bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Weed Control Efficiency of Herbicides on Yield and Economic Returns of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Girish K. S. , Negalur R. B. , Anjum S. S. , Patil M. B.
Published: June 2024

The field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on chickpea growth and yield. Three replications were set up in RCBD with eleven treatments including: Intercultivation at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free check and weedy check along with two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin, Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr) and five post-emergence herbicides (Imazethapyr + Imazamox, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr, Quizalofop ethyl and Aciflor + Clodinafop]. Among the herbicidal treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 800 g a.i./ha as PE fb Propaquizafop 2.5 % + Imazethapyr 3.75% W/W ME (RM) @ 125 g a.i./ha as PoE at 25 DAS recorded significantly higher weed control efficiency (84.98%). In terms of yield economics the same treatment recorded higher yield attributes viz., higher number of pods per plant (49.09), higher weight of 100 seeds (24.86 g), higher seed yield per plant (21.37 g) and also recorded higher grain yield (2197 kg/ha), haulm yield (2766 kg/ha), net returns (₹ 80621/ha) and B:C ratio (3.01) compared to the other herbicidal treatments and was on par with the weed free check which was recorded higher results in all the above parameters but encountered with higher cost of cultivation. However, weedy check recorded lowest number of pods per plant (38.18), lower weight of 100 seeds (22.36 g) and lower Seed yield per plant (16.96 g) due to higher weed competition and resulted in lower yield and less returns.
Model sotsialnih transformatsiy kak fazovih perehodov pervogo i vtorogo roda
Authors:   Economic Research and Innovations, Zakir Zahid
Published: June 2024

Предложена модель социальных трансформаций первого и второго рода (аналогичных фазовым переходам) в двух модельных ситуациях. В первой из них (К-модель) переход из состояния анархии и распада к стабильности происходит при доминировании кланов, действующих преимущественно в собственных интересах (квазиэлиты). Во второй ситуации (Э-модель) переход из состояния К-модели к быстрому развитию происходит благодаря доминированию элиты, действующей преимущественно в интересах общества.
A model of social transformations as the first- and second-order phase transitions
Authors:   Economic Research and Innovations, Zakir Zahid
Published: June 2024

A model of the first- and second-order social transformations (similar to phase transitions) in two model situations is proposed. In the first one (K-model), the transition from a state of anarchy and decay to stability occurs under the dominance of clans acting primarily in their own interests (quasi-elite). In the second situation (E-model), the transition from the K-model state to rapid development occurs due to the dominance of the elite, acting primarily in the interests of society.
Epidemiology of Respiratory Health Outcomes Among World Trade Center Disaster Workers: Review of the Literature 10 Years After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Ekenga Christine C. , Friedman-Jiménez George
Published: September 2011

Tens of thousands of workers participated in rescue, recovery, and cleanup activities at the World Trade Center (WTC) site in lower Manhattan after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 (9/11). The collapse of the WTC resulted in the release of a variety of airborne toxicants. To date, respiratory symptoms and diseases have been among the most examined health outcomes in studies of WTC disaster workers. A systematic review of the literature on respiratory health outcomes was undertaken to describe the available information on new onset of respiratory symptoms and diseases among WTC disaster workers after September 11, 2001. Independent risk factors for respiratory health outcomes included being caught in the dust and debris cloud, early arrival at the WTC site, longer duration of work, and delaying mask and respirator use. Methodological challenges in epidemiologic studies of WTC disaster workers involved study design, exposure misclassification, and limited information on potential confounders and effect modifiers. In the 10 years after 9/11, epidemiologic studies of WTC disaster workers have been essential in investigating the respiratory health consequences of WTC exposure. Longitudinal studies along with continued medical surveillance will be vital in understanding the long-term respiratory burden associated with occupational WTC exposure. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S189–S196)
Association between skeletal muscle inflammatory markers and walking pattern in people with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Levinger Pazit , Caldow Marissa K. , Feller Julian A. , Bartlett John R. , Bergman Neil R. , McKenna Michael J. , Cameron‐Smith David , Levinger Itamar
Published: September 2011

Objective

Patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are characterized by increased muscle inflammation and altered gait. We investigated the association between proinflammatory mediators in the vastus lateralis and physical function and gait in patients with knee OA.

Methods

Nineteen patients with knee OA underwent gait analysis, assessment of self‐reported pain and physical function (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC]), and a muscle biopsy that was taken during their knee replacement surgery. Muscle was analyzed for cellular protein inflammatory mediators, interleukin‐6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), p65 NF‐κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT‐3), and JNK‐1. Sagittal plane knee function, including early stance knee range of motion (ROM) and knee sagittal plane impulse, was measured using a motion analysis system. Pearson's correlation was used to assess relationships between selected variables.

Results

Significant positive correlations were found between MCP‐1 and self‐perceived stiffness, physical function, and the total WOMAC score (P < 0.05). MCP‐1 was also negatively correlated with early stance knee ROM (r = −0.52, P = 0.023). Reduced velocity was associated with elevated levels of p65 NF‐κB and STAT‐3 (P < 0.05). Knee sagittal plane impulse was negatively correlated with JNK‐1 (P = 0.02), indicating reduction in knee impulse with an increased level of JNK‐1.

