bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the credibility of Northeast United States summer precipitation projections in CMIP5 and NARCCAP simulations
Authors: Thibeault Jeanne M. , Seth A.
Published: August 2015

Precipitation projections for the northeast United States and nearby Canada (Northeast) are examined for 15 Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. A process‐based evaluation of atmospheric circulation features associated with wet Northeast summers is performed to examine whether credibility can be differentiated within the multimodel ensemble. Based on these evaluations, and an analysis of the interannual statistical properties of area‐averaged precipitation, model subsets were formed. Multimodel precipitation projections from each subset were compared to the multimodel projection from all of the models. Higher‐resolution North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) regional climate models (RCMs) were subjected to a similar evaluation, grouping into subsets, and examination of future projections. CMIP5 models adequately simulate most large‐scale circulation features associated with wet Northeast summers, though all have errors in simulating observed sea level pressure and moisture divergence anomalies in the western tropical Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico. Relevant large‐scale processes simulated by the RCMs resemble those of their driving global climate models (GCMs), which are not always realistic. Future RCM studies could benefit from a process analysis of potential driving GCMs prior to dynamical downscaling. No CMIP5 or NARCCAP models were identified as clearly more credible, but six GCMs and four RCMs performed consistently better. Among the “Better” models, there is no consistency in the direction of future summer precipitation change. CMIP5 projections suggest that the Northeast precipitation response depends on the dynamics of the North Atlantic anticyclone and associated circulation and moisture convergence patterns, which vary among “Better” models. Even when model credibility cannot be clearly differentiated, examination of simulated processes provides important insights into their evolution under greenhouse warming.
Estimating the vertical profiles of cloud water content in warm rain clouds
Authors: Li Rui , Guo Jingchao , Fu Yunfei , Min Qilong , Wang Yu , Gao Xiaoming , Dong Xue
Published: August 2015

The cloud water content (CWC) in rainy clouds is a crucial parameter to determine the onset and the growth rate of precipitation and to quantify the associated latent heating rate. No direct retrieval of CWC in rainy cloud from satellite observations is reported due to the difficulties of separating cloud particles from precipitation‐sized particles. However, based on multiple cloud simulations from the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model, we have found that the CWC profile in warm rains can be well determined by three macrophysical cloud properties of cloud water path (CWP), cloud top height (CTH), and cloud bottom height (CBH). The CBH can be estimated using CWP, CTH, and near‐surface rain rate. We proposed an algorithm with a look‐up table for estimating the CWC profile using CWP, CTH, and near‐surface rain rate as inputs. The performance of this algorithm was tested with WRF model simulations and a real drizzle case observed by the CloudSat satellite. Testing verified that the algorithm can retrieve the vertical distribution of CWC correctly with few errors at different spatiotemporal scales. In addition, the algorithm is not confined to particular microphysics schemes and is valid for multiple cloud systems in different areas over the world. This algorithm is expected to improve current knowledge of cloud water content in rainy clouds.
Variational merged of hourly gauge‐satellite precipitation in China: Preliminary results
Authors: Li Huan , Hong Yang , Xie Pingping , Gao Jidong , Niu Zheng , Kirstetter Pierre , Yong Bin
Published: August 2015

The article describes a variational scheme for the analysis of high‐resolution hourly precipitation from China Meteorological Administration gauges and NOAA CMORPH satellite products in China and tests their impact on data‐sparse regions and the heavy rainfall occurrences during the summer season (June–August 2009). In the variational scheme, a cost function is defined to measure the distance between analyzed precipitation field and observed rainfall quantity. A recursive filter is incorporated into the cost function which helps spread the observations to nearby grid points. Then a quasi‐Newton method is used to solve the optimal estimation problem by minimizing the cost function. The adjoint technique is used to derive the gradient of cost function with respect to analysis precipitation. A series of experiments are performed to intercompare the variational analysis with the original CMORPH satellite products (CMP) and the bias‐adjusted satellite products (Adj‐CMP) against the observations. The best overall performance is from the variational analysis especially rainfall intensity by more than 10 mm h−1 with a prevailing mean relative spatial bias nearly reduction zero, and the correlation coefficient is almost around 0.5 in convection active areas. Ground cross‐validation experiments in which each affected station is withdrawn at once indicated that the variational analysis can particularly be beneficial and subsequent investigation of heavy rainfall events. It also reveals that the precipitation analysis field has the ability to improve the accuracy of rainfall estimation and capture the spatial precipitation pattern agreements in relatively data‐sparse regions.
Mapping the ice‐bed interface characteristics of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, using microseismicity
Authors: Smith E. C. , Smith A. M. , White R. S. , Brisbourne A. M. , Pritchard H. D.
Published: August 2015

