bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CARBOHYDRATE THIOETHERS: I. 6-DEOXY-6-THIOETHYL-D-GALACTOSE
Authors: Baker Samuel B.
Published: May 2006

A thioalkyl derivative has been synthesized by two distinct methods. One of these methods left no doubt as to the structural configuration. It is suggested that the other method of synthesis yields first an epoxy anhydro derivative which on further reaction leads to the thioalkyl carbohydrate, namely, 6-deoxy-6-thioethyl-D-galactose.
GEOMETRICAL CORRECTIONS TO THE BRAGG-GRAY RELATION APPLIED TO ABSOLUTE CHEMICAL DOSIMETRY
Authors: Dyne P. J.
Published: May 2006

The γ-ray irradiation conditions for the valid application of the Bragg-Gray relation, which relates the energy deposition in a solid to the ionization in an air-filled cavity, are examined with particular reference to some published experiments on the yield of the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous sulphate. It is pointed out that experiments in which divergent radiation is used will give a higher oxidation yield than the relation indicates. A quantitative treatment is advanced which accounts for the discrepancies between certain experimental results.
A SYNTHESIS OF D-TAGATOSE FROM D-GALACTURONIC ACID
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Jones J. K. N. , Reid W. W.
Published: May 2006

D-Tagatose has been synthesized by a series of reactions from D-galacturonic acid.
THE SYNTHESIS OFD,L-SERINE BY SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF N-SUBSTITUTED AMINOMALONIC AND CYANOACETIC ESTERS
Authors: Berlinguet Louis
Published: May 2006

not available
GROWTH RATES OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF ETHYLENE DIAMINE TARTRATE
Authors: Booth A. H. , Buckley H. E.
Published: May 2006

Single crystals of ethylene diamine tartrate were grown under controlled conditions and the growth rate of the faces measured directly in the solution at short intervals by means of a travelling microscope. For the [Formula: see text] pair of faces, the fastest growing form, steady growth at constant supersaturation was interrupted by occasional short periods of more rapid growth. Rejecting these erratic "spurts", reasonably reproducible values could be obtained, and the dependence upon supersaturation plotted. The equivalent faces at the opposite end of the polar axis of the crystal grew, at low supersaturation, with erratic starts and stops, so that reproducible growth-rate values could not be obtained. The results are discussed in relation to existing crystal growth theories.
THE SYNTHESIS OF ETHANOLAMINE-1-C14
Authors: Douglas D. E. , Burditt Anna Mary
Published: May 2006

not available
THE NATURE OF THE INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES IN SUSPENSIONS OF GLASS SPHERES IN ORGANIC LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: Howe P. G. , Benton D. P. , Puddington I. E.
Published: May 2006

Electrostatic agglomeration can be induced in suspensions of glass beads in organic liquid media. The stability of the agglomerates is markedly dependent on temperature. The influence of surface roughness and the presence of small quantities of water on the interparticle interaction is discussed. Assuming a simple model the observed relationship between yield value and particle size for systems containing the same concentration of solid phase is derived.
THE STRUCTURE OF MONO-O-METHYLENEAND DI-O-METHYLENE-D-GLUCOSE
Authors: Shyluk W. P. , Honeyman John , Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

The structure of 1,2-O-methylene-α-D-glucofuranose has been proved by preparing the 3,5,6-trimethanesulphonate and the 3,5,6-tri-p-toluenesulphonate derivatives of this compound from the corresponding derivatives of 1,2-O-iso-propylidene-α-D-glucofuranose. The results also constitute an additional proof for the recently established structure of the 1,2;3,5-di-O-methylene-α-D-gluco-furanose.
GLYCERIDE SYNTHESES: II. PREPARATION OF SYMMETRICAL SATURATED MONOACID DIGLYCERIDES FROM 2-O-BENZYLGLYCEROL
Authors: Porck A. J. E. , Craig B. M.
Published: May 2006

A direct preparation of symmetrical saturated monoacid diglycerides is described. The synthesis involves the preparation of 2-O-benzylglycerol, acetylation, interesterification with either methyl stearate or methyl palmitate, and hydrogenolysis to yield the desired 1,3-diglyceride. The melting points of the symmetrical diglycerides are slightly higher than those obtained previously by other methods of synthesis which involve a 1,2 to 1,3 shift of acyl groups.
THE SELECTIVE DEGRADATION OF WHEAT GLUTEN
Authors: Wiseblatt L. , Wilson L. , McConnell W. B.
Published: May 2006

A method believed to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins selectively at the amino groups of serine was used to obtain polypeptides from wheat gluten. The procedure involved the use of strong acid and introduced appreciable amounts of sulphur into the products possibly as sulphonic acid groups. Most of the serine appeared at the amino termini of the peptides. The peptides displayed a striking electrophoretic homogeneity which may at least in part be accounted for by the acquired acid groups. Osmotic pressure measurements indicated an average molecular weight near 20,000 and terminal group estimates indicate that each molecule contained several N-terminal serine residues. There appeared to be strong association or chemical cross linking between peptide chains of the degraded gluten.
SUR L'OXYDATION LENTE DE L'ÉTHER DIÉTHYLIQUE EN PHASE GAZEUSE
Authors: Lemay André , Ouellet Cyrias
Published: May 2006

not available
POLYMERIZATION OF 2-FLUOROBUTADIENE-1,3 AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
Authors: Orr R. J. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: May 2006

