bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Chemoselective Oxidation of Dithioester Enethiolates to Sulfenates: Application to the Synthesis of Ketene Dithioacetal S‐Oxides.
Authors: Sandrinelli Franck , Fontaine Gaelle , Perrio Stephane , Beslin Pierre
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Ring Opening of Alkylidenecyclopropanone Silyl Acetals.
Authors: Fujita Morifumi , Fujiwara Koji , Mouri Hiroshi , Kazekami Yutaka , Okuyama Tadashi
Published: January 2005

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Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Siloxy Enynes to Cyclohexadienes.
Authors: Zhang Liming , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple and Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatic Compounds with Ammonium Iodide and Oxone®.
Authors: Mohan K. V. V. Krishna , Narender N. , Kulkarni S. J.
Published: January 2005

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Samarium Iodides Catalyzed meso‐Epoxides Ring Opening by Aromatic Amines.
Authors: Carree Fabien , Gil Richard , Collin Jacqueline
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes via NiCl2 Reduction and Hydrolysis of Oxazolines.
Authors: Babu M. Suresh , Rai K. M. Lokanatha
Published: January 2005

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Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Reactions of Enecarbamates with an Aldehyde.
Authors: Matsubara Ryosuke , Vital Paulo , Nakamura Yoshitaka , Kiyohara Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shu
Published: January 2005

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Alkyl‐ or Arylthiolation of Aryl Iodide via Cleavage of the S—S Bond of Disulfide Compound by Nickel Catalyst and Zinc.
Authors: Taniguchi Nobukazu
Published: January 2005

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Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone, a Difluoromethylidene Equivalent: Use in the Synthesis of 1,1‐Difluoro‐1‐alkenes.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Hu Jinbo , Wang Ying , Olah George A.
Published: January 2005

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A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Catalytic System for Heck Reactions with a Palladium Colloid Layer Reduced in situ in the Channel of Mesoporous Silica Materials.
Authors: Li Liang , Shi Jian‐lin , Yan Ji‐na
Published: January 2005

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A Novel Enantioselective Reaction. Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantiodistinctive Reaction of Bicyclic Allylic Compounds.
Authors: Daimon Hisashi , Ogawa Ryohei , Itagaki Shuichi , Shimizu Isao
Published: January 2005

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Development of a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation Procedure with Hydrogen Peroxide as the Oxidant.
Authors: Tse Man Kin , Doebler Christian , Bhor Santosh , Klawonn Markus , Maegerlein Wolfgang , Hugl Herbert , Beller Matthias
Published: January 2005

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An Approach to β‐Substituted γ‐Butyrolactones and Its Application to the Synthesis of Lignans.
Authors: Isemori Yuichi , Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: January 2005

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A Versatile and Practical Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes/Bis(indolyl)glycoconjugates Catalyzed by Trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine.
Authors: Sharma G. V. M. , Reddy J. Janardhan , Lakshmi P. Sree , Krishna Palakodety Radha
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Carbazoles and Dibenzofurans via Cross‐Coupling of o‐Iodoanilines and o‐Iodophenols with Silylaryl Triflates.
Authors: Liu Zhijian , Larock Richard C.
Published: January 2005

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Novel Donor—π—Acceptor Compounds Containing 1,3‐Dithiol‐2‐ylidene and Tetracyanobutadiene Units.
Authors: Morioka Yosuke , Yoshizawa Naoto , Nishida Jun‐ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: January 2005

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Modified Reaction Conditions to Achieve High Regioselectivity in the Two Component Synthesis of 1,5‐Diarylpyrazoles.
Authors: Singh Sunil K. , Reddy M. Srinivasa , Shivaramakrishna S. , Kavitha D. , Vasudev R. , Babu J. Moses , Sivalakshmidevi A. , Rao Y. Koteswar
Published: January 2005

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Zeolite‐Catalyzed Simple Synthesis of Different Heterocyclic Rings. Part 2.
Authors: Hegedues Adrienn , Vigh Ilona , Hell Zoltan
Published: January 2005

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Novel Isoxazole Carboxamides as Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS‐R) Antagonists.
Authors: Liu Bo , Liu Gang , Xin Zhili , Serby Michael D. , Zhao Hongyu , Schaefer Verlyn G. , Falls H. Douglas , Kaszubska Wiweka , Collins Christine A. , Sham Hing L.
Published: January 2005

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Improved Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity and Potential Carcinogenicity of 5‐Amino‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐3(2H)‐one.
Authors: Piskala A. , Vachalkova A. , Masojidkova M. , Horvathova K. , Ovesna Z. , Paces V. , Novotny L.
Published: January 2005

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A Simple Method for the Preparation of 5‐Alkylsulfinyl‐1‐aryltetrazoles.
Authors: Hrabalek Alexandr , Myznikov Leonid , Kunes Jiri , Vavrova Katerina , Koldobskii Grigorii
Published: January 2005

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Antimycobacterial 1‐Aryl‐5‐benzylsulfanyltetrazoles.
Authors: Waisser K. , Adamec J. , Kunes J. , Kaustova J.
Published: January 2005

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Application of Hemithio Ketene Acetals to the Synthesis of Spirocyclic Orthoesters.
Authors: La Cruz Thomas E. , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: January 2005

