bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis results in oxidative and nitrosative stress in ascitic fluid
Authors: Natarajan Sathish Kumar , Mukhopadhya Ashis , Ramachandran Anup , Amalanathan Sophia , Kurian George , Balasubramanian Kunissery A
Published: April 2006

Background and Aim:  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a major complication of liver cirrhosis and accounts for significant mortality. Although oxygen free radicals and nitric oxide been implicated in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis, information on their role during the development of SBP is scarce. This study examined these active species in ascitic fluid from patients with SBP, and in response to treatment.

Methods:  Forty‐nine consecutive patients with cirrhosis and ascitic fluid neutrophil counts less than 250/cumm were studied as controls. Another 21 patients whose ascitic neutrophil count exceeded 250/cumm were treated as cases. Ascitic fluid was collected from these patients at entry and 48 h after treatment with antibiotics. Nitrate and markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content and total and protein thiols were measured.

Results:  A significant increase in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels was seen in ascites from patients with SBP when compared to controls. This was accompanied by a decrease in total thiols and protein thiols. In addition, there was a significant increase in ascitic fluid nitrate in patients with SBP when compared to control patients. After antibiotic treatment, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and nitrate levels dropped back towards control values, and total thiols also recovered.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress in ascitic fluid from patients with SBP, and showed that ascitic fluid nitrate may be a marker for diagnosing SBP and a useful index in determining therapeutic response to antibiotic treatment.
Cell structure of developing downfeathers in the zebrafinch with emphasis on barb ridge morphogenesis
Authors: Alibardi L. , Sawyer R. H.
Published: April 2006

The present ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study on the embryonic feathers of the zebrafinch, an altricial passerine bird, describes cellular differentiation of developing downfeathers. Barb ridges are folds of the original epidermis of the embryonic feather germ in which the basal–apical polarity of epidermal cells is upset. The result is the loss of most germinal activity of basal cells of the barb ridges so that only the embryonic epidermal layers remain. The more external layer is the primary periderm, followed by 4–6 layers of inner‐periderm cells that mature into feather sheath and barb vane ridge cells. The following layer, the subperiderm, produces a small type of beta‐keratin typical of feathers. In barb ridges, the subperiderm layer is displaced to form barbule plates and barb cells. The formation of branching barbules occurs by the presence of barb vane ridge cells that function as spacers between barbule cells. The fourth layer is homologous to the germinal layer of the epidermis, but in barb ridges it rapidly loses the germinal capability and becomes the cyclindrical layer of marginal plates. The study indicates that a necrotic process determines the carving out of the final feather shape, although apoptosis may also play a role. In fact, after barb and barbule cells have formed a keratinized syncitium, retraction of the vascular bed determines anoxia with the resultant necrosis of all feather cells. Only those of the keratinized syncitium remain to form the feather while supportive cells disappear. The sheath covering the barb and barbule syncitium is lost by the formation of a sloughing layer following degeneration of external barb ridge vane cells and loss of the sheath. It is proposed that the evolution of the morphogenetic process of barb ridge formation was peculiar to tubular outgrowths of the integument of archosaurian reptiles that evolved into birds. Once established in the embryonic programmes of skin morphogenesis of ancient birds, variations in the process of barb ridge morphogenesis allowed the fusion of ridges into large or branched ridges that originated the rachis. This process produced pennaceous feathers, among which were those later used for flight. The present study stresses that the morphogenetic process of barb ridge formation determines the concomitant appearance of barbs and barbules. As a consequence, intermediate forms of evolving feathers with only barbs but not barbules are unlikely or are derived from alteration of the above basic morphogenetic mechanism.
Heat Transfer in a Porous Electrode of Fuel Cells
Authors: Hwang J. J.
Published: April 2006

The thermal-fluid behaviors in a porous electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in contact with an interdigitated gas distributor are investigated numerically. The porous electrode consists of a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer. The heat transfer in the catalyst layer is coupled with species transports via a macroscopic electrochemical model. In the diffusion layer, the energy equations based on the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) are derived to resolve the temperature difference between the solid phase and the fluid phase. Parametric studies include the Reynolds number and the Stanton number (St). Results show that the wall temperature decreases with increasing Stanton number. The maximum wall temperatures occur at the downstream end of the module, while the locations of local minimum wall temperature depend on the Stanton numbers. Moreover, the solid phase and the fluid phase in the diffusion layer are thermally insulated as St⪡1. The diffusion layer becomes local thermal nonequilibrium as the Stanton number around unity. The porous electrode is local thermal equilibrium for St⪢1. Finally, the species concentrations inside the catalyst and diffusion layers are also provided.
Convective Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Channel Filled With Sintered Bronze Beads and Periodically Spaced Heated Blocks
Authors: Tzeng Sheng Chung
Published: April 2006