Flow dynamics of the ice streams that drain the Antarctic Ice Sheet are heavily influenced by processes at the bed. Natural seismic activity generated beneath an ice stream is associated with the motion of the ice over its bed and can be used to map both the characteristics of the ice‐bed interface and to understand these basal processes. Basal microseismicity was recorded over a 34 day period on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, using 10 three‐component geophones 40 km upstream of the grounding line. Around 3000 microseismic events were located in discrete spatial clusters near the ice‐bed interface. The activity of each cluster varies with time, and the source mechanism for the events is interpreted as subhorizontal, low‐angle faulting, slipping in the ice flow direction. Cluster locations are interpreted as “sticky spots” of stiff basal sediment at the ice‐bed interface, where ice movement is accommodated by stick‐slip basal sliding. The sticky spots occur in areas where independent active‐source seismic surveys show low porosity sediments at the bed. We show that the sticky spots probably accommodate only a small amount of the total basal motion. Our results suggest that most of the ice stream basal motion is accommodated by aseismic deformation of soft, dilatant basal sediment, or by a well‐lubricated, stiffer bed.
A crustal‐scale view at rift localization along the fossil Adriatic margin of the Alpine Tethys preserved in NW Italy
Authors: Beltrando Marco , Stockli Daniel F. , Decarlis Alessandro , Manatschal Gianreto
Published: August 2015

Fossil rifted margins, whereby originally extended continental crust is subsequently stacked in orogenic belts, provide the opportunity to track rift‐related tectonics across different crustal levels. In this study, the tectonothermal evolution of the fossil Adriatic continental margin, sampled in the Italian Southern Alps, is investigated combining new (U‐Th)/He zircon (ZHe) thermochronology from upper crustal rocks with existing data from the originally underlying lower crust, to shed light on the processes responsible for rift localization in the Alpine Tethys system. The Adriatic microplate records a protracted rift evolution, whereby distributed upper crustal stretching at 245–190 Ma was followed by rift localization along its future western edge, culminating in mantle exhumation at 165–160 Ma. A progressive westward younging of ZHe ages, from 280–240 Ma in the Lombardian Basin to 215–200 Ma near the Sostegno and Fenera Basins, indicates that anomalously high thermal gradients were established in the Late Triassic in the area where rifting later localized. The inferred episodic heating was contemporaneous with protracted fluid flow, minor magmatism, and ductile shearing within the originally underlying lower crust. Subsequent normal faulting was initiated post‐185 Ma, as constrained by exhumation‐related ZHe ages in detrital zircons from a syntectonic sandstone. The spatial distribution of the detected heating‐cooling cycle suggests that rift localization along the western edge of the Adriatic Plate was probably favored by a crustal‐scale thermal anomaly, established at 215–210 Ma, followed by thermal decay by 200–190 Ma. Subsequent crust‐wide extension, starting at 185–180 Ma, led to excision of continental crust and mantle exhumation.
One‐Step Synthesis of Superbright Water‐Soluble Silicon Nanoparticles with Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Exceeding 80%
Authors: Wu Fu‐Gen , Zhang Xiaodong , Kai Siqi , Zhang Mengyi , Wang Hong‐Yin , Myers John N. , Weng Yuxiang , Liu Peidang , Gu Ning , Chen Zhan
Published: August 2015

Fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) have shown potential applications in bioimaging/biolabelling, sensing, and nanomedicine/cancer therapy due to their superior properties such as excellent photostability, low cytotoxicity, and versatile surface modification capability. Here, a simple, high‐yield, and one‐pot method is developed to prepare superbright, water‐soluble, and amine‐functionalized SiNPs with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) comparable to fluorescent II–VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) but with much lower cytotoxicity. By introducing a commercially available amine‐containing silane molecule, N‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DAMO), water‐soluble SiNPs are prepared with PLQY of 82.4% via a microwave‐assisted method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest PLQY value ever reported for water‐soluble fluorescent SiNPs. The silicon element in our SiNPs is mainly four‐valent silicon and thus these SiNPs may also be termed as oxidized silicon nanospheres or silica nanodots. We have also demonstrated the importance of the silane structure (e.g., a suitable amine content) on the photoluminescence property of the prepared SiNPs. As revealed by the time‐resolved photoluminescence technique, the highest PLQY value of DAMO SiNPs is correlated with their monoexponential decay with a relatively long fluorescence lifetime. In addition, the potential use of these SiNPs has also been demonstrated for fluorescent patterning/printing and ion sensing (including Cu2+ and Hg2+).
A Biomineralization Strategy for “Net”‐Like Interconnected TiO2 Nanoparticles Conformably Covering Reduced Graphene Oxide with Reversible Interfacial Lithium Storage
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yan Yong , Chen Ge
Published: August 2015