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Convergent and Rapid Assembly of Benzonaphthopyranone Cores of Chartreusin, Chrymutasins and Hayumicins.
Authors: Mal Dipakranjan , Patra Asi , Roy Haren
Published: January 2005

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Sulfamic Acid — An Efficient and Cost‐Effective Solid Acid Catalyst for the Pechmann Reaction.
Authors: Singh Pankajkumar R. , Singh Devendrapratap U. , Samant Shriniwas D.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of New 8‐Methoxy‐4‐methyl‐3‐(N‐ [2′‐amino‐(1′,3′,4′)thia/oxa‐diazol‐5′‐yl]‐substituted methyl)‐amino Thiocoumarins.
Authors: Prasanna B. , Chandramouli G. V. P.
Published: January 2005

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Deprotonation of Chloropyridines Using Lithium Magnesates.
Authors: Awad Hacan , Mongin Florence , Trecourt Francois , Queguiner Guy , Marsais Francis
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis and Antienteroviral Activity of a Series of Novel, Oxime Ether‐Containing Pyridyl Imidazolidinones.
Authors: Chern Jyh‐Haur , Lee Chung‐Chi , Chang Chih‐Shiang , Lee Yen‐Chun , Tai Chia‐Liang , Lin Ying‐Ting , Shia Kak‐Shan , Lee Ching‐Yin , Shih Shin‐Ru
Published: January 2005

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Benzothiophene and Naphthalene Derived Constrained SERMs.
Authors: Wallace Owen B. , Bryant Henry U. , Shetler Pamela K. , Adrian Mary D. , Geiser Andrew G.
Published: January 2005

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KAl(SO4)2×12H2O: An Efficient Catalyst for the Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐Isoquinolonic Acids.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Mohammadi Ali A. , Karimi Ali R. , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R. , Koohshari M.
Published: January 2005

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Two Convenient One‐Pot Strategies for the Synthesis of Octahydroacridines.
Authors: Mayekar N. V. , Nayak S. K. , Chattopadhyay S.
Published: January 2005

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Regioselective Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3‐c]isoquinolin‐11‐ones by Radical Cyclization
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Sarkar S.
Published: January 2005

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The Facile Formation of Trioxanaphthacenes by a [4 + 2] Addition of Flavonols to 1,2‐Benzoquinone.
Authors: Kaizer Jozsef , Speier Gabor , Oesz Erzsebet , Giorgi Michel , Reglier Marius
Published: January 2005

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An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐ones Catalyzed by Methanesulfonic Acid.
Authors: Jin Tong‐Shou , Wang Huan‐Xin , Xing Chun‐Yong , Li Xiao‐Liu , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: January 2005

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Stereoselective Intramolecular Hetero Diels—Alder Reactions of 1‐Oxa‐1,3‐butadienes: A Novel Approach for the Synthesis of Complex Annulated Uracils.
Authors: Devi Ipsita , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: January 2005

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A Facile Synthesis of C2,N3‐Disubstituted‐4‐quinazolone.
Authors: Xue Song , McKenna Joseph , Shieh Wen‐Chung , Repic Oljan
Published: January 2005

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Regioselective Lithiation of Chiral 3‐Acylamino‐2‐alkylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones: Application in Synthesis.
Authors: Smith Keith , El‐Hiti Gamal A. , Abdel‐Megeed Mohamed F.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzodiazepine‐3,5‐diones.
Authors: Wiklund Per , Rogers‐Evans Mark , Bergman Jan
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Tri‐Substituted Vinyl Boronates via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Cross‐Metathesis.
Authors: Morrill Christie , Funk Timothy W. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: January 2005

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Environmentally Benign Process for the Synthesis of N‐Formyl Amino Acid Esters.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Behera Manoranjan , Khedkar Priti
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of L‐6‐Chloropyrroloindoline of Chloptosin Cyclohexapeptide.
Authors: Kim Young‐Ah , Han So‐Yeop
Published: January 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Amino Acids via Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Ammonium Salts.
Authors: Mettath Sashikumar , Srikanth G. S. C. , Dangerfield Benjamin S. , Castle Steven L.
Published: January 2005

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Carbohydrate Derivative from Baylis—Hillman Adduct. An Easy and Short Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐C‐methylene‐D‐erythro‐pentono‐1,4‐lactone.
Authors: Porto Ricardo S. , Coelho Fernando
Published: January 2005

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2‐C‐Branched Glycosides from 2′‐Carbonylalkyl 2‐O‐Ms(Ts)‐Glycosides. A Tandem SN2—SN2 Reaction via 1,2‐Cyclopropanated Sugars.
Authors: Shao Huawu , Ekthawatchai Sanchai , Wu Shih‐Hsiung , Zou Wei
Published: January 2005

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Highly Selective Synthesis of Bicyclic Quinolizidine Alkaloids and Their Analogues via Double RCM Reaction of N‐Alkynyl‐N‐(1,ω)‐alkadienyl Acrylamides.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Ni Bukuo , Liang Zhiqiang
Published: January 2005

