bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LES ENJEUX DE LA RÉVISION DE LA CONVENTION DE PARIS À LA VEILLE DE NAIROBI
Authors: Théberge Richard
Published: May 2019

Sans être pessimiste, l’auteur croit qu’un certain scepticisme n’est pas injustifié quant aux chances de succès de la conférence de révision de la Convention de Paris prévue pour l’automne de 1981 à Nairobi. En effet, considérant le peu de progrès accomplis au cours des travaux préparatoires à la conférence diplomatique de révision, il semble qu’on soit encore bien loin des objectifs initiaux de la présente révision qui devait être essentiellement orientée vers le développement du Tiers Monde. Tant pour le Canada que pour les pays en développement, les pays socialistes et les pays à économie de marché en général, les questions de certificat d’inventeur, d’exploitation des inventions brevetées et de la protection des indications géographiques prendront une importance particulière. La réponse à ces questions, explique l’auteur, procurera aux pays intéressés soit des instruments aptes à faciliter les transferts de technologie, soit des outils politiques, ou contiendra les éléments à propos desquels on s’efforce de conserver le statu quo lorsqu’une « concession » est jugée trop onéreuse.
LE CONGÉDIEMENT INJUSTE EN VERTU DU CODE CANADIEN DU TRAVAIL
Authors: Bouffard Denis
Published: May 2019

L’article 61.5 du Code canadien du Travail aura bientôt quatre ans. À la rédaction de la présente étude, pas moins de 45 décisions arbitrales avaient été rendues sous son empire. Conçu pour limiter l’arbitraire dans le congédiement d’un employé non protégé par une convention collectlive, l’article 61.5 a suffisamment vécu pour permettre d’en dresser un bilan. C’est à l’étude des conditions d’exercice du recours ouvert à l’employé et du pouvoir arbitral y consécutif que se dessinent les forces et faiblesses de l’article 61.5.

La substance même de l’article accuse des failles profondes notamment en ce qu’elle autorise à remettre la victime d’un congédiement injuste à la merci d’un employeur déjà récalcitrant. Les arbitres, pour leur part, se sont quelquefois enlisés dans des interprétations tantôt évasives, tantôt étroites et qui les ont éloignés de l’uniformité attendue d’une telle institution. À ces maux, quelques solutions méritent d’être formulées, comme le fera la conclusion.
LA SANCTION PÉNALE D’UNE GRÈVE ILLÉGALE PAR LE TRIBUNAL DU TRAVAIL
Authors: Martineau Luc
Published: May 2019

Le recours à la grève déborde parfois le cadre dans lequel le législateur québécois l’a insérée. Illégale, elle rend ses auteurs passibles de sanctions pénales. Le Tribunal du Travail se voit alors octroyer une juridiction pénale souvent incompatible avec sa vocation de dispenseur de « solutions de relations de travail ». Comme le révèle l’étude détaillée de cette juridiction et de sa mise en oeuvre, l’atténuation des amendes au profit de solutions alternatives appropriées, tel le renvoi à un médiateur ou l’ordonnance de « cease and desist », pourrait rendre plus harmonieuses les relations de travail. L’économie générale du Code du Travail en serait enrichie.
LES GARANTIES LÉGALES RELATIVES À LA QUALITÉ D’UN PRODUIT SELON LA NOUVELLE LOI DE LA PROTECTION DU CONSOMMATEUR
Authors: Perret Louis
Published: May 2019

Dans cet article, l’auteur analyse les deux recours prévus par la nouvelle Loi en faveur du consommateur, à la fois contre le manufacturier et contre le détaillant. Le premier recours a trait à la garantie contre les défauts cachés, le deuxième, à la garantie de durabilité du produit. L’auteur démontre que ces deux recours auraient pu être ramenés à un seul : celui de la garantie contre les vices cachés. Il analyse en outre, la portée de ce recours direct du consommateur, acquéreur subséquent, d’un produit défectueux, contre le manufacturier, notamment, en le situant par rapport au droit commun, au projet de réforme du Code civil et à diverses législations modernes.
Critères de qualification des acquêts et des Family Assets en droit québécois
et ontarien
Authors: Beaulne Jacques
Published: May 2019

La nécessité de procéder au partage des biens des conjoints dont le régime
matrimonial a été dissous par le divorce, la nullité du mariage ou la séparation, suppose
l’étape préalable de détermination des différentes masses susceptibles d’une division
quelconque.

À ce chapitre, le juriste québécois a l’avantage d’avoir à sa portée les règles du
Code civil qui établissent des critères fixes dont l’application permet de
déterminer le caractère partageable ou non des patrimoines respectifs des époux. Par contre,
le juriste ontarien n’a comme ressource que de rares règles écrites, largement complétées il
est vrai par une abondante jurisprudence qui prône un système de qualification des
patrimoines davantage relié au dynamisme perpétuel des masses.

