bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing repeated measures or randomized block designs using trimmed means
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: August 2011

A well‐known result is that the value of the standard error of the sample mean is sensitive to heavy tails (Tukey, 1960). In particular, moving slightly away from a normal distribution toward a heavier tailed distribution can increase the standard error by a considerable amount. As a result, methods for comparing means can have relatively low power. This problem is particularly serious in psychology because recent investigations indicate that the distributions associated with psychometric measures often have outliers and very heavy tails (Micceri, 1989; Wilcox, 1990a). One approach to this problem is to compare trimmed means instead. Yuen (1974) describes a method for comparing the trimmed means of two independent groups, and she demonstrated that her procedure can have considerably more power than Welch's test for means. This paper extends Yuen's solution to repeated measures and randomized block designs. Simulations indicate that the new procedure compares well to the usual F test using the Huynh‐Feldt correction of the degrees of freedom.
Confirmatory factor analysis of ordered categorical variables with large models
Authors: Potthast Margaret J.
Published: August 2011

This simulation study examined the utility of a categorical variable methodology developed by Muthén (1984) for confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Multivariate normal data were generated according to four different factor models (4, 9, 15 and 22 parameters) for samples of 500 and 1000. Indicators were classified into Five categories so that manifest variables displayed negative, zero, positive or highly positive kurtosis. Each of the 32 design cells was replicated 100 times. Parameter estimates exhibited little or no bias under any condition. Standard errors were underestimated with respect to the standard deviation of the parameter estimates. This negative bias worsened as model size grew or as positive kurtosis increased; it was more severe for factor correlations than indicator loadings. Chi‐square fit statistics rejected the true model more often than expected for nine‐parameter and larger models. Although variables with high positive kurtosis led to the greatest misfit in large models, fit was poor even with variables of zero kurtosis. As expected, larger samples always yielded more accurate results.
Lennart Philipson (1929–2011)
Authors: Simons Kai , Mattaj Iain W.
Published: August 2011

A virologist was instrumental in rejuvenating European biomedical research.
NIH Wins Suit Challenging Legality of Research
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: August 2011

Last week, a federal judge threw out a lawsuit that for the past 11 months had threatened to shut down at least $125 million in government-funded research on human embryonic stem cells.
Japan's Electricity Woes Have Researchers Sweating
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: August 2011

Power shortages following the Fukushima nuclear crisis are forcing researchers to scale back supercomputer use, delay experiments, and dispose of frozen samples.
Furtive Approach Rolls Back the Limits of Quantum Uncertainty
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: August 2011

You cannot measure a quantum particle without disturbing it. Or can you? Weird "weak measurements" are opening new vistas in quantum physics.
Recombination-Mediated Changes in Coreceptor Usage Confer an Augmented Pathogenic Phenotype in a Nonhuman Primate Model of HIV-1-Induced AIDS
Authors: Nishimura Yoshiaki , Shingai Masashi , Lee Wendy R. , Sadjadpour Reza , Donau Olivia K. , Willey Ronald , Brenchley Jason M. , Iyengar Ranjini , Buckler-White Alicia , Igarashi Tatsuhiko , Martin Malcolm A.
Published: August 2011

Evolution of the
env
gene in transmitted R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is the most widely accepted mechanism driving coreceptor switching. In some infected individuals, however, a shift in coreceptor utilization can occur as a result of the reemergence of a cotransmitted, but rapidly controlled, X4 virus. The latter possibility was studied by dually infecting rhesus macaques with X4 and R5 chimeric simian simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) and monitoring the replication status of each virus using specific primer pairs. In one of the infected monkeys, both SHIVs were potently suppressed by week 12 postinoculation, but a burst of viremia at week 51 was accompanied by an unrelenting loss of total CD4
+
T cells and the development of clinical disease. PCR analyses of plasma viral RNA indicated an
env
gene segment containing the V3 region from the inoculated X4 SHIV had been transferred into the genetic background of the input R5 SHIV by intergenomic recombination, creating an X4 virus with novel replicative, serological, and pathogenic properties. These results indicate that the effects of retrovirus recombination
in vivo
can be functionally profound and may even occur when one of the recombination participants is undetectable in the circulation as cell-free virus.
PREFERENCE DOMINANCE REASONING FOR CONVERSATIONAL RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN A COMPARATIVE PREFERENCES AND A SUM OF WEIGHTS APPROACH
Authors: TRABELSI WALID , WILSON NIC , BRIDGE DEREK , RICCI FRANCESCO
Published: August 2011

A conversational recommender system iteratively shows a small set of options for its user to choose between. In order to select these options, the system may analyze the queries tried by the user to derive whether one option is dominated by others with respect to the user's preferences. The system can then suggest that the user try one of the undominated options, as they represent the best options in the light of the user preferences elicited so far. This paper describes a framework for preference dominance. Two instances of the framework are developed for query suggestion in a conversational recommender system. The first instance of the framework is based on a basic quantitative preferences formalism, where options are compared using sums of weights of their features. The second is a qualitative preference formalism, using a language that generalises CP-nets, where models are a kind of generalised lexicographic order. A key feature of both methods is that deductions of preference dominance can be made efficiently, since this procedure needs to be applied for many pairs of options. We show that, by allowing the recommender to focus on undominated options, which are ones that the user is likely to be contemplating, both approaches can dramatically reduce the amount of advice the recommender needs to give to a user compared to what would be given by systems without this kind of reasoning.
Developmental switch in the polarity of experience-dependent synaptic changes in layer 6 of mouse visual cortex
Authors: Petrus Emily , Anguh Terence T. , Pho Huy , Lee Angela , Gammon Nicholas , Lee Hey-Kyoung
Published: August 2011

