bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biology of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spawning below a dam on the Richelieu River, Quebec: behaviour, egg deposition, and endocrinology
Authors: Thiem J.D. , Hatin D. , Dumont P. , Van Der Kraak G. , Cooke S.J.
Published: February 2013

Knowledge of the reproductive biology of wild sturgeon populations is critical to ensure the survival of this unique group of animals. We combined gill-netting surveys, nonlethal blood sampling, radiotelemetry, and egg collection to examine the reproductive biology of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) at a suspected spawning ground below a dam on the Richelieu River, Quebec. Lake sturgeon were present at the beginning of sampling in early May, and spawning took place from 26 May to 5 June when water temperature averaged 13.4 ± 0.1 °C (range 11.5–15.5 °C). Daily spawning population estimates ranged from 285 to 1282 individuals and the sex ratio of spawners was estimated at 2.1 males per female. The presence of radio-tagged individuals on the spawning grounds peaked from 20 to 28 May, corresponding with known spawning bouts. Residence time of spawners on the spawning ground ranged from 1 to 27 days (median = 5 days) and there were no differences in residence time between sexes. Nonlethal blood sampling enabled the quantification of steroid levels to determine the spawning population sex ratio, and steroid levels were highest before spawning was known to occur and decreased concurrently with, and after, known spawning events.
Conceptual Design of Distillation-Based Hybrid Separation Processes
Authors: Skiborowski Mirko , Harwardt Andreas , Marquardt Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Hybrid separation processes combine different separation principles and constitute a promising design option for the separation of complex mixtures. Particularly, the integration of distillation with other unit operations can significantly improve the separation of close-boiling or azeotropic mixtures. Although the design of single-unit operations is well understood and supported by computational methods, the optimal design of flowsheets of hybrid separation processes is still a challenging task. The large number of operational and design degrees of freedom requires a systematic and optimization-based design approach. To this end, a structured approach, the so-called process synthesis framework, is proposed. This article reviews available computational methods for the conceptual design of distillation-based hybrid processes for the separation of liquid mixtures. Open problems are identified that must be addressed to finally establish a structured process synthesis framework for such processes.
Progress in Reforming Chemical Engineering Education
Authors: Wankat Phillip C.
Published: February 2013

Three successful historical reforms of chemical engineering education were the triumph of chemical engineering over industrial chemistry, the engineering science revolution, and Engineering Criteria 2000. Current attempts to change teaching methods have relied heavily on dissemination of the results of engineering-education research that show superior student learning with active learning methods. Although slow dissemination of education research results is probably a contributing cause to the slowness of reform, two other causes are likely much more significant. First, teaching is the primary interest of only approximately one-half of engineering faculty. Second, the vast majority of engineering faculty have no training in teaching, but trained professors are on average better teachers. Significant progress in reform will occur if organizations with leverage—National Science Foundation, through CAREER grants, and the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET—use that leverage to require faculty to be trained in pedagogy.
Engineering Metal Nanostructure for SERS Application
Authors: Cao Yanqin , Li Dan , Jiang Fang , Yang Yong , Huang Zhengren
Published: February 2013

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted great attention due to its remarkable enhancement and excellent selectivity in the detection of various molecules. Noble metal nanomaterials have usually been employed for producing substrates that can be used in SERS because of their unique local plasma resonance. As the SERS enhancement of signals depends on parameters such as size, shape, morphology, arrangement, and dielectric environment of the nanostructure, there have been a number of studies on tunable nanofabrication and synthesis of noble metals. In this work, we will illustrate progress in engineering metallic nanostructures with various morphologies using versatile methods. We also discuss their SERS applications in different fields and the challenges.
ATIP3, a Novel Prognostic Marker of Breast Cancer Patient Survival, Limits Cancer Cell Migration and Slows Metastatic Progression by Regulating Microtubule Dynamics
Authors: Molina Angie , Velot Lauriane , Ghouinem Lydia , Abdelkarim Mohamed , Bouchet Benjamin Pierre , Luissint Anny-Claude , Bouhlel Imène , Morel Marina , Sapharikas Elène , Di Tommaso Anne , Honoré Stéphane , Braguer Diane , Gruel Nadège , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Delattre Olivier , Sigal-Zafrani Brigitte , André Fabrice , Terris Benoit , Akhmanova Anna , Di Benedetto Mélanie , Nahmias Clara , Rodrigues-Ferreira Sylvie
Published: February 2013

