bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical use of optical coherence tomography and fractional flow reserve
Authors: Ivanovic Vladimir , Petrovic Milovan , Cankovic Milenko , Stojsic-Milosavljevic Anastazija , Cemerlic Snezana
Published: March 2016

Introduction. The aim of each diagnostic method is to serve as a guide in
deciding about the right patient treatment. During myocardial
revascularization the decision to perform revascularization is usually not
easy to make, especially in case of borderline stenosis. It has been proven
that it is not enough to base morphological evaluation of coronary artery
vessel stenosis solely on angiography. It is necessary to include additional
modern diagnostic methods for functional analysis and detailed morphological
analysis using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and optical coherence tomography
(OCT), respectively. Case reports. In the first case report we showed the
significance of morphological analysis using OCT and proved that it was not
lumen stenosis. The second and the third case reports showed the
complementarity between functional analysis (FFR) and morphological analysis
(OCT) of stenosis in solving a complex coronary disease. The fourth case
report showed the significance of OCT in dealing with the recurrent stent
restenosis. Conclusion. By these short case reports we confirmed that
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) guided by angiography is definitely
not enough in deciding about myocardial revascularization especially in
patients with a complex coronary disease. In certain cases FFR and OCT
procedures can be complementary methods and improve quality of
revascularization, particularly in the case of recurrent in-stent restenosis.
Accounting Automation and Insight at the Speed of Thought
Authors: Drum Dawna M. , Pulvermacher Andrew
Published: March 2016

Modern organizations are inundated with data, and they often struggle to organize it in an efficient and effective manner in order to get the most value from the data. The context of this case is, thus, situated in current business practice. Students are given large data files that were extracted from an enterprise system. They must use Microsoft Access and Excel to summarize and organize the data to create a dynamic profit and loss statement. Basic skills in Excel and general accounting knowledge are assumed, while Access knowledge is not assumed. The Teaching Notes provide solutions and are organized to allow instructors to provide minimal guidance or fully annotated directions.
Evaluation of mandibular volume classified by vertical skeletal dimensions with cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Nakawaki Takatoshi , Yamaguchi Tetsutaro , Tomita Daisuke , Hikita Yu , Adel Mohamed , Katayama Koshu , Maki Koutaro
Published: March 2016

Objective: To investigate the relationship between anteroposterior and vertical differences in maxillofacial morphology and mandibular volume.

Materials and Methods: Subjects comprised 213 Japanese adults (84 males and 129 females) who were divided into three groups based on mandibular basal arch (ANB) and Wits, measured in a cephalometric analysis: Class I (−1° ≤ ANB < 4°,−1 mm ≤ Wits < 0 mm), Class II (ANB ≥ 4°, Wits ≥ 0), and Class III (ANB <−1°, Wits <−1 mm). Subjects were also divided into three groups based on the mandibular plane angle (Mp), as follows: hypodivergent (Mp < 23°), normodivergent (Mp  =  23–30°), and hyperdivergent (Mp > 30°) groups. Mandibular volume was measured from cone-beam computed tomographic images that were analyzed using Analyze™ image processing software and compared among the three groups in each classification.

Results: No significant differences were noted in mandibular volume among Classes I, II, and III. An inverse relationship was found between mandibular volume and Mp, and a significant difference was noted in mandibular volume between the hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups.

Conclusions: In addition to two-dimensional analysis, such as lateral cephalometry, three-dimensional information such as volume, provided by cone-beam computed tomography, contributes to a more detailed assessment of maxillofacial morphology.
Long-term Benefits of Intensive Glucose Control for Preventing End-Stage Kidney Disease: ADVANCE-ON
Authors: Wong Muh Geot , Perkovic Vlado , Chalmers John , Woodward Mark , Li Qiang , Cooper Mark E. , Hamet Pavel , Harrap Stephen , Heller Simon , MacMahon Stephen , Mancia Giuseppe , Marre Michel , Matthews David , Neal Bruce , Poulter Neil , Rodgers Anthony , Williams Bryan , Zoungas Sophia
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

The Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial reported that intensive glucose control prevents end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes, but uncertainty about the balance between risks and benefits exists. Here, we examine the long-term effects of intensive glucose control on risk of ESKD and other outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Survivors, previously randomized to intensive or standard glucose control, were invited to participate in post-trial follow-up. ESKD, defined as the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation, or death due to kidney disease, was documented overall and by baseline CKD stage, along with hypoglycemic episodes, major cardiovascular events, and death from other causes.

RESULTS

A total of 8,494 ADVANCE participants were followed for a median of 5.4 additional years. In-trial HbA1c differences disappeared by the first post-trial visit. The in-trial reductions in the risk of ESKD (7 vs. 20 events, hazard ratio [HR] 0.35, P = 0.02) persisted after 9.9 years of overall follow-up (29 vs. 53 events, HR 0.54, P < 0.01). These effects were greater in earlier-stage CKD (P = 0.04) and at lower baseline systolic blood pressure levels (P = 0.01). The effects of glucose lowering on the risks of death, cardiovascular death, or major cardiovascular events did not differ by levels of kidney function (P > 0.26).

