bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLICE REPORTS AND VICTIMIZATION SURVEY RESULTS An Empirical Study
Authors: HOWARD M. KATHERINE
Published: March 2006

To test the assumption that police reports cannot be used as a representative sample of all criminal events, a research study was undertaken comparing the characteristics of robberies and robbery victims derived from police offense reports in San Jose, California, to those derived from a victimization survey in the same area The result of the comparison of these two data sources disclosed that: (1) for commercial robberies there were no differences between police offense reports and victimization survey data for the characteristics which were compared; (2) for personal robberies, there were no differences for the characteristics of victim's sex and age, number of victims, victim/offender relationship, and number of offenders. The differences observed for victim's race and time of occurrence can be attributed to classification problems and methodological differences It is highly probable that the police robbery offense reports and the Victimization survey data are representative of the same population of robberies Results suggest that further evaluation of the assumption that police offense reports do not reflect the “true” nature of all (i.e., reported and unreported) crime is warranted.
ASTATIC‐DESCRIPTlVE MODEL OF FIELD SUPERVISION
Authors: MARTlNSON ROBERT , WILKS JUDITH A.
Published: March 2006

At present, there is no standard way of describing the salient dimensions of field supervision agencies (e.g, probation, parole). Therefore, there is no basis for comparing the operations of different agencies or for identifying changes over time in agencies. A static, descriptive model which grew out of an attempt to synthesize a large number of studies of field supervision is presented. Seven decision outcomes made by field supervision agencies are identified and the use of the model is illustrated in comparing the decision outcomes experienced by the experimental and control groups of the California Community Treatment Project.
FEMALE DELINQUENCY AND BROKEN HOMES A Re‐Assessment
Authors: DATESMAN SUSAN K. , SCARPITTI FRANK R.
Published: March 2006

Most studies examining the relationship between broken homes and delinquency conclude that females react more adversely to a break in the home than do males. In a study of 1,103 adjudicated delinquents, it was found that when type of offense is controlled, the higher proportion of broken homes among female delinquents represents their greater involvement in “morals” offenses. Black males arrested for person and property offenses actually come from broken homes more often than do black females. In general, there appears to be no unique relationship between broken homes and female delinquency except for family‐related offenses.
SOCIAL CLASS AS A FACTOR AFFECTING JUDICIAL DISPOSITION Defendants Charged with Criminal Homosexual Acts
Authors: WILLICK DANIEL H. , GEHLKER GRETCHEN , McFARLAND WATTS ANITA
Published: March 2006

This article examines the proposition that criminal defendants from lower social classes receive more severe judicial disposition than do criminal defendants from hgher social classes Evidence from cases involving prosecution for felonious homosexual acts does not lend much support to the proposition that there is social class bias in judicial disposition of criminal cases. Several models are discussed which might be used to orient future research into how courts handle criminal cases.
THE AMBIGUOUS JUVENILE ARREST
Authors: KLEIN MALCOLM W. , ROSENSWEIG SUSAN LABIN , BATES RONALD
Published: March 2006

Uniformity of juvenile arrest definitions and operations was investigated in 49 police stations in rural, suburban, and large urban areas. Data were taken from interviews and questionnaires administered to police chiefs, clerks, and officers, as well as from on‐site observations. The meaning of a juvenile arrest was found to vary widely and to reflect poorly the statutory requirements. Greatest uniformity was found among recording clerks. Their practice of recording as an arrest any juvenile brought or cited into the station provides a useful operational definition. Implications of these data for uniform crime reporting, program evaluation, and equal justice are suggested.
A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF HOMICIDE RATES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: DOERNER WILLIAM G.
Published: March 2006

Variations in regional homicide rates are examined in order to determine whether or not these areas are homogeneous An analysis of varbnce repeatedly isolates southern regions as having pronounced homicide rates. Intraregional varintions are noted. They indicate a need for a revision of Gastil's “Index of Southernness.” Finally, varktions are interpreted within a subcultural context.
INEQUALITY IN THE TYPES OF SENTENCES RECEIVED BY NATIVE AMERICANS AND WHITES
Authors: HALL EDWIN L. , SIMKUS ALBERT A.
Published: March 2006

A comparison of the distribution of the types of sentences imposed on native American offenders and Write offenders by the district courts of a western state reveals that the native American offenders were more likely to receive sentences involving incarceration in the state prison and were less likely to receive sentences which would have allowed them partially to escape stigmatization as a “convicted felon.” The introduction of a number of test factors revealed that these ethnic differences in the sentence received could only slightly be explained by ethnic differences in the kinds of offenses involved or in other differences in the legal and personal background characteristics of the offenders. A number of possible explanations of the discrepancies in the sentencing of native Americans and whites are suggested. However, regardless of the best explanation of these discrepancies, there are reasons to believe that these discrepancies in themselves may have contributed to an increased probability that the native American offenders would engage in future criminal activity and that these offenders would continue to receive harsher sentences than would similar White offenders.
CRIMINOLOGY Past and Future
Authors: SYLVESTER SAWYER F.
Published: March 2006