Layer 6 (L6) of primary sensory cortices is distinct from other layers in that it provides a major cortical input to primary sensory thalamic nuclei. L6 pyramidal neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) send projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), as well as to the thalamic reticular nucleus and higher order thalamic nuclei. Although L6 neurons are proposed to modulate the activity of thalamic relay neurons, how sensory experience regulates L6 neurons is largely unknown. Several days of visual deprivation homeostatically adjusts excitatory synapses in L4 and L2/3 of V1 depending on the developmental age. For instance, L4 exhibits an early critical period during which visual deprivation homeostatically scales up excitatory synaptic transmission. On the other hand, homeostatic changes in L2/3 excitatory synapses are delayed and persist into adulthood. In the present study we examined how visual deprivation affects excitatory synapses on L6 pyramidal neurons. We found that L6 pyramidal neurons homeostatically increase the strength of excitatory synapses following 2 days of dark exposure (DE), which was readily reversed by 1 day of light exposure. This effect was restricted to an early critical period, similar to that reported for L4 neurons. However, at a later developmental age, a longer duration of DE (1 wk) decreased the strength of excitatory synapses, which reversed to normal levels with light exposure. These changes are opposite to what is predicted from the homeostatic plasticity theory. Our results suggest that L6 neurons differentially adjust their excitatory synaptic strength to visual deprivation depending on the age of the animals.
Patient Safety Climate: Variation in Perceptions by Infection Preventionists and Quality Directors
Authors: Nelson Shanelle , Stone Patricia W. , Jordan Sarah , Pogorzelska Monika , Halpin Helen , Vanneman Megan , Larson Elaine
Published: August 2011

Background. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important patient safety issue, and safety climate is an important organizational factor. This study explores perceptions of infection preventionists (IPs) and quality directors (QDs) regarding two safety microclimates, Senior Management Engagement (SME) and Leadership on Patient Safety (LOPS), across California hospitals.Methods. This was an analysis of two cross-sectional surveys. We conducted Wilcoxon signed-rank test, univariate analyses, and a multivariate ordinary least square regression.Results. There were 322 eligible hospitals; 149 hospitals (46.3%) responded to both surveys. The IP response rate was 59%, and the QD response rate was 79.5%. We found IPs perceived SME more positively than did QDs (21.4 vs. 20.4, ). No setting characteristics predicted variation in perceptions. Presence of an independent budget predicted more positive perceptions of microclimates across personnel types ().Conclusions. Differences in perceptions continue to exist between essential leaders in acute health care settings which could have critical effects on outcomes such as HAIs. Having an independent budget for the infection prevention and control department may enhance the overall safety climate and in turn patient care.
Possible Mechanisms of Local Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System Activation in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hayden Melvin R. , Sowers Kurt M. , Pulakat Lakshmi , Joginpally Tejaswini , Krueger Bennett , Whaley-Connell Adam , Sowers James R.
Published: August 2011

The role of local tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) activation in the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not well understood. To this point, we posit that early redox stress-mediated injury to tissues and organs via accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated wound healing responses might serve as a paradigm to better understand how tRAS is involved. There are at least five common categories responsible for generating ROS that may result in a positive feedback ROS-tRAS axis. These mechanisms include metabolic substrate excess, hormonal excess, hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion, trauma, and inflammation. Because ROS are toxic to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids they may be the primary instigator, serving as the injury nidus to initiate the wound healing process. Insulin resistance is central to the development of the CRS and T2DM, and there are now thought to be four major organ systems important in their development. In states of overnutrition and tRAS activation, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle (SkM), islet tissues, and liver (the quadrumvirate) are individually and synergistically related to the development of insulin resistance, CRS, and T2DM. The obesity epidemic is thought to be the driving force behind the CRS and T2DM, which results in the impairment of multiple end-organs, including the cardiovascular system, pancreas, kidney, retina, liver, adipose tissue, SkM, and nervous system. A better understanding of the complex mechanisms leading to local tRAS activation and increases in tissue ROS may lead to new therapies emphasizing global risk reduction of ROS resulting in decreased morbidity and mortality.
Facing up to programmatic challenges created by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Heidari Shirin , Harries Anthony D , Zachariah Rony
Published: August 2011

