bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Reduced Smoking Be a Way for Smokers Not Interested in Quitting to Actually Quit?
Authors: Fagerström Karl O.
Published: April 2005

The predominating way to stop smoking is to do it abruptly. At every given time, the large majority of smokers are not motivated or willing to try and give up. Some smokers are entirely happy with their smoking, a larger group would like to smoke less and a third group wants to quit. With the abrupt quitting message we are only addressing those wanting to quit. Maybe not even all, since some of them may have tried many times already and learned that they cannot quit abruptly. They may have given up on giving up. Some interesting results are given in recent studies that have recruited smokers not motivated to quit but interested in reducing their smoking. From nine randomized placebo-controlled trials where smokers were given behavioural support and pharmacological assistance, motivation to quit seemed to have increased, and in each trial, a proportion of these unmotivated smokers gave up smoking. It is suggested that for smokers unable or not interested in giving up abruptly, a softer and more gradual approach should be considered. Such an approach may bring new smokers into treatment, produce more people wanting to quit and improve public health.
The Stop Voicing Contrast in French Sentences: Contextual Sensitivity of Vowel Duration, Closure Duration, Voice Onset Time, Stop Release and Closure Voicing
Authors: Abdelli-Beruh Nassima B.
Published: April 2005

This study examined the manner in which French speakers used some acoustic correlates to produce the stop voicing distinction in French sentences when syllables containing syllable initial and -final stops were between vowels (/pa_a/) and between voiceless fricatives (/pas_s/). Data analyses revealed that /b, d, g/ were longer, were more frequently phonated, and were preceded by longer vowels than /p, t, k/ in three conditions: syllable-initial stops between vowels and between voiceless fricatives and syllable-final stops between vowels. When a voiceless fricative /s/ followed /b, d, g/, the voicing contrast was reduced as a result of complete regressive voicing assimilation, achieved by the concomitant devoicing of /b, d, g/ closures and the significant reduction in voicing-related differences in preceding vowel and closure durations. When /s/ preceded /b, d, g/, the voicing distinction was enhanced: significant voicing-related duration differences were accompanied by the complete assimilation of /s/ to [z]. Overall,findings suggest that in French sentences, voicing assimilation is strictly regressive and complete assimilation is achieved by the covariation of several acoustic correlates, which attests to the complementarity of the underlying articulatory gestures.
A Correlation Study of Endoneurial Fluid Pressure and Electroneurography of the Facial Nerve
Authors: Chen Bing , Yuan Ya-Sheng , Wang De-Hui , Chi Fang-Lu , Wang Zheng-Min
Published: April 2005

Objective: The relationship between endoneurial fluid pressure (EFP) and electroneurography (ENoG) of the facial nerve was studied in order to evaluate the pathophysilogical basis of ENoG to serve as the criteria for decompression of the facial nerve. Methods: While the values of ENoG were recorded by an instrument for physiology on the normal and crushed facial nerves of guinea pigs, EFPs were measured at the same time by a servo-nulling micropipette system. After the elevated EFP was measured, the facial nerves were removed and then fixed properly for examination under the light and electron microscope in order to determine the differences from various periods after injury. Results: With the change of EFP in the facial nerve during the period from day 3 to the third week after crushed injury, the percentage of degenerated facial nerve fiber increased. There was a positive correlation between ENoG and EFP. The coefficient was 0.88 and 0.51 in the second and third week after crushed injury, respectively. Extensive edema in endoneurial and perivascular spaces of the facial nerve could be found at the early stage of injury, while proliferation of numerous Schwann cells appeared at the later stage. Conclusion: The change of ENoG could reflect the value of EFP relatively within 3 weeks after crushed injury. Our data indicate that ENoG could be useful to evaluate the pathogenesis underlying facial palsy.
Regional Specialization in Pyramidal Cell Structure in the Visual Cortex of the Galago: An Intracellular Injection Study of Striate and Extrastriate Areas with Comparative Notes on New World and Old World Monkeys
Authors: Elston Guy N. , Elston Alejandra , Kaas Jon H. , Casagrande Vivien
Published: April 2005

Recent studies have revealed marked differences in the basal dendritic structure of layer III pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of adult simian primates. In particular, there is a consistent trend for pyramidal cells of increasing complexity with anterior progression through occipitotemporal cortical visual areas. These differences in pyramidal cell structure, and their systematic nature, are believed to be important for specialized aspects of visual processing within, and between, cortical areas. However, it remains unknown whether this regional specialization in the pyramidal cell phenotype is unique to simians, is unique to primates in general or is widespread amongst mammalian species. In the present study we investigated pyramidal cell structure in the prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). We found, as in simians, that the basal dendritic arbors of pyramidal cells differed between cortical areas. More specifically, pyramidal cells became progressively more spinous through the primary (V1), second (V2), dorsolateral (DL) and inferotemporal (IT) visual areas. Moreover, pyramidal neurons in V1 of the galago are remarkably similar to those in other primate species, in spite of large differences in the sizes of this area. In contrast, pyramidal cells in inferotemporal cortex are quite variable among primate species. These data suggest that regional specialization in pyramidal cell phenotype was a likely feature of cortex in a common ancestor of simian and prosimian primates, but the degree of specialization varies between species.
Clustering Syntactic Positions with Similar Semantic Requirements
Authors: Gamallo Pablo , Agustini Alexandre , Lopes Gabriel P.
Published: April 2005

