bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Social Control Correlates of Smoking among Pregnant Women Trying to Quit
Authors: Fillo Jennifer , Kamper-DeMarco Kimberly E. , Brown Whitney C. , Stasiewicz Paul R. , Bradizza Clara M.
Published: July 2018

Approximately 15% of US women currently smoke during pregnancy. An important step toward providing effective smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy is to identify individuals who are more likely to encounter difficulty quitting. Pregnant smokers frequently report smoking in response to intrapersonal factors (e.g., negative emotions), but successful cessation attempts can also be influenced by interpersonal factors (i.e., influence from close others). This study examined the association between emotion regulation difficulties, positive and negative social control (e.g., encouragement, criticism), and smoking cessation-related variables (i.e., smoking quantity, withdrawal symptoms) among pregnant smokers. Data were drawn from the pretreatment wave of a smoking cessation trial enrolling low-income pregnant women who self-reported smoking in response to negative affect (N = 73). Greater emotion regulation difficulties were related to greater smoking urges (b = 0.295, p = .042) and withdrawal symptoms (b = 0.085, p = .003). Additionally, more negative social control from close others was related to fewer smoking days (b = -0.614, p = .042) and higher smoking abstinence self-efficacy (b = 0.017, p = .002). More positive social control from close others interacted with negative affect smoking (b = -0.052, p = .043); the association between negative affect smoking and nicotine dependence (b = 0.812, p < .001) only occurred at low levels of positive social control. Findings suggest that emotion regulation difficulties may contribute to smoking during pregnancy by exacerbating women's negative experiences related to smoking cessation attempts. Negative social control was related to lower smoking frequency and greater confidence in quitting smoking, suggesting that it may assist pregnant smokers' cessation efforts. Positive social control buffered women from the effects of negative affect smoking on nicotine dependence.
Do Minds Switch Bodies? Dualist interpretations across ages and societies_postprint
Authors: Chudek Maciej , McNamara Rita Anne , Birch Susan , Bloom Paul , Henrich Joseph
Published: July 2018

Researchers explain cultural phenomena ranging from cognitive biases to widespread religious beliefs by assuming intuitive dualism: humans imagine minds and bodies as distinct and separable. We examine dualist intuition development across two societies that differ in normative focus on thinking about minds. We use a new method that measures people’s tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli using mind-body dualist thinking. We recruit 180 Canadian children (2-10 yrs.) along with 42 Indigenous iTuakei Fijian children (5-13 yrs.) and 38 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian adults (27-79 yrs.) from a remote island community. Participants tracked a named character within ambiguous animations that could be interpreted as a mind-body switch. Animations vary ‘agency cues’ participants might rely on for dualistic interpretations. Results indicate early emerging dualistic inclinations across populations and reliance on ‘agency cues’ of body proximity and appearance of eyes. ‘Agency cues’ increase dualist interpretations from 10% to 70%, though eyes mattered more for Westernized participants. Overall, statistical models positing dualist interpretations ‘emerge early and everywhere’ fit our data better than models positing dualism ‘develops gradually with exposure to Western cultural traditions.’ Fijian participants, who normatively avoid focus on minds, offered even more dualistic interpretations when they had less Western cultural exposure (via formal education).
Introduction Matters: Manipulating Trust in Automation and Reliance in Automated Driving
Authors: Körber Moritz , Baseler Eva , Bengler Klaus
Published: July 2018

Trust in automation is a key determinant for the adoption of automated systems and their appropriate use. Therefore, it constitutes an essential research area for the introduction of automated vehicles to road traffic. In this study, we investigated the influence of trust promoting (Trust promoted group) and trust lowering (Trust lowered group) introductory information on reported trust, reliance behavior and take-over performance. Forty participants encountered three situations in a 17-minute highway drive in a conditionally automated vehicle (SAE Level 3). Situation 1 and Situation 3 were non-critical situations where a take-over was optional. Situation 2 represented a critical situation where a take-over was necessary to avoid a collision. A non-driving-related task (NDRT) was presented between the situations to record the allocation of visual attention. Participants reporting a higher trust level spent less time looking at the road or instrument cluster and more time looking at the NDRT. The manipulation of introductory information resulted in medium differences in reported trust and influenced participants’ reliance behavior. Participants of the Trust promoted group looked less at the road or instrument cluster and more at the NDRT. The odds of participants of the Trust promoted group to overrule the automated driving system in the non-critical situations were 3.65 times (Situation 1) to 5 times (Situation 3) higher. In Situation 2, the Trust promoted group’s mean take-over time was extended by 1154 ms and the mean minimum time-to-collision was 933 ms shorter. Six participants from the Trust promoted group compared to no participant of the Trust lowered group collided with the obstacle. The results demonstrate that the individual trust level influences how much drivers monitor the environment while performing an NDRT. Introductory information influences this trust level, reliance on an automated driving system, and if a critical take-over situation can be successfully solved.
Investigating the impact of jury sentencing recommendations using procedural justice theory
Authors: Ribeiro Gianni , Antrobus Emma
Published: July 2018

