bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Disabilities Caused by Leprosy in 100 Million Cohort in Brazil
Authors: Sanchez Mauro Niskier , Nery Joilda Silva , Pescarini Júlia Moreira , Mendes André Alves , Ichihara Maria Yury , Teixeira Camila Silveira Silva , Penna Maria Lúcia Fernandes , Smeeth Liam , Rodrigues Laura Cunha , Barreto Maurício Lima , Brickley Elizabeth B. , Penna Gerson Oliveira
Published: January 2021

Background: Leprosy continues to be an important cause of physical disability in endemic countries such as Brazil. Knowledge of determinants of these events may lead to better control measures and targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on affected individuals. This study investigated such factors among the most vulnerable portion of the Brazilian population.Methods: A large cohort was built from secondary data originated from a national registry of applicants to social benefit programs, covering the period 2001- 2015, including over 114 million individuals. Data were linked to the leprosy notification system utilizing data from 2007 until 2014. Descriptive and bivariate analyses lead to a multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic regression model with cluster-robust standard errors. Associations were reported as Odds Ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervalsResults: Among the original cohort members 21,565 new leprosy cases were identified between 2007-2014. Most of the cases (63.1%) had grade zero disability. Grades 1 and 2 represented 21% and 6%, respectively. Factors associated with increasing odds of grades 1 and 2 disability were age over 15 years old (ORs 2,39 and 1,95, respectively), less schooling (with a clear dose response effect) and being a multibacillary patient (ORs 3,5 and 8,22). Protective factors for both grades were being female (ORs 0,81 and 0,61) and living in a high incidence municipality (ORs 0,85 and 0,65).Conclusions: The findings suggest that the developing of physical disabilities remains a public health problem which increases the burden of leprosy, mainly for those with severe clinical features and worse socioeconomic conditions. Early diagnosis is paramount to decrease the incidence of leprosy-related disability and our study points to the need for strengthening control actions in non-endemic areas in Brazil, where cases may be missed when presented at early stages in disease. Both actions are needed, to benefit patients and to achieve the WHO goal in reducing physical disabilities among new cases of leprosy.
Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Abdominal Pain in IBS Patients by Bioinformatics Approach
Authors: Lin Zhongyuan , Wang Yimin , Lin Shiqing , Liu Decheng , Mo Guohui , Zhang Hui , dou Yunling
Published: January 2021

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disease characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort and pain. The mechanisms of abdominal pain, as a relevant symptom, in IBS are still unclear. We aimed to explore the key genes and neurobiological changes specially involved in abdominal pain in IBS.Methods: Gene expression data (GSE36701) was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Fifty-three rectal mucosa samples from 27 Irritable Bowel Syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) patients and 40 samples from 21 healthy volunteers (HV) as controls were included. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two groups were identified using the GEO2R online tool. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed on the DAVID database. Then a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and visualized using STRING database and Cytoscape.Results: The microarray analysis demonstrated a subset of genes (CCKBR, CCL13, ACPP, BDKRB2, GRPR, SLC1A2, NPFF, P2RX4, TRPA1, CCKBR, TLX2, MRGPRX3, PAX2, CXCR1) specially involved in pain transmission. Among these genes, we identified GRPR, NPFF and TRPA1 genes as potential biomarkers for irritating abdominal pain of IBS patients.Conclusions: Overexpression of certain pain-related genes (GRPR, NPFF and TRPA1) may contribute to chronic visceral hypersensitivity, therefore be partly responsible for recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort in IBS patients. Several synapses modification and biological process of psychological distress may be risk factors of IBS.
Pelvic organ prolapse and uterine preservation: A cohort study (POP-UP study)
Authors: Gagyor Daniel , Kalis Vladimir , Smazinka Martin , Rusavy Zdenek , Pilka Radovan , Ismail Khaled
Published: January 2021

Background: Abdominal and laparoscopic sacro-colpopexy (LSC) is considered the standard surgical option for the management of a symptomatic apical pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Women who have their uterus, and for whom an LSC is indicated, can have a laparoscopic sacro-hysteropexy (LSH), a laparoscopic supra-cervical hysterectomy and laparoscopic sacro-cervicopexy (LSCH+LSC) or a total laparoscopic hysterectomy and laparoscopic sacro-colpopexy (TLH+LSC). The main aim of this study was to compare clinical and patient reported outcomes of uterine sparing versus concomitant hysterectomy LSC procedures. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical, imaging and patient reported outcomes at baseline, 3 and 12 months after LSH versus either LSCH+LSC or TLH+LSC between January 2015 and January 2019 in a tertiary referral urogynecology center in Pilsen, the Czech Republic. Results. In total, 294 women were included in this analysis (LSH n = 43, LSCH+LSC n = 208 and TLH+LSC n = 43). There were no differences in the incidence of perioperative injuries and complications. There were no statistically significant differences between the concomitant hysterectomy and the uterine sparing groups in any of the operative, clinical or patient reported outcomes except for a significantly lower anterior compartment failure rate (p= 0.017) and higher optimal mesh placement rate at 12 months in women who had concomitant hysterectomy procedures (p = 0.006).Conclusion. LSH seems to be associated with higher incidence of anterior compartment failures and suboptimal mesh placement based on postoperative imaging techniques compared to LSC with concomitant hysterectomy.
Ergogenic effect of pre-exercise chicken broth ingestion on a high-intensity cycling time-trial
Authors: Barbaresi Silvia , Blancquaert Laura , Nikolovski Zoran , de Jager Sarah , Wilson Mathew , Everaert Inge , De Baere Siegrid , Croubels Siska , De Smet Stefaan , Cable Tim , Derave Wim
Published: January 2021