Three decades after the emergence of HIV, we have made great strides in our response to the epidemic, from prevention of transmission to testing and treatment. However, it is still common in high‐prevalence settings for people to not know their HIV status, and estimates are that globally, a mere 36% of those eligible for treatment are receiving it. On top of this, for every person with HIV entering treatment, two more are infected. The operationa obstacles to overcoming the challenges and fully implementing proven strategies are numerous. The operational research and implementation sciences aim to provide a sound basis for how to maximize the use of limited resources by investigating the best models to deliver services and implement programmes in various settings and contexts. In this special issue, the Journal of the International AIDS Society intends to highlight some of the operational and programmatic challenges that are faced in sub‐Saharan Africa, home to the largest population living with HIV. Our hope is that readers gain insight into some of the challenges associated with the HIV/AIDS epidemic and a changing environment in the region, and become familiar with some applications of operational research and implementation science in HIV healthcare settings.
Mechanism of Action of a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-δ Agonist on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Dyslipidemic Subjects with Central Obesity
Authors: Ooi Esther M. M. , Watts Gerald F. , Sprecher Dennis L. , Chan Dick C. , Barrett P. Hugh R.
Published: August 2011

Context:

Dyslipidemia increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ agonists decrease plasma triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in humans.

Objective:

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of GW501516, a PPAR-δ agonist, on lipoprotein metabolism.

Design, Setting, and Intervention:

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of 6-wk intervention periods with placebo or GW501516 (2.5 mg/d), with 2-wk placebo washout between treatment periods.

Participants:

We recruited 13 dyslipidemic men with central obesity from the general community.

Main Outcome Measures:

We measured the kinetics of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-, intermediate-density lipoprotein-, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-apolipoprotein (apo) B-100, plasma apoC-III, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II).

Results:

GW501516 decreased plasma triglycerides, fatty acid, apoB-100, and apoB-48 concentrations. GW501516 decreased the concentrations of VLDL-apoB by increasing its fractional catabolism and of apoC-III by decreasing its production rate (P < 0.05). GW501516 reduced VLDL-to-LDL conversion and LDL-apoB production. GW501516 increased HDL-cholesterol, apoA-II, and LpA-I:A-II concentrations by increasing apoA-II and LpA-I:A-II production (P < 0.05). GW501516 decreased cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, and this was paralleled by falls in the triglyceride content of VLDL, LDL, and HDL and the cholesterol content of VLDL and LDL.

Conclusions:

GW501516 increased the hepatic removal of VLDL particles, which might have resulted from decreased apoC-III concentration. GW501516 increased apoA-II production, resulting in an increased concentration of LpA-I:A-II particles. This study elucidates the mechanism of action of this PPAR-δ agonist on lipoprotein metabolism and supports its potential use in treating dyslipidemia in obesity.
Germ line differentiation factor Bag of Marbles is a regulator of hematopoietic progenitor maintenance during Drosophila hematopoiesis
Authors: Tokusumi Tsuyoshi , Tokusumi Yumiko , Hopkins Dawn W. , Shoue Douglas A. , Corona Lauren , Schulz Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Bag of Marbles (Bam) is a stem cell differentiation factor in the Drosophila germ line. Here, we demonstrate that Bam has a crucial function in the lymph gland, the tissue that orchestrates the second phase of Drosophila hematopoiesis. In bam mutant larvae, depletion of hematopoietic progenitors is observed, coupled with prodigious production of differentiated hemocytes. Conversely, forced expression of Bam in the lymph gland results in expansion of prohemocytes and substantial reduction of differentiated blood cells. These findings identify Bam as a regulatory protein that promotes blood cell precursor maintenance and prevents hemocyte differentiation during larval hematopoiesis. Cell-specific knockdown of bam function via RNAi expression revealed that Bam activity is required cell-autonomously in hematopoietic progenitors for their maintenance. microRNA-7 (mir-7) mutant lymph glands present with phenotypes identical to those seen in bam-null animals and mutants double-heterozygous for bam and mir-7 reveal that the two cooperate to maintain the hematopoietic progenitor population. By contrast, analysis of yan mutant lymph glands revealed that this transcriptional regulator promotes blood cell differentiation and the loss of prohemocyte maintenance. Expression of Bam or mir-7 in hematopoietic progenitors leads to a reduction of Yan protein. Together, these results demonstrate that Bam and mir-7 antagonize the differentiation-promoting function of Yan to maintain the stem-like hematopoietic progenitor state during hematopoiesis.
Relaxed SiGe Layers with High Ge Content by Compliant Substrates
Authors: Yin H. , Peterson R.L. , Hobart K.D. , Shieh S.R. , Duffy T.S. , Sturm J.C.
Published: August 2011

Relaxed, high Ge content SiGe layers have been realized using stress balance on acompliant borophosphorosilicate glass (BPSG). A 30-nm fully-strained Si0.7Ge0.3 layer wastransferred onto a 1 μm BPSG film by wafer-bonding and Smart-cutρ processes, after which thecontinuous Si0.7Ge0.3 film was patterned into small islands to allow for lateral expansion. Afterthe strain in Si0.7Ge0.3 islands was released by the lateral expansion resulting from the flow of theBPSG, a Si0.4Ge0.6 layer was commensurately deposited under compression. Upon equilibriumafter an annealing, stress balance was formed between the SiGe films, resulting in a larger inplanelattice constant than that of relaxed Si0.7Ge0.3. With a thiner (6 nm) Si0.7Ge0.3 starting film,an in-plane lattice constant equivalent to fully-relaxed Si0.45Ge0.55 has been obtained.
Magneto-Optic Materials for Integrated Applications
Authors: Sung Sang-Yeob , Kim Na-Hyoung , Stadler Bethanie J.H
Published: August 2011