CONCLUSIONS

Intensive glucose control was associated with a long-term reduction in ESKD, without evidence of any increased risk of cardiovascular events or death. These benefits were greater with preserved kidney function and with well-controlled blood pressure.
People’s Motivation to Participate in Social Network Sites, Subsequent Behaviours, and Situation Self-Awareness following a Crisis: Evidence from the MH370 Flight Incident
Authors: Wang Xuequn
Published: March 2016

As people increasingly integrate social network sites (SNSs) into their daily lives, they also turn to these sites for timely information following crises. To date, few studies have examined the effects of different types of motivation on participatory behaviours within SNSs following crises. In this study, self-determination theory (SDT) is applied to examine how individuals are motivated to participate in SNSs following a crisis and how individuals’ participatory behaviours can better assist them understand a crisis. The Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370) incident is selected as the context for this study, and data is collected following the incident. The results show that different types of motivation result in different participatory behaviours. Controlled motivation is positively related to browsing content, commenting and sharing content. Conversely, autonomous motivation is positively associated with browsing and sharing content. Besides, browsing content and commenting are positively related to people’s situational self-awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.
Phosphorus Fertilization in Rice (Oryza sativa L) Cultivation Changes Soil P-Fractions
Authors: Shah AL , Biswas JC , Solaiman ARM , Panaullah GM
Published: March 2016

A study was conducted at the BRRI research farm during 2001 to determine the distribution of soil phosphorus (P) fractions in P-deficient rice soil that received varied amount of P as triple super phosphate (TSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). Solution P ranged from 0.06 to 0.08 mg L-1 which was significantly greater in long duration variety (LDV) compared to short duration variety (SDV) at Pcontrol conditions. The increase in NaHCO3-Pi pool was 4.5-35.2% greater with LDV compared to SDV at 30-45 kg P ha-1. There was 7-10% greater NaOH-Po after growing LDV compared to SDV at larger P doses as TSP. The buildup of NaOH-Po pool was greater by 18% after growth of SDV compared to LDV when P was added as DAP. The NaOH-Pi fraction increased by about 21-212% with P application compared to P control irrespective of P sources. The larger HCl-Pi fraction buildup (21-152%) took place because of P application either as TSP or DAP, especially with the LDV. The increase in residual-P fraction was 10-158% because of P-fertilization and rice genotypes compared to control. Under Pfertilized conditions, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Po appeared to have acted as sinks of added P-fertilizer. Cultivation of rice genotypes at 30-40 kg P ha-1 under lowland situations further contributes to P buildup in soil which could be utilized in the succeeding crops for profitable farming.
Genotype Affected Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Dehusked Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seeds
Authors: Miah MY , Hoque ME , Islam MM , Ahmed M , Jewel Kazi Noor-E-Alam
Published: March 2016

Callus induction and plant regeneration ability of the dehusked rice genotypes are important tools for varietal improvement. This investigation presents the comparative callus induction and plant regeneration as obtained from the dehusked seeds of rice cultured on MS (Murashige-Skoog) medium. In the experiment conducted in a Complete Randomized Design under laboratory conditions, dehusked seeds of Ranisalute, Chiniatap, Somudrafena, Chiniguri-2 and Katchra rice cultivars grown in South West Bangladesh were tested on autoclaved and agarified MS nutrient medium with four replications to study their callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration ability. Chiniguri-2 yielded the highest calli and plant regeneration.
Seasonal Influence on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Lablab Bean [Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet]
Authors: Uddin M Zashim , Chowdhury AR , Hossain MM , Moniruzzaman M
Published: March 2016

A study was conducted to evaluate the seasonal influence on yield and yield contributing characters of four lablab bean genotypes: IPSA Seam-1, IPSA Seam-2, BU Seam-3 and JER during September 2000 to December 2001 covering one main season (winter) and two off-seasons (early summer and late summer). Compared to off-seasons, all the genotypes performed better for all the parameters during winter. Every delay in planting was associated with significant reduction in yields and all yield contributing characters. Pod setting was reduced during late summer in all the genotypes. IPSA Seam- 2 produced the highest number of seeds per pod in all the seasons. The number of seeds per pod was greatly reduced in all genotypes during late summer. Most of the agronomic traits: number of inflorescence per plant, number of flower buds per inflorescence, number of pod set per inflorescence, number of pod per plant, single pod weight etc. were affected severely during off-seasons irrespective of genotypes. Lower number of pods and yield per plant in summer was accounted for by poorer viability, germination rate and tube growth of pollens resulting in 63  96% reduction in yield.
Comparative Egg Production, Fertility and Hatchability of Cobb-500, Ross and Hubbard-Hi-Yield Broiler Parent Stock in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam F , Bulbul SM , Islam MA
Published: March 2016

