bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mosaic of Functional Kainate Receptors in Hippocampal Interneurons
Authors: Christensen Jeppe K. , Paternain Ana V. , Selak Sanja , Ahring Philip K. , Lerma Juan
Published: October 2004

Although some physiological functions of kainate receptors (KARs) still remain unclear, recent advances have highlighted a role in synaptic physiology. In hippocampal slices, kainate depresses GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition and increases the firing rate of interneurons. However, the sensitivity to agonists of these responses differs, suggesting that the presynaptic and somatic KARs have a distinct molecular composition. Hippocampal interneurons express several distinct KAR subunits that can assemble into heteromeric receptors with a variety of pharmacological properties and that, in principle, could fulfill different roles. To address which receptor types mediate each of the effects of kainate in interneurons, we used new compounds and mice deficient for specific KAR subunits. In a recombinant assay, 5-carboxyl-2,4-di-benzamido-benzoic acid (NS3763) acted exclusively on homomeric glutamate receptor subunit 5 (GluR5), whereas 3S,4aR,6S,8aR-6-((4-carboxyphenyl)methyl) 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (LY382884) antagonized homomeric GluR5 and any heteromeric combination containing GluR5 subunits. In hippocampal slices, LY382884, but not NS3763, was able to prevent kainate-induced depression of evoked IPSC. In contrast, neither prevented the concomitant increase in spontaneous IPSC frequency. The selectivity of these compounds was seen additionally in knock-out mice, such that they were inactive in GluR5-/-mice but completely effective in GluR6-/-mice. Our data indicate that in wild-type mice, CA1 interneurons express heteromeric GluR6 -KA2 receptors in their somatic compartments and GluR5-GluR6 or GluR5-KA2 at presynaptic terminals. However, functional compensation appears to take place in the null mutants, a new pharmacological profile emerging more compatible with the activity of homomeric receptors in both compartments: GluR5 in GluR6-/-mice and GluR6 in GluR5-/-mice.
Caenorhabditis elegansVEM-1, a Novel Membrane Protein, Regulates the Guidance of Ventral Nerve Cord-Associated Axons
Authors: Runko Erik , Kaprielian Zaven
Published: October 2004

In the developing CNS, pathfinding growth cones use intermediate target- and pioneer axon-associated guidance cues to navigate along stereotypical trajectories. We previously showed that the novel membrane-associated protein Vema is localized to the floor plate and the optic chiasm, intermediate targets located at the ventral midline of the spinal cord and diencephalon in the developing rodent CNS, respectively. Here, we report that theCaenorhabditis elegansortholog ofvema, vem-1, is expressed by the AVG pioneer midline neuron and by several neurons that extend longitudinally projecting axons into the ventral nerve cord (VNC). Invem-1mutants andvem-1 (RNAi)animals, a subset of posteriorly projecting interneuron axons either fail to extend ventrally to the VNC and, instead, assume aberrant lateral positions or are inappropriately located in the left tract of the VNC. In addition, ventral motor neuron axons exhibit pathfinding errors within the VNC and along the dorsoventral body axis. The conserved UNC-40/DCC and SAX-3-/Robo receptors mediate signaling events that regulate axon guidance in a wide variety of systems. Double-mutant analyses reveal thatvem-1genetically interacts withunc-40and is likely to function in parallel withsax-3to regulate the guidance of a subset of VNC-associated interneuron and motor neuron axons. Consistent with these genetic data, we also show that VEM-1 is capable of physically interacting with UNC-40 but not SAX-3.
Tyrosine Residues That Control Binding and Gating in the 5-Hydroxytryptamine3Receptor Revealed by Unnatural Amino Acid Mutagenesis
Authors: Beene Darren L. , Price Kerry L. , Lester Henry A. , Dougherty Dennis A. , Lummis Sarah C. R.
Published: October 2004

The mechanism by which agonist binding triggers pore opening in ligand-gated ion channels is poorly understood. Here, we used unnatural amino acid mutagenesis to introduce subtle changes to the side chains of tyrosine residues (Tyr141, Tyr143, Tyr153, and Tyr234), which dominate the 5-HT3receptor binding site. Heterologous expression in oocytes, combined with radioligand binding data and a model of 5-HT (serotonin) computationally docked into the binding site, has allowed us to determine which of these residues are responsible for binding and/or gating. We have shown that Tyr 143 forms a hydrogen bond that is essential for receptor gating but does not affect binding, whereas a hydrogen bond formed by Tyr153 is involved in both binding and gating of the receptor. The aromatic group of Tyr234 is essential for binding and gating, whereas its hydroxyl does not affect binding but plays a steric role in receptor gating. Tyr141 is not involved in agonist binding or receptor gating but is important for antagonist interactions. These data, combined with a new model of the nonliganded 5-HT3receptor, lead to a mechanistic explanation of the interactions that initiate the conformational change leading to channel opening. Thus, we suggest that agonist entry into the binding pocket may displace Tyr143 and Tyr153 and results in their forming new hydrogen bonds. These bonds may form part of the network of bond rearrangements that trigger the conformational change leading to channel opening. Similar rearrangements may initiate gating in all Cys-loop receptors.
Cortical GABA Interneurons in Neurovascular Coupling: Relays for Subcortical Vasoactive Pathways
Authors: Cauli Bruno , Tong Xin-Kang , Rancillac Armelle , Serluca Nella , Lambolez Bertrand , Rossier Jean , Hamel Edith
Published: October 2004

