bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Amazonian Formative: Crop Domestication and Anthropogenic Soils
Authors: Arroyo-Kalin Manuel
Published: March 2010

The emergence of sedentism and agriculture in Amazonia continues to sit uncomfortably within accounts of South American pre-Columbian history. This is partially because deep-seated models were formulated when only ceramic evidence was known, partly because newer data continue to defy simple explanations, and partially because many discussions continue to ignore evidence of pre-Columbian anthropogenic landscape transformations. This paper presents the results of recent geoarchaeological research on Amazonian anthropogenic soils. It advances the argument that properties of two different types of soils, terras pretas and terras mulatas, support their interpretation as correlates of, respectively, past settlement areas and fields where spatially-intensive, organic amendment-reliant cultivation took place. This assessment identifies anthropogenic soil formation as a hallmark of the Amazonian Formative and prompts questions about when similar forms of enrichment first appear in the Amazon basin. The paper reviews evidence for embryonic anthrosol formation to highlight its significance for understanding the domestication of a key Amazonian crop: manioc (Manihot esculenta ssp. esculenta). A model for manioc domestication that incorporates anthropogenic soils outlines some scenarios which link the distribution of its two broader varieties—sweet and bitter manioc—with the widespread appearance of Amazonian anthropogenic dark earths during the first millennium AD.
Suicidal Behavior and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Pompili Maurizio , Serafini Gianluca , Innamorati Marco , Dominici Giovanni , Ferracuti Stefano , Kotzalidis Giorgio D. , Serra Giulia , Girardi Paolo , Janiri Luigi , Tatarelli Roberto , Sher Leo , Lester David
Published: March 2010

Suicide is an escalating public health problem, and alcohol use has consistently been implicated in the precipitation of suicidal behavior. Alcohol abuse may lead to suicidality through disinhibition, impulsiveness and impaired judgment, but it may also be used as a means to ease the distress associated with committing an act of suicide. We reviewed evidence of the relationship between alcohol use and suicide through a search of MedLine and PsychInfo electronic databases. Multiple genetically-related intermediate phenotypes might influence the relationship between alcohol and suicide. Psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, mood disorders and anxiety disorders, as well as susceptibility to stress, might increase the risk of suicidal behavior, but may also have reciprocal influences with alcohol drinking patterns. Increased suicide risk may be heralded by social withdrawal, breakdown of social bonds, and social marginalization, which are common outcomes of untreated alcohol abuse and dependence. People with alcohol dependence or depression should be screened for other psychiatric symptoms and for suicidality. Programs for suicide prevention must take into account drinking habits and should reinforce healthy behavioral patterns.
Five Sesquiterpenoids from a Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. Isolated from a Gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea
Authors: Wei Mei-Yan , Wang Chang-Yun , Liu Qing-Ai , Shao Chang-Lun , She Zhi-Gang , Lin Yong-Cheng
Published: March 2010

Three new phenolic bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids: (+)-methyl sydowate (1), 7-deoxy-7,14-didehydrosydonic acid (2), and 7-deoxy-7,8-didehydrosydonic acid (3), together with two known fungal metabolites were isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., which was isolated in turn from a gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by combined spectroscopic methods, and the structure of 1 was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray data.
Novel Indole-Based Analogs of Melatonin: Synthesis and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity Studies
Authors: Shirinzadeh Hanif , Eren Burcu , Gurer-Orhan Hande , Suzen Sibel , Özden Seçkin
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study was to synthesize and examine possible in vitro antioxidant effects of indole-based melatonin analogue compounds. As a part of our ongoing study nineteen indole hydrazide/hydrazone derivatives were synthesized, characterized and their in vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by three different assays: by evaluating their reducing effect against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe, by examining their protective effect against H2O2-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and by determining their inhibitory effect on AAPH–induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. The results indicated significant strong antioxidant activity for most of the compounds, when compared to melatonin.
Development of a Chemiresistor Sensor Based on Polymers-Dye Blend for Detection of Ethanol Vapor
Authors: Dos Reis Marcos A. L. , Thomazi Fabiano , Del Nero Jordan , Roman Lucimara S.
Published: March 2010

The conductive blend of the poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonated acid (PEDOT-PSS) polymers were doped with Methyl Red (MR) dye in the acid form and were used as the basis for a chemiresistor sensor for detection of ethanol vapor. This Au│Polymers-dye blend│Au device was manufactured by chemical vapor deposition and spin-coating, the first for deposition of the metal electrodes onto a glass substrate, and the second for preparation of the organic thin film forming ~1.0 mm2 of active area. The results obtained are the following: (i) electrical resistance dependence with atmospheres containing ethanol vapor carried by nitrogen gas and humidity; (ii) sensitivity at 1.15 for limit detection of 26.25 ppm analyte and an operating temperature of 25 °C; and (iii) the sensing process is quickly reversible and shows very a low power consumption of 20 μW. The thin film morphology of ~200 nm thickness was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), where it was observed to have a peculiarly granulometric surface favorable to adsorption. This work indicates that PEDOT-PSS doped with MR dye to compose blend film shows good performance like resistive sensor.
Performance Analysis and Improvement of WPAN MAC for Home Networks
Authors: Mehta Saurabh , Kwak Kyung Sup
Published: March 2010

