bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of crossing sequences between seal impression and laser‐printed lines based on characteristics of the toner molten state
Authors: Wu Xiang , Li Biao , Ouyang Guoliang
Published: April 2021

Determining the sequence of intersection lines is a challenge in forensic document examination. To explore more advanced technology and meet the needs of practical applications, this study proposes a method based on the characteristics of the molten state to examine crossing‐line sequences. This state can be considered as a melting state of solid laser toner through a dissolution process. Experimental results demonstrate that the molten state is always visible at intersections when a particular ink is stamped after laser printing; however, the presence of the molten state when the seal is stamped before laser printing largely depends on the time interval between printing and stamping. The degree of error obtained through blind tests indicates that this approach has its limitations; however, a high accuracy, which refers to the ability of an examiner, was achieved with respect to determining the sequence of strokes when using a fluorescence method in conjunction with this method. This further indicated the limitation of a single method and the importance of combining multiple methods for document examinations.
Evaluation of the performance, operability, and safety of Plasauto μ, a new type of machine for cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy, in a postmarketing clinical study
Authors: Hasegawa Midori , Matsushita Hiromichi , Yahata Kensei , Sugawara Akira , Ishibashi Yoshitaka , Kawahara Ryoko , Hamasaki Yoshifumi , Kanno Hitoshi , Yamada Sachie , Nii Norio , Kato Masao , Ohashi Atsushi , Koide Shigehisa , Hayashi Hiroki , Yuzawa Yukio , Tsuboi Naotake
Published: April 2021

Cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) is performed by collecting the ascites from the patient, followed by filtration and concentration. Thereafter, concentrated cell‐free ascites is reinfused into the patient intravenously. The new type of machine, Plasauto μ, for managing the process of CART was launched onto the market. We have evaluated the machine through postmarketing clinical study in 17 patients with malignant ascites. The amounts of original and concentrated ascites were 3673 ± 1920 g and 439 ± 228 g, respectively. Recovery rates were acceptable regarding values of total protein, albumin, and IgG that were 55.6% ± 17.3%, 60.2% ± 20.8%, and 58.2% ± 20.5%, respectively. Recovery rates were positively associated with amounts of original ascites and negatively associated with total protein concentration. No adverse events related to the machine were observed. The new type of machine showed preferable performance in processing malignant ascites.
Dendritic cell vaccination combined with a conventional chemotherapy for patients with relapsed or advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a single‐center phase I/II trial
Authors: Ogasawara Masahiro , Miyashita Mamiko , Yamagishi Yuka , Ota Shuichi
Published: April 2021

The prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer is poor. In the present phase I/II study, we have evaluated the safety and the feasibility of Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) and/or mucin1 (MUC1) peptide‐pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccination in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced or relapsed pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Sixty‐five eligible patients were enrolled. No severe adverse events related to the vaccinations were observed. Objective response rate and disease control rate was 12.3% and 50.8%, respectively. Median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 4.9 and 9.6 months, respectively. DC vaccinations augmented WT1‐ and MUC1‐specific immunity which might be related to clinical outcome. These results indicate that DC‐based immunotherapy combined with a conventional chemotherapy is safe and feasible for patients in advanced stage of PDAC.
Phenolic acids and phytosterols in rice grains and wheat flours consumed in five regions of China
Authors: Shao Yafang , Hu Zhanqiang , Liu Chengzhi , Xu Qingyu , Zhang Huali , Yan Qin , Zhu Dawei , Zhu Zhiwei
Published: April 2021

Phenolic acids and phytosterols, the main functional compounds in cereals, could promote wellbeing and reduce the risks of diet‐related diseases. This study aimed to demonstrate phenolic acid and phytosterol profiles in rice grains and wheat flours, and estimate their intakes in five geographical regions and among different age groups. Phenolic acids and phytosterols mainly existed in bound form, and the whole rice grain had high amount of 161.39 to 368.74 µg/g and 37.50 to 93.31 mg/ 100 g, respectively. In total, nine phenolic acids and six phytosterols were detected with ferulic and p‐coumaric acid, and β‐sitosterol the most abundant. The dietary intakes of phenolic acids and phytosterols were calculated combined with the dietary foods intake data of Chinese people. The intakes of total phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice grains and wheat flours varied across different regions with Beijing the highest among the five regions. At the age of 2 to 70 years, the average intakes of phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice and wheat flours were 7.74 to 17.52 and 58.02 to 135.61 mg/sp/day, respectively. If 3‐ounce of polished rice was replaced by black rice grain, the predicted intakes of total phenolic acids and phytosterols from rice grains and wheat flours would increase by at least 196% and 68%, respectively, especially for free phenolic acids and phytosterols.

