bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel network component analysis technique for gene regulatory network inference
Authors: Elsayad Dina , Hamad Safwat , Shedeed Howida A. , Tolba Mohamed F.
Published: June 2021

The inference of gene regulatory network has a vital role in understanding the topological order of gene interactions, in addition to how genes are affected by the others genes. One of gene regulatory network techniques is Network Component analysis. The primary drawback of Network Component analysis technique is the intensive computation and time consummation. To avoid these drawbacks, parallel techniques are required. This work presents a parallel technique for gene regulatory network inference; referred as Improved Parallel Computation for Sparse Network Component Analysis (iPSparseNCA) algorithm. To improve the performance of network component analysis technique, iPSparseNCA implements a hybrid parallelism computational model that uses cannon's algorithm for the matrix operations. The performance of iPSparseNCA is measured using different genetic datasets. The computational results indicate that iPSparseNCA achieved high computational speedup, where the achieved speedup reached 1359.85 on 256 processing nodes. These computational results indicate that iPSparseNCA achieved super linear speedup, where, the achieved speedup exceeds the number of used processing nodes. Furthermore, iPSparseNCA has O (N2) time instead of O (M3N2) time for the sequential technique, where M is the number of genes in the dataset and N is the number of the samples.
Diverse values, philosophies and ideas beget innovation and resilience in ecology and for our world
Authors: Morrison Deb L. , Steltzer Heidi
Published: June 2021

Intellectual diversity, which is often assessed through social diversity proxies, such as race, ethnicity, and gender, is essential to innovation in ecology. There are many diverse ways of knowing, valuing, and discerning alternatives within ecology and as it is applied to solve global‐change issues. However, science is a cultural activity, one that is affected by colonialism, racism, and White supremacy and, like other fields of science, the pursuit of ecological careers has historically been a space of limited opportunities for participation for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)—narrowing the diverse ways of knowing, valuing, and engaging in ecological work. We seek to debunk the view that such limited participation is a result of BIPOC lacking interest in or proficiency in science, and instead offer that BIPOC communities are places of deep scientific understanding, sociocultural resilience, and cultural wealth. Scientists must broaden their consideration of the ecological sciences and work with BIPOC to establish community‐based scientific partnerships that will foster increased ecological career pathways for BIPOC youth.
Pitfall trap design affects the capture efficiency of harvestmen (Opiliones) and millipedes (Diplopoda)
Authors: Stašiov Slavomír , Čiliak Marek , Wiezik Michal , Svitok Marek , Wieziková Adela , Diviaková Andrea
Published: June 2021

Pitfall trapping is one of the standard methods used for the capture of ground‐active arthropod groups. Despite being frequently used, the standardization of this method is problematic due to the large range of combinations of the individual parameters of pitfall traps with varying efficacy under different environmental conditions. We evaluated the effects of the trap diameter, the fixing fluid, and their combination on the capture efficacy for harvestmen (Opiliones) and millipedes (Diplopoda). We used pitfall traps with three different diameters: 3 cm, 5 cm, and 12 cm, filled with three types of fixing fluids (saturated fluid of NaCl, 10:1 mixture of 70% ethanol and glycerol and 4% formaldehyde). Altogether, 90 traps representing nine combinations of trap diameters and fixing fluid were placed on a mown meadow in spring and autumn intervals for a total of 45 days. We sampled 1,488 individuals representing 11 harvestmen species and 881 individuals representing 11 millipede species. Large (d = 12 cm) and medium (5 cm) traps captured significantly more millipede species and individuals than the small‐sized traps (3 cm). The same effect was observed for harvestmen species richness, whereas the medium traps (d = 5 cm) captured the highest mean activity of harvestmen. By analyzing the differences in the body sizes of the studied arthropods in relation to the trap diameter and fluid, we found that larger traps, as well as traps filled with NaCl solution, captured larger harvestmen more frequently than the other trap types. Our results revealed that the combination of larger traps (d = 5 and 12 cm) and formaldehyde was most effective in the capture of both studied groups. However, the disadvantage of formaldehyde is its toxicity.
Natural history of the relict marsupial Monito del Monte at the most extreme altitudinal and latitudinal location
Authors: Mejías Carlos , Castro‐Pastene Carlos A. , Carrasco Héctor , Quintero‐Galvis Julian F. , Soto‐Gamboa Mauricio , Bozinovic Francisco , Nespolo Roberto F.
Published: June 2021

