bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered Concept Lattice Model and Its Application to Build Rapidly Concept Lattice
Authors: Wu Xia , Zhang Jialu , Zhong Jiaming
Published: June 2020

When some attributes of a formal context can be decomposed into some subattributes a model of layered concept lattice to improve the efficiency of building concept lattice with complex structure attribute data is studied, the relationship between concept lattice and layered concept is discussed. Two algorithms are proposed: one is the roll-up building algorithm in which the upper concepts are built by the lower concept and the other is the drill-down algorithm in which the lower concepts are built by the upper concept. The examples and experiments show that the layered concept lattice model can be used to model complex structure attribute data, and the roll-up building algorithm and the drill-down algorithm are effective. The layered concept lattice model expands the scope of the research and application of concept lattice, the roll-up building algorithm, and drill-down algorithm of layered concept lattice to improve the efficiency for building concept lattice.
Massive Hemoptysis in Children
Authors: Yang Juan , Liu Fengqin , Liang Yan , Guo Chunyan , Wang Jinrong , Chen Xing
Published: June 2020

Rationale. Hemoptysis is a rare but often life-threatening condition in pediatric patients. Massive hemoptysis can easily lead to asphyxia, respiratory failure, shock, and even death. The most common causes of severe hemoptysis are lower respiratory tract infection, vascular malformation, and bronchial foreign body. We present an unusual case of massive hemoptysis caused by malformation of the bronchial artery, which includes bronchial artery hypertrophy, bronchial-pulmonary artery fistula, and ectopic bronchial artery. Patient. An 11-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with mild hemoptysis lasting for the two preceding days. He did not report any discomfort, such as fever or chest pain. His complete blood count and coagulation function were normal. Chest X-ray documented lower right pneumonia. Massive hemoptysis occurred on the night of the admission. Diagnosis. Bronchial arteriography revealed that the right lower bronchial artery and the ectopic bronchial artery from the renal artery were the responsible vessels for hemoptysis. Interventions. The boy underwent a successful bronchial artery embolization and bronchoscopy to remove the blood clot from the airway. Outcomes. After bronchial artery embolization and bronchoscopy, the boy recovered without complications. Hemoptysis and chest pain disappeared, and chest radiographs returned to normal. Lessons. Bronchial arterial bleeding often presents as life-threatening massive hemoptysis. Patients should immediately receive hemostatic treatment and undergo chest CTA, bronchial arteriography, BAE, and bronchoscopy according to their condition. Rapid identification of the etiology and symptomatic treatment are critical to saving the lives of children.
Study on the Generation Mechanism and Development Law of the Zonal Disintegration in Deep Burial Tunnels
Authors: Ma Xiaohui , Wei Jihong , Liu Jin , Song Zezhuo , Bai Yuxia
Published: June 2020

In the development of underground spaces, we found that the mechanical properties of rock mass often demonstrate strong nonlinear characteristics. Some new phenomena emerge in deep rock mass engineering. This includes zonal disintegration and rock burst. Zonal disintegration is very important in deep tunnels. In this paper, we start with the mechanical properties of deep rocks to understand the preconditions for zonal disintegration. Using the Failure Approach Index (FAI), the process of zonal disintegration can be modeled by FLAC (FISH language). Our results indicate that tensile failure in the Supporting Pressure Zone (SPZ) is a precondition for zonal disintegration. Various factors that affect the generation of zonal disintegration are studied. When the maximum stress is in the axial direction, zonal disintegration will be present in deep tunnels. The high axial stress is necessary for zonal disintegration. We will present a zonal disintegration simulation in one coal mine for comparison with the borehole teleview data. We suggest some measures to prevent the development of zonal disintegration.
A Systematic Review of the Current Hepatitis B Viral Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Situation in Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Madihi Salma , Syed Hashim , Lazar Fatiha , Zyad Abdelmajid , Benani Abdelouaheb
Published: June 2020

Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting nearly two billion subjects; 3.3% of whom are from the WHO (World Health Organization) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It induces both acute and chronic hepatic disorders with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a considerable percentage of patients based on the age of exposure. In this review, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCC prevalence, distribution and prevalence of different genotypes, and male/female infection frequencies in relation to the vaccination status in the Mediterranean countries were reported. Study Design. This systematic review describes the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus, and prevalence and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mediterranean countries belonging to three different continents: Southern Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), and the Near East region (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, and Palestine). We tried to collect new data from electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and public health reports between 1980 and 2019. For each publication, we recorded reference, publication year, study characteristics (date, locations, sample size, and study population), and participant characteristics (population group, year, age, and sex). No language limitation was imposed, and articles or reports from non‐peer‐reviewed sources were not considered for this analysis. The main keywords were HBV prevalence, hepatitis B infection, HBV genotype, and HCC. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Healthy population‐based studies included the following sample populations: (i) voluntary blood donors, (ii) pregnant women, (iii) community studies, (iv) hemodialysis patients, (v) hospitalized patients, (vi) healthcare workers, (vii) sex workers, (viii) drug abusers, and (ix) prisoners. We excluded studies from the following special groups who were assumed to be at a special high risk: patients from sexually transmitted disease clinics and thalassemia clinics and professional or paid blood donors.
Extreme Environmental Stress‐Induced Biological Responses in the Planarian
Authors: Cao Zhonghong , Liu Hongjin , Zhao Bosheng , Pang Qiuxiang , Zhang Xiufang
Published: June 2020

