bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Achievement of Third- and Fourth-Grade Students in Compensatory Education When Using Two Types of Calculators
Authors: Standifer Charles E. , Maples Ernest G.
Published: September 2011

An earlier study by the authors showed conventional handheld calculators to be generally superior to both programmed-feedback calculators and conventional instruction in promoting mathematical achievement in normally achieving third-grade students. The present study compared those same groups among third- and fourth-grade students in compensatory education. Measures of mathematical achievement were acquisition and retention of mathematical concepts, computation, and total achievement. Among fourth-grade compensatory students, hand-held calculators again proved to be superior on most measures of acquisition and retention. Among third-grade compensatory students, however, the programmed-feedback calculator produced generally superior retention of mathematical gains. Programmed-feedback calculators then seem to be beneficial with low-achieving students who have not yet acquired basic mathematical competencies.
Physical Attractiveness and Judgments of Morality following an “Immoral” Act
Authors: Hocking John E. , Walker Barbara A. , Fink Edward L.
Published: September 2011

98 male and female undergraduates judged the morality of a female who was described as having premarital sexual intercourse with a male she had never met before or with whom she had been dating for six months. Half were told that the female was extremely attractive and half were told that she was quite unattractive. As predicted, subjects evaluated the attractive female as being less moral than the unattractive one and this finding was most pronounced when she had not known her partner previously.
Social Class, Gender, and Attitudes toward Education for Parenthood of High School and College Students
Authors: Bridges K. Robert
Published: September 2011

Attitudes toward education for parenthood were measured with a 30-item scale administered to 278 high school students and 515 college students. It was hypothesized that social class and gender are related to these attitudes. While the high school sample yielded scores significantly higher for middle-class students and females, the college sample yielded no such differences. The data suggest that, among high school students, the over-all goals of education for parenthood programs may be less acceptable for members of the working class and males. These results are discussed with regard to implications for the development and implementation of such programs.
Medication-Usage Patterns and Medical Decisions: Days Hospitalized
Authors: Dahlem Nancy Wray , Kinsman Robert A. , Fukuhara Jolene T.
Published: September 2011

Despite similarity on two estimates of severity of their asthma (frequency and duration of intravenous therapy during hospitalization and pulmonary function measures taken on non-IV days), patients who missed scheduled medications frequently and who requested PRNs infrequently were hospitalized for fewer days than others. The results suggest that patients' characteristics associated with medication-use patterns may be critical variables influencing medical decisions.
Cognitive Abilities of Sibling Pairs: Evaluating the Impact of Early Education
Authors: Swartz Janet P. , Pierson Donald E.
Published: September 2011

The cognitive test scores of 20 second-born children who had participated in an early education project since birth were compared to those of their nonparticipant older siblings. The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered to all of the children prior to entering kindergarten. Contrary to the expected effects of birth order, the program children consistently scored higher than their older siblings on all subtests as well as the General Cognitive Index. The advantages for second-born children, which were not seen among sibling pairs in a comparison group, suggest the positive effects of early education.
Recognition of Suicidal Lethality Factors by Psychiatric Nursing Assistants
Authors: Bascue Loy O. , Inman David J. , Kahn Wallace J.
Published: September 2011

Studied recognition by psychiatric nursing assistants of factors associated with suicidal risk as well as selected personal suicidal attitudes and experiences. The results and implications for training are discussed.
Experimenter Effects in Marihuana Research: A Note of Caution
Authors: Stark-Adamec Cannie , Adamec Robert E. , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

Experimenters, being social interactants in research, can influence subjects' responses to experimental manipulations. Our observations indicate that the personalities of the experimenters are related to the maintenance of their subjects' subjective intoxication in a marihuana experiment. Caution is advised in generalizing from laboratory experiments where such non-drug factors are not considered.
Category Label and List-Item Priming in Anagram Solving
Authors: Seidenstadt Robert M.
Published: September 2011

121 undergraduates were tested on 12 single-solution anagrams. Each anagram had either a category-label prime, a list-item prime or no prime. Compared with the no-prime condition, both the category label and list-item primes produced a significant reduction in solution time. The list-item prime effect was restricted to anagrams that were difficult to solve as measured by bigram transitional probability. The conditional nature of the priming effect was discussed in terms of strategies for solution of anagrams.
Misconceptions about Psychology among Students Who Perform Highly
Authors: Best John B.
Published: September 2011

