our findings also support the importance of human keratin ‘mutation hotspot’ residues and their wild-type counterparts.
Perpendicularly Oriented Cylinder Nanostructure of Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymer Film on Si Substrate with Various Surface Wettability
Authors: Komiyama Hideaki , Iyoda Tomokazu , Kamata Kaori
Published: January 2012

Hexagonally arranged PEO cylinders in the PEOm-b-PMA(Az)n thin film were perpendicularly oriented on Si wafer substrates with a wide range of water contact angle (<5° to 85°) by controlled modification with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). Additionally, the film was stiffly adhered on the modified substrate due to an anchoring effect of partly covered monolayer of OTS.
Triply Radical-coordinated Gadolinium(III) Complex as a High-spin S = 5 Assembly
Authors: Ikegaya Naoya , Kanetomo Takuya , Murakami Rina , Ishida Takayuki
Published: January 2012

A discrete Gd3+ and radical complex was prepared and characterized to be [Gd(hfac)3(HNN)3] by means of X-ray crystallographic analysis, where Hhfac stands for 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dione and HNN for 4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-1-oxyl 3-oxide. A magnetic study revealed the presence of ferromagnetic exchange coupling with 2J/kB = 3.86(6) K, ascribable to the Gd–HNN interaction.
Selective Synthesis of C3 Symmetric Functionalized Sumanenes
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Nasir Baig R B , Morita Yuki , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: January 2012

C 3 symmetric triformylsumanene was selectively synthesized from C3 symmetric syn-tris(oxonorborneno)benzene, featuring ring-opening/closing metathesis reactions of syn-tris(methoxymethylnorbornadieno)benzene and DDQ oxidation. Triformylsumanene can be an intermediate to synthesize C3 symmetric trisubstituted sumanenes by further transformation. Tris(ethoxycarbonylethenyl)sumanene was prepared through the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. Its optical and electrochemical behaviors were investigated.
pH-responsive Dendritic Gelators
Authors: Chen Ching-Yi , Ito Yumiko , Chiu Yu-Cheng , Wu Wen-Chung , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru , Chen Wen-Chang
Published: January 2012

The pH responsibility of cationic charged dendrons, which were previously synthesized for DNA-sensing applications, was investigated. The first and second generation amide dendrons G1 and G2 formed hydrogels under basic conditions, but the hydrogel returned to the fluid state under acidic conditions; this process was completely reversible. In addition, the fluorescence of the diluted G1, G2, and G3 solutions also showed a high sensitivity to the pH value.
Influence of the Methane–Zeolite a Interaction Potential on the Concentration Dependence of Self-Diffusivity
Authors: Krishna Chaitanya A. , Yashonath Subramanian , Schüring Andreas , Fritzsche Siegfried , Kärger Jörg
Published: January 2012

Studies on the diffusion of methane in a zeolite structure type LTA (as per IZA nomenclature) have indicated that different types of methane–zeolite potentials exist in the literature in which methane is treated within the united-atom model. One set of potentials, referred to as model A, has a methane oxygen diameter of 3.14 Å, while another set of potential parameters, model B, employs a larger value of 3.46 Å. Fritzsche and co-workers (1993) have shown that these two potentials lead to two distinctly different energetic barriers for the passage of methane through the eight-ring window in the cation-free form of zeolite A. Here, we compute the variation of the self-diffusivity (D) with loading (c) for these two types of potentials and show that this slight variation in the diameter changes the concentration dependence qualitatively: thus, D decreases monotonically with c for model A, while D increases and goes through a maximum before finally decreasing for model B. This effect and the surprising congruence of the diffusion coefficients for both models at high loadings is examined in detail at the molecular level. Simulations for different temperatures reveal the Arrhenius behaviour of the self-diffusion coefficient. The apparent activation energy is found to vary with the loading. We conclude that beside the cage-to-cage jumps, which are essential for the migration of the guest molecules, at high concentrations migration within the cage and guest–guest interactions with other molecules become increasingly dominant influences on the diffusion coefficient and make the guest–zeolite interaction less important for both model A and model B.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution onto Sepiolite
Authors: Padilla-Ortega E. , Leyva-Ramos R. , Mendoza-Barron J. , Guerrero-Coronado R.M. , Jacobo-Azuara A. , Aragon-Piña A.
Published: January 2012