The wireless personal area network (WPAN) is an emerging wireless technology for future short range indoor and outdoor communication applications. The IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed to coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, especially for short range and high data rate applications in home networks. In this paper we use analytical modeling to study the performance analysis of WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) MAC in terms of throughput, efficient bandwidth utilization, and delay with various ACK policies under error channel condition. This allows us to introduce a K-Dly-ACK-AGG policy, payload size adjustment mechanism, and Improved Backoff algorithm to improve the performance of the WPAN MAC. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the impact of our improvements on network capacity. Moreover, these results can be very useful to WPAN application designers and protocol architects to easily and correctly implement WPAN for home networking.
Active Ground Optical Remote Sensing for Improved Monitoring of Seedling Stress in Nurseries
Authors: Eitel Jan , Keefe Robert , Long Dan , Davis Anthony , Vierling Lee
Published: March 2010

Active ground optical remote sensing (AGORS) devices mounted on overhead irrigation booms could help to improve seedling quality by autonomously monitoring seedling stress. In contrast to traditionally used passive optical sensors, AGORS devices operate independently of ambient light conditions and do not require spectral reference readings. Besides measuring red (590–670 nm) and near-infrared (>760 nm) reflectance AGORS devices have recently become available that also measure red-edge (730 nm) reflectance. We tested the hypothesis that the additional availability of red-edge reflectance information would improve AGORS of plant stress induced chlorophyll breakdown in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Our results showed that the availability of red-edge reflectance information improved AGORS estimates of stress induced variation in chlorophyll concentration (r2 > 0.73, RMSE < 1.69) when compared to those without (r2 = 0.57, RMSE = 2.11).
Galvanostatic Entrapment of Penicillinase into Polytyramine Films and its Utilization for the Potentiometric Determination of Penicillin
Authors: Ismail Fatma , Adeloju Samuel B.
Published: March 2010

A sensitive and reliable potentiometric biosensor for determination of penicillin has been developed by exploiting the self-limiting growth of the non-conducting polymer, polytyramine. Optimum polytyramine-penicillinase (PTy-PNCnase) films for potentiometric detection of penicillin were accomplished with monomer solutions which contained 0.03 M tyramine, 37 U/mL penicillinase, 0.01 M KNO3,and 3 mM penicillin with an applied current density of 0.8 mA/cm2 and an electropolymerisation time of 40 seconds. The potentiometric biosensor gave a linear concentration range of 3–283 µM for penicillin and achieved a minimum detectable concentration of 0.3 µM. The biosensor was successfully utilized for the detection of Amoxycillin and gave an average percentage recovery of 102 ± 6%. Satisfactory recoveries of penicillin G were also achieved in milk samples with the potentiometric biosensor when concentrations are ≥20 ppm.
Discriminant Analysis of Raman Spectra for Body Fluid Identification for Forensic Purposes
Authors: Sikirzhytski Vitali , Virkler Kelly , Lednev Igor K.
Published: March 2010

Detection and identification of blood, semen and saliva stains, the most common body fluids encountered at a crime scene, are very important aspects of forensic science today. This study targets the development of a nondestructive, confirmatory method for body fluid identification based on Raman spectroscopy coupled with advanced statistical analysis. Dry traces of blood, semen and saliva obtained from multiple donors were probed using a confocal Raman microscope with a 785-nm excitation wavelength under controlled laboratory conditions. Results demonstrated the capability of Raman spectroscopy to identify an unknown substance to be semen, blood or saliva with high confidence.
Ochratoxin A: General Overview and Actual Molecular Status
Authors: El Khoury André , Atoui Ali
Published: March 2010

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi, contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient information related to the molecular background, this paper will discuss in detail the recent advances in molecular biology of OTA biosynthesis, based on information and on new data about identification and characterization of ochratoxin biosynthetic genes in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. This review will also cover the development of the molecular methods for the detection and quantification of OTA producing fungi in various foodstuffs.
Novel loop-like aromatic compounds: a further step on the road to nanobelts and nanotubes
Authors: Rajuri Venkataramana , Ajami Dariush , Schaller Gaston R , Näther Christian , Herges Rainer
Published: March 2010

The synthesis and crystal structural characterization of new compounds 2–6 were accomplished. As a common synthetic methodology, the Diels–Alder reaction was applied to 9,9′,10,10′-tetradehydrodianthracene (TDDA) (7) to furnish the [12]annulenes 2 and 3 [16]annulene 6 and adduct 5.
Can Older Adults with Dementia ACCURATELY Report Depression Using Brief Forms?: Reliability and Validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale
Authors: Lach Helen W. , Chang Yu-Ping , Edwards Dorothy
Published: March 2010

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a commonly used screening tool, but its use in older adults with cognitive impairment has been controversial. This study compared the short forms of the GDS with clinician diagnosis of depression using standard criteria (
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
4th edition, text revision) in people with and without dementia. Sensitivity and specificity were acceptable for all forms of the GDS. These results build evidence for using the short GDS 5- and 15-item versions in populations that include people with mild to moderate dementia, increasing the ease of depression screening so it can be performed more frequently in clinical settings.
Practical Implications of Procedural and Emotional Religious Activity Therapy for Nursing
Authors: Vance David E. , Eaves Yvonne D. , Keltner Norman L. , Struzick Thomas S.
Published: March 2010

