bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remorse, Forgiveness, and Rehumanization: Stories from South Africa
Authors: Gobodo-Madikizela Pumla
Published: March 2007

This article explores forgiveness and remorse in the context of gross human rights violations. The discussion focuses on encounters between victims and perpetrators who appeared before South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. An apology offered by Eugene de Kock, the apartheid government’s chief assassin, is presented to explore how a remorseful apology can contribute to a vocabulary of forgiveness in the context of evil. The discussion examines victims’ empathy and forgiveness for perpetrators as a consequence of what is termed the paradox of remorse. It is argued that genuine remorse humanizes perpetrators and transforms their evil from the unforgivable into something that can be forgiven.
Kierkegaard's Concept of Subjectivity and Implications for Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Morris Joe Edward
Published: March 2007

To clarify the implications of existential thought for humanistic psychology an analysis is made of the writings of Soren Kierkegaard, primarily his major work, Concluding Unscientific Postscript. A study of the basic concepts of humanistic psychology as presented by Buhler, Rogers, May, and Bugental reveals significant similarities with Kierkegaard regarding their focus on subjectivity. Their respective interpretations of time differ, however. The humanist position, focusing upon the "here and now," bears little resemblance to Kierkegaard's radical dialectical analysis of subjectivity in which the future is the dominant mode of time. Drawing from Kierkegaard's interpretation of existence as future oriented, the author presents a framework for an alternative approach to the single case study: the future case In this model, emphasis is upon imaginative involvement with one's future "history."
Is Rational-Emotive Therapy Stoical, Humanistic, or Spiritual?
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: March 2007

This reply to Finley (1979), who contends that rational-emotive therapy is neither stoical, humanistic, nor spiritual attempts to distinguish between Finley's valid and invalid perceptions and conceptions about rational-emotive therapy (RET).
Physics and Consciousness
Authors: Keutzer Carolin S.
Published: March 2007

Presented herein is the proposition that humans can, under certain conditions, attain a higher awareness, a "cosmic" or "unitive" consciousness in which they have immediate knowledge of a reality underlying the phenomenal world. Resistances to this belief are cited, as are their contemporary counterforces. New models of reality urged by relativity theory, quantum mechanics and Bell's theorem are invoked as parallels, metaphors, and potential sources for empirical validation of this thesis.
A Comparison of Rational Choice and Self-Actualization Theories of Politics
Authors: Woolpert Stephen
Published: March 2007

A new political consciousness is unfolding within humanistic psychology. This brings the human growth movement into confrontation with a rival political perspective, called rational choice theory, which is derived from a different model of human nature. Comparison of these two portrayals of politics shows that the humanistic perspective provides not only a new vision of the possible human, but also a new look at our political life. The kind of world we bequeath our grandchildren depends largely on whether we base our current political decisions on humanistic or rational choice premises.
Dealing with Demons
Authors: Teguis Alexandra , Flynn Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Anecdotal cases of presumed "possession" and "hauntings" illustrate a number of psychosocial causal variables for these phenomena. Several psychophysical parameters such as trajectories, the distance from suspected "agent" to the target, attenuated energy patterns, symbolic contents, and directedness to the target person are indicated in a potential model for interpretation of such events.
Fromm and Marx
Authors: Lethbridge David
Published: March 2007

This article presents evidence that Fromm increasingly diverged form Marx in his concept of human nature, that Fromm's construct of the "social unconscious" is the locus where mystical and psychoanalytic notions become confused with Marxian ideas, and that Fromm's reconstruction of Marx in idealist terms does serious violence to Marx's theory and is accomplished only at the price of major distortion.
The "Real Self" Controversy: Toward an Integration of Humanistic and Interactionist Theory
Authors: Wilson Stephen R.
Published: March 2007

The logical status of the concept "real self" and its usefulness in psychological theory have been topics of some debate in this journal. Critics have argued that this concept stems from Maslow's tendency toward biological reductionism that caused him to ignore the fact, supposedly established by the symbolic interactionists, that the self is ultimately a social-cultural product. In this article, I take steps toward a new view of self-actualization that incorporates insights from both Maslow's theory and the symbolic interactionist perspective. A key point is that the self is a process involving both symbolic and somatic feedback and that, in the ordinary state of consciousness, symbolic self processes are dominant. Observations are provided from the author's study of personal change at Kripalu Ashram to illustrate the importance of social interaction (i.e., socialization processes) in the self-actualization process. Self-actualization involves some of the same processes that symbolic interactionists have observed in other forms of socialization such as becoming a doctor or becoming a deviant. But self-actualization also involves learning to attend to and give meaning to somatic feedback processes so that the person's sense of self ultimately becomes more evenly based on both symbolic and somatic processes.
The Seville Statement on Violence and Why It Is Important
Authors: Adams David
Published: March 2007