Fluorobutadiene has been copolymerized with styrene in emulsion at 5 °C. The rate of mercaptan consumption, rate of conversion, copolymer composition, and the intrinsic viscosity of the copolymer have been measured. Reactivity ratios and regulating indices were calculated for this temperature. Copolymerization reactions at 50 °C. were studied in solution, and the reactivity ratios calculated. These were, for the following monomers as monomer 2: styrene at 5 °C., r1 = 1.61 ± 0.24 and r2 = 0.16 ± 0.08; styrene at 50 °C., r1 = 1.55 ± 0.10 and r2 = 0.50 ± 0.10; acrylonitrile at 50 °C., r1 = 0.59 ± 0.10 and r2 = 0.07 ± 0.03; isoprene at 50 °C., r1 = 2.05±0.19 and r2 = 0.19 ± 0.10; α-methyl styrene at 50 °C., r1 = 1.77 ± 0.19 and r2 = 0.38 ± 0.11; and methyl methacrylate at 50 °C., r1 = 1.54 ± 0.08 and r2 = 0.64 ± 0.08. Polyfluorobutadiene has a cohesive energy density of 90–100 cal./cc., a second order transition point of −62.5 °C., and some units formed by 1,2 or 3,4 addition.
COEXISTENCE PHENOMENA IN THE CRITICAL REGION: III. COMPRESSIBILITY OF ETHYLENE AND XENON FROM LIGHT SCATTERING
Authors: Murray F. E. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

Turbidity measurements in the region immediately above the critical temperature are used to calculate values of (∂p/∂ν)T These results show that (∂p/∂ν)T is a continuously variable function of the density to within 0.02 °C. above the critical temperature. The experiments indicate that there exists no region above Tc throughout which (∂p/∂ν)T = 0 in ethylene or xenon.
SYNTHESES OF A SERIES OF 15-KETOGLYCOLS AND 15-KETO FATTY ACIDS FROM USTILIC ACID
Authors: Crossley A. T. , Craig B. M.
Published: May 2006

Reaction of the methyl ester of ustilic acid A (15,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid) with a methyl Grignard, oxidation of the glycol grouping, bromination, and hydrogenolysis produced 15-methylhexadecanoic acid. A series of 15-keto acids resulted from reaction of the amide of ustilic acid A with the appropriate Grignard reagent followed by oxidation of the glycol grouping. Infrared absorption characteristics of these compounds are described.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALIPHATIC DIBASIC ACID C4H4O6•2H2O
Authors: Gupta M. P.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ESTIMATION OF β-HYDROXY AMINO ACIDS BY A MICRODIFFUSION METHOD
Authors: Wiseblatt L. , McConnell W. B.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF WHEAT GLIADIN
Authors: Ramachandran L. K. , McConnell W. B.
Published: May 2006

Wheat gliadin has been found by two different methods to contain three N-terminal histidine residues for each molecular weight of 27,000. Trace amounts of N-terminal aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, and serine were also detected in the preparation used. Hydrolysis in boiling hydrochloric acid partially destroyed the di-2,4-dinitrophenyl derivative of histidine. Losses of from 5% to 25% occurred depending upon the time and conditions of hydrolysis. Carboxypeptidase did not release free amino acids from wheat gliadin but qualitative evidence for the occurrence of C-terminal glutamic acid and C-terminal "leucine" was obtained.
THE PREPARATION OF GUANIDINE FROM UREA, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, ALUMINUM SULPHATE, AND AMMONIA UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: Boivin Jean L.
Published: May 2006

Guanidine has been synthesized by heating under ammonia pressure an intimate mixture of finely powdered urea, ammonium chloride, and aluminum sulphate. Good yields of guanidine as the hydrochloride salt have been obtained over a wide range of conditions. The mechanism of this synthesis is briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON ALUMINA CATALYSTS: IV. THE PRODUCTION OF DIETHYLANILINE BY CONDENSATION OF ETHANOL AND ETHYLANILINE
Authors: Munro L. A. , Washington R. A.
Published: May 2006

The condensation of ethanol and ethylaniline was studied using alumina catalysts at 300 °C. The gel water of the alumina affects its catalytic activity. Maxima and minima in activity occur at gel water values corresponding to those previously found for the dehydration of ethanol and formic acid. There is no concurrent change in crystal structure of the alumina gel. The results suggest the initial dehydration of alcohol to ether followed by condensation of the ether and ethylaniline to give diethylaniline. It is concluded that the best and poorest spatial arrangement of ‘active points’ or adsorption spaces is established by the amount of residual gel water.
CONDUCTANCES OF AQUEOUS LITHIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS AT 25.0 °C. AND 110.0 °C
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Debus G. H. , Kartzmark E. M.
Published: May 2006

The conductances, densities, and viscosities of aqueous solutions of lithium nitrate have been determined, at temperatures of 25.0° and 110.0 °C, at concentrations up to 14 molar. The results have been compared with the conductances calculated by means of the Robinson–Stokes equation and good agreement found up to about 7 molar. A short discussion of the theoretical implications is given.
STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS. III. THE SYNTHESIS OF 17β-METHYL-17-ISODESOXYCORTICOSTERONE
Authors: Engel Ch. R. , Just G.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of 17β-methyl-17-isodesoxycorticosterone, an epimer of the biologically active hormone homologue 17α-methyldesoxycorticosterone, is described.
CARBOHYDRATES OF SUNFLOWER HEADS
Authors: Bishop C. T.
Published: May 2006

Extractive-free, ash-free sunflower seed heads contained lignin (12.3%), pectin (27.5%), alkali-soluble polysaccharides (8.2%), and α-cellulose (52.0%). Pectin and polysaccharides were separated by successive extraction of the seed heads with ammonium oxalate – oxalic acid solution and 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The pectin was 37% esterified with methyl groups and yielded only galacturonic acid when hydrolyzed. The polysaccharides yielded, on hydrolysis, a mixture of neutral sugars and an aldobiouronic acid. The neutral sugars consisted of D-xylose (59.3%), D-glucose (23.5%), D-galactose (16.2%), and traces of arabinose and rharnnose. Fractionation of the polysaccharide acetate indicated that the three main sugars were constituents of three different polysaccharides. The aldobiouronic acid (1.53% of the polysaccharides) was shown to be 3-O-α-(D-glucopyruronosyl)-D-xylopyranose.
ON THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE REACTION VELOCITY
Authors: Hyne J. B. , Robertson R. E.
Published: May 2006

