bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor and Environment in Egypt since 1500
Authors: Mikhail Alan
Published: March 2014

Taking the long view, this article analyzes how the expanding power of Egyptian elites, and the emergent commercial agriculture they sponsored, forever changed the rural labor practices of peasant cultivators and their relationships to environmental resources. From the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 until the second half of the eighteenth century, Egyptian farmers initiated and oversaw the construction and repair of small-scale irrigation and other infrastructural works in their local environments. They controlled how and when their labor was used. At the end of the eighteenth century, rural labor in Egypt dramatically changed. It became coerced, required the large-scale movement of peasant laborers, resulted in enormous environmental manipulation, and was often deadly. This article thus explains how forced labor, deleterious environmental exploitation, extractive economics, and population movements emerged at the end of the eighteenth century and how they have come to characterize the relationship between work and the environment in rural Egypt from that period until today.
Agricultural Involution in the Postwar Soviet Union
Authors: Smith Jenny Leigh
Published: March 2014

This article describes a form of agricultural labor intensification common in the postwar Soviet Union that shares some important similarities to Clifford Geertz's notion of agricultural involution, first devised to describe Javanese wet rice agriculture. Using the examples of hog farming and cotton production, this paper describes the phenomenon of postwar agricultural involution, and explores its limits and possibilities. The most important divergence from Geertz's original model is that in the Soviet cases, agricultural involution did not attain any form of environmental equilibrium; in fact, because of agricultural involution, the Soviet Union was forced to confront the environmental limits of agricultural intensification. The concept of agricultural involution provides a way of thinking about the relative flexibility or rigidity of agroecological health in the face of labor intensification. This quality—how much additional labor and how many extra humans an agricultural ecosystem is able to support—is critical in evaluating how robust or fragile a landscape is.
Transience, Labor, and Nature: Itinerant Workers in the American West
Authors: Dyl Joanna
Published: March 2014

This article focuses on the tens of thousands of itinerant workers, also known as tramps or hoboes, who provided the primary labor force for the natural resource extraction industries of the American West in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Itinerant workers' visceral encounters with nature differed from the experiences of most urban residents in this era of city growth and related anxiety about Americans' loss of contact with the natural world. This article argues that some hoboes embraced time spent in “wild” nature as an escape from work, and they consciously asserted their ability to appreciate nature in the face of claims that such appreciation was class-specific. As workers and as travelers, itinerant laborers experienced and knew nature in ways that reflected both their distinct circumstances as mobile industrial wage workers and the cultural context of a national obsession with nonhuman nature.
Empire, Labor, and Environment: Coal Mining and Anticapitalist Environmentalism in the Americas
Authors: Chomsky Aviva , Striffler Steve
Published: March 2014

Latin American political movements linking traditional peasant values of subsistence with a leftist critique of imperialism are contributing to new forms of environmentalism there. While in the United States labor and environmental movements tend to operate within mainstream political and economic models based on privileging high levels of consumption and economic growth, Latin American voices are challenging both the global economic order and traditional concepts of economic development. From indigenous and peasant movements to leftist labor unions to political leaders, Latin Americans are calling for economic development that privileges the rights of rural peoples and their environments, and redistribution of resources domestically and globally. Yet they remain imbedded in an international economy based on extractivism and economic growth, which poses significant challenges to any alternative paths.
All-optical manipulation and probing of the d–f exchange interaction in EuTe
Authors: Subkhangulov R. R. , Henriques A. B. , Rappl P. H. O. , Abramof E. , Rasing Th. , Kimel A. V.
Published: March 2014

We demonstrate that the ultrafast fast dynamics of the d–f exchange interaction, between conduction band electrons and lattice spins in EuTe, can be accessed using an all-optical technique. Our results reveal, in full detail, the time evolution of the d–f exchange interaction induced by a femtosecond laser pulse. Specifically, by monitoring the time resolved dynamics of the reflectivity changes and Kerr rotation of a weak light pulse reflected from the surface of the sample, it is shown that an intense femtosecond light pulse with photon energies higher than that of the bandgap, triggers spin waves in EuTe. The laser-induced spin waves modulate the d–f exchange interaction and cause the bandgap to oscillate with an amplitude reaching 1 meV, at frequencies up to tens of GHz. The ability to control and monitor the dynamics of the exchange energy with our all-optical technique opens up new opportunities for the manipulation of magnetism at ultrafast time-scales.
HIV-1 Nef Induces CCL5 production in astrocytes through p38-MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway and utilizes NF-kB, CEBP and AP-1 transcription factors
Authors: Liu Xun , Shah Ankit , Gangwani Mohitkumar R. , Silverstein Peter S. , Fu Mingui , Kumar Anil
Published: March 2014