Planarians are bilaterally symmetric metazoans of the phylum Platyhelminthes. They have well‐defined anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes and have a highly structured true brain which consists of all neural cell types and neuropeptides found in a vertebrate. Planarian flatworms are famous for their strong regenerative ability; they can easily regenerate any part of the body including the complete neoformation of a functional brain within a few days and can survive a series of extreme environmental stress. Nowadays, they are an emerging model system in the field of developmental, regenerative, and stem cell biology and have offered lots of helpful information for these realms. In this review, we will summarize the response of planarians to some typical environmental stress and hope to shed light on basic mechanisms of how organisms interact with extreme environmental stress and survive it, such as altered gravity, temperature, and oxygen, and this information will help researchers improve the design in future studies.
A New Method to Find the Wiener Index of Hypergraphs
Authors: Li Yalan , Deng Bo
Published: June 2020

The Wiener index is defined as the summation of distances between all pairs of vertices in a graph or in a hypergraph. Both models—graph-theoretical and hypergraph-theoretical—are used in mathematical chemistry for quantitatively studying physical and chemical properties of classical and nonclassical organic compounds. In this paper, we consider relationships between hypertrees and trees and hypercycles and cycles with respect to their Wiener indices.
Construction of a Class of Sharp Löwner Majorants for a Set of Symmetric Matrices
Authors: Fernández Mauricio , Fritzen Felix
Published: June 2020

The Löwner partial order is taken into consideration in order to define Löwner majorants for a given finite set of symmetric matrices. A special class of Löwner majorants is analyzed based on two specific matrix parametrizations: a two-parametric form and a four-parametric form, which arise in the context of so-called zeroth-order bounds of the effective linear behavior in the field of solid mechanics in engineering. The condensed explicit conditions defining the convex parameter sets of Löwner majorants are derived. Examples are provided, and potential application to semidefinite programming problems is discussed. Open-source MATLAB software is provided to support the theoretical findings and for reproduction of the presented results. The results of the present work offer in combination with the theory of zeroth-order bounds of mechanics a highly efficient approach for the automated material selection for future engineering applications.
Using Traditional Chinese Medicine to Treat Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting Tumor Immunity
Authors: Jia Wentao , Wang Lina
Published: June 2020

As the leading cause of cancer‐related death, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) threatens human health and limited treatments are available to cure the disease efficiently and effectively. The particularly immunotolerant environment of the liver lowers the efficacy of current therapies in patients with advanced HCC. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gathering increasing interest due to the immunoregulatory properties of certain compounds. In advanced HCC, TCM can restore immunosurveillance to promote antitumor effects in several ways, including the upregulation of immunostimulatory factors and the downregulation of immunosuppressive factors. The characteristic multitarget regulation of TCM compounds may provide new insights regarding effective HCC immunotherapies. Here, we review the immunoregulatory potency of TCMs for treating HCC and explain how individual TCM drugs and complex formulas remodel the immune environment in various cell‐ and cytokine‐dependent manners.
Metachronous Mesorectal Recurrence after Colectomy for Ascending Colon Cancer
Authors: Mackowsky Matthew , Toussaint Ashley , Clarke Kevin , Hudacko Rachel
Published: June 2020

Background: An isolated metachronous recurrence in the mesorectum from a primary ascending colon cancer is a rare finding that has not been previously reported. This may represent a form of retroperitoneal spread, sometimes referred to as “drop metastasis,” which is an uncommon mechanism for metachronous recurrence. Case Presentation: A 38-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department in January of 2018 with profound anemia. A colonoscopy revealed innumerable colonic polyps. He reported having multiple family members diagnosed with colon cancer and was subsequently diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis with rectal sparing. Total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was performed, revealing a T3N1a adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon. The patient subsequently underwent 12 cycles of adjuvant FOLFOX. Surveillance imaging in late 2019 revealed a suspicious mass in the superior perirectal soft tissue without any other sites of potential disease. Completion proctectomy was performed in January 2020, 2 years after the initial resection. Pathology revealed a mesorectal tumor deposit located 1.5 cm distal to the ileorectal anastomosis. No evidence of mucosal involvement or nodal metastasis was identified. Conclusion: Isolated mesorectal recurrence is a rare and previously unreported clinical finding following resection of an ascending colon cancer with an ileorectal anastomosis. This likely represents a form of retroperitoneal spread.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Urinary System on Computed Tomography at a High-Volume Institution in China
Authors: Chen Bo , Li Shuang , Fang Xin , Xu He , Yu Jianqun , Liu Liangren , Wei Qiang
Published: June 2020

