bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update on Managing Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Older Adults
Authors: Clifford Kalin M. , Duncan Nakia A. , Heinrich Krista , Shaw Jennifer
Published: April 2015

With the recent updates to the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(5th edition;
DSM
-5), there are many questions on how to care for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychiatric conditions. The current article reviews the new changes to the
DSM-5
for diagnosis of GAD, discusses new anxiety assessment scales that are validated in older adults, evaluates pharmacological agents that have been studied in older adults for GAD treatment, and provides monitoring recommendations to help those who provide care to older adults experiencing GAD. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(4), 10–20.]
The Correlation of Social Support and Social Participation of Older Adults in Bandar Abbas, Iran
Authors: Amirkhosravi Neda , Adib-Hajbaghery Mohsen , Lotfi Mohammad-Sajjad , Hosseinian Masoumeh
Published: April 2015

Social participation is a criterion for successful aging. Research has shown that social participation decreases in older adults. However, the role of social support on older adults’ social participation has received little attention, especially in eastern countries, such as Iran. Using the Social Participation Questionnaire, the relationship between social support and social participation was investigated in 525 Iranian older adults. A correlation was found between social support and social participation of older adults. Older adult women were found to have less social support and social participation compared with men. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(6), 39–47.]
La scultura antica tra Montesquieu e Winckelmann : il De l’usage des statues chez les anciens di Ottaviano Guasco
Authors: Ferrari Stefano
Published: April 2015

Ottaviano Guasco (1712-1781) è un erudito e storico italiano, noto soprattutto per aver pubblicato l’opera, De l’usage des statues chez les anciens, essai historique (Bruxelles 1768), nella quale affronta lo studio della scultura antica da una prospettiva intellettuale del tutto opposta a quella seguita da Winckelmann nella Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums (Dresda 1764). Anziché sviluppare un approccio che privilegi la dimensione storica, artistica ed estetica, preferisce indagare i significati «  filosofici  » che si celano dietro le statue. Guasco è convinto che una scultura sia prima di tutto l’espressione di un bisogno religioso, morale o politico. Questa concezione della statuaria risente del decisivo incontro che egli ha a partire dal 1738 con Montesquieu e la sua opera più famosa, l’Esprit des lois. L’oblio che cala sull’opera di Guasco, immediatamente dopo la sua uscita, è da imputare soprattutto al ruolo egemonico esercitato dalla storia dell’arte in questi ultimi secoli, la quale, dopo aver fatto propri oggetti nati senza un necessario carattere estetico, li ha sottoposti quasi esclusivamente ad indagini formali e iconologiche, tralasciando di approfondire la loro reale funzione culturale e sociale.
La poésie didactique dans l’Antiquité  : une invention des Modernes
Authors: Vesperini Pierre
Published: April 2015

Cet exposé propose de voir à quoi correspond, dans l’Antiquité, la catégorie d’«  épopée didactique  » (ou «  poésie didactique  »), couramment utilisée par les savants modernes pour rendre compte d’œuvres comme Les Travaux et les Jours, le De rerum natura ou encore les Géorgiques, en opposition avec la catégorie d’«  épopée narrative  » (ou parfois simplement d’«  épopée  »), qui comprendrait les poèmes d’Homère, l’Énéide, etc. Une enquête anthropologique et pragmatique montre que la catégorie d’«  épopée  » ou de «  poésie didactique  » n’existait pas chez les Anciens. Dans un deuxième temps, on essaie de voir à quel moment on commence à parler de «  poésie didactique  », et on voit qu’il s’agit d’une catégorie du xviiie siècle.
Le monstrum et la gallina  : figures féminines dans l’Agamemnon de Stanley
Authors: Martin Marie Saint
Published: April 2015

La traduction latine de l’Agamemnon d’Eschyle par Stanley est profondément marquée par l’influence de Sénèque, qui en constitue la source naturelle par la communauté de langue, mais peut-être également par la meilleure diffusion en Grande-Bretagne de Sénèque, dont elle semble adopter l’esthétique comme le vocabulaire. Pourtant, Stanley réalise une synthèse originale entre la poétique sénéquienne et d’autres éléments empruntés à Aristote. Cette tension entre une poétique violente, encore peu diffusée dans la deuxième moitié du xviie siècle, et une poétique plus classique, peut se lire dans certains choix de traduction, en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de passages qui ont trait à la famille d’Agamemnon.
Trois interpretationes de l’«  Antigone  » de Sophocle. Gentien Hervet (1541), Georges Rataller (1550) et Jean Lalemant (1557)
Authors: Mastroianni Michele
Published: April 2015

Dans ce travail on étudie trois interpretationes latines de l’Antigone de Sophocle  : celle de Gentien Hervet (1541), celle de Georges Rataller (1550) et celle de Jehan Lalemant (1557). Il s’agit de traductions ayant pour objectif de venir en aide à ceux qui désiraient accéder au texte original sans avoir une parfaite connaissance de la langue grecque. Dans cette perspective, les traducteurs se reconnaissent dans une filière qui remonte au moins à Érasme. Ces trois interpretationes accentuent le caractère sentencieux du texte original, transformant la tragédie de Sophocle en un véritable florilège de maximes morales, ce qui influence au niveau du langage la lecture chrétienne de la tragédie ancienne. La présente étude analyse les lettres-dédicaces et préfaces, qui soulignent certains problèmes posés aux traducteurs, surtout en ce qui concerne les parties chorales. Afin d’éclaircir les difficultés d’interprétation, on discute la traduction de l’incipit du célèbre chœur consacré à une réflexion sur la dignité de l’homme (Sophocle, Antigone, 332-333).
Sophocles Sublimis
Authors: Ryan Cressida
Published: April 2015