The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high in patients infected with HIV-1. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by astrocytes/microglia exposed to viral proteins is thought to be one of the mechanisms leading to HIV-1- mediated neurotoxicity. In the present study we examined the effects of Nef on CCL5 induction in astrocytes. The results demonstrate that CCL5 is significantly induced in Nef-transfected SVGA astrocytes. To determine the mechanisms responsible for the increased CCL5 caused by Nef, we employed siRNA and chemical antagonists. Antagonists of NF-κB, PI3K and p38 significantly reduced the expression levels of CCL5 induced by Nef transfection. Furthermore, specific siRNAs demonstrated that the Akt, p38MAPK, NF-κB, CEBP and AP-1 pathways play a role in Nef-mediated CCL5 expression. The results demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways, along with the transcription factors NF-κB, CEBP and AP-1, are involved in Nef-induced CCL5 production in astrocytes.
Photoionization of clusters in intense few-cycle near infrared femtosecond pulses
Authors: Krishnan S. R. , Gopal R. , Rajeev R. , Jha J. , Sharma V. , Mudrich M. , Moshammer R. , Krishnamurthy M.
Published: March 2014

In this article we present a perspective on the current state of the art in the photoionization of atomic clusters in few-cycle near-infrared laser pulses.
Study of the synthesis mechanism of 4-amino-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole by fibre optic in-line FT-IR spectroscopy combined with independent component analysis
Authors: Li Jiguang , Gao Jun , Li Hua , Yang Xiaofeng , Liu Yu
Published: March 2014

The synthesis mechanism of 4-amino-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole was investigated using in-line FT-IR spectroscopy combined with a Fast-ICA algorithm.
An orphan two-component response regulator Slr1588 involves salt tolerance by directly regulating synthesis of compatible solutes in photosynthetic Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Chen Lei , Wu Lina , Zhu Ye , Song Zhongdi , Wang Jiangxin , Zhang Weiwen
Published: March 2014

We report here the characterization of a novel orphan response regulator Slr1588 directly involved in the synthesis and transport of compatible solutes against salt stress.
Thinking Outside the Box: A Modern Approach to Treatment
Authors: Riegler Lindsay
Published: March 2014

Mark Ylvisaker paved the cognitive rehabilitation pathway for generations to follow. Many of us who have come after are driving the avenues he worked so hard to create. His work was seminal in the fact that he blended disciplines, seamlessly creating a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Incorporating ideas founded in psychology into standard speech therapy had not been successfully implemented prior to Dr. Ylvisaker. He brought credibility and recognition to the role a speech-language pathologist (SLP) must play in cognitive rehabilitation. This article highlights Dr. Ylvisaker's influence on the development of my programmatic research on the treatment of individuals with brain injury.
Correlation study of video object trackers evaluation metrics
Authors: Martín R. , Martínez J.M.
Published: March 2014

A correlation study of a set of video object trackers evaluation metrics is presented. There are multiple metrics in the state‐of‐the‐art, and the main differences between them are based on the penalties that are attributed to the errors (false positives, false negatives, target loss etc.). After defining each one of the considered metrics, a correlation study is presented showing the redundancy between all the metrics. This reported study was performed using multiple tracking algorithms, and an extensive set of video sequences that attempt to cover many different situations.
Auto‐calibration of Hall effect sensors for home energy consumption monitoring
Authors: Beaufort Samson G. , Levasseur M.‐A. , Gagnon F. , Gagnon G.
Published: March 2014

A technique to improve the accuracy of an electrical energy consumption monitoring system is proposed. This system is based on a network of Hall effect wireless sensors attached to the wire at the output of every circuit breaker in the electrical distribution panel. The readings provided by the Hall effect sensors show significant gain errors due to their sensitivity to the distance between the sensor and the monitored wire. To mitigate these gain errors and increase the system accuracy, the addition of a single high‐precision current transformer sensor at the main electrical input is proposed, measuring the total current. This signal is used as the reference signal in a least‐mean square algorithm to compensate for the unknown gains of the Hall effect sensors. Experimental results using three prototype Hall effect sensors show that the proposed solution converges within 1.7 min, reducing the average current measurement error from 2.54 to 0.46 Arms.
Diffusion LMP algorithm with adaptive variable power
Authors: Wen F.
Published: March 2014

The diffusion least mean p‐power (LMP) algorithm is extended with adaptive variable power p in the generalised Gaussian distribution (GGD) environments. The GGD is one of the widely used distributions in the signal processing area. For the proposed method, priori knowledge of the distribution parameters is not required. Furthermore, it is robust to the preselected initial power order. Numerical results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed method.
Delay based noise cancelling sturdy MASH delta‐sigma modulator
Authors: Han C. , Maghari N.
Published: March 2014