Two measures assessing “behavioral myths” and learning expectations were given to 54 students in three sections of introductory psychology. Comparison of pre- and posttest myth scores over the semester indicated that the course was ineffective in dispelling such myths. Moreover, of the 54 students who participated in the study those 13 students who performed well on the tests and ultimately got As in the course were no more likely to change their misconceptions than the 41 students who got lower grades. Additional findings showed that A students cannot be differentiated from others on the basis of grade expectation or other behavioral characteristics. The results were discussed in terms of Heider's 1958 theory of attribution.
Efficacy of Open Focus Training® in Reduction of State Anxiety
Authors: Vargo Marc E. , Batsel William M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the claim that Open Focus Training® reduces anxiety. Subjects were 29 female, undergraduate nursing students, 15 treated (Open Focus) and 14 controls. The state-anxiety items from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered prior to and following the treatment/control conditions. A one-way analysis of variance indicated that the Open Focus Training® procedure did not produce a significant reduction in levels of state anxiety. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
The Pragmatic Processing of Intonation and Word Order in 2.0- to 4.0-Yr.-Old Children
Authors: Leder Steven B. , Egelston Richard L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the roles intonation and word order play in the development of strategies in pragmatic discourse by the young child learning language. Four groups of children ranging in age from 2.0 to 4.0 yr. of age were given a 44-item protocol. The children responded to the pragmatic intent of the stimulus sentences differently as a function of intonation contour, word order, and age. The significantly greater number of responses observed with interrogative intonation in the youngest age group (24 to 29 months) may serve a social-conversational function for the child of holding an end in the conversation during discourse when no other response is available. A linguistic competency level might be required before word order alone signals the pragmatic intent of an utterance. This level appeared to occur at 30 mo. of age since prior to this age the children did not respond to the pragmatic intent of the sentences based on word order alone. Lastly, it appeared that the children's responses to the pragmatic intent of the stimulus sentences was a developmental phenomenon dependent upon the variables of age, word order, and the presence or absence of interrogative intonation.
“Aggressive and Socially Disruptive Behavior among Maximum Security Psychiatric Patients:” A Perspective
Authors: Randolph John J. , Mason David , Cuneo Daniel J. , Moore James M.
Published: September 2011

The frequency of behavior or management problems for units of differing “security” within a maximum security hospital were compared. The frequency of such behaviors reflects a selection process more than the fact that the patients are in a “controlled treatment setting,” as suggested by the authors of a previous study.
Concurrent Validity of Templer and Templer/Mc Mordie Death Anxiety Scales
Authors: McMordie William R.
Published: September 2011

Two death-anxiety measures were differentially sensitive to the scenarios for 24 male and 38 female undergraduates. The original Templer scale may be as satisfactory as the Templer/McMordie scale.
Role Conflict for Aides in a Homemaker Aide Program for Frail Elderly Persons
Authors: Haemmerlie Frances M. , Montgomery Robert L.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether aides in a homemaker program for the frail rural elderly experienced role conflict, the views of clients, aides, and staff were examined by means of an 18-item Likert-type test which assessed the difficulty of an aide in various possible problematic situations. While consensus existed among the three groups on a few items, a significant interaction of clients, aides, staff × item indicated that, for the most part, whether or not a situation was perceived as a difficult problem depended upon who did the rating. What aides saw as a difficult problem situation for themselves often differed markedly from what the staff and clients saw. Clients and staff often differed significantly from one another. This lack of consensus suggests that a direct service worker in a program such as this one might often not only find himself in an uncomfortable situation, but even worse, such a situation will not necessarily be recognized by either the program's clients or staff.
Curriculum Needs: Life Preparation for Undergraduate Psychology Majors
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Lewis H. H.
Published: September 2011

The desirability of informing and developing psychology majors beyond the traditional academic curriculum was noted, with a perspective on life preparation. The content and conduct of a senior level psychology seminar for undergraduate majors was introduced. Suggested topics included career opportunities in psychology, alternative careers, graduate training, personal and fiscal development and management, resumes and correspondence, ethics, and problems and selected topics in psychology. Appreciable use of community resource persons and American Psychological Association's printed materials was stressed.
Styles of Dealing with Hostility
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The ineffectual management of hostility and other comparable emotions has been identified as an unfavorable factor affecting the prognosis of an individual's over-all adjustment as well as the eventual outcome of psychotherapy. The present discussion enunciates 5 commonly practiced styles or methods by which hostility is handled, namely, those of (a) evasion, (b) containment, (c) displacement, (d) indirect expression, and (e) direct expression. These methods of dealing with anger, excluding the direct expression, have been associated with a wide range of psychological and physical symptoms, e.g., depression, psychosomatic problems, and a variety of self-destructive behaviors to name a few. The use of direct expression—also referred to as assertiveness—through the technique of non-belligerent confrontation deals directly and immediately with the source of the anger and might help obviate the potentially counter-productive effects of unexpressed emotion.
Differences in Trait Ascriptions to Self and Friend: Unconfounding Intensity from Variability
Authors: Kammer Daniele
Published: September 2011

