bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition may mediate recovery from damage in an encrusting bryozoan
Authors: Bone Elisa K. , Keough Michael J.
Published: January 2010

Disturbance is a ubiquitous feature of ecosystems, and the ability of a species to persist in a habitat with frequent disturbance is largely determined by the ways in which individual organisms respond. In modular species, indeterminate growth by module addition allows recovery from colony damage through disturbance, and the number of modules – colony size – is a good predictor of colony success. A growing body of evidence suggests that the recovery capacity of a modular animal is related not only to its size, an important indicator of likely survivorship and reproductive potential, but also to the age structure of its component modules. We tested whether the age structure of modules altered the recovery capacity of colonies of the encrusting bryozoan Parasmittina delicatula at two sites in South‐eastern Australia that differed in their levels of cover by competing sessile invertebrates. Damage incurred at different colony regions had a negligible effect on the subsequent growth of colonies at both sites, but for different reasons. At one site, where competition from neighbouring sessile invertebrates was low, growth rates were very similar across colonies, regardless of colony size and amount of damage to the colony edge. At the second site, neighbouring sessile invertebrates were abundant, and competitive interactions were more important in determining a colony’s success than any history of damage. Colonies that were overgrown once or more had lower growth rates and lower numbers of embryos at the final census than those that were never overgrown. These results imply that the importance of the age structure of modules to a colony’s recovery rate is reduced in the presence of natural competition, and that these factors need to be considered when predicting the responses of modular animals to disturbance.
QTLs for the vascular bundle system of the uppermost internode using a doubled haploid population of two elite Chinese wheat cultivars
Authors: Sang Y. , Deng Z. Y. , Zhao L. , Zhang K. P. , Tian J. C. , Ye B. X.
Published: January 2010

With 3 figures and 2 tables

A doubled haploid population of 168 lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of vascular bundle system in uppermost internode including the total vascular bundles (TVB), the large vascular bundles (LVB), the small vascular bundles (SVB), and the ratio of large vs. small vascular bundles (L/S) in four environments. Fourteen additive QTLs and one pair of epistatic QTLs were identified. For TVB, five QTLs on chromosomes 1A, 2D (two regions), 5D and 7D were detected and explained 48.85% of phenotypic variation; one QTL on chromosome 5D controlling LVB explained 22.95% of the variation; six QTLs for SVB, on chromosomes 1A, 2D, 5D (two regions), 6A, and 7D accounted for 81.58% of the total variation. Two QTLs explaining 27.62% for L/S were identified on chromosomes 5D, and 7D. In addition, one pair of significant epistatic QTLs was identified for TVB, and explained 10.81% of the phenotypic variation on chromosomes 2A and 6D. These results demonstrated that additive QTLs with pleiotropic and multigenic effects, additive and epistatic effects were subjected to environmental susceptibility.
Impact of fatigue on everyday life among older people with chronic heart failure
Authors: Norberg Eva‐Britt , Boman Kurt , Löfgren Britta
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To explore the relationship between fatigue and performance of activities of daily living (ADL), use of assistive devices, home‐help service and community mobility services in older clients with chronic heart failure.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional descriptive study of 40 patients was performed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, the Staircase of ADL, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and a demographic checklist.

Results:  We found high levels of general fatigue, physical fatigue and reduced activity. Greater fatigue was associated significantly with increased dependence and decreased quality of ADL, but not for shopping. Use of community mobility services and assistive devices was frequent and home help less frequent. Use of assistive devices and home help were associated significantly with greater fatigue, but not the use of community mobility services.

Conclusions:  Fatigue had a negative impact on ADL mainly from physical rather than from mental causes. Improved energy conservation strategies to reduce the consequences of fatigue are needed.
Meshless Shape and Motion Design for Multiple Deformable Objects
Authors: Adams B. , Wicke M. , Ovsjanikov M. , Wand M. , Seidel H.‐P. , Guibas L. J.
Published: January 2010

We present physically based algorithms for interactive deformable shape and motion modelling. We coarsely sample the objects with simulation nodes, and apply a meshless finite element method to obtain realistic deformations at interactive frame rates. This shape deformation algorithm is then used to specify keyframe poses and a smooth interpolating motion is obtained by solving for an energy‐minimizing trajectory. We show how to handle collisions between different deformable objects as well as with static or moving scene objects. Secondary motion is added as a post‐process by running a meshless elastic solid simulation. We enforce precomputed trajectories using control forces computed using shape matching. Key to the efficiency of our method is a sparse deformation representation and an adaptive optimization algorithm that automatically introduces new degrees of freedom in problematic regions. An accurate temporal interpolation scheme that exactly recovers rigid motions keeps the number of unknowns low and achieves realistic deformations with very few keyframes. We also show how the algorithm allows combining purely physical simulation with keyframe‐based scripted animation. The presented results illustrate that our framework can handle complex shapes at interactive rates, making it a valuable tool for animators to realistically model deformable 3D shapes and their motion.
Bidirectional Texture Function Compression Based on Multi‐Level Vector Quantization
Authors: Havran V. , Filip J. , Myszkowski K.
Published: January 2010

