bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome profiling of Nephelium lappaceum: Sodium nitroprusside‐induced delays of postharvest browning
Authors: Zhang Ruining , Jiang Fan , He Xinrui , Yuan Zhouyu , Chen Ping , Zheng Zhongbing
Published: May 2023

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as a nitric oxide donor, is widely used in postharvest fruit physiology and metabolism. Our previous study has indicated that SNP plays a crucial role in postharvest browning control of rambutan, but the molecular mechanism underlying this process is still unclear. In this research, we investigated the gene expression and function of postharvest rambutan in response to SNP during browning. We found 7336 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 2206 were upregulated and 5130 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed, and the real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) data were consistent with transcriptome data. The DEGs relevant to rambutan pericarp browning were mainly involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, phenolic oxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and energy supply. It was shown that SNP regulated the synthesis and degradation of anthocyanins, accumulation of phenols, level of ROS and energy metabolism to suppress the postharvest browning of rambutan. Also, one WRKY transcription factor involved in ROS metabolism was observed to be differentially regulated. These findings add to our insights into the molecular mechanisms of the SNP‐induced browning delays of rambutan, which has implications for subsequent studies on molecular mechanisms of fruit browning.
Pitting fails to sustain increases in ecosystem structure in arid rangelands
Authors: Eldridge David J. , Ding Jingyi
Published: May 2023

Mechanized approaches to the rehabilitation of degraded rangeland have been extremely popular since the early 1930s but their effectiveness depends on climatic and environmental conditions (e.g. soil texture, pre‐treatment plant cover). We evaluated the effects of pitting, a popular rehabilitation technique based on the creation of elongated soil depressions (pits), on ecosystem structure from 14 trials conducted at 10 sites across an extensive area (~100,000 km2) of rangelands in eastern Australia. Averaged across all sites and rehabilitation times, pitting had a significant positive effect on the cover of perennial forbs and annuals, and suppressed bare ground compared with untreated sites. However, these treatment effects varied with different site conditions such as soil texture, and pre‐treatment rainfall and plant cover among individual sites. Pre‐treatment plant cover, and rainfall in the 3 months prior to measurements increased the effects of pitting on litter cover, and time since treatment increased the relative effect of pitting on annual plant cover. Negative effect of pitting on the cover of bare soil declined with increasing rainfall. Soil moisture was generally greater beneath pits than either control soils or soils between the pits (inter‐pits). Despite some positive effects on annual plant and litter cover, pitting effects were generally short lived, suggesting that a single pitting treatment may fail to achieve long‐term rehabilitation. Given that these field trials were conducted half a century ago under conditions of higher average rainfall, the prognosis for the success of pitting under current conditions of lower rainfall and higher temperature is generally poor.
Deep neural network classifier for multidimensional functional data
Authors: Wang Shuoyang , Cao Guanqun , Shang Zuofeng ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2023

We propose a new approach, called as functional deep neural network (FDNN), for classifying multidimensional functional data. Specifically, a deep neural network is trained based on the principal components of the training data which shall be used to predict the class label of a future data function. Unlike the popular functional discriminant analysis approaches which only work for one‐dimensional functional data, the proposed FDNN approach applies to general non‐Gaussian multidimensional functional data. Moreover, when the log density ratio possesses a locally connected functional modular structure, we show that FDNN achieves minimax optimality. The superiority of our approach is demonstrated through both simulated and real‐world datasets.
Is Deception Really a Despicable Tool in Experiments? A Discipline‐specific Analysis in Sociological Social Psychology
Authors: Takeuchi May , Takeuchi Alexander , Gray Louis N.
Published: May 2023

Methodological use of deception in experiments has been a controversy between different social and behavioral science fields. Because of the disciplinary differences in the types of behaviors studied and the assumptions made about them, generally speaking micro‐economists tend to oppose its use rather strongly, while sociological social psychologists tend to argue for more discipline specific examinations of its dysfunctions and merits. We examined the effects of deception about a “computer‐simulated partner” (disguised as human) with whom the subjects reciprocally interacted as a dyadic team and how it may affect their interaction in micro sociological experiments, where effects of deception are rarely analyzed. Our results show neither the subjects' suspicion about their partner nor the deception itself significantly affect the interaction structures the dyadic teams developed. Subjects' knowledge of having been deceived in the same experiment previously did not affect their rate of suspicion about their “partner” in a subsequent experiment, either. How deception of this kind may affect the results of studies in different disciplines is also discussed.
Social rights in EU and its member states
Authors: Greve Bent
Published: May 2023

This article informs about core aspect of the European Pillar of Social Rights as well as presenting the articles in this special issue of social rights in Europe. Overall, the articles points towards the role of the EU, while also showing continously strong variation across EU welfare states.
Linear regression models with multiplicative distortions under new identifiability conditions
Authors: Zhang Jun , Lin Bingqing , Zhou Yan
Published: May 2023

