bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La théorie allemande de la lettre de confirmation, ou comment rendre le silence loquace
Authors: Guineret-Brobbel Dorsman A.
Published: December 2023

En droit français comme en droit allemand, le contrat ne peut pas naître en principe du silence. Qui ne dit mot ne consent pas. Ce principe connaît bien évidemment des exceptions tant en Allemagne qu’en France. L’une de ces exceptions, propre au droit commercial allemand, est connue sous l’expression Lehre vom kaufmännischen Bestätigungsschreiben, «théorie de la lettre de confirmation » . Si aucun écrit n’est rédigé lors de la conclusion d’un contrat, il est une habitude répandue en Allemagne consistant en l’envoi d’une lettre de confirmation fixant ce qui a été convenu entre les négociateurs. Le destinataire de ladite lettre est censé la dénoncer sans retard s’il désapprouve ses termes. En l’absence d’une telle opposition, le silence vaudra acceptation. Jurisprudence et doctrine et allemandes ont forgé au fil du temps une théorie pleine de nuances et de subtilités.
La vigueur de la consécration de la théorie de l’imprévision en droit allemand et en droit privé français
Authors: Fischer-Achoura Eva
Published: December 2023

La force de la consécration de la théorie de l’imprévision peut se mesurer tant dans les conditions de sa mise en oeuvre que dans les effets que lui donnent le droit allemand et le droit privé français. Quelle est l’intensité requise du changement imprévu ? Un changement affectant la base subjective du contrat, l’utilité de l’existence même du contrat pour l’une des parties, est-il admis ? L’imprévu peut-il résulter d’une erreur des parties dès la formation du contrat ? À défaut de consensus sur l’adaptation du contrat, la résolution unilatérale est-elle permise ? Quelle est la liberté du juge sollicité afin d’adapter le contrat ? La partie lésée par l’imprévu, a-t-elle un véritable droit subjectif d’être déliée du contrat tel qu’il était initialement conçu ? Les solutions consistant en la révision ou la rupture du contrat, sont-elles hiérarchisées ? La question de la vigueur du dispositif nouvellement consacré en droit privé français, ne peut pas recevoir une réponse exhaustive et précise avant l’intervention de la jurisprudence. À cet égard, le droit allemand de l’imprévision, inspiré et développé par la jurisprudence depuis un siècle, permet de saisir le potentiel de la législation française.
Droit comparé et droit administratif européen
Authors: Perroud Thomas
Published: December 2023

L’objet de cette recherche est de montrer comment le juge européen s’est servi depuis l’origine du droit comparé pour améliorer ses techniques, pour dégager de nouveaux principes, mais que cette utilisation est en fait bien une instrumentalisation, qui doit faire l’objet d’une critique. L’objet de cette contribution est donc de mener une analyse critique de l’argument de droit comparé dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne.
Les peines alternatives en droit pénal hongrois. Le travail d’intérêt général
Authors: Pápai-Tarr Ágnes , Sipos Ferenc
Published: December 2023

Most countries make serious efforts to reduce the frequency of imposing imprisonment sanctions recently. The overpopulation of prisons is also a current issue to solve in the Hungarian system of law enforcement. Since build new prisons is extremely expensive, one supportable way of reducing prison population is not to impose imprisonment. Accordingly, researches about alternative sanctions that replace imprisonment are not only up-to-date but also necessary from practical aspects. The huge number of alternative sanctions make it an hopeless attempt to present all the alternative sanctions in one study. Consequently, after a brief historical introduction, we offer general overview of alternative sanctions, then we focus on the regulations of community service.
Brèves observations sur l’impossibilité morale de se procurer une preuve littérale en droit malgache. Approches prospective et comparative
Authors: Rakotoarison Tahina Fabrice
Published: December 2023

Concernant la preuve des obligations civiles contractuelles, le droit coutumier malgache n’a pas connu l’impossibilité morale de se procurer une preuve littérale en tant que telle même si la preuve écrite y avait déjà une importance capitale. L’impossibilité morale prévue par le droit moderne comme une des exceptions au principe de la prééminence de l’écrit est donc un mécanisme hérité du droit français. Il importe dès lors d’analyser son application dans le contexte malgache. A cet égard, sachant que l’objectif du droit de la preuve est d’assurer une certaine sécurité juridique, la reconnaissance d’une impossibilité morale de se procurer un écrit doit être la résultante du constat de son domaine potentiellement large avec sa nécessaire stricte application.
L’amélioration du système de la rémunération supplémentaire en Chine
Authors: Dai Zhe , He Min
Published: December 2023

La rémunération supplémentaire est une prime pour les inventeurs salariés. Toutefois, le système de cette rémunération en Chine souffre de plusieurs problèmes. La nature et la condition de la rémunération ne sont pas bien précisées. De plus, les dispositions concernant la rémunération en Chine sont dispersées dans différentes lois et règlements. Ce mode juridique a abouti à un désordre normatif dans le calcul de la rémunération. En même temps, l’efficacité de l’attribution de la rémunération est faible en Chine. Face à ces situations, il est difficile pour un inventeur salarié ordinaire d’identifier et maîtriser la totalité de ses intérêts. Une modification à cet égard est ainsi indispensable.
Youth Storytelling for Social Change: Guiding Questions for Effective and Ethical Delivery
Authors: Gonzalez Maru , Kokozos Michael , Nyota Nyawira , Byrd Christy
Published: December 2023

