bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tidal variability of salinity and velocity fields related to intense point‐source submarine groundwater discharges into the coastal ocean
Authors: Valle-Levinson Arnoldo , Mariño-Tapia Ismael , Enriquez Cecilia , Waterhouse Amy F.
Published: May 2011

Velocity and hydrography measurements were used to determine the tidal variability and detailed structure of an intense (~ 43,200 m3 d−1) point‐source submarine groundwater discharge from a spring located in the coastal ocean of the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. Measurements were obtained during a dry season with a combination of towed, profiling, and fixed instrumentation. The goal of these observations was to understand the effects of tides on the velocity and salinity structure of the water column that determine mixing and dispersion processes at spatial scales from meters to kilometers. Tidally averaged flows were characterized by an upward jet flanked by asymmetric downdrafts. The asymmetry was caused by a ~ 0.1 m s−1 ambient horizontal flow and by the ~ 40° angle (relative to the vertical) of discharge. The spatially averaged salinity distributions exhibited lowest values at low tides and highest values at high tides. This was attributed to tidal variations of hydrostatic pressure acting on the spring outflow, which allowed ∼1 m s−1 vertical flows at low tides and < 0.05 m s−1 vertical velocities at high tides. The vertical momentum balance consisted of upward accelerations produced by buoyancy and inertia from the spring and downward accelerations from gravity. On the basis of this balance and of energetic considerations, the vertical extent of the spring discharge likely depends on the density contrast between ambient and discharge waters (buoyancy forces), the upward speed of the spring (inertia forces), and the depth of the water column (hydrostatic pressure force), all of which vary with tides.
Trace metal cycling in the deep water of the South China Sea: The composition, sources, and fluxes of sinking particles
Authors: Ho Tung-Yuan , Chou Wen-Chen , Lin Hui-Ling , Sheu David D.
Published: May 2011