Objective: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the urinary system are relatively rare and often misdiagnosed. We aimed to summarize and analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging features, management, and follow-up of renal and bladder IMTs. Methods: In this retrospective study, 22 patients with IMT pathologically verified between 2009 and 2018 were included. Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings were recorded. Tumor size, location, and shape were analyzed and summarized. Results: There were 22 patients with a median age of 45 years (range: 20–74), including 14 patients with renal IMT and 8 patients with bladder IMT, who met the eligibility criteria. In 21 patients, IMT appeared as a single lesion, whereas 1 patient showed bilateral renal lesions. Surgical resection was the sole therapy, and follow-up information was acquired from 13 individuals with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. In our study, a slightly hypodense or isodense homogeneous tumor with a clear boundary was more often seen. On contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), they were often manifesting as a slightly heterogeneous enhancement. Conclusions: The nature of IMTs might cause a lack of generalizability. However, it will be useful to know that there are various CT demonstrations of IMTs. CT images are useful for the detection, location, and characterization of urinary IMTs, which can help in better clinical decision-making and can also be an optimal imaging technique for follow-up.
A Case of Primary Duodenal Liposarcoma
Authors: Whitham Zachary , Blackham Aaron , Loven Victoria
Published: June 2020

Soft tissue sarcomas are common neoplasms accounting for 1% of all adult malignancies; however, soft tissue sarcomas infrequently arise from the abdominal viscera. Many case reports discuss gastric and esophageal neoplasms. In the group of gastrointestinal liposarcomas, primary duodenal liposarcomas are among the rarest, with only three previous cases reported in the literature. Herein, we discuss a case of primary duodenal liposarcoma. A 59-year-old woman presented with symptoms consistent with anemia raising suspicion for an upper gastrointestinal bleed. Upper endoscopy revealed an ulcerated mass in the first portion of the duodenum. The patient underwent a segmental duodenal resection and distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction. A diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma was rendered on the resected specimen. At 16 months’ follow-up, the patient remains without evidence of disease recurrence. We have presented a case of primary duodenal liposarcoma, which is among the rarest locations for gastrointestinal sarcomas with only three previous reports in the literature. Liposarcomas should be included in the differential for submucosal masses of the duodenum.
Adult Ocular Myasthenia Gravis Conversion: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis in China
Authors: Feng Xuelin , Huan Xiao , Yan Chong , Song Jie , Lu Jun , Zhou Lei , Wu Hui , Qiao Kai , Lu Jiahong , Xi Jianying , Luo Sushan , Zhao Chongbo
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The conversion rate from ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) to generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG) was reported to be much lower in Asian population since most OMG patients are juvenile onset. However, the exact conversion rate for adult-onset OMG to GMG is still unknown. Objective: We aimed to delineate the conversion rate and risk factors for adult patients with ocular onset to GMG. Methods: Adult myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with ocular onset (age > 18 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with confined ocular involvement lasting more than 2 years (pure OMG group) and those who converted into GMG (converted OMG group) were enrolled for subsequent analysis. We then analyzed 5 clinical variables, including onset age, sex, onset symptoms, anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR Ab), and thymus CT. Survival analysis was applied to all enrolled patients to explore risk factors associated with conversion. Results: In a total number of 249 ocular-onset MG patients initially enrolled, we excluded 122 patients with OMG lasting less than 2 years. The remaining 127 patients were enrolled, including 106 converted OMG and 21 pure OMG patients. Converted OMG patients had an older onset age (threshold: 43 years) and higher anti-AChR Ab titer (threshold: 6.13 nmol/L). The estimated conversion rate was 70.64%. Moreover, 67% of conversion occurred within 2 years after onset. Cox regression of survival analysis revealed that higher anti-AChR Ab titer and bilateral ptosis were associated with a higher conversion rate. Conclusions: The conversion of adult OMG was associated with anti-AChR Ab titer, onset age, and bilateral ptosis. The estimated conversion rate of Chinese adult OMG patients was 70%.
APOL1 Genetic Variants Are Associated with Serum-Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients
Authors: Hassan Muzamil Olamide , Duarte Raquel , Dickens Caroline , Dix-Peek Therese , Naidoo Sagren , Vachiat Ahmed , Grinter Sacha , Manga Pravin , Naicker Saraladevi
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism and attenuation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. While protecting against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, APOL1 risk alleles confer greater risk for CKD and cardiovascular disease among patients of African descent. Objectives: We investigated whether APOL1 risk variants are associated with atherosclerosis and oxidized LDL (OxLDL) levels among black South African CKD patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 120 adult CKD patients and 40 controls was undertaken. DNA samples of participants were genotyped for APOL1 G1 and G2 variants. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum lipids, and OxLDL levels were measured, and carotid doppler ultrasonography was performed on all participants. Results: APOL1 alleles rs73885319, rs60910145, and rs71785313 had minor allele frequencies of 9.2, 8.8, and 17.5%, respectively, in the patients, and 8.8, 8.8, and 13.8%, respectively, in the controls. Of the 9 patients with 2 APOL1 risk alleles, 77.8% were compound G1/G2 heterozygotes and 22.2% were G2 homozygotes. Carriers of at least 1 APOL1 risk allele had a 3-fold increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis (odds ratio 3.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.64–6.19; p = 0.01) compared to individuals with no risk alleles. Patients with 1 or 2 APOL1 risk alleles showed a significant increase in OxLDL levels when compared with those without the APOL1 risk allele. Conclusion: These findings suggest an increased risk for atherosclerosis in carriers of a single APOL1 risk variant, and the presence of APOL1 risk variants was associated with increased serum OxLDL levels in black South African CKD patients.
Axillary Nodal Metastasis with Papillary Morphology: An Uncommon Origin
Authors: Marabi Monalyn , Li Joshua J.X. , Chan Wai-Kong , Tsang Julia Y. , Tse Gary M.
Published: June 2020