Practical Application

This study would help the consumers know how much phenolic acids and phytosterols they would get from 3 ounces of black rice in a reasonable intake of staple food but shift away other kinds of foods. It could also provide inspirations for food industries to explore the functional cereal foods that are rich in phenolic acids and phytosterols for different regions and different age groups.
Influence of induction cooking on the flavor of fat cover of braised pork belly
Authors: Da Dandan , Nian Yingqun , Zou Bo , Zhao Di , Zhang Ze , Li Chunbao
Published: April 2021

Fat has a great impact on texture and flavor of meat products, which is influenced by cooking methods. In this study, the profiles of fatty acids, volatile compounds, and texture of fat cover of braised pork belly were investigated after plane and concave induction cooking. The results showed that cooking time showed a great impact on fat content, textural properties, fatty acids composition, lipid oxidation, and volatile compounds of fat cover (p < 0.05). When cooking time was fixed, concave induction cooking caused lower hardness, chewiness, and saturated fatty acids but higher polyunsaturated fatty acids at 60 min than plane induction cooking. Electronic nose and GC‐MS analyses showed that concave induction cooking had a greater impact on flavor of pork belly fat and produced a comparable flavor to plane induction cooked samples in a shorter time. Sensory evaluation showed that concave induction cooking had higher scores at 60 min. Thus, concave induction cooking could be a more efficient method for meat processing.

Practical Application

Electromagnetic induction heating is an effective cooking technique. It is characterized by uniformity, efficiency, and safety of heating. The application of electromagnetic induction heating technology to the cooking of braised pork was studied, which provides information for further optimizing the cooking technology of braised pork and improving the quality of braised pork.
Chemical constituents of fresh‐cut potato as affected by cultivar, age, storage, and cooking
Authors: Dite Hunjek Draženka , Pelaić Zdenka , Čošić Zrinka , Pedisić Sandra , Repajić Maja , Levaj Branka
Published: April 2021

Certain changes in phenolics and sugars can occur during the storage of potatoes, where particularly amounts of sugars represent the critical factor as they are involved in potentially harmful acrylamide (AA) formation during frying. This research investigates the impact of cultivars (Birgit and Lady Claire), tuber's age (1, 5, and 9 months), and storage duration (1, 5, and 8 days at 10 °C) on the content of phenolics and sugars in raw, boiled, and fried fresh‐cut potato (FCP). The influence of these factors on the formation of AA in fried FCP was also assessed. Significant differences in phenolics and sugars were observed between cultivars (cv. Birgit contained 5.77 mg of phenolics 100 g–1 of dry weight (DW) and 1.75 g of sugars 100 g–1 DW, while cv. Lady Claire contained 10.13 mg of phenolics 100 g–1 DW and 0.65 g of sugars 100 g–1 DW). The content of phenolics significantly decreased, while sugars increased during tubers’ aging. FCP storage time had no significant influence on the content of phenolics and sugars. The phenolics and sugars were the highest in the raw samples and the lowest in the boiled ones. Although the AA level in fried samples was significantly influenced by cultivar (Birgit > Lady Claire) and it increased with FCP storage time, it was below European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulation's approved maximum value (750 µg kg–1 FW) in both cultivars. Therefore, cvs. Birgit and Lady Claire could be considered as promising FCP cultivars and for frying purposes.

Practical Application

The results of this research reveal that quantitative changes of chemical constituents occurring during storage and cooking of fresh‐cut slices of potato cultivars Birgit and Lady Claire are not a concern. This is of particular importance to fresh‐cut producers and customers. Phenolics were reduced during storage, but they were still present in all cooked samples independently of the cooking method. The analysis of sugars showed that tubers as old as 9 months could be used for fresh‐cut potato processing, providing safe frying without critical levels of acrylamide.
Sunflower seed byproduct and its fractions for food application: An attempt to improve the sustainability of the oil process
Authors: de Oliveira Filho Josemar Gonçalves , Egea Mariana Buranelo
Published: April 2021

The sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the main oil crops in the world grown for the production of edible and biodiesel oil. Byproducts of the extraction of sunflower oil constitute a raw material with potential for several applications in the food area due to its chemical composition, including the high content of proteins and phenolic compounds. Thoughtful of a consumer increasingly concerned with the environmental impact, we try to clarify in this review the potential of using sunflower seed byproducts and their fractions to enhance the production of potentially functional foods. The applications of sunflower seed byproduct include its transformation into flours/ingredients that are capable of improving the nutritional and functional value of foods. In addition, the protein isolates obtained from sunflower seed byproduct have good technological properties and improve the nutritional value of food products. These protein isolates can be used to obtain protein hydrolysates with technological and bioactive properties and as matrices for the development of edible, biodegradable, and active films for food. The sunflower seed byproduct is also a source of phenolic compounds with bioactive properties, mainly chlorogenic acid, which can be extracted by different methods and applied in the development of functional foods and active and bioactive food packaging. The use of sunflower seed byproduct and its fractions are promising ingredients for the development of healthier and less expensive foods as well as the alternative to decrease the environmental problems caused by the sunflower oil industry.
Development of zein/soluble soybean polysaccharide nanoparticle‐stabilized Pickering emulsions
Authors: Gao Jin , Liang Hongshan , Li Shugang , Zhou Bin
Published: April 2021