Pourtant, malgré ce cheminement divergent, les deux systèmes juridiques ont comme
but ultime la reconnaissance de la situation d’égalité qui doit prévaloir entre les
conjoints.
L’influence religieuse sur le droit civil du Québec
Authors: Baudouin Jean-Louis
Published: May 2019

La religion catholique a eu une grande influence sur le droit civil québécois.
Cette influence s’est manifestée dans la législation, tantôt directement par référence
explicite aux règles religieuses, tantôt indirectement par la sécularisation d’idées et
principes venant du droit canon. L’influence de la religion se fait également sentir dans la
jurisprudence. Malgré la sécularisation actuelle du droit privé, l’ensemble des règles de la
morale chrétienne traditionnelle continue de former la base des grands principes du droit
civil québécois.
The Co-Parental Divorce: Removing the Children from the Jurisdiction
Authors: Payne Julien D. , Overend Eileen
Published: May 2019

The preservation of parenting rights in contested custody or access proceedings
arising on the dissolution of marriage necessitates a judicial reconciliation or balancing
of the competing interests of the children, the parents and members of any extended or
reconstituted families. In C. v. C., (unreported, March 7, 1984, Ont.
S.C.) the mother was held to the terms of a prior separation agreement and was ordered not
to remove the children from the Province of Ontario without the father's consent or a
further order of the court. In reaching this decision, the trial judge placed heavy reliance
on the evidence of a mediator who had unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the differences
between the parents and who was of the opinion that the children would be at risk if the
mother proceeded with her plans to remarry and establish a new home for herself and the
children in England.

C. v. C. raises diverse fundamental issues concerning the legal
resolution of parenting disputes on marriage breakdown or divorce. The following issues are
addressed in the commentary of this judgment (reproduced in annex):

1. What significance, if any, does, and should, a court give to the express terms
of a separation agreement?

2. If a mediator is retained, should the mediation process, including the
mediator's evaluation, be “open” (i.e. subject to disclosure to the court) or
“closed” (i.e. confidential and excluded from any evidence adduced in subsequent
judicial proceedings)?

3. How can the best interests of the children — the legal criterion to be applied
in the adjudication of parenting disputes — be reconciled with the best interests of other
concerned family members?

4. Could, and should, the court have addressed the possibility of some alternative
form of parenting arrangements that might accomodate the competing interests of all the
affected parties?

5. To what extent can the courts legally fetter the freedom of a custodial parent
to establish a new home for (i) herself (or himself) and (ii) the children?

Some of these issues are specifically addressed in the unreported reasons for
judgment. Others are ignored. The purpose of this commentary is to canvass these issues and
point to the need for a family-oriented approach to the resolution of parenting disputes,
rather than an individual rights approach, such as has been traditionally adhered to by the
courts in the adjudication of custody and access disputes.
Mitigation of Damage in the Context of Remedies for Breach of Contract
Authors: Michaud Anne
Published: May 2019

When I began this article my main objective was to show why the concept of
mitigation of damage, which is so extensively used in common law, was apparently
non-existent in civil law. Right from the beginning, however, I found conclusive evidence
which proved that the concept of mitigation actually exists in civil law too; my purpose was
then transformed into explaining how this concept works in two systems of law that are so
different in their approaches and their methodologies.

In order to make this study manageable, I have focused on the links between the
concept of mitigation and the problem of pecuniary loss following a breach of contract.
Consequently, issues pertaining to tort, physical injuries to persons and things, and claims
to liquidate sums, as in debt, will be dealt with only incidentally. Regrettably, this
course of action will leave open many interesting questions related to mitigation, mainly in
tort but also in contract. Nevertheless, I trust that the present study will constitute a
useful basis for further analysis on this subject.

I have divided this work into two parts, devoted to the two phases of recovery
following a breach of contract. The first phase concerns the choice of which losses fall
under the protection of the law, among all those claimed by the plaintiff. I propose to call
this phase measuring the extent of the loss. The second phase involves the determination of
what the defendant will have to do in order to compensate the plaintiff; when this
compensation takes a pecuniary form it involves the assessment of the pecuniary value of the
loss.

The first of these phases primarily concerns the extent of losses and the question
of what damage counts for compensation; this particular aspect of the issue of mitigation is
the subject of Part I of this article. The connection between mitigation and the pecuniary
evaluation of a plaintiff's damages is examined in Part II where I focus on the effects of
inflation and other factors that influence the cost of compensation.

Finally, from a comparative point of view, one of the main interests of the present
study lies in observing that the concept of mitigation has achieved a different status in
civil law and in common law. The conclusion of this work explores this situation, and aims
at explaining the historical and juridical circumstances that may have caused common law to
attain higher levels of generality and of abstraction than civil law with regard to the
issue of mitigation.
Louisiana's Mixed Legal System
Authors: Pascal Robert A.
Published: May 2019

The author analyses the Louisiana experience as a basis for suggesting that the
codified law methodology which Professor Tancelin favors presupposes a respect for law as
the science and art of order for the common good, a respect that decreases as men ignore the
ontological bases of human community and regard society as an association of individuals for
selfish concerns.
Divorce Reform in Canada: New Perspectives; An Analytical Review of Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984
Authors: Payne Julien D.
Published: May 2019

Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984 is entitled An Act to Amend the Divorce Act (R.S.C., 1970, c. 10). In reality, however, the fundamental character of some of the changes proposed therein constitutes a major reform of substantive divorce law and provides a limited foundation for radical changes in the adversarial legal process.