A green and simple biomineralization‐inspired method to create “net”‐like interconnected TiO2 nanoparticles conformably covering reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with high loading density is reported. This method uses polyamine as both the biomineralization agent and linker to manipulate the nucleation, growth, and crystallization of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide. The obtained TiO2/RGO composites demonstrate sub‐10‐nm TiO2 nanoparticles with (001) facets, ultrathin thickness (10–12 nm), and a high surface area of 172 m2 g−1. When used as anode material for lithium ion batteries, the material displayed excellent rate capability and long cycle life; a capacity of 155 mAh g−1 is obtained after 50 cycles at the rate of 5C (1C = 168 mA g−1) and a specific capacity of 115 mAh g−1 is retained after 2000 cycles at the rate of 25C, which is much higher than that of mechanically mixed TiO2/graphene composites. Detailed discharge curve analysis reveals that the high rate and cycle performance are partly a result of the reversible interfacial lithium storage of materials, which might be attributed to the pores in the TiO2 nets on the RGO and may provide a sufficient number of interfaces for accepting both electrons and lithium ions.
Commentary on pathologic diagnosis of asbestosis and critique of the 2010 Asbestosis Committee of the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and Pulmonary Pathology Society's (PPS) update on the diagnostic criteria for pathologic asbestosis
Authors: Hammar Samuel P. , Abraham Jerrold L.
Published: August 2015

We reviewed the 2010 Asbestosis Committee's update on the diagnostic criteria for pathologic asbestosis. We must respectfully disagree with many of the criteria set forth therein, especially for recognizing asbestosis at its earliest stages; with statements focusing on the number of asbestos bodies needed in order to make a pathologic diagnosis of asbestosis; and regarding the benefits and pitfalls of relying on fiber analysis for diagnostic purposes, especially where chrysotile asbestos is concerned, including the methodology used for fiber determination. This critique has become even more relevant with the 2014 Helsinki criteria publication, which adopted the 2010 CAP/PPS criteria. Based on our review of these newer criteria and our experience in this field, we find that the CAP‐NIOSH 1982 criteria is still the most acceptable method for the pathologic diagnosis and grading of asbestosis, which can be described as pulmonary fibrosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1034–1039, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantiospecific CH Activation Using Ruthenium Nanocatalysts
Authors: Taglang Céline , Martínez‐Prieto Luis Miguel , del Rosal Iker , Maron Laurent , Poteau Romuald , Philippot Karine , Chaudret Bruno , Perato Serge , Sam Lone Anaïs , Puente Céline , Dugave Christophe , Rousseau Bernard , Pieters Grégory
Published: August 2015

The activation of CH bonds has revolutionized modern synthetic chemistry. However, no general strategy for enantiospecific CH activation has been developed to date. We herein report an enantiospecific CH activation reaction followed by deuterium incorporation at stereogenic centers. Mechanistic studies suggest that the selectivity for the α‐position of the directing heteroatom results from a four‐membered dimetallacycle as the key intermediate. This work paves the way to novel molecular chemistry on nanoparticles.
Palladium‐catalysed reductive carbonylation of aryl halides with iron pentacarbonyl for synthesis of aromatic aldehydes and deuterated aldehydes
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Etemadi‐Davan Elham , Rostami Abed , Rajabi Moghadam Khashayar
Published: August 2015

The first use of iron pentacarbonyl is described for the novel and efficient conversion of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides into their corresponding aryl aldehydes and/or aryl deuterated aldehydes. The reaction is catalysed with Pd(0) in aqueous N,N‐dimethylformamide at atmospheric pressure. In this protocol, neither gaseous hydrogen nor any reducing agent is required for the formation of the carbonylated product. The reaction can be performed without a P(III) ligand for aryl iodides; however, employing a P(III) ligand is necessary to perform the reaction with aryl bromides and chlorides. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐pot Synthesis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co‐doped Graphene and Its Use as High‐performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Dong Liye , Hu Chuangang , Huang Xianke , Chen Nan , Qu Liangti
Published: August 2015

In this study, N,P co‐doped graphene (NPG) was prepared by a one‐step pyrolysis using a mixture of graphene oxide and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), in which HCCP was used as both the N and P source. Furthermore, it is shown that NPG electrodes, as efficient metal‐free electrocatalysts, have a high onset potential, high current density, and long‐term stability for the oxygen reduction reaction.
Clinical Pattern of Autism in Nigeria
Authors: Izuwah Doris N. , Okoh Boma A.N. , Alikor Edward A.D.
Published: August 2015

Autism, a global disorder has been widely studied in the Western world. However, there are limited studies on its occurrence, risk factors, and presentation in developing countries such as Nigeria. This retrospective study highlights the pattern of presentation of autism and presence of some risk factors in 75 Nigerian cases referred to a private autism center. The diagnosis of autism was made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM IV), International Classification of Diseases Fourth edition, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale. There were 60 males and 15 females with a male to female ratio of 4:1. The mean age at presentation to the center was 6.87 ± 4.20 years and majority (91.9%) belonged to a high socioeconomic class. Already established risk factors, clinical features, and comorbidities of autism present among the study group were similar to findings in individuals with autism in other parts of the world. Autism Res 2016, 9: 376–381. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using the electronic medical record to assess contraception usage among women taking category D or X medications
Authors: Mody Sheila K , Farala John Paul , Wu Jennifer , Felix Robert , Chambers Christina
Published: August 2015

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate contraceptive usage among women prescribed or currently taking a category D or X medication using the electronic medical record.