Until a few years ago, the “monito del monte” (Dromiciops gliroides) was considered the sole surviving species of Microbiotheria, the sister group of Australidelphia (Australian marsupials). However, the recent identification of a new species relegated to the northern range (Dromiciops bozinovici) and newly discovered populations of Dromiciops beyond the known limits for the geographic range demands for new studies in extreme locations. In this report, we describe the northernmost population of D. bozinovici at a high Andean location (Reserva Nacional Altos de Lircay [RNAL], which represents a record of Dromiciops distribution both in latitude [35° S] and in altitude [1696 m a.s.l.]). We live‐trapped individuals, performed behavioral observations, and extracted mtDNA (Cytb) for analyzing phylogenetic affinities. Together with confirming the phylogenetic position of RNAL within the D. bozinovici clade, interesting aspects of this isolated population arose, such as the sympatry with a didelphid marsupial (Thylamys elegans), and phylogenetic closeness with populations 300 km southward coastal. Our trapping effort yielded approximately 9.3 individuals/ha, which is relatively high compared with other small mammal populations, but typical for Dromiciops. Using in situ thermographic imaging during a night transect, we detected free‐ranging animals running vertically at ~3.6 km/h through the logs of mature trees (Nothofagus pumilio), which is fast compared with other small runners (e.g., cursorial rodents), and also compared with Dromiciops from other locations. We compared the critical time to escape, of RNAL individuals which resulted significantly higher than Dromiciops from Nahuelbuta and Valdivia, suggesting that animals from RNAL are more tolerant to human presence than other populations, which is probably due to the high level of isolation of this population. According to the IUCN the northernmost distribution of Dromiciops reaches Cauquenes, thus this report extends the distribution in 120 km to the North East. Interesting aspects, such as hibernation at freezing temperatures and the existence of a viable D. bozinovici population northward of RNAL, warrant further research on this interesting location.
Long‐term electro‐clinical profile of sudden cardiac arrest survivors
Authors: Shaker Hussam , Milan Anna , Alsallom Faisal , Newey Christopher , Hantus Stephen , Punia Vineet
Published: June 2021

Objective

Recent research has explored the use of continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring for prognostication of spontaneous cardiac arrest (SCA). However, there is limited literature on the long‐term (post‐hospital discharge) electrographic findings among SCA survivors and their clinical correlates. Our study aims to fill this critical knowledge gap.

Methods

We retrospectively used our EEG database to identify adults (≥18 years) with SCA history who underwent an outpatient laboratory‐based EEG between 01/01/2011 and 12/31/2018. After electronic medical records (EMR) review, patients with epilepsy history and unclear/poorly documented SCA history were excluded. Outpatient EEGs were reviewed by authors. Acute EEG findings were extracted from the EEG database and EMR. In addition, we extracted data on acute and long‐term neuroimaging findings (CT/MRI), post‐SCA seizures, and anti‐seizure medications (ASM) status. Descriptive analysis and Fisher's exact test were performed.

Results

We included 32 SCA survivors (50% women; mean age = 52.1 ± 13.6 years) in the study. During a median clinical follow‐up of 28.2 months, 3 patients suffered only clinical seizures, 3 only chronic post‐hypoxic myoclonus, and 5 had both [11 (34.4%) in total]. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) were noted in one‐third of the patients, which localized to vertex and frontocentral regions in all but one patient. Five (15.6%) of them did not suffer a clinical seizure despite the presence of EAs. Patients who developed epilepsy were significantly more likely to have abnormal neuroimaging findings [10/11 (90.9%)] during the follow‐up compared to the rest of the patients [OR = 25 (95% CI 2.6–>100, P = .002)]. Half of the study cohort was taking ASM at the last follow‐up.

Significance

Our small study reveals a signature location of IEDs in SCA survivors. Neuroimaging abnormalities seem to be a better indicator of epilepsy development, while EEG may reveal markers of potential epileptogenicity in the absence of clinical seizures. Future, larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Long‐term shifts in feedbacks among glacier surface change, melt generation and runoff, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Bergstrom Anna , Gooseff Michael , Fountain Andrew , Hoffman Matthew
Published: June 2021

Glaciers of the McMurdo dry valleys (MDVs) Antarctica are the main source of streamflow in this polar desert. Because summer air temperatures hover near 0°C small changes in the energy balance strongly affect meltwater generation. Here we demonstrate that increased surface roughness, which alters the turbulent transfer of energy between the ice surface and atmosphere, yields a detectable increase in meltwater runoff. At low elevations on the glaciers, basin‐like topography became significantly rougher over 13 years between repeat lidar surveys, yielding greater melt. In contrast, the smoother ice at higher elevation exhibited no detectable change in roughness. We pose a conceptual model of the cycle of glacier surface change as a result of climate forcing whereby glacier surfaces transition from being dominated by sublimation to becoming increasingly melt‐dominated, which is reversible under prolonged cool periods. This research advances our understanding of warm season effects on polar glaciers.
Apalutamide‐associated skin rash in patients with prostate cancer: Histological evaluation by skin biopsy
Authors: Tohi Yoichiro , Kataoka Koki , Miyai Yumi , Kaku Yo , Dainichi Teruki , Haba Reiji , Tsunemori Hiroyuki , Sugimoto Mikio
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Apalutamide‐associated skin rash is a more common adverse event in the Japanese population than in the global population. However, its mechanism remains elusive, and limited histopathological information hampers further understanding.

Case presentation

Case 1: a 71‐year‐old man with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer developed a skin rash after 70 days of apalutamide treatment. Case 2: a 71‐year‐old man with non‐metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer developed a skin rash after 71 days of apalutamide treatment. In both cases, the skin rash presented as a slightly exudative erythema. The histology showed spongiosis of the epidermis and perivascular and interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils in the upper dermis without necrotic keratinocytes.

