bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel 3-D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modelling using high-order tetrahedral Nédélec elements
Authors: Castillo-Reyes Octavio , de la Puente Josep , García-Castillo Luis Emilio , Cela José María
Published: June 2019

We present a parallel and high-order Nédélec finite element solution for the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) forward problem in 3-D media with isotropic conductivity. Our parallel Python code is implemented on unstructured tetrahedral meshes, which support multiple-scale structures and bathymetry for general marine 3-D CSEM modelling applications. Based on a primary/secondary field approach, we solve the diffusive form of Maxwell’s equations in the low-frequency domain. We investigate the accuracy and performance advantages of our new high-order algorithm against a low-order implementation proposed in our previous work. The numerical precision of our high-order method has been successfully verified by comparisons against previously published results that are relevant in terms of scale and geological properties. A convergence study confirms that high-order polynomials offer a better trade-off between accuracy and computation time. However, the optimum choice of the polynomial order depends on both the input model and the required accuracy as revealed by our tests. Also, we extend our adaptive-meshing strategy to high-order tetrahedral elements. Using adapted meshes to both physical parameters and high-order schemes, we are able to achieve a significant reduction in computational cost without sacrificing accuracy in the modelling. Furthermore, we demonstrate the excellent performance and quasi-linear scaling of our implementation in a state-of-the-art high-performance computing architecture.
Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Colitis as a Model for Sarcopenia in Mice
Authors: Saul Dominik , Kosinsky Robyn Laura
Published: June 2019

Forty-two percent of inflammatory bowel disease patients suffer from sarcopenia. We established a mouse model for this condition. Dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis caused a severe decrease in muscle mass, fiber size, and the regulation of sarcopenia-associated key players on mRNA level.
Butyrate promotes slow-twitch myofiber formation and mitochondrial biogenesis in finishing pigs via inducing specific microRNAs and PGC-1α expression1
Authors: Zhang Yong , Yu Bing , Yu Jie , Zheng Ping , Huang Zhiqing , Luo Yuheng , Luo Junqiu , Mao Xiangbing , Yan Honglin , He Jun , Chen Daiwen
Published: June 2019

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary butyrate supplementation on muscle fiber-type composition and mitochondrial biogenesis of finishing pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two LY (Landrace × Yorkshire) growing pigs with BW of 64.9 ± 5.7 kg were randomly allotted to either control (basal diet) or butyrate diets (0.3% butyrate sodium). Compared with the control group, diet supplemented with butyrate tended to increase average daily gain (P < 0.10). Pigs fed butyrate diet had higher intramuscular fat content, marbling score and pH24 h, and lower shear force and L*24 h in longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle than that fed control diet (P < 0.05). Interestingly, supplemented with butyrate increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of myosin heavy chain I (MyHC-I) and the percentage of slow-fibers, and decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA level of MyHC-IIb in LT muscle. Meanwhile, pigs in butyrate group had an increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and the mRNA levels of mtDNA-encoded genes (P < 0.05). Moreover, feeding butyrate diet increased PGC-1α (PPAR γ coactivator 1α) level, decreased miR-133a-3p level and increased its target gene level (TEAD1, TEA domain transcription factor 1), increased miR-208b and miR-499-5p levels and decreased their target genes levels (Sp3 and Sox6, specificity protein 3 and SRY-box containing gene 6; P < 0.05) in the LT muscle. Collectively, these findings suggested that butyrate promoted slow-twitch myofiber formation and mitochondrial biogenesis, and the molecular mechanism may be via upgrading specific microRNAs and PGC-1α expression, finally improving meat quality.
Effect of Temperature and Tissue Type on the Development of the Forensic Fly Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Bambaradeniya Y Tharindu B , Karunaratne W A Inoka P , Tomberlin Jeffery K , Goonerathne Induwara , Kotakadeniya Rasika B , Magni Paola A
Published: June 2019

Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius is one of the most common myiasis-causing and carrion-feeding fly species in the tropics. This species has a worldwide distribution due to globalization and therefore is of critical importance to the public health sector and forensic investigations. Development studies carried worldwide show that Ch. megacephala reared at similar temperatures may require different amounts of time to complete their cycle of growth. The present study determined for the first time the life-history information of this species in Sri Lanka. Chrysomya megacephala colonies were reared on three different food sources (bovine muscle, swine muscle, and swine liver) considering the most common forensic entomology rearing mediums and the capability of Ch. megacephala to cause myiasis in cattle. Furthermore, colonies were reared at four temperature regimes representing several specific development conditions of this blowfly: 1) 20°C representing the estimation of the lower developmental threshold for this species in Sri Lanka; 2) 25 and 27°C representing typical room/environmental temperatures in Sri Lanka; and 3) 38°C as this is the typical living animal temperature, representing myiasis conditions. Results show that temperature significantly affected larval length and width over time; however, tissue type was not a significant factor. The fastest development was recorded at 38°C for immature feeding on bovine muscle (162.15 h), followed by those fed swine liver (184.15 h) and swine muscle (208.00 h). The calculated minimum temperature threshold for Ch. megacephala was 13°C. Data generated will be crucial for future forensic investigations involving living or deceased individuals colonized by this species.
Advantageous Feeding on Different Blood Meal Sources by the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma barberi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Martínez-Ibarra J A , Nogueda-Torres B , Meraz-Medina T , Diaz-Chavez R , Virgen-Cobian C J , Quirarte-Brambila M
Published: June 2019