A method is presented which unconfounds the intensity of trait ascriptions from the perceived variability of trait-related behaviors. In accordance with the actor-observer hypothesis, 56 individuals judged their friends' behaviors as more consistent than their own and attributed higher trait intensities to themselves than to their friends. This result was obtained from trait-ascription data gathered from two independent groups of actor and observer subjects. It was only partly supported by dependent descriptions of self and friend, suggesting that in this case, additional judgmental processes of social comparison may be involved.
Multidimensionality of Locus of Control for Common Stock Investors
Authors: McInish Thomas H. , Srivastava Rajendra K.
Published: September 2011

Stock market investors were surveyed by mail for a study of the multidimensionality of Rotter's scale for this group. All common stock investors, 253 respondents, comprised a sample 94% male, ranging in age from 21 yr. to over 65 yr. ( M = 50 yr.). The mean of the Rotter scores was 6.79, with a SD of 3.67. Following principal components analysis with a varimax rotation, extracted factors corresponded closely to those found by previous researchers using data from high school and college students.
Gender Stereotypy in Gender-Dysphoric Young Boys
Authors: Rosen Alexander C. , Rekers George A. , Brigham Steven L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of behavioral treatment of 22 gender-dysphoric boys on measures of male- and female-role stereotyped behavior. The sample included 10 treated and 4 untreated gender-dysphoric boys and 8 normal boys. The findings show no such effect and no evidence of a masculinizing enhancement or a feminizing extinction of behaviors following behavioral treatment of gender-disturbed boys (contrary to statements by critics of the process).
Actual versus Predicted Expectancies and Their Influence in Flooding Therapy
Authors: Segal Zindel , Marshall W. L.
Published: September 2011

24 snake-phobic undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, three flooding and one placebo. All subjects were provided rationales describing the treatment procedures in either positive, neutral, or negative terms, intended to induce differential expectancies for improvement. However, an analysis of expectancy scores at pre-treatment indicated that appropriate expectancies were not induced. Comparisons between the treatment and placebo groups on all outcome measures (behavioral, subjective, physiological) indicated no differences between groups. In a supplementary study identical descriptions of various procedures were administered to an independent group of 85 snake-phobics, who rated them as equally credible. Another independent group of 18 highly fearful snake-phobics, who did not expect to participate in treatment, rated their expectancy induced by reading one of the three original flooding rationales. The manipulation was successful in altering expectancy in the predicted direction. Taken as a whole, the findings reflect on the typical lack of adequate strategies of assessment in this area of research, and the need to extend investigations to different populations is considered.
Inhibition of Shuttlebox-Avoidance Behavior Resulting from a Reduction in the Magnitude of Reinforcement
Authors: Cotton M. M. , Green K. , Trlin A.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments studied inhibitory conditioning in an unsignalled shuttlebox-avoidance preparation with rats. Following a Pavlovian conditioning phase and using a summation test in which test stimuli were superimposed on a previously established ongoing shuttlebox-avoidance response, it was found in Exp. 1 that a light could be established as an inhibitor of avoidance when it signalled the absence of shock. Exp. 2 established that a light could become a conditioned inhibitor when it signalled a reduction in shock intensity rather than its complete absence. Exp. 3 confirmed this general finding but did not yield differential inhibitory effects with different degrees of reduction in shock intensity for the particular parameters chosen. The findings can be adequately interpreted in terms of the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioned inhibition.
Relationship between Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire and Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking
Authors: Foerstner S. B. , Schuerger J. M.
Published: September 2011

High School Personality Questionnaire and Sensation Seeking protocols for 59 subjects were factor analyzed and rotated analytically to the Varimax criterion and by hand to improve structure. Results were generally in line with the known second-order structure of the questionnaire and with Zuckerman's findings about the Sensation-Seeking domain and its relationship to the general personality realm.
The Biological Basis of Cross-Cultural Differences in Personality: Blood Group Antigens
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

The present study extends previous work on the relationship between personality and blood group antigens to the consideration of cross-cultural differences. It is shown that for both neuroticism and extraversion, correlations between frequency of blood group antigens and personality over different countries are in the predicted direction. This is in line with hypotheses implicating genetic factors in the causation of differences in personality. Data also are given for the personality dimension of psychoticism, but for this no predictions were made.
Validity and Reliability of the Eysenck Personality Inventory with Outpatients
Authors: Gabrys John B.
Published: September 2011