Conclusion

Apalutamide‐induced skin rashes can involve an eczematous reaction clinically and histologically.
Cell–surface interactions on gold‐coated polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite structures: Localized laser heating on cell viability
Authors: Danyuo Yiporo , Obayemi John David , Salifu Ali Azeko , Oyewole Oluwaseun Kehinde , Azeko ‪Salifu Tahiru , Ani Chukwuemeka Joseph , Dozie‐Nwachukwu Stella , Yirijor John , Abade‐Abugre Miriam , Odusanya Olushola Segun , McBagonluri Fred , Soboyejo Winston Oluwole
Published: June 2021

This article presents the results of cell–surface interactions on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based substrates coated with nanoscale gold (Au) thin films. The surfaces of PDMS and PDMS–magnetite (MNP)‐based substrates were treated with UV‐ozone, prior to thermal vapor deposition (sputter‐coated) of thin films of titanium (Ti) onto the substrates to improve the adhesion of Au coatings. The thin layer of Ti was thermally evaporated to improve interfacial adhesion, which was enhanced by a 40‐nm thick film microwrinkled/buckled wavy layer of Au, that was coated to enhance cell–surface interactions and protein absorption. Cell–surface interactions were studied on the hybrid surfaces using a combination of optical and fluorescence microscopy. Consequently, cell proliferation and surface cytotoxicity (of the sputter‐coated PDMS surfaces) were elucidated by characterizing the metabolic activity in the presence of breast cancer and normal breast cells. The photothermal conversion efficiency associated with laser–materials interactions with the PDMS/PDMS–magnetite‐based composites was shown to have an optimum efficiency of ~31.8%. The implications of the results are discussed for potential applications of PDMS nanocomposites in implantable biomedical devices.
Clinical application value of Inhibin B alone or in combination with other hormone indicators in subfertile men with different spermatogenesis status: A study of 324 Chinese men
Authors: Kong Xiangbin , Ye Zhen , Chen Yaoping , Zhao Huan , Tu Jian , Meng Tianqing , Xiong Chengliang , Li Honggang , Gong Yijun , Zheng Liang , Cheng Bangning , Zhang Zhijun , Xu Peng
Published: June 2021

Background

In this study, we investigated the clinical value of serum Inhibin B alone or in combination with other hormone indicators in subfertile men.

Methods

This is a multicenter study involving 324 men from different cities in China. Testicular volume, routine semen analysis, serum Inhibin B, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin were measured. Testicular tissue samples were also analyzed in 78 of 129 patients with azoospermia to distinguish impaired spermatogenesis from obstructive azoospermia.

Results

The concentration of Inhibin B, FSH, and AMH is related to spermatogenesis. For men with impaired spermatogenesis, including mild‐to‐moderate oligozoospermia (IMO) and severe oligozoospermia (ISO), serum levels of Inhibin B and FSH are highly correlated with sperm counting. However, in patients with idiopathic moderate oligozoospermia or severe oligozoospermia, there was no significant correlation between Inhibin B (or FSH) and sperm concentration. The upper cutoff value of Inhibin B to diagnose ISO is 58.25 pg/ml with a predictive accuracy of 80.65%. To distinguish between nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and obstructive azoospermia (OA), the area under the curve (AUC) for AMH + Inhibin B + FSH is very similar to Inhibin B (0.943 vs. 0.941). The cutoff level of Inhibin B to diagnose nonobstructive azoospermia is 45.9 pg/ml with a positive and negative prediction accuracy of 97.70% and 85.71%, respectively.

Conclusion

In summary, Inhibin B is a promising biomarker alone or in combination with other hormone indicators for the diagnosis of testicular spermatogenesis status, helping clinical doctors to distinguish NOA from OA.
Novel mortality‐predicting index at diagnosis can effectively predict all‐cause mortality in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis
Authors: Do Hyunsue , Song Jason Jungsik , Park Yong‐Beom , Lee Sang‐Won
Published: June 2021

Background

This study investigated whether the inflammation prognostic index (IPI) and the mortality predicting index (MPI) at diagnosis could predict all‐cause mortality in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

We included 223 AAV patients and reviewed their medical records. Clinical and laboratory data and AAV‐specific indices at diagnosis were assessed. The IPI was calculated as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) × C‐reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR). Here, we newly developed an MPI (NLR × CAR × monocyte counts).

Results

The mean age of 223 patients (122 MPA, 57 GPA and 44 EGPA patients) was 59 years. The rate of mortality was 11.2%. Using the receiver operator characteristic curve for all‐cause mortality, the cut‐offs were calculated as NLR: 3.22, CAR: 3.25, IPI: 18.53 and MPI: 8367.82. In the univariable Cox hazard analysis, age, gender, smoking history, BVAS, FFS and over the cut‐off of each index showed statistical significance. As the indices share at least two mutual variables, the multivariable analysis was conducted four times based on each index. An IPI ≥18.53 (HR 3.162) and MPI ≥8367.82 (HR 3.356) were significantly associated with all‐cause mortality.