This paper considers linear regression models when neither the response variable nor the covariates can be directly observed, but are measured with multiplicative distortion measurement errors. We propose new identifiability conditions for the distortion functions via the varying coefficient models, then moment‐based estimators of parameters in the model are proposed by using the estimated varying coefficient functions. This method does not require the independence condition between the confounding variables and the unobserved response and variables. We establish the connections among the varying coefficient based estimators, the conditional mean calibration and the conditional absolute mean calibration. We study the asymptotic results of these proposed estimators, and discuss their asymptotic efficiencies. Lastly, we make some comparisons among the proposed estimators through the simulation. These methods are applied to analyze a real dataset for an illustration.
A new fossil family of aculeate wasp sheds light on early evolution of Apoidea (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Rosa Brunno B. , Melo Gabriel A. R.
Published: May 2023

In the present work, we describe a new fossil family of Apoidea supported by phylogenetic analyses involving both fossil and extant groups. †Burmasphecidae fam.n. is based on †Burmasphex Melo & Rosa, a genus described from Burmese amber. We include in this family the monotypic genus †Decasphex Zheng, Zhang & Rasnitsyn also from Burmese amber. Additionally, we describe two new genera and four new species in †Burmasphecidae fam.n.: †Burmasphex mirabilis sp.n.; †Simplisphex gen.n., containing S. scutellatus sp.n. and †S. burmensis sp.n.; and †Callisphex robustus gen. et sp.n. In our phylogenetic study, we extended a pre‐existing matrix of morphological data and analysed it under parsimony and Bayesian inference. In the Bayesian inference analyses, the morphological dataset was partitioned under a homoplasy criterion. We postulate the first phylogenetic hypotheses for the placement of †Angarosphecidae based on the type species, †Angarosphex myrmicopterus Rasnitsyn, plus a new Burmese amber taxon, †A. alethes sp.n. We demonstrate that †Burmasphecidae fam.n. clearly belongs to Apoidea and has a sister relationship with the other representatives of the superfamily. Our results indicate that †Burmasphecidae fam.n. and †Angarosphecidae are distinct lineages, with the second clearly more derived than the first. We discuss the phylogenetic relationships of these fossil lineages with extant groups of both Apoidea and other Aculeata, and present morphological evidence for the first time supporting the Formicidae + Apoidea clade. Finally, we indicate some considerations about the paleoenvironment and the nature of the Burmese amber biota, suggesting an alternative hypothesis to the island endemism described in previous works.
Holocene slip rates and their implications for seismic hazard along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust in western Himalayan Nahan salient
Authors: Kaushal Rahul Kumar , Dey Saptarshi , Guha Shantamoy , Chauhan Naveen , Singh Ajit
Published: May 2023

Protracted interseismic locking of the low‐angle décollement of the Himalaya causes strain accumulation and results in growing slip deficit with time. Unlocking the frontal splay of the décollement during high‐magnitude earthquakes (Mw ≥6.5) may cause surface ruptures along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). According to Paleoseismic investigations and observations on undeformed fluvial strath surfaces, the HFT in Nahan Salient has not experienced coseismic slip at least for the last six to seven centuries. Our new observations and chronological assessments on folded and faulted fluvial strath surfaces on the hanging wall of the HFT indicates a maximum slip rate of 10.4 ± 0.8–12.2 ± 0.8 mm/a (averaged over the last 7–8 ka). Seismic quiescence of 600–700 a results in a ~6.2–8.5 m slip deficit on the HFT which could trigger a Mw ≥7.7 earthquake. Our findings underline an enormous seismic risk prevailing in the Nahan area.
A multidisciplinary comparison of transfusion and perioperative support for high‐risk cardiac surgery at three large academic centres in North America
Authors: Jacobs Jeremy W. , Shih Andrew W. , Lombard Frederick W. , Bartoszko Justyna , Mullane Darren , Cserti‐Gadzewich Christine , Eichbaum Quentin
Published: May 2023

Cardiac surgery is associated with numerous peri‐ and post‐operative haemostatic complications and blood transfusion requirements. Complex procedures such as redo‐sternotomy heart transplantation or type A aortic dissection repairs are at high‐risk for severe coagulopathy and significant transfusion requirements. However, current practice guidelines do not specifically address high‐risk surgeries, resulting in variable practice. To optimise outcomes, a multidisciplinary approach to blood transfusion and haemostasis is critical. How individual institutions construct these multidisciplinary teams, delegate responsibilities, and build procedures may differ depending on the institution and availability of resources. In this article, we compare how the transfusion medicine services support their cardiac surgery and transplant programs at three large medical centres—Vanderbilt University Medical Center (the largest heart transplant centre in the world by volume in 2021), Toronto General Hospital‐University Health Network (a quaternary‐care centre in Canada's most populous city, performing more >20 heart transplants annually), and Vancouver General Hospital (a quaternary‐care centre that performs numerous high‐risk cardiac surgeries). This article discusses management from multiple perspectives, including the blood bank and perioperative environments, and highlights how institutions have evolved their programs in accordance with nation‐specific policies and provisions.
Sentinel lymph node mapping in the modern management of gynaecological malignancy
Authors: Collins Anna , Phillips Andrew
Published: May 2023

Key content

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is an alternative to systematic lymphadenectomy in the surgical staging of gynaecological malignancy. It is recommended in the management of vulval cancer and is increasingly used in endometrial and cervical cancer.