Pickering emulsions have received wide attention due to their “surfactant‐free” character and the ability of delivery bioactive compounds. In the current work, zein and soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) food‐grade composite nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated as Pickering stabilizers. The particle size of the composite NPs varied with the concentration of zein and SSPS, consequently leading to larger hydrodynamic diameters compared with zein nanoparticles (ZPs) in all formulations, also seen from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. At pH 4.0, the dispersions of ZPs exhibited a positive ζ‐potential (around at +12 mV); however, zein/SSPS NPs obtained at the same pH had much lower ζ‐potential (about –2 mV) further proving that there was electrostatic interaction between SSPS and zein. The composite nanoparticles (NPs) were well dispersed through the results of polydispersity index (PDI). The physical properties and stability of zein/SSPS NPs stabilized Pickering emulsions were evaluated at a fixed oil phase volume (30%, v/v). On the surface of the oil droplets, a densely packed interface layer was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which could prevent oil droplets from coalescence and Ostwald ripening. At zein concentration of 6 mg/mL and SSPS concentration of 1 mg/mL, the formed Pickering emulsions had higher stability at 25 °C.

Practical Application

The findings of this study can be utilized and integrated to further extend the application of zein in foods, medicine, or cosmetics field. This study showed that the food‐grade composite colloidal particles formed by electrostatic interaction can significantly improve the emulsification properties of zein and soluble soybean polysaccharides, and stability. The Pickering emulsions have been observed in long‐term testing.
Modeling Impacts of Nutrient Loading, Warming, and Boundary Exchanges on Hypoxia and Metabolism in a Shallow Estuarine Ecosystem
Authors: Testa Jeremy M. , Basenback Nicole , Shen Chunqi , Cole Kelly , Moore Amanda , Hodgkins Casey , Brady Damian C.
Published: April 2021

We sought to investigate the impacts of nutrient loading, warming, and open‐water boundary exchanges on a shallow estuary through idealized numerical model experiments. We performed these simulations using a stand‐alone implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System‐Row‐Column AESOP biogeochemical model in the Chester River estuary, a tributary estuary within the Chesapeake Bay estuarine complex. We found that metabolic rates were elevated in the shallow tributary creeks of the estuary relative to open waters and that rates of gross primary production, respiration, and net ecosystem metabolism were a function of both water temperature and local phytoplankton biomass. Warming 0.75°C and 1.25°C led to reductions in dissolved oxygen concentrations throughout the estuary. Reductions (50%) in dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus loading did not substantially alter hypoxic volumes in this turbid, nutrient‐rich estuary, but warming increased hypoxic volumes by 20%–30%. Alterations of the open‐water boundary that represent improved oxygen concentrations in the adjacent Chesapeake Bay mainstem led to more substantial relief of hypoxia in model simulations than nutrient reductions (~50% reductions in hypoxia). These simulations reveal the complex interplay of watershed nutrient inputs and horizontal exchange in a small tributary estuary, including the finding that future warming and nutrient reduction effects on Chesapeake Bay hypoxia will be translated to some tributary estuaries like the Chester River.
A Scalable Earth Observations‐Based Decision Support System for Hydropower Planning in Africa
Authors: Koppa Akash , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Hopson Thomas M. , Riddle Emily , Boehnert Jennifer , Broman Daniel P.
Published: April 2021

Hydropower is a key part of the increasing shift in power production from nonrenewables to renewable energy. In regions such as Africa, hydropower reservoirs are vital for achieving several sustainable development goals, including clean water, energy, and poverty elimination. However, the operations of hydropower reservoirs are often suboptimal due to the lack of hydrologic data for generating reliable inflow forecasts. Here, we present a decision support system (DSS) framework for hydropower planning at daily to seasonal time scales by combining data from earth observation satellites (EOS) with ensemble climate forecasts from dynamical models and hydrologic modeling. The large uncertainty inherent in satellite‐based datasets is overcome by using a data validation framework which does not require ground‐based measurements. In addition, an EOS evapotranspiration product is used as a proxy for streamflow in calibrating hydrologic models. Compared to a DSS forced with a climatological forecast (zero‐skill), the hydropower production with the new DSS increased by 20%. The study highlights the advantage of using data from EOS in overcoming the issue of data scarcity in water resources applications, particularly in developing regions of the world such as Africa.
Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress in Two Green Algal Species Exposed to Erythromycin
Authors: Ma Zhihua , Yang Fangshe , Ren Jingya , Fan Rong , Duan Qiannan , Guo Jipu , Guo Jiahua
Published: April 2021

Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (R. subcapitata) are two model algal species applied for the testing of chemicals, whereas a considerable variation in their sensitivity to antibiotics has been reported. The difference in species sensitivity may be attributed to the xenobiotic‐induced oxidative stress in algal cells. Thus, this study compared the responses of these two model green algae toward the exposure of erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide antibiotic, at the concentration levels of 0, 20, 40, 60 μg/L, and elucidated the toxic mechanism of action from the point of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense. To achieve this, effects on the endpoints of algal growth, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GP], glutathione, and glutathione S‐transferase), and photosynthetic pigment contents were evaluated. After exposing for seven days, the growth of R. subcapitata was significantly stimulated at ERY 20 μg/L but inhibited at the higher exposure level of 60 μg/L. Contrarily, hormesis in C. vulgaris exposed to all ERY treatments was detected. With the increase in ERY exposure, MDA content, and the antioxidant activity of SOD, CAT, GP in R. subcapitata were gradually enhanced. In C. vulgaris, a declining trend in the MDA content and the activity of SOD, CAT, and GP was detected. These results provide insights into the ERY‐altered production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant responses in two algae.
Retinal nerve fibre layer/ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer thickness ratio in patients with systemic hypertension
Authors: Lee Woo Hyuk , Lee Min‐Woo , Lim Hyung‐Bin , Kim Min‐Su , Ryu Cheon Kuk , Han Yong‐Seop , Kim Jung‐Yeul
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Acute and chronic hypertension may have different pathophysiological mechanisms in the retina. Here, we compared the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL)/ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GC‐IPL) thickness ratios of patients with ‘relieved’ severe hypertensive retinopathy (relieved HTNR) and chronic hypertension without retinopathy (chronic HTN) to those of normal controls.

Methods

We performed cross‐sectional study. The eyes were divided into the following groups: normal controls (Group A, age ≥50 years; Group D, age <50 years); chronic HTN (Group B, <10 years of HTN; TNHT; Group C, ≥10 years of HTN); and relieved HTNR (previously diagnosed with grade IV HTNR and relieved retinopathy for >1 year; Group E), and the RNFL/GC‐IPL thickness ratio was compared among Groups A–C and between Groups D and E.

Results

A total of 379 eyes were included in this study. Groups A–E consisted of 145, 59, 63, 60 and 52 eyes, respectively. The RNFL/GC‐IPL thickness ratios were 1.161 ± 0.093, 1.158 ± 0.082 and 1.162 ± 0.089 in groups A–C, respectively, and did not showed a statistically difference (p = 0.966). The RNFL/GC‐IPL thickness ratio of groups D and E were 1.169 ± 0.080 and 1.221 ± 0.080, respectively, and showed a statistically difference (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

The RNFL/GC‐IPL thickness ratios of the chronic HTN group did not show a difference compared with the normal controls. However, relieved HTNR patients showed a higher ratio than the normal controls. Physicians should be aware that acute hypertensive injury could affect the RNFL/GC‐IPL thickness ratio.
Impacts of rock climbing on cliff vegetation: A methods review and best practices
Authors: Boggess Laura M. , Harrison Georgia R. , Bishop Giovanna
Published: April 2021

Questions

Cliff vegetation is diverse, understudied, and threatened by increased human disturbance. The growing popularity of rock climbing heightens the need for science‐based management to balance recreational use and conservation of cliff ecosystems. What has existing research revealed about the impact of climbing on vegetation? Are the conclusions consistent across the literature? If not, how can research methods be streamlined and standardized to produce more consistent results and reliable conclusions?

Methods

We present a review of vegetation‐focused climbing‐impact studies written in English. We compare study design and climbing‐specific considerations in 19 studies and report the impact of rock climbing on richness and abundance of lichens, bryophytes, and vascular plants. We then propose a set of best practices to guide design of future studies.

Results

Our work reveals that existing studies have employed widely differing methods for data collection and analysis. The effects of climbing on vegetation also varied among studies. Standardizing methods, such as pairing climbed and unclimbed transects or including a metric for climbing use, will generate more reliable and useful conclusions about the effect of climbing on vegetation.

Conclusions

Climbing will increasingly disturb cliff ecosystems. Our proposed best practices for climbing study methods are one way to produce more accurate information to inform climbing management plans, ultimately enhancing cliff conservation.
The Quest for Syntony: Democracy and Regionalism in South America
Authors: Ramanzini Junior Haroldo , Mariano Marcelo Passini , Gonçalves Julia de Souza Borba
Published: April 2021

This article analyses how the issue of democracy protection has been incorporated into South American regionalism. It shows the motivation for building Democracy Clauses in regionalism and identify the challenges for its implementation. From 1985 to 2008, there was a progressive insertion of instruments related to democracy protection. Between 2009 and 2015 efforts were aimed at expanding regional autonomy to deal with political crises. As of 2016–2020 democracy has been used as an element of division between states. We identify the factors that help explain the changes observed which have resulted in the weakening of regionalism's contribution to democracy.
Treating severe asthma: Targeting the IL‐5 pathway
Authors: Principe Stefania , Porsbjerg Celeste , Bolm Ditlev Sisse , Kjærsgaard Klein Ditte , Golebski Korneliusz , Dyhre‐Petersen Nanna , van Dijk Yoni E. , van Bragt Job J.M.H. , Dankelman Lente L.H. , Dahlen Sven‐Erik , Brightling Christopher E. , Vijverberg Susanne J.H. , Maitland‐van der Zee Anke H.
Published: April 2021

Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes based on clinical, functional or inflammatory parameters. In particular, the eosinophilic phenotype is associated with type 2 inflammation and increased levels of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13). Monoclonal antibodies that target the eosinophilic inflammatory pathways (IL‐5R and IL‐5), namely mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab, are effective and safe for severe eosinophilic asthma. Eosinophils threshold represents the most indicative biomarker for response to treatment with all three monoclonal antibodies. Improvement in asthma symptoms scores, lung function, the number of exacerbations, history of late‐onset asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, low oral corticosteroids use and low body mass index represent predictive clinical markers of response. Novel Omics studies are emerging with proteomics data and exhaled breath analyses. These may prove useful as biomarkers of response and non‐response biologics. Moreover, future biomarker studies need to be undertaken in paediatric patients affected by severe asthma. The choice of appropriate biologic therapy for severe asthma remains challenging. The importance of finding biomarkers that can predict response continuous an open issue that needs to be further explored. This review describes the clinical effects of targeting the IL‐5 pathway in severe asthma in adult and paediatric patients, focusing on predictors of response and non‐response.
The impact of COVID‐19 on the grains and oilseeds sector: 12 months later
Authors: Brewin Derek Gerald
Published: April 2021

Brewin (2020) was optimistic about the fate of the Canadian grains and oilseeds sector in 2020 as the COVID‐19 pandemic descended on the world. The sector did generate a large crop and, towards the end of 2020, saw a lift in prices. This contributed to record farm income in Canada in 2020. The pace of grain and oilseed exports in Canada and ethanol demand in the east were affected by COVID‐19, but the forecast of a “near normal” 2020 was relatively accurate. Production and prices stayed on track, largely because the world did not impose significant new barriers to trade in cereals and oilseeds and because these sectors have distanced labor in virtually every step of the supply chain which protected these markets from this pandemic. The dominant price factor for the sector remains global demand that had been growing before 2020 relative to the pace of production and may have been stimulated by deficit budgets around the world. Compared to the tight global stocks, COVID‐19 had a minor impact on grain prices which led to steady production worldwide and in Canada. We are still waiting for more evidence to assess the role of federal coordination in the success of the grains and oilseed sector in 2020, but Canada's past participation in trade and safety protocols based on science allowed the grains and oilseed sector in Canada to earn a very good income in 2020.
A nurse‐led, community‐based self management program for people living with type 2 diabetes in Western Ethiopia: A feasibility and pilot study protocol
Authors: C. Diriba Dereje , Leung Doris Y. P. , Suen Lorna K. P.
Published: April 2021

Aim

To develop and examine the preliminary effects of a nurse‐led, community‐based diabetes self management education and support program on clinical outcomes, self care behaviours, quality of life and family support through a pilot randomized controlled trial among adults living with type 2 diabetes in Western Ethiopia.

Methods

A two‐arm parallel‐group pilot randomized controlled trial involving participant–caregiver dyads will be conducted. A total of 76 dyads will be recruited, with 38 dyads randomly allocated to the intervention arm receiving six sessions of the diabetes self management education and support program supported by an educational handbook, flier and video on top of the usual care; the control arm will continue to receive the usual care. The intervention will be guided by social cognitive theory and related international guidelines for diabetes management, addressing misconceptions, using culturally tailored foods and involving family members in the intervention. Participants will be recruited at Nekemte Specialized Hospital over 2 months. Nurses will deliver the intervention in the community in Nekemte, western Ethiopia. Diabetes self​ care behaviour, quality of life, family support, glycosylated haemoglobin, body mass index, blood pressure and lipid profiles will be assessed. Descriptive statistics will summarize the sociodemographic variables of the dyads; people living with diabetes' clinical outcomes, self care behaviours, quality of life and the level of family support; family caregivers' behaviours; and the acceptability level. Cohen's d will be computed to estimate the effect size.

Trial registration

The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry prospectively registered the trial, and the registration number was ChiCTR2000040292.
A taxonomy of energy optimization techniques for smart cities: Architecture and future directions
Authors: Tanwar Sudeep , Popat Aarti , Bhattacharya Pronaya , Gupta Rajesh , Kumar Neeraj
Published: April 2021

There is a drastic increase in urbanization over the past few years, which requires energy‐efficient and optimized solutions for transportation, governance, quality of life in a smart city among all the citizens. The Internet‐of‐Energy (IoE) ecosystem offers many sophisticated and ubiquitous applications for smart cities. The energy demand of IoE applications is increased while IoE devices continue to grow. Therefore, smart city solutions must have the ability to utilize energy and handle the associated challenges efficiently. Moreover, energy Optimization (EO) techniques can be used to reduce energy consumption to meet the sustainability goals in IoE. Different techniques have been proposed for EO in various fields by researchers worldwide. Computing systems also need energy optimization. The energy consumption in the data center, clouds, and blockchain (BC)‐based architectures are a point of concern at the current time. Due to the enormous energy demands of these systems, we cannot take advantage of the latest technologies to their fullest. Due to the emergence of new technologies and some limitations of proposed techniques, we can still not optimize energy usage more than some extent. There is minimal exploration done in energy optimization in BC‐based systems. In this paper, we have proposed a survey on the energy optimization techniques in various systems, including the optimization techniques in BC‐based systems. We have proposed a taxonomy that classifies energy optimization techniques. We have also proposed an energy‐efficient consensus mechanism, Proof‐of‐High Performance optimization (named as PoHPo), for High‐Performance Computing (HPC) based ecosystems. The open issues and challenges are then discussed in EO. The survey intends to propose future directions for industry professionals, green‐energy stakeholders, and researchers worldwide to explore this topic further.
Deformation and failure characteristics of sandstone subjected to true‐triaxial unloading: An experimental and numerical study
Authors: Xiao Fan , Jiang De‐Yi , Wu Fei , Chen Jie , Zhang Jian‐Zhi , Liu Wei
Published: April 2021

