bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)
Authors: Sala Leo , Szymańska Iwona B , Dablemont Céline , Lafosse Anne , Amiaud Lionel
Published: January 2018

Background: Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) allows for the deposition of free standing material within nanometre sizes. The improvement of the technique needs a combination of new precursors and optimized irradiation strategies to achieve a controlled fragmentation of the precursor for leaving deposited material of desired composition. Here a new class of copper precursors is studied following an approach that probes some surface processes involved in the fragmentation of precursors. We use complexes of copper(II) with amines and perfluorinated carboxylate ligands that are solid and stable under ambient conditions. They are directly deposited on the surface for studying the fragmentation with surface science tools.

Results: Infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) are combined to show that the precursor is able to spontaneously lose amine ligands under vacuum. This loss can be enhanced by mild heating. The combination of mass spectrometry and low-energy electron irradiation (0–15 eV) shows that full amine ligands can be released upon irradiation, and that fragmentation of the perfluorinated ligands is induced by electrons of energy as low as 1.5 eV. Finally, the cross section for this process is estimated from the temporal evolution in the experiments on electron-stimulated desorption (ESD).

Conclusion: The release of full ligands under high vacuum and by electron irradiation, and the cross section measured here for ligands fragmentation allow one to envisage the use of the two precursors for FEBID studies.
High-energy Emission from Nonrelativistic Radiative Shocks: Application to Gamma-Ray Novae
Authors: Vurm Indrek , Metzger Brian D.
Published: January 2018

The observation of GeV gamma-rays from novae by Fermi/LAT demonstrates that the nonrelativistic radiative shocks in these systems can accelerate particles to energies of at least ∼10 GeV. The low-energy extension of the same nonthermal particle distribution inevitably gives rise to emission in the hard X-ray band. Above

, this radiation can escape the system without significant absorption/attenuation, and can potentially be detected by NuSTAR. We present theoretical models for hard X-ray and gamma-ray emission from radiative shocks in both leptonic and hadronic scenarios, accounting for the rapid evolution of the downstream properties due to the fast cooling of thermal plasma. We find that due to strong Coulomb losses, only a fraction of

of the gamma-ray luminosity is radiated in the NuSTAR band; nevertheless, this emission could be detectable simultaneously with the LAT emission in bright gamma-ray novae with a ∼50 ks exposure. The spectral slope in hard X-rays is

for typical nova parameters, thus serving as a testable prediction of the model. Our work demonstrates how combined hard X-ray and gamma-ray observations can be used to constrain properties of the nova outflow (velocity, density, and mass outflow rate) and particle acceleration at the shock. A very low X-ray to gamma-ray luminosity ratio (

) would disfavor leptonic models for the gamma-ray emission. Our model can also be applied to other astrophysical environments with radiative shocks, including SNe IIn and colliding winds in massive star binaries.
Disentangling the Galactic Halo with APOGEE. II. Chemical and Star Formation Histories for the Two Distinct Populations
Authors: Fernández-Alvar Emma , Carigi Leticia , Schuster William J. , Hayes Christian R. , Ávila-Vergara Nancy , Majewski Steve R. , Allende Prieto Carlos , Beers Timothy C. , Sánchez Sebastián F. , Zamora Olga , García-Hernández Domingo Aníbal , Tang Baitian , Fernández-Trincado José G. , Tissera Patricia , Geisler Douglas , Villanova Sandro
Published: January 2018

The formation processes that led to the current Galactic stellar halo are still under debate. Previous studies have provided evidence for different stellar populations in terms of elemental abundances and kinematics, pointing to different chemical and star formation histories (SFHs). In the present work, we explore, over a broader range in metallicity (

), the two stellar populations detected in the first paper of this series from metal-poor stars in DR13 of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). We aim to infer signatures of the initial mass function (IMF) and the SFH from the two α-to-iron versus iron abundance chemical trends for the most APOGEE-reliable α-elements (O, Mg, Si, and Ca). Using simple chemical-evolution models, we infer the upper mass limit (M
up) for the IMF and the star formation rate, and its duration for each population. Compared with the low-α population, we obtain a more intense and longer-lived SFH, and a top-heavier IMF for the high-α population.
Parameterizations of Chromospheric Condensations in dG and dMe Model Flare Atmospheres
Authors: Kowalski Adam F. , Allred Joel C.
Published: January 2018

The origin of the near-ultraviolet and optical continuum radiation in flares is critical for understanding particle acceleration and impulsive heating in stellar atmospheres. Radiative-hydrodynamic (RHD) simulations in 1D have shown that high energy deposition rates from electron beams produce two flaring layers at T ∼ 104 K that develop in the chromosphere: a cooling condensation (downflowing compression) and heated non-moving (stationary) flare layers just below the condensation. These atmospheres reproduce several observed phenomena in flare spectra, such as the red-wing asymmetry of the emission lines in solar flares and a small Balmer jump ratio in M dwarf flares. The high beam flux simulations are computationally expensive in 1D, and the (human) timescales for completing NLTE models with adaptive grids in 3D will likely be unwieldy for some time to come. We have developed a prescription for predicting the approximate evolved states, continuum optical depth, and emergent continuum flux spectra of RHD model flare atmospheres. These approximate prescriptions are based on an important atmospheric parameter: the column mass (