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Tetrafibricin: Synthesis of the C1—C13, C15—C25, and C27—C40 Fragments.
Authors: BouzBouz Samir , Cossy Janine
Published: January 2005

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Synthetic Studies Aimed at (‐)‐Cochleamycin A. Evaluation of Late‐Stage Macrocyclization Alternatives.
Authors: Paquette Leo A. , Chang Jiyoung , Liu Zuosheng
Published: January 2005

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A New and Efficient Method for o‐Quinone Methide Intermediate Generation: Application to the Biomimetic Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Alboatrin.
Authors: Rodriguez Raphael , Adlington Robert M. , Moses John E. , Cowley Andrew , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: January 2005

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Fragmentation of Golgi Membranes by Norrisolide and Designed Analogues.
Authors: Brady Thomas P. , Wallace Erin K. , Kim Sun Hee , Guizzunti Gianni , Malhotra Vivek , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave Induced Preparation of a‐Axis Oriented Double‐Ended Needle‐Shaped ZnO Microparticles.
Authors: Ledwith Deirdre , Pillai Suresh C. , Watson Graeme W. , Kelly John M.
Published: January 2005

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Low‐Temperature Synthetic Method for Size‐Controlled CdSe Nanocrystals: Utilization of Boron Selenide.
Authors: Iancu Nora , Sharma Renu , Seo Dong‐Kyun
Published: January 2005

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Two Biologically Active Thiophene‐3‐carboxamide Derivatives.
Authors: Vasu Vasu , Nirmala K. A. , Chopra Deepak , Mohan S. , Saravanan J.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neutron Scattering as a Powerful Tool in Solid State Chemistry. Examples from the Investigations in Crystal Structures and Properties of Metal Hydrogen and Metal Chalcogen Compounds
Authors: Auffermann Gudrun , Mueller Paul , Bronger Welf
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Various Types of Metal Complexes Based on Chelating β‐Diketones and Their Structural Analogues
Authors: Skopenko V. V. , Amirkhanov V. M. , Sliva T. Yu. , Vasilchenko I. S. , Anpilova E. L. , Garnovskii A. D.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Terpenoids of Aristolochia and Their Biological Activities.
Authors: Wu Tian‐Shung , Damu Amooru G. , Su Chung‐Ren , Kuo Ping‐Chung
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Natural Sesquiterpenoids.
Authors: Fraga Braulio M.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides Containing 2′‐Reactive Groups: Synthesis and Applications.
Authors: Zatsepin T. S. , Romanova E. A. , Oretskaya T. S.
Published: January 2005

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Catalytic Carbonylation Methods Without the Direct Use of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Morimoto Tsumoru , Fuji Koji , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Role of Fluorine‐Containing Methyl Groups Toward Diastereofacial Selection
Authors: Yamazaki Takashi
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pinacolborane
Authors: Burkhardt Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Carbasugars of Biological Interest
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorinated Anthracyclines: Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Giannini Giuseppe
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oligosaccharide Synthesis Using Fluorous‐Tag Method
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2005

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Combinatorial Chemistry and High‐Throughput Screening for the Discovery of Organocatalysts
Authors: Fonseca Maria Hechavarria , List Benjamin
Published: January 2005

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Parallel and Combinatorial Approaches for Synthesis of Ligands
Authors: Lavastre Olivier , Bonnette Fabien , Gallard Laurent
Published: January 2005

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The Essence of Total Synthesis
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Snyder Scott A.
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkane Transfer—Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by a Pincer‐Ligated Iridium Complex
Authors: Goldman Alan S. , Renkema Kenton B. , Czerw Margaret , Krogh‐Jespersen Karsten
Published: January 2005

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Sphingolipids as Coenzymes in Anion Transfer and Tumor Death
Authors: Radin Norman S.
Published: January 2005

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Research Applications of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)
Authors: Allen Frank H. , Taylor Robin
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
How to Determine Structures when Single Crystals Cannot be Grown: Opportunities for Structure Determination of Molecular Materials Using Powder Diffraction Data
Authors: Harris Kenneth D. M. , Cheung Eugene Y.
Published: January 2005

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Low Temperature Single Crystal X‐Ray Diffraction: Advantages, Instrumentation and Applications
Authors: Goeta A. E. , Howard J. A. K.
Published: January 2005

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NMR and IR Spectroscopy of Phenols
Authors: Hansen Poul Erik , Spanget‐Larsen Jens
Published: January 2005

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Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Phenols
Authors: Kuck Dietmar
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lithium‐Batterien
Authors: Dierks Wiebke , Vennemann Hendrik
Published: January 2005

„Ich finde, dass es schon irgendwie zum Allgemeinwissen gehört und es außerdem viel spannender ist, auch zu wissen was überhaupt passiert, wenn man einen Lithium‐Ionen Akku benutzt und sich nicht nur damit zufrieden zu geben, dass man ihn halt laden und entladen kann.”︁ Dieses sagte eine Schülerin auf die Frage, ob sie es wichtig fände zu wissen, wie ein Lithium‐Ionen‐Akkumulator funktioniere. Aus diesem Grund möchten wir in diesem Artikel im ersten Teil einige chemische Grundlagen der Lithium‐Batterien darlegen und anschließend eine Unterrichtsreihe vorstellen, mit der es gelingen kann, dieses aktuelle und alltagsnahe Thema in den Chemieunterricht zu integrieren.
Clinical presentation of delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fann Jesse R. , Alfano Catherine M. , Burington Bart E. , Roth‐Roemer Sari , Katon Wayne J. , Syrjala Karen L.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Delirium is common in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and is associated with considerable morbidity and excess mortality in diverse patient samples. Although delirium can be treated successfully, it is largely undiagnosed. Understanding the clinical presentation of delirium may help improve the recognition of delirium in these patients. In the current study, the authors investigated the clinical presentation of delirium in HSCT patients, including the time course of these symptoms and comorbid affective distress, fatigue, and pain.

