bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demand for Money Function in Case of Philippines: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Kerdpitak Chayanan
Published: March 2020

An effective formulation of monetary policy provides an empirical and coherent model of money related with demand. In order for the monetary authorities to understand the demand for the purpose of money function, the steadiness of money demand is important as it leads towards an application of efficient monetary policy. In order to examine the stability of money demand function of Philippines, following study was conducted with broad money, real asset price index, GDP deflator, real GDP, long-term interest rate and short-term interest rate. For empirical investigation, unit root test, cointegration, and Granger-Causality tests were used. However, the findings of the cointegration suggests that cointegration reveals there is presence of linear combinations, and results shows that there are four cointegrating equations present. Therefore, it is evident that there are at least 4 cointegrating relations between the variables. Hence, some of macroeconomic indicators can be used to predict the broad money due to presence of vector. However, the Granger-Causality shows that no macroeconomic variable granger cause broad money (M1). Therefore, the selected macroeconomic indictors RS, LS, CPI, GDP deflator, RGDP and AP/P cannot be used to predict the variation in the broad money (M1) in case of Philippines. This means the money demand function in Philippines is not stable, and for this purpose further investigation is suggested by increasing sample size and time window in quarterly or semi-annually.
Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and Its Role in Reducing Unemployment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Moniem el sayed Esmat Mohamed Abdel
Published: March 2020

SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) account for 60 to 70 percent of jobs in most OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries with a particularly large share in Italy and Japan, and a relatively smaller share in the United States. Throughout; they also account for a disproportionately large share of new jobs, especially in those countries which have displayed a strong employment record.In Saudi Arabia, more than two-thirds of the population are younger than 30 and about 100,000 graduates enter the job market each year. The present paper discusses what measures should be taken and highlights the importance of understanding the relationship and interaction between unemployment and entrepreneurship. The present research focuses on studies that explain small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and its role in reducing unemployment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are used to collect data that may contribute to a better understanding of the employment issues of Saudi young men and women. Besides; we introduce entrepreneurship Survey Questionnaire; this survey has focused mainly on understanding the relationship and interaction between unemployment and entrepreneurship. In this survey, a more balanced view is taken by examining the factors which contribute to creating more job opportunities.
How Executives Manage Interpersonal Conflicts in Chinese Companies in Germany: Intercultural Difference in Conflict Management Styles
Authors: Qian Xiang
Published: March 2020

This study aimed to examine the influence of culture on the conflict management styles of Chinese executives when interacting with their German staff in Chinese companies located in Germany. A mixed method was employed. First off questionnaire survey was completed and the data was analyzed with t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient methods, then semi-structured interview was conducted and the qualitative content analysis method was used for analysis. This study found that IDV, UAI, IVR dimensions had significant powerful influence on conflict styles of Chinese and German managers; the cultural orientations of Chinese and Germans had also been altered, but their favorite styles remained the same due to the factors, namely: cultural regression, stability of national culture, and various dialectics.
A New Proposal for Innovation Indicators: A Study of the World’s Largest Patent Producing Countries
Authors: Carlo Rainatto Giuliano , Roque Silva Orlando , Almeida de Andrade Norberto , de Almeida Evandro , Dornas Cipriani Pedro , Saboya Thiago , Teixeira Conceicao Rodrigo , Fernando Bastos Wellington
Published: March 2020

Innovation has become an eloquent topic among researchers and the market, but it is important to understand where we are innovating and at what costs and how efficiently this has been done. Promoting innovation performance index based on patent production, R&D investment and the number of researchers being a tool to assist managers in measuring how the resource is used. According to the analysis made using the countries in the list of the top 10(ten) patent applicants, we have identified that the first place is not the most efficient in employing researchers by a patent granted or in the efficiency of the resource employed vs. the granting of patents. This study shows that much of the resource that has been employed with researchers and research has a low return for the country. The money invested by Rep. Korea, showed the best efficiency in volume of researchers producing innovation, and China presents the best numbers in volume of production, and money by patent applied. Research has shown that eastern countries are at the forefront of researcher performance index and dressed in the production of a patent, bringing efficiency to the resources employed.
Impact of Growing Area and Technological Aspects on Lebanese Olive Oil: Characterization by Unsupervised Methods
Authors: Dib Omar H. , Bassal Ali , Dib Hussein , Yaacoub Rita , Locquet Nathalie , Eveleigh Luc , Cordella Christophe B. Y.
Published: March 2020

The influence of growing-area and technological aspects on the Lebanese Soury variety is presented. The pedoclimatic conditions, quality parameters, and fatty acids of oil samples were examined using chemometric tools to demonstrate the typicality of Lebanese olive oil. Furthermore, the effect of several technological factors on olive oil quality was studied. Accordingly, olive oil samples were collected across Lebanon corresponding to two climatic zones (Zone A: Low-altitude regions; Zone B: High-altitude regions). Principal component analysis was capable of discriminating the two zones with distinct fatty acid profiles. Zone A exhibited a fatty acid profile mostly dominated by linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, and palmitoleic acid content. As for zone B, it showed a unique fatty acid profile distinguished by oleic acid. These results are mostly attributed to the climatic effect and the altitude of the growing area. Moreover, independent component analysis, coupled to one-way ANOVA, demonstrated that significant differences (p<0.05) were found in quality indices (acidity and peroxide value) as well as fatty acid contents (oleic and linoleic acid) when comparing uncontrolled to controlled extraction methods. This study provides a baseline for future intensive characterization of Lebanese olive oil and detects the non-compliances attributed to the disqualification of olive oil virginity.
Dietary Intake Patterns and Nutritional Status of Food Secure and Insecure Women Garment Factory Workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Sharmin Sadika , Hamid Noor Aman , Muda Wan Abdul Manan Bin Wan
Published: March 2020