Conclusions

This study developed a novel indicator, MPI, that uses the existing NLR and CAR indices and proved that it could predict all‐cause mortality in AAV patients.
Cisatracurium Continuous Infusion Versus No Neuromuscular Blockade for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Kressin Christian , Thompson Bastin Melissa , Ather Ayesha , Gopinath Anil , Srour Habib , Schadler Aric , Pandya Komal
Published: June 2021

The benefit of continuous infusion neuromuscular blockade concurrently with venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who are receiving mechanical ventilation remains unclear. Adult patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring VV ECMO were analyzed in 2 groups: continuous infusion neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium vs no neuromuscular blockade. Similar mechanical ventilation strategies were used. The primary end point was duration of VV ECMO. This single‐center, retrospective observational cohort included a total of 47 patients, 28 of whom received continuous infusion cisatracurium and 19 patients who did not receive neuromuscular blockade. There was no difference in the duration of VV ECMO in patients who received cisatracurium, 226.5 hours (interquartile range, 119‐362.3) vs 187.0 hours (interquartile range, 108‐374) in the group who did not receive a paralytic (P = .64). There were no differences in secondary outcomes of days in the hospital, days free of organ dysfunction, ECMO survival, or discharged alive. Among patients with severe ARDS who were managed with VV ECMO, patients who received continuous infusion cisatracurium had no difference in the duration of VV ECMO compared to the nonparalytic comparator group.
Two‐step pyrolysis preparation of co‐doped porous g‐C3N4 with Co–N coordination bond for dye efficient degradation driven by visible light
Authors: Li Jinsong , Sun Xuzhuo , Li Bo , Shi Yahui , Liu Yongde , Wan Dongjin
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

In this study, porous g‐C3N4 (PCN) doped with different masses of cobalt (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%) (Co‐PCN) were obtained by a simple two‐step calcination method. Herein, choosing Rhodamine B (RB) as target pollutant, RB degradation efficiency of Co‐PCN (5%) driven by visible light was as high as 98.1%, which is 1.28 and 2.18 times that of PCN and g‐C3N4, respectively.

RESULTS

Characterization results confirmed that Co‐PCN showed abundant pore structures and was doped with cobalt by Co–N coordination bond without destroying its crystal structure. In addition, the band gap of Co‐PCN was adjusted from 2.44 eV (g‐C3N4) to 2.28 eV, and its photocurrent intensity was 1.5 times that of g‐C3N4. The capture experiments showed that • O2− and h+ are the main active species in the reaction.

CONCLUSION

Combined with analysis of the semiconductor energy band theory, the excellent photocatalytic performance of Co‐PCN is attributable to the synergistic effect of its stronger visible light absorption ability obtained by adjusting band gap energy and the host‐guest interaction between cobalt and g‐C3N4. In addition, Co‐PCN possessed the satisfactory stability and photocatalytic degradation ability in actual water matrix, which is expected to provide a new strategy for actual wastewater treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Occupational percutaneous injuries and exposures in a dental teaching environment: A 10‐year report
Authors: Dukka Himabindu , Byrd Patricia , Qian Chen , Baughman Gay , Butt Sharjeel , Rai Shesh N.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Percutaneous injuries (PIs) are woefully underreported and the risk at dental academic institutions is higher due to lack of knowledge and experience of students. The aims of this study are to (1) present data on the prevalence of PIs and exposures over a 10‐year period in a dental teaching institution; (2) provide information on areas with increased risk as it relates to personnel and instruments; and (3) improve the awareness of the risk of occupational PIs and exposures in dentistry.

Methods

Data presented were collected as a part of an infection control program. A description of the incident reporting and collecting methodology is provided. Distribution tables and confidence intervals for injuries by year were calculated. Overall associations were produced using either Fisher's exact or Chi‐square test.

Results

Between 2009 and 2019, a total of 342 PIs (338) and mucosal exposures (4) were reported. A significant number of injuries occurred while reaching for an instrument (15.2%), injecting local anesthetic (13.2%), and cleaning an instrument (11.7%). About 31% of the injuries were caused by needlesticks followed by burs (22.8%). There was a statistically significant association between work practice controls and activity type (p < 0.001) and position (p = 0.01). PIs and compliance issues were higher among the third‐year dental students.

Conclusions

There was a declining trend in incidents over the years, which could be attributed to the extra‐protective measures that were implemented. Uncovered dental burs and needlesticks continue to be the predominant cause of PIs in academia. We found that collection of data on such occupation‐related injuries to be useful in observing any trends and implementation of corrective actions.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and density functional theory study of a new compound 4‐(2‐chlorobenzyl)‐1‐(5‐fluoro‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(thiomorpholinomethyl)phenyl [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5(4H)‐one
Authors: Hu Weiyin , Liao Tianhui , Deng Liyuan , Sun Hong , Zhou Zhixu , Chai Huifang , Zhao Chunshen
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a novel SHP244 derivative 4‐(2‐chlorobenzyl)‐1‐ (5‐fluoro‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐ [thiomorph‐olinomethyl] phenyl)‐ [1,2,4]triazolo [4,3‐a] quinazolin‐5(4H)‐one was synthesized through five steps. The single crystals were grown in a suitable solvent system (dichloromethane and methanol). Its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS, m/z: 534.12[M‐H] (MS), FT‐IR, and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal structure of the title compound was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The crystal structure after X‐ray single crystal diffraction was compared with the structure optimized by DFT calculation, and the result shows that the two structures are consistent. In order to explore certain physical and chemical properties, the frontier molecular orbital and molecular electrostatic potential of the title compound were analyzed. In addition, the docking of the title compound to the target protein was studied to understand the docking effect of the compound with the target protein.
Registered report: Does transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improve implicit motor sequence learning in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Firouzi Mahyar , Baetens Kris , Swinnen Eva , Baeken Chris , Van Overwalle Frank , Deroost Natacha
Published: June 2021

