bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of four irrigation needles in cleaning the apical third of root canals
Authors: Guerreiro-Tanomaru Juliane Maria , Loiola Lívia Etchebehere , Morgental Renata Dornelles , Leonardo Renato de Toledo , Tanomaru-Filho Mario
Published: August 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation needle gauge and design, and the final root canal diameter on the apical cleaning efficacy. Twelve human mandibular incisors were used. At different stages of root canal widening (sizes 20, 30 and 40 K-files), root canals were filled with radiopaque contrast medium. Four different needles were evaluated: 23G with side opening, 22G with apical opening, 30G with side opening and 30G with apical opening. Irrigation was carried out with 2 mL distilled water. The same tooth was radiographed with a digital system several times to assess the four types of needle in those three stages of canal widening. Pre-irrigation (canals filled with contrast) and post-irrigation (canals with remaining contrast) images were submitted to digital subtraction using the Adobe Photoshop CS4 program. Pre-irrigation (filled with contrast) and subtracted (cleaned by irrigation) areas were outlined by a trained and blinded operator using the Image Tool 3.0 software. Their ratio was calculated to express the percentage of apical cleaning in each stage of canal widening (sizes 20, 30 and 40 K-files) with each of the four needles. Data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. The 30G needles with side and apical opening promoted better apical cleaning at all stages of root canal widening (p<0.05). In conclusion, smaller diameter needles were more efficacious in cleaning the apical third of the root canals, regardless of their design.
Factors Involved in Iranian Women Heads of Household’s Health Promotion Activities: A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Rafii Forough , Seyedfatemi Naima , Rezaei Mahboubeh
Published: August 2013

We aimed to explore and describe the factors involved in Iranian women heads of household’s health promotion activities. Grounded theory was used as the method. Sixteen women heads of household were recruited. Data were generated by semi structured interviews. Our findings indicated that remainder of resources (money, time and energy) alongside perceived severity of health risk were twomainfactors whereas women’s personal and socio-economic characteristics were twocontextualfactors involved in these women's health promotion activities. To help these women improve their health status, we recommended that the government, non-governmental organizations and health care professionals provide them with required resources and increase their knowledge by holding training sessions.
The Modernization of the Energy Sector in Poland vs. Poland’s Energy Security / Modernizacja sektora energii w polsce a bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski
Authors: Frączek Paweł , Kaliski Maciej , Siemek Paweł
Published: August 2013

The paper discusses the essence of Poland’s energy security, decisive factors for its attainment and the structure of primary energy sources of the country. It describes the main problem areas in functioning of the energy sector in Poland, as well as the conditions for its modernization. The issues of increasing the natural gas share in the country’s structure of primary energy sources and a construction of the first nuclear power plant in Poland have been particularly emphasised. The paper stresses that without modernizing actions it will be impossible for Poland to fulfil international obligations concerning changes in the functioning of the energy sector.

The study, analysing the conditions for increasing the role of natural gas in Poland, points at the necessity to expand the gas infrastructure, to increase a scale of gas production from domestic deposits and to complete liberalization of the energy industry. It also emphasises that a potential delay in the construction of the country’s first nuclear power plant may limit competitiveness of the economy.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the air Flow in T-Shape Channel Flow / Eksperymentalna i numeryczna analiza przepływu powietrza przez skrzyżowanie kanałów w kształcie litery T
Authors: Szmyd Janusz , Branny Marian , Karch Michal , Wodziak Waldemar , Jaszczur Marek , Nowak Remigiusz
Published: August 2013

This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical investigations of air flow through the crossing of a mining longwall and ventilation gallery. The object investigated consists of airways (headings) arranged in a T-shape. Maintained for technological purposes, the cave is exposed particularly to dangerous accumulations of methane.

The laboratory model is a certain simplification of a real longwall and ventilation gallery crossing. Simplifications refer to both the object’s geometry and the air flow conditions. The aim of the research is to evaluate the accuracy with which numerical simulations model the real flow. Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) was used to measure all velocity vector components. Three turbulence models were tested: standard k-ε, k-ε realizable and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The experimental results have been compared against the results of numerical simulations. Good agreement is achieved between all three turbulence model predictions and measurements in the inflow and outflow of the channel. Large differences between the measured and calculated velocity field occur in the cavity zone. Two models, the standard k-ε and k-ε realizable over-predict the measure value of the streamwise components of velocity. This causes the ventilation intensity to be overestimated in this domain. The RSM model underestimates the measure value of streamwise components of velocity and therefore artificially decreases the intensity of ventilation in this zone. The RSM model provides better predictions than the standard k-ε and k-ε realizable in the cavity zone.
Thermodynamic Processes Involving Liquefied Natural Gas at the LNG Receiving Terminals / Procesy termodynamiczne z wykorzystaniem skroplonego gazu ziemnego w terminalach odbiorczych LNG
Authors: Łaciak Mariusz
Published: August 2013