The Seville Statement on Violence, reproduced here, specifically rejects the various myths that war is part of human nature and concludes that "the same species who invented war is capable of inventing peace." It is gaining endorsements by scientists and scientific organizations, mass media, and in school texts and curricula around the world. Its importance is underscored by evidence that many young people erroneously believe the myth that war is intrinsic to human nature and that these young people are less likely to take part in action for peace.
Animal Rights Versus Humanism
Authors: Shapiro Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

The present article examines a concern I have had for some time about the compatibility of humanistic psychology with the emerging animal rights movement. Beyond working out my position, the paper has the additional educational and, frankly, political purpose of bringing animal rights issues to the attention of humanistic psychologists. The article applies certain concepts of contemporary animal rights philosophy, notably "speciesism," to both the philosophy of humanism and humanistic psychology. While on a philosophical level, certain concepts are discussed that would likely block a rapprochement, I feel that humanistic psychologists as individuals are likely to extend their compassion to non-human animals. A review of philosophical humanism reveals that its important concept of individuality excludes non-human animals. Within this conception, animals simply are not individuals. In fact, animals are employed as a categorical foil representing precisely the absence of reason and relative autonomy, hallmarks of individuality. In humanistic psychology, the concept of self-actualization is open to similar charges. A compatability and, hence a reconciliation, is suggested through a phenomenological rendering of empathy, a second concept critical to humanistic psychology.
Myth, Metaphor, Memory
Authors: King Nancy
Published: March 2007

Myths and tales are a rich and powerful source of wisdom and comfort which can be used to nourish and stimulate imagery and expression of students' inner world experience within the frame-work of higher education. This article examines symbolic learning and creative expression in the form of theory, course development, and case examples.

Our outward-oriented consciousness, addressed to the demands of the day, may lose touch with these inward forces; and the myths, states Jung, when correctly read, are the means to bring us back in touch. They are telling us in picture language of powers of the psyche to be recognized and integrated in our lives, powers that have been common to the human spirit forever, and which represent that wisdom of the species by which man has weathered the millenniums. Thus they have not been, and can never be, displaced by the findings of science, which relate rather to the outside world than to the depths that we enter in sleep. Through a dialogue conducted with these inward forces through our dreams and through a study of myths, we can learn to know and come to terms with the greater horizon of our own deeper and wiser, inward self. And analogously, the society that cherishes and keeps its myths alive will be nourished from the soundest, richest strata of the human spirit. (Campbell, 1972, p. 13)
The Client-Centered Therapy and Person-Centered Approach in Japan
Authors: Hayashi Sachiko , Kuno Toru , Osawa Mieko , Shimizu Mikio , Suetake Yasuhira
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the historical development of client-centered therapy (CCT) and the person-centered approach (PCA) in Japan and their current status and future outlook there. CCT was enthusiastically accepted, especially at the beginning of its initial development in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. This initial enthusiasm, however, has gradually been eroded by some critical, suspicious, or conflicting attitudes due to the introduction of a multitude of other theories and approaches. CCT and/or PCA have been applied to a variety of educational, clinical, or business settings. But it can be fairly said that CCT and/or PCAhave now lost their initial influence. The authors believe that Rogers's way of thinking and his approach is one of the crucial ways of studying and understanding human beings and helping relationships. It is meaningful for us now to review CCT and PCA again to clarify their significance so that their new and better applications to Japanese culture can be found.
Vasily Vasilyevich Nalimov
Authors: Thompson Angela M.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces Vasily Nalimov, humanist, philosopher, and visionary, and Zhanna Drogalina Nalimov, co-worker and researcher, as individuals whose concepts regarding human consciousness are both provocative and exciting. Following his years in Soviet labor camps and labeled "an enemy of the people," Nalimov found that his ideas were better received in the West than in his own country. The author met the Nalimovs in 1991 when they visited Princeton University, and she was impressed not only by their vast knowledge and experience in the field of human consciousness research but also by the spiritual bond that exists between them. Later that year, she was honored to be invited to interview Nalimov in their Moscow home: that interview, plus Vasily's prodigious writings, showed her a man who sees far beyond his own time. Nalimov's concepts of meaning and consciousness, which will probably not be fully realized until well into the next century, encompass topics as varied as language, mathematics, and philosophy.
First Encounter Between Children of Survivors and Children of Perpetrators of the Holocaust
Authors: Bar-On Dan
Published: March 2007

