bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral Filtering and Classification of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Point Clouds
Authors: Lichti Derek D.
Published: September 2005

A method is presented for filtering and classification of terrestrial laser scanner point clouds. The algorithm exploits the four‐channel (blue, green, red and near infrared) multispectral imaging capability of some terrestrial scanners using supervised, parametric classification to assign thematic class labels to all scan cloud points. Its principal advantage is that it is a completely data‐driven algorithm and is independent of spatial sampling resolution since the processing is performed in four‐dimensional spectral feature space. Its application to two data‐sets of different spatial extent and spatial and spectral complexity is reported, for which respective overall classification accuracies of 87·0% and 82·0% were achieved. Analysis of the input data with emphasis on the characteristics pertinent to the anticipated outcomes precedes detailed analysis of the classification results and error sources and their causes. Erroneously classified points are attributed to radiometric errors stemming from both detector hardware and physical effects.
Hyper Redundancy for Accuracy Enhancement in Automated Close Range Photogrammetry
Authors: Fraser Clive S. , Woods Alex , Brizzi Danny
Published: September 2005

A generic network design in close range photogrammetry is one where optimal multi‐ray intersection geometry is obtained with as few camera stations as practicable. Hyper redundancy is a concept whereby, once the generic network is in place, many additional images are recorded, with the beneficial impact upon object point precision being equivalent to the presence of multiple exposures at each camera position within the generic network. The effective number of images per station within a hyper redundant network might well be in the range of 10 to 20 or more. As is apparent when it is considered that a hyper redundant network may comprise hundreds of images, the concept is only applicable in practice to fully automatic vision metrology systems, where it proves to be a very effective means of enhancing measurement accuracy at the cost of minimal additional work in the image recording phase. This paper briefly reviews the network design and accuracy aspects of hyper redundancy and illustrates the technique by way of the photogrammetric measurement of surface deformation of a radio telescope of 26 m diameter. This project required an object point measurement accuracy of σ = 0·065 mm, or 1/400 000 of the diameter of the reflector.
Improved Mechanism for Capturing Muscle Power for Circulatory Support
Authors: Trumble Dennis R. , Melvin David B. , Byrne Mark T. , Magovern James A.
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Although it is now understood that trained skeletal muscle can generate enough steady‐state power to provide significant circulatory support, there are currently no means by which to tap this endogenous energy source to aid the failing heart. To that end, an implantable muscle energy converter (MEC) has been constructed and its function has been improved to optimize durability, anatomic fit, and mechanical efficiency. Bench tests show that MEC transmission losses average less than 10% of total work input and that about 85% of this muscle power is successfully transferred to the working fluid of the pump. Results from canine implant trials confirm excellent biocompatibility and demonstrate that contractile work of the latissimus dorsi muscle—measured to 290 mJ/stroke in one dog—can be transmitted within the body at levels consistent with cardiac assist requirements. These findings suggest that muscle‐powered cardiac assist devices are feasible and that efforts to further develop this technology are warranted.
Aberrant Activation of the TNF‐α System and Production of Fas and Scavenger Receptors on Monocytes in Patients With End‐stage Renal Disease
Authors: Wu Chia‐Chao , Chen Jin‐Shuen , Lin Shih‐Hua , Chu Pauling , Lin Yuh‐Feng , Lin Su‐Mei , Liao Tung‐Nan
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Ten patients with nondialyzed chronic renal failure (CRF), 14 receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 16 receiving hemodialysis (HD), and 10 normal controls (NC), were evaluated. Levels of Fas antigen (CD95), scavenger receptors (CD36 and CD68), and tumor necrosis factor‐receptor 2 (CD120b) on monocytes were measured using flow cytometry. All patients showed lymphocytopenia, and monocyte counts were decreased in those with CRF. Fas levels were higher in patients receiving HD than the others, and were higher in the CRF and CAPD groups than in controls. CD120b levels were similar to those of Fas. Monocyte CD36 levels in the dialysis groups were significantly higher than in the CRF and NC groups. CD68 was also significantly elevated in HD patients. Fas levels were positively correlated with those of CD120b and CD68. The patient groups showed higher levels of apoptotic markers and scavenger receptors, combined with activation of the TNF‐α system, especially in patients receiving HD.
Effects of Pulsatile CPB on Interleukin‐8 and Endothelin‐1 Levels
Authors: Sezai Akira , Shiono Motomi , Nakata Kin‐ichi , Hata Mitsumasa , Iida Mitsuru , Saito Akira , Hattori Tsutomu , Wakui Shinji , Soeda Masao , Taoka Makoto , Umeda Tomofumi , Negishi Nanao , Sezai Yukiyasu
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Studies on pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion have long been performed. However, investigators have not reached a conclusion on which is more effective. In the present study, pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was investigated in terms of the effects on cytokines, endothelin, catecholamine, and pulmonary and renal functions. Twenty‐four patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting were divided into a pulsatile CPB group and a nonpulsatile CPB group. Parameters examined were hemodynamics, interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), epinephrine, norepinephrine, lactate, arterial ketone body ratio, urine volume, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, renin activity, angiotensin‐II, lactate dehydrogenase, plasma‐free hemoglobin, tracheal intubation time, and respiratory index. The IL‐8 at 0.5, 3, and 6 h after CPB, and ET‐1 at 3, 6, 9, and 18 h after CPB were significantly lower in the pulsatile group. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly lower in the pulsatile group. The respiratory index was significantly higher in the pulsatile group. In the present study, inhibitory effects on cytokine activity, edema in pulmonary alveoli, and endothelial damage were shown in addition to the favorable effects on catecholamine level, renal function, and peripheral circulation that have already been documented.
Review Essay on Zero‐Base Budgeting
Authors: James Judson L.
Published: September 2005