The temperature dependence of the rates of three reactions in solution which the Arrhenius equation fails to express has been analyzed in terms of equations involving higher powers of the temperature and an improved fit of the experimental results obtained. The significance of the equations in terms of the thermodynamic parameters of the activation process is discussed.
SOME MEASUREMENTS ON THE IRON (111)–THIOCYANATE SYSTEM IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Lister M. W. , Rivington D. E.
Published: May 2006

A spectrophotometric study of the ferric thiocyanate system is reported. The temperature and ionic strength of the solutions were carefully controlled, and suitable precautions were taken against fading. From the data, values of the equilibrium constant for the formation of FeSCN++ from simple ions, and of the extinction coefficients of FeSCN++ were obtained for different temperatures and ionic strengths, with results that differed somewhat from earlier values. The effect of varying acidity was also investigated. From more concentrated solutions, values for the equilibrium constants for the formation of Fe(SCN)2+ and Fe(SCN)3 were obtained; it was not necessary to postulate higher complexes.
FERRIC SULPHATE COMPLEXES, AND TERNARY COMPLEXES WITH THIOCYANATE IONS
Authors: Lister M. W. , Rivington D. E.
Published: May 2006

A spectrophotometric study of solutions containing ferric and sulphate ions, and also ferric, sulphate, and thiocyanate ions, is reported. The measurements were made at constant temperature and ionic strength; the effect of varying acidity was also investigated. The data were interpreted with the help of the results of the first paper of this series. It is believed that the data show that FeSO4+ and FeHSO4++ ions are formed. Values are obtained for the equilibrium constants for their formation from simple ions, and for their extinction coefficients. At higher sulphate concentrations there is evidence for the appearance of Fe(SO4)2− and FeSO4•HSO4, and estimates are made of their equilibrium constants. When thiocyanate is also present, the data can best be interpreted by assuming that the complex FeSO4•SCN is formed, and at higher sulphate probably also Fe(SO4)2SCN−−. Values are obtained for the equilibrium constants for the formation of these species, and the results would indicate that mixed complexes of this type are formed as readily as 'simple' ones such as Fe(SO4)2−.
A NEW TYPE OF ULTRAFILTER
Authors: Gardon J. L. , Mason S. G.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Authors: Bartlet John C. , Chapman Ross A.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ACTION OF SULPHURIC ACID ON GLIADIN: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE N-PEPTIDYL→O-PEPTIDYL BOND REARRANGEMENT
Authors: Ramachandran L. K. , McConnell W. B.
Published: May 2006

Treatment of gliadin with sulphuric acid transposes peptide bonds of serine from the amino to the hydroxyl group. Maximum transposition, 60–70% of the theoretical, occurs when the protein is treated with anhydrous sulphuric acid at 0°C. for 35 hr. No rearrangement was detected at threonine residues. Examination of the peptide material, obtained from the rearranged protein by Elliott's degradation method, indicates apparent "homogeneity". In an alternative scheme for the degradation, nitrous acid deamination of free amino groups was used. The resulting loss in serine content of the protein is direct evidence for the acyl migration of peptide bonds. Incorporation of sulphur and partial disappearance of several amino acids accompany the sulphuric acid treatment. The occurrence of these secondary reactions imposes limitations on the use of sulphuric acid as a reagent for the specific fission of peptide bonds.
THE REACTION OF ACTIVE NITROGEN WITH AZOMETHANE
Authors: Armstrong D. A. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

The main products of the reaction between active nitrogen and azomethane were hydrogen cyanide and ethane. Traces of methane, ethylene, and acetylene were also formed, together with small amounts of an unstable product. Activation energies of about 0.5 ± 0.4 and 1.9 ± 0.3 kcal. per mole, with corresponding steric factors of 10−1 to 10−3 and 10−2 to 10−4, were estimated for the reactions of active nitrogen with methyl radicals and azomethane respectively, on the assumption that atomic nitrogen is the reactive component of active nitrogen. Azomethane appeared to catalyze the deactivation of active nitrogen.
DISINTEGRATION-RATE DETERMINATION BY 4π-COUNTING: PART III. ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING OF β RADIATION
Authors: Pate B. D. , Yaffe L.
Published: May 2006

The "coincident discharges" in a 4π-counter have been examined and found to be due in the main to gas and wall back-scattering. This can be resolved into two components—scattering near to and far from the source. Curves have been obtained for the back-scattering of β radiation by the source-mounting film and for the absorption of the incident and back-scattered radiation. Back-scattering by the film is shown to be great enough to introduce a large error into the "sandwich" method which is currently in use for correcting for source-mount absorption.
SOME CALCULATIONS OF THE SURFACE ENERGY OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE
Authors: Benson G. C. , McIntosh R.
Published: May 2006

Calculations of the surface energy of an undistorted {100} face of crystalline magnesium oxide have been made. An exponential form of the repulsive energy term was used, and the van der Waals attractive energy between dipoles was included, as in the Born–Mayer treatment of cohesive energy. Comparison with earlier work is made, and it is shown that results are markedly dependent upon the form of the repulsive potential term, the inclusion of the van der Waals term, and, indeed, the choice of coefficients of the van der Waals term. This is not the case so far as the calculated cohesive energies are concerned. The results indicate that a Born–Mayer model may be inadequate in the case of magnesium oxide, and that caution must be exercised before accepting surface energies arrived at by such calculations.
THE PREPARATION OF L-SORBOSE FROM 5-KETO-D-GLUCONIC ACID (L-SORBURONIC ACID)
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Reid W. W.
Published: May 2006