The concept of “no-fault” divorce that was proposed by the Law Reform Commission of Canada in its Working Papers and Report on Family Law constitutes the basis of Bill C-10 with regard to the freedom to divorce and the judicial determination of the right to and quantum of spousal maintenance. But Bill C-10 provides little by way of a framework for the implementation of the Law Commission's recommendations for new processes that would ameliorate the injurious effects of the adversarial legal process. For example, the use of mediation as an alternative to the litigation of disputed issues is endorsed in clauses 5 and 16 of Bill C-10, but these clauses, and particularly clause 5, are badly drafted and are unlikely to foster mediated settlements where either lawyer representing the parties is intent on a battle in open court.

Bill C-10 introduces much-needed policy objectives to assist the courts in determining whether spousal maintenance should be ordered on the dissolution of the marriage. Here again, however, the drafting is less precise than might be considered appropriate. The “best interests of the child” is declared to be the paramount criterion in applications for the maintenance, custody, care and upbringing of children, but no specific guidelines are provided with respect to the factors that might be relevant to a determination of a child's best interests. Joint custody orders and third party orders are expressly permitted, but not expressly encouraged, by clause 10 of Bill C-10.

The jurisdictional requirements of section 5 (1) of the Divorce Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. D-8 have been simplified by clause 3 of Bill C-10, which retains only the one year ordinary residence requirement. Corresponding adjustments have been made to section 6 of the Divorce Act, which governs the recognition of foreign divorce decrees.

Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984 thus constitutes a blending of the old and new. Whether this blend produces vintage wine or vinegar is a matter of opinion.
Aperçu des principales nouveautés de la réforme du droit des biens
Authors: Cossette André
Published: May 2019

L’auteur présente les principaux aspects des réformes proposées par le projet de loi n° 58 portant réforme du droit des biens et devant constituer le livre quatrième du Code civil du Québec.
Le projet de réforme du droit des successions
Authors: Brière Germain
Published: May 2019

Le projet de loi n° 107 portant réforme du droit des successions, qui devrait constituer à brève échéance le Livre troisième du Code civil du Québec, tend à modifier à maints égards le droit actuel, tant dans la présentation des règles que dans leur substance. L’auteur procède à l’analyse de ces modifications, en examinant successivement les six titres du projet de loi, dont quatre sont communs aux successions testamentaires et aux successions ab intestat.
Child Maintenance under the Divorce Act
Authors: Payne Julien D. , Shipton-Mitchell Cindy
Published: May 2019

As courts increasingly endorse policies of a clean financial break between
divorcing spouses and rehabilitative spousal support orders on the breakdown of marriage,
the importance of the law respecting child maintenance on the dissolution of marriage is
correspondingly increased. This article seeks to define the law in this context, without
obfuscating those issues that remain controversial before the courts. The analysis defines
which children are protected by the corollary financial provisions of the Divorce
Act, R.C.S., 1980, c. D-8; the circumstances in which an application may be made; the
potential duration of orders; the effect of spousal agreements; the respective degrees to
which each spouse will be required to contribute towards the costs of rearing the child; the
types of orders that can be made including retrospective orders; and the agreement,
variation and rescission of child maintenance orders.
Concurrence déloyale en droit privé — commentaires d’arrêts
Authors: Goudreau Mistrale
Published: May 2019

L’auteur brosse un tableau des règles de la concurrence déloyale au Québec et analyse trois jugements récents rendus depuis 1980 dans ce domaine. Le premier jugement illustre les problèmes d’ordre constitutionnel que suscite une action intentée en vertu de l’article 7 de la Loi sur les marques de commerce. Les deux autres décisions montrent les difficultés à appliquer à ce délit commercial les principes traditionnels de la responsabilité civile.
Imagen corporal, depresión y autoestima: Un estudio con preadolescentes
Authors: Peris Reig Laura
Published: May 2019

El tema principal de este estudio es la imagen corporal y la autoestima en los niños, siendo dos factores que están íntimamente relacionados, especialmente en etapas como la pubertad/adolescencia, donde la apariencia física es una de las preocupaciones más potentes buscando encajar y ser aceptado en el grupo de iguales y en los patrones de belleza ideales para una cultura o sociedad concreta. El problema de ello es que una gran insatisfacción corporal y una baja autoestima pueden derivar en trastornos de la alimentación que comienzan a ser más frecuentes, en general, en la etapa adolescente.
Funciones del sistema ideológico de la excelencia en el espacio académico
Authors: Benedito Casanova Antonio , Beltrán Llavador José
Published: May 2019