The role of interneurons in neurovascular coupling was investigated by patch-clamp recordings in acute rat cortical slices, followed by single-cell reverse transcriptase-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR) and confocal observation of biocytin-filled neurons, laminin-stained microvessels, and immunodetection of their afferents by vasoactive subcortical cholinergic (ACh) and serotonergic (5-HT) pathways. The evoked firing of single interneurons in whole-cell recordings was sufficient to either dilate or constrict neighboring microvessels. Identification of vasomotor interneurons by single-cell RT-mPCR revealed expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in interneurons inducing dilatation and somatostatin (SOM) in those eliciting contraction. Constrictions appeared spatially restricted, maximal at the level of neurite apposition, and were associated with contraction of surrounding smooth muscle cells, providing the first evidence for neural regulation of vascular sphincters. Direct perfusion of VIP and NO donor onto the slices dilated microvessels, whereas neuropeptide Y (NPY) and SOM induced vasoconstriction. RT-PCR analyses revealed expression of specific subtypes of neuropeptide receptors in smooth muscle cells from intracortical microvessels, compatible with the vasomotor responses they elicited. By triple and quadruple immunofluorescence, the identified vasomotor interneurons established contacts with local microvessels and received, albeit to a different extent depending on interneuron subtypes, somatic and dendritic afferents from ACh and 5-HT pathways. Our results demonstrate the ability of specific subsets of cortical GABA interneurons to transmute neuronal signals into vascular responses and further suggest that they could act as local integrators of neurovascular coupling for subcortical vasoactive pathways.
α2-Chimaerin, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5/p35, and Its Target Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-2 Are Essential Components in Semaphorin 3A-Induced Growth-Cone Collapse
Authors: Brown Matthew , Jacobs Tom , Eickholt Britta , Ferrari Giovanna , Teo Mabel , Monfries Clinton , Qi Robert Z. , Leung Thomas , Lim Louis , Hall Christine
Published: October 2004

Neurite outgrowth is influenced by positive and negative signals that include the semaphorins, an important family of axonal outgrowth inhibitors. Here we report that the Rac GTPase activating protein (GAP)α2-chimaerin is involved in Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) signaling. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, Sema 3A-induced growth cone collapse was inhibited by α2-chimaerin mutated to eliminate GAP activity or interaction with phosphotyrosine. Activation of α2-chimaerin by phorbol ester caused growth cone collapse. Active α2-chimaerin interacts with collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5/p35 kinase through its SH2 and GAP domains, respectively. Cdk5 phosphorylates CRMP-2 at serine 522, possibly facilitating phosphorylation of serine 518 and threonine 514 by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), a kinase previously implicated in Sema 3A signaling. Phosphorylation of CRMP-2 serine 522 was essential for Sema 3A-induced growth cone collapse, which is dependent on Cdk5 but not Rho kinase activity. α2-chimaerin, like CRMP-2, can associate with the Sema 3A receptor. These results indicate that active α2-chimaerin Rac GAP, Cdk5/p35, and its substrate CRMP-2, are implicated in the dynamics of growth cone guidance initiated through Sema 3A signaling.
Three Mechanisms Underlie KCNQ2/3 Heteromeric Potassium M-Channel Potentiation
Authors: Etxeberria Ainhoa , Santana-Castro Irene , Regalado M. Paz , Aivar Paloma , Villarroel Alvaro
Published: October 2004

The non-inactivating potassium M-current exerts a strong influence on neuronal excitability. The channels responsible for this current are made up of KCNQ subunits, and mutations in most of these produce human pathologies. Notably, in terms of excitation, mutations in either KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 lead to benign neonatal familial convulsions. Although a mere reduction of 25% in KCNQ2/3 function can increase excitability to epileptogenic levels, the potentiation of these subunits has anti-epileptogenic effects. After KCNQ2/3 heteromerization, current levels can augment as much as 10-fold, and we have discovered that there are three processes underlying this potentiation. First, there is an increase in the number of channels inserted in the membrane after heteromerization of the C-terminal region. Second, the N-terminal domain from KCNQ2 exerts a negative influence on the current level. Finally, Ala 315 of KCNQ3, a residue located in the inner vestibule after the selectivity filter, plays a critical role in preventing current flow in KCNQ3 homomeric channels, whereas it is permissive in heteromers in combination with Thr at the equivalent 276 position of KCNQ2.
Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor NMDA Receptor Coupling and Signaling Cascade Mediate Spinal Dorsal Horn NMDA Receptor 2B Tyrosine Phosphorylation Associated with Inflammatory Hyperalgesia
Authors: Guo Wei , Wei Feng , Zou Shiping , Robbins Meredith T. , Sugiyo Shinichi , Ikeda Tetsuya , Tu Jian-Cheng , Worley Paul F. , Dubner Ronald , Ren Ke
Published: October 2004