Maintaining a good dietary intake and adequate nutritional status to ensure food security is a major challenge for the garment factory workers in Bangladesh. This study was carried out using a cross-sectional survey. To determine the nutritional status of the female garment factory workers’, anthropometric measurements as calculating height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference were conducted. Using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, the dietary intake patterns of female garment factory workers were assessed. In the cereal group, dried rice (0.18(SD 0.38), P=0.005) was preferred most by food-insecure participants. A significant mean intake of lentil (1.43(SD 0.49), P=0.020) was observed by food-secure female garment factory workers. A higher percentage was noticed in the occurrence of obese (94.4), and unhealthy waist circumference (69.4) among food-insecure female garment factory workers. Children studying in the family (adjusted b= -0.20, 95% CI, (-0.35, -0.04), P=0.013) was significantly associated with a decline in BMI of contributors in the study. Age (adjusted b= 0.30, 95%CI (0.15, 0.44), P=<0.001) and physical function (adjusted b= -0.05, 95% CI (-0.11, -0.003), P=0.04) were significantly associated with the increase or decrease in waist circumference of women garment factory workers. Anthropometric measurements (weight, body mass index, waist circumference) of female garment factory workers should be checked regularly.
A Linguistic Insight into the Legislative Drafting of English-Speaking Jurisdictions
Authors: Pennisi Giulia Adriana
Published: March 2020

A Linguistic Insight into the Legislative Drafting of English-Speaking Jurisdictions: The Use of ‘Singular They’

Gender specificity in legislation started being questioned in the late 20th century, and the need to reform the way in which laws have been written for more than one-hundred years has been particularly evident in English-language jurisdictions. In the 1990s and 2000s, the adoption of a plain English style forced legislative drafters to avoid sentences of undue length, superfluous definitions, repeated words and gender specificity with the aim of achieving clarity and minimizing ambiguity.

Experts in the legal field have suggested reorganizing sentences, avoiding male pronouns, repeating the noun in place of the pronoun, replacing a nominalization with a verb form, resorting to ‘the singular they’. This article gives a linguistic insight into the use of ‘singular they’ in English, beginning with a historical background and going on to assess the impact of its use in the primary legislation issued in a selection of English-language jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, the US) in the last decade (2008-2018). Given the environment of legislative drafting techniques, where considerable reliance on precedent is inevitable, proposals to change legislative language may produce interesting results in different jurisdictions.
Gender Neutrality in EU Legislative Drafting
Authors: Robinson William
Published: March 2020

Gender Neutrality in EU Legislative Drafting

In the English-speaking world the issue of gender-neutral drafting in legislation has been a much discussed topic for many years, and there are few legislative drafting manuals in the English-speaking world that do not address the issue.

The EU and its institutions also attach great importance to gender issues, as is shown by the solemn commitments in EU texts to gender equality, by the establishment at the EU level of bodies or committees to focus on those issues, and by the EU actions and policies that seek to address them. But the issue of gender-neutral drafting in legislation is not even mentioned in the guidance drawn up by the legislative drafting experts of the EU institutions.

This contribution, therefore, looks at how gender issues are dealt with in practice in the EU Treaties and in EU legislation. It finds signs of a traditional approach that is beginning to evolve but only slowly and somewhat unevenly.

The contribution considers some of the reasons behind the approach taken by the EU institutions to gender neutrality in drafting and the impact of the important EU principles of multilingualism and multiculturalism before seeking to draw some conclusions.
Gender-Neutral Drafting
Authors: Watkin Thomas Glyn
Published: March 2020

Gender-Neutral Drafting: A View from Wales

The gender classification of words in English is different from that in many other languages, including Welsh. The approach in Welsh is more closely aligned to that in languages such as French, Spanish or Italian, but there are also differences. The differences include the manner in which possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives are employed. These differences pose difficulties for bilingual drafting in English and Welsh.

This article will consider some of those difficulties, their root causes and some possible solutions as well as look at issues that may or may not complicate matters further in the future.
Gender and Language
Authors: De Benedetto Maria
Published: March 2020

Gender and Language: A Public Law Perspective

The article adopts a public law perspective in order to focus on Gender-Fair Language (GFL) policies and drafting, by considering both language neutralization and language differentiation in some legal systems characterized by different languages.

The article argues that the real problem is whether it is possible to coerce legislative and administrative language as a tool for policies. In fact, coercion of language produces administrative costs and side effects on freedoms (such as freedom of speech and freedom to teach); controls and sanctions are needed for enforcement; but, overall, language (as an institution) is not a proper object of regulation.
Language and Gender
Authors: Marrades Ana
Published: March 2020

Language and Gender: The Importance of Including a Gender Perspective in the Language of the Constitutional Reform in Spain

Language is a reflection of culture, and at the same time it helps to build that culture. In the same way, it can be used to transform it. Language serves for describing a culture, to show what we see, but at the same time, it strengthens the relationships of power that exist on the basis of male power. In this way, we can use language to build other kinds of relationships based on equality.

The Spanish Constitution is written in the masculine. Although it is based on equality, masculine language shows that the power relations lean towards men, and this hides women’s participation. When a text or a legal message uses structures or words that hide or discriminate against one gender, it can be said that linguistic sexism exists, and this violates the principle of equality. This is a reflection about what is happening in our society because language describes cultural values. This exclusion of women in the constitutional text is in itself a denial of them as subjects of rights and as citizens. This is not only a denial of the part of power that corresponds to them, but also the consolidation of a collective story of female subordination.