This is a first report of an unusual 4-day workshop that took place in Wuppertal, Germany, in June 1992. Five American and three Israeli children of Holocaust survivors encountered for the first time a group of children of perpetrators of the Holocaust who met regularly as a self-help group since the author interviewed them as part of an exploratory study, between 1985-1988. The workshop was not predesigned, so the members of both groups could help structure its schedule. The members devoted most of the time to getting acquainted with each other's personal stories. A very supportive and open atmosphere evolved, which helped people share intimate details of their life stories. Members of both groups evaluated the workshop as being a beginning of a "therapeutic and inspiring" process. The group decided to meet for two additional workshops in April and July, 1993, in Israel and in the United States. What was learned from this process can be applied to other contexts, like Latin America, Eastern Europe, South-East Asia or the Middle-East, in which families of victims and victimizers in former totalitarian regimes are morally and emotionally still committed to their mutual past.
Eros as Mystery
Authors: Sovatsky Stuart
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural deconstructive study reveals that Western sexology has over-defined erotic meaning. The phenomenology of mystery"that which allures uncertainly, excitedly and suspensefully'-is considered as the noumenal substrate of anything erotic instead of some clear-cut "drive," "bio-instinct," or "fallenness." Furthermore, gender-as-gender-differences is persuasive but is inadequate to describe the profound interactivities of gender. Contemporary gender problems-abuse, phobias, sexism-are supported by commodified, over-differentiating gender conceptualizations. Gender-as-shared mystery suggests that awestruck, reverential rapport indicates when people are most fully in the grips of gender and its challenge. Thus, "shared, entrusted mystery" seems a better name for what gender is, as poetics displace logical positivism as the more natural voice of erotic personhood.
The Affectionate Bond
Authors: Karlsberg Jane Adler , Karlsberg Robert C.
Published: March 2007

The role of empathy in promoting emotional closeness between two individuals has been well established. It is a significant component of various forms of individual psychotherapy and has also been recognized as important to promoting growth in parent-child, teacher-student, manager-staff, and other relationships. The authors have incorporated this conceptualization of empathy into a couple-centered approach to relationship difficulties. Reciprocal empathy promotes emotional disclosure, which leads to increased intimacy and an affectionate bond between partners.
Realizing Our Inner Elderchild
Authors: Wacks V. Quinton
Published: March 2007

Much is written today on the necessity for therapy and personal growth work to address the needs of the inner child. A large part of such work is self help and self directed. Yet little is mentioned about what part of the self guides such intense therapeutic effort. The vast majority of the psychology literature and therapy focuses on the first half of life and does not acknowledge or describe growth in the second half. The gerontology literature focuses on late life pathology or, at best, normal aging but largely does not consider exceptional aging/'agers." Two new constructs, the inner elder and the Elder Child, are introduced and proposed to introduce the discipline of transpersonal gerontology, to guide inner child work, to add to the understanding and practice of personal growth throughout the life span, to transform images and expectations of aging and of the later years, and to provide a model of the possible human.
The Somatic Self Revisited
Authors: Ginsburg Carl
Published: March 2007

Confusions as to how we use the concepts self, personality, subpersonality, and so on persist. Updating a previous contribution, the notion of identities, as distinct constructions and organizations of the somatic being, is introduced. In this way it is possible to account for the observation that people exhibit, or experience within themselves, varying personalities in differing contexts, and at the same time acknowledge the underlying unity of being of the person.
Ascent and Descent in Maslow’s Theory
Authors: Rowan John
Published: March 2007

This article critiques the notion that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a one-way linear trend from lower to higher levels. It introduces the idea of a contrast between abundance and deficiency motivation and uses this to suggest that the usual table of needs can be split into two vertically. At each level, we have a choice between abundance (being) motivation and deficiency motivation, and we have to take responsibility for this.
The Management Structure of a Continuous Process Plant
Authors: Scott W.H.
Published: March 2007

The results of a study of the management staff of a modern oil refinery are reported. They call into question the association between technology and management structure which has pre viously been reported, and emphasize the need for a multi dimensional approach to the explanation of the dominant characteristics of a management system.
The "Social" Determination of Strike Activity: An Explication and Critique
Authors: Edwards P.K.
Published: March 2007