A validity and reliability study of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form A and Form B, is reported for 274 females and 303 male outpatients attending a community mental health center. Findings were similar to those published for randomized samples. The present study helped to sustain interest in the inventory as a research tool with psychological outpatients.
Incidence of Wife-Battering in Male Psychiatric Hospital Patients: Are Special Treatment Programs Needed?
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Rosenberg Angela M. , Petrik Norman
Published: September 2011

The authors surveyed 137 male admissions to the St. Cloud (Minnesota) Veterans Administration Medical Center to estimate the incidence of physical abuse toward wives/partners. Among those 101 who had lived with a woman, physical abuse was reported in 54 cases. However, the violence was judged “serious” by half or more of a panel of judges in only 23 of those cases. Moreover, serious violence within the previous year was reported by only 6 of these men. Since violence rated as serious by half or more of the judges and occurring within the past year was reported in only 4% of the sample, it appears that the need for special treatment programs for batterers is probably limited to a small minority of male psychiatric hospital patients.
Attitudes of Heterosexual Students toward Homosexual Behavior
Authors: Young Michael , Whertvine Jean
Published: September 2011

137 female and 53 male heterosexual college students enrolled in a required freshman level course were surveyed to determine their attitudes toward homosexual behavior. Generally negative attitudes were expressed. Less negative attitudes were expressed by females and those expressing liberal attitudes toward other sexual behaviors. Participation in selected sexual activities and class in school were also significant correlates of attitudes toward homosexual behavior but the direction of the relationship is not clear.
Prowhite/Antiblack Bias among Southern Preschool Children
Authors: Fu Victoria R. , Fogel Susan W.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated black and white color bias among 24 black and 24 white 5-yr.-old children from a non-urban southern community. Stabler, Johnson, and Jordan's method (1971) of talking black and white boxes was used to assess color preferences and identification. Both black and white children demonstrated a white-positive/black-negative (W+/ B—) bias. The black children showed a preference for the black box but identified with it less intensely than the white children with the white box.
Continuity of Shock and Level of Aversiveness in Shuttlebox-Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 16 rats each were given standard shuttlebox-avoidance training. 2 groups were trained with a continuous shock which, depending on the scrambling arrangement, could be characterized as relatively more or less aversive, respectively. 2 groups were trained with a discontinuous shock which, depending on duration and frequency, could be characterized as relatively more or less aversive. Superior performance was obtained with the less aversive discontinuous shock compared with a more aversive discontinuous shock, and a continuous aversive shock led to better performance than a continuous less aversive shock. The results partially support Dieter's (1976) continuity of shock explanation.
Body-Image Disturbances in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

Body-image disturbances are studied by the Draw-A-Person test given to the anorexia nervosa group of 32 and a control group of 30. The Machover scoring system was used. Two new scales were also constructed, the index of disturbed body image and the unity index of the body image. Machover's method differentiated groups from each other statistically significantly including the new ones: the unity index of body image made by Kalliopuska and Siimes in 1980 and Kalliopuska's index of disturbed body image in 1981. Factor analysis of items gave six factors: severe body-image disturbance, body-image adequacy, hostility, regression, unsureness and faltering in body image, and ego-identity problem. Body-image projections varied greatly as the nature of anorexia nervosa is multidimensional.
Further Validation of a New Measure of Machismo
Authors: Gayton William F. , Sawyer Brenda L. , Baird John G. , Ozmon Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

90 male undergraduates responded to the Macho scale, Attitudes toward Women Scale, and a measure of disapproval of cross-sex behavior in children. Scores on the Macho scale were inversely correlated to those on the Attitudes toward Women Scale and positively related to disapproval of cross-sex behavior in children. Boys received significantly more disapproval for cross-sex behavior than did girls. Possible cross-cultural differences in performance on the Macho scale were noted.
Educational and Personal Dimensions of Learning- and Grade-Oriented Students
Authors: Eison James A.
Published: September 2011

Two studies exploring educational and personal differences between learning- and grade-oriented students are reported. Learning-oriented students were more emotionally stable, trusting, imaginative, forthright, placid, self-sufficient, and relaxed than their grade-oriented counterparts. Learning-oriented students also had better study habits, less debilitating test anxiety, and reported higher collaborative and participative learning styles. Implications of these findings were drawn for educational and research practices in higher education.
Transcendental Meditation Program and Marital Adjustment
Authors: Aron Elaine N. , Aron Arthur
Published: September 2011

