bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cricoid pressure on placement of the I‐gel™: a randomised study
Authors: Hashimoto Y. , Asai T. , Arai T. , Okuda Y.
Published: May 2014

We studied 40 adult patients to see if cricoid pressure affected placement of the I‐gel™. In a randomised crossover design, the i‐gel was placed with and without cricoid pressure, and we compared the success rate of adequate ventilation through the i‐gel, time to placement and the rate of optimal position of the device between the two circumstances. Cricoid pressure significantly decreased the success rate of adequate ventilation through the i‐gel (40 vs 34 patients) (p = 0.041, 95% CI for difference 4–26%), and significantly decreased the rate of the optimal position (39 vs 17 patients) (p < 0.001). The time to achieve adequate ventilation was significantly longer (p < 0.001) with cricoid pressure than without (median difference 8 s; 95%CIfor median difference 3–12 s). Cricoid pressure significantly decreases the success rate of ventilation through the i‐gel, but the success rate of ventilation through the i‐gel is reasonably high.
British Jobs for British Workers? Negotiating Work, Nation, and Globalisation through the Lindsey Oil Refinery Disputes
Authors: Ince Anthony , Featherstone David , Cumbers Andrew , MacKinnon Danny , Strauss Kendra
Published: May 2014

This paper explores the relationships between labour organising, globalisation and national identity through an engagement with the 2009 Lindsey Oil Refinery strikes. Some strikers adopted the controversial slogan ‘British Jobs for British Workers’ in response to employers' attempts to undercut existing wages and conditions with a new migrant workforce. This led to accusations of xenophobia. We make three inter‐related arguments. First, we contend that it is necessary to interrogate the spatialised power relations generated through particular forms of labour agency enacted in relation to globalising processes. Second, since these responses can be politically ambiguous, success in territorially based disputes does not always equate with broader (transnational) class agency. Third, relevant to the project of labour geography, we propose that labour scholars and activists be more attuned to the mundane ambiguities in labour agency, and the subsequent need to frame local action within a broader relational politics of global labour solidarity.
Social anxiety, submissiveness, and shame in men and women: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Zimmerman Jacob , Morrison Amanda S. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Research suggests a positive relationship between social anxiety and shame; however, few studies have examined this relationship or potential mechanisms. Common behaviours of persons with social anxiety disorder (SAD), such as submissive behaviours, may be more consistent with societal expectations of women than men and therefore more likely to be associated with shame in socially anxious men than women. We examined the hypothesis that submissive behaviours would mediate the relationship between social anxiety and shame in men, but not in women, withSAD.

Design

Moderated mediation was examined in a cross‐sectional dataset. Gender was modeled to moderate the paths from social anxiety to submissive behaviours and from submissive behaviours to shame. We also examined an alternative model of the relationships among these variables and the potential contributory role of depression.

Methods

Men (n = 48) and women (n = 40) withSADcompleted the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Submissive Behaviour Scale, Internalized Shame Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory.

Results

Analyses supported the hypothesized model. The relationship between submissive behaviours and shame was greater in men than women withSAD; the relationship between social anxiety and submissive behaviours was not. Controlling for depression, moderation remained evident although diminished. Results for the comparison model did not support gender moderation.

Conclusions

Submissive behaviours mediated the relationship between social anxiety and shame in men, but not women, withSAD. These findings provide preliminary evidence for a model of shame inSADand may help to further elucidate specific features ofSADthat differ between men and women.

Practitioner points

Although researchers have argued that the display of submissive behaviours might allow the socially anxious individual to limit or prevent attacks on the self, our results suggest that there are greater costs, with regard to feelings of shame, associated with such behaviours for men.

In men withSAD, the greater shame associated with submissive behaviours can be understood when considering that socially anxious individuals appear to be particularly concerned with concealing aspects of the self believed to violate perceived societal norms and that traditional masculine gender roles revolve around the theme of dominance.

Because the study was conducted in individuals withSAD, it is possible that the restricted range of social anxiety severity may have precluded the observation of gender differences in the relationship between social anxiety and submissive behaviour.

Measures were administered in a cross‐sectional design, which limits potential inferences of causality.
National and international guidelines for rectal cancer
Authors: Nielsen L. B. J. , Wille‐Jørgensen P.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Rectal cancer is a common malignancy. Differences in daily practice may influence the morbidity and mortality, and many national and international organizations have created guidelines for staging and treatment of rectal cancer. Even though consensus is reached within individual guidelines, this might not be the case between guidelines. No formal evaluation of the contrasting guidance has been reported.

Method

A systematic search for national and international guidelines on rectal cancer was performed. Eleven guidelines were identified for further analysis.

Results

There was no consensus concerning the definition of rectal cancer. Ten of the 11 guidelines use the TNM staging system and there was general agreement regarding the recommendation of MRI and CT in rectal cancer. There was consensus concerning a multidisciplinary approach, preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME). There was no consensus concerning local treatment of T1 tumours and adjuvant therapy, and not all guidelines included metastatic disease and recurrence. There was no consensus on the protocol for follow up. The guidelines had different approaches to evidence. All referred to evidence but not all considered the level of evidence.

