bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPIN EFFECTS IN HARD PROCESSES: POSSIBLE TEST FOR QCD
Authors: Troshin S.M. , Tyurin N.E.
Published: November 2004

The perturbative QCD status is considered in the review from the point of view of the polarization experiments results. It is stressed that at present there is a confrontation between the perturbative QCD and the experimental data on studying spin phenomena.
CONTINUOUS SUGAWARA-LIKE REALIZATION OF c=1 CONFORMAL MODELS
Authors: MOROZOV A. YU. , SHIFMAN M.A. , TURBINER A.V.
Published: November 2004

We discuss a continuous extension of the Sugawara construction in two-dimensional conformal field theory proposed earlier. The extension which is built on the SL (2)4 Kač-Moody algebra is shown to describe the standard c=1 series corresponding to a free bosonic field defined on a circle. The radius of the circle as a function of the continuous parameter existing in the model is found. We also present a continuous Sugawara series referring to SL (3)4. The latter is closely related to the case of SL (2)4.
STRESS-TENSOR COMMUTATORS AND SCHWINGER TERMS IN SINGLETON THEORIES
Authors: BERGSHOEFF E. , SEZGIN E. , TANII Y.
Published: November 2004

We compute the commutators of the regularized quantum stress-tensor of singleton theories formulated on the boundary of a (p+2)-dimensional anti de Sitter space (AdSp+2). (These are superconformal field theories on Sp×S1.) We find that the commutator algebra contains the finite dimensional AdSp+2 algebra SO (p+1, 2). We also find field dependent as well as field independent Schwinger terms (i.e. central extensions), which, however, do not lead to anomalies in the algebra of the AdS charges. We also give a simple derivation of the two-point functions for bosonic and fermionic singletons.
SCALE GAUGE SYMMETRY AND THE STANDARD MODEL
Authors: SOLÀ J.
Published: November 2004

We speculate on a version of the "standard" model of the electroweak and strong interactions coupled to gravity and equipped with a spontaneously broken, anomalous, conformal gauge symmetry. The scalar sector is virtually absent in the minimal model but in the general case it shows up in the form of a nonlinear harmonic map Lagrangian. A Euclidean approach to the cosmological constant problem is also addressed in this framework.
VECTOR COHERENT STATES AND NON-ABELIAN GAUGE STRUCTURES IN QUANTUM MECHANICS
Authors: GIAVARINI G. , ONOFRI E.
Published: November 2004

We set the general formalism for calculating Berry's phase in quantum systems with Hamiltonian belonging to the algebra of a semisimple Lie group of any rank in the framework of generalized coherent states. Within this approach the geometric properties of Berry's connection are also studied, both in the Abelian and non-Abelian cases. In particular we call attention to the non-Abelian case where we make use of a vectorial generalization of coherent states. In this respect a thorough and self-contained exposition of the formalism of vector coherent states is given. The specific examples of the groups SU(3) and Sp(2) are worked out in detail.
ON q-REGULARIZATION
Authors: MAJID SHAHN
Published: November 2004

We show that there is a useful regularization of quantum field theories obtained by replacing invariant integration over Euclidean momentum space by invariant integration over a quantum group of q-momentum space. We exhibit quantites that are made finite as q ≠ 1 but diverge as the regulator is removed by q → 1.
THE N = 2 SUPER-KAC-MOODY ALGEBRA AND THE WZW-MODEL IN (2,0) SUPERSPACE
Authors: DELIUS GUSTAV W.
Published: November 2004

The N = 2 super-Kac-Moody algebra is defined as the algebra corresponding to an N = 2 superloop group. Using the method of coadjoint orbits, which is explained, an action is derived which has the N = 2 super-Kac-Moody algebra as its Poisson bracket algebra and is invariant under the N = 2 superloop group. It is invariant under N = 2 superconformal transformations. This action is thus the generalization of the WZW model to (2,0) superspace. We study the relation to the known WZW model in (1,0) superspace after imposing a constraint on the (2,0) superfield.
TUNNELING MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY GAP IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: KIRTLEY J. R.
Published: November 2004

The current status of tunneling measurements of the superconducting density of states near the Fermi level of high-T c superconductors is reviewed. A number of the characteristics of the tunneling data that had previously been considered to be "non-ideal" follow quite naturally from conventional tunneling theory, if the effects of the unusually large energy gap, often unusually small tunneling barriers, and gap anisotropy and/or inhomogeneity are correctly accounted for. Despite formidable problems in making these measurements, due to both the very short coherence lengths and materials problems in these superconductors, a consistent body of data is emerging. A consistent picture can be drawn from this data with the aid of the new modelling presented here.
PECULIARITY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN A METAL WITH A SPIRAL MAGNETIC STRUCTURE
Authors: IZYUMOV YU. A. , LAPTEV V. M.
Published: November 2004

Superconductivity states in a metal with existing spiral magnetic structure is studied. s-d exchange interaction of the conduction electrons with localized spins forming the magnetic ordering is treated in the framework of the strong coupling theory of superconductivity. Two separate factors are taken into account which influence the possibility of coexistence of superconductivity and magnetic ordering: electron-magnon interaction, as well as a modification of the electron spectrum due to its interaction with the static magnetic structure.

