bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turkish Postmodernism through the “Second Wave” Paradigm: The Example of Creative Work by Hasan Ali Toptaş and Perihan Mağden
Authors: Grebenshcikova Kseniya V. , Nigmatullina Alsu M.
Published: December 2017

This paper describes the aspects of Turkish postmodernism of the "second wave", which is justified by an insignificant number of theoretical works and inadequate elaboration of studies concerning the representatives of Turkish postmodernism "second wave". The exception is represented by the works of Russian turkologists M.M. Repenkova and O.V. Kareva, who consider the features of the postmodern paradigm in their studies within the novelistics of the leading representatives of the Turkish postmodernism "second wave". The representatives of the "second wave" (Hasan Ali Toptaş, İhsan Oktay Anar, Perihan Mağden, Kürşat Başar, etc.) were not the object of close research before, and therefore the consideration of their creativity as the next stage in the development of Turkish postmodernism is relevant. The "second wave" of postmodernism is characterized by the appeal to the literature of symbolic modeling in 1990s. During this period, the literature of postmodernism develops into a powerful trend, which becomes the predominant trend of the cultural life of Turkey in 2000s. It is worth noting that, if in the postmodern prose of 1980s was marked by the dominance of "lyrical stream", then in 1990s and 2000s the dominant trend was represented by narrative modification. Hasan Ali Toptaş, known for his mastery of language use, is regarded as one of the main representatives of the second wave of postmodern literature.
Reformation of the Scientific and Technical Sphere in the Russian Federation in the "Transition Period": Plans and Reality in 1990s
Authors: Bodrova Elena Vladimirovna , Kalinov Vyacheslav Viktorovich
Published: December 2017

The paper analyzes the situation that has been developed after the collapse of the former USSR in the scientific and technical complex of the Russian Federation, which, according to the authors, developed from a crisis situation to a catastrophic one. The conclusion is drawn that its degradation was caused not only by the general paralysis of the socioeconomic sphere, and also by the lack of a conceptually elaborated state industrial, scientific and technical and innovation policy, by the weakness of the legal framework and the erroneous priorities chosen at that time by the reformers. In general, the state scientific and technical policy in the period under review was characterized by inconsistency and persistently unrealized plans.
Origin of a Jury Trial in the European Countries
Authors: Hamitov Radik N. , Tumanov Dmitriy Yu. , Sakhapov Rinat R.
Published: December 2017

Traditionally it is believed that the birthplace of the jury trial creation is England, but the issue of the birthplace location of this particular form of popular participation in the criminal justice administration is not yet fully resolved by the historical science. The continental lawyers were particularly interested in the jury trial among other institutions of English law, in which the English themselves identified the stronghold of the country's law and order, its political and civil freedom. It is not difficult to see that the main role was not played by the judges, but by the community representatives in this form of justice administration. Since then the community has been gaining more and more importance in England as a state body in the matter of justice administration, and the initial forms of its activity have being further developed in this direction. This works investigates roots of jury trial by basing on such methods as historical, systemic, formally logical, concrete-historical, comparative legal analysis method.­ The authors, in turn, come to the conclusion that the jury trial has its roots still in the Ancient States, but the classical modern model owes its origin to England.
Educational Potential of New Media
Authors: Kazak Maria Yu. , Karpenko Irina I. , Korochenskiy Aleksandr P. , Polonskiy Andrey V. , Tiazhlov Yan I. , Ushakova Svetlana V.
Published: December 2017

Digitalization of the mass media, which has radically changed the information environment, creates new opportunities for self-education and upgrowth of the audience. The paper defines the communicative and cultural status of new media, characterizes the socio-cultural and technological aspects of their dynamics; substantiates the necessity of elaborating mechanisms for systematization of heterogeneous information flows and elaborating criteria for their evaluation in the era of globalization of the media sphere, what implies a qualitatively different level of media competence of the audience, provided with such factors as media education, media coverage, media criticism. The definition of concepts "media competence", "media enlightenment", "media education", "media criticism" is given and their functional areas are delineated. Social networks are considered as an important tool for media enlightenment which provides significant opportunities for promoting cultural achievements in the new media environment.
Evaluating the role of wild songbirds or rodents in spreading avian influenza virus across an agricultural landscape
Authors: Houston Derek D. , Azeem Shahan , Lundy Coady W. , Sato Yuko , Guo Baoqing , Blanchong Julie A. , Gauger Phillip C. , Marks David R. , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Adelman James S.
Published: December 2017

Background

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infections occur naturally in wild bird populations and can cross the wildlife-domestic animal interface, often with devastating impacts on commercial poultry. Migratory waterfowl and shorebirds are natural AIV reservoirs and can carry the virus along migratory pathways, often without exhibiting clinical signs. However, these species rarely inhabit poultry farms, so transmission into domestic birds likely occurs through other means. In many cases, human activities are thought to spread the virus into domestic populations. Consequently, biosecurity measures have been implemented to limit human-facilitated outbreaks. The 2015 avian influenza outbreak in the United States, which occurred among poultry operations with strict biosecurity controls, suggests that alternative routes of virus infiltration may exist, including bridge hosts: wild animals that transfer virus from areas of high waterfowl and shorebird densities.