The adsorption capacity of sepiolite towards the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution was studied in this work, with adsorption equilibrium data being obtained with a bath adsorber. The sepiolite sample was chemically stable over the pH range 2–12, but dissolved in acidic solutions with pH values less than 2. The Langmuir isotherm gave a better fit of the experimental adsorption equilibrium data, since the average absolute percentage deviation of the Langmuir isotherm was lower than that of the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption capacity of sepiolite towards metal ions decreased in the following order: Cr(III) > Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Ni(II) > Ag(I). Increasing the temperature from 15 °C to 35 °C led to an increase in the adsorption capacity. The capacity of sepiolite towards the adsorption of Cd(II) ions was diminished considerably on reducing the solution pH from 7 to 3. The effect of the solution pH was attributed to electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged sepiolite surface and the positively charged Cd(II) ions in the aqueous solution. The surface charge of sepiolite became less negative when Cd(II) ions were adsorbed onto the sepiolite surface. This result indicates that electrostatic interaction between the sepiolite surface and the Cd(II) ions in the aqueous solution played a very important role in determining the adsorption capacity of sepiolite. The adsorption of Cd(II) ions onto sepiolite at pH 7 was reversible when desorption was undertaken at pH 3, but not when desorption was undertaken at pH 7.
On Scrutinizing the Classical Polanyi Adsorption Potential Theory for Vapour Uptake Occurring in the Mesopores of Curved Shapes
Authors: Ponce Mariana , Munguía Laura , Esparza Marcos , Kornhauser Isaac , Rojas Fernando
Published: January 2012

One of the essential foundations of the classical Polanyi adsorption potential theory has been assessed with respect to the invariability with temperature of the so-called characteristic adsorption curves. This has been achieved both numerically and experimentally for nitrogen and numerically for argon adsorption onto spherical as well as onto cylindrical mesopore entities at 77.35 K and 87.29 K, respectively. The adsorption results in these spherical and cylindrical pores were obtained from an application of the Broekhoff–de Boer equation and compared to nitrogen experimental sorption data obtained from cylindrical SBA-15 and spherical SBA-16 pore systems. The characteristic curves obtained in both ways were consistent with each other.
An Infrared Spectroscopic and Temperature-Programmed Desorption Study of 1,1-Difluoroethylene on Clean and Hydrogen-Covered Pd(111)
Authors: Mahapatra Mausumi , Burkholder Luke , Calaza Florencia , Stacchiola Darío , Tysoe Wilfred T.
Published: January 2012

The surface chemistry of 1,1-difluoroethylene was studied on clean and hydrogen-covered Pd(111) using a combination of temperature-programmed desorption and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) to explore whether the larger infrared absorbance of 1,1-difluoroethylene than ethylene may be used to examine reactions under realistic catalytic conditions using RAIRS. It was found that the chemistry of 1,1-difluoroethylene on Pd(111) surfaces is similar to that of ethylene with bonding occurring in both the π- and di-σ-forms. However, due to the presence of C–F bonds in the molecule, the infrared absorbances for 1,1-difluoroethylene were much larger than those for ethylene. This provides the potential for using RAIRS for in situ studies of catalytic reactions that involve alkenes.
Stabilization of Carboxylate Surface Species on Pd(111)
Authors: Calaza Florencia , Tysoe Wilfred T. , Stacchiola Darío J.
Published: January 2012

The stabilization of formate and acetate surface species on Pd(111) has been studied by temperature-programmed desorption and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). In addition to the previously reported stabilization of carboxylate species by the pre-adsorption of oxygen, an even bigger stabilizing effect was observed upon the adsorption of carbon monoxide onto formate- and acetate-covered surfaces. The presence of carbon monoxide delays the decomposition of carboxylate species by blocking surrounding sites. Proper use of co-adsorbed species could help to improve selectivity or activity in heterogeneous catalytic reactions.
InfoMatters, a multi-agent systems approach for generating performative architectural formations
Authors: Biloria Nimish
Published: January 2012