The Bidirectional Texture Function (BTF) is becoming widely used for accurate representation of real‐world material appearance. In this paper a novel BTF compression model is proposed. The model resamples input BTF data into a parametrization, allowing decomposition of individual view and illumination dependent texels into a set of multi‐dimensional conditional probability density functions. These functions are compressed in turn using a novel multi‐level vector quantization algorithm. The result of this algorithm is a set of index and scale code‐books for individual dimensions. BTF reconstruction from the model is then based on fast chained indexing into the nested stored code‐books. In the proposed model, luminance and chromaticity are treated separately to achieve further compression. The proposed model achieves low distortion and compression ratios 1:233–1:2040, depending on BTF sample variability. These results compare well with several other BTF compression methods with predefined compression ratios, usually smaller than 1:200. We carried out a psychophysical experiment comparing our method with LPCA method. BTF synthesis from the model was implemented on a standard GPU, yielded interactive framerates. The proposed method allows the fast importance sampling required by eye‐path tracing algorithms in image synthesis.
Spatialising New Constitutionalism: The Secwepemc People versus Sun Peaks Resort Corporation in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Drapeau Thierry
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on the local governance process that occurred between the Secwepemc indigenous people and Sun Peaks Resort Corporation regarding the construction of a ski resort in the province of British Columbia in Canada. The article argues that this process was a localised manifestation of what Stephen Gill has labelled ‘new constitutionalism’ for it sought to contractualise the subsumption of a locality under the logics of capital accumulation in the world economy. The article uses this case study to endorse Gill's notion of new constitutionalism but seeks to emphasise the mechanisms of spatial scale transformation and regulation that occur through constitutionalised social relations in concrete, situated settings.
Hobbes's Liberty and Skinner's Discontent
Authors: Hall Edward
Published: January 2010

This article questions the plausibility of the interpretation of Hobbes's liberty that Quentin Skinner articulates in Hobbes and Republican Liberty. It argues that Skinner's book fails to prove two of the three claims it must uphold: the ‘textual accuracy claim’ and his ‘methodological claim’. This article maintains that understanding Hobbes's use of liberty in Leviathan according to his definition of ‘corporall liberty’, as Skinner does, ignores many of Hobbes's claims that invoke liberty outside the beginning of chapter 21, resulting in a one-dimensional reading of Hobbes.
Fixed-Term Parliaments: Electing the Opposition
Authors: Hamlin Alan
Published: January 2010

Constitutional reform requires a cautious approach that draws heavily on the theory of institutions. Too often arguments for particular constitutional arrangements are one-dimensional and limited in scope and imagination. This article illustrates this theme by discussing the debate over fixed- and variable-term parliaments, and by offering a somewhat novel argument that focuses on the role of the opposition within a parliamentary system.
Towards the Mainstream? UKIP and the 2009 Elections to the European Parliament
Authors: Hayton Richard
Published: January 2010

This article examines the performance of the UK Independence party (UKIP) at the 2009 European Parliament election, and asks whether the party's second-place finish indicates that it is now entering the political mainstream. It argues that while UKIP's success at these elections marks an important step in its development, the party continues to face significant barriers to further electoral progress. The article also considers the implications for the Conservative party under David Cameron, and cautions that UKIP's success could signal a more generalised shift towards the acceptance of the populist right in Britain. Finally, the article argues that the rise and recent success of UKIP is deserving of greater academic attention, and outlines possible research agendas to take this work forward.
Support for Le Pen in France: Two Elections in Trompe l'œil
Authors: Shields James
Published: January 2010

There is a comforting consensus among political commentators that the 2007 presidential election marked the end of Jean-Marie Le Pen as a force in French politics. The shock election of the Front National leader to the presidential run-off in 2002, by contrast, is explained as a surge in the Le Pen vote specific to the prevailing electoral conditions. This article challenges that interpretation of both elections. It shows that, despite Le Pen's unforeseen success in 2002, there was no surge of support for him, and that despite Le Pen's supposed collapse in 2007, he won close to 4 million votes while popular agreement with his ideas rose to its highest recorded level. The article concludes that Le Pen remains a powerful presence in French politics and that his supporters continue to constitute a large and highly influential constituency.
Microalbuminuria predicts overt proteinuria among patients with HIV infection
Authors: Szczech LA , Menezes P , Byrd Quinlivan E , Van Der Horst C , Bartlett JA , Svetkey LP
Published: January 2010

Background

This study examines the association between microalbuminuria and the development of proteinuria among HIV‐infected persons.

Methods

A total of 948 subjects provided urine samples for albumin, protein and creatinine measurements semiannually. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of >30 mg/g. Proteinuria was defined as a protein‐to‐creatinine ratio of ≥0.350 mg/mg. The progression from microalbuminuria to proteinuria was described.