Triatominae bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are usually associated with different vertebrate species, upon which many of them feed. Yet how these different blood meal sources influence key biological parameters is rarely investigated for triatomines. To fill this knowledge gap, this study sought to determine the effect of a domestic rat species (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout (Rodentia: Muridae)), a domestic mice species (Mus musculus L. (Rodentia: Muridae)), and chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L. (Galliformes: Phasianidae)), as blood meal sources upon several biological parameters (development time, number of required blood meals to moult and feeding and defecation behaviors) of the Mexican major vector Triatoma barberi Usinger. The three studied cohorts’ development times were similar (325–338 d), but the number of required blood meals to moult (21), as well as the total mortality rate (26%), were both the highest in the cohort that fed on chickens. The longevity of females (186–190 d) was similar among the three studied cohorts, as was that of males. The median time elapsed between the presentation of a blood meal source and onset of feeding (10 min) was similar among the three studied cohorts, as were their feeding times and defecation patterns. Most of our studied parameters demonstrate how T. barberi can effectively take advantage of feeding on rodents as much as it does on hens. Those parameter results also show that T. barberi should be considered as a potential yet underappreciated vector in some areas, thus warranting a surveillance program of its current distribution area in Mexico.
Luminosity–duration relation of fast radio bursts
Authors: Hashimoto Tetsuya , Goto Tomotsugu , Wang Ting-Wen , Kim Seong Jin , Wu Yi-Han , Ho Chien-Chang
Published: June 2019

Nature of dark energy remains unknown. Especially, to constrain the time variability of the dark energy, a new, standardizable candle that can reach more distant Universe has been awaited. Here we propose a new distance measure using fast radio bursts (FRBs), which are a new emerging population of ∼ ms time-scale radio bursts that can reach high-z in quantity. We show an empirical positive correlation between the time-integrated luminosity (Lν) and rest-frame intrinsic duration (wint, rest) of FRBs. The Lν−wint, rest correlation is with a weak strength but statistically very significant, i.e. Pearson coefficient is ∼ 0.5 with P value of ∼0.038, despite the smallness of the current sample. This correlation can be used to measure intrinsic luminosity of FRBs from the observed wint, rest. By comparing the luminosity with observed flux, we measure luminosity distances to FRBs, and thereby construct the Hubble diagram. This FRB cosmology with the Lν−wint, rest relation has several advantages over SNe Ia, Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB), and well-known FRB dispersion measure (DM)-z cosmology; (i) access to higher redshift Universe beyond the SNe Ia, (ii) high event rate that is ∼3 orders of magnitude more frequent than GRBs, and (iii) it is free from the uncertainty from intergalactic electron density models, i.e. we can remove the largest uncertainty in the well-debated DM-z cosmology of FRB. Our simulation suggests that the Lν−wint, rest relation provides us with useful constraints on the time variability of the dark energy when the next-generation radio telescopes start to find FRBs in quantity.
Spectral energy distribution of the first galaxies: contribution from pre-main-sequence stars
Authors: Mitani Hiroto , Yoshida Naoki , Omukai Kazuyuki , Hosokawa Takashi
Published: June 2019

One of the major goals of next-generation space-borne and ground-based telescopes is to detect and characterize the first galaxies that were in place in the first few hundred million years after the big bang. We study the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the first galaxies and discuss the prospects for detection and identification. We consider very young star-forming galaxies at z = 15 and incorporate the contribution from pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. Unlike in the present-day galaxies, primordial protostars are not embedded in dusty gas clouds, and hence the light from them can be visible at a wide range of wavelengths. We use mesa to follow the PMS evolution and use the BT-Settl model to calculate the SED of individual PMS stars. We show that PMS stars contribute to boost the flux in the mid-infrared, and that the galaxy SED at very early evolutionary phases is overall redder than at later phases. The infrared flux contribution is comparable to that caused by emission lines powered by massive stars. We argue that the contribution from PMS stars is important for characterizing young galaxies in the early Universe and also for target selection with future deep galaxy surveys.
Toxin–antitoxin operon kacAT of Klebsiella pneumoniae is regulated by conditional cooperativity via a W-shaped KacA–KacT complex
Authors: Qian Hongliang , Yu Hao , Li Peifei , Zhu E , Yao Qingqing , Tai Cui , Deng Zixin , Gerdes Kenn , He Xinyi , Gan Jianhua , Ou Hong-Yu
Published: June 2019