L-Sorbose has been prepared from 5-keto-D-gluconic acid.
PERIODATE–PERMANGANATE OXIDATIONS: I. OXIDATION OF OLEFINS
Authors: Lemieux R. U. , Rudloff E. Von
Published: May 2006

It was discovered that olefinic double bonds are readily oxidized in an aqueous solution of periodate which contains only catalytic amounts of permanganate. The data suggest that in the effective pH range of 7 to 10 the permanganate is not reduced at once beyond the manganate state and that it is regenerated from this state by periodate action. Evidence was obtained that the main course of the oxidation of an olefin of type —CH=CH— involves first permanganate oxidation to hydroxyketones which are then rapidly cleaved by periodate to products which may subsequently be oxidized by the permanganate.
PERIODATE–PERMANGANATE OXIDATIONS: III. DETERMINATION OF ISOPROPYLIDENE GROUPS
Authors: Rudloff E. Von
Published: May 2006

The reaction of the periodate–permanganate reagent with olefinic double bonds was applied to the determination of isopropylidene groups. The oxidation of compounds containing such groups gave a quantitative yield of acetone which could be readily determined by known iodometric and colorimetric procedures. Use of aqueous solutions of pyridine or dioxane as solvent permitted analysis of water-insoluble compounds. The colorimetric determination of acetone was then preferred. This method also allowed a simultaneous estimation of terminal methylene groups. The content of isopropylidene groups of commercial samples of three terpenes of the geraniol type was determined.
THE VISCOSITIES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS AT 180 °C.
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Debus G. H.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Ingraham T. R.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE ACTION OF PYRIDINE ON D-MANNITOL HEXANITRATE
Authors: Brown J. R. , Hayward L. D.
Published: May 2006

From a 0.368 M solution of D-mannitol hexanitrate in pyridine at 30 ± 5 °C. a gas consisting of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen was evolved and D-mannitol-1,2,4,5,6-pentanitrate and pyridinium nitrate were recovered after dilution with water. The amount and composition of the gas mixture were sensitive to traces of moisture in the pyridine. Establishment of a material balance for the reaction indicated that approximately two moles of pyridine suffered ring cleavage while 0.25 mole of hexanitrate was completely denitrated and 0.75 mole of pentanitrate was formed. Some features of the mechanism of the denitration reaction are discussed.
THE TERTIARYBUTYLBENZENES: III. THE SYNTHESIS OF 2,4,6-TRI-t-BUTYLBENZOIC ACID AND THE DISSOCIATION OF DI- AND TRI-t-BUTYLBENZOIC ACIDS
Authors: Betts Eileen E. , Barclay L. Ross C.
Published: May 2006

2,4,6-Tri-t-butylbromobenzene, m.p. 177–177.5°, was prepared by the bromination of 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene in the presence of silver nitrate. The reaction of 2,4,6-tri-t-butylbromobenzene and n-butyllithium gave 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl-lithium, which on carbonation yielded 2,4,6-tri-t-butylbenzoic acid, m.p. 297°. A solution of this acid in fuming sulphuric acid yielded a methyl ester, m.p. 96–98°, when it was poured into absolute methanol. Similar treatment of 1,4-di-t-butylbenzene with bromine gave 2,5-di-t-butylbromobenzene, which on reaction with n-butyllithium and subsequent carbonation gave 2,5-di-t-butylbenzoic acid. The reaction of 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene with acetyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride gave a liquid ketone, and hypohalide oxidation of this ketone yielded 3,5-tri-t-butylbenzoic acid. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the two bromo compounds and the three acids were measured and are discussed. The considerable acid-weakening effect in 2,4,6-tri-t-butylbenzoic acid is attributed to steric hindrance to the formation of the carboxylate anion.
THE REACTION OF HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH METHYL CYANIDE
Authors: Forst W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: May 2006

Hydrogen atoms produced in a discharge tube were found to react with methyl cyanide to produce hydrogen cyanide as the main product, together with smaller amounts of methane and ethane. The proposed mechanism involves the formation of hydrogen cyanide and a methyl radical in the initial step; methane and ethane are attributed to secondary reactions of the methyl radicals.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: LI. CORYDALIS SOLIDA (L.) SWARTZ
Authors: Manske R. H. F.
Published: May 2006

Only six alkaloids, namely protopine, allocryptopine, corydaline, d-stylopine, dl-tetrahydropalmatine, and aurotensine, could be isolated from this plant. The total yield of alkaloids was approximately 0.06%. Chemically, the plant is closely allied with Corydalis ambigua and both had been relegated to the same botanical section of the genus.
THE METAL–SOLUTION SILVER ION EXCHANGE
Authors: Tingley I. I. , Henderson I. H. S. , Coffin C. C.
Published: May 2006

The exchange of silver ions between silver nitrate solutions and surfaces of metallic silver was studied, using radioactive silver (Ag110, 270 day half-life) as a tracer. Marked differences in behavior of surfaces prepared in different ways were observed. Crystalline (annealed and etched) surfaces exchanged rapidly to a depth of a few atomic layers, and about 80% of the acquired radioactivity was removed as quickly by exchange with inactive silver nitrate solution. Highly polished surfaces exchanged up to ten times as great an extent as the etched annealed surfaces, but required 40 hours' immersion to attain their maximum activity. The deactivation of polished surfaces by inactive solutions was inversely proportional to the period of immersion in active solution, with surfaces immersed for 17 hr. or more retaining all but 30% of their acquired activity. Abraded surfaces exchanged quickly and retained most of their activity, the extent of the exchange depending upon the ratio of “worked” to “unworked” material on the surface. Some evidence of comparatively rapid diffusion in the polish layers was obtained. The interior of cold-worked silver when exposed to the nitrate solution behaved similarly to abraded surfaces. Mechanisms for the behavior of these different types of surface are offered, and the data of other workers discussed.
THE PARTIAL SEPARATION OF Na22 FROM Na24 BY ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Betts R. H. , Harris W. E. , Stevenson Margaret D.
Published: May 2006