The social analysis of strike activity is in its infancy despite the many recent publications which focus on the "social" rather than the "economic" causes of strikes. In the past, writers have searched for fundamental causes and have concentrated on three major areas: social disorganisation, frustration and com munication and the basic conflict of interest between employer and employee. Now, utilising the concepts of structure and process, the social perspectives of strike activity have been reformulated. It would appear that the earlier, static, one-way approach may have distorted reality. Thus a dialectic between structure and process should form the focus of attention when considering the causes of strikes. The conclusion is that the concept of a dialectic is an important step forward in replacing the old fundamentalist perspective, even though the concept still requires considerable refinement before it can be fully operational as a useful research tool.
Japan as an Industrial Relations Model
Authors: Kassalow Everett M.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses criteria by which one country might assess the transferability of another country's industrial relations model. After surveying earlier country models, the paper focuses upon Japan as a recent industrial relations model. Some of Japan's cultural characteristics, including its emphasis upon the group as opposed to individualism in the West, support the view that parts of the Japanese industrial relations system may have some model value for countries in Asia. Because their labour-management institutions are so firmly implanted, however, it is unlikely that Western countries can borrow much from Japan. However, Japan's great economic achievement and its unique blend of cultural traits and economic policies, as well as some of its managerial practices, are likely to be studied for years to come.
The Evolving Debate on Unions and Productivity
Authors: Addison John T.
Published: March 2007

It has recently been argued in an influential literature that unions typically improve productivity by providing workers with an internal 'voice' at the workplace. The alleged efficiency gains accrue through a reduction in quits as unions collect information about the preferences of all workers, and through a union governance or job-regulatory apparatus that better monitors labour's effort input while encouraging co-operation between workers. The assumptions underpinning this new view of unionism and the methodology employed to isolate the union productivity differential are critically evaluated in this paper. It is further argued that the unions and efficiency question is fundamentally one pertaining to the long run. Empirical evidence showing a deleterious effect of unions on productivity growth and profitability, coupled with material assembled from the economics of politics literature, is deployed to substantiate this argument. It is concluded that the productivity gains attributed to unionism are, at best, inconsequential.
The Iron Ore Stockpile and Dispute Activity in the Pilbara
Authors: Bulbeck Chilla
Published: March 2007

It is a conventional wisdom among workers in the Pilbara iron ore mining industry that management engineers disputes when the stockpiles are high and settles disputes when stockpiles are low. This paper investigates the evidence for a relationship between iron ore production and dispute activity. It is concluded that the limitations of the data and the complexity of the issues involved do not allow such a simple for mulation of the relationship between production and industrial conflict.
Industrial Relations in a Third World Setting: A Possible Model
Authors: Siddique S.A.
Published: March 2007

The present paper sets out an explanatory framework for understanding Third World industrial relations systems. In the framework, distinct features of the Third World industrial relations systems are explained from a macro-based analysis of the past and present social, political and economic environment. It is also argued that the distinctive features of Third World industrial relations systems, compared with the west, are not expected to be eliminated in the foreseeable future. Thus, the explanatory framework for studying Third World industrial relations systems in this paper rejects the idea of 'convergence' between the industrial relations systems of the west and the Third World based on both the 'logic of industrialism' and the 'organizational-oriented late development' theses.
Worker Participation in Management in the Printing Industry
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J. , Weakliem David L.
Published: March 2007

Although there is now a considerable literature on worker participation in management, little attention has been paid to testing hypotheses derived from the theoretical and descriptive literature. The present study formulates a number of conjectures concerning the presence and effectiveness of participation at the workplace level, and uses a survey of the Australian printing industry to test them. The evidence suggests that management style and employee control over the organization of work are the most important variables in accounting for both the existence and effectiveness of most forms of participation. Participation must, however, be seen in the context of wider economic and political pressures that influence managerial choice in the conduct of workplace industrial relations.
Industrial Relations in Western Australia
Authors: Blain Nicholas , Dufty Norman
Published: March 2007

The main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of West Australian industrial relations that is succinct, comprehensive and useful for students, practitioners and others interested in the subject. It sets the scene with a short survey of the history of Western Australian industrial relations. The principal parties in the system are identified and their major features discussed. The main processes used in Western Australian industrial relations are analysed, and the major outcomes, in the forms of wages and conditions, are outlined. The paper concludes that the dynamic and developing nature of the Western Australian system of industrial relations is evidenced by the emergence within the past twenty-five years of the leading actors in the system, the Trades and Labor Council, the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, the Office of Industrial Relations, and the Industrial Relations Commission. The present operations of the system are complex, and there are pressures for change in the system. Although the long-term effects of the 1986-87 Robe River dispute and related developments are yet to be seen, further reforms in Western Australian industrial laws seem inevitable.
Ethical Uncertainties of Nationalism
Authors: Smith Dan
Published: March 2007