This work numerically investigated the steady state fluid flow and heat transfer behaviors associated with a sintered porous channel that contains periodically spaced heated blocks. Some typical cases are experimentally examined in this study. The relevant varied parameters were the average bead diameter (d), the relative block height (h∕H), the relative block width (w∕H), the relative block spacing (s∕H), and the Reynolds number (Re). The numerical results revealed a lack of global recirculation in regions between the blocks, where the forced convective heat transfer was low, but the heat in those regions was transferred to the metallic block by conduction through porous media, before being dissipated into the fluid that passed over the zone above the heated block. Additionally, the relevant parameters considerably affect the local Nusselt number distribution along the periphery of the block surface. The average Nusselt number for each block decreased along the direction of the flow until it reached its fully developed value. The Nusselt number increased with h∕H or Re in the fully developed region. The effect of h∕H on the fully developed Nusselt number became stronger as Re increased and w∕H decreased. The effects of s∕H and d on the fully developed Nusselt number were insignificant over the ranges of parameters considered herein (d=0.7 and 1.16mm, h∕H=0.12-0.59, w∕H=0.24-0.47, s∕H=0.24-0.7, and Re=1019-5059). Finally, this study summarized the average Nusselt number for different configurations of the heated blocks with various d, h∕H, w∕H, s∕H, and Re.
REINVENTING SPACETIME ON A DYNAMICAL HYPERSURFACE
Authors: PONCE DE LEON J.
Published: April 2006

In braneworld models, Spacetime-Matter and other Kaluza–Klein theories, our spacetime is devised as a four-dimensional hypersurface orthogonal to the extra dimension in a five-dimensional bulk. We show that the FRW line element can be "reinvented" on a dynamical four-dimensional hypersurface, which is not orthogonal to the extra dimension, without any internal contradiction. This hypersurface is selected by the requirement of continuity of the metric and depends explicitly on the evolution of the extra dimension. The main difference between the "conventional" FRW, on an orthogonal hypersurface, and the new one is that the latter contains higher-dimensional modifications to the regular matter density and pressure in 4D. We compare the evolution of the spacetime in these two interpretations and find that a wealth of "new" physics can be derived from a five-dimensional metric if it is interpreted on a dynamical (non-orthogonal) 4D hypersurface. In particular, in the context of a well-known cosmological metric in 5D, we construct a FRW model which is consistent with the late accelerated expansion of the universe, while fitting simultaneously the observational data for the deceleration parameter. The model predicts an effective equation of state for the universe, which is consistent with observations.
USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS AND DECISION TREE INDUCTION TO CLASSIFY SOFTWARE FAILURES
Authors: WATKINS A. , HUFNAGEL E. M. , BERNDT D. , JOHNSON L.
Published: April 2006

This paper describes two laboratory experiments designed to evaluate a failure-pursuit strategy for system level testing. In the first experiment, two GAs are used to automatically generate test suites that are rich in failure-causing test cases. Their performance is compared to random generation. The resulting test suites are then used to train a series of decision trees, producing rules for classifying other test cases. Finally, the performance of the classification rules is evaluated empirically. The results indicate that the combination of GA-based test case generation and decision tree induction can produce rules with high-predictive accuracy that can assist human testers in diagnosing the cause of system failures.
Evaluation of Antitumoral Properties of the Protease Inhibitor Indinavir in a Murine Model of Hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Esposito Vincenzo , Palescandolo Emanuele , Spugnini Enrico P. , Montesarchio Vincenzo , De Luca Antonio , Cardillo Irene , Cortese Giancarlo , Baldi Alfonso , Chirianni Antonio
Published: April 2006

Purpose: Accumulating evidences show a higher incidence of hepatic neoplasm in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)–coinfected individuals compared with HCV-monoinfected patients. Treatment with HIV-1 protease inhibitors inhibited cancer-promoted angiogenesis in HIV-infected patients affected by Kaposi sarcoma. We aimed to evaluate the antineoplastic potential activities of the protease inhibitor indinavir (Crixivan) in in vitro and in vivo hepatocarcinoma models.

Experimental Design: We analyzed effects of indinavir on cell growth and invasiveness in Huh7 and SK-HEP-1 hepatocarcinoma cell lines and on in vivo tumor growth of the same cells in nude mice. Morphologic and molecular analyses on explanted tumors were carried out to evaluate vascularization and apoptosis.

Results: We observed a reduced ability to invade an in vitro extracellular matrix for both cell lines treated with indinavir compared with controls (P = 0,001). Moreover, indinavir treatment was able to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 proteolytic activation, whereas there was no effect on cell proliferation. The drug was also able to delay in vivo tumor growth. The inhibition of tumor growth was statistically significant from days 6 to 21 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, the drug showed antiangiogenic and proapoptotic actions, as revealed by vessel count and apoptotic index by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase–mediated nick end labeling in explanted tumors. Finally, treatment with indinavir did not block the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumors.