Procedural and Emotional Religious Activity Therapy encapsulates an approach to engaging older adults with Alzheimer’s disease in meaningful activities that can be performed within the parameters of their cognitive functioning. Alzheimer’s disease disrupts some brain structures more than others, resulting in a disproportionate loss of certain cognitive abilities. Explicit (conscious) memory skills are disrupted first, followed by implicit (unconscious) memory skills, and lastly emotional memory. Activities relying more on implicit and emotional memory, such as specially selected religious activities, are more likely to be used by patients. Steps and caveats of using this approach are provided.
Minimum Five-year Follow-up Results of Single-Radius, High-Flex Posterior-Stabilized TKA
Authors: Moon Young-Wan , Seo Jai-Gon , Chang Moon Jong , Yang Jae-Hyuk , Jang Sung-Won
Published: March 2010

We studied 75 primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) performed using a single-radius, high-flex posterior-stabilized insert design with a minimum 5-year follow-up to document its implant specific complications and clinical results. Nonprogressive osteolysis was observed at zone 4 of the femoral component in 6 knees (8%) and at zone 1 of the tibial component in 6 knees (8%). However, no complications associated with high flexion designs, such as early aseptic loosening, were observed.

Preoperatively, mean Knee Society Knee Score and Knee Society Function Score were 55.1 and 45.5, respectively (range, 10–83 and 20–80, respectively). At last follow-up, mean Knee Society Knee Score and Knee Society Function Score improved to 94.9 and 85.9, respectively (range, 70–100 [
P
<.0001] and 45–100 [
P
<.0001], respectively). Mean maximal flexion was 122.1° (range, 90°–140°) and mean range of motion (ROM) was 110.3° (range, 80°–135°) preoperatively, and these values improved to 128.9° (range, 110°–150° [
P
<.0001]) and 127.8° (range, 110°–150° [
P
<.0001]), respectively, at last follow-up. Preoperative ROM was found to be the only factor significantly correlated with postoperative ROM at last follow-up by univariate (
P
=.0020) and multivariate analysis (
P
<.0067). Accordingly, clinical results were comparable to previous reports of high-flex implants without implant-specific complications.
The Use of Implantable Bone Stimulators in Nonunion Treatment
Authors: Hughes Michael S. , Anglen Jeffrey O.
Published: March 2010

Delayed or failure of bone healing in fracture, osteotomy, and arthrodesis patients continues to be a clinical dilemma. Electromagnetic stimulation is 1 modality demonstrated in many studies to aid bone healing; however, relatively few studies depict the use and complications associated with direct current implantable bone stimulators. Over a 9-year period, we studied a consecutive series of 120 adult patients who underwent implantation of a direct current bone stimulator. The goals of this study were to determine the time until healing, the presence of infection, and the need for additional nonunion surgery or salvage procedure following internal bone stimulator placement for nonunion treatment. Of the factors affecting the time until healing, tobacco smoking was a significant factor associated with increased time until healing. Tobacco smoking and duration of nonunion prior to implantable bone stimulator placement were both significant factors in the need for revision nonunion surgery or salvage procedure after implantable bone stimulator placement. Deep soft tissue infection or osteomyelitis was a significant factor predicting prolonged time to healing, subsequent infection following implantable bone stimulator placement, and the need for revision or salvage surgery. With the relative lack of complications directly attributable to electromagnetic implantable bone stimulators, their use may be an effective adjuvant to stable internal fixation and autogenous bone grafting in healing nonunions. However, the use of implantable bone stimulators in patients with nonunion prior to deep soft tissue infection or osteomyelitis exhibited an increased rate of postoperative infection in this study.
No Superiority of Cemented Metal-on-Metal Over Metal-on-Polyethylene THA in a Randomized Controlled Trial at 10-Year Follow-up
Authors: Zijlstra Wierd P. , van Raay Jos J.A.M. , Bulstra Sjoerd K. , Deutman Robert
Published: March 2010

In a randomized controlled trial, 102 cemented Stanmore 28-mm metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties (THAs) were compared to 98 metal-on-polyethylene THAs in 195 patients. At a mean follow-up of 10 years, 11 patients (11 hips) were lost to follow-up, 53 patients (55 hips) died, and 6 patients (6 hips) underwent revision. Average age of the surviving patients was 79 years. Harris Hip Scores and Oxford Hip Scores had increased significantly in both groups (
P
=.000). Ten years postoperatively, mean Harris Hip Score was 86 in the metal-on-metal patients and 87 in the metal-on-polyethylene patients (
P
=.441); Oxford Hip Scores were 27 and 24, respectively (
P
=.494). Wear was present in 30 of 52 polyethylene cups. Periprosthetic radiolucencies were seen in 57% of the metal-on-metal patients and in 52% of the metal-on-polyethylene patients (
P
=.680); they were mainly seen in DeLee & Charnley's zones 1 and 2. Serum cobalt and chromium concentration were higher in the metal-on-metal group (cobalt 1.1, chromium 1.0 vs 0.5 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively;
P
<.001). Patients with high ion levels (maximum 9.5 and 11 μg/L, respectively) all showed high Harris Hip Scores and few or no periprosthetic radiolucencies, and none were revised. Ten-year survival was 95.5% in the metal-on-metal group (4 revisions) and 96.8% in the metal-on-polyethylene group (2 revisions;
P
=.402). All revisions were indicated for aseptic loosening. One case of aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis-associated lesions and no pseudotumors were observed. The absence of clinical superiority of the cemented metal-on-metal bearing and the concerns over their biological effects have led us to favor the cemented metal-on-polyethylene THA.
Bilateral Quadriceps Tendon Rupture: A Rare Finding in a Healthy Man After Minimal Trauma
Authors: Chiu Michael , Forman Edward S.
Published: March 2010

Quadriceps tendon rupture is an uncommon injury; the incidence of simultaneous bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture is extremely rare. Two distinct categories—individuals older than 50 years and between 27 and 54 years—have been described. Bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture is more common in patients older than 50 years and is thought to be the result of tendon weakening due to obesity and arteriosclerosis-induced fibrotic changes, or previous injury.