This article asks whether there is a moral right to national self-determination. The partiality argument as a basis for discussing the moral right to self-determination confuses nation and nationalism and is found wanting. Social science conclusions on the construction of nations have to be brought into the framework of the ethical argument, because they reflect upon the nature of the `self' in question. While a case can be made that national secession is sometimes beneficial, it cannot be agreed that there is a general moral right of national self-determination. The `self' in question is too arbitrary, and the process by which nations are created and defended involves high risk of violent conflict. Both Kantian and consequentialist ethics must therefore reject the idea of a general right of self-determination. The key moral problems arise over the enterprise of the creation of a state, which is the core of the nationalist project. Those difficulties are a central reason for the moral ambiguity of nationalism.
An Experiment in Peace: Reconciliation-Aimed Workshops of Jewish-Israeli and Palestinian Youth
Authors: Maoz Ifat
Published: March 2007

The goal of the present study is to examine workshops of Jewish-Israeli and Palestinian youth conducted in the post-Oslo era with the aim of promoting reconciliation and peacebuilding between the sides. The workshops were organized by an Israeli-Palestinian organization, in the framework of a peace education project. In these workshops, youth from pairs of Israeli and Palestinian high schools met for two days to discuss social, cultural and political topics. Each workshop included approximately 20 youths from each side that were led jointly by a Jewish-Israeli and a Palestinian group facilitator. The study examines four facets of these dialogue events, using both quantitative and qualitative research methods: (1) structure of activities and practices of transformative dialogue used in the encounter events; (2) attitudes and mutual stereotypes held by youth from both sides prior to the beginning of the workshops; (3) mutual perceptions and attitudes expressed by participants during the encounter; (4) effects of participation in the workshops on stereotypes held by the Jewish-Israeli and Palestinian youth (pre-post comparisons).
An Enhanced Non-Provocative Defense in Europe: Attrition of Aggressive Armored Forces by Local Militias
Authors: Saperstein Alvin M.
Published: March 2007

The two part system — NATO and WTO — is presently locked into a mutually provoked escalating arms race. The result is economically and socially wasteful and a mortal threat to both as well as the rest of the earth's inhabitants. Given the mutual distrust, a form of defense must be found which is both non-provocative and effective and which can be established unilaterally, if necessary. Such a possible scheme for the 'tinder-box' region of Central Europe, where the two powers confront each other, consists of one or two 'depletion zones': strips parallel to the interzone frontier depleted of heavy, conventional, necessarily provocative, offensive military systems but saturated with widely dispersed, effectively armed, civilian militia groups. If aggression should occur, in spite of such a deterrence posture, the invader would suffer significant attrition losses in attempting to penetrate the zone(s) before battle could be joined with the defender's conventional military forces. Additional stopping power comes from lightly armed frontier defenses and long-range, locally guided anti-tank missiles. The results depend both upon the new technologies of fixed, hidden, long-range and man-portable, short-range, precision guided missiles and upon 'new' forms of incorporation and organization of the civilian population for defense. Aside from bemg effective and non-provocative, such a European security stance is economically and socially viable, functions as a clearcut decision making mechanism in a turbulent political world, allows the citizens of the European democracies to feel significantly responsible for their own security and well-being, and serves as a positive political signal to the rest of the world.
Offensive versus Defensive: Military Strategy and Alternative Defence
Authors: Agrell Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1980s the concept of non-offensive defence has gained considerable support in peace movements as well as among peace researchers in Western Europe. The debate has, however, become a 'for' and 'against' argument, while fundamental analytical questions have been left aside. This article deals with the nature of the premises for the implementation of defence policy alternatives based on specific technologies with assumed political and strategic effects. The distinction between offensive and defensive appears, in a historical perspective, as far more complex than assumed in the current debate. The concept of non-offensive defence presupposes that these distinctions can be handled through conscious and rational choices. Research in the interaction between technological change and military strategy and in the determining factors for the development of military technology and weapons systems provides very little support for such a conclusion. The concept of non-offensive defence, as presently developed, therefore appears as an attempted short-cut past the basic problems involved in the control of the development of military technology, and the debate therefore runs the risk of ending as just another 'single-weapon concept', soon to be forgotten.
The Pursuit of a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Authors: Thee Marek
Published: March 2007