Conclusion: Indinavir could be helpful to prevent the development of hepatocarcinomas in HIV/HCV–coinfected individuals. In view of the current trend to substitute protease inhibitors with other antiretroviral agents, this information may have clinical implications.
Characterization of hARD2, a processed hARD1 gene duplicate, encoding a human protein N-α-acetyltransferase
Authors: Arnesen Thomas , Betts Matthew J , Pendino Frédéric , Liberles David A , Anderson Dave , Caro Jaime , Kong Xianguo , Varhaug Jan E , Lillehaug Johan R
Published: April 2006

Background

Protein acetylation is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Several human protein acetyltransferases have been characterized, most of them catalyzing ε-acetylation of histones and transcription factors. We recently described the human protein acetyltransferase hARD1 (h uman Ar rest D efective 1). hARD1 interacts with NATH (N-A cetyl T ransferase H uman) forming a complex expressing protein N-terminal α-acetylation activity.

Results

We here describe a human protein, hARD2, with 81 % sequence identity to hARD1. The gene encoding hARD2 most likely originates from a eutherian mammal specific retrotransposition event. hARD2 mRNA and protein are expressed in several human cell lines. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that hARD2 protein potentially interacts with NATH, suggesting that hARD2-NATH complexes may be responsible for protein N-α-acetylation in human cells. In NB4 cells undergoing retinoic acid mediated differentiation, the level of endogenous hARD1 and NATH protein decreases while the level of hARD2 protein is stable.

Conclusion

A human protein N-α-acetyltransferase is herein described. ARD2 potentially complements the functions of ARD1, adding more flexibility and complexity to protein N-α-acetylation in human cells as compared to lower organisms which only have one ARD.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propene over Cobalt Molybdate Catalysts
Authors: Yoon Young Seek , Fujikawa Nobuo , Ueda Wataru , Moro-Oka Yoshihiko
Published: April 2006

Cobalt molybdates showed high catalytic activities for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene. Composition of the catalyst strongly affects surface acidic properties, resulting in a drastic activity change. Co0.95 MoO4 calcined at 550 °C showed the highest catalytic performance, giving 60% selectivity to propene at 19% conversion of propane.
Epoxidation of Alkenes with O2 Catalyzed by EuCl3 under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Nakagaki Katsumi , Akimoto Takashi , Otsuka Kiyoshi
Published: April 2006

EuCl3 dissolved in a mixture of propanoic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane catalyzed the epoxidation of 1-hexene (81.4% selectivity, 5.34% yield for 1 h) with O2 in the presence of Zn powder at 40 °C. The epoxidation was also catalyzed by LaCl3 (0.75% yield) and SmCl3 (0.57% yield), but CeCl3 (0.08% yield) was inactive. Epoxidations of styrene and cyclohexene were also promoted by the EuCl3-catalytic system.
A Novel Synthesis of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Selenoamides by Using [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Alkynyl Propargyl Selenides in the Presence of Diethylamine
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Akimoto Satoru , Itoh Hideki , Nakamura Hidenori , Takikawa Yuji
Published: April 2006

[3,3] Sigmatropic rearrangement of alkynyl propargyl selenides in the presence of an excess amount of Et2NH afforded N,N-diethyl-2,4-pentadieneselenoamides in modest yields.
Two-Dimensional Arrangement or Polynuclear Metal Complexes in the Interlayer of Multibilayer Cast Films
Authors: Ichinose Izumi , Asai Tsutomu , Yoshimura Satoru , Kimizuka Nobuo , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: April 2006

Anionic vanadium complex, [V10O28]6−, and cationic cadmium complex, [Cd10(SCH2CH2OH)16]4+, were incorporated into oppositely-charged multibilayer cast films, respectively, by the ion-exchange method. The composite films possessed regular multilayer structures with alternating organic and inorganic layers.
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Reactions of Geranyl Diphosphate Analogues Having Oxygen Atoms in Their Alkyl Chains
Authors: Maki Yuji , Satoh Hikaru , Kurihara Masayo , Endo Takae , Watanabe Gotaro , Ogura Kyozo
Published: April 2006

Seven geranyl diphosphate analogues having oxygen atoms in their alkyl chains were synthesized and examined for their reactivities as substrates in the reaction catalyzed by pig liver farnesyl diphosphate synthase. All of these compounds acted as substrates to give farnesyl diphosphate analogues. It was suggested that the enzyme cavity for the geranyl moiety is tolerant enough to accommodate alkyl moieties containing oxygen atoms.
Stereodynamics of N-Benzyl-N-methyl-9-aminotriptycene
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Yonebayashi Masami , Ojima Juro
Published: April 2006

Stereodynamics of N-benzyl-N-methyl-9-aminotriptycene is studied by 1H and 13C dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The energy barriers to internal motion are governed by the eclipsing interaction between an N-alkyl group and an o-benzeno bridge of the triptycene moiety together with the intrinsic barrier to nitrogen inversion.
A Novel Electrochemical Oxidation Reactions Utilizing Cyclodextrins. Anodic Oxidation of Indole–Cyclodextrin–Alcohol System
Authors: Suda Kohji , Takanami Toshikatsu
Published: April 2006

