bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation and Power in a Pluralist World
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 7 focuses on prospects of cooperation and problems of power in pluralism. Assertions of competing supremacy claims are typically part of processes of change in the respective regimes, and this element of change is also crucial for the broader assessment of pluralism's promise. As postnational regimes change—and are strengthened—they provoke challenges from disaffected actors, including domestic ones which are typically at the margins of regime design and adaptation. Pluralism's openness helps to buffer and accommodate such resistance informally, allows for working around competing claims in an incrementalist fashion, and constructing authority over time. Contrary to widespread assumptions in the literature, it can also help to remedy (rather than reinforce) power asymmetries in postnational governance. As regimes evolve, they prompt processes of normative change and trigger greater demand for institutional transformation by previously excluded actors. Pluralism's openness provides space for such challenges, while constitutionalist orders tend to stabilize initial, often more power-driven designs.
Libertarianism, Action, and Self‐Determination
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

There is a basic, strong, fundamental sense in which free will and moral responsibility are provably, logically impossible. For in the end, they require that one be radically the cause of oneself, causa sui, and this is impossible. One way to put this impossibility is to say that it requires the completion of an infinite series of tasks. Another is this: (1) One is the way one is as a result of one's heredity and experience. (2) One cannot somehow accede to true responsibility for oneself by trying to change the way one is as a result of heredity and experience. For (3) both the particular way in which one tries to change oneself, and the degree of one's success in changing, will be determined by how one already is. And (4) any further changes that one can successfully bring about only after certain initial changes will in turn be determined, via the initial changes, by heredity and experience.
Kant and Commitment
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter considers Kant's theory of freedom. Kant thinks that our experience of being subject to the Moral Law has the consequence that we cannot help experiencing ourselves as truly, radically free to choose. Various questions arise. For example: (1) Does Kant think that there is a sense in which we really are radically free ‘from a practical point of view’, i.e., as regards action, precisely because we cannot help experiencing ourselves as free? (2) Could a being that had no conception of morality none the less experience itself as radically free? (3) Is is really true that we — human beings — are bound to experience ourselves as radically free? (4) Is believing one is free perhaps a necessary condition of freedom, even if it is not sufficient?
Commitment, Illusion, and Truth
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

Can we allow a sense in which we are genuinely radically free ‘practically speaking’, even if there is also a sense in which freedom is impossible from an objective, theoretical point of view? Might this be a case in which we encounter what Nagel calls ‘limits to objectivity’? Can something be an illusion from one point of view and a reality from another?
Objectivism: Preliminaries
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter begins to try to build a statement of the necessary and sufficient conditions of free agenthood. The first group of conditions seem straightforward: an agent must be (1) capable of entertaining desires; (2) capable of forming beliefs about its circumstances; (3) practical-rational, that is, capable of practical reasoning; (4) capable of self-movement (or self-change); and (5) capable of fully self-conscious thought. These are nominated as the initial set of Structural or S conditions of free agenthood. Dogs can presumably fulfil conditions (1)-(4), but not (5). Nemo is introduced: he is defined as being as similar to an ordinary human being as it is possible to be without being self-conscious. The question is whether he could count as a free agent.
Choice
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

It seems clear that possession of the ability to choose is a necessary condition of free agenthood. Now there is a sense in which fulfilling conditions (1)-(4) in Chapter 7 already entails possessing the ability to choose. But the notion of ability to choose needs further discussion, which it receives in this chapter. Consider a choice made by Fido, an affectionate dog trained for life-saving. He stands at the end of an island, facing the point of bifurcation of a river, watching his master and mistress being carried away equidistantly down the two channels of the river. He looks from side to side, agitated, hesitating, then plunges after — one of them. Given that we don't think that dogs can be free agents in the sense that we are, we need to ask what exactly dogs lack, when it comes to making choices.
Self‐consciousness
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter considers self-consciousness, i.e., condition (5) from Chapter 7. It offers a conventional definition of ‘full’ or ‘express’ self-consciousness, i.e., self-consciousness of the kind possessed by nearly all human beings. According to the definition, to be fully self-conscious is to be able to think of yourself conceived of specifically as yourself. This raises a question: must any creature that is self-conscious have some sort of conception of itself as somehow single just qua mental, i.e., as a thing which has some sort of singleness considered purely in its mental aspect — even if it also has, and believes itself to have, singleness considered in its physical or overall psychophysical aspect? This seems unlikely to most analytic philosophers, but this chapter argues that it may well be the case. Independently of that, our ability to be fully self-consciously aware of ourselves as choosing, in a situation of choice, seems to be one of the crucial foundations of our conviction that we are radically free to choose even if determinism is true.
Evidence and Independence
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter begins a sustained discussion of the suggestion that believing you are free might be a condition of actually being free. The suggestion is highly paradoxical. It seems clear that it violates the ‘principle of independence’. This is the principle that if one has a belief, B, then the obtaining of the state of affairs that makes B true cannot (ever) depend upon or necessarily involve one's having B. It is, in other words, the principle that one's having B cannot be among the truth-conditions of B. If believing one is free is just causally inevitable, if one is free, then there may be no great problem. But the suggestion is that believing one is free may somehow be partly constitutive of being free.
The Spectator Subject and Integration
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

