bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Functions of Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH): A Psychometric Examination of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) Scale
Authors: Kortge Rebecca , Meade Tanya , Tennant Alan
Published: March 2013

Deliberate self-harm (DSH), commonly defined as the intentional, direct and non-suicidal destruction of one's body, appears to be common across both clinical and non-clinical populations. A recently developed measure of functions of DSH, the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS), was examined to test its two-factor model within a sample of members of online social networks. The approach adopted was to fit data from the scale to the Rasch measurement model, which is increasingly used to develop and/or assess scales. Two hundred and one (n = 201) participants aged over 18 years of age, who had engaged in DSH in the last 12 months, were recruited from online social networks’ DSH peer support groups to complete an online survey. An exploratory factor analysis supported interpersonal and intrapersonal factors based on 13 function domains. Furthermore, both factors demonstrated satisfactory fit to the Rasch model. Some local dependency was detected, and when addressed, it impacted on the alpha coefficient level for intrapersonal factor. This study is the first independent psychometric investigation of ISAS, further supporting the scale authors’ psychometric evaluations. Additional validation across different DSH samples is recommended.
THE EVOLUTION OF TESTIMONY: RECEIVER VIGILANCE, SPEAKER HONESTY AND THE RELIABILITY OF COMMUNICATION
Authors: Michaelian Kourken
Published: March 2013

Drawing on both empirical evidence and evolutionary considerations, Sperber et al. argue that humans have a suite of evolved mechanisms for ‘epistemic vigilance’. On their view, vigilance plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and hence the evolutionary stability of communication. This article responds to their argument for vigilance, drawing on additional empirical evidence (from deception detection research) and evolutionary considerations (from animal signalling research) to defend a more optimistic, quasi-Reidian view of communication. On this alternative view, the lion's share of the responsibility for explaining the reliability of testimony falls not to the vigilance of receivers but rather to the honesty of communicators, implying that vigilance does not play a major role in explaining the evolutionary stability of communication.
SPEAKERS ARE HONEST BECAUSE HEARERS ARE VIGILANT REPLY TO KOURKEN MICHAELIAN
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: March 2013

In ‘The Evolution of Testimony: Receiver Vigilance, Speaker Honesty and the Reliability of Communication,’ Kourken Michaelian questions the basic tenets of our article ‘Epistemic Vigilance’ (Sperber et al. 2010). Here I defend against Michaelian's criticisms the view that epistemic vigilance plays a major role in explaining the evolutionary stability of communication and that the honesty of speakers and the reliability of their testimony are, to a large extent, an effect of hearers' vigilance.
Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiometabolic profile in Chinese women: a randomised controlled feeding trial
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhang Geng , Ye Xingwang , Li Huaixing , Chen Xiafei , Tang Lixin , Feng Ying , Shai Iris , Stampfer Meir J. , Hu Frank B. , Lin Xu
Published: March 2013

Little is known about the potential adherence to and the effectiveness of a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese adults with a habitually high carbohydrate intake. In the present controlled feeding trial, fifty overweight or obese women (age 47·9 (sem 0·9) years; BMI 26·7 (sem 0·3) kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a LC non-energy-restricted diet (initial carbohydrate intake 20 g/d, with a 10 g increase weekly) or an energy-restricted (ER) diet (carbohydrate intake 156–205 g/d, ER to 5021 or 6276 kJ/d, 35 % average energy reduction) for 12 weeks. Over the intervention period, the two diets had comparable compliance (96 %) and self-reported acceptability. At week 12, carbohydrate intake in the LC and ER groups contributed to 36·1 and 51·1 % of total energy, respectively (P< 0·001). Although both diets showed similarly decreased mean body weight (LC − 5·27 (95 % CI − 6·08, − 4·46) kg; ER − 5·09 (95 % CI − 5·50, − 4·67) kg, P= 0·67) and percentage of fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (LC − 1·19 (95 % CI − 1·88, − 0·50) %; ER − 1·56 (95 % CI − 2·20, − 0·92) %, P= 0·42), participants in the LC group had greater reductions in the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol (P= 0·03) and also in the ratio of TAG:HDL-cholesterol (P= 0·01) than those in the ER group. The present 12-week diet trial suggested that both a LC non-energy-restricted diet and an ER diet were acceptable to Chinese women and both diets were equally effective in reducing weight and fat mass. Moreover, the LC diet showed beneficial effects on blood lipid profiles.
Augustan Rome and the Body of Christ: A Comparison of the Social Vision of theRes Gestaeand Paul's Letter to the Romans
Authors: Harrison James R.
Published: March 2013