SLN failed mapping algorithms require that side‐specific lymphadenectomy should be performed in the case of failed mapping, and that suspicious lymph nodes are removed.

Ultrastaging protocols improve detection of lymph‐node metastasis and should be used for the pathological processing of SLNs.

Learning objectives

To understand the rationale, use and evidence for SLN biopsy in women with vulval, cervical and endometrial malignancy.

To appreciate the concepts behind the technical performance of SLN biopsy.

To understand the pathological processing of SLN samples and the implications this may have for the interpretation of results and adjuvant therapy.

Ethical issues

How to manage adjuvant therapy decisions in the context of micrometastases or isolated tumour cells in positive pelvic SLNs in cervical or endometrial cancer when the evidence‐base is limited.
Association between serum prostacyclin and cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy young and older adults
Authors: Corkery Adam T. , Miller Kathleen B. , Loeper Carissa A. , Tetri Laura H. , Pearson Andrew G. , Loggie Nicole A. , Howery Anna J. , Eldridge Marlowe W. , Barnes Jill N.
Published: May 2023

Platelet activation may contribute to age‐related cerebrovascular dysfunction by interacting with the endothelial cells that regulate the response to vasodilatory stimuli. This study evaluated the relationship between a platelet inhibitor, prostacyclin, and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in healthy young (n = 35; 25 ± 4 years; 17 women, 18 men) and older (n = 12; 62 ± 2 years; 8 women, 4 men) adults, who were not daily aspirin users, before and after cyclooxygenase inhibition. Prostacyclin was determined by levels of 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α (6‐keto PGF1α) in the blood. CVR was assessed by measuring the middle cerebral artery blood velocity response to hypercapnia using transcranial Doppler ultrasound before (CON) and 90 min after cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin (INDO). In young adults, there were no associations between prostacyclin and middle cerebral artery CVR during CON (r = −0.14, P = 0.415) or INDO (r = 0.27, P = 0.118). In older adults, associations between prostacyclin and middle cerebral artery CVR during CON (r = 0.53, P = 0.075) or INDO (r = –0.45, P = 0.136) did not reach the threshold for significance. We also evaluated the relationship between prostacyclin and the change in CVR between conditions (ΔCVR). We found no association between ΔCVR and prostacyclin in young adults (r = 0.27, P = 0.110); however, in older adults, those with higher baseline prostacyclin levels demonstrated significantly greater ΔCVR (r = –0.74, P = 0.005). In conclusion, older adults with higher serum prostacyclin, a platelet inhibitor, may rely more on cyclooxygenase products for cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia.
Method to Establish Sound and Acceleration Levels of High Pressure Reducing Valves
Authors: Baumann Hans D.
Published: May 2023

Severe service control valves or better, high-pressure reducing valves can see inlet pressures in excess of 4000 psi. Such valves are found in industries ranging from gas or petroleum wells, to chemical plants and steam-producing power plants (Goodwin, “Specifying Control Valves for Severe Service Conditions”, INTECH FOCUS, November (2022), p. 20). Such valves convert high levels of kinetic energy through a process of conversion of sound-producing turbulence to a reduced pressure level. Less desired by-products such as conversion are sound pressure levels that can exceed 120 decibels, a sound that is comparable to standing next to a jet plane taking off. Part of this energy conversion manifests itself as mechanical vibration which can cause undesirable high pipe acceleration which, over time, could severely damage piping (Almasi. “Flow Induced Vibrations in Piping Systems”. P.I. PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION, July, 2020; Blake, 1986, “Mechanics of Flow Induced Sound and Vibrato,” Vol. II, Complex Flow-Structure Interactions, Academic Press, Orlando, FL). Proposed here is an easy computer programmable method to check the sound and acceleration levels associated with noisy valves. It is believed such a paper harmonizing all aspects of aerodynamic valve noise, such as sound pressure, sound power, vibration, and acceleration can be of value. The purpose of this paper is to explain how such acceleration levels are estimated. There are four steps involved: (1) calculate the sound pressure level (SPL) from given process data, (2) convert sound pressure level into sound power level (Lwi), and (3) find the associated maximum pipe internal peak frequency (fp). (4) Based on the sound power level and the peak frequency of the sound, calculate the acceleration of the pipe (in m/second2).
Measurement operator for quantum nondemolition measurements
Authors: Ilo-Okeke Ebubechukwu O. , Chen Ping , Li Shuang , Anusionwu Bede C. , Ivannikov Valentin , Byrnes Tim
Published: May 2023

