bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Interaction Studies on Water Soluble Nucleic Acid Analogs: Poly(L-lysine) Derivatives Containing Thymine and Hypoxanthine*
Authors: Wada Takehiko , Inaki Yoshiaki , Takemoto Kiichi
Published: March 2007

Nucleic acid analogs were prepared by grafting nucleic acid base derivatives containing hydroxy groups onto poly(L-lysine). The polymers con tained about 70 unit% of the nucleic acid bases, and were easily soluble in water at neutral pH value. Conformational changes and polymer complexes with polynucleotides [Poly(A) and Poly(C)] were observed with specific base- base interactions in aqueous solution.
Role of N-Carboxybutyl Chitosan in the Repair of the Meniscus
Authors: Muzzarelli R. , Bicchiega V. , Biagini G. , Pugnaloni A. , Rizzoli R.
Published: March 2007

N-Carboxybutyl chitosan obtained from crustacean chitin was used to assist the spontaneous tissue repair of the meniscus, which is usually of extreme difficulty. Results indicate that this natural modified polysaccharide is well-tolerated at the articular synovial level. It also favors and stimulates the repair processes which do not take place spontaneously in the meniscus. N-Carboxybutyl chitosan, therefore, plays a role which helps in repairing meniscal lesions.
Development of a Novel Hydrophilic, Biocompatible Adhesive
Authors: Mascarenhas Oscar C. , Smith Daniel J. , Andreatta-Van Leyen Sheila , Eckert Richard L.
Published: March 2007

The synthesis of two novel hydrogel adhesive films, poly(butoxy- Entprol) and poly(butoxy/ethylene-Entprol) was accomplished by crosslinking either epoxy end-capped oligomeric-butoxy-Entprol or epoxy end-capped oligo meric-butoxy/ethylene-Entprol with 5-10 mole% diethylenetriamine. The two oligomers with Mn 1700 to 5000 were obtained in a 78-87% yield, by the reac tion of one equivalent of N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine with either one equivalent of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether or one equivalent of a 1:1 mole ratio mixture of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane and 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether.

Peel adhesion to glass for poly(BE) and poly(BEE) gave peel forces of 12.02 and 13.61 N, respectively, as compared to five acrylate adhesives, ranging from 4.90-11.56 N. Poly(BE) had superior adhesion to skin (3.45 N) compared to poly(BEE) (0.97 N) and the acrylate-based adhesives (0.79-2.64 N). In addition, fully hydrated poly(BE) and poly(BEE) have both a high water uptake (971% and 630%, respectively) and equilibrium water content (90% and 86%, respec tively). Both films lose adhesion with progressive hydration. These hydrogels actively support the growth of 3T3 fibroblasts and SCC-13 epithelial cells. These results strongly support the potential of these films as single-layered adhesive hydrogel dressings.
Investigation of Dynamic Behaviors of Asialoglycoprotein Receptors of Hepatocytes Using a Latex Probe Whose Surface Was Coated with Lactose-Carrying Polystyrene
Authors: Kugumiya Takeshi , Yagawa Akio , Maeda Atsushi , Nomoto Hirokazu , Tobe Seishiro , Kobayashi Kazukiyo , Matsuda Takehisa , Onishi Toshimasa , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: March 2007

Characteristic properties of oligosaccharide-substituted poly styrenes as a hepatocyte-specific culture substratum were investigated from the viewpoint of adsorption and recognition. X-ray photoelectron spectra sug gest that the adsorption of the polymer onto a polystyrene film occurred in near mono-molecular layer thickness of 10-25 Å in globular conformations. Distri bution and migration of asialoglycoprotein receptors on the surface of a hepato cyte was followed under a scanning electron microscope using a latex probe whose surface was coated with lactose-substituted polystyrene.
Soluble Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery - Part 6: Preparation and Biodistribution of N5-Hydroxyethyl-L-Glutamine-co-L-Glutamic Acid Copolymers in Rats
Authors: Bayley Deborah , Sancho Marie-Rose , Brown Janet , Brookman Laurence , Petrak Karel , Goddard Peter , Steward Alan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this work was to examine the biodistribution of poly( N5-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine- co-L-glutamic acid) [poly(HEG- co-GA)] after intravenous administration to rats. Poly(γ-methyl-L-glutamate- co-γ-benzyl-L- glutamate) was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of the amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) derivatives. Sequential removal of the copolymer benzyl groups followed by reaction of the methyl ester groups with 2-amino ethanol gave poly(HEG- co-GA). Three samples of poly(HEG-co-GA) were pre pared with nominal HEG:GA compositions of 50:50, 95:5 and 90:10 mole %, and with weight average molecular weights ( Mw) of 37,000, 50,000 and 110,000 respectively. Following reaction with N-2[4-hydroxyphenyl]ethylamine (tyra mine), the copolymers were radioiodinated with 125 I and administered intra venously to male Wistar rats. 125 I-copolymer tissue distribution was assessed after 10, 15, 30 and 120 min and 8 h. It was found that the copolymer was removed rapidly from the blood compartment and excreted from the body via the kidneys. Only very low amounts of radioactivity were found in the liver and in other organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Degradation of the co polymer in vitro, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), in plasma and urine over the time scale of the biodistribution experiment ap peared to be minimal.
New Polyfunctional Derivatives of β-Cyclodextrin Suited for the Formulation of Drug Release Systems
Authors: Solaro Roberto , D'Antone Salvatore , Bemporad Luca , Chiellini Emo
Published: March 2007