En nuestras universidades públicas estamos asistiendo a un progresivo proceso de cambio que se ha acelerado en las dos últimas décadas y que presenta no pocas paradojas. Nuestro análisis parte del intento de clarificar, en este contexto, una llamativa antinomia entre los discursos de diferentes agentes sociales universitarios que alertan contra la precariedad, la falta de recursos y el deterioro de nuestro orden institucional universitario y los discursos de esos mismos agentes, obnubilados por el aumento de la calidad, la excelencia y la productividad de las instituciones universitarias a las que pertenecen. Siempre llama la atención el aparente hecho de que se haga más con menos y que se ponga todo en manos de la gestión y no de la producción de recursos materiales como respuesta inteligente a las contradicciones, sobre todo cuando la propia virtud de la excelencia supone como incuestionable una serie de medios, bienes y capitales previamente dados. La compleja crisis institucional que atraviesan las universidades, vinculable a la de nuestras sociedades, viene acompañada de una recurrente apelación a la gobernanza numérica como única garante de una posible salida de tal crisis. La presente reflexión se sitúa en una investigación crítica acerca de las formas de cambio de la universidad contemporánea, tomando como hilo conductor la evolución de sus específicos modos de legitimación, manifestada en un sistema de discursos acerca de la universidad, producido tanto en su interior como en su exterior. Sostenemos que la sustitución del gobierno autónomo de la universidad por su gobernanza matemática pone en circulación los tres procesos clave de cualquier funcionamiento de un campo ideológico, correspondientes a sus dimensiones imaginaria, simbólica y real: la mitificación, la mistificación y la fetichización.
Elever le niveau de formation des enseignants, est-ce élever le niveau de l’enseignement ? L’exemple du Brésil
Authors: Mamede Maïra
Published: May 2019

Au Brésil, la massification de l’éducation a entraîné une forte demande d’enseignants. Issus majoritairement des classes sociales défavorisées, ils sont aujourd’hui la première génération à avoir suivi une scolarisation longue. Etant donné que la familiarité avec la culture écrite est directement corrélée à la performance scolaire, cette recherche s’est centrée sur la façon dont les enseignants se sont appropriées la culture écrite pour pouvoir en être les médiateurs. Nous avons analysé des textes écrits par des étudiants dans des institutions de formation enseignante. Notre analyse montre que l’insertion des (futurs) enseignants dans la littératie étendue est d’ordre formel ; en l’absence des usages élaboratifs de l’écriture, les pratiques mises en œuvre seraient proches d’un usage restreint de l’écrit. Cet usage restreint de pratiques littératiées peut être un obstacle pour la mise en œuvre de pratiques de littératie étendue dans leurs classes et donc à la démocratisation de l’éducation.
Medio siglo de Pedagogía del Oprimido: Homenaje a Paulo Freire
Authors: Beltrán Llavador José , Hernàndez Francesc Jesús
Published: May 2019

Medio siglo de Pedagogía del Oprimido: Homenaje a Paulo Freire
Grandeza, generosidad y prudencia de Luis Vives
Authors: Calero Calero Francisco
Published: May 2019

En este trabajo, a partir de la vida y del epistolario de Juan Luis Vives, se estudian tres cualidades que el humanista valenciano tenía en grado de excelencia: grandeza, generosidad y prudencia. Gracias a ellas y a datos de bibliógrafos de la época, se le puede atribuir la autoría de varias obras escritas en latín y que no figuran en el catálogo de su producción. Se trata de ediciones de clásicos como un fragmento de Tácito, de obras históricas como Descriptio temporum et rerum a populo Romano domi forisque gestarum, de dialéctica como Dialectices libri quattuor y referentes al divorcio de Enrique VIII como Non esse y Philalethae hyperborei.
Sobre los diálogos escolares de Juan Luis Vives en México en 1554: una edición con comentario
Authors: Sanchis Amat Víctor Manuel
Published: May 2019

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio acerca de la edición de los Diálogos escolares de Juan Luis Vives que el humanista toledano Francisco Cervantes de Salazar pasó por la imprenta de Juan Pablos en la recién fundada ciudad de México de los conquistadores en el año 1554. Fue la primera vez que Vives es editado en el continente americano debido principalmente a la necesidad del profesor de retórica de la recién fundada universidad novohispana de utilizar los breves diálogos para uso pedagógico en su desarrollo docente. La novedad de esta edición radica en un comentario de Francisco Cervantes de Salazar a los textos de Vives, poco conocidos, pues no se han editado desde su publicación en 1554.
Proposal of conceptual model for the mechanism underpinning evolution of operon as pathway gene organizer in bacterial genome
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: May 2019