Background: Metastases to axillary lymph nodes are commonly and readily confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Most likely, these arise from breast primaries. However, the diagnosis can become complicated when unusual cytomorphology is encountered. Case: We report a 60-year-old woman presenting with bilateral axillary lymphadenopathies but without breast lesions. History showed increasing CA-125 levels. FNAC yielded carcinoma cells showing prominent papillary pattern, being composed of mild to moderately differentiated malignant cells, with focal abortive glandular formation and squamous metaplasia. IHC stains were done and the tumor cells were PAX-8 positive, but GATA-3 and GCDFP-15 negative. Coupled with the clinical history, a diagnosis of metastatic endometrioid adenocarcinoma was made. Conclusion: Nodal metastases with papillary cytomorphology can rarely arise from nonbreast primaries. The presence of papillary pattern, particularly in the absence of a clinically detectable breast lesion, should raise the possibility of a metastasis. Correlation with patient history, imaging findings and judicious use of IHC studies are crucial for a correct diagnosis.
Cerebrovascular Disease in Patients with COVID-19: A Review of the Literature and Case Series
Authors: Reddy Sujan T. , Garg Tanu , Shah Chintan , Nascimento Fábio A. , Imran Rajeel , Kan Peter , Bowry Ritvij , Gonzales Nicole , Barreto Andrew , Kumar Abhay , Volpi John , Misra Vivek , Chiu David , Gadhia Rajan , Savitz  Sean I.
Published: June 2020

COVID-19 has been associated with a hypercoagulable state causing cardiovascular and neurovascular complications. To further characterize cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in COVID-19, we review the current literature of published cases and additionally report the clinical presentation, laboratory and diagnostic testing results of 12 cases with COVID-19 infection and concurrent CVD from two academic medical centers in Houston, TX, USA, between March 1 and May 10, 2020. To date, there are 12 case studies reporting 47 cases of CVD in COVID-19. However, only 4 small case series have described the clinical and laboratory findings in patients with COVID-19 and concurrent stroke. Viral neurotropism, endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy and inflammation are plausible proposed mechanisms of CVD in COVID-19 patients. In our case series of 12 patients, 10 patients had an ischemic stroke, of which 1 suffered hemorrhagic transformation and two had intracerebral hemorrhage. Etiology was determined to be embolic without a clear cause identified in 6 ischemic stroke patients, while the remaining had an identifiable source of stroke. The majority of the patients had elevated inflammatory markers such as D-dimer and interleukin-6. In patients with embolic stroke of unclear etiology, COVID-19 may have played a direct or indirect role in the processes that eventually led to the strokes while in the remaining cases, it is unclear if infection contributed partially or was an incidental finding.
SR-BI (Scavenger Receptor BI), Not LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor, Mediates Adrenal Stress Response—Brief Report
Authors: Ito Misa , Ye Xiang , Wang Qian , Guo Ling , Hao Dan , Howatt Deborah , Daugherty Alan , Cai Lei , Temel Ryan , Li Xiang-An
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Adrenal gland secretes stress-induced glucocorticoids (iGCs) to coping with stress. Previous study showed that SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) null (SR-BI
−/−
) mice failed to generate iGC in stress conditions, suggesting that SR-BI–mediated cholesterol uptake from HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is a key regulator for iGC production. However, the LDL (low-density lipoprotein)/LDLr (LDL receptor) pathway can also provide cholesterol for iGC synthesis, but rodents have limited LDL levels in circulation. Here, we generated SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg (apolipoprotein B transgenic) mice with normal LDL levels in circulation to determine the relative contribution of the HDL/SR-BI and LDL/LDLr pathways to iGC production in stress conditions.