Hindpaw inflammation induces tyrosine phosphorylation (tyr-P) of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) 2B (NR2B) subunit in the rat spinal dorsal horn that is closely related to the initiation and development of hyperalgesia. Here, we show that in rats with Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation, the increased dorsal horn NR2B tyr-P is blocked by group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists [7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b] chromen-1a-carboxylate ethyl ester (CPCCOEt) and 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), by the Src inhibitor CGP 77675, but not by the MAP kinase inhibitor 2′-amino-3′-methoxyflavone. Analysis of the calcium pathways shows that thein vivoNR2B tyr-P is blocked by an IP3receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2APB) but not by antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels, suggesting that the NR2B tyr-P is dependent on intracellular calcium release. In a dorsal horn slice preparation, the group I (dihydroxyphenylglycine), but not group II [(2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,3-dicarboxylate] and III [l-AP 4 (l-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid)], mGluR agonists, an IP3receptor (d-IP3) agonist, and a PKC (PMA) activator, induces NR2B tyr-P similar to that seenin vivoafter inflammation. Coimmunoprecipitation indicates that Shank, a postsynaptic density protein associated with mGluRs, formed a complex involving PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95), NR2B, and Src in the spinal dorsal horn. Double immunofluorescence studies indicated that NR1 is colocalized with mGluR5 in dorsal horn neurons. mGluR5 also coimmunoprecipitates with NR2B. Finally, intrathecal pretreatment of CPCCOEt, MPEP, and 2APB attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia. Thus, inflammation and mGluR-induced NR2B tyr-P share similar mechanisms. The group ImGluR-NMDAR coupling cascade leads to phosphorylation of the NMDAR and appears necessary for the initiation of spinal dorsal horn sensitization and behavioral hyperalgesia after inflammation.
In VivoTrafficking and Targeting of N-Cadherin to Nascent Presynaptic Terminals
Authors: Jontes James D. , Emond Michelle R. , Smith Stephen J
Published: October 2004

N-cadherin is a prominent component of developing and mature synapses, yet very little is known about its trafficking within neurons. To investigate N-cadherin dynamics in developing axons, we usedin vivotwo-photon time-lapse microscopy of N-cadherin—green fluorescent protein (Ncad-GFP), which was expressed in Rohon-Beard neurons of the embryonic zebrafish spinal cord. Ncad-GFP was present as either stable accumulations or highly mobile transport packets. The mobile transport packets were of two types: tubulovesicular structures that moved preferentially in the anterograde direction and discrete-punctate structures that exhibited bidirectional movement. Stable puncta of Ncad-GFP accumulated in the wake of the growth cone with a time course. Colocalization of Ncad-GFP puncta with synaptic markers suggests that N-cadherin is a very early component of nascent synapses. Expression of deletion mutants revealed a potential role of the extracellular domain in appropriate N-cadherin trafficking and targeting. These results are the first to characterize the trafficking of a synaptic cell-adhesion molecule in developing axonsin vivo. In addition, we have begun to investigate the cell biology of N-cadherin trafficking and targeting in the context of an intact vertebrate embryo.
Optische 3D-Halbleiter-Kameras nach dem Flugzeitprinzip (All-Solid-State Optical Time-of-Flight 3D Range Imaging)
Authors: Seitz Peter , Oggier Thierry , Blanc Nicolas
Published: October 2004

Eine neue Art von optischen 3D-Halbleiter-Kameras wird beschrieben, welche auf dem Flugzeitprinzip beruhen und keine bewegten Teile benötigen. Dazu wird eine Lichtquelle (LED- oder Laserdioden-Array) mit einer Frequenz von 10–50 MHz moduliert, und das diffus zurückgestreute Licht wird mit einem kundenspezifischen Halbleiter-Bildsensor detektiert, der an jedem Bildpunkt nach dem Lock-in-Prinzip die Modulationsparameter Offset, Amplitude und Phasenlage bestimmen kann. Für höchste Empfindlichkeit wurde der Bildsensor in einer kombinierten CCD/CMOS-Technologie integriert. Dieser Bildsensor ist das Schlüsselelement für die miniaturisierte 3D-Kamera SwissRanger®, mit der 3D-Distanzbild-Sequenzen in Video-Echtzeit aufgenommen werden können. Die Distanzauflösung ist in weiten Funktionsbereichen nur noch durch das Quantenrauschen des einfallenden Lichtes bestimmt; unter optimalen Bedingungen wird eine Distanz-Auflösung von wenigen Millimetern bei Messdistanzen bis zu 10 m erreicht.
Moiré-basiertes Positionserfassungssystem für Mikroroboter (Moiré-based Positioning System for Small Micromanipulation Units)
Authors: Estaña Ramon , Wörn Heinz
Published: October 2004

Im Bereich der autonomen Mikroroboter muss über ein Positionsbestimmungsverfahren deren jeweiliger Standort μm-genau erfasst werden. Hierzu wurde am Institut für Prozessrechentechnik, Automation und Robotik (IPR) der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) ein zweistufig arbeitendes, optisches Verfahren entwickelt: Durch die Kombination von fotogrammetrischen und interferometrischen moirébasierten Methoden gelingt dabei eine kontinuierlich ablaufende Positionsauflösung von 5 μm bei einer Wiederholgenauigkeit von 0,1 μm.
Detektion von kondensierten Dämpfen mit photorefraktiven Kristallen (Detection of Condensed Vapours with Photorefractive Crystals)
Authors: Matusevich Vladislav , Pismennaya Katsyaryna , Kiessling Armin , Kowarschik Richard
Published: October 2004

Wir stellen einen Aufbau für die optische Detektion von kondensierten Dämpfen oder Flüssigkeiten mit photorefraktiven Kristallen am Beispiel eines BCT-Kristalls vor. Hierbei nutzen wir einen selbstgepumpten phasenkonjugierenden Spiegel (SPPCM) zusammen mit dem Effekt der Totalreflexion.
Faser-Bragg-Gitter für Hochtemperaturanwendungen (Fiber Bragg Gratings for High Temperature Sensing Applications)
Authors: Chojetzki Christoph , Klaiberg Torsten , Ommer Jens , Rothhardt Manfred , Betz Daniel
Published: October 2004