Broiler parent stock of 7851 Cobb-500, 8388 Ross and 8745 Hubbard-Hi-Yield were reared in controlled (slated cum floor system) house to determine the egg production performance, fertility and hatchability. A total of 151200 hatching eggs of Cobb-500, Ross and Hubbard-Hi-Yield broiler strain were collected and set in the incubator in 10 batches having 15120 eggs in each batch and 5040 eggs in each strain to compare fertility and hatchability among the strains. From the above study, it was observed that the strains had significant effect (P<0.01) on egg production, fertility and hatchability of fertile, and set eggs, abnormal chicks, egg and chick weight but there was no significant effect (P>0.05) on normal chick production and chick weight as percentage of egg weight. Hubbard-Hi-Yield strain was the best while Ross was intermediate and Cobb-500 was the poorest in terms of egg production, fertility and hatchability. Therefore, Hubbard-Hi-Yield broiler parent stocks as well as its grand parent stock may be more profitable and suitable for broiler production in Bangladesh.
Genetic and Non-genetic Factors Affecting Gestation Length and Calve Birth Weight of Sahiwal-Friesian Crossbred Groups
Authors: Talukder MAI , Panandam JM
Published: March 2016

This study focused on the dairy unit at the Ladang Pusat Ternakan Haiwan Ayer Hitam in Johor, Malaysia. Eight crossbreed groups namely M50, M50-1, M50-2, M50-3, M56, M63, M75 and M75-1 were evaluated. Retrospective data on gestation length and calf birth weight were extracted for evaluation of 1346 animals and were analyzed between 1981 and 2001. Effects of breed group, parity, calf sex and age at calving were non significant for GL. Year of birth was only significant (P<0.05) affected for GL. The GL for the breed groups ranged between 279 - 283 days. The cow breed group x parity interaction effect was significant (P<0.05) for CBW. Sire breed group, calf sex and age at calving significantly (P<0.05) affected the CBW. There was no significant difference in CBW of the cow breed groups for the first two parities. M50, M50-1, M63 and M75-1 had significantly (P<0.05) higher CBW in the third and fourth parity (26.76-28.98 kg). M50-3 and M56 had significantly (P<0.05) lower CBW than M50 and M63. M56 had the lowest (P<0.05) CBW in the fourth parity (22.22 ± 1.24 kg). Individual additive genetic effect, maternal additive genetic effect, individual heterosis and maternal heterosis were non-significant for GL and CBW. Calf sex significantly (P<0.01) affected the CBW in all breed groups except M56 and M63. Male calves weighed significantly (P<0.01) heavier than female calves in the earlier breed group. Calf mortality ranged between 3.49 - 7.27%. The highest calf mortality at birth was observed in M75 (7.27%) followed by M50-3 (6.8%) and M75-1 (5.66%). The lowest mortality was observed in M50-1. M50, M50-1, M63 and M75-1 had better performance on CBW. Higher Friesian grades calf mortality rate was higher than lower Friesian grades. The non genetic factor year of birth only affected GL, but most of the genetic and non genetic factors significantly (P<0.05) affected the CBW.
Use of Chemicals and Biological Products in Aquaculture in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain MA , Hoq ME , Mazid MA
Published: March 2016

The study attempt to document the chemicals and biological products that are in use in fish and shrimp culture in Bangladesh. Interviews were conducted with fish and shrimp farmers in Mymensingh aquaculture region, and two major shrimp producing regions, Khulna and Coxs Bazar. The study documented the use of 55 different chemicals and biological products in aquaculture in Bangladesh. The most commonly used products were vitamins and minerals (18), disinfectants (10), therapeutants (9) and water treatment compounds (8). Farmers in Mymensingh area were found to use 8 different chemicals and biological products, while the shrimp farmers in the south-western region (Khulna) used large number of such products than farmers in the other two regions. Laboratory trial of some of these products done by Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute and the results are summarized in the paper.
Effect of Reduced Rates of N, P and K on the Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its Nutrient Uptake
Authors: Hasan ABM Masud , Rahman Md Mizanur , Hashem MA
Published: March 2016

An experiment was conducted to study the yield response and nutrient uptake of rice (BRRI dhan30) to reduced rates of N, P and K from the recommended fertilizer doses (RFD). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. There were ten treatments viz. T1 (control), T2 (RFD), T3 (RFD - 20% N), T4 (RFD - 40% N), T5 (RFD - 20% P), T6 (FRD - 40% P), T7 (RFD - 20% K), T8 (RFD - 40% K), T9 (RFD - 20% NPK) and T10 (RFD - 40% NPK). The recommended fertilizer doses of the crop were 100 kg N, 20 kg P, 40 kg K, 20 kg S and 3 kg Zn ha-1. The highest grain yield (5.10 t ha-1) and straw yield (7.02 t ha-1) were obtained by applying recommended doses of fertilizers which were insignificantly different from those observed in the treatments where N, P and K were reduced at the rate of 20% from the recommended doses. Similar results were also found in case of P, K and S content and uptake by rice plant, while the variation for N was found significant. Overall results indicated that 20% reduction of either N or P or K from the recommended doses would not significantly affect the yield of rice.
Influence of Split Application of Potassium on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of rice cultivars- BR11 and Nizersail
Authors: Mahfuza SN , Islam MN , Aktar Shamima , Amin MR , Islam MA
Published: March 2016