Implicit motor sequence learning (IMSL) is a cognitive function that is known to be directly associated with impaired motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Research on healthy young participants shows the potential for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, over the primary motor cortex (M1) to enhance IMSL. tDCS has direct effects on the underlying cortex, but also induces distant (basal ganglia) network effects—hence its potential value in PD, a prime model of basal ganglia dysfunction. To date, only null effects have been reported in persons with PD. However, these studies did not determine the reacquisition effects, although previous studies in healthy young adults suggest that tDCS specifically exerts its beneficial effects on IMSL on reacquisition rather than acquisition. In the current study, we will therefore establish possible reacquisition effects, which are of a particular interest, as long‐term effects are vital for the successful functional rehabilitation of persons with PD. Using a sham‐controlled, counterbalanced design, we will investigate the potential of tDCS delivered over M1 to enhance IMSL, as measured by the serial reaction time task, in persons with PD and a neurologically healthy age‐ and sex‐matched control (HC) group. Multilevel Mixed Models will be implemented to analyze the sequence‐specific aspect of IMSL (primary outcome) and general learning (secondary outcome). We will determine not only the immediate effects that may occur concurrently with the application of tDCS but also the short‐term (5 min post‐tDCS) and long‐term (1 week post‐tDCS) reacquisition effects.
Impact of community participation on sustainable development of marine protected areas: Assessment of ecotourism development
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Khalilur , Masud Muhammad Mehedi , Akhtar Rulia , Hossain Mohammad Mainul
Published: June 2021

This study aims to investigate the role of community participation and its impact on economic, environmental, and social sustainability in marine protected areas (MPAs) in Malaysia through the development of ecotourism. A structured questionnaire was employed for collecting data and analyzed using the partial least square method. The results indicate that community participation explains a significant amount of variance in ecotourism development. The findings reveal that ecotourism development contributes toward economic, social, and environmental sustainability directly and indirectly. This implies that ecotourism development and community participation are of paramount importance in achieving sustainable development in MPAs.
GEOMScope: Large Field‐of‐View 3D Lensless Microscopy with Low Computational Complexity
Authors: Tian Feng , Hu Junjie , Yang Weijian
Published: June 2021

Imaging systems with miniaturized device footprint, real‐time processing speed, and high‐resolution 3D visualization are critical to broad biomedical applications such as endoscopy. Most of existing imaging systems rely on bulky lenses and mechanically refocusing to perform 3D imaging. Here, GEOMScope, a lensless single‐shot 3D microscope that forms image through a single layer of thin microlens array and reconstructs objects through an innovative algorithm combining geometrical‐optics‐based pixel back projection and background suppressions, is demonstrated. The effectiveness of GEOMScope is verified on resolution target, fluorescent particles, and volumetric objects. Comparing to other widefield lensless imaging devices, the required computational resource is significantly reduced, and the reconstruction speed is increased by orders of magnitude. This enables to image and recover large volume 3D object in high resolution with near real‐time processing speed. Such a low computational complexity is attributed to the joint design of imaging optics and reconstruction algorithms, and a joint application of geometrical optics and machine learning in the 3D reconstruction. More broadly, the excellent performance of GEOMScope in imaging resolution, volume, and reconstruction speed implicates that geometrical optics can greatly benefit and play an important role in computational imaging.
Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Historical Demography of Black Drum in North America
Authors: Williford Damon , Anderson Joel , Karel William , Olsen Zachary
Published: June 2021

The Black Drum Pogonias cromis is an abundant estuarine-dependent fish that supports recreational and commercial fisheries. We examined the phylogeography and historical demography of the Black Drum along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States using mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear DNA microsatellites. Black Drum exhibited high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity across its range. We observed 249 haplotypes that resolved into two haplogroups: haplogroup 1 was most abundant along the Texas coast, and haplogroup 2 was more abundant in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Analysis of molecular variance, pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation, assessment of isolation by distance, Bayesian clustering, and multivariate ordination indicated that most population structure within Black Drum was associated with a western Gulf of Mexico versus Atlantic–eastern Gulf of Mexico split. However, analysis of molecular variance, haplotype diversity, and measures of genetic differentiation provided evidence of weak population structure on the Texas coast, perhaps due to a of combination of isolation by distance and limited emigration into and dispersal from the upper and lower Laguna Madre on the lower coast. Mismatch distributions, neutrality tests, and Bayesian skyline plots suggest that haplogroup 1 underwent rapid demographic and range expansion approximately 15,000 years ago, whereas the demographic and range expansion of haplogroup 2 was more gradual and began earlier (circa 25,000–30,000 years ago). Our results suggest that Black Drum may benefit from being managed as two stocks: (1) western Gulf of Mexico and (2) Atlantic Ocean plus eastern Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, weak but significant genetic divergence in the Laguna Madre coincides with known life history divergence in this region. Caution should be used regarding the management of Black Drum in Texas as a single demographic unit.
Induced assembly of polystyrene composites for simultaneously improving flame retardant and electromagnetic shielding properties
Authors: Gao Caiqin , Shi Yongqian , Zhu Shicheng , Fu Libi , Feng Yuezhan , Lv Yuancai , Yang Fuqiang , Liu Minghua , Shui Wei
Published: June 2021