The increase in demand for natural gas in the world, cause that the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and in consequences its regasification becoming more common process related to its transportation. Liquefied gas is transported in the tanks at a temperature of about 111K at atmospheric pressure. The process required to convert LNG from a liquid to a gas phase for further pipeline transport, allows the use of exergy of LNG to various applications, including for electricity generation. Exergy analysis is a well known technique for analyzing irreversible losses in a separate process. It allows to specify the distribution, the source and size of the irreversible losses in energy systems, and thus provide guidelines for energy efficiency. Because both the LNG regasification and liquefaction of natural gas are energy intensive, exergy analysis process is essential for designing highly efficient cryogenic installations.
Cuttings Transport with Foam in Highly Inclined Wells at Simulated Downhole Conditions / Transport urobku wiertniczego przy użyciu piany w silnie nachylonych otworach w symulowanych warunkach w otworze
Authors: Xu Jiafu , Ozbayoglu Evren , Miska Stefan Z. , Yu Mengjiao , Takach Nicholas
Published: August 2013

Along with the rapidly growing demand and development activities in unconventional resources, is the growth of environmental awareness and concerns among the public. Foam, as an alternative to traditional drilling fluid, is gaining more and more momentum in the drilling industry. Drilling with foam can minimize formation damage, water usage, and drag and torque. Foam also costs less and leaves a much smaller environmental footprint than other commonly used drilling fluids, such as synthetic oil-based fluids, when developing vulnerable formations such as shale gas. As drilling in horizontal and near horizontal sections has become very common, and the need for such sections is increasing, it is very important to understand cuttings transport and hole cleaning issues when drilling with foam in such sections.

A team from University of Tulsa Drilling Research Projects (TUDRP) conducted a series of experiments focused on studying the effects of change in hole inclination angle from 90 degrees to 70 degrees on cuttings transport with foam under Elevated Pressure and Elevated Temperature (EPET) conditions. This experimental and theoretical study also includes other influential parameters such as foam quality, foam flow rate, polymer concentration and drill pipe rotary speed. We have observed that there is no significant difference in cuttings concentration and frictional pressure losses as inclination changes from 70 to 90 degrees. Also, an increase in superficial foam velocity reduces cuttings concentration within the annulus. Pipe rotation influences cuttings concentration and frictional pressure losses for low quality foams, but does not have a significant effect on high quality foams.

A correlation for the cuttings bed area and a computer simulator are developed for practical design and field applications. The predicted results are compared with experimental results from this study and previous studies. The comparison shows good agreement.

We believe that the findings of this paper will help designers with the choice of optimal drilling fluid for drilling horizontal wells in unconventional (shale) gas/oil reservoirs.
Measuring Displacement and Contact Forces Among the Particles in Unloading of Slope by PFC2D (Particle Flow Code) / Pomiary przemieszczeń i sił kontaktu pomiędzy cząstkami materialnymi w trakcie wybierania wyrobiska pochyłego przy pomocy programu PFC2D
Authors: Behbahani Seyed Saleh , Moarefvand Parviz , Ahangari Kaveh , Goshtasbi Kamran
Published: August 2013

When instability is observed in the walls of open pit mining, at this time, engineers are faced with a moving mass which is a combination of materials that move on each other and on the main slip surface. Modeling of this movement can have an effective assistance to mining engineers to predict the movement behavior, displacement estimate, and the moving volumes. One of the suitable software which is capable of modeling of sliding behavior is PFC (Particle Flow Code). It is based on Discrete Element Method and released by the Itasca Company. In this paper, the modeling of sliding mass and unloading it in seven stages have been done. During the seven stages of unloading the maximum displacement and maximum contact forces among the particles are obtained. Maximum displacement happened in the fifth stage of the unloading and it is equal to 134.8 meters. Maximum contact forces occurred in the first stage of the unloading after initial equilibrium stage and it is equal to 1917 kN. The model for unloading of sliding mass presented in this paper is just an example and it is not a definite model for unloading of each sliding mass. Unloading of sliding mass depends on the situation of sliding mass and its volume and also mining limitations.
Research of Formed Lunar Regholit Analog AGK-2010 / Badania wytworzonego analogu gruntu księżycowego AGK-2010
Authors: Bednarz Stanisław , Rzyczniak Mirosław , Gonet Andrzej , Seweryn Karol
Published: August 2013

The results investigations of a soil having similar properties as lunar regolith performed at the Department of Drilling and Geoengineering, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas, AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków are presented in this paper.

The research was carried out jointly with the Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. The objective of the cooperation was to minimize the cost of tests of penetrator KRET, which will be used on the surface of the Moon.

The American lunar regolith (e.g. CHENOBI) was used as reference soil.

The most important properties were presented graphically in the form of figures and tables: grain size distribution, selected physical properties (bulk density, colour), selected mechanical parameters (shear strength, inner friction strength, cohesion).