Influence of split application of K on the sterility of BR11 and Nizersail was investigated in a field experiment conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University farm, Mymensingh during T. Aman season of 2003. The two rice varieties BR11 and Nizersail were grown with potassium applied at 70 kg and 60 kg K/ha, respectively. Split application of K showed similar effect of increasing trend in all the crop characters with the increase of the split applications from 1 to 3. Four splits were inferior to all. Three split of potassium showed superiority over 2, 1and 4 splits in almost all the crop characters, where the performance of Nizersail seemed to be better except in respect of sterile spikelets, grain yield and harvest index, where the superiority of BR11 was observed.
Market Integration: An Application of Co-integration and Error Correction Model to Rice Markets in Bangladesh
Authors: Siddique MAB , Raha SK , Alam M Shahe
Published: March 2016

The study was conducted to investigate the degree and nature of spatial integration among district level monthly wholesale price of rice in Northwestern and greater Mymensingh region of Bangladesh. Market integration was examined by co-integration method-while price fluctuations were estimated by Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). Stationarity of data was checked with the help of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ('tau') test. Unit root test indicated that all the price series were non-stationary at level (original form of data), but were stationary after first difference. Engle Granger integration test indicated that all of the pair wise coefficients of price series were greater than the critical value at 1% level of significance implying strong and close proximity of inter regional price linkage, attributed to good communication, better infrastructural facilities etc. Therefore, wholesale price of paddy/rice at the regional level were spatially integrated in the long run even though rice markets were geographically dispersed. The extent of degree of integration demonstrated strong association (as all the coefficients were significant at 1% level), which is an indicator of efficient, and competitive marketing system, ultimately ensured maximum returns to the producers as well as expected reasonable price of the consumers. Though Law of One Price (LOP) was not effective between any market pairs, yet price signals reached the relevant sources appropriately. The distance between markets as a causal factor did not appear to be an impediment to efficient/inefficient adjustment of price to new information.
Role of PhoP-PhoQ Two-Component System in Biofilm Formation of the Phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii Strain 3937
Authors: Haque Md Manjurul , Tsuyumu Shinji
Published: March 2016

To elucidate the role of PhoP-PhoQ two-component system in biofilm formation by the phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi) strain 3937, we used marker-exchanged mutants deficient in both phoP and phoQ. A biofilm-inducing medium, salt-optimized broth plus glycerol (SOBG) which contains salt-optimized broth (SOB) plus 2% of glycerol, supported biofilm formation by D. dadantii strain 3937 to a greater extent than either M63 glycerol minimal medium or yeast extract peptone (YP) medium or Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. In addition, magnesium greatly induced biofilm formation. It was found that both the phoP and phoQ mutants exhibited enhanced ability to form a biofilm on the surface of the glass test tube as compared to the wild-type strain in SOBG medium containing high concentration of magnesium. In addition, under high magnesium condition, both the mutants produced elevated level of exopolysaccharide. Accordingly, genes responsible for exopolysaccharide production (weaP, wza and wzc) were derepressed in the mutants. These results suggest that the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system may regulate formation of biofilm, at least in part, by transcriptional control of genes responsible for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis of D. dadantii strain 3937. Since biofilm-associated bacteria showed more tolerance to acidic pH and high osmotic stress, it is apparent that the formation of biofilm may be an important factor for the survival of D. dadantii strain 3937 in unfavorable environment.
Shifting from Rice to Non-rice Crop Production in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Farmers View
Authors: Alam M Shahe , Quayum MA
Published: March 2016

A study was conducted to determine the magnitude of area shifting to different crops over the years, assess the profitability of maize cultivation and to evaluate the factors determining area devotion to maize cultivation in Bangladesh. Sample survey was done in five districts capturing both favourable and drought prone production environment. Two villages under each district were chosen in consultation with local extension experts. A total of 240 farmers were finally selected for interview. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in analyzing the data. Analysis indicated that the level of area shifting to MV Boro increased to 6% and 19% in drought prone and favourable area respectively during 2007-08 compared to 2003-04. Although the area under MV Aus increased marginally in drought prone area but in favourable areas the decrease was almost 16%. The area devoted to other crops like maize, ground nut, vegetables and chilli increased over the study period. The area under Aman rice increased by 2% in drought prone area but a reverse picture appeared in the favourable area i.c, the magnitude of area shifting from rice to non-rice under favourable area was negative. The per hectare costs of maize cultivation in drought prone and favourable area were similar. The net return and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in maize production were higher in favourable area compared to drought prone area. The study further indicated that, farm size, family agricultural labor and market availability were the vital determinants of area devotion to maize cultivation. Nearly 68 % of the sample farmers devoted their lands to maize production considering it as a profitable enterprise. Similarly, about 40% farmers adopted maize as an alternate crop since it involves much less irrigation cost.
Control of Rhizome Rot Disease of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose) by Chemicals, Soil Amendments and Soil Antagonis
Authors: Ayub A , Sultana N , Faruk MI , Rahman MM , Mamun ANM
Published: March 2016