The anodic oxidation of indoles (1) and alcohols (2) in the presence of cyclodextrins gave diindolylmethanes in good yields. Cyclic voltammetry and macro scale electrolyses showed that the reaction was initiated by the oxidation of 2 with an oxidation potential higher than that of 1.
α-Umpolung of Ketones and Aldehydes via the Corresponding Silyl Enol Ether Cation Radicals
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Levis Michael
Published: April 2006

The α-Umpolung of ketones and aldehydes via their silyl enol ether cation radicals has been developed and tested for the use of different nucleophiles.
N-Hydroxysuccinimide-promoted Oxidation of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to Form Active Esters with Hypervalent(III) Iodine
Authors: Wang Naiwei , Liu Renhua , Xu Qing , Liang Xinmiao
Published: April 2006

A simple, mild, and efficient method for the conversion of primary alcohols and aldehydes to N-hydroxysuccinimide esters with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene in high yield is developed. N-Hydroxysuccinimide acts not only as an esterification partner but also as an activator of PhI(OAc)2 in this reaction.
N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide impregnated magnetic particles for the extraction and separation of radionuclides from nuclear waste streams
Authors: Shaibu B. S. , Reddy M. L. P. , Prabhu D. R. , Kanekar A. S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: April 2006

N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide (DMDBTDMA) coated magnetic particles are being evaluated for the possible application in the partitioning of actinides, lanthanides and fission products from pure nitric acid solutions as well as from Simulated Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-High Level Waste (PHWR-SHLW). Uptake profiles of various metal ions, such as Pu(IV), U(VI), Am(III), Eu(III), Sr(II) and Cs(I) were obtained as a function of time and nitric acid concentration by batch studies using DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles. The order of uptake follows the order Pu(IV)>U(VI)>Am(III)>Eu(III)>Sr(II)∼Cs(I) in both nitric acid and SHLW. The uptake of various trivalent lanthanides was also investigated as a function of nitric acid concentration and found the uptake order as Pr(III)>La(III)>Eu(III)>Tb(III)>Ho(III)>Er(III)>Yb(III)>Lu(III). The sorption capacity of the DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles with respect to U(VI) and Eu(III) was determined, along with the sorption isotherms to simulate multiple contacts. The maximum sorption capacity of DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles was found to be 1.58 mmol/g and 0.36 mmol/g for U(VI) and Eu(III), respectively. The adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich were fitted to the experimental data and best correlations were obtained for both the models. The Langmuir model predicts a loading capacity of 1.61 mmol/g and 0.37 mmol/g for U(VI) and Eu(III), respectively, which is close to the experimental values. The stability and recycling capacity of the DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles was also assessed.
Staying in Tune: Traditions and Musical Instruments of the Francophonie
Authors: FASS SUNNI
Published: April 2006

Staying in Tune: Traditions and Musical Instruments of the Francophonie. An online exhibition of the Canadian Heritage Information Network and the Virtual Museum of Canada.SUNNIFASS
The Ancient Greek World
Authors: SMITH TYLER JO
Published: April 2006

The Ancient Greek World. An online exhibition of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.TYLER JOSMITH
Museums and Urban Culture in West Africa
Authors: STRAIGHT BILINDA
Published: April 2006

Museums and Urban Culture in West Africa. ALEXIS B. A. ADANDE AND EMMANUEL ARINZE, eds. Oxford, UK: James Currey, 2002. 168 pp.
Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection
Authors: SMITH LAURA E.
Published: April 2006

Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection. ANNE MORAND, KEVIN SMITH, DANIEL C. SWAN, AND SARAH ERWIN. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003. 198 pp.
Anglo-American Merchant Bankers and the Railroads of the Old Northwest, 1848-1860
Authors: Hidy Ralph W. , Hidy Muriel E.
Published: April 2006

As distrust of American investments lessened, conservative international brokers allowed themselves to be drawn into an economic orbit with ever-widening western limits. Short-term credits to support an active agency business in railroad construction materials led inevitably to longer term commitments. The merchant bankers supplied the facilities for transatlantic capital exchange and by absorbing the best rail and government issues helped create an American market for all grades of railroad securities.
Selling Cut-Over Lands in Wisconsin
Authors: Kane Lucile
Published: April 2006

In 1906, nine important lumber firms set up a jointly owned company to sell their cut-over lands in northwestern Wisconsin to potential farmers. The land company learned, from its experience with various classes of buyers, that the most reliable was the owner-occupant who had made a substantial down payment. Even when a settler fell behind in his payments, the company did not foreclose unless the debtor left his land or was obviously making no effort to pay. Competition from other land companies tended to lower the price of land and also to inflate sales costs, but at its dissolution in 1940 the company showed a moderate profit. Thus the policy adopted by the nine lumber firms, of holding the cut-overs for sale to settlers rather than letting the land revert to the state for taxes, found a commercial justification.
The Origins of the National Association of Life Underwriters
Authors: Proschansky Harris
Published: April 2006