Conclusion

Increased levels of several proinflammatory mediators were correlated with altered knee function during walking as well as greater physical disability and slower gait velocity. Identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with muscle inflammation is important to better understand the underlying mechanism responsible for altered gait and function in patients with knee OA.
Enhancement in Thermoelectric Figure of Merit in Nanostructured Bi2Te3 with Semimetal Nanoinclusions
Authors: Sumithra S. , Takas Nathan J. , Misra Dinesh K. , Nolting Westly M. , Poudeu P.F.P. , Stokes Kevin L.
Published: September 2011

The effect of Bi (semimetal) nanoinclusions in nanostructured Bi2Te3 matrices is investigated. Bismuth nanoparticles synthesized by a low temperature solvothermal method are incorporated into Bi2Te3 matrix phases, synthesized by planetary ball milling. High density pellets of the Bi nanoparticle/Bi2Te3 nanocomposites are created by hot pressing the powders at 200 °C and 100 MPa. The effect of different volume fractions (0–7%) of Bi semimetal nanoparticles on the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and carrier concentration is reported. Our results show that the incorporation of semimetal nanoparticles results in a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity in all the samples. A significant enhancement in power factor is observed for Bi nanoparticle volume fraction of 5% and 7%. We show that it is possible to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity and increase the power factor resulting in an increase in figure of merit by a factor of 2 (from ZT = 0.2 to 0.4). Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity as a function of carrier concentration data are consistent with the electron filtering effect, where low‐energy electrons are preferentially scattered by the barrier potentials set up at the semimetal nanoparticle/semiconductor interfaces.
Do Health Claims and Prior Awareness Influence Consumers' Preferences for Unhealthy Foods? The Case of Functional Children's Snacks
Authors: Krystallis Athanasios , Chrysochou Polymeros
Published: September 2011

This study investigates if and how the translation of different types of functionality into measurable “amounts” of healthiness influences parents' preference for an a priori unhealthy (but tasty) food product (i.e., sweet or salty children's snacks). Moreover, it aims to explore whether perceptions about healthiness related to functionality types differ among consumers according to their level of prior awareness of functionality and its health benefits. The application of the discrete choice experimental technique on a sample of 140 parents with at least one 5‐ to 14‐year‐old child was selected as the most suitable methodological approach. The sample purposively comprised two subsamples of 70 parents each, based on their real awareness of the term “functional” and of the health benefits of specific functionality types. Parents generally perceived functionality as a product attribute that contributes positively to the image enhancement of the (unhealthy) target product and affirmed that they are willing to pay reasonable premiums for it. However, the level of consumers' prior awareness of functionality played a decisive role in their preference for functional products. The type of food that “carries” functionality was also more important when consumers had no knowledge of functionality. Overall, prior and accurate awareness was found to increase the variety of functionality types and preferred carriers, the strength of preference per functionality type, and the price premiums willingly paid.
The Impact of Retail Promotion on the Decision to Purchase Private Label Products: the Case of U.S. Processed Cheese
Authors: Bouhlal Yasser , Capps, Jr. Oral
Published: September 2011

The authors examine the impact of retail promotions, specifically, store coupons, manufacturer coupons, and store features on the decision to purchase private label products. To identify these effects, a probit model is specified and estimated, which allows the calculation of the probability that the private label product is chosen conditional on a set of explanatory variables. Attention is centered on American processed cheese transactions. The source of the data is ACNielsen Homescan Panel of U.S. households for calendar years 2005 and 2006. Retail promotion using store coupons had a significant negative effect on the decision to purchase private label products. In our sample, store coupons were used to purchase both private label products and national brands. A strong negative relationship was found between national brand manufacturer couponing activity and the decision to purchase private label products. Therefore, national brand couponing appears to be an effective strategy for manufacturers to deter private label growth, at least in the processed cheese market. This analysis also shows that the decision of purchasing a private label cheese product is influenced by several sociodemographic characteristics of the household, namely household income and size, age and education of the household head, race, ethnicity, and location.
Synthesis, structural and larvicidal studies of a series of triorganotin chrysanthemumates
Authors: Zapata Alejandra , Mclean Diane P. , Delao Hernández José H. , de Dios Angel C. , Song Xueqing , Eng George
Published: September 2011

A series of triorganotin chrysanthemumates (2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2‐methyl‐1‐propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylates) (R3SnO2CC9H15) where R = methyl, ethyl, n‐butyl and phenyl was synthesized. The solid state structures were deduced using infrared (IR) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results indicated that all the compounds were found to be five‐coordinated in the solid state. Based on the NMR results, all the compounds are tetrahedral in solution. Larvicidal activities of the compounds were evaluated against the second instar stage of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. The toxicity results indicated that these compounds of triorganotins were effective larvicides against all three species of larvae. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly reliable computation of dynamic sensitivities in metabolic reaction systems by a variable‐step Taylor series method
Authors: Shiraishi F. , Egashira M. , Iwata M. , Sriyudthsak K. , Hattori K.
Published: September 2011