Moored sediment traps were deployed for 1 yr at depths of 120, 600, and 3500 m in the water column to investigate the trace metal (M) (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) composition, sources, and fluxes of deep‐water sinking particles. Vertical transport for most of the metals at 120 m was strongly associated with organic matter production, and the major part of many of the metals in the sinking particles was of anthropogenic origin. Although the lithogenic fraction in deeper waters greatly increased with depth, significant proportions of the nonlithogenic and nonintracellular fractions were still observed when using M : Al or M : P ratios as indicators, particularly for Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Mn. Because particles from horizontal transport and sediment resuspension are known to be lithogenic in the deep basin, the trace metals in sinking particles in the twilight zone and deep water, which feature significantly elevated M : Al ratios, originate from the downward transport of anthropogenic or authigenic origins. With increasing inputs from anthropogenic aerosols over large oceanic regions globally, the coupling and transport of some trace metals originating from anthropogenic aerosols, such as Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni, with sinking organic particles has become an important pathway for trace metal cycling not only in the euphotic zone, but also in the twilight zone and deeper waters.
The HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction: pre-industrial-to-present trends in atmospheric species and radiative forcings
Authors: Søvde O. A. , Hoyle C. R. , Myhre G. , Isaksen I. S. A.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Recent laboratory measurements have shown the existence of a HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction. This reaction is the main source of atmospheric O3, through the subsequent photolysis of NO2, as well as being a major source of OH. The branching of the reaction to HNO3 reduces the formation of these species significantly, affecting O3 abundances, climate and the oxidation capacity of the troposphere. The Oslo CTM2, a three-dimensional chemistry transport model, is used to calculate atmospheric composition and trends with and without the new reaction branch. Results for the present day atmosphere, when both temperature and pressure effects on the branching ratio are accounted for, show an increase of the global, annual mean methane lifetime by 10.9 %, resulting from a 14.1 % reduction in the global, annual mean OH concentration. Comparisons with measurements show that including the new branch improves the modelled O3, but that it is not possible to conclude whether the NOy distribution improves. We model an approximately 11 % reduction in the tropical tropospheric O3 increase since pre-industrial times, as well as an 8 % decrease in the trend of OH concentration, when the new branch is accounted for. The radiative forcing due to changes in O3 over the industrial era was calculated as 0.33 W m−2, reducing to 0.26 W m−2 with the new reaction branch. These results are significant, and it is important that this reaction branching is confirmed by other laboratory groups.
Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes
Authors: Vogel L. , Galle B. , Kern C. , Delgado Granados H. , Conde V. , Norman P. , Arellano S. , Landgren O. , Lübcke P. , Alvarez Nieves J. M. , Cárdenas Gonzáles L. , Platt U.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) or sulphuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols potentially affects e.g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO2 receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to volcanic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO2 in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO2 in the flight direction and at ± 40 mrad (2.3°) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to the plume and SO2 was measured at all times well above the detection limit. In combination with radiative transfer studies, this study indicates that an extended volcanic cloud with a concentration of 1012 molecules cm−3 at typical flight levels of 10 km can be detected unambiguously at distances of up to 80 km away. This range provides enough time (approx. 5 min) for pilots to take action to avoid entering a volcanic cloud in the flight path, suggesting that this technique can be used as an effective aid to prevent dangerous aircraft encounters with potentially ash rich volcanic clouds.
The solar and interplanetary causes of the recent minimum in geomagnetic activity (MGA23): a combination of midlatitude small coronal holes, low IMF BZ variances, low solar wind speeds and low solar magnetic fields
Authors: Tsurutani B. T. , Echer E. , Gonzalez W. D.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Minima in geomagnetic activity (MGA) at Earth at the ends of SC23 and SC22 have been identified. The two MGAs (called MGA23 and MGA22, respectively) were present in 2009 and 1997, delayed from the sunspot number minima in 2008 and 1996 by ~1/2–1 years. Part of the solar and interplanetary causes of the MGAs were exceptionally low solar (and thus low interplanetary) magnetic fields. Another important factor in MGA23 was the disappearance of equatorial and low latitude coronal holes and the appearance of midlatitude coronal holes. The location of the holes relative to the ecliptic plane led to low solar wind speeds and low IMF (Bz) variances (σBz2) and normalized variances (σBz2/B02) at Earth, with concomitant reduced solar wind-magnetospheric energy coupling. One result was the lowest ap indices in the history of ap recording. The results presented here are used to comment on the possible solar and interplanetary causes of the low geomagnetic activity that occurred during the Maunder Minimum.
A dynamic model of wetland extent and peat accumulation: results for the Holocene
Authors: Kleinen T. , Brovkin V. , Getzieh R. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Substantial deposits of peat have accumulated since the last glacial. Since peat accumulation rates are rather low, this process was previously neglected in carbon cycle models. For assessments of the global carbon cycle on millennial or even longer timescales, though, the carbon storage in peat cannot be neglected any more. We have therefore developed a dynamic model of wetland extent and peat accumulation in order to assess the influence of peat accumulation on the global carbon cycle. The model is based on the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ and consists of a wetland module and routines describing the accumulation and decay of peat. The wetland module, based on the TOPMODEL approach, determines wetland area and water table. Peatland area is given by the innundated area at the summer minimum water table position and changes dynamically, depending on climate. The peat module describes oxic and anoxic decomposition of organic matter in the acrotelm, i.e., the part of the peat column above the permanent water table, as well as anoxic decoposition in the catotelm, the peat below the summer minimum water table. We apply the model to the period of the last 8000 yr, during which the model accumulates 210 ± 40 PgC as catotelm peat in the areas above 40° N.