Results

At baseline, 69.4% of the subjects had no detectable proteinuria, 20.2% had microalbuminuria, and 10.4% had proteinuria. Subjects with microalbuminuria and proteinuria were more likely to be black (P=0.02), have lower CD4 cell counts (P=0.02 comparing subjects without abnormal urine protein excretion to subjects with microalbuminuria; P=0.0001 comparing subjects with microalbuminuria to subjects with proteinuria), and have a higher HIV RNA level (P=0.08 and 0.04, respectively). Among 658 subjects with normal urine protein, 82.7% continued to have no abnormality, 14.3% developed microalbuminuria, and 3.0% developed proteinuria. Subjects without baseline proteinuria (i.e. either normal protein excretion or microalbuminuria) who developed proteinuria were more likely to have microalbuminuria (P=0.001), a lower CD4 cell count (P=0.06), and a higher plasma HIV RNA (P=0.03) than those who did not progress to proteinuria. In multivariate analysis, only microalbuminuria remained associated with the development of proteinuria (odds ratio 2.9; 95% confidence interval 1.5, 5.5; P=0.001).

Conclusion

Microalbuminuria predicts the development of proteinuria among HIV‐infected persons. Because proteinuria has been linked to poorer outcomes, strategies to affect microalbuminuria should be tested.
A meta‐analysis of dispersal in butterflies
Authors: Stevens Virginie M. , Turlure Camille , Baguette Michel
Published: January 2010

Dispersal has recently gained much attention because of its crucial role in the conservation and evolution of species facing major environmental changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and their interactions. Butterflies have long been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of dispersal and a huge amount of data on their ability to disperse has been collected under various conditions. However, no single ‘best’ method seems to exist leading to the co‐occurrence of various approaches to study butterfly mobility, and therefore a high heterogeneity among data on dispersal across this group. Accordingly, we here reviewed the knowledge accumulated on dispersal and mobility in butterflies, to detect general patterns. This meta‐analysis specifically addressed two questions. Firstly, do the various methods provide a congruent picture of how dispersal ability is distributed across species? Secondly, is dispersal species‐specific? Five sources of data were analysed: multisite mark‐recapture experiments, genetic studies, experimental assessments, expert opinions, and transect surveys. We accounted for potential biases due to variation in genetic markers, sample sizes, spatial scales or the level of habitat fragmentation. We showed that the various dispersal estimates generally converged, and that the relative dispersal ability of species could reliably be predicted from their relative vagrancy (records of butterflies outside their normal habitat). Expert opinions gave much less reliable estimates of realized dispersal but instead reflected migration propensity of butterflies. Within‐species comparisons showed that genetic estimates were relatively invariable, while other dispersal estimates were highly variable. This latter point questions dispersal as a species‐specific, invariant trait.
Predictive validity of attentional functions in differentiating children with and without ADHD: a componential analysis
Authors: KAUFMANN LIANE , ZIEREN NIKOLA , ZOTTER SIBYLLE , KARALL DANIELA , SCHOLL‐BÜRGI SABINE , HABERLANDT EDDA , FIMM BRUNO
Published: January 2010

Aim  The objective of this study was to investigate which attentional components are of predictive utility in differentiating children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD‐C) from their peers without ADHD.

Methods  Thirty‐four children participated in the study: 17 males with ADHD‐C (mean age 10y 4mo, SD 1y 9mo) and 17 comparison children (12 males, 5 females; mean age 10y 8mo, SD 1.7y). Attentional functions were assessed using a computer‐administered, child‐friendly test series in German (i.e. Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung für Kinder; KITAP). The KITAP measures several attentional components, including alertness and executive attention (inhibition, divided attention, flexibility).

Results  The variable best able to discriminate between children with and without ADHD‐C was found to be response time variability in a go/no go task, followed by, in order, number of errors in a divided attention task and response time variability in an alertness task. However, group discrimination was not facilitated by differences in either response latency or accuracy of response in visuospatial attention and attentional flexibility tasks.

Interpretation  The assessment of attentional functions proved to be a powerful instrument for discriminating between children with and without ADHD‐C. Notably, the discriminative power of executive attention was found to be task dependent and dependent on processing demands.
Assessing bimanual performance in young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: GREAVES SUSAN , IMMS CHRISTINE , DODD KAREN , KRUMLINDE‐SUNDHOLM LENA
Published: January 2010

Aim This systematic review investigated the availability of assessment tools to evaluate bimanual skills in young children (≤ 3y) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Evidence for validity, reliability, and clinical utility of the identified instruments was sought.

Method Ten electronic databases and grey literature were searched (earliest 1806) to February 2009 to identify articles that met criteria related to the child’s age and diagnosis, and included a discrete bimanual assessment. Further searches for evidence of psychometric properties of each identified assessment were undertaken. For quality criteria, we evaluated the internal validity of each study and appraised the validity and reliability of identified assessments.

Results From 1435 papers retrieved, 15 were eligible for inclusion, and 11 assessments of bimanual performance were identified. Ten assessments had inadequate evidence for reliability and validity. Only the Assisting Hand Assessment had evidence for reliability and validity for its intended purposes.