Dans cet article, je m’intéresse aux traductions latines de Sophocle au xvie siècle. Je montre comment les traductions ad verbum et littéraires peuvent être interprétées dans un sens littéraire. J’examine l’attribution des répliques et les marques de lignes dans les traductions, et montre comment les questions textuelles affectent l’interprétation. Je compare les mots utilisés pour traduire les termes politiques dans Œdipe à Colone, démontrant comment les différentes traductions abordent le thème politique de différentes façons. Je compare également les traductions de l’Ode de Colone, et suggère son lien avec le concept de sublime.
Érasme traducteur
Authors: Baier Thomas
Published: April 2015

Érasme est le premier à traduire des tragédies grecques entières en latin. Les versions d’Euripide étaient pour lui des exercices propédeutiques pour son grand projet, la traduction du Nouveau Testament. Dans les lettres à William Warham, il nous informe sur sa méthode  : dans l’Hécube, il fournit une traduction vers à vers qui vise à imiter l’original d’une façon mimétique. Dans l’Iphigénie, Érasme a abandonné ce principe de mimésis, et traduit de manière plus détaillée. Il essaie d’atteindre les objectifs de l’original par des moyens de la langue cible et se sert d’une forme que l’on pourrait dénommer d’une notion de J.S. Holmes «  analogical form  ». Il est ainsi l’instigateur non seulement de la traduction littérale, mais aussi de celle littéraire.
La traduction d’Alceste par Buchanan, l’imago retrouvée ?
Authors: Schweitzer Zoé
Published: April 2015

Pourquoi traduire Alceste, tragédie apparemment marginale dans le corpus antique par son dénouement heureux et son absence d’action spectaculaire  ? La notion d’imago, déployée dans le paratexte critique et la tragédie, décrit à la fois l’intrigue tragique comprise comme une affaire de substitution qui se dénoue par le retour de l’originale, et le geste humaniste accompli par Buchanan, fidèle traducteur comme Admète est fidèle époux, et passeur entre les mondes et leurs valeurs comme Hercule entre les morts et les vivants. La traduction d’Alceste apparaît comme un manifeste théâtral et éthique.
Peut-on traduire «  savamment  » tout en faisant des bévues incroyables  ? Andreas Divus et son Aristophane
Authors: Beta Simone
Published: April 2015

Bien que la première traduction complète d’Aristophane, qui parut en 1538, ne soit pas parfaite, le rôle qu’elle a joué dans la connaissance de son œuvre a été extrêmement important, car cette traduction remporta un vif succès et fut réimprimée six fois entre 1539 et 1597. Dans sa préface, le traducteur, Andreas Divus, un professeur de Capodistrie, déclare n’avoir pas essayé de reproduire l’élégance, la beauté et le charme des mots  : il s’est contenté de la traduire de la façon la plus fidèle possible, pour exprimer les figures poétiques du style d’Aristophane. Or c’est précisément dans sa résolution de traduire le sens des mots que se trouvent les mérites et les défauts de son entreprise  : on peut parler de mérites, parce que sa traduction mot à mot a permis à qui possédait une connaissance limitée de la langue grecque de comprendre le texte d’Aristophane  ; mais on peut aussi parler de défauts, dans la mesure où le désir d’être toujours fidèle au texte original a produit une traduction qui est soit incorrecte soit incompréhensible. Les «  savants  » qui se sont occupés de cette traduction «  savante  » ont toujours négligé ses mérites et souligné ses défauts. Dans cette contribution, j’essaierai de souligner, à côté de défauts de Divus, ses mérites de traducteur, en analysant les Cavaliers, la plus politique de ses comédies.
Paroles de Paix en temps de guerre  : Florent Chrestien et la première traduction de la Paix d’Aristophane en France (1589)
Authors: Bastin-Hammou Malika
Published: April 2015

En 1589 paraît à Paris la première traduction latine séparée de la Paix d’Aristophane, due à Florent Chrestien. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure le choix audacieux de traduire cette comédie plutôt que le Ploutos ou les Nuées, dans le contexte des Guerres de Religions, s’accompagne d’une pratique tout aussi audacieuse de la traduction savante.
Back to the Archives: Elias Bickerman in the Fonds Louis Robert
Authors: Baumgarten Albert I.
Published: April 2015

This paper examines the letters of Elias Bickerman (1897-1981) to Louis Robert (1904-1985) found in the Fonds Louis Robert in Paris. It also considers comments by Henri Seyrig (1895-1973) writing to Robert concerning Bickerman in letters in that same collection. It argues that Bickerman’s agenda in Der Gott der Makkabäer was a matter of intense personal belief, in which history confirmed theology. This was opposed to the open attitude, in which conclusions were subject to revision, in Institutions des Séleucides. The paper utilizes that dogmatic setting to help explain why Der Gott der Makkabäer, while acknowledged as brilliant and original, convinced few other scholars. This conclusion is confirmed by comments concerning Bickerman in Seyrig’s letters to Robert. In the end, the article argues that while Der Gott der Makkabäer may have been a «  failure  » it should be compared to the failure of Columbus in reaching India, as a result of which Columbus discovered a new world. Few scholars ever achieve such important and creative failures as Bickerman did in Der Gott der Makkabäer.
Le roman historique est-il archéocompatible  ?
Authors: Aziza Claude
Published: April 2015