House Committee on the Budget, Zero‐Base Budget Legislation, 94th Congress, 2nd Session

Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Sunset Act of 1977, 95th Congress, 1st Session

Senate Committee on Government Operations, Government Economy and Spending Reform Act of 1976, 94th Congress, 2nd Session

Senate Committee on Government Operations, Compendium of Materials on Zero‐Base Budgeting in the States, 94th Congress, 2nd Session
POLICY ISSUES IN AMERICAN SECURITY POLICY AND POLICY‐MAKING USING AND CONTROLLING NEW WEAPONS
Authors: Coffey Joseph I.
Published: September 2005

NATO may be confronting a crisis over the cruise missiles. Some allies may seek longer‐range, nuclear‐armed missile which could enable them to strike at Soviet MR/IRBMs and at other targets inside the USSR; others (along with many Americans) aim at restricting both the range and the missions of cruise missiles. The first option could jeopardize detente, inhibit further progress in SALT and conceivably weaken American control over the uses of nuclear weapons in time of war. The second could cause strains between the United States and its European allies. The best policy would seem to be to (1) delay any decision on cruise missile development and deployment in Europe; (2) seek a two‐year freeze on all deployment of new nuclear delivery vehicles in Central Europe and of additional Soviet SS‐20 IRBMs; (3) use this “breathing space” to seek agreement on the limitation of cruise missiles, MR/IRBMs and other “gray area” weapons in the region “from the Atlantic to the Urals.”
APPROACHES TO THE USE AND CONTROL OF FORCE THE ART OF POSING STRATEGIC PROBLEMS
Authors: Quester George H.
Published: September 2005

There is a risk that the threat of nuclear war will be exaggerated in ways injurious to arms control and will deliver to the Soviet leadership the political returns it may be seeking. This undesirable outcome is the result of logical tricks we play on ourselves in trying to be very precise about factors like the accuracy of missiles. It is also the result of the peculiar assymmetry of the discussion of strategic matters, as all of the publicity work for Soviet weapons accomplishments is done by the press and governments of the West. Proposals for remedy would be to watch our own habits of logic, so that we do not persuade ourselves that our weapons capability or our political resolve are weak, and to force the Soviets to produce more information about their strategic capabilities.
THE EVOLUTION OF HUMPHREY‐HAWKINS*
Authors: Schantz Harvey L. , Schmidt Richard H.
Published: September 2005

Humphrey‐Hawkins, enacted into law as the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978, is the most important step the Federal government has taken for overall economic coordination since passage of the Employment Act of 1946. The centerpiece of the new law is specific goals for unemployment and inflation. All Federal programs and policies are to work toward achieving a 3 percent adult and 4 percent overall jobless rate within five years, and inflation rates of 3 percent by 1983 and 0 percent by 1988. The present article outlines the major changes made in Humphrey‐Hawkins from its introduction in June 1974 to its enactment in October 1978, the contents of the Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1978, and the politics surrounding its passage.
BAKKE, WEBER, AND RACE IN EMPLOYMENT: ANALYSIS OF INFORMED OPINION
Authors: Gillespie J. David , Mitchell Michael L.
Published: September 2005

The article reports research on informed opinion as to linkage between Bakke and the discretionary use of race in private employment practice. Of particular concern is the legal parallel between the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title 6 as applied in Bakke and Title 7 as it relates to Kaiser Aluminum v. Weber and to other employment cases. The principal research entailed Q‐methodology, a technique allowing respondents to produce and present a structured attitude (mind set) with regard to an issue or controversy. Focus of the study was upon 1) respondent values or norms as to race in employment; 2) opinions as to the impact of Bakke upon race in employment; and 3) perceptions of Bakke as portent of things to come. Responses were made in the Fall of 1978. Respondents were from groups indicating interest in Bakke, together with university teachers in relevant fields. Factor analysis of responses revealed three principal attitudes. One attitude (Factor I) strongly affirms race‐conscious affirmative action, including quotas, sharply condemned the Supreme Court for abrogating (in Bakke) its responsibility for protecting minority rights, and saw Bakke as a portent of unwelcome things. Factor II condemns any consideration of race in programs of admission or employment, predicted some beneficial legacy of Bakke, but was most critical of its deference to racial considerations. Factor III is pragmatic and was supportive of the Supreme Court Bakke decision, from which it projected beneficial consequences. Factor III accepts the discretionary use of race while rejecting quotas. Survey research conducted by others reveals that a public majority holds opinions most congruent with Factor III. In the employment area specifically, a majority rejects quotas but endorses minority training programs. The 1979 Weber decision gives a limited sanction to voluntary quotas, but does not exceed the range of tolerance set by a public permissive in this particular policy area.
TOIL AND TROUBLE: THE REFORM OF THE LABOR LAW
Authors: Bulmer Charles , Carmichael John L.
Published: September 2005