This article describes an unsupervised strategy to acquire syntactico-semantic requirements of nouns, verbs, and adjectives from partially parsed text corpora. The linguistic notion of requirement underlying this strategy is based on two specific assumptions. First, it is assumed that two words in a dependency are mutually required. This phenomenon is called here corequirement. Second, it is also claimed that the set of words occurring in similar positions defines extensionally the requirements associated with these positions. The main aim of the learning strategy presented in this article is to identify clusters of similar positions by identifying the words that define their requirements extensionally. This strategy allows us to learn the syntactic and semantic requirements of words in different positions. This information is used to solve attachment ambiguities. Results of this particular task are evaluated at the end of the article. Extensive experimentation was performed on Portuguese text corpora.
Learning by Kernel Polarization
Authors: Baram Yoram
Published: April 2005

Kernels are key components of pattern recognition mechanisms. We propose a universal kernel optimality criterion, which is independent of the classifier to be used. Defining data polarization as a process by which points of different classes are driven to geometrically opposite locations in a confined domain, we propose selecting the kernel parameter values that polarize the data in the associated feature space. Conversely, the kernel is said to be polarized by the data. Kernel polarization gives rise to an unconstrained optimization problem. We show that complete kernel polarization yields consistent classification by kernel-sum classifiers. Tested on real-life data, polarized kernels demonstrate a clear advantage over the Euclidean distance in proximity classifiers. Embedded in a support vectors classifier, kernel polarization is found to yield about the same performance as exhaustive parameter search.
A Procedure for Life‐Cycle‐Based Solid Waste Management with Consideration of Uncertainty
Authors: Kaplan P. Özge , Barlaz Morton A. , Ranjithan S. Ranji
Published: April 2005

The development of integrated solid‐waste management (SWM) strategies that are efficient with respect to both cost and environmental performance is a complex task. It must incorporate the numerous interrelations among different unit operations in the solid waste system (e.g., collection, recycling, and combustion), and the large number of design parameters that affect estimates of cost and environmental emissions. Uncertainty in design and operational parameters can lead to uncertainty in the estimates of cost and emissions. This article describes an extension of the capability of the Integrated Solid Waste Management Decision Support Tool (ISWM DST) to enable consideration of the effects of uncertainty in input parameters. The uncertainty analysis capability is illustrated using a hypothetical case study of a typical municipality. Results show that increased expenditure does not necessarily result in a reduction in the expected levels of environmental emissions and that some SWM alternatives may be more robust, although deterministic estimates of their expected performances are similar. The uncertainty analysis also facilitates use of the ISWM DST by policy makers responsible for evaluation of the expected effect of SWM practices on, for example, greenhouse‐gas emissions.
The End of the Cold War as a Hard Case for Ideas
Authors: Wohlforth William C.
Published: April 2005

The articles in this special issue of the journal succeeded in meeting the core objective set out in the introduction: to refine, deepen, and extend previous studies of the role of ideas in the end of the Cold War. In particular, they confront more forthrightly than past studies a major challenge of studying ideas in this case; namely, that ideas, material incentives, and policy all covaried. Two other important problems for those seeking to establish an independent role for ideas remain to be addressed in future studies. Facing those problems as squarely as the contributors to this issue have faced the covariation problem will yield major benefits for the study of ideas in this case and in international relations more generally.
Sex and sex dissimilarity effects in ongoing teams: Some surprising findings
Authors: Graves Laura M. , Elsass Priscilla M.
Published: April 2005

This study examined the effects of sex and sex dissimilarity on the task and social experiences of members of ongoing teams of management students. We hypothesized that women would have lower levels of social exchange, and ultimately, lower levels of attachment to their groups than would men, and that there would be no sex differences in task exchanges or task contributions. Sex dissimilarity between individuals and their teams was expected to impair individuals’ experiences. As predicted, women had lower social exchanges than men. There were no sex differences in attachment. Surprisingly, women had higher task exchanges and made greater task contributions. Sex dissimilarity had no effect on the experiences of men or women. Overall, women seemed to do more work or better work, but receive less social support, than did men.
Ethics and the Observer’s Paradox
Authors: Shanmuganathan Thilagavathi
Published: April 2005

