bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Source rocks of Carboniferous–Lower Cretaceous terrigenous sediments of the northeastern Siberian Platform: results of Sm–Nd isotope–geochemical studies
Authors: Malyshev S.V. , Khudoley A.K. , Prokopiev A.V. , Ershova V.B. , Kazakova G.G. , Terentyeva L.B.
Published: March 2016

The first Sm–Nd isotope studies of the Carboniferous–Early Cretaceous clastic rocks of the northeastern Siberian Platform have been carried out. Variation in the isotope composition of sediments within this time interval has been determined and interpreted. The high ɛNd(t) values for Carboniferous–Permian sediments (from –11 to –2) testify to the large contribution of the products of erosion of island-arc and juvenile complexes localized in the Taimyr–Severnaya Zemlya fold–thrust belt in the Carboniferous. The positive ɛNd(t) values for Triassic sandstones suggest erosion of the coeval igneous rocks of the trap association. The Upper Jurassic and, particularly, Cretaceous sediments of the Lena–Anabar depression and Verkhoyansk foreland basin are characterized by extremely negative ɛNd(t) values (from –15 to –19), which is evidence for erosion of mature continental crust. The Carboniferous-Triassic complexes of the Verkhoyansk fold–thrust belt, which show higher ɛNd(t) values, cannot have been a source of detritus for Cretaceous sandstones. The sediments filling the Verkhoyansk foreland basin accumulated as a result of the decomposition of homogenized distal source rocks with the isotope characteristics of the old crust rather than the breakup of the mountain range rising to the east. Salients of the crystalline basement of the Siberian Platform, such as the Aldan Shield, might have been these source provinces.
Structured non-self approach for aircraft failure identification within a fault tolerance architecture
Authors: Moncayo H. , Moguel I. , Perhinschi M.G. , Perez A. , Al Azzawi D. , Togayev A.
Published: March 2016

Within an immunity-based architecture for aircraft fault detection, identification and evaluation, a structured, non-self approach has been designed and implemented to classify and quantify the type and severity of different aircraft actuators, sensors, structural components and engine failures. The methodology relies on a hierarchical multi-self strategy with heuristic selection of sub-selves and formulation of a mapping logic algorithm, in which specific detectors of specific selves are mapped against failures based on their capability to selectively capture the dynamic fingerprint of abnormal conditions in all their aspects. Immune negative and positive selection mechanisms have been used within the process. Data from a motion-based six-degrees-of-freedom flight simulator were used to evaluate the performance in terms of percentage identification rates for a set of 2D non-self projections under several upset conditions.
Drag optimisation of a wing equipped with a morphing upper surface
Authors: Koreanschi A. , Sugar-Gabor O. , Botez R. M.
Published: March 2016

The drag coefficient and the laminar-to-turbulent transition for the aerofoil component of a wing model are optimised using an adaptive upper surface with two actuation points. The effects of the new shaped aerofoils on the global drag coefficient of the wing model are also studied. The aerofoil was optimised with an ‘in-house’ genetic algorithm program coupled with a cubic spline aerofoil shape reconstruction and XFoil 6.96 open-source aerodynamic solver. The wing model analysis was performed with the open-source solver XFLR5 and the 3D Panel Method was used for the aerodynamic calculation. The results of the aerofoil optimisation indicate improvements of both the drag coefficient and transition delay of 2% to 4%. These improvements in the aerofoil characteristics affect the global drag of the wing model, reducing it by up to 2%. The analyses were conducted for a single Reynolds number and speed over a range of angles of attack. The same cases will also be used in the experimental testing of the manufactured morphing wing model.
Whose Authority? Contesting and Negotiating the Idea of a Legitimate Interpretation of Islamic Law in Indonesia
Authors: Alfitri
Published: March 2016

This article examines the history of the evolution of Islamic legal authority in Indonesia and provides an account of how it is contested and negotiated in contemporary Indonesia, using the history of family law reform as an example. There is a plurality of sources of authority for Islamic law as they operate within the domain of family law. The case studies reveal tensions between continuity and change in the development of Islamic legal principles and the strategies that different actors employ to advance their preferred version of Islamic legal norms: while the state has adopted a synthetic approach in order to accommodate these multiple legal authorities and increase the efficacy of its own statutes, theulamapersistently insist on the authority offiqhas the immutable point of reference in resolving legal problems faced by Muslims. These conflicts ensure that the statutes will continue facing challenges as a legitimate interpretation of Islamic law in Indonesia.
Defining, Describing, and Categorizing Public Health Infrastructure Priorities for Tropical Cyclone, Flood, Storm, Tornado, and Tsunami-Related Disasters
Authors: Ryan Benjamin J. , Franklin Richard C. , Burkle Frederick M. , Watt Kerrianne , Aitken Peter , Smith Erin C. , Leggat Peter
Published: March 2016

Objectives

The study aim was to undertake a qualitative research literature review to analyze available databases to define, describe, and categorize public health infrastructure (PHI) priorities for tropical cyclone, flood, storm, tornado, and tsunami-related disasters.