Public confidence in the criminal justice system is critical for the system to function effectively. Two studies investigated the impact of jury sentencing recommendations on public confidence using procedural justice theory. The first study (N = 80) manipulated the presence of jury involvement in sentencing (voice present versus voice absent) and the punitiveness of the minimum nonparole period (more punitive versus less punitive) to examine whether giving juries a "voice" - a key element of procedural justice - would increase public confidence in the courts, as well as perceptions of fairness and legitimacy. Contrary to predictions, results revealed that a more punitive sentence led to increased perceptions of legitimacy, which was associated with higher confidence. The second study (N = 60) examined whether manipulating the Judge's agreement with the jury's recommendation - as well as the Judge's reason for disagreement - would elicit the "frustration effect," leading to a decrease in confidence and perceptions of fairness and legitimacy. There was no evidence to suggest that the frustration effect was present. Results of both studies could suggest that jury sentencing recommendations may not effectively increase public confidence and perceptions of fairness and legitimacy in the courts, however alternate explanations are discussed.
Metrical congruency and kinematic familiarity facilitate temporal binding between musical and dance rhythms
Authors: Su Yi-Huang
Published: July 2018

Note: This is a pre-print of an article published in the journal "Psychonomic Bulletin & Review". The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1480-3. A full-text view-only version of the published paper can be freely accessed at: https://rdcu.be/OoQz. Abstract: Although music and dance are often experienced simultaneously, it is unclear what modulates their perceptual integration. This study investigated how two factors related to music–dance correspondences influenced audiovisual binding of their rhythms: the metrical match between music and dance, and the kinematic familiarity of the dance movement. Participants watched a point-light figure dancing synchronously to a triple-meter rhythm they heard in parallel, whereby the dance communicated a triple (congruent) or a duple (incongruent) visual meter. The movement was either their own or that of another participant. Participants attended to both streams while detecting a temporal perturbation in the auditory beat. Results showed lower sensitivity to the auditory deviant when the visual dance was metrically congruent to the auditory rhythm, and when the movement was their own. This indicated stronger audiovisual binding and a more coherent bimodal rhythm in these conditions, thus making a slight auditory deviant less noticeable. Moreover, binding in the metrically incongruent condition involving self-generated visual stimuli was correlated with self recognition of the movement, suggesting that action simulation mediated the perceived coherence between one’s own movement and a mismatching auditory rhythm. Overall, mechanisms of rhythm perception and action simulation could inform the perceived compatibility between music and dance, thus modulating temporal integration of these audiovisual stimuli.
Many analysts, one dataset: Making transparent how variations in analytical choices affect results
Authors: Silberzahn Raphael , Uhlmann Eric Luis , Martin Daniel Patrick , Anselmi Pasquale , Aust Frederik , Awtrey Eli C. , Bahník Štěpán , Bai Feng , Bannard Colin , Bonnier Evelina , Carlsson Rickard , Cheung Felix , Christensen Garret , Clay Russ , Craig Maureen A. , Dalla Rosa Anna , Dam Lammertjan , Evans Mathew H. , Flores Cervantes Ismael , Fong Nathan , Gamez-Djokic Monica , Glenz Andreas , Gordon-McKeon Shauna , Heaton Tim , Eriksson Karin Hederos , Heene Moritz , Hofelich Mohr Alicia , Högden Fabia , Hui Kent , Johannesson Magnus , Kalodimos Jonathan , Kaszubowski Erikson , Kennedy Deanna Marie , Lei Ryan , Lindsay Thomas Andrew , Liverani Silvia , Madan Christopher R , Molden Daniel C. , Molleman Eric , Morey Richard Donald , Mulder Laetitia B. , Nijstad Bernard A. , Pope Bryson , Pope Nolan G , Prenoveau Jason M. , Rink Floor , Robusto Egidio , Roderique Hadiya , Sandberg Anna , Schlueter Elmar , S Felix , Sherman Martin F , Sommer S. Amy , Sotak Kristin Lee , Spain Seth M. , Spörlein Christoph , Stafford Tom , Stefanutti Luca , Täuber Susanne , Ullrich Johannes , Vianello Michelangelo , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Witkowiak Maciej , Yoon Sangsuk , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Twenty-nine teams involving 61 analysts used the same dataset to address the same research question: whether soccer referees are more likely to give red cards to dark skin toned players than light skin toned players. Analytic approaches varied widely across teams, and estimated effect sizes ranged from 0.89 to 2.93 in odds ratio units, with a median of 1.31. Twenty teams (69%) found a statistically significant positive effect and nine teams (31%) observed a non-significant relationship. Overall 29 different analyses used 21 unique combinations of covariates. We found that neither analysts' prior beliefs about the effect, nor their level of expertise, nor peer-reviewed quality of analysis readily explained variation in analysis outcomes. This suggests that significant variation in analysis of complex data may be difficult to avoid, even by experts with honest intentions. Crowdsourcing data analysis, a strategy by which numerous research teams are recruited to simultaneously investigate the same research question, makes transparent how defensible, yet subjective analytic choices influence research results.
Implicit Bias Reflects the Personal and the Social
Authors: Rivers Andrew M , Rees Heather , Calanchini Jimmy , Sherman Jeff
Published: July 2018