In younger individuals, bilateral simultaneous quadriceps rupture is less frequent and has been associated with anabolic steroid use, but more frequently with underlying comorbid medical conditions such as chronic renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, endocrine disorder, gout, diabetes and obesity, which predispose the patients to tendon rupture. Our case report is unique because we report the simultaneous bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture following minor trauma in an otherwise healthy 43-year-old man with no predisposing comorbidity.
A National Survey of the Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in the United Kingdom
Authors: Puvanachandra Narman , Trikha Sameer , MacEwen Caroline J. , Morris Robert J. , Hodgkins Peter R.
Published: March 2010

Purpose:

To survey national variation in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, particularly the timing of intervention and the use of nasolacrimal intubation, nasal endoscopy, and assistance from an ear, nose, and throat surgeon at different stages of management.

Methods:

A telephone survey was conducted of 100 ophthalmologists in the United Kingdom who were involved in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A sequential management protocol was established for each, including the nature of procedures, their timing, and the use of nasal endoscopy and ear, nose, and throat surgeons.

Results:

Of those surveyed, 49% use the dye disappearance test for diagnosis. Eighty-four percent suggest lacrimal sac massage to parents. No surveyed ophthalmologists perform “office” probing or balloon dilation. Seventy-four percent perform initial probing after 1 year, with 25% using nasal endoscopy. If symptoms persist, 64.5% (60 of 93) repeat the probing, whereas 35.5% (33 of 93) intubate the lacrimal system. The use of nasal endoscopy increases to 50.5% (47 of 93). By the third intervention, 77.6% (45 of 58) perform lacrimal intubation, with 72.4% (42 of 58) using nasal endoscopy. All opt for dacryocystorhinostomy as the fourth intervention and 28.3% (13 of 46) perform this procedure themselves, whereas 71.7% (33 of 46) refer the patient to another practitioner. In total, 65% (65 of 100) use tubes at some stage of management, 58% (58 of 100) make some use of nasal endoscopy, and 33% (33 of 100) involve ear, nose, and throat surgeons.

Conclusion:

Based on the results of this survey, huge variation exists in the management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the United Kingdom. Most ophthalmologists intervene soon after patients reach 1 year of age. The rate of nasal endoscopy increases with successive interventions, especially to aid with nasal intubation, either alone or with the assistance of ear, nose, and throat surgeons.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:76–80.]
Major Pediatric Ocular Trauma in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Mei-Ling , Chang Yi-Sheng , Tseng Sung-Huei , Cheng Hon-Chun , Huang Fu-Chin , Shih Min-Hsiu , Hsu Sheng-Min , Kuo Po-Hsiu
Published: March 2010

Purpose:

To investigate major pediatric ocular trauma in Taiwan.

Methods:

Retrospective review of medical records of all patients 15 years and younger who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of eye injury at National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan, between June 1988 and May 2006.

Results:

There were 156 children (156 eyes) 1.1 to 15.0 years (mean ± standard deviation, 7.1 ± 0.3 years; boy: girl ratio: 2.1:1). Objects most often causing penetrating injury were scissors (13.5%), pencils/pens (12.2%), broken eyeglasses/spectacles (7.7%), and knives (6.4%). Most blunt trauma occurred in traffic accidents (5.8%). Most injuries occurred at home, followed by on the street, at school, and at sports venues. Injuries were classified as open globe (71.2%), adnexal only (18.6%), or closed globe (10.3%), and included corneal laceration (40.4%), lens damage (27.6%), hyphema (25.6%), and eyelid laceration (23.7%). Most surgical procedures were primary repair (88.5%) or removal of a damaged lens (22.4%). Additional surgery was performed in 19.9% of cases. After treatment, 56.4% of eyes had corneal opacity/scar and 7.1% became phthitic; 52.6% had good visual outcome, whereas 23.1% had poor final vision. Compared with visual acuity measured on admission, final visual acuity was improved in 76.1%, unchanged in 19.7%, and worse in 4.3%. Predictors of worse outcome were open-globe injury and larger wound size, posterior segment involvement, and presence of an intraocular foreign body.