METHODS

Ninety patients ages 22–62 years were recruited prior to undergoing their first allogeneic or autologous HSCT. Delirium, distress, and pain symptom assessments were conducted prospectively 3 times per week from pretransplantation through Day 30 posttransplantation.

RESULTS

Delirium episodes occurred in 50% of patients and lasted approximately 10 days, with peak severity at the end of the second week posttransplantation. Factor analysis revealed three groups of delirium symptoms representing psychosis‐behavior, cognition, and mood‐consciousness. Delirium episodes were characterized by rapid onset of psychomotor and sleep‐wake cycle disturbance that persisted and cognitive symptoms that continued to worsen throughout much of the episode. Rises in psychosis‐behavior and cognitive symptoms predated the start of delirium episodes by ≈ 4 days. Affective distress and fatigue were common and appeared to be associated most with psychosis‐behavioral delirium symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The results describe in detail the clinical presentation of delirium in patients undergoing HSCT. Affective distress and fatigue commonly were associated with delirium. These findings may aid clinicians in improving the recognition and treatment of delirium in this population and avoiding further morbidity and potential mortality. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
HER‐2/neu and p53 overexpression as biomarkers of breast carcinoma in women age 30 years and younger
Authors: Maru Dipen , Middleton Lavinia P. , Wang Sijan , Valero Vicente , Sahin Aysegul
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Although p53 and HER‐2/neu overexpression are found in 30% of breast carcinomas in women of all ages and are associated with high rates of lymph node metastases, their role in women age < 30 years has not been studied extensively.

METHODS

The institutional breast cancer data base was searched to identify young women (23–30 years) with breast carcinoma. An immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression and p53 and HER‐2/neu overexpression. Positive staining for p53 was defined as nuclear staining in > 10% of tumor cells. HER‐2/neu membranous staining was graded as 0, 1 (incomplete, faint staining in > 10% of cells), 2 (weak‐to‐moderate, complete staining in > 10% of cells), or 3 (complete, strong staining in > 10% of cells). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on all samples with ≥ 2 and ≥ 3 results, and only FISH‐positive samples were classified as positive. The overexpression was correlated with clinicopathologic features.

RESULTS

Among 44 patients, 1 patient had medullary carcinoma, and 1 had mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma. All remaining patients were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. The clinical stage was T1 in 5 patients, T2 in 24 patients, T3 in 10 patients, T4 in 4 patients, and unavailable in 1 patient. Positive p53 status was determined in 22 of 44 patients (50%), and positive HER‐2/neu status was determined in 18 of 41 patients (44%). Tumors with lymph node metastasis had a significantly greater incidence of HER‐2/neu overexpression (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Frequent overexpression of HER‐2/neu and p53 was found in the patient population. HER‐2/neu overexpression was associated significantly with lymph node involvement and, thus, may be a marker for aggressive clinical behavior in patients with breast carcinoma age ≤ 30 years. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society
Absolute Rate Calculations: Atom and Proton Transfers in Hydrogen‐Bonded Systems
Authors: Barroso Mónica , Arnaut Luis G. , Formosinho Sebastião J.
Published: January 2005

We calculate energy barriers of atom‐ and proton‐transfer reactions in hydrogen‐bonded complexes in the gas phase. Our calculations do not involve adjustable parameters and are based on bond‐dissociation energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities, bond lengths, and vibration frequencies of the reactive bonds. The calculated barriers are in agreement with experimental data and high‐level ab initio calculations. We relate the height of the barrier with the molecular properties of the reactants and complexes. The structure of complexes with strong hydrogen bonds approaches that of the transition state, and substantially reduces the barrier height. We calculate the hydrogen‐abstraction rates in H‐bonded systems using the transition‐state theory with the semiclassical correction for tunneling, and show that they are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. H‐bonding leads to an increase in tunneling corrections at room temperature.
Graphite Powder and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Chemically Modified with 4‐Nitrobenzylamine
Authors: Wildgoose Gregory G. , Wilkins Shelley J. , Williams Gareth R. , France Robert R. , Carnahan David L. , Jiang Li , Jones Timothy G. J. , Compton Richard G.
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate that graphite powder and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can be derivatised by 4‐nitrobenzylamine (4‐NBA) simply by stirring the graphite powder or MWCNTs in a solution of acetonitrile containing 10 mM 4‐NBA. We propose that 4‐NBA partially intercalates at localised edge‐plane or edge‐plane‐like defect sites and support this hypothesis with a range of experimental data provided by electrochemistry in both aqueous and nonaqueous media, electron microscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction.
The Interaction of Water‐Soluble Manganese Porphyrins with DNA Films and Their Electrocatalytic Properties with Hydrazine
Authors: Chen Shen‐Ming , Lu Ming‐Feng , Lin Kuo‐Chiang
Published: January 2005