This issue’s target article by Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg (PV&L) does exactly what one should, presenting an argument that is thought-provoking and that challenges current orthodoxy. It also addresses an issue that has increasingly confounded attitudes researchers in recent years. The construct of “implicit bias” was initially conceptualized as a latent construct that exists within persons, relatively resistant to situational influences. A plethora of theoretical models converge on the notion that implicit biases, including intergroup biases, are representations that are stored in memory (e.g., Devine,1989; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald et al., 2002; Wilson, Lindsay, & Schooler, 2000). Although some perspectives emphasize the role of culture in contributing to implicit measures of bias, even these perspectives rely on the learning and storage of mental representations (Olson & Fazio, 2004).
Individual Differences in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Palombo Daniela , Sheldon Signy , Levine Brian
Published: July 2018

Although humans have a remarkable capacity to recall a wealth of detail from the past, there are marked inter-individual differences in the quantity and quality of our mnemonic experiences. Such differences in autobiographical memory may appear self-evident, yet there has been little research on this topic. In this review, we synthesize an emerging body of research regarding individual differences in autobiographical memory. We focus on two syndromes that fall at the extreme of the ‘remembering’ dimension, Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM) and Severely Deficient Autobiographical Memory (SDAM). We also discuss findings from research on less extreme individual differences in autobiographical memory. This avenue of research is pivotal for a full description of the behavioral and neural substrates of autobiographical memory.
A neural network framework for cognitive bias
Authors: Korteling J. E. , Brouwer Anne-Marie , Toet Alexander
Published: July 2018

Human decision making shows systematic simplifications and deviations from the tenets of rationality (‘heuristics’) that may lead to suboptimal decisional outcomes (‘cognitive biases’). There are currently three prevailing theoretical perspectives on the origin of heuristics and cognitive biases: a cognitive-psychological, an ecological and an evolutionary perspective. However, these perspectives are mainly descriptive and none of them provides an overall explanatory framework for the underlying mechanisms of cognitive biases.To enhance our understanding of cognitive heuristics and biases we propose a neural network framework for cognitive biases, which explains why our brain systematically tends to default to heuristic (‘Type 1’) decision making. We argue that many cognitive biases arise from intrinsic brain mechanisms that are fundamental for the working of biological neural networks. In order to substantiate our viewpoint, we discern and explain four basic neural network principles: (1) Association, (2) Compatibility (3) Retainment, and (4) Focus. These principles are inherent to (all) neural networks which were originally optimized to perform concrete biological, perceptual, and motor functions. They form the basis for our inclinations to associate and combine (unrelated) information, to prioritize information that is compatible with our present state (such as knowledge, opinions and expectations), to retain given information that sometimes could better be ignored, and to focus on dominant information while ignoring relevant information that is not directly activated. The supposed mechanisms are complementary and not mutually exclusive. For different cognitive biases they may all contribute in varying degrees to distortion of information. The present viewpoint not only complements the earlier three viewpoints, but also provides a unifying and binding framework for many cognitive bias phenomena.
Development of children's sensitivity to over-informativeness in learning and teaching
Authors: Gweon Hyowon , Shafto Patrick , Schulz Laura
Published: July 2018

Effective communication requires knowing the “right” amount of information to provide; what is necessary for a naïve learner to arrive at a target hypothesis may be superfluous and inefficient for a knowledgeable learner. The current study examines four- to seven-year-olds’ developing sensitivity to over-informative communication and their ability to decide how much information is appropriate depending on the learner’s prior knowledge. In Experiment 1 (N=184, Age: 4.09 - 7.98), five- to seven-year-old children preferred teachers who gave costly, exhaustive demonstrations when learners were naïve, but preferred teachers who gave efficient, selective demonstrations when learners were already knowledgeable given their prior experience (common ground). However, four-year-olds did not show a clear preference. In Experiment 2 (N=80, Age: 4.05 – 6.99), we asked whether children flexibly modulated their own teaching based on learners’ knowledge. Five and six-year-olds, but not four-year-olds, were more likely to provide exhaustive demonstrations to naïve learners than to knowledgeable learners. These results suggest that by age five, children are sensitive to over-informativeness and understand the trade-off between informativeness and efficiency; they reason about what others know based on the presence or absence of common ground and flexibly decide how much information is appropriate both as learners and as teachers.
Sacralizing Liberals and Fair-Minded Conservatives: Ideological Symmetry in the Moral Motives in the Culture War
Authors: Frimer Jeremy Abraham , Motyl Matt , Tell Caitlin E.
Published: July 2018