As a result the first Polish lunar soil analog AGK-2010 was produced.
Analysis of Suitability for Development of New Mining Field in Northern Part of Kosovo Lignite Basin - Sibovc / Analiza Możliwości Udostępnienia Nowego Obszaru Wybierania W Północnej Części Zagłębia Węgla Brunatnego Sibovc W Kosowie
Authors: Cehlár Michal , Rybár Radim , Pinka Ján , Haxhiu Lorik , Beer Martin
Published: August 2013

This review describes the possibility of development a new lignite deposit in northern Kosovo lignite basin - Sibovc. Analysis of the initial state briefly evaluates Kosovo energy sector, geomorphological conditions and quality of lignite from Sibovc deposit. With using Dataminesoft it was created geological model and approximate calculation of lignite reserves in the deposit. The data obtained from Dataminesoft were used as starting points of the financial analysis of project. The result of the analysis is exactly describe the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deposit Sibovc compared to other deposits in the area and creating of geological model with productive horizons deposit of lignite. Based on these data lignite deposit Sibovc was classified, according to the classification of deposits the UN, as economical.
Reliability Analysis of Drilling Operation in Open Pit Mines / Analiza niezawodności urządzeń wiertniczych wykorzystywanych w kopalniach odkrywkowych
Authors: Rahimdel M.J. , Ataei M. , Kakaei R. , Hoseinie S.H.
Published: August 2013

Considering the high investment and operation costs, reliability analysis of mining machineries is essential to achieve a lean operation and to prevent the unwanted stoppages. In open pit mining, drilling, as the initial stage of the exploitation operations, has a significant role in the other stages. Failure of drilling machines causes total delay in blasting operation. In this paper, the reliability of drilling operation has been analyzed using the Markov method. The failure and operation data of four heavy rotary drilling machines in Sarcheshme copper mine in Iran have been used as a case study. Failure rate and repair rate of all machines have been calculated using available data. Then, 16 possible operation states have been defined and the probability of being of drilling fleet in each of the states was calculated using Markov theory. The results showed that there was 77.2% probability that all machines in fleet were in operational condition. It means that, considering 360 working days per year, drilling operation will be in a reliable condition in 277.92 days.
Semantics of MML Query - Ordering
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz
Published: August 2013

Semantics of order directives of MML Query is presented. The formalization is done according to [1]
A Test for the Stability of Networks
Authors: Rowinska-Schwarzweller Agnieszka , Schwarzweller Christoph
Published: August 2013

A complex polynomial is called a Hurwitz polynomial, if all its roots have a real part smaller than zero. This kind of polynomial plays an all-dominant role in stability checks of electrical (analog or digital) networks. In this article we prove that a polynomial p can be shown to be Hurwitz by checking whether the rational function e(p)/o(p) can be realized as a reactance of one port, that is as an electrical impedance or admittance consisting of inductors and capacitors. Here e(p) and o(p) denote the even and the odd part of p [25].
From continental platform towards rifting of the Tisza Unit in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous
Authors: Császár Géza , Szinger Balázs , Piros Olga
Published: August 2013

The Upper Triassic-Lower Cretaceous successions of the Transdanubian part of the Mecsek and Villány- Bihor Zones of the Tisza Unit have been studied from the lithological, lithostratigraphical, sedimentological, microfossil and microfacies points of view in order to correlate and interpret the significant differences between them and to draw a conclusion about their geological and paleogeographical history. After an overview of the paleogeographical reconstructions of the broader area, the succession of the Mecsek and Villány-Bihor Zones and the debated Máriakéménd-Bár Range are introduced. Until the end of the Middle Triassic the study area acted as an entity. The first fundamental difference between the two zones can be recognized in the Late Triassic when marine carbonates were replaced by thick fluvial siliciclastics in the Mecsek Zone, while it is represented only by small, local lenses with a few and thin dolostone intercalations in the Villány Zone. The Mecsek Zone is bordered southward by one of the large listric faults to the north of which very thick siliciclastics developed in the Early to Middle Jurassic, whereas it is highly lacunose in the larger western part of the Villány-Bihor Zone. The break at the base is subaerial, higher in the succession it is shallow submarine. The sediment is silty, occasionally sandy crinoidal limestone of late Early Jurassic or even Middle Jurassic in age. The Upper Jurassic in the Mecsek Zone is composed of deep-water cherty limestone while in the Villány Zone it became a thick, shallowing pelagic limestone with reworked patch reef fragments. It is clear evidence that the Mecsek Zone had a thinned continental crust thanks to the nearby rift zone while in the Villány Zone the crust remained thick. The actualized version of the Plašienka’s paleogeographical model (Plašienka 2000) is introduced
Large-volume gravity flow deposits in the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin (Orava region, Slovakia): evidence for hyperpycnal river discharge in deep-sea fans
Authors: Starek Dušan , Soták Ján , Jablonský Jozef , Marschalko Róbert
Published: August 2013