Spezielle Faser-Bragg-Gitter (FBG) vom Typ II wurden mit Einzelpulsen eines Excimerlasers bei 248 nm während des Faserziehprozesses von Monomodefasern hergestellt. Die Verbesserung des Einschreibprozesses führte zu glatten optischen Spektren ähnlich wie bei herkömmlichen FBGs hoher Reflexion. Demgegenüber weisen sie eine deutlich erhöhte Temperaturbeständigkeit von über 800 °C im Langzeitverhalten auf. Kurzzeitig sind sie sogar stabil bis 1000 °C.
Faseroptischer Drucksensor mit mikromechanischem Wandler und spektraler Signaldetektion (Fibre-Optical Pressure Sensor with Micro-Mechanic Transducer and Spectral Signal Detection)
Authors: Wieduwilt Torsten
Published: October 2004

Faseroptische Sensoren besitzen aufgrund ihrer optischen Wirkprinzipien Eigenschaften (z.B. Unempfindlichkeit gegenüber elektromagnetischen Störfeldern und Explosionseigensicherheit), die sie gegenüber konventionellen elektrischen Sensoren auszeichnen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein faseroptischer Drucksensor nach dem Fabry-Pérot-Prinzip beschrieben, welcher zu einer Familie streckenneutraler faseroptischer Sensoren mit spektraloptischer Auswertung gehört.
Negative Poetics: On Skepticism and the Lyric Voice
Authors: BROWN MARSHALL
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Beginning with negative formulations found in many lyric poems, this essay argues that poetry in general skeptically distances the speaking voice from the authorial perspective, even in poems that have been taken to express direct personal feeling. German Romantic examples (Wilhelm Müller's “Der Neugierige” as set by Franz Schubert, Goethe's “Meeresstille,” and Joseph von Eichendorff's “Mittagsruh”) are featured, with the intent of suggesting a general account of the lyric voice.
Cloudy Roubaud
Authors: SMOCK ANN
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Jacques Roubaud, a lively partisan of formin literature, nevertheless has a cloudy side. This essay dwells on his attention to a formless haze that shadows all things' definition, and that form cannot avoid exposing wherever it declares itself.
The Ballad in Wuthering Heights
Authors: STEWART SUSAN
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT This study of Wuthering Heights is part of a larger project examining the role of archaisms in the novel. Brontë's novel draws on traditional Irish and English ballad themes and forms, as well as British fairy lore, in its presentation of plot, character, and emotion.
Time in Continuity Clinic as a Predictor of Continuity of Care for Pediatric Residents
Authors: McBurney Patricia G. , Moran Colleen M. , Ector Walton L. , Quattlebaum Thomas G. , Darden Paul M.
Published: October 2004

Objective. In 1996, the Residency Review Committee–Pediatrics recommended doubling time in continuity clinic to 2 half days per week. It has yet to be demonstrated that increased time in clinic yields greater continuity of care. The objective of this study was to determine whether increasing the number of half days spent in clinic improves continuity of care for residents.

Methods. We reviewed computerized encounter records for all Medical University of South Carolina pediatric residents from 1982 to 1998. Depending on the year and the resident’s training level, house staff spent varying amounts of time in continuity clinic. Time in clinic was estimated from grants and materials generated in the residency program. We calculated continuity of care from the resident’s perspective for each individual resident per year using the Continuity for Physician (PHY) formula.

Results. Continuity for 488 resident-years (200 residents) was evaluated. Residents spent from 10% to 30% of their time per year in clinic. Mean PHY was 57% (interns), 62% (second-year residents), and 52% (third-year residents). The correlation coefficient (R) between PHY and percentage of time in clinic was .22. In multivariable modeling, percentage of time in clinic, training level, and year predicted continuity. An increase of 1 half day in clinic was associated with an 11% increase in physician continuity. When analyses were limited to sick visits, R improved to .58. The effect size remained 11%. However, training level and academic year were no longer significant.

Conclusion. Increasing time spent in clinic improves continuity and may indeed enhance the quality of this fundamental experience.
Early Preventive Dental Visits: Effects on Subsequent Utilization and Costs
Authors: Savage Matthew F. , Lee Jessica Y. , Kotch Jonathan B. , Vann William F.
Published: October 2004

Objective. To determine the effects of early preventive dental visits on subsequent utilization and costs of dental services among preschool-aged children.

Design. This investigation studied North Carolina children who were enrolled continuously in Medicaid from birth for a 5-year period. Our research design was a longitudinal cohort study that relied on 4 large administrative datasets, including North Carolina composite birth records from 1992, Medicaid enrollment and claims files from 1992 to 1997, and the Area Resource File. Our outcome measures included type of use and dentally related costs.

Results. Of the 53591 Medicaid-enrolled children born in 1992, 9204 were continuously enrolled for 5 years and met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-three children had their first preventive dental visit before 1 year of age, 249 between 1 and 2 years, 465 between 2 and 3 years, 915 between 3 and 4 years, and 823 between 4 and 5 years. Children who had their first preventive dental visit by age 1 were more likely to have subsequent preventive visits but were not more likely to have subsequent restorative or emergency visits. Those who had their first preventive visit at age 2 or 3 were more likely to have subsequent preventive, restorative, and emergency visits. The age at the first preventive dental visit had a significant positive effect on dentally related expenditures, with the average dentally related costs being less for children who received earlier preventive care. The average dentally related costs per child according to age at the first preventive visit were as follows: before age 1, $262; age 1 to 2, $339; age 2 to 3, $449; age 3 to 4, $492; age 4 to 5, $546.