Dynamic sensitivities are useful to characterize time‐varying systems efficiently. In metabolic reaction systems, however, analysis using these values is not so popular. This is mainly due to the following two reasons. One is that the calculation of dynamic sensitivities requires us to derive differential equations for sensitivities from those for metabolite concentrations by partial differentiation, and it is not easy for experimentalists to perform this mathematical operation. The other is that the metabolic reaction systems are mostly described by stiff differential equations, from which it may not be easy to obtain reliable numerical solutions. We have previously developed software for calculation of dynamic sensitivities (softcads), in which one can calculate dynamic sensitivities with high accuracy by setting only differential equations for metabolite concentrations. This paper further improves the algorithm of softcads to enhance its performance. The results clearly show that regardless of the degree of stiffness, the improved softcads provides dynamic sensitivities with the super high accuracy that is comparable to the machine accuracy and also completes the calculation in a shorter time. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and Function of Poly(acrylic acid)s Modified by Supramolecular Complex Composed of Porphinatoiron and a Cyclodextrin Dimer That Bind Diatomic Molecules (O2 and CO) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kano Koji , Ochi Toshiro , Okunaka Sayuri , Ota Yusuke , Karasugi Keiichi , Ueda Takunori , Kitagishi Hiroaki
Published: September 2011

Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is modified by 5‐(4‐β‐alanylaminophenyl)‐10,15,20‐tris(4‐sulfonatophenyl) porphinatoiron(III) to yield iron porphyrin‐bearing PAAs (FeP(n)s) through a condensation reaction. FeP(n)s were further functionalized by Py3CD, which is a per‐O‐methylated β‐cyclodextrin (CD) dimer with a pyridine linker and includes the porphyrin pendants to form ferric hemoCD‐P(n)s. Ferrous hemoCD‐P(3), having three porphyrin chromophores in a polymer chain, is shown to bind molecular oxygen (P1/2=7.9±1.4 Torr) in aqueous solution at pH 7.0 and 25 °C, affording oxy‐hemoCD‐P(3). Oxy‐hemoCD‐P(3) is biphasically autoxidized to ferric hemoCD‐P(3), with 27 % of the dioxygen adducts being rapidly oxidized. The rate of autoxidation of oxy‐hemoCD‐P(15), having 15 porphyrin chromophores in a polymer chain, was much faster than that of oxy‐hemoCD‐P(3), thus suggesting self‐catalyzed autoxidation of oxy‐hemoCD‐P(n)s. Oxy‐hemoCD‐P(n)s are markedly stabilized by catalase, thereby indicating that hydrogen peroxide generated from oxy‐hemoCD‐P(n) accelerates the autoxidation. Most of the hemoCD‐P(3) molecules injected into the femoral vein of a rat remained in the body, though about 16 % of the hemoCD‐P(3) molecules were excreted in the urine as a carbon monoxide adduct.
Calcium‐Mediated Dearomatization, CH Bond Activation, and Allylation of Alkylated and Benzannulated Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Jochmann Phillip , Leich Valeri , Spaniol Thomas P. , Okuda Jun
Published: September 2011

A facile and general synthetic pathway for the production of dearomatized, allylated, and CH bond activated pyridine derivatives is presented. Reaction of the corresponding derivative with the previously reported reagent bis(allyl)calcium, [Ca(C3H5)2] (1), cleanly affords the product in high yield. The range of N‐heterocyclic compounds studied comprised 2‐picoline (2), 4‐picoline (3), 2,6‐lutidine (4), 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (5), 2,2′‐bipyridine (6), acridine (7), quinoline (8), and isoquinoline (9). Depending on the substitution pattern of the pyridine derivative, either carbometalation or CH bond activation products are obtained. In the absence of methyl groups ortho or para to the nitrogen atom, carbometalation leads to dearomatized products. C(sp3)H bond activation occurs at ortho and para situated methyl groups. Steric shielding of the 4‐position in pyridine yields the ring‐metalated product through C(sp2)H bond activation instead. The isolated compounds [Ca(2‐CH2‐C5H4N)2(THF)] (2 b⋅(THF)), [Ca(4‐CH2‐C5H4N)2(THF)2] (3 b⋅(THF)2), [Ca(2‐CH2‐C5H3N‐6‐CH3)2(THF)n] (4 b⋅(THF)n; n=0, 0.75), [Ca{2‐C5H3N‐4‐C(CH3)3}2(THF)2] (5 c⋅(THF)2), [Ca{4,4′‐(C3H5)2‐(C10H8N2)}(THF)] (6 a⋅(THF)), [Ca(NC13H9‐9‐C3H5)2(THF)] (7 a⋅(THF)), [Ca(4‐C3H5‐C9H7N)2(THF)] (8 b⋅(THF)), and [Ca(1‐C3H5‐C9H7N)2(THF)3] (9 a⋅(THF)3) have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and metal analysis. 9 a⋅(THF)4 and 4 b⋅(THF)3 were additionally characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction experiments. 4 b⋅(THF)3 shows an aza‐allyl coordination mode in the solid state. Based on the results, mechanistic aspects are discussed in the context of previous findings.
Technological Approaches for Material Management of Polymers containing Flame Retardants
Authors: Woidasky Jörg
Published: September 2011