Two field experiments were conducted at domar and sadar upzilla of Nilphamari district to find out an effective control measure against rhizome rot (Pythium aphanidermatam) disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose). Each experiment consisted of nine treatments, where three fungicides (Ridomil, Metataf and Secure), three organic amendments (poultry refuse, mustard oilcake and saw dust burning) and two bio control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride) were tested. Fungicides were used as seed treatment and soil drenching and organic materials and bio control agents were used as pre plant soil amendments. All the treatments significantly decreased the incidence and severity of the diseases and increased germination, tiller number and rhizome yield. The most effective treatment was seed treatment (0.2%) and soil drenching (0.2%) with Ridomil gold. Seed treatment and soil drenching with Secure (0.1%) and soil amendment with poultry refuse (10 t/ha) were also found to be effective to control the diseases and to increase rhizome yield.
Analysis of Growth and Supply Responses of Selected Pulses in Bangladesh
Authors: Miah MA Monayem , Quddus MA , Matin MA , Hasan MN , Aktar M
Published: March 2016

Not available
Economics of Alternate Wetting and Drying Method of Irrigation: Evidences from Farm Level Study
Authors: Alam M Shahe , Islam MS , Salam MA , Islam MA
Published: March 2016

Rice farmers investment on irrigation alone accounts the lion's share of total production cost. Alternate wetting & drying (AWD) method has emerged as a new technique of irrigation in Bangladesh as water saving irrigation technique. A study was undertaken with a view to verify the differences in water delivery, energy consumption and the relative economics of AWD method and conventional irrigation practice. Data were generated through sample survey in three production environments namely Kustia, Rangpur and Feni where field experiments were conducted to validate the AWD method. Data were generated using pre-designed questionnaire. Mainly descriptive statistics and partial budgeting technique were used in analyzing the data. The analysis revealed that on an average, the sample plots under AWD method required about 30% less water in growing MV Boro rice in all the study areas compared to conventional irrigation of maintaining continuous ponding water. The use of less irrigation was associated with the reduction of irrigation cost by 12 to 15% implying a clear advantage of AWD irrigation to the resource poor farmers. Almost 80% of the sample farmers in Kustia and Rangpur opined that the use of AWD method would also be conducive to increase MV Boro yield to some extent.  Partial budget analysis further implied that use of AWD method would render an eventual profit of Tk 4224/ha for adopting the newly emerged irrigation technique instead of using the conventional irrigation.
Study on Arsenic Contamination in Soil and Water in Five-selected Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ) of Bangladesh
Authors: Mamun Md Nurul Huda-Al
Published: March 2016

A research was carried out at the five different Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) of Bangladesh, viz. Tista Meander Floodplain (FP), High Ganges FP, Low Ganges FP, Active Ganges FP and Gopalganj-Khulna Bills during January 2001 to January 2002. The objectives were to assess the arsenic (As) concentration in the soil and water as well as to test tube well water samples and examines whether these exceed the acceptable limit of  As. Water of shallow tube wells (STW) and soil samples were collected from ten sites under five AEZs of Bangladesh. Considerable number of water samples showed high contents of arsenic, which ranged from 0.032 to 203.9 ?g/l. Out of 428 water samples, 155 were found unsafe (>10-<50 ?g/l) and 78 were toxic (>50 ?g/l) for drinking purpose. However, out of 2648 soil samples collected from different Upazilas, only 4 samples collected from Chargat showed toxic level (>20 ?g/kg).
EVALUATION OF A RAPID AND EFFICIENT METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF SKELETONS OF RABBIT AND GOOSE
Authors: Mussa MT , Kamal MM , Mahmud MAA , Sarker BK , Jalil MA , Das SK
Published: March 2016

The primary objective of this study was to prepare the skeletons of rabbit and goose by rapid, economic and efficient method. Total 10 (5 rabbits and 5pink-footed goose) matured rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were used. At first, the killed animals were skinned and defleshed with the help of scalpel and boiled in 3% solution of soda water for 1 hour. After cooling, the bony samples were cleaned and dipped into 10% solution of bleaching water for 2 hours and then were washed in tap water. Finally, the bony segments were articulated for rising into skeleton after complete sundry. The whole processes were taken a day (15-20 hours).This method is very effective because there is no chance of losing small bones, requires less expenditure, time and labour. It is also mentionable that the original color of the bone can be maintained and the visceral organs can be used for other studies.
EFFECTS OF GnRH ANALOGUE AND VITAMIN AD3E ON INDUCTION OF CYCLICITY IN ANOESTRUS HEIFERS
Authors: Sarker PK , Rahman MM , Bhuiyan MMU , Shamsuddin M
Published: March 2016