Political arguments may endure seemingly into perpetuity because the conflicted combatants view the issues in different ways, with one side decrying unfairness and the other side decrying attacks on the sacrosanct. We tested whether both conservatives and liberals rely on protecting the sacrosanct when justifying their attitudes on some contentious moral issues. In 4 studies, we examine how liberals and conservatives justify their political attitudes on the issues of same-sex marriage and the Keystone XL oil pipeline. Liberals supported same-sex marriage rights primarily in the name of fairness and equality; conservatives primarily opposed same-sex marriage rights as a matter of protecting the sanctity of traditional marriage. Symmetrically, liberals primarily opposed the development of the Keystone XL oil pipeline as a matter of protecting the sanctity of the Earth; conservatives supported the development of the pipeline as a matter of promoting fairness (e.g., corporate rights; as well as citing economic and foreign policy implications). Like conservatives, liberals also bring sacred thinking to moral issues. The culture war is mired in stalemate partly because each side considers some matters to be sacrosanct, and other matters as suitable for revision in the name of fairness.
Treatment, Medication, and Behavioral Beliefs as Predictors of Intentions to Take Medication in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Test of a Process Model
Authors: Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground and aims: Although familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) can be effectively managed using cholesterol-lowering medication, patients often fall short of complete treatment adherence. Identifying the psychological factors associated with self-regulation of FH medication is important to inform interventions to maximize adherence. The aim of the present study was to test an integrated psychological model in predicting FH patients’ intentions to take medication.Methods: FH patients attending clinics in seven countries were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey study. Consenting patients (N=551) completed self-report measures of generalized beliefs about medication overuse and harms, beliefs in treatment effectiveness, specific beliefs about taking medication (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control), and intentions to take medication. Participants also completed measures of demographic variables (age, gender, education level, income, cardiovascular disease status). Data were analysed using path analysis controlling for country and demographic variables.Results: Attitudes (β = .331, p = .001), subjective norms (β = .121, p = .009), and beliefs about medication overuse (β = -.160, p = .001) were significant predictors of intentions to take medication. Treatment beliefs predicted intentions indirectly (β = .088, p = .001) through attitudes and subjective norms. There was also an indirect effect of beliefs about medication overuse on intentions (β = -.045, p = .056), but the effect was small compared with the direct effect.Conclusions: The findings indicate the importance among FH patients of specific beliefs about taking medication and generalized beliefs about medication overuse and treatment in predicting medication intentions. When managing patients, clinicians should emphasize the efficacy of taking cholesterol-lowering drugs and the importance of treatment outcomes, and allay concerns about medication overuse.
Status of our Science
Authors: Motyl Matt , Demos Alexander Pantelis , Carsel Timothy S , Hanson Brittany Elyse , Prims JP , Melton Zachary John , Mueller Ali , Sun Jiaqing , Washburn Anthony N. , Wong Kendal , Yantis Caitlyn , Skitka Linda
Published: July 2018

The scientific quality of social and personality psychology has been debated at great length in recent years. Despite research on the prevalence of questionable research practices (QRPs) and the replicability of particular findings, the impact of the current discussion on research practices is unknown. The current studies examine whether and how practices have changed, if at all, over the last 10 years. In Study 1, we surveyed 1,166 social and personality psychologists about how the current debate has affected their perceptions of their own and the field’s research practices. In Study 2, we coded the research practices and critical test statistics from social and personality psychology articles published in 2003-2004 and 2013-2014. Together, these studies suggest that (1) perceptions of the current state of the field are more pessimistic than optimistic; (2) the discussion has increased researchers’ intentions to avoid QRPs and adopt proposed best practices, (3) the estimated replicability of research published in 2003-2004 may not be as bad as many feared, and (4) research published in 2013-2014 shows some improvement over research published in 2003-2004, a result that suggests the field is evolving in a positive direction.
Postprint Van der Ploeg - physiological responses to subliminal negative affective stimuli: A systematic review
Authors: van der Ploeg Melanie M. , Brosschot Jos F. , Versluis Anke , Verkuil Bart
Published: July 2018

Negative affective information may be presented outside of awareness and change physiological activity. By increasing peripheral physiological activity, subliminally presented negative affective information may contribute to the development of disease. The current systematic review evaluated 65 studies in which negative affective stimuli were presented subliminally to a healthy sample while cardiovascular, electrodermal, electromyographical, hormonal, or immunological activity was measured. Overall, 41% of the tested contrasts indicated significant increases due to negative affective stimuli compared to control stimuli. These effects were most pronounced in fear-conditioning studies measuring skin conductance response amplitude and priming studies measuring systolic blood pressure. However, across the included studies the methodology varied substantially and the number of contrasts per physiological parameter was limited. Thus, although some evidence exists that subliminally presented negative affective stimuli can induce adverse peripheral physiological changes, this has not yet been addressed sufficiently.
Personality and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Facet-Level Analysis using the Five Factor Model and HEXACO Frameworks
Authors: Horwood Sharon , Anglim Jeromy
Published: July 2018