We derive a measurement operator corresponding to a quantum nondemolition (QND) measurement of an atomic ensemble. The quantum measurement operator takes the form of a positive operator valued measure (POVM) and is valid for arbitrary interaction times, initial coherent state amplitudes, and final photon measurement outcomes. We analyze the dependence on various parameters and show that the effect of the QND measurement for short interaction times is to apply a Gaussian modulation of the initial state wavefunction. We derive approximate expressions for the POVM in various limits, such as the short interaction time regime and projective measurement limit. Several examples are shown, which show how spin squeezing and Schrodinger cat states can be generated using the measurement.
Temperate bats may alter calls to partially compensate for weather-induced changes in detection distance
Authors: de Framond Léna , Reininger Verena , Goerlitz Holger R.
Published: May 2023

Echolocation is the use of self-emitted calls to probe the surrounding environment. The atmosphere strongly absorbs sound energy, particularly high frequencies, thereby limiting the sensory range of echolocating animals. Atmospheric attenuation varies with temperature and humidity, which both vary widely in the temperate zone. Since echolocating insectivorous bats rely on ultrasound to capture insects, their foraging success might decrease with seasonal and daily variations in weather. To counteract weather-induced variations in prey detection, we hypothesised that European bats decrease call frequency and increase call energy when atmospheric attenuation increases, thereby maintaining their prey detection distance. Using acoustic localisation and automated call analysis, we measured call frequency and energy in free-flying bats of three common European insectivorous species. One species, Pipistrellus nathusii/kuhlii, increased call frequency, but simultaneously decreased call energy, while the two other species (P. pipistrellus and Myotis daubentonii) did not alter call parameters. We estimated the detection distance for prey based on the recorded call parameters and prey characteristics, using a custom-developed theoretical model. None of the three species maintained prey detection distance (it decreased by 1.7 to 3.4 m) when atmospheric attenuation increased. This study contributes to a better understanding of the sensory challenges faced by animals in fluctuating environments.
Introducing Empowered Consent to Deal With the Current Challenges in Applied Sport Psychology
Authors: Feddersen Niels Boysen
Published: May 2023

There has been a paucity of literature discussing how to address consent procedures as part of ethics, practitioner development, and best practice in applied sport psychology. Several researchers have addressed ethical challenges (e.g., out-of-session contact, overidentification, time, and space). However, none have substantially considered the sport-specific issues related to consent, which sits at the heart of best practice. The scarcity of discussing consent is limiting sport psychology’s potential to establish itself as a more recognized profession. This article highlights some contextual issues that challenge the idea and efficacy of informed consent. It proposes adapting consent procedures in the collaboration between sport psychology practitioners and clients to better address the current contextual challenges in applied sport psychology. In doing so, the current paper introduces Empowered Consent, which is specifically designed to empower athletes and address challenges related to choosing interventions, contractual obligations, visibility in the environment, and staff trying to gain insights into confidential information. The author offers a model to enhance applied practice for those collaborating with athletes and other clients in sport.
Effects of Wearing Slippers While Obstacle Crossing in Healthy Young Adults: Strategy for Toe Clearance Enhancement and Prevention of Slipper Loss
Authors: Tanaka Kento , Sekiguchi Yusuke , Honda Keita , Izumi Shin-ichi
Published: May 2023

Wearing loose footwear, such as slippers, poses a risk factor for tripping. Previous studies have examined obstacle crossing to find strategies to avoid tripping. However, the effect of wearing slippers on the likelihood of tripping remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether wearing slippers while level walking and obstacle crossing affects kinematic characteristics and muscle activity. Sixteen healthy, young adults performed two tasks (a) while wearing slippers and (b) while barefoot: (1) level walking and (2) crossing a 10-cm obstacle. Toe clearance, joint angles, muscle activity, and cocontraction were measured for both the leading and trailing lower limbs. In the slipper-wearing condition, knee flexion and hip flexion angles were significantly increased in the swing phase for the leading limb (p < .001 and p < .001, respectively) and trailing limb (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively) compared with the barefoot condition. Tibialis anterior activity (p = .01) and muscle cocontraction of the tibialis anterior and the medial head of the gastrocnemius (p = .047) were significantly increased in the swing phase of the trailing limb for the slipper-wearing condition compared with the barefoot condition in the obstacle crossing task. Wearing slippers increased knee and hip flexion angles, and muscle cocontraction of the tibialis anterior and medial head of gastrocnemius increased during obstacle crossing. The results revealed that obstacle crossing while wearing slippers would require foot fixation adjustment in addition to increased knee and hip flexion to avoid toe collision.
Collective bending motion of a two-dimensionally correlated bowl-stacked columnar liquid crystalline assembly under a shear force
Authors: Shoji Yoshiaki , Komiyama Ryo , Kobayashi Miki , Kosaka Atsuko , Kajitani Takashi , Haruki Rie , Kumai Reiji , Adachi Shin-ichi , Tada Tomofumi , Karasawa Naoyuki , Nakano Hiroshi , Nakamura Hisao , Sakurai Hidehiro , Fukushima Takanori
Published: May 2023