All of the materials necessary for integrated isolators were grown and the application of 2D photonic crystal structures to isolators has been explored. Magnetooptical garnets were grown monolithically by reactive rf sputtering. MgO was used as a substrate because it will useful for future buffer layers and optical claddings. The chemical, structural, and optical properties of the resulting films were analyzed. In order to incorporate photonic crystal structures into the magneto-optic integration scheme, we have calculated a range of radii and spacings necessary to fabricate YIG/air structures with 2D photonic bandgaps using an advanced plane-wave expansion technique. Selfassembled alumina nanostructures have been grown with similar symmetries as those calculated, namely hexagonal close-packed pores. These nanostructures were grown onto semiconductor and oxide substrates in order to demonstrate their use as RIE masks in fabricating photonic crystals. The nanostructures can also be transferred into YIG using separate alumina masks. However, the actual structures grown in this work were smaller than those required for telecommunications due to power supply limitations. For biasing the magneto-optical elements, sputtering was used to monolithically integrate permanent SmCo magnet films using semiconductor-friendly processing. These magnets were sufficient for biasing our magneto-optical waveguides. The chemical, structural and magnetic properties of these materials, as well as total integration with SiO2 cladding layers were analyzed.
Aspectos da sexualidade na adolescência
Authors: Brêtas José Roberto da Silva , Ohara Conceição Vieira da Silva , Jardim Dulcilene Pereira , Aguiar Junior Wagner de , Oliveira José Rodrigo de
Published: August 2011

O estudo envolveu 920 adolescentes entre 12 e 19 anos de idade em escolas de ensino fundamental e médio da região de Santo Eduardo do município de Embu, São Paulo. Teve por objetivo identificar aspectos da sexualidade de adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário estruturado, cujos resultados demonstraram a equivalência entre garotas e rapazes com relação à busca de informações específicas sobre sexualidade; 39% dos rapazes e 17% das garotas tinham prática sexual, destes, 77% dos rapazes e 84% das garotas utilizavam preservativo.
Autopercepção da saúde bucal e impacto na qualidade de vida do idoso: uma abordagem quanti-qualitativa
Authors: Haikal Desirée Sant'Ana , Paula Alfredo Maurício Batista de , Martins Andrea Maria Eleutério de Barros Lima , Moreira Allyson Nogueira , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e
Published: August 2011

Este estudo, de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, objetivou aprofundar o entendimento das relações entre autopercepção, impacto na qualidade de vida e condições bucais de idosos. Exame clínico e entrevista gravada contendo questões objetivas e discursivas foram realizados com 45 idosos. Conduziu-se análise descritiva quantitativa das questões objetivas e referentes ao exame clínico e à análise de conteúdo das questões discursivas de abordagem qualitativa. Imagens fotográficas do estado bucal foram relacionadas a trechos das entrevistas. A análise quantitativa evidenciou: 4,8 dentes em média; CPOD (número de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados) médio de 29,9; 57,7% eram desdentados, 60% acreditavam não necessitar tratamento, 75% sofriam impacto na qualidade de vida devido às condições bucais, apesar de 67% perceberem positivamente sua saúde bucal. Na análise qualitativa constatou-se subestimação de sintomas, falta de esperança e resignação frente às limitações impostas pelo precário estado clínico. Muitos encararam as limitações como conseqüência do envelhecimento e não como problema que mereça ser corrigido. O que mais incomodou foram as relações de dependência e a proximidade com a morte, minimizando outros problemas. A população idosa foi informada de que poderia modificar sua autopercepção, conscientizando-a que esta realidade pode ser modificada.
Periodontal Status of Adults With Systemic Sclerosis: Case‐Control Study
Authors: Leung W. Keung , Chu Chun Hung , Mok Mo Yin , Yeung K.W. Shadow , Ng Sam K.S.
Published: August 2011

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects connective tissue in the skin, blood vessels, and major organs of the body. This project aims to compare the periodontal status of dentate Hong Kong Chinese with and without SSc.

Methods: Thirty‐six non‐smoking adults with SSc (one male and 35 females: aged 50.6 ± 11.7 years; free from Sjögren syndrome) attending a teaching hospital were age‐ and sex‐matched to systemically healthy controls attending a dental hospital. Both groups had similar demographic characteristics but a lower proportion of patients with SSc were working or studying (P <0.05). Twenty‐three (32%) of all participants were regular dental attendees. Orthopantomogram radiographs were taken. Participants were surveyed and periodontally examined.

Results: Both groups had a similar number of erupted teeth, proportion of sites with detectable plaque, and mean full‐mouth clinical attachment level, whereas controls had less bleeding on probing (49.3% ± 22.6% versus 78.4% ± 19.6%; P <0.001) and a shallower mean full‐mouth probing depth (1.92 ± 0.44 mm versus 2.52 ± 0.58 mm; P <0.001). Radiographically, patients with SSc had wider periodontal ligament spaces (0.36 ± 0.06 mm versus 0.33 ± 0.03 mm; P <0.01).