Methods

Five electronic publication databases were searched to define, describe, or categorize PHI and discuss tropical cyclone, flood, storm, tornado, and tsunami-related disasters and their impact on PHI. The data were analyzed through aggregation of individual articles to create an overall data description. The data were grouped into PHI themes, which were then prioritized on the basis of degree of interdependency.

Results

Sixty-seven relevant articles were identified. PHI was categorized into 13 themes with a total of 158 descriptors. The highest priority PHI identified was workforce. This was followed by water, sanitation, equipment, communication, physical structure, power, governance, prevention, supplies, service, transport, and surveillance.

Conclusions

This review identified workforce as the most important of the 13 thematic areas related to PHI and disasters. If its functionality fails, workforce has the greatest impact on the performance of health services. If addressed post-disaster, the remaining forms of PHI will then be progressively addressed. These findings are a step toward providing an evidence base to inform PHI priorities in the disaster setting. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:598–610)
H3Africa multi-centre study of the prevalence and environmental and genetic determinants of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: study protocol
Authors: Ekoru K. , Young E. H. , Adebamowo C. , Balde N. , Hennig B. J. , Kaleebu P. , Kapiga S. , Levitt N. S. , Mayige M. , Mbanya J. C. , McCarthy M. I. , Nyan O. , Nyirenda M. , Oli J. , Ramaiya K. , Smeeth L. , Sobngwi E. , Rotimi C. N. , Sandhu M. S. , Motala A. A.
Published: March 2016

The burden and aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its microvascular complications may be influenced by varying behavioural and lifestyle environments as well as by genetic susceptibility. These aspects of the epidemiology of T2D have not been reliably clarified in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), highlighting the need for context-specific epidemiological studies with the statistical resolution to inform potential preventative and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, as part of the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) initiative, we designed a multi-site study comprising case collections and population-based surveys at 11 sites in eight countries across SSA. The goal is to recruit up to 6000 T2D participants and 6000 control participants. We will collect questionnaire data, biophysical measurements and biological samples for chronic disease traits, risk factors and genetic data on all study participants. Through integrating epidemiological and genomic techniques, the study provides a framework for assessing the burden, spectrum and environmental and genetic risk factors for T2D and its complications across SSA. With established mechanisms for fieldwork, data and sample collection and management, data-sharing and consent for re-approaching participants, the study will be a resource for future research studies, including longitudinal studies, prospective case ascertainment of incident disease and interventional studies.
Both General Domain Knowledge and Situation Assessment Are Needed To Better Understand How SJTs Work
Authors: Fan Jinyan , Stuhlman Melissa , Chen Lijun , Weng Qingxiong
Published: March 2016

Although Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) made a strong case for reconceptualizing situational judgment tests (SJTs) as measures of general domain knowledge, we disagree with their view that the judgment or assessment of the situation itself is not important. We contend that situation assessment is an integral yet ignored factor in SJTs and that both general domain knowledge and situation assessment are needed to better understand how SJTs work.
Unintended Consequences: Narrowing SJT Usage and Losing Credibility With Applicants
Authors: Crook Amy E.
Published: March 2016

Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) present a convincing case for why situational judgment tests (SJTs) should be developed specifically to measure general domain knowledge, but I have two concerns regarding the use of SJTs in psychological research and practical settings if the reconceptualization of SJTs offered by the authors is adopted to the exclusion of other current approaches. The first concerns abandoning SJTs as a helpful job analysis tool if we encourage intentional conflation of trait expression with job effectiveness in the development of SJT items. Second, diluting the situational component of SJTs may reduce their acceptance as selection tools by job applicants and practitioners in organizations.
Why Some Situational Judgment Tests Fail To Predict Job Performance (and Others Succeed)
Authors: Whetzel Deborah L. , Reeder Matthew C.
Published: March 2016

Situational judgment tests (SJTs) occasionally fail to predict job performance in criterion-related validation studies, often despite much effort to follow scholarly recipes for their development. This commentary provides some plausible explanations for why this may occur as well as some tips for SJT development. In most cases, we frame the issue from an implicit trait policy (ITP) perspective (Motowidlo, Hooper, & Jackson, 2006a, 2006b) and the measurement of general domain knowledge. In other instances, we believe that the issue does not have a direct tie to the ITP concept, but our experience suggests that the issue is of sufficient importance to include in this response. The first two issues involve challenges gathering validity evidence to support the use of SJTs, and the remaining issues deal more directly with SJT design considerations.
Service users’ perspective of their admission: a report of study findings
Authors: O’Donoghue B. , Roche E. , Lyne J. , Madigan K. , Feeney L.
Published: March 2016

Objectives

The ‘Service Users’ Perspective of their Admission’ study examined voluntarily and involuntarily admitted services users’ perception of coercion during the admission process and whether this was associated with factors such as the therapeutic alliance, satisfaction with services, functioning and quality of life. This report aims to collate the findings of the study.

Methods

The study was undertaken across three community mental health services in Ireland. Participants were interviewed before discharge and at 1 year using the MacArthur Admission Experience. Caregivers of participants were interviewed about their perception of coercion during the admission.