The gap function is a 2 × 2 matrix with respect to the band indexes of hybridized electron states with up and down spins. The linearized Eliasberg's type equations for diagonal and off-diagonal elements are separated. Off-diagonal and diagonal elements correspond to quasisinglet and quasitriplet pairings respectively. As a direct consequence of violation of the time reversal invariance due to magnetic ordering, the diagonal gap function does not have a definite parity with respect to frequency. For this situation a moment method is developed for a calculation of the superconducting transition temperature in the limit of weak s-d-exchange coupling.
CRITICAL STATE IN THE Y-Ba-Cu-O CERAMICS
Authors: ARTEMOV A. N. , GRISHIN A. M. , KORENIVSKII V. N. , ULYANOV A. N. , KHOKHLOV V. A.
Published: November 2004

The temperature and field dependences of the Y-Ba-Cu-O ceramics susceptibility have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. These dependence have been used to reconstruct the temperature dependence of the critical current (j c (T) = j c (0)(1 − T/T c1 )3/2, j c (0) = 340 A/cm 2, T c1 = 94.6 K ) and the distribution of the granules with respect to the superconducting transition temperature (with the maximum at T c2 = 95.3 K and ∆T = 1.1 K ). Within the critical state concept diamagnetic response of the granular superconductors at fundamental and multiple frequencies has been calculated. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained susceptibility dependences and explain the different dependences of the diamagnetic response on the magnitude of the d.c. field and the amplitude of a.c. field.
FROM BLOCH FUNCTIONS TO QUANTUM WELLS
Authors: HARRIS J.S.
Published: November 2004

The early foundations for the electronics revolution were set in Professor Felix Bloch’s Ph. D. dissertation. The fundamental insights of this work are reviewed in light of both their impact on modern electronics, and particularly, their relevance for today’s quantum well engineered devices, and their potential to be tomorrow’s electronics foundation.
THEORY OF LATTICE SPECIFIC HEAT OF AN ISOTOPICALLY DISORDERED ANHARMONIC CRYSTAL
Authors: INDU B.D.
Published: November 2004

Expressions are obtained for the phonon density of states (DOS), lattice energy and lattice heat capacity (LHC) of an isotopically disordered anharmonic crystal. The cubic and quartic anharmonicities are taken into account besides both the force constant changes and mass difference caused by the substitutional impurities. The method of double time thermal Green’s Function (GF) is used in the development. It is shown that in the low concentration limit the LHC depends on mass and force constant changes, cubic and quartic anharmonicities and impurity-anharmonicity interactions. At low temperatures the largest contribution is found due to the defects. It is observed that the non-diagonal terms contribute significantly in the lattice energy of isotopically disordered crystal.
RENORMALIZATION OF BENDING RIGIDITY FOR THE MEMBRANE WITH FIXED DENSITY
Authors: ZHOU XIAOAN
Published: November 2004

The renormalization of the bending rigidity for a membrane with constant density is reanalysed following a first-order form of the bending free energy model. The significance of the Xμ-field renormalization due to bending is first discussed. Our result confirms Helfrich and Forster's earlier calculations.
PLANAR PATTERNS WITH FIVEFOLD SYMMETRY AS SECTIONS OF PERIODIC STRUCTURES IN 4-SPACE
Authors: BAAKE M. , KRAMER P. , SCHLOTTMANN M. , ZEIDLER D.
Published: November 2004

Two quasiperiodic planar patterns with fivefold symmetry are derived from the root lattice A4 in 4-space. A detailed analysis of the geometry of the A4 Voronoi complex and its dual complex is presented with special emphasis on fivefold symmetry. By means of the general dualization method, 2D patterns are obtained, one with triangular tiles and a second which turns out to be the well-known Penrose pattern. The vertex configurations and their relative frequencies, the deflation rules, and the Fourier properties of these patterns are worked out in the framework of the dualization method and Klotz construction.
EVIDENCE FOR MAGIC NUMBERS IN THE ELECTRONIC SHELL STRUCTURE OF LARGE CESIUM AND SODIUM CLUSTERS
Authors: GÖHLICH H. , LANGE T. , BERGMANN T. , MARTIN T.P.
Published: November 2004

Magic numbers in cluster mass spectra can be caused by either geometric or electronic structure. The study of metallic compound clusters allows the number of atoms and the number of electrons in clusters to be controlled independently. We report magic numbers in the mass spectra of Cs-compound clusters and pure Na clusters containing up to 700 free electrons.
PERTURBATION APPROACH FOR QUANTUM TRANSMISSION
Authors: CHEN C. JULIAN
Published: November 2004

In scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), the potential barriers are often close to or lower than the Fermi level, where both semiclassical tunneling theory and Bardeen’s tunneling theory are no longer valid. We present a new perturbation approach for general quantum transmission phenomena. For thick, positive potential barriers, it reduces to Bardeen’s tunneling theory. For potential barriers lower than the energy level, it is valid as long as the barrier thickness is smaller than one half of the de Broglie wavelength, a condition which is always satisfied in STM. An immediate application is shown.
THE QUANTUM SUPERALGEBRA Bq(0|1) AND q-DEFORMED CREATION AND ANNIHILATION OPERATORS
Authors: CELEGHINI E. , PALEV T.D. , TARLINI M.
Published: November 2004

We show that the q-deformed creation and annihilation boson operators defined by Biedenharn and Mcfarlane generate the quantum superalgebra B(0|1), denoted also as ospq(1|2), and we give a generalization to q-deformed parabosons and fermions using the infinite dimensional representations of such Hopf algebra.
CORRELATION BETWEEN OPTICAL DEFECT DENSITY AND SPIN DENSITY IN AMORPHOUS SILICON CARBIDE
Authors: DEMICHELIS F. , PIRRI C.F. , TRESSO E.
Published: November 2004

Amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) films deposited by different techniques under different deposition conditions have been submitted to photo-thermal deflection and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PDS and PAS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements in order to obtain, through the trend of low energy absorption coefficient and the density of spins, information on the nature, energy and number of defects. The results obtained from the two techniques are often in disagreement since the dangling bond density generally does not scale with the integrated defect density.

In order to explain the discrepancy the absorption coefficient has been calculated, following the Tauc model, in the three regions of fundamental absorption, Urbach tail and excess absorption. An expression for the density of defects has been obtained which depends on the integrated excess absorption coefficient through a proportionality factor.
SHALLOW TRAPS AND THE APPARENT SUBLINEAR PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF PHOTOREFRACTIVE BARIUM TITANATE
Authors: MAHGEREFTEH DANIEL , FEINBERG JACK
Published: November 2004

We show that shallow acceptors reduce the lifetime of free holes and make the photoconducti-vity of barium titanate increase sublinearly with intensity both in the cw and pulsed illumination regimes. We also show that as-grown barium titanate crystals have quite different photorefractive properties depending on their relative density of deep donors and shallow acceptors, and we determine the depth of the shallow acceptors to be ~0.4 eV above the top of the valence bond.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF THE TEMPERATURE-INDUCED FERROMAGNETISM IN TiBe2 AND OTHER ITINERANT MAGNETS
Authors: IOSHPE DAVID M.
Published: November 2004

We proposed earlier possible temperature-induced ferromagnetism (TIF) in TiBe 2, TiBe 2−x Cu x and other itinerant magnets. The value of the critical field H cr for the existence of TIF in TiBe 2, evaluated on the basis of our and others’ experimental results, coincide with the value H cr ≅610 G predicted by Enz within the spin density wave theory of itinerant antiferromagnetism (AFM). The possibilities of the existence in TiBe 2 of the TIF mechanism of spin fluctuations around the AFM mode as predicted by Moriya, and of the temperature-induced noncompensated itinerant AFM, i.e., ferromagnetism, are considered.
COOPER PAIRS AND TF-SCALED HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Authors: AGRELLO D. A. , AGUILERA-NAVARRO V. C. , DE LLANO M. , PLASTINO A. , KELLER CHRISTINA , VARY J. P.
Published: November 2004

Abnormally-occupied single-fermion states, previously found to give lower total Hartree-Fock energies in numerous strongly-coupled neutral fluids, is shown to be a sufficient condition to give tighter-bound Cooper electron pairs for arbitrarily-weak coupling. Consequently, within the BCS picture where for weak-coupling the Cooper pair binding energy is simply related to the zero-temperature energy-gap parameter, which in turn is proportional to the critical temperature, T c , higher T c values which scale as the Fermi temperature are possible. This is consistent with recent muon-spin relaxation experiments on sixteen cuprate high-temperature superconductors.
PROSPECTS OF GAMMA-RAY LASER DEVELOPMENT
Authors: GUPTA GAGAN , HUSAIN JAVED
Published: November 2004

In this review article we briefly present the current thrust of gamma-ray laser research. We discuss the major proposals of developing such lasers based on nuclear transitions and electron and positron beams.
METAL-SURFACE CORRELATION ENERGY FROM THE LIQUID DROP MODEL: A BACK-OF-THE-ENVELOPE ESTIMATE
Authors: PERDEW JOHN P. , ROSENSTEEL G.
Published: November 2004