Conclusions:

Most of the children hospitalized for major ocular trauma are younger boys with penetrating injuries suffered at home. Most injuries could have been prevented by increased awareness and reduction of risk factors, and the authors urge better public education for improved safety.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:88–95.]
How Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Reserve: Protect Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Vance David E. , Roberson Anthony J. , McGuinness Teena M. , Fazeli Pariya L.
Published: March 2010

Overall cognitive status can vary across an individual's life span in response to factors that promote either positive or negative neuroplasticity.
Positive neuro-plasticity
refers to the physiological ability of the brain to form and strengthen dendritic connections, produce beneficial morphological changes, and increase cognitive reserve.
Negative neuroplasticity
refers to the same physiological ability of the brain to atrophy and weaken dendritic connections, produce detrimental morphological changes, and decrease cognitive reserve. Factors that promote positive neuroplasticity include physical activity, education, social interaction, intellectual pursuits, and cognitive remediation. Factors that promote negative neuroplasticity include poor health, poor sleep hygiene, poor nutrition, substance abuse, and depression and anxiety. Implications for promoting positive neuroplasticity and avoiding negative neuroplasticity across the life span are emphasized to facilitate optimal cognitive health and ensure successful cognitive aging.
Profile of Women in a County Jail
Authors: Kelly Patricia J. , Peralez-Dieckmann Esther , Cheng An-Lin , Collins Carla
Published: March 2010

The literature about women in prison says little about characteristics of women in local jails. The goal of this study was to better understand the demographics and characteristics of these women to develop responsive programming. A cross-sectional survey of 346 women in an urban jail was conducted. Descriptive statistics were generated, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to examine contributors to multiple arrests. Of the 346 women surveyed, 65.3% were incarcerated for minor charges and 58.9% had been incarcerated four or more times. Of those with children, the majority had children younger than 18, and nearly 30% had children younger than 5. Partner abuse and involvement in the juvenile justice system were significantly related to multiple arrests. These findings indicated that many women in jail are caught in a cycle of multiple arrests and violence, with many of their children likewise involved.
Preventing Adolescent Suicide: A Community Takes Action
Authors: Pirruccello Linda M.
Published: March 2010

Suicide is the third leading cause of death for adolescents and young people in the United States. The etiology of suicide in this population has eluded policy makers, researchers, and communities. Although many suicide prevention programs have been developed and implemented, few are evidence-based in their effectiveness in decreasing suicide rates. In one northern California community, adolescent suicide has risen above the state's average. Two nurses led an effort to develop and implement an innovative grassroots community suicide prevention project targeted at eliminating any further teen suicide. The project consisted of a Teen Resource Card, a community resource brochure targeted at teens, and education for the public and school officials to raise awareness about this issue. This article describes this project for other communities to use as a model. Risk and protective factors are described, and a comprehensive background of adolescent suicide is provided.
Responding to Command Hallucinations to Harm: The Unpleasant Voices Scale and Harm Command Safety Protocol
Authors: Gerlock April A. , Buccheri Robin , Buffum Martha D. , Trygstad Louise , Dowling Glenna A.
Published: March 2010

Command hallucinations are relatively common in voice hearers and are taken seriously because of the potential threat to self and others. Many variables mediate the relationship between hearing commands and acting on them. This article describes the implementation of the Harm Command Safety Protocol and the Unpleasant Voices Scale to respond to command hallucinations to harm in the context of the dissemination of a multisite, evidence-based behavioral management course for patients with auditory hallucinations.
Topography-Guided vs Wavefront-Optimized Surface Ablation for Myopia Using the WaveLight Platform: A Contralateral Eye Study
Authors: Falavarjani Khalil Ghasemi , Hashemi Masih , Modarres Mehdi , Sanjari Mostafa Soltan , Darvish Niloufar , Gordiz Arzhang
Published: March 2010

Purpose:

To compare treatments with wavefront-optimized and topography-guided ablations.

Methods:

This prospective, randomized, contralateral study comprised 40 eyes (20 patients) with low to moderate myopia with or without astigmatism that underwent topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (ALLEGRO Topolyzer, Alcon Laboratories Inc) in one eye and wavefront-optimized PRK (ALLEGRETTO WAVE software version 2.020 default treatment, Alcon Laboratories Inc) in the fellow eye. Visual acuity, refractive error, contrast sensitivity, and Orbscan (Bausch & Lomb) 3- and 5-mm corneal irregularities were measured preoperatively and 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The results were compared between the two eyes.

Results:

In both groups, preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) (0.03±0.09 logMAR for topography-guided and 0.01±0.06 logMAR for wavefront-optimized [
P
=.1]), 3-month postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) (−0.01±0.03 logMAR for topography-guided and −0.01±0.03 logMAR for wavefront-optimized [
P
=.4]), and 6-month postoperative UDVA (0.01±0.03 logMAR for topography-guided and 0.0±0.01 logMAR for wavefront-optimized [
P
=.3]) were the same. All wavefront-optimized and 18 (90%) topography-guided eyes had UDVA of 20/20 or better. No significant differences were noted between groups in pre- and postoperative spherical and cylindrical refractive errors or corneal irregularity and contrast sensitivity measurements. Six months postoperatively, contrast sensitivity values at 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycles/degree were 5.7±0.7, 6.0±1.5, 6.1±1.3, and 5.5±1.5, respectively, in the topography-guided group, and 6.2±0.6, 6.4±1.2, 6.4±1.1, and 5.8±1.3, respectively, in the wavefront-optimized group (
P
=.3,
P
=.5,
P
=.4, and
P
=.6, respectively).