Conclusions. Our results should be interpreted cautiously, because of the potential for selection bias; however, we concluded that preschool-aged, Medicaid-enrolled children who had an early preventive dental visit were more likely to use subsequent preventive services and experience lower dentally related costs. In addition, children from racial minority groups had significantly more difficulty in finding access to dental care, as did those in counties with fewer dentists per population.
Does Interleukin-6 Genotype Influence Cerebral Injury or Developmental Progress After Preterm Birth?
Authors: Harding David R. , Dhamrait Sukbhir , Whitelaw Andrew , Humphries Steve E. , Marlow Neil , Montgomery Hugh E.
Published: October 2004

Objective. The severity of the proinflammatory response may determine outcome in the critically ill. Genetic variation in the promoter region of the gene encoding the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6; −174 CC genotype) may encode enhanced production of IL-6. Our objective was to determine whether the CC genotype is associated with worse early illness severity, neurologic injury, and lower developmental scores among surviving preterm children.

Methods. Genotype was determined from dried blood spots that were taken for neonatal screening tests 7 days or more after birth; outcome was independently assessed as part of a longitudinal study of children of ≤32 weeks’ gestational age.

Results. CC genotype was associated with worse intensive care indices. Significant hemorrhagic brain injuries occurred in 5 (19%) of 27 children with CC genotype compared with 7 (6%) of 121 children with GC or GG genotype, and images consistent with white matter damage (ventriculomegaly or cystic periventricular leukomalacia) occurred in 9 (26%) of CC patients compared with 9 (7%) in GC/GG children. Disability occurred significantly more often in CC children: 8 (31%) compared with 16 (13%). A similar trend was also noted in children with cerebral palsy (15% compared with 7%, respectively). Developmental, cognitive, and motor scores at 2 years and 5.5 years were independent of genotype among children with or without disability.

Conclusions. In a population of surviving children who were born at ≤32 weeks’ gestational age, variation of the gene that may increase IL-6 synthesis is associated with disabling brain injury but not cognitive development despite association with worse early critical care indices.
Presacral Neuroenteric Fistula in a Newborn Presenting With an Epidural Abscess: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Darwish Balsam , Stanley Thorsten V. , Wickremesekera Agadha , Bowkett Brendon , Leadbitter Mark
Published: October 2004

We describe a newborn infant (<24 hours of age) who presented with mild swelling on the back and buttocks attributable to a neuroenteric fistula complicated by an epidural parasacral abscess infected with mixed coliforms. Epidural abscesses in infancy are extremely rare, and one has not been observed previously in the newborn period. The infant was surprisingly mildly affected. Prompt intervention led to an excellent outcome. Coliforms may colonize the infant gut in <24 hours, even in the developed world. Unexplained swellings on the backs of infants should lead to a search for underlying malformations and an early surgical review, which is best conducted with a combined pediatric surgical and neurosurgical approach.
Which Characteristics of Children With a Febrile Seizure Are Associated With Subsequent Physician Visits?
Authors: Gordon Kevin E. , Dooley Joseph M. , Wood Ellen , Brna Paula , Bethune Peggy
Published: October 2004

Objective. To reanalyze an existing data set to determine which children with an initial febrile seizure have excessive subsequent physician visits.

Methods. Individual data from a regional cohort of 75 children with a first febrile seizure and 150 febrile and 150 afebrile control subjects were linked to a comprehensive physician services database. The impact of study variables on subsequent physician utilization over the following 6 years was modeled using analysis of variance.

Results. Children with a known family history of febrile seizures at the time of study entry had 24% fewer physician visits. Control children with a known family history of afebrile seizures had 7% fewer visits than those with negative family histories. Children with an initial febrile seizure had 45% more physician visits when they knew of a relative with afebrile seizures than those with negative family histories.

Conclusions. Knowing the family history of seizures is probably a marker of reduced physician utilization. At the time of an initial febrile seizure, knowing the family history of afebrile seizures defines a group of patients with excessive subsequent physician visits.
A Systematic Review of Interventions to Prevent Childhood Farm Injuries
Authors: Hartling Lisa , Brison Robert J. , Crumley Ellen T. , Klassen Terry P. , Pickett William
Published: October 2004

Objective. The goal of the study was to systematically review the global body of evidence surrounding the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of acute pediatric agricultural injuries. A specific focus was the effectiveness of the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks.

Methods. Two reviewers independently screened studies and applied inclusion criteria on the basis of searches of 17 bibliographic databases (eg, Medline and Embase). We also screened reference lists of relevant studies and contacted experts in the area. Studies were included if they represented primary research, a comparison group was used, the study population included children or the intervention was directly applicable to children, and objective outcomes were reported. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodologic quality of included studies with the Downs and Black checklist. A qualitative analysis was performed because of extensive heterogeneity among studies.