Results

A total of 161 service users were interviewed and of those admitted involuntarily, 42% experienced at least one form of physical coercion. Service users admitted involuntarily reported higher levels of perceived coercion and less procedural justice than those admitted voluntarily. A total of 22% of voluntarily admitted service users reported levels of perceived coercion comparable with involuntarily admitted service users and this was associated with treatment in a secure ward or being brought to hospital initially under mental health legislation. In comparison with the service user, caregivers tended to underestimate the level of perceived coercion. The level of procedural justice was moderately associated with the therapeutic relationship and satisfaction with services. After 1 year, 70% experienced an improvement in functioning and this was not associated with the accumulated level of coercive events, when controlled for confounders.

Conclusions

This study has provided valuable insights into the perceptions of coercion and can help inform future interventional studies aimed at reducing coercion in mental health services.
Evolution of material surfaces in the temporal transition in channel flow
Authors: Zhao Yaomin , Yang Yue , Chen Shiyi
Published: March 2016

We report a Lagrangian study on the evolution of material surfaces in the Klebanoff-type temporal transitional channel flow. Based on the Eulerian velocity field from the direct numerical simulation, a backward-particle-tracking method is applied to solve the transport equation of the Lagrangian scalar field, and then the isosurfaces of the Lagrangian field can be extracted as material surfaces in the evolution. Three critical issues for Lagrangian investigations on the evolution of coherent structures using material surfaces are addressed. First, the initial scalar field is uniquely determined based on the proposed criteria, so that the initial material surfaces can be approximated as vortex surfaces, and remain invariant in the initial laminar state. Second, the evolution of typical material surfaces initially from different wall distances is presented, and then the influential material surface with the maximum deformation is identified. Large vorticity variations with the maximum curvature growth of vortex lines are also observed on this surface. Moreover, crucial events in the transition can be characterized in a Lagrangian approach by conditional statistics on the material surfaces. Finally, the influential material surface, which is initially a vortex surface, is demonstrated as a surrogate of the vortex surface before significant topological changes of vortical structures. Therefore, this material surface can be used to elucidate the continuous temporal evolution of vortical structures in transitional wall-bounded flows in a Lagrangian perspective. The evolution of the influential material surface is divided into three stages: the formation of a triangular bulge from an initially disturbed streamwise–spanwise sheet, rolling up of the vortex sheet near the bulge ridges with the vorticity intensification and the generation and evolution of signature hairpin-like structures with self-induced dynamics of vortex filaments.
Alterations in energy balance from an exercise intervention with ad libitum food intake
Authors: Melzer Katarina , Renaud Anne , Zurbuchen Stefanie , Tschopp Céline , Lehmann Jan , Malatesta Davide , Ruch Nicole , Schutz Yves , Kayser Bengt , Mäder Urs
Published: March 2016

Better understanding is needed regarding the effects of exercise alone, without any imposed dietary regimens, as a single tool for body-weight regulation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of an 8-week increase in activity energy expenditure (AEE) on ad libitum energy intake (EI), body mass and composition in healthy participants with baseline physical activity levels (PAL) in line with international recommendations. Forty-six male adults (BMI = 19·7–29·3 kg/m2) participated in an intervention group, and ten (BMI = 21·0–28·4 kg/m2) in a control group. Anthropometric measures, cardiorespiratory fitness, EI, AEE and exercise intensity were recorded at baseline and during the 1st, 5th and 8th intervention weeks, and movement was recorded throughout. Body composition was measured at the beginning and at the end of the study, and resting energy expenditure was measured after the study. The intervention group increased PAL from 1·74 (se 0·03) to 1·93 (se 0·03) (P < 0·0001) and cardiorespiratory fitness from 41·4 (se 0·9) to 45·7 (se 1·1) ml O2/kg per min (P = 0·001) while decreasing body mass (−1·36 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·001) through adipose tissue mass loss (ATM) (−1·61 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·0001) compared with baseline. The control group did not show any significant changes in activity, body mass or ATM. EI was unchanged in both groups. The results indicate that in normal-weight and overweight men, increasing PAL from 1·7 to 1·9 while keeping EI ad libitum over an 8-week period produces a prolonged negative energy balance. Replication using a longer period (and/or more intense increase in PAL) is needed to investigate if and at what body composition the increase in AEE is met by an equivalent increase in EI.
Kooiichthys jonon. gen. n. sp., a primitive catfish (Teleostei, Siluriformes) from the marine Miocene of southern South America
Authors: Azpelicueta María de las Mercedes , Cione Alberto Luis , Cozzuol Mario Alberto , Mirande Juan Marcos
Published: March 2016