Mixtures of the radionuclides Na22 and Na24, as the chloride salts, have been partially separated by chromatographic methods. A column 102 cm. in length containing the cation exchange resin Dowex 50 was used. The eluant was 0.7 M hydrochloric acid. Na22 is held more strongly by the resin than is Na24. The most effective separations were obtained at 25 °C and 5.5 °C.; experiments at 48 °C and 68 °C showed much smaller isotope effects.
AN ISOTOPIC STUDY OF THE REDUCING ACTION OF THE GRIGNARD REAGENT
Authors: Dunn G. E. , Warkentin John
Published: May 2006

Benzophenone has been reduced to benzhydrol with three samples of isobutylmagnesium bromide containing deuterium in the alpha, beta, and gamma positions, respectively. Deuterium was found only in the benzhydrol obtained from β-deuteroisobutylmagnesium bromide. Comparison of the ratios of deuterium to protium in β-deuteroisobutylmagnesium bromide and in the benzhydrol obtained from it shows an isotope effect of about two. In the decarboxylation of hydroxyl-deuterated dimethylmalonic acid an isotope effect of 4.5 was observed. These results are considered in terms of the probable mechanisms of the reactions.
THE SYNTHESES OF SUGARS FROM SMALLER FRAGMENTS: PART X. SYNTHESIS OF L-GLUCOHEPTULOSE
Authors: Jones J. K. N. , Kelly R. B.
Published: May 2006

L-Glucoheptulose has been prepared by the action of muscle aldolase on a mixture of L-erythrose and hexose diphosphate.
ORGANIC DEUTERIUM COMPOUNDS: XIV. PREPARATION OF DEUTERATED METHYL BENZENES
Authors: Renaud R. , Leitch L. C.
Published: May 2006

The synthesis of toluene-α-d3, o-chlorotoluene-α-d3, and m-xylene-α,α′-d6 from benzotrichloride, o-chlorobenzotrichloride, and α,α′ hexachloro-m-xylene respectively is reported using zinc and acetic acid-d as the dechlorinating agent. The preparation of acetic acid-d of optimum isotopic purity is described.
THE REACTIONS OF TRIFLUOROMETHYL RADICALS WITH PROPANE, n-BUTANE, AND ISOBUTANE
Authors: Ayscough P. B. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: May 2006

A study of the reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals, produced by the photolysis of hexafluoroacetone, with propane, n-butane, and isobutane has been made. The rate constants of the hydrogen-abstraction reactions have been determined at temperatures between 27 °C and 119 °C and the activation energies found to be 6.5 ± 0.5, 5.1 ± 0.3, and 4.7 ± 0.3 kcal./mole respectively. These values are compared with those obtained for the reactions with methane and ethane, and with the corresponding reactions of methyl radicals.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF SOME INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF PLUTONIUM
Authors: Runnalls O. J. C.
Published: May 2006

The crystal structures of the following binary intermetallic compounds of plutonium are reported: PuAl2, PuAl3, PuAl4, PuBe13, PuCo2, PuFe2, PuMn2, PuNi2, PuNi5, and Pu2Ni17. In addition, the unit cell dimensions are reported for PuAg3.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE, OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, AND OF LITHIUM NITRATE
Authors: Campbell A. N. , Fishman J. B. , Rutherford G. , Schaefer T. P. , Ross L.
Published: May 2006

This paper is devoted to the direct determination of the vapor pressures of solutions of the nitrates of silver, of ammonium, and of lithium, at temperatures varying from 30 °C. to 105 °C. and at concentrations varying from 10 to 85 weight % (for lithium nitrate, the limited solubility precluded measurements beyond 65%). From the vapor pressures, the enthalpies of evaporation of water (by a modification of the Clapeyron–Clausius equation), the differential heats of dilution, and the activities of water (as compared with the mole fractions of the solvent) have been calculated. From the results we conclude that the water of hydration of the ammonium and silver ions (if, indeed, these ions are hydrated at all) is very loosely attached, while that of the lithium ion is strongly bound.
PREPARATION OF TRIBUTYL ANTIMONITE
Authors: Carbonneau L. J. , Downing D. C.
Published: May 2006

not available
THE YIELD OF Cs138 IN THERMAL NEUTRON FISSION OF U235
Authors: Bartholomew Rosalie M. , Baerg A. P.
Published: May 2006

The yield of Cs138 in thermal neutron fission of U235 has been investigated using the 4π counting technique. The value obtained for the fission yield is (7.22 ± 0.29)% based on a value of 6.32% for the fission yield of Ba140. The half-life of Cs138 was determined and found to be 32.2 ± 0.1 min.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LOW BACKGROUND GEIGER–MÜLLER COUNTERS
Authors: Grummitt W. E. , Brown R. M. , Cruikshank A. J. , Fowler I. L.
Published: May 2006

G–M counting assemblies have been constructed which give dependable low background operation in routine use. Possible construction materials have been examined in detail for radioactive content in an effort to achieve minimum inherent activity in the assembly. The cosmic ray component of the normal background has been eliminated by an anticoincidence arrangement. Increased reliability of the system is obtained through (a) use of a multiple anode anti-coincidence counter in place of a bundle of tubes, (b) use of an electronic quench on both sample and shielding counters, and (c) operation of the assembly as flow counters in tandem. In the best arrangement to date a copper counter with a polystyrene seal gives a background of 0.9 counts per minute.
PRODUCTION OF Be7 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Cruikshank A. J. , Cowper G. , Grummitt W. E.
Published: May 2006