Reform of the labor law has been proposed to alleviate allegedly defective procedures and remedies in the present law. In spite of the fact that numerous violations and abuses of the existing law have taken place over the last several years and that the provisions of the existing law have been inadequate to prevent these violations and abuses, Congress has been unable to pass meaningful reform measures to deal effectively with those inadequacies. The present law allows for long delays in the settling of cases involving alleged unfair labor practices and has become, in the minds of many, a sham which does not protect the rights of workers and, indeed, allows employers to engage in unfair labor practices with very little fear of the consequences. Proponents of labor law reform argue that changes are needed to furnish adequate guarantees that the existing labor law will be effective. The lively debate in Congress over the issue of labor law reform demonstrates that it is one of the most controversial and important questions facing the nation today. Some argue that unless effective reform measures are adopted, workers will continue to labor under the existing ineffective system.
LOCAL PUBLIC EMPLOYEE UNIONIZATION: TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Seroka James H.
Published: September 2005

In this article, some of the important structural changes occurring in local government today which are likely to have a direct impact on labor relations for municipal and county governments are reviewed. These include fiscal, managerial and socio‐economic changes. The implication of these changes for such factors as multilateral bargaining, union growth, contracting out, inter‐municipal labor cooperation, legitimacy for public employee unionization, popular support, and changes in the legal status of organized municipal employees are examined. Finally, the overall impact of these trends on work stoppages, disruption of city services, etc. is discussed.
PUBLIC SECTOR UNIONISM AND TAX BURDENS: ARE THEY RELATED?*
Authors: Straussman Jeffrey D. , Rodgers Robert
Published: September 2005

One factor that has affected state and local politics since the 1960's is the growth of public sector unionism. Conventional wisdom assumes that the “fist generation” of public unionism has been a major cause of the fiscal problems faced by many state and local governments in the 1970's. State level cross‐sectional analysis (1960–71) questions this widely held assumption with respect to the impact of strike activity and collective bargaining legislation on the tax burden across the states.
REPRESENTATION IN THE U.S. ARMED FORCES?
Authors: Krendel Ezra S. , Samoff Bernard L.
Published: September 2005

On November 8, 1978 several years of activity in the Congress and concern by the Department of Defense culminated in Public Law 95–610 when President Carter signed bill S.274. This law prohibits union organizations of the armed forces, membership in military labor organizations by members of the armed forces, and recognition of military labor organizations by the Government. Severe sanctions can be imposed for violations. Since representation is a broader concept than collective bargaining, P.L. 95–610, even should it survive possible court challenges to its constitutionality, does not settle the basic issues. These issues focus on (1) the changing demography and enlistment rules for the armed forces; (2) the response of the Department of Defense to these changes; and (3) the evolution of the various organizations of present and former military personnel into more union‐like activities. This paper addresses the policy implications of the foregoing three factors and suggests approaches compatible with both our military needs and our civilian traditions.
AN OVERVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL POLICY: LIFE AND DEATH ISSUES
Authors: Blank Robert H. , Ostheimer John M.
Published: September 2005

This article attempts to encourage discussion and analysis of the policy implications of biomedical technology and proposes a framework for studying life and death issues arising out of this technology. It summarizes the status of research on a wide variety of specific policy areas, including those in human genetic inter‐vention as well as the non‐genetic biomedical issues at various life stages. It suggests that no set of issues has more serious implications for humanity and urges policy scientists to examine these technologies more fully. While the technical and ethical aspects of these issues are important, at the center of these con‐cerns is the extent to which decision should be public–the degree to which the government should direct, limit, or facilitate applica‐tion of the various technologies that affect life and death. This overview article concludes with a call for a PSJ symposium on this area of critical policy importance.
The Determination of Policy and Politics in the American States, 1948–1974*
Authors: Klass Gary M.
Published: September 2005

The picture of the American state policy‐making process which emerges from this analysis is one of a system where politics as well as economics matter a great deal. Partisanship and legislative competition are shown to have demonstrable effect on policy output. The control partisan preference exerts over policy decisions is severely constrained in taxing and spending areas, however, and is conditional on forces external to the model presented here. Surpassing the control over policy output exhibited by partisanship is the extent to which the electorate, or the electoral process, holds the parties responsible for policy performance. Apparently the public doesn't believe that “politics doesn't matter.”
TAX AND FINANCIAL POLICIES FOR THE HOUSING MARKET OF THE 1980s
Authors: Noto Nonna A.
Published: September 2005