Methods

Here, we examined small, wild birds (songbirds, woodpeckers, etc.) and mammals in Iowa, one of the regions hit hardest by the 2015 avian influenza epizootic, to determine whether these animals carry AIV. To assess whether influenza A virus was present in other species in Iowa during our sampling period, we also present results from surveillance of waterfowl by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and Unites Stated Department of Agriculture.

Results

Capturing animals at wetlands and near poultry facilities, we swabbed 449 individuals, internally and externally, for the presence of influenza A virus and no samples tested positive by qPCR. Similarly, serology from 402 animals showed no antibodies against influenza A. Although several species were captured at both wetland and poultry sites, the overall community structure of wild species differed significantly between these types of sites. In contrast, 83 out of 527 sampled waterfowl tested positive for influenza A via qPCR.

Discussion

These results suggest that even though influenza A viruses were present on the Iowa landscape at the time of our sampling, small, wild birds and rodents were unlikely to be frequent bridge hosts.
Mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis and muscle fiber plasticity in very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase‐deficient mice
Authors: Tucci Sara , Mingirulli Nadja , Wehbe Zeinab , Dumit Verónica I. , Kirschner Janbernd , Spiekerkoetter Ute
Published: December 2017

The white skeletal muscle of very long‐chain acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase‐deficient (VLCAD−/−) mice undergoes metabolic modification to compensate for defective β‐oxidation in a progressive and time‐dependent manner by upregulating glucose oxidation. This metabolic regulation seems to be accompanied by morphologic adaptation of muscle fibers toward the glycolytic fiber type II with the concomitant upregulation of mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis (mFASII) and lipoic acid biosynthesis. Dietary supplementation of VLCAD−/− mice with different medium‐chain triglycerides over 1 year revealed that odd‐chain species has no effect on muscle fiber switch, whereas even‐chain species inhibit progressive metabolic adaptation. Our study shows that muscle may undergo adaptive mechanisms that are modulated by dietary supplementation. We describe for the first time a concomitant change of mFASII in this muscular adaptation process.
Hot Plasma Effects on the Cyclotron‐Resonant Pitch‐Angle Scattering Rates of Radiation Belt Electrons Due to EMIC Waves
Authors: Ni Binbin , Cao Xing , Shprits Yuri Y. , Summers Danny , Gu Xudong , Fu Song , Lou Yuequn
Published: December 2017

To investigate the hot plasma effects on the cyclotron‐resonant interactions between electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and radiation belt electrons in a realistic magnetospheric environment, calculations of the wave‐induced bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients are performed using both the cold and hot plasma dispersion relations. The results demonstrate that the hot plasma effects have a pronounced influence on the electron pitch angle scattering rates due to all three EMIC emission bands (H+, He+, and O+) when the hot plasma dispersion relation deviates significantly from the cold plasma approximation. For a given wave spectrum, the modification of the dispersion relation by hot anisotropic protons can strongly increase the minimum resonant energy for electrons interacting with O+ band EMIC waves, while the minimum resonant energies for H+ and He+ bands are not greatly affected. For H+ band EMIC waves, inclusion of hot protons tends to weaken the pitch angle scattering efficiency of >5 MeV electrons. The most crucial differences introduced by the hot plasma effects occur for >3 MeV electron scattering rates by He+ band EMIC waves. Mainly due to the changes of resonant frequency and wave group velocity when the hot protons are included, the difference in scattering rates can be up to an order of magnitude, showing a strong dependence on both electron energy and equatorial pitch angle. Our study confirms the importance of including hot plasma effects in modeling the scattering of ultra‐relativistic radiation belt electrons by EMIC waves.
Effects of El Niño on Summertime Ozone Air Quality in the Eastern United States
Authors: Shen Lu , Mickley Loretta J.
Published: December 2017

We investigate the effect of El Niño on maximum daily 8 h average surface ozone over the eastern United States in summer during 1980–2016. El Niño can influence the extratropical climate through the propagation of stationary waves, leading to (1) reduced transport of moist, clean air into the middle and southern Atlantic states and greater subsidence, reduced precipitation, and increased surface solar radiation in this region, as well as (2) intensified southerly flow into the south central states, which here enhances flux of moist and clean air. As a result, each standard deviation increase in the Niño 1 + 2 index is associated with an increase of 1–2 ppbv ozone in the Atlantic states and a decrease of 0.5–2 ppbv ozone in the south central states. These influences can be predicted 4 months in advance. We show that U.S. summertime ozone responds differently to eastern‐type El Niño events compared to central‐type events.
High‐Performance As‐Cast Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with Thicker Active Layer and Large Area Exceeding 11% Power Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Fan Qunping , Wang Yan , Zhang Maojie , Wu Bo , Guo Xia , Jiang Yufeng , Li Wanbin , Guo Bing , Ye Chennan , Su Wenyan , Fang Jin , Ou Xuemei , Liu Feng , Wei Zhixiang , Sum Tze Chien , Russell Thomas P. , Li Yongfang
Published: December 2017