New functional derivatives of β-cyclodextrin were obtained by grafting β-cyclodextrin with epoxides of protected polyols, such as glycidyliso propylideneglycerol, glycidyldiisopropylidenexylitol and glycidyldiisopropyl idenearabitol. The glycidyl ether of 2-pyrrolidone was also used. The reaction products have a degree of substitution per glucose residue included between 0.5 and 1. Selective removal of protecting groups from cyclodextrin substituents, carried out under conditions not affecting the integrity of the cyclodextrin ring, gave rise to hydrosoluble cyclodextrin derivatives whose hydrophilic/hydropho bic balance was modulated by controlling the extent of deprotection. The un usual solubility in water, greater than 350%, for both protected and depro tected derivatives, represents a breakthrough for a wide variety of applications requiring polymeric materials with remarkable water solubility.
Cell Growth on Immobilized Cell-Growth Factor. Interactions of Fibroblast Cells with Insulin Immobilized on 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate /Ethyl Methacrylate Copolymer Membranes
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Shu Qin Liu  , Orihara Tamotsu , Imanishi Yukio
Published: March 2007

The adhesion and growth of mouse fibroblast cells STO were in vestigated in the presence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate copolymer membranes with immobilized insulin. For the copolymer membrane without immobilized insulin, cell adhesion and growth were moderately sup pressed, on those copolymer membranes containing very high or very low 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate content. A similar effect by the copolymer compo sition was observed on the membranes immobilized with small amounts of in sulin. Large amounts of immobilized insulin remarkably enhanced cell growth and masked the copolymer composition effects. The immobilized insulin en hanced the cell growth more than free insulin.
Chemical Modifications of Heparin.1: Reaction of Partially N-Desulfated Heparin with Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Diancourt Francis , Braud Christian , Vert Michel
Published: March 2007

Purified glutaraldehyde was allowed to react with the primary amino groups generated by mild acidolysis of glucosamine N-sulfamino resi dues present in heparinic acid. The reaction yielded high molecular mass heparinoids (HMMHEP) or hydrogels, depending on experimental conditions. It was shown that a selected HMMHEP exhibited a higher anticoagulant activ ity than the starting heparin or the parent partially N-desulfated heparin. This HMMHEP degraded slowly in vitro in an aqueous medium buffered at pH = 7.4. Moreover, HMMHEP was biologically active after i.v. injection but not after s.c. and i.m. injections. Hydrogels also degraded slowly to yield biologi cally active higher molecular mass heparinoid. These findings suggested that neither N-desulfation nor coupling of glutaraldehyde adducts affected in a large extend the activity of the parent heparin.
The Study of Multiple Murder
Authors: BUSCH KATIE A. , CAVANAUGH JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

Cases of multiple murder stimulate intense feeling in both the public and scientific community. Because of this highly charged emotional climate and the statistical difficulties inherent in predicting low base rate behaviors, this topic has been difficult to evaluate scientifically. This article reviews the literature on multiple murder from dual perspectives of how knowledge is developed and major methodologic problems encountered in accruing such knowledge.
Attitudes About Woman Abuse Among Police Officers, Victims, and Victim Advocates
Authors: SAUNDERS DANIEL G. , SIZE PATRICIA B.
Published: March 2007

Law enforcement agencies are in a position to be of great service to battered women, yet they have recently been criticized for the manner of their response. This survey of police officers, battered women, and advocates for battered women was conducted to shed light on the controversy over the police response. The results show that officers generally viewed marital violence as criminal and unacceptable, yet very few saw arrest as the best solution. In contrast, the majority of victims wanted arrest used, often to force the offender to get help in addition to being punished. Victim-blaming by officers was related to traditional views of women's roles. Somewhat divergent views and negative stereotyping seemed to characterize the police-advocate relationship. Recommendations for improving police-advocate dialogue and police training are given.
Risk Factors for Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: FINKELHOR DAVID , BARON LARRY
Published: March 2007

A number of surveys have by now provided information about the relative risk of persons from various backgrounds to experience sexual abuse during childhood. Interestingly, they are fairly uniform in failing to find differences in rates according to social class or race. However, several other factors have emerged from community studies as being consistently associated with higher risk for abuse: (a) when a child lives without one of the biological parents; (b) when the mother is unavailable to the child either as a result of employment outside the home or disability and illness; (c) when the child reports that the parents' marriage is unhappy or conflictual; (d) when the child reports having a poor relationship with the parents or being subject to extremely punitive discipline or child abuse; (e) when the child reports having a stepfather. The article draws some implications from these findings and makes recommendations for ways to improve subsequent studies of risk factors.
A Ten-Year Study of Assaults and Assaulters on a Maximum Security Psychiatric Unit
Authors: HARRIS GRANT T. , VARNEY GEORGE W.
Published: March 2007