Le roman historique et l’archéologie sont nés pour ainsi dire en même temps. Chacun d’eux plonge ses racines dans l’Histoire mais le premier fait partie des Belles Lettres alors que la seconde entre dans le champ des sciences humaines. Pourtant, tout au long du xixe siècle, se tissent d’invisibles liens entre les découvertes archéologiques et les productions fictionnelles à sujet antique. L’Égypte, la Grèce, Rome, l’Afrique inspirent les romanciers qui marchent sur les pas des archéologues. Thèbes, Pompéi, Rome, Carthage, Jérusalem, autant de noms qui suscitent un imaginaire dont la poésie masque l’érudition.
De la page au partage, du livre au live
Authors: Vorger Camille
Published: April 2015

Le slam se définit comme une forme moderne d’oralittérature. Ancré dans des traditions ancestrales liées à l’oralité, destiné à être déclamé en public, il est d’abord « encré » sur le papier, les mots courant sur la page avant d’être offerts en partage. Or les slameurs sont à ce point dans l’écriture partagée que certains d’entre eux nous ont donné à voir, lors d’entretiens menés dans le cadre de notre recherche, leurs manuscrits, carnets et autres blocs-notes, à commencer par le poète Souleymane Diamanka dont les écrits préparatoires se trouvent au cœur du présent article. Autant de « grifouillis » (Aragon) qui sont le lieu de jeux graphiques, jeux de lettres et exercices de styles témoignant d’une écriture en gestation. Cette écriture que l’on pourrait qualifier de « vocale », tant la finalité scénique est prégnante, est aussi une écriture palimpseste faite de réécritures successives. Encre vivante, mouvement « colludique » dont l’un des prolongements et mode de publication est la diffusion de ces jeux d’écriture sur la toile. Ainsi le slameur nous a-t-il laissé entrevoir son atelier, lieu d’un poiein en acte et d’un acte qui tend à intégrer le destinataire, l’auditor in poema.
A Merchant Virtual Universe as an Innovative Retail Setting
Authors: Poncin Ingrid , Garnier Marion , Maille Virginie
Published: April 2015

The Merchant Virtual Universe (MVU), which hyperrealistically reproduces the environment of a real shopping mall, is proving to be an innovative retail setting. It offers a competitive advantage by providing a satisfying and compelling online experience. This chapter examines immersion processes in an MVU and studies their evolution over time. The researchers collected qualitative and quantitative data from users throughout successive visits to a 3D virtual shopping mall. The data highlight the special role of perceived realism and sense of presence in allowing users to become immersed. The results confirm the links among realism, presence, and immersion, as well as their influence on satisfaction. They further illustrate the process as time passes: Realism is the strongest factor of immersion at the beginning of the experience but over time is replaced by presence. This work confirms that MVU designers must consider the importance of realism of the virtual environment.
Refractive Index Variation of Fe3O4 Thin Film According to Deposition Rate
Authors: Jeong Ji Yun , Cho Young Tae , Jung Yoon Gyo
Published: April 2015

Recently, the display industry is focusing on making bendable or flexible displays with higher quality and larger area. Ultimately, there is a very high possibility that future displays will be rollable. The biggest problem with rollable displays is the fabrication of a polarizer film to prevent reflection of the OLED. To develop a rollable display, the display should be made of material with a very thin thickness, like that of paper. However, the thickness of the polarizer film used for displays is only approximately 180 μm. This means that the film is too thick to be applied to rollable displays. If a polarizer of wire grid type, which we investigate in this study, is used, it can reduce the thickness of this film to a value under approximately 1 μm. One research result has been to discover that Fe3O4is a very slightly absorptive material. Especially, most research into Fe3O4thin films has concentrated on its characteristics in nanotubes. So, our purpose in this research is to investigate the deposition process of Fe3O4thin-film under various conditions using an E-beam evaporator; we intend to compare these various processes with each other after measuring the refractive index.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth Nickel Tantalate Pyrochlore
Authors: Abdullah Asiah , Wan Khalid Wan Elina Faradilla , Abdullah Siti Zaubidah
Published: April 2015

Bi3Ni2Ta3O14 pyrochlores and related materials were prepared by solid state reaction at sintering temperatures ranging from 900°C to 1150°C. The BNT cubic pyrochlores could be represented by a general formula Bi3Ni2-xTa3O14-x and phase pure sample was obtained at temperature 1050°C with x = 0.6. This was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and detailed lattice refinement. The single phase material crystallized in a cubic system, space group Fd3m with a = b = c = 10.5134 Å, α = β = γ = 90o, respectively. The sample was further characterized using a combination of techniques including Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The material was thermally stable without any thermal events being observed. Electrical properties of the single phase material were studied by ac impedance spectroscopy starting from room temperature to 800 oC over a frequency range of 5 Hz to 13 MHz. The phase formation and solid solutions of cubic pyrochlores in the Bi2O3-NiO-Ta2O5 (BNT) ternary system were studied thoroughly via combination of characterization techniques.
Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete by Incorporating Solid Wastes as Coarse Lightweight Aggregate
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Shafigh Payam , Jumaat Mohd Zamin
Published: April 2015