The imbalance in the age structure of the U.S. population has created conditions for heavy demand and consequently pressures for rising relative prices in the market for owner‐occupied single family housing in the 1980s and 1990s. Working in reverse, the unbalanced demographics may well lead to the falling relative price of housing around 2010, the period in which the baby boom generation will be retiring and may wish to liquidate its housing investment. Changes in housing policies during the 1980s could help offset the anticipated costs associated with the swings in demand pressures in the housing market over the next forty years. Current favorable tax and financial policies toward homeownership encourage both the overconsumption of housing and the overinvestment in housing as a retirement asset. Tax and financial policies could be changed to neutralize the attractiveness of owner‐occupied single family units relative to alternative types of housing units. To avoid overbuilding for the future, policies could encourage the efficient use of existing housing resources through intergenerational turnover, upgrading of units and neighborhood improvement, and condominium‐style conversion of multiunit structures from rental to owner‐occupancy. Finally, tax and financial policies toward investment could encourage the baby boom generation to diversify its retirement assets outside of housing.
THE EFFECT OF LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON HOUSING COSTS
Authors: Dowall David E.
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the effects of various land use and environmental regulations on land and housing markets. Seven widely used techniques for controlling residential development appear to generate four “direct” and two “indirect” inflationary impacts. Land use and environmental controls directly affect the supply and cost of residential land, shift the cost of public services forward to developers, and increase delay and compliance costs associated with project evaluation. Development controls may also inadvertently facilitate monopolistic behavior in the development industry and predispose developers to orient their projects to high income groups onto which they can more easily pass along higher costs. The paper concludes by offering several policies for reducing the inflationary effects of environmental regulations.
URBAN RIOTS AND THE GROWTH OF STATE WELFARE EXPENDITURES
Authors: Jennings Edward T.
Published: September 2005

This article examines the relationship between urban riots and increases in state welfare spending in the 1960s. It finds little evidence of a direct relationship between rioting and state welfare spending increases from own funds; but it does provide evidence that state welfare spending increases from federal funds were related to the level of urban rioting. Possible explanations for this pattern of findings are discussed and directions for further research are suggested.
PARTISANSHIP, IDEOLOGY, AND CONSTITUENCY DIFFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: 1973–78
Authors: Kenski Henry C. , Kenski Margaret C.
Published: September 2005

Three cross‐sectional data sets for the U.S. House of Representatives are analyzed for 1973 to 1978. The conclusions are: (1) Political support for environmental legislation has remained stable and has not diminished in the face of economic problems and energy shortages. (2) The East is the region most supportive of environmental issues while the South is by far the least supportive. (3) Clear partisan differences exist with the Democrats consistently more pro‐environmental than Republicans. (4) The most important factor associated with environmental support is ideology. Although interrelated with party, it is more salient than either party or constituency factors. (5) Support for pro‐environmental voting is strongest in urban and suburban constituencies and weakest in rural and mixed districts.
AN EXAMINATION OF POPULATION‐GROWTH‐MANAGING COMMUNITIES
Authors: Dowall David E.
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the fiscal, social, economic and environmental characteristics of 228 cities and counties. Using cluster analysis, 210 communities were classified into eleven types of communities. The empirical typings appear to support the proposition that communities control population growth to avoid adverse fiscal and environmental impacts and maintain the social and economic character of the community.
PUBLIC PERSONNEL POLICY IN A POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: September 2005

Although frequently treated as apolitical by social scientists and practitioners, public personnel administration has always been infused with political considerations. Today, it is more widely recognized that personnel policy choices can have political ramifications of major consequence. However, this policy realm is characterized by a number of competing values espoused by different governmental institutions and private groups. The civil service reforms of 1978 created more coherent personnel policy and greater clarity among the various competing interests and participants. Nevertheless, the political environment of public personnel administration remains so complex that the issue of whether it is possible for public managers to manage lively is legitimately raised.
REVIEW ESSAY ON SCIENCE POLICY
Authors: Ellis Doreen
Published: September 2005

Romesh Diwan and Dennis Livingston, Alternative Development Strategies and Appropriate Technology

Charles Kidd, Manpower Policies for the Use of Science and Technology in Development

Robert Morgan with Ellen Irons, Eduardo Perez, Theodore Souie, and Ava Fried, Science and Technology for Development: The Role of U.S. Universities
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN PLANNING AND RELATED POLICY PROFESSIONS*
Authors: Howe Elizabeth , Kaufman Jerome
Published: September 2005

Ethical principles in professions can be related either to ends or to means. This article explores attitudes about the ethics of means among urban planners. A variety of means are classified into a hierarchy, from the most to the least ethical, and differences in responses to this hierarchy are explored. Implications for other public policy fields are also discussed.
AGENCY FRACMENTATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON IMPACT: A BORDERLANDS CASE*
Authors: Carter Marshall
Published: September 2005