The deep-water clastic systems of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin contain megabeds, which are developed in distinctive stratigraphic horizons and can be traced over long distances. These beds are characterized by great individual thickness (4-13 m), uniform lithology and internal structures. On the basis of their lithology, sedimentary structures and sequence development, the megabeds are characterized by 15 individual facies and interpreted from the viewpoint of flow hydrodynamics. The grain-size distribution and internal structures of the megabeds point to their deposition from uniform turbulent flows. The main controlling factor for generation of such large voluminous flows is inferred in the sea-level changes, when a relative rising of sea level during the Eocene/Oligocene boundary was responsible for long-lasting accumulation of the clastic supply at the basin margins. The large volume of detritus from river discharge and ravinement surfaces of flooded land was accumulated on the shore and in the conduit heads where the sediment was remobilized by other triggers. The flows generated by catastrophic floods during the early Rupelian sea-level lowstand are thought to be the most probably triggering mechanism. The large highly erosive hyperpycnal flows from flooding rivers could erode accumulated deposits in the conduit or on steeper basin-margin slopes and could cause progressive increase of the sand volume in the flow. Conduit flushing appears to be the most probable source of sediment for the very large voluminous flows that were responsible for deposition of the Orava megabeds
K-Ar and Rb-Sr geochronology and evolution of the Štiavnica Stratovolcano (Central Slovakia)
Authors: Chernyshev Igor V. , Konečný Vlastimil , Lexa Jaroslav , Kovalenker Vladimir A. , Jeleň Stanislav , Lebedev Vladimir A. , Goltsman Yurij V.
Published: August 2013

The Štiavnica Stratovolcano in Central Slovakia is the largest volcano in the Neogene to Quaternary Carpathian volcanic arc. A large caldera, an extensive subvolcanic intrusive complex and a resurgent horst with late stage rhyolite volcanites are the most characteristic features. The results of new K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotope dating using more sophisticated methodical approaches have changed our view on the timing of volcanic and intrusive activity. K-Ar dating of groundmass fractions combined with Rb-Sr isochron dating in the cases of possible rejuvenation has provided highly reliable results. The lifespan of the stratovolcano is apparently shorter than assumed earlier. Evolution of the stratovolcano took place in five stages during the Early Badenian to beginning of Early Pannonian time: (1) construction of the extensive andesite stratovolcano during the interval 15.0-13.5 Ma; (2) denudation of the volcano concluded with the initial subsidence of a caldera and the contemporaneous emplacement of a subvolcanic intrusive complex of diorite, granodiorite, granodiorite porphyries and quartz-diorite porphyries during the interval 13.5-12.9 Ma; (3) subsidence of the caldera and its filling by differentiated andesites during the interval 13.1-12.7 Ma - volcanic activity overlapping with the emplacement of the youngest intrusions; (4) renewed explosive and effusive activity of less differentiated andesites during the interval 12.7-12.2 Ma; (5) uplift of the resurgent horst in the central part of the caldera accompanied by rhyolite volcanic/intrusive activity during the interval 12.2-11.4 Ma. Extensive epithermal mineralization was contemporaneous with the uplift of the resurgent horst and rhyolite volcanic activity and continued till 10.7 Ma
ARTEMISIA SANTONICUM SUBSP. PATENS IN SLOVAKIA: THE SAD STORY OF OBLIGATE HALOPHYTE ON THE NORTHERN EDGE OF ITS DISTRIBUTION RANGE
Authors: Dítě Daniel , Eliáš Pavol , Melečková Zuzana
Published: August 2013

Historical and current occurrence of obligate halophyte Artemisia santonicum subsp. patens was studied in Slovakia during 2001-2012. The species has been occurred in the Podunajska nižina Lowland and the Vychodoslovenska nižina Lowland; 35 localities were found in total. The data from the Zahorska nižina Lowland is erroneous. Recently the number of localities decreased markedly and the species was confirmed only in 17 sites. Most of them (16) is situated in the Podunajska nižina Lowland and a single one has been confirmed in the Vychodoslovenska nižina Lowland. Based on our data, Artemisia santonicum subsp. patens belongs to the endangered (EN A2ac+4c) plants of the Slovak flora according to IUCN categories and criteria, because 50 % of locations were destroyed and survival prognosis is unfavorable for the most recent populations.
Lipophilic chemical exposure as a cause of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Zeliger Harold I.
Published: August 2013

Environmental chemical exposure has been linked to numerous diseases in humans. These diseases include cancers; neurological and neurodegenerative diseases; metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity; reproductive and developmental disorders; and endocrine disorders. Many studies have associated the link between exposures to environmental chemicals and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These chemicals include persistent organic pollutants (POPs); the plastic exudates bisphenol A and phthalates; low molecular weight hydrocarbons (LMWHCs); and poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here it is reported that though the chemicals reported on differ widely in chemical properties and known points of attack in humans, a common link exists between them. All are lipophilic species that are found in serum. Environmentally induced CVD is related to total lipophilic chemical load in the blood. Lipophiles serve to promote the absorption of otherwise not absorbed toxic hydrophilic species that promote CVD.
Assessment of surgical sutures Polymed® by intracutaneous irritation test in rabbits
Authors: Simeonova Rumyana , Danchev Nikolai
Published: August 2013