Results. We included 23 controlled studies, ie, 4 randomized, controlled trials, 5 controlled trials, and 14 quasiexperimental or observational studies. Only 8 of the relevant studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. School-based programs appeared to be effective at increasing short-term knowledge acquisition; outcomes were enhanced with active, hands-on participation, as opposed to passive activities. Safety day camps showed positive results for knowledge acquisition. Tractor training programs and community- and farm-based interventions showed mixed results. Studies examining the North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks suggested that uptake improves if dissemination is accompanied by a farm visit from a safety specialist or if information about child development principles is provided in conjunction with the guidelines.

Conclusions. There is a lack of randomized, controlled trials and community-based trials in this area. Studies primarily examined intermediate outcomes, such as knowledge acquisition; few studies evaluated changes in injury rates. The interventions targeted at children and youths that were evaluated focused on educational interventions. There is both the need and potential for the development and evaluation of injury control interventions for children, particularly programs addressing lethal injuries to young/preschool-aged children.
Parental Feeding Attitudes and Styles and Child Body Mass Index: Prospective Analysis of a Gene-Environment Interaction
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Stallings Virginia A. , Kerns Julia , Storey Megan , Stunkard Albert J.
Published: October 2004

Background. Parental feeding styles were linked to child weight in cross-sectional studies, which were unable to test the direction of effect. Prospective studies can best establish causal relationships among such variables.

Objective. We tested the 2-year stability of parental feeding attitudes and styles and investigated whether these variables predict child body mass index (BMI) z scores 2 years later. We evaluated whether these associations were dependent on children’s predisposition to obesity.

Methods. Participants were 57 families enrolled in an Infant Growth Study of children born at high risk or low risk for obesity, on the basis of maternal prepregnancy overweight or leanness. Children were evaluated for weight and height at 3, 5, and 7 years of age. Measures of parental feeding attitudes and styles were ascertained with the Child Feeding Questionnaire at 5 and 7 years of age. Correlation and multiple regression analyses tested whether parental feeding styles at age 5 predicted increased child BMI z scores 2 years later.

Results. Parental feeding attitudes and styles were stable for child ages of 5 to 7 years. With respect to feeding attitudes, perceived responsibility at age 5 predicted reduced child BMI z scores at age 7 among low-risk families, whereas child weight concern and perceived child weight predicted increased child BMI z scores among high-risk families. With respect to feeding styles, monitoring predicted reduced child BMI z scores at age 7 among low-risk children. In contrast, restriction predicted higher BMI z scores and pressure to eat predicted reduced BMI z scores among high-risk children. These associations remained significant after controlling for child weight status at age 3.

Conclusions. The relationship between parental feeding styles and child BMI z scores depends on child obesity predisposition, suggesting a gene-environment interaction. Among children predisposed to obesity, elevated child weight appears to elicit restrictive feeding practices, which in turn may produce additional weight gain. Parenting guidelines for overweight prevention may benefit from consideration of child characteristics such as vulnerability to obesity and current weight status.
Laparoscopic Diagnosis and Cure of Hyperinsulinism in Two Cases of Focal Adenomatous Hyperplasia in Infancy
Authors: De Vroede Monique , Bax N.M.A. , Brusgaard Klaus , Dunne Mark J. , Groenendaal Floris
Published: October 2004

Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy or congenital hyperinsulinism of the neonate is a rare condition that may cause severe neurologic damage if the disease is unrecognized or inadequately treated. Current treatment aims to restore normal blood glucose levels by providing a carbohydrate-enriched diet and drugs that inhibit insulin secretion. If medical treatment fails, then surgery is required. Because congenital hyperinsulinism may be caused either by diffuse involvement of pancreatic β-cells or by a focal cluster of abnormal β-cells, the extent of pancreatectomy varies. We report on 2 patients with a focal form of the disease for whom diagnosis was made with laparoscopy. Laparoscopic enucleation of the lesion was curative.
The Lingering Academic Deficits of Low Birth Weight Children
Authors: Breslau Naomi , Paneth Nigel S. , Lucia Victoria C.
Published: October 2004

Objective. To estimate the influence of low birth weight (LBW; ≤2500 g) on academic achievement in reading and mathematics in 12th grade in 2 socioeconomically and racially disparate, geographically defined communities.

Methods. Representative samples of LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) children who were born in 1983–1985 and were from the inner city of Detroit and nearby middle class suburbs were assessed longitudinally. Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised standardized tests of reading and mathematics were used at ages 11 and 17 (n = 773). Multiple regression analysis applying generalized estimating equations was used to assess the independent effects of LBW on test scores.

Results. Compared with NBW children, LBW children manifested deficits of 3 to 5 points in age-standardized tests of academic achievement at age 17 that had persisted with little change from age 11. LBW-related deficits were similar in urban and suburban communities and were independent of family factors. At age 17, LBW children were ∼50% more likely than NBW children to score below the standardized population mean in both reading and mathematics. The LBW-related deficits in academic achievement in adolescence were largely accounted for by LBW-related deficits in general cognitive abilities, measured by IQ tests at age 6.