The carbon budget of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Kuliński K. , Pempkowiak J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The paper presents the results of a detailed study of the Baltic Sea's carbon budget. The Baltic is very much influenced by terrestrial carbon input. Import from the land from rivers is the largest carbon source, amounting to 10.90 Tg C yr−1 with a 37.5 % contribution from organic carbon. On the other hand, carbon is effectively exported from the Baltic to the North Sea (7.67 Tg C yr−1) and is also buried in bottom sediments (2.73 Tg C yr−1). The other sources and sinks of carbon are of minor importance. The net CO2 emission (1.05 Tg C yr−1) from the Baltic to the atmosphere was calculated as the closing term of the carbon budget presented here. There is a net loss of organic carbon, which indicates that the Baltic Sea is heterotrophic.
High carbon sequestration in Siberian permafrost loess-paleosols during glacials
Authors: Zech R. , Huang Y. , Zech M. , Tarozo R. , Zech W.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Recent findings show that the amount of organic carbon stored in high-latitude permafrost regions has been greatly underestimated. While concerns are rising that thawing permafrost and resultant CO2 and methane emissions are a positive feedback mechanism at times of anthropogenic global warming, the potential role of permafrost carbon dynamics on glacial-interglacial timescales has received little attention. Here we present new results from a well-studied permafrost loess-paleosol sequence in north-east Siberia that almost spans two glacial cycles (~220 ka). We analysed the deuterium/hydrogen isotopic ratios (δD) of alkanes, which serve as proxy for paleo-temperature. Thus circumventing difficulties to obtain exact age control for such sequences, the results corroborate our previous notion that more soil organic carbon was sequestered during glacials than during interglacials. This fact highlights the role of permafrost in favouring preservation of soil organic matter. Reduced biomass production during glacials may have been of second-order importance on these timescales. Although future studies are needed to evaluate existing large estimates of carbon dioxide releases from thawing permafrost during the last termination (>1000 Pg C), we suggest that permafrost carbon dynamics contributed to the observed glacial-interglacial variation in atmospheric CO2 and need to be included in carbon cycle and climate models.
Automated continuous verification for numerical simulation
Authors: Farrell P. E. , Piggott M. D. , Gorman G. J. , Ham D. A. , Wilson C. R. , Bond T. M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Verification is a process crucially important for the final users of a computational model: code is useless if its results cannot be relied upon. Typically, verification is seen as a discrete event, performed once and for all after development is complete. However, this does not reflect the reality that many geoscientific codes undergo continuous development of the mathematical model, discretisation and software implementation. Therefore, we advocate that in such cases verification must be continuous and happen in parallel with development: the desirability of their automation follows immediately. This paper discusses a framework for automated continuous verification of wide applicability to any kind of numerical simulation. It also documents a range of test cases to show the possibilities of the framework.
Using multi-source satellite data for lake level modelling in ungauged basins: a case study for Lake Turkana, East Africa
Authors: Velpuri N. M. , Senay G. B. , Asante K. O.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Managing limited surface water resources is a great challenge in areas where ground-based data are either limited or unavailable. Direct or indirect measurements of surface water resources through remote sensing offer several advantages of monitoring in ungauged basins. A physical based hydrologic technique to monitor lake water levels in ungauged basins using multi-source satellite data such as satellite-based rainfall estimates, modelled runoff, evapotranspiration, a digital elevation model, and other data is presented. This approach is applied to model Lake Turkana water levels from 1998 to 2009. Modelling results showed that the model can reasonably capture all the patterns and seasonal variations of the lake water level fluctuations. A composite lake level product of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and ENVISAT satellite altimetry data is used for model calibration (1998–2000) and model validation (2001–2009). Validation results showed that model-based lake levels are in good agreement with observed satellite altimetry data. Compared to satellite altimetry data, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was found to be 0.81 during the validation period. The model efficiency estimated using NSCE is found to be 0.93, 0.55 and 0.66 for calibration, validation and combined periods, respectively. Further, the model-based estimates showed a root mean square error of 0.62 m and mean absolute error of 0.46 m with a positive mean bias error of 0.36 m for the validation period (2001–2009). These error estimates were found to be less than 15 % of the natural variability of the lake, thus giving high confidence on the modelled lake level estimates. The approach presented in this paper can be used to (a) simulate patterns of lake water level variations in data scarce regions, (b) operationally monitor lake water levels in ungauged basins, (c) derive historical lake level information using satellite rainfall and evapotranspiration data, and (d) augment the information provided by the satellite altimetry systems on changes in lake water levels.
Critical stress scenarios for a coastal aquifer in southeastern Italy
Authors: Cherubini C. , Pastore N.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Over the last years the sustainable management of coastal water resources has become strategic, especially in southern Salento Peninsula (Apulia), where mal-performing management strategies adopted, together with the vulnerability of the hydrogeological system, have given rise to the deterioration of groundwater quality due to saltwater intrusion. In the study area there is the presence of multilevel shallow aquifer and a deep aquifer that interact by means of faults. The geological system is highly vulnerable to seawater intrusion so there is the need to adopt management strategies to avoid seawater intrusion phenomena. Nevertheless there is a lack of studies that analyze the methodology for the correct exploitation if the water resource in order to avoid further intrusion phenomena. This paper combines a density-driven, flow numerical model (Seawat v.4) with a fault conceptual and hydrologic model to simulate saltwater intrusion phenomenon in the deep as well as in the shallow aquifer of the Salento area. By means of the individuation of an indicator parameter of groundwater quality, it has been possible to simulate different scenarios of exploitation and therefore to define critical stress scenarios for both aquifers. The results show that the deep aquifer is more vulnerable than the shallow one, which means that in the former, in order not to reach conditions of contamination, a lower density of wells is necessary than in the latter. The reduction of well density coupled with the artificial recharge of freshwater into the aquifer may be proposed as a solution strategy to protect the aquifer. Therefore, future developments of the present study will be represented by the simulation of different scenarios of recharging to inhibit the saltwater intrusion front further inland. The proposed methodology and its future developments can represent an empirical tool to provide preliminary guidelines for long-term groundwater management in coastal aquifers.