The aim of the present study was to evaluate local irritant effects to rabbit skin following a single application of test samples of non-sterile polyamide non-absorbable surgical sutures POLYMED ®. The polar and nonpolar extracts were prepared by using saline solution and olive oil, respectively, after sinking the materials tested (2.0 g) in 10 ml of the corresponding liquid. Incubation was carried out at the temperature of 37°C for 72 h. The saline solution and pure olive oil, which had no contact with the materials tested, were used as negative control samples and were incubated under the same conditions as above. Assessments of the extracts from each material were conducted on 2 albino rabbits of the New Zealand breed. On the back of each animal, 5 intracutaneous injections of the extract tested and 5 injections of the control solution, each of 0.2 ml, were carried out. The degree of irritation was scored at 4, 24, 48, 72 hours after injection and no skin changes were found. The intracutaneous irritation index (III) was calculated and yielded 0.0. Hence it was concluded that under the experimental conditions the extracts of the material tested, i.e. non-sterile polyamide non-absorbable surgical sutures POLYMED ®, were ‘non-irritant’ to the skin of rabbits when compared with the respective control groups. The experimental procedure was conducted according to ISO10993-10.
Characterizations of Distributions of Ratios of Certain Independent Random Variables
Authors: Hamedani G.G.
Published: August 2013

Various characterizations of the distributions of the ratio of two independent gamma and exponential random variables as well as that of two independent Weibull random variables are presented. These characterizations are based, on a simple relationship between two truncated moments ; on hazard function ; and on functions of order statistics.
On New Inequalities of Simpson’s Type for Functions Whose Second Derivatives Absolute Values are Convex
Authors: Sarikaya Mehmet Zeki , Set Erhan. , Ozdemir M. Emin
Published: August 2013

In this note, we obtain new some inequalities of Simpson’s type based on convexity. Some applications for special means of real numbers are also given.
An Automated Framework with Application to Study Url Based Online Advertisements Detection
Authors: Szczepański Piotr L. , Wiśniewski Adrian , Gerszberg Tomasz
Published: August 2013

A rapid growth of online advertisements results in unsolicited bulk of data being downloaded during web surfing. To tackle this problem a fast mechanism detecting adverts is required. In this paper we present the usefulness of URL based web-pages classification in the process of online advertisements detection. Our experiments are performed on seven popular classifiers using the real-life dataset obtained by human agents browsing the internet. We introduce a general and fully automated framework that allows us to do a comprehensive analysis by performing simultaneously hundreds of experiments. This study results in solution with 0.987 accuracy and 0.822 F-measure.
Performance of Converters Suitable for Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) Operation
Authors: Hrabovcová Valéria , Rafajdus Pavol , Lipták Martin , Szabó Loránd
Published: August 2013

The paper deals with various kinds of converter topologies and their performances suitable for SRG operation. For each topology the equivalent circuit, mathematical model and simulation waveforms of phase variables are given. At the end of the paper the performances of individual converter topologies are compared and recommendations for their employment are given.
Text Line Segmentation with the Algorithm Based on the Oriented Anisotropic Gaussian Kernel
Authors: Brodić Darko , Milivojević Zoran N.
Published: August 2013

The paper presents the algorithm for text line segmentation based on the oriented anisotropic Gaussian kernel. Initially, the document image is split into connected components achieved by bounding boxes. These connected components are cleared from redundant fragments. Furthermore, the binary moments are applied to each of these connected components evaluating local text skewing. According to this information the orientation of the anisotropic Gaussian kernel is set. After the algorithm application the boundary growing areas around connected components are established. These areas are of major importance for the evaluation of text line segmentation. For testing purposes, the algorithm is evaluated under different text samples. Comparative analysis between algorithm with and without orientation based on the anisotropic Gaussian kernel is made. The results show the improvement in the domain of text line segmentation.
Modelling of Non–Linear Distortion in Vacuum Triodes Using Trans–Characteristics Inverse and Newton’s Method
Authors: Dadić Martin
Published: August 2013

The increased interest in vacuum tube audio amplifiers led to an increased interest in mathematical modelling of such kind of amplifiers. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a novel global numerical approach in calculation of the harmonic distortion (HD) and intermodulation distortion (IM) of vacuum-triode audio amplifiers, suitable for applications using brute-force of modern computers. Since the 3/2 power law gives only the transcharacteristic inverse of a vacuum triode amplifier, unknown plate currents are determined in this paper iteratively using Newton’s method. Using the resulting input/output pairs, harmonic distortions and intermodulations are calculated using discrete Fourier transform and three different analytical methods.
Numerical Approach for Computation of Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Mayer Daniel , Ulrych Bohuš
Published: August 2013

Disturbing magnetic field (so-called magnetic smog) can be in certain areas suppressed by shielding jacket. Disturbing field is possible to be “lead away” from the shielded area with the use of jacket made of materials with high magnetic permeability (so-called passive shielding, or flux-entrapment shielding). If the disturbing field is time-variable, eddy currents are induced into electrically conductive jacket. Magnetic field generated by these eddy currents suppress the disturbing field (this is called active shielding, or lossy magnetic shielding). Both of these principles can be applied altogether (this is called combined shielding). Presented paper states numerical approach to shielding jacket design and is an introduction to following solution of a real problem of magnetic shielding when the disturbing magnetic field is space-time complicated. Effective design of the magnetic shielding should then be formulated as an optimization task.
Influence of Water Temperature on Results of Current Meter Calibration and Measurement
Authors: Mattas Daniel , Ramešová Libuše
Published: August 2013