Conclusions. Interventions to address the lingering effects of LBW on the acquisition of core academic skills during the school years should focus on preschool LBW children in both inner city and suburban communities.
Measles Vaccines and the Potential for Worldwide Eradication of Measles
Authors: Meissner H. Cody , Strebel Peter M. , Orenstein Walter A.
Published: October 2004

The annual number of reported measles cases in the United States has declined from between 3 million and 4 million in the prevaccine era to <100 cases in association with the highest recorded immunization rates in history. Because of continued importation of measles into the United States, young children who are not vaccinated appropriately may experience more than a 60-fold increase in risk of disease. Unsubstantiated claims suggesting an association between measles vaccine and neurologic disorders have led to reduced vaccine use and a resurgence of measles in countries where immunization rates have declined below the level needed to maintain herd immunity. To address the possibility of worldwide control of measles, efforts to ensure high immunization rates among people in both developed and developing countries must be sustained.
Validation of a Multistage Asthma Case-Detection Procedure for Elementary School Children
Authors: Gerald Lynn B. , Grad Roni , Turner-Henson Anne , Hains Coralie , Tang Shenghui , Feinstein Ronald , Wille Keith , Erwin Sue , Bailey William C.
Published: October 2004

Objective. The purpose of this study was to validate a 3-stage asthma case-detection procedure for elementary school-aged children.

Methods. The study was performed in 10 elementary schools in 4 inner-city school systems, with a total enrollment of 3539 children. Results of the case-detection procedure were compared with the diagnosis of an asthma specialist study physician, to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the case-detection procedure.

Results. Ninety-eight percent of children returned the asthma symptoms questionnaires, and 79% of those children consented to additional testing. Results indicated that the 3-stage procedure had good validity, with sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of 82%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. A 2-stage procedure using questionnaires and spirometry had similar validity, with sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of 78%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. However, given the time and expense associated with the 2- or 3-stage procedure and the difficulty of obtaining physician follow-up evaluation of the case-detection diagnosis, schools may prefer to use a 2-item questionnaire that has a lower sensitivity (66%) but higher specificity (96%) and predictive value (95%).

Conclusions. Case-detection programs are generally well received by school personnel and can identify children with unrecognized or undiagnosed disease, as well as those with a current diagnosis but poorly controlled disease. This study yields substantial information regarding the validity, yield, and specific types of children who might be identified with the use of such procedures. For the choice of the method of case detection used in a school, the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure, as well as the resources available for case detection, physician referral, and follow-up procedures, must be considered.
Olfactory fossa of Tremacebus harringtoni (platyrrhini, early Miocene, Sacanana, Argentina): Implications for activity pattern
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Campbell Victoria M. , Rossie James B. , Colbert Matthew W. , Rowe Tim B.
Published: October 2004

CT imaging was undertaken on the skull of ∼ 20‐Myr‐old Miocene Tremacebus harringtoni. Here we report our observations on the relative size of the olfactory fossa and its implications for the behavior of Tremacebus. The endocranial surface of Tremacebus is incomplete, making precise estimate of brain size and olfactory fossa size imprecise. However, olfactory fossa breadth and maximum endocranial breadth measured from CT images of one catarrhine species and eight platyrrhine species for which volumes of the olfactory bulb and brain are known show that the osteological proxies give a reasonably accurate indication of relative olfactory bulb size. Nocturnal Aotus has the largest relative olfactory fossa breadth and the largest olfactory bulb volume compared to brain volume among extant anthropoids. Tremacebus had a much smaller olfactory fossa breadth and, by inference, bulb volume—within the range of our sample of diurnal anthropoids. Variations in the relative size of the olfactory bulbs in platyrrhines appear to relate to the importance of olfaction in daily behaviors. Aotus has the largest olfactory bulbs among platyrrhines and relies more on olfactory cues when foraging than Cebus, Callicebus, or Saguinus. As in other examples of nocturnal versus diurnal primates, nocturnality may have been the environmental factor that selected for this difference in Aotus, although communication and other behaviors are also likely to select for olfactory variation in diurnal anthropoids. Considering the olfactory fossa size of Tremacebus, olfactory ability of this Miocene monkey was probably not as sensitive as in Aotus and counts against the hypothesis that Tremacebus was nocturnal. This finding accords well with previous observations that the orbits of Tremacebus are not as large as nocturnal Aotus. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal Structure of the Mixed Mn4+/Mn5+ 2H‐Perovskite‐Type Ba4Mn2NaO9 Oxide.
Authors: Quarez Eric , Roussel Pascal , Perez Olivier , Leligny Henri , Bendraoua Abdelaziz , Mentre Olivier
Published: October 2004

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Vibrational Study of Some Layered Structures Based on Titanium and Zirconium Phosphates.
Authors: Stanghellini Pier Luigi , Boccaleri Enrico , Diana Eliano , Alberti Giulio , Vivani Riccardo
Published: October 2004

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Raman Spectroscopy of γ‐Si3N4 and γ‐Ge3N4 Nitride Spinel Phases Formed at High Pressure and High Temperature: Evidence for Defect Formation in Nitride Spinels.
Authors: Soignard Emmanuel , McMillan Paul F.
Published: October 2004

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The Thermal Decomposition of S2O Forming SO2, S3, S4 and S5O — An ab initio MO Study.
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Steudel Yana
Published: October 2004

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Solvothermal Preparation of Ferromagnetic Sub‐Micron Spinel CuCr2Se4 Particles.
Authors: Ramesha K. , Seshadri Ram
Published: October 2004

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Development of Bis‐thiourea‐Type Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Tanatani Aya , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: October 2004

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Enantioselective Diels—Alder Reactions of 3‐(Acyloxy)acrylates.
Authors: Sibi Mukund P. , Matsunaga Hirofumi
Published: October 2004

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Novel Dimerization, Alkoxylation, and Sulfidation of Olefins Catalyzed by RuCl3×nH2O.
Authors: Higashimura Mitsuteru , Imamura Keita , Yokogawa Yukiko , Sakakibara Tsutomu
Published: October 2004