Conclusions: Hong Kong Chinese adults with SSc seem to exhibit higher levels of periodontal inflammation and wider radiographic periodontal ligament spaces than age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Future studies are warranted to further investigate any associations between these periodontal features and SSc.
Genomic and EST microsatellite markers for Aquilegia flabellata and cross‐amplification in A. oxysepala (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Li Lin‐Feng , Di Pang  , Liao Qiang‐Lan , Xiao Hong‐Xing
Published: August 2011

•Premise of the study: The goal of this study was to identify genomic and expressed sequence tag (EST)‐derived microsatellite markers from the species Aquilegia flabellata and assess their transferability in A. oxysepala.

•Methods and Results: Eleven genomic and nine EST‐derived microsatellite loci were characterized in A. flabellata. These microsatellite primers amplified 66 alleles in all 20 loci. The observed heterozygosity (HO) for each population ranged from 0.00 to 0.94.

•Conclusions: All of the 20 loci were successfully amplified in A. oxysepala. These genomic and EST‐derived microsatellite markers will be useful in further genetic structure, speciation, and adaptive evolution studies.
Meeting the challenges of game ranch management
Authors: Collinson Roger
Published: August 2011

Meeting the challenges of game ranch management
Lack of Molecular Correlates of Plasmodium vivax Ookinete Development
Authors: Bounkeua Viengngeun , Li Fengwu , Chuquiyauri Raul , Abeles Shira R. , McClean Colleen M. , Neyra Victor , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Yori Pablo P. , Vinetz Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies of Plasmodium vivax transmission to Anopheles spp. mosquitoes have not been able to predict mosquito infectivity on the basis of microscopic or molecular quantification of parasites (total parasites in the sample or total number of gametocytes) in infected blood. Two methods for production of P. vivax ookinete cultures in vitro, with yields of 106 macrogametocytes, 104 zygotes, and 103 ookinetes, respectively, per 10 mL of P. vivax-infected patient blood with approximately 0.01% parasitemia, were used to study P. vivax sexual stage development. The quantity of gametocytes, determined by counting Giemsa-stained blood smears, and quantity and type of gametocyte as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for Pvalpha tubulin II and macrogametocyte-specific pvg377 did not predict ookinete yield. Factors that affect the efficiency of in vitro P. vivax ookinete transformation remain poorly understood.
Deutschlands erster Unterwassertunnel in Caisson‐Bauweise in Berlin‐Friedrichshagen Michael Braun
Authors: Braun Michael
Published: August 2011

Den Südosten Berlins durchzieht die Spree seit jeher wie ein trennendes Band. Brückenübergänge gibt es im Ortsteil Köpenick, östlich dann erst nach reichlich 10 km wieder in der Umlandgemeinde Erkner. Störend war dieser Umstand insbesondere im dazwischen gelegenen Friedrichshagen, wo an dem sogenannten Spree‐Gemünde stets ein Übergang zum jenseitigen Ufer mit seinen Ausflugsgaststätten erwünscht, andererseits die Stelle wegen der Spreeenge dafür auch in besonderer Weise prädestiniert war.

Viele Jahre lang hatte eine Ketten‐Fähre die Ausflügler übergesetzt, maximal 265 pro Fahrt. An Sommertagen mit bis zu 40000 Aspiranten eine langwierige Angelegenheit. Pläne für eine feste Verbindung beider Ufer hatte es wohl gegeben. Schon vor 1914 plante man z. B. einen Tunnel. Die Planungen indes waren durch den Krieg zunächst Makulatur geblieben. Bis mindestens 1924 war auch eine Brücke erörtert worden, in der Art, wie die nach dem Emperger‐Verfahren in der Nähe der Stralauer Bucht gebaute Abteibrücke [1]. Diese hätte zum Erreichen einer angemessenen Durchfahrthöhe für Schiffe enorm lange Rampen erfordert und fand deshalb weder das Wohlwollen der städtischen Behörden noch der Schiffahrt. Seit der Stabilisierung der Wirtschaftsverhältnisse nach Krieg und Inflation erst konnte einer Veränderung näher getreten werden.

Inzwischen hatte sich die Variante Tunnel verfestigt. Was seine herausgehobene Position ausmachen sollte, war dessen erstmalige Bauart in Deutschland. Nicht wie bislang üblich in offenem Bauverfahren sollte dieser Unterwassertunnel entstehen, sondern in der diesbezüglich neuen Caisson‐Bauweise. Das hieß, die 120 m lange Unterführung sollte im Trockenen fertiggestellt, dann – zwar in zwei Hälften – komplett versenkt werden. Eine bestechende, aber möglicherweise riskante Methode, denn sie war in Deutschland bis dahin lediglich bei Brückenpfeilern angewendet worden [2].
A biographical sketch of Johannes Jessenius: 410th anniversary of his Prague dissection
Authors: Kachlik David , Vichnar David , Musil Vladimir , Kachlikova Dana , Szabo Kristian , Stingl Josef
Published: August 2011