In attempting to provide empirical qualitative data analysis, the researcher has to work within many constraints. There are ethical issues that need to be considered and evaluated in the managing of data, especially one that is naturally occurring. One of the more popular methods of ‘capturing’ this data is through audio recording and to be able to record, prior permission has to be sought. This pre-requisite is in itself a constraint within which a young researcher has to persevere. This research is part of PhD work in progress and relates the many constraints faced and coming to the crossroads between ethics and the observer’s paradox (Labov cited in Kontra and Varadi 1997). This work does no prescribe alternative methods in the recording and collection of data, but highlights the problems that emerged in the process of doing research.
Usefulness of Software Architecture Description Languages for Modeling and Analysis of Federates and Federation Architectures
Authors: McKenzie Frederic D. , Petty Mikel D. , Xu Qingwen
Published: April 2005

Software architecture is high-level software design dealing with the structure and organization of large software systems. Architecture description languages (ADLs) are languages designed to represent software designs at the architecture level. ADLs are not widely used in the development of simulation systems. This research investigates the utility and effectiveness of ADLs for architecture-level design and analysis of simulation systems. Experimental applications of two ADLs to the specification and analysis of simulation architectures were conducted. Rapide was used to model the EnviroFed federation architecture and analyze data volume with and without interest management. Acme was used to model the ModSAF federate architecture and to analyze execution time at the component and federate levels in ModSAF. The experiments showed that ADLs could be used to discover important features of simulation system architectures.
SACHEM, a Real-Time Intelligent Diagnosis System Based on the Discrete Event Paradigm
Authors: Le Goc Marc
Published: April 2005

SACHEM is an extensive large-scale, real-time, knowledge-based system designed to monitor and diagnose complex dynamic processes such as blast furnaces. This article aims at illustrating the way the paradigm of discrete events allowed the design of SACHEM as a recursive abstraction process of discrete events. This recursive abstraction process is the basis of a “perception-based” approach of diagnosis. A first formalization of this kind of diagnosis is proposed and illustrated with the example of the perception of a “scaffolding” phenomenon. Some considerations about blast furnaces, SACHEM, and its development are also provided to argue the operational flavor of a“perception-based”approach for diagnosis.
An Architecture and Interfaces for Distributed Manufacturing Simulation
Authors: McLean Charles , Riddick Frank , Lee Y. Tina
Published: April 2005

This article presents an overview of a neutral reference architecture and data model for integrating distributed manufacturing simulation systems with each other, with other manufacturing software applications, and with manufacturing data repositories. Other manufacturing software applications include but are not limited to systems used to design products, specify processes, engineer manufacturing systems, and manage production. The architecture identifies the software building blocks and interfaces that will facilitate the integration of distributed simulation systems and enable the integration of those systems with other manufacturing software applications. The architecture builds on the High Level Architecture standard for simulation. The National Institute of Standards and Technology and its collaborators have created several implementations of portions of the architecture using commercial off-the-shelf simulators. These implementations demonstrated the feasibility of the architecture and highlighted the need for a neutral data model for exchanging manufacturing data between simulations.
Dissemination of Spanish social sciences and humanities journals
Authors: Osca-Lluch Julia , Haba Julia
Published: April 2005

The presence of scholarly journals in international data bases promotes the dissemination of research results and also facilitates requests for specific articles or journals by end users. As scientists seek optimal visibility for their work and wish their results to be published in journals with high circulation, it is important to know which are the leading journals within each scientific area. This paper contains a bibliometric study of scientific journals in the areas of Social Sciences and Humanities that are currently published in Spain, together with information concerning their production and circulation in the different national and international bibliographical data bases, publisher, scientific discipline, impact factor, frequency of publication, language and type of delivery used.
Internet policy and diffusion in China, Malaysia and Singapore
Authors: Xue Susan
Published: April 2005

The Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, communication and economic development around the world. In their efforts of using this powerful technology as a means for leapfrogging and bridging the gaps with developed nations, developing countries face challenges of poor telecommunications infrastructure and difficulties in utilizing the Internet’s full potential and managing its information flow. By studying and comparing China, Malaysia and Singapore’s practices, this article attempts to examine how a national Internet policy can address these challenges and realize the benefits the Internet offers, and to explore what lessons developing countries can draw from a comparative approach to policy analysis.
‘Psychotherapy’: the invention of a word
Authors: Shamdasani Sonu
Published: April 2005

This paper traces the manner in which the word ‘psychotherapy’ was invented and how it became taken up and disseminated in the English-, French- and German-speaking medical worlds at the end of the 19th century. It explores how it was used as an appellation for a variety of practices, and then increasingly became perceived as a distinct entity in its own right. Finally it shows how the fate of the word ‘psychotherapy’ enables Freud’s invention of ‘psychoanalysis’ to be located.
Imperfection-induced Wrinkling Material Failure in Sandwich Panels
Authors: Fagerberg Linus , Zenkert Dan
Published: April 2005