In this work, a nonfullerene polymer solar cell (PSC) based on a wide bandgap polymer donor PM6 containing fluorinated thienyl benzodithiophene (BDT‐2F) unit and a narrow bandgap small molecule acceptor 2,2′‐((2Z,2′Z)‐((4,4,9,9‐tetrahexyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐2,7‐diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene‐2,1‐diylidene))dimalononitrile (IDIC) is developed. In addition to matched energy levels and complementary absorption spectrum with IDIC, PM6 possesses high crystallinity and strong π–π stacking alignment, which are favorable to charge carrier transport and hence suppress recombination in devices. As a result, the PM6:IDIC‐based PSCs without extra treatments show an outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.9%, which is the record value for the as‐cast PSC devices reported in the literature to date. Moreover, the device performances are insensitive to the active layer thickness (≈95–255 nm) and device area (0.20–0.81 cm2) with PCEs of over 11%. Besides, the PM6:IDIC‐based flexible PSCs with a large device area of 1.25 cm2 exhibit a high PCE of 6.54%. These results indicate that the PM6:IDIC blend is a promising candidate for future roll‐to‐roll mass manufacturing and practical application of highly efficient PSCs.
Numerical study of mixing dynamics inside the novel elements of a corotating nontwin screw extruder
Authors: Xu Baiping , Liu Yao , He Liang , Chen Jinwei , Turng Lih‐Sheng
Published: December 2017

A novel, self‐cleaning, corotating nontwin screw configuration is proposed, and its geometry is briefly introduced in this study. In this new configuration, one single‐tip screw element intermeshes with another two‐tip screw element at a speed ratio of 2. A numerical simulation of the three‐dimensional flow field in this new kind of conveying system, as well as in the conventional twin screw configuration, was carried out using the finite element method (FEM) and the mesh superposition technique (MST) provided by the commercial CFD code POLYFLOW. The purely viscous fluid is assumed to obey the Bird–Carreau constitutive model. Based on the predicted flow field in the domain FEM mesh, post‐treatment codes have been developed to predict the mixing details where standard fourth‐order Runge–Kutta schemes were used. Flow patterns and mixing dynamics were presented in terms of the mixing evolution of the particle group released from different initial positions and the variation of the variance index, mixing index, strain tensor magnitude, and their time histories. Trajectories of the particle groups were captured successfully, and an obvious difference with regard to flow pattern and mixing was found for different types of screw geometries. The numerical results showed that mixing was highly dependent on the initial position of the particles and that the nontwin screw configuration had better distributive and dispersive mixing abilities than the conventional twin screw configuration.
Selective C−H Halogenation with a Highly Fluorinated Manganese Porphyrin
Authors: Li Gang , Dilger Andrew K. , Cheng Peter T. , Ewing William R. , Groves John T.
Published: December 2017

The selective C−H functionalization of aliphatic molecules remains a challenge in organic synthesis. While radical chain halogenation reactions provide efficient access to many halogenated molecules, the use of typical protocols for the selective halogenation of electron‐deficient and strained aliphatic molecules is rare. Herein, we report selective C−H chlorination and fluorination reactions promoted by an electron‐deficient manganese pentafluorophenyl porphyrin catalyst, Mn(TPFPP)Cl. This catalyst displays superior properties for the aliphatic halogenation of recalcitrant, electron‐deficient, and strained substrates with unique regio‐ and stereoselectivity. UV/Vis analysis during the course of the reaction indicated that an oxo‐MnV species is responsible for hydrogen‐atom abstraction. The observed stereoselectivity results from steric interactions between the bulky porphyrin ligand and the intermediate substrate radical in the halogen rebound step.
The Ideal Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge for Direct Determination of Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions, Part II: Evaluation of the Role of Ion Solvation and Ion Mobilities
Authors: Ermantraut Andreas , Radtke Valentin , Gebel Niklas , Himmel Daniel , Koslowski Thorsten , Leito Ivo , Krossing Ingo
Published: December 2017

An important intermediate goal to evaluate our concept for the assumption‐free determination of single‐ion Gibbs transfer energies ΔtrG°(i, S1→S2) is presented. We executed the crucial steps a) and b) of the methodology, described in Part I of this treatise, exemplarily for Ag+ and Cl‐ with S1 being water and S2 being acetonitrile. The experiments showed that virtually all parts of the liquid junction potentials (LJPs) at both ends of a salt bridge cancel, if the bridge electrolyte is an “ideal” ionic liquid, that is, one with nearly identical diffusion of anion and cation. This ideality holds for [N2225]+[NTf2]‐ in the pure IL, but also in water and acetonitrile solution. Electromotive force measurements of solvation cells between S1 and S2 demonstrated Nernstian behavior for Ag+ concentration cells and constant like cell potentials for solutions with five tested Ag+ counterions.
Optimization of purification treatment of spent cathode carbon from aluminum electrolysis using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Yuan Jie , Xiao Jin , Tian Zhongliang , Yang Kai , Yao Zhen , Yu Bailie , Zhang Liuyun
Published: December 2017

