bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal Radiology Practice Subspecialization in Canada: A Subject of Substance?
Authors: Hiemstra Laurie , Forster Bruce , Walker Richard
Published: November 2018

Scientific and technological advances in medical imaging have had a profound impact on health care around the world including Canada. The cost of imaging, however, continues to rise along with innovation. Building a practical subspecialty musculoskeletal imaging service offers the specialty of radiology an opportunity to show how radiologists can consistently add value and improve outcomes without adding a great cost burden to the health care system.
Unusual Type of Hand Preaxial Polydactyly
Authors: Sirasanagandla Srinivasa , Nayak Satheesha , Al Mushaiqri Mohamed
Published: November 2018

Preaxial polydactyly is a common congenital anomaly of the hand. In this anomaly, an additional digit is seen along the preaxial border of the thumb. Several possible types of preaxial polydactyly have been observed and categorized into several types based on the level of duplications. In the present case, we report an unusual type of polydactyly in an approximately 55year-old male cadaver of South Indian origin. An additional non-functional digit was noted along the preaxial border of the thumb, at the level of the base of the distal phalanx. Upon careful dissection of the anomalous digit, a thick cord of connective tissue formed by the fibrous flexor sheath around the flexor pollicis longus tendon was noted in its central core. This cord was surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue. The skeletal, muscle and tendon components were found to be absent in the additional digit.
Child with Susceptibility to Infection-Induced Acute Encephalopathy 3
Authors: Khalil Ayman , Malalla Husain Ali Ahmed , Naser Husain , Almuslamani Ahood
Published: November 2018

A 10-month-old Bahraini boy born full-term to first-degree cousins, initially had normal developmental milestones, but presented with recurrent encephalopathy and seizures associated with upper respiratory tract infection. With each attack, the patient developmentally regressed further. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple old and new infarcts. Cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry, microbiology, and amino acids were unremarkable. Tandems mass spectrometry of urine organic acids was unremarkable as well. Electroencephalogram showed asymmetry with cortical irritability. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation of RAN-binding protein 2 gene, suggesting a diagnosis of susceptibility to infection-induced acute encephalopathy 3, which is an autosomal dominant condition. This is the first case to be reported in Bahrain.
Analysis of the electronic and chemical structure in boron and phosphorus passivated 4H-SiC/SiO2 interfaces using HRTEM and STEM-EELS
Authors: Taillon Joshua A. , Klingshirn Christopher J. , Jiao Chunkun , Zheng Yongju , Dhar Sarit , Zheleva Tsvetanka S. , Lelis Aivars J. , Salamanca-Riba Lourdes G.
Published: November 2018

We report a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of the impacts of phosphorus and boron passivation processes at 4H-SiC/SiO2 interfaces. The chemical and electronic structures at these interfaces have been analyzed using high-resolution TEM and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), uncovering a range of phenomena caused by the presence of B and P within their respective boro- and phosphosilicate glass (BSG/PSG) layers. The phosphorus passivation process was observed to induce roughness at the SiC/PSG interface on the order of 100s of nm. Within the PSG layer, phosphorus was found to segregate into nanometer-scale P-rich clusters, contradicting previous reports that it is distributed uniformly throughout the PSG. Similar to N in nitric oxide annealed devices, boron was determined to accumulate in a thin layer (sub-3 nm in thickness) at the SiC/BSG interface, with a much narrower distribution than previously reported. EELS measurements indicated boron incorporates in a trigonal bonding configuration, supporting the assertion that it softens the oxide and causes significant stress reduction at the interface with 4H-SiC. These results supply further insight into the sources of mobility enhancement in PSG and BSG-gated devices that could be extended into additional improvement in the channel response of SiC MOSFETs.
Note: A versatile 3D-printed droplet-on-demand generator
Authors: Ionkin Nikolay , Harris Daniel M.
Published: November 2018

A versatile 3D-printed droplet-on-demand generator is presented for laboratory use in droplet impact and similar experiments. The design described and tested in the present work is modeled off of an existing design [Harris et al., Exp. Fluids 56, 83 (2015)] but is tested with an extended range of working fluids, and the manufacturing process is greatly simplified by 3D-printing the principal components. The present device is tested with de-ionized water and water-glycerol mixtures and was reliably able to produce single droplets-on-demand of diameters 0.65-1.32 mm with an overall variability of less than 1%. The computer-aided design (CAD) files, parts list, sample software, and circuit layout are available with this note, allowing for the device to be readily reproduced or adapted for a wide range of experimental applications.
Effect of ion drag on Jean's instability in dusty plasma
Authors: Gaurav Sweta , Avinash K.
Published: November 2018

The effect of ion drag on the Jeans instability of the dust in the plasma background is examined. It is shown that the ion drag force significantly enhances the Jeans instability and the gravitational collapse of the dust. If the drag force exceeds a critical value, the length scale threshold on Jeans instability is removed and the arbitrary small condensation of dust may occur. The relevance of these results to the planetesimal formation in molecular clouds is briefly discussed.
An Adeninate-Based Metal–Organic Framework for Antitumour Drug Delivery and Anti-Osteogenic Sarcoma Activity Evolution
Authors: Yan Bing , Li Huanqiu , Jiang Wenyan , Mu Long
Published: November 2018