The Spectator Subject, or Theoria, is a self-conscious, self-moving purposive agent. She fulfils all the basic Structural S conditions on free agenthood introduced in Chapter 7. But she does not appear to be a free agent, on account of the peculiarity of her sense of self, and, in particular, the peculiarity of her attitude to her desires and herself as an agent. She resembles Camus's étranger; she is somehow disengaged from life, including her own. When she alludes to one of his own desires, it's as if she is recounting a fact about a feature of the world extraneous to her; for she seems to be just the detached reporting self. The Spectator Subject suggests a further condition on freedom. One must not be detached in the way she is. One must be ‘Integrated’ or engaged. One must fulfill the Integration Condition. This is an Attitudinal condition on freedom, not a Structural condition.
The Natural Epictetans
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

The Natural Epictetans fulfil all the Structural conditions on agency, and also the Attitudinal Integration condition. They are a race of gifted, active creatures in a highly congenial world. They are never undecided in any way. They never hesitate in any way about what to do. They never consciously deliberate about what ends to pursue, or about how to pursue them — having no need to. And they never experience hindrances; they always succeed in doing what they want to do. Given that they have no experience of deliberation or indecision, the notion of radical freedom may have little content for them. They may have no identifiable belief that they are radically free, although they always do what they want to do, in a way that many take to be central to, if not sufficient for, actual freedom. Might they fail to be fully free simply in failing to have any genuine sense of themselves as free? Could experience of indecision be a necessary condition of being genuinely free?
Subjectivism and Experience of Freedom
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

The conclusion so far is that believing that one is radically free is indeed a necessary condition of being radically free. But this claim still seems to contravene the principle of independence in an unacceptable way. It still seems that the belief in one's radical freedom can be fully justified only if it can be shown that one is radically free quite independently of the fact that one believes that one is. This chapter makes one last attempt to solve this problem. The final proposed analysis of free agenthood is this. If we are free agents, then a free agent is a (1) fully self-conscious, (2) integrated or engaged, (3) purposive agent that is (4) able to choose and is (5) fully self-consciously aware of this and (6) believes it is (or experiences itself as) free.
A Brief History of Climate Politics and the Roles of the US and EU Therein
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

This chapter briefly reviews the history of the international climate change negotiations leading up to and culminating in the drafting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and, subsequently, the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion examines the role of the US and the EU in the negotiating process; focusing on how the US and the EU influenced the substantive content of the Kyoto Protocol. It then explores the importance of the EU and the US as political actors in global climate politics, as past and present contributors to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and as symbolic and substantive ‘role models’ in the international climate regime.
Sub-Federal Laws and Policies in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

States have long been the ‘laboratories of democracy’ for US lawmaking; states and other sub-federal actors are proving particularly important to the development of climate change law and policy. Through reference to key regional, state, and local efforts, this chapter explores how, why, and to what effect sub-federal actors are influencing climate policy in the US. It examines whether in confronting the federal government's failure to discharge its customary role as the principal architect of environmental policy, sub-federal entities have stepped in to fill the policy void. In doing so, it considers whether sub-federal climate change initiatives are merely symbolic in nature, ie, lacking substance and enforceability, or whether they are in fact having significant impact on the way that the domestic and private sectors and, ultimately, the federal government think about and respond to climate change in legal and political forums.
Law and Policy in the European Union
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

This chapter briefly reviews the history of the EU as it relates to the role of EU institutions in environmental policy-making. It explores EU decision-making institutions and processes and the relationship between the EU and its member states, with particular reference to role and responsibilities in implementing the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and otherwise addressing climate change. It then reviews EU climate change law and policy to date, focusing on regional policy initiatives. In examining EU governance systems and climate initiatives, it seeks to begin revealing similarities and differences in EU and US political systems as a preface to more in-depth comparisons in Chapters 7 and 8.
US and EU Laws and Policies Compared
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