The research paper exemplifies upon a computationally intensive inter-disciplinary research driven design investigation into spatializing the relationship between digital information and physical matter. Focusing on the development of architectural scale urban inserts, the design-research work operates on the intersection of information technology, environmental design, architecture, and computer aided manufacturing domains. The research framework revolves around developing a seamless integration of the aforementioned disciplines in order to establish iterative simulation driven methodologies for generating bottom-up sustainable architectural formations. This is achieved by establishing parametrically driven relational linkages between differential data sets (environmental, social, topological, material etc), which formulate the context (both global and local) within which the proposed project has to be designed. A self-organizing multi-agent system based simulation methodology for generating resultant spatial formations, in time, based on the impacts of the parametric relationships between the aforementioned data sets is eventually embarked upon. This implies, understanding the site as a dynamic information field within which interdependent ecology of agents (representing typology of people, program, structure, speed, desired social interaction etc) with multi-level relational affinities amongst each other as well as the dynamic urban information field. The resultant self-organized multi-agent formations are iteratively mined for identifying logical three-dimensional structural patterns or subjected to programmatic and environmental need driven additional layer of structural simulation with pre-embedded material restraints. An optimized system of multi-performative components that not only populates but also serves as an integrated structural + skin system of the results obtained from the agent based simulations (based upon the degree of inclusion/exclusion of parameters such as the amount of light, sound, wind etc) is subsequently generated. These experimental projects attained the status of self-evolving ecologies of multi-dimensional agents with embodied behavioural profiles, thus providing engaged, highly interdependent design by simulation outputs. The outputs showcase a dynamic system's driven approach towards sustainable design by stressing upon the idea of cohesively binding information and material systems from the very beginning of the design process. Such approaches help in reducing post-optimization of built form and consequently allow for rational understanding of performance criteria and its impact on formal articulations throughout the design process.
Design Economies of Surface: Can Architects Learn from the Manufacturing Process of Industry-Driven Projects like Auto-Cross Racing?
Authors: Vermisso Emmanouil
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses an in-house manufactured race-car body for the annual Formula SAE® Series competition. The driving parameters for the design and fabrication process are examined with regards to the assignment's ‘format’ as a joint study between architecture and engineering students. Traditionally there has been an inhibition concerning communication between architects and engineers, that is perhaps successfully exemplified through Peter Rice's example of the “Iago mentality” (Rice, 1998) where the Shakespearean confrontation between Othello and Iago is viewed as an analogy to this communication: “In the dialogue of Architecture and Engineering, the engineer is the voice of rationality and reasoni.” Unless dictated by construction necessities, research between these two disciplines is not sought as regularly as we would hope for; we are therefore, interested to assess the analog and computational techniques used from a design perspective, and, by understanding the implications of working among two different but similarly geared backgrounds, describe possible improvements on real-size projects that require both technical and design input, thereby affirming Rice's belief for creative inter-disciplinary discourse. Finally, the project is a reminder of the common ground between architectural and automotive design, by examining the notion of surface from a cross-disciplinary premise.
A Long-Term Scope of Actions for Reconstructed Cultural Heritage: Maintaining a Virtual Archive of Non-existing Synagogues
Authors: Martens Bob , Peter Herbert
Published: January 2012

Reconstruction work on more than twenty synagogues in Vienna has been ongoing for more than a decade. The fact that these sacred buildings no longer exist is a pivotal aspect in this undertaking. Research revealed archived material, however, which served as reliable basis for the reconstruction work. The authors discuss details of the process of handling archival research as well as the decision-making process during reconstruction. The paper focuses on the possibilities and limits of this exploration and discusses the long-term options of handling 3D models, also in the light of continuous changes in the software environments used. The dissemination of results to a large audience and the appropriate illustration of spatial contexts is another aspect that has been explored. The publication of results in the form of a city guide is in line with the objective of conveying the reconstruction results to a large audience.
Revision of total elbow replacement by exchange cementing
Authors: Malone A. A. , Sanchez J. S. , Adams R. , Morrey B.
Published: January 2012

We report the effectiveness of revision of total elbow replacement by re-cementing. Between 1982 and 2004, 53 elbows in 52 patients were treated with re-cementing of a total elbow replacement into part or all of the existing cement mantle or into the debrided host-bone interface, without the use of structural bone augmentation or a custom prosthesis. The original implant revision was still in situ and functional in 42 of 53 elbows (79%) at a mean of 94.5 months (26 to 266) after surgery. In 31 of these 42 elbows (74%) the Mayo Elbow Performance Score was good or excellent. Overall, of the 53 elbows, 18 (34%) required re-operation, ten (19%) for loosening. A classification system was developed to identify those not suitable for revision by this technique, and using this we have showed that successful re-implantation is statistically correlated to properly addressing the bone deficiency for both the humeral (p = 0.005) and the ulnar (p = 0.039) components.
The contribution of the coronoid and radial head to the stability of the elbow
Authors: Jeon I. H. , Sanchez-Sotelo J. , Zhao K. , An K. N. , Morrey B. M.
Published: January 2012