The liquid drop model applied to the one-electron problem provides an elementary estimate of the correlation contribution to the surface and curvature energies of jellium, in terms of bulk electron density and bulk correlation energy. Within the random phase approximation (RPA), this estimate correctly predicts the size of the surface correlation energy, its strong dependence upon bulk density, and its weak dependence upon surface density profile. The local density approximation (LDA) to RPA predicts surface correlation energies that are far too small, as a consequence of the LDA self-interaction error. Possible implications beyond RPA are discussed. The power and limitations of the liquid drop expansion are illustrated by the example of one-electron jellium spheroids.
SUPERFLOW-INDUCED SPLITTING OF SQUASHING MODE IN 3He–B
Authors: ZHAO ZUYU
Published: November 2004

Superflow-induced splitting in the Squashing Mode spectrum of superfluid 3 He – B , predicted about one decade ago, has been observed recently with the single-ended, frequency-modulated, cw-acoustic-impedance technique. The temperature, thermal gradient and magnetic field dependence have been studied.
ON CONTROLLING A CHAOTIC SYSTEM
Authors: BAU HAIM H.
Published: November 2004

The use of active (feedback) control to alter the bifurcation structure of dynamical systems is discussed and illustrated with an example. It is shown that with the use of a feedback controller effecting small perturbations in the boundary conditions, one can stabilize some of the otherwise non-stable orbits embedded in the chaotic attractor. The controller also can be used to destabilize stable flows or, in other words, to induce chaos in otherwise laminar (fully predictable), non-chaotic flow. Finally, the controller can be used to switch at will from one flow pattern to another.
ANYONIC SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND INTRINSIC SELF-SIMILARITY
Authors: BHATTACHARYYA PARTHA
Published: November 2004

In this letter, we have developed a theory which can account for the high transition temperatures in layered superconductors when the topological excitations are anyons which are vortices quantized in half the usual flux quantum. Consistency with equilibrium statistical mechanics requires the presence of the mid-gap state. A result of the interplay of the mid-gap state with anyons is the intrinsic self-similarity. Some possible consequences are discussed.
GROWTH AND CHARACTERISATION OF Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2−xNixOy SINGLE CRYSTALS
Authors: MURUGAKOOTHAN P. , JAYAVEL R. , RAO C.R. VENKATESWARA , SUBRAMANIAN C. , RAMASAMY P.
Published: November 2004

Effect of partial substitution of Ni in the high Tc superconductor single crystals Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O has been studied. Single crystals of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu/Ni-O are grown from its stoichiometric melt. The addition of Nickel in this system ( Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2−x Ni x O y, x=0.1, 0.3) is found to change the growth temperature, superconducting transition temperature, surface morphology, and mechanical property.
ON-LINE RUN-ON CHARACTER RECOGNIZER: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: FUJISAKI T. , CHEFALAS T. E. , KIM J. , TAPPERT C. C. , WOLF C. G.
Published: November 2004

A recognize-then-segment recognizer of unconstrained handprinting uses a unified tablet-display to provide a paper-like computer interface. Whereas most handwriting recognition systems segment and then recognize, this one recognizes and then finds the best segmentation. It classifies strokes, generates character hypotheses, and verifies hypotheses to estimate the optimal character sequence for each word of run-on handwritten characters. Linguistic constraints can limit the choices. The system is implemented on an IBM workstation, accepts run-on characters written on a tablet, and performs recognition in real time.
A STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ON-LINE CHARACTER RECOGNITION: SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: NOUBOUD FATHALLAH , PLAMONDON RÉJEAN
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a real-time constraint-free handprinted character recognition system based on a structural approach. After the preprocessing operation, a chain code is extracted to represent the character. The classification is based on the use of a processor dedicated to string comparison. The average computation time to recognize a character is about 0.07 seconds. During the learning step, the user can define any set of characters or symbols to be recognized by the system. Thus there are no constraints on the handprinting. The experimental tests show a high degree of accuracy (96%) for writer-dependent applications. Comparisons with other system and methods are discussed. We also present a comparison between the processor used in this system and the Wagner and Fischer algorithm. Finally, we describe some applications of the system.
MODEL-BASED OBJECT RECOGNITION USING PROBABILISTIC LOGIC AND MAXIMUM ENTROPY
Authors: KANE THOMAS B. , McANDREW PATRICK , WALLACE ANDREW M.
Published: November 2004

In the visual context, a reasoning system should he capable of inferring a scene description using evidence derived from data-driven processing of the iconic image data. This evidence may consist of a set of curvilinear boundaries, which are obtained by grouping local edge data into extended features. Using linear primitives, a framework is described which represents the information contained in pre-formed models of possible objects in the scene, and in the segmented scenes themselves. A method based on maximum entropy is developed which assigns measures of likelihood for the presence of objects in the two-dimensional image. This method is applied to and evaluated on real and simulated image data, and the effectiveness of the approach is discussed.
ASSESSING PROXIMITY TO FRUITION: A CASE STUDY OF PHASES IN CASE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Authors: CORBITT GAIL F. , NORMAN RONALD J. , BUTLER MARK C.
Published: November 2004

Using the Lewin theory of planned change as a theoretical model, this study tests three hypotheses related to the three phase approach to change. An Action Research Model is used to gather data from 75 participants in CASE technology transfer in the Information Systems Department of a large insurance company. Five groups of people representing management and various levels of CASE usage participated in the study. In addition to group discussion, standardized questionnaires and individual Force Field Analyses are used to collect the data.