) at which hydrogen becomes nearly completely ionized at the depths that are approximately in steady state with the electron beam heating. Using this new modeling approach, we find that high energy flux density (>F11) electron beams are needed to reproduce the brightest observed continuum intensity in IRIS data of the 2014 March 29 X1 solar flare, and that variation in

from 0.001 to 0.02 g cm−2 reproduces most of the observed range of the optical continuum flux ratios at the peak of M dwarf flares.
Star–Disk Interactions in Multiband Photometric Monitoring of the Classical T Tauri Star GI Tau
Authors: Guo Zhen , Herczeg Gregory J. , Jose Jessy , Fu Jianning , Chiang Po-Shih , Grankin Konstantin , Michel Raúl , Yadav Ram Kesh , Liu Jinzhong , Chen Wen-ping , Li Gang , Xue Huifang , Niu Hubiao , Subramaniam Annapurni , Sharma Saurabh , Prasert Nikom , Flores-Fajardo Nahiely , Castro Angel , Altamirano Liliana
Published: January 2018

The variability of young stellar objects is mostly driven by star–disk interactions. In long-term photometric monitoring of the accreting T Tauri star GI Tau, we detect extinction events with typical depths of

mag that last for days to months and often appear to occur stochastically. In 2014–2015, extinctions that repeated with a quasi-period of 21 days over several months are the first empirical evidence of slow warps predicted by magnetohydrodynamic simulations to form at a few stellar radii away from the central star. The reddening is consistent with

and, along with an absence of diffuse interstellar bands, indicates that some dust processing has occurred in the disk. The 2015–2016 multiband light curve includes variations in spot coverage, extinction, and accretion, each of which results in different traces in color–magnitude diagrams. This light curve is initially dominated by a month-long extinction event and a return to the unocculted brightness. The subsequent light curve then features spot modulation with a 7.03 day period, punctuated by brief, randomly spaced extinction events. The accretion rate measured from U-band photometry ranges from

to

M
⊙ yr−1 (excluding the highest and lowest 5% of high- and low- accretion rate outliers), with an average of

M
⊙ yr−1. A total of 50% of the mass is accreted during bursts of

M
⊙ yr

, which indicates limitations on analyses of disk evolution using single-epoch accretion rates.
A Radio Continuum and Polarization Study of SNR G57.2+0.8 Associated with Magnetar SGR 1935+2154
Authors: Kothes R. , Sun X. , Gaensler B. , Reich W.
Published: January 2018

We present a radio continuum and linear polarization study of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G57.2+0.8, which may host the recently discovered magnetar SGR 1935+2154. The radio SNR shows the typical radio continuum spectrum of a mature supernova remnant with a spectral index of

and moderate polarized intensity. Magnetic field vectors indicate a tangential magnetic field, expected for an evolved SNR, in one part of the SNR, and a radial magnetic field in the other. The latter can be explained by an overlapping arc-like feature, perhaps a pulsar wind nebula, emanating from the magnetar. The presence of a pulsar wind nebula is supported by the low average braking index of 1.2, which we extrapolated for the magnetar, and the detection of diffuse X-ray emission around it. We found a distance of 12.5 kpc for the SNR, which identifies G57.2+0.8 as a resident of the Outer spiral arm of the Milky Way. The SNR has a radius of about 20 pc and could be as old as 41,000 yr. The SNR has already entered the radiative or pressure-driven snowplow phase of its evolution. We compare independently determined characteristics like age and distance for both the SNR and the soft gamma repeater SGR 1935+2154, and conclude that they are physically related.
An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Clinically Unilateral Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Zengin Mehmet Ozgur , Karti Omer , Karahan Eyyup , Kusbeci Tuncay
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the relationship between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and clinically unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Seventy-six patients (152 eyes) with bilateral AMD and clinically unilateral XFS were included. Eyes with AMD were divided into three stages (early, intermediate, and late), based on the Beckman Initiative for Macular Research Classification Committee of fundus findings. The distribution of AMD lesions was assessed in both groups, and the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

RESULTS:

There were significantly more early and intermediate-stage AMD cases in eyes with XFS than in non-XFS fellow eyes (P< .05). In contrast, there were significantly fewer wet AMD cases in XFS eyes than in non-XFS fellow eyes (P< .05). SFCT in all AMD stages was significantly lower in eyes with XFS (P< .05).

CONCLUSION:

XFS was associated with a lower prevalence of wet AMD. Further studies are required to elucidate this association.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:12–19.]
Propranolol for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Hendrick Andrew M. , Lavine Jeremy , Domalpally Amitha , Kulkarni Amol D. , Ip Michael S.
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine the effect of propranolol on retinal neovascularization due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

For this prospective pilot, interventional, case series, patients with diabetes with PDR (n = 10 subjects; 12 eyes) were recruited at the ophthalmology clinic of the University of Wisconsin – Madison. Subjects were administered oral propranolol for 12 weeks and retinopathy and area of retinal neovascularization were monitored with fundus photography and fluorescein angiography (FA). The study's main outcome measures were photographic area of retinal neovascularization and degree of leakage on FA.

RESULTS:

All eyes demonstrated stable degrees of retinal neovascularization by the end of 12 weeks.