A delay‐based noise cancelling sturdy multi‐stage noise shaping (MASH) structure that cancels the first‐stage quantisation error is presented. Thus, a smaller number of bits can be used for the first‐stage quantiser without degrading the overall performance. In addition, the proposed structure improves stability with respect to maximum applicable input by removing the first‐stage quantisation error from the first loop.
Performance improvement of the PU2RC transmission schemes
Authors: Sattarzadeh Sayed Ata , Olfat Ali
Published: March 2014

We consider the downlink of a multiple‐input multiple‐output broadcast channel where the transmitter uses per user unitary and rate control (PU2RC) to perform the user scheduling and beamforming. The main shortcoming of the PU2RC scheme is in networks where the number of users is less than or comparable with the codebook size. In these networks, PU2RC cannot properly exploit the available channel dimensions. To deal with this problem, they propose two different approaches to enhance the throughput performance of the system. In the first approach, they try to find and assign unscheduled users to the unused channel dimensions. This is done through a signal‐to‐interference plus noise ratio (SINR) estimation method in which they approximate the SINR of the users along new beamforming vectors. In this approach, they usually achieve the maximum multiplexing order of the system. In the second approach, they adjust the SINR feedbacks according to the number of scheduled users. When the number of scheduled users is less than the number of transmitting antennas, the feedback SINRs are in fact underestimated. In this case, they correct the SINRs and improve the average throughput. The simulation results show that both proposed methods can effectively improve the performance of the PU2RC scheme.
Multiple‐access wiretap channel with common channel state information at the encoders
Authors: Dai Bin , Wang Yongtao , Zhuang Zhuojun
Published: March 2014

The multiple‐access wiretap channel (MAC‐WTC) with common channel state information (CSI) at the encoders is studied, where two transmitters wish to send their confidential messages (no common message) to a legitimate receiver, while keeping a wiretapper as ignorant of the confidential messages as possible. Meanwhile, the channel is controlled by CSI, and it is available at the transmitters in a non‐causal manner or causal manner. This model can be viewed as a MAC extension of the WTC with CSI. Both the situation that the encoders can cooperate with each other and the situation that cooperation is not allowed between the encoders are investigated. More specifically, first, the cooperative MAC‐WTC with common CSI at the encoders is investigated, inner bounds on the secrecy capacity regions are provided for both non‐causal and causal manners. Secondly, the non‐cooperative MAC‐WTC with common CSI at the encoders is investigated, and also provide inner bounds on the secrecy capacity regions for both non‐causal and causal manners. Finally, by calculating the binary examples, the authors find that the cooperation between the encoders helps to obtain a larger secrecy rate region, that is, cooperation enhances the security of the MAC‐WTC with common CSI at the encoders.
On the circular‐L(2, 1)‐labelling for strong products of paths and cycles
Authors: Tang Yuan Yan , Shao Zehui , Lang Fangnian , Xu Xiaodong , Yeh Roger K.
Published: March 2014

Let k be a positive integer. A k‐circular‐L(2, 1)‐labelling of a graph G is an assignment f from V(G) to {0, 1, …, k−1} such that, for any two vertices u and v, |f(u) − f(v)|k ≥ 2 if u and v are adjacent, and |f(u) − f(v)|k ≥ 1 if u and v are at distance 2, where |x|k = min{|x|, k−|x|}. The minimum k such that G admits a k‐circular‐L(2, 1)‐labelling is called the circular‐L(2, 1)‐labelling number (or just the σ‐number) of G, denoted by σ(G). The exact values of σ(Pm ⊠ Cn) and σ(Cm ⊠ Cn) for some m and n have been determined in this study. Finally, it has been concluded that σ(Cm ⊠ Cn) ≤ 13 for n ≥ m ≥ 220.
Combining diagonal connection and cancellation turn in electromagnetic interference filtering
Authors: Kostov Konstantin S. , Nee Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2014

In this study, a new printed circuit board (PCB) implementation of the diagonal connection is proposed. The two capacitors that are connected diagonally are laid out as close as possible and in such a way that their currents have opposite directions. The new layout combines the benefits of the so‐called ‘cancellation turn’ with the benefits of the diagonal connection, without the need for additional PCB space and components. The experimental results show that the self‐resonant frequency of the diagonally connected capacitors increased by 32%. Additionally, the coupling between the diagonally connected capacitors and a capacitor on the other side of the filter was reduced by 20–25 dB.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles protect primary osteoblasts against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage
Authors: Zhou Guoqiang , Li Yang , Zheng Baofeng , Wang Wenying , Gao Jing , Wei Haiying , Li Shenghui , Wang Shuxiang , Zhang Jinchao
Published: March 2014