A surprising omission in New Testament studies of the imperial world is a comparison of Augustus's conception of rule in theRes Gestae(RG) with Paul's eschatological gospel of grace in his letter to the Romans. Even though each document has been foundational in the history of Western civilization, a comparison of their vastly different social outcomes has not been undertaken. Neil Elliott has made an outstanding contribution in laying the foundations for such a study, offering a scintillating analysis of Paul's letter to the Romans in terms ofiustitia(justice),clementia(mercy),pietas(piety), andvirtus(valor), the four virtues of Augustus inscribed on the Golden Shield erected in the Julian senate house (RG34.2). However, a full-scale investigation of the Augustan conception of rule in theRGwould open up new perspectives on Paul's engagement with the imperial world in Romans, given that Augustus became the iconicexemplumof virtue for his Julio-Claudian successors. Nonetheless, the difference in genre and aims of each document makes such a comparison daunting for New Testament scholars, as does the controversy that each document continues to generate in its own discipline. Further, we are unsure about the extent of the exposure that Paul might have had to theRG, directly or indirectly. Possibly Paul saw a Greek version of theRGtext at Pisidian Antioch, along with the Latin text that still survives there, during his first missionary journey (Acts 13:14–50), even though there are no archaeological remains of the Greek text at Antioch today. Presumably Paul would have been aware that the original Latin copy of theRGwas inscribed in bronze at Augustus's mausoleum at Rome. This article will argue that Paul, in planning to move his missionary outreach from the Greek East to the Latin West (Rom 15:19a–24), thought strategically about how he was going to communicate the reign of the crucified, risen, and ascended Son of God to inhabitants of the capital who had lived through the “Golden Age” of grace under Augustus and who were experiencing its renewal under Nero. What social and theological vision did Paul want to communicate to the city of Rome in which Augustus was the yardstick of virtue to which future leaders of Rome should aspire?
Demystifying China's Defence Spending: Less Mysterious in the Aggregate
Authors: Liff Adam P. , Erickson Andrew S.
Published: March 2013

China's limited transparency concerning its defence spending harms strategic trust, but foreign analysts often lose sight of important realities. Specific details remain unclear, but China's defence spending overall is no mystery – it supports PLA modernization and personnel development as well as its announced objectives of securing China's homeland and asserting control over contested territorial and maritime claims, with a focus on the Near Seas (the Yellow, East, and South China seas). This article offers greater context and perspective for Chinese and Western discussions of China's rise and concomitant military build-up through a nuanced and comprehensive assessment of its defence spending and military transparency.
GLONASS Aided GPS Ambiguity Fixed Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Jokinen Altti , Feng Shaojun , Schuster Wolfgang , Ochieng Washington , Hide Chris , Moore Terry , Hill Chris
Published: March 2013

The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) concept enables centimetre-level positioning accuracy by employing one Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The main advantage of PPP over conventional Real Time Kinematic (cRTK) methods is that a local reference network infrastructure is not required. Only a global reference network with approximately 50 stations is needed because reference GNSS data is required for generating precise error correction products for PPP. However, the current implementation of PPP is not suitable for some applications due to the long time period (i.e. convergence time of up to 60 minutes) required to obtain an accurate position solution. This paper presents a new method to reduce the time required for initial integer ambiguity resolution and to improve position accuracy. It is based on combining GPS and GLONASS measurements to calculate the float ambiguity positioning solution initially, followed by the resolution of GPS integer ambiguities.

The results show that using the GPS/GLONASS float solution can, on average, reduce the time to initial GPS ambiguity resolution by approximately 5% compared to using the GPS float solution alone. In addition, average vertical and horizontal positioning errors at the initial ambiguity resolution epoch can be reduced by approximately 17% and 4%, respectively.
Impact of medical and behavioural factors on influenza-like illness, healthcare-seeking, and antiviral treatment during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: USA, 2009–2010
Authors: BIGGERSTAFF M. , JHUNG M. A. , REED C. , GARG S. , BALLUZ L. , FRY A. M. , FINELLI L.
Published: March 2013

We analysed a cross-sectional telephone survey of U.S. adults to assess the impact of selected characteristics on healthcare-seeking behaviours and treatment practices of people with influenza-like illness (ILI) from September 2009 to March 2010. Of 216 431 respondents, 8·1% reported ILI. After adjusting for selected characteristics, respondents aged 18–64 years with the following factors were more likely to report ILI: a diagnosis of asthma [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·88, 95% CI 1·67–2·13] or heart disease (aOR 1·41, 95% CI 1·17–1·70), being disabled (aOR 1·75, 95% CI 1·57–1·96), and reporting financial barriers to healthcare access (aOR 1·63, 95% CI 1·45–1·82). Similar associations were seen in respondents aged ⩾65 years. Forty percent of respondents with ILI sought healthcare, and 14% who sought healthcare reported receiving influenza antiviral treatment. Treatment was not more frequent in patients with high-risk conditions, except those aged 18–64 years with heart disease (aOR 1·90, 95% CI 1·03–3·51). Of patients at high risk for influenza complications, self-reported ILI was greater but receipt of antiviral treatment was not, despite guidelines recommending their use in this population.
What is person-centred care in dementia? Clinical reviews into practice: the development of the VIPS practice model
Authors: Røsvik Janne , Brooker Dawn , Mjorud Marit , Kirkevold Øyvind
Published: March 2013