We undertook this study to determine the minimum amount of coronoid necessary to stabilise an otherwise intact elbow joint. Regan–Morrey types II and III, plus medial and lateral oblique coronoid fractures, collectively termed type IV fractures, were simulated in nine fresh cadavers. An electromagnetic tracking system defined the three-dimensional stability of the ulna relative to the humerus. The coronoid surface area accounts for 59% of the anterior articulation. Alteration in valgus, internal and external rotation occurred only with a type III coronoid fracture, accounting for 68% of the coronoid and 40% of the entire articular surface. A type II fracture removed 42% of the coronoid articulation and 25% of the entire articular surface but was associated with valgus and external rotational changes only when the radial head was removed, thereby removing 67% of the articular surface.

We conclude that all type III fractures, as defined here, are unstable, even with intact ligaments and a radial head. However, a type II deficiency is stable unless the radial head is removed. Our study suggests that isolated medial-oblique or lateral-oblique fractures, and even a type II fracture with intact ligaments and a functional radial head, can be clinically stable, which is consistent with clinical observation.
The treatment of locally recurrent chondrosarcoma
Authors: Streitbuerger A. , Ahrens H. , Gosheger G. , Henrichs M. , Balke M. , Dieckmann R. , Hardes J.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to define the treatment criteria for patients with recurrent chondrosarcoma. We reviewed the data of 77 patients to examine the influence of factors such as the intention of treatment (curative/palliative), extent of surgery, resection margins, status of disease at the time of local recurrence and the grade of the tumour. A total of 70 patients underwent surgery for recurrent chondrosarcoma. In seven patients surgery was not a viable option. Metastatic disease occurred in 41 patients, appearing synchronously with the local recurrence in 56% of cases. For patients without metastasis at the time of local recurrence, the overall survival at a mean follow-up after recurrence of 67 months (0 to 289) was 74% (5 of 27) compared with 19% (13 of 50) for patients with metastasis at or before the development of the recurrence. Neither the type/extent of surgery, site of tumour, nor the resection margins for the recurrent tumour significantly influenced the overall survival.

With limited survival for patients with metastatic disease at the time of local recurrence (0% for patients with grade III and de-differentiated chondrosarcoma), palliative treatment, including local radiation therapy and debulking procedures, should be discussed with the patients to avoid long hospitalisation and functional deficits. For patients without metastasis at the time of local recurrence, the overall survival of 74% justifies an aggressive approach including wide resection margins and extensive reconstruction.
A comparison of a less invasive piriformis-sparing approach versus the standard posterior approach to the hip
Authors: Khan R. J. K. , Maor D. , Hofmann M. , Haebich S.
Published: January 2012

We undertook a randomised controlled trial to compare the piriformis-sparing approach with the standard posterior approach used for total hip replacement (THR). We recruited 100 patients awaiting THR and randomly allocated them to either the piriformis-sparing approach or the standard posterior approach. Pre- and post-operative care programmes and rehabilitation regimes were identical for both groups. Observers were blinded to the allocation throughout; patients were blinded until the two-week assessment. Follow-up was at six weeks, three months, one year and two years. In all 11 patients died or were lost to follow-up.

There was no significant difference between groups for any of the functional outcomes. However, for patients in the piriformis-sparing group there was a trend towards a better six-minute walk test at two weeks and greater patient satisfaction at six weeks. The acetabular components were less anteverted (p = 0.005) and had a lower mean inclination angle (p = 0.02) in the piriformis-sparing group. However, in both groups the mean component positions were within Lewinnek’s safe zone. Surgeons perceived the piriformis-sparing approach to be significantly more difficult than the standard approach (p = 0.03), particularly in obese patients.

In conclusion, performing THR through a shorter incision involving sparing piriformis is more difficult and only provides short-term benefits compared with the standard posterior approach.
The insertional torque of a pedicle screw has a positive correlation with bone mineral density in posterior lumbar pedicle screw fixation
Authors: Lee J. H. , Lee J-H. , Park J. W. , Shin Y. H.
Published: January 2012