In this research, we conducted both laboratory experiments and discrete element simulations to investigate the influence of maximum principal stress level on true‐triaxial unloading behaviors of sandstone samples. The results show that as the level of σ1 at the unloading point increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of sandstone sample is increasingly strengthened, while the sample collapses more easily during the unloading process, and the failure mode of sample changes from mixed tensile‐shear failure to shear failure. With the increase in the level of σ1, the accumulative micro‐cracks at the unloading point and micro‐crack generation rate during the unloading phase exhibit increasing trends, while the ratio between the number of tensile micro‐cracks and shear micro‐cracks generally shows a downward trend. The formation of macro fracture in sandstone sample is closely related to the material inhomogeneity and true‐triaxial stress state.
Early clinical experience with subcutaneous GR43175 in acute migraine: An overview
Authors: Tfelt-Hansen P , Brand J , Dano P , Doenicke A , Findley LJ , Iversen HK , Melchart D , Sahlender HM
Published: April 2021

In six European clinics 111 migraine patients were treated in a series of open dose-ranging studies with subcutaneous injections of 1 to 4 mg GR43175, a novel 5-HT1-like receptor agonist. Response rates after 20–30 min were dose related and rose from 33% with 1 mg to 96% with 4 mg GR43175. Side effects were minor and transient. These promising results warrant confirmation in placebo-controlled double-blind trials.
Supporting digitally enhanced learning through measurement in higher education: Development and validation of a university students' digital competence scale
Authors: Wang Xinghua , Wang Zhuo , Wang Qiyun , Chen Wenli , Pi Zhongling
Published: April 2021

Digital competence is critical for university students to adapt to and benefit from digitally enhanced learning. Prior studies on its measurement mostly focus on educators and relied on factor analyses. However, there is a lack of valid and convenient tools to measure university students' digital competence. This study aimed to develop a digital competence scale for university students (DC‐US) in digitally enhanced learning with robust psychometric properties. An initial DC‐US with 23 items was proposed to measure the single latent trait of digital competence. It was validated and refined continuously through a pilot study, a main study and a predictive validity study in three datasets involving 825 participants altogether, using factor analyses, Rasch analyses and the partial least squares modelling. The final DC‐US turned out to comprise two subscales: technical literacy and digital skills, with 10 items retained, and manifested high internal consistency, unidimensionality and measurement invariance. The scale also demonstrated strong predictive validity, with technical literacy greatly predicting digital skills, which negatively predicted technostress. The DC‐US enables instructors and school administrators to conveniently obtain preliminary information of university students' digital competence, informing their digital class preparation and development of timely interventions for addressing digital deficiencies.
Prognostic Indicators of Delayed Surgical Recovery in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Gomes do Carmo Thalita , Ferreira Santana Rosimere , de Oliveira Lopes Marcos Venicios , Mendes Nunes Marília , Maciel Diniz Camila , Rabelo‐Silva Eneida Rejane , Dantas Cavalcanti Ana Carla
Published: April 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic capacity of the clinical indicators of a delayed surgical recovery nursing diagnosis throughout the hospital stay of patients having cardiac surgery.

Design

A prospective cohort design was adopted. A sample of inpatients undergoing elective cardiac surgery was followed during the immediate preoperative period and hospitalization. This research was conducted in the southeast region of Brazil at a national reference institution that treats highly complex diseases and performs cardiac surgeries. Data were collected from July 2017 to July 2018.

Methods

At the end of 1 year of data collection, 181 patients were followed in this study. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to calculate the survival time related to delayed surgical recovery. In addition, an extended Cox model of time‐dependent covariates was adjusted to identify the clinical signs that influenced the change in the nursing diagnosis status.

Results

A delayed surgical recovery nursing diagnosis was present in 23.2% of the sample studied. With an expected length of stay of 8 to 10 days, most new cases of delayed surgical recovery were observed on the 10th postoperative day, and the survival rate after this day was decreased until the 29th postoperative day, when the nursing diagnosis no longer appeared. Interrupted healing of the surgical area, loss of appetite, and atrial flutter were indicators related to an increased risk for delayed surgical recovery.

Conclusions

Timely recognition of selected clinical indicators demonstrates a promising prognostic capacity for delayed surgical recovery.