17 married women who had received instruction in the Transcendental Meditation program were compared to 17 controls (matched for length of marriage, age, and neighborhood) on Locke's Marital Adjustment Inventory. Interviewees did not know the study was related to meditation or that they were contacted because they were meditators. Subjects in the Transcendental Meditation group showed significantly greater marital satisfaction than controls: for only those reporting regular practice the effect was stronger. The Transcendental Meditation program may be preventive of marital discord.
Cross-Cultural Utility of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Ezeilo Bernice N.
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered in Nigeria to 78 college and 74 high school students, and their scores were compared with USA norms. The scale was reliable for the literate Nigerian subjects. Nigerian subjects' total Positive (Self-esteem) scores fall within the range of scores obtained from similar USA groups.
Preference for Class Size in Lecture-Format Courses among College Students
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ogasawara Todd H.
Published: September 2011

Study compared the observed and preferred size of lecture classes among college students. Increased class size was associated with a decrease in group interaction/intimacy. Observed size exhibited moderately low relationships to satisfaction with course/instructor and perceived educational outcomes.
Interpersonal Behavior and Coping Styles of Type a Individuals
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship of Type A behavior, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey, to interpersonal behavior orientations and coping styles. Respondents were 67 male and 37 female students in a graduate program in Business Administration. Type A behavior was consistently related to needs to control, to not be controlled, to express affection, and to want affection but not to coping styles. Separate analyses for males and females showed these findings hold for females but not males. Future research on Type A behavior must consider males and females separately.
Self-Change Processes, Self-Efficacy and Self-Concept in Relapse and Maintenance of Cessation of Smoking
Authors: Prochaska James O. , Crimi Pamela , Lapsanski Duane , Martel Leslie , Reid Peter
Published: September 2011

The study compared 38 maintainers and 24 relapsers who had quit smoking on their own. The results suggest that successful self-changers relied more on inner-directed, experiential processes of change, while the relapsers relied more on environmental change processes. Successful changers experienced markedly higher levels of self-efficacy, while relapsers reported least confidence in coping with situations that evoke negative emotions. The maintainers experience high congruence between their basic self-concepts and their concepts of self as non-smokers. The relapsers see themselves as more anxious, dependent, and helpless in their role as smokers. The results are discussed in terms of how greater reliance on experiential processes of self-change can lead to more successful attempts at cessation of smoking than reliance on environmental processes of change.
Frequency of Clerical Errors in Piat Protocols as a Source of Examiners' Variance
Authors: Quattrocchi Mary , Sherrets Steven , Riley Michael
Published: September 2011

The type and frequency of a variety of clerical errors were investigated in 192 protocols of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. 80% of the examiners, who were 8 special educators, 1 Master's-level psychologist, and 1 Ph.D.-level psychologist, made at least one error each. Over half (57%) of the protocols examined had at least one error, the most common one being the transformation of the raw scores to percentiles. Despite the high frequency of errors the grade placements were not significantly affected, alleviating the potential negative impact on the student.
Development of a Behavioroid I-E Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Russell Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Measures of discrepancy between observed behavior and that predicted by the Rotter (1966) I-E Scale indicate the usefulness of moderator variables in distinguishing defensive externality. To explore the complex relationship between verbalized beliefs and behavior a 26-item Behavioroid Internal-External Scale was developed and administered to 200 college students. Analysis of the scores indicated a symmetrical distribution, moderate to high loadings on a principal factor, moderate item-remainder correlations, and high reliability estimates. The validity and usefulness of the Behavioroid I-E Scale as a moderator variable were discussed.
Dimensions of Nursing Students' Attitudes toward the Nurse-Patient Relationship in a Patient-Education Setting
Authors: Wolfe Mary L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions of nursing students' attitudes toward the nurse-patient relationship in a patient-education context. Principal factor analysis of the responses from 109 subjects to a 65-item inventory yielded six interpretable factors, three having an “expressive” (patient-centered) orientation and three with a “non-expressive” (authoritarian) orientation. Results suggest that nurses may incorporate both expressive and non-expressive elements into their philosophies of nursing without perceived inconsistency.
Differential Diagnosis of the Multiple Personality
Authors: Solomon Robert S. , Solomon Vicki
Published: September 2011

The diagnosis of multiple personality is difficult and complicated. The differential diagnosis includes temporal lobe epilepsy, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, malingering, and other dissociative disorders. Psychometric research is needed to sharpen detection of multiple personality.
Who are the Equal Rights Amendment Defenders and Opposers?
Authors: Gibb Gerald D. , Lambirth Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