Structural lightweight aggregate concrete offers several benefits as compared to the normal weight concrete. Most common methods of producing structural lightweight concrete is by using artificial lightweight aggregates. However, the cost of the production of artificial lightweight aggregates is high due to energy and raw materials consumption. The use of waste and by-product materials as lightweight aggregate in concrete can provide a better solution to reducing the negative impact of the concrete industry. This paper reports an investigation to produce structural lightweight aggregate concrete by utilizing the locally available solid waste materials, namely oil palm shell (OPS) and oil-palm-boiler clinkers (OPBC) as coarse lightweight aggregates. Two different mix proportions were studied. In the first concrete mix, just OPS was used as coarse aggregate. However, 40% of OPS (by volume) of the first mix was replaced with OPBC in the second mix. The test results showed that by replacing OPS with OPBC, it directly affects the characteristics of the lightweight concrete. The 28-days compressive strength of the blended coarse lightweight aggregate concrete was significantly increased compared to OPS concrete.
The Freeze-Dry Method and In Vitro Assay of Chitosan/Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite Artificial Bone Scaffolds
Authors: Lou Ching Wen , Wen Shih Peng , Chen Wen Cheng , Chen Yueh Sheng , Lin Jia Horng
Published: April 2015

This study aims to create avirulent artificial bone scaffolds. Chitosan/gelatin mixture is blended with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder, followed by being processed with a free-dry method in order to form CGH artificial bone scaffolds. A stereomicroscope, an optical microscope and an MTT assay are used to evaluate the applications of the bone scaffolds. The combination of HA powders leads to isotropic pores in the bone scaffolds, while not inflicting their biocompatibility. In addition, the cell viability increases with the increasing content of HA powder. This study successfully produces biocompatible and non-toxic bone scaffolds.
Batch Biosorption of Copper(II) by Sunflower Shell
Authors: Oguz Ensar , Ersoy Muhammed
Published: April 2015

In this manuscript, Cu (II) uptake by Sunflower Shell from aqueous solutions was investigated using batch biosorption techniques. The biosorption equilibrium studies were realized as a function of contact time, initial Cu (II) concentration, biosorbent dosage, pH, temperature, agitation rate and particle size. In addition, the mechanism of the Cu (II) removal was explained on the basis of the results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In order to gather information about the adsorption mechanism at various pHs, electrophoretic mobilites of particles were measured. The efficiency of Cu (II) ions uptake from aqueous solutions increased as pH, temperature and agitation rate of the solution increased, but decreased with the increase of biosorbent particle size.
Novel Applications for Biomaterials: The Case of Remediation of Wine Taints Using Poly-Lactic Acid Polymer
Authors: Botezatu Andreea , Pickering Gary James
Published: April 2015

Wine is the world’s oldest alcoholic beverage and the most consumed in at least 20 countries. However, taints detract from its quality and acceptance, significantly reducing the value of wine. In this study we investigated the capacity of a poly-lactic acid (PLA) biopolymer to reduce concentrations of four odorants responsible for tainting many red wines:isopropyl-methoxypyrazine (IPMP),isobutyl–methoxypyrazine (IBMP), 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) and 4-ethylguaiacol (4-EG). Red wine was spiked with either IPMP [20 ng/L] and IBMP [20 ng/L] (Study 1) or 4-EP [200 ug/L] and 4-EG [200 ug/L] (Study 2) and then treated with a PLA film [surface area 350 cm2/L]. Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Multi-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry were used to measure the methoxypyrazines and ethylphenols, respectively, both before and after treatment with PLA. Results showed significant reductions in all of the target odorants after 8hrs treatment: IPMP (51%), IBMP (26%), 4-EP (21%) and 4-EG (20%). Taken overall, the data suggest potential for the use of PLA in treating common wine faults, particularly ‘ladybug taint’, which is caused by elevated levels of IPMP.
Dyeing Properties and Color Fastness of Chitosan Treated Cotton Fabrics with Thian King Leaves Extract
Authors: Morakotjinda Pornpen , Nitayaphat Walaikorn
Published: April 2015

Chitosan, a naturally available biopolymer, was used as finishing agent to increase dye uptake and color fastness of cotton fabrics. Thian King leaves extract a natural dye was applied on cotton fabrics after chitosan treatment. The whiteness index and tensile strength of samples were measured to study the effect of chitosan application. The color of dyed samples was investigated in term of the colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*, ∆E) and K/S values. The color fastness to washing, rubbing and light of dyed samples was determined according to AATCC test method. The results showed that the chitosan concentration enhances the whiteness index and tensile strength of the treated cotton fabrics. Chitosan treatment showed increase dye uptake of cotton fabrics. Fastness properties of these to washing, rubbing and light have also been discussed.
Hydrophilicity and Self-Cleaning Property of Kroy-Processed Wool Fabric Coated with TiO2/SiO2 Composite Hydrosol Stabilized by BTCA
Authors: Xu Zhang Jie , Liu Hong Ling , Zhang Lu , Zhang Xiao Min
Published: April 2015