The concentration of Be7 in the atmosphere has been determined by measuring the activity associated with dust particles in ground level air. It is calculated that the observed concentration is maintained by a production rate of 2300 atoms Be7/cm.2/day in northern latitudes.
THE DETERMINATION OF TRITIUM IN NATURAL WATERS
Authors: Brown R. M. , Grummitt W. E.
Published: May 2006

A study of the tritium content of rain- and sea-water samples collected during the past several years has been made. The tritium in 100–2000 gm. samples was concentrated 2000 to 20000 fold by electrolysis and the final concentrate counted as hydrogen in a Geiger counter. Good counter characteristics were obtained at hydrogen pressures up to one atmosphere by the use of an electronic quench unit of suitable deadtime in addition to the internal quench gas, ethylene. Rain and snow samples collected at Ottawa over the period 1951–1953 were found to range from 17.1 to 42.0 tritium atoms per 1018 hydrogen atoms, averaging 26.6. Tritium values for Ottawa rain-water for 1954 showed marked effects of the thermonuclear tests in the Pacific in the spring of that year, rising 10 to 100 fold during the test period, then gradually returning to normal, demonstrating a half time for washout of 35 days. The average tritium concentration of the year’s rain is estimated to be 260 × 10−18 T/H. Surface sea-water samples collected at widely separated sites in the latter half of 1954 and early 1955 showed tritium concentrations in the range 3.0–4.2 × 10−18 T/H, a value which corresponds with the amount of artificially produced tritium observed in Ottawa rain. Subsurface samples collected at one station off the coast of Nova Scotia in mid-1955 showed an unexpected concentration level and pattern, having a T/H value of 32.4 × 10−18 at the bottom depth of 600 ft., diminishing to a value of 5.4 × 10−18 at the surface. This is not thought to be a result of thermonuclear testing and warrants further investigation.
SOME CUMULATIVE YIELDS OF ISOTOPES FORMED IN THE THERMAL NEUTRON FISSION OF Pu239
Authors: Wiles D. M. , Petruska J. A. , Tomlinson R. H.
Published: May 2006

The relative yields of the isotopes of cesium, cerium, neodymium, and samarium produced by the thermal neutron fission of Pu239 have been determined with a mass spectrometer. Preliminary values of the absolute yields of 16 isotopes of these elements together with four yields of the xenon isotopes have been assigned by means of isotope dilution techniques.
THE RATIO OF XENON TO KRYPTON IN U235 FISSION
Authors: Blades A. T. , Fleming W. H. , Thode H. G.
Published: May 2006

The ratio of the yield of Kr86 to the yield of Xe134 in U235 fission is 0.257 ±.005 determined by isotope dilution techniques. The corresponding yield ratio of total xenon to total krypton in the thermal neutron fission of U235 is 5.52 ±.10.
ON FLAME PROPAGATION IN EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES OF GASES: I. GENERAL THEORY
Authors: Sandri Robert
Published: May 2006

The system of differential equations of flame propagation is set up and discussed. It is shown that, without any major influences being neglected, the energy equation can be reduced to the form[Formula: see text]with the boundary conditions[Formula: see text]Some qualities of the solutions of this equation are discussed and a simple numerical method of solution is described. The flame velocity V0 is found as an eigenvalue of the energy equation. The temperature distribution in the flame zone can then be found by an ordinary quadrature. Further, an approximation formula for finding V0 directly is derived[Formula: see text]where F(η) is proportional to [Formula: see text]and has a maximum for η = ηm.
THE ALDOBIOURONIC ACIDS OF HEMICELLULOSE B OF OAT HULLS
Authors: Falconer E. L. , Adams G. A.
Published: May 2006

Partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose B from oat hulls yielded two aldobiouronic acids, which were identified as 2-O-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyruronosyl)-D-xylose and 2-O-(α-D-glucopyruronosyl)-D-xylose respectively. In addition, two aldotriouronic acids were isolated, one yielding on hydrolysis xylose and 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid, and the other, xylose, galactose, and glucurone.
SYNTHESIS OF 1,1-DI-( p-CARBOXYPHENYL)ETHANE AND ITS ESTERS
Authors: Bader Henry , Edmiston W. A.
Published: May 2006

The condensation of chlorobenzene with ethylidene diacetate in presence of fluosulphonic acid – hydrogen fluoride catalyst has been improved to give high yields of 1,1-di-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, which was converted into the corresponding dinitrile by a modification of the cuprous cyanide method. Alkaline hydrolysis of the dinitrile gave 1,1-di-( p-carboxyphenyl)ethane. Its methyl and 2-ethylhexyl esters were prepared directly from the diacid or via the diacid chloride.
THE OCCURRENCE OF 4-O-METHYL-D-GLUCURONIC ACID IN LEMON GUM
Authors: Dutton G. G. S.
Published: May 2006

not available
PHOSPHORYLETHANOLAMINE
Authors: Baer Erich , Stancer Harvey C.
Published: May 2006

A synthetic procedure is described that gives in excellent yield pure phosphorylethanolamine. Its X-ray diffraction pattern and infrared spectrum are reported.
INFLUENCE OF METHANOL ON VISCOSITY AND LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTIES OF DEXTRAN SOLUTIONS
Authors: Graham W. Donald , Patry Odette , Jackman E. Helen
Published: May 2006