The VIPS framework is a four-part definition of person-centred care for people with dementia (PCC), which arose out of an earlier review article for this journal. The definition has assisted in the practical application of person-centred care. It has been operationalized into the VIPS practice model (VPM), which has been subject to a recent randomized controlled trial within Norwegian nursing homes. The VPM provided a vehicle for the VIPS framework to be utilized during reflective practice meetings focusing on understanding care situations from the perspective of residents with moderate to severe dementia. VPM incorporated an education and coaching approach, clearly defined staff roles, and resident-focused outcomes in a cycle to support improvements in quality of care. The use of VPM in practice is discussed. VPM was built utilizing the literature from organizational change. The role of literature reviews in bringing about change in practice is highlighted.
Linking tourism flows and biological biodiversity in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): evidence from panel data
Authors: Teelucksingh Sonja S. , Watson Patrick K.
Published: March 2013

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are characterized by high levels of biodiversity that are under threat. Simultaneously, the tourism sector plays a key role in many of these economies. In this paper, the Hausman-Taylor estimator is used to investigate a tourism demand function in SIDS in which marine and terrestrial biodiversity play a key role, in addition to the traditional economic and price variables. This estimator allows for both the presence of time-invariant variables, a standard feature of environmental data, and the existence of endogenous covariates. Levels of biodiversity are found to have a significant influence on tourism in SIDS and, in particular, a test for redundant variables shows that the biodiversity variables are jointly significant. This justifies their inclusion in a tourism demand function, over and above the conventional economic factors, and points to the importance of national and international policy in protecting the biodiversity of SIDS.
THE CLASSICAL CONTINUUM WITHOUT POINTS
Authors: HELLMAN GEOFFREY , SHAPIRO STEWART
Published: March 2013

We develop a point-free construction of the classical one-dimensional continuum, with an interval structure based on mereology and either a weak set theory or a logic of plural quantification. In some respects, this realizes ideas going back to Aristotle, although, unlike Aristotle, we make free use of contemporary “actual infinity”. Also, in contrast to intuitionistic analysis, smooth infinitesimal analysis, and Eret Bishop’s (1967) constructivism, we follow classical analysis in allowing partitioning of our “gunky line” into mutually exclusive and exhaustive disjoint parts, thereby demonstrating the independence of “indecomposability” from a nonpunctiform conception. It is surprising that such simple axioms as ours already imply the Archimedean property and the interval analogue of Dedekind completeness (least-upper-bound principle), and that they determine an isomorphism with the Dedekind–Cantor structure of ℝ as a complete, separable, ordered field. We also present some simple topological models of our system, establishing consistency relative to classical analysis. Finally, after describing how to nominalize our theory, we close with comparisons with earlier efforts related to our own.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity Measured as Quantitative Traits
Authors: Ebejer Jane L. , Duffy David L. , van der Werf Julius , Wright Margaret J. , Montgomery Grant , Gillespie Nathan A. , Hickie Ian B. , Martin Nicholas G. , Medland Sarah E.
Published: March 2013

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) offer the benefit of a hypothesis-free approach to measuring the quantitative effect of genetic variants on affection status. Generally the findings of GWAS relying on ADHD status have been non-significant, but the one study using quantitative measures of symptoms found SLC9A9 and SLC6A1 were associated with inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity. Accordingly, we performed a GWAS using quantitative measures of each ADHD subtype measured with the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD and Normal Behaviour (SWAN) scale in two community-based samples. This scale captures the full range of attention and kinetic behavior; from high levels of attention and appropriate activity to the inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity associated with ADHD within two community-based samples. Our discovery sample comprised 1,851 participants (mean age = 22.8 years [4.8]; 50.6% female), while our replication sample comprised 155 participants (mean age = 26.3 years [3.1]; 68.4% females). Age, sex, age × sex, and age2 were included as covariates and the results from each sample were combined using meta-analysis, then analyzed with a gene-based test to estimate the combined effect of markers within genes. We compare our results with markers that have previously been found to have a strong association with ADHD symptoms. Neither the GWAS nor subsequent meta-analyses yielded genome-wide significant results; the strongest effect was observed at rs2110267 (4.62 × 10−7) for symptoms of hyperactivity–impulsivity. The strongest effect in the gene-based test was for GPR139 on symptoms of inattention (6.40 × 10−5). Replication of this study with larger samples will add to our understanding of the genetic etiology of ADHD.
An Exploration of the Functions of Religious Monumental Architecture from a Darwinian Perspective
Authors: Joye Yannick , Verpooten Jan
Published: March 2013

In recent years, the cognitive science of religion has displayed a keen interest in religions' social function, bolstering research on religious prosociality and cooperativeness. The main objective of this article is to explore, from a Darwinian perspective, the biological and psychological mechanisms through which religious monumental architecture (RMA) might support that specific function. A frequently held view is that monumental architecture is a costly signal that served vertical social stratification in complex large-scale societies. In this paper we extend that view. We hypothesize that the function(s) of RMA cannot be fully appreciated from a costly signaling perspective alone, and invoke a complementary mechanism, namely sensory exploitation. We propose that, in addition to being a costly signal, RMA also often taps into an adaptive “sensitivity for bigness.” The central hypothesis of this paper is that when cases of RMA strongly stimulate that sensitivity, and when commoners become aware of the costly investments that are necessary to build RMA, then this may give rise to a particular emotional response, namely awe. We will try to demonstrate that, by exploiting awe, RMA promotes and regulates prosocial behavior among religious followers and creates in them an openness to adopt supernatural beliefs.
Evidence of a novel role for Pygopus in rRNA transcription
Authors: Andrews Phillip G. P. , He Zhijian , Tzenov Youlian R. , Popadiuk Catherine , Kao Kenneth R.
Published: March 2013