Background: chicken meat extract is a popular functional food in Asia. It is rich in the bioactive compounds carnosine and anserine, two histidine-containing dipeptides (HCD). Studies suggest that acute pre-exercise ingestion of chicken extracts has important applications towards exercise performance and fatigue control, but the evidence is equivocal. This study aimed to evaluate the ergogenic potential of the pre-exercise ingestion of a homemade chicken broth (CB) vs a placebo soup on a short-lasting, high-intensity cycling exercise. Methods: fourteen men participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention study. Subjects ingested either CB, thereby receiving 46.4 mg/kg body weight of HCD, or a placebo soup (similar in taste without HCD) 40 min before an 8 min cycling time trial (TT) was performed. Venous blood samples were collected at arrival (fasted), before exercise and at 5 min recovery. Plasma HCD were measured with UPLC-MS/MS and glutathione (in red blood cells) was measured through HPLC. Capillary blood samples were collected at different timepoints before and after exercise. Results: a significant improvement (p=0.033; 5.2%) of the 8 min TT mean power was observed after CB supplementation compared to placebo. Post-exercise plasma carnosine (p<0.05) and anserine (p<0.001) was significantly increased after CB supplementation and not following placebo. No significant effect of CB supplementation was observed either on blood glutathione levels, nor on capillary blood analysis. Conclusions: oral CB supplementation improved the 8 min TT performance albeit it did not affect the acid-base balance or oxidative status parameters. Further research should unravel the potential role and mechanisms of HCD, present in CB, in this ergogenic approach.
Expression of Cyr61 is associated with Clinical Course in Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Lee Su-Mi , Lee Kyung-Hwa , Park Seon-Young , Chung Jin Ook , Kim Dong Hyun , Ju Jae Kyun , Lee Jae-Hyuk , Kim Hyun Soo
Published: January 2021

Backgrounds: Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is emerging as an important regulator of tissue homeostasis and wound repair. We aim to explore the colonic mucosal expression of Cyr61 and analyze the association between Cyr61 expression and clinical course in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).Methods: Endoscopic samples were identified from 83 CD patients with and 372 controls by searching pathological reports. Among them, age- and sex- matched 43 of each group by a propensity score were selected to compare Cyr61 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC scores for Cyr61 expression of CD patients were divided into tertiles to evaluate the association with clinical course. We also measured the level of mRNA for Cyr 61 and proinflammatory genes in inflamed and noninflamed colonic mucosal lesions from CD patients.Results: The mean IHC scores for Cyr61 expression was higher in CD patients (86.5) than in controls (46.1, P<0.001). In CD patients, the mean IHC scores for Cyr61 expression (68.3) was lower in patients with clinical recurrence than in patients without recurrence (92.2, P=0.01). Cyr61 mRNA levels in inflamed mucosa were 2-fold higher than those in non-inflamed lesion (P>0.05) and the mRNA levels of IL-6 and TLR-4 in inflamed mucosa were significantly higher than those in non-inflamed mucosa in CD patients (all P<0.05). When CD patients were stratified into tertile groups according to IHC scores for Cyr61 expression, clinical recurrence rates tended to be lower in patients with high Cyr61 expression (P for trend=0.02). Compared with tertile 1 of Cyr61 expression, tertile 3 of Cyr 61 expression was associated with reduced risk of clinical recurrence (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.20~0.92) after adjustment for age, sex and CD activity index at the time of colonoscopy in CD patients (P=0.03).Conclusions: Cyr61 mucosal expression in CD patients was inversely associated with clinical course. Future study need to be considered to evaluate whether Cyr 61 may play a role in activating inflammatory responses and contributing to wound healing and tissue repair in patients with CD.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with non-opticospinal manifestations as initial symptoms: A long-term observational study
Authors: Li Rui , Lu Danli , Li Hao , Wang Yuge , Shu Yaqing , Chang Yanyu , Sun Xiaobo , Lu Zhengqi , Qiu Wei , Yang Zhi
Published: January 2021