On the basis of the results of calibration of current meters at water of varying temperatures, a hypothesis that water temperature influences measured water velocities was formulated. The analysis of our long-term data showed that the water temperature does have an influence on measured water velocity. This influence can be taken into account for practical purposes as a contribution to the uncertainty of measurements. The influence depends on the type of current meter propeller. This paper presents results obtained for the Ott C-2 current meter with propellers of the types 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6. Our analysis showed that the uncertainty is equal or less than 5% for measurements carried out in water with temperatures above 8°C. The differences between measured water velocities for water temperatures 5°C and 20°C reached maximum 6% (depending on the propeller) in a slowly flowing water (rotational frequency n = 1 s-1). For rotational velocity n ≥ 2 s-1 the differences between velocities measured at water temperatures 5 and 20°C were mostly under 3%. The less influenced propeller is of type 3 for which the uncertainty of measurement does not reach 5% even for water temperature 1°C if the rotational frequency is bigger than 0.7 s-1.
Predicting Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficients in Sinuous Rivers by Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sahay Rajeev Ranjan
Published: August 2013

In the present work, existing empirical expressions for longitudinal dispersion coefficient of rivers (K) are evaluated. They are found inadequate primarily because these expressions ignore the channel sinuosity, an important parameter representing a river’s transverse irregularities that affect mixing process. Hence, a new expression for K is derived taking into account the sinuosity besides few of other hydraulic and geometric characteristics of a river. The model makes use of genetic algorithm (GA) on published field data. Based on several performance indices, the new expression is found superior to many existing expressions for estimating K. The sensitivity and error analysis conducted on parameters of the new expression show the channel sinuosity an important input for predicting K accurately. Any error in measurement of sinuosity would lead to significant deviation in the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in sinuous rivers.
Shape of the Nappe During Free Overfall from a Rectangular Channel with Zero Bed Slope
Authors: Zachoval Zbyněk , Böhm Petr , Pařílková Jana , Šafář Robert , Šulc Jan
Published: August 2013

The paper deals with selected procedures used to calculate the shape of compact nappe during free overfall from a smooth horizontal channel with rectangular cross section. Calculated and measured water surface and velocity conditions in the end section, the level of water surface upstream in front of the end section and the shape of the compact part of an overfall nappe are described for a particular compared case.
Bedload Equation Analysis Using Bed Load-Material Grain Size
Authors: Haddadchi Arman , Omid Mohammad H. , Dehghani Amir A.
Published: August 2013

Twelve predictive bedload sediment transport equations are rated against 14 sets of gravel-bed river field data collected by handheld bedload sampler in Narmab River, northeastern Iran. To evaluate these formulas two types of grain size namely bedload and bed material were used. The results show that the equations of Engelund and Hansen, Van Rijn and Einstein perform well with bed material grain size, while Shocklitsch, Meyer-Peter and Mueller, and Frijlink yield the best results using the bedload grain size.
A Cross Unequal Clustering Routing Algorithm for Sensor Network
Authors: Tong Wang , Jiyi Wu , He Xu , Jinghua Zhu , Munyabugingo Charles
Published: August 2013

In the routing protocol for wireless sensor network, the cluster size is generally fixed in clustering routing algorithm for wireless sensor network, which can easily lead to the “hot spot” problem. Furthermore, the majority of routing algorithms barely consider the problem of long distance communication between adjacent cluster heads that brings high energy consumption. Therefore, this paper proposes a new cross unequal clustering routing algorithm based on the EEUC algorithm. In order to solve the defects of EEUC algorithm, this algorithm calculating of competition radius takes the node’s position and node’s remaining energy into account to make the load of cluster heads more balanced. At the same time, cluster adjacent node is applied to transport data and reduce the energy-loss of cluster heads. Simulation experiments show that, compared with LEACH and EEUC, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the energy-loss of cluster heads and balance the energy consumption among all nodes in the network and improve the network lifetime
Design, Investigation and Measurement of A Compact Ultra Wideband Antenna for Portable Applications
Authors: Mobashsher Ahmed Toaha , Islam Mohammad Tariqul
Published: August 2013

The design of a printed compact planar antenna of asymmetrical structure with ultra wide bandwidth is described and investigated in this paper. The antenna provides more than 114% impedance bandwidth below VSWR 2 (from 3.3 to more than 12 GHz) with a center frequency of 7.65 GHz; thus it covers the bandwidth requirement for portable UWB wireless device applications. The structure of the asymmetric proposed antenna is very simple and composed of a small hexagonal shaped patch with two asymmetrical coplanar ground planes. It occupies an area of only 20 × 24.5 mm2 when printed on one side of an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm.
Numerical Analysis of Influencing Factors and Capability for Thermal Wave NDT in Liquid Propellant Tank Corrosion Damage Detection
Authors: Guofeng Jin , Wei Zhang , Jun Shi , Zhengwei Yang , Yu Hu , Zhiyong Huang , Gan Tian
Published: August 2013