This article focuses on Johannes Jessenius (Ján Jesenský) (1566‐1621), with particular attention paid to his famous Prague dissection and its publication (2011 marking its 410th anniversary). Jessenius was a physician, surgeon, anatomist, scholar, philosopher, and university authority. We focus on the life and main contribution of Jessenius based on his 1600 Prague dissection, the Anatomiae, Pragae (1601). Borovanský described Jessenius' book as “not as a textbook, but as a publication aiming at educated laymen with the purpose of advertising, filled with quotations of old classical authors.” This work presents an important part of the Central European scientific, cultural, and political life of the late Renaissance period. Clin. Anat. 25:149–154, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of quantitative methods using virtual models for the measurement of tooth wear
Authors: Lee Seung‐Pyo , Nam Shin‐Eun , Lee Yoo‐Mee , Park Young‐Seok , Hayashi Kazuo , Lee Jai‐Bong
Published: August 2011

Tooth wear is an unavoidable process associated with aging. Currently, virtual three‐dimensional dental models are widely used and provide an advantage for studying tooth wear. However, there are no wear assessment parameters using virtual tooth models for the quantitative analysis of wear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and evaluate quantitative wear measurement parameters. Ninety maxillary and mandibular dental casts were prepared and rendered as virtual three‐dimensional models. For qualitative wear scoring, Hooper's new tooth wear index (NTWI) was used. For quantitative wear measurement, virtual vectors and occlusal planes were generated with reference points. Angles, height, and distance parameters were measured from reference points, vectors or planes. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was determined for NTWI scoring and quantitative measurements. Quantitatively measurements for all parameters were subgrouped according to age groups and NTWI score groups. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each group. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the coefficients test were performed on the groups. Overall, intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was good for both qualitative and quantitative measurement. In the ANOVA test, angle and height parameters showed significant differences between groups, whereas distance parameters did not. Similar results were observed in the coefficients test. However, plane heights and lingual side measurement parameters of the mandible are not recommended. In conclusion, this study indicates that all angle or height parameters of the maxilla and angle or vector height parameters of the buccal side of the mandible can be used as meaningful parameters in a quantitative wear study. Clin. Anat. 25:347–358, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Periodicity in Plutonium(IV) Sulfates.
Authors: Wilson Richard E.
Published: August 2011

The structures of Pu(SO4)2(H2O)4 and compounds (III) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Oxyfluorotitanate [Hgua]2·(Ti5O5F12) as a Transparent UV Filter.
Authors: Lhoste J. , Rocquefelte X. , Adil K. , Dessapt R. , Jobic S. , Leblanc M. , Maisonneuve V. , Bujoli‐Doeuff M.
Published: August 2011

[(NH2)2C=NH2] 2Ti5O5F12 is synthesized by microwave‐assisted solvothermal reaction of TiF4 and [(NH2)2C=NH]·HCl (EtOH, microwaves, autoclave, 190 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Halopalladation Cyclization of Alkynes with Azides: Selective Synthesis of 4‐Haloisoquinolines and 3‐Haloindoles.
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Ping , Yu Shang‐Ci , Liang Yun , Peng Peng , Tang Bo‐Xiao , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: August 2011

This selective halopalladation annulation protocol for the synthesis of halo‐substituted heterocycles can be applied by judicious choice of alkynyl azides and reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Furans and Pyrroles via Cyclization of α‐Propargyl‐β‐keto Esters.
Authors: Tsuji Hayato , Yamagata Ken‐ichi , Ueda Yasuyuki , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: August 2011

Cycloisomerization of α‐propargyl‐β‐keto esters (I),(III), and (V) and their imine analogues leads to trisubstituted furans (II) and (IV) and pyrroles (VII) and (IX),resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Transfer Hydroamination of Olefins with N‐Aminated Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Chou Chih‐Ming , Guin Joyram , Mueck‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Grimme Stefan , Studer Armido
Published: August 2011

A series of aminated dihydropyridines (III) is synthesized which are not accessible by other known methods.
ChemInform Abstract: FeIII‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Primary Amides from Aldehydes.
Authors: Gowda Ravikumar R. , Chakraborty Debashis
Published: August 2011

Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are directly converted into the corresponding primary amides by treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 in water.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Procedure for the Preparation of o‐Nitrophenols by Nitro Urea or Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Silica Sulfuric Acid (SiO2—OSO3H).
Authors: Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Nikoorazm Mohsen , Guodarziafshar Hamid , Naserifar Zahra , Zamani Parisa
Published: August 2011

A mixture of ammonium nitrate or nitro urea and silica sulfuric acid is found to be efficient and environmentally friendly nitrating media for the preparation of o‐nitro phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct 5‐Arylation of Formyl‐ or Acetyl‐halothiophene Derivatives.
Authors: Beydoun Kassem , Doucet Henri
Published: August 2011

Direct arylation of 4‐ (I) or 3‐chloro‐2‐acetylthiophene (IV) with aryl bromides is smoothly achieved in the presence of a simple Pd catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Mercaptobenzimidazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Agents.
Authors: Hosamani Kallappa M. , Shingalapur Ramya V.
Published: August 2011

Numerous title benzimidazole derivatives [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationships of 1,3‐Benzoxazole‐4‐carbonitriles as Novel Antifungal Agents with Potent in vivo Efficacy.
Authors: Kuroyanagi Jun‐ichi , Kanai Kazuo , Horiuchi Takao , Takeshita Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shozo , Achiwa Issei , Yoshida Kumi , Nakamura Koichi , Kawakami Katsuhiro
Published: August 2011