Assaults committed by psychiatric patients have recently attracted considerable attention. Available data, however, indicate disagreement as to the characteristics of assaults and assaulters in mental health facilities. Several methodological problems that may explain this lack of agreement are identified. Over a 10-year period, exhaustive records of all physical assaults and all attempted assaults were gathered on a maximum security psychiatric unit. The data were gathered prospectively, and the study established interrater reliabilities and did not rely solely on regular institutional records that are known to underrepresent institutional assaults. Results indicate that assaults increased throughout the study period despite clinical and administrative efforts to reduce them. Assaultive patients represented a small fraction of the study unit's population and they were younger, more psychotic, had longer stays in maximum security, and had poorer preadmission community adjustment than nonassaultive patients. Assaulters were also more likely to have been referred from other psychiatric settings and less often had criminal charges. Generally staff and patients showed low agreement as to the reasons for assaults. Evidence and present data show that staff training and institutional monitoring practices can reduce patients' assaultive behavior.
Reuniting Incest Offenders with Their Families
Authors: O'CONNELL MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

Having incest offenders reunite with their families is a complex process that may conflict with other goals, such as minimizing the likelihood of reoffense or helping primary and secondary victims recover from the trauma of the sexual abuse. A step-by-step procedure is presented for anticipating potential problems in the reunification process and suggesting specific ways to manage them.
Adolescent Maltreatment
Authors: DOUECK HOWARD J. , ISHISAKA ANTHONY HIDEKI , SWEANY SUSAN LOVE , GILCHRIST LEWAYNE D.
Published: March 2007

The recognition by researchers that adolescent maltreatment was a distinct category within the overall context of child abuse and neglect did not occur until the 1970s. Since that time, several studies have been completed that effectively highlighted some of the main patterns and dynamics of adolescent maltreatment. Using a thematic approach, this article consolidates the findings from some of these studies. The three themes reviewed are (1) how the maltreatment of adolescents compares to the maltreatment of a younger child, (2) what constitutes the family dynamics of adolescent maltreatment, and (3) what factors impede the identification of, and provision of services to, maltreated adolescents and their families. We conclude with a brief discussion of the practice and policy implications inherent in the current findings and suggestions for further research.
Rape Victims' Style of Self-Presentation and Secondary Victimization by the Environment
Authors: WINKEL FRANS WILLEM , KOPPELAAR LEENDERT
Published: March 2007

Rape victims differ in their style of communicating their experience to others in their environment. An emotional style of self-presentation can be distinguished from a numbed style of presentation. The present experiment tests the hypothesis that a numbed style of self-presentation, as compared to an emotional one, will result more strongly in secondary victimization by the environment. Experimental results suggest among others that a victim characterized by an emotional self-presentation is more strongly perceived as a woman who exhibited caution, and as a person who was not responsible for the situation. Some implications of this perceptual bias in observers are discussed.
Aggression Levels Following Frustration of Abusing Versus Nonabusing College Males
Authors: FOLLINGSTAD DIANE R. , KALICHMAN SETH C. , CAFFERTY THOMAS P. , VORMBROCK JULIA K.
Published: March 2007

A classic aggression paradigm was used to assess the relationship between aggressive and nonaggressive college males (n = 74). Subjects were exposed to no-, low-, or high-frustration conditions where a female confederate thwarted their attainment of a goal. Subjects then had the opportunity to electrically shock the confederate. Intensity and duration of shock were the dependent measures. Frustration conditions did not result in a significant main effect, but aggression in subjects' relationship histories produced a significant main effect for both intensity and duration of shock. There was also a significant repeated measures effect for both intensity and duration of shock. Relationship-aggressive males reported higher rates of verbal, emotional, and physical abuse in relationships as well as more physically abusive experiences from parents and more fights with other males. For males with a history of relationship aggression, situational cues may not be as important for eliciting aggression as their propensity for aggression, which may be stimulated by a situation with aggressive components.
Childhood Physical Abuse, Childhood Social Support, and Adult Child Abuse Potential
Authors: CALISO JOHN A. , MILNER JOEL S.
Published: March 2007

