bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeking Spatial Representation: Reflections on Participatory Ethnohistorical GIS Mapping of Maidu Allotment Lands
Authors: Middleton Elisabeth Rose
Published: July 2010

This essay describes an effort to create a user-friendly Geographic Information Systems (GIS) map of historic and contemporary Indian allotment lands in Plumas and Lassen counties. Because of the nonratification of treaties with California tribes, most unrecognized Mountain Maidu do not see themselves spatially represented despite their collective presence. By appropriating tools of representation (maps), and assimilation (allotments), the act of mapping allotments resists the attempted political and spatial erasure of unrecognized California Indians. As allotments continue to change hands today—via hydroelectric and timber projects, conservation initiatives, and housing developments—knowing their location is important for protecting cultural resources and for asserting the significance of Maidu participation in environmental stewardship. A GIS layer of Indian allotment lands in Plumas and Lassen counties, linked to quantitative and qualitative information from allotment files, offers a multileveled understanding of allotments. The mapping process engages dialogues in Participatory GIS (PGIS) and place-making, and raises key questions of power, representation, accessibility, and knowledge. The historic and contemporary contexts for mapping are addressed, and PGIS is evaluated as a tool for liberatory research with community groups.
Figures of Cosmopolitanism in the Postcolonial Present
Authors: Suazo Matthew
Published: July 2010

By expanding the frame of Paul Gilroy's post-9/11 intervention in Postcolonial Melancholia to include post–Hurricane Katrina discourse, this essay aims to more specifically elaborate the present moment—Gilroy's “postcolonial present”—as a space and time in which to combat the globalization of racial thought in its latest civilizationist guise. To establish this present moment as the contested future of the long tradition of antiracist humanism outlined by Gilroy, the essay draws on the thought of Erich Auerbach and C. L. R. James to develop a schema that firmly anchors this tradition in its figural relationship to past becomings. Where this philosophical tradition intersects with current examples of antiracist activism, figurations of cosmopolitan dissidence produce flashes of postrace fulfillment that disrupt the emerging totalitarianisms of thought that would perpetuate an ordering of the globe along racial lines. Though these flashes contain hope for a world-to-come, the essay calls for a corresponding cosmopolitan vision that is not blinded by this global promise, but is willing to see through it to confront the fractured local ground of the postcolonial present that is already underfoot.
Disrupting Hegemonic Liberalism in East Asia
Authors: Huat Chua Beng
Published: July 2010

By the end of the twentieth century, it was conventional, among social and political theory circles in developed countries of the West, to assume that a liberal capitalist democracy would be the endpoint of political economic development. However, this hegemonic desire of liberalism has been frustrated by the apparent inability of liberalism to take root despite rapid capitalist economic development in East Asia. This is partly because the countries in East Asia are newly minted nations that emerged after the end of the Second World War and were immediately plunged into the cold war. Under cold war conditions, as long as the countries were anticommunist, authoritarian excesses of the governments of the new nations were condoned. This provided opportunities for political and economic developments in East Asia that were alternatives to the historically determined liberal capitalist democracies of the United States and Europe. Three alternatives are notable: the development of a very significant state capitalist sector in the economy; the modification of democratic electoral procedures and ideology to emphasize trust in government instead of representation; and, motivated by the perceived need to avoid community corrosive liberalism, a development of communitarian ideology. As these developments consolidate, and the social and economic benefits become obvious to the citizenry, the likelihood that East Asian nations will adopt the standard form of liberal capitalist democracy recedes.
Impact of the introduction of rapid HIV testing in the Voluntary Counselling and Testing sites network of Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Fernàndez-Lopez L , Rifà B , Pujol F , Becerra J , Pérez M , Meroño M , Zaragoza K , Rafel A , Díaz O , Avellaneda A , Casado M J , Giménez A , Casabona J
Published: July 2010

Summary

Rapid HIV antibody tests, which provide results within 15–60 minutes, can help reduce the number of unrecognized infections by improving access to testing facilities and increase the number of people tested who know their results. After an acceptability study, rapid HIV testing was first implemented in Catalonia in 2007 within the community-based Voluntary Counselling and Testing sites network. One year after implementation, an increase of 102.9% has been observed in the number of tests performed, ranging from 8.4% to 328.3% according to the site. Despite the important immediate impact of rapid HIV testing on the number of tests performed, there was no significant change in the proportion of tests that were positive. Rapid HIV testing can help increase access to testing, but it should be complemented with specific outreach programmes targeting the most vulnerable subgroups.
Prevalence and risks for sexually transmitted infections among a national sample of migrants versus non-migrants in China
Authors: Wang W , Wei C , Buchholz M E , Martin M C , Smith B D , Huang Z J , Wong F Y
Published: July 2010