Therefore this article aims to focus on the need to carry out a revision of the Spanish Constitution in female and inclusive language that, in parallel to the recognition and guarantee of parity democracy, makes women visible as autonomous subjects. In addition, it also breaks with the male universality of the language and the monopoly of male language to define the sources of the law, as well as rights, powers, institutions, values and policies.
Aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator verduidelijkt
Authors: de Kloe H.J.
Published: March 2020

Aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator verduidelijkt

Aan de hand van het Ruwaard van Puttenziekenhuis-arrest wordt de aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator besproken. De auteur concludeert dat de Hoge Raad bij de aansprakelijkheidsnorm voor beoogd curatoren terecht aansluit bij de norm die geldt voor ‘gewone’ curatoren. Hoewel de Hoge Raad de cassatieklacht hierover heeft verworpen, is de auteur kritischer over aansprakelijkheid van de curator bij niet-nakoming van een negatieve verbintenis.
Onvrijwillige aansprakelijkheid van een moedervennootschap: een overzicht van de risico’s en suggesties ter beperking daarvan
Authors: Smit D.R.C.
Published: March 2020

Onvrijwillige aansprakelijkheid van een moedervennootschap: een overzicht van de risico’s en suggesties ter beperking daarvan

Doorbraak van aansprakelijkheid is een risico voor de moedervennootschap van een concern. Aan de hand van arresten van de Hoge Raad brengt deze bijdrage de aansprakelijkheidsrisico’s voor een moedervennootschap op grond van onrechtmatige daad jegens crediteuren van haar groepsvennootschap in kaart en reikt voorts suggesties aan ter beperking van die risico’s.
Het gebruik van oligarchische clausules bij benoeming en ontslag door Nederlandse beursvennootschappen
Authors: Kemp B. , Renshof A.S.
Published: March 2020

Het gebruik van oligarchische clausules bij benoeming en ontslag door Nederlandse beursvennootschappen

Uit ons onderzoek volgt dat een ruime meerderheid van de Nederlandse beursvennootschappen de bevoegdheid van de aandeelhoudersvergadering om bestuurders te benoemen en ontslaan beperkt door het gebruik van zogeheten oligarchische clausules. Hieruit worden in deze longread enkele conclusies getrokken, waaronder dat oligarchische clausules worden gebruikt als correctie op het aandeelhoudersvriendelijke wettelijke uitgangspunt.
Grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzetting/zetelverplaatsing met en binnen het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk
Authors: Ormel D.W.
Published: March 2020

Grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzetting/zetelverplaatsing met en binnen het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk

Het Koninkrijk bestaat uit vier landen en vijf rechtsstelsels waarbinnen verschillende mogelijkheden tot grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzettingen bestaan. Die (on)mogelijkheden worden in kaart gebracht door de auteur, waarbij opvalt dat de mogelijkheden tot grensoverschrijdende fusie ruimer zijn in het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk dan in Europees Nederland.
De Richtlijn elektronische handel en de platformeconomie
Authors: Mak V.
Published: March 2020

De Richtlijn elektronische handel en de platformeconomie. Noot bij HvJ 19 december 2019, zaak C-390/18, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1112 (Airbnb Ireland)

De uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie in de zaak Airbnb Ireland geeft aanleiding tot een herbezinning op de Richtlijn elektronische handel. Deze richtlijn uit 2000 lijkt onvoldoende toegerust om het hoofd te bieden aan de complexe problemen die ontstaan door de groeiende aanwezigheid van grote online platformen op Europese consumentenmarkten. Deze noot bespreekt de kwalificatie van platformdiensten als ‘dienst van de informatiemaatschappij’ en de daaraan gekoppelde regels voor aansprakelijkheid en mogelijke beperkingen van het vrij verkeer van diensten door nationale regelgeving.

HvJ EU zaak C-390/18, Airbnb Ireland, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1112
Een inhoudelijk kompas voor een uit koers geraakte voorlopigehechtenispraktijk
Authors: Hajjari N.
Published: March 2020

Een inhoudelijk kompas voor een uit koers geraakte voorlopigehechtenispraktijk

In dit artikel zal een inhoudelijk en operationeel normatief kader worden geformuleerd voor de toepassing van voorlopige hechtenis, waarbij de focus ligt op het zo veel mogelijk reduceren van het percentage onschuldigen dat aan het vrijheidsbenemende dwangmiddel wordt blootgesteld. Doel van de bijdrage is het inspireren van de wetgever om het moderniseringsproject te baat te nemen om de voorlopigehechtenisregeling grondig(er) te hervormen.
Kroniek: Vier jaar rechtspraak a- en b-grond: Waterloo of The winner takes it all?
Authors: Besselink Pascal
Published: March 2020

Kroniek: Vier jaar rechtspraak a- en b-grond: Waterloo of The winner takes it all?