A specimen of a remarkable new catfish genus and species was collected in middle/late Miocene marine beds of the Puerto Madryn Formation at the base of the marine cliff of the sea lion colony area near Puerto Pirámide, southern coast of Península Valdés, northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Siluriforms (catfishes) constitute a most important monophyletic ostariophysan group of mainly freshwater fishes that occurs in almost all continents but it is especially diverse in South America. Catfishes are presently distributed in tropical to temperate areas and a small number of species are marine or amphibiotic. The new catfish shows many primitive features for catfishes in the maxilla, autopalatine, hyal elements, and Weberian apparatus. The genus is clearly distinguished by four autapomorphies: sand clock–shaped autopalatine, posterior limb of autopalatine widening strongly, post-articular arm of autopalatine longer, and a metapterygoid longer than broad. One tree was obtained both under equal and implied weighting with the following topology: a basal polytomy in the Siluriformes formed by Diplomystidae, Bachmanniidae,Kooiichthysand the Siluroidei. The new species appears to have been a marine or amphibiotic taxon: it was collected in beds considered to represent the Maximum Flooding Horizon of the transgression that deposited the Puerto Madryn Formation. The coast at this moment was at approximately 90 km to the west. According to faunistic evidence, the sea was warm temperate.
Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tissue coccidia (sarcocystidae; apicomplexa) based on nuclear 18s RDNA and mitochondrial COI sequences confirms the paraphyly of the genus Hammondia
Authors: OGEDENGBE MOSUN E. , OGEDENGBE JOSEPH D. , WHALE JULIA C. , ELLIOT KRISTIN , JUÁREZ-ESTRADA MARCO A. , BARTA JOHN R.
Published: March 2016

Partial mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (mt COI) sequences were generated from:Toxoplasma gondii(strains CTG, GTI, MAS, ME49, PTG, TgCatBr5, TgCat, Br64, TgCgCal, TgToucan);Neospora caninum(Strain NC1);Hammondia hammondi(Strain H.H–20);H. heydorni; H. cf.triffittae; Cystoisospora felis; C. suis; C. canis; C. rivolta; C. cf.ohioensis; Caryospora bigenetica; Sarcocystis rileyi; andS. neurona. Nuclear 18S rDNA sequences were generated forH. heydorni, H. hammondi, C. suis, C. canis, C. felis, C. rivolta, C. cf.ohioensis, S. neurona, andS. rileyi. Aligned, concatenated 18S rDNA and COI sequences were Bayesian analysed using partitioned nucleotide substitution models [HKY + I + G for 18S; GTR + I + G codon (code = metmt) for COI]. Phylogenetic hypotheses supported a monophyletic Sarcocystidae and its subfamilie with two major clades within the Toxoplasmatinae: (1) a monophyletic clade ofCystoisosporaspp. withNephroisospora eptesici; and (2) a clade ofToxoplasma, NeosporaandHammondia. Within the latter,Hammondiawas shown to be paraphyletic;H. heydorniandH. triffittaewere monophyletic withN. caninum[canine definitive hosts (DHs)], whereasH. hammondiwas monophyletic withT. gondii(feline DHs). A new genus is erected to resolve the paraphyly of the genusHammondiaconfirmed using mt COI and combined 18S/COI sequence datasets.
Early Neolithic Pits and Artefact Scatters at North Fen, Sutton Gault, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Tabor Jonathan , Billington Lawrence , Healy Frances , Knight Mark
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the results of an excavation at North Fen, Sutton Gault, Cambridgeshire, which revealed evidence of Early Neolithic occupation comprising some 48 pits together with twoin situartefact scatters preserved within buried soil horizons. Largely as a result of the spatial separation between scatters and pit sites/clusters, it has been possible to identify a series of ‘sites’, which appear to represent temporally discrete episodes of activity ranging from task-specific ‘visits’ to relatively long-lived occupation. Through analysis of pottery and flint assemblages an attempt is made to characterise each individual site in terms of the types of activities undertaken there and to consider their scale and duration. Set within a landscape that has seen extensive archaeological investigation over the past 30 years the excavation also provides an excellent opportunity to explore how these sites relate to activity in the wider locale and to what extent it is possible to characterise Early Neolithic occupation at a landscape scale.
Host preference and host colonization of the Asian long-horned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera Cerambycidae), in Southern Europe
Authors: Faccoli M. , Favaro R.
Published: March 2016

The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB),Anoplophora glabripennis(Motschulsky), is a highly polyphagous invasive pest with a broad range of host species, but showing relevant differences between infestation areas. Host preference and host colonization (female fecundity, egg and larval survival) were assessed in a population in Northern Italy by choice and no-choice experiments conducted in both field and laboratory conditions. During 5 years of field observations, ALB was found to infest seven genera of trees:Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Populus, Prunus, SalixandUlmus. However,Acer, Betula, UlmusandSalixresulted to be the preferred hosts corresponding to 97.5% (1112) of the 1140 infested trees. In both laboratory and field trials carried out on these four host genera, no-choice experiments recorded the highest host colonization ofA. glabripennisonAcertrees, with the highest number of laid eggs and the lowest egg and larval mortality.UlmusandSalixshowed a lower number of laid eggs during laboratory choice test, but egg and larval mortality had mean values similar toAcer. On the contrary, despite the high number ofBetulatrees felled during the eradication plan carried out in the infestation area, this tree species showed the lowest beetle suitability in terms of number of laid eggs and insect survival. An overestimation of the number of infestedBetulaoccurring during the tree survey may explain the discordance between high number of infestedBetulaand low beetle suitability. Instead, the large number of infestedAcerrecorded in the field was probably due to the high abundance of these trees occurring in parks and gardens within the infestation area and to the low adult dispersal ofA. glabripennis. Overall, results from this study confirm that host species affects both beetle colonization and breeding performance. The study shows ALB host preference and host suitability varying between tree species, suggesting an ALB acceptance even of sub-optimal hosts.
Chlorpyrifos-induced hormesis in insecticide-resistant and -susceptible Plutella xylostella under normal and high temperatures
Authors: Deng Z.Z. , Zhang F. , Wu Z.L. , Yu Z.Y. , Wu G.
Published: March 2016