Interpretation Reliability and validity are fundamental considerations when developing or selecting assessments. Additional considerations for assessing young children include the following: (1) standardized administration and scoring; (2) items that capture the complexity of bimanual behaviour; and (3) protocols and items targeted within a small age range to meet specific developmental needs. A validated assessment of younger infants is needed to support early intervention during this period of rapid brain development.
Activities and distribution of methanogenic and methane‐oxidizing microbes in marine sediments from the Cascadia Margin
Authors: YOSHIOKA H. , MARUYAMA A. , NAKAMURA T. , HIGASHI Y. , FUSE H. , SAKATA S. , BARTLETT D. H.
Published: January 2010

We investigated methane production and oxidation and the depth distribution and phylogenetic affiliation of a functional gene for methanogenesis, methyl coenzyme M reductase subunit A (mcrA), at two sites of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 311. These sites, U1327 and U1329, are respectively inside and outside the area of gas hydrate distribution on the Cascadia Margin. Radiotracer experiments using 14C‐labelled substrates indicated high potential methane production rates in hydrate‐bearing sediments [128–223 m below seafloor (mbsf)] at U1327 and in sediments between 70 and 140 mbsf at U1329. Tracer‐free experiments indicated high cumulative methane production in sediments within and below the gas hydrate layer at U1327 and in sediments below 70 mbsf at U1329. Stable tracer experiments using 13C‐labelled methane showed high potential methane oxidation rates in near‐surface sediments and in sediments deeper than 100 mbsf at both sites. Results of polymerase chain reaction amplification of mcrA in DNA were mostly consistent with methane production: relatively strong mcrA amplification was detected in the gas hydrate‐bearing sediments at U1327, whereas at U1329, it was mainly detected in sediments from around the bottom‐simulating reflector (126 mbsf). Phylogenetic analysis of mcrA separated it into four phylotype clusters: two clusters of methanogens, Methanosarcinales and Methanobacteriales, and two clusters of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, ANME‐I and ANME‐II groups, supporting the activity measurement results. These results reveal that in situ methanogenesis in deep sediments probably contributes to gas hydrate formation and are inconsistent with the geochemical model that microbial methane currently being generated in shallow sediments migrates downward and contributes to the hydrate formation. At Site U1327, gas hydrates occurred in turbidite sediments, which were absent at Site U1329, suggesting that a geological setting suitable for a gas hydrate reservoir is more important for the accumulation of gas hydrate than microbiological properties.
Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs, Aspirin, and Cognitive Function in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Waldstein Shari R. , Wendell Carrington Rice , Seliger Stephen L. , Ferrucci Luigi , Metter E. Jeffrey , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relations between the use of nonaspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin and age‐related change in multiple domains of cognitive function in community‐dwelling individuals without dementia.

DESIGN: Longitudinal, with measures obtained on one to 18 occasions over up to 45 years.

SETTING: General community.

PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample of up to 2,300 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging free of diagnosed dementia.

MEASUREMENTS: At each visit, reported NSAID or aspirin use (yes/no) and tests of verbal and visual memory, attention, perceptuo‐motor speed, confrontation naming, executive function, and mental status.

RESULTS: Mixed‐effects regression models revealed that NSAID use was associated with less prospective decline on the Blessed Information‐Memory‐Concentration (I‐M‐C) Test, a mental status test weighted for memory and concentration (P<.001), and Part B of the Trail Making Test, a test of perceptuo‐motor speed and mental flexibility (P<.05). In contrast, aspirin use was related to greater prospective decline on the Blessed I‐M‐C Test (P<.05) and the Benton Visual Retention Test, a test of visual memory (P<.001).

CONCLUSION: Consistent with studies of incident dementia, NSAID users without dementia displayed less prospective decline in cognitive function, but on only two cognitive measures. In contrast, aspirin use was associated with greater prospective cognitive decline on select measures, potentially reflecting its common use for vascular disease prophylaxis. Effect sizes were small, calling into question clinical significance, although overall public health significance may be meaningful.
The Oldest Old in the Last Year of Life: Population‐Based Findings from Cambridge City over‐75s Cohort Study Participants Aged 85 and Older at Death
Authors: Zhao Jun , Barclay Stephen , Farquhar Morag , Kinmonth Ann Louise , Brayne Carol , Fleming Jane ,   for the Cambridge City over‐75s Cohort Study Collaboration
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES: To characterize people of advanced old age in their last year of life and compare those dying in their late 80s with those dying aged 90 and older to inform policy and planning.

DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected population‐based data from the Cambridge City over‐75s Cohort (CC75C) Study, United Kingdom.

PARTICIPANTS: Men and women aged 85 and older at death who died less than 1 year after taking part in any CC75C survey (N=321).

MEASUREMENTS: Physical health, functional disability, self‐rated health, cognitive status.

RESULTS: Functional and cognitive impairments were markedly higher for those who died aged 90 and older— predominantly women—than for those who died aged 85 to 89. At least half (49.4–93.6%) of subjects aged 90 and older needed maximum assistance in virtually every daily activity; those aged 85 to 89 needed this only for shopping and laundry. Disability in basic and instrumental activities rose from 59.1% before to 85.4% after the age of 90 and cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination score ≤21) from 41.7% to 69.4%. Despite this and proximity to death, 60.5% and 67.0%, respectively, rated their health positively. Only one in five reported needing more help.