In dit artikel wordt de belangrijkste in de periode 1 juli 2015 tot 1 november 2019 gepubliceerde rechtspraak over de a-grond en de b-grond besproken en geanalyseerd. Zwaartepunt ligt bij de bedrijfseconomische grond, waarbij subonderwerpen zoals het verval van de arbeidsplaats, afspiegeling, uitbesteding van werkzaamheden en de herplaatsingsplicht besproken worden. De in omvang wat beperktere ontbindingsrechtspraak bij langdurige arbeidsongeschiktheid zal ook de revue passeren.
SOCIAL POLICY IN ACTION
Authors: Komorniczak Tadeusz
Published: March 2020

The first and major thesis of the paper indicate the need to integrate social policy and economic policy and careful analysis of the variety of links between the two. Author indicates also the need to integrate policy decisions made on the ‘strategic’ level of policy with policy outcomes that appear within particular, sectoral settings affected by such ‘strategic’ decisions. Author argues also that family incomes structure should to be shaped not only by economic but also by social considerations taking into account an idea of social justice. Within this framework social policy decisions made by companies are of particular importance
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE ELDERLY
Authors: Szaniawska-Bigosińska Elżbieta , Czechowicz Zofia , Osada Krystyna
Published: March 2020

At the beginnings of the ’80 in Łódź voivodship number of persons receiving social assistance benefits doubled, and – as authors indicate – they were mostly elderly who do not receive any retirement pensions or receiving them at the minimal statutory level, what makes them extremely poor. Taking these facts as a starting point authors describe living conditions of the elderly from the age cohort 70–74
THE DISABLED IN POLISH SOCIETY
Authors: Frąckiewicz Lucyna
Published: March 2020

The first part of the paper informs about research project concerning social and economic situation of disabled people and their families that has been started in ’93 under auspices of the Polish Academy of Science. Main efforts of the project cover 17 major areas of study: from living conditions of the disabled people and social attitudes towards them to their situation on the labour market and barriers that make an ideal of social participation as well as relevant efforts difficult to implement. The second part of the paper describes dynamic increases of the share of the disabled persons in the society and indicates number of social problems they are facing in their efforts to maintain more or less satisfactory social life
SOCIAL POLICY IN THE ACCESSION TREATY ON POLAND’S ACCESSION TO EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Zawadzki Piotr
Published: March 2020

The paper deals with the complexities concerning social policy in the Accession Treaty and, in particular with the Appendix XII (Title 13) referring to the social policy and employment policy Author indicates rather general or strictly technical regulations concerning both issues. He indicates, however, that – regardless to formal statuses – equally important are political declarations concerning such issues as work safety, equal opportunities of employment, social dialogue, etc.
FORMAL SIDE OF NGO’S ACTIVITY
Authors: Hryniewicka Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Taking as a reference point the new legal regulation of the III Sector organizations activity (2003) author comments on conditions of cooperation between variety of the NGO and public (both governmental and self-governmental) administration. The author focus is mostly on conditions of financial transparency of the III Sector organizations, problem of public trust as a pre – condition of such trust and the burden of required professionalization that comes with it.
PILARISASI BENTONIT DENGAN MODIFIKASI PENAMBAHAN ASAM SULFAT SEBAGAI KATALIS ASAM PADAT DALAM ESTERIFIKASI
Authors: Haerudin Hery , Kusuma Dona Sulistia , Ermawan Ermawan , Komalasari Isna
Published: March 2020

Preparations of pillared bentonites have been carried out using refined bentonite from Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia as raw materials. Modification cations of pillarization method has been accomplished by the introduction of treatment in acid solution at various stages of pillarization procedure, specifically (i) prior to ion-exchange, (ii) subsequent to ion-exchange, (iii) subsequent to drying of ion-exchanged bentonite and (iv) subsequent to calcination of ion-exchanged bentonite. The resulted modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectrometry, N2-adsorption, TG/DT Analysis and SEM. Shifts of pore distributions to the Larger pore size by the introduction of acid treatment on the pillarization procedure were observed, which are also accompanied by appropriate increase in specific surface area. Treatment in acidic solution may have resulted in removal of exchangeable cations, which lightened AL-polycation intercalation during the pillarization. The modified clays were tested in an esterification reaction model using stearic acid and ethanol as reaction partners. Activity tests showed that enhancement in physco-chemical characteristics such as specific surface area, pore size and pore distribution, was not generally followed by the increase of the activity. Key Words: Bentonite, Pillarization, Acid Treatment, Solid Acid, Esterification, Activity.
Incorporation of pora network connerctivity on the prediction of binary liquid phase adsorption of flavour esters in activated carbon
Authors: Ismadji Suryadi
Published: March 2020

The structural heterogeneity of activated carbon is a result of the existence of micropores, mesopores, and macropores of different sizes and shapes, randomly connected in a pore network. In a pore network, some of the pores that are large enough to accommodate the probe molecules may be accessible through smaller pores that only permit the passage of probe molecules having a smaller size. In the adsorption process, especially involving large and complex probe molecules, the pore network connectivity is very important, and governs the transport and reaction properties of the pores. A method for incorporation of the pore network connectivity along with lAST (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory Method) on the prediction of binary component adsorption isotherm is proposed in this article. IAST is used in conjunction with the modified DR (Dubinin-Radushkevich) single component isotherm, and is found that the incorporation of the connectivity can improve the accuracy of model inpredicts the multicomponent adsorption performance.Keywords: Adsorption,  IAST, Pore Network ConnectivityAbstrak Pore network connectivity memegang peranan yang penting dalam proses adsorpsi yang melibatkan senyawa senyawa kompleks. Pada makalah ini diusulkan suatu metode yang menggabungkan Pore network connectivity dan persamaan IAST untuk prediksi isotherm adsorpsi senyawa biner. Untuk mendapatkan isotherm adsorpsi dilakukan percobaan dengan menggunakan ethyl propionate dan ethyl butyrate sebagai adsorbate dan sebagai adsorbent digunakan karbon aktif Filtrasorb F-400 dan Norit ROW 0.8. Untuk menggambarkan isotherm adsorpsi dari hasil percobaan digunakan persamaan The Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory dengan modifikasi persamaan isotherm adsorpsi dari Dubinin-Radushkevich dan Pore network connectivity. Dari hasil yang dipero/eh dapat disimpulkan bahwa persamaan yang melibatkan pengaruh pore network connectivity dapat meningkatkan unjuk kerja dari persamaan isotherm multi komponen untuk prediksi data data percobaan adsorpsi biner.Kata Kunci: Adsorpsi, IAST, Pore Network Connectivity
Kinetic study of the utilisation of different substrates to lactic acid using  Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Authors: Abdullah A , Mat Hanapi Bin , Widayat W
Published: March 2020