Genes of the same metabolic or signaling pathway are typically organized as concatenated genes on an operon in prokaryotic system. However, the same is not true for genes belonging to a pathway in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, genes of the same pathway in eukaryotic cells could be separated by significant distance along the genome, and may even be on different chromosomes. Thus, what accounts for the observed differences in gene organization, and more importantly, what is the biological basis that underpin the organization of genes of the same pathway into operon in prokaryotic cells? The questions are tough to answer from the bioinformatic perspective as evidence for the definition of operon might have been erased by evolution through the eons. This is because stretches of nucleotides encoding less important information are more vulnerable to mutations and are less well conserved. Thus, one plausible approach is to observe how a bacterium such as Escherichia coli evolve the ability to degrade or metabolize a xenobiotic through a pathway comprising multiple genes. Such evolved pathways of multiple concatenated genes might be encoded on plasmids that enter the cell rather than on the chromosome since multiple copies of plasmids provide more opportunities for diversification of gene function and capabilities compared to single gene copy in the chromosome. Hence, different plasmids might be distributed to different E. coli cells; thereby, rendering different levels of fitness for survival under xenobiotic challenge in the environment, where the fittest strain would dominate the population. Following selection of specific gene variant with highest efficacy, genetic information on the plasmid could be co-opted and integrated into the genome of phages that infect the cell. The genetic information subsequently becomes integrated into the chromosome through lysogeny of phage. This process would theoretically leave behind lysogeny markers in the genome, which might still be available for bioinformatic interrogation despite possibility of erasure of sequence through evolution. Integration of plasmid into the phage genome would also enable broader spread of the evolved gene amongst bacterial species in the same environment. Collectively, understanding the provenance of concatenation of pathway genes into a single operon under the control of a common promoter remains a difficult challenge in fundamental microbiology due to the lack of clues at the sequence level for bioinformatic analysis. However, one possibility for guiding the evolution of operon could be the evolution of genes on co-opted environmental plasmids for tackling a xenobiotic challenge, followed by integration of plasmid gene into phage genome and their subsequent integration into the bacterial chromosome through lysogeny. Hence, lysogeny markers near operons in the bacterial genome that have not been erased through evolution would offer first clues to the plausibility of the above model.
Catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic medication in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Manheimer Eric W , Mayer Martin , Alper Brian S
Published: May 2019

The CABANA and CAPTAF trials report more data on the effects of catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic medication on quality of life for patients with atrial fibrillation than previously available systematic reviews. However, these publications do not report data for all-cause mortality and cardiac hospitalization in a form that can be integrated into recent meta-analyses.

Recent meta-analysis estimates for the effect of catheter ablation on all-cause mortality suggest a reduction in patients with comorbid heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (risk ratio [RR] 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.81, n=732, 5 trials) and an unclear effect in patients without comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.61, n=710, 4 trials).

CABANA (n = 2,204) reported mortality for all patients combined (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.15), and subgroup analyses by presence or absence of HFrEF would be useful to determine consistency with other trials and, if consistent, increase precision of pooled effect estimates. CAPTAF (n = 155) (which included almost exclusively patients without comorbid heart failure) did not report the mortality outcome data.

Both trials collected data on cardiac hospitalization. A recent meta-analysis suggests a reduction in cardiac hospitalization in patients with comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.87, n=632, 3 trials) and in patients without comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.45, n=629, 4 trials). Again, however, the CABANA and CAPTAF trials did not report these data in a way that would allow them to be integrated into existing meta-analyses or did not report these data at all. Reporting key clinical outcomes from these trials with subgrouping by comorbid HFrEF could provide substantially more data than the prior body of evidence and inform best current estimates for this comparison.
NRG1 is a critical regulator of differentiation in TP63-driven squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hegde Ganapati V , de la Cruz Cecile , Giltnane Jennifer M , Crocker Lisa , Venkatanarayan Avinashnarayan , Schaefer Gabriele , Dunlap Debra , Hoeck Joerg D , Piskol Robert , Gnad Florian , Modrusan Zora , de Sauvage Frederic J , Siebel Christian W , Jackson Erica L
Published: May 2019

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) account for the majority of cancer mortalities. Although TP63 is an established lineage-survival oncogene in SCCs, therapeutic strategies have not been developed to target TP63 or it’s downstream effectors. In this study we demonstrate that TP63 directly regulates NRG1 expression in human SCC cell lines and that NRG1 is a critical component of the TP63 transcriptional program. Notably, we show that squamous tumors are dependent NRG1 signaling in vivo, in both genetically engineered mouse models and human xenograft models, and demonstrate that inhibition of NRG1 induces keratinization and terminal squamous differentiation of tumor cells, blocking proliferation and inhibiting tumor growth. Together, our findings identify a lineage-specific function of NRG1 in SCCs of diverse anatomic origin.
Development and evaluation of the Parenting to Reduce Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (PaRCADS): assessment of parental concordance with guidelines for the prevention of child anxiety and depression
Authors: Sim Wan Hua , Jorm Anthony F. , Lawrence Katherine A. , Yap Marie B.H.
Published: May 2019

Background

Involving parents in the prevention of mental health problems in children is prudent given their fundamental role in supporting their child’s development. However, few measures encapsulate the range of risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression that parents can potentially modify. The Parenting to Reduce Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (PaRCADS) was developed as a criterion-referenced measure to assess parenting against a set of evidence-based parenting guidelines for the prevention of child anxiety and depressive disorders.

Methods

In Study 1, 355 parents of children 8–11 years old across Australia completed the PaRCADS and measures of parenting, general family functioning, child anxiety and depressive symptoms, and parent and child health-related quality of life. Their children completed measures of parenting, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. In Study 2, six subject-experts independently evaluated the PaRCADS items for item-objective congruence and item-relevance. Item analysis was conducted by examining item-total point-biserial correlation, difficulty index, B-index, and expert-rated content validity indices. Reliability (or dependability) was assessed by agreement coefficients for single administration. Construct validity was examined by correlational analyses with other measures.