Background: Early stage neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with non-opticospinal manifestations as initial symptoms are easily misdiagnosed; however, data on the full symptom profile are limited. Moreover, the clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of these patients remain unknown. We sought to analyze the clinical characteristics, imaging features, and long-term outcomes of NMOSD with non-opticospinal manifestations as initial symptoms.Methods: We retrospectively included relevant patients from our center. Clinical, demographic, magnetic resonance imaging, treatment, and outcome data were compared according to the non-opticospinal vs. opticospinal initial symptoms. Results: We identified 43 (9.13%) patients with non-opticospinal initial symptoms among 471 patients with NMOSD. Of these, 88.37% developed optic neuritis/myelitis during an average follow-up period of 6.33 years. All the non-opticospinal symptoms were brain/brainstem symptoms. Most of the symptoms and associated brain lesions were reversible. These patients had a younger onset age (P < 0.001), lower serum aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody titers (P = 0.030), and a lower Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at onset (P < 0.001) and follow-up (P = 0.041) than NMOSD patients with opticospinal initial symptoms. In addition, EDSS scores reached 3.0 (indicating moderate disability) later than in patients with opticospinal initial symptoms (P = 0.028).Conclusions: Patients with NMOSD with non-opticospinal initial symptoms have a younger onset age, lower serum AQP4 antibody titers, and better clinical outcomes.
Sexual health and COVID-19: Protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Kumar Navin , Janmohamed Kamila , Nyhan Kate , Forastiere Laura , Zhang Wei-Hong , Kågesten Anna , Uhlich Maximiliane , de Velde Sarah M Van , Francis Joel M , Erasquin Jennifer Toller , Larrson Elin C , Callander Denton , Scott John , Minichiello Victor , Tucker Joseph D
Published: January 2021

Background: Global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed and exacerbated existing socioeconomic and health inequities that disproportionately affect the sexual health and well-being of many populations, including people of color, ethnic minority groups, women, and sexual and gender minority populations. Although there have been several reviews published on COVID-19 and health disparities across various populations, none have focused on sexual health. We plan to conduct a scoping review that seeks to fill several of the gaps in the current knowledge of sexual health in the COVID-19 era.Methods: A scoping review focusing on sexual health and COVID-19 will be conducted. We will search (from January 2020 onwards) CINAHL, Africa-Wide Information, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, Gender Studies Database, Gender Watch, Global Health, WHO Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease Database, WHO Global Index Medicus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Sociological Abstracts. Grey literature will be identified using Disaster Lit, Google Scholar, governmental websites and clinical trials registries (e.g. ClinicalTrial.gov, World Health Organization, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and International Standard Randomized Con-trolled Trial Number registry). Study selection will conform to Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual 2015 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Only English language, original studies will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g. frequencies) and qualitative (e.g. content and thematic analysis) methods.Discussion: Original research is urgently needed to mitigate the risks ofCOVID-19 on sexual health. The planned scoping review will help to address this gap.
Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline
Authors: Saud Zack , Kortsinoglou Alexandra M. , Kouvelis Vassili N. , Butt Tariq M.
Published: January 2021

Background More accurate and complete reference genomes have improved understanding of gene function, biology, and evolutionary mechanisms. Hybrid genome assembly approaches leverage benefits of both long, relatively error-prone reads from third-generation sequencing technologies and short, accurate reads from second-generation sequencing technologies, to produce more accurate and contiguous de novo genome assemblies in comparison to using either technology independently. In this study, we present a novel hybrid assembly pipeline that allowed for both mitogenome de novo assembly and telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum . Results The improved assembly allowed for better ab initio gene prediction and a more BUSCO complete proteome set has been generated in comparison to the eight current NCBI reference Metarhizium spp. genomes. Remarkably, we note that including the mitogenome in ab initio gene prediction training improved overall gene prediction. The assembly was further validated by comparing contig assembly agreement across various assemblers, assessing the assembly performance of each tool. Genomic synteny and orthologous protein clusters were compared between Metarhizium brunneum and three other Hypocreales species with complete genomes, identifying core proteins, and listing orthologous protein clusters shared uniquely between the two entomopathogenic fungal species, so as to further facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning fungal-insect pathogenesis. Conclusions The novel assembly pipeline may be used for other haploid fungal species, facilitating the need to produce high-quality reference fungal genomes, leading to better understanding of fungal genomic evolution, chromosome structuring and gene regulation.
The Role of Intellectual Property Rights on Access to Medicines in the WHO African Region: 25 Years After the TRIPS Agreement
Authors: Motari Marion , Nikiema Jean-Baptiste , Kasilo Ossy Muganga Julius , Kniazkov Stanislav , Loua Andre , Sougou Aissatou , Tumusiime Prosper
Published: January 2021