Metastasis, a fatal complication of breast cancer, does not fully benefit from available therapies. In this study, we investigated whether ATIP3, the major product of 8p22 MTUS1 gene, may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for metastatic breast tumors. We show that ATIP3 is a prognostic marker for overall survival among patients with breast cancer. Notably, among metastatic tumors, low ATIP3 levels associate with decreased survival of the patients. By using a well-defined experimental mouse model of cancer metastasis, we show that ATIP3 expression delays the time-course of metastatic progression and limits the number and size of metastases in vivo. In functional studies, ATIP3 silencing increases breast cancer cell migration, whereas ATIP3 expression significantly reduces cell motility and directionality. We report here that ATIP3 is a potent microtubule-stabilizing protein whose depletion increases microtubule dynamics. Our data support the notion that by decreasing microtubule dynamics, ATIP3 controls the ability of microtubule tips to reach the cell cortex during migration, a mechanism that may account for reduced cancer cell motility and metastasis. Of interest, we identify a functional ATIP3 domain that associates with microtubules and recapitulates the effects of ATIP3 on microtubule dynamics, cell proliferation, and migration. Our study is a major step toward the development of new personalized treatments against metastatic breast tumors that have lost ATIP3 expression. Cancer Res; 73(9); 2905–15. ©2013 AACR.
Downregulation of HER3 by a Novel Antisense Oligonucleotide, EZN-3920, Improves the Antitumor Activity of EGFR and HER2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Animal Models
Authors: Wu Yaming , Zhang Yixian , Wang Maoliang , Li Qi , Qu Zhengxing , Shi Victoria , Kraft Patricia , Kim Steve , Gao Ying , Pak Jenny , Youngster Stephen , Horak Ivan D. , Greenberger Lee M.
Published: February 2013

Among the four human EGF receptor (HER) family members (EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4), HER3 is of particular interest as it interacts with HER2 and EGFR via heterodimerization and is a key link to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signal transduction axis. Recent studies indicate that HER3 plays a critical role in mediating resistance to agents that target EGFR or HER2. As HER3 lacks significant kinase activity and cannot be inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies and alternative inhibitors of HER3 have been sought as cancer therapeutics. We describe here a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based HER3 antisense oligonucleotide, EZN-3920, that specifically downmodulated the expression of HER3, which was associated with growth inhibition. EZN-3920 effectively downmodulated HER3 expression, HER3-driven PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and growth in tumors derived from BT474M1 breast and HCC827 lung carcinoma cell lines, which overexpress HER2 and EGFR, respectively. Furthermore, when EZN-3920 was coadministered with gefitinib or lapatinib in xenograft tumor models, enhanced antitumor activity compared with the effect of monotherapy was found. The effect was associated with a blockade of induced HER3 mRNA expression caused by lapatinib or gefitinib treatment. Finally, EZN-3920 sustained its antiproliferative effect in trastuzumab-resistant cells and three independently derived gefitinib-resistant cells. Our findings show that downmodulation of HER3 by EZN-3920 leads to the suppression of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that HER3 can be an effective target for the treatment of various cancers that have been activated by HER3 alone or where HER3 activation is associated with EGFR or HER2 expression. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(4); 427–37. ©2013 AACR.
Early Evolution and Correlates of Urine Albumin Excretion in Patients Presenting With Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Koyama Satoshi , Sato Yukihito , Tanada Yohei , Fujiwara Hisayoshi , Takatsu Yoshiki
Published: February 2013

Background—

Urine albumin excretion is an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in various populations. Its correlation in patients with acute heart failure has not been described.

Methods and Results—

This prospective, observational study included 115 patients presenting with acute heart failure. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) was measured from spot urine samples collected on days 1 and 7 of hospitalization. Median UACR decreased from 83 to 22 mg/gCr on days 1 and 7, respectively (
P
<0.0001). The proportion of patients with normoalbuminuria (UACR <30 mg/gCr) increased from 31% on day 1 to 60% on day 7, whereas the proportion with microalbuminuria (UACR between 30 and 299 mg/gCr) and macroalbuminuria (UACR ≥300 mg/gCr) decreased, respectively, from 42% and 27% on day 1 to 30% and 10% on day 7 (
P
<0.0001). These changes in UACR were correlated with changes in serum bilirubin and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide concentrations (correlation coefficients 1.087 and 0.384, respectively; 95% confidence interval, 0.394–1.781 and 0.087–0.680, respectively; and
P
=0.003 and 0.013, respectively), although they were not correlated with change in estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions—

In this sample of patients presenting with acute heart failure, urine albumin excretion was often increased at admission to the hospital and decreased significantly within 7 days of treatment. The decrease was correlated with serum N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide and bilirubin concentrations, although neither with baseline nor with changes in indices of renal function.
Efficacy and Safety of Vorapaxar in Patients With Prior Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Morrow David A. , Alberts Mark J. , Mohr Jay P. , Ameriso Sebastian F. , Bonaca Marc P. , Goto Shinya , Hankey Graeme J. , Murphy Sabina A. , Scirica Benjamin M. , Braunwald Eugene
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose—

Vorapaxar is an antiplatelet agent that antagonizes thrombin-mediated activation of the protease-activated receptor-1 on platelets. We tested the efficacy and safety of vorapaxar in a prespecified analysis in the stroke subcohort from a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Methods—

We randomly assigned patients with prior atherothrombosis (myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or ischemic stroke) to receive vorapaxar (2.5 mg daily) or placebo added to standard antiplatelet therapy. Patients who qualified with stroke (N=4883) had a history of ischemic stroke in the prior 2 weeks to 12 months. The primary end point was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or any stroke.