AbstractLactic acid fermentation includes several reactions in association with the microorganism growth. A kinetic study was performed of the utilisation of multiple substrates to lactic acid using Lactobacillus  delbrueckii. Batch fermentation was performed to study effect of different substrates such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. The objective of this research is to study kinetics grow microbial. An anaerobic fermentation were studied in 3 litres stirred fermentor (Biostat B Model) with working volume of 1 liter: temperature = 40ºC, pH=6.0, inoculums size= 5%, sugar concentration= 20 g/L. During the first hours of fermentation, glucose and fructose accumulated in the medium and the rate of hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose was faster than conversion of these substrate. The maximum concentration of glucose and fructose was 5.82 and 5.14 g/L respectively. The sucrose, glucose, and fructose consumption completely utilized at 56, 68, and 104 hours, respectively. Kinetic parameter for maximum specific growth rate in glucose, fructose and sucrose is 0.083, 0.024, and 0.024 (h-1), respectively. The saturation constant is 4.64, 3.41, and 1.36 g/L.Keywords: Kinetic Study, Sugars, Lactic Acid, Maximum Specific Growth Rate, Saturation Constant AbstrakFermentasi asam laktat melibatkan banyak reaksi dalam pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Studi kinetika reaksi tentang kinerja penggunaan berbagai subtrat untuk memproduksi asam laktat dengan Lactobacillus delbrueckii.Subtrat yang digunakan adalah glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa, dengan proses fermentasi curah. Penelitian ini bertujuan memepelajari kinetika pertumbuhan mikroba. Fermentasi anaerobik dilakukan dalam fermentor 3 liter (Biostat B Model) dengan volume total 1 liter, temperatur = 40ºC, pH= 6.0, konsentrasi inokulum = 5%, konsentrasi gula = 20 g/L. Selama satu jam pertama fermentasi, glukosa dan fruktosa diakumulasi dalam medium dan laju reaksi hidrolisis sukrosa menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa sangat cepat dibandingkan dengan konversi substrat ini. Konsentrasi glukosa dan fruktosa adalah 5.82 dan 5.14 g/L. Waktu yang dibutuhkan sukrosa, glukosa dan fruktosa masing-masing adalah 56, 68, dan 104 jam. Parameter kinetika untuk laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum dalam medium glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa masing-masing adalah 0.083, 0.024, dan 0.024 (h-1). Konstanta saturasi adalah 4.64, 3.41, dan 1.36.Kata Kunci:  Kinetika Reaksi, Gula, Asam Laktat, Laju Pertumbuhan Spesifik Maksimum, Konstanta Saturasi
Pembuatan asam lemak bercabang dari minyak kepoh
Authors: Prakoso Tirto , Soerawidjaja Tatang H , Pasae Yoel
Published: March 2020

Oil from kepoh tree (Sterculiafoetida L.) seed kernel is a unique oil because it contains fatty acid which has a cyclopropenoid groups and has almost 90% of composition of the oil. The acid is called sterculic acid which has molecular formula C19H34O2. The fatty acids and derivates has an advance characteristic when it is used as cosmetics, lubricants, paint and plastic products. Its branched alcohol ester is expected as an additives for pour point depressant in fuel or lubricant. In this research, the sterculic acid has possibility to be converted to branched fatty acid methyl ester that is  10-methyl octadecanoic methyl ester through rearrangement of cyclopropenoid group and continued by hydrogenation of its double bond with Palladium catalyst. The product  characteristic is reported in each stage of processes in term of iodine number and saponification number. After hydrogenation for 5 hours, it's founded that iodine value for methyl ester is reduced until 2,84 and its saponification value increased up to 476.08. This is shown that saturated branched methyl ester has been formed.Keywords: Sterculia foetida L.kepoh oil, Branched Fatty Acid, Cyclopropenoid Group, Methanolysis, Biodiesel AbstrakMinyak dari inti biji buah pohon kepoh (Sterculiafoetida L.) tergolong minyak nabati yang unik karena komponen utama asam lemaknya adalah asam sterkulat yang berumus molekul C19H34O2 dengan rantai karbonnya mempunyai gugus cyclopropenoid. Asam sterkulat dapat dikonversi menjadi asam lemak bercabang yaitu  asam  10-metil  oktadekanoat C19H34O2. Asam-asam lemak ini atau turunannya dapat digunakan sebagai komponen racikan/ramuan yang melahirkan karakteristik unggul pada berbagai produk seperti kosmetik, pelumas, cat, dan plastik. Ester isopropilnya diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bubuhan (additive), penurun titik tuang (pour point depressant) pada pelumas dan biodiesel. Pada penelitian ini, ditunjukkan bahwa asam sterkulat dalam minyak kepoh dapat dikonversi menjadi asam lemak bercabang yaitu 10-metil oktadekanoat dalam bentuk ester metilnya yang bercampur dengan ester metil lainnya, melalui rute metanolisis (transesterifikasi dengan metanol) minyak kepoh, dilanjutkan penyusunan ulang gugus siklopropenoid dan hidrogenasi ikatan-ikatan rangkap dengan katalis Palladium. Setelah hidrogenasi selama 5jam ditemukan bahwa bahwa angka iodium ester metil sudah tereduksi sampai 2,84 dan angka penyabunan meningkat sampai 476,08. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa telah terbentuk ester metil bercabang yang jenuh, yaitu 9-metil metilheptadekanoat dan 10-metil metioktadekanoat.Kata Kunci: Sterculia foetida L. kepoh oil, Branched Fatty Acid, Cyclopropenoid Group, Methanolysis,  Biodiesel
Kinetika biosorpsi ion logam berat Cr(VI) menggunakan biomassa Saccharommyces cerevisiae
Authors: Soeprijanto S , Elsony Achmad , Sulistyowati Eko
Published: March 2020