The childhood experience of physical abuse is believed to be associated with parental child abuse. However, not all parents with a childhood history of abuse are abusive, indicating that factors such as social support may buffer the effects of childhood abuse. To examine the role of social support in the discrimination of physical child abusers and nonabusers, the Childhood Social Network Questionnaire (CSNQ) and the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory were given to matched groups of physical child abusers with a childhood history of physical abuse, nonabusers with a childhood history of physical abuse, and nonabusers without a childhood history of physical abuse. Overall, CSNQ factors and the CAP abuse scale each distinguished between physical child abusers and nonabusers. The CAP abuse scale, however, provided the highest classification rates, and the rates were not improved by the addition of social support factors. In contrast to expectations, none of the social support factors distinguished between physical child abusers with a childhood history of physical abuse and the group of nonabusers with a childhood history of physical abuse.
Child Molesters
Authors: HAYASHINO DIANE S. , WURTELE SANDY K. , KLEBE KELLI J.
Published: March 2007

Although a variety of cognitions are thought to be associated with men who engage children in sexual activities, the extent to which these cognitive factors are specific to molesters has yet to be determined. In this study, incestuous molesters, extrafamilial molesters, rapists, incarcerated nonsexual offenders, and laypersons were compared on cognitive distortions, fear of negative evaluation, and cognitive and affective empathy, while taking into account social desirability response bias. Analyses of a priori hypotheses showed incestuous and extrafamilial molesters had significantly greater fear of negative evaluation than rapists, and that extrafamilial molesters had significantly higher congnitive distortion scores than all other groups. The groups did not differ significantly on empathy scores. Implications of these findings for research with, and treatment of, child molesters are discussed.
Using the Computer to Monitor a Salary Program: A Case Study History
Authors: Traum Richard , Buzby Russell C.
Published: March 2007

A computer-based monitoring system can help an organization apply its salary administration policies effectively.
Stock Appreciation Rights- Hefty Price to Pay for a Little Convenience? Why Not Make Them Twice as Good?
Authors: Teague Frederick A.
Published: March 2007

SARs are not necessarily the best approach to establishing capital accumulation programs for all companies. To decide what it should do, a company should set its objectives, recognize the practical constraints on what it can do, compare alternatives and select the one or ones that fit the objectives and constraints best, and manage the final program in a way likely to produce the deserved results.
The Revenue Act of 1978 and Employee Compensation
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

While specific questions of interpretation of the compensation-related provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978 should be addressed to counsel, here is a helpful summary of those sections of the Act that will probably lead to immediate and longer-term changes in company compensation programs.
Clearing up Fuzziness in Salary Survey Analysis
Authors: Perlin Edward , Kaplan Irwin Bobby , Curcia John M.
Published: March 2007

Improved methodology and analysis techniques, which incorporate participation by line management, provide for more meaningful and accurate salary survey results.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 1: An Overview
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

In this first article of a series, the author takes a snapshot of several different long-term incentives, points out opportunities and problems associated with thern, and traces the trend in contemporary use of each.
Stock Option Design Considerations
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

ERTA resurrected the old qualified stock option in the form of incentive stock options—and, in fact, improved upon it in some respects. Here's what to consider in making stock grants accordingly.
Compensating the Board of Directors
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

Because boards of directors have changed their complexion in recent years—more members are now nonmanagement directors or outsiders-corporations must carefully examine all aspects of compensation for those who serve.
What College Graduates Want In a Compensation Package
Authors: Davis Kermit R. , Giles William F. , Feild Hubert S.
Published: March 2007

To design a compensation/benefit package that will attract and retain employees, compensation managers must know the form of pay and benefits that various groups of employees prefer. The authors show how they found out...
Permanent Life Insurance: Look Before You Buy
Authors: Allen Everett T.
Published: March 2007

Before deciding whether to invest in permanent life insurance for their executives, employers should consider the comparative costs and tax consequences of three possible arrangements: corporate-owned, split-dollar, or personally owned insurance.
Methodological Problems In Determining Media Effects On Criminal Justice: A Review And Suggestions For The Future
Authors: Surette Ray
Published: March 2007

Arguably, the relationship between the mass media and the criminal justice system is one of the more important, especially regrading the formation of criminal justice policies and general decision-making in the system.1 Criminal justice policy and decision making are both systematic and individual case level phenomena (Doppelt, 1990). That is, criminal justice policy is ultimately determined by both ad hoc decisions made by criminal justice personnel and offenders regarding individual crimes and cases and by system-wide decisions that affect entire classes of offenses and cases.2 In the area of media and criminal justice, two questions arise. The first, "What is the relationship between the media and criminal justice decision making?," has not been answered with any clarity and leads to a second question, "Despite a significant amount of research and interest, why isn't the relationship better understood?" This essay discusses underlying methodological problems that make deciphering the media and criminal justice relationship inherently difficult. Some of these problems are common issues found throughout the social sciences. However, they are exacerbated in the media-criminal justice area. Other problems are unique to the media-criminal justice relationship and arise due to the existence of unusual media relationships with criminal justice policy and decision-making.
Organizational Variations In Vehicle Pursuits By Police: The Impact Of Policy On Practice*
Authors: Wells L. Edward , Falcone David N.
Published: March 2007