Bedding control on landslides: a methodological approach for computer-aided mapping analysis
Authors: Grelle G. , Revellino P. , Donnarumma A. , Guadagno F. M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Litho-structural control on the spatial and temporal evolution of landslides is one of the major typical aspects on slopes constituted of structurally complex sequences. Mainly focused on instabilities of the earth flow type, a semi-quantitative analysis has been developed with the purpose of identifying and characterizing litho-structural control exerted by bedding on slopes and its effects on landsliding. In quantitative terms, a technique for azimuth data interpolation, Non-continuous Azimuth Distribution Methodological Approach (NADIA), is presented by means of a GIS software application. In addition, processed by NADIA, two indexes have been determined: (i) Δ, aimed at defining the relationship between the orientation of geological bedding planes and slope aspect, and (ii) C, which recognizes localized slope sectors in which the stony component of structurally complex formations is abundant and therefore operates an evolutive control of landslide masses. Furthermore, some Litho-Structural Models (LSMs) of slopes are proposed aiming at characterizing recurrent forms of structural control in the source, channel and deposition areas of gravitational movements. In order to elaborate evolutive models controlling landslide scenarios, LSMs were qualitatively related and compared with Δ and C quantitative indexes. The methodological procedure has been applied to a lithostructurally complex area of Southern Italy where data about azimuth measurements and landslide mapping were known. It was found that the proposed methodology enables the recognition of typical control conditions on landslides in relation to the LSMs. Different control patterns on landslide shape and on style and distribution of the activity resulted for each LSM. This provides the possibility for first-order identification to be made of the spatial evolution of landslide bodies.
Comparison of past and future Mediterranean high and low extremes of precipitation and river flow projected using different statistical downscaling methods
Authors: Quintana-Seguí P. , Habets F. , Martin E.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The extremes of precipitation and river flow obtained using three different statistical downscaling methods applied to the same regional climate simulation have been compared. The methods compared are the anomaly method, quantile mapping and a weather typing. The hydrological model used in the study is distributed and it is applied to the Mediterranean basins of France. The study shows that both quantile mapping and weather typing methods are able to reproduce the high and low precipitation extremes in the region of interest. The study also shows that when the hydrological model is forced with these downscaled data, there are important differences in the outputs. This shows that the model amplifies the differences and that the downscaling of other atmospheric variables might be very relevant when simulating river discharges. In terms of river flow, the method of the anomalies, which is very simple, performs better than expected. The methods produce qualitatively similar future scenarios of the extremes of river flow. However, quantitatively, there are still significant differences between them for each individual gauging station. According to these scenarios, it is expected that in the middle of the 21st century (2035–2064), the monthly low flows will have diminished almost everywhere in the region of our study by as much as 20 %. Regarding high flows, there will be important increases in the area of the Cévennes, which is already seriously affected by flash-floods. For some gauging stations in this area, the frequency of what was a 10-yr return flood at the end of the 20th century is expected to increase, with such return floods then occurring every two years in the middle of the 21st century. Similarly, the 10-yr return floods at that time are expected to carry 100 % more water than the 10-yr return floods experienced at the end of the 20th century. In the northern part of the Rhône basin, these extremes will be reduced.
A pre-operational 3-D variational data assimilation system in the North/Baltic Sea
Authors: Zhuang S. Y. , Fu W. W. , She J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a pre-operational three dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system for the North/Baltic Sea. The univariate analysis for temperature and salinity is applied in a 3DVAR scheme in which the horizontal component of the background error covariance is modeled by an isotropic recursive filter (IRF) and the vertical component is represented by dominant Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of the background error. Observations of temperature and salinity (T/S) profiles in the North/Baltic Sea are assimilated in the year of 2005. Effectiveness of the data assimilation scheme is assessed by comparison with the control run that no assimilation is done. The statistical analysis indicates that the model simulation is significantly improved with the 3DVAR scheme. On average, the root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature and salinity is reduced by 0.2 °C and 0.25 psu in the North/Baltic Sea. In addition, the bias of temperature and salinity is also decreased by 0.1 °C and 0.2 psu, respectively. Starting from an analyzed initial state, one month simulation without assimilation is carried out with the aim of examining the persistence of the initial impact. It is shown that the assimilated initial state can impact the model simulation for nearly two weeks. The influence on salinity is more pronounced than temperature.
Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta
Authors: Morgenstern A. , Grosse G. , Günther F. , Fedorova I. , Schirrmeister L.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Distinctive periglacial landscapes have formed in late-Pleistocene ice-rich permafrost deposits (Ice Complex) of Northern Yakutia, Siberia. Thermokarst lakes and thermokarst basins alternate with ice-rich Yedoma uplands. We investigate different thermokarst stages in Ice Complex deposits of the Lena River Delta using remote sensing and geoinformation techniques. The morphometry and spatial distribution of thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands, thermokarst lakes in basins, and thermokarst basins are analyzed, and possible dependence upon relief position and cryolithological context is considered. Of these thermokarst stages, developing thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands alter ice-rich permafrost the most, but occupy only 2.2 % of the study area compared to 20.0 % occupied by thermokarst basins. The future potential for developing large areas of thermokarst on Yedoma uplands is limited due to shrinking distances to degradational features and delta channels that foster lake drainage. Further thermokarst development in existing basins is restricted to underlying deposits that have already undergone thaw, compaction, and old carbon mobilization, and to deposits formed after initial lake drainage. Therefore, a distinction between developmental stages of thermokarst and landscape units is necessary to assess the potential for future permafrost degradation and carbon release due to thermokarst in Siberian Yedoma landscapes.
A new species of Ophiocordyceps (Clavicipitales, Ascomycota) from southwestern China
Authors: Chen Ji-Yue , Cao Yong-Qiang , Yang Da-Rong , Li Ming-Hua
Published: May 2011