Following a known lead and using various synthetic approaches a series of 1,3‐benzoxazole‐4‐carbonitriles is synthesized and evaluated for antifungal potency.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Approach to High‐Yielding Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral 3‐Alkyl‐4‐nitromethylchromans via Cascade Barbas—Michael and Acetalization Reactions.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Prasad M. Shiva , Madhavachary R.
Published: August 2011

The asymmetric Barbas—Michael addition—acetalization cascade reaction of β‐nitro‐o‐hydroxystyrenes (I) with enolizable aldehydes is smoothly catalyzed by a prolinol‐derived silyl ether—benzoic acid system to give chromanols (III) in good yields and stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Construction of Highly Functionalized 3‐Benzazepine Skeletons Through Ring‐Opening Cycloamination Reactions Catalyzed by Gold.
Authors: Du Xiangwei , Yang Shuang , Yang Jingyu , Liu Yuanhong
Published: August 2011

The cyclization reaction proceeds through a regioselective 6‐endo‐dig cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Ceramicines E—I, New Limonoids from Chisocheton ceramicus.
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , et al. et al.
Published: August 2011

Five new limonoids, ceramicines E—I (I)—(III), are isolated from the title tree bark.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Studies on an Endemic Philippine Plant: Sulfated Glucoside and seco‐A‐Ring Triterpenoids from Dillenia philippinensis.
Authors: Macahig Rene Angelo Sarmiento , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: August 2011

The leaves of the endemic Philippine plant Dillenia philippinensis yield 11 compounds including a new sulfated glucoside (I) and a new seco‐A‐ring oleane‐type triterpenoid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Electron Holography Studies of Single Crystalline Nanostructures of Clathrate‐II Phases KxGe136 and NaxSi136.
Authors: Simon Paul , Tang Zhongjia , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Chiong Katherine , Boehme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Lichte Hannes , Grin Yuri , Guloy Arnold M.
Published: August 2011

Crystalline nanosized particles of the title compounds are prepared from dispersions of K4Ge9 or NaSi2.25, 18‐crown‐6, and a mixture of n‐dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and AlCl3 (120—180 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: The Metal—Nonmetal Transition in Fluid Mercury: Landau—Zeldovich Revisited
Authors: Hensel Friedrich
Published: August 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic, Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of Vanadium, Chromium and Manganese Nanostructures
Authors: Demangeat C. , Parlebas J. C.
Published: August 2011

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Functionalization by Metalloporphyrins: Recent Developments and Future Directions
Authors: Lu Hongjian , Zhang X. Peter
Published: August 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: When Gold Can Do What Iodine Cannot Do — A Critical Comparison
Authors: Hummel Sara , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: August 2011

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progression of Absolute Configuration Determination in Natural Product Chemistry Using Optical Rotation (Dispersion), Matrix Determinant, and Electronic Circular Dichroism Methods
Authors: Zhao Sheng‐Ding , Shen Lan , Luo Du‐Qiang , Zhu Hua‐Jie
Published: August 2011

Review: 160 refs.
Efficacy of tissue autofluorescence imaging (velscope) in the visualization of oral mucosal lesions
Authors: Farah Camile S. , McIntosh Lidija , Georgiou Anastasia , McCullough Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Background

Technology that highlights potentially malignant oral lesions in a highly sensitive and specific manner will aid clinicians in early diagnosis of these conditions. This study assessed the efficacy of direct tissue autofluorescence imaging Visually Enhanced Lesion Scope (VELScope) in the detection of oral mucosal lesions.

Methods

One hundred twelve patients referred with a potentially malignant oral mucosal lesion were examined under routine incandescent light, and then with VELScope, noting loss of autofluorescence and presence of blanching. Incisional biopsies were performed to provide definitive histopathological diagnoses.

Results

VELScope enhanced the visibility of 41 lesions and helped uncover 5 clinically undetected lesions. VELScope examination alone showed a sensitivity of 30% and a specificity of 63%. Its accuracy at identifying dysplasia was 55%.

Conclusion

VELScope examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis regarding the presence of epithelial dysplasia. Loss of autofluorescence is not useful in diagnosing epithelial dysplasia in its own right without relevant clinical interpretation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Selective observation of Asp and Glu resonances in 13CO detected experiments
Authors: Pantoja‐Uceda David , Santoro Jorge
Published: August 2011

We present a filter element to observe exclusively the resonances of Asp and Glu residues in several 13C detected experiments, CACO, CBCACO, and CCCO. As in these experiments the carboxylate resonances appear in the directly detected dimension, it is possible to measure their chemical shifts with a high precision. Therefore, the experiments can be of great utility in the accurate determination of the pKa's of these residues. Furthermore, the experiments can be applied in the study of deuterated proteins, where the usual experiments for pKa determination cannot be used. Finally, the good resolution with which the carboxylate spectrum is obtained allows observing the coupling between the carboxyl carbon and the backbone CO in Asp residues, what provides information on their side chain conformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical efficiency of organic pasture farming in Germany: The role of location economics and of specific knowledge
Authors: Lakner S. , von Cramon-Taubadel S. , Brümmer B.
Published: August 2011