Polystyrene/silicon wrapped ammonium polyphosphate/reduced graphene oxide (PS/SiAPP/rGO) composites with satisfactory flame retardant and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties were prepared by the approaches of filtration induced assembly and hot‐pressing. The results indicated that the SiAPP and rGO exhibited good dispersivity in the PS matrix. The introduction of the SiAPP and rGO promoted the thermal and fire‐safe performances of PS composites. Moreover, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of the PS containing 10 wt% SiAPP and 10 wt% rGO were reduced by 47.2% and 30.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the EMI shielding performance could reach 10 dB. It was proposed that that the SiAPP and rGO promoted the formation of more continuous and compact char residues besides the capture of free radicals, that is, •H and •OH which improved the flame retardant performance of PS. In addition, the multiple reflect and adsorption contributed to enhanced EMI shielding property. Therefore, the assembled PS/SiAPP/rGO system will offer a new approach to broaden the application of PS.
Poly(aryl ether sulfone sulfide)/flower‐like ZnO nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and application as water treatment membrane
Authors: Nahvi Rahil , Babanzadeh Samal , Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram
Published: June 2021

In this research, poly(aryl ether sulfone sulfide) was synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4,4′‐thiodiphenol with 4,4′‐dichlorodiphenyl sulfone in the presence of potassium carbonate. Also, flower‐like zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through sol–gel route and then added in various percentages to poly(aryl ether sulfone sulfide) matrix to modify its hydrophobic nature. The chemical structure of the polymer was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For investigation of thermal properties of the samples, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were applied. Hydrophilicity of the membranes was also studied via contact angle measurement. Morphology of membranes and distribution of flower‐like zinc oxide nanoparticles that were followed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed asymmetric structure with porous sub‐layer and dense skin layer. Pure water flux, salt rejection, and flux recovery ratio also were investigated using cross‐flow filtration system with NaCl as a feed solution. Effect of zinc oxide on polysulfone matrix was studied. The results showed that presence of ZnO modified the mechanical and thermal properties of samples. Maximum pure water flux (61 L m−2 h−1), salt rejection (63.6%), and flux recovery ratio (77.6%)were related to the sample with 3 wt% zinc oxide.
Use of intravenous iron and risk of anaphylaxis: A multinational observational post‐authorisation safety study in Europe
Authors: Fortuny Joan , von Gersdorff Gero , Lassalle Régis , Linder Marie , Overbeek Jetty , Reinold Jonas , Toft Gunnar , Timmer Antje , Dress Jochen , Blin Patrick , Droz‐Perroteau Cécile , Ehrenstein Vera , Franzoni Carla , Herings Ron , Kollhorst Bianca , Moore Nicholas , Odsbu Ingvild , Perez‐Gutthann Susana , Schink Tania , Rascher Katherine , Rasouliyan Lawrence , Rothman Kenneth J. , Saigi‐Morgui Nuria , Schaller Mathias , Smits Elisabeth , Forstner Michael ,   Intravenous Iron Consortium, Bénichou Jacques , Bircher Andreas J. , Garbe Edeltraut , Rampton David S. , Gutierrez Lia
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This post‐authorisation safety study estimated the risk of anaphylaxis in patients receiving intravenous (IV) iron in Europe, with interest in iron dextran and iron non‐dextrans. Studies conducted in the United States have reported risk of anaphylaxis to IV iron ranging from 2.0 to 6.8 per 10 000 first treatments.

Methods

Cohort study of IV iron new users, captured mostly through pharmacy ambulatory dispensing, from populations covered by health and administrative data sources in five European countries from 1999 to 2017. Anaphylaxis events were identified through an algorithm that used parenteral penicillin as a positive control.

Results

A total of 304 210 patients with a first IV iron treatment (6367 iron dextran), among whom 13–16 anaphylaxis cases were identified and reported as a range to comply with data protection regulations. The pooled unadjusted incidence proportion (IP) ranged from 0.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2–0.9) to 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–1.0) per 10 000 first treatments. No events were identified at first dextran treatments. There were 231 294 first penicillin treatments with 30 potential cases of anaphylaxis (IP = 1.2; 95% CI, 0.8–1.7 per 10 000 treatments).

Conclusion

We found an IP of anaphylaxis from 0.4 to 0.5 per 10 000 first IV iron treatments. The study captured only a fraction of IV iron treatments administered in hospitals, where most first treatments are likely to happen. Due to this limitation, the study could not exclude a differential risk of anaphylaxis between iron dextran and iron non‐dextrans. The IP of anaphylaxis in users of penicillin was consistent with incidences reported in the literature.
States Veer Toward EPR
Authors: BECHTEL MATT
Published: June 2021

Laws mandating extended producer responsibility for packaging are gaining momentum
A New ERA for Composites
Authors: GRACE ROBERT
Published: June 2021

Arris Composites’ Additive Molding process uses 3D printing and compression molding to mass produce advanced composite parts
Prevalence of function‐limiting late effects in Hodgkin lymphoma survivors
Authors: Enam Nabela , Chou Kathy , Stubblefield Michael D.
Published: June 2021

Background

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is highly curable, but survivors often develop function‐limiting impairments. Screening guidelines for neuromuscular and musculoskeletal late effects are not as well recognized across medical disciplines. Early identification and management of functional late effects are instrumental in improving the longitudinal care of HL survivors.

