bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing an ethnographic interview for evaluation of micronutrient powder trial: Challenges and opportunities for implementation science
Authors: Schnefke Courtney H. , Tumilowicz Alison , Pelto Gretel H. , Gebreyesus Seifu Hagos , Gonzalez Wendy , Hrabar Mélanie , Mahmood Shanzeh , Pedro Catia , Picolo Melanie , Possolo Edna , Scarlatescu Oana A. , Tarlton Dessie , Vettersand Julia
Published: October 2019

The evidence base for micronutrient powder (MNP) interventions predominantly consists of quantitative studies focused on measuring coverage, utilization, and/or biological outcomes. We need other types of studies to broaden the scope of our knowledge about determinants of MNP programme effectiveness. Addressing this knowledge gap, this paper focuses on the process of designing an ethnographic research protocol to obtain caregivers' perspectives on the factors that influenced their use of intervention delivery services and their adherence to MNP recommendations. The research was undertaken within the context of formative evaluations conducted in Mozambique and Ethiopia. Ethnography provides a means for acquiring and interpreting this knowledge and is an approach particularly well suited for formative evaluation to understand the response of a population to new interventions and programme delivery processes. We describe decisions made and challenges encountered in developing the protocol, and their implications for advancing methodology in implementation research science. In addition to a core team of three investigators, we added an “advisory group” of 10 experts to advise us as we developed the protocol. The advisory group reviewed multiple drafts of the interview protocol and participated in mock interviews. In the protocol development process, we faced the issues and made decisions about concerned gaps in content, cultural adaptations and comprehension, and interview guide structure and format. Differences between the core team and the advisory group in methodological approaches to the structure and content of questions call attention to the importance of establishing greater communication among implementation scientists working in nutrition interventions.
Rice microtubule‐associated protein IQ67‐DOMAIN14 regulates grain shape by modulating microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics
Authors: Yang BaoJun , Wendrich Jos R. , De Rybel Bert , Weijers Dolf , Xue Hong‐Wei
Published: October 2019

Cortical microtubule (MT) arrays play a critical role in plant cell shape determination by defining the direction of cell expansion. As plants continuously adapt to ever‐changing environmental conditions, multiple environmental and developmental inputs need to be translated into changes of the MT cytoskeleton. Here, we identify and functionally characterize an auxin‐inducible and MT‐localized protein OsIQ67‐DOMAIN14 (OsIQD14), which is highly expressed in rice seed hull cells. We show that while deficiency of OsIQD14 results in short and wide seeds and increases overall yield, overexpression leads to narrow and long seeds, caused by changed MT alignment. We further show that OsIQD14‐mediated MT reordering is regulated by specifically affecting MT dynamics, and ectopic expression of OsIQD14 in Arabidopsis could change the cell shape both in pavement cells and in hypocotyl cells. Additionally, OsIQD14 activity is tightly controlled by calmodulin proteins, providing an alternative way to modify the OsIQD14 activity. Our results indicate that OsIQD14 acts as a key factor in regulating MT rearrangements in rice hull cells and hence the grain shape, and allows effective local cell shape manipulation to improve the rice yield trait.
Justice for the People? How Justice Sensitivity Can Foster and Impair Support for Populist Radical‐Right Parties and Politicians in the United States and in Germany
Authors: Rothmund Tobias , Bromme Laurits , Azevedo Flávio
Published: October 2019

Many people argue that support for populist radical‐right political agents is motivated by people feeling “left behind” in globalized Western democracies. Empirical research supports this notion by showing that people who feel personally or collectively deprived are more likely to hold populist beliefs and anti‐immigration attitudes. Our aim was to further investigate the psychological link between individuals' justice concerns and their preferences for populist radical‐right political agents. We focused on stable individual differences in self‐oriented and other‐oriented justice concerns and argue that these should have opposing correlations with preferences for populist radical‐right parties. We tested our hypotheses in two national samples, one from the United States (N = 1500) and one from Germany (N = 848). Sensitivity to injustice towards oneself enhanced the likelihood of preferring Trump (United States) and Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) (Germany) via increased anti‐immigration attitudes and increased populist attitudes. Sensitivity to injustice towards others reduced the likelihood of preferring Trump and AfD via decreased anti‐immigration attitudes. We discuss our findings in regard to how stable individual differences in the evaluation of fairness can motivate intra‐ and interpersonal political conflicts in modern western societies and how politics and mass media can fuel these conflicts.
Exogenous 5‐aminolevulinic acid improves strawberry tolerance to osmotic stress and its possible mechanisms
Authors: Cai Changyu , He Shasha , An Yuyan , Wang Liangju
Published: October 2019