Hormesis induced by insecticides at the dosage lower than what ostensibly directly causes death on insects was studied. This paper reports the effects of the in vivo application of varied concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on Plutella xylostella (DBM). The insecticide concentrations applied included 0.000025–2.5 mg l−1, which are far lower than LC1 (7.2 mg l−1), for the CPF-susceptable (Si) DBM, and 250 mg l−1 which is far below LC1 (1286 mg l−1), for the CPF-resistant (Rc) DBM, as well as LC10- and LC50-doses for both strains. Significant hormesis was found with the ‘hermetic-CPFs’, i.e., 0.0025 mg l−1 for Si DBM and 2.5 mg l−1 for Rc DBM, at the normal or high temperature either in a 24 h or under a long-term treatment. These doses of CPF significantly stimulated the development and increased the fecundity of Si and Rc DBM at 25°C with approximately 23.5–29.8% activity increase on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 30.5–91.3% increase on glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) at 25 or 38°C in 4–24 h. The enzymatic activities were significantly reduced by LC50-CPF at 25°C in vivo, but the inhibition was relieved significantly, if the insects were first subjected to a hormetic-CPF pretreatment. It was remarkable that the average rates of enzymatic activity increase were 67.5–76.6% for AChE and 366–546% for GSTs. Consequently, it was concluded that the hormesis on Si and Rc DBM could be induced by CPF doses far below LC1 at normal or high temperature in short- or long-term treatment. These findings might help to improve the current insect control practices in the field.
Exotic Coactions
Authors: Kaliszewski S. , Landstad Magnus B. , Quigg John
Published: March 2016

If a locally compact group G acts on a C*-algebra B, we have both full and reduced crossed products and each has a coaction of G. We investigate ‘exotic’ coactions in between the two, which are determined by certain ideals E of the Fourier–Stieltjes algebra B(G); an approach that is inspired by recent work of Brown and Guentner on new C*-group algebra completions. We actually carry out the bulk of our investigation in the general context of coactions on a C*-algebra A. Buss and Echterhoff have shown that not every coaction comes from one of these ideals, but nevertheless the ideals do generate a wide array of exotic coactions. Coactions determined by these ideals E satisfy a certain ‘E-crossed product duality’, intermediate between full and reduced duality. We give partial results concerning exotic coactions with the ultimate goal being a classification of which coactions are determined by ideals of B(G).
ACCESS TO IMPROVED HYBRID SEEDS IN GHANA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ESTABLISHMENT AND REHABILITATION OF COCOA FARMS
Authors: ASARE RICHARD , AFARI-SEFA VICTOR , MUILERMAN SANDER
Published: March 2016

Poor access to improved seeds in West and Central Africa has compromised crop yields and productivity as most farmers source the bulk of their seeds from informal channels. The use of farmer produced seeds has mostly resulted in high seedling mortality thereby presenting challenges to cocoa rehabilitation programmes across the sub region. With the aid of a mobile data collection system (MDCS), the first of its kind to enhance accuracy of survey results in an improved seed supply system through brokerage and linkages among diverse actors, this study assesses Ghanaian farmers’ access to improved hybrid cocoa seeds and provides evidence on the socio-cultural factors that affect field performance of such planting materials. Results show that farmers value a seed brokerage system (SBS), which is facilitated through group bulk purchase, timely acquisition and delivery of seeds. The study also revealed that farm size, land use type and gender have significant effect on survival rate of transplanted hybrid cocoa seedlings over two dry seasons. Regardless of the rehabilitation process, mean survival rate was high (79%) although an 11% (p < 0.000) difference occurred between gender with men recording a higher rate. The majority of farmers prefer cultivating cocoa on forest and fallow lands, implying continues degradation of forest areas. There is therefore an urgent need for a change of mind set, to advocate for land recycling to spare forest areas to thrive.
Investigation of island formation due to RMPs in DIII-D plasmas with the SIESTA resistive MHD equilibrium code
Authors: Hirshman S. P. , Shafer M. W. , Seal S. K. , Canik J. M.
Published: March 2016

The SIESTA magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium code has been used to compute a sequence of ideally stable equilibria resulting from numerical variation of the helical resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) applied to an axisymmetric DIII-D plasma equilibrium. Increasing the perturbation strength at the dominant $m=2$, $n=-1$ resonant surface leads to lower MHD energies and increases in the equilibrium island widths at the $m=2$ (and sidebands) surfaces, in agreement with theoretical expectations. Island overlap at large perturbation strengths leads to stochastic magnetic fields which correlate well with the experimentally inferred field structure. The magnitude and spatial phase (around the dominant rational surfaces) of the resonant (shielding) component of the parallel current are shown to change qualitatively with the magnetic island topology.
Vacuum high-harmonic generation and electromagnetic shock
Authors: Böhl P. , King B. , Ruhl H.
Published: March 2016