Purification treatment and carbon recovery of the spent cathode carbon (SCC) from aluminum electrolysis were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in caustic leaching process and purified further by acid leaching. The purity of treated SCC was 96.43%. A Box–Behnken design based on a single‐factor experiment was utilized to model 3 independent variables, namely, temperature (55–85°C), time (70–110 min), and initial alkali‐material ratio (0.15–0.35), to investigate their responses to the carbon content of caustic leaching residue. A multivariate quadratic regression equation model was established according to RSM principles. Results revealed that the carbon content of caustic leaching residue was significantly influenced by the initial alkali‐material ratio, temperature, and time, sorted from big to small. Interactions of any 2 of the 3 factors significantly affected the response. RSM is thus successfully applied in the optimization of the SCC impurities removal process.
Species Differences in the Organization of the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Baizer Joan S. , Wong Keit Men , Salvi Richard J. , Manohar Senthilvelan , Sherwood Chet C. , Hof Patrick R. , Baker James F. , Witelson Sandra F.
Published: December 2017

The mammalian cochlear nuclei (CN) consist of two major subdivisions, the dorsal (DCN) and ventral (VCN) nuclei. We previously reported differences in the structural and neurochemical organization of the human DCN from that in several other species. Here we extend this analysis to the VCN, considering both the organization of subdivisions and the types and distributions of neurons. Classically, the VCN in mammals is composed of two subdivisions, the anteroventral (VCA) and posteroventral cochlear nuclei (VCP). Anatomical and electrophysiological data in several species have defined distinct neuronal types with different distributions in the VCA and VCP. We asked if VCN subdivisions and anatomically defined neuronal types might be distinguished by patterns of protein expression in humans. We also asked if the neurochemical characteristics of the VCN are the same in humans as in other mammalian species, analyzing data from chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, cats, rats and chinchillas. We examined Nissl‐ and immunostained sections, using antibodies that had labeled neurons in other brainstem nuclei in humans. Nissl‐stained sections supported the presence of both VCP and VCA in humans and chimpanzees. However, patterns of protein expression did not differentiate classes of neurons in humans; neurons of different soma shapes and dendritic configurations all expressed the same proteins. The patterns of immunostaining in macaque monkey, cat, rat, and chinchilla were different from those in humans and chimpanzees and from each other. The results may correlate with species differences in auditory function and plasticity. Anat Rec, 301:862–886, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by high‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Cho Sung‐Hee , Lee Sun‐Kyung , Kim Chong Hyeak
Published: December 2017

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic compounds formed by at least two condensed aromatic rings, are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that are produced by incomplete combustion of organic materials. PAHs have been classified as carcinogenIC to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, because they can bind to DNA, causing mutations. Therefore, the levels of PAHs in human urine can be used as an indicator for potential carcinogenesis and cell mutation. An analytical method was developed for the accurate measurement of PAHs in urine using high‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Urine samples were extracted by an Oasis HLB extraction cartridge after enzymatic hydrolysis with a β‐glucuronidase/arylsulfatase cocktail. The 18 PAHs were separated using an Agilent DB‐5 MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm) and monitored by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Under the optimized method, the linearity of calibration curves was >0.994. The limits of detection at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were 10–100 ng/L. The coefficients of variation were in the range of 0.4–9.0%. The present method was highly accurate for simultaneous determination of 18 PAHs in human urine and could be applied to monitoring and biomedical investigations to check exposure of PAHs.
Peptide‐Based Fluorescent Probes for Deacetylase and Decrotonylase Activity: Toward a General Platform for Real‐Time Detection of Lysine Deacylation
Authors: Rooker Debra R. , Klyubka Yuliya , Gautam Ritika , Tomat Elisa , Buccella Daniela
Published: December 2017

Histone deacetylases regulate the acetylation levels of numerous proteins and play key roles in physiological processes and disease states. In addition to acetyl groups, deacetylases can remove other acyl modifications on lysines, the roles and regulation of which are far less understood. A peptide‐based fluorescent probe for single‐reagent, real‐time detection of deacetylase activity that can be readily adapted for probing broader lysine deacylation, including decrotonylation, is reported. Following cleavage of the lysine modification, the probe undergoes rapid intramolecular imine formation that results in marked optical changes, thus enabling convenient detection of deacylase activity with good statistical Z′ factors for both absorption and fluorescence modalities. The peptide‐based design offers broader isozyme scope than that of small‐molecule analogues, and is suitable for probing both metal‐ and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)‐dependent deacetylases. With an effective sirtuin activity assay in hand, it is demonstrated that iron chelation by Sirtinol, a commonly employed sirtuin inhibitor, results in an enhancement in the inhibitory activity of the compound that may affect its performance in vivo.
Engineering the Surface Structure of Binary/Ternary Ferrite Nanoparticles as High‐Performance Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Sahoo Pathik , Tan Jing‐Bo , Zhang Zhi‐Ming , Singh Shiva Kumar , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: December 2017