BackgroundIt is now 25 years since the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the same concerns raised during its negotiations such as high prices of medicines, market exclusivity and delayed market entry for generics remain relevant as highlighted recently by the Ebola and COVID-19 pandemics. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) mandate to work on the interface between intellectual property, innovation and access to medicine has been continually reinforced and extended to include providing support to countries on the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities in collaboration with stakeholders. This study analyses the role of intellectual property on access to medicines in the African Region. Methods:We analyze patent data from the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) to provide a situational analysis of patenting activity and trends. We also review legislation to assess how TRIPS flexibilities are implemented in countries.ResultsPatenting was low for African countries. Only South Africa and Cameroon appeared in the list of top ten originator countries for ARIPO and OAPI respectively. Main diseases covered by African patents were HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and tumors. Majority countries have legislation allowing for compulsory licensing and parallel importation of medicines, while the least legislated flexibilities were explicit exemption of pharmaceutical products from patentable subject matter, new or second use of patented pharmaceutical products, imposition of limits to patent term extension and test data protection. 39 countries have applied TRIPS flexibilities, with the most common being compulsory licensing and least developed country transition provisions. DiscussionCountries of the WHO African Region operate within a multi-layered –intellectual property regulatory landscape globally and at regional level which is characterized by inconsistencies and misalignment which limit the extent to which countries can implement TRIPS flexibilities. ConclusionsOpportunities exist for WHO to work with ARIPO and OAPI to support countries in reviewing their legislation to be more responsive to public health needs.
Comparison and Interpretation of Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbial Communities in Three Blueberry Varieties
Authors: zhang Yan , Wang Wei , Shen Zhangjun , Wang Jingjing , Chen Yajun , Wang Dong , Liu Gang , Han Maozhen
Published: January 2021

Background: Studies on the rhizosphere microbiome of various plants proved that rhizosphere microbiota carries out various vital functions and can regulate the growth and improve the yield of plants. However, the rhizosphere microbiome of commercial blueberry was only reported by a few studies and remains elusive. Comparison and interpretation of the characteristics of the rhizosphere microbiome of blueberry are critical important to maintain its health. Results: In this study, a total of 20 rhizosphere soil samples, including 15 rhizosphere soil samples from three different blueberry varieties and five bulk soil samples, were sequenced with a high-throughput sequencing strategy. Based on these sequencing datasets, we profiled the taxonomical, functional, and phenotypic compositions of rhizosphere microbial communities for three different blueberry varieties and compared our results with a previous study focused on the rhizosphere microbiome of blueberry varieties. Our results demonstrated significant differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities of different blueberry varieties and bulk soil. The distribution patterns of taxonomical, functional, and phenotypic compositions of rhizosphere microbiome differ across the blueberry varieties. The rhizosphere microbial communities of three different blueberry varieties could be distinctly separated, and 28 discriminative biomarkers were selected to distinguish these three blueberry varieties. Core rhizosphere microbiota for blueberry was identified, and it contained 201 OTUs, which were mainly affiliated with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Moreover, the interactions between OTUs of blueberry rhizosphere microbial communities were explored by a co-occurrence network of OTUs from an ecological perspective. Conclusions: This pilot study explored the characteristics of blueberry’s rhizosphere microbial community, such as the beneficial microorganisms and core microbiome, and provided an integrative perspective on blueberry’s rhizosphere microbiome, which beneficial to blueberry health and production.
Traces of murders committed by convicts in prison
Authors: Shelenina K.G.
Published: January 2021

The concept of “forensic characteristics of crimes” has long been among the basic concepts of forensic theory and practice. The content of this concept is a systematic set of data about the crime, elements of its composition that are relevant for the identification and exposure of the perpetrator – the location, time, method, traces of the
crime, and other circumstances of the subject of evidence, as well as related facts. Particularly serious criminal offenses represent one of the most difficult categories of crimes in terms of their detection and investigation. Often this is due to miscalculations and mistakes in the conduct of primary investigative and search operations, the lack of adaptation of existing private forensic techniques to the realities of modern crime in this field. Most often, the primary measures to identify the perpetrators of the murder of a person are haphazard in nature, conducted without involving the entire arsenal of tactical and criminalistic tools. Sometimes this leads to the loss of the necessary evidence and the lack of efficiency of the enormous amount of work.
Detection of certain traces at the scene of the murder, their subsequent fixation, and seizure contribute to the emergence of possible forensic versions, as well as with their help it is possible to distinguish the key signs of the murders committed and consider the evidenced evidence in a specific context. The traces allow us to draw conclusions about the nature, motives, and mechanism of the criminal offense, the identity of the offender, his characteristic physical and psychological characteristics, which are extremely important in the investigation of the killings.
Murders committed by convicts in prisons, like any other, cannot be committed without a trace, ie they leave behind in the environment as traces. Which is direct evidence when investigating such a category of crimes. Analyzing the scientific literature and taking into account the practice of law enforcement agencies, the concepts of traces, bases of classification, differentiation of concepts “trace picture”, “typical trace picture”, “typical traces”, division of trace pictures into groups of traces were investigated
and revealed.
Keywords: trace picture, crime, murder, places of imprisonment, traces.
The National Police of Ukraine as a component of the domestic law
enforcement system
Authors: Harust Yu.V. , Kalyta S.Yu.
Published: January 2021