When one takes into account the presence of virtual charged states in the quantum vacuum, a nonlinear self-interaction can arise in the propagation of electromagnetic fields. This self-interaction is often referred to as ‘real photon–photon scattering’. When the centre-of-mass energy of colliding photons is much lower than the rest energy of an electron–positron pair, this quantum effect can be included in the classical field equations of motion as a vacuum current and charge density using the Heisenberg–Euler Lagrangian. Using analytical and numerical methods for subcritical fields, the intrinsic solution to Maxwell’s equations has been found for counterpropagating probe and pump plane waves in the presence of vacuum four- and six-wave mixing. In the corresponding all-order solution for the scattered probe, a route to vacuum high-harmonic generation is identified in which a long phase length can compensate for the weakness of interacting fields. The resulting shocks in the probe carrier wave and envelope are studied for different parameter regimes and polarisation set-ups. In this special issue, we study two additional set-ups: that of a slowly varying single-cycle background to highlight the effect of an oscillating background on the probe harmonic spectrum, and that of a few-cycle probe to highlight the smoothing of the harmonic peaks produced by a wider spectrum of probe photons. We also correct sign errors in an earlier publication.
Simplified variational principles for non-barotropic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Yahalom Asher
Published: March 2016

Variational principles for magnetohydrodynamics were introduced by previous authors both in Lagrangian and Eulerian form. In this paper we introduce simpler Eulerian variational principles from which all the relevant equations of non-barotropic magnetohydrodynamics can be derived for certain field topologies. The variational principle is given in terms of five independent functions for non-stationary barotropic flows. This is less than the eight variables which appear in the standard equations of barotropic magnetohydrodynamics which are the magnetic field $\boldsymbol{B}$ the velocity field $\boldsymbol{v}$, the entropy $s$ and the density ${\it\rho}$.
Atypical gravito-electrostatic fluctuations in the presence of active ion-inertial dynamics
Authors: Borah B. , Haloi A. , Karmakar P. K.
Published: March 2016

The plasmas in space, cosmic and astrophysical environments are long known to consist of numerous massive ionic components contributing to various wave instability fluctuation phenomena. Indeed, the ion-inertial effects need to be incorporated into realistic analyses, rather than treating the gravitating ionic species traditionally as a Boltzmann distributed fluid. Herein, we present an atypical theoretical model setup to study gravito-electrostatic mode-fluctuations in self-gravitating inhomogeneous interstellar dust molecular clouds (DMCs) on the astrophysical fluid scales of space and time. The main goal is focused on investigating the influence of self-consistent dynamic ion-inertial effects on the stability. Methodological application of standard multiple scaling techniques reduces the basic plasma structure equations into a unique pair of decoupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations for the weak fluctuations. In contrast, the fully nonlinear counterparts are shown to evolve as a new gravito-electrostatically coupled pair of the Sagdeev energy-integral equations. In both the perturbation regimes, excitation of two distinct eigenmode classes – electrostatic compressive solitons and self-gravitational rarefactive solitons with unusual and unique parametric features – is demonstrated and portrayed. The graphical shape analysis reflects new plasma conditions for such eigenspectral patterns to coevolve in realistic interstellar parameter windows hitherto remaining unexplored. It is seen that the inertial ions play a destabilizing influential role leading to enhanced fluctuations toward establishing a reorganized gravito-electrostatic equilibrium structure. Finally, we discuss the consistency of our results in the framework of existing inertialess ion theories, experimental findings and multiple space satellite-based observations, together with new implications.
VINCULACIONES POLÍTICAS EN UN RÉGIMEN DE BANCA LIBRE: EL CASO DE LA CRISIS BANCARIA DE 1878 EN CHILE
Authors: Briones Ignacio
Published: March 2016

In 1878 Chile experienced a banking crisis which brought an end to the Chilean free-banking period based on convertibility initiated in 1860. Using monthly bank balance sheets and other primary sources, I analyze the period and argue that one important explanation for the crisis was the growing relationship between banks and government through state loans to finance fiscal deficits and privileges to the issuing banks. I claim that the crisis emerged from a large bank loan in late 1877 which induced over-issuance and depreciation expectations leading, logically, to a bank run. The Chilean case provides valuable evidence of an element frequently neglected by the free-banking literature: the links between banks and government.
Formation control of networked mobile robots with guaranteed obstacle and collision avoidance
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Yamchi Mohammad , Mahboobi Esfanjani Reza
Published: March 2016

This note presents a novel method to design a controller for the formation of networked mobile robots, where the communication between the members of the group is affected by variable time-delay. The control objective is twofold: to maintain the formation during the motion along a desired path and guarantee no collisions with obstacles or adjacent robots. Initially, an innovative dynamical model is formulated for the system; afterwards, the notion of model predictive control is employed to ensure collision avoidance with guaranteed stability. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the suggested method.
Emerging practices in design research
Authors: Craig James A. , Ozga-Lawn Matthew
Published: March 2016