In general the null hypotheses are rejected. The results appear to support at least three stages of change during CASE technology transfer. The groups differed with respect to content and magnitude of problems in the environment. In addition, during the moving phase it appears users may actually be more disillusioned with the change than non-users, however, the nature of the forces is more personal and indicates that they are personally involved with the move. While these people may be more negative than non-users, they are also moving closer to full implementation than those who have not started the moving process.
The political economy of water scarcity and issues of inequality, entitlements and identities: A tale of two cases from southern India
Authors: Anand P. B.
Published: November 2004

This article is an attempt to understand the issues underlying the problem of water scarcity in southern India and how perceptions of scarcity are influenced by various institutional forces and motivations. Two case studies are used to show the interplay of political considerations,
contested rights and claims over water. The first one focuses on scarcity in the context of Chennai, a city with a population of six million, and examines access to water supply from the perspective of the issue of entitlements. The second discusses the interstate dispute over the water from
River Cauvery, and seeks to identify some of the causes of the longrunning riparian dispute. While the empirical focus of the paper is on southern India, the issues raised are of significance to other Asian and African contexts.
Initiatives for strengthening science and technology policy in the field of environment and development: The case of the African Centre for Technology Studies Capacity Development Programme
Authors: Clark Norman G. , Mugabe John
Published: November 2004

A capacity-building programme for sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken as an intergovernmental initiative over a four-year period during the mid-1990s. The African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) Capacity Development Programme [CDP] was established in 1994 to enhance policy analysis
capacities in sub- Saharan Africa with special reference to issues of technology and environmental policy arising out of Agenda 21. A number of important features and lessons emerged from this experience: the introduction of policy analysis directly to the recipients (government officials)
and the providers of knowledge (research sector); a focus on the problem as the unit of analysis rather than the academic discipline; a combination of broad orientation lectures and seminars (to bring participants up to speed with basic issues and agendas) with field research project work
(to show participants that there is much to be gained by interacting directly with those at the receiving end of public policy); training in basic communications skills (verbal and written); and a focus on a specific set of policy issues (those arising from the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change). Despite some success with this approach, it became clear that this is a new form of capacity building that needs further exploration. The main lesson perhaps is that such initiatives should be tried out in other contexts.
What is certainly true is that the need for this type of capacity-building programme is a sad reflection on the higher education sector in many countries.
Styles, subjects, and special points of view: a study of contemporary Chinese independent documentary
Authors: Zhang Yingjin
Published: November 2004

This study explores the origins, styles, problems, solutions, and possible future directions in Chinese independent documentary from a comparative perspective. I argue that Chinese independent (or underground) film-making actually started with independent documentary in the late 1980s
and that the Chinese preference for the cinéma-vérité and interview styles represents an attempt to resist the propagandist, voice-of-God approach in the official news and documentary programming. However, self-erasure and misconceived objectivity typical of the earlier
works engendered problems in documentary film-making, and a subsequent selfrepositioning in the late 1990s has reclaimed the subjective voice and readjusted the artist’s attitude toward their subjects. The call for returning to the personal is further exemplified in the current euphoria
for DV works, and the idea of amateur film-making once again highlights the connection between independent documentary and its special points of view on ordinary people’s lives in a changing society.
Kiarostami debunked!
Authors: Fozooni Babak
Published: November 2004

Kiarostami continues to be an enigma for most cinephiles partly due to his own conscious attempts at concealment and prevarication. The article attempts to clarify his political, ideological and philosophical positions and contextualize his output within the dynamics of Iranian capitalism.
Beginning with an investigation of his film techniques (including his use of framing, sound, image and music) I will discuss his attitude toward nationalism, psychology and religion. I end by suggesting reasons for his popularity outside Iran.
Therapeutic monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs. Where are we?
Authors: Wallemacq Pierre E.
Published: November 2004

The emergence of specific immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus) during the last two decades has contributed dramatically to the success of organ transplantation. However, optimum balance between therapeutic efficacy and the occurrence of side effects has been a real challenge for physicians, mainly due to inter- and intra-patient variability arising from pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenetic and pharmacodynamic individual properties. Therapeutic drug monitoring, defined as the measurement and interpretation of concentrations of these drugs in biological fluids, with as a final objective the prediction of organ responses, became an integral part of transplant protocols. New analytical techniques became available with different performances in terms of specificity and sensitivity. In addition, there has been progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of these drugs that have implications for the development of better monitoring strategies and for their coprescription. The purpose of this review is to examine the current strategies in use for the therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs and to discuss some of the factors that impinge on the monitoring of these drugs.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of non-tricyclic antidepressant drugs
Authors: Mitchell Philip B.
Published: November 2004