Oxidative damage is an important contributor to the morphological and the functional changes in the development of osteoporosis. In this reported work, the use of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles as a potential therapeutic agent for osteoporosis is explored. By using the primary osteoblasts (OBs) exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), it is shown that the CeO2 nanoparticles relieve the H2O2‐induced oxidative damage. The protective effects of the CeO2 nanoparticles were because of a reduction in the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The level of the antioxidant enzymes was increased after treatment with the CeO2 nanoparticles in the OBs exposed to H2O2. Moreover, the cell apoptosis rate was decreased after treatment with the CeO2 nanoparticles. The CeO2 nanoparticles protect the OBs against the H2O2‐induced oxidative damage, suppression of the antioxidant enzymes depletion and cell apoptosis via its ROS scavenging mechanism. The findings suggest that the CeO2 nanoparticles may have a potentially therapeutic value for the diseases related to the ROS.
Inverse miniemulsion copolymerisation of aniline with p‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Yang Bo
Published: March 2014

Polyaniline/poly(p‐phenylenediamine) (PAN/PAPPD) copolymer was prepared in an inverse miniemulsion by the copolymerisation of p‐phenylenediamine and aniline using (NH4)2S2O8 as an oxidant in the presence of surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The PAN/PAPPD copolymers were characterised in terms of X‐ray diffraction diagrams, Fourier transform infrared and dynamic light scattering, respectively. The effect of a monomer molar ratio, the content of the surfactant, the concentration of the oxidising agent and the temperature on the yield and the intrinsic viscosity of the copolymer were investigated. In this system, the apparent value of the energy of activation (Ea) was calculated to be −16.1 kJ/mol from 5 to 30°C. The conductivity of the copolymer obtained in the miniemulsion was higher than that in the solution.
Visible light‐assisted synthesis of Pt/Bi2WO6 and photocatalytic activity for ciprofloxacin
Authors: Wu Yafan , Zhang Xian , Zhang Gehong , Guan Weisheng
Published: March 2014

The Pt/Bi2WO6 composite photocatalyst has been successfully synthesised via a photodeposition method. The morphology and the structure of the Pt/Bi2WO6 composite samples are characterised by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis diffused reflectance spectra. Also discussed are the photocatalytic activities of the obtained samples with different amounts of Pt by investigating the degradation of ciprofloxacin under a Xenon lamp irradiation and it is found that the Pt/Bi2WO6 sample with a 1.0 wt% Pt has the highest photocatalytic activity, which is two times of that compared with the pure Bi2WO6. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of the above degradation has been studied.
Alpha and recoil track detection in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)—Towards a method for in vitro assessment of radiopharmaceuticals internalized in cancer cells
Authors: Myhra S. , Falzone N. , Chakalova R.
Published: March 2014

A method for detection and characterization of single MeV α-particle and recoil tracks in PMMA photoresist by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis has been demonstrated. The energy deposition along the track is shown to lead to a latent pattern in the resist due to contrast reversal. It has been shown that the pattern, consisting of conical spikes, can be developed by conventional processing as a result of the dissolution rate of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) being greater than that for the modified material in the cylindrical volume of the track core. The spikes can be imaged and counted by routine AFM analysis. Investigations by angular-resolved near-grazing incidence reveal additional tracks that correspond to recoil tracks. The observations have been correlated with modelling, and shown to be in qualitative agreement with prevailing descriptions of collision cascades. The results may be relevant to technologies that are based on detection and characterization of single energetic ions. In particular, the direct visualization of the collision cascade may allow more accurate estimates of the actual interaction volume, which in turn will permit more precise assessment of dose distribution of α-emitting radionuclides used for targeted radiotherapy. The results could also be relevant to other diagnostic or process technologies based on interaction of energetic ions with matter.
Coherent molecular transistor: Control through variation of the gate wave function
Authors: Ernzerhof Matthias
Published: March 2014

In quantum interference transistors (QUITs), the current through the device is controlled by variation of the gate component of the wave function that interferes with the wave function component joining the source and the sink. Initially, mesoscopic QUITs have been studied and more recently, QUITs at the molecular scale have been proposed and implemented. Typically, in these devices the gate lead is subjected to externally adjustable physical parameters that permit interference control through modifications of the gate wave function. Here, we present an alternative model of a molecular QUIT in which the gate wave function is directly considered as a variable and the transistor operation is discussed in terms of this variable. This implies that we specify the gate current as well as the phase of the gate wave function component and calculate the resulting current through the source-sink channel. Thus, we extend on prior works that focus on the phase of the gate wave function component as a control parameter while having zero or certain discrete values of the current. We address a large class of systems, including finite graphene flakes, and obtain analytic solutions for how the gate wave function controls the transistor.
Darboux integrability of 2-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with homogenous potentials of degree 3
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Valls Claudia
Published: March 2014