Kroy-processed and original wool fabric were successfully modified by TiO2/SiO2 70:30 sol with the stabilization of 60g/L 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). In order to explore the influence of Kroy-process on TiO2/SiO2 sol treatment, self-cleaning property of original and Kroy-processed wool samples coated with TiO2/SiO2 sol were investigated by a Color Measuring & Matching System. In addition, the contact angles of four kinds of wool fabric (original wool, Kroy-processed wool, TiO2/SiO2 coated original wool and TiO2/SiO2 coated Kroy-processed wool) were respectively evaluated to achieve the effect of Kroy-process on the hydrophilicity of wool fabric. The results revealed that the applying of Kroy-process is conducive to the coating of TiO2/SiO2 sols on wool fabric. The total color difference ∆E of coated wool increased 42% from 30.35 to 43.09 after the application of Kroy-process. Besides, the hydrophilicity of wool fabric was enhanced since the contact angle of Kroy-processed wool decreased to 133.5° while original wool was 140.3°. Furthermore, coated samples with Kroy-process had lower value of contact angle as compared with coated original wool fabric.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2–Infected Dendritic Cells Produce TNF-α, Which Enhances CCR5 Expression and Stimulates HIV Production from Adjacent Infected Cells
Authors: Marsden Valerie , Donaghy Heather , Bertram Kirstie M. , Harman Andrew N. , Nasr Najla , Keoshkerian Elizabeth , Merten Steven , Lloyd Andrew R. , Cunningham Anthony L.
Published: April 2015

Prior HSV-2 infection enhances the acquisition of HIV-1 >3-fold. In genital herpes lesions, the superficial layers of stratified squamous epithelium are disrupted, allowing easier access of HIV-1 to Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis and perhaps even dendritic cells (DCs) in the outer dermis, as well as to lesion infiltrating activated T lymphocytes and macrophages. Therefore, we examined the effects of coinfection with HIV-1 and HSV-2 on monocyte-derived DCs (MDDC). With simultaneous coinfection, HSV-2 significantly stimulated HIV-1 DNA production 5-fold compared with HIV-1 infection alone. Because <1% of cells were dually infected, this was a field effect. Virus-stripped supernatants from HSV-2–infected MDDCs were shown to enhance HIV-1 infection, as measured by HIV-1–DNA and p24 Ag in MDDCs. Furthermore these supernatants markedly stimulated CCR5 expression on both MDDCs and LCs. TNF-α was by far the most prominent cytokine in the supernatant and also within HSV-2–infected MDDCs. HSV-2 infection of isolated immature epidermal LCs, but not keratinocytes, also produced TNF-α (and low levels of IFN-β). Neutralizing Ab to TNF-α and its receptor, TNF-R1, on MDDCs markedly inhibited the CCR5-stimulating effect of the supernatant. Therefore, these results suggest that HSV-2 infection of DCs in the skin during primary or recurrent genital herpes may enhance HIV-1 infection of adjacent DCs, thus contributing to acquisition of HIV-1 through herpetic lesions.
mTORC2 Deficiency in Myeloid Dendritic Cells Enhances Their Allogeneic Th1 and Th17 Stimulatory Ability after TLR4 Ligation In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Raïch-Regué Dàlia , Rosborough Brian R. , Watson Alicia R. , McGeachy Mandy J. , Turnquist Hēth R. , Thomson Angus W.
Published: April 2015

The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key integrative kinase that functions in two independent complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. In contrast to the well-defined role of mTORC1 in dendritic cells (DC), little is known about the function of mTORC2. In this study, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time an enhanced ability of mTORC2-deficient myeloid DC to stimulate and polarize allogeneic T cells. We show that activated bone marrow–derived DC from conditional Rictor−/− mice exhibit lower coinhibitory B7-H1 molecule expression independently of the stimulus and enhanced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-23 production following TLR4 ligation. Accordingly, TLR4-activated Rictor−/− DC display augmented allogeneic T cell stimulatory ability, expanding IFN-γ+ and IL-17+, but not IL-10+ or CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vitro. A similar DC profile was obtained by stimulating Dectin-1 (C-type lectin family member) on Rictor−/− DC. Using novel CD11c-specific Rictor−/− mice, we confirm the alloreactive Th1 and Th17 cell-polarizing ability of endogenous mTORC2-deficient DC after TLR4 ligation in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines produced by Rictor−/− DC after LPS stimulation are key in promoting Th1/Th17 responses. These data establish that mTORC2 activity restrains conventional DC proinflammatory capacity and their ability to polarize T cells following TLR and non-TLR stimulation. Our findings provide new insight into the role of mTORC2 in regulating DC function and may have implications for emerging therapeutic strategies that target mTOR in cancer, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
Pattern Recognition Receptor–Initiated Innate Antiviral Responses in Mouse Epididymal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zhu Weiwei , Zhao Shutao , Liu Zhenghui , Cheng Lijing , Wang Qing , Yan Keqin , Chen Qiaoyuan , Wu Han , Han Daishu
Published: April 2015