Bacterial toxin–antitoxin pairs play important roles in bacterial multidrug tolerance. Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) toxins inhibit translation by acetylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs and are counteracted by direct contacts with cognate ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) antitoxins. Our previous analysis showed that the GNAT toxin KacT and RHH antitoxin KacA of Klebsiella pneumoniae form a heterohexamer in solution and that the complex interacts with the cognate promoter DNA, resulting in negative autoregulation of kacAT transcription. Here, we present the crystal structure of DNA-bound KacAT complex at 2.2 Å resolution. The crystal structure revealed the formation of a unique heterohexamer, KacT–KacA2–KacA2–KacT. The direct interaction of KacA and KacT involves a unique W-shaped structure with the two KacT molecules at opposite ends. Inhibition of KacT is achieved by the binding of four KacA proteins that preclude the formation of an active KacT dimer. The kacAT operon is auto-regulated and we present an experimentally supported molecular model proposing that the KacT:KacA ratio controls kacAT transcription by conditional cooperativity. These results yield a profound understanding of how transcription GNAT–RHH pairs are regulated.
Fractures and their sequelae in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurement project
Authors: Runesson Björn , Trevisan Marco , Iseri Ken , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Lindholm Bengt , Barany Peter , Elinder Carl Gustaf , Carrero Juan Jesus
Published: June 2019

Introduction

People undergoing maintenance dialysis are at high risk for fractures, but less is known about fracture incidence and associated outcomes in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

We conducted an observational analysis from the Stockholm Creatinine Measurement project, a Swedish health care utilization cohort during 2006–11. We identified all adults with confirmed CKD Stages 3–5 and no documented history of fractures and extracted information on comorbid history, ongoing medication, cardiovascular events and death. We studied incidence rates of fractures (overall and by location), with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as time-dependent exposure. We then studied hazard ratios [HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for the events of death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) using Cox regression with fracture as time-varying exposure.

Results

We identified 68 764 individuals with confirmed CKD (mean age 79 years, 56% women). During a median follow-up of 2.7 years, 9219 fractures occurred, of which 3105 were hip fractures. A more severe CKD stage was associated with a higher risk of fractures, particularly hip fractures: compared with CKD Stage 3a, the adjusted HR was 1.10 (95% CI 1.02–1.19), 1.32 (1.17–1.49) and 2.47 (1.94–3.15) for CKD Stage 3b, 4 and 5, respectively. Spline curves suggested a linear association with fracture risk with an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Compared with non-fracture periods, incident fracture was associated with a 4-fold increased mortality within 90 days [HR 4.21 (95% CI 3.95–4.49)]. The risk remained elevated beyond 90 days [HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.40–1.54)] and was stronger after hip fractures. Post-fracture MACE risk was also highest in the first 90 days [HR 4.02 (95% CI 3.73–4.33)], particularly after hip fractures, and persisted beyond 90 days [HR 1.20 (95% CI 1.10–1.30)].

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the commonness of fractures and the increased risk for subsequent adverse outcomes in CKD patients. These results may inform clinical decisions regarding post-fracture clinical surveillance and fracture prevention strategies.
Planning the Presentation of Topics in Piano Pedagogy
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2, “Planning the Presentation of Topics in Piano Pedagogy,” begins with an introduction to the topics commonly included in piano pedagogy courses. It will be most useful to pedagogy teachers who are designing, or redesigning, pedagogy curricula. Topics in piano pedagogy are framed within the following four large categories: (1) knowledge, (2) skills, (3) business concerns, and (4) research and perspectives in piano pedagogy. After an introduction to the topics within each category, it includes suggestions for how pedagogy teachers can adjust the scope of topics within their curriculum plan and also offers suggestions for planning course assignments.
“Mayhem”
Authors: Kolker Robert P. , Abrams Nathan
Published: June 2019

Stanley Kubrick died shortly after screening his final cut of Eyes Wide Shut. This chapter clears up the debate of whether the film was “unfinished.” Kubrick had indeed left undone many details of the editing of the film, the choice of whether or not to use voiceover narration that had been written, and the completion of the music score. The final decision to create digital figures to black out some of the orgy scenes had to be made to avoid receiving an NC-17 rating. Decisions about marketing and distribution, which Kubrick used to handle himself, also had to be taken.
Identities
Authors: Halkitis Perry N.
Published: June 2019