CONCLUSION: This study provides new data identifying high levels of physical and cognitive disability in very old people in the year before death. As the very old population rises, so will support needs for people dying in extreme old age. The mismatch between health perceptions and functional limitations suggests that these vulnerable older adults may not seek help from which they could benefit. These findings have major policy and planning implications for end‐of‐life care for the oldest old.
Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Tracker and e‐Geriatrician: Methods to Disseminate ACE Concepts to Hospitals with No Geriatricians on Staff
Authors: Malone Michael L. , Vollbrecht Marsha , Stephenson Jeff , Burke Laura , Pagel Patti , Goodwin James S.
Published: January 2010

This article describes an innovative method to disseminate the Acute Care for Elders (ACE) model of care for hospitalized older patients implemented at 11 community hospitals in Wisconsin. The ACE Tracker is a computer‐generated checklist of all older patients in a facility that takes information from multiple areas of the electronic medical record to identify the older patients' risk factors for functional decline and poor outcomes. The ACE Tracker report was validated against in‐person observation of the older patients and found to be accurate. Interdisciplinary teams on medical–surgical units use this summary report to review each patient's plan of care and to efficiently assess the patients who are vulnerable to poor hospital outcomes. The ACE Tracker is also used during regular consultation provided through teleconferencing between an off‐site geriatrician (e‐Geriatrician) and the local ACE team. The effect of the ACE Tracker and e‐Geriatrician models was assessed by measuring use of urinary catheters, physical restraints, high‐risk medications, and social service evaluation at a single hospital for the 6 months before and after implementation of the models. There were significant improvements in urinary catheter and physical therapy referrals but no significant changes in the other outcomes. There was no change in the length of stay or in the rate of hospital readmission within 30 days.
Enhancing Caregiver Health: Findings from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health II Intervention
Authors: Elliott Amanda F. , Burgio Louis D. , DeCoster Jamie
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationships between changes from baseline to post‐Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH) intervention in caregiver (CG) self‐reported health, burden, and bother.

DESIGN: Randomized, multisite clinical trial.

SETTING: CG and care recipient (CR) homes in five U.S. cities.

PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred ninety‐five dementia CG and CR dyads (169 Hispanic, 160 white, and 166 African American) receiving intervention and their controls.

INTERVENTION: CGs were assigned to the REACH intervention or a no‐treatment control group. Intervention subjects received individual risk profiles and the REACH intervention through nine in‐home and three telephone sessions over 6 months. Control subjects received two brief “check‐in” telephone calls during this 6‐month period.

MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was change in CG health status from baseline to after the intervention. Secondary outcomes were CG burden and bother after the intervention.

RESULTS: After the intervention, CGs reported better self‐rated health, sleep quality, physical health, and emotional health, which was related to less burden and bother with their caregiving role than for CGs not receiving the intervention. Changes in depression appeared to mediate these relationships. Several racial and ethnic group differences existed in physical and emotional health, as well as in total frustration with caregiving, emotional burden, and CG‐rated bother with CR's activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living at baseline and at follow‐up, although differences between baseline and posttest did not vary according to race.

CONCLUSION: A structured, multicomponent skills training intervention that targeted CG self‐care behaviors as one of five target areas, improved self‐reported health status, and decreased burden and bother in racially and ethnically diverse CGs of people with dementia.
Co‐inheritance of Hb Hershey [β70(E14) Ala→Gly] and Hb La Pommeraie [β133(H11)Val→Met] in a Sicilian subject
Authors: Giambona Antonino , Vinciguerra Margherita , Passarello Cristina , La Rosa Maria A. , Lo Giudice Giuseppina , Di Bella Chiara , Amorini Maria , Iacona Francesca , Salpietro Carmelo , Maggio Aurelio , Rigoli Luciana
Published: January 2010

Objectives: This report represents the first observation in Sicily of two rare β‐globin gene variants, Hb Hershey [β70(E14) Ala→Gly] and Hb La Pommeraie [β133(H11)Val→Met], found in a 35‐year‐old male patient from Messina, in the north‐east of Sicily during population screening for hemoglobinopathies. Methods: The occurrence of the Hb variants was assessed by cation exchange chromatography while complete blood counts were obtained using automatic cell counters. Red cell lysates were analyzed by electrophoresis at alkaline and acid pH. Stability of hemoglobin was checked by the isopropanol precipitation test and by the heat tests while inclusion bodies and reticulocyte count were determined by incubation of blood samples with brilliant cresyl blue. Molecular analysis was performed by DNA sequencing of β‐ and α‐globin genes. Results: We observed an abnormally high performance liquid chromatography elution with a slight reduction in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin parameters and mutations at codon 70 GCC→GGC (Hb Hershey) and at codon 133 GTG→ATG (Hb La Pommeraie) in β‐globin gene. Conclusion: Family analysis of three generations demonstrated the presence of these two mutations in trans. So it was possible to describe the phenotypes of these variants in a heterozygous state and in double heterozygous state.
TPH2 5′‐ and 3′‐regulatory polymorphisms are differentially associated with HPA axis function and self‐injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Chen G.‐L. , Novak M. A. , Meyer J. S. , Kelly B. J. , Vallender E. J. , Miller G. M.
Published: January 2010

Tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (TPH2) synthesizes neuronal serotonin and is linked to numerous behavioral traits. We have previously characterized the functionality of polymorphisms (especially 2051A>C) in 3’‐untranslated region (3’‐UTR) of rhesus monkey TPH2 (rhTPH2). This study further assessed the functionality of additional polymorphisms (–1605T>C, –1491Tn, –1485(AT)n, –1454A>G, –1325In>Del and –363T>G) in rhTPH2 5’‐flanking region (5’‐FR), and evaluated the effects of rhTPH2 5’ and 3’ genotypes on central serotonin turnover, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function and self‐injurious behavior (SIB) in 32 unrelated adult male monkeys of Indian origin. Haplotypes of the rhTPH2 5’‐FR polymorphisms exert a significant, cell‐dependent effect on reporter gene expression, primarily conferred by –1485(AT)n. The –1485(AT)n and 2051A>C polymorphisms interact to influence cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5‐HIAA and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the afternoon. While –1485(AT)n exerts significant main effects on the afternoon cortisol level and nocturnal HPA negative feedback, 2051A>C has significant main effects on the morning cortisol level and cortisol response to ACTH challenge, as well as marginally significant main effects on the daytime HPA negative feedback and self‐biting rate. In addition, the genotype/allele frequency of the 5’‐FR –1325Ins>Del differed significantly between the self‐wounders and non‐wounders, whereas 3’‐UTR 2128S>L polymorphism differed significantly in genotype/allele frequency between the high‐ and low‐frequency biters. This study shows the functionality of rhTPH2 5’‐FR polymorphisms, and provides evidence for the differential association of rhTPH2 5’‐FR and 3’‐UTR polymorphisms with HPA axis function and SIB. Our findings shed light on the role of TPH2 gene variance in physiology and behavioral traits, and also contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology and genetics of SIB
Increased neuronal cell number in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in schizophrenia
Authors: Axer Hubertus , Bernstein Hans-Gert , Keiner Silke , Heronimus Polina , Sauer Heinrich , Witte Otto W. , Bogerts Bernhard , Bär Karl-Jürgen
Published: January 2010

Axer H, Bernstein H-G, Keiner S, Heronimus P, Sauer H, Witte OW, Bogerts B, Bär K-J. Increased neuronal cell number in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in schizophrenia.

Objective:

Recently, a reduction in efferent vagal regulation has been found in schizophrenic patients.

Methods:

Therefore, the brainstems of nine schizophrenic patients and nine normal controls were stereologically analysed. The number of neurons using the optical fractionator method and nuclear volumes applying the Cavalieri principle was estimated in Nissl stained sections of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) and the hypoglossal nucleus.

Results:

The neurons in the right DMNV were significantly increased in the schizophrenic group compared to normal controls (p = 0.047), while the volumes of the DMNV did not differ. In contrast, no such differences were found in the hypoglossal nucleus.

Conclusion:

Although this pilot study is limited by its small sample size, the analysis of the solitarius–ambiguus–vagus system in schizophrenic patients is an interesting target in schizophrenia research. The most reasonable background for increased neuron numbers in the DMNV could be a system-specific neurodevelopmental disturbance in schizophrenia.
ASSESSMENT OF THREE RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FOR DETECTION OF FLUID IN THE RABBIT TYMPANIC BULLA
Authors: HAMMOND GAWAIN , SULLIVAN MARTIN , POSTHUMUS JAMIE , KING ALISON
Published: January 2010

Otitis media in the rabbit commonly results in fluid accumulation in the tympanic bulla. Radiographic detection of fluid in the tympanic bulla is only moderately sensitive in the dog and cat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of radiographic detection of fluid in the rabbit tympanic bulla for three different radiographic projections. Forty rabbit cadavers were used. Half of the tympanic bullae were randomly allocated to be filled with soft tissue material. Following this procedure, each specimen was radiographed in three projections: dorsoventral (DV), rostro 40° ventral‐caudodorsal (R40°V‐CdDO), and left and right latero 40° ventral‐laterodorsal (Lat40°V‐LatDO). After imaging, each specimen was frozen and sectioned to determine the content of the tympanic bullae. Images were interpreted and scored independently by two board‐certified radiologists. There was no significant difference in sensitivity or specificity between the three projections when compared with the gross findings following sectioning, but observer confidence was highest for the DV projection. Accuracy of radiographic fluid detection was similar to that reported in the dog and cat. The DV and R40°V‐CdDO allow comparison of both tympanic bullae on a single radiograph, but the DV was subjectively easier to position, while the Lat40°V‐LatDO requires two radiographs for comparison.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—LEFT RETROCAVAL URETER AND TRANSPOSITION OF THE CAUDAL VENA CAVA IN A DOG
Authors: DUCONSEILLE ANNE CAROLE , LOUVET ARNAUD , LAZARD PATRICK , VALENTIN SUZY , MOLHO MARC
Published: January 2010