Behind the formation, in 1890, of the National Association of Life Underwriters lay two decades of localized, often abortive attempts at self-regulation through association. Malpractice, while not universal, was sufficiently widespread to hinder the growth of a broad market for life insurance. Early regulatory efforts failed when the organizers of those efforts were unable to solve the administrative problems of dealing with apathy on the one hand and defiance on the other. But these failures paved the way for renewed efforts. When, at last, a number of widely scattered associations had succeeded in accomplishing reforms, thereby solidifying member support, the stage was set for organization on a national scale.
Recruitment of Business Leaders: A Commentary on the Newcomer and Rae Papers
Authors: Abegglen James
Published: April 2006

These interesting papers and the data they present offer further testimony to the increasing study and understanding of the position of the businessman in our society. In general they focus on two topics: the recruitment of the business executive and the influence of recruitment patterns on the occupational role of the business executive. It would be redundant to attempt to elaborate further the careful and concise conclusions reached by the authors. A more rewarding use of this opportunity for discussion might be to make some examination of these data from an alternative point of view, readdressing them from a somewhat different theoretical position. From such an examination it may be possible to explore further the recruitment process in our business system.
Birth of an Employers' Association
Authors: Gable Richard W.
Published: April 2006

The forces that originally impelled manufacturers to unite were often of fleeting impact and were soon replaced by the cohesive influence of new issues. The NAM, conceived to wage a tariff war, discovered in organized labor a common enemy for its members and traced its prosperity from the date it became a gladiator in the labor arena.
Oil for the West of England, 1889–1896: A Study in Competition
Authors: Reader W. J.
Published: April 2006

As the oil industry grew, comfortable family firms, hitherto untouched by the ferocities of competition, found their position under attack and their independence menaced. The painful, inexorable process of substituting a new economic order for an old is here detailed from the viewpoint and records of one of the dispossessed.
Mormon Philosophy and Practical Railroad Building
Authors: Bolino August C.
Published: April 2006

Mormon religious and economic self-sufficiency throve best on isolation, yet Brigham Young hailed the coming of the railroad. This practical and very successful adaptation to new circumstances was inspired by a religious goal. Increased profits and growing trade would accelerate the progress of the work of the Lord. Zion flourished, even as Young had foreseen, but the old social and economic institutions were undermined and Mormon dominance in the territory was challenged.
Department Stores in Down State Illinois, 1889–1943
Authors: Tonning Wayland A.
Published: April 2006

Standing between expanding productive capacity on the one hand and growing consumer demand on the other, the marketing middleman in our economy has been forced into a succession of adaptive measures, significant among which has been department store retailing. A study of the general developmental pattern in down state Illinois reveals a “spawning era” and identifies three generic antecedents for the department store. Case studies of individual firms reveal the external underlying forces and the innovating policies which made the department store necessary and possible in this geographic area. Since by many criteria the small cities of Illinois were typical of those elsewhere, a study of retail developments there has more than regional implications.
The American Manufacturing Frontier, 1870-1940
Authors: Severson Robert F.
Published: April 2006

Difficult statistical problems notwithstanding, it is possible to trace the course in time and place of a gradual transition from agrarian to industrial pursuits. On occasion, this transition was slowed or reversed by cyclical influences, but the long-term trend of manufacturing concentration was away from the East. As the manufacturing frontier shifted, the service industries moved in and currently employ much of the capital and labor of the old industrial centers.
The Colonial Office and British Business before World War I: A Case Study
Authors: Ponko Vincent
Published: April 2006

As Great Britain expanded its economic sphere at the turn of the century, what was the nature of the relationship between the imperial government and private firms seeking profits within the free trade empire? Was there a “well-planned and consistent program directed from the top,” or was the government's so-called “high policy” toward business actually the result “of ad hoc compromises among various departmental heads” buried three and four levels deep in the Colonial Office? The experience of the Tanjong Pagar Dock Co. of Singapore suggests that the opportunities for British firms to exploit the resources of British controlled territories could be seriously circumscribed by the “arbitrary paternalism” of “crusading bureaucrats.”
Annual Report of the Kress Library of Business and Economics, 1966–1967
Authors: Reeves Dorothea D.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
Black Pride and Negro Business in the 1920's: George Washington Lee of Memphis
Authors: Tucker David M.
Published: April 2006

Looking back on the 1920's, it has become fashionable to accuse black businessmen of betraying and exploiting the Negro masses for their own gain. The career of George W. Lee, however, suggests that some black capitalists did much more than use racial pride for economic profit. They could be the real cutting edge of Negro protest, providing local leadership and a militant philosophy in a period characterized by capitulation to the white majority.
Thurman Arnold, Antitrust, and the New Deal
Authors: Gressley Gene M.
Published: April 2006

The pragmatism and experimentation permitted policy-makers by the American antitrust statutes is well illustrated in this analysis of federal attitudes toward business concentrations in the late 1930's.
Government, Companies, and National Defense: British Aeronautical Experience, 1918–1945 as the Basis for a Broad Hypothesis
Authors: Higham Robin
Published: April 2006