CONCLUSION:

This dose of oral propranolol during a period of 12 weeks did not demonstrate significant effect on retinal neovascularization due to PDR.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:35–40.]
Segmental Analysis of Macular Layers in Patients With Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Treated With Perfluoropropane or Silicon Oil
Authors: Goker Yasin Sakir , Yuksel Kemal , Turan Miray Faiz , Sonmez Kenan , Tekin Kemal , Yilmazbas Pelin
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine possible changes in thickness profiles of retinal layers in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) treated with perfluoropropane (C3F8) or silicon oil (SiO).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients were enrolled in this retrospective comparative study. Patients were divided into two groups according to intraocular tamponade: C3F8 or SiO. All study eyes were compared with fellow eyes via spectral-domain optical coherence tomography segment analysis at 6 months postoperatively. Macular layer thicknesses including retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and retinal pigment epithelium were analyzed.

RESULTS:

There was a statistically significant difference between eyes in terms of INL thickness (
P
= .044) in C3F8 group. Otherwise there was a statistically significant difference between eyes in terms of INL, OPL, and ONL thicknesses (
P
= .006,
P
= .048, and
P
= .004, respectively) in the SiO group.

CONCLUSION:

The findings of the present study show that the tamponade used in RRD surgery can affect the retinal layers differently.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:41–47.]
A New OCT Finding in Purtscher-Like Retinopathy
Authors: Yaylali Sevil Ari , Bromand Nedim , Kilic Guler
Published: January 2018

The authors report a new spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) appearance observed in two patients with Purtscher-like retinopathy. In this prospective case series of three eyes of two patients with Purtscher-like retinopathy, the patients were assessed with biomicroscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and SD-OCT. The last examinations of the patients were performed at 3 months and 12 months, respectively. Both patients presented with decreased visual acuity. Fundus examination revealed a whitish-appearing parafoveal retina and scattered cotton-wool spots in the posterior retina. FA showed hypofluorescent spots that correspond to the cotton-wool spots and retinal hemorrhages seen clinically. SD-OCT scan of cotton-wool spots showed focal hyperreflectivity in the nerve fiber and the ganglion cell layers. SD-OCT scan of the macula in both patients showed hyperreflective areas in the inner plexiform, inner nuclear, outer plexiform, and outer nuclear layers. Hyperreflective areas disappeared during follow-up of the patients. Retinal thinning was observed in these areas after resolution. These findings are in accordance with histopathological findings and support the microvascular embolization theory in pathophysiology of Purtscher-like retinopathy.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:64–69.]
Blau-Jabs Syndrome in a Tertiary Ophthalmologic Center
Authors: Nascimento Heloisa , Sousa Jacqueline M. , Fernández Délia González , Salomão Gustavo H.A. , Sato Elcio. H. , Muccioli Cristina , Belfort Rubens
Published: January 2018

In a prospective case series of patients with Blau-Jabs syndrome (BJS) conducted in the Ophthalmology Department/Federal University of Sao Paulo, seven patients with clinical and ophthalmologic manifestations of the disease and a positive genetic test result for the presence of a mutation in the
CARD15/NOD2
gene were followed for a minimal period of 1 year. All patients had uveitis, five had nummular corneal subepithelial opacities, and four had multifocal choroiditis. Oral prednisolone was administered to all patients; inflammation was controlled in six patients with at least one immunosuppressive drug. Infliximab (Remicade; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Beerse, Belgium) and etanercept (Enbrel; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) were used to treat two cases refractory to the anti-inflammatory drugs. A subconjunctival dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex; Allergan, Irvine, CA) and a periocular injection of triamcinolone were used in one case to achieve inflammation control. Six patients achieved a visual acuity of 20/25 or better. The authors conclude that periocular treatment with steroid injections might be effective adjuvant therapy to control ocular inflammation.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:70–75.]
The Image of the Virgin Mary in Slovenian Legendary and Religious Folk Songs
Authors: Brozovič Maruša
Published: January 2018

V razpravi, ki temelji na enakovredni uporabi metod folkloristike in literarne vede, se sprašujemo, kakšna je podoba Božje Matere Marije v slovenskih legendarnih in nabožnih pesmih. Na kratko predstavimo vire njene podobe (Sveto pismo, apokrifi, družbene razmere). Marijine lastnosti so obravnavane z vidika dveh razsežnosti njene osebnosti: njene človeškosti (Marija ima arhetipske ženske lastnosti, je človeška mati iz ljudskega okolja) in »nebeške« razsežnosti Božjega materinstva (moč odpuščanja, priprošnje, zavetništvo). Medbesedilna obravnava primerja slovenske legendarne in nabožne pesmi in izbrane avtorske pesmi z Marijinim motivom iz obdobja med obema svetovnima vojnama. Pri teh medbesedilnost ni eksplicitna, čeprav pesniki zajemajo iz ljudskega izročila.
***
This paper considers the image of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God, in Slovenian legendary and religious folk songs through folklore and literature methodology. There is a short presentation of the sources of her image (the Bible, the Apocrypha, social circumstances). Mary’s characteristics are discussed from the two perspectives of her portrayal: her humanity (Mary has the archetypical characteristics of a woman; she is a human mother from everyday life) and her “divine” characteristics as the mother of God (power of forgiveness, intercession, and the role of patroness). The intertextual analysis discusses examples of Slovenian legendary and religious songs and selected poems with Marian motifs from the interwar period. The poems’ intertextuality is not explicit despite the fact that some of the poets use folk song elements.
Social Networks in Folklore Studies
Authors: Pisk Marjeta
Published: January 2018