Targeted anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been considered as one of the most important approaches for reducing the side effects and enhancing the therapy effect in cancer treatment. This work presents a targeted anticancer DDS on the basis of a newly synthesised adeninate-based metal–organic framework (MOF) [Zn2(ad)2(AMDB)(H2O)](DMF)3 (1) with biomolecular adenine (HAd), zinc(ii) ions, and 4,4′-(aminomethylene)dibenzoic acid (H2AMDB) as the molecular building blocks. The structural analysis via X-ray diffraction technology shows MOF 1 is a channel-type three-dimensional network composed of rod-like Zn–Ad chains. Due to its large inner free spaces and uncoordinated N donor sites functionalised pore surroundings, the antitumour molecule 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) could be loaded into the pores of 1a (activated 1) though an adsorption process, which shows a moderate high storage capacity of 32 wt-%. At the same time, the pH-dependent delivery of 5-Fu could be achieved in phosphate-buﬀered saline (PBS) solution. With a lower pH value, the drug release will be enhanced. Furthermore, the invitro antitumour activity of the drug/1a composite has been probed via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on two human osteogenic sarcoma cells (MG63 and U2OS).
Flow characteristics in tailrace: understanding how hydrodynamics may attract fish to hydropower plant in South America
Authors: Santos Hersília A. , Duarte Bernardo , Pinheiro Abgail , Cruz Deborah , Souza Guilherme
Published: November 2018

Hydropower plant (HPP) operation may influence downstream flow regimes, which can affect the fish movement. In South America, tailrace fisheries are often killed or injured when interacting with spillways and turbines. Hydrodynamic flow-pattern studies are essential to facilitate mitigation. We developed a computational fluid dynamics model to investigate flow downstream of Três Marias HPP (Brazil). Included in the model were the draft tubes, tailrace and a 3-km river reach. We simulated a common scenario consisting of three active turbines on the right side of the powerhouse (109.6, 108.0 and 108.0m3s–1) and three inactive turbines, by using Ansys Fluent (ver. 12). We identified a straight discharge plume from the right-most turbine that was constrained by the right-side wall. Further, there was the generation of significant plumes from Turbines 2 and 3. The maximum velocities in these plumes appears not to be a barrier for Pimelodus maculatus and Prochilodus costatus, because their prolonged swimming speeds for their maximum total length were higher than the modelled velocities. The results will support mitigation decisions such as fish passage and turbine-screen design in this particular HPP and may be a model for further studies in the South America.
Organic carbon and nitrogen contents and their fractions in soils with onion crops in different management systems
Authors: Ferreira Lucas Borges , Loss Arcângelo , Giumbelli Lucas Dupont , Ventura Barbara Santos , Souza Monique , Mafra Álvaro Luiz , Kurtz Claudinei , Comin Jucinei José , Brunetto Gustavo
Published: November 2018

The use of plant species in rotation or succession of crops can increase C and N contents and their fractions in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using soil cover crops in succession and rotation with onion crops in different soil management systems on the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C and N fractions in soil aggregates, and bulk soil. The experiment was implemented in April 2007 with eight treatments: succession of onion and maize in a no-tillage system (NTS) (T1); rotation of soil cover crops (winter) and biennial onion in a NTS (T2); rotation of maize, winter grasses, and onion in a NTS (T3); succession of summer legume and annual onion in a NTS (T4); rotation of summer grass, winter grasses, and annual onion in a NTS (T5); succession of summer legume, winter grass, and annual onion in a NTS (T6); succession of maize and onion in a conventional tillage system (CTS) (T7); and succession of intercrops of soil cover crops (summer), and annual onion in a NTS (T8). Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0.0–5.0, 5.0–10.0, and 10.0–20.0cm soil layers in July 2014, and their aggregate (8.0 to 2.0mm) and bulk soil (<2mm) fractions were separated to evaluate their TOC, TN, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen (OCP and ONP respectively), and mineral-associated organic carbon and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (OCM and ONM respectively). Soil turning due to the CTS in T7 (0.0–5.0cm) reduced TOC, OCP, OCM, TN, ONP, and ONM, in the soil aggregates and in the bulk soil, when compared with the NTS with the use of soil cover crops in succession or rotation with onion crops (T1–T6 and T8). T6 increased the TOC, TN, OCP, OCM, ONP, and ONM contents in the soil aggregates and bulk soil when compared with the successions with only grasses or only legumes. T1 increased the soil TOC and TN contents in aggregates compared with the same succession in CTS. T8 had higher OCP (0.0–20.0cm) and ONP (5.0–10.0cm) contents in aggregates than in the bulk soil. In general, aggregates had higher TOC and OCM contents, and bulk soil had higher TN, OCP, ONP and ONM contents. The main changes resulting from the management systems and soil cover crop combinations used were observed in the particulate fraction, especially in the soil aggregates.
Potential Use of Calcined Kaolinite-Based Wastes as Cement Replacements in Concrete – An Overview
Authors: Liu Yuxuan , Ling Tung-Chai
Published: November 2018