Stacked teacups inspired the idea that columnar assemblies of stacked bowl-shaped molecules may exhibit a unique dynamic behavior, unlike usual assemblies of planar disc– and rod-shaped molecules. On the basis of the molecular design concept for creating higher-order discotic liquid crystals, found in our group, we synthesized a sumanene derivative with octyloxycarbonyl side chains. This molecule forms an ordered hexagonal columnar mesophase, but unexpectedly, the columnar assembly is very soft, similar to sugar syrup. It displays, upon application of a shear force on solid substrates, a flexible bending motion with continuous angle variations of bowl-stacked columns while preserving the two-dimensional hexagonal order. In general, alignment control of higher-order liquid crystals is difficult to achieve due to their high viscosity. The present system that brings together higher structural order and mechanical softness will spark interest in bowl-shaped molecules as a component for developing higher-order liquid crystals with unique mechanical and stimuli-responsive properties.
Environmental and trilobite diversity changes during the middle-late Cambrian SPICE event
Authors: Zhang Lei , Algeo Thomas J. , Zhao Laishi , Dahl Tais W. , Chen Zhong-Qiang , Zhang Zihu , Poulton Simon W. , Hughes Nigel C. , Gou Xueqing , Li Chao
Published: May 2023

The Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion (SPICE) event at ca. 497−494 Ma was a major carbon-cycle perturbation of the late Cambrian that coincided with rapid diversity changes among trilobites. Several scenarios (e.g., climatic/oceanic cooling and seawater anoxia) have been proposed to account for an extinction of trilobites at the onset of SPICE, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present a chemostratigraphic study of carbonate carbon and carbonate-associated sulfate sulfur isotopes (δ13Ccarb and δ34SCAS) and elemental redox proxies (UEF, MoEF, and Corg/P), augmented by secular trilobite diversity data, from both upper slope (Wangcun) and lower slope (Duibian) successions from the Jiangnan Slope, South China, spanning the Drumian to lower Jiangshanian. Redox data indicate locally/regionally well-oxygenated conditions throughout the SPICE event in both study sections except for low-oxygen (hypoxic) conditions within the rising limb of the SPICE (early-middle Paibian) at Duibian. As in coeval sections globally, the reported δ13Ccarb and δ34SCAS profiles exhibit first-order coupling throughout the SPICE event, reflecting co-burial of organic matter and pyrite controlled by globally integrated marine productivity, organic preservation rates, and shelf hypoxia. Increasing δ34SCAS in the “Early SPICE” interval (late Guzhangian) suggests that significant environmental change (e.g., global-oceanic hypoxia) was under way before the global carbon cycle was markedly affected. Assessment of trilobite range data within a high-resolution biostratigraphic framework for the middle-late Cambrian facilitated re-evaluation of the relationship of the SPICE to contemporaneous biodiversity changes. Trilobite diversity in South China declined during the Early SPICE (corresponding to the End-Marjuman Biomere Extinction, or EMBE, of Laurentia) and at the termination of the SPICE (corresponding to the End-Steptoean Biomere Extinction, or ESBE, of Laurentia), consistent with biotic patterns from other cratons. We infer that oxygen minimum zone and/or shelf hypoxia expanded as a result of locally enhanced productivity due to intensified upwelling following climatic cooling, and that expanded hypoxia played a major role in the EMBE at the onset of SPICE. During the SPICE event, global-ocean ventilation promoted marine biotic recovery, but termination of SPICE-related cooling in the late Paibian may have reduced global-ocean circulation, triggering further redox changes that precipitated the ESBE. Major changes in both marine environmental conditions and trilobite diversity during the late Guzhangian demonstrate that the SPICE event began earlier than the Guzhangian-Paibian boundary, as previously proposed.
Effect of cognitive–behavioural therapy on resilience and relapse in adult patients with substance use disorder: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Mhaidat Ibraheem , Taherian Mohammad Reza , Hashemi Nazari Seyed Saeed , Mosavi-Jarrahi Alireza , Yeganeh Haniye , Al-Yateem Nabeel , Al Marzouqi Amina M , Rahman Syed Azizur
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Approximately 0.5 million fatalities per year are attributed to substance use disorder (SUD). SUD is refractory to therapy and has a high relapse rate. Cognitive deficits are also common in patients with SUD. Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is a promising treatment that may build resilience and reduce relapse among people with SUD. Our planned systematic review aims to clarify the effect of CBT on resilience and the relapse rate in adult patients with SUD compared with treatment as usual or no intervention.