Biosorption using biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was expected to provide an alternative in the treatment of heavy metal from industrial effluents. The purpose of this experiment was to adsorb a heavy metal Cr(VI) in solutions using biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a batch process. Also, to study of a biosorption equilibrium and a biosorption kinetic. This system was introduced with the biomass at concentration of 4g/L and was mixed with a solution at concentration of 100 mg Cr(VI)/l. Biosorption processes conducted were treatment and non-treatment with addition of NaOH solution. The results showed that at pH 4 a maximum biosorption capacity obtained was 19.47 mg/g with the treatment, and with the non-treatment was 18.64 mg/. However at pH 6 a maximum biosorption capacity obtained was 18,87 mg/g with the treatment, and with the non-treatment was 7.87 mg/g. Biosorption kinetic of ion Cr(VI) followed first order reaction with a coefficient correlation of 0.98. lt concluded that biosorption capacity was influenced by the pH media and treatment of the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Keywords: Biosorption Capacity, Biosorption Kinetic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae AbstrakBiosorpsi menggunakan biomassa Saccharomyces cerevisiae diharapkan dapat  memberikan alternatif dalam pengolahan limbah industri yang mengandung logam-logam berat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menurunkan kadar logam berat Cr(VI) dengan proses biosorpsi secara batch menggunakan biomassa Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Juga, mencari data keseimbangan dan kinetika biosorpsi. Biomassa dihasilkan dari laboratorium dengan menumbuhkan Saccharomyces cerevisiae pada media cair yang terdiri atas yeast ekstrak, pepton dan dektrosa. Proses biosorpsi dilakukan dengan menggunakan biomassa yang diberi perlakuan dan tanpa perlakuan. Pada proses perlakuan biomassa ditambahkan dengan larutan NaOH. Dalam proses batch, biomassa sebanyak 4 g/L dicampur dengan larutan logam berat Cr(VI) sebesar 100 mg/L dengan pH media 4 dan 6. Hasil experimen menunjukkan bahwa pada pH 4 kapasitas biosorpsi maksimum dicapai sebesar 19,47 mg/g dengan perlakuan, dan dengan tanpa perlakuan dapat dicapai sebesar 18,64 mg/g. Pada pH 6 kapasitas biosorpsi maksimum dicapai sebesar 18,87 mg/g dengan perlakuan, dan dengan tanpa perlakuan dapat dicapai sebesar  17,87 mg/g. Kinetika biosorpsi pada ion logam Cr(VI) mengikuti persamaan reaksi orde pertama dengan nilai koefisien korelasi sekitar 0,98. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses biosorpsi dipengaruhi oleh pH media dan perlakuan terhadap biomassa Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Kata Kunci: Kapasitas Biosorpsi, Kinetika Biosorpsi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The characterization of NiO-CoO/MgO catalyst for autothermal reforming of methane
Authors: Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Songip A R , Amin N A. Saidina
Published: March 2020

The characterization of NiO-CoO/MgO catalyst for autothermal reforming of methaneThe drawback of conventional reforming of methane such as partial oxidation and steam reforming was carbon formation. The research was developed a suitable catalyst for combination of partial and steam reforming of methane and called autothermal reforming to reduce the coke formation. The NiO-CoO/MgO catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method and characterized by Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravitymetry Analysis (TGA). The TPR and XRD results reveal that the catalyst characteristic is strongly influenced by the Co/Ni ratio. From TPR and TGA analysis, the sintering phenomena did not occur in the autothermal reforming of methane. The results reveal that Co/Ni ratios have a small effect in the catalytic activity for autothermal reforming. Nevertheless, the catalyst showed an optimum performance in this process when its Co/Ni ratio was 0.75. Keywords: Autothermal ReformingAbstrakMasalah yang terjadi pada proses konvensional reformasi metana seperti oksidasi parsial metana dan reformasi kukus adalah pembentukan karbon. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah mengembangkan katalis yang sesuai untuk gabungan proses oksidasi parsial dan reformasi kukus atau yang disebut reformasi metana secara autothermal. Katalis NiO-CoO/MgO yang digunakan dibuat dengan metode impregnasi dan dilakukan pengujian dengan TPR, XRD dan TGA untuk mengetahui sifat-sifat dari katalis tersebut. Hasil TPR dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik dari katalis sangat dipengaruhi oleh perbandingan CoiN i. Hasil pengamatan TPR dan TGA menunjukan bahwa sintering tidak terjadi di dalam proses reformasi metana secara autothermal. Hasil eksperimen juga menunjukan bahwa perbandingan Co/Ni hanya kecil pengaruhnya pada unjuk kerja katalis. Namun demikian katalis menunjukan unjuk kerja yang optimum pada perbandingan CoiN i = 0.75. Kata Kunci: Reformasi Autothermal
Penyerapan gas H2S dengan larutan K2CO3 dari ekstrak abu kelopak batang pisang
Authors: Sulistyo Hary , Wiedhasari Novita , Setiawan Deddy
Published: March 2020