The disparities—both perceived and real—between US and EU responses to climate change play a central role in defining the political parameters of on-going negotiations over a post-Kyoto agreement. While the EU and the US are only two actors at a sprawling negotiating table increasingly dominated by the rapidly developing economies, they are two of the players whose early expressions of interest and commitment helped shape the framework of the debate as well as the willingness of other key players to come to the table. And, while the EU and the US are often portrayed as sitting at opposite ends of the negotiating table, this depiction is neither accurate nor helpful. This chapter attempts to more thoroughly analyze convergences and divergences in US and EU climate strategies and to begin examining some of the key factors that influence the two regimes' legal and political approaches to climate change.
Socio-Legal Factors Influencing US and EU Law and Policymaking
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

Questions of how and why the EU and the US are responding to climate change and what socio-political factors drive these choices remain underexplored. To better understand convergences and divergences in EU and US climate change strategies, this chapter examines five categories of factors that influence climate change law and policy-making in Europe and America, including: (1) systems of governance; (2) risk perception and notions of precaution; (3) the roles of media and civil society; (4) modes of capitalism; (5) notions of equity. The objective of this analysis is not to undertake an exhaustive review of each of these topics, all of which have generated a rich body of literature. Rather, the goal of this chapter is to outline how each of these fundamental factors shapes transatlantic climate debate and highlight points requiring further enquiry.
‘Narrower Circuits’
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

This chapter concentrates on a single, representative metrical system from Roman lyric poetry — the sapphic stanza — and traces its use through Catullus, Horace, and Statius. In Statius we find that the form carries with it the associations of its most prolific user, Horace, but still retains a tangibly ‘Sapphic’ quality, recalling the archaic Greek poet whose name it carried. In Catullus the evocation of Sappho is more obvious, the adoption of her signature metre in 51 accompanying a version of a sapphic poem, but the power of delivering the demolition of that affection, the iambic Poem 11, in sapphics has not been appreciated. Horace's sapphics play an important role in his self-positioning within the broad lyric field, in particular in poems such as Odes 1.12 and 4.2 where comparison and contrast with Pindar are in play. But the ability of the sapphic stanza to imply humility and lower aspirations is discernible in other odes as well, a number of which are analysed here.
The Dactylic Hexameter and its Detractors
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on the benchmark metre in ancient poetry, the heroic hexameter. Three poetic forms embodying a contradiction of the epic ethos embodied by the hexameter are considered: saturnians, satirical hexameters, and elegiacs. Saturnians, the celebratory medium displaced by hexameters by Ennius, are probed for their capacity to convey resistance to the hellenization represented by hexameters, and similar implications attach to Lucilius' decision to adopt the hexameter as the default form for satire, but a hexameter which is a travesty of the magnificent vehicle of epic: later satirists offer interesting twists to this combative relationship with their own form. Finally, elegy has an ambivalent relationship with epic hard-wired into it by the uneasy combination of a dactylic hexameter and pentameter in the elegiac couplet, and poetry by a range of elegiac poets is used to show the creative potential of this metrical combination.
Conclusion
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

This chapter offers a summary of the salient conclusions of the preceding chapters, with special attention to metre as an arena for Roman negotiation of their relationship to Greece, and the peculiar physicality of the Roman conception of metre, related (it is suggested) to its status as an import and as the object of academic study. The hope is expressed that the book, at the very least, will make dismissal of the metrical dimension of a poetic artefact no longer tenable.
Eric Partridge's Dictionaryof Slang and Unconventional English
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Eric Honeywood Partridge dominated British slang lexicography from the post-war period until long after his death in 1979. This chapter examines his Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English in its various editions and abridged forms, exploring its relationship to earlier dictionaries and identifying changes in methodology through time. It also considers the 1984 edition, edited by Paul Beale after Partridge's death.
Legacies of Empire and Declarations of Independence: Dictionaries of the Slang of Newer Nations
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Several slang glossaries were produced in Australia during this period, addressing some of the same concerns as the British glossaries about immigration and equality. Dictionaries of New Zealand and Canadian slang concern themselves with identifying a national slang, distinctive from that used by Australia and the United States. Dictionaries of Nigerian slang attempt to document linguistic creativity and to create a unifying non-standard language.
Dictionaries of American Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