In this paper, sandwich wrinkling or local face sheet instability is treated in the context of material failure. Traditionally, test results rarely complied well with the predicted failure load and a knock down factor often had to be used. The reason for this is often referred as the effect of initial geometric imperfections. In this paper, imperfections are included in the natural waveform given by the linear stability analysis, i.e., a short wavelength sinusoidal buckling shape. These initial imperfections lead to increased displacements during loading giving rise to both, an in-plane compressive strain and a varying bending strain. These strains can then be related to material failure criteria, one for the face sheet compressive strain and one for the core normal strain. An analytical model is derived and compared with experimental results and several issues are revealed. The panel strength measured using a realistic initial imperfection amplitude agrees very well with the derived model, giving a prediction somewhat below the values obtained from the traditional approach. This verifies that the actual wrinkling failure is below the theoretical instability load. The model is able to distinguish between different failure modes, face sheet compression failure or core-adhesive joint tensile failure, giving good correlation with the experimental findings. Thus, it appears that using initial imperfections as a basis for wrinkling analysis provides a better foundation for the failure analysis than the ordinary stability analysis, and it also allows to determine which failure mode is predominant. Finally, it is shown that the choice of the core material can be made based on the theory presented to obtain a more efficient sandwich panel.
Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol Using Cobalt and Nickel Catalysts Supported on Strontium Titanate
Authors: Urasaki Kohei , Tokunaga Kazuhisa , Sekine Yasushi , Kikuchi Eiichi , Matsukata Masahiko
Published: April 2005

The steam reforming of ethanol over Co and Ni catalysts supported on SrTiO3 was carried out at 823 K and atmospheric pressure. It was found that Co/SrTiO3 showed a high catalytic activity and long-term stability and remarkably inhibited carbon deposition.
Direct Measurement of Photochromic Durability at the Single-molecule Level
Authors: Fukaminato Tuyoshi , Umemoto Tohru , Iwata Yasuhide , Irie Masahiro
Published: April 2005

A fluorescent photochromic diarylethene, which has excellent photostability and efficient fluorescence switching character even at the single-molecule level, was synthesized and the fatigue resistant property was quantitatively evaluated.
White Light Electroluminescence from a Dendritic Europium Complex
Authors: Li Shangfeng , Zhong Gaoyu , Zhu Weihong , Li Fuyou , Pan Jianfeng , Huang Wei , Tian He
Published: April 2005

A novel dendritic europium complex Eu(TCPD)3(Phen) with carbazole units as the periphery has been prepared and the device ITO//NPB//CBP:Eu(TCPD)3(Phen)//BCP//Mg:Ag gave out white light with the CIE coordinate (0.333, 0.348) at 16.2 V and maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.1%.
Novel Naphthalimide Fluorescent Sensors Selective for Certain Proteins on Basis of Non-covalent Interactions between Enzyme and Inhibitor
Authors: Cui Dawei , Qian Xuhong , Liu Fengyu , Zhang Rong , Yang Qing
Published: April 2005

A non-covalent interactions’ concept for proteins’ fluorescent sensor of solvent-sensitive naphthalimide dyes was developed on basis of enzyme–inhibitor principle, which could selectively bind certain hydrolases with significant fluorescence enhancements and apparent blue-shifts in emission wavelength.
Sorption of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and Zn(II) onto montmorillonite
Authors: Ikhsan Jaslin , Wells John D. , Johnson Bruce B. , Angove Michael J.
Published: April 2005

Acid-base titrations and attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy of solutions containing Zn(NO3)2 and the herbicide 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole suggested that soluble complexes ZnL2+ and Zn(OH)L+ form, where L represents aminotriazole. Sorption experiments and modeling in systems containing K-saturated Wyoming (SWy-K) montmorillonite suggest that at low concentrations the aminotriazole sorbs primarily in cationic form via an ion-exchange mechanism. Sorption isotherms for aminotriazole are ‘s’-shaped, indicating a co-operative sorption mechanism as the concentration of the molecule increases. At higher concentrations, ATR-IR spectroscopy indicated the presence of cationic and neutral triazole molecules on the surface, while X-ray diffraction data suggest interaction with interlayer regions of the clay. When the concentration of the herbicide was high, initial sorption of aminotriazole cations modified the clay to make the partitioning of neutral molecules to the surface more favorable. Experiments conducted in the presence of Zn(II) indicated that below pH 7, Zn(II) and aminotriazole compete for sorption sites, while above pH 7 the presence of Zn(II) enhances the uptake of aminotriazole. The enhancement was attributed to the formation of an inner-sphere ternary surface complex at hydroxyl sites (SOH) on crystal edges, having the form [(SOZn(OH)L)]0.
Conversion of chrysotile to a magnesian smectite
Authors: Cheshire Michael , Gũven Necip
Published: April 2005