Abstrak Gas H2S merupakan gas yang bersifat polutan dalam gas alam maupun campuran gas. Keberadaannya harus dihilangkan dari campuran tersebut. Ekstrak abu dari limbah pertanian mengandung kalium karbonat yang dapat menyerap gas H2S. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengalirkan gas H2S dengan laju alir 2,3175 mL/s dan fraksi mol 0,4105 ke dalam larutan ekstrak abu dalam reaktor berpengaduk pada kisaran suhu 303K sampai 325 K, konsentrasi kalium karbonat 7,5.10-3 M sampai 13,5.10-3  M dun waktu reaksi sampai 30 menit, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi kalium karbonat dapat mencapai 37,90%, pada penggunaan kalium karbonat 0,0075M, fraksi mol H2S 0, 4105, suhu reaksi 325K dan waktu reaksi 30 menit. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh nilai koefisien perpindahan massa keseluruhan, KLa=6,24 menit-1, sedang hubungan antara konstanta kecepatan reaksi dengan suhu sesuai dengan persamaan Arrhenius, kr = 175,3219e-15.6788RT. Analisis kinetika reaksi menunjukkan bahwa kedua langkah yaitu perpindahan massa dan reaksi kimia saling menentukan (regim campuran).Kata Kunci : Penyerapan, Perpindahan Massa, Reaksi KimiaAbstrakGas H2S merupakan gas yang bersifat polutan dalam gas alam maupun campuran gas. Keheradaannya harus dihilangkan dari campuran tersehut. Ekstrak abu dari limbah pertanian mengandung kalium karbonat yang dapat menyerap gas H2S. Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengalirkan gas H2S dengan laju alir 2,3175 mL/s dan fraksi mol 0,4105 ke dalam larutan ekstrak abu dalam reaktor berpengaduk pada kisaran suhu 303K sampai 325K, konsentrasi kalium karbonat 7,5 10-3M sampai 13,5 10-3M dan waktu reaksi sampai 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi kalium karbonat dapat mencapai 3 7, 90%, pada penggunaan kalium karbona!  0,0075 M, fraksi  mol  H2S 0,4105, suhu reaksi 325K  dan waktu reaksi 30 menit. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh nilai koeflsien perpindahan massa keseluruhan, K1a= 6,24 menit-1, sedang hubungan antara konstanta kecepatan reaksi dengan suhu sesuai dengan  persamaan Arrhenius, kr=175,3219e-15,6788RT. Analisis kinetika reaksi menunjukkan bahwa kedua langkah yaitu perpindahan massa  dan reaksi kimia sating menentukan (regim campuran).Kata Kunci: Penyerapan, Perpindahan Massa, Reaksi Kimia
Penggunaan adsorben untuk mengurangi kadar free fatty acid, peroxide value dan warna minyak goreng bekas
Authors: Yuliana Y , S Veronica J , Gunantara Bambang
Published: March 2020

This research was carried out to examine the ability of calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, activated carbon and bentonite as adsorbent to decrease the FFA content, PV and dark color intensitv of used frying oil. Adsorbent treatment may improve the quality and extend the frying life of used frying oil. A mixture of used frying oil and certain adsorbent were agitated at constant temperature 150oC for 1 hour Four adsorbents were  used at various concentrations. Subsequently, the oil was filtered  by vacuum filtration, The changes in FFA content, PV and color  intensity were observed. Calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, activated carbon and bentonite could be used as a good adsorbent to reduce the FFA content, PV and dark color intensity of the usedfryng oil. Calcium silicate was more effective than the other adsorbents in reducing the FFA content and PV of the oil. Activated carbon and magnesium silicate showed about the same ability in removing dark color components, and its ability is better than calcium silicate and bentonite. Keywords: Vegetable Oil,Adsorbents, FFA, PV, Color AbstrakPada penelitian ini dipelajari kemampuan kalsium silikat, magnesium silikat, karbon aktif dan bentonit sebagai adsorben untuk menurunkan kadar asam lemak bebas (FFA), bilangan peroksida (PV), dan warna gelap minyak goreng bekas. Pengolahan dengan adsorben ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas minyak goreng bekas sehingga umur pemakaian minyak goreng dapat diperpanjang. Minyak goreng bekas dan adsorben diaduk pada suhu konstan I50oC selama 1 jam dengan variasi konsentrasi dan jenis adsorben. Setelah itu minyak goreng disaring dengan vakum dan diamati perubahan kadar  FFA, P, V, dan warna yang terjadi. Kalsium silikat, magnesium silikat, karbon aktif dan bentonit dapat berfingsi sebagai adsorben yang  baik untuk mengurangi  kadar FFA, PV dan warna minyak goreng bekas. Kalsium silikat lebih efektifuntuk penurunan kadar FFA dan PV dari pada ketiga adsorben yang lain. Karbon aktif dan magnesium silikat menunjukkan kemampuan mereduksi  warna gelap minyak yang  relatif hampir  sama,  tetapi lebih baik  daripada  kalsium silikat dan bentonit.  Kata Kunci: Minyak Goreng, Adsorben, FFA, PV, Warna
Aplikasi enzim selulase dari trichoderma reesei qm 9414 untuk peningkatan produksi etanol dari singkong melalui proses sakarifikasi fermentasi simultan
Authors: Maemunah Siti , Priatna Theo A , Sjamsuruputra Achmad Ali
Published: March 2020