Research in the past decade has documented the number and patterns of vehicle pursuits by police officers. Drawing upon this research base, this paper shifts the focus away from pursuits as isolated individual events to study vehicle pursuits as departmental products occurring within organizational contexts (both physical and cultural). Positing that the structure and environment of police organizations constrain the activities of officers through the intervening effects of departmental policy, the paper examines the variations in vehicle pursuit policies across a sample of 51 Illinois police departments. The results indicate that organizational features are substantially related to departmental pursuit policies and to officer pursuit behaviors.
Mexican Cultural Beliefs and Breastfeediing: A Model for Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Skeel Lynda Salvay , Good Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

This article describes a model which organizes beliefs and practices of women of Mexican descent and describes counseling approaches for each. The four categories of beliefs and practices are beneficial, harmless, harmful and uncertain. Counseling ideas for each of the categories includes approaches to encourage, ignore, dissuade or observe to categorize the belief later. Situational examples correspond to each category to illustrate how the model can be incorporated into practice. The model provides a methodology for assessment and intervention which considers and respects the cultural elements that influence breastfeeding.
Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) and Breastfeeding: A Review
Authors: Berg Karen L.
Published: March 2007

Tongue-tie (partial ankyloglossia) is a congenital condition in which the membrane under the tongue is too short or may be attached too near the tip of the tongue, thereby preventing tongue protrusion. Considerable controversy among health professionals persists regarding the appropriate treatment of partial ankyloglossia. Therefore, lactation consultants need to be aware of tongue-tie and its potential negative impact on breastfeeding. This discussion examines issues relating to the possible need for treatment and the role of the lactation consultant in the evaluation and care of the infant who presents with ankyloglossia.
Helping the Woman Who Has Had Breast Surgery: A Literature Review
Authors: Soderstrom Bobbi
Published: March 2007

Women who have had breast surgery are likely to have many questions and misgivings about their ability to breastfeed. In order to answer the woman's questions and provide her with supportive and guiding care, the lactation consultant must understand the nature of the surgery, the reasons for it, and the likely outcome with respect to the ability to lactate.
Codeine and the Breastfed Neonate
Authors: Meny Robert G. , Naumburg Eric G. , Alger Lindsay S. , Brill-Miller Janice L. , Brown Susan
Published: March 2007

Codeine is an analgesic commonly used to relieve pain in the early post partum. Its metabolite, morphine, is probably responsible for its effectiveness in this use. However, morphine may also cause neonatal apnea. We studied free codeine and morphine levels inbreastmilk of 17 samples from seven mothers and neonatal plasma of 24 samples from 11 healthy, term neonates.

Levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Milk codeine levels ranged from 33.8 to 314 ng/ml 20 to 240 minutes after codeine; morphine levels ranged from 1.9 to 20.5 ng/ml. Infant plasma samples one to four hours after feeding had codeine levels ranging from <0.8 to 4.5 ng/ml; morphine ranged from <0.5 to 2.2 ng/ml.

Low infant plasma levels are secondary to low excretion into milk and the small amounts of milk available in the first few days. Moderate codeine use during this time (<four 60 mg doses) is probably safe.
The Effect of Exclusive Breastfeeding on Development and Incidence of Infection in Infants
Authors: Ya Sun Wang  , Shi Yi Wu
Published: March 2007

Of 145 normal fullterm infants studied during the first year after birth, those exclusively breastfed for the first four months differed significantly from those not exclusively breastfed in physical and behavioral development, and resistance to infec tion. At four months of age, the mean weight of the exclusively breastfed group was higher (p<0.05). At one year, the exclusively breastfed group showed more advanced. Personal-Social (p=0.05) and Gross Motor development (p<0.05) on the Denver Develop mental Screening Test, and lesser cumulative incidence of infectious diseases (p<0.05). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on development and resis tance to infection in infants. JHL 12:27-30, 1996.
A Correlation Between Cognitive Performance and Daily Functioning in Elderly People
Authors: Warren E. Janet , Grek Adrian , Conn David , Herrmann Nathan , Icyk Esther , Kohl Jack , Silberfeld Michel
Published: March 2007

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used to detect dementia, but the diagnosis of dementia also depends on a decline in the level of daily functioning. Little is known about the relationship between performance on the MMSE and daily living abilities. This relationship was investigated in this study of an elderly population by comparing scores on the MMSE with those on both a direct assessment of everyday tasks and an indirect questionnaire about activities of daily living and physical self-maintenance. Forty-five subjects with varying mental abilities participated in the study. A significant correlation was found between MMSE scores and the measures of functional abilities; but the specificity and sensitivity to the diagnosis of dementia would be increased by assessing functional status, even indirectly, as well as cognitive ability. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:96-100).
Psychiatric Symptoms in Cases of Clinically Diagnosed Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Baker F.M. , Kokmen Emre , Chandra Vijay , Schoenberg Bruce S.
Published: March 2007