In analyzing attitudes toward the Equal Rights Amendment 45 undergraduate males were significantly less favorable towards its passage than 89 undergraduate females. The “masculine” males held the strongest attitudes against the ERA, while the “masculine” females appeared to view it the most favorably of the four Bem sex-role classifications. It was also noted that “masculine” individuals, male and female, were significantly more likely than other sex-role types to take action in accordance with their attitudes toward the passage of the ERA.
Patterns of Attribution of Control and Individual Psychosocial Competence
Authors: Pargament Kenneth I. , Sullivan Mark S. , Tyler Forrest B. , Steele Robert E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships among a variety of loci of control and individual psychosocial competence measures through nomothetic and idiographic methods. 133 congregation members drawn from 12 suburban congregations participated in the study. Correlational analyses pointed to considerable independence among the loci of control. However, through a cluster analysis, groups of members manifesting different patterns of attribution of control were identified. The patterns themselves were conceptually meaningful. Furthermore, members of the clusters held significantly different characteristics of psychosocial competence. Yet, as elements of the cluster, neither internal nor external loci themselves had consistently positive or negative implications for members' competence. Rather the significance of the loci appeared to lie in their configuration with each other. Thus, this study highlights the relevance of examining individual frameworks of causal attribution whose elements operate interactively as well as independently.
Study of Validity of Ratings
Authors: Hooman Haidar Ali
Published: September 2011

As part of research on validation of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, this study indicates that in addition to the traditional well-known constant errors in ratings explored by numerous investigators, there is an error, which along with many other possible errors, may influence rating systems. This specific error, which may be called “projection error,” is a tendency to rate others high (or low) on the traits on which raters themselves are high (or low). It was hypothesized that the 20 male raters' own traits as measured by personality scales are more predictive of the ratings they assign to others than of their own self-ratings on the same traits. Analysis indicated that the relationship between the Edwards scales and the mean rater's ratings could not be considered a function of chance. Most variables of the Edwards schedule were more predictive of the mean rater's ratings than of the self-ratings and of the mean peer-ratings, without denying the predictability of the latter two for some traits. The study also showed that neither self-ratings nor mean peer-ratings were superior with respect to the number and the size of the correlation coefficients.
Trends in Research and Treatment of Affective Disorders
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Trends in research on affective disorders were reviewed. Studies which described the contribution of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrines to depression, unipolar and bipolar, and manic states were cited. Women more frequently suffer from affective disorders but women's response to different therapies sometimes is more favorable than men's. Age and married status influence sex differences in the incidence of affective disorders. Symptoms of pain and depression intertwine, and response to analgesia may emerge as an index of response to therapy for depression. Trends in pharmacotherapies for affective disorders were reviewed: lithium, tricyclic antidepressants, and MAOI drugs, as well as trends in the employment of ECT and sleep deprivation to relieve symptoms of affective disorders were reviewed.
Cognitive Complexity and Paranormal Beliefs
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome
Published: September 2011

110 college students were given the Paranormal Belief Scale and a 10 (people) × 15 (constructs) form of Kelly's (1955) Role Construct Repertory Grid from which a measure of cognitive complexity (differentiation of the person's personal construct system) was derived. Contrary to hypothesis, no relationship was found between cognitive complexity scores and endorsement of paranormal beliefs.
Down's Syndrome and Aging: Is Senile Dementia Inevitable?
Authors: Eisner Donald A.
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies have reported that in elderly Down's Syndrome individuals there is a high preponderance of senile dementia. An examination of these investigations shows that, while there is accelerated neurological aging, there is not a high incidence of behavioral or overt senile dementia. Changes in cognitive functioning for Down's Syndrome persons are similar to those found in non-Down's retarded populations.
Dissemination of Rumor among Retarded Residents
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: September 2011

This study explored a common myth that circulates through institutions, namely, that the residents are better informed than the staff. Knowledge of rumor patterns among retarded residents is virtually nonexistent. A method was devised to study the origin, dissemination, and effectiveness of patterning of rumors by residents to assess spread of information. Data did not support an effective system of transmission of rumor among the retarded residents.
Employing Review Procedures in Elaboration of Prose Schemata
Authors: Benton Stephen L. , Glover John A. , Monkowski Paul G.
Published: September 2011

The effect of review procedures on recall of prose was investigated. After reading a passage, 42 undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, those receiving questions following reading, those receiving interactive questions following reading, and a control. After the review session, subjects in all three conditions completed a free recall of the original passage. One week later, all subjects returned and another free recall was obtained. For repeated-measures univariate analyses of variance showed significant effects for groups, time, and their interaction in logical intrusions. The results support the notion that review procedures elaborate schemata and enhance recall.
Predicting Employees' Theft in Home Improvement Centers
Authors: Jones John W. , Terris William
Published: September 2011

An 8-mo. predictive validity study in 8 home improvement centers showed that 86 employees' attitudes and cognitions toward theft reliably predicted future theft and counterproductivity. Employees with dishonest attitudes and cognitions toward theft, as measured by the Personnel Selection Inventory, were rated by store managers as having committed significantly more counterproductive acts during the 8-mo. period than employees with more honest attitudes/cognitions toward theft. In addition, other significant findings showed that the home improvement centers with both the worst lumber inventory figures and the most instances of reported internal theft were staffed by a greater percentage of employees who did poorly on the dishonesty test. These findings were discussed.
Development of a Self-Report Measure of Depression-Proneness
Authors: Zemore Robert
Published: September 2011