Gay men hold multiple identities, which define who they are and which shape their experiences of coming out. The chapter introduces the fifteen men of varying ages, races, ethnicities, and places of birth, whose life narratives provide the means for exploring the coming out process within and across generations and of the social, emotional, and behavioral conditions that have defined the lives of gay men. Five gay men who emerged into adolescence in the late 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s constitute the Stonewall Generation; those who came of age in the late 1970s through the early 1990s are defined as members of the AIDS Generation; and those emerging into adulthood after the turn of the century belong to the Queer Generation. Each of the fifteen men is introduced in relation to his earliest memories of what would prove to be his gay identity and in the social-political context of the time.
The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Russia's forceful re-entry into the Middle Eastern arena, and the accentuated continuity of Soviet policy and methods of the 1960s and '70s, highlight the topicality of this groundbreaking study, which confirms the USSR's role in shaping Middle Eastern and global history. This book covers the peak of the USSR's direct military involvement in the Egyptian-Israeli conflict. The head-on clash between US-armed Israeli forces and up to 20,000 Soviet servicemen (at a time) with state-of-the-art weaponry turned the Middle East into the hottest front of the Cold War. The Soviets' success in this war of attrition paved the way for their planning and support of Egypt's cross-canal offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ginor and Remez challenge a series of long-accepted notions as to the scope, timeline and character of the Soviet intervention and overturn the conventional view that détente led to a curtailment of Egyptian ambitions to recapture the land it lost to Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967. Between this analytical rethink and the introduction of an entirely new genre of sources--memoirs and other publications by Soviet veterans themselves---The Soviet-Israeli War paves the way for scholars to revisit this pivotal moment in world history.
Pedagogical Experiments in the Brazilian Countryside
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 analyzes the pedagogical experiments that MST activists developed in the Brazilian countryside in the 1980s and 1990s. In the early 1980s these educational experiments were largely isolated initiatives in dozens of different camps and settlements. There was room to experiment with pedagogical alternatives even under a dictatorship, partially due to the lack of state presence in these rural areas. In 1987, the MST leadership made education an official concern of the movement and founded the national MST education sector. Then, in the 1990s, MST leaders refined their educational proposal through their own teacher training programs, which became spaces for pedagogical experimentation and the prefiguration of alternative social and political values. These experiments took place under a conservative and antagonistic national government. In 1997, the MST published its first national educational manifesto, summarizing the different components of its educational approach.
From the Pedagogy of the MST to Educação do Campo
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 shows how the institutionalization of movement goals can sometimes look like a process of social movement absorption. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MST’s local educational practices in areas of agrarian reform evolved into a national proposal for an alternative educational approach in the entire Brazilian countryside. This proposal, which became known as Educação do Campo (Education of the Countryside), was explicitly linked to an alternative vision for rural development. Between 2004 and 2012 this educational proposal was implemented in the Ministry of Education (MEC) through several laws, an office, and a series of programs. However, the MEC’s hierarchical organization, focus on best practices, and need to rapidly expand its educational programs undermined the MST’s ability to participate—even with a federal government historically aligned with the movement. During this period, agribusiness groups also began to embrace Educação do Campo, leading to a watering down of the original proposal.
Pernambuco
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 analyzes the MST’s attempt to transform public schools in the state of Pernambuco, beginning in the late 1990s after the movement already developed a national pedagogical proposal. This chapter argues that regime type is not as important in the context of states with low levels of capacity for implementing policy goals. In the first case of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, the MST’s increasing capacity for educational governance convinced multiple clientelistic regimes that it was worthwhile to collaborate with the movement. In addition, activists’ ability to garner the consent of municipal public school teachers pushed forward the movement’s educational program. The second case of Água Preta shows that the MST’s own movement infrastructure is a major factor that determines social movement outcomes. In this case, while the same political opportunities are open in Água Preta as in Santa Maria da Boa Vista, the internal divides within the settlements in Água Preta prevent local leadership development and thus hamstring activists’ ability to participate in the public schools.
1918: An Insurgent Constitution
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano
Published: June 2019

The fourth chapter analyzes the alternative routes of modernization that were encapsulated in the Russian revolutionary streams of 1917–18. From the perspective of modern Western constitutionalism, the first Russian Constitution contained numerous anomalies that, strictly speaking, make it difficult to define the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic as a state in the modern sense of the term. Among these anomalies was the dismantling of the national state through a universal distribution of power by the local soviets; the anticolonial and antinational pronouncement for a new conception of citizenship, which in the first Russian constitution could be conferred upon foreign workers by any local soviets; and an alternative practice of property relations, which was rooted in the traditional communal possession of land—different from both private and collective state property. This chapter analyzes these anomalies as innovative political institutions, which are part of the legacy of insurgent universality.
In Search of Redemption
Authors: Silva Jennifer M.
Published: June 2019