Approach and Results:

To obtain mouse models with normal LDL levels, SR-BI
−/−
mice were bred to ApoBtg mice. Then, the F1 SR-BI±ApoBtg mice were backcrossed to SR-BI
−/−
to obtain SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg, SR-BI
−/−
ApoBwt (apolipoprotein B wild type), and SR-BI
+/+
ApoBtg mice. We first examined the lipoprotein profile, which shows a 6.5-fold increase in LDL levels in SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg mice compared with SR-BI
−/−
ApoBwt mice. Then, we induced stress with adrenocorticotropic hormone and cecal ligation and puncture. One hour after adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, SR-BI
+/+
ApoBtg control mice produced iGC (14.9-fold), but both SR-BI
−/−
ApoBwt and SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg showed no iGC production (
P
<0.001). Three hours after cecal ligation and puncture treatment, SR-BI
+/+
ApoBtg control mice showed iGC production (6.4-fold), but both SR-BI
−/−
ApoBwt and SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg mice showed no iGC production (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:

SR-BI
−/−
ApoBtg mice fail to produce iGC in stress conditions even though with restored LDL levels in circulation. These findings clarify that the HDL/SR-BI, not LDL/LDLr, pathway is responsible for iGC production in stress conditions.
Phosphodiesterase 3A and Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Ercu Maria , Markó Lajos , Schächterle Carolin , Tsvetkov Dmitry , Cui Yingqiu , Maghsodi Sara , Bartolomaeus Theda U.P. , Maass Philipp G. , Zühlke Kerstin , Gregersen Nerine , Hübner Norbert , Hodge Russell , Mühl Astrid , Pohl Bärbel , Illas Rosana Molé , Geelhaar Andrea , Walter Stephan , Napieczynska Hanna , Schelenz Stefanie , Taube Martin , Heuser Arnd , Anistan Yoland-Marie , Qadri Fatimunnisa , Todiras Mihail , Plehm Ralph , Popova Elena , Langanki Reika , Eichhorst Jenny , Lehmann Martin , Wiesner Burkhard , Russwurm Michael , Forslund Sofia K. , Kamer Ilona , Müller Dominik N. , Gollasch Maik , Aydin Atakan , Bähring Sylvia , Bader Michael , Luft Friedrich C. , Klussmann Enno
Published: June 2020

Background:

High blood pressure is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular death worldwide. Autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly clinically resembles salt-resistant essential hypertension and causes death by stroke before 50 years of age. We recently implicated the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 3A (
PDE3A
); however, in vivo modeling of the genetic defect and thus showing an involvement of mutant PDE3A is lacking.

Methods:

We used genetic mapping, sequencing, transgenic technology, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, immunoblotting, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We identified new patients, performed extensive animal phenotyping, and explored new signaling pathways.

Results:

We describe a novel mutation within a 15 base pair (bp) region of the
PDE3A
gene and define this segment as a mutational hotspot in hypertension with brachydactyly. The mutations cause an increase in enzyme activity. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated rat model, with a 9-bp deletion within the hotspot analogous to a human deletion, recapitulates hypertension with brachydactyly. In mice, mutant transgenic PDE3A overexpression in smooth muscle cells confirmed that mutant PDE3A causes hypertension. The mutant PDE3A enzymes display consistent changes in their phosphorylation and an increased interaction with the 14-3-3θ adaptor protein. This aberrant signaling is associated with an increase in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and changes in vessel morphology and function.

Conclusions:

The mutated
PDE3A
gene drives mechanisms that increase peripheral vascular resistance causing hypertension. We present 2 new animal models that will serve to elucidate the underlying mechanisms further. Our findings could facilitate the search for new antihypertensive treatments.
Higher Activation of the Rostromedial Prefrontal Cortex During Mental Stress Predicts Major Cardiovascular Disease Events in Individuals With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Moazzami Kasra , Wittbrodt Matthew T. , Lima Bruno B. , Nye Jonathon A. , Mehta Puja K. , Pearce Brad D. , Almuwaqqat Zakaria , Hammadah Muhammad , Levantsevych Oleksiy , Sun Yan V. , Raggi Paolo , Garcia Ernest V. , Goetz Margarethe , Quyyumi Arshed A. , Bremner J. Douglas , Vaccarino Viola , Shah Amit J.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Psychological stress is a risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in individuals with coronary artery disease. Certain brain regions that control both emotional states and cardiac physiology may be involved in this relationship. The rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) is an important brain region that processes stress and regulates immune and autonomic functions. Changes in rmPFC activity with emotional stress (reactivity) may be informative of future risk for MACE.

Methods:

Participants with stable coronary artery disease underwent acute mental stress testing using a series of standardized speech/arithmetic stressors and simultaneous brain imaging with high-resolution positron emission tomography brain imaging. We defined high rmPFC activation as a difference between stress and control scans greater than the median value for the entire cohort. Interleukin-6 levels 90 minutes after stress, and high-frequency heart rate variability during stress were also assessed. We defined MACE as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina with revascularization, and heart failure hospitalization.