Some indications as to the future of criminological theory may be gained from a study of its past as intellectual history. The changing concept of crime itself, from an act in violation of a broadly conceived moral order to the more legalistic conception of its being limited to offenses against the dictates of the state, indicates a rationalistic trend likely to continue into the future. However, the inclusion of human behavior within the scientific perspective in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries may ultimately result in the fill admission of a scientific assay of human values: and the concern with a more comprehensive definition of crime may be regained.
SOCIAL WORK AND CORRECTIONS Another View
Authors: VOIT ECFORD
Published: March 2006

Based on the views expressed in the preceding article, this paper critically examines the “case” for a social work contribution to the field of corrections. It argues that social work as a discipline, largely attributable to a characteristic neglect of empirical assessment, has tended disproportionately to emphasize altruistic intentions over practice consequences, and has focused both conceptually and practically on the empirically questionable enterprise of individual treatment to the relative exclusion of the greater potentials for change associated with correctional administration and social policy. It is suggested that social work must begin to take a more flexible and open posture with respect to its theories and methods in an effort to strengthen its clinical practice skills and to facilitate its contribution to the structure and values of correctional programs.
SOCIAL THOUGHT AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: REASONS CHARLES E.
Published: March 2006

The substantive area of criminology has increasingly become politicized with new paradigms arising to challenge the traditional perspectives. For the purpose of this analysis the voluminous amount of criminological research and writing is placed within three major paradigms: (1) kinds of people, (2) kinds of environments, and (3) power/conflict. The increasing articulation of the power/conflict paradigm has brought about an intensification of conflict in society and among criminologists. The future of criminology and subsequently of criminologists will be determined by the interplay of these and emerging other paradigms among academic criminologists and their competing expression among the public at large.
PRISONIZATION AS AN INHIBITOR OF EFFECTIVE RESOCIALIZATION
Authors: ZINGRAFF MATTHEW T.
Published: March 2006

This study focuses on data collected from 267 incarcerated, male delinquents The intent of this report is to identify and discuss the possible impact of prisonization on the inmate—an impact that in fact may impede the resocialization goals of the formal organization. Prisonization is conceptualized as the degree of assimilation into the inmate contraculture, and the particular type of social role assumed by the inmate. The proposed consequences of this socialization process are conceptualired as opposition to the institution, the degree of priority placed on interpersonal contact with other inmates while incarcerated, and opposition to the legal system. The findings of this study suggest that prisonization is related to self‐attitudes that are not conducive to effective reconciliation.
NARCOTIC ABUSERS AND POVERTY
Authors: NURCO DAVID N. , FARRELL EUGENE V.
Published: March 2006

This paper examines whether narcotic abusers known to the Maryland Narcotic Addicts Register are indigent. Samples were drawn from this register and several determinations made as to their membership in populations receiving: medical assistance, public assistance (past and present), residing in public housing or in a low income area. Overall, the proportion of narcotic abusers defined as indigent ranged from 82% to 8.5% for Baltimore City residents However, this same finding did not hold true for those in Maryland counties.
THE FEMALE HOMICIDE VICTIM
Authors: ZAHN MARGARET A.
Published: March 2006

This study examines the ways that females meet violent death and the role that illegal drug use plays in precipitating such deaths. The sex role hypothesis and the transactional risk thesis are explored to help account for homicide victimization of women. Data were drawn from the records of the Medical Examiner's Office in Philadelphia. Records of all illegal drug using homicide victims were compared with a random sample of non‐drug‐using victims. Data included interviews with relatives of the deceased, autopsy reports, police and other records. Both hypotheses received support. The importance of these findings can only be assessed, however, when more is known about how sex role constellations work in drug‐using groups
THE INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE Some Things Hagan Didn't Tell Us
Authors: SCHMITT RAYMOND L. , GRUPP STANLEY E.
Published: March 2006

This paper is concerned with the implications of Hagan's negative assessment of the contributions of symbolic interactionism to the study of deviance. The logic of evaluating selected seminal works without reference to recent contributions of the symbolic interactionists in deviance and other areas is challenged.
CRIMINOLOGY, CRIMINAL JUSTICE, AND THE WAR ON CRIME
Authors: CAPLAN GERALD M.
Published: March 2006

This detailed assessment reviews the nation's “war on crime” during the past ten years, examines what has heen accomplished in that period, and outlines the likely prospects for the future. Although important and tangible progress in improving criminal justice has been made. it has not produced relief from high crime rates. In fact, “things are worse than ever.” For the future, there will be both more advances and frustrations in the war on crime. It is emphasized that the progress achieved so far has been to create a more efficient and fairer rystem of justice and that we should take pride in this. If not eclipsed by the quarterly release of crime statistics, we can maintain our momentum and gain even more significant improvements in the next decade.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL LEARNING MODELS OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR A Synthesis
Authors: CONGER RAND D.
Published: March 2006

Social control and social learning models of delinquent behavior are reviewed and compared. The data analysis shows that predictions from the social learning model ficrther specify the control perspective. Thus, attachments are an important influence on delinquent behavior only when the source of attachment is taken into consideration, Further, the data presented suggest that observational learning has an influence on delinquent acts as suggested by social learning theory. Particular parental behaviors which influence the reinforcing value of the home appear to have the primary influence on delinquent behavior in the parent/child bond. From this study, it is concluded that a combination of the social “bonding” notion from control theory along with specific principles of social learning lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive theory of delinquent behavior than either perspective alone.
MANAGERIAL RESPONSES TO PERCEIVED LABOR SHORTAGES The Case of Police
Authors: LEWlN DAVID , KEITH JOHN H.
Published: March 2006

This paper challenges the popular claim that police labor shortages existed in large American cities during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Empirical tests of a police salary determination model reveal that police managers and public officials possess only limited direct control over police wges. Hence, manipulation of police manpower utilization practices (and, more basically, labor supply to police departments) is the principal way of overcoming “labor shortages.” In recent years, this has included substitution of clerical for sworn personnel, elimination of non‐job‐related entry requirements, and expansion of auxilhry police forces.
VICTIMOLOGY REVISITED A Critique and Suggestions for Future Direction
Authors: FRANKLIN CLYDE W. , FRANKLIN ALICE P.
Published: March 2006

Recent theoretical and research contributions related to victimology generally have supported earlier ideas of victim precipitation implied by von Hentig, Mendelsohn, Ellenberger, and others. Here we identify and evaluate some of the underlying assumptions of victim precipitation. In addition, suggestions are offered for the future development of victim‐precipitation explanatory formulations in victimology.
DRUG USE AND “HUSTLING” A Study of Their Interrelationships
Authors: SMITH R. B. , STEPHENS RICHARD C.
Published: March 2006

This paper focuses on the dynamic relationship between daily “hustling” and narcotic use. Through interviews with 30 narcotics users three common patterns of interrelationships are established In addition. a large number of confounding factors which influence the hustling‐drug use relationships are described. The paper reveals the complexity of street life and the tenuousness of views which posit a one‐to‐one correspondence between hustling and narcotics use.
PREDICTION AND INFERENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: MOVAHEDI SIAMAK , OGLES RICHARD H.
Published: March 2006

The calculus of probability constitutes an elegant formal model for the various questions of prediction in criminology. However, the use of this model has been criticized for its failure to deal with individual instances vis‐à‐vis group phenomena. It has been argued that since probability is a function of classes or sequence of events, no meaning can be attached to the probability of a single event. This paper presents a logical analysis of this aspect of probability and prediction. The proposal of logical probability is suggested as a meaningful explication of the prediction and the probability of a single event.
NATIONAL STANDARDS AND GOALS ON CORRECTIONS
Authors: VANAGUNAS STANLEY
Published: March 2006

The article seeks to highlight some potential barriers to the implementation of the recently promulgated Standards and Goals on Corrections. Basing the analysis on concepts pertaining to the diffusion of innovations, it is pointed out that implementation may be seriously impeded due to the dissonance of the Standards with the realities of the corrections community as a bureaucracy, lack of concrete guidelines for the implementation of the goals proposed, and the absence of any relationship of the proposed goals to considerations of cost and the availability of public revenues.
SINUSOIDAL PATTERN ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL INCIDENCE
Authors: BANKS JERRY , VATZ DAVID
Published: March 2006

This paper demonstrates a set of statistical techniques which can be used to assess variations in delinquency offensex The subjects are juveniles convicted of aggravated assault, aggravated battery, burglary, homicide, rape, and robbery. A statistically significant sinusoidal pattern was observed.
JAPANESE AND AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ABOLITION OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Authors: ALSTON JON P.
Published: March 2006

Japanese and Americans are compared in terms of the extent each sample believes that capital punishment should be abolished, Blacks and white American females are more likely to approve of the abolition of capital punishment. No differences by sex were found in the Japanese sample. For both countries, those who are younger and more educated hold less punitive attitudes The Japanese as a whole are less likely than Americans to approve of the abolition of capital punishment. Problems found in cross‐cultural secondary analysis are discussed.
POVERTY, URBANIZATION, AND CRIME
Authors: FLANGO VICTOR EUGENE , SHERBENOU EDGAR L.
Published: March 2006

In an effort to evaluate the situational determinants of crime, principal components analysis was used to reduce 59 demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 840 American cities to six independent factors: affluence, stage in life cycle, economic specialization, expenditures policy, poverty, and urbanization. When regressed upon crime rates two of these six factors, urbanization and poverty, were found to be the more important criminogenic forces. The exception to this generalization was the South, where stage in life cycle was more important than poverty in explaining crime. One reason for this exception may be that the South, though having a lower standard of living than other regions of the country, does not have the “culture of poverty” usually associated with lower income. Contrary to the assumption upon which most ecology of crime studies are based, larger cities (over 100,000 in population) are not representative of all cities. Greater association between socioeconomic variables and crime was found in larger than in smaller cities.
YOUTH CRIME IN POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES An Integrated Perspective
Authors: FRIDAY PAUL C. , HAGE JERALD
Published: March 2006

Taking a few well‐known facts about youth crime, the authors propose a more comprehensive theoretical framework, synthesizing other theories and attempting to describe the link between macro‐ and microdeviance analysis. Employing Durkheim's concepts of social integration, it is proposed that integration be viewed through patterns of role relationships. When adolescents have meaningful kin, community, educational, and work role relationships, they become socialized to the dominant norms. Conditions in the structural level of society affect the nature and quality of these relationships. Youth crime is specifically related to the salience of the peer relationships and the structural conditions imposed by the society on youth.
CITIES AND CRIME A Geographic Model
Authors: HARRIES KEITH D.
Published: March 2006

An ecological model of interurban crime draws on numerous examples to illustrate the computed relationships. The model is unique in that it emphasizes geographic context and is based on more cities (726) than any previous study. Five measures of serious crime and 25 socio‐economic variables, chosen on the basis of their theoretical relationship to crime, are correlated using canonical analysis Variables representing black population characteristics, residential stability, economic status, and age of the population are prominent among clusters of predictors that relate significantly to the crime parameters. The results confirm and extend prior findings at the interurban level.
MEASURING PROFESSIONALISM IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
Authors: MILLER JON , FRY LINCOLN
Published: March 2006

The five‐dimension scale of professionalism developed hy Hall and revised by Snizek was used to assess the level of professionalism among the members of three small law enforcement agencies. Conceptually it is unclear whether “professionalism” is what the scale is measuring, and technically there are problems of wording and redundancy on some of the items and a suggestion of nonunidimensionality on the subscale measuring autonomy. Nevertheless, factor analysis showed that, with few exceptions, the basic empirical integrity of the scale is reaffirmed. Based on these preliminary findings a number of cautions are offered to guard against misapplication of the scale in future research.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN DELINQUENCY
Authors: JENSEN GARY J. , EVE RAYMOND
Published: March 2006

This paper explores a much neglected issue in delinquency research—the relationship between sexual status and self‐reported delinquent action. Utilizing questionnaire data from a large sample of black and white adolescents, females were found to report less delinquent activity than males. However, sexual status explained very little variance in delinquent action and when controls for “intervening” sociological variables were implemented the impact of sexual status ws reduced even more. When introduced in a multivariate analysis together with measures of an adolescent's relationships with conventional and unconventional persons, values and institutions sexual status explained between 0.5% and 2% of the variance in delinquency within the two racial categories. Nevertheless, a small statistically significant relationship persisted and can be given a variety of sociological and nonspciological interpretations.
PERSPECTIVES ON PAROLE DECISION‐MAKING WITH JUVENILES
Authors: HUSSEY FREDERICK A.
Published: March 2006

Parole as applied to juveniles is something about which we have generated little systematic knowledge and few theories. The purpose of the present study is to present and assess various perspectives that are potentially fruitful in exploring parole decision‐making with juveniles. Material drawn from parole decision research with adults is juxtaposed to that derived from more theoretical sociological perspectives, and both are evaluated in view of the philosophy of the juvenile justice system. Results are presented which suggest that the social service orientation of the juvenile justice system is not very helpful in understanding parole decision‐making. Rather, it would appear that an analysis of “normal cases” forms the basis of decisions and that race constitutes a basic sorting variable. Furthermore, it is suggested that different sets of factors are used in decision‐making for offenders of different races.
PAROLEES' PERCEPTION OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Authors: BERMAN JOHN J.
Published: March 2006

The parolees in this sample viewed the police rather negatively, were reluctant to label contacts with the police as harassment, and experienced a great deal of pluralistic ignorance about the extent of the police harassment of ex‐offenders. They also had a very negative opinion of the courts and lawyers. When asked general questions about the courts and police harassment, blacks responded more negatively than whites; but when asked about their personal experiences with these organizations, no racial differences were found. Those interviewed were somewhat positive toward the parole system and very positive toward their parole agents. Possibly this is because the agents employ a strategy of ingratiation in that they do not enforce all of the existing rules, or possibly it is because the Illinois parole agents are doing a good job of being counsellors rather than policemen. This study also found: (1) on opinions of the police and the courts, the black‐white differences which have been found in the community were also found here; namely, blacks were more negative than were whites. (2) On opinions of lawyers and the parole system, no black‐white differences existed among respondents. (3) There was no evidence of a disconfirmed expectancy effect; that is, in no case was there more negativity among white parolees than among black due to whites' higher expectations of the justice system.
PEOPLE OR PAPERWORK An Analysis of Influences upon Juvenile Court Personnel
Authors: GILLHAM JAMES R. , BERSANI CARL A.
Published: March 2006

Probation officers and other juvenile court staff complain that paperwork limits the time spent working directly with youth. The alleged effect of paperwork is compared with that of interpersonal influence resulting from time spent talking with youth about their problems. Multiple regression of data from a juvenile court staff indicated that the time spent on paperwork has no independent effect. This group's paperwork complaints are ideological. But interpersonal influences do have considerable impact.
THE MEDICAL MODEL IN CORRECTIONS Requiescat in Pace Requiescat in Pace
Authors: MacNAMARA DONAL E.J.
Published: March 2006

The medical model for corrections, confidently espoused by several generations of behavioral scientists although never empirically validated, is now reeling under attacks from an interdisciplinary (though unorganized) army of critics. Attacking its basic premise (that the offender is “sick” and con be “cured”). the new penologists advocate a justice model based on individual responsibility with uniform penalties consistently imposed for like crimes. Out would go the indeterminate sentence, virtually unlimited judicial discretion, parole, and coerced participation in rehabilitation programs. Deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation would be restored as respectable rationalizations for imprisonment; but in general long prison terms would be reserved only for the habitually violent.
CORRECTIONAL POLICY AND PUBLIC VALUES
Authors: DUFFEER DAVID , RITTI RICHARD
Published: March 2006

Since 1960, research on various options in correctional policy has emphasiz ‘two basic dimensions: the offender and the community. Under the assumptions that the community and the offender are not separable concerns and that the community is a complex system with many different and conflicting elements, this study examines public values regarding several popular correctional options. Data obtained demonstrate two normative clusters, one concerned with retribution and one with rehabilitation. Examination of the social status of respondents suggests a complex relationship between community structure and norms concerning correctional programs. Recommendations for further research are outlined, as well as for ways that correctional officials could reduce public resistance to the programs favored by officials.
JAILS AND SERVICES FOR INMATES A Perspective on Some Critical Issues
Authors: NEWMAN CHARLES L. , PRICE BARBARA R.
Published: March 2006

The nature and scope of the jail role within the criminal justice system is explored. Questions are raised as to the types of functions which jails should perform, the appropriateness of jail services, and alternatives for the administration of jails. The authors suggest that solutions to the various issues require active involvement of an informed public providing policy direction to the criminal justice system. The paper concludes by observing that many of these critical jail issues can find satisfactory solution when there is a joint commitment on the part of practitioners, researchers, and the community sector to actively seek answers.
AWAITING THE CROWN'S PLEASURE The Case of Daniel M'Naughton
Authors: MORAN RICHARD
Published: March 2006

This article seeks to place the Daniel M'Naughton case in its political context: to argue that the court's verdict of insanity cannot be satisfactorily understood unless it is recognized that Daniel M'Naughton was apolitical criminal. The insanity verdict served to discredit M'Naughton and the political ideas he represented by interpreting his act as the product of a diseased mind. The widespread political problems that the Tory government was experiencing throughout Britain were reduced to a personal problem plaguing Daniel M'Naughton. By regarding Daniel M'Naughton as a criminal lunatic incapable of distinguishing right from wrong, the court indicated that the explanation for his behavior would have to be sought in medical or psychiatric terms instead of in political terms.
POLICE VIOLENCE AS A FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: KANIA RICHARD R. E. , MACKEY WADE C.
Published: March 2006

The authors find that existing models concerning police violence are not i designed to explain variation among the states in the rates of police use ‘of deadly force. This variation correlates significantly with numerous cultural attributes of the public. The strongest correlates are with the public rates of violence. Therefore, the authors propose to moody existing modeb, and explain the police use of violence as a response to community characteristics. Where public violence is neither normative nor commonly occurrent. the police will be self‐restrained. Where the incidence of violence reveals a common means of conflict resolution, the police will adopt its use. Thus, the police use of violence is a culturally determined characteristic and not a police pathology.
Potential of Inmate Self‐Government
Authors: JOHNSON ELMER H.
Published: March 2006

Inmate self‐government is one of the strategies for moving correctional institutions away from the crime control establishment model and toward the community subsystem model Authentic participation in government of these institutions, however, awaits resolution of basic questions. With the prison organization provide the prerequisite conditions?. Will the inmates be prepared for effective participation. since the suicide processes of criminal justice administration heavily from those segments of the American population king expunge and incentives for significant political participation? Penal dorm depends on sociocultural changes in the society of which formations is a creature. Whether or not inmate self‐government is o via reform strategy pivots ultimately on the revision of social attitudes toward deviants generally and the capacity of the prison to reduce significantly its social psychological isolation from the larger community system.
CORRELATES OF PRISON DRUG USE An Evaluation of Two Conceptual Models
Authors: THOMAS CHARLES W. , CAGE ROBIN J.
Published: March 2006

This study, essentially an extension of the recent work of Akers et al., represents an attempt to evaluate the utility of two theoretical paradigms in accounting for illicit drug use in a prison setting. Based on self‐report data obtained from a sample of 273 adult felons who were confined in a medium security penitentiary, the analysis presented demonstrates that virtually all of those inmates who reported drug use within the prison had also used drugs prior to their confident. Thus, contrary to the implications of the “deprivation model,” but fully consistent with those of the “importation model” this particular pattern of prison behavior is clearly not a direct function of the conditions of confinement. Instead, while the structure of the prison may well influence the probability that those who have used drugs prod to con/unmet will continue to do so while in prison, drug use appears to be an example of a type of behavior within the prison which is best predicted by preprison socialization and experience.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A DEFINITE SENTENCE PAROLE PROGRAM
Authors: LERNER MARK JAY
Published: March 2006

With the currently available evidence suggesting the failure of the treatment modality in corrections. parole systems throughout the United States have been the object of increasing criticism. This criticism is usually focused primarily at the indeterminate sentence and discretionary release to parole supervision, often considered integral components of a parole system. In this study, a parole system was examined that operates with definite sentencing and relatively less emphasis on discretionary release decision‐making. The parole supervision aspect of this system was found to reduce markedly the post‐release criminal activity of parolees as compared with a control group of discharges released from the same institutions, but not to parole supervision.
THE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND SENTENCING The Importance of Race in the Military
Authors: PERRY RONALD W.
Published: March 2006

Data on incarcerated Navy and Marine Corps personnel are examined to determine the impact of offender's race on sentence length. The literature on sentencing in the civilian sector has long suggested that under certain circumstances blacks (or whites) receive unjustifiably long sentences. It is argued here that much of the variation in senate is due not just to characteristics of the offender, but also to characteristics of the sentencing process. The military forms a more state sentencing environment than the civilian setting; hence one should expect less variation due to the sentencing process. Analysis revealed that blacks and whites showed no statistically significant differences in sentence length, in both the Navy and Marine Corps. When small differences did exist. whites were usually recipients of the longer sentences.
THE IMPACT OF POLICE INTERVENTION UPON JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
Authors: HEPBURN JOHN R.
Published: March 2006

Police intervention is thought to have an impact upon the juvenile's perception of himself and his role expectations. The data indicate the degree to which the frequency and severity of official delinquency, as well as the severity of disposition, office the juvenile's see‐satisfaction. delinquent identification, commitment to delinquent others, commitment to future delinquency, and attitudes toward police. the results of partial correlation coefficients and stepwise regression suggest that police intervention has little impact upon the juvenile when socioeconomic status and, especially, involvement in delinquent behavior are controlled. It is concluded that the juvenile's perceptions of himself and his attitudes toward others, as they relate to delinquency, are more likely to be grounded in the experience of his delinquency involvement than in the experience of coming to the attention of social control agents.
POLITICIZATION OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENDER
Authors: FAIRCHILD ERIKA S.
Published: March 2006

A “political model” of crime and punishment is described and the utility of this model is explored in the light of depth interviews with incarcerated offenders. It is suggested that the average offender brings to prison political socialization experiences which have resulted in alienation but not ideological estrangement from the political order. It is further suggested that politicizing processes in prison, coupled with the failure of rehabilitative efforts, have mode the political model acceptable to a large proportion of offenders. this model is not acceptable to prison administrators, however, and the result is increasingly that administrators and clients are operating from conflicting paradigms.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF EXITING FROM CRIMINAL CAREERS
Authors: MEISENHELDER THOMAS
Published: March 2006

This paper explores the process of exiting from criminal careers through unstructured interviews with twenty nonprofessional property offenders. he findings suggest that (I) exiting is motivated by the deterrent force of imprisonment and the offender's desire to “settle down”; (2) success in exiting revolves around the establishment of a social bond to the conventional world. In general, these findings support social control as a theory of criminal behavior.
RECIDIVIST IMPACTS OF DIFFERENTIAL SENTENCING PRACTICES FOR BURGLARY OFFENDERS
Authors: BARTELL TED , WINFREE L. THOMAS
Published: March 2006

The research reported here attempts to examine the recidivist impacts of probationary sentences versus incarceration. Statistically controlled comparisons were run on a probability sample of 100 offenders sentenced for residential or commercial burglary convictions in 1971. Subsequent arrest, conviction. and imprisonment data were gathered from official agency records through March of 1975. The results of this study indicate that for persons sentenced for burglary the likelihood of subsequent conviction for a felony or for any crime is less for probationer offenders than for any other sentence type. The strongest predictors of recidivism (defined as subsequent conviction for crime) were age, previous incarceration experience, and sentence type. Length of sentence. type of release, and number of previous arrests were essentially unrelated to subsequent rates of recidivism.
THE SYSTEM LISTENS BUT DOES NOT HEAR
Authors: WAGNER ROBERT
Published: March 2006

Throughout the land there has been a growing dissatisfaction with the programs and treatment carried on within institutions, especially those dealing with juveniles. This article attempts to pinpoint some of the reasons why institutions are unable to meet the challenge of delinquency in our society. On the one hand, impediments are inherent to the institutional system; on the other, due to outside forces and factors. they are beyond the control of the institution. Patchwork attempts to shore up a sagging, outmoded system are futile. The facets that perpetuate the present system are identified. and some of the decisions required to build a new system of child care are noted.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND DELINQUENCY INVOLVEMENT
Authors: CERNKOVICH SJEPHEN A.
Published: March 2006

Current theories of juvenile delinquency have produced a bifurcation of explanations based on supposed class‐linked differences among adolescents of various socioeconomic strata. The present study challenges many of the assumptions upon which current delinquency theory/research is based and suggests that future examinations of delinquency involvement be focused on the similarities in value orientations of delinquent adolescents across socioeconomic strata. Specifically, self‐report data obtained from a representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid‐western SMSA indicate that (1) subscription to “conventional value orientations” inhibits involvement in delinquent activities. (2) adherence to “subterranean value orientations” serves to induce involvement in delinquent behavior patterns. and (3) these relationships remain significant when the effects of socioeconomic status and level of perceived legitimate opportunities are held constant.
RESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION AND DELINQUENCY A Test of Shaw and McKay's Theory of Cultural Transmission
Authors: KAPSIS ROBERT E.
Published: March 2006

The impact of neighborhood cultural and institutional lye upon rates of delinquency among black male adolescents is examined. Focusing on three adjacent black neighborhoods at varying levels of black population change, this paper presents direct tests of three corollaries derived from a causal model adapted from Shaw and McKays cultural transmission theory of delinquency. The preliminary results are compatible with the model: the level of delinquency is higher in a racially changing than in two more racially stable neighborhoods. Other findings. however, fail to support the cultural transmission interpretation of these results. Contrary to Shaw and McKay, delinquency is lowest in the area where criminal influences are the most pronounced. This anomaly is discussed and interpreted in a manner consistent with De FIeur and Quinney's (1966) reformulation of differential association theory.
RACE, FATHER‐ABSENCE, AND FEMALE DELINQUENCY
Authors: AUSTIN ROY L.
Published: March 2006

Discussions of the influence of father‐absence on delinquency often show special concern/or the relatively high rate of father‐absence among black Americans. However, for the four delinquent offenses studied. father‐absence had detrimental effects only on whites. especially girls. The only significant effect among black girls was favorable lo the father‐absent girls. Further, contrary to Dates on and Scarpitti (1975). parental control has similar effects on delinquency and on the relationship between father‐absence and delinquency for blacks and whites. It appears that policies which reduce the stigma of father‐absence for white girls are more likely to succeed in reducing delinquency due to father‐absence than policies of economic improvement.
DELINQUENCY AND SPECIAL DETERRENCE
Authors: LOTZ ROY , REGOLI ROBERT M. , RAYMOND PHILLIP
Published: March 2006

The research reported herein is a replication of Cluster's (1967) work. The deference is that we recast the interpretation into a framework of special deterrence. The results are paradoxical: relative to others, training school boys give higher estimates of the likelihood of offenses culminating in arrest and conviction, but they are more likely to say that they would commit such offenses in the future.
NARCOTIC ADDICTION AND CRIME
Authors: McGLOTHLIN WILLIAM H. , ANGLIN M. DOUGLAS , WILSON BRUCE D.
Published: March 2006

Arrest rates and self‐reported criminal behavior are examined as a function of frequency of narcatic use during the addiction careers first daily narcatic use to last daily use) of a sample of 690 admissions to the California Civil Addict Program. Thirty‐five percent of the addiction career non‐incarcerated time involved less‐than‐daily or no narcatic use. During these periods. arrest rates for property crimes and self‐reported criminal behavior were substantially lower than for periods of daily use. This approach to examining the relationship between crime and narcatic addiction avoids several of the methodological problems encountered in pre‐ and pastaddiction and pre‐ and pasttreatment studies.
TRENDS IN VIOLENT CRIME AMONG EX‐MENTAL PATIENTS
Authors: COCOZZA JOSEPH J. , MELICK MARY EVANS , STEADMAN HENRY J.
Published: March 2006

A central component of the public's conception of the mentally ill is that they are dangerous. This belief receives support from recent studies of the arrest rates of ex‐mental patients which suggest that arrests for violent crimes have increased. In order to investigate this issue, samples were taken at two points in time. Analysis of arrest rates revealed that very few ex‐mental patients were subsequently arrested for violent crimes, although these rates were higher and increasing faster than these of the general population. Mast significant were the findings that subsequent arrests were best explained by the number of prior arrests and that the percentage of patients with a history of criminal behavior has increased dramatically over time. The implications of these trends in violent crime among ex‐mental patients for the perceived link between mental illness and violence and for the social control functions of society are discussed.
EVALUATING TWO MODELS OF DELINQUENCY CAUSATION Structural Theory and Control Theory
Authors: CERNKOVICH STEPHEN A.
Published: March 2006

Research on delinquency involvement has often employed structural or control theories to account for such behavior. Structural models typically have been applied to lower‐class delinquency, control models to explanotions of middle‐class juvenile miscanduct. Much of the inconclusiveness and many of the controdictions in the delinquency literature are arguably the result of this focus on either lower‐class or middle‐class adolescents employing a single conceptual orientation. Such a restrictive focus has produced narrow, class‐specific explanotions of delinquency involvement which obscure probable similarities in etiological processes at varying socioeconomic locations in the society. The intent of this research is to test the predictive utility of central aspects of bath the structural and control models across a wide range of social status positions. Self‐report data obtained from o representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid‐western SMSA indicate that (1) bath structural and control theory serve to explain significant. though small. proportions of the variance in delinquency; (2) the control model variables account for the mast unique variation in delinquency involvement; and (3) the combined effects of the two models account for more variance than either of the models taken separately.
CRIMINALS' AND NONCRIMINALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF URBAN CRIME
Authors: CARTER RONALD L. , HILL KIM QUAILE
Published: March 2006

This paper offers an exploration of criminals’ and non‐criminals’ perceptions of crime in an urban milieu. Specifically. we examine perceptions of the incidence of crime within the city, of variations in police pratection. and of variations in the likely difficulty of committing crimes in different parts of the city. The analysis examines the distinctiveness of; and interrelationships among, these variables controlling for the racial status and criminal‐non‐criminal status of the respandents. Additionally. perceptions of the difficulty of committing crimes m different parts of the city are related to generalized perceptions of the city for our racial subgroups of criminals. The results provide evidence on the distinctiveness of criminals in such terms, on some factors influencing strategic criminal decision‐making, and on ways m which criminal behavior shares common elements with other social behavior.
STATE POLITICAL CULTURE AND SENTENCE SEVERITY IN FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS
Authors: BROACH GLEN T. , JACKSON PHILLIP D. , ASCOLILLO VICTOR H.
Published: March 2006

Previous studies have established a strong relationship between state politics and policies and have documented the role of state politics in the recruitment of federal judges. This study uses indicators of the political. policy, and socioeconomic characteristics of the American states to explain variance in the severity of sentences rendered in 1970 cases involving violation of the Selective Service Act. The findings reveal that a substantial proportion of the sentencing variation in these cases is associated with the political, policy, and socioeconomic environments of the state in which the case is adjudicated. Consistent with mast of the literature on state policy variance, it is found that the socioeconomic environment is a more effective predictor than either state politics or policy.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION, VICTIMIZATION, AND ANOMIA
Authors: SMITH DAVID LEWIS , DURANT ROBERT , CARTER TIMOTHY J.
Published: March 2006

Durkheim argues that anomie occurs as a result of some temporary or longterm crisis that disturbs the collective order. Yet, at the individual level an event or events must be perceived as affecting immediate social relationships before anomia occurs. Previous victimization research reports suggest that crimes may cause interaction problems for the victims. This passibility was analyzed using two notional samples collected by the Notional Opinion Research Center in 1973 and 1974. Using regression to analyze the impact of robbery and burglary on anomia scores no significant relations were found. Bath are usually non‐recurrent experiences that either do not have long‐term effects on individuls, or anomia as measured here is too far removed to serve as an adequate measure.