bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation and temporal changes in plant–herbivore interaction: Case studies with Solidago altissima in native and introduced ranges
Authors: Sakata Yuzu
Published: September 2021

Plants are subjected to environmental gradients and may encounter various herbivores, leading to geographic variation in defensive traits. The present review highlights that biological invasions are remarkable natural experiments for studying geographic variation in plant–herbivore interaction and tracking temporal dynamics in plant defense in response to environmental changes. Studies from this viewpoint can challenge various general topics in plant ecology, including the evolution of plant defense and indirect interactions among plants. First, I provide a brief overview on how the introduction of exotic herbivores drives rapid evolution after the establishment of exotic plants and its impacts on native plants. Second, I present a series of case studies investigating the patterns and mechanisms of geographic variation in the interaction between Solidago altissima and Corythucha marmorata (lace bug) in the native range in the United States and the introduced range in Japan. By combining biogeographical and experimental approaches, my collaborators and I unraveled the temporal dynamics of S. altissima's resistance to lace bugs and explored the drivers of differentiation in resistance between native and introduced ranges. These studies provide new insight into the geographic variation in exotic plant–herbivore interaction by unraveling the mechanisms and the temporal scale that cause the variation. These findings are vital not only for predicting invasiveness of exotic plants but also for understanding the evolution of plant–herbivore interaction in community contexts and under climate change.
Piquerism in homicide: A knife wound analysis of a sexually motivated serial killer
Authors: Pettigrew Mark
Published: September 2021

As part of a wider research project into paraphilic disorders and homicide, a case is presented of a piquerist who achieved sexual satisfaction through the infliction of stabbing wounds. Against a background of sexual domination with willing and unwilling sexual partners, the offender stabbed four men to death. A study of the resulting autopsy reports, in association with the offender's testimony and crime scene documentation, was undertaken to discern a piquerist crime scene signature. An excessive number of stabbing wounds, the targeting of sexual areas, and a variation in wound size and depth were found to be evidence of piquerism. Although there was opportunity to commit a sexual assault upon victims, the preference was to penetrate them with a knife. It is contended that, even without any evidence of sexual assault at a crime scene, a knife wound analysis can reveal a sexual motivation in some cases of homicide.
Magnetic resonance imaging cervical spine in trauma: A retrospective single‐centre audit of patient outcomes
Authors: Foster Grant , Russell Brigitte , Hibble Belinda , Shaw Kevin , Stella Julian
Published: September 2021

Objective

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used in practice to investigate for cord or discoligamentous injury following blunt trauma and a normal computed tomography (CT). This study investigates the MRI findings and surgical outcomes of patients in this cohort.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients following trauma with suspected cervical spine injury from 2016 to 2019. Inclusion criteria included patients receiving a normal CT of the cervical spine and subsequent MRI due to cervical spine injury symptomatology (persistent tenderness and/or neurology). Inclusion criteria included: age ≥16 years, alert and <72 h from CT to MRI. Mann–Whitney and χ2 statistical analysis techniques were employed.

Results

Two hundred and twenty‐eight patients with persistent midline tenderness and/or persistent neurology following blunt trauma and negative CT report were included. One hundred and eighty‐one patients received an MRI for persistent tenderness of which 35 revealed abnormal MRI findings. Twenty‐one cases required no treatment, 14 cases were treated with a rigid collar with no patients requiring operative management. Forty‐seven patients received an MRI for neurological symptoms following blunt trauma and negative CT, with 11 abnormal MRI findings. Management included no treatment (three cases), application of rigid collar (six cases) and operative management (two cases).

Conclusion

No alert neurologically intact patient with ‘persistent tenderness only’ received operative management following a normal CT examination. While MRI is sensitive for detecting soft tissue injuries, the prevalence for detecting clinically significant cervical spine injury in blunt trauma patients in the absence of neurology is low. The utility of MRI in this cohort is questionable considering prolonged spinal immobilisation is not without harm.
Utilizing urban arboreta for detection of native and non‐native wood‐inhabiting beetles
Authors: DiGirolomo Marc F. , Bohne Michael J. , Dodds Kevin J. , Gapinski Andrew T. , DelRosso John S. , Charap Joseph G. , Evans Sara C.
Published: September 2021

We developed a multi‐year insect emergence survey for the monitoring and detection of invasive non‐native species at two urban arboreta in Boston, Massachusetts and New York City, New York. Arborists pruned and sequestered pieces of these trees for up to 2 years inside emergence containers.

Host material was sampled from 117 trees comprising 67 species from the two sites. From these samples, 15 370 beetles were identified from all families, including 246 buprestids (21 species), 822 cerambycids (29 species) and 8825 scolytines (46 species).

Individual emergence chambers employed two collection methods: phototaxis toward an attached collection cup and sweeping barrel contents following the sequestration period. Sweeping resulted in many species not collected from cups.

We documented 17 new state records for Massachusetts and New York and 143 new host associations for buprestids, cerambycids and scolytines, including 22 new host associations of non‐native beetles on native host trees and 51 new host associations of native beetles on non‐native hosts.

One buprestid species, not native to North America yet new to science,Agrilussp. 9895, was discovered. The combination of new state records, new host associations and new species detections illustrates how this survey method can be effective and beneficial for detection purposes.
Changing patterns in Australian and New Zealand: vascular surgery duringCOVID‐19
Authors: Y Cai Tommy , Fisher Georgia , Loa Jacky
Published: September 2021

Background

Early government‐mandated restrictions in Australia and New Zealand contributed to a successful public health outcome during the COVID‐19 pandemic, including an unprecedented temporary cancellation of all non‐urgent elective surgical procedures. This study describes the change in vascular surgery services across Australia and New Zealand before and during the COVID‐19 restrictions.

Methods

De‐identified data from the Australia and New Zealand Society for Vascular Surgery Australasian Vascular Audit from January 2015 to September 2020 was obtained. Vascular surgery procedure numbers from January to September of 2020 (study period) was compared to the corresponding months between 2015 and 2019 (pre‐study period). The volume of procedures, both elective and emergency, were compared. Subgroup analyses included procedures categorized by operation type and location.

Results

There was a 11% decrease in total vascular procedures, 22% decrease in elective procedures, and a 14% increase in emergency procedures, comparing the study and pre‐study periods. There was a large increase in all revascularization procedures for critical limb ischemia and no change in acute limb ischemia interventions, without a concomitant rise in major or minor all‐cause amputation. There was a decrease in interventions for abdominal aortic aneurysm and carotid artery disease, driven by a fall in elective procedures, while volume for dialysis access remained the same. Change in procedural volume varied by state with the largest decrease noted in NSW and Victoria.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic reduced vascular surgery procedures across Australia and New Zealand with a decrease in elective operations and an increase in emergency operations.
An adequacy approach for deciding the number of clusters for OTRIMLE robust Gaussian mixture‐based clustering
Authors: Hennig Christian , Coretto Pietro
Published: September 2021

We introduce a new approach to deciding the number of clusters. The approach is applied to Optimally Tuned Robust Improper Maximum Likelihood Estimation (OTRIMLE; Coretto & Hennig, Journal of the American Statistical Association 111, 1648–1659) of a Gaussian mixture model allowing for observations to be classified as ‘noise’, but it can be applied to other clustering methods as well. The quality of a clustering is assessed by a statistic Q that measures how close the within‐cluster distributions are to elliptical unimodal distributions that have the only mode in the mean. This non‐parametric measure allows for non‐Gaussian clusters as long as they have a good quality according to Q. The simplicity of a model is assessed by a measure S that prefers a smaller number of clusters unless additional clusters can reduce the estimated noise proportion substantially. The simplest model is then chosen that is adequate for the data in the sense that its observed value of Q is not significantly larger than what is expected for data truly generated from the fitted model, as can be assessed by parametric bootstrap. The approach is compared with model‐based clustering using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the integrated complete likelihood (ICL) in a simulation study and on two real data sets.
Determinants of lung function changes in athletic swimmers. A review
Authors: Rochat Isabelle , Côté Andréanne , Boulet Louis‐Philippe
Published: September 2021

Aim

To summarise lung function characteristics of athletic swimmers and discuss mechanisms explaining these changes while putting forward the lack of a clear understanding of the precise physiological factors implicated.

Methods

Literature search until 07.2021 on Medline and EMBASE using keywords swimming, athletes, respiratory physiology, lung development, lung function tests. Relevant articles in French and English were reviewed.

Results

We found insufficient data to perform a meta‐analysis. However, there is evidence that swimmers have better expiratory flows and increased baseline lung volumes than non‐athletes or non‐swimmers. Although these features can result from changes in lung development following intense training over the years, the contribution of a genetic predisposition and positive selection cannot be totally excluded.

Conclusion

Disentangling the participation of constitutional factors and years of hard training to explain the larger lung volumes of athletic swimmers is in favour of an adaptative response of the lungs to early swim training through modification of the pathway of lung development. There seems to be an optimal window of opportunity before the end of growth for these adaptational changes to occur. Precise mechanisms, and contribution of adaptative change on lung physiology, remain to be further studied.
A rapid method for quantifying small‐scale vegetation patch structure to complement conventional quadrat surveys
Authors: Butler Liam , Sanderson Roy A.
Published: September 2021

Aims

Vegetation sampling typically involves the use of quadrats to estimate species cover abundance. Such surveys do not generally record small‐scale vegetation patch structure at sub‐quadrat scales. Here we test a simple method to quantify patch structure that complements conventional techniques. We compare the two methods, and analyse metrics derived from small‐scale patch surveys with environment/management data.

Location

Northumberland, United Kingdom.

Methods

We recorded cover abundance of all species in an upland moor with 1‐m2 quadrats. These were divided into 100 ‘sub‐quadrats’, 10 cm × 10 cm, and the dominant and subdominant species identified. Patch metrics (number, area and shape) for individual species recorded as dominant or subdominant in the subquadrat survey were analysed using multi‐variate generalised linear models with environmental and management data. Sub‐quadrat data were also aggregated for each quadrat, to create species composition data. The two sets of compositional data, from whole‐quadrat and sub‐quadrat aggregations, were compared via Procrustes rotation of ordination scores.

Results

Patch number, area and shape for dominant and subdominant species were all significantly affected by soil pH, soil water content, slope and elevation. Effects of proximity to sheep tracks and drainage ditches were less consistent amongst species. Ordinations of vegetation data from conventional and sub‐quadrats were similar, with significant Procrustes R2 of 67% and 70% for dominant and subdominant species respectively.

Conclusions

Sub‐quadrat surveys can easily be used to complement existing whole‐quadrat surveys at little cost in time or resources. Their patch metrics can provide additional insights into the environmental and management drivers that may affect the growth of individual plants or clumps, potentially in relation to plant traits, and thus alter the overall community composition. The methods we describe can readily be adapted to other sizes of quadrats and sub‐quadrats in a wide range of vegetation communities.
Accelerated failure time modeling via nonparametric mixtures
Authors: Seo Byungtae , Kang Sangwook
Published: September 2021

An accelerated failure time (AFT) model assuming a log‐linear relationship between failure time and a set of covariates can be either parametric or semiparametric, depending on the distributional assumption for the error term. Both classes of AFT models have been popular in the analysis of censored failure time data. The semiparametric AFT model is more flexible and robust to departures from the distributional assumption than its parametric counterpart. However, the semiparametric AFT model is subject to producing biased results for estimating any quantities involving an intercept. Estimating an intercept requires a separate procedure. Moreover, a consistent estimation of the intercept requires stringent conditions. Thus, essential quantities such as mean failure times might not be reliably estimated using semiparametric AFT models, which can be naturally done in the framework of parametric AFT models. Meanwhile, parametric AFT models can be severely impaired by misspecifications. To overcome this, we propose a new type of the AFT model using a nonparametric Gaussian‐scale mixture distribution. We also provide feasible algorithms to estimate the parameters and mixing distribution. The finite sample properties of the proposed estimators are investigated via an extensive stimulation study. The proposed estimators are illustrated using a real dataset.
Examining the relationship between political spending and legislative activities
Authors: Jung Hoyong
Published: September 2021

Lawmakers’ political spending plays an essential role in the representation of the public through legislative activities. Based on a rich dataset from South Korea, this study examines the relationship between political spending and legislative activities in the National Assembly. We focus on lawmakers’ average legislative performance during the term rather than specific roll call votes by adopting novel measurements of legislative productivity and efficiency. We find that the total number of bill proposals increases when political spending increases, suggesting an improvement in lawmakers’ legislative productivity. The timeliness of legislation is enhanced by reducing the processing period. However, little evidence exists that the passing and processing rates of legislation requiring bipartisan collaboration and political compromise are improved. The effects are heterogeneous by legislation and expenditure types, affiliated party, and electoral term. The results indicate that political spending has positive effects on lawmakers’ individual productivity but restrictive effects on legislative efficiency.
Role of exosomal miRNA in chemotherapy resistance of Colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Maleki Masomeh , Golchin Asal , Javadi Samira , Khelghati Nafiseh , Morovat Pejman , Asemi Zatollah , Alemi Forough , Vaghari‐Tabari Mostafa , Yousefi Bahman , Majidinia Maryam
Published: September 2021

The third most common malignancy has been identified as Colorectal cancer (CRC) that conducive to death in most cases. Chemoresistance is a common obstacle to CRC treatment. Circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to reverse chemo‐resistance and are promising biomarkers for CRC. The capacity of engineered exosomes to cross biological barriers and deliver functional miRNAs could be used to achieve these proposes. The object of this review is the investigation of the role of exosomal miRNA in the chemo‐resistance, diagnosis, and prognosis of CRC. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus were searched from January 1990 to November 2020. Ultimately, eight articles included five in vitro (16 cell lines) and three in vivo examinations. Three studies demonstrated that increasing or decreasing mRNA expression was associated with increasing and decreasing cell proliferation in vitro. The presence of miRNA in two studies increased the sensitivity of the drug and exhibited a considerable growth inhibitory effect on cancer cell proliferation. The apoptotic rate was significantly increased in four studies by increased mRNA expression and reduced mrna expression. Tumor volume of xenograft models in three studies suppressed by antitumor miRNA activity. In contrast, anti‐miRNA activity in one study decreased the tumor volume. Exosomal miRNAs can be regulators of chemo‐resistance and predict adverse outcomes in CRC patients. In sum, exosomes containing miRNAs can be a promising biomarker for the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC. Subsequent research should be a focus on delineating the function of exosomal miRNA before clinical use.
Glucosyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles derived from eugenol and analogues: Synthesis, anti‐Candida activity, and molecular modeling studies in CYP‐51
Authors: Magalhães Lorena Severiano de , Reis Adriana Cotta Cardoso , Nakao Izadora Amaral , Péret Vinícius Augusto Campos , Reis Rúbia Castro Fernandes Melo , Silva Naiara Chaves , Dias Amanda Latércia Tranches , Carvalho Diogo Teixeira , Dias Danielle Ferreira , Brandão Geraldo Célio , Braga Saulo Fehelberg Pinto , Souza Thiago Belarmino de
Published: September 2021

This work describes the synthesis, anti‐Candida, and molecular modeling studies of eighteen new glucosyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles derived from eugenol and correlated phenols. The new compounds were characterized by combined Fourier Transform Infrared, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and spectroscopy of high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds did not show significant cytotoxicity against healthy fibroblast human cells (MCR‐5) providing interesting selectivity indexes (SI) to active compounds. Considering the antifungal activity, nine compounds showed anti‐Candida potential and the peracetylated triazoles 17 and 18 were the most promising ones. Eugenol derivative 17 was active against three species of Candida at 26.1–52.1 μM. This compound was four times more potent than fluconazole against Candida krusei and less toxic (SI > 6.6) against the MCR‐5 cells than fluconazole (SI > 3.3) considering this strain. Dihydroeugenol derivative 18 showed similar activity to 17 and was four times more potent and less toxic than fluconazole against C. krusei. The deacetylated glucosides and non‐glucosylated corresponding derivatives did not show considerable antifungal action, suggesting that the acetyl groups are essential for their anti‐Candida activity. Molecular docking coupled with molecular dynamics showed that 14α‐lanosterol demethylase is a feasible molecular target, since 17 and 18 could bind to this enzyme once deacetylated in vivo, thereby acting as prodrugs. Also, these studies demonstrated the importance of hydrophobic substituents at the phenyl ring.
Land sharing versus land sparing—What outcomes are compared between which land uses?
Authors: Sidemo‐Holm William , Ekroos Johan , Smith Henrik G.
Published: September 2021

Land sharing versus land sparing describes contrasting strategies to conserve biodiversity while maintaining agricultural production. We comprehensively reviewed empirical studies comparing land‐sharing and land‐sparing strategies to assess how these were conceptualized and how consequences for biodiversity, commodity production, and additional ecosystem services have been quantified. Out of 52 studies, a majority conceptualized land sharing as environmental‐friendly agriculture or low‐yielding agriculture, and land sparing as high‐yielding agriculture combined with preserved natural habitats. However, the latter also represented land sharing in several studies, resulting in an overlap in how land sharing and land sparing were conceptualized. Studies focuses on a limited number of taxonomic groups, primarily birds, whereas ecosystem services (mainly carbon storage) and economic outcomes were rarely considered. To facilitate comparisons and on‐the‐ground implementation, we suggest to recognize the multitude of land‐use combinations along a continuum from extreme land sharing to extreme land sparing. This includes being explicit about both the spatial scales of preserved habitats and the features in land sharing or intermediate strategies that are assumed to benefit biodiversity and hamper commodity production. We also suggest that taxonomic groups, ecosystem services, and welfare consequences should be analyzed based on conservation needs and impacts on social–ecological systems.
Abiotic and biotic drivers of functional diversity and functional composition of bird and bat assemblages along a tropical elevation gradient
Authors: Byamungu Robert Modest , Schleuning Matthias , Ferger Stefan W. , Helbig‐Bonitz Maria , Hemp Andreas , Neu Alexander , Vogeler Anna , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Tschapka Marco , Albrecht Jörg
Published: September 2021

Aim

The identification of the mechanisms determining spatial variation in biological diversity along elevational gradients is a central objective in ecology and biogeography. Here, we disentangle the direct and indirect effects of abiotic drivers (climatic conditions, and land use) and biotic drivers (vegetation structure and food resources) on functional diversity and composition of bird and bat assemblages along a tropical elevational gradient.

Location

Southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, East Africa.

Methods

We counted birds and recorded bat sonotypes on 58 plots distributed in near‐natural and anthropogenically modified habitats from 700 to 4,600 m above sea level. For the recorded taxa, we compiled functional traits related to movement, foraging and body size from museum specimens and databases. Further, we recorded mean annual temperature, precipitation, vegetation complexity as well as the number of fruits, flowers, and insect biomass as measures of resource availability on each study site.

Results

Using path analyses, we found similar responses of bird and bat functional diversity to the variation in abiotic and biotic drivers along the elevational gradient. In contrast, the functional composition of both taxa showed distinct responses to abiotic and biotic drivers. For both groups, direct temperature effects were most important, followed by resource availability, precipitation and vegetation complexity.

Main Conclusions

Our findings indicate that physiological and metabolic constraints imposed by temperature and resource availability determine the functional diversity of bird and bat assemblages, whereas the composition of individual functional traits is driven by taxon‐specific processes. Our study illustrates that distinct filtering mechanisms can result in similar patterns of functional diversity along broad environmental gradients. Such differences need to be taken into account when it comes to conserving the functional diversity of flying vertebrates on tropical mountains.
Complex effects of body length and condition on within‐tributary movement and emigration in stream salmonids
Authors: Kanno Yoichiro , Harris Audrey C. , Kishida Osamu , Utsumi Shunsuke , Uno Hiromi
Published: September 2021

Movement patterns of stream fish vary individually, but little is known about how a set of individual characteristics affect movement at multiple spatial scales. We investigated the effect of body length and condition (i.e. weight relative to length) on emigration from a tributary and movement within the tributary during summer in Japanese salmonids (white‐spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis and masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou) using mark‐recapture and PIT antenna technology. Emigration from the tributary was influenced more strongly by body length than by body condition, whereas movement within the tributary (> 20 m) was influenced by body condition and their interaction with body length. Specifically, larger individuals in better body condition were more likely to stay locally (≤20 m), but smaller individuals in better condition were more likely to move in the tributary. We discuss benefits and costs of movement that vary with individual characteristics (i.e. body length and condition) and spatial scales. In one instance (charr between June and July), survival rates were lower in smaller individuals, which also were more likely to emigrate from the tributary, suggesting that emigration might have been facilitated by the mortality cost of staying in the tributary. This study indicates that stream fish movement is shaped by complex mechanisms that differ by spatial scale. Although complex, two study species often responded similarly, indicative of emerging regularities across species in determinants of multi‐scale stream fish movement.
Isolation housing elevates amphetamine seeking independent of nucleus accumbens glutamate receptor adaptations
Authors: Garcia Erik J. , Cain Mary E.
Published: September 2021

Overdose death rates caused by psychostimulants have increased by 22.3% annually from 2008 to 2017. Cue‐evoked drug craving progressively increases and contributes to perpetual relapse. Preclinical models have determined that glutamate receptor plasticity within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) drives amplified cue‐evoked drug seeking after prolonged abstinence (>40 days). Isolated condition (IC) rearing increases cocaine and amphetamine (AMP) self‐administration and cue‐induced reinstatement. We tested the hypothesis that housing in the IC will augment AMP seeking after short and prolonged abstinence from AMP self‐administration when compared with rats reared in the enrichment condition (EC). EC and IC male rats acquired stable AMP or SAL self‐administration and were tested in a cue‐induced AMP‐seeking test after 1 and 40 days of abstinence. After the seeking test, the whole NAc was extracted and prepared for western blot analysis. Results indicate that IC rats had more active lever presses during a brief extinction interval and during the cue‐induced seeking test. After 40 days of abstinence, IC rats had more active lever presses than EC rats during the cue‐induced seeking test. Western blots indicated that the expression ratio between GluA1:mGlur5 was reduced only in IC‐AMP‐trained rats and the ratio between GluA1:mGlur1 was positively correlated with AMP seeking after prolonged abstinence in IC‐AMP rats. These results indicate that IC housing engenders a vulnerable phenotype prone to persistent AMP seeking. The behavioural momentum of this vulnerable phenotype is further revealed when AMP‐associated cues are presented following prolonged abstinence.
Synergistic combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Erol Erdal , Shaffer Carrie L. , Lubbers Brian V.
Published: September 2021

Background

The alarming increase in rifampin and macrolide resistance among Rhodococcus equi isolates highlights the need to identify alternative therapeutic options that can effectively control rhodococcosis in foals while limiting the further development of drug resistance.

Objectives

To evaluate bacterial killing, antibiotic synergism and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of clarithromycin alone and in combination with doxycycline, minocycline or rifampin against clinical isolates of R equi.

Study design

In vitro experiments.

Methods

Bacterial time‐kill, fractional inhibitory concentration (checkerboard) and mutant prevention concentration assays were evaluated in four clarithromycin‐ and rifampin‐susceptible (ClaS/RifS) and two clarithromycin‐ and rifampin‐resistant (ClaR/RifR) R equi clinical strains.

Results

In this study evaluating a limited number of isolates, combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline, but not with rifampin, were generally synergistic in both ClaS/RifS and ClaR/RifR strains as determined by checkerboard testing. In time‐kill assays, all antibiotics, both alone and in combination, reduced viable ClaS/RifS R equi by more than 3 log10 at 24 hours compared with control cultures without antibiotics. Combinations of clarithromycin with doxycycline, minocycline or rifampin induced significantly lower MPC values compared with the individual antimicrobials alone for all ClaS/RifS R equi strains, resulting in a narrower mutant selection window (MSW). However, clarithromycin/rifampin combination did not markedly decrease MPCs of the individual antimicrobials in ClaR/RifR R equi isolates, and the observed decrease in MPCs for doxycycline or minocycline did not generally differ when combined with clarithromycin.

Main limitations

The number of analysed R equi isolates was limited. In vitro outcomes require clinical confirmation.

Conclusions

Dual therapy combinations consisting of clarithromycin with doxycycline or minocycline merit consideration as a treatment protocol against R equi in foals due to in vitro synergy. These combination therapies may also minimise the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in cases of rhodococcosis.
Study of prescription‐indication of tetracyclines in a population in Colombia
Authors: Valladales‐Restrepo Luis Fernando , Constain‐Mosquera Camilo Alexander , Álvarez‐Amaya Valeria , Machado‐Alba Jorge Enrique
Published: September 2021

The inappropriate use of antibiotics is associated with increased antimicrobial resistance, adverse reactions, medical care costs, and worse clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to determine the prescription patterns and approved and unapproved indications for tetracyclines in a group of patients in Colombia. This was a cross‐sectional study, based on a database of medication dispensing of approximately 8.5 million people affiliated with the Colombian Health System, of the indications for the use of tetracyclines in outpatients. Sociodemographic, pharmacological, and comorbidity variables were considered. A total of 20 699 patients with a prescription of tetracyclines were identified, with a median age of 26.1 years; 65.0% were women. The most prescribed tetracycline was doxycycline (95.1%), especially for the treatment of acne (55.3%). A total of 23.5% of the prescriptions was used for unapproved indications, for example, vaginitis‐vulvitis‐vulvovaginitis (8.1%). Increasing age, prescriptions of doxycycline made by general physician, and woman attended by general physician were associated with a greater probability that a tetracycline was used for unapproved indications. Residing in Bogota‐Cundinamarca Region and woman that residing in Bogota‐Cundinamarca reduced this risk. A high proportion of patients received tetracyclines for dermatological conditions, with a lower proportion of use for gynecological and respiratory infections. For approximately one quarter of the cases, tetracyclines were prescribed for indications not approved by regulatory agencies, especially in those over 18 years and when the prescriptions of doxycycline was made by a general practitioners.
Oil price shocks and stock market anomalies
Authors: Zhu Zhaobo , Sun Licheng , Tu Jun , Ji Qiang
Published: September 2021

This paper provides a novel perspective to the nexus of oil prices and stock markets by examining the impact of oil price shocks on stock market anomalies. After decomposing oil price shocks into three types , we find that aggregate demand shocks have the strongest influence on stock market anomalies. In contrast, oil supply shocks and oil‐specific demand shocks have little impact. Similar results are also found in the industry analysis. Interestingly, the link between aggregate demand shocks and anomalies is the strongest among firms with either small size or high idiosyncratic risks. The documented effects are robust after controlling for investor sentiment as well as several well‐known macroeconomic or market factors. Our findings are consistent with but also extend the sentiment‐based explanation in that we show that uncertainty also plays a role in explaining stock market anomalies.
HOMO COMPLEXUS: THE “HISTORICAL FUTURE” OF COMPLICITY
Authors: LEBOVIC NITZAN
Published: September 2021

The moment in which we live proposes a staggering new challenge to past, present, and future understanding of our existence: climate change in general, and the Anthropocene in particular, requires a recalibration of all temporal relationships. In this article, I propose to identify the agent of change with current forms of complicity, or, as I call it in the title to this piece, the Homo complexus. A focus on complicity, I will argue, suggests that any future analysis of our society will recognize a short‐term investment in a threat hovering above different forms of existence, or a new “sense of an ending.”
THE LONG GOODBYE: RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON THE KOSELLECK/SCHMITT QUESTION
Authors: Pankakoski Timo
Published: September 2021

The publication of the correspondence between Reinhart Koselleck and Carl Schmitt enables readers to assess the relation between the conceptual historian and his radically conservative mentor, a topic of some longstanding controversy. In this review essay, I discuss their correspondence in relation to Gennaro Imbriano's book on Koselleck, which also relies on the correspondence to argue that Koselleck gradually transcended his earlier Schmittian beliefs. I seek to capture the current state of scholarship regarding this particular issue and anticipate possible future developments in the field. Although they do not offer major revelations about Koselleck and Schmitt's relationship, the recently published letters add welcome nuance to earlier scholarly estimations thereof and show how Koselleck gradually assumed a more equal role in the exchange. The most fertile theoretical points in the letters pertain, first, to Schmitt's observations about the uniqueness of history and the repetition of key questions in history and, second, to Koselleck's remarks on the need for a proper theoretical basis for historiography, including readjusted historicism and criticism on the philosophy of history's ideological ramifications. Imbriano's book characterizes Koselleck as a systematic thinker of history's political aspect who differed from Schmitt in making the distinction between politics (as a regulating process) and “the political” (as a principle in need of containment). As I argue, this distinction is not sufficient to set Koselleck's moderate conservatism apart from Schmitt's radical conservatism because Schmitt also took both aspects into account. I also predict that future scholarship will display a balanced use of archival material that further clarifies the genesis of Koselleck's theorems, in turn directly serving historical theory by examining its emergence out of concrete historical, political, and intellectual contexts.
Stage and cancer‐specific mortality differ within specific Asian ethnic groups for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: North American population‐based study
Authors: Collà Ruvolo Claudia , Würnschimmel Christoph , Nocera Luigi , Wenzel Mike , Tian Zhe , Shariat Shahrokh F , Saad Fred , Verze Paolo , Imbimbo Ciro , Briganti Alberto , Mirone Vincenzo , Karakiewicz Pierre I
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To examine the effect of specific Asian ethnic subgroups on stage at presentation and cancer‐specific mortality in non‐metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma among North American upper tract urothelial carcinoma Asian patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy.

Methods

We relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database, from 2004 to 2016. Kaplan–Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression models predicting cancer‐specific mortality were used.

Results

Of 584 upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients, 173 (29.6%) were Chinese versus 130 (22.3%) Japanese versus 68 (11.6%) Korean versus 64 (11.0%) Filipino versus 40 (6.8%) Vietnamese versus 109 (18.7%) other. Vietnamese and Chinese patients showed the highest rates of T4N0M0 and/or T1–4N1–2M0 (25.0% and 18.5%, respectively), relative to other Asian ethnic subgroups. In Kaplan–Meier plots, Vietnamese patients showed the highest cancer‐specific mortality rate. In multivariable models, Vietnamese ethnicity also independently predicted higher cancer‐specific mortality (hazard ratio 2.15, P = 0.02 and hazard ratio 1.96, P = 0.03), relative to Japanese and Chinese patients. All other Asian ethnic subgroups showed similar cancer‐specific mortality patterns.

Conclusion

Vietnamese and Chinese patients are at a stage disadvantage at upper tract urothelial carcinoma diagnosis, relative to all other Asian ethnicities. After adjustment for stage, only Vietnamese patients showed a survival disadvantage relative to all other Asian ethnic subgroups. As a result, it appears that Vietnamese patients not only present at a higher upper tract urothelial carcinoma stage, but additionally appear to harbor upper tract urothelial carcinoma that progresses at a faster rate than in other Asian ethnic subgroups.
Health status and fertility intentions among migrants
Authors: Alderotti Giammarco , Trappolini Eleonora
Published: September 2021

The role of health has never entered the debate about migrant fertility. The main goal of this work was to explore, for the first time, the relationship between health and fertility intentions among migrants by gender, duration of stay and parity. Three health measures were considered: self‐rated health, the presence of chronic illnesses and mental health. We compiled data from the Italian survey "Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens" and employed generalized ordered logistic models to test the relationship between health and fertility intentions among migrants. Our findings show that poor health negatively affects migrants’ fertility intentions, net of a wide array of control variables (including employment and reason for migration). This is especially true among long‐term migrant women, and, among the latter, the effect is strongest when chronic illnesses and mental health are considered. We encourage future research to consider health in the demographic debate about migrant fertility.
Genetic characterization of heterologous Edwardsiella piscicida isolates from diverse fish hosts and virulence assessment in a Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha model
Authors: Nguyen Diem Thu , López‐Porras Adrián , Marancik David , Hawkins Leighanne , Welch Timothy J. , Petty Barbara Denise , Ware Cynthia , Griffin Matt J. , Soto Esteban
Published: September 2021

Edwardsiella piscicida is an emergent global fish pathogen with a wide host range, although host associations driving genetic diversity remain unclear. This study investigated the genetic and virulence diversity of 37 E. piscicida isolates recovered from 10 fish species in North America. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was conducted using concatenated alignments of the gyrB, pgi and phoU sequences. MLSA clustered the tested isolates into six discrete clades. In light of recent disease outbreaks in cultured salmonids, the virulence of each clade was evaluated in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha fingerlings following intracoelomic challenge of ~106 CFU/fish. Challenged and control fish were monitored for 21d, and microbiological and histological examination was performed on dead and surviving fish. Peak mortality occurred 3–5 days post‐challenge (dpc) regardless of isolate or genetic group. Edwardsiella piscicida was recovered from all moribund and dead animals. At 21 dpc, fish challenged with isolates from clades II, III and IV presented cumulative mortality ≥83.3%, whereas isolates from clade I, V and VI resulted in cumulative mortality ≤71.4%. This study suggests an underlying genetic basis for strain virulence and potential host associations. Further investigations using other fish models and variable challenge conditions are warranted.
Comparison of selective enrichment and plating media for Salmonella isolation from broiler carcasses
Authors: Obe Tomi , Berrang Mark E. , Cox Nelson A. , House Sandra L. , Shariat Nikki W.
Published: September 2021

Salmonella detection and isolation rely on different selective enrichment media, which can influence which serovars are detected. The objective of this study was to compare Salmonella recovery from broiler carcass rinses using three different selective enrichment protocols and three differential plating agars. Eight prechill broiler carcasses were collected at a commercial slaughter facility. Each carcass was subjected to whole carcass rinse procedure in buffered peptone water (BPW). An aliquot of the rinse and whole carcasses in the remaining rinse were incubated as a pre‐enrichment before subculturing in selective enrichment broths (Rappaport Vassiliadis [RV], Tetrathionate Hajna [TT], and TT to RV in series [TT‐to‐RV]). Enriched samples were streaked on the three differential agars (Hektoen Enteric [HE], Brilliant Green Sulfa [BGS], and Xylose‐Lysine‐Tergitol‐4 [XLT‐4]). Salmonella was isolated from all eight carcasses. Considering all sample preparations as independent subsamples, Salmonella was detected in 88% (128/144) of subsamples with a 100% recovery from the TT‐to‐RV enrichment, and 92 and 71% from RV and TT broths, individually. A high concordance in recovery on BGS versus XLT‐4 agar plates was observed compared to HE versus BGS and HE versus XLT‐4 plates. These data suggest that choice of pre‐enrichment method, selective enrichment medium, and differential agar can influence the recovery of Salmonella from poultry samples.
Treatment intensity and mortality among COVID‐19 patients with dementia: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Barnato Amber E. , Birkmeyer John D. , Skinner Jonathan S. , O'Malley A. James , Birkmeyer Nancy J. O.
Published: September 2021

Background

We sought to determine whether dementia is associated with treatment intensity and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19.

Methods

This study includes review of the medical records for patients >60 years of age (n = 5394) hospitalized with COVID‐19 from 132 community hospitals between March and June 2020. We examined the relationships between dementia and treatment intensity (including intensive care unit [ICU] admission and mechanical ventilation [MV] and care processes that may influence them, including advance care planning [ACP] billing and do‐not‐resuscitate [DNR] orders) and in‐hospital mortality adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidity, month of hospitalization, and clustering within hospital. We further explored the effect of ACP conversations on the relationship between dementia and outcomes, both at the individual patient level (effect of having ACP) and at the hospital level (effect of being treated at a hospital with low: <10%, medium 10%–20%, or high >20% ACP rates).

Results

Ten percent (n = 522) of the patients had documented dementia. Dementia patients were older (>80 years: 60% vs. 27%, p < 0.0001), had a lower burden of comorbidity (3+ comorbidities: 31% vs. 38%, p = 0.003), were more likely to have ACP (28% vs. 17%, p < 0.0001) and a DNR order (52% vs. 22%, p < 0.0001), had similar rates of ICU admission (26% vs. 28%, p = 0.258), were less likely to receive MV (11% vs. 16%, p = 0.001), and more likely to die (22% vs. 14%, p < 0.0001). Differential treatment intensity among patients with dementia was concentrated in hospitals with low, dementia‐biased ACP billing practices (risk‐adjusted ICU use: 21% vs. 30%, odds ratio [OR] = 0.6, p = 0.016; risk‐adjusted MV use: 6% vs. 16%, OR = 0.3, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Dementia was associated with lower treatment intensity and higher mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. Differential treatment intensity was concentrated in low ACP billing hospitals suggesting an interplay between provider bias and “preference‐sensitive” care for COVID‐19.
The Effects of Objective and Subjective Social Class on Leadership Emergence
Authors: Loignon Andrew C. , Kodydek Georg
Published: September 2021

We develop and test predictions about how differences in people’s social class backgrounds, as well as interpersonal perceptions of social class, influence leadership emergence as teams change tasks and group membership. Drawing on adaptive leadership theory, we test distinct pathways for how team members’ social class backgrounds contribute to their likelihood of emerging as a leader. Using data from two samples consisting of 90 teams and over 500 individuals, we find consistent support for a person’s objective class background informing subjective perceptions of social class, which in turn predict leadership emergence. Our findings extend recent research examining the relevance of social class in leadership research by demonstrating how interpersonal judgments of one’s class position contribute to leader emergence even as the group’s membership or task changes and irrespective of an individual’s performance. By examining the role of social class in these informal, yet important, attributions of leadership, our study identifies potential avenues by which class‐based inequalities can be reproduced within contemporary organizations.
Clinical signs, duodenal histopathological grades, and serum high‐mobility group box 1 concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , Kim Hong‐Suk , Lee Dohee , Yun Taesik , Koo Yoonhoi , Chae Yeon , Kang Ji‐Houn , Kang Byeong‐Teck , Yang Mhan‐Pyo , Kim Hakhyun
Published: September 2021

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly occurs in dogs, but there is lack of information about potential biomarkers of clinical and histopathologic severity.

Objective

To examine the role of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentrations in dogs with IBD.

Animals

Seventeen dogs with IBD and 25 healthy dogs.

Methods

In this prospective study, duodenal histopathologic severity was graded, and the clinical severity of IBD was assessed by the canine IBD assessment index (CIBDAI) score in dogs with IBD. Serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations were compared between IBD and healthy dogs and analyzed according to histopathologic grade in dogs with IBD. The correlations between serum CRP and HMGB1 concentrations and the CIBDAI score were evaluated.

Results

Dogs with IBD had higher serum CRP (median [range] = 20.39 [1.53‐67.69] μg/mL vs 2.31 [0.17‐11.49] μg/mL; P < .001) and HMGB1 concentrations (0.44 [0.07‐1.58] ng/mL vs 0.05 [0.01‐0.25] ng/mL; P < .001) than healthy dogs. The serum HMGB1 concentration was higher in IBD dogs with a moderate to severe histopathologic grade (0.51 [0.30‐1.58] ng/mL, P = .03) than in those with a mild histopathologic grade (0.17 [0.07‐0.75] ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations and CIBDAI score were positively correlated in dogs with IBD (rs = .49, P = .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Serum HMGB1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosing IBD and might be indicative of histopathologic severity in dogs, whereas serum CRP might be an indicator of clinical severity.