The use of supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to partially replace cement is a promising strategy to reduce CO2 emission and improve the overall sustainability of construction industry. Recent studies revealed that calcined clay could be used as a pozzolanic material and demonstrated an improvement in durability properties of concrete. The pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clay mainly depends on the kaolinite content due to its disordered crystal structure. They can use to replace cement at considerably high level (∼30%), and even higher (∼50%) if addition limestone powder is used. Since kaolinite is the key source of pozzolanic activity, reusing kaolinite-based waste materials could be a promising and sustainable approach instead of exploiting natural clay for calcined clay cement. This paper summarises recent published works on the use of calcined kaolinite waste as partial cement substitutions in concrete, including thermally activated coal gangue and pre-calcined clay brick and ceramic wastes which have been burnt in their fabrication process. The properties of concrete using these kaolinite-based waste materials are also discussed.
Optimal threshold for a random graph to be 2-universal
Authors: Ferber Asaf , Kronenberg Gal , Luh Kyle
Published: November 2018

For a family of graphs

F

\mathcal {F}

, a graph

G
G

is

F

\mathcal {F}

-universal if

G
G

contains every graph in

F

\mathcal {F}

as a (not necessarily induced) subgraph. For the family of all graphs on

n
n

vertices and of maximum degree at most two,

H

(
n
,
2
)

\mathcal {H}(n,2)

, we prove that there exists a constant

C
C

such that for

p
≥
C

(

log
⁡
n

n
2

)

1
3

,

p \geq C \left ( \frac {\log n}{n^2} \right )^{\frac {1}{3}},

the binomial random graph

G
(
n
,
p
)

G(n,p)

is typically

H

(
n
,
2
)

\mathcal {H}(n,2)

-universal. This bound is optimal up to the constant factor as illustrated in the seminal work of Johansson, Kahn, and Vu for triangle factors. Our result improves significantly on the previous best bound of

p
≥
C

(

log
⁡
n

n

)

1
2

p \geq C \left (\frac {\log n}{n}\right )^{\frac {1}{2}}

due to Kim and Lee. In fact, we prove the stronger result that for

H

ℓ

(
n
,
2
)

\mathcal {H}^{\ell }(n,2)

, the family of all graphs on

n
n

vertices, of maximum degree at most two and of girth at least

ℓ
\ell

,

G
(
n
,
p
)

G(n,p)

is typically

H

ℓ

(
n
,
2
)

\mathcal H^{\ell }(n,2)

-universal when

p
≥
C

(

log
⁡
n

n

ℓ
−
1

)

1
ℓ

.

p \geq C \left (\frac {\log n}{n^{\ell -1}}\right )^{\frac {1}{\ell }}.

This result is also optimal up to the constant factor. Our results verify (in a weak form) a classical conjecture of Kahn and Kalai.
The spectral symmetry of weakly irreducible nonnegative tensors and connected hypergraphs
Authors: Fan Yi-Zheng , Huang Tao , Bao Yan-Hong , Zhuan-Sun Chen-Lu , Li Ya-Ping
Published: November 2018

Let

A

\mathcal {A}

be a weakly irreducible nonnegative tensor with spectral radius

ρ
(

A

)

\rho (\mathcal {A})

. Let

D

\mathfrak {D}

(resp.,

D

(
0
)

\mathfrak {D}^{(0)}

) be the set of normalized diagonal matrices arising from the eigenvectors of

A

\mathcal {A}

corresponding to the eigenvalues with modulus

ρ
(

A

)

\rho (\mathcal {A})

(resp., the eigenvalue

ρ
(

A

)

\rho (\mathcal {A})

). It is shown that

D

\mathfrak {D}

is an abelian group containing

D

(
0
)

\mathfrak {D}^{(0)}

as a subgroup, which acts transitively on the set

{

e

i

2
π
j

ℓ

A

:
j
=
0
,
1
,
…
,
ℓ
−
1
}

\{e^{\mathbf {i}\frac {2 \pi j}{\ell }}\mathcal {A}:j =0,1, \ldots ,\ell -1\}

, where

|

D

/

D

(
0
)

|

=
ℓ

|\mathfrak {D}/\mathfrak {D}^{(0)}|=\ell

and

D

(
0
)

\mathfrak {D}^{(0)}

is the stabilizer of

A

\mathcal {A}

. The spectral symmetry of

A

\mathcal {A}

is characterized by the group

D

/

D

(
0
)

\mathfrak {D}/\mathfrak {D}^{(0)}

, and

A

\mathcal {A}

is called spectral

ℓ
\ell

-symmetric. We obtain structural information about

A

\mathcal {A}

by analyzing the property of

D

\mathfrak {D}

, and especially for connected hypergraphs we get some results on the edge distribution and coloring. If moreover