Cultivated strawberry, one of the major fruit crops worldwide, is an evergreen plant with shallow root system, and thus sensitive to environmental changes, including drought stress. To investigate the effect of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a new environment‐friendly plant growth regulator, on strawberry drought tolerance and its possible mechanisms, we treated strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa Duch. cv. ‘Benihoppe’) with 15% polyethylene glycol 6000 to simulate osmotic stress with or without 10 mg l−1 ALA. We found that ALA significantly alleviated PEG‐inhibited plant growth and improved water absorption and xylem sap flux, indicating ALA mitigates the adverse effect of osmotic stress on strawberry plants. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that ALA mitigated PEG‐induced decreases of Pn, Gs, Tr, Pn/Ci, photosystem I and II reaction center activities, electron transport activity, and photosynthetic performance indexes. Equally important, ALA promoted PEG‐increased antioxidant enzyme activities and repressed PEG‐increased malondialdehyde and superoxide anion in both leaves and roots. Specially, ALA repressed H2O2 increase in leaves, but stimulated it in roots. Furthermore, ALA repressed abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling gene expressions in leaves, but promoted those in roots. In addition, ALA blocked PEG‐downregulated expressions of plasmalemma and tonoplast aquaporin genes PIP and TIP in both leaves and roots. Taken together, ALA effectively enhances strawberry drought tolerance and the mechanism is related to the improvement of water absorption and conductivity. The tissue‐specific responses of ABA biosynthesis, ABA signaling, and H2O2 accumulation to ALA in leaves and roots play key roles in ALA‐improved strawberry tolerance to osmotic stress.
How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street‐level bureaucrats' performance regarding a health policy
Authors: Lotta Gabriela Spanghero , Marques Eduardo Cesar
Published: October 2019

Policy implementation is an interactive process between citizens and street‐level bureaucrats. Although the literature has already addressed different factors that influence discretion, there is still a gap in understanding if and how bureaucrats' relational profiles affect policy implementation. This article analyses bureaucrats' interactions and the relational environments in which they exercise their discretion. The hypothesis is that bureaucrats' different relational profiles specify policy implementation at the street level. We study bureaucrats in a Brazilian health care programme involving community workers that requires regular visits to beneficiary families' homes. The research departs from ethnography and network analyses with workers from three very different contexts. We analyse bureaucrats' practices, the discursive styles mobilized in their interactions, and their personal networks. The results show that organizational factors are central to explain variations in practices, and their relational profiles highly influence the discursive styles used by bureaucrats in their interactions with citizens. The article concludes that relational elements can affect the exercise of discretion and influence interactions at the street level and should be incorporated more systematically in the implementation literature.
Chinese Ethics: An Empirical Study of Idealism and Relativism
Authors: Allen William E. , Lloyd Robert , Peer Roland
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this empirical study is to examine the relationships between ethical views of certain Chinese demographics and to consider different trends that may affect academic and business considerations in the future pertaining to East-West interaction. This study utilizes Forsyth’s Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) to assess the ethical views of 401 Chinese undergraduate students in a rural province of Central China. Regression analyses are applied to investigate the following hypotheses: In a new Chinese context, the EPQ is applicable for assessing the ethical views of Chinese undergraduate students in rural China. Rural Chinese undergraduate student EPQ results are demonstrative of, and, in view of prior studies, are predictive of changes in Chinese ethical considerations. Rural Chinese undergraduate student EPQ results reflect long held Eastern worldview approaches however, in view of prior studies, there is some increasing similarity with Western EPQ outcomes. The findings of this study support the acceptance of the first and third null hypotheses. The practical implications of this study include an understanding that China, though it is rapidly equating with Western levels of market technology and sophistication, continues to resist Western ideals and ethics. Rather, the blending of Western and Eastern principles will continue to evolve and the Chinese worldview will continue to be dominated by the goals and needs of the Chinese State in a reflection of the millennia old culture. The value of this study is that it updates data relating to Chinese ethical approaches in a fast-changing Chinese and global marketplace. Secondly, it clarifies the different considerations and approaches needed when Westerners are dealing with Chinese counterparts in academia and/or business. Lastly, it posits current and future trends likely to affect East-West relationships in these realms.
Calling and Emotional Well-being: Mediation by Promotion Focus and Job Crafting
Authors: Her DaYeon
Published: October 2019

Teachers’ emotional well-being is incredibly crucial for both teachers themselves and children. When considering this importance, researchers need to explore ways to enhance teachers’ emotional well-being. Before developing an invention program, however, it requires performing in-depth research to give fundamental data for intervention. As part of its efforts, thus, this study intends to examine whether promotion focus and job crafting have a mediation effect on the relationship between calling and emotional well-being. For this purpose, this study collected data from 337 elementary school teachers. Subsequently, the current work administered four scales measuring calling, promotion focus, job crafting, and emotional well-being to them. The findings found that promotion focus and job crafting showed full mediation effects on the relationship between calling and emotional well-being, respectively, with a sequential mediation of promotion focus and job crafting. Finally, this paper critically discusses the implication of which researchers and leaders should be aware and then suggests directions for future researchers.
Sovereign Claims and Possessions – The Beginnings of the Territorial State
Authors: Howland Douglas
Published: October 2019