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of many of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has been demonstrated to be of clear clinical value. This article reviews studies of TDM for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other non-tricyclic antidepressants such as venlafaxine, nefazodone, trazodone, mianserin and bupropion. No definitive therapeutic concentrations have been demonstrated for these agents, nor have levels indicative of toxicity been reported. The major benefit of TDM for these agents would appear to be in the assessment of the apparently treatment-refractory depressed patient, to determine whether such lack of response is related to inadequate levels that would suggest either poor compliance, ultra-rapid metabolism, or drug interactions leading to induction of metabolising enzymes. Potential future applications of TDM, in conjunction with genotyping of cytochrome P450 enzymes and pharmacogenomic evaluations, are discussed.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of old and newer anti-epileptic drugs
Authors: Neels Hugo M. , Sierens Ann C. , Naelaerts Kristine , Scharpé Simon L. , Hatfield George M. , Lambert Willy E.
Published: November 2004

The aim of the present paper is to provide information concerning the setting up and interpretation of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for anti-epileptic drugs. The potential value of TDM for these drugs (including carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin and zonisamide) is discussed in relation to their mode of action, drug interactions and their pharmacokinetic properties. The review is based upon available literature data and on observations from our clinical practice. Up until approximately 15 years ago anti-epileptic therapeutics were restricted to a very few drugs that were developed in the first half of the 20th century. Unfortunately, many patients were refractory to these drugs and a new generation of drugs has been developed, mostly as add-on therapy. Although the efficacy of the newer drugs is no better, there is an apparent improvement in drug tolerance, combined with a diminished potential for adverse drug interactions. All new anticonvulsant drugs have undergone extensive clinical studies, but information on the relationship between plasma concentrations and effects is scarce for many of these drugs. Wide ranges in concentrations have been published for seizure control and toxicity. Few studies have been undertaken to establish the concentration-effect relationship. This review shows that TDM may be helpful for a number of these newer drugs.
Pharmacogenomic genotyping methodologies
Authors: Jannetto Paul J. , Laleli-Sahin Elvan , Wong Steven H.
Published: November 2004

“Personalized medicine” based on an individual’s genetic makeup is slowly becoming a reality as pharmacogenomics moves from the research setting to the clinical laboratory. Concordance studies between genotype and phenotype have shown that inherited mutations in several key drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (
Oral fluid as a diagnostic tool
Authors: Choo Robin E. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: November 2004

Technological advances over the past decades have enabled oral fluid to expand its usefulness in the diagnosis of disease, prediction of disease progression, monitoring of therapeutic drug levels and detection of illicit drugs. The easy non-invasive nature of collection and the relationship between oral fluid and plasma levels make oral fluid a valuable clinical tool. This review describes advances over the past 5 years in the area of oral fluid as a diagnostic tool, its use in therapeutic and illicit drug monitoring, including proposed guidelines for cut-off values, and methods of collection.
Position of immunological techniques in screening in clinical toxicology
Authors: George Steve
Published: November 2004

There is a continuing increase in the use of immunological techniques in the field of clinical toxicology. This is primarily due to the rapidity by which analytical results are now required, and can be obtained, following the testing of individuals for drug use. There has recently been an increase in the repertoire of assays now available to testing laboratories (e.g., buprenorphine and heroin metabolite assays), with the techniques themselves becoming increasingly more specific for the drugs and/or metabolites being monitored (e.g., methadone metabolite assays). The near patient testing (NPT), or point-of-care testing (POCT), devices are now several generations forward from their inception, with some tests now approaching the sensitivity and specificity of automated laboratory-based methods. This review has been collated from the literature to illustrate some of the possible reasons for the move towards the increasing use of immunological techniques, and to highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with such drug screening methods. In particular, it has been shown that it is important to determine, monitor and review the knowledge and training of the individual using the technique. In addition, quality control and quality assessment are paramount to ensure the validity of any drug testing being performed. It has also been shown that it is vital to maintain and develop the relationships between the staff performing the testing, the laboratory (if the testing is performed using NPT devices), and the clinicians utilising the results obtained from drug testing. Without these links, interpretive errors could arise which could adversely affect the diagnosis and management of patients.
Systematic toxicological analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD)
Authors: Pragst Fritz , Herzler Matthias , Erxleben Björn-Thoralf
Published: November 2004