American slang glossaries from this period celebrate novelty and inventiveness. They demonstrate an interest in the historical antecedents of contemporary slang, but are largely interested in current usage. Subsections deal with circus and carnival slang, soda fountain slang, and hotel slang.
Dictionaries of Race and Music
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Glossaries of African-American English began to appear between the wars. This period saw them take on a political function in the fight for civil rights and a practical role in attempts to improve educational levels in inner-city schools. Musicians' slang was heavily influenced by African-American slang, and musicians carried this slang into more general usage.
Dictionaries of Youth
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Slang only becomes associated with young people in general during the period covered by this volume. The production of dictionaries of youth slang was fuelled by fears of juvenile delinquency and by the influence of ‘black’ music on white teenagers. However, many glossaries of youth slang from this period were produced as tools in marketing and advertising campaigns.
Dictionaries of Drugs Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

In part fed by developments in youth culture, drug-taking became another major cause for concern during this period, and glossaries were produced for the use of various professional groups dealing with drug-users. Glossaries in this chapter engage in the debate about whether drug-users should be treated as victims or as criminals.
Dictionaries of Crime and Incarceration
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Unlike glossaries from earlier periods, these concentrate on the language used by criminals inside prison. Stripped of their glamour, criminals are revealed as either brutal and thuggish or deserving of pity. The disproportionate incarceration of African-Americans is evident in vocabulary overlaps with Chapter 7. The language of lesbians is better represented here than in Chapter 9.
Mean‐field theories
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

The present chapter explains the mean-field approximation, the Landau theory, the infinite-range model, and the Bethe approximation, and shows that all these (mean-field) theories are essentially equivalent to each other. The Landau theory is a phenomenological approach that uses the concept of symmetry and the order parameter, a measure of the breaking of that symmetry, as fundamental collective degrees of freedom. Also described are the Landau theory of tricritical behaviour, correlation functions, the limit of applicability of the mean-field theory, known as the Ginzburg criterion, and dynamic critical phenomena. Mean-field theories yield the exact critical exponents for dimensions larger than the upper critical dimension, and their solutions provide a reasonable starting point for more advanced methods including the renormalization group.
Renormalization group and scaling
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Mean-field theory is usually taken as a first step toward understanding critical phenomena, providing an overview that reveals qualitative behaviour of physical quantities. However, it is necessary to proceed beyond the mean-field theory to better understand the situation, both qualitatively and quantitatively, when fluctuations play vital roles leading to exponents that cannot be explained by dimensional analysis, thus introducing anomalous dimensions. The present chapter explains the basic concepts of the renormalization group and scaling theory, which allow us to analyze critical phenomena with fluctuations systematically taken into account. The essential step in a renormalization group calculation consists of establishing recursion relations between the parameters defining the Hamiltonian of the system. These recursion or renormalization group equations define a flow with well-defined fixed points. Details other than the values of the relevant operators have no influence on the critical exponents and this represents universality.
Statistical field theory
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Statistical-mechanical systems often involve discrete elementary degrees of freedom such as spins in the Ising model. Field theories, on the other hand, have continuous fields, defined over the whole space-time or part of it, as fundamental degrees of freedom. These two seemingly different descriptions of physical phenomena can be related close to the critical point. The present chapter summarizes how the description by continuous fields emerges from discrete degrees of freedom in a more systematic manner than in previous chapters. The phenomenological Landau-Ginzburg approach, based on the concept of order parameter, is expanded to generate effective field theories. The important roles of symmetry and topology are also elucidated in some detail. Also shown are some of the important consequences of having a broken-symmetry phase, such as long-range order, the emergence of Nambu-Goldstone modes when the symmetry involved is continuous, and topological defects.
Duality
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Exact solutions of model systems are the most reliable source of information. However, there are not many model systems that can be exactly solved and, consequently, many approximate schemes such as series expansions have been developed. It is sometimes possible, though, to extract exact information without directly solving those model systems. Arguments using duality transformations make it possible to derive the exact location of the phase transition point and the exact value of the energy at the transition point when the model is self dual. Duality not only determines the exact location of the transition point of the two-dimensional Ising model and related models but also is useful to rewrite the $XY$ model into a different form, the Villain model and its dual, which reveals new physical aspects of the system. Classical and quantum dualities can be related by certain mappings and Fourier transformation is at the root of such deep results.
Numerical methods
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