Chrysotile from Thetford Mines in Quebec, Canada was treated first with mild formic or oxalic acid at concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 N at 200°C in Teflon-lined 12.0 mL Parr bombs. The reaction products were identified by X-ray diffraction as a poorly crystalline Fe-bearing kerolite-like 2:1 layer silicate (which will be described as a kerolitic precipitate or a kerolitic mesophase in this report). Electron microscopic examination showed a thin foily morphology for this kerolitic mesophase that may have formed by the following reaction:
(1)$\mathop {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{\rm{6}}}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}_{\rm{4}}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{10}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)}_{{8_{\left( {\rm{s}} \right)}}}}}\limits_{{\rm{chrysotile}}} + 6.02{{\rm{H}}^{\rm{ + }}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)} + 0.54{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)} \to \mathop {\left( {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{2}}{\rm{.46}}}}{\rm{Fe}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.54}}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}} \right){\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}_{\rm{4}}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{10}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)}_{\rm{2}}} \cdot n}\limits_{{\rm{kerolitic}}\;{\rm{mesophase}}} {{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\left( {\rm{s}} \right)}} + {\rm{3}}{\rm{.55M}}{{\rm{g}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)}$

The magnetite impurity in the initial chrysotile asbestos served as the source of Fe in the above reactions. Subsequently, this kerolitic precipitate was reacted with 0.2 N NaOH for 48–96 h at 200°C and a highly crystalline smectite was formed with the same foily morphology as the kerolitic precipitate. X-ray spectral analyses of the kerolitic mesophase and smectite suggest the following reaction to have taken place:
(2)$\eqalign{ & \mathop {\left( {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{2}}{\rm{.46}}}}{\rm{Fe}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.54}}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}} \right){\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}_{\rm{4}}}{{\rm{O}}_{{\rm{10}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)}_{\rm{2}}}}\limits_{{\rm{kerolitic}}\;{\rm{mesophase}}} \cdot n{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\left( {\rm{s}} \right)}} + {\rm{0}}{\rm{.53M}}{{\rm{g}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)} + 0.54{\rm{NaO}}{{\rm{H}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)}} + 0.01{\rm{F}}{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{3 + }}}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)} \to \cr & \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\mathop {\;\;{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}_{0.54}}\left( {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_{{\rm{2}}{\rm{.99}}}}{\rm{Fe}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.01}}}^{{\rm{2 + }}}} \right)\left( {{\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.46}}}}{\rm{Fe}}_{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.54}}}^{{\rm{3 + }}}} \right){{\rm{O}}_{10}}{{\left( {{\rm{OH}}} \right)}_{{\rm{2}}\;\left( {\rm{s}} \right)}}}\limits_{{\rm{saponite}}} + 0.54{\rm{S}}{{\rm{i}}^{{\rm{4 + }}}}_{\left( {{\rm{aq}}} \right)} \cr} $

The reaction products, a kerolitic mesophase and smectite, possess a non-fibrous habit in contrast to the fibrous (asbestiform) morphology of chrysotile.
Cation-site partitioning in Ti-rich micas from Black Hill (Australia): A multi-technical approach
Authors: Schingaro Emanuela , Scordari Fernando , Mesto Ernesto , Brigatti Maria Franca , Pedrazzi Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

The crystal chemistry of Ti-rich trioctahedral micas of plutonic origin, cropping out at Black Hill (South Australia) has been investigated by combining electron microprobe analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chemical analyses have shown the samples taken to be quite homogeneous and Ti-rich (TiO2 ≈ 7 wt.%). Mössbauer investigation yielded Fe2+/Fe3+ ≈ 30. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis seems to suggest the occurrence of three Ti species: octahedral Tr4+(60%), octahedral Ti3+(26%), and tetrahedral Ti4+(14%). The analyzed sample belongs to the 1M polytype and the relevant crystal data from structure analysis are: a = 5.347(1) Å, b = 9.261(2) Å, c = 10.195(2) Å, β = 100.29°(1). Anisotropic structure refinement was performed in space group C2/m, and converged at R = 2.62, Rw = 2.80. Structural details (the c cell parameter, the off-center shift of the M2 cation towards 04, the bond-length distortions of the cis-M2 octahedron, the interlayer sheet thickness, the projection of K−O4 distance along c*, the difference outer-inner) support the occurrence of the Ti-oxy substitution (VIR2+ + 2(OH)− ⇌ Ti4+ + 202− + H2) in the sample. Analysis of structural distortions as a function of the Ti content revealed that the positions of the oxygens 03 and 04 are displaced in opposite senses along [100]. This produces an enlargement of the M1 site with respect to the M2 site and a shortening of the interlayer distance. This trend seems to be in common with other Ti-rich 1M micas of plutonic origin.
The 2M1 dioctahedral mica polytype: A crystal chemical study
Authors: Brigatti Maria Franca , Malferrari Daniele , Poppi Marco , Poppi Luciano
Published: April 2005