Due to the disadvantages of traditional NDT methods for liquid propellant tank corrosion detection, Thermal Wave Nondestructive Testing (ITWNDT) technology was applied. The heat exchange process of thermal wave in corrosion tank was simulated by the numerical method. Parameters of TWNDT as the best detection time (tbest), the maximum surface temperature difference (ΔTmax), and the temperature difference holding time (τΔT>0.1) were discussed as the targets. Based on these parameters, factors influencing the detection results of tank materials, dressed liquid (also considered as the corrosion product), pit characters (depth and size), heat flux and thermal excitation time length (pulsed width), environmental conditions and other factors were analyzed. Simulation results show that ITWNDT can identify the defect depth, size and position rapidly and effectively. Material properties of the tank were influencing the tbest, ΔTmax and τΔT>0.1, while the dressed liquid, thermal excitation parameters and the conditions of environment do not influence the tbest. Pit characters of the depth and size have close relationship with tbest and ΔTmax, therefore, for a tank with certain material and certain liquid dressed in, the pit corrosion damage can be accurately evaluated.
Dual time point imaging fluorine-18 flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for evaluation of large loco-regional recurrences of breast cancer treated with electrochemotherapy
Authors: Wichmann Matthiessen Louise , Hjorth Johannesen Helle , Skougaard Kristin , Gehl Julie , Westergren Hendel Helle
Published: August 2013

Background. Electrochemotherapy is a local anticancer treatment very efficient for treatment of small cutaneous metastases. The method is now being investigated for large cutaneous recurrences of breast cancer that are often confluent masses of malignant tumour with various degrees of inflammation. To this end 18-Flourine- Flourodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT) could be a method for response evaluation. However, a standard FDG-PET/CT scan cannot differentiate inflammatory tissue from malignant tissue. Dual point time imaging (DTPI) FDG-PET has the potential of doing so. The purpose of this study was to investigate if DTPI FDG-PET/CT could assess response to electrochemotherapy and to assess the optimal timing of imaging.

Patients and methods. Within a phase II clinical trial 11 patients with cutaneous recurrences had FDG-PET/CT scans at three time points: 60 min, 120 min and 180 min after FDG injection. The scans were performed before and 3 weeks after electrochemotherapy.

Results. A significant reduction in maximum standard uptake value at 60 min post injection was seen after treatment. Furthermore a change in the FDG uptake pattern was observed; from increasing uptake in up to 180 min post injection before treatment to stabilization of FDG uptake at 120 min post injection after treatment. The change in FDG uptake pattern over time lead to change of response in three target lesions; two lesions changed from stable metabolic disease to partial metabolic response and one lesion changed from partial metabolic response to stable metabolic disease. To ensure detection of the change in uptake pattern, scanning 60 and 180 min post injection seems optimal.

Conclusions. The present study shows that FDG-PET/CT 60 and 180 min after tracer injection is a promising tool for response evaluation of cutaneous recurrences of breast cancer treated with electrochemotherapy.
Evolution of the Rules Pertaining to the Issuing of ‘Official’ Interpretations of Tax Laws in Poland
Authors: Liszewski Grzegorz
Published: August 2013

Interpretations of the tax law (currently referred to as general and individual interpretations), issued by tax authorities, are a fairly new institution in Poland. They were introduced into the legal system by the Tax Ordinance Act of 29 October 1997. From that time these regulations were deeply changed three times. Now it seems that Polish legislator has finally succeeded in elaborating an appropriate model for binding interpretation of tax law that protects the interests of taxpayers. However, discussed regulations seem to need some other amendments. The objective of this article is to present the evolution of the provisions pertaining to the issuing of the so-called official interpretations of tax law and to point at certain shortcomings of the present regulations.
Fruit, Vegatables and Fast Food Consumption among University Students
Authors: Avram Claudiu , Oravitan Mihaela
Published: August 2013

Purpose: To establish the prevalence of fruit, vegetables and fast food consumption among students from Timisoara university center and provide evidence based information for increasing healthy food choices in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Material and Methods: We perform a cross-sectional study on 435 university students from the Timisoara university center, Romania (mean age: 22±4.8 years). The students were recruited using internet and public announcements in the student’s campus. All students completed a self administered diet questionnaire. Results: Two thirds of students are not eating fruits and vegetables daily. The prevalence of daily fruit consumption is even lower - 25%. Regarding fast food consumption we found that 26% of students are often consume these unhealthy products. Three main determinants was identified for choosing unhealthy diet: lack of time, school programme and lack of money. Conclusions: The unhealthy food consumption among students from Timisoara university center is highly prevalent. Increasing students’ nutrition-information knowledge and provision of nutrition education is recommended.
A Record of the Ratan Goby, Ponticola ratan (Gobiidae, Perciformes), in the Dneprodzerzhinsk Reservoir (Dnieper River)
Authors: Manilo L. G. , Didenko A. V.
Published: August 2013

The paper contains new data, which confirms distribition of the ratan goby, Ponticola ratan (Nordmann, 1840), in fresh waters, as well as its diagnosis, description, and brief information on its biology.
The Current Status of Kuhl’s Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
Authors: Bilushenko A. A.
Published: August 2013

Based on our own fieldwork the faunistic status of the Kuhl’s pipistrelle for the studied region was established. The expansion of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) in the central part of the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine was confirmed. The paper represents data on the findings of this species and its prevalence, occurrence, describes biology and flight activity throughout the year in the studied territory.
Morphogenesis of Vomeronasal Organ of Pelophylax ridibundus (Amphibia, Anura)
Authors: Stepanyuk Ya. V. , Kovtun M. F.
Published: August 2013