Methods and analysis

We will search the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, EBSCO CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases from inception to July 2023 for all relevant randomised controlled or quasiexperimental trials published in English. The follow-up period of included studies must be at least 8 weeks. The PICO (Population, intervention, control, and outcome) format was used to develop the search strategy. Search terms will be combined using boolean operators and have been customised for different databases. The Cochrane tool for randomised controlled trials will be used to assess the risk of bias in included studies. Extracted data will include bibliographic data, sample size, intervention method, summary of the findings, follow-up duration and effect sizes with standard errors. A random effects model will be used to combine effect measures. Subgroup analyses will be performed by CBT type, sex and SUD subtype, as applicable. I2statistics will be used to evaluate heterogeneity, and funnel plots will be used to address publication bias. If we detect significant heterogeneity, the findings will be reported as a systematic review without a meta-analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required for this study. The findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42022344596.
Youth athletes at Swedish sports high schools with an athletics specialism emphasise environmental support for injury risk management: a focus group study
Authors: Jacobsson Jenny , Mirkovic Dejan , Hansson Per-Olof , Lundqvist Carolina , Mann Robert Henry , Tranaeus Ulrika
Published: May 2023

In this study, we examined knowledge and understanding of sport-related injuries among youth athletics (track and field) athletes and assessed their needs in managing any health problems. Qualitative data were collected via 12 focus groups with youth athletes (16–19 years) studying at Swedish sports high schools with an athletics specialism. All focus group discussions were audiorecorded and transcribed before being analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Four researchers independently reviewed the transcripts, generated codes and developed themes. Three overarching themes related to the athletes’ knowledge and understanding of sport-related injury were developed: (1) awareness of injuries, (2) perception of injuries, and (3) factors contributing to injuries. The youth athletes were typically uncertain about how to acknowledge a sport-related injury. They expressed that knowledge about injuries was obtained in part by reflecting on the lived experiences of their peers. It was also demonstrated that there appears to be a ‘culture of acceptance’ regarding injury occurrence. In contrast, causes of injuries were viewed as dependent on multiple factors (eg, lack of context-specific knowledge about training practices). Regarding athletes’ needs in managing injuries, an additional three themes were developed: (1) creating functioning elite sports environments, (2) application of knowledge and (3) fostering athletes. An apparent lack of structure and organisation related to the school environment was identified as an important issue to review to create opportunities for sustainable athletic development. The study identified areas that can be improved in Swedish sports high schools with an athletic specialism and could be applied in other youth sports contexts. The results of this study guide school stakeholders, alongside the sport governing bodies who have the mandate to influence activities in youth sports contexts, whereby special attention should be directed towards improving the social environment for youth athletes.
Accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing ankle injuries in emergency care
Authors: Deutekom Fenna E , Ridderikhof Milan L , Van Etten-Jamaludin Faridi , Schepers Tim
Published: May 2023

Background

Ankle injuries are one of the most common presentations in the ED. Although fractures can be ruled out using the Ottawa Ankle Rules, the specificity is low, which means many patients may still receive unnecessary radiographs. Even once fractures are ruled out, assessment of ankle stability is recommended to rule out ruptures, but the anterior drawer test has only moderate sensitivity and low specificity and should be performed only after swelling has receded. Ultrasound could be a reliable, cheap and radiation free alternative to diagnose fractures and ligamentous injuries. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing ankle injuries.

Methods

Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched up to 15 February 2022 to include studies of patients of 16 years or older presenting to the ED with acute ankle or foot injury, who underwent ultrasound and had diagnostic accuracy as outcome. No restrictions were applied for date and language. Risk of bias and quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach were assessed.

Results

Thirteen studies evaluating 1455 patients with bony injuries were included. In 10 studies, the reported sensitivity for fracture was >90%, but varied among studies between 76% (95% CI 63% to 86%) and 100% (95% CI 29% to 100%). In nine studies, the reported specificity was at least 91%, but varied between 85% (95% CI 74% to 92%) and 100% (95% CI 88% to 100%).

Six studies including 337 patients examined the use of ultrasound for ligamentous injuries and found a sensitivity and specificity >94% and 100%. Overall quality of evidence for both bony and ligamentous injuries was low and very low.

Conclusion

Ultrasound has the potential to be a reliable method for diagnosing foot and ankle injuries, however, higher grade evidence is needed.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020215258.
Phenotypical differences ofC9ORF72gene-positive and negative amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comparative case series
Authors: White Laura Michelle , Boardman Jeremy , Lilleker James , Chaouch Amina , Kargwell Haga , Ealing John , Hamdalla Hisham
Published: May 2023

Background

Hexanucleotide repeat expansions ofC9ORF72account for a significant proportion of autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)–frontotemporal dementia spectrum. In the absence of a family history, clinical identification of such patients remains difficult. We aimed to identify differences in demographics and clinical presentation between patients withC9ORF72gene-positive ALS (C9pALS) versusC9ORF72gene-negative ALS (C9nALS), to aid identification of these patients in the clinic and examine differences in outcomes including survival.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical presentations of 32 patients with C9pALS and compared their characteristics with a cohort of 46 patients with C9nALS from the same tertiary neurosciences centre.