Na podlagi treh izbranih primerov, in sicer folklorističnega udejstvovanja Karla Štreklja in njegovega urednikovanja Slovenskim narodnim pesmim, delovanja povojnih neformalne »delovne skupine vzhodnoalpskih folkloristov« Alpes Orientales in jugoslovanske Zveze društev folkloristov Jugoslavije, so prikazane različne koncepcije povezovanja raziskovalcev, ki so z oplajanjem idej zaznamovale delo slovenskih folkloristov.
***
Based on three selected examples, namely the folklore activity of Karl Štrekelj and his editing of Slovene national songs and the work of the post-war informal “working group of the Eastern Alps folklorists” Alpes Orientales and the Association of Folklore Societies of Yugoslavia, various concepts of social networking among researchers are outlined that influenced the work of Slovenian folklore researchers.
Investigation of Flux-Less Soldering of Metal Matrix Composite and Ceramics by Use of Zn Solder
Authors: Koleňák Roman , Kostolný Igor
Published: January 2018

The work was dealing with direct soldering of Al2O3 ceramics and a metal/ceramic composite (MMC) with Al matrix. The joints were fabricated by application of flux-less process by use of a hot plate at the assistance of ultrasound with frequency of 40 kHz. The experiments were performed by use of Zn6Al6Ag solder. Wetting was attained on both substrates. The joints of a good quality were fabricated. The soldering temperature was 420 °C. The microstructural studies of interface have revealed a transient zone of Al dissolving on the side of MMC and formation of Zn oxides on the side of ceramics, which were responsible for bond formation.
Characterization Investigations of a Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt% (NbB2, NbC) Hybrid Composite Fabricated via Mechanically Alloying and Sequentially Milling (Mechanical Alloying + Cryomilling)
Authors: Ovecoglu Mustafa Lutfi , Tekoğlu Emre , Mertdinç Sıddıka , Agaogullari Duygu
Published: January 2018

In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of a Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt% (NbB2, NbC) composite synthesized by sequentially milling (mechanical alloying (MA) and/or cryogenic milling (CM)) were investigated. Nb2O5, B2O3 and C powder blends were milled using high energy milling for 5 h and annealed at 1400 oC for 12 h to produce NbB2-NbC hybrid powders. The NbB2-NbC hybrid powders were mixed with the matrix Al-5 wt.% Si powders to constitute the Al-5 wt.% Si/2 wt.% (NbB2-NbC) powders blends which were mechanically alloyed (MA'd) for 4 h using SpexTM Mixer/Mill, cryo-milled for 10 min in a SpexTM 6870 Freezer/Mill and finally MA’d for 1h in SpexTM Mixer/Mill again. As-blended, MA’d and cryomilled powders were compacted in a hydraulic press with a uniaxial pressure of 450 MPa. Compacted samples were sintered at 570°C for 2 h under Ar gas atmosphere. Microstructural characterizations of the as-blended/MA'd powders and the sintered composites were performed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Density and microhardness measurements and sliding wear tests were performed on the sintered composite samples. Sequentially milled and sintered Al-5 wt.% Si-2 wt.% (NbB2-NbC) samples had the highest mean microhardness value (2.29 ± 24.98 GPa) and the lowest wear volume loss (0.038 mm3).
Effect of Electron Bombardment on Polyimide Film
Authors: Engelhart Daniel P. , Plis Elena , Cooper Russell , Humagain Sunita , Koch Andrei , Brunetti Matthew , Greenbaum Steven , Hoffmann Ryan
Published: January 2018

Interaction of high energy electrons with spacecraft materials, such as polyimide (PI, Kapton-H®), is known to cause their physical degradation. However, understanding of the chemical nature of this damage and the effect on the electrical and optical properties of PI is still limited. This lack of understanding limits predictive spacecraft models (charging, thermal, etc) as only pristine material properties are used for calculation. This is a major source of error in spacecraft construction and anomaly resolution, since PI properties change after exposure to the space environment. In the presented study, we analyze the chemical, electrical, and optical changes to polyimide after exposure to 90 keV electrons.
The Mechanical and Physical Properties of Construction and Demolition Waste - Epoxy Composites
Authors: Hyvärinen Marko , Kärki Timo
Published: January 2018

Due to the increasing concern about the environment and depleting conventional materials, a lot of research is going on in the field of material science to develop environment friendly materials, and to improve the recycling and reusing of waste materials. Composites are material providing possibilities to reach these targets. In this experimental study, the possibilities and potential in the utilization of mixed waste from recycling in the manufacturing of epoxy composites are studied. The studied properties are flexural properties, i.e. flexural strength and flexural modulus, and hardness as mechanical properties, and water absorption and thickness swelling as physical properties. Element analysis was used to determine the composition of construction and demolition waste used in manufacturing. The analysis revealed a large proportion of mineral elements with high hardness. Consequently, this had a clear impact on the hardness of the composite. The flexural properties were found to be on a reasonable level. The waste-epoxy composite showed a low uptake of water due to the minor content of hydrophilic materials present in the composite.
Bronchopulmonary sequestration as a cause of mismatched perfusion defect on single-photon emission computed tomography ventilation-perfusion scan
Authors: Kreltszheim Michael , Brown Nick , Lee Joseph
Published: January 2018