Royal claims from the age of exploration persisted into the 19th century, when they began to be replaced by claims to territory on the part of States. Sovereignty over territory was increasingly phrased in terms of “jurisdiction” and, as the State became a territorial entity, an equivalence was posed between “territorial sovereignty” and “territorial jurisdiction.” Boundary disputes in the 19th century provide evidence for the transition, and these were invited largely by conflicts over commercial prerogatives in one or another place. Three territorial practices in the 19th century identify the beginnings of the territorial orientation of the State: effective occupation, boundary differentiation, and administrative jurisdiction.
TRPV4 and purinergic receptor signalling pathways are separately linked in airway epithelia to CFTR and TMEM16A chloride channels
Authors: Genovese Michele , Borrelli Anna , Venturini Arianna , Guidone Daniela , Caci Emanuela , Viscido Gaetano , Gambardella Gennaro , di Bernardo Diego , Scudieri Paolo , Galietta Luis J.V.
Published: October 2019

Key points

Eact is a putative pharmacological activator of TMEM16A.

Eact is strongly effective in recombinant Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells but not in airway epithelial cells with endogenous TMEM16A expression.

Transcriptomic analysis, gene silencing and functional studies in FRT cells reveal that Eact is actually an activator of the Ca2+‐permeable TRPV4 channel.

In airway epithelial cells TRPV4 and TMEM16A are expressed in separate cell types.

Intracellular Ca2+ elevation by TRPV4 stimulation leads to CFTR channel activation.

TMEM16A is a Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel expressed in airway epithelial cells, particularly under conditions of mucus hypersecretion. To investigate the role of TMEM16A, we used Eact, a putative TMEM16A pharmacological activator. However, in contrast to purinergic stimulation, we found little effect of Eact on bronchial epithelial cells under conditions of high TMEM16A expression. We hypothesized that Eact is an indirect activator of TMEM16A. By a combination of approaches, including short‐circuit current recordings, bulk and single cell RNA sequencing, intracellular Ca2+ imaging and RNA interference, we found that Eact is actually an activator of the Ca2+‐permeable TRPV4 channel and that the modest effect of this compound in bronchial epithelial cells is due to a separate expression of TMEM16A and TRPV4 in different cell types. Importantly, we found that TRPV4 stimulation induced activation of the CFTR Cl− channel. Our study reveals the existence of separate Ca2+ signalling pathways linked to different Cl− secretory processes.
Surge and Stall Detection Using Acoustic Analysis for Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycles
Authors: Cabrera Cruz Keishaly , Pezzini Paolo , Shadle Lawrence , Bryden Kenneth M.
Published: October 2019

Compressor dynamics were studied in a gas turbine—fuel cell hybrid power system having a larger compressor volume than traditionally found in gas turbine systems. This larger compressor volume adversely affects the surge margin of the gas turbine. Industrial acoustic sensors were placed near the compressor to identify when the equipment was getting close to the surge line. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) mathematical analysis was used to obtain spectra representing the probability density across the frequency range (0–5000 Hz). Comparison between FFT spectra for nominal and transient operations revealed that higher amplitude spikes were observed during incipient stall at three different frequencies, 900, 1020, and 1800 Hz. These frequencies were compared to the natural frequencies of the equipment and the frequency for the rotating turbomachinery to identify more general nature of the acoustic signal typical of the onset of compressor surge. The primary goal of this acoustic analysis was to establish an online methodology to monitor compressor stability that can be anticipated and avoided.
Barriers to and Facilitators of the Implementation of Environmental Recommendations to Encourage Physical Activity in Center-Based Childcare Services: A Systematic Review
Authors: Razak Lubna Abdul , Clinton-McHarg Tara , Jones Jannah , Yoong Sze Lin , Grady Alice , Finch Meghan , Seward Kirsty , d’Espaignet Edouard Tursan , Ronto Rimante , Elton Ben , Wolfenden Luke
Published: October 2019

Background: Identifying factors influencing the implementation of evidence-based environmental recommendations to promote physical activity in childcare services is required to develop effective implementation strategies. This systematic review aimed to: (1) identify barriers and facilitators reported by center-based childcare services impacting the implementation of environmental recommendations to increase physical activity among children, (2) synthesize these factors according to the 14 domains of the “Theoretical Domains Framework,” and (3) report any associations between service or provider characteristics and the reported implementation of such recommendations. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in 6 scientific databases (eg, MEDLINE) and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting data from childcare staff or other stakeholders responsible for childcare operations. Included studies were based on childcare settings and published in English. From 2164 identified citations, 19 articles met the inclusion criteria (11 qualitative, 4 quantitative, and 4 mixed methods). Results: Across all articles, the majority of factors impacting implementation fell into the “environmental context and resources” domain (eg, time, equipment, and space; n = 19) and the “social influences” domain (eg, support from parents, colleagues, supervisors; n = 11). Conclusion: The current review provides guidance to improve the implementation of environmental recommendations in childcare services by addressing environmental, resource, and social barriers.
Spatiotemporal expansion of primary progenitor zones in the developing human cerebellum
Authors: Haldipur Parthiv , Aldinger Kimberly A. , Bernardo Silvia , Deng Mei , Timms Andrew E. , Overman Lynne M. , Winter Conrad , Lisgo Steven N. , Razavi  , Silvestri Evelina , Manganaro Lucia , Adle-Biassette Homa , Guimiot Fabien , Russo Rosa , Kidron Debora , Hof Patrick R. , Gerrelli Dianne , Lindsay Susan J. , Dobyns William B. , Glass Ian A. , Alexandre Paula , Millen Kathleen J.
Published: October 2019