The coal region, like other rural areas across the United States, is a new destination for racial and ethnic minorities in search of jobs, safety, and affordable housing. This collision of race and place opens up the possibility of new kinds of selves, relationships, and politics. This chapter uncovers conflicts over the meaning of place that divide the longtime white working-class residents from the newcomers. Black and Latino men critique poverty and racism with a sharp, unforgiving clarity. Recasting the coal region as a place where their own shameful pasts can become their children’s bright futures, they magnify the positive effects of pain in their lives and stake a claim to social inclusion and self-worth based on hard work and tenacity. Even though they assume control over their own futures, these men speak of a malevolent “they” making political decisions beyond their control, leaving their powerful political critiques unspoken.
Something We Never Had
Authors: Silva Jennifer M.
Published: June 2019

The black and Latina women who migrate to the coal region leave behind traumatic histories—stories of early childhood abuse and neglect, poverty, extreme neighborhood violence, and drug abuse. Upon arrival, these women face accusations that they are unfit mothers, have poor work ethics, and are undeserving of government aid. They nonetheless fight to get a fleeting shot at opportunities for their children that they themselves never had. These women encounter multiple predatory institutions waiting to take advantage of their optimism. Through small, everyday acts of civic engagement, they hold the police, their neighbors, local businesses, and schools accountable for their loved ones’ futures. Living a life of emotional turmoil, relationship flux, racial hostility, and poverty, however, leaves these women emotionally raw, deeply distrustful, and physically depleted. They can devote themselves only to their immediate kinship circles, determined to heal themselves on their own.
Genes as a Source of Risk for Mental Disorders
Authors: Zandi Peter P. , Wilcox Holly C. , Lin Yian , Maher Brion , Fallin M. Daniele
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the concept of genetics and disease and includes review of more than 200 family, twin, and adoption studies for six important mental and behavioral disorders. The heritability estimates range from 30% for depressive disorder to as high as 80% for schizophrenia. Genome-wide association and sequencing studies are beginning to identify genetic risk variants associated with these disorders, but a large proportion of the genetic contribution remains unexplained. Major challenges in genetic studies include defining and agreeing on the phenotype that should be the subject of the study and the apparent complexity of the genetic etiology. In the near future, as larger samples with more detailed phenotype information are studied, a clear picture of the underlying genetic architecture of mental and behavioral disorders will emerge.
Adapting to Crisis
Authors: Storr Carla L. , Lakin Daniel , Tol Wietse A.
Published: June 2019

Crises are all too common, as each year, billions of people across the globe are exposed to potentially traumatic events. This chapter primarily describes crisis responses from a US-focused perspective grounded in classifications of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), but the chapter is linked to resources from international settings, because culture and context play an important role in shaping the expression and trajectories of psychological distress. A range of potential reactions to crises and the extent and magnitude of health needs of those exposed to potentially traumatic events is provided. The chapter includes a brief discussion about resilience and some of the factors that either increase or decrease the risk for mental disorders following trauma. It concludes with a selective review of interventions found to be of help both in the immediate aftermath of a potentially traumatic event and in the weeks following.
Mental Health and the Law
Authors: Agus Deborah , Schneider Kristin E.
Published: June 2019

The law lays the framework for all government systems, and public health is no exception. Understanding the legal framework of the United States is essential to designing a functional and legitimate behavioral health service system. The unique structure of US law, which is a constitutional system balanced by statutes and which is federalist in principle, creates both opportunities and challenges to a public health system that similarly strives to balance individual needs and rights with the health and needs of the community. The chapter explains how law is developed and delves into current legal issues that are understood through the lens of a permanent legal structure as interpreted over time. The chapter begins with an explanation of the legal system and legal methods and then explores issues related to individual rights and concerns such as dangerousness, right to treatment, coercive treatment, and the individual rights of choice. When finished, the reader will have a comprehensive outlook providing a tool to analyze issues that are current and dynamic.
American Mental Health Services after the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Manderscheid Ronald W. , Green Victoria R. , Everett Anita , Leaf Philip J. , Barry Colleen
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines American mental health services after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Diagnostic characteristics, health insurance coverage, and service use are analyzed for a synthetic sample of 100 adults pre and post ACA. Results document that an increased number of persons with mental illness had insurance coverage and service accessibility post ACA. The availability of service facilities and their use levels also are examined post ACA. A detailed national revenue and expenditure picture for mental health post ACA is derived from the National Health Accounts. Finally, the criminal justice sector is considered as an emerging site for service delivery.
Street-Level Birth Control and Mutual Noncompliance
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang
Published: June 2019