Problematic smartphone use can be defined as compulsive use that leads to impaired daily functioning in terms of productivity, social relationships, physical health, or emotional well-being. The current study provides a comprehensive assessment of how the broad and narrow traits of the HEXACO and Five Factor Models of personality predict problematic smartphone use. A sample of Australian adults (n = 393, 79% female; mean age = 24.4, SD = 7.1) completed the 300-item IPIP NEO and the 200-item HEXACO-PI-R, along with measures of general and problematic smartphone use. Participants reported high levels of problematic smartphone use. Problematic smartphone use was positively correlated with neuroticism and negatively correlated with conscientiousness. Facet-level analysis highlighted the importance of several facets including impulsiveness, vulnerability, and anxiety as positive correlates and dutifulness, competence, self-discipline, and deliberation as negative correlates of problematic smartphone use. In the HEXACO framework, honesty-humility, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness all showed moderate negative correlations with problematic smartphone use, and emotionality was positively correlated with problematic smartphone use. Regression models indicated that narrow traits provide modest incremental prediction of problematic use. Overall, the study highlights the importance of personality traits for understanding predispositions to engage in problematic smartphone use.
A meta-analysis of the P3 amplitude in tasks requiring deception in legal and social contexts
Authors: Leue Anja , Beauducel André
Published: July 2018

In deception tasks the parietal P3 amplitude of the event-related potential indicates either recognition of salient stimuli (larger P3 following salient information) or mental effort (negative or smaller P3 following demanding information). This meta-analysis (k = 77) investigated both cognitive processes by means of conceptual and methodological a-priori moderators (study design, pre-task scenario, context of deception tasks, and P3 quantification). Within-subjects designs show evidence of the underlying cognitive processes, between-subjects designs allow for comparisons of cognitive processes in culprits vs. innocents. Deception in legal contexts results in almost twice as large population effect sizes (delta) than deception in social contexts. Deception in legal contexts supports the salience hypothesis (largest delta), deception in social contexts suggests a combination of salience recognition and mental effort (smaller delta), and active lying requires more mental effort (negative delta). Counter-measure techniques in 3-stimulus protocols reduce the discriminability of concealed vs. truthful P3 amplitudes.
Affective basis of judgment-behavior discrepancy in virtual experiences of moral dilemmas
Authors: Patil Indrajeet , Cogoni Carlotta , Zangrando Nicola , Chittaro Luca , Silani Giorgia
Published: July 2018

Although research in moral psychology in the last decade has relied heavily on hypothetical moral dilemmas and has been effective in understanding moral judgment, how these judgments translate into behaviors remains a largely unexplored issue due to the harmful nature of the acts involved. To study this link, we follow a new approach based on a desktop virtual reality environment. In our within-subjects experiment, participants exhibited an order-dependent judgment-behavior discrepancy across temporally separated sessions, with many of them behaving in utilitarian manner in virtual reality dilemmas despite their non-utilitarian judgments for the same dilemmas in textual descriptions. This change in decisions reflected in the autonomic arousal of participants, with dilemmas in virtual reality being perceived more emotionally arousing than the ones in text, after controlling for general differences between the two presentation modalities (virtual reality vs. text). This suggests that moral decision-making in hypothetical moral dilemmas is susceptible to contextual saliency of the presentation of these dilemmas.
HEXACO Personality and Schwartz's Personal Values: A Facet-Level Analysis
Authors: Anglim Jeromy , Knowles Emily R. V. , Dunlop Patrick Damien , Marty Andrew
Published: July 2018

This study systematically examined the correlates of Schwartz’s basic values with the broad and narrow traits of the HEXACO model of personality. A sample of 1244 adults (53% male; M age=44, SD=12) completed the 200-item HEXACO-PI-R and the Portrait Values Questionnaire measuring Schwartz’s 10 basic personal values. Regression models predicting each of the ten basic values from personality revealed mean-adjusted multiple correlations of .39 for HEXACO factors without honesty-humility, .45 for all HEXACO factors, and .53 for HEXACO facets. The facet-level multiple correlations were particularly large (greater than .60) for power, universalism, and cooperation. Results suggest that individual differences in personality and values overlap to a greater extent than implied by past literature. OSF project materials includes data, analysis scripts, and materials used in the publication of the same name. For details and licensing information, see the Wiki page below.
Retrospective attention facilitates short and long-term memory across age
Authors: Strunk Jonathan , Morgan Lauren , Reaves Sarah , Verhaeghen Paul , Duarte Audrey
Published: July 2018