In patients with osteoporosis there is always a strong possibility that pedicle screws will loosen. This makes it difficult to select the appropriate osteoporotic patient for a spinal fusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and the magnitude of torque required to insert a pedicle screw. To accomplish this, 181 patients with degenerative disease of the lumbar spine were studied prospectively. Each underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and intra-operative measurement of the torque required to insert each pedicle screw. The levels of torque generated in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia were significantly lower than those achieved in normal patients. Positive correlations were observed between BMD and T-value at the instrumented lumbar vertebrae, mean BMD and mean T-value of the lumbar vertebrae, and mean BMD and mean T-value of the proximal femur. The predictive torque (Nm) generated during pedicle screw insertion was [-0.127 + 1.62 × (BMD at the corresponding lumbar vertebrae)], as measured by linear regression analysis. The positive correlation between BMD and the maximum torque required to insert a pedicle screw suggests that pre-operative assessment of BMD may be useful in determining the ultimate strength of fixation of a device, as well as the number of levels that need to be fixed with pedicle screws in patients who are suspected of having osteoporosis.
Frozen shoulder
Authors: Robinson C. M. , Seah K. T. M , Chee Y. H. , Hindle P. , Murray I. R.
Published: January 2012

Frozen shoulder is commonly encountered in general orthopaedic practice. It may arise spontaneously without an obvious predisposing cause, or be associated with a variety of local or systemic disorders. Diagnosis is based upon the recognition of the characteristic features of the pain, and selective limitation of passive external rotation. The macroscopic and histological features of the capsular contracture are well-defined, but the underlying pathological processes remain poorly understood. It may cause protracted disability, and imposes a considerable burden on health service resources. Most patients are still managed by physiotherapy in primary care, and only the more refractory cases are referred for specialist intervention. Targeted therapy is not possible and treatment remains predominantly symptomatic. However, over the last ten years, more active interventions that may shorten the clinical course, such as capsular distension arthrography and arthroscopic capsular release, have become more popular.

This review describes the clinical and pathological features of frozen shoulder. We also outline the current treatment options, review the published results and present our own treatment algorithm.
Upsizing the femoral component increases patellofemoral contact force in total knee replacement
Authors: Kawahara S. , Matsuda S. , Fukagawa S. , Mitsuyasu H. , Nakahara H. , Higaki H. , Shimoto T. , Iwamoto Y.
Published: January 2012

In posterior stabilised total knee replacement (TKR) a larger femoral component is sometimes selected to manage the increased flexion gap caused by resection of the posterior cruciate ligament. However, concerns remain regarding the adverse effect of the increased anteroposterior dimensions of the femoral component on the patellofemoral (PF) joint. Meanwhile, the gender-specific femoral component has a narrower and thinner anterior flange and is expected to reduce the PF contact force. PF contact forces were measured at 90°, 120°, 130° and 140° of flexion using the NexGen Legacy Posterior Stabilized (LPS)-Flex Fixed Bearing Knee system using Standard, Upsized and Gender femoral components during TKR. Increasing the size of the femoral component significantly increased mean PF forces at 120°, 130° and 140° of flexion (p = 0.005, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). No difference was found in contact force between the Gender and the Standard components. Among the patients who had overhang of the Standard component, mean contact forces with the Gender component were slightly lower than those of the Standard component, but no statistical difference was found at 90°, 120°, 130° or 140° of flexion (p = 0.689, 0.615, 0.253 and 0.248, respectively).

Upsized femoral components would increase PF forces in deep knee flexion. Gender-specific implants would not reduce PF forces.
Reliability and validity of measuring version of the acetabular component
Authors: Nho J-H. , Lee Y-K. , Kim H. J. , Ha Y-C. , Suh Y-S. , Koo K-H.
Published: January 2012

A variety of radiological methods of measuring version of the acetabular component after total hip replacement (THR) have been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of six methods (those of Lewinnek; Widmer; Hassan et al; Ackland, Bourne and Uhthoff; Liaw et al; and Woo and Morrey) that are currently in use. In 36 consecutive patients who underwent THR, version of the acetabular component was measured by three independent examiners on plain radiographs using these six methods and compared with measurements using CT scans. The intra- and interobserver reliabilities of each measurement were estimated. All measurements on both radiographs and CT scans had excellent intra- and interobserver reliability and the results from each of the six methods correlated well with the CT measurements. However, measurements made using the methods of Widmer and of Ackland, Bourne and Uhthoff were significantly different from the CT measurements (both p < 0.001), whereas measurements made using the remaining four methods were similar to the CT measurements. With regard to reliability and convergent validity, we recommend the use of the methods described by Lewinnek, Hassan et al, Liaw et al and Woo and Morrey for measurement of version of the acetabular component.
Use of the reamer–irrigator–aspirator technique to obtain autograft for ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis
Authors: Herscovici, Jr D. , Scaduto J. M.
Published: January 2012