We provide a characterization of all Hamiltonian systems of the form \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$H=(p_1^2\break +p_2^2)/2+ V(q_1,q_2),$\end{document}H=(p12+p22)/2+V(q1,q2), where V is a homogenous polynomial of degree 3 which are completely integrable with Darboux first integrals.
Statistical mechanics based on fractional classical and quantum mechanics
Authors: Korichi Z. , Meftah M. T.
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this work is to study some problems in statistical mechanics based on the fractional classical and quantum mechanics. At first stage we have presented the thermodynamical properties of the classical ideal gas and the system of N classical oscillators. In both cases, the Hamiltonian contains fractional exponents of the phase space (position and momentum). At the second stage, in the context of the fractional quantum mechanics, we have calculated the thermodynamical properties for the black body radiation, studied the Bose-Einstein statistics with the related problem of the condensation and the Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Investigation of a relationship between dielectric peak diffuseness and elastic modulus variations in a ferroelectric relaxor
Authors: Sarasúa L. G. , Moreno A. , Favre S. , Eiras J. A.
Published: March 2014

The dependence with temperature of elastic modulus of relaxor ferroelectric ceramics is modeled with a Landau-Devonshire-type cluster theory. The effective elastic modulus obtained from experimental data of ultrasonic longitudinal velocity in PCT and PLZT ferroelectric ceramics are compared with the proposed model. This comparison shows that the model is able to reproduce the dependence with temperature of elastic modulus c very well. We obtained that as impurity concentration increases in both families, the diffuseness of the transition shows important variations, but the strengths of the couplings between the polarization and the strain remain almost unchanged. In contrast, other models assigned a change in the strengths of the couplings between the polarization and the strain to explain the diffuse transition in these compounds.
An atomistic methodology of energy release rate for graphene at nanoscale
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Xianqiao , Lee James D.
Published: March 2014

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb architecture, serving as a fundamental building block for electric devices. Understanding the fracture mechanism of graphene under various conditions is crucial for tailoring the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene-based devices at atomic scale. Although most of the fracture mechanics concepts, such as stress intensity factors, are not applicable in molecular dynamics simulation, energy release rate still remains to be a feasible and crucial physical quantity to characterize the fracture mechanical property of materials at nanoscale. This work introduces an atomistic simulation methodology, based on the energy release rate, as a tool to unveil the fracture mechanism of graphene at nanoscale. This methodology can be easily extended to any atomistic material system. We have investigated both opening mode and mixed mode at different temperatures. Simulation results show that the critical energy release rate of graphene is independent of initial crack length at low temperature. Graphene with inclined pre-crack possesses higher fracture strength and fracture deformation but smaller critical energy release rate compared with the graphene with vertical pre-crack. Owing to its anisotropy, graphene with armchair chirality always has greater critical energy release rate than graphene with zigzag chirality. The increase of temperature leads to the reduction of fracture strength, fracture deformation, and the critical energy release rate of graphene. Also, higher temperature brings higher randomness of energy release rate of graphene under a variety of predefined crack lengths. The energy release rate is independent of the strain rate as long as the strain rate is small enough.
The shifting dimensions of language learner autonomy
Authors: Macaro Ernesto
Published: March 2014

Second language (L2) learning in the 21st century, perhaps more than in the last, will see shifting perspectives, priorities and tendencies. Whereas the late 20th century saw the rise to pre-eminence of English as the international language of communication, the decades to come may chronicle a challenge to that dominance as other world languages, such as Chinese and Spanish, jostle for supremacy. New technologies may accelerate the injection of alternative ways of delivering a second language curriculum. The profile of the L2 learner, already a complex and diverse one, may undergo fundamental changes as new societal, cultural, political and professional demands are imposed on the individual. Within all these developments the concept of the autonomous language learner may also shift, indeed it is shifting already. Yet it would seem to me important to safeguard a number of constants, particularly those regarding the right of self-determination of the individual. With this in mind, this chapter elaborates on a model of autonomy first proposed in Macaro (1997). The model proposed 3 dimensions of L2 autonomy: autonomy of language competence; autonomy of language learning competence; autonomy of learner choice. In returning to this theme more than ten years later I find I still have in mind an L2 learner who is young and not that far advanced on his or her L2 learning path. This is not only because my professional experience lies with this group of learners but also because this group is still under-represented, perhaps even disenfranchised, in the second language acquisition and L2 pedagogy literature. I will examine each of these dimensions in turn and then try to pull them together in the concluding remarks.
Learner autonomy – teacher autonomy
Authors: La Ganza William
Published: March 2014