This study aims to describe and compare the gender-specific prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea, sexual behaviours and experiences, and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among migrants versus rural and urban non-migrants in China. Data were abstracted from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey conducted from 1999 to 2000, which provided a nationally representative adult (ages 20–64 years) sample. STI results were determined using a urine-based nucleic acid amplification assay. The prevalence of chlamydia for migrant women was triple that of rural non-migrant women. Migrants were more likely to engage in STI-associated risk behaviours than non-migrants (e.g. receiving money for sex). Among migrants, women were more likely than men to have STIs. The high STI prevalence among migrants highlights an urgent need to implement comprehensive prevention and intervention programmes targeting the cultural, social and structural needs of migrants in the city, especially migrant women.
Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis discontinuation based upon total lymphocyte count in HIV-infected adults treated with antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cheung C , Shuter J
Published: July 2010

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis may be discontinued when CD4 is ≥200 cells/mm3 for three months in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Unlike CD4, the total lymphocyte count (TLC) is inexpensive and widely available in resource-constrained countries. Paired TLC and CD4 values of HIV-infected patients attending an HIV clinic from 1998 to 2005 were analysed by Spearman's correlation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) using TLC cut-off points between ≥1400 and ≥2000 cells/mm3 to predict CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 were calculated. Next, a cohort of patients who had a TLC ≤ 1200 cells/mm3 and subsequently achieved various TLC cut-off points sustained over three months while receiving HAART was identified. Subjects with subsequent CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 in response to HAART were considered to have negligible risk for PCP. There was significant correlation between TLC and CD4 in 46,250 observations from 4307 individuals ( r = 0.695, P ≤ 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.85–0.86). In the historical cohort analysis, 85% and 70% of subjects who achieved TLC ≥ 2000 cells/mm3 and ≥1400, respectively, had a corresponding CD4 ≥ 200 cells/mm3. A sustained rise in TLC in response to HAART may potentially serve as a criterion for discontinuing PCP prophylaxis in resource-constrained countries.
Prevalence and correlates of community re-entry challenges faced by HIV-infected male prisoners in Malaysia
Authors: Choi P , Kavasery R , Desai M M , Govindasamy S , Kamarulzaman A , Altice F L
Published: July 2010

HIV-infected prisoners face an inordinate number of community re-entry challenges. In 2007, 102 HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia were surveyed anonymously within six months prior to release to assess the prevalence and correlates of community re-entry challenges. Staying out of prison (60.8%), remaining off drugs (39.2%), finding employment (35.3%) and obtaining HIV care (32.4%) were the re-entry challenges reported most frequently. Global stigma, negative self-image and public attitudes-related stigma were independently associated with challenges to obtaining HIV care. In multivariate analyses, those with previous incarcerations (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–7.6), higher HIV-related symptoms (AOR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0–4.1) and higher public attitudes-related stigma (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–5.1) had a significantly higher likelihood of identifying more re-entry challenges. Targeted interventions, such as effective drug treatment, HIV care and public awareness campaigns, are crucial for stemming the HIV epidemic and improving health outcomes among HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia.
Genitourinary medicine at the frontline: postcard from Basra
Authors: Gokhale R
Published: July 2010

This is a personal account of a genitourinary medicine (GUM) physician deployed in the field hospital during the Iraq conflict in Basra. Historically sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have posed major threats to military operations as they can have significant impact on the fighting capacity of the soldiers. The GUM department was one of the busiest departments in the field hospital. Most of the STIs seen among the soldiers were acquired in the UK prior to deployment and while away on rest and recuperation leave. The most common infection seen was genital warts.
Anogenital herpes simplex suppressive therapy: an audit of transfer of care to general practitioners
Authors: Lau L , French P
Published: July 2010

A central London genitourinary medicine clinic introduced a policy of transfer to general practitioners (GPs) the care of all patients on successful suppressive treatment of recurrent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. An audit showed the initiation of transfer of care to GPs was 65%.
Effects of Membrane Compliance on Pore Water Pressure Generation in Gravelly Sands under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Haeri S. Mohsen , Shakeri Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2010

The paper deals with an experimental study of the undrained cyclic behavior of a natural coarse sand and gravel deposit located in Tehran, a megacity situated on the continental side of the Alborz Mountain in Iran. Membrane compliance that plays a significant role in inhibiting redistribution of pore pressure and liquefaction in undrained cyclic triaxial tests performed on coarse granular soils is studied in this paper. Currently there is no or little satisfactory method for accounting for this phenomenon for gravelly soils, and thus the non-compliant cyclic loading resistance of granular soils and the evaluation of the behavior of such material in natural and in situ state are not easily determined. A procedure has been proposed in this paper for consideration of membrane compliance effects on the pore pressure measurements during cyclic loading. A method is also introduced to verify the proposed procedure by employing lightly cemented specimens. In addition, some new correlations for excess pore water pressure ratio against the number of cycles to failure have been presented for a non-compliant system under various effective confining and deviatoric cyclic stresses applied on reconstituted and isotropically consolidated specimens. Initial liquefaction has been observed during the tests with or without consideration of membrane compliance; however, the number of cycles to initial liquefaction is higher for the compliant case.
Noise-Driven Heterogeneity in the Rate of Genetic-Variant Generation as a Basis for Evolvability
Authors: Capp Jean-Pascal
Published: July 2010