Viral infections of the epididymis may impair male fertility and spread sexually transmitted pathogens. The innate antiviral immune responses in the epididymis have yet to be intensively investigated. This study found that mouse epididymal epithelial cells (EECs) constitutively express several viral sensors, including TLR3, retinoic acid–inducible gene I, and DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors. Other DNA sensors, including p204 and cGMP-AMP synthase, can be induced by transfection of synthetic HSV genomic DNA (HSV60). TLR3 and retinoic acid–inducible gene I in EECs can be activated by their common agonist, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]. The signaling pathway of DNA sensors can be initiated by HSV60. Both poly(I:C) and HSV60 induced the expression of type 1 IFNs and various antiviral proteins, including IFN-stimulated gene 15, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, and myxovirus resistance 1. Poly(I:C), but not HSV60, also dramatically induced the expression of major proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and MCP-1, in EECs. In vivo assay confirmed that the local injection of poly(I:C) or HSV60 induced the innate antiviral responses in EECs. This study provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the innate antiviral responses in the mouse epididymis.
In Vivo Suppression of Heat Shock Protein (HSP)27 and HSP70 Accelerates DMBA-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis by Inducing Antigenic Unresponsiveness to the Initiating Carcinogenic Chemical
Authors: Yusuf Nabiha , Nasti Tahseen H. , Ahmad Israr , Chowdhury Sanim , Mohiuddin Hasan , Xu Hui , Athar Mohammad , Timares Laura , Elmets Craig A.
Published: April 2015

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed in murine skin. HSP27 is present in the epidermis, and HSP70 can be found in both the epidermis and dermis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of these proteins in cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis and to determine whether their effects on cell-mediated immune function were a contributing factor. In vivo inhibition of HSP27 and HSP70 produced a reduction in the T cell–mediated immune response to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and benzo(a)pyrene in C3H/HeN mice and resulted in a state of Ag-specific tolerance. When mice were pretreated with anti-HSP27 and anti-HSP70 Abs in vivo prior to subjecting them to a standard two-stage DMBA/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate cutaneous carcinogenesis protocol, the percentage of mice with tumors was much greater (p < 0.05) in anti-HSP27– and HSP70–pretreated animals compared with mice pretreated with control Ab. Similar results were obtained when the data were evaluated as the cumulative number of tumors per group. Mice pretreated with HSP27 and HSP70 Abs developed more H-ras mutations and fewer DMBA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These findings indicate that in mice HSP27 and HSP70 play a key role in the induction of cell-mediated immunity to carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Bolstering the immune response to carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons may be an effective method for prevention of the tumors that they produce.
Macrophage Epoxygenase Determines a Profibrotic Transcriptome Signature
Authors: Behmoaras Jacques , Diaz Ana Garcia , Venda Lara , Ko Jeong-Hun , Srivastava Prashant , Montoya Alex , Faull Peter , Webster Zoe , Moyon Ben , Pusey Charles D. , Abraham David J. , Petretto Enrico , Cook Terence H. , Aitman Timothy J.
Published: April 2015

Epoxygenases belong to the cytochrome P450 family. They generate epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known about their role in macrophage function. By high-throughput sequencing of RNA in primary macrophages derived from rodents and humans, we establish the relative expression of epoxygenases in these cells. Zinc-finger nuclease-mediated targeted gene deletion of the major rat macrophage epoxygenase Cyp2j4 (ortholog of human CYP2J2) resulted in reduced epoxyeicosatrienoic acid synthesis. Cyp2j4−/− macrophages have relatively increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ levels and show a profibrotic transcriptome, displaying overexpression of a specific subset of genes (260 transcripts) primarily involved in extracellular matrix, with fibronectin being the most abundantly expressed transcript. Fibronectin expression is under the control of epoxygenase activity in human and rat primary macrophages. In keeping with the in vitro findings, Cyp2j4−/− rats show upregulation of type I collagen following unilateral ureter obstruction of the kidney, and quantitative proteomics analysis (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) showed increased renal type I collagen and fibronectin protein abundance resulting from experimentally induced crescentic glomerulonephritis in these rats. Taken together, these results identify the rat epoxygenase Cyp2j4 as a determinant of a profibrotic macrophage transcriptome that could have implications in various inflammatory conditions, depending on macrophage function.
Smoking, diabetes, blood hypertension: possible etiologic role for Peyronie’s disease? Analysis in 279 patients with a control group in Sicily
Authors: Pavone Carlo , D’Amato Francesco , Dispensa Nino , Torretta Federico , Magno Carlo
Published: April 2015

Objective: To assess the proportion of patients with Peyronie’s Disease (PD) and the possible association with its potential risk factors in the general population of the central and western Sicily in our weekly andrological outpatient clinic. Materials and methods: We recruited a sample of 279 consecutive patients consulting our andrological outpatient clinic. Two arms were created: the first one composed by PD patients (men with symptoms suggestive for PD), the second one composed by patients with other andrological diseases (control arm). For each patient we evaluated the age, cigarette smoking, diabetes, blood hypertension and erectile function. In the PD arm we administered validated questionnaires to determine the erectile function status by the International Index of Erectile Function 5 (IIEF-5) and the pain status during erection by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). A univariate analysis was conducted using R software. Results: We enrolled 279 consecutive patients. The number of PD patients was 97 (34,7%). The univariate analysis showed a correlation between PD and cigarette smoking (p = 0.0242), blood hypertension (p < 0.001), erectile dysfunction (p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between diabetes and PD (p = 0.358). The median age of PD arm was 60 years and the median age of the control arm was 63,5 years; therefore the median age of PD arm resulted lower than the median age of the control arm (p = 0,031). Conclusions: Peyronie’s disease is more common than we might think; furthermore it can be diagnosed among young patients. According to our results, cigarette smoking and blood hypertension may be considered statically significant risk factors for developing PD. On the contrary diabetes seems not to be a risk factor for PD. According to our results PD should be sought also in young patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm that removing the indicated risk factors may reduce the incidence of PD.
Distribution of Fasciola hepatica in Swedish dairy cattle and associations with pasture management factors
Authors: Novobilský Adam , Sollenberg Sofia , Höglund Johan
Published: April 2015