In Ukraine, there are qualitative changes in the reform of law enforcement agencies in order to more effectively ensure the rule of law in the country, protect human rights and freedoms and increase public confidence in these bodies. Undoubtedly, it is important to create a National Police, which plays an important role in the domestic law enforcement system. Since the first days of its operation, the police have received support from citizens, who argue with various sociological surveys, because this law enforcement agency is open enough in its activity, there is contact with the population. The article is devoted to the activity of a component of the domestic law enforcement system – the National Police. The National Police of Ukraine (police) is a central executive body that serves society by ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, combating crime, maintaining public safety and order. This topic is very relevant, as the police are a relatively new subject in the law enforcement system and are on their way. The scientific article investigates which regulatory acts regulate the activity of this law enforcement agency, the structure, main tasks of the police are found out on the basis of the current legislation. The structure of the National Police is quite complex and due to the shortcomings in the legislation, there are problems concerning the interaction between the units. The publication examines the procedure for appointing persons to the post of a police officer and identifies the main problems of selecting candidates to the ranks of the National Police. The importance of introducing in the Law of Ukraine “On National Police” the task of the police is emphasized – to provide within the limits specified by the law services for assistance to persons who, for personal, economic, social reasons or due to emergency situations, need such assistance. Some of the shortcomings of the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police” have been identified and suggestions for improvement of this legal action have been proposed.

Keywords: law enforcement system, National Police of Ukraine, police tasks, police structure, police officer.
Quantum eigenstates from classical Gibbs distributions
Authors: Claeys Pieter W. , Polkovnikov Anatoli
Published: January 2021

We discuss how the language of wave functions (state vectors) and
associated non-commuting Hermitian operators naturally emerges from
classical mechanics by applying the inverse Wigner-Weyl transform to the
phase space probability distribution and observables. In this language,
the Schr"odinger equation follows from the Liouville equation, with
\hbarℏ
now a free parameter. Classical stationary distributions can be
represented as sums over stationary states with discrete (quantized)
energies, where these states directly correspond to quantum eigenstates.
Interestingly, it is now classical mechanics which allows for apparent
negative probabilities to occupy eigenstates, dual to the negative
probabilities in Wigner’s quasiprobability distribution. These negative
probabilities are shown to disappear when allowing sufficient
uncertainty in the classical distributions. We show that this
correspondence is particularly pronounced for canonical Gibbs ensembles,
where classical eigenstates satisfy an integral eigenvalue equation that
reduces to the Schr"odinger equation in a saddle-point
approximation controlled by the inverse temperature. We illustrate this
correspondence by showing that some paradigmatic examples such as
tunneling, band structures, Berry phases, Landau levels, level
statistics and quantum eigenstates in chaotic potentials can be
reproduced to a surprising precision from a classical Gibbs ensemble,
without any reference to quantum mechanics and with all parameters
(including \hbarℏ)
on the order of unity.
Influence of Nature of Infant Nutrition on Formation of Body Resistance
Authors: Malanicheva T. G. , Agafonova E. V. , Ziatdinova N. V. , Skidan I. N.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of the Study:Assessment of the influence of the type of the adapted infant milk formula in infants on the formation of thebody resistance.Children Characteristics and Study Methods.105 virtually healthy children were examined, as follows: 35 children were breastfed(control group), 70 children were formula fed including 35 children that received NENNY with prebiotics formula based on the goatmilk (main group), 35 children – formulas based on the cow milk with probiotics and prebiotics (comparison group). The incidence rate of the acute respiratory diseases (ARD) as well as the number of the pneumonia histories in the infants were assessed,and the body resistance index was calculated. The laboratory assessment of the child body immunoresistance was carried out usingthe method of imprint smears from the nasal mucous membranes and the method of nasal washes.Results.It was determined that there were 2 times more children of the main group with no history of the acute respiratory diseases wheninfant than in the comparison group. In general, the good resistance (were sick 0-3 times a year) in the main group was registered in 82.9%of the children, while it was only 60% in the comparison group. The average number of the ARD cases per year was 2.3 ± 0.02 in the maingroup, which is 1.5 times less than in the comparison group – 3.6 ± 0.04 (p <0.05), and in 1, 3 times more than that in the control group –1.8 + 0.03 (p<0.05). In average, the resistance index was 0.28 ± 0.02 in the main group, while it was 0.36 ± 0.03 in the comparison group,and 0.25 ± 0.02 in the control group. When studying the incidence rate of the community-acquired pneumonia in the infants, it was revealedthat 2.8% of them were ill in the control group, 5.7% of them in the main group, and 8.5% in the comparison group. When feeding the childwith formulas based on the goat’s milk, the level of mucosal immunity of the nasal mucosa and enzyme systems of the intraleukocyte microbicidal system is assured, which is virtually indistinguishable from the level of immunity achieved with breastfeeding.Conclusion.Adapted NENNY with prebiotics formulas can be recommended for children who are formula fed when infant in order toincrease the body’s resistance and to reduce the incidence rate of the acute respiratory diseases and community-acquired pneumonia.
Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein as the Promising Marker of Small Intestine Permeability
Authors: Zvyagin A. A. , Bavykina I. A. , Nastausheva T. L. , Bavykin D. V.
Published: January 2021