A

\mathcal {A}

is symmetric, we prove that

A

\mathcal {A}

is spectral

ℓ
\ell

-symmetric if and only if it is

(
m
,
ℓ
)

(m,\ell )

-colorable. We characterize the spectral

ℓ
\ell

-symmetry of a tensor by using its generalized traces, and we show that for an arbitrary integer

m
≥
3

m \ge 3

and each positive integer

ℓ
\ell

with

ℓ
∣
m

\ell \mid m

, there always exists an

m
m

-uniform hypergraph

G
G

such that

G
G

is spectral

ℓ
\ell

-symmetric.
RNA profile diversity across arthropoda: guidelines, methodological artifacts, and expected outcomes
Authors: DeLeo Danielle M , Pérez-Moreno Jorge L , Vázquez-Miranda Hernán , Bracken-Grissom Heather D
Published: November 2018

High-quality RNA is an important precursor for high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and subsequent analyses. However, the primary metric used to assess RNA quality, the RNA Integrity Number (RIN), was developed based on model bacterial and vertebrate organisms. Though the phenomenon is not widely recognized, invertebrate 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is highly prone to a form of denaturation known as gap deletion, in which the subunit collapses into two smaller fragments. In many nonmodel invertebrates, this collapse of the 28S subunit appears as a single band similar in size to the 18S rRNA subunit. This phenomenon is hypothesized to be commonplace among arthropods and is often misinterpreted as a “degraded” rRNA profile. The limited characterization of gap deletion in arthropods, a highly diverse group, as well as other nonmodel invertebrates, often biases RNA quality assessments. To test whether the collapse of 28S is a general pattern or a methodological artifact, we sampled more than half of the major lineages within Arthropoda. We found that the 28S collapse is present in ∼90% of the species sampled. Nevertheless, RNA profiles exhibit considerable diversity with a range of banding patterns. High-throughput RNAseq and subsequent assembly of high-quality transcriptomes from select arthropod species exhibiting collapsed 28S subunits further illustrates the limitations of current RIN proxies in accurately characterizing RNA quality in nonmodel organisms. Furthermore, we show that this form of 28S denaturation, which is often mistaken for true “degradation,” can occur at relatively low temperatures.
Cell-Type-Specific D1 Dopamine Receptor Modulation of Projection Neurons and Interneurons in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Anastasiades Paul G , Boada Christina , Carter Adam G
Published: November 2018

Dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates diverse effects on neuronal physiology and function, but the expression of dopamine receptors at subpopulations of projection neurons and interneurons remains unresolved. Here, we examine D1 receptor expression and modulation at specific cell types and layers in the mouse prelimbic PFC. We first show that D1 receptors are enriched in pyramidal cells in both layers 5 and 6, and that these cells project to intratelencephalic targets including contralateral cortex, striatum, and claustrum rather than to extratelencephalic structures. We then find that D1 receptors are also present in interneurons and enriched in superficial layer VIP-positive (VIP+) interneurons that coexpresses calretinin but absent from parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SOM+) interneurons. Finally, we determine that D1 receptors strongly and selectively enhance action potential firing in only a subset of these corticocortical neurons and VIP+ interneurons. Our findings define several novel subpopulations of D1+ neurons, highlighting how modulation via D1 receptors can influence both excitatory and disinhibitory microcircuits in the PFC.
Chow Motives Without Projectivity, II
Authors: Wildeshaus Jörg
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this article is to provide a simplified construction of the intermediate extension of a Chow motive, provided that a condition on absence of weights in the boundary is satisfied. We give a criterion, which guarantees the validity of the condition, and compare our new construction to the theory of the interior motive established earlier. We finish the article with a review of the known applications to the boundary of Shimura varieties.
Aspects of Jewish Reception of the Ketuvim (Writings)
Authors: Cooper Alan
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses three aspects of Jewish reception of the Ketuvim (Writings or Hagiographa): the status and authority of the Ketuvim in relation to the Torah (Pentateuch) and the Nevi’im (Prophets); the study and liturgical use of Ketuvim, focusing on the so-called Five Scrolls (hamesh megillot) and the Book of Psalms; and the character of traditional commentary on selected books, including recommendations for further reading. The Ketuvim were considered sacred and inspired, but at a lower level of inspiration than the Torah and the Prophets. They were regarded as diverting and edifying, but insufficiently authoritative to support the promulgation of law, which was the fundamental concern of rabbinic teaching and learning. On the whole, Jewish commentators seek to find consistency in the interpretation of the individual books, “taming” their originality in order to conform their meanings both to the rest of Scripture and to normative Jewish teachings.
Nascent Judaism
Authors: Berquist Jon L.
Published: November 2018