Molecular biologists have long searched for molecular mechanisms responsible for tuning the rate of genetic-variant generation (RGVG) in fluctuating environments. In spite of several bacterial examples, no regulated variation in the RGVG has been identified in eukaryotic systems. Based notably on the example of industrial and pathogenic yeasts, this article proposes a nonregulated molecular evolutionary mechanism for the appearance of the transient increase of the RGVG in eukaryotic cell populations facing challenging environments. The stochastic nature of gene expression allows a model in which the RGVG in the population can be rapidly tuned as a result of a simple Darwinian process acting on noise-driven heterogeneity in the RGVG from cell to cell. The high flexibility conferred through this model could resolve paradoxical situations, especially concerning the mutator phenotype in cancer cells.
Migraine-Like Headache and Status Migrainosus as Attacks of Multiple Sclerosis in a Child
Authors: Mariotti Paolo , Nociti Viviana , Cianfoni Alessandro , Stefanini Chiara , De Rose Paola , Martinelli Diego , Dittoni Serena , Vollono Catello , Batocchi Anna Paola , Marca Giacomo Della
Published: July 2010

The incidence of headache at the onset of relapsing-remitting pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is more frequent than in the adult MS population, but headache as the only symptom of a relapse, both in adults and children, is unusual. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old child who developed MS and in whom migraine-like headache was the presenting symptom at both the onset of the disease and the following 2 relapses. Moreover, the first relapse was characterized by the occurrence of headache that fulfilled the time criteria for status migrainosus. The presence of headache during MS might depend on the anatomic distribution of lesions. In our case, the demyelinating plaques localized in the midbrain, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the upper cervical cord together with the meningeal reaction and the diffuse brain swelling might have caused the onset of migraine-like headache and the status migrainosus. The causal relationship between headache and MS attacks, in our case, was also confirmed by the improvement of headache under immunomodulatory treatment for MS, because it is known that headache is often caused or exacerbated by interferon β therapy.
Understanding Variation in Vitamin A Supplementation Among NICUs
Authors: Kaplan Heather C. , Tabangin Meredith E. , McClendon Diana , Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Margolis Peter A. , Donovan Edward F.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:

We examined and characterized variation among NICUs in the use of vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants.

METHODS:

An historical cohort study of extremely low birth weight infants admitted within 7 days after birth to NICUs participating in the Pediatric Health Information System database, between January 1, 2005, and March 31, 2008, was performed. NICU medical directors were surveyed to determine attitudes and decision-making regarding adoption of vitamin A supplementation. The proportion of infants receiving vitamin A at each center was measured over time. Patient and hospital characteristics associated with vitamin A use were examined.

RESULTS:

Among 4184 eligible infants cared for in 30 NICUs, 1005 infants (24%) received vitamin A. Eighteen centers (60%) used vitamin A for some patients. Infants discharged in 2007 (odds ratio: 2.7 [95% confidence interval: 1.4–5.3]) and 2008 (odds ratio: 2.8 [95% confidence interval: 1.4–5.8]), compared with 2005, were more likely to receive vitamin A. NICU medical directors from centers using vitamin A, compared with centers that did not adopt vitamin A supplementation, reported stronger beliefs in the efficacy of vitamin A to reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (83% vs 33%; P = .03) and in the ease with which vitamin A could be implemented (75% vs 22%; P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the use of vitamin A is increasing, marked variation across NICUs remains. Provider attitudes and system characteristics seem to influence vitamin A adoption.
Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents With Migraine in Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bruijn Jacques , Locher Heiko , Passchier Jan , Dijkstra Natascha , Arts Willem-Frans
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

In past decades, numerous population- and hospital-based studies have revealed a relationship between migraine or headache and psychopathology in children.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe and assess all clinical studies on the prevalence and manifestations of psychological functioning and psychiatric comorbidity in children with migraine and to provide recommendations for its diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS:

A literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database to identify clinical studies that assessed psychological functioning and/or psychiatric comorbidity in children with migraine. Trial quality was assessed according to a standardized and validated set of criteria.

RESULTS:

Seven studies met our inclusion criteria. Evidence assessment was performed by using the best-evidence synthesis method of Slavin. On the basis of this method, we found strong evidence that children with migraine in a clinical setting do not exhibit more withdrawn behavior, do not have more thought problems, do not have more social problems, and do not exhibit more delinquent or aggressive behavior than healthy children. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that children with migraine have more somatic complaints and exhibit internalizing behavior which is, given the construct of the outcome measure used, a consequence of the nature of their disease rather than a sign of psychological dysfunctioning. Finally, compared with healthy children, there is limited evidence that children with migraine in a clinical setting are more frequently diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, and they are not more frequently diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, dysthymia, or depression.