Increased protein synthesis during cell proliferation is accompanied by a compensatory increase in efficient ribosome production, but the mechanisms by which cells adapt to this requirement are not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrate evidence that Pygo (Pygopus), a protein originally identified as a core component of the Wnt–β-catenin transcription complex is also involved in rRNA transcription during cancer cell growth. Pygo was detected in the nucleoli of several transformed cell lines and was associated with treacle and UBF (upstream binding factor), proteins that are essential for ribosome biogenesis in development and cancer. Pygo was also detected at the ribosomal gene promoter along with core components of the rDNA (ribosomal DNA) transcription complex. RNAi (RNA interference)-mediated depletion of hPygo2 (human Pygo 2) reduced histone H4 acetylation at the rDNA promoter, down-regulated rRNA production, and induced growth arrest in both p53-positive and -negative cells. In p53-positive cells, hPygo2 knockdown triggered the ribosomal stress pathway, culminating in p53-dependent growth arrest at G1-phase of the cell cycle. The results of the present study suggest a novel involvement of Pygo in the promotion of rRNA transcription in cancer cells.
Design of silicon‐based two‐dimensional photonic integrated circuits: XOR gate
Authors: Bchir Riadh , Bardaoui Afrah , Ezzaouia Hatem
Published: March 2013

In this work the authors investigate the design of an XOR gate based on two‐dimensionalsilicon photonic crystals. The XOR gate is formed by two dual‐ring resonators placed between two waveguides; each secondary waveguide is united in a vertical waveguide, through a specific Y branch, where the waveguide contains the main output. We use 45° ring resonators, before the output, to improve gate efficiency. The optical properties and the distribution field Ez for the proposed gate have been calculated by the finite difference time domain technique. The response time of our logic ‘XOR’ gate is < 7.2 ps. This photonic gate is of great interest for several applications such as in electronics, in data processing and also in cryptography.
Performance enhancement of asymmetric filtered 40 Gb/s carrier suppressed return to zero‐differential phase shift keying receiver in a 50 GHz grid
Authors: Olubodun Olugbenga Ajijola , Murray Neil Joseph , Harper Paul , Doran Nicholas John
Published: March 2013

The authors present the impact of asymmetric filtering of strong (e.g. 35 GHz) optical filters on the performance of 42.7 Gb/s 67% (carrier suppressed return to zero)‐differential phase shift keying systems. The performance is examined (in an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise‐limited regime and in the presence of chromatic dispersion) when offsetting the filter at the receiver by substantial amounts via balanced, constructive and destructive single‐ended detections. It is found that with a slight offset (vestigial side band) or an offset of almost half of the modulation frequency (single‐side band), there is a significant improvement in the calculated ‘Q’.
A thermodynamic derivation of the reciprocal relations
Authors: Kocherginsky N. , Gruebele M.
Published: March 2013

Starting with the continuity and Smoluchowski equations, we write the mass flux for a system out of equilibrium in terms of the physicochemical potential μg. μg is a coarse-grained analog of the chemical potential in the presence of forces that drive the system out of equilibrium. The expression for flux in terms of μg allows for a macroscopic derivation of the Onsager reciprocal relations for the case of transport by diffusion and drift in single or multi-component systems, without recourse to microscopic fluctuations or equations of motion. Transport coefficients for any time reversal-invariant properties now are expressed in terms of only partial molar derivatives and mobilities (diffusion coefficients). The thermodynamic derivation cannot treat time reversal.
Revisiting the ABC flow dynamo
Authors: Bouya Ismaël , Dormy Emmanuel
Published: March 2013

The Arnol'd–Beltrami–Childress flow is a prototype for fast dynamo action, essential to the origin of magnetic field in large astrophysical objects. Probably the most studied configuration is the classical 1 : 1 : 1 flow. We investigate its dynamo properties varying the magnetic Reynolds number Rm. We identify two kinks in the growth rate, which correspond, respectively, to an eigenvalue crossing and to an eigenvalue coalescence. The dominant eigenvalue becomes purely real for a finite value of the control parameter. Finally, we show that even for Rm = 25 000, the dominant eigenvalue has not yet reached an asymptotic behaviour. It still varies very significantly with the controlling parameter. Even at these very large values of Rm the fast dynamo property of this flow cannot yet be established.
Vibrational Raman spectra of hydrogen clathrate hydrates from density functional theory
Authors: Ramya K. R. , Venkatnathan Arun
Published: March 2013