Results

Patients with C9pALS more commonly presented with mixed upper and lower motor signs (C9pALS 87.5%, C9nALS 65.2%; p=0.0352), but less frequently presented with purely upper motor neuron signs (C9pALS 3.1%, C9nALS 21.7%; p=0.0226). The C9pALS cohort had a higher frequency of cognitive impairment (C9pALS 31.3%, C9nALS 10.9%; p=0.0394) and bulbar disease (C9pALS 56.3%, C9nALS 28.3%; p=0.0186). There were no differences between cohorts in age at diagnosis, gender, limb weakness, respiratory symptoms, presentation with predominantly lower motor neuron signs or overall survival.

Discussion

Analysis of this ALS clinic cohort at a UK tertiary neurosciences centre adds to the small but growing understanding of the unique clinical features of patients with C9pALS. In the age of precision medicine with expanding opportunities to manage genetic diseases with disease-modifying therapies, clinical identification of such patients is increasingly important as focused therapeutic strategies become available.
Listening, learning, caring: exploring assemblages of, ethics of and pathways to care for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
Authors: LaMarre Andrea , McGuigan Kathryn Amy , Lewthwaite Melinda
Published: May 2023

Care has been theorised in relationship to eating disorders as a central consideration across diagnoses. In the context of avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) specifically, there is room to further develop the nuances around layers of care involved in working towards well-being. In this paper, we engage with the stories of 14 caregivers of people with ARFID, exploring their pathways to care (or lack thereof) through the healthcare system in Aotearoa New Zealand. We explore the material, affective and relational aspects of care and care-seeking, engaging with the power and politics of care as it flows through care-seeking assemblages. Using postqualitative methods of analysis, we discuss how while participants were seeking care, they received (or, at times, did not receive)treatment, and unpack how care and treatment are not always synonymous. We work up extracts from parents’ stories surrounding their caring for their children and how their actions were, at times, interpreted in ways that made them feel blame and shame rather than care. Participants’ stories also offer glimmers of care within a resource-strapped healthcare system, which invite us to consider the potentiality of a relational ethics of care as an assemblage-shifting moment.
Patient perspectives on the use of indwelling pleural catheters in malignant pleural effusions
Authors: Mitchell Michael A , Deschner Emilie , Dhaliwal Inderdeep , Robinson Michael , Li Pen , Kwok Chanel , Cake Lorraine , Dawson Emily , Veenstra James , Stollery Daniel , Gillson Ashley-Mae , Amjadi Kayvan
Published: May 2023

Background

Indwelling pleural catheters are an effective treatment option for patients with malignant pleural effusions. Despite their popularity, there remains a paucity of data on the patient experience and key patient-centred outcomes.

Objective

To investigate the experience of patients receiving an indwelling pleural catheter to better inform and identify potential areas for improvement in care.

Methods

This was a multicentre survey study at three academic, tertiary-care centres in Canada. Patients with a diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion who had an indwelling pleural catheter inserted were included. An adapted questionnaire specific to indwelling pleural catheters was used with responses recorded on a 4-point Likert scale. Patients completed the questionnaire in-person or by phone at 2-week and 3-month follow-up appointments.

Results

A total of 105 patients were enrolled in the study with 84 patients included in the final analysis. At the 2-week follow-up, patient-reported improvements in dyspnoea and quality of life from indwelling pleural catheter were high at 93% and 87%, respectively. The predominant issues identified were discomfort at time of insertion (58%), itching (49%), difficulty with sleeping (39%), discomfort with home drainage (36%) and the pleural catheter reminding patients of their disease (63%). Avoiding hospitalisation for the management of dyspnoea was important to 95% of patients. Findings were similar at 3 months.

Conclusions

Indwelling pleural catheters are an effective intervention to directly improve dyspnoea and quality of life but have important disadvantages for some; clinicians and patients should be aware of these when making an informed decision regarding treatment.
Survey of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in trauma patients: current prescribing practices and concordance with clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Alexander Kaitlin M , Butts Charles Caleb , Lee Yan-Leei Larry , Kutcher Matthew E , Polite Nathan , Haut Elliott R , Spain David , Berndtson Allison E , Costantini Todd W , Simmons Jon D
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Pharmacological venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is recommended in the vast majority of trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to characterize current dosing practices and timing of initiation of pharmacological VTE chemoprophylaxis at trauma centers.

Methods

This was an international, cross-sectional survey of trauma providers. The survey was sponsored by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) and distributed to AAST members. The survey included 38 questions about practitioner demographics, experience, level and location of trauma center, and individual/site-specific practices regarding the dosing, selection, and timing of initiation of pharmacological VTE chemoprophylaxis in trauma patients.