The structure of dioctahedral true micas such as muscovite and celadonitic muscovite (2M1 polytype, space group C2/c) is mostly affected by variations of the octahedral Al (VIAl) content. Crystals with greater Mg, Fe substitutions (i.e. celadonitic muscovite) reduce the dimensional difference between the larger trans-oriented M1 site and smaller cis-oriented M2 octahedral site. The octahedral anionic position O4 is displaced from the center of the hexagon, defined by 031 and 032 oxygen atoms (i.e. ‘octahedral hexagon’), both on and off the (001) plane. The distance between interlayer cation A and O4 is smaller in more substituted species, thus providing different orientations of the O4−H vector, as a function of VIAl. Octahedral distances ( and  are expressed as a function of cell parameters and VIA1 content, thus allowing an approximate estimate of site dimensions. These approximations are useful when a detailed structural refinement is not available. In celadonitic muscovite, the octahedral hexagon mean edge (Hex) is not significantly affected by VIA1 content. The VIA1 increase produces both a decrease in cell lateral dimensions and a distorted ‘octahedral hexagon’. The decrease in a and b is consistent with a decrease of Hex, whereas the distortion of the’ octahedral hexagon’ is consistent with an increase of (<031–032>Hex), because an irregular hexagon produces a longer mean edge than a regular hexagon of equal area.

The tetrahedral mean basal edge (VIbassal) is reduced as celadonitic substitution progresses. The tetrahedral rotation angle, α was thus found to increase from celadonite to muscovite. However, in muscovite with VIAl content between 1.8 and 2.0 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.), α approaches a saturation value, thus showing a proportional increase of tetrahedral and octahedral sheet lateral dimensions. Furthermore, α variation allows a coarse approximation of the threshold VIAl content, below which celadonitic substitution may not progress.
Can narrative films go interactive?
Authors: Ben-Shaul Nitzan
Published: April 2005

New interactive media works based upon audio-visual material often result in distraction rather than sustained engagement. Contrary to postmodern textual and cognitive presumptions, this study uses dual coding theory, cognitive load theory, and constructivist narrative film theory,
to claim that distraction results from cognitive and behavioural multi-tasking which lead to split attention problems that cannot be cognitively handled. Focus is upon split attention resulting from the non-critical use of split screens, from decentred, non-cohering audio-visual and multi-narrative
formations, and from interaction. The analysis of several new media works, existing tools and models, particularly those pertaining to narrative- oriented ‘interactive films’, instantiates these claims. For narrative interactive audio-visual texts to sustain deep, wide-ranged engagement,
multi-tasking split attention problems inhering in computer-based works have to be managed, and - most importantly - made to enhance rather than reduce engagement. This article outlines some major problems and offers viable solutions.
Predicting Random Effects in Group‐Randomized Trials
Authors: Stanek Edward J.
Published: April 2005

The main objective in a group‐randomized trial is a comparison between treatments. Often, there is interest in the expected response for a particular group receiving a treatment. Since a random sample of groups is included in the trial, the parameter for such a group is represented as a random effect. In this context, predicting the expected response for a group requires predicting a random effect. We review proposed solutions to this problem focusing on differences in the model assumptions in a simple setting. We conclude that while popular computing solutions exist, fundamental open questions remain that impact interpretation.
Multiple Testing in Clinical Trials
Authors: Dmitrienko Alexei , Hsu Jason C.
Published: April 2005

Multiplicity considerations play an important role in clinical trials with multiple treatment comparisons or endpoints. This article provides a high‐level review of key concepts in multiple testing, including control of false‐positive outcomes and popular multiplicity adjustments. The article also introduces and compares important statistical principles (union‐intersection, closed testing and partitioning principles) which provide a foundation for widely used multiple tests. The statistical methods described in this article are illustrated using examples from clinical trials.
A
liens of
A
merica: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database (Revised)
Published: April 2005

The group, Aliens of America, appears to have been the creation of Muharem Kurbegovic, better known as the Alphabet Bomber. The group first surfaced in 1974. Kurbegovic, a legal Yugoslavian immigrant who first came to the United States in 1967, began terrorizing various Los Angeles officials starting in 1973 as a response to denial of his application to open a dance club. The Aliens of America bragged that they possess nerve gas and they desire to liberate themselves from the “audacity and terror of the United States government.”
Anthrax (
Bacillus Anthracis
)
Authors: Godbold Gene
Published: April 2005

Bacillus anthracis
is listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category A agent, of highest priority in terms of public health and national security. It is considered by most authorities to be the primary biological weapons and bioterrorism threat, a position supported by the fall 2001 “anthrax letters.” The organism has been developed by numerous state‐level offensive biological warfare programs in the past, and terrorist groups such as Aum Shinrikyo have pursued it as a weapon as well.
B. anthracis
is relatively easy to acquire and produce, and delivery is aided by the fact that its spores are highly resistant to heat, desiccation, and other environmental factors. Disease can occur in three forms depending on the route of infection. Of primary concern in a terrorism context is the inhalational form, caused by respiratory exposure to aerosolized spores. Lethality exceeds 80 percent in untreated individuals with this form of disease.
Anti‐Material Agents
Authors: Kosal Margaret E.
Published: April 2005