This paper aims to explore the constructs of learner autonomy and teacher autonomy in the context of classroom-based language teaching: particularly, interrelational considerations that might inform pedagogical decisions. The concept of interrelating – implying affective engagement and connection where the term interacting does not – is central to the present paper’s focus on the interpersonal dynamics of the teacher-learner context, especially in so far as these dynamics might influence a learner’s capacity to be autonomous. In defining learner autonomy and related terms, the paper presents theory emerging from the author’s recent research into teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of learner autonomy and the teacher-learner relationship, which conceives of the traditional teaching-learning context as a Dynamic Interrelational Space. It is argued that developing a learner’s capacity to be autonomous is meaningful only in terms of interrelational dynamics: i.e., that learner autonomy depends upon the capacity of the learner and the teacher to generate and maintain a particular interrelational climate defined in terms of influence or restraint from influence. Factors that might precipitate the breakdown of the teacher-learner relationship, and thus the educative quality of the learning process, are discussed. The paper reviews the implications of the Dynamic Interrelational Space for both the learner’s and teacher’s creating an interrelational climate conducive to the development and maintenance of learner autonomy, and for the teacher’s seeking to generate an interrelational climate conducive to his or her autonomy as a teacher within institutional and bureaucratic constraints. The author’s research shows that, similarly to teachers and learners, teachers and their course coordinators or directors create interrelational climates that are also characterized by changing tensions involving influence and restraint from influence. An appreciation of these dynamics, and of the capacities that appear to underpin the will to empower, can help teachers in ensuring both their learners’ autonomy and their own.
Teacher education towards teacher (and learner) autonomy: What can be learnt from teacher development practices?
Authors: Vieira Flávia , Barbosa Isabel , Paiva Madalena , Fernandes Isabel Sandra
Published: March 2014

Teacher education towards teacher and learner autonomy is an ideological, value-laden choice whose purpose and outcomes need to be continuously scrutinised. The authors present three case studies where pre-service student teacher development practices were investigated, and discuss their value and shortcomings as regards their transformative direction. Our experience shows that criticality and role democratisation are difficult to achieve in this context, and that we need to develop further a scholarship of teacher education, as a way to uncover the forces that impinge upon it and to envision new possibilities that best serve the interests of teacher educators, teachers and learners.
The nature of legal language
Authors: Tiersma Peter
Published: March 2014

Legal languages are inevitably products of the history of the nation or state in which they are used, as well as the peculiar developments of the legal system in question. In terms of features, they tend to be characterized by minor differences in spelling, pronunciation, and orthography; long and complex sentences, often containing conjoined phrases or lists, as well as passive and nominal constructions; and a large and distinct lexicon. The profession has developed distinct traditions on how its language should be interpreted. In terms of style, the language of the law is often archaic, formal, impersonal, and wordy or redundant. And it can be relatively precise, or quite general or vague, depending on the strategic objectives of the drafter.
Legal translation
Authors: Alcaraz Varó Enrique
Published: March 2014

This paper tries to discuss some of the problems arising in the translation of legal English. In most analyses of legal translation, vocabulary (and terminology) has justifiably received most attention, as lexis fulfills the symbolic or representational function of language better than any other linguistic component. Although this article examines some problems in the translation of legal vocabulary, especially through the concept of anisomorphism, it makes an attempt to deal with the snags of syntax in legal translation, by means of the concept of anfractuosity, particularly in repetition, thematisation, passivissation and nominalisation.
Language and disadvantage before the law
Authors: Eades Diana
Published: March 2014

This chapter draws on sociolinguistic research to examine some social groups whose experience of disadvantage in the legal process is at least partly due to differences in language use: children, intellectually disabled people, Deaf people, and second dialect speakers and other minority group members. The legal contexts include police interviews, courtroom hearings, lawyer-client interviews and alternative legal processes. The chapter argues that it is impossible to address language and disadvantage in the law – whether through research or law reform – without an understanding of the politics of disadvantage, and the rights of people whose difference from the dominant society plays a significant role in their participation in the legal process.
Experimental evidence for recursion in prosody
Authors: Hunyadi László
Published: March 2014

The paper discusses two important issues in linguistic theory: the relation between recursion and linguistic structure, especially the status of prosody in the syntax-prosody interface, and how recursive structures can be related to those found in non-linguistic modalities. The paper reports on production and/ perception experiments to give evidence to the assumption that (a) speech prosody is recursive and (b) recursive prosodic structure is related to non-linguistic recursion. Based on earlier results (Hunyadi 2006) it shows that inherent grouping, the basis for recursion, is multimodal and is more extensive than previously found. It also shows that the perception of the violation of the principles of tonal embedding and tonal continuity are constrained by syntactic constituency.
Inside and out
Authors: Nevala Minna
Published: March 2014