The Article provides the literature data on the possibilities to use the intestinal protein binding the fatty acids as the diagnostic marker for the intestinal injuries of different etiology. Aspects of the marker use for the celiac disease are considered. The information on the results of use of the various diagnostic techniques for the celiac disease compared with the definition of the intestinal protein binding the fatty acids is presented.
Analysis of Reasons to Withdraw the Young Elite Athletes from Sports
Authors: Makarov L. M. , Komolyatova V. N. , Aksyonova N. V.
Published: January 2021

The analysis of the consolidated health assessments was carried out for 1,687 athletes – representatives of 52 sports of the nationaljunior teams of Russia, based on the results of the in-depth health screening at the premises of Children’s Central Clinical Hospitalof Federal Medical and Biology Agency of Russia in 2018. Due to the various reasons, 399 (23.6%) athletes temporarily or permanently were withdrawn from the sports. The most common reason (36%) for the temporary or permanent withdrawal from the sportswas the pathology of the cardiovascular system. In its structure, the leading position is occupied by the stress cardiomyopathy –the condition caused by the physical and emotional overload of the athlete.
Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of the State Islamic University of Mataram
Authors: Azhar Azhar
Published: January 2021

This research aims to investigate the challenges and opportunities of the use of information technology in an online learning at the State Islamic University of Mataram (UIN Mataram) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research incorporates a survey to identify the use of information technology among students. The sample used in this research was the first semester students of the State Islamic University of Mataram (UIN Mataram). The research results indicate that 27.3% of students did not have laptops, 61.8% of students experienced difficulties accessing the telecommunication signal in their home town, and 10.9% experienced electricity problems during online learning. The use of Google Classroom and WhatsApp group media is prevalent at the university during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
Horseradish Peroksidaz Nano Biyokatalizörü İle Hidrokinon’un Polimerleştirilmesi
Authors: GÖKTÜRK Ersen
Published: January 2021

Bu araştırmada, Fe2+ iyonlarının horseradish peroksidaz (HRP) enzimiyle oluşturduğu çiçek şekilli hibrit nano biyokatalizörün (HRP-Fe2+), hidrokinon’un polimerleşmesi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; HRP-Fe2+ biyokatalizörü ve hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) başlatıcısı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen polimerleşmeler, serbest HRP enziminin kullanıldığı koşullara kıyasla yüksek sıcaklıklarda oldukça yüksek katalitik kararlılık göstermiştir. Poly(hidrokinon), pH 7.4 tamponu içerisinde 60 oC sıcaklıkta ve ağırlıkça %5 oranında HRP-Fe2+ biyokatalizörü eklenmesiyle %44 verimle sentezlenmiştir. HRP-Fe2+ biyokatalizörü, serbest HRP enziminin denatüre olduğu 70 oC gibi yüksek sıcaklıklarda bile bozunmaya uğramadan katalitik aktivite göstermiştir. HRP-Fe2+ biyokatalizörünün ayrıca serbest HRP enzimine kıyasla az da olsa daha düşük katalitik aktivite gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Bu iki katalizörle gerçekleştirilen polimerleşmelerde verimlerin birbirine yakın olduğu, ancak serbest HRP enzimi kullanılarak elde edilen polimerlerin HRP-Fe2+ kullanılarak elde edilen polimerlere kıyasla daha yüksek molekül ağırlığına sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Buradan da HRP-Fe2+ biyokatalizörünün katalitik aktivitesinin, serbest HRP enzimine kıyasla azaldığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
The Winter Activity of the Endemic Lizard Species, Anatololacerta danfordi (Günther, 1876)
Authors: ÖZKAN Hatice , BÜLBÜL Ufuk
Published: January 2021

A winter activity of the Danford’s lizard, Anatololacerta danfordi (Günther, 1876) has been observed during two winter seasons in Sütçüler and Aksu districts of Isparta province of Turkey. There is no information in the literature about the active season of this species. Our data showed that this lizard species may be active in winter. Activations of the adult individuals of the species mainly consisted of sunbathing on the rocks and preying.
An Analysis on the Perception of Small Ruminant Breeders to Climate Change and The Factors Affecting Adaptation: A Case Study of Karaman Province
Authors: DEMİRBÜK Murat
Published: January 2021