Results:

We studied 148 subjects (69% male) with mean±SD age of 62±8 years. After adjustment for baseline demographics, risk factors, and baseline levels of interleukin-6 and high-frequency heart rate variability, higher rmPFC stress reactivity was independently associated with higher interleukin-6 and lower high-frequency heart rate variability with stress. During a median follow-up of 3 years, 34 subjects (21.3%) experienced a MACE. Each increase of 1 SD in rmPFC activation with mental stress was associated with a 21% increase risk of MACE (hazard ratio, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.08–1.37]). Stress-induced interleukin-6 and high-frequency heart rate variability explained 15.5% and 32.5% of the relationship between rmPFC reactivity and MACE, respectively. Addition of rmPFC reactivity to conventional risk factors improved risk reclassification for MACE prediction, and C-statistic improved from 0.71 to 0.76 (
P
=0.03).

Conclusions:

Greater rmPFC stress reactivity is associated with incident MACE. Immune and autonomic responses to mental stress may play a contributory role.
The Two Forms of Modern Capitalism: Liberal and Illiberal States
Authors: Mihályi Péter , Szelenyi Ivan
Published: June 2020

What is the relationship between liberalism, illiberalism and despotic forms of dictatorship – this is the central question of this paper. From the 1970’s and especially after 1989-91 it appeared that the rise of global capitalism and liberal democracy was unstoppable. Since 2005 this trend seems to be reversed. The number of countries classified as “non-free,” “undemocratic” or “illiberal” has been increasing. The bottom line of this paper is that illiberal regimes (even if they tend to be dictatorial in some ways) as long as they offer a minimal legal guarantee to capitalist businesses, can accommodate a capitalist system. Under despotic-dictatorial systems this is unimaginable. In the second part of the paper the authors make an attempt to re-conceptualize capitalism with a new theory of rent.
Gen(d)eralized Trust
Authors: Cappelen Cornelius , Linde Jonas , Olander Petrus
Published: June 2020

In this research note, the authors examine the extent to which one gender is more trusted than the other, relying on between-subjects survey experiments fielded in Germany, Norway and the United States. The authors’ findings reveal that respondents have substantially higher trust in women than in men, and that this is partly driven by gender role beliefs ascribing prosocial behavior more to women. Furthermore, across countries it is particularly trust in men that differs; trust in women is much more similar. The findings provide important insights into the sources of trust and why generalized trust differs between countries; they advance our understanding of how we relate to particular others and also groups of people with different ratios of men/women.
How Educational Systems Shape the Relationship between Social Origin and Educational Deprivation
Authors: Köthemann Dennis
Published: June 2020

This paper addresses how features of educational systems influence the association between social background and educational disadvantage up to the end of secondary school. Boudon’s ideas about the primary effects are brought together with preschool participation and the secondary effects are argued to be strongly related to the stratification of the educational system. The analyses are based on around 35,000 respondents from 29 countries provided by PIAAC. Two-step estimations combining logistic regression models within educational systems (first step) with estimated dependent variable models between educational systems (second step) are applied. The results suggest that a higher preschool participation rate is associated with a lower dependency of educational deprivation (low achievement) on social background in the early years after finishing secondary school.
Qatar and Prospects of Foreign Investment from a Developing Legal Perspective
Authors: Hawa Faten
Published: June 2020

The current research focuses on the most important features of the Foreign Investment Law of 2019 in the State of Qatar, including guarantees and incentives for foreign investors. These include customs, tax, financial and investment advantages and exemptions, in addition to protection for the foreign investor from non-commercial risks that may be caused by his investment in the country. This research reached a number of conclusions and made recommendations that focus on strengthening as well as enforcing incentives and guarantees based on the Executive Regulation of the Law. These guarantees, along with some proposed recommendations, will be issued shortly, making the enforcement law a real and attractive element for foreign investment.
The Influence of the Avicennan Theory of Science on Philosophical Sufism
Authors: Daşdemir Yusuf
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the application of the Avicennan theory of demonstrative science on taṣawwuf, or the Divine Science (al-ʿilm al-ilāhī), by members of the Akbarian tradition, particularly Ibn ʿArabī’s (d. 1240) stepson and most influential disciple, Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 1274), and his commentators, among whom the most prominent was Mullā Muḥammad b. Ḥamza al-Fanārī (d. 1431). It aims to find out what kind of relationship was developed between Avicennan logic and Sufism by the two members of the Akbarian school in the post-classical Islamic thought. It also seeks to show that the convergence between different currents of Islamic thought—Sufism and philosophy in this case—led to some adaptation problems and internal inconsistencies for these currents.
Triseptata sexualis gen. et sp. nov. in Latoruaceae (Pleosporales)

Authors: BOONMEE SARANYAPHAT , CALABON MARK S. , PHOOKAMSAK RUNGTIWA , ELGORBAN ABDALLAH M. , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: June 2020