This article focuses on socio-pragmatic aspects of address forms in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century personal letters in the Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC) by comparing the forms found inside and on the outside of a letter. In addition to providing a wider social perspective, the research questions concern the private and public aspects of address formulae and the influence of different participant roles of the writer and the recipient. Address forms are analysed using Bell’s (1984, 2001) audience design model, as well as Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The study shows that formulae inside a letter are mainly governed by relative power in the relationship between the writer and the recipient. Address in superscriptions, on the other hand, seems to be the result of taking into consideration both the addressee and the audience with its possible opinions and reactions.
Yours sincerely and yours affectionately
Authors: Bijkerk Annemieke
Published: March 2014

This article explores the history of yours sincerely and yours affectionately as closing formulas in letters. It focuses especially on the rise of the formulas in the eighteenth century, tracing their origin as positive politeness devices which took the place of the pragmatised standard epistolary formula Your most obedient humble servant. The article will also try to find evidence for John Gay (1685–1732), writer and poet, being a linguistic innovator in terms of the research model of social network analysis as developed by Leslie Milroy (1987). It will be argued that John Gay might have been responsible for the adoption and subsequent spread in usage of the formula within his own social network, comprising Pope, Swift and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.
“The pleasure of receiving your favour”
Authors: Valle Ellen
Published: March 2014

The article deals with correspondence in natural history in the eighteenth century between England and North America. The corpus discussed consists of correspondence between John Bartram and Peter Collinson, and between Alexander Garden and John Ellis. The approach used in the study is qualitative and rhetorical; the main point considered is how the letters construct scientific centre and periphery in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world. A central concept is the “colonial exchange”, whereby “raw materials” from the colonies — in this case plant and animal specimens, along with proposed identifications and names — are exchanged for “finished products”, in this case codified scientific knowledge contained in publications.
Grammars and the community
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: March 2014

The audience for a grammatical description is an important consideration for anyone involved in descriptive linguistics. Potential grammar users include linguists, the interested public, and members of the communities in which the language is spoken. An awareness of the target audiences is necessary in shaping the grammar to meet varying needs. It might, for example, affect the choice of topics to be discussed, the organization and style of the presentation, the depth of detail to include, the use of technical terminology, and the nature of exemplification. It is not yet clear whether one grammar can serve all potential audiences and purposes. Whether it can or not, however, there is a good chance that any grammar will eventually be pressed into service for more than one. This paper offers some suggestions based on the author's experience with Mohawk communities situated in Quebec, Ontario, and New York State.
Collaborative tagging as distributed cognition
Authors: Steels Luc
Published: March 2014

The paper discusses recent developments in web technologies based on collaborative tagging. This approach is seen as a tremendously powerful way to coordinate the ontologies and views of a large number of individuals, thus constituting the most successful tool for distributed cognition so far.
Categorization and technology innovation
Authors: Stibel Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2014

Theories on categorization have led to numerous technical innovations. Starting with artificial intelligence and neural models, scientists have leveraged psychological theories to drive forward innovative technology. More recently, software companies and Internet firms have implemented high technology software developed from cognitive theory. One class of systems rooted in the philosophical tradition stresses the importance of explanation and function. Another focuses on feature similarity and rule-based reasoning. Both approaches have had modest success and solve fundamental problems, but neither has achieved the higher-levels of categorization found in humans. The current paper critically analyzes the various theories of categorization and their collective impact on recent technology innovations.
Crime scene investigation as distributed cognition
Authors: Baber Chris , Smith Paul , Cross James , Hunter John E. , McMaster Richard
Published: March 2014

Crime scene investigation is a form of Distributed Cognition. The principal concept we explore in this paper is that of ‘resource for action’. It is proposed that crime scene investigation employs four primary resources-for-action: (a.) the environment, or scene itself, which affords particular forms of search and object retrieval; (b.) the retrieved objects, which afford translation into evidence; (c.) the procedures that guide investigation, which both constrain the search activity and also provide opportunity for additional activity; (d.) the narratives that different agents within the system produce to develop explanatory models and formal accounts of the crime. For each aspect of distributed cognition, we consider developments in technology that could support activity.
Lexical cohesion and rhetorical structure
Authors: Morley John
Published: March 2014

Lexical cohesion not only contributes to the texture of a text, it can help to indicate the rhetorical development of the discourse. This article looks at this argument-structuring function of lexical cohesion first by considering single texts using the techniques of classical discourse analysis and then by using the methodology of corpus linguistics to examine several million words of text. First, the nature of cohesive links within single articles is examined. Next, the link between headlines and the articles that follow them is studied. Finally, various concessive mechanisms which structure arguments are examined in detail. It is argued that an awareness of the mechanisms outlined in this article will help students to understand better the kind of argumentation presented in texts. All the texts studied are from English newspapers.
Lexical bundles and discourse signalling in academic lectures
Authors: Nesi Hilary , Basturkmen Helen
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses some approaches to the categorisation of cohesive devices with reference to spoken academic discourse, multi-word units, and strings of frequently co-occurring words (lexical bundles). It goes on to investigate the cohesive role of lexical bundles in a corpus of 160 university lectures (120 from the BASE corpus and 40 from MICASE). Like the bundles from the T2K SWAL teaching subcorpus, investigated by Biber, Conrad and Cortes (2004), the bundles in the lecture corpus included both ‘oral’ and ‘literate’ elements. The majority of frequently occurring bundles were found to be used to signal discourse relations, although their cohesive function was not necessarily obvious when listed out of context.
Building back-of-the-book indexes
Authors: Nazarenko Adeline , Mekki Touria Aït El
Published: March 2014