Agricultural production relies heavily on the climate, which has been changing constantly in recent years. This study conducted in order to determine small ruminant breeders' perception of climate change, their adaptation strategies and barriers to adaptation. The meteorological data obtained from Karaman Provincial Directorate of Meteorology between 1970-2019 were used to notice the changes in climate. Primary data was obtained through a survey with the members of Sheep and Goat Breeders Union. The sample size, according to the random sampling method, composed 118 breeders the data was analyzed by binary logistic regression method. The dependent variable in the model is adaptation status and 12 independent variables were determined. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, age, experience, attitude towards innovations, believing or not believing in climate change and witnessing extreme weather events in the region were found statistically significant. While the others, gender, educational background, number of animals, farm size, other income, agricultural income and total income, were found statistically insignificant (P<0.05). The usage of concentrate feed, forage crop production, diversity in agricultural production and breeding more resistant species against diseases and droughts were identified as major adaptation practices. Lack of information was found the most important barrier to adapt to climate change. The training activities should be organized for regular notifications concerning the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and future projection. Restructuring government aids in consideration of regional climate conditions shall facilitate the adaptation of breeders. The detailed studies are needed in Turkey. All sub-components of agricultural production should be discussed separately.
The attitude of Russians towards corruption
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Maksimenko Aleksandr A. , Deyneka Olga S. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Krylova Dina V. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Dukhanina Lubov N. ,   All-Russian “Znanie” Society
Published: January 2021

The article presents an analytical review of modern domestic and foreign research on the sociology of corruption and the psychology of a corrupt person. The necessity of an interdisciplinary study of attitudes towards corruption as well as mental and situational prerequisites for corrupt behavior is substantiated. The empirical results presented in the article are based on data from a large-scale survey conducted in 2018 by experts from the All-Russian “Znanie” Society in cooperation with the National Education Resources Foundation. As a result of the study, a detailed picture of Russians’ ideas about the essence and causes of corruption in Russia, typical behavioral reactions to corrupt situations, and the degree of the citizens’ interest in overcoming corruption was obtained. In the course of a survey of Russians, the dominant ideas about the consequences of corrupt actions were revealed, and feedback was obtained on the effectiveness of methods to fight corruption. There are contradictions in the attitude of the Russians to corruption, which were revealed. The overwhelming majority of respondents avoids corrupt behavior and understand the costs of corruption for the country’s economy and social development. Almost half of the respondents consider corrupt practices an immoral act, but they will not hesitate to violate legal and cultural norms when it comes to the threat to life and specialized medical care for themselves and loved ones. With a high degree of condemnation of corrupt behavior and recognition of severe punishment of corrupt officials as the most effective measures, the Russians are practically not ready to support the institutions of control and punishment, to participate in the suppression of corruption. The results obtained can be useful for the continued search for reasons of why Russians have a relatively tolerant attitude towards corruption, as well as the reasons for their involvement in corrupt behavior.
Teachers’ assessments of the changes in higher education in Russia: Transformation or stagnation?
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Garmonova Anna V. , Shcheglova Daria V. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: January 2021

The article presents the assessments by Russian university teachers of the changes that have resulted from the reform of higher education. The assessment of the result of higher education reform was built through the optics of the micro-level studying and the bottom-top strategy for summarizing the results. The authors used a list of questions about teachers’ assessment of the conditions for academic mobility, the success of the transition to a two-level system, the perception of competition in the academic market, the possibility of scientific work and academic mobility, and also the degree and type of participation in the development of master’s degree programs. The results were based on data obtained in the framework of the project “The Russian Masters’ early growth”, a recipient of the Vladimir Potanin Foundation scholarship program. The study showed that university teachers perceived the reform of higher education rather negatively, they noted an increase in useless paperwork, a low level of academic mobility, lack of academic freedom, and difficulty in conducting scientific research. Competition between teachers was assessed as low, and respondents also marked that the academic labor market in Russia is not well-established. The authors concluded that the tasks of higher education reform have not been solved, and on the part of teachers there is an institutional distrust of the ongoing reforms.
Personalized agreement – a new contractual model
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Południak-Gierz Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