Im Rahmen eines industriellen Kooperationsvorhabens wurde die Rückgewinnung technischer Kunststoffe aus Elektro‐Altgeräten und die Herstellung eines hochwertigen, marktgängigen Kunststoffcompounds beispielhaft demonstriert. Ausgehend vom Produktbeispiel Telefonendgerät mit ABS‐Gehäuse wurde ein Verfahrenskonzept basierend auf bewährten Anlagenkomponenten entwickelt, das in der Lage ist, durch eine Kombination von mechanischer Aufbereitung und Löseverfahren sowie Compoundierung ein marktfähiges Produkt zu erzeugen, so dass Stoffströme in Deutschland mit hoher Wertschöpfung genutzt werden können. Dabei lagen die Entwicklungsschwerpunkte zum einen in der Sicherstellung einer ausreichenden Polymerreinheit, um anwendungsgerechte mechanische Werkstoffkennwerte zu erhalten, zum anderen in der Verfahrensentwicklung und ‐optimierung zur Abreicherung der Flammschutzmittel aus unterschiedlich flammgeschützten Ausgangsmaterialien, die letztlich anforderungsgerecht (RoHS‐konform) hergestellt werden konnten.
Experimental study of hydromechanics and mass transfer characteristics in cross flow packed tower
Authors: Tang Li‐Xin , Ji Jin‐Lin , Wang Xue , Ding Zhi‐Ping
Published: September 2011

The functions of hydromechanics and volumetric mass transfer coefficient KXa of cross flow packed tower were studied by setting baffle plates. The influence of plate spacing on the pressure drop, height of the mass transfer unit, and mass transfer characteristics were investigated in an ordinary packed tower and a cross flow packed tower. The pressure drop increased with a rise in the flow rate of gas and liquid, and an excessive pressure drop caused flooding in the cross flow packed tower. The height of the mass transfer unit increased with a decrease in the gas flow when H/D = 0.8 − 1.2, while increased with the increase of the gas flow when H/D = 0.6. In the ordinary packed tower and the cross flow packed tower, KXa increased with a rise of liquid flow. The influence of gas flow on KXa was negligible in the ordinary packed tower, however, in the cross flow packed tower the KXa gradually increased with a rise in the gas flow rate. The effect of mass transfer was optimal at H/D = 0.8. In addition, using STATISTICA software, the corresponding KXa correlations were proposed and discussed.
Minimum fluidisation velocities of burned oil sand particles
Authors: Tang Jun , Chen Xiaona , Zhang Yongmin , Lu Chunxi , Shen Zhiyuan
Published: September 2011

The minimum fluidisation velocities of burned oil sand particles were investigated in a fluidised bed of I.D. 0.3 m and height 3 m based on de‐fluidisation method. The solid particles were four types of burned oil sand particles from different regions and depths and in different physical properties. A modified Noda equation [Noda et al., 46, 149–154 (1986)] was built to predict the minimum fluidisation velocities of the burned oil sand particles. The results showed that the burned oil sand particles had very wide size distribution and their fluidisation processes could be divided into fixed, partial fluidisation and full fluidisation stages, similar with binary‐particle fluidised beds. The calculated minimum fluidisation velocities were in good agreement with the experimental data. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Carbon Nanotube‐Based Metal‐Ion Catchers as Supramolecular Depolluting Materials
Authors: Maggini Laura , De Leo Federica , Marega Riccardo , Tóháti Hajnalka‐Mária , Kamarás Katalin , Bonifazi Davide
Published: September 2011

Herein, we report the first example of supramolecular carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based ion catchers as simple and effective tools for removing divalent metal ions from organic solvents. In particular, covalently functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) appended with pyridyl groups self‐aggregate in solution into bundles in the presence of divalent metal ions (e.g., Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+). Such self‐aggregation behavior leads to insoluble materials that, upon treatment with weak acids, can be regenerated and reused for further complexation. All materials and complexation/decomplexation steps were thoroughly characterized by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and different microscopy‐based techniques, namely, transmission electron, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopy (TEM, SEM, and AFM). The supramolecular system engineered in this work is the first example of an easy and fully sustainable material with great potential applications for depolluting liquid waste from metal contamination.
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells mediate Toxoplasma gondii‐induced T‐cell suppression through an IL‐2‐related mechanism but independently of IL‐10
Authors: Tenorio Eda P. , Fernández Jacquelina , Castellanos Carlos , Olguín Jonadab E. , Saavedra Rafael
Published: September 2011