Results—

The qualifying stroke was classified as large vessel in 35%, small vessel in 47%, and other/unknown in 18%. In the stroke cohort, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke through 3 years was not reduced with vorapaxar versus placebo (13.0% vs 11.7%; hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–1.25), including recurrent ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.25). There were no significant differences in the effect of vorapaxar based on the type or timing of the qualifying stroke. Intracranial hemorrhage at 3 years was increased with vorapaxar (2.5% vs 1.0%; hazard ratio, 2.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.46–4.36).

Conclusions—

In patients with prior ischemic stroke who receive standard antiplatelet therapy, adding vorapaxar increased the risk of intracranial hemorrhage without an improvement in major vascular events, including ischemic stroke. These findings add to the accumulating evidence establishing important risks with combination antiplatelet therapy in patients with prior stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration Information—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00526474.
Prisoners Right to Healthcare, a European Perspective
Authors: Abbing Henriette Roscam
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The right to healthcare applies regardless of a person’s legal status. Prisoners have a right to a healthcare equivalent to the one in the community at large: access to medical care and preventive measures of good quality and costs covered. States have a positive duty to provide for appropriate healthcare in prison, including harm reduction policies (for instance health screening, vaccination and needle exchange). Denial of access to appropriate health facilities to prisoners and other detainees is likely to result in bodily harm, unnecessary morbidity and avoidable death. Essential elements of the social right to care for the health of prisoners are protected through the positive obligations individual human rights impose on States (e.g., the right to life, the prohibition of torture, degrading treatment and punishment, the right to liberty and the right to private life). Health related human rights standards for prison healthcare have been formulated over worldwide and in Europe. The Council of Europe’s Committee of Prevention of Torture monitors the situation of prisoners in Member States. Still, healthcare for prisoners falls short of what is required. Prison healthcare is an essential part of public health. A major involvement of the Minister of Health is indispensable.
A New Approach to Sex-Based Classifications in the Context of Procreative Rights: S.H. & Others v. Austria in Context
Authors: Sanderson Mike
Published: February 2013

Abstract

A critical discussion of the recent First Section and Grand Chamber judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of S.H. and Others v. Austria, which upheld an Austrian ban on in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) using donor gametes (ova and sperm). The author argues that the regulatory regime adopted by Austria is overbroad insofar as the regime it adopts fails to accurately reflect the legitimate interests of the state. This is not a conventional “controversial morals” case where, in the absence of a clear moral and/or policy consensus among the Council of Europe member states, states are properly accorded a wide margin of appreciation. The regime adopted by Austria embodies a clear sex bias (with their respective gametes standing as near perfect proxies for the sex of the applicants) with exceptions being made to address male infertility while leaving women without medical remedy. As such, the margin of appreciation should be significantly restricted and the classifications embodied by the regime subject to the highest possible scrutiny.
Risk Assessment vs. Right to Privacy: The Access to Health Information on the Insurance Candidate through Questionnaires and the Right to Privacy
Authors: de Oliveira Martins Maria Inês
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The need of private insurers for information on the candidate’s health risks is recognized by the law, which places pre-contractual duties of disclosure upon the candidates. When the risks are influenced by health factors, e.g. in the case of life- and health insurances, it implies the provision of health information by the candidates, who thus voluntarily limit their right to privacy. This consent, however, often happens in a context of factual coercion to contract. Next to this, from a legal standpoint, the collection of personal information must respond to the principle of proportionality. Against this background, this article assesses the compatibility of questionnaire techniques that rely on open-ended health related questions with the right to privacy, as protected by Portuguese and international law. It then analyses the extent of pre-contractual duties of disclosure as defined by the Portuguese Insurance Act, which requires the candidate to volunteer all the relevant information independently of being asked for it. In doing so, the article also refers to some other European countries. It concludes that the relevant Portuguese legislation is incompatible both with Portuguese constitutional law and with international law.
Potential health benefits of nature-based interventions in the work environment during winter. A case study
Authors: Evensen Katinka H. , Raanaas Ruth K. , Patil Grete G.
Published: February 2013

Psychological benefits of bringing nature elements indoors find support in a growing number of empirical studies. The present paper focuses on how nature-based installations in the work environment may compensate for lack of nature and daylight exposure during the winter season and have a potential for alleviating seasonal variation in self-perceived health and well-being. A case study of a full-year strategic work environment intervention including indoor plants and daylight simulation is presented. Indications of reduction of reported health complaints after one year with the intervention among the intervention group compared to the control group, gives support to health promoting advantages of nature-based interventions. Further studies on how office design with the use of nature elements can alleviate season-bound health problems are recommended.
Workplace attachment, workspace appropriation, and job satisfaction
Authors: Rioux Liliane , Pignault Anne
Published: February 2013

The aim of this paper is to clarify the relationship between psycho-environmental variables and work satisfaction by comparing them in a single model of psycho-organizational variables whose impact on satisfaction at work is well known.