The purposes of this investigation were to determine the effects of different drugs such as GnRH analogue, vitamin AD3E and combination of vitamins and minerals on induction of cyclicity followed by conception in crossbred anoestrus heifers. The effects of body condition score (BCS) and age at anoestrus heifers during treatment on induction of cyclicity and conception were also determined. Sixty crossbred anoestrus heifers having > 2.5 BCS at >24 months age at Potiya Upazilla of Chittagong district were used. The cyclicity of the cows was confirmed by using real time ultrasonography on the basis of presence or absence of corpus luteum. The anoestrus heifers were allotted for 1 to 4 different treatment groups with GnRH analogue, vitamin AD3E and vitamin mineral solution including one no-treatment control group. AI was done in observed oestrus heifers and the conception was determined transrectally by using B-mode real time ultrasonography between 28-35 days post-Al. Heifers showed oestrus at higher (46.67%) proportion in treatment groups than that in no-treatment counterpart (6.67%) (P<0.05). The conception rate was 35.56% in treatment received heifers. The GnRH treated heifers showed the highest (60.00%) proportion of cyclicity and conception rate (46.67%) whereas vitamin mineral solution treated heifers showed the lowest cyclicity (33.33%) and conception rate (26.67%) (P<0.05). Heifers with BCS 3.5 had the highest (57.14%) rate of oestrus induction and (57.14%) rate of conception (P<0.05) whereas heifers with BCS 2.5 had the lowest (41.67%) rate of oestrus induction and (20.83%) rate of conception (P>0.05).  Heifer showed highest rate (50.00%) of cyclicity and (38.89%) rate of conception when their age ranges from 36 to 42 months where as heifer showed lowest (37.50%) rate cyclicity and (31.58%) rate conception when their age ranges from 24 to 29 months (P>0.05). In conclusion, treatment of crossbred anoestrus heifers with drugs has positive effect on induction of cyclicity followed by conception. GnRH may be the drug of choice among the drugs tested in this study. The BCS of heifers during treatment influences the treatment outcome with respect to induction of cyclicity followed by conception.
OCCURRENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED RABIES IN LIVESTOCK SPECIES DUE TO DOG BITES AT SATKANIA UPAZILLA VETERINARY HOSPITAL, BANGLADESH AND MADRAS VETERINARY COLLEGE HOSPITAL, INDIA
Authors: Uddin H , Nur-E-Azam M , Tasneem M , Bary MA , Chowdhury P , Hoque MA
Published: March 2016

The study was carried out to record all clinical cases of dog bites in different livestock species at two internship placements in India during October to November and Bangladesh during July to September 2012. The study aimed to determine the proportionate prevalence of suspected rabies in livestock species, frequency of observed clinical signs and the therapeutic management of dog bites. A structured record keeping sheet was used to obtain the necessary information. The prevalence of suspected rabies in cattle was 38% and 3.5% each in goat and horse respectively. The prevalence of rabies in non-vaccinated animal was 84.6%. Female cattle had higher suspected rabies cases (24.1%) than male cattle. 51.7% dog bites were managed by washing the biting site with alkaline soap followed by dressing the wound with either antiseptic or antibiotic powder. Post-exposure vaccines were used in 24.1% cases. Strict adherence to vigorous wound washing and immediate medical evaluation after animal bites will prevent the development of Animal rabies. Veterinarians and animal control officers should handle potentially rabid animals with extreme caution.
CONTAMINATION OF COMMERCIALLY PACKAGED SACHET WATER AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Oludairo OO , Aiyedun JO
Published: March 2016

Quality water should be colourless, tasteless, odourless and free from faecal contamination. This study investigates the level of contamination of commercially vended packaged water and their public health implications. Published baseline information and data were used in the study. Using different isolation techniques, coliform bacteria of up to 100% and faecal contamination of up to 40% were reported. The consumption of contaminated commercially packaged water by the public has led to different disease conditions and death of millions of people all over the world. This calls for strict adherence to good management practices (GMP) by producers of packaged water, improved monitoring and enforcement of guidelines of production by regulatory bodies according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, increased public awareness and sensitivity to the presence and dangers of consuming such water and creating easy, always potent reporting channels through which disease cases and suspected contaminated water manufacturers could be reported to the authority so as to prevent infection from consumption of such packaged water, diseases and deaths.
Anatomical location and bony reaction in intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Hossain A.T.M. Mosharef , Talha Kh. Abu
Published: March 2016

DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v33i3.1161Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2007; 33: 110-112
Prevalence of Gingivitis, Plaque accumulation and Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth among slum population in Bangladesh
Authors: Hannan MA , Chowdhury MTH , Khan MAI , Chowdhury AFMA , Shahidullah KM , Saha AK , Anjum A
Published: March 2016

A cross-sectional survey, using cluster sampling technique, of slum population, was done to explore the oral health status and the prevalence of common oral diseases. A close ended questionnaire comprising Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, Gingival Index (Löe and Silness) and Plaque Index was applied to evaluate and record oral diseases, in both male and female population, covering a wide range of age groups. Clinical examination was carried out in different slum set ups, including slum schools by trained and calibrated examiners. Three thousand nine hundred and four (3904) slum dwellers participated in the survey. Prevalence of Caries was expressed in mean DMFT, recording of gingival status followed the method of Löe and Silness, oral hygiene status was evaluated using Plaque index. Mean decayed component, of the DMFT, was significantly higher than filling and missing component. Both decayed and missing components showed increasing trend, and filling components decreased as the age progressed. Prevalence of gingivitis and plaque accumulation was remarkably high among slum dwellers. Significantly high level of common oral diseases was found among Tongi slum dwellers.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 47-51
Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women and its effect on fetomaternal outcome
Authors: Sharmeen M , Shamsunnahar PA , Laita TR , Chowdhury SB
Published: March 2016