Retrocaval ureter and transposition of the caudal vena cava are each, rare developmental anomalies. We describe the usefulness of static fluid magnetic resonance urography and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance urography in the diagnosis of these anomalies. Basic techniques, benefits, and drawbacks of magnetic resonance urography are presented.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—SPLIT CORD MALFORMATION
Authors: ZANI DAVIDE D. , DE ZANI DONATELLA , MORANDI NICOLA , BIGGI MARIANNA , BELLOLI ANGELO G. , RICCABONI PIETRO , RONDENA MARCO , DI GIANCAMILLO MAURO , PRAVETTONI DAVIDE
Published: January 2010

The features of a calf with a split cord malformation are described. Clinically, there was severe cervicothoracic kyphoscoliosis and an interscapular dermal sinus associated with cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Using magnetic resonance imaging, complete duplication of the spinal cord at the cervical intumescence was detected. There was associated syringohydromyelia, multiple cervicothoracic vertebral malformations resulting in kyphoscoliosis and rachischisis, herniation of the cerebellar vermis, meningoencephalocele, and calvarial defects.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CANINE PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS IN PUPPIES
Authors: STANDER NERISSA , WAGNER WENCKE M. , GODDARD AMELIA , KIRBERGER ROBERT M.
Published: January 2010

The ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract of puppies suffering from parvoviral enteritis was characterized. Forty puppies between 6 and 24 weeks of age with confirmed canine parvoviral enteritis were examined ultrasonographically within 24 h of admission. Sonographic findings included fluid‐filled small intestines in 92.5% of subjects, and stomach and colon in 80% and 62.5% of subjects, respectively. Generalized atony was present in 30 subjects and weak peristaltic contractions indicative of functional ileus observed in the remaining 10 subjects. The duodenal and jejunal mucosal layer thicknesses were significantly reduced when compared with normal puppies with mean duodenal mucosal layer measuring 1.7 mm and jejunal mucosal layer 1.0 mm. Additionally, a mucosal layer with diffuse hyperechoic speckles was seen in the duodenum (15% of subjects) and the jejunum (50% of subjects). The luminal surface of the duodenal mucosa was irregular in 22.5% of subjects and the jejunal mucosa in 42.5% of subjects. In all of these subjects, changes were accompanied by generalized indistinct wall layering. Small intestinal corrugations were seen within the duodenum in 35% of subjects and within the jejunum in 7.5%. A mild amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid was observed in 26 subjects and was considered within normal limits and a moderate amount of anechoic free peritoneal fluid was observed in six subjects. The jejunal lymph node size was within normal limits. None of the above changes are pathognomonic for canine parvoviral enteritis but finding them in combination is highly suggestive.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF CANINE FOCAL LIVER LESIONS
Authors: NAKAMURA KENSUKE , TAKAGI SATOSHI , SASAKI NOBORU , BANDULA KUMARA WICKRAMASEKARA RAJAPAKSHAGE , MURAKAMI MASAHIRO , OHTA HIROSHI , YAMASAKI MASAHIRO , TAKIGUCHI MITSUYOSHI
Published: January 2010

In six normal beagles and 27 dogs with spontaneous focal or multifocal liver lesions, contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography using Sonazoid® was performed. Sonazoid® is a newly developed second‐generation contrast agent with the ability to be used for real‐time contrast imaging along with parenchymal imaging. An appropriate protocol for the evaluation of all three phases (arterial, portal, and parenchymal) was established based on the results for normal beagles. By evaluation of the echogenicity of hepatic nodules during the arterial and parenchymal phases it was possible to differentiate malignant tumors from benign nodules with very high accuracy. In 15 of 16 dogs diagnosed as malignant tumors, nodules were clearly hypoechoic to the surrounding normal liver during the parenchymal phase. Additionally, malignant tumors had different echogenicity compared with the surrounding normal liver during the arterial phase in 14 of 15 dogs. In the portal phase, there were no characteristic findings. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography with Sonazoid® appears to improve the characterization of canine focal and multifocal hepatic lesions.
DOSIMETRIC IMPACT OF DAILY SETUP VARIATIONS DURING TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS USING INTENSITY‐MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY
Authors: DEVEAU MICHAEL A. , GUTIÉRREZ ALONSO N. , MACKIE THOMAS R. , TOMÉ WOLFGANG A. , FORREST LISA J.
Published: January 2010

Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can be employed to yield precise dose distributions that tightly conform to targets and reduce high doses to normal structures by generating steep dose gradients. Because of these sharp gradients, daily setup variations may have an adverse effect on clinical outcome such that an adjacent normal structure may be overdosed and/or the target may be underdosed. This study provides a detailed analysis of the impact of daily setup variations on optimized IMRT canine nasal tumor treatment plans when variations are not accounted for due to the lack of image guidance. Setup histories of ten patients with nasal tumors previously treated using helical tomotherapy were replanned retrospectively to study the impact of daily setup variations on IMRT dose distributions. Daily setup shifts were applied to IMRT plans on a fraction‐by‐fraction basis. Using mattress immobilization and laser alignment, mean setup error magnitude in any single dimension was at least 2.5 mm (0–10.0 mm). With inclusions of all three translational coordinates, mean composite offset vector was 5.9±3.3 mm. Due to variations, a loss of equivalent uniform dose for target volumes of up to 5.6% was noted which corresponded to a potential loss in tumor control probability of 39.5%. Overdosing of eyes and brain was noted by increases in mean normalized total dose and highest normalized dose given to 2% of the volume. Findings suggest that successful implementation of canine nasal IMRT requires daily image guidance to ensure accurate delivery of precise IMRT distributions when non‐rigid immobilization techniques are utilized. Unrecognized geographical misses may result in tumor recurrence and/or radiation toxicities to the eyes and brain.
RADIATION THERAPY COMMUNICATION: NASAL PASSAGE AND PARANASAL SINUS LYMPHOMA IN A PONY
Authors: GERARD MATHEW , PRUITT AMY , THRALL DONALD E.
Published: January 2010