CONCLUSIONS:

On the basis of this review, we conclude that children with migraine at referral to a specialist do not exhibit more psychological dysfunctioning and (to a lesser extent) do not exhibit more psychiatric comorbidity compared with healthy controls.
Birth Before 39 Weeks' Gestation Is Associated With Worse Outcomes in Neonates With Heart Disease
Authors: Costello John M. , Polito Angelo , Brown David W. , McElrath Thomas F. , Graham Dionne A. , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Bacha Emile A. , Allan Catherine K. , Cohen Jennifer N. , Laussen Peter C.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Recent studies have revealed increased morbidity and mortality rates in term neonates without birth defects who were delivered before 39 weeks of completed gestation. We sought to determine if a similar association exists between gestational age at delivery and adverse outcomes in neonates with critical congenital heart disease, with particular interest in those born at 37 to 38 weeks' gestation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We studied 971 consecutive neonates who had critical congenital heart disease and a known gestational age and were admitted to our cardiac ICU from 2002 through 2008. Gestational age was stratified into 5 groups: >41, 39 to 40, 37 to 38, 34 to 36, and <34 completed weeks. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate mortality and a composite morbidity variable. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to evaluate duration of ventilation, intensive care, and hospitalization.

RESULTS:

Compared with the referent group of neonates who were delivered at 39 to 40 completed weeks' gestation, neonates born at 37 to 38 weeks had increased mortality (6.9% vs 2.6%; adjusted P = .049) and morbidity (49.7% vs 39.7%; adjusted P = .02) rates and tended to require a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (adjusted P = .05). Patients born after 40 or before 37 weeks also had greater adjusted mortality rates, and those born before 37 weeks had increased morbidity rates and required more days of mechanical ventilation and intensive care.

CONCLUSIONS:

For neonates with critical congenital heart disease, delivery before 39 weeks' gestation is associated with greater mortality and morbidity rates and more resource use. With respect to neonatal mortality, the ideal gestational age for delivery of these patients may be 39 to 40 completed weeks.
Tabagismo e câncer no Brasil: evidências e perspectivas
Authors: Wünsch Filho Victor , Mirra Antonio Pedro , López Rossana V. Mendoza , Antunes Leopoldo F.
Published: July 2010

Neste artigo analisa-se a tendência temporal da prevalência do tabagismo no Brasil, bem como as assimetrias da prevalência de acordo com as regiões do país, a idade, o gênero e o nível socioeconômico da população. Desde o estabelecimento da relação entre tabagismo e câncer de pulmão há 60 anos, o número de tumores malignos com evidências de associação causal com o tabagismo ascendeu a vinte. O declínio da prevalência do tabagismo na população brasileira tem sido constante desde o final da década de 80. Até 2003, foi mais intenso entre os homens. A partir daquele ano, a queda tornou-se mais pronunciada entre as mulheres. As mais altas prevalências de tabagismo encontram-se no Sudeste e Sul, as duas regiões com maiores incidências de neoplasias estritamente relacionadas ao tabaco (cavidade oral, esôfago e pulmão). A exposição ambiental à fumaça do tabaco também foi examinada considerando-se os efeitos para os adultos não fumantes, que apresentam maior risco de tumores de pulmão, laringe e faringe, e entre crianças de pais fumantes, suscetíveis ao risco de hepatoblastoma e leucemia linfocítica aguda. Apesar do incontestável sucesso da política de controle do tabagismo no país, as ações de prevenção devem considerar que as parcelas da população com piores condições socioeconômicas e com baixo nível educacional são as que apresentam taxas mais altas de prevalência de tabagismo. Dentro destes segmentos populacionais os adolescentes representam uma prioridade.
Causas de hospitalização no SUS de crianças de zero a quatro anos no Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves de , Viera Cláudia Silveira , Collet Neusa , Lima Regina Aparecida Garcia de
Published: July 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudar as causas de hospitalização de crianças auxilia na compreensão do perfil de adoecimento e na elaboração de planos de atenção à saúde para prevenir o agravamento das doenças e evitar as internações hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Identificar nos dados oficiais causas de hospitalização em crianças de zero a quatro anos, para compreender quais doenças as têm levado à hospitalização no Brasil. MÉTODO: Pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva, exploratória e inferencial, cujos dados foram colhidos do site do DATASUS, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1998 a 2007. Os dados foram transcritos em tabelas, organizados de forma quantitativa, analisados em estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Indicam uma distribuição heterogênea da morbidade entre as regiões do país, prevalecendo como primeira causa de internação hospitalar em crianças de zero a quatro anos as doenças do aparelho respiratório, seguidas das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados permitem refletir sobre a maneira em que os serviços de saúde podem se organizar para implementar a integralidade na atenção à saúde para esse grupo etário, com foco na atenção primária, com prioridade na prevenção dos agravos respiratórios e das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, pois esses dois agrupamentos são considerados parte das doenças cujo acometimento se dá por causas sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial e podem ser evitados e/ou minimizados pelas ações de atenção básica.
Participação em dias nacionais de vacinação contra poliomielite: resultados de inquérito de cobertura vacinal em crianças nas 27 capitais brasileiras
Authors: Mello Maria Lúcia Rocha , Moraes José Cássio , Barbosa Helena Aparecida , Flannery Brendan
Published: July 2010