In recent years, photodiode array detectors (DADs) have been much improved with respect to wavelength accuracy and resolution, sensitivity, linearity and software operation. UV spectra of drugs measured with up-to-date DADs from different manufacturers are in excellent agreement, have the same quality as measured by a conventional UV spectrometer and are highly reproducible. The calculation of similarity parameters by the DAD software includes the entire range of the spectra compared and allows recognition of very small differences. It was shown in a systematic study of more than 2500 toxicologically relevant substances that UV spectra have a very high specificity with respect to substance structure. Therefore, HPLC-DAD in combination with a comprehensive database of UV spectra and retention parameters is one of the most efficient techniques used in systematic toxicological analysis (STA). Furthermore, the method is advantageous for the identification of metabolites, since in many cases they have the same or very similar UV spectra compared with their respective parent substances and their retention times on reversed-phase columns are shifted in a manner typical of the particular biotransformation reaction. Beside these general aspects, practical applications of HPLC-DAD for STA are reviewed with respect to sample preparation and chromatographic conditions. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for an example of a routine procedure using liquid-liquid extraction with CH
Desperation and Other Affective States in Suicidal Patients
Authors: Hendin Herbert , Maltsberger John T. , Haas Ann Pollinger , Szanto Katalin , Rabinowicz Heather
Published: November 2004

Data collected from 26 therapists who were treating patients when they died by suicide were used to identify intense affective states in such patients preceding the suicide. Eleven therapists provided comparable data on 26 patients they had treated who were seriously depressed but not suicidal. Although the two groups had similar numbers diagnosed with MDD, the suicide patients showed a significantly higher total number of intense affects in addition to depression. The acute affective state most associated with a suicide crisis was desperation. Hopelessness, rage, abandonment, self‐hatred, and anxiety were also significantly more frequently evidenced in the suicide patients.
Environmental Risk Factors in Hospital Suicide
Authors: Lieberman Danile Z. , Resnik Harvey L. P. , Holder‐Perkins Vicenzio
Published: November 2004

Suicide of hospitalized patients is the most common sentinel event reviewed by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Shorter lengths of stay, sicker patients, and higher patient to staff ratios challenge the ability of the hospital to maintain safety. Risk factors associated with the physical environment of the inpatient psychiatric unit, cited as the most common root cause of inpatient suicide, may be neglected because evaluation of these factors is generally not included in medical education and training. Minimization of fixtures that can facilitate strangulation and other high risk aspects within the hospital environment is an important element in the prevention of suicide on psychiatric units.
Bamana Sand Divination: Recursion in Ethnomathematics
Authors: Eglash Ron
Published: November 2004

Ethnomathematics can consider recursion in two senses of the word. Mathematically, recursion consists of iterated functions, a kind of discrete feedback loop. Anthropologically, recursion is used in reflexive ethnographic description in which modern analytic methods become part of their own investigation. By comparing the recursive structure of Bamana divination techniques to recursion in modern mathematics, we can investigate some of the complex relations that bind technology and culture in both modern and traditional contexts.
Making a Mark: Rock Art Research
Authors: Conkey Margaret W.
Published: November 2004

The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. Peter Garlake. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. 176 pp.

Rock Art Studies in the Americas. Jack Steinbring. ed. Oxford, England: Oxbow Books, 1994. 186 pp.

L'art pariéetal Paléolithique. Techniques et méthodes d'étude. Le Groupe de Réflexion sur l'Art Pariétal Paléolithique. Documents Préhistoriques, 5. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1993. 427 pp.
On Negating Positivism: An Anthropological Dialectic
Authors: Wax Murray L.
Published: November 2004

Continuing a discussion initiated by Paul Roscoe in the pages of this journal, this essay situates positivism as a social and philosophic movement adversarily responding to the "negative dialectic" of 18th‐ and 19th‐century critical philosophy. Notably, positivistic ideologies and practices have been manifest in cultural anthropology, linguistic analysis without "meaning," and "the new archaeology." Because funding agencies have accepted the positivistic claim that it embodies "the scientific method," interpretivists and other dissidents have had to become "rice positivists," while graduate programs have required that research be fitted into a scenario of "hypothesis testing" of "theoretical problems."
Lasting Firsts
Authors: Griffith David
Published: November 2004

Changes taking place in the rural South create opportunities for remembering that encourage pride and power among the downtrodden and dispossessed. Comparing the cultural context of the murder of an African American schoolteacher in 1921 and the suffering that led to the murder of a Mayan farmworker in 1992, this essay explores the question of how celebrations and struggles of everyday existence fit within local histories inspired by martyrdom and death. The author argues that remembering is most effective when the form and content of memory join in the little that remains behind us.
Negotiating with Narrative: Establishing Cultural Identity at the Yukon International Storytelling Festival
Authors: Cruikshank Julie
Published: November 2004

Contemporary circumpolar indigenous peoples are experimenting with venues where issues of cultural, economic, and political importance can be translated to broad audiences. This paper examines intercultural transactions occurring at one public festival in northern Canada: the Yukon International Storytelling Festival. Challenging the idea that these performances can be understood as "texts" or "representations" standing outside the daily lives of participants, the author analyzes contemporary public storytelling as a tangible form of social action by performers well attuned to the complexity of their audiences.
"Black Male" Imagery and Media Containment of African American Men
Authors: Page Heláan E.
Published: November 2004