Methods

This is a retrospective study assessing contraceptive usage among women prescribed category D or X medications. We obtained access to the electronic medical records of women seen in an academic Family Medicine Department between April 2011 and April 2012 who were prescribed a category D or X medication. Information was abstracted regarding the specific category D or X medication, demographics, sexual activity, sexual partner gender, and contraceptive usage.

Results

There were a total of 610 women included in this study. Among the 610 women, 72 (11.8%) of women had documentation that they were not asked about their sexual activity. Sexual activity with men was documented in 407 of the 610 women (66.7%). Of these 407 women, 132 (32.4%) had no contraceptive method documented. Among the women using contraception, the most common method used was oral contraception.

Conclusion

According to data obtained from the electronic medical record, women who are taking a category D or X medication are not always asked about sexual activity. Contraception usage among women taking category D or X medications and who were sexually active with men was similar to the general population. Contraception usage should be better in this population given the risk of an unintended pregnancy includes fetal exposure to a potential teratogen. The electronic medical record creates an opportunity for an intervention to increase contraception utilization in this population. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:887–891, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Orally Administered Botanical Composition, UP446‐Part I: Effects on Embryo‐Fetal Development in New Zealand White Rabbits and Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Yimam Mesfin , Lee Young‐Chul , Hyun Eu‐Jin , Jia Qi
Published: August 2015

The pharmacotoxicology impacts of dietary supplements taken at the time of pregnancy have remained alarming since women are the frequent herbal medicine users in many countries as a complement to the conventional pregnancy management. The use of herbal medicines and diet supplements in expectant mothers linked closely to the health of the childbearing mothers and the fetuses where the lack of developmental safety data imposes a challenge to make the right choices. Here, we describe the potential adverse effects of UP446, a standardized bioflavonoid composition from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and the heartwoods of Acacia catechu, on embryo‐fetal development following maternal exposure during the critical period of major organogenesis in rabbits and rats. Pregnant dams were treated orally with UP446 at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day during gestation. The number of resorptions, implantations, litter size, body weights, and skeletal development was evaluated. Maternal food intake and body, tissue, and placenta weight were also assessed. There were no statistically significant differences in implantation, congenital malformation, embryo‐fetal mortalities, and fetuses sex ratios in all dosing groups of both species. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level of UP446 was considered to be greater than 1000 mg/kg in both the maternal and fetus in both species
High Performance Full Sodium‐Ion Cell Based on a Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxide as Negative Electrode
Authors: López María C. , Aragón María J. , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Lavela Pedro , Alcántara Ricardo , Tirado José L.
Published: August 2015

A novel design of a sodium‐ion cell is proposed based on the use of nanocrystalline thin films composed of transition metal oxides. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy were helpful techniques to unveil the microstructural properties of the pristine nanostructured electrodes. Thus, Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of amorphous NiO, α‐Fe2O3 (hematite) and γ‐Fe2O3 (maghemite). Also, this technique allowed the calculation of an average particle size of 23.4 Å in the amorphous carbon phase in situ generated on the positive electrode. The full sodium‐ion cell performed with a reversible capacity of 100 mA h g−1 at C/2 with an output voltage of about 1.8 V, corresponding to a specific energy density of about 180 W h kg−1. These promising electrochemical performances allow these transition metal thin films obtained by electrochemical deposition to be envisaged as serious competitors for future negative electrodes in sodium‐ion batteries.
Investigating the Selectivity of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors in the Presence of Competing Metalloproteins
Authors: Chen Yao , Cohen Seth M.
Published: August 2015

Metalloprotein inhibitors (MPi) are an important class of therapeutics for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including hypertension, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. However, despite their clinical success, there is an apprehension that MPi may be less selective than other small‐molecule therapeutics and more prone to inhibit off‐target metalloenzymes. We examined the issue of MPi specificity by investigating the selectivity of a variety of MPi against a representative panel of metalloenzymes in the presence of competing metalloproteins (metallothionein, myoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, and transferrin). Our findings reveal that a wide variety of MPi do not exhibit a decrease in inhibitory activity in the presence of large excesses of competing metalloproteins, suggesting that the competing proteins do not titrate the MPi away from its intended target. This study represents a rudimentary but important means to mimic the biological milieu, which contains other metalloproteins that could compete the MPi away from its target. The strategy used in this study may be a useful approach to examine the selectivity of other MPi in development.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Human 6‐Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases
Authors: Kaiser Martin M. , Hocková Dana , Wang Tzu‐Hsuan , Dračínský Martin , Poštová‐Slavětínská Lenka , Procházková Eliška , Edstein Michael D. , Chavchich Marina , Keough Dianne T. , Guddat Luke W. , Janeba Zlatko
Published: August 2015

Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) are a promising class of antimalarial therapeutic drug leads that exhibit a wide variety of Ki values for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and human hypoxanthine‐guanine‐(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferases [HG(X)PRTs]. A novel series of ANPs, analogues of previously reported 2‐(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl (PEE) and (R,S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) derivatives, were designed and synthesized to evaluate their ability to act as inhibitors of these enzymes and to extend our ongoing antimalarial structure–activity relationship studies. In this series, (S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonoethoxy)propyl (HPEP), (S)‐2‐(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid (CPME), or (S)‐2‐(phosphonoethoxy)propanoic acid (CPEE) are the acyclic moieties. Of this group, (S)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonoethoxy)propylguanine (HPEPG) exhibits the highest potency for PfHGXPRT, with a Ki value of 0.1 μM and a Ki value for human HGPRT of 0.6 μM. The crystal structures of HPEPG and HPEPHx (where Hx=hypoxanthine) in complex with human HGPRT were obtained, showing specific interactions with active site residues. Prodrugs for the HPEP and CPEE analogues were synthesized and tested for in vitro antimalarial activity. The lowest IC50 value (22 μM) in a chloroquine‐resistant strain was observed for the bis‐amidate prodrug of HPEPG.
Multi‐frequency (S, X, Q and W‐band) EPR and ENDOR Study of Vanadium(IV) Incorporation in the Aluminium Metal–Organic Framework MIL‐53
Authors: Nevjestić Irena , Depauw Hannes , Leus Karen , Kalendra Vidmantas , Caretti Ignacio , Jeschke Gunnar , Van Doorslaer Sabine , Callens Freddy , Van Der Voort Pascal , Vrielinck Henk
Published: August 2015

Doping the well‐known metal–organic framework MIL‐53(Al) with vanadium(IV) ions leads to significant changes in the breathing behaviour and might have repercussions on the catalytic behaviour as well. To understand the properties of such a doped framework, it is necessary to determine where dopant ions are actually incorporated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) are applied to reveal the nearest environment of the paramagnetic vanadium(IV) dopant ions. EPR spectra of as‐synthesised vanadium‐doped MIL‐53 are recorded at S‐, X‐, Q‐ and W‐band microwave frequencies. The EPR spectra suggest that at low dopant concentrations (1.0–2.6 mol %) the vanadium(IV) ions are well dispersed in the matrix. Varying the vanadium dopant concentration within this range or the dopant salt leads to the same dominant EPR component. In the ENDOR spectra, hyperfine (HF) interactions with 1H, 27Al and 51V nuclei are observed. The HF parameters extracted from simulations strongly suggest that the vanadium(IV) ions substitute Al in the framework.
A Humanistic Approach to Mediation and Dialogue: An Evolving Transformative Practice
Authors: Lewis Ted , Umbreit Mark
Published: August 2015

The humanistic approach to mediation developed in parallel to Bush and Folger's transformative mediation in the 1990s. While fully harmonizing with transformative mediation, humanistic mediation emphasizes a greater departure from skill‐based techniques and gives less attention to problem solving. By highlighting the humanizing capacities of mediators, parties, and communication processes, the humanistic approach deepens a dialogue process as it fosters good mediator presence and the uninterrupted flow of “heart language” between parties. Nine areas of practice, including preparation meetings, nondirective mediation, and use of silence, are presented in their applicability to both restorative justice and dispute resolution contexts.
Fine needle aspiration of secondary synovial sarcoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Murro Diana , Slade Jamie Macagba , Syed Sahr , Gattuso Paolo
Published: August 2015

Synovial sarcomas (SS) of the head and neck region are extremely rare and arise in only 5% of cases. We present a case of secondary SS of the thyroid originally diagnosed as medullary carcinoma on fine needle aspiration (FNA). A 41‐year‐old man presented with several weeks of dysphonia and a left thyroid mass. FNA of the thyroid nodule showed a cellular smear composed of loosely cohesive oval to spindle‐shaped cells with irregular nuclear borders, finely granular chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. The patient was diagnosed with medullary carcinoma and underwent a total thyroidectomy. Intro‐operatively, the mass was found to arise from the tracheoesophageal groove with spread to the left thyroid. Microscopic examination of the thyroid tumor revealed a dense spindle cell proliferation with abundant mitoses, scant cords and nests of epithelial cells and foci of necrosis. The spindle cells were positive for bcl2 and vimentin and the epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin 8/18 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Both spindle and epithelial cells were negative for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, synaptophysin and chromogranin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated translocation (X;18)(p11;q11), confirming the diagnosis of SS. The patient underwent a total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy with subsequent adjuvant therapy and is currently disease free. Only 6 cases of histologically confirmed primary SS of the thyroid have been reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of FISH‐confirmed secondary SS of the thyroid and also the first case of SS arising from the tracheoesophageal groove. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:928–932. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone: A diagnostic pitfall in the submandibular region
Authors: Rito Miguel , Cabrera Rafael Adame
Published: August 2015

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant chondroid matrix‐producing neoplasm which usually presents in the bones of the pelvis, followed by the proximal femur, proximal humerus, distal femur and ribs.