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Studies with Enaminones: Synthesis and Chemical Reactivity of 2‐(4‐Dimethylamino‐2‐oxobut‐3‐enyl)‐isoindole‐1,3‐dione and of 4‐(4‐Dimethylamino‐2‐oxobut‐3‐enyloxy)‐2H‐phthalazin‐1‐one.
Authors: Al‐Mousawi Saleh , John Elizabeth , Al‐Kandery Najat
Published: October 2004

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Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocyclic Aldehydes Bearing an Adjacent Donor Group — Ozonolysis versus OsO4/KIO4‐Oxidation.
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Spina Markus , Mueller Bernhard , Stanetty Peter
Published: October 2004

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Ruthenium(II) Porphyrin Catalyzed Amidation of Aromatic Heterocycles.
Authors: He Ling , Chan Philip Wai Hong , Tsui Wai‐Man , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: October 2004

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Dibromomethane as One‐Carbon Source in Organic Synthesis: The Mannich Base Formation from the Reaction of Phenolic Compounds with a Preheated Mixture of Dibromomethane and Diethylamine.
Authors: Hon Yung‐Son , Chou Yu‐Yu , Wu I‐Che
Published: October 2004

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The Synthesis of 1,4‐Diketones via a One‐Pot Five‐Component Connecting Reaction Based on Two Acylations of Organozincs Promoted by the Catalysis of a Pd(0) Species.
Authors: Yuguchi Motoki , Tokuda Masao , Orito Kazuhiko
Published: October 2004

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New, Highly Acidic Ionic Liquid Systems and Their Application in the Carbonylation of Toluene.
Authors: Brausch Nicole , Metlen Andreas , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: October 2004

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Heck Reactions of Aryl Bromides with Alk‐1‐en‐3‐ol Derivatives Catalyzed by a Tetraphosphine/Palladium Complex.
Authors: Berthiol Florian , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: October 2004

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New Synthesis of 1,4‐Diketones via Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,4 Carbonylative Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Sauthier Mathieu , Castanet Yves , Mortreux Andre
Published: October 2004

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Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Naphthalene Derivatives Catalyzed by Poly(bis‐1,2‐diphenylene) Diselenide.
Authors: Giurg M. , Syper L. , Mlochowski J.
Published: October 2004

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Zinc‐Mediated Coupling Reaction of 2‐Bromo‐2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropanoate with Various Chiral Imines. Simple and Effective Access to Optically Active α‐Fluoro‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)‐β‐amino Esters.
Authors: Sekiguchi Takashi , Sato Kei , Ishihara Takashi , Konno Tsutomu , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: October 2004

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Efficient and Novel Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐N′‐ethoxycarbonylthiourea and Arene‐bis‐ethoxycarbonylthiourea Derivatives Catalyzed by TMEDA.
Authors: Wei Tai‐Bao , Lin Qi , Zhang You‐Ming , Wang Hai
Published: October 2004

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Synthesis and in vitro Antifungal Activity of 4‐Substituted Phenylguanidinium Salts.
Authors: Braunerova Gabriela , Buchta Vladimir , Silva Luis , Kunes Jiri , Palat Karel Jr.
Published: October 2004

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Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation of Cycloalkenes by Dihydroxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony Supported on Silica Gel under Visible Light Irradiation.
Authors: Shiragami Tsutomu , Makise Ryu‐ichi , Inokuchi Yousuke , Matsumoto Jin , Inoue Haruo , Yasuda Masahide
Published: October 2004

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Convenient Synthesis of Furan‐3‐carboxylic Acid and Derivatives.
Authors: Zanatta Nilo , Faoro Debora , Silva Simone C. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: October 2004

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A Novel Synthetic Approach Towards 2‐Guanidinomethyl‐4(5)‐sulfamoylimidazoles.
Authors: Price Steve , Bull Richard , Cramp Sue , Gardan Sophie , van den Heuvel Marco , Neighbour David , Osbourn Susan E. , de Esch Iwan J. P. , Buenemann Christoph L.
Published: October 2004

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(Salen)chromium(III)/DMAP: An Efficient Catalyst System for the Selective Synthesis of 5‐Substituted Oxazolidinones from Carbon Dioxide and Aziridines.
Authors: Miller Aaron W. , Nguyen SonBinh T.
Published: October 2004

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Fused Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 7. Friedel—Crafts Intramolecular Cyclization of 5‐Phenylthiazole‐4‐carboxylic Acids — A New Route to Indeno[2,1‐d]thiazoles.
Authors: Mamedov V. A. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Nurkhametova I. Z. , Litvinov I. A. , Levin Ya. A.
Published: October 2004

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Potential Protease Inhibitors Based on a Functional Cyclic Sulfamide Scaffold.
Authors: Zhong Jiaying , Gan Xiangdong , Alliston Kevin R. , Lai Zhong , Yu Hongyi , Groutas Christopher S. , Wong Tzutshin , Groutas William C.
Published: October 2004

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Reactions of a 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐1H‐indole‐4,7‐dione with Enamines for the First Construction of 1H,5H‐Pyrano[3,4‐f]indole‐4,9‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hideo , Tanaka Koujirou , Hayashi Kazutaka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: October 2004

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Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Formal Alkyl Group Transfer: Synthesis of Quinolines from Nitroarenes and Alkylammonium Halides.
Authors: Cho Chan Sik , Lee Na Young , Kim Tae‐Jeong , Shim Sang Chul
Published: October 2004

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