The electrochemistry of water‐soluble manganese porphyrins (Mn(4‐TMPyP)) has been studied as an electrochemically‐active film on double‐stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) modified electrodes in solutions at various pH. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ deposition of DNA on gold disk electrodes, and Mn(4‐TMPyP) (manganese meso‐tetrakis‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)porphyrin) deposition on DNA film modified electrodes. MnII(4‐TMPyP) (the reduced form) is more easily deposited on a DNA film than MnIII(4‐TMPyP) (the oxidized form). Electrodeposition of Mn(4‐TMPyP) can be performed in strong basic aqueous solutions, and shows two redox couples with electrochemically active voltammograms. The films can also be produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold, and transparent semiconductor tin (IV) oxide electrodes. The Mn(4‐TMPyP)/DNA film was electrocatalytically oxidative for hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and SO$\rm{ {_{3}^{2-}}}$ in a basic aqueous solution through a Mn(IV) species. The electrocatalytic efficiency of MnIV(O)(4‐TMPyP) was observed to be greater than (OH)MnIV(O)(4‐TMPyP). Electrocatalytic oxidation by a Mn(4‐TMPyP) film as a catalyst for hydrazine oxidation is also discussed. This shows a new anodic peak current in the second segment after the positive scan during electrocatalytic oxidation, and is pH dependent.
Continouos Heavy Metal Monitoring System for Application in River and Seawater
Authors: Mikkelsen Øyvind , Skogvold Silje M. , Schrøder Knut H.
Published: January 2005

An automated voltammetric system using solid electrodes was investigated for continuous and on‐line remote monitoring of heavy metals in natural waters. Both a polluted river impacted by a copper mine, and costal seawater were monitored automatically every 30 minutes for six months. The huge difference in these two locations demonstrates the wide application range for this system. Results have been automatically monitored every thirty minutes for six months, and can be correlated against a range of parameters, e.g., season, flow of water, temperature, pH etc.
Electrochemical and Catalytic Properties of the Adenine Coenzymes FAD and Coenzyme A on Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes
Authors: de‐los‐Santos‐Álvarez Noemí , Lobo‐Castañón María Jesús , Miranda‐Ordieres Arturo J. , Tuñón‐Blanco Paulino
Published: January 2005

Redox properties of two coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) are studied on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. Both of them exhibit an oxidation process at about 1.2 V in pH 9, associated with the oxidation of their adenine moiety. The resulting adsorbed oxidation products have a common structure, an electroactive quinone‐imine that acts as efficient catalyst of the oxidation of NADH at low potentials. The influence of the structure on their electrochemical features in comparison with other adenine derivatives is studied. Finally, a modified electrode prepared with the oxidation product of CoA was used to determine NADH in a wide linear range (1×10−8–2.43×10−5 M) with a detection limit of 3 nM.
Bioelectrocatalysis of Plant Peroxidases Immobilized on Graphite in Aqueous and Mixed Solvent Media
Authors: Brusova Zuzana , Ferapontova Elena E. , Sakharov Ivan Yu. , Magner Edmond , Gorton Lo
Published: January 2005

The bioelectrocatalytic function of two plant peroxidases, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a newly purified royal palm tree‐leaf peroxidase (RPTP), was studied on graphite electrodes in aqueous buffer solutions, over the pH range 7.0–3.0, and in aqueous buffer solutions, at pH 6.0, containing different amounts of a polar organic cosolvent, i.e., ethanol and acetonitrile. The kinetics of direct and of mediated (using catechol as mediator) reduction of H2O2 at the HRP‐ and RPTP‐modified graphite electrodes were analyzed amperometrically at −50 mV(vs. Ag|AgCl|0.1 M KCl) in a flow‐through wall‐jet electrochemical system. Values of the apparent rate constant of the heterogeneous electron transfer between the enzyme and graphite, ks, the rate constant for enzymatic reduction of H2O2, k1, and the rate constant of mediated reduction of H2O2, k3, were determined using the modified Koutecky‐Levich approach. Analysis of the variation of the rate constants and the response of the peroxidase‐modified electrodes to H2O2 with pH and content of the organic cosolvent demonstrated that maximal peroxidase bioelectrocatalytic activity occurred at pH 5.0–6.0 and at concentrations of ethanol of 10–20% v/v. At a lower pH, higher concentrations of ethanol, and in aqueous solutions of acetonitrile, the bioelectrocatalytic activity of the peroxidase‐modified electrodes drastically decreased. However, contrary to the data for homogeneous catalysis, both peroxidases were bioelectrocatalytically active even in 95% organic co‐solvents, thus demonstrating a stabilizing effect of the enzyme immobilization on the bioelectrocatalytic performance of the peroxidases. RPTP immobilized on graphite demonstrated lower overall activity but a higher pH‐ and organic cosolvent‐stability than HRP.
A Study of Heavy Metal Complexation in Grape Juice
Authors: Salinas Íñigo , Esparza Irene , Gómez Sara , Santamaría Carolina , Fernández José M.
Published: January 2005

Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, DPASV, has been used to monitor the initial stages of grape juice fermentation, focusing on Zn interactions with natural occurring ligands. Langmuir and Scatchard linearization methods have been employed. A 1 : 1 ratio has been found by either method; from Langmuir data analysis only one ligand population was found, while Scatchard approach gave rise to the detection of two ligand types. Both data analysis procedures led to the same total ligand concentration. When catechin was used as model ligand, a 1 : 1 ratio was found for Zn and also for Cu.
Visualization of the Reaction Zones Between Two Miscible Solutions with Potentiometric and Amperometric Microsensors
Authors: Schröck Konstanze , Schulte Albert , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: January 2005

A strategy for visualizing the concentration gradients in the border zone between two miscible aqueous solutions of different composition is presented. To achieve this goal, potentiometric pH microsensors and disk‐shaped Pt microelectrode have been operated as scanning probes in a set‐up that combined conventional scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) equipment with an inverted optical microscope and a syringe pump for analyte injection. With the established system, complex gradients in proton concentration have been examined in the reaction zone between two aqueous solutions of different pH value, one of which being dispensed into the other at controlled flow rate. In addition to the local potentiometric measurements, Pt microelectrodes have been used as amperometric SECM tips to visualize the reaction zone at the diffuse boundary between a stream of H2O2 and a neighbouring catalase‐containing buffer solution.
Geomorphic and sedimentological signature of a two‐phase outburst ﬂood from moraine‐dammed Queen Bess Lake, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kershaw Jane A. , Clague John J. , Evans Stephen G.
Published: January 2005

On 12 August 1997, the lower part of Diadem Glacier in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia fell into Queen Bess Lake and produced a train of large waves. The waves overtopped the broad end moraine at the east end of the lake and ﬂooded the valley of the west fork of Nostetuko River. The displacement waves also incised the outﬂow channel across the moraine. Stratigraphic and sedimentologic evidence supports the conclusion that the ﬂood had two phases, one related to wave overtopping and a second to breach formation. Empirical equations were used to calculate the peak discharge of the ﬂood at various points along the west fork of the Nostetuko valley and to describe the attenuation of the ﬂood wave. The velocity of the ﬂood was also calculated to determine the time it took for the ﬂood to reach the main fork of Nostetuko River. The highest peak discharges were achieved in the upper reach of the valley during the displacement phase of the ﬂood. Peak discharge declined rapidly just below the moraine dam, with little change thereafter for approximately 7 km. Empirical formulae and boulder measurements indicate a rise in peak discharge in the lower part of the west fork valley. We suggest that ﬂow in the upper part of the valley records the passage of two separate ﬂood peaks and that the rise in discharge in the lower part of the valley is due to amalgamation of the wave and breach peaks. Hydraulic ponding in conﬁned reaches of the valley extended the duration of the ﬂood. In addition, erosion of vegetation and sediment in the channel and valley sides may also have exerted an inﬂuence on the duration and nature of ﬂooding. Sediments were deposited both upstream and downstream of channel constrictions and on a large fan extending out into the trunk Nostetuko River valley. This study extends our understanding of the variety and complexity of outburst ﬂoods from naturally dammed lakes. It also shows that simple empirical and other models for estimating peak discharges of outburst ﬂoods are likely to yield erroneous results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of geoarchaeology to understanding the environmental history and archaeological resources of the Trent Valley, U.K.
Authors: Howard Andy J.
Published: January 2005

This paper provides a review of the contribution that geoarchaeological research has played in elucidating the landscape history of the Trent Valley, U.K. Ameliorating climate in the immediate postglacial led to the expansion of mixed deciduous woodland across the valley floor and the development of an anastomosing channel. In the Lower Trent, fluvial and vegetation development may have been influenced by sea‐level change. Around 4000 B.C., the character of the valley floor changed, demonstrated by the dating of tree trunks interbedded within gravel deposits. Synchronicity of changing geomorphological and hydrological processes is suggested, and, while the causal mechanism of this change are not fully understood, tree trunks which were clearly felled have been identified in the valley and provide significant evidence. The later prehistoric and historic archaeological remains, including fishweirs, bridges, and mill dams, point to increasing human activity, and environmental evidence documents the increasing effects of agriculture on the catchment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erosion modeling of past land‐use practices in the Fiume di Sotto di Troina river valley, north‐central Sicily
Authors: Ayala Gianna , French Charly
Published: January 2005

The chronology and pattern of Holocene landscape development in the Nebrodi Mountains of north‐central Sicily, seen in valley alluviation and the pedological record, has been investigated in the Fiume di Sotto di Troina valley. Intensive geomorphological survey has revealed three phases of alluvial aggradation reflecting increased hillslope disturbance during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The results of sediment analyses, archaeological survey, and literary evidence were combined in a Geographical Information System (GIS) in order to model the potential erosion caused by different land‐use practices throughout history. This paper presents the erosion model used to investigate possible Roman land‐use practices and their effects on landscape change as documented in the catchment basin. The results of the model support a correlation between intensive pastoralism and the erosional phases documented in the sedimentary record. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent (1999–2003) Canadian research on contemporary processes of river erosion and sedimentation, and river mechanics
Authors: de Boer D. H. , Hassan M. A. , MacVicar B. , Stone M.
Published: January 2005