Objective

To define the prevalence of neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, visceral, oncologic, and other late effects affecting function and quality of life (QOL) in HL survivors.

Design

A retrospective cohort analysis.

Setting

Outpatient cancer rehabilitation clinic.

Participants

One hundred HL survivors.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence of neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, visceral, oncologic, and other late effects contributing to functional impairment and disability in HL survivors.

Results

Among the 100 HL survivors, 43% received chemotherapy, 94% radiation therapy, and 38% a combination of chemo‐radiation for their initial cancer treatment. Nearly all HL survivors were diagnosed with myelopathy (83%), radiculoplexopathy (93%), mononeuropathy (95%), and localized myopathy (93%). Musculoskeletal sequelae included dropped head syndrome (83%), cervicalgia (79%), shoulder girdle dysfunction (73%), and dysphagia (42%). Visceral disorders included cardiovascular (70%), pulmonary (44%), endocrine (63%), gastrointestinal (29%), and genitourinary (11%) dysfunction. Lymphedema affected 21% of survivors and 30% had a history of a secondary malignancy. Pain (71%), fatigue (45%), and dyspnea (43%) were major function‐limiting impairments. Nearly all (95%) of survivors were referred to at least one therapy discipline including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language pathology, and/or lymphedema therapy.

Conclusion

Neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, visceral, oncologic, and other late effects are extremely common in HL survivors seeking physiatric evaluation. Multiple function‐limiting disorders can coexist in HL survivors with the potential to severely compromise function and QOL. Safe and effective rehabilitation may depend on the physiatrist's ability to identify, evaluate, and manage the multitude of complex and often interrelated functional late effects seen in HL survivors.
Accelerating optical reporting for conformation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in solutions
Authors: Wang Feng , Vasilyev Vladislav
Published: June 2021

The present study has been developing a robust quantum mechanical (QM) conformational sampling method (PrefQMCon) for optical reporting of 4‐anilinoquinazoline derivatives based epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases inhibitors. We use AG‐1478 to demonstrate how PrefQMCon helps QM determination of 22 target drug conformer clusters and their properties and UV–vis spectra. In this method, the preferred conformers of AG‐1478 are obtained by density functional theory (DFT) optimization from conformational local minimum sampling around the identified rotatable bonds, followed by clustering analysis and time‐dependent (TD) DFT calculations for the UV–vis spectra in solvents. Such obtained preferred conformers agree well with earlier experimental measurements where the conformer dependent UV–Vis spectral shift of AG‐1478 is as large as ~15 nm. We are further developing this PrefQMCon to study and design other 4‐anilinoquinazoline derivatives of EGFR TKIs.
Characterization of metabolic fate of phellodendrine and its potential pharmacological mechanism against diabetes mellitus by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and network pharmacology
Authors: Zhang Feng‐Xiang , Yuan Yu‐Lin‐Lan , Cui Shuang‐Shuang , Li Min , Li Rui‐Man
Published: June 2021

Rationale

Characterizing the functional mechanism of quality control marker (Q‐marker) was of great importance in revealing the primary pharmacological mechanism of herbs or the other complex system, and drug‐related metabolites always contribute to the pharmacological functions. Cortex Phellodendri was used as a core herb in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). As a Q‐marker of Cortex Phellodendri, the role of phellodendrine in DM was still unclear. Thus, the characterization of phellodendrine‐related metabolites in vivo and the subsequent induced functional mechanism exerted great importance in elucidating the anti‐DM mechanism of Cortex Phellodendri.

Methods

An ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q‐TOF MS) method was developed to profile metabolites of phellodendrine in rats. The potential pharmacological mechanism against DM was predicted by network pharmacology.

Results

A total of 19 phellodendrine‐related metabolites were screened out in rats for the first time. Among them, M4, M5, M9, and M12 were regarded as the primary metabolites. Meanwhile, phase I metabolic reactions of hydroxylation, demethylation, and isomerization and phase II reactions of glucuronidation and sulfation occurred to phellodendrine; glucuronidation and hydroxylation were the two main metabolic reactions. Moreover, the potential targets of phellodendrine and three main metabolites (M4, M5, and M12) were predicted by a network pharmacological method, and they mainly shared 52 targets, including PDE5A, CHRNA3, SIGMAR1, F3, ESR1, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that calcium signaling pathway, cGMP‐PKG signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway were regarded as the core mechanism of phellodendrine to treat DM.

Conclusion

The metabolic feature of phellodendrine in vivo was revealed for the first time, and its anti‐DM mechanism information for further pharmacological validations was also supplied. It also gave a direction to further elucidation of pharmacological mechanism of Cortex Phellodendri in treating DM.
3‐1: Distinguished Paper: Foldable LTPS TFT Backplane using Blue Laser Annealing
Authors: Lee Suhui , Do Youngbin , Kim Dongjin , Jang Jin
Published: June 2021

The crystallization of a‐Si by blue laser annealing (BLA) is introduced for low‐cost high resolution, thin‐film transistor (TFT) backplanes for foldable and rollable AMOLED displays. A big advantage of BLA is to provide low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) with protrusion‐free active channel. The BLA LTPS TFT manufactured on flexible substrate exhibits high field effect mobility of 169 cm2/Vs, a subthreshold voltage swing less than 201 mV/dec and excellent electrical stability and mechanical robustness.
3‐3: Invited Paper: Development of Organic TFT Technology for Active‐Matrix Display Backplane
Authors: Guo Xiaojun , Han Lei , Huang Yukun , Tang Wei
Published: June 2021

Although the technical advantageous features of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) have been well proved, the device performance and manufacturing maturity still needs to be much improved, especially for high resolution display backplanes. This paper discusses the key technology considerations with the device structure and process integration for OTFTs. The prospects and remaining issues of OTFTs for display backplane applications are also analyzed.
6‐1: Invited Paper: Measuring Health Parameters with Large‐Area Organic Photodetector Arrays
Authors: Akkerman Hylke , Peeters Bart , van Breemen Albert , Shanmugam Santhosh , Lopez Leslye Ugalde , Tordera Daniel , Delvitto Ezequiel , Simone Giulio , van de Ketterij Richard , Kronemeijer Auke Jisk , Meulenkamp Eric , Gelinck Gerwin
Published: June 2021

Solution‐processed organic photodetectors (OPDs) have witnessed great progress in the past few years. With silicon‐like performance achieved, OPDs enable new medical imaging applications by offering cost‐effective light detection over large area. Herein, we illustrate the compelling advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution OPD arrays for medical X‐ray detectors and wearable pulse oximeters.
7‐3: Invited Paper: High Mobility Self‐Aligned Coplanar Thin‐Film Transistors with a Novel Dual Channel Oxide Semiconductor Architecture
Authors: Kim Jung Bae , Yim Dong Kil , Choi Soo Young , Severin Daniel , Liu Jian , Hanika Markus , Bender Marcus , Billah Mohammad Masum , Siddik Abu Bakar , Jang Jin
Published: June 2021

Self‐aligned coplanar thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with a novel dual channel architecture comprising of low mobility and high mobility oxide semiconductors show high field‐effect mobility of > 50 cm2/Vs with positive threshold voltage of > 0 V and low off‐leakage current of < 1 pA. The TFTs with dual channel allow higher mobility than TFTs with a single high mobility channel because the TFTs with dual channel allow strong electron accumulation due to high electron densities both at the interface between gate insulator and 1st oxide semiconductor and at the hetero‐junction interface between 1st and 2nd oxide semiconductors.
7‐5: Invited Paper: Bilayer Tunneling Field Effect Transistors using Oxide Semiconductor/Group‐IV Semiconductor Hetero‐structures
Authors: Takagi Shinichi , Kato Kimihiko , Takenaka Mitsuru
Published: June 2021

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated bi‐layer tunneling n‐ and p‐channel FETs (TFETs) composed of oxide semiconductor/ group IV type‐II heterojunctions, utilizing lower conduction band edge of oxide semiconductors than that of group IV semiconductors. The simulation study has revealed that ZnO/Si or Ge TFETs can exhibit extremely‐steep sub‐threshold slope of ~ 1 mV/dec with Ion of ~100 μA/μm order. The operation of bi‐layer ZnO(ZnSnO)/Ge(Si) TFETs has been experimentally demonstrated with a minimal subthreshold slope of 71 mV/dec at room temperature. The p‐TFET operation and n/p‐TFET operations on a same device have also been shown by using ZnSnO/SiGe‐OI structure, leading to realization of C‐TFET
8‐1: Distinguished Paper: A Cost‐Effective Fluorination Method for Enhancing the Performance of Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Using a Fluorinated Planarization Layer
Authors: Deng Sunbin , Zhong Wei , Dong Shou-Cheng , Chen Rongsheng , Li Guijun , Zhang Meng , Yeung Fion Sze Yan , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: June 2021

This work reports a fluorination method for metal oxide thin‐film transistors through a planarization process using fluorinated polyimides. The fluorine diffusion from the planarization layer to the channels enhances device performance and reduces process thermal budget. This method is useful for the cost‐effective production of active‐matrix flat‐panel display panels.
9‐3: Performance of New Gen. 6 Exposure Tools for 1.2 μm Resolution
Authors: Yabu Nobuhiko , Hakko Manabu , Okubo Toru , Oyanagi, Takeo , Ando Miwako , Terashi Takaaki , Izumi Nozomu , Osaki Yoshinori
Published: June 2021

We have developed new Gen. 6 exposure tools “MPAsp‐E903T” for 1.2 μm L&S and 1.8 μm hole patterning. Results of various performance tests show that the new tool meets all requirements for stable mass production of high quality display panels. Even higher resolution can be obtained with new techniques.
9‐4: Fabrication of Oxide‐Semiconductor FETs with Submicron Channel Length
Authors: Hosaka Yasuharu , Nakazawa Yasutaka , Shiraishi Takashi , Sato Rai , Okazaki Kenichi , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: June 2021

This work presents oxide‐semiconductor FETs with submicron channel length (L) below the resolution limit of the exposure system used in their fabrication on glass substrates. The improved patterning method proposed here enables FET fabrication with L = 0.7 μm and small variation in the characteristics, leading to high on‐state current.