Hydrogen clathrate hydrates are promising sources of clean energy and are known to exist in a sII hydrate lattice, which consists of H2 molecules in dodecahedron (512) and hexakaidecahedron (51264) water cages. The formation of these hydrates which occur in extreme thermodynamic conditions is known to be considerably reduced by an inclusion of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in cages of these hydrate lattice. In this present work, we employ the density functional theory with a dispersion corrected (B97-D) functional to characterize vibrational Raman modes in the cages of pure and THF doped hydrogen clathrate hydrates. Our calculations show that the symmetric stretch of the H2 molecule in the 51264H2·THF cage is blueshifted compared to the 51264H2 cage. However, all vibrational modes of water molecules are redshifted which suggest reduced interaction between the H2 molecule and water molecules in the 51264H2·THF cage. The symmetric and asymmetric O–H stretch of water molecules in 512H2, 51264H2, and 51264H2·THF cages are redshifted compared with the corresponding guest free cages due to interactions between encapsulated H2 molecules and water molecules of the cages. The low frequency modes contain contributions from contraction and expansion of water cages and vibration of water molecules due to hydrogen bonding and these modes could possibly play an important role in the formation of the hydrate lattice.
An optimized semiclassical approximation for vibrational response functions
Authors: Gerace Mallory , Loring Roger F.
Published: March 2013

The observables of multidimensional infrared spectroscopy may be calculated from nonlinear vibrational response functions. Fully quantum dynamical calculations of vibrational response functions are generally impractical, while completely classical calculations are qualitatively incorrect at long times. These challenges motivate the development of semiclassical approximations to quantum mechanics, which use classical mechanical information to reconstruct quantum effects. The mean-trajectory (MT) approximation is a semiclassical approach to quantum vibrational response functions employing classical trajectories linked by deterministic transitions representing the effects of the radiation-matter interaction. Previous application of the MT approximation to the third-order response function R(3)(t3, t2, t1) demonstrated that the method quantitatively describes the coherence dynamics of the t3 and t1 evolution times, but is qualitatively incorrect for the waiting-time t2 period. Here we develop an optimized version of the MT approximation by elucidating the connection between this semiclassical approach and the double-sided Feynman diagrams (2FD) that represent the quantum response. Establishing the direct connection between 2FD and semiclassical paths motivates a systematic derivation of an optimized MT approximation (OMT). The OMT uses classical mechanical inputs to accurately reproduce quantum dynamics associated with all three propagation times of the third-order vibrational response function.
Quasi-reversible point defect relaxation in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin films by in situ electrical measurements
Authors: Adler Alexander U. , Yeh Ted C. , Bruce Buchholz D. , Chang Robert P. H. , Mason Thomas O.
Published: March 2013

Quasi-reversible oxygen exchange/point defect relaxation in an amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin film was monitored by in situ electrical property measurements (conductivity, Seebeck coefficient) at 200 °C subjected to abrupt changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO2). By subtracting the long-term background decay from the conductivity curves, time-independent conductivity values were obtained at each pO2. From these values, a log-log “Brouwer” plot of conductivity vs. pO2 of approximately −1/2 was obtained, which may indicate co-elimination (filling) of neutral and charged oxygen vacancies. This work demonstrates that Brouwer analysis can be applied to the study of defect structure in amorphous oxide thin films.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of the aluminum hydride anions: AlH2−, AlH3−, Al2H6−, Al3H9−, and Al4H12−
Authors: Zhang Xinxing , Wang Haopeng , Collins Evan , Lim Alane , Ganteför Gerd , Kiran Boggavarapu , Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Eichhorn Bryan , Bowen Kit
Published: March 2013

We report measurements of the negative ion photoelectron spectra of the simple aluminum hydride anions: AlH2−, AlH3−, Al2H6−, Al3H9−, and Al4H12−. From these spectra, we measured the vertical detachment energies of the anions, and we estimated the electron affinities of their neutral counterparts. Our results for AlH2−, AlH3−, and Al2H6− were also compared with previous predictions by theory.
Ion imaging study of dissociative charge transfer in the N2+ + CH4 system
Authors: Pei Linsen , Farrar James M.
Published: March 2013

The velocity map ion imaging method is applied to the dissociative charge transfer reactions of N2+ with CH4 studied in crossed beams. The velocity space images are collected at four collision energies between 0.5 and 1.5 eV, providing both product kinetic energy and angular distributions for the reaction products CH3+ and CH2+. The general shapes of the images are consistent with long range electron transfer from CH4 to N2+ preceding dissociation, and product kinetic energy distributions are consistent with energy resonance in the initial electron transfer step. The branching ratio for CH3+:CH2+ is 85:15 over the full collision energy range, consistent with literature reports.
Non-contact printing of high aspect ratio Ag electrodes for polycrystalline silicone solar cell with electrohydrodynamic jet printing
Authors: Jang Yonghee , Hartarto Tambunan Indra , Tak Hyowon , Dat Nguyen Vu , Kang TaeSam , Byun Doyoung
Published: March 2013

This paper presents a non-contact printing mechanism for high aspect ratio silver (Ag) electrodes fabricated by an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technique. Using high viscosity Ag paste ink, we were able to fabricate narrow and high aspect ratio electrodes. We investigated the effect of the surface energy of the substrate and improved the aspect ratio of printed lines through multiple printing. We fabricated the polycrystalline silicone solar cell with the Ag electrode and achieved cell efficiency of around 13.7%. The EHD jet printing mechanism may be an alternative method for non-contact fabrication of solar cells electrodes.
High pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies of ammonium azide
Authors: Wu Xiaoxin , Cui Hang , Zhang Jian , Cong Ridong , Zhu Hongyang , Cui Qiliang
Published: March 2013