One hundred and twelve French supermarket workers completed a questionnaire composed of indicators assessing: (a) job satisfaction (ESVP and M.S. Q), (b) psycho-environmental variables (EALT, A-E scale, and a questionnaire about workspace appropriation and workplace attachment), and (c) psycho- organizational variables using some of Karasec's control scales, Geurts' SWING, and Meyer, Allen, and Smith's organizational commitment scale.

Regression analysis showed that the psycho-environmental variables were predictors of job satisfaction, some being more relevant predictors of the MSQ and particularly of the ESVP than the psycho-organizational variables. These results contribute to the current debate on the operationalization of the concept of job satisfaction.
An Assessment of a Model-, Grid-, and Basin-Independent Tropical Cyclone Detection Scheme in Selected CMIP3 Global Climate Models
Authors: Tory K. J. , Chand S. S. , Dare R. A. , McBride J. L.
Published: February 2013

A novel tropical cyclone (TC) detection technique designed for coarse-resolution models is tested and evaluated. The detector, based on the Okubo–Weiss–Zeta parameter (OWZP), is applied to a selection of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 3 (CMIP3), models [Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mark, version 3.5 (CSIRO-Mk3.5); Max Planck Institute ECHAM5 (MPI-ECHAM5); and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, versions 2.0 (GFDL CM2.0) and 2.1 (GFDL CM2.1)], and the combined performance of the model and detector is assessed by comparison with observed TC climatology for the period 1970–2000. Preliminary TC frequency projections are made using the three better-performing models by comparing the detected TC climatologies between the late twentieth and late twenty-first centuries. Very reasonable TC formation climatologies were detected in CSIRO-Mk3.5, MPI-ECHAM5, and GFDL CM2.1 for most basins, with the exception of the North Atlantic, where a large underdetection was present in all models. The GFDL CM2.0 model was excluded from the projection study because of a systematic underdetection in all basins. The above detection problems have been reported in other published studies, which suggests model rather than detector limitations are mostly responsible. This study demonstrates that coarse-resolution climate models do in general produce TC-like circulations with realistic geographical and seasonal distributions detectable by the OWZP TC detector. The preliminary projection results are consistent with the published literature, based on higher-resolution studies, of a global reduction of TCs between about 6% and 20%, with a much larger spread of results (about +20% to −50%) in individual basins.
Personality disorders in a community sample in Turkey: Prevalence, associated risk factors, temperament and character dimensions
Authors: Dereboy Cigdem , Güzel Halime Senay , Dereboy Ferhan , Okyay Pınar , Eskin Mehmet
Published: February 2013

Background:

Data from Turkey on prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in the normal population are sparse.

Aims:

The present study conducted in a community sample aimed to investigate personality disorders in terms of prevalence, associated risk factors and personality dimensions.

Methods:

A stratified sampling procedure allowed us to compose a sample consisting of 774 participants residing in Aydin, Turkey. The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were used to assess PDs and personality dimensions, respectively.

Results:

Roughly 20% of the participants received a PD diagnosis. Among the individual PD categories, schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive PDs were the most prevalent diagnoses. Participants with PD were more likely to have higher self-directedness and cooperativeness scores. These risk factors and personality dimensions were most strongly associated with the cluster B disorders.

Conclusion:

New versions of the diagnostic systems should include schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive and cluster B PDs as separate diagnostic categories, and impaired self-directedness as well as cooperativeness as a general diagnostic criterion for the sake of backward and forward compatibility of the research in this field.
N-cadherin is Required for Cytodifferentiation during Zebrafish Odontogenesis
Authors: Verstraeten B. , van Hengel J. , Sanders E. , Van Roy F. , Huysseune A.
Published: February 2013

N-cadherin is a well-studied classic cadherin involved in multiple developmental processes and is also known to have a signaling function. Using the zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a model, we tested the hypothesis that tooth morphogenesis is accompanied by dynamic changes in N-cadherin distribution and that absence of N-cadherin disturbs tooth development. N-cadherin, encoded by the gene cdh2, is absent during the initiation and morphogenesis stages of both primary (first-generation) and replacement teeth, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. However, N-cadherin is up-regulated at the onset of differentiation of cells of the inner dental epithelium and the dental papilla, i.e., the ameloblasts and odontoblasts, respectively. In the inner dental epithelium, N-cadherin is co-expressed with E-cadherin, excluding the occurrence of cadherin switching such as observed during human tooth development. While early lethality of N-cadherin knockout mice prevents any functional study of N-cadherin in mouse odontogenesis, zebrafish parachute ( pac) mutants, deficient for N-cadherin, survive beyond the age when primary teeth normally start to form. In these mutants, the first tooth forms, but its development stops at the early cytodifferentiation stage. N-cadherin deficiency also completely inhibits the development of the other first-generation teeth, possibly due to the absence of N-cadherin signaling once the first tooth has differentiated.
Evidence for the Validity of Grouped Self-Assessments in Measuring the Outcomes of Educational Programs
Authors: D’Eon Marcel F. , Trinder Krista
Published: February 2013