The morphogenesis of the lake frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) vomeronasal organ was studied during different ontogenesis stages. The vomeronasal organ is laid after the formation of olfactory sacs, which are lined by olfactory epithelium, and after choan formation. Vomeronasal organ anlage takes place during G24 stage of larval development, which is the result of inflection and cell redistribution of olfactory epithelium rostroventral part. Formation of the vomeronasal organ finished at the beginning of metamorphosis. Apparently, vomeronasal organ appeared in aquatic Amphibia ancestors and after their transition from aquatic to terrestrial environment it developed new adaptive functions
New Fossil Perca Fish (Teleostei, Percidae) from the Neopleistocenian Sediments of Southern Ukraine
Authors: Kovalchuk O. M.
Published: August 2013

A new fossil species Perca neopleistocenica Kovalchuk, sp. n. from Southern Ukraine is described. It differs from other species of the genus by width and configuration of praeoperculum, and also by quantity of cogs on the posterior edge of os praeoperculare
L'impact du risque pays perçu sur le contrôle des filiales à l'étranger. Une étude qualitative sur le cas des multinationales françaises
Authors: Abdellatif Mahamat
Published: August 2013

Cette recherche examine l’influence du risque politique et de la distance culturelle sur les outils et mécanismes de contrôle des filiales à l’étranger. Pour conduire cette étude, nous avons réalisé une série d’entretiens approfondis auprès de 12 multinationales françaises sur deux périodes : de juillet 2006 à janvier 2007, puis une seconde phase en juillet 2010. Nous montrons que le degré du risque pays perçu affecte davantage les mécanismes de contrôle à caractère informel que ceux présentant un caractère formel.
Les chartes de respect de la vie privée face au défi de la confiance
Authors: de Pechpeyrou Pauline , Nicholson Patrick
Published: August 2013

Toute démarche de marketing relationnel suppose de la part du client le dévoilement d’un certain nombre de ses données personnelles. Une analyse lexicale réalisée sur les chartes des 15 premiers sites français d’e-commerce en termes de visites met en évidence que le discours des entreprises est davantage destiné à se prémunir des poursuites judiciaires qu’à éclairer véritablement le client ou prospect. Ces chartes devraient être harmonisées dans leur contenu comme dans leur forme afin d’accroître le niveau de confiance de leurs lecteurs.
Importation de la théorie de l'évaluation cognitive et dynamique des processus émotionnels : illustration par la mesure de l'activité du système nerveux autonome
Authors: Lajante Mathieu , Droulers Olivier
Published: August 2013

Dès la fin des années 60, en complément aux méthodes verbales, plusieurs chercheurs en marketing se sont intéressés à la mesure des processus émotionnels chez le consommateur à l’aide d’indicateurs électrophysiologiques. Cependant, l’approche dimensionnelle de l’émotion régulièrement mobilisée pour l’interprétation de ces données électrophysiologiques permet essentiellement de caractériser un état émotionnel. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche théorique développée à l’origine dans le champ de la psychologie cognitive et maintenant utilisée dans les neurosciences affectives : la théorie de l’évaluation cognitive et dynamique de l’émotion. Ce cadre théorique établit que les réactions physiologiques du système nerveux autonome, que l’on peut mesurer dans un contexte marketing, constituent la première étape d’un processus dynamique et séquentiel d’évaluation subjective de l’évènement à l’origine de l’épisode émotionnel.
Phénoménologie de l’humour
Authors: Hurley Matthew M. , Dennett Daniel C. , Adams Reginald B. Jr.
Published: August 2013

Dans cet article, nous dressons un inventaire des phénomènes qu’une théorie de l’humour devrait expliquer. La première partie fait valoir que l’humour est une propriété qui s’attache à certains événements mentaux, plutôt qu’à certains objets du monde (les blagues, par exemple). Nous signalons l’une des conséquences de ce fait : les blagues, prises isolément, ne sont pas un phénomène universel. Nous suggérons également que, même s’il se peut que certaines formes de rire soient déclenchées par des situations qui n’ont rien d’humoristique, il existe un lien spécial entre le rire dit « de Duchenne » et un certain type de stimulation cognitive propre à le déclencher. Nous poursuivons en montrant que le sentiment d’allégresse associé au rire (sentiment qui constitue pour nous un aspect crucial du rire) est un phénomène psychologique qui se prête à une approche « hétérophénoménologique ». L’hétérophénoménologie est une phénoménologie qui envisage les états subjectifs en tant que données à expliquer, mais pas nécessairement en tant qu’interprétations valides des phénomènes psychologiques qui les sous-tendent. Selon nous, ce sentiment d’allégresse lié à l’humour est étroitement lié à un autre sentiment : le sentiment du cocasse qui nous saisit face à des phénomènes incongrus. Les liens qui unissent ces deux émotions sont riches d’enseignements pour toute théorie de l’humour. La dernière partie passe en revue, en plus des divers cahiers des charges dressés par des théories de l’humour antérieures, quelques découvertes issues de ces travaux et de certains autres.