We present a 46-year-old female with pleuritic chest pain on a background of pulmonary embolism diagnosed on a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) imaging 3 years earlier. A SPECT V/Q scan detected a mismatched perfusion defect in the posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe, essentially unchanged from a defect identified 3 years earlier. Given the atypical finding, the patient went on to have a computed tomographic pulmonary angiogram. It revealed an intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration as the cause of the right lower lobe mismatched perfusion defect. With growing awareness of radiation safety, the number of V/Q imaging studies being undertaken to investigate suspected pulmonary emboli, especially in young female patients, has increased. This case report serves as a timely reminder of the potential pitfalls associated with V/Q scan image interpretation.
Synovectomy using samarium-153 hydroxyapatite in the elbows and ankles of patients with hemophilic arthropathy
Authors: Manzzini Calegaro José , de Podestá Haje Davi , Machado Julian , Sayago Mariana , de Landa Danielle
Published: January 2018

This study aimed to evaluate synovectomy with samarium-153 hydroxyapatite (153Sm-HA) in synovitis of the elbows and ankles of hemophilic patients. The synovectomy was performed using 185 MBq of 153Sm-HA in 166 joints of 82 hemophilic patients, with a mean age of 24.4 years and follow-up of 12 and 42 months, comprising 63 ankles and 84 elbows. Arthropathy was characterized by recurrent joint bleeding. Episodes of hemarthrosis, use of clotting factors, and pain intensity were evaluated before and after treatment. Scintigraphic controls and adverse effects were also considered. Statistical analyses used P ≤ 0,005 as significant. The results pointed that (a) reduction in hemarthrosis was 78% and 68% in elbows and 82% and 72% in ankles; (b) use of clotting factors was 80% and 70% in elbows and 85% and 75% in ankles; (c) pain was 37% and 34% in elbows and 61% and 57% in ankles, after 12 and 42 months, respectively. Three cases of mild reactive synovitis were observed in ankles and four in elbows. There was no joint effusion in any of the cases. In conclusion, the use of 153Sm-HA in elbows and ankles was effective, very safe, minimally invasive and showed consistency over time, is another material to utilize in median hemophilic joints.
Modalités de sélection des sites d’enfouissement technique en Algérie et leur prise en charge par les instruments d’aménagement du territoire et d’urbanisme
Authors: Aliouche Sihem , Kehila Youcef , Benkahoul Leila
Published: January 2018

Landfilling has always been the most common form of treatment in Algeria.The technical nature of this activity has increased considerably since the promulgation of law 01-19-2001 on waste management. Thus, we have passed from the uncontrolled discharge, which is practiced for a long time, to controlled discharge and then to the technical landfill (TL). This latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner, minimizing environmental and public health impacts.The search for suitable sites must not only meet the technical and environmental criteria (waterproofing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also, territorial and urban planning orientations. As a result, territorial and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfill centers.The aim is to limit the proliferation of uncontrolled dumps and other wild dumps.This work aims first to understand the scope of these instruments and their objectives through a critical reading. Second, to evaluate the management of technical landfill center by these instruments in the case of Algiers agglomeration.

La mise en décharge des déchets a toujours constitué en Algérie, le mode d’élimination le plus dominant. La technicité de cette activité a fortement progressé depuis la promulgation de la loi 01-19-2001 relative à la gestion des déchets. Ainsi, on est passé de la décharge sauvage pratiquée depuis longtemps à la décharge contrôlée et puis, au centre d’enfouissement technique (CET). Ce dernier doit permettre la disposition finale des déchets solides de façon sécuritaire en minimisant les impacts sur l’environnement et la santé publique.La recherche de sites appropriés doit ainsi, non seulement répondre aux critères techniques et environnementaux (imperméabilisation du sol et traitement des effluents liquides et gazeux), mais aussi, aux orientations de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’urbanisme. De ce fait, les instruments d’aménagement du territoire et d’urbanisme doivent prévoir un portefeuille foncier pour les futurs centres d’enfouissement technique. Le but est de limiter la prolifération de dépotoirs anarchiques et autres décharges sauvages.Ce travail consiste, en premier lieu, à comprendre la portée de ces instruments et les objectifs qui leurs sont attribués à travers une lecture critique. En deuxième lieu, il vise à évaluer la prise en charge des CET par ces instruments dans le cas de l’agglomération Algéroise.
myTIPreport and Training for Independent Practice: A Tool for Real-Time Workplace Feedback for Milestones and Procedural Skills
Authors: Connolly AnnaMarie , Goepfert Alice , Blanchard Anita , Buys Elizabeth , Donnellan Nicole , Amundsen Cindy L. , Galvin Shelley L. , Kenton Kimberly
Published: January 2018

Background 

Few tools currently exist for effective, accessible delivery of real-time, workplace feedback in the clinical setting.

Objective 

We developed and implemented a real-time, web-based tool for performance-based feedback in the clinical environment.