Contributions by Canadian fluvial geomorphologists between 1999 and 2003 are discussed under four major themes: sediment yield and sediment dynamics of large rivers; cohesive sediment transport; turbulent flow structure and sediment transport; and bed material transport and channel morphology. The paper concludes with a section on recent technical advances. During the review period, substantial progress has been made in investigating the details of fluvial processes at relatively small scales. Examples of this emphasis are the studies of flow structure, turbulence characteristics and bedload transport, which continue to form central themes in fluvial research in Canada. Translating the knowledge of small‐scale, process‐related research to an understanding of the behaviour of large‐scale fluvial systems, however, continues to be a formidable challenge. Models play a prominent role in elucidating the link between small‐scale processes and large‐scale fluvial geomorphology, and, as a result, a number of papers describing models and modelling results have been published during the review period. In addition, a number of investigators are now approaching the problem by directly investigating changes in the system of interest at larger scales, e.g. a channel reach over tens of years, and attempting to infer what processes may have led to the result. It is to be expected that these complementary approaches will contribute to an increased understanding of fluvial systems at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revised Canadian perspective: progress in glacier hydrology
Authors: Scott Munro D.
Published: January 2005

Current research into glacier hydrology is occurring at a time when glaciers around the world, particularly those whose hydrological regimes affect populated areas, are shrinking as they go through a state of perpetual negative annual mass balance. Small glaciers alone are likely to contribute 0·5 to 1 mm year−1 to global sea‐level rise, with associated reductions in local freshwater resources, impacts upon freshwater ecosystems and increased risk of hazard due to outburst floods. Changes to the accumulation regimes of glaciers and ice sheets may be partly responsible, so the measurement and distribution of snowfall in glacierized basins, a topic long represented in non‐glacierized basin research, is now beginning to receive more attention than it did before, aided by the advent of reliable automatic weather stations that provide data throughout the year. Satellite data continue to be an important information source for summer meltwater estimation, as distributed models, and their need for albedo maps, continue to develop. This further entails the need for simplifications to energy balance components, sacrificing point detail so that spatial calculation may proceed more quickly. The understanding of surface meltwater routing through the glacier to produce stream outflow continues to be a stimulating area of research, as demonstrated by activity at the Trapridge Glacier, Canada, and Canadian involvement in the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. As Canadian glacier monitoring continues to evolve, effort must be directed toward developing situations where mass balance, meltwater generation and flow routing studies can be done together at selected sites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of microRNAs located within Hox gene clusters
Authors: Tanzer Andrea , Amemiya Chris T. , Kim Chang‐Bae , Stadler Peter F.
Published: January 2005

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) form an abundant class of non‐coding RNA genes that have an important function in post‐transcriptional gene regulation and in particular modulate the expression of developmentally important transcription factors including Hox genes. Two families of microRNAs are genomically located in intergenic regions in the Hox clusters of vertebrates. Here we describe their evolution in detail. We show that the micro RNAs closely follow the patterns of protein evolution in the Hox clusters, which is characterized by cluster duplications followed by differential gene loss. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B: 1–10, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
El Niño–southern oscillation events and associated European winter precipitation anomalies
Authors: Pozo‐Vázquez D. , Gámiz‐Fortis S. R. , Tovar‐Pescador J. , Esteban‐Parra M. J. , Castro‐Díez Y.
Published: January 2005

The winter precipitation anomalies in the European area have been analysed over the period 1900–98 based on the El Niño–Southern oscillation (ENSO) state. A set of winter and autumn ENSO events is first selected using the Sea‐Surface temperature (SST) data of the Niño 3 region, with the constraint that the ENSO event is well developed during the winter and autumn of study, and that it is an extreme event. Cold and warm ENSO events and periods that can be regarded as normal are selected. For the selected winter ENSO events and for the winter following the selected autumn ENSO events, composites of European winter precipitation anomalies have been obtained and compared with each other. A study of the consistency among events of the relationship between ENSO and precipitation anomalies was also carried out. The analysis of the winter precipitation anomalies based on the selected winter ENSO events shows the existence, for the European area and during La Niña events, of a statistically significant precipitation anomaly pattern with positive precipitation anomalies north of the British Isles and in the Scandinavian area and negative anomalies in southern Europe, resembling the precipitation pattern associated with the positive phase of the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). Particularly, for the southwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula, the negative anomaly reaches 20% of the winter average precipitation. The consistency analysis shows that this precipitation pattern is not the result of a few major events, but rather that it is stable and qualitatively similar to that found during the positive phase of the NAO. A non‐linear response to ENSO is found in the eastern Mediterranean area: negative precipitation anomalies are found, having similar amplitude anomalies, both during El Niño and La Niña events. The analysis of the precipitation anomalies for the winter following the selected autumn ENSO events shows very similar results to those found for the previous analysis, thus suggesting the existence of a potential source of seasonal forecasting of European precipitation. An analysis of the sensitivity of the precipitation anomalies to the strength of the ENSO events shows that, when the strength of the ENSO increases, the magnitude of the rainfall anomalies does not change, but the area influenced and the coherence between events do increase slightly. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 1/2005
Authors: Fukushima Kazuki , Furuhashi Yukiko , Sogo Kazuaki , Miura Shigenobu , Kimura Yoshiharu
Published: January 2005