A survey of lignicolous terrestrial ascomycetes conducted in Thailand yielded a number of novel species. In this paper, we report on a terrestrial collection of a taxon from dead branches of an unidentified plant. Triseptata gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by immersed, uni- to multi-loculate ascomata, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical-clavate asci and 3-septate, light brown spores, with asymmetrical ends, in its sexual form. In culture, it produced hyphomycetous, globose to subglobose, multi-septate and darkly pigmented conidia-like structures. Phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU, ITS and SSU dataset shows Triseptata to be a well-separated lineage from all genera in Latoruaceae. Based on multigene phylogeny, Triseptata gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate a single new species Triseptata sexualis and placed in Latoruaceae. Illustrations, descriptions and notes are provided for the new genus and species.
Polystichum asiae-minoris (Dryopteridaceae), a new fern from Kastamonu, Turkey

Authors: TUNÇKOL BILGE , YAŞAYACAK HASAN , LIANG ZHEN-LONG , AKSOY NECMI , ZHANG LI-BING
Published: June 2020

A new fern of Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae), P. asia-minoris, is described and illustrated from Horma Canyon in the borders of Küre Mountains National Park in Kastamonu Province located in the north of Turkey. Polystichum asia-minoris is distinguishable from the morphologically similar P. obliquum by having pinnae abaxially densely covered with broad-type microscales. It is not certain to which lineage the new species closely allied. The new species has extremely narrow distribution and is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) following IUCN Red List Criteria.
New or rare Madagascar tiger beetles—19. Description of Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) natsuae sp. nov. and elaborated redescription of P. (M.) meridionale Fleutiaux (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: MORAVEC JIŘÍ , RAZANAJAONARIVALONA ELISÉ HUGO , HORI MICHIO
Published: June 2020

Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) natsuae sp. nov. from southwestern Madagascar is described as new to science. The new species is compared to similar Pogonostoma (Pogonostoma) meridionale Fleutiaux, 1899, which occurs in the southernmost areas of Madagascar and whose elaborated redescription is presented. Both species are illustrated in colour photographs of their habitus and diagnostic characters of the type and other specimens.
Subgeneric classification of the bee genus Rediviva Friese (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Melittidae)
Authors: KUHLMANN MICHAEL , JÜRGENSEN LEA-SOPHIE , MICHEZ DENIS
Published: June 2020

For the first time a subgeneric classification of the oil-collecting bee genus Rediviva is presented. Five subgenera comprising 33 species are recognized based on morphological characters. Three of them are described as new: Deriviva subgen. nov., Albiviva subgen. nov. and Gigaviva subgen. nov.. The genus Redivivoides rendered Rediviva paraphyletic and is downgraded to subgenus level. A key is provided to enable the identification of subgenera.
Quantification of testosterone, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in whole blood collected using Mitra microsampling devices
Authors: Marshall David J , Adaway Joanne E , Hawley James M , Keevil Brian G
Published: June 2020

Background

Measurement of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) usually requires a venous serum sample which may have implications for sample stability or collection.

Objective

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for samples collected using Mitra devices. Analytical validation was completed, and sample comparisons were undertaken to assess Mitra versus venous samples.

Method

Sample was combined with deionized water and internal standard. After mixing, MTBE was added for extraction. The supernatant was transferred to a deep-well plate and dried prior to re-constitution. A HSS T3 column and Waters TQS Micro was used, the detected quantifier transitions were T m/ z 289.2 > 96.95, A4 287.2 > 96.95 and 17OHP 331.25 > 96.95.

Results

Mean recovery was 102% for T, 98% for A4 and 97% for 17OHP. Lower limit of quantification was 1 nmol/L for T/A4 and 4 nmol/L for 17OHP. T was linear up to 41.6 nmol/L, A4 41.9 nmol/L and 17OHP 72.6 nmol/L. Ion suppression was <10% for all analytes. A4 and 17OHP showed minimal bias for Mitra samples collected from finger prick blood. The bias for T differed between capillary and venous blood, indicating differences in constituency.

Discussion

A simple, fast and reproducible LC-MS/MS assay has been developed for measurement of blood collected using Mitra devices for T, A4 and 17OHP. Further comparisons with serum and capillary blood collected onto Mitra devices serum may pave the way for future use in a clinical setting.
They’re Moving in Spaces They’re Not Used to: Examining the Racialized Experiences of African American Students in a High School STEAM Academy
Authors: Fletcher Edward C. , Hernandez-Gantes Victor M.
Published: June 2020

In this study, we explored how an urban high school with a STEAM (Science, Technology, Arts, and Mathematics) theme approached racialized student experiences as learning opportunities. We were interested in documenting curricular and pedagogical practices, and the mission of the STEAM Academy, which was aimed at exposing African American/Black students to possibilities beyond the school including university settings and workplace environments (through job shadowing and internships). Based on the perspectives of school personnel and community partners, we found the school administrators and teachers enacted social justice–centered curricular strategies to elicit emancipatory and participatory actions for administrators, teachers, and students. This type of curriculum for students helped them cope with the stressors of encountering racialized experiences and microaggressions in the school and beyond; thereby, enabling them to be resilient in the face of a discriminatory and oppressive society.
Specifying and Mitigating Thermal Stress Effects on Cognition During Personal Protective Equipment Use
Authors: Hancock P. A.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To report present understanding concerning selected task and environmental factors influencing the changing performance capacity associated with use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Background

Much knowledge is available concerning change in complex cognitive capacities under the effects of thermal stress. Our science can inform critical care facilities as to remediation strategies such as work–rest schedules to minimize performance error in highly cognitively demanding circumstances such as intensive care units.