Acute Toxoplasma gondii infection comprises an immunosuppression stage, characterized by a reduction in T‐cell proliferation in vitro. Treg cells maintain the homeostasis of the immune system, but their role in T. gondii‐induced suppression has not been addressed. We show herein that immunosuppression, affecting both CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell proliferation, concurs with a reduction in Treg‐cell number. The residual Treg cells, however, are activated and display an increased suppressive capacity. We show that selective elimination of Treg cells using Foxp3EGFP mice leads to a full recovery of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell proliferation. After Treg‐cell removal, a reduced production of IL‐10 was observed, but IL‐2 levels were unchanged. The numbers of IL‐10‐producing Treg cells also increased during infection, although the in vitro neutralization of this cytokine did not modify T‐cell proliferation, suggesting that IL‐10 does not mediate the Treg‐mediated suppression. However, addition of rIL‐2 in vitro fully restored T‐cell proliferation from infected animals. Thus, we show that Treg cells mediate the T‐cell suppression observed during acute T. gondii infection through an IL‐2‐dependent mechanism. Our results provide novel insights into the regulation of the immune response against T. gondii.
Human tumor‐induced and naturally occurring Treg cells differentially affect NK cells activated by either IL‐2 or target cells
Authors: Bergmann Christoph , Wild Clarissa A. , Narwan Mustafa , Lotfi Ramin , Lang Stephan , Brandau Sven
Published: September 2011

NK cells play a crucial role in the eradication of tumor cells. Naturally occurring (n) Treg cells and induced (i) Treg cells are two distinct Treg subsets. While the interaction of nTreg cells with NK cells has been investigated in the past, the role of tumor iTreg cells in the modulation of NK‐cell function remains unclear. Tumor iTreg cells were generated from CD4+CD25− T cells in the presence of autologous immature DCs, head and neck cancer cells and IL‐2, IL‐10, and IL‐15. The effect of iTreg cells and nTreg cells on the expression of NKG2D, NKp44, CD107a, and IFN‐γ by NK cells, as well as NK tumor‐cytolytic activity, were investigated. iTreg cells — similar to recombinant TGF‐β and nTreg cells — inhibited IL‐2‐induced activation of NK cells in the absence of target cell contact. Surprisingly, and in contrast to nTreg cells, iTreg cells enhanced NK‐cell activity elicited by target cell contact. The cytolytic activity of NK cells activated by iTreg cells was mediated via perforin and FasL. We conclude that tumor iTreg cells inhibited IL‐2‐mediated NK‐cell activity in the absence of target cells, whereas the tumoricidal activity of NK cells was enhanced by iTreg cells. Our data suggest a complex, previously not recognized, differential regulation of human NK activity by iTreg cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Synthesis and Structural Features of New Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing the Scorpionate Ligands Tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methanesulfonate (Tpms) and Tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (Tpm)
Authors: Miguel Sara , Diez Josefina , Gamasa Ma Pilar , Lastra Ma Elena
Published: September 2011

New ruthenium(II) scorpionate complexes containing tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methanesulfonate (Tpms) and tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane (Tpm) ligands have been synthesized. For complexes with Tpms, two isomers are obtained as the kinetic (1a) and thermodynamic (1b) products, which shows that, for these complexes, the κ3(N,N,N) coordination mode of the Tpms ligand is favored over κ3(N,N,O) coordination. In addition, complexes with water soluble phosphane ligands 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (PTA) and 1‐alkyl‐3,5‐diaza‐1‐azonia‐7‐phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (1‐R‐PTA) have been prepared and structurally characterized.
The St George's Eating Disorders Service Meal Preparation Group for Inpatients and Day Patients Pursuing Full Recovery: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lock Laura , Williams Hilary , Bamford Bryony , Lacey J. Hubert
Published: September 2011

This naturalistic cohort study evaluates a meal cookery group‐based occupational therapy intervention for adult inpatients and day patients with severe eating disorders. It also evaluates the Eating and Meal Preparation Skills Assessment (EMPSA) as an outcome measure, allowing clients pursuing recovery to rate ability and motivation to perform tasks related to preparing and eating ‘normal’ meals. Twenty‐seven participants completed EMPSAs at their first, 10th and final sessions, plus 1 year later. The Ability subscale of EMPSA indicated significant improvements (p < 0.001) by the 10th session, which was maintained 1 year later. The Motivation subscale of EMPSA indicated no significant changes at the 10th session but highly significant improvements (p < 0.001) between the 10th and final session, which was maintained 1 year later. Internal consistency for EMPSA was demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.71 for Ability subscale and 0.95 for Motivation subscale. We conclude that the meal preparation group is effective and durable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Novel partial decision combining schemes for Rayleigh fading
Authors: Chen Yunfei , Beaulieu Norman C.
Published: September 2011

New combining schemes for partial decisions using one‐bit and two‐bit information of the received samples are derived for Rayleigh fading channels. Compared with previous partial decision combining schemes, these new schemes have either better performances or simpler structures, or both. Simulation results show that some of the new schemes can achieve considerable performance gains over the conventional partial decision combiner in Rayleigh fading or log‐normal shadowed Rayleigh fading, whereas their structures are much simpler than the conventional partial decision combiner. This confirms the advantages of the newly designed combining schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QUALITY OF LIFE, TREATMENTS, AND PATIENTS' WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR A COMPLETE REMISSION OF CERVICAL CANCER IN TAIWAN
Authors: Lang Hui‐Chu , Chang Koyin , Ying Yung‐Hsiang
Published: September 2011