This chapter introduces a few typical numerical methods used in modern studies of phase transitions and critical phenomena in spin systems. The first section describes the stochastic dynamics of a generic system with discrete degrees of freedom following the master equation. This section serves as a theoretical basis for the Monte Carlo method that includes the heat bath and Metropolis algorithms of configuration updates. Another useful numerical technique is the transfer matrix method, described in the last section, and which is applied for numerically exact evaluation of the free energy and related physical quantities.
Building on the Tradition
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Most current thinking about language change is directly linked to ideas from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter shows how the neogrammarian concept of synchronic regularity tested and improved the techniques of reconstruction in Chapter 2. By highlighting the concerns of the past and reviewing the accomplishments that became the building blocks of modern historical linguistics, this chapter offers contemporary discussions of such past problems as Grassmann's Law, Grimm's Law, Verner's Law, and the Indo‐European consonants. An Appendix briefly sketches standard Proto‐Indo‐European phonology for the novice.
Natural Processes
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

The difficult issue of what is natural in different components of the grammar is addressed. A few phonetic processes recognized as natural in several models are word‐final devoicing, the irreversible change of [s] to [h], excrescence, assimilation, and palatalization. The Universality of the Sonority Hierarchy is upheld and its consequences for change are explored. In the interaction between semantics and other domains, the polarity principle (markedness vs faithfulness) and probable examples of Avoid homophony are adduced. Natural syntactic processes are introduced along with potential examples of natural morphology, e.g. loss of exception marks, Watkins' Law, and corrections of mirror‐principle violations. Iconicity of exponents with the syntactic computation is relevant only to cumulative (not substitutive) morphology and is at best an optimality condition.
Vowel Shifts and the Middle English Vowels
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

The old hypotheses of teleology and equilibrium are illusions. Shifts do not fill holes to create symmetrical systems. Rather, sounds shift by phonetically and perceptually motivated mechanisms, and the selection of those changes is constrained (at least) by prototype perception. Perceptual space accounts for chain shifts better than system dependence or the idea that all vowel changes are independent. Tensed vowels are instrumentally more peripheral than non‐tensed and can rhyme with them. This provides a valuable clue to the Early Middle English vowels. The Ormulum [c12], which contextually writes VC for long vowels and VCC for short, rarely distinguishes the Old English long vowels from short vowels in open syllables. Instrumental evidence invites the hypothesis that open syllable lengthening had begun and that the old and new long vowels rhymed, so could be written the same way.
Introduction
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Positional correlations and linearization changes mark the transition to morphology and syntax. On most theoretical accounts, morphology is not autonomous, but interacts with at least three other domains: (i) phonology and perception, (ii) the lexicon/culture, and (iii) syntax. The first is treated extensively in Volume I. The second is illustrated with the rise of the feminine gender in Indo‐European, and the third by documentation of the changes from Latin to Romance in the shift from morphological to syntactic coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. In morphological change, both inflectional and derivational markers are shown to spread by lexical diffusion. Syntactic change is (micro)parametric and is typically motivated by changes in lexical features combined with morphological attrition and/or principles of efficient computation. The latter are especially important for frequent crosslinguistic changes, including the numerous shifts from lexical to functional content as well as changes within functional categories. The volume closes with the genesis of creole inflectional, derivational, and syntactic categories, involving the interaction of contact phenomena with morphological and syntactic change.
Morphological Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

The origin and diffusion of two English suffixes are treated. The first is 3sg. ‐s, which is not of Scandinavian origin but resulted from generalization of ‐s from is to has to other irregular monosyllabic verbs, to which ‐s was restricted in Early Modern English, and finally to regular verbs. The second study is deadjectival ‐en, which expanded under Norse contact in northeast England. Novel English verbs were created by semantic analogy to the Nordic models, which imposed a set of constraints: monosyllabic base, trochaic foot structure, and root‐final obstruent. A brief comparison with the spread of other affixes reveals that derivational and inflectional formatives spread by lexical diffusion. General utility and extralinguistic factors determine the rapidity of the spread and the degree of productivity.
The History of English DO
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Do underwent four main structural reanalyses. The first (merger in v) took do from a causative verb to a factual/evidential auxiliary. There was also a semantically empty variant that became more frequent as V‐to‐T movement was gradually lost over the period from c15 to ca.1730. The second reanalysis was to an interrogative marker [ca.1600]. Initially, do occurred only in questions with evidential semantics, but in yes‐no questions had multiple motivations. The third reanalysis was to Cinque's highest Mood/Modal categories (epistemic, evidential, evaluative, and speech act). The fourth reanalysis was restriction to verum focus and Force/Illocution (Mood speech act). All of these changes illustrate reanalysis to higher functional positions, in this case to the highest universal functional categories proposed by Rizzi and Cinque.
The Development of Creole Categories
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Creoles emerge via relexification of one or more substrate languages, with grammatical categories from substrates, superstrates, and internal changes. Creoles exhibit a striking typological similarity and attest only a subset of possible parametric variation. No creole has ergative syntax, referential null pronouns, person‐number agreement, V‐to‐T movement, syntactic clitics, or V2. Considering the long history of some, constant exposure to the superstrates, and the fact that ordinary internal changes and grammaticalizations are well attested, the number of creole features that persist is remarkable. The highly complex tense‐mood‐aspect systems develop from the same core elements albeit from different source languages: future go/va; past bin/te; perfect don /fin(i)/kaba; etc. The innovation of functional categories, complementizers, and voice structures reflects universal clausal architecture. Since some structures, like passive, antedate the borrowing of an exponent, relabeling of substrate categories is not all that is needed to account for the development of creoles.
1 Tribal Membership Governance and the Cultural Production of Indigeneity: Reflecting Inter‐indigenous Recognition in Public Policy
Authors: Kirsty Gover
Published: January 2011