This issue of arq explores how academic researchers are practicing design, and how architectural practitioners are researching design. Pedagogy has emerged as a theme bridging these two distinct subfields. Likewise, they are connected through explorations of the nature of architectural representation and process, examining how ideas, strategies, and spaces are communicated across academia and practice. The ever-changing field of architectural representation, and how we engage with it, often escapes close reading. By drawing particular attention to it, the issue aims to highlight the state of design research in the discipline today.
Parent report data on input and experience reliably predict bilingual development and this is not trivial
Authors: PARADIS JOHANNE
Published: March 2016

Carroll (Carroll) takes issue with the use of parent report to obtain quantity of language exposure measures in research on bilingual development. When discussing parent questionnaires, Carroll writes “Temporal units are crude measures of exposure and they tell us nothing about input”. While I agree that temporal units do not tell us much about the fine-grained details of the input within the temporal units, importantly, parent-report-based measures of input quantity have predicted variation in bilingual development of phonology, vocabulary and morphosyntax. These are robust and reliable findings across numerous studies, and yet, Carroll skates over them as if they did not matter, or dismisses them as trivial. Furthermore, Carroll seems to lead readers to believe that only coarse-grained, language-use temporal units have been obtained through this method; on the contrary, researchers have obtained fine-grained input quality details via parent report that also predict bilingual children's development. Finally, in some circumstances, parent report data is the only feasible method for obtaining language exposure information.
Disentangling bilingualism from SLI: Dissociating exposure and input
Authors: ARMON-LOTEM SHARON
Published: March 2016

Exposure and input are often used interchangeably in the study of child bilingualism to describe the learner's interaction with her environment. Carroll (Carroll), in her thought-provoking keynote article, challenges the equation between amount of exposure and amount of input necessary for acquiring a language, and in particular a second language. Carroll, whose diverse research borrows from both generative and psychological models of learning, brings these two perspectives into her exploration of the role of exposure and input in language acquisition, calling for a clearer definition of each. Carroll argues that the input to the language acquisition mechanism is the abstract construct necessary in order to solve the learning problem, and it is not a function of the amount of exposure: very little input is necessary in order to solve a learning problem, e.g., identifying word boundaries, or acquiring a syntactic structure. While scrutinizing the equation often drawn between exposure and input, Carroll further argues that the amount of exposure further misses the quality of this exposure as well as the societal context in which this exposure occurs.
“FEELINGS OF ALARM”: CONSERVATIVE CRITICISM OF THE PRINCIPLE OF NATIONALITY IN MID-VICTORIAN BRITAIN
Authors: SMITTENAAR RICHARD
Published: March 2016

This article is an account of the mid-Victorian conservative reaction to the increasing prominence of the notion of nationality in British debates on European affairs. Conservatives perceived the idea of nationality as a threat, which they tried to deflect by deploying three sets of arguments. They attempted to marginalize the notion by reframing nationality as neither a valuable nor a fundamental aspect of political life; they argued that the sentiment of nationality increased aggression in international affairs and was a threat to the European order; and they argued that nationality was often incompatible with constitutional liberty and a proper patriotism, thereby presenting liberals’ support for nationality as inconsistent with their own values. This conservative rejection and problematization of nationality in mid-Victorian Britain has been absent from existing scholarly work, which has focused on the qualified acceptance of the notion by Victorian liberals and Edwardian conservatives.
Dielectric characterization using FEM modeling and ANNs for coaxial waveguide with conical open ended radiation
Authors: El Afendi Mohamed Mounkid , Tellache Mohamed , Tao Junwu , Hadjadji Bilal , Benmimoune Mouncef
Published: March 2016