A new species of caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps laojunshanensis, is described based on specimens collected from southwestern China. This species is characterized by slender stromata, sparse perithecia, and the unique habitat of growing in mosses. Its habitat, gross morphology,
and microscopic features are illustrated and relationships to similar species discussed.
Diplotomma, Lecanora, and Xanthoria lichen species new to Turkey
Authors: Karagöz Yalçın , Aslan Ali , Yazıcı Kenan , Aptroot André
Published: May 2011

During a recent excursion in Kemaliye district of Erzincan region (Turkey), we sampled lichens from 6 localities, among which Diplotomma hedinii, Lecanora valesiaca, and Xanthoria weberi were determined as new to Turkey and the Middle East and X. weberi also new
to Asia. Geographic distribution, substrate, chemistry, and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa are presented.
First report of Conidiobolus coronatus in Turkey
Authors: Eken Cafer , Güçlü Şaban , Ak Kibar
Published: May 2011

Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales, Zygomycota) was isolated from infected specimens representing an Issus sp. (Issidae, Hemiptera) collected from the Trabzon province of Turkey. The species, which represents a new record for the Turkish mycoflora,
is described briefly and illustrated.
Calocera bambusicola sp. nov. and C. sinensis newly recorded from Taiwan
Authors: Wu Sheng-Hua , Shih Kelly , Yu Shih-Yi
Published: May 2011

Calocera bambusicola is presented as a new species, based on specimens collected from rotten culms of bamboo (Pseudosasa usawai) near a sulfur hot spring on Yangminshan mountain in Yangminshan National Park, Taipei, Taiwan. This new species morphologically resembles C.
sinensis but differs in its much smaller basidiocarps, narrower basidiospores, much narrower contextual hyphae, and growth on bamboo culms. ITS differences also separate these two species. A key to species of Calocera with nodose-septate hyphae is provided, and C. sinensis
is newly reported from Taiwan.
Stachybotrys subreniformis, new from soil in China
Authors: Li Qi-Rui , Jiang Yu-Lan
Published: May 2011

A new species of Stachybotrys from soil in China, S. subreniformis, is illustrated and described. It differs from similar species mainly by producing smaller conidia and shorter conidiophores. The type specimen (dried culture) and living culture are deposited in the Plant
Pathology Herbarium of Guizhou University (HGUP).
New species Koorchaloma and Ciliochorella from xeric forests in Argentina
Authors: Allegrucci Natalia , Elíades Lorena , Cabello Marta , Arambarri Angélica
Published: May 2011

Two new species, Koorchaloma scutiae and Ciliochorella buxifoliae, isolated from leaf litter of Scutia buxifolia forest are described, illustrated, discussed, and compared with similar species. The specimens were collected in Magdalena, Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
The type specimens are deposited in LPS. Keys are provided to all species of both genera.
A new taxonomic classification for species in Gomphus sensu lato
Authors: Giachini Admir J. , Castellano Michael A.
Published: May 2011

Taxonomy of the Gomphales has been revisited by combining morphology and molecular data (DNA sequences) to provide a natural classification for the species of Gomphus sensu lato. Results indicate Gomphus s.l. to be non-monophyletic, leading to new combinations and
the placement of its species into four genera: Gomphus sensu stricto (3 species), Gloeocantharellus (11 species), Phaeoclavulina (41 species), and Turbinellus (5 species).
Chaetomium siamense sp. nov., a soil isolate from Thailand, produces a new chaetoviridin, G
Authors: Pornsuriya Chaninun , Soytong Kasem , Poeaim Supattar , Kanokmedhakul Somdej , Khumkomkhet Primmala , Lin Fu-Cheng , Wang Hong Kai , Hyde Kevin David
Published: May 2011

Chaetomium siamense sp. nov., isolated from soil in a pineapple plantation in Thailand, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to C. cupreum in having superficial globose or ovate ascomata with red circinate ascomatal hairs but can be distinguished by
its fusiform ascospores with two apical germ pores. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequence data also supports C. siamense as distinct. Investigation of the secondary metabolites of C. siamense led to the isolation of one new (chaetoviridin G) and seven known compounds (ergosterol,
24(R)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6-22-diene-3β-ol, ergosterylplamitate, cochliodone D, chaetoviridin A, chaetoviridin F, chrysophanol).
New records of Uredinales from Fairy Meadows, Pakistan
Authors: Afshan N.S. , Khalida A.N. , Niazi A.R. , Iqbal S.H.
Published: May 2011

Puccinia pygmaea var. angusta and P. urticata var. urticata were collected in Fairy Meadows and are new records for Pakistan. Similarly the aecidial stages of Uromyces hedysari-obscuri and U. polygoni-avicularis are an addition to the rust flora
of this country. Puccinia alpina, P. leveillei, and P. ribis are redescribed and illustrated from Fairy Meadows.
Coprinopsis neophlyctidospora sp. nov., a new ammonia fungus from boreal forests in Canada
Authors: Raut Jay K. , Suzuki Akira , Fukiharu Toshimitsu , Shimizu Kiminori , Kawamoto Susumu , Tanaka Chihiro
Published: May 2011

Coprinopsis neophlyctidospora sp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), collected in urea treated soil of boreal forests from Canada is described and illustrated. Its micromorphological features, phylogenetic analysis, and mating test delineate this taxon as a new species.
In addition, its ecological characters also indicate it is a new ammonia fungus.
Stachybotrys thaxteri sp. nov. and the nomenclatural status of three Stachybotrys species
Authors: Li De-Wei
Published: May 2011

A new species of Stachybotrys, S. thaxteri, is described as producing oblong or ellipsoid conidia with a median constriction and undulating diagonal striations and colorless conidiophores up to 360 μm long. The nomenclatural status of S. cannae, "S. pallida,"
and "S. striatispora" is clarified.
Two new species of Phialophora from soil
Authors: Wu Yue-Ming , Zhang Tian-Yu
Published: May 2011

Two new species, Phialophora microspora and P. nielamuensis, both from soil in China are described and illustrated. The type specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University Plant Pathology (HSAUP). Isotypes
are kept in the Herbarium of Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica (HMAS).
Phlebiopsis mussooriensis (Agaricomycetes), a new corticioid species from India
Authors: Priyanka  , Dhingra G.S. , Kaur Navneet
Published: May 2011