Method

The present exposition draws from the state-of-the-art understanding concerning thermal stress effects on cognition and workload in complex and demanding tasks.

Results

The summation and synthesis of HF/E findings provides important insights into combinatorial effects of forms of stress, typically dealt with only as discrete sources in traditional standards and regulations. The identified interaction between ascending thermal stress and cognitive task demand provides an instance of the plurality of ways HF/E can specify performance limitations in safety-critical circumstances, as witnessed in the current pandemic.

Conclusion

Accumulated HF/E insights provide systematic ways in which to address and ameliorate the combined forces of physical and cognitive stress on medical personnel constrained to use varying forms of PPE. These principles extend beyond this specific domain to all who are required to work in differential and isolated microclimates.

Application

To minimize the possibility of critical and life-threatening error in intensive care facilities which necessitate PPE use, we need principled work–rest ratio and heat stress mitigation guidance. To promote health, we need to champion healthy work practices in our health workers. HF/E insights can help achieve this important goal.
Trajectory planning of quadrotor using sliding mode control with extended state observer
Authors: Xiao Jun
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the trajectory planning of an under-actuated quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle. To control the complete structure of the rotorcraft, the main model is divided into two sub-models, namely inner model and external model. The inner model is for the attitude control model controlled by the sliding mode controller and the outer model is altitude control model governed by the extended state observer. The quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle is a type of multivariable, multi-degree-of-freedom and nonlinear in nature. Planning the trajectory of the unmanned aerial vehicle and stabilizing its flight are complex tasks because of its ability to maneuver quickly. Due to these stated issues, the tuning of this type of dynamic system is a difficult task. This paper deals with these issues by designing the aforementioned dual controller scheme. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is apparent in simulations performed in MATLAB, Simulink 2016. The designed controller shows better results and robustness than traditional controllers do.
Death Penalty in South Asia: A Comparative Study between India and Bangladesh
Authors: Silvee Sadiya S , Wu Ximei
Published: June 2020

The death penalty has been the subject of controversy for a long time. South Asian countries have found themselves with this controversy by acquiring an ambivalent approach towards the death penalty. Out of eight South Asian countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan retain the death penalty law, and firmly believe that the death penalty can deter people from committing future crimes, whereas Sri Lanka and Maldives have chosen to retain the death penalty law but have abolished it in practice. Conversely, Nepal and Bhutan are the only two countries that have abolished death penalty both in law and practice. In this context, this comparative study of death penalty trials explores the approach taken by the judiciary of two South Asian jurisdictions, Bangladesh and India, towards the death penalty. This paper utilizes the findings of two original empirical research projects that explored judges’ opinions on the retention and administration of the death penalty in both jurisdictions. Amnesty International death penalty reports along with the case judgements are used, which helped to portray the true approach and flaws in the death penalty trials in both the jurisdictions. The paper will assess the death penalty trials and approach of the different stakeholders in the trial to highlight the distinct approaches taken by the two jurisdictions towards the death penalty. The paper argues that in both countries there is inconsistency in sentencing, the social cry for justice is prioritized over convicts’ rights and, from judges to legal representatives, all the stakeholders involved in a criminal trial hold a convictive approach, making a criminal justice system which presumes justice is served by awarding the death penalty.
The US Army and Male Rape during the Second World War
Authors: Douglas R.M.
Published: June 2020

While most victims of sexual offences perpetrated by US servicemen during the Second World War were women and girls, rape and sexual assault of men and boys were not uncommon. 75 such cases are examined here. Analysis of these reveals that considerable parallels existed between the experiences of male and female victims, as well as the ways in which the crimes were handled by the military authorities. Perpetrators’ methods and motives, however, varied widely, suggesting that existing theories of sexual offending against male victims may require revision in the light of historical evidence.
Weather, Affect, and Preference for Hedonic Products: The Moderating Role of Gender
Authors: Govind Rahul , Garg Nitika , Mittal Vikas
Published: June 2020

How and why does the association between weather and hedonic consumption differ between men and women? This article theorizes that women have a stronger affective response to weather conditions, which subsequently induces a larger increase in their hedonic consumption as compared to men. Seven studies show that the relationship between weather conditions and hedonic consumption (food and nonfood items) is differentially mediated by affect for women and men. The studies achieve triangulation by using diverse methodologies (census data, surveys, and experiments), participants (students and nonstudents), measures of independent variables (weather conditions as measured and manipulated), dependent measures (consumption preference and choice), and consumption modalities (food and nonfood).