Two retrospective self-report measures of depression-proneness were constructed and their psychometric properties investigated. A sample of 75 female students, selected to provide a wide range of depression-proneness scores, completed the two depression-proneness self-reports along with a measure of current severity of depression. A second session (retest) was conducted 4 mo. later. Subjects were then rated for degree of depression-proneness by two or more close friends and family members. Test-retest and coefficient alpha estimates of reliability were sufficiently high to recommend both depression-proneness measures as research instruments. Both self-report measures correlated significantly; rs = .38 and .41 with friends' and families' ratings of depression-proneness, which provides evidence for the validity of the depression-proneness measures. Little or no evidence was found for the discriminant validity of these measures. The advantages of retrospective self-reports over alternative approaches for identifying depression-prone individuals are discussed.
Reliability, Scalability, and Validity of an Instrument to Assess Developmental Levels of Children from Birth to Three Years of Age
Authors: Wagner Betty S.
Published: September 2011

Using reliable data from 112 children under 3 yr. (inter-observer agreement indicated by rs of .98-.99), Guttman scaling established reproducibility and scalability of responses to the Mental Development Scales: Birth to three years, using additional data from the Bayley Scales and the Stanford-Binet. Collection of data continues.
Depression-Proneness, Low Self-Esteem, Unhappy Outlook, and Narcissistic Vulnerability
Authors: Zemore Robert , Bretell Donna
Published: September 2011

A personality inventory of 40 self-descriptive items that had previously discriminated between remitted, formerly depressed women and women with no psychiatric history was administered to 32 male and 32 female university students, along with a recently developed measure of depression-proneness. Measures of current severity of depression (the Beck Depression Inventory) and current level of depressed affect (the DACL) were also included. Factor analyses showed that the items of the personality inventory defined three major factors, labeled low self-esteem, unhappy outlook, and narcissistic vulnerability. Partial correlations, controlling for current level of depression and depressed affect, indicated statistically significant relationships between measures of depression-proneness and measures of low self-esteem and unhappy outlook—but not narcissistic vulnerability. The utility of the depression-proneness measure in investigating vulnerability to depression was noted.
Expectancy Theory as an Explanation of Voluntary Use of a Decision-Support System
Authors: De Sanctis Gerardine
Published: September 2011

In a laboratory setting, predicted motivation or “force” to use a decision-support system was related to later measures of actual system use. Results suggest support for the hypothesized model and imply that constructs of expectancy theory may offer some explanatory power in theoretical models of users' behavior.
Effects of Cash Deposits on Attendance and Weight Loss in a Large-Scale Clinical Program for Obesity
Authors: Sperduto William A. , O'Brien Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a cash deposit for attendance were examined in 579 clients at a fee for service obesity clinic. The weight loss and attendance of 26 groups required to submit a refundable attendance deposit were compared to 34 no-deposit groups. Significant differences in weight loss and attendance favored those groups who submitted refundable deposits.
Sex and Race Differences in Psychiatric Symptomatology in Phencyclidine Psychosis
Authors: Griffin Phillip T. , Garey Richard E. , Daul George C. , Goethe John W.
Published: September 2011

The medical records of 153 psychiatric admissions who were determined to be Phencyclidine toxic were analyzed for the presence of various categories of psychiatric symptoms. Aggression was observed during the hospital stay by 58% of the patients followed closely by bizarre behavior (55%) and anxiety (53%). 116 males did not differ from 37 females in observed symptoms but 112 blacks showed more bizarre behavior than 41 whites. Further analysis indicated that the black-white difference was due to the significantly higher incidence of bizarre behavior, aggression, and looseness of association observed among 26 black females than 11 white females. These results suggest that white females who are Phencyclidine-toxic may not resemble the often reported and frequently observed Phencyclidine-toxic patient who is violently psychotic and paranoid. This preliminary work requires systematic replication.
Women Lawyers: The Employment Status of Their Mothers and the Role Models They Select
Authors: Dambrot Faye , Vassel Barbara
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the employment status of the mothers and the role models selected by 154 women lawyers who had graduated from law school at different periods of time between 1920 and 1979. Recent women graduates of law school with fewer years of practice tend to come from traditional families with a homemaker mother while lawyers with professional mothers graduated from law school at an earlier point in time and had completed more years of practice. Lawyers from homemaker mothers and nonprofessional fathers did not usually select their parents as role models. The results are discussed and related to earlier research conclusions on the effect of maternal employment on daughters' career aspirations and achievements and to recent trends regarding the increased participation of women in professional careers.
Selection of Skill or Chance Determined Reinforcement as a Function of Locus of Control
Authors: Lyman Robert D.
Published: September 2011