Cost‐effective production of efficient and robust oxygen evolution electrocatalysts is of primary importance in developing renewable energy technologies. Herein, we develop a simple and efficient method for exploring high‐performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts by engineering the surface structure of ferrite nanoparticles on carbon nanotube support through a reduction‐engraved strategy. After the reduction treatment, abundant oxygen vacancies localized on the surface of the ultrafine ferrite nanoparticles favorably affect their electronic structure, assuring a rapid charge transfer, and expose more active sites. In 1.0 m KOH solution, the reduced composites exhibit superior OER electrocatalytic activity to IrO2, affording a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of merely 214 mV for Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4@o‐MWCNT (r‐CNFc), 221 mV for CoFe2O4@o‐MWCNT (r‐CFc), and 216 mV for NiFe2O4@o‐MWCNT (r‐NFc). It is worth mentioning that r‐CNFc could afford a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 256 mV, which is approximately ten times higher than that of CNFc at the same overpotential (10.6 mA cm−2). These catalysts also exhibit long‐term stability evaluated by controlled‐current electrolysis at least for 120 h. These results demonstrate an efficient method for constructing high‐performance and durable OER electrocatalysts by reducing mixed metal spinel oxides on the conductive support.
THE MOHO DEPTH OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BASIN FROM THREE‐DIMENSIONAL GRAVITY INVERSION WITH CONSTRAINT POINTS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Zhao‐Cai WU , Jin‐Yao GAO , Wei‐Wei Ding , Zhong‐Yan SHEN , Tao ZHANG , Chun‐Guo YANG
Published: December 2017

We calculate the gravity anomalies due to lateral changes in bathymetry from an independent topography compilation, and those due to changes in sediment thickness and density. To obtain the Moho depth and the crustal thickness of the South China Sea basin, the 3‐D gravity inversion method is employed, based on an “initial model of fluctuating interface” constrained by the control points from seismic data and sonobuoys. And then, the gravity data is corrected for the lithospheric thermal gravity anomaly within continental margin due to lithosphere thinning. Over most of the South China Sea basin, the Moho depth ranges between 8∼14 km, the crustal thickness is 3∼9 km. The NNE trending fossil spreading center of the East and the Southwest Basin extend to 112°E, the Moho depth is more than 12 km, the crustal thickness is above 6 km in the spreading center. However, the crust of the spreading center at the northwest basin is not obviously thickened. In the northern margin of the southwest basin, south of Zhongsha block, there is a crustal thinning belt, nearly EW trending, where the crustal thickness is about 9∼10 km. The 14 km isoline of the Moho depth and the 9 km isoline of the crustal thickness are very close to the Continent‐Ocean Boundary.
Discovery and Mechanistic Elucidation of a Class of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Authors: Kyani Anahita , Tamura Shuzo , Yang Suhui , Shergalis Andrea , Samanta Soma , Kuang Yuting , Ljungman Mats , Neamati Nouri
Published: December 2017

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is overexpressed in glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain cancer, and folds nascent proteins responsible for the progression and spread of the disease. Herein we describe a novel nanomolar PDI inhibitor, pyrimidotriazinedione 35G8, that is toxic in a panel of human glioblastoma cell lines. We performed a medium‐throughput 20 000‐compound screen of a diverse subset of 1 000 000 compounds to identify cytotoxic small molecules. Cytotoxic compounds were screened for PDI inhibition, and, from the screen, 35G8 emerged as the most cytotoxic inhibitor of PDI. Bromouridine labeling and sequencing (Bru‐seq) of nascent RNA revealed that 35G8 induces nuclear factor‐like 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, and autophagy. Specifically, 35G8 upregulated heme oxygenase 1 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) transcription and protein expression and repressed PDI target genes such as thioredoxin‐interacting protein 1 (TXNIP) and early growth response 1 (EGR1). Interestingly, 35G8‐induced cell death did not proceed via apoptosis or necrosis, but by a mixture of autophagy and ferroptosis. Cumulatively, our data demonstrate a mechanism for a novel PDI inhibitor as a chemical probe to validate PDI as a target for brain cancer.
Acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after adjuvant chemotherapy: A population‐based study among older breast cancer patients
Authors: Rosenstock Aron S. , Niu Jiangong , Giordano Sharon H. , Zhao Hui , Wolff Antonio C. , Chavez‐MacGregor Mariana
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy for early breast cancer is associated with a small risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The aim of this study was to determine the risk of developing AML or MDS after modern adjuvant chemotherapy in older breast cancer patients and to further define the risk of individual chemotherapy regimens.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancer from 2003 to 2009 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare and Texas Cancer Registry–Medicare linked databases. The development of AML/MDS, chemotherapy use, and comorbidities were identified with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. Analyses included descriptive statistics, cumulative incidences, and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the hazard of AML/MDS after adjustments for clinically relevant covariates.