Through examination of the procedural relations of British aircraft companies and the State, Professor Higham suggests broader hypotheses regarding the process of government-business interaction.
The Philadelphia Printer: A Study of an Eighteenth-Century Businessman
Authors: Parker Peter J.
Published: April 2006

This composite portrait of a “community” of printers reveals the composition of their trade and the unique mixture of businessman and publicist they represented in early America.
Tariff and Profit in the Antebellum Louisiana Sugar Industry
Authors: Whitten David O.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
The Supreme Court and American Trade Associations, 1921–1925
Authors: Carrott M. Browning
Published: April 2006

In the 1920's, the Supreme Court reversed its previously hostile position on the legality of many activities of trade associations. Professor Carrott finds that the primary cause of the court's shift lay in the changing social milieu of the decade, as the older insistence on rigorous competition was supplanted by an emphasis on the value of cooperation in business.
“Daily Except Sunday:” Blue Laws and the Operation of Philadelphia Horsecars
Authors: Cox Harold E.
Published: April 2006

The uncertainties of predicting and mitigating social reactions to business innovation are amusingly demonstrated in this study of an early public-relations crisis.
Entrepreneurial Persistence Through the Bureaucratic Age
Authors: Livesay Harold C.
Published: April 2006

Taking issue with such earlier theorists as Schumpeter, who believed that the rise of bureaucratic structures would stifle the innovative process that lies at the heart of capitalism and thus lead on to socialism, Professor Livesay discusses the careers of three innovative leaders who used the bureaucratic form of organization to keep innovation alive and to realize its implications. He argues that with shrewd leaders like Andrew Carnegie and Henry Ford II (and less well-known ones like Howard Stoddard) at the helm, bureaucratic organizations have been the mechanism of highly dynamic policies rather than the agency of socialistic stasis.
Bureaucracy and Bi-partisanship in Taxation: The Mellon Plan Revisited
Authors: Murray Lawrence L.
Published: April 2006

One of the most durable stereotypes of recent American history is that of the 1920s as “a conservative Republican interlude between the progressive Democratic administrations of Wilson and Roosevelt.” An important feature of this stereotype is the “Mellon plan” for tax reform. Professor Murray demonstrates that there was remarkable unanimity among Republicans and Democrats on the policy issues addressed by the “Mellon plan,” and finds continuity, rather than contrast, between the tax plans of the Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge administrations. As Secretaries of the Treasury came and went between 1918 and 1921, staff assistants cultivated the plan which Mellon later adopted.
The Public Service Origins of the American Business Corporation
Authors: Seavoy Ronald E.
Published: April 2006

The corporate charter, so restricted in its use in England, found a constantly broadening range of applications in America from the colonial period onward. The test of importance to the general welfare, originally confined to municipal, benevolent, or at most public-utility enterprises, was being applied to manufacturing ventures by the second decade of the nineteenth century.
Research, Patents, and the Struggle to Control Radio: A Study of Big Business and the Uses of Industrial Research
Authors: Reich Leonard S.
Published: April 2006

The advent of high-technology industries around the turn of the century created the modern industrial research department and placed a new emphasis upon the search for patentable innovations. While some of this research led to advances in basic scientific knowledge, and much of it produced product or process improvements that were directly applicable to a firm's business, a great deal was undertaken to enhance firms' bargaining powers with each other in order to preserve monopoly positions. In the early years of radio, the structure of the industry changed repeatedly with every innovation in apparatus or circuitry, a situation that led, as Professor Reich shows, to heavy investment in “non-productive” research.
Machines, Markets, and Labor: The Carriage and Wagon Industry in Late-Nineteenth-Century Cincinnati
Authors: Duggan Edward P.
Published: April 2006

Students of the innovative process in American manufacturing have emphasized the scarcity of labor and the consequent need for labor-saving machines. In the late nineteenth century one of the country's largest manufacturing industries was the production of carriages, which, in its most important center, Cincinnati, was organized on a mass production basis. But Professor Duggan finds that problems of the quantity and quality of labor were secondary in carriage factories, compared to other factors such as fuel costs, factory space, and the need to stabilize the quality and price of vehicles marketed by the industry as a whole.
Pre-1900 Industrial White Collar Employees at the Krupp Steel Casting Works: A New Occupational Category in Germany
Authors: Pierenkemper Toni
Published: April 2006

In this article, Dr. Pierenkemper investigates a new occupational category—the industrial white collar employee—in the late-nineteenth century Krupp Steel Casting Works in Essen, Germany. In contrast to previous historians, Pierenkemper demonstrates that white collar employees were far from homogeneous: differing among themselves, they were also largely isolated from the labor market as a whole. He concludes that widespread intrafirm occupational mobility underlay this distinctive work environment, and suggests that management may have consciously encouraged such moving about to segment its work force.
Voluntary Cooperation vs. Regulatory Paternalism: The Lumber Trade in the 1920s
Authors: Robbins William G.
Published: April 2006