There is compelling empirical evidence in support of the use of grouped self-assessment data to measure program outcomes. However, other credible research has clearly shown that self-assessments are poor predictors of individual achievement such that the validity of self-assessments has been called into question. Based on the reanalysis of two previously published studies and an analysis of two original studies, we show that grouped self-assessments may be good predictors of and hence valid measures of performance at the group level, an outcome commonly used in program evaluation studies. We found statistically significant correlation coefficients (between 0.56 and 0.87), when comparing across performance items using the group means of self-assessments with the group means of individual achievement on criterion tests. We call for further research into the conditions and circumstances in which grouped self-assessments are used, so that they can be employed more effectively and confidently by program evaluators, decision makers, and researchers.
Section for Residents and Fellows‐in‐Training Survey Results
Authors: Rosenberg Tara L. , Kelley Kanwar , Dowdall Jayme R. , Replogle William H. , Liu Jeffrey C. , Raol Nikhila P. , Zafereo Mark E.
Published: February 2013

Objectives

(1) To present data from the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (AAO‐HNS) Section for Residents and Fellows‐in‐Training (SRF) annual survey from 2002 to 2011. (2) To compare and analyze trends in resident demographics, residency experiences, and post‐training career choices.

Study Design

Review of cross‐sectional survey data.

Setting

Residents and Fellows registered as Members‐in‐Training through AAO‐HNS.

Methods

A review of data from surveys distributed between 2002 and 2011 was conducted. Respondent demographic data including age, postgraduate year, gender, and geographic distribution were analyzed. Responses about training experiences, fellowship selection, debt burden, and post‐training practice choice were studied in order to elicit trends.

Results

Respondents have consistently rated otolaryngology, anesthesia, and trauma/critical care as the most important intern rotations for otolaryngology residents. Each year, approximately 70% of respondents have reported interest in pursuing a fellowship. Pediatric otolaryngology fellowship is now the most popular fellowship among respondents. There has been a recent increase in the percentage of respondents who are interested in pursuing a career in academics. Location, family, and lifestyle have consistently been the most important factors in determining choice of practice. Respondents have reported increasing levels of educational debt.

Conclusion

The AAO‐HNS SRF survey collects important data regarding resident/fellow training. Several factors limit the generalizability of these results. Despite its limitations, these unique data provide valuable information for continual evaluation and improvement of physician training in the specialty.
Aggressive Surgical Resection of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma May Provide Long‐term Survival in Selected Patients
Authors: Brown Ryan F. , Ducic Yadranko
Published: February 2013

Objective

In this study, we present our experience with aggressive surgical treatment in selected patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer with extrathyroidal extension.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective chart review of all patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer surgically treated by the senior author from January 1998 to July 2012.

Results

A total of 38 cases of anaplastic thyroid cancer were treated (21 male and 17 female). The mean age was 64.5 years. Twenty‐two patients were considered surgically unresectable (18 had distant metastases and 4 had extrathyroidal extension of cancer lateral to carotid arteries) and underwent biopsy with or without tracheostomy. The remaining 16 patients underwent surgical resection with curative intent. Fourteen of these patients underwent postoperative radiation therapy. None of these 16 patients developed local recurrence. Six developed distant metastasis at an average follow‐up of 3.2 months, 1 died of an unrelated myocardial infarction at 3 months, 2 were lost to follow‐up, and 7 remain disease free with an average follow‐up of 4.8 years (range, 9 months to 8 years). Of those patients who underwent complete surgical resection followed by postoperative radiation, 7 of 14 (50%) are still alive, with a mean follow‐up of 4.8 years.

Conclusion

Selected patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer with extrathyroidal extension (stage IVB) who show no distant metastases by computed tomography or positron emission tomography scans and who do not have tumor extending lateral to the carotid arteries are candidates for complete surgical resection.
A Comparison of Revision Adenoidectomy Rates Based on Techniques
Authors: Sapthavee Andrew , Bhushan Bharat , Penn Edward , Billings Kathleen R.
Published: February 2013

Objective

No studies are available specifically comparing revision rates between suction coagulator and microdebrider‐performed adenoidectomies. Our objective was to compare revision adenoidectomy rates between these instrument groups.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Patients included in this study had surgery at the Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, from June 2007 through December 2011.