The third and final section of the Hebrew Bible, known as the Writings, is a crucial part of the biblical canon and a key turning point in the history of Israelite religion. The Writings were written and shaped during the time of Persian imperial rule as well as Hellenistic influence, perhaps 450–300 bce. The city of Jerusalem and the province of Yehud existed as a part of the continent-spanning Persian Empire, in which increased scribalism and communications supported the long-term purposes of imperial order, but which also accepted a higher level of pluralism than earlier empires and monarchies. The Writings of this time, expressed in diverse genres and with great variations of affect and theology, formed nascent Judaism in ways that would maximize its relevance to a new imperial, multicultural, and pluralistic world situation as well as enhance the opportunities for Judaism to survive and thrive in future centuries.
Postexilic Prose Traditions in the Writings
Authors: Bolin Thomas M.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the prose traditions in the Writings under the broad division between historiography and storytelling. While 1–2 Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah make use of archival sources and possibly genuine first-person accounts, these materials are arranged and subsumed under an ideological umbrella—much like contemporaneous Greek historiography. Similarly, the storytelling of Daniel, Esther, Ruth, and the prose portions of Job, while clearly exhibiting folkloristic qualities, also show their primary concern to be with and address the realities faced by Jewish communities in the Persian and Hellenistic Diaspora. Overall the prose traditions in the Writings offer evidence of vibrant and active literary cultures among both temple personnel and cultured elites.
Studying the Writings as Postexilic Literature and Canon
Authors: Morgan Donn F.
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues for the import and value of studying the Writings, the third canonical division of the Hebrew Bible. Special attention is given to the postexilic background of the Writings and the history of scholarship devoted to this literature as canon in the last fifty years. The challenges of studying this division are named and discussed, including the following: diversity and difference within the corpus; the puzzle of its structure; the use of many methods to evaluate and articulate its characteristics and message; its relationship to Torah and Prophets; and the much debated history of canonization. The significance of studying the Writings for both scholars and the faith communities that use them as scripture is a constant theme.
The Canonical Shape and Function of the Writings
Authors: Stone Timothy J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the arrangement of the books of the Writings and concludes that they have a purposeful shape. The level of canonical integration varies among this diverse collection, but there are signs that some books have been edited and/or arranged to highlight particular relationships between books. Within the Hebrew Bible, catchwords or phrases indicate a book’s purposeful placement, and there are signs of this in the case of Ruth and Esther. Among the vast array of historical information on the shape of the canon, Josephus and 4 Ezra are essential witnesses to the canon’s closure and shape in the first century ce. The internal and external evidence indicates that some of the books in the Writings were juxtaposed by design. Rather than an anthology of unrelated books, the collection grew up together in a complex symbiotic relationship.
The Reception of the Writings and Their Place in the Biblical Canon
Authors: McDonald Lee Martin
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the origin and order of the Writings along with their emergence from the larger corpus of prophets included in the Hebrew Bible. It focuses also on the somewhat mixed reception of some of those texts in Judaism and early Christianity as well as the tripartite structure of the Hebrew Bible compared with the quadripartite structure of the Christian Old Testament, as well as the question of whether the latter was a Christian innovation or derived from an element of Judaism in the first century ce before Christians separated from Judaism. The recent questions about the significance of the order of the Christian Old Testament canon will also be examined below.
Wisdom Traditions and the Writings
Authors: Crenshaw James L.
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the wisdom literature and teachings of sages and scribes in ancient Israel, with a special focus on the postexilic and early Roman periods. Definitions of wisdom, sage, and scribe, their social status, their literary identities, and their teachings are discussed. Pertinent comparisons with ancient Near Eastern wisdom literature, Torah and Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the history of ancient Israel anchor presentations of Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Sirach, and Wisdom of Solomon. The importance and pertinence of this literature and its teachings for ancient and contemporary seekers of wisdom are argued throughout.
Corpus Linguistics and Sexuality
Authors: Baker Paul , Love Robbie
Published: November 2018

Corpus linguistics involves the use of computer software to aid the analysis of language data, in some cases up to billions of words of text. Techniques like frequency lists, keyword lists, collocates, and concordancing can be used to identify linguistic patterns that humans might otherwise overlook. This chapter demonstrates how corpus methods have been applied to research on language and sexuality, enabling both examination of language usage and representation of sexual identities and practices. This is followed by a case study that considers changing press discourses concerning a gay professional football player, Justin Fashanu. The study compares two corpora of newspaper articles, collected before and after Fashanu’s suicide in 1998. Analysis reveals the ways in which Fashanu was negatively represented as a result of his sexuality, from a criminal who allegedly “sodomized” a 17 year-old against his will to an emblematic victim of a prejudiced society.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Web Data Collection
Authors: Mislove Alan , Wilson Christo
Published: November 2018

The Web today offers a tremendous number of sites and services that can provide useful data for researchers. Websites ranging from online social networks (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), to online marketplaces (e.g., eBay, Craigslist), to recommendation services (e.g., Yelp, TripAdvisor) can be used to examine human behavior at scale. However, collecting data from these services brings up a host of technical, legal, and ethical issues for researchers, and many research communities are still grappling with the challenges that obtaining data from these services presents. This chapter provides an overview of many such issues, aiming to provide practitioners with specific examples of how various services can be accessed and how different communities have dealt with the ethical and legal challenges that they present.
Research on Mobile Phone Data in the Global South
Authors: Avle Seyram , Quartey Emmanuel , Hutchful David
Published: November 2018