The geographic distribution of Fasciola hepatica infection in relation to management routines was studied in Swedish dairy herds by testing for F. hepatica antibodies with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, all farmers were sent a questionnaire asking for information about type of production, management routines and historical record of F. hepatica at slaughter. A total of 176 farmers (41%) responded to the questionnaire. A total of 426 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were randomly selected from the period September to October 2012 representing approximately 10% of all herds in Sweden. The overall seroprevalence was 25% (n = 107; 95% confidence interval = 21-29%) with a concentration of herds located in south-western Sweden. Among the seropositive herds, 31 (29%) had antibody levels indicating production loss. There were no significant differences in seropositivity between organic and conventional herds or due to pasture management routines. The length of grazing period, which increased the risk for heifers, was found to be the most influential factor. A discrepancy was noted between reported F. hepatica presence at meat inspection and herds that were seropositive based on BTM-ELISA results. Although the largest proportion of seropositive BTM samples (80%) came from herds where liver fluke presence had been observed at meat inspection after slaughter, seropositive BTM samples were also diagnosed in five herds (17%) with no remarks at slaughter. In conclusion, F. hepatica is a common parasite in Swedish dairy herds and the month of heifer turn-out and the grazing period length were the most influential factors observed.
Modelling recent and future climatic suitability for fasciolosis in Europe
Authors: Caminade Cyril , Van Dijk Jan , Baylis Matthew , Williams Diana
Published: April 2015

Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic worm responsible for fasciolosis in grazed ruminants in Europe. The free-living stages of this parasite are sensitive to temperature and soil moisture, as are the intermediate snail hosts the parasite depends on for its life-cycle. We used a climate-driven disease model in order to assess the impact of recent and potential future climate changes on the incidence of fasciolosis and to estimate the related uncertainties at the scale of the European landmass. The current climate appears to be highly suitable for fasciolosis throughout the European Union with the exception of some parts of the Mediterranean region. Simulated climatic suitability for fasciolosis significantly increased during the 2000s in central and northwestern Europe, which is consistent with an observed increased in ruminant infections. The simulation showed that recent trends are likely to continue in the future with the estimated pattern of climate change for northern Europe, possibly extending the season suitable for development of the parasite in the environment by up to four months. For southern Europe, the simulated burden of disease may be lower, but the projected climate change will increase the risk during the winter months, since the simulated changes in temperature and moisture support the development of the free-living and intra-molluscan stages between November and March. In the event of predicted climate change, F. hepatica will present a serious risk to the health, welfare and productivity of all ruminant livestock. Improved, bespoke control programmes, both at farm and region levels, will then become imperative if problems, such as resistance of the parasite associated with increased drug use, are to be mitigated.
Module categories over affine group schemes
Authors: Gelaki Shlomo
Published: April 2015

Let

k

be an algebraically closed field of characteristic

p\ge 0

. Let

G

be an affine group scheme over

k

. We classify the indecomposable exact module categories over the rigid tensor category

\mathrm {Coh}_f(G)

of coherent sheaves of finite dimensional

k

-vector spaces on

G

, in terms of

(H,\psi)

- equivariant coherent sheaves on

G

. We deduce from it the classification of indecomposable
geometrical
module categories over Rep

(G)

. When

G

is finite, this yields the classification of

all

indecomposable exact module categories over the finite tensor category Rep

(G)

. In particular, we obtain a classification of twists for the group algebra

k[G]

of a finite group scheme

G

. Applying this to

u(\mathfrak {g})

, where

\mathfrak {g}

is a finite dimensional

p

-Lie algebra over

k

with positive characteristic, produces (new) finite dimensional noncommutative and noncocommutative triangular Hopf algebras in positive characteristic. We also introduce and study group scheme theoretical categories, and study isocategorical finite group schemes.
All order asymptotics of hyperbolic knot invariants from non-perturbative topological recursion of A-polynomials
Authors: Borot Gaëtan , Eynard Bertrand
Published: April 2015

We propose a conjecture to compute the all-order asymptotic expansion of the colored Jones polynomial of the complement of a hyperbolic knot,

J_N(q = e^{\frac{2u}{N}})

when

N \rightarrow \infty

. Our conjecture claims that the asymptotic expansion of the colored Jones polynomial is a formal wave function of an integrable system whose semiclassical spectral curve

\mathcal{C}

would be the

\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})

character variety of the knot (the A-polynomial), and is formulated in the framework of the topological recursion. It takes as starting point the proposal made recently by Dijkgraaf, Fuji and Manabe (who kept only the perturbative part of the wave function, and found some discrepancies), but it also contains the non-perturbative parts, and solves the discrepancy problem. These non-perturbative corrections are derivatives of Theta functions associated to

\mathcal{C}

. For a large class of knots, this expansion is still in powers of

1/N

due to the special properties of A-polynomials. We provide a detailed check of our proposal for the figure-eight knot and the once-punctured torus bundle