Ammonium azide (NH4N3) has been studied by in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering at room temperature. NH4N3 exhibits strong hydrogen bonding features with compression. The hydrogen bond weaken with increasing pressure due to the bending of N−H…N bond, leading to the increase of N−H stretch frequency and rotation of azide anions at 2b and 4h Wyckoff positions up to 2.9 GPa. The orientation of azide anions obviously influences the compressibility properties of NH4N3. The phase transition involves rotation of azide anions and a proximity of a and c, temporally assigned as a reversible second-order orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transition.
Spatial structure of In0.25Ga0.75As/GaAs/GaP quantum dots on the atomic scale
Authors: Prohl Christopher , Lenz Andrea , Roy Dominik , Schuppang Josephine , Stracke Gernot , Strittmatter André , Pohl Udo W. , Bimberg Dieter , Eisele Holger , Dähne Mario
Published: March 2013

In0.25Ga0.75As/GaAs quantum dots grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy in a GaP matrix have been investigated on the atomic scale using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. The quantum dots have a truncated pyramidal shape with a reversed cone stoichiometry profile. All deposited indium is found within the quantum dots and the occasionally observed quantum rings, while the wetting layer has a GaAsP composition without any indium inside. This indicates an intense lateral material transfer during growth.
Dynamics of donor bound excitons in ZnO
Authors: Chen S. L. , Chen W. M. , Buyanova I. A.
Published: March 2013

Comprehensive time-resolved photoluminescence measurements are performed on shallow neutral donor bound excitons (D0Xs) in bulk ZnO. It is found that transients of the no-phonon D0X transitions (I6-I9 lines) are largely affected by excitation conditions and change from a bi-exponential decay with characteristic fast (τf) and slow (τs) time constants under above-bandgap excitation to a single exponential one, determined by τs, under two-photon excitation. The slow decay also dominates transients of longitudinal optical phonon-assisted and two-electron-satellite D0X transitions, and is attributed to “bulk” D0X lifetime. The fast component is tentatively suggested to represent effects of surface recombination.
One-step Fabrication of Nanoporous Black Silicon Surfaces for Solar Cells using Modified Etching Solution
Authors: Tang Ye-hua , Zhou Chun-lan , Zhou Su , Zhao Yan , Wang Wen-jing , Fei Jian-ming , Cao Hong-bin
Published: March 2013

Currently, a conventional two-step method has been used to generate black silicon (BS) surfaces on silicon substrates for solar cell manufacturing. However, the performances of the solar cell made with such surface generation method are poor, because of the high surface recombination caused by deep etching in the conventional surface generation method for BS. In this work, a modified wet chemical etching solution with additives was developed. A homogeneous BS layer with random porous structure was obtained from the modified solution in only one step at room temperature. The BS layer had low reflectivity and shallow etching depth. The additive in the etch solution performs the function of pH-modulation. After 16-min etching, the etching depth in the samples was approximately 200 nm, and the spectrum-weighted-reflectivity in the range from 300 nm to 1200 nm was below 5%. BS solar cells were fabricated in the production line. The decreased etching depth can improve the electrical performance of solar cells because of the decrease in surface recombination. An efficiency of 15.63% for the modified etching BS solar cells was achieved on a large area, p-type single crystalline silicon substrate with a 624.32-mV open circuit voltage and a 77.88% fill factor.
Density Functional Theory Study on Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Doped (MgO)n (n=2–10) Clusters
Authors: Wang Peng , Yang Ming-xia , Zhang Sheng-li , Huang Shi-ping , Tian Hui-ping
Published: March 2013

We study the geometries, stabilities, electronic and magnetic properties of (MgO)n (n=2–10) clusters doped with a single Mn atom using the density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. The optimized geometries show that the impurity Mn atom prefers to replace the Mg atom which has low coordination number in all the lowest-energy MnMgn−1On (n=2–10) structures. The stability analysis clearly represents that the average binding energies of the doped clusters are larger than those of the corresponding pure (MgO)n clusters. Maximum peaks of the second order energy differences are observed for MnMgn−1On clusters at n=6, 9, implying that these clusters exhibit higher stability than their neighboring clusters. In addition, all the Mn-doped Mg clusters exhibit high total magnetic moments with the exception of MnMgO2 which has 3.00 μB. Their magnetic behavior is attributed to the impurity Mn atom, the charge transfer modes, and the size of MnMgn−1On clusters.
Optical Properties of Oligo(Fluorene-Vinylene) Functionalized Anthracene Linear Oligomers: Effect of π-Extension
Authors: Huang Tian-hao , Qu Li-li , Kang Zhi-hui , Wang Ying-hui , Lu Ran , Miao Er-long , Wang Fei , Wang Gao-wen , Zhang Han-zhuang
Published: March 2013