The rapid uptake of mobile phones in the global South—that is, developing countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere—is a fact that is often repeated in popular discourse as well as academic research. In the years since it became a favorite factoid, there have been shifts in some of the most well-known patterns of use, with new data being created and collected. To a large extent, communication and information researchers have yet to fully address the opportunities and challenges regarding these changes. This chapter outlines some of the shifts in usage trends, what kinds of data they generate, and what kinds of questions they can help answer about social and economic ties, mobility and location, and innovation and design. These can strengthen theorizing new communication practices and generate greater knowledge about life in a networked age for those in resource-constrained environments.
The Well-Mannered Auditor
Authors: Deaville James
Published: November 2018

The chapter explores the way English-language etiquette books from the nineteenth century prescribe accepted behavior for upwardly mobile members of the bourgeoisie. This advice extended to social events known today as “salons” that were conducted in the domestic drawing room or parlor, where guests would perform musical selections for the enjoyment of other guests. The audience for such informal music making was expected to listen attentively, in keeping with the (self-) disciplining of the bourgeois body that such regulations represented in the nineteenth century. Yet even as the modern world became noisier and aurally more confusing, so, too, did contemporary social events, which led authors to become stricter in their disciplining of the audience at these drawing room performances. Nevertheless, hosts and guests could not avoid the growing “crisis of attention” pervading this mode of entertainment, which would lead to the modern habit of inattentive listening.
Societal Costs of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Lynch Frances L. , Dickerson John F.
Published: November 2018

Costs related to mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions (MHNCs) in childhood are experienced by multiple groups, including families, public and private service systems, and society as a whole. This chapter provides a conceptual model of MHNC-related costs, reviews estimates of short-term and long-term costs, and discusses the role of economic evaluation of services. Our conceptual model suggests that it is critical to consider costs from a broad point of view, but current literature on cost of MHNCs is uneven, with significant focus on short-term health system costs and very little emphasis on long-term costs or costs outside the health system, such as costs to families. There is a growing body of literature on MHNC costs, but more emphasis is needed in areas where there is little data to ensure that decision-makers have comprehensive data on the impact of MHNCs in order to manage scarce resources equitably and efficiently.
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Authors: Horan Fisher Jacqueline , Becker Sara , Bobek Molly , Hogue Aaron
Published: November 2018

Significant developmental changes in adolescence typically lead to increased risky behavior, including substance use. Survey data indicated that adolescent alcohol and drug use has declined in recent years, with the exception of marijuana use, which has remained consistent, and e-cigarette use, which is on the rise. This chapter provides a summary of prevalence rates, trends, and maladaptive consequences of adolescent substance use. Etiological models of adolescent substance use are discussed, including dual-process and biopsychosocial models. Current literature on evidence-based screening, comprehensive assessment, and treatment is also reviewed. Despite the recent advances made regarding our ability to screen, assess, diagnose, and treat adolescent substance use, a significant treatment gap persists, which has significant individual and public health impacts. This chapter therefore concludes with a call for research that aims to increase patient awareness of effective treatment via strategies such as technology-delivered assessment and intervention and usage of direct-to-consumer marketing.
Children of Divorce and Relationship Dissolution
Authors: Azar Sandra T. , Goslin Megan C. , Patallo Brandon J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews outcomes in children where parental separation has occurred and their complex determinants. As the title suggests, many children encounter parental relationship ruptures that do not involve legal marriage, although our body of research has narrowly focused on this category. This chapter overviews methods used for conducting evaluations with special attention to the more nuanced approach needed when the evaluation occurs in the context of legal actions where custody is being decided. Finally, it highlights intervention strategies that have been used to reduce risk to children and families as they make these transitions. Attention is paid to both psychological interventions and more macrolevel changes aimed to buffer economic costs. Throughout the chapter, data are presented on diversity issues. The lack of findings for fathers in each topic and on dissolution when racial minorities or same-sex couples are considered is highlighted.
Children With Incarcerated Parents
Authors: Poehlmann-Tynan Julie , Runion Hilary , Weymouth Lindsay A. , Burnson Cynthia
Published: November 2018

More than 5 million US children have experienced a co-resident parent leaving for jail or prison. When parents are arrested, jailed, or sentenced to incarceration in jail or prison and released back into the community, their children experience changes at multiple levels. Children with incarcerated parents are more likely than their peers to experience multiple risk factors and stress exposures, including chronic poverty, parental unemployment, domestic violence, neighborhood violence, homelessness, and parental mental illness and substance abuse. Some risks occur prior to incarceration, whereas others occur during or following incarceration. This chapter provides a statistical portrait of children with incarcerated parents; reviews of risks commonly experienced by these children and research findings focusing on the well-being of children with incarcerated parents; a summary of incarceration-related experiences commonly encountered by affected children; and a discussion of implications for policy and practice.
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Youth
Authors: Bryant Miller Adam , Massing-Schaffer Maya , Owens Sarah , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: November 2018