Contradictions between central policy goals and local interests can be resolved through cadres’ mediation at the village level. Village leaders act as mediators between central policy directives and rural residents. This compromise is attributable to the level of autonomy that village cadres enjoy, which affords them some discretion in the implementation of policies and regulations. The theory of the street-level bureaucrat explains how local cadres, at both the village and town levels, from the 1980s to the early 2000s, were able to use underreporting of out-of-plan births to mediate the conflicts between central policy goals and local interests. Underreporting goes beyond selective policy implementation and is a result of mutual noncompliance between villagers and cadres. One of the long-term implications of current changes in demographics is that as more rural residents permanently migrate to urban areas, the village community structure that allowed cadres to mediate between central policy and local interests may be disappearing.
Anonymity as Outsider Tactic
Authors: Maxwell Lida
Published: June 2019

The chapter examines the promise of anonymity, and especially Chelsea Manning’s attempted anonymity, as an outsider tactic. Anonymous leaking is typically depicted as a problem for democracy because it hinders the demos from judging an individual’s motives and truthfulness. However, the chapter argues, through discussion of Virginia Woolf’s and Bayard Rustin’s examples, that outsiders’ refusal to identify themselves in public or private terms can also signal the failure of those terms to capture the significance of outsider speech and identity. The chapter suggests that outsider anonymity also creates counter-archives and repertoires in which outsiders may find their significance better illuminated. Read in this way, Manning’s anonymity—which she explains as necessary so that her picture will not be plastered everywhere “as a boy”—should be read as a marker of the insufficiency of public categories for capturing her experience, identity, and act.
Centripetal Function
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter proposes a new understanding of prehistoric art and aesthetic function. The theory of kinesthetic function is defined by three interrelated features, which are defined in this chapter. Once these features are laid out, we will then be in a better place to see how this kinesthetic field concretely emerged in the dominant arts and images of the prehistoric period. Thus, the functional field is defined first and foremost by the continuous flow of matter from the periphery toward a center. The kinetic foundations of all aesthetic fields lie in a functional materialism. There is no separate or immaterial aesthetic conciseness that can cut itself off from its material co-functionality with matter.
Centrifugal Form
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that aesthetic form emerges from matter in motion. Form is not different in kind than matter and function; it is different only in kinetic distribution or regime. The form of something is always a circulation of motion, but in a specific pattern. Form is not a geometric essence, like a circle or an empirical object like a round plate, but, rather, a material kinetic process of rounding or roundness. The form or shape of images and our ideas of images are both made possible by the continuous circulation of matter into a specific form or pattern, again and again. All things are kinomorphic, but when a fixed pattern is used as a model that forces all other flows into a single set of kinetic relations, there is a kind of formalism or dominance of form over kinetic formation. This is what occurred in the ancient world.
The Ancient Image, II
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

This chapter continues the thesis presented in Chapter 7, in demonstrating that a kinesthetic shift occurs in the arts from a centripetal to a more centrifugal pattern of motion over the course of the ancient period. In Chapter 7, we looked closely at this centrifugal pattern in the formal arts of written verse, tragedy, and metallurgy. In this chapter, we demonstrate the dominance of the same kinetic pattern in the arts of architecture, music, and medicine. The argument of this chapter is that each of these major fields is defined predominately by a distinctly centrifugal pattern of motion and a formal aesthetics. The argument is that the origin of form is not eternal or immaterial but rather in the kinetic structure of matter itself.
The Medieval Image, I
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

Chapter 10 presents a realist aesthetics (versus constructivist) and a kinetic materialism (versus formal idealism) that focuses on the material kinetic structure of the work of art itself, inclusive of milieu and viewer. What the author calls “kinesthetics” is a return to the works of art themselves as fields of images, affects, and sensations. The chapter more specifically offers a focused study of the material kinetic conditions of the dominant aesthetic field of relation during the Middle Ages. The argument here and in the next chapter is that during the Middle Ages, the aesthetic field is defined by a tensional and relational regime of motion. This idea is supported by looking closely at three major arts of the Middle Ages: glassworks, the church, and distillation. The next chapter likewise considers perspective, the keyboard, and epistolography.
Signs, Wonders, and Gifts
Authors: Eyl Jennifer
Published: June 2019

Signs, Wonders, and Gifts: Divination in the Letters of Paul examines the divinatory and wonderworking practices of the apostle Paul, and contextualizes such practices in the wider Mediterranean world of the first century. Paul’s consistent references to signs, wonders, visions, miracles, divine healings, speaking in tongues, and others, reflect ancient categories that Greek speakers called mantikē, goēteia, teratoskopia, and mageia. Such frequent references demonstrate that his teachings comprised divinatory practices as much as they consisted of messages regarding the resurrected Christ, ethical teachings derived from Hellenistic philosophy, and exegesis of the Septuagint. Furthermore, the book situates such practices within a framework of reciprocity that dominated human–divine relationships. Insofar as Paul extends miraculous abilities to his gentile followers, such abilities come in proportion to their pistis, or faithfulness. Not only has a deep analysis of Paul’s divinatory practices been a lacuna in New Testament scholarship, scholars have also frequently dismissed the notion that Paul participates in the kind of human–divine reciprocity that is characteristic of ancient religiosity. This book offers a corrective to both shortcomings in the study of Christian origins.
Introduction
Authors: Eyl Jennifer
Published: June 2019