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in Taiwan. To investigate the disease cost and then raise awareness of the importance of screening for cervical cancer and promote early detection, this paper employs contingent valuation and willingness to pay (WTP) method to study how health‐related quality of life, disease severity, and after‐treatment disease status affect patients’ WTP for a complete remission of the disease. The inclusive criteria for the study were primary case outpatients at least 3 months after they had received therapy at the time of our study period. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted for the retrospective format of the survey. The result of the study indicates a lifetime WTP of $US21 221.96 for Taiwanese cervical cancer patients, which is significantly higher than the cost of screening for early detection. Disease stages do not show a consistent pattern in influencing WTP, but patients with surgery are willing to pay a significantly higher amount for a complete remission from the disease than patients without. In addition, mental health, positive attitudes toward life, and quality of life also are key factors that influence WTP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[11C]Methyl‐losartan as a potential ligand for PET imaging angiotensin II AT1 receptors
Authors: Hadizad Tayebeh , Collins Jeffrey , E. Antoun Rawad , S. Beanlands Rob , N. DaSilva Jean
Published: September 2011

The renin‐angiotensin system regulates blood pressure via activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The AT1R is involved in the pathology of cardiac and renal diseases such as heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize the O‐[11 C]methylated derivative of the clinically used AT1 receptor blocker losartan as a novel AT1R PET imaging radioligand. [11 C]Methyl‐losartan was reliably synthesized (n ≥ 40) via methylation of tetrazole‐protected losartan followed by deprotection using HCl in an overall yield of 30%–60% (decay‐corrected from [11 C]MeI). Radiochemical purity was >99% and specific activity 700–3600 mCi/µmol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lesezeichen im Buch des Lebens
Authors: Keller Kristina , Jung Manfred
Published: September 2011

Obwohl alle Zelltypen des Menschen das gleiche genetische Material haben, nehmen sie unterschied liche Aufgaben wahr. Es gibt also ein zelltypspezifisches Ablesen der Gene. Verantwortlich dafür sind bio che mische Markierungen.
Phosphatfrei waschen — phosphatbepackt spülen
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: September 2011

Aus den Waschmaschinen sind sie inzwischen verbannt, aber in Geschirrspülern gelten sie als Wundermittel: Tripolyphosphate. Die Suche nach Alternativen ist schwierig und gleicht einem Puzzlespiel.
Eine Hauptrolle für die Chemie: Die Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Gesellschaft
Authors: Richard E. Schneider
Published: September 2011

Die vor 100 Jahren gegründete Vorgängerin der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft war eine Idee preußischer Beamter und des fortschrittlichen Theologen Adolf von Harnack.
Sicherheit, Umwelt und Gesundheit überwachen
Authors: Rell Stefan
Published: September 2011

Moderne Software bietet einen integrierten Ansatz, der Unternehmen hilft, die wachsenden Informations‐ und Registrierungspflichten zu erfüllen und Risiken durch Chemikalien zu minimieren.
Stolperstellen bei der Einführung der CLP‐Verordnung
Authors: Darschnik Sabine
Published: September 2011

Die Kennzeichnung von gefährlichen Chemikalien ändert sich. Nicht nur die neue Farbgestaltung, sondern auch neue Symbole verunsichern die Nutzer. Zum Beispiel weist ein stilisierter Torso auf die hochgefährlichen Substanzen hin, deren Etiketten ehemals einen Totenkopf zeigten. Entscheidend für die betriebliche Praxis ist jedoch, dass die stoffbedingten Risiken gleich geblieben sind.
Antibakterielle Seife
Authors: Schebb Nils Helge
Published: September 2011

Triclocarban (TCC) wird antibakteriellen Seifen in einer Konzentration von bis zu 1,5 Prozent zugesetzt. Neue Studien deuten darauf hin, dass sich der Stoff in Gewässern anreichert und in Säugetieren bio logisch aktiv ist. Daraus ergeben sich Fragen zur Humanexposition sowie zu einer möglichen pharma kologischen oder toxischen Wirkung von TCC auf den Menschen.
Was unter dem Hügel steckt
Authors: Kuhnert Nikolai
Published: September 2011

Komplexe Stoffgemische, wie sie in verarbeiteten Lebensmitteln, etwa schwarzem Tee, vorkommen, ergeben im Chromatogramm keine scharfen, sondern sehr breite Signale. Mit ultrahochaufgelöster und Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie lassen sich solche “unresolved complex mixtures” dennoch charakterisieren.
Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities after tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in Ph+ all resolution after decitabine therapy
Authors: Lockhart Sharon , McDonald Lisa , Rytting Michael , Chan Ka Wah
Published: September 2011