Results

Four items were removed to yield a 79-item, 10-subscale PaRCADS. Reliability estimates for the subscale and total score range from .74 to .94. Convergent validity was indicated by moderate to strong correlations with other parenting and family functioning measures, and discriminant validity was supported by small to moderate correlations with a measure of parents’ health-related quality of life. Higher scores on the PaRCADS were associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms and better health-related quality of life in the child. PaRCADS total score was associated with parental age, parent reported child’s history of mental health diagnosis and child’s current mental health problem.

Discussion

Results showed that the PaRCADS demonstrates adequate psychometric properties that provide initial support for its use as a measure of parenting risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression. The scale may be used for intervention and evaluative purposes in preventive programs and research.
Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Leave Extracts of Albizia chevalieri Using Free Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
Authors: Garba Alhassan M. , Isa Habiba R. , Abubakar Sadiq , Ja’afar Saudat
Published: May 2019

Dried and powdered leaves of Albizia chevalieri were extracted using ethanol. The extract was fractionated to give methanol, chloroform and pet-ether. The four extracts obtained; ethanol, chloroform, methanol and pet-ether were evaluated for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The results of the DPPH scavenging activity indicated a concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. The DPPH scavenging activity of the ethanol, chloroform and methanol extracts were found to be promising. There is no significant difference in the antioxidant activity between the ethanol, chloroform and methanol extracts with that of standard Ascorbic acid at 10, 25, 250 and 500 μg/ml concentrations. This showed that the ethanol, chloroform and methanol leave extracts of the plant has the potency of scavenging free radicals in vitro and may provide leads in the ongoing search for natural antioxidants from Nigerian medicinal plants to be used in treating diseases related to free radical reactions.
A hybrid discrete–continuous model of metastatic cancer cell migration through a remodeling extracellular matrix
Authors: Nguyen Edalgo Yen T. , Zornes Anya L. , Ford Versypt Ashlee N.
Published: May 2019

A major cause of cancer mortality is metastasis of cancer cells from a localized tumor to other parts of the body. The interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment, particularly the extracellular matrix (ECM), are central to metastatic migration. During metastasis, enzymes are secreted to degrade and crosslink collagen fibers in the ECM, inducing structural alterations and changes in the properties of the ECM. The mechanism of how these changes facilitate the directional motility of cancer cells along the collagen fibers remains unclear. A hybrid discrete–continuous computational model is developed via the software CompuCell3D to simulate the migration of metastatic cancer cells through the ECM during chemical and physical remodeling. Cancer cells are treated as discrete agents, and ECM components (collagen fibers and remodeling enzymes) are modeled by partial differential equations. The computational model of cancer migration provides understanding of how ECM remodeling affects migration efficiency.
Efficient and Selective Methane Borylation Through Pore Size Tuning of Hybrid Porous Organic‐Polymer‐Based Iridium Catalysts
Authors: Chen Qi , Dong Anwang , Wang Dongxu , Qiu Lu , Ma Chunxin , Yuan Yihui , Zhao Yunpeng , Jia Na , Guo Zhanhu , Wang Ning
Published: May 2019

As a new energy source that could replace petroleum, the global reserves of methane hydrate (combustible ice) are estimated to be approximately 20 000 trillion cubic meters. A large amount of methane hydrate has been found under the seabed, but the transportation and storage of methane gas far from coastlines are technically unfeasible and expensive. The direct conversion of methane into value‐added chemicals and liquid fuels is highly desirable but remains challenging. Herein, we prepare a series of iridium complexes based on porous polycarbazoles with high specific areas and good thermochemical stabilities. Through structure tuning we optimized their catalytic activities for the selective monoborylation of methane. One of these catalysts (CAL‐3‐Ir) can produce methyl boronic acid pinacol ester (CH3Bpin) in 29 % yield in 9 h with a turnover frequency (TOF) of approximately 14 h−1. Because its pore sizes favor monoborylated products, it has a high chemoselectivity for monoborylation (CH3Bpin:CH2(Bpin)2=16:1).
Single‐Molecule Imaging of Active Mitochondrial Nitroreductases Using a Photo‐Crosslinking Fluorescent Sensor
Authors: Thiel Zacharias , Rivera‐Fuentes Pablo
Published: May 2019

Many biomacromolecules are known to cluster in microdomains with specific subcellular localization. In the case of enzymes, this clustering greatly defines their biological functions. Nitroreductases are enzymes capable of reducing nitro groups to amines, and play a role in detoxification and pro‐drug activation. Although nitroreductase activity has been detected in mammalian cells, the subcellular localization of this activity remains incompletely characterized. Here, we report a fluorescent probe that enables super‐resolved imaging of pools of nitroreductase activity within mitochondria. This probe is activated sequentially by nitroreductases and light to give a photo‐crosslinked adduct of active enzymes. In combination with a general photoactivatable marker of mitochondria, we performed two‐color, three‐dimensional, single‐molecule localization microscopy. These experiments allowed us to image the sub‐mitochondrial organization of microdomains of nitroreductase activity.
CO2‐Activated Reversible Transition between Polymersomes and Micelles with AIE Fluorescence
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Fan Yujiao , Chen Hui , Trépout Sylvain , Li Min‐Hui
Published: May 2019