In the 1920s, leaders of the lumber business tried to bring stability to their industry through vigorous trade association activity conducted with the encouragement of then Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover. Despite the optimism of association spokespeople and publicists, the hoped for stability was not attained because the associations were incapable of relieving the intra- and inter- industry competition lumbermen confronted. Nevertheless, the efforts of those involved threw into sharp relief attitudes in business and government about the nature of the political economy of the “New Era.”
Voyagers to the West: A Review Colloquium
Authors: Gemery Henry A. , Lemon James T. , McCusker John J. , Wrigley E. A.
Published: April 2006

Occasionally books appear that are broad enough in subject or methodology to afford scholars in various specialties a useful opportunity to look at the same material from different viewpoints. Like other documents, works of history tend to answer only those questions asked of them, and the juxtaposition of the questions important to readers of diverse scholarly backgrounds may be in itself illuminating. For this, the first in a continuing series of review colloquia, we invited a specialist in British population movements, a historical geographer, an economist who has done quantitative work in the field of colonial immigration, and an authority on the economy of British North America to consider Bernard Bailyn's Pulitzer Prize-winning study.
“To Triumph before Feminine Taste”: Bourgeois Women's Consumption and Hand Methods of Production in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Walton Whitney
Published: April 2006

In this article Professor Walton examines the influence of bourgeois women on industrial production in nineteenth-century Paris. She argues that women, as arbiters of taste and consumers for the family, sought art and originality in manufactured goods, and that their demands in turn fostered handicraft and less skilled hand methods of manufacturing as the best means of providing such goods. By establishing the connections between women's roles and bourgeois demand, and between bourgeois demand and hand manufacturing, this study offers a new perspective on the persistence of hand production in France.
Archival Sources for Business History at the National Museum of American History
Authors: Crew Spencer R. , Fleckner John A.
Published: April 2006

The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History offers rich opportunities for business historians. In this essay, Mr. Fleckner and Mr. Crew describe the holdings and facilities of the recently established Archives Center and examine in detail the museum's extensive and extremely valuable holdings in advertising history.
“Islands of Conscious Power”: Louis D. Brandeis and the Modern Corporation
Authors: Adelstein Richard P.
Published: April 2006

In this examination of the beliefs of Louis Brandeis about the twentieth-century corporation, we are given a paradoxical portrait of a man strongly committed to individual liberty and fulfillment who nevertheless became an outspoken advocate of Taylorism. By tracing Brandeis's views on the law and economics of me corporation and placing them against the jurist's belief in the primacy of society's needs, the article reveals the complexities and contradictions in Brandeis's thought as he struggled to visualize an order in which the interests of individuals and society would be identical.
Divergent Responses to Identical Problems: Businessmen and the Smoke Nuisance in Germany and the United States, 1880–1917
Authors: Uekoetter Frank
Published: April 2006

This article counters a common misconception that business was universally opposed to air pollution control at the beginning of the twentieth century. In comparing the reaction of German and American businessmen to smoke abatement efforts before World War I, it shows that behavior was primarily shaped by national culture, rather than by a general desire to “externalize costs.” German smoke abatement did not meet significant resistance from industrialists, with regulation being based on a general consensus of all parties involved—a process which turned out to be as much a chance for abatement as it was an impediment for reforms. The American business community was split into two factions: those opposed to smoke abatement because they feared additional costs and the intrusion of factories by officials, and others, frequently organized in Chambers of Commerce or similar civic associations, who took a broader perspective and argued that the economic prospects of their city were at stake. The ultimate success of the latter group was largely due to changes in strategy, which allowed businessmen to develop a more positive attitude toward smoke abatement while simultaneously increasing the effectiveness of regulation. Business, therefore, should not be viewed as an inevitably “negative force” in environmental regulation.
The Decline of Child Labor in the U.S. Fruit and Vegetable Canning Industry: Law or Economics?
Authors: Brown Martin , Christiansen Jens , Philips Peter
Published: April 2006

Child labor in the U.S. economy declined significantly between 1880 and 1920. This case study of the fruit and vegetable canning industry examines variations in laws, technology, and income across states and time to assess the relative importance of legal and economic factors in reducing the employment of children. The authors find that economic factors, especially a technologically driven shift toward a greater demand for adult labor, were relatively more important. While economic development was often a precondition for legal restrictions on child labor, compulsory schooling and child labor laws restricted the employment of children in technologically backward canneries.
Dime Store Chains: The Making of Organization Men, 1880–1940
Authors: Raucher Alan R.
Published: April 2006

The following article examines the creation and development of a unique American business institution, the dime store chain. The essay focuses on the store managers—their ethnic, social, and educational background, the rules under which they worked, and the promotion ladder they climbed. It attempts to assess the advantages and disadvantages to the chains of relying on a system of “organization men.”
Kindling a Flame under Federalism: Progressive Reformers, Corporate Elites, and the Phosphorus Match Campaign of 1909–1912
Authors: Moss David A.
Published: April 2006