The history of the nuclear arms race is intimately interrelated with the systematic testing of nuclear weapons. Such testing is an essential part of nuclear weapon development, their constant improvement and sophistication. Thus a cessation of nuclear testing would definitely interfere with the general development and competition in nuclear weapons. Reliability and safety tests can today be assured by non-nuclear and chemical means in combination with computer simulation and design. But under the cover of confidence tests, R&D tests are conducted in pursuit of modernization and new generations of nuclear and exotic weapons. There are no longer technical obstacles to the conclusion of a nuclear test ban. Verification issues are but a pretext for the continuation of nuclear tests. A Comprehensive Test Ban is not only a realistic possibility but a sine qua non for slowing down, halting and reversing the arms race However, the prospects for a CTB in the near future seem far from good. As long as the nuclear powers continue treating nuclear weapons as a military-strategic asset, and seem bent on using them as a tool in politics and diplomacy, prospects for a CTB will necessarily remain dim.
The South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone: A Fettered Leap Forward
Authors: Mogami Toshiki
Published: March 2007

This essay presents a critique of the primary drawback, seen as normative weakness, of the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ). It begins with an overview of the conceptual foundation of N(W)FZs and of their political and normative significance for our times. The essay then goes on to describe the content of the Rarotonga Treaty which established the SPNFZ, as well as the criticisms against it The essay uses an analytical framework in which notions like 'aspirations' and 'normativity' figure as key concepts, in order to ascertain the real problems with the zone The main questions asked here are: who aspired to what, at which level, and who or what hindered these aspirations? The analysis shows, on the one hand, that the framers of the SPNFZ were hedged in by certain constraints that they themselves could not overcome easily, like some rules of international law. On the other hand, it also demonstrates that the shortcomings of the SPNFZ are more deep-rooted, in the sense that the bedrock of the entire undertaking was a self-contradictory presumption, i. e. a nuclear-deterrence-based nuclear free zone. The essay thus draws the conclusion that the real weakness of the SPNFZ lies in this inherent contradiction, particularly when compared with New Zealand's endeavor to become nuclear-free.
Regime-Building in the Non-Proliferation System
Authors: Tate Trevor McMorris
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the main institutions, agreements and understandings that comprise the issue-area of nuclear non-proliferation and situates them in the framework of the international regimes literature. In explaining the process of regime-building and maintenance in the area of non-proliferation, the author draws on insights from modified structural and cognitive theories. The main argument is that self-interest and learning best explain the persistence of the non-proliferation regime. Further, as nuclear proliferation is a fundamental determinant of political, not technological, factors, efforts to strengthen this regime must begin from this premise. One of the main conclusions is that the non-proliferation project will continue to face new challenges, but that self-interest, cognitive development and the nature of the issues obviate the likelihood of collapse on the non-proliferation regime.
Improving Communications Links between Moscow and Washington
Authors: BALL DESMOND
Published: March 2007

The Direct Communications Link (DCL) between Moscow and Washington, established in 1963 and commonly known as the `hot-line', is supposed to provide a continuous communications link between US and Soviet National Command Authorities in both crises and war. This article describes the principal rationales for the DCL (crisis management, escalation control and war termination) and the facilities and systems which presently constitute the link. It argues that the present system has significant deficiencies in terms of survivability and endurance which make it unable to satisfy the requirements for escalation control and war termination, and it outlines possible measures for rectifying these deficiencies. These include a dedicated geostationary satellite communications system, with two satellites, both fixed and mobile satellite ground control stations, and optical fibre cable links for the ground connections, and with an adaptive high frequency (HF) radio circuit as a backup. The recent political developments in the Soviet Union and in the US-Soviet strategic relationship have dramatically reduced the likelihood of strategic confrontation. However, this is not a reason for inaction. Both the US and the Soviet Union intend to retain thousands of nuclear weapons, at least in the foreseeable future, and crises and confrontations between them cannot be ruled out altogether. Rather, these changed political circumstances provide an opportunity for cooperative efforts to dramatically improve the communications links between Moscow and Washington.
Enduring Misconceptions of Strategic Stability: The Role of Nuclear Missile-Carrying Submarines
Authors: GLASSER ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

This article exposes many of the flawed assumptions about the submarine leg of the nuclear triad implicit in traditional strategic stability theory. It argues that the US strategic studies literature has put too much emphasis on traditional stability theory and that stability, whether defined traditionally or in modern terms, is more threatened by submarine-based nuclear weapons than is generally realized. The article notes that, although the possibility of a major nuclear surprise attack is becoming increasingly remote, insofar as there currently exist military incentives to launch such attacks it is due in large part to submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) which facilitate command and control decapitation strikes and threaten to negate options such as Launch on Warning. It moreover suggests that SLBMs are the strategic weapons most likely to endanger efforts to prevent loss of control in crises because: (1) US SLBMs do not contain Permissive Action Links (PALs); (2) in contrast to ICBMs, SLBMs regularrrl come into direct and potentially violent contact with enemy military forces in peacetime and are significantly more likely to come under direct attack in conventional war; and (3) SLBMs could make it particularly difficult for decision-makers to determine the source of a nuclear attack. The article concludes with several recommendations for enhancing strategic stability.
Pure Coercion vs. Carrot-and-Stick Offers in Crisis Bargaining
Authors: GREFFENIUS STEVEN , GILL JUNGIL
Published: March 2007