Since last decades, microwaves have received tremendous attention as an interesting tool for material characterization. In general, standard microwave measurement methods require cutting and polishing of samples to put it in a suitable waveguide or cavity. However, several methods have been developed in order to permit a non-destructive measurement. A well-known method is based on coaxial open-ended waveguide, which is used as a sensor for dielectric characterizations. Moreover, with the requirement of new forms, developing mathematical model for each one is not convenient. Indeed, the complex structures required in the industrial field can be perfectly designed with high-performance three-dimensional software. Many attempts have been done to solve the conversion problem by proposing different algorithms. Nevertheless, they are sensitive for complex structure that contains transition part. In this paper, we propose a dielectric measurement method based on the use of coaxial waveguide. A novel algorithm for dielectric characterization of complex structures is also presented, which is based on the joint use of artificial neuronal networks and finite element method. The proposed algorithm aims to find the dielectric characterization for complex structures. Experimental evaluations applied to solid and liquid dielectrics confirm the validation of the proposed algorithm.
Hyperurikämie, Gicht und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen
Authors: Murray Karsten , Burkard Thilo
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Hyperurikämie und die Gicht wie auch die arterielle Hypertonie und das metabolische Syndrom kommen in der Bevölkerung häufig vor, so dass der Kliniker mit dem gemeinsamen Auftreten dieser Erkrankungen konfrontiert wird. Es besteht eine Assoziation zwischen Hyperurikämie, kardiovaskulären Co-Morbititäten und einem erhöhten kardiovaskulären Risiko. Trotz schlüssiger pathophysiologischer Konzepte ist noch unklar, ob diese Assoziation kausal ist. Bei Patienten mit Hyperurikämie und Gicht sollte im klinischen Alltag eine gewissenhafte Abklärung der kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren erfolgen und diese sollten entsprechend konsequent behandelt werden. Ob eine präventive, medikamentöse Senkung der Harnsäure bei asymptomatischer Hyperurikämie das kardiovaskuläre Risiko senken kann, ist aktuell noch nicht geklärt und wird nur in Ausnahmen wie z. B. jungen Patienten mit ausgeprägten Harnsäureerhöhungen empfohlen.
Ernährungstherapie bei Gicht
Authors: Nickolai Beate , Kiss Caroline
Published: March 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Ernährung spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entstehung der Gicht. Beobachtungsstudien zeigen, dass der Body Mass Index (BMI), Alkohol, Fleisch, gezuckerte Getränke und Fruchtsaft zu einer Erhöhung des Risikos der Gicht führen. Zur Risikoreduktion tragen Milchprodukte und Kaffee bei, da sie die Harnsäureausscheidung erhöhen. Gichtschübe werden häufig durch üppige Mahlzeiten mit hohem Alkoholkonsum ausgelöst. Jede zusätzliche Fleischportion pro Tag erhöht das Gichtrisiko um 21 %. Unter Berücksichtigung der Gesamtalkoholaufnahme steigt das Gichtrisiko ab ein bis zwei Standarddrinks. Entgegen früherer Annahmen erhöhen purinreiche pflanzliche Lebensmittel wie Hülsenfrüchte und Gemüse das Gichtrisiko nicht. Die aktuellen Ernährungsempfehlungen berücksichtigen vielmehr Ernährungsfaktoren, die ausser der Purinzufuhr auch deren endogene Produktion und renale Ausscheidung beeinflussen. Sowohl die Empfehlungen der ausgewogenen Ernährung gemäss der Schweizerischen Lebensmittelpyramide wie auch die Mediterrane Ernährung eignen sich zur Behandlung der Hyperurkämie. Die Behandlung der Gicht ist vielschichtig, weil diese Patientengruppe häufig Komorbiditäten wie z. B. Adipositas, Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidämie oder Hypertonie aufweist. Auch bei diesen ernährungsabhängigen Risikofaktoren steht die diätetische Behandlung im Vordergrund. Wesentlich sind die Edukation der Betroffenen und die Therapie der Begleiterkrankungen. Motivierte Patienten benötigen Beratung und Begleitung, um ihren Teil zur Reduktion der Harnsäurewerte aktiv beizutragen.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Post-Stroke Cognitive	Rehabilitation
Authors: Convento Silvia , Russo Cristina , Zigiotto Luca , Bolognini Nadia
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Cognitive rehabilitation is an important area of neurological rehabilitation, which aims at the treatment of cognitive disorders due to acquired brain damage of different etiology, including stroke. Although the importance of cognitive rehabilitation for stroke survivors is well recognized, available cognitive treatments for neuropsychological disorders, such as spatial neglect, hemianopia, apraxia, and working memory, are overall still unsatisfactory. The growing body of evidence supporting the potential of the transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) as tool for interacting with neuroplasticity in the human brain, in turn for enhancing perceptual and cognitive functions, has obvious implications for the translation of this noninvasive brain stimulation technique into clinical settings, in particular for the development of tES as adjuvant tool for cognitive rehabilitation. The present review aims at presenting the current state of art concerning the use of tES for the improvement of post-stroke visual and cognitive deficits (except for aphasia and memory disorders), showing the therapeutic promises of this technique and offering some suggestions for the design of future clinical trials. Although this line of research is still in infancy, as compared to the progresses made in the last years in other neurorehabilitation domains, current findings appear very encouraging, supporting the development of tES for the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairments.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) for the Treatment of	Neuropsychiatric Disorders Across Lifespan
Authors: Pérez Carolina , Leite Jorge , Carvalho Sandra , Fregni Felipe
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a safe, painless, and inexpensive noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique. tES has been shown to reduce symptoms in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, autism, and craving. There are many factors that can influence the effects of tES, such as current intensity, duration, baseline level of activity, gender, and age. Age is a critical variable, since the human brain undergoes several anatomic and functional changes across the lifespan. Therefore, tES-induced effects may not be the same across the lifespan. In this review we summarize the effects of tES, including tDCS, tACS, and tRNS, on clinical outcomes in several neuropsychiatric conditions, using a framework in which studies are organized according to the age of subjects. The use of tES in neuropsychiatric disorders has yielded promising results with mild, if any, adverse effects. Most of the published studies with tES have been conducted with tDCS in adult population. Future studies should focus on interventions guided by surrogate outcomes of neuroplasticity. A better understanding of neuroplasticity across the lifespan will help optimize current tES stimulation parameters, especially for use with children and elderly populations.
Could We Have Predicted What El Niño Would Bring?
Authors: Yan Wudan
Published: March 2016

Researchers take a retrospective look to see if precipitation and flooding due to El Niño could have been predicted a priori.