The US‐Mexico border is both a line of potential separation and a span of contact and blending of cultures. National and local perceptions and intentions about this boundary often differ, and the formulation and implementation of border policy is thus subject to many conflicting pressures. Not the least are those generated by government agencies with border responsibilities. Perspectives as local, border, and field offices, combined with inter‐agency rivalry and uncertain jurisdictions, lead to border management operations that are inconsistent with apparent national (central) policy, illustrated by the complex bureaucracy present in El Paso—the largest urban site on the border. Proposed solutions cluster around improvement of the existing structure (with better equipment, budgets, or staffing) or reorganization of the primary border agencies. Recent efforts by the federal government to introduce changes based on both of these approaches have been markedly unsuccessful, reflecting a continuing inability to resolve fundamental differences of opinion (both intracentral and central‐border) on the goals of border policy.
PUBLIC INFORMATION ON SOCIAL CHANGE: TV COVERAGE OF WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE*
Authors: Adams William , Albin Suzanne
Published: September 2005

This article analyzes the thematic and visual content of ten years of nightly television news coverage of women in the workforce and employment discrimination. The authors find that the total amount of coverage is small, the visual context often undercuts the usually anti‐discriminatory text, and NBC provided the most coverage. The possible sources of these patterns are examined: the elite newspaper agents, male domination of network news, decision‐making, cultural definitions of event news, and consensus values and news controversy.
POLITICAL RISKS IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND FOOD POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Weinbaum Marvin G.
Published: September 2005

This article analyses agricultural and food policies in the Middle East. The author finds that they are inescapably political. He attributes them primarily to governmental decisional styles that are impatient with incremental solutions yet wedded to minimal risk strategies.
THE MOSAIC OF DISCRETION: CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY
Authors: Handberg Roger
Published: September 2005

Martin A. Levin, Urban Politics and the Criminal Courts

Lynn RI. Mather. Plea Bargaining or Trial?

Ralph A. Rossum. Thr Politics of the Criminal Justice Process

Thomas M. Uhlman. Racial Justice Lexington, Mass.
ACADEMIA AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: Morgan Patrick M.
Published: September 2005

In recent years a revolutionary shift has occurred in the federal goovernment—‐higher education relationship. Why didn't higher education resist more vigorously federal encroachment in its autonomy? First, academia focused its attention on the wrong kind of threat. Second, federal involvement was useful for solving problems on campus and often was in keeping with objectives and values supported in academia institutions. Third, the rise of public institutions altered the receptivity of higher education to accepting federal funds and pursuing direct solutions to society's problems, i.e. to being “involved” at the expense of autonomy. Finally, higher education's traditional strategy of being aloof from partisan politics kept it from vigorously defending its interests. Alternatives for the future appear to be: 1) a reorganisation of higher education to make it a clear, systematic agent of national policy, or 2) a successful effort by higher education to convert itself into an effective national interest group.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY, DISCRIMINATION, AND ACADEMIC PERSONNEL POLICY
Authors: LaNoue George R.
Published: September 2005

During the Seventies more than 133 civil rights decisions regarding academic personnel practices were issued by the federal judiciary. Various statutes were utilized to test the validity of personnel record confidentiality, academic credentials in job selection, pension plans and salary systems, and contract renewal, promotion and tenure decisions. Generally academic institutions lost when they challenged the jurisdictional and procedural authority of the government, but won a substantial majority of cases where individual faculty attacked a personnel decision. Overall the most significant trend was the growing willingness of federal courts to require that academic personnel policies conform to broad principles of civil rights law. In the Eighties these principles may substantially alter traditional personnel policies in higher education.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SERVICE POLICY*
Authors: Liem Ramsay
Published: September 2005

The psychiatric impact of involuntary job loss is evaluated in this paper in light of the attitude among some policy makers that contemporary unemployment is associated with minimal personal costs. Research bearing directly and indirectly on the mental health consequences of job loss is reviewed. Preliminary findings from an ongoing study of family and personal impacts of job loss in which this writer is engaged are also presented. The collective evidence of at least selective psychiatric effects of unemployment is then examined for its implications for human service policy especially in relation to the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of mental illness.
MEASURING DISTRIBUTIONAL INEQUITY
Authors: Coulter Philip B.
Published: September 2005

Both policy managers and policy analysts are interested in the distribution of urban public services. It seems clear, however, that minimizing service maldistribution first depends on better measurement. The Index of Inequity is a new statistical procedure designed to measure maldistribution of urban services with respect to any distributional standard stipulated by the analyst. Evaluation of the Index and a proposed alternative provide insight into its capability and limits as a mensurative technique, particularly with regard to the distinction between two aspects of maldistribution, inequality and concentration.
CITIZEN PERCEPTION OF POLICE SERVICE DELIVERY: A LOOK AT SOME CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Sharp Elaine B.
Published: September 2005