Microorganisms that metabolize organic and inorganic compounds are ubiquitous to the planet. The prospect of a bioterrorist using such an organism as a weapon is small, and the implications of this type of use would likely be far more economic or disruptive than life threatening. The use of recombinant DNA techniques (genetic engineering) has been suggested as a means to accelerate the natural degradation processes; however, little progress has been documented in the open literature to date.
Bioregulators
Authors: Pilch Richard F.
Published: April 2005

In 1989, the results of Project Bonfire, an ambitious undertaking of the former Soviet Union's biological warfare program, were presented at a review conference. Project Bonfire demonstrated for the first time that deliberate human action could turn a substance produced normally by body cells so it harmed the body itself. The substance in the study was myelin toxin, which was named so because it could damage the myelin sheaths of nerve cells and disrupt nerve impulse transmission through the body. Myelin toxin is a bioregulator. When present in elevated levels, it can overwhelm the body's compensatory systems. This article discusses the historical and future considerations of the use of bioregulators in weapon development. Examples of other bioregulators are endothelin, vasopressin, and Substance P.
Biosecurity: Protecting High Consequence Pathogens and Toxins Against Theft and Diversion
Authors: Salerno Reynolds M. , Estes Daniel P.
Published: April 2005

Biosecurity aims at the prevention of proliferation of biological agents by denying access to these by terrorists. Biosafety and biosecurity are two sides of the same coin. Pathogens may have useful applications, but it is important to protect the people working with them from accidental exposure. Various steps are involved in ensuring biosafety and biosecurity. Asset identification, threat identification, control and accountability of pathogens, and documentation should be part of this program. Putting in place a security program and development of a security culture can substantially reduce the risk of proliferation.
Biotechnology and Bioterrorism
Authors: Zilinskas Raymond A. , Dando Malcolm
Published: April 2005

Advances in modern biotechnology may have a significant impact on how biological weapons are acquired, produced, and delivered. Techniques that may be applicable to the weaponization of pathogens and toxins include genetic engineering, DNA technologies, protein engineering, and cell and tissue culture. These techniques might be applied to enhance any or all of the six characteristics or traits of microorganisms considered important for weaponization: hardiness, resistance, infectivity, pathogenicity, specificity, and detection avoidance. Expertise is still required to perform these tasks, however, as is applicable scientific information.
Characteristics of Future Bioterrorists
Authors: Dolnik Adam
Published: April 2005

In order to adequately address the threat of mass‐fatality bioterrorism, it is not only necessary to understand the level of this threat, but to identify the potential perpetrators of such an event. This article attempts to outline the probable characteristics of future bioterrorists in order to provide a profile by which groups that may attempt to procure and even use biological agents can be identified and preempted. Motivation, organization, capability, desire, and ability to innovate are the characteristics discussed. Although groups that are particularly dangerous may not break the technical hurdle of obtaining weapons of mass destruction, attempts may take the form of psychological threats.
B
reeders: A Case Study
Authors:   Monterey WMD‐Terrorism Database Staff
Published: April 2005

The Breeders are a single‐issue environmental group that claimed responsibility for the Mediterranean fruit fly infestation in Southern California with the professed motive of protesting pesticide spraying in the area in 1989. Letters sent to various officials are the only known evidence of the group. Many letters may have been a hoax, but the infestation did display characteristics that suggest sabotage.
Camelpox
Authors: Kleinman Wendy
Published: April 2005

The camelpox virus is the closest relative of the variola virus, the cause of smallpox. Camelpox virus was investigated as part of Iraq's offensive biological weapons program. The Iraqis' interest may have been based on the idea that as a result of frequent contact with camels, Iraqi populations would be immune to camelpox but foreign troops would not. Another possibility is that the virus was being studied as simulant for the smallpox virus. The camelpox virus and other orthopoxviruses pose a threat to human populations, and a better understanding of their pathogenesis and management is needed.
Crisis Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J.
Published: April 2005

Crisis management of a bioterrorism event is that portion of incident response which includes immediate and coordinated actions to resolve a public health disaster. This crisis management involves a coordinated municipal, county, state and federal response that integrates public health authorities and resources at all levels with law enforcement and first responders through the incident command system (ICS). A bioterrorism event would likely incur activation of a state's Emergency Operations center (EOC) to coordinate the statewide response, and enable communications with federal, state and local resources. Public health and hospital response are an integral part of crisis management for any disaster event that may produce physical and psychological casualties.
D
ark
H
arvest
Authors: Yabroff Alex
Published: April 2005