Results

One hundred eighteen trauma providers responded (estimated response rate 6.9%). Most respondents were at level 1 trauma centers (100/118; 84.7%) and had >10 years of experience (73/118; 61.9%). While multiple dosing regimens were used, the most common dose reported was enoxaparin 30 mg every 12 hours (80/118; 67.8%). The majority of respondents (88/118; 74.6%) indicated adjusting the dose in patients with obesity. Seventy-eight (66.1%) routinely use antifactor Xa levels to guide dosing. Respondents at academic institutions were more likely to use guideline-directed dosing (based on the Eastern Association of the Surgery of Trauma and the Western Trauma Association guidelines) of VTE chemoprophylaxis compared with those at non-academic centers (86.2% vs 62.5%; p=0.0158) and guideline-directed dosing was reported more often if the trauma team included a clinical pharmacist (88.2% vs 69.0%; p=0.0142). Wide variability in initial timing of VTE chemoprophylaxis after traumatic brain injury, solid organ injury, and spinal cord injuries was found.

Conclusions

A high degree of variability exists in prescribing and monitoring practices for the prevention of VTE in trauma patients. Clinical pharmacists may be helpful on trauma teams to optimize dosing and increase prescribing of guideline-concordant VTE chemoprophylaxis.
Regulation of immune function in healthy adults: one-stop guide on the role of dietary fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids, and select micronutrients in combination with physical activity
Authors: Patel Dhruvesh , Evanchuk Jenna , Wang Ren , Dunbar Carolyn L. , Munhoz Jaqueline , Field Catherine J.
Published: May 2023

The immune system requires an adequate supply of nutrients, although current dietary recommendations may not account for optimal immune function in healthy adults. Nutrient inadequacies due to the growing influence of the western diet pose a risk for immune dysfunction. This review aims to determine the beneficial effects of supplementing dietary fats, nutrients that modulate gut microbiota, and specific micronutrients on systemic immune functions (concentrations of plasma cytokines, antibodies, and acute phase proteins) during health and acute inflammatory conditions, including COVID-19. We discussed micronutrients (selenium, zinc, and vitamin D) with compelling evidence supporting immunomodulatory properties. Additionally, the synergistic effects of physical activity and dietary interventions on systemic immune markers are explored. Briefly, evidence suggests that dietary consumption of monounsaturated (oleic and palmitoleic acids) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) promotes anti-inflammatory properties. Food sources (fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, omega-3) and patterns (Mediterranean diet) increase the production of short-chain fatty acids, beneficially altering gut microbiota composition, which subsequently enhances the immunomodulatory properties of circulating immune cells. A positive synergistic role of nutrient supplementation (omega-3 and fiber) and physical activity on circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels has been observed. Lastly, omega-3 supplementation during COVID-19 infection may reduce circulating C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines and improves pain and fatigue symptoms. This review highlights recent findings that support the beneficial role of specific nutrients in promoting systemic immune function in healthy adults. However, to establish specific dietary recommendations to support optimal immune function, more research is required.

Key takeaway: Increasing dietary fats (fish and olive oils) and specific micronutrients may positively impact systemic immune function in healthy adults. Evidence suggests that these nutrients promote immunomodulatory properties useful in resolving acute infection.
Observational constraints on two cosmological models of f(Q) theory
Authors: Koussour M. , De Avik
Published: May 2023

In the past few years, f(Q) theories have drawn a lot of research attention in replacing Einstein’s theory of gravity successfully. The current study examines the novel cosmological possibilities emerging from two specific classes of f(Q) models using the parametrization form of the equation of state (EoS) parameter as $$\omega \left( z\right) =-\frac{1}{1+3\beta \left( 1+z\right) ^{3}}$$

ω

z

=
-

1

1
+
3
β

1
+
z

3

, which displays quintessence behavior with the evolution of the Universe. We do statistical analyses using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and background datasets like Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) luminosities and direct Hubble datasets (from cosmic clocks), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) datasets. This lets us compare these new ideas about the Universe to the $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM model in a number of different possible ways. We have come to the conclusion that, at the current level of accuracy, the values of their specific parameters are the best fits for our f(Q) models. To conclude the accelerating behavior of the Universe, we further study the evolution of energy density, pressure, and deceleration parameter for these f(Q) models.
Spinor wave function of the Universe in non-minimally coupled varying constants cosmologies
Authors: Balcerzak Adam , Lisaj Mateusz
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we introduce a non-minimally coupled varying speed of light and varying gravitational constant cosmological toy model. Using the Eisenhart–Duval lifting method, we extend the original minisuperspace of the model and depict the evolution of the system in the presence of the potential term as a geometrical flow associated with the lifted metric. We write the Dirac–Wheeler–DeWitt equation, which solution is a spinor wave function of the Universe. Then we find the solution of the Dirac–Wheeler–DeWitt equation, which describes the emergence of two early universe–antiuniverse pairs that differ with the conserved quantity, which is an analog of the spin.