Subjects and Methods

The patients were divided into 2 groups based on technique of adenoidectomy used at the time of initial surgery and the regrowth rate analyzed.

Results

During the 4.5‐year study period, the microdebrider was used in 4071 adenoidectomies, and 3328 cases were performed with suction coagulation. There was a revision rate of 0.84% (34 patients) for the microdebrider group. The rate was 1.50% (50 patients) for suction coagulation. This difference was found to be statistically significant on univariate analysis. The suction coagulator group had a younger mean age at initial surgery and a higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. No difference in revision rates between the 2 groups was noted on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Symptomatic regrowth of adenoid tissue occurs infrequently. Both suction coagulation and microdebrider methods are commonly used when performing adenoidectomies due to more consistent ease of use in removal of tissue. The incidence of regrowth likely relates to variables other than the technique used, as there was no difference in the regrowth rate between the 2 groups.
Wharton's Duct Repair after Combined Sialolithectomy: Is Ductoplasty Necessary?
Authors: Pagliuca Giulio , Martellucci Salvatore , de Vincentiis Marco , Greco Antonio , Fusconi Massimo , De Virgilio Armando , Rosato Chiara , Gallo Andrea
Published: February 2013

The aim of this prospective study is to establish whether ductoplasty is necessary to repair the Wharton's duct after a combined endoscopic and external approach to remove large submandibular gland stones or if simple suturing of the oral floor mucosa after stent placement may be sufficient to achieve proper duct healing. Ten patients were enrolled. Ductoplasty was performed in 6 cases, whereas in 4 cases, only the mucosa of the oral floor was sutured. The stent was removed about 3 weeks after surgery. Sialoliths were completely removed in all cases. During follow‐up, patient symptom evaluation, ultrasound, and physical examination showed no signs of recurrence or complications. In our limited experience, ductoplasty after the combined approach was not necessary. After stent placement, the mere suture of the oral mucosa overlying the damaged ductal wall allowed a correct recanalization of the ductal lumen as commonly observed after careful ductoplasty.
Distinct Epidemiologic Characteristics of Oral Tongue Cancer Patients
Authors: Li Ryan , Koch Wayne M. , Fakhry Carole , Gourin Christine G.
Published: February 2013

Objectives

Oral tongue cancer may have a distinct epidemiological profile from other mucosal neoplasms of the oral cavity. We sought to further define the demographic characteristics associated with oral tongue cancer to determine if unique characteristics exist compared with other oral cavity cancers.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis using cross‐tabulations and multivariate regression modeling.

Setting

The Maryland Health Service Cost Review Commission database.

Subjects and Methods

Discharge data from a state database were queried to perform a cross‐sectional analysis of oral cancer cases treated surgically from 1990 to 2009.

Results

A total of 1688 oral cancer cases comprised the study population, with 719 (42.6%) of cases involving the oral tongue. Tongue cancer comprised 31.6% of oral cancers in black patients and 44.1% of oral cancer in white patients (P =. 011). Racial disparities in oral tongue cancer were identified for age at diagnosis, with significantly fewer black patients younger than 40 years (3.8%) compared with whites (11.3%; P =. 006). After controlling for all other variables, oral tongue cancer patients were significantly less likely to be older than 40 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; P <. 001), black (OR, 0.53; P =. 001), have Medicare payor status (OR, 0.55; P =. 002), and advanced comorbidity (OR, 0.22; P <. 001), in contrast to other oral cancer subsites.

Conclusion

The racial and socioeconomic qualities of oral tongue cancer patients differ significantly from other oral cancers. This younger, healthier subgroup of oral cancer patients demonstrates a distinct population at risk for cancer of the oral tongue.
New Drugs and Strategies for Management of Clostridium difficile Colitis
Authors: Higa J. T. , Kelly C. P.
Published: February 2013

Approaches for management of Clostridium difficile infection continually evolve as research reveals shifts in epidemiology, microbial pathogenesis, disease severity states, and response to therapy. These new discoveries significantly impact diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, given the high morbidity associated with this common nosocomial infectious diarrhea. Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of developing diarrheal illness like C. difficile and succumbing to potentially fatal complications of this infection. Early diagnosis of severe disease state may improve patient outcomes. In this article, we review treatment strategies and new approaches for the management of C. difficile in critically ill patients.
State Functions and Media Politics
Authors: Genov Nikolai
Published: February 2013

What is specific in the efforts of the Slovenian state institutions to handle the current economic, political, and cultural crisis in the country? The answer is searched for in the media representations of the building of a new government in February 2012. The analysis is focused on five major functions of modern states: security provision, regulation of macro-economy, administration, reproduction of human resources, and environmental protection. The source of primary information for the analysis and argumentation is the daily newspaper Delo (Labor). Relevant publications in the newspaper were differentiated by applying two criteria: first, predominant reference to one of the five functions of the state; second, if the article contains no alternative (1) or presents a strong alternative to a given situation, event or opinion related to the state functions (5) on a 5-point scale. The analysis identifies a large share of publications focusing on the administrative function of the state and rather limited share of publications on security issues and environmental protection. The analyzed publications contain only modest efforts to present and discuss alternatives to political situations and opinions. The hypothesis about alleged colonization of politics by mass media is falsified.
Rheological and morphological behaviors of polyamide 6/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/nanoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Mojarrad Azim , Ramazani SA Ahmad , Ghasemi Ismaeel , Vaziri Ali
Published: February 2013