Cellulase enzyme is a complex enzyme which catalyzes the degradation of cellulose. The use of cellulase enzyme on the pretreatment of cassava powder to produce ethanol before saccharified and fermented simultaneously have done in order to destroy most of the cell wall which comprise mostly of cellulose so more starch grain were availabe from the cell. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process were carried out at 30°C and at pH of5 with 0,632 unit/g of rice brand koji as glucoamylase and 2,6x107cell/gsubstrate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The result showed that, the SSF process gave higher ethanol conversion from starch in cassava powder when the substrate had been pre-treated with cellulase enzyme. Ethanol was obtained with the conversion of 48,6% from starch in cassava powder with 9,88%(wt) in concentration bypreviously soaking the cassava powder in 5% v/v cellulase enzymesfor 7 days before SSF process carried out. Ethanol was obtained with the conversion of 42,07% from raw cassava starch and 7,8%(wt) in concentration by carried out SSF process with 75% v/v cellulase enzymes directly. While the SSF process without ellulase enzvmes only gave 5,6%(wt) of ethanol with 25% conversion.Keywords: Cellulase, SFS, Cassava Starch, Conversion, Ethanol Abstrak Enzim selulase merupakan kompleks enzim yang dapat mengkatalisis penguraian selulosa. Penggunaan enzim selulase pada  tepung singkong  melalui proses sakarifikasi fermentasi secara simultan diharapkan dapat merusak sebagian besar dinding sel singkong yang masih utuh yang tersusun dari selulosa sehingga membebaskan lebih banyak pati dari dalam sel. Usaha ini dilakukan untuk  meningkatkan konversi etanol dari tepung singkong melalui proses sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan. Proses produksi etanol melalui proses sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan (SFS) dilakukan dengan komposisi tepung singkong 20%(b/b), kadar  air medium SFS 80%, pH  5 dan temperatur 30°C. Aktifitas glukoamilase yang digunakan adalah 0,632 unit/gTSK dan jumlah ragi Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2,6x107 sel/gTSK. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan produksi etanol pada SFS dengan perendaman selulase sebesar 5%(v/v) (0,63 UA/gTSK) terlebih dulu selama 7 hari, akan meningkatkan konversi etanol dari tepung singkong hingga 48,6% dengan kadar etanol 9,88%(blb). Konversi etanol dari tepung singkong pada SFS dengan penambahan langsung enzim selulase sebesar 75%(v/v) (8,37 UA/gTSK) tanpa direndam terlebih dulu, adalah 42,07% dengan kadar etanol 7,8%(b/b). Sedangkan pad a SFS tanpa penambahan selulase sam a sekali, hanya diperoleh konversi etanol dari tepung singkong sebesar 25% dengan kadar etanol 5,6%(b/b) .Kata Kunci: Selulase, SFS, Tepung Singkong, Konversi, Etanol
Pengembangan produk keramik berpori dengan proses ekstrusi pada skala laboratorium
Authors: Purbasari Aprilina , Samadhi T Walmiki , Muslim Aristianto
Published: March 2020

The application of porous ceramics as filter or membrane has increased currently and has created an opportunity to utilize inorganic waste materials such as fly ash as raw materials. The development of porous ceramic product using fly ash by extrusion process is a relevant and innovative study, especially in indonesia. This research is aimed at producing porous ceramic sample using alumina as basic raw material by extrusion process,  and to study the effect of clay, fly ash, and water composition in raw material mixture on physical properties of porous ceramic product. The produced porous ceramic samples have firing shrinkages of 1,2-3,7%, apparent porosities of 46,2-51,7%, and modulus ofrupture of 3,2-6,2MPa. Clay component gives the largest effect on apparent porosity and fly ash component gives the largest effect on firing shrinkage and modulus of rupture. The samples of porous ceramic product have relatively narrow pore size distribution, with pore diameters in the range of 10-20m. The product is therefore suitable for ceramic filter material. Keywords: Extrusion, Filter, Porous Ceramics Abstrak  Penggunaan keramik berpori sebagai filter atau membran semakin meningkat dewasa ini dan terdapat peluang untuk memanfaatkan limbah anorganik seperti abu terbang sebagai bahan baku keramik. Pengembangan produk keramik berpori dengan memanfaatkan limbah abu terbang berdasarkan proses ekstrusi berpeluang menjadi kajian yang relevan dan inovatif. khususnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat sampel produk kerwnik berpori berbahan dasar alumina dengan metode ekstrusi serta mempelajari pengaruh komposisi lempung, abu terbang, dan air dalam campuran bahan baku terhadap sifat-sifat fisik sampe! produk keramik berpori yang dihasi!kan. Pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampe! produk keramik berpori memi!iki susut bakar 1,2- 3,7%, porositas semu 46,2-51,7%, dan kuat lentur 3,2-6,2 MPa. Komponen lempung memberikan pengaruh paling besar terhadap porositas semu dan komponen abu terbang memberikan pengaruh paling besar terhadap susut bakar dan kuat lentur. Sampel produk keramik yang dihasilkan memiliki ukuran pori yang re!atif seragam dengan rentang diameter pori sekitar 10-20 m, sehingga sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai material filter. Kata Kunci: Ekstrusi, Filter, Keramik Berpori