In the settler states, recognition of indigenous peoples has traditionally proceeded on one of two models: the race model (prioritizing indigenous ancestry) and the nation model (prioritizing tribal membership). This chapter suggests that both models are inadequate, because neither acknowledges inter-indigenous recognition. By reference to tribal constitutions and codes, it shows that many tribes use a concept of indigeneity in their membership criteria. Many allow the enrolment of non-descendants and prefer indigenous persons when they do so. This shows that when they self-constitute, tribes position themselves within a broader cultural association of indigenous communities, enclosed by an indigenous non-indigenous boundary of their own making. Existing models of tribalism, indigeneity, culture, and recognition in political theory and public policy do not adequately account for the relationships between tribes and indigenous persons.
3 Descent and Genealogy: The Changing Landscape of Tribal Membership Governance in the United States
Authors: Kirsty Gover
Published: January 2011

In the United States, the modern period of tribal constitutionalism began in the 1930s. This chapter illustrates the ways in which tribes have altered their membership governance to maintain and repair continuity during shifts in federal Indian policy and tribal demography. Tribes are increasingly likely to use lineal descent and blood quantum rules after 1970, in place of apparently ethnically-neutral rules, such as parental enrolment or residence. Tribes also increasingly prefer tribe-specific measures of blood quantum, in contrast to the pan-tribal concept of Indian blood quantum used in federal law and policy. Together these changes suggest that tribes are becoming more ‘genealogical’ in their approach to membership governance, favouring descent rules over racial measures.
4 Tribal Constitutionalism and Historic Claims: The Impact of Claims Settlement on Tribal Membership Governance in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Kirsty Gover
Published: January 2011

In Australia and New Zealand, the official recognition of tribes occurs alongside the settlement of land claims. This chapter investigates the scope of tribal autonomy in membership governance in Australia and New Zealand, based on the membership rules contained in institutions established to manage tribal rights to land and territory: New Zealand Treaty Settlement Entities (TSEs) and Australian Registered Native Title Bodies Corporate (PBCs). Claims settlement processes impact on tribal membership governance by requiring a legal definition of the class of beneficiaries, and by prescribing formal membership criteria. Thereafter tribes have the capacity (within certain limitations) to alter their membership criteria to exclude legal beneficiaries from tribal membership. The result is a distinction between the class of people entitled to benefit from a settlement or determination, and persons entitled, as a matter of tribal law and custom, to be recognized as members of the tribe. The categories are imperfectly aligned. This chapter examines the strategies used by tribes and states to overcome the resulting impasses.
3 Theories of Nations and the World of Late Antiquity
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This chapter is a counterpoint to the previous chapter. It focuses on the centrifugal effects of Christianity on regional identity, looking at this in the context of the wider Roman‐Empire and the problem of Romanisation, Using a theoretical framework drawn from literature on modern nationalism in eastern Europe and the Arab world, this short chapter examines the clustering and separation of identities in the Roman world, taking Jews and Samaritans as case studies, before looking at Edessa and Syriac‐speakers in detail.
5 The Julian Romance
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