Close-up of human cerebellar development

Early on, cerebellar development shares similarities across humans, nonhuman primates, and even mice. But differences emerge while development progresses, as cellular and molecular analyses by Haldipur
et al.
now reveal. The rhombic lip persists longer during cerebellar development in humans than in either the mouse or the macaque and generates a pool of neuroprogenitor cells. Similarly, the ventricular zone of the human cerebellum goes a step further than that of the mouse in developing an additional proliferative layer with outer radial glia cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed detailed similarities and differences between progenitor cells of the developing human cerebellum and neocortex.

Science
, this issue p.
454
Isolated cortical computations during delta waves support memory consolidation
Authors: Todorova Ralitsa , Zugaro Michaël
Published: October 2019

Special moments at cortical quiet states

Delta waves are moments of widespread cortical silence that alternate with active states during slow-wave sleep. However, upon closer examination, single neuronal action potentials can be detected during delta waves. Todorova and Zugaro sought to determine whether this neuronal noise could instead be an important signal (see the Perspective by Ikegaya and Matsumoto). They found that persisting action potential firing during delta waves is an overlooked but widespread phenomenon, which could potentially involve all neurons and all delta waves. A critical role of the delta wave may be to insulate specific cortical computations taking place in response to hippocampal replay and involved in memory consolidation.

Science
, this issue p.
377
; see also p.
306
Response to Comments on “The global tree restoration potential”
Authors: Bastin Jean-Francois , Finegold Yelena , Garcia Claude , Gellie Nick , Lowe Andrew , Mollicone Danilo , Rezende Marcelo , Routh Devin , Sacande Moctar , Sparrow Ben , Zohner Constantin M. , Crowther Thomas W.
Published: October 2019

Our study quantified the global tree restoration potential and its associated carbon storage potential under existing climate conditions. We received multiple technical comments, both supporting and disputing our findings. We recognize that several issues raised in these comments are worthy of discussion. We therefore provide a detailed common answer where we show that our original estimations are accurate.
Rapid reorganization of global biodiversity
Authors: Eriksson Britas Klemens , Hillebrand Helmut
Published: October 2019

Marine systems outpace terrestrial habitats in biodiversity erosion
Third-Generation Sequencing in the Clinical Laboratory: Exploring the Advantages and Challenges of Nanopore Sequencing
Authors: Petersen Lauren M. , Martin Isabella W. , Moschetti Wayne E. , Kershaw Colleen M. , Tsongalis Gregory J.
Published: October 2019

Metagenomic sequencing for infectious disease diagnostics is an important tool that holds promise for use in the clinical laboratory. Challenges for implementation so far include high cost, the length of time to results, and the need for technical and bioinformatics expertise. However, the recent technological innovation of nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) has the potential to address these challenges.
Ribosomal Protein L13 Promotes IRES-Driven Translation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in a Helicase DDX3-Dependent Manner
Authors: Han Shichong , Sun Shiqi , Li Pinghua , Liu Qun , Zhang Zhihui , Dong Hu , Sun Mengmeng , Wu Wenxue , Wang Xiaojia , Guo Huichen
Published: October 2019

Accumulating evidence has unveiled the roles of ribosomal proteins (RPs) belonging to the large 60S subunit in regulating selective translation of specific mRNAs. The translation speciﬁcity of the large-subunit RPs in this process is thought provoking, given the role they play canonically in catalyzing peptide bond formation. Here, we have identified the ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) as a critical regulator of IRES-driven translation during FMDV infection. Our study supports a model whereby the FMDV IRESs recruit helicase DDX3 recognizing RPL13 to facilitate IRES-driven translation, with the assistance of eIF3e and eIF3j. A better understanding of these specific interactions surrounding IRES-mediated translation initiation could have important implications for the selective translation of viral mRNA and thus for the development of effective prevention of viral infection.
Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Chen , Ye Yi , Zhang Yanbo , Pan Xiong-Fei , Pan An
Published: October 2019

Objective

To investigate the association between weight changes across adulthood and mortality.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-94 and 1999-2014.

Participants

36 051 people aged 40 years or over with measured body weight and height at baseline and recalled weight at young adulthood (25 years old) and middle adulthood (10 years before baseline).