Conclusions:

Using the WaveLight excimer laser platform for PRK, CDVA and contrast sensitivity outcomes were statistically similar between the wavefront-optimized and topography-guided ablations in eyes with low to moderate myopia with and without astigmatism.
Computed Tomography Exophthalmometry
Authors: Hauck Matthew J. , Tao Jeremiah P. , Burgett Richard A.
Published: March 2010

Exophthalmometry is an important clinical tool used in evaluating many orbital diseases. The authors evaluated whether or not exophthalmometry readings obtained from computed tomography (CT) correlate with traditional Hertel measurements. Patients with orbital disease who had undergone clinical and CT examination were identified, and CT exophthalmometry readings were obtained digitally using a GE™ PACS radiograph viewing system in 53 orbits (44 thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and 9 post-trauma). Exophthalmometry data obtained with CT were compared with Hertel readings obtained by an experienced examiner. CT data and clinical data were obtained by separate and masked observers. 46 of 53 CT exophthalmometry measurements were within 2 mm of the value recorded from Hertel testing. The CT metrics, on average, provided exophthalmometry that was 0.03 mm shorter than Hertel (95% CI). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.95 (95% CI) for the two forms of measurement. The authors conclude that CT exophthalmometry correlates well with Hertel exophthalmometry.
Crisis de la modernidad. El escenario del siglo XX
Authors: Lasaga José
Published: March 2010

Hannah Arendt identifica el fin de la modernidad con el surgimiento de los sistemas totalitarios. Estos representan el fracaso de un estilo de vida peligroso, el del animal laborans, en el que cristaliza la modernidad y que conduce a la ruina del espacio público. El totalitarismo es una consecuencia de la pérdida de sentido que fermentó en el olvido de la acción política que se gestó en el tránsito del siglo XVII al XIX, con la restauración de un pensar metafísico interesado en sacrificar la debilidad del sentido que nace de la acción a una interpretación de la Historia como una totalidad bien edificada por la Razón.
Arendt y el nuevo imperialismo
Authors: Arribas Sonia
Published: March 2010

Se reconstruyen en primer lugar las tesis centrales que aparecen en el primer capítulo “La emancipación política de la burguesía” de la segunda parte de los Orígenes del Totalitarismo. Arendt argumenta aquí que el imperialismo de finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX fue la consecuencia de dos lógicas en conflicto: la del estado-nación europeo, acotada a un emplazamiento geográfico, y la de la expansión ilimitada de la economía capitalista. En segundo lugar, se expone cómo esta idea de las dos lógicas en conflicto ha sido retomada recientemente por diversos analistas sociales para investigar la coyuntura geopolítica y económica mundial coincidente con el período de mandato presidencial de George Bush Jr., –un período que David Harvey ha venido a redominar, como ya se llamó el lapso
Consecuencias políticas de una disolución del romanticismo 339-346 (Viena y S. Zweig en los comienzos del siglo XX)
Authors: Galán Ilia
Published: March 2010

La sorpresa de Zweig cuando los nuevos bárbaros (los nazis) llegan al poder puede ser muy esclarecedora para nuestro presente. Él no podía entender que las cultísimas tierras germánicas pudieran hacer nacer ese germen anticultural y atroz. Un análisis de la cultura de su época en Viena, de los escritos de Zweig y de la sociedad y la política de ese momento desvelan la clave: Zweig vivía en una torre de marfil, ajeno a los barrios obreros. La visión del mundo desde la comodidad puede estar viciada por imaginarse que el mundo es equilibrado. La mirada de Zweig era demasiado elitista: insuficiente, por eso no pudo explicárselo. El mundo de ayer se derrumbó ante sus ojos. Un estudio de la relación entre las artes plásticas, la filosofía, la sociedad y la política de la época ayuda a entender por qué muchos intelectuales no entendieron.
Current Status of Oxide Fibre-Reinforced Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composites for Gas Turbine Applications
Authors: Kaya Cengiz
Published: March 2010

Recent developments in the processing, understanding and mechanical/thermomechanical properties of oxide fibre reinforced oxide ceramic matrix composites for high temperature applications are reported. Two dimensional composite plates and uni-directional tubular composite (so called mini-composite) specimens are successfully manufactured and their microstructure, matrix/ fiber interface as well as mechanical properties are examined. It is shown that the microstructural variations, such as porosity size and interface between fibre and matrix determine the fracture behaviour and high temperature performance of the composites. The optimised components produced are considered to be suitable for gas turbine applications.
Si3N4/BN Composite Ceramics with Nd2O3-Al2O3-Y2O3 Ternary Additives by Pressureless Sintering
Authors: Liu Ping , Li Yong Feng , Wang Xiang Dong , Jin Hai Yun , Qiao Guan Jun
Published: March 2010

Si3N4/BN composite ceramics with 25vol% h-BN were prepared by pressure-less sintering process with Nd2O3/Al2O3/Y2O3 as sintering additives. The effects of these ternary additives on the densification behaviors and mechanical properties were investigated. XRD and FESEM were used to investigate the α-β phase transformation and microstructure. The XRD results showed that α-Si3N4 has transformed to β-Si3N4 completely in all the samples during the pressureless sintering process. The line shrinkage increased with the Nd2O3 contents increasing, and the highest line shrinkage (7.75%) was observed when 4wt% Nd2O3 was added, then decreased. The same trends were observed in flexural strength and fracture toughness testing. The ternary additives of Y2O3-Al2O3-Nd2O3 could improve the density, strength and fracture toughness of the material effectively.
Impact Properties of TiC/Fe at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Bao Yan Rong , Li Bin , Liu Zong De , Bao Zhi Jian
Published: March 2010

The impact properties of TiC-Fe composite at different temperatures prepared by SHS / PHIP technique were investigated by impact test which was conducted in air from 20°C to 100020°C. Morphology of the impact fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and phase composition before and after the impact test was analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction. The results indicate that the impact toughness of TiC-Fe composite increases significantly with the temperature increasing above 700°C, representing a minimum value at 700°C. The impact fracture of TiC-Fe composite at room temperature, 700°C, 900°C and 1000°C is mainly brittle, showing certain plasticity with morphology of dimples as the temperature increases above 700°C. A small amount of Fe2O3 exists in the fracture surface, indicating TiC-Fe composite is oxidized partially during the impact test at elevated temperatures.
Wear Resistance of TiC Ceramic Particulate-Reinforced Metal Matrix Cermets
Authors: Liu Zong De , Li Bin , Zhao Li Ping , Chen Yong
Published: March 2010

To characterize wear behaviors of TiC ceramic particulate-reinforced metal matrix cermets in abominable condition, wear-resistance test was practiced in grain abrasive wear with the TiC-xNi cermets in-situ fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method combined with pseudo hot iso-static pressing. Grain abrasion test was conducted with the MLS-225 type tester. Wear resistance was evaluated as weight loss obtained after each period of 10 minutes. Wear resistance of the cermets increased with the increase of TiC content in the composites. SEM was employed to analyze the wear process and wear mechanism. SEM examination of the wear tracks in the worn surface suggests that abrasive wear mechanisms of different binder content cermets are similar. The worn surface is characterized by long and deep parallel grooves. The fracturing of bigger carbide grains and carbide framework by a fatigue process under repeated abrasion is followed by weight loss of the material.
Thermal Conductivities of LaPO4/Al2O3 Composites Fabricated by SPS
Authors: Du Ai Bing , Wu Rui Fen , Qu Zhi Xue , Wan Chun Lei , Pan Wei
Published: March 2010

The thermal conductivities of the LaPO4/Al2O3 composites that were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were determined. The results revealed that their thermal conductivities displayed nearly a slow decrease with increasing temperature from 25oC to 800oC, having the classic 1/T dependence. In addition, the conductivities of the composites decrease monotonously with increasing the LaPO4 content because of the lower thermal conductivity of LaPO4. The calculated conductivities of the composites using Maxwell equation match well the experimental values at both the end members of LaPO4 and Al2O3 being the continuous phase, but showing a little deviation at intermediate composition.
Thermal Shock Behavior of Nd-Doped α-Sialon Ceramics
Authors: Liu Chun Feng , Ye Feng , Zhou Yu , Huang Yu Dong , Zhou Jian Min
Published: March 2010

Nd--sialons with the stoichiometric composition of Nd0.333Si10Al¬2ON15 were obtained by hot-press sintering at 1800°C for 1h. The thermal shock behavior of the Nd--sialons was examined by a water-quenching technique. The influence of the thermal shock temperature difference (T) and cycle times on the residual strength was evaluated. Equiaxed -sialon grains formed together with a small amount of intergranular phase M (Nd2Si3-xAl¬xO3+xN4-x) and -sialon phase. The residual strength after a thermal shock tended to decrease gradually with increasing T above 500°C. However, the specimens exhibited an improved residual strength (~94% of the room temperature strength) after a thermal shock of T=1100°C. The residual strength presented a gradual decrease with increasing the thermal shock cycle times at T=1100°C, and was still remained ~55% of the room temperature strength after 11-time cycle. It is contributed to the surface oxidation which may results in the healing of surface cracks and the generation of surface compressive stresses.
Liquid Oxide Flow during Oxidation of Zirconium Diboride-Silicon Carbide Ultra High Temperature Ceramics
Authors: Gangireddy Sindhura , Karlsdottir Sigrun N. , Halloran J.W.
Published: March 2010

Recent ideas on the oxidation of ZrB2-SiC are presented, emphasizing the behavior of the boria-silica-zirconia liquid (BSZ liquid) which forms during oxidation and flows to transport silica and zirconia to the surface of the scale. Oxide film microstructure is strongly influenced by the boron oxide, which acts as a volatile flux.
Processing and Characterization of Nano Silicon Carbide Ceramics via Precursor Pyrolysis
Authors: Zhao Dong Lin , Zhang Lei , Shen Zeng Min
Published: March 2010

Nano silicon carbide ceramics were prepared via precursor pyrolysis. Polycarbosilane (PCS) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were selected as a precursor to silicon carbide ceramics and a cross-linking reagent for PCS, respectively. The cross-linking properties and pyrolysis of PCS and DVB were investigated by changing the mass ratios of PCS/DVB. The mass ratio of PCS/DVB has a great effect on silicon carbide ceramic yield. The cured PCS/DVB with a mass ratio of 1:0.5 has the highest SiC ceramic yield (63.1%) at the temperature up to 1500 °C and its pyrolyzates consiste of nano silicon carbide with a diameter of 10-40 nm. The microstructures of the nano silicon carbide ceramics were characterized by SEM and XRD. The pyrolysis behavior of the cured PCS/DVB was characterized by thermogravimetry in nitrogen atmosphere.
A Study on the Porous Microstructure of Yakbone Bioceramic
Authors: Zhou Jie , Zhao Wan Yi , Quan Guo Zheng
Published: March 2010

Research on microstructure and behavior of natural biomaterials contributes to understanding the biomimetic design. Yakbone bioceramic’s cross section with innumerable voids was observed via SEM approach, then a digital image processing technique was adopted to analyze the images. It is supposed that the pores can be classified into n series by different size level. A non-linear function between the pore size and series number got fitted which indicates a regression trend to zero as n rising to a large number. A non-linear convergent analysis of the function results in the porosity of porous microstructure of yakbone bioceramic. Furthermore, a plane helices characterization model was assumed to descript the multilevel voids distribution, then a series of helices parameters were designed for bionic yakbone porous microstructure with porosity tolerance of 2.5%. This parameter description of yakbone, a porous bioceramic with high strength and light weight, contributes to further research on the relationships between mechanical property and microstructure.
Hot-Pressed TiB2 Ceramics with B4C and C Additives
Authors: Wang Li , Guo Wei Ming , Li Yao Gang , Zhang Guo Jun
Published: March 2010

Effects of B4C and C additives on the densification behavior, phase composition, and microstructure of TiB2 ceramics were studied. The relative density of pure TiB2 ceramics by hot pressing at 2000°C for 1 h was only 77.4%. With the introduction of B4C and C additives, the relative density increase to 97.4% and 98.1%, respectively. The great improvement on densification was due to the removal of surface oxides of TiB2 powders by reaction with B4C and C additives. Microstructure observation showed the addition of B4C led to some TiB2 grains abnormal growth (>10 µm), whereas the addition of C produced a uniform and fine-grained microstructure.
Joining of Advanced Ceramics, Glasses and Composites at Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Authors: Casalegno Valentina , Chen Qiu Ling , Chen Qiu Ling , Salvo Milena , Smeacetto Federico , Ventrella Andrea , Ferraris Monica
Published: March 2010

An overview of the last 16 years of activity on joining of advanced ceramics, glasses and ceramic matrix composites at Politecnico di Torino (Italy) will be presented. Results on thermal assisted direct bonding (TADB) of glasses for lab-on-chip devices, C/C composites to Cu-alloys for nuclear fusion components (ITER), SiC and SiC/SiC joints for nuclear components (fusion and fission), glass joining of foam glass, C/C joints for aerospace applications, ceramics to stainless steels for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), will be shown. Mechanical tests on joined components will be discussed, in particular, the results of an experimental campaign on carbon/carbon and ceramic joints tested in pure and apparent shear by nine different configurations.
Reaction Layer Microstructure of SiC/SiC Joints Brazed by Ag-Cu-Ti Filler Metal
Authors: Liu Yan , Huang Zheng Ren , Liu Xiu Jian
Published: March 2010

Abstract. The reaction layer microstructure of SiC/SiC joints brazed by Ag-Cu-Ti filler metal, including composition, morphology, grain size were investigated by X-ray diffraction, electronic probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscope. An obvious reaction layer composed of TiC and Ti5Si3 was observed at the interface of SiC substrate and filler metal. There is a representative structure of SiC substrate/continuous fine TiC layer /discontinuous coarse Ti5Si3 layer/filler metal in the reaction layer. The continuous TiC layer, composed of about 10 nm roundish grains, is 350 ~ 400 nm thick. Ti5Si3 layer is composed of only one row of Ti5Si3 grains, which disperse with diverse size from 100 ~ 500 nm. Different growth behavior of TiC and Ti5Si3 is the main reason to form this microstructure.
Comparison and Relative Error of Elastic Modulus in Glass Measured by Three Test Techniques
Authors: Qiu Yan , Bao Yi Wang , Liu Xiao Gen , Wang Xiu Fang , Li Kun Ming
Published: March 2010

Elastic modulus of glass was measured using static method, dynamic method and Vickers indentation technique, respectively. The residual indent of Vickers indentation is analyzed to estimate the elastic modulus, using conventional hardness tester without load-depth curve. The modulus and hardness of glass are determined by load, deformation and residual semi-angle of the indent. The result is compared with the modulus obtained by conventional dynamic and static methods. It was shown that the modulus measured by dynamic method provides the highest value and the modulus obtained by indentation technique is between the values of dynamic modulus and static modulus. The result also shows that the modulus measured by dynamic method has very stable value and that measured by bending method has the lowest value. The modulus obtained in indentation tests shows relatively greater scatter.
Effect of Microstructure on Removal Mechanism of Solid State Sintered Silicon Carbide in Polishing Procedure
Authors: Gao Jian Qin , Huang Zheng Ren , Chen Jian , Liu Gui Lin , Liu Xue Jian
Published: March 2010

Solid state sintered silicon carbide (S-SiC) ceramic is one of the top optical materials for high space reliability and other excellent properties. Two microstructures were produced by sintering under different conditions. The effects of microstructure on removal rates of SiC ceramics during polishing processes were studied. The material removal mechanisms during polishing were analysed and modeled. With the increase of the aspect ratio and grain diameter size during polishing, grain pull-out is more difficult in elongated grains than in exquiaxed grains. The SiC ceramic with high hardness has high removal resistance leading to get bad surface quality under the same mechanical procedure. The samples with elongated microstructure have low hardness and surface toughness.