The final three chapters examine the disparate ways in which Edessene and Suryoyo identities evolved in the course of the Christological controversies of the fifth and sixth centuries. This chapter discusses the Edessene Julian Romance, a hagiographical history written in the sixth century about the fourth‐century reign of Julian the apostate. Unlike the Doctrina, this text presents Edessa as the donation of Constantine to Christ, and expresses Edessa's special position in much more Roman terms. In this text, the history ofJulian's reign is invoked to undermine Edessa's sixth‐ century opponents, Antioch and Constantinople and to assert the conditional nature of imperial authority. If Edessa belonged to Christ, then the emperor's right to the allegiance of the city depended on his orthodoxy, lest the city be rules by ‘a friend of the Jews’.
Introducing the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health
Authors: Whitman Steven , Shah Ami M. , Benjamins Maureen R.
Published: January 2011

This chapter describes the events and lessons that led to the development of the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health. The methods and experiences described in this book provide a useful model for how to systematically pursue health improvements in vulnerable communities and simultaneously achieve greater health equity.
A History of the Movement to Address Health Disparities
Authors: Dell Jade L. , Whitman Steven
Published: January 2011

This chapter begins with a review of health disparities in the time of slavery and during the Reconstruction era, the desegregation of health care, and federal health programs and policies. It then discusses the health status of minority people, the Healthy People movement, and the use of the Using Healthy People paradigm to measure health disparities in real time.
Sinai’s Improving Community Health Survey
Authors: Shah Ami M. , Whitman Steven
Published: January 2011

In response to growing inequities in health, the Sinai Health System conducted a survey that has altered the way public health data are used in Chicago. The Sinai Urban Health Institute (SUHI), a member of the Sinai Health System, partnered with several community organizations, residents, and local leaders to complete one of the largest, most comprehensive door-to-door health surveys in Chicago, titled Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey (Sinai Survey). This chapter describes how the survey was conducted, presents selected key findings, and describes how these results were disseminated.
The Jewish Community Health Survey of Chicago: Methodology and Key Findings
Authors: Benjamins Maureen R.
Published: January 2011

This chapter summarizes findings from the groundbreaking Jewish Community Health Survey. Overall, the findings indicate that the individuals in this community were as healthy (or healthier) than the average residents of Chicago or the United States; however, many serious health concerns still exist for both adults and children. Perhaps the most striking health problems involve weight. In fact, it was discovered that more than half of all adults and children were overweight. In addition, elevated rates of hypertension, disability, and depression were apparent. The current survey was also instrumental in collecting local data on other health-related behaviours and experiences.
Disproportionate Impact of Diabetes in a Puerto Rican Community of Chicago
Authors: Whitman Steven , López José E. , Rothschild Steven K. , Delgado Jaime
Published: January 2011

The prevalence of diabetes in adults in the United States has been steadily increasing from 4.9% in 1990 to 6.1% in 2004. Diabetes prevalence is higher in U.S. non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites, and Puerto Ricans have a particularly high prevalence of diabetes. This chapter first presents data describing the diabetes epidemic in the Humboldt Park/West Town (HP/WT) area of Chicago. It then discusses how the community took ownership of these data and their implications, disseminated them widely, and converted the bad news of the data and the energy of the community into funding for an intervention, which is now in place. This intervention offers an opportunity to reverse the terrible damage being wrought by diabetes in the community and also to shift the ideological manner in which community-based interventions are considered. Finally, the chapter offers some observations and implications.
Pediatric Asthma in Black and Latino Chicago Communities
Authors: Margellos-Anast Helen , Gutierrez Melissa A.
Published: January 2011

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the swelling and narrowing of the lung airways. Although asthma can be a detrimental disease if not managed properly, it can be controlled via the proper use of medications, trigger avoidance, early recognition of symptoms, and appropriate and timely response to symptoms. When asthma is well-controlled, people with asthma and their families can live healthy and productive lives. This chapter discusses how local-level data pertaining to the prevalence and effects of paediatric asthma in six diverse Chicago communities led to culturally appropriate action to improve asthma outcomes among children living in some of the city's most affected communities.
Humboldt Park
Authors: Martin Molly , Ballesteros Juana
Published: January 2011

The Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey found that Puerto Rican children had the highest asthma prevalence rate of all groups. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican children had diagnosed asthma while another 13% had a positive asthma screen for a potential total asthma burden of 34%. This chapter discusses the lack of specific interventions that target Puerto Rican children, establishment of the Greater Humboldt Park Community of Wellness, and the asthma experience in Humboldt Park as a model of community-based participatory research.
Community-Based Health Interventions
Authors: Ansell Leah H.
Published: January 2011