Main outcome measures

All cause and cause specific mortality from baseline until 31 December 2015.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 12.3 years, 10 500 deaths occurred. Compared with participants who remained at normal weight, those moving from the non-obese to obese category between young and middle adulthood had a 22% (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.33) and 49% (1.49, 1.21 to 1.83) higher risk of all cause mortality and heart disease mortality, respectively. Changing from obese to non-obese body mass index over this period was not significantly associated with mortality risk. An obese to non-obese weight change pattern from middle to late adulthood was associated with increased risk of all cause mortality (1.30, 1.16 to 1.45) and heart disease mortality (1.48, 1.14 to 1.92), whereas moving from the non-obese to obese category over this period was not significantly associated with mortality risk. Maintaining obesity across adulthood was consistently associated with increased risk of all cause mortality; the hazard ratio was 1.72 (1.52 to 1.95) from young to middle adulthood, 1.61 (1.41 to 1.84) from young to late adulthood, and 1.20 (1.09 to 1.32) from middle to late adulthood. Maximum overweight had a very modest or null association with mortality across adulthood. No significant associations were found between various weight change patterns and cancer mortality.

Conclusions

Stable obesity across adulthood, weight gain from young to middle adulthood, and weight loss from middle to late adulthood were associated with increased risks of mortality. The findings imply that maintaining normal weight across adulthood, especially preventing weight gain in early adulthood, is important for preventing premature deaths in later life.
Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial
Authors: Bråten Lars Christian Haugli , Rolfsen Mads Peder , Espeland Ansgar , Wigemyr Monica , Aßmus Jörg , Froholdt Anne , Haugen Anne Julsrud , Marchand Gunn Hege , Kristoffersen Per Martin , Lutro Olav , Randen Sigrun , Wilhelmsen Maja , Winsvold Bendik Slagsvold , Kadar Thomas Istvan , Holmgard Thor Einar , Vigeland Maria Dehli , Vetti Nils , Nygaard Øystein Petter , Lie Benedicte Alexandra , Hellum Christian , Anke Audny , Grotle Margreth , Schistad Elina Iordanova , Skouen Jan Sture , Grøvle Lars , Brox Jens Ivar , Zwart John-Anker , Storheim Kjersti
Published: October 2019

Objective

To assess the efficacy of three months of antibiotic treatment compared with placebo in patients with chronic low back pain, previous disc herniation, and vertebral endplate changes (Modic changes).

Design

Double blind, parallel group, placebo controlled, multicentre trial.

Setting

Hospital outpatient clinics at six hospitals in Norway.

Participants

180 patients with chronic low back pain, previous disc herniation, and type 1 (n=118) or type 2 (n=62) Modic changes enrolled from June 2015 to September 2017.

Interventions

Patients were randomised to three months of oral treatment with either 750 mg amoxicillin or placebo three times daily. The allocation sequence was concealed by using a computer generated number on the prescription.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) score (range 0-24) at one year follow-up in the intention to treat population. The minimal clinically important between group difference in mean RMDQ score was predefined as 4.

Results

In the primary analysis of the total cohort at one year, the difference in the mean RMDQ score between the amoxicillin group and the placebo group was −1.6 (95% confidence interval −3.1 to 0.0, P=0.04). In the secondary analysis, the difference in the mean RMDQ score between the groups was −2.3 (−4.2 to−0.4, P=0.02) for patients with type 1 Modic changes and −0.1 (−2.7 to 2.6, P=0.95) for patients with type 2 Modic changes. Fifty patients (56%) in the amoxicillin group experienced at least one drug related adverse event compared with 31 (34%) in the placebo group.

Conclusions

In this study on patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes at the level of a previous disc herniation, three months of treatment with amoxicillin did not provide a clinically important benefit compared with placebo. Secondary analyses and sensitivity analyses supported this finding. Therefore, our results do not support the use of antibiotic treatment for chronic low back pain and Modic changes.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02323412
.
Radiation-induced segregation in W-Re: from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to atom probe tomography experiments
Authors: Lloyd Matthew J. , Abernethy Robert G. , Armstrong David E. J. , Bagot Paul A. J. , Moody Michael P. , Martinez Enrique , Nguyen-Manh Duc
Published: October 2019

A viable fusion power station is reliant on the development of plasma facing materials that can withstand the combined effects of high temperature operation and high neutron doses. In this study we focus on W, the most promising candidate material. Re is the primary transmutation product and has been shown to induce embrittlement through cluster formation and precipitation below its predicted solubility limit in W. We investigate the mechanism behind this using a kinetic Monte Carlo model, implemented into Stochastic Parallel PARticle Kinetic Simulator (SPPARKS) code and parameterised with a pairwise energy model for both interstitial and vacancy type defects. By introducing point defect sinks into our simulation cell, we observe the formation of Re rich clusters which have a concentration similar to that observed in ion irradiation experiments. We also compliment our computational work with atom probe tomography (APT) of ion implanted, model W-Re alloys. The segregation of Re to grain boundaries is observed in both our APT and KMC simulations.