Failure to consider the presence of up to 16% by volume of methanol in solutions of dextran fractions had a very marked effect on apparent intrinsic viscosity determinations (the term apparent signifies that measurements were made assuming that the solvent was water only). Unless methanol were removed or otherwise taken into account, high erroneous results were obtained. Apparent weight average molecular weights determined by light scattering were not significantly affected at these alcohol concentrations. The relations found over the range 0 to 16% methanol for dextran samples with weight average molecular weights of 265,000, 155,000, and 72,000 held for the latter sample up to 44% methanol. In the higher range of alcohol concentration the apparent weight average molecular weight was depressed. The true intrinsic viscosity of dextran solutions decreased as methanol concentration was increased.
LEAD TETRAACETATE OXIDATION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Authors: Perlin A. S. , Lansdown A. R.
Published: May 2006

Lead tetraacetate oxidation is shown to be useful for examining some structural features of trisaccharides and higher oligosaccharides. Generally, the oxidations follow a course similar to that found with the corresponding disaccharide. In some oligosaccharides, however, glycol groups which resist oxidation are encountered. Such groups are 2,3-trans glycols of central residues which are linked to adjacent residues by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. The apparent inability to complex with lead tetraacetate suggests a conformation for these sugar residues in acetic acid solution which differs from that of the corresponding monosaccharide glycopyranoside. Lead tetraacetate oxidation of oligosaccharides in which central residues are unaffected by the reagent constitutes a unique stepwise degradation of these compounds, and possible applications of the reaction are suggested.
COMPOSITION OF DELPHINIUM SEED OIL
Authors: Chisholm Mary J. , Hopkins C. Y.
Published: May 2006

The fatty oil of delphinium seed (Delphinium hybridum (Hort.)) was examined. Fresh seed gave an oil composed mainly of glycerides but having 2.8% of free fatty acids. The oil from older seed contained about 50% of free fatty acids, apparently as a result of lipase action in the seed. The total fatty acids were found to include cis-11-eicosenoic acid (18%) and eicosadienoic acid (1%), the latter identified as tetrahydroxyeicosanoic acid. Other acids that were identified and the estimated percentages were: 9-hexadecenoic <1, palmitic 4, linoleic 16, oleic 53, and stearic 1. Spectroscopic analysis indicated a content of 2.5% of octadecatrienoic acid. Eicosoic acids have not been observed previously in the seed oils of this plant family (Ranunculaceae).
DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE: THE UNCATALYZED REACTION
Authors: Lister M. W.
Published: May 2006

The decomposition of sodium hypochlorite has been re-examined. The results show that Foerster and Dolch’s mechanism of the decomposition to chlorate and chloride is correct; they postulated a slow bimolecular reaction to chlorite and chloride, followed by a faster reaction of chlorite with more hypochlorite. Values of the rate constants of both steps are reported; they make the activation energies 24.8 kcal./gm-molecule for the first step and 20.8 kcal./gm-molecule for the second. The rates are such that at 40 °C. a solution of sodium hypochlorite will contain about 1% as much chlorite as hypochlorite. The rate is strongly affected by changing ionic strength; at low ionic strengths it is nearly constant or falls slightly; above about 0.8, the rate rises and at high ionic strengths the rise is quite rapid. No signs of specific catalytic effects of sodium chloride, hydroxide, or carbonate could be observed, and it seems probable that earlier reports of this were due to variations in ionic strength. The decomposition to chloride and oxygen has been measured and is a unimolecular reaction, which is possibly, but not certainly, uncatalyzed. Values of its rate constant are reported; they also are much altered by changing the ionic strength.
THE ELUCIDATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF HYOCHOLIC ACID
Authors: Ziegler P.
Published: May 2006

Hyocholic acid, a new bile acid isolated from hog bile, was identified as 3(α), 6(α),7(α)-trihydroxycholanic acid.
REACTION OF ALDOSES AND KETOSES WITH LEAD TETRAACETATE
Authors: Perlin A. S. , Brice Carol
Published: May 2006

Lead tetraacetate is highly selective for oxidation of α-hydroxy-hemiacetal groups and hence most readily attacks cyclic forms of the sugars. The reaction proceeds stepwise; the hemiacetal α-glycol being cleaved and the monoester of a correspondingly shorter-chained sugar formed. After cyclization the new sugar in turn is oxidized at the hemiacetal α-glycol group to yield a diester of a still-lower-order member of the series. In this manner D-glucose first yields mono-O-formyl-D-arabinose and then di-O-formyl-D-erythrose. Similarly, D-fructose is degraded to a glycolate ester of D-erythrose and finally to a formate–glycolate diester of D-glyceraldehyde. Some relatively rare sugars thus may conveniently be prepared directly from abundant higher-order members of the series. The reactions appear to involve preferential attack of the furanose form of a sugar rather than of the normally-predominant pyranose form, or possibly migration of ester groups towards the reducing end of the sugars.
SYNTHESIS OF FOUR CARBOXYMETHYL ETHERS OF GLUCOSE
Authors: Shyluk W. P. , Timell T. E.
Published: May 2006

The 2-, 3-, and 6-O-carboxymethyl-D-glucoses and the 2,3-di-O-carboxymethyl-D-glucose have been synthesized. A solvent system was found which gave complete paper chromatographic separation of these derivatives as well as of those obtained upon hydrolysis of a carboxymethylcellulose.
THE HEATS OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF VACUUM DEHYDRATED MAGNESIUM SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE AND COBALTOUS CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE
Authors: Jamieson J. W. S. , Frost G. B.
Published: May 2006

Magnesium sulphate monohydrate prepared by vacuum dehydration of the heptahydrate does not yield a pattern of X-ray diffraction lines, and in this sense may be said to have an amorphous character. By measurement of the heats of solution of the “X-ray amorphous” and crystalline monohydrates, the heat of transition has been found to be 6550 cal. mole−1. Cobaltous chloride monohydrate prepared by vacuum dehydration appears to be microcrystalline. The heat of transition to the normal crystalline form is 1390 cal. mole−1. These values are related to the surface areas of the vacuum dehydrated products.
THE LOW PRESSURE DEHYDRATION OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE AND COBALTOUS CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE
Authors: Ford R. W. , Frost G. B.
Published: May 2006