All incident cases of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease were identified through the unique record linkage system of the Mayo Clinic. Thirty-nine (32%) of the sample of 122 had a psychiatric history that preceded the onset of CDAD by at least 3 years. Twenty-five percent of the study population had had an episode of delirium within 2 years of the onset of CDAD. Eighty-four percent of the cases had psychiatric symptoms in the course of CDAD that were documented in their medical records. Specific symptom patterns included agitation, combativeness, confusion and disorientation, depression, psychosis, and wandering. These symptoms occurred more frequently in clusters than singularly ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neu rol 1991;4:71- 78).
Importance of Serum Anticholinergic Activity in the Assessment of Elderly Patients with Delirium
Authors: Mussi Chiara , Ferrari Rosaria , Ascari Stefania , Salvioli Gianfranco
Published: March 2007

To evaluate the importance of serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) in elderly patients who developed delirium fol lowing hospital admission, we performed a cross-sectional study with consecutively referred inpatients in a university geriatric medical ward. Sixty-one patients aged 66 to 95 years (mean age: 79.2 ± 11.6; 54% females) were recruited. Delirium was assessed by means of the Confusion Assessment Method, SAA determination, questionnaire for cur rent drug treatment, past medical history and clinical examination, and blood chemistries. Patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (N = 49) or the presence (N = 12) of delirium. Delirious patients showed a significantly higher SAA (23.0 vs 3.9 pmol/mL atropine equivalents, P < .004); they were using antibiotics (P < .05), neuroleptics (P < .002), barbiturates (P < .004), and benzodiazepines (P < .005) more frequently. Subjects with delir ium were more likely to have infections and a lower Body Mass Index; they had higher plasma glucose and creatinine. The multivariate analysis identified SAA and use of neuroleptics, and benzodiazepines as the most important fea tures independently associated with delirium. SAA may be a suitable marker for identifying people at risk of developing delirium. Moreover, neuroleptics and benzodiazepines must be carefully used in the elderly because of their relationship with the onset of delirium. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:82-86).
Effect of Silane Coupling Agents on Anisotropy of SBR-MICA Composites
Authors: Debnath S. , Khastgir D.
Published: March 2007

Anisotropic behaviour of mica filled styrene-butadiene rubber has been studied with the special reference to the effects of silane coupling agents on it. Anisotropic response to mechanical properties and swelling (chemical effect) was investigated in the light of orien tation of mica, polymer-filler interaction and crosslink density of the vulcanisates.
Societal position of childhood: the international project Childhood as a Social Phenomenon
Authors: Qvortrup Jens
Published: March 2007

In this brief overview only a few points could be sketched. Other important issues have been the consequences for children of the break up of the family, such as di vorce and consensual unions; the legal position of children has been of interest, as it has also gained importance internationally in recent years through the new UN child convention. Generally, however, the importance of the project lies, we believe, in its efforts to bring structural, sociological and economic theories and methods to bear on childhood, while perceiving childhood as a social construction. It has been a central idea from the outset, that there was nothing mysterious about children that preven ted us from approaching childhood scientifically as any other social category is ap proached. This is, we believe, one way of taking children seriously.*
The Rise of the Social and the Chinese State
Authors: Rocca Jean-Louis
Published: March 2007

The systematic straddlings between political and economic spheres that the Chinese society is witnessing does not seem to impede economic growth. Does that mean that China has to be considered an exception in the apparent convergence of different modernizing countries towards the Weberian model of the state? In this article I suggest another way of solving the apparent contradiction between the two faces of Chinese society. When Chinese society is compared with modern societies as they really function the contradiction disappears. Indeed, according to numerous authors, modern societies are not characterized by a clear distinction between public and private spheres, economic and political relations but by the blurring of these distinctions under the influence of a societalization of the state. In other words, political life is more and more centered on “domestic” problems (income, investment, employment, etc.) while the control of the state on society is gradually increasing. As we compare China to these characteristics of the modernizing process it is possible to understand how corruption and economic growth can go hand in hand, why official-led capitalism does not endanger prosperity, how the apparently inefficient Chinese state meets social challenges, and why the worsening of social problems does not lead to social unrest.
The Decycling of Time and the Reorganization of Urban Space
Authors: Kellerman Aharon
Published: March 2007

There are three temporal cycles which have been partially relaxed in urban entities, namely days/nights, weekdays/weekends and winter/summer. They may be examined in light of three pairs of terms: timing/spacing; temporality/spatiality; and temporalization/spatialization. The blurring of the three cycles is differentially related to technological innovations, social change and to the capitalist system. The daily cycle has initially changed by lighting which permitted working, consuming, and transit at night. Weekends, which have emerged as of the late nineteenth century as leisure time units, make more people work through them. Seasonal differences have little impact on modem cities, given the use of air-conditioning and heating. The introduction of zoning permitted continuous time use in selected areas in cities, so that spatial change as a result of temporal ones is limited to selected sites and areas within cities. Private transportation permits an easy move over space from one time mode to another. Time use and space use are interrelated despite the growing decycling of time and the reorganization of urban space.
The Relevance of Recent German Historical Writing for Theories of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Raum Johannes W.
Published: March 2007