Storytelling is a powerful medium through which to nurture and amplify youths' voices. When employed effectively and ethically, storytelling has been shown to foster connection, improve intergroup relations, promote socioemotional well-being, and motivate social action. Drawing on foundational research, Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals, and our experience pilot testing the #PassTheMicYouth curriculum, we developed ten guiding questions for effective and ethical youth storytelling for social change. 4-H professionals can use these questions with youths to guide them through social impact storytelling creation and delivery.
Maximizing Dietary Knowledge and Behavior through a Teens as Teachers Approach
Authors: Iniguez Anaderi , Doering Erica , Weybright Elizabeth
Published: December 2023

The teens as teachers model is a promising approach to impact teen behavior. The current study evaluated dietary knowledge and behavior among teen teachers participating in a 4-H youth development program (N = 46; Mage = 15.5 years; 67% female; 48% Hispanic; 38% White Non-Hispanic, 14% Other). A paired sample t test was conducted on pre-and post-program surveys to identify significant improvements in dietary knowledge and behaviors. Findings suggest teens as teachers is generally effective in promoting healthy dietary knowledge and behavior. We recommend this approach be disseminated within Extension 4-H youth development healthy eating active living programming.
Digital journalism and the role of social media in shaping public perception of Russian aggression in Ukraine
Authors: Marukhovskа-Kartunova Olga , Marukhovskyi Oleg , Aleksandrova Maryna , Ivanova Iryna , Lebedenko Nataliia
Published: December 2023

The purpose of the article is to study the role of digital journalism and social media in creating public perception of Russian aggression in Ukraine. To achieve this goal, theoretical general scientific research methods were used: analysis and synthesis. The use of the content analysis method to study the content of messages on social media and Internet platforms, the use of a descriptive qualitative approach combined with discourse analysis and language reconstruction became relevant. The results of the study indicate that among the obvious advantages of online journalism are a variety of information sources, the ability to disseminate news quickly, interaction with the audience, global reach, and open access to information. In addition, in the Ukrainian context, coordinated efforts have effectively raised the visibility of Ukraine's current needs in search engines, which has contributed to their resolution. However, it should also be recognised that online journalism has its drawbacks. The manipulation and spread of fake news used by Russian propaganda has highlighted the vulnerability of this form of journalism. The scale and intensity of Russian propaganda had a significant impact on the formation of public opinion among Russians and partly among foreigners. They began to use imposed narratives to understand Russian aggression and the role of other countries in the conflict. The conclusions emphasise that these trends underline the importance of the theory of use and gratification, which indicates that audiences have their own views on information sources and are influenced by them according to their own beliefs.
Lecturas filosóficas de la posición política e ideológica de Batman
Authors: Vlasova Tetiana , Skyba Eleonora , Bilan Nataliia , Rusul Oleg , Sudakin Oleksandr
Published: December 2023

Aunque los personajes (super héroes) de las ficciones propias de los comics y otros productos audiovisuales como el cine, las caricaturas y los videojuegos, entre otros, están diseñados –en teoría– para un público joven, no significa con esto que sean neutrales o que estén desprovistos de una definida posición política e ideológica que sea susceptible al estudio filosófico, para revelar su esencia, atributos característicos y, en suma, su ser verdadero. Considerando que el impacto de estos personajes propios de la cultura popular anglosajona ha sigo significativo en las representaciones sociales globales en general, el objetivo del articulo consistió en efectuar una relectura filosófica de la posición política e ideológica de Batman. Metodológicamente hablando, se empleó la hermenéutica semiótica para revelar los aspectos cruciales del discurso del principal super héroe de Ciudad Gótica. Todo permite concluir que, en su ser y hacer, el llamado “hombre murciélago” es un anarquista, en la forma predominante del anarcocapitalismo de tipo anglosajón, que desconfía de la capacidad de las instituciones de justicia de su mundo ficcional para vencer el crimen y crear, además, espacios verdaderos de justicia en las relaciones intersubjetivas de la comunidad.
Fostering volunteerism among students with learning disabilities: The role of primary schools and challenges
Authors: Helali Mamdouh Mosaad
Published: December 2023