Objectives: Thyroid disorders are among the common endocrine problems in pregnant women. It is now well established that not only overt but subclinical thyroid dysfunction also has adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome. There are few data from Bangladesh about the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. With this background, this study aims to find out thyroid dysfunction (both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism) in pregnancy and its impact on obstetrical outcome.Methods: We studied the evaluation of 50 admitted pregnancies corresponding to 29 women with subclinical hypothyroidism and rest 21 was overt hypothyroidism. Detailed history and examination were performed. Apart from routine obstetrical investigations, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) estimation was done. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted.Results: Overt hypothyroidism was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 25 to 44 years age group. However two and three abortions were significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients. In sub clinical hypothyroidism 86.2% conceived firstly within 2 years and 66.7% in overt hypothyroidism patients conceived firstly in between 3 to 5 years after marriage. Overt hypothyroids were prone to have pregnancy-induced hypertension 42.9%, intrauterine growth restriction (P=0.001) and gestational diabetes (38.1%) as compared to subclinical cases. Neonatal complications were significantly more in overt hypothyroidism group. Mean TSH level was significantly (p<0.05) higher in overt hypothyroidism patients but mean FT4 level was almost similar in both groups. Majority of the patient underwent caesarean section in both groups due to associated medical and obstetrical complications. None of the babies showed hypothyroidism by cord blood tests. In this analysis our results showed that overt hypothyroidism among Bangladeshi pregnant women are associated with more maternal complication & adverse parental outcome than subclinical hypothyroidism. The adequate treatment of hypothyroidism during gestation minimizes risks and generally, makes it possible for pregnancies to be carried to term without complications. Significant adverse effects on maternal and fetal outcome were seen emphasizing the importance of routine antenatal thyroid screening.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 52-57
Association of Immunofluorescence pattern of Antinuclear Antibody with Specific Autoantibodies in the Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Sharmin S , Ahmed S , Saleh A Abu , Rahman F , Choudhury MR , Hassan MM
Published: March 2016

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) is useful in the diagnosis of connective tissue disorder (CTD). Association of specific autoantibodies with the immunofluorescence pattern of ANA in CTD, noted in western literature has been considered as reference in all over the world. However, in Bangladesh no such research work or data correlating the autoantibodies and their ANA patterns is found. Objective of the study was to identify an association between immunofluorescence patterns of antinuclear antibody on HEp-2 cell and more specific antinuclear reactivities (e.g. anti-dsDNA and anti-extractable nuclear antigen) in the serum samples of CTD patients. Serum samples of 152 CTD patients (Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rhumatoid arthritis, Sjogren´s syndrome, Systemic sclerosis, Polymyositis, Mixed connective tissue disease) were diagnosed clinically, attending at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) during the study period of January, 2010 to December, 2010. Samples were subjected for ANA testing by Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cell (ALPHADIA) in dilution of 1:40, anti-dsDNA by ELISA and anti- extractable nuclear antigen (anti-ENA) by Dot Immunoblot. Dot blot strips were tested for anti-Sm, anti-RNP, anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La, anti-Scl-70 and anti-Jo-1. Out of 152 patients 110 (72.3%) cases were ANA positive by IIF on HEp-2 cell. ANA positive sera exhibited four fluorescence patterns such as speckled (50.8%), peripheral (21.6%) ,homogenous (18.1%) and nucleolar pattern (9%). Peripheral pattern and homogenous pattern was predominantly associated with anti-dsDNA (p<0.05). Speckled pattern was significantly associated with anti-ENA (p<0.05).The most commonly identified antinuclear autoreactivity was directed towards anti-RNP (25.7%) then anti-Scl-70 (20%), anti-SSA (14.2%) and anti-SSB (5.7%). Multiple anti-ENA reactivities were identified in 34.28% cases. Peripheral and homogenous pattern is strongly associated with anti-dsDNA and speckled pattern may predict anti-ENA (specially ribonucleoprotiens). As a definite correlation between the ANA patterns and the group of antibodies was detected by dot immunoblot, one could predict presence of certain specific auto antibodies for a particular ANA pattern identified. This may restrict on the cost of laboratory investigations in a developing country like Bangladesh. Thus, ANA-IIF method may reduce the expense of detailed immunological work-up with minimal loss in diagnostic accuracy.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (2): 74-78
The Early Middle Ages of Samuel Beckett
Authors: Byron Mark
Published: March 2016