A new corticioid species, Phlebiopsis mussooriensis, is described from Mussoorie in Uttarakhand.
Pseudocolus fusiformis, an uncommon stinkhorn new to Turkish mycobiota
Authors: Akata Ilgaz , Doğan Hasan Hüseyin
Published: May 2011

Pseudocolus fusiformis is the first representative of the genus to be recorded from Turkey. The species is characterized by basidiocarps with three apical arms that are distally fused and inner surfaces covered by a dark greenish mucoid gleba. A short description and macro- and
microphotographs are provided.
New lichen records from Turkey – 2: Aspicilia, Protoparmeliopsis, and Ramalina
Authors: Şenkardeşler Ayhan , Calba Orçun Fuat
Published: May 2011

Lecanora albosparsa is lectotypified, the new combination Protoparmeliopsis klauskalbii is proposed, and three species of lichen-forming fungi — Aspicilia albosparsa, P. klauskalbii, and Ramalina carpatica — are reported as new to the lichen biota
of Turkey
A new species of Nephroma (Nephromataceae) from the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tian Qiong , Wang Li-Song , Wang Hai-Ying , Zhao Zun-Tian
Published: May 2011

A new species, Nephroma flavorhizinatum, is described from the Tibetan Plateau. This species is characterized by marginal and laminal lobules, an obvious pruina, a white to golden yellow medulla, a golden yellow rhizinal base, and a unique chemistry.
Studies in Erysiphales anamorphs (4): species on Hydrangeaceae and Papaveraceae
Authors: Schmidt Anke , Scholler Markus
Published: May 2011

Anamorphic powdery mildews on Hydrangeaceae and Papaveraceae in Germany are revised. Species are documented in detail including line drawings, photomicrographs, and identification keys. On Papaveraceae three species are accepted, specifically Erysiphe macleayae
on Chelidonium majus and Macleaya cordata, E. cruciferarum on Eschscholzia californica, and Oidium sp. (an unknown species previously assigned to E. cruciferarum) on Pseudofumaria lutea. Species on Hydrangeaceae are Oidium hortensiae
on Hydrangea macrophylla and E. deutziae on Deutzia cf. scabra and Philadelphus cf. coronarius. The fungus on the latter host plant was previously assigned to O. hortensiae. Erysiphe deutziae, E. macleayae, and Oidium hortensiae are introduced
species.
New taxa and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India
Authors: Mishra Gaurav K. , Upreti Dalip K. , Nayaka Sanjeeva , Haridas Biju
Published: May 2011

An account of 14 species of Phyllopsora from India is provided. P. catervisorediata and P. himalayensis are described as new species, while P. corallina var. subglaucella as a new variety. P. albicans, P. breviuscula, P. chlorophaea, P. confusa,
P. isidiotyla, P. kalbii, P. mauritiana, P. nemoralis, P. subcrustacea, and P. swinscowii are new records for the Indian lichen biota.
Paecilomyces wawuensis, a new species isolated from soil in China
Authors: He Jin , Kang Jichuan , Lei Bangxing , Wen Tingchi
Published: May 2011

A new species, Paecilomyces wawuensis, isolated from soil samples of the Wawu Mountain, Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA and β-tubulin gene sequences, white obverse and sandy beige reverse colonies
that grow slowly on Czapek agar, cylindrical phialides with long, thin necks, and ellipsoidal-ovate, spinulose conidia.
Mycosphaerella nyssicola revisited: a species distinct from M. punctiformis
Authors: Minnis Andrew M. , Rossman Amy Y. , Olsen Richard T.
Published: May 2011

Nyssa trees involved in a breeding program for ornamentals were found to be affected deleteriously by a leaf spot disease. The causative agent was identified as a species of Mycosphaerella that had been classified as morphologically indistinguishable from M. punctiformis.
A subsequent taxonomic investigation using morphological data from new and existing herbarium collections, cultural data, and ITS region rDNA sequences suggested that this was a distinct species on Nyssa that represents the previously described M. nyssicola. The species is lectotypified
and epitypified to promote nomenclatural and taxonomic stability.
Chrysothrix flavovirens, Lepraria elobata, and Ochrolechia arborea new to Portugal
Authors: Rodrigues Sandrina Azevedo , Tønsberg Tor , Terrón-Alfonso Arsenio , Soares Amadeu M. V. M.
Published: May 2011

Chrysothrix flavovirens, Lepraria elobata, and Ochrolechia arborea are reported as new to Portugal, based on surveys carried out in pine forests along the Portuguese coast. Data on the distribution, secondary products and ecology of the species are presented.
Lichenological notes 2: Lichenothelia convexa, a poorly known rock-inhabiting and lichenicolous fungus
Authors: Kocourková Jana , Knudsen Kerry
Published: May 2011

Lichenothelia convexa, a saxicolous and lichenicolous microfungus, is reported new for the Czech Republic. The poorly known species is provided with a description and is illustrated.
Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies
Authors: Hoffmann K. , Voigt K. , Kirk P.M.
Published: May 2011