Conclusion

The intention of the study was to provide an overview of international guidelines for rectal cancer based on the underlying evidence, but despite hard evidence it was very difficult to reach general conclusions. Despite much knowledge, there is no international consensus on guidelines for the staging and treatment of rectal cancer.
Relationship between plasma chemerin levels and disease severity in COPD patients
Authors: Boyuk Banu , Guzel Eda C. , Atalay Hande , Guzel Savas , Mutlu Levent C. , Kucukyalçin Volkan
Published: May 2014

Background and Aims

Chronic inflammation of the lung is a characteristic finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The protein chemerin has been identified in inflammatory fluid and in inflamed tissues. This study aimed to determine the association between serum chemerin levels and the severity of COPD.

Methods

Forty‐three COPD patients and 38 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Fasting plasma samples were obtained from the patient and the control group. Serum chemerin levels were measured using a commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. C‐reactive protein levels, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fibrinogen analysis were used to assess the inflammation status of the patients. Spirometric measurements with reversibility testing were performed in all the subjects.

Results

Serum chemerin levels were significantly elevated in the COPD patients (6.44 ± 0.52 vs 5.22 ± 0.59; P < 0.001). A Mann–Whitney U‐test revealed that the serum chemerin levels of stage 2 COPD patients were higher than those of stage 1 and 3 COPD patients (P = 0.651). Cigarette smoking and plasma chemerin relation was also understudied; however, there was no significant relationship between current smokers and ex‐smokers (P > 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that serum chemerin levels were positively correlated only with total cholesterol (T. cholesterol) (P < 0.05, r = 0.382). In the linear regression analysis, chemerin levels were associated with age (β = 0.321), triglycerides (β = 0.299) and T. cholesterol (β = 0.555).

Conclusion

Our study points to a relation between plasma chemerin levels and COPD. Larger patient groups are needed to verify the role of chemerin in the severity of COPD.
Pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatic tuberculosis: a case report and literature review
Authors: Liao Jiang‐Rong , Zhang Dan , Wu Xue‐Ling
Published: May 2014

Background and Aims

Tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may invade all organs but mainly affect lungs. Most hepatic tuberculosis could be a part of systemic miliary tuberculosis.

Methods

We reported a case of pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatic tuberculosis and reviewed the relevant literature.

Results

A 40‐year‐old Chinese male with fatigue for half a year and cough as well as night sweat for 2 months was admitted to our hospital. The chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple nodules combined with bronchial stenosis and lymphadenectasis in the mediastina at the right hilum of lung. The epigastrium CT showed lumps in the liver and retroperitoneal lymphadenectasis in the peritoneal cavity. The abdominal color Doppler ultrasound revealed lumps in the liver. The lung and liver puncture biopsy revealed granulomatous lesions, chronic inflammatory changes in the strip‐like fibrous tissues and plenty of caseification, all of which suggest the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Conclusion

Hepatic tuberculosis is usually associated with atypical clinical manifestations. Imageological examination combined with imaging‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy may be the best method for the confirmed diagnosis.
Limited granulomatosis with polyangiitis in an adolescent with Crohn's disease on infliximab therapy: cause or coincidence?
Authors: Arora Harbir , Madani Shailender , Debelenko Larisa V. , McGrath Eric J. , Mutyala Ramakrishna , Guglani Lokesh
Published: May 2014

Pulmonary involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) may precede the development of intestinal inflammation, but in most cases occurs during the course of treatment, either as an extra‐intestinal manifestation, because of secondary infections, or as a side effect of the therapy itself. This case highlights the differential diagnosis and work up for multiple pulmonary nodules that developed in a patient with CD who had been in remission on infliximab therapy. Even though infectious causes, such as Mycobacteria and Fungi, account for majority of these cases, the possibility of non‐infectious conditions such as autoimmune disorders should also be considered.
Attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder increases risk of bone fracture: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Chou I‐Ching , Lin Che‐Chen , Sung Fung‐Chang , Kao Chia‐Hung
Published: May 2014

Aim

Attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that is associated with accidental injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ADHD and bone fracture in children.

Method

The study cohort comprised 3640 children (2874 males, 766 females; mean age 8y 5mo, SD 3y) with ADHD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) who were matched to children without ADHD at a ratio of 1:4 (n=14 560; 11 496 males, 3064 females; mean age 8y 5mo, SD 3y). A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was conducted to estimate how ADHD affected the risk of bone fracture.

Results

The incidence of fracture among the ADHD cohort was 197.67 per 10 000 person‐years, and was 1.3‐fold greater than in the comparison cohort (147.54 per 10 000 person‐years). The risk in children with ADHD was higher than that in children without ADHD (p value for log‐rank test < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the ADHD cohort was 1.32 times more likely to have bone fracture accidents than the comparison cohort (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.49).