The occurrence of this lesion in the hyoid bone is exceedingly rare, with only a few reported cases, and its diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in this particular location, to our knowledge, has never been addressed. Furthermore, the sampling of chondroid matrix at this site can pose a diagnostic dilemma with other lesions of the submandibular region.

This report describes the clinical, radiologic and cytologic features on FNAC of a chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone, emphasizing the diagnostic pitfalls of this entity and expanding the cytologic differential diagnosis of tumors of the submandibular region. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:933–936. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on microRNA Expression and Cancer Therapy: A Review
Authors: Ali Saira R. , Humphreys Karen J. , McKinnon Ross A. , Michael Michael Z.
Published: August 2015

Preclinical Research

Chromatin‐modifying drugs, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), have shown potential as cancer therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other therapies. HDACi have the ability to reverse aberrant epigenetic modifications associated with cancer, namely dysregulated histone acetylation. There are currently three FDA approved HDACi; vorinostat, romidepsin, and panobinostat. Epigenetic modifications can regulate the expression of protein coding genes, and in addition can alter expression of microRNA (miRNA) genes. Many miRNAs play key roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis, and are commonly dysregulated in cancer states. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of chromatin‐modifying drugs to alter miRNA expression, which may provide the basis for further investigation of miRNAs as therapeutic targets or as biomarkers of drug response. This review summarises findings from studies investigating the effects of HDACi on miRNA expression, as well as key clinical trials involving HDACi. Understanding how chromatin‐modifying drugs epigenetically modulate miRNA genes provides further insight into the cellular mechanisms that deliver therapeutic responses, and may assist in refining treatment strategies. Drug Dev Res 76 : 296–317, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does miRNA‐155 Promote Cyclooxygenase‐2 Expression in Cancer?
Authors: Comer Brian S.
Published: August 2015

Preclinical Research

MicroRNA (miR)‐155 and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 are both elevated in numerous cancers including colorectal cancer. MiR‐155 enhances COX‐2 expression and is an established regulator of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and inflammation. Inhibition of miR‐155 or COX‐2 exhibit similar negative effects on tumorigenicity. Thus, it is hypothesized that miR‐155 may be a promising target for antagonizing COX‐2 expression in colorectal and other cancers. Drug Dev Res 76 : 354–356, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of a selection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine by UHPSFC‐MS/MS and by UHPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Berg Thomas , Kaur Lakhwinder , Risnes Anna , Havig Stine Marie , Karinen Ritva
Published: August 2015

Two different analytical techniques, ultra‐high performance supercritical fluid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC‐MS/MS) and reversed phase ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS), were used for the determination of two synthetic cannabinoids and eleven metabolites in urine; AM‐2201 N‐4‐OH‐pentyl, AM‐2233, JWH‐018 N‐5‐OH‐pentyl, JWH‐018 N‐pentanoic acid, JWH‐073 N‐4‐OH‐butyl, JWH‐073 N‐butanoic acid, JWH‐122 N‐5‐OH‐pentyl, MAM‐2201, MAM‐2201 N‐4‐OH‐pentyl, RCS‐4 N‐5‐OH‐pentyl, UR‐144 degradant N‐pentanoic acid, UR‐144 N‐4‐OH‐pentyl, and UR‐144 N‐pentanoic acid. Sample preparation included a liquid‐liquid extraction after deconjugation with ß‐glucuronidase. The UHPSFC‐MS/MS method used an Acquity UPC2 TM BEH column with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and 0.3% ammonia in methanol, while the UHPLC‐MS/MS method used an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 10.2) and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. Deuterated internal standards were used for six of the compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.04 and 0.4 µg/L. Between‐day relative standard deviations at concentrations ≥ LOQ were ≤20%, with biases within ±19%. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 90%. Corrected matrix effects were within 100 ± 10%, except for MAM‐2201 with UHPSFC‐MS/MS, and for UR‐144 N‐pentanoic acid and MAM‐2201 N‐4‐OH‐pentyl with UHPLC‐MS/MS. Elution order obtained by UHPSFC‐MS/MS was almost opposite to that obtained by UHPLC‐MS/MS, making this instrument setup an interesting combination for screening and confirmation analyses in forensic cases. The UHPLC‐MS/MS method has, since August 2014, been successfully used for confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples revealing a positive immunoassay screening result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivations to Contribute to Public Goods: Beyond rational choice economics
Authors: Popa Florin
Published: August 2015

The dominant understanding of how motivations to contribute to public goods are generated and sustained is largely shaped by the combined action of rational choice theory and neoclassical economics. This understanding relies on three key assumptions: individualism, instrumentalism and market equilibration. This paper questions the theoretical consistency and empirical relevance of these assumptions and of their associated policy model. I argue that a significant revision of this motivational theory is needed, one that takes into account intrinsic incentives, trust and strong reciprocity, as well as the effect of social and institutional context, monetization and market interactions on the propensity to contribute to public goods. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of this theoretical reconsideration for the organization of scientific research and for more effective policy‐making to sustain public goods provision. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Unconventional Determinants of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The role of trust
Authors: Carattini Stefano , Baranzini Andrea , Roca Jordi
Published: August 2015