The Mucoromycotina unifies two heterogenous orders of the sporangiferous, soilinhabiting fungi. The Mucorales comprise saprobic, occasionally facultatively mycoparasitic, taxa bearing a columella, whereas the Mortierellales encompass mainly saprobic fungi lacking
a columella. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on eight nuclear genes encoding 18S and 28S rRNA, actin, alpha and beta tubulin, translation elongation factor 1alpha, and RNA polymerase II subunits 1 and 2 provide strong support for separation of the Mortierellales from the Mucoromycotina.
The existence of a columella is shown to serve as a synapomorphic morphological trait unique to Mucorales, supporting the taxonomic separation of the acolumellate Mortierellales from the columellate Mucoromycotina. Furthermore, irregular hyphal septation and development
of subbasally vesiculate sporangiophores bearing single terminal sporangia strongly correlate with the phylogenetic delimitation of Mortierellales, supporting a new subphylum, Mortierellomycotina.
Three species excluded from Melanopsamma (Ascomycetes)
Authors: Wang You-Zhi
Published: May 2011

Melanopsamma is a unitunicate ascomycete genus. However, examinations of the holotypes of M. aggregata, M. merrillii, and M. pomiformis var. monosticha has revealed that all were bitunicate. They are synonyms of Astrosphaeriella africana, Didymosphaeria
dimastospora, and Keissleriella sambucina, respectively.
Rare or little known corticioid basidiomycetes from southern Belarus
Authors: Yurchenko Eugene , Kotiranta Heikki
Published: May 2011

Six non-poroid resupinate homobasidiomycete species, collected within the borders of Paleskaya Physiographic Province, or Polesia (Belarus), are described and illustrated: Crustodontia chrysocreas, Hyphoderma cryptocallimon, H. transiens, Oliveonia citrispora, Trechispora caucasica,
T. minuta. According to the known distributional data, these taxa are rare or exceptionally rare in Belarus and other European countries; they are, except H. transiens, reported from Belarus for the first time. Distinctive characters and morphological differences from similar-looking
species are discussed.
Notes on some Japanese smut fungi. 5. Anthracoidea blepharicarpae and A. dispalatae, spp. nov.
Authors: Denchev Cvetomir M. , Denchev Teodor T. , Michikawa Muneo , Kakishima Makoto
Published: May 2011

Two new smut fungi, Anthracoidea blepharicarpae on Carex blepharicarpa and A. dispalatae on Carex dispalata, are described and illustrated from Japan.
Aspergillus flavus — primary causative agent of aflatoxins in dried figs
Authors: Oktay H. Imge , Heperkan Dilek , Yelboga Emrah , Karaguler Nevin Gul
Published: May 2011

Aspergillus sect. Flavi isolates from Turkish dried figs have been determined using PCR amplification of the ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA regions. Species were identified by comparing partial 18S rDNA sequences from 57 different fungal isolates comprising 5 A. parasiticus
strains, 1 A. tamarii strain, and 51 A. flavus strains with known ribosomal sequences using BLAST search. Sequence comparisons between the isolates and reference cultures showed a 95–99% similarity; morphological and phenotypical character comparisons of the same strains
produced equally close similarities. The sole exception was an aflatoxin B1 and B2 producing strain that cannot produce cyclopiazonic acid; this strain, originally identified as A. flavus, was instead found to represent A. parasiticus.
A new species and a new record of Pyxine (Physciaceae) with norstictic acid from São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Jungbluth Patrícia , Marcelli Marcelo Pinto , Kalb Klaus
Published: May 2011

In the course of a study of Pyxine species in São Paulo State, Brazil, Pyxine jolyana was recognized as a new species. It has norstictic acid in the medulla, a rare feature in South American species. Also, another species with norstictic acid, P. fallax,
is recorded for the first time from the Neotropics. A world key to the Pyxine species that produce norstictic acid is presented.
Marine fungi from Sarushima Island, Japan, with a phylogenetic evaluation of the genus Naufragella
Authors: Abdel-Wahab Mohamed A.
Published: May 2011

Twenty-seven fungi (18 ascomycetes, 9 anamorphic fungi) were recorded from 91 driftwood samples collected from Sarushima Island, Japan. Ceriosporopsis halima, Corollospora maritima, and Halosphaeria appendiculata occurred most frequently in the fungal community. Other
common fungi include: Remispora maritima, Tirispora sp., Monotosporella sp., Phoma sp., and Trichocladium achrasporum. Among the 27 fungi collected, 7 are possibly new to science. Nemania maritima and Panorbis viscosus are new records for Japan. Phylogenetic
analyses of LSU rDNA sequences placed Naufragella delmarensis with Nohea umiumi in a highly supported clade. Both Naufragella and Nohea have similar morphological characters that, in combination with the molecular data, support their placement in a single genus.
The new combinations Nohea delmarensis and N. spinibarbata are proposed. The anamorph–teleomorph connection of Trichocladium achrasporum – Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera was supported with molecular data for the first time.
Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: 7. More notes on taxa from North America
Authors: Lendemer James C. , Knudsen Kerry
Published: May 2011