Clinical Relevance

Accurate identification of prognostic factors allows nurses to identify early signs of postoperative complications. Consequently, the professional can develop an individualized plan of care, aiming at the satisfactory clinical recovery of the patient.
Oral isotretinoin treatment in patients with acne vulgaris during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Demirel Öğüt Neslihan , Kutlu Ömer , Erbağcı Ece
Published: April 2021

Background

Patients with acne vulgaris continue to present increasingly in dermatology outpatient clinics and seek treatment during the COVID‐19 pandemic. As far as we know, the effect of isotretinoin on COVID‐19 has not been studied before.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate whether patients receiving oral isotretinoin are at increased risk of COVID‐19 infection by comparing them with patients on topical treatment for acne vulgaris.

Methods

The data were collected retrospectively from a cohort of 267 acne vulgaris patients, who were under follow‐up for acne vulgaris treatment during the pandemic period.

Results

Total of 227 patients (141 receiving isotretinoin treatment and 86 receiving topical treatment) were included of whom 29 patients had COVID‐19 infection during acne vulgaris treatment. Fifteen (10.6%) patients were receiving oral isotretinoin and 14 (16.3%) were receiving topical acne treatment at the time of COVID‐19 infection. The mean cumulative dose was 2340 ± 1988 mg at the time of COVID‐19 infection. The mean elapsed time between the onset of isotretinoin treatment and positive PCR result for COVID‐19 was 13.3 ± 10.3 weeks. Nine patients (64.3%) receiving isotretinoin treatment and 9 patients (60%) under topical treatment had loss of taste and smell during COVID‐19 infection. Isotretinoin treatment was not found to be associated with a significant increased risk of getting COVID‐19 (odds ratio, 0.671; 95% confidence interval, 0.247–1.823; P  = 0.434).

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the results of this study encourage dermatologists and acne vulgaris patients to initiate oral isotretinoin treatment safely during the pandemic period.
Post‐stroke blood–brain barrier disruption predicts poor outcome in patients enrolled in the ACTION study
Authors: Leigh Richard , Hitomi Emi , Hutchison R. Matthew , Elkins Jacob
Published: April 2021

Background and Purpose

A prior study found a link between post‐stroke blood–brain barrier disruption and functional outcomes. The current study aimed to replicate this finding in a cohort of patients recruited in the context of a randomized clinical trial.

Methods

The ACTION trial was a study of natalizumab in acute stroke patients. Patients with MRI‐perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) were included in this post‐hoc analysis. Blood‐brain permeability images (BBPI) were calculated from the PWI source images. Mean BBPI values from the 24 h time point were compared with modified Rankin scores (mRS) at 5, 30, and 90‐day assessments using linear regression. Good functional outcome (mRS< = 1) was compared with mean BBPI using logistic regression.

Results

One hundred and nineteen patients were included in the analysis (median age = 74, 43% female). Higher mean BBPI was associated with worse mRS at 5 days (p = 0.002; r2 = 0.078) and 30 days (p = 0.036; r2 = 0.039) but did not reach statistical significance at 90 days (p = 0.30; r2 = 0.010). When removing high‐value outliers, all outcome measures showed a stronger relationship with mean BBPI. Logistic regression found that with every 1% increase in mean BBPI measured 24 h after the stroke, the likelihood of achieving a good functional outcome at 90 days is decreased by half (OR = 0.53; CI = 0.30:0.95; p = 0.032).

Conclusions

With sufficient image quality, elevated BBPI measured in the days after an ischemic event is predictive of worse functional outcome and may serve as a biomarker for post‐stroke inflammation.
The psychology of bureaucracy: A normative account inspired by Rom Harré
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: April 2021

During the last years of his life, I had a number of discussions with Rom Harré about the puzzling growth of inefficient bureaucracy around the world. He was particularly critical of the sharp rise in the number of administrators at Oxford, Georgetown, and other universities in which he had invested his academic life. In this paper, I provide a normative account of inefficient bureaucracy inspired by Harré. I give priority to narratives that sustain normative systems ‘out there’ ‐ both beyond individuals, and enmeshing individuals. Through the metaphor of an inverted pyramid with seven levels of identity threat, I interpret the growth of inefficient bureaucracy in organizations as associated with collective narratives about threats against ‘us,’ with identity threat serving as justification and motivation to adopt and expand inefficient bureaucracy. In the final section, I briefly discuss the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in bureaucracy, and possible solutions to inefficient bureaucracy suggested by the normative model.
Determination of the route of excretion of robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs: A pilot study
Authors: King Jonathan N. , Jung Martin
Published: April 2021