Declines in both short and long-term memory are typical of healthy aging. Recent findings suggest that retrospective attentional cues ("retro-cues") that indicate the location of to-be-probed items enhance both short (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) performance in young adults. Whether older adults can also use retro-cues to facilitate both STM and LTM memory is unknown.Young and older adults performed a visual STM task in which spatially informative retro-cues or non-informative neutral-cues were presented during STM maintenance of real-world objects. We tested participants' memory for retro-cued and neutral-cued objects at both at short and long delays in order to measure the effect of retrospective attention on STM and LTM. Older adults showed reduced STM and LTM capacity compared to young adults. However, they showed similar magnitude retro-cue memory benefits as young adults at both STM and LTM delays. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate whether retro-cues improve both STM and LTM in older adults. Our results support the idea that retrospective attention can be an effective means by which older adults can improve their short and long-term memory performance, even in the context of reduced memory capacity.
Bayesian reanalysis of null results reported in Medicine: Strong yet variable evidence for the absence of treatment effects
Authors: Hoekstra Rink , Monden Rei , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: July 2018

Efficient medical progress requires that we know when a treatment effect is absent. We considered all 207 Original Articles published in the 2015 volume of the New England Journal of Medicine and found that 45 (21.7%) reported a null result for at least one of the primary outcome measures. Unfortunately, standard statistical analyses are unable to quantify the degree to which these null results actually support the null hypothesis. Such quantification is possible, however, by conducting a Bayesian hypothesis test. Here we reanalyzed a subset of 43 null results from 36 articles using a default Bayesian test for contingency tables. This Bayesian reanalysis revealed that, on average, the reported null results provided strong evidence for the absence of an effect. However, the degree of this evidence is variable and cannot be reliably predicted from the p-value. For null results, sample size is a better (albeit imperfect) predictor for the strength of evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. Together, our findings suggest that (a) the reported null results generally correspond to strong evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; (b) a Bayesian hypothesis test can provide additional information to assist the interpretation of null results.
Does Cooperation In the Laboratory Reflect the Operation of a Broad Trait?
Authors: McAuliffe William H.B. , Forster Daniel Eric , Pedersen Eric J. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: July 2018

The Dictator Game, a face valid measure of altruism, and the Trust Game, a face valid measure of trust and trustworthiness, are among the most widely used behavioural measures in human cooperation research. Researchers have observed considerable covariation among these and other economic games, leading them to assert that there exists a general human propensity to cooperate that varies in strength across individuals and manifests itself across a variety of social settings. To formalize this hypothesis, we created an S‐1 bifactor model using 276 participants' Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions. The general factor had significant, moderate associations with self‐reported and peer‐reported altruism, trust, and trustworthiness. Thus, the positive covariation among economic games is not reducible to the games' shared situational features. Two hundred participants returned for a second session. The general factor based on Dictator Game and Trust Game decisions from this session did not significantly predict self‐reported and peer‐reported cooperation, suggesting that experience with economic games causes them to measure different traits from those that are reflected in self‐assessments and peer‐assessments of cooperativeness.
Productive procrastination: Academic procrastination style predicts academic and alcohol outcomes.
Authors: Westgate Erin Corwin , Wormington Stephanie , Oleson Kathryn , Lindgren Kristen
Published: July 2018

Using a person-centered analysis, we identified adaptive and maladaptive procrastination styles associated with academic and alcohol outcomes in a sample of 1106 college undergraduates. Productive procrastination is defined by the replacement of one adaptive behavior with another adaptive—albeit less important—behavior (e.g., organizing notes instead of studying for an exam). Cluster analysis identified five unique academic procrastination styles—non-procrastinators, academic productive procrastinators, non-academic productive procrastinators, non-academic procrastinators (high levels of unproductive and productive non-academic procrastination) and classic procrastinators. Controlling for gender, procrastination style predicted alcohol-related problems, risk of alcohol use disorders, and GPA (all ps < .01). Academic productive procrastinators and non-procrastinators reported the most positive academic and alcohol outcomes. Non-academic procrastinators reported lower GPA, more alcohol-related problems and increased risk of alcohol use disorders. Non-academic procrastinators’ lower GPA was mediated by alcohol cravings and alcohol-related problems, as measured by AUDIT and RAPI scores. These findings suggest that certain maladaptive styles of procrastination may be a useful risk indicator for preventative and intervention efforts.
Impulsivity and Behaviour Problems in Dogs: A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Perspective
Authors: Piotti Patrizia , Satchell Liam , Lockhart Tom
Published: July 2018

Trait impulsivity is an increasingly relevant topic for human and non-human animal personality research. There are similarities in dog and human manifestations of trait impulsivity at the behavioural, genetic, and neurobiological level. We investigated a well-validated measure of dog impulsivity and responsivity (the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale, DIAS) and a neuropsychological theory of human trait approach and avoidance (the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality, RST). Owners reported their dogs’ dispositional behaviour on the DIAS, an RST scale modified to describe dogs’ behaviour, and a list of common dog behaviour problems. In a sample of 730 dogs, we observed convergence between the RST and the DIAS. There was a negative correlation between RST ‘Behaviour Inhibition System’ and DIAS impulsivity factor (‘Behavioural Regulation’). RST ‘Behavioural Approach System’ correlated positively with DIAS ‘Responsiveness’. The RST ‘Fight-Flight-Freeze System’ (FFFS) and the DIAS ‘Aggression and response to novelty factor were both distinct from other factors. However, the DIAS ‘Aggression and response to novelty’ factor and the RST FFFS explained different aspects of dog behaviour problems. Importantly, whilst the DIAS factors indicated tendencies towards avoidant behaviours, the FFFS discriminated between active and passive avoidance. The findings suggest a partial overlapping between the DIAS and RST scales, and highlights the utility of personality models in investigating behaviour problems in dogs.
Commentary: A network theory of mental disorders
Authors: Jones Payton J. , Heeren Alexandre , McNally Richard J.
Published: July 2018

Mental disorders are often conceptualized as single latent categorical or dimensional entities. The network approach to psychopathology suggests that instead, mental disorders are caused by a network of interacting nodes that result in an emergent disorder. In most applications of the network approach, nodes have been limited to previously codified symptoms of a disorder. We propose an expanded network approach in which nodes represent (1) observable, (2) individual-level variables that are (3) hypothesized to play a causal role in disorders.
Health of the Implicit Association Test at Age 3
Authors: Greenwald Anthony G. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Since its first publication in 1998, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used repeatedly to measure implicit attitudes and other automatic associations. Although there have also been a few studies critical of the IAT, there now exists substantial evidence for the IAT=s convergent and discriminant validity, including new evidence reported in several of the articles in this special issue. IAT attitude measures have often correlated only weakly with explicit (self-report) measures of the same associations. It therefore seems appropriate to conclude that the IAT assesses constructs that are often (but not always) distinct from the corresponding constructs measured by self-report.
A Meta-Analysis of the Facial Feedback Literature: Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience Are Small and Variable
Authors: Coles Nicholas Alvaro , Larsen Jeff T. , Lench Heather
Published: July 2018

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual’s experience of emotion is influenced by feedback from their facial movements. To evaluate the cumulative evidence for this hypothesis, we conducted a meta-analysis on 286 effect sizes derived from 138 studies that manipulated facial feedback and collected emotion self-reports. Using random effects meta-regression with robust variance estimates, we found that the overall effect of facial feedback was significant, but small. Results also indicated that feedback effects are stronger in some circumstances than others. We examined 12 potential moderators, and three were associated with differences in effect sizes. 1. Type of emotional outcome: Facial feedback influenced emotional experience (e.g., reported amusement) and, to a greater degree, affective judgments of a stimulus (e.g., the objective funniness of a cartoon). Three publication bias detection methods did not reveal evidence of publication bias in studies examining the effects of facial feedback on emotional experience, but all three methods revealed evidence of publication bias in studies examining affective judgments. 2. Presence of emotional stimuli: Facial feedback effects on emotional experience were larger in the absence of emotionally evocative stimuli (e.g., cartoons). 3. Type of stimuli: When participants were presented with emotionally evocative stimuli, facial feedback effects were larger in the presence of some types of stimuli (e.g., emotional sentences) than others (e.g., pictures). The available evidence supports the facial feedback hypothesis’ central claim that facial feedback influences emotional experience, although these effects tend to be small and heterogeneous.
Estimating the Reproducibility of Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Cova Florian , Strickland Brent , Abatista Angela Gaia Felicita , Allard Aurélien , Andow James , Attie Mario , Beebe James R. , Berniūnas Renatas , Boudesseul Jordane , Colombo Matteo , Cushman Fiery Andrews , Díaz Rodrigo , van Dongen Noah N'Djaye Nikolai , Dranseika Vilius , Earp Brian D. , Gaitán Antonio , Hannikainen Ivar Rodríguez , Hernández-Conde José V. , Hu Wenjia , Jaquet François , Khalifa Kareem , Kim Hannah , Kneer Markus , Knobe Joshua , Kürthy Miklós , Lantian Anthony , Liao Shen-yi , Machery Edouard , Moerenhout Tania , Mott Christian , Phelan Mark , Rambharose Navin , Reuter Kevin , Romero Felipe , Phillips Jonathan Scott , Sousa Paulo , Sprenger Jan , Thalabard Emile , Tobia Kevin , Viciana Hugo , Wilkenfeld Daniel A. , Zhou Xiang
Published: July 2018

For scientific theories grounded in empirical data, replicability is a core principle, for at least two reasons. First, unless we accept to have scientific theories rest on the authority of a small number of researchers, empirical studies should be replicable, in the sense that its methods and procedure should be detailed enough for someone else to conduct the same study. Second, for empirical results to provide a solid foundation for scientific theorizing, they should also be replicable, in the sense that most attempts at replicating the original study that produced them would yield similar results. The XPhi Replicability Project is primarily concerned with replicability in the second sense, that is: the replicability of results. In the past year, several projects have shed doubt on the replicability of key findings in psychology, and most notably social psychology. Because the methods of experimental philosophy have often been close to the ones used in social psychology, it is only natural to wonder to which extent the results experimental philosophers ground their theory are replicable. The aim of the XPhi Replicability Project is precisely to reach a reliable estimate of the replicability of empirical results in experimental philosophy. To this end, several research teams across the world will replicate around 40 studies in experimental philosophy, some among the most cited, others drawn at random. The results of the project will be published in a special issue of the Review of Philosophy and Psychology dedicated to the topic of replicability in cognitive science.The official website of the project can be found here :https://sites.google.com/site/thexphireplicabilityproject/homeThe project can also be followed on social medias:https://twitter.com/XPhiReplicationhttps://www.facebook.com/XPhiReplicabilityProject/
A SAPA Project Update: On the Structure of phrased Self-Report Personality Items
Authors: Condon David M , Roney Ellen , Revelle William
Published: July 2018

Two large samples were collected to evaluate the structure of traits in the temperament domain. In both samples, participants were administered random subsets of public-domain personality items from a larger pool of approximately 700 items. These data broadly cover the most widely used, public-domain measures of personality (though this breadth is not likely free of theoretical bias). When combined with a third, previously-shared dataset that used the same methodological design, the sample includes more than 125,000 participants from more than 220 countries and regions. Re-use potential includes many types of structural, correlational, and network analyses of personality and a wide range of demographic and psychographic constructs. The data are available in both rdata and csv formats.
Life History Strategies
Authors: Wang Iris , Michalak Nicholas Michael , Ackerman Joshua
Published: July 2018

Life history theory posits organisms face tradeoffs in how they allocate resources to reproduction, parenting, and growth. These patterns of resource allocation can be classified more broadly into life history strategies, which vary on a continuum from fast to slow. These distinctions can be applied to describe within species and between species differences. Slow strategies are marked by increased investment in growth, a delay in reproductive investment, and increased investment in parenting. In contrast, fast strategies are marked by early investment in reproduction at a cost of growth and a reduced investment in parenting in favor of further reproduction.
The relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias: An investigation of generality and process.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The need for closure predicts an evaluative bias against people whose opinions or behaviors deviate from other members of their social groups (Doherty, K. T., 1998; Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M., 1991; Schimel, J., et al., 1999). In the present study, we investigated whether the relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias generalized to nonsocial stimuli, and we examined the process underlying this relationship. Sixty-one undergraduate students completed measures of the need for closure, the need for structure, intolerance for ambiguity, and the ability to be decisive and achieve cognitive structure. They then rated their liking for letters of the Latin alphabet (“A” & “B”) whose locations were consistent and inconsistent with relevant categories (“A circle” & “B circle”). Participants liked category-inconsistent letters less than category-consistent letters. Measures related to the need for structure and closed-mindedness correlated positively with this deviant bias, whereas measures related to the ability to be decisive and achieve cognitive structure did not. These results imply that the relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias is a relatively basic and pervasive effect that is not unique to social deviance and that is driven by the need for structure and closed-mindedness. Implications for social and nonsocial stimuli are discussed.
A memory-based judgment account of expectancy-liking dissociations in evaluative conditioning
Authors: Aust Frederik , Haaf Julia M. , Stahl Christoph
Published: July 2018

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is an assimilative change in liking of neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) following pairings with positive or negative stimuli (unconditioned stimulus, US). Dual-process theories postulate that, in addition to a controlled propositional process underlying conscious learning of CS-US contingencies, a second automatic and associative learning process exists that underlies EC effects. A central argument for dual-process theories is the dissociation between US expectancy and CS evaluation in extinction learning: When CSs are presented alone subsequent to CS-US pairings, participants cease to expect USs but continue to exhibit EC effects. This dissociation is typically interpreted as demonstration that EC is resistant to extinction, and consequently, that EC is driven by a distinct learning process. We tested an alternative single-process account, namely that expectancy-liking dissociations are caused by different judgment strategies afforded by the dependent measures rather than due to separable learning processes. According to this view, CS evaluations are by default integrative judgments---summaries of large portions of the learning history---whereas US expectancy reflects momentary judgments focusing on recent events. In a counterconditioning and two extinction experiments, we eliminate the expectancy-liking dissociations reported in the literature by inducing nondefault momentary evaluative judgments, and demonstrate a reversed dissociation when we additionally induced integrative expectancy judgments. Our findings corroborated a-priori predictions based on MINERVA 2, a formal single-process memory model. Hence, dissociations between US expectancy and conditioned CS liking reflect judgment properties and can be accounted for parsimoniously by a single learning process.