In 1909, the leaders of the American Association for Labor Legislation launched a campaign to eradicate phosphorus matches from the American market. Because phosphorus match workers often contracted a hideous disease called phosphorus necrosis (or “phossy jaw”), many European countries had already prohibited the poison matches from their markets. In the United States, nearly all interested parties supported legal abolition but found that the nation's federal system constituted a formidable obstacle. No state wanted to be the first to act (for fear of driving industry from its borders), and the federal government lacked the power to regulate intrastate economic activity. This article examines how, in order to circumvent the federalism obstacle, an alliance of academic reformers and business leaders worked to tax phosphorus matches out of existence—that is, to use the federal taxing power as a regulatory instrument.
The Middle Class Factor in the Scottish Reformation
Authors: Reid W. Stanford
Published: April 2006

While studies of the Reformation on the Continent have long emphasized the importance and the influence of the middle class, the dominating figures in many accounts of this movement in Scotland have been the nobles and the preachers. The Lords of the Congregation, along with such ministers as Knox, Wynram, and Harlaw have usually received most of the credit—or blame, depending upon one's point of view—for what took place. While this may be accepted as natural, yet it must be remembered that the Scottish Reformation was neither Lutheran nor Anglican in its final form, but thoroughly Calvinistic. Although Calvinism was not the original moving force, by 1560 it was dominant. By analogy with the parallel movements on the Continent, it is hard to believe that such a development could have come from a purely feudal or princely origin. Following the example of the Reformation in Holland, for example, we are obliged to realize that another important factor was involved: the middle class. Neither the nobles nor the preachers give a complete answer to questions regarding the reason for, and the form of, the Scottish reform movement. True, they held an exceedingly important place in its history. Without the nobles the Reformation might never have taken place. Yet when all this is said, it would seem that if we are to have a proper understanding of the Scottish religious movement it is necessary to study the place held in it by the merchants and master craftsmen. These were the men who in no small way made the Reformation in Scotland possible, and enabled it for the next three hundred years to wield such an enormous influence on the life of the people.
John Wesley's Georgia Ministry
Authors: Pennington Edgar Legare
Published: April 2006

Philanthropy and religious idealism loomed high in the inception of Georgia. Doctor Thomas Bray, once Commissary of the Lord Bishop of London in Maryland, the motivating factor in the founding of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the patron of parochial lending libraries for the colonies, and the ardent advocate of the education of the negro slave, had in his latter years associated himself with General James Edward Oglethorpe. The two had found a common interest in the need of prison reform; there is much reason to believe that Oglethorpe's concern over the hardships of the debtor prisoners was the result of his conferences with Doctor Bray. At any rate, when Doctor Bray received a legacy for the education of the Negroes in the colonies, Oglethorpe was one of the group later incorporated as the “Associates of Doctor Bray.” There were several prominent Anglican clergymen among the trustees, as well as laymen of wealth and position. The original Associates did not constitute a colonising society; their objects were the founding of parochial libraries in England and the plantations and the Christian education of the Negro. When the colonisation of Georgia was undertaken, the enlarged group of Associates of Doctor Bray formed the nucleus of the Georgia Board of Trustees. The Associates included some eight individuals who never served as trustees of the new colony; but no one of the Board as first named was chosen from outside that composite charitable society. “At the head of its membership were three of the original group of Associates. There were fourteen members of Parliament, all of whom but Digby (and possibly Lowther) had served on at least the revised committee on the gaols, though three of the least active were omitted from the trust.
The Baptist View of the State
Authors: Moehlman Conrad Henry
Published: April 2006

Anabaptism, the bête noire of confessional Protestantism, cursed at least once in most sixteenth century confessions of faith from Augsburg and Trent on, classified under the Deformation of the Reformation by Kurtz, and reconsidered by Troeltsch, is now interpreted by Schuster and Franke as the third primary type of Reformation Protestantism. Quiescent Protestantism, otherwise known as Lutheranism, and militant Protestantism, otherwise know as Calvinism, are at present represented as walking down the Reformation board-walk with radical Anabaptism.
Gerald Massey and America
Authors: Hawley Charles Arthur
Published: April 2006

Gerald Massey, once hailed by Landor as comparable to Keats, to “a chastened Hafiz,” to Shakespeare when at his best in his sonnets, has earned the reward of forgotten prophets. This poet, who espoused the cause of chartism in the England of his day, who worked for the common people, who helped shape democracy, was eclipsed by Tennyson, his contemporary and rival. Massey, who came to the defence of F. D. Maurice with these lines:

God bless you, Brave One, in our dearth,

Your life shall leave a trailing glory;

And round the poor man's homely hearth

We proudly tell your suffering's story,

brought to America the seed of the social gospel. It was this same Massey whom George Eliot met and admired in London and later portrayed in Felix Holt, the Radical.