In consumer e-commerce, personalization of the content of an agreement in accordance with expectations, traits and circumstances of a particular person has become a common practice. In order to adequately address this new phenomenon, it is crucial to determine how the legal system should perceive consumer contracts concluded via the Internet with the use of personalization tools. For this purpose, the European Union perspective is adopted. Peculiarities of personalized agreements are varied. The entrepreneur has access to a vast amount of data on consumers and he is able to use it to his benefit by personalizing means, time and content of communication sent while forming a contractual bond with the consumer. In contrast, the consumer is not familiar with the scope and the utility of the data that the trader is processing. Also, personalization practices are aimed at inspiring trust in the trader, which, in sum, make the consumer especially exposed to manipulation. As a result, the asymmetry between the parties deepens. Personalization can be, therefore, perceived as a marketing technique. However, due to its impact on the contractual relationship, it is justified to explore also whether it could be treated as a new type of contract or an emerging contractual model. The analysis suggests that the phenomenon should be considered as another step in the evolution of consumer contracts — personalization, to a certain extent, supersedes standardization of mass turnover in the online environment. The following article is a part of the research conducted within the framework of project no. 2016/21/N/HS5/00167, ‘Personalized agreements in the light of civil law’, grant financed by the Polish National Science Centre.
Explanatory construction in the media language
Authors:   Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, Shmeleva Tatyana V.
Published: January 2021

The article considers the problem of functioning in the language of the media of the Russian explanatory structure. The study is based on the results of studying explanatory sentences in Russian syntactic science, which is reflected in the article as a brief history of their study. The study is based on observations of explanatory constructions in the language of various modern media presented on the Internet. As a starting point, it is argued that in order to solve a problem in a media text, it is necessary to distinguish between the text itself and the paratext, as well as the author’s beginning of the text. The study revealed that the explanatory structure acts as the headings of news texts, subheadings of author columns and interview leads. At the same time, news texts found a special type of speech news, the heading of which is an explanatory structure, and the author’s beginning is mainly verbs of speech. The most significant grammatical result is that the media language not only uses the entire repertoire of explanatory constructions known to the literary language, but also forms a number of spe cial constructions based on the reduction of various elements of the modus proposition and even its whole: these are constructions with a omitted modus predicate of the type “Author about the problem”, “author: replica”, as well as a predicative deliberation with interrogative pronouns like who, where, why, what, it is increasingly used as a heading in a number of pub lications. All these reduced constructions meet the conditions of media communication and genre differentiation of media texts. In addition, it has been shown that important textual and grammatical characteristics of the media text are set in the paratext.
Deviant behaviour in Internet communication: Diagnosis and prevention
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Starykh Nina V.
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the forms of deviant speech behaviour in an online environment in various situational contexts. The approach proposed by the author represents a new level of understanding of the problem. So far, the vast majority of publications have been devoted to describing the phenomenon of network behaviour that deviates from accepted ethical standards. Considering the problem in the context of a situation that is characterized by clear role prescriptions, it becomes possible to identify the motives of the communicative behaviour of the participants. This, in turn, allows us to answer a question of a different level: how to correct the deviant behaviour of participants in network communities. The findings are based on representative empirical material collected in accordance with three sequential procedures. At the first stage, the most frequent semantic equivalents of the phrase “ethics and the Internet” were selected using the Google search engine web service. In the second stage, cases were selected that fell into the top of search results for search queries selected at the previous stage. At the third stage, the “snowball” method was used — a detailed search for information of the most common forms of deviant network behaviour. The author offers a classification of deviant behaviour by two types of factors: socio-psychological and institutional. Socio-psychological factors include dialogism and game motivation, which are actualized in the context of a virtual environment. When it comes to “serious” communities, UX designers should take care to reinforce the signs of NOT — gaming reality. Among the institutional factors, the most significant is the immaturity of the professional community of SMM — managers engaged in the promotion of goods and services on social networks. In this case, unfair competition takes place, which is qualified by Russian law.
Wtórna zdolność odróżniająca jako przesłanka warunkująca udzielenie lub odmowę unieważnienia prawa ochronnego na znak towarowy
Authors: Sieńczyło-Chlabicz Joanna
Published: January 2021

Artykuł stanowi analizę koncepcji nabycia wtórnej zdolności odróżniającej w postępowaniu o udzielenie oraz w postępowaniu o unieważnienie prawa ochronnego na znak towarowy. Nabycie wtórnej zdolności odróżniającej stanowi przesłankę warunkującą udzielenie, jak i odmowę unieważnienia prawa ochronnego na znak towarowy. Przedstawiono rozumienie wymogu używania oznaczenia w funkcji znaku towarowego jako podstawowej przesłanki nabycia wtórnej zdolności odróżniającej oraz liberalne podejście do tej kwestii sądów europejskich. Wiele uwagi poświęcono kwestiom dotyczącym dowodów na wykazanie nabycia przez oznaczenie wtórnej zdolności odróżniającej oraz kontroli sądowoadministracyjnej rozstrzygnięć Urzędu Patentowego w tym zakresie. W artykule poddano analizie powyższe zagadnienia zarówno na gruncie polskiego, jak i europejskiego prawa własności przemysłowej w odniesieniu do znaków towarowych, jak również wzięto pod uwagę dorobek orzecznictwa sądów europejskich oraz polskich sądów administracyjnych, tj. Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego w Warszawie oraz Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego.