bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fanatiques désenchantés
Authors: Maes Renaud
Published: December 2017

La radicalisation est un concept central pour décrire le processus menant des « jeunes djihadistes » à quitter l’Europe pour la Syrie. Cependant, parce qu’elle est trop large ou trop opérationnelle, cette notion s’avère inappropriée pour une étude scientifique du phénomène. Dans ce contexte, les études « de terrain » permettent des approches plus subtiles et plus précises que les modèles théoriques de la radicalisation. Nous avons mené une étude de terrain à Molenbeek avec un groupe de 10 jeunes qui sont soit partis en Syrie (3) ou ont été arrêtés durant leur voyage (7). Nous montrons que pour eux, le djihad est une quête existentielle dont le but initial est strictement individuel. Renforcé par les théories complotistes, des effets de dynamique de groupe et des contes inspirés par l’heroic fantasy, ces jeunes n’élaborent aucun programme politique cohérent. Nous suggérons dès lors que le principal enjeu pour prévenir ou « traiter » ce phénomène baptisé de manière inappropriée « radicalisation » est d’ouvrir un espace pour le débat au sein duquel ils puissent confronter leurs expériences afin de construire une critique pertinente.
Le langage sectaire
Authors: Maes Jean-Claude
Published: December 2017

Comment les recruteurs sectaires et/ou « radicalistes » racontent-ils le monde au futur adepte pour le convaincre d’adhérer à une idéologie totalitaire ? Jean-Claude Maes propose un début de réponse à cette question en examinant les dérives que le langage sectaire impose aux axiomes de la communication tels qu’ils ont été énoncés par l’école de Palo Alto. Il en profite pour préciser certains de ces axiomes. La conclusion est qu’on est fondé, aussi bien pour les groupes sectaires que pour les groupes jihadistes, de parler d’une perversion de la communication, et que le remède est à chercher du côté d’une stratégie légaliste.
Le génocide pensé comme passage à l’acte de nature fanatique : quelles répercussions psycho-sociales ?
Authors: Katz-Gilbert Muriel , Lo Piccolo Giuseppe , Bourguignon Manon , Mariconda Giacomo
Published: December 2017

En tant que crime généalogique (Legendre, 1990. 1999), le génocide constitue un événement symbolicide majeur (Guyotat, 1985, 1995, 2005a). C’est en ce qu’il vise à éradiquer l’altérité-même des victimes qu’il peut être considéré comme étant de nature fanatique (Chouvier, 2017). L’extermination consiste par ailleurs en une profonde mise à mal du contrat narcissique primaire, secondaire et originaire (Aulagnier, 1975 ; Kaës, 2009) ce qui entraîne une  catastrophe de la filiation  (Waintrater, 2002) mais peut-être aussi de l’affiliation au groupe et d’identification à l’espèce humaine. Comment les victimes du crime généalogique auquel auront conduit les constructions idéologiques radicales prônées par les Nazis s’inscrivent-ils fantasmatiquement – ou non – dans leur lignée généalogique ? Nous formulons l’hypothèse que chez les survivants d’un tel crime de masse, la représentation fantasmatique de la généalogie présente des traces traumatiques relatives à la représentation de la capacité d’engendrer. L’originalité de nos travaux consiste à explorer cette hypothèse grâce à une médiation projective : la libre réalisation de l’arbre généalogique (Veuillet, 2003). Une étude de cas permet d’illustrer que les traces traumatiques concernent la fantasmatique originaire du sujet et qu’elles révèlent inconsciemment de certaines impasses identificatoires en lien avec les processus de subjectivation en jeu dans le triple contrat narcissique en question.
Mémoires plurielles et patrimoines dissonants : l’héritage architectural soviétique dans la Russie poutinienne
Authors: Deschepper Julie
Published: December 2017

La valeur patrimoniale de l’héritage architectural et monumental soviétique est parfois remise en question, voire niée ; mais il arrive aussi qu’elle soit, au contraire, mise en valeur. Cet intérêt variable et ces discours multiples, exacerbés depuis le milieu des années 2000, témoignent avant tout de la diversité de mémoires de la période soviétique et de la dissonance de ce patrimoine. À partir d’études de cas à Moscou et à Ekaterinbourg, cet article met en évidence les réinvestissements pluriels du patrimoine architectural soviétique. Ainsi, le redéploiement dans l’espace urbain de traces matérielles évoquant la grandeur du passé stalinien, allant de la restauration à la reconstruction de monuments, tout autant que la destruction de bâtiments ou encore les mobilisations citoyennes en faveur du patrimoine d’avant-garde, sont analysés pour éclairer les usages politiques et sociaux du passé dans la Russie contemporaine.
Prendre la parole et être entendu
Authors: Genel Katia
Published: December 2017

Résumé Le modèle de l’éthique de la discussion élaboré par Jürgen Habermas, désormais une référence incontournable pour penser l’espace public démocratique, ne permet pas forcément de saisir qui parle, comment les choses sont dites et entendues, et comment ceux que Nancy Fraser appelle des « contre-publics subalternes » peuvent apparaître institutionnellement et jouer un rôle politique. Or, une partie des critiques émises à l’encontre du modèle habermassien s’appuient sur la théorie politique élaborée par Hannah Arendt qui, certes, s’attache à la prise de parole singulière dans un réseau collectif, mais se représente aussi l’espace politique comme la construction d’une égalité entre inégaux dans laquelle les particularités privées et sociales sont laissées en dehors du domaine politique qui tend à être considéré comme un lieu neutre. Nous étudions ici cette référence ambivalente à Arendt chez Seyla Benhabib et Iris Marion Young à travers leur analyse de la « pensée élargie », afin de voir si on peut, à partir du modèle arendtien, faire droit à la singularité des paroles dans leurs dimensions expressive et affective pour redéfinir l’espace public démocratique. La question est celle de savoir si ce souci du singulier et des différences permet le maintien d’une perspective critique, et notamment critique de la domination.
Définir la guerre : le problème de la discontinuité de la violence
Authors: Schu Adrien
Published: December 2017

Résumé Pour distinguer la guerre de la paix, le critère traditionnellement retenu est celui de la réciprocité de l’emploi de la violence. Si ce critère est consensuel, il n’en est pas moins problématique. En effet, il apparaît que la guerre ne se spécifie pas par un usage ininterrompu de la violence ; bien au contraire, elle recouvre une succession de phases de violences bilatérales, de violences unilatérales et même d’absence de violence. En cela, il est en fait impossible de définir la guerre par l’effectivité de la violence mutuelle. Nous entendons promouvoir ici un autre critère de distinction entre la guerre et la paix, permettant de contourner le problème que pose le caractère discontinu de la violence mutuelle. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur la notion de « volonté de s’affronter », initialement promue par Thomas Hobbes, dont nous proposons une réinterprétation restrictive, à même de préserver une autre distinction classique, celle entre la guerre et ce que l’on appelle, dans le champ des relations internationales, l’état de guerre.
Innovación y Competitividad en el Sector Artesanal
Authors: Díaz Pichardo René , Sánchez-Medina Patricia S. , Henríquez Tatiana
Published: December 2017

L’innovation est souvent associée à des industries de haute technologie, toutefois les secteurs traditionnels tels que l’artisanat, peuvent aussi être des secteurs porteurs d’innovation. Les entreprises du secteur artisanal doivent, en effet, s’adapter aux exigences du marché afin de rester compétitives, dans une économie de plus en plus mondialisée. Cette recherche montre que la compétitivité, mesurée comme l’adéquation du mix – marketing au contexte économique dans lequel se meut l’artisanat, peut être atteint grâce à une plus grande innovation, en termes de produit, de procédé et d’organisation. Il ressort également que l’innovation au sein du secteur artisanal a un impact supérieur lorsque les trois types d’innovation se combinent.
Las barreras que condicionan la actividad innovadora en la Pyme manufacturera: un estudio empírico
Authors: Zesati Roberto Ezequiel Franco , Rangel Magdaleno Jorge Antonio , Martínez Serna María Del Carmen , González Adame Martha
Published: December 2017

Le rôle de l’innovation dans la performance des entreprises est déterminant, il influence leur performance. Cet article est centré sur l’analyse de la relation entre les obstacles à l’innovation et l’activité d’innovation des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) de l’État d’Aguascalientes au Mexique. Pour l’analyse des données, un modèle d’équations structurelles (SEM) a été appliqué pour tester les hypothèses. Les résultats obtenus montrent des preuves empiriques de l’influence négative des obstacles à l’innovation dans l’activité d’innovation de ces entreprises.
Five years of Dentistry 3000
Authors: Vieira Alexandre Rezende
Published: December 2017

Five years of Dentistry 3000
What Determines the Choice of Tourist Destination? The Case of Denmark
Authors: Jensen Susanne , Svendsen Gert Tinggaard
Published: December 2017

What determines the choice of tourist destination? Based on the comprehensive tourist surveys by VisitDenmark in 2004, 2008 and 2011, we find that both Danes and tourists from countries close to Denmark attach great importance to safety, but it is also important for nationalities such as Americans and Japanese. Furthermore, tourists staying at hotels and youth hostels ascribe less weight to safety than tourists using other accommodation forms. Finally, returning tourists ascribe more weight to safety than first-time tourists.
The Effect of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program on the Duration of
Observation Stays: Using Regression Discontinuity to Estimate Causal Effects
Authors: Albritton Jordan , Belnap Thomas , Savitz Lucy
Published: December 2017

Research Objective: Determine whether hospitals are increasing the duration of
observation stays following index admission for heart failure to avoid potential payment
penalties from the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program. Study Design: The Hospital
Readmission Reduction Program applies a 30-day cutoff after which readmissions are no
longer penalized. Given this seemingly arbitrary cutoff, we use regression discontinuity
design, a quasi-experimental research design that can be used to make causal
inferences.Population Studied: The High Value Healthcare Collaborative includes member
healthcare systems covering 57% of the nation’s hospital referral regions. We used
Medicare claims data including all patients residing within these regions. The study
included patients with index admissions for heart failure from January 1, 2012 to June
30, 2015 and a subsequent observation stay within 60 days. We excluded hospitals with
fewer than 25 heart failure readmissions in a year or fewer than 5 observation stays in
a year and patients with subsequent observation stays at a different hospital.Principal
Findings: Overall, there was no discontinuity at the 30-day cutoff in the duration of
observation stays, the percent of observation stays over 12 hours, or the percent of
observation stays over 24 hours. In the sub-analysis, the discontinuity was significant
for non-penalized. Conclusion: The findings reveal evidence that the HRRP has resulted
in an increase in the duration of observation stays for some non-penalized
hospitals.
Analytical Methods for a Learning Health System: 4. Delivery System Science
Authors: Stoto Michael , Parry Gareth , Savitz Lucy
Published: December 2017

The last in a series of four papers on how learning health systems can use
routinely collected electronic health data (EHD) to advance knowledge and support
continuous learning, this review describes how delivery system science provides a
systematic means to answer questions that arise in translating complex interventions to
other practice settings. When the focus is on translation and spread of innovations, the
questions are different than in evaluative research. Causal inference is not the main
issue, but rather one must ask: How and why does the intervention work? What works for
whom and in what contexts? How can a model be amended to work in new settings? In these
settings, organizational factors and design, infrastructure, policies, and payment
mechanisms all influence an intervention’s success, so a theory-driven formative
evaluation approach that considers the full path of the intervention from activities to
engage participants and change how they act to the expected changes in clinical
processes and outcomes is needed. This requires a scientific approach to quality
improvement that is characterized by a basis in theory; iterative testing; clear,
measurable process and outcomes goals; appropriate analytic methods; and documented
results.To better answer the questions that arise in delivery system science, this paper
introduces a number of standard qualitative research approaches that can be applied in a
learning health system: Pawson and Tilley’s “realist evaluation,” theory-based
evaluation approaches, mixed-methods and case study research approaches, and the
“positive deviance” approach.
ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURES WITH CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER PANELS
Authors: GONZALEZ RODRIGO BEATRIZ , FRAILE DE LERMA ALBERTO , MOSQUERA FEIJOO JUAN CARLOS
Published: December 2017

The increasing incorporation of CLT wood panels as a sustainable building material for high-rise constructions requires an in-depth study of its behavior in the face of accidental seismic actions. Current research is focusing on the analysis of the response of joints to monotonous growing and cyclic loads, as these joints actively provide strength, rigidity, stability and ductility. The curves obtained from these analyses are being incorporated in the numerical models in order to be able to predict the behavior of high CLT buildings. This document presents a comprehensive and updated analysis on this subject by analyzing and classifying the current numerical models applied to these structures.

Keywords: Connections, ductility, numerical models, CLT
Hydroformylation (
OXO
) Catalysis
Authors: Stanley George G.
Published: December 2017

Hydroformylation, also known as the oxo process, is the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an olefinic (alkene) substrate to form isomeric aldehydes. Oxo aldehyde products are used as intermediates to alcohols, acids, polyols, and esters by the appropriate reduction, oxidation, or condensation chemistry.

Hydroformylation typically occurs in the liquid phase in the presence of a soluble metal catalyst, most frequently a member of the Co–Rh–Ir triad. Cobalt and rhodium catalysts, ligands, industrial reaction conditions, and mechanisms are discussed. Economic aspects, oxo product uses, and health and safety concerns are also discussed.
Yeasts, Molecular and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Macreadie Ian
Published: December 2017

Yeast has been important in biotechnology for millennia with its involvement in food, wine, and beer production. Now yeast are heavily involved in the new revolution in biotechnology known as synthetic biology. DNA from humans, plants, animals, bacteria, viruses, and fungi can be transformed into yeast for expression of proteins encoded by that transforming DNA. This creates immense possibilities including some extremely useful benefits. Thus, yeast can now be used to produce highly valuable proteins that can find their ways into therapies and vaccines that can treat or prevent major diseases. New biosynthetic pathways can also be engineered into yeast to produce things normally produced in plants. This article describes the benefits of the technology as well as how the technology is utilized to manipulate yeasts.
The Generation of Barriers to Melt Ascent in the Martian Lithosphere
Authors: Schools Joe W. , Montési Laurent G. J.
Published: December 2017

Planetary mantles can be regarded as an aggregate of two phases: a solid, porous matrix and a liquid melt. Melt travels rapidly upward through the matrix due to its buoyancy. When this melt enters the colder lithosphere, it begins to crystallize. If crystallization happens at a high rate, the newly formed crystals can clog the pore space, reducing its permeability to essentially zero. This zone of zero permeability is the permeability barrier. We use the MELTS family of thermodynamic calculators to determine melt compositions and the crystallization sequence of ascending melt throughout Martian history and simulate the formation of permeability barriers. At lower strain rates (10−17–10−15 s−1) permeability barriers form deep in the lithosphere, possibly contributing to the formation of localized volcanic edifices on the Martian surface once fracturing or thermal erosion enables melt to traverse the lithosphere. Higher strain rates (10−13 s−1) yield shallower permeability barriers, perhaps producing extensive lava flows. Permeability barrier formation is investigated using an anhydrous mantle source or mantle sources that include up to 1,000 ppm H2O. Introducing even small amounts of water (25 ppm H2O) reduces mantle viscosity in a manner similar to increasing the strain rate and results in a shallower barrier than in the anhydrous case. Large amounts of water (1,000 ppm H2O) yield very shallow weak barriers or no barriers at all. The depth of the permeability barrier has evolved through time, likely resulting in a progression in the style of surface volcanism from widespread flows to massive, singular volcanoes.
Identification of Material Parameters for Constitutive Equations
Authors: Mahnken Rolf
Published: December 2017

This contribution addresses various topics on parameter identification for constitutive equations on the basis of experimental data. Starting from the basic characteristics of inverse problems illustrated by simple examples, four different identification methods are introduced. Then, particular aspects of the least–squares approach are Outlined, such as direct and adjoint state differentiation methods, optimization, discretization error of FEM (finite element method), model error quantification of hierarchical modeling, consequences of instabilities, stochastic simulation, and statistical analysis. Uniform small strain problems as well as non‐uniform large strain problems are considered, where, for the latter, finite element results are incorporated into the optimization process. The examples are concerned with goal‐oriented adaptive refinement and statistical analysis for hierarchical modeling on the basis of an optical method for generation of experimental data in large strain elasticity.
Uncertainty Quantification andBayesian Inversion
Authors: Matthies Hermann G.
Published: December 2017

Uncertainty estimation arises at least implicitly in any kind of modeling of the real – or phenomenological – world, and it is desirable to actually quantify the uncertainty in probabilistic terms. Here the emphasis is on uncertain systems, typically modeled by partial differential equations, where the randomness is assumed spatial. Traditional computational approaches usually use some form of perturbation or Monte Carlo simulation. Here the emphasis is on recent methods based on stochastic functional or spectral approximations.

Quantifying the uncertainty in mathematical models due to uncertainties in their parameters, combined with the traditional ability to predict the system behavior given external excitations or loadings, is calledsolving the stochastic forward problem. Given this capability, one has the possibility to use this to estimate or identify unknown and hence uncertain parameters in the mathematical model by observing the system response. This is called asolution to the inverse problem, and a short introduction into inverse problems in a Bayesian setting using the functional or spectral approximations is provided.
Mathematics of Isogeometric Analysis: A Conspectus
Authors: Hughes Thomas J. R. , Sangalli Giancarlo
Published: December 2017

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a successful generalization of finite element analysis. The use of smooth splines simplifies the interaction with geometric design, but also opens new frontiers to the numerical solution of partial differential equations. In this chapter we present an overview of the main mathematical properties and results that explain the advantages of IGA. We describe the construction of isogeometric scalar and vector spaces, and their approximation and spectral properties.
Model Reduction Methods
Authors: Chinesta Francisco , Huerta Antonio , Rozza Gianluigi , Willcox Karen
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents an overview of model order reduction – a new paradigm in the field of simulation‐based engineering sciences, and one that can tackle the challenges and leverage the opportunities of modern ICT technologies. Despite the impressive progress attained by simulation capabilities and techniques, a number of challenging problems remain intractable. These problems are of different nature, but are common to many branches of science and engineering. Among them are those related to high‐dimensional problems, problems involving very different time scales, models defined in degenerate domains with at least one of the characteristic dimensions much smaller than the others, model requiring real‐time simulation, and parametric models. All these problems represent a challenge for standard mesh‐based discretization techniques; yet the ability to solve these problems efficiently would open unexplored routes for real‐time simulation, inverse analysis, uncertainty quantification and propagation, real‐time optimization, and simulation‐based control – critical needs in many branches of science and engineering. Model order reduction offers new simulation alternatives by circumventing, or at least alleviating, otherwise intractable computational challenges. In the present chapter, we revisit three of these model reduction techniques: proper orthogonal decomposition, proper generalized decomposition, and reduced basis methodologies.
Boundary‐Element Methods and Wave Loading on Ships
Authors: Kaklis Panagiotis D. , Politis Constantinos G. , Belibassakis Konstantinos A. , Ginnis Alexandros I. , Kostas Konstantinos V. , Gerostathis Theodoros P.
Published: December 2017

The hydrodynamic problem of a ship moving with constant forward speed while undergoing small‐amplitude oscillatory motions about its mean steady‐state position is modeled as a boundary‐integral equation (BIE) involving surface distributions of the fundamental solution of Laplace's equation and its derivatives and alternative Green functions. The chapter reviews the various low‐order and higher order boundary‐element methods (BEMs) developed for the numerical solution of these BIEs via collocation or Galerkin techniques involving finite‐dimensional bases for representing the involved geometric configuration and approximating the unknown physical quantities. Then, we focus on presenting and discussing recent experience gained from embedding BEMs into isogeometric analysis (IGA) for the linear wave‐resistance problem. Two IGA‐BEM solvers, based on nonuniform rational B‐spline (NURBS) and T‐spline representations of the ship hull, are presented and compared for the so‐called Neumann–Kelvin formulation of this problem. The local refinement capabilities of the adopted T‐spline representation of the ship geometry leads to a solver with higher accuracy and efficiency as compared to the corresponding NURBS‐based solver. Furthermore, the developed hydrodynamic solvers, along with the corresponding ship‐parametric models, are integrated within an optimization environment, which is tested in two optimization problems. The first problem, of local optimization character, focuses on the optimization of the bulbous shape of a container ship against the criterion of minimum wave resistance. The second case performs a global hull‐shape optimization of a container ship targeting the minimization of both the total resistance and the deviation from a target deadweight. The chapter ends with a brief discussion for further research toward broadening the coverage of IGA‐BEM methods in application areas related to ship wave loads.
Variational Multiscale Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Codina Ramon , Badia Santiago , Baiges Joan , Principe Javier
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the variational multiscale (VMS) method applied to flow problems. The main idea of the formulation in the case of stationary linear problems is explained in some detail and, at the same time, generality. However, when moving to particular problems, the focus is directed to the description of different approaches that have appeared in the literature, mainly in the past decade.
Evolving Aptamers with Unnatural Base Pairs
Authors: Kimoto Michiko , Matsunaga Ken‐ichiro , Hirao Ichiro
Published: December 2017

A novel technology, genetic alphabet expansion, has rapidly advanced through the successful creation of unnatural base pairs that function as a third base pair in replication. Recently, genetic alphabet expansion has been applied to some practical areas. Among them, the application to DNA aptamer generation is a good example of the broad utility of this technology. A hydrophobic unnatural base pair, Ds–Px, which exhibits high fidelity in replication as a third base pair, has been applied to an evolutionary engineering method called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) to generate DNA aptamers that bind to targets. A few Ds bases in DNA aptamers significantly increase the binding affinity to targets, enabling the use of DNA aptamers as an alternative to antibodies. This protocol describes the ExSELEX (genetic alphabet Expansion for SELEX) method to generate Ds‐containing DNA aptamers. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining the Psychosocial Impact of Genetic Testing for Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Wynn Julia , Holland David T. , Duong Jimmy , Ahimaz Priyanka , Chung Wendy K.
Published: December 2017

Inherited cardiomyopathies, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), are the most common monogenic cause of cardiac disease and can rarely lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD). They are characterized by incomplete and age‐dependent penetrance and are usually initially symptomatic in adulthood yet can present in childhood as well. Over 20 genes have been identified to cause HCM, and more than 40 genes are known to cause DCM. Genetic testing for these genes has been integrated into medical care; however, the psychological impact of genetic testing and the impact of the uncertainty that comes with receiving these results have not been well studied. This study surveyed 90 adult probands and relatives with a personal or family history of cardiomyopathy from a single hospital‐based cardiac genetic program to determine the psychosocial impact of genetic testing for cardiomyopathies. Standardized psychological instruments including an adapted Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (aMICRA), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Satisfaction with Decision (SWD) scales were utilized. Patients with positive genetic test results had higher scores for intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and distress when compared to those with negative genetic test results and were also more likely to make or plan to make life changes because of the results of their genetic testing. Satisfaction with the decision to undergo genetic testing was similar regardless of genetic test results. The results of this study provide insight into the patient experience of genetic testing for cardiomyopathies and how these experiences are associated with genetic test results and cardiac history.
Maternal relationship quality and peer social acceptance as mediators between child maltreatment and adolescent depressive symptoms: Gender differences
Authors: Alto Michelle , Handley Elizabeth , Rogosch Fred , Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree
Published: December 2017

Childhood maltreatment negatively impacts the development of maternal and peer relationships and may put adolescents at risk for depression. The present study examined gender differences in maternal relationship quality and peer social acceptance as mediators of the association between childhood maltreatment and adolescent depressive symptoms in 342 (151 female, 191 male) maltreated (n = 198) and nonmaltreated (n = 144) youth in the USA. An observer report Q‐Scale measure of depressive symptoms was developed and received preliminary support. Social acceptance was a significant mediator for both genders. The significant association between maltreatment and maternal relationship quality was unique to females, and the association between maternal relationship quality and depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for females. Lower maternal relationship quality marginally significantly mediated the association between maltreatment and depressive symptoms for females only. Results have implications for the prevention and intervention of depression in adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2012
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2012: XIII reports on Dominican Republic - Safeguard Measures on Imports of Polypropylene Bags and Tubular Fabric (WT/DS415, WT/DS416, WT/DS417, WT/DS418), United States - Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp and Diamond Sawblades from China (WT/DS422), and United States - Certain Country of Origin Labelling (COOL) Requirements (WT/DS384/24, WT/DS386/23).
Optimising design and cost-effective implementation of future pan-African dietary studies: a review of existing economic integration and nutritional indicators for scenario-based profiling and clustering of countries
Authors: Aglago Elom K. , Landais Edwige , Zotor Francis , Nicolas Genevieve , Gunter Marc J. , Amuna Paul , Slimani Nadia
Published: December 2017

Most of the African countries are undergoing a complex nutrition and epidemiologic transition associated with a rapid increase in the prevalence of diverse non-communicable diseases. Despite this alarming situation, the still limited and fragmented resources available in Africa impede the implementation of effective action plans to tackle the current and projected diet–disease burden. In order to address these common needs and challenges, the African Union is increasingly supporting continental approaches and strategies as reflected in the launching of the Agenda 2063 and the African regional nutrition strategy 2015–2025, among others. To assure the successful implementation of pan-African nutritional and health initiatives, cost-effective approaches considering similarities/disparities in economy, regional integration, development and nutritional aspects between countries are needed. In the absence of pre-existing models, we reviewed regional economic integration and nutritional indicators (n 13) available in international organisations databases or governmental agencies websites, for fifty-two African countries. These indicators were used to map the countries according to common languages (e.g. Arabic, English, French, Portuguese), development status (e.g. human development index), malnutrition status (e.g. obesity) and diet (e.g. staples predominantly based on either cereals or tubers). The review of the indicators showed that there exist similarities between African countries that can be exploited to benefit the continent with cross-national experiences in order to avoid duplication of efforts in the implementation of future pan-African health studies. In addition, including present and future nutrition surveillance programmes in Africa into national statistical systems might be cost-effective and sustainable in the longer term.
Spatial pattern analysis of encroaching tree species (Vachellia karrooandVachellia nilotica) after fire suppression in a semi-arid savanna
Authors: Muvengwi Justice , Ndagurwa Hilton G.T. , Nyenda Tatenda , Mwembe Richard , Mbiba Monicah
Published: December 2017

Bush encroachment has serious consequences on ecosystem functioning through alteration of species composition and ecosystem productivity. However, little is known regarding the spatial patterning of invading shrubs in semi-arid savannas. Cartesian coordinates of two invading woody species (Vachellia karrooandV. nilotica), were recorded in a 20 × 20-m plot on a grassland at Matopos research station, south-west Zimbabwe. We recorded a total of 308 plants including both saplings and shrubs from the two study plant species. Second-order spatial statistics was applied in order to understand the spatial pattern of encroaching plants. We predicted that the encroaching plants would be spatially aggregated because of facilitation that occurs in harsh environmental conditions. Consistent with our predictions, the two species were aggregated, with no evidence of inter- and intra specific species competition. This study demonstrates that encroaching trees in semi-arid savanna generally do not show self organization during early growth stages.
Brain structure in women at risk of postpartum psychosis: an MRI study
Authors: Fusté Montserrat , Pauls Astrid , Worker Amanda , Reinders Antje A. T. S , Simmons Andrew , Williams Steven C. R. , Haro Josep M. , Hazelgrove Kate , Pawlby Susan , Conroy Susan , Vecchio Costanza , Seneviratne Gertrude , Pariante Carmine M. , Mehta Mitul A. , Dazzan Paola
Published: December 2017

Postpartum psychosis (PP) is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth. The risk of PP is very high in women with a history of bipolar affective disorder or schizoaffective disorder. However, the neurobiological basis of PP remains poorly understood and no study has evaluated brain structure in women at risk of, or with, PP. We performed a cross-sectional study of 256 women at risk of PP and 21 healthy controls (HC) in the same postpartum period. Among women at risk, 11 who developed a recent episode of PP (PPE) (n = 2 with lifetime bipolar disorder; n = 9 psychotic disorder not otherwise specified) and 15 at risk women who did not develop an episode of PP (NPPE) (n = 10 with lifetime bipolar disorder; n = 1 with schizoaffective disorder; n = 1 with a history of PP in first-degree family member; n = 3 with previous PP). We obtained T1-weighted MRI scans at 3T and examined regional gray matter volumes with voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness and surface area with Freesurfer. Women with PPE showed smaller anterior cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus compared to NPPE women. These regions also showed decreased surface area. Moreover, the NPPE group showed a larger superior and inferior frontal gyrus volume than the HC. These results should be interpreted with caution, as there were between-group differences in terms of duration of illness and interval between delivery and MRI acquisition. Nevertheless, these are the first findings to suggest that MRI can provide information on brain morphology that characterize those women at risk of PP more likely to develop an episode after childbirth.
Increased decision thresholds trigger extended information gathering across the compulsivity spectrum
Authors: Hauser Tobias U. , Moutoussis Michael ,   NSPN Consortium, Dayan Peter , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: December 2017

Indecisiveness and doubt are cognitive phenotypes of compulsive disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder. Little is known regarding the cognitive mechanisms that drive these behaviours across a compulsivity spectrum. Here, we used a sequential information gathering task to study indecisiveness in subjects with high and low obsessive-compulsive scores. These subjects were selected from a large population-representative database, and matched for intellectual and psychiatric factors. We show that high compulsive subjects sampled more information and performed better when sampling was cost-free. When sampling was costly, both groups adapted flexibly to reduce their information gathering. Computational modelling revealed that increased information gathering behaviour could be explained by higher decision thresholds that, in turn, were driven by a delayed emergence of impatience or urgency. Our findings show that indecisiveness generalises to a compulsivity spectrum beyond frank clinical disorder, and this behaviour can be explained within a decision-theoretic framework as arising from an augmented decision threshold associated with an attenuated urgency signal.
Pro-inflammatory hepatic macrophages generate ROS through NADPH oxidase 2 via endocytosis of monomeric TLR4–MD2 complex
Authors: Kim So Yeon , Jeong Jong-Min , Kim Soo Jin , Seo Wonhyo , Kim Myung-Ho , Choi Won-Mook , Yoo Wonbeak , Lee Jun-Hee , Shim Young-Ri , Yi Hyon-Seung , Lee Young-Sun , Eun Hyuk Soo , Lee Byung Seok , Chun Kwangsik , Kang Suk-Jo , Kim Sun Chang , Gao Bin , Kunos George , Kim Ho Min , Jeong Won-Il
Published: December 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ROS generation by infiltrating macrophages involves multiple mechanisms, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. Here, we show that palmitate-stimulated CD11b+F4/80low hepatic infiltrating macrophages, but not CD11b+F4/80high Kupffer cells, generate ROS via dynamin-mediated endocytosis of TLR4 and NOX2, independently from MyD88 and TRIF. We demonstrate that differently from LPS-mediated dimerization of the TLR4–MD2 complex, palmitate binds a monomeric TLR4–MD2 complex that triggers endocytosis, ROS generation and increases pro-interleukin-1β expression in macrophages. Palmitate-induced ROS generation in human CD68lowCD14high macrophages is strongly suppressed by inhibition of dynamin. Furthermore, Nox2-deficient mice are protected against high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Therefore, endocytosis of TLR4 and NOX2 into macrophages might be a novel therapeutic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Solving for ambiguities in radar geophysical exploration of planetary bodies by mimicking bats echolocation
Authors: Carrer Leonardo , Bruzzone Lorenzo
Published: December 2017

Sounders are spaceborne radars which are widely employed for geophysical exploration of celestial bodies around the solar system. They provide unique information regarding the subsurface structure and composition of planets and their moons. The acquired data are often affected by unwanted artifacts, which hinder the data interpretation conducted by geophysicists. Bats possess a remarkable ability in discriminating between a prey, such as a quick-moving insect, and unwanted clutter (e.g., foliage) by effectively employing their bio-sonar perfected in million years of evolution. Striking analogies occur between the characteristics of bats sonar and the one of a radar sounder. Here we propose an adaptation of the unique bat clutter discrimination capability to radar sounding by devising a novel clutter detection model. The proposed bio-inspired strategy proves its effectiveness on Mars experimental data and paves the way for a new generation of sounders which eases the data interpretation by planetary scientists.
The mechanism of NDM-1-catalyzed carbapenem hydrolysis is distinct from that of penicillin or cephalosporin hydrolysis
Authors: Feng Han , Liu Xuehui , Wang Sheng , Fleming Joy , Wang Da-Cheng , Liu Wei
Published: December 2017

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDMs), the recent additions to metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), pose a serious public health threat due to its highly efficient hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics and rapid worldwide dissemination. The MBL-hydrolyzing mechanism for carbapenems is less studied than that of penicillins and cephalosporins. Here, we report crystal structures of NDM-1 in complex with hydrolyzed imipenem and meropenem, at resolutions of 1.80–2.32 Å, together with NMR spectra monitoring meropenem hydrolysis. Three enzyme-intermediate/product derivatives, EI1, EI2, and EP, are trapped in these crystals. Our structural data reveal double-bond tautomerization from Δ2 to Δ1, absence of a bridging water molecule and an exclusive β-diastereomeric product, all suggesting that the hydrolytic intermediates are protonated by a bulky water molecule incoming from the β-face. These results strongly suggest a distinct mechanism of NDM-1-catalyzed carbapenem hydrolysis from that of penicillin or cephalosporin hydrolysis, which may provide a novel rationale for design of mechanism-based inhibitors.
Hidden genetic variation shapes the structure of functional elements in Drosophila
Authors: Chakraborty Mahul , VanKuren Nicholas W. , Zhao Roy , Zhang Xinwen , Kalsow Shannon , Emerson J. J.
Published: December 2017