L^2R

. We also present a heuristic argument inspired from the case of torus knots, for which knot invariants can be computed by a matrix model.
Computations in formal symplectic geometry and characteristic classes of moduli spaces
Authors: Morita Shigeyuki , Sakasai Takuya , Suzuki Masaaki
Published: April 2015

We make explicit computations in the formal symplectic geometry of Kontsevich and determine the Euler characteristics of the three cases, namely commutative, Lie and associative ones, up to certain weights. From these, we obtain some non-triviality results in each case. In particular, we determine the
integral
Euler characteristics of the outer automorphism groups

\mathrm{Out}\, F_n

of free groups for all

n\leq 10

and prove the existence of plenty of rational cohomology classes of
odd
degrees. We also clarify the relationship of the commutative graph homology with finite type invariants of homology 3-spheres as well as the leaf cohomology classes for transversely symplectic foliations. Furthermore we prove the existence of several new
non-trivalent
graph homology classes of
odd
degrees. Based on these computations, we propose a few conjectures and problems on the graph homology and the characteristic classes of the moduli spaces of graphs as well as curves.
Uncertainties in global aerosols and climate effects due to biofuel emissions
Authors: Kodros J. K. , Scott C. E. , Farina S. C. , Lee Y. H. , L'Orange C. , Volckens J. , Pierce J. R.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Aerosol emissions from biofuel combustion impact both health and climate; however, while reducing emissions through improvements to combustion technologies will improve health, the net effect on climate is largely unconstrained. In this study, we examine sensitivities in global aerosol concentration, direct radiative climate effect, and cloud-albedo aerosol indirect climate effect to uncertainties in biofuel emission factors, optical mixing-state, and model nucleation and background SOA. We use the Goddard Earth Observing System global chemical-transport model (GEOS-Chem) with TwO Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics. The emission factors include: amount, composition, size and hygroscopicity, as well as optical mixing-state properties. We also evaluate emissions from domestic coal use, which is not biofuel but is also frequently emitted from homes. We estimate the direct radiative effect assuming different mixing states (internal, core-shell, and external) with and without absorptive organic aerosol (brown carbon). We find the global-mean direct radiative effect of biofuel emissions ranges from −0.02 to +0.06 W m−2 across all simulation/mixing state combinations with regional effects in source regions ranging from −0.2 to +1.2 W m−2. The global-mean cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect ranges from +0.01 to −0.02 W m−2 with regional effects in source regions ranging from −1.0 to −0.05 W m−2. The direct radiative effect is strongly dependent on uncertainties in emissions mass, composition, emissions aerosol size distributions and assumed optical mixing state, while the indirect effect is dependent on the emissions mass, emissions aerosol size distribution and the choice of model nucleation and secondary organic aerosol schemes. The sign and magnitude of these effects have a strong regional dependence. We conclude that the climate effects of biofuel aerosols are largely unconstrained, and the overall sign of the aerosol effects is unclear due to uncertainties in model inputs. This uncertainty limits our ability to introduce mitigation strategies aimed at reducing biofuel black carbon emissions in order to counter warming effects from greenhouse-gases. To better understand the climate impact of particle emissions from biofuel combustion, we recommend field/laboratory measurements to narrow constraints on: (1) emissions mass, (2) emission size distribution, (3) mixing state, and (4) ratio of black carbon to organic aerosol.
Tropospheric chemistry in the Integrated Forecasting System of ECMWF
Authors: Flemming J. , Huijnen V. , Arteta J. , Bechtold P. , Beljaars A. , Blechschmidt A.-M. , Diamantakis M. , Engelen R. J. , Gaudel A. , Inness A. , Jones L. , Josse B. , Katragkou E. , Marecal V. , Peuch V.-H. , Richter A. , Schultz M. G. , Stein O. , Tsikerdekis A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A representation of atmospheric chemistry has been included in the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The new chemistry modules complement the aerosol modules of the IFS for atmospheric composition, which is named C-IFS. C-IFS for chemistry supersedes a coupled system in which chemical transport model (CTM) Model for OZone and Related chemical Tracers 3 was two-way coupled to the IFS (IFS-MOZART). This paper contains a description of the new on-line implementation, an evaluation with observations and a comparison of the performance of C-IFS with MOZART and with a re-analysis of atmospheric composition produced by IFS-MOZART within the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project. The chemical mechanism of C-IFS is an extended version of the Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) chemical mechanism as implemented in CTM Transport Model 5 (TM5). CB05 describes tropospheric chemistry with 54 species and 126 reactions. Wet deposition and lightning nitrogen monoxide (NO) emissions are modelled in C-IFS using the detailed input of the IFS physics package. A 1 year simulation by C-IFS, MOZART and the MACC re-analysis is evaluated against ozonesondes, carbon monoxide (CO) aircraft profiles, European surface observations of ozone (O3), CO, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as well as satellite retrievals of CO, tropospheric NO2 and formaldehyde. Anthropogenic emissions from the MACC/CityZen (MACCity) inventory and biomass burning emissions from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) data set were used in the simulations by both C-IFS and MOZART. C-IFS (CB05) showed an improved performance with respect to MOZART for CO, upper tropospheric O3, and wintertime SO2, and was of a similar accuracy for other evaluated species. C-IFS (CB05) is about 10 times more computationally efficient than IFS-MOZART.