What difference does it make if public services are inequitably distributed? This articles addresses that question by examining the relationships among perceived inequity in service delivery and dissatisfaction with public services on‐the‐one‐hand, and a variety of other attitudes and reports of behavior on‐the‐other. In the case of police services, I find that perceptions of inequity and dissatisfaction with services have negative consequences both for the quality of life individual citizens enjoy and for the capacity of government to provide services effectively and efficiently.
CONSUMERS AS COPRODUCERS OF PUBLIC SERVICES: SOME ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Parks Roger B. , Baker Paula C. , Kiser Larry , Oakerson Ronald , Ostrom Elinor , Ostrom Vincent , Percy Stephen L. , Vandivort Martha B. , Whitaker Gordon P. , Wilson Rick
Published: September 2005

The concept of coproduction of public services has captured increased attention as a potential means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of local government. In this article we explore the concept of coproduction in an effort to sharpen the definition of that concept and add rigor to our understanding of the effects of coproduction in local service delivery and the processes by which coproductive activity occurs.
CENTRALIZATION AND URBAN SERVICES: THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Parkin Andrew
Published: September 2005

The effect on the distribution of urban services of the “geographical fragmentation” of American metropolitan areas into many local government jurisdictions, each with important service responsibilities, is often overlooked. Comparison with Australia, where services are generally administered and financed at the State level, is instructive. Australian centralism tends to have an equalizing effect, largely due to bureaucratic patterns of service delivery, but has also produced both an insensitivity to specialized local factors and an “organizational fragmentation.” Developments in the 1970s suggest improvements in these areas of deficiency.
OVERCOMING OBSTACLES TO PROGRAM EVALUATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: Daily John H.
Published: September 2005

This article is based on five applied local government program evaluation studies carried out in the spirit of the work done by Harry Hatry and others at the Urban Institute. Problem areas identified include the attitudes and skills of local government personnel, the lack of appropriate local government resources, the absence of incentives for local governments to conduct evaluations, and the methodological difficulties encountered in conducting research in an action setting. The article ends with a discussion of the unique role academically based evaluations can play in overcoming obstacles.
EVALUATION FOR CUTBACK MANAGEMENT IN SMALL CITIES: CAN THE PROBLEMS BE SOLVED?
Authors: Rubin Herbert J. , Rubin Irene S. , Grush Joseph , Dobson L. Douglas
Published: September 2005

Problems of undertaking applied research in small cities planning economic cutbacks are explored. Researchers face problems in balancing administrative and political pressures. Predetermined ideas held by members of the city council on how the city should cut back services might cause politicians to ignore the findings of the study. While the belief of department heads that the study was simply going to excuse cutbacks could cause difficulty in data gathering efforts. In overcoming these problems care was needed in defining precisely what topics to study, in getting mutual consent on technical issues and in protecting the findings from possible distortion.
Methodological Foundations for Public Policy Analysis: A Review Essay
Authors: Fisher Frank
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:

Garry D. Brewer and Peter deLeon, The Foundations of Policy Analysis

Stuart S. Nagel, Policy Evaluation: Making Optimum Decisions

David C. Paris and James F. Reynolds, The Logic of Policy Inquiry

William N. Dunn, Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction

Melvin J. Dubnick and Barbara A. Bardes, Thinking About Public Policy: A Problem‐Solving Approach
INTEREST GROUPS AND LITIGATION
Authors: Wasby Stephen L.
Published: September 2005

Interest groups engaged in litigation are faced with questions of litigation strategy and of allocation of resources. Planned constitutional litigation, part of mobilization of the law, is problematic, as is the choice of forum in which the litigation is brought. Litigation by interest groups is affected by the political environment, including judicial rulings; the complexity of litigation itself; inter‐organizational relations; and, most importantly, a series of intra‐organizational factors. The latter include control of litigation, group longevity, relations between lawyers and organization, and organizational structure. These elements of interest group litigation are explored in this article.
INTEREST GROUP LITIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Authors: Wenner Lettie McSpadden
Published: September 2005

During the past decade federal courts have become an important forum for many environmental conflicts. In the early 1970s environmental groups initiated many of these cases, putting government agencies charged with enforcing environmental regulation on the defensive. By the beginning of the 1980s business interests had assumed the offensive, especially at the appellate levels, placing government agencies squarely in the crossfire of the two groups. Federal judges tended to treat the opposing interests even‐handedly, although the plaintiff in a case tended to have an advantage. It appears that environmental groups will be pressed into assuming the offensive once more as federal agencies reduce their enforcement efforts under the Reagan Administration.
THE ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS
Authors: Colby Peter W.
Published: September 2005

The topic here is whether broad public interests in consumer rights, a clean environment, and political reform have the organizational strength to be represented effectively when policy‐making is the responsibility of bureaus and administrative agencies. The most persuasive explanation of why such interests could not be effective on a sustained basis is the collective action theory of Mancur Olson. The paper supports research arguing for modifications of Olson's theory by showing how public interests have been at least partially successful in maintaining effectiveness over time based on four concepts: the similarity of public interest groups to social movements, the use of purposive and solidary incentives, the use of material incentives to support lobbying as a by‐product of other activities, and the role of organizational entrepreneurs supported by new technology, notably the computerized mailing list.
Exploring Liberal Norms
Authors: Wiser James L.
Published: September 2005