RESULTS

In all, 92,110 patients were included; after a median follow‐up of 85 months, the overall rates per 1000 person‐years were 0.65 for AML and 1.56 for MDS. Patients who received an anthracycline (A) or anthracycline and taxane (A+T) regimen were more likely to develop AML (hazard ratio [HR] for A, 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16‐2.50; HR for A+T, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.22‐2.30) or MDS (HR for A, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.70‐2.80; HR for A+T, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.29‐2.03) than patients who did not receive chemotherapy. Patients using docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC) were not at increased risk for AML or MDS.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with a small but significant increase in the risk of AML and MDS, especially with regimens that include A. Longer follow‐up is needed to confirm that risk is not increased with the recently adopted TC regimen. Cancer 2018;124:899‐906. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Electric double layer electrostatics of lipid‐bilayer‐encapsulated nanoparticles: Toward a better understanding of protocell electrostatics
Authors: Jing Haoyuan , Das Siddhartha
Published: December 2017

Lipid‐bilayer‐encapsulated nanoparticles (LBLENPs) or NP‐supported LBL systems, such as protocells (which are lipid bilayer encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles or MSNPs) have received extensive attention for applications like targeted drug and gene deliveries, multimodal diagnostics, characterization of membrane‐geometry sensitive molecules, etc. Very often electrostatic‐mediated interactions have been hypothesized to play key roles in the functioning of these LBLENPs. Despite that, very little has been done to theoretically quantify the fundamental electric double layer (EDL) electrostatics of such LBLENPs. In this study, we develop an EDL theory to describe the electrostatics of such LBLENPs. We show that the electrostatics is a manifestation of the charged/dielectric nature of the NP, LBL structure and charging, and the ionic environment in which the LBLENPs are present. We also establish that for certain conditions of charging of the NP one witnesses a most remarkable charge inversion like electrostatics within the LBL membrane or the NP itself. We anticipate that our findings will provide an extremely useful platform for better understanding the fabrication and functioning of such LBLENPs and discuss examples where our theory can be useful.
Electrochromatographic performance of graphene and graphene oxide modified silica particles packed capillary columns
Authors: Zhao Hongyan , Wang Yizhou , Zhang Danyu , Cheng Heyong , Wang Yuanchao
Published: December 2017

Graphene oxide functionalized silica microspheres (GO@SiO2) were synthesized based on condensation reaction between amino from aminosilica particles and carboxyl groups from GO. Reduction of GO@SiO2 with hydrazinium hydroxide generated graphene modified silica particles (G@SiO2). GO@SiO2 and G@SiO2 packed capillary columns for capillary electrochromatography were thereafter fabricated by pressure slurry packing with single‐particle frits. GO of 0.3 mg/mL in dispersion solution for GO@SiO2 synthesis was considered as a compromise between retaining and column efficiency whereas GO@SiO2 of 20 mg/mL in slurries for column packing was chosen for a homogenous and tight bed. Optimum mobile phases were acquired considering both electroosmotic flow and resolution at an applied voltage of −6 kV as the following: acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0), 75:25 (v/v) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 50:50 (v/v) for aromatic compounds. A comparison was made between electrochromatographic performances for three PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene) and three aromatic compounds of various polarities (toluene, aniline and phenol) on bare aminosilica, GO@SiO2 and G@SiO2 packed columns, which proved the contribution of alone or combinational actions of solvophobic effect and π‐π electron stacking as well as hydrogen bonds to retaining behaviors by GO@SiO2 and G@SiO2. Well over‐run, over‐day and over‐column precisions (retention time: 0.3–1.4, 1.1–3.8 and 2.8–5.2%, respectively; peak area: 2.6–6.5, 4.8–8.3 and 6.5–12.6%, respectively) of GO@SiO2 packed columns were a powerful proof for good reproducibility. Analytical characteristics of GO@SiO2 packed capillary columns in CEC analysis of fresh water were evaluated with respect to linearity (R2 = 0.9961–0.9989) over the range 0.1 to 100 mg/L and detection limits of 9.5 for naphthalene, 12.6 for fluorene and 16.2 μg/L for phenanthrene. Further application to fresh water increased the visibility of the proposed material, where good spike recoveries in the range 89–96% were offered.
Linear‐elastic lateral load analysis and seismic design of pin‐supported wall‐frame structures with yielding dampers
Authors: Sun Tianshu , Kurama Yahya C. , Zhang Peizhou , Ou Jinping
Published: December 2017

This paper describes an analytical investigation on a reinforced concrete lateral load resisting structural system comprising a pin‐supported (base‐rocking) shear wall coupled with a moment frame on 1 or both sides of the wall. Yielding dampers are used to provide supplemental energy dissipation through the relative displacements at the vertical connections between the wall and the frames. The study extends a previous linear‐elastic model for pin‐supported wall‐frame structures by including the effects of the dampers. A closed‐form solution of the lateral load behavior of the structure is derived by approximating the discrete wall‐frame‐damper interactions with distributed (ie, continuous) properties. The validity of the model is verified by comparing the closed‐form results with computational models using OpenSees program. Then, a parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of the wall, frame, and damper stiffness on the behavior of the structure. It is found that the damper stiffness significantly affects the distribution of shear forces and bending moments over the wall height. Finally, the performance‐based plastic design approach extended to the wall‐frame‐damper system is proposed. Case studies are carried out to design 2 damped pin‐supported wall‐frame structures using the proposed approach. Nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses are conducted to verify the effectiveness of this method. Results indicate that the designed structures can achieve the performance level with the story drift ratios less than target values, and weak‐story failure mechanism is not observed. The approach can be used in engineering applications.
Triangulation hand‐held laser‐scanning (TriHaLaS) for micro‐ and meso‐habitat surveys in streams
Authors: Noss Christian , Wilkinson Jeremy , Lorke Andreas
Published: December 2017