Interpretation

Children with ADHD have a higher risk of experiencing bone fracture accidents than do children without ADHD.
Trophic disruption: a meta‐analysis of how habitat fragmentation affects resource consumption in terrestrial arthropod systems
Authors: Martinson Holly M. , Fagan William F.
Published: May 2014

Habitat fragmentation is a complex process that affects ecological systems in diverse ways, altering everything from population persistence to ecosystem function. Despite widespread recognition that habitat fragmentation can influence food web interactions, consensus on the factors underlying variation in the impacts of fragmentation across systems remains elusive. In this study, we conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to quantify the effects of habitat fragmentation and spatial habitat structure on resource consumption in terrestrial arthropod food webs. Across 419 studies, we found a negative overall effect of fragmentation on resource consumption. Variation in effect size was extensive but predictable. Specifically, resource consumption was reduced on small, isolated habitat fragments, higher at patch edges, and neutral with respect to landscape‐scale spatial variables. In general, resource consumption increased in fragmented settings for habitat generalist consumers but decreased for specialist consumers. Our study demonstrates widespread disruption of trophic interactions in fragmented habitats and describes variation among studies that is largely predictable based on the ecological traits of the interacting species. We highlight future prospects for understanding how changes in spatial habitat structure may influence trophic modules and food webs.
A large‐scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human‐modified tropical forests
Authors: Berenguer Erika , Ferreira Joice , Gardner Toby Alan , Aragão Luiz Eduardo Oliveira Cruz , De Camargo Plínio Barbosa , Cerri Carlos Eduardo , Durigan Mariana , Oliveira Raimundo Cosme De , Vieira Ima Célia Guimarães , Barlow Jos
Published: May 2014

Tropical rainforests store enormous amounts of carbon, the protection of which represents a vital component of efforts to mitigate global climate change. Currently, tropical forest conservation, science, policies, and climate mitigation actions focus predominantly on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation alone. However, every year vast areas of the humid tropics are disturbed by selective logging, understory fires, and habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need to understand the effect of such disturbances on carbon stocks, and how stocks in disturbed forests compare to those found in undisturbed primary forests as well as in regenerating secondary forests. Here, we present the results of the largest field study to date on the impacts of human disturbances on above and belowground carbon stocks in tropical forests. Live vegetation, the largest carbon pool, was extremely sensitive to disturbance: forests that experienced both selective logging and understory fires stored, on average, 40% less aboveground carbon than undisturbed forests and were structurally similar to secondary forests. Edge effects also played an important role in explaining variability in aboveground carbon stocks of disturbed forests. Results indicate a potential rapid recovery of the dead wood and litter carbon pools, while soil stocks (0–30 cm) appeared to be resistant to the effects of logging and fire. Carbon loss and subsequent emissions due to human disturbances remain largely unaccounted for in greenhouse gas inventories, but by comparing our estimates of depleted carbon stocks in disturbed forests with Brazilian government assessments of the total forest area annually disturbed in the Amazon, we show that these emissions could represent up to 40% of the carbon loss from deforestation in the region. We conclude that conservation programs aiming to ensure the long‐term permanence of forest carbon stocks, such as REDD+, will remain limited in their success unless they effectively avoid degradation as well as deforestation.
Association of anxiety, sleepiness, and sexual dysfunction with restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Dikici Suber , Bahadir Anzel , Baltaci Davut , Ankarali Handan , Eroglu Mustafa , Ercan Nurten , Sav Tansu
Published: May 2014

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by unpleasant sensations, pain in the legs along with irresistible urges to move the legs when at rest. It is often accompanied by sleep disturbance. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of anxiety and sleepiness with sexual function in hemodialysis patients with and without RLS. Sociodemographic parameters, laboratory data of hemodialysis patients from three dialysis centers were collected prospectively. Anxiety, sleepiness, sexual function, and presence of RLS symptoms were assessed with standardized questionnaires as the RLS Diagnosis and Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Arizona Sex Experiences Scale (ASEX). Univariate, regression tree method were used for statistical analysis. RLS was observed in 45.9% (n = 113) of hemodialysis patients (n = 246). The mean age of patients and duration of hemodialysis were 59.7 ± 14.0 and 4.9 ± 4.2 years, respectively. The correlation between Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and sociodemographic features was significant (P < 0.0001). Patients with RLS had higher scores for anxiety (9.4 ± 7.8 with RLS and 6.8 ± 6.0 without), higher ESS (ESS, 6.6 ± 5.2 with RLS and 4.6 ± 4.0 without), and higher ASEX (24.6 ± 5.7 with RLS and 22.5 ± 6.8 without) than did those without RLS. The presence of RLS symptoms in hemodialysis patients was associated with sleepiness, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction. A regression tree method, which is a different statistical method, can help physicians estimate patients ASEX, RLS, ESS, and anxiety scores.
Assessment of subjective and hemodynamic tolerance of different high‐ and low‐flux dialysis membranes in patients undergoing chronic intermittent hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bianchi Giorgia , Salvadé Vanja , Lucchini Barbara , Schätti‐Stählin Sibylle , Salvadé Igor , Burnier Michel , Gabutti Luca
Published: May 2014