No Brasil, os Dias Nacionais de Vacinação (DNV) são realizados duas vezes ao ano para manter a eliminação da poliomielite e prover a vacinação de rotina para crianças menores de cinco anos. Poucos estudos examinam fatores associados à participação das crianças brasileiras nos Dias Nacionais de Vacinação ou a contribuição desses dias de vacinação para a cobertura com as vacinas recomendadas. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar com amostragem por conglomerados realizado nas 26 capitais e no Distrito Federal. Foram estudadas as datas de aplicação das vacinas, verificando-se a participação das crianças entre 19 e 35 meses de idade no DNV mais recente, ou o motivo alegado para não fazê-lo. Os dados obtidos foram cotejados com dados administrativos. RESULTADOS: Das 17.749 crianças incluídas no inquérito, 16.213 (91%) participaram no último DNV. Crianças que receberam vacinas no setor privado tiveram menor participação (84%) no DNV. Em 13 capitais, as estimativas de cobertura baseadas no número de doses aplicadas foram superiores às do inquérito. Entre as crianças que não participaram no último DNV, os principais motivos de não participação foram decisão dos pais, orientação médica, a criança estar doente e fatores associados com a organização do DNV. No total, 15% das crianças incluídas receberam pelo menos uma dose de vacina além da vacina oral contra poliomielite no último DNV, incluindo vacinas contra febre amarela, hepatite B, tríplice viral (sarampo-rubéola-caxumba) e difteria-tétano-pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae tipo b. CONCLUSÕES: Nas capitais brasileiras, os dias nacionais de vacinação continuam tendo altos níveis de participação da população e oferecem oportunidades para recuperação da cobertura vacinal. Os motivos para não comparecer aos DNV evidenciam a necessidade de se estudar estratégias diferenciadas de comunicação para incorporação destas crianças.
Anemia em catadores de material reciclável que utilizam carrinho de propulsão humana no município de Santos
Authors: Rozman Mauro Abrahão , Azevedo Cezar Henrique de , Jesus Rafaella Rodrigues Carvalho de , Moldero Filho Rubens , Perez Junior Valmir
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de anemia e analisar os fatores de risco a ela associados nos catadores de material reciclável que utilizam carrinho de propulsão humana do município de Santos - São Paulo. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 253 catadores foi realizado em julho de 2005. A coleta de informações foi feita por meio de questionário com informações sobre características individuais, ocupacionais e dietéticas. Foi realizada avaliação antropométrica e coletado sangue venoso para hemograma completo e sorologias de HIV, HCV, HBV e sífilis. A análise estatística foi feita por análise uni e multivariada (regressão logística), relacionando a anemia aos fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anemia foi de 38,3%. As variáveis que mostraram associação independente com anemia no modelo multivariado foram: sexo (OR 4,11; IC95%: 1,56-10,87), infecção pelo HIV (OR 9,23; IC95%: 2,93-29,1), IMC (OR 0,21; IC95%: 0,07-0,64), anos de trabalho como catador (OR 4,54; IC95%: 1,29-16,0), consumo de leite (OR 0,36; IC95%: 0,16-0,81) e de proteína animal (OR 0,39; IC95%: 0,15-0,97). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de anemia entre catadores de material reciclável é elevada mesmo após a obrigatoriedade de adição de ferro nas farinhas de trigo e milho. Os catadores são excluídos das ações de proteção à saúde do trabalhador, previstas na legislação. Ações de saúde dirigidas a essa categoria profissional devem ser implementadas, garantindo a acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde.
Fatores associados ao consumo adequado de frutas, legumes e verduras em adultos de Florianópolis
Authors: Campos Vanessa Caroline , Bastos João Luiz , Gauche Heide , Boing Antonio Fernando , Assis Maria Alice Altenburg de
Published: July 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: O consumo adequado de frutas, legumes e verduras é considerado um importante fator na redução da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares e determinados tipos de câncer. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência do consumo adequado de frutas, legumes e verduras e fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de adultos (N = 1.890), residentes em domicílios com linhas telefônicas fixas em Florianópolis, 2005. O desfecho foi o consumo adequado de frutas, legumes e verduras, definido pela frequência diária de cinco ou mais vezes de consumo destes alimentos. Os resultados das análises multivariáveis para associação entre consumo adequado e variáveis independentes foram expressos como razão de prevalência. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do consumo adequado de frutas, legumes e verduras foi de 21,9% (25,0% mulheres e 18,7% homens). Entre as mulheres, maiores prevalências de consumo adequado foram associadas ao aumento da faixa etária, ao fato de não trabalhar (RP = 1,5; IC 95%: 1,1; 2,0), ter estado de saúde bom ou excelente (RP = 1,4; IC 95%: 1,0; 1,8) e ao não tabagismo (RP = 1,3; IC 95%: 1,0; 1,9). Entre os homens, maior prevalência de consumo adequado foi observada para os que relataram ser casados (RP = 1,9; IC 95%: 1,2; 3,0) e não ter excesso de peso (RP = 1,9; IC 95%: 1,3; 2,7). Em ambos os sexos o consumo adequado apresentou associação com atividade física no lazer (mulheres RP = 1,5; IC 95%: 1,2; 1,9; homens RP = 1,8; IC 95%: 1,1; 2,8). CONCLUSÕES: Intervenções visando aumentar este consumo devem levar em consideração as diferenças observadas entre os sexos.
Mojoceratops perifania, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the late Campanian of Western Canada
Authors: Longrich Nicholas R.
Published: July 2010