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is direct, intentional harm to one’s own body performed without the intent to die. NSSI has a marked developmental onset reaching peak prevalence in adolescence. NSSI is present in the context of multiple psychological disorders and stands alone as a separate phenomenon. Research has accumulated over the past several decades regarding the course of NSSI. While great advances have been made, there remains a distinct need for basic and applied research in the area of NSSI. This chapter reviews prevalence rates, correlates and risk factors, and leading theories of NSSI. Further, it reviews assessment techniques and provides recommendations. Then, it presents the latest evidence-based treatment recommendations and provides a case example. Finally, cutting edge research and the next frontier of research in this area are outlined.
Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Commonly Used Medications in Children
Authors: Scahill Lawrence , Rojas Jaimie
Published: November 2018

Pediatric psychopharmacology is a relatively young field. Through the decade of the 1990s and into the early 2000s, there was an unprecedented increase in the number of new psychotropic drugs and new formulations of older drugs. During this period, there was also a series of well-intended federal policies that provided pressure and incentives for pharmaceutical companies to conduct studies of new medications in children. The National Institutes of Health also provided funding for investigator-initiated clinical trials. Although still less than optimal, we now have a body of data on stimulants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and atypical antipsychotics. These three psychotropic drug classes are the most commonly used in children and adolescents. This chapter charts the rise in use of these drug classes and presents their risks and benefits.
Psychiatric Epidemiology: Concepts and Findings
Authors: Reis Merikangas Kathleen , Hommer Rebecca
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides background on the discipline of epidemiology and its contribution to our understanding of childhood mental disorders. A summary is provided of data on the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in children and adolescents in community surveys. Anxiety disorders are the most frequent conditions in children, followed by behavior disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders. About half of youth with one disorder also meet criteria for a second disorder, demonstrating the pervasive nature of comorbidity even in childhood. Less than half of youth with current mental disorders receive mental health specialty treatment. However, those with the most severe disorders tend to receive mental health services. Current issues that are now being identified in the field of child psychiatric epidemiology includes refinement of classification and assessment; integration of child and adult psychiatric epidemiology; and evaluation of both mental and medical disorders in children.
Communication Disorders: Neurodevelopmental Considerations
Authors: Dockrell Julie , Joye Nelly
Published: November 2018

Communication disorders are a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Difficulties are evident with structural language, phonology, and pragmatics. Each area is differentiated within current diagnostic approaches. However, difficulties within the language system often co-occur. The assessment of communication difficulties requires professionals to profile linguistic skills rather than rely on single diagnostic measures. Social communication disorders raise particular challenges in their assessment and their differentiation with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Communication disorders also co-occur, with problems in literacy and behavior highlighting the importance of multiprofessional approaches to assessment and intervention. There is an increasing evidence base for effective interventions that professionals can access to support children’s communication difficulties.
Assessment and Case Conceptualization
Authors: McLeod Bryce D. , Cox Julia R. , Martinez Ruben G. , Christon Lillian M.
Published: November 2018

Evidence-based assessment and case conceptualization are two important components of evidence-based practice. Using assessment data gathered over the course of treatment to inform case conceptualization helps clinicians tailor evidence-based treatments to meet the needs of individual children and adolescents. The main goal of this chapter is to describe and illustrate the roles evidence-based assessment and case conceptualization play in informing the process of psychosocial treatment for children and adolescents from the initial intake through termination. a framework guided by six principles for using assessment to inform the treatment process is presented. Then, how this framework can be used to develop and refine a science-informed case conceptualization through a series of five sequential stages is discussed. This process is illustrated with a case example. The chapter concludes with future research directions for assessment and case conceptualization to better inform evidence-based practice.
Dance-Off, or a Battle for the Future
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: November 2018

The chapter examines the myriad meanings of dance competitions through the lens of Indian dance reality shows. It discusses reality shows such as Boogie Woogie, Dance India Dance, Naach Dhum Machale, and the production of new hybrid dances and remixes. The symbiotic relationship between Bollywood dance, reality shows, and the television industry creates the new aspirational aesthetics of “remix.” By combining ethnographic research and textual analysis of song-and-dance sequences of Bollywood films and reality shows, the chapter explores the transformation of the mythopoetic bhakti rasa of classical dances into the remix of Bollywood dances. It argues that “item numbers” and reality shows shape new gender codes in contemporary India and open up new debates on respectability, gender, and nation.
Dismantling the Genre
Authors: Benthaus Elena
Published: November 2018

The American television show So You Think You Can Dance (SYTYCD) is commonly referred to in the scholarship as a reality dance competition, a reality talent show, or simply as reality television. Instead of looking at the competitive aspect of SYTYCD and its relation to the genre of reality television, this chapter focuses on the show’s inherent intertextuality, specifically in relation to the early American popular entertainment genres of vaudeville and melodrama. It argues that vaudeville performance aesthetics and melodramatic performance modes are attractions on display, which produce what media scholar Henry Jenkins refers to as “affective immediacy” and “affective intensification” as part of the spectatorship experience that goes beyond the competitive aspect of SYTYCD. It focuses on the dance routines as well as audience responses to these routines from the SYTYCD dance fan community on YouTube.
Dancing with the Asian American Stars
Authors: Wong Yutian
Published: November 2018

Margaret Cho is a Korean American comedian and television personality who has made a career out of turning a series of failures into material for her public persona. In 2010 Cho appeared as a celebrity contestant on the reality television dance competition Dancing with the Stars, where she attempted to critique the structure of the dance competition and the expectations for performing proper Asian femininity. This chapter examines Cho’s failure to win as an attempt to rewrite the conditions of Asian American success, which is most often construed in narrowly defined terms of model minority excellence in opposition to complete failure.
“We’ll Rumble ’em Right”
Authors: Zhu Ying , Belgrad Daniel
Published: November 2018

In cultural studies, attention to dance enables a reassessment of the politics of cultural forms, based on a recovery of the embodied subject as the center of meaning-making. Revisited in this light, the film West Side Story is revealed as a cultural defense of youth and play. While the adults in the film work persistently to force the Jets and Sharks into one of two binary categories (serious and mature adults, or innocent and victimized children), the youths make common cause in resisting these categories, through forms of competitive play that sprawl from the playground into the streets, beyond children’s games to the taunting and flaunting and brawling that adult discourses labeled “juvenile delinquency.” Examining three dances, the chapter argues that in West Side Story, as long as conflict is structured as a competition, it remains a cooperative and ordered enterprise. But when competition is disrupted, social frustrations erupt into fatal violence.
Dancing like a Man
Authors: Carrico Rachel
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers competition in second lining, an African American vernacular dance form that has accompanied brass band processions through New Orleans’s city streets since the late nineteenth century. It takes formal second line dance competitions as an entry point to examine the often tacit gendered biases that frame second lining’s social practice and reception. Women competitors surmise that, in order to win, they must “dance like a man.” And yet, such gendered discourses cannot fully account for the tactics employed by young women today. Featuring an ethnographic account of the First Annual Big Easy Footwork Competition, the author suggests two feminist frameworks for understanding female footwork artists’ dancing: the influence of double-dutch jump rope, and a theoretical framework that Imani Kai Johnson (2014) calls “badass femininity.” With each step, female footwork artists move within and beyond a gendered terrain in which dancing well means dancing like a man.
Afterword
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: November 2018

The Afterword identifies key ideas regarding dance and competition that are collectively generated throughout the book: how dance competition engages matters of identity; how institutions shape competition; its rewards, losses, and political potential; and how it facilitates community interaction. The Afterword moves on to question the kind of sociality that competition produces and whether it is possible to engage in competition geared toward forms of social exchange outside the dominant capitalist culture. Both within dance and across the broader social realm, a collective understanding of the world has disappeared in favor of a positioning and repositioning of the self within a network of similar selves. Individuals begin to assume that each is jockeying for a better position, using his or her contacts with others to advance, to acquire more resources, to present a better image. In short, they become entrepreneurial.
Competitive Capers
Authors: Winerock Emily
Published: November 2018

Whereas much of the dancing of the early modern period emphasized the cohesion or “harmoniousness” of the group, competitive dancing allowed participants to distinguish themselves as individuals. In formal, staged competitions and in informal dance-offs, dancing highlighted individuals’ grace and skill. In addition, masterful dancing implied excellence more broadly: for men, impressive athletic displays on the dance floor also suggested virility and sexual prowess. This chapter examines two groups of complementary sources for early modern competitive dancing: didactic manuals that provide detailed instructions for dances like the galliard and games like “Kick the Tassel,” and literary works that stage or describe competitive dancing, with particular attention to Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, and Philip Massinger’s The Old Law, William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, William Kemp’s Nine Daies Wonder, and an anonymous song from the “Blundell Family Hodgepodge Book.”
Marking Your Territory
Authors: Milazzo Kathy
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the coping strategies and struggles of five European and American flamenco dancers seeking employment opportunities in a competitive marketplace profoundly affected by the economic downturn in 2005. Shifts in the performing arts system indicate that the need to fill theaters with dancers direct from Spain takes precedence over supporting local companies, a marketing strategy compounded by the limitations of what audiences frequently expect in flamenco performances. As a cultural industry, the link between Carmen and flamenco creates anachronistic ideations that limit innovative interpretations. Another recent development is that rehearsal and performance spaces are rapidly dwindling due to rampant gentrification, especially in large cities. Through a series of interviews, these five dancers reveal how they negotiate obstacles and detours as they strive to convey the essence of Spanish culture in flamenco and to present well-crafted work that reflects them as individual, spirited artists.