Social norms have been included in the theory of collective action to overcome difficulties in explaining why commons may perform better when self‐regulated. The role of trust has been identified in several contexts of local social dilemmas, but only recently has been extended to global commons, based on large descriptive evidence collected by Elinor Ostrom. However, no quantitative evidence was available until now. Using a dataset of 29 European countries over the period 1990–2007, we provide empirical evidence in favour of the role of trust in global dilemmas. We find a non‐negligible impact of trust on greenhouse gas emissions, which can support Ostrom's intuition on the social roots of pro‐environmental behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
An Ethnographic Analysis of the Role of Power in Institutional Arrangements: Borehole cost recovery within a pastoral community in North‐Western Namibia
Authors: Menestrey Schwieger Diego A.
Published: August 2015

The role of power in the development of institutions governing the use of common‐pool resources has been given little emphasis in the leading theories in this field. A case study from north‐western Namibia illustrates how power and bargaining strategies shape institutional arrangements concerning the cost recovery of a communal water point. The example shows how policy reforms based on Ostrom's design principles clash with local dynamics of power asymmetries and social interdependencies. This article indicates that Ostrom's framework does not consider the possibility that resource appropriators might develop and implement institutions that disadvantage the less powerful members of a community. To explain how such ‘unfair’ institutions evolve and endure, Knight's bargaining theory of institutions is offered as a supplementary model. After discussion, the article concludes with an outlook prompting a reassessment of the concepts of ‘institutional failure’ in which only environmental factors are implicated, while social ones are ignored. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Non‐noble metal graphene oxide‐copper (II) ions hybrid electrodes for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Muralikrishna S. , Ravishankar T.N. , Ramakrishnappa T. , Nagaraju D.H. , Krishna Pai Ranjith
Published: August 2015

Non‐noble metal and inexpensive graphene oxide‐copper (II) ions (GO‐Cu2+) hybrid catalysts have been explored for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We were able to tune the binding abilities of GO toward the Cu2+ ions and hence their catalytic properties by altering the pH. We have utilized the oxygen functional moieties such as carboxylate, epoxide, and hydroxyl groups on the edge and basal planes of the GO for binding the Cu2+ ions through dative bonds. The GO‐Cu2+ hybrid materials were characterized by cyclic voltammetry in sodium acetate buffer solution. The morphology of the hybrid GO‐Cu2+ was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The GO‐Cu2+ hybrid electrodes show good electrocatalytic activity for HER with low overpotential in acidic solution. The Tafel slope for the GO‐Cu2+ hybrid electrode implies that the primary discharge step is the rate determining step and HER proceed with Volmer step. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 565–573, 2016
Common bean in highly variable weather conditions, on sandy soils, and food security in a subtropical environment
Authors: Reichert José Miguel , Rodrigues Miriam Fernanda , Awe Gabriel Oladele , Riquelme Ursino Federico Barreto , Kaiser Douglas Rodrigo , Reinert Dalvan José
Published: August 2015

Common bean is a vital component of food security and reduction in malnutrition in developing nations of the world. In a year of low rainfall and high temperature during flowering and high rainfall during grain filling, we studied the effects of (1) water availability and tillage on soil structural formation and on water retention, growth and productivity of common bean, and (2) time series analysis of soil available water and its relationship with related atmospheric variables. Soil management systems consisted of no‐tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), chiseling 2 days before sowing (Ch0), and 1 year before sowing (Ch1), in complete randomized block design and four replications. Air temperature, rainfall, soil available water, and air capacity were monitored throughout the 78‐days bean cycle, and time series analysis of data was performed. Water availability in topsoil reached limiting values, close to the permanent wilting point, limiting proper development of bean at flowering. Water availability was higher in periods of limited rainfall in untilled soils (NT and Ch1). Low soil availability of water and high air temperatures during flowering and grain filling stages affected grain production but grain yield did not differ statistically among tillage systems, which was similar to the average yield obtained in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Temporal distribution of soil available water did not correlate with daily rainfall but correlated with air temperature. Time series analysis was adequate for estimating soil available water from its previous and related variables. Conservation agriculture (no‐tillage and old‐chiseling) improves water conditions in soil, but with long periods of water deficit there is no guarantee for high food production; thus, supplementary irrigation may still be necessary to reduce the combined effects of abiotic factors of air temperature and rainfall.
Genetic and epigenetic characterization of low‐grade gliomas reveals frequent methylation of the MLH3 gene
Authors: Lhotska Halka , Zemanova Zuzana , Cechova Hana , Ransdorfova Sarka , Lizcova Libuse , Kramar Filip , Krejcik Zdenek , Svobodova Karla , Bystricka Dagmar , Hrabal Petr , Dohnalova Alena , Michalova Kyra
Published: August 2015