A new genus of long-horned chasmosaurine ceratopsid is described from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Western Canada. Mojoceratops perifania is represented by a skull and a parietal from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and an isolated parietal from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Saskatchewan. Several other specimens are provisionally referred to this taxon. While Mojoceratops shares many plesiomorphies with Chasmosaurus, the animal lacks the forward-curving parietal epoccipitals and reduced postorbital horns that diagnose the genus Chasmosaurus, and it differs from all other chasmosaurines in exhibiting a prominent sulcus on the anterior margin of the parietal, swellings on the anterodorsal surface of the parietal rami, and a small accessory process on the first parietal epoccipital. Other unusual features include anteriorly extended parietal fenestrae, a broad, heart-shaped frill, and transverse expansion of the postfrontal fontanelle. The type material of “Eoceratops canadensis” and “Chasmosaurus kaiseni” are nondiagnostic and these names are therefore considered nomina dubia, but their morphology is consistent with Mojoceratops and they probably belong to this genus. The frill of Mojoceratops shows marked variation. Some of this variation probably results from intraspecific variation or ontogenetic changes, but because the Dinosaur Park Formation encompasses more than a million years of time, evolution may explain some of these differences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Mojoceratops forms a clade with Agujaceratops mariscalensis; Chasmosaurus is the most basal member of Chasmosaurinae.
Camerate and Cladid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician (Katian, Shermanian) Walcott-Rust Quarry of New York
Authors: Brower James C.
Published: July 2010

The camerates, Pycnocrinus argutus (Walcott, 1883) and Rhaphanocrinus subnodosus (Walcott, 1883), are characterized by narrow food grooves. An open distal stem coil was present in P. argutus, and R. subnodosus may have possessed the same type of holdfast. Such holdfasts either lay loose on the seafloor or were wrapped around unknown soft objects. The rhaphanocrinids were located at elevations of at least 300 mm above the substrate. Conversely, the much smaller pycnocrinids lived close to the seafloor at levels of about 10 to 24 mm. The three cladids are Merocrinus curtus (Ulrich, 1879), M. retractilis (Walcott, 1883), and Dendrocrinus gregarius Billings, 1857a. Merocrinus typus Walcott, 1883 and M. corroboratus Walcott, 1883 are conspecific with M. curtus. The spiral anal sac of M. retractilis is unique. Embryocrinus problematicus Hudson, 1918 probably represents a juvenile of Dendrocrinus gregarius, which also occurs in Ottawa, Ontario. Complete columns and attachment structures have not been found for D. gregarius and Merocrinus retractilis. Merocrinus curtus ranges from New York into the Cincinnati, Ohio area of the midcontinent. Although attachment devices and long stem segments are not preserved in the New York specimens, individuals of Merocrinus curtus from Cincinnati either have a conical holdfast cemented to a bryozoan or a tight distal stem coil that was wrapped around the stem of another crinoid; adult merocrinids from the Cincinnati region were positioned high above the seafloor, and incomplete stem segments up to about 800 mm long are known. The Walcott-Rust Quarry cladids all possessed wider food grooves than the camerates, so they were able to catch larger food particles.
The Upper Givetian (Middle Devonian) Subterminus Conodont Zone in North America, Europe and North Africa
Authors: Narkiewicz Katarzyna , Bultynck Pierre
Published: July 2010

Late Givetian and early Frasnian conodont communities with Icriodus subterminus have been revised on the basis of collections from Iowa (USA), the Boulonnais and the Ardennes (northern France and Belgium), the Radom-Lublin area and Holy Cross Mountains (Poland), and the Ma'der-Tafilalt region (southeast Morocco). As a result an Icriodus subterminus Zone with a threefold subdivision is defined. The three subzones correspond approximately to the “Lower and Upper subterminus Fauna” and the “insita Fauna” commonly used in N America for the study of shallow-water platform carbonate successions.

The base of the subterminus Zone corresponds to a level within the uppermost part of the hermanni Zone; the top is characterized by the occurrence of the earliest Ancyrodella taxa, Montagne Noire Zones MN 1 and the base of MN 2 or slightly above the base of the falsiovalis Zone.

The diagnosis of Icriodus subterminus is amended and two morphotypes are recognized. The stratigraphic range of the alpha morphotype is confined to an interval between the uppermost part of the hermanni Zone and the top of the MN 3 Zone; the beta morphotype may range into the MN 6 Zone.