Acarospora complanata, Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, and Lecanora stramineoalbida are reported new for North America north of Mexico. Acarospora superfusa is confirmed as occurring in North America. Biatorella rappii is placed in synonymy with Ramonia microspora.
Paraconiothyrium babiogorense sp. nov., a new endophyte from fir club moss Huperzia selago (Huperziaceae)
Authors: Budziszewska Julia , Szypuła Wojciech , Wilk Mateusz , Wrzosek Marta
Published: May 2011

Paraconiothyrium is a recently established genus within the order Pleosporales. Species from this genus are commonly associated with plants but can also be found in soil samples and be parasitic on fungi. Several isolates of a Paraconiothyrium sp. were obtained
from Huperzia selago in Poland. Strains were characterized based on morphological characteristics and molecular data (SSU rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2). Based on its unique morphology and DNA phylogeny, isolates were described as a new species: Paraconiothyrium babiogorense, which
represents the first report of a Paraconiothyrium species from fir club moss. Comparison of characters with other Paraconiothyrium species is provided as well as a signature sequence for the new species.
Septobasidium sichuanense sp. nov. (Septobasidiaceae) from China
Authors: Chen Suzhen , Guo Lin
Published: May 2011

A new species, Septobasidium sichuanense, is described. It was collected from Sichuan Province, China.
A new Puccinia on Thymelaea from Turkey
Authors: Kirbag Sevda , Aime M. Catherine , Kursat Murat
Published: May 2011

The rust fungus Puccinia salihae sp. nov. is described from Thymelaea aucheri in East Anatolia, Turkey, producing aecia, uredinia, and telia. This is the first report of a rust disease infecting a species of Thymelaea.
Pucciniastrum enkianthi nom. nov., a replacement name for P. hakkodaense
Authors: Liang Ying-Mei , Kakishima Makoto
Published: May 2011

Pucciniastrum hakkodaense (a rust pathogen of Enkianthus) is an illegitimate later homonym of P. hakkodense (a rust pathogen of Leucothoe). Hence, the replacement name Pucciniastrum enkianthi is proposed.
Morphological studies in Dothideomycetes: Elsinoe (Elsinoaceae), Butleria, and three excluded genera
Authors: Li Yanmei , Wu Haixia , Chen Hang , Hyde Kevin D.
Published: May 2011

The types of the genera Beelia, Butleria, Elsinoe, Hyalotheles, and Saccardinula were examined to revise their familial position. The family Elsinoaceae (type: Elsinoe canavaliae) is described and its separation from Myriangiaceae is supported. Butleria
inaghatahani has characters similar to Elsinoaceae where it should remain. Beelia suttoniae appears to be a superficial biotroph on the surface of leaves and thus Beelia should be placed in Chaetothyriaceae and is most similar to Ainsworthia (= Phaeosaccardinula).
Apart from the oblong to ovoid sessile asci in Hyalotheles dimerosperma, its placement in Elsinoaceae seems unwarranted, and Hyalotheles should be placed in Dothideomycetes incertae sedis. Saccardinula guaranitica may be better placed in Microthyriaceae
or Brefeldiellaceae, because its ascomata greatly resemble thyrothecia found in Microthyriaceae and have similarities with Brefeldiella. Molecular sequence data from fresh collections is required to solve the problem of familial placement.
Two new species of Lyophyllum s.l. (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain)
Authors: Dähncke Rose Marie , Contu Marco , Vizzini Alfredo
Published: May 2011

Two new species in the genus Lyophyllum collected in La Palma (Canary Islands), L. fuscobrunneum and L. impudicum, are here described and taxonomically delimited based upon morphological data. For each species detailed descriptions, microscopical drawings, and plates
are provided.
Two new alectoronic acid-containing Parmotrema species from the coast of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Marcelli Marcelo P. , Benatti Michel N. , Elix John A.
Published: May 2011

Descriptions are presented for two new Parmotrema species containing alectoronic acid, P. conidioarcuatum and P. pycnidiocarpum, resulting from a survey of Parmeliaceae species in natural ecosystems and urbanized coastal areas of southeastern Brazil.
New or noteworthy records of Caloplaca (Teloschistaceae) from Poland
Authors: Wilk Karina
Published: May 2011

Caloplaca atroalba, C. dichroa, C. marmorata, C. oasis, and C. pseudofulgensia are reported as new to Poland. Two other taxa: C. albopruinosa and C. pusilla are discussed in view of modern approaches. The species reported here were mainly collected in the
Polish Carpathians. Additionally, C. atroalba is reported as new to Ukraine. Detailed taxonomic descriptions and comments are provided for the treated taxa.
Entrepreneurship in the Informal Economy: Why it Matters
Authors: Bureau Sylvain , Fendt Jacqueline
Published: May 2011

The informal economy is generating 10–20% of GDP in developed countries. It takes many forms and is difficult to measure, but has nevertheless a permanent and widely acknowledged characteristic: strong entrepreneurial dynamism. However, research seldom focuses on this aspect. This paper addresses this gap by offering a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial activities within the informal economy. The authors also discuss how crossing canonical entrepreneurship models and theories with atypical empirical contexts – such as, for instance, deprived neighbourhoods – can help consolidate existing evidence and/or, on the contrary, unveil myths and even generate new hypotheses and innovative and stimulating management methods.