A novel hand‐held laser‐based stream bed survey system is presented. The system facilitates the capture of detailed 3D mapping of shallow (< 0.7 m) riverbed topography in sections approximately 4 m by 2 m. The system includes a stationary reference system, which projects three laser sheets (two at offset angles), within which a hand‐held monitoring pole is moved. The unique configuration of the light sheets intercepts with the pole as it moves within the survey area providing an exact horizontal location. Pole tilt is compensated for by an inertial measurement unit on the pole, and the height above the bed of the pole and submerged scanning laser are monitored relative to the horizontal laser sheet. Verification and application measurements demonstrate high resolution and accuracy in the horizontal (~5 mm) and vertical (~1 mm) direction. The system can be applied at sites where a free view is blocked and other optical through‐water methods fail. It is appropriate for studies on riverbed statistics and dynamics, which necessitate non‐invasive in‐situ surveys. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geological and geochemical characteristics and prospecting potential of the Daqiao hot spring‐type gold deposit in the west Qinling Orogen
Authors: Liu Yunhua , Han Yixiao , Wei Juzhen , Teng Fei , Tian Runqing , Gao Zuoyu
Published: December 2017

Great breakthroughs have recently been made in discovery of gold deposits in the west Qinling Orogen, which is an important component of the Central China Orogen, the most important gold metallogenic region in China, with numerous developed gold deposits. The Daqiao gold deposit is located in the west Qinling region of the Central China Orogen at the convergence of the Minxian–Dangchang–Liangdang and Zhouqu–Chengxian thrust and nappe tectonic belts. The gold orebodies exist in the silicolites occurring in a funnel shape at the lithologic unconformity between the Triassic lower limestone and argillaceous slate; ore types are dominated by siliceous breccia type, and ores are dominated by brecciated, filmy, crusty, veinlet–mesh vein, and porous structures, with silicification and kaolinization developed widely. The silicolites have δ30Si = −0.7–0.4‰ and δ18O = 12.8–17.9‰; their formation temperature calculated with an oxygen isotope thermometer is 108–182 °C. These features indicate characteristics of hot spring‐type gold deposits. The δ34S values of the pyrite (from 1.6‰ to 9.41‰ in the early period and −11.6‰ to 9.82‰ in the late period) and the lead isotope results show that the metallogenic materials were from a mixture of magmas and strata in the early period and from strata in the late period. The zircon SHRIMP U–Pb age of the granodiorite related to mineralization is 230.9 ± 1.9 Ma. A comprehensive study of the Daqiao gold deposit indicates that it is a hot spring‐type gold deposit, formed in an intracontinental orogenic environment.
Triassic orocline in East Asia: Insights from a transition from passive margin to foreland basin in eastern North China Block
Authors: Zhou Zaizheng , Li Sanzhong , Li Xiyao , Guo Lingli , Liu Xiaoguang , Guo Runhua , Somerville Ian
Published: December 2017

The characteristics and evolution of a continental margin is of key importance in constructing the tectonic framework of a plate boundary. In the eastern North China Block (NCB), there is still controversy regarding the tectonic attribution and types of its continental margin during Paleozoic times, which yielded an understanding of convergence between the NCB and South China Block. In this study, we integrated the previous stratigraphic and sedimentologic results in the NCB to reconstruct the tectono‐paleogeographic evolution of its continental margin. The sedimentary records from Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic times in the eastern and southeastern margin of the NCB can be divided into 3 tectono‐stratigraphic sequences. The Early Paleozoic (Cambrian–Ordovician) sediments that are widespread in the eastern NCB reveal the well‐preserved drifting passive margin successions that consist of enormous thicknesses of limestone and dolomite. During the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, the eastern NCB was dominated by clastic rocks interbedded with limestones, which implies a convergent passive margin. The Late Permian to Middle Triassic fluvial‐lacustrine units in the eastern NCB have developed in a syn‐collisional foreland basin. We emphasize that the Early Paleozoic passive margin of the eastern NCB directly converted to a convergent platform during the Late Paleozoic, which is consistent with a southeastward subduction rather than a transition to an active continental margin with a northwestward indentation. We suggest that the 3 tectono‐stratigraphic sequences are related to the opening and closure of the Proto‐ and Paleo‐Tethys Ocean in the eastern segment of the northern margin of Gondwana. Moreover, the transition of marine to terrestrial environments is associated with a collisional model about an orocline in East Asia.
Dietary patterns and risk of recurrence and progression in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Westhoff Ellen , Wu Xifeng , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Lerner Seth P. , Ye Yuanqing , Huang Maosheng , Dinney Colin P. , Vrieling Alina , Tu Huakang
Published: December 2017