Bruce A. Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State

Scott Gordon, Welfare, Justice, and Freedom

Jennifer L. Hochshild, What's Fair? American Beliefs about Distributive Justice
EFFECTS OF INCREASED CITIZEN MEMBERSHIP ON OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING BOARDS IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Schutz Howard G.
Published: September 2005

This paper presents a discussion on the role and background of citizen membership in occupational licensing in California. An analysis of the effects of increased citizen membership on boards is conducted utilizing statistical data over a period representing a before and after increased public participation on a variety of output measures including applications, exams, percent pass, complaints. The results reveal little difference between statistics representing before and after increased public membership.
CALCULATING THE COST OF TRANSFERRING STUDENTS FROM PAROCHIAL TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN EXAMINATION AND CRITIQUE
Authors: Gilbert D. A.
Published: September 2005

Public sector aid to K‐12 parochial schools is often justified on the basis that providing assistance is cheaper than having to absorb all those students into public school systems. But is it? The cost of transferring students from parochial to public K‐12 schools has never been satisfactorily calculated. This article points to the weaknesses in previous efforts and outlines the elements that must be present in a comprehensive estimate of transfer costs.
The Policy Analysis of Water Shortages
Authors: Ingram Helen , Mumme Stephen P.
Published: September 2005

Allen V. Kneese and F. Lee Brown, The Southwest Under Stress.

Richard A. Berk, et al., Water Shortage.
Budgetary Crisis and Congressional Spending
Authors: Pfiffner James P.
Published: September 2005

Dennis S. Ippolito, Congressional Spending.

Lance T. LeLoup, The Fiscal Congress.

Rudolph G. Penner, editor, The Congressional Budget Process After Five Years.

Allen Schick, Congress and Money.
WHO PAYS THE SEVERANCE TAX?
Authors: Weinstein Bernard L.
Published: September 2005

Over the past four years, taxes levied by states on energy production have become a source of contention between the “energy have” and “energy have–not” regions of the nation. The popular notion that the taxes are shifted forward to consumers has gone virtually unchallenged in the policy debate. This paper examines the incidence and burden of severance taxes and also assesses the impact of severance taxation on production, investment, and land use. The author concludes that severance taxes are not shifted forward to consumers but are borne by producers and resources owners in the form of reduced profits and rents.
FEDERAL TAX POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE CONSERVATION OF CRITICAL LANDS: GROWING RESTRAINTS ON LOCAL INITIATIVES
Authors: Browne Kingsbury
Published: September 2005

This commentary touches upon certain aspects of federal tax policy that impact on land conservation in the United States. The focus is on the development and use of tax incentives to encourage private or non‐governmental efforts to protect unique wildlife specie habitat, farmlands, historic areas, scenic landscapes, and recreational resources. In recent years tax incentives favored private conservation initiatives; recent legislative and administrative developments introduced a high degree of federal supervision.
Activism, Restraint, and the Debate about Judicial Policymaking
Authors: Restraint Richard A.
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:

Richard A. L. Gambitta, Marlynn L. May, and James C. Foster (eds.), Governing Through Courts

Stephen C. Halpern and Charles M. Lamb (eds.), Supreme Court Activism and Restraint

Gary L. McDowell, Equity and the Constitution; The Supreme Court, Equitable Relief, and Public Policy
ILLUSIONS, MYTHS, AND MANAGEMENT: ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON NUCLEAR DETERRENCE
Authors: Morgan Patrick M.
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:

Robert Jay Lifton and Richard Falk, Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism

David P. Barash and Judith Eve Lipton, Stop Nuclear War! A Handbook

Edward J. Markey with Douglas C. Waller, Nuclear Peril: The Politics of Proliferation

Bruce Russett, The Prisoners of Insecurity: Nuclear Deterrence, the Arms Race, and Arms Control

William H. Baugh, The Politics of Nuclear Balance; Ambiguity and Continuity in Strategic Policies
POLICY, CONFLICT, AND THE IMMIGRATION QUESTION
Authors: Marquez Benjamin
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this article:

Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. Immigration Policy and the American Labor Force.

Vernon M. Briggs, Jr. and Martha Tienda, eds. Immigration: Issues and Policies.

Elizabeth Hull. Without Justice for All: The Constitutional Rights of Aliens.