A critical analysis of past community-based interventions is integral to the design of more effective interventions in the future. The chapter begins with a discussion of the definition of community interventions and how the community is conceptualized in the designs of various studies. It then presents a comprehensive analysis of the rationale for community-based interventions. It offers a brief summary of the two pioneer cardiovascular studies of the 1970s that served as the impetus for the three major trials that were carried out in the United States in the 1980s. These latter trials are summarized and explored in greater depth. The chapter concludes by delineating the elements of community campaigns that seem to enhance intervention impact and facilitate sustainability of change. This information is assembled within the context of the current theories regarding community-based participatory research, with the hope that this information will allow interventionists to move community projects forward more effectively.
Pagans and Polytheists
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter justifies the term “pagan”. The earliest documented meaning of the Latin paganus was apparently “rural,” from pagus, a rural district. But to judge from surviving texts, the dominant meaning by the early empire was “civilian,” as opposed to “military.” Soon after the middle of the 4th century, it became the standard Latin designation for non-Christians. It is less well known that by as early as the 1st century the word had passed into Greek, where it still survives in the modern language—but only in the second of these three meanings. The chapter also discusses the use of the term “polytheist” in place of “pagan”.
Pagan Converts
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

Ever since Gibbon enumerated the “secondary” causes for the spread of Christianity (the primary cause, naturally, being “the convincing evidence of the doctrine itself”), historians have sought to trace, date, and account for the Christianization of the Roman world. It is clear that the conversion of Constantine was a turning point, though there is less agreement about the extent of pre-Constantinian Christianity. Thanks to the support of a succession of Christian emperors and an aggressive church, by the beginning of the 5th century paganism was in rapid decline. This chapter examines how rapid (and how defiant) this decline was.
Pagan Writers
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the following pagan writers: Rutilius Namatianus, Marius Victorinus, Ammianus Marcellinus, Julius Obsequens, and Latinius Pacatus Drepanius. It considers the issue of how late do we find pagan writers revealing their paganism in their writings.
The Poem Against the Pagans
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines the anti-pagan poem, Carmen contra paganos (CCP). Since the subject of the poem was both prefect and consul, as Flavian was in 394, the poem was assigned to this year and interpreted as an attack on Flavian written shortly after his death. The tirade against pagan cults it contains was read as a reflection of the pagan revival he supposedly directed. However, the structure, tenor, and themes of the poem as a whole simply do not fit with what is known of Flavian and his part in the rebellion of Eugenius.
Correctors and Critics I
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

The “editing” of classical texts has long been identified as one of the principal ways the pagan aristocracy of Rome tried to maintain and promote the old order. At the end of certain works (or individual sections or books within those works) some manuscripts preserve subscriptions—notes stating that some person with impressive sounding titles has “emended,” “reviewed,” or “checked” the text at such and such a time and place. Some of these subscribers are familiar names, and it is clear that many were members of the elite of their day. This chapter discusses Greek subscriptions, subscriptions by owners and other private subscriptions, subscriptions in manuscripts copied for friends, and subscriptions in newly copied texts.
Khirbet Qumran and Its Environs
Authors: Meyers Eric M.
Published: January 2011

This article makes it clear that there is a connection between the caves and the settlement of Khirbet Qumran. Although no scrolls have been found at the site, there is evidence in the artificially cut Cave 4, and Caves 7, 8, and 9, and the pottery found in the caves. There is also strong evidence to support the idea that the majority of inhabitants from Qumran lived in the caves, and it would have been they who hid the scrolls from the advancing Roman armies either at the time of the first destruction of Qumran in 9/8 or 4 BCE or of the Great Revolt in 68 CE. Recently, some scholars have proposed that members of the elite Temple establishment or the Judaean synagogue communities fleeing the Roman armies, wanted to save the scrolls of the Jewish community and deposited them in the Qumran caves.
The Origins and History of the Teacher's
Movement
Authors: Wise Michael O.
Published: January 2011

Shortly after the first Dead Sea Scrolls came to light, scholars began trying to explain the ultimate origin of the deposits. This article suggests that the totality of the evidence now available offers only very uncertain support for the traditional form of the Essene hypothesis. The discussion focuses on the sectarian texts and their use in writing the history of the Teacher of Righteousness and his movement. This is proper method in the first instance, and so little has been said of the non-sectarian writings found among the scrolls. It would seem then that the non-sectarian texts tend to support the broad parameters of the reconstruction offered here, and tend to question the classical Essene hypothesis as originally conceived and often still propagated. The Teacher and his movement appear to belong to the first century BCE.