The Introduction introduces the central argument of the book: Paul’s practices of divination and wonderworking are easily and naturally contextualized within his ancient Mediterranean milieu. This milieu includes widespread practical understandings of the gods’ interest in human affairs, the human ability to discern divine messages, the human ability to channel divine power, and reciprocity as a central feature of the human–divine dynamic. The chapter provides a visual chart that offers a clarifying taxonomy for these divinatory–wonderworking practices. The chapter then provides a brief synopsis of each forthcoming chapter. Finally, the Introduction explains to the reader some basic choices in terminology employed throughout the book.
Discursive Claims to Divine Authority
Authors: Eyl Jennifer
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 considers Paul’s numerous claims to be a handpicked mediator between God and the world of gentiles—a claim that further legitimized his divinatory and wonderworking expertise. Such claims are contextualized within widespread rhetorical practices of divine authorization, seen in the LXX and in numerous Greek and Latin texts and inscriptions. Furthermore, the chapter highlights Paul’s “divinatory pedagogy,” in which he teaches his followers how to value and appropriately use their own divinatory and wonderworking skills. Thus, it is not just Paul’s engaging in specific divinatory and wonderworking practices that bolsters his authority and prestige; it is also his evaluating, sharing, and teaching of such practices to others. This chapter also offers an important link among the arguments of Chapters 3 and 4 to Chapter 6.
Why the Treatise? Why Book II? Why Custom?
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter defends the choice of the Treatise as a subject, arguing that it provides the most complete account of Hume’s thought; and of Book II as the foundation for the book’s interpretation, arguing that this is the site of Hume’s psychological reflections that provide the theoretical ground for Books I and III. It explains the origins of Hume’s use of the term custom in English legal theory and its central role in his thought. I argue that Hume self-consciously employs the term custom in the sense of customary law, as opposed to common, or statutory law, in order to argue that normativity derives from custom, and does not ground it.
Persons as Customary Creatures
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter draws together the reading of the Treatise offered in the previous chapters. The author concludes that Hume provides a compelling account of human nature as constituted through the interaction of innate habits and social conventions, and through understanding human nature as essentially social. His account of normativity as constituted by custom has excellent naturalistic credentials, and provides a sound explanation of normativity in a scientific framework. This chapter demonstrates that a communitarian reading of Hume, and a reading of Hume’s analysis of custom grounded in the legal theory of his time offers the most cogent understanding of the Treatise as a whole, and confirms the utility of the interpretative principles proffered in Chapter 1.
Beyond Health Care
Authors: Rajczi Alex
Published: June 2019

This chapter argues that this book’s examination of the American health care debate has revealed larger lessons. Latent in our discussion is a whole new approach to debates about the social minimum—one that can prove useful during inquiries into any part of the social safety net, not just health care, and that can be applied to debates in any country, not just the U.S. Specifically, the discussion in the previous chapters has hinted at a way of understanding a conservative point of view about distributive justice, one that is usually overlooked. This chapter describes it more thoroughly and explains why it is philosophically significant. The chapter then identifies the parts of the conservative view that progressives might challenge, thereby building up a picture of the progressive view itself. The chapter closes by explaining why it is valuable to frame debates over the social safety net in this new way.
Optogenetic and chemogenetic technologies for advanced functional investigations of the neural correlates of emotions
Authors: Surget Alexandre , Belzung Catherine
Published: June 2019

The neural circuits underlying emotions have been extensively examined in the last decades, using either correlational approaches (e.g. functional imaging in human subjects or post-mortem immunohistochemistry in rodents) or methodologies enabling to investigate causal relationships (such as focused brain lesions in animals). However, each of these approaches has strong limitations that have hampered research in this field. The first approaches do not enable investigation of causal relations; they allow determining associations of particular emotional expressions with distinct cell populations or brain areas. The second approach enables the determination of causal relations but not the inhibition of particular cell types or projections or the investigation of the effects of manipulating neuronal activity during a restricted time period. Optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches are two cutting-edge methodologies that enabled ground-breaking research in the field of emotion in recent years. These approaches make possible the stimulation or inhibition of specific neuronal populations/projections in a specific area of the brain, during a precise period of time, thus permitting the dissection of the contribution of precise neuronal populations, sub-areas, and outputs to the different components of emotions. It is strongly impacting research in this field, providing a more complex and rich view of the biology of normal emotions.
Fear learning and extinction
Authors: Lonsdorf Tina B
Published: June 2019