The holotype of Icriodus subterminus from the North Liberty beds in Iowa is most likely a specimen that was reworked from the Cedar Valley Limestone. Icriodus cedarensis and Icriodus tafilaltensis are described as new species, and the diagnoses of Icriodus excavatus and Icriodus expansus are amended. Between the Icriodus difficilis and Icriodus symmetricus zones, an Icriodus expansus Zone is defined.
Obesity hormone leptin induces growth and interferes with the cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal tumor stem cells
Authors: Bartucci Monica , Svensson Susanne , Ricci-Vitiani Lucia , Dattilo Rosanna , Biffoni Mauro , Signore Michele , Ferla Rita , De Maria Ruggero , Surmacz Eva
Published: July 2010

The incidence of colon cancer has increased in developed countries, possibly due to sedentary lifestyle and high caloric diet. Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests a link between colon cancer development and adipose tissue-derived circulating hormones. Leptin, a pluripotent cytokine secreted by adipocytes, is a key regulator of appetite and energy balance acting in the brain. On the other hand, leptin also controls many physiological and pathological processes in peripheral organs. Recent studies in colon cancer cell lines and human tumors suggested that leptin and its receptor (ObR) are implicated in colon carcinogenesis, and may serve as new biomarkers and pharmacological targets. Here, we explored, for the first time, whether leptin can affect the biology of colorectal tumor stem cells (CTSCs). We found that our previously established and characterized CTSC clones express ObR and respond to leptin with cell proliferation, activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, enhanced growth in soft agar, and improved sphere formation associated with E-cadherin overexpression. Moreover, leptin counteracted cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil, a common colon cancer therapeutic agent. These results suggest that obesity and increased leptin levels might promote colorectal cancer by increasing growth and survival of CTSCs.
An online solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to study the presence of thyronamines in plasma and tissue and their putative conversion from 13C6-thyroxine
Authors: Ackermans M T , Klieverik L P , Ringeling P , Endert E , Kalsbeek A , Fliers E
Published: July 2010

Thyronamines are exciting new players at the crossroads of thyroidology and metabolism. Here, we report the development of a method to measure 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and thyronamine (T0AM) in plasma and tissue samples. The detection limit of the method was 0.25 nmol/l in plasma and 0.30 pmol/g in tissue both for T1AM and for T0AM. Using this method, we were able to demonstrate T1AM and T0AM in plasma and liver from rats treated with synthetic thyronamines. Although we demonstrated the in vivo conversion of 13C6-thyroxine (13C6-T4) to 13C6-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, we did not detect 13C6-T1AM in plasma or brain samples of rats treated with 13C6-T4. Surprisingly, our method did not detect any endogenous T1AM or T0AM in plasma from vehicle-treated rats, nor in human plasma or thyroid tissue. Although we are cautious to draw general conclusions from these negative findings and in spite of the fact that insufficient sensitivity of the method related to extractability and stability of T0AM cannot be completely excluded at this point, our findings raise questions on the biosynthetic pathways and concentrations of endogenous T1AM and T0AM.
Diversity partitioning without statistical independence of alpha and beta
Authors: Veech Joseph A. , Crist Thomas O.
Published: July 2010

Diversity partitioning has become a popular method for analyzing patterns of alpha and beta diversity. A recent evaluation of the method emphasized a distinction between additive and multiplicative partitioning and further advocated the use of multiplicative partitioning based on a presumed independence between alpha and beta. Concurrently, additive partitioning was criticized for producing dependent alpha and beta estimates. Until now, the issue of statistical independence of alpha and beta (in either type of partitioning) has not been thoroughly examined, partly due to confusion about the meaning of statistical independence. Here, we adopted a probability‐based definition of statistical independence that is essentially identical to the definition found in any statistics textbook. We used a data simulation approach to show that alpha and beta diversity are not statistically independent in either additive or multiplicative partitioning. However, the extent of the dependence is not so great that it cannot be overcome by using appropriate statistical techniques to control it. Both additive and multiplicative partitioning are statistically valid and logically sound approaches to analyzing diversity patterns.
Evidence for the spatial segregation hypothesis: a test with nine‐year survivorship data in a Mediterranean shrubland
Authors: Raventós José , Wiegand Thorsten , Luis Martín De
Published: July 2010

A current focus of ecology is the investigation of spatial effects on population and community dynamics; however, spatiotemporal theory remains largely untested by empirical observations or experimental studies. For example, the segregation hypothesis predicts that intraspecific aggregation should increase the importance of intraspecific competition relative to interspecific competition, thereby enhancing local coexistence in plant communities. We applied recent methods of point pattern analysis to analyze a unique long‐term data set on fully mapped seedling emergence and subsequent survival in a Mediterranean gorse shrubland after experimental fires and simulated torrential rainfall events. Our overall aim was to test if the observed spatial patterns were consistent with the segregation hypothesis during the entire community dynamics from early seedling emergence to the establishment of a mature community, i.e., we explored if the observed initial segregation did indeed prevent interspecific competition from becoming dominant. We used random labeling as the null model and specific test statistics to evaluate different biological effects of the spatial interactions that determine mortality.