Clinical experience and experimental data suggest that intradialytic hemodynamic profiles could be influenced by the characteristics of the dialysis membranes. Even within the worldwide used polysulfone family, intolerance to specific membranes was occasionally evoked. The aim of this study was to compare hemodynamically some of the commonly used polysulfone dialyzers in Switzerland. We performed an open‐label, randomized, cross‐over trial, including 25 hemodialysis patients. Four polysulfone dialyzers, A (Revaclear high‐flux, Gambro, Stockholm, Sweden), B (Helixone high‐flux, Fresenius), C (Xevonta high‐flux, BBraun, Melsungen, Germany), and D (Helixone low‐flux, Fresenius, Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany), were compared. The hemodynamic profile was assessed and patients were asked to provide tolerance feedback. The mean score (±SD) subjectively assigned to dialysis quality on a 1–10 scale was A 8.4 ± 1.3, B 8.6 ± 1.3, C 8.5 ± 1.6, D 8.5 ± 1.5. Kt/V was A 1.58 ± 0.30, B 1.67 ± 0.33, C 1.62 ± 0.32, D 1.45 ± 0.31. The low‐ compared with the high‐flux membranes, correlated to higher systolic (128.1 ± 13.1 vs. 125.6 ± 12.1 mmHg, P < 0.01) and diastolic (76.8 ± 8.7 vs. 75.3 ± 9.0 mmHg; P < 0.05) pressures, higher peripheral resistance (1.44 ± 0.19 vs. 1.40 ± 0.18 s × mmHg/mL; P < 0.05) and lower cardiac output (3.76 ± 0.62 vs. 3.82 ± 0.59 L/min; P < 0.05). Hypotension events (decrease in systolic blood pressure by >20 mmHg) were 70 with A, 87 with B, 73 with C, and 75 with D (P < 0.01 B vs. A, 0.05 B vs. C and 0.07 B vs. D). The low‐flux membrane correlated to higher blood pressure levels compared with the high‐flux ones. The Helixone high‐flux membrane ensured the best efficiency. Unfortunately, the very same dialyzer correlated to a higher incidence of hypotensive episodes.
Association between the organoleptic scores, oral condition and salivary β‐galactosidases in children affected by halitosis
Authors: Petrini M , Costacurta M , Ferrante M , Trentini P , Docimo R , Spoto G
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The goal of this work is to evaluate the association between organoleptic scores, oral condition and salivary β‐galactosidases, to facilitate the differential diagnosis of halitosis in children.

Methods

Fifty systemically healthy children with a primary complaint of oral malodour were included in this cross‐sectional study. The organoleptic evaluation was carried out by two judges, evaluating the intensity of malodour of the air exhaled 5 s through the mouth of the patients, at a distance of approximately 10 cm from their noses; the level of salivary β‐galactosidases was quantified spectrophotometrically after a chromatic reaction between a salivary sample of each patient and a specific chromatic substrate of the enzyme. Clinical conditions, such as visible plaque and gingival bleeding index, tongue coating score, localized food stagnation and other oral parameters, were evaluated by qualified dentists through an oral check‐up.

Results

The β‐galactosidase level was significantly related to the organoleptic scores and clinical parameters, such as the tongue coating score and the visible plaque index. Stratifying results with respect to the different phase of the day at which parents complained halitosis in their children, statistical analysis showed that the organoleptic scores and the level of β‐galactosidases were significantly higher in children who suffered of halitosis during the whole day, A = 40%, with respect to those without this problem, N = 20% (P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively).

Conclusions

Certain oral parameters such as halitosis during the whole day, high tongue coating score and high visible plaque index were particularly associated with an increase in the salivary β‐galactosidase level.
Micro‐computed tomography evaluation of the removal of calcium hydroxide medicament from C‐shaped root canals of mandibular second molars
Authors: Ma J. Z. , Shen Y. , Al‐Ashaw A. J. , Khaleel H. Y. , Yang Y. , Wang Z. J. , Peng B. , Haapasalo M.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To use micro‐computed tomography (μ‐CT) to evaluate the amount of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] remaining in the C‐shaped root canals of mandibular second molars after attempting to remove it with passive ultrasonic and sonic irrigation.

Methodology

Thirty mandibular second molars, 15 in C1 and 15 in C2 configurations as first identified by μ‐CT, were divided into three groups (five C1 and five C2 in each group) for the three irrigation methods. All teeth were prepared to ProTaper Universal F2 and filled with Ca(OH)2 paste. The Ca(OH)2 was removed with F2 files and irrigation without agitation or with agitation using either EndoActivator or ultrasonics. μ‐CT was used to measure the initial amount of Ca(OH)2 present. After removal of Ca(OH)2, μ‐CT imaging was used to assess the percentage of volume of residual Ca(OH)2 in the canal. Data were analysed using one‐way anova test.

Results

There was no significant difference in the mean volume of the root canal systems after instrumentation amongst the three groups. The three irrigation techniques left 2–17% of Ca(OH)2 in the root canals after removal. The mean volume of the remaining Ca(OH)2 was higher in the group without agitation than in the groups with sonic or ultrasonic agitation (P < 0.05). In the apical third, 68% of the canal space remained occupied by Ca(OH)2 when no agitation was used, whereas 28% and 31% remained filled by Ca(OH)2 in the EndoActivator and ultrasonic groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in the amount of residual Ca(OH)2 between the EndoActivator and ultrasonic groups. The proportion of remaining Ca(OH)2 in the apical canals was higher than in the middle and coronal canals in all groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

A considerable proportion of the apical canal space remained filled with Ca(OH)2 in the C‐shaped root canals after instrumentation and conventional needle irrigation. Although combining rotary instrumentation and irrigation with sonic or ultrasonic agitation reduced the amount of residual Ca(OH)2 in the C‐shaped root canals, the large amount of calcium hydroxide in the critical apical area remains a concern. Alternative strategies should be considered in medication of the apical canal in C‐shaped teeth.
Root canal treatment and special needs patients
Authors: Yap E. , Parashos P. , Borromeo G. L.
Published: May 2014

Aim

To identify current trends of root canal treatment for patients with special needs.

Methodology

A postal questionnaire was sent to General Dentists in Victoria, Australia and Endodontists and Special Needs Dentists across Australia to determine the extent of root canal treatment performed on special needs patients.

Results

Over a four‐month period, 1120 questionnaires were distributed with an overall response rate of 63.9% (n = 716). Response rates were 63.2% (n = 655), 68.5% (n = 50) and 100.0% (n = 11) amongst General Dentists, Endodontists and Special Needs Dentists, respectively. Endodontists (95.7%) and Special Needs Dentists (100.0%) performed significantly more root canal treatment on adult patients with special needs compared with 51.2% of General Dentists, (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001 respectively; Fisher's exact test). The most common reasons for not undertaking root canal treatment included limited cooperation, poor oral hygiene and uncontrolled movement. Amongst General Dentists, 75.7% opted for extraction in preference to root canal treatment. Significantly, more specialist practitioners performed root canal treatment utilizing conscious sedation (P < 0.001) and general anaesthesia (P = 0.003). Most specialist practitioners (69.1%) had undertaken single‐visit root canal treatment on special needs patients compared with only 29.7% of General Dentists (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Root canal treatment in special needs patients was more likely to be carried out by specialist dental practitioners who were more likely to utilize a pharmacological approach for behaviour guidance and to perform single‐visit root canal treatment compared with General Dentists. A multidisciplinary approach for special needs patients who require root canal treatment provides an opportunity for these patients to retain their dentition.
Evaluation of the new red cell parameters on Beckman Coulter DxH800 in distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from thalassaemia trait
Authors: Ng E. H. Y. , Leung J. H. W. , Lau Y. S. , Ma E. S. K.
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The new red blood cell (RBC) parameters such as reticulocyte haemoglobin content and percentage of hypochromic red cells or equivalent, although useful in the laboratory assessment of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), are confounded by thalassaemia trait (TT). We aim to evaluate the new red cell parameters on the Beckman Coulter DxH800 in distinguishing between IDA and TT.

Methods

A total of 246 normal subjects, 102 patients with IDA and 115 subjects with TT were accrued for the study. The parameters studied were red blood cell size factor (RSF), low haemoglobin density (LHD%), microcytic anaemia factor (MAF), standard deviation of conductivity of the nonreticulocyte population (SD‐C‐NRET) and unghosted cell (UGC). Comparison between groups was performed by Student's t‐test, and the diagnostic performance was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Both the LHD% and RSF were significantly higher in IDA than TT, whereas MAF and SD‐C‐NRET were significantly lower. The SD‐C‐NRET showed the best diagnostic performance as a single parameter. A formula, [(RBC + Hb) × (HCT + SD‐C‐NRET)]/RDW‐SD, was devised to distinguish between IDA and TT. With a cut‐off value of 23, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.995 (95% CI of 0.99–1.00), the sensitivity was 97%, and the specificity was 99.1%.

Conclusions

The new RBC parameters on Beckman Coulter DxH800 provide useful information in distinguishing between IDA and TT, which is important for clinical decision‐making and for streamlining laboratory testing. A new formula is devised that performs better than other discriminant functions in the literature.
Does Japan Still Matter? Past Tendencies and Future Opportunities in the Study of Japanese Firms
Authors: Endo Takahiro , Delbridge Rick , Morris Jonathan
Published: May 2014

This paper engages with the question ‘does Japan still matter’ by systematically reviewing publication patterns in peer‐reviewed academic journal articles addressing Japanese firms and their management practices, illustrating the academic discourse surrounding Japanese firms over four decades, and by identifying future research opportunities. Initially, particularly from the 1980s when Japanese firms came to prominence, these practices tended to be identified as ‘best practice’. However, at least in part due to socio‐economic changes, this tendency has become less prominent since the ‘bubble economy’ burst. Instead, three broader developments are observed: the examination of the continuity and change in the traditional Japanese model, a more complex approach that involves multiple themes of research, and leveraging new contexts to examine Japanese firms, including the long‐term recession, the rise of the East Asian economy, and the increasing importance of corporate social responsibility.
Iron Distribution in Size‐Resolved Aerosols Generated by UV‐Femtosecond Laser Ablation: Influence of Cell Geometry and Implications for In Situ Isotopic Determination by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: d'Abzac Francois‐Xavier , Czaja Andrew D. , Beard Brian L. , Schauer James J. , Johnson Clark M.
Published: May 2014

The influence of ablation cell geometry (Frames single‐ and HelEx two‐volume cells) and laser wavelength (198 and 266 nm) on aerosols produced by femtosecond laser ablation (fs‐LA) were evaluated. Morphologies, iron mass distribution (IMD) and 56Fe/54Fe ratios of particles generated from magnetite, pyrite, haematite and siderite were studied. The following two morphologies were identified: spherules (10–200 nm) and agglomerates (5–10 nm). Similarity in IMD and ablation rate at 198 and 266 nm indicates similar ablation mechanisms. 56Fe/54Fe ratios increased with aerodynamic particle size as a result of kinetic fractionation during laser plasma plume expansion, cooling and aerosol condensation. The HelEx cell produces smaller particles with a larger range of 56Fe/54Fe ratios (1.85‰) than particles from the Frames cell (1.16‰), but the bulk aerosol matches the bulk substrate for both cells, demonstrating stoichiometric fs‐LA sampling. IMD differences are the result of faster wash out of the HelEx cell allowing less time for agglomeration of small, low‐δ 56Fe particles with larger, high‐δ 56Fe particles in the cell. Even with a shorter ablation time, half the total Fe ion intensity, and half the ablation volume, the HelEx cell produced Fe isotope determinations for magnetite that were as precise as the Frames cell, even when the latter included an aerosol‐homogenising mixing chamber. The HelEx cell delivered a more constant stream of small particles to the ICP, producing a more stable Fe ion signal (0.7% vs. 1.5% RSE for 56Fe in a forty‐cycle single analysis), constant instrumental mass bias and thus a more precise measurement.
Predicting emotional exhaustion among haemodialysis nurses: a structural equation model using Kanter's structural empowerment theory
Authors: Hayes Bronwyn , Douglas Clint , Bonner Ann
Published: May 2014

Aim

To test an explanatory model of the relationships between the nursing work environment, job satisfaction, job stress and emotional exhaustion for haemodialysis nurses, drawing on Kanter's theory of organizational empowerment.

Background

Understanding the organizational predictors of burnout (emotional exhaustion) in haemodialysis nurses is critical for staff retention and improving nurse and patient outcomes. Previous research has demonstrated high levels of emotional exhaustion among haemodialysis nurses, yet the relationships between nurses' work environment, job satisfaction, stress and emotional exhaustion in this population are poorly understood.

Design

A cross‐sectional online survey.

Methods

417 nurses working in haemodialysis units completed an online survey between October 2011–April 2012 using validated measures of the work environment, job satisfaction, job stress and emotional exhaustion.

Results

Overall, the structural equation model demonstrated adequate fit and we found partial support for the hypothesized relationships. Nurses' work environment had a direct positive effect on job satisfaction, explaining 88% of the variance. Greater job satisfaction, in turn, predicted lower job stress, explaining 82% of the variance. Job satisfaction also had an indirect effect on emotional exhaustion by mitigating job stress. However, job satisfaction did not have a direct effect on emotional exhaustion.

Conclusion

The work environment of haemodialysis nurses is pivotal to the development of job satisfaction. Nurses' job satisfaction also predicts their level of job stress and emotional exhaustion. Our findings suggest staff retention can be improved by creating empowering work environments that promote job satisfaction among haemodialysis nurses.
Genetic population structure of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus along the south‐eastern U.S.A.
Authors: O'Donnell T. P. , Denson M. R. , Darden T. L.
Published: May 2014

Analyses of the genetic population structure of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus along the south‐eastern U.S. coast using 13 microsatellites suggest significant population differentiation between fish in North Carolina (NC) compared with South Carolina (SC) and Georgia (GA), with New River, NC, serving as an area of integration between northern and southern C. nebulosus. Although there is a significant break in gene flow between these areas, the overall pattern throughout the sampling range represents a gradient in genetic diversification with the degree of geographic separation. Latitudinal distance and estuarine density appear to be main drivers in the genetic differentiation of C. nebulosus along the south‐eastern U.S. coast. The isolation‐by‐distance gene‐flow pattern creates fine‐scale differences in the genetic composition of proximal estuaries and dictates that stocking must be confined to within 100 km of the location of broodstock collection in order to maintain the natural gradient of genetic variation along the south‐eastern U.S. coast.
Primates karyological diagnosis and management programs applications
Authors: Steinberg Eliana R. , Nieves Mariela , Fantini Lucía , Mudry Marta D.
Published: May 2014

Background

Captive primates are often maintained in groups without geographic origin or genetic heritage information. This could lead to an incorrect assignment of species, which could result in an inadequate management of the colonies.