Diffuse astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas (WHO grade II) are the most common histological subtypes of low‐grade gliomas (LGGs). Several molecular and epigenetic markers have been identified that predict tumor progression. Our aim was in detail to investigate the genetic and epigenetic background of LGGs and to identify new markers that might play a role in tumor behavior. Twenty‐three patients with oligodendroglioma or oligoastrocytoma (LGO) and 22 patients with diffuse astrocytoma (LGA) were investigated using several molecular‐cytogenetic and molecular methods to assess their copy number variations, mutational status and level of promoter methylation. The most frequent findings were a 1p/19q codeletion in 83% of LGO and copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN‐LOH) of 17p in 72% of LGA. Somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH1/IDH2) genes were detected in 96% of LGO and 91% of LGA. The O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter was methylated in 83% of LGO and 59% of LGA. MutL homolog 3 (MLH3) promoter methylation was observed in 61% of LGO and 27% of LGA. Methylation of the MGMT promoter, 1p/19q codeletion, mutated IDH1, and CN‐LOH of 17p were the most frequent genetic aberrations in LGGs. The findings were more diverse in LGA than in LGO. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time description of methylation of the MLH3 gene promoter in LGGs. Further studies are required to determine the role of the methylated MLH3 promoter and the other aberrations detected. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene predicts resting state functional connectivity strength within the salience‐network
Authors: Muehlhan Markus , Kirschbaum Clemens , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Alexander Nina
Published: August 2015

Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with psychopathology and aberrant brain functioning in a plethora of clinical and imaging studies. In contrast, the neurobiological correlates of epigenetic signatures in SLC6A4, such as DNA methylation profiles, have only recently been explored in human brain imaging research. The present study is the first to apply a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to identify changes in brain networks related to SLC6A4 promoter methylation (N = 74 healthy individuals). The amygdalae were defined as seed regions given that resting state functional connectivity in this brain area is under serotonergic control and relates to a broad range of psychiatric phenotypes. We further used bisulfite pyrosequencing to analyze quantitative methylation at 83 CpG sites within a promoter‐associated CpG island of SLC6A4 from blood‐derived DNA samples. The major finding of this study indicates a positive relation of SLC6A4 promoter methylation and amygdaloid resting state functional coupling with key nodes of the salience network (SN) including the anterior insulae and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortices. Increased intra‐network connectivity in the SN is thought to facilitate the detection and subsequent processing of potentially negative stimuli and reflects a core feature of psychopathology. As such, epigenetic changes within the SLC6A4 gene predict connectivity patterns in clinically and behaviorally relevant brain networks which may in turn convey increased disease susceptibility. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4361–4371, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resting state functional MRI reveals abnormal network connectivity in neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Tomson Steffie N. , Schreiner Matthew J. , Narayan Manjari , Rosser Tena , Enrique Nicole , Silva Alcino J. , Allen Genevera I. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Bearden Carrie E.
Published: August 2015

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the neurofibromin 1 gene at locus 17q11.2. Individuals with NF1 have an increased incidence of learning disabilities, attention deficits, and autism spectrum disorders. As a single‐gene disorder, NF1 represents a valuable model for understanding gene–brain–behavior relationships. While mouse models have elucidated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying learning deficits associated with this mutation, little is known about functional brain architecture in human subjects with NF1. To address this question, we used resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fcMRI) to elucidate the intrinsic network structure of 30 NF1 participants compared with 30 healthy demographically matched controls during an eyes‐open rs‐fcMRI scan. Novel statistical methods were employed to quantify differences in local connectivity (edge strength) and modularity structure, in combination with traditional global graph theory applications. Our findings suggest that individuals with NF1 have reduced anterior–posterior connectivity, weaker bilateral edges, and altered modularity clustering relative to healthy controls. Further, edge strength and modular clustering indices were correlated with IQ and internalizing symptoms. These findings suggest that Ras signaling disruption may lead to abnormal functional brain connectivity; further investigation into the functional consequences of these alterations in both humans and in animal models is warranted. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4566–4581, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employees’ Perceived Use of Leader Power and Implications for Affect and Work Intentions
Authors: Zigarmi Drea , Roberts Taylor Peyton , Alan Randolph W.
Published: August 2015

The concept of power in organizations has been studied at both the macro level (analyses of structural systems or policies) and at the micro level (individual perceptions). In this study, we examine employee perceptions of their leader's use of power at the individual/psychological level. Applying social cognitive theory, employee perceptions of their leader's use of various forms of power were explored in relationship to employees’ negative or positive affect and corresponding work intentions. Structural equation modeling was used to examine data from 651 employees. Positive and negative affect mediated employees’ perceptions of their managers’ use of various power bases and five work intentions: intentions to perform, to endorse the organization and its leadership, to stay in the organization, to use discretionary effort, and to be an organizational citizen. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.