Cover: The cover depicts the novel synthetic scheme for the stereoblock poly(lactic acid) (sb‐PLA) by solid‐state polycondensation of a stereocomplexed mixture of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA), and poly(D‐lactic acid) (PDLA), having medium molecular weight. First, melt‐polycondensation of L‐ and D‐lactic acids is conducted to obtain the PLLA and PDLA, respectively. In the second step, these polymers are melt‐blended to form the stereocomplex. Then, the solid‐state polycondensation of the melt‐blend affords the sb‐PLA with high molecular weight and high melting temperature without formation of single polymer crystals of PLLA or PDLA.

Further details can be found in the Full Paper by K. Fukushima, Y. Furuhashi, K. Sogo, S. Miura, and Y. Kimura* on page 21.
Preparation and Characterization of Conducting Systems based on EPDM/PE/PS‐co‐DVB/HSb
Authors: Linares Amelia , Acosta Jose L.
Published: January 2005

Summary: Blends of different compositions were prepared from: a thermoplastic elastomer (EPDM), a low density polyethylene (PE), a polystyrene crosslinked with a small amount of divinylbenzene (PS‐co‐DVB) and an inorganic proton conductor: antimonic acid (HSb). The blends obtained were sulfonated heterogeneously with chlorosulfonic acid and were then structurally and electrically characterized by means of the following techniques: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), crystallization kinetics under non‐isothermal conditions and complex impedance spectroscopy.

Dynamic mechanical analysis for EPDM and EP‐3 blends series.

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Dynamic mechanical analysis for EPDM and EP‐3 blends series.
Flexural Behaviour of Fibre‐Reinforced Syntactic Foams
Authors: Karthikeyan Chedarampet S. , Sankaran Sundaram , Kishore
Published: January 2005

Summary: Syntactic foams containing 0.9, 1.76, 2.54, 3.54 and 4.5 vol.‐% of E‐glass fibres in the form of chopped strands were processed and subjected to three‐point bending tests. The results showed that introduction of chopped strand fibres into the syntactic foam system increased the flexural strength. The values increased with the amount of fibres in the foam system except for the one containing 3.5 vol.‐% of fibres, which showed a lower value than other fibre‐reinforced systems, thereby deviating from the trend. This exception was attributed to the difference in processing route adopted for this particular fibre‐bearing foam. However, in general, the incorporation of chopped strand fibres improved the flexural behaviour of the syntactic foam system without much variation in density, thus making reinforced syntactic foams to act as better and improved core materials for sandwich applications.

Fibre‐debonding and protuberance, and river pattern in a failed sample.

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Fibre‐debonding and protuberance, and river pattern in a failed sample.
Preparation of Nano‐Polyethylene Fibers and Floccules by Extrusion Polymerization Under Atmospheric Pressure Using the SBA‐15‐Supported Cp2ZrCl2 Catalytic System
Authors: Dong Xiaochen , Wang Li , Wang Wenqin , Jiang Guohua , Chen Ying , Zhao Zhenrong , Wang Jianjun
Published: January 2005

Summary: Nano‐polyethylene fibers and floccules were prepared under atmospheric pressure via ethylene extrusion polymerization in suit, using the SBA‐15‐supported Cp2ZrCl2 catalytic system. The major morphology units in the samples were fibers and floccules. The diameter of the single nano‐fibers was 120–200 nm. The single nano‐fibers could aggregate to form fiber aggregates and bundles. The number of PE floccules increased with extension of polymerization time, while the melting point of PE with nano‐fibers was little higher than that of common polyethylene.

SEM micrograph of the nano‐polyethylene fibers produced at a polymerization time of 60 min: micro‐fibers and floccule surface morphologies.

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SEM micrograph of the nano‐polyethylene fibers produced at a polymerization time of 60 min: micro‐fibers and floccule surface morphologies.
Assembly of Clathrin Baskets
Authors: Nossal Ralph
Published: January 2005

The creation and internalization of small, protein‐coated vesicles is a central factor in the uptake of materials from the surfaces of eucaryotic cells through a process known as receptor mediated endocytosis. Under appropriate in vitro conditions, the principal coat component, viz., clathrin, which is found in the cell as a trimer joined at a common hub, assembles into polyhedral ‘baskets’ (‘cages’) containing pentagonal and hexagonal facets. These reconstituted cages have the appearance of miniscule soccer‐ball like structures. Their sizes vary over a finite range whose limits depend on the presence or absence of ancillary proteins (‘assembly proteins’) that are known to increase the tendency for the baskets to form. By fitting data on basket size distributions to simple energetic (thermodynamic) models, one is able to estimate mechanical properties of the clathrin constituents of the baskets and infer the role of assembly proteins in strengthening interactions between the clathrin components of the struts that constitute the edges of the baskets.