An aged pony with extensive paranasal sinus and nasal passage B‐cell lymphoma was treated with palliative radiation therapy. Sixteen gray were administered in two fractions, 7 days apart. A lateral field was used for the first fraction and a dorsal field for the second. Because of tumor being present in the left frontal sinus, gross tumor was knowingly excluded from the treated volume in the lateral field. The tumor regressed within 2 months and the pony remained free of clinical disease for 2.5 years. Acute, temporary blindness developed shortly after the second radiation fraction, but a direct causal relationship with the radiation therapy was not confirmed. The only radiation side effect was leukotrichia. Palliative treatment was successful in improving and prolonging the quality of life. These results suggest that localized equine B‐cell lymphoma is radiosensitive, and that palliative radiation therapy is a reasonable consideration for large tumors, even when tumor volume prevents all gross tumor from being irradiated.
Psychological and Interpersonal Dimensions of Sexual Function and Dysfunction
Authors: McCabe Marita , Althof Stanley E. , Assalian Pierre , Chevret-Measson Marie , Leiblum Sandra R. , Simonelli Chiara , Wylie Kevan
Published: January 2010

Introduction

There are limited outcome data on the etiology and efficacy of psychological interventions for male and female sexual dysfunction as well as the role of innovative combined treatment paradigms.

Aim

This study aimed to highlight the salient psychological and interpersonal issues contributing to sexual health and dysfunction, to offer an etiological model for understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual symptoms, and to offer recommendations for clinical management and research.

Methods

This study reviewed the current literature on the psychological and interpersonal issues contributing to male and female sexual dysfunction.

Main Outcome Measure

This study provides expert opinion based on a comprehensive review of the medical and psychological literature, widespread internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate.

Results

Medical and psychological therapies for sexual dysfunctions should address the intricate biopsychosocial influences of the patient, the partner, and the couple. The biopsychosocial model provides an integrated paradigm for understanding and treating sexual dysfunction.

Conclusions

There is need for collaboration between healthcare practitioners from different disciplines in the evaluation, treatment, and education issues surrounding sexual dysfunction. In many cases, neither psychotherapy alone nor medical intervention alone is sufficient for the lasting resolution of sexual problems. The assessment of male, female, and couples’ sexual dysfunction should ideally include inquiry about predisposing, precipitating, maintaining, and contextual factors. Research is needed to identify efficacious combined and/or integrated treatments for sexual dysfunction.
Recommendations for the Clinical Evaluation of Men and Women with Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Rosen Raymond C. , Derogatis Leonard R. , Low Wah Yun , Meuleman Eric J.H. , Sadovsky Richard , Symonds Tara
Published: January 2010

Introduction

The challenge in the field of sexual medicine is to develop evidence-based principles for clinical evaluation and create a uniform, widely accepted diagnostic and treatment approach for all sexual problems and dysfunctions, for both genders.

Aim

To provide recommendations for the broad approach for assessing sexual problems in a medical practice setting; to develop an evidence-based diagnostic and treatment algorithm for men and women with sexual dysfunctions.

Methods

The PubMed literature was reviewed. Expert opinion was based on the grading of evidence-based medical literature and the Delphi consensus process.

Results

The Committee determined three principles for clinical evaluation and management: (i) adoption of a patient-centered framework, with emphasis on cultural competence in clinical practice; (ii) application of evidence-based medicine in diagnostic and treatment planning; (iii) use of a unified management approach in evaluating and treating sexual problems in both men and women. The International Consultation in Sexual Medicine-5 stepwise diagnostic and treatment algorithm was developed for that purpose. According to this algorithm, sexual, medical, and psychosocial history is mandatory, whereas physical examination and laboratory tests are highly recommended in most cases. Furthermore, the Brief Sexual Symptom Checklist (BSSC) for Men and BSSC for Women, and more recently the Sexual Complaints Screener (SCS) for Men and SCS for Women, were all endorsed for screening purposes. A classification system was also defined; clinically, sexual dysfunctions are categorized in three types according to their etiology (Type I: psychogenic; Type II: organic; Type III: mixed). Final recommendations on specialized diagnostic tests were based on level of evidence.

Conclusions

A unified diagnostic and management strategy in sexual medicine, irrespective of condition and gender, would improve patients’ sexual well-being. It would also lead to the development of academic curricula to provide practicing physicians across specialties with the needed skills to meet contemporary patients’ needs in sexual medicine health-care delivery.