Milton Morris. Immigration: The Beleaguered Bureaucracy.
FLPMA: A Decade of Management Under the ELM Organic Act
Authors: Miller Richard O.
Published: September 2005

This article assesses the impact on public land management policy in the west following a decade's experience under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The assessment first describes the political and institutional forces that converged to produce the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) Organic act and then identifies three major policy innovations found in the Act. In conclusion, the article assesses the impact of these policy innovations of FLPMA on management of the public lands.
THE PUBLIC LIFE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
Authors: Elkin Stephen L. , Cook Brian J.
Published: September 2005

Many current proposals for policy reform call for the use of economic incentives. The growing application of economic incentives in a number of policy areas necessitates continuing critical examination of the claims for and the criticisms of their use. Early empirical evidence on the implementation of incentive schemes serves to shed light on the validity of some of the supporting and opposing arguments. By continuing the assessment of the viability of economic incentives, this study reveals that incentive alternatives face obstacles to use stemming from implementation problems, but political and philosophical issues pose greater threats. Nevertheless, the use of incentives can best be defended on political and moral grounds. Political resistance can be overcome and incentives can be employed effectively, if incentive schemes are understood as fostering one form of social interaction in a mixed regime.
OPENING UP THE “BLACK BOX” IN EVALUATING NEIGHBORHOOD PROBLEMS: THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS IN ISRAEL'S PROJECT RENEWAL
Authors: Alterman Rachelle
Published: September 2005

How successful is a particular neighborhood program? This question poses a special challenge for evaluation research. This paper demonstrates how implementation analysis can be utilized to reinforce the evaluation endeavor. Israel's Project Renewal is the laboratory. As a large‐scale national program that encompasses most towns in Israel, it provides what few programs can: the possibility of studying a large enough sample of neighborhoods to cover diversity, yet in the context of a small, unitary‐system country that provides the canopy of shared national policy, institutional structure and administrative norms.
Book Notes
Authors: Mitchell Jerry
Published: September 2005

Abramovitz, Mimi. 1988. Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy From Colonial Times to the Present

Bingham, Richard D., Roy E. Green, and Sammis B. White (eds.). 1987. The Homeless in Contemporary Society

Bogen, Elizabeth. 1987. Immigration in New York

Bowie, Norman E. (ed.). 1988. Equal Opportunity

Bryner, Gary C. 1987. Bureaucratic Discretion: Law and Policy in Federal Regulatory Agencies

Comfort, Louise K. (ed.) 1988. Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives

Cook, Brian J. 1988. Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform: The EPA and Emissions Trading

Cooper, Phillip J. 1988. Hard Judicial Choices: Federal District Judges and State and Local Officials

Culyer, A.J. and Bengt Jonsson (eds.). 1988. Public and Private Health Services

Danziger, Sheldon H. and Kent E. Portney (eds.). 1988. The Distributional Impacts of Public Policies

Davis, Charles E. and James P. Lester (eds.). 1988. Dimensions of Hazardous Waste Politics and Policy

Fagerhaugh, Shizuko Y., Anselm Strauss, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn L. Wiener. 1987. Hazards in Hospital Care: Ensuring Patient Safety

Forsythe, David P. 1988. Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Congress Reconsidered

Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. 1988. Rethinking Rental Housing

Hahn, Harlan and Sheldon Kamieniecki. 1987. Referendum Voting: Social Status and Policy Preferences

Kelly, Rita Mae (ed.). 1988. Promoting Productivity in the Public Sector: Problems, Strategies, and Prospects

Kelly, Rita Mae and Jane Bayes (eds.). 1988. Comparable Worth, Pay Equity, and Public Policy

Plowden, William. 1987. Advising the Rulers

Roessner, J. David. 1988. Government Innovation Policy: Design, Implementation, Evaluation

Weidenbaum, Murray and Kenneth Chilton (eds.). 1988. Public Policy Toward Corporate Takeovers
THE LIMITS OF POSITIVISM: CASE STUDIES OF VALUES IN SCIENCE
Authors: Mitchell Jerry
Published: September 2005

Ernest R. House. 1988. Jesse Jackson and the Politics of Charisma: The Rise and Fall of the PUSH/Excel Program

James M. Rogders. 1988. The Impact of Policy Analysis

Sylvia Noble Tesh. 1988. Hidden ARguments: Political Ideology and Dieases Prevention Policy
FROM COMPLEXITY TO SIMPLICITY: MORE ON POLICY THEORY AND THE ARENAS OF POWER
Authors: Spitzer Robert J.
Published: September 2005

“… sometimes it's necessary to go a long distance out of the way in order to come back a short distance correctly.”

Edward Albee  The Zoo Story (1959)
THE POLICY LEGACY OF RONALD REAGAN
Authors: Tatalovich Raymond
Published: September 2005

Charles O. Jones, ed. 1988. The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance

B.B. Kymlicka and Jean V. Matthews, eds. 1988. The Reagan Revolution?

J.D. Lees and Michael Turner, eds. 1988. Reagan's First Four Years: A New Beginning?
All in the Family
Authors: Atbelda Randy , Tilly Chris
Published: September 2005

The authors look at how family income depends on family structure. Using data from the 1973, 1979, and 1987, Current Population Survey, the authors examine four income sources (earnings, property, child support, and government transfers) among seven family types for all families and for Latino, black, and white householder families. The authors find large income differences among families–primarily due to differences in earnings–but little change within family types over time. Increasing the work hours of adult members or relying on income support from nonresident family members is unlikely to substantially remedy the differences in income among family types, and specifically to improve the very low income of single‐mother families. Other family policies are suggested.