The photo-physical properties of oligo(fluorene-vinylene) functionalized anthracene linear oligomers (An-OFVn (n=1–4)) have been systemically investigated through experimental and theoretical methods. The steady-state spectral measurement shows that the increasing of fluorene-vinylene (FV) group could lead to the red shift of absorption spectra and restrain the excimer formation between oligomers. Quantum chemical calculations exhibit that the energy levels of HOMO, LUMO, and the band gap gradually converge to a constant in accompany with the increasing of FV unit. Meanwhile, the electronic cloud which distributes on the branch arms, also gradually enhances and makes the absorption spectral shape of oligomers become similar to that of branch arms step by step. The time-resolved fluorescence tests exhibits that the lifetime of excimer emission would be almost invariable after the number of FV group in oligomer is ≥2. In nonlinear optical test, the two-photon photoluminescence efficiency and two-photon absorption cross-section will both gradually enhance and be close to an extremum after the number of FV unit is equal to 4. These results will provide a guideline for the design of novel photo-electronic materials.
Quantum Dynamics Study on D+OD+ Reaction: Competition between Exchange and Abstraction Channels
Authors: Xu Wen-wu , Zhang Pei-yu , He Guo-zhong
Published: March 2013

Quantum dynamics for the D+OD+ reaction at the collision energy range of 0.0–1.0 eV was studied on an accurate ab initio potential energy surface. Both of the endothermic abstraction (D+OD+→O++D2) and thermoneutral exchange (D+OD+→D+OD+) channels were investigated from the same set of time-dependent quantum wave packets method under centrifugal sudden approximation. The reaction probability dependence with collision energy, the integral cross sections, and the thermal rate constant of the both channels are calculated. It is found that there is a convex structure in the reaction path of the exchange reaction. The calculated time evolution of the wave packet distribution at J=0 clearly indicates that the convex structure significantly influences the dynamics of the exchange and abstraction channels of title reaction.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Some Novel 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-2-one Derivatives Bearing Imidazole Bioisosteres
Authors: Ghasemi Saeed , Sharifi Simin , Davaran Soodabeh , Danafar Hosein , Asgari Davoud , Mojarrad Javid Shahbazi
Published: March 2013

A series of substituted 3-chlorophenylpiperazinone derivatives were synthesised using L-778123 (an imidazole-containing FTase inhibitor) as a model by bioisosteric replacement of the imidazole ring. The final compounds were evaluated against two human cancer cell lines including A549 (lung cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) by MTT assay. The results showed that substitution of imidazole ring with 1-amidinourea, semicarbazide, and thiobiuret led to improvement of cytotoxic activity against both cell lines.
Strategies and tactics for managing environmental conflicts: insights from Goldman Environmental Prize recipients
Authors: Langholz Jeff , Sand Kendra , Raak Lacey , Berner Andrew , Anderson Hilary , Geels Bernd , McKeehan Adrienne , Nelsen Ashley
Published: March 2013

Disputes over minerals, forests, wildlife, water, and other natural resources continue to rise in frequency and intensity across much of the world. Few scholars have described specific approaches to addressing these disputes, and none have done so systematically across multiple locations with a uniform nomenclature. This article fills part of that gap by analyzing approaches taken by Goldman Environmental Prize recipients. Based on 126 cases spanning 78 countries, 21 years, and 588 actions, we classify environmental conflict management strategies and tactics embodied in this rich data set. The resulting typology offers scholars a systematic lexicon for understanding, describing, and comparing conflict management strategies and tactics, with an emphasis on grassroots efforts. It also provides policymakers and practitioners with a rich tool box of proven approaches for addressing natural resource conflicts.
Strategies for question selection in argumentative dialogues about plans
Authors: Medellin-Gasque Rolando , Atkinson Katie , Bench-Capon Trevor , McBurney Peter
Published: March 2013

In this article, we present a proposal to enable agents to discuss the suitability of plans based on an argumentation scheme and associated critical questions. Agents coordinate their beliefs, intentions and preferences using a dialogue game based on this argumentation scheme and its critical questions. The detail encompassed by the argumentation scheme means that there is a large number of critical questions, and so dialogues may in principle be very lengthy. To improve the efficiency of dialogues, we present two strategies for selecting questions. We have implemented the system and, here, presented results showing how both strategies are effective in reducing the number of questions required to reach agreement, although their relative effectiveness is dependent on characteristics of the problem domain.
Ca2+ block and flickering both contribute to the negative slope of the IV curve in BK channels
Authors: Schroeder Indra , Thiel Gerhard , Hansen Ulf-Peter
Published: March 2013