Methods

We present a cytogenetic protocol adapted to be successfully used in an accurate taxonomic diagnosis of non‐human primates (Platyrrhini), including lymphocyte culture, G‐ and C‐banding, meiosis, and fluorescent in situ hybridization technique (FISH).

Results

Using classical cytogenetic diagnosis, the species status was determined in 541 Platyrrhini individuals. Of these, 99 were previously erroneously sexed or assigned to a different species using only morphological characteristics.

Conclusions

The cytogenetic results highlight the relevance of the genetic characterization of primates both in captivity and in the wild. These techniques had been used in our research group for more than 30 years in different research projects, not only for characterizing hundreds of primates, but also different for topics regarding primates genomes and evolution.
Functional analysis and purification of a Pen‐2 fusion protein for γ‐secretase structural studies
Authors: Holmes Oliver , Paturi Swetha , Wolfe Michael S. , Selkoe Dennis J.
Published: May 2014

The 19‐transmembrane, multisubunit γ‐secretase complex generates the amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by an unusual intramembrane proteolysis of the β‐amyloid precursor protein. The complex, which similarly processes many other type 1 transmembrane substrates, is composed of presenilin, Aph1, nicastrin, and presenilin enhancer (Pen‐2), all of which are necessary for proper complex maturation and enzymatic activity. Obtaining a high‐resolution atomic structure of the intact complex would greatly aid the rational design of compounds to modulate activity but is a very difficult task. A complementary method is to generate structures for each individual subunit to allow one to build a model of the entire complex. Here, we describe a method by which recombinant human Pen‐2 can be purified from bacteria to > 95% purity at milligram quantities per liter, utilizing a maltose binding protein tag to both increase solubility and facilitate purification. Expressing the same construct in mammalian cells, we show that the large N‐terminal maltose binding protein tag on Pen‐2 still permits incorporation into the complex and subsequent presenilin‐1 endoproteolysis, nicastrin glycosylation and proteolytic activity. These new methods provide valuable tools to study the structure and function of Pen‐2 and the γ‐secretase complex.

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We present a method by which an MBP‐tagged form of the Pen‐2 subunit of γ‐secretase may be purified from bacteria to mg quantities at greater than 95% purity. We show that this construct is incorporated into and allows full activity of γ‐secretase in a mammalian system. These methods provide valuable tools to study the structure and function of Pen‐2 and γ‐secretase.
The Media and the Diffusion of Information in Financial Markets: Evidence from Newspaper Strikes
Authors: PERESS JOEL
Published: May 2014

The media are increasingly recognized as key players in financial markets. I investigate their causal impact on trading and price formation by examining national newspaper strikes in several countries. Trading volume falls 12% on strike days. The dispersion of stock returns and their intraday volatility are reduced by 7%, while aggregate returns are unaffected. Moreover, analysis of return predictability indicates that newspapers propagate news from the previous day. These findings demonstrate that the media contribute to the efficiency of the stock market by improving the dissemination of information among investors and its incorporation into stock prices.
Shaping Liquidity: On the Causal Effects of Voluntary Disclosure
Authors: BALAKRISHNAN KARTHIK , BILLINGS MARY BROOKE , KELLY BRYAN , LJUNGQVIST ALEXANDER
Published: May 2014

Can managers influence the liquidity of their firms’ shares? We use plausibly exogenous variation in the supply of public information to show that firms actively shape their information environments by voluntarily disclosing more information than regulations mandate and that such efforts improve liquidity. Firms respond to an exogenous loss of public information by providing more timely and informative earnings guidance. Responses appear motivated by a desire to reduce information asymmetries between retail and institutional investors. Liquidity improves as a result and in turn increases firm value. This suggests that managers can causally influence their cost of capital via voluntary disclosure.
Agency Conflicts and Cash: Estimates from a Dynamic Model
Authors: NIKOLOV BORIS , WHITED TONI M.
Published: May 2014

Which agency problems affect corporate cash policy? To answer this question, we estimate a dynamic model of finance and investment with three mechanisms that misalign managerial and shareholder incentives: limited managerial ownership of the firm, compensation based on firm size, and managerial perquisite consumption. We find that perquisite consumption critically impacts cash policy. Size‐based compensation also matters, but less. Firms with lower blockholder and institutional ownership have higher managerial perquisite consumption, low managerial ownership is a key factor in the secular upward trend in cash holdings, and agency plays little role in small firms' substantial cash holdings.
Attachment‐Retained Gingival Prosthesis for Implant‐Supported Fixed Dental Prosthesis in the Maxilla: A Clinical Report
Authors: Aparecida de Mattias Sartori Ivete , Uhlendorf Yuri , Padovan Luiz Eduardo Marques , Junior Paulo Domingos Ribeiro , Melo Ana Cláudia Moreira , Tiossi Rodrigo
Published: May 2014