The use of autograft bone is the best option when undertaking a procedure that requires bone graft because it is osteogenic, osteoconductive and osseo-inductive. Pain, morbidity and complications associated with harvesting iliac or non-iliac sites occur in between 6% and 30% of cases. An alternative source of graft with possibly a lower morbidity is the intramedullary canal. In this study, 28 patients undergoing 30 arthrodesis procedures on the hindfoot had a mean of 48 cm3 (43 to 50) of bone harvested locally from the hindfoot or the tibial shaft by antegrade or retrograde reaming. No patient sustained a fracture of the calcaneum, talus or tibia. There was no morbidity except for one complication when the reamer breached the medial tibial cortex. This healed uneventfully.

This method of using the reamer–irrigator–aspirator system is an extension of the standard technique of intramedullary reaming of the lower limb: it produces good-quality bone graft with viable growth factors consistent with that of the iliac crest, and donor site morbidity is low. This is an efficient method of obtaining autologous bone for use in arthrodesis of the ankle or hindfoot.
Current concepts in osteolysis
Authors: Ollivere B. , Wimhurst J. A. , M. Clark I. , Donell S. T.
Published: January 2012

The most frequent cause of failure after total hip replacement in all reported arthroplasty registries is peri-prosthetic osteolysis. Osteolysis is an active biological process initiated in response to wear debris. The eventual response to this process is the activation of macrophages and loss of bone.

Activation of macrophages initiates a complex biological cascade resulting in the final common pathway of an increase in osteolytic activity. The biological initiators, mechanisms for and regulation of this process are beginning to be understood. This article explores current concepts in the causes of, and underlying biological mechanism resulting in peri-prosthetic osteolysis, reviewing the current basic science and clinical literature surrounding the topic.
Aluminum Toxicity in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition: What Can We Do?
Authors: Wier Heather Ann , Kuhn Robert J
Published: January 2012

Aluminum toxicity has been described in patients of all ages who are receiving a variety of therapies, including dialysis, phosphate-binding medications, and parenteral nutrition (PN). Neonates are at an increased risk of aluminum toxicity because of anatomic, physiologic, and nutrition-related factors not present in other populations. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration recommended restricting daily aluminum administration to 5 μg/kg/day and now requires that additives used to compound PN have the maximum aluminum content at expiration listed on the product label. Although the pharmacist can work to decrease aluminum toxicity in this population, it remains difficult to reach this threshold.
Clinical Experience with Ranolazine in a Veteran Population with Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Reeder Don N , Gillette Michael A , Franck Andrew J , Frohnapple David J
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

Efficacy of ranolazine in the treatment of chronic stable angina (CSA) has been established; however, pivotal trials did not require the optimization of conventional antianginal drug therapy (CADT) prior to use in a veteran population.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether ranolazine, when added to optimized doses of CADT, improves angina in a veteran population with CSA and refractory symptoms.

METHODS:

In an observational retrospective study, 35 patients prescribed ranolazine and having a baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) administered at a Veterans Affairs medical center in Gainesville, FL, were evaluated. Patients who were prescribed ranolazine by a provider from outside the institution and did not obtain a baseline SAQ were excluded. The primary outcome measure was the change in SAQ scores from baseline to 1 and 3 months after initiation of ranolazine treatment. Secondary measures included clinically significant QTc interval prolongation (>500 msec or an increase of at least 60 msec from baseline), adverse drug reactions, discontinuation rates, and drug-drug interactions.

RESULTS:

The addition of ranolazine to optimized CADT was associated with improvement in all dimensions of the SAQ scores at 1 and 3 months compared to baseline scores (p < 0.001 for all dimensions). Mean changes in SAQ dimension scores at 1 and 3 months, respectively, were as follows: physical limitation, +9.86 and +11.94; angina stability, +39.29 and +32.69; angina frequency, +26.79 and +25.38; treatment satisfaction, +11.38 and +10.66; and disease perception, +16.85 and +18.59. Improvments in all dimensions, except treatment satisfaction, were clinically significant as defined by set criteria. Of the 7 patients whose ranolazine dosages were increased to 1000 mg twice daily, only 2 patients were able to maintain treatment at that dosage.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ranolazine added to optimized doses of CADT demonstrated an improvement in angina symptoms when given to a veteran population with persistent CSA.