We found that mortality was clearly not random. Comparison of the probability of mortality in dependence on the distance to conspecific and to heterospecific plants showed that mortality was controlled almost entirely by intraspecific interactions, which is consistent with the segregation hypothesis. Dead plants were aggregated and segregated from surviving plants, indicating two‐sided scramble competition. Spatial interactions were density dependent and changed their sign over the course of time from positive to negative when plants grew to maturity. The simulated torrential rainfall events and subsequent erosion caused nonspecific mortality of seedlings but did not reduce the prevalence of intraspecific competition. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of plants may profoundly affect competition and can be an important determinant in the coexistence of species and biodiversity.
Interspecific variation in leaf litter tannins drives decomposition in a tropical rain forest of French Guiana
Authors: Coq Sylvain , Souquet Jean-Marc , Meudec Emmanuelle , Cheynier Véronique , Hättenschwiler Stephan
Published: July 2010

Tannins are believed to be particularly abundant in tropical tree foliage and are mainly associated with plant herbivore defense. Very little is known of the quantity, variation, and potential role of tannins in tropical leaf litter. Here we report on the interspecific variability of litter condensed tannin (CT) concentration among 16 co‐occurring tropical rain forest tree species of French Guiana and explore the functional significance of variable litter CT concentration for litter decomposition. We compared some classical methods in the ecological literature to a method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with CT degradation by phloroglucinolysis. The same litter was allowed to decompose in the field in the presence or absence of soil fauna. We found large interspecific differences in the average polymerization degree (2.7 to 21.3, for non‐extractable CT) and concentration of litter CT (0–3.7% dry mass, for total CT) determined by HPLC, which did not correlate with Folin total phenolics but correlated reasonably well with acid butanol CT. The concentration and polymerization degree of HPLC‐determined CT were the only variables of the multitude of measured initial litter quality parameters that explained a significant amount of variation in litter mass loss among species, irrespective of animal presence. However, animal presence increased mean litter mass loss by a factor of 1.5, and the fauna effect on decomposition was best explained by a negative correlation with total HPLC CT and by a positive correlation with hemicellulose. Our results suggest that the commonly used acid butanol assay yields a reliable estimate of interspecific variation in CT concentration. However, the chemical structure of CTs, such as the polymerization degree, adds important information for the understanding of the functional role of CTs in litter decomposition. We conclude that the wide variation in structure and concentration of leaf litter CTs among tropical tree species is an important driver of decomposition in this nutrient‐poor Amazonian rain forest.
Local population extinction and vitality of an epiphytic lichen in fragmented old‐growth forest
Authors: Öckinger Erik , Nilsson Sven G.
Published: July 2010

The population dynamics of organisms living in short‐lived habitats will largely depend on the turnover of habitat patches. It has been suggested that epiphytes, whose host plants can be regarded as habitat patches, often form such patch‐tracking populations. However, very little is known about the long‐term fate of epiphyte individuals and populations. We estimated life span and assessed environmental factors influencing changes in vitality, fertility, abundance, and distribution of the epiphytic lichen speciesLobaria pulmonariaon two spatial scales, individual trees and forest patches, over a period of ~10 years in 66 old‐growth forest fragments.

The lichen had gone extinct from 7 of the 66 sites (13.0%) where it was found 10 years earlier, even though the sites remained unchanged. The risk of local population extinction increased with decreasing population size. In contrast to the decrease in the number of occupied trees and sites, the mean area of the lichen per tree increased by 43.0%. The number of trees with fertile ramets ofL. pulmonariaincreased from 7 (~1%) to 61 (~10%) trees, and the number of forest fragments with fertile ramets increased from 4 to 23 fragments.

The mean annual rate ofL. pulmonariaextinction at the tree level was estimated to be 2.52%, translating into an expected lifetime of 39.7 years. This disappearance rate is higher than estimated mortality rates for potential host trees. The risk of extinction at the tree level was significantly positively related to tree circumference and differed between tree species. The probability of presence of fertile ramets increased significantly with local population size.

Our results show a long expected lifetime ofLobaria pulmonariaramets on individual trees and a recent increase in vitality, probably due to decreasing air pollution. The population is, however, declining slowly even though remaining stands are left uncut, which we interpret as an extinction debt.
Assessing whether mortality is additive using marked animals: a Bayesian state–space modeling approach
Authors: Servanty Sabrina , Choquet Rémi , Baubet Éric , Brandt Serge , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Schaub Michael , Toïgo Carole , Lebreton Jean-Dominique , Buoro Mathieu , Gimenez Olivier
Published: July 2010

Whether different sources of mortality are additive, compensatory, or depensatory is a key question in population biology. A way to test for additivity is to calculate the correlation between cause‐specific mortality rates obtained from marked animals. However, existing methods to estimate this correlation raise several methodological issues. One difficulty is the existence of an intrinsic bias in the correlation parameter. Although this bias can be formally expressed, it requires knowledge about natural survival without any competing mortality source, which is difficult to assess in most cases. Another difficulty lies in estimating the true process correlation while properly accounting for sampling variation. Using a Bayesian approach, we developed a state–space model to assess the correlation between two competing sources of mortality. By distinguishing the mortality process from its observation through dead recoveries and live recaptures, we estimated the process correlation. To correct for the intrinsic bias, we incorporated experts' opinions on natural survival. We illustrated our approach using data on a hunted population of wild boars. Mortalities were not additive and natural mortality increased with hunting mortality likely as a consequence of non‐controlled mortality by crippling loss. Our method opens perspectives for wildlife management and for the conservation of endangered species.