The significance of the study lies in its focus on promoting volunteerism among Students with Learning Disabilities (SLD). The study aimed to provide recommendations that help overcome the challenges faced by primary school role in promoting volunteering among SLD. The study used a mixed-method approach. Personal interviews were conducted with 20 parents of SLD, and a questionnaire was administered to 98 teachers of Learning Disabilities in primary schools in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. The study results are that the teacher's role held the highest importance in fostering volunteering among SLD in primary school, followed by the school administration role, and subsequently, the school curriculum, according to parents' Perceptions. There are significant challenges facing the role of elementary schools in promoting volunteer work among SLD, with the most important of these being personal, organizational, and then academic challenges, according to teachers' perspectives. The study does not identify significant differences in these challenges based on the teachers' perspectives, considering gender and years of experience.
Ensuring media security in the era of information globalization
Authors: Bidzilya Yuriy , Snitsarchuk Lidiya , Solomin Yevhen , Hetsko Hanna , Rusynko-Bombyk Liubov
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study is to identify key threats to media security and ways of their minimization. The methods of statistical analysis, case studies, content analysis, and rating analysis were used in the article. The study established that the biggest threat to media security is the spread of misinformation. This threat is complex because of the ability to spread in multiple ways and channels using a number of tools hybridized by misinformation, including propaganda, fake news, information leakage, manipulation, falsification of media content, etc. The spread of disinformation from Russia and China is of particular concern. Case study proved that disinformation is spread in many ways, and new media only deepen this problem. The consequences of the use of disinformation are public unrest, riots, mistrust of the media, and a threat to democratic values. The main areas of ensuring media security are defined as: application of technological measures, improvement of the legislative framework at the national and international levels, improvement of media literacy of the population through appropriate educational programmes and specialized campaigns. The results of the study can be used by government officials and media content providers to improve media security.
The ways of representing hidden meanings in English-language fiction discourse
Authors: Babali Aliyeva Gulchohra
Published: December 2023

The article attempts to justify the expediency of linguistic research’ direction that reveals the pragmatic qualities and cognitive basis of different types of implicit speech in English-language fiction discourse. Latent meanings in fiction text/discourse have repeatedly been the subject of research. The totality of implicit speech’ types and researched on the means that actualize it is identified. Referring the methods of cognitive linguistics, the pragmatic potential of speech means for the expression of the hidden meaning is illustrated by the prose English-language texts. The aim of this article was to identify the totality of the types of implicit speech and research on the means that actualize it in English-language fiction discourse. In this researching work, we analyzed such speech means of expressing implicit meanings as: a specific use of idioms, i.e., hints, additional nuances of meaning. Observing how innuendo is used can provide some insight into the speaker's goal when he or she chooses that discourse strategy. In conclusion, it is noticed that the hidden meaning, e.g., in the presence of an additional metaphorical transfer, may require a great deal of cognitive effort from the reader. We proved that the hint is characterized by a wealth of implicit potential.
Theoretical foundations of implementation blended learning in the process of training future specialists
Authors: Maksymchuk Larysa , Artimonova Tetiana , Kurchatova Anzhelika , Ishchenko Liudmyla , Vovkochyn Lyudmyla
Published: December 2023

The article analyzes the technology of blended learning and its impact on the quality training of specialists. The purpose of the article is to characterize the technology of blended learning, to substantiate its importance for the quality training of specialists, and to find out the main ways of its application in the educational process of higher education institutions. The methodological concept of the article reflects the interaction and interrelationship of categories that are basic in professional thinking and methodological levels in the educational process of higher education institutions. Blended learning has been proven to be more effective than traditional classroom learning in improving student achievement. It has been argued that blended learning is more flexible and accessible to students than traditional classroom learning. The main conditions for the effective application of blended learning, technological solutions of blended learning, methodical approaches of blended learning are highlighted, the forms that can be used to implement blended learning are considered. In summary, blended learning is an effective and promising technology for high-quality training of specialists.
International mechanisms for the protection of human rights under martial law
Authors: Kuchyk Oleksandr , Medvid Liudmyla , Loskutov Tymur , Vovk Mariia , Aharkova Olha
Published: December 2023

Human rights are fundamental to any just and equitable society. However, under martial law conditions, protecting them can be a challenge. However, in practice the situation of internal armed conflicts and violence is the largest threat and obstacle to their implementation. Hence, the perspective to the protection of the right to life during an armed conflict is based predominantly on the norms and regulations of international humanitarian law, which safeguard protection only to persons thereunder. The purpose of this article is to work out the priority measures for the protection of human rights in the conditions of martial law drawing on the insight into the foreign experience. To address the said goal, the present article utilized cognitive dialectical methods, the method of idealization, formalization and modeling of the response strategy in case of human rights violation. Because of the conducted study, a response strategy was elaborated in case of human rights violations under war conditions. The findings of this article are important for lawyers, public officials, and civil society organizations working to protect human rights under conditions of martial law, seek to administer the standards and practices of international regulation of universal human and citizen rights in individual administrative cases.
Los Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología en Colombia: grupos de investigación y colaboración
Authors: Guerrero-C Javier , Restrepo Medina Liliana Patricia , Uribe Martínez Astrid Girlesa , Jaraba Barrios Bruno Andrés , Lucio-Arias Diana
Published: December 2023

Este trabajo tiene como propósito evidenciar algunas de las principales características sociocognitivas de la comunidad académica de los Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (ESCT) en Colombia mediante el análisis bibliométrico de sus productos. El análisis se centró en 248 artículos de investigación reportados por quienes integran alguno de los diez grupos de investigación identificados como dedicados a los ESCT con base en la información reportada por los mismos en la plataforma ScienTI, administrada por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia. Se utilizaron las herramientas de análisis Pajek, Ucinet y Vosviewer para el análisis y presentación visual de las relaciones de colaboración entre los grupos incluidos en el estudio. Los resultados sugieren que los grupos de investigación ESCT en Colombia colaboran poco entre sí, a pesar de tener líneas de investigación similares en muchos casos. La colaboración de los miembros de los grupos de ESCT se establece sobre todo con autores que no pertenecen a los demás grupos del conjunto. Pocos autores actúan como nodos en las redes de coautoría identificadas y la mayoría de estos nodos no pertenecen al conjunto de grupos estudiados. La colaboración detectable entre grupos se establece entre los pertenecientes a una misma ciudad, lo que significa que no existe colaboración entre estos grupos fuera de la ciudad de Bogotá. Estos resultados ofrecen elementos preliminares para la descripción de esta comunidad, pero también muestran la necesidad de ampliar la exploración incluyendo otro tipo de productos, así como a grupos e investigadores que, aún sin identificarse explícitamente como dedicados a los ESCT emplean los repertorios teórico-metodológicos y realizan aportes a este campo de estudios.
Aplicación de neuroeducación y el Design Thinking como estrategia didáctica en el aula universitaria. Experiencia en el curso Métodos Cuantitativos I de la carrera de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Mora-Coto Grettel María , Rodríguez-Valerio Daniela
Published: December 2023

El presente estudio surge ante la necesidad de innovar en educación universitaria mediante el trabajo interdisciplinario de dos  profesoras: una de matemática y otra de bibliotecología con la implementación de una estrategia didáctica en el curso Métodos Cuantitativos I de la carrera de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información (EBCI) de la Universidad de Costa Rica.. La investigación describe un caso práctico de mediación pedagógica, desde su planeación, ejecución y evaluación, integrando la teoría del Design Thinking (DT) y aportes teóricos de la Neuroeducación para lograr aprendizajes de conceptos básicos de funciones en una clase de matemática. Dentro de los resultados se encuentra que para el 86% de los estudiantes la estrategia utilizada en la lección motivó durante la clase, siendo valorada en general con 9.59 puntos con base a 10. En conclusión, este estudio ha permitido la reflexión de las estrategias didácticas que se pueden desarrollar en una clase con el apoyo de la Neuroeducación y cómo ésta puede ser nutrida desde otras dimensiones como lo es la metodología del DT, sin perder de vista lo esencial en el ámbito educativo: el aprendizaje significativo.
Creación de un escáner aéreo para la digitalización de material bibliográfico patrimonial
Authors: Guadamuz-Villalobos Jairo
Published: December 2023

La conservación de material bibliográfico patrimonial involucra, en muchos casos, el cambio de soporte para lograr mantener la consulta de la información sin comprometer la integridad física de los documentos. La digitalización de este material surge como una solución, pero requiere de una inversión alta para la adquisición de equipo especializado que permita realizar el proceso sin dañar los documentos. El presente artículo muestra el diseño de un prototipo de escáner aéreo para la digitalización de material bibliográfico patrimonial con una adaptación de la metodología de Design Thinking. El prototipo se construyó y se validó con diferentes documentos patrimoniales de la Sala de Libros Antiguos y Colecciones Especiales de la Biblioteca Joaquín García Monge de la Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). Como resultado, se liberaron los planos para que cualquier unidad de información pueda replicar la construcción del prototipo y contar con su propio escáner aéreo a un precio más asequible.
НУЛЬСУФІКСАЛЬНІ АД’ЄКТИВИ, УТВОРЕНІ КОНФІКСАЛЬНИМ СПОСОБОМ ЗА УЧАСТІ ПРЕФІКСА БЕЗ-
Authors: Мізіна О. І. , Дерев’янко Л. І.
Published: December 2023

Розглянуто структурно-семантичні та функціонально-стильові осо-
бливості одноосновних прикметників-десубстантивів, утворених за участі
конфіксального форманта, до складу якого входить префікс без- та матері-
ально не виражений суфікс. Значну продуктивність виявляє група нульсуфіксальних одноосновних прикметників зі словотвірним значенням «позбавлений того, що назване мотивуючим словом», утворених від іменників зі значенням певної частини тіла істоти, але трапляються іменникові основи й іншого змісту. На синхронному зрізі досліджувані деривати беруть активну участь у формуванні ботанічної та медичної термінології, а також досить активно функціонують в індивідуально-авторському словотворі
ВЕРБАЛІЗАЦІЯ КОНЦЕПТУ МАНДРІВКА (ПОДОРОЖ) (на матеріалі збірки «Українські приказки, прислів’я і таке інше», укладеної М. Номисом)
Authors: Колонюк С. М.
Published: December 2023

Статтю присвячено характеристиці своєрідності вербалізації концепту ПОДОРОЖ у паремійній картині світу українців, що містить систему субконцептів, серед яких ДОРОГА, МАНДРІВКА, ПУТЬ, ПОХІД, ШЛЯХ. Матеріал дослідження – збірка «Українські приказки, прислів’я і таке інше», укладена М. Номисом (близько 500 паремій). Аналіз показав, що в українській лінгвокультурі концепт ПОДОРОЖ зафіксований у кількох тематичних мікрогрупах збірки, укладеної ідеографічним способом, зокрема це «Мандрівочка», «Дорога», «Шлях», «Гість», а також презентований в інших тематичних рубриках дискурсивного простору цієї збірки загалом.
ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ І НОМЕНКЛАТУРА СУХОПУТНОЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ: ІСТОРІЯ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ НАЗОВНИЦТВА
Authors: Нікуліна Н. В. , Книшенко Н. П. , Домановський А. М.
Published: December 2023

У пропонованій статті йдеться про дослідження військової технічної
термінології і номенклатури, що є вкрай актуальним на сьогодні, бо термі-
нологія військової техніки тільки побіжно була репрезентована в роботах
деяких мовознавців, а номенклатура взагалі залишилася поза увагою науковців-термінологів.
Проведено мовно-історичний екскурс терміна танк, а також розгляну-
то номени сухопутної військової автомобільної техніки, сформовано базу
номенклатурних одиниць для їхнього подальшого аналізу, визначено моти-
ваційні бази назовництва, заналізовано продуктивні способи, завдяки яким
номени легко класифікуються, модернізуються і пришвидшують процеси мо-
делювання номенклатурних позначень нових типів техніки.
АЛГОРИТМ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОГО ПОШУКУ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗМІВ З КОМПОНЕНТОМ-ОНІМОМ (ЗА КОРПУСОМ ГРАК-17)
Authors: Щербакова Н. В. , Павлова І. А.
Published: December 2023

Стаття присвячена дослідженню фразеологізмів з компонентом-онімом на основі корпусу української мови ГРАК-17. Ці одиниці мови ще не були у фокусі уваги українських науковців, про що свідчить рубрика «Дослідження на основі ГРАКу» на стартовій сторінці корпусу ГРАК. Тож за мету правлять особливості формування алгоритму автоматизованого пошуку фразеологічних одиниць (ФО) з онімним компонентом, що визначається моделлю синтаксичної організації ФО, послідовністю компонентів пошукового запиту, алгоритмом дій щодо виокремлення необхідних мовних одиниць. У цій науковій розвідці представлені результати корпусного дослідження лише фразеологічних одиниць з компонентом-онімом, організованих за моделями «як ХТОСЬ (іменник власна назва) з когось / чогось» і «як ХТОСЬ / ЩОСЬ (іменник власна назва)», послідовність ідентифікації яких напряму пов’язана зі структурою, релевантною визначеній моделі; з аналізом ліво- й правобічної дистрибуції; з використанням додаткових фільтрів; із семантизацією стійких аналітичних сполук, що базується на декодуванні інформації, трансльованої онімом у структурі усталеної одиниці
ІЄРОГЛІФІЧНА ПИСЕМНІСТЬ КИТАЮ ТА ЯПОНІЇ: КОМПАРАТИВНИЙ АСПЕКТ
Authors: Перепадя Д. О. , Малахова Ю. В.
Published: December 2023

Статтю присвячено порівняльному аналізу ієрогліфічної писемності Китаю та Японії. Актуальність обраної теми зумовлена необхідністю встановлення спільних та своєрідних рис китайської та японської писемностей з огляду на їх історичні зв’язки. Мета дослідження полягає у порівнянні особливостей ієрогліфічної писемності китайської та японської мов на площині їх історичного розвитку. Основними завданнями дослідження є з’ясування історичних зв’язків між китайською та японською писемністю, а також порівняння особливостей форм накреслення ієрогліфів. Результати наукового пошуку репрезентують вплив китайської мови на становлення японської ієрогліфічної писемності та утворення окремої унікальної японської системи письма.
СПЕЦИФІКА ВЖИВАННЯ ЕВФЕМІЗМІВ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ
Authors: Khairulina N. , Borzova O.
Published: December 2023

Статтю присвячено специфіці використання евфемізмів в англійській мові як одного із засобів політичної коректності. Це мовне явище відображає культуру, традиції та менталітет країни. Абстрактність значення створює у слухача (читача) максимально невизначене або принаймні неупереджене враження від денотата. Висвітлено різні підходи до аналі- зу політичної коректності, що трактується як особлива ідеологічна реалія, мовний рух, культурно-поведінкова та мовна тенденція, мовна толерантність тощо. Актуалізовано критичну думку щодо самої дефініції терміна “політична коректність” (головним чином, через перший компонент у цьому словосполученні). Зазначено, що такі зміни в мовомисленні активізуються в складні перехідні історичні періоди, коли відбувається переоцінка традиційної системи цінностей, коли зазнають трансформацій певні соціокультурні норми. Наголошено, що поява політкоректності тісно пов’язана з виникненням ідеї культурного плюралізму. Особливу роль відведено мовному та культурно-поведінковому чиннику. Аналіз мікротекстів в аспекті використання політкоректної лексики в журналах і газетах, зокрема «The Economist», «The Gazette», «The Dallas Morning News», «The New York Times», «Newsweek», «The Washington Post», показав, що все ще існує тенденція використовувати політично некоректні терміни для позначення расової та етнічної приналежності. Детально розглянуто найбільш поширені види дискримінації, зокрема статеву, расову, за фізичними вадами і за належністю до сексуальних меншин. Автори запропонованої розвідки здійснили спробу виокремити та описати стилістичну категорію “політична коректність”, а також класифікувати й охарактеризувати політично коректні евфемізми.
Effects of Alkali and Acid on the Solubility and Molecular Weight of Collagen Hydrolysates Extracted from Bovine Hide
Authors: Yan Lili , Chattha Sadaqat Ali , Zhang Xu , Gao Mengchu , Zhang Chunxiao , Peng Biyu
Published: December 2023

Preparation of collagen hydrolysates with high molecular weight to meet its industrial demand is a crucial step for resource utilization of solid waste of animal skins/hides. However, it is very difficult to achieve both higher molecular weight and solubility of collagen hydrolysates through the traditional methods. In this study, we attempted to prepare bovine hide collagen hydrolysates with high molecular weight and solubility through the application of NaOH or different types of acid. Influences of the concentration of alkali and acid, hydrolysis temperature and time on the molecular weight and solubility were studied, respectively. The results showed that NaOH has a strong hydrolysis effect on bovine collagen, making it a suitable candidate for the preparation of collagen hydrolysates with medium or low molecular weight. Under these optimized NaOH treatment conditions, i.e., NaOH concentration of 0.13 mol/L, hydrolysis temperature of 60 - 70°C and time of 5 h, we achieved 96% of solubility for hide pieces and the molecular weight of collagen hydrolysates were in the range of 25 - 30 kDa. By contrast, the molecular weight of the hydrolysates prepared through H2SO4 hydrolysis method was higher than that of NaOH hydrolysis method. Under the optimized H2SO4 treatment conditions, i.e. H2SO4 concentration of 0.5 mol/L, hydrolysis temperature of 50°C and time in the range of 5 - 7 h, the solubility of hide pieces reached up to 80 - 97%. Additionally, in the H2SO4 hydrolysates, the proportion of macromolecular components with molecular weight of about 100 kDa was 41 - 55% and that of medium molecular components with molecular weight of about 20 kDa was 45 - 59%. This study showed that high solubility and high molecular weight collagen products can be obtained by H2SO4hydrolysis under specific conditions. Thus, this study provided a useful scientific method and process parameters to guide the controlling of molecular weight and the industrial application of collagen from waste on a bigger scale.
Hyperbranched Polyurethanes with Flammability Resistance for Leather Retanning
Authors: Ding Sheng , Wu Yiban , Zhu Jinxing , Tian Saiqi
Published: December 2023

In this study, diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate was modified by hexamethylene diisocyanate, and then was utilized to partly replace the isocyanates to prepare hyperbranched polyurethanes (HPU-DPAs). The hyperbranched polyurethanes were then employed in the retanning process of wet blue. The shrinkage temperature, average thickness as well as mechanical properties of leather before and after retanning were acquired. The flammability of retanned leather was measured by cone calorimeter test. The morphologies of wet blue and leather after retanning by HPU-DAP were obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the average thickness, tensile strength and elongation at break of leather were all improved after retanning. Retanning by HPU-DAPs can effectively increase flame retardancy of final leather.
A Bibliometric Study of the Unhairing and Liming of the Leather Tanning Process
Authors: Morera Josep M. , Bartolí Esther , Cebollada Patrícia , Cabeza Luisa F.
Published: December 2023

Unhairing and liming are the most polluting operations of the leather tanning process. Over the years, this sector has been investigated increasingly. Hence, this paper aims to explore and analyze the scientific activity of this field of research with a new view, applying bibliometrics techniques. The method of the study is based on a search and collection of publications indexed in Scopus. Subsequently, bibliometric data were extracted from the corresponding publications. Graphics and bibliometric maps were made to obtain quantitative results and the relationships between countries, authors, journals, and keywords. The results show an upward trend over the last 100 years or so, where the topic of most of the publications has reversed from being purely about engineering and process to focus on the big environmental issue generated by traditional unhairing. At the same time, research in this field has shifted to countries with the biggest tanning industry, such as China and India. In conclusion, bibliometrics has been a good method to know the current state of scientific literature and the timeline of this field of research, which will allow for a deepening in alternative methods to traditional unhairing and advance of the environmental concern caused by these polluting operations.
Recovery of Industrially Useful Hair and Fat from Enzymatic Unhairing of Goatskins during Leather Processing
Authors: Nyakundi Joseph Ondari , Ombui Jackson Nyarongi , Wanyonyi Wycliffe Chisutia , Mulaa Francis Jakim
Published: December 2023

Leather processing not only serves social needs by putting into use the meat industry’s by-products (hides and skins) but also makes a significant contribution to global economic growth through trade and job creation. In the wake of globalization, however, leather manufacturers are facing new challenges in meeting environmental imperatives and improving the utilization of wastes generated during leather processing. This study describes the recovery of hair and fatfrom fleshings obtained after enzymatic unhairing of goatskins using a protease from an isolate of Bacillus cereus Strain 1-p. The recovered hair and fats were further characterized to facilitate recommendations for different industrial applications. The following hair properties were visually examined and evaluated by hand; straight length, density and uniformity, hair strength and overall quality. The fats were analyzed by characterizing the fatty acid composition using theGas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS analysis). The recovered hair was intact and rated to be of average to good quality. The fat characterization indicated that methyl 9Z-octadecenoate (9Z-heptadecenoic acid; oleic acid) was the most abundant fatty acid with an abundance of 31.65%. The sulfide-free fats and intact hair, therefore, were recommended for use in various industrial applications such as manufacturing of poultry feedstuff, organic fertilizers, biodiesel and biofuels, fatliquoring agents, soaps and cosmetics after further purification where necessary. The hair and fats recovered from this study are particularly advantageous over those recovered from sulfide unhairing systems as they are free from any sulfides or lime contamination thus easier to purify and use. The study concluded that the use of the enzyme extract from Bacillus cereus Strain 1-p to unhair goatskins facilitated the recovery of valuable hairand fats that can be used for other industrial applications.
Anti-Ectoparasite Activity of Medicinal Herbal Plant in Terms of Reducing Ectoparasites Effect on Sheep and Goat Skins
Authors: Ahmed Fitsum Etefa , Shitu Aschalew , Teshome Zerihun , Yihune Endalamaw , Bitew Misganaw , Fenta Haile Mekonnen
Published: December 2023

Ethiopia has one of the world’s largest livestock resources. However, the effects of disease, inadequate nutrition and management constrain the potential of this resource. Ectoparasites are one of the primary contributing factors in the tanneries for sheep and goat skin rejection. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of medicinal herbal plant extracts on ectoparasites (ticks) on small ruminants in Ethiopia. According to scientific and ethnomedical data gathered from respondents (farmers), the plant species P. dodecandra, E. globulus, C. macrostachyus, J. schimperiana, and C. aurea were used (by farmers) for the study. Phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and saponins, tannins. Ticks from small ruminants (i.e goat and sheep) were collected and an in vitro adult tick immersion test was carried out using concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml of all medicinal plant extracts. The temporal tick mortality was observed within 24-hours. In order to compare the results, distilled water and 12.5% amitraz was used as positive and negative controls, respectively. After 24 hours of exposure, P. dodecandra, J. schimperiana, and C. macrostachyus extracts had a moderate (60%) effect on tick mortality; however, C. aurea extract at 100 mg/ml and E. globulus extract at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml had the highest mortality rate (80%). The study found that following in vitro treatment for the studied plants, the mean tick mortality increased considerably with increasing concentration and exposure duration. The existence of phytochemicals (active ingredients) in several plants, such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, etc., may be the cause of their anti-ectoparasite effects. The study’s findings suggested that these plants might be crucial in reducing the need for chemical based medicines as well as managing the population of resistant ticks in an environmentally friendly manner.
Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation on Tanning Process in a Rotating Drum
Authors: Lin Yirui , Jiang Zhoucheng , Wang Ya-nan , Zeng Yunhang , Xie Guo , Shi Bi
Published: December 2023

Mass transfer of chemicals greatly affects leather production efficiency and product quality. Leather shows different motions in a rotating drum during processing, which is strongly associated with chemicals’ mass transfer. However, how leather motions affect mass transfer remains unclear, which disfavors highly efficient leather manufacturing process. Here, different leather motion states were obtained by adjusting the drum rotation speed. Experimental results showed that the duration of leather rolling motion greatly increased by 41% when the rotation speed increased from 5 r/min to 20 r/min, and the uptake of the tanning agent was consequently improved, which indicated that the rolling motion is beneficial to mass transfer. Computational fluid dynamics simulation results showed that the mass transfer rate under rolling motion was higher than those under slipping, elevating and hanging motions, because the flow velocity and concentration gradient near the leather surface were higher under rolling motion. Accordingly, increasing the rolling motion enhanced the mass transfer in leather processing. This work identifies the leather motion beneficial for mass transfer and provides guidance on operating condition optimization and drum design for high-efficiency leather production.
Council Meeting Minutes
Authors: Hoefler Joseph , Rodden John
Published: December 2023

AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATIONGrand Geneva Resort & Spa, Lake Geneva, WIJune 20, 2023

Officers: Joseph Hoefler, John RoddenCouncilors: Shawn Brown, Myron Hooks, Steve Lange, Lee Lehman, and Roger A. PintoExecutive Secretary: Carol Adcock; Kristina HallConvention Chair: Sarah Drayna
Valorization of Pomegranate Peel Waste as Retanning Agent in Leather Industry and Investigation of Its Effect on Prevention of Cr(VI) Formation
Authors: Kılıçarislan Özkan Çiğdem
Published: December 2023

Although Cr(VI) is not used in any step of the manufacturing process, the entity of Cr(VI) in leather and leather products has become a concern in the leather industry. Formation of free radicals may bring about conditions for the oxidation of free Cr(III) (if exists in leather) to Cr(VI) and these oxidations are usually catalyzed by heat and UV radiation. Antioxidants have an important role in order to inhibit oxidant compound activity by donating an electron to compounds. There are many studies on the prevention of Cr(VI) formation in leather production. The inhibiting properties of Cr(VI) formation were usually investigated by using commercial vegetable tannins (polyphenols) together with other retanning agents in retanning process. However, no study has been conducted on the possible use of pomegranate peel tannins as an alternative retanning agent, which is known as an important source of antioxidants, in leather making and their ability to prevent Cr(VI) formation. In the present study, pomegranate peels were extracted in different solvents and total phenolic content and antioxidant power of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP (The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) and TEAC/ABTS (Trolox-Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity/2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) methods. Furthermore, different amounts of pomegranate peel extracts were used in retanning processes and the leathers were investigated in terms of increases in thickness, color changes as well as effect on prevention of Cr(VI) formation. The results revealed that besides noticeable retanning performance, pomegranate peel extract has a spectacular effect on prevention of Cr(VI) formation as compatible with its antioxidant power.
Effect of Calcium in Delimed Hide on Leather Quality
Authors: Lei Chao , Chen Xuyang , Zeng Yunhang , Shi Bi
Published: December 2023

The efficient removal of calcium from delimed hide is essential to leather quality, but few reports have elaborated on how residual calcium in delimed hide affects leather quality. In this study, four delimed hides containing different calcium content were first prepared by using ammonium sulfate and sodium gluconate. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry results showed that the atomic percentages of calcium on the grain surfaces of the four delimed hides were 8.17%, 4.82%, 2.34%, and 0.25%, respectively. The bating, chrome tanning, and post-tanning performances of the four delimed hides were then analyzed to evaluate the effect of calcium in delimed hide on leather quality. Results showed that the removal efficiency of non-collagenous protein from hide in enzymatic bating, the evenness of chromium distribution, the shrinkage temperature of wet blue, and the physical properties of crust leather all increased as the calcium content of delimed hide decreased. Furthermore, efficient calcium removal from the grain surface of delimed hide played a key role in the color brightness and uniformity of wet blue and crust leather. The results draw our attention to the importance of considering the effectual removal of calcium from delimed hide for obtaining high-quality leather.
A Novel and Efficient Collagen Extraction Method Assisted by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Jinwei , Cheng Yulin , Wu Jiacheng , Chen Wuyong
Published: December 2023

A new and efficient microwave heating method was developed to extract intact Type I collagen from bovine limed splits. Orthogonal experiment was conducted to optimize the parameters of extraction, and the extraction yield was measured by ultraviolet spectra (UV). The hierarchical structures of the obtained collagen were determined by amino acid analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), UV, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), circular dichroism spectra (CD), fluorescence spectra (FL) and ultra-sensitive differential scanning calorimetry (US-DSC). The results indicated the optimal conditions for this microwave assisted extraction were 37°C for 7 h by using solid to liquid ratio of 1:45. The resultant yield of collagen was 14.35% under the optimal conditions, which is 1.5 times higher than that obtained by the control water bath-heating method. Amino acid analysis, UV and SDS-PAGE revealed that the primary structure of collagen extracted with microwave assistance was type I collagen. Although the extraction yield was promoted drastically with microwave assisting, the secondary structure of the collagen involving triple helix still maintained according to FT-IR, CD, FL and VP-DSC results. In brief, microwave irradiation could be a new routine for collagen extraction with advantages of fast and effective. Moreover, this study might offer a potential choice for utilizing hide or skin limed split wastes.
Application of Acid Protease for Eco-friendly Pre-treatment of Goat Skin to Improve Antimicrobial Finish Using Herbal Natural Extracts
Authors: Vajpayee Mona , Singh Mumal , Dave Hemen , Ledwani Lalita
Published: December 2023

Due to its moisture retention capacity and huge surface area, leather is highly prone to microbial proliferation and biodeterioration; hence, leather products desired have an antimicrobial finish. In this study, acid protease enzyme pre-treatment of goat skin was utilized as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional wet-chemical processing. The treatment can impart the desired surface properties to improve the antimicrobial finish with natural extracts obtained from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree), Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi), and Camellia sinensis (Green Tea). The procedure was optimized for different process parameters, including enzyme concentration, pH, material to liquor ratio (MLR), treatment time, and temperature. The effect of the treatment on bulk and surface properties of the skin was characterized by weight loss analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Water contact angle measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The effect of the enzymatic treatment on organoleptic properties and the mechanical strength of the skin was also studied. The enzymatic treatment resulted in weight loss, and removal of non-collagen components, thus opening the fibrous collagen matrix of the skin. Hence, the skin treated with acid protease enzyme provides better affinity and accessibility for phytoactive compounds from the natural extracts and better attachment by electrostatic attachment due to an increase in surface functional groups after the enzymatic treatment compared to untreated skin. The effectiveness of the antimicrobial finish was measured as a zone of inhibition and with a modified Hohenstein test against test microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus.Azadirachta indica (Neem Tree) extract showed the highest inhibitory activity (97%) against E. coli, while the Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil, Tulsi) extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (95%) against S. aureus.