Methods 

The tool (myTIPreport) was designed for performance-based feedback to learners on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones and procedural skills. “TIP” stands for “Training for Independent Practice.” We implemented myTIPreport in obstetrics and gynecology (Ob-Gyn) and female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) programs between November 2014 and May 2015. Residents, fellows, teachers, and program directors completed preimplementation and postimplementation surveys on their perceptions of feedback.

Results 

Preimplementation surveys were completed by 656 participants of a total of 980 learners and teachers in 19 programs (12 Ob-Gyn and 7 FPMRS). This represented 72% (273 of 378) of learners and 64% (383 of 602) of teachers. Seventy percent of participants (381 of 546) reported having their own individual processes for real-time feedback; the majority (79%, 340 of 430) described these processes as informal discussions. Over 6 months, one-third of teachers and two-thirds of learners used the myTIPreport tool a total of 4311 times. Milestone feedback was recorded 944 times, and procedural feedback was recorded 3367 times. Feedback addressed all ACGME Milestones and procedures programmed into myTIPreport. Most program directors reported that tool implementation was successful.

Conclusions 

The majority of learners successfully received workplace feedback using myTIPreport. This web-based tool, incorporating procedures and ACGME Milestones, may be an important transition from other feedback formats.
A Qualitative Analysis of Attending Physicians' Use of Shared Decision-Making: Implications for Resident Education
Authors: Schoenfeld Elizabeth M. , Goff Sarah L. , Elia Tala R. , Khordipour Errel R. , Poronsky Kye E. , Nault Kelly A. , Lindenauer Peter K. , Mazor Kathleen M.
Published: January 2018

Background 

Physicians need to rapidly and effectively facilitate patient-centered, shared decision-making (SDM) conversations, but little is known about how residents or attending physicians acquire this skill.

Objective 

We explored emergency medicine (EM) attending physicians' use of SDM in the context of their experience as former residents and current educators and assessed the implications of these findings on learning opportunities for residents.

Methods 

We used semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of EM physicians. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and 3 research team members performed iterative, open coding of transcripts, building a provisional codebook as work progressed. We analyzed the data with a focus on participants' acquisition and use of skills required for SDM and their use of SDM in the context of resident education.

Results 

Fifteen EM physicians from academic and community practices were interviewed. All reported using SDM techniques to some degree. Multiple themes noted had negative implications for resident acquisition of this skill: (1) the complex relationships among patients, residents, and attending physicians; (2) residents' skill levels; (3) the setting of busy emergency departments; and (4) individual attending factors. One theme was noted to facilitate resident education: the changing culture—with a cultural shift toward patient-centered care.

Conclusions 

A constellation of factors may diminish opportunities for residents to acquire and practice SDM skills. Further research should explore residents' perspectives, address the modifiable obstacles identified, and examine whether these issues generalize to other specialties.
Produção de biomassa florestal para energia em sistemas agroflorestais
Authors: Ribeiro Gabriel Browne de Deus , Isbaex Crismeire , Valverde Sebastião Renato
Published: January 2018

O objetivo dessa revisão foi avaliar o potencial da produção de biomassa florestal com fins energéticos em Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs). O uso da madeira e de resíduos florestais para energia tem sido bastante estimulado no Brasil e no mundo nas últimas décadas, em razão de questões ambientais e da sua viabilidade técnica e econômica. No entanto, seu desenvolvimento em SAFs ainda necessita de mais estudos. Foram analisadas as principais características técnicas e econômicas para a produção de madeira para energia em SAFs, destacando espécies arbóreas, qualidade de sítio, características socioeconômicas e práticas agrossilviculturais. Os principais estudos encontrados são oriundos da Europa, Estados Unidos, Ásia e África, enquanto que no Brasil ainda existe escassez de trabalhos nesse tema, embora o país seja grande consumidor de biomassa florestal para energia. Todos os trabalhos encontrados indicaram que existe potencial técnico e econômico para a geração de energia de biomassa em SAFs, tanto para o abastecimento do produtor rural, quanto para a comercialização da madeira com qualidade para uso energético. Contudo, essa relação depende fundamentalmente de: maior estruturação do mercado para biomassa florestal, características socioeconômicas regionais e condições ambientais.
Vegetação arbórea em remanescentes florestais urbanos: Bosque do Lago da Paz, Dois Vizinhos, PR
Authors: Konig Brun Flávia Gizele , Brun Eleandro José , Longhi Solon Jonas , Gorenstein Maurício Romero , Maria Tamara Ribeiro Botelho Carvallho , Rêgo Géssica Mylena Santana , Higa Thatiana Tominaga
Published: January 2018

Esse estudo teve por objetivo analisar a florística, estrutura e diversidade da vegetação arbórea e da regeneração de um fragmento florestal situado na área urbana de Dois Vizinhos, PR, por meio do método de censo. Foram utilizados os descritores fitossociológicos tradicionais como parâmetros de análise, dando indicações sobre o valor ecológico do fragmento. Evidenciou-se a ocorrência de 231 indivíduos em 2.500 m² de área, distribuídos em 35 espécies de 22 famílias botânicas. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Lauraceae e Myrtaceae, com três espécies cada, seguida por Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Myrsinaceae, Rosaceae e Sapindaceae, com duas espécies cada, ficando as demais famílias com uma espécie cada. Entre as oito espécies exóticas, quatro são invasoras potenciais, tais como Ligustrum lucidum (34,04%) e Dyospyrus kaki (13,59%), destacando-se pelo alto valor de cobertura (VC) e pela dominância, com mais de 50% dos indivíduos. A maioria das espécies encontradas pertence a estágios iniciais de sucessão. Na regeneração, foram encontradas 20 espécies, com apenas três exóticas e, dentre estas, uma invasora (L. lucidum). A ocorrência de espécies exóticas invasoras em fragmentos florestais urbanos demanda a atenção dos gestores públicos quanto à necessidade de intervenções silviculturais, visando à recuperação da florística e estrutura original.
Custos da produção de madeira de paricá na região de Paragominas, PA
Authors: Silveira Rafaela Da , Silva Gilson Fernandes da , Binoti Daniel Henrique Breda , Manhães Leticia Da Paschoa , Gonçalves Anny Francielly Ataide , Aragão Mariana De Aquino
Published: January 2018

A potencialidade silvicultural e econômica do paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) tem incentivado a expansão desta cultura, principalmente na região norte do país, despertando a necessidade de estudos sobre a espécie. Deste modo, objetivou-se neste trabalho estimar a produção de paricá na região de Paragominas, PA, aos 5, 6 e 7 anos, em três classes de produtividade, considerando cinco arranjos de plantas, sendo identificados os principais custos de produção, além dos mais afetados pelos arranjos das plantas. A estimativa volumétrica foi obtida pela modelagem em nível de povoamento e a análise dos custos, por meio da metodologia do custo operacional. Foi possível inferir que o arranjo das plantas 3 m x 2 m foi superior em volume, diante dos outros arranjos analisados. O custo operacional efetivo representou, em média, 65% dos custos totais de produção, sendo o transporte o custo individual mais expressivo em todos os arranjos de plantas analisados. A manutenção, dentre o conjunto de atividades, foi a mais significativa no plantio, fato que pode estar relacionado ao número e ao longo período para a execução das atividades. Os menores arranjos das plantas apresentaram os menos custos totais de produção, dependentes ou não da remuneração pelo uso dos capitais permanente e circulante.
Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events
Authors: Howard Dean , Edwards Grant C.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the air–surface exchange of gaseous
elemental mercury (GEM) were undertaken over a 40 ha alpine grassland in
Australia's Snowy Mountains region across a 3-week period during the late
austral summer. Bi-directional GEM fluxes were observed throughout the study,
with overall mean value of 0.2 ± 14.5 ng m−2 h−1 and mean
nocturnal fluxes of −1.5 ± 7.8 ng m−2 h−1 compared to diurnal
fluxes of 1.8 ± 18.6 ng m−2 h−1. Deposition velocities ranged
from −2.2 to 2.9 cm s−1, whilst ambient GEM concentrations
throughout the study were 0.59 ± 0.10 ng m−3. Cumulative GEM fluxes
correlated well with 24 h running mean soil temperatures, and one
precipitation event was shown to have a positive impact on diurnal emission
fluxes. The underlying vegetation had largely senesced and showed little
stomatal control on fluxes. Nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events
(NAMDEs) were observed concomitant with O3 depletion and dew formation
under shallow, stable nocturnal boundary layers. A mass balance box model was
able to reproduce ambient GEM concentration patterns during NAMDE and
non-NAMDE nights without invoking chemical oxidation of GEM throughout the
column, indicating a significant role of surface processes controlling
deposition in these events. Surface deposition was enhanced under NAMDE
nights, though uptake to dew likely represents less than one-fifth of this
enhanced deposition. Instead, enhancement of the surface GEM gradient as a
result of oxidation at the surface in the presence of dew is hypothesised to
be responsible for a large portion of GEM depletion during these particular
events. GEM emission pulses following nights with significant deposition
provide evidence for the prompt recycling of 17 % of deposited mercury, with
the remaining portion retained in surface sinks. The long-term impacts of any
sinks are however likely to be minimal, as cumulative GEM flux across the
study period was close to zero.
Validation of 10-year SAO OMI ozone profile (PROFOZ) product using Aura MLS measurements
Authors: Huang Guanyu , Liu Xiong , Chance Kelly , Yang Kai , Cai Zhaonan
Published: January 2018