Fluorescent polymersomes with both aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and CO2‐responsive properties were developed from amphiphilic block copolymer PEG‐b‐P(DEAEMA‐co‐TPEMA) in which the hydrophobic block was a copolymer made of tetraphenylethene functionalized methacrylate (TPEMA) and 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) with unspecified sequence arrangement. Four block copolymers with different DEAEMA/TPEMA and hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratios were synthesized, and bright AIE polymersomes were prepared by nanoprecipitation in THF/water and dioxane/water systems. Polymersomes of PEG45‐b‐P(DEAEMA36‐co‐TPEMA6) were chosen to study the CO2‐responsive property. Upon CO2 bubbling vesicles transformed to small spherical micelles, and upon Ar bubbling micelles returned to vesicles with the presence of a few intermediate morphologies. These polymersomes might have promising applications as sensors, nanoreactors, or controlled release systems.
Electrospinning from a convex needle with multiple jet toward better controlling and enhanced production rate
Authors: Jahan Israt , Jadhav Amit , Wang Lijing , Wang Xin
Published: May 2019

Multiple jet was successfully generated from a convex needle spinneret based on a conventional electrospinning setup. A convex channel was created in the front part of the needle to generate a limited free surface in the electrospinning process. A high flow rate was implemented with more than one polymer jet being produced, resulting in the production rate 2–3 times higher than conventional electrospinning. Finer nanofibers were produced from the convex needle when the applied voltage was 19 kV. The electric field intensity distribution of this spinneret was analyzed and compared with conventional needle spinneret by Comsol Multiphysics modeling. The research work has demonstrated that scaling up the production rate of nanofibers from needle‐based free surface electrospinning is possible. It will benefit further development of electrospinning with enhanced throughput and more precise controlling. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48014.
Design and Synthesis of 2‐(5‐Phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Effects towards Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Activation of ROS‐Mediated Mitochondria Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Mengying , Wu Yusheng , Xu Cuifang , Zhao Rucheng , Huang Yanyu , Zeng Xiangchao , Chen Tianfeng
Published: May 2019

Benzimidazole derivatives are widely studied because of their broad‐spectrum biological activity, such as antitumor properties and excellent fluorescence performance. Herein, two types of 2‐(5‐phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole derivatives (1 a–1 h and 2 a–2 e) were rationally designed and synthesized. When these compounds were investigated in vitro anti‐screening assays, we found that all of them possessed antitumor effect, in particular compound 1 b, which showed an outstanding antiproliferative effect on MDA‐MB‐231 cells (IC50≈2.6 μm). A study of the drug action mechanisms in cells showed that the antitumor activity of the compounds is proportional to their lipophilicity and cellular uptake; the tested compounds all entered the lysosome of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and caused changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and then caused mitochondrial damage. Apparent differences in the ROS levels for each compound suggest that the lethality of these compounds towards MDA‐MB‐231 cells is closely related to the ROS levels. Taken together, this study not only provides a theoretical basis for 2‐(5‐phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole anticarcinogens but also offers new thinking on the rational design of next‐generation antitumor benzimidazole derivatives.
Stability‐indicating HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of 14 impurities in excedrin tablet formulations and identification of new impurity by LC–MS in accelerated stability studies
Authors: Dongala Thirupathi , Katari Naresh Kumar , Palakurthi Ashok Kumar , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B.
Published: May 2019

We developed novel stability‐indicating HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of 14 impurities in excedrin tablet, a formulation with a combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. In addition, a new impurity that was generated through degradation of aspirin at high temperatures during the accelerated stability conditions was positively identified and confirmed, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. The HPLC method was optimized using the Inertsustain C18, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm column, employing simple gradient method. Forced degradation studies were performed under acidic, basic, oxidative and thermal conditions to prove the scope and stability‐indicating the nature of the method. The optimized method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The HPLC method showed linearity from LOQ concentration to 21 μg mL−1. Precision and intermediate precision values were <5% RSD. The validated HPLC method is currently applied for the routine testing of excedrin tablet formulations in quality control laboratories.
Treatment patterns, adverse events, and economic burden in a privately insured population of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the United States
Authors: Kabadi Shaum M. , Goyal Ravi K. , Nagar Saurabh P. , Kaye James A. , Davis Keith L.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Contemporary data describing treatment patterns, adverse events (AEs), and outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in clinical practice are lacking. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and assessed treatment patterns, AEs, health‐care resource use (HCRU), and costs in patients with diagnosis of CLL.

Methods

Using a nationally representative population of privately insured patients in the US, adult patients with CLL diagnosis (July 2012‐June 2015) were selected if they had continuous health plan enrollment for ≥12 months before the first CLL diagnosis without any evidence of any CLL‐directed treatment. Treatment patterns up to four lines of therapy (LOT) and occurrence of AEs during CLL therapies were assessed. Mean per‐patient monthly HCRU and costs were assessed overall and by number of unique AEs.