In the crisis preceding the Gulf war, the United States favored pure coercion over carrot-and-stick offers. This article, which replicates and extends research reported by Leng (1984), supports the hypothesis that carrot-and-stick offers work better than pure coercion if an actor has already demonstrated resolve. Beginning with Jervis's (1976) distinction between deterrence and spiral theories of interaction, the article assesses the effects of various types of forceful moves in crisis bargaining. Interrupted time-series techniques are used with data on hostility levels in two confrontations to test the hypothesis that pure coercion tends to elicit a response in kind, whereas carrot-and-stick offers tend to elicit accommodation. Analysis of Behavioral Correlates of War data on actors' responses in the Cuban missile crisis and in the Egyptian-Israeli confrontation in 1967 corroborate Leng's original findings. Iraq's responses to the USA's threats in the Gulf conflict suggest that pure coercion can induce an opponent to fight even when it is weaker.
Ethnic Conflict and Accommodation in Post-Communist Estonia
Authors: Vetik Raivo
Published: March 2007

This article discusses inter-ethnic relations in Estonia in historical and current perspectives. The Soviet occupation, deportations and other crimes, as well as massive immigration during the Soviet period, are seen as comprising the main reasons for inter-ethnic tensions in Estonia. Within the present conflict structure, the article focuses on the language conflict, the Left-Right conflict, the centre-periphery conflict and differing strategies for developing a market economy. To locate this conflict structure in a wider context, there is a discussion of the factors deriving from the systemic changes in which Estonia is involved on the political, economic and psychological levels. The second half of the article deals with models for accommodating the inter-ethnic conflict. Six institutional models are differentiated; then the proposals of the main actors in Estonian politics are described. On this basis the nature of the three main political discourses on the nationality issue is outlined. The conclusion is that two of them are highly reminiscent of the reasoning of the discourse of Soviet ideology. The discourse representing the strategy of the Popular Front is judged to be the best approach for handling inter-ethnic conflict in Estonia.
Rationalizations for State Violence in Chinese Politics: The Hegemony of Parental Governance
Authors: Ling L. H. M.
Published: March 2007

This article asks why the Chinese state consistently resorts to violence when faced with domestic dissent. It concludes that both dissenters and state elites contribute to state violence by subscribing to the Confucian discourse of parental governance. Dissenters typically utilize moral suasion to argue for reform, while state elites respond with moral outrage. Underlying both discourses is the presumption that state-society relations reflect Confucian parent-child relations: i.e. filial children-subjects appealing for recognition from their benevolent but firm parent-officials. But filial piety inherently favours the authority of the parent-state over its children-subjects. Thus state elites feel justified in `rectifying' dissenters whenever they question the ruling order. This deep-rooted source of Confucian hegemony must be addressed when considering democratization in China. Otherwise, `democracy' in China will simply translate into `(authoritarian) business as usual'. For empirical evidence, this paper focuses on four protest movements from China's recent past: the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, the May Fourth Incident of 1919, the March Uprising of 1947, and the Pro-Democracy Movement of 1989.
The Gender Gap in Attitudes toward the Gulf War: A Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Wilcox Clyde , Hewitt Lara , Allsop Dee
Published: March 2007

Using data from a survey in a number of world cities before the outbreak of hostilities in the Persian Gulf, we explore the sources and magnitude of the gender gap in support for military action. In most cities there are only modest gender differences in the interpretation of events, in affect toward the major actors, and in support for the goals of the UN actions, but women are less supportive of military action than men in nearly all cities. These differences are statistically significant but substantively modest, with men and women differing primarily in the degree of their enthusiasm for the military action. In Lagos and Ankara, however, there are no gender differences.
The Hazard of War: Reassessing the Evidence for the Democratic Peace
Authors: Raknerud Arvid , Hegre Håvard
Published: March 2007