Single-channel current–voltage (IV) curves of human large-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels are quite linear in 150 mM KCl. In the presence of Ca2+ and/or Mg2+, they show a negative slope conductance at high positive potentials. This is generally explained by a Ca2+/Mg2+ block as by Geng et al. (2013. J. Gen. Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201210955) in this issue. Here, we basically support this finding but add a refinement: the analysis of the open-channel noise by means of β distributions reveals what would be found if measurements were done with an amplifier of sufficient temporal resolution (10 MHz), namely that the block by 2.5 mM Ca2+ and 2.5 mM Mg2+ per se would only cause a saturating curve up to +160 mV. Further bending down requires the involvement of a second process related to flickering in the microsecond range. This flickering is hardly affected by the presence or absence of Ca2+/Mg2+. In contrast to the experiments reported here, previous experiments in BK channels (Schroeder and Hansen. 2007. J. Gen. Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200709802) showed saturating IV curves already in the absence of Ca2+/Mg2+. The reason for this discrepancy could not be identified so far. However, the flickering component was very similar in the old and new experiments, regardless of the occurrence of noncanonical IV curves.
Physiological Effects ofSquash vein yellowing virusInfection on Watermelon
Authors: Adkins Scott , McCollum T. Greg , Albano Joseph P. , Kousik Chandrasekar S. , Baker Carlye A. , Webster Craig G. , Roberts Pamela D. , Webb Susan E. , Turechek William W.
Published: March 2013

Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) is the cause of viral watermelon vine decline. The virus is whitefly-transmitted, induces a systemic wilt of watermelon plants, and causes necrosis and discoloration of the fruit rind. In the field, SqVYV is often detected in watermelon in mixed infections with other viruses including the aphid-transmitted Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W). In this study, watermelon plants of different ages were inoculated with SqVYV or SqVYV+PRSV-W in the greenhouse or SqVYV in the field to characterize the physiological response to infection. Symptoms of vine decline appeared about 12 to 16 days after inoculation with SqVYV regardless of plant age at time of inoculation, plant growth habit (trellised or nontrellised), and location (greenhouse or field). However, the presence of PRSV-W delayed the appearance of vine decline symptoms by 2 to 4 days, and vine decline did not develop on plants with no fruit. For all inoculation treatments, more severe symptoms were observed in younger watermelon plants. Physiological responses to SqVYV infection included reduction in plant and fruit weights, alterations in fruit rind and flesh color, reduction in fruit sucrose content, increase in fruit acid content, and changes in plant nutrient composition, particularly increases in Ca, Mg, B, Mn, and Zn and decreases in K and N. These results demonstrate wide-ranging physiological effects of SqVYV infection and provide new insights into watermelon vine decline.
Ilumatobacter

nonamiense sp. nov. and

Ilumatobacter

coccineum sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand
Authors: Matsumoto Atsuko , Kasai Hiroaki , Matsuo Yoshihide , Shizuri Yoshikazu , Ichikawa Natsuko , Fujita Nobuyuki , Ōmura Satoshi , Takahashi Yōko
Published: March 2013

Bacterial strains YM16-303T and YM16-304T were isolated from a sample of seashore sand using a medium with an artificial seawater base. Both isolates grew slowly on marine agar, and were found to be Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, alanine and hydroxyglutamic acid, and the acyl type of the muramic acid was glycolyl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H8). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains YM16-303T and YM16-304T were most similar to that of

Ilumatobacter fluminis

YM22-133T, and phylogenetic analyses also indicated that they belong to the genus

Ilumatobacter

.

Ilumatobacter fluminis

YM22-133T and strains YM16-303T and YM16-304T should be classified as distinct species in the genus

Ilumatobacter

, however, since the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between them was low and the major cellular fatty acids and some physiological properties were different. Moreover, average nucleotide identity and maximal unique exact matches index values also supported the conclusion that they represent different species. On the basis of the above analyses, two novel species,

Ilumatobacter

nonamiense sp. nov. (type strain YM16-303T = NBRC 109120T = KCTC 29139T) and

Ilumatobacter

coccineum sp. nov. (type strain YM16-304T = NBRC 103263T = KCTC 29153T), are proposed. The order

Acidimicrobiales

, which contains the genus

Ilumatobacter

, currently includes six genera and only six species, and they are phylogenetically very far from each other. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strains YM16-303T and YM16-304T clustered with closely related uncultured actinobacteria but not

Ilumatobacter fluminis

YM22-133T, suggesting that many uncultured bacteria related to these isolates exist in the environment. This is the first report on interspecies relationships in the order

Acidimicrobiales

.
Litoreibacter

halocynthiae sp. nov., isolated from the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi
Authors: Kim Young-Ok , Park Sooyeon , Nam Bo-Hye , Jung Yong-Taek , Kim Dong-Gyun , Lee Jung-Sook , Lee Sang-Jun , Yoon Jung-Hoon
Published: March 2013

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated P-MA1-7T, was isolated from a sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) collected from the South Sea, Korea. Strain P-MA1-7T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P-MA1-7T fell within the cluster comprising the type strains of four species of the genus

Litoreibacter

, exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.0–98.5 % to these four type strains and less than 95.9 % sequence similarity to the strains of the other species examined. Strain P-MA1-7T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the predominant fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain P-MA1-7T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain P-MA1-7T was 58.3 mol% and DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain P-MA1-7T with the type strains of the four species of the genus

Litoreibacter

were in the range of 8–21 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain P-MA1-7T was separate from other species of the genus

Litoreibacter

. On the basis of these data, strain P-MA1-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Litoreibacter

, for which the name

Litoreibacter

halocynthiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P-MA1-7T ( = KCTC 32213T = CCUG 63416T).