Rates of dehydration under vacuum, and at a series of controlled water vapor pressures, have been carried out for powdered samples of magnesium sulphate heptahydrate and of cobaltous chloride hexahydrate. It has been found for the magnesium salt that as the pressures are increased, the rate at first drops rapidly, this decrease being followed by a period of acceleration which is followed in turn by a decline. The curves are similar to those previously reported for copper sulphate pentahydrate, but the changes occur over a much wider range of water vapor pressures. In the dehydration of cobaltous chloride hexahydrate the initial drop in rate with increase in water vapor pressure is not observed. The results are interpreted in terms of the crystallization of intermediate products in the presence of adsorbed water.
THE INFLUENCE OF ALKALI ON THE OXIDATION OF TETRALIN
Authors: Ingold K. U.
Published: May 2006

Strong alkalies are powerful catalysts for the initial oxidation of tetralin but their catalytic activity is rapidly replaced by an inhibiting action which makes oxidation of more than 5% of the tetralin an exceedingly slow process. Inhibition is due to the base catalyzed enolization and oxidation of the initial product, 1-tetralone, to various naphtholic compounds. Ring scission yields β-2-carboxyphenylpropionic acid. The rate shows a certain periodicity which may be due to the reaction proceeding by a series of consecutive autocatalytic steps.
APPLICATION OF THE VIBRATIONAL SUM RULE TO HALOGENATED ETHYLENES
Authors: Bernstein H. J.
Published: May 2006

The vibrational sum rule has been applied to the fluoro-chloro-bromo-ethylenes and good agreement obtained between observed frequency sums and those calculated on the basis of additivity considerations. Two unobserved frequencies for trans dibromoethylene have been calculated and the in-plane and out-of-plane sums for some molecules not yet investigated. Several ambiguities with regard to some halogenated ethylenes have been resolved and several assignments which merit reinvestigation have been indicated.
THE FORMATION OF SUPERCOOLED LIQUID SOLUTIONS IN SIMPLE-EUTECTIC TYPE ORGANIC SYSTEMS BY THE SUBLIMATION OF SOLID MIXTURES
Authors: Petrucci Ralph H. , Sorum C. H.
Published: May 2006

A process is described for the formation of supercooled liquid solutions by the sublimation of solid mixtures—the liquids formed being supercooled in the sense that they can be condensed from the vapor phase above solid mixtures at temperatures below the eutectic values. The process can be thought of as proceeding, solids → mixed vapor → supercooled liquid solutions. The general nature of this phenomenon in organic systems of the simple-eutectic type is established as a result of the microscopic and macroscopic experiments performed in this investigation. A P/T/c space-model of a typical binary, eutectic-type, organic system, o-nitrophenol-naphthalene, is presented. A physical picture of the process under consideration is made possible on the basis of this model.
SUR LE SPECTRE ULTRAVIOLET DE L'ACIDE PERACÉETIQUE ET L'HYDROLYSE DES PERACÉTATES
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Olmos A. W.
Published: May 2006

not available
AMINO ACIDS: III. CYCLIC GUANIDINO ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: Garmaise D. L. , Winthrop S. O. , Grant Gordon A. , McKay A. F.
Published: May 2006

Several new cyclic guanidino acids have been prepared by the reaction of cyclic isothioureas with amino acids. The ethyl esters of some of these acids have been converted into dialkylaminoalkylamides by refluxing with dialkylaminoalkylamines in the presence of an inert solvent. A series of dialkylaminoethyl esters of the 2-(carboxyalkylamino)-2-imidazolines also have been prepared.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE STRONG PHOSPHORIC ACIDS
Authors: Huhti Anna-Liisa , Gartaganis Phoebus A.
Published: May 2006

The composition of the strong phosphoric acids was studied in the range 68.8 to 86.3% phosphorus pentoxide by weight. Improved filter-paper chromatography made possible the quantitative determination of the nine lower members of the series, and occasionally up to the twelfth member. It was found that when the strong phosphoric acids are prepared by heating at 350 °C, a dynamic equilibrium between the component acids is set up which persists when the mixtures are cooled to room temperature. Only linear condensed polyphosphoric acids were present in the range studied. The composition corresponding to 100% orthophosphoric acid contains about 6 mole percent each of pyrophosphoric acid and “free water”. As the mole ratio of water to phosphorus pentoxide decreases, the number of component acids increases. Orthophosphoric acid is present to an appreciable extent in the stronger phosphoric acids. “Hexametaphosphoric acid” is not a separate chemical entity, but a mixture of higher linear polyphosphoric acids.
FRACTIONATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Erskine A. J. , Jones J. K. N.
Published: May 2006

A method for fractionation of water-soluble polysaccharide mixtures has been examined, and by its use three of the four materials studied have been separated into two or more polysaccharide components. No fractionation of the fourth material could be detected.
PREPARATION OF GUANIDINE FROM UREA, SULPHUR DIOXIDE, AND AMMONIA UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: Boivin Jean L.
Published: May 2006

It has been found that guanidine can be prepared in good yield from urea, sulphur dioxide, and ammonia under pressure over a wide range of conditions. A study of the effect of concentration, temperature, time, and pressure has been made. A part of the sulphur dioxide introduced into the reaction vessel can be recovered as elemental sulphur. Guanidine nitrate is easily prepared by treating the reaction product with dilute nitric acid. The mechanism of this synthesis has been found to proceed through the formation of ammonium sulphamate from sulphur dioxide and ammonia. Guanidine was present as the sulphamate when synthesized at low temperatures and as the sulphate at high temperatures.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,4,5-TRIMETHOXYPHENYLACETALDEHYDE
Authors: Duff J. G. , Pepper J. M.
Published: May 2006

not available