The objective of the studies was to determine the route of excretion, faecal or urinary, of the nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib (Onsior™) in cats and dogs. The studies employed a two‐part crossover design in 4 beagle dogs (2 female and 2 male, age 36–41 months and body weight 9.0–10.3 kg) and a parallel group comparison of two groups each of 3 domestic short‐hair cats (2 female and 4 castrated male, age 35–73 months and body weight 3.0–5.7 kg). Animals were administered single doses of 1 (dog) or 2 (cat) mg/kg of [14C]‐robenacoxib by intravenous (IV) and oral routes. Venous blood samples were taken and analysed for robenacoxib concentration. Faeces and urine were collected for 4 (cats) or 7 (dogs) days and analysed for radioactivity. Robenacoxib was eliminated rapidly from blood (≤ 8 hr). In dogs, expressed as the percentage of the administered dose and adjusted so that faecal plus urine recovery was 100%, the mean (SD) excretion in faeces and urine was, respectively, 64.6% (4.30) and 35.4% (4.3) after IV and 66.7% (6.9) and 33.3% (6.9) after oral administration. The respective values in cats, in faeces and urine, were 72.5% (4.6) and 27.5% (4.6) after IV and 78.5% (2.6) and 21.5% (2.6) after oral administration. In conclusion, excretion of systemically available robenacoxib in cats and dogs was mixed via both faeces and urine, but predominately faecal (~64.6% in dogs and ~72.5% in cats) and assumed to be via biliary excretion.
Creating space for Indigenous perspectives on access and benefit‐sharing: Encouraging researcher use of the Local Contexts Notices
Authors: Liggins Libby , Hudson Māui , Anderson Jane
Published: April 2021

A recent Molecular Ecology editorial made a proactive statement of support for the “Nagoya Protocol” and the principle of benefit‐sharing by requiring authors to provide a “Data Accessibility and Benefit‐Sharing Statement” in their articles. Here, we encourage another step that enables Indigenous communities to provide their own definitions and aspirations for access and benefit‐sharing alongside the author's “Statement”. We invite the Molecular Ecology research community to use Biocultural‐, Traditional Knowledge‐, and Cultural Institution Notices to help Indigenous communities gain visibility within our research structures. Notices are one of the tools offered by the Biocultural Labels Initiative (part of the Local Contexts system) designed specifically for researchers and institutions. The Notices are highly visible, machine‐readable icons that signal the Indigenous provenance of genetic resources, and rights of Indigenous communities to define the future use of genetic resources and derived benefits. The Notices invite collaboration with Indigenous communities and create spaces within our research systems for them to define the provenance, protocols, and permissions associated with genetic resources using Labels. Authors contributing to Molecular Ecology can apply Notices to their articles by providing the persistent unique identifier and an optional use‐statement associated with the Notice in their “Data Accessibility and Benefit‐Sharing Statement”. In this way, our research community has an opportunity to accelerate support for the principles of the Nagoya Protocol, to alleviate concerns regarding Indigenous Data Sovereignty and equitable outcomes, and to build better relationships with Indigenous collaborators to enhance research, biodiversity, and conservation outcomes.
Effect of a dynamic mattress on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Torsy Tim , Deswarte Wim , Karlberg Traav Malin , Beeckman Dimitri
Published: April 2021

Background

In‐hospital cardiac arrest is a medical emergency that occurs on a regular basis. As patients most at risk for an in‐hospital cardiac arrest are usually positioned on a dynamic mattress, it is important to measure the effect of mattress compressibility on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). High‐quality CPR is essential for patient survival and good neurological outcome.

Aims and objectives

To examine the effect of an inflated dynamic overlay mattress on chest compression quality during CPR and to explore the predictive effect of health care providers' anthropometric factors, hand positioning and mattress type on chest compression frequency and depth.

Design

Manikin‐based single‐blinded randomised controlled trial.

Methods

Nursing students (N = 70) were randomised to a control (viscoelastic foam mattress) or intervention group (inflated dynamic overlay mattress on top of a viscoelastic foam mattress) and had to perform chest compressions over a 2‐minute period. Compression rate, depth and hand positioning were registered. The 2015 European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines were used as a reference.

Results

The mean difference in chest compression depth between control and intervention groups was 2.86 mm (P = .043). Both groups met the guidelines for adequate chest compression quality, as recommended by the ERC. A predictive effect of health care providers' body height and weight, mattress type and hand positioning on compression depth could be demonstrated (P = .004).

Conclusions

CPR in bedridden patients on a dynamic overlay mattress has a negative effect on the quality of chest compressions. Mean chest compression depth decreases significantly. However, clinical significance of the results may be debatable. Mattress type, body weight and hand positioning appear to be significant predictors for adequate chest compression depth.

Relevance to clinical practice

A firm surface under the patient is needed during CPR. Special attention must be paid to correct hand positioning during CPR.
Biodiversity–disease relationships in wild plant communities differentially affected by land use
Authors: Lacroix Christelle
Published: April 2021

This article is a Commentary on Susi & Laine (2021), 230: 2447–2458.
Cover Image
Authors: Xie Qingqing , Yu Qi , Jobe Timothy O. , Pham Allis , Ge Chennan , Guo Qianqian , Liu Jianxiu , Liu Honghong , Zhang Huijie , Zhao Yunde , Xue Shaowu , Hauser Felix , Schroeder Julian I.
Published: April 2021

The cover image is based on the Original Article An amiRNA screen uncovers redundant CBF and ERF34/35 transcription factors that differentially regulate arsenite and cadmium responses by Qingqing Xie et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14023.

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