Mutations that add, subtract, rearrange, or otherwise refashion genome structure often affect phenotypes, although the fragmented nature of most contemporary assemblies obscures them. To discover such mutations, we assembled the first new reference-quality genome ofDrosophila melanogastersince its initial sequencing. By comparing this new genome to the existingD. melanogasterassembly, we created a structural variant map of unprecedented resolution and identified extensive genetic variation that has remained hidden until now. Many of these variants constitute candidates underlying phenotypic variation, including tandem duplications and a transposable element insertion that amplifies the expression of detoxification-related genes associated with nicotine resistance. The abundance of important genetic variation that still evades discovery highlights how crucial high-quality reference genomes are to deciphering phenotypes.
Prefabrication of a functional bone graft with a pedicled periosteal flap as an in vivo bioreactor
Authors: Huang Ru-Lin , Tremp Mathias , Ho Chia-Kang , Sun Yangbai , Liu Kai , Li Qingfeng
Published: December 2017

Thein vivobioreactor principle, which focuses on using the body as a living bioreactor to cultivate stem cells, bioscaffolds, and growth factors and leveraging the body’s self-regenerative capacity to regenerate new tissue, has been considered a potential approach for bone defect reconstruction. The histological characteristics of the periosteum allow it to possess a remarkable capacity to induce bone growth and remodeling, making it suitable as anin vivobioreactor strategy for bone graft prefabrication. The present study was designed to prefabricate vascularized bone grafts using pedicled periosteal flaps and decellularized bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds in a rabbit model. The muscular pouches created in the femoral muscle were acted as a control. Our histological results revealed that both the periosteal flap group and muscular pouch group induced bone tissue formation on the DBM surface at both 8 and 16 weeks postoperatively. However, micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning, biomechanical, and histomorphometric findings indicated that bone grafts from the periosteal flap group showed larger bone mass, faster bone formation rates, higher vascular density, and stronger biomechanical properties than in the muscular pouch group. We suggest that using the pedicled periosteal flap as anin vivobioreactor is a promising approach for functional bone graft prefabrication.
Disentangling the influence of climate, soil and belowground microbes on local species richness in a dryland ecosystem of Northwest China
Authors: Wang Jianming , Long Ting , Zhong Yueming , Li Jingwen , Zhang Tianhan , Feng Yiming , Lu Qi
Published: December 2017

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) covers one of the largest drylands in the world, while the relative effects of different environmental factors on plant diversity are poorly understood. We sampled 66 sites in a typical dryland of XUAR, which covers more than 450,000 km2, to evaluate the relative influences of different factors on the patterns of local plant species richness (LPSR). We found that overall and herbaceous LPSR were positively correlated with water availability, soil nutrients but negatively correlated with energy availability, while the shrub LPSR showed the opposite response. Climate, soil attributes together explained 53.2% and 59.2% of the variance in overall and herbaceous LPSR, respectively; revealing that LPSR patterns were shaped by abiotic and underground biotic factors together. Only 31.5% of the variance in the shrub LPSR was explained by soil attributes, indicating that shrub LPSR was mainly limited by non-climatic factors. There findings provide robust evidence that relative contribution of climate and soil attributes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Furthermore, we found the different relationship between microbes and plant diversity, indicating that the linkages between soil microbial diversity and plant diversity may vary across functional groups of microbes and plant. These findings provide robust evidence that the relative roles of climate, soil and microbes differ markedly depending on the plant functional group. Microbial richness showed a significantly pure influence on the LPSR of all groups, suggesting that microbes play a non-negligible role in regulating plant diversity in dryland ecosystems.
Precipitation variability increases in a warmer climate
Authors: Pendergrass Angeline G. , Knutti Reto , Lehner Flavio , Deser Clara , Sanderson Benjamin M.
Published: December 2017

Understanding changes in precipitation variability is essential for a complete explanation of the hydrologic cycle’s response to warming and its impacts. While changes in mean and extreme precipitation have been studied intensively, precipitation variability has received less attention, despite its theoretical and practical importance. Here, we show that precipitation variability in most climate models increases over a majority of global land area in response to warming (66% of land has a robust increase in variability of seasonal-mean precipitation). Comparing recent decades to RCP8.5 projections for the end of the 21st century, we find that in the global, multi-model mean, precipitation variability increases 3–4% K−1 globally, 4–5% K−1 over land and 2–4% K−1 over ocean, and is remarkably robust on a range of timescales from daily to decadal. Precipitation variability increases by at least as much as mean precipitation and less than moisture and extreme precipitation for most models, regions, and timescales. We interpret this as being related to an increase in moisture which is partially mitigated by weakening circulation. We show that changes in observed daily variability in station data are consistent with increased variability.