Authorized media agents subject African American men to media surveillance. Black male media imagery of the 1980s facilitates their containment in the 1990s. Our national seeing "eye" compels whites to evaluate African American men in terms of imagery that makes them either negative and unembraceable or positive and embraceable. Black male imagery that African Americans consider positive may be deemed unembraceable by white media agents. The black male imagery they produce contains African American men's subjectivity in white public space, defending white privilege in the process.
Native Visions: Evolution in Northwest Coast Art from the Eighteenth through the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jonaitis Aldona
Published: November 2004

Native Visions: Evolution in Northwest Coast Art from the Eighteenth through the Twentieth Century. Steven C. Brown. Seattle: The Seattle Art Museum in association with the University of Washington Press, 1998. 116pp.
Taafe Fanga
Authors: De Brigard Emilie
Published: November 2004

Taafe Fanga (Skirt Power). 1997. 95 minutes. Written and directed by Adama Drabo. Mali. In Kaado and Bambara. Distributed by California Newsreel, 149 Ninth Street, San Francisco, CA 94103.
Crow Indian Photographer: The Work of Richard Throssel
Authors: Medicine Beatrice
Published: November 2004

Crow Indian Photographer: The Work of Richard Throssel. Peggy Albright. with Introduction by Joanna Cohan Scherer. Plates, with Commentaries by Barney Old Coyote. Jr., Mardeen Hogan Plainfeather, and Dean Curtis Bear Claw. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997. 248 pp.
On the Margin of the Periphery: Culture and Race in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Fischer Edward F.
Published: November 2004

Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, volume 1. Norman E. Whitten. Jr. and Arlene Torres, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. 520 pp.

Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, volume 2. Norman E. Whitten. Jr. and Arlene Torres, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. 557 pp.
The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy
Authors: Snow Dean R.
Published: November 2004

The Great Law and the Longhouse:. Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. William N. Fenton. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.786 pp.
Gifts of Power: Lordship in an Early Indian State
Authors: Morrison Kathleen D.
Published: November 2004

Gifts of Power: Lordship in an Early Indian State. James Heitzman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.278 pp.
Pottery in Rajasthan: Ethnoarchaeology in Two Indian Cities
Authors: Dietler Michel
Published: November 2004

Pottery in Rajas than: Ethnoarchaeology in Two Indian Cities. Carol Kramer. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.264 pp.
Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: November 2004

Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland. Helen C. Rountree and Thomas E. Davidson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997.330 pp.
The Cities of the Ancient Andes
Authors: Bermann Marc
Published: November 2004

The Cities of the Ancient Andes. Adriana von Hagan and Craig Morris. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998.240pp.
The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics
Authors: Zegura Stephen
Published: November 2004

The Origins of Native Americans: Evidence from Anthropological Genetics. Michael H. Crawford. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.308pp.
From Duty to Desire: Remaking Families in a Spanish Village
Authors: Kelley Heidi
Published: November 2004

From Duty to Desire: Remaking Families in. Spanish Village. Jane Fishburne Collier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.264 pp.
New Directions in Economic Anthropology
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: November 2004

New Directions in Economic Anthropology. Susana Narotzky. London: Pluto Press, 1997. 253 pp.
The Struggle for Amazon Town: Gurupá Revisited
Authors: Fisher William H.
Published: November 2004

The Struggle for Amazon Town: Gurupá Revisited. Richard Pace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998. 236 pp.
The Convict and the Colonel
Authors: Mascia‐Lees Frances E.
Published: November 2004

The Convict and the Colonel. Richard Price. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.288 pp.
Molded in the Image of Changing Woman: Navajo Views on the Human Body and Personhood
Authors: Epple Carolyn
Published: November 2004

Molded in the Image of Changing Woman: Navajo Views on the Human Body and Personhood. Maureen Trudelle Schwarz. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997. 300 pp.
Usable Pasts: Traditions and Group Expressions in North America
Authors: Hanson F. Allan
Published: November 2004

Usable Pasts: Traditions and Group Expressions in North America. Tad Tuleja. ed. Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997.336 pp.
Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe
Authors: Wanner Catherine
Published: November 2004

Rethinking Nationalism and Ethnicity: The Struggle for Meaning and Order in Europe. Hans‐Rudolf Wicker. ed. Oxford: Berg, 1997. 332 pp.
Of Shrimps and Spirit Possession:Toward a Political Ecology of Resource Management in Northern Madagascar
Authors: Gezon Lisa L.
Published: November 2004

I present a case of ntual innovation and spirit possession in northern Madagascar that builds on Rappaport's interests in the systemic nature of human‐environmental interactions, the relationship between the various levels of political scale, and the interaction between meaning and material relations. I go beyond his formulations in questioning concepts of homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium, and instead propose to understand perturbations as inherent in a system and a source of systemic transformation. In this analysis, I place ecological relations and ritual within an explicitly political framework and examine the processes of social and material change. In drawing on the concept of cognized models, I also illustrate how historical memory and ritual enactments provide ideological frameworks for negotiating control over the use and management of the environment, [ecosystem, political ecology. Madagascar, spirit possession, ritual]