In this article, we re-examine the statistical evidence for the democratic peace at the dyadic level. We also investigate the seeming paradox that democracies are engaged in war as often as autocracies at the nation level. From the extensive literature on democracy and peace we have selected as our point of departure two influential contributions (one by Stuart Bremer, the other by Zeev Maoz & Bruce Russett), both of which analyse the relationship between democracy and peace at the dyadic level. Several problematic aspects of these analyses are addressed; in particular, problems concerning dependence between observational units caused by continuing war and peace, and by diffusion effects. We show that the increasing number of countries in the international system causes their assumption of a stationary probability of war at the dyadic level to be violated. It is argued that these problems cannot be solved adequately within the traditional dyad-year framework. Instead, it is proposed to model observations on the interstate dyad as a process in continuous time using Cox regression. An extensive model is developed that controls for contiguity, power status, alliances, stability, diffusion of war, and recurrence effects. A concept of relevance is introduced to account for the dependence of the dyadic probability of war on the size of the international system. The democratic peace is supported in our basic model. In a refined model, we find that the tendency of democracies to join each other in wars is much more marked than their avoidance of mutual fighting. This explains why democracies are as war-prone as autocracies.
Devious Objectives and the Disputants' View of International Mediation: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Richmond Oliver
Published: March 2007

This article examines the process of international mediation from the perspective of the disputants. It posits that contrary to standard analyses, which tend to examine mediation from the perspective of the conflict or the third party, an examination from the point of view of the disputants provides significant insights into mediation as a form of conflict management. From an inside-out perspective, it becomes apparent that the underlying assumption that a compromise solution is the objective of the disputants involved in the mediation process is suspect. Thus, disputants may become involved in a mediation process in order to improve upon their prospects, but not necessarily in terms of a compromise with their adversary. This article argues that a mediation process carries with it a series of assets that the disputants may value in terms of their pre-negotiation objectives, rather than in terms of the compromise that the previous debates about international mediation have indicated. The disputants may therefore harbour `devious objectives', unrelated to the attainment of a compromise solution, which might include time to regroup and reorganize; internationalization; the search for an ally; empowerment; legitimization of their negotiation positions and current status; face saving; and avoiding costly concessions by prolonging the process itself.
Dynamite under the Intercommunal Bridge: How Can Aid Agencies Help Defuse It?
Authors: Bock Joseph G. , Anderson Mary B.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on evidence from two case-study projects, this article identifies two types of conflict transformation approaches used by aid agencies in developing countries: promotive and pre-emptive. Recognizing activities designed to promote linkage between groups often are ineffective in preventing conflict, the article explores how the second `pre-emptive' approach seems to address short-comings in the `promotive' approach. Together, the two are seen to be analogous to early investment in production capacity undertaken in the business sphere even before demand for a product justifies such investment. The article explores the impact of `flash-points' that shift the usual non-war:war asymmetry in the direction of violence that overwhelms peace. Flash-points are events that heighten and unleash emotions of fear, insecurity, frustration, and anger so that they overwhelm more normal emotions and actions conducive to and supportive of peace. The article concludes that this problem may be overcome by strategies to support the effective exercise of leadership that invokes inclusiveness, and measures to foster disciplined information processing to prevent self-reinforcing intergroup stereotyping. Finally, policy questions are suggested to guide aid agencies in making effective early `investments' in peace.
Hurting Stalemate or Mediation? The Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, 1990-95
Authors: Mooradian Moorad , Druckman Daniel
Published: March 2007

The impacts of six attempts to mediate the conflict over the political status of Nagorno-Karabakh in the Caucasus region of the former Soviet Union were compared. Each mediation was intended to get the direct parties - Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh - to the negotiating table. Nearly 4,000 events were recorded for a six-year period from 1990 through 1995. Each event was coded in terms of a six-step scale ranging from a significant action toward peace (+3) to substantial violence directed at an adversary (-3). Time-series analyses of changes in the extent of violence showed no change from before to after any of the mediations. A significant change did occur, however, between the months preceding and following the period of intensive combat between April 1993 and February 1994. These results support the hypothesis that a mutually hurting stalemate is a condition for negotiating a ceasefire and reduced violence between warring parties. A number of theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Research and Rehabilitation: The Conflict of Scientific and Treatment Roles in Corrections
Authors: Rabow Jerome
Published: March 2007

The general dysfunctions resulting from the separation of practi tioners and researchers, in the field of corrections are described. The means by which both groups fail to contribute to the development of a scientific penology as a result of different evaluations of a relatively similar frame of reference is explored. The common elements in their respective frames of reference, and the requirements of a scientific penology, suggests the need for closer working relation ships between practitioner and researcher. A general model for evaluation in corrections is presented and the steps by which integra tive efforts can be attempted are explored on the basis of the model.