We analyze the efficiency of organic pasture farming in Germany using data from 1994/95 to 2005/06. Five inputs and one output are analyzed by means of a stochastic frontier production function, allowing for heteroscedasticity and technical effects. Five sets of possible determinants of technical efficiency are considered in the model. These include: (1) farm structure and resources; (2) human capital and management capacities; (3) institutional choice; and (4) subsidies. To these factors that are commonly included in technical effects models, we add (5) a set of variables that capture localization and urbanization economies such as the share of organic farms in a region and the regional share of votes for the Green Party in recent elections. These regional effects are found to have a significant impact on the technical efficiency of organic farms. The evolution of efficiency on farms that are converting from conventional to organic farming is also analyzed.
Perinephric and Epididymal Fat Affect Hepatic Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Ben‐Shlomo Shani , Einstein Francine H. , Zvibel Isabel , Atias Dikla , Shlomai Amir , Halpern Zamir , Barzilai Nir , Fishman Sigal
Published: August 2011

The present study examined whether the perinephric and epididymal visceral fat (PEVF) depot under short‐term excess nutrient protected the liver by trapping nutrient‐derived nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) or had deleterious effects on hepatic triglycerides (TGs) accumulation and insulin resistance due to adipokine secretion. Young rats pre‐emptively underwent surgical PEVF removal or sham operations and were fed with either high‐fat diet (HFD) (PEVF‐HFD) or regular chow (RC) (PEVF‐RC) for 3 days. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Liver TG, serum NEFA, and fat‐derived adipokines were assessed. Insulin and lipogenesis signaling were assessed by western blots. Pre‐emptive PEVF removal significantly decreases insulin‐induced suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) both in RC and in HFD‐fed rats. In accordance with the clamp results, hepatic TG accumulation is also significantly reduced by PEVF excision both in RC and HFD‐fed rats. These results are further validated by insulin signaling results, which show that pre‐emptive PEVF removal increases phosphorylation of hepatic Akt, irrespective of diet. Notably, high levels of serum leptin induced by HFD are significantly reduced by pre‐emptive PEVF excision. Additionally, expression of lipogenic enzyme p‐acetyl‐CoA‐carboxylase, denoting reduced lipogenesis, is increased in the PEVF‐HFD rats. In conclusion, PEVF has a deleterious effect on the liver as a source of insulin resistance‐inducing adipokines irrespective of diet, and does not serve as a buffer for excess nutrients.
The heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gβ1 have lysophospholipase D activity
Authors: Aoyama Chieko , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Ando Hiromi , Yamashita Satoko , Horibata Yasuhiro , Sugimoto Sayaka , Satou Motoyasu
Published: August 2011

In a previous study we purified a novel lysoPLD (lysophospholipase D) which converts LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine) into a bioactive phospholipid, LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), from the rat brain. In the present study, we identified the purified 42 and 35 kDa proteins as the heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gβ1 respectively. When FLAG-tagged Gαq or Gβ1 was expressed in cells and purified, significant lysoPLD activity was observed in the microsomal fractions. Levels of the hydrolysed product choline increased over time, and the Mg2+ dependency and substrate specificity of Gαq were similar to those of lysoPLD purified from the rat brain. Mutation of Gαq at amino acids Lys52, Thr186 or Asp205, residues that are predicted to interact with nucleotide phosphates or catalytic Mg2+, dramatically reduced lysoPLD activity. GTP does not compete with LPC for the lysoPLD activity, indicating that these substrate-binding sites are not identical. Whereas the enzyme activity of highly purified FLAG-tagged Gαq overexpressed in COS-7 cells was ~4 nmol/min per mg, the activity from Neuro2A cells was 137.4 nmol/min per mg. The calculated Km and Vmax values for lysoPAF (1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) obtained from Neuro2A cells were 21 μM and 0.16 μmol/min per mg respectively, similar to the enzyme purified from the rat brain. These results reveal a new function for Gαq and Gβ1 as an enzyme with lysoPLD activity. Tag-purified Gα11 also exhibited a high lysoPLD activity, but Gαi and Gαs did not. The lysoPLD activity of the Gα subunit is strictly dependent on its subfamily and might be important for cellular responses. However, treatment of Hepa-1 cells with Gαq and Gα11 siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) did not change lysoPLD activity in the microsomal fraction. Clarification of the physiological relevance of lysoPLD activity of these proteins will need further studies.
1 × 12 Unequally spaced waveguide array for actively tuned optical phased array on a silicon nanomembrane
Authors: Kwong David , Hosseini Amir , Zhang Yang , Chen Ray T.
Published: August 2011

We present an experimental demonstration of an optical phased array implementation on silicon nanomembrane. The integrated on-chip array configuration is non-uniform and avoids grating lobes inside the field of view during beam steering while allowing the waveguide separation to be large enough to prevent optical coupling. A 1 × 12 multimode interference beam splitter uniformly excites the arrayed waveguides. Individually controllable micro-heaters modulate the optical phase in the arrayed waveguides. A beam steering angle of 10.2° in a silicon planar guide equivalent to an effective steering angle of 31.9° in air is demonstrated at 1.55 μm.