In 1981, a package containing what looked like soil was found at Porton Down Chemical Defense Establishment (UK). The soil was determined to contain 10
Bacillus anthracis
spores. A second package of soil was sent to a Conservative Party meeting, but no spores were identified in the package. The group Dark Harvest claimed responsibility for the incidents stating that the spores were from a contaminated field where the British performed spore testing during World War II. Spores persisted there until a dedicated cleanup. Dark Harvest is accurately described as a single‐issue organization. The incidents were considered a protest and not an action to do harm to people. They have not been heard from since.
Dark Winter
Authors: Mair Michael
Published: April 2005

The June 2001 tabletop exercise “Dark Winter” simulated a deliberate smallpox outbreak in the United States. Exercise design, participants, scenario, and lessons learned are reviewed.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Authors: Epstein Gerald L.
Published: April 2005

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD) focal point for reducing the present threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and preparing for this threat in the future. DTRA's activities include anticipating future WMD threats, shaping the international environment to reduce current threats, deterring and defeating the use of WMD, and managing the consequences of a WMD event. DTRA's activities and organization, role in responding to bioterrorism, and future outlook are discussed.
Department of Defense
Authors: Baker Michelle
Published: April 2005

The Department of Defense (DoD) mission is to protect American interests both at home and abroad, a mandate that has remained unchanged since the Department's inception, Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the inception of the Department of Homeland Security, DoD's responsibilities have shifted to address current priorities of the U.S. government as it prepares to meet the threat of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. This article gives details on the various programs and facilities of the DoD.
Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center
Authors: Marrin Stephen
Published: April 2005

The U.S. intelligence community, a complicated amalgam of all or part of multiple agencies and departments, contributes to bioterrorism defense by covertly collecting information related to the bioterrorist threat overseas, integrating the disparate streams of intelligence via all‐source analysis, and providing the finished intelligence analysis to national security decision makers involved in creating and implementing bioterrorism defense policies. Specifically, the intelligence community provides national security decision makers with information on both the biological weapons capabilities of terrorist groups and states and the intentions of those who might employ biological weapons to target the United States or its interests.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Authors: Murch Randall
Published: April 2005

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has a number of assigned missions and responsibilities in counterintelligence and counterterrorism, and has become more prominent in this regard owing to the attacks on the U.S. homeland and interests abroad in recent years. One of the FBI's primary capabilities is in the field of microbial forensics. The accurate and valid forensic identification and characterization of biological weapons evidence is necessary for source attribution, association, or exclusion purposes, not unlike the use of forensic science in the criminal justice system. Another critical capability is the FBI's Hazardous Materials Response Unit, which is prepared to quickly respond to and investigate weapons of mass destruction incidents. These and other capabilities are described in order to clarify the FBI's role in bioterrosism defense.
International Cooperation and Bioterrorism Preparedness
Authors: Roffey Roger
Published: April 2005

There is a need to enhance and better coordinate international cooperation if the fight against bioterrorism is to be successful. This includes such aspects as intelligence sharing, rapid alert and response systems, training, planning, research, intervention teams, and medical preparedness. It is also crucial to limit the proliferation of knowledge, equipment, and personnel that could be misused for illicit purposes to organizations or states. Ongoing activities in a number of international forums (e.g., EU, NATO, WHO, BTWC) are reviewed.
International Regulations and Agreements Pertaining to Bioterrorism
Authors: Woodward Angela
Published: April 2005

The body of international law and agreements relating to bioterrorism is constantly evolving to meet new threats posed by biological and toxic agents (BW). The traditional approach sought to prohibit the use, development and production of BW by states, as seen in the 1925 Geneva Protocol, 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, 1976 Environmental Modification Convention, as well as the 1993 Chemical Convention which also bans toxin weapons. To help prevent states becoming involved in offensive BW research and production programmes, the effort was broadened to regulate exports of dual‐use biological and chemical agents and weapons‐related equipment in order to decrease the opportunity for their diversion for illegitimate purposes. The states comprising the Australia Group maintain this export control system through harmonized national legislation. As the threat of bioterrorism by non‐state actors increased, the academic community put forward initiatives to stimulate the creation of new international law that would establish biological and chemical weapons activities, as well as bioterrorism, as international crimes. While these proposed treaties have not been agreed, other treaties and legal measures have been adopted under the auspices of the United Nations which seek to control aspects of the bioterrorism threat and to verify states' compliance with their binding obligations.
Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time‐dependent conditions
Authors: Chen Xiao Dong , Lin Sean Xu Qi
Published: April 2005

Spray drying is the prime process for many years for manufacturing food powders. Dairy powders are one of the main products consumed worldwide. There has been a stream of studies published previously on both modeling the drying characteristics of a single milk droplet and the dryer wide simulations incorporating computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In CFD simulations, large numbers of particles of different sizes need be tracked to represent the size distribution; it is desirable to have an accurate yet simple model for drying of a single droplet, which does not require partial differential equation. Here for the first time, two such models are validated. One model is of the characteristic drying rate curve approach and the other (new) model is of the reaction engineering approach. The model predictions are compared against a very wide range of experimental results including isothermal and time‐varying temperature conditions. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005