Mixed chimerism and presence of minimal residual disease after stem cell transplantation (SCT) usually predict leukemia recurrence. In Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) leukemia tyrosine kinase inhibitors can restore remission. These agents can induce clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in the Philadelphia negative cell population (CCA/Ph−), which may rarely progress to acute myeloid leukemia. A child with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed mixed donor chimerism and persistent bcr‐abl transcripts after a matched sibling SCT. There was no response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, but she has remained hematologically normal for more than 5 years. CCA/Ph− was detected but resolved with hypomethylating therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:573–575. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary pressure reduction attenuates expression of proteins identified by lung proteomic profiling in pulmonary hypertensive rats
Authors: Østergaard Louise , Honoré Bent , Thorsen Lise B. , Baandrup Jonas , Eskildsen‐Helmond Yvonne , Laursen Britt E. , Vorum Henrik , Mulvany Michael J. , Simonsen Ulf
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to analyze protein expression in lungs from pulmonary hypertensive rats in order to identify novel signaling pathways. This was achieved by proteomic studies in which proteins from lung homogenates from hypoxic were compared to normoxic rats. The expression of these proteins was then investigated in lungs from hypoxic rats treated with either an activator of soluble guanylyl cyclase, BAY 412272, or an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5, sildenafil. The proteomic study revealed an up‐regulation of guanine nucleotide‐binding protein β, GST‐ω‐1, cathepsin D, chloride intracellular channel subunit 5, annexin A4, F‐actin capping protein CapZ (CapZα), and the translation factor elongation factor 1 δ in lungs from chronic hypoxic rats with pulmonary hypertension. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CapZα, cathepsin D, and annexin A4 were expressed in the pulmonary vascular wall and immunoblotting showed these proteins correlated to alterations in muscularization. Both drugs inhibited hypoxia‐induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure and pulmonary arterial muscularization, and prevented most of the protein regulations observed after hypoxia. These findings suggest that pulmonary pressure is an important factor for initiating signaling pathways leading to protein expression and muscularization in the pulmonary vasculature.
Well‐defined polyoxazoline‐based alkoxyamines as efficient macroinitiators in nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of styrene
Authors: Marx Lucien , Volet Gisele , Amiel Catherine
Published: September 2011

The synthesis of two well‐defined 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane‐3‐nitroxide‐terminated poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) with narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.1) has been achieved for the first time. The insertion of the alkoxyamine end groups at one or both ends of poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMEOX) chains has been successfully done using a method based on “terminating reagent method.” These macroinitiators have molecular weights ranging from 6.3 × 103 to 9.4 × 103 g mol−1. In contrast, attempt to introduce the alkoxyamine group at one end of PMEOX chain through the “initiator method” has furnished a mixture of alkoxyamine‐graft polyoxazolines because of rearrangement of alkoxyamine occurring during the synthesis of PMEOX. The macroinitiators obtained by terminating reagent method have been used successfully for polymerization of styrene by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMP), which exhibited all the expected features of a controlled system. The control of NMP has been proved by a good agreement between theoretical and experimental molecular weights and by narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.2). Different types of well‐defined multiblock copolymers have been prepared: diblock copolymers poly[(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐(styrene)] (PMEOX‐b‐PS) and, for the first time, triblock copolymers poly[(styrene)‐b‐(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐(styrene)] (PS‐b‐PMEOX‐b‐PS). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.
Photoinduced thiol–ene crosslinking of globalide/ε‐caprolactone copolymers: Curing performance and resulting thermoset properties
Authors: Claudino Mauro , van der Meulen Inge , Trey Stacy , Jonsson Mats , Heise Andreas , Johansson Mats
Published: September 2011

The increasing demand for bioderived polymers led us to investigate the potential use of the macrolactone globalide in thermoset synthesis via the photoinduced thiol–ene reaction. A series of six lipase‐catalyzed poly(globalide‐caprolactone) copolyesters bearing internal main‐chain unsaturations ranging from 10 to 50 and 100 mol % were successfully crosslinked in the melt with equal amounts of thiol groups from trimethylolpropane‐trimercapto propionate affording fully transparent amorphous elastomeric materials with different thermal and viscoelastic properties. Three major conclusions can be drawn from this study: (i) high thiol–ene conversions (>80%) were easily attained for all cases, while maintaining the cure behavior, and irrespective of functionality at reasonable reaction rates; (ii) parallel chain‐growth homopropagation of the ene monomer is insignificant when compared with the main thiol–ene coupling route; and (iii) high ene‐density copolymers result in much lower extracted sol fractions and high Tg values as a result of a more dense and homogeneous crosslinked network. The thiol–ene system evaluated in this contribution serve as model example for the sustainable use of naturally occurring 1,2‐disubstituted alkenes in making semisynthetic polymeric materials in high conversions with a range of properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012.
Amphiphilic PEG‐grafted poly(ester‐carbonate)s: Synthesis and diverse nanostructures in water
Authors: Zhu Weipu , Wang Ying , Zhang Qiujin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: September 2011

Novel biodegradable amphiphilic graft copolymers containing hydrophobic poly(ester‐carbonate) backbone and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains were synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and “click” chemistry. First, the ring‐opening copolymerization of 5,5‐dibromomethyl trimethylene carbonate (DBTC) and ε‐caprolactone (CL) was performed in the presence of stannous octanoate [Sn(Oct)2] as catalyst, resulting in poly(DBTC‐co‐CL) with pendant bromo groups. Then the pendant bromo groups were completely converted into azide form, which permitted “click” reaction with alkyne‐terminated PEG by Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions to give amphiphilic biodegradable graft copolymers. The graft copolymers were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectra and gel permeation chromatography measurements, which confirmed the well‐defined graft architecture. These copolymers could self‐assemble into micelles in aqueous solution. The size and morphologies of the copolymer micelles were measured by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, which are influenced by the length of PEG and grafting density. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.
Stereoregular polycarbonate synthesis: Alternating copolymerization of CO2 with aliphatic terminal epoxides catalyzed by multichiral cobalt(III) complexes
Authors: Ren Wei‐Min , Liu Ye , Wu Guang‐Peng , Liu Jie , Lu Xiao‐Bing
Published: September 2011