Graphical abstract
On the distribution of an arbitrary subset of the eigenvalues for some finite dimensional random matrices
Authors: Chiani Marco , Zanella Alberto
Published: October 2019

We present some new results on the joint distribution of an arbitrary subset of the ordered eigenvalues of complex Wishart, double Wishart, and Gaussian hermitian random matrices of finite dimensions, using a tensor pseudo-determinant operator. Specifically, we derive compact expressions for the joint probability distribution function of the eigenvalues and the expectation of functions of the eigenvalues, including joint moments, for the case of both ordered and unordered eigenvalues.
Stability analyses of large waste dumps via 3D numerical modelling considering cracks and earthquake loading: a case study of Zhujiabaobao waste dump
Authors: Bao Yiding , Chen Jianping , Sun Xiaohui , Han Xudong , Song Shengyuan
Published: October 2019

This paper uses a 3D model for stability assessment of Zhujiabaobao waste dump with ground cracks. The study data were gathered via reconnaissance, geomorphological analysis and laboratory experiment. A 3D finite extended element method model that can consider cracks was then used to calculate the factor of safety (FOS) of the waste dump via the strength reduction technique. The simulation shows the dump to have an FOS of 1.22 and both the position and depth of penetration of cracks in the waste dump have a crucial impact on the stability of the slope. Because the study area is located in a seismically active area, simulation and analysis of the dynamic response of the waste dump under different magnitudes of seismic waves (peak acceleration is 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.45g) were performed via an explicit dynamic model. The simulation shows that high steps in the slope are particularly responsive to earthquakes. The approach used here for analysing stability under static and dynamic loads is useful for hazard prevention and mitigation.
Potato ingestion is as effective as carbohydrate gels to support prolonged cycling performance
Authors: Salvador Amadeo F. , McKenna Colleen F. , Alamilla Rafael A. , Cloud Ryan M. T. , Keeble Alexander R. , Miltko Adriana , Scaroni Susannah E. , Beals Joseph W. , Ulanov Alexander V. , Dilger Ryan N. , Bauer Laura L. , Broad Elizabeth M. , Burd Nicholas A.
Published: October 2019

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established strategy to improve endurance performance. Race fuels should not only sustain performance but also be readily digested and absorbed. Potatoes are a whole-food-based option that fulfills these criteria, yet their impact on performance remains unexamined. We investigated the effects of potato purée ingestion during prolonged cycling on subsequent performance vs. commercial CHO gel or a water-only condition. Twelve cyclists (70.7 ± 7.7 kg, 173 ± 8 cm, 31 ± 9 yr, 22 ± 5.1% body fat; means ± SD) with average peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) of 60.7 ± 9.0 mL·kg−1·min−1 performed a 2-h cycling challenge (60–85% V̇o2peak) followed by a time trial (TT; 6 kJ/kg body mass) while consuming potato, gel, or water in a randomized-crossover design. The race fuels were administered with [U-13C6]glucose for an indirect estimate of gastric emptying rate. Blood samples were collected throughout the trials. Blood glucose concentrations were higher ( P < 0.001) in potato and gel conditions compared with water condition. Blood lactate concentrations were higher ( P = 0.001) after the TT completion in both CHO conditions compared with water condition. TT performance was improved ( P = 0.032) in both potato (33.0 ± 4.5 min) and gel (33.0 ± 4.2 min) conditions compared with water condition (39.5 ± 7.9 min). Moreover, no difference was observed in TT performance between CHO conditions ( P = 1.00). In conclusion, potato and gel ingestion equally sustained blood glucose concentrations and TT performance. Our results support the effective use of potatoes to support race performance for trained cyclists.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ingestion of concentrated carbohydrate gels during prolonged exercise has been shown to promote carbohydrate availability and improve exercise performance. Our study aim was to expand and diversify race fueling menus for athletes by providing an evidence-based whole-food alternative to the routine ingestion of gels during training and competition. Our work shows that russet potato ingestion during prolonged cycling is as effective as carbohydrate gels to support exercise performance in trained athletes.
Influence of AFM Tip Temperature on THF Hydrate Stability: Theoretical Model and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Peng Li , Ning Fulong , Li Wei , Sun Jiaxin , Cao Pinqiang , Liu Zhichao , Xie Jingyu
Published: October 2019