51 male and 45 female college students were given Rotter's I-E questionnaire and then allowed to volunteer to earn extra credit by attempting either a task for which supposedly skill determined outcome or one for which outcome supposedly was governed by chance. There was a significant correlation between I-E score and number of choices of skilled task. There was a non-significant difference between males' and females' I-E scores. An initially significant difference between males' and females' number of skill choices disappeared when the effect of differences in I-E scores was removed through analysis of covariance. Non-volunteers scored significantly more external than volunteers.
A Component Factor Analysis of the Initiating Structure Scale of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire, Form XII
Authors: Markham Steven E. , Scott K. Dow
Published: September 2011

Responses of 175 persons in a workforce to the Initiating Structure scale of the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire, Form XII, were factor analyzed. The correlation matrix was recomputed for the supervisory unit level and for the residual scores of individuals after removal of the effects of group membership using the technique recommended by Dansereau, Alutto, Markham, and Dumas (1982). Comparisons of the component matrices indicated that using group-oriented leadership questions does not guarantee group-oriented results.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XI. Open-Field Behaviors in Young Rats Exposed to an ELF Rotating Magnetic Field
Authors: Ossenkopp Klaus-Peter , Ossenkopp Margitta D.
Published: September 2011

Male and female albino rats 27 days of age were exposed to a 0.5-Hz rotating magnetic field (RMF) (2-30 gauss) for 21 days. Both experimental and control rats were tested in an open-field apparatus prior to imposition of experimental conditions, at 7, 15, and 21 days after the start of the experiment, and a final test occurred 3 days after the magnets were removed from the RMF apparatus. Male rats increased their activity levels and decreased their latency to ambulate in the open field, relative to control rats. The female experimental rats did not differ from controls on these measures. Both male and female RMF-exposed rats defecated less than control rats. Effects on latency and activity were still evident 3 days after removal of the magnets. These results indicate that exposure to a 0.5-Hz RMF makes rats less emotionally reactive to novel situations. It is suggested that these effects may be mediated by an effect of the RMF on the pineal gland.
Standards of Truth in a Perspectival Framework for Psychological Phenomena
Authors: Snyder Douglas M.
Published: September 2011

The perspectival view presents an alternative approach for understanding psychological phenomena to the objective framework generally maintained by contemporary psychology. The basis of the perspectival view is the direct relation between the experiencing individual and the world. Central issues in the objective framework, i.e., public versus private experience, reliability, validity, and utility, change meaning in the proposed view. This view concerns understanding the psychological phenomenon studied in its context, including the manner of the phenomenon's direct relation to the investigator.
Some Images of a Primary Screening Device
Authors: Dziuban Charles D. , Sciortino Philip T.
Published: September 2011

Rescaled image analysis was applied to the item scores of a primary screening instrument. Auditory, motor, language, and visual subscales were readily retrieved and identified. Strong correlations were found among several components, however. Implications for the use of primary screening devices were discussed.
Effect of State and Trait Anxiety and Prestige of Model on Imitation
Authors: Bauer Gregory P. , Schlottmann Robert S. , Bates J. Vance , Masters Mark A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of state and trait anxiety on subjects' imitation of prestigious models. Female undergraduates were administered the Trait-anxiety scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and were then subjected either to anxiety inductions or relaxation procedures to manipulate state-anxiety levels. Four groups of 30 subjects each were obtained: high trait-high state, low trait-low state, high trait-low state, and low trait-high state. Subjects were then exposed to either a model of high prestige, one of low prestige, or a no-model condition. A visual fixation measure was taken to determine the amount of time subjects actually spent observing the model. A significant correlation was found between time spent observing the model and time taken to complete the maze. Subjects observing the model of high prestige tended to imitate the model's response style more than subjects observing one low in prestige. Highly trait-anxious subjects imitated more than low trait-anxious subjects when exposed to the model high in prestige. Since this study used only females, inferences to males should be made cautiously.
Irrational Attributions of Responsibility: Who, What, When, and Why
Authors: Sadow D.
Published: September 2011

“Irrational” attributions of responsibility (attributing more responsibility to a victim when his misfortune is greater and attributing more responsibility to a weaker rather than a stronger victim) were more common when decisions were hurried and among people who characteristically assign causes of actions to persons. People whose moral judgments are more sophisticated in Kohlberg's schema made fewer irrational attributions generally.