In this study, the effect of nanoclay on the rheological and morphological properties of polyamide 6 (PA6)/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) blends was investigated. The scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that with increment in the nanoclay content, the dispersed phase droplets size and their polydispersity index decreased, and the finer and more uniform dispersed phase was obtained. The transmission electron microscopy micrographs of nanocomposites indicated well-dispersed nanoclay tactoids in the polymer matrix produced by exfoliation of the nanoclay in the polymeric blends. Dynamic strain sweep experiments showed that the extent of the linear viscoelastic region is sensitive to the nanoclay content and compatibilizer. With increasing nanoclay content in the blend, the extent of the linear viscoelastic region decreased. On the other hand, the rheological measurements revealed that the nanoclay content has a significant effect on the moduli and complex viscosity of the blends. These results have indicated that with increasing nanoclay content the storage modulus ( G′), loss modulus ( G′′) and complex viscosity ( η*) increased. In addition, the results of creep experiments revealed that with the addition of compatibilizer (polyethylene octene elastomer grafted with maleic anhydride) and nanoclay to PA6/ABS blends, creep and recovery strain, over time, decreased remarkably and the recovery percentage increased. It was concluded that there is a good conformity between the results obtained from morphological and rheological investigations.
Thermoplastic elastomers based on high-density polyethylene and waste ground rubber tire composites compatibilized by styrene–butadiene block copolymer
Authors: Wang Lijie , Lang Fengzheng , Li Shuai , Du Fanglin , Wang Zhaobo
Published: February 2013

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/waste ground rubber tire (WGRT) powder composites were prepared by melt compounding, and the composites were compatibilized by styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS). The effects of the SBS compatibilizer on mechanical properties, morphological properties and the Mullins effect of the composites were investigated systemically. Experimental results indicated that SBS had a good compatibilization effect on the HDPE/WGRT composites. Compared with HDPE/WGRT composites, the tensile strength and the elongation at break went through maximum values at a compatibilizer resin content of 12 phr. Morphological study showed that the interface interaction of the HDPE/WGRT composites compatibilized by SBS was strong, which contributed to the significantly improved mechanical properties. The Mullins effect results showed that the softening appeared after the first loading of the HDPE/WGRT and HDPE/SBS/WGRT composites, the maximum stress decreased at the later cycles, and the residual deformations in uniaxial loading–unloading cycles of the HDPE/SBS/WGRT sample were lower than those of the HDPE/WGRT sample, indicating that the elasticity of the HDPE/SBS/WGRT TPE was improved.
Multilevel Linkages Between State Standards, Teacher Standards, and Student Achievement
Authors: Lee Jaekyung , Liu Xiaoyan , Amo Laura Casey , Wang Weichun Leilani
Published: February 2013

Drawing on national and state assessment datasets in reading and math, this study tested “external” versus “internal” standards-based education models. The goal was to understand whether and how student performance standards work in multilayered school systems under No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). Under the “external” model, states’ common standards shape teachers’ standards which, in turn, affect student achievement. Under the “internal” model, teacher standards are insulated from state standards but instead influenced by prior student achievement and background characteristics in classrooms. The study employed multilevel analysis and instrumental variable analysis with fixed effects. Findings provided support for the internal as opposed to the external model. The linkage between state standards and teacher standards was tenuous, whereas the linkage between teacher standards and student achievement was solid and reciprocal. Further, students’ gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) had direct and/or indirect influences on teacher standards through achievement gaps. Implications for research and policy were discussed.
Time in reconstructing the (school) child
Authors: Sarre Sophie
Published: February 2013

Policies and practices around school work, operating within and beyond the family, are fundamentally rooted in and perpetuate a particular generational order. Working from a temporal perspective this article focuses on ‘school work’ in order to demonstrate how time operates across spheres as a key means of constructing generation, making not only children, but school children. Outlining UK policies on school children’s time-use, and employing findings from a study of families with teenagers, the article examines how the temporal entanglement of school work and family life contributes to the ongoing (re)construction of generation during this key period of ‘growing up’.
Wear of 36-mm BIOLOX® delta ceramic-on-ceramic bearing in total hip replacements under edge loading conditions
Authors: Al-Hajjar Mazen , Fisher John , Tipper Joanne L , Williams Sophie , Jennings Louise M
Published: February 2013

Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings have become of great interest due to the substantial improvements in the manufacturing techniques and material properties and due to polyethylene wear debris–induced osteolysis and the issues with metal wear debris and ion release by metal-on-metal bearings. Edge loading conditions due to translational malpositioning (microseparation conditions) have been shown to replicate clinically relevant wear mechanisms and increase the wear of ceramic-on-ceramic bearings; thus, it was necessary to test new bearing materials and designs under these adverse conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of increasing head size on the wear of BIOLOX® delta ceramic-on-ceramic bearings under edge loading conditions due to rotational (steep cup inclination angle) and translational (microseparation) malpositioning. In this study, six 36-mm ceramic-on-ceramic bearings (BIOLOX delta, CeramTec, Germany) were tested under standard and edge loading conditions using the Leeds II hip simulator and compared to the 28-mm bearings tested and published previously under identical conditions. The mean wear rate under standard gait conditions was below 0.1 mm3/million cycles for both the 28-mm and the 36-mm ceramic-on-ceramic bearings, and increasing the inclination angle did not affect the wear rates. The introduction of microseparation to the gait cycle increased the wear rate of ceramic-on-ceramic bearing and resulted in stripe wear on the femoral heads. Under microseparation conditions, the wear rate of size 36-mm bearings (0.22 mm3/million cycles) was significantly higher ( p = 0.004) than that for size 28-mm bearings (0.13 mm3/million cycles). This was due to the larger contact area for the larger bearings and deprived lubrication under edge loading conditions. The wear rate of BIOLOX delta ceramic-on-ceramic bearings under microseparation conditions was still very low ( <0.25 mm3/million cycles) compared to earlier generation ceramic-on-ceramic bearings (BIOLOX forte, 1.84 mm3/million cycles) and other bearing materials such as metal-on-metal bearings (2–8 mm3/million cycles).
Improved strain distribution of cantilever piezoelectric energy harvesting devices using H-shaped proof masses
Authors: Guan Qing C , Ju Bin , Xu Jia W , Liu Yong B , Feng Zhi H
Published: February 2013

This article proposes a cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester consisted of an ordinary rectangular beam and an H-shaped proof mass. The H-shaped proof mass comprises two detached metal blocks that can provide large rotary inertia. A uniform strain distribution along the composite cantilever could be obtained by selecting an appropriate mass ratio between the detached metal blocks and vibration mode. We also fabricated a prototype H-shaped energy harvesting device. The result of the experiment done on the device is identical with both the theoretical and finite element analyses.
The Effects of Cranberries on Preventing Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Shin Cha-Nam
Published: February 2013

Despite considerable controversy about their effects, cranberries in various forms have been used widely for several decades to prevent as well as treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of this article is to present a review of research-based information regarding the ability of cranberries to prevent UTIs in adults at risk for UTIs. Current evidence suggests that cranberries decrease bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells and thus decrease the incidence of UTIs without adverse effects in most individuals. Thus clinicians may safely advise patients that cranberries are helpful in preventing UTIs. Cranberries may be a viable adjunct to antibiotics for patients with repeated UTIs.
An Examination of Social Intelligence Development in Preservice Music Teachers
Authors: Juchniewicz Jay
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine if preservice music educators specifically develop social intelligence during their student teaching. Sixty-six undergraduate senior music education students were administered the Interpersonal Perception Task–15 immediately prior to and directly after the completion of their 15-week student teaching placements. Additionally, participants were asked to list the top three skills they felt they had developed and/or improved on the most during their student teaching. Results of a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test indicated no significant differences between the pre– and post–student teaching Interpersonal Perception Task–15 scores. From a total of 198 comments, 53% of skills developed and/or improved on the most during the student teaching were nonsocial skills and 47% were social skills. Additionally, 48.5% of the responses included Teaching Skills, 33.3% involved Personal Skills, and 18.2% were Musical Skills. Further breakdown of comments revealed the most frequently listed skills were “Classroom management/Discipline,” “Lesson planning/Preparation,” “Pacing,” “Communication,” and “Ear training/Listening skills,” in that order.
Achieving Justice Through the International Criminal Court in Northern Uganda
Authors: Beitzel Terry , Castle Tammy
Published: February 2013

The self-referral by the Ugandan government for the situation concerning the Lord’s Resistance Army/Movement in Northern Uganda triggered the first referral for the International Criminal Court (ICC). The purpose of this article was to examine the dimensions of justice, and analyze whether the ICC’s role best serves the needs of the community in Northern Uganda. More specifically, this study investigates several guiding orientations of the ICC, such as the rule of complementarity and the increased focus on victims, and asserts that international third-party actors must consider whether retributive/punitive approaches can deliver justice. Restorative justice is explored as an alternative vision of justice, and one that is already present and practiced by the Acholi people. Given the complexity of issues facing postconflict societies, as well as the strengths of restorative justice to heal the community, the authors argue that traditional or indigenous forms of justice represent the best approach for obtaining justice for victims.