The association of dietary factors with urinary bladder cancer prognosis has scarcely been investigated, and results of studies conducted to date are inconsistent. We investigated whether empirically derived dietary patterns are associated with risks of recurrence and progression in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Data from 595 newly diagnosed NMIBC patients from an ongoing prospective cohort study were used to derive dietary patterns using exploratory factor analysis. Factor scores were calculated and then categorized in sex‐specific tertiles. Multivariable‐adjusted proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between tertiles of adherence to the dietary patterns and risks of recurrence and progression. We identified four dietary patterns: “fruits and vegetables,” “Western,” “low‐fat,” and “Tex‐Mex.” Patients in the highest tertile of adherence to the Western pattern experienced a 1.48 times higher risk of recurrence (95% CI 1.06–2.06) compared to patients in the lowest tertile. No statistically significant associations of a Western diet with risk of progression or of the other dietary patterns with risk of recurrence and progression were found. Overall, we found that adherence to a Western diet was associated with a higher risk of recurrence but further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Silver nanoparticles increase connexin43‐mediated gap junctional intercellular communication in HaCaT cells through activation of reactive oxygen species and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal pathway
Authors: Qin Yu , Han Limin , Yang Di , Wei Hongying , Liu Yue , Xu Junhui , Autrup Herman , Deng Furong , Guo Xinbiao
Published: December 2017

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in health and consumer products that routinely contact skin. However, the biological effects and possible mechanisms of AgNPs on skin remain unclear. Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in multicellular organisms to maintain tissue homeostasis. The aim of this study is to examine if non‐coated AgNPs affect GJIC in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), and to identify the possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects. GJIC, connexin (Cx)43 protein and mRNA expression, and the effect of siRNA‐mediated knockdown of Cx43 on GJIC were assessed. HaCaT cells exposed to non‐coated AgNPs at different doses after a 24 hour exposure. To explore further the underlying mechanism, reactive oxygen species and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway were evaluated after 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Our results revealed that non‐coated AgNP exposure at subcytotoxic doses increase GJIC partially via Cx43 upregulation. Reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase were involved in the AgNP‐induced upregulation of Cx43. This study provides new insight into the potential mechanism of AgNP biological activity.
Silencing of phospholipase C gamma 2 promotes proliferation of rat hepatocytes in vitro
Authors: Chen Xiaoguang , Zhu Xuemin , Liu Yumei , Lv Qiongxia , Ma Jun
Published: December 2017

The management of hepatic failure is undoubtedly difficult, and poor results have led to the search for novel therapeutic approaches. Nowadays, anti‐apoptotic gene therapy is considered as an ideal approach. It has been proved that phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is involved in the apoptosis of immune cells and tumor cells; however, whether this gene is related to hepatocyte death is still unclear. This study examined the role of PLCγ2 by inhibiting its expression in rat hepatocytes with siRNA. We also further analyzed the cellular mechanism by which the expression inhibition of PLCγ2 induces cell death. Silencing PLCγ2 gene by adenovirus vector expressing PLCγ2‐targeted siRNA caused the great decline in the number of G1‐ and G2/M phase cells, the significant increase in the number of S phase cells, and the obvious reduction in apoptosis index. In addition, silencing PLCγ2 gene relieved the rat hepatocyte damage, such as the cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation. Further analysis of Ad‐PLCγ2 siRNA‐transfected hepatocytes demonstrated that suppression of PLCγ2 gene expression could cause the caspase dependent cell death by inhibiting the signal pathway MEKK1/MKK4/JNK1/2/c‐Jun. In conclusion, these findings suggest that interference with PLCγ2 expression could relieve the inhibitory effect of PLCγ2 on hepaocyte apoptosis, thus, promote proliferation through inactivating PKCδ‐mediated JNK1/2 signaling pathway.
MicroRNAs and exosomes in depression: Potential diagnostic biomarkers
Authors: Tavakolizadeh Jahanshir , Roshanaei Kambiz , Salmaninejad Arash , Yari Reza , Nahand Javid Sadri , Sarkarizi Hoda Khoshdel , Mousavi Seyed Mojtaba , Salarinia Reza , Rahmati Majid , Mousavi Seyed Farshid , Mokhtari Ryan , Mirzaei Hamed
Published: December 2017

Depression is known as one of important psychiatric disorders which could be associated with disability among various populations. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) and international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD‐10) could be used as subjective diagnostic schemes for identification of mental disorders such as depression. Utilization of subjective diagnostic schemes are associated with limitations. Hence, it seems that employing of new diagnosis platforms is required. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that measurement of several biomarkers could be useful for detection patients with depression. Among of various types of biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been emerged as powerful tools for diagnosis patients with depression. MiRNAs are small non‐coding RNAs which act as epigenetic regulators. It has been showed that these molecules have critical roles in pathogenesis of many diseases such as depression. These molecules exert their effects via targeting a variety of cellular and molecular pathways involved in initiation and progression of depression. Hence, miRNAs could be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with depression. Besides miRNAs, exosomes as nano‐ carriers could have been emerged as diagnostic biomarkers in several diseases such as depression. These vesicles are able to carry several cargos such as DNAs, proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs to recipient cells. Here, we summarized several miRNAs involved in pathogenesis and response to treatment of depression which could be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, we highlighted exosomes as new diagnostic biomarkers for patients with depression.