This paper presents an original natural language processing (NLP) approach for building of back-of-the-book indexes. Our indexing system, IndDoc, exploits some terminological tools and automatically builds an index draft of the analysis of the document text. The indexer then has to validate that index draft through a dedicated interface. This approach has been tested on several documents with promising results. Relying on our experience in developing and testing the IndDoc indexing system, we aim at assessing the contribution of terminological analysis as well as the level of maturity that computational terminology has reached in the indexing perspective.
Blair’s contribution to elaborating a new ‘doctrine of international community’
Authors: Fairclough Norman
Published: March 2014

This paper examines the recent move towards a new regime of international relations and international security from a discourse analytical perspective, focusing on speeches by Tony Blair. I shall discuss how Blair has contributed to the emergence of a new hegemonic discourse of international relations and international security in speeches given between 2000 and 2003.
How minds and selves are made
Authors: Kusch Martin
Published: March 2014

This paper aims at a conceptual clarification of some of the mechanisms that are involved when human selves are made in interactions with each other. Four such broad mechanisms are distinguished: socialisation, classification of self and others, the deference-emotion system, and the attribution and manipulation of the status of the responsible agent. The first two mechanisms are modelled with simple mechanical machines like clocks and signalling devices. Regarding the status of the responsible agent, the paper offers a proposal as to why we have conflicting intuitions about freedom of the will.
Dynamics of social coordination
Authors: Vallacher Robin R. , Nowak Andrzej , Zochowski Michal
Published: March 2014

Close relationships are described in terms of the temporal coordination of behavior based on the similarity of partners’ internal states (e.g., moods, personality traits). Coupled nonlinear dynamical systems (logistic equations) were used to model the emergence, maintenance, and disruption of coordination in such relationships. For each system (partner), there was a control parameter corresponding to an internal state and a dynamical variable corresponding to behavior. Computer simulations investigated how the temporal coordination of behavior in a relationship reflects the similarity of partners’ control parameters and the strength of coupling (mutual influence between partners). Several types of coordination were observed, with in-phase synchronization occurring for strong coupling and similarity in internal states. In a variation of the model, each system could adjust its own control parameter to synchronize its dynamics with that of the other system. Simulation results provide insight into several topics in the study of close relations and group dynamics.
Linguistic Bearings and Testimonial Practices
Authors: Ross Fiona
Published: March 2014

The paper considers women’s testimonies before the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, tracing the complexities of speaking about suffering. A growing literature suggests that violence and horror corrupt language and interrupt its flow. Testimonial practices focused on violence’s recall then occupy unstable grounds. Arguing that testimony is mediated by the subject positions from which women speak and that these are shaped by cultural convention, the paper traces the effects of ‘modes of discomfort’, drawing attention to the faultlines between words and experience when violence is recalled.
Stories: Big or small
Authors: Bamberg Michael
Published: March 2014

This article is a pledge that we actually should care about the differences between what has recently been coined ‘small’ versus ‘big’ stories because they represent very different approaches to narrative inquiry. In the attempt to pull other contributions of this special issue into the debate between small and big, I argue that the small story approach is able to theoretically and methodologically enrich traditional narrative inquiry — not in a peaceful, complementary fashion, but by more radically re-positioning big story approaches as grounded in dialogical/discursive approaches such as small story research.
Entitlement and empathy in personal narrative
Authors: Shuman Amy
Published: March 2014

My review of the past thirty years of narrative scholarship returns to the work of Harvey Sacks and Erving Goffman, situated in Dell Hymes’ ethnography of communication, to examine where their interactive model for understanding narrative has taken us. Although in some disciplines, narrative research is used as empirical evidence of how people interpret their experiences, Sacks’ work points more to the ways that personal narrative destabilizes the relationship between narrative and experience. Current work focuses on narrative at its limits, including the study of fragmented, rather than coherent, selves; multiply voiced, rather than monologic, points of view; and compromised, rather than easily empathetic, relations of understanding. This work builds on, rather than departs from, research on narrative thirty years ago. In this essay, I suggest a connection between early research on entitlement and contemporary research on the ethics of narrative, and I focus in particular on the problem of empathy.