Results

Of all patients meeting the selection criteria (n = 7,639; median age, 66 years), 18% (n = 1,379) received a systemic therapy during study follow‐up. Of these, bendamustine/rituximab (BR) was the most common first observed regimen (28.1%), while ibrutinib was the most common therapy in the second (20.8%) and third (25.5%) observed regimens. The mean monthly all‐cause and CLL‐related costs, among patients treated with a systemic therapy, were $7,943 (SD = $15,757) and $5,185 (SD = $9,935), respectively. Mean monthly all‐cause costs increased by the number of AEs (from $905 [SD = $1,865] among those with no AEs to $6,032 [SD = $13,290] among those with ≥6 AEs).

Conclusions

Chemoimmunotherapy, particularly BR, was the most common first observed therapy for CLL, whereas ibrutinib was most preferred in the second and third observed lines of therapy during the study period. Findings demonstrate that the economic burden of AEs in CLL is substantial.
Oxoborane Formation Turns on Formazanate‐Based Photoluminescence
Authors: Maar Ryan R. , Hoffman Nicholas A. , Staroverov Viktor N. , Gilroy Joe B.
Published: May 2019

The synthesis of compounds containing multiple bonds to boron has challenged main‐group chemists for decades. Despite significant progress, the possibility that the formation of such bonds can turn on photoluminescence has received minimal attention. We report an oxoborane (B=O) complex that is electronically stabilized by a formazanate ligand in the absence of significant steric bulk and, unlike the common BX2 (X=F, Cl) formazanate adducts, exhibits intense photoluminescence. The latter property was rationalized through density‐functional calculations which indicated that the B=O bond enhances photoluminescence by drastically reducing differences between the ligand's geometries in the ground and excited states. The title oxoborane compound was synthesized from an air‐ and moisture‐stable BCl2 formazanate complex and subsequently converted to a redox‐active boroxine. Each of these species may also serve as a precursor to functional materials.
GIScience and cancer: State of the art and trends for cancer surveillance and epidemiology
Authors: Sahar Liora , Foster Stephanie L. , Sherman Recinda L. , Henry Kevin A. , Goldberg Daniel W. , Stinchcomb David G. , Bauer Joseph E.
Published: May 2019

Maps are well recognized as an effective means of presenting and communicating health data, such as cancer incidence and mortality rates. These data can be linked to geographic features like counties or census tracts and their associated attributes for mapping and analysis. Such visualization and analysis provide insights regarding the geographic distribution of cancer and can be important for advancing effective cancer prevention and control programs. Applying a spatial approach allows users to identify location‐based patterns and trends related to risk factors, health outcomes, and population health. Geographic information science (GIScience) is the discipline that applies Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other spatial concepts and methods in research. This review explores the current state and evolution of GIScience in cancer research by addressing fundamental topics and issues regarding spatial data and analysis that need to be considered. GIScience, along with its health‐specific application in the spatial epidemiology of cancer, incorporates multiple geographic perspectives pertaining to the individual, the health care infrastructure, and the environment. Challenges addressing these perspectives and the synergies among them can be explored through GIScience methods and associated technologies as integral parts of epidemiologic research, analysis efforts, and solutions. The authors suggest GIScience is a powerful tool for cancer research, bringing additional context to cancer data analysis and potentially informing decision‐making and policy, ultimately aimed at reducing the burden of cancer.
Effects of Sublethal Doses of Herbicides on the Competitive Interactions Between 2 Nontarget Plants, Centaurea cyanus L. and Silene noctiflora L.
Authors: Boutin Céline , Montroy Kaitlyn , Mathiassen Solvejg K. , Carpenter David J. , Strandberg Beate , Damgaard Christian
Published: May 2019

Plant competitive interactions influence the effect of herbicides, and the effect of competitive interactions on plant responses may be important to include in the ecological risk assessment of herbicides. In the present study the effect of competitive interactions and sublethal doses of 2 herbicides on plant species was investigated in competition experiments and fitted to empirical competition models. Two nontarget species commonly found in agroecosystems (Centaurea cyanus L. and Silene noctiflora L.) and 2 herbicides (glyphosate and metsulfuron methyl) were used in separate experiments. Plants were sprayed at the 6- to 8-leaf stage. Effects of herbicide treatments and plant density were modeled by generalization of a discrete hyperbolic competition model. The 10% effective dose (ED10) was calculated for C. cyanus. All experiments showed that as density increased, plants were negatively affected. Furthermore, in all cases, C. cyanus remained a better competitor than S. noctiflora. Nevertheless, the density of S. noctiflora (competitor) was an influential element in determining the ED10 of C. cyanus measured at the mature stage. With herbicide exposure, the competitive interactions were further altered; C. cyanus was less affected by glyphosate when S. noctiflora increased to high density. In contrast, at the young stage, conspecific density was important in determining the sensitivity of C. cyanus to metsulfuron methyl, whereas the density of the competitor S. noctiflora had a limited influence. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of integrating the effect of herbicide and species interactions measured at the reproductive stage into the ecological risk assessments of pesticides. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2053–2064. © 2019 SETAC.