Of late there has been a return to the consideration of basic concepts such as temporal structures, process, crisis and revolution within the guild of historians in Germany. The basic premise of this paper is that any evolutionary theory of culture should take account not only of the proven methods of historical research but should also consider the explanatory paradigms enunciated by historians in their attempts to explain the myriads of events constituting the history of man.
Response to Peter J. Hill
Authors: Levine Aaron
Published: March 2007

Lack of information is doubtless a serious impediment to the effective operation of religious authority in modern society. The implications for the role of religious authority are, however, mixed. Sometimes an expanded role would be called for. In other instances, no change is required; in others, increased reliance on voluntarism to enforce ethical norms would be indicated. The thrust of Jewish economic precepts is not to extend government privilege to particular groups, such as tariffs, quotas and price-support programs. These precepts are transcendent duties, prescribed for all in a non-discriminatory manner. They define the ground rules of economic participation and are designed to promote harmonious social relations and generosity of spirit. Jewish economic precepts should therefore not give rise to a significant rent-seeking problem.
Private Virtue and the State
Authors: Pasour E.C.
Published: March 2007

There is no way to avoid or overcome the information and incentive problems that plague all attempts to legislate ethical rules. First, government redistribution inevitably involves coercion and is fundamentally different from charity. Second, the cost and benefits that influence individual choice are subjective, so it is not possible to base public policy on ethical rules. Third, income redistribution reduces wealth and weakens traditional communities. Private assistance may be more effective in helping the poor in the long run than the modern social welfare approach, in which compassion merely implies 'more public funding'.
The Political Significance of Myth
Authors: Ram Haggay , Sabar-Friedman Galia
Published: March 2007

The article compares and contrasts the political significance of myth in two unique societies that have been subject to rapid and profound changes in the last decades: Iran and Kenya. It focuses on the articulation and diffusion of these societies' most dominant politico-cultural myths—the Mau Mau struggle (1952-60) and the Karbala paradigm, i.e. the martyrdom suffered by the Third Shi'i Imam Husayn ibn 'Ali at Karbala in AD 680. The discussion shows how these myths have been indispensable in the process of forging the 'spirit', the ethos and political culture of contemporary society in Iran and Kenya. Both myths provided interpretative and exemplary notions that correspond to changing circumstances in Iran and Kenya, enabling political elites and the ordinary citizens to (re)define their reality and to direct their actions towards a visionary goal.
'The Heathen in his Blindness'?
Authors: Almond Philip C.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that Balagangadhara has reinforced for the secular study of religion the awareness that the origins of the discipline are indelibly Western, and provided an invaluable service in reminding scholars they should be wary in assuming that the having of a religion or a world-view is a cultural universal. But, in contrast to Balagangadhara, the author claims this is not the consequence of imposing on other traditions the Western Christian understanding of the nature of religion in general, but of a very modern post-Enlightenment Western understanding of religion.
II. Macroeconomics, Inflation, Business Cycles
Authors: Maclachlan Fiona
Published: March 2007

At the crux of the Mises-Hayek, or Austrian, theory of the business cycle is the idea of the money loan rate of interest diverging from the natural or originary rate. But, as is shown in this paper, the meaning of the concept is not clear. This paper draws on Mises's and Hayek's writing to clarify the meaning of the natural rate and to provide an assessment of the concept. One of the conclusions reached is that Mises and Hayek have different concepts of natural or originary interest. Hayek takes the more traditional definition of natural interest as being the equilibrium value difference between output and input. Mises, while accepting this traditional notion of natural interest in the Theory of Money and Credit, breaks from it in Human Action and introduces the concept of originary interest as the value difference between present and future goods.
Theories of Revolution in the Light of 1989 in Eastern Europe
Authors: Barker Colin , Mooers Colin
Published: March 2007

This article explores several issues related to the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. How well do contemporary theories of revolution explain these events? What did and did not happen? What theoretical framework makes the best sense of these events?

The 1989 revolutions are notable for a number of reasons. Although they were centred in urban areas they were characterized by relatively low levels of popular mobilization. Most importantly, key sections of the old ruling classes welcomed the shift toward the market. Despite differences in the tempo and character of events in different countries, bureaucratic reformers and oppositional intellectuals shared many of the same political and economic views. Neither group saw popular mobilization and alternative forms of institution-building as desirable or necessary.