Beckett's investigations in the history of philosophy are well represented in his notebooks of the late 1920s and early 1930s, which provide a close record of his reading in ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy, as well as in history, literature, and psychology. Numerous scholars – Daniella Caselli, Anthony Uhlmann, Dirk Van Hulle, Matthew Feldman, and David Addyman among others – have carefully delineated the relationship between Beckett's note-taking and his deployment of philosophical sources in his literary texts. Whilst the focus quite rightly tends to fall on Beckett's absorption of Presocratic, Aristotelian, Cartesian, and post-Cartesian philosophy, there are important strands of early medieval philosophy that find expression in his literary work. The philosophy notes housed in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, provide insights into Beckett's reading in medieval philosophy, drawing almost exclusively from Wilhelm Windelband's History of Philosophy. The epoch spanning from Augustine to Abelard saw central concepts in theology and metaphysics develop in sophistication, such as matters of divine identity and non-identity, the metaphysics of light, and the nature of sin. The influence of the Eastern Church Fathers (Gregory of Nyssa, Basil of Caesarea, Maximus the Confessor) on Western metaphysics finds expression in the figuration of light and its relation to knowing and unknowing. This eastern theological inflection is evident in the ‘Dream’ Notebook, where Beckett's notes demonstrate his careful reading of William Inge's Christian Mysticism. These influences are expressed most prominently in various themes and allusions in his early novels Dream of Fair to Middling Women, Murphy, and Watt. The formal experiments and narrative self-consciousness of these early novels also respond to the early medieval transformation of textual form, where the precarious post-classical fruits of learning were preserved in new modes of encyclopaedism, commentary, and annotation. Beckett's overt display of learning in his early novels was arguably a kind of intellectual and textual preservation. But the contest of ideas in his work subsequently became less one of intellectual history and more that of immanent thinking in the process of composition itself.
Beckett'sWattand Monastic Tradition
Authors: Marangoni Kristen
Published: March 2016

The enigmatic setting of Beckett's novel Watt has been compared to places as diverse as an insane asylum, a boarding school, a womb, and a concentration camp. Watt's experience at Knott's house does seem suggestive of all of these, and yet it may more readily conform to the setting of a monastery. The novel is filled with chants, meditations, choral arrangements, hierarchical classifications, and even silence, all highly evocative of a monastic lifestyle. Some of Watt's dialogue (such as his requests for forgiveness or reflections on the nature of mankind) further echoes various Catholic liturgies. Watt finds little solace in these activities, however. He feels that they are largely rote and purposeless as they are focused on Knott, a figure who in many ways defies linguistic description and physical know-ability. Watt's meditations and rituals become, then, empty catechisms without answers, something that is reflected in the extreme difficulty that Watt has communicating.

In the face of linguistic and liturgical instability, the Watt notebooks present a counter reading that can be found in the thousand plus doodles that line its pages. The drawings reinforce as well as subvert their textual counterpart, and they function in many ways as the images in medieval illuminated manuscripts. The doodles in Watt often take the form of decorative letters, elaborate marginal drawings, and depictions of a variety of people and animals, and many of its doodles offer uncanny resemblances in form or theme to those in illuminated manuscripts like The Book of Kells. Doodles of saints, monks, crosses, and scribes even give an occasional pictorial nod to the monastic setting in which illuminated manuscripts were usually produced (and remind us of the monastic conditions in which Beckett found himself writing much of Watt).

Beckett's doodles not only channel this medium of illuminated manuscripts, they also modernize its application. Instead of neat geometric shapes extending down the page, his geometric doodle sequences are often abstracted, fragmented, and nonlinear. Beckett also occasionally modernized the content of illuminated manuscripts: instead of the traditional sacramental communion table filled with candles, bread and wine, Beckett doodles a science lab table where Bunsen burners replaces candles and wine glasses function as beakers. It is through these modernized images that Watt attempts to draw contemporary relevance from a classic art form and to restore (at least partial) meaning to rote traditions.
Simulation of a Narrowband Power Line Communications System over Medium Voltage
Authors: Chiotellis Nikolaos , Cottis Panayotis
Published: March 2016

Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLCs) are investigated as an alternative option for transferring low rate smart grid (SG) data via Medium Voltage (MV) power lines. In this framework, two variants of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing are examined, namely Filtered-OFDM (F-OFDM) and Wavelet-OFDM (W-OFDM), in an attempt to determine which of them is capable of transmitting low rate SG data to greater distances over non-branched MV power lines. The reach of NB-PLC signals via MV power lines is estimated, taking into account the transfer function of the relevant PLC channels and noise mechanisms as well as the specific features of the two modulation options under consideration. Simulations show that NB-PLC transmission constitutes a technically feasible and economically affordable option for exchanging low rate data with remote SG nodes dispersed over the MV grid. Moreover, simulations show that F-OFDM allows low rate data transmission to considerably greater distances compared to W-OFDM.
Electrochemical Open-Circuit Voltage and Pressure-Concentration-Temperature Isotherm Comparison for Metal Hydride Alloys
Authors: Mosavati Negar , Young Kwo-Hsiung , Meng Tiejun , Ng K.
Published: March 2016

In this study we compared the electrochemical pressure-concentration-temperature (EPCT) method with the gaseous phase pressure-concentration-temperature (PCT) method and demonstrated the differences between the two. Experimentally, this was done by electrochemically charging/discharging the electrodes of four different metal hydride (MH) alloys. The results indicate that in the PCT curve is flatter with a smaller hysteresis and a higher storage capacity compared to the EPCT curve. Moreover, while the PCT curves (up to around one third of the hydrogen storage capacity) reside in between the charge and discharge EPCT curves, the rest of the PCT curves are below the EPCT curves. Finally, we demonstrated a new calibration method based on the inflection points observed in the EPCT isotherms of a physical mixture of more than one alloy. This turning point can be used to find a preset calibration point to determine the state-of-charge.