The rehabilitation of edentulous maxillae is a complex procedure due to the involvement of esthetic and functional requirements. A trial maxillary denture can be used to identify the need for adequate upper lip support when replacing removable complete dentures by implant‐fixed dental prostheses. This clinical report describes the outcome of the rehabilitation of an edentulous atrophic maxilla with unfavorable maxillomandibular relationship and deficient upper lip support. A trial denture was fabricated and used to diagnose the need for a prosthesis capable of restoring the upper lip support. The reduced upper lip support was also confirmed by a lateral cephalogram. The patient was rehabilitated by an implant‐fixed dental prosthesis associated with an attachment‐retained gingival prosthesis. The case presented shows that when loss of upper lip support is detected and the patient does not wish to undergo further surgical reconstruction procedure, the retention of a gingival prosthesis using a ball attachment is a satisfactory treatment option.
Late Holocene persistence of Abies alba in low‐mid altitude deciduous forests of central and southern Italy: new perspectives from charcoal data
Authors: Di Pasquale Gaetano , Allevato Emilia , Cocchiararo Anna , Moser Daniela , Pacciarelli Marco , Saracino Antonio
Published: May 2014

Questions

Pollen data for Abies alba Mill., a key European tree species, show broad occurrence in the Italian peninsula in the early to mid‐Holocene diffusion (until ca. 6000 yr ago) along the Italian peninsula and a strong decline/local extinction starting ca. 5000 yr ago. This decline has been attributed to climate change. Recently, high‐resolution pollen studies, mainly in northern Italian sites claim that A. alba disappearance was mainly due to human impact. We examined the presence of A. alba in archaeological sites of southern and central Italy in order to trace the late Holocene history (last 3000 yr) of this tree and enhance understanding of its role in pre‐anthropic vegetation and of human involvement in its decline.

Location

Central and southern Italy.

Methods

Anthracological analysis was conducted in six archaeological layers at the archaeological site of Trebbio‐Spinellina (800–600 BC, Sansepolcro, Tuscany). A critical analysis of wood/charcoal literature relevant to Abies in central and southern Italy was used to corroborate the results of Trebbio‐Spinellina. Charcoal records from archaeological sites have been compared with the current distribution of A. alba.

Results

At Trebbio‐Spinellina, A. alba charcoal is present in all contexts examined, together with mesophilous broad‐leaf taxa (Quercus deciduous, Carpinus betulus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana). A low charcoal percentage of Fagus sylvatica and Taxus baccata is also found; evergreen taxa are mainly represented by Quercus ilex with occasional shrubs (i.e. Viburnum, Cistus, Erica). In the literature, we identified several peninsular and insular Italian archaeological sites showing charcoal evidence of Abies, accompanied by deciduous oaks, mainly Q. cerris, and other broad‐leaf mesophilous trees, dating from the Iron Age to the Middle Ages. All sites, except one, lie at less than 600 m a.s.l., and far from present‐day A. alba communities.

Conclusion

Results call for a reworking of the prevailing paradigm of A. alba as a relic mountain species. Indeed, A. alba once grew at lower altitudes than currently and was associated with deciduous oaks, mainly Q. cerris, and other mesophilous broad‐leaf trees. This evidence calls into question the suitability of the Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) concept usually applied in the floristic approach. The recent population decline is attributable to human activity rather than to climate change. Finally, the persistence of A. alba until the late Holocene calls into question the assumptions that it is a relic species with no potential to expand its spatial range.
Distribution and traits of climbing plants in subtropical and temperate South America
Authors: Durigon Jaqueline , Miotto Silvia T.S. , Gianoli Ernesto
Published: May 2014

Questions

How do climbing species richness and composition change between subtropical and temperate areas of southern South America? How do growth form (lianas and vines) and climbing mechanisms change between subtropical and temperate areas of southern South America? How much of the diversity of species and traits of the extratropical climbing flora is derived from taxa shared with the tropical region?

Location

Subtropical (23–30° S) and temperate (>30° S) areas of South America.

Methods

An extensive literature search was carried out in the main databases concerning the flora of southern South America. Climbing species occurrence in subtropical and temperate areas and climbing traits were retrieved. Differences in the frequencies of both growth forms and climbing mechanisms between areas were evaluated using chi‐square analyses. Trait frequencies in subtropical and temperate floras were analysed with and without considering species shared with the tropical region.

Results

Climbing species richness decreased from subtropical to temperate areas, and there were changes in the taxonomic composition. The frequency of growth forms and climbing mechanisms differed between subtropical and temperate areas. Herbaceous vines accounted for 85% of temperate‐exclusive species. Twiners contributed less to climber richness in the temperate area, while tendril‐bearers and leaf‐climbers became more important; root‐climbers were only found in temperate forests. Species shared with the tropical region increase the number of liana species in both subtropical and temperate floras, but alter the frequencies of climbing mechanisms in the subtropical flora only.

Conclusions

Results call for a re‐evaluation of the importance that is given to climbers in regions outside the tropics. Vines must be included in models of distribution and abundance of climbers in order to gain a better understanding of climbing plant ecology. The association between climbing mechanisms and the success of climbing plant species in different ecosystems must be further investigated.