Experimental fear conditioning and extinction represent basic forms of associative learning with considerable clinical relevance and serve as laboratory models for the development and treatment of anxiety disorders, respectively. There is considerable inter-individual variation in the ability to acquire and extinguish conditioned fear reactions as well as the return of fear and approximately one third of the variance in human fear conditioning and in the vulnerability for anxiety disorders can be attributed to genetic factors. The experimental paradigms of fear conditioning and extinction are particularly well suited for genetic association studies as these optimally investigate simple behavioral paradigms with sufficient inter-individual variability and clear heritability that elicit robust behavioral responses which are easy to measure and quantify and rely on a well-defined underlying neural circuitry. Understanding the molecular pathways that mediate conditioning and extinction might therefore make an important contribution to the study of anxiety pathophysiology and resilience. Because a significant proportion of patients do not respond to or tolerate standard treatments, such advances may ultimately open up new perspectives for pharmacological interventions (i.e. pharmacologically enhanced CBT) or the individualization of current prevention and treatment programs. In the future, translational work employing a synergy between molecular genetics, neuroimaging, psychophysiology and psychopharmacology will be powerful in unraveling the neurobiology of fear learning and extinction processes and the investigation of genetic polymorphisms in fear learning and extinction processes represents one avenue along this path.
Imaging genetics in depression
Authors: Rabl Ulrich , Pezawas Lukas
Published: June 2019

In recent years, the demand for more efficient psychiatric diagnostics and treatments has stimulated an unprecedented effort in clinical, genetic, and imaging research with the goal to realize the promise of precision medicine and develop new therapeutic approaches. Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is highly prevalent and ranks among the top causes of disability worldwide, has been one of the central subjects in this story. Since the turn of the millennium, researchers began to amalgamate methods from psychiatric genetics and clinical neuroimaging to uncover the effects of genetic variation at the level of brain function, structure or connectivity. This line of research, imaging genetics, matured to a distinct research field that became a major force in the quest for understanding the neurobiology underlying MDD and the implications of the serotonergic system. This chapter provides an overview of the development and impact of imaging genetics research with a focus on MDD and the serotonergic system and discusses the barriers and solutions on the way to clinical implementation.
Resilience
Authors: Alexander Rebecca , Gatt Justine Megan
Published: June 2019

Resilience refers to the process of adaptive recovery following adversity or trauma. It is likely to include an intertwined series of dynamic interactions between neural, developmental, environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors over time. Neuroscientific research suggests the potential role of the brain’s threat and reward systems, as well as executive control networks. Developmental research provides insight into how the environment may affect these neural systems across the lifespan towards greater risk or resilience to stress. Genetic work has revealed numerous targets that alter key neurochemical systems in the brain to influence mental health. Current challenges include ambiguities in the definition and measurement of resilience and a simplified focus on resilience as the absence of psychopathology, irrespective of levels of positive mental functioning. Greater emphasis on understanding the protective aspects of resilience and related well-being outcomes are important to delineate the unique neurobiological factors that underpin this process, so that effective interventions can be developed to assist vulnerable populations and resilience promotion.
Researching Police Community Support Officers in England and Wales
Authors: O'Neill Megan
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the research project on which this book is based and the theoretical framework used in the analysis. As this was an observational study of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs), it is important to have a detailed understanding of the immediate context in which the work was conducted, which this chapter explains. Observational studies of the police are not new, with some of the most influential policing research to date coming from ethnographies like this one. This is, however, the first ethnography of PCSOs. The chapter begins with an overview of the methods which were employed in the study. Next, the six neighbourhood policing teams which were observed will be described in detail to provide the context to the research. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of Erving Goffman’s ‘dramaturgy’, which provided a key theoretical framework for this analysis.
Assessing Progress
Authors: Caplan Richard
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines how international peacebuilding actors assess progress towards peace consolidation. Assessments are conducted both informally through the periodic reporting of heads of missions and briefings to organizations’ member states and government ministers, and more formally through benchmarking, conflict analysis, and early warning indicators, among other practices. The chapter highlights innovative approaches to strategic assessment that have yielded insights into the robustness of peace. The chapter also examines some of the many indices and indicators of peace, stability, resilience, and the like that are produced periodically by think tanks and research institutes, including the Global Peace Index, the Peace and Conflict Instability Ledger, the Failed (now Fragile) States Index, and the Everyday Peace Indicators. For the most part, these indices conceal more than they reveal about the quality of post-conflict peace but there are notable exceptions.