Abstract. We validate the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) ozone
profile (PROFOZ v0.9.3) product including ozone profiles between
0.22 and 261 hPa and stratospheric ozone columns (SOCs) down to 100, 215, and
261 hPa from October 2004 through December 2014 retrieved by the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) algorithm against the latest Microwave Limb
Sound (MLS) v4.2x data. We also evaluate the effects of OMI row anomaly (RA)
on the retrieval by dividing the data set into before and after the
occurrence of serious RA, i.e., pre-RA (2004–2008) and post-RA (2009–2014).
During the pre-RA period, OMI ozone profiles agree very well with MLS data.
After applying OMI averaging kernels to MLS data, the global mean biases (MBs) are within 3 % between 0.22 and 100 hPa,
negative biases are within 3–9 % for lower layers, and the standard deviations (SDs) are
3.5–5 % from 1 to 40 hPa, 6–10 % for upper layers, and 5–20 %
for lower layers.
OMI shows biases dependent on latitude and solar zenith angle (SZA), but MBs and SDs are
mostly within 10 % except for low and high altitudes of high latitudes and SZAs.
Compared to the retrievals during the pre-RA period, OMI retrievals during
the post-RA period degrade slightly between 5 and 261 hPa with MBs and SDs
typically larger by 2–5 %, and degrade much more for pressure less than ∼ 5 hPa, with larger MBs by up
to 8 % and SDs by up to 15 %,
where the MBs are larger by 10–15 % south of 40∘ N due to the
blockage effect of RA and smaller by 15–20 % north of 40∘ N due
to the solar contamination effect of RA. The much worse comparisons at high
altitudes indicate the UV1 channel of pixels that are not flagged as RA is
still affected by the RA. During the pre-RA period, OMI SOCs show very good
agreement with MLS data with global mean MBs within 0.6 % and SDs of
1.9 % for SOCs down to 215 and 261 hPa and of 2.30 % for SOC down to
100 hPa. Despite clearly worse ozone profile comparisons during the post-RA
period, OMI SOCs only slightly degrade, with SDs larger by 0.4–0.6 %
mostly due to looser spatial coincidence criteria as a result of missing
data from RA and MBs larger by 0.4–0.7 %. Our retrieval comparisons
indicate significant bias trends, especially during the post-RA period. The
spatiotemporal variation of our retrieval performance suggests the need to
improve OMI's radiometric calibration to maintain the long-term stability and
spatial consistency of the PROFOZ product.
Aphotic N2 fixation along an oligotrophic to ultraoligotrophic transect in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Benavides Mar , Shoemaker Katyanne M. , Moisander Pia H. , Niggemann Jutta , Dittmar Thorsten , Duhamel Solange , Grosso Olivier , Pujo-Pay Mireille , Hélias-Nunige Sandra , Bonnet Sophie
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean has been recognized as a global hotspot of dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Here, as in other marine environments across the oceans, N2 fixation studies have focused in the sunlit layer. However, studies have confirmed the importance of aphotic N2 fixation activity, although until now only one had been performed in the WTSP. In order to increase our knowledge of aphotic N2 fixation in the WTSP, here we measure N2 fixation rates and identify diazotrophic phylotypes in the mesopelagic layer along a transect spanning from New Caledonia to French Polynesia. Because non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs presumably need external dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources for their nutrition, we also identified DOM compounds using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FTICRMS). N2 fixation rates were low (average 0.63 ± 0.07 nmol N L−1 d−1), but consistently detected across all depths and stations, representing ~ 6–88 % of photic N2 fixation. N2 fixation rates were not significantly correlated to DOM compounds. The analysis of nifH gene amplicons revealed a wide diversity of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs, majorly matching clusters 1 and 3. Interestingly, a distinct phylotype from the major nifH subcluster 1G dominated at 650 dbar, coinciding with the oxygenated Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW). This consistent pattern suggests that the distribution of aphotic diazotroph communities is to some extent controlled by water mass structure. While the data available is still too scarce to elucidate the distribution and controls of mesopelagic non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the WTSP, their prevalence in the mesopelagic layer and the consistent detection of active N2 fixation activity at all depths sampled during our study suggest that aphotic N2 fixation may contribute significantly to fixed nitrogen inputs in this area.
SILLi 1.0: a 1-D numerical tool quantifying the thermal effects of sill intrusions
Authors: Iyer Karthik , Svensen Henrik , Schmid Daniel W.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins may have a profound effect on the
thermal structure and physical properties of the hosting sedimentary rocks.
These include mechanical effects such as deformation and uplift of
sedimentary layers, generation of overpressure, mineral reactions and
porosity evolution, and fracturing and vent formation following
devolatilization reactions and the generation of CO2 and CH4. The
gas generation and subsequent migration and venting may have contributed to
several of the past climatic changes such as the end-Permian event and the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. Additionally, the generation and expulsion
of hydrocarbons and cracking of pre-existing oil reservoirs around a hot
magmatic intrusion are of significant interest to the energy industry. In
this paper, we present a user-friendly 1-D finite element method (FEM)-based tool, SILLi, which
calculates the thermal effects of sill intrusions on the enclosing
sedimentary stratigraphy. The model is accompanied by three case studies of
sills emplaced in two different sedimentary basins, the Karoo Basin in South
Africa and the Vøring Basin off the shore of Norway. An additional example
includes emplacement of a dyke in a cooling pluton which forgoes
sedimentation within a basin. Input data for the model
are the present-day well log or sedimentary column with an Excel input file and
include rock parameters such as thermal conductivity, total organic carbon
(TOC) content, porosity and latent heats. The model accounts for
sedimentation and burial based on a rate calculated by the sedimentary layer
thickness and age. Erosion of the sedimentary column is also included to
account for realistic basin evolution. Multiple sills can be emplaced within
the system with varying ages. The emplacement of a sill occurs
instantaneously. The model can be applied to volcanic sedimentary basins
occurring globally. The model output includes the thermal evolution of the
sedimentary column through time and the changes that take place following
sill emplacement such as TOC changes, thermal maturity and the amount of
organic and carbonate-derived CO2. The TOC and vitrinite results can be
readily benchmarked within the tool to present-day values measured within
the sedimentary column. This allows the user to determine the conditions
required to obtain results that match observables and leads to a better
understanding of metamorphic processes in sedimentary basins.