Completely stereoregular polycarbonate synthesis was achieved with the use of unsymmetric multichiral cobalt‐based complexes bearing a derived chiral BINOL and an appended 1,5,7‐triabicyclo[4.4.0] dec‐5‐ene as catalyst for the copolymerization of CO2 and aliphatic terminal epoxides at mild conditions. The (S,S,S)‐Co(III) complex 1c with sterically hindered substituent group is more stereoregular catalyst for the copolymerization of CO2 and racemic propylene oxide to afford a perfectly regioregular poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), with >99% head‐to‐tail linkages, >99% carbonate linkages, and a Krel of 24.4 for the enchainment of (R)‐epoxide over (S)‐epoxide. The isotactic PPC exhibits an enhanced glass transition temperature of 47 °C, which is 10–12 °C higher than that of the corresponding irregular polycarbonate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.
Covalent polymeric modification of graphene nanosheets via surface‐initiated single‐electron‐transfer living radical polymerization
Authors: Chen Xiaoyi , Yuan Li , Yang Pengyuan , Hu Jianhua , Yang Dong
Published: September 2011

Graphene nanosheets offer intriguing electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties and are expected to find a variety of applications in high‐performance nanocomposite materials. Dispersal of graphene nanosheets in polymer hosts and precise interface control are challenging due to their strong interlayer cohesive energy and surface inertia. Here, an efficient strategy is presented for growing polymers directly from the surface of reduced graphene oxide (GO). This method involves the covalent attachment of Br‐containing initiating groups onto the surface of hydrazine hydrate reduced GO via a diazonium addition and the succeeding linking of poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA) chains (71.7 wt % grafting efficiency) via surface‐initiated single‐electron‐transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) to graphene nanosheets. The resulting materials were characterized by using a range of testing techniques and it was proved that polymer chains were successfully introduced to the surface of exfoliated graphene sheets. After grafting with PtBMA, the modified graphene sheets still maintained the separated single layers, and the dispersibility was improved significantly. The method is believed to offer possibilities for optimizing the processing properties and interface structure of graphene–polymer nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.
Home‐based physical activity intervention for colorectal cancer survivors
Authors: Pinto Bernardine M. , Papandonatos George D. , Goldstein Michael G. , Marcus Bess H. , Farrell Nancy
Published: September 2011

Background

The efficacy of a home‐based physical activity (PA) intervention for colorectal cancer patients versus contact control was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Forty‐six patients (mean age = 57.3 years [SD = 9.7], 57% female, mean = 2.99 years post‐diagnosis [SD = 1.64]) who had completed treatment for stages 1–3 colorectal cancer were randomized to telephone counseling to support PA (PA group, n = 20) or contact control (control group, n = 26). PA group participants received 3 months of PA counseling (based on the transtheoretical model and the social cognitive theory) delivered via telephone, as well as weekly PA tip sheets. Assessments of PA (Seven‐day Physical Activity Recall [7‐day PAR] and Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors [CHAMPS]), submaximal aerobic fitness (Treadwalk test), motivational readiness for PA, and psychosocial outcomes were conducted at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months post‐baseline. Objective accelerometer data were collected at the same time points.

Results

The PA group reported significant increases in minutes of PA at 3 months (7‐day PAR) and caloric expenditure (CHAMPS) compared with the control group, but the group differences were attenuated over time. The PA group showed significant improvements in fitness at 3, 6, and 12 months versus the control group. Improvements in motivational readiness for PA were reported in the PA group only at 3 months. No significant group differences were found for fatigue, self‐reported physical functioning, and quality of life at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Conclusion

A home‐based intervention improved survivors' PA and motivational readiness at 3 months and increased submaximal aerobic fitness at 3, 6, and 12 months. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Training the next generation of protein scientists
Authors: Summers Michael F.
Published: September 2011

Carl Brändén made significant contributions in areas of protein X‐ray crystallography and science education. As the 2011 recipient of the Protein Society award honoring Carl's contributions, I had the opportunity to reflect on the undergraduate educational activities that have been practiced in my own laboratory over the past 24 years at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, an institution that emphasizes both research and undergraduate education. A system has been developed that attempts to minimize the tension that can exist between conflicting graduate research and undergraduate mentoring goals. The outcomes, as measured not only by subsequent activities of the participating undergraduates, but also by the activities of the graduate students and postdocs that worked with the undergraduates, indicate a general overall benefit for all participants, particularly for women and underrepresented minorities who are traditionally poorly retained in the sciences. Greater participation of undergraduates in research activities of active scientists who often focus primarily on graduate and postdoctoral training could have a positive impact on the leaky undergraduate science pipeline.