Attempts to theorize the 1989 revolutions have been insufficiently critical of notions of 'civil society', 'modernity', and the supposedly 'post-materialist' values current among opposition intellectuals. The shift from 'communism' to the 'free market' did not represent a qualitative shift in systems but rather a shift from a form of state-directed capital accumulation to a form of 'mixed economy'. As in other recent 'democratic transitions', the need to restructure the process of capital accumulation was accompanied by a transformation in the political regime. As such, the 1989 revolutions should be seen as a form of 'bourgeois revolution' within capitalism.
Experience and Diversity in Religious Practice
Authors: Knauft Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

Major issues in the anthropology of religious knowledge and practice are brought to center stage in Michael Lambek's monograph on Islam, sorcery, and spirit possession in Mayotte. Lambek's work continues a tradition of detailed ethnography of alternative religions and expands this horizon by examining the multistranded connections that actors have to different forms of religious knowledge within a local community. Important larger questions are raised concerning religious knowledge, power, and the historical and contemporary interpenetration between different spiritual and religious traditions.
My side of the story
Authors: Gott Rirhard
Published: March 2007

In the first week of December last year, The Spectator published an article naming Richard Gott, then Literary Editor of The Guardian, as an agent of the Soviets. Within hours of The Spec tator article appearing, Gott resigned from his post at The Guard ian. So far, Mr Gott has remained silent about his reactions to that disclosure. The BJR invited him to write his own account, and reaction, to what was, by any standards, a dramatic incident in British journalism. He accepted our invitation ...
A peculiar kind of genius
Authors: Bull George
Published: March 2007

The last article in this occasional series on great editors was about Arthur Christiansen of the Daily Express. This one is about a very different man who edited a very different paper with equal distinction - Sir Gordon Newton of the Financial Times.
Max Weber's influence on the concept of comprehension in psychiatry
Authors: Frommer Jörg , Frommer Sabine , Langenbach Michael
Published: March 2007

The early Heidelberg school of psychiatry, Karl Jaspers in particular, had at its centre the question of how to integrate the concept of understanding human motivations, intentions, and psychopathological symptoms into the corpus of scientific psychiatric knowledge. In addition to the theories of Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl, the sociological investigations of Max Weber were highly influential for the development of the phenomenological school of psychiatry. It is often overlooked, however, that the thoughts of Max Weber contain not only some of the most important roots of Jaspersian psychopathology but also important early criticisms. This is relevant, in particular, for the 'Jaspers theorema' of the non-understandability of the psychoses.
Klaus Conrad (1905-1961)
Authors: Ploog Detlev W.
Published: March 2007

Klaus Conrad (1905-1961) was an internationally known figure in the field of neuropsychology and psychopathology. He applied Gestalt psychology to give a better understanding of the aphasias, the symptomatic psychoses and incipient schizophrenia.
The distinction between witchcraft and madness in colonial Connecticut
Authors: Goodheart Lawrence B.
Published: March 2007

This essay argues two points in regard to early New England: first, that witchcraft is not a significant aspect of the history of mental illness; and second, that seventeenth-century society had a cultural protocol for distinguishing one from the other. The examples discussed in detail are from Connecticut, but they are representative of colonial New England as a whole.
Notice-board
Authors: Looseley David
Published: March 2007

French Cultural Studies will be pleased to announce in the Notice-board forthcoming events, and a small number of recent books, involving all aspects of modern French culture. Please contact Dr D. L. Looseley, Department of French, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire. E-mail: flldl@leeds.ac.uk
Family Benefits: the New Legal Structures of Subsidizing the Family
Authors: Bieback Karl-Jürgen
Published: March 2007

By family benefits this paper understands those cash benefits given to the family on behalf of specific family functions such as raising children and caring for the disabled. The object of the paper is to analyze (a) how different systems of social security are dealing with the problems of subsidising families and (b) how the legal structures of these new benefits respond to the changes in structure and functions of the family.
European Social Policy: Conceptions and Choices
Authors: Kleinman Mark , Piachaud David
Published: March 2007

The Social Charter declares that the social dimension of the Community be given the same importance as the economic dimension. Despite this, the EC currently lacks any coherent, consistent or comprehensive social philosophy of policy. State intervention in the form of social policy can be justified mainly on grounds of efficiency, equity or solidarity. The appropriate level of intervention - local, regional, national or EC - is considered separately. In terms of efficiency, issues are raised about diversity versus uniformity, about the existence of cross-national externalities, and about imperfect information. In equity terms, closer European integration is likely to increase disparities and inequalities both within and between member states. Consideration of solidarity raises complex questions of citizenship and inclusion. The question of the type of social policy appropriate to the European level cannot be separated from the wider question of the type of Europe that is envisaged. Three models are considered: a Customs Union; economic integration ('1992'); and economic and political union. Each of these models of the EC has quite different implications for social polrcy. A number of cross-cutting issues are also addressed: federalism and subsidiarity; citizenship; democracy and accountability. Throughout, the arm is not to provide a blueprint for a European social policy, but to cut back some of the present confusion and to clarify the choices that need to be made.
Paying for Informal Care: Lessons From Finland
Authors: Glendinning Caroline , McLaughlin Eithne
Published: March 2007

Growing numbers of elderly people, combined with falling birthrates, have generated increas ing interest within most western European and Scandinavian countries in measures which might increase the supply of care-giving labour while at the same time reducing the unit costs of that labour. To what extent, and how, might expensive formal service provision be replaced by less costly and more plentiful help from informal sources; and what is the role of the welfare state in protecting and regulating the different interests of those who give and those who receive care on an informal basis?