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation is widely used to determine mechanical parameters of various materials. However, AFM tip may lead to phase transition of the cold sample in the region of contact area. It is a long-standing challenge that low-temperature phase-change materials (e.g., ice and hydrate) are hardly characterized by AFM, especially for clathrate hydrates. Here, with theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we investigated the temperature influence of AFM tip on the tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate stability. At first, a steady-state model of heat conduction was established between a v-shaped probe and THF hydrate sample. The temperature of the tip was estimated at different laser spot positions and laser intensities. Through numerical simulation, the heat loss by air convection is less than 1% of the total laser heat, and the influence of ambient air on the AFM probe temperature can be neglected. Meanwhile, the local temperature in the region of contact area was also calculated at the THF hydrate temperature of 0°C, -10°C, -20°C, and -30°C. We found out that the AFM tip causes the cold THF hydrate to melt. The thermal melting thickness decreases with the reduction of laser intensity and THF hydrate temperature. On the contrary, it is positively correlated with the thickness of liquid-like layer on THF hydrate surface and is also linearly increased with the contact radius. This indicates that the thermal melting continues as the press-in depth of the tip into THF hydrate increases. The local temperature rises when the tip touches the THF hydrate. It is easier for THF hydrate to be melted by an external pressure. In addition, the proposed model may be useful for guiding force tests on low-temperature phase-change materials by the AFM indentation.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Cervical Cancer and Screening amongst Female Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Heena Humariya , Durrani Sajid , AlFayyad Isamme , Riaz Muhammad , Tabasim Rabeena , Parvez Gazi , Abu-Shaheen Amani
Published: October 2019

Background. Cervical cancer is a potentially preventable disease if appropriate screening and prophylactic strategies are employed. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive strategies. Healthcare professionals with adequate knowledge play a huge role in influencing the beliefs and practices of the general public in a positive way. We assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of cervical cancer and screening amongst female healthcare professionals at King Fahad Medical City (KFMC), Saudi Arabia. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study on female healthcare professionals at KFMC. Data were collected using a predesigned, tested, and self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included specific sections to test the participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practices related to cervical cancer and its screening. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Results. Data from 395 participants were included in the final analysis. The majority of the study participants were nurses (n = 261, 66.1%). The mean age of the participants was 34.7 years and 239 (60.5%) participants were married. Only 16 (4.0%) participants appeared to have good level knowledge of cervical cancer (in terms of risk factors, vulnerability, signs and symptoms, ways of prevention, and ways of screening) and 58 (14.7%) participants had fair level knowledge. A total of 343 (86.8%) participants believed that Pap smear test is a useful test for the detection of cervical cancer and 103 (26.2%) participants had undergone Pap smear testing. Conclusions. Our study population showed poor knowledge of cervical cancer as a disease. The participants had a fair knowledge of Pap smear testing, but only a quarter of the cohort had undergone testing themselves. This study highlights the need for formal educational programs for the healthcare workers at KFMC specifically to improve their knowledge regarding the risk factors and early signs and symptoms of cervical cancer.
Solution and Verification of Cutter Position for Machining Split Equal‐Base Circle Bevel Gear
Authors: Wang Bin , Sun Xun , Feng Pei yao , Yan Chen xiao , Jia Xin jie
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study is to achieve machining of a split equal‐base circle bevel gear. Based on the equal‐base circle bevel gear theory, a cutting coordinate system for the separate piece is developed, and the tooth surface processing path of the separate piece is analysed and planned. According to the working principle of the equal‐base circle bevel gear, by analysing the cutter position and posture, the calculation method for the angle between the wheel blank coordinate system and the fixed space coordinate system is derived when machining the separate piece for different spiral angles as well as various concavity and convexity properties. The explicit function expressions for the cutter centre coordinates and axis vectors for machining the separate piece are obtained. Using MATLAB, the tool position model is verified by means of calculation, and the tooth cutting simulation of the separate piece is carried out using VERICUT software. By machining experiment and tooth surface measurement analysis, the feasibility of machining the separate piece and the correctness of the tool position mathematical model are verified.
A Square Wave Voltammetry Study on the Antioxidant Interaction and Effect of Extraction Method for Binary Fruit Mixture Extracts
Authors: Giovagnoli-Vicuña Claudia , Pizarro Sebastián , Briones-Labarca Vilbett , Delgadillo Álvaro
Published: October 2019

Square wave voltammetry (SWV) analysis was used to assess the antioxidant interactions (synergism, addition, and antagonism) of fruit mixture extracts from grape (G), lemon (L), and blueberry (B) obtained by conventional extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and high hydrostatic pressure extraction. The experimental results showed antagonistic antioxidant effects in all binary mixture extracts (L-G, L-B, and G-B). In DPPH and FRAP assays, the greatest antioxidant capacity was found in the G-B mixture (108.7 and 108.8 μmol TE g−1dry extract, respectively) obtained by high hydrostatic pressure extraction; however, there were no significant differences when measured by ultrasound-assisted extraction. For TPC and TFC assays, the greatest values were for G-B (6.67 mg GA g−1dry extract) and L-G (1.63 mg QE g−1dry extract), respectively. SWV experiments showed antagonistic behavior in the mixtures. Among the different ratios of the fruit mixture extracts evaluated by SWV, 1 : 1 (w/w) combination showed the greatest antagonistic antioxidant effects. SWV suggests the components of the mixture with the highest antioxidant capacity oxidize after mixing. The results indicate that the presence of natural bioactive antioxidants in fruit mixtures does not guarantee that the interactions are synergistic.
RAIN Is a Novel Enhancer-Associated lncRNA That Controls RUNX2 Expression and Promotes Breast and Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Rossi Teresa , Pistoni Mariaelena , Sancisi Valentina , Gobbi Giulia , Torricelli Federica , Donati Benedetta , Ribisi Salvatore , Gugnoni Mila , Ciarrocchi Alessia
Published: October 2019

Enhancer (ENH)-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a peculiar class of RNAs produced by transcriptionally active ENHs, owning potential gene-regulatory function. Here, we characterized RAIN, a novel ENH-associated lncRNA. Analysis of RAIN expression in a retrospective cohort of human thyroid cancers showed that the expression of this lncRNA is restricted to cancer cells and strongly correlates with the expression of the cancer-promoting transcription factor RUNX2. We showed that RAIN, serving as a cis-regulatory element, promotes RUNX2 expression by two mechanisms. Binding WDR5 and facilitating its localization on the RUNX2 promoter, RAIN modifies the transcriptional status of the RUNX2 locus facilitating transcription initiation. In parallel, RAIN acts as decoy for negative elongation factor complex, restraining its inhibitory function on transcription elongation. In both thyroid and breast cancer cells, RAIN promotes oncogenic features. Using RNA-sequencing profiling, we showed that RAIN orchestrates the expression of a network of cancer-promoting transcription regulators, suggesting that RAIN affects cancer cell phenotype by coordinating the expression of a complex transcriptional network.

Implications:

Our data contribute to understand lncRNA function in gene regulation and to consolidate their role in cancer.
A Rare Complication: Development of an Aspergilloma after Endobronchial Coil Placement in a COPD Patient
Authors: Plante Alexandre , Guinde Julien , Boudreau Christine , Maltais François , Martel Simon , Delage Antoine , Fortin Marc
Published: October 2019

Endobronchial coils are a relatively novel endoscopic lung volume reduction modality that aims to increase functional capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Two major trials have studied the safety and efficacy of this therapy, but long-term safety has not been studied. Adverse events reported are mainly periprocedural pneumothoraces and early bacterial infectious complications. We report the case of a patient with severe emphysema (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage IV COPD) who developed endobronchial coil-associated aspergillomas 3 years after coil placement.
МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ РОЗРОБКИ КОМПЛЕКСУ СТАНДАРТНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕДУР В УМОВАХ УПРОВАДЖЕННЯ НАЛЕЖНОЇ АПТЕЧНОЇ ПРАКТИКИ
Authors: Hala L. O.
Published: October 2019

Мета роботи. Науково-прикладне обґрунтування підходів до розробки переліку типових стандартних операційних процедур (СОП) та визначення змістового наповнення їх складових для забезпечення належного виконання вимог стандартів Належної аптечної практики (GPP).

Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні були використані нормативно-правові акти України й інших країн світу, Спільна настанова Міжнародної фармацевтичної федерації та Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров’я «Належна аптечна практика: Стандарти якості аптечних послуг» (2011), а також системний та структурно-функціональний аналіз, зокрема моделювання процесів.

Результати й обговорення. На підставі вивчення досвіду використання національних стандартів GPP за основними напрямами фармацевтичної діяльності аптек у різних країнах світу та відповідних розробок вітчизняних науковців проведено типологію СОП. Запропоновано перелік найбільш розповсюджених типових СОП відповідно до ролей фармацевтичних працівників аптеки, які вони виконують у повсякденній діяльності. Керівництво аптеки самостійно вирішує питання щодо розширення зазначеного переліку залежно від спектра фармацевтичних послуг, що надаються.

За результатами проведеного дослідження, в основу якого були покладені системний, процесний та функціонально-рольовий підходи до організації фармацевтичної діяльності аптек, запропоновано вісім типів СОП: підготовчі, товарознавчі, виробничі, аналітичні, контролюючі, обслуговуючі, освітні й оціночні.

У зв’язку з відсутністю загально прийнятої процедури розробки СОП запропоновано орієнтовну типову структуру СОП для аптек та її змістове наповнення, враховуючи наступні вимоги GPP: актуальність, ясність, точність, доступність, зручний формат. Для забезпечення доступності подання матеріалу СОП не має дублювати основну інформацію стосовно вимог до фармацевтичної діяльності, що розміщена в стандарті GPP. Для забезпечення належного виконання вимог GPP запропоновано низку методологічних підходів до розробки СОП.

Висновки. Проведена типологія СОП та запропоновано вісім типів СОП: підготовчі, товарознавчі, виробничі, аналітичні, контролюючі, обслуговуючі, освітні та оціночні, а також перелік найбільш розповсюджених типових СОП за функціонально